,a ,,joy ,,= ,,ev]2           7,,& ,,its
 ,,price ,,9 ,,! ,,m>ket73              
,,be+           ,,! ,,sub/ance 7,,)     
,,additions7                         ,,(
     ,,two ,,lectures ,,on ,,!          
,,political ,,economy ,,( ,,art1        
,deliv]$ at ,man*e/]1 ,july #aj? & #ac?1
 #aheg4                          ,,by   
,,john ,,rusk91 ,,ll4,d41   ,,honor>y   
,,/ud5t ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,*ur*1 ,,& ,,honor>y
 ,,fell[         ,,( ,,corpus ,,*ri/i   
,,college1 ,,ox=d4       ,a ?+ ( beauty 
is a joy = ev]4--,,keats4               
,,sixte5? ,,?\s&4                       
,,london3      ,,george ,,all51 #aef1   
,,*>+ ,,cross ,,road4                   
#aijd4              ,all rights res]v$  
,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson  ,,co4 
,at ! ,ballantyne ,press     ,,preface  
,,to ,,! ,,re-,,issue ,,( #ahhj4   ,!   
title ( ?is book1--or1 m accurately1 (  
its subject2--= no au?or 0 ev] less     
likely ?an ,i h lately become1 to hope =
 p]5nial pleasure to 8 read]s f :at has 
co/ himself ! mo/ pa9s1--w be1 p]haps1  

recognis$ by "s z ! la/ clause ( ! l9e  
*os5 f ,keats by ! good folks (         
,man*e/]1 to be writt5 9 lett]s ( gold  
on ! cornice1 or ,holy rood1 ( ! great  
,exhibition :i* inaugurat$ ! c>e] ( s   
_m1--s9ce organiz$1 by bo? =eign        
gov]nm5ts & our own1 to enc\rage !      
production ( works ( art1 :i* ! produc+ 
nations1 s f> f int5d+ to be _! joy =   
ev]1 only hope to sell z soon z         
possible4 ,yet ! motto 0 *os5 )         
uncompreh5d$ felicity3 = !re nev] 01 nor
 c be1 any ess5tial beauty possess$ by a
 "w ( art1 :i* is n bas$ on ! conception
 ( its hon\r$ p]man5ce1 & local         
influ5ce1 z a "p ( appo9t$ & preci\s    
furniture1 ei!r 9 ! ca!dral1 ! h\se1 or 
! joyful ?or\ghf>e1 ( nations :i* ent]  
_! gates ) ?anksgiv+1 & _! c\rts )      
praise4  ,_! c\rts--or ,8 c\rts2--9 !   
m9d ( su* races1 ! expressions are      
synonym\s3 & ! habits ( life :i*        
recognise ! delightfulness1 confess also
 ! sacr$ness1 ( homes ne/$ r\nd ! seat (
 a wor%ip un%ak5 by insol5t !ory3       

!mselves f\nd$ on an abid+ affection = !
 pa/1 & c>e = ! future2 & approa*$ by   
pa?s op5 only to ! activities ( hone/y1 
& trav]s$ only by ! foot/eps ( peace4   
,! exposition ( ^! tru?s1 to :i* ,i h   
giv5 ! *ief en]gy ( my life1 w be f\nd 9
 ! foll[+ pages fir/ und]tak5           
sy/ematically & 9 logical sequ5ce2 & :at
 ,i h s9ce writt5 on ! political        
influ5ce ( ! ,arts has be5 little m ?an 
! expansion ( ^! fir/ lectures1 9 !     
repr9t ( :i* n a s5t5ce is omitt$ or    
*ang$4  ,! supplem5t>y pap]s add$       
conta91 9 briefe/ =m1 ! aphorisms       
respect+ pr9ciples ( art-tea*+ ( :i* !  
att5tion ,i gave to ?is subject dur+ !  
cont9uance ( my ,pr(essor%ip at ,ox=d   
confirms me 9 ! e>ne/ & cont5t$         
re-ass]tion4  ,,john ,,rusk91           
,,brantwood1  ,april #bi?1 #ahhj4       
,,preface  ,,to ,,! #aheg ,,edition4    
,! great] "p ( ! foll[+ treatise rema9s 
9 ! exact =m 9 :i* x 0 read at ,man*e/]2
 b ! m famili> passages ( x1 :i* 7 tru/$
 to extempore deliv]y1 h be5 writt5 )   

great] explicitness & fulness ?an ,i    
c\ld give !m 9 speak+2 & a consid]able  
numb] ( notes are add$1 to expla9 !     
po9ts :i* c\ld n be suffici5tly consid]$
 9 ! "t ,i _h at my disposal 9 ! lecture
 room4  ,"s apology may be ?\ght due to 
! read]1 = an endeav\r to engage 8      
att5tion on a subject ( :i* no pr(\nd   
/udy seems compatible ) ! "w 9 :i* ,i am
 usually employ$4 ,b pr(\nd /udy is n1 9
 ?is case1 necess>y ei!r to writ] or    
read]s1 :ile accurate /udy1 up to a     
c]ta9 po9t1 is necess>y = u all4        
,political economy means1 9 pla9        
,engli%1 no?+ m ?an citiz5's economy2 & 
its fir/ pr9ciples ought1 !re=e1 to be  
und]/ood by all :o mean to take !       
responsibility ( citiz5s1 z ^? (        
h\sehold economy by all :o take !       
responsibility ( h\sehold]s4 ,nor are   
its fir/ pr9ciples 9 ! lea/ obscure3 !y 
are1 _m ( !m1 disagreeable 9 _!         
practical requirem5ts1 & p 9 g5]al      
pret5d t !y _c und]/&1 because !y are   
unwill+ to obey !m3 or r1 by habitual   

disob$i5ce1 de/roy _! capacity ( und]/&+
 !m4 ,b !re is n "o ( ! really great    
pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce :i* is ei!r obscure
 or disputable1--:i* might n be taught  
to a y\? z soon z he c be tru/$ ) an    
annual all[ance1 or to a "y lady z soon 
z %e is ( age to be tak5 into c\nsel by 
! h\sekeep]4  ,i might1 ) m appe>ance ( 
ju/ice1 be blam$ = ?9k+ x necess>y to   
en=ce :at ev]ybody is suppos$ to "k4 ,b 
?is fault w h>dly be f\nd ) me1 :ile !  
comm]cial ev5ts record$ daily 9 our     
j\rnals1 & /ill m ! explanations        
attempt$ to be giv5 ( !m1 %[ t a l>ge   
numb] ( our s-call$ m]*ants are z       
ignorant ( ! nature ( money z !y are    
reckless1 unju/1 & un=tunate 9 its      
employm5t4  ,! /atem5ts ( economical    
pr9ciples giv5 9 ! text1 ?\gh ,i "k t   
mo/1 if n all1 ( !m are accept$ by exi/+
 au?orities on ! sci5ce1 are n support$ 
by ref]5ces1 because ,i h nev] read any 
au?or on political economy1 except ,adam
 ,smi?1 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,:5ev] ,i h tak5
 up any mod]n book ^u ?is subject1 ,i h 

usually f\nd x encumb]$ ) inquiries into
 accid5tal or m9or comm]cial results1 = 
! pursuit ( :i* an ord9>y read] c\ld h  
no leisure1 & by ! complication ( :i*1 x
 seem$ to me1 ! au?ors !mselves _h be5 n
 unfrequ5tly prev5t$ f see+ to ! root ( 
! bus9ess4  ,f9ally1 if ! read] %\ld    
feel induc$ to blame me = too sangu9e a 
/atem5t ( future possibilities 9        
political practice1 let him consid] h[  
absurd x w\ld h appe>$ 9 ! days ( ,edw>d
 ,i4 if ! pres5t /ate ( social economy  
_h be5 !n pr$ict$ z necess>y1 or ev5    
describ$ z possible4 ,& ,i believe !    
advance f ! days ( ,edw>d ,i4 to our    
own1 great z x is confess$ly1 consi/s1 n
 s mu* 9 :at we h actually accompli%$1 z
 9 :at we are n[ enabl$ to conceive4    
,,cont5ts4   ,,lecture ,i4              
,,page ,,! ,,discov]y ,,& ,,application 
,,( ,,art                         #a  ,a
 ,lecture deliv]$ at ,man*e/]1 ,july    
#aj?1 #aheg4   ,,lecture ,,ii4  ,,!     
,,accumulation ,,& ,,di/ribution ,,(    
,,art                     #gj           

,cont9uation ( ! previ\s ,lecture2      
deliv]$ ,july #ac?1 #aheg4   ,,add5da4  
,,note #a4--;,,fa!rly ,,au?ority        
#aea              #b4--,,"r ,,to        
,,public ,,support                 #aei 
#c4--,,trial ,,s*ools                   
#afi              #d4--,,public ,,fav\r 
#ahj              #e4--;,,inv5tion ,,(  
,,new ,,wants                  #ahc     
#f4--;,,economy ,,( ,,lit]ature         
#ahg              #g4--,,pilots ,,( ,,! 
,,/ate                     #ahi         
#h4--,,silk ,,& ,,purple                
#aic   ,,supplem5t>y ,,additional       
,,pap]s4  ,,education ,,9 ,,art         
#bac  ,,art ,,s*ool ,,notes             
#bbi  ,,social ,,policy                 
#bdj     ,a ,,joy ,,= ,,ev]4            
,,lecture ,i4  ,,! ,,discov]y ,,&       
,,application ,,( ,,art4  ,a ,lecture   
deliv]$ at ,man*e/]1 ,july #aj1 #aheg4  
#a4 ,among ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( ! age 9
 :i* we live1 z comp>$ ) o!r ages ( ?is 
n yet v exp]i5c$ _w1 "o ( ! mo/ notable 
appe>s to me to be ! j & :olesome       

contempt 9 :i* we hold pov]ty4 ,i       
repeat1 ! j & :olesome contempt2 ?\gh ,i
 see t "s ( my he>]s look surpris$ at ! 
expression4 ,i assure !m1 ,i use x 9    
s9c]ity2 & ,i %\ld n h v5tur$ to ask y  
to li/5 to me ?is ev5+1 unless ,i _h    
ent]ta9$ a pr(\nd respect = weal?--true 
weal?1 t is to say2 =1 ( c\rse1 we ought
 to respect nei!r weal? nor any?+ else t
 is false ( its k9d3 & ! di/9ction      
betwe5 real & false weal? is "o ( !     
po9ts on :i* ,i %all h a few words      
pres5tly to say to y4 ,b true weal? ,i  
hold1 z ,i said1 9 great hon\r2 &       
sympa?ize1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) t extraord9>y  
feel+ ( ! pres5t age :i* publicly pays  
?is hon\r to ri*es4   #b4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 
help notic+ h[ extraord9>y x is1 & h[   
?is epo* ( ours diff]s f all bygone     
epo*s 9 hav+ no philosophical nor       
religi\s wor%ipp]s ( ! ragg$ god%ip (   
pov]ty4 ,9 ! classical ages1 n only 7   
!re p :o volunt>ily liv$ 9 tubs1 & :o   
us$ gravely to ma9ta9 ! sup]iority (    
tub-life to t[n-life1 b ! ,greeks &     

,lat9s seem to h look$ on ^! ecc5tric1 &
 ,i d n scruple to say1 absurd p1 ) z   
mu* respect z we d ^u l>ge capitali/s & 
l&$ proprietors2 s t really1 9 ^? days1 
no "o c\ld be describ$ z purse pr\d1 b  
only z empty-purse pr\d4 ,& no less     
di/9ct ?an ! hon\r :i* ^? curi\s ,greek 
p pay to _! conceit$ poor1 is !         
disrespectful mann] 9 :i* !y speak ( !  
ri*2 s t "o _c li/5 long ei!r to !m1 or 
to ! ,roman writ]s :o imitat$ !m1 )\t   
f9d+ oneself entangl$ 9 all sorts (     
plausible absurdities2 h>d ^u be+       
conv9c$ ( ! uselessness ( collect+ t    
heavy yell[ sub/ance :i* we call gold1 &
 l$ g5]ally to d\bt all ! mo/ e/abli%$  
maxims ( political economy4   #c4 ,nor  
are matt]s mu* bett] 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 
,= ! ,greeks & ,romans cont5t$ !mselves 
) mock+ at ri* p1 & con/ruct+ m]ry      
dialogues betwe5 ,*>on & ,diog5es or    
,m5ippus1 9 :i* ! f]ryman & ! cynic     
rejoic$ toge!r z !y saw k+s & ri* m5    
com+ d[n to ! %ore ( ,a*]on1 9 lam5t+ & 
lam5table cr[ds1 ca/+ _! cr[ns into !   

d>k wat]s1 & se>*+1 sometimes 9 va91 = !
 la/ co9 out ( all _! treasures t c\ld  
ev] be ( use to !m4   #d4 ,b ^! ,pagan  
views ( ! matt] 7 indulg5t1 comp>$ ) ^? 
:i* 7 held 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 weal?  
seems to h be5 look$ ^u by ! be/ m5 n   
only z contemptible1 b z crim9al4 ,!    
purse r\nd ! neck is1 !n1 "o ( !        
pr9cipal signs ( condemnation 9 !       
pictur$ ,inf]no2 & ! ,_s ( ,pov]ty is   
rev]5c$ ) subjection ( he>t1 &          
fai?fulness ( affection1 l t ( a loyal  
knight = 8 lady1 or a loyal subject = 8 
que54 ,& truly1 x requires "s boldness  
to quit ourselves ( ^! feel+s1 & to     
confess _! p>tiality or _! error1 :i*1  
nev]!less1 we are c]ta9ly b\nd to d4 ,= 
weal? is simply "o ( ! greate/ p[]s :i* 
c be entru/$ to human h&s3 a p[]1 n     
inde$ to be envi$1 because x seldom     
makes u happy2 b /ill less to be        
abdicat$ or despis$2 :ile1 9 ^! days1 & 
9 ?is c\ntry1 x has become a p[] all ! m
 notable1 9 t ! possessions ( a ri* man 
are n repres5t$1 z !y us$ to be1 by     

w$ges ( gold or c(f]s ( jewels1 b by    
masses ( m5 v>i\sly employ$1 ov] ^:     
bodies & m9ds ! weal?1 accord+ to its   
direction1 ex]cises h>mful or helpful   
influ5ce1 & becomes1 9 t alt]native1    
,mammon ei!r ( ,unrighte\sness or (     
,righte\sness4   #e4 ,n[1 x seem$ to me 
t s9ce1 9 ! "n y h giv5 to ?is great    
ga!r+ ( ,briti% pictures1 y recognize !m
 z ,treasures--t is1 ,i suppose1 z "p & 
p>cel ( ! real weal? ( ! c\ntry--y might
 n be un9t]e/$ 9 trac+ c]ta9 comm]cial  
que/ions connect$ ) ?is p>ticul> =m (   
weal?4 ,mo/ p]sons express !mselves z   
surpris$ at its quantity2 n hav+ kn[n   
be=e to :at an ext5t good art _h be5    
accumulat$ 9 ,engl&3 & x w1 !re=e1 ,i   
%\ld ?9k1 be held a wor?y subject (     
consid]ation1 :at are ! political       
int]e/s involv$ 9 su* accumulations1 :at
 k9d ( lab\r !y repres5t1 & h[ ?is lab\r
 may 9 g5]al be appli$ & economiz$1 s z 
to produce ! ri*e/ results4   #f4 ,n[1 y
 mu/ h pati5ce ) me1 if 9 approa*+ !    
specialty ( ?is subject1 ,i dwell a     

little on c]ta9 po9ts ( g5]al political 
sci5ce already kn[n or e/abli%$3 = ?\gh 
?us1 z ,i believe1 e/abli%$1 "s :i* ,i  
%all h occasion to re/ argum5ts on are n
 yet by any means univ]sally accept$2 & 
!re=e1 ?\gh ,i w n lose "t 9 any detail$
 def5ce ( !m1 x is necess>y t ,i %\ld   
di/9ctly tell y 9 :at =m ,i receive1 &  
wi% to argue f !m2 & ?is ! m1 because   
!re may p]haps be a "p ( my audi5ce :o h
 n int]e/$ !mselves 9 political economy1
 z x be>s on ord9>y fields ( lab\r1 b   
may yet wi% to he> 9 :at way its        
pr9ciples c be appli$ to ,art4 ,i %all1 
!re=e1 take leave to trespass on y\r    
pati5ce ) a few elem5t>y /atem5ts 9 !   
outset1 & ) ! expression ( "s g5]al     
pr9ciples1 "h & !re1 9 ! c\rse ( our    
p>ticul> inquiry4   #g4 ,to beg91 !n1 ) 
"o ( ^! necess>y truisms3 all economy1  
:e!r ( /ates1 h\seholds1 or individuals1
 may be def9$ to be ! art ( manag+      
lab\r4 ,! _w is s regulat$ by ! laws (  
,provid5ce1 t a man's lab\r1 well       
appli$1 is always amply suffici5t to    

provide him dur+ 8 life ) all ?+s ne$ful
 to him1 & n only ) ^?1 b ) _m pleasant 
objects ( luxury2 & yet f>!r1 to procure
 him l>ge int]vals ( heal?ful re/ &     
s]viceable leisure4 ,& a nation's lab\r1
 well appli$1 is1 9 l mann]1 amply      
suffici5t to provide its :ole population
 ) good food & com=table habitation2 & n
 ) ^? only1 b ) good education besides1 
& objects ( luxury1 art treasures1 su* z
 ^! y h ar\nd y n[4 ,b by ^? same laws (
 ,nature & ,provid5ce1 if ! lab\r ( !   
nation or ( ! individual be misappli$1 &
 mu* m if x be insuffici5t1--if ! nation
 or man be indol5t & unwise1--suff]+ &  
want result1 exactly 9 proportion to !  
indol5ce & improvid5ce--to ! refusal (  
lab\r1 or to ! misapplication ( x4      
,:]ev] y see want1 or mis]y1 or         
degradation1 9 ?is _w ab\t y1 !re1 be   
sure1 ei!r indu/ry has be5 want+1 or    
indu/ry has be5 9 error4 ,x is n        
accid5t1 x is n ,heav5-comm&$ calamity1 
x is n ! orig9al & inevitable evil (    
man's nature1 :i* fill y\r /reets )     

lam5tation1 & y\r graves ) prey4 ,x is  
only t1 :5 !re %\ld h be5 provid5ce1 !re
 has be5 wa/e2 :5 !re %\ld h be5 lab\r1 
!re has be5 lascivi\sness2 & wilfulness1
 :5 !re %\ld h be5 subord9ation4#a      
,note #a3 ,prov]bs xiii4 #bc3 ,mu* food 
is 9 ! tillage ( ! poor1 b !re is t is  
de/roy$ = want ( judgm5t4  #h4 ,n[1 we h
 w>p$ ! ^w economy 9 our ,engli%        
language into a mean+ :i* x has no      
bus9ess :atev] to be>4 ,9 our use ( x1 x
 con/antly signifies m]ely sp>+ or sav+2
 economy ( money means sav+             
money--economy ( "t1 sp>+ "t1 & s on4 ,b
 t is a :olly b>b>\s use ( ! ^w--b>b>\s 
9 a d\ble s5se1 = x is n ,engli%1 & x is
 bad ,greek2 b>b>\s 9 a treble s5se1 = x
 is n ,engli%1 x is bad ,greek1 & x is  
worse s5se4 ,economy no m means sav+    
money ?an x means sp5d+ money4 ,x means1
 ! adm9i/ration ( a h\se2 its /ew>d%ip2 
sp5d+ or sav+1 t is1 :e!r money or "t1  
or any?+ else1 to ! be/ possible        
advantage4 ,9 ! simple/ & cle>e/        
def9ition ( x1 economy1 :e!r public or  

private1 means ! wise managem5t ( lab\r2
 & x means ?is ma9ly 9 ?ree s5ses3      
namely1 fir/1 apply+ y\r lab\r          
rationally2 secondly1 pres]v+ its       
produce c>efully2 la/ly1 di/ribut+ its  
produce seasonably4   #i4 ,i say fir/1  
apply+ y\r lab\r rationally2 t is1 s z  
to obta9 ! mo/ preci\s ?+s y c1 & ! mo/ 
la/+ ?+s1 by x3 n gr[+ oats 9 l& :]e y c
 gr[ :eat1 nor putt+ f9e embroid]y on a 
/uff t w n we>4 ,secondly1 pres]v+ its  
produce c>efully2 t is to say1 lay+ up  
y\r :eat wisely 9 /oreh\ses = ! "t (    
fam9e1 & keep+ y\r embroid]y wat*fully f
 ! mo?3 & la/ly1 di/ribut+ its produce  
seasonably2 t is to say1 be+ able to    
c>ry y\r corn at once to ! place :]e ! p
 are hungry1 & y\r embroid]ies to !     
places :]e !y are gay2 s fulfill+ 9 all 
ways ! ,wise ,man's description1 :e!r ( 
! que5ly h\sewife or que5ly nation3 ,%e 
rise? :ile x is yet night1 & give? meat 
to h] h\sehold1 & a portion to h]       
maid5s4 ,%e make? h]self cov]+s (       
tape/ry1 h] clo?+ is silk & purple4     

,/r5g? & hon\r are 9 h] clo?+1 & %e %all
 rejoice 9 "t to come4   #aj4 ,n[1 y w  
obs]ve t 9 ?is description ( ! p]fect   
economi/1 or mi/ress ( a h\sehold1 !re  
is a /udi$ expression ( ! balanc$       
division ( h] c>e betwe5 ! two great    
objects ( utility & spl5d\r3 9 h] "r h&1
 food & flax1 = life & clo?+2 9 h] left 
h&1 ! purple & ! ne$lework1 = hon\r & = 
beauty4 ,all p]fect h\sewif]y or        
national economy is kn[n by ^! two      
divisions2 :]ev] ei!r is want+1 !       
economy is imp]fect4 ,if ! motive ( pomp
 prevails1 & ! c>e ( ! national economi/
 is direct$ only to ! accumulation (    
gold1 & ( pictures1 & ( silk & m>ble1 y 
"k at once t ! "t mu/ soon come :5 all  
^! treasures %all be scatt]$ & bla/$ 9  
national ru94 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 !      
elem5t ( utility prevails1 & ! nation   
disda9s to occupy itself 9 any wise ) ! 
arts ( beauty or delight1 n only a c]ta9
 quantity ( its en]gy calculat$ =       
ex]cise 9 ^? arts alone mu/ be entirely 
wa/$1 :i* is bad economy1 b also !      

passions connect$ ) ! utilities (       
prop]ty become morbidly /rong1 & a mean 
lu/ ( accumulation m]ely = ! sake (     
accumulation1 or ev5 ( lab\r m]ely = !  
sake ( lab\r1 w bani% at la/ ! s]5ity & 
! morality ( life1 z completely1 &      
p]haps m ignobly1 ?an ev5 ! lavi%ness ( 
pride1 & ! lik5ess ( pleasure4 ,&       
simil>ly1 & mu* m visibly1 9 private &  
h\sehold economy1 y may judge always (  
its p]fectness by its fair balance      
betwe5 ! use & ! pleasure ( its         
possessions4 ,y w see ! wise cottag]'s  
g>d5 trimly divid$ betwe5 its well-set  
vegetables1 & its fragrant fl[]s2 y w   
see ! good h\sewife tak+ pride 9 h]     
pretty table-clo?1 & h] glitt]+ %elves1 
no less ?an 9 h] well-dress$ di%1 & h]  
full /or]oom2 ! c>e 9 h] c\nt5ance w    
alt]nate ) gaiety1 & ?\gh y w rev]5ce h]
 9 h] s]i\sness1 y w "k h] be/ by h]    
smile4   #aa4 ,n[1 z y w h anticipat$1  
,i am go+ to address y1 on ?is & our    
succe$+ ev5+1 *iefly on ! subject ( t   
economy :i* relates r to ! g>d5 ?an !   

f>m-y>d4 ,i %all ask y to consid] ) me !
 k9d ( laws by :i* we %all be/ di/ribute
 ! b$s ( our national g>d51 & raise 9 x 
! sweete/ succession ( trees pleasant to
 ! sight1 & 79 no =bidd5 s5se7 to be    
desir$ to make u wise4 ,b1 be=e proce$+ 
to op5 ?is specialty ( our subject1 let 
me pause = a few mom5ts to plead ) y = !
 acceptance ( t pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t or  
au?ority :i* mu/ be at ! root ( all     
economy1 :e!r = use or = pleasure4 ,i   
said1 a few m9utes ago1 t a nation's    
lab\r1 well appli$1 0 amply suffici5t to
 provide its :ole population ) good     
food1 com=table clo?+1 & pleasant       
luxury4 ,b ! good1 in/ant1 & con/ant    
application is ev]y?+4 ,we mu/ n1 :5 our
 /rong h&s are ?r[n out ( "w1 look      
wildly ab\t = want ( some?+ to d ) !m4  
,if ev] we feel t want1 x is a sign t   
all our h\sehold is out ( ord]4 ,fancy a
 f>m]'s wife1 to :om "o or two ( h]     
s]vants %\ld come at twelve o'clock at  
noon1 cry+ t !y _h got no?+ to d2 t !y  
did n "k :at to d next3 & fancy /ill    

f>!r1 ! said f>m]'s wife look+          
hopelessly ab\t h] rooms & y>d1 !y be+  
all ! :ile consid]ably 9 disord]1 n kn[+
 :]e to set ! sp>e h&maid5s to "w1 & at 
la/ compla9+ bitt]ly t %e _h be5 oblig$ 
to give !m _! d9n] = no?+4 ,t's ! type (
 ! k9d ( political economy we practise  
too (t5 9 ,engl&4 ,w\ld y n at once     
ass]t ( su* a mi/ress t %e knew no?+ (  
h] duties8 & w\ld y n be c]ta91 if !    
h\sehold 7 rightly manag$1 ! mi/ress    
w\ld be only too glad at any mom5t to h 
! help ( any numb] ( sp>e h&s2 t %e w\ld
 "k 9 an in/ant :at to set !m to2--9 an 
in/ant :at "p ( to-morr['s "w might be  
mo/ s]viceably =w>d$1 :at "p ( next     
mon?'s "w mo/ wisely provid$ =1 or :at  
new task ( "s pr(itable k9d und]tak52 & 
:5 ! ev5+ came1 & %e dismiss$ h] s]vants
 to _! recreation or _! re/1 or ga!r$ !m
 to ! read+ r\nd ! "w-table1 "u ! eaves 
9 ! sunset1 w\ld y n be sure to f9d t   
none ( !m _h be5 ov]task$ by h]1 j      
because none _h be5 left idle2 t ev]y?+ 
_h be5 accompli%$ because all _h be5    

employ$2 t ! k9dness ( ! mi/ress _h aid$
 h] pres5ce ( m9d1 & ! slight lab\r _h  
be5 entru/$ to ! weak1 & ! =midable to !
 /rong2 & t z none _h be5 di%on\r$ by   
inactivity1 s none _h be5 brok5 by toil8
   #ab4 ,n[1 ! precise c\nt]p>t ( su* a 
h\sehold w\ld be se5 9 a nation 9 :i*   
political economy 0 rightly und]/ood4 ,y
 compla9 ( ! difficulty ( f9d+ "w = y\r 
m54 ,dep5d ^u x1 ! real difficulty r is 
to f9d m5 = y\r "w4 ,! s]i\s "q = y is n
 h[ _m y h to fe$1 b h[ mu* y h to d2 x 
is our inactivity1 n our hung]1 t ru9s  
u3 let u nev] fe> t our s]vants %\ld h a
 good appetite--our weal? is 9 _! /r5g?1
 n 9 _! />vation4 ,look ar\nd ?is isl& (
 y\rs1 & see :at y h to d 9 x4 ,! sea   
ro>s aga9/ y\r h>b\rless cliffs--y h to 
build ! breakwat]1 & dig ! port (       
refuge2 ! unclean pe/il5ce rav9s 9 y\r  
/reets--y h to br+ ! full /ream f !     
hills1 & to s5d ! free w9ds ?r\gh !     
?or\ghf>e2 ! fam9e blan*es y\r lips &   
eats away y\r fle%--y h to dig ! moor & 
dry ! m>%1 to bid ! morass give =?      

in/ead ( engulf+1 & to wr+ ! honey & oil
 out ( ! rock4 ,^! ?+s1 & ?\s&s su*1 we 
h to d1 & %all h to d con/antly1 on ?is 
great f>m ( ours2 = d n suppose t x is  
any?+ else ?an t4 ,precisely ! same laws
 ( economy :i* apply to ! cultivation ( 
a f>m or an e/ate1 apply to !           
cultivation ( a prov9ce or ( an isl&4   
,:atev] rebuke y w\ld address to !      
improvid5t ma/] ( an ill-manag$         
patrimony1 precisely t rebuke we %\ld   
address to ourselves1 s f> z we leave   
our population 9 idl5ess & our c\ntry 9 
disord]4 ,:at w\ld y say to ! "l ( an   
e/ate :o compla9$ to y ( 8 pov]ty &     
disabilities1 & :5 y po9t$ out to him t 
8 l& 0 half ( x ov]run ) we$s1 & t 8    
f5ces 7 all 9 ru91 & t 8 cattle-%$s 7   
ro(less1 & 8 lab\r]s ly+ "u ! h$ges fa9t
 = want ( food1 he answ]$ to y t x w\ld 
ru9 him to we$ 8 l& or to ro( 8 %$s--t  
^? 7 too co/ly op]ations = him to       
und]take1 & t he knew n h[ to fe$ 8     
lab\r]s nor pay !m8 ,w\ld y n in/antly  
answ]1 t in/ead ( ru9+ him to we$ 8     

fields1 x w\ld save him2 t 8 inactivity 
0 8 de/ruction1 & t to set 8 lab\r]s to 
"w 0 to fe$ !m8 ,n[1 y may add acre to  
acre1 & e/ate to e/ate1 z f> z y l1 b y 
w nev] rea* a compass ( gr\nd :i* %all  
escape f ! au?ority ( ^! simple laws4 ,!
 pr9ciples :i* are "r 9 ! adm9i/ration (
 a few fields1 are "r also 9 !          
adm9i/ration ( a great c\ntry f horizon 
to horizon3 idl5ess does n cease to be  
ru9\s because x is ext5sive1 nor lab\r  
to be productive because x is univ]sal4 
#ac4 ,nay1 b y reply1 !re is "o va/     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! nation's economy & !  
private man's3 ! f>m] has full au?ority 
ov] 8 lab\r]s2 he c direct !m to d :at  
is ne$$ to be done1 :e!r !y l x or n2 & 
he c turn !m away if !y refuse to "w1 or
 imp$e o!rs 9 _! work+1 or are          
disob$i5t1 or qu>relsome4 ,!re is ?is   
great diff]5ce2 x is precisely ?is      
diff]5ce on :i* ,i wi% to fix y\r       
att5tion1 = x is precisely ?is diff]5ce 
:i* y h to d away )4 ,we "k ! necessity 
( au?ority 9 f>m1 or 9 fleet1 or 9 army2

 b we commonly refuse to admit x 9 !    
body ( ! nation4 ,let u consid] ?is po9t
 a little4   #ad4 ,9 ! v>i\s awkw>d &   
un=tunate ef=ts :i* ! ,fr5* h made at ! 
developm5t ( a social sy/em1 !y h at    
lea/ /at$ "o true pr9ciple1 t (         
frat]nity or bro!rhood4 ,d n be al>m$2  
!y got all wrong 9 _! exp]im5ts1 because
 !y q =got t ?is fact ( frat]nity impli$
 ano!r fact q z important--t ( pat]nity1
 or fa!rhood4 ,t is to say1 if !y 7 to  
reg>d ! nation z "o family1 ! condition 
( unity 9 t family consi/$ no less 9 _! 
hav+ a head1 or a fa!r1 ?an 9 _! be+    
fai?ful & affectionate memb]s1 or       
bro!rs4 ,b we mu/ n =get ?is1 = we h    
long confess$ x ) our lips1 ?\gh we     
refuse to confess x 9 our lives4 ,= half
 an h\r e ,sunday we expect a man 9 a   
black g[n1 suppos$ to be tell+ u tru?1  
to address u z bre?r51 ?\gh we %\ld be  
%ock$ at ! notion ( any bro!rhood exi/+ 
among u out ( *ur*4 ,& we c h>dly read a
 few s5t5ces on any political subject   
)\t runn+ a *ance ( cross+ ! phrase     

pat]nal gov]nm5t1 ?\gh we %\ld be utt]ly
 horror-/ruck at ! idea ( gov]nm5ts     
claim+ any?+ l a fa!r's au?ority ov] u4 
,n[1 ,i believe ^? two =mal phrases are 
9 bo? in/ances p]fectly b9d+ & accurate1
 & t ! image ( ! f>m & its s]vants :i*  
,i h hi!rto us$1 z express+ a :olesome  
national organization1 fails only ( do+ 
s1 n because x is too dome/ic1 b because
 x is n dome/ic en\gh2 because ! real   
type ( a well-organiz$ nation mu/ be    
pres5t$1 n by a f>m cultivat$ by s]vants
 :o wr\ght = hire1 & might be turn$ away
 if !y refus$ to lab\r1 b by a f>m 9 :i*
 ! ma/] 0 a fa!r1 & 9 :i* all ! s]vants 
7 sons2 :i* impli$1 !re=e1 9 all its    
regulations1 n m]ely ! ord] ( exp$i5cy1 
b ! bonds ( affection & responsibilities
 ( relation%ip2 & 9 :i* all acts &      
s]vices 7 n only to be sweet5$ by       
bro!rly concord1 b to be en=c$ by fa!rly
 au?ority4#b  ,note #b3 ,see note #a/1 9
 ,add5da4  #ae4 ,obs]ve1 ,i d n mean 9 !
 lea/ t we ought to place su* an        
au?ority 9 ! h&s ( any "o p]son1 or (   

any class or body ( p]sons4 ,b ,i d mean
 to say t z an individual :o conducts   
himself wisely mu/ make laws = himself  
:i* at "s "t or o!r may appe> irksome or
 injuri\s1 b :i*1 precisely at ! "t !y  
appe> mo/ irksome1 x is mo/ necess>y he 
%\ld obey1 s a nation :i* means to      
conduct itself wisely1 mu/ e/abli%      
au?ority ov] itself1 ve/$ ei!r 9 k+s1   
c\ncils1 or laws1 :i* x mu/ resolve to  
obey1 ev5 at times :5 ! law or au?ority 
appe>s irksome to ! body ( ! p1 or      
injuri\s to c]ta9 masses ( x4 ,& ?is k9d
 ( national law has hi!rto be5 only     
judicial2 cont5t$1 t is1 ) an endeav\r  
to prev5t & puni% viol5ce & crime3 b1 z 
we advance 9 our social k1 we %all      
endeav\r to make our gov]nm5t pat]nal z 
well z judicial2 t is1 to e/abli% su*   
laws & au?orities z may at once direct u
 9 our occupations1 protect u aga9/ our 
follies1 & visit u 9 our di/resses3 a   
gov]nm5t :i* %all repress di%one/y1 z n[
 x puni%es !ft2 :i* %all %[ h[ !        
discipl9e ( ! masses may be br\ght to   

aid ! toils ( peace1 z discipl9e ( !    
masses has hi!rto knit ! s9ews ( battle2
 a gov]nm5t :i* %all h its soldi]s ( !  
pl\gh%>e z well z its soldi]s ( ! sword1
 & :i* %all di/ribute m pr\dly its gold5
 crosses ( indu/ry--gold5 z ! gl[ ( !   
h>ve/1 ?an n[ x grants its bronze       
crosses ( hon\r--bronz$ ) ! crimson (   
blood4   #af4 ,i h n1 ( c\rse1 "t to    
insi/ on ! nature or details ( gov]nm5t 
( ?is k9d2 only ,i wi% to plead = y\r   
sev]al & future consid]ation ( ?is "o   
tru?1 t ! notion ( ,discipl9e &         
,int]f]5ce lies at ! v root ( all human 
progress or p[]2 t ! ,let-alone pr9ciple
 is1 9 all ?+s :i* man has to d )1 !    
pr9ciple ( dea?2 t x is ru9 to him1     
c]ta9 & total1 if he lets 8 l& alone--if
 he lets 8 fell[-m5 alone--if he lets 8 
own s\l alone4 ,t 8 :ole life1 on !     
contr>y1 mu/1 if x is heal?y life1 be   
cont9ually "o ( pl\gh+ & prun+1 rebuk+ &
 help+1 gov]n+ & puni%+2 & t !re=e x is 
only 9 ! concession ( "s great pr9ciple 
( re/ra9t & int]f]5ce 9 national action 

t he c ev] hope to f9d ! secret (       
protection aga9/ national degradation4  
,i believe t ! masses h a "r to claim   
education f _! gov]nm5t2 b only s f> z  
!y ackn[l$ge ! duty ( yield+ ob$i5ce to 
_! gov]nm5t4 ,i believe !y h a "r to    
claim employm5t f _! gov]nors2 b only s 
f> z !y yield to ! gov]nor ! direction &
 discipl9e ( _! lab\r2 & x is only s f> 
z !y grant to ! m5 :om !y may set ov] !m
 ! fa!r's au?ority to *eck !            
*ildi%nesses ( national fancy1 & direct 
! wayw>dnesses ( national en]gy1 t !y h 
a "r to ask t none ( _! di/resses %\ld  
be unreliev$1 none ( _! weaknesses      
unwat*$2 & t no grief1 nor nak$ness1 nor
 p]il1 %\ld exi/ = !m1 aga9/ :i* !      
fa!r's h& 0 n out/ret*$1 or ! fa!r's    
%ield uplift$4#c  ,note #c3 ,comp>e     
,wordswor?'s ,essay on ! ,poor ,law     
,am5dm5t ,bill4 ,i quote "o important   
passage3 ,b1 if x be n safe to t\* !    
ab/ract "q ( man's "r 9 a social /ate to
 help himself ev5 9 ! la/ extremity1 may
 we n /ill cont5d = ! duty ( a ,*ri/ian 

gov]nm5t1 /&+ 9 loco p>5tis t[>ds all   
its subjects1 to make su* effectual     
provision t no "o %all be 9 dang] (     
p]i%+ ei!r ?r\gh ! neglect or h>%ness ( 
its legislation8 ,or1 waiv+ ?is1 is x n 
indisputable t ! claim ( ! ,/ate to !   
allegiance1 involves ! protection ( !   
subject8 ,&1 z all rights 9 "o p>ty     
impose a correlative duty ^u ano!r1 x   
foll[s t ! "r ( ! ,/ate to require !    
s]vices ( its memb]s1 ev5 to ! jeop>diz+
 ( _! lives 9 ! common def5ce1 e/abli%es
 a "r 9 ! p 7n to be ga9said by         
utilit>ians & economi/s7 to public      
support :51 f any cause1 !y may be      
unable to support !mselves4--7,see note 
#bnd1 9 ,add5da47  #ag4 ,n[1 ,i h press$
 ?is ^u y at m l5g? ?an is ne$ful or    
proportion$ to our pres5t purposes (    
inquiry1 because ,i w\ld n = ! fir/ "t  
speak to y on ?is subject ( political   
economy )\t cle>ly /at+ :at ,i believe  
to be its fir/ gr& pr9ciple4 ,b its be>+
 on ! matt] 9 h& is *iefly to prev5t y f
 at once too viol5tly diss5t+ f me :5   

:at ,i may /ate to y z advisable economy
 9 art appe>s to imply too mu* re/ra9t  
or int]f]5ce ) ! fre$om ( ! patron or   
arti/4 ,we are a little apt1 ?\gh on !  
:ole a prud5t nation1 to act too        
imm$iately on our impulses1 ev5 9 matt]s
 m]ely comm]cial2 mu* m 9 ^? involv+    
cont9ual appeals to our fancies4 ,h[ f>1
 !re=e1 ! propos$ sy/ems or re/ra9ts may
 be advisable1 x is = y to judge2 only  
,i pray y n to be (f5d$ ) !m m]ely      
because !y are sy/ems & re/ra9ts4   #ah4
 ,d y at all recollect t int]e/+ passage
 ( ,c>lyle1 9 :i* he comp>es1 9 ?is     
c\ntry & at ?is day1 ! und]/ood &       
comm]cial value ( man & horse2 & 9 :i*  
he wond]s t ! horse1 ) its inf]ior bra9s
 & its awkw>d ho(9ess1 in/ead ( h&9ess1 
%\ld be always wor? s _m t5s or scores (
 p\nds 9 ! m>ket1 :ile ! man1 s f> f    
always comm&+ 8 price 9 ! m>ket1 w\ld   
(t5 be ?\ght to conf] a s]vice on !     
community by simply kill+ himself out ( 
_! way8 ,well1 ,c>lyle does n answ] 8   
own "q1 because he supposes we %all at  

once see ! answ]4 ,! value ( ! horse    
consi/s simply 9 ! fact ( y\r be+ able  
to put a bridle on him4 ,! value ( ! man
 consi/s precisely 9 ! same ?+4 ,if y c 
bridle him1 or1 :i* is bett]1 if he c   
bridle himself1 he w be a valuable      
creature directly4 ,o!rwise1 9 a        
comm]cial po9t ( view1 8 value is ei!r  
no?+1 or accid5tal only4 ,only1 ( c\rse1
 ! prop] bridle ( man is n a lea!rn "o3 
:at k9d ( texture x is rightly made (1  
we f9d f t comm&1 ,be ye n z ! horse or 
z ! mule :i* h no und]/&+1 ^: m\?s mu/  
be held 9 ) bit & bridle4 ,y are n to be
 )\t ! re9s1 inde$2 b !y are to be (    
ano!r k9d3 ,i w guide !e ) m9e ,eye4 ,s 
! bridle ( man is to be ! ,eye ( ,god2 &
 if he rejects t guidance1 !n ! next be/
 = him is ! horse's & ! mule's1 :i* h no
 und]/&+2 & if he rejects t1 & takes !  
bit fairly 9 8 tee?1 !n !re is no?+ left
 = him ?an ! blood t comes out ( ! city1
 up to ! horse-bridles4   #ai4 ,quitt+1 
h[ev]1 at la/ ^! g5]al & s]i\s laws (   
gov]nm5t--or r br++ !m d[n to our own   

bus9ess 9 h&--we h to consid] ?ree po9ts
 ( discipl9e 9 t p>ticul> bran* ( human 
lab\r :i* is conc]n$1 n ) procur+ (     
food1 b ! expression ( emotion2 we h to 
consid] respect+ art3 fir/1 h[ to apply 
our lab\r to x2 !n1 h[ to accumulate or 
pres]ve ! results ( lab\r2 & !n1 h[ to  
di/ribute !m4 ,b s9ce 9 art ! lab\r :i* 
we h to employ is ! lab\r ( a p>ticul>  
class ( m5--m5 :o h special g5ius = !   
bus9ess--we h n only to consid] h[ to   
apply ! lab\r1 b1 fir/ ( all1 h[ to     
produce ! lab\r]2 & ?us ! "q 9 ?is      
p>ticul> case becomes f\rfold3 fir/1 h[ 
to get y\r man ( g5ius2 !n1 h[ to employ
 y\r man ( g5ius2 !n1 h[ to accumulate &
 pres]ve 8 "w 9 ! greate/ quantity2 &1  
la/ly1 h[ to di/ribute 8 "w to ! be/    
national advantage4 ,let u take up ^!   
que/ions 9 succession4   #bj4 ,i4       
,discov]y4--,h[ are we to get our m5 (  
g5ius3 t is to say1 by :at means may we 
produce among u1 at any giv5 "t1 !      
greate/ quantity ( effective            
art-intellect8 ,a wide "q1 y say1       

involv+ an acc\nt ( all ! be/ means (   
art education4 ,yes1 b ,i d n mean to g 
into ! consid]ation ( ^?2 ,i want only  
to /ate ! few pr9ciples :i* lie at !    
f\ndation ( ! matt]4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ is t 
y h always to f9d y\r arti/1 n to make  
him2 y c't manufacture him1 any m ?an y 
c manufacture gold4 ,y c f9d him1 &     
ref9e him3 y dig him out z he lies      
nugget-fa%ion 9 ! m\nta9-/ream2 y br+   
him home2 & y make him into curr5t co91 
or h\sehold plate1 b n "o gra9 ( him c y
 orig9ally produce4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( 
art-intellect is born annually 9 e      
nation1 great] or less accord+ to !     
nature & cultivation ( ! nation1 or race
 ( m52 b a p]fectly fix$ quantity       
annually1 n increasable by "o gra94 ,y  
may lose x1 or y may ga!r x2 y may let x
 lie loose 9 ! rav9e1 & buri$ 9 ! s&s1  
or y may make k+s' ?rones ( x1 & ov]lay 
temple gates ) x1 z y *oose3 b ! be/ y c
 d ) x is always m]ely sift+1 melt+1    
hamm]+1 purify+--nev] creat+4   #ba4 ,& 
!re is ano!r ?+ notable ab\t ?is        

arti/ical gold2 n only is x limit$ 9    
quantity1 b 9 use4 ,y ne$ n make ?rones 
or gold5 gates ) x unless y l1 b        
assur$ly y c't d any?+ else ) x4 ,y c't 
make knives ( x1 nor arm\r1 nor         
railroads4 ,! gold won't cut y1 & x     
won't c>ry y3 put x to a me*anical use1 
& y de/roy x at once4 ,x is q true t 9 !
 greate/ arti/s1 _! prop] arti/ical     
faculty is unit$ ) e o!r2 & y may make  
use ( ! o!r faculties1 & let ! arti/ical
 "o lie dormant4 ,= aught ,i "k1 !re may
 be two or ?ree ,leon>do da ,v9cis      
employ$ at ?is mom5t 9 y\r h>b\rs &     
railroads3 b y are n employ+ _!         
,leon>desque or gold5 faculty !re1--y   
are only oppress+ & de/roy+ x4 ,& !     
arti/ical gift 9 av]age m5 is n jo9$ )  
o!rs3 y\r born pa9t]1 if y don't make a 
pa9t] ( him1 won't be a fir/-rate       
m]*ant1 or lawy]2 at all ev5ts1 :atev]  
he turns out1 8 own special gift is     
unemploy$ by y2 & 9 no wise helps him 9 
t o!r bus9ess4 ,s "h y h a c]ta9        
quantity ( a p>ticul> sort (            

intellig5ce1 produc$ = y annually by    
provid5tial laws1 :i* y c only make use 
( by sett+ x to its own prop] "w1 & :i* 
any attempt to use o!rwise involves !   
dead loss ( s mu* human en]gy4   #bb4   
,well !n1 suppos+ we wi% to employ x1 h[
 is x to be be/ discov]$ & ref9$8 ,x is 
easily en\gh discov]$4 ,to wi% to employ
 x is to discov] x4 ,all t y ne$ is1 a  
s*ool ( trial#d 9 e important t[n1 9 :i*
 ^? idle f>m]s' lads :om _! ma/]s nev] c
 keep out ( mis*ief1 & ^? /upid tailors'
 'pr5tices :o are always /it*+ ! sleeves
 9 wrong way upw>ds1 may h a try at ?is 
o!r trade2 only ?is s*ool ( trial mu/ n 
be entirely regulat$ by =mal laws ( art 
education1 b mu/ ultimately be ! work%op
 ( a good ma/] pa9t]1 :o w try ! lads ) 
"o k9d ( art & ano!r1 till he f9ds out  
:at !y are fit =4  ,note #d3 ,see note  
#crd1 9 ,add5da4   #bc4 ,next1 aft] y\r 
trial s*ool1 y want y\r easy & secure   
employm5t1 :i* is ! matt] ( *ief        
importance4 ,=1 ev5 on ! pres5t sy/em1 !
 boys :o h really int5se art capacity1  

g5]ally make pa9t]s ( !mselves2 b !n1 ! 
be/ half ( _! e>ly en]gy is lo/ 9 !     
battle ( life4 ,be=e a good pa9t] c get 
employm5t1 8 m9d has always be5         
embitt]$1 & 8 g5ius di/ort$4 ,a common  
m9d usually /oops1 9 pla/ic *ill1 to    
:atev] is ask$ ( x1 & scrapes or daubs  
its way complac5tly into public fav\r4#e
 ,b y\r great m5 qu>rel ) y1 & y rev5ge 
y\rselves by />v+ !m = ! fir/ half ( _! 
lives4 ,precisely 9 ! degree 9 :i* any  
pa9t] possesses orig9al g5ius1 is at    
pres5t ! increase ( moral c]ta9ty t dur+
 8 e>ly ye>s he w h a h>d battle to     
fight2 & t j at ! "t :5 8 conceptions   
ought to be full & happy1 8 temp] g5tle1
 & 8 hopes en?usia/ic--j at t mo/       
critical p]iod1 8 he>t is full (        
anxieties & h\sehold c>es2 he is *ill$  
by disappo9tm5ts1 & vex$ by inju/ice2 he
 becomes ob/9ate 9 8 errors1 no less ?an
 9 8 virtues1 & ! arr[s ( 8 aims are    
blunt$1 z ! re$s ( 8 tru/ are brok54    
,note #e3 ,see note #d?1 9 ,add5da4     
#bd4 ,:at we ma9ly want1 !re=e1 is a    

means ( suffici5t & unagitat$ employm5t3
 n hold+ out great prizes = :i* "y      
pa9t]s are to scramble2 b furni%+ all ) 
adequate support1 & opportunity to      
display su* p[] z !y possess )\t        
rejection or mortification4 ,i ne$ n say
 t ! be/ field ( lab\r ( ?is k9d w\ld be
 pres5t$ by ! con/ant progress ( public 
works involv+ v>i\s decoration2 & we w  
pres5tly exam9e :at k9d ( public works  
may ?us1 advantage\sly = ! nation1 be 9 
con/ant progress4 ,b a m important matt]
 ev5 ?an ?is ( /eady employm5t1 is ! k9d
 ( criticism ) :i* y1 ! public1 receive 
! works ( ! "y m5 submitt$ to y4 ,y may 
d mu* h>m by indiscreet praise & by     
indiscreet blame2 b rememb] ! *ief h>m  
is always done by blame4 ,x /&s to      
reason t a "y man's "w _c be p]fect4 ,x 
mu/ be m or less ignorant2 x mu/ be m or
 less feeble2 x is likely t x may be m  
or less exp]im5tal1 & if exp]im5tal1 "h 
& !re mi/ak54 ,if1 !re=e1 y all[ y\rself
 to laun* out into sudd5 b>k+ at ! fir/ 
faults y see1 ! probability is t y are  

abus+ ! y\? = "s defect naturally &     
inevitably belong+ to t /age ( 8        
progress2 & t y might j z rationally f9d
 fault ) a *ild = n be+ z prud5t z a    
privy c\ncillor1 or ) a kitt5 = n be+ z 
grave z a cat4   #be4 ,b !re is "o fault
 :i* y may be q sure is unnecess>y1 &   
!re=e a real & blamable fault3 t is     
ha/e1 involv+ neglig5ce4 ,:5ev] y see t 
a "y man's "w is ei!r bold or slov5ly1  
!n y may attack x firmly2 sure ( be+ "r4
 ,if 8 "w is bold1 x is insol5t2 repress
 8 insol5ce3 if x is slov5ly1 x is      
indol5t2 spur 8 indol5ce4 ,s long z he  
works 9 t da%+ or impetu\s way1 ! be/   
hope = him is 9 y\r contempt3 & x is    
only by ! fact ( 8 seem+ n to seek y\r  
approbation t y may conjecture he       
des]ves x4   #bf4 ,b if he does des]ve  
x1 be sure t y give x him1 else y n only
 run a *ance ( driv+ him f ! "r road by 
want ( enc\ragem5t1 b y deprive         
y\rselves ( ! happie/ privilege y w ev] 
h ( rew>d+ 8 lab\r4 ,= x is only ! "y :o
 c receive mu* rew>d f m5's praise3 !   

old1 :5 !y are great1 get too f> beyond 
& above y to c>e :at y ?9k ( !m4 ,y may 
urge !m !n ) sympa?y1 & surr\nd !m !n ) 
acclamation2 b !y w d\bt y\r pleasure1 &
 despise y\r praise4 ,y might h *e]$ !m 
9 _! race ?r\gh ! asphodel mead[s ( _!  
y\?2 y might h br\ght ! pr\d1 bright    
sc>let into _! faces1 if y _h b cri$    
once to !m ,well done1 z !y da%$ up to !
 fir/ goal ( _! e>ly ambition4 ,b n[1 _!
 pleasure is 9 memory1 & _! ambition is 
9 heav54 ,!y c be k9d to y1 b y nev]more
 c be k9d to !m4 ,y may be f$ ) ! fruit 
& fulness ( _! old age1 b y 7 z ! nipp+ 
blight to !m 9 _! blossom+1 & y\r praise
 is only z ! w>m w9ds ( autumn to ! dy+ 
bran*es4   #bg4 ,!re is "o ?\ght /ill1 !
 sadde/ ( all1 be>+ on ?is )hold+ ( e>ly
 help4 ,x is possible1 9 "s noble       
natures1 t ! w>m? & ! affections (      
*ildhood may rema9 un*ill$1 ?\gh        
unansw]$2 & t ! old man's he>t may /ill 
be capable ( gladness1 :5 ! long-)held  
sympa?y is giv5 at la/4 ,b 9 ^! noble   
natures x ne>ly always happ5s t ! *ief  

motive ( e>?ly ambition has n be5 to    
give delight to !mselves1 b to _! p>5ts4
 ,e noble y\? looks back1 z to ! *iefe/ 
joy :i* ?is _w's hon\r ev] gave him1 to 
! mom5t :5 fir/ he saw 8 fa!r's eyes    
fla% ) pride1 & 8 "m turn away h] head1 
le/ he %\ld take h] te>s = te>s ( sorr[4
 ,ev5 ! lov]'s joy1 :5 "s wor?9ess ( 8  
is ackn[l$g$ be=e 8 mi/ress1 is n s     
great z t1 = x is n s pure--! desire to 
exalt himself 9 h] eyes mixes ) t ( giv+
 h] delight2 b he does n ne$ to exalt   
himself 9 8 p>5ts' eyes3 x is ) ! pure  
hope ( giv+ !m pleasure t he comes to   
tell !m :at he has done1 or :at has be5 
said ( him2 & !re=e he has a pur]       
pleasure ( 8 own4 ,& ?is pure/ & be/ (  
rew>ds y keep f him if y c3 y fe$ him 9 
8 t5d] y\? ) a%es & di%on\r2 & !n y come
 to him1 obsequi\s1 b too late1 ) y\r   
%>p laurel cr[n1 ! dew all dri$ f (f its
 leaves2 & y ?ru/ x into 8 languid h&1 &
 he looks at y wi/fully4 ,:at %all he d 
) x8 ,:at c he d1 b g & lay x on 8 "m's 
grave8   #bh4 ,?us1 !n1 y see t y h to  

provide = y\r "y m53 fir/1 ! se>*+ or   
discov]+ s*ool2 !n ! calm employm5t2 !n 
! ju/ice ( praise3 "o ?+ m y h to d = !m
 9 prep>+ !m = full s]vice--namely1 to  
make1 9 ! noble s5se ( ! ^w1 g5tlem5 (  
!m2 t is to say1 to take c>e t _! m9ds  
receive su* tra9+1 t 9 all !y pa9t !y   
%all see & feel ! noble/ ?+s4 ,i am     
sorry to say1 t ( all p>ts ( an arti/'s 
education1 ?is is ! mo/ neglect$ among  
u2 & t ev5 :]e ! natural ta/e & feel+ ( 
! y\? h be5 pure & true1 :]e !re 0 ! "r 
/uff 9 him to make a g5tleman (1 y may  
too frequ5tly disc]n "s j>r+ r5ts 9 8   
m9d1 & elem5ts ( degradation 9 8        
treatm5t ( subject1 ow+ to want ( g5tle 
tra9+1 & ( ! lib]al influ5ce (          
lit]ature4 ,?is is q visible 9 our      
greate/ arti/s1 ev5 9 m5 l ,turn] &     
,ga9sbor\gh2 :ile 9 ! common grade ( our
 second-rate pa9t]s ! evil atta9s a pit*
 :i* is f> too sadly manife/ to ne$ my  
dwell+ ^u x4 ,n[1 no bran* ( art economy
 is m important ?an t ( mak+ ! intellect
 at y\r disposal pure z well z p[]ful2 s

 t x may always ga!r = y ! sweete/ &    
faire/ ?+s4 ,! same quantity ( lab\r f !
 same man's h&1 w1 accord+ z y h tra9$  
him1 produce a lovely & useful "w1 or a 
base & hurtful "o2 & dep5d ^u x1 :atev] 
value x may possess1 by reason ( !      
pa9t]'s skill1 its *ief & f9al value1 to
 any nation1 dep5ds ^u its be+ able to  
exalt & ref9e1 z well z to please2 & t !
 picture :i* mo/ truly des]ves ! "n ( an
 art-treasure is t :i* has be5 pa9t$ by 
a good man4   #bi4 ,y _c b see h[ f> ?is
 w\ld lead1 if ,i 7 to enl>ge ^u x4 ,i  
mu/ take x up z a sep>ate subject "s o!r
 "t3 only notic+ at pres5t t no money   
c\ld be bett] sp5t by a nation ?an 9    
provid+ a lib]al & discipl9$ education =
 its pa9t]s1 z !y advance into !        
critical p]iod ( _! y\?2 & t1 also1 a   
l>ge "p ( _! p[] dur+ life dep5ds ^u !  
k9d ( subjects :i* y1 ! public1 ask !m  
=1 & !re=e ! k9d ( ?\ghts ) :i* y       
require !m to be habitually famili>4 ,i 
%all h m to say on ?is head :5 we come  
to consid] :at employm5t !y %\ld h 9    

public build+s4   #cj4 ,!re are _m o!r  
po9ts ( ne>ly z mu* importance z ^!1 to 
be expla9$ ) ref]5ce to ! developm5t (  
g5ius2 b ,i %\ld h to ask y to come &   
he> six lectures in/ead ( two if ,i 7 to
 g into _! detail4 ,= in/ance1 ,i h n   
spok5 ( ! way 9 :i* y ought to look = ^?
 artific]s 9 v>i\s manual trades1 :o1   
)\t possess+ ! ord] ( g5ius :i* y w\ld  
desire to devote to high] purposes1 yet 
possess wit1 & hum\r1 & s5se ( col\r1 & 
fancy = =m--all comm]cially valuable z  
quantities ( intellect1 & all m or less 
expressible 9 ! l[] arts ( iron-"w1     
pott]y1 decorative sculpture1 & su* l4  
,b ^! details1 int]e/+ z !y are1 ,i mu/ 
comm5d to y\r own consid]ation1 or leave
 = "s future inquiry4 ,i want j n[ only 
to set ! be>+s ( ! entire subject       
broadly be=e y1 ) en\gh ( detail$       
illu/ration to make x intelligible2 &   
!re=e ,i mu/ quit ! fir/ head ( x "h1 & 
pass to ! second--namely1 h[ be/ to     
employ ! g5ius we discov]4 ,a c]ta9     
quantity ( able h&s & heads be+ plac$ at

 our disposal1 :at %all we mo/ advisably
 set !m ^u8   #ca4 ,,ii4                
,,application4--,!re are ?ree ma9 po9ts 
! economi/ has to att5d to 9 ?is4       
,fir/1 ,to set 8 m5 to v>i\s "w4        
,secondly1 ,to easy "w4  ,?irdly1 ,to   
la/+ "w4  ,i %all briefly t\* on ! fir/ 
two1 = ,i want to arre/ y\r att5tion on 
! la/4   #cb4 ,i say fir/ to v>i\s "w4  
,suppos+ y h two m5 ( equal p[] z       
l&scape pa9t]s--& bo? ( !m h an h\r at  
y\r disposal4 ,y w\ld n set !m bo? to   
pa9t ! same piece ( l&scape4 ,y w\ld1 ( 
c\rse1 r h two subjects ?an a repetition
 ( "o4  ,well1 suppos+ !m sculptors1 w n
 ! same rule hold8 ,y naturally conclude
 at once t x w2 b y w h h>d "w to       
conv9ce y\r mod]n ar*itects ( t4 ,!y w  
put tw5ty m5 to "w1 to c>ve tw5ty       
capitals2 & all %all be ! same4 ,if ,i  
c\ld %[ y ! ar*itects' y>ds 9 ,engl& j  
n[1 all op5 at once1 p]haps y might see 
a ?\s& clev] m51 all employ$ 9 c>v+ !   
same design4 ,( ! degradation &         
dea?fulness to ! art-intellect ( !      

c\ntry involv$ 9 su* a habit1 ,i h m or 
less be5 l$ to speak be=e n[2 b ,i h n  
hi!rto m>k$ its def9ite t5d5cy to       
increase ! price ( "w1 z su*4 ,:5 m5 are
 employ$ cont9ually 9 c>v+ ! same       
ornam5ts1 !y get into a monoton\s &     
me?odical habit ( lab\r--precisely      
correspond5t to t 9 :i* !y w\ld break   
/ones1 or pa9t h\se-walls4 ,( c\rse1 :at
 !y d s con/antly1 !y d easily2 & if y  
excite !m tempor>ily by an increase (   
wages1 y may get mu* "w done by !m 9 a  
little "t4 ,b1 unless s /imulat$1 m5    
condemn$ to a monoton\s ex]tion1 "w--&  
always1 by ! laws ( human nature1 mu/   
"w--only at a tranquil rate1 n produc+  
by any means a maximum result 9 a giv5  
"t4 ,b if y all[ !m to v>y _! designs1 &
 ?us int]e/ _! heads & he>ts 9 :at !y   
are do+1 y w f9d !m become eag]1 fir/1  
to get _! ideas express$1 & !n to f9i% !
 expression ( !m2 & ! moral en]gy ?us   
br\ght to be> on ! matt] quick5s1 &     
!re=e *eap5s1 ! production 9 a mo/      
important degree4 ,sir ,?omas ,deane1 ! 

ar*itect ( ! new ,museum at ,ox=d1 told 
me1 z ,i pass$ ?r\gh ,ox=d on my way "h1
 t he f\nd t1 ow+ to ?is cause alone1   
capitals ( v>i\s design c\ld be execut$ 
*eap] ?an capitals ( simil> design 7!   
am\nt ( h& lab\r 9 ea* be+ ! same7 by   
ab\t #cj p] c5t4   #cc4 ,well1 t is !   
fir/ way1 !n1 9 :i* y w employ y\r      
intellect well2 & ! simple obs]vance (  
?is pla9 rule ( political economy w     
effect a noble revolution 9 y\r         
ar*itecture1 su* z y _c at pres5t s mu* 
z conceive4 ,!n ! second way 9 :i* we   
are to gu>d aga9/ wa/e is by sett+ our  
m5 to ! easie/1 & !re=e ! quicke/1 "w   
:i* w answ] ! purpose4 ,m>ble1 =        
in/ance1 la/s q z long z granite1 & is  
mu* s(t] to "w2 !re=e1 :5 y get hold ( a
 good sculptor1 give him m>ble to       
c>ve--n granite4   #cd4 ,t1 y say1 is   
obvi\s en\gh4 ,yes2 b x is n s obvi\s h[
 mu* ( y\r workm5's "t y wa/e annually 9
 mak+ !m cut glass1 aft] x has got h>d1 
:5 y ought to make !m m\ld x :ile x is  
s(t4 ,x is n s obvi\s h[ mu* exp5se y   

wa/e 9 cutt+ diamonds & rubies1 :i* are 
! h>de/ ?+s y c f9d1 into %apes t mean  
no?+1 :5 ! same m5 might be cutt+ s&/one
 & free/one into %apes t meant some?+4  
,x is n s obvi\s h[ mu* ( ! arti/s' "t 9
 ,italy y wa/e1 by =c+ !m to make wret*$
 little pictures = y out ( crumbs ( /one
 glu$ toge!r at enorm\s co/1 :5 ! t5? ( 
! "t w\ld make good & noble pictures = y
 out ( wat]-col\r4   #ce4 ,i c\ld g on  
giv+ y almo/ numb]less in/ances ( ?is   
great comm]cial mi/ake2 b ,i %\ld only  
we>y & confuse y4 ,i !re=e comm5d also  
?is head ( our subject to y\r own       
m$itation1 & proce$ to ! la/ ,i nam$--! 
la/ ,i %all task y\r pati5ce ) to-night4
 ,y "k we are n[ consid]+ h[ to apply   
our g5ius2 & we 7 to d x z economi/s1 9 
?ree ways3--  ,to v>i\s "w2  ,to easy   
"w2  ,to la/+ "w4   #cf4 ,?is la/+ ( !  
"w1 !n1 is our f9al "q4  ,_m ( y may    
p]haps rememb] t ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 once 
comm&$ by ,pietro di ,m$ici to m\ld a   
/atue out ( sn[1 & t he obey$ ! comm&4#f
 ,i am glad1 & we h all reason to be    

glad1 t su* a fancy ev] came into ! m9d 
( ! unwor?y pr9ce1 & = ?is cause3 t     
,pietro di ,m$ici !n gave1 at ! p]iod ( 
"o great epo* ( consummate p[] 9 ! arts1
 ! p]fect1 accurate1 & int5se/ possible 
type ( ! greate/ error :i* nations &    
pr9ces c commit1 respect+ ! p[] ( g5ius 
entru/$ to _! guidance4 ,y _h !re1      
obs]ve1 ! /ronge/ g5ius 9 ! mo/ p]fect  
ob$i5ce2 capable ( iron indep5d5ce1 yet 
:olly submissive to ! patron's w2 at    
once ! mo/ highly accompli%$ & ! mo/    
orig9al1 capable ( do+ z mu* z man c\ld 
d1 9 any direction t man c\ld ask4 ,&   
its gov]nor1 & guide1 & patron sets x to
 build a /atue 9 sn[--to put itself into
 ! s]vice ( annihilation--to make a cl\d
 ( itself1 & pass away f ! e>?4  ,note  
#f3 ,see ! noble passage on ?is         
tradition 9 ,casa ,guidi ,w9d[s4   #cg4 
,n[ ?is1 s precisely & completely done  
by ,pietro di ,m$ici1 is :at we are all 
do+1 exactly 9 ! degree 9 :i* we direct 
! g5ius "u our patronage to "w 9 m or   
less p]i%able mat]ials4 ,s f> z we      

induce pa9t]s to "w 9 fad+ col\rs1 or   
ar*itects to build ) imp]fect /ructure1 
or 9 any o!r way consult only imm$iate  
ease & *eapness 9 ! production ( :at we 
want1 to ! exclusion ( provid5t ?\ght z 
to its p]man5ce & s]viceabl5ess 9 aft]  
ages2 s f> we are =c+ our ,mi*ael       
,angelos to c>ve 9 sn[4 ,! fir/ duty ( !
 economi/ 9 art is1 to see t no         
intellect %all ?us glitt] m]ely 9 !     
mann] ( ho>-fro/2 b t x %all be well    
vitrifi$1 l a pa9t$ w9d[1 & %all be set 
s betwe5 %afts ( /one & b&s ( iron1 t x 
%all be> ! sun%9e ^u x1 & s5d ! sun%9e  
?r\gh x1 f g5]ation to g5]ation4   #ch4 
,i c conceive1 h[ev]1 "s political      
economi/ to int]rupt me "h1 & say1 ,if y
 make y\r art we> too well1 y w soon h  
too mu* ( x2 y w ?r[ y\r arti/s q out ( 
"w4 ,bett] all[ = a little :olesome     
evanesc5ce--b5efic5t de/ruction3 let ea*
 age provide art = itself1 or we %all   
soon h s _m good pictures t we %all n "k
 :at to d ) !m4  ,rememb]1 my de> he>]s1
 :o are ?us ?9k+1 t political economy1 l

 e o!r subject1 _c be dealt )           
effectively if we try to solve two      
que/ions at a "t in/ead ( "o4 ,x is "o  
"q1 h[ to get pl5ty ( a ?+2 & ano!r1    
:e!r pl5ty ( x w be good = u4 ,consid]  
^! two matt]s sep>ately2 nev] confuse   
y\rself by int]weav+ "o ) ! o!r4 ,x is  
"o "q1 h[ to treat y\r fields s z to get
 a good h>ve/2 ano!r1 :e!r y wi% to h a 
good h>ve/1 or w\ld r l to keep up !    
price ( corn4 ,x is "o "q1 h[ to graft  
y\r trees s z to gr[ mo/ apples2 & q    
ano!r1 :e!r hav+ su* a heap ( apples 9 !
 /or]oom w n make !m all rot4   #ci4    
,n[1 !re=e1 t we are talk+ only ab\t    
graft+ & gr[+1 pray d n vex y\rselves ) 
?9k+ :at y are to d ) ! pipp9s4 ,x may  
be desirable = u to h mu* art1 or       
little--we w exam9e t by-&-bye2 b j n[1 
let u keep to ! simple consid]ation h[  
to get pl5ty ( good art if we want x4   
,p]haps x might be j z well t a man (   
mod]ate income %\ld be able to possess a
 good picture1 z t any "w ( real m]it   
%\ld co/ #ejjl4 or #a1jjjl42 at all     

ev5ts1 x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! bran*es (    
political economy to asc]ta9 h[1 if we  
l1 we c get ?+s 9 quantities--pl5ty (   
corn1 pl5ty ( w9e1 pl5ty ( gold1 or     
pl5ty ( pictures4  ,x has j be5 said1 t 
! fir/ great secret is to produce "w t w
 la/4 ,n[1 ! conditions ( "w la/+ are   
tw(old3 x mu/ n only be 9 mat]ials t w  
la/1 b x mu/ be itself ( a quality t w  
la/--x mu/ be good en\gh to be> ! te/ ( 
"t4 ,if x is n good1 we %all tire ( x   
quickly1 & ?r[ x aside--we %all h no    
pleasure 9 ! accumulation ( x4 ,s t !   
fir/ "q ( a good art-economi/ respect+  
any "w is1 ,w x lose its flav\r by      
keep+8 ,x may be v amus+ n[1 & look mu* 
l a "w ( g5ius2 b :at w be its value a  
hundr$ ye>s h5ce8  ,y _c always asc]ta9 
?is4 ,y may get :at y fancy to be "w ( !
 be/ quality1 & yet f9d to y\r a/oni%m5t
 t x won't keep4 ,b ( "o ?+ y may be    
sure1 t art :i* is produc$ ha/ily w also
 p]i% ha/ily2 & t :at is *eape/ to y n[1
 is likely to be de>e/ 9 ! end4   #dj4  
,i am sorry to say1 ! great t5d5cy ( ?is

 age is to exp5d its g5ius 9 p]i%able   
art ( ?is k9d1 z if x 7 a triumph to    
burn its ?\ghts away 9 bonfires4 ,!re is
 a va/ quantity ( intellect & ( lab\r   
consum$ annually 9 our *eap illu/rat$   
publications2 y triumph 9 !m2 & y ?9k x 
s gr& a ?+ to get s _m woodcuts = a     
p5ny4 ,:y1 woodcuts1 p5ny & all1 are z  
mu* lo/ to y z if y _h inve/$ y\r money 
9 gossam]4 ,m lo/1 = ! gossam] c\ld only
 tickle y\r face1 & glitt] 9 y\r eyes2 x
 c\ld n cat* y\r feet & trip y up3 b !  
bad art c1 & does2 = y c't l good       
woodcuts z long z y look at ! bad ones4 
,if we 7 at ?is mom5t to come across a  
,titian woodcut1 or a ,dr] woodcut1 we  
%\ld n l x--^? ( u at lea/ :o are       
accu/om$ to ! *eap "w ( ! day4 ,we don't
 l1 & c't l1 t long2 b :5 we are tir$ ( 
"o bad *eap ?+1 we ?r[ x aside & buy    
ano!r bad *eap ?+2 & s keep look+ at bad
 ?+s all our lives4 ,n[1 ! v m5 :o d all
 t quick bad "w = u are capable ( do+   
p]fect "w4 ,only1 p]fect "w c't be      
hurri$1 & !re=e x c't be *eap beyond a  

c]ta9 po9t4 ,b suppose y pay twelve     
times z mu* z y d n[1 & y h "o woodcut =
 a %ill+ in/ead ( twelve2 & ! "o woodcut
 = a %ill+ is z good z art c be1 s t y w
 nev] tire ( look+ at x2 & is /ruck on  
good pap] ) good ink1 s t y w nev] we> x
 out by h&l+ x2 :ile y are sick ( y\r   
p5ny-ea* cuts by ! end ( ! week1 & h    
torn !m mo/ly 9 half too4 ,isn't y\r    
%ill+'s wor? ! be/ b>ga98   #da4 ,x is  
n1 h[ev]1 only 9 gett+ pr9ts or woodcuts
 ( ! be/ k9d t y w practise economy4    
,!re is a c]ta9 quality ab\t an orig9al 
draw+ :i* y _c get 9 a woodcut1 & ! be/ 
"p ( ! g5ius ( _m m5 is only expressible
 9 orig9al "w1 :e!r ) p5 or ink--p5cil  
or col\rs4 ,?is is n always ! case2 b 9 
g5]al1 ! be/ m5 are ^? :o c only express
 !mselves on pap] or canvas2 & y w      
!re=e1 9 ! long run1 get mo/ = y\r money
 by buy+ orig9al "w2 proce$+ on !       
pr9ciple already laid d[n1 t ! be/ is   
likely to be ! *eape/ 9 ! end4 ,( c\rse1
 orig9al "w _c be produc$ "u a c]ta9    
co/4 ,if y want a man to make y a draw+ 

:i* takes him six days1 y mu/1 at all   
ev5ts1 keep him = six days 9 bread &    
wat]1 fire & lodg+2 t is ! l[e/ price at
 :i* he c d x = y1 b t is n v de>3 & !  
be/ b>ga9 :i* c possibly be made hone/ly
 9 art--! v ideal ( a *eap pur*ase to ! 
pur*as]--is ! orig9al "w ( a great man  
f$ = z _m days z are necess>y on bread &
 wat]1 or p]haps we may say ) z _m      
onions z w keep him 9 good hum\r4 ,t is 
! way by :i* y w always get mo/ = y\r   
money2 no me*anical multiplication or   
+5uity ( comm]cial arrangem5ts w ev] get
 y a bett] p5ny's wor? ( art ?an t4     
#db4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 pu%+ our calculations 
q to ?is prison-discipl9e extreme1 we   
may lay x d[n z a rule 9 art-economy1 t 
orig9al "w is1 on ! :ole1 *eape/ & be/  
wor? hav+4 ,b precisely 9 proportion to 
! value ( x z a production1 becomes !   
importance ( hav+ x execut$ 9 p]man5t   
mat]ials4 ,& "h we come to note ! second
 ma9 error ( ! day1 t we n only ask our 
workm5 = bad art1 b we make !m put x    
into bad sub/ance4 ,we h1 = example1 put

 a great quantity ( g5ius1 )9 ! la/     
tw5ty ye>s1 into wat]-col\r draw+1 & we 
h done ?is ) ! mo/ reckless disreg>d    
:e!r ei!r ! col\rs or ! pap] w /&4 ,9   
mo/ in/ances1 nei!r w4 ,by accid5t1 x   
may happ5 t ! col\rs 9 a giv5 draw+ h   
be5 ( good quality1 & its pap] un9jur$  
by *emical processes4 ,b y take n ! lea/
 c>e to ensure ^! be+ s2 ,i h myself se5
 ! mo/ de/ructive *anges take place 9   
wat]-col\r draw+s )9 tw5ty ye>s aft] !y 
7 pa9t$2 & f all ,i c ga!r respect+ !   
recklessness ( mod]n pap] manufacture1  
my belief is1 t ?\gh y may /ill h&le an 
,alb]t ,dr] engrav+1 two hundr$ ye>s    
old1 fe>lessly1 n "o-half ( t "t w h    
pass$ ov] y\r mod]n wat]-col\rs1 be=e   
mo/ ( !m w be r$uc$ to m]e :ite or br[n 
rags2 & y\r desc5dants1 twit*+ !m       
contemptu\sly into fragm5ts betwe5 f+] &
 ?umb1 w mutt] aga9/ y1 half 9 scorn &  
half 9 ang]1 ,^? wret*$ n9ete5? c5tury  
p6 !y kept vap\r+ & fum+ ab\t ! _w1 do+ 
:at !y call$ bus9ess1 & !y c\ldn't make 
a %eet ( pap] t wasn't rott54   #dc4 ,& 

note t ?is is no unimportant portion (  
y\r art economy at ?is "t4 ,y\r         
wat]-col\r pa9t]s are becom+ e day      
capable ( express+ great] & bett] ?+s2 &
 _! mat]ial is especially adapt$ to !   
turn ( y\r be/ arti/s' m9ds4 ,! value   
:i* y c\ld accumulate 9 "w ( ?is k9d    
w\ld soon become a mo/ important item 9 
! national art-weal?1 if only y w\ld    
take ! little pa9s necess>y to secure   
its p]man5ce4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1      
myself1 t wat]-col\r ought n to be us$  
on pap] at all1 b only on vellum1 & !n1 
if prop]ly tak5 c>e (1 ! draw+ w\ld be  
almo/ imp]i%able4 ,/ill1 pap] is a mu* m
 conv5i5t mat]ial = rapid "w2 & x is an 
inf9ite absurdity n to secure ! goodness
 ( its quality1 :5 we c\ld d s )\t !    
slighte/ tr\ble4 ,among ! _m fav\rs :i* 
,i am go+ to ask f our pat]nal gov]nm5t1
 :5 we get x1 w be t x w supply its     
little boys ) good pap]4 ,y h no?+ to d 
b to let ! gov]nm5t e/abli% a pap]      
manufactory1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( any (   
our lead+ *emi/s1 :o %\ld be answ]able =

 ! safety & complet5ess ( all !         
processes ( ! manufacture4 ,! gov]nm5t  
/amp on ! corn] ( y\r %eet ( draw+-pap]1
 made 9 ! p]fect way1 %\ld co/ y a      
%ill+1 :i* w\ld add some?+ to ! rev5ue2 
& :5 y b\ght a wat]-col\r draw+ = fifty 
or a hundr$ gu9eas1 y w\ld h m]ely to   
look 9 ! corn] = y\r /amp1 & pay y\r    
extra %ill+ = ! security t y\r hundr$   
gu9eas 7 giv5 really = a draw+1 & n = a 
col\r$ rag4 ,!re ne$ be no monopoly or  
re/riction 9 ! matt]2 let ! pap]        
manufactur]s compete ) ! gov]nm5t1 & if 
p lik$ to save _! %ill+1 & take _!      
*ance1 let !m2 only1 ! arti/ & pur*as]  
might !n be sure ( good mat]ial1 if !y  
lik$1 & n[ !y _c be4   #dd4 ,i %\ld l   
also to h a gov]nm5t col\r manufactory2 
?\gh t is n s necess>y1 z ! quality (   
col\r is m )9 ! arti/'s p[] ( te/+1 & ,i
 h no d\bt t any pa9t] may get p]man5t  
col\r f ! respectable manufactur]s1 if  
he *ooses4 ,i w n attempt to foll[ !    
subject out at all z x respects         
ar*itecture1 & our me?ods ( mod]n       

build+2 respect+ :i* ,i h _h occasion to
 speak be=e n[4   #de4 ,b ,i _c pass )\t
 "s brief notice our habit--cont9ually1 
z x seems to me1 ga9+ /r5g?--( putt+ a  
l>ge quantity ( ?\ght & "w1 annually1   
into ?+s :i* are ei!r 9 _! nature       
necess>ily p]i%able1 z dress2 or else   
into compliances ) ! fa%ion ( ! day1 9  
?+s n necess>ily p]i%able1 z plate4 ,i  
am afraid almo/ ! fir/ idea ( a "y ri*  
c\ple sett+ up h\se 9 ,london1 is1 t !y 
mu/ h new plate4 ,_! fa!r's plate may be
 v h&some1 b ! fa%ion is *ang$4 ,!y w h 
a new s]vice f ! lead+ manufactur]1 & ! 
old plate1 except a few apo/le spoons1 &
 a cup :i* ,*>les ! ,second drank a     
heal? 9 to _! pretty ance/ress1 is s5t  
to be melt$ d[n1 & made up ) new        
fl\ri%es & fre% lu/re4 ,n[1 s long z ?is
 is ! case--s long1 obs]ve1 z fa%ion has
 influ5ce on ! manufacture ( plate--s   
long y _c h a goldsmi?'s art 9 ?is      
c\ntry4 ,d y suppose any workman wor?y !
 "n w put 8 bra9s into a cup1 or an urn1
 :i* he kn[s is to g to ! melt+-pot 9   

half a score ye>s8 ,he w n2 y don't ask 
or expect x ( him4 ,y ask ( him no?+ b a
 little quick h&icraft--a clev] twi/ ( a
 h&le "h1 & a foot !re1 a convolvulus f 
! newe/ s*ool ( design1 a pheasant f    
,l&se]'s game c>ds2 a c\ple ( s5tim5tal 
figures = support]s1 9 ! /yle ( ! signs 
( insurance (fices1 !n a clev] t\* ) !  
burni%]1 & !re's y\r ep]gne1 !          
admiration ( all ! footm5 at !          
w$d+-breakfa/1 & ! torm5t ( "s un=tunate
 y\? :o _c see ! pretty girl opposite to
 him1 ?r\gh its tyrann\s bran*es4   #df4
 ,b y don't suppose t t's goldsmi?'s "w8
 ,goldsmi?'s "w is made to la/1 & made )
 ! m5's :ole he>t & s\l 9 x2 true       
goldsmi?'s "w1 :5 x exi/s1 is g5]ally ! 
means ( education ( ! greate/ pa9t]s &  
sculptors ( ! day4 ,francia 0 a         
goldsmi?2 ,francia 0 n 8 own "n1 b t ( 8
 ma/] ! jewell]2 & he sign$ 8 pictures  
almo/ always1 ,francia1 ! goldsmi?1 =   
love ( 8 ma/]2 ,ghirl&ajo 0 a goldsmi?1 
& 0 ! ma/] ( ,mi*ael ,angelo2 ,v]roc*io 
0 a goldsmi?1 & 0 ! ma/] ( ,leon>do da  

,v9ci4 ,ghib]ti 0 a goldsmi?1 & beat out
 ! bronze gates :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo said
 might s]ve = gates ( ,p>adise4#g ,b if 
ev] y want "w l !irs aga91 y mu/ keep x1
 ?\gh x %\ld h ! mis=tune to become     
old-fa%ion$4 ,y mu/ n break x up1 nor   
melt x any m4 ,!re is no economy 9 t2 y 
c\ld n easily wa/e intellect m          
griev\sly4 ,nature may melt h]          
goldsmi?'s "w at e sunset if %e *ooses2 
& beat x out into *as$ b>s aga9 at e    
sunrise2 b y mu/ n4 ,! way to h a truly 
noble s]vice ( plate1 is to keep add+ to
 x1 n melt+ x4 ,at e m>riage1 & at e    
bir?1 get a new piece ( gold or silv] if
 y w1 b ) noble workman%ip on x1 done = 
all "t1 & put x among y\r treasures2 t  
is "o ( ! *ief ?+s :i* gold 0 made =1 & 
made incorruptible =4 ,:5 we "k a little
 m ( political economy1 we %all f9d t   
none b p>tially savage nations ne$1     
imp]atively1 gold = _! curr5cy2#h b gold
 has be5 giv5 u1 among o!r ?+s1 t we    
might put beautiful "w into its         
imp]i%able spl5d\r1 & t ! arti/s :o h ! 

mo/ wilful fancies may h a mat]ial :i* w
 drag out1 & beat out1 z _! dreams      
require1 & w hold itself toge!r )       
fanta/ic t5acity1 :atev] r>e & delicate 
s]vice !y set x ^u4  ,note #g3 ,sev]al  
reasons may acc\nt = ! fact t goldsmi?'s
 "w is s :olesome = "y arti/s3 fir/1 t x
 gives great firmness ( h& to deal = "s 
"t ) a solid sub/ance2 aga91 t x induces
 caution & /ead9ess--a boy tru/$ ) *alk 
& pap] suff]s an imm$iate temptation to 
scrawl ^u x & play ) x1 b he d>es n     
scrawl on gold1 & he _c play ) x2 &1    
la/ly1 t x gives great delicacy &       
precision ( t\* to "w ^u m9ute =ms1 & to
 aim at produc+ ri*ness & f9i% ( design 
correspond5t to ! preci\sness ( !       
mat]ial4  ,note #h3 ,see note 9 ,add5da 
on ! nature ( prop]ty4   #dg4 ,s "h is  
"o bran* ( decorative art 9 :i* ri* p   
may indulge !mselves unselfi%ly2 if !y  
ask = good art 9 x1 !y may be sure 9    
buy+ gold & silv] plate t !y are en=c+  
useful education on "y arti/s4 ,b !re is
 ano!r bran* ( decorative art 9 :i* ,i  

am sorry to say we _c1 at lea/ "u exi/+ 
circum/ances1 indulge ourselves1 ) !    
hope ( do+ good to anybody3 ,i mean !   
great & subtle art ( dress4   #dh4 ,& "h
 ,i mu/ int]rupt ! pursuit ( our subject
 = a mom5t or two1 9 ord] to /ate "o ( !
 pr9ciples ( political economy1 :i*1    
?\gh x is1 ,i believe1 n[ suffici5tly   
und]/ood & ass]t$ by ! lead+ ma/]s ( !  
sci5ce1 is n yet1 ,i grieve to say1 act$
 ^u by ! plurality ( ^? :o h ! managem5t
 ( ri*es4 ,:5ev] we sp5d money1 we (    
c\rse set p to "w3 t is ! mean+ ( sp5d+ 
money2 we may1 inde$1 lose x )\t employ+
 anybody2 b1 :5ev] we sp5d x1 we set a  
numb] ( p to "w1 great] or less1 (      
c\rse1 accord+ to ! rate ( wages1 b1 9 !
 long run1 proportion$ to ! sum we sp5d4
 ,well1 y\r %all[ p1 because !y see t   
h[ev] !y sp5d money !y are always       
employ+ somebody1 &1 !re=e1 do+ "s good1
 ?9k & say to !mselves1 t x is all "o h[
 !y sp5d x--t all _! app>5tly selfi%    
luxury is1 9 reality1 unselfi%1 & is do+
 j z mu* good z if !y gave all _! money 

away1 or p]haps m good2 & ,i h he>d     
fooli% p ev5 decl>e x z a pr9ciple (    
political economy1 t :oev] inv5t$ a new 
want#i conf]r$ a good on ! community4 ,i
 h n words /rong en\gh--at lea/1 ,i c\ld
 n1 )\t %ock+ y1 use ! words :i* w\ld be
 /rong en\gh--to express my e/imate ( ! 
absurdity & ! mis*iev\sness ( ?is popul>
 fallacy4 ,s1 putt+ a great re/ra9t ^u  
myself1 & us+ no h>d words1 ,i w simply 
try to /ate ! nature ( x1 & ! ext5t (   
its influ5ce4  ,note #i3 ,see note #e?1 
9 ,add5da4   #di4 ,grant$1 t :5ev] we   
sp5d money = :atev] purpose1 we set p to
 "w2 & pass+ by1 = ! mom5t1 ! "q :e!r ! 
"w we set !m to is all equally heal?y & 
good = !m1 we w assume t :5ev] we sp5d a
 gu9ea we provide an equal numb] ( p )  
heal?y ma9t5ance = a giv5 "t4 ,b1 by !  
way 9 :i* we sp5d x1 we entirely direct 
! lab\r ( ^? p dur+ t giv5 "t4 ,we      
become _! ma/]s or mi/resses1 & we      
compel !m to produce1 )9 a c]ta9 p]iod1 
a c]ta9 article4 ,n[1 t article may be a
 useful & la/+ "o1 or x may be a useless

 & p]i%able "o--x may be "o useful to ! 
:ole community1 or useful only to       
ourselves4 ,& our selfi%ness & folly1 or
 our virtue & prud5ce1 are %[n1 n by our
 sp5d+ money1 b by our sp5d+ x = ! wrong
 or ! "r ?+2 & we are wise & k9d1 n 9   
ma9ta9+ a c]ta9 numb] ( p = a giv5      
p]iod1 b only 9 requir+ !m to produce   
dur+ t p]iod1 ! k9d ( ?+s :i* %all be   
useful to society1 in/ead ( ^? :i* are  
only useful to ourselves4   #ej4 ,?us1 =
 in/ance3 if y are a "y lady1 & employ a
 c]ta9 numb] ( semp/resses = a giv5 "t1 
9 mak+ a giv5 numb] ( simple &          
s]viceable dresses--suppose1 sev52 ( :i*
 y c we> "o y\rself = half ! w9t]1 &    
give six away to poor girls :o h none1 y
 are sp5d+ y\r money unselfi%ly4 ,b if y
 employ ! same numb] ( semp/resses = !  
same numb] ( days1 9 mak+ f\r1 or five1 
or six beautiful fl\nces = y\r own      
ball-dress--fl\nces :i* w clo! no "o b  
y\rself1 & :i* y w y\rself be unable to 
we> at m ?an "o ball--y are employ+ y\r 
money selfi%ly4 ,y h ma9ta9$1 inde$1 9  

ea* case1 ! same numb] ( p2 b 9 ! "o    
case y h direct$ _! lab\r to ! s]vice ( 
! community2 9 ! o!r case y h consum$ x 
:olly ^u y\rself4 ,i don't say y are    
nev] to d s2 ,i don't say y ought n     
sometimes to ?9k ( y\rselves only1 & to 
make y\rselves z pretty z y c2 only d n 
confuse coquetti%ness ) b5evol5ce1 nor  
*eat y\rselves into ?9k+ t all ! f9]y y 
c we> is s mu* put into ! hungry m\?s ( 
^? b5ea? y3 x is n s2 x is :at y        
y\rselves1 :e!r y w or no1 mu/ sometimes
 in/9ctively feel x to be--x is :at ^?  
:o /& %iv]+ 9 ! /reets1 =m+ a l9e to    
wat* y z y /ep out ( y\r c>riages1 "k x 
to be2 ^? f9e dresses d n mean t s mu*  
has be5 put into _! m\?s1 b t s mu* has 
be5 tak5 out ( _! m\?s4   #ea4 ,! real  
politico-economical signification ( e "o
 ( ^? beautiful toilettes1 is j ?is3 t y
 h _h a c]ta9 numb] ( p put = a c]ta9   
numb] ( days :olly "u y\r au?ority1 by !
 /]ne/ ( slave-ma/]s--hung] & cold2 & y 
h said to !m1 ,i w fe$ y1 inde$1 & clo! 
y1 & give y fuel = s _m days2 b dur+ ^? 

days y %all "w = me only3 y\r little    
bro!rs ne$ clo!s1 b y %all make none =  
!m3 y\r sick fri5d ne$s clo!s1 b y %all 
make none = h]3 y y\rself w soon ne$    
ano!r & a w>m] dress1 b y %all make none
 = y\rself4 ,y %all make no?+ b lace &  
roses = me2 = ?is =tnight to come1 y    
%all "w at ! patt]ns & petals1 & !n ,i w
 cru% & consume !m away 9 an h\r4 ,y w  
p]haps answ]--,x may n be p>ticul>ly    
b5evol5t to d ?is1 & we won't call x s2 
b at any rate we d no wrong 9 tak+ _!   
lab\r :5 we pay !m _! wages3 if we pay =
 _! "w1 we h a "r to x4   #eb4 ,no2--a  
?\s& times no4 ,! lab\r :i* y h paid =1 
does inde$ become1 by ! act ( pur*ase1  
y\r own lab\r3 y h b\ght ! h&s & ! "t ( 
^? work]s2 !y are1 by "r & ju/ice1 y\r  
own h&s1 y\r own "t4 ,b h y a "r to sp5d
 y\r own "t1 to "w ) y\r own h&s1 only =
 y\r own advantage8--mu* m1 :51 by      
pur*ase1 y h inve/$ y\r own p]son ) !   
/r5g? ( o!rs2 & add$ to y\r own life1 a 
"p ( ! life ( o!rs8 ,y may1 inde$1 to a 
c]ta9 ext5t1 use _! lab\r = y\r delight3

 rememb]1 ,i am mak+ no g5]al ass]tions 
aga9/ spl5d\r ( dress1 or pomp (        
accessories ( life2 on ! contr>y1 !re   
are _m reasons = ?9k+ t we d n at pres5t
 atta* en\gh importance to beautiful    
dress1 z "o ( ! means ( influ5c+ g5]al  
ta/e & "*4 ,b ,i d say1 t y mu/ weigh ! 
value ( :at y ask ^! work]s to produce =
 y 9 its own di/9ct balance2 t on its   
own wor?9ess or desirabl5ess re/s ! "q (
 y\r k9dness1 & n m]ely on ! fact ( y\r 
hav+ employ$ p 9 produc+ x3 & ,i say    
fur!r1 t z long z !re are cold &        
nak$ness 9 ! l& ar\nd y1 s long !re c be
 no "q at all b t spl5d\r ( dress is a  
crime4 ,9 due "t1 :5 we h no?+ bett] to 
set p to "w at1 x may be "r to let !m   
make lace & cut jewels2 b z long z !re  
are any :o h no blankets = _! b$s1 & no 
rags = _! bodies1 s long x is           
blanket-mak+ & tailor+ we mu/ set p to  
"w at--n lace4   #ec4 ,& x w\ld be      
/range1 if at any great assembly :i*1   
:ile x dazzl$ ! "y & ! ?\ghtless1       
beguil$ ! g5tl] he>ts t beat b5ea? !    

embroid]y1 ) a placid s5sation (        
luxuri\s b5evol5ce--z if by all t !y    
wore 9 wayw>dness ( beauty1 com=t _h be5
 fir/ giv5 to ! di/ress$1 & aid to !    
indig5t2 x w\ld be /range1 ,i say1 if1 =
 a mom5t1 ! spirits ( ,tru? & ( ,t]ror1 
:i* walk invisibly among ! masques ( !  
e>?1 w\ld lift ! dimness f our err+     
?\ghts1 & %[ u h[--inasmu* z ! sums     
exhau/$ = t magnific5ce w\ld h giv5 back
 ! fail+ brea? to _m an un%elt]$ outca/ 
on moor & /reet--!y :o we> x h lit]ally 
ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,dea?2 & dress$   
!mselves 9 8 spoils4 ,yes1 if ! veil    
c\ld be lift$ n only f y\r ?\ghts1 b f  
y\r human sight1 y w\ld see--! angels d 
see--on ^? gay :ite dresses ( y\rs1     
/range d>k spots1 & crimson patt]ns t y 
knew n (--spots ( ! inext+ui%able r$ t  
all ! seas _c wa% away2 yes1 & among !  
pleasant fl[]s t cr[n y\r fair heads1 & 
gl[ on y\r wrea!d hair1 y w\ld see t "o 
we$ 0 always twi/$ :i* no "o ?\ght (--! 
grass t gr[s on graves4   #ed4 ,x 0 n1  
h[ev]1 ?is la/1 ?is cle>e/ & mo/ appall+

 view ( our subject1 t ,i int5d$ to ask 
y to take ?is ev5+2 only x is impossible
 to set any "p ( ! matt] 9 its true     
light1 until we g to ! root ( x4 ,b !   
po9t :i* x is our special bus9ess to    
consid] is1 n :e!r co/l9ess ( dress is  
contr>y to *>ity2 b :e!r x is n contr>y 
to m]e worldly wisdom3 :e!r1 ev5 suppos+
 we knew t spl5d\r ( dress did n co/    
suff]+ or hung]1 we might n put !       
spl5d\r bett] 9 o!r ?+s ?an dress4 ,&1  
suppos+ our mode ( dress 7 really       
graceful or beautiful1 ?is might be a v 
d\btful "q2 = ,i believe true nobl5ess (
 dress to be an important means (       
education1 z x c]ta9ly is a necessity to
 any nation :i* wi%es to possess liv+   
art1 conc]n$ ) portraiture ( human      
nature4 ,no good hi/orical pa9t+ ev] yet
 exi/$1 or ev] c exi/1 :]e ! dresses ( !
 p ( ! "t are n beautiful3 & _h x n be5 
= ! lovely & fanta/ic dress+ ( ! ?irte5?
 to ! sixte5? c5turies1 nei!r ,fr5*1 nor
 ,flor5t9e1 nor ,v5etian art c\ld h ris5
 to any?+ l ! rank x rea*$4 ,/ill1 ev5  

!n1 ! be/ dress+ 0 nev] ! co/lie/2 & its
 effect dep5d$ mu* m on its beautiful &1
 9 e>ly times1 mode/1 arrangem5t1 & on !
 simple & lovely masses ( its col\r1 ?an
 on gorge\sness ( clasp or embroid]y4   
#ee4 ,:e!r we c ev] return to any ( ^? m
 p]fect types ( =m1 is que/ionable2 b   
!re c be no m "q t all ! money we sp5d  
on ! =ms ( dress at pres5t worn1 is1 s  
f> z any good purpose is conc]n$1 :olly 
lo/4 ,m9d1 9 say+ ?is1 ,i reckon among  
good purposes ! purpose :i* "y ladies   
are said sometimes to ent]ta9--( be+    
m>ri$2 b !y w\ld be m>ri$ q z soon 7&   
probably to wis] & bett] husb&s7 by     
dress+ quietly1 z by dress+ brilliantly3
 & ,i believe x w\ld only be ne$$ to lay
 fairly & l>gely be=e !m ! real good :i*
 might be effect$ by ! sums !y sp5d 9   
toilettes1 to make !m tru/ at once only 
to _! bright eyes & braid$ hair = all ! 
mis*ief !y h a m9d to4 ,i wi% we c\ld1 =
 once1 get ! /ati/ics ( a ,london       
season4 ,!re 0 mu* compla9+ talk 9      
,p>liam5t1 la/ week1 ( ! va/ sum !      

nation has giv5 = ! be/ ,paul ,v]onese 9
 ,v5ice--#ad1jjjl43 ,i wond] :at !      
nation mean:ile has giv5 = its          
ball-dresses6 ,suppose we c\ld see !    
,london mill9]s' bills1 simply =        
unnecess>y bread?s ( slip & fl\nce1 f   
,april to ,july2 ,i wond] :e!r #ad1jjjl4
 w\ld cov] !m4 ,b ! bread?s ( slip &    
fl\nce are by ?is "t z mu* lo/ & vani%$ 
z la/ ye>'s sn[2 only !y h done less    
good3 b ! ,paul ,v]onese w la/ =        
c5turies1 if we take c>e ( x2 & yet1 we 
grumble at ! price giv5 = ! pa9t+1 :ile 
no "o grumbles at ! price ( pride4      
#ef4 ,"t does n p]mit me to g into any  
f>!r illu/ration ( ! v>i\s modes 9 :i*  
we build our /atue out ( sn[1 & wa/e our
 lab\r on ?+s t vani%4 ,i mu/ leave y to
 foll[ out ! subject = y\rselves1 z ,i  
said ,i %\ld1 & proce$1 9 our next      
lecture1 to exam9e ! two o!r bran*es (  
our subject--namely1 h[ to accumulate   
our art1 & h[ to di/ribute x4 ,b1 9     
clos+1 z we h be5 mu* on ! topic ( good 
gov]nm5t1 bo? ( ourselves & o!rs1 let me

 j give y "o m illu/ration ( :at x      
means1 f t old art ( :i*1 next ev5+1 ,i 
%all try to conv9ce y t ! value1 bo?    
moral & m]cantile1 is great] ?an we     
usually suppose4   #eg4 ,"o ( ! frescoes
 by ,ambrozio ,lor5zetti1 9 ! t[n-hall (
 ,si5a1 repres5ts1 by means ( symbolical
 figures1 ! pr9ciples ( ,good ,civic    
,gov]nm5t & ( ,good ,gov]nm5t 9 g5]al4  
,! figure repres5t+ ?is noble ,civic    
,gov]nm5t is en?ron$1 & surr\nd$ by     
figures repres5t+ ! ,virtues1 v>i\sly   
support+ or adm9i/]+ its au?ority4 ,n[1 
obs]ve :at "w is giv5 to ea* ( ^!       
virtues4 ,?ree w+$ ones--,fai?1 ,hope1 &
 ,*>ity--surr\nd ! head ( ! figure2 n 9 
m]e compliance ) ! common & h]aldic laws
 ( prec$5ce among ,virtues1 su* z we    
mod]ns obs]ve habitually1 b ) peculi>   
purpose on ! "p ( ! pa9t]4 ,fai?1 z ?us 
repres5t$ rul+ ! ?\ghts ( ! ,good       
,gov]nor1 does n mean m]ely religi\s    
fai?1 und]/ood 9 ^? times to be necess>y
 to all p]sons--gov]n$ no less ?an      
gov]nors--b x means ! fai? :i* enables  

"w to be c>ri$ out /eadily1 9 spite (   
adv]se appe>ances & exp$i5cies2 ! fai? 9
 great pr9ciples1 by :i* a civic rul]   
looks pa/ all ! imm$iate *ecks & %ad[s t
 w\ld daunt a common man1 kn[+ t :at is 
rightly done w h a "r issue1 & hold+ 8  
way 9 spite ( pull+s at 8 cloak &       
:isp]+s 9 8 e>1 endur+1 z hav+ 9 him a  
fai? :i* is evid5ce ( ?+s unse54   #eh4 
,& ,hope1 9 l mann]1 is "h n ! heav5w>d 
hope :i* ought to animate ! he>ts ( all 
m52 b %e att5ds ^u ,good ,gov]nm5t1 to  
%[ t all su* gov]nm5t is expectant z    
well z cons]vative2 t if x ceases to be 
hopeful ( bett] ?+s1 x ceases to be a   
wise gu>dian ( pres5t ?+s3 t x ought    
nev]1 z long z ! _w la/s1 to be :olly   
cont5t ) any exi/+ /ate ( in/itution or 
possession1 b to be hopeful /ill ( m    
wisdom & p[]2 n clut*+ at x re/lessly or
 ha/ily1 b feel+ t its real life consi/s
 9 /eady asc5t f high to high]3         
cons]vative1 inde$1 & jeal\sly          
cons]vative ( old ?+s1 b cons]vative (  
!m z pill>s1 n z p9nacles--z aids1 b n z

 idols2 & hopeful *iefly1 & active1 9   
times ( national trial or di/ress1      
accord+ to ^? fir/ & notable words      
describ+ ! que5ly nation3 ,%e rise?1    
:ile x is yet night4   #ei4 ,& aga91 !  
w+$ ,*>ity :i* is att5dant on ,good     
,gov]nm5t has1 9 ?is fresco1 a peculi>  
(fice4 ,c y guess :at8 ,if y consid] !  
"* ( conte/ :i* s (t5 takes place among 
k+s = _! cr[ns1 & ! selfi% & tyrann\s   
means !y commonly take to aggr&ize or   
secure _! p[]1 y w1 p]haps1 be surpris$ 
to he> t ! (fice ( ,*>ity is to cr[n !  
,k+4 ,& yet1 if y ?9k ( x a little1 y w 
see ! beauty ( ! ?\ght :i* sets h] 9 ?is
 function3 s9ce1 9 ! fir/ place1 all !  
au?ority ( a good gov]nor %\ld be desir$
 by him only = ! good ( 8 p1 s t x is   
only ,love t makes him accept or gu>d 8 
cr[n3 9 ! second place1 8 *ief greatness
 consi/s 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is love1 & he is
 truly to be rev]$ only s f> z 8 acts & 
?\ghts are ^? ( k9dness2 s t ,love is ! 
light ( 8 cr[n1 z well z ! giv] ( x3    
la/ly1 because 8 /r5g? dep5ds on !      

affections ( 8 p1 & x is only _! love   
:i* c securely cr[n him1 & = ev]4 ,s t  
,love is ! /r5g? ( 8 cr[n z well z !    
light ( x4   #fj4 ,!n1 surr\nd+ ! ,k+1  
or 9 v>i\s ob$i5ce to him1 appe> !      
dep5d5t virtues1 z ,=titude1 ,temp]ance1
 ,tru?1 & o!r att5dant spirits1 ( all   
:i* ,i _c n[ give acc\nt1 wi%+ y only to
 notice ! "o to :om are entru/$ !       
guidance & adm9i/ration ( ! public      
rev5ues4 ,c y guess :i* x is likely to  
be8 ,*>ity1 y w\ld h ?\ght1 %\ld h      
some?+ to d ) ! bus9ess2 b n s1 = %e is 
too hot to att5d c>efully to x4         
,prud5ce1 p]haps1 y ?9k ( 9 ! next      
place4 ,no1 %e is too timid1 & loses    
opportunities 9 mak+ up h] m9d4 ,c x be 
,lib]ality !n8 ,no3 ,lib]ality is       
entru/$ ) "s small sums2 b %e is a bad  
acc\ntant1 & is all[$ no important place
 9 ! ex*equ]4 ,b ! treasures are giv5 9 
*>ge to a virtue ( :i* we he> too little
 9 mod]n times1 z di/9ct f o!rs2        
,magnanimity3 l>g5ess ( he>t3 n s(tness 
or weakness ( he>t1 m9d y--b capacity ( 

he>t--! great measur+ virtue1 :i* weighs
 9 heav5ly balances all t may be giv51 &
 all t may be ga9$2 & sees h[ to d      
noble/ ?+s 9 noble/ ways3 :i* ( two     
goods compreh5ds & !re=e *ooses !       
great]3 :i* ( two p]sonal sacrifices    
d>es & accepts ! l>g]3 :i*1 out ( !     
av5ues ( b5efic5ce1 treads always t :i* 
op5s f>!/ into ! blue fields ( futurity3
 t "*1 9 f9e1 :i*1 9 ^? words tak5 by u 
at fir/ = ! description ( a ,que5 among 
! nations1 looks less to ! pres5t p[]   
?an to ! di/ant promise2 ,/r5g? & hon\r 
are 9 h] clo?+1--& %e %all rejoice ,,9  
,,"t ,,to ,,come4     ,,lecture ,,ii4   
,,! ,,accumulation ,,& ,,di/ribution ,,(
 ,,art4  ,cont9uation ( ! previ\s       
,lecture2 deliv]$ ,july #ac1 #aheg4     
#fa4 ,! heads ( our subject :i* rema9 = 
our consid]ation ?is ev5+ are1 y w      
rememb]1 ! accumulation & ! di/ribution 
( works ( art4 ,our complete inquiry    
fell into f\r divisions--fir/1 h[ to get
 our g5ius2 !n1 h[ to apply our g5ius2  
!n1 h[ to accumulate its results2 &     

la/ly1 h[ to di/ribute !m4 ,we consid]$1
 la/ ev5+1 h[ to discov] & apply x2--we 
h to-night to exam9e ! modes ( its      
pres]vation & di/ribution4   #fb4 ,,iii4
 ,,accumulation4--,& n[1 9 ! outset1 x w
 be well to face t objection :i* we put 
aside a little :ile ago2 namely1 t      
p]haps x is n well to h a great deal (  
good art2 & t x %\ld n be made too *eap4
  ,nay1 ,i c imag9e "s ( ! m g5]\s among
 y exclaim+1 we w n tr\ble y to disprove
 t objection2 ( c\rse x is a selfi% &   
base "o3 good art1 z well z o!r good    
?+s1 ought to be made z *eap z possible1
 & put z f> z we c )9 ! rea* ( ev]ybody4
   #fc4 ,p>don me1 ,i am n prep>$ to    
admit t4 ,i r side ) ! selfi% objectors1
 & believe t art ought n to be made     
*eap1 beyond a c]ta9 po9t2 = ! am\nt (  
pleasure t y c receive f any great "w1  
dep5ds :olly on ! quantity ( att5tion & 
en]gy ( m9d y c br+ to be> ^u x4 ,n[1 t 
att5tion & en]gy dep5d mu* m on !       
fre%ness ( ! ?+ ?an y w\ld at all       
suppose2 unless y v c>efully /udi$ !    

movem5ts ( y\r own m9ds4 ,if y see ?+s (
 ! same k9d & ( equal value v frequ5tly1
 y\r rev]5ce = !m is infallibly dim9i%$1
 y\r p[]s ( att5tion get gradually      
we>i$1 & y\r int]e/ & en?usiasm worn    
out2 & y _c 9 t /ate br+ to any giv5 "w 
! en]gy necess>y to enjoy x4 ,if1 inde$1
 ! "q 7 only betwe5 enjoy+ a great _m   
pictures ea* a little1 or "o picture v  
mu*1 ! sum ( enjoym5t be+ 9 ea* case !  
same1 y might rationally desire to      
possess r ! l>g] quantity ?an ! small2  
bo? because "o "w ( art always 9 "s sort
 illu/rates ano!r1 & because quantity   
dim9i%es ! *ances ( de/ruction4   #fd4  
,b ! "q is n a m]ely ari?metical "o (   
?is k9d4 ,y\r fragm5ts ( brok5          
admirations w n1 :5 !y are put toge!r1  
make up "o :ole admiration2 two & two1 9
 ?is case1 d n make f\r1 nor any?+ l    
f\r4 ,y\r good picture1 or book1 or "w (
 art ( any k9d1 is always 9 "s degree   
f5c$ & clos$ ab\t ) difficulty4 ,y may  
?9k ( x z ( a k9d ( cocoanut1 ) v (t5 r 
an unseemly %ell1 b good milk & k]nel   

inside4 ,n[1 if y possess tw5ty         
cocoanuts1 & be+ ?ir/y1 g impati5tly f  
"o to ! o!r1 giv+ only a s+le scrat* ) !
 po9t ( y\r knife to ! %ell ( ea*1 y w  
get no milk f all ! tw5ty4 ,b if y leave
 n9ete5 ( !m alone1 & give tw5ty cuts to
 ! %ell ( "o1 y w get ?r\gh x1 & at !   
milk ( x4 ,& ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d is  
always to get tir$ be=e x has made its  
tw5ty cuts2 & to try ano!r nut3 &       
moreov]1 ev5 if x has p]sev]ance en\gh  
to crack its nuts1 x is sure to try to  
eat too _m1 & to *oke itself4 ,h5ce1 x  
is wisely appo9t$ = u t few ( ! ?+s we  
desire c be _h )\t consid]able lab\r1 & 
at consid]able int]vals ( "t4 ,we _c    
g5]ally get our d9n] )\t work+ = x1 & t 
gives u appetite = x1 we _c get our     
holiday )\t wait+ = x1 & t gives u ze/ =
 x2 & we ought n to get our picture )\t 
pay+ = x1 & t gives u a m9d to look at  
x4   #fe4 ,nay1 ,i w ev5 g s f> z to say
 t we ought n to get books too *eaply4  
,no book1 ,i believe1 is ev] wor? half s
 mu* to its read] z "o t has be5 covet$ 

= a ye> at a book/all1 & b\ght out (    
sav$ halfp5ce2 & p]haps a day or two's  
fa/+4 ,t's ! way to get at ! cream ( a  
book4 ,& ,i %\ld say m on ?is matt]1 &  
prote/ z en]getically z ,i c\ld aga9/ ! 
plague ( *eap lit]ature1 ) :i* we are j 
n[ afflict$1 b t ,i fe> y\r call+ me to 
ord]1 z be+ unpractical1 because ,i     
don't q see my way at pres5t to mak+    
ev]ybody fa/ = _! books4 ,b "o may see t
 a ?+ is desirable & possible1 ev5 ?\gh 
"o may n at once "k ! be/ way to x1--& 9
 my isl& ( ,b>at>ia1 :5 ,i get x well   
into ord]1 ,i assure y no book %all be  
sold = less ?an a p\nd /]l+2 if x c be  
publi%$ *eap] ?an t1 ! surplus %all all 
g into my treasury1 & save my subjects  
taxation 9 o!r directions2 only p really
 poor1 :o _c pay ! p\nd1 %all be suppli$
 ) ! books !y want = no?+1 9 a c]ta9    
limit$ quantity4 ,i hav5't made up my   
m9d ab\t ! numb] yet1 & !re are sev]al  
o!r po9ts 9 ! sy/em yet unsettl$2 :5 !y 
are all det]m9$1 if y w all[ me1 ,i w   
come & give y ano!r lecture1 on !       

political economy ( lit]ature4#aj  ,note
 #aj3 ,see note #f?1 9 ,add5da4   #ff4  
,meantime1 return+ to our imm$iate      
subject1 ,i say to my g5]\s he>]s1 :o   
want to %[] ,titians & ,turn]s ^u u1 l  
fall+ leaves1 ,pictures ought n to be   
too *eap2 b 9 mu* /rong] tone ,i w\ld   
say to ^? :o want to keep up ! prices ( 
pictorial prop]ty1 t pictures ought n to
 be too de>--t is to say1 n z de> z !y  
are4 ,=1 z matt]s at pres5t /&1 x is    
:olly impossible = any man 9 ! ord9>y   
circum/ances ( ,engli% life to possess  
himself ( a piece ( great art4 ,a mod]n 
draw+ ( av]age m]it1 or a fir/-class    
engrav+1 may1 p]haps1 n )\t "s          
self-reproa*1 be pur*as$ out ( 8 sav+s  
by a man ( n>r[ income2 b a satisfactory
 example ( fir/-rate art--ma/]h&s'      
"w--is :olly out ( 8 rea*4 ,& we are s  
accu/om$ to look ^u ?is z ! natural     
c\rse & necessity ( ?+s1 t we nev] set  
ourselves 9 any wise to dim9i% ! evil2 &
 yet x is an evil p]fectly capable (    
dim9ution4   #fg4 ,x is an evil         

precisely simil> 9 k9d to t :i* exi/$ 9 
! ,middle ,ages1 respect+ good books1 & 
:i* ev]ybody !n1 ,i suppose1 ?\ght z    
natural z we d n[ our small supply (    
good pictures4 ,y c\ld n !n /udy ! "w ( 
a great hi/orian1 or great poet1 any m  
?an y c n[ /udy t ( a great pa9t]1 b at 
heavy co/4 ,if y want$ a book1 y _h to  
get x writt5 out = y1 or to write x out 
= y\rself4 ,b pr9t+ came1 & ! poor man  
may read 8 ,dante & 8 ,hom]2 & ,dante & 
,hom] are none ! worse = t4 ,b x is only
 9 lit]ature t private p]sons ( mod]ate 
=tune c possess & /udy greatness3 !y c  
/udy at home no greatness 9 art2 & !    
object ( t accumulation :i* we are at   
pres5t aim+ at1 z our ?ird object 9     
political economy1 is to br+ great art 9
 "s degree )9 ! rea* ( ! multitude2 &1  
bo? 9 l>g] & m num]\s gall]ies ?an we n[
 possess1 & by di/ribution1 accord+ to 8
 weal? & wi%1 9 ea* man's home1 to r5d] 
! influ5ce ( art some:at correspond5t 9 
ext5t to t ( lit]ature4 ,"h1 !n1 is !   
subtle balance :i* y\r economi/ has to  

/rike3 to accumulate s mu* art z to be  
able to give ! :ole nation a supply ( x1
 accord+ to its ne$1 & yet to regulate  
its di/ribution s t !re %all be no glut 
( x1 nor contempt4   #fh4 ,a difficult  
balance1 inde$1 = u to hold1 if x 7 left
 m]ely to our skill to poise2 b ! j po9t
 betwe5 pov]ty & pr(usion has be5 fix$ =
 u accurately by ! wise laws (          
,provid5ce4 ,if y c>efully wat* = all ! 
g5ius y c detect1 apply x to good       
s]vice1 & !n rev]5tly pres]ve :at x     
produces1 y w nev] h too little art2 &  
if1 on ! o!r h&1 y nev] =ce an arti/ to 
"w hurri$ly1 = daily bread1 nor         
imp]fectly1 because y w\ld r h %[y works
 ?an complete ones1 y w nev] h too mu*4 
,d n =ce ! multiplication ( art1 & y w n
 h x too *eap2 d n wantonly de/roy x1 & 
y w n h x too de>4   #fi4 ,b :o wantonly
 de/roys x8 y w ask4 ,:y1 we all d4     
,p]haps y ?\ght1 :5 ,i came to ?is "p ( 
our subject1 correspond+ to t set =? 9  
our h\sewife's economy by ! keep+ h]    
embroid]y f ! mo?1 t ,i 0 go+ to tell y 

only h[ to take bett] c>e ( pictures1 h[
 to clean !m1 & v>ni% !m1 & :]e to put  
!m away safely :5 y w5t out ( t[n4 ,ah1 
n at all4 ,! utmo/ ,i h to ask ( y is1 t
 y w n pull !m to pieces1 & trample !m  
"u y\r feet4 ,:at6 y w say1 :5 d we d   
su* ?+s8 ,hav5't we built a p]fectly    
beautiful gall]y = all ! pictures we h  
to take c>e (8 ,yes1 y h1 = ! pictures  
:i* are def9itely s5t to ,man*e/] to be 
tak5 c>e (4 ,b !re are quantities (     
pictures out ( ,man*e/] :i* x is y\r    
bus9ess1 & m9e too1 to take c>e ( no    
less ?an ( ^!1 & :i* we are at ?is mom5t
 employ+ ourselves 9 pull+ to pieces by 
deputy4 ,i w tell y :at !y are1 & :]e !y
 are1 9 a m9ute2 only fir/ let me /ate  
"o m ( ^? ma9 pr9ciples ( political     
economy on :i* ! matt] h+es4   #gj4 ,i  
mu/ beg9 a little app>5tly wide ( ! m>k1
 & ask y to reflect if !re is any way 9 
:i* we wa/e money m 9 ,engl& ?an 9      
build+ f9e tombs8 ,our respect = ! dead1
 :5 !y are j dead1 is some?+ wond]ful1 &
 ! way we %[ x m wond]ful /ill4 ,we %[ x

 ) black fea!rs & black horses2 we %[ x 
) black dresses & bright h]aldries2 we  
%[ x ) co/ly obelisks & sculptures (    
sorr[1 :i* spoil half ( our mo/         
beautiful ca!drals4 ,we %[ x ) frightful
 grat+s & vaults1 & lids ( dismal /one1 
9 ! mid/ ( ! quiet grass2 & la/1 & n    
lea/1 we %[ x by p]mitt+ ourselves to   
tell any numb] ( lies we ?9k amiable or 
cr$ible1 9 ! epitaph4 ,?is feel+ is     
common to ! poor z well z ! ri*2 & we   
all "k h[ _m a poor family w ne>ly ru9  
!mselves1 to te/ify _! respect = "s     
memb] ( x 9 8 c(f91 :om !y nev] mu* c>$ 
= :5 he 0 out ( x2 & h[ (t5 x happ5s t a
 poor old woman w />ve h]self to dea?1 9
 ord] t %e may be respectably buri$4    
#ga4 ,n[1 ?is be+ "o ( ! mo/ complete & 
special ways ( wa/+ money1--no money be+
 less productive ( good1 or ( any       
p]c5tage :atev]1 ?an t :i* we %ake away 
f ! ends ( und]tak]s' plumes1--x is (   
c\rse ! duty ( all good economi/s1 & k9d
 p]sons1 to prove & proclaim cont9ually1
 to ! poor z well z ! ri*1 t respect = !

 dead is n really %[n by lay+ great     
/ones on !m to tell u :]e !y are laid2 b
 by rememb]+ :]e !y are laid1 )\t a /one
 to help u2 tru/+ !m to ! sacr$ grass & 
sadd5$ fl[]s2 & /ill m1 t respect & love
 are %[n to !m1 n by great monum5ts to  
!m :i* we build ) our h&s1 b by lett+ ! 
monum5ts /&1 :i* !y built ) _! own4 ,&  
?is is ! po9t n[ 9 "q4   #gb4 ,obs]ve1  
!re are two great reciprocal duties     
conc]n+ indu/ry1 con/antly to be ex*ang$
 betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,we1 z we live 
& "w1 are to be always ?9k+ ( ^? :o are 
to come aft] u2 t :at we d may be       
s]viceable1 z f> z we c make x s1 to !m1
 z well z to u4 ,!n1 :5 we die1 x is !  
duty ( ^? :o come aft] u to accept ?is  
"w ( ours ) ?anks & remembrance1 n ?ru/+
 x aside or te>+ x d[n ! mom5t !y ?9k !y
 h no use = x4 ,& ea* g5]ation w only be
 happy or p[]ful to ! pit* t x ought to 
be1 9 fulfill+ ^! two duties to ! ,pa/ &
 ! ,future4 ,its own "w w nev] be       
rightly done1 ev5 = itself--nev] good1  
or noble1 or pleasurable to its own     

eyes--if x does n prep>e x also = ! eyes
 ( g5]ations yet to come4 ,& its own    
possessions w nev] be en\gh = x1 & its  
own wisdom nev] en\gh = x1 unless x     
avails itself gratefully & t5d]ly ( !   
treasures & ! wisdom bequea!d to x by   
its ance/ors4   #gc4 ,=1 be assur$1 t   
all ! be/ ?+s & treasures ( ?is _w are n
 to be produc$ by ea* g5]ation = itself2
 b we are all int5d$1 n to c>ve our "w 9
 sn[ t w melt1 b ea* & all ( u to be    
cont9ually roll+ a great :ite ga!r+     
sn[ball1 high] & high]--l>g] &          
l>g]--along ! ,alps ( human p[]4 ,?us ! 
sci5ce ( nations is to be accumulative f
 fa!r to son3 ea* le>n+ a little m & a  
little m2 ea* receiv+ all t 0 kn[n1 &   
add+ its own ga93 ! hi/ory & poetry (   
nations are to be accumulative2 ea*     
g5]ation treasur+ ! hi/ory & ! songs (  
its ance/ors1 add+ its own hi/ory & its 
own songs3 & ! art ( nations is to be   
accumulative1 j z sci5ce & hi/ory are2 !
 "w ( liv+ m5 is n sup]s$+1 b build+    
itself ^u ! "w ( ! pa/4 ,ne>ly e great &

 intellectual race ( ! _w has produc$1  
at e p]iod ( its c>e]1 an art ) "s      
peculi> & preci\s "* ab\t x1 :olly      
unatta9able by any o!r race1 & at any   
o!r "t2 & ! int5tion ( ,provid5ce       
conc]n+ t art1 is evid5tly t x %\ld all 
gr[ toge!r into "o mighty temple2 ! r\gh
 /ones & ! smoo? all f9d+ _! place1 &   
ris+1 day by day1 9 ri*] & high]        
p9nacles to heav54   #gd4 ,n[1 j fancy  
:at a position ! _w1 consid]$ z "o great
 workroom--"o great factory 9 ! =m ( a  
globe--w\ld h be5 9 by ?is "t1 if x _h 9
 ! lea/ und]/ood ?is duty1 or be5       
capable ( x4 ,fancy :at we %\ld h _h    
ar\nd u n[1 if1 in/ead ( qu>rell+ &     
fight+ ov] _! "w1 ! nations _h aid$ ea* 
o!r 9 _! "w1 or if ev5 9 _! conque/s1   
in/ead ( effac+ ! memorials ( ^? !y     
succe$$ & subdu$1 !y _h gu>d$ ! spoils (
 _! victories4 ,fancy :at ,europe w\ld  
be n[1 if ! delicate /atues & temples ( 
! ,greeks--if ! broad roads & massy     
walls ( ! ,romans--if ! noble & pa!tic  
ar*itecture ( ! middle ages1 _h n be5   

gr\nd to du/ by m]e human rage4 ,y talk 
( ! scy! ( ,"t1 & ! too? ( ,"t3 ,i tell 
y1 ,"t is scy!less & too?less2 x is we  
:o gnaw l ! worm--we :o smite l ! scy!4 
,x is ourselves :o aboli%--ourselves :o 
consume3 we are ! mildew1 & ! flame2 & !
 s\l ( man is to its own "w z ! mo? t   
frets :5 x _c fly1 & z ! hidd5 flame t  
bla/s :]e x _c illum9ate4 ,all ^! lo/   
treasures ( human intellect h be5 :olly 
de/roy$ by human indu/ry ( de/ruction2 !
 m>ble w\ld h /ood its two ?\s& ye>s z  
well 9 ! poli%$ /atue z 9 ! ,p>ian      
cliff2 b we m5 h gr\nd x to p[d]1 & mix$
 x ) our own a%es4 ,! walls & ! ways    
w\ld h /ood--x is we :o h left n "o /one
 ^u ano!r1 & re/or$ its pa?lessness to !
 des]t2 ! great ca!drals ( old religion 
w\ld h /ood--x is we :o h da%$ d[n !    
c>v$ "w ) axes & hamm]s1 & bid !        
m\nta9-grass bloom ^u ! pavem5t1 & !    
sea-w9ds *ant 9 ! gall]ies4   #ge4 ,y w 
p]haps ?9k all ?is 0 someh[ necess>y = !
 developm5t ( ! human race4 ,i _c /ay n[
 to dispute t1 ?\gh ,i w\ld will+ly2 b d

 y ?9k x is /ill necess>y = t           
developm5t8 ,d y ?9k t 9 ?is n9ete5?    
c5tury x is /ill necess>y = ! ,european 
nations to turn all ! places :]e _!     
pr9cipal art-treasures are into         
battle-fields8 ,= t is :at !y are do+   
ev5 :ile ,i speak2 ! great firm ( ! _w  
is manag+ its bus9ess at ?is mom5t1 j z 
x has done 9 pa/ "t4 ,imag9e :at w\ld be
 ! ?riv+ circum/ances ( a manufactur] ( 
"s delicate produce--suppose glass1 or  
*9a--9 ^: work%op & exhibition rooms all
 ! workm5 & cl]ks began fight+ at lea/  
once a day1 fir/ bl[+ (f ! /eam1 &      
break+ all ! ma*9]y !y c\ld rea*2 & !n  
mak+ =tresses ( all ! cupbo>ds1 &       
attack+ & def5d+ ! %[-tables1 !         
victori\s p>ty f9ally ?r[+ ev]y?+ !y    
c\ld get hold ( out ( ! w9d[1 by way (  
%[+ _! triumph1 & ! poor manufactur]    
pick+ up & putt+ away at la/ a cup "h & 
a h&le !re4 ,a f9e prosp]\s bus9ess t   
w\ld be1 w\ld x n8 & yet t is precisely 
! way ! great manufactur+ firm ( ! _w   
c>ries on its bus9ess4   #gf4 ,x has s  

arrang$ its political squabbles = ! la/ 
six or sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 t n "o ( !m    
c\ld be f\ght out b 9 ! mid/ ( its mo/  
preci\s art2 & x s arranges !m to ?is   
day4 ,= example1 if ,i 7 ask$ to lay my 
f+]1 9 a map ( ! _w1 on ! spot ( ! _w's 
surface :i* conta9$ at ?is mom5t ! mo/  
s+ul> conc5tration ( art-tea*+ &        
art-treasure1 ,i %\ld lay x on ! "n ( ! 
t[n ( ,v]ona4 ,o!r cities1 inde$1 conta9
 m works ( c>riageable art1 b none      
conta9 s mu* ( ! glori\s local art1 & ( 
! spr+s & s\rces ( art1 :i* c by no     
means be made subjects ( package or     
port]age1 nor1 ,i grieve to say1 (      
salvage4 ,v]ona possesses1 9 ! fir/     
place1 n ! l>ge/1 b ! mo/ p]fect &      
intelligible ,roman amphi!atre t exi/s1 
/ill unbrok5 9 circle ( /ep1 & /rong 9  
succession ( vault & ar*3 x conta9s m9or
 ,roman monum5ts1 gateways1 !atres1     
ba?s1 wrecks ( temples1 :i* give !      
/reets ( its suburbs a "* ( antiquity   
unexampl$ else:]e1 except 9 ,rome       
itself4 ,b x conta9s1 9 ! next place1   

:at ,rome does n conta9--p]fect examples
 ( ! great twelf?-c5tury ,lomb>dic      
ar*itecture1 :i* 0 ! root ( all ! m$ival
 art ( ,italy1 )\t :i* no ,giottos1 no  
,angelicos1 no ,raphaels w\ld h be5     
possible3 x conta9s t ar*itecture1 n 9  
rude =ms1 b 9 ! mo/ p]fect & lovelie/   
types x ev] atta9$--conta9s ^?1 n 9     
ru9s1 nor 9 alt]$ & h>dly deciph]able   
fragm5ts1 b 9 *ur*es p]fect f por* to   
apse1 ) all _! c>v+ fre%1 _! pill>s     
firm1 _! jo9ts unloos5$4 ,besides ^!1 x 
includes examples ( ! great ?irte5? &   
f\rte5?-c5tury ,go?ic ( ,italy1 n m]ely 
p]fect1 b else:]e unrivall$4 ,at ,rome1 
! ,roman--at ,pisa1 !                   
,lomb>d--ar*itecture may be se5 9 great]
 or 9 equal nobl5ess2 b n at ,rome1 nor 
,pisa1 nor ,flor5ce1 nor 9 any city ( ! 
_w1 is !re a great m$ival ,go?ic l !    
,go?ic ( ,v]ona4 ,else:]e1 x is ei!r    
less pure 9 type or less lovely 9       
completion3 only at ,v]ona may y see x 9
 ! simplicity ( its y\?ful p[]1 & !     
t5d]ness ( its accompli%$ beauty4 ,&    

,v]ona possesses1 9 ! la/ place1 !      
lovelie/ ,r5aissance ar*itecture (      
,italy1 n di/urb$ by pride1 nor defil$  
by luxury1 b ris+ 9 fair fulfilm5t (    
dome/ic s]vice1 s]5ity ( ef=tless grace1
 & mode/y ( home seclusion2 its ri*e/ "w
 giv5 to ! w9d[s t op5 on ! n>r[e/      
/reets & mo/ sil5t g>d5s4 ,all ?is %e   
possesses1 9 ! mid/ ( natural sc5]y su* 
z assur$ly exi/s n[h]e else 9 !         
habitable globe--a wild ,alp9e riv]     
foam+ at h] feet1 f ^: %ore ! rocks rise
 9 a great cresc5t1 d>k ) cypress1 &    
mi/y ) olive3 illimitably1 f be=e h]    
s\!rn gates1 ! tuft$ pla9s ( ,italy     
sweep & fade 9 gold5 light2 ar\nd h]1   
nor? & we/1 ! ,alps cr[d 9 cre/$ troops1
 & ! w9ds ( ,b5acus be> to h] ! coolness
 ( _! sn[s4   #gg4 ,& ?is is !          
city--su*1 & possess+ su* ?+s z ^!--at  
^: gates ! decisive battles ( ,italy are
 f\ght cont9ually3 ?ree days h] t[]s    
trembl$ ) ! e*o ( ! cannon ( ,arcola2   
heap$ pebbles ( ! ,m9cio divide h]      
fields to ?is h\r ) l9es ( brok5 ramp>t1

 :5ce ! tide ( w> roll$ back to ,nov>a2 
& n[ on t cresc5t ( h] ea/]n cliffs1    
:5ce ! full moon us$ to rise ?r\gh ! b>s
 ( ! cypresses 9 h] burn+ summ]         
twilights1 t\*+ ) s(t increase ( silv]  
light ! rosy m>bles ( h]                
balconies1--along ! ridge ( t encompass+
 rock1 o!r circles are increas+ n[1 :ite
 & pale2 wall$ t[]s ( cruel /r5g?1      
sable-spott$ ) cannon-c\rses4 ,i tell y1
 ,i h se51 :5 ! ?und]cl\ds came d[n on  
^? ,italian hills1 & all _! crags 7     
dipp$ 9 ! d>k1 t]rible purple1 z if !   
w9epress ( ! wra? ( ,god _h /a9$ _!     
m\nta9-raim5t--,i h se5 ! hail fall 9   
,italy till ! =e/ bran*es /ood /ripp$ & 
b>e z if bla/$ by ! locu/2 b ! :ite hail
 nev] fell f ^? cl\ds ( heav5 z ! black 
hail w fall f ! cl\ds ( hell1 if ev] "o 
brea? ( ,italian life /irs aga9 9 !     
/reets ( ,v]ona4   #gh4 ,sad z y w feel 
?is to be1 ,i d n say t y c directly    
prev5t x2 y _c drive ! ,au/rians out (  
,italy1 nor prev5t !m f build+ =ts :]e  
!y *oose4 ,b ,i d say1#aa t y1 & ,i1 &  

all ( u1 ought to be bo? act+ & feel+ ) 
a full k & und]/&+ ( ^! ?+s2 & t1 )\t   
try+ to excite revolutions or weak5     
gov]nm5ts1 we may give our own ?\ghts & 
help1 s z 9 a measure to prev5t ne$less 
de/ruction4 ,we %\ld d ?is1 if we only  
realiz$ ! ?+ ?or\ghly4 ,y drive out day 
by day ?r\gh y\r own pretty suburbs1 & y
 ?9k only ( mak+1 ) :at money y h to    
sp>e1 y\r gateways h&som]1 & y\r        
c>riage-drives wid]--& y\r draw+-rooms m
 spl5did1 hav+ a vague notion t y are   
all ! :ile patroniz+ & advanc+ art2 & y 
make no ef=t to conceive ! fact t1 )9 a 
few h\rs' j\rney ( y1 !re are gateways &
 draw+-rooms :i* might j z well be y\rs 
z ^!1 all built already2 gateways built 
by ! greate/ ma/]s ( sculpture t ev]    
/ruck m>ble2 draw+-rooms1 pa9t$ by      
,titian & ,v]onese2 & y won't accept nor
 save ^! z !y are1 b y w r fet* !       
h\se-pa9t] f ov] ! way1 & let ,titian & 
,v]onese h\se ! rats4  ,note #aa3 ,!    
read] c h>dly b rememb] ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s  
beautiful appeal = ,italy1 made on !    

occasion ( ! fir/ great ,exhibition (   
,art 9 ,engl&3--      ,magi ( ! ea/ & ( 
! we/1     ,y\r inc5se1 gold1 & myrrh   
are excell5t6--     ,:at gifts = ,*ri/1 
!n1 br+ ye ) ! re/8     ,y\r h&s h work$
 well4 ,is y\r c\rage sp5t     ,9 h&work
 only8 ,h y no?+ be/1     ,:i* g5]\s    
s\ls may p]fect & pres5t1     ,& ,he    
%all ?ank ! giv]s =8 no light     ,(    
tea*+1 lib]al nations1 = ! poor1     ,:o
 sit 9 d>kness :5 x is n night8     ,no 
cure = wick$ *ildr58 ,*ri/1--no cure1   
,no help = wom51 sobb+ out ( sight      
,because m5 made ! laws8 no bro!l-lure  
,burnt out by popul> lightn+s8 ,ha/ ?\  
f\nd     ,no rem$y1 my ,engl&1 = su*    
woes8     ,no outlet1 ,au/ria1 = !      
sc\rg$ & b\nd1     ,no call back = !    
exil$8 no repose1     ,russia = kn\t$   
,poles work$ und]gr\nd1     ,& g5tle    
ladies blea*$ among ! sn[s8     ,no m]cy
 = ! slave1 ,am]ica8     ,no hope =     
,rome1 free ,france1 *ivalric ,france8  
,alas1 great nations h great %ames1 ,i  
say4     ,no pity1 ,o _w1 no t5d]       

utt]ance     ,( b5$iction1 & pray]s     
/ret*$ ?is way     ,= poor ,italia1     
baffl$ by mis*ance8     ,o graci\s      
nations1 give "s e> to me6     ,y all g 
to y\r ,fair1 & ,i am "o     ,:o at !   
roadside ( humanity     ,besee* y\r     
alms1--,god's ju/ice to be done4     ,s1
 prosp]6     #gi4 ,yes1 ( c\rse1 y      
answ]2 we want nice h\ses "h1 n h\ses 9 
,v]ona4 ,:at %\ld we d ) h\ses 9 ,v]ona8
 ,& ,i answ]1 d precisely :at y d ) !   
mo/ exp5sive "p ( y\r possessions "h3   
take pride 9 !m--only a noble pride4 ,y 
"k well1 :5 y exam9e y\r own he>ts1 t ! 
great] "p ( ! sums y sp5d on possessions
 is sp5t = pride4 ,:y are y\r c>riages  
nicely pa9t$ & f9i%$ outside8 ,y don't  
see ! outsides z y sit 9 !m--! outsides 
are = o!r p to see4 ,:y are y\r ext]iors
 ( h\ses s well f9i%$1 y\r furniture s  
poli%$ & co/ly1 b = o!r p to see8 ,y are
 j z com=table y\rselves1 writ+ on y\r  
old fri5d ( a desk1 ) ! :ite cl\d+s 9 8 
lea!r1 & us+ ! light ( a w9d[ :i* is    
no?+ b a hole 9 ! brick wall4 ,& all t  

is desirable to be done 9 ?is matt] is  
m]ely to take pride 9 pres]v+ great art1
 in/ead ( 9 produc+ mean art2 pride 9 ! 
possession ( preci\s & endur+ ?+s1 a    
little way (f1 in/ead ( slight & p]i%+  
?+s ne> at h&4 ,y "k1 9 old ,engli%     
times1 our k+s lik$ to h lord%ips &     
duk$oms abroad3 & :y %\ld n y\r m]*ant  
pr9ces l to h lord%ips & e/ates abroad8 
,believe me1 rightly und]/ood1 x w\ld be
 a pr\d]1 & 9 ! full s5se ( our ,engli% 
^w1 m respectable ?+ to be "l ( a palace
 at ,v]ona1 or ( a cloi/] full (        
frescoes at ,flor5ce1 ?an to h a file ( 
s]vants dress$ 9 ! f9e/ liv]ies t ev]   
tailor /it*$1 z long z w\ld rea* f "h to
 ,bolton3--yes1 & a pr\d] ?+ to s5d p to
 travel 9 ,italy1 :o w\ld h to say e n[ 
& !n1 ( "s fair piece ( art1 ,ah6 ?is 0 
kept "h = u by ! good p ( ,man*e/]1 ?an 
to br+ !m travell+ all ! way "h1        
exclaim+ ( y\r v>i\s art treasures1 ,^! 
7 br\ght "h = u1 7n altoge!r )\t h>m7 by
 ! good p ( ,man*e/]4   #hj4 ,ah6 b y   
say1 ! ,art ,treasures ,exhibition w    

pay2 b ,v]onese palaces won't4 ,p>don   
me4 ,!y w\ld pay1 less directly1 b f> m 
ri*ly4 ,d y suppose x is 9 ! long run   
good = ,man*e/]1 or good = ,engl&1 t !  
,cont95t %\ld be 9 ! /ate x is8 ,d y ?9k
 ! p]petual fe> ( revolution1 or !      
p]petual repression ( ?\ght & en]gy t   
cl\ds & encumb]s ! nations ( ,europe1 is
 ev5tually pr(itable = u8 ,7 we any !   
bett] ( ! c\rse ( affairs 9 '#dh8 or has
 ! /abl+ ( ! dragoon horses 9 ! great   
h\ses ( ,italy any di/9ct effect 9 !    
promotion ( ! cotton-trade8 ,n s4 ,b e  
/ake t y c\ld hold 9 ! /ability ( !     
,cont95t1 & e ef=t t y c\ld make to give
 example ( ,engli% habits & pr9ciples on
 ! ,cont95t1 & e k9d de$ t y c\ld d 9   
reliev+ di/ress & prev5t+ despair on !  
,cont95t1 w\ld h t5fold reaction on !   
prosp]ity ( ,engl&1 & op5 & urge1 9 a   
?\s& un=ese5 directions1 ! sluices (    
comm]ce & ! spr+s ( indu/ry4   #ha4 ,i  
c\ld press1 if ,i *ose1 bo? ^! motives  
^u y1 ( pride & self-int]e/1 ) m =ce1 b 
^! are n motives :i* ought to be urg$ ^u

 y at all4 ,! only motive t ,i ought to 
put be=e y is simply t x w\ld be "r to d
 ?is2 t ! hold+ ( prop]ty abroad1 & !   
p]sonal ef=ts ( ,engli%m5 to r$eem !    
condition ( =eign nations1 are among !  
mo/ direct pieces ( duty :i* our weal?  
r5d]s incumb5t ^u u4 ,i d n--& 9 all    
tru? & delib]at5ess ,i say ?is--,i d n  
"k any?+ m ludicr\s among !             
self-deceptions ( well-mean+ p ?an _!   
notion ( patriotism1 z requir+ !m to    
limit _! ef=ts to ! good ( _! own       
c\ntry2--! notion t *>ity is a          
geographical virtue1 & t :at x is holy &
 righte\s to d = p on "o bank ( a riv]1 
x is q improp] & unnatural to d = p on !
 o!r4 ,x w be a wond]ful ?+1 "s day or  
o!r1 = ! ,*ri/ian _w to rememb]1 t x w5t
 on ?9k+ = two ?\s& ye>s t neighb\rs 7  
neighb\rs at ,j]usalem1 b n at ,j]i*o2 a
 wond]ful ?+ = u ,engli% to reflect1 9  
aft]-ye>s1 h[ long x 0 be=e we c\ld %ake
 h&s ) anybody across t %all[ salt wa%1 
:i* ! v *alk-du/ ( its two %ores :it5s f
 ,folke/one to ,ambleteuse4   #hb4 ,nor 

ought ! motive ( gratitude1 z well z t (
 m]cy1 to be )\t its influ5ce on y1 :o h
 be5 ! fir/ to ask to see1 & ! fir/ to  
%[ to u1 ! treasures :i* ?is poor lo/   
,italy has giv5 to ,engl&4 ,rememb]1 all
 ^! ?+s t delight y "h 7 h]s--h]s ei!r 9
 fact or 9 tea*+2 h]s1 9 fact1 are all !
 mo/ p[]ful & mo/ t\*+ pa9t+s ( old "t t
 n[ gl[ ^u y\r walls2 h]s 9 tea*+ are   
all ! be/ & greate/ ( desc5dant         
s\ls--y\r ,reynolds & y\r ,ga9sbor\gh   
nev] c\ld h pa9t$ b = ,v5ice2 & !       
en]gies :i* h giv5 ! only true life to  
y\r exi/+ art 7 fir/ /irr$ by voices ( !
 dead t haunt$ ! ,sacr$ ,field ( ,pisa4 
,well1 all ^! motives = "s def9ite c\rse
 ( action on our "p t[>ds =eign c\ntries
 re/ ^u v s]i\s facts2 too s]i\s1 p]haps
 y w ?9k1 to be int]f]$ )2 = we are all 
( u 9 ! habit ( leav+ great ?+s alone1 z
 if ,provid5ce w\ld m9d !m1 & att5d+    
ourselves only to little ?+s :i* we "k1 
practically1 ,provid5ce doesn't m9d     
unless we d4 ,we are ready en\gh to give
 c>e to ! gr[+ ( p9es & lettuces1 kn[+ t

 !y don't gr[ ,provid5tially sweet or   
l>ge unless we look aft] !m2 b we don't 
give any c>e to ! good ( ,italy or      
,g]many1 because we ?9k t !y w gr[      
,provid5tially happy )\t any ( our      
m$dl+4   #hc4 ,let u leave ! great ?+s1 
!n1 & ?9k ( little ?+s2 n ( ! de/ruction
 ( :ole prov9ces 9 w>1 :i* x may n be   
any bus9ess ( ours to prev5t2 b ( !     
de/ruction ( poor little pictures 9     
peace1 f :i* x surely w\ld n be mu* out 
( our way to save !m4 ,y "k ,i said1 j  
n[1 we 7 all ( u engag$ 9 pull+ pictures
 to pieces by deputy1 & y did n believe 
me4 ,consid]1 !n1 ?is similitude (      
ourselves4 ,suppose y saw 7z ,i d\bt n y
 (t5 d see7 a prud5t & k9d "y lady sitt+
 at "w1 9 ! corn] ( a quiet room1 knitt+
 com=t]s = h] c\s9s1 & t j outside1 9 ! 
hall1 y saw a cat & h] kitt5s at play   
among ! family pictures2 amus+ !mselves 
especially ) ! be/ ,v&ykes1 by gett+ on 
! tops ( ! frames1 & !n scrambl+ d[n !  
canvases by _! claws2 & on "s "o's in=m+
 ! "y lady ( ^! proce$+s ( ! cat &      

kitt5s1 suppose %e answ]$ t x wasn't h] 
cat1 b h] si/]'s1 & ! pictures w]5't    
h]s1 b h] uncle's1 & %e c\ldn't leave h]
 "w1 = %e _h to make s _m pairs (       
com=t]s be=e d9n]4 ,w\ld y n say t !    
prud5t & k9d "y lady 01 on ! :ole1      
answ]able = ! additional t\*es ( claw on
 ! ,v&ykes8   #hd4 ,n[1 t is precisely  
:at we prud5t & k9d ,engli% are do+1    
only on a l>g] scale4 ,"h we sit 9      
,man*e/]1 h>d at "w1 v prop]ly1 mak+    
com=t]s = our c\s9s all ov] ! _w4 ,j    
outside !re 9 ! hall--t beautiful m>ble 
hall ( ,italy--! cats & kitt5s & monkeys
 are at play among ! pictures3 ,i assure
 y1 9 ! c\rse ( ! fifte5 ye>s 9 :i* ,i h
 be5 work+ 9 ^? places 9 :i* ! mo/      
preci\s remnants ( ,european art exi/1 a
 s5sation1 :e!r ,i w\ld or no1 0        
gradually made di/9ct & deep 9 my m9d1 t
 ,i 0 liv+ & work+ 9 ! mid/ ( a d5 (    
monkeys2--sometimes amiable &           
affectionate monkeys1 ) all mann] ( w9n+
 ways & k9d int5tions1--m frequ5tly     
selfi% & malici\s monkeys2 b1 :atev] _! 

disposition1 squabbl+ cont9ually ab\t   
nuts1 & ! be/ places on ! b>r5 /icks (  
trees2 & t all ?is monkeys' d5 0 fill$1 
by mis*ance1 ) preci\s pictures1 & !    
witty & wilful bea/s 7 always wrapp+    
!mselves up & go+ to sleep 9 pictures1  
or te>+ holes 9 !m to gr9 ?r\gh2 or ta/+
 !m & spitt+ !m out aga91 or twi/+ !m up
 into ropes & mak+ sw+s ( !m2 & t       
sometimes only1 by wat*+ "o's           
opportunity1 & be>+ a scrat* or a bite1 
"o c\ld rescue ! corn] ( a ,t9toret1 or 
,paul ,v]onese1 & pu% x ?r\gh ! b>s into
 a place ( safety4   #he4 ,lit]ally1 ,i 
assure y1 ?is 01 & ?is is1 ! fix$       
impression on my m9d ( ! /ate ( matt]s 9
 ,italy4 ,& see h[4 ,! pr(essors ( art 9
 ,italy1 hav+ long foll[$ a me?od ( /udy
 peculi> to !mselves1 h at la/ arriv$ at
 a =m ( art peculi> to !mselves2 v      
diff]5t f t :i* 0 arriv$ at by          
,correggio & ,titian4 ,naturally1 !     
pr(essors l _! own =m ! be/2 &1 z ! old 
pictures are g5]ally n s />tl+ to ! eye 
z ! mod]n ones1 ! dukes & c\nts :o      

possess !m1 & :o l to see _! gall]ies   
look new & f9e 7& are p]suad$ also t a  
celebrat$ *ef-d'oeuvre ought always to  
cat* ! eye at a qu>t] ( a mile (f71     
believe ! pr(essors :o tell !m _! sob]  
pictures are q fad$1 & good = no?+1 &   
%\ld all be br\ght bright aga92 &1      
accord+ly1 give ! sob] pictures to !    
pr(essors1 to be put "r by rules ( art4 
,!n1 ! pr(essors repa9t ! old pictures 9
 all ! pr9cipal places1 leav+ p]haps    
only a bit ( backgr\nd to set (f _! own 
"w4 ,& ?us ! pr(essors come to be       
g5]ally figur$1 9 my m9d1 z ! monkeys :o
 te> holes 9 ! pictures1 to gr9 ?r\gh4  
,!n ! picture-deal]s1 :o live by !      
pictures1 _c sell !m to ! ,engli% 9 _!  
old & pure /ate2 all ! good "w mu/ be   
cov]$ ) new pa9t1 & v>ni%$ s z to look l
 "o ( ! pr(essorial pictures 9 ! great  
gall]y1 be=e x is saleable4 ,& ?us !    
deal]s come to be imag$1 9 my m9d1 z !  
monkeys :o make ropes ( ! pictures1 to  
sw+ by4 ,!n1 e n[ & !n at "s old /able1 
or w9e-cell>1 or timb]-%$1 beh9d "s     

=gott5 vats or faggots1 somebody f9ds a 
fresco ( ,p]ug9o's or ,giotto's1 b      
doesn't ?9k mu* ( x1 & has no idea (    
hav+ p com+ into 8 cell>1 or be+ oblig$ 
to move 8 faggots2 & s he :itewa%es !   
fresco1 & puts ! faggots back aga92 & ^!
 k9d ( p]sons1 !re=e1 come g5]ally to be
 imag$1 9 my m9d1 z ! monkeys :o ta/e ! 
pictures1 & spit !m out1 n f9d+ !m nice4
 ,:ile1 f9ally1 ! squabbl+ = nuts &     
apples 7call$ 9 ,italy bella lib]t7 goes
 on all day long4   #hf4 ,n[1 all ?is   
might soon be put an end to1 if we      
,engli%1 :o are s fond ( travell+ 9 !   
body1 w\ld also travel a little 9 s\l6  
,we ?9k x a great triumph to get our    
packages & our p]sons c>ri$ at a fa/    
pace1 b we nev] take ! slighte/ tr\ble  
to put any pace into our p]ceptions2 we 
/ay usually at home 9 ?\ght1 or if we   
ev] m5tally see ! _w1 x is at ! old     
/age-coa* or waggon rate4 ,d b consid]  
:at an odd sight x w\ld be1 if x 7 only 
q cle> to y h[ ?+s are really go+       
on--h[1 "h 9 ,engl&1 we are mak+ enorm\s

 & exp5sive ef=ts to produce new art (  
all k9ds1 kn[+ & confess+ all ! :ile t !
 great] "p ( x is bad1 b /ruggl+ /ill to
 produce new patt]ns ( wall-pap]s1 & new
 %apes ( teapots1 & new pictures1 &     
/atues1 & ar*itecture2 & plum+ & cackl+ 
if ev] a teapot or a picture has ! lea/ 
good 9 x2--all ! :ile tak+ no ?\ght     
:atev] ( ! be/ possible pictures1 &     
/atues1 & wall-patt]ns already 9        
exi/5ce1 :i* require no?+ b to be tak5  
common c>e (1 & kept f damp & du/3 b we 
let ! walls fall t ,giotto patt]n$1 & ! 
canvases rot t ,t9toret pa9t$1 & !      
ar*itecture be da%$ to pieces t ,/4     
,l\is built1 :ile we are furni%+ our    
draw+-rooms ) prize uphol/]y1 & writ+   
acc\nts ( our h&some w>eh\ses to !      
c\ntry pap]s4 ,don't ?9k ,i use my words
 vaguely or g5]ally3 ,i speak ( lit]al  
facts4 ,giotto's frescoes at ,assisi are
 p]i%+ at ?is mom5t = want ( dec5t c>e2 
,t9toret's pictures 9 ,san ,seba/ian1 at
 ,v5ice1 are at ?is in/ant rott+        
piecemeal into grey rags2 ,/4 ,l\is's   

*apel1 at ,c>cassonne1 is at ?is mom5t  
ly+ 9 %att]$ fragm5ts 9 ! m>ket-place4  
,& "h we are all caw+ & cr[+1 poor      
little half-fl$g$ daws z we are1 ab\t ! 
pretty /icks & wool 9 our own ne/s4     
,!re's h>dly a day passes1 :5 ,i am at  
home1 b ,i get a lett] f "s well-mean+  
c\ntry cl]gyman1 deeply anxi\s ab\t !   
/ate ( 8 p>i% *ur*1 & break+ 8 he>t to  
get money toge!r t he may hold up "s    
wret*$ remnant ( ,tudor trac]y1 ) "o    
ni*e 9 ! corn] & no /atue--:5 all ! :ile
 ! mightie/ piles ( religi\s ar*itecture
 & sculpture t ev] ! _w saw are be+     
bla/$ & )]$ away1 )\t "o glance ( pity  
or regret4 ,! c\ntry cl]gyman does n c>e
 = !m--he has a sea-sick imag9ation t _c
 cross *annel4 ,:at is x to him1 if !   
angels ( ,assisi fade f its vaults1 or !
 que5s & k+s ( ,*>tres fall f _!        
p$e/als8 ,!y are n 9 8 p>i%4   #hg4     
,:at6 y w say1 are we n to produce any  
new art1 nor take c>e ( our p>i% *ur*es8
 ,no1 c]ta9ly n1 until y h tak5 prop]   
c>e ( ! art y h got already1 & ( ! be/  

*ur*es out ( ! p>i%4 ,y\r fir/ & prop]  
/&+ is n z *ur*w>d5s & p>i% ov]se]s1 9  
an ,engli% c\nty1 b z memb]s ( ! great  
,*ri/ian community ( ,europe4 ,& z      
memb]s ( t community 79 :i* alone1      
obs]ve1 pure & preci\s anci5t art exi/s1
 = !re is none 9 ,am]ica1 none 9 ,asia1 
none 9 ,africa71 y conduct y\rselves    
precisely z a manufactur] w\ld1 :o      
att5d$ to 8 looms1 b left 8 w>eh\se )\t 
a ro(4 ,! ra9 floods y\r w>eh\se1 ! rats
 frolic 9 x1 ! spid]s sp9 9 x1 ! *\ghs  
build 9 x1 ! wall-plague frets & fe/]s 9
 x2 & /ill y keep weave1 weave1 weav+ at
 y\r wret*$ webs1 & ?9k+ y are gr[+ ri*1
 :ile m is gnaw$ out ( y\r w>eh\se 9 an 
h\r ?an y c weave 9 a twelvemon?4   #hh4
 ,ev5 ?is similitude is n absurd en\gh  
to set u rightly =?4 ,! weav] w\ld1 or  
might1 at lea/1 hope t 8 new wo( 0 z /\t
 z ! old ones1 & t1 !re=e1 9 spite ( ra9
 & ravage1 he w\ld h some?+ to wrap     
himself 9 :5 he ne$$ x4 ,b our webs rot 
z we sp94 ,! v fact t we despise ! great
 art ( ! pa/ %[s t we _c produce great  

art n[4 ,if we c\ld d x1 we %\ld love x 
:5 we saw x done--if we really c>$ = x1 
we %\ld recognize x & keep x2 b we don't
 c>e = x4 ,x is n art t we want2 x is   
amusem5t1 gratification ( pride1 pres5t 
ga9--any?+ 9 ! _w b art3 let x rot1 we  
%all always h en\gh to talk ab\t & hang 
ov] our sidebo>ds4   #hi4 ,y w 7,i hope7
 f9ally ask me :at is ! outcome ( all   
?is1 practicable tomorr[ morn+ by u :o  
are sitt+ "h8 ,^! are ! ma9 practical   
outcomes ( x3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 don't    
grumble :5 y he> ( a new picture be+    
b\ght by ,gov]nm5t at a l>ge price4 ,!re
 are _m pictures 9 ,europe n[ 9 dang] ( 
de/ruction :i* are1 9 ! true s5se ( !   
^w1 priceless2 ! prop] price is simply t
 :i* x is necess>y to give to get & to  
save !m4 ,if y c get !m = fifty p\nds1  
d2 if n = less ?an a hundr$1 d2 if n =  
less ?an five ?\s&1 d2 if n = less ?an  
tw5ty ?\s&1 d2 nev] m9d be+ impos$ ^u3  
!re is no?+ disgraceful 9 be+ impos$ ^u2
 ! only disgrace is 9 impos+2 & y c't 9 
g5]al get any?+ mu* wor? hav+1 9 ! way (

 ,cont95tal art1 b x mu/ be ) ! help or 
connivance ( numb]s ( p :o1 inde$1 ought
 to h no?+ to d ) ! matt]1 b :o         
practically h1 & always w h1 ev]y?+ to d
 ) x2 & if y don't *oose to submit to be
 *eat$ by !m out ( a ducat "h & a zec*9 
!re1 y w be *eat$ by !m out ( y\r       
picture2 & :e!r y are mo/ impos$ ^u 9   
los+ t1 or ! zec*9s1 ,i ?9k ,i may leave
 y to judge2 ?\gh ,i "k !re are _m      
political economi/s1 :o w\ld r leave a  
bag ( gold on a g>ret-table1 ?an give a 
port] sixp5ce extra to c>ry x d[n/airs4 
,t1 !n1 is ! fir/ practical outcome ( ! 
matt]4 ,nev] grumble1 b be glad :5 y he>
 ( a new picture be+ b\ght at a l>ge    
price4 ,9 ! long run1 ! de>e/ pictures  
are always ! be/ b>ga9s2 &1 ,i repeat1  
7= else y might ?9k ,i said x 9 m]e     
hurry ( talk1 & n delib]ately17 !re are 
"s pictures :i* are )\t price4 ,y %\ld  
/&1 nationally1 at ! edge ( ,dov]       
cliffs--,%akespe>e's--& wave blank      
*eques 9 ! eyes ( ! nations on ! o!r    
side ( ! sea1 freely (f]$1 = su* & su*  

canvases ( !irs4   #ij4 ,!n ! next      
practical outcome ( x is--,nev] buy a   
copy ( a picture1 "u any circum/ances   
:atev]4 ,all copies are bad2 because no 
pa9t] :o is wor? a /raw ev] w copy4 ,he 
w make a /udy ( a picture he likes1 = 8 
own use1 9 8 own way2 b he won't & c't  
copy4 ,:5ev] y buy a copy1 y buy s mu*  
misund]/&+ ( ! orig9al1 & enc\rage a    
dull p]son 9 foll[+ a bus9ess he is n   
fit =1 besides increas+ ultimately      
*ances ( mi/ake & impo/ure1 & f>!r+1 z  
directly z money c f>!r1 ! cause (      
ignorance 9 all directions4 ,y may1 9   
fact1 consid] y\rself z hav+ pur*as$ a  
c]ta9 quantity ( mi/akes2 &1 accord+ to 
y\r p[]1 be+ engag$ 9 dissem9at+ !m4    
#ia4 ,i d n mean1 h[ev]1 t copies %\ld  
nev] be made4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( dull     
p]sons %\ld always be employ$ by a      
,gov]nm5t 9 mak+ ! mo/ accurate copies  
possible ( all good pictures2 ^! copies1
 ?\gh arti/ically valueless1 w\ld be    
hi/orically & docum5t>ily valuable1 9 ! 
ev5t ( ! de/ruction ( ! orig9al picture4

 ,! /udies also made by great arti/s =  
_! own use1 %\ld be s\ght aft] ) !      
greate/ eag]ness2 !y are (t5 to be b\ght
 *eap2 & 9 connection ) ! me*anical     
copies1 w\ld become v preci\s3 trac+s f 
frescoes & o!r l>ge works are also (    
great value2 = ?\gh a trac+ is liable to
 j z _m mi/akes z a copy1 ! mi/akes 9 a 
trac+ are ( "o k9d only1 :i* may be     
all[$ =1 b ! mi/akes ( a common copyi/  
are ( all conceivable k9ds3 f9ally1     
engrav+s1 9 s f> z !y convey c]ta9 facts
 ab\t ! pictures1 )\t pret5d+ adequately
 to repres5t or give an idea ( !        
pictures1 are (t5 s]viceable & valuable4
 ,i c't1 ( c\rse1 ent] into details 9 ^!
 matt]s j n[2 only ?is ma9 piece (      
advice ,i c safely give y--nev] to buy  
copies ( pictures 7= y\r private        
possession7 :i* pret5d to give a        
facsimile t %all be 9 any wise          
repres5tative (1 or equal to1 ! orig9al4
 ,:5ev] y d s1 y are only l[]+ y\r ta/e1
 & wa/+ y\r money4 ,& if y are g5]\s &  
wise1 y w be ready r to subscribe z mu* 

z y w\ld h giv5 = a copy ( a great      
picture t[>ds its pur*ase1 or ! pur*ase 
( "s o!r l x1 by ! nation4 ,!re ought to
 be a great ,national ,society in/itut$ 
= ! pur*ase ( pictures2 pres5t+ !m to ! 
v>i\s gall]ies 9 our great cities1 &    
wat*+ !re ov] _! safety3 b 9 ! meantime1
 y c always act safely & b5eficially by 
m]ely all[+ y\r arti/ fri5ds to buy     
pictures = y1 :5 !y see good ones4 ,nev]
 buy = y\rselves1 nor g to ! =eign      
deal]s2 b let any pa9t] :om y "k be     
entru/$1 :5 he f9ds a neglect$ old      
picture 9 an old h\se1 to try if he _c  
get x = y2 !n1 if y l x1 keep x2 if n1  
s5d x to ! hamm]1 & y w f9d t y d n lose
 money on pictures s pur*as$4   #ib4 ,& 
! ?ird & *ief practical outcome ( !     
matt] is ?is g5]al "o3 ,:]ev] y g1      
:atev] y d1 act m = pres]vation & less =
 production4 ,i assure y1 ! _w is1      
g5]ally speak+1 9 calamit\s disord]1 & j
 because y h manag$ to ?ru/ "s ( ! lumb]
 aside1 & get an available corn] =      
y\rselves1 y ?9k y %\ld d no?+ b sit    

sp9n+ 9 x all day long--:ile1 z         
h\sehold]s & economi/s1 y\r fir/ ?\ght &
 ef=t %\ld be1 to set ?+s m squ>e all   
ab\t y4 ,try to set ! gr\nd floors 9    
ord]1 & get ! rott5ness out ( y\r       
gran>ies4 ,!n sit & sp91 b n till !n4   
#ic4 ,,iv4 ,,di/ribution4--,& n[1 la/ly1
 we come to ! f\r? great head ( our     
inquiry1 ! "q ( ! wise di/ribution ( !  
art we h ga!r$ & pres]v$4 ,x mu/ be     
evid5t to u1 at a mom5t's ?\ght1 t ! way
 9 :i* works ( art are on ! :ole mo/    
useful to ! nation to :i* !y belong1 mu/
 be by _! collection 9 public gall]ies1 
suppos+ ^? gall]ies prop]ly manag$4 ,b  
!re is "o disadvantage atta*$ necess>ily
 to gall]y exhibition--namely1 ! ext5t (
 mis*ief :i* may be done by "o fooli%   
curator4 ,z long z ! pictures :i* =m !  
national weal? are dispos$ 9 private    
collections1 ! *ance is always t ! p :o 
buy !m w be j ! p :o are fond ( !m2 & t 
! s5se ( ex*angeable value 9 ! commodity
 !y possess1 w induce !m1 ev5 if !y d n 
e/eem x !mselves1 to take su* c>e ( x z 

w pres]ve its value undim9i%$4 ,at all  
ev5ts1 s long z works ( art are scatt]$ 
?r\gh ! nation1 no univ]sal de/ruction (
 !m is possible2 a c]ta9 av]age only are
 lo/ by accid5ts f "t to "t4 ,b :5 !y   
are once collect$ 9 a l>ge public       
gall]y1 if ! appo9tm5t ( curator becomes
 9 any way a matt] ( =mality1 or ! po/  
is s lucrative z to be disput$ by       
place-hunt]s1 let b "o fooli% or c>eless
 p]son get possession ( x1 & p]haps y   
may h all y\r f9e pictures repa9t$1 & ! 
national prop]ty de/roy$1 9 a mon?4 ,t  
is actually ! case at ?is mom5t1 9      
sev]al great =eign gall]ies4 ,!y are !  
places ( execution ( pictures3 ov] _!   
doors y only want ! ,dantesque          
inscription1 ,lasciate ogni sp]anza1 voi
 *e entrate4   #id4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 ?is
 dang] prop]ly gu>d$ aga9/1 z x w\ld be 
always by a nation :i* ei!r knew !      
value1 or und]/ood ! mean+1 ( pa9t+1#ab 
arrangem5t 9 a public gall]y is ! safe/1
 z well z ! mo/ s]viceable1 me?od (     
exhibit+ pictures2 & x is ! only mode 9 

:i* _! hi/orical value c be br\ght out1 
& _! hi/orical mean+ made cle>4 ,b great
 good is also to be done by enc\rag+ !  
private possession ( pictures2 p>tly z a
 means ( /udy1 7mu* m be+ always        
discov]$ 9 any "w ( art by a p]son :o   
has x p]petually ne> him ?an by "o :o   
only sees x f "t to "t17 & also z a     
means ( ref9+ ! habits & t\*+ ! he>ts ( 
! masses ( ! nation 9 _! dome/ic life4  
,note #ab3 ,x w\ld be a great po9t ga9$ 
t[>ds ! pres]vation ( pictures if x 7   
made a rule t at e op]ation !y und]w5t1 
! exact spots 9 :i* !y h be5 repa9t$    
%\ld be record$ 9 writ+4   #ie4 ,= ^!   
la/ purposes1 ! mo/ s]viceable art is ! 
liv+ art ( ! "t2 ! p>ticul> ta/es ( ! p 
w be be/ met1 & _! p>ticul> ignorances  
be/ correct$1 by pa9t]s lab\r+ 9 ! mid/ 
( !m1 m or less guid$ to ! k ( :at is   
want$ by ! degree ( sympa?y ) :i* _! "w 
is receiv$4 ,s !n1 g5]ally1 x %\ld be ! 
object ( gov]nm5t1 & ( all patrons (    
art1 to collect1 z f> z may be1 ! works 
( dead ma/]s 9 public gall]ies1 arrang+ 

!m s z to illu/rate ! hi/ory ( nations1 
& ! progress & influ5ce ( _! arts2 & to 
enc\rage ! private possession ( ! works 
( liv+ ma/]s4 ,& ! fir/ & be/ way 9 :i* 
to enc\rage su* private possession is1 (
 c\rse1 to keep d[n ! prices ( !m z f> z
 y c4  ,i hope !re are n a great _m     
pa9t]s 9 ! room2 if !re are1 ,i entreat 
_! pati5ce = ! next qu>t] ( an h\r3 if  
!y w be> ) me = s long1 ,i hope !y w n1 
f9ally1 be (f5d$ by :at ,i am go+ to    
say4   #if4 ,i repeat1 tru/+ to _!      
indulg5ce 9 ! int]im1 t ! fir/ object ( 
our national economy1 z respects !      
di/ribution ( mod]n art1 %\ld be /eadily
 & rationally to limit its prices1 s9ce 
by do+ s1 y w produce two effects3 y w  
make ! pa9t]s produce m pictures1 two or
 ?ree in/ead ( "o1 if !y wi% to make    
money2 & y w1 by br++ good pictures )9 !
 rea* ( p ( mod]ate income1 excite !    
g5]al int]e/ ( ! nation 9 !m1 increase a
 ?\s&fold ! dem& = ! commodity1 & !re=e 
its :olesome & natural production4      
#ig4 ,i "k h[ _m objections mu/ arise 9 

y\r m9ds at ?is mom5t to :at ,i say2 b y
 mu/ be aw>e t x is n possible = me 9 an
 h\r to expla9 all ! moral & comm]cial  
be>+s ( su* a pr9ciple z ?is4 ,only1    
believe me1 ,i d n speak lightly2 ,i ?9k
 ,i h consid]$ all ! objections :i* c\ld
 be rationally br\ght =w>d1 ?\gh ,i h "t
 at pres5t only to glance at ! ma9      
"o--namely1 ! idea t ! high prices paid 
= mod]n pictures are ei!r hon\rable1 or 
s]viceable1 to ! pa9t]4 ,s f> f ?is be+ 
s1 ,i believe "o ( ! pr9cipal ob/acles  
to ! progress ( mod]n art to be ! high  
prices giv5 = good mod]n pictures4 ,=   
obs]ve fir/ ! action ( ?is high         
remun]ation on ! arti/'s m9d4 ,if he    
gets on1 z x is call$1 cat*es ! eye ( ! 
public1 & especially ( ! public ( ! upp]
 classes1 !re is h>dly any limit to !   
=tune he may acquire2 s t1 9 8 e>ly     
ye>s1 8 m9d is naturally l$ to dwell on 
?is worldly & weal?y em95ce z ! ma9 ?+  
to be rea*$ by 8 art2 if he f9ds t he is
 n gradually ris+ t[>ds x1 he ?9ks !re  
is some?+ wrong 9 8 "w2 or1 if he is too

 pr\d to ?9k t1 /ill ! bribe ( weal? &  
hon\r w>ps him f 8 hone/ lab\r into     
ef=ts to attract att5tion2 & he         
gradually loses bo? 8 p[] ( m9d & 8     
rectitude ( purpose4 ,?is1 accord+ to ! 
degree ( av>ice or ambition :i* exi/s 9 
any pa9t]'s m9d1 is ! necess>y influ5ce 
^u him ( ! hope ( great weal? &         
reputation4 ,b ! h>m is /ill great]1 9 s
 f> z ! possibility ( atta9+ =tune ( ?is
 k9d tempts p cont9ually to become      
pa9t]s :o h no real gift = ! "w2 & on   
:om ^! motives ( m]e worldly int]e/ h   
exclusive influ5ce2--m5 :o torm5t &     
abuse ! pati5t work]s1 eclipse or ?ru/  
aside all delicate & good pictures by _!
 own gaudy & co>se ones1 corrupt ! ta/e 
( ! public1 & d ! greate/ am\nt (       
mis*ief to ! s*ools ( art 9 _! day :i* x
 is possible = _! capacities to effect2 
& x is q wond]ful h[ mu* mis*ief may be 
done ev5 by small capacity4 ,if y c\ld  
by any means succe$ 9 keep+ ! prices (  
pictures d[n1 y w\ld ?r[ all ^! di/urb]s
 out ( ! way at once4   #ih4 ,y may     

p]haps ?9k t ?is sev]e treatm5t w\ld d m
 h>m ?an good1 by )draw+ ! :olesome     
elem5t ( emulation1 & giv+ no /imulus to
 ex]tion2 b ,i am sorry to say t arti/s 
w always be suffici5tly jeal\s ( "o     
ano!r1 :e!r y pay !m l>ge or l[ prices2 
& z = /imulus to ex]tion1 believe me1 no
 good "w 9 ?is _w 0 ev] done = money1   
nor :ile ! slighte/ ?\ght ( money       
affect$ ! pa9t]'s m9d4 ,:atev] idea (   
pecuni>y value ent]s into 8 ?\ghts z he 
works1 w1 9 proportion to ! di/9ctness (
 its pres5ce1 %ort5 8 p[]4 ,a real pa9t]
 w "w = y exquisitely1 if y give him1 z 
,i told y a little :ile ago1 bread &    
wat] & salt2 & a bad pa9t] w "w badly & 
ha/ily1 ?\gh y give him a palace to live
 91 & a pr9c$om to live ^u4 ,turn] got1 
9 8 e>li] ye>s1 half a cr[n a day & 8   
supp] 7n bad pay1 nei!r72 & he le>n$ to 
pa9t ^u t4 ,& ,i believe t !re is no    
*ance ( art's truly fl\ri%+ 9 any       
c\ntry1 until y make x a simple & pla9  
bus9ess1 provid+ its ma/]s ) an easy    
compet5ce1 b r>ely ) any?+ m4 ,& ,i say 

?is1 n because ,i despise ! great pa9t]1
 b because ,i hon\r him2 & ,i %\ld no m 
?9k ( add+ to 8 respectability or       
happ9ess by giv+ him ri*es1 ?an1 if     
,%akespe>e or ,milton 7 alive1 ,i %\ld  
?9k we add$ to _! respectability1 or 7  
likely to get bett] "w f !m1 by mak+ !m 
millionaires4   #ii4 ,b1 obs]ve1 x is n 
only ! pa9t] himself :om y injure1 by   
giv+ him too high prices2 y injure all !
 inf]ior pa9t]s ( ! day4 ,if !y are     
mode/1 !y w be disc\rag$ & depress$ by !
 feel+ t _! do+s are wor? s little1     
comp>atively1 9 y\r eyes2--if pr\d1 all 
_! wor/ passions w be ar\s$1 & ! insult 
or opprobrium :i* !y w try to ca/ on _! 
successful rival w n only afflict & w\nd
 him1 b at la/ s\r & h>d5 him3 he _c    
pass ?r\gh su* a trial )\t griev\s h>m4 
#ajj4 ,t1 !n1 is ! effect y produce on !
 pa9t] ( m>k1 & on ! inf]ior ones ( 8   
own /&+4 ,b y d worse ?an ?is2 y deprive
 y\rselves1 by :at y give = ! fa%ionable
 picture1 ( ! p[] ( help+ ! y\ng] m5 :o 
are com+ =w>d4 ,be x admitt$1 =         

argum5t's sake1 if y are n conv9c$ by   
:at ,i h said1 t y d no h>m to ! great  
man by pay+ him well2 yet c]ta9ly y d   
him no special good4 ,8 reputation is   
e/abli%$1 & 8 =tune made2 he does n c>e 
:e!r y buy or n2 he ?9ks he is r do+ y a
 fav\r ?an o!rwise by lett+ y h "o ( 8  
pictures at all4 ,all ! good y d him is 
to help him to buy a new pair ( c>riage 
horses2 :]eas1 ) t same sum :i* ?us y   
ca/ away1 y might h reliev$ ! he>ts &   
pres]v$ ! heal? ( tw5ty "y pa9t]s2 & if1
 among ^? tw5ty1 y b *anc$ on "o 9 :om a
 true lat5t p[] _h be5 h9d]$ by 8       
pov]ty1 j consid] :at a f>-bran*+1      
f>-embrac+ good y h wr\ght ) t lucky    
exp5diture ( y\rs4 ,i say1 ,consid] x1 9
 va92 y _c consid] x1 = y _c conceive ! 
sickness ( he>t ) :i* a "y pa9t] ( deep 
feel+ toils ?r\gh 8 fir/ obscurity2--8  
s5se ( ! /rong voice )9 him1 :i* y w n  
he>2--8 va91 fond1 wond]+ witness to !  
?+s y w n see2--8 f>-away p]ception (   
?+s t he c\ld accompli% if he _h b      
peace1 & "t1 all unapproa*able & vani%+ 

f him1 because no "o w leave him peace  
or grant him "t3 all 8 fri5ds fall+ back
 f him2 ^? :om he w\ld mo/ rev]5tly obey
 rebuk+ & p>alys+ him2 &1 la/ & wor/ (  
all1 ^? :o believe 9 him ! mo/ fai?fully
 suff]+ by him ! mo/ bitt]ly2--! wife's 
eyes1 9 _! sweet ambition1 %9+ bright] z
 ! *eek wa/es away2 & ! little lips at 8
 side p>*$ & pale1 :i* "o day1 he kn[s1 
?\gh he may nev] see x1 w quiv] s pr\dly
 :5 !y call 8 "n1 call+ him our fa!r4 ,y
 deprive y\rselves1 by y\r l>ge         
exp5diture = pictures ( m>k1 ( ! p[] (  
reliev+ & r$eem+ ?is di/ress2 y injure !
 pa9t] :om y pay s l>gely2--& :at1 aft] 
all1 h y done = y\rselves or got =      
y\rselves8 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t ! 
hurri$ "w ( a fa%ionable pa9t] w conta9 
m = y\r money ?an ! quiet "w ( "s unkn[n
 man4 ,9 all probability1 y w f9d1 if y 
ra%ly pur*ase :at is popul> at a high   
price1 t y h got "o picture y don't c>e 
=1 = a sum :i* w\ld h b\ght tw5ty y w\ld
 h delight$ 94   #aja4 ,= rememb]       
always1 t ! price ( a picture by a liv+ 

arti/ nev] repres5ts1 nev] c repres5t1 !
 quantity ( lab\r or value 9 x4 ,its    
price repres5ts1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! degree ( 
desire :i* ! ri* p ( ! c\ntry h to      
possess x4 ,once get ! weal?y classes to
 imag9e t ! possession ( pictures by a  
giv5 arti/ adds to _! g5tility1 & !re is
 no price :i* 8 "w may n imm$iately     
rea*1 & = ye>s ma9ta92 & 9 buy+ at t    
price1 y are n gett+ value = y\r money1 
b m]ely disput+ = victory 9 a conte/ (  
o/5tation4 ,& x is h>dly possible to    
sp5d y\r money 9 a worse or m wa/eful   
way2 = ?\gh y may n be do+ x = o/5tation
 y\rself1 y are1 by y\r p]t9acity1      
n\ri%+ ! o/5tation ( o!rs2 y meet !m 9  
_! game ( weal?1 & cont9ue x = !m2 if !y
 _h n f\nd an opposite play]1 ! game    
w\ld h be5 done2 = a pr\d man c f9d no  
enjoym5t 9 possess+ himself ( :at nobody
 disputes ) him4 ,s t by e f>?+ y give =
 a picture beyond its fair price--t is  
to say1 ! price :i* w pay ! pa9t] = 8   
"t--y are n only *eat+ y\rself & buy+   
vanity1 b y are /imulat+ ! vanity (     

o!rs2 pay+1 lit]ally1 = ! cultivation ( 
pride4 ,y may consid] e p\nd t y sp5d   
above ! j price ( a "w ( art1 z an      
inve/m5t 9 a c>go ( m5tal quick-lime or 
guano1 :i*1 be+ laid on ! fields ( human
 nature1 is to gr[ a h>ve/ ( pride4 ,y  
are 9 fact pl\gh+ & h>r[+1 9 a mo/      
valuable "p ( y\r l&1 9 ord] to reap !  
:irlw9d2 y are sett+ y\r h& /\tly to    
,job's agriculture--,let ?i/les gr[     
in/ead ( :eat1 & cockle in/ead ( b>ley4 
#ajb4 ,well1 b y w say1 !re is "o       
advantage 9 high prices1 :i* m ?an      
c\nt]-balances all ?is mis*ief1 namely1 
t by great rew>d we bo? urge & enable a 
pa9t] to produce r "o p]fect picture ?an
 _m inf]ior ones3 & "o p]fect picture 7s
 y tell u1 & we believe x7 is wor? a    
great numb] ( inf]ior ones4  ,x is s2 b 
y _c get x by pay+ = x4 ,a great "w is  
only done :5 ! pa9t] gets into ! hum\r =
 x1 likes 8 subject1 & det]m9es to pa9t 
x z well z he c1 :e!r he is paid = x or 
n2 b bad "w1 & g5]ally ! wor/ sort ( bad
 "w1 is done :5 he is try+ to produce a 

%[y picture1 or "o t %all appe> to h z  
mu* lab\r 9 x z %all be wor? a high     
price4#ac  ,note #ac3 ,:5 ?is lecture 0 
deliv]$1 ,i gave "h "s data =           
approximate e/imates ( ! av]age value ( 
good mod]n pictures ( diff]5t classes2 b
 ! subject is too complicat$ to be      
adequately treat$ 9 writ+1 )\t introduc+
 m detail ?an ! read] w h pati5ce =4 ,b 
,i may /ate1 r\ghly1 t prices above a   
hundr$ gu9eas are 9 g5]al extravagant = 
wat]-col\rs1 & above five hundr$ = oils4
 ,an arti/ almo/ always does wrong :o   
puts m "w ?an ^! prices w remun]ate him 
= into any s+le canvas--8 tal5t w\ld be 
bett] employ$ 9 pa9t+ two pictures ?an  
"o s elaborate4 ,! wat]-col\r pa9t]s    
also are gett+ into ! habit ( mak+ _!   
draw+s too l>ge1 & 9 a measure atta*+ _!
 price r to bread? & ext5t ( t\* ?an to 
?\ghtful lab\r4 ,( c\rse m>k$ exceptions
 occur "h & !re1 z 9 ! case ( ,john     
,lewis1 ^: draw+s are wr\ght ) unfail+  
precision ?r\gh\t1 :atev] _! scale4     
,h>dly any price c be remun]ative = su* 

"w4   #ajc4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r po9t1 
& a /ill m important "o1 be>+ on ?is    
matt] ( pur*ase1 ?an ! keep+ d[n (      
prices to a rational /&>d4 ,& t is1 t y 
pay y\r prices into ! h&s ( liv+ m51 & d
 n p\r !m into c(f9s4  ,= obs]ve t1 z we
 arrange our paym5t ( pictures at       
pres5t1 no arti/'s "w is wor? half its  
prop] value :ile he is alive4 ,! mom5t  
he dies1 8 pictures1 if !y are good1    
rea* d\ble _! =m] value2 b1 t rise (    
price repres5ts simply a pr(it made by !
 intellig5t deal] or pur*as] on 8 pa/   
pur*ases4 ,s t ! real facts ( ! matt]   
are1 t ! ,briti% public1 sp5d+ a c]ta9  
sum annually 9 art1 det]m9es t1 ( e ?\s&
 x pays1 only five hundr$ %all g to !   
pa9t]1 or %all be at all conc]n$ 9 !    
production ( art2 & t ! o!r five hundr$ 
%all be paid m]ely z a te/imonial to !  
intellig5t deal]1 :o knew :at to buy4   
,n[1 te/imonials are v pretty & prop]   
?+s1 )9 due limits2 b te/imonial to !   
am\nt ( a hundr$ p] c5t4 on ! total     
exp5diture is n good political economy4 

,d n1 !re=e1 9 g5]al1 unless y see x to 
be necess>y = its pres]vation1 buy !    
picture ( a dead arti/4 ,if y fe> t x   
may be expos$ to contempt or neglect1   
buy x2 its price w !n1 probably1 n be   
high3 if y want to put x into a public  
gall]y1 buy x2 y are sure1 !n1 t y d n  
sp5d y\r money selfi%ly3 or1 if y lov$ !
 man's "w :ile he 0 alive1 & b\ght x !n1
 buy x also n[1 if y c see no liv+ "w   
equal to x4 ,b if y did n buy x :ile !  
man 0 liv+1 nev] buy x aft] he is dead3 
y are !n do+ no good to him1 & y are do+
 "s %ame to y\rself4 ,look ar\nd y =    
pictures t y really l1 & 9 buy+ :i* y c 
help "s g5ius yet unp]i%$--t is ! be/   
atonem5t y c make to ! "o y h           
neglect$--& give to ! liv+ & /ruggl+    
pa9t] at once wages1 & te/imonial4      
#ajd4 ,s f> !n ( ! motives :i* %\ld     
induce u to keep d[n ! prices ( mod]n   
art1 & ?us r5d] x1 z a private          
possession1 atta9able by great] numb]s (
 p ?an at pres5t4 ,b we %\ld /rive to   
r5d] x accessible to !m 9 o!r ways      

also--*iefly by ! p]man5t decoration (  
public build+s2 & x is 9 ?is field t ,i 
?9k we may look = ! pr(itable means (   
provid+ t con/ant employm5t = "y pa9t]s 
( :i* we 7 speak+ la/ ev5+4  ,! fir/ &  
mo/ important k9d ( public build+s :i*  
we are always sure to want1 are s*ools3 
& ,i w\ld ask y to consid] v c>efully1  
:e!r we may n wisely introduce "s great 
*anges 9 ! way ( s*ool decoration4      
,hi!rto1 z f> z ,i "k1 x has ei!r be5 s 
difficult to give all ! education we    
want$ to our lads1 t we h be5 oblig$ to 
d x1 if at all1 ) *eap furniture & b>e  
walls2 or else we h consid]$ t *eap     
furniture & b>e walls are a prop] "p ( !
 means ( education2 & suppos$ t boys    
le>n$ be/ :5 !y sat on h>d =ms1 & _h    
no?+ b blank pla/] ab\t & above !m      
:]eupon to employ _! sp>e att5tion2     
also1 t x 0 z well !y %\ld be accu/om$  
to r\gh & ugly conditions ( ?+s1 p>tly  
by way ( prep>+ !m = ! h>d%ips ( life1 &
 p>tly t !re might be ! lea/ possible   
damage done to floors & =ms1 9 ! ev5t ( 

_! becom+1 dur+ ! ma/]'s abs5ce1 !      
fields or in/rum5ts ( battle4 ,all ?is  
is s f> well & necess>y1 z x relates to 
! tra9+ ( c\ntry lads1 & ! fir/ tra9+ ( 
boys 9 g5]al4 ,b !re c]ta9ly comes a    
p]iod 9 ! life ( a well-educat$ y\?1 9  
:i* "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( 8         
education is1 or ought to be1 to give   
him ref9em5t ( habits2 & n only to tea* 
him ! /rong ex]cises ( :i* 8 frame is   
capable1 b also to increase 8 bodily    
s5sibility & ref9em5t1 & %[ him su*     
small matt]s z ! way ( h&l+ ?+s prop]ly1
 & treat+ !m consid]ately4   #aje4 ,n   
only s2 b ,i believe ! notion ( fix+ !  
att5tion by keep+ ! room empty1 is a    
:olly mi/ak5 "o3 ,i ?9k x is j 9 !      
emptie/ room t ! m9d w&]s mo/2 = x gets 
re/less1 l a bird1 = want ( a p]*1 &    
ca/s ab\t = any possible means ( gett+  
out & away4 ,& ev5 if x be fix$1 by an  
ef=t1 on ! bus9ess 9 h&1 t bus9ess      
becomes itself repulsive1 m ?an x ne$   
be1 by ! vil5ess ( its associations2 &  
_m a /udy appe>s dull or pa9ful to a    

boy1 :5 x is pursu$ on a blott$ deal    
desk1 "u a wall ) no?+ on x b scrat*es &
 pegs1 :i* w\ld h be5 pursu$ pleasantly 
en\gh 9 a curta9$ corn] ( 8 fa!r's      
libr>y1 or at ! lattice w9d[ ( 8        
cottage4 ,n[1 my own belief is1 t ! be/ 
/udy ( all is ! mo/ beautiful2 & t a    
quiet glade ( =e/1 or ! nook ( a lake   
%ore1 are wor? all ! s*oolrooms 9       
,*ri/5dom1 :5 once y are pa/ !          
multiplication table2 b be t z x may1   
!re is no "q at all b t a "t ought to   
come 9 ! life ( a well-tra9$ y\?1 :5 he 
c sit at a writ+-table )\t want+ to ?r[ 
! ink/& at 8 neighb\r2 & :5 also he w   
feel m capable ( c]ta9 ef=ts ( m9d )    
beautiful & ref9$ =ms ab\t him ?an )    
ugly ones4 ,:5 t "t comes1 he ought to  
be advanc$ into ! decorat$ s*ools2 & ?is
 advance ought to be "o ( ! important & 
hon\rable epo*s ( 8 life4   #ajf4 ,i h n
 "t1 h[ev]1 to insi/ on ! m]e           
s]viceabl5ess to our y\? ( ref9$        
ar*itectural decoration1 z su*2 = ,i    
want y to consid] ! probable influ5ce ( 

! p>ticul> k9d ( decoration :i* ,i wi% y
 to get = !m1 namely1 hi/orical pa9t+4  
,y "k we h hi!rto be5 9 ! habit (       
convey+ all our hi/orical k1 su* z x is1
 by ! e> only1 nev] by ! eye2 all our   
notion ( ?+s be+ o/5sibly d]iv$ f v]bal 
description1 n f sight4 ,n[1 ,i h no    
d\bt t1 z we gr[ gradually wis]--& we   
are do+ s e day--we %all discov] at la/ 
t ! eye is a nobl] organ ?an ! e>2 & t  
?r\gh ! eye we mu/1 9 reality1 obta91 or
 put into =m1 ne>ly all ! useful        
in=mation we are to h ab\t ?is _w4 ,ev5 
z ! matt] /&s1 y w f9d t ! k :i* a boy  
is suppos$ to receive f v]bal           
description is only available to him s  
f> z 9 any und]h& way he gets a sight ( 
! ?+ y are talk+ ab\t4 ,i rememb] well  
t1 = _m ye>s ( my life1 ! only notion ,i
 _h ( ! look ( a ,greek knight 0        
complicat$ betwe5 recollection ( a small
 engrav+ 9 my pocket ,pope's ,hom]1 &   
rev]5t /udy ( ! ,horse ,gu>ds4 ,& ?\gh  
,i believe t mo/ boys collect _! ideas f
 m v>i$ s\rces & arrange !m m c>efully  

?an ,i did2 /ill1 :atev] s\rces !y seek 
mu/ always be ocul>3 if !y are clev]    
boys1 !y w g & look at ! ,greek vases & 
sculptures 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & at !  
weapons 9 our arm\ries--!y w see :at    
real arm\r is l 9 lu/re1 & :at ,greek   
arm\r 0 l 9 =m1 & s put a fairly true   
image toge!r1 b /ill n1 9 ord9>y cases1 
a v liv+ or int]e/+ "o4   #ajg4 ,n[1 !  
use ( y\r decorative pa9t+ w\ld be1 9   
myriads ( ways1 to animate _! hi/ory =  
!m1 & to put ! liv+ aspect ( pa/ ?+s    
be=e _! eyes z fai?fully z intellig5t   
inv5tion c2 s t ! ma/] %all h no?+ to d 
b once to po9t to ! s*oolroom walls1 & =
 ev] aft]w>ds ! mean+ ( any ^w w\ld be  
fix$ 9 a boy's m9d 9 ! be/ possible way4
 ,is x a "q ( classical dress--:at a    
tunic 0 l1 or a *lamys1 or a peplus8 ,at
 ?is day1 y h to po9t to "s vile        
woodcut1 9 ! middle ( a diction>y page1 
repres5t+ ! ?+ hung ^u a /ick2 b !n1 y  
w\ld po9t to a hundr$ figures1 we>+ !   
actual dress1 9 its fi]y col\rs1 9 all  
actions ( v>i\s /atel9ess or /r5g?2 y   

w\ld und]/& at once h[ x fell r\nd ! p's
 limbs z !y /ood1 h[ x drift$ f _!      
%\ld]s z !y w5t1 h[ x veil$ _! faces z  
!y wept1 h[ x cov]$ _! heads 9 ! day (  
battle4 ,n[1 if y want to see :at a     
weapon is l1 y ref]1 9 l mann]1 to a    
numb]$ page1 9 :i* !re are spe>-heads 9 
r[s1 & sword-hilts 9 symmetrical gr\ps2 
& gradually ! boy gets a dim ma!matical 
notion h[ "o scimit> is hook$ to ! "r & 
ano!r to ! left1 & "o javel9 has a knob 
to x & ano!r none3 :ile "o glance at y\r
 good picture w\ld %[ him1--& ! fir/    
ra9y aft]noon 9 ! s*oolroom w\ld = ev]  
fix 9 8 m9d1--! look ( ! sword & spe> z 
!y fell or flew2 & h[ !y pi]c$1 or b5t1 
or %att]$--h[ m5 wield$ !m1 & h[ m5 di$ 
by !m4   #ajh4 ,b f> m ?an all ?is1 is x
 a "q n ( clo!s or weapons1 b ( m58 h[ c
 we suffici5tly e/imate ! effect on !   
m9d ( a noble y\?1 at ! "t :5 ! _w op5s 
to him1 ( hav+ fai?ful & t\*+           
repres5tations put be=e him ( ! acts &  
pres5ces ( great m5--h[ _m a resolution1
 :i* w\ld alt] & exalt ! :ole c\rse ( 8 

aft]-life1 might be =m$1 :5 9 "s dreamy 
twilight he met1 ?r\gh 8 own te>s1 !    
fix$ eyes ( ^? %ad[s ( ! great dead1    
unescapable & calm1 pi]c+ to 8 s\l2 or  
fanci$ t _! lips mov$ 9 dread repro( or 
s\ndless exhortation8 ,& if b = "o out (
 _m ?is 7 true--if yet1 9 a few1 y c\ld 
be sure t su* influ5ce _h inde$ *ang$ _!
 ?\ghts & de/9ies1 & turn$ ! eag] &     
reckless y\?1 :o w\ld h ca/ away 8      
en]gies on ! race-horse or !            
gambl+-table1 to t noble life-race1 t   
holy life-haz>d1 :i* %\ld w9 all glory  
to himself & all good to 8 c\ntry1--w\ld
 n t1 to "s purpose1 be political       
economy ( art8   #aji4 ,& obs]ve1 !re   
c\ld be no monotony1 no exhau/ibl5ess1 9
 ! sc5es requir$ to be ?us portray$4    
,ev5 if !re 71 & y want$ = e s*ool 9 !  
k+dom1 "o dea? ( ,leonidas2 "o battle ( 
,m>a?on2 "o dea? ( ,cleobis & ,bito2 !re
 ne$ n !re=e be m monotony 9 y\r art ?an
 !re 0 9 ! repetition ( a giv5 cycle (  
subjects by ! religi\s pa9t]s ( ,italy4 
,b we ought n to admit a cycle at all4  

,= ?\gh we _h z _m great s*ools z we h  
great cities 7"o day ,i hope we %all h71
 c5turies ( pa9t+ w\ld n exhau/1 9 all !
 numb] ( !m1 ! noble & pa!tic subjects  
:i* might be *os5 f ! hi/ory ( ev5 "o   
noble nation4 ,b1 beside ?is1 y w n1 9 a
 little :ile1 limit y\r y\?s' /udies to 
s n>r[ fields z y d n[4 ,!re w come a   
"t--,i am sure ( x--:5 x w be f\nd t !  
same practical results1 bo? 9 m5tal     
discipl9e & 9 political philosophy1 are 
to be atta9$ by ! accurate /udy ( m$ival
 & mod]n z ( anci5t hi/ory2 & t ! facts 
( m$ival & mod]n hi/ory are1 on ! :ole1 
! mo/ important to u4 ,& among ^! noble 
gr\ps ( con/ellat$ s*ools :i* ,i =esee  
aris+ 9 our ,engl&1 ,i =esee also t !re 
w be divid$ fields ( ?\ght2 & t :ile ea*
 w give its s*ol>s a great g5]al idea ( 
! _w's hi/ory1 su* z all m5 %\ld        
possess--ea* w also take ^u itself1 z   
its own special duty1 ! clos] /udy ( !  
c\rse ( ev5ts 9 "s giv5 place or "t4 ,x 
w review ! re/ ( hi/ory1 b x w exhau/   
its own special field ( x2 & f\nd its   

moral & political tea*+ on ! mo/ p]fect 
possible analysis ( ! results ( human   
conduct 9 "o place1 & at "o epo*4 ,& !n1
 ! gall]ies ( t s*ool w be pa9t$ ) !    
hi/orical sc5es belong+ to ! age :i* x  
has *os5 = its special /udy4   #aaj4 ,s 
f>1 !n1 ( art z y may apply x to t great
 s]ies ( public build+s :i* y devote to 
! education ( y\?4 ,! next l>ge class ( 
public build+s 9 :i* we %\ld introduce  
x1 is "o :i* ,i ?9k a few ye>s m (      
national progress w r5d] m s]viceable to
 u ?an !y h be5 lately4 ,i mean1 build+s
 = ! meet+s ( guilds ( trades4  ,& "h1 =
 ! la/ "t1 ,i mu/ aga9 int]rupt ! c\rse 
( our *ief inquiry1 9 ord] to /ate "o   
o!r pr9ciple ( political economy1 :i* is
 p]fectly simple & indisputable2 b :i*1 
nev]!less1 we cont9ually get into       
comm]cial emb>rassm5ts = want ( und]/&+2
 & n only s1 b suff] mu* h9drance 9 our 
comm]cial discov]ies1 because _m ( our  
bus9ess m5 d n practically admit x4     
,suppos+ half a doz5 or a doz5 m5 7 ca/ 
a%ore f a wreck on an un9habit$ isl&1 & 

left to _! own res\rces1 "o ( c\rse1    
accord+ to 8 capacity1 w\ld be set to "o
 bus9ess & "o to ano!r2 ! /ronge/ to dig
 & cut wood1 & to build huts = ! re/3 ! 
mo/ dext]\s to make %oes out ( b>k &    
coats out ( sk9s2 ! be/ educat$ to look 
= iron or lead 9 ! rocks1 & to plan !   
*annels = ! irrigation ( ! fields4 ,b   
?\gh _! lab\rs 7 ?us naturally sev]$1 t 
small gr\p ( %ipwreck$ m5 w\ld und]/&   
well en\gh t ! spe$ie/ progress 0 to be 
made by help+ ea* o!r1--n by oppos+ ea* 
o!r3 & !y w\ld "k t ?is help c\ld only  
be prop]ly giv5 s long z !y 7 frank &   
op5 9 _! relations1 & ! difficulties :i*
 ea* lay "u prop]ly expla9$ to ! re/4 ,s
 t any appe>ance ( secrecy or sep>at5ess
 9 ! actions ( any ( !m w\ld in/antly1 &
 ju/ly1 be look$ ^u ) suspicion by !    
re/1 z ! sign ( "s selfi% or fooli%     
proce$+ on ! "p ( ! individual4 ,if1 =  
in/ance1 ! sci5tific man 7 f\nd to h    
gone out at night1 unkn[n to ! re/1 to  
alt] ! sluices1 ! o!rs w\ld ?9k1 & 9 all
 probability rightly ?9k1 t he want$ to 

get ! be/ supply ( wat] to 8 own field2 
& if ! %oemak] refus$ to %[ !m :]e ! b>k
 grew :i* he made ! s&als (1 !y w\ld    
naturally ?9k1 & 9 all probability      
rightly ?9k1 t he didn't want !m to see 
h[ mu* !re 0 ( x1 & t he meant to ask f 
!m m corn & potatoes 9 ex*ange = 8 s&als
 ?an ! tr\ble ( mak+ !m des]v$4 ,& ?us1 
al?\gh ea* man w\ld h a portion ( "t to 
himself 9 :i* he 0 all[$ to d :at he    
*ose )\t let or inquiry1--s long z he 0 
work+ 9 t p>ticul> bus9ess :i* he _h    
und]tak5 = ! common b5efit1 any secrecy 
on 8 "p w\ld be imm$iately suppos$ to   
mean mis*ief2 & w\ld require to be      
acc\nt$ =1 or put an end to3 & ?is all !
 m because :atev] ! "w might be1 c]ta9ly
 !re w\ld be difficulties ab\t x :i*1 :5
 once !y 7 well expla9$1 might be m or  
less done away ) by ! help ( ! re/2 s t 
assur$ly e "o ( !m w\ld advance ) 8     
lab\r n only m happily1 b m pr(itably & 
quickly1 by hav+ no secrets1 & by       
frankly be/[+1 & frankly receiv+1 su*   
help z lay 9 8 way to get or to give4   

#aaa4 ,&1 j z ! be/ & ri*e/ result (    
weal? & happ9ess to ! :ole ( !m w\ld    
foll[ on _! p]sev]ance 9 su* a sy/em (  
frank communication & ( helpful         
lab\r2--s precisely ! wor/ & poore/     
result w\ld be obta9$ by a sy/em (      
secrecy & ( enmity2 & ea* man's happ9ess
 & weal? w\ld assur$ly be dim9i%$ 9     
proportion to ! degree 9 :i* jeal\sy &  
concealm5t became _! social & economical
 pr9ciples4 ,x w\ld n1 9 ! long run1 br+
 good1 b only evil1 to ! man ( sci5ce1  
if1 in/ead ( tell+ op5ly :]e he _h f\nd 
good iron1 he c>efully conceal$ e new b$
 ( x1 t he might ask1 9 ex*ange = ! r>e 
pl\gh%>e1 m corn f ! f>m]1 or1 9 ex*ange
 = ! rude ne$le1 m lab\r f ! semp/ress3 
& x w\ld n ultimately br+ good1 b only  
evil1 to ! f>m]s1 if !y s\ght to burn   
ea* o!r's corn/acks1 t !y might raise ! 
value ( _! gra91 or if ! semp/resses    
tri$ to break ea* o!r's ne$les1 t ea*   
might get all ! /it*+ to h]self4   #aab4
 ,n[1 ^! laws ( human action are        
precisely z au?oritative 9 _!           

application to ! conduct ( a million (  
m51 z to t ( six or twelve4 ,all enmity1
 jeal\sy1 opposition1 & secrecy are     
:olly1 & 9 all circum/ances1 de/ructive 
9 _! nature--n productive2 & all        
k9dness1 fell[%ip1 & communicativ5ess   
are inv>iably productive 9 _!           
op]ation1--n de/ructive2 & ! evil       
pr9ciples ( opposition & exclusiv5ess   
are n r5d]$ less fatal1 b m fatal1 by _!
 acceptance among l>ge masses ( m52 m   
fatal1 ,i say1 exactly 9 proportion z _!
 influ5ce is m secret4 ,= ?\gh !        
opposition does always its own simple1  
necess>y1 direct quantity ( h>m1 &      
)draws always its own simple1 necess>y1 
measurable quantity ( weal? f ! sum     
possess$ by ! community1 yet1 9         
proportion to ! size ( ! community1 x   
does ano!r & m ref9$ mis*ief ?an ?is1 by
 conceal+ its own fatality "u aspects ( 
m]cantile complication & exp$i5cy1 &    
giv+ rise to multitudes ( false !ories  
bas$ on a mean belief 9 n>r[ & imm$iate 
appe>ances ( good done "h & !re by ?+s  

:i* h ! univ]sal & ev]la/+ nature (     
evil4 ,s t ! "t & p[]s ( ! nation are   
wa/$1 n only 9 wret*$ /ruggl+ aga9/ ea* 
o!r1 b 9 va9 compla9ts1 & gr\ndless     
disc\ragem5ts1 & empty inve/igations1 & 
useless exp]im5ts 9 laws1 & elections1 &
 inv5tions2 ) hope always to pull wisdom
 ?r\gh "s new-%ap$ slit 9 a ballot-box1 
& to drag prosp]ity d[n out ( ! cl\ds   
along "s new knot ( electric wire2 :ile 
all ! :ile ,wisdom /&s call+ at ! corn]s
 ( ! /reets1 & ! bless+ ( ,heav5 waits  
ready to ra9 d[n ^u u1 deep] ?an ! riv]s
 & broad] ?an ! dew1 if only we w obey !
 fir/ pla9 pr9ciples ( humanity1 & !    
fir/ pla9 precepts ( ! skies3 ,execute  
true judgm5t1 & %[ m]cy & compassion1 e 
man to 8 bro!r2 & let none ( y imag9e   
evil aga9/ 8 bro!r 9 y\r he>t4#ad  ,note
 #ad3 ,x w\ld be well if1 in/ead (      
prea*+ cont9ually ab\t ! doctr9e ( fai? 
& good works1 our cl]gym5 w\ld simply   
expla9 to _! p a little :at good works  
mean4 ,!re is n a *apt] 9 all ! book we 
pr(ess to believe1 m specially &        

directly writt5 = ,engl& ?an ! second ( 
,habakkuk1 & ,i nev] 9 all my life he>d 
"o ( its practical texts prea*$ f4 ,i   
suppose ! cl]gym5 are all afraid1 & "k  
_! flocks1 :ile !y w sit q politely to  
he> syllogisms out ( ! epi/le to !      
,romans1 w\ld get re/ive directly if !y 
ev] press$ a practical text home to !m4 
,b we %\ld h no m]cantile cata/rophes1 &
 no di/ressful paup]ism1 if we only read
 (t51 & took to he>t1 ^? pla9           
words3--,yea1 also1 because he is a pr\d
 man1 nei!r keepe? at home1 :o enl>ge? 8
 desire z hell1 & _c be satisfi$1--,%all
 n all ^! take up a p>able aga9/ him1 & 
a taunt+ prov]b aga9/ him1 & say1 ',woe 
to him t increase? t :i* is n 83 & to   
him t lade? himself ) ?ick clay'8 7,:at 
a glori\s hi/ory 9 "o metaphor1 ( ! life
 ( a man gre$y ( =tune67 ,woe to him t  
covete? an evil covet\sness t he may set
 8 ne/ on high4 ,woe to him t builde? a 
t[n ) blood1 & e/abli%e? a city by      
iniquity4 ,behold1 is x n ( ! ,"l (     
,ho/s t ! p %all lab\r 9 ! v fire1 & ! p

 %all we>y !mselves = v vanity8  ,!     
,am]icans1 :o h be5 s5d+ out %ips ) %am 
bolt-heads on _! timb]s1 & only half _! 
bolts1 may m$itate on t builde? a t[n ) 
blood4   #aac4 ,!re=e1 ,i believe mo/   
firmly1 t z ! laws ( national prosp]ity 
get famili> to u1 we %all m & m ca/ our 
toil into social & communicative sy/ems2
 & t "o ( ! fir/ means ( our do+ s1 w be
 ! re-e/abli%+ guilds ( e important     
trade 9 a vital1 n =mal1 condition2--t  
!re w be a great c\ncil or gov]nm5t h\se
 = ! memb]s ( e trade1 built 9 :atev]   
t[n ( ! k+dom occupies itself pr9cipally
 9 su* trade1 ) m9or c\ncil-halls 9 o!r 
cities2 & to ea* c\ncil-hall1 (fic]s    
atta*$1 ^: fir/ bus9ess may be to exam9e
 into ! circum/ances ( e op]ative1 9 t  
trade1 :o *ooses to report himself to !m
 :5 out ( "w1 & to set him to "w1 if he 
is inde$ able & will+1 at a fix$ rate ( 
wages1 det]m9$ at regul> p]iods 9 !     
c\ncil-meet+s2 & ^: next duty may be to 
br+ reports be=e ! c\ncil ( all         
improvem5ts made 9 ! bus9ess1 & means ( 

its ext5sion3 n all[+ private pat5ts (  
any k9d1 b mak+ all improvem5ts         
available to e memb] ( ! guild1 only    
allott+1 aft] successful trial ( !m1 a  
c]ta9 rew>d to ! inv5tors4   #aad4 ,=   
^!1 & _m o!r su* purposes1 su* halls w  
be aga91 ,i tru/1 fully e/abli%$1 & !n1 
9 ! pa9t+s & decorations ( !m1 especial 
ef=t ought to be made to express !      
wor?9ess & hon\rabl5ess ( ! trade = ^:  
memb]s !y are f\nd$4 ,= ,i believe "o ( 
! wor/ symptoms ( mod]n society to be1  
its notion ( great inf]iority1 &        
ung5tlemanl9ess1 z necess>ily belong+ to
 ! "* ( a tradesman4 ,i believe tradesm5
 may be1 ought to be--(t5 are1 m g5tlem5
 ?an idle & useless p3 & ,i believe t   
art may d noble "w by record+ 9 ! hall (
 ea* trade1 ! s]vices :i* m5 belong+ to 
t trade h done = _! c\ntry1 bo? pres]v+ 
! portraits1 & record+ ! important      
incid5ts 9 ! lives1 ( ^? :o h made great
 advances 9 comm]ce & civilization4 ,i  
_c foll[ out ?is subject--x bran*es too 
f>1 & 9 too _m directions2 besides1 ,i h

 no d\bt y w at once see & accept ! tru?
 ( ! ma9 pr9ciple1 & be able to ?9k x   
out = y\rselves4 ,i w\ld fa9 also h said
 some?+ ( :at might be done1 9 ! same   
mann]1 = alm%\ses & hospitals1 & = :at1 
z ,i %all try to expla9 9 notes to ?is  
lecture1 we may hope to see1 "s day1    
e/abli%$ ) a diff]5t mean+ 9 _! "n ?an t
 !y n[ be>--"w-h\ses2 b ,i h deta9$ y   
too long already1 & _c p]mit myself to  
trespass fur!r on y\r pati5ce except    
only to recapitulate1 9 clos+1 ! simple 
pr9ciples respect+ weal? :i* we h ga!r$ 
dur+ ! c\rse ( our inquiry2 pr9ciples   
:i* are no?+ m ?an ! lit]al & practical 
acceptance ( ! say+ :i* is 9 all good   
m5's m\?s--namely1 t !y are /ew>ds or   
m9i/]s ( :atev] tal5ts are entru/$ to   
!m4   #aae4 ,only1 is x n a /range ?+1 t
 :ile we m or less accept ! mean+ ( t   
say+1 s long z x is consid]$            
metaphorical1 we nev] accept its mean+ 9
 its own t]ms8 ,y "k ! lesson is giv5 u 
"u ! =m ( a /ory ab\t money4 ,money 0   
giv5 to ! s]vants to make use (3 !      

unpr(itable s]vant dug 9 ! e>?1 & hid 8 
"l's money4 ,well1 we1 9 our political &
 spiritual application ( ?is1 say1 t (  
c\rse money doesn't mean money3 x means 
wit1 x means intellect1 x means influ5ce
 9 high qu>t]s1 x means ev]y?+ 9 ! _w   
except itself4 ,& d n y see :at a pretty
 & pleasant come-(f !re is = mo/ ( u1 9 
?is spiritual application8 ,( c\rse1 if 
we _h wit1 we w\ld use x = ! good ( our 
fell[-creatures4 ,b we hav5't wit4 ,(   
c\rse1 if we _h influ5ce ) ! bi%ops1 we 
w\ld use x = ! good ( ! ,*ur*2 b we     
hav5't any influ5ce ) ! bi%ops4 ,(      
c\rse1 if we _h political p[]1 we w\ld  
use x = ! good ( ! nation2 b we h no    
political p[]2 we h no tal5ts entru/$ to
 u ( any sort or k9d4 ,x is true we h a 
little money1 b ! p>able c't possibly   
mean any?+ s vulg> z money2 our money's 
our own4   #aaf4 ,i believe1 if y ?9k   
s]i\sly ( ?is matt]1 y w feel t ! fir/ &
 mo/ lit]al application is j z necess>y 
a "o z any o!r--t ! /ory does v         
specially mean :at x says--pla9 money2 &

 t ! reason we don't at once believe x  
does s1 is a sort ( tacit idea t :ile   
?\ght1 wit1 & intellect1 & all p[] (    
bir? & position1 are inde$ giv5 to u1 &1
 !re=e1 to be laid out = ! ,giv]--our   
weal? has n be5 giv5 to u2 b we h work$ 
= x1 & h a "r to sp5d x z we *oose4 ,i  
?9k y w f9d t is ! real sub/ance ( our  
und]/&+ 9 ?is matt]4 ,beauty1 we say1 is
 giv5 by ,god--x is a tal5t2 /r5g? is   
giv5 by ,god--x is a tal5t2 position is 
giv5 by ,god--x is a tal5t2 b money is  
prop] wages = our day's "w--x is n a    
tal5t1 x is a due4 ,we may ju/ly sp5d x 
on ourselves1 if we h work$ = x4   #aag4
 ,& !re w\ld be "s %ad[ ( excuse = ?is1 
7 x n t ! v p[] ( mak+ ! money is itself
 only "o ( ! applications ( t intellect 
or /r5g? :i* we confess to be tal5ts4   
,:y is "o man ri*] ?an ano!r8 ,because  
he is m indu/ri\s1 m p]sev]+1 & m       
sagaci\s4 ,well1 :o made him m p]sev]+  
or m sagaci\s ?an o!rs8 ,t p[] (        
endurance1 t quickness ( appreh5sion1 t 
calmness ( judgm5t1 :i* enable him to   

seize ! opportunities t o!rs lose1 &    
p]si/ 9 ! l9es ( conduct 9 :i* o!rs     
fail--are ^! n tal5ts8--are !y n1 9 !   
pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 among ! mo/ di/+ui%$
 & influ5tial ( m5tal gifts8 ,& is x n  
wond]ful1 t :ile we %\ld be utt]ly a%am$
 to use a sup]iority ( body1 9 ord] to  
?ru/ our weak] companions aside f "s    
place ( advantage1 we unhesitat+ly use  
our sup]iorities ( m9d to ?ru/ !m back f
 :atev] good t /r5g? ( m9d c atta98 ,y  
w\ld be indignant if y saw a /rong man  
walk into a !atre or a lecture-room1 &1 
calmly *oos+ ! be/ place1 take 8 feeble 
neighb\r by ! %\ld]1 & turn him out ( x 
into ! back seats1 or ! /reet4 ,y w\ld  
be equally indignant if y saw a /\t     
fell[ ?ru/ himself up to a table :]e "s 
hungry *ildr5 7 be+ f$1 & rea* 8 arm ov]
 _! heads & take _! bread f !m4 ,b y are
 n ! lea/ indignant if1 :5 a man has    
/\tness ( ?\ght & swiftness ( capacity1 
&1 in/ead ( be+ long-arm$ only1 has !   
mu* great] gift ( be+ long-head$--y ?9k 
x p]fectly j t he %\ld use 8 intellect  

to take ! bread out ( ! m\?s ( all ! o!r
 m5 9 ! t[n :o are ( ! same trade ) him2
 or use 8 bread? & sweep ( sight to ga!r
 "s bran* ( ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry into "o
 great cobweb1 ( :i* he is himself to be
 ! c5tral spid]1 mak+ e ?read vibrate ) 
! po9ts ( 8 claws1 & comm&+ e av5ue ) ! 
facets ( 8 eyes4 ,y see no inju/ice 9   
?is4   #aah4 ,b !re is inju/ice2 &1 let 
u tru/1 "o ( :i* hon\rable m5 w at no v 
di/ant p]iod disda9 to be guilty4 ,9 "s 
degree1 h[ev]1 x is inde$ n unju/2 9 "s 
degree1 x is necess>y & int5d$4 ,x is   
assur$ly j t idl5ess %\ld be surpass$ by
 en]gy2 t ! wide/ influ5ce %\ld be      
possess$ by ^? :o are be/ able to wield 
x2 & t a wise man1 at ! end ( 8 c>e]1   
%\ld be bett] (f ?an a fool4 ,b = t     
reason1 is ! fool to be wret*$1 utt]ly  
cru%$ d[n1 & left 9 all ! suff]+ :i* 8  
conduct & capacity naturally            
inflict8--,n s4 ,:at d y suppose fools 7
 made =8 ,t y might tread ^u !m1 & />ve 
!m1 & get ! bett] ( !m 9 e possible way8
 ,by no means4 ,!y 7 made t wise p might

 take c>e ( !m4 ,t is ! true & pla9 fact
 conc]n+ ! relations ( e /rong & wise   
man to ! _w ab\t him4 ,he has 8 /r5g?   
giv5 him1 n t he may cru% ! weak1 b t he
 may support & guide !m4 ,9 8 own       
h\sehold he is to be ! guide & ! support
 ( 8 *ildr52 out ( 8 h\sehold he is /ill
 to be ! fa!r--t is1 ! guide &          
support--( ! weak & ! poor2 n m]ely ( ! 
m]itori\sly weak & ! innoc5tly poor1 b (
 ! guiltily & puni%ably poor2 ( ! m5 :o 
ought to h kn[n bett]--( ! poor :o ought
 to be a%am$ ( !mselves4 ,x is no?+ to  
give p5sion & cottage to ! wid[ :o has  
lo/ h] son2 x is no?+ to give food &    
m$ic9e to ! workman :o has brok5 8 arm1 
or ! decrepit woman wa/+ 9 sickness4 ,b 
x is some?+ to use y\r "t & /r5g? to w> 
) ! wayw>dness & ?\ghtlessness ( mank9d2
 to keep ! err+ workman 9 y\r s]vice    
till y h made him an un]r+ "o2 & to     
direct y\r fell[-m]*ant to ! opportunity
 :i* 8 dulness w\ld h lo/4 ,?is is mu*2 
b x is yet m1 :5 y h fully a*iev$ !     
sup]iority :i* is due to y1 & acquir$ ! 

weal? :i* is ! fitt+ rew>d ( y\r        
sagacity1 if y solemnly accept !        
responsibility ( x1 z x is ! helm &     
guide ( lab\r f> & ne>4   #aai4 ,= y :o 
h x 9 y\r h&s are 9 reality ! pilots ( !
 p[] & ef=t ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is entru/$ to 
y z an au?ority to be us$ = good or     
evil1 j z completely z k+ly au?ority 0  
ev] giv5 to a pr9ce1 or milit>y comm& to
 a capta94 ,&1 accord+ to ! quantity ( x
 t y h 9 y\r h&s1 y are ! arbit]s ( ! w 
& "w ( ,engl&2 & ! :ole issue1 :e!r ! "w
 ( ! ,/ate %all suffice = ! ,/ate or n1 
dep5ds ^u y4 ,y may /ret* out y\r       
sceptre ov] ! heads ( ! ,engli% lab\r]s1
 & say to !m1 z !y /oop to its wav+1    
,subdue ?is ob/acle t has baffl$ our    
fa!rs1 put away ?is plague t consumes   
our *ildr52 wat] ^! dry places1 pl\gh ^!
 des]t ones1 c>ry ?is food to ^? :o are 
9 hung]2 c>ry ?is light to ^? :o are 9  
d>kness2 c>ry ?is life to ^? :o are 9   
dea?2 or on ! o!r side y may say to h]  
lab\r]s3 ,"h am ,i2 ?is p[] is 9 my h&2 
come1 build a m\nd "h = me to be ?ron$  

^u1 high & wide2 come1 make cr[ns = my  
head1 t m5 may see !m %9e f f> away2    
come1 weave tape/ries = my feet1 t ,i   
may tread s(tly on ! silk & purple2     
come1 dance be=e me1 t ,i may be gay2 & 
s+ sweetly to me1 t ,i may slumb]2 s    
%all ,i live 9 joy1 & die 9 hon\r4 ,&   
bett] ?an su* an hon\rable dea? x 7 t ! 
day _h p]i%$ :]e9 we 7 born1 & ! night 9
 :i* x 0 said !re is a *ild conceiv$4   
#abj4 ,i tru/ t 9 a little :ile !re w be
 few ( our ri* m5 :o1 ?r\gh c>elessness 
or covet\sness1 ?us =feit ! glori\s     
(fice :i* is int5d$ = _! h&s4 ,i said1 j
 n[1 t weal? ill-us$ 0 z ! net ( !      
spid]1 entangl+ & de/roy+3 b weal? well 
us$ is z ! net ( ! sacr$ fi%] :o ga!rs  
s\ls ( m5 out ( ! deep4 ,a "t w come--,i
 d n ?9k ev5 n[ x is f> f u--:5 ?is     
gold5 net ( ! _w's weal? w be spread    
abroad z ! flam+ me%es ( morn+ cl\d are 
ov] ! sky2 be>+ ) !m ! joy ( light & !  
dew ( ! morn+1 z well z ! summons to    
hon\rable & peaceful toil4 ,:at less c  
we hope f y\r weal? ?an ?is1 ri* m5 (   

,engl&1 :5 once y feel fully h[1 by !   
/r5g? ( y\r possessions--n1 obs]ve1 by !
 exhau/ion1 b by ! adm9i/ration ( !m & !
 p[]1--y c direct ! acts--comm& !       
en]gies--in=m ! ignorance--prolong !    
exi/5ce1 ( ! :ole human race2 & h[1 ev5 
( worldly wisdom1 :i* man employs       
fai?fully1 x is true1 n only t h] ways  
are pleasantness1 b t h] pa?s are peace2
 & t1 = all ! *ildr5 ( m51 z well z = ^?
 to :om %e is giv51 ,l5g? ( days is 9 h]
 "r h&1 z 9 h] left h& ,ri*es & ,hon\r8 
,,add5da  ,note1 p4 #ah4--;,fa!rly      
au?ority4   #aba4 ,?is /atem5t c\ld n1 (
 c\rse1 be he>d )\t displeasure by a    
c]ta9 class ( politicians2 & 9 "o ( !   
notices ( ^! lectures giv5 9 ! ,man*e/] 
j\rnals at ! "t1 endeav\r 0 made to get 
quit ( x by ref]r+ to ! ,div9e au?ority1
 z ! only ,pat]nal p[] ) respect to :i* 
m5 7 truly /yl$ bre?r54 ,( c\rse x is s1
 &1 equally ( c\rse1 all human gov]nm5t 
is no?+ else ?an ! executive expression 
( ?is ,div9e au?ority4 ,! mom5t gov]nm5t
 ceases to be ! practical en=cem5t (    

,div9e law1 x is tyranny2 & ! mean+ :i* 
,i atta* to ! words pat]nal gov]nm5t1   
is1 9 m ext5d$ t]ms1 simply ?is--,!     
executive fulfilm5t1 by =mal human      
me?ods1 ( ! w ( ! ,fa!r ( mank9d        
respect+ ,8 *ildr54 ,i c\ld n give su* a
 def9ition ( ,gov]nm5t z ?is 9 a popul> 
lecture2 & ev5 9 writt5 =m1 x w         
necess>ily sugge/ _m objections1 ( :i*  
,i mu/ notice & answ] ! mo/ probable4   
,only1 9 ord] to avoid ! recurr5ce ( su*
 tiresome phrases z x may be answ]$ 9 ! 
second place1 & x w be object$ 9 ! ?ird 
place1 etc41 ,i w ask ! read]'s leave to
 arrange ! discussion 9 ! =m ( simple   
dialogue1 lett+ ,o4 /& = objector1 & ,r4
 = response4   #abb4 ,o4--,y def9e y\r  
pat]nal gov]nm5t to be ! executive      
fulfilm5t1 by =mal human me?ods1 ( !    
,div9e w4 ,b1 assur$ly1 t w _c /& 9 ne$ 
( aid or expression f human laws4 ,x _c 
fail ( its fulfilm5t4   ,r4 #abb4 ,9 !  
f9al s5se x _c2 & 9 t s5se1 m5 :o are   
committ+ murd] & /eal+ are fulfill+ ! w 
( ,god z mu* z ! be/ & k9de/ p 9 ! _w4  

,b 9 ! limit$ & pres5t s5se1 ! only s5se
 ) :i* we h any?+ to d1 ,god's w conc]n+
 man is fulfill$ by "s m51 & ?w>t$ by   
o!rs4 ,& ^? m5 :o ei!r p]suade or en=ce 
! do+ ( x1 /& t[>ds ^? :o are rebelli\s 
aga9/ x exactly 9 ! position ( fai?ful  
*ildr5 9 a family1 :o1 :5 ! fa!r is out 
( sight1 ei!r compel or p]suade ! re/ to
 d z _! fa!r w\ld h !m1 7 he pres5t2 & 9
 s f> z !y are express+ & ma9ta9+1 = !  
"t1 ! pat]nal au?ority1 !y ex]cise1 9 ! 
exact s5se 9 :i* ,i mean ! phrase to be 
und]/ood1 pat]nal gov]nm5t ov] ! re/4   
,o4--,b1 if ,provid5ce has left a lib]ty
 to man 9 _m ?+s 9 ord] to prove him1 :y
 %\ld human law abridge t lib]ty1 & take
 ^u itself to compel :at ! great        
,lawgiv] does n compel8   #abc4 ,r4--,x 
is confess$1 9 ! enactm5t ( any law     
:atsoev]1 t human lawgiv]s h a "r to d  
?is4 ,=1 if y h no "r to abridge any ( !
 lib]ty :i* ,provid5ce has left to man1 
y h no "r to puni% any "o = committ+    
murd] or robb]y4 ,y ought to leave !m to
 ! puni%m5t ( ,god & ,nature4 ,b if y   

?9k y\rself "u obligation to puni%1 z f>
 z human laws c1 ! violation ( ! w (    
,god by ^! great s9s1 y are c]ta9ly "u !
 same obligation to puni%1 )            
proportionately less puni%m5t1 !        
violation ( ,8 w 9 less s9s4  ,o4--,no2 
y mu/ n attempt to puni% less s9s by    
law1 because y _c prop]ly def9e nor     
asc]ta9 !m4 ,ev]ybody c det]m9e :e!r    
murd] has be5 committ$ or n1 b y _c     
det]m9e h[ f> p h be5 unju/ or cruel 9  
m9or matt]s1 & !re=e _c make or execute 
laws conc]n+ m9or matt]s4  ,r4--,if ,i  
propose to y to puni% faults :i* _c be  
def9$1 or to execute laws :i* _c be made
 equitable1 reject ! laws ,i propose4 ,b
 d n g5]ally object to ! pr9ciple ( law4
  ,o4--,yes2 ,i g5]ally object to !     
pr9ciple ( law z appli$ to m9or ?+s2    
because1 if y c\ld succe$ 7:i* y _c7 9  
regulat+ ! entire conduct ( m5 by law 9 
little ?+s z well z great1 y w\ld take  
away f human life all its probation>y   
"*1 & r5d] _m virtues & pleasures       
impossible4 ,y w\ld r$uce virtue to !   

movem5t ( a ma*9e1 in/ead ( ! act ( a   
_s4   #abd4 ,r4--,y h j said1           
p>5!tically1 & ,i fully & will+ly admit 
x1 t x is impossible to regulate all    
m9or matt]s by law4 ,is x n probable1   
!re=e1 t ! degree 9 :i* x is possible to
 regulate !m by x1 is also ! degree 9   
:i* x is "r to regulate !m by x8 ,or :at
 o!r means ( judgm5t w y employ1 to     
sep>ate ! ?+s :i* ought to be =mally    
regulat$ f ! ?+s :i* ought n8 ,y admit t
 great s9s %\ld be legally repress$2 b y
 say t small s9s %\ld n be legally      
repress$4 ,h[ d y di/+ui% betwe5 great &
 small s9s8 & h[ d y int5d to det]m9e1  
or d y 9 practice ( daily life det]m9e1 
on :at occasions y %\ld compel p to d   
"r1 & on :at occasions y %\ld leave !m !
 option ( do+ wrong8  ,o4--,i ?9k y _c  
make any accurate or logical di/9ction 9
 su* matt]s2 b t common s5se & in/9ct h1
 9 all civilis$ nations1 indicat$ c]ta9 
crimes ( great social h>mfulness1 su* z 
murd]1 !ft1 adult]y1 sl&]1 & su* l1 :i* 
x is prop] to repress legally2 & t      

common s5se & in/9ct indicate also ! k9d
 ( crimes :i* x is prop] = laws to let  
alone1 su* z mis]l9ess1 ill-natur$      
speak+1 & _m ( ^? comm]cial di%one/ies  
:i* ,i h a notion y want y\r pat]nal    
gov]nm5t to int]f]e )4  ,r4--,pray d n  
al>m y\rself ab\t :at my pat]nal        
gov]nm5t is likely to int]f]e )1 b keep 
to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,y say t common s5se & 
in/9ct h1 9 all civilis$ nations1       
di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! s9s t ought to be     
legally dealt ) & t ought n4 ,d y mean t
 ! laws ( all civilis$ nations are      
p]fect8  ,o4--,no2 c]ta9ly n4  ,r4--,or 
t !y are p]fect at lea/ 9 _!            
discrim9ation ( :at crimes !y %\ld deal 
)1 & :at crimes !y %\ld let alone8      
,o4--,no2 n exactly4  ,r4--,:at d y     
mean1 !n8   #abe4 ,o4--,i mean t ! g5]al
 t5d5cy is "r 9 ! laws ( civilis$       
nations2 & t1 9 due c\rse ( "t1 natural 
s5se & in/9ct po9t out ! matt]s !y %\ld 
be br\ght to be> ^u4 ,& ea* "q (        
legislation mu/ be made a sep>ate       
subject ( inquiry z x pres5ts itself3 y 

_c fix any g5]al pr9ciples ab\t :at %\ld
 be dealt ) legally1 & :at %\ld n4      
,r4--,suppos+ x to be s1 d y ?9k !re are
 any po9ts 9 :i* our ,engli% legislation
 is capable ( am5dm5t1 z x be>s on      
comm]cial & economical matt]s1 9 ?is    
pres5t "t8  ,o4--,( c\rse ,i d4         
,r4--,well1 !n1 let u discuss ^! toge!r 
quietly2 & if ! po9ts t ,i want am5d$   
seem to y incapable ( am5dm5t1 or n 9   
ne$ ( am5dm5t1 say s3 b don't object1 at
 />t+1 to ! m]e proposition ( apply+ law
 to ?+s :i* h n _h law appli$ to !m     
be=e4 ,y h admitt$ ! fitness ( my       
expression1 pat]nal gov]nm5t3 x only has
 be51 & rema9s1 a "q betwe5 u1 h[ f> su*
 gov]nm5t %\ld ext5d4 ,p]haps y w\ld l x
 only to regulate1 among ! *ildr51 !    
l5g? ( _! lessons2 & p]haps ,i %\ld l x 
also to regulate ! h>dness ( _!         
cricket-balls3 b _c y wait quietly till 
y "k :at ,i want x to d1 be=e qu>rell+ )
 ! ?+ itself8  ,o4--,no2 ,i _c wait     
quietly2 9 fact1 ,i don't see any use 9 
beg9n+ su* a discussion at all1 because 

,i am q sure f ! fir/1 t y want to m$dle
 ) ?+s t y h no bus9ess )1 & to int]f]e 
) heal?y lib]ty ( action 9 all sorts (  
ways2 & ,i "k t y c't propose any laws t
 w\ld be ( real use4#ae  ,note #ae3 ,if 
! read] is displeas$ ) me = putt+ ?is   
fooli% spee* into 8 m\?1 ,i entreat 8   
p>don2 b he may be assur$ t x is a spee*
 :i* w\ld be made by _m p1 & ! sub/ance 
( :i* w\ld be tacitly felt by _m m1 at  
?is po9t ( ! discussion4 ,i h really    
tri$1 up to ?is po9t1 to make ! objector
 z intellig5t a p]son z x is possible = 
an au?or to imag9e anybody to be :o     
diff]s ) him4   #abf4 ,r4--,if y inde$  
"k t1 y w\ld be wrong to he> me any     
f>!r4 ,b if y are only 9 pa9ful d\bt    
ab\t me1 :i* makes y unwill+ to run !   
risk ( wa/+ y\r "t1 ,i w tell y be=eh&  
:at ,i really d ?9k ab\t ?is same lib]ty
 ( action1 namely1 t :5ev] we c make a  
p]fectly equitable law ab\t any matt]1  
or ev5 a law secur+1 on ! :ole1 m j     
conduct ?an unju/1 we ought to make t   
law2 & t !re w yet1 on ^! conditions1   

always rema9 a numb] ( matt]s respect+  
:i* legalism & =malism are impossible2  
en\gh1 & m ?an en\gh1 to ex]cise all    
human p[]s ( individual judgm5t1 & af=d 
all k9ds ( scope to individual "*4 ,i   
?9k ?is2 b ( c\rse x c only be prov$ by 
sep>ate exam9ation ( ! possibilities (  
=mal re/ra9t 9 ea* giv5 field ( action2 
& ^! two lectures are no?+ m ?an a sket*
 ( su* a detail$ exam9ation 9 "o field1 
namely1 t ( art4 ,y w f9d1 h[ev]1 "o or 
two o!r rem>ks on su* possibilities 9 ! 
next note4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,note #bnd1 p4 #ba4--,"r to
 public support4   #abg4 ,x did n appe> 
to me desirable1 9 ! c\rse ( ! spok5    
lecture1 to ent] into details or (f]    
sugge/ions on ! que/ions ( ! regulation 
( lab\r & di/ribution ( relief1 z x w\ld
 h be5 impossible to d s )\t t\*+ on _m 
disput$ or disputable po9ts1 n easily   
h&l$ be=e a g5]al audi5ce4 ,b ,i mu/ n[ 
supply :at is want+ to make my g5]al    
/atem5t cle>4  ,i believe1 9 ! fir/     
place1 t no ,*ri/ian nation has any     

bus9ess to see "o ( its memb]s 9 di/ress
 )\t help+ him1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 at ! same 
"t puni%+ him3 help1 ( c\rse--9 n9e     
cases out ( t5--mean+ guidance1 mu* m   
?an gift1 &1 !re=e1 int]f]5ce ) lib]ty4 
,:5 a peasant "m sees "o ( h] c>eless   
*ildr5 fall into a dit*1 h] fir/ proce$+
 is to pull him out2 h] second1 to box 8
 e>s2 h] ?ird1 ord9>ily1 to lead him    
c>efully a little way by ! h&1 or s5d   
him home = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,! *ild       
usually cries1 & v (t5 w\ld cle>ly pref]
 rema9+ 9 ! dit*2 & if he und]/ood any (
 ! t]ms ( politics1 w\ld c]ta9ly express
 res5tm5t at ! int]f]5ce ) 8 individual 
lib]ty3 b ! "m has done h] duty4 ,:]eas 
! usual call ( ! "m nation to any ( h]  
*ildr51 "u su* circum/ances1 has lately 
be5 no?+ m ?an ! foxhunt]'s1--,/ay /ill 
!re2 ,i %all cle> y4 ,& if we always    
c\ld cle> !m1 _! reque/s to be left 9   
muddy indep5d5ce might be sometimes     
all[$ by k9d p1 or _! cries = help      
disda9$ by unk9d ones4 ,b we c't cle>   
!m4 ,! :ole nation is1 9 fact1 b\nd     

toge!r1 z m5 are by ropes on a          
glaci]--if "o falls1 ! re/ mu/ ei!r lift
 him or drag him along ) !m#af z dead   
weight1 n )\t mu* increase ( dang] to   
!mselves4 ,& ! law ( "r be+ manife/ly 9 
?is--z1 :e!r manife/ly or n1 x is       
always1 ! law ( prud5ce--! only "q is1  
h[ ?is :olesome help & int]f]5ce are to 
be adm9i/]$4  ,note #af3 ,x is v curi\s 
to wat* ! ef=ts ( two %op-keep]s to ru9 
ea* o!r1 nei!r hav+ ! lea/ idea t 8 ru9$
 neighb\r mu/ ev5tually be support$ at 8
 own exp5se1 ) an increase ( poor rates2
 & t ! conte/ betwe5 !m is n 9 reality  
:i* %all get ev]y?+ = himself1 b :i*    
%all fir/ take ^u himself & 8 cu/om]s ! 
gratuit\s ma9t5ance ( ! o!r's family4   
#abh4 ,! fir/ int]f]5ce %\ld be 9       
education4 ,9 ord] t m5 may be able to  
support !mselves :5 !y are gr[n1 _!     
/r5g? mu/ be prop]ly develop$ :ile !y   
are "y2 & ! ,/ate %\ld always see to    
?is--n all[+ _! heal? to be brok5 by too
 e>ly lab\r1 nor _! p[]s to be wa/$ =   
want ( k4 ,"s que/ions connect$ ) ?is   

matt] are notic$ f>!r on "u ! head trial
 s*ools3 "o po9t ,i mu/ notice "h1 t ,i 
believe all y\?s1 ( :atev] rank1 ought  
to le>n "s manual trade ?or\ghly2 = x is
 q wond]ful h[ mu* a man's views ( life 
are cle>$ by ! atta9m5t ( ! capacity (  
do+ any "o ?+ well ) 8 h&s & arms4 ,= a 
long "t1 :at "r life !re 0 9 ! upp]     
classes ( ,europe dep5d$ 9 no small     
degree on ! necessity :i* ea* man 0 "u (
 be+ able to f5ce2 at ?is day1 ! mo/    
useful ?+s :i* boys le>n at public      
s*ools are1 ,i believe1 rid+1 r[+1 &    
cricket+4 ,b x w\ld be f> bett] t memb]s
 ( ,p>liam5t %\ld be able to pl\gh      
/raight1 & make a horse%oe1 ?an only to 
fea!r o>s neatly or po9t _! toes        
prettily 9 /irrups4 ,!n1 9 lit]>y &     
sci5tific tea*+1 ! great po9t ( economy 
is to give ! discipl9e ( x ?r\gh k :i* w
 imm$iately be> on practical life4 ,our 
lit]>y "w has long be5 economically     
useless to u because too mu* conc]n$ )  
dead languages2 & our sci5tific "w w    
yet1 = "s "t1 be a good deal lo/1       

because sci5tific m5 are too fond or too
 va9 ( _! sy/ems1 & wa/e ! /ud5t's "t 9 
endeav\r+ to give him l>ge views1 & make
 him p]ceive int]e/+ connections (      
facts2 :5 !re is n "o /ud5t1 no1 nor "o 
man1 9 a ?\s&1 :o c feel ! beauty ( a   
sy/em1 or ev5 take x cle>ly into 8 head2
 b ne>ly all m5 c und]/&1 & mo/ w be    
int]e/$ 91 ! facts :i* be> on daily     
life4 ,botani/s h discov]$ "s wond]ful  
connection betwe5 nettles & figs1 :i* a 
c[boy :o w nev] see a ripe fig 9 8 life 
ne$ n be at all tr\bl$ ab\t2 b x w be   
int]e/+ to him to "k :at effect nettles 
h on hay1 & :at ta/e !y w give to       
porridge2 & x w give him ne>ly a new    
life if he c be got b once1 9 a spr+ "t1
 to look well at ! beautiful circlet (  
:ite nettle blossom1 & "w out ) 8       
s*oolma/] ! curves ( its petals1 & ! way
 x is set on its c5tral ma/4 ,s1 !      
pr9ciple ( *emical equival5ts1 beautiful
 z x is1 matt]s f> less to a peasant    
boy1 & ev5 to mo/ sons ( g5tlem51 ?an _!
 kn[+ h[ to f9d :e!r ! wat] is :olesome 

9 ! back-kit*5 ci/]n1 or :e!r !         
sev5-acre field wants s& or *alk4       
#abi4 ,hav+1 !n1 direct$ ! /udies ( our 
y\? s z to make !m practically          
s]viceable m5 at ! "t ( _! entrance into
 life1 t entrance %\ld always be ready =
 !m 9 cases :]e _! private circum/ances 
pres5t no op5+4 ,!re ought to be        
gov]nm5t e/abli%m5ts = e trade1 9 :i*   
all y\?s :o desir$ x %\ld be receiv$ z  
appr5tices on _! leav+ s*ool2 & m5 ?r[n 
out ( "w receiv$ at all times4 ,at ^!   
gov]nm5t manufactories ! discipl9e %\ld 
be /rict1 & ! wages /eady1 n v>y+ at all
 9 proportion to ! dem& = ! article1 b  
only 9 proportion to ! price ( food2 !  
commodities produc$ be+ laid up 9 /ore  
to meet sudd5 dem&s1 & sudd5            
fluctuations 9 prices prev5t$3--t       
gradual & necess>y fluctuation only be+ 
all[$ :i* is prop]ly consequ5t on l>g]  
or m limit$ supply ( raw mat]ial & o!r  
natural causes4 ,:5 !re 0 a visible     
t5d5cy to produce a glut ( any          
commodity1 t t5d5cy %\ld be *eck$ by    

direct+ ! y\? at ! gov]nm5t s*ools into 
o!r trades2 & ! ye>ly surplus (         
commodities %\ld be ! pr9cipal means (  
gov]nm5t provisions = ! poor4 ,t        
provision %\ld be l>ge1 & n disgraceful 
to !m4 ,at pres5t !re are v /range      
notions 9 ! public m9d respect+ !       
receiv+ ( alms3 mo/ p are will+ to take 
!m 9 ! =m ( a p5sion f gov]nm5t1 b      
unwill+ to take !m 9 ! =m ( a p5sion f  
_! p>i%es4 ,!re may be "s reason = ?is  
s+ul> prejudice1 9 ! fact ( ! gov]nm5t  
p5sion be+ usually giv5 z a def9ite     
ackn[l$gm5t ( "s s]vice done to !       
c\ntry2--b ! p>i% p5sion is1 or ought to
 be1 giv5 precisely on ! same t]ms4 ,a  
lab\r] s]ves 8 c\ntry ) 8 spade1 j z a  
man 9 ! middle ranks ( life s]ves x ) 8 
sword1 p51 or lancet3 if ! s]vice is    
less1 & !re=e ! wages dur+ heal? less1  
!n ! rew>d1 :5 heal? is brok51 may be   
less1 b n1 !re=e1 less hon\rable2 & x   
ought to be q z natural & /raight-=w>d a
 matt] = a lab\r] to take 8 p5sion f 8  
p>i%1 because he has des]v$ well ( 8    

p>i%1 z = a man 9 high] rank to take 8  
p5sion f 8 c\ntry1 because he has des]v$
 well ( 8 c\ntry4   #acj4 ,if !re be any
 disgrace 9 com+ to ! p>i%1 because x   
may imply improvid5ce 9 e>ly life1 mu* m
 is !re disgrace 9 com+ to ! gov]nm5t3  
s9ce improvid5ce is f> less ju/ifiable 9
 a highly educat$ ?an 9 an imp]fectly   
educat$ man2 & f> less ju/ifiable 9 a   
high rank1 :]e extravagance mu/ h be5   
luxury1 ?an 9 a l[ rank1 :]e x may only 
h be5 com=t4 ,s t ! real fact ( ! matt] 
is1 t p w take alms delight$ly1 consi/+ 
( a c>riage & footm51 because ^? d n    
look l alms to ! p 9 ! /reet2 b !y w n  
take alms consi/+ only ( bread & wat] & 
coals1 because ev]ybody w\ld und]/& :at 
^? meant4 ,m9d1 ,i d n want any "o to   
refuse ! c>riage :o ought to h x2 b     
nei!r d ,i want !m to refuse ! coals4 ,i
 %\ld inde$ be sorry if any *ange 9 our 
views on ^! subjects involv$ ! lea/     
less5+ ( self-dep5d5ce 9 ! ,engli% m9d3 
b ! common %r9k+ ( m5 f ! acceptance (  
public *>ity is n self-dep5d5ce1 b m]e  

base & selfi% pride4 ,x is n t !y are   
unwill+ to live at _! neighb\rs' exp5se1
 b t !y are unwill+ to confess !y d3 x  
is n dep5d5ce !y wi% to avoid1 b        
gratitude4 ,!y w take places 9 :i* !y "k
 !re is no?+ to be done--!y w borr[     
money !y "k !y _c repay--!y w c>ry on a 
los+ bus9ess ) o!r p's capital--!y w    
*eat ! public 9 _! %ops1 or sponge on _!
 fri5ds at _! h\ses2 b to say pla9ly !y 
are poor m51 :o ne$ ! nation's help & g 
into an alm%\se1--?is !y l(tily         
repudiate1 & virtu\sly pref] be+ ?ieves 
to be+ paup]s4   #aca4 ,i tru/ t ^!     
deceptive ef=ts ( di%one/ m5 to appe>   
indep5d5t1 & ! agoniz+ ef=ts ( un=tunate
 m5 to rema9 indep5d5t1 may bo? be 9 "s 
degree *eck$ by a bett] adm9i/ration &  
und]/&+ ( laws respect+ ! poor4 ,b !    
ord9ances = relief & ! ord9ances = lab\r
 mu/ g toge!r2 o!rwise di/ress caus$ by 
mis=tune w always be conf\nd$1 z x is   
n[1 ) di/ress caus$ by idl5ess1 un?rift1
 & fraud4 ,x is only :5 ! ,/ate wat*es &
 guides ! middle life ( m51 t x c1 )\t  

disgrace to !m1 protect _! old age1     
ackn[l$g+ 9 t protection t !y h done _! 
duty1 or at lea/ "s portion ( _! duty1 9
 bett] days4  ,i "k well h[ /range1     
fanciful1 or impracticable ^! sugge/ions
 w appe> to mo/ ( ! bus9ess m5 ( ?is    
day2 m5 :o conceive ! prop] /ate ( ! _w 
to be simply t ( a va/ & disorganiz$    
mob1 scrambl+ ea* = :at he c get1       
trampl+ d[n its *ildr5 & old m5 9 !     
mire1 & do+ :at "w x f9ds mu/ be done ) 
any irregul> squad ( lab\r]s x c bribe  
or inveigle toge!r1 & aft]w>ds scatt] to
 />vation4 ,a great deal may1 inde$1 be 
done 9 ?is way by a nation /rong-elb[$ &
 /rong-he>t$ z we are--n easily fright5$
 by pu%+1 nor disc\rag$ by falls4 ,b x  
is /ill n ! "r way ( do+ ?+s1 = p :o    
call !mselves ,*ri/ians4 ,e s nam$ s\l (
 man claims f e o!r su* s\l1 protection 
& education 9 *ildhood1--help or        
puni%m5t 9 middle life1--rew>d or       
relief1 if ne$$1 9 old age2 all ( ^!    
%\ld be completely & un/9t+ly giv52 & !y
 c only be giv5 by ! organization ( su* 

a sy/em z ,i h describ$4         99     
99       99       99       99   ,note   
#crd1 p4 #bg4--,trial ,s*ools4   #acb4  
,x may be s]i\sly que/ion$ by ! read] h[
 mu* ( pa9t+ tal5t we really lose on our
 pres5t sy/em1#ag & h[ mu* we %\ld ga9  
by ! propos$ trial s*ools4 ,= x might be
 ?\ght t1 z matt]s /& at pres5t1 we h m 
pa9t]s ?an we ought to h1 hav+ s _m bad 
ones1 & t all y\?s :o _h true pa9t]s'   
g5ius =c$ _! way out ( obscurity4  ,note
 #ag3 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 9 ! lecture1 x  
is assum$ t works ( art are national    
treasures2 & t x is desirable to )draw  
all ! h&s capable ( pa9t+ or c>v+ f o!r 
employm5ts1 9 ord] t !y may produce ?is 
k9d ( weal?4 ,i d n1 9 assum+ ?is1 mean 
t works ( art add to ! monet>y res\rces 
( a nation1 or =m "p ( its weal?1 9 !   
vulg> s5se4 ,! result ( ! sale ( a      
picture 9 ! c\ntry itself is m]ely t a  
c]ta9 sum ( money is transf]r$ f ! h&s (
 ,b1 ! pur*as]1 to ^? ( ,a1 ! produc]2 !
 sum ultimately to be di/ribut$ rema9+ !
 same1 only ,a ultimately sp5d+ x in/ead

 ( ,b1 :ile ! lab\r ( ,a has be5 9 !    
meantime )drawn f productive *annels2 he
 has pa9t$ a picture :i* nobody c live  
^u1 or live 91 :5 he might h gr[n corn  
or built h\ses3 :5 ! sale !re=e is      
effect$ 9 ! c\ntry itself1 x does n add 
to1 b dim9i%es1 ! monet>y res\rces ( !  
c\ntry1 except only s f> z x may appe>  
probable1 on o!r gr\nds1 t ,a is likely 
to sp5d ! sum he receives = 8 picture m 
rationally & usefully ?an ,b w\ld h sp5t
 x4 ,if1 inde$1 ! picture1 or o!r "w (  
art1 be sold 9 =eign c\ntries1 ei!r !   
money or ! useful products ( ! =eign    
c\ntry be+ import$ 9 ex*ange = x1 su*   
sale adds to ! monet>y res\rces ( !     
sell+1 & dim9i%es ^? ( ! pur*as+ nation4
 ,b s\nd political economy1 /range z x  
may at fir/ appe> to say s1 has no?+    
:atev] to d ) sep>ations betwe5 national
 int]e/s4 ,political economy means !    
managem5t ( ! affairs ( citiz5s2 & x    
ei!r reg>ds exclusively ! adm9i/ration (
 ! affairs ( "o nation1 or !            
adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! _w consid]$

 z "o nation4 ,s :5 a transaction betwe5
 individuals :i* enri*es ,a impov]i%es  
,b 9 precisely ! same degree1 ! s\nd    
economi/ consid]s x an unproductive     
transaction betwe5 ! individuals2 & if a
 trade betwe5 two nations :i* enri*es   
"o1 impov]i%es ! o!r 9 ! same degree1 ! 
s\nd economi/ consid]s x an unproductive
 trade betwe5 ! nations4 ,x is n a g5]al
 "q ( political economy1 b only a       
p>ticul> "q ( local exp$i5cy1 :e!r an   
article1 9 itself valueless1 may be> a  
value ( ex*ange 9 transactions ) "s o!r 
nation4 ,! economi/ consid]s only !     
actual value ( ! ?+ done or produc$2 &  
if he sees a quantity ( lab\r sp5t1 =   
in/ance1 by ! ,swiss1 9 produc+ woodwork
 = sale to ! ,engli%1 he at once sets ! 
comm]cial impov]i%m5t ( ! ,engli%       
pur*as] aga9/ ! comm]cial enri*m5t ( !  
,swiss sell]2 & consid]s ! :ole         
transaction productive only z f> z !    
woodwork itself is a real addition to ! 
weal? ( ! _w4 ,= ! arrangem5t ( ! laws (
 a nation s z to procure ! greate/      

advantages to itself1 & leave ! smalle/ 
advantages to o!r nations1 is n a "p ( !
 sci5ce ( political economy1 b m]ely a  
broad application ( ! sci5ce ( fraud4   
,consid]$ ?us 9 ! ab/ract1 pictures are 
n an addition to ! monet>y weal? ( ! _w1
 except 9 ! am\nt ( pleasure or         
in/ruction to be got out ( !m day by    
day3 b !re is a c]ta9 protective effect 
on weal? ex]cis$ by works ( high art :i*
 mu/ always be includ$ 9 ! e/imate ( _! 
value4 ,g5]ally speak+1 p]sons :o       
decorate _! h\ses ) pictures w n sp5d s 
mu* money 9 pap]s1 c>pets1 curta9s1 or  
o!r exp5sive & p]i%able luxuries z !y   
w\ld o!rwise4 ,works ( good art1 l      
books1 ex]cise a cons]vative effect on !
 rooms !y are kept 92 & ! wall ( !      
libr>y or picture gall]y rema9s         
undi/urb$1 :5 ^? ( o!r rooms are repap]$
 or re-panell$4 ,( c\rse ?is effect is  
/ill m def9ite :5 ! picture is on !     
walls !mselves1 ei!r on canvas /ret*$   
into fix$ %apes on _! panels1 or 9      
fresco2 involv+1 ( c\rse1 ! pres]vation 

( ! build+ f all unnecess>y & caprici\s 
alt]ation4 ,&1 g5]ally speak+1 !        
occupation ( a l>ge numb] ( h&s 9 pa9t+ 
or sculpture 9 any nation may be        
consid]$ z t5d+ to *eck ! disposition to
 indulge 9 p]i%able luxury4 ,i d n1     
h[ev]1 9 my assumption t works ( art are
 treasures1 take mu* into consid]ation  
?is collat]al monet>y result4 ,i consid]
 !m treasures1 m]ely z p]man5t means (  
pleasure & in/ruction2 & hav+ at o!r    
times tri$ to %[ ! sev]al ways 9 :i* !y 
c please & tea*1 assume "h t !y are ?us 
useful1 & t x is desirable to make z _m 
pa9t]s z we c4  ,?is is n s4 ,x is      
difficult to analyse ! *>act]s ( m9d :i*
 cause y\?s to mi/ake _! vocation1 & to 
endeav\r to become arti/s1 :5 !y h no   
true arti/'s gift4 ,b ! fact is1 t      
multitudes ( "y m5 d ?is1 & t by f> !   
great] numb] ( liv+ arti/s are m5 :o h  
mi/ak5 _! vocation4 ,! peculi>          
circum/ances ( mod]n life1 :i* exhibit  
art 9 almo/ e =m to ! sight ( ! y\?s 9  
our great cities1 h a natural t5d5cy to 

fill _! imag9ations ) borr[$ ideas1 & _!
 m9ds ) imp]fect sci5ce2 ! m]e dislike (
 me*anical employm5ts1 ei!r felt to be  
irksome1 or believ$ to be degrad+1 urges
 numb]s ( "y m5 to become pa9t]s1 9 !   
same temp] 9 :i* !y w\ld enli/ or g to  
sea2 o!rs1 ! sons ( engrav]s or arti/s1 
taught ! bus9ess ( ! art by _! p>5ts1 & 
hav+ no gift = x !mselves1 foll[ x z !  
means ( livelihood1 9 an ignoble        
pati5ce2 or1 if ambiti\s1 seek to       
attract reg>d1 or di/ance rivalry1 by   
fanta/ic1 m]etrici\s1 or unprec$5t$     
applications ( _! me*anical skill2 :ile 
f9ally1 _m m51 e>ne/ 9 feel+1 &         
consci5ti\s 9 pr9ciple1 mi/ake _! desire
 to be useful = a love ( art1 & _!      
quickness ( emotion = its capacity1 &   
pass _! lives 9 pa9t+ moral & in/ructive
 pictures1 :i* might almo/ ju/ify u 9   
?9k+ nobody c\ld be a pa9t] b a rogue4  
,on ! o!r h&1 ,i believe t mu* ( ! be/  
arti/ical intellect is daily lo/ 9 o!r  
avocations4 ,g5]ally1 ! temp] :i* w\ld  
make an admirable arti/ is humble &     

obs]vant1 capable ( tak+ mu* int]e/ 9   
little ?+s1 & ( ent]ta9+ itself         
pleasantly 9 ! dulle/ circum/ances4     
,suppose1 add$ to ^! *>act]s1 a /eady   
consci5ti\sness :i* seeks to d its duty 
:]ev] x may be plac$1 & ! p[]1 d5i$ to  
few arti/ical m9ds1 ( +5i\s inv5tion 9  
almo/ any practical dep>tm5t ( human    
skill1 & x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! v       
humility & consci5ti\sness :i* w\ld h   
p]fect$ ! pa9t]1 h 9 _m in/ances prev5t$
 8 becom+ "o2 & t 9 ! quiet life ( our  
/eady craftsm5--sagaci\s manufactur]s1 &
 uncompla9+ cl]ks--!re may frequ5tly be 
conceal$ m g5ius ?an ev] is rais$ to !  
direction ( our public works1 or to be !
 m>k ( our public praises4   #acc4 ,x is
 inde$ probable1 t int5se disposition = 
art w conqu] ! mo/ =midable ob/acles1 if
 ! surr\nd+ circum/ances are su* z at   
all to pres5t ! idea ( su* conque/ to ! 
m9d2 b we h no gr\nd = conclud+ t       
,giotto w\ld ev] h be5 m ?an a %eph]d1  
if ,cimabue _h n by *ance f\nd him      
draw+2 or t among ! %eph]ds ( ! ,ap5n9es

 !re 7 no o!r ,giottos1 undiscov]$ by   
,cimabue4 ,we are too mu* 9 ! habit (   
consid]+ happy accid5ts z :at are call$ 
'special ,provid5ces'2 & ?9k+ t :5 any  
great "w ne$s to be done1 ! man :o is to
 d x w c]ta9ly be po9t$ out by          
,provid5ce1 be he %eph]d or seaboy2 &   
prep>$ = 8 "w by all k9ds ( m9or        
provid5ces1 9 ! be/ possible way4 ,:]eas
 all ! analogies ( ,god's op]ations 9   
o!r matt]s prove ! contr>y ( ?is2 we f9d
 t ( ?\s& se$s1 ,he (t5 br+s b "o to    
be>1 (t5 n "o2 & ! "o se$ :i* ,he       
appo9ts to be> is all[$ to be> crude or 
p]fect fruit accord+ to ! deal+s ( !    
husb&man ) x4 ,& !re _c be a d\bt 9 !   
m9d ( any p]son accu/om$ to take broad &
 logical views ( ! _w's hi/ory1 t its   
ev5ts are rul$ by ,provid5ce 9 precisely
 ! same mann] z its h>ve/s2 t ! se$s (  
good & evil are broadca/ among m51 j z !
 se$s ( ?i/les & fruits are2 & t accord+
 to ! =ce ( our indu/ry1 & wisdom ( our 
husb&ry1 ! gr\nd w br+ =? to u figs or  
?i/les4 ,s t :5 x seems ne$$ t a c]ta9  

"w %\ld be done = ! _w1 & no man is !re 
to d x1 we h no "r to say t ,god did n  
wi% x to be done2 & !re=e s5t no m5 able
 to d x4 ,! probability 7if ,i wrote my 
own convictions1 ,i %\ld say c]ta9ty7   
is1 t ,he s5t _m m51 hundr$s ( m51 able 
to d x2 & t we h reject$ !m1 or cru%$   
!m2 by our previ\s folly ( conduct or ( 
in/itution1 we h r5d]$ x impossible to  
di/+ui%1 or impossible to rea* !m2 & :5 
! ne$ = !m comes1 & we suff] = ! want ( 
!m1 x is n t ,god refuses to s5d u      
deliv]]s1 & specially appo9ts all our   
consequ5t suff]+s2 b t ,he has s5t1 & we
 h refus$1 ! deliv]]s2 & ! pa9 is !n    
wr\ght out by ,8 et]nal law1 z surely z 
fam9e is wr\ght out by et]nal law = a   
nation :i* w nei!r pl\gh nor s[4 ,no    
less are we 9 error 9 suppos+1 z we s   
frequ5tly d1 t if a man be f\nd1 he is  
sure to be 9 all respects fitt$ = ! "w  
to be done1 z ! key is to ! lock3 & t e 
accid5t :i* happ5$ 9 ! =g+ him1 only    
adapt$ him m truly to ! w>ds4 ,x is     
pitiful to he> hi/orians beguil+        

!mselves & _! read]s1 by trac+ 9 ! e>ly 
hi/ory ( great m5 ! m9or circum/ances   
:i* fitt$ !m = ! "w !y did1 )\t ev] tak+
 notice ( ! o!r circum/ances :i* z      
assur$ly unfitt$ !m = x2 s conclud+ t   
miracul\s int]position prep>$ !m 9 all  
po9ts = ev]y?+1 & t !y did all t c\ld h 
be5 desir$ or hop$ = f !m2 :]eas !      
c]ta9ty ( ! matt] is t1 ?r\gh\t _!      
lives1 !y 7 ?w>t$ & corrupt$ by "s ?+s z
 c]ta9ly z !y 7 help$ & discipl9$ by    
o!rs2 & t1 9 ! k9dlie/ & mo/ rev]5t view
 :i* c ju/ly be tak5 ( !m1 !y 7 b poor  
mi/ak5 creatures1 /ruggl+ ) a _w m      
pr(\ndly mi/ak5 ?an !y2--assur$ly s9n$  
aga9/ or s9n+ 9 ?\s&s ( ways1 & br++ out
 at la/ a maim$ result--n :at !y might  
or ought to h done1 b all t c\ld be done
 aga9/ ! _w's resi/ance1 & 9 spite ( _! 
own sorr[ful falsehood to !mselves4     
#acd4 ,& ?is be+ s1 x is ! practical    
duty ( a wise nation1 fir/ to )draw1 z  
f> z may be1 its y\? f de/ructive       
influ5ces2--!n to try its mat]ial z f> z
 possible1 & to lose ! use ( none t is  

good4 ,i d n mean by )draw+ f de/ructive
 influ5ces ! keep+ ( y\?s out ( trials2 
b ! keep+ !m out ( ! way ( ?+s purely & 
absolutely mis*iev\s4 ,i d n mean t we  
%\ld %ade our gre5 corn 9 all heat1 &   
%elt] x 9 all fro/1 b only t we %\ld    
dyke out ! inundation f x1 & drive !    
f[ls away f x4 ,let y\r y\? lab\r &     
suff]2 b d n let x />ve1 nor /eal1 nor  
blaspheme4   #ace4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 9  
my p[] "h to ent] into details ( s*emes 
( education2 & x w be long be=e !       
results ( exp]im5ts n[ 9 progress w give
 data = ! solution ( ! mo/ difficult    
que/ions connect$ ) ! subject1 ( :i* !  
pr9cipal "o is ! mode 9 :i* ! *ance (   
advancem5t 9 life is to be ext5d$ to    
all1 & yet made compatible ) cont5tm5t 9
 ! pursuit ( l[] avocations by ^? ^:    
abilities d n qualify !m = ! high]4 ,b !
 g5]al pr9ciple ( trial s*ools lies at !
 root ( ! matt]--( s*ools1 t is to say1 
9 :i* ! k (f]$ & discipl9e en=c$ %all be
 all a "p ( a great assay ( ! human s\l1
 & 9 :i* ! "o %all be increas$1 ! o!r   

direct$1 z ! tri$ he>t & bra9 w be/ be>1
 & no o!rwise4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/    
say1 t 9 ?is trial ,i believe all       
emulation to be a false motive1 & all   
giv+ ( prizes a false means4 ,all t y c 
dep5d ^u 9 a boy1 z significative ( true
 p[]1 likely to issue 9 good fruit1 is 8
 w to "w = ! "w's sake1 n 8 desire to   
surpass 8 s*ool-fell[s2 & ! aim ( !     
tea*+ y give him ought to be1 to prove  
to him & /r5g!n 9 him 8 own sep>ate     
gift1 n to puff him into swoll5 rivalry 
) ^? :o are ev]la/+ly great] ?an he3    
/ill less ought y to hang fav\rs & rib&s
 ab\t ! neck ( ! creature :o is !       
greate/1 to make ! re/ envy him4 ,try to
 make !m love him & foll[ him1 n /ruggle
 ) him4   #acf4 ,!re mu/1 ( c\rse1 be   
exam9ation to asc]ta9 & atte/ bo?       
progress & relative capacity2 b our aim 
%\ld be to make ! /ud5ts r look ^u x z a
 means ( asc]ta9+ _! own true positions 
& p[]s 9 ! _w1 ?an z an ar5a 9 :i* to   
c>ry away a pres5t victory4 ,i h n1     
p]haps1 9 ! c\rse ( ! lecture1 insi/$   

en\gh on ! nature ( relative capacity & 
individual "*1 z ! roots ( all real     
value 9 ,art4 ,we are too mu* 9 ! habit1
 9 ^! days1 ( act+ z if ,art wor? a     
price 9 ! m>ket 7 a commodity :i* p c\ld
 be g5]ally taught to produce1 & z if ! 
education ( ! arti/1 n 8 capacity1 gave 
! /]l+ value to 8 "w4 ,no impression c  
possibly be m absurd or false4 ,:atev] p
 c tea* ea* o!r to d1 !y w e/imate1 &   
ought to e/imate1 only z common indu/ry2
 no?+ w ev] fet* a high price b         
precisely t :i* _c be taught1 & :i*     
nobody c d b ! man f :om x is pur*as$4  
,no /ate ( society1 nor /age ( k1 ev]   
does away ) ! natural pre-em95ce ( "o   
man ov] ano!r2 & x is t pre-em95ce1 & t 
only1 :i* w give "w high value 9 !      
m>ket1 or :i* ought to d s4 ,x is a bad 
sign ( ! judgm5t1 & bad om5 = !         
progress1 ( a nation1 if x supposes     
itself to possess _m arti/s ( equal     
m]it4 ,noble art is no?+ less ?an !     
expression ( a great s\l2 & great s\ls  
are n common ?+s4 ,if ev] we conf\nd _! 

"w ) t ( o!rs1 x is n ?r\gh lib]ality1 b
 ?r\gh bl9dness4         99       99    
99       99       99   ,note #d?1 p4    
#bh4--,public fav\r4   #acg4 ,!re is    
great difficulty 9 mak+ any %ort or     
g5]al /atem5t ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 great 
& ignoble m9ds 9 _! behavi\r to !       
'public4' ,x is by no means univ]sally !
 case t a mean m9d1 z /at$ 9 ! text1 w  
b5d itself to :at y ask ( x3 on !       
contr>y1 !re is "o k9d ( m9d1 ! meane/ (
 all1 :i* p]petually compla9s ( !       
public1 & contemplates & proclaims      
itself z a 'g5ius1' refuses all :olesome
 discipl9e or humble (fice1 & ends 9    
mis]able & rev5geful ru92 also1 !       
greate/ m9ds are m>k$ by no?+ m di/9ctly
 ?an an inconceivable humility1 &       
acceptance ( "w or in/ruction 9 any =m1 
& f any qu>t]4 ,!y w le>n f ev]ybody1 & 
d any?+ t anybody asks ( !m1 s long z x 
involves only toil1 or :at o!r m5 w\ld  
?9k degradation4 ,b ! po9t ( qu>rel1    
nev]!less1 assur$ly rises "s day betwe5 
! public & !m1 respect+ "s matt]1 n (   

humiliation1 b ( ,fact4 ,y\r great man  
always at la/ comes to see some?+ !     
public don't see4 ,?is some?+ he w      
assur$ly p]si/ 9 ass]t+1 :e!r ) tongue  
or p5cil1 to be z he sees x1 n z !y see 
x2 & all ! _w 9 a heap on ! o!r side1 w 
n get him to say o!rwise4 ,!n1 if ! _w  
objects to ! say+1 he may happ5 to get  
/on$ or burnt = x1 b t does n 9 ! lea/  
matt] to him2 if ! _w has no p>ticul>   
objection to ! say+1 he may get leave to
 mutt] x to himself till he dies1 & be  
m]ely tak5 = an idiot2 t also does n    
matt] to him--mutt] x he w1 accord+ to  
:at he p]ceives to be fact1 & n at all  
accord+ to ! ro>+ ( ! walls ( ,r$ ,sea  
on ! "r h& or left ( him4 ,h5ce !       
qu>rel1 sure at "s "t or o!r to be />t$ 
betwe5 ! public & him2 :ile y\r mean    
man1 ?\gh he w spit & scrat* spirit$ly  
at ! public1 :ile x does n att5d to him1
 w b[ to x = its clap 9 any direction1 &
 say any?+ :5 he has got its e>1 :i* he 
?9ks w br+ him ano!r clap2 & ?us1 z /at$
 9 ! text1 he & x g on smoo?ly toge!r4  

,!re are1 h[ev]1 times :5 ! ob/9acy ( ! 
mean man looks v l ! ob/9acy ( ! great  
"o2 b if y look closely into ! matt]1 y 
w always see t ! ob/9acy ( ! fir/ is 9 !
 pronunciation ( ,i2 & ( ! second1 9 !  
pronunciation ( ,x4         99       99 
99       99       99   ,note #e?1 p4    
#ef4--;,inv5tion ( new wants4   #ach4 ,x
 w\ld h be5 impossible = political      
economi/s long to h endur$ ! error spok5
 ( 9 ! text1#ah _h !y n be5 confus$ by  
an idea1 9 "p well f\nd$1 t ! en]gies & 
ref9em5ts1 z well z ! ri*es ( civilis$  
life1 arose f imag9>y wants4 ,x is q    
true1 t ! savage :o kn[s no ne$s b ^? ( 
food1 %elt]1 & sleep1 & aft] he has sn>$
 8 v5ison & pat*$ ! r5ts ( 8 hut1 passes
 ! re/ ( 8 "t 9 animal repose1 is 9 a   
l[] /ate ?an ! man :o lab\rs incessantly
 t he may procure = himself ! luxuries (
 civilisation2 & true also1 t ! diff]5ce
 betwe5 "o & ano!r nation 9 progressive 
p[] dep5ds 9 great "p on va9 desires2 b 
^! idle motives are m]ely to be consid]$
 z giv+ ex]cise to ! national body &    

m9d2 !y are n s\rces ( weal?1 except s  
f> z !y give ! habits ( indu/ry &       
acquisitiv5ess4 ,if a boy is clumsy &   
lazy1 we %all d good if we c p]suade him
 to c>ve *]ry-/ones & fly kites2 & ?is  
use ( 8 f+]s & limbs may ev5tually be ! 
cause ( 8 becom+ a weal?y & happy man2 b
 we mu/ n !re=e argue t *]ry-/ones are  
valuable prop]ty1 or t kite-fly+ is a   
pr(itable mode ( pass+ "t4 ,9 l mann]1 a
 nation always wa/es its "t & lab\r     
directly1 :5 x inv5ts a new want ( a    
frivol\s k9d1 & yet ! inv5tion ( su* a  
want may be ! sign ( a heal?y activity1 
& ! lab\r und]gone to satisfy ! new want
 may lead1 indirectly1 to useful        
discov]ies or to noble arts2 s t a      
nation is n to be disc\rag$ 9 its       
fancies :5 x is ei!r too weak or fooli% 
to be mov$ to ex]tion by any?+ b        
fancies1 or has att5d$ to its s]i\s     
bus9ess fir/4 ,if a nation w n =ge iron1
 b likes di/ill+ lav5d]1 by all means   
give x lav5d] to di/il2 only d n let its
 economi/s suppose t lav5d] is z        

pr(itable to x z oats1 or t x helps poor
 p to live1 any m ?an ! s*oolboy's kite 
provides him 8 d9n]4 ,luxuries1 :e!r    
national or p]sonal1 mu/ be paid = by   
lab\r )drawn f useful ?+s2 & no nation  
has a "r to indulge 9 !m until all its  
poor are com=tably h\s$ & f$4  ,note    
#ah3 ,i h giv5 ! political economi/ too 
mu* cr$it 9 say+ ?is4 ,actually1 :ile ^!
 %eets are pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ! blunt1
 broad1 unmitigat$ fallacy is enunciat$1
 =mally & precisely1 by ! common        
c\ncilm5 ( ,new ,york1 9 _! report on ! 
pres5t comm]cial crisis4 ,"h is _!      
collective op9ion1 publi%$ 9 ! ,times ( 
,novemb] #bcrd1 #aheg3--;,ano!r errone\s
 idea is t luxuri\s liv+1 extravagant   
dress+1 spl5did turn-outs & f9e h\ses1  
are ! cause ( di/ress to a nation4 ,no m
 errone\s impression c\ld exi/4 ,e      
extravagance t ! man ( #ajj1jjj or      
#a1jjj1jjj doll>s indulges 9 adds to !  
means1 ! support1 ! weal? ( t5 or a     
hundr$ :o _h little or no?+ else b _!   
lab\r1 _! intellect1 or _! ta/e4 ,if a  

man ( #a1jjj1jjj doll>s sp5ds pr9cipal &
 int]e/ 9 t5 ye>s1 & f9ds himself begg>$
 at ! end ( t "t1 he has actually made a
 hundr$ :o h cat]$ to 8 extravagance1   
employ]s or employ$1 s mu* ri*] by !    
division ( 8 weal?4 ,he may be ru9$1 b !
 nation is bett] (f & ri*]1 = "o hundr$ 
m9ds & h&s1 ) #aj1jjj doll>s apiece1 are
 f> m productive ?an "o ) ! :ole4  ,yes1
 g5tlem5 ( ! common c\ncil2 b :at has   
be5 do+ 9 ! "t ( ! transf]8 ,! sp5d+ ( !
 =tune has tak5 a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s    
7suppose t571 & dur+ t "t #a1jjj1jjj    
doll>s' wor? ( "w has be5 done by ! p1  
:o h be5 paid t sum = x4 ,:]e is !      
product ( t "w8 ,by y\r own /atem5ts1   
:olly consum$2 = ! man = :om x has be5  
done is n[ a begg>4 ,y h giv5 !re=e1 z a
 nation1 #a1jjj1jjj doll>s' wor? ( "w1 &
 t5 ye>s ( "t1 & y h produc$1 z ultimate
 result1 "o begg>4 ,excell5t economy1   
g5tlem56 & sure to conduce1 9 due       
sequ5ce1 to ! production ( m ?an "o     
begg>4 ,p]haps ! matt] may be made cle>]
 to y1 h[ev]1 by a m famili> in/ance4   

,if a s*oolboy goes out 9 ! morn+ ) five
 %ill+s 9 8 pocket1 & comes home        
p5niless1 hav+ sp5t 8 all 9 t>ts1       
pr9cipal & int]e/ are gone1 & fruit]] & 
bak] are enri*$4 ,s f> s good4 ,b       
suppose ! s*oolboy1 in/ead1 has b\ght a 
book & a knife2 pr9cipal & int]e/ are   
gone1 & book-sell] & cutl] are enri*$4  
,b ! s*oolboy is enri*$ also1 & may help
 8 s*ool-fell[s next day ) knife & book1
 in/ead ( ly+ 9 b$ & incurr+ a debt to !
 doctor4   #aci4 ,! en]vat+ influ5ce (  
luxury1 & its t5d5cies to increase vice1
 are po9ts :i* ,i keep entirely out (   
consid]ation 9 ! pres5t essay2 b1 s f> z
 !y be> on any "q discuss$1 !y m]ely    
furni% additional evid5ce on ! side :i* 
,i h tak54 ,?us1 9 ! pres5t case1 ,i    
assume t ! luxuries ( civiliz$ life are 
9 possession h>mless1 & 9 acquirem5t    
s]viceable z a motive = ex]tion2 & ev5  
on ^? fav\rable t]ms1 we arrive at !    
conclusion t ! nation ought n to indulge
 9 !m except "u sev]e limitations4 ,mu* 
less ought x to indulge 9 !m if !       

temptation consequ5t on _! possession1  
or fatality incid5t to _! manufacture1 m
 ?an c\nt]-balances ! good done by !    
ef=t to obta9 !m4         99       99   
99       99       99   ,note #f?1 p4    
#gd4--;,economy ( lit]ature4   #adj4 ,i 
h be5 mu* impress$ lately by "o ( !     
results ( ! quantity ( our books2       
namely1 ! /]n impossibility ( gett+     
any?+ und]/ood1 t requir$ pati5ce to    
und]/&4 ,i obs]ve always1 9 ! case ( my 
own writ+s1 t if ev] ,i /ate any?+ :i*  
has co/ me any tr\ble to asc]ta91 & :i*1
 !re=e1 w probably require a m9ute or   
two ( reflection f ! read] be=e x c be  
accept$1--t /atem5t w n only be         
misund]/ood1 b 9 all probability tak5 to
 mean some?+ v ne>ly ! rev]se ( :at x   
does mean4 ,n[1 :atev] faults !re may be
 9 my modes ( expression1 ,i "k t !     
words ,i use w always be f\nd1 by       
,johnson's diction>y1 to be>1 fir/ (    
all1 ! s5se ,i use !m 92 & t ! s5t5ces1 
:e!r awkw>dly turn$ or n1 w1 by ! ord9>y
 rules ( gramm>1 be> no o!r             

int]pretation ?an t ,i mean !m to be>2 s
 t ! misund]/&+ ( !m mu/ result1        
ultimately1 f ! m]e fact t _! matt]     
sometimes requires a little pati5ce4 ,& 
,i see ! same k9d ( mis9t]pretation put 
on ! words ( o!r writ]s1 :5ev] !y       
require ! same k9d ( ?\ght4   #ada4 ,i 0
 at fir/ a little despond5t ab\t ?is2 b1
 on ! :ole1 ,i believe x w h a good     
effect ^u our lit]ature = "s "t to come2
 & !n1 p]haps1 ! public may recov] its  
pati5ce aga94 ,= c]ta9ly x is excell5t  
discipl9e = an au?or to feel t he mu/   
say all he has to say 9 ! fewe/ possible
 words1 or 8 read] is sure to skip !m2 &
 9 ! pla9e/ possible words1 or 8 read] w
 c]ta9ly misund]/& !m4 ,g5]ally1 also1 a
 d[nright fact may be told 9 a pla9 way2
 & we want d[nright facts at pres5t m   
?an any?+ else4 ,& ?\gh ,i (t5 he> moral
 p compla9+ ( ! bad effects ( want (    
?\ght1 = my "p1 x seems to me t "o ( !  
wor/ diseases to :i* ! human creature is
 liable is its disease ( ?9k+4 ,if x    
w\ld only j look#ai at a ?+ in/ead (    

?9k+ :at x mu/ be l1 or d a ?+ in/ead ( 
?9k+ x _c be done1 we %\ld all get on f>
 bett]4  ,note #ai3 ,!re c be no "q1    
h[ev]1 ( ! mis*iev\s t5d5cy ( ! hurry ( 
! pres5t day1 9 ! way p und]take ?is v  
look+4 ,i gave ?ree ye>s' close &       
incessant lab\r to ! exam9ation ( !     
*ronology ( ! ar*itecture ( ,v5ice2 two 
long w9t]s be+ :olly sp5t 9 ! draw+ (   
details on ! spot2 & yet ,i see         
con/antly t ar*itects :o pass ?ree or   
f\r days 9 a gondola go+ up & d[n ! ,gr&
 ,canal1 ?9k t _! fir/ impressions are j
 z likely to be true z my pati5tly      
wr\ght conclusions4 ,mr4 ,/reet1 =      
in/ance1 glances ha/ily at ! faade ( !  
,ducal ,palace--s ha/ily t he does n ev5
 see :at its patt]n is1 & misses !      
alt]nation ( r$ & black 9 ! c5tres ( its
 squ>es--& yet he in/antly v5tures on an
 op9ion on ! *ronology ( its capitals1  
:i* is "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ & difficult
 subjects 9 ! :ole range ( ,go?ic       
ar*ology4 ,x may1 nev]!less1 be asc]ta9$
 ) v fair probability ( correctness by  

any p]son :o w give a mon?'s h>d "w to  
x1 b x c be asc]ta9$ no o!rwise4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,note #g?1 p4 #adg4--,pilots ( ! ,/ate4 
#adb4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly1 ^!       
responsibilities atta* to e p]son       
possess$ ( weal?1 x is necess>y bo? to  
avoid any /r+5cy ( /atem5t respect+ !   
b5evol5t modes ( sp5d+ money1 & to admit
 & approve s mu* lib]ty ( sp5d+ x =     
selfi% pleasures z may di/9ctly make    
weal? a p]sonal rew>d = toil1 & secure 9
 ! m9ds ( all m5 ! "r ( prop]ty4 ,=     
al?\gh1 )\t d\bt1 ! pure/ pleasures x c 
procure are n selfi%1 x is only z a     
means ( p]sonal gratification t x w be  
desir$ by a l>ge majority ( work]s2 & x 
w\ld be no less false e?ics ?an false   
policy to *eck _! en]gy by any =ms (    
public op9ion :i* bore h>dly aga9/ !    
wanton exp5diture ( hone/ly got weal?4  
,x w\ld be h>d if a man :o has pass$ !  
great] "p ( 8 life at ! desk or c\nt]   
c\ld n at la/ innoc5tly gratify a       
caprice2 & all ! be/ & mo/ sacr$ ends ( 

almsgiv+ w\ld be at once disappo9t$1 if 
! idea ( a moral claim took ! place (   
affectionate gratitude 9 ! m9d ( !      
receiv]4   #adc4 ,"s di/9ction is made  
by u naturally 9 ?is respect betwe5 e>n$
 & inh]it$ weal?2 t :i* is inh]it$      
appe>+ to involve ! mo/ def9ite         
responsibilities1 especially :5 consi/+ 
9 rev5ues d]iv$ f ! soil4 ,! =m (       
taxation :i* con/itutes r5tal ( l&s     
places annually a c]ta9 portion ( !     
national weal? 9 ! h&s ( ! nobles1 or   
o!r proprietors ( ! soil1 "u conditions 
peculi>ly calculat$ to induce !m to give
 _! be/ c>e to its effici5t             
adm9i/ration4 ,! want ( in/ruction 9 ev5
 ! simple/ pr9ciples ( comm]ce &        
economy1 :i* hi!rto has disgrac$ our    
s*ools & univ]sities1 has inde$ be5 !   
cause ( ru9 or total inutility ( life to
 multitudes ( our m5 ( e/ate2 b ?is     
defici5cy 9 our public education _c exi/
 mu* long]1 & x appe>s to be highly     
advantage\s = ! ,/ate t a c]ta9 numb] ( 
p]sons di/+ui%$ by race %\ld be p]mitt$ 

to set examples ( wise exp5diture1 :e!r 
9 ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 or 9 patronage 
( art & lit]ature2 only !y mu/ see to x 
t !y take _! "r /&+ m firmly ?an !y h   
done hi!rto1 = ! position ( a ri* man 9 
relation to ^? ar\nd him is1 9 our      
pres5t real life1 & is also contemplat$ 
g5]ally by political economi/s z be+1   
precisely ! rev]se ( :at x ought to be4 
,a ri* man ought to be cont9ually exam9+
 h[ he may sp5d 8 money = ! advantage ( 
o!rs3 at pres5t1 o!rs are cont9ually    
plott+ h[ !y may beguile him into sp5d+ 
x app>5tly = 8 own4 ,! aspect :i* he    
pres5ts to ! eyes ( ! _w is g5]ally t ( 
a p]son hold+ a bag ( money ) a /aun*   
grasp1 & resolv$ to "p ) none ( x unless
 he is =c$1 & all ! p ab\t him are      
plott+ h[ !y may =ce him3 t is to say1  
h[ !y may p]suade him t he wants ?is ?+ 
or t2 or h[ !y may produce ?+s t he w   
covet & buy4 ,"o man tries to p]suade   
him t he wants p]fumes2 ano!r t he wants
 jewell]y2 ano!r t he wants sug>plums2  
ano!r t he wants roses at ,*ri/mas4     

,anybody :o c inv5t a new want = him is 
suppos$ to be a b5efactor to society3 & 
?us ! en]gies ( ! poor] p ab\t him are  
cont9ually direct$ to ! production (    
covetable1 in/ead ( s]viceable1 ?+s2 & !
 ri* man has ! g5]al aspect ( a fool1   
plott$ aga9/ by ! _w4 ,:]eas ! real     
aspect :i* he ought to h is t ( a p]son 
wis] ?an o!rs1 entru/$ ) ! managem5t ( a
 l>g] quantity ( capital1 :i* he        
adm9i/]s = ! pr(it ( all1 direct+ ea*   
man to ! lab\r :i* is mo/ heal?y = him1 
& mo/ s]viceable = ! community4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,note #h?1 p4 #adh4--,silk & purple4    
#add4 ,9 v>i\s places ?r\gh\t ^!        
lectures ,i h _h to allude to !         
di/9ction betwe5 productive &           
unproductive lab\r1 & betwe5 true &     
false weal?4 ,i %all "h endeav\r1 z     
cle>ly z ,i c1 to expla9 ! di/9ction ,i 
mean4  ,prop]ty may be divid$ g5]ally   
into two k9ds2 t :i* produces life1 & t 
:i* produces ! objects ( life4 ,t :i*   
produces or ma9ta9s life consi/s ( food1

 9 s f> z x is n\ri%+2 ( furniture &    
clo?+1 9 s f> z !y are protective or    
*]i%+2 ( fuel2 & ( all l&1 in/rum5ts1 or
 mat]ials necess>y to produce food1     
h\ses1 clo!s1 & fuel4 ,x is specially & 
rightly call$ useful prop]ty4  ,!       
prop]ty :i* produces ! objects ( life   
consi/s ( all t gives pleasure or       
sugge/s & pres]ves ?\ght3 ( food1       
furniture1 & l&1 9 s f> z !y are pleas+ 
to ! appetite or ! eye2 ( luxuri\s      
dress1 & all o!r k9ds ( luxuries2 (     
books1 pictures1 & ar*itecture4 ,b !    
modes ( connection ( c]ta9 m9or =ms (   
prop]ty ) human lab\r r5d] x desirable  
to arrange !m "u m ?an ^! two heads4    
,prop]ty may !re=e be conv5i5tly        
consid]$ z ( five k9ds4   #ade4 7#a7    
,prop]ty necess>y to life1 b n          
producible by lab\r1 & !re=e belong+ (  
"r1 9 a due measure1 to e human be+ z   
soon z he is born1 & morally inali5able4
 ,z = in/ance1 8 prop] %>e ( !          
atmosph]e1 )\t :i* he _c brea!1 & (     
wat]1 :i* he ne$s to qu5* 8 ?ir/4 ,z mu*

 l& z he ne$s to fe$ f is also          
inali5able2 b 9 well-regulat$           
communities ?is quantity ( l& may (t5 be
 repres5t$ by o!r possessions1 or its   
ne$ suppli$ by wages & privileges4  7#b7
 ,prop]ty necess>y to life1 b only      
producible by lab\r1 & ( :i* !          
possession is morally connect$ ) lab\r1 
s t no p]son capable ( do+ ! "w necess>y
 = its production has a "r to x until he
 has done t "w2--he t w n "w1 nei!r %\ld
 he eat4 ,x consi/s ( simple food1      
clo?+1 & habitation1 ) _! se$s &        
mat]ials1 or in/rum5ts & ma*9]y1 &      
animals us$ = necess>y draught or       
locomotion1 etc4 ,x is to be obs]v$ (   
?is k9d ( prop]ty1 t its increase _c    
usually be c>ri$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t1   
because x dep5ds n on lab\r only1 b on  
?+s ( :i* ! supply is limit$ by nature4 
,! possible accumulation ( corn dep5ds  
on ! quantity ( corn-gr[+ l& possess$ or
 comm]cially accessible2 & t ( /eel1    
simil>ly on ! accessible quantity ( coal
 & iron-/one4 ,x foll[s f ?is natural   

limitation ( supply t ! accumulation (  
prop]ty ( ?is k9d 9 l>ge masses at "o   
po9t1 or 9 "o p]son's h&s1 commonly     
involves1 m or less1 ! sc>city ( x at   
ano!r po9t & 9 o!r p]sons' h&s2 s t !   
accid5ts or en]gies :i* may enable "o   
man to procure a great deal ( x1 may1 & 
9 all likelihood w1 p>tially prev5t o!r 
m5 procur+ a suffici5cy ( x1 h[ev] will+
 !y may be to "w = x2 !re=e1 ! modes (  
its accumulation & di/ribution ne$ to be
 9 "s degree regulat$ by law & by       
national treaties1 9 ord] to secure     
ju/ice to all m54  ,ano!r po9t requir+  
notice respect+ ?is sort ( prop]ty is1 t
 no "w c be wa/$ 9 produc+ x1 provid$   
only ! k9d ( x produc$ be pres]vable &  
di/ributable1 s9ce = e gra9 ( su*       
commodities we produce we are r5d]+ s   
mu* m life possible on e>?4#bj ,b ?\gh  
we are sure1 ?us1 t we are employ+ p    
well1 we _c be sure we might n h employ$
 !m bett]2 = x is possible to direct    
lab\r to ! production ( life1 until     
little or none is left = t ( ! objects (

 life1 & ?us to increase population at !
 exp5se ( civilization1 le>n+1 &        
morality3 on ! o!r h&1 x is j z         
possible--& ! error is "o to :i* ! _w   
is1 on ! :ole1 m liable--to direct lab\r
 to ! objects ( life till too little is 
left = life1 & ?us to increase luxury or
 le>n+ at ! exp5se ( population4 ,"r    
political economy holds its aim pois$   
ju/ly betwe5 ! two extremes1 desir+     
nei!r to cr[d its dom9ions ) a race (   
savages1 nor to f\nd c\rts & colleges 9 
! mid/ ( a des]t4  ,note #bj3 ,?is po9t 
has sometimes be5 disput$2 = in/ance1   
op5+ ,mill's ',political ,economy' ! o!r
 day1 ,i *anc$ on a passage 9 :i* he    
says t a man :o makes a coat1 if ! p]son
 :o we>s ! coat does no?+ useful :ile he
 we>s x1 has done no m good to society  
?an ! man :o has only rais$ a p9eapple4 
,b ?is is a fallacy induc$ by endeav\r  
aft] too mu* subtlety4 ,none ( u h a "r 
to say t ! life ( a man is ( no use to  
him1 ?\gh x may be ( no use to u2 & !   
man :o made ! coat1 & !reby prolong$    

ano!r man's life1 has done a graci\s &  
useful "w1 :atev] may come ( ! life s   
prolong$4 ,we may say to ! we>] ( !     
coat1 ,y :o are we>+ coats1 & do+ no?+ 9
 !m1 are at pres5t wa/+ y\r own life &  
o!r p's2 b we h no "r to say t 8        
exi/5ce1 h[ev] wa/$1 is wa/$ away4 ,x   
may be j dragg+ itself on1 9 its ?9     
gold5 l9e1 ) no?+ dep5d5t ^u x1 to !    
po9t :]e x is to /r5g!n into good *a9   
cable1 & h ?\s&s ( o!r lives dep5d5t on 
x4 ,meantime1 ! simple fact respect+ !  
coat-mak] is1 t he has giv5 s mu* life  
to ! creature1 ! results ( :i* he _c    
calculate2 !y may be--9 all probability 
w be--inf9ite results 9 "s way4 ,b !    
rais] ( p9es1 :o has only giv5 a        
pleasant ta/e 9 ! m\? to "s "o1 may see 
) tol]able cle>ness to ! end ( ! ta/e 9 
! m\?1 & ( all conceivable results      
!refrom4   #adf4 7#c7 ,! ?ird k9d (     
prop]ty is t :i* conduces to bodily     
pleasures & conv5i5ces1 )\t directly    
t5d+ to su/a9 life2 p]haps sometimes    
indirectly t5d+ to de/roy x4 ,all da9ty 

7z di/+ui%$ f n\ri%+7 food1 & means (   
produc+ x2 all sc5ts n ne$$ = heal?2    
sub/ances valu$ only = _! appe>ance &   
r>ity 7z gold & jewels72 fl[]s (        
difficult culture2 animals us$ = delight
 7z horses = rac+71 & su* l1 =m prop]ty 
( ?is class2 to :i* ! t]m 'luxury1' or  
'luxuries1' ought exclusively to belong4
  ,respect+ :i* we h to note1 fir/1 t   
all su* prop]ty is ( d\btful advantage  
ev5 to its possessor4 ,furniture tempt+ 
to indol5ce1 sweet od\rs1 & lusci\s     
food1 are m or less injuri\s to heal?3  
:ile jewels1 liv]ies1 & o!r su* common  
belong+s ( weal?y p1 c]ta9ly convey no  
pleasure to _! own]s proportionate to _!
 co/4  ,f>!r1 su* prop]ty1 = ! mo/ "p1  
p]i%es 9 ! us+4 ,jewels =m a great      
exception--b ri* food1 f9e dresses1     
horses & c>riages1 are consum$ by !     
own]'s use4 ,x ought mu* (t5] to be     
br\ght to ! notice ( ri* m5 :at sums (  
int]e/ ( money !y are pay+ t[>ds ! close
 ( _! lives1 = luxuries consum$ 9 !     
middle ( !m4 ,x w\ld be v int]e/+1 =    

in/ance1 to "k ! exact sum :i* ! money  
sp5t 9 ,london = ices1 at its dess]ts & 
balls1 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 _h x be5  
sav$ & put out at comp\nd int]e/1 w\ld  
at ?is mom5t h furni%$ = useful         
purposes4  ,also1 9 mo/ cases1 !        
enjoym5t ( su* prop]ty is :olly selfi%1 
& limit$ to its possessor4 ,spl5did     
dress & equipage1 h[ev]1 :5 s arrang$ z 
to produce real beauty ( effect1 may (t5
 be r a g5]\s ?an a selfi% *annel (     
exp5diture4 ,!y w1 h[ev]1 necess>ily 9  
su* cases involve "s ( ! arts ( design2 
& !re=e take _! place 9 a high] category
 ?an t ( luxuries m]ely4   #adg4 7#d7 ,!
 f\r? k9d ( prop]ty is t :i* be/[s      
intellectual or emotional pleasure1     
consi/+ ( l& set ap>t = purposes (      
delight m ?an = agriculture1 ( books1   
works ( art1 & objects ( natural hi/ory4
  ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to fix an  
accurate limit betwe5 prop]ty ( ! la/   
class & ( ?is class1 s9ce ?+s :i* are a 
m]e luxury to "o p]son are a means (    
intellectual occupation to ano!r4 ,fl[]s

 9 a ,london ball-room are a luxury2 9 a
 botanical g>d51 a delight ( !          
intellect2 & 9 _! native fields1 bo?2   
:ile ! mo/ noble works ( art are        
cont9ually made mat]ial ( vulg> luxury  
or ( crim9al pride2 b1 :5 rightly us$1  
prop]ty ( ?is f\r? class is ! only k9d  
:i* des]ves ! "n ( real prop]ty1 x is ! 
only k9d :i* a man c truly be said to   
'possess4' ,:at a man eats1 or dr9ks1 or
 we>s1 s long z x is only :at is ne$ful 
= life1 c no m be ?\ght ( z 8 possession
 ?an ! air he brea!s4 ,! air is z ne$ful
 to him z ! food2 b we d n talk ( a     
man's weal? ( air1 & :at food or clo?+ a
 man possesses m ?an he himself requires
 mu/ be = o!rs to use 7&1 to him1 !re=e1
 n a real prop]ty 9 itself1 b only a    
means ( obta9+ "s real prop]ty 9 ex*ange
 = x74 ,:]eas ! ?+s t give intellectual 
or emotional enjoym5t may be accumulat$1
 & d n p]i% 9 us+2 b cont9ually supply  
new pleasures & new p[]s ( giv+         
pleasures to o!rs4 ,& ^!1 !re=e1 are !  
only ?+s :i* c rightly be ?\ght ( z giv+

 'weal?' or 'well be+4' ,food conduces  
only to 'be+1' b ^! to 'well be+4' ,&   
!re is n any broad] g5]al di/9ction     
betwe5 l[] & high] ord]s ( m5 ?an re/s  
on _! possession ( ?is real prop]ty4 ,! 
human race may be prop]ly divid$ by     
zoologi/s into m5 :o h g>d5s1 libr>ies1 
or works ( art2 & ^? :o h none2 & ! =m] 
class w include all noble p]sons1 except
 only a few :o make ! _w _! g>d5 or     
museum2 :ile ! p :o h n1 or1 :i* is !   
same ?+1 d n c>e = g>d5s or libr>ies1 b 
c>e = no?+ b money or luxuries1 w       
include none b ignoble p]sons3 only x is
 necess>y to und]/& t ,i mean by ! t]m  
'g>d5' z mu* ! ,c>?usian's plot ( gr\nd 
fifte5 feet squ>e betwe5 8 mona/]y      
buttresses1 z ,i d ! gr\nds ( ,*atswor? 
or ,kew2 & ,i mean by ! t]m 'art' z mu* 
! old sailor's pr9t ( ! ,are?usa be>+ up
 to engage ! ,belle ,p\le1 z ,i d       
,raphael's ,disputa1 & ev5 r m2 = :5    
abundant1 beautiful possessions ( ?is   
k9d are almo/ always associat$ ) vulg>  
luxury1 & become !n any?+ b indicative (

 noble "* 9 _! possessors4 ,! ideal (   
human life is a union ( ,sp>tan         
simplicity ( mann]s ) ,a!nian s5sibility
 & imag9ation2 b 9 actual results1 we   
are cont9ually mi/ak+ ignorance =       
simplicity1 & s5suality = ref9em5t4     
#adh4 7#e7 ,! fif? k9d ( prop]ty is     
repres5tative prop]ty1 consi/+ (        
docum5ts or money1 or r docum5ts only--=
 money itself is only a transf]able     
docum5t1 curr5t among societies ( m51   
giv+ claim1 at sight1 to "s def9ite     
b5efit or advantage1 mo/ commonly to a  
c]ta9 %>e ( real prop]ty exi/+ 9 ^?     
societies4 ,! money is only g5u9e :5 !  
prop]ty x gives claim to is real1 or !  
advantages x gives claim to c]ta92      
o!rwise1 x is false money1 & may be     
consid]$ z mu* '=g$' :5 issu$ by a      
gov]nm5t1 or a bank1 z :5 by an         
individual4 ,?us1 if a doz5 ( m51 ca/   
a%ore on a des]t isl&1 pick up a numb] (
 /ones1 put a r$ spot on ea* /one1 &    
pass a law t e /one m>k$ ) a r$ spot    
%all give claim to a peck ( :eat2--s    

long z no :eat exi/s1 or c exi/1 on !   
isl&1 ! /ones are n money4 ,b ! mom5t z 
mu* :eat exi/s z %all r5d] x possible = 
! society always to give a peck = e     
spott$ /one1 ! spott$ /ones w\ld become 
money1 & might be ex*ang$ by _!         
possessors = :atev] o!r commodities !y  
*ose1 to ! value ( ! peck ( :eat :i* !  
/ones repres5t$4 ,if m /ones 7 issu$ ?an
 ! quantity ( :eat c\ld answ] ! dem& (1 
! value ( ! /one co9age w\ld be         
depreciat$1 9 proportion to its increase
 above ! quantity ne$$ to answ] x4      
#adi4 ,aga91 suppos+ a c]ta9 numb] ( !  
m5 s ca/ a%ore 7 set aside by lot1 or   
any o!r conv5tion1 to d ! r\gh] lab\r   
necess>y = ! :ole society1 !y !mselves  
be+ ma9ta9$ by ! daily allotm5t ( a     
c]ta9 quantity ( food1 clo?+1 etc4 ,!n1 
if x 7 agre$ t ! /ones spott$ ) r$ %\ld 
be signs ( a ,gov]nm5t ord] = ! lab\r ( 
^! m52 & t any p]son pres5t+ a spott$   
/one at ! (fice ( ! lab\r]s1 %\ld be    
entitl$ to a man's "w = a week or a day1
 ! r$ /ones w\ld be money2 &            

might--probably w\ld--imm$iately pass   
curr5t 9 ! isl& = z mu* food1 or clo?+1 
or iron1 or any o!r article1 z a man's  
"w = ! p]iod secur$ by ! /one 0 wor?4 ,b
 if ! ,gov]nm5t issu$ s _m spott$ /ones 
t x 0 impossible = ! body ( m5 !y       
employ$ to comply ) ! ord]s1--z1        
suppose1 if !y only employ$ twelve m51 &
 issu$ eighte5 spott$ /ones daily1 ord]+
 a day's "w ea*1--!n ! six extra /ones  
w\ld be =g$ or false money2 & ! effect (
 ?is =g]y w\ld be ! depreciation ( !    
value ( ! :ole co9age by "o-?ird1 t be+ 
! p]iod ( %ortcom+ :i* w\ld1 on !       
av]age1 necess>ily ensue 9 ! execution (
 ea* ord]4 ,mu* occasional "w may be    
done 9 a /ate or society1 by help ( an  
issue ( false money 7or false promises7 
by way ( /imulants2 & ! fruit ( ?is "w1 
if x comes into ! promis]'s h&s1 may    
sometimes enable ! false promises at la/
 to be fulfill$3 h5ce ! frequ5t issue ( 
false money by gov]nm5ts & banks1 & ! n 
unfrequ5t escapes f ! natural & prop]   
consequ5ces ( su* false issues1 s z to  

cause a confus$ conception 9 mo/ p's    
m9ds ( :at money really is4 ,i am n sure
 :e!r "s quantity ( su* false issue may 
n really be p]missible 9 a nation1      
accurately proportion$ to ! m9imum      
av]age produce ( ! lab\r x excites2 b   
all su* proc$ures are m or less uns\nd2 
& ! notion ( unlimit$ issue ( curr5cy is
 simply "o ( ! absurde/ & mo/ mon/r\s t 
ev] came into disjo9t$ human wits4      
#aej4 ,! use ( objects ( real or suppos$
 value = curr5cy1 z gold1 jewell]y1     
etc41 is b>b>\s2 & x always expresses   
ei!r ! measure ( ! di/ru/ 9 ! society ( 
its own gov]nm5t1 or ! proportion (     
di/ru/ful or b>b>\s nations ) :om x has 
to deal4 ,a metal n easily corrod$ or   
imitat$1 x is a desirable m$ium (       
curr5cy = ! sake ( cleanl9ess &         
conv5i5ce1 b1 7 x possible to prev5t    
=g]y1 ! m wor?less ! metal itself1 !    
bett]4 ,! use ( wor?less m$ia1 unre/ra9$
 by ! use ( valuable m$ia1 has always   
hi!rto involv$1 & is !re=e suppos$ to   
involve necess>ily1 unlimit$1 or at lea/

 improp]ly ext5d$1 issue2 b we might z  
well suppose t a man mu/ necess>ily     
issue unlimit$ promises because 8 words 
co/ no?+4 ,int]c\rse ) =eign nations    
mu/1 inde$1 = ages yet to come1 at !    
_w's pres5t rate ( progress1 be c>ri$ on
 by valuable curr5cies2 b su*           
transactions are no?+ m ?an =ms ( b>t]4 
,! gold us$ at pres5t z a curr5cy is n1 
9 po9t ( fact1 curr5cy at all1 b ! real 
prop]ty#ba :i* ! curr5cy gives claim to1
 /amp$ to measure its quantity1 & m+l+ )
 ! real curr5cy occasionally by b>t]4   
#aea4 ,! evils necess>ily result+ f !   
use ( baseless curr5cies h be5 t]ribly  
illu/rat$ :ile ^! %eets h be5 pass+     
?r\gh ! press2 ,i h n _h "t to exam9e ! 
v>i\s conditions ( di%one/ or absurd    
trad+ :i* h l$ to ! late 'panic' 9      
,am]ica & ,engl&2 ?is only ,i "k1 t no  
m]*ant des]v+ ! "n ought to be m liable 
to 'panic' ?an a soldi] %\ld2 = 8 "n    
%\ld nev] be on m pap] ?an he c at any  
in/ant meet ! call (1 happ5 :at w4 ,i d 
n say ?is )\t feel+ at ! same "t h[     

difficult x is to m>k1 9 exi/+ comm]ce1 
! j limits betwe5 ! _s ( ent]prise & (  
speculation4 ,some?+ ( ! same temp] :i* 
makes ! ,engli% soldi] d always all t is
 possible1 & attempt m ?an is possible1 
jo9s its influ5ce ) t ( m]e av>ice 9    
tempt+ ! ,engli% m]*ant into risks :i*  
he _c ju/ify1 & ef=ts :i* he _c su/a92 &
 ! same passion = adv5ture :i* our      
travell]s gratify e summ] on p]il\s sn[ 
wrea?s1 & cl\d-encompass$ precipices1   
surr\nds ) a romantic fasc9ation !      
glitt]+ ( a holl[ inve/m5t1 & gilds !   
cl\ds t curl r\nd gulfs ( ru94 ,nay1 a  
high] & a m s]i\s feel+ frequ5tly m+les 
9 ! motley temptation2 & m5 apply       
!mselves to ! task ( gr[+ ri*1 z to a   
lab\r ( provid5tial appo9tm5t1 f :i* !y 
_c pause )\t culpability1 nor retire )\t
 di%on\r4 ,our l>ge trad+ cities be> to 
me v ne>ly ! aspect ( mona/ic           
e/abli%m5ts 9 :i* ! ro> ( ! mill-:eel & 
! crane takes ! place ( o!r devotional  
music2 & 9 :i* ! wor%ip ( ,mammon or    
,molo* is conduct$ ) a t5d] rev]5ce & an

 exact propriety2 ! m]*ant ris+ to 8    
,mammon mat9s ) ! self-d5ial ( an       
an*orite1 & expiat+ ! frivolities into  
:i* he may be beguil$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! day 
by late att5dance at ,mammon vesp]s4 ,b1
 ) e all[ance t c be made = ^!          
consci5ti\s & romantic p]sons1 ! fact   
rema9s ! same1 t by f> ! great] numb] ( 
! transactions :i* lead to ^! times (   
comm]cial emb>rassm5t may be rang$      
simply "u two great heads--gambl+ &     
/eal+2 & bo? ( ^! 9 _! mo/ culpable =m1 
namely1 gambl+ ) money :i* is n ours1 & 
/eal+ f ^? :o tru/ u4 ,i h sometimes    
?\ght a day might come1 :5 ! nation w\ld
 p]ceive t a well-educat$ man :o /eals a
 hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 involv+ ! entire    
means ( subsi/5ce ( a hundr$ families1  
des]ves1 on ! :ole1 z sev]e a puni%m5t z
 an ill-educat$ man :o /eals a purse f a
 pocket1 or a mug f a pantry4  ,note    
#ba3 ,or r1 equival5t to su* real       
prop]ty1 because ev]ybody has be5       
accu/om$ to look ^u x z valuable2 &     
!re=e ev]ybody is will+ to give lab\r or

 goods = x4 ,b real prop]ty does        
ultimately consi/ only 9 ?+s t n\ri%    
body or m9d2 gold w\ld be useless to u  
if we c\ld n get mutton or books = x4   
,ultimately all comm]cial mi/akes &     
emb>rassm5ts result f p expect+ to get  
goods )\t work+ = !m1 or wa/+ !m aft] !y
 h got !m4 ,a nation :i* lab\rs1 & takes
 c>e ( ! fruits ( lab\r1 w\ld be ri* &  
happy ?\gh !re 7 no gold 9 ! univ]se4 ,a
 nation :i* is idle1 & wa/es ! produce (
 :at "w x does1 w\ld be poor & mis]able1
 ?\gh all its m\nta9s 7 ( gold1 & _h    
gl5s fill$ ) diamond in/ead ( glaci]4   
#aeb4 ,b )\t hop+ = ?is excess (        
cle>-sight$ness1 we may at lea/ lab\r = 
a sy/em ( great] hone/y & k9dness 9 !   
m9or comm]ce ( our daily life2 s9ce !   
great di%one/y ( ! great buy]s & sell]s 
is no?+ m ?an ! natural gr[? & outcome f
 ! little di%one/y ( ! little buy]s &   
sell]s4 ,e p]son :o tries to buy an     
article = less ?an its prop] value1 or  
:o tries to sell x at m ?an its prop]   
value--e consum] :o keeps a tradesman   

wait+ = 8 money1 & e tradesman :o bribes
 a consum] to extravagance by cr$it1 is 
help+ =w>d1 accord+ to 8 own measure (  
p[]1 a sy/em ( baseless & di%on\rable   
comm]ce1 & =c+ 8 c\ntry d[n into pov]ty 
& %ame4 ,& p ( mod]ate means & av]age   
p[]s ( m9d w\ld d f> m real good by     
m]ely c>ry+ out /]n pr9ciples ( ju/ice &
 hone/y 9 common matt]s ( trade1 ?an by 
! mo/ +5i\s s*emes ( ext5d$ philan?ropy1
 or vocif]\s decl>ations ( !ological    
doctr9e4 ,!re are ?ree weighty matt]s ( 
! law--ju/ice1 m]cy1 & tru?2 & ( ^! !   
,tea*] puts tru? la/1 because t _c be   
kn[n b by a c\rse ( acts ( ju/ice &     
love4 ,b m5 put1 9 all _! ef=ts1 tru?   
fir/1 because !y mean by x _! own       
op9ions2 & ?us1 :ile ! _w has _m p :o   
w\ld suff] m>tyrdom 9 ! cause ( :at !y  
call tru?1 x has few :o w suff] ev5 a   
little inconv5i5ce1 9 t ( ju/ice & m]cy4
  ,,supplem5t>y ,,additional ,,pap]s4   
,,education ,,9 ,,art4  ,,art ,,s*ool   
,,notes4  ,,social ,,policy4            
,,education ,,9 ,,art4  7,read = ! au?or

 be=e ! ,national ,association = !      
,promotion ( ,social ,sci5ce 9 ! autumn 
( #aheh2 & pr9t$ 9 ! ,transactions ( !  
,society = t ye>1 pp4 #caa-af47   #aec4 
,i w n attempt 9 ?is pap] to ent] into  
any g5]al consid]ation ( ! possible     
influ5ce ( art on ! masses ( ! p4 ,!    
inquiry is "o ( great complexity1       
involv$ ) t into ! uses & dang]s (      
luxury2 nor h we z yet data en\gh to    
ju/ify u 9 conjectur+ h[ f> ! practice (
 art may be compatible ) rude or        
me*anical employm5ts4 ,b ! "q1 h[ev]    
difficult1 lies 9 ! same light z t ( !  
uses ( read+ or writ+2 = draw+1 s f> z x
 is possible to ! multitude1 is ma9ly to
 be consid]$ z a means ( obta9+ &       
communicat+ k4 ,he :o c accurately      
repres5t ! =m ( an object1 & mat* its   
col\r1 has unque/ionably a p[] (        
notation & description great] 9 mo/     
in/ances ?an t ( words2 & ?is sci5ce (  
notation ought to be simply reg>d$ z t  
:i* is conc]n$ ) ! record ( =m1 j z     
ari?metic is conc]n$ ) ! record ( numb]4

 ,( c\rse abuses & dang]s att5d !       
acquirem5t ( e p[]4 ,we h all ( u       
probably kn[n p]sons :o1 )\t be+ able to
 read or write1 dis*>g$ ! important     
duties ( life wisely & fai?fully2 z we h
 also )\t d\bt kn[n o!rs able to read & 
write ^: read+ did little good to       
!mselves & ^: writ+ little good to any  
"o else4 ,b we d n !re=e d\bt ! exp$i5cy
 ( acquir+ ^? arts1 nei!r ought we to   
d\bt ! exp$i5cy ( acquir+ ! art ( draw+1
 if we admit t x may inde$ become       
practically useful4   #aed4 ,nor %\ld we
 long hesitate 9 admitt+ ?is1 x we 7 n 9
 ! habit ( consid]+ in/ruction 9 ! arts 
*iefly z a means ( promot+ :at we call  
ta/e or dilettanteism1 & o!r habits (   
m9d :i* 9 _! m mod]n developm5ts 9      
,europe h c]ta9ly n be5 advantage\s to  
nations1 or indicative ( wor?9ess 9 !m4 
,nev]!less1 true ta/e1 or ! in/antane\s 
pref]5ce ( ! noble ?+ to ! ignoble1 is a
 necess>y accompanim5t ( high wor?9ess 9
 nations or m52 only x is n to be       
acquir$ by seek+ x z our *ief object1   

s9ce ! fir/ "q1 alike = man & =         
multitude1 is n at all :at !y are to l1 
b :at !y are to d2 & =tunately s1 s9ce  
true ta/e1 s f> z x dep5ds on orig9al   
in/9ct1 is n equally communicable to all
 m52 &1 s f> z x dep5ds on ext5d$       
comp>ison1 is unatta9able by m5 employ$ 
9 n>r[ fields ( life4 ,we %all n succe$ 
9 mak+ a peasant's op9ion good evid5ce  
on ! m]its ( ! ,elg9 & ,lycian m>bles2  
nor is x necess>y to dictate to him 9 8 
g>d5 ! pref]5ce ( gillyfl[] or ( rose2  
yet ,i believe we may make art a means (
 giv+ him helpful & happy pleasure1 & ( 
ga9+ = him s]viceable k4   #aee4 ,?us1 9
 our simple/ codes ( s*ool in/ruction1  
,i hope "s day to see local natural     
hi/ory assume a pr9cipal place1 s t our 
peasant *ildr5 may be taught ! nature & 
uses ( ! h]bs t gr[ 9 _! mead[s1 & may  
take int]e/ 9 obs]v+ & *]i%+1 r ?an 9   
hunt+ or kill+1 ! h>mless animals ( _!  
c\ntry4 ,suppos+ x det]m9$ t ?is local  
natural hi/ory %\ld be taught1 draw+    
ought to be us$ to fix ! att5tion1 &    

te/1 :ile x aid$1 ! memory4 ,draw su* & 
su* a fl[] 9 outl9e1 ) its bell t[>ds y4
 ,draw x ) its side t[>ds y4 ,pa9t !    
spots ^u x4 ,draw a duck's head--h]     
foot4 ,n[ a rob9's--a ?ru%'s--n[ ! spots
 ^u ! ?ru%'s brea/4 ,^! are ! k9ds (    
tasks :i* x seems to me %\ld be set to !
 "y peasant /ud5t4 ,surely ! occupation 
w\ld no m be ?\ght contemptible :i* 0   
?us subs]vi5t to k & to compassion2 &   
p]haps we %\ld f9d 9 process ( "t t !   
,italian connexion ( art ) diletto1 or  
delight1 0 bo? consi/5t )1 & ev5 ma9ly  
consequ5t ^u1 a pure ,greek connexion ( 
art ) arete1 or virtue4   #aef4 ,x may  
p]haps be ?\ght t ! p[] ( repres5t+ 9   
any suffici5t mann] natural objects su* 
z ^? above in/anc$ w\ld be ( too        
difficult atta9m5t to be aim$ at 9      
elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,b ,i h _h         
practical pro( t x is n s4 ,f workm5 :o 
_h little "t to sp>e1 & t only aft] !y 7
 jad$ by ! day's lab\r1 ,i h obta9$1 9 !
 c\rse ( ?ree or f\r mon?s f _! fir/    
tak+ a p5cil 9 h&1 p]fectly useful1 & 9 

_m respects admirable1 draw+s ( natural 
objects4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y1 9 ord] 
to secure ?is result1 t ! /ud5t's aim   
%\ld be absolutely re/rict$ to !        
repres5tation ( visible fact4 ,all m    
v>i$ or elevat$ practice mu/ be def]r$  
until ! p[]s ( true sight & j           
repres5tation are acquir$ 9 simplicity2 
nor1 9 ! case ( *ildr5 belong+ to ! l[] 
classes1 does x seem to me (t5 advisable
 to aim at any?+ m4 ,at all ev5ts1 _!   
draw+ lessons %\ld be made z recreative 
z possible4 ,und]go+ due discipl9e ( h>d
 lab\r 9 o!r directions1 su* *ildr5 %\ld
 be pa9lessly initiat$ into employm5ts  
calculat$ = ! relief ( toil4 ,x is (    
little consequ5ce t !y %\ld "k !        
pr9ciples ( art1 b ( mu* t _! att5tion  
%\ld be pleasurably excit$4 ,9 our high]
 public s*ools1 on ! contr>y1 draw+ %\ld
 be taught rightly2 t is to say1 ) due  
succession & security ( prelim9>y       
/eps1--x be+ "h ( little consequ5ce :e!r
 ! /ud5t atta9s great or little skill1 b
 ( mu* t he %\ld p]ceive di/9ctly :at   

degree ( skill he has atta9$1 rev]5ce t 
:i* surpasses x1 & "k ! pr9ciples ( "r 9
 :at he has be5 able to accompli%4 ,x is
 impossible to make e boy an arti/ or a 
connoisseur1 b q possible to make him   
und]/& ! mean+ ( art 9 its rudim5ts1 &  
to make him mode/ en\gh to =be>         
express+1 9 aft] life1 judgm5ts :i* he  
has n k en\gh to r5d] j4   #aeg4 ,!re   
is1 h[ev]1 at pres5t ?is great          
difficulty 9 ! way ( su* sy/ematic      
tea*+--t ! public d n believe !         
pr9ciples ( art are det]m9able1 &1 9 no 
wise1 matt]s ( op9ion4 ,!y d n believe t
 good draw+ is good1 & bad draw+ bad1   
:atev] any numb] ( p]sons may ?9k or    
decl>e to ! contr>y--t !re is a "r or   
be/ way ( lay+ col\rs to produce a giv5 
effect1 j z !re is a "r or be/ way (    
dye+ clo? ( a giv5 col\r1 & t ,titian & 
,v]onese are n m]ely accid5tally        
admirable b et]nally "r4   #aeh4 ,!     
public1 ( c\rse1 _c be conv9c$ ( ?is    
unity & /ability ( pr9ciple until cle>  
ass]tion ( x is made to !m by pa9t]s :om

 !y respect2 & ! pa9t]s :om !y respect  
are g5]ally too mode/1 & sometimes too  
pr\d1 to make x4 ,i believe ! *ief      
reason = _! n hav+ yet decl>$ at lea/ ! 
fundam5tal laws ( lab\r z connect$ )    
art-/udy is a k9d ( feel+ on _! "p t    
cela va sans dire4 ,e great pa9t] kn[s s
 well ! necessity ( h>d & sy/ematiz$ "w1
 9 ord] to atta9 ev5 ! l[] degrees (    
skill1 t he naturally supposes if p use 
no dilig5ce 9 draw+1 !y d n c>e to      
acquire ! p[] ( x1 & t ! toil involv$ 9 
:olesome /udy be+ great] ?an ! mass ( p 
h ev] giv51 is also great] ?an !y w\ld  
ev] be will+ to give4 ,feel+1 also1 z   
any real pa9t] feels1 t 8 own excell5ce 
is a gift1 no less ?an ! rew>d ( toil1  
p]haps slightly dislik+ to confess !    
lab\r x has co/ him to p]fect x1 & :olly
 despair+ ( do+ any good by !           
confession1 he contemptu\sly leaves !   
draw+-ma/] to d ! be/ he c 9 8 twelve   
lessons1 & ) c\rte\s unk9dness p]mits ! 
"y wom5 ( ,engl& to rema9 "u !          
impression t !y c le>n to draw ) less   

pa9s ?an !y c le>n to dance4 ,i h _h    
practical exp]i5ce en\gh1 h[ev]1 to     
conv9ce me t ?is treatm5t ( ! amateur   
/ud5t is unju/4 ,"y girls w "w ) /eadie/
 p]sev]ance :5 once !y und]/& ! ne$ (   
lab\r1 & are conv9c$ t draw+ is a k9d ( 
language :i* may = ord9>y purposes be   
le>n$ z easily z ,fr5* or ,g]man2 ?is   
language1 also1 hav+ its gramm> & its   
pronunciation1 to be conqu]$ or acquir$ 
only by p]si/5ce 9 irksome ex]cise--an  
error 9 a =m be+ z entirely & simply an 
error z a mi/ake 9 a t5se1 & an         
ill-drawn l9e z repreh5sible z a vulg>  
acc5t4   #aei4 ,& ,i atta* great        
importance to ! s\nd education ( our    
y\ng] females 9 art1 ?9k+ t 9 ,engl& !  
nurs]y & ! draw+-room are p]haps ! mo/  
influ5tial ( academies4 ,we address     
ourselves 9 va9 to ! education ( ! arti/
 :ile ! dem& = 8 "w is unc]ta9 or       
un9tellig5t2 nor c art be consid]$ z    
hav+ any s]i\s influ5ce on a nation :ile
 gild$ pap]s =m ! pr9cipal spl5d\r ( !  
reception room1 & ill-wr\ght ?\gh co/ly 

tr9kets ! pr9cipal ent]ta9m5t ( !       
b\doir4  ,x is surely1 !re=e1 to be     
regrett$ t ! art-education ( our        
,gov]nm5t s*ools is address$ s def9itely
 to ! guidance ( ! artizan1 & is !re=e s
 little ackn[l$g$ hi!rto by ! g5]al     
public1 especially by its upp] classes4 
,i h n acqua9tance en\gh ) ! practical  
work+ ( t sy/em to v5ture any expression
 ( op9ion respect+ its g5]al exp$i5cy2 b
 x is my conviction t1 s f> z ref]5ces  
are involv$ 9 x to ! design+ ( patt]ns  
capable ( be+ produc$ by ma*9]y1 su*    
ref]5ces mu/ mat]ially dim9i% its       
utility consid]$ z a g5]al sy/em (      
in/ruction4   #afj4 ,we are /ill1 !re=e1
 driv5 to ! same po9t1--! ne$ ( an      
au?oritative recomm5dation ( "s me?od ( 
/udy to ! public2 a me?od det]m9$ ^u by 
! concurr5ce ( "s ( our be/ pa9t]s1 &   
av[$ly sanction$ by !m1 s z to leave no 
room = hesitation 9 its acceptance4     
,nor ne$ x be ?\ght t1 because !        
ultimate me?ods ( "w employ$ by pa9t]s  
v>y accord+ to ! p>ticul> effects       

produc$ by ea*1 !re w\ld be any         
difficulty 9 obta9+ _! collective ass5t 
to a sy/em ( elem5t>y precept4 ,! facts 
( :i* x is necess>y t ! /ud5t %\ld be   
assur$ 9 8 e>ly ef=ts1 are s simple1 s  
few1 & s well kn[n to all able          
draughtsm5 t1 z ,i h j said1 x w\ld be r
 d\bt ( ! ne$ ( /at+ :at seem$ to !m    
self-evid5t1 ?an reluctance to speak    
au?oritatively on po9ts capable (       
dispute1 t w\ld /& 9 ! way ( _! giv+ =m 
to a code ( g5]al in/ruction4 ,to take  
m]ely two in/ances3 ,x w p]haps appe>   
h>dly cr$ible t among amateur /ud5ts1   
h[ev] f> advanc$ 9 m %[y accompli%m5ts1 
!re w n be f\nd "o 9 a hundr$ :o c make 
an accurate draw+ to scale4 ,x is mu* if
 !y c copy any?+ ) approximate fidelity 
( its real size4 ,n[1 ! inaccuracy ( eye
 :i* prev5ts a /ud5t f draw+ to scale is
 9 fact no?+ else ?an an entire want (  
appreciation ( proportion1 & !re=e (    
composition4 ,he :o alt]s ! relations ( 
dim5sions to ea* o!r 9 8 copy1 %[s t he 
does n enjoy ^? relations 9 ! orig9al--t

 is to say1 t all appreciation ( noble  
design 7:i* is bas$ on ! mo/ exquisite  
relations ( magnitude7 is impossible to 
him4 ,to give him habits ( ma!matical   
accuracy 9 transf]5ce ( ! outl9e (      
complex =m1 is !re=e among ! fir/1 & ev5
 among ! mo/ important1 means ( educat+ 
8 ta/e4 ,a /ud5t :o c fix ) precision ! 
c>d9al po9ts ( a bird's w+1 ext5d$ 9 any
 fix$ position1 & c !n draw ! curves (  
its individual plumes )\t measurable    
error1 has advanc$ fur!r t[>ds a p[] (  
und]/&+ ! design ( ! great ma/]s ?an he 
c\ld by read+ _m volumes ( criticism1 or
 pass+ _m mon?s 9 undiscipl9$ exam9ation
 ( works ( art4   #afa4 ,aga91 x w be   
f\nd t among amateur /ud5ts !re is almo/
 univ]sal defici5cy 9 ! p[] ( express+ !
 r\ndness ( a surface4 ,!y frequ5tly    
draw ) consid]able dext]ity & vig\r1 b  
nev] atta9 ! slighte/ s5se ( ^?         
modulations 9 =m :i* c only be express$ 
by gradations 9 %ade4 ,!y leave %>p     
edges to _! blots ( col\r1 %>p angles 9 
_! cont\rs ( l9es1 & conceal f !mselves 

_! incapacity ( completion by r$undance 
( object4 ,! assurance to su* p]sons t  
no object c\ld be rightly se5 or drawn  
until ! draughtsman _h acquir$ ! p[] (  
modulat+ surfaces by gradations wr\ght )
 "s po9t$ in/rum5t 7:e!r p51 p5cil1 or  
*alk71 w\ld at once prev5t mu* va9      
lab\r1 & put an end to _m errors ( t    
wor/ k9d :i* n only ret>d ! /ud5t1 b    
bl9d him2 :i* prev5t him f ei!r atta9+  
excell5ce himself1 or und]/&+ x 9 o!rs4 
#afb4 ,x w\ld be easy1 did "t admit x1  
to give in/ances ( o!r pr9ciples :i* x  
is equally ess5tial t ! /ud5t %\ld "k1 &
 c]ta9 t all pa9t]s ( em95ce w\ld       
sanction2 :ile ev5 ^? respect+ :i* "s   
d\bt may exi/ 9 _! application to       
consummate practice1 are yet p]fectly   
det]m9able1 s f> z !y are ne$$ to guide 
a beg9n]4 ,x may1 = in/ance1 be a "q h[ 
f> local col\r %\ld be treat$ z an      
elem5t ( *i>oscuro 9 a ma/]'s draw+ ( ! 
human =m4 ,b !re c be no "q t x mu/ be s
 treat$ 9 a boy's /udy ( a tulip or a   
tr\t4   #afc4 ,a /ill m important po9t  

w\ld be ga9$ if au?oritative te/imony ( 
! same k9d c\ld be giv5 to ! m]it &     
exclusive suffici5cy ( any s]ies (      
examples ( works ( art1 su* z c\ld at   
once be put )9 ! rea* ( ma/]s ( s*ools4 
,= ! mod]n /ud5t lab\rs "u heavy        
disadvantages 9 :at at fir/ sight might 
appe> an assi/ance to him1 namely1 !    
numb] ( examples ( _m diff]5t /yles :i* 
surr\nd him 9 gall]ies or museums4 ,8   
m9d is di/urb$ by ! inconsi/5cies (     
v>i\s excell5ces1 & by 8 own pr$ilection
 = false beauties 9 second or ?ird-rate 
works4 ,he is ?us prev5t$ f obs]v+ any  
"o example long en\gh to und]/& its     
m]it1 or foll[+ any "o me?od long en\gh 
to obta9 facility 9 its practice4 ,x    
seems1 !re=e1 v desirable t "s su* /&>d 
( art %\ld be fix$ = all our s*ools1--a 
/&>d :i*1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 ne$ n      
necess>ily be ! highe/ possible1 provid$
 only x is ! righte/ possible4 ,x is n  
to be hop$ t ! /ud5t %\ld imitate works 
( ! mo/ exalt$ m]it1 b mu* to be desir$ 
t he %\ld be guid$ by ^? :i* h fewe/    

faults4   #afd4 ,p]haps1 !re=e1 ! mo/   
s]viceable examples :i* c\ld be set be=e
 y\? might be f\nd 9 ! /udies or draw+s1
 r ?an 9 ! pictures1 ( fir/-rate ma/]s2 
& ! art ( photography enables u to put  
r5d]+s ( su* /udies1 :i* = mo/ practical
 purposes are z good z ! orig9als1 on ! 
walls ( e s*ool 9 ! k+dom4 ,suppos+ 7,i 
m]ely "n ^! z examples ( :at ,i mean71 !
 /&>d ( mann] 9 light-&-%ade draw+ fix$ 
by ,leon>do's /udy1 ,no4 #ai1 9 !       
collection ( photographs lately publi%$ 
f draw+s 9 ! ,flor5ce ,gall]y2 ! /&>d ( 
p5 draw+ ) a wa%1 fix$ by ,titian's     
sket*1 ,no4 #cj 9 ! same collection2 t (
 et*+1 fix$ by ,rembr&t's spott$ %ell2 &
 t ( po9t "w ) ! pure l9e1 by ,dr]'s    
cre/ ) ! cock2 e ef=t ( ! pupil1 :atev] 
! in/rum5t 9 8 h&1 w\ld infallibly t5d 9
 a "r direction1 & ! p]ception ( ! m]its
 ( ^! f\r works1 or ( any o!rs l !m1    
once atta9$ ?or\ghly1 by ef=ts1 h[ev]   
di/ant or despair+1 to copy portions (  
!m1 w\ld lead securely 9 due "t to !    
appreciation ( o!r modes ( excell5ce4   

#afe4 ,i _c1 ( c\rse1 )9 ! limits ( ?is 
pap]1 proce$ to any /atem5t ( ! pres5t  
requirem5ts ( ! ,engli% op]ative z      
reg>ds art education4 ,b ,i d n regret  
?is1 = x seems to me v desirable t our  
att5tion %\ld = ! pres5t be conc5trat$  
on ! m imm$iate object ( g5]al          
in/ruction4 ,:atev] ! public dem& !     
arti/ w soon produce2 & ! be/ education 
:i* ! op]ative c receive is ! refusal ( 
bad "w & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( good4 ,!re is  
no want ( g5ius among u1 /ill less (    
indu/ry4 ,! lea/ t we d is labori\s1 & !
 wor/ is wond]ful4 ,b !re is a want     
among u1 deep & wide1 ( discretion 9    
direct+ toil1 & ( delight 9 be+ l$ by   
imag9ation4 ,9 pa/ "t1 ?\gh ! masses ( !
 nation 7 less in=m$ ?an !y are n[1 !y 7
 = t v reason simpl] judges & happi]    
gaz]s2 x mu/ be ours to sub/itute !     
graci\s sympa?y ( ! und]/&+ = ! bright  
gratitude ( innoc5ce4 ,an arti/ c always
 pa9t well = ^? :o are lightly pleas$ or
 wisely displeas$1 b he _c pa9t = ^? :o 
are dull 9 applause & false 9           

condemnation4     ,,rem>ks ,,address$   
,,to ,,! ,,mansfield ,,art ,,night      
,,class  ,oct4 #ad?1 #ahgc4bb   #aff4 ,x
 is to be rememb]$ t ! giv+ ( prizes c  
only be ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd ( _! be+ !   
rew>d ( sup]ior dilig5ce & m ob$i5t     
att5tion to ! directions ( ! tea*]4 ,!y 
mu/ nev] be suppos$1 because practically
 !y nev] c become1 indications ( sup]ior
 g5ius2 unless 9 s f> z g5ius is likely 
to be dilig5t & ob$i5t1 beyond ! /r5g? &
 temp] ( ! dull4  ,note #bb3 ,?is       
address 0 writt5 = ! ,art ,night ,class1
 ,mansfield1 b n deliv]$ by me4 ,9 my   
abs5ce--,i =get f :at cause1 b          
inevitable--! ,duke ( ,/4 ,albans hon\r$
 me by read+ x to ! meet+4  ,b x s      
frequ5tly happ5s t ! /imulus ( vanity1  
act+ on m9ds ( inf]ior calibre1 produces
 = a "t an indu/ry surpass+ ! tranquil &
 self-possess$ ex]tion ( real p[]1 t x  
may be que/ion$ :e!r ! cu/om ( be/[+    
prizes at all may n ultimately cease 9  
our high] ,s*ools ( ,art1 unless 9 ! =m 
( sub/antial assi/ance giv5 to des]v+   

/ud5ts :o /& 9 ne$ ( x3 a k9d ( prize1 !
 claim to :i*1 9 its nature1 w\ld dep5d 
m on accid5tal circum/ances1 & g5]ally  
good conduct1 ?an on g5ius4   #afg4 ,b1 
)\t any ref]5ce to ! op9ion ( o!rs1 &   
)\t any *ance ( p>tiality 9 y\r own1 !re
 is "o te/ by :i* y c all det]m9e ! rate
 ( y\r real progress4  ,exam9e1 aft] e  
p]iod ( r5ew$ indu/ry1 h[ f> y h enl>g$ 
y\r faculty ( admiration4  ,consid] h[  
mu* m y c see1 to rev]5ce1 9 ! "w (     
ma/]s2 & h[ mu* m to love1 9 ! "w (     
nature4  ,?is is ! only con/ant &       
infallible te/ ( progress4 ,t y wond] m 
at ! "w ( great m51 & t y c>e m =       
natural objects4  ,y h (t5 be5 told by  
y\r tea*]s to expect ?is la/ result3 b  
,i fe> t ! t5d5cy ( mod]n ?\ght is to   
reject ! idea ( t ess5tial diff]5ce 9   
rank betwe5 "o intellect & ano!r1 ( :i* 
increas+ rev]5ce is ! wise ackn[l$gm5t4 
,y may1 at lea/ 9 e>ly ye>s1 te/        
accurately y\r p[] ( do+ any?+ 9 ! lea/ 
rightly1 by y\r increas+ conviction t y 
nev] w be able to d x z well z x has be5

 done by o!rs4   #afh4 ,t is a lesson1  
,i repeat1 :i* diff]s mu*1 ,i fe>1 f !  
"o y are commonly taught4 ,! vulg> &    
incomp>ably false say+ ( ,macaulay's1 t 
! intellectual giants ( "o age become ! 
intellectual pigmies ( ! next1 has be5 !
 text ( too _m s]mons lately prea*$ to  
y4  ,y ?9k y are go+ to d bett] ?+s--ea*
 ( y--?an ,titian & ,phidias--write     
bett] ?an ,virgil--?9k m wisely ?an     
,solomon4  ,my good "y p1 ?is is !      
fooli%e/1 q pre-em95tly--p]haps almo/ ! 
h>mfulle/--notion t c\ld possibly be put
 into y\r empty little egg%ells ( heads4
 ,!re is n "o 9 a million ( y :o c ev]  
be great 9 any ?+4 ,to be great] ?an !  
greate/ t h be51 is p]mitt$ p]haps to "o
 man 9 ,europe 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree  
c5turies4 ,b because y _c be ,h&el &    
,moz>t--is x any reason :y y %\ld n le>n
 to s+ ,god save ! ,que5 prop]ly1 :5 y h
 a m9d to8 ,because a girl _c be prima  
donna 9 ! ,italian ,op]a1 is x any      
reason t %e %\ld n le>n to play a jig = 
h] bro!rs & si/]s 9 good "t1 or a s(t   

little tune = h] tir$ "m1 or t %e %\ld n
 s+ to please h]self1 among ! dew1 on a 
,may morn+8 ,believe me1 joy1 humility1 
& usefulness1 always g toge!r3 z        
insol5ce ) mis]y1 & ^! bo? )            
de/ructiv5ess4 ,y may le>n ) pr\d tea*]s
 h[ to ?r[ d[n ! ,v5dme ,column1 & burn 
! ,l\vre1 b nev] h[ to lay s mu* z "o   
t\* ( safe col\r1 or "o lay] ( /eady    
/one3 & if inde$ !re be among y a y\? ( 
true g5ius1 be assur$ t he w di/+ui%    
himself fir/1 n by petulance or by      
disda91 b by disc]n+ firmly :at to      
admire1 & :om to obey4   #afi4 ,x w1 ,i 
hope1 be ! result ( ! int]e/ lately     
awak5$ 9 art ?r\gh our prov9ces1 to     
enable ea* t[n ( importance to obta91 9 
p]man5t possession1 a few--& x is       
desirable !re %\ld be no m ?an a        
few--examples ( consummate & ma/]ful    
art3 an engrav+ or two by ,dr]--a s+le  
portrait by ,reynolds--a fifte5? c5tury 
,flor5t9e draw+--a ?irte5? c5tury ,fr5* 
piece ( pa9t$ glass1 & ! l2 & t1 9 e t[n
 occupi$ 9 a giv5 manufacture1 examples 

( unque/ionable excell5ce 9 t           
manufacture %\ld be made easily         
accessible 9 its civic museum4  ,i mu/  
ask y1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve v c>efully t ,i 
use ! ^w manufacture 9 its lit]al &     
prop] s5se4 ,x means ! mak+ ( ?+s by !  
h&4 ,x does n mean ! mak+ !m by ma*9]y4 
,&1 :ile ,i plead ) y = a true humility 
9 rival%ip ) ! works ( o!rs1 ,i plead ) 
y also = a j pride 9 :at y really c     
hone/ly d y\rself4  ,y mu/ nei!r ?9k y\r
 "w ! be/ ev] done by man3--nor1 on !   
o!r h&1 ?9k t ! tongs & pok] c d        
bett]--& t1 al?\gh y are wis] ?an       
,solomon1 all ?is wisdom ( y\rs c be    
out%one by a %ovelful ( coke4   #agj4   
,let me take1 = in/ance1 ! manufacture (
 lace1 = :i*1 ,i believe1 y\r neighb\r+ 
t[n ( ,nott+ham enjoys r5[n4 ,!re is    
/ill "s di/9ction betwe5 ma*9e-made &   
h&-made lace4 ,i w suppose t di/9ction s
 f> done away )1 t1 a patt]n once       
inv5t$1 y c sp9 lace z fa/ z y n[ d     
?read4 ,ev]ybody !n might we>1 n only   
lace coll>s1 b lace g[ns4 ,d y ?9k !y   

w\ld be m com=table 9 !m ?an !y are n[ 9
 pla9 /uff--or t1 :5 ev]ybody c\ld we>  
!m1 anybody w\ld be pr\d ( we>+ !m8 ,a  
spid] may p]haps be rationally pr\d ( 8 
own cobweb1 ev5 ?\gh all ! fields 9 !   
morn+ are cov]$ ) ! l1 = he made x      
himself--b suppose a ma*9e spun x = him8
  ,suppose all ! gossam] 7              
,nott+ham-made1 w\ld a s5sible spid] be 
ei!r pr\d]1 or happi]1 ?9k y8  ,a       
s5sible spid]6 ,y _c p]haps imag9e su* a
 creature4 ,yet surely a spid] is clev] 
en\gh = 8 own ends8  ,y ?9k him an      
ins5sible spid]1 only because he _c     
und]/& y\rs--& is apt to imp$e y\rs4    
,well1 be assur$ ( ?is1 s5se 9 human    
creatures is %[n also1 n by clev]ness 9 
promot+ _! own ends & int]e/s1 b by     
quickness 9 und]/&+ o!r p's ends &      
int]e/s1 & by putt+ our own "w & keep+  
our own wi%es 9 h>mony ) !irs4   #aga4  
,b ,i return to my po9t1 ( *eapness4 ,y 
don't ?9k t x w\ld be conv5i5t1 or ev5  
cr$itable1 = wom5 to wa% ! door/eps or  
di% ! d9n]s 9 lace g[ns8 ,nay1 ev5 = !  

mo/ ladylike occupations--read+1 or     
writ+1 or play+ ) h] *ildr5--d y ?9k a  
lace g[n1 or ev5 a lace coll>1 s great  
an advantage or dignity to a woman8 ,if 
y ?9k ( x1 y w f9d ! :ole value ( lace1 
z a possession1 dep5ds on ! fact ( its  
hav+ a beauty :i* has be5 ! rew>d (     
indu/ry & att5tion4  ,t ! ?+ itself is a
 prize--a ?+ :i* ev]ybody _c h4 ,t x    
proves1 by ! look ( x1 ! ability ( its  
mak]2 t x proves1 by ! r>ity ( x1 !     
dignity ( its we>]--ei!r t %e has be5 s 
indu/ri\s z to save money1 :i* c buy1   
say1 a piece ( jewell]y1 ( gold tissue1 
or ( f9e lace--or else1 t %e is a noble 
p]son1 to :om h] neighb\rs conc$e1 z an 
hon\r1 ! privilege ( we>+ f9] dresses   
?an !y4  ,if !y all *oose to h lace     
too--if x ceases to be a prize--x       
becomes1 does x n1 only a cobweb8  ,!   
real good ( a piece ( lace1 !n1 y w f9d1
 is t x %\ld %[1 fir/1 t ! design] ( x  
_h a pretty fancy2 next1 t ! mak] ( x _h
 f9e f+]s2 la/ly1 t ! we>] ( x has      
wor?9ess or dignity en\gh to obta9 :at  

is difficult to obta91 & common s5se    
en\gh n to we> x on all occasions4 ,i   
limit myself1 9 :at f>!r ,i h to say1 to
 ! "q ( ! manufacture--nay1 ( "o        
requisite 9 ! manufacture3 t :i* ,i h j 
call$ a pretty fancy4   #agb4 ,:at d y  
suppose ,i mean by a pretty fancy8 ,d y 
?9k t1 by le>n+ to draw1 & look+ at     
fl[]s1 y w ev] get ! ability to design a
 piece ( lace beautifully8 ,by no means4
 ,if t 7 s1 ev]ybody w\ld soon le>n to  
draw--ev]ybody w\ld design lace         
prettily--& !n1--nobody w\ld be paid =  
design+ x4 ,to "s ext5t1 t w inde$ be ! 
result ( mod]n endeav\r to tea* design4 
,b aga9/ all su* endeav\rs1 "m-wit1 9 ! 
end1 w hold h] own4  ,b anybody :o has  
?is "m-wit1 may make ! ex]cise ( x m    
pleasant to !mselves1 & m useful to o!r 
p1 by le>n+ to draw4  ,an ,indian work] 
9 gold1 or a ,sc&9avian work] 9 iron1 or
 an old ,fr5* work] 9 ?read1 c\ld       
produce inde$ beautiful design out (    
no?+ b gr\ps ( knots & spirals3 b y1 :5 
y are rightly educat$1 may r5d] y\r     

knots & spirals inf9itely m int]e/+ by  
mak+ !m sugge/ive ( natural =ms1 & ri* 9
 elem5ts ( true k4   #agc4 ,y "k1 =     
in/ance1 ! patt]n :i* = c5turies has be5
 ! basis ( ornam5t 9 ,indian %awls--!   
bulg+ leaf end+ 9 a spiral4 ,! ,indian  
produces beautiful designs ) no?+ b t   
spiral4 ,y _c bett] 8 p[]s ( design1 b y
 may make !m m civil & useful by add+ k 
( nature to inv5tion4  ,suppose y le>n  
to draw rightly1 &1 !re=e1 to "k        
correctly ! spirals ( spr++ f]ns--n t y 
may give ugly names to all ! species (  
!m--b t y may und]/& ! grace & vitality 
( e h\r ( _! exi/5ce4 ,suppose y h s5se 
& clev]ness en\gh to translate !        
ess5tial "* ( ?is beauty into =ms       
expressible by simple l9es--!re=e       
expressible by ?read--y might !n h a    
s]ies ( f]n-patt]ns :i* w\ld ea* conta9 
po9ts ( di/9ctive int]e/ & beauty1 & (  
sci5tific tru?1 & yet be v>iable by     
fancy1 ) q z mu* ease z ! mean+less     
,indian "o4 ,simil>ly1 !re is no =m (   
leaf1 ( fl[]1 or ( insect1 :i* might n  

become sugge/ive to y1 & expressible 9  
t]ms ( manufacture1 s z to be int]e/+1 &
 useful to o!rs4   #agd4 ,only don't ?9k
 t ?is k9d ( /udy w ev] pay 9 ! vulg>   
s5se4  ,x w make y wis] & happi]4 ,b d y
 suppose t x is ! law ( ,god1 or nature1
 t p %all be paid 9 money = becom+ wis] 
& happi]8 ,!y are s1 by t law1 = hone/  
"w2 & z all hone/ "w makes p wis] &     
happi]1 !y are inde$1 9 "s sort1 paid 9 
money = becom+ wise4  ,b if y seek      
wisdom only t y may get money1 believe  
me1 y are exactly on ! fooli%e/ ( all   
fools' err&s4 ,%e is m preci\s ?an      
rubies--b d y ?9k t is only because %e w
 help y to buy rubies8  ,all ! ?+s ?\   
can/ desire are n to be comp>$ to h]4 ,d
 y ?9k t is only because %e w enable y  
to get all ! ?+s y desire8 ,%e is (f]$  
to y z a bless+ 9 h]self4 ,%e is ! rew>d
 ( k9dness1 ( mode/y1 ( indu/ry4 ,%e is 
! prize ( ,prizes--& alike 9 pov]ty or 9
 ri*es--! /r5g? ( y\r ,life n[1 ! e>ne/ 
( :atev] ,life is to come4     ,,social 
,,policy  ,,bas$ ,,on ,,natural         

,,selection4  ,pap] read be=e !         
,metaphysical ,society1 ,may #aa?1      
#ahge4bc   #age4 ,x has always seem$ to 
me t ,societies l ?is ( ours1 happy 9   
includ+ memb]s n a little div]se 9 ?\ght
 & v>i\s 9 k1 might be m useful to !    
public ?an p]haps !y c fairly be said to
 h approv$ !mselves hi!rto1 by us+ _!   
v>iety ( p[] r to support intellectual  
conclusions by conc5tric props1 ?an to  
%ake !m ) rotatory /orms ( wit2 &       
mode/ly endeav\r+ to initiate ! build+ (
 walls = ! ,bridal city ( ,sci5ce1 9 :i*
 no man w c>e to id5tify ! p>ticul>     
/ones he lays1 r ?an comply+ f>!r ) !   
exi/+ picturesque1 b wa/eful1 practice (
 e knight to ?r[ up a feudal t[] ( 8 own
 op9ions1 t5able only by ! mo/ active   
pugnacity1 & pi]c$ r ) arr[-slits f :i* 
to annoy 8 neighb\rs1 ?an w9d[s to admit
 light or air4  ,note #bc3 ,i tru/ t !  
,society w n consid] its privileges     
violat$ by ! publication ( an essay1    
:i*1 = su* audi5ce1 ,i wrote ) m ?an    
ord9>y c>e4   #agf4 ,! pap] read at our 

la/ meet+ 0 unque/ionably1 )9 ! limits  
its writ] _h prescrib$ to himself1 s    
logically s\nd1 t 7enc\rag$ also by !   
sugge/ion ( "s ( our mo/ influ5tial     
memb]s71 ,i %all endeav\r to make !     
matt] ( our to-night's debate consequ5t 
^u x1 & sugge/ive ( possibly fur!r      
advantage\s d$uctions4  ,x w be rememb]$
 t1 9 ref]5ce to ! /atem5t 9 ! ,bi%op ( 
,pet]bor\gh's ,pap]1 ( ! moral          
indiff]5ce ( c]ta9 c\rses ( conduct on !
 po/ulate ( ! exi/5ce only ( a          
,me*anical base ( ,morals1 x 0 obs]v$ by
 ,dr4 ,adam ,cl>ke t1 ev5 on su*        
me*anical basis1 ! ^w moral might /ill  
be appli$ specially to any c\rse (      
action :i* t5d$ to ! developm5t ( !     
human race4 ,:]eupon ,i v5tur$ myself to
 inquire1 9 :at direction su* developm5t
 0 to be und]/ood z tak+ place2 & !     
discussion ( ?is po9t be+ !n dropp$ =   
want ( "t1 ,i w\ld ask ! ,society's     
p]mission to br+ x aga9 be=e !m ?is ev5+
 9 a some:at m ext5d$ =m2 = 9 reality ! 
"q respect+ ! developm5t ( m5 is        

tw(old1--fir/1 namely1 9 :at direction2 
& secondly1 9 :at social relations1 x is
 to be s\ght4  ,i w\ld !re=e at pres5t  
ask m delib]ately ?an ,i c\ld at our la/
 meet+1--fir/1 9 :at direction x is     
desirable t ! developm5t ( humanity %\ld
 take place8 ,%\ld x1 = in/ance1 z 9    
,greece1 be ( physical                  
beauty1--emulation1 7,hesiod's second   
,eris71--pugnacity1 & patriotism8 or1 z 
9 mod]n ,engl&1 ( physical              
ugl9ess1--envy1 7,hesiod's fir/         
,eris71--c[>dice1 & selfi%ness8 or1 z by
 a conceivably humane b hi!rto unexampl$
 education might be attempt$1 ( physical
 beauty1 humility1 c\rage1 & affection1 
:i* %\ld make all ! _w "o native l&1 &  
,greek3 pasa g taphos8   #agg4 ,i d n   
d\bt b t ! fir/ automatic impulse ( all 
our automatic fri5ds "h pres5t1 on he>+ 
?is s5t5ce1 w be /r5u\sly to d5y !      
accuracy ( my def9ition ( ! aims ( mod]n
 ,engli% education4 ,)\t attempt+ to    
def5d x1 ,i w\ld only obs]ve t ?is      
automatic developm5t ( sol> caloric 9   

sci5tific m9ds mu/ be gr\nd$ on an      
automatic s5sation ( inju/ice done to ! 
memb]s ( ! ,s*ool ,bo>d1 z well z to _m 
o!r automatically well-mean+ & +5i\s    
p]sons2 & t ?is s5se ( ! injuri\sness & 
(f5siv5ess ( my def9ition _c possibly h 
any o!r basis 7if ,i may be p]mitt$ to  
cont9ue my pr(essional similitudes7 ?an 
! fall5 remnants & goodly /ones1 n "o n[
 left on ano!r1 b /ill =m+ an           
unremovable cumulus ( ru91 & et]nal     
,birs ,nimr\d1 z x 71 on ! site ( ! old 
belfry ( ,*ri/ian morality1 ^: top look$
 once s l t\*+ ,heav54  ,= no (f5ce c\ld
 be tak5 at my def9ition1 unless        
traceable to adamant9e conviction1--t   
ugl9ess1 h[ev] indef9able1 envy1 h[ev]  
natural1 & c[>dice1 h[ev] comm]cially   
pr(itable1 are nev]!less et]nally       
disgraceful2 contr>y1 t is to say1 to ! 
grace ( our ,"l ,*ri/1 if !re be among u
 any ,*ri/2 to ! grace ( ! ,k+'s        
,maje/y1 if !re be among u any ,k+2 & to
 ! grace ev5 ( ,*ri/less & ,k+less      
,manhood1 if !re be among u any         

,manhood4  ,to ?is fix$ conception ( a  
diff]5ce betwe5 ,bett] & ,worse1 or1 :5 
c>ri$ to ! extreme1 betwe5 good & evil 9
 conduct1 we all1 x seems to me1        
in/9ctively &1 !re=e1 rightly1 atta* !  
t]m ( ,moral s5se2--! s5se1 = in/ance1 t
 x w\ld be bett] if ! memb]s ( ?is      
,society :o are usually automatically   
abs5t 71 in/ead1 automatically pres5t2  
or bett]1 t ?is ,pap]1 if 7:i* is1      
p]haps1 too likely7 x be ?\ght          
automatically imp]t95t1 _h be5 made by !
 molecul> action ( my c]ebral p>ticles1 
p]t95t4   #agh4 ,tru/+1 !re=e1 )\t m    
ado1 to ! /r5g? ( ramp>t 9 ?is ,old     
,s>um ( ! ,moral s5se1 h[ev] subdu$ into
 vague banks "u ! mod]n /eam-pl\gh1 ,i w
 v5ture to suppose ! fir/ ( my two      
que/ions to h be5 answ]$ by ! *oice on !
 "p at lea/ ( a majority ( our ,c\ncil1 
( ! ?ird direction ( developm5t above   
specifi$ z be+ ! prop]ly call$ moral "o2
 & w g on to ! second subject ( inquiry1
 bo? m difficult & ( great practical    
importance 9 ! political crisis ?r\gh   

:i* ,europe is pass+1--namely1 :at      
relations betwe5 m5 are to be desir$1 or
 ) resignation all[$1 9 ! c\rse ( _!    
,moral ,developm5t8  ,:e!r1 t is to say1
 we %\ld try to make "s m5 beautiful at 
! co/ ( ugl9ess 9 o!rs1 & "s m5 virtu\s 
at ! co/ ( vice 9 o!rs1--or r1 all m5   
beautiful & virtu\s 9 ! degree possible 
to ea* "u a sy/em ( equitable education8
 ,& evid5tly our fir/ bus9ess is to     
consid] 9 :at t]ms ! *oice is put to u  
by ,nature4 ,:at c we d1 if we w\ld8    
,:at mu/ we d1 :e!r we w or n8 ,h[ high 
c we raise ! level ( a diffus$ ,le>n+ & 
,morality8 & h[ f> %all we be compell$1 
if we limit1 to exagg]ate1 ! advantages 
& injuries ( our sy/em8 ,& are we       
prep>$1 if ! extremity be inevitable1 to
 pu% to _! utmo/ ! relations impli$ :5  
we take (f our hats to ea* o!r1 & triple
 ! ti>a ( ! ,sa9t 9 ,heav51 :ile we     
leave ! s9n] b>ehead$ 9 ,cocytus8       
#agi4 ,x is well1 p]haps1 t ,i %\ld at  
once confess myself to hold ! pr9ciple (
 limitation 9 its utmo/ ext5t2 & to     

ent]ta9 no d\bt ( ! rightness ( my      
ideal1 b only ( its feasibility4 ,i am  
ill at ease1 = in/ance1 9 my unc]ta9ty  
:e!r our greatly regrett$ ,*airman w ev]
 be ,pope1 or :e!r "s p :om ,i c\ld     
m5tion1 7n1 ( c\rse1 memb]s ( our       
,society17 w ev] be 9 ,cocytus4  ,b !re 
is no ne$1 if we w\ld be c&id1 to debate
 ! pr9ciple 9 ^! viol5ces ( op]ation1   
any m ?an ! prop] me?ods ( di/ribut+    
food1 on ! supposition t ! diff]5ce     
betwe5 a ,p>is d9n] & a platt] ( ,scot* 
porridge mu/ imply t "o-half ( mank9d   
are to die ( eat+1 & ! re/ ( hav+ no?+  
to eat4 ,i w !re=e take = example a case
 9 :i* ! discrim9ation is less          
conclusive4   #ahj4 ,:5 ,i /op writ+    
metaphysics ?is morn+ x w be to arrange 
"s draw+s = a "y lady to copy4 ,!y are  
leaves ( ! be/ illum9at$ ,,mss4 ,i h1 & 
,i am go+ to sp5d my :ole aft]noon 9    
expla9+ to h] :at %e is to aim at 9     
copy+ !m4  ,n[1 ,i w\ld n l5d ^! leaves 
to any o!r "y lady t ,i "k (2 nor give  
up my aft]noon to1 p]haps1 m ?an two or 

?ree o!r "y ladies t ,i "k (4 ,b to keep
 to ! fir/-in/anc$ "o1 ,i l5d h] my     
books1 & give h]1 = :at !y are wor?1 my 
"t & mo/ c>eful tea*+1 because %e at    
pres5t pa9ts butt]flies bett] ?an any   
o!r girl ,i "k1 & has a peculi> capacity
 = ! s(t5+ ( plumes & f9ess+ ( ant5n4   
,grant me to be a good tea*]1 & grant h]
 disposition to be su* z ,i suppose1 & !
 result w be :at might at fir/ appe> an 
indef5sible iniquity1 namely1 t ?is     
girl1 :o has already excell5t gifts1    
hav+ also excell5t tea*+1 w become      
p]haps ! be/ butt]fly-pa9t] 9 ,engl&2   
:ile myriads ( o!r girls1 hav+ orig9ally
 inf]ior p[]s1 & attract+ no att5tion f 
! ,slade ,pr(essor1 w utt]ly lose _! at 
pres5t cultivable faculties (           
entomological art1 & s9k into ! vulg>   
c>e] ( wives & mo!rs1 to :i* we h ,mr4  
,mill's au?ority = hold+ x a griev\s    
inju/ice t any girl %\ld be irrevocably 
condemn$4   #aha4 ,!re is no ne$ t ,i   
%\ld be c>eful 9 enum]at+ ! v>i\s modes1
 analog\s to ?is1 9 :i* ! ,natural      

selection ( :i* we h lately he>d1       
p]haps1 some:at m ?an en\gh1 provokes & 
approves ! ,pr(essorial selection :i* ,i
 am s bold z to def5d2 & if ! automatic 
in/9cts ( equity 9 u1 :i* revolt aga9/ !
 great ord9ance ( ,nature & practice (  
,man1 t to him t ha?1 %all m be giv51   
are to be li/5$ to :5 ! possessions 9 "q
 are only ( wisdom & virtue1 let !m at  
lea/ prove _! s9c]ity by correct+1 fir/1
 ! inju/ice :i* has e/abli%$ itself     
respect+ m tangible & m e/eem$ prop]ty2 
& t]m9at+ ! s+ul> arrangem5t preval5t 9 
comm]cial ,europe t to e man ) a hundr$ 
p\nds 9 8 pocket !re %all annually be   
giv5 ?ree1 to e man ) a ?\s&1 ?irty1 &  
to e man ) no?+1 none4   #ahb4 ,i am    
cont5t "h to leave "u ! scrut9y ( ! ev5+
 my g5]al /atem5t1 t z human developm5t1
 :5 moral1 is ) special ef=t 9 a giv5   
direction1 s1 :5 moral1 x is ) special  
ef=t 9 fav\r ( a limit$ class2 b ,i yet 
trespass = a few mom5ts on y\r pati5ce 9
 ord] to note t ! acceptance ( ?is      
second pr9ciple /ill leaves x debatable 

to :at po9t ! disfav\r ( ! reprobate    
class1 or ! privileges ( ! elect1 may   
advisably ext5d4 ,= ,i _c b feel = my   
own "p z if ! daily bread ( moral       
in/ruction might at lea/ be s widely    
brok5 among ! multitude z to pres]ve !m 
f utt] de/itution & paup]ism 9 virtue2 &
 t ev5 ! simple/ & l[e/ ( ! rabble %\ld 
n be s absolutely sons ( p]dition1 b t  
ea* might say = himself1--,= my "p--no  
(f5ce to ! ,g5]al1 or any man (         
quality--,i hope to be sav$4 ,:]eas x   
is1 on ! contr>y1 impli$ by ! habitual  
expressions ( ! wise/ ari/ocrats1 t !   
completely develop$ p]sons ^: ,ju/ice & 
,=titude--poles to ! ,c>d9al po9ts (    
virtue--are m>k$ z _! suffici5t         
*>act]i/ics by ! great ,roman morali/ 9 
8 phrase1 ,ju/us1 et t5ax propositi1 w 9
 ! c\rse ( nature be oppos$ by a civic  
ard\r1 n m]ely ( ! innoc5t & ignorant1 b
 ( p]sons develop$ 9 a contr>y direction
 to t :i* ,i h v5tur$ to call moral1 &  
!re=e n m]ely incapable ( desir+ or     
applaud+ :at is "r1 b 9 an evil h>mony1 

prava jub5tium1 clamor\sly dem&+ :at is 
wrong4   #ahc4 ,! po9t to :i* bo?       
,natural & ,div9e ,selection w\ld p]mit 
u to advance 9 sev]ity t[>ds ?is pr(ane 
class1 to :i* ! endur+ ,ecce ,homo1 or  
manife/ation ( any prop]ly human s5tim5t
 or p]son1 mu/ always be in/9ctively    
abom9able1 seems to be conclusively     
indicat$ by ! ord] foll[+ on ! p>able ( 
! ,tal5ts1--,^? m9e enemies1 br+ hi!r1 &
 slay !m be=e me4 ,nor does x seem      
reasonable1 on ! o!r h&1 to set ! limits
 ( fav\ritism m n>r[ly4 ,= ev5 if1 among
 fallible mortals1 !re may frequ5tly be 
gr\nd = ! hesitation ( j m5 to aw>d !   
puni%m5t ( dea? to _! enemies1 ! mo/    
beautiful /ory1 to my pres5t k1 ( all   
antiquity1 t ( ,cleobis & ,bito1 might  
sugge/ to !m ! fitness on "s occasions1 
( di/ribut+ )\t any hesitation ! rew>d (
 dea? to _! fri5ds4 ,= surely ! logical 
conclusion ( ! ,bi%op ( ,pet]bor\gh1    
respect+ ! treatm5t due to old wom5 :o h
 no?+ sup]natural ab\t !m1 holds ) /ill 
great] =ce :5 appli$ to ! case ( old    

wom5 :o h ev]y?+ sup]natural ab\t !m2 & 
:ile x might rema9 que/ionable to "s ( u
 :e!r we _h any "r to deprive an invalid
 :o _h no s\l1 ( :at might /ill rema9 to
 h] ( ev5 pa9ful e>?ly exi/5ce2 x w\ld  
surely on ! mo/ religi\s gr\nds be bo?  
our privilege & our duty at once to     
dismiss any tr\blesome suff]] :o _h a   
s\l1 to ! di/ant & in(f5sive felicities 
( heav54   #ahd4 ,b ,i believe my he>]s 
w approve me 9 aga9 decl9+ to di/urb !  
s]5e confid5ce ( daily action by ^!     
speculations 9 extreme2 ! really useful 
conclusion :i*1 x seems to me1 _c be    
evad$1 is t1 )\t go+ s f> z ! exile ( ! 
inconv5i5tly wick$1 & translation ( !   
inconv5i5tly sick1 to _! prop] spiritual
 mansions1 we %\ld at lea/ be c]ta9 t we
 d n wa/e c>e 9 protract+ disease :i*   
might h be5 sp5t 9 pres]v+ heal?2 t we d
 n appease 9 ! spl5d\r ( our turret$    
hospitals ! feel+s ( compassion :i*1    
rightly direct$1 might h prev5t$ ! ne$ (
 !m2 nor pride ourselves on ! peculi> =m
 ( ,*ri/ian b5evol5ce :i* leaves !      

cottage ro(less to model ! prison1 &    
sp5ds itself ) zeal\s pref]5ce :]e1 9 ! 
ke5 words ( ,c>lyle1 if y desire !      
mat]ial on :i* maximum exp5diture (     
means & ef=t w produce ! m9imum result1 
"h y accurately h x4   #ahe4 ,i _c b1 9 
conclusion1 mo/ respectfully b mo/      
e>ne/ly1 express my hope t measures may 
be soon tak5 by ! ,lords ,spiritual (   
,engl& to assure h] d\bt+ m9d ( ! real  
exi/5ce ( t sup]natural revelation ( !  
basis ( morals to :i* ! ,bi%op (        
,pet]bor\gh ref]r$ 9 ! close ( 8 pap]2  
or at lea/ to expla9 to h] bewild]$     
populace ! real mean+ & =ce ( ! ,t5     
,comm&m5ts1 :e!r writt5 orig9ally by !  
f+] ( ,god or ,man4 ,to me p]sonally1 ,i
 own1 z "o ( t bewild]$ populace1 t !   
essay by "o ( our mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s on
 ! ,cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom seems to /& 9 ne$ (
 explicit answ] f our ,div9es2 b if n1 &
 ! common application ( ! t]ms ,^w (    
,god to ! books ( ,scripture be aga9/   
all "q t5able1 x becomes yet m imp]ative
 on ! int]pret]s ( t ,scripture to see t

 !y are n made void by our traditions1 &
 t ! ,mortal s9s ( ,covet\sness1 ,fraud1
 ,usury1 & cont5tion be n ! ess5ce ( a  
,national life orally pr(ess+ submission
 to ! laws ( ,*ri/1 & satisfaction 9 ,8 
,love4  ,j4 ,,rusk94      ,?\ %alt n    
covet2 b tradition     ,approves all =ms
 ( ,competition4  ,,ar?ur ,,cl\gh4      
,,index4  ,transcrib]'s note3 entries "h
 ( page numb]s foll[$ by n4 %\ld        
indicate t ref]5ces w be f\nd 9 a note  
on t page numb]4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ ( ^!       
ref]5ces to notes on p>ticul> pages are 
inaccurate4 ,! direct page numb] l9ks1  
h[ev]1 are accurate4  7,! ref]5ces are  
made to ! numb]$ p>agraphs1 n to !      
pages1 & are ?us applicable to e edition
 ( ! book s9ce t ( #ahhj47              
,accumulation ( le>n+1 its law1 #gc4    
,accuracy & dep? ( /udy1 di/9ct1 #aheg  
pref4  ,admiration1 increase (1 a te/ ( 
progress 9 art1 #afg4  ,almsgiv+1 #adb4 
p>i%1 c41 #abi4  ,alm%\ses1 decoration  
(1 #aae4            prejudice ( poor    
aga9/1 #abi-cj4  ,alp9e climb+1 risks (1

 #aea4  ,ambition1 9 y\? & age1 #bf4    
,am]ica1 abs5ce ( great art 91 #hg4     
bad %ipbuild+ 91 #aab n4                
comm]cial panic 91 #aea4  ,ance/ors1    
respect = _! "w insi/$ on1 #gb4         
,ar*itecture1 ,go?ic1 sculpture to be 9 
easie/ mat]ials1 #cd4                   
to be /udi$ at ,v]ona1 #gf4             
v>iety 91 to be dem&$1 #cb4             
*eap5s ! price1 ib4  ,arcola1 battle (1 
#gg4  ,are?usa1 !1 & ! ,belle-,p\le     
engrav+1 #adg4  ,greek3 ,aret & art1    
#aee4  ,art1 *eap1 its pur*ase1 #dj4    
great art n to be too *eap1 & :y1 #fb   
seq4      dem& = good1 & ! possibility (
 hav+ too mu*1 #ch4      dress1 beauty  
(1 ess5tial to good art1 #ed4           
education 9 7au?or's pap] on71 #aec seq4
    function (1 to exalt z well z to    
please1 #ch4    -gift & art-/udy1 #agb4 
good1 to be la/+ 9 its mat]ials & p[]1  
#ci4       to be done = & be wor?y ( all
 "t1 #df4    great1 ! expression ( a    
great s\l1 #acf4    has laws1 :i* mu/ be
 recognis$1 #aeg4    -intellect 9 a     

nation1 _c be creat$1 #bj-a4    its debt
 to ,italy1 #hb4    lab\r &1 #ai4       
! lab\r to be v>i\s1 easy1 p]man5t1 #ca 
seq4    lit]ature &1 ! co/ (1 #fg4      
love ( old1 ess5tial to produce new1    
#hh4    mat]ials (1 to be la/+1 #ci1    
#db4    models 9 art s*ools1 #afb-d4    
mod]n int]e/ 91 #afh4          objects  
(1 & old pictures1 #hf4    orig9al "w1 !
 be/ to buy1 #da4    p]man5cy (--e4g41 a
 pa9t$ w9d[1 #cg4    -p[] a gift1 #aeh4 
9 a nation1 h[ to produce1 #acb4        
wa/e (1 on p]i%able ?+s1 #de4           
pres]vation ( works (1 #gc-d4           
7#aheg7 m important ?an production1 #ib4
    price ( good1 #da4 ,see s4          
,pictures4    progress 91 te/$ by       
increas$ imag9ation1 #afg4    public to 
dem& noble subjects (1 #bi4       effect
 ( public dem& on1 #afe4    repetition  
91 monoton\s1 #cb4    s*ools1 trial1    
#bb-c4       prov9cial1 to h good       
art-models1 #afi4    /ud5ts1 #aec seq4  
-/udy w n pay1 #agd4    te/ ( good1 w x 
please a c5tury h5ce8 #ci4    value (1  

dep5ds on arti/'s capacity1 n education1
 #acf4    v>iety ( "w1 #cb4    "w1 h>d1 
ne$$ =1 #aeh4    works (1 illu/rate ea* 
o!r1 #fc4    works (1 prop]ty 91 #adg4  
prov9cial di/ribution (1 #afi4      _!  
cons]vative effect1 #acb n4      to be  
la/+1 #cf4   ,see s4 ,admiration1       
,am]ica1 ,ar*itecture1 ,are?usa1        
,aret1 ,arti/1 ,beauty1 ,build+s1       
,*eapness1 ,col\r1   ,criticism1        
,design1 ,diletto1 ,draw+1 ,dress1      
,education1   ,europe1 ,flor5ce1        
,france1 ,g5ius1 ,glass1 ,gold1         
,goldsmi?s1   ,hi/orical pa9t+1 ,indian 
%awls1 ,italy1 ,jewels1 ,lab\r1   ,lace1
 ,lomb>d1 ,m>ble1 ,mosaic1 ,pa9t]1      
,philosophy1 ,pictures1   ,rev]5ce1     
,s*ools1 ,trade1 ,wall-pap]1 ,w>1 ,wat] 
col\r1 ,weal?1 ,woodcuts4  ,arti/1      
education ( !1 to be a g5tleman--i4e41  
feel nobly1 #bh4    enc\ragem5t (1 9    
y\?1 #bc4    goldsmi?'s "w1 good tra9+  
=1 #df4    greate/1 h o!r p[]s ?an _!   
art1 #ba4    jeal\sy among1 #ih4        
mod]n tra9+ (1 #acb4    nascitur non    

fit1 #bj4    temp] (1 :at1 #acb4    to  
be a good man1 #bh4    trial s*ools to  
discov]1 #bb-c4   ,see s4 ,dr]1         
,francia1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,ghib]ti1        
,ghirl&ajo1 ,giotto1 ,leon>do1 ,lewis1  
,lor5zetti1   ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,rembr&t1
 ,reynolds1 ,t9toret1 ,titian1   ,turn]1
 ,v]onese1 ,v]roc*io4  ,asphodel mead[s 
( our y\?1 #bf4  ,a?letic games &       
education1 #abh4  ,au/rians1 9 ,italy1  
#gh4  ,au?or1 8 idea ( a knight1 :5 a   
*ild1 #ajf4       tea*+ "y lady to copy 
old ,,ms41 #ahj4   life (3     at       
,brantwood1 ,april #bi1 #ahhj4          
,man*e/]1 ,july #aj & #ac1 #aheg1 #a1   
#fa4    ,metaphysical ,society1 #ahge1  
#age4    ,ox=d1 art tea*+1 pref4 ix4    
,work+ ,m5's ,college1 #aef4    ,v5ice1 
#ada n4    tea*+ (3     misund]/ood1    
#ahj4     political economy1 has read no
 mod]n books on1 #aheg pref4            
political influ5ce ( art1 #ahhj pref4   
true weal? hon\r$ by1 #a4     words fail
 him to express mod]n folly1 #di4       
books (1 quot$1 c43      ,a ,joy = ,ev] 

conta9s g]ms ( subsequ5t "w1 #ahhj pref4
         revision = press1 #aheg pref4  
title1 #ahhj pref4     on 8 own writ+s1 
#adj4     !y co/ him pa91 & he does n   
expect !n to give pleasure1       #ahhj 
pref4   ,b>at>ia1 ! isl& ( 7,don        
,quixote 71 #fe4  ,beauty 9 art1 on :at 
bas$1 vi4  ,bible1 ,!1 to be realis$ z  
7n only call$7 ,god's ,^w #ahe4         
,quot$1 or ref]r$ to4     ,job iii4 #c1 
,let ! day p]i% :]e9 ,i 0 born 444 a    
*ild conceiv$1       #aai4       xxxi4  
#dj1 ,let ?i/les gr[ in/ead ( :eat1 c41 
#aja4     ,ps4 xxxii4 #h1 ,i w guide !e 
) m9e eye1 #ah4       xxxii4 #i1 ,be ye 
n z ! horse or mule1 #ah4       c4 #d1  
,ent] into ,8 gates ) ?anksgiv+1 #ahhj  
pref4     ,prov4 i4 #bj1 ,wisdom utt]e? 
h] voice 9 ! /reets1 #aab n4       iii4 
#ae1 ,wisdom m preci\s ?an rubies1 #agd4
       iii4 #af1 ,l5g? ( days are 9 h]  
"r h&1 c41 #acj4       iii4 #ag1 ,h]    
ways pleasantness & h] pa?s peace1 #abj4
       xiii4 #bc1 ,mu* food is 9 !      
tillage ( ! poor1 #g n4       xxxi4 #ae1

 ,%e rise? :ile x is yet night1 #i1 #eh4
       xxxi4 #be1 ,/r5g? & hon\r are 9  
h] clo?+1 c41 #fj4     ,hab4 ii41 its   
practical lessons1 #aab n4       ii4 #f1
 ,woe to him 444 t lade? himself ) ?ick 
clay1 #aab n4       ii4 #ab1 ,woe to him
 t builde? a t[n ) blood1 #aab n4       
ii4 #ac1 ,! p we>y !mselves = vanity1   
#aab n4     ,za*4 vii4 #i1 #aj1 ,execute
 true judgm5t 444 & let none imag9e     
evil1       c41 #aab n4     ,matt4 vii4 
#af1 ,ga!r figs ( ?i/les1 #acc4         
,luke xix4 #bf1 ,to him t ha? %all be   
giv51 #aha4       xix4 #bg1 ,^? m9e     
enemies br+ hi!r & slay !m be=e me1     
#ahc4     #b ,!ss4 iii4 #aj1 ,if any "w 
n1 nei!r %all he eat1 #ade4  ,books1 n  
to be too *eap1 & :y1 #fe4    numb]s (1 
n[adays1 & ! result1 #adj4  ,botany1 :at
 to le>n 91 #abh4  ,bridle ( man1 ! ,eye
 ( ,god1 #ah4  ,bro!rhood--,all m5 are  
bro!rs1 :at x implies1 #ad4             
politically & div9ely1 #aba4  ,br[n+1   
,e4 ,b41 on ,italy1 #gh n4  ,build+s1   
public1 _! decoration1 #ajd4            

,capitali/1 !1 8 comm& ov] m51 #d4      
,c>lyle1 ,t41 on ! value ( horses & m51 
#ah4    ke5 words (1 quot$1 #ahd4  ,casa
 ,guidi1 w9d[s ( !1 ref]r$ to1 #cf n4   
,*>ity1 cr[n+ k+%ip 7,si5a fresco71 #ei4
    9 pres]v+ heal?1 n 9 protract+      
disease1 #ahd4    is guidance1 #abg4    
n a geographical virtue1 #ha4    true1  
def9$1 #aah4  ,*>on1 #c4  ,*>tres1 #hf4 
,*eapness n to be consid]$ 9 produc+    
art1 #cg4    ( good art1 undesirable &  
:y1 #fb seq4  ,*eat+ disgraceful1 b be+ 
*eat$ is n1 #hi4  ,*ur*-go+ & life1 #ad4
    re/oration1 mania =1 #hf-g4  ,cl>ke1
 ,dr4 ,adam1 at ! ,metaphysical         
,society1 #agf4  ,cleobis & ,bito1 dea? 
(1 #aji4    /ory (1 beautiful1 #ahc4    
,cl]gym51 to prea* practically--e4g41 on
 trade1 #aab n4  ,clev]ness1 be/ %[n 9  
sympa?y ) ! aims ( o!rs1 #agj4  ,cl\gh1 
,ar?ur1 quot$1 #ahe n4  ,cocoa-nut1     
simile f a1 z to ! *eapness ( good art1 
#fd4  ,col\r1 good1 to be la/+1 #dd4    
local1 z an elem5t ( *i>oscuro1 #afb4   
,comm]ce1 c[>dice &1 #agg4    frauds (1 

#aea-b4    mod]n1 #aheg pref4 xi4       
,competition1 a bad ?+ 9 education1     
#ace4  ,cons]vatism1 true1 #eh4         
,c\ntry1 s]v+ "o's1 ) pl\gh1 p51 &      
sword1 #abi4  ,cricket1 ! game (1 #abh4 
,criticism1 mi/ak5 blame worse ?an      
mi/ak5 praise1 #bd4     public1 its     
effect on arti/s1 #bd4  ,curr5cy1       
national1 its nature1 #adi4             
,dante--,inf]no1 ! purse r\nd ! neck z a
 sign ( condemnation1 #d4               
,lasciate ogni sp]anza1 #ic4  ,deane1   
,sir ,t41 on ! ,ox=d ,museum1 #cb4      
,dea?1 z a rew>d1 #ahc4  ,design1       
dep5d5t on proportion1 #afj4     /udy (1
 #aei4     subjects (1 #agb-c4          
,developm5t1 ! direction ( human1 #age4 
,dialogue on pat]nal gov]nm5t1 #aba4    
,diamond-cutt+1 wa/e ( "t1 #cd4         
,diction>y ( classical antiquities1     
woodcuts 91 #ajg4  ,diletto & art1 #aee4
  ,diog5es1 respect$1 #b-c4  ,discipl9e 
! basis ( progress1 #af4  ,discov]y ( m5
 ( g5ius1 #bj4  ,disob$i5ce de/roys p[] 
( und]/&+1 #aheg pref4 x4  ,draw+ z a   

means ( description1 #aec4     lessons1 
#aef4     to be le>nt1 z read+ or writ+1
 #aec1 #aeh4     to scale1 to be le>nt1 
#afj4  ,dress1 art (1 #dg4    beautiful1
 ess5tial to great art--e4g41 its       
portraiture1 #ed4       *>act]i/ics (1  
#ed4       a means ( education1 #ed4    
be/1 n ! co/lie/1 #ed4    employm5t (   
lab\r--e4g41 ball-dresses1 #ej4         
fa%ion 91 wa/$ p[] ( design1 #de4       
f9e1 ! spoils ( dea?1 #ec4      z a     
subject ( exp5diture1 #adf4      "u :at 
circum/ance1 "r & wrong1 #eb4    lace1  
its value1 #aga4  ,dr]'s engrav+s1      
art-models1 #afi4            p]man5cy (1
 #db4            cre/ ) cock1 z         
art-model1 #afd4     woodcuts1 #dj4     
,economy1 its true mean+ 7application3  
accumulation3 di/ribution71 #h seq4     
! art ( manag+ lab\r1 #g1 #h4     !     
balance ( spl5d\r & utility1 #aj4       
does n mean sav+ money1 #h4     simile (
 f>m life1 #aa4    ! laws (1 same =     
nation & individual1 #ab seq4   ,see s4 
,almsgiv+1 ,au?or1 ,capitali/1 ,*>ity1  

,*eat+1   ,comm]ce1 ,curr5cy1           
,education1 ,employm5t1 ,engl&1 ,f>m1   
,g5tlem51 ,gold1 ,lab\r1 ,l&1 ,luxury1  
,money1 ,national works1   ,panics1     
,p>i% relief1 ,p5sion1 ,political       
,economy1 ,poor1 ,pov]ty1   ,prop]ty1   
,trade1 ,weal?4  ,education1 be/ claim$ 
by (f]+ ob$i5ce1 #af4     draw+ to be "p
 (1 #aef4     dress z a means (1 #ed4   
eye1 ! be/ m$ium (1 #ajf4     =mative1 n
 re=mative only1 #ae4     9 ,art1       
au?or's pap] on1 #aec seq4     lib]ty to
 be controll$ by1 #abh4     manual trade
 to be le>nt by all y\?s1 #abh4         
mod]n1 #ace4         9 ,engl&1 its bad  
t5d5cy1 #agg4     s*ools (1 to be       
beautiful1 #ajd-e4     ref9em5t (       
habits1 a "p (1 #ajd4     wa/e (1 on    
dead languages1 #abh4     "y m51 _!1    
#acd4  ,edw>d ,i41 progress s9ce ! days 
(1 #aheg pref4  ,emotion1 quickness (1  
is n capacity = x1 #acb4  ,employm5t1   
may be claim$ by ! ob$i5t1 #af4  ,engl&1
 art-treasures 91 _! numb]1 #e4         
mod]n1 its ugl9ess1 #agf4     ! ri* m5  

(1 _! duty1 #aah-i4  ,engli% "*1 impulse
 & prud5ce (1 #ag4                      
self-dep5d5ce1 #acj4  ,envy1 vile1 #agg4
  ,europe1 no great art1 except 91 #hg4 
,exam9ations1 _! educational aim &      
value1 #acf4  ,eye1 !1 nobl] ?an ! e>1 &
 a bett] means ( education1 #ajf4       
,fai?1 frescoes (1 ,ambrozio ,lor5zetti1
 ,si5a1 #eg4     k9ds (1 #eg4  ,fam9e1  
h[ x comes1 #acc4  ,fancy1 z ess5tial to
 f9e manufacture1 #agb4  ,f>m1 metaphor 
( a1 appli$ to national economy1 #aa4   
,fa%ion1 *ange (1 z wa/+ p[] ( design1  
#de4  ,flor5ce1 art & dress (1 #ed4     
draw+ at1 #adjj-aejj1 art-models1 #afi4 
,fools1 ! wise to take ( !1 #aah4       
,france1 art 91 great1 & beautiful      
dress1 #ed4     ,engli% prejudice aga9/1
 #ha4     social philosophy 91 frat]nit 
a true pr9ciple1 #ad4  ,francia1 a      
goldsmi?1 #df4  ,frescoes1 :itewa%+ (   
,italian1 #he4  ,frat]nity implies      
pat]nity1 #ad 7cp4 ,"t & ,tide1 #agg74  
,fun]al1 ,engli% love ( a dec5t1 #gj4   
,ga9sbor\gh1 8 want ( g5tle tra9+1 #bh4 

le>ns f ,italian art1 #hb4  ,g5ius1 m5  
(1 & art1 f\r que/ions z to 7production1
 employm5t1             accumulation1   
di/ribution71 #ai4           _! e>ly    
/ruggles1 due to _! />t+ on wrong "w1   
#bc4  ,g5tlem51 tradesm5 to be acc\nt$1 
#aad4  ,ghib]ti's gates1 ,m4 ,angelo on1
 #df4     a goldsmi?1 #df4  ,ghirl&ajo1 
a goldsmi?1 #df4      ,m4 ,angelo's     
ma/]1 #df4  ,giotto's frescoes1 ,assisi1
 p]i%+ = want ( c>e1 #hf4     discov]$  
by ,cimabue1 #acc4  ,glass1 cut1 wa/e ( 
lab\r on1 #cd4    pa9t$1 ,fr5*          
#abjj-acjj1 ! be/1 #afi4  ,god always   
s5ds m5 = ! "w1 b we cru% !m1 #acc4     
,8 "w1 its fulfilm5t by m51 #abb4       
,gold1 its uses1 z a m$ium ( ex*ange1   
#aej4      incorruptible & to be us$ =  
la/+ ?+s1 #df4      n !re=e to be us$ = 
co9age1 #df4  ,goldsmi?s1 arti/s :o h   
be51 #df4    educational tra9+ = arti/s1
 #df n4    "w (1 #de seq4  ,gov]nm5t1   
en=cem5t ( div9e law1 #aba4    9        
details1 #abb seq4    pat]nal1 #ad4     
9 loco p>5tis1 #af n4      def9$1 #aba4 

pr9ciples (1 at ! root ( economy1 #aa   
,fai?1 ,hope1 ,*>ity1 #eg4    to be     
cons]vative1 b expectant1 #eh4    to =m1
 n only re=m1 #ae4     to give "w to all
 :o want x1 #abi4  ,great m5 & ! public1
 #acg    ! "w !y are s5t to d1 #acc     
,greatness1 ! humility (1 #acg4         
,greece1 developm5t ( physical beauty1  
#agf4  ,guilds ( trade1 decoration ( _! 
build+s1 #aaf seq4   ,hesiod's ,eris1   
#agf4  ,hi/orians1 mi/ak5 way ( po9t+   
out h[ great m5 are fitt$ =   _! "w1    
#acc4  ,hi/orical pa9t+ z a means (     
education1 #ajf-g4  ,hi/ory1 ! /udy (   
m$ival1 z well z anci5t1 insi/$ on1     
#aji4  ,horace1 ju/us1 et propositi     
t5ax1 #ahb4     prava jub5tium1 ib4     
,horse & man1 bridl+ (1 #ah4            
,hospitals1 decoration (1 #aad4         
,h\sewife1 h] s]i\sness & h] smile1 #aj4
  ,h\sewif]y1 p]fect1 #aj4  ,humility ( 
greatness1 #acg4    ! companion ( joy & 
usefulness1 #afh4   ,illu/rations1      
mod]n1 bad art (1 #dj4  ,indep5d5ce1    
di%one/ ef=ts aft]1 #aca4  ,indian      

%awls1 design (1 #agc4  ,indu/ry1 its   
duty to ! pa/ & future1 #gb4            
,infidelity1 mod]n1 #agg4  ,inv5tion1   
national1 ( new wants1 #ach4  ,inv5tors1
 to be publicly rew>d$1 b to h no       
pat5ts1 #aac4  ,isl&1 des]t1 analogy (  
a1 & political economy1 #aaj4  ,italy1  
,au/rians 91 #gh4    cradle ( art1 #hb4 
de/ruction ( art 9 mod]n1 #hd4    mod]n 
art (1 #he4    /ate (1 #aheg1 #hd4      
?und]cl\ds 91 ! w9epress ( ,god's wra?1 
#gg4  ,italian "*1 #hd4   ,jewels1 cutt+
 (1 #eb4    mod]n1 bad & co/ly1 #aei4   
prop]ty 91 #adf4  ,jews1 ,*ri/ian       
dislike (1 #ha4   ,keats1 quot$1 a joy =
 ev]1 #ahhj pref4 ix-x4  ,k+1 ! virtues 
( a 7,si5a fresco71 #fj4  ,k+%ip1 cr[n$ 
by *>ity 7,si5a fresco71 #ei4    mod]n  
contempt =1 #agg4   ,lab\r1 a claim to  
prop]ty1 #ade4    con/ant1 n int]mitt5t1
 ne$$1 #aa4    end (1 is happ9ess1 n    
money1 #agd4       to br+ ! :ole c\ntry 
"u cultivation1  #ab4    managem5t (1 is
 economy1 #g4    organisation (1 no out 
( "w cry1 #aa-ab4      "u gov]nm5t1     

plann$1 #abg-ca4    suffici5cy ( a man's
 lab\r = all 8 ne$s1 #g4                
nation's     its    #g4  ,lab\r1        
cont9u$2--    wa/e (1 9 v>i\s k9ds (    
useless art1 cut-glass1 mosaic1 c1 #cd4 
dress1 #ej seq4  ,lace-mak+1 #eb4       
ma*9e & h&-made1 #agj4    value (1 9 its
 lab\r1 #aga4  ,laissez-all]1 a ru9\s   
pr9ciple1 #af4  ,l&1 ! laws (           
cultivation1 ! same = a cont95t z = an  
acre1 #ab4   -own]s1 _! duties1 #adc4   
,law & lib]ty1 #abc4    mo/ irksome1 :5 
mo/ necess>y1 #ae4    pr9ciples (1      
appli$ to m9or ?+s1 #abc4    %\ld       
regulate ev]y?+ x c1 #abf4    sy/ems (1 
none p]fect1 #abd4    to be protective1 
n m]ely punitive1 #ae4  ,legislation1   
pat]nal1 dialogue on1 #aba4  ,leon>do da
 ,v9ci1 an eng9e]1 #ba4        pupil (  
,v]roc*io1 #df4       "w by1 at         
,flor5ce1 #afd4  ,leonidas' dea?1 #aji4 
,lewis1 ,john1 8 "w1 & its prices1 #ajb 
n4  ,lib]alism 9 gov]nm5t1 true1 #eh4   
,lib]ty1 law &1 #abc4    to be int]f]$  
)1 = good ( nation1 #abc-bf4  ,life1    

battles ( e>ly1 = m5 ( g5ius1 #bc4      
ideal (1 simplicity plus imag9ation1    
#adg4  ,lit]ature1 *eap1 mod]n1 #fe4    
,lomb>d ar*itecture at ,pisa & ,v]ona1  
#gf4  ,london season1 co/ (1 9 dress1   
#ee4  ,look1 p w n1 at ?+s1 #ada4       
,lor5zetti1 ,ambrozio1 8 frescoes (     
gov]nm5t at ,si5a1 #eg4  ,love & ,k+%ip1
 see s4 ,*>ity4  ,luxury1 articles (1 z 
prop]ty1 #adf4     does n add to weal?1 
#dh4    ! influ5ces (1 #ach4            
,macaulay's false say+1 ! giants ( "o   
age1 ! pigmies     ( ! next1 #afh4      
,magnanimity1 ! virtue (1 its full      
mean+1 #fj4  ,mammon wor%ip1 9 ,engli%  
comm]cial c5tres1 #aea4  ,man*e/] ,art  
,treasures ,exhibition #aheh1 #e1 #fi4  
motto (1 ,a joy = ev]1 #ahhj pref4      
,mansfield ,art ,night ,class1 address  
to1 #ahgc1 #aff seq4  ,manufacture1     
def9$1 #afi4  ,m>a?on1 #aji4  ,m>ble1 a 
bett] mat]ial = sculpture ?an granite1  
#cd4  ,m>riage1 desire =1 9 girls1 #ee4 
,m$ici1 ,pietro de1 ord]s ,m4 ,angelo's 
sn[-/atue1 #cf4  ,m5ippus1 #c4          

,metaphysical ,society1 au?or1 ,may #d1 
#ahge1 reads pap] at1 #age4  ,mi*ael    
,angelo1 au?or's praise (1 #cf4         
,ghirl&ajo's pupil1 #df4      on        
,ghib]ti's gates1 #df4      sn[-/atue1  
#cf4  ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 on weal?1 #aden4  
on wom51 #ahj4  ,mis]y1 always ! result 
( indol5ce or mi/ak5 indu/ry1 #g4       
,mi/ress1 ( a h\se1 ideal1 describ$1 #i1
 #aj4  ,mod]nism1 contempt = pov]ty &   
hon\r ( weal?1 #a seq4   ,see s4        
,comm]ce1 ,education1 ,engl&1 ,italy1   
,weal?4  ,money1 a docum5t ( title1     
#adh4    ,god's gift & n our own1 & :y1 
#aaf seq4    great "w nev] done =1 #ih1 
#ajb4    sp5d+1 is to employ lab\r1 #dh4
    ! way we sp5d x1 important1 #dh-i4  
,morality1 me*anical basis (1 #agf4    n
 to be limit$ to a class1 #ahb4  ,moral 
s5se1 !1 def9$1 #agg4  ,mosaic1         
,flor5t9e1 wa/e ( lab\r1 #cd4  ,motive1 
! only real1 & rightness1 #ha4  ,m\rn+1 
,engli% love (1 #gj4  ,museums1         
prov9cial1 art-models =1 #afi4          
,national works1 z a means ( art        

employm5t1 #bd4  ,nations 9 bro!rly     
concord & fa!rly au?ority1 #ad4    en]gy
 (1 to be direct$1 #af4    laws (1 to be
 protective z well z punitive1 #ad4     
,natural =ms1 z subjects ( design1 #agb4
    ,hi/ory1 ! /udy (1 to be ext5d$1    
#aee4    ,sci5ce1 & draw+1 #aef4  ,new  
,york1 c\ncil (1 on luxury1 #achn4      
,nott+ham lace1 #agj4  ,nov>a1 battle (1
 #gg4   ,ob$i5ce1 to :at we dislike1    
#aheg pref4  ,ob/9acy ( great m5 aga9/ !
 public1 #acg-h4  ,ov]work1 decri$1 #aa4
  ,ox=d ,museum1 ,sir ,t4 ,deane on !1  
#cb4   ,pa9t]1 pov]ty ( e>ly ye>s1 #ajj4
    prices paid to a1 #ih4  ,panics1    
comm]cial--e4g41 #aheg1 #aea4  ,pap]1   
necessity ( good1 = wat]-col\r art1 #dc4
  ,p>able1 ,! ,t5 ,tal5ts1 its practical
 application1 #aad-ae4  ,p>5ts1 noble   
delight ( pleas+ "o's1 possible only to 
! "y1 #bg4  ,p>is1 de/ruction (1        
#ahgj-a1 #afh4  ,p>i% relief1 no m infra
 dig4 ?an ,/ate p5sions1 #abi4  ,pat5ts1
 no1 b private inv5tions to be publicly 
rew>d$1 #aac4  ,patriotism1 :at1 #ha4   

,p5sions1 are ,gov]nm5t alms1 #abi4     
,pet]bor\gh1 ,bi%op (1 pap] read at     
,metaphysical ,society1 #agf1 #ahc1     
#ahe4  ,photography1 z a means ( provid+
 art-models1 #afd4    collections (     
,flor5t9e ,gall]y photos1 ib4           
,pictures1 copies (1 to be made1 b n to 
be b\ght1 #ij4    deal]s1 & old         
pictures1 #he4    de/ruction (1 #fi4    
gall]ies1 9 all great cities1 #ia4      
_! sup]vision & curators1 #ic4          
pictorial me?od ( education1 #ajf seq4  
price (1 #aja1 #ch4  ,pictures1 price (1
 cont9u$3--      effect ( high prices on
 arti/s & on art1 #ig seq4      by liv+ 
arti/s1 %[s n value1 b dem&1 #aja4      
by dead & liv+ ma/]s1 #ajc4      mod]n  
prices1 #ch4      ( oil & wat]-col\r1   
#ajb n4      to be limit$ b n too *eap1 
#ff1 #ie-f4    private possession (1 its
 value1 #ic-d4    pur*ase (1 private    
buy]s to buy ! works ( liv+ arti/s1     
! public ^? ( dead1 #ajc1 #id1 #e4      
= o/5tation1 #aja4      ! gov]nm5t to   
buy great works1 #hi4    re/oration (1  

notes (1 to be kept = ref]5ce1 #id n4   
9 ,italy1 #he4    sale ( a picture1 its 
politico-economical effect1 #acb n4     
/udies =1 trac+s1 & copies (1 to be     
kept1 #ij seq4  ,pisa1 ar*itecture at1  
#gf4    ,campo ,santo1 ,!1 #hb4  ,plate1
 *anges ( fa%ion 91 deplor$1 #de4       
gold & silv] to be gradually accumulat$1
 n melt$ d[n &     remodell$1 #df4      
,pl\gh+1 boys to le>n1 #abh4  ,political
 economi/s1 _! ?rift1 #hi4    ,economy1 
mod]n books on1 #aheg pref4      ! aim (
 true1 #ade4      is citiz5's economy1  
#aheg pref4      def9ition & true mean+ 
(1 #acb n4      fir/ pr9ciples (1 simple
 b misund]/ood1 #aheg pref4      its    
que/ions to be dealt ) "o by "o1 #ch4   
/udy (1 to be accurate1 if n deep1 #aheg
 pref4      secrecy 9 trade bad1 #aaj   
seq4      ,see s4 ,economy4  ,politics1 
,engli%1 #hb4    ,european1 #ahdh1      
#aheg1 #hj4    ,see s4 ,cons]vatism1    
,lib]alism4  ,poor1 !1 _! "r to ,/ate   
education & support1 #abg4  ,poor1 !1   
cont9u$2--    are kept at ! exp5se ( !  

ri*1 #abg n4    to be tak5 c>e (1 #aah4 
,pov]ty1 classical writ]s on1 #b4       
m$ival view (1 #d4    mod]n contempt =1 
j & "r1 #a seq4  ,po/]ity1 ?\ght =1 #gb4
  ,praise1 only ! "y c enjoy1 = ! old   
are above x1     if !y des]ve x1 #bf4   
,pride1 z a motive ( exp5diture1 #gi4   
,prize-giv+1 a bad ?+ 9 education1 #ace4
    its true value & mean+1 #aff4       
,productive & unproductive transactions1
 #acb n4  ,progress1 mod]n1 s9ce ,edw>d 
,i41 #aheg pref4  ,prop]ty1 division (1 
into ?+s produc+ 7a7 life1 7b7 ! objects
 (     life1 #add seq4    ! "r (1 to be 
ackn[l$g$1 #adb4  ,provid5ce1 notion ( a
 special1 #acc4  ,public1 !1 fav\r (1   
#acg4    great m5 &1 #acg4    impati5t (
 :at x _c und]/&1 #adj-a4  ,puni%m5t1 ! 
rationale ( human1 #abc4  ,purse-pride1 
mod]n & anci5t1 #b4   ,railway spe$1    
#hf4  ,raphael's ,disputation1 #adg4    
,religion1 national1 its beauty1 pref4  
,rembr&t's spott$ %ell z a model 9 et*+1
 #afd4  ,r5aissance ar*itecture at      
,v]ona1 #gf4  ,re/ra9t1 ! law ( life1   

#af4  ,rev]5ce = art1 a te/ ( art p[]1  
#afg4  ,reynolds1 ,sir ,j41 le>ns mu* f 
,italian art1 #hb4    portraits (1      
models ( art1 #afi4  ,ri*1 ! duty ( !   
/rong &1 #aah4  ,rid+1 z "p ( education1
 #abh4  ,r[+1 z "p ( education1 #abh4   
,/4 ,albans1 ,duke (1 reads pap] = au?or
 at ,mansfield1 #aff n4  ,/4 ,l\is'     
*apel at ,c>cassonne1 pa9t+1 #hf4       
,salvation1 n to be limit$ to a class1  
#ahb4  ,s*ool ,bo>d1 !1 #agg4  ,s*ools (
 art1 b>e s*oolrooms d n fix ! att5tion1
 #aje4      decoration (1 reasons =1    
#ajd4      proposals =1 #acb4  ,sci5ce1 
controv]sy 91 too mu* n[adays1 #age4    
education 91 #abh4    ! bridal city (1  
#age4  ,selection1 ,natural1 & ,social  
,policy1 pap] by au?or1 #age4           
,%akespe>e's ,cliff1 #hi4  ,si5a1       
frescoes ( ,antonio ,lor5zetti1 #eg4    
,smi?1 ,adam1 #aheg pref4  ,soldi]s ( ! 
pl\gh%>e z well z ( ! sword1 #ae4       
,speculation1 comm]cial1 #aea4  ,spid]1 
web ( a1 #agj4  ,/reet1 ,mr41 on !      
,ducal ,palace1 #ada n4  ,/ud5ts 9 art1 

n to aim at be+ great ma/]s1 #afh4      
,surfaces1 draw+ ( r\nd1 c41 #afa4      
,sympa?y1 ! clev]ness (1 #agj4  ,sy/ems1
 n easily grasp$1 #abh4   ,ta/e1 def9$1 
#aed4    education (1 #afj4  ,t5nyson1  
,9 ,mem4 ,,lv4 ,( fifty se$s1 %e (t5    
br+s b "o to be>1     #acc 7cp4 ,"t &   
,tide1 #fg74  ,?\ght1 n to take ! place 
( fact1 #ada4  ,"t1 man is ! true       
de/roy]1 n1 #gd4  ,times1 ,!1 ,nov4 #bc1
 #aheg1 ref]r$ to1 #ach n4  ,t9toret's  
,/4 ,seba/ian 7,v5ice71 p]i%+1 #hf4     
,titian1 et]nally "r1 #aeg4    sket* by 
7,flor5ce71 #afd4    woodcuts (1 #gj4   
,tombs1 ,engli% wa/e ( money on1 #gh4   
,trade1 art-faculty1 its employm5t 9    
design 91 #cj4    fre$om f rivalry1     
heal?ful1 #aaj seq4    gov]nm5t         
direction (1 #abi4    guilds1 decoration
 ( _! build+s1 #aaj seq4  ,trade1       
guilds1 cont9u$3--         "u public    
managem5t1 #aad4    secrecy (1 bad1 #aaj
 seq4    true co-op]ation 91 :at1 #aab4 
y\?s to le>n "s manual1 #abh4           
,tradesm51 _! mod]n social position     

wrong1 #aad4  ,tru?1 dep5d5t on ju/ice &
 love1 #aeb4  ,turn]1 prices ( 8        
pictures1 :5 a boy1 #ih4    8 want (    
g5tle tra9+1 #bh4   ,ugl9ess1 is evil1  
#agg4  ,usury1 a mortal s91 #ahe4       
,utility1 n to be ! sole object ( life1 
#aj4   ,vellum1 = wat]-col\r draw+1 #dc4
  ,v5ice1 art (1 aid$ by beautiful      
dress1 #ed4    ,ducal ,palace1 *ronology
 ( ! capital1 #ada n4  ,v]ona1          
amphi!atre (1 #gf4    battle-fields (1  
#gg4    greate/ art-treasury 9 ! _w1 #gf
 seq4    typical ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1  
#gf4  ,v]onese1 ,p41 et]nally "r1 #aeg4 
,family ( ,d>ius1 pur*as$ by ,national  
,gall]y1 = #ad1jjj1 #ee4  ,v]roc*io1 a  
goldsmi?1 #df4    ma/] ( ,leon>do1 #df4 
,virtues1 !1 fresco (1 by ,a4           
,lor5zetti1 at ,si5a1 #eg4    w+$       
7,si5a71 ib4 seq4   ,wages1 fix$ rate (1
 advocat$1 #aac1 #abi4  ,wall-pap]1     
#aei4  ,wants1 ! inv5tion ( new1 #ach4  
,w>1 de/ruction ( works ( art by1 #ge4  
,wat]-col\r draw+s1 p]i%able1 & :y1 #db4
      to be on vellum1 n pap]1 #dc4     

,weal?1 au?or's respect = true1 #a4     
duty &1 #aai-bj4    e>n$ & inh]it$1     
#adc4  ,weal?1 cont9u$3--    fre$om (   
sp5d+1 to be all[$1 #adb4    h[ ga9$1   
#aag4    means well-be+1 #adg4    m$ival
 view (1 #d4    mod]n hon\r paid to1 #a1
 #b4    p[] (1 #d4    pr9ciples (1 #aad 
seq4    works ( art1 h[ f> !y are1 #acb 
n4  ,weal?y1 !1 pilots ( ! ,/ate1 #aai1 
#adb4           claims ( ! poor on1     
#adc4           way 9 :i* !y %\ld sp5d  
_! money1 #adc4  ,wisdom1 preci\sness (1
 #agd4  ,wom51 education (1 draw+1      
#aeh-i4    ,j4 ,s4 ,mill on ! position  
(1 #ahj4  ,woodcuts1 *eap & na/y1 #dj4  
,wordswor?'s essay on ! ,poor ,law      
,am5dm5t ,bill1 #af n4  ,workh\ses1 to  
be wor?y _! "n1 #aad4  ,work+-m5's      
,college1 draw+ at !1 #aef4   ,y\?1     
enc\ragem5t good =1 #bf seq4    ( a     
nation1 to be gu>d$1 #acd4    "w ( a1   
necess>ily imp]fect1 b blameable1 if    
bold or slov5ly1 #be4   ,,! ,,end4      
,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson  ,,co4 
,ed9burgh  ,london