by ! ,biblio?que nationale de ,france   
7,bn,f_/,gallica7 at                    
http3_/_/gallica4bnf4fr7                
,,smi?sonian ,,in/itution--,,bureau ,,( 
,,e?nology4  ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t   
,,(  ,,=m ,,& ,,ornam5t ,,9 ,,c]amic    
,,art4  ,,by  ,,william ,h4 ,,holmes4   
,,cont5ts4                              
,page4  ,introductory                   
#ddc   ,orig9 ( =m                      
#dde     ,by adv5tition                 
#dde     ,by imitation                  
#dde     ,by inv5tion                   
#dej   ,modification ( =m               
#dej      ,by adv5tition                
#dej      ,by int5tion                  
#deb   ,orig9 ( ornam5t                 
#dec     ,f natural objects             
#ded     ,f artificial objects          
#dee       ,functional features         
#dee       ,con/ructional features      
#def     ,f accid5ts att5d+ con/ruction 
#deg     ,f ideographic & pictorial     
subjects     #deg   ,modification (     
ornam5t                      #deg       

,?r\gh mat]ial                          
#deh     ,?r\gh =m                      
#deh     ,?r\gh me?ods ( realization    
#dei   ,,illu/rations4   ,,fig4         
#dfd4--;,=m d]iv$ f a g\rd              
#ddf      #dfe4--;,=m d]iv$ f a con*1   
%ell                     #ddg           
#dff4--;,=m d]iv$ f a /one pot          
#ddh      #dfg4--;,=m d]iv$ f a wood5   
tray                      #ddh          
#dfh4--;,=m d]iv$ f a horn spoon        
#ddh      #dfi4--;,=m d]iv$ f a b>k     
vessel                      #ddf        
#dgj4--;,=m d]iv$ f basketry            
#ddi      #dga4--;,=m d]iv$ f basketry  
#ddi      #dgb4--;,=m d]iv$ f a wood5   
vessel                    #ddi          
#dgc4--;,co9cid5t =ms                   
#dea      #dgd4--;,=m produc$ by accid5t
                            #dea        
#dge4--,scroll d]iv$ f ! spire ( a con* 
%ell       #ded      #dgf4--,!oretical  
developm5t ( curr5t scroll              
#dee      #dgg4--,ornam5t d]iv$ ?r\gh   
modification ( h&les     #dee           

#dgh4--,scroll d]iv$ f coil ( clay      
#def      #dgi4--,ornam5tal use (       
fillets ( clay                    #def  
#dhj4--,v>iation ?r\gh1 ! influ5ce ( =m 
#dei      #dha4--,!oretical developm5t (
 ! curr5t scroll        #dfj            
#dhb4--;,=ms ( ! same motive express$ 9 
diff]5t arts #dfa      #dhc4--;,=ms ( ! 
same motive express$ 9 diff]5t arts #dfa
      #dhd4--;,=ms ( ! same motive      
express$ 9 diff]5t arts #dfa            
#dhe4--;,geometric =m ( textile ornam5t 
#dfb      #dhf4--,loss ( geometric      
accuracy 9 pa9t+               #dfb     
#dhg4--;,design pa9t$ ^u pott]y         
#dfc      #dhh4--,!oretical developm5t (
 fret "w                 #dfd           
#dhi4--,!oretical developm5t ( scroll "w
               #dfe   ,,orig9 ,,&       
,,developm5t ,,( ,,=m ,,& ,,ornam5t ,,9 
,,c]amic ,,art4  ,,by ,,william ,h4     
,,holmes4     ,,introductory4  ,= !     
inve/igation ( art 9 its e>ly /ages & 9 
its wide/ s5se--!re is probably no fair]
 field ?an t af=d$ by aborig9al ,am]ica1

 anci5t & mod]n4  ,at ! p]iod (         
discov]y1 art at a numb] ( places on !  
,am]ican cont95t seems to h be5 develop+
 surely & /eadily1 ?r\gh ! =ce ( !      
innate g5ius ( ! race1 & ! m advanc$    
nations 7 already approa*+ ! ?re%old (  
civilization2 at ! same "t _! me?ods 7  
*>act]iz$ by great simplicity1 & _! art 
products are1 z a consequ5ce1           
exceptionally homog5e\s4  ,! adv5t (    
,european civilization *eck$ ! curr5t ( 
gr[?1 & new & conflict+ elem5ts 7       
introduc$ necess>ily disa/r\s to !      
native developm5t4  ,!re is mu*1 h[ev]1 
9 ! art ( liv+ tribes1 especially ( ^?  
lea/ influ5c$ by ! :ites1 capable ( ?r[+
 light ^u ! obscure passages (          
precolumbian art4 ,by supplem5t+ ! /udy 
( ! prehi/oric by t ( hi/oric art1 :i*  
is /ill 9 _m cases 9 its incipi5t /ages1
 we may hope to p5etrate deeply into !  
secrets ( ! pa/4  ,! advantages ( ?is   
field1 z comp>$ ) ,greece1 ,egypt1 & !  
,ori5t1 w be app>5t :5 we rememb] t !   
dawn ( art 9 ^! c\ntries lies hidd5 9 ! 

%ad[ ( unnumb]$ ages1 :ile ours /&s out 
9 ! light ( ! v pres5t4 ,?is is well    
illu/rat$ by a rem>k ( ,bir*1 :o1 9     
dwell+ ^u ! antiquity ( ! fictile art1  
says t ! exi/5ce ( e>!n vessels 9 ,egypt
 0 at lea/ coeval ) ! =mation ( a writt5
 language4#a ,beyond ?is !re is         
ackn[l$g$ *aos4 ,9 /rong contra/ ) ?is1 
is ! fact t all precolumbian ,am]ican   
pott]y prec$es ! acquisition ( writt5   
language1 & ?is contra/ is emphasiz$ by 
! additional fact t x also ant$ates !   
use ( ! :eel1 t great p]v]t] ( ! pla/ic 
t5d5cies ( clay4  ,footnote #a3 ,bir*3  
,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y1 #ahgc1 p4 #h4
  ,! mat]ial pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ notes is
 d]iv$ *iefly f ! native c]amic art ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! pr9ciples involv$ are
 applicable to all times & to all art1 z
 !y are bas$ ^u ! laws ( nature4        
,c]amic art pres5ts two classes (       
ph5om5a ( importance 9 ! /udy ( !       
evolution ( /hetic culture4 ,^! relate1 
fir/1 to =m1 & second1 to ornam5t4  ,=m1
 z embodi$ 9 clay vessels1 embraces1    

#a/1 useful %apes1 :i* may or may n be  
ornam5tal1 &1 #b;d1 /hetic %apes1 :i*   
are ornam5tal & may be useful4 ,!re are 
also grotesque & fanciful %apes1 :i* may
 or may n be ei!r useful or ornam5tal4  
,no =m or class ( =ms c be said to      
*>act]ize a p>ticul> age or /age (      
culture4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ( c\rse1 !     
vessels ( primitive peoples w be simple 
9 =m1 :ile ^? ( m advanc$ races w be m  
v>i$ & highly specializ$4  ,! %apes fir/
 assum$ by vessels 9 clay dep5d ^u !    
%ape ( ! vessels employ$ at ! "t ( !    
introduction ( ! art1 & ^! dep5d1 to a  
great ext5t1 ^u ! k9d & grade ( culture 
( ! p acquir+ ! art & ^u ! res\rces ( ! 
c\ntry 9 :i* !y live4 ,to illu/rate3    
,if1 = in/ance1 "s ( ! highly advanc$   
,alaskan tribes :i* d n make pott]y %\ld
 migrate to ano!r habitat1 less suitable
 to ! practice ( _! old arts & well     
adapt$ to art 9 clay1 & %\ld !re acquire
 ! art ( pott]y1 !y w\ld d\btless1 to a 
great ext5t1 copy _! highly develop$    
ut5sils ( wood1 bone1 ivory1 & basketry1

 & ?us rea* a high grade ( c]amic       
a*ievem5t 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! practice (
 ! art2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if c]ta9 tribes1
 v l[ 9 intellig5ce & hav+ no           
vessel-mak+ arts1 %\ld und]go a         
correspond+ *ange ( habitat & acquire ! 
art ( pott]y1 !y might n rea* 9 a ?\s&  
ye>s1 if left to !mselves1 a grade 9 !  
art equal to t ( ! hypo!tical ,alaskan  
pott]s 9 ! fir/ decade4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n 
! age ( ! art itself t det]m9es its =ms1
 b ! grade & k9d ( art ) :i* x orig9ates
 & coexi/s4  ,ornam5t is subject to     
simil> laws4 ,:]e pott]y is employ$ by  
peoples 9 v l[ /ages ( culture1 its     
ornam5tation w be ( ! simple ar*aic k9d4
 ,be+ a cons]vative art & mu* hamp]$ by 
! re/ra9ts ( conv5tion1 ! elem5t>y =ms (
 ornam5t are c>ri$ a long way into !    
succe$+ p]iods & h a v decid$ effect ^u 
! high] /ages4 ,pott]y br\ght into use =
 ! fir/ "t by m advanc$ races w nev]    
pass ?r\gh ! elem5t>y /age ( decoration1
 b w take its ornam5t greatly f exi/+   
art & c>ry ?is up 9 its own peculi> way 

?r\gh succe$+ g5]ations4 ,! "* ( !      
ornam5tation does n !re=e dep5d ^u ! age
 ( ! art s mu* z ^u ! acquirem5ts ( !   
pott] & 8 p 9 o!r arts4      ,,orig9 ,,(
 ,,=m   ,9 ord] to convey a cle> idea ( 
! be>+ ( ! prec$+ /atem5ts ^u ! hi/ory (
 =m & ornam5t1 x w be necess>y to pres5t
 a numb] ( po9ts 9 great] detail4  ,!   
foll[+ synopsis w give a connect$ view (
 v>i\s possible orig9s ( =m4            
_/ ,by adv5tition4 ,orig9 ( =m-- ,by    
imitation--------_/ ,( natural models4  
,by inv5tion4        ,( artificial      
models   ,,=ms ,,sugge/$ ,,by           
,,adv5tition4  ,! sugge/ions ( accid5t1 
especially 9 ! e>ly /ages ( art1 are (t5
 adopt$1 & become fruitful s\rces (     
improvem5t & progress4 ,by su* means !  
use ( clay 0 discov]$ & ! c]amic art    
came into exi/5ce4 ,! accid5tal         
ind5tation ( a mass ( clay by ! foot1 or
 h&1 or by a fruit-%ell1 or /one1 :ile  
s]v+ z an auxili>y 9 "s simple art1 may 
h sugge/$ ! mak+ ( a cup1 ! simple/ =m (
 vessel4  ,! use ( clay z a cem5t 9     

repair+ ut5sils1 9 protect+ combu/ible  
vessels f injury by fire1 or 9 build+ up
 ! walls ( %all[ vessels1 may also h l$ 
to ! =mation ( disks or cups1 aft]w>ds  
indep5d5tly con/ruct$4 ,9 any case !    
objects or ut5sils ) :i* ! clay 0       
associat$ 9 its e>lie/ use w\ld impress 
_! =ms ^u x4 ,?us1 if clay 7 us$ 9      
deep5+ or m5d+ vessels ( /one by a giv5 
p1 x w\ld1 :5 us$ indep5d5tly by t p1   
t5d to assume %apes sugge/$ by /one     
vessels4 ,! same may be said ( its use 9
 connection ) wood & wick]1 or ) vessels
 ( o!r mat]ials4 ,=ms ( vessels s d]iv$ 
may be said to h an adv5titi\s orig91   
yet !y are ess5tially copies1 al?\gh n s
 by design1 & may z readily be plac$ "u 
! succe$+ head4   ,,=ms ,,d]iv$ ,,by    
,,imitation4  ,clay has no inh]5t       
qualities ( a nature to impose a giv5 =m
 or class ( =ms ^u its products1 z h    
wood1 b>k1 bone1 or /one4 ,x is s mobile
 z to be q free to take =m f surr\nd+s1 
& :]e ext5sively us$ w record or e*o a  
va/ deal ( nature & ( coexi/5t art4  ,9 

?is obs]vation we h a key t w unlock _m 
( ! my/]ies ( =m4  ,9 ! inve/igation (  
?is po9t x w be necess>y to consid] !   
processes by :i* an art inh]its or      
acquires ! =ms ( ano!r art or ( nature1 
& h[ "o mat]ial imposes its peculi>ities
 ^u ano!r mat]ial4 ,9 e>ly /ages (      
culture ! processes ( art are closely   
ak9 to ^? ( nature1 ! human ag5t h>dly  
rank+ z m ?an a "p ( ! environm5t4 ,!   
primitive arti/ does n proce$ by me?ods 
id5tical ) our own4 ,he does n          
delib]ately & freely exam9e all         
dep>tm5ts ( nature or art & select =    
models ^? ?+s mo/ conv5i5t or mo/       
agreeable to fancy2 nei!r does he       
exp]im5t ) ! view ( inv5t+ new =ms4 ,:at
 he attempts dep5ds almo/ absolutely ^u 
:at happ5s to be sugge/$ by prec$+ =ms1 
& s n>r[ & s direct are ! processes ( 8 
m9d t1 kn[+ 8 res\rces1 we c\ld closely 
pr$ict 8 results4  ,! range ( models 9 !
 c]amic art is at fir/ v limit$1 &      
includes only ^? ut5sils devot$ to !    
p>ticul> use to :i* ! clay vessels are  

to be appli$2 lat]1 closely-associat$   
objects & ut5sils are copi$4 ,9 ! fir/  
/ages ( art1 :5 ! savage makes a weapon1
 he modifies or copies a weapon2 :5 he  
makes a vessel1 he modifies or copies a 
vessel4  ,?is law holds good 9 an inv]se
 ratio to culture1 v>y+ to a c]ta9 ext5t
 ) ! "* ( ! mat]ial us$4  ,natural      
orig9als4--,natural orig9als1 bo? animal
 & vegetable1 necess>ily diff] ) !      
c\ntry & ! climate1 ?us giv+ rise to    
individual *>act]s 9 art =ms (t5        
extremely p]si/5t & surviv+ decid$      
*anges ( environm5t4  ,! g\rd is        
probably ! mo/ v>i$ & sugge/ive natural 
vessel4 ,we f9d t ! primitive pott] has 
(t5 copi$ x 9 ! mo/ lit]al mann]4 ,"o   
example only1 out ( ! _m available ones1
 is necess>y4 ,?is is f a m\nd 9 s\!a/]n
 ,miss\ri4  ,9 ,fig4 #dfd1 a illu/rates 
a common =m ( ! g\rd1 :ile b repres5ts !
 imitation 9 clay4  ,illu/ration3 a1    
,g\rd4 b1 ,clay vessel4 ,,fig4          
#dfd4--;,=m d]iv$ f a g\rd4  ,all       
nations situat$ ^u ! sea or ^u l>ge     

riv]s use %ells ( mollusks1 :i*1 )\t    
modification1 make excell5t receptacles 
= wat] & food4 ,imitations ( ^! are (t5 
f\nd among ! products ( ! pott]'s art4  
,a good example f ! ,mississippi ,valley
 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dfe1 a be+ ! orig9al & 
b ! copy 9 clay4  ,9 ,africa1 & 9 o!r   
c\ntries1 su* natural objects z cocoanut
 %ells1 & o/ri* eggs are us$ 9 l mann]4 
,ano!r class ( vessels1 ^? made f !     
sk9s1 bladd]s1 & /oma*s ( animals1 %\ld 
also be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection1 z x is
 c]ta9 t _! influ5ce has frequ5tly be5  
felt 9 ! con=mation ( e>!n ut5sils4  ,9 
se>*+ nature1 !re=e1 = orig9als (       
primitive c]amic =ms we h little ne$ (  
go+ outside ( objects t 9 _! natural or 
slightly alt]$ /ate are available =     
vessels4  ,illu/ration3 a1 ,%ell4 b1    
,clay4 ,,fig4 #dfe4--;,=m d]iv$ f a con*
 %ell4  ,true1 o!r objects h be5 copi$4 
,we f9d a multitude ( ! high] natural   
=ms1 bo? animal & vegetable1 embodi$ 9  
vessels ( clay1 b _! pres5ce is         
indicative ( a some:at advanc$ /age (   

art1 :5 ! copy+ ( vessels t 7           
functionally prop] antec$5ts _h giv5    
rise to a famili>ity ) ! use ( clay & a 
capacity 9 h&l+ x t1 ) advanc+ culture1 
br\ght all nature )9 ! rea* ( ! pott] & 
made x assi/ 9 ! processes ( v>iation & 
developm5t4  ,artificial orig9als4--,!re
 is no d\bt t among mo/ peoples art _h  
produc$ vessels 9 o!r mat]ials antec$5t 
to ! utilization ( clay4 ,^! w\ld be    
legitimate models = ! pott] & we may    
!re=e expect to f9d !m repeat$ 9        
e>!nw>e4 ,9 ?is way ! art has acquir$ a 
multitude ( new =ms1 "s ( :i* may be    
natural =ms at second h&1 t is to say1 )
 modifications impos$ ^u !m by ! mat]ial
 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ %ap$4 ,b all mat]ials  
o!r ?an clay are exce$+ly intractable1 &
 impress _! own *>act]s s decid$ly ^u   
=ms produc$ 9 !m t ultimate orig9als1   
:]e !re are su*1 _c (t5 be trac$ ?r\gh  
!m4  ,x w be mo/ int]e/+ to note !      
influ5ce ( ^! peculi>ities ( orig9als ^u
 ! c]amic art4  ,a nation hav+ /one     
vessels1 l ^? ( ,cali=nia1 on acquir+ ! 

art ( pott]y w\ld use ! /one vessels z  
models1 & su* =ms z t giv5 9 ,fig4 #dff 
w\ld arise1 a be+ 9 /one & b 9 clay1 !  
=m] f ,cali=nia & ! latt] f ,arizona4   
,simil> =ms w\ld j z readily come f     
g\rds1 baskets1 or o!r globul> ut5sils4 
,nations hav+ wood5 vessels w\ld copy !m
 9 clay on acquir+ ! art ( pott]y4 ,?is 
w\ld give rise to a di/9ct gr\p ( =ms1 !
 result prim>ily ( ! peculi>ities ( !   
woody /ructure4 ,?us 9 ,fig4 #dfg1 a1 we
 h a =m ( wood5 vessel1 a sort ( w+$    
tr\gh t ,i h frequ5tly f\nd copi$ 9     
clay4 ,! e>!n vessel giv5 9 ,fig4 #dfg1 
b1 0 obta9$ f an anci5t grave 9         
,arkansas4  ,illu/ration3 a1 /one4 b1   
clay4 ,,fig4 #dff4--;,=m d]iv$ f a /one 
pot4  ,illu/ration3 a1 wood4 b1 clay4   
,,fig4 #dfg4--;,=m d]iv$ f a wood5 tray4
  ,illu/ration3 a1 ,horn4 b1 ,clay4     
,,fig4 #dfh4--;,=m d]iv$ f a horn spoon4
  ,illu/ration3 a1 ,b>k4 b1 ,clay4      
,,fig4 #dfi4--;,=m d]iv$ f a b>k vessel4
  ,! c>apace ( "s species ( turtles1 &  
p]haps ev5 ! h>d case ( ! armadillo1    

c\ld be utiliz$ 9 a simil> way4 ,! %ap+ 
( a knot ( wood (t5 gives rise to a     
dipp]-%ap$ vessel1 su* z may be f\nd 9  
use by _m tribes1 & is z likely an      
orig9al = ! dipp] =m 9 clay z is ! g\rd 
or ! con* %ell2 ! famili> horn vessel ( 
! we/]n tribes1 ,fig4 #dfh1 a1 w\ld h   
s]v$ equally well4 ,! specim5 giv5 9 b  
is f ,arkansas4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 su*   
vessels _c be trac$ to _! orig9als1 s9ce
 by copy+ & recopy+ !y h v>i$ f ! p>5t  
=m1 t5d+ always t[>d uni=m conv5tional  
%apes4  ,a vessel ( rectangul> outl9e   
might orig9ate 9 wood or b>k4 ,9 ,fig4  
#dfi1 a1 we h a usual =m ( b>k tray1 :i*
 is possibly ! prototype ( ! squ>e-rimm$
 e>!n vessel giv5 9 b4  ,illu/ration3 a1
 ,wick]4 b1 ,clay4 ,,fig4 #dgj4--;,=m   
orig9at+ 9 basketry4  ,illu/ration3 a1  
,wick]4 b1 ,clay4 ,,fig4 #dga4--;,=m    
orig9at+ 9 basketry4  ,illu/ration3 a1  
,net4 b1 ,clay4 ,,fig4 #dgb4--;,=m      
orig9at+ 9 basketry4  ,basketry & o!r   
classes ( wov5 vessels take a great     
v>iety ( =ms &1 be+ g5]ally antec$5t to 

! pott]'s art & con/antly pres5t ) x1 h 
left an indelible impression ^u c]amic  
=ms4 ,?is is traceable 9 ! e>!nw>e (    
ne>ly all nations4 ,! clay vessel is an 
intrud]1 & usurps ! place & appropriates
 ! dress ( its pr$ecessor 9 wick]4 ,! =m
 illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #dgj1 a1 is a common 
"o ) ! ,pueblo peoples1 & _! e>!n       
vessels (t5 resemble x v closely1 z %[n 
9 b4 ,ano!r v>iety is giv5 9 ,fig4 #dga1
 a & b4 ,^! specim5s are f s\?we/]n     
,utah4 ,fig4 #dgb1 b1 illu/rates a =m q 
common 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 a section 9   
:i* p\*-l nets & baskets1 a1 7 =m]ly 9  
use & 9 :i* ! pots 7 (t5 model$4        
,,inv5tion ,,( ,,=m4  ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( 
art1 =ms are r>ely inv5t$ outright & ,i 
%all n /op to consid] ! subject "h4     
,,modification ,,( ,,=m4  ,! acquisition
 ( new mat]ials1 ! developm5t ( new     
uses1 ! employm5t ( new processes (     
manufacture1 & _m o!r ag5cies lead to ! 
multiplication ( =ms ?r\gh modification4
 ,! processes by :i* highly diff]5tiat$ 
=ms are rea*$ are int]e/+ ?r\gh\t &     

repay ! close/ /udy4  ,a prelim9>y      
classification ( ! v>i\s causes t lead  
to modification is giv5 9 ! foll[+      
synopsis3                       _/      
_/                        _/,to assume  
=m4                                     
,incapacity ( mat]ial--,to reta9 =m4    
,incapacity ( ! artisan4                
,*anges 9 me?od ( manufacture4          
,by adv5tition--,*anges 9 environm5t4   
,*anges ( use4 ,modification ( =m--     
,lack ( use4                            
,influ5ce ( new or exotic =ms1 etc4     
_/,to enhance usefulness4               
,by int5tion--                          
,to please fancy4--_/,= ! beautiful4    
,= ! grotesque4   ,,modification ,,by   
,,adv5tition4  ,incapacity (            
mat]ial4--,x is evid5t at a glance t    
clay lacks ! capacity to assume & to    
reta9 _m ( ! details ( =m f\nd 9        
antec$5t vessels4 ,?is necess>ily       
results 9 ! alt]ation or omission ( ^!  
features1 & h5ce arise _m modifications 
( orig9al =ms4  ,! simple lack (        

capacity on ! "p ( ! pott] :o und]took  
to reproduce a model w\ld lead to !     
modification ( all b ! mo/ simple %apes4
  ,! acquisition ( ! art by a sup]ior or
 an inf]ior race1 or "o ( diff]5t habits
 w\ld lead to decid$ *anges4 ,a p       
accu/om$ to c>ry+ objects ^u ! head1 on 
acquir+ e>!n vessels w\ld %ape ! bases &
 ! h&les to facilitate ?is use4         
,improvem5ts 9 ! me?ods ( manufacture   
are ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! progress 
( an art4 ,! introduction ( ! la!1 =    
example1 might almo/ revolutionize =m 9 
clay4  ,z arts multiply1 clay is appli$ 
to new uses4 ,its employm5t 9 !         
manufacture ( lamps1 :i/les1 or toys    
w\ld lead to a multitude ( di/9ct &     
unique =ms4  ,! acquisition ( a new     
vessel-mak+ mat]ial by a nation ( pott]s
 & ! association ( ! =ms develop$ ?r\gh 
its inh]5t qualities or /ructure w\ld   
(t5 lead c]amic %apes into new *annels4 
,illu/ration3 a1 wood4 b1 clay4 ,,fig4  
#dgc4--;,co9cid5t =ms4  ,! contact ( a  
nation ( pott]s ) a nation ( c>v]s 9    

wood w\ld t5d v decid$ly to modify !    
ut5sils ( ! =m]4 ,"o example may be giv5
 :i* w illu/rate ! possibilities ( su*  
exotic influ5ces ^u =m4 ,9 ,fig4 #dgc1  
a1 we h an ,alaskan vessel c>v$ 9 wood4 
,x repres5ts a beav] grasp+ a /ick 9 its
 h&s & tee?4 ,! conception is s unusual 
& ! /yle ( vessel s *>act]i/ic ( ! p t  
we %\ld n expect to f9d x repeat$ 9 o!r 
regions2 b ! anci5t graves ( ! ,middle  
,mississippi ,valley h furni%$ a numb] (
 v simil> vessels 9 clay1 "o ( :i* is   
outl9$ 9 b4 ,:ile ?is rem>kable         
co9cid5ce is sugge/ive ( e?nic          
relation%ips :i* d n call = att5tion "h1
 x s]ves to illu/rate ! possibilities ( 
modification by simple contact4         
,illu/ration3 a b ,,fig4 #dga4--;,=m    
result+ f accid5t4  ,a curi\s example   
illu/rative ( possible trans=mation by  
adv5titi\s circum/ances is f\nd 9 !     
collection f ! prov9ce ( anci5t         
,tusayan4 ,a small vessel ( sphynx-l    
appe>ance1 possibly d]iv$ m or less     
remotely f a sk9 vessel1 has a          

noticeable resemblance to "s life =m1   
,fig4 #dgd1 a4 ,! =e-legs are repres5t$ 
by two l>ge bosses1 ! wide-op5 m\? takes
 ! place ( ! sev]$ neck1 & a h&le       
connects ! top ( ! rim ) ! back ( !     
vessel4 ,! h&le be+ brok5 (f & ! vessel 
inv]t$1 b1 !re is a decid$ *ange2 we are
 /ruck by ! resemblance to a frog or    
toad4 ,! orig9al legs1 hav+ d>k         
conc5tric l9es pa9t$ ar\nd !m1 look l   
l>ge protrud+ eyes1 & ! m\? gapes 9 !   
mo/ reali/ic mann]1 :ile ! two %ort     
brok5 ends ( ! h&le resemble legs & s]ve
 to support ! vessel 9 an upright       
position1 complet+ ! illusion4 ,!       
feti*-hunt+ ,pueblo ,indian1 pick+ up   
?is little vessel 9 its mutilat$        
condition1 w\ld probably at once give to
 x ! sacr$ "* ( ! wat] animal :i* x     
resembles1 & x might readily transmit   
its peculi>ities ( =m to o!r g5]ations (
 vessels4  ,x is n necess>y 9 ?is /udy  
to ref] at l5g? to ! influ5ce ( metallic
 vessels ^u c]amic =ms4 ,!y d n usually 
appe> until ! c]amic art is f> advanc$ &

 (t5 receive a h]itage ( %ape f e>!n    
=ms4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! inh]5t qualities ( 
! metal h /amp$ _! individuality ^u     
ut5sils1 ! debt is paid back to clay )  
int]e/1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to lat]   
=ms 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4   ,,modification  
,,by ,,int5tion4  ,to enhance           
usefulness4--,!re c be no d\bt t !      
desire ^u ! "p ( ! ar*aic pott] to      
increase ! usefulness & conv5i5ce ( 8   
ut5sils has be5 an important ag5t 9 !   
modification ( =m4 ,! e>lie/ vessels    
employ$ 7 (t5 clumsy & difficult to     
h&le4 ,! favorite con* %ell w\ld hold   
wat] = him :o wi%$ to dr9k1 b ! break+  
away ( sp9es & ! extraction ( ! int]ior 
:orl improv$ x immeasurably4 ,! clumsy  
mort> ( /one1 ) its ?ick walls & great  
weight1 s]v$ a useful purpose1 b x ne$$ 
a v little intellig5t ?\ght to %[ t ?9  
walls & neatly-trimm$ m>g9s 7 mu*       
pref]able4  ,vessels ( clay1 aside f !  
=ms impos$ ^u1 !m by _! antec$5ts &     
associates1 w\ld necess>ily be subject  
to *anges sugge/$ by ! gr[+ ne$s ( man4 

,^! w\ld be work$ out ) ev]-increas+    
ease by 8 unfold+ g5ius = inv5tion4     
,fur!r inve/igation ( ?is phase (       
developm5t w\ld c>ry me beyond ! limits 
set = ?is pap]4  ,to please fancy4--,!  
skill acquir$ by ! h&l+ ( clay 9        
con/ruct+ vessels & 9 ef=ts to increase 
_! usefulness w\ld op5 an expansive     
field = ! play ( fancy4 ,! pott] w\ld no
 soon] succe$ 9 copy+ vessels hav+ life 
=m ?an he w\ld be plac$ 9 a position to 
realize 8 capacity to imitate =ms n     
peculi> to vessels4 ,8 ambition w\ld 9  
"t lead him ev5 beyond ! limits ( nature
 & he w\ld invade ! realm ( imag9ation1 
embody+ ! conceptions ( sup]/ition 9 !  
pla/ic clay4 ,?is t5d5cy w\ld be        
enc\rag$ & p]petuat$ by ! relegation (  
vessels ( p>ticul> =ms to p>ticul>      
c]emonies4      ,,orig9 ,,( ,,ornam5t4  
,! bir? ( ! embelli%+ art mu/ be s\ght 9
 t /age ( animal developm5t :5 in/9ct   
began to discov] t c]ta9 attributes or  
adornm5ts increas$ attractiv5ess4 ,:5   
art 9 its human s5se came into exi/5ce  

ideas ( embelli%m5t soon ext5d$ f !     
p]son1 )1 :i* !y _h be5 associat$1 to   
all ?+s ) :i* man _h to deal4 ,!        
processes ( ! gr[? ( ! /hetic idea are  
long & obscure & _c be tak5 up 9 ?is    
place4  ,! v>i\s elem5ts ( embelli%m5t 9
 :i* ! c]amic art is int]e/$ may be     
assign$ to two great classes1 bas$ ^u ! 
"* ( ! conceptions associat$ ) !m4 ,^!  
are ideographic & non-ideographic4 ,9 ! 
pres5t pap] ,i %all treat *iefly ( ! non
 ideographic1 res]v+ ! ideographic = a  
second pap]4  ,elem5ts1 non-ideographic 
f ! />t1 are d]iv$ ma9ly f two s\rces3  
#a/1 f objects1 natural or artificial1  
associat$ ) ! arts2 &1 #b;d1 f !        
sugge/ions ( accid5ts att5d+            
con/ruction4 ,natural objects ab\nd 9   
features highly sugge/ive ( embelli%m5t 
& ^! are con/antly employ$ 9 art4       
,artificial objects h two classes (     
features capable ( giv+ rise to ornam5t3
 ^! are con/ructional & functional4 ,9 a
 late /age ( developm5t all ?+s 9 nature
 & 9 art1 h[ev] complex or =eign to !   

art 9 its practice1 are subject to      
decorative treatm5t4 ,?is latt] is !    
reali/ic pictorial /age1 "o ( :i* !     
/ud5t ( native ,am]ican culture ne$s to 
take little cognizance4  ,elem5ts (     
design are n inv5t$ outright3 man       
modifies1 comb9es1 & recomb9es elem5ts  
or ideas already 9 exi/5ce1 b does n    
create4  ,a classification ( ! s\rces ( 
decorative motives employ$ 9 ! c]amic   
art is giv5 9 ! foll[+ diagram3         
_/,sugge/ions ( features ( natural      
ut5sils or objects4                     
_/                                      
_/,h&les4                               
,legs                                   
,functional,b&s                         
,p]=ations1 etc4                        
,sugge/ions ( features (                
artificial ut5sils or objects4          
_/,! coil4                              
,! seam4 ,orig9 ( ornam5t               
,con/ructional,! /it*4                  
,! plait4                               
,! twi/1 etc4                           

,sugge/ions f accid5ts     _/,m>ks (    
f+]s4                    att5d+         
con/ruction4       ,m>ks ( implem5ts4   
,m>ks ( molds1 etc4                     
,sugge/ions ( ideographic features or   
pictorial del9eations4  ,,sugge/ions ,,(
 ,,natural ,,features ,,( ,,objects4  ,!
 fir/ articles us$ by m5 9 _! simple    
arts h 9 _m cases possess$ features     
sugge/ive ( decoration4 ,%ells (        
mollusks are exquisitely embelli%$ )    
ribs1 sp9es1 nodes1 & colors4 ,! same is
 true to a some:at limit$ ext5t ( !     
%ells ( ! turtle & ! armadillo & ( ! h>d
 cases ( fruits4  ,^! decorative        
features1 ?\gh n ess5tial to ! ut5sil1  
are nev]!less insep>able p>ts ( x1 & are
 ca/ or unconsci\sly copi$ by a v       
primitive p :5 simil> articles are      
artificially produc$ 9 pla/ic mat]ial4  
,9 ?is way a ut5sil may acquire         
ornam5tal *>act]s long be=e ! workman   
has le>n$ to take pleasure 9 su* details
 or has conceiv$ an idea beyond t (     
simple utility4 ,?is may be call$       

unconsci\s embelli%m5t4 ,9 ?is =tuit\s  
fa%ion a ribb$ v>iety ( fruit %ell w\ld 
give rise to a ribb$ vessel 9 clay2 "o  
cov]$ ) sp9es w\ld sugge/ a nod$ vessel1
 etc4 ,:5 ta/e came to be ex]cis$ ^u su*
 objects ^! features w\ld be reta9$ &   
copi$ = ! pleasure !y af=d$4            
,illu/ration3 a4--,%ell vessel4         
b4--,copy 9 clay4 ,,fig4 #dge4--,scroll 
d]iv$ f ! spire ( a con* %ell4  ,pass+  
by ! _m simple elem5ts ( decoration t by
 ?is unconsci\s process c\ld be d]iv$ f 
su* s\rces1 let me give a s+le example  
by :i* x w be se5 t n only elem5t>y =ms 
b ev5 s highly con/itut$ an ornam5t z ! 
scroll may h be5 br\ght ?us naturally   
into ! realm ( decorative art4 ,!       
sea-%ell has always be5 intimately      
associat$ ) ! arts t utilize clay &     
ab\nds 9 sugge/ions ( embelli%m5t4 ,!   
,busycon 0 almo/ univ]sally employ$ z a 
vessel by ! tribes ( ! ,atlantic dra9age
 ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,usually x 0 trimm$   
d[n & excavat$ until only ab\t          
?ree-f\r?s ( ! out] wall ( ! %ell       

rema9$4 ,at "o end 0 ! long spike-l base
 :i* s]v$ z a h&le1 & at ! o!r ! flat   
conical apex1 ) its v pron\nc$ spiral   
l9e or ridge exp&+ f ! c5t] to !        
circumf]5ce1 z se5 9 ,fig4 #dge a4 ,?is 
vessel 0 (t5 copi$ 9 clay1 z _m good    
examples n[ 9 our museums te/ify4 ,!    
notable feature is t ! %ell has be5     
copi$ lit]ally1 ! spiral appe>+ 9 its   
prop] place4 ,a specim5 is illu/rat$ 9  
,fig4 #dge b :i*1 al?\gh simple & highly
 conv5tionaliz$1 /ill reta9s ! spiral   
figure4  ,illu/ration3 a b c ,,fig4     
#dgf4--,possible d]ivation ( ! curr5t   
scroll4  ,9 ano!r example we h f\r ( !  
nod$ apexes plac$ ab\t ! rim ( ! vessel1
 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #dgf;a1 ! conception be+ 
t ( f\r con* %ells unit$ 9 "o vessel1 ! 
bases be+ turn$ inw>d & ! apexes outw>d4
 ,n[ x is only necess>y to suppose !    
addition ( ! spiral l9es1 always        
associat$ ) ! nodes1 to h ! result %[n 9
 b1 & by a /ill high] degree ( conv5tion
 we h ! classic scroll ornam5t giv5 9 c4
 ,( c\rse1 no su* result z ?is c\ld come

 ab\t adv5titi\sly1 z successful        
comb9ation calls = ! ex]cise ( judgm5t &
 ta/e2 b ! initiatory /eps c\ld be      
tak5--! motive c\ld ent] art--)\t !     
consci\s sup]vision ( ! human ag5t4     
,,sugge/ions ,,by ,,features ,,(        
,,artificial ,,objects4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #dgg4--,ornam5t d]iv$ ?r\gh !    
modification ( h&les4  ,functional      
features4--,functional features ( art   
products liable to influ5ce ornam5t     
comprise h&les1 legs1 feet1 rims1 b&s1 &
 o!r peculi>ities ( %ape orig9at+ 9     
utility4 ,h&les1 = in/ance1 may h be5   
indig5\s to a numb] ( arts2 !y are      
coeval & coext5sive ) culture4 ,! fir/  
load1 weapon1 or vessel transport$ by   
man may h be5 susp5d$ by a v9e or       
filam5t4 ,su* arts z h fall5 heir to    
h&les h us$ !m accord+ to ! capacities (
 ! mat]ial employ$4 ,( all ! mat]ials   
/one is probably ! lea/ suit$ to _!     
successful use1 :ile clay utilizes !m 9 
its own peculi> way1 giv+ to !m a great 
v>iety ( expression4 ,!y are copi$ 9    

clay f v>i\s models1 b ow+ to !         
inadequate capacities ( ! mat]ial1 (t5  
lose _! function & deg5]ate into m]e    
ornam5ts1 :i* are modifi$ z su* to      
please ! pott]'s fancy4 ,?us1 = example1
 ! s]ies ( h&les plac$ ab\t ! neck ( !  
vessel become1 by modification 9 frequ5t
 copy+1 a m]e b& ( ornam5tal figures 9  
relief1 or ev5 f9ally 9 engrav$1        
punctur$1 or pa9t$ l9es1 9 ! mann]      
sugge/$ 9 ,fig4 #dgg4 ,legs1 p$e/als1   
sp\ts1 & o!r features may 9 a l mann]   
give rise to decoration4  ,illu/ration3 
a4--,coil$ fillet ( clay4 b4--,d\ble    
coil4 ,,fig4 #dgh4--,scroll d]iv$ f coil
 ( clay4   ,con/ructional               
features4-,features ( vessels result+ f 
con/ruction are inf9itely v>i$ & (t5    
highly sugge/ive ( decoration4          
,con/ructional peculi>ities ( ! clay    
ut5sils !mselves are especially wor?y ( 
notice1 & on acc\nt ( _! actual pres5ce 
9 ! art itself are m likely to be       
utiliz$ or copi$ = c]amic ornam5t ?an ^?
 ( o!r mat]ials4 ,! coil1 s univ]sally  

employ$ 9 con/ruction1 has _h a decid$  
influ5ce ^u ! c]amic decoration ( c]ta9 
peoples1 z ,i h %[n 9 a pap] on anci5t  
,pueblo art4 ,f x we h n only a great   
v>iety ( surface ornam5tation produc$ by
 simple treatm5t ( ! coil 9 place1 b    
probably _m =ms sugge/$ by ! use ( !    
coil 9 vessel build+1 z1 = in/ance1 !   
spiral =m$ 9 beg9n+ ! base ( a coil$    
vessel1 ,fig4 #dgh a1 f :i* ! d\ble     
scroll b1 z a sep>ate feature1 c\ld     
readily be d]iv$1 & f9ally ! *a9 (      
scrolls s (t5 se5 9 bord] & zone        
decoration4 ,?is famili>ity ) ! use (   
fillets or ropes ( clay w\ld also lead  
to a great v>iety ( appli$ ornam5t1     
examples ( :i*1 f ,pueblo art1 are giv5 
9 ,fig4 #dgi4 ,! s9u\s =ms assum$ by a  
rope ( clay s employ$ w\ld readily      
sugge/ to ! ,indian ! =m ( ! s]p5t & !  
means ( repres5t+ x1 & might ?us lead to
 ! introduction ( ?is mu* rev]$ creature
 into art4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#dgi4--,ornam5tal use ( fillets4  ,( !  
v>i\s classes ( ut5sils associat$       

closely ) ! c]amic art1 !re are none s  
*>act]i/ically m>k$ by con/ructional    
features z nets & wick] baskets4 ,!     
twi/+1 int]lac+1 knott+1 & /it*+ (      
filam5ts give reliev$ figures t by      
contact 9 manufacture impress !mselves  
^u ! pla/ic clay4 ,su* impressions come 
9 "t to be reg>d$ z pleas+ features1 &  
:5 free-h& me?ods ( reproduc+ are f9ally
 acquir$ !y & _! d]ivatives become      
ess5tials ( decoration4 ,at a lat] /age 
^! *>act]s ( basketry influ5ce c]amic   
decoration 9 a some:at diff]5t way4 ,by 
! use ( v>i\sly-color$ fillets ! wov5   
surface displays figures 9 color        
correspond+ to ^? 9 relief & v>y+ ) e   
new comb9ation4 ,_m /rik+ patt]ns are   
?us produc$1 & ! pott] :o has le>n$ to  
decorate 8 w>es by ! /ylus or bru%      
reproduces ^! patt]ns by free-h& me?ods4
 ,we f9d pott]y 9 all c\ntries ornam5t$ 
) patt]ns1 pa9t$1 incis$1 /amp$1 &      
reliev$1 c]ta9ly d]iv$ f ?is s\rce4 ,s  
well is ?is fact kn[n t ,i ne$ h>dly g  
into details4  ,9 ! high] /ages ( art ! 

con/ructional *>act]s ( ar*itecture give
 rise to _m notions ( decoration :i*    
aft]w>ds desc5d to o!r arts1 tak+       
greatly div]g5t =ms4 ,aborig9al         
ar*itecture 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica _h rea*$
 a developm5t capable ( wield+ a /rong  
influ5ce4 ,?is is n true1 h[ev]1 ( any  
"p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4   ,,sugge/ions ,,(
 ,,accid5ts4  ,besides ! sugge/ions (   
surface features impress$ 9 manufacture 
or int5tionally copi$ z indicat$ above1 
we h also ^? ( accid5tal impr9ts (      
implem5ts or ( ! f+]s 9 manufacture4 ,f 
?is s\rce !re are necess>ily _m         
sugge/ions ( ornam5t1 at fir/ ( ind5t$  
figures1 b lat]1 aft] long employm5t1   
ext5d+ to ! o!r modes ( repres5tation4  
,,ideographic ,,& ,,pictorial           
,,subjects4  ,non-ideographic =ms (     
ornam5t may orig9ate 9 ideographic      
features1 mnemonic1 demon/rative1 or    
symbolic4 ,su* significant figures are  
borr[$ by decorators f o!r bran*es (    
art4 ,z "t goes on !y lose _!           
significance & are subsequ5tly treat$ z 

purely decorative elem5ts4 ,subjects    
:olly pictorial 9 "*1 :5 su* come to be 
made1 may also be us$ z simple          
decoration1 & by long processes (       
conv5tion become geometric4  ,! exact   
am\nt ( significance /ill atta*$ to     
significant figures aft] adoption into  
decoration _c be det]m9$ except 9 cases 
( actual id5tification by liv+ peoples1 
& ev5 :5 ! signification is kn[n by ! m 
le>n$ individuals ! decorator may be    
:olly )\t k ( x4      ,,modification ,,(
 ,,ornam5t4   ,!re are comp>atively few 
elem5t>y ideas prom95tly & g5]ally      
employ$ 9 primitive decorative art4 ,new
 ideas are acquir$1 z already %[n1 all  
along ! pa?way ( progress4 ,none ( ^!   
ideas reta9 a uni=m expression1 h[ev]1 z
 !y are subject to modification by      
environm5t j z are ! =ms ( liv+         
organisms4 ,a brief classification ( !  
causes ( modification is giv5 9 ! foll[+
 synopsis3                              
_/,?r\gh mat]ial4 ,modification (       
ornam5t------,?r\gh =m4                 

,?r\gh1 me?ods ( realization4   ,?r\gh  
mat]ial4--,x is evid5t at a glance t    
mat]ial mu/ h a /rong influ5ce ^u ! =ms 
assum$ by ! v>i\s decorative motives1   
h[ev] d]iv$4 ,?us /one1 clay1 wood1     
bone1 & copp]1 al?\gh !y readily borr[ f
 nature & f ea* o!r1 necess>ily %[      
diff]5t decorative results4 ,/one is    
massive & takes =m sl[ly & by peculi>   
processes4 ,clay is m v]satile &        
decoration may be scrat*$1 incis$1      
pa9t$1 or model$ 9 relief ) equal       
facility1 :ile wood & metal eng5d]      
details hav+ *>act]s peculi> to         
!mselves1 produc+ diff]5t results f !   
same motives or elem5ts4 ,mu* ( !       
div]sity display$ by ! art products (   
diff]5t c\ntries & climates is due to   
?is cause4  ,peoples dwell+ 9 arctic    
climates are limit$1 by _! mat]ials1 to 
p>ticul> modes ( expression4 ,bone &    
ivory z %ap$ = use 9 ! arts ( subsi/5ce 
af=d facilities = ! employm5t ( a v     
re/rict$ class ( l9e> decoration1 su*   
*iefly z c\ld be scrat*$ ) a h>d po9t ^u

 small irregul>1 (t5 cyl9drical1        
implem5ts4 ,sk9s & o!r animal tissues   
are n favorable to ! developm5t (       
ornam5t1 & ! textile arts--! greate/    
ag5ts ( conv5tion--d n readily f9d      
suitable mat]ials 9 :i* to "w4          
,decorative art c>ri$ to a high /age "u 
arctic environm5t w\ld be m likely to   
a*ieve unconv5tional & reali/ic =ms ?an 
if develop$ 9 m highly favor$ c\ntries4 
,! accurate geometric & l9e> patt]ns    
w\ld h>dly arise4  ,?r\gh =m4--,=ms (   
decorat$ objects ex]cise a /rong        
influ5ce ^u ! decorative designs        
employ$4 ,x w\ld be m difficult to      
tattoo ! human face or body ) /raight   
l9es or rectil9e> patt]ns ?an ) curv$   
ones4 ,an ornam5t appli$ orig9ally to a 
vessel ( a giv5 =m w\ld accommodate     
itself to t =m pretty mu* z co/ume      
becomes adju/$ to ! individual4 ,:5 x   
came to be requir$ = ano!r =m ( vessel1 
v decid$ *anges might be necess>y4  ,) !
 anci5t ,pueblo peoples rectil9e> =ms ( 
me&] patt]ns 7 v mu* 9 favor & _m e>!n  

vessels are f\nd 9 :i* b&s ( beautiful  
angul> geometric figures occupy !       
p]iph]al zone1 ,fig4 #dhj a1 b :5 !     
arti/ takes up a mug hav+ a r[ (        
hemisph]ical nodes ab\t ! body1 b1 he   
f9ds x v difficult to apply 8 favorite  
=ms & is almo/ compell$ to run spiral   
curves ab\t ! nodes 9 ord] to secure a  
neat adju/m5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#dhj4--,v>iations 9 a motive ?r\gh !    
influ5ce ( =m4  ,?r\gh me?ods (         
realisation4--,x w readily be se5 t !   
=ms assum$ by a motive dep5d greatly ^u 
! "* ( ! me*anical devices employ$4 ,9 !
 pott]'s art devices = hold+ & turn+ !  
vessel "u manipulation produce peculi>  
results4  ,9 apply+ a giv5 idea to clay 
mu* dep5ds ^u ! me?od ( execut+ x4 ,x w 
take widely diff]+ =ms :5 execut$ by    
incis+1 by model+1 by pa9t+1 & by /amp+4
  ,intimately associat$ ) me?ods (      
execution are peculi>ities (            
con/ruction1 ! two ag5cies work+ toge!r 
9 ! processes ( modification &          
developm5t ( ornam5t4  ,i h previ\sly   

%[n h[ our favorite ornam5t1 ! scroll1 9
 its disconnect$ =m may h orig9at$ 9 !  
copy+ ( natural =ms or ?r\gh !          
manipulation ( coils ( clay4 ,i pres5t  
"h an example ( its possible orig9 ?r\gh
 ! modification ( =ms d]iv$ f           
con/ructional features ( basketry4 ,an  
ornam5t kn[n z ! guillo*e is f\nd 9 _m  
c\ntries4 ,! comb9ation ( l9es resembles
 t ( twi/$ or platt$ fillets ( wood1    
cane1 or ru%es1 z may be se5 at a       
glance1 ,fig4 #dha a4 ,an incis$ ornam5t
 ( ?is "*1 possibly d]iv$ f basketry by 
copy+ ! twi/$ fillets or _! impressions 
9 ! clay1 is v common on ! pott]y ( !   
m\nds ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 & its   
v>iants =m a mo/ int]e/+ /udy4 ,9 apply+
 ?is to a vessel ! c>eless arti/ does n 
prop]ly connect ! ends ( ! l9es :i* pass
 b5ea? ! int]sect+ fillets1 & ! p>ts    
become disconnect$1 b4 ,9 _m cases !    
ends are turn$ 9 abruptly z se5 9 c1 &  
only a slight fur!r *ange is necess>y to
 lead to ! result1 d1 ! runn+ scroll )  
well-develop$ l9ks4 ,all ( ^! /eps may  

be obs]v$ 9 a s+le gr\p ( vessels4  ,x  
may be ?\ght by "s t ! processes (      
developm5t indicat$ above are           
insuffici5t & unsatisfactory4 ,!re are  
^? :o1 see+ ^! =ms already end[$ )      
symbolism1 beg9 at :at ,i conceive to be
 ! wrong end ( ! process4 ,!y d]ive ! =m
 ( symbol directly f ! ?+ symboliz$4    
,?us ! curr5t scroll is1 ) _m races1    
f\nd to be a symbol ( wat]1 & its orig9 
is attribut$ to a lit]al r5dition ( !   
sweep & curl ( ! waves4 ,x is m probable
 t ! scroll became ! symbol ( ! sea long
 aft] its developm5t ?r\gh ag5cies      
simil> to ^? describ$ above1 & t !      
association result$ f ! obs]vation (    
incid5tal resemblances4 ,?is same       
figure1 9 use by ! ,indians ( ! int]ior 
( ! cont95t1 is reg>d$ z symbolic ( !   
:irlw9d1 & x is probable t any          
symbol-us+ p w f9d 9 ! features &       
ph5om5a ( _! environm5t1 :atev] x may   
be1 suffici5t resemblance to any ( _!   
decorative devices to lead to a symbolic
 association4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     

#dha4--,!oretical developm5t ( ! curr5t 
scroll4  ,"o secret ( modification is   
f\nd 9 ! use ( a radical 9 m ?an "o art1
 ow+ to diff]5ces 9 con/ructional       
*>act]s4 ,= example1 ! t5d5cy ( ne>ly   
all wov5 fabrics is to enc\rage1 ev5 to 
compel1 ! use ( /raight l9es 9 !        
decorative designs appli$4 ,?us !       
attempt to employ curv$ l9es w\ld lead  
to /epp$ or brok5 l9es4 ,! curvil9e>    
scroll com+ f "s o!r art w\ld be =c$ by 
! con/ructional "* ( ! fabric into squ>e
 =ms1 & ! rectil9e> me&] or fret w\ld   
result1 z %[n 94 ,fig4 #dhb1 a be+ !    
pla9 =m1 pa9t$1 engrav$1 or 9 relief1 & 
b ! same idea develop$ 9 a wov5 fabric4 
,/one or brick-"w w\ld lead to l        
results1 ,fig4 #dhc2 b ! modification   
c\ld z readily move 9 ! o!r direction4  
,if an ornam5t orig9at+ 9 !             
con/ructional "* ( a wov5 fabric1 or    
remodel$ by x1 & h5ce rectil9e>1 %\ld be
 desir$ = a smoo? /ructureless or       
featureless surface1 ! difficulties (   
draw+ ! angul> =ms w\ld lead to !       

del9eation ( curv$ =ms1 & we w\ld h     
exactly ! rev]se ( ! ord] %[n 9 ,figs4  
#dhb & #dhc4 ,! two =ms giv5 9 ,fig4    
#dhd actually occur 9 "o & ! same design
 pa9t$ ^u an anci5t ,pueblo vase4 ,!    
curv$ =m is app>5tly ! result ( c>eless 
or hurri$ "w1 ! orig9al angul> =m1 hav+ 
come f1 a textile s\rce4  ,illu/ration3 
a1 free-h& =m4 b1 =m impos$1 by fabric4 
,,fig4 #dhb4--;,=ms ( ! same motive     
express$ 9 diff]5t arts4  ,illu/ration3 
a1 free-h& =m4 b1 =m impos$ by masonry4 
,,fig4 #dhc4--;,=ms ( ! same motive     
express$ 9 diff]5t arts4  ,illu/ration3 
a b ,,fig4 #dhd4--,v>iations result+ f  
*ange ( me?od4  ,_m excell5t examples   
illu/rative ( ?is t5d5cy to modification
 are f\nd 9 ,pueblo art4 ,mu* ( !       
ornam5t appli$ to pott]y is d]iv$ f !   
si/] art1 basketry4 ,9 ! latt] art ! =ms
 ( decorative figures are geometric &   
symmetrical to ! highe/ degree1 z ,i h  
frequ5tly po9t$ out4 ,! rays ( a radiat+
 ornam5t1 work$ ) ! texture ( a %all[   
basket1 spr+ f ! c5t] & take uni=m      

directions t[>d ! m>g91 z %[n 9 ,fig4   
#dhe4 ,b :5 a simil> idea d]iv$ f       
basketry 7z x c\ld h no o!r orig97 is   
execut$ 9 color ^u an e>!n vessel1 we   
obs]ve a t5d5cy to dep>t f symmetry z   
well z f consi/5cy4 ,i call att5tion "h 
to ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts m]ely1 n to !  
motives employ$1 z ,i happ5 to h no     
examples ( id5tical figures f ! two     
arts4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4             
#dhe4--;,geometric =m1 ( textile        
ornam5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#dhf4--,loss ( geometric accuracy 9     
pa9t+4  ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to !     
design giv5 9 ,fig4 #dhf1 tak5 f ! upp] 
surface ( an anci5t vase1 t al?\gh ! _s 
( ! decoration is wond]fully well       
pres]v$ ! idea ( ! orig9 ( all ! rays 9 
! c5t] ( ! vessel is n kept 9 view1 & t 
by c>elessness 9 ! draw+ two ( ! rays   
are cr[d$ out & t]m9ate aga9/ ! side ( a
 neighbor+ ray4 ,9 copy+ & recopy+ by   
free-h& me?ods1 _m curi\s modifications 
take place 9 ^! designs1 z1 = example1 !
 uncon=mity :i* occurs 9 "o place 9 !   

example giv5 may occur at a numb] (     
places1 & !re w be a s]ies ( indep5d5t  
sections1 a small numb] only ( ! b&s (  
devices rema9+ true rays4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #dhg4--;,design pa9t$ ^u pott]y4
  ,a *>act]i/ic pa9t$ design f ! int]ior
 ( an anci5t b[l is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dhg1 9 
:i* m]ely a sugge/ion ( ! radiation is  
pres]v$1 al?\gh ! figure is /ill        
decorative & ta/eful4 ,?is process (    
modification goes on )\t end1 & z ! true
 geometric textile =ms rec$e f view     
innovation robs ! design ( all traces ( 
its orig9al "*1 produc+ mu* t is        
incongru\s & unsatisfactory4  ,! gr[? ( 
decorative devices f ! elem5t>y to !    
highly con/itut$ & elegant is ow+ to a  
t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to elaborate       
because x is pleasant to d s or because 
pleasure is tak5 9 ! result1 b !re is   
/ill a direct+ & %ap+ ag5cy to be       
acc\nt$ =4  ,i h already %[n t su*      
figures z ! scroll & ! guillo*e are n   
necess>ily develop$ by processes (      
selection & comb9ation ( simple elem5ts1

 z _m h ?\ght1 s9ce !y may h come into  
art at a v e>ly /age almo/ full-fl$g$2 b
 !re is no?+ 9 ^! facts to ?r[ light ^u 
! processes by :i* ornam5t foll[$       
p>ticul> l9es ( developm5t ?r\gh\t      
endless elaboration4 ,9 treat+ ( ?is    
po9t1 ,pr(4 ,c4,f4 ,h>tt#b ma9ta9$ t !  
developm5t ( ornam5tal designs took     
p>ticul> & uni=m directions ow+ to !    
/ructure ( ! eye1 c]ta9 =ms be+ *os5 &  
p]petuat$ because ( ! pleasure af=d$ by 
movem5ts ( ! eye 9 foll[+ !m4 ,9        
connection ) ?is hypo!sis1 = x is no?+  
m1 ,mr4 ,h>tt advanc$ ! additional idea1
 t 9 unison ) ! g5]al c\rse ( nature    
decorative =ms began ) simple elem5ts & 
develop$ by sy/ematic me?ods to complex 
=ms4 ,take = example ! s]ies ( designs  
%[n 9 ,fig4 #dhh4 ,! me&] a made up (   
simple p>ts w\ld1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h>tt1
 by fur!r elaboration "u ! sup]vision ( 
! muscles ( ! eye1 develop into b4 ,?is1
 9 "t1 into c1 & s on until ! elegant   
an!mium 0 a*iev$4 ,! s]ies %[n 9 ,fig4  
#dhi w\ld develop 9 a simil> way1 or    

o!rwise w\ld be produc$ by modification 
9 free-h& copy+ ( ! rectil9e> s]ies4 ,! 
processes "h sugge/$1 al?\gh to all     
appe>ances reasonable en\gh1 %\ld n be  
pass$ ov] )\t c>eful scrut9y4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dhh4--,!oretical  
developm5t ( fret-"w4  ,footnote #b3    
,h>tt3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,vol4   
,,vi1 p4 #bff4  ,tak+ ! fir/ s]ies1 we  
obs]ve t ! ornam5ts are project$ 9      
/raight cont9u\s l9es or zones1 :i* are 
fill$ 9 ) m or less complex p>ts1       
rectil9e> & geometrically accurate4     
,/ill high] =ms are m>vel\sly intricate 
& graceful1 yet n less geometric &      
symmetrical4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#dhi4--,!oretical developm5t ( scroll   
"w4  ,let u turn to ! primitive artisan1
 & obs]ve him at "w ) rude bru% & /ylus 
^u ! r\nd$ & irregul> =ms ( 8 ut5sils & 
weapons1 or ^u sk9s1 b>k1 & rock        
surfaces4 ,is x probable t ) 8 free h&  
direct$ by ! eye alone he w be able to  
a*ieve ^! ry?mic geometric =ms4 ,x seems
 to me t ! :ole t5d5cy is 9 ! opposite  

direction4 ,i v5ture to surmise t if !re
 _h be5 no o!r res\rces ?an ^? nam$     
above ! typical rectil9e> fret w\ld nev]
 h be5 kn[n1 at lea/ to ! primitive _w2 
=1 not)/&+ ! contr>y /atem5t by         
,pr(essor ,h>tt1 ! fret is 9 its m      
highly-develop$ =ms extremely difficult 
to foll[ ) ! eye & to del9eate ) ! h&4  
,until arts1 geometric 9 _! con/ruction1
 arose to create & to comb9e me*anically
 ! necess>y elem5ts & motives1 & lead ! 
way by a long s]ies ( object-lessons to 
ideas ( geometric comb9ation1 our       
typical bord] ornam5t w\ld n be         
possible4 ,su* arts are ! textile arts &
 ar*itecture4 ,^! br\ght into exi/5ce   
=ms & ideas n met ) 9 nature & n        
prim>ily ?\ght ( by man1 & comb9$ !m 9  
defiance ( human1 conceptions ( grace4  
,geometric ornam5t is ! (fspr+ (        
te*nique4   ,,index4  ,acquisition ( new
 mat]ial modifies =m 9 pott]y #dea      
,adv5tition1 a s\rce ( =m #dde1 #dej    
,am]ica z a field = /udy ( art #ddc     
,basketry copi$ 9 pott]y #ddi ,busycon  

%ell copi$ z a vessel1 ,! #ded          
,cali=nia1 ,pott]y f #ddg ,c]amic art1  
,orig9 & developm5t ( =m &  ornam5t 91  
,w4,h4 ,holmes #dcg-dfe   =m discuss$   
#ddd   ornam5t discuss$ #ddd ,coils     
sugge/+ spiral ornam5t #def ,decorative 
motive 9 pott]y1 ,s\rces ( #dec         
,european civilization *eck$ aborig9al  
,am]ican art #ddc ,fancy modify+ =m 9   
pott]y #deb ,fictile art relat$ to      
writt5 language #ddc ,=m modifies       
ornam5t 9 pott]y #deh   ( pott]y modifi$
 by c]ta9 influ5ces #dej-deb ,h>tt1     
,pr(4 ,c4,f41 on =m ( designs z influ5c$
 by  /ructure ( ! eye #dfc-dfd          
,ideographic elem5ts ( decoration #dec  
,imitation1 ,a s\rce ( =m #dde          
,improvem5ts 9 modes ( manufacture      
modify =ms 9 pott]y #dej ,int5tion a    
modifi] ( =m 9 pott]y #deb ,modification
 ( ornam5ts 9 pott]y #deh               
,non-ideographic elem5ts ( decoration   
#dec ,orig9 & developm5t ( =m & ornam5t 
9  c]amic art 7,w4,h4 ,holmes7 #dcg-dfe 
,orig9 ( ornam5t 9 pott]y #dec ,ornam5t 

9 pott]y1 ,orig9 ( #dec-deg ,ornam5tal  
elem5ts modifi$ by inv5tion #dec ,pott]y
 f ,cali=nia #ddg   ,tusayan #dea       
,utah #ddi ,scroll1 ,possible orig9 ( ! 
#dei ,%ells copi$ 9 pott]y #ddg ,sk9    
vessels copi$ 9 pott]y #ddg ,s\rces (   
decorative motive 9 c]amic art #dec     
,spiral ornam5t f coils #def ,/one      
vessels copi$ 9 pott]y #ddg ,symbols    
adopt$ r ?an inv5t$ #dfj ,utility       
modifies =m 9 pott]y #deb ,wood5 vessels
 copi$ 9 pott]y #ddg1 #dea ,writt5      
language z relat$ to fictile art #ddc