,the ,ontario ,readers4 ,,the ,,high ,,school ,,reader4 ,,authorized ,,for ,,use ,,in ,,the ,,public ,,and ,,high ,,schools ,,and ,,collegiate ,,institutes ,,of ,,ontario ,,by ,,the ,,department ,,of ,,education4 ,toronto3 ,,rose ,,publishing ,,company4 #ahhf4 ,entered according to ,act of ,parliament of ,canada1 in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six1 by the ,,minister ,,of ,,education for ,ontario1 in the ,office of the ,minister of ,agriculture4 ,,printed ,,and ,,bound ,,by ,,hunter1 ,,rose ,,co41 ,,toronto4 ,,preface4 ,the selections in the ,,high ,,school ,,reader have been chosen with the belief that to pupils of such advancement as is required for entrance into ,high ,schools and ,collegiate ,institutes1 oral reading should be taught from the best literature1 inasmuch as it not only affords a wide range of thought and sentiment1 but it also demands for its appropriate vocal interpretation such powers of sympathy and appreciation as are developed only by culture2 and it is to impart culture that these institutions of higher learning have been established4 ,experience has shown that it is from their ordinary reading books that pupils obtain their chief practical acquaintance with literature1 and the selections here presented have been made with this in remembrance4 ,they have been taken from the writings of authors of acknowledged representative character2 and they have been arranged for the most part chronologically1 so that pupils may unconsciously obtain some little insight into the history of the development of the literary art4 ,they have also been so chosen as to convey a somewhat fair idea of the relative value and productivity of authorship in the three great ,english-speaking communities of the world--the mother countries1 our neighbours' country1 and our own4 ,while a limited space1 if nothing else1 prevents the collection here made from being a complete anthology1 yet it does pretend to represent the authors selected in characteristic moods1 and 7in so far as is possible in a school book1 and a reading text-book7 to present a somewhat fair perspective of the world of authorship4 ,it may be said that1 if this be so1 some names are conspicuously absent3 ,mc,gee1 ,canada's poet-orator2 ,parkman1 who has given to our country a place in the portraiture of nations2 ,william ,morris1 the chief of the modern school of romanticism2 ,tyndall1 who of the literature of science has made an art2 ,lamb1 daintiest of humorists2 ,collins1 whose range of flight1 as ,swinburne says1 was the highest of his generation4 ,either from lack of space1 or from some inherent unsuitableness in such selections as might otherwise have been made1 it was found impossible to represent these names worthily2 but as they are all more or less adequately represented in the ,fourth ,reader1 the teacher who may wish to correct the perspective here presented may refer his pupils to the pieces from these authors there given4 ,it may be added1 too1 that the body of recent literature is so enormous1 that no adequate representation of it 7at any rate as regards quantity7 is possible within the limits of one book4 ,the selections in poetry1 with but three necessary exceptions1 are complete wholes1 and represent1 as fairly as single pieces can1 the respective merits and styles of their authors4 ,the selections in prose cannot1 of course1 lay claim to this excellence2 but they are all complete in themselves1 or have been made so by short introductions2 and it is hoped that they too are not unfairly representative of their authors4 ,in many cases they are of somewhat unusual length2 by this1 however1 they gain in interest and in representative character4 ,in some of the prose selections1 passages have occasionally been omitted1 either because they interfered with the main narrative1 or because1 as they added nothing to it1 to omit them would be a gain of space4 ,in most cases these omissions are indicated by small asterisks4 ,all the selections1 both in prose and in verse1 have been made with constant reference to their suitableness for the teaching of reading4 ,they are fitted to exemplify every mode of expression1 except1 perhaps1 that appropriate to a few of the stronger passions4 ,it is not pretended that they are all simple and easy4 ,many of them will require much study and preparation before they can be read with that precision of expression which is necessary to perfect intelligibility4 ,the chronological arrangement precludes grading2 the teacher will decide in what order the selections are to be read4 ,the introductory chapter is mainly intended to assist the teacher in imparting to his pupils a somewhat scientific knowledge of the art of reading4 ,of course the teacher will choose for himself his mode of dealing with the chapter1 but it has been written with the thought that he should use it as a convenient series of texts1 which he might expand and illustrate in accordance with his opportunities and judgment4 ,examples for illustration are indispensable to the successful study of the principles described1 and they should be sought for and obtained by the teacher and pupils together 7whenever possible they should be taken from the ,,reader71 and should be kept labeled for reference and practice4 ,if the application of these principles be thus practically made by the pupils themselves1 they will receive a much more lasting impression of their meaning and value than if the examples were given to them at no cost of thought or search on their part4 ,to the teacher it is recommended that he should not be contented with the short and necessarily imperfect exposition of the art of reading therein given4 ,the more familiar he is with the scientific principles the more successfully will he be able to direct the studies and practices of his pupils4 ,works on elocution are numerous and accessible4 ,dr4 ,rush's ,philosophy of the ,voice is perhaps the foundation of all subsequent good work in the exposition of voice culture4 ,professor ,murdoch's ,analytic ,elocution is an exhaustive and scholarly treatise based upon it1 and to the plan of treatment therein fully developed the practical part of the introductory chapter has largely conformed4 ,the pleasing task remains of thanking those authors who have so kindly responded to requests for permission to use selections from their works3 to ,president ,wilson1 for a sonnet from ,spring ,wild ,roses1 and for ,our ,ideal2 to ,mr4 ,charles ,sangster1 for two sonnets from ,hesperus2 to ,mr4 ,john ,reade1 for two poems from ,the ,prophecy of ,merlin2 to ,mr4 ,charles ,mair1 for the scenes from ,tecumseh2 and to ,professor ,c4 ,g4 ,d4 ,roberts1 for ,to ,winter4 ,to ,miss ,a4 ,t4 ,jones1 thanks are due for permission to use ,abigail ,becker1 recently published in the ,century ,magazine4 ,the heroic acts described in this poem seem so wonderful1 so greatly superior to woman's strength1 even to human strength and endurance1 to accomplish1 that were it possible to doubt its truthfulness1 doubt one certainly would4 ,nevertheless the poem is not only strictly in accordance with the facts1 it is even within and below them4 ,,contents4 7,the ,titles of the ,selections in ,poetry are printed in ,italics47 ,,number4 ,,title4 ,,author4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,king ,solomon's ,prayer and ,blessing at the ,dedication of the ,temple4 ,,holy ,,bible #cc ,,ii4 ,invitation4 ,,holy ,,bible #ci ,,iii4 ,the ,trial ,scene in the ,merchant of ,venice4 ,,shakespeare #dj ,,iv4 ,of ,boldness4 ,,bacon #ec ,v4 ,to ,daffodils4 ,,herrick #ee ,,vi4 ,of ,contentedness in all ,estates and ,accidents4 ,,taylor #ef ,,vii4 ,to ,lucasta1 on ,going to the ,wars4 ,,lovelace #fa ,,viii4 ,angling4 ,,walton #fb ,,ix4 ,on the ,morning of ,christ's ,nativity4 ,,milton #fg ,x4 ,character of ,lord ,falkland4 ,,clarendon #gf ,,xi4 ,veni1 ,creator ,spiritus4 ,,dryden #ha ,,xii4 ,lines printed under the ,portrait of ,milton4 ,,dryden #hb ,,xiii4 ,reason ,,dryden #hc ,,xiv4 ,on the ,love of ,country as a ,principle of ,action4 ,,steele #hc ,,xv4 ,the ,golden ,scales4 ,,addison #hh ,,xvi4 ,misjudged ,hospitality4 ,,swift #ic ,,xvii4 ,from the ,essay on ,man4 ,,pope #if ,,xviii4 ,rule1 ,britannia4 ,,thomson #aja ,,xix4 ,the ,first ,crusade4 ,,hume #ajb ,,xx4 ,the ,bard4 ,,gray #aaa ,,xxi4 ,on an ,address to the ,throne concerning ,affairs in ,america4 ,,chatham #aaf ,,xxii4 ,from ,the ,vicar of ,wakefield4 ,,goldsmith #abg ,,xxiii4 ,meeting of ,johnson with ,wilkes4 ,,boswell #acc ,,xxiv4 ,the ,policy of the ,empire in the ,first ,century4 ,,gibbon #adb ,,xxv4 ,on the ,attacks upon his ,pension4 ,,burke #adg ,,xxvi4 ,two ,eighteenth ,century ,scenes4 ,,cowper #aee ,,xxvii4 ,from ,the ,school for ,scandal4 ,,sheridan #aei ,,xxviii4 ,the ,cotter's ,saturday ,night4 ,,burns #aga ,,xxix4 ,the ,land o' the ,leal4 ,,lady ,,nairn #agg ,,xxx4 ,the ,trial by ,combat at the ,diamond of the ,desert4 ,,scott #agi ,,xxxi4 ,to a ,highland ,girl4 ,,wordsworth #bjb ,,xxxii4 ,france3 an ,ode4 ,,coleridge #bje ,,xxxiii4 ,complaint and ,reproof4 ,,coleridge #bjh ,,xxxiv4 ,the ,well of ,st4 ,keyne4 ,,southey #bji ,,xxxv4 ,the ,isles of ,greece4 ,,byron #baa ,,xxxvi4 ,go where ,glory ,waits ,thee4 ,,moore #bad ,,xxxvii4 ,dear ,harp of ,my ,country4 ,,moore #bae ,,xxxviii4 ,come1 ye ,disconsolate4 ,,moore #baf ,,xxxix4 ,on a ,lock of ,milton's ,hair4 ,,hunt #bag ,,xl4 ,the ,glove and the ,lions4 ,,hunt #bag ,,xli4 ,the ,cloud4 ,,shelley #bai ,,xlii4 ,on ,first ,looking into ,chapman's ,homer4 ,,keats #bbb ,,xliii4 ,on the ,grasshopper and the ,cricket4 ,,keats #bbb ,,xliv4 ,the ,power and ,danger of the ,caesars4 ,,de ,,quincey #bbc ,,xlv4 ,unthoughtfulness4 ,,dr4 ,,arnold #bbg ,,xlvi4 ,the ,bridge of ,sighs4 ,,hood #bcd ,,xlvii4 ,a ,parental ,ode to my ,son4 ,,hood #bcg ,,xlviii4 ,metaphysics4 ,,haliburton #bci ,,xlix4 ,indian ,summer4 ,,lover #bdf ,l4 ,to ,helen4 ,,praed #bdf ,,li4 ,horatius4 ,,macaulay #bdg ,,lii4 ,the ,raven4 ,,poe #beh ,,liii4 ,david ,swan--,a ,fantasy4 ,,hawthorne #bfb ,,liv4 ,my ,kate4 ,,mrs4 ,,browning #bgj ,,lv4 ,a ,dead ,rose4 ,,mrs4 ,,browning #bga ,,lvi4 ,to the ,evening ,wind4 ,,bryant #bgb ,,lvii4 ,death of the ,protector4 ,,carlyle #bgd ,,lviii4 ,each and ,all4 ,,emerson #bhb ,,lix4 ,waterloo4 ,,lever #bhd ,,lx4 ,the ,diver4 ,,lytton #bid ,,lxi4 ,the ,plague of ,locusts4 ,,newman #bii ,,lxii4 ,the ,cane-bottom'd ,chair4 ,,thackeray #cjf ,,lxiii4 ,the ,reconciliation4 ,,thackeray #cjh ,,lxiv4 ,the ,island of the ,scots4 ,,aytoun #cae ,,lxv4 ,the ,gambling ,party4 ,,beaconsfield #cba ,,lxvi4 ,the ,pickwickians ,disport themselves on ,ice4 ,,dickens #cbg ,,lxvii4 ,the ,hanging of the ,crane4 ,,longfellow #ccf ,,lxviii4 ,earthworms4 ,,darwin #cdb ,,lxix4 ,as ,ships1 ,becalmed at ,eve4 ,,clough #cdf ,,lxx4 ,duty4 ,,clough #cdg ,,lxxi4 ,sonnets4 ,,heavysege #cdi ,,lxxii4 ,dr4 ,arnold at ,rugby4 ,,dean ,,stanley #cej ,,lxxiii4 ,ode to the ,north-east ,wind4 ,,kingsley #ced ,,lxxiv4 ,from ,the ,mill on the ,floss4 ,,george ,,eliot #cef ,,lxxv4 ,the ,cloud ,confines4 ,,rossetti #cei ,,lxxvi4 ,barbara ,frietchie4 ,,whittier #cfa ,,lxxvii4 ,contentment4 ,,holmes #cfd ,,lxxviii4 ,the ,british ,constitution4 ,,gladstone #cfg ,,lxxix4 ,the ,lord of ,burleigh4 ,,tennyson #cgj ,,lxxx4 ,break1 ,break1 ,break4 ,,tennyson #cgc ,,lxxxi4 ,the ,revenge4 ,,tennyson #cgc ,,lxxxii4 ,herve ,riel4 ,,browning #cgh ,,lxxxiii4 ,sonnet4 ,,dr4 ,,wilson #chc ,,lxxxiv4 ,our ,ideal4 ,,dr4 ,,wilson #chc ,,lxxxv4 ,from the ,apology of ,socrates4 ,,jowett #chd ,,lxxxvi4 ,the ,empire of the ,caesars4 ,,froude #chi ,,lxxxvii4 ,of the ,mystery of ,life4 ,,ruskin #cij ,,lxxxviii4 ,the ,robin4 ,,lowell #cig ,,lxxxix4 ,the ,old ,cradle4 ,,locker #djj ,,xc4 ,rugby ,chapel4 ,,matt4 ,,arnold #dja ,,xci4 ,in the ,orillia ,woods4 ,,sangster #djh ,,xcii4 ,morals and ,character in the ,eighteenth ,century4 ,,goldwin ,,smith #dji ,,xciii4 ,a ,liberal ,education4 ,,huxley #dab ,,xciv4 ,too ,late4 ,,mrs4 ,,craik #daf ,,xcv4 ,amor ,mundi4 ,,miss ,,rossetti #dag ,,xcvi4 ,toujours ,amour4 ,,stedman #dah ,,xcvii4 ,england4 ,,aldrich #dai ,,xcviii4 ,rococo4 ,,aldrich #dbj ,,xcix4 ,kings of ,men4 ,,john ,,reade #dbj ,c4 ,thalatta6 ,thalatta6 ,,john ,,reade #dba ,,ci4 ,the ,forsaken ,garden4 ,,swinburne #dbb ,,cii4 ,a ,ballad ,to ,queen ,elizabeth of the ,spanish ,armada4 ,,dobson #dbd ,,ciii4 ,circe4 ,,dobson #dbf ,,civ4 ,scenes from ,tecumseh4 ,,mair #dbf ,,cv4 ,the ,return of the ,swallows4 ,,gosse #dcg ,,cvi4 ,dawn ,angels4 ,,miss ,,robinson #dch ,,cvii4 ,le ,roi ,est ,mort4 ,,miss ,,robinson #dci ,,cviii4 ,to ,winter4 ,,roberts #ddj ,,cix4 ,abigail ,becker4 ,,miss ,,jones #ddb ,,short ,,extracts4 ,,first ,,lines4 ,,author4 ,,page4 ,he that cannot see well ,,bacon #ed ,stone walls do not a prison make ,,lovelace #ee ,when the heart is right ,,berkeley #hg ,it must be so--,plato1 thou reasonest well ,,addison #ib ,england1 with all thy faults1 ,i love thee still ,,cowper #aed ,now stir the fire1 and close the shutters fast ,,cowper #aeh ,oh1 wad some power the giftie gie us ,,burns #agj ,life6 we've been long together ,,mrs4 ,,barbauld #agh ,rough wind1 that moanest loud ,,shelley #bah ,there is a book1 who runs may read ,,keble #bcc ,there is no great and no small ,,emerson #bde ,wellington1 ,thy great work is but begun ,,rossetti #bic ,sacrifice and self-devotion ,,lord ,,houghton #cbj ,flower in the crannied wall ,,tennyson #cff ,it fortifies my soul to know ,,clough #cfi ,and yet1 dear heart6 remembering thee ,,whittier #cgb ,there is no land like ,england ,,tennyson #cgg ,the ,summum ,pulchrum rests in heaven above ,,clough #chb ,be of good cheer then1 my dear ,crito ,,socrates #chh ,what know we greater than the soul ,,tennyson #djg ,that is best blood that hath most iron in't ,,lowell #daa ,such kings of shreds have woo'd and won her ,,aldrich #dai ,,index ,,of ,,authors4 ,,name4 ,,page4 ,,addison1 ,,joseph #hh1 #ib ,,aldrich1 ,,thomas ,,bailey #dai1 #dbj ,,arnold1 ,,matthew #dja ,,arnold1 ,,thomas #bbg ,,aytoun1 ,,wm4 ,,edmondstoune #cae ,,bacon1 ,,lord 7,,francis7 #ec1 #ed ,,barbauld1 ,,anna ,,laetitia #agh ,,beaconsfield1 ,,lord 7,,benjamin ,,disraeli7 #cba ,,berkeley1 ,,bishop 7,,george7 #hg ,,bible1 ,,the ,,holy #cc1 #ci ,,boswell1 ,,james #acc ,,browning1 ,,elizabeth ,,barrett #bgj1 #bga ,,browning1 ,,robert #cgh ,,bryant1 ,,william ,,cullen #bgb ,,burke1 ,,edmund #adg ,,burns1 ,,robert #agj1 #aga ,,byron1 ,,lord 7,,george ,,gordon ,,noel7 #baa ,,carlyle1 ,,thomas #bgd ,,chatham1 ,,lord 7,,wm4 ,,pitt7 #aaf ,,clarendon1 ,,lord #gf ,,clough1 ,,arthur ,,hugh #cdf1 #cdg1 #cfi1 #chb ,,coleridge1 ,,samuel ,,taylor #bje1 #bjh ,,cowper1 ,,william #aed1 #aee1 #aeh ,,craik1 ,,dinah ,,maria ,,mulock #daf ,,darwin1 ,,charles #cdb ,,de ,,quincey1 ,,thomas #bbc ,,dickens1 ,,charles #cbg ,,dobson1 ,,austin #dbd1 #dbf ,,dryden1 ,,john #ha1 #hb1 #hc ,,eliot1 ,,george 7,,marian ,,evans ,,cross7 #cef ,,emerson1 ,,ralph ,,waldo #bde1 #bhb ,,froude1 ,,james ,,anthony #chi ,,gibbon1 ,,edward #adb ,,gladstone1 ,,william ,,ewart #cfg ,,goldsmith1 ,,oliver #abg ,,gosse1 ,,edmund ,,william #dcg ,,gray1 ,,thomas #aaa ,,haliburton1 ,,thomas ,,chandler #bci ,,hawthorne1 ,,nathaniel #bfb ,,heavysege1 ,,charles #cdi ,,herrick1 ,,robert #ee ,,holmes1 ,,oliver ,,wendell #cfd ,,hood1 ,,thomas #bcd1 #bcg ,,houghton1 ,,lord 7,,richard ,,monckton ,,milnes7 #cbj ,,hume1 ,,david #ajb ,,hunt1 ,,leigh #bag ,,huxley1 ,,thomas ,,henry #dab ,,jones1 ,,amanda ,t4 #dab ,,jowett1 ,,benjamin #chd ,,keats1 ,,john #bbb ,,keble1 ,,john #bcc ,,kingsley1 ,,charles #ced ,,lever1 ,,charles ,,james #bhd ,,locker1 ,,frederick #djj ,,longfellow1 ,,henry ,,wadsworth #ccf ,,lovelace1 ,,richard #ee1 #fa ,,lover1 ,,samuel #bdf ,,lowell1 ,,james ,,russell #cig1 #daa ,,lytton1 ,,lord 7,,edward ,,bulwer7 #bid ,,macaulay1 ,,lord 7,,thomas ,,babington7 #bdg ,,mair1 ,,charles #dbf ,,milton1 ,,john #fg ,,moore1 ,,thomas #bad1 #bae1 #baf ,,nairn1 ,,baroness 7,,carolina ,,oliphant7 #agg ,,newman1 ,,cardinal 7,,john ,,henry7 #bii ,,poe1 ,,edgar ,,allan #beh ,,pope1 ,,alexander #if ,,praed1 ,,winthrop ,,mackworth #bdf ,,reade1 ,,john #dbj1 #dba ,,roberts1 ,,charles ,,george ,,douglas #ddj ,,robinson1 ,a4 ,,mary ,f4 #dch1 #dci ,,rossetti1 ,,christina ,,georgina #dag ,,rossetti1 ,,dante ,,gabriel #bic1 #cei ,,ruskin1 ,,john #cij ,,sangster1 ,,charles #djh ,,scott1 ,,sir ,,walter #agi ,,shakespeare1 ,,william #dj ,,shelley1 ,,percy ,,bysshe #bah1 #bai ,,sheridan1 ,,richard ,,brinsley #aei ,,smith1 ,,goldwin #dji ,,southey1 ,,robert #bji ,,stanley1 ,,dean 7,,arthur ,,penrhyn7 #cej ,,stedman1 ,,edmund ,,clarence #dah ,,steele1 ,,sir ,,richard #hc ,,swift1 ,,jonathan #ic ,,swinburne1 ,,algernon ,,charles #dbb ,,taylor1 ,,bishop 7,,jeremy7 #ef ,,tennyson1 ,,lord 7,,alfred7 #cff1 #cgj1 #cgc1 #cgg1 #djg ,,thackeray1 ,,william ,,makepeace #cjf1 #cjh ,,thomson1 ,,james #aja ,,walton1 ,,izaak #fb ,,whittier1 ,,john ,,greenleaf #cfa1 #cgb ,,wilson1 ,,president 7,,daniel7 #chc ,,wordsworth1 ,,william #bjb ,,introductory4 ,the ability to read well cannot be attained without much pains and study4 ,for even a moderate proficiency in the art of reading two requirements are essential3 7#a7 ,a cultivated mind quick to perceive the sequence of thoughts which the words to be read logically express1 and equally quick in its power sympathetically to appreciate the sentiment with which the words are informed--the feeling1 emotion1 passion1 which pervades them--but which they suggest rather than actually portray2 and 7#b7 a voice so perfected that its utterances fall upon the ear of the listener with pleasing effect1 and so flexible that it can be managed skilfully to convey to him the full meaning and force of all the ideas and sentiments formally expressed by the words or latent in them4 ,of these two requirements the first is undeniably the more important2 and that training in the art of reading in which the close1 persistent1 and liberal study of literature for its own sake has not proceeded pari passu with the requisite exercises for the development of the powers of the voice and with the study of the principles of vocal interpretation1 has resulted in a meretricious accomplishment of very illusive value4 ,nor will the special study and accurate mastery of a number of individual selections give that readiness of mental apprehension which is indispensable to a good reader4 ,the ability quickly to recognize word-forms and to utter them with ease1 to catch the drift of ideas1 and to feel ready sympathy with change and flow in sentiment1 is not to be had without a long course of wide and varied reading4 ,no one can become a good reader by passing through1 no matter how carefully1 a set of reading text-books merely4 ,pupils should be encouraged to read for themselves4 ,they should1 of course1 be guided in their selection of reading matter1 and they should be helped to acquire a taste for that which is purest and most helpful in literature2 but unless they form a habit of reading1 and of reading thoughtfully and with precision1 they can never become good readers4 ,in oral reading1 readiness and accuracy depend largely upon the alertness and flexibility of the vocal organs1 and to secure ease and excellence in the working of their delicate mechanism much practice is necessary4 ,the pupil should persistently read aloud4 ,a practice of this sort1 watchfully pursued1 with a reasonable degree of self-discipline in the correction or avoidance of errors1 is helpful not alone in obtaining a mastery of the reading art1 and in mental culture1--it is equally beneficial as a physical exercise4 ,it will1 however1 be much more efficacious of good1 both of mind and of body1 if pursued in accordance with those principles of voice culture and of vocal interpretation1 which experience and special study have established4 ,but only a small proportion of all the reading that is done1 is oral reading4 ,it is silent reading that is universally employed as an instrument of study1 of business1 of amusement4 ,as a rule1 however1 very little provision is made for the acquirement of a facility in silent reading2 this1 it is thought1 will result as a by-product of the regular training in oral reading4 ,almost the reverse of this is true4 ,ease and flexibility of articulation1 quickness in catching the drift of ideas1 and readiness in varying the tones of the voice in the utterance of words so as impressively to portray their latent sentiment1--all this is possible with those alone to whom difficult word-forms1 complex sentence-structures1 and the infinite variety and play of thought and emotion1 are more or less familiar through such a wide range of reading as only the silent prosecution of it makes possible4 ,the art of oral reading1 however1 though not so generally needful as silent reading1 is still of great importance to everyone in respect of its practical utility simply1--though few of those whose duty it is to read aloud in public1 do so either with accuracy or grace2 as an accomplishment which may be used to give pleasure to others1 it is1 when perfectly possessed1 not excelled by any other2 so that as an acquisition which puts one in a position of vantage either for benefitting one's self or for bestowing delight or benefit upon others1 it is worth every necessary struggle for its attainment4 ,one of the most valuable results of oral reading when systematically pursued as a school study1 is the effect which it has in improving the tones of the voice for ordinary conversation and discourse1 and in securing some measure of orthoepy as a fixed habit of utterance4 ,conversational speech is notoriously slovenly4 ,the sonority of our vowels is lost1 and their distinguishing qualities are obscured2 and with unnoticed frequency our consonants are either dropped or amalgamated with one another4 ,yet1 while amendment in these matters is to be striven for1 there is nothing that the teacher who wishes to establish habits of orthoepy has to be more watchful in guarding against1 than bestowing upon his pupils an affected or mincing utterance1 all the more ludicrous and objectionable1 it may be1 in that a certain set of words are pronounced with over-nicety1 while almost all others are left in a state of neglected vulgarity4 ,too frequently the study of oral reading is pursued with reference solely to the prospective public use of the art in the declamation of prepared passages2 and the elocution-master's science has been brought into some discredit by wide discrepancies between the performances of his pupils in their well-drilled and often hackneyed selections and their ability to read unfamiliar pieces at sight4 ,it is quite true that voice culture is greatly aided by the close study and frequent rendering of selections suitably chosen for the elocutionary difficulties which they present2 but it should never be forgotten that good reading1 the sort of reading which the schoolmaster should above all else endeavor to make his pupils proficient in1 implies the ability so to read a plain account1 a story1 an oration1 a play1 or what not1 at sight1 with absolute correctness as to pronunciation1 with such clearness of articulation and appropriateness of sentence utterance as will make it perfectly audible and intelligible to one's auditors1 and with such suitable and impressive intonations as will put them in full possession of those emotions which may be said to be the essence or spirit of the piece2--and1 moreover1 to do all this with pleasure to one's hearers and with ease to one's self4 ,now as comparatively few readers are ever required to read in public1 and as in the home-circle everyone ought to read1 it is plain that the first duty of the teacher of elocution is to develop in his pupils a mastery of such a style of reading as is appropriate to small audiences2 and1 then1 if he have time and opportunity1 to extend and amplify the practice of his art so as to fit such as are capable of fuller mastery of it to appear before greater audiences4 ,for though all voices are capable of being much improved through cultivation1 few only can be adapted to the requirements of a large auditorium2 and the care and attention which should be devoted to the benefit of all should not be spent for the advantage merely of the few4 ,and moreover1 those practices and studies which voice culture and the attainment of a knowledge of the principles of vocal interpretation demand1 may be pursued by all in common4 ,that alone which is necessary for the public reader or orator1 is a more extended1 and1 perhaps1 a more earnest and thoughtful practice4 ,although practices for the improvement of the voice cannot proceed far without attention to the principles of vocal interpretation1 and though the study of the latter necessarily includes the former1 yet for the sake of clearness the elementary principles of voice culture may be discussed separately from their application in the interpretation of thought and sentiment4 ,with respect both to articulation and expression the generic properties of the voice are five1 namely3 ,quality1 ,pitch1 ,force1 ,time1 ,abruptness4 ,of these properties there are1 of course1 many modes or degrees1 but the voice must1 in every tone that it utters1 manifest itself in some mode or other of each2 and it is the possibility of infinite choice in the ways of combining the modes that gives to vocal expression its infinite possibility of variety4 ,the principles of voice culture will be best understood1 however1 if these properties be considered separately4 ,quality has reference to the kind of the voice in respect of its smoothness or roughness1 sonority or thinness1 musicalness or harshness2 also in respect of the completeness of its vocality4 ,pitch has reference to the degree of elevation or depression in what is called in music the scale4 ,it may be used specifically1 in reference to single tones or syllables 7either as to their opening1 or as to their whole utterance71 or generally1 as descriptive of the prevailing tone or note which the voice assumes in reading a sentence or passage4 ,force has reference to the power or intensity with which the sounds of the voice are uttered4 ,when force is used in the utterance of single syllables1 in whole or in part1 it is spoken of as ,stress4 ,time is rate of utterance4 ,it is used with reference both to single syllables1 and to phrases1 sentences1 and passages4 ,in regard to single syllables it is sometimes called ,quantity4 ,in the consideration of time may be included that of pauses and rhythms4 ,abruptness has reference to the relative suddenness with which syllables may be uttered4 ,it may vary from the most delicate opening to a forcible explosion4 ,vocality depends upon respiration4 ,all exercises1 therefore1 which are effective in increasing the vigor1 freedom1 and elasticity of the breathing apparatus1 may be taken as initiatory steps in voice culture2 and1 in moderation1 they should be practised continually4 ,full1 slow inspirations followed by slow1 and1 as far as possible1 complete expirations2 full1 quick inspirations similarly followed2 full inspirations followed by sudden and forcible expirations2 full1 deep inspirations1 followed by slow1 slightly but distinctly audible expirations1 as in deep sighing2 these and similar practices may be pursued4 ,what is to be aimed at is to secure complete control of the breath1 especially to the degree that1 with perfect deliberateness1 it can be equably and smoothly effused4 ,in all exercises where vocality is required it is best first to use the sound of ae1 as in far1 for in this sound the quality of the human voice is heard in most perfection1 and in uttering it the vocal organs are most flexible and most easily adapt themselves to change4 ,it may be preceded by the aspirate h1 or by some consonant1 as may be thought necessary4 ,in effective speaking or reading1 with respect to the abruptness and rapidity of expiration there are three modes of utterance3 the effusive1 by which the voice is poured forth smoothly and equably1 the expulsive and the explosive4 ,of these three modes the effusive is by far the most important1 but the others1 and especially the expulsive1 have their uses also4 ,these modes will be illustrated in the following exercise3 ,,exercise4--#a4 ,after a full and deliberate inspiration let the expiration of the element h be gently effected1 until the lungs are exhausted--the aspiration coming from the very depths of the throat4 ,let this be repeated with the syllable haeh1 audibly whispered4 ,this is effusive utterance4 #b4 ,after a full and deliberate inspiration let the expiration of the element h be suddenly effected1 the expiration being continued until the whispering sound vanishes in the bottom of the throat4 ,let this be repeated with the syllable haeh1 audibly whispered4 ,this is expulsive utterance4 #c4 ,let the exercise be the same as in 7#b7 except that the expiration is to be much more forcibly effected1 and completed almost instantaneously4 ,this is explosive utterance4 ,in the cultivation of the voice either one of two ends is generally kept in view--its improvement for speaking or its improvement for singing2 but progress may be made towards both ends by the same study1 and those exercises which benefit the singing voice benefit the speaking voice1 and vice versa4 ,the distinction between speaking tones and singing tones should be clearly understood4 ,musical tones are produced by isochronous 7equal-timed7 vibrations of the vocal organs continued for some length of time4 ,hence1 a musical tone is a note1 which may be prolonged at will without varying in pitch1 either up or down4 ,a speaking tone1 on the contrary1 is produced by vibrations which are not isochronous2 it is not a note1 properly so called1 and can not be prolonged1 without varying in pitch4 ,musical tones are discrete1--the voice passes from pitch to pitch through the intervals silently4 ,in speaking1 every tone1 however short the time taken in uttering it1 passes from one pitch to some other through an interval concretely1 that is1 with continuous vocality2 though1 with respect to one another1 speech syllables1 like notes in music1 are discrete4 ,this may be exemplified by uttering the words1 ,where are you going8 ,in singing these words1 they may be uttered on the same note1 or on different notes1 or1 indeed1 with different notes for the same word2 but the voice skips from note to note through the intervals4 ,in speaking the words1 each is uttered with an inflection or intonation in which the voice varies in pitch1 but passes through the interval concretely2 the separate words1 however1 and the separate syllables 7if there were any7 being uttered discretely4 ,musical utterance might be graphically illustrated by a series of horizontal lines of less or greater length succeeding one another at different distances above or below a fixed horizontal line4 ,in a similar notation for speech utterance the lines would all be curved1 to represent the concrete passage through the various intervals4 ,it is the concrete intonation of every syllable and monosyllabic word which gives to speech its distinctive character from music4 ,each syllable and monosyllabic word is called a concrete1 and it is with the concrete in all its various possibilities of utterance that voice culture has mainly to do4 ,the intervals traversed by the voice in uttering the concrete are very variable4 ,using the musical scale for reference it may be said that in ordinary speech they are generally of but one1 or1 at most1 two notes4 ,in animated discourse or passionate utterance the intervals may be greater4 ,for illustration1 let the pronoun ,i be uttered in a tone of interrogative surprise2 a concrete with a rising interval will be the result4 ,the more the surprise is emphasized1 especially if indignation be conjoined with it1 the greater will be the interval that the voice passes through in uttering the concrete4 ,if the word lie be given immediately after the pronoun with the same intensity of feeling1 the voice discretely descends from the high pitch heard at the end of the utterance of the pronoun1 and in uttering the next concrete1 again ascends through an interval1 of less or more extent according to the emphasis which is imparted to it4 ,again1 in speech of sorrow1 murmuring1 piteous complaint1 and the like1 concrete intervals of less extent than those used in ordinary discourse are often heard4 ,thus1 if the sentence ,pity me1 kind lady1 ,i have no mother1 be uttered with a plaintive expression1 concretes with small intervals will be distinctly noticeable2 but it will be also noticed that with respect to one another the syllables are discretely uttered1 just as in the sentence where the concrete intervals were much greater4 ,without intending a scientifically accurate and rigid statement1 it may be said 7again borrowing the terminology of music7 that in ordinary speech the concretes are uttered with intervals of a second1 or at most a third2 that in very expressive or impassioned utterance intervals of a fifth or an octave are frequently used2 and that the mode of progression from syllable to syllable is diatonic1 that is1 not concretely1 but discretely from tone to tone2 and further1 that in plaintive language1 the syllables are uttered concretely with intervals of a semitone only1 but that the mode of progression from syllable to syllable is still discrete4 ,sometimes1 but rarely1 syllables are uttered tremulously1 or with a tremor2 that is1 with constituent intervals of less than a semitone1 uttered discretely in rapid succession1 and passing1 in the aggregate1 through an interval of more or less width4 ,an exaggerated form of this utterance may be heard in the neighing of a horse4 ,,exercise4--#a4 ,utter the syllable pae as a concrete1 with rising and falling intervals1 severally1 of a second1 third1 fifth1 and an octave2 also with intervals of a semitone2 also with a tremor4 ,let the exercise be varied so as to include many degrees of initial pitch4 ,use a diagram of a musical staff for reference4 #b4 ,read with exaggerated impressiveness1 ,am ,i to be your slave8 ,no6 ,in the pronunciation of the letter a1 as in pate1 two sounds are heard3 the first is that of the name of the letter1 which is uttered with some degree of fulness2 the second is that of e in mete1 but1 as it were1 tapering and vanishing2--in the meantime the voice traverses a rising interval of one tone1 that is1 of a second4 ,the utterance of these two sounds1 although the sounds themselves are distinct1 is completely continuous1 from the full opening of the one to the vanishing close of the other1 and it is impossible to say where the first ends and where the last begins4 ,it is essential1 however1 to consider them separately4 ,the first is called the radical movement1 and the second the vanishing movement2 and these together constitute the entire concrete4 ,all the vowels do not equally well exemplify in their utterance a distinction of sound in their radical and vanishing movements1 because some vowel sounds are less diphthongal than others1 and some1 again1 are pure monophthongs2 but these two movements and the concrete variation of pitch1 the result of one impulse of the voice1 are the essential structure of every syllable1 and are characteristic of speech-notes as contradistinguished from those of song4 ,when the radical and vanishing movements are effected smoothly1 distinctly1 and without intensity or emotion1 commencing fully and with some abruptness1 and terminating gently and almost inaudibly1 the result is the equable concrete4 ,this of course may be produced with intervals1 either upward or downward1 of any degree--tone1 semitone1 third1 fifth1 or octave4 ,it must be said1 however1 that some syllables1 and even some vowels1 lend themselves more easily than others to that prolonged utterance which is essential to the production of wide intervals and the perfectness of the vanishing movement4 ,the equable concrete is the natural1 simple mode of utterance2 but under the influence of interest1 excitement1 passion1 and so on1 the utterance of the concrete may be greatly varied from this by means of stress1 or force applied to some part or to all of its extent4 ,the different variations may be described as follows3 7#a7 ,radical ,stress1 where force is applied to the opening of the concrete4 7,it should be said that a slight degree of radical stress is given even in the equable concrete1 producing its full1 clear opening47 7#b7 ,loud ,concrete1 where force is applied throughout the whole concrete1 the proportion of the radical to the vanish remaining unaltered4 7#c7 ,median ,stress1 where force is applied to the middle of the concrete1 producing a swell1 or impressive fulness4 7#d7 ,compound ,stress1 where force is applied in an unusual degree to each extremity of the concrete4 7#e7 ,final ,stress1 where force is applied to the end of the concrete1 the radical stress being somewhat diminished in fulness4 7#f7 ,thorough ,stress1 where force is so applied that the concrete has the same fulness throughout4 ,,exercise4--,with the syllable pae exemplify the equable concrete and the several varieties of stress1 using different degrees of initial or radical pitch1 and the various intervals of the tone1 semitone1 third1 fifth1 and octave4 ,the exercises for the radical stress should be first aspirated1 then repeated with full vocality4 ,besides the forms of the simple rising and falling intervals in which the concrete is generally uttered1 there is another form1 called the wave1 effected by a union of these modes4 ,it is of two varieties3 7#a7 where a rising movement is continued into a falling movement1 called the direct wave2 7#b7 where a falling movement is continued into a rising movement1 called the inverted wave4 ,waves may pass through all varieties of intervals1 and may be either 7#a7 equal1 where the voice in both members passes through the same interval2 or 7#b7 unequal1 where in one flexion the interval traversed by the voice is greater than in the other4 ,,exercise4--,with the syllable pa exemplify the different kinds of waves1 with the same variations of radical pitch1 interval1 and stress1 as before4 ,the elementary sounds of speech are of three natural divisions2 the tonics1 the subtonics1 and the atonics4 ,the ,tonics are the simple vowels and diphthongs4 ,they are of perfect vocality2 they admit the concrete rise and fall through all the intervals of pitch2 they may be uttered with more abruptness than the other elements2 and being capable of indefinite prolongation they can receive the most perfect exemplification of the vanishing movement4 ,they may be said to be3 a31 as in all2 ae1 as in arm2 4a1 as in ask2 7a1 as in an2 a1 as in ate2 a1 as in air2 e1 as in eve2 7e1 as in end2 e1 as in err2 i1 as in ice2 7i1 as in inn2 o1 as in old2 oe1 as in or2 7o1 as in odd2 u1 as in use2 7u1 as in up2 oo1 as in ooze2 7o7o1 as in book2 oi1 as in oil2 ou1 as in out4 7,there are various ways of arranging and classifying these47 ,,exercise4--,exemplify generally the equable concrete1 loud concrete1 radical stress1 and median stress1 with upward and downward intervals1 with clear1 sharp openings1 and with gradually attenuated vanishes1 upon each of the tonic elements4 ,the ,subtonics possess the properties of vocality and prolongation in some degree1 but much less perfectly than the tonics1 and their vocality 7known as the vocal murmur7 is the same for all4 ,they are as follows3--b1 d1 g1 v1 z1 y1 w 7as in woe71 th 7as in then71 zh 7as z in azure71 j 7as in judge1 by some considered not elementary71 l1 m1 n1 ng 7as in sing71 r 7as in ran71 and r 7as in far74 ,they can not1 without great effort1 be given an abrupt opening1 and so are not capable of much radical fulness1 but from their property of vocality they can receive1 to a considerable degree1 an exemplification of the vanishing movement4 ,,exercise4--,utter the word bud slowly1 and detach from the rest of the word the obscure murmur heard in pronouncing the first letter3 this is the subtonic represented by b4 ,utter this sound with different degrees of initial pitch1 and with different intervals1 both downward and upward4 ,produce as full an opening of the radical movement as possible1 but do not attempt to give it much stress4 ,obtain in every case a distinct vanish4 ,be careful not to convert the subtonic into a tonic4 ,proceed in a similar manner with the other subtonics4 ,then1 distinctly obtaining the subtonics1 unite them severally with the sound of ae1 first forcibly1 then more gently1 producing such syllables as bae1 dae1 etc41 which may be rendered with upward and downward intervals1 and with different degrees of initial pitch4 ,finally1 with such syllables as aeb1 aed1 aeg1 aev1 etc41 exemplify all the varieties of stress4 ,the ,atonics correspond with the first eleven of the subtonics as given above1 from which they differ almost alone in having no vocality4 ,they are p1 t1 k1 f1 s1 h1 wh 7as in when71 th 7as in thin71 sh1 and ch 7as in child1 by some considered not elementary74 ,,exercise4--#a4 ,form a list of such words as pipe1 tote1 kick1 fife1 siss1 etc41 and severally utter them slowly1 holding the final element for a moment1 and then letting the breath escape suddenly2 then1 holding the initial letter firmly for a moment let it come forcibly against the sound of the remainder of the word1 producing an abrupt opening1 and radical stress of the vowel concrete4 #b4 ,aspirate strongly the atonics as given above4 ,,exercise ,,recapitulatory4--#a4 ,produce the syllable pae in an articulate whisper in all the different varieties of pitch1 interval1 and stress4 #b4 ,repeat with such syllables as paw1 pooh1 poh1 etc4 #c4 ,utter these syllables 7#a7 expulsively1 7#b7 explosively1 with varying intervals both upward and downward1 and producing distinct and clearly attenuated vanishes4 #d4 ,select some passage of poetry involving passionate thought1 and read in articulated whispers1 with appropriate intonations1 somewhat exaggerated1 it may be4 ,let the intervals and stresses be slowly and distinctly given4 #e4 ,repeat the exercise in a half whisper4 #f4 ,next read the passage over several times in pure vocality1 without exaggeration1 increasing the strength of the utterance until it is as full and ringing as possible4 ,care must be taken that the utterance is in reality full and ringing1 not sharp and hard4 ,let the pitch chosen be not too high--as low as possible2 and let the tones come mainly from the chest and lower part of the throat4 ,,note4--,in all the exercises care should be taken that they be performed easily and naturally1 with perfect deliberation and without undue force2 else they will be harmful rather than useful4 ,,exercise ,,in ,,concrete ,,intervals ,,continued4--#a4 ,read with appropriate intonations3 ,did you say a31 as in all8--,no1 ,i said ae1 as in arm1--producing in the emphatic syllables suitable rising or falling intervals of one tone4 ,then repeat1 but with greater emphasis1 producing intervals of a third1 a fifth1 or an octave4 ,vary the sentences so as to include all the tonic elements4 #b4 ,with each tonic element1 severally1 produce first a rising and then a falling interval1 each of a tone2 then intervals of a third1 a fifth1 and an octave4 #c4 ,extend the exercise so as to produce with each element1 and with all the various intervals1 a series or succession of rising and falling intervals1 thus3 rising1 falling1 rising1 falling1 etc4 ,use the blackboard and the musical scale for illustration and reference4 ,syllables vary greatly in their capacity for prolongation1 and in this respect are classified into immutable1 mutable1 and indefinite4 ,immutable ,syllables are almost incapable of prolongation2 they are those which end in one of the abrupt atonic elements1 p1 t1 k2 as tip1 hit1 kick2 or in one of the abrupt subtonics1 b1 d1 g2 as tub1 thud1 pug4 ,some syllables that so end1 by virtue of tonic or subtonic elements which they may contain1 are capable of some prolongation2 for example1 warp1 dart1 block1 grab1 dread1 grog4 ,these are called ,mutable ,syllables4 ,indefinite ,syllables are capable of almost indefinite prolongation2 they are those which terminate in a tonic1 or any subtonic except one of the three abrupt subtonics1 b1 d1 g2 for example1 awe1 fudge1 hail1 arm4 ,,note4--,it must be remembered that when for the sake of exercise or effect syllables are extended in time1 they must be so uttered that their identity is not impaired1--that is1 their enunciation must be free from mouthing4 ,as has been remarked before our pronunciation of vowels is notoriously careless2 but by a little attention anyone can easily free himself from this reproach4 ,frequent practice in the accurate enunciation of the tonic elements as given above1 and a habit of watchfulness established as to the orthoepy of those which are most easily obscured1 in all words in which they occur1 will soon secure1 if not a resonant1 sonorous utterance with respect to the tonic elements1 at least a correct pronunciation4 ,but the correct and distinct pronunciation of the subtonic1 and especially of the atonic1 elements1 when they occur1 as is so frequent in ,english words1 in combination1 is not so easily accomplished2 and orthoepy1 in this respect1 as a habit1 cannot be secured without great care and incessant practice4 ,for example1 the word months is habitually pronounced by almost everyone as if it were spelled munce4 ,the following list for practice will afford material to begin with2 other lists should be prepared by the teacher4 ,plinth1 blithe1 sphere1 shriek1 quote1 whether1 tipt1 depth1 robed1 hoofed1 calved1 width1 hundredth1 exhaust1 whizzed1 hushed1 ached1 wagged1 etched1 pledged1 asked1 dreamt1 alms1 adapts1 depths1 lefts1 heav'ns1 meddl'd1 beasts1 wasps1 hosts1 exhausts1 gasped1 desks1 selects1 facts1 hints1 healths1 tenths1 salts1 builds1 wilds1 milked1 mulcts1 elms1 prob'd'st1 think'st1 hold'st1 attempt'st1 want'st1 heard'st1 mask'st4 ,,exercise4--,utter the words in the above list in distinct articulate whispers2 then with vocality1 softly and gently4 ,avoid hissing and mouthing4 ,while1 in reading1 distinct enunciation is an excellence to be aimed at1 yet the words of a sentence should not be uttered as if completely severed from one another4 ,every sentence falls naturally into groups1 the several groups being composed of words related in sense2 and for impressive reading the words of each group should be implicated1 or tied together4 ,for example1 in the line1 ,once upon a midnight dreary1 while ,i ponder'd1 weak and weary1 there are naturally three groups2 in the line1 ,the quality of mercy is not strain'd1 there is but one4 ,in these groups the terminal sound of each word is implicated with the initial sound of the succeeding word4 ,if the terminal sound is a tonic1 or a flowing subtonic1 the implication consists of a gentle murmuring prolongation of the terminal element coalescing with the initial element of the next word2 if the terminal element is a flowing atonic the prolongation will not be accompanied by a murmur2 but in either case the vocal organs1 while prolonging the sound of one word1 prepare1 as it were1 to begin the next4 ,if the terminal element be one of the abrupt subtonics the vocal murmur is difficult to produce1 and in this case1 and also when the terminal element is an abrupt atonic1 there is a suspension of the voice for a time equal to that occupied by the murmuring prolongation in the other cases2 but the organs keep the position which they have in finishing the one word until they relax to take position for the utterance1 with renewed exertion1 of the opening sound of the next4 ,it must be added that this implication is not confined to the component words of a group2 for the sake of impressiveness the groups themselves are often implicated1--but by suspension of the voice and a maintenance of the vocal organs in their previous position1 before they suddenly relax to form the opening sound of the first word in their next group1 rather than by the murmuring prolongation above described4 ,,exercise4--,read with suitable implication3 7#a7 ,o ,tiber6 father ,tiber6 to whom the ,romans pray1 a ,roman's life1 a ,roman's arms1 take thou in charge this day6 7#b7 ,but still the patriot1 and the patriot-bard1 in bright succession raise1 her ornament and guard4 ,the nicety with which implication should be effected depends1 like exactness of articulation1 upon the gravity1 complexity1 fervor1 grace1 beauty1 or other distinguishing and elevated quality of the thoughts and sentiments contained in the words to be read4 ,common-place ideas are couched1 as a rule1 in common-place language1 and require no nice discrimination of sounds1 or other refinement of utterance1 for their full rendering2 but in true poetry and impassioned prose implication is no mean instrument of effectual interpretation4 ,the speaking voice1 like the singing voice1 is capable of utterance through a considerable range of pitch--in highly cultivated voices1 of three octaves2 in less highly cultivated voices1 of one octave2 but for all voices1 not perverted by bad habit1 there are three or four notes1 of moderate height1 upon which utterance is most easy and natural1 and most capable of great and sustained effort4 ,these notes should be selected as the normal pitch of discourse4 ,in speaking or reading1 except in certain infrequent cases1 the whole of the breath expired from the lungs should be utilized in producing pure vocality4 ,should any breath be spent in aspiration1 or in hissing1 or in guttural enunciation1 the vocality is said to be impure4 ,impure vocality1 it is true1 has its own appropriate use1 in the representation of certain emotional states of the mind4 ,pure vocality is heard naturally in the tones of children at play2 but in adults1 through carelessness or injudicious education1 it is often wanting4 ,the mechanism of the voice is very complicated and not thoroughly understood4 ,it is a matter of common experience1 however1 that in the utterance of tones of low pitch1 whether speech tones or musical1 the voice seems to come from the chest rather than from the head2 and1 in the utterance of tones of high pitch1 on the other hand1 it seems to come from the head rather than from the chest2 so that all tones are said to belong either to the lower or chest register1 or to the higher or head register4 ,as both chest tones and head tones may be obscured by impurities1 and their resonance diminished or destroyed by defective enunciation1 the pure1 clear1 ringing utterance of tones of both registers should be constantly striven for4 ,the normal pitch of utterance1 referred to above1 should always be such that the tones comprised in it can be produced either from the head or from the chest1 at will2 but for sustained efforts1 for the best effects both of reading and of oratory1 the chest tones are much to be preferred1 since1 as compared with head tones1 they are capable of being produced with greater resonance and penetrating power1 and1 for any considerable length of time1 with greater ease to the speaker4 ,all tones of the human voice1 whether speaking or musical1 whether of the head or of the chest1 are spoken of as having quality1 or timbre1 and the term is also used more generally in reference to the whole compass of utterance4 ,the quality of the voice is its most distinguishing characteristic1 and it is upon its cultivation and improvement that the greatest efforts of the student should be spent4 ,pure voice is usually spoken of as being manifested in two qualities1 the natural and the orotund4 ,natural ,quality may be described as a head tone to which some degree of resonance is given by the chest2 but the brilliancy of its resonance is produced by its reverberation against the bony arch of the mouth4 ,it may1 of course1 vary in pitch1 but tones of low pitch that are intended to be impressive are most suitably rendered in orotund quality4 ,in its perfect manifestations1 the natural quality should be clear1 ringing1 light1 and sparkling1--if it be possible to describe its characteristics by such metaphorical words4 ,orotund ,quality is the result only of cultivation1 but no speaker or reader can produce those finer effects which are the appropriate symbols of strong and deep emotion1 whose voice cannot assume this mode at will4 ,it differs from the natural mode in obtaining from the chest a greater supply of air1 and a deeper and fuller resonance1 and the reverberations seem to be against the walls of the pharynx1 or posterior regions of the mouth1 rather than against the palate1 or upper part of the mouth4 ,in fulness1 strength1 and ringing quality1 it is superior to the natural mode1 but not distinct from it2 in clearness and smoothness it should be equal to it4 ,as it befits a chest tone rather than a head tone1 it is natural to utterances in medium and low pitch2 but it must not be confounded with low pitch simply1 nor must its characteristic fulness be taken for loudness simply4 ,with the orotund1 as well as with the natural quality1 all the voice modes previously described may be conjoined4 ,,exercise4--#a4 ,with the syllable haeh1 make an expiration in the voice of whisper1 forcing slowly all air out from the chest4 ,then give to this expiration vocality1 producing the reverberation far back in the mouth3 the resulting utterance is a hoarse exemplification of the orotund4 ,with the mouth in the position of a yawn1 making the cavity of reverberation as large as possible1 repeat the exercise until the utterance can be produced smoothly and without hoarseness4 #b4 ,form similar syllables containing other tonic elements1 and make similar exercises1 taking care to produce a smooth1 effusive utterance4 #c4 ,select a sentence such as ,roll on thou deep and dark blue ocean1 roll1 abounding in long open vowels and indefinite syllables1 and using suitable intonations read it in low pitch1 with full1 resonant chest tones4 ,then gradually raise the pitch1 still obtaining the tones from the chest and uttering them with full resonance4 #d4 ,with such syllables as haeh1 you1 now1 man1 war1 hail1 fool1 practise in orotund voice the various exercises for pitch1 concrete intervals1 waves1 stress1 etc41 previously suggested4 #e4 ,read with feeling and appropriate intonations selected sentences from compositions of elevated or impassioned diction1 as ,solomons's ,prayer 7p4 #ce71 ,the ,hymn 7p4 #fh71 ,france 7p4 #bje74 ,of the various qualities 7as they are called7 of impure voice1 the ,aspirate1 the ,sibilant1 and the ,guttural are defined with sufficient clearness1 by their names4 ,though these modes can be appropriately used only occasionally1 nevertheless they are of great value to the reader1 and the voice should be trained to assume them whenever necessary4 ,great care must be exercised1 however1 that impurities shall never be present as characteristics of normal utterance2 this1 whether from the head or chest1 should be distinct1 sonorous1 and smooth1 and should exhaust every particle of air expired4 ,another impure quality is the ,pectoral1 which is an aspiration produced1 as it were1 from the lowest cavities of the chest2 and still another is the ,falsetto1 an unnatural voice1 that seems to be produced entirely in the upper cavities of the head4 ,the employment of the ,falsetto at any time1 either in speaking or reading1 is of doubtful taste4 ,,exercise4--#a4 ,with the syllable haeh exemplify severally the aspirate1 guttural1 and pectoral qualities1 first with insufficient vocality1 then with sufficient4 ,exemplify the sibilant impurity with such syllables as pish1 false1 traitress1 miscreant4 ,in those exercises employ intervals of varying lengths1 different degrees of initial pitch1 and the several varieties of stress2 and let the utterances be made effusively1 expulsively1 and explosively4 #b4 ,select appropriate passages in ,the ,raven 7p4 #beh7 for exercise in natural1 orotund1 aspirate1 guttural1 and pectoral qualities4 ,read the passages severally with appropriate intonations1--it may be somewhat exaggeratingly4 ,then read the whole poem feelingly1 with appropriate1 but not exaggerated intonations4 ,so far1 what has been said has had reference mainly to the cultivation and improvement of the voice1 by the analogies and description of the various effective modes in which it can be manifested1 and by the suggestion of suitable exercises for increasing its endurance1 strength1 flexibility1 and resonance4 ,it remains now to discuss shortly some of the principles of vocal interpretation1--that is1 to discuss what modes of voice-action are appropriate to the representation of the various emotions which the wide range of literature presents to the reader4 ,it must be said in respect of principles that only broad and easily verifiable ones are of use1 and even these may be abused by a too rigorous adherence to them4 ,the best rule that can be given1 as indeed it is founded on a principle of widest application1 is that laid down in the ,fourth ,reader3--,to give a faithful sympathetic attention to the full meaning and sentiment of what is read1 and to manage the voice so as effectively to express this meaning and sentiment2 since this will always ensure a certain measure of appropriateness1 if not the full perfection of it4 ,and it cannot be too much emphasized that even the fullest knowledge and most patient study can establish for the reading of any selection1 or passage1 or sentence1 none but general directions1 since the same words may very frequently be rendered in several ways1 with differences of pitch1 time1 stress1 quality1 implication1 and so on1 but with equal effectiveness and equal appropriateness4 ,and1 on the other hand1 any whole selection1 even the simplest1 is far too complex in its thought and sentiment to be disposed of in one general analysis1 which shall predetermine the pitch1 tone1 and stress1 and the prevailing width of the intervals1 and the direction of the inflections2 all these will vary from paragraph to paragraph1 and from sentence to sentence1 even from word to word4 ,to sum up1 it may be said that good reading demands as indispensable1 quick-witted intelligence1 ready sympathy1 and a voice so trained as to be flexible and resonant2 if the reader have this much endowment his reading will always be effective1 and1 moreover1 appropriate and impressive4 ,all diction may be roughly described as exhibiting one of three states of feeling3 7#a7 that in which feeling1 as it is generally understood1 is almost wanting2 7#b7 that in which it is present in some considerable degree2 7#c7 that in which the feeling is present in an extreme degree1 dominating the ideas which the several sentences logically express4 ,to the first division1 which may be called the diction of discourse1 belongs all language indicative of a quiet state of mind--formal statement1 narrative1 description1 simple argument or reasoning3 it is the language of all ordinary writing4 ,to the second division1 which may be called the diction of sentiment or feeling1 belongs all language which indicates that the mind of the speaker1 real or supposed1 is in a state of moderate excitement2 that he is interested in the relation of himself to others1 and1 consequently1 in the effect of his utterances upon them2 or that1 subjectively1 he is interested in himself3 it is the language of admiration1 reverence1 awe1 sincerity1 dignity1 of pathos1 supplication1 penitence4 ,to the third division1 which may be called the diction of passion1 belongs all language expressive of deeper excitement and more vehement interest than that described as animating the diction of feeling3 it is the language of earnest or anxious interrogation1 of passionate ejaculation1 of powerful appeal1 strong accusation1 and fierce denunciation2 also1 of contempt1 derision1 scorn1 loathing1 anger1 hate1 and so on4 ,voice1 as we have seen1 possesses five generic properties1 pitch1 force1 quality1 time1 and abruptness2 and1 in every spoken word1 it must assume some mode of each of these properties1 manifesting them in co-existence4 ,this conjoint mode1 or vocal sign1 as it is called1 should be the appropriate expression of the thought and feeling of which the word1 in its place in the sentence1 is the graphical sign4 ,hence1 as each word in a sentence may be said to have its appropriate vocal sign1 so each variety of diction may be said to have its appropriate vocal expression1--a latitude of choice in the constituent modes1 and a consequent indeterminateness in the resulting expression1 being1 of course1 always conceded4 ,the appropriate vocal expression for the diction of discourse may be said to consist of the following modes3--normal pitch1 simple intonations1 and waves of a second1 moderate force1 the equable concrete varied by slight radical stress1 in quality the natural mode1 in abruptness sufficient sharpness of opening to effect clear articulation1 and in time a moderate rate with effusive utterance4 ,as the diction rises above this plain unimpassioned character1 and becomes more and more informed with feeling and sentiment1 the constituent vocal signs1 and hence the whole vocal expression1 become more and more expressive4 ,in pitch there is frequent variation3 in expressions of joy1 astonishment1 or for command1 the voice assumes naturally a somewhat higher elevation2 and with equal naturalness it descends below its normal level to utter the language of grave1 solemn1 and reverential feeling4 ,again1 inasmuch as the interval of the second is the plainest and simplest within the command of the voice1 in such diction as we are now considering1 intervals of a third1 a fifth1 or even an octave1 may be heard1 both in simple intonations and in waves4 ,force1 too1 will not be unvaryingly applied1 but will be greater or less according as energy or passion may demand4 ,in stress the equable concrete will give place to the radical or to the final1 to express energetic resolve2 or1 in the language of pathos1 exaltation1 reverence1 supplication1 and so on1 to the median--the most effective of all modes for the expression of such deep feeling as is compatible with slow utterance4 ,in time the rate of utterance will vary with the syllabic quantities1 these being short and crisp in the language of vivacious conversation1 but extended1 and with distinct1 attenuated vanishes1 in grave and important monologue4 ,in quality1 whenever the diction1 departing from its simple character1 becomes pervaded by some deep emotion1 the natural mode will give place to the orotund4 ,and while effusive utterance is always the prevalent mode1 it will give place to the expulsive mode or to the explosive1 when energy of thought or force of passion requires it so4 ,thus1 as the diction rises from plain discourse to the language of feeling1 the appropriate vocal expression gathers intensity and becomes more varied1 assumes1 as may be said1 brighter colors and displays greater contrasts2 and so1 in the third class of diction1 the diction of passion1 it displays its intensest and most vivid modes--its brightest colors1 its deepest contrasts4 ,as it is in a general sense only1 that diction can be understood to be referrible to three classes1 so also1 in a general sense only1 can it be understood that any particular sentence or passage has its appropriate vocal expression4 ,all that is intended is simply this3 an analysis of the sentence1 or passage1 or selection1 gives to the careful student a certain conception of the quality and intensity of the feeling or passion that pervades it2 this is to be interpreted1 as well as may be1 by the most appropriate vocal signs possible--the whole constituting the vocal expression suitable to the piece4 ,in respect to its pervading emotion1 the selection will have what is called a drift1 or general tendency1 towards one of those states described as characteristic of the diction of discourse1 the diction of feeling1 and the diction of passion1 respectively2 and it is the business of the reader to watch for this drift1 which of course may vary from passage to passage1 from sentence to sentence1 and sometimes from word to word1 and to interpret it as best he may4 ,to indicate what modes of voice utterance are naturally most appropriate to the expression of these various emotional states and drifts1 it will be best to take up1 one by one1 the different properties of the voice1 and the several modes in which they are manifested1 and to state briefly1 and in general terms1 the emotional state or drift of which it is an appropriate expression4 7,with respect to quality and abruptness this will be sufficiently done indirectly47 ,the student then must for himself1 if he wishes to apply these results to the reading of any selected passage1 first by analysis ascertain what are the emotional states which it involves1 what are its prevailing drifts1 then in respect to each property of the voice choose the suitable mode for the interpretation of these several states or drifts1 conjoin the selected modes into appropriate vocal signs1 and with these form the vocal expression that suitably interprets the whole passage4 ,the teacher1 or the teacher and student together1 should select from the ,,reader1 or elsewhere1 sentences or passages that fitly exemplify the different modes2 these should be written upon a black-board1 or in some other way preserved1 and be referred to frequently for practice both in voice culture and in vocal interpretation4 ,i4 ,,pitch4 ,pitch must be considered under three heads3 first1 as referring to the prevailing elevation of tone assumed by the voice in the reading of a whole sentence1 passage1 or selection1 called general or sentential pitch2 second1 as referring to the degree of elevation assumed by the voice in the utterance of the opening1 or radical1 of any syllable1 called initial or radical pitch2 third1 as referring to the tone-width of the intervals in the utterance of the syllable concrete4 ,sentential ,pitch in its various modes is descriptive of the general position in the scale taken by the tones of the voice in uttering a sentence or passage4 ,it may be spoken of as medium1 high1 and low4 ,medium ,pitch should correspond with the normal pitch of discourse previously described4 ,it is natural to the expression of all unimpassioned thought1 and also of all emotions1 except the livelier1 and the deeper and more intense4 ,high ,pitch and ,low ,pitch are only relative terms4 ,they do not represent fixed and definite modes of utterance2 and all that can be said is1 that for the interpretation of what may be called the lighter feelings and emotions1 such as cheerfulness1 joy1 exultation1 interest1 and so on1 also for the expression of raillery1 facetiousness1 humorous conversation1 laughter1 and the like1 sentential pitch of a degree somewhat higher than normal pitch is appropriate2 and1 on the other hand1 for the interpretation of what may be called the graver and deeper feelings1 such as awe1 reverence1 humility1 grief1 and melancholy1 and the more impassioned emotions1 as disgust1 loathing1 horror1 rage1 despair1 as well as for the expression of all very serious and impressive thought1 sentential pitch of a degree somewhat lower than normal pitch is appropriate4 ,the degree of elevation and depression must be determined by the judgment and good taste of the reader2 but it must be borne in mind that this degree may vary from passage to passage1 and from sentence to sentence1 and even from phrase to phrase4 ,in every style of diction1 no matter how unimpassioned it may be1 there will be frequent changes in the train of thought1 and frequent changes in the intensity of feeling2 to represent these changes there should be corresponding variations1 or transitions in sentential pitch4 ,these transitions also serve another purpose1 namely1 to indicate an interpolated or parenthetical idea4 ,in making transitions the voice follows the general law of all vocal interpretation2 strong contrasts in thought and feeling are marked by transitions of wide intervals1 and lesser contrasts by lesser intervals4 ,transitions in pitch are naturally accompanied by corresponding changes in force1 rate of utterance1 and phrasing2 and1 like all other modes of expression1 these receive their color from the intensity of thought and feeling of which they are the symbols4 ,for example1 in the rendering of a parenthetical clause 7since1 as a rule1 the thought expressed in the parenthesis is of less gravity than the thought in the main sentence71 the voice will manifest itself in lighter force and generally in quicker movement1 that is1 in lighter1 less contrasting colors2 but whether the pitch be raised or lowered depends upon the sentential pitch appropriate to the main sentence1--it should be in contrast with that4 ,and it may be remarked in passing1 that the reading of the parenthesis should end with a phrase melody similar to that appropriate to the words immediately before the parenthesis1 so that the ear may naturally be carried back to the proper place in the main clause for the continuation of the expression of the principal thought4 ,radical ,pitch1 that is the pitch with which the opening of a syllable is uttered1 is1 in respect of appropriate employment1 the most important element of reading or speaking2 but all that can be done here1 is to call attention to this1 and leave the student to exercise his taste and judgment in regard to its use4 ,the importance of appropriately varying radical pitch so as to impart melody to continued utterance will be seen at once if a simple sentence 7for example1 ,tom and ,jim sat on a log7 be read1 first in that monotonous voice 7that is1 with unvarying radical pitch7 so often heard in the labored reading of improperly taught young children1 and then with those appropriate intonations heard in animated colloquy4 ,when properly rendered1 even if read with but little animation1 each syllable1 or concrete1 passes through an interval of a second1 and the several syllables are discretely uttered2 but the radical pitch varies from syllable to syllable1 forming a diatonic melody4 ,for the rendering of any given sentence in appropriate diatonic melody1 positive direction as to the order of succession in respect of radical pitch cannot be given2 the same words may be uttered with equal appropriateness in many varieties of melody4 ,the ignoring of this fact has led to the most absurd pretensions4 ,a group of two or three syllabic concretes is called a phrase of melody2 and as phrases vary with respect to pitch1 in the order of succession of the radicals of their constituent syllables1 they receive different names3 such as the monotone1 in which the radicals are all on the same pitch2 and the ditone and the tritone1 groups of two tones and three tones respectively1 with radicals of different pitch2 and1 again1 the concretes in these phrases may have upward or downward intonations3 but fixed rules cannot be laid down for their use4 ,the reader must bear in mind1 however1 that it is upon the tasteful use of phrases and cadences1 that is1 upon the tasteful employment of variation in radical pitch1 that the melody of uttered language depends2 and that if it be devoid of this melody1 it is both wearisome and unimpressive to the hearer4 ,the intonations of the voice must necessarily be through either rising intervals or falling intervals1 and there is a generic difference in the meaning of these4 ,the rising interval is heard naturally at the end of a direct question2 that is1 one to which yes or no is an expected answer1 as ,are you going home8 ,the suspensive tone which the voice assumes at the end of the interrogation is indicative of incompleteness of thought2 and indication of incompleteness is the characteristic function of all rising intervals4 ,the falling interval is heard naturally at the close of a complete statement1 as ,i am here2 and hence1 words indicating completeness1 positiveness1 resolution1 are appropriately uttered with downward intervals4 ,in effecting a downward intonation the voice operates in one of two ways3 either the weaker mode1 in which it descends from a radical pitch at or near the current tone to a lower pitch2 or the stronger mode1 in which it assumes discretely a radical pitch as much above the current tone as the emphasis requires1 and descends concretely either to the current tone or below it4 ,as every sentence is more or less incomplete until the end is reached1 rising intervals are the rule in intonation1 and falling intervals the exception1 and it is this infrequency of use which gives to the falling movement its value as a mode of emphasis4 ,but where the emphasis is that of doubt1 uncertainty1 surprise1 or interrogation1 the suspensiveness of these emotional states is appropriately expressed by rising intonations2 and hence1 too1 in all sentences in which the interrogative element is strongly present1 the rising interval should characterize every syllable in it1 and the sentences be uttered with interrogative intonations throughout4 ,if in any such sentence1 a particular word is to be especially emphasized1 this is effected by giving to the word a low radical pitch and retaining the rising interval indicative of interrogation4 ,the width of the interval depends1 as is natural1 upon the intensity of the thought or emotion of which the concrete is intended to be an expression4 ,for example1 suppose the statement1 ,you are the culprit1 be answered by the surprised and indignant interrogation1 ,i8 ,the emphatic words here used may be appropriately uttered with intervals of a tone1 a third1 a fifth1 or an octave1 according to the emphasis supposed necessary4 ,the ,semitone1 as has been said before1 is an interval sometimes heard in language of distress1 complaint1 grief1 sorrow1 tenderness1 compassion1 pity4 ,occasionally it is introduced in diatonic melody as an appropriate emphatic mode of uttering a single word2 as1 for example1 ,other friends have flown before2 on the morrow ,,he will leave me4 ,at times diction may assume what may be called a pathetic drift1 and for the suitable interpretation of this drift semitonic intervals may be used1 and the mode of progression cease for a space to be diatonic and become semitonic1 or chromatic1 as it is called4 ,the ,wave is one of the most impressive of the elements of expression2 but its proper use demands great flexibility in the vocal organs and a high degree of taste in the reader4 ,like all other unusual modes1 its employment lends color and contrast to utterance2 that is1 it makes it more effective for the purposes of emphasis or distinction4 ,the wave1 as has been described1 is a concrete with an upward and a downward movement united2 but its last constituent is that which most affects the ear and leaves upon it the stronger impression1 and hence1 especially if it be given with a wide interval1 its dominant characteristic will be that of the second movement2 for example1 if the second movement be upward1 the wave may express interrogation mingled with surprise or scorn2 if the second movement be downward1 the wave may express astonishment mingled with indignation4 ,the intervals which are given to the wave depend upon the diction to which it is applied4 ,to express great surprise or vehement indignation it may sweep through a fifth or a whole octave4 ,in these extreme modes the wave frequently is given a wider interval in the second movement than in the first1 and its effect intensified by the appropriate use of stress1 and 7for the expression of such emotions as scorn1 contempt1 irony1 ridicule1 and so on7 of the impure qualities of voice4 ,when used with intervals of the second1 the characteristics of direct and inverted forms lose some of their distinctness2 but in this degree the wave is effectively used to put into relief occasional words1 or1 with median stress and long quantities1 to give to the otherwise short and tripping character of the second a dignified and impressive effect suited to the rendering of all serious and important diction that is not impassioned4 ,the ,wave of the ,semitone is generally employed when time1 or syllabic quantity1 is needed as an element in the expression of the language of complaint or pathos4 ,the effect is much the same whether it be direct or indirect4 ,the ,tremor may be used to express grief1 supplication1 tenderness1 in which the interval through which it ranges may be wide1 or1 for a more plaintive effect1 be limited to the semitone4 ,with constituent intervals other than the semitone 7that is1 of a tone or otherwise71 and ranging through an aggregate interval of less or greater width1 it may be used to express laughter2 as1 for example1 in the utterance of the syllables ha1 ha1 ha1 ha1 ha1 which1 when rapidly effected1 resembles one syllable uttered with discrete intervals4 ,combined with stress1 aspiration1 and guttural vibration1 in suitable modifications1 this laughing tone may be made to express scorn1 derision1 exultation1 triumph1 and so on4 ,,ii4 ,,force4 ,force must be considered under two aspects3 first1 as to the degree of its intensity in the utterance of syllables1 words1 phrases1 and sentences2 and second1 as to the form of its application in the utterance of the concrete4 ,when the term is used without qualification1 the first of these considerations is intended2 when the second is intended1 force is generally spoken of as stress4 ,force must be contradistinguished from loudness4 ,in mere loudness the vocal organs are comparatively relaxed--the intensity of sound being produced by the violent discharge of a great volume of air from the lungs4 ,in forceful utterance the vocal organs are compressed and tense1 and though the volume of air effused be small1 the resulting sound-vibrations are strong1 and distinct1 and of penetrating power4 ,in respect of intensity1 force may be manifested in infinite variation1 but the degrees usually spoken of are very light1 light1 moderate1 strong1 and very strong4 ,as with all other modes1 these degrees will vary from word to word1 and from sentence to sentence2 and great judgment and taste must be exercised in employing them1 so that they appropriately represent the intensity of the thought and feeling of which they are to be the expression4 ,moderate ,force is the natural expression of tranquillity1 and1 therefore1 of all unimpassioned diction4 ,as the diction becomes pervaded by the more positive emotions1 the tones of the voice naturally become stronger4 ,certainty requires strong force with pure quality4 ,so all the passions1 the lighter as well as the more vehement1 require the degree of force to be heightened3 cheerfulness1 joy1 ecstacy1 requiring force moderately strong2 and anger1 hate1 terror1 revenge1 being suitably rendered by very strong force4 ,again1 doubt1 uncertainty1 secrecy1 as well as the gentler and more plaintive emotions1 are most suitably represented by the lighter shades of force4 ,as the voice assumes the intenser modes of force1 the vocal organs become more and more compressed1 and utterance is more and more labored2 the breath forced out cannot all be vocalized2 the voice becomes less and less pure1 and manifests itself in the aspirate and guttural qualities4 ,hence1 strongly suppressed utterance in impure vocality1 rather than mere loudness in pure vocality1 is the appropriate expression for all the intenser passions4 ,,iii4 ,,stress4 ,stress is force considered with respect of the form of its application to the concrete4 ,since the equable concrete is the natural colorless expression of unimpassioned thought1 force applied to any part of it changes its character1 and gives it a more or less significant emphasis4 ,the three most usual forms of stress are the radical1 the median1 and the final2 these may be effected in any of the degrees of force4 ,compound stress and thorough stress admit of but little variation4 ,radical ,stress1 to some extent an essential1 but not an expressive element in the equable concrete1 is1 in a somewhat stronger form1 an element in all utterance that is intended to be vivid and energetic1 emphasizing these characteristics by its own incisive clearness4 ,the more animated and energetic the diction the clearer and more determined should be the opening of the concrete1 that is1 the more distinct and forcible should be its radical stress2 while in graver language the radical stress is less pronounced4 ,in its emphatic degree it ought at no time to be allowed to become a current mode1 imparting its peculiar incisive character to every syllable2 though1 for especial emphasis1 it may be appropriately used in this way in the utterance of the several words of a phrase4 ,final ,stress differs from radical stress principally in this1 that while it equally indicates energy and positiveness1 it does so as in accordance with predetermination and reflection4 ,radical stress denotes1 as it were1 an involuntary state of energy2 final stress1 the energy or fixedness of resolve4 ,hence1 final stress is appropriate to the expression of resolution1 of obstinacy1 of earnest conviction1 of passionate resolve4 ,it emphasizes the characteristics of wide intervals1 giving to rising intonations a more decidedly interrogatory character1 and making falling intonations more vehemently and passionately positive4 ,median ,stress1 as it can be effectively applied to none but indefinite or mutable syllables1 is compatible only with such a rate of utterance as will permit of these receiving long quantities4 ,it may receive any degree of force1 from that gentle swell which indicates a tranquil flow of emotion1 to that firm and swelling energy which is the appropriate expression of the language of elevated feeling4 ,with the wider intervals it should be used only for occasional emphasis2 but in its lighter forms it may prevail as a drift of dignified expression4 ,median stress1 being always necessarily associated with long quantity in syllables1 is not an appropriate mode in the language of colloquy1 or in vivacious discourse of any kind4 ,it is1 however1 the fit interpreter of that fervid and lofty imagination which clothes itself in forms of grace and grandeur2 and hence1 with intonations and waves of the lesser intervals1 with medium or low sentential pitch1 a moderate degree of force1 and the pure or orotund quality1 it is the appropriate expression of all exalted prose and poetry1 not strongly dramatic4 ,thorough ,stress is effected by continuing the force and fulness of the radical stress throughout the whole concrete4 ,used as a current mode1 which should be but rarely1 it is expressive of bluntness1 arrogance1 bravado2 and1 with short quantities1 of ignorant coarseness4 ,occasionally it may be used instead of final stress to give emphasis to a syllable whose vanishing movement is but little capable of receiving an increase of force4 ,compound ,stress combines the qualities of both radical and final stress2 it is therefore of extreme character1 and can be only occasionally used4 ,with wide intervals1 in its stronger modes1 it is expressive of the utmost intensity of feeling2 in its lighter modes it is the natural expression of strong surprise4 ,the ,loud ,concrete is simply the equable concrete uttered with greater fulness of breath and loudness of tone4 ,it is used to break a current of light force for the sake of emphasizing some word or phrase2 and1 in impassioned discourse1 it may be used as a current mode1 individual words or phrases being then put in relief by receiving the forcible radical1 or thorough1 or compound stress4 ,in reference to stress it must be remembered that1 as with all other varieties of emphatic utterance1 no one form should prevail as an exclusive mode4 ,even a prevalent drift of thought or feeling will be most effectively rendered by vocal signs which change in color and intensity from word to word4 ,it must also be borne in mind in reference both to force and stress1 and to pitch and time as well1 that the modes which are employed must sustain a suitable relation to the situation and surroundings of the speaker4 ,where considerable space has to be filled and distance overcome1 the energy of utterance should be correspondingly intense2 but for great distances1 what is called level speaking is the only effectual mode1--that is1 speaking exclusively in those tones of normal pitch in which the voice has most penetrating power1 with force of almost constant intensity1 and in a somewhat slow movement with long syllabic quantities1 but of course with as much needful variation of expression as is possible within these limits4 ,,iv4 ,,time4 ,time is rate of utterance4 ,it comprehends quantity1 or rate considered in reference to the duration of individual syllables2 and movement1 or rate considered in reference to the utterance of syllables and words in succession4 ,with it may be considered pauses1 or cessations of the voice1 helpful in the expression of thought and feeling1 and necessary to the working of the vocal mechanism4 ,quantity1 as defined above1 is an arbitrary thing1 dependent almost entirely upon the will of the speaker4 ,but many words and syllables are more expressive of their meaning when1 in uttering them1 the voice is somewhat prolonged1--hence quantity is an element of expression4 ,again1 many words and syllables can receive this prolongation of utterance more readily than others1--hence quantity is a natural element of spoken language4 ,as indefinite syllables are much more capable of prolongation than mutable or immutable syllables1 they are said to possess long quantity1 or1 more shortly1 to possess quantity2 mutable syllables possess quantity in a less degree1 and immutable syllables are naturally deficient in quantity4 ,as an element of expression1 quantity 7that is1 long quantity7 lends dignity and grace to the movement of the voice1 and affords ground for the display of those expressive modes of vocal action which are incompatible with the rapid or ejaculatory utterance of the concrete2 and hence1 with median stress1 the wave1 moderate intervals1 medium or low sentential pitch1 it is used as naturally interpretative of solemnity1 reverence1 awe1 deep pathos1 ardent admiration1 and all elevated emotion4 ,colloquial tones1 excited argument1 wit1 raillery1 and all the lighter emotions1 require for their expression1 brilliancy rather than grace1 and so are more fittingly interpreted by short quantities and radical stress4 ,the discerning reader1 in his work of vocal interpretation1 will not fail to take advantage of the inherent character of syllables with respect to quantity4 ,our language abounds in indefinite syllables to which he may impart whatever quantity he may desire4 ,on the other hand1 immutable syllables1 while not admitting the wave and the median stress1 are eminently fitted to receive the more forcible forms of radical stress2 and mutable syllables1 with their abrupt closes1 permit of perfect exemplifications of thorough and final stress4 ,movement1 though it depends for its slower and more expressive forms upon the capacities of syllables for the reception of long quantities1 is1 in its more rapid forms1 quite independent of syllabic structure1 and dependent only on the will of the speaker2 hence it may be spoken of as being altogether under his control4 ,a medium rate of utterance is1 with respect to time1 the natural expression of an equable flow of thought4 ,the livelier emotions should be indicated by quicker rates1 and hence1 cheerfulness1 joy1 vivacious dialogue1 animated narration1 naturally find their expression in movements more or less brisk1 with short quantities1 varied intonations1 and pitch higher than the normal2 the more vehement emotions1 eagerness1 anger1 excited anxiety1 demand simply heightened forms of these modes4 ,contrariwise1 thought of grave and meditative character1 admiration1 reverence1 and all the deeper and calmer feelings1 require a deliberative1 slow-timed utterance1 with long quantities for accented syllables1 and extended time for even unaccented syllables4 ,as these serious emotions become stronger and deeper1 the syllabic quantities become proportionately longer1 and with impressive median swells1 orotund quality1 low pitch1 waves and simple intonations of the second1 frequent phrases in monotone1 and an occasional tremor1 constitute the most impressive utterance of adoration4 ,occasionally an abrupt change in quantity1 or movement1 may be employed as a mode of emphasis1 either positive or negative2 for example1 in a current of rapid movement1 a word may be put into strong relief by being uttered with quantity much extended2 contrariwise1 a parenthetical or explanatory phrase is usually touched upon lightly and with a more rapid movement than that of the current in which it is found4 ,pause may be used as an element in the expression of thought simply1 that is1 as a help to the interpretation of the mere sense of the words read2 or1 more emphatically1 as an element in the expression of feeling and emotion4 ,as interpretative of thought1 pauses should correspond mainly with the graphical marks of punctuation4 ,two things1 however1 must be borne in mind3 first1 the use of punctuation marks in writing and in printing is always more or less an arbitrary matter1 scarcely any two authors agreeing in their employment of them2 and therefore the reader's own good sense must be to him his principal authority as to the closeness with which he follows them3 and second1 pauses are to an auditor what punctuation marks are intended to be to a reader2 but1 whereas the eye may constantly keep within its vision the relation of each word uttered1 both to those which preceded it and to those which are to follow1 the ear hears the words that are read only ictus by ictus1 stroke by stroke1 and therefore can not aid the mind to grasp this relation--the memory alone helping to do that2 and hence1 in reading1 pauses should be more frequent1 and perhaps more prolonged1 than the punctuation marks might seem to necessitate4 ,the reader should also bear in mind that even the plainest and simplest diction1 or that requiring the most rapid utterance1 may be so marked by appropriate pauses that those stoppages of the voice necessarily required for inspiration1 shall never occur except when they assist to interpret the sense1--they must not interrupt it4 ,as interpretative of emotion pauses do not necessarily correspond to grammatical structure2 but1 as with all the modes of expression previously considered1 their frequency and length--their only modifications--must harmonize with the feeling which they are to assist in interpreting4 ,in length1 for example1 they should correspond with the movement of which they may be said to form a part2 when the movement is slow1 as in the expression of awe1 reverence1 and the like1 they are naturally long2 in the brisk movement required to interpret the livelier emotions1 they should be short4 ,as a mode of emphasis pause serves to fix the attention of the hearer1--either backward upon a word or phrase1 that the mind may dwell upon it1 or forward to awaken curiosity and expectation3 it is evident then that a frequent use of it for this purpose would destroy its value4 ,pauses may be used in reading to simulate an appropriate labor of utterance1 as when the mind is supposed to be overcome by sorrow1 or disturbed by anger4 ,at such times also1 they serve as fit rests for the voice in its efforts to express the disturbed condition of the mind1 and as appropriate avenues for the escape of emotion otherwise than by vocality1 as by sibling4 ,pauses should be used also to indicate sudden transitions from one state of caution to another4 ,,the ,,high ,,school ,,reader4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4 ,,king ,,solomon',s ,,prayer ,,and ,,blessing ,,at ,,the ,,dedication ,,of ,,the ,,temple4 ,from ,,the ,,first ,,book ,,of ,,kings4 ,translated #afaa--,revised #ahhe4 ,then ,solomon assembled the elders of ,israel1 and all the heads of the tribes1 the princes of the fathers' houses of the children of ,israel1 unto king ,solomon in ,jerusalem1 to bring up the ark of the covenant of the ,,lord out of the city of ,david1 which is ,zion4 ,and all the men of ,israel assembled themselves unto king ,solomon at the feast1 in the month ,ethanim1 which is the seventh month4 ,and all the elders of ,israel came1 and the priests took up the ark4 ,and they brought up the ark of the ,,lord1 and the tent of meeting1 and all the holy vessels that were in the ,tent2 even these did the priests and the ,levites bring up4 ,and king ,solomon and all the congregation of ,israel1 that were assembled unto him1 were with him before the ark1 sacrificing sheep and oxen1 that could not be told nor numbered for multitude4 ,and the priests brought in the ark of the covenant of the ,,lord unto its place1 into the oracle of the house1 to the most holy place1 even under the wings of the cherubim4 ,for the cherubim spread forth their wings over the place of the ark1 and the cherubim covered the ark and the staves thereof above4 ,there was nothing in the ark save the two tables of stone which ,moses put there at ,horeb1 when the ,,lord made a covenant with the children of ,israel1 when they came out of the land of ,egypt4 ,and it came to pass1 when the priests were come out of the holy place1 that the cloud filled the house of the ,,lord1 so that the priests could not stand to minister by reason of the cloud3 for the glory of the ,,lord filled the house of the ,,lord4 ,then spake ,solomon1 ,the ,,lord hath said that he would dwell in the thick darkness4 ,i have surely built thee an house of habitation1 a place for thee to dwell in for ever4 ,and the king turned his face about1 and blessed all the congregation of ,israel3 and all the congregation of ,israel stood4 ,and he said1 ,blessed be the ,,lord1 the ,god of ,israel1 which spake with his mouth unto ,david my father1 and hath with his hand fulfilled it1 saying1 ,since the day that ,i brought forth my people ,israel out of ,egypt1 ,i chose no city out of all the tribes of ,israel to build an house1 that my name might be there2 but ,i chose ,david to be over my people ,israel4 ,now it was in the heart of ,david my father to build an house for the name of the ,,lord1 the ,god of ,israel4 ,but the ,,lord said unto ,david my father1 ,whereas it was in thine heart to build an house for my name1 thou didst well that it was in thine heart3 nevertheless thou shalt not build the house2 but thy son that shall come forth out of thy loins1 he shall build the house for my name4 ,and the ,,lord hath established his word that he spake2 for ,i am risen up in the room of ,david my father1 and sit on the throne of ,israel1 as the ,,lord promised1 and have built the house for the name of the ,,lord1 the ,god of ,israel4 ,and there have ,i set a place for the ark1 wherein is the covenant of the ,,lord1 which he made with our fathers1 when he brought them out of the land of ,egypt4 ,and ,solomon stood before the altar of the ,,lord in the presence of all the congregation of ,israel1 and spread forth his hands toward heaven3 and he said1 ,o ,,lord1 the ,god of ,israel1 there is no ,god like thee1 in heaven above1 or on earth beneath2 who keepest covenant and mercy with thy servants1 that walk before thee with all their heart3 who hast kept with thy servant ,david my father that which thou didst promise him3 yea1 thou spakest with thy mouth1 and hast fulfilled it with thine hand1 as it is this day4 ,now therefore1 ,o ,,lord1 the ,god of ,israel1 keep with thy servant ,david my father that which thou hast promised him1 saying1 ,there shall not fail thee a man in my sight to sit on the throne of ,israel2 if only thy children take heed to their way1 to walk before me as thou hast walked before me4 ,now therefore1 ,o ,god of ,israel1 let thy word1 ,i pray thee1 be verified1 which thou spakest unto thy servant ,david my father4 ,but will ,god in very deed dwell on the earth8 behold1 heaven and the heaven of heavens cannot contain thee2 how much less this house that ,i have builded6 ,yet have thou respect unto the prayer of thy servant1 and to his supplication1 ,o ,,lord my ,god1 to hearken unto the cry and to the prayer which thy servant prayeth before thee this day3 that thine eyes may be open toward this house night and day1 even toward the place whereof thou hast said1 ,my name shall be there3 to hearken unto the prayer which thy servant shall pray toward this place4 ,and hearken thou to the supplication of thy servant1 and of thy people ,israel1 when they shall pray toward this place3 yea1 hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place3 and when thou hearest1 forgive4 ,if a man sin against his neighbour1 and an oath be laid upon him to cause him to swear1 and he come and swear before thine altar in this house3 then hear thou in heaven1 and do1 and judge thy servants1 condemning the wicked1 to bring his way upon his own head2 and justifying the righteous1 to give him according to his righteousness4 ,when thy people ,israel be smitten down before the enemy1 because they have sinned against thee2 if they turn again to thee1 and confess thy name1 and pray and make supplication unto thee in this house3 then hear thou in heaven1 and forgive the sin of thy people ,israel1 and bring them again unto the land which thou gavest unto their fathers4 ,when heaven is shut up1 and there is no rain1 because they have sinned against thee2 if they pray toward this place1 and confess thy name1 and turn from their sin1 when thou dost afflict them3 then hear thou in heaven1 and forgive the sin of thy servants1 and of thy people ,israel1 when thou teachest them the good way wherein they should walk2 and send rain upon thy land1 which thou hast given to thy people for an inheritance4 ,if there be in the land famine1 if there be pestilence1 if there be blasting or mildew1 locust or caterpiller2 if their enemy besiege them in the land of their cities2 whatsoever plague1 whatsoever sickness there be2 what prayer and supplication soever be made by any man1 or by all thy people ,israel1 which shall know every man the plague of his own heart1 and spread forth his hands toward this house3 then hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place1 and forgive1 and do1 and render unto every man according to all his ways1 whose heart thou knowest2 7for thou1 even thou only1 knowest the hearts of all the children of men27 that they may fear thee all the days that they live in the land which thou gavest unto our fathers4 ,moreover concerning the stranger1 that is not of thy people ,israel1 when he shall come out of a far country for thy name's sake2 7for they shall hear of thy great name1 and of thy mighty hand1 and of thy stretched out arm37 when he shall come and pray toward this house2 hear thou in heaven thy dwelling place1 and do according to all that the stranger calleth to thee for2 that all the peoples of the earth may know thy name1 to fear thee1 as doth thy people ,israel1 and that they may know that this house which ,i have built is called by thy name4 ,if thy people go out to battle against their enemy1 by whatsoever way thou shalt send them1 and they pray unto the ,,lord toward the city which thou hast chosen1 and toward the house which ,i have built for thy name3 then hear thou in heaven their prayer and their supplication1 and maintain their cause4 ,if they sin against thee1 7for there is no man that sinneth not17 and thou be angry with them1 and deliver them to the enemy1 so that they carry them away captive unto the land of the enemy1 far off or near2 yet if they shall bethink themselves in the land whither they are carried captive1 and turn again1 and make supplication unto thee in the land of them that carried them captive1 saying1 ,we have sinned1 and have done perversely1 we have dealt wickedly2 if they return unto thee with all their heart and with all their soul in the land of their enemies1 which carried them captive1 and pray unto thee toward their land1 which thou gavest unto their fathers1 the city which thou hast chosen1 and the house which ,i have built for thy name3 then hear thou their prayer and their supplication in heaven thy dwelling place1 and maintain their cause2 and forgive thy people which have sinned against thee1 and all their transgressions wherein they have transgressed against thee2 and give them compassion before those who carried them captive1 that they may have compassion on them3 for they be thy people1 and thine inheritance1 which thou broughtest forth out of ,egypt1 from the midst of the furnace of iron3 that thine eyes may be open unto the supplication of thy servant1 and unto the supplication of thy people ,israel1 to hearken unto them whensoever they cry unto thee4 ,for thou didst separate them from among all the peoples of the earth1 to be thine inheritance1 as thou spakest by the hand of ,moses thy servant1 when thou broughtest our fathers out of ,egypt1 ,o ,lord ,,god4 ,and it was so1 that when ,solomon had made an end of praying all this prayer and supplication unto the ,,lord1 he arose from before the altar of the ,,lord1 from kneeling on his knees with his hands spread forth toward heaven4 ,and he stood1 and blessed all the congregation of ,israel with a loud voice1 saying1 ,blessed be the ,,lord1 that hath given rest unto his people ,israel1 according to all that he promised3 there hath not failed one word of all his good promise1 which he promised by the hand of ,moses his servant4 ,the ,,lord our ,god be with us1 as he was with our fathers3 let him not leave us1 nor forsake us3 that he may incline our hearts unto him1 to walk in all his ways1 and to keep his commandments1 and his statutes1 and his judgments1 which he commanded our fathers4 ,and let these my words1 wherewith ,i have made supplication before the ,,lord1 be nigh unto the ,,lord our ,god day and night1 that he maintain the cause of his servant1 and the cause of his people ,israel1 as every day shall require3 that all the peoples of the earth may know that the ,,lord1 he is ,god2 there is none else4 ,let your heart therefore be perfect with the ,,lord our ,god1 to walk in his statutes1 and to keep his commandments1 as at this day4 ,and the king1 and all ,israel with him1 offered sacrifice before the ,,lord4 ,,ii4 ,,invitation4 ,from ,,isaiah4 ,translated #afaa--,revised #ahhe4 ,ho1 every one that thirsteth1 come ye to the waters1 and he that hath no money2 come ye1 buy1 and eat2 yea1 come1 buy wine and milk without money and without price4 ,wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread8 and your labour for that which satisfieth not8 hearken diligently unto me1 and eat ye that which is good1 and let your soul delight itself in fatness4 ,incline your ear1 and come unto me2 hear and your soul shall live3 and ,i will make an everlasting covenant with you1 even the sure mercies of ,david4444 ,seek ye the ,,lord while he may be found1 call ye upon him while he is near3 let the wicked forsake his way1 and the unrighteous man his thoughts3 and let him return unto the ,,lord1 and he will have mercy upon him2 and to our ,god1 for he will abundantly pardon4 ,for my thoughts are not your thoughts1 neither are your ways my ways1 saith the ,,lord4 ,for as the heavens are higher than the earth1 so are my ways higher than your ways1 and my thoughts than your thoughts4 ,for as the rain cometh down and the snow from heaven1 and returneth not thither1 but watereth the earth1 and maketh it bring forth and bud1 and giveth seed to the sower and bread to the eater2 so shall my word be that goeth forth out of my mouth3 it shall not return unto me void1 but it shall accomplish that which ,i please1 and it shall prosper in the thing whereto ,i sent it4 ,for ye shall go out with joy1 and be led forth with peace3 the mountains and the hills shall break forth before you into singing1 and all the trees of the field shall clap their hands4 ,instead of the thorn shall come up the fir tree1 and instead of the brier shall come up the myrtle tree3 and it shall be to the ,,lord for a name1 for an everlasting sign that shall not be cut off4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,trial ,,scene ,,in ,,the ,,merchant ,,of ,,venice4,a ,,william ,,shakespeare4--#aefd-afaf4 ,scene--,a ,court of ,justice4 ,present--,,the ,,duke1 the ,magnificoes1 ,,antonio1 ,,bassanio1 ,,gratiano1 ,,solanio1 and others4 ,duke4 ,what1 is ,antonio here8 ,antonio4 ,ready1 so please your grace4 ,duke4 ,i am sorry for thee3 thou art come to answer ,a stony adversary1 an inhuman wretch ,uncapable of pity1 void and empty ,from any dram of mercy4 ,antonio4 ,i have heard ,your grace hath ta'en great pains to qualify ,his rigorous course2 but since he stands obdurate1 ,and that no lawful means can carry me ,out of his envy's reach1 ,i do oppose ,my patience to his fury2 and am arm'd ,to suffer1 with a quietness of spirit1 ,the very tyranny and rage of his4 ,duke4 ,go one1 and call the ,jew into the court4 ,solanio4 ,he's ready at the door3 he comes1 my lord4 ,enter ,,shylock4 ,duke4 ,make room1 and let him stand before our face4-- ,shylock1 the world thinks1 and ,i think so too1 ,that thou but lead'st this fashion of thy malice ,to the last hour of act2 and then 'tis thought ,thou'lt show thy mercy and remorse1 more strange ,than is thy strange apparent cruelty2 ,and where thou now exact'st the penalty1-- ,which is a pound of this poor merchant's flesh1-- ,thou wilt not only loose the forfeiture1 ,but1 touch'd with human gentleness and love1 ,forgive a moiety of the principal2 ,glancing an eye of pity on his losses1 ,that have of late so huddled on his back1 ,enough to press a royal merchant down ,and pluck commiseration of his state ,from brassy bosoms and rough hearts of flint1 ,from stubborn ,turks and ,tartars1 never train'd ,to offices of tender courtesy4 ,we all expect a gentle answer1 ,jew4 ,shylock4 ,i have possess'd your grace of what ,i purpose2 ,and by our holy ,sabbath have ,i sworn ,to have the due and forfeit of my bond3 ,if you deny it1 let the danger light ,upon your charter and your city's freedom4 ,you'll ask me1 why ,i rather choose to have ,a weight of carrion flesh than to receive ,three thousand ducats2 ,i'll not answer that2 ,but1 say1 it is my humor2 is it answer'd8 ,what if my house be troubled with a rat1 ,and ,i be pleas'd to give ten thousand ducats ,to have it ban'd8 ,what1 are you answer'd yet8 ,some men there are love not a gaping pig2 ,some1 that are mad if they behold a cat2 ,and others1 when the bagpipe sings i' the nose1 ,cannot contain themselves3 for affection1 ,master of passion1 sways it to the mood ,of what it likes1 or loathes4 ,now1 for your answer3 ,as there is no firm reason to be render'd1 ,why he cannot abide a gaping pig2 ,why he1 a harmless necessary cat2 ,why he1 a woollen bagpipe1--but of force ,must yield to such inevitable shame ,as to offend1 himself being offended2 ,so can ,i give no reason1 nor ,i will not1 ,more than a lodg'd hate and a certain loathing ,i bear ,antonio1 that ,i follow thus ,a losing suit against him4 ,are you answer'd8 ,bassanio4 ,this is no answer1 thou unfeeling man1 ,to excuse the current of thy cruelty4 ,shylock4 ,i am not bound to please thee with my answer4 ,bassanio4 ,do all men kill the things they do not love8 ,shylock4 ,hates any man the thing he would not kill8 ,bassanio4 ,every offence is not a hate at first4 ,shylock4 ,what1 would'st thou have a serpent sting thee twice8 ,antonio4 ,i pray you1 think you question with the ,jew4 ,you may as well go stand upon the beach1 ,and bid the main flood bate his usual height2 ,you may as well use question with the wolf1 ,why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb2 ,you may as well forbid the mountain pines ,to wag their high tops1 and to make no noise1 ,when they are fretted with the gusts of heaven2 ,you may as well do anything most hard1 ,as seek to soften that--than which what's harder8-- ,his ,jewish heart3 therefore1 ,i do beseech you1 ,make no more offers1 use no further means1 ,but1 with all brief and plain conveniency1 ,let me have judgment1 and the ,jew his will4 ,bassanio4 ,for thy three thousand ducats here is six4 ,shylock4 ,if every ducat in six thousand ducats ,were in six parts1 and every part a ducat1 ,i would not draw them2 ,i would have my bond4 ,duke4 ,how shalt thou hope for mercy1 rend'ring none8 ,shylock4 ,what judgment shall ,i dread1 doing no wrong8 ,you have among you many a purchas'd slave1 ,which1 like your asses1 and your dogs1 and mules1 ,you use in abject and in slavish parts1 ,because you bought them3 shall ,i say to you1 ,let them be free1 marry them to your heirs8 ,why sweat they under burdens8 let their beds ,be made as soft as yours1 and let their palates ,be season'd with such viands8 ,you will answer1 ,the slaves are ours3 so do ,i answer you3 ,the pound of flesh1 which ,i demand of him1 ,is dearly bought2 'tis mine1 and ,i will have it3 ,if you deny me1 fie upon your law6 ,there is no force in the decrees of ,venice4 ,i stand for judgment3 answer2 shall ,i have it8 ,duke4 ,upon my power ,i may dismiss this court1 ,unless ,bellario1 a learned doctor1 ,whom ,i have sent for to determine this1 ,come here to-day4 ,solanio4 ,my lord1 here stays without ,a messenger with letters from the doctor1 ,new come from ,padua4 ,duke4 ,bring us the letters2 call the messenger4 ,bassanio4 ,good cheer1 ,antonio6 ,what1 man1 courage yet6 ,the ,jew shall have my flesh1 blood1 bones1 and all1 ,ere thou shalt lose for me one drop of blood4 ,antonio4 ,i am a tainted wether of the flock1 ,meetest for death3 the weakest kind of fruit ,drops earliest to the ground1 and so let me3 ,you cannot better be employ'd1 ,bassanio1 ,than to live still1 and write mine epitaph4 ,enter ,,nerissa1 dressed like a lawyer's clerk4 ,duke4 ,came you from ,padua1 from ,bellario8 ,nerissa4 ,from both1 my lord3 ,bellario greets your grace4 ,presents a letter4 ,bassanio4 ,why dost thou whet thy knife so earnestly8 ,shylock4 ,to cut the forfeiture from that bankrupt there4 ,gratiano4 ,not on thy sole1 but on thy soul1 harsh ,jew1 ,thou mak'st thy knife keen2 but no metal can1 ,no1 not the hangman's axe1 bear half the keenness ,of thy sharp envy4 ,can no prayers pierce thee8 ,shylock4 ,no1 none that thou hast wit enough to make4 ,gratiano4 ,o1 be thou damn'd1 inexorable dog6 ,and for thy life let justice be accus'd4 ,thou almost mak'st me waver in my faith1 ,to hold opinion with ,pythagoras1 ,that souls of animals infuse themselves ,into the trunks of men3 thy currish spirit ,govern'd a wolf1 who1 hang'd for human slaughter1 ,even from the gallows did his fell soul fleet1 ,and1 whilst thou lay'st in thy unhallow'd dam1 ,infus'd itself in thee2 for thy desires ,are wolfish1 bloody1 starv'd1 and ravenous4 ,shylock4 ,till thou canst rail the seal from off my bond1 ,thou but offend'st thy lungs to speak so loud3 ,repair thy wit1 good youth1 or it will fall ,to cureless ruin4 ,i stand here for law4 ,duke4 ,this letter from ,bellario doth commend ,a young and learned doctor to our court3-- ,where is he8 ,nerissa4 ,he attendeth here hard by1 ,to know your answer1 whether you'll admit him4 ,duke4 ,with all my heart4--,some three or four of you ,go give him courteous conduct to this place4-- ,meantime the court shall hear ,bellario's letter4 ,clerk reads4 ,your grace shall understand1 that1 at the receipt of your letter1 ,i am very sick3 but1 in the instant that your messenger came1 in loving visitation was with me a young doctor of ,rome2 his name is ,balthazar4 ,i acquainted him with the cause in controversy between the ,jew and ,antonio the merchant3 we turned o'er many books together3 he is furnished with my opinion3 which1 bettered with his own learning1 the greatness whereof ,i cannot enough commend1 comes with him1 at my importunity1 to fill up your grace's request in my stead4 ,i beseech you1 let his lack of years be no impediment to let him lack a reverend estimation2 for ,i never knew so young a body with so old a head4 ,i leave him to your gracious acceptance1 whose trial shall better publish his commendation4 ,duke4 ,you hear the learned ,bellario1 what he writes3 ,and here1 ,i take it1 is the doctor come4-- ,enter ,,portia1 dressed like a doctor of laws4 ,give me your hand3 came you from old ,bellario8 ,portia4 ,i did1 my lord4 ,duke4 ,you are welcome2 take your place4 ,are you acquainted with the difference ,that holds this present question in the court8 ,portia4 ,i am informed1 throughly of the cause4 ,which is the merchant here1 and which the ,jew8 ,duke4 ,antonio and old ,shylock1 both stand forth4 ,portia4 ,is your name ,shylock8 ,shylock4 ,shylock is my name4 ,portia4 ,of a strange nature is the suit you follow2 ,yet in such rule that the ,venetian law ,cannot impugn you as you do proceed4-- ,you stand within his danger1 do you not8 ,to ,,antonio4 ,antonio4 ,ay1 so he says4 ,portia4 ,do you confess the bond8 ,antonio4 ,i do4 ,portia4 ,then must the ,jew be merciful4 ,shylock4 ,on what compulsion must ,i8 ,tell me that4 ,portia4 ,the quality of mercy is not strain'd2 ,it droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven ,upon the place beneath3 it is twice bless'd2 ,it blesseth him that gives1 and him that takes3 ',tis mightiest in the mightiest3 it becomes ,the throned monarch better than his crown2 ,his sceptre shows the force of temporal power1 ,the attribute to awe and majesty1 ,wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings2 ,but mercy is above this sceptred sway2 ,it is enthroned in the hearts of kings1 ,it is an attribute to ,god himself2 ,and earthly power doth then show likest ,god's ,when mercy seasons justice4 ,therefore1 ,jew1 ,though justice be thy plea1 consider this1-- ,that1 in the course of justice1 none of us ,should see salvation3 we do pray for mercy2 ,and that same prayer doth teach us all to render ,the deeds of mercy4 ,i have spoke thus much ,to mitigate the justice of thy plea2 ,which if thou follow1 this strict court of ,venice ,must needs give sentence 'gainst the merchant there4 ,shylock4 ,my deeds upon my head6 ,i crave the law1 ,the penalty and forfeit of my bond4 ,portia4 ,is he not able to discharge the money8 ,bassanio4 ,yes1 here ,i tender it for him in the court2 ,yea1 twice the sum3 if that will not suffice1 ,i will be bound to pay it ten times o'er1 ,on forfeit of my hands1 my head1 my heart3 ,if this will not suffice1 it must appear ,that malice bears down truth4 ,and ,i beseech you1 ,wrest once the law to your authority3 ,to do a great right1 do a little wrong2 ,and curb this cruel devil of his will4 ,portia4 ,it must not be2 there is no power in ,venice ,can alter a decree established3 ',twill be recorded for a precedent2 ,and many an error1 by the same example1 ,will rush into the state4 ,it cannot be4 ,shylock4 ,a ,daniel come to judgment6 yea1 a ,daniel6 ,o wise young judge1 how do ,i honour thee6 ,portia4 ,i pray you1 let me look upon the bond4 ,shylock4 ,here 'tis1 most reverend doctor1 here it is4 ,portia4 ,shylock1 there's thrice thy money offer'd thee4 ,shylock4 ,an oath1 an oath1 ,i have an oath in heaven3 ,shall ,i lay perjury upon my soul8 ,no1 not for ,venice4 ,portia4 ,why1 this bond is forfeit2 ,and lawfully by this the ,jew may claim ,a pound of flesh1 to be by him cut off ,nearest the merchant's heart4--,be merciful2 ,take thrice thy money2 bid me tear the bond4 ,shylock4 ,when it is paid according to the tenor4 ,it doth appear you are a worthy judge2 ,you know the law1 your exposition ,hath been most sound3 ,i charge you by the law1 ,whereof you are a well-deserving pillar1 ,proceed to judgment4 ,by my soul ,i swear ,there is no power in the tongue of man ,to alter me3 ,i stay here on my bond4 ,antonio4 ,most heartily ,i do beseech the court ,to give the judgment4 ,portia4 ,why1 then1 thus it is3 ,you must prepare your bosom for his knife2-- ,shylock4 ,o noble judge6 ,o excellent young man6 ,portia4--,for the intent and purpose of the law ,hath full relation to the penalty1 ,which here appeareth due upon the bond4 ,shylock4 ',tis very true3 ,o wise and upright judge6 ,how much more elder art thou than thy looks6 ,portia4 ,therefore1 lay bare your bosom4 ,shylock4 ,ay1 his breast3 ,so says the bond3--doth it not1 noble judge8-- ,nearest his heart3 those are the very words4 ,portia4 ,it is so4 ,are there balance here1 to weigh ,the flesh8 ,shylock4 ,i have them ready4 ,portia4 ,have by some surgeon1 ,shylock1 on your charge1 ,to stop his wounds1 lest he do bleed to death4 ,shylock4 ,is it so nominated in the bond8 ,portia4 ,it is not so express'd2 but what of that8 ',twere good you do so much for charity4 ,shylock4 ,i cannot find it2 'tis not in the bond4 ,portia4 ,come1 merchant1 have you anything to say8 ,antonio4 ,but little3 ,i am arm'd1 and well prepar'd4-- ,give me your hand1 ,bassanio3 fare you well6 ,grieve not that ,i am fallen to this for you2 ,for herein ,fortune shows herself more kind ,than is her custom3 it is still her use ,to let the wretched man outlive his wealth1 ,to view with hollow eye and wrinkled brow ,an age of poverty2 from which lingering penance ,of such a misery doth she cut me off4 ,commend me to your honorable wife3 ,tell her the process of ,antonio's end2 ,say how ,i lov'd you1 speak me fair in death2 ,and1 when the tale is told1 bid her be judge ,whether ,bassanio had not once a love4 ,repent not you that you shall lose your friend1 ,and he repents not that he pays your debt2 ,for1 if the ,jew do cut but deep enough1 ,i'll pay it instantly with all my heart4 ,bassanio4 ,antonio1 ,i am married to a wife ,which is as dear to me as life itself2 ,but life itself1 my wife1 and all the world1 ,are not with me esteem'd above thy life3 ,i would lose all1 ay1 sacrifice them all ,here to this devil1 to deliver you4 ,portia4 ,your wife would give you little thanks for that1 ,if she were by1 to hear you make the offer4 ,gratiano4 ,i have a wife1 whom1 ,i protest1 ,i love3 ,i would she were in heaven1 so she could ,entreat some power to change this currish ,jew4 ,nerissa4 ',tis well you offer it behind her back2 ,the wish would make else an unquiet house4 ,shylock4 ,aside4 ,these be the ,christian husbands6 ,i have a daughter2 ,would any of the stock of ,barrabas ,had been her husband rather than a ,christian6-- ,to ,,portia4 ,we trifle time2 ,i pray thee1 pursue sentence4 ,portia4 ,a pound of that same merchant's flesh is thine3 ,the court awards it1 and the law doth give it4 ,shylock4 ,most rightful judge6 ,portia4 ,and you must cut this flesh from off his breast3 ,the law allows it1 and the court awards it4 ,shylock4 ,most learned judge6 ,a sentence6--,come1 prepare4 ,portia4 ,tarry a little2 there is something else4 ,this bond doth give thee here no jot of blood2 ,the words expressly are a pound of flesh3 ,take then thy bond1 take thou thy pound of flesh2 ,but1 in the cutting it1 if thou dost shed ,one drop of ,christian blood1 thy lands and goods ,are1 by the laws of ,venice1 confiscate ,unto the state of ,venice4 ,gratiano4 ,o upright judge6--,mark1 ,jew3--,o learned judge6 ,shylock4 ,is that the law8 ,portia4 ,thyself shalt see the act3 ,for1 as thou urgest justice1 be assur'd ,thou shalt have justice1 more than thou desirest4 ,gratiano4 ,o learned judge6--,mark1 ,jew3--a learned judge6 ,shylock4 ,i take this offer1 then3 pay the bond thrice1 ,and let the ,christian go4 ,bassanio4 ,here is the money4 ,portia4 ,soft6 ,the ,jew shall have all justice2--soft6 no haste3-- ,he shall have nothing but the penalty4 ,gratiano4 ,o ,jew6 an upright judge1 a learned judge6 ,portia4 ,therefore1 prepare thee to cut off the flesh4 ,shed thou no blood2 nor cut thou less nor more ,but just a pound of flesh3 if thou tak'st more ,or less than a just pound1--be it but so much ,as makes it light1 or heavy1 in the substance1 ,or the division of the twentieth part1 ,of one poor scruple2 nay1 if the scale do turn ,but in the estimation of a hair1-- ,thou diest1 and all thy goods are confiscate4 ,gratiano4 ,a second ,daniel1 a ,daniel1 ,jew6 ,now1 infidel1 ,i have thee on the hip4 ,portia4 ,why doth the ,jew pause8 ,take thy forfeiture4 ,shylock4 ,give me my principal1 and let me go4 ,bassanio4 ,i have it ready for thee2 here it is4 ,portia4 ,he hath refus'd it in the open court3 ,he shall have merely justice1 and his bond4 ,gratiano4 ,a ,daniel1 still say ,i2 a second ,daniel6-- ,i thank thee1 ,jew1 for teaching me that word4 ,shylock4 ,shall ,i not have barely my principal8 ,portia4 ,thou shalt have nothing but the forfeiture1 ,to be so taken at thy peril1 ,jew4 ,shylock4 ,why1 then the devil give him good of it6 ,i'll stay no longer question4 ,portia4 ,tarry1 ,jew3 ,the law hath yet another hold on you4 ,it is enacted in the laws of ,venice1 ,if it be prov'd against an alien ,that by direct or indirect attempts ,he seek the life of any citizen1 ,the party 'gainst the which he doth contrive ,shall seize one half his goods2 the other half ,comes to the privy coffer of the state2 ,and the offender's life lies in the mercy ,of the duke only1 'gainst all other voice4 ,in which predicament1 ,i say1 thou stand'st2 ,for it appears1 by manifest proceeding1 ,that1 indirectly1 and directly too1 ,thou hast contriv'd against the very life ,of the defendant2 and thou hast incurr'd ,the danger formerly by me rehears'd4 ,down1 therefore1 and beg mercy of the duke4 ,gratiano4 ,beg that thou mayst have leave to hang thyself3 ,and yet1 thy wealth being forfeit to the state1 ,thou hast not left the value of a cord2 ,therefore1 thou must be hang'd at the state's charge4 ,duke4 ,that thou shalt see the difference of our spirit1 ,i pardon thee thy life before thou ask it3 ,for half thy wealth1 it is ,antonio's2 ,the other half comes to the general state1 ,which humbleness may drive unto a fine4 ,portia4 ,ay1 for the state2 not for ,antonio4 ,shylock4 ,nay1 take my life and all2 pardon not that3 ,you take my house when you do take the prop ,that doth sustain my house2 you take my life1 ,when you do take the means whereby ,i live4 ,portia4 ,what mercy can you render him1 ,antonio8 ,gratiano4 ,a halter gratis2 nothing else1 for ,god's sake4 ,antonio4 ,so please my lord the duke1 and all the court1 ,to quit the fine for one half of his goods1 ,i am content1 so he will let me have ,the other half in use1 to render it1 ,upon his death1 unto the gentleman ,that lately stole his daughter3 ,two things provided more1--that1 for this favor1 ,he presently become a ,christian2 ,the other1 that he do record a gift1 ,here in the court1 of all he dies possess'd1 ,unto his son ,lorenzo and his daughter4 ,duke4 ,he shall do this2 or else ,i do recant ,the pardon that ,i late pronounced here4 ,portia4 ,art thou contented1 ,jew8 what dost thou say8 ,shylock4 ,i am content4 ,portia4 ,clerk1 draw a deed of gift4 ,shylock4 ,i pray you1 give me leave to go from hence2 ,i am not well3 send the deed after me1 ,and ,i will sign it4 ,duke4 ,get thee gone1 but do it4 ,gratiano4 ,in christening thou shalt have two godfathers2 ,had ,i been judge1 thou should'st have had ten more1 ,to bring thee to the gallows1 not the font4 ,exit ,shylock4 ,duke4 ,sir1 ,i entreat you home with me to dinner4 ,portia4 ,i humbly do desire your grace of pardon3 ,i must away this night toward ,padua1 ,and it is meet ,i presently set forth4 ,duke4 ,i am sorry that your leisure serves you not4 ,antonio1 gratify this gentleman1 ,for1 in my mind1 you are much bound to him4 ,exeunt omnes4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,as an introduction read ,the ,merchant of ,venice1 ,,fourth ,,reader1 page #caa4 ,,iv4 ,,of ,,boldness4 ,,lord ,,bacon4--#aefa-afbf4 ,from ,,essays4 ,it is a trivial grammar-school text1 but yet worthy a wise man's consideration3 question was asked of ,demosthenes1 what was the chief part of an orator8 ,he answered1 action3 what next8 action3 what next again8 action4 ,he said it that knew it best1 and had by nature himself no advantage in that he commended4 ,a strange thing1 that that part of an orator which is but superficial1 and rather the virtue of a player1 should be placed so high above those other noble parts1 of invention1 elocution1 and the rest2 nay1 almost alone1 as if it were all in all4 ,but the reason is plain4 ,there is in human nature generally more of the fool than of the wise2 and therefore those faculties by which the foolish part of men's minds is taken1 are most potent4 ,wonderful like is the case of boldness in civil business2 what first8 boldness3 what second and third8 boldness4 ,and yet boldness is a child of ignorance and baseness1 far inferior to other parts3 but1 nevertheless1 it doth fascinate1 and bind hand and foot those that are either shallow in judgment or weak in courage1 which are the greatest part2 yea1 and prevaileth with wise men at weak times2 therefore we see it hath done wonders in popular states1 but with senates and princes less2 and more1 ever upon the first entrance of bold persons into action1 than soon after2 for boldness is an ill keeper of promise4 ,surely1 as there are mountebanks for the natural body1 so are there mountebanks for the politic body--men that undertake great cures1 and perhaps have been lucky in two or three experiments1 but want the grounds of science1 and therefore cannot hold out4 ,nay1 you shall see a bold fellow many times do ,mahomet's miracle4 ,mahomet made the people believe that he would call a hill to him1 and from the top of it offer up his prayers for the observers of his law4 ,the people assembled3 ,mahomet called the hill to come to him again and again2 and when the hill stood still1 he was never a whit abashed1 but said1 ,if the hill will not come to ,mahomet1 ,mahomet will go to the hill4 ,so these men1 when they have promised great matters1 and failed most shamefully1 yet1 if they have the perfection of boldness1 they will but slight it over1 and make a turn1 and no more ado4 ,certainly1 to men of great judgment1 bold persons are sport to behold2 nay1 and to the vulgar also boldness hath somewhat of the ridiculous3 for1 if absurdity be the subject of laughter1 doubt you not but great boldness is seldom without some absurdity2 especially it is a sport to see when a bold fellow is out of countenance1 for that puts his face into a most shrunken and wooden posture1 as needs it must--for in bashfulness the spirits do a little go and come--but with bold men1 upon like occasion1 they stand at a stay2 like a stale at chess1 where it is no mate1 but yet the game cannot stir3 but this last were fitter for a satire than for a serious observation4 ,this is well to be weighed1 that boldness is ever blind1 for it seeth not dangers and inconveniences3 therefore it is ill in counsel1 good in execution2 so that the right use of bold persons is1 that they never command in chief1 but be seconds1 and under the direction of others2 for in counsel it is good to see dangers1 and in execution not to see them1 except they be very great4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he that cannot see well1 let him go softly4 ,,bacon4 ,v4 ,,to ,,daffodils4 ,,robert ,,herrick4--#aeid-afgd4 ,fair ,daffodils1 we weep to see ,you haste away so soon2 ,as yet the early-rising sun ,has not attain'd his noon4 ,stay1 stay1 ,until the hasting day ,has run ,but to the even-song2 ,and1 having pray'd together1 we ,will go with you along4 ,we have short time to stay1 as you2 ,we have as short a spring2 ,as quick a growth to meet decay1 ,as you1 or anything4 ,we die ,as your hours do1 and dry ,away1 ,like to the summer's rain2 ,or as the pearls of morning's dew1 ,ne'er to be found again4 99 99 99 99 99 ,stone walls do not a prison make1 ,nor iron bars a cage2 ,minds innocent and quiet take ,that for a hermitage3 ,if ,i have freedom in my love1 ,and in my soul am free1 ,angels alone1 that soar above1 ,enjoy such liberty4 ,,richard ,,lovelace4--#afah-afeh4 ,,vi4 ,,of ,,contentedness ,,in ,,all ,,estates ,,and ,,accidents4 ,,jeremy ,,taylor4--#afac-affg4 ,from ,,holy ,,living4 ,virtues and discourses are1 like friends1 necessary in all fortunes2 but those are the best1 which are friends in our sadnesses1 and support us in our sorrows and sad accidents3 and in this sense1 no man that is virtuous can be friendless2 nor hath any man reason to complain of the ,divine ,providence1 or accuse the public disorder of things1 or in his own infelicity1 since ,god hath appointed one remedy for all the evils in the world1 and that is a contented spirit3 for this alone makes a man pass through fire1 and not be scorched2 through seas1 and not be drowned2 through hunger and nakedness1 and want nothing4 ,for since all the evil in the world consists in the disagreeing between the object and the appetite1 as when a man hath what he desires not1 or desires what he hath not1 or desires amiss2 he that composes his spirit to the present accident1 hath variety of instances for his virtue1 but none to trouble him1 because his desires enlarge not beyond his present fortune3 and a wise man is placed in the variety of chances1 like the nave or centre of a wheel1 in the midst of all the circumvolutions and changes of posture1 without violence or change1 save that it turns gently in compliance with its changed parts1 and is indifferent which part is up1 and which is down2 for there is some virtue or other to be exercised1 whatever happens1 either patience or thanksgiving1 love or fear1 moderation or humility1 charity or contentedness1 and they are every one of them equally in order to his great end and immortal felicity3 and beauty is not made by white or red1 by black eyes and a round face1 by a straight body and a smooth skin2 but by a proportion to the fancy4 ,no rules can make amiability2 our minds and apprehensions make that3 and so is our felicity2 and we may be reconciled to poverty and a low fortune1 if we suffer contentedness and the grace of ,god to make the proportions4 ,for no man is poor that does not think himself so3 but if1 in a full fortune1 with impatience he desires more1 he proclaims his wants and his beggarly condition4 ,but because this grace of contentedness was the sum of all the old moral philosophy1 and a great duty in ,christianity1 and of most universal use in the whole course of our lives1 and the only instrument to ease the burdens of the world and the enmities of sad chances1 it will not be amiss to press it by the proper arguments by which ,god hath bound it upon our spirits2 it being fastened by reason and religion1 by duty and interest1 by necessity and conveniency1 by example1 and by the proposition of excellent rewards1 no less than peace and felicity4 ,contentedness in all estates is a duty of religion2 it is the great reasonableness of complying with the ,divine ,providence1 which governs all the world1 and hath so ordered us in the administration of his great family4 ,he were a strange fool that should be angry because dogs and sheep need no shoes1 and yet himself is full of care to get some4 ,god hath supplied those needs to them by natural provisions1 and to thee by an artificial3 for he hath given thee reason to learn a trade1 or some means to make or buy them1 so that it only differs in the manner of our provision3 and which had you rather want1 shoes or reason8 and my patron1 that hath given me a farm1 is freer to me than if he gives a loaf ready baked4 ,but1 however1 all these gifts come from him1 and therefore it is fit he should dispense them as he pleases2 and if we murmur here1 we may1 at the next melancholy1 be troubled that ,god did not make us to be angels or stars4 ,for if that which we are or have do not content us1 we may be troubled for every thing in the world which is beside our being or our possessions4 ,god is the master of the scenes2 we must not choose which part we shall act2 it concerns us only to be careful that we do it well1 always saying1 ,if this please ,god1 let it be as it is3 and we1 who pray that ,god's will may be done in earth as it is in heaven1 must remember that the angels do whatsoever is commanded them1 and go wherever they are sent1 and refuse no circumstances2 and if their employment be crossed by a higher decree1 they sit down in peace1 and rejoice in the event2 and when the angel of ,judea could not prevail in behalf of the people committed to his charge1 because the angel of ,persia opposed it1 he only told the story at the command of ,god1 and was as content1 and worshipped with as great an ecstasy in his proportion1 as the prevailing spirit4 ,do thou so likewise3 keep the station where ,god hath placed you1 and you shall never long for things without1 but sit at home1 feasting upon the ,divine ,providence and thy own reason1 by which we are taught that it is necessary and reasonable to submit to ,god4 ,for is not all the world ,god's family8 ,are not we his creatures8 ,are we not as clay in the hand of the potter8 ,do we not live upon his meat1 and move by his strength1 and do our work by his light8 ,are we any thing but what we are from him8 ,and shall there be a mutiny among the flocks and herds1 because their lord or their shepherd chooses their pastures1 and suffers them not to wander into deserts and unknown ways8 ,if we choose1 we do it so foolishly that we cannot like it long1 and most commonly not at all3 but ,god1 who can do what he pleases1 is wise to choose safely for us1 affectionate to comply with our needs1 and powerful to execute all his wise decrees4 ,here1 therefore1 is the wisdom of the contented man1 to let ,god choose for him2 for when we have given up our wills to him1 and stand in that station of the battle where our great ,general hath placed us1 our spirits must needs rest while our conditions have for their security the power1 the wisdom1 and the charity of ,god4 ,contentedness in all accidents brings great peace of spirit1 and is the great and only instrument of temporal felicity4 ,it removes the sting from the accident1 and makes a man not to depend upon chance and the uncertain dispositions of men for his well-being1 but only on ,god and his own spirit4 ,we ourselves make our fortunes good or bad2 and when ,god lets loose a tyrant upon us1 or a sickness1 or scorn1 or a lessened fortune1 if we fear to die1 or know not to be patient1 or are proud or covetous1 then the calamity sits heavy on us4 ,but if we know how to manage a noble principle1 and fear not death so much as a dishonest action1 and think impatience a worse evil than a fever1 and pride to be the biggest disgrace1 and poverty to be infinitely desirable before the torments of covetousness2 then we who now think vice to be so easy1 and make it so familiar1 and think the cure so impossible1 shall quickly be of another mind1 and reckon these accidents amongst things eligible4 ,but no man can be happy that hath great hopes and great fears of things without1 and events depending upon other men1 or upon the chances of fortune4 ,the rewards of virtue are certain1 and our provisions for our natural support are certain2 or if we want meat till we die1 then we die of that disease--and there are many worse than to die with an atrophy or consumption1 or unapt and coarser nourishment4 ,but he that suffers a transporting passion concerning things within the power of others1 is free from sorrow and amazement no longer than his enemy shall give him leave2 and it is ten to one but he shall be smitten then and there where it shall most trouble him2 for so the adder teaches us where to strike1 by her curious and fearful defending of her head4 ,the old ,stoics1 when you told them of a sad story1 would still answer1 ,what is that to me8 ,yes1 for the tyrant hath sentenced you also to prison4 ,well1 what is that8 ,he will put a chain upon my leg2 but he cannot bind my soul4 ,no2 but he will kill you4 ,then ,i will die4 ,if presently1 let me go1 that ,i may presently be freer than himself3 but if not till anon1 or to-morrow1 ,i will dine first1 or sleep1 or do what reason or nature calls for1 as at other times4 ,this1 in ,gentile philosophy1 is the same with the discourse of ,st4 ,paul1 ,i have learned1 in whatsoever state ,i am1 therewith to be content4 ,i know both how to be abased1 and ,i know how to abound3 every where and in all things ,i am instructed1 both to be full and to be hungry2 both to abound and suffer need4 ,we are in the world like men playing at tables2 the chance is not in our power1 but to play it is2 and when it is fallen we must manage it as we can3 and let nothing trouble us1 but when we do a base action1 or speak like a fool1 or think wickedly1--these things ,god hath put into our powers2 but concerning those things which are wholly in the choice of another1 they cannot fall under our deliberation1 and therefore neither are they fit for our passions4 ,my fear may make me miserable1 but it cannot prevent what another hath in his power and purpose2 and prosperities can only be enjoyed by them who fear not at all to lose them2 since the amazement and passion concerning the future takes off all the pleasure of the present possession4 ,therefore1 if thou hast lost thy land1 do not also lose thy constancy2 and if thou must die a little sooner1 yet do not die impatiently4 ,for no chance is evil to him that is content3 and to a man nothing is miserable unless it be unreasonable4 ,no man can make another man to be his slave unless he hath first enslaved himself to life and death1 to pleasure or pain1 to hope or fear3 command these passions1 and you are freer than the ,parthian kings4 ,,vii4 ,,to ,,lucasta1 ,,on ,,going ,,to ,,the ,,wars4 ,,richard ,,lovelace4--#afah-afeh4 ,tell me not1 sweet1 ,i am unkind1 ,that from the nunnery ,of thy chaste breast and quiet mind1 ,to war and arms ,i fly4 ,true1 a new mistress now ,i chase1 ,the first foe in the field2 ,and with a stronger faith embrace ,a sword1 a horse1 a shield4 ,yet this inconstancy is such ,as you1 too1 shall adore1-- ,i could not love thee1 dear1 so much1 ,lov'd ,i not honor more4 ,,viii4 ,,angling4 ,,izaak ,,walton4--#aeic-afhc4 ,from ,,the ,,complete ,,angler4 ,venator4--,o my good master1 this morning walk has been spent to my great pleasure and wonder2 but ,i pray1 when shall ,i have your direction how to make artificial flies1 like to those that the trout loves best1 and also how to use them8 ,piscator4--,my honest scholar1 it is now past five of the clock2 we will fish till nine1 and then go to breakfast4 ,go you to yon sycamore-tree1 and hide your bottle of drink under the hollow root of it2 for about that time1 and in that place1 we will make a brave breakfast with a piece of powdered beef1 and a radish or two1 that ,i have in my fish-bag3 we shall1 ,i warrant you1 make a good1 honest1 wholesome1 hungry breakfast1 and ,i will then give you direction for the making and using of your flies2 and in the meantime1 there is your rod and line1 and my advice is1 that you fish as you see me do1 and let's try which can catch the first fish4 ,venator4--,i thank you1 master2 ,i will observe and practise your direction as far as ,i am able4 ,piscator4--,look you1 scholar1 you see ,i have hold of a good fish3 ,i now see it is a trout4 ,i pray put that net under him1 and touch not my line1 for if you do1 then we break all4 ,well done1 scholar6 ,i thank you4 ,now for another4 ,trust me1 ,i have another bite3 come1 scholar1 come1 lay down your rod1 and help me to land this as you did the other4 ,so now we shall be sure to have a good dish for supper4 ,venator4--,i am glad of that2 but ,i have no fortune3 sure1 master1 yours is a better rod and better tackling4 ,piscator4--,nay1 then1 take mine2 and ,i will fish with yours4 ,look you1 scholar1 ,i have another4 ,come1 do as you did before4 ,and now ,i have a bite at another4 ,oh me6 he has broke all3 there's half a line and a good hook lost4 ,venator4--,ay1 and a good trout too4 ,piscator4--,nay1 the trout is not lost2 for pray take notice1 no man can lose what he never had4 ,venator4--,master1 ,i can neither catch with the first nor second angle3 ,i have no fortune4 ,piscator4--,look you1 scholar1 ,i have yet another4 ,and now1 having caught two brace of trouts1 ,i will tell you a short tale as we walk towards our breakfast4 ,a scholar1 a preacher ,i should say1 that was to preach to procure the approbation of a parish that he might be their lecturer1 had got from his fellow-pupil the copy of a sermon that was first preached with great commendation by him that composed it2 and though the borrower of it preached it1 word for word1 as it was at first1 yet it was utterly disliked as it was preached by the second to his congregation2 which the sermon borrower complained of to the lender of it2 and thus was answered3 ,i lent you1 indeed1 my fiddle1 but not my fiddle-stick2 for you are to know1 that every one cannot make music with my words1 which are fitted to my own mouth4 ,and so1 my scholar1 you are to know1 that as the ill pronunciation or ill accenting of words in a sermon spoils it1 so the ill carriage of your line1 or not fishing even to a foot in a right place1 makes you lose your labor2 and you are to know1 that though you have my fiddle1 that is1 my very rod and tacklings with which you see ,i catch fish1 yet you have not my fiddle-stick1 that is1 you yet have not skill to know how to carry your hand and line1 nor how to guide it to a right place2 and this must be taught you2 for you are to remember1 ,i told you angling is an art1 either by practice or a long observation1 or both4 ,but take this for a rule3 when you fish for a trout with a worm1 let your line have so much and not more lead than will fit the stream in which you fish2 that is to say1 more in a great troublesome stream than in a smaller that is quieter2 as near as may be1 so much as will sink the bait to the bottom1 and keep it still in motion1 and not more4 ,but now let's say grace and fall to breakfast4 ,what say you1 scholar1 to the providence of an old angler8 does not this meat taste well8 and was not this place well chosen to eat it8 for this sycamore-tree will shade us from the sun's heat4 ,venator4--,all excellent good1 and my stomach excellent good too4 ,and now ,i remember and find that true which devout ,lessius says3 ,that poor men1 and those that fast often1 have much more pleasure in eating than rich men and gluttons1 that always feed before their stomachs are empty of their last meal1 and call for more2 for by that means they rob themselves of that pleasure that hunger brings to poor men4 ,and ,i do seriously approve of that saying of yours1 that you would rather be a civil1 well-governed1 well-grounded1 temperate1 poor angler1 than a drunken lord4 ,but ,i hope there is none such3 however1 ,i am certain of this1 that ,i have been at many very costly dinners that have not afforded me half the content that this has done1 for which ,i thank ,god and you4 ,and now1 good master1 proceed to your promised direction for making and ordering my artificial fly4 ,piscator4--,my honest scholar1 ,i will do it2 for it is a debt due unto you by my promise4444 444 ,look how it begins to rain6--and by the clouds1 if ,i mistake not1 we shall presently have a smoking shower1 and therefore sit close3 this sycamore-tree will shelter us2 and ,i will tell you1 as they shall come into my mind1 more observations of fly-fishing for a trout4444 444 ,and now1 scholar1 my direction for fly-fishing is ended with this shower1 for it has done raining3 and now look about you1 and see how pleasantly that meadow looks2 nay1 and the earth smells as sweetly too4 ,come1 let me tell you what holy ,mr4 ,herbert says of such days and flowers as these2 and then we will thank ,god that we enjoy them1 and walk to the river and sit down quietly1 and try to catch the other brace of trouts4 ,sweet day1 so cool1 so calm1 so bright1 ,the bridal of the earth and sky3 ,the dew shall weep thy fall to-night2 ,for thou must die4 ,sweet rose1 whose hue1 angry and brave1 ,bids the rash gazer wipe his eye1 ,thy root is ever in its grave2 ,and thou must die4 ,sweet ,spring1 full of sweet days and roses1 ,a box where sweets compacted lie2 ,thy music shows ye have your closes2 ,and all must die4 ,only a sweet and virtuous soul1 ,like season'd timber1 never gives2 ,but1 though the whole world turn to coal1 ,then chiefly lives4 ,venator4--,i thank you1 good master1 for your good direction for fly-fishing1 and for the sweet enjoyment of the pleasant day1 which is so far spent without offence to ,god or man2 and ,i thank you for the sweet close of your discourse with ,mr4 ,herbert's verses1 who1 ,i have heard1 loved angling2 and ,i do the rather believe it1 because he had a spirit suitable to anglers1 and to those primitive ,christians that you love and have so much commended4 ,piscator4--,well1 my loving scholar1 and ,i am pleased to know that you are so well pleased with my direction and discourse4444 ,and now1 ,i think it will be time to repair to our angle-rods1 which we left in the water to fish for themselves3 and you shall choose which shall be yours2 and it is an even lay1 one of them catches4 ,and1 let me tell you1 this kind of fishing with a dead rod1 and laying night-hooks1 are like putting money to use2 for they both work for the owners1 when they do nothing but sleep1 or eat1 or rejoice2 as you know we have done this last hour1 and sat as quietly1 and as free from cares under this sycamore1 as ,virgil's ,tityrus and his ,meliboeus did1 under their broad beech tree4 ,no life1 my honest scholar1 no life so happy and so pleasant1 as the life of a well-governed angler2 for when the lawyer is swallowed up with business1 and the statesman is preventing or contriving plots1 then we sit on cowslip banks1 hear the birds sing1 and possess ourselves in as much quietness as these silent silver streams1 which we now see glide so quietly by us4 ,indeed1 my good scholar1 we may say of angling as ,dr4 ,boteler said of strawberries1 ,doubtless1 ,god could have made a better berry1 but doubtless1 ,god never did2 and so1 if ,i might be judge1 ,god never did make a more calm1 quiet1 innocent recreation than angling4 ,,ix4 ,,on ,,the ,,morning ,,of ,,christ',s ,,nativity4 7#afbi74 ,,john ,,milton4--#afjh-afgd4 ,i4 ,this is the month1 and this the happy morn1 ,wherein the ,son of ,heaven's ,eternal ,king1 ,of wedded maid and virgin mother born1 ,our great redemption from above did bring2 ,for so the holy sages once did sing1 ,that he our deadly forfeit should release1 ,and with his ,father work us a perpetual peace4 ,,ii4 ,that glorious form1 that light unsufferable1 ,and that far-beaming blaze of majesty1 ,wherewith he wont at ,heaven's high council-table ,to sit the midst of ,trinal ,unity1 ,he laid aside2 and1 here with us to be1 ,forsook the courts of everlasting day1 ,and chose with us a darksome house of mortal clay4 ,,iii4 ,say1 ,heavenly ,muse1 shall not thy sacred vein ,afford a present to the ,infant ,god8 ,hast thou no verse1 no hymn1 or solemn strain1 ,to welcome him to this his new abode1 ,now while the heaven1 by the ,sun's team untrod1 ,hath took no print of the approaching light1 ,and all the spangled host keep watch in squadrons bright8 ,,iv4 ,see how from far upon the eastern road ,the star-led wizards haste with odors sweet6 ,o run1 prevent them with thy humble ode1 ,and lay it lowly at his blessed feet2 ,have thou the honor first thy ,lord to greet1 ,and join thy voice unto the ,angel ,choir1 ,from out his secret altar touch'd with hallow'd fire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,hymn4 #a4 ,it was the winter wild1 ,while the ,heaven-born child1 ,all meanly wrapt1 in the rude manger lies2 ,nature1 in awe to him1 ,had doff'd her gaudy trim1 ,with her great ,master so to sympathize3 ,it was no season then for her ,to wanton with the ,sun1 her lusty paramour4 #b4 ,only1 with speeches fair1 ,she woos the gentle ,air ,to hide her guilty front with innocent snow1 ,and on her naked shame1 ,pollute with sinful blame1 ,the saintly veil of maiden white to throw2 ,confounded1 that her ,maker's eyes ,should look so near upon her foul deformities4 #c4 ,but he1 her fears to cease1 ,sent down the meek-ey'd ,peace3 ,she1 crown'd with olive green1 came softly sliding ,down through the turning sphere1 ,his ready harbinger1 ,with turtle wing the amorous clouds dividing2 ,and1 waving wide her myrtle wand1 ,she strikes a universal peace through sea and land4 #d4 ,no war1 or battle's sound1 ,was heard the world around3 ,the idle spear and shield were high up hung2 ,the hooked chariot stood1 ,unstain'd with hostile blood2 ,the trumpet spake not to the armed throng2 ,and kings sat still with awful eye1 ,as if they surely knew their sovran ,lord was by4 #e4 ,but peaceful was the night ,wherein the ,prince of ,light ,his reign of peace upon the earth began3 ,the winds1 with wonder whist1 ,smoothly the waters kiss'd1 ,whispering new joys to the mild ,ocean1 ,who now hath quite forgot to rave1 ,while birds of calm sit brooding on the charmed wave4 #f4 ,the stars1 with deep amaze1 ,stand fix'd in steadfast gaze1 ,bending one way their precious influence2 ,and will not take their flight1 ,for all the morning light1 ,or ,lucifer that often warn'd them thence2 ,but in their glimmering orbs did glow1 ,until their ,lord himself bespake1 and bid them go4 #g4 ,and1 though the shady gloom ,had given day her room1 ,the ,sun himself withheld his wonted speed2 ,and hid his head for shame1 ,as his inferior flame ,the new-enlighten'd world no more should need2 ,he saw a greater ,sun appear ,than his bright throne or burning axletree could bear4 #h4 ,the shepherds on the lawn1 ,or ere the point of dawn1 ,sat simply chatting in a rustic row2 ,full little thought they then ,that the mighty ,pan ,was kindly come to live with them below3 ,perhaps their loves1 or else their sheep1 ,was all that did their silly thoughts so busy keep4 #i4 ,when such music sweet ,their hearts and ears did greet1 ,as never was by mortal finger strook1 ,divinely-warbled voice ,answering the stringed noise1 ,as all their souls in blissful rapture took3 ,the ,air1 such pleasure loth to lose1 ,with thousand echoes still prolongs each heavenly close4 #aj4 ,nature1 that heard such sound ,beneath the hollow round ,of ,cynthia's seat1 the ,airy region thrilling1 ,now was almost won ,to think her part was done1 ,and that her reign had here its last fulfilling3 ,she knew such harmony alone ,could hold all ,heaven and ,earth in happier union4 #aa4 ,at last surrounds their sight ,a globe of circular light1 ,that with long beams the shame-faced ,night array'd2 ,the helmed cherubim1 ,and sworded seraphim1 ,are seen in glittering ranks with wings display'd1 ,harping in loud and solemn choir1 ,with unexpressive notes to ,heaven's new-born ,heir4 #ab4 ,such music 7as 'tis said7 ,before was never made1 ,but when of old the ,sons of ,morning sung1 ,while the ,creator great ,his constellations set1 ,and the well-balanced world on hinges hung1 ,and cast the dark foundations deep1 ,and bid the welt'ring waves their oozy channel keep4 #ac4 ,ring out1 ye crystal spheres6 ,once bless our human ears1 7,if ye have power to touch our senses so17 ,and let your silver chime ,move in melodious time2 ,and let the bass of ,heaven's deep organ blow2 ,and with your ninefold harmony ,make up full consort to the angelic symphony4 #ad4 ,for1 if such holy song ,enwrap our fancy long1 ,time will run back1 and fetch the ,age of ,gold2 ,and speckled ,vanity ,will sicken soon and die2 ,and leprous ,sin will melt from earthly mould2 ,and ,hell itself will pass away1 ,and leave her dolorous mansions to the peering day4 #ae4 ,yea1 ,truth and ,justice then ,will down return to men1 ,orb'd in a rainbow2 and1 like glories wearing1 ,mercy will sit between1 ,thron'd in celestial sheen1 ,with radiant feet the tissu'd clouds down steering2 ,and ,heaven1 as at some festival1 ,will open wide the gates of her high palace-hall4 #af4 ,but wisest ,fate says1 ,no1 ,this must not yet be so2 ,the ,babe yet lies in smiling infancy1 ,that on the bitter cross ,must redeem our loss2 ,so both himself and us to glorify3 ,yet first1 to those ychain'd in sleep1 ,the wakeful trump of doom must thunder through the deep4 #ag4 ,with such a horrid clang ,as on ,mount ,sinai rang1 ,while the red fire and smould'ring clouds out brake3 ,the aged ,earth1 aghast1 ,with terror of that blast1 ,shall from the surface to the centre shake2 ,when1 at the world's last session1 ,the dreadful ,judge in middle air shall spread his throne4 #ah4 ,and then at last our bliss ,full and perfect is1 ,but now begins2 for from this happy day ,the ,old ,dragon under ground1 ,in straiter limits bound1 ,not half so far casts his usurped sway2 ,and1 wroth to see his kingdom fail1 ,swinges the scaly horror of his folded tail4 #ai4 ,the ,oracles are dumb2 ,no voice or hideous hum ,runs through the arched roof in words deceiving4 ,apollo from his shrine ,can no more divine1 ,with hollow shriek the steep of ,delphos leaving4 ,no nightly trance1 or breathed spell1 ,inspires the pale-ey'd priest from the prophetic cell4 #bj4 ,the lonely mountains o'er1 ,and the resounding shore1 ,a voice of weeping heard1 and loud lament2 ,from haunted spring1 and dale ,edg'd with poplar pale1 ,the parting ,genius is with sighing sent2 ,with flower-inwoven tresses torn ,the ,nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn4 #ba4 ,in consecrated earth1 ,and on the holy hearth1 ,the ,lars1 and ,lemures1 moan with midnight plaint2 ,in urns1 and altars round1 ,a drear and dying sound ,affrights the ,flamens at their service quaint2 ,and the chill marble seems to sweat1 ,while each peculiar ,power forgoes his wonted seat4 #bb4 ,peor1 and ,baaelim1 ,forsake their temples dim1 ,with that twice-batter'd ,god of ,palestine2 ,and mooned ,ashtaroth1 ,heaven's queen and mother both1 ,now sits not girt with tapers' holy shine3 ,the ,libyc ,hammon shrinks his horn2 ,in vain the ,tyrian maids their wounded ,thammuz mourn4 #bc4 ,and sullen ,moloch1 fled1 ,hath left in shadows dread1 ,his burning idol all of blackest hue ,in vain with cymbals' ring ,they call the grisly king1 ,in dismal dance about the furnace blue2 ,the brutish gods of ,nile as fast1 ,isis1 and ,orus1 and the dog ,anubis1 haste4 #bd4 ,nor is ,osiris seen ,in ,memphian grove or green1 ,trampling the unshower'd grass with lowings loud2 ,nor can he be at rest ,within his sacred chest2 ,naught but profoundest ,hell can be his shroud2 ,in vain1 with timbrell'd anthems dark1 ,the sable-stoled sorcerers bear his worshipp'd ark4 #be4 ,he feels from ,juda's land ,the dreaded ,infant's hand2 ,the rays of ,bethlehem blind his dusky eyn2 ,nor all the gods beside ,longer dare abide1 ,not ,typhon huge ending in snaky twine3 ,our ,babe1 to show his ,godhead true1 ,can in his swaddling bands control the damned crew4 #bf4 ,so1 when the sun in bed1 ,curtain'd with cloudy red1 ,pillows his chin upon an orient wave1 ,the flocking shadows pale ,troop to the infernal jail1 ,each fetter'd ghost slips to his several grave2 ,and the yellow-skirted fays ,fly after the night-steeds1 leaving their moon-lov'd maze4 #bg4 ,but see6 the ,virgin blest ,hath laid her ,babe to rest4 ,time is our tedious song should here have ending3 ,heaven's youngest-teemed star1 ,hath fix'd her polish'd car1 ,her sleeping ,lord with handmaid lamp attending2 ,and all about the courtly stable ,bright-harness'd ,angels sit in order serviceable4 ,x4 ,,character ,,of ,,lord ,,falkland4 ,,lord ,,clarendon4--#afjh-afgd4 ,from ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,rebellion4 ,in this unhappy battle of ,newbury was slain the ,lord ,viscount ,falkland2 a person of such prodigious parts of learning and knowledge1 of that inimitable sweetness and delight in conversation1 of so flowing and obliging a humanity and goodness to mankind1 and of that primitive simplicity and integrity of life1 that if there were no other brand upon this odious and accursed civil war1 than that single loss1 it must be most infamous1 and execrable to all posterity4 ,before this parliament1 his condition of life was so happy that it was hardly capable of improvement4 ,before he came to be twenty years of age1 he was master of a noble fortune1 which descended to him by the gift of a grandfather1 without passing through his father or mother1 who were then both alive1 and not well enough contented to find themselves passed by in the descent4 ,his education for some years had been in ,ireland1 where his father was lord-deputy2 so that1 when he returned into ,england1 to the possession of his fortune1 he was unentangled with any acquaintance or friends1 which usually grow up by the custom of conversation2 and therefore was to make a pure election of his company2 which he chose by other rules than were prescribed to the young nobility of that time4 ,and it cannot be denied1 though he admitted some few to his friendship for the agreeableness of their natures1 and their undoubted affection to him1 that his familiarity and friendship1 for the most part1 was with men of the most eminent and sublime parts1 and of untouched reputation in point of integrity2 and such men had a title to his bosom4 ,he was a great cherisher of wit1 and fancy1 and good parts in any man2 and1 if he found them clouded with poverty or want1 a most liberal and bountiful patron towards them1 even above his fortune2 of which1 in those administrations1 he was such a dispenser1 as1 if he had been trusted with it to such uses1 and if there had been the least of vice in his expense1 he might have been thought too prodigal4 ,he was constant and pertinacious in whatsoever he resolved to do1 and not to be wearied by any pains that were necessary to that end4 ,and1 therefore1 having once resolved not to see ,london1 which he loved above all places1 till he had perfectly learned the ,greek tongue1 he went to his own house in the country1 and pursued it with that indefatigable industry1 that it will not be believed in how short a time he was master of it1 and accurately read all the ,greek historians4 ,in this time1 his house being within little more than ten miles of ,oxford1 he contracted familiarity and friendship with the most polite and accurate men of that university2 who found such an immenseness of wit1 and such a solidity of judgment in him1 so infinite a fancy1 bound in by a most logical ratiocination1 such a vast knowledge1 that he was not ignorant in anything1 yet such an excessive humility1 as if he had known nothing1 that they frequently resorted and dwelt with him1 as in a college situated in a purer air2 so that his house was a university in a less volume2 whither they came not so much for repose as study2 and to examine and refine those grosser propositions1 which laziness and consent made current in vulgar conversation4444 ,he was superior to all those passions and affections which attend vulgar minds1 and was guilty of no other ambition than of knowledge1 and to be reputed a lover of all good men2 and that made him too much a contemner of those arts1 which must be indulged in the transactions of human affairs4444 ,he had a courage of the most clear and keen temper1 and so far from fear1 that he seemed not without some appetite of danger2 and therefore1 upon any occasion of action1 he always engaged his person in those troops which he thought1 by the forwardness of the commanders1 to be most like to be farthest engaged2 and in all such encounters1 he had about him an extraordinary cheerfulness1 without at all affecting the execution that usually attended them2 in which he took no delight1 but took pains to prevent it1 where it was not by resistance made necessary3 insomuch that at ,edge-hill1 when the enemy was routed1 he was like to have incurred great peril1 by interposing to save those who had thrown away their arms1 and against whom1 it may be1 others were more fierce for their having thrown them away3 so that a man might think he came into the field chiefly out of curiosity to see the face of danger1 and charity to prevent the shedding of blood4 ,yet1 in his natural inclination1 he acknowledged he was addicted to the profession of a soldier2 and shortly after he came to his fortune1 before he was of age1 he went into the ,low ,countries1 with a resolution of procuring command1 and to give himself up to it2 from which he was diverted by the complete inactivity of that summer2 so he returned into ,england1 and shortly after entered upon that vehement course of study we mentioned before1 till the first alarm from the north2 then again he made ready for the field1 and though he received some repulse in the command of a troop of horse1 of which he had a promise1 he went a volunteer with the earl of ,essex4 ,from the entrance into this unnatural war1 his natural cheerfulness and vivacity grew clouded1 and a kind of sadness and dejection of spirit stole upon him1 which he had never been used to2 yet being one of those who believed that one battle would end all differences1 and that there would be so great a victory on one side1 that the other would be compelled to submit to any conditions from the victor--which supposition and conclusion generally sunk into the minds of most men1 and prevented the looking after many advantages that might then have been laid hold of--he resisted those indispositions4 ,but after the king's return from ,brentford1 and the furious resolution of the two ,houses not to admit any treaty for peace1 those indispositions1 which had before touched him1 grew into a perfect habit of uncheerfulness2 and he1 who had been so exactly unreserved and affable to all men1 that his face and countenance was always present1 and vacant1 to his company1 and held any cloudiness1 and less pleasantness of the visage1 a kind of rudeness or incivility1 became1 on a sudden1 less communicable2 and thence1 very sad1 pale1 and exceedingly affected with the spleen4 ,in his clothes and habit1 which he had minded before always with more neatness1 and industry1 and expense1 than is usual to so great a soul1 he was not now only incurious1 but too negligent2 and in his reception of suitors1 and the necessary or casual addresses to his place1 so quick1 and sharp1 and severe1 that there wanted not some men--strangers to his nature and disposition--who believed him proud and imperious2 from which no mortal man was ever more free4444 ,when there was any overture or hope of peace1 he would be more erect and vigorous1 and exceedingly solicitous to press anything which he thought might promote it2 and sitting among his friends1 often1 after a deep silence1 and frequent sighs1 would1 with a shrill and sad accent1 ingeminate the word ,peace1 ,peace2 and would passionately profess1 that the very agony of the war1 and the view of the calamities and desolation the kingdom did and must endure1 took his sleep from him1 and would shortly break his heart4 ,this made some think1 or pretend to think1 that he was so much enamoured of peace1 that he would have been glad the king should have bought it at any price2 which was a most unreasonable calumny4 ,as if a man1 that was himself the most punctual and precise in every circumstance that might reflect upon conscience or honor1 could have wished the king to have committed a trespass against either4444 ,in the morning before the battle1 as always upon action1 he was very cheerful1 and put himself into the first rank of the ,lord ,byron's regiment1 then advancing upon the enemy1 who had lined the hedges on both sides with musketeers2 from whence he was shot with a musket in the lower part of the belly1 and in the instant falling from his horse1 his body was not found till the next morning2 till when1 there was some hope he might have been a prisoner2 though his nearest friends1 who knew his temper1 received small comfort from that imagination4 ,thus fell that incomparable young man1 in the four-and-thirtieth year of his age1 having so much despatched the true business of life1 that the oldest rarely attain to that immense knowledge1 and the youngest enter not into the world with more innocency3 whosoever leads such a life1 needs be the less anxious upon how short warning it is taken from him4 ,,xi4 ,,veni1 ,,creator ,,spiritus4 ,,john ,,dryden4--#afca-agjj4 ,creator ,spirit1 by whose aid ,the world's foundations first were laid1 ,come1 visit every pious mind2 ,come1 pour thy joys on humankind2 ,from sin and sorrow set us free1 ,and make thy temples worthy thee4 ,o source of uncreated light1 ,the ,father's promis'd ,paraclete6 ,thrice holy fount1 thrice holy fire1 ,our hearts with heavenly love inspire2 ,come1 and thy sacred unction bring ,to sanctify us1 while we sing4 ,plenteous of grace1 descend from high1 ,rich in thy sevenfold energy6 ,thou strength of his ,almighty hand1 ,whose power does heaven and earth command2 ,proceeding ,spirit1 our defence1 ,who dost the gift of tongues dispense1 ,and crown'st thy gift with eloquence4 ,refine and purge our earthy parts2 ,but1 oh1 inflame and fire our hearts6 ,our frailties help1 our vice control1 ,submit the senses to the soul2 ,and when rebellious they are grown1 ,then lay thy hand1 and hold them down4 ,chase from our minds the infernal foe1 ,and peace1 the fruit of ,love1 bestow2 ,and lest our feet should step astray1 ,protect and guide us in the way4 ,make us eternal truths receive1 ,and practise all that we believe3 ,give us thy self1 that we may see ,the ,father and the ,son by thee4 ,immortal honor1 endless fame1 ,attend the ,almighty ,father's name3 ,the ,saviour ,son be glorified1 ,who for lost man's redemption died3 ,and equal adoration be1 ,eternal ,paraclete1 to thee6 ,,xii4 ,,lines ,,printed ,,under ,,the ,,portrait ,,of ,,milton4 ,,dryden4 ,three poets1 in three distant ages born1 ,greece1 ,italy1 and ,england did adorn4 ,the first in loftiness of thought surpass'd1 ,the next in majesty1 in both the last4 ,the force of ,nature could no farther go2 ,to make a third she join'd the former two4 ,,xiii4 ,,reason4 ,,dryden4 ,from ,,religio ,,laici4 ,dim as the borrowed beams of moon and stars ,to lonely1 weary1 wandering travellers1 ,is ,reason to the soul2 and as on high ,those rolling fires discover but the sky1 ,not light us here2 so ,reason's glimmering ray ,was lent1 not to assure our doubtful way1 ,but guide us upward to a better day ,and as those nightly tapers disappear1 ,when day's bright lord ascends our hemisphere2 ,so pale grows ,reason at ,religion's sight2 ,so dies1 and so dissolves1 in supernatural light4 ,,xiv4 ,,on ,,the ,,love ,,of ,,country ,,as ,a ,,principle ,,of ,,action4 ,,richard ,,steele4--#afgb-agbi4 ,from ,,the ,,tatler1 ,june #aj1 #agaj4 ,when men look into their own bosoms1 and consider the generous seeds which are there planted1 that might1 if rightly cultivated1 ennoble their lives1 and make their virtue venerable to futurity2 how can they1 without tears1 reflect on the universal degeneracy from that public spirit1 which ought to be the first and principal motive of all their actions8 ,in the ,grecian and ,roman nations1 they were wise enough to keep up this great incentive1 and it was impossible to be in the fashion without being a patriot4 ,all gallantry had its first source from hence2 and to want a warmth for the public welfare1 was a defect so scandalous1 that he who was guilty of it had no pretence to honor or manhood4 ,what makes the depravity among us1 in this behalf1 the more vexatious and irksome to reflect upon1 is1 that the contempt of life is carried as far amongst us1 as it could be in those memorable people2 and we want only a proper application of the qualities which are frequent among us1 to be as worthy as they4 ,there is hardly a man to be found who will not fight upon any occasion1 which he thinks may taint his own honor4 ,were this motive as strong in everything that regards the public1 as it is in this our private case1 no man would pass his life away without having distinguished himself by some gallant instance of his zeal towards it in the respective incidents of his life and profession4 ,but it is so far otherwise1 that there cannot at present be a more ridiculous animal1 than one who seems to regard the good of others4 ,he1 in civil life1 whose thoughts turn upon schemes which may be of general benefit1 without further reflection1 is called a projector2 and the man whose mind seems intent upon glorious achievements1 a knight-errant4 ,the ridicule among us runs strong against laudable actions2 nay1 in the ordinary course of things1 and the common regards of life1 negligence of the public is an epidemic vice4 ,the brewer in his excise1 the merchant in his customs1 and1 for aught we know1 the soldier in his muster-rolls1 think never the worse of themselves for being guilty of their respective frauds towards the public4 ,this evil is come to such a fantastical height1 that he is a man of a public spirit1 and heroically affected to his country1 who can go so far as even to turn usurer with all he has in her funds4 ,there is not a citizen in whose imagination such a one does not appear in the same light of glory1 as ,codrus1 ,scaevola1 or any other great name in old ,rome4 ,were it not for the heroes of so much per cent4 as have regard enough for themselves and their nation to trade with her with their wealth1 the very notion of public love would long ere now have vanished from among us4 ,but however general custom may hurry us away in the stream of a common error1 there is no evil1 no crime1 so great as that of being cold in matters relating to the common good4 ,this is in nothing more conspicuous than in a certain willingness to receive anything that tends to the diminution of such as have been conspicuous instruments in our service4 ,such inclinations proceed from the most low and vile corruption1 of which the soul of man is capable4 ,this effaces not only the practice1 but the very approbation of honor and virtue2 and has had such an effect1 that1 to speak freely1 the very sense of public good has no longer a part even in our conversations4 ,can then the most generous motive of life1 the good of others1 be so easily banished the breast of man8 ,is it possible to draw all our passions inward8 ,shall the boiling heat of youth be sunk in pleasures1 the ambition of manhood in selfish intrigues8 ,shall all that is glorious1 all that is worth the pursuit of great minds1 be so easily rooted out8 ,when the universal bent of a people seems diverted from the sense of their common good1 and common glory1 it looks like a fatality1 and crisis of impending misfortune4 ,the generous nations we just now mentioned understood this so very well1 that there was hardly an oration ever made1 which did not turn upon this general sense1 ,that the love of their country was the first and most essential quality in an honest mind4 ,demosthenes1 in a cause wherein his fame1 reputation1 and fortune1 were embarked1 puts his all upon this issue2 ,let the ,athenians1 says he1 be benevolent to me1 as they think ,i have been zealous for them4 ,this great and discerning orator knew1 there was nothing else in nature could bear him up against his adversaries1 but this one quality of having shown himself willing or able to serve his country4 ,this certainly is the test of merit2 and the first foundation for deserving good-will is1 having it yourself4 ,the adversary of this orator at that time was ,a,eschines1 a man of wily arts and skill in the world1 who could1 as occasion served1 fall in with a national start of passion1 or sullenness of humor1 which a whole nation is sometimes taken with as well as a private man2 and by that means divert them from their common sense1 into an aversion for receiving anything in its true light4 ,but when ,demosthenes had awakened his audience with that one hint of judging by the general tenor of his life towards them1 his services bore down his opponent before him1 who fled to the covert of his mean arts1 until some more favorable opportunity should offer against the superior merit of ,demosthenes4 ,it were to be wished1 that love of their country were the first principle of action in men of business1 even for their own sakes2 for when the world begins to examine into their conduct1 the generality1 who have no share in1 or hopes of any part in power or riches1 but what is the effect of their own labor or prosperity1 will judge of them by no other method1 than that of how profitable their administration has been to the whole4 ,they who are out of the influence of men's fortune or favor1 will let them stand or fall by this one only rule2 and men who can bear being tried by it1 are always popular in their fall4 ,those1 who cannot suffer such a scrutiny1 are contemptible in their advancement4 ,but ,i am here running into shreds of maxims from reading ,tacitus this morning1 which has driven me from my recommendation of public spirit1 which was the intended purpose of this lucubration4 ,there is not a more glorious instance of it1 than in the character of ,regulus4 ,this same ,regulus was taken prisoner by the ,carthaginians1 and was sent by them to ,rome1 in order to demand some ,punic noblemen1 who were prisoners1 in exchange for himself2 and was bound by an oath that he would return to ,carthage1 if he failed in his commission4 ,he proposes this to the senate1 who were in suspense upon it1 which ,regulus observing1 without having the least notion of putting the care of his own life in competition with the public good1 desired them to consider that he was old1 and almost useless2 that those demanded in exchange were men of daring tempers1 and great merit in military affairs2 and wondered they would make any doubt of permitting him to go back to the short tortures prepared for him at ,carthage1 where he should have the advantage of ending a long life both gloriously and usefully4 ,this generous advice was consented to2 and he took his leave of his country and his weeping friends1 to go to certain death1 with that cheerful composure1 as a man1 after the fatigue of business in a court or a city1 retires to the next village for the air4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when the heart is right there is true patriotism4 ,,bishop ,,berkeley4--#afhd-agec4 ,,xv4 ,,the ,,golden ,,scales4 ,,joseph ,,addison4--#afgb-agai4 ,from ,,the ,,spectator1 ,august #ba1 #agab4 ,i was lately entertaining myself with comparing ,homer's balance1 in which ,jupiter is represented as weighing the fates of ,hector and ,achilles1 with a passage of ,virgil1 wherein that deity is introduced as weighing the fates of ,turnus and ,a,eneas4 ,i then considered how the same way of thinking prevailed in the eastern parts of the world1 as in those noble passages of ,scripture1 where we are told1 that the great king of ,babylon1 the day before his death1 had been weighed in the balance1 and been found wanting4 ,in other places of the holy writings the ,almighty is described as weighing the mountains in scales1 making the weight for the winds1 knowing the balancings of the clouds2 and1 in others1 as weighing the actions of men1 and laying their calamities together in a balance4 ,milton1 as ,i have observed in a former paper1 had an eye to several of these foregoing instances1 in that beautiful description wherein he represents the archangel and the evil spirit as addressing themselves for the combat1 but parted by the balance which appeared in the heavens1 and weighed the consequences of such a battle4 ,the ,eternal1 to prevent such horrid fray1 ,hung forth in ,heaven his golden scales1 yet seen ,betwixt ,astrea and the ,scorpion sign1 ,wherein all things created first he weigh'd1 ,the pendulous round earth with balanced air ,in counterpoise2 now ponder2 all events1 ,battles and realms3 in these he puts two weights1 ,the sequel each of parting and of fight3 ,the latter quick up flew1 and kick'd the beam2 ,which ,gabriel spying1 thus bespake the fiend4 ,satan1 ,i know thy strength1 and thou know'st mine1 ,neither our own1 but given2 what folly then ,to boast what arms can do6 since thine no more ,than ,heaven permits2 nor mine1 though doubled now ,to trample thee as mire3 for proof look up1 ,and read thy lot in yon celestial sign1 ,where thou art weigh'd1 and shewn how light1 how weak1 ,if thou resist4 ,the fiend look'd up and knew ,his mounted scale aloft2 nor more3 but fled ,murm'ring1 and with him fled the shades of night4 ,these several amusing thoughts having taken possession of my mind some time before ,i went to sleep1 and mingling themselves with my ordinary ideas1 raised in my imagination a very odd kind of vision4 ,i was1 methought1 replaced in my study1 and seated in my elbow-chair1 where ,i had indulged the foregoing speculations1 with my lamp burning by me1 as usual4 ,whilst ,i was here meditating on several subjects of morality1 and considering the nature of many virtues and vices1 as materials for those discourses with which ,i daily entertain the public2 ,i saw1 methought1 a pair of golden scales hanging by a chain in the same metal over the table that stood before me2 when1 on a sudden1 there were great heaps of weights thrown down on each side of them4 ,i found upon examining these weights1 they showed the value of everything that is in esteem among men4 ,i made an essay of them1 by putting the weight of wisdom in one scale1 and that of riches in another1 upon which the latter1 to show its comparative lightness1 immediately flew up and kicked the beam4 ,but1 before ,i proceed1 ,i must inform my reader1 that these weights did not exert their natural gravity1 till they were laid in the golden balance1 insomuch that ,i could not guess which was light or heavy1 whilst ,i held them in my hand4 ,this ,i found by several instances1 for upon my laying a weight in one of the scales1 which was inscribed by the word ,eternity2 though ,i threw in that of time1 prosperity1 affliction1 wealth1 poverty1 interest1 success1 with many other weights1 which in my hand seemed very ponderous1 they were not able to stir the opposite balance1 nor could they have prevailed1 though assisted with the weight of the sun1 the stars1 and the earth4 ,upon emptying the scales1 ,i laid several titles and honors1 with pomps1 triumphs1 and many weights of the like nature1 in one of them1 and seeing a little glittering weight lie by me1 ,i threw it accidentally into the other scale1 when1 to my great surprise1 it proved so exact a counterpoise1 that it kept the balance in an equilibrium4 ,this little glittering weight was inscribed upon the edges of it with the word ,vanity4 ,i found there were several other weights which were equally heavy1 and exact counterpoises to one another2 a few of them ,i tried1 as avarice and poverty1 riches and content1 with some others4 ,there were likewise several weights that were of the same figure1 and seemed to correspond with each other1 but were entirely different when thrown into the scales1 as religion and hypocrisy1 pedantry and learning1 wit and vivacity1 superstition and devotion1 gravity and wisdom1 with many others4 ,i observed one particular weight lettered on both sides1 and upon applying myself to the reading of it1 ,i found on one side written ,in the dialect of men1 and underneath it1 ,,calamities2 on the other side was written1 ,in the language of the gods1 and underneath1 ,,blessings4 ,i found the intrinsic value of this weight to be much greater than ,i imagined1 for it overpowered health1 wealth1 good-fortune1 and many other weights1 which were much more ponderous in my hand than the other4 ,there is a saying among the ,scotch1 that an ounce of mother is worth a pound of clergy2 ,i was sensible of the truth of this saying1 when ,i saw the difference between the weight of natural parts and that of learning4 ,the observation which ,i made upon these two weights opened to me a new field of discoveries1 for notwithstanding the weight of natural parts was much heavier than that of learning1 ,i observed that it weighed an hundred times heavier than it did before1 when ,i put learning into the same scale with it4 ,i made the same observation upon faith and morality2 for notwithstanding the latter outweighed the former separately1 it received a thousand times more additional weight from its conjunction with the former1 than what it had by itself4 ,this odd phenomenon showed itself in other particulars1 as in wit and judgment1 philosophy and religion1 justice and humanity1 zeal and charity1 depth of sense and perspicuity of style1 with innumerable other particulars1 too long to be mentioned in this paper4 ,as a dream seldom fails of dashing seriousness with impertinence1 mirth with gravity1 methought ,i made several other experiments of a more ludicrous nature1 by one of which ,i found that an ,english octavo was very often heavier than a ,french folio2 and by another1 that an old ,greek or ,latin author weighed down a whole library of moderns4 ,seeing one of my ,spectators lying by me1 ,i laid it into one of the scales1 and flung a twopenny piece in the other4 ,the reader will not inquire into the event1 if he remembers the first trial which ,i have recorded in this paper4 ,i afterwards threw both the sexes into the balance2 but as it is not for my interest to disoblige either of them1 ,i shall desire to be excused from telling the result of this experiment4 ,having an opportunity of this nature in my hands1 ,i could not forbear throwing into one scale the principles of a ,tory1 and in the other those of a ,whig2 but as ,i have all along declared this to be a neutral paper1 ,i shall likewise desire to be silent under this head also1 though upon examining one of the weights1 ,i saw the word ,,tekel engraven on it in capital letters4 ,i made many other experiments1 and though ,i have not room for them all in this day's speculation1 ,i may perhaps reserve them for another4 ,i shall only add1 that upon my awaking ,i was sorry to find my golden scales vanished1 but resolved for the future to learn this lesson from them1 not to despise or value any things for their appearances1 but to regulate my esteem and passions towards them according to their real and intrinsic value4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it must be so--,plato1 thou reasonest well6-- ,else whence this pleasing hope1 this fond desire1 ,this longing after immortality8 ,or whence this secret dread1 and inward horror1 ,of falling into nought8 ,why shrinks the soul ,back on herself1 and startles at destruction8 ',tis the divinity that stirs within us2 ',tis heaven itself that points out an hereafter1 ,and intimates eternity to man4 ,from ,cato4--,,addison4 ,,xvi4 ,,misjudged ,,hospitality4 ,,jonathan ,,swift4--#affg-agde4 ,from ,,the ,,tatler1 ,march #f1 #agaa4 ,ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes ,emollit mores4 ,,ovid4 ,those inferior duties of life which the ,french call les petites morales1 or the smaller morals1 are with us distinguished by the name of good manners or breeding4 ,this ,i look upon1 in the general notion of it1 to be a sort of artificial good sense1 adapted to the meanest capacities1 and introduced to make mankind easy in their commerce with each other4 ,low and little understandings1 without some rules of this kind1 would be perpetually wandering into a thousand indecencies and irregularities in behavior2 and in their ordinary conversation1 fall into the same boisterous familiarities that one observeth amongst them when a debauch hath quite taken away the use of their reason4 ,in other instances1 it is odd to consider1 that for want of common discretion1 the very end of good breeding is wholly perverted2 and civility1 intended to make us easy1 is employed in laying chains and fetters upon us1 in debarring us of our wishes1 and in crossing our most reasonable desires and inclinations4 ,this abuse reigneth chiefly in the country1 as ,i found to my vexation1 when ,i was last there1 in a visit ,i made to a neighbor about two miles from my cousin4 ,as soon as ,i entered the parlor1 they put me into the great chair that stood close by a huge fire1 and kept me there by force1 until ,i was almost stifled4 ,then a boy came in great hurry to pull off my boots1 which ,i in vain opposed1 urging that ,i must return soon after dinner4 ,in the meantime1 the good lady whispered her eldest daughter1 and slipped a key into her hand4 ,the girl returned instantly with a beer-glass half full of aqua mirabilis and syrup of gillyflowers4 ,i took as much as ,i had a mind for2 but madam avowed ,i should drink it off--for she was sure it would do me good1 after coming out of the cold air--and ,i was forced to obey2 which absolutely took away my stomach4 ,when dinner came in1 ,i had a mind to sit at a distance from the fire2 but they told me it was as much as my life was worth1 and set me with my back just against it4 ,although my appetite was quite gone1 ,i resolved to force down as much as ,i could2 and desired the leg of a pullet4 ,indeed1 ,mr4 ,bickerstaff1 says the lady1 you must eat a wing1 to oblige me2 and so put a couple upon my plate4 ,i was persecuted at this rate during the whole meal4 ,as often as ,i called for small-beer1 the master tipped the wink1 and the servant brought me a brimmer of ,october4 ,some time after dinner1 ,i ordered my cousin's man1 who came with me1 to get ready the horses2 but it was resolved ,i should not stir that night2 and when ,i seemed pretty much bent upon going1 they ordered the stable door to be locked2 and the children hid my cloak and boots4 ,the next question was1 what ,i would have for supper4 ,i said ,i never ate anything at night2 but was at last1 in my own defence1 obliged to name the first thing that came into my head4 ,after three hours spent chiefly in apologies for my entertainment1 insinuating to me1 that this was the worst time of the year for provisions2 that they were at a great distance from any market2 that they were afraid ,i should be starved2 and that they knew they kept me to my loss1 the lady went1 and left me to her husband--for they took special care ,i should never be alone4 ,as soon as her back was turned1 the little misses ran backward and forward every moment2 and constantly as they came in1 or went out1 made a courtesy directly at me1 which1 in good manners1 ,i was forced to return with a bow1 and1 ,your humble servant1 pretty miss4 ,exactly at eight the mother came up1 and discovered by the redness of her face that supper was not far off4 ,it was twice as large as the dinner1 and my persecution doubled in proportion4 ,i desired1 at my usual hour1 to go to my repose1 and was conducted to my chamber by the gentleman1 his lady1 and the whole train of children4 ,they importuned me to drink something before ,i went to bed2 and upon my refusing1 at last left a bottle of stingo1 as they called it1 for fear ,i should wake and be thirsty in the night4 ,i was forced in the morning to rise and dress myself in the dark1 because they would not suffer my kinsman's servant to disturb me at the hour ,i desired to be called4 ,i was now resolved to break through all measures to get away2 and after sitting down to a monstrous breakfast of cold beef1 mutton1 neats' tongues1 venison-pasty1 and stale-beer1 took leave of the family4 ,but the gentleman would needs see me part of my way1 and carry me a short-cut through his own grounds1 which he told me would save half a mile's riding4 ,this last piece of civility had like to have cost me dear1 being once or twice in danger of my neck1 by leaping over his ditches1 and at last forced to alight in the dirt2 when my horse1 having slipped his bridle1 ran away1 and took us up more than an hour to recover him again4 ,it is evident that none of the absurdities ,i met with in this visit proceeded from an ill intention1 but from a wrong judgment of complaisance1 and a misapplication in the rules of it4 ,,xvii4 ,,from ,,the ,,essay ,,on ,,man4,b ,,alexander ,,pope4--#afhh-agdd4 ,heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate1 ,all but the page prescrib'd1 their present state2 ,from brutes what men1 from men what spirits know2 ,or who could suffer being here below8 ,the lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day1 ,had he thy reason1 would he skip and play8 ,pleas'd to the last1 he crops the flowery food1 ,and licks the hand just rais'd to shed his blood4 ,o blindness to the future6 kindly given1 ,that each may fill the circle mark'd by heaven2 ,who sees with equal eye1 as ,god of all1 ,a hero perish1 or a sparrow fall1 ,atoms or systems into ruin hurl'd1 ,and now a bubble burst1 and now a world4 ,hope humbly then2 with trembling pinions soar2 ,wait the great teacher ,death2 and ,god adore4 ,what future bliss he gives not thee to know1 ,but gives that hope to be thy blessing now4 ,hope springs eternal in the human breast3 ,man never is1 but always to be1 blest4 ,the soul1 uneasy and confin'd from home1 ,rests and expatiates in a life to come4 ,lo1 the poor ,indian6 whose untutor'd mind ,sees ,god in clouds1 or hears him in the wind2 ,his soul proud science never taught to stray ,far as the solar walk1 or milky way2 ,yet simple nature to his hope has given1 ,behind the cloud-topt hill1 an humbler heaven2 ,some safer world in depth of woods embraced1 ,some happier island in the watery waste1 ,where slaves once more their native land behold1 ,no fiends torment1 no ,christians thirst for gold4 ,to be1 contents his natural desire2 ,he asks no angel's wing1 no seraph's fire2 ,but thinks1 admitted to that equal sky1 ,his faithful dog shall bear him company4 ,what if the foot1 ordain'd the dust to tread1 ,or hand1 to toil1 aspir'd to be the head8 ,what if the head1 the eye1 or ear repin'd ,to serve mere engines to the ruling mind8 ,just as absurd for any part to claim ,to be another1 in this general frame2 ,just as absurd to mourn the tasks or pains ,the great directing ,mind of ,all ordains4 ,all are but parts of one stupendous whole1 ,whose body ,nature is1 and ,god the soul2 ,that changed through all1 and yet in all the same1 ,great in the earth1 as in the ethereal frame1 ,warms in the sun1 refreshes in the breeze1 ,glows in the stars1 and blossoms in the trees2 ,lives through all life1 extends through all extent1 ,spreads undivided1 operates unspent2 ,breathes in our soul1 informs our mortal part1 ,as full1 as perfect1 in a hair as heart2 ,as full1 as perfect1 in vile man that mourns1 ,as the rapt seraph that adores and burns3 ,to him no high1 no low1 no great1 no small2 ,he fills1 he bounds1 connects1 and equals all4 ,all nature is but art unknown to thee2 ,all chance1 direction1 which thou canst not see2 ,all discord1 harmony not understood2 ,all partial evil1 universal good3 ,and spite of pride1 in erring reason's spite1 ,one truth is clear1 ,whatever is1 is right4 ,vice is a monster of so frightful mien1 ,as1 to be hated1 needs but to be seen2 ,yet seen too oft1 familiar with her face1 ,we first endure1 then pity1 then embrace4 ,virtuous and vicious every man must be1 ,few in the extreme1 but all in the degree3 ,the rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise2 ,and even the best by fits what they despise4 ,behold the child1 by ,nature's kindly law1 ,pleas'd with a rattle1 tickled with a straw3 ,some livelier plaything gives his youth delight1 ,a little louder1 but as empty quite3 ,scarfs1 garters1 gold1 amuse his riper stage1 ,and beads and prayer-books are the toys of age3 ,pleas'd with this bauble still1 as that before1 ,till tired he sleeps1 and life's poor play is o'er4 ,has ,god1 thou fool6 work'd solely for thy good ,thy joy1 thy pastime1 thy attire1 thy food8 ,who for thy table feeds the wanton fawn1 ,for him as kindly spreads the flowery lawn4 ,is it for thee the lark ascends and sings8 ,joy tunes his voice1 joy elevates his wings4 ,is it for thee the linnet pours his throat8 ,loves of his own and raptures swell the note4 ,the bounding steed you pompously bestride ,shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride4 ,is thine alone the seed that strews the plain8 ,the birds of heaven shall vindicate their grain4 ,thine the full harvest of the golden year8 ,part pays1 and justly1 the deserving steer4 ,the hog1 that ploughs not1 nor obeys thy call1 ,lives on the labors of this lord of all4 ,know1 ,nature's children all divide her care2 ,the fur that warms a monarch warm'd a bear4 ,while man exclaims1 ,see all things for my use6 ,see man for mine6 replies a pamper'd goose3 ,and just as short of reason he must fall1 ,who thinks all made for one1 not one for all4 ,for forms of government let fools contest2 ,whate'er is best administer'd is best3 ,for modes of faith let graceless zealots fight2 ,his can't be wrong whose life is in the right4 ,in faith and hope the world will disagree1 ,but all mankind's concern is charity3 ,all must be false that thwart this one great end1 ,and all of ,god that bless mankind or mend4 ,honor and shame from no condition rise2 ,act well your part1 there all the honor lies4 ,fortune in men has some small difference made1 ,one flaunts in rags1 one flutters in brocade2 ,the cobbler apron'd1 and the parson gown'd1 ,the friar hooded1 and the monarch crown'd4 ,what differ more 7you cry7 than crown and cowl8 ,i'll tell you1 friend1 a wise man and a fool4 ,you'll find1 if once the monarch acts the monk1 ,or1 cobbler-like1 the parson will be drunk1 ,worth makes the man1 and want of it1 the fellow2 ,the rest is all but leather or prunello4 ,go6 if your ancient but ignoble blood ,has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood1 ,go6 and pretend your family is young1 ,nor own your fathers have been fools so long4 ,what can ennoble sots1 or slaves1 or cowards8 ,alas6 not all the blood of all the ,howards4 ,who wickedly is wise1 or madly brave1 ,is but the more a fool1 the more a knave4 ,who noble ends by noble means obtains1 ,or failing1 smiles in exile or in chains1 ,like good ,aurelius let him reign1 or bleed ,like ,socrates1--that man is great indeed4 ,an honest man's the noblest work of ,god4 ,know then this truth 7enough for man to know71 ,virtue alone is happiness below4 444 ,never elated while one man's oppress'd2 ,never dejected while another's bless'd4444,c ,see the sole bliss heaven could on all bestow6 ,which who but feels can taste1 but thinks can know3 ,yet poor with fortune1 and with learning blind1 ,the bad must miss1 the good untaught will find3 ,slave to no sect1 who takes no private road1 ,but looks through nature up to nature's ,god2 ,pursues that chain which links the immense design1 ,joins heaven and earth1 and mortal and divine3 ,sees that no being any bliss can know1 ,but touches some above and some below2 ,learns from this union of the rising whole1 ,the first1 last purpose of the human soul2 ,and knows where faith1 law1 morals1 all began1 ,all end1 in love of ,god and love of man4 ,,footnotes3 ,b ,if the ,essay on ,man were shivered into fragments1 it would not lose its value3 for it is precisely its details which constitute its moral as well as literary beauties4--,a4 ,w4 ,,ward1 quoted by ,,mark ,,pattison4 ,c ,in these two lines1 which1 so far as ,i know1 are the most complete1 the most concise1 and the most lofty expressions of moral temper existing in ,english words1 ,pope sums the law of noble life4 ,,ruskin1 ,lectures on ,art4 ,,xviii4 ,,rule1 ,,britannia4 ,,james ,,thomson4--#agjj-agdh4 ,when ,britain first1 at ,heaven's command1 ,arose from out the azure main1 ,this was the charter of the land1 ,and guardian angels sang this strain3 ,rule1 ,britannia1 rule the waves6 ,britons never will be slaves6 ,the nations not so blest as thee1 ,must1 in their turns1 to tyrants fall1 ,whilst thou shalt flourish1 great and free1 ,the dread and envy of them all4 ,rule1 ,britannia1 rule the waves6 ,britons never will be slaves6 ,still more majestic shalt thou rise1 ,more dreadful from each foreign stroke2 ,as the loud blast that tears the skies1 ,serves but to root thy native oak4 ,rule1 ,britannia1 rule the waves6 ,britons never will be slaves6 ,thee haughty tyrants ne'er shall tame2 ,all their attempts to bend thee down ,will but arouse thy generous flame1 ,but work their woe and thy renown4 ,rule1 ,britannia1 rule the waves6 ,britons never will be slaves6 ,to thee belongs the rural reign2 ,thy cities shall with commerce shine2 ,all thine shall be the subject main1 ,and every shore it circles thine4 ,rule1 ,britannia1 rule the waves6 ,britons never will be slaves6 ,the ,muses1 still with freedom found1 ,shall to thy happy coast repair2 ,blest isle6 with matchless beauty crown'd1 ,and manly hearts to guard the fair4 ,rule1 ,britannia1 rule the waves6 ,britons never will be slaves6 ,,xix4 ,,the ,,first ,,crusade4 ,,david ,,hume4--#agaa-aggf4 ,from ,,history ,,of ,,england4 ,after ,mahomet had1 by means of his pretended revelations1 united the dispersed ,arabians under one head1 they issued forth from their deserts in great multitudes2 and being animated with zeal for their new religion1 and supported by the vigor of their new government1 they made deep impression on the eastern empire1 which was far in the decline1 with regard both to military discipline and to civil policy4 ,jerusalem1 by its situation1 became one of their most early conquests2 and the ,christians had the mortification to see the holy sepulchre1 and the other places1 consecrated by the presence of their religious founder1 fallen into the possession of infidels4 ,but the ,arabians or ,saracens were so employed in military enterprises1 by which they spread their empire in a few years from the banks of the ,ganges to the ,straits of ,gibraltar1 that they had no leisure for theological controversy3 and though the ,alcoran1 the original monument of their faith1 seems to contain some violent precepts1 they were much less infected with the spirit of bigotry and persecution than the indolent and speculative ,greeks1 who were continually refining on the several articles of their religious system4 ,they gave little disturbance to those zealous pilgrims1 who daily flocked to ,jerusalem2 and they allowed every man1 after paying a moderate tribute1 to visit the holy sepulchre1 to perform his religious duties1 and to return in peace4 ,but the ,turcomans or ,turks1 a tribe of ,tartars1 who had embraced ,mahometanism1 having wrested ,syria from the ,saracens1 and having1 in the year #ajfe1 made themselves masters of ,jerusalem1 rendered the pilgrimage much more difficult and dangerous to the ,christians4 ,the barbarity of their manners1 and the confusions attending their unsettled government1 exposed the pilgrims to many insults1 robberies1 and extortions3 and these zealots1 returning from their meritorious fatigues and sufferings1 filled all ,christendom with indignation against the infidels1 who profaned the holy city by their presence1 and derided the sacred mysteries in the very place of their completion4 ,gregory ,,vii41 among the other vast ideas which he entertained1 had formed the design of uniting all the ,western ,christians against the ,mahometans2 but the egregious and violent invasions of that pontiff on the civil power of princes1 had created him so many enemies1 and had rendered his schemes so suspicious1 that he was not able to make great progress in this undertaking4 ,the work was reserved for a meaner instrument1 whose low condition in life exposed him to no jealousy1 and whose folly was well calculated to coincide with the prevailing principles of the times4 ,peter1 commonly called the ,hermit1 a native of ,amiens in ,picardy1 had made the pilgrimage to ,jerusalem4 ,being deeply affected with the dangers to which that act of piety now exposed the pilgrims1 as well as with the instances of oppression under which the ,eastern ,christians labored1 he entertained the bold1 and1 in all appearance1 impracticable project of leading into ,asia1 from the farthest extremities of the ,west1 armies sufficient to subdue those potent and warlike nations which now held the holy city in subjection4 ,he proposed his views to ,martin ,,ii41 who filled the papal chair1 and who1 though sensible of the advantages which the head of the ,christian religion must reap from a religious war1 and though he esteemed the blind zeal of ,peter a proper means for effecting the purpose1 resolved not to interpose his authority1 till he saw a greater probability of success4 ,he summoned a council at ,placentia1 which consisted of four thousand ecclesiastics1 and thirty thousand seculars2 and which was so numerous that no hall could contain the multitude1 and it was necessary to hold the assembly in a plain4 ,the harangues of the ,pope1 and of ,peter himself1 representing the dismal situation of their brethren in the ,east1 and the indignity suffered by the ,christian name1 in allowing the holy city to remain in the hands of infidels1 here found the minds of men so well prepared1 that the whole multitude suddenly and violently declared for the war1 and solemnly devoted themselves to perform this service1 so meritorious1 as they believed it1 to ,god and religion4 ,but though ,italy seemed thus to have zealously embraced the enterprise1 ,martin knew1 that1 in order to insure success1 it was necessary to enlist the greater and more warlike nations in the same engagement2 and having previously exhorted ,peter to visit the chief cities and sovereigns of ,christendom1 he summoned another council at ,clermont in ,auvergne4 ,the fame of this great and pious design being now universally diffused1 procured the attendance of the greatest prelates1 nobles1 and princes2 and when the ,pope and the ,hermit renewed their pathetic exhortations1 the whole assembly1 as if impelled by an immediate inspiration1 not moved by their preceding impressions1 exclaimed with one voice1 ,it is the will of ,god1 ,it is the will of ,god6--words deemed so memorable1 and so much the result of a divine influence1 that they were employed as the signal of rendezvous and battle in all the future exploits of those adventurers4 ,men of all ranks flew to arms with the utmost ardor2 and an exterior symbol1 too1 a circumstance of chief moment1 was here chosen by the devoted combatants4 ,the sign of the cross1 which had been hitherto so much revered among ,christians1 and which1 the more it was an object of reproach among the ,pagan world1 was the more passionately cherished by them1 became the badge of union1 and was affixed to their right shoulder1 by all who enlisted themselves in this sacred warfare4 ,europe was at this time sunk into profound ignorance and superstition4 ,the ecclesiastics had acquired the greatest ascendant over the human mind3 the people1 who1 being little restrained by honor1 and less by law1 abandoned themselves to the worst crimes and disorders1 knew of no other expiation than the observances imposed on them by their spiritual pastors3 and it was easy to represent the holy war as an equivalent for all penances1 and an atonement for every violation of justice and humanity4 ,but amidst the abject superstition which now prevailed1 the military spirit also had universally diffused itself2 and though not supported by art or discipline1 was become the general passion of the nations governed by the feudal law4 ,all the great lords possessed the right of peace and war3 they were engaged in perpetual hostilities with each other3 the open country was become a scene of outrage and disorder3 the cities1 still mean and poor1 were neither guarded by walls nor protected by privileges1 and were exposed to every insult3 individuals were obliged to depend for safety on their own force1 or their private alliances3 and valor was the only excellence which was held in esteem1 or gave one man the pre-eminence above another4 ,when all the particular superstitions1 therefore1 were here united in one great object1 the ardor for military enterprises took the same direction2 and ,europe1 impelled by its two ruling passions1 was loosened1 as it were1 from its foundations1 and seemed to precipitate itself in one united body upon the ,east4 ,all orders of men1 deeming the ,crusades the only road to heaven1 enlisted themselves under these sacred banners1 and were impatient to open the way with their sword to the holy city4 ,nobles1 artisans1 peasants1 even priests1 enrolled their names2 and to decline this meritorious service was branded with the reproach of impiety1 or1 what perhaps was esteemed still more disgraceful1 of cowardice and pusillanimity4 ,the infirm and aged contributed to the expedition by presents and money2 and many of them1 not satisfied with the merit of this atonement1 attended it in person1 and were determined1 if possible1 to breathe their last in sight of that city where their ,saviour had died for them4 ,women themselves1 concealing their sex under the disguise of armor1 attended the camp4 ,the greatest criminals were forward in a service1 which they regarded as a propitiation for all crimes2 and the most enormous disorders were1 during the course of those expeditions1 committed by men enured to wickedness1 encouraged by example1 and impelled by necessity4 ,the multitude of the adventurers soon became so great1 that their more sagacious leaders1 ,hugh count of ,vermandois1 brother to the ,french king1 ,raymond count of ,toulouse1 ,godfrey of ,bouillon1 prince of ,brabant1 and ,stephen count of ,blois1 became apprehensive lest the greatness itself of the armament should disappoint its purpose2 and they permitted an undisciplined multitude1 computed at #cjj1jjj men1 to go before them1 under the command of ,peter the ,hermit and ,walter the ,moneyless4 ,these men took the road towards ,constantinople through ,hungary and ,bulgaria2 and trusting that ,heaven1 by supernatural assistance1 would supply all their necessities1 they made no provision for subsistance on their march4 ,they soon found themselves obliged to obtain by plunder1 what they had vainly expected from miracles2 and the enraged inhabitants of the countries through which they passed1 gathering together in arms1 attacked the disorderly multitude and put them to slaughter without resistance4 ,the more disciplined armies followed after2 and passing the straights at ,constantinople1 they were mustered in the plains of ,asia1 and amounted in the whole to the number of #gjj1jjj combatants4444 ,after the adventurers in the holy war were assembled on the banks of the ,bosphorus1 opposite to ,constantinople1 they proceeded on their enterprise2 but immediately experienced those difficulties which their zeal had hitherto concealed from them1 and for which1 even if they had foreseen them1 it would have been almost impossible to provide a remedy4 ,the ,greek emperor1 ,alexis ,comnenus1 who had applied to the ,western ,christians for succor against the ,turks1 entertained hopes1 and those but feeble ones1 of obtaining such a moderate supply1 as1 acting under his command1 might enable him to repulse the enemy3 but he was extremely astonished to see his dominions overwhelmed1 on a sudden1 by such an inundation of licentious barbarians1 who1 though they pretended friendship1 despised his subjects as unwarlike1 and detested them as heretical4 ,by all the arts of policy1 in which he excelled1 he endeavored to divert the torrent2 but while he employed professions1 caresses1 civilities1 and seeming services towards the leaders of the crusade1 he secretly regarded those imperious allies as more dangerous than the open enemies by whom his empire had been formerly invaded4 ,having effected that difficult point of disembarking them safely in ,asia1 he entered into a private correspondence with ,soliman1 emperor of the ,turks2 and practised every insidious art1 which his genius1 his power1 or his situation1 enabled him to employ1 for disappointing the enterprise1 and discouraging the ,latins from making thenceforward any such prodigious migrations4 ,his dangerous policy was seconded by the disorders inseparable from so vast a multitude1 who were not united under one head1 and were conducted by leaders of the most independent intractable spirit1 unacquainted with military discipline1 and determined enemies to civil authority and submission4 ,the scarcity of provisions1 the excesses of fatigue1 the influence of unknown climates1 joined to the want of concert in their operations1 and to the sword of a warlike enemy1 destroyed the adventurers by thousands1 and would have abated the ardor of men impelled to war by less powerful motives4 ,their zeal1 however1 their bravery1 and their irresistible force1 still carried them forward1 and continually advanced them to the great end of their enterprise4 ,after an obstinate siege they took ,nice1 the seat of the ,turkish empire2 they defeated ,soliman in two great battles2 they made themselves masters of ,antioch2 and entirely broke the force of the ,turks1 who had so long retained those countries in subjection4 ,the soldan of ,egypt1 whose alliance they had hitherto courted1 recovered1 on the fall of the ,turkish power1 his former authority in ,jerusalem2 and he informed them by his ambassadors1 that if they came disarmed to that city1 they might now perform their religious vows1 and that all ,christian pilgrims1 who should thenceforth visit the holy sepulchre1 might expect the same good treatment which they had ever received from his predecessors4 ,the offer was rejected2 the soldan was required to yield up the city to the ,christians2 and on his refusal1 the champions of the cross advanced to the siege of ,jerusalem1 which they regarded as the consummation of their labors4 ,by the detachments which they had made1 and the disasters which they had undergone1 they were diminished to the number of twenty thousand foot1 and fifteen hundred horse2 but these were still formidable1 from their valor1 their experience1 and the obedience which1 from past calamities1 they had learned to pay to their leaders4 ,after a siege of five weeks1 they took ,jerusalem by assault2 and1 impelled by a mixture of military and religious rage1 they put the numerous garrison and inhabitants to the sword without distinction4 ,neither arms defended the valiant1 nor submission the timorous3 no age or sex was spared3 infants on the breast were pierced by the same blow with their mothers1 who implored for mercy3 even a multitude to the number of ten thousand persons1 who had surrendered themselves prisoners1 and were promised quarter1 were butchered in cold blood by those ferocious conquerors4 ,the streets of ,jerusalem were covered with dead bodies2 and the triumphant warriors1 after every enemy was subdued and slaughtered1 immediately turned themselves1 with the sentiments of humiliation and contrition1 towards the holy sepulchre4 ,they threw aside their arms1 still streaming with blood3 they advanced with reclined bodies1 and naked feet and heads1 to that sacred monument3 they sang anthems to their ,saviour1 who had there purchased their salvation by his death and agony3 and their devotion1 enlivened by the presence of the place where he had suffered1 so overcame their fury1 that they dissolved in tears1 and bore the appearance of every soft and tender sentiment4 ,so inconsistent is human nature with itself6 and so easily does the most effeminate superstition ally1 both with the most heroic courage and with the fiercest barbarity6 ,this great event happened on the fifth of ,july in the last year of the eleventh century4 ,the ,christian princes and nobles1 after choosing ,godfrey of ,bouillon king of ,jerusalem1 began to settle themselves in their new conquests2 while some of them returned to ,europe1 in order to enjoy at home that glory1 which their valor had acquired them in this popular and meritorious enterprise4 ,,xx4 ,,the ,,bard4 ,a ,pindaric ,ode4,d ,,thomas ,,gray4--#agaf-agga4 ,i4 #a4 ,ruin seize thee1 ruthless ,king6 ,confusion on thy banners wait2 ,though fann'd by ,conquest's crimson wing1 ,they mock the air with idle state4 ,helm1 nor hauberk's twisted mail1 ,nor e'en thy virtues1 ,tyrant1 shall avail ,to save thy secret soul from nightly fears1 ,from ,cambria's curse1 from ,cambria's tears6 ,such were the sounds that o'er the crested pride ,of the first ,edward scatter'd wild dismay1 ,as down the steep of ,snowdon's shaggy side ,he wound with toilsome march his long array4 ,stout ,glo'ster stood aghast in speechless trance3 ,to arms6 cried ,mortimer1 and couch'd his quivering lance4 ,i4 #b4 ,on a rock1 whose haughty brow ,frowns o'er old ,conway's foaming flood1 ,rob'd in the sable garb of woe1 ,with haggard eyes the ,poet stood2 7,loose his beard1 and hoary hair ,stream'd1 like a meteor1 to the troubled air71 ,and with a master's hand1 and prophet's fire1 ,struck the deep sorrows of his lyre4 ,hark1 how each giant-oak1 and desert cave1 ,sighs to the torrent's awful voice beneath6 ,o'er thee1 ,o ,king6 their hundred arms they wave1 ,revenge on thee in hoarser murmurs breathe2 ,vocal no more1 since ,cambria's fatal day1 ,to high-born ,hoel's harp1 or soft ,llewellyn's lay4 ,i4 #c4 ,cold is ,cadwallo's tongue1 ,that hush'd the stormy main3 ,brave ,urien sleeps upon his craggy bed3 ,mountains1 ye mourn in vain ,modred1 whose magic song ,made huge ,plinlimmon bow his cloud-topt head4 ,on dreary ,arvon's shore they lie1 ,smear'd with gore1 and ghastly pale3 ,far1 far aloof the affrighted ravens sail2 ,the famish'd eagle screams1 and passes by4 ,dear lost companions of my tuneful art1 ,dear1 as the light that visits these sad eyes1 ,dear1 as the ruddy drops that warm my heart1 ,ye died amidst your dying country's cries-- ,no more ,i weep4 ,they do not sleep4 ,on yonder cliffs1 a grisly band1 ,i see them sit2 they linger yet1 ,avengers of their native land3 ,with me in dreadful harmony they join1 ,and weave with bloody hands the tissue of thy line4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,weave the warp1 and weave the woof1 ,the winding-sheet of ,edward's race4 ,give ample room1 and verge enough ,the characters of hell to trace4 ,mark the year1 and mark the night1 ,when ,severn shall re-echo with affright ,the shrieks of death1 through ,berkley's roof that ring1 ,shrieks of an agonizing king6 ,she-wolf of ,france1 with unrelenting fangs1 ,that tear'st the bowels of thy mangled mate1 ,from thee be born1 who o'er thy country hangs ,the scourge of heaven4 ,what terrors round him wait6 ,amazement in his van1 with flight combin'd1 ,and ,sorrow's faded form1 and ,solitude behind4 ,,ii4 #b4 ,mighty victor1 mighty lord6 ,low on his funeral couch he lies6 ,no pitying heart1 no eye1 afford ,a tear to grace his obsequies4 ,is the sable warrior fled8 ,thy son is gone4 ,he rests among the dead4 ,the swarm1 that in thy noontide beam were born8 ,gone to salute the rising morn4 ,fair laughs the ,morn1 and soft the ,zephyr blows1 ,while proudly riding o'er the azure realm ,in gallant trim the gilded vessel goes2 ,youth on the prow1 and ,pleasure at the helm2 ,regardless of the sweeping ,whirlwind's sway1 ,that1 hush'd in grim repose1 expects his evening prey4 ,,ii4 #c4 ,fill high the sparkling bowl1 ,the rich repast prepare2 ,reft of a crown1 he yet may share the feast3 ,close by the regal chair ,fell ,thirst and ,famine scowl ,a baleful smile upon their baffled guest4 ,heard ye the din of battle bray1 ,lance to lance1 and horse to horse8 ,long years of havoc urge their destin'd course1 ,and through the kindred squadrons mow their way4 ,ye towers of ,julius1 ,london's lasting shame1 ,with many a foul and midnight murder fed1 ,revere his consort's faith1 his father's fame1 ,and spare the meek usurper's holy head4 ,above1 below1 the rose of snow1 ,twin'd with her blushing foe1 we spread3 ,the bristled boar in infant-gore ,wallows beneath the thorny shade4 ,now1 brothers1 bending o'er the accursed loom1 ,stamp we our vengeance deep1 and ratify his doom4 ,,iii4 #a4 ,edward1 lo6 to sudden fate 7,weave we the woof4 ,the thread is spun47 ,half of thy heart we consecrate4 7,the web is wove4 ,the work is done47 ,stay1 ,o stay6 nor thus forlorn ,leave me unbless'd1 unpitied1 here to mourn3 ,in yon bright track1 that fires the western skies1 ,they melt1 they vanish from my eyes4 ,but oh6 what solemn scenes on ,snowdon's height ,descending slow their glittering skirts unroll8 ,visions of glory1 spare my aching sight6 ,ye unborn ages1 crowd not on my soul6 ,no more our long-lost ,arthur we bewail4 ,all hail1 ye genuine kings1 ,britannia's issue1 hail6 ,,iii4 #b4 ,girt with many a baron bold ,sublime their starry fronts they rear2 ,and gorgeous dames1 and statesmen old ,in bearded majesty1 appear4 ,in the midst a form divine6 ,her eye proclaims her of the ,briton-line2 ,her lion-port1 her awe-commanding face1 ,attemper'd sweet to virgin-grace4 ,what strings symphonious tremble in the air1 ,what strains of vocal transport round her play4 ,hear from the grave1 great ,taliessin1 hear ,they breathe a soul to animate thy clay4 ,bright ,rapture calls1 and soaring1 as she sings1 ,waves in the eye of heaven her many-color'd wings4 ,,iii4 #c4 ,the verse adorn again ,fierce ,war1 and faithful ,love1 ,and ,truth severe1 by fairy ,fiction drest4 ,in buskin'd measures move ,pale ,grief1 and pleasing ,pain1 ,with ,horror1 tyrant of the throbbing breast4 ,a voice1 as of the cherub-choir1 ,gales from blooming ,eden bear2 ,and distant warblings lessen on my ear1 ,that lost in long futurity expire4 ,fond impious man1 thinks thou yon sanguine cloud1 ,rais'd by thy breath1 has quench'd the orb of day8 ,to-morrow he repairs the golden flood1 ,and warms the nations with redoubled ray4 ,enough for me3 with joy ,i see ,the different doom our fates assign4 ,be thine despair1 and sceptred care2 ,to triumph1 and to die1 are mine4 ,he spoke1 and headlong from the mountain's height ,deep in the roaring tide he plunged to endless night4 ,,footnotes3 ,d ,this ode is founded on a tradition current in ,wales1 that ,edward the ,first1 when he completed the conquest of that country1 ordered all the ,bards that fell into his hands to be put to death4--,,gray4 ,,xxi4 ,,on ,,an ,,address ,,to ,,the ,,throne ,,concerning ,,affairs ,,in ,,america4 ,,house ,,of ,,lords--,november #ahth1 #aggg4 ,,lord ,,chatham4--#agjh-aggh4 ,i rise1 my ,lords1 to declare my sentiments on this most solemn and serious subject4 ,it has imposed a load upon my mind1 which1 ,i fear1 nothing can remove1 but which impels me to endeavor its alleviation1 by a free and unreserved communication of my sentiments4 ,in the first part of the address1 ,i have the honor of heartily concurring with the noble ,earl who moved it4 ,no man feels sincerer joy than ,i do2 none can offer more genuine congratulations on every accession of strength to the ,protestant succession4 ,i therefore join in every congratulation on the birth of another princess1 and the happy recovery of her ,majesty4 ,but ,i must stop here4 ,my courtly complaisance will carry me no farther4 ,i will not join in congratulation on misfortune and disgrace4 ,i cannot concur in a blind and servile address1 which approves and endeavors to sanctify the monstrous measures which have heaped disgrace and misfortune upon us4 ,this1 my ,lords1 is a perilous and tremendous moment6 ,it is not a time for adulation4 ,the smoothness of flattery cannot now avail--cannot save us in this rugged and awful crisis4 ,it is now necessary to instruct the ,throne in the language of truth4 ,we must dispel the illusion and the darkness which envelop it1 and display1 in its full danger and true colors1 the ruin that is brought to our doors4 ,this1 my ,lords1 is our duty4 ,it is the proper function of this noble assembly1 sitting1 as we do1 upon our honors in this ,house1 the hereditary council of the ,crown4 ,who is the minister--where is the minister1 that has dared to suggest to the ,throne the contrary1 unconstitutional language this day delivered from it8 ,the accustomed language from the ,throne has been application to ,parliament for advice1 and a reliance on its constitutional advice and assistance4 ,as it is the right of ,parliament to give1 so it is the duty of the ,crown to ask it4 ,but on this day1 and in this extreme momentous exigency1 no reliance is reposed on our constitutional counsels6 no advice is asked from the sober and enlightened care of ,parliament6 but the ,crown1 from itself and by itself1 declares an unalterable determination to pursue measures--and what measures1 my ,lords8 ,the measures that have produced the imminent perils that threaten us2 the measures that have brought ruin to our doors4 ,can the minister of the day now presume to expect a continuance of support in this ruinous infatuation8 ,can ,parliament be so dead to its dignity and its duty as to be thus deluded into the loss of the one and the violation of the other8 ,to give an unlimited credit and support for the steady perseverance in measures not proposed for our parliamentary advice1 but dictated and forced upon us--in measures1 ,i say1 my ,lords1 which have reduced this late flourishing empire to ruin and contempt6 ,but yesterday1 and ,england might have stood against the world3 now none so poor to do her reverence4 ,i use the words of a poet2 but1 though it be poetry1 it is no fiction4 ,it is a shameful truth1 that not only the power and strength of this country are wasting away and expiring1 but her well-earned glories1 her true honor1 and substantial dignity are sacrificed4 ,france1 my ,lords1 has insulted you2 she has encouraged and sustained ,america2 and1 whether ,america be wrong or right1 the dignity of this country ought to spurn at the officious insult of ,french interference4 ,the ministers and ambassadors of those who are called rebels and enemies are in ,paris2 in ,paris they transact the reciprocal interests of ,america and ,france4 ,can there be a more mortifying insult8 ,can even our ministers sustain a more humiliating disgrace8 ,do they dare to resent it8 ,do they presume even to hint a vindication of their honor1 and the dignity of the ,state1 by requiring the dismission of the plenipotentiaries of ,america8 ,such is the degradation to which they have reduced the glories of ,england6 ,the people whom they affect to call contemptible rebels1 but whose growing power has at last obtained the name of enemies2 the people with whom they have engaged this country in war1 and against whom they now command our implicit support in every measure of desperate hostility--this people1 despised as rebels1 or acknowledged as enemies1 are abetted against you1 supplied with every military store1 their interests consulted1 and their ambassadors entertained1 by your inveterate enemy6 and our ministers dare not interpose with dignity or effect4 ,is this the honor of a great kingdom8 ,is this the indignant spirit of ,england1 who but yesterday gave law to the house of ,bourbon8 ,my ,lords1 the dignity of nations demands a decisive conduct in a situation like this4444 ,my ,lords1 this ruinous and ignominious situation1 where we can not act with success1 nor suffer with honor1 calls upon us to remonstrate in the strongest and loudest language of truth1 to rescue the ear of majesty from the delusions which surround it4 ,the desperate state of our arms abroad is in part known4 ,no man thinks more highly of them than ,i do4 ,i love and honor the ,english troops4 ,i know their virtues and their valor4 ,i know they can achieve anything except impossibilities2 and ,i know that the conquest of ,english ,america is an impossibility4 ,you cannot1 ,i venture to say it1 you cannot conquer ,america4 ,your armies in the last war effected everything that could be effected2 and what was it8 ,it cost a numerous army1 under the command of a most able general ,lord ,amherst1 now a noble ,lord in this ,house1 a long and laborious campaign1 to expel five thousand ,frenchmen from ,french ,america4 ,my ,lords1 you cannot conquer ,america4 ,what is your present situation there8 ,we do not know the worst2 but we know that in three campaigns we have done nothing and suffered much4 ,besides the sufferings1 perhaps total loss of the ,northern force1 the best appointed army that ever took the field1 commanded by ,sir ,william ,howe1 has retired from the ,american lines4 ,he was obliged to relinquish his attempt1 and with great delay and danger to adopt a new and distant plan of operations4 ,we shall soon know1 and in any event have reason to lament1 what may have happened since4 ,as to conquest1 therefore1 my ,lords1 ,i repeat1 it is impossible4 ,you may swell every expense and every effort still more extravagantly2 pile and accumulate every assistance you can buy or borrow2 traffic and barter with every little pitiful ,german prince that sells and sends his subjects to the shambles of a foreign prince2 your efforts are forever vain and impotent--doubly so from this mercenary aid on which you rely2 for it irritates1 to an incurable resentment1 the minds of your enemies1 to overrun them with the mercenary sons of rapine and plunder1 devoting them and their possessions to the rapacity of hireling cruelty6 ,if ,i were an ,american1 as ,i am an ,englishman1 while a foreign troop was landed in my country1 ,i never would lay down my arms--never--never--never4 ,but1 my ,lords1 who is the man1 that1 in addition to these disgraces and mischiefs of our army1 has dared to authorize and associate to our arms the tomahawk and scalping-knife of the savage8 to call into civilized alliance the wild and inhuman savage of the woods2 to delegate to the merciless ,indian the defence of disputed rights1 and to wage the horrors of his barbarous war against our brethren8 ,my ,lords1 these enormities cry aloud for redress and punishment4 ,unless thoroughly done away1 it will be a stain on the national character4 ,it is a violation of the ,constitution4 ,i believe it is against law4 ,it is not the least of our national misfortunes that the strength and character of our army are thus impaired4 ,infected with the mercenary spirit of robbery and rapine1 familiarized to the horrid scenes of savage cruelty1 it can no longer boast of the noble and generous principles which dignify a soldier1 no longer sympathize with the dignity of the royal banner1 nor feel the pride1 pomp1 and circumstance of glorious war1 that make ambition virtue6 ,what makes ambition virtue8--the sense of honor4 ,but is the sense of honor consistent with a spirit of plunder1 or the practice of murder8 ,can it flow from mercenary motives1 or can it prompt to cruel deeds8 ,the independent views of ,america have been stated and asserted as the foundation of this address4 ,my ,lords1 no man wishes for the due dependence of ,america on this country more than ,i do4 ,to preserve it1 and not confirm that state of independence into which your measures hitherto have driven them1 is the object which we ought to unite in attaining4 ,the ,americans1 contending for their rights against arbitrary exactions1 ,i love and admire4 ,it is the struggle of free and virtuous patriots4 ,but1 contending for independency and total disconnection from ,england1 as an ,englishman1 ,i cannot wish them success2 for in a due constitutional dependency1 including the ancient supremacy of this country in regulating their commerce and navigation1 consists the mutual happiness and prosperity both of ,england and ,america4 ,she derived assistance and protection from us2 and we reaped from her the most important advantages4 ,she was1 indeed1 the fountain of our wealth1 the nerve of our strength1 the nursery and basis of our naval power4 ,it is our duty1 therefore1 my ,lords1 if we wish to save our country1 most seriously to endeavor the recovery of these most beneficial subjects2 and in this perilous crisis1 perhaps the present moment may be the only one in which we can hope for success4 ,for in their negotiations with ,france1 they have1 or think they have1 reason to complain2 though it be notorious that they have received from that power important supplies and assistance of various kinds1 yet it is certain they expected it in a more decisive and immediate degree4 ,america is in ill humor with ,france2 on some points they have not entirely answered her expectations4 ,let us wisely take advantage of every possible moment of reconciliation4 ,besides1 the natural disposition of ,america herself still leans toward ,england2 to the old habits of connection and mutual interest that united both countries4 ,this was the established sentiment of all the continent2 and still1 my ,lords1 in the great and principal part1 the sound part of ,america1 this wise and affectionate disposition prevails4 ,and there is a very considerable part of ,america yet sound--the middle and the southern provinces4 ,some parts may be factious and blind to their true interests2 but if we express a wise and benevolent disposition to communicate with them those immutable rights of nature and those constitutional liberties to which they are equally entitled with ourselves1 by a conduct so just and humane we shall confirm the favorable and conciliate the adverse4 ,i say1 my ,lords1 the rights and liberties to which they are equally entitled with ourselves1 but no more4 ,i would participate to them every enjoyment and freedom which the colonizing subjects of a free state can possess1 or wish to possess2 and ,i do not see why they should not enjoy every fundamental right in their property1 and every original substantial liberty1 which ,devonshire1 or ,surrey1 or the county ,i live in1 or any other county in ,england1 can claim2 reserving always1 as the sacred right of the mother country1 the due constitutional dependency of the colonies4 ,the inherent supremacy of the state in regulating and protecting the navigation and commerce of all her subjects1 is necessary for the mutual benefit and preservation of every part1 to constitute and preserve the prosperous arrangement of the whole empire4 ,the sound parts of ,america1 of which ,i have spoken1 must be sensible of these great truths and of their real interests4 ,america is not in that state of desperate and contemptible rebellion which this country has been deluded to believe4 ,it is not a wild and lawless banditti1 who1 having nothing to lose1 might hope to snatch something from public convulsions4 ,many of their leaders and great men have a great stake in this great contest4 ,the gentleman who conducts their armies1 ,i am told1 has an estate of four or five thousand pounds a year2 and when ,i consider these things1 ,i cannot but lament the inconsiderate violence of our penal acts1 our declaration of treason and rebellion1 with all the fatal effects of attainder and confiscation4 ,as to the disposition of foreign powers which is asserted in the ,king's speech to be pacific and friendly1 let us judge1 my ,lords1 rather by their actions and the nature of things than by interested assertions4 ,the uniform assistance supplied to ,america by ,france suggests a different conclusion4 ,the most important interests of ,france in aggrandizing and enriching herself with what she most wants1 supplies of every naval store from ,america1 must inspire her with different sentiments4 ,the extraordinary preparations of the ,house of ,bourbon1 by land and by sea1 from ,dunkirk to the ,straits1 equally ready and willing to overwhelm these defenceless islands1 should rouse us to a sense of their real disposition and our own danger4 ,not five thousand troops in ,england6 hardly three thousand in ,ireland6 ,what can we oppose to the combined force of our enemies8 ,scarcely twenty ships of the line so fully or sufficiently manned1 that any admiral's reputation would permit him to take the command of4 ,the river of ,lisbon in the possession of our enemies6 ,the seas swept by ,american privateers6 ,our ,channel trade torn to pieces by them6 ,in this complicated crisis of danger1 weakness at home1 and calamity abroad1 terrified and insulted by the neighboring powers1 unable to act in ,america1 or acting only to be destroyed1 where is the man with the forehead to promise or hope for success in such a situation1 or from perseverance in the measures that have driven us to it8 ,who has the forehead to do so8 ,where is that man8 ,i should be glad to see his face4 ,you cannot conciliate ,america by your present measures4 ,you cannot subdue her by your present or by any measures4 ,what1 then1 can you do8 ,you cannot conquer2 you cannot gain2 but you can address2 you can lull the fears and anxieties of the moment into an ignorance of the danger that should produce them4 ,but1 my ,lords1 the time demands the language of truth4 ,we must not now apply the flattering unction of servile compliance or blind complaisance4 ,in a just and necessary war1 to maintain the rights or honor of my country1 ,i would strip the shirt from my back to support it4 ,but in such a war as this1 unjust in its principle1 impracticable in its means1 and ruinous in its consequences1 ,i would not contribute a single effort nor a single shilling4 ,i do not call for vengeance on the heads of those who have been guilty2 ,i only recommend to them to make their retreat4 ,let them walk off2 and let them make haste1 or they may be assured that speedy and condign punishment will overtake them4 ,my ,lords1 ,i have submitted to you1 with the freedom and truth which ,i think my duty1 my sentiments on your present awful situation4 ,i have laid before you the ruin of your power1 the disgrace of your reputation1 the pollution of your discipline1 the contamination of your morals1 the complication of calamities1 foreign and domestic1 that overwhelm your sinking country4 ,your dearest interests1 your own liberties1 the ,constitution itself totters to the foundation4 ,all this disgraceful danger1 this multitude of misery1 is the monstrous offspring of this unnatural war4 ,we have been deceived and deluded too long4 ,let us now stop short4 ,this is the crisis--the only crisis of time and situation1 to give us a possibility of escape from the fatal effects of our delusions4 ,but if1 in an obstinate and infatuated perseverance in folly1 we slavishly echo the peremptory words this day presented to us1 nothing can save this devoted country from complete and final ruin4 ,we madly rush into multiplied miseries1 and confusion worse confounded4 ,is it possible1 can it be believed1 that ministers are yet blind to this impending destruction8 ,i did hope1 that instead of this false and empty vanity1 this overweening pride1 engendering high conceits and presumptuous imaginations1 ministers would have humbled themselves in their errors1 would have confessed and retracted them1 and by an active1 though a late1 repentance1 have endeavored to redeem them4 ,but1 my ,lords1 since they had neither sagacity to foresee1 nor justice nor humanity to shun these oppressive calamities--since not even severe experience can make them feel1 nor the imminent ruin of their country awaken them from their stupefaction1 the guardian care of ,parliament must interpose4 ,i shall1 therefore1 my ,lords1 propose to you an amendment of the address to his ,majesty1 to be inserted immediately after the two first paragraphs of congratulation on the birth of a princess1 to recommend an immediate cessation of hostilities1 and the commencement of a treaty to restore peace and liberty to ,america1 strength and happiness to ,england1 security and permanent prosperity to both countries4 ,this1 my ,lords1 is yet in our power2 and let not the wisdom and justice of your ,lordships neglect the happy1 and1 perhaps1 the only opportunity4 ,by the establishment of irrevocable law1 founded on mutual rights1 and ascertained by treaty1 these glorious enjoyments may be firmly perpetuated4 ,and let me repeat to your ,lordships1 that the strong bias of ,america1 at least of the wise and sounder parts of it1 naturally inclines to this happy and constitutional reconnection with you4 ,notwithstanding the temporary intrigues with ,france1 we may still be assured of their ancient and confirmed partiality to us4 ,america and ,france cannot be congenial4 ,my ,lords1 to encourage and confirm that innate inclination to this country1 founded on every principle of affection1 as well as consideration of interest2 to restore that favorable disposition into a permanent and powerful reunion with this country2 to revive the mutual strength of the empire2 again to awe the ,house of ,bourbon1 instead of meanly truckling1 as our present calamities compel us1 to every insult of ,french caprice and ,spanish punctilio2 to re-establish our commerce2 to reassert our rights and our honor2 to confirm our interests1 and renew our glories forever--a consummation most devoutly to be endeavored6 and which1 ,i trust1 may yet arise from reconciliation with ,america--,i have the honor of submitting to you the following amendment1 which ,i move to be inserted after the two first paragraphs of the address3 ,and that this ,house does most humbly advise and supplicate his ,majesty to be pleased to cause the most speedy and effectual measures to be taken for restoring peace in ,america2 and that no time may be lost in proposing an immediate opening of a treaty for the final settlement of the tranquillity of these invaluable provinces1 by a removal of the unhappy causes of this ruinous civil war1 and by a just and adequate security against the return of the like calamities in times to come4 ,and this ,house desire to offer the most dutiful assurances to his ,majesty1 that they will1 in due time1 cheerfully co-operate with the magnanimity and tender goodness of his ,majesty for the preservation of his people1 by such explicit and most solemn declarations1 and provisions of fundamental and irrevocable laws1 as may be judged necessary for the ascertaining and fixing forever the respective rights of ,great ,britain and her colonies4 ,,xxii4 ,,from ,,the ,,vicar ,,of ,,wakefield4 ,,the ,,family ,,use ,,art1 ,,which ,,is ,,opposed ,,with ,,still ,,greater4 ,,oliver ,,goldsmith4--#agbh-aggd4 ,whatever might have been ,sophia's sensations1 the rest of the family was easily consoled for ,mr4 ,burchell's absence by the company of our landlord1 whose visits now became more frequent and longer4 ,though he had been disappointed in procuring my daughters the amusements of the town1 as he designed1 he took every opportunity of supplying them with those little recreations which our retirement would admit of4 ,he usually came in the morning1 and while my son and ,i followed our occupations abroad1 he sat with the family at home1 and amused them by describing the town1 with every part of which he was particularly acquainted4 ,he could repeat all the observations that were retailed in the atmosphere of the play-houses1 and had all the good things of the high wits by rote long before they made their way into the jest-books4 ,the intervals between conversation were employed in teaching my daughters piquet1 or sometimes in setting my two little ones to box to make them sharp1 as he called it2 but the hopes of having him for a son-in-law1 in some measure blinded us to all his imperfections4 ,it must be owned that my wife laid a thousand schemes to entrap him2 or1 to speak it more tenderly1 used every art to magnify the merit of her daughter4 ,if the cakes at tea ate short and crisp1 they were made by ,olivia3 if the gooseberry wine was well knit1 the gooseberries were of her gathering3 it was her fingers that gave the pickles their peculiar green2 and in the composition of a pudding1 it was her judgment that mixed the ingredients4 ,then the poor woman would sometimes tell the 'squire1 that she thought him and ,olivia extremely of a size1 and would bid both stand up to see which was tallest4 ,these instances of cunning1 which she thought impenetrable1 yet which everybody saw through1 were very pleasing to our benefactor1 who gave every day some new proofs of his passion1 which1 though they had not risen to proposals of marriage1 yet we thought fell but little short of it2 and his slowness was attributed sometimes to native bashfulness1 and sometimes to his fear of offending his uncle4 ,an occurrence1 however1 which happened soon after1 put it beyond a doubt that he designed to become one of our family2 my wife even regarded it as an absolute promise4 ,my wife and daughters happening to return a visit to neighbor ,flamborough's1 found that family had lately got their pictures drawn by a limner1 who travelled the country1 and took likenesses for fifteen shillings a head4 ,as this family and ours had long a sort of rivalry in point of taste1 our spirit took the alarm at this stolen march upon us1 and notwithstanding all ,i could say1 and ,i said much1 it was resolved that we should have our pictures done too4 ,having1 therefore1 engaged the limner1 for what could ,i do8 our next deliberation was to shew the superiority of our taste in the attitudes4 ,as for our neighbor's family1 there were seven of them1 and they were drawn with seven oranges1 a thing quite out of taste1 no variety in life1 no composition in the world4 ,we desired to have something in a brighter style1 and after many debates1 at length came to an unanimous resolution of being drawn together in one large historical family piece4 ,this would be cheaper1 since one frame would serve for all1 and it would be infinitely more genteel2 for all families of any taste were now drawn in the same manner4 ,as we did not immediately recollect an historical subject to hit us1 we were contented each with being drawn as independent historical figures4 ,my wife desired to be represented as ,venus1 and the painter was desired not to be too frugal of his diamonds in her stomacher and hair4 ,her two little ones were to be as ,cupids by her side1 while ,i1 with my gown and band1 was to present her with my books on the ,whistonian controversy4 ,olivia would be drawn as an ,amazon1 sitting upon a bank of flowers1 dressed in a green ,joseph richly laced with gold1 and a whip in her hand4 ,sophia was to be a shepherdess1 with as many sheep as the painter could put in for nothing2 and ,moses was to be dressed out with an hat and white feather4 ,our taste so much pleased the 'squire1 that he insisted on being put in as one of the family1 in the character of ,alexander the ,great1 at ,olivia's feet4 ,this was considered by us all as an indication of his desire to be introduced into the family1 nor could we refuse his request4 ,the painter was therefore set to work1 and as he wrought with assiduity and expedition1 in less than four days the whole was completed4 ,the piece was large1 and it must be owned he did not spare his colors2 for which my wife gave him great encomiums4 ,we were all perfectly satisfied with his performance2 but an unfortunate circumstance had not occurred till the picture was finished1 which now struck us with dismay4 ,it was so very large that we had no place in the house to fix it4 ,how we all came to disregard so material a point is inconceivable2 but certain it is1 we had been all greatly remiss4 ,the picture1 therefore1 instead of gratifying our vanity1 as we hoped1 leaned1 in a most mortifying manner1 against the kitchen wall1 where the canvas was stretched and painted1 much too large to be got through any of the doors1 and the jest of all our neighbors4 ,one compared it to ,robinson ,crusoe's long-boat1 too large to be removed2 another thought it more resembled a reel in a bottle2 some wondered how it could be got out1 but still more were amazed how it ever got in4 ,but though it excited the ridicule of some1 it effectually raised more malicious suggestions in many4 ,the 'squire's portrait being found united with ours1 was an honor too great to escape envy4 ,scandalous whispers began to circulate at our expense1 and our tranquillity was continually disturbed by persons who came as friends to tell us what was said of us by enemies4 ,these reports we always resented with becoming spirit2 but scandal ever improves by opposition4 ,we once again therefore entered into a consultation upon obviating the malice of our enemies1 and at last came to a resolution which had too much cunning to give me entire satisfaction4 ,it was this3 as our principal object was to discover the honor of ,mr4 ,thornhill's addresses1 my wife undertook to sound him by pretending to ask his advice in the choice of an husband for her eldest daughter4 ,if this was not found sufficient to induce him to a declaration1 it was then resolved to terrify him with a rival4 ,to this last step1 however1 ,i would by no means give my consent1 till ,olivia gave me the most solemn assurances that she would marry the person provided to rival him upon this occasion1 if he did not prevent it1 by taking her himself4 ,such was the scheme laid1 which1 though ,i did not strenuously oppose1 ,i did not entirely approve4 ,the next time1 therefore1 that ,mr4 ,thornhill came to see us1 my girls took care to be out of the way1 in order to give their mamma an opportunity of putting her scheme in execution2 but they only retired to the next room1 whence they could overhear the whole conversation3 my wife artfully introduced it1 by observing1 that one of the ,miss ,flamboroughs was like to have a very good match of it in ,mr4 ,spanker4 ,to this the 'squire assenting1 she proceeded to remark1 that they who had warm fortunes were always sure of getting good husbands3 ,but heaven help1 continued she1 the girls that have none4 ,what signifies beauty1 ,mr4 ,thornhill8 or what signifies all the virtue1 and all the qualifications in the world1 in this age of self-interest8 ,it is not1 what is she8 but1 what has she8 is all the cry4 ,madam1 returned he1 ,i highly approve the justice1 as well as the novelty1 of your remarks1 and if ,i were a king1 it should be otherwise4 ,it should then1 indeed1 be fine times for the girls without fortunes3 our two young ladies should be the first for whom ,i would provide4 ,ah1 sir1 returned my wife1 you are pleased to be facetious3 but ,i wish ,i were a queen1 and then ,i know where my eldest daughter should look for an husband4 ,but now that you have put it into my head1 seriously1 ,mr4 ,thornhill1 can't you recommend me a proper husband for her8 ,she is now nineteen years old1 well grown and well educated1 and1 in my humble opinion1 does not want for parts4 ,madam1 replied he1 if ,i were to choose1 ,i would find out a person possessed of every accomplishment that can make an angel happy4 ,one with prudence1 fortune1 taste1 and sincerity2 such1 madam1 would be1 in my opinion1 the proper husband4 ,ay1 sir1 said she1 but do you know of any such person8--,no1 ,madam1 returned he1 it is impossible to know any person that deserves to be her husband3 she's too great a treasure for one man's possession3 she's a goddess4 ,upon my soul1 ,i speak what ,i think1 she's an angel--,ah1 ,mr4 ,thornhill1 you only flatter my poor girl3 but we have been thinking of marrying her to one of your tenants1 whose mother is lately dead1 and who wants a manager2 you know whom ,i mean1 farmer ,williams2 a warm man1 ,mr4 ,thornhill1 able to give her good bread2 and who has several times made her proposals3 7which was actually the case7 but1 sir1 concluded she1 ,i should be glad to have your approbation of our choice4--,how1 ,madam1 replied he1 my approbation6 ,my approbation of such a choice6 ,never4 ,what6 ,sacrifice so much beauty and sense1 and goodness1 to a creature insensible of the blessing6 ,excuse me1 ,i can never approve of such a piece of injustice6 ,and ,i have my reasons6--,indeed1 sir1 cried ,deborah1 ,if you have your reasons1 that's another affair2 but ,i should be glad to know those reasons4--,excuse me1 madam1 returned he1 they lie too deep for discovery2 7laying his hand upon his bosom7 they remain buried1 rivetted here4 ,after he was gone1 upon general consultation1 we could not tell what to make of these fine sentiments4 ,olivia considered them as instances of the most exalted passion2 but ,i was not quite so sanguine3 yet1 whatever they might portend1 it was resolved to prosecute the scheme of farmer ,williams1 who1 from my daughter's first appearance in the country1 had paid her his addresses4 ,,xxiii4 ,,meeting ,,of ,,johnson ,,with ,,wilkes4 7#aggf74 ,,james ,,boswell4--#agdj-agie4 ,from ,,life ,,of ,,samuel ,,johnson1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,i am now to record a very curious incident in ,dr4 ,johnson's life1 which fell under my own observation2 of which pars magna fui1 and which ,i am persuaded will1 with the liberal-minded1 be much to his credit4 ,my desire of being acquainted with celebrated men of every description had made me1 much about the same time1 obtain an introduction to ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson and to ,john ,wilkes1 ,esq4 ,two men more different could not perhaps be selected out of all mankind4 ,they had even attacked one another with some asperity in their writings2 yet ,i lived in habits of friendship with both4 ,i could fully relish the excellence of each2 for ,i have ever delighted in that intellectual chemistry1 which can separate good qualities from evil in the same person4 ,sir ,john ,pringle1 mine own friend and my father's friend1 between whom and ,dr4 ,johnson ,i in vain wished to establish an acquaintance1 as ,i respected and lived in intimacy with both of them1 observed to me once1 very ingeniously1 ,it is not in friendship as in mathematics1 where two things1 each equal to a third1 are equal between themselves4 ,you agree with ,johnson as a middle quality1 and you agree with me as a middle quality2 but ,johnson and ,i should not agree4 ,sir ,john was not sufficiently flexible2 so ,i desisted2 knowing1 indeed1 that the repulsion was equally strong on the part of ,johnson2 who1 ,i know not from what cause1 unless his being a ,scotchman1 had formed a very erroneous opinion of ,sir ,john4 ,but ,i conceived an irresistible wish1 if possible1 to bring ,dr4 ,johnson and ,mr4 ,wilkes together4 ,how to manage it1 was a nice and difficult matter4,e ,my worthy booksellers and friends1 ,messieurs ,dilly in the ,poultry1 at whose hospitable and well-covered table ,i have seen a greater number of literary men than at any other1 except that of ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds1 had invited me to meet ,mr4 ,wilkes and some more gentlemen on ,wednesday1 ,may #aeth4 ,pray1 said ,i1 let us have ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,what1 with ,mr4 ,wilkes8 not for the world1 said ,mr4 ,edward ,dilly3 ,dr4 ,johnson would never forgive me4 ,come1 said ,i1 if you'll let me negotiate for you1 ,i will be answerable that all shall go well4 ,dilly4 ,nay1 if you will take it upon you1 ,i am sure ,i shall be very happy to see them both here4 ,notwithstanding the high veneration which ,i entertained for ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,i was sensible that he was sometimes a little actuated by the spirit of contradiction1 and by means of that ,i hoped ,i should gain my point4 ,i was persuaded that if ,i had come upon him with a direct proposal1 ,sir1 will you dine in company with ,jack ,wilkes8 he would have flown into a passion1 and would probably have answered1 ,dine with ,jack ,wilkes1 ,sir6 ,i'd as soon dine with ,jack ,ketch4 ,i1 therefore1 while we were sitting quietly by ourselves at his house in an evening1 took occasion to open my plan thus3 ,mr4 ,dilly1 ,sir1 sends his respectful compliments to you1 and would be happy if you would do him the honor to dine with him on ,wednesday next along with me1 as ,i must soon go to ,scotland4 ,johnson4 ,sir1 ,i am obliged to ,mr4 ,dilly4 ,i will wait upon him4 ,boswell4 ,provided1 ,sir1 ,i suppose1 that the company which he is to have is agreeable to you8 ,johnson4 ,what do you mean1 ,sir8 ,what do you take me for8 ,do you think ,i am so ignorant of the world as to imagine that ,i am to prescribe to a gentleman what company he is to have at his table8 ,boswell4 ,i beg your pardon1 ,sir1 for wishing to prevent you from meeting people whom you might not like4 ,perhaps he may have some of what he calls his patriotic friends with him4 ,johnson4 ,well1 ,sir1 and what then8 ,what care ,i for his patriotic friends8 ,poh6 ,boswell4 ,i should not be surprised to find ,jack ,wilkes there4 ,johnson4 ,and if ,jack ,wilkes should be there1 what is that to me1 ,sir8 ,my dear friend1 let us have no more of this4 ,i am sorry to be angry with you2 but really it is treating me strangely to talk to me as if ,i could not meet any company whatever1 occasionally4 ,boswell4 ,pray forgive me1 ,sir1 ,i meant well4 ,but you shall meet whoever comes1 for me4 ,thus ,i secured him1 and told ,dilly that he would find him very well pleased to be one of his guests on the day appointed4 ,upon the much expected ,wednesday1 ,i called on him about half an hour before dinner1 as ,i often did when we were to dine out together1 to see that he was ready in time1 and to accompany him4 ,i found him buffeting his books1 as upon a former occasion1 covered with dust1 and making no preparation for going abroad4 ,how is this1 ,sir8 said ,i4 ,don't you recollect that you are to dine at ,mr4 ,dilly's8 ,johnson4 ,sir1 ,i did not think of going to ,dilly's2 it went out of my head4 ,i have ordered dinner at home with ,mrs4 ,williams4 ,boswell4 ,but1 my dear ,sir1 you know you were engaged to ,mr4 ,dilly1 and ,i told him so4 ,he will expect you1 and will be much disappointed if you don't come4 ,johnson4 ,you must talk to ,mrs ,williams about this4 ,here was a sad dilemma4 ,i feared that what ,i was so confident ,i had secured would yet be frustrated4 ,he had accustomed himself to show ,mrs4 ,williams such a degree of humane attention1 as frequently imposed some restraint upon him2 and ,i knew that if she should be obstinate1 he would not stir4 ,i hastened down stairs to the blind lady's room1 and told her ,i was in great uneasiness1 for ,dr4 ,johnson had engaged to me to dine this day at ,mr4 ,dilly's1 but that he had told me he had forgotten his engagement1 and had ordered dinner at home4 ,yes1 ,sir1 said she1 pretty peevishly1 ,dr4 ,johnson is to dine at home4 ,madam1 said ,i1 his respect for you is such1 that ,i know he will not leave you1 unless you absolutely desire it4 ,but as you have so much of his company1 ,i hope you will be good enough to forego it for a day1 as ,mr4 ,dilly is a very worthy man1 has frequently had agreeable parties at his house for ,dr4 ,johnson1 and will be vexed if the ,doctor neglects him to-day4 ,and then1 ,madam1 be pleased to consider my situation2 ,i carried the message1 and ,i assured ,mr4 ,dilly that ,dr4 ,johnson was to come2 and no doubt he has made a dinner1 and invited a company1 and boasted of the honor he expected to have4 ,i shall be quite disgraced if the ,doctor is not there4 ,she gradually softened to my solicitations1 which were certainly as earnest as most entreaties to ladies upon any occasion1 and was graciously pleased to empower me to tell ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,that all things considered1 she thought he should certainly go4 ,i flew back to him1 still in dust1 and careless of what should be the event1 indifferent in his choice to go or stay2 but as soon as ,i had announced to him ,mrs4 ,williams's consent1 he roared1 ,frank1 a clean shirt1 and was very soon dressed4 ,when ,i had him fairly seated in a hackney-coach with me1 ,i exulted as much as a fortune-hunter who has got an heiress into a post-chaise with him to set out for ,gretna ,green4 ,when we entered ,mr4 ,dilly's drawing room1 he found himself in the midst of a company he did not know4 ,i kept myself snug and silent1 watching how he would conduct himself4 ,i observed him whispering to ,mr4 ,dilly1 ,who is that gentleman1 ,sir8--,mr4 ,arthur ,lee4 ,johnson4 ,too1 too1 too 7under his breath71 which was one of his habitual mutterings4 ,mr4 ,arthur ,lee could not but be very obnoxious to ,johnson1 for he was not only a patriot1 but an ,american4 ,he was afterwards minister from the ,united ,states at the court of ,madrid4 ,and who is the gentleman in lace8--,mr4 ,wilkes1 ,sir4 ,this information confounded him still more2 he had some difficulty to restrain himself1 and1 taking up a book1 sat down upon a window-seat and read1 or at least kept his eye upon it intently for some time1 till he composed himself4 ,his feelings1 ,i dare say1 were awkward enough4 ,but he had no doubt recollected his having rated me for supposing that he could be at all disconcerted by any company1 and he1 therefore1 resolutely set himself to behave quite as an easy man of the world1 who could adapt himself at once to the disposition and manners of those whom he might chance to meet4 ,the cheering sound of ,dinner is upon the table1 dissolved his reverie1 and we all sat down without any symptoms of ill humor4444 ,mr4 ,wilkes placed himself next to ,dr4 ,johnson1 and behaved to him with so much attention and politeness1 that he gained upon him insensibly4 ,no man ate more heartily than ,johnson1 or loved better what was nice and delicate4 ,mr4 ,wilkes was very assiduous in helping him to some fine veal4 ,pray give me leave1 ,sir--,it is better here--,a little of the brown--,some fat1 ,sir--,a little of the stuffing--,some gravy--,let me have the pleasure of giving you some butter--,allow me to recommend a squeeze of this orange2 or the lemon1 perhaps may have more zest--,sir2 sir1 ,i am obliged to you1 ,sir1 cried ,johnson1 bowing1 and turning his head to him with a look for some time of surly virtue1 but1 in a short while of complacency4 ,foote being mentioned1 ,johnson said1 ,he is not a good mimic4 ,one of the company added1 ,a merry-andrew1 a buffoon4 ,johnson4 ,but he has wit too1 and is not deficient in ideas1 or in fertility and variety of imagery1 and not empty of reading2 he has knowledge enough to fill up his part4 ,one species of wit he has in an eminent degree1 that of escape4 ,you drive him into a corner with both hands2 but he is gone1 ,sir1 when you think you have got him--like an animal that jumps over your head4 ,then he has a great range for wit2 he never lets truth stand between him and the jest1 and he is sometimes mighty coarse4 ,garrick is under many restraints from which ,foote is free4 ,wilkes4 ,garrick's wit is more like ,lord ,chesterfield's4 ,johnson4 ,the first time ,i was in company with ,foote was at ,fitzherbert's4 ,having no good opinion of the fellow1 ,i was resolved not to be pleased2 and it is very difficult to please a man against his will4 ,i went on eating my dinner pretty sullenly1 affecting not to mind him4 ,but the dog was so very comical1 that ,i was obliged to lay down my knife and fork1 throw myself back in my chair1 and fairly laugh it out4 ,no1 ,sir1 he was irresistible4 ,he upon one occasion experienced1 in an extraordinary degree1 the efficacy of his powers of entertaining4 ,amongst the many and various modes which he tried of getting money1 he became a partner with a small-beer brewer1 and he was to have a share of the profits for procuring customers amongst his numerous acquaintance4 ,fitzherbert was one who took his small-beer1 but it was so bad that the servants resolved not to drink it4 ,they were at some loss how to notify their resolution1 being afraid of offending their master1 who1 they knew1 liked ,foote much as a companion4 ,at last they fixed upon a little black boy1 who was rather a favorite1 to be their deputy1 and deliver their remonstrance2 and1 having invested him with the sole authority of the kitchen1 he was to inform ,mr4 ,fitzherbert1 in all their names1 upon a certain day1 that they would drink ,foote's small-beer no longer4 ,on that day ,foote happened to dine at ,fitzherbert's1 and this boy served at table2 he was so delighted with ,foote's stories1 and merriment1 and grimace1 that when he went down stairs1 he told them1 ',this is the finest man ,i have ever seen4 ,i will not deliver your message4 ,i will drink his small-beer4' 444 ,mr4 ,wilkes remarked1 that among all the bold flights of ,shakespeare's imagination1 the boldest was making ,birnam-wood march to ,dunsinane2 creating a wood where there never was a shrub2 a wood in ,scotland6 ha6 ha6 ha6 ,and he also observed1 that the clannish slavery of the ,highlands of ,scotland was the single exception to ,milton's remark of 'the mountain nymph1 sweet ,liberty1' being worshipped in all hilly countries4 ,when ,i was at ,inverary1 said he1 on a visit to my old friend ,archibald1 ,duke of ,argyle1 his dependents congratulated me on being such a favorite of his ,grace4 ,i said1 ',it is1 then1 gentlemen1 truly lucky for me2 for if ,i had displeased the ,duke1 and he had wished it1 there is not a ,campbell among you but would have been ready to bring ,john ,wilkes's head to him in a charger4 ,it would have been only ',off with his head6 so much for ,aylesbury4' ,i was then member for ,aylesbury4 444 ,mr4 ,arthur ,lee mentioned some ,scotch who had taken possession of a barren part of ,america1 and wondered why they should choose it4 ,johnson4 ,why1 ,sir1 all barrenness is comparative4 ,the ,scotch would not know it to be barren4 ,boswell4 ,come1 come1 he is flattering the ,english4 ,you have now been in ,scotland1 ,sir1 and say if you did not see meat and drink enough there4 ,johnson4 ,why1 yes1 ,sir2 meat and drink enough to give the inhabitants sufficient strength to run away from home4 ,all these quick and lively sallies were said sportively1 quite in jest1 and with a smile1 which showed that he meant only wit4 ,upon this topic he and ,mr4 ,wilkes could perfectly assimilate2 here was a bond of union between them1 and ,i was conscious that as both of them had visited ,caledonia1 both were fully satisfied of the strange narrow ignorance of those who imagine that it is a land of famine4 ,but they amused themselves with persevering in the old jokes4 ,when ,i claimed a superiority for ,scotland over ,england in one respect1 that no man can be arrested there for a debt merely because another swears it against him2 but there must first be the judgment of a court of law ascertaining its justice2 and that a seizure of the person1 before judgment is obtained1 can take place only if his creditor should swear that he is about to fly from the country1 or1 as it is technically expressed1 is in meditatione fugae2--,wilkes4 ,that1 ,i should think1 may be safely sworn of all the ,scotch nation4 ,johnson 7to ,mr4 ,wilkes74 ,you must know1 ,sir1 ,i lately took my friend ,boswell1 and showed him genuine civilized life in an ,english provincial town4 ,i turned him loose at ,lichfield1 my native city1 that he might see for once real civility2 for you know he lives among savages in ,scotland and among rakes in ,london4 ,wilkes4 ,except when he is with grave1 sober1 decent people1 like you and me4 ,johnson 7smiling74 ,and we ashamed of him4 444 ,this record1 though by no means so perfect as ,i could wish1 will serve to give a notion of a very curious interview1 which was not only pleasing at the time1 but had the agreeable and benignant effect of reconciling any animosity1 and sweetening any acidity1 which1 in the various bustle of political contest1 had been produced in the minds of two men1 who1 though widely different1 had so many things in common--classical learning1 modern literature1 wit and humor1 and ready repartee--that it would have been much to be regretted if they had been forever at a distance from each other4 ,mr4 ,burke gave me much credit for this successful negotiation2 and pleasantly said1 that there was nothing equal to it in the whole history of the corps diplomatique4 ,i attended ,dr4 ,johnson home1 and had the satisfaction to hear him tell ,mrs4 ,williams how much he had been pleased with ,mr4 ,wilkes's company1 and what an agreeable day he had passed4 ,,footnotes3 ,e ,johnson's dislike of ,mr4 ,wilkes was so great that it extended even to his connections4 ,he happened to dine one day at ,sir ,joshua ,reynolds's with a large and distinguished company1 amongst whom were ,mr4 ,wilkes's brother1 ,israel1 and his lady4 ,in the course of conversation1 ,mr4 ,israel ,wilkes was about to make some remark1 when ,johnson suddenly stopped him with1 ,i hope1 sir1 what you are going to say may be better worth hearing than what you have already said4 ,this rudeness shocked and spread a gloom over the whole party1 particularly as ,mr4 ,israel ,wilkes was a gentleman of a very amiable character and of refined taste1 and1 what ,dr4 ,johnson little suspected1 a very loyal subject4 ,johnson afterwards owned to me that he was very sorry that he had snubbed ,wilkes1 as his wife was present4 ,i replied1 that he should be sorry for many reasons4 ,no1 said ,johnson1 who was very reluctant to apologize for offences of this nature2 no1 ,i only regret it because his wife was by4 ,i believe that he had no kind of motive for this incivility to ,mr4 ,israel ,wilkes but disgust at his brother's political principles4 ,,miss ,,reynolds',s ,,recollections4 ,,xxiv4 ,,the ,,policy ,,of ,,the ,,empire ,,in ,,the ,,first ,,century4 ,,edward ,,gibbon4--#agcg-agid4 ,from ,,the ,,decline ,,and ,,fall ,,of ,,the ,,roman ,,empire4 ,in the second century of the ,christian era1 the empire of ,rome comprehended the fairest part of the earth1 and the most civilized portion of mankind4 ,the frontiers of that extensive monarchy were guarded by ancient renown and disciplined valor4 ,the gentle but powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces4 ,their peaceful inhabitants enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth and luxury4 ,the image of a free constitution was preserved with decent reverence3 the ,roman senate appeared to possess the sovereign authority1 and devolved on the emperors all the executive powers of government4 ,during a happy period of more than fourscore years1 the public administration was conducted by the virtue and abilities of ,nerva1 ,trajan1 ,hadrian1 and the two ,antonines4 ,the principal conquests of the ,romans were achieved under the republic2 and the emperors1 for the most part1 were satisfied with preserving those dominions which had been acquired by the policy of the senate1 the active emulation of the consuls1 and the martial enthusiasm of the people4 ,the seven first centuries were filled with a rapid succession of triumphs2 but it was reserved for ,augustus to relinquish the ambitious design of subduing the whole earth1 and to introduce a spirit of moderation into the public councils4 ,inclined to peace by his temper and situation1 it was easy for him to discover that ,rome1 in her present exalted situation1 had much less to hope than to fear from the chance of arms2 and that1 in the prosecution of remote wars1 the undertaking became every day more difficult1 the event more doubtful1 and the possession more precarious and less beneficial4 ,the experience of ,augustus added weight to these salutary reflections1 and effectually convinced him that1 by the prudent vigor of his counsels1 it would be easy to secure every concession which the safety or the dignity of ,rome might require from the most formidable barbarians4 ,instead of exposing his person and his legions to the arrows of the ,parthians1 he obtained1 by an honorable treaty1 the restitution of the standards and prisoners which had been taken in the defeat of ,crassus4 ,his generals1 in the early part of his reign1 attempted the reduction of ,a,ethiopia and ,arabia ,felix4 ,they marched near a thousand miles to the south of the tropic2 but the heat of the climate soon repelled the invaders1 and protected the unwarlike natives of those sequestered regions4 ,the northern countries of ,europe scarcely deserved the expense and labor of conquest4 ,the forests and morasses of ,germany were filled with a hardy race of barbarians1 who despised life when it was separated from freedom2 and though1 on the first attack1 they seemed to yield to the weight of the ,roman power1 they soon1 by a signal act of despair1 regained their independence1 and reminded ,augustus of the vicissitude of fortune4 ,on the death of that emperor1 his testament was publicly read in the senate4 ,he bequeathed1 as a valuable legacy to his successors1 the advice of confining the empire within those limits which nature seemed to have placed as its permanent bulwarks and boundaries3 on the west the ,atlantic ,ocean2 the ,rhine and ,danube on the north2 the ,euphrates on the east2 and towards the south1 the sandy deserts of ,arabia and ,africa4 ,happily for the repose of mankind1 the moderate system recommended by the wisdom of ,augustus was adopted by the fears and vices of his immediate successors4 ,engaged in the pursuit of pleasure1 or in the exercise of tyranny1 the first ,caesars seldom showed themselves to the armies or to the provinces2 nor were they disposed to suffer that those triumphs which their indolence neglected should be usurped by the conduct and valor of their lieutenants4 ,the military fame of a subject was considered as an insolent invasion of the imperial prerogative2 and it became the duty1 as well as interest1 of every ,roman general to guard the frontiers intrusted to his care1 without aspiring to conquests which might have proved no less fatal to himself than to the vanquished barbarians4 ,the only accession which the ,roman empire received during the first century of the ,christian era was the province of ,britain4 ,in this single instance the successors of ,caesar and ,augustus were persuaded to follow the example of the former1 rather than the precept of the latter4 ,the proximity of its situation to the coast of ,gaul seemed to invite their arms2 the pleasing1 though doubtful1 intelligence of a pearl-fishery attracted their avarice2 and as ,britain was viewed in the light of a distinct and insulated world1 the conquest scarcely formed any exception to the general system of continental measures4 ,after a war of about forty years1 undertaken by the most stupid1 maintained by the most dissolute1 and terminated by the most timid of all the emperors1 the far greater part of the island submitted to the ,roman yoke4 ,the various tribes of ,britons possessed valor without conduct1 and the love of freedom without the spirit of union4 ,they took up arms with savage fierceness2 they laid them down1 or turned them against each other1 with wild inconstancy2 and while they fought singly1 they were successively subdued4 ,neither the fortitude of ,caractacus1 nor the despair of ,boadicea1 nor the fanaticism of the ,druids1 could avert the slavery of their country1 or resist the steady progress of the imperial generals1 who maintained the national glory1 when the throne was disgraced by the weakest or the most vicious of mankind4 ,at the very time when ,domitian1 confined to his palace1 felt the terrors which he inspired1 his legions1 under the command of the virtuous ,agricola1 defeated the collected force of the ,caledonians at the foot of the ,grampian hills2 and his fleets1 venturing to explore an unknown and dangerous navigation1 displayed the ,roman arms round every part of the island4 ,the conquest of ,britain was considered as already achieved2 and it was the design of ,agricola to complete and insure his success by the easy reduction of ,ireland1 for which1 in his opinion1 one legion and a few auxiliaries were sufficient4 ,the western isle might be improved into a valuable possession1 and the ,britons would wear their chains with the less reluctance1 if the prospect and example of freedom was on every side removed from before their eyes4 ,but the superior merit of ,agricola soon occasioned his removal from the government of ,britain2 and forever disappointed this rational1 though extensive1 scheme of conquest4 ,before his departure the prudent general had provided for security as well as for dominion4 ,he had observed that the island is almost divided into two unequal parts by the opposite gulfs1 or1 as they are now called1 the ,friths of ,scotland4 ,across the narrow interval of about forty miles he had drawn a line of military stations1 which was afterwards fortified1 in the reign of ,antoninus ,pius1 by a turf rampart1 erected on foundations of stone4 ,this wall of ,antoninus1 at a small distance beyond the modern cities of ,edinburgh and ,glasgow1 was fixed as the limit of the ,roman province4 ,the native ,caledonians preserved1 in the northern extremity of the island1 their wild independence1 for which they were not less indebted to their poverty than to their valor4 ,their incursions were frequently repelled and chastised1 but their country was never subdued4 ,the masters of the fairest and most wealthy climates of the globe turned with contempt from gloomy hills assailed by the winter tempest1 from lakes concealed in a blue mist1 and from cold and lonely heaths1 over which the deer of the forest were chased by a troop of naked barbarians4 ,such was the state of the ,roman frontiers1 and such the maxims of imperial policy1 from the death of ,augustus to the accession of ,trajan4 ,,xxv4 ,,on ,,the ,,attacks ,,upon ,,his ,,pension4,f ,,edmund ,,burke4--#agbi-agig4 ,in one thing ,i can excuse the ,duke of ,bedford for his attack upon me and my mortuary pension3 ,he cannot readily comprehend the transaction he condemns4 ,what ,i have obtained was the fruit of no bargain1 the production of no intrigue1 the result of no compromise1 the effect of no solicitation4 ,the first suggestion of it never came from me1 mediately or immediately1 to his ,majesty or any of his ministers4 ,it was long known that the instant my engagements would permit it1 and before the heaviest of all calamities had forever condemned me to obscurity and sorrow1 ,i had resolved on a total retreat4 ,i had executed that design4 ,i was entirely out of the way of serving or of hurting any statesman or any party1 when the ministers so generously and so nobly carried into effect the spontaneous bounty of the crown4 ,both descriptions have acted as became them4 ,when ,i could no longer serve them1 the ministers have considered my situation4 ,when ,i could no longer hurt them1 the revolutionists have trampled on my infirmity4 ,my gratitude1 ,i trust1 is equal to the manner in which the benefit was conferred4 ,it came to me1 indeed1 at a time of life1 and in a state of mind and body1 in which no circumstance of fortune could afford me any real pleasure4 ,but this was no fault in the royal donor1 or in his ministers1 who were pleased1 in acknowledging the merits of an invalid servant of the public1 to assuage the sorrows of a desolate old man4444 ,i was not like his ,grace of ,bedford1 swaddled1 and rocked1 and dandled into a legislator3 ,nitor in adversum is the motto for a man like me4 ,i possessed not one of the qualities1 nor cultivated one of the arts1 that recommend men to the favor and protection of the great4 ,i was not made for a minion or a tool4 ,as little did ,i follow the trade of winning the hearts by imposing on the understandings of the people4 ,at every step of my progress in life--for in every step was ,i traversed and opposed--and at every turnpike ,i met1 ,i was obliged to shew my passport1 and again and again to prove my sole title to the honor of being useful to my country1 by a proof that ,i was not wholly unacquainted with its laws1 and the whole system of its interests both abroad and at home4 ,otherwise1 no rank1 no toleration even1 for me4 ,i had no arts but manly arts4 ,on them ,i have stood1 and1 please ,god1 in spite of the ,duke of ,bedford and the ,earl of ,lauderdale1 to the last gasp will ,i stand4444 ,the ,duke of ,bedford conceives that he is obliged to call the attention of the ,house of ,peers to his ,majesty's grant to me1 which he considers as excessive and out of all bounds4 ,i know not how it has happened1 but it really seems1 that1 whilst his ,grace was meditating his well-considered censure upon me1 he fell into a sort of sleep4 ,homer nods1 and the ,duke of ,bedford may dream2 and as dreams--even his golden dreams--are apt to be ill-pieced and incongruously put together1 his ,grace preserved his idea of reproach to me1 but took the subject-matter from the crown grants to his own family4 ,this is the stuff of which his dreams are made4 ,in that way of putting things together1 his ,grace is perfectly in the right4 ,the grants to the house of ,russell were so enormous1 as not only to outrage economy1 but even to stagger credibility4 ,the ,duke of ,bedford is the leviathan among all the creatures of the crown4 ,he tumbles about his unwieldy bulk2 he plays and frolics in the ocean of the royal bounty4 ,huge as he is1 and whilst he lies floating many a rood1 he is still a creature4 ,his ribs1 his fins1 his whalebone1 his blubber1 the very spiracles through which he spouts a torrent of brine against his origin1 and covers me all over with the spray--everything of him and about him is from the throne4 ,is it for him to question the dispensation of the royal favor8 ,i really am at a loss to draw any sort of parallel between the public merits of his ,grace1 by which he justifies the grants he holds1 and these services of mine1 on the favorable construction of which ,i have obtained what his ,grace so much disapproves4 ,in private life ,i have not at all the honor of acquaintance with the noble ,duke2 but ,i ought to presume1 and it costs me nothing to do so1 that he abundantly deserves the esteem and love of all who live with him4 ,but as to public service1 why1 truly1 it would not be more ridiculous for me to compare myself1 in rank1 in fortune1 in splendid descent1 in youth1 strength1 or figure1 with the ,duke of ,bedford1 than to make a parallel between his services and my attempts to be useful to my country4 ,it would not be gross adulation1 but uncivil irony1 to say that he has any public merit of his own to keep alive the idea of the services by which his vast landed pensions were obtained4 ,my merits1 whatever they are1 are original and personal3 his are derivative4 ,it is his ancestor1 the original pensioner1 that has laid up this inexhaustible fund of merit1 which makes his ,grace so very delicate and exceptious about the merit of all other grantees of the crown4 ,had he permitted me to remain in quiet1 ,i should have said3 ',tis his estate2 that's enough4 ,it is his by law2 what have ,i to do with it or its history8 ,he would naturally have said on his side3 ',tis this man's fortune4 ,he is as good now as my ancestor was two hundred and fifty years ago4 ,i am a young man with very old pensions3 he is an old man with very young pensions--that's all4 ,why will his ,grace1 by attacking me1 force me reluctantly to compare my little merit with that which obtained from the crown those prodigies of profuse donation by which he tramples on the mediocrity of humble and laborious individuals8444 ,since the new grantees have war made on them by the old1 and that the word of the sovereign is not to be taken1 let us turn our eyes to history1 in which great men have always a pleasure in contemplating the heroic origin of their house4 ,the first peer of the name1 the first purchaser of the grants1 was a ,mr4 ,russell1 a person of an ancient gentleman's family1 raised by being a minion of ,henry the ,eighth4 ,as there generally is some resemblance of character to create these relations1 the favorite was in all likelihood much such another as his master4 ,the first of those immoderate grants was not taken from the ancient demesne of the crown1 but from the recent confiscation of the ancient nobility of the land4 ,the lion1 having sucked the blood of his prey1 threw the offal carcass to the jackal in waiting4 ,having tasted once the food of confiscation1 the favorites became fierce and ravenous4 ,this worthy favorite's first grant was from the lay nobility4 ,the second1 infinitely improving on the enormity of the first1 was from the plunder of the church4 ,in truth1 his ,grace is somewhat excusable for his dislike to a grant like mine1 not only in its quantity1 but in its kind1 so different from his own4 ,mine was from a mild and benevolent sovereign3 his1 from ,henry the ,eighth4 ,mine had not its fund in the murder of any innocent person of illustrious rank1 or in the pillage of any body of unoffending men3 his grants were from the aggregate and consolidated funds of judgments iniquitously legal1 and from possessions voluntarily surrendered by the lawful proprietors with the gibbet at their door4 ,the merit of the grantee whom he derives from1 was that of being a prompt and greedy instrument of a levelling tyrant1 who oppressed all descriptions of his people1 but who fell with particular fury on everything that was great and noble4 ,mine has been in endeavoring to screen every man1 in every class1 from oppression1 and particularly in defending the high and eminent1 who1 in the bad times of confiscating princes1 confiscating chief-governors1 or confiscating demagogues1 are the most exposed to jealousy1 avarice1 and envy4 ,the merit of the original grantee of his ,grace's pensions was in giving his hand to the work1 and partaking the spoil with a prince who plundered a part of the national church of his time and country4 ,mine was in defending the whole of the national church of my own time and my own country1 and the whole of the national churches of all countries1 from the principles and the examples which lead to ecclesiastical pillage1 thence to a contempt of all prescriptive titles1 thence to the pillage of all property1 and thence to universal desolation4 ,the merit of the origin of his ,grace's fortune was in being a favorite and chief adviser to a prince who left no liberty to his native country4 ,my endeavor was to obtain liberty for the municipal country in which ,i was born1 and for all descriptions and denominations in it4 ,mine was to support1 with unrelaxing vigilance1 every right1 every privilege1 every franchise1 in this my adopted1 my dearer1 and more comprehensive country2 and not only to preserve those rights in this chief seat of empire1 but in every nation1 in every land1 in every climate1 language1 and religion1 in the vast domain that still is under the protection1 and the larger that was once under the protection1 of the ,british crown4 ,his founder's merits were1 by arts in which he served his master and made his fortune1 to bring poverty1 wretchedness1 and depopulation on his country4 ,mine were under a benevolent prince1 in promoting the commerce1 manufactures1 and agriculture of his kingdom4 ,his founder's merit was the merit of a gentleman raised by the arts of a court and the protection of a ,wolsey to the eminence of a great and potent lord4 ,his merit in that eminence was1 by instigating a tyrant to injustice1 to provoke a people to rebellion4 ,my merit was1 to awaken the sober part of the country1 that they might put themselves on their guard against any one potent lord1 or any greater number of potent lords1 or any combination of great leading men of any sort1 if ever they should attempt to proceed in the same courses1 but in the reverse order1--that is1 by instigating a corrupted populace to rebellion1 and1 through that rebellion1 introducing a tyranny yet worse than the tyranny which his ,grace's ancestor supported1 and of which he profited in the manner we behold in the despotism of ,henry the ,eighth4 ,the political merit of the first pensioner of his ,grace's house was that of being concerned as a counsellor of state in advising1 and in his person executing1 the conditions of a dishonorable peace with ,france1--the surrendering of the fortress of ,boulogne1 then our outguard on the ,continent4 ,by that surrender1 ,calais1 the key of ,france1 and the bridle in the mouth of that power1 was not many years afterwards finally lost4 ,my merit has been in resisting the power and pride of ,france1 under any form of its rule2 but in opposing it with the greatest zeal and earnestness1 when that rule appeared in the worst form it could assume1--the worst1 indeed1 which the prime cause and principle of all evil could possibly give it4 ,it was my endeavor by every means to excite a spirit in the ,house1 where ,i had the honor of a seat1 for carrying on with early vigor and decision the most clearly just and necessary war that this or any nation ever carried on1 in order to save my country from the iron yoke of its power1 and from the more dreadful contagion of its principles1--to preserve1 while they can be preserved1 pure and untainted1 the ancient1 inbred integrity1 piety1 good-nature1 and good-humor of the people of ,england1 from the dreadful pestilence which1 beginning in ,france1 threatens to lay waste the whole moral and in a great degree the whole physical world1 having done both in the focus of its most intense malignity4 ,the labors of his ,grace's founder merited the curses1 not loud1 but deep1 of the ,commons of ,england1 on whom he and his master had effected a complete ,parliamentary ,reform1 by making them1 in their slavery and humiliation1 the true and adequate representatives of a debased1 degraded1 and undone people4 ,my merits were in having had an active1 though not always an ostentatious share1 in every one act1 without exception1 of undisputed constitutional utility in my time1 and in having supported1 on all occasions1 the authority1 the efficiency1 and the privileges of the ,commons of ,great ,britain4 ,i ended my services by a recorded and fully reasoned assertion on their own journals of their constitutional rights1 and a vindication of their constitutional conduct4 ,i labored in all things to merit their inward approbation1 and 7along with the assistants of the largest1 the greatest1 and best of my endeavors7 ,i received their free1 unbiased1 public1 and solemn thanks4 ,thus stands the account of the comparative merits of the crown grants which compose the ,duke of ,bedford's fortune1 as balanced against mine4 ,,footnotes3 ,f ,from ,a ,,letter ,,to ,a ,,noble ,,lord1 on the attacks made upon ,mr4 ,burke and his ,pension1 in the ,house of ,lords1 by the ,duke of ,bedford and the ,earl of ,lauderdale1 early in the ,present ,session of ,parliament4 #agif4 99 99 99 99 99 ,england1 with all thy faults1 ,i love thee still1 ,my country6 and1 while yet a nook is left ,where ,english minds and manners may be found1 ,shall be constrain'd to love thee4 ,though thy clime ,be fickle1 and thy year1 most part1 deform'd ,with dripping rains1 or wither'd by a frost1 ,i would not yet exchange thy sullen skies ,and fields without a flower1 for warmer ,france ,with all her vines4 ,,cowper4--,the ,timepiece4 ,,xxvi4 ,,two ,,eighteenth ,,century ,,scenes4 ,,william ,,cowper4--#agca-ahjj4 ,from letters to the ,rev4 ,john ,newton4 ,nov4 #agth1 #aghc4 444 ,since our conflagration here1 we have sent two women and a boy to the justice1 for depredation2 ,s4 ,r4 for stealing a piece of beef1 which1 in her excuse1 she said she intended to take care of4 ,this lady1 whom you well remember1 escaped for want of evidence2 not that evidence was wanting1 but our men of ,gotham judged it unnecessary to send it4 ,with her went the woman ,i mentioned before1 who1 it seems1 has made some sort of profession1 but upon this occasion allowed herself a latitude of conduct rather inconsistent with it1 having filled her apron with wearing-apparel1 which she likewise intended to take care of4 ,she would have gone to the county gaol1 had ,william ,raban1 the baker's son1 who prosecuted1 insisted upon it2 but he1 good-naturedly1 though ,i think weakly1 interposed in her favor1 and begged her off4 ,the young gentleman who accompanied these fair ones is the junior son of ,molly ,boswell4 ,he had stolen some iron-work1 the property of ,griggs the butcher4 ,being convicted1 he was ordered to be whipped1 which operation he underwent at the cart's tail1 from the stone-house to the high arch1 and back again4 ,he seemed to show great fortitude1 but it was all an imposition upon the public4 ,the beadle1 who performed it1 had filled his left hand with yellow ochre1 through which1 after every stroke1 he drew the lash of his whip1 leaving the appearance of a wound upon the skin1 but in reality not hurting him at all4 ,this being perceived by ,mr4 ,constable ,h41 who followed the beadle1 he applied his cane1 without any such management or precaution1 to the shoulders of the too merciful executioner4 ,the scene immediately became more interesting4 ,the beadle could by no means be prevailed upon to strike hard1 which provoked the constable to strike harder2 and this double flogging continued1 till a lass of ,silver-,end1 pitying the pitiful beadle thus suffering under the hands of the pitiless constable1 joined the procession1 and placing herself immediately behind the latter1 seized him by his capillary club1 and pulling him backwards by the same1 slapped his face with a most ,amazon fury4 ,this concatenation of events has taken up more of my paper than ,i intended it should1 but ,i could not forbear to inform you how the beadle thrashed the thief1 the constable the beadle1 and the lady the constable1 and how the thief was the only person concerned who suffered nothing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,march #bith1 #aghd4 ,it being his ,majesty's pleasure1 that ,i should yet have another opportunity to write before he dissolves the ,parliament1 ,i avail myself of it with all possible alacrity4 ,i thank you for your last1 which was not the less welcome for coming1 like an extraordinary gazette1 at a time when it was not expected4 ,as when the sea is uncommonly agitated1 the water finds its way into creeks and holes of rocks1 which in its calmer state it never reaches1 in like manner the effect of these turbulent times is felt even at ,orchard ,side1 where in general we live as undisturbed by the political element as shrimps or cockles that have been accidentally deposited in some hollow beyond the water-mark1 by the usual dashing of the waves4 ,we were sitting yesterday after dinner1 the two ladies and myself1 very composedly1 and without the least apprehension of any such intrusion in our snug parlor1 one lady knitting1 the other netting1 and the gentleman winding worsted1 when to our unspeakable surprise a mob appeared before the window2 a smart rap was heard at the door1 the boys bellowed1 and the maid announced ,mr4 ,grenville4 ,puss was unfortunately let out of her box1 so that the candidate1 with all his good friends at his heels1 was refused admittance at the grand entry1 and referred to the back door1 as the only possible way of approach4 ,candidates are creatures not very susceptible of affronts1 and would rather1 ,i suppose1 climb in at the window1 than be absolutely excluded4 ,in a minute1 the yard1 the kitchen1 and the parlor were filled4 ,mr4 ,grenville1 advancing toward me1 shook me by the hand with a degree of cordiality that was extremely seducing4 ,as soon as he1 and as many more as could find chairs1 were seated1 he began to open the intent of his visit4 ,i told him ,i had no vote1 for which he readily gave me credit4 ,i assured him ,i had no influence1 which he was not equally inclined to believe1 and the less1 no doubt1 because ,mr4 ,ashburner1 the draper1 addressing himself to me at this moment1 informed me that ,i had a great deal4 ,supposing that ,i could not be possessed of such a treasure without knowing it1 ,i ventured to affirm my first assertion1 by saying1 that if ,i had any ,i was utterly at a loss to imagine where it could be1 or wherein it consisted4 ,thus ended the conference4 ,mr4 ,grenville squeezed me by the hand again1 kissed the ladies1 and withdrew4 ,he kissed likewise the maid in the kitchen1 and seemed upon the whole a most loving1 kissing1 kind-hearted gentleman4 ,he is very young1 genteel1 and handsome4 ,he has a pair of very good eyes in his head1 which not being sufficient1 as it should seem1 for the many nice and difficult purposes of a senator1 he has a third also1 which he suspended from his buttonhole4 ,the boys halloo'd1 the dogs barked1 puss scampered1 the hero1 with his long train of obsequious followers1 withdrew4 ,we made ourselves very merry with the adventure1 and in a short time settled into our former tranquillity1 never probably to be thus interrupted more4 ,i thought myself1 however1 happy in being able to affirm truly that ,i had not that influence for which he sued2 and which1 had ,i been possessed of it1 with my present views of the dispute between the ,crown and the ,commons1 ,i must have refused him1 for he is on the side of the former4 ,it is comfortable to be of no consequence in a world where one cannot exercise any without disobliging somebody4 ,the town1 however1 seems to be much at his service1 and if he be equally successful throughout the country1 he will undoubtedly gain his election4 ,mr4 ,ashburner1 perhaps1 was a little mortified1 because it was evident ,i owed the honor of this visit to his misrepresentation of my importance4 ,but had he thought proper to assure ,mr4 ,grenville that ,i had three heads1 ,i should not1 ,i suppose1 have been bound to produce them4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,now stir the fire1 and close the shutters fast1 ,let fall the curtains1 wheel the sofa round1 ,and while the bubbling and loud hissing urn ,throws up a steamy column1 and the cups ,that cheer but not inebriate wait on each1 ,so let us welcome peaceful evening in4 ,,cowper4--,the ,winter ,evening4 ,,xxvii4 ,,from ,,the ,,school ,,for ,,scandal4,g ,,richard ,,brinsley ,,sheridan4--#agea-ahaf4 ,,scene4--,a ,room in ,,sir ,,peter ,,teazle',s ,house4 ,enter ,,sir ,,peter ,,teazle4 ,sir ,pet4 ,when an old bachelor marries a young wife1 what is he to expect8 ',tis now six months since ,lady ,teazle made me the happiest of men--and ,i have been the most miserable dog ever since4 ,we tiffed a little going to church1 and fairly quarrelled before the bells had done ringing4 ,i was more than once nearly choked with gall during the honeymoon1 and had lost all comfort in life before my friends had done wishing me joy4 ,yet ,i chose with caution--a girl bred wholly in the country1 who never knew luxury beyond one silk gown1 nor dissipation above the annual gala of a race ball4 ,yet she now plays her part in all the extravagant fopperies of fashion and the town with as ready a grace as if she never had seen a bush or a grass-plot out of ,grosvenor ,square6 ,i am sneered at by all my acquaintance1 and paragraphed in the newspapers4 ,she dissipates my fortune1 and contradicts all my humors2 yet the worst of it is1 ,i doubt ,i love her1 or ,i should never bear all this4 ,however1 ,i'll never be weak enough to own it4 ,but ,i meet with nothing but crosses and vexations--and the fault is entirely hers4 ,i am1 myself1 the sweetest-tempered man alive1 and hate a teasing temper2 and so ,i tell her a hundred times a day4--,ay6 and what is very extraordinary1 in all our disputes she is always in the wrong4 ,but ,lady ,sneerwell1 and the set she meets at her house1 encourage the perverseness of her disposition4 ,then1 to complete my vexation1 ,maria1 my ward1 whom ,i ought to have the power of a father over1 is determined to turn rebel too1 and absolutely refuses the man whom ,i have long resolved on for her husband-- ,enter ,,lady ,,teazle4 ,lady ,teazle1 ,lady ,teazle1 ,i'll not bear it6 ,lady ,teaz4 ,sir ,peter1 ,sir ,peter1 you may bear it or not1 as you please2 but ,i ought to have my own way in everything1 and1 what's more1 ,i will too4 ,what6 though ,i was educated in the country1 ,i know very well that women of fashion in ,london are accountable to nobody after they are married4 ,sir ,pet4 ,very well1 ma'am1 very well2 so a husband is to have no influence1 no authority8 ,lady ,teaz4 ,authority6 ,no1 to be sure4 ,if you wanted authority over me1 you should have adopted me1 and not married me3 ,i am sure you were old enough4 ,sir ,pet4 ,old enough6--ay1 there it is4 ,well1 well1 ,lady ,teazle1 though my life may be made unhappy by your temper1 ,i'll not be ruined by your extravagance6 ,lady ,teaz4 ,my extravagance6 ,i'm sure ,i'm not more extravagant than a woman of fashion ought to be4 ,sir ,pet4 ,no1 no1 madam1 you shall throw away no more sums on such unmeaning luxury4 ,such wastefulness6 to spend as much to furnish your dressing-room with flowers in winter as would suffice to turn the ,pantheon into a greenhouse1 and give a fete champetre at ,christmas4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,and am ,i to blame1 ,sir ,peter1 because flowers are dear in cold weather8 ,you should find fault with the climate1 and not with me4 ,for my part1 ,i'm sure ,i wish it was spring all the year round1 and that roses grew under our feet4 ,sir ,pet4 ,oons6 madam--if you had been born to this1 ,i shouldn't wonder at your talking thus2 but you forget what your situation was when ,i married you4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,no1 no1 ,i don't2 'twas a very disagreeable one1 or ,i should never have married you4 ,sir ,pet4 ,yes1 yes1 madam1 you were then in somewhat a humbler style--the daughter of a plain country squire4 ,recollect1 ,lady ,teazle1 when ,i saw you first sitting at your tambour1 in a pretty figured linen gown1 with a bunch of keys at your side1 your hair combed smooth over a roll1 and your apartment hung round with fruits in worsted1 of your own working4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,oh1 yes6 ,i remember it very well1 and a curious life ,i led4 ,my daily occupation--to inspect the dairy1 superintend the poultry1 make extracts from the family receipt-book1 and comb my aunt ,deborah's lap-dog4 ,sir ,pet4 ,yes1 yes1 ma'am1 'twas so indeed4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,and then you know my evening amusements6 ,to draw patterns for ruffles1 which ,i had not materials to make up2 to play ,pope ,joan with the curate2 to read a sermon to my aunt2 or to be stuck down to an old spinet to strum my father to sleep after a fox-chase4 ,sir ,pet4 ,i am glad you have so good a memory4 ,yes1 madam1 these were the recreations ,i took you from2 but now you must have your coach--vis-a-vis--and three powdered footmen before your chair2 and1 in the summer1 a pair of white cats to draw you to ,kensington ,gardens4 ,no recollection1 ,i suppose1 when you were content to ride double1 behind the butler1 on a docked coach-horse4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,no--,i vow ,i never did that3 ,i deny the butler and the coach-horse4 ,sir ,pet4 ,this1 madam1 was your situation2 and what have ,i done for you8 ,i have made you a woman of fashion1 of fortune1 of rank--in short1 ,i have made you my wife4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,well1 then1 and there is but one thing more you can make me to add to the obligation1 that is---- ,sir ,pet4 ,my widow1 ,i suppose8 ,lady ,teaz4 ,hem6 hem6 ,sir ,pet4 ,i thank you1 madam--but don't flatter yourself2 for1 though your ill conduct may disturb my peace of mind1 it shall never break my heart1 ,i promise you3 however1 ,i am equally obliged to you for the hint4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,then why will you endeavor to make yourself so disagreeable to me1 and thwart me in every little elegant expense8 ,sir ,pet4 ,madam1 ,i say1 had you any of these little elegant expenses when you married me8 ,lady ,teaz4 ,sir ,peter6 would you have me be out of the fashion8 ,sir ,pet4 ,the fashion1 indeed6 what had you to do with the fashion before you married me8 ,lady ,teaz4 ,for my part1 ,i should think you would like to have your wife thought a woman of taste4 ,sir ,pet4 ,ay--there again--taste6 ,zounds6 madam1 you had no taste when you married me6 ,lady ,teaz4 ,that's very true1 indeed1 ,sir ,peter6 and after having married you1 ,i should never pretend to taste again1 ,i allow4 ,but now1 ,sir ,peter1 since we have finished our daily jangle1 ,i presume ,i may go to my engagement at ,lady ,sneerwell's4 ,sir ,pet4 ,ay1 there's another precious circumstance--a charming set of acquaintances you have made there6 ,lady ,teaz4 ,nay1 ,sir ,peter1 they are all people of rank and fortune1 and remarkably tenacious of reputation4 ,sir ,pet4 ,yes1 they are tenacious of reputation with a vengeance2 for they don't choose anybody should have a character but themselves6 ,such a crew6 ,ah6 many a wretch has rid on a hurdle who has done less mischief than these utterers of forged tales2 coiners of scandal1 and clippers of reputation4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,what1 would you restrain the freedom of speech8 ,sir ,pet4 ,ah6 they have made you just as bad as any one of the society4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,why1 ,i believe ,i do bear a part with a tolerable grace4 ,sir ,pet4 ,grace1 indeed6 ,lady ,teaz4 ,but ,i vow ,i bear no malice against the people ,i abuse2 when ,i say an ill-natured thing1 'tis out of pure good humor2 and ,i take it for granted they deal exactly in the same manner with me4 ,but1 ,sir ,peter1 you know you promised to come to ,lady ,sneerwell's too4 ,sir ,pet4 ,well1 well1 ,i'll call in1 just to look after my own character4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,then1 indeed1 you must make haste after me1 or you'll be too late4 ,so good-bye to ye4 ,exit4 ,sir ,pet4 ,so--,i have gained much by my intended expostulation6 ,yet with what a charming air she contradicts everything ,i say2 and how pleasantly she shows her contempt for my authority6 ,well1 though ,i can't make her love me2 there is great satisfaction in quarrelling with her2 and ,i think she never appears to such advantage as when she is doing everything in her power to plague me4 ,exit4 ,,scene4--,a room in ,,lady ,,sneerwell',s ,house4 ,,lady ,,sneerwell1 ,,mrs4 ,,candour1 ,,crabtree1 ,,sir ,,benjamin ,,backbite1 and ,,joseph ,,surface1 discovered4 ,enter ,,lady ,,teazle and ,,maria4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,lady ,teazle1 ,i hope we shall see ,sir ,peter8 ,lady ,teaz4 ,i believe he'll wait on your ladyship presently4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,maria1 my love1 you look grave4 ,come1 you shall sit down to piquet with ,mr4 ,surface4 ,mar4 ,i take very little pleasure in cards--however1 ,i'll do as your ladyship pleases4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,now ,i'll die2 but you are so scandalous1 ,i'll forswear your society4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,what's the matter1 ,mrs4 ,candour8 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,they'll not allow our friend ,miss ,vermillion to be handsome4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,oh1 surely she is a pretty woman4 ,crab4 ,i am very glad you think so1 ma'am4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,she has a charming fresh color4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,yes1 when it is fresh put on4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,oh1 fie6 ,her color is natural3 ,i have seen it come and go6 ,lady ,teaz4 ,i dare say you have1 ma'am3 it goes off at night1 and comes again in the morning4 ,sir ,ben4 ,true1 ma'am1 it not only comes and goes2 but1 what's more1 her maid can fetch and carry it6 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,ha6 ha6 ha6 how ,i hate to hear you talk so6 ,but surely now1 her sister is1 or was1 very handsome4 ,crab4 ,who8 ,mrs4 ,evergreen8 ,oh6 she's six-and-fifty if she's an hour6 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,now positively you wrong her2 fifty-two or fifty-three is the utmost--and ,i don't think she looks more4 ,sir ,ben4 ,ah6 there's no judging by her looks1 unless one could see her face4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,well1 well1 if ,mrs4 ,evergreen does take some pains to repair the ravages of time1 you must allow she effects it with great ingenuity2 and surely that's better than the careless manner in which the widow ,ochre caulks her wrinkles4 ,sir ,ben4 ,nay1 now1 ,lady ,sneerwell1 you are severe upon the widow4 ,come1 come1 'tis not that she paints so ill--but1 when she has finished her face1 she joins it on so badly to her neck1 that she looks like a mended statue1 in which the connoisseur may see at once that the head is modern1 though the trunk's antique4 ,crab4 ,ha6 ha6 ha6 ,well said1 nephew6 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,ha6 ha6 ha6 ,well1 you make me laugh2 but ,i vow ,i hate you for it4 ,what do you think of ,miss ,simper8 ,sir ,ben4 ,why1 she has very pretty teeth4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,yes1 and on that account1 when she is neither speaking nor laughing 7which very seldom happens71 she never absolutely shuts her mouth1 but leaves it always on a-jar1 as it were--thus4 ,shows her teeth4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,how can you be so ill-natured8 ,lady ,teaz4 ,nay1 ,i allow even that's better than the pains ,mrs4 ,prim takes to conceal her losses in front4 ,she draws her mouth till it positively resembles the aperture of a poor's-box1 and all her words appear to slide out edgewise as it were--thus3 ,how do you do1 madam8 ,yes1 madam4 ,mimics4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,very well1 ,lady ,teazle2 ,i see you can be a little severe4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,in defence of a friend it is but justice4 ,but here comes ,sir ,peter to spoil our pleasantry4 ,enter ,,sir ,,peter ,,teazle4 ,sir ,pet4 ,ladies1 your most obedient4--,aside1 ,mercy on me1 here is the whole set6 a character dead at every word1 ,i suppose4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,i am rejoiced you are come1 ,sir ,peter4 ,they have been so censorious--and ,lady ,teazle as bad as any one4 ,sir ,pet4 ,that must be very distressing to you1 indeed1 ,mrs4 ,candour4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,oh1 they will allow good qualities to nobody3 not even good nature to our friend ,mrs4 ,pursy4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,what1 the fat dowager who was at ,mrs4 ,quadrille's last night8 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,nay1 her bulk is her misfortune2 and1 when she takes so much pains to get rid of it1 you ought not to reflect on her4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,that's very true1 indeed4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,yes1 ,i know she almost lives on acids and small whey2 laces herself by pulleys2 and often1 in the hottest noon in summer1 you may see her on a little squat pony1 with her hair plaited up behind like a drummer's1 and puffing round the ring on a full trot4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,i thank you1 ,lady ,teazle1 for defending her4 ,sir ,pet4 ,yes1 a good defence1 truly4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,truly1 ,lady ,teazle is as censorious as ,miss ,sallow4 ,crab4 ,yes1 and she is a curious being to pretend to be censorious--an awkward thing1 without any one good point under the sun4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,positively you shall not be so very severe4 ,miss ,sallow is a near relation of mine by marriage1 and1 as for her person1 great allowance is to be made2 for1 let me tell you1 a woman labors under many disadvantages who tries to pass for a girl of six-and-thirty4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,though1 surely1 she is handsome still--and for the weakness in her eyes1 considering how much she reads by candlelight1 it is not to be wondered at4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,true1 and then as to her manner2 upon my word ,i think it is particularly graceful1 considering she never had the least education2 for you know her mother was a ,welsh milliner1 and her father a sugar-baker at ,bristol4 ,sir ,ben4 ,ah6 you are both of you too good-natured6 ,sir ,pet4 ,yes1 distressingly good-natured6 ,this their own relation6 ,mercy on me6 ,aside4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,for my part1 ,i own ,i cannot bear to hear a friend ill-spoken of4 ,sir ,pet4 ,no1 to be sure6 ,sir ,ben4 ,oh6 you are of a moral turn4 ,mrs4 ,candour and ,i can sit for an hour and hear ,lady ,stucco talk sentiment4 ,lady ,teas4 ,nay1 ,i vow ,lady ,stucco is very well with the dessert after dinner2 for she's just like the ,french fruit one cracks for mottoes--made up of paint and proverb4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,well1 ,i will never join in ridiculing a friend2 and so ,i constantly tell my cousin ,ogle1 and you all know what pretensions she has to be critical on beauty4 ,crab4 ,oh1 to be sure6 she has herself the oddest countenance that ever was seen2 'tis a collection of features from all the different countries of the globe4 ,sir ,ben4 ,so she has1 indeed--an ,irish front---- ,crab4 ,caledonian locks---- ,sir ,ben4 ,dutch nose---- ,crab4 ,austrian lips---- ,sir ,ben4 ,complexion of a ,spaniard---- ,crab4 ,and teeth a la ,chinoise4 ,sir ,ben4 ,in short1 her face resembles a table d'hote at ,spa--where no two guests are of a nation---- ,crab4 ,or a congress at the close of a general war--wherein all the members1 even to her eyes1 appear to have a different interest1 and her nose and chin are the only parties likely to join issue4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,ha6 ha6 ha6 ,sir ,pet4 ,mercy on my life6--a person they dine with twice a week6 ,aside4 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,nay1 but ,i vow you shall not carry the laugh off so--for give me leave to say that ,mrs4 ,ogle---- ,sir ,pet4 ,madam1 madam1 ,i beg your pardon--there's no stopping these good gentlemen's tongues4 ,but when ,i tell you1 ,mrs4 ,candour1 that the lady they are abusing is a particular friend of mine1 ,i hope you'll not take her part4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,ha6 ha6 ha6 well said1 ,sir ,peter6 but you are a cruel creature--too phlegmatic yourself for a jest1 and too peevish to allow wit in others4 ,sir ,pet4 ,ah1 madam1 true wit is more nearly allied to good nature than your ladyship is aware of4 ,lady ,teas4 ,true1 ,sir ,peter2 ,i believe they are so near akin that they can never be united4 ,sir ,ben4 ,or rather1 suppose them man and wife1 because one seldom sees them together4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,but ,sir ,peter is such an enemy to scandal1 ,i believe he would have it put down by parliament4 ,sir ,pet4 ,positively1 madam1 if they were to consider the sporting with reputation of as much importance as poaching on manors1 and pass an act for the preservation of fame1 as well as game1 ,i believe many would thank them for the bill4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,why6 ,sir ,peter2 would you deprive us of our privileges8 ,sir ,pet4 ,ay1 madam2 and then no person should be permitted to kill characters and run down reputations but qualified old maids and disappointed widows4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,go1 you monster6 ,mrs4 ,can4 ,but1 surely1 you would not be quite so severe on those who only report what they hear8 ,sir ,pet4 ,yes1 madam1 ,i would have law merchant for them too2 and in all cases of slander currency1 whenever the drawer of the lie was not to be found1 the injured parties should have a right to come on any of the indorsers4 ,crab4 ,well1 for my part1 ,i believe there never was a scandalous tale without some foundation4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,come1 ladies1 shall we sit down to cards in the next room8 ,enter ,servant1 who whispers ,sir ,peter4 ,sir ,pet4 ,i'll be with them directly4--,exit ,,servant4 ,i'll get away unperceived4 ,aside4 ,lady ,sneer4 ,sir ,peter1 you are not going to leave us8 ,sir ,pet4 ,your ladyship must excuse me2 ,i'm called away by particular business4 ,but ,i leave my character behind me4 ,exit4 ,sir ,ben4 ,well--certainly1 ,lady ,teazle1 that lord of yours is a strange being3 ,i could tell you some stories of him would make you laugh heartily if he were not your husband4 ,lady ,teaz4 ,oh1 pray1 don't mind that2 come1 do let's hear them4 ,exeunt all but ,,joseph ,,surface and ,,maria4 ,jos4 ,surf4 ,maria1 ,i see you have no satisfaction in this society4 ,mar4 ,how is it possible ,i should8 ,if to raise malicious smiles at the infirmities or misfortunes of those who have never injured us be the province of wit or humor1 ,heaven grant me a double portion of dulness6 ,jos4 ,surf4 ,yet they appear more ill-natured than they are2 they have no malice at heart4 ,mar4 ,then is their conduct still more contemptible2 for1 in my opinion1 nothing could excuse the intemperance of their tongues but a natural and uncontrollable bitterness of mind4 ,,footnotes3 ,g ,for the sake of brevity a part of the first scene has been excised4 ,it subsequently appears that ,lady ,teazle abandons the society of the scandal-mongers1 and she and her fond but somewhat irascible husband become happily reconciled4 99 99 99 99 99 ,oh1 wad some power the giftie gie us ,to see oursel's as others see us6 ,it wad frae monie a blunder free us ,and foolish notion3 ,what airs in dress an' gait wad lea'e us1 ,and e'en devotion6 ,,robert ,,burns4 ,,xxviii4 ,,the ,,cotter',s ,,saturday ,,night4,h ,,robert ,,burns4--#agei-agif4 ,let not ,ambition mock their useful toil1 ,their homely joys1 and destiny obscure2 ,nor ,grandeur hear with a disdainful smile ,the short and simple annals of the poor4 ,,gray4 ,my lov'd1 my honor'd1 much respected friend6 ,no mercenary bard his homage pays2 ,with honest pride1 ,i scorn each selfish end1-- ,my dearest meed1 a friend's esteem and praise3 ,to you ,i sing1 in simple ,scottish lays1 ,the lowly train in life's sequester'd scene2 ,the native feelings strong1 the guileless ways2 ,what ,aiken in a cottage would have been2 ,ah6 though his worth unknown1 far happier there1 ,i ween4 ,november chill blaws loud wi' angry sugh2#a ,the short'ning winter-day is near a close2 ,the miry beasts retreating frae the pleugh2 ,the black'ning trains o' craws to their repose3 ,the toil-worn ,cotter frae his labor goes-- ,this night his weekly moil is at an end1-- ,collects his spades1 his mattocks1 and his hoes1 ,hoping the morn#b in ease and rest to spend1 ,and1 weary1 o'er the moor1 his course does hameward bend4 ,at length his lonely cot appears in view1 ,beneath the shelter of an aged tree2 ,the expectant wee-things1 toddlin1 stacher#c through1 ,to meet their dad1 wi' flichterin#d noise an' glee4 ,his wee bit ingle1#e blinkin bonnily1 ,his clean hearth-stane1 his thriftie wifie's smile1 ,the lisping infant prattling on his knee1 ,does a' his weary carking cares beguile1 ,an' makes him quite forget his labor an' his toil4 ,belyve1#f the elder bairns come drapping in1 ,at service out1 amang the farmers roun'2 ,some ca'#g the pleugh1 some herd1 some tentie#h rin ,a canny#i errand to a neebor town3 ,their eldest hope1 their ,jenny1 woman grown1 ,in youthfu' bloom1 love sparkling in her e'e1 ,comes hame1 perhaps1 to show a braw#aj new gown1 ,or deposite#aa her sair-won#ab penny-fee1#ac ,to help her parents dear1 if they in hardship be4 ,wi' joy unfeign'd1 brothers and sisters meet ,and each for other's welfare kindly spiers3#ad ,the social hours1 swift-wing'd1 unnoticed fleet2 ,each tells the uncos#ae that he sees or hears2 ,the parents1 partial1 eye their hopeful years2 ,anticipation forward points the view4 ,the mother1 wi' her needle an' her shears1 ,gars#af auld claes look amaist as weel's the new2 ,the father mixes a' wi' admonition due4 ,their master's an' their mistress's command ,the younkers a' are warned to obey2 ,an' mind their labors wi' an eydent#ag hand1 ,an' ne'er1 though out o' sight1 to jauk#ah or play3 ,an' oh6 be sure to fear the ,lord alway1 ,an' mind your duty1 duly1 morn an' night6 ,lest in temptation's path ye gang astray1 ,implore ,his counsel and assisting might3 ,they never sought in vain that sought the ,lord aright6 ,but1 hark6 a rap comes gently to the door2 ,jenny1 wha kens the meaning o' the same1 ,tells how a neebor lad cam o'er the moor ,to do some errands1 and convoy her hame4 ,the wily mother sees the conscious flame ,sparkle in ,jenny's e'e1 an' flush her cheek2 ,wi' heart-struck1 anxious care1 inquires his name1 ,while ,jenny hafflins#ai is afraid to speak2 ,weel pleas'd the mother hears it's nae wild1 worthless rake4 ,wi' kindly welcome ,jenny brings him ben2#bj ,a strappan youth2 he taks the mother's eye2 ,blithe ,jenny sees the visit's no ill ta'en2 ,the father cracks#ba of horses1 pleughs1 and kye4 ,the youngster's artless heart o'erflows wi' joy1 ,but1 blate#bb an' laithfu'1#bc scarce can weel behave2 ,the mother1 wi' a woman's wiles1 can spy ,what makes the youth sae bashfu' an' sae grave2 ,weel pleas'd to think her bairn's respected like the lave4#bd ,o happy love6 where love like this is found6 ,o heart-felt raptures6 bliss beyond compare6 ,i've paced much this weary1 mortal round1 ,and sage experience bids me this declare-- ,if ,heaven a draught of heavenly pleasure spare1 ,one cordial in this melancholy vale1 ',tis when a youthful1 loving1 modest pair1 ,in other's arms breathe out the tender tale1 ,beneath the milk-white thorn that scents the evening gale4 ,is there1 in human form1 that bears a heart-- ,a wretch6 a villain6 lost to love and truth6 ,that can1 with studied1 sly1 ensnaring art1 ,betray sweet ,jenny's unsuspecting youth8 ,curse on his perjur'd arts6 dissembling smooth6 ,are honor1 virtue1 conscience1 all exil'd8 ,is there no pity1 no relenting ruth1 ,points to the parents fondling o'er their child8 ,then paints the ruin'd maid1 and their distraction wild6 ,but now the supper crowns their simple board1 ,the halesome parritch1 chief of ,scotia's food ,the soupe#be their only hawkie#bf does afford1 ,that 'yont the hallan#bg snugly chows her cood2 ,the dame brings forth1 in complimental mood1 ,to grace the lad1 her weel-hain'd#bh kebbuck1#bi fell1#cj ,an' aft he's prest1 an' aft he ca's it guid3 ,the frugal wifie1 garrulous1 will tell ,how 'twas a towmond#ca auld1 sin' lint was i' the bell4#cb ,the cheerfu' supper done1 wi' serious face1 ,they1 round the ingle1 form a circle wide2 ,the sire turns o'er1 wi' patriarchal grace1 ,the big ha'-,bible1#cc ance his father's pride3 ,his bonnet rev'rently is laid aside1 ,his lyart#cd haffets#ce wearing thin an' bare2 ,those strains that once did sweet in ,zion glide1 ,he wales#cf a portion with judicious care2 ,and ,let us worship ,god6 he says1 with solemn air4 ,they chant their artless notes in simple guise2 ,they tune their hearts1 by far the noblest aim3 ,perhaps ,dundee's wild warbling measures rise1 ,or plaintive ,martyrs1 worthy of the name2 ,or noble ,elgin beets#cg the heavenward flame1 ,the sweetest far of ,scotia's holy lays3 ,compar'd with these1 ,italian trills are tame2 ,the tickled ears no heart-felt raptures raise2 ,nae unison hae they with our ,creator's praise4 ,the priest-like father reads the sacred page-- ,how ,abram was the friend of ,god on high2 ,or ,moses bade eternal warfare wage ,with ,amalek's ungracious progeny2 ,or how the royal bard did groaning lie ,beneath the stroke of ,heaven's avenging ire2 ,or ,job's pathetic plaint1 and wailing cry2 ,or rapt ,isaiah's wild1 seraphic fire2 ,or other holy seers that tune the sacred lyre4 ,perhaps the ,christian volume is the theme-- ,how guiltless blood for guilty man was shed2 ,how ,he1 who bore in ,heaven the second name1 ,had not on earth whereon to lay ,his head2 ,how ,his first followers and servants sped2 ,the precepts sage they wrote to many a land2 ,how he1 who lone in ,patmos banished1 ,saw in the sun a mighty angel stand2 ,and heard great ,bab'lon's doom pronounced by ,heaven's command4 ,then kneeling down1 to ,heaven's ,eternal ,king1 ,the saint1 the father1 and the husband prays3 ,hope springs exulting on triumphant wing1 ,that thus they all shall meet in future days3 ,there ever bask in uncreated rays1 ,no more to sigh1 or shed the bitter tear2 ,together hymning their ,creator's praise1 ,in such society1 yet still more dear2 ,while circling time moves round in an eternal sphere4 ,compar'd with this1 how poor ,religion's pride1 ,in all the pomp of method1 and of art1 ,when men display to congregations wide ,devotion's every grace1 except the heart6 ,the ,power1 incens'd1 the pageant will desert1 ,the pompous strain1 the sacerdotal stole2 ,but1 haply1 in some cottage far apart1 ,may hear1 well pleas'd1 the language of the soul2 ,and in ,his book of life the inmates poor enroll4 ,then homeward all take off their several way3 ,the youngling cottagers retire to rest2 ,the parent-pair their secret homage pay1 ,and proffer up to ,heaven the warm request ,that ,he1 who stills the raven's clam'rous nest1 ,and decks the lily fair in flowery pride1 ,would1 in the way ,his wisdom sees the best1 ,for them1 and for their little ones provide2 ,but chiefly1 in their hearts with grace divine preside4 ,from scenes like these old ,scotia's grandeur springs1 ,that makes her lov'd at home1 rever'd abroad3 ,princes and lords are but the breath of kings2 ,an honest man's the noblest work of ,god2 ,and certes1 in fair virtue's heavenly road1 ,the cottage leaves the palace far behind2 ,what is a lordling's pomp8--a cumbrous load1 ,disguising oft the wretch of human kind1 ,studied in arts of hell1 in wickedness refin'd6 ,o ,scotia6 my dear1 my native soil6 ,for whom my warmest wish to ,heaven is sent6 ,long may thy hardy sons of rustic toil ,be blest with health1 and peace1 and sweet content6 ,and1 oh6 may ,heaven their simple lives prevent ,from luxury's contagion1 weak and vile6 ,then1 howe'er crowns and coronets be rent1 ,a virtuous populace may rise the while1 ,and stand a wall of fire around their much-lov'd ,isle4 ,o ,thou6 who pour'd the patriotic tide ,that stream'd through ,wallace's undaunted heart2 ,who dared to nobly stem tyrannic pride1 ,or nobly die1 the second glorious part1 7,the patriot's ,god peculiarly ,thou art1 ,his friend1 inspirer1 guardian1 and reward67 ,o never1 never1 ,scotia's realm desert2 ,but still the patriot1 and the patriot-bard1 ,in bright succession raise1 her ornament and guard4 ,,footnotes3 ,h ,inscribed to ,r4 ,aiken1 ,esq4 #a ,moan4 #b ,morrow4 #c ,stagger4 #d ,fluttering4 #e ,fire-place4 #f ,presently4 #g ,drive1 i4e41 with shouting or calling4 #h ,attentive4 #i ,requiring judgment4 #aj ,brave1 fine1 handsome4 #aa ,de'posite1 for depos'it4 #ab ,dear-won1 hard-earned4 #ac ,money-wages4 #ad ,enquires4 #ae ,unknown things1 news4 #af ,makes4 #ag ,diligent4 #ah ,trifle4 #ai ,half4 #bj ,in1 into the room4 #ba ,talks4 #bb ,bashful4 #bc ,unwilling1 shy4 #bd ,what is left1 rest4 #be ,sup2 here1 milk4 #bf ,white-faced cow4 #bg ,partition wall4 #bh ,carefully kept4 #bi ,cheese4 #cj ,tasty4 #ca ,twelvemonth4 #cb ,since flax was in flower4 #cc ,hall-,bible4 #cd ,grey1 greyish4 #ce ,temples1 here temple-locks4 #cf ,chooses4 #cg ,feeds1 nourishes4 ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,land ,o' ,,the ,,leal4 ,,lady ,,nairn4--#agff-ahde4 ,i'm wearin' awa'1 ,john1 ,like snaw-wreaths in thaw1 ,john1 ,i'm wearin' awa' ,to the land o' the leal4 ,there's nae sorrow there1 ,john2 ,there's neither cauld nor care1 ,john2 ,the day is aye fair ,in the land o' the leal4 ,our bonnie bairn's there1 ,john2 ,she was baith gude and fair1 ,john2 ,and oh6 we grudg'd her sair ,to the land o' the leal4 ,but sorrow's sel' wears past1 ,john1 ,and joy's a-comin' fast1 ,john1 ,the joy that's aye to last ,in the land o' the leal4 ,sae dear that joy was bought1 ,john1 ,sae free the battle fought1 ,john1 ,that sinfu' man e'er brought ,to the land o' the leal4 ,oh6 dry your glistening e'e1 ,john1 ,my soul langs to be free1 ,john1 ,and angels beckon me ,to the land o' the leal4 ,oh6 haud ye leal and true1 ,john1 ,your day it's wearin' through1 ,john1 ,and ,i'll welcome you ,to the land o' the leal4 ,now fare-ye weel1 my ain ,john1 ,this warld's cares are vain1 ,john1 ,we'll meet1 and we'll be fain ,in the land o' the leal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,life6 we've been long together1 ,through pleasant and through cloudy weather2 ',tis hard to part when friends are dear2 ,perhaps 'twill cost a sigh1 a tear2 ,then steal away1 give little warning1 ,choose thine own time2 ,say not ,good-night1 but in some brighter clime ,bid me ,good-morning4 ,,mrs4 ,,barbauld4--#agdc-ahbe4 ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,trial ,,by ,,combat ,,at ,,the ,,diamond ,,of ,,the ,,desert4,i ,from ,,the ,,talisman4 ,,sir ,,walter ,,scott4--#agga-ahcb4 ,it had been agreed1 on account of the heat of the climate1 that the judicial combat1 which was the cause of the present assemblage of various nations at the ,diamond of the ,desert1 should take place at one hour after sunrise4 ,the wide lists1 which had been constructed under the inspection of the ,knight of the ,leopard1 enclosed a space of hard sand1 which was one hundred and twenty yards long by forty in width4 ,they extended in length from north to south1 so as to give both parties the equal advantage of the rising sun4 ,saladin's royal seat was erected on the western side of the enclosure1 just in the centre1 where the combatants were expected to meet in mid encounter4 ,opposed to this was a gallery with closed casements1 so contrived1 that the ladies1 for whose accommodation it was erected1 might see the fight without being themselves exposed to view4 ,at either extremity of the lists was a barrier1 which could be opened or shut at pleasure4 ,thrones had been also erected1 but the ,archduke1 perceiving that his was lower than ,king ,richard's1 refused to occupy it2 and ,coeur de ,lion1 who would have submitted to much ere any formality should have interfered with the combat1 readily agreed that the sponsors1 as they were called1 should remain on horseback during the fight4 ,at one extremity of the lists were placed the followers of ,richard1 and opposed to them were those who accompanied the defender1 ,conrade4 ,around the throne destined for the ,soldan were ranged his splendid ,georgian ,guards1 and the rest of the enclosure was occupied by ,christian and ,mohammedan spectators4 ,long before daybreak1 the lists were surrounded by even a larger number of ,saracens than ,richard had seen on the preceding evening4 ,when the first ray of the sun's glorious orb arose above the desert1 the sonorous call1 ,to prayer1 to prayer6 was poured forth by the ,soldan himself1 and answered by others1 whose rank and zeal entitled them to act as muezzins4 ,it was a striking spectacle to see them all sink to earth1 for the purpose of repeating their devotions1 with their faces turned to ,mecca4 ,but when they arose from the ground1 the sun's rays1 now strengthening fast1 seemed to confirm the ,lord of ,gilsland's conjecture of the night before4 ,they were flashed back from many a spear-head1 for the pointless lances of the preceding day were certainly no longer such4 ,de ,vaux pointed it out to his master1 who answered with impatience1 that he had perfect confidence in the good faith of the ,soldan2 but if ,de ,vaux was afraid of his bulky body1 he might retire4 ,soon after this the noise of timbrels was heard1 at the sound of which the whole ,saracen cavaliers threw themselves from their horses1 and prostrated themselves1 as if for a second morning prayer4 ,this was to give an opportunity to the ,queen1 with ,edith and her attendants1 to pass from the pavilion to the gallery intended for them4 ,fifty guards of ,saladin's seraglio escorted them1 with naked sabres1 whose orders were1 to cut to pieces whomsoever1 were he prince or peasant1 should venture to gaze on the ladies as they passed1 or even presume to raise his head until the cessation of the music should make all men aware that they were lodged in their gallery1 not to be gazed on by the curious eye4 ,this superstitious observance of ,oriental reverence to the fair sex called forth from ,queen ,berengaria some criticisms very unfavorable to ,saladin and his country4 ,but their den1 as the royal fair called it1 being securely closed and guarded by their sable attendants1 she was under the necessity of contenting herself with seeing1 and laying aside for the present the still more exquisite pleasure of being seen4 ,meantime the sponsors of both champions went1 as was their duty1 to see that they were duly armed1 and prepared for combat4 ,the ,archduke of ,austria was in no hurry to perform this part of the ceremony1 having had rather an unusually severe debauch upon wine of ,schiraz the preceding evening4 ,but the ,grand ,master of the ,temple1 more deeply concerned in the event of the combat1 was early before the tent of ,conrade of ,montserrat4 ,to his great surprise1 the attendants refused him admittance4 ,do you not know me1 ye knaves8 said the ,grand ,master in great anger4 ,we do1 most valiant and reverend1 answered ,conrade's squire2 but even you may not at present enter--the ,marquis is about to confess himself4 ,confess himself6 exclaimed the ,templar1 in a tone where alarm mingled with surprise and scorn--and to whom ,i pray thee8 ,my master bid me be secret1 said the squire2 on which the ,grand ,master pushed past him1 and entered the tent almost by force4 ,the ,marquis of ,montserrat was kneeling at the feet of the ,hermit of ,engaddi1 and in the act of beginning his confession4 ,what means this1 ,marquis8 said the ,grand ,master1 up1 for shame--or1 if you must needs confess1 am not ,i here8 ,i have confessed to you too often already1 replied ,conrade1 with a pale cheek and a faltering voice4 ,for ,god's sake1 ,grand ,master1 begone1 and let me unfold my conscience to this holy man4 ,in what is he holier than ,i am8 said the ,grand ,master4--,hermit1 prophet1 madman--say1 if thou darest1 in what thou excellest me8 ,bold and bad man1 replied the ,hermit1 know that ,i am like the latticed window1 and the divine light passes through to avail others1 though alas6 it helpeth not me4 ,thou art like the iron stanchions1 which neither receive light themselves1 nor communicate it to any one4 ,prate not to me1 but depart from this tent1 said the ,grand ,master2 the ,marquis shall not confess this morning1 unless it be to me1 for ,i part not from his side4 ,is this your pleasure8 said the ,hermit to ,conrade2 for think not ,i will obey that proud man1 if you continue to desire my assistance4 ,alas6 said ,conrade irresolutely1 what would you have me say8 ,farewell for a while--we will speak anon4 ,o1 procrastination6 exclaimed the ,hermit1 thou art a soul-murderer6--,unhappy man1 farewell2 not for a while1 but until we both shall meet--no matter where4--,and for thee1 he added1 turning to the ,grand ,master1 ,,tremble6 ,tremble6 replied the ,templar contemptuously1 ,i cannot if ,i would4 ,the ,hermit heard not his answer1 having left the tent4 ,come6 to this gear hastily1 said the ,grand ,master1 since thou wilt needs go through the foolery4--,hark thee--,i think ,i know most of thy frailties by heart1 so we may omit the detail1 which may be somewhat a long one1 and begin with the absolution4 ,what signifies counting the spots of dirt that we are about to wash from our hands8 ,knowing what thou art thyself1 said ,conrade1 it is blasphemous to speak of pardoning another4 ,that is not according to the canon1 ,lord ,marquis1 said the ,templar2 thou art more scrupulous than orthodox4 ,the absolution of the wicked priest is as effectual as if he were himself a saint2 otherwise1--,god help the poor penitent6 ,what wounded man inquires whether the surgeon that tents his gashes have clean hands or not8--,come1 shall we to this toy8 ,no1 said ,conrade1 ,i will rather die unconfessed than mock the sacrament4 ,come1 noble ,marquis1 said the ,templar1 rouse up your courage1 and speak not thus4 ,in an hour's time thou shalt stand victorious in the lists1 or confess thee in thy helmet1 like a valiant knight4 ,alas1 ,grand ,master6 answered ,conrade1 all augurs ill for this affair4 ,the strange discovery by the instinct of a dog1 the revival of this ,scottish knight1 who comes into the lists like a spectre1--all betokens evil4 ,pshaw6 said the ,templar1 ,i have seen thee bend thy lance boldly against him in sport1 and with equal chance of success4 ,think thou art but in a tournament1 and who bears him better in the tilt-yard than thou8--,come1 squires and armorers1 your master must be accoutred for the field4 ,the attendants entered accordingly1 and began to arm the ,marquis4 ,what morning is without8 said ,conrade4 ,the sun rises dimly1 answered a squire4 ,thou seest1 ,grand ,master1 said ,conrade1 naught smiles on us4 ,thou wilt fight the more coolly1 my son1 answered the ,templar4 ,thank ,heaven that hath tempered the sun of ,palestine to suit thine occasion4 ,thus jested the ,grand ,master2 but his jests had lost their influence on the harassed mind of the ,marquis1 and1 notwithstanding his attempts to seem gay1 his gloom communicated itself to the ,templar4 ,this craven1 he thought1 will lose the day in pure faintness and cowardice of heart1 which he calls tender conscience4 ,i1 whom visions and auguries shake not--who am firm in my purpose as the living rock--,i should have fought the combat myself4--,would to ,god the ,scot may strike him dead on the spot2 it were next best to his winning the victory4 ,but1 come what will1 he must have no other confessor than myself4 ,our sins are too much in common1 and he might confess my share with his own4 ,while these thoughts passed through his mind1 he continued to assist the ,marquis in arming1 but it was in silence4 ,the hour at length arrived1 the trumpets sounded1 the knights rode into the lists armed at all points1 and mounted like men who were to do battle for a kingdom's honor4 ,they wore their visors up1 and1 riding around the lists three times1 showed themselves to the spectators4 ,both were goodly persons1 and both had noble countenances4 ,but there was an air of manly confidence on the brow of the ,scot1 a radiancy of hope1 which amounted even to cheerfulness1 while1 although pride and effort had recalled much of ,conrade's natural courage1 there lowered still on his brow a cloud of ominous despondence4 ,even his steed seemed to tread less lightly and blithely to the trumpet-sound than the noble ,arab which was bestrode by ,sir ,kenneth2 and the spruch-sprecher shook his head while he observed1 that while the challenger rode around the lists in the course of the sun--that is1 from right to left--the defender made the same circuit widder-sins--that is1 from left to right--which is in most countries held ominous4 ,a temporary altar was erected just beneath the gallery occupied by the ,queen1 and beside it stood the ,hermit in the dress of his order1 as a ,carmelite friar4 ,other churchmen were also present4 ,to this altar the challenger and defender were successively brought forward1 conducted by their respective sponsors4 ,dismounting before it1 each knight avouched the justice of his cause by a solemn oath on the ,evangelists1 and prayed that his success might be according to the truth or falsehood of what he then swore4 ,they also made oath1 that they came to do battle in knightly guise1 and with the usual weapons1 disclaiming the use of spells1 charms1 or magical devices1 to incline victory to their side4 ,the challenger pronounced his vow with a firm and manly voice1 and a bold and cheerful countenance4 ,when the ceremony was finished1 the ,scottish ,knight looked at the gallery1 and bent his head to the earth1 as if in honor of those invisible beauties which were enclosed within2 then1 loaded with armor as he was1 sprung to the saddle without the use of the stirrup1 and made his courser carry him in a succession of caracoles to his station at the eastern extremity of the lists4 ,conrade also presented himself before the altar with boldness enough2 but his voice1 as he took the oath1 sounded hollow1 as if drowned in his helmet4 ,the lips with which he appealed to ,heaven to adjudge victory to the just quarrel1 grew white as they uttered the impious mockery4 ,as he turned to remount his horse1 the ,grand ,master approached him closer1 as if to rectify something about the sitting of his gorget1 and whispered1 ,coward and fool6 recall thy senses1 and do me this battle bravely2 else1 by ,heaven1 shouldst thou escape him1 thou escapest not me6 ,the savage tone in which this was whispered1 perhaps completed the confusion of the ,marquis's nerves1 for he stumbled as he made to horse2 and though he recovered his feet1 sprung to the saddle with his usual agility1 and displayed his address in horsemanship as he assumed his position opposite to the challenger's1 yet the accident did not escape those who were on the watch for omens1 which might predict the fate of the day4 ,the priests1 after a solemn prayer that ,god would show the rightful quarrel1 departed from the lists4 ,the trumpets of the challenger then rung a flourish1 and the herald-at-arms proclaimed at the eastern end of the lists1--,here stands a good knight1 ,sir ,kenneth of ,scotland1 champion for the royal ,king ,richard of ,england1 who accuseth ,conrade1 ,marquis of ,montserrat1 of foul treason and dishonor done to the said ,king4 ,when the words ,kenneth of ,scotland announced the name and character of the champion1 hitherto scarce generally known1 a loud and cheerful acclaim burst from the followers of ,king ,richard1 and hardly1 notwithstanding repeated commands of silence1 suffered the reply of the defendant to be heard4 ,he1 of course1 avouched his innocence1 and offered his body for battle4 ,the esquires of the combatants now approached1 and delivered to each his shield and lance1 assisting to hang the former around his neck1 that his two hands might remain free1 one for the management of the bridle1 the other to direct the lance4 ,the shield of the ,scot displayed his old bearing1 the leopard1 but with the addition of a collar and broken chain1 in allusion to his late captivity4 ,the shield of the ,marquis bore1 in reference to his title1 a serrated and rocky mountain4 ,each shook his lance aloft1 as if to ascertain the weight and toughness of the unwieldy weapon1 and then laid it in the rest4 ,the sponsors1 heralds1 and squires1 now retired to the barriers1 and the combatants sat opposite to each other1 face to face1 with couched lance and closed visor1 the human form so completely enclosed1 that they looked more like statues of molten iron than beings of flesh and blood4 ,the silence of suspense was now general--men breathed thicker1 and their very souls seemed seated in their eyes1 while not a sound was to be heard save the snorting and pawing of the good steeds1 who1 sensible of what was about to happen1 were impatient to dash into career4 ,they stood thus for perhaps three minutes1 when at a signal given by the ,soldan1 an hundred instruments rent the air with their brazen clamors1 and each champion striking his horse with the spurs1 and slacking the rein1 the horses started into full gallop1 and the knights met in mid space with a shock like a thunderbolt4 ,the victory was not in doubt--no1 not one moment4 ,conrade1 indeed1 showed himself a practised warrior2 for he struck his antagonist knightly in the midst of his shield1 bearing his lance so straight and true1 that it shivered into splinters from the steel spear-head up to the very gauntlet4 ,the horse of ,sir ,kenneth recoiled two or three yards and fell on his haunches1 but the rider easily raised him with hand and rein4 ,but for ,conrade there was no recovery4 ,sir ,kenneth's lance had pierced through the shield1 through a plated corselet of ,milan steel1 through a secret1 or coat of linked mail1 worn beneath the corselet1 had wounded him deep in the bosom1 and borne him from his saddle1 leaving the truncheon of the lance fixed in his wound4 ,the sponsors1 heralds1 and ,saladin himself1 descending from his throne1 crowded around the wounded man2 while ,sir ,kenneth1 who had drawn his sword ere yet he discovered his antagonist was totally helpless1 now commanded him to avow his guilt4 ,the helmet was hastily unclosed1 and the wounded man1 gazing wildly on the skies1 replied1 ,what would you more8 ,god hath decided justly4 ,i am guilty--but there are worse traitors in the camp than ,i4--,in pity to my soul1 let me have a confessor6 ,he revived as he uttered these words4 ,the talisman--the powerful remedy1 royal brother1 said ,king ,richard to ,saladin4 ,the traitor1 answered the ,soldan1 is more fit to be dragged from the lists to the gallows by the heels1 than to profit by its virtues3 and some such fate is in his look1 he added1 after gazing fixedly upon the wounded man2 for though his wound may be cured1 yet ,azrael's seal is on the wretch's brow4 ,nevertheless1 said ,richard1 ,i pray you do for him what you may1 that he may at least have time for confession4 ,slay not soul and body6 ,to him one half-hour of time may be worth more1 by ten thousand fold1 than the life of the oldest patriarch4 ,my royal brother's wish shall be obeyed1 said ,saladin4--,slaves1 bear this wounded man to our tent4 ,do not so1 said the ,templar1 who had hitherto stood gloomily looking on in silence4 ,the royal ,duke of ,austria and myself will not permit this unhappy ,christian prince to be delivered over to the ,saracens1 that they may try their spells upon him4 ,we are his sponsors1 and demand that he be assigned to our care4 ,that is1 you refuse the certain means offered to recover him8 said ,richard4 ,not so1 said the ,grand ,master1 recollecting himself4 ,if the ,soldan useth lawful medicines1 he may attend the patient in my tent4 ,do so1 ,i pray thee1 good brother1 said ,richard to ,saladin1 though the permission be ungraciously yielded4--,but now to a more glorious work4 ,sound1 trumpets--shout1 ,england1 in honor of ,england's champion6 ,drum1 clarion1 trumpet1 and cymbal1 rung forth at once1 and the deep and regular shout1 which for ages has been the ,english acclamation1 sounded amidst the shrill and irregular yells of the ,arabs1 like the diapason of the organ amid the howling of a storm4 ,there was silence at length4 ,brave ,knight of the ,leopard1 resumed ,coeur de ,lion1 thou hast shown that the ,ethiopian may change his skin and the ,leopard his spots1 though clerks quote ,scripture for the impossibility4 ,yet ,i have more to say to you when ,i have conducted you to the presence of the ladies1 the best judges1 and best rewarders1 of deeds of chivalry4 ,the ,knight of the ,leopard bowed assent4 ,and thou1 princely ,saladin1 wilt also attend them4 ,i promise thee our ,queen will not think herself welcome1 if she lacks the opportunity to thank her royal host for her most princely reception4 ,saladin bent his head gracefully1 but declined the invitation4 ,i must attend the wounded man1 he said4 ,the leech leaves not his patient more than the champion the lists1 even if he be summoned to a bower like those of ,paradise4444 ,at noon1 said the ,soldan1 as he departed1 ,i trust ye will all accept a collation under the black camel-skin tent of a chief of ,curdistan4 ,the same invitation was circulated among the ,christians1 comprehending all those of sufficient importance to be admitted to sit at a feast made for princes4 ,hark6 said ,richard1 the timbrels announce that our ,queen and her attendants are leaving their gallery2 and see1 the turbans sink on the ground1 as if struck down by a destroying angel4 ,all lie prostrate1 as if the glance of an ,arab's eye could sully the lustre of a lady's cheek6 ,come1 we will to the pavillion1 and lead our conqueror thither in triumph4 ,how ,i pity that noble ,soldan1 who knows but of love as it is known to those of inferior nature6 ,blondel tuned his harp to its boldest measure1 to welcome the introduction of the victor into the pavilion of ,queen ,berengaria4 ,he entered1 supported on either side by his sponsors1 ,richard and ,william ,longsword1 and knelt gracefully down before the ,queen1 though more than half the homage was silently rendered to ,edith1 who sat on her right hand4 ,unarm him1 my mistresses1 said the ,king1 whose delight was in the execution of such chivalrous usages2 let ,beauty honor ,chivalry6 ,undo his spurs1 ,berengaria2 ,queen though thou be1 thou owest him what marks of favor thou canst give4--,unlace his helmet1 ,edith2 by this hand1 thou shalt1 wert thou the proudest ,plantagenet of the line1 and he the poorest knight on earth6 ,both ladies obeyed the royal commands1--,berengaria with bustling assiduity1 as anxious to gratify her husband's humor1 and ,edith blushing and growing pale alternately1 as slowly and awkwardly she undid1 with ,longsword's assistance1 the fastenings which secured the helmet to the gorget4 ,and what expect you from beneath this iron shell8 said ,richard1 as the removal of the casque gave to view the noble countenance of ,sir ,kenneth1 his face glowing with recent exertion1 and not less so with present emotion4 ,what think ye of him1 gallants and beauties8 said ,richard4 ,doth he resemble an ,ethiopian slave1 or doth he present the face of an obscure and nameless adventurer8 ,no1 by my good sword6 ,here terminate his various disguises4 ,he hath knelt down before you1 unknown save by his worth2 he arises1 equally distinguished by birth and by fortune4 ,the adventurous knight1 ,kenneth1 arises ,david1 ,earl of ,huntingdon1 ,prince ,royal of ,scotland6 ,there was a general exclamation of surprise1 and ,edith dropped from her hand the helmet which she had just received4444 ,may we know of your grace by what strange and happy chance this riddle has been read8 said the ,queen ,berengaria4 ,letters were brought to us from ,england1 said the ,king1 in which we learned1 among other unpleasant news1 that the ,king of ,scotland had seized upon three of our nobles1 when on a pilgrimage to ,saint ,ninian1 and alleged as a cause1 that his heir being supposed to be fighting in the ranks of the ,teutonic ,knights1 against the heathen of ,borussia1 was1 in fact1 in our camp and in our power2 and1 therefore1 ,william proposed to hold these nobles as hostages for his safety4 ,this gave me the first light on the real rank of the ,knight of the ,leopard1 and my suspicions were confirmed by ,de ,vaux1 who1 on his return from ,ascalon1 brought back with him the ,earl of ,huntingdon's sole attendant1 a thick-skulled slave1 who had gone thirty miles to unfold to ,de ,vaux a secret he should have told to me4 ,old ,strauchan must be excused1 said the ,lord of ,gilsland4 ,he knew from experience that my heart is somewhat softer than if ,i wrote myself ,plantagenet4 ,thy heart soft8 thou commodity of old iron1 and ,cumberland flint that thou art6 exclaimed the ,king4 ,it is we ,plantagenets who boast soft and feeling hearts1 ,edith1 he continued1 turning to his cousin1 with an expression which called the blood into her cheek4--,give me thy hand1 my fair cousin1 and1 ,prince of ,scotland1 thine4444 ,it is needless to follow into further particulars the conferences at the royal tent1 or to enquire whether ,david1 ,earl of ,huntingdon1 was as mute in the presence of ,edith ,plantagenet1 as when he was bound to act under the character of an obscure and nameless adventurer4 ,it may be well believed that he there expressed1 with suitable earnestness1 the passion to which he had so often before found it difficult to give words4 ,the hour of noon now approached1 and ,saladin waited to receive the ,princes of ,christendom in a tent1 which1 but for its large size1 differed little from that of the ordinary shelter of the common ,curdman1 or ,arab2 yet1 beneath its ample and sable covering1 was prepared a banquet after the most gorgeous fashion of the ,east1 extended upon carpets of the richest stuffs1 with cushions laid for the guests4 ,but we cannot stop to describe the cloth of gold and silver1 the superb embroidery in ,arabesque1 the shawls of ,cashmere1 and the muslins of ,india1 which were here unfolded in all their splendor2 far less to tell the different sweetmeats1 ragouts edged with rice colored in various manners1 with all the other niceties of ,eastern cookery4 ,lambs roasted whole1 and game and poultry dressed in pilaus1 were piled in vessels of gold1 and silver1 and porcelain1 and intermixed with large mazers of sherbet1 cooled in snow and ice from the caverns of ,mount ,lebanon4 ,a magnificent pile of cushions at the head of the banquet1 seemed prepared for the master of the feast1 and such dignitaries as he might call to share that place of distinction1 while from the roof of the tent in all quarters1 but over this seat of eminence in particular1 waved many a banner and pennon1 the trophies of battles won1 and kingdoms overthrown4 ,but amongst and above them all1 a long lance displayed a shroud1 the banner of ,death1 with this impressive inscription1 ,,saladin1 ,,king ,,of ,,kings--,,saladin1 ,,victor ,,of ,,victors--,,saladin ,,must ,,die4 ,amid these preparations1 the slaves who had arranged the refreshments stood with drooped heads and folded arms1 mute and motionless as monumental statuary1 or as automata1 which waited the touch of the artist to put them in motion4 ,expecting the approach of his princely guests1 the ,soldan1 imbued1 as most were1 with the superstitions of his time1 paused over a horoscope and corresponding scroll1 which had been sent to him by the ,hermit of ,engaddi when he departed from the camp4 ,strange and mysterious science1 he muttered to himself1 which1 pretending to draw the curtain of futurity1 misleads those whom it seems to guide1 and darkens the scene which it pretends to illuminate6 ,who would not have said that ,i was that enemy most dangerous to ,richard1 whose enmity was to be ended by marriage with his kinswoman8 ,yet it now appears that a union betwixt this gallant ,earl and the lady will bring about friendship betwixt ,richard and ,scotland1 an enemy more dangerous than ,i1 as a wild cat in a chamber is more to be dreaded than a lion in a distant desert4--,but then1444--,how now1 what means this intrusion8 ,he spoke to the dwarf ,nectabanus1 who rushed into the tent fearfully agitated1 with each strange and disproportioned feature wrenched by horror into still more extravagant ugliness1--his mouth open1 his eyes staring1 his hands1 with their shrivelled and deformed fingers1 wildly expanded4 ,what now8 said the ,soldan1 sternly4 ,accipe hoc6 groaned out the dwarf4 ,ha6 say'st thou8 answered ,saladin4 ,accipe hoc6 replied the panic-struck creature1 unconscious1 perhaps1 that he repeated the same words as before4 ,hence6 ,i am in no vein for foolery1 said the ,emperor4 ,nor am ,i further fool1 said the dwarf1 than to make my folly help out my wits to earn my bread1 poor helpless wretch6--,hear1 hear me1 great ,soldan6 ,nay1 if thou hast actual wrong to complain of1 said ,saladin1 fool or wise1 thou art entitled to the ear of a ,king4--,retire hither with me2 and he led him into the inner tent4 ,whatever their conference related to1 it was soon broken off by the fanfare of the trumpets1 announcing the arrival of the various ,christian princes1 whom ,saladin welcomed to his tent with a royal courtesy well becoming their rank and his own2 but chiefly he saluted the young ,earl of ,huntingdon1 and generously congratulated him upon prospects1 which seemed to have interfered with and overclouded those which he had himself entertained4 ,but think not1 said the ,soldan1 thou noble youth1 that the ,prince of ,scotland is more welcome to ,saladin1 than was ,kenneth to the solitary ,ilderim when they met in the desert1 or the distressed ,ethiop to the ,hakim ,adonbec4 ,a brave and generous disposition like thine hath a value independent of condition and birth1 as the cool draught which ,i here proffer thee1 is as delicious from an earthen vessel as from a goblet of gold4 ,the ,earl of ,huntingdon made a suitable reply1 gratefully acknowledging the various important services he had received from the generous ,soldan2 but when he had pledged ,saladin in the bowl of sherbet which the ,soldan had proffered to him1 he could not help remarking with a smile1 ,the brave cavalier1 ,ilderim1 knew not of the formation of ice1 but the munificent ,soldan cools his sherbet with snow4 ,wouldst thou have an ,arab or a ,curdman as wise as a ,hakim8 said the ,soldan4 ,he who does on a disguise must make the sentiments of his heart and the learning of his head accord with the dress which he assumes4 ,i desired to see how a brave and single-hearted cavalier of ,frangistan would conduct himself in debate with such a chief as ,i then seemed2 and ,i questioned the truth of a well-known fact1 to know by what arguments thou wouldst support thy assertion4 ,while they were speaking1 the ,archduke of ,austria1 who stood a little apart1 was struck with the mention of iced sherbet1 and took with pleasure and some bluntness the deep goblet1 as the ,earl of ,huntingdon was about to replace it4 ,most delicious6 he exclaimed1 after a deep draught1 which the heat of the weather1 and the feverishness following the debauch of the preceding day1 had rendered doubly acceptable4 ,he sighed as he handed the cup to the ,grand ,master of the ,templars4 ,saladin made a sign to the dwarf1 who advanced and pronounced1 with a harsh voice1 the words1 ,accipe hoc6 ,the ,templar started1 like a steed who sees a lion under a bush1 beside the pathway2 yet instantly recovered1 and to hide1 perhaps1 his confusion1 raised the goblet to his lips2--but those lips never touched that goblet's rim4 ,the sabre of ,saladin left its sheath as lightning leaves the cloud4 ,it was waved in the air1--and the head of the ,grand ,master rolled to the extremity of the tent1 while the trunk remained1 for a second1 standing1 with the goblet still clenched in its grasp1 then fell1 the liquor mingling with the blood that spurted from the veins4 ,there was a general exclamation of treason1 and ,austria1 nearest to whom ,saladin stood with the bloody sabre in his hand1 started back as if apprehensive that his turn was to come next4 ,richard and others laid hand on their swords4 ,fear nothing1 noble ,austria1 said ,saladin1 as composedly as if nothing had happened1 nor you1 royal ,england1 be wroth at what you have seen4 ,not for his manifold treasons2--not for the attempt which1 as may be vouched by his own squire1 he instigated against ,king ,richard's life2--not that he pursued the ,prince of ,scotland and myself in the desert1 reducing us to save our lives by the speed of our horses2--not that he had stirred up the ,maronites to attack us upon this very occasion1 had ,i not brought up unexpectedly so many ,arabs as rendered the scheme abortive2--not for any or all of these crimes does he now lie there1 although each were deserving such a doom2--but because1 scarce half-an-hour ere he polluted our presence1 as the simoom empoisons the atmosphere1 he poniarded his comrade and accomplice1 ,conrade of ,montserrat1 lest he should confess the infamous plots in which they had both been engaged4 ,how6 ,conrade murdered8--,and by the ,grand ,master1 his sponsor and most intimate friend6 exclaimed ,richard4 ,noble ,soldan1 ,i would not doubt thee2 yet this must be proved2 otherwise---- ,there stands the evidence1 said ,saladin1 pointing to the terrified dwarf4 ,allah1 who sends the fire-fly to illuminate the night-season1 can discover secret crimes by the most contemptible means4 ,the ,soldan proceeded to tell the dwarf's story1 which amounted to this4--,in his foolish curiosity1 or as he partly confessed1 with some thoughts of pilfering1 ,nectabanus had strayed into the tent of ,conrade1 which had been deserted by his attendants1 some of whom had left the encampment to carry the news of his defeat to his brother1 and others were availing themselves of the means which ,saladin had supplied for revelling4 ,the wounded man slept under the influence of ,saladin's wonderful talisman1 so that the dwarf had opportunity to pry about at pleasure1 until he was frightened into concealment by the sound of a heavy step4 ,he skulked behind a curtain1 yet could see the motions1 and hear the words of the ,grand ,master1 who entered1 and carefully secured the covering of the pavillion behind him4 ,his victim started from sleep1 and it would appear that he instantly suspected the purpose of his old associate1 for it was in a tone of alarm that he demanded wherefore he disturbed him4 ,i come to confess and absolve thee1 answered the ,grand ,master4 ,of their further speech the terrified dwarf remembered little1 save that ,conrade implored the ,grand ,master not to break a wounded reed1 and that the ,templar struck him to the heart with a ,turkish dagger1 with the words ,accipe hoc1--words which long afterward haunted the terrified imagination of the concealed witness4 ,i verified the tale1 said ,saladin1 by causing the body to be examined2 and ,i made this unhappy being1 whom ,allah hath made the discoverer of the crime1 repeat in your own presence the words which the murderer spoke1 and you yourselves saw the effect which they produced upon his conscience4 ,the ,soldan paused1 and the ,king of ,england broke silence3-- ,if this be true1 as ,i doubt not1 we have witnessed a great act of justice1 though it bore a different aspect4 ,but wherefore in this presence8 wherefore with thine own hand8 ,i had designed otherwise1 said ,saladin1 but had ,i not hastened his doom1 it had been altogether averted1 since1 if ,i had permitted him to taste of my cup1 as he was about to do1 how could ,i1 without incurring the brand of inhospitality1 have done him to death as he deserved8 ,had he murdered my father1 and afterward partaken of my food and my bowl1 not a hair of his head could have been injured by me4 ,but enough of him2 let his carcass and his memory be removed from amongst us4 ,the body was carried away1 and the marks of the slaughter obliterated or concealed with such ready dexterity1 as showed that the case was not altogether so uncommon1 as to paralyze the assistants and officers of ,saladin's household4 ,but the ,christian princes felt that the scene which they had beheld weighed heavily on their spirits1 and although1 at the courteous invitation of the ,soldan1 they assumed their seats at the banquet1 yet it was with the silence of doubt and amazement4 ,the spirits of ,richard alone surmounted all cause for suspicion or embarrassment4 ,yet he1 too1 seemed to ruminate on some proposition1 as if he were desirous of making it in the most insinuating and acceptable manner which was possible4 ,at length he drank off a large bowl of wine1 and addressing the ,soldan1 desired to know whether it was not true that he had honored the ,earl of ,huntingdon with a personal encounter4 ,saladin answered with a smile1 that he had proved his horse and his weapons with the heir of ,scotland1 as cavaliers are wont to do with each other when they meet in the desert2 and modestly added that1 though the combat was not entirely decisive1 he had not1 on his part1 much reason to pride himself on the event4 ,the ,scot1 on the other hand1 disclaimed the attributed superiority1 and wished to assign it to the ,soldan4 ,enough of honor thou hast had in the encounter1 said ,richard1 and ,i envy thee more for that1 than for the smiles of ,edith ,plantagenet1 though one of them might reward a bloody day's work4--,but what say you1 noble princes2 is it fitting that such a royal ring of chivalry should break up without something being done for future times to speak of8 ,what is the overthrow and death of a traitor1 to such a fair garland of honor as is here assembled1 and which ought not to part without witnessing something more worthy of their regard8 ,how say you1 princely ,soldan2 what if we two should now1 and before this fair company1 decide the long-contended question for this land of ,palestine1 and end at once these tedious wars8 ,yonder are the lists ready1 nor can ,paynimrie ever hope a better champion than thou4 ,i1 unless worthier offers1 will lay down my gauntlet in behalf of ,christendom1 and1 in all love and honor1 we will do mortal battle for the possession of ,jerusalem4 ,there was a deep pause for the ,soldan's answer4 ,his cheek and brow colored highly1 and it was the opinion of many present that he hesitated whether he should accept the challenge4 ,at length he said3 ,fighting for the ,holy ,city against those whom we regard as idolaters1 and worshippers of stocks and stones1 and graven images1 ,i might confide that ,allah would strengthen my arm2 or if ,i fell beneath the sword of the ,melech ,ric1 ,i could not pass to ,paradise by a more glorious death4 ,but ,allah has already given ,jerusalem to the true believers1 and it were a tempting the ,god of the ,prophet to peril1 upon my own personal strength and skill1 that which ,i hold securely by the superiority of my forces4 ,if not for ,jerusalem1 then1 said ,richard1 in the tone of one who would entreat a favor of an intimate friend1 yet1 for the love of honor1 let us run at least three courses with grinded lances4 ,even this1 said ,saladin1 half smiling at ,coeur de ,lion's affectionate earnestness for the combat1 even this ,i may not lawfully do4 ,the ,master places the shepherd over the flock1 not for the shepherd's own sake1 but for the sake of the sheep4 ,had ,i a son to hold the sceptre when ,i fell1 ,i might have had the liberty1 as ,i have the will1 to brave this bold encounter2 but your own ,scripture sayeth1 that when the herdsman is smitten1 the sheep are scattered4 ,thou hast had all the fortune1 said ,richard1 turning to the ,earl of ,huntingdon with a sigh4 ,i would have given the best year of my life for that one half-hour beside the ,diamond of the ,desert6 ,the chivalrous extravagance of ,richard awakened the spirits of the assembly1 and when at length they arose to depart1 ,saladin advanced and took ,coeur de ,lion by the hand4 ,noble ,king of ,england1 he said1 we now part1 never to meet again4 ,that your league is dissolved1 no more to be reunited1 and that your native forces are far too few to enable you to prosecute your enterprise1 is as well known to me as to yourself4 ,i may not yield you up that ,jerusalem which you so much desire to hold4 ,it is to us1 as to you1 a ,holy ,city4 ,but whatever other terms ,richard demands of ,saladin1 shall be as willingly yielded as yonder fountain yields its waters4 ,ay1 and the same should be as frankly afforded by ,saladin1 if ,richard stood in the desert with but two archers in his train6 ,,footnotes3 ,i ,while the army of the crusaders was inactive near ,ascalon1 a truce having been agreed to between the ,saracens and their assailants1 the ,grand ,master of the ,templars1 ,conrade ,marquis of ,montserrat1 and others of the ,christian ,princes1 were plotting to effect its dismemberment4 ,richard of ,england was the leading spirit of the crusade1 and the plotters wished either to get rid of him or to inspire his colleagues with jealousy of his leadership4 ,the ,grand ,master sought to have the ,king assassinated4 ,conrade tried to break up the league by milder means3 he first provoked the ,duke of ,austria to insult the ,english banner2 and then thinking rightly that the suspicion and wrath of ,richard would fall upon ,austria1 he secretly stole the banner from its place4 ,its safe-keeping1 after ,austria's insult1 had been entrusted by the ,king to ,sir ,kenneth1 known as the ,knight of the ,leopard1 in reality ,david ,prince of ,scotland1 who in the disguise of an obscure gentleman had joined the crusade as a follower of the ,english ,king4 ,sir ,kenneth was innocently decoyed from his watch1 and in his absence1 the banner1 left with but his dog to guard it1 was stolen by ,conrade4 ,for his failure of duty4 ,sir ,kenneth was condemned to immediate death1 but ,saladin1 who in the disguise of an ,arab physician was in the ,english camp1 and who had rescued the ,king from death by fever1 urgently interceding1 his life was spared4 ,saladin took ,sir ,kenneth to the camp of the ,saracens1 and knowing his worth and valor1 having previously had knightly encounter with him in the desert1 disguised him as a ,nubian slave1 and sent him as a present to ,richard with the hope that he might in some way discover by whom the banner had been stolen4 ,attending ,richard as a slave ,sir ,kenneth saved the king from the assassination which the ,grand ,master had instigated1 and aided by the instinct of his dog1 also disguised1 he detected the thief in ,conrade4 ,richard thereupon1 at once charged ,conrade with the theft1 and challenged him to mortal combat4 ,the ,king was prevented by the ,council of the ,princes from fighting in person1 but having divined in the ,nubian slave the former ,knight of the ,leopard1 he permitted ,sir ,kenneth to fight in his stead1 that the knight might atone for the dishonor of being faithless in his watch4 ,conrade's cause was espoused by the ,grand ,master1 who had been his confidant1 and by the ,duke of ,austria4 ,the encounter was appointed to take place at the ,diamond of the ,desert1 in the territory of ,saladin1 who was asked to act as umpire4 ,it had been stipulated that but five hundred ,saracens should be present at the trial2 ,saladin1 however1 having been apprised of further plotting on the part of the ,grand ,master1 for safety's sake caused a larger attendance of his followers4 ,sir ,kenneth had long loved ,edith ,plantagenet1 but being known to her only as a poor and nameless adventurer1 he had not yet openly avowed his love4 ,,xxxi4 ,,to ,a ,,highland ,,girl4 7,,at ,,inversneyde1 ,,upon ,,loch ,,lomond47 ,,william ,,wordsworth4--#aggj-ahej4 ,sweet ,highland girl1 a very shower ,of beauty is thy earthly dower6 ,twice seven consenting years have shed ,their utmost bounty on thy head3 ,and these gray rocks2 this household lawn2 ,these trees1 a veil just half withdrawn2 ,this fall of water1 that doth make ,a murmur near the silent lake2 ,this little bay1 a quiet road ,that holds in shelter thy abode2 ,in truth1 together do ye seem ,like something fashion'd in a dream2 ,such forms as from their covert peep ,when earthly cares are laid asleep6 ,yet1 dream and vision as thou art1 ,i bless thee with a human heart3 ,god shield thee to thy latest years6 ,thee neither know ,i nor thy peers2 ,and yet my eyes are fill'd with tears4 ,with earnest feeling ,i shall pray ,for thee when ,i am far away3 ,for never saw ,i mien1 or face1 ,in which more plainly ,i could trace ,benignity and home-bred sense ,ripening in perfect innocence4 ,here scatter'd like a random seed1 ,remote from men1 thou dost not need ,the embarrass'd look of shy distress1 ,and maidenly shamefacedness3 ,thou wear'st upon thy forehead clear ,the freedom of a mountaineer3 ,a face with gladness overspread6 ,soft smiles1 by human kindness bred6 ,and seemliness complete1 that sways ,thy courtesies1 about thee plays2 ,with no restraint1 but such as springs ,from quick and eager visitings ,of thoughts that lie beyond the reach ,of thy few words of ,english speech3 ,a bondage sweetly brook'd1 a strife ,that gives thy gestures grace and life6 ,so have ,i1 not unmov'd in mind1 ,seen birds of tempest-loving kind1 ,thus beating up against the wind4 ,what hand but would a garland cull ,for thee who art so beautiful8 ,o happy pleasure6 here to dwell ,beside thee in some heathy dell2 ,adopt your homely ways1 and dress1 ,a shepherd1 thou a shepherdess6 ,but ,i could frame a wish for thee ,more like a grave reality3 ,thou art to me but as a wave ,of the wild sea2 and ,i would have ,some claim upon thee1 if ,i could1 ,though but of common neighborhood4 ,what joy to hear thee1 and to see6 ,thy elder brother ,i would be1 ,thy father1 anything to thee6 ,now thanks to ,heaven6 that of its grace ,hath led me to this lonely place4 ,joy have ,i had2 and going hence ,i bear away my recompense4 ,in spots like these it is we prize ,our memory1 feel that she hath eyes3 ,then1 why should ,i be loth to stir8 ,i feel this place was made for her2 ,to give new pleasure like the past1 ,continued long as life shall last4 ,nor am ,i loth1 though pleas'd at heart1 ,sweet ,highland girl6 from thee to part2 ,for ,i1 methinks1 till ,i grow old1 ,as fair before me shall behold1 ,as ,i do now1 the cabin small1 ,the lake1 the bay1 the waterfall2 ,and thee1 the spirit of them all6 ,,xxxii4 ,,france3 ,,an ,,ode4 7#agig47 ,,samuel ,,taylor ,,coleridge4--#aggb-ahcd4 ,i4 ,ye ,clouds6 that far above me float and pause1 ,whose pathless march no mortal may control6 ,ye ,ocean-,waves6 that1 wheresoe'er ye roll1 ,yield homage only to eternal laws6 ,ye ,woods6 that listen to the night-birds singing1 ,midway the smooth and perilous slope reclin'd1 ,save when your own imperious branches1 swinging1 ,have made a solemn music of the wind6 ,where1 like a man belov'd of ,god1 ,through glooms1 which never woodman trod1 ,how oft1 pursuing fancies holy1 ,my moonlight way o'er flowering weeds ,i wound1 ,inspir'd1 beyond the guess of folly1 ,by each rude shape and wild unconquerable sound6 ,o ye loud ,waves6 and ,o ye ,forests high6 ,and ,o ye ,clouds that far above me soar'd6 ,thou rising ,sun6 thou blue rejoicing ,sky6 ,yea1 every thing that is and will be free6 ,bear witness for me1 wheresoe'er ye be1 ,with what deep worship ,i have still ador'd ,the spirit of divinest ,liberty4 ,,ii4 ,when ,france in wrath her giant-limbs uprear'd1 ,and with that oath1 which smote air1 earth1 and sea1 ,stamp'd her strong foot and said she would be free1 ,bear witness for me1 how ,i hoped and fear'd6 ,with what a joy my lofty gratulation ,unaw'd ,i sang1 amid a slavish band2 ,and when to whelm the disenchanted nation1 ,like fiends embattled by a wizard's wand4 ,the ,monarchs march'd in evil day1 ,and ,britain join'd the dire array1 ,though dear her shores and circling ocean1 ,though many friendships1 many youthful loves1 ,had swoll'n the patriot emotion1 ,and flung a magic light o'er all her hills and groves2 ,yet still my voice1 unalter'd1 sang defeat ,to all that brav'd the tyrant-quelling lance1 ,and shame too long delay'd and vain retreat6 ,for ne'er1 ,o ,liberty6 with partial aim ,i dimm'd thy light or damp'd thy holy flame2 ,but bless'd the paeans of deliver'd ,france1 ,and hung my head and wept at ,britain's name4 ,,iii4 ,and what1 ,i said1 though ,blasphemy's loud scream ,with that sweet music of deliverance strove6 ,though all the fierce and drunken passions wove ,a dance more wild than e'er was maniac's dream6 ,ye ,storms1 that round the dawning east assembled1 ,the ,sun was rising1 though ye hid his light6 ,and when1 to soothe my soul1 that hoped and trembled1 ,the dissonance ceas'd1 and all seem'd calm and bright2 ,when ,france her front deep-scarr'd and gory ,conceal'd with clustering wreaths of glory2 ,when1 insupportably advancing1 ,her arm made mockery of the warrior's tramp1 ,while1 timid looks of fury glancing1 ,domestic treason1 crush'd beneath her fatal stamp1 ,writh'd like a wounded dragon in his gore3 ,then ,i reproach'd my fears that would not flee2 ,and soon1 ,i said1 shall ,wisdom teach her lore ,in the low huts of them that toil and groan6 ,and1 conquering by her happiness alone1 ,shall ,france compel the nations to be free1 ,till ,love and ,joy look round1 and call the earth their own4 ,,iv4 ,forgive me1 ,freedom6 ,o forgive those dreams6 ,i hear thy voice1 ,i hear thy loud lament1 ,from bleak ,helvetia's icy cavern sent1-- ,i hear thy groans upon her blood-stain'd streams6 ,heroes1 that for your peaceful country perish'd1 ,and ye that1 fleeing1 spot your mountain-snows ,with bleeding wounds1 forgive me1 that ,i cherish'd ,one thought that ever bless'd your cruel foes6 ,to scatter rage1 and traitorous guilt1 ,where ,peace her jealous home had built2 ,a patriot-race to disinherit ,of all that made their stormy wilds so dear1 ,and with inexpiable spirit ,to taint the bloodless freedom of the mountaineer1-- ,o ,france1 that mockest ,heaven1 adulterous1 blind1 ,and patriot only in pernicious toils1 ,are these thy boasts1 champion of human kind8 ,to mix with kings in the low lust of sway1 ,yell in the hunt1 and share the murderous prey2 ,to insult the shrine of ,liberty with spoils ,from freemen torn2 to tempt and to betray8 ,v4 ,the ,sensual and the ,dark rebel in vain1 ,slaves by their own compulsion6 ,in mad game ,they burst their manacles and wear the name ,of ,freedom1 graven on a heavier chain6 ,o ,liberty6 with profitless endeavor ,have ,i pursued thee1 many a weary hour2 ,but thou nor swell'st the victor's strain1 nor ever ,didst breathe thy soul in forms of human power4 ,alike from all1 howe'er they praise thee 7,nor prayer1 nor boastful name delays thee71 ,alike from ,priestcraft's harpy minions1 ,and factious ,blasphemy's obscener slaves1 ,thou speedest on thy subtle pinions1 ,the guide of homeless winds1 and playmate of the waves6 ,and there ,i felt thee6--on that sea-cliff's verge1 ,whose pines1 scarce travell'd by the breeze above1 ,had made one murmur with the distant surge6 ,yes1 while ,i stood and gaz'd1 my temples bare1 ,and shot my being through earth1 sea1 and air1 ,possessing all things with intensest love1 ,o ,liberty6 my spirit felt thee there4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,complaint ,,and ,,reproof4 ,,coleridge4 ,i4 ,how seldom1 friend6 a good great man inherits ,honor or wealth1 with all his worth and pains6 ,it sounds like stories from the land of spirits1 ,if any man obtain that which he merits1 ,or any merit that which he obtains4 ,,ii4 ,for shame1 dear friend6 renounce this canting strain6 ,what wouldst thou have a good great man obtain8 ,place--titles--salary--a gilded chain-- ,or throne of corses which his sword hath slain8-- ,greatness and goodness are not means but ends6 ,hath he not always treasures1 always friends1 ,the good great man8--three treasures1--love1 and light1 ,and calm thoughts1 regular as infant's breath2-- ,and three firm friends1 more sure than day and night1-- ,himself1 his ,maker1 and the angel ,death4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,the ,,well ,,of ,,st4 ,,keyne4 ,,robert ,,southey4--#aggd-ahdc4 ,a well there is in the west country1 ,and a clearer one never was seen2 ,there is not a wife in the west country ,but has heard of the ,well of ,st4 ,keyne4 ,an oak and an elm-tree stand beside1 ,and behind doth an ash-tree grow1 ,and a willow from the bank above ,droops to the water below4 ,a traveller came to the ,well of ,st4 ,keyne2 ,joyfully he drew nigh2 ,for from cock-crow he had been travelling1 ,and there was not a cloud in the sky4 ,he drank of the water so cool and clear1 ,for thirsty and hot was he2 ,and he sat down upon the bank ,under the willow-tree4 ,there came a man from the house hard by1 ,at the well to fill his pail2 ,on the well-side he rested it1 ,and he bade the stranger hail4 ,now1 art thou a bachelor1 stranger8 quoth he2 ,for1 an if thou hast a wife1 ,the happiest draught thou hast drank this day ,that ever thou didst in thy life4 ,or has thy good woman1 if one thou hast1 ,ever here in ,cornwall been8 ,for1 an if she have1 ,i'll venture my life ,she has drank of the ,well of ,st4 ,keyne4 ,i have left a good woman who never was here1 ,the stranger he made reply2 ,but that my draught should be the better for that1 ,i pray you answer me why4 ,st4 ,keyne1 quoth the ,cornish-man1 many a time ,drank of this crystal well2 ,and1 before the angel summon'd her1 ,she laid on the water a spell1-- ,if the husband of this gifted well ,shall drink before his wife1 ,a happy man thenceforth is he1 ,for he shall be master for life2 ,but if the wife should drink of it first1 ,god help the husband then6 ,the stranger stoop'd to the ,well of ,st4 ,keyne1 ,and drank of the water again4 ,you drank of the well1 ,i warrant1 betimes8 ,he to the ,cornish-man said2 ,but the ,cornish-man smiled as the stranger spake1 ,and sheepishly shook his head3-- ,i hasten'd1 as soon as the wedding was done1 ,and left my wife in the porch2 ,but i' faith she had been wiser than me1 ,for she took a bottle to church4 ,,xxxv4 ,,the ,,isles ,,of ,,greece4 ,,lord ,,byron4--#aghh-ahbd4 ,the isles of ,greece6 the isles of ,greece6 ,where burning ,sappho lov'd and sung1 ,where grew the arts of war and peace1 ,where ,delos rose1 and ,phoebus sprung6 ,eternal summer gilds them yet1 ,but all1 except their sun1 is set4 ,the ,scian and the ,teian muse1 ,the hero's harp1 the lover's lute1 ,have found the fame your shores refuse3 ,their place of birth alone is mute ,to sounds which echo further west ,than your sires' ,islands of the ,blest4 ,the mountains look on ,marathon-- ,and ,marathon looks on the sea2 ,and musing there an hour alone1 ,i dream'd that ,greece might still be free2 ,for standing on the ,persians' grave1 ,i could not deem myself a slave4 ,a king sate on the rocky brow ,which looks o'er sea-born ,salamis2 ,and ships1 by thousands1 lay below1 ,and men in nations2--all were his6 ,he counted them at break of day-- ,and when the sun set1 where were they8 ,and where are they8 and where art thou1 ,my country8 ,on thy voiceless shore ,the heroic lay is tuneless now-- ,the heroic bosom beats no more6 ,and must thy lyre1 so long divine1 ,degenerate into hands like mine8 ',tis something1 in the dearth of fame1 ,though link'd among a fetter'd race1 ,to feel at least a patriot's shame1 ,even as ,i sing1 suffuse my face2 ,for what is left the poet here8 ,for ,greeks a blush--for ,greece a tear4 ,must we but weep o'er days more blest8 ,must we but blush8--,our fathers bled4 ,earth6 render back from out thy breast ,a remnant of our ,spartan dead6 ,of the three hundred grant but three1 ,to make a new ,thermopylae6 ,what1 silent still8 and silent all8 ,ah6 no2--the voices of the dead ,sound like a distant torrent's fall1 ,and answer1 ,let one living head1 ,but one1 arise1--we come1 we come6 ',tis but the living who are dumb4 ,in vain--in vain3 strike other chords2 ,fill high the cup with ,samian wine6 ,leave battles to the ,turkish hordes1 ,and shed the blood of ,scio's vine6 ,hark6 rising to the ignoble call-- ,how answers each bold ,bacchanal6 ,you have the ,pyrrhic dance as yet2 ,where is the ,pyrrhic phalanx gone8 ,of two such lessons1 why forget ,the nobler and the manlier one8 ,you have the letters ,cadmus gave-- ,think ye he meant them for a slave8 ,fill high the bowl with ,samian wine6 ,we will not think of themes like these6 ,it made ,anacreon's song divine3 ,he served--but served ,polycrates-- ,a tyrant2 but our masters then ,were still1 at least1 our countrymen4 ,the tyrant of the ,chersonese ,was freedom's best and bravest friend2 ,that tyrant was ,miltiades6 ,oh6 that the present hour would lend ,another despot of the kind6 ,such chains as his were sure to bind4 ,fill high the bowl with ,samian wine6 ,on ,suli's rock1 and ,parga's shore1 ,exists the remnant of a line ,such as the ,doric mothers bore2 ,and there1 perhaps1 some seed is sown1 ,the ,heracleidan blood might own4 ,trust not for freedom to the ,franks-- ,they have a king who buys and sells3 ,in native swords1 and native ranks1 ,the only hope of courage dwells2 ,but ,turkish force1 and ,latin fraud1 ,would break your shield1 however broad4 ,fill high the bowl with ,samian wine6 ,our virgins dance beneath the shade-- ,i see their glorious black eyes shine2 ,but gazing on each glowing maid1 ,my own the burning tear-drop laves1 ,to think such breasts must suckle slaves4 ,place me on ,sunium's marbled steep1 ,where nothing1 save the waves and ,i1 ,may hear our mutual murmurs sweep2 ,there1 swan-like1 let me sing and die3 ,a land of slaves shall ne'er be mine-- ,dash down yon cup of ,samian wine6 ,,xxxvi4 ,,go ,,where ,,glory ,,waits ,,thee4 ,,thomas ,,moore4--#aggi-aheb4 ,go where glory waits thee2 ,but1 while fame elates thee1 ,o1 still remember me6 ,when the praise thou meetest ,to thine ear is sweetest1 ,o1 then remember me6 ,other arms may press thee1 ,dearer friends caress thee1 ,all the joys that bless thee ,sweeter far may be2 ,but when friends are nearest1 ,and when joys are dearest1 ,o1 then remember me6 ,when1 at eve1 thou rovest ,by the star thou lovest1 ,o1 then remember me6 ,think1 when home returning1 ,bright we've seen it burning1 ,o1 thus remember me6 ,oft as summer closes1 ,when thine eye reposes ,on its lingering roses1 ,once so lov'd by thee1 ,think of her who wove them1 ,her who made thee love them1 ,o1 then remember me6 ,when1 around thee dying1 ,autumn leaves are lying1 ,o1 then remember me6 ,and1 at night1 when gazing ,on the gay hearth blazing1 ,o1 still remember me6 ,then1 should music1 stealing ,all the soul of feeling1 ,to thy heart appealing1 ,draw one tear from thee2 ,then let memory bring thee ,strains ,i used to sing thee1-- ,o1 then remember me6 ,,xxxvii4 ,,dear ,,harp ,,of ,,my ,,country4 ,,moore4 ,dear ,harp of my ,country6 in darkness ,i found thee1 ,the cold chain of silence had hung o'er thee long1 ,when proudly1 my own ,island ,harp1 ,i unbound thee1 ,and gave all thy chords to light1 freedom1 and song6 ,the warm lay of love and the light note of gladness ,have waken'd thy fondest1 thy liveliest thrill2 ,but1 so oft hast thou echo'd the deep sigh of sadness1 ,that ev'n in thy mirth it will steal from thee still4 ,dear ,harp of my ,country6 farewell to thy numbers1 ,this sweet wreath of song is the last we shall twine6 ,go1 sleep with the sunshine of fame on thy slumbers1 ,till touch'd by some hand less unworthy than mine2 ,if the pulse of the patriot1 soldier1 or lover1 ,have throbb'd at our lay1 'tis thy glory alone2 ,i was but as the wind1 passing heedlessly over1 ,and all the wild sweetness ,i waked was thy own4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,come1 ,,ye ,,disconsolate4 ,,moore4 ,come1 ye disconsolate1 where'er you languish1 ,come1 at ,god's altar fervently kneel2 ,here bring your wounded hearts1 here tell your anguish-- ,earth has no sorrow that ,heaven cannot heal4 ,joy of the desolate1 ,light of the straying1 ,hope1 when all others die1 fadeless and pure1 ,here speaks the ,comforter1 in ,god's name saying1-- ,earth has no sorrow that ,heaven cannot cure4 ,go1 ask the infidel1 what boon he brings us1 ,what charm for aching hearts he can reveal1 ,sweet as that heavenly promise ,hope sings us1 ,earth has no sorrow that ,god cannot heal4 ,,xxxix4 ,,on ,a ,,lock ,,of ,,milton',s ,,hair4 ,,leigh ,,hunt4--#aghd-ahei4 ,it lies before me there1 and my own breath ,stirs its thin outer threads1 as though beside ,the living head ,i stood in honor'd pride1 ,talking of lovely things that conquer death4 ,perhaps he press'd it once1 or underneath ,ran his fine fingers1 when he leant1 blank-ey'd1 ,and saw1 in fancy1 ,adam and his bride ,with their rich locks1 or his own ,delphic wreath4 ,there seems a love in hair1 though it be dead4 ,it is the gentlest1 yet the strongest thread ,of our frail plant1--a blossom from the tree ,surviving the proud trunk2--as though it said ,patience and gentleness is power2 in me ,behold affectionate eternity4 ,,xl4 ,,the ,,glove ,,and ,,the ,,lions4 ,,leigh ,,hunt4 ,king ,francis was a hearty king1 and lov'd a royal sport1 ,and one day1 as his lions strove1 sat looking on the court3 ,the nobles fill'd the benches round1 the ladies by their side1 ,and 'mongst them ,count de ,lorge1 with one he hoped to make his bride2 ,and truly 'twas a gallant thing to see that crowning show1 ,valor and love1 and a king above1 and the royal beasts below4 ,ramp'd and roar'd the lions1 with horrid laughing jaws2 ,they bit1 they glared1 gave blows like beams1 a wind went with their paws2 ,with wallowing might and stifled roar they roll'd one on another1 ,till all the pit1 with sand and mane1 was in a thund'rous smother2 ,the bloody foam above the bars came whizzing through the air2 ,said ,francis then1 ,good gentlemen1 we're better here than there6 ,de ,lorge's love o'erheard the ,king1 a beauteous1 lively dame1 ,with smiling lips1 and sharp bright eyes1 which always seem'd the same3 ,she thought1 ,the ,count1 my lover1 is as brave as brave can be2 ,he surely would do desperate things to show his love of me6 ,king1 ladies1 lovers1 all look on2 the chance is wondrous fine2 ,i'll drop my glove to prove his love2 great glory will be mine6 ,she dropp'd her glove to prove his love3 then look'd on him and smiled2 ,he bow'd1 and in a moment leap'd among the lions wild3 ,the leap was quick2 return was quick2 he soon regain'd his place2 ,then threw the glove1 but not with love1 right in the lady's face6 ,in truth6 cried ,francis1 rightly done6 and he rose from where he sat3 ,no love1 quoth he1 but vanity1 sets love a task like that6 99 99 99 99 99 ,rough wind1 that moanest loud ,grief too sad for song2 ,wild wind1 when sullen cloud ,knells all the night long2 ,sad storm1 whose tears are vain1 ,bare woods1 whose branches strain1 ,deep caves and dreary main1 ,wail1 for the world's wrong4 ,a ,dirge4--,,shelley4 ,,xli4 ,,the ,,cloud4 ,,percy ,,bysshe ,,shelley4--#agib-ahbb4 ,i4 ,i bring fresh showers for the thirsting flowers ,from the seas and the streams2 ,i bear light shade for the leaves when laid ,in their noon-day dreams4 ,from my wings are shaken the dews that waken ,the sweet buds every one1 ,when rock'd to rest on their ,mother's breast1 ,as she dances about the sun4 ,i wield the flail of the lashing hail1 ,and whiten the green plains under2 ,and then again ,i dissolve it in rain1 ,and laugh as ,i pass in thunder4 ,,ii4 ,i sift the snow on the mountains below1 ,and their great pines groan aghast2 ,and all the night 'tis my pillow white1 ,while ,i sleep in the arms of the ,blast4 ,sublime on the towers of my skyey bowers ,lightning1 my pilot1 sits2 ,in a cavern under is fetter'd the ,thunder1-- ,it struggles and howls at fits4 ,over earth and ocean with gentle motion ,this pilot is guiding me1 ,lured by the love of the ,genii that move ,in the depths of the purple sea2 ,over the rills and the crags and the hills1 ,over the lakes and the plains1 ,wherever he dream under mountain or stream ,the ,spirit he loves remains2 ,and ,i all the while bask in heaven's blue smile1 ,whilst he is dissolving in rains4 ,,iii4 ,the sanguine ,sunrise1 with his meteor eyes1 ,and his burning plumes outspread1 ,leaps on the back of my sailing rack1 ,when the morning star shines dead2 ,as on the jag of a mountain-crag1 ,which an earthquake rocks and swings1 ,an eagle alit one moment may sit ,in the light of its golden wings4 ,and1 when ,sunset may breathe1 from the lit sea beneath1 ,its ardor of rest and of love1 ,and the crimson pall of eve may fall ,from the depth of heaven above1 ,with wings folded ,i rest on mine airy nest1 ,as still as a brooding dove4 ,,iv4 ,that orbed maiden1 with white-fire laden1 ,whom mortals call the ,moon1 ,glides glimmering o'er my fleece-like floor ,by the midnight breezes strewn2 ,and wherever the beat of her unseen feet1 ,which only the angels hear1 ,may have broken the woof of my tent's thin roof1 ,the ,stars peep behind her and peer4 ,and ,i laugh to see them whirl and flee ,like a swarm of golden bees1 ,when ,i widen the rent in my wind-built tent1-- ,till the calm rivers1 lakes1 and seas1 ,like strips of the sky fallen through me on high1 ,are each pav'd with the moon and these4 ,v4 ,i bind the ,sun's throne with a burning zone1 ,and the ,moon's with a girdle of pearl2 ,the volcanoes are dim1 and the ,stars reel and swim1 ,when the ,whirlwinds my banner unfurl4 ,from cape to cape1 with a bridge-like shape1 ,over a torrent sea1 ,sunbeam-proof1 ,i hang like a roof1-- ,the mountains its columns be4 ,the triumphal arch1 through which ,i march1 ,with hurricane1 fire1 and snow1 ,when the ,powers of the air are chain'd to my chair1 ,is the million-color'd bow2 ,the ,sphere-fire above its soft colors wove1 ,while the moist ,earth was laughing below4 ,,vi4 ,i am the daughter of ,earth and ,water1 ,and the nursling of the ,sky2 ,i pass through the pores of the ocean and shores2 ,i change1 but ,i cannot die4 ,for after the rain1 when with never a stain ,the pavilion of heaven is bare1 ,and the winds and sunbeams with their convex gleams ,build up the blue dome of air1 ,i silently laugh at my own cenotaph1-- ,and out of the caverns of rain1 ,like a child from the womb1 like a ghost from the tomb1 ,i arise1 and unbuild it again4 ,,xlii4 ,,on ,,first ,,looking ,,into ,,chapman',s ,,homer4 ,,john ,,keats4--#agie-ahba4 ,much have ,i travell'd in the realms of gold1 ,and many goodly states and kingdoms seen2 ,round many western islands have ,i been ,which bards in fealty to ,apollo hold4 ,oft of one wide expanse had ,i been told ,that deep-brow'd ,homer ruled as his demesne3 ,yet did ,i never breathe its pure serene ,till ,i heard ,chapman speak out loud and bold3 ,then felt ,i like some watcher of the skies ,when a new planet swims into his ken2 ,or like stout ,cortez when with eagle eyes ,he stared at the ,pacific--and all his men ,look'd at each other with a wild surmise-- ,silent1 upon a peak in ,darien4 ,,xliii4 ,,on ,,the ,,grasshopper ,,and ,,the ,,cricket4 ,,keats4 ,the poetry of earth is never dead3 ,when all the birds are faint with the hot sun1 ,and hide in cooling trees1 a voice will run ,from hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead3 ,that is the grasshopper's--he takes the lead ,in summer luxury1--he has never done ,with his delights1 for1 when tired out with fun1 ,he rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed4 ,the poetry of earth is ceasing never3 ,on a lone winter evening1 when the frost ,has wrought a silence1 from the stove there shrills ,the cricket's song1 in warmth increasing ever1 ,and seems to one in drowsiness half lost1 ,the grasshopper's among some grassy hills4 ,,xliv4 ,,the ,,power ,,and ,,danger ,,of ,,the ,,caesars4 ,,thomas ,,de ,,quincey4--#aghe-ahei4 ,from ,,the ,,caesars4 ,to this view of the imperial character and relations must be added one single circumstance1 which in some measure altered the whole for the individual who happened to fill the office4 ,the emperor de facto might be viewed under two aspects2 there was the man1 and there was the office4 ,in his office he was immortal and sacred3 but as a question might still be raised1 by means of a mercenary army1 as to the claims of the particular individual who at any time filled the office1 the very sanctity and privilege of the character with which he was clothed might actually be turned against himself2 and here it is1 at this point1 that the character of ,roman emperor became truly and mysteriously awful4 ,gibbon has taken notice of the extraordinary situation of a subject in the ,roman empire who should attempt to fly from the wrath of the ,caesar4 ,such was the ubiquity of the emperor that this was metaphysically hopeless4 ,except across pathless deserts or amongst barbarous nomads1 it was impossible to find even a transient sanctuary from the imperial pursuit4 ,if the fugitive went down to the sea1 there he met the emperor3 if he took the wings of the morning1 and fled to the uttermost parts of the earth1 there was also ,caesar in the person of his lieutenants4 ,but1 by a dreadful counter-charm1 the same omnipresence of imperial anger and retribution which withered the hopes of the poor humble prisoner1 met and confounded the emperor himself1 when hurled from his elevation by some fortunate rival4 ,all the kingdoms of the earth1 to one in that situation1 became but so many wards of the same infinite prison4 ,flight1 if it were even successful for the moment1 did but a little retard his inevitable doom4 ,and so evident was this1 that hardly in one instance did the fallen prince attempt to fly2 passively he met the death which was inevitable1 in the very spot where ruin had overtaken him4 ,neither was it possible even for a merciful conqueror to show mercy2 for1 in the presence of an army so mercenary and factious1 his own safety was but too deeply involved in the extermination of rival pretenders to the crown4 ,such1 amidst the sacred security and inviolability of the office1 was the hazardous tenure of the individual4 ,nor did his dangers always arise from persons in the rank of competitors and rivals4 ,sometimes it menaced him in quarters which his eye had never penetrated1 and from enemies too obscure to have reached his ear4 ,by way of illustration we will cite a case from the life of the ,emperor ,commodus1 which is wild enough to have furnished the plot of a romance1 though as well authenticated as any other passage in that reign4 ,the story is narrated by ,herodian1 and the outline was this3--,a slave of noble qualities1 and of magnificent person1 having liberated himself from the degradations of bondage1 determined to avenge his own wrongs by inflicting continual terror upon the town and neighborhood which had witnessed his humiliation4 ,for this purpose he resorted to the woody recesses of the province 7somewhere in the modern ,transylvania71 and1 attracting to his wild encampment as many fugitives as he could1 by degrees he succeeded in training a very formidable troop of freebooters4 ,partly from the energy of his own nature1 and partly from the neglect and remissness of the provincial magistrates1 the robber captain rose from less to more1 until he had formed a little army1 equal to the task of assaulting fortified cities4 ,in this stage of his adventures he encountered and defeated several of the imperial officers commanding large detachments of troops2 and at length grew of consequence sufficient to draw upon himself the emperor's eye1 and the honor of his personal displeasure4 ,in high wrath and disdain at the insults offered to his eagles by this fugitive slave1 ,commodus fulminated against him such an edict as left him no hope of much longer escaping with impunity4 ,public vengeance was now awakened2 the imperial troops were marching from every quarter upon the same centre2 and the slave became sensible that in a very short space of time he must be surrounded and destroyed4 ,in this desperate situation he took a desperate resolution3 he assembled his troops1 laid before them his plan1 concerted the various steps for carrying it into effect1 and then dismissed them as independent wanderers4 ,so ends the first chapter of the tale4 ,the next opens in the passes of the ,alps1 whither1 by various routes1 of seven or eight hundred miles in extent1 these men had threaded their way in manifold disguises1 through the very midst of the emperor's camps4 ,according to this man's gigantic enterprise1 in which the means were as audacious as the purpose1 the conspirators were to rendezvous1 and first to recognize each other1 at the gates of ,rome4 ,from the ,danube to the ,tiber did this band of robbers severally pursue their perilous routes through all the difficulties of the road and the jealousies of the military stations1 sustained by the mere thirst of vengeance--vengeance against that mighty foe whom they knew only by his proclamations against themselves4 ,everything continued to prosper2 the conspirators met under the walls of ,rome2 the final details were arranged2 and those also would have prospered but for a trifling accident4 ,the season was one of general carnival at ,rome2 and1 by the help of those disguises which the license of this festival time allowed1 the murderers were to have penetrated as maskers to the emperor's retirement1 when a casual word or two awoke the suspicions of a sentinel4 ,one of the conspirators was arrested2 under the terror and uncertainty of the moment1 he made much ampler discoveries than were expected of him2 the other accomplices were secured3 and ,commodus was delivered from the uplifted daggers of those who had sought him by months of patient wanderings1 pursued through all the depths of the ,illyrian forests1 and the difficulties of the ,alpine passes4 ,it is not easy to find words of admiration commensurate to the energetic hardihood of a slave--who1 by way of answer and reprisal to an edict summarily consigning him to persecution and death1 determines to cross ,europe in quest of its author1 though no less a person than the master of the world--to seek him out in the inmost recesses of his capital city1 of his private palace1 of his consecrated bed-chamber--and there to lodge a dagger in his heart1 as the adequate reply to the imperial sentence of proscription against himself4 ,such1 amidst the superhuman grandeur and hallowed privileges of the ,roman emperor's office1 were the extraordinary perils which menaced the individual officer4 ,the office rose by its grandeur to a region above the clouds and vapors of earth3 the officer might find his personal security as unsubstantial as those wandering vapors4 ,nor is it possible that these circumstances of violent opposition can be better illustrated than in this tale of ,herodian4 ,whilst the emperor's mighty arms were stretched out to arrest some potentate in the heart of ,asia1 a poor slave is silently and stealthily creeping round the base of the ,alps1 with the purpose of winning his way as a murderer to the imperial bed-chamber2 ,caesar is watching some potent rebel of the ,orient1 at a distance of two thousand leagues1 and he overlooks the dagger which is within three stealthy steps1 and one tiger's leap1 of his own heart4 ,all the heights and the depths which belong to man's frailty1 all the contrasts of glory and meanness1 the extremities of what is highest and lowest in human casualties1 meeting in the station of the ,roman ,caesar ,semper ,augustus--have combined to call him into high marble relief1 and to make him the most interesting study of all whom history has emblazoned with colors of fire and blood1 or has crowned most lavishly with diadems of cyprus and laurel4 ,,xlv4 ,,unthoughtfulness4 ,,dr4 ,,arnold4--#agie-ahdb4 ,a ,lecture delivered in ,rugby ,chapel4 ,the state of spiritual folly is1 ,i suppose1 one of the most universal evils in the world4 ,for the number of those who are naturally foolish is exceedingly great2 of those1 ,i mean1 who understand no worldly thing well2 of those who are careless about everything1 carried about by every breath of opinion1 without knowledge1 and without principle4 ,but the term spiritual folly includes1 unhappily1 a great many more than these2 it takes in not those only who are in the common sense of the term foolish1 but a great many who are in the common sense of the term clever1 and many who are even in the common sense of the terms1 prudent1 sensible1 thoughtful1 and wise4 ,it is but too evident that some of the ablest men who have ever lived upon earth1 have been in no less a degree spiritually fools4 ,and thus1 it is not without much truth that ,christian writers have dwelt upon the insufficiency of worldly wisdom1 and have warned their readers to beware1 lest1 while professing themselves to be wise1 they should be accounted as fools in the sight of ,god4 ,but the opposite to this notion1 that those who are1 as it were1 fools in worldly matters are wise before ,god1--although this also is true in a certain sense1 and under certain peculiar circumstances1 yet taken generally1 it is the very reverse of truth2 and the careless and incautious language which has been often used on this subject1 has been extremely mischievous4 ,on the contrary1 he who is foolish in worldly matters is likely also to be1 and most commonly is1 no less foolish in the things of ,god4 ,and the opposite belief has arisen mainly from that strange confusion between ignorance and innocence1 with which many ignorant persons seem to solace themselves4 ,whereas1 if you take away a man's knowledge1 you do not bring him to the state of an infant1 but to that of a brute2 and of one of the most mischievous and malignant of the brute creation4 ,for you do not lessen or weaken the man's body by lowering his mind2 he still retains his strength and his passions1 the passions leading to self-indulgence1 the strength which enables him to feed them by continued gratification4 ,he will not think1 it is true1 to any good purpose2 it is very possible to destroy in him the power of reflection1 whether as exercised upon outward things1 or upon himself and his own nature1 or upon ,god4 ,but you cannot destroy the power of adapting means to ends1 nor that of concealing his purposes by fraud or falsehood2 you take only his wisdom1 and leave that cunning which marks so notoriously both the savage and the madman4 ,he1 then1 who is a fool as far as regards earthly things1 is much more a fool with regard to heavenly things2 he who cannot raise himself even to the lower height1 how is he to attain to the higher8 he who is without reason and conscience1 how shall he be endowed with the spirit of ,god8 ,it is my deep conviction and long experience of this truth1 which makes me so grieve over a want of interest in your own improvement in human learning1 whenever ,i observe it1--over the prevalence of a thoughtless and childish spirit amongst you4444 ,the idleness and want of interest which ,i grieve for1 is one which extends itself1 but too impartially1 to knowledge of every kind3 to divine knowledge1 as might be expected1 even more than to human4 ,those whom we commonly find careless about their general lessons1 are quite as ignorant and as careless about their ,bibles2 those who have no interest in general literature1 in poetry1 or in history1 or in philosophy1 have certainly no greater interest1 ,i do not say in works of theology1 but in works of practical devotion1 in the lives of holy men1 in meditations1 or in prayers4 ,alas1 the interest of their minds is bestowed on things far lower than the very lowest of all which ,i have named2 and therefore1 to see them desiring something only a little higher than their present pursuits1 could not but be encouraging2 it would1 at least1 show that the mind was rising upwards4 ,it may1 indeed1 stop at a point short of the highest1 it may learn to love earthly excellence1 and rest there contented1 and seek for nothing more perfect2 but that1 at any rate1 is a future and merely contingent evil4 ,it is better to love earthly excellence than earthly folly2 it is far better in itself1 and it is1 by many degrees1 nearer to the ,kingdom of ,god4 ,there is another case1 however1 which ,i cannot but think is more frequent now than formerly2 and if it is so1 it may be worth while to direct our attention to it4 ,common idleness and absolute ignorance are not what ,i wish to speak of now1 but a character advanced above these2 a character which does not neglect its school-lessons1 but really attains to considerable proficiency in them2 a character at once regular and amiable1 abstaining from evil1 and for evil in its low and grosser forms having a real abhorrence4 ,what1 then1 you will say1 is wanting here8 ,i will tell you what seems to be wanting--a spirit of manly1 and much more of ,christian1 thoughtfulness4 ,there is quickness and cleverness2 much pleasure1 perhaps1 in distinction1 but little in improvement2 there is no desire of knowledge for its own sake1 whether human or divine4 ,there is1 therefore1 but little power of combining and digesting what is read2 and1 consequently1 what is read passes away1 and takes no root in the mind4 ,this same character shows itself in matters of conduct2 it will adopt1 without scruple1 the most foolish1 commonplace notions of boys1 about what is right and wrong2 it will not1 and cannot1 from the lightness of its mind1 concern itself seriously about what is evil in the conduct of others1 because it takes no regular care of its own1 with reference to pleasing ,god2 it will not do anything low or wicked1 but it will sometimes laugh at those who do2 and it will by no means take pains to encourage1 nay1 it will sometimes thwart and oppose anything that breathes a higher spirit1 and asserts a more manly and ,christian standard of duty4 ,one cause of this consists in the number and character and cheapness1 and peculiar mode of publication1 of the works of amusement of the present day4 ,the works of amusement published only a very few years since were comparatively few in number2 they were less exciting1 and therefore less attractive2 they were dearer1 and therefore less accessible2 and1 not being published periodically1 they did not occupy the mind for so long a time1 nor keep alive so constant an expectation2 nor1 by thus dwelling upon the mind1 and distilling themselves into it as it were drop by drop1 did they possess it so largely1 coloring even1 in many instances1 its very language1 and affording frequent matter for conversation4 ,the evil of all these circumstances is actually enormous4 ,the mass of human minds1 and much more of the minds of young persons1 have no great appetite for intellectual exercise2 but they have some1 which by careful treatment may be strengthened and increased4 ,but here to this weak and delicate appetite is presented an abundance of the most stimulating and least nourishing food possible4 ,it snatches it greedily1 and is not only satisfied1 but actually conceives a distaste for anything simpler and more wholesome4 ,that curiosity which is wisely given us to lead us on to knowledge1 finds its full gratification in the details of an exciting and protracted story1 and then lies down as it were gorged1 and goes to sleep4 ,other faculties claim their turn1 and have it4 ,we know that in youth the healthy body and lively spirits require exercise1 and in this they may and ought to be indulged2 but the time and interest which remain over when the body has had its enjoyment1 and the mind desires its share1 this has been already wasted and exhausted upon things utterly unprofitable3 so that the mind goes to its work hurriedly and languidly1 and feels it to be no more than a burden4 ,the mere lessons may be learnt from a sense of duty2 but that freshness of power which in young persons of ability would fasten eagerly upon some one portion or other of the wide field of knowledge1 and there expatiate1 drinking in health and strength to the mind1 as surely as the natural exercise of the body gives to it bodily vigor1--that is tired prematurely1 perverted1 and corrupted2 and all the knowledge which else it might so covet1 it now seems a wearying effort to retain4 ,great and grievous as is the evil1 it is peculiarly hard to find the remedy for it4 ,if the books to which ,i have been alluding were books of downright wickedness1 we might destroy them wherever we found them2 we might forbid their open circulation2 we might conjure you to shun them as you would any other clear sin1 whether of word or deed4 ,but they are not wicked books for the most part2 they are of that class which cannot be actually prohibited2 nor can it be pretended that there is a sin in reading them4 ,they are not the more wicked for being published so cheap1 and at regular intervals2 but yet these two circumstances make them so peculiarly injurious4 ,all that can be done is to point out the evil2 that it is real and serious ,i am very sure1 and its defects are most deplorable on the minds of the fairest promise2 but the remedy for it rests with yourselves1 or rather with each of you individually1 so far as he is himself concerned4 ,that an unnatural and constant excitement of the mind is most injurious1 there is no doubt2 that excitement involves a consequent weakness1 is a law of our nature than which none is surer2 that the weakness of mind thus produced is and must be adverse to quiet study and thought1 to that reflection which alone is wisdom1 is also clear in itself1 and proved too largely by experience4 ,and that without reflection there can be no spiritual understanding1 is at once evident2 while without spiritual understanding1 that is1 without a knowledge and a study of ,god's will1 there can be no spiritual life4 ,and therefore childishness and unthoughtfulness cannot be light evils2 and if ,i have rightly traced the prevalence of these defects to its cause1 although that cause may seem to some to be trifling1 yet surely it is well to call your attention to it1 and to remind you that in reading works of amusement1 as in every other lawful pleasure1 there is and must be an abiding responsibility in the sight of ,god2 that1 like other lawful pleasures1 we must beware of excess in it2 and not only so1 but if we find it hurtful to us1 either because we have used it too freely in times past1 or because our nature is too weak to bear it1 that then we are bound most solemnly to abstain from it2 because1 however lawful in itself1 or to others who can practise it without injury1 whatever is to us an hindrance in the way of our intellectual and moral and spiritual improvement1 that is in our case a positive sin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is a book1 who runs may read1 which heavenly truth imparts2 ,and all the lore its scholars need1--pure eyes and ,christian hearts4 ,the works of ,god1 above1 below1 within us and around1 ,are pages in that book1 to show how ,god ,himself is found4 ,,john ,,keble4--#agib-ahff4 ,,xlvi4 ,,the ,,bridge ,,of ,,sighs4 ,,thomas ,,hood4--#agii-ahde4 ,one more ,unfortunate1 ,weary of breath1 ,rashly importunate1 ,gone to her death6 ,take her up tenderly1 ,lift her with care2 ,fashion'd so slenderly1 ,young1 and so fair6 ,look at her garments ,clinging like cerements2 ,whilst the wave constantly ,drips from her clothing2 ,take her up instantly1 ,loving1 not loathing4-- ,touch her not scornfully2 ,think of her mournfully1 ,gently and humanly2 ,not of the stains of her1-- ,all that remains of her ,now is pure womanly4 ,make no deep scrutiny ,into her mutiny ,rash and undutiful3 ,past all dishonor1 ,death has left on her ,only the beautiful4 ,still1 for all slips of hers1 ,one of ,eve's family1-- ,wipe those poor lips of hers ,oozing so clammily4 ,loop up her tresses ,escaped from the comb1-- ,her fair auburn tresses2 ,whilst wonderment guesses ,where was her home8 ,who was her father8 ,who was her mother8 ,had she a sister8 ,had she a brother8 ,or was there a dearer one ,still1 and a nearer one ,yet1 than all other8 ,alas6 for the rarity ,of ,christian charity ,under the sun6 ,oh6 it was pitiful6 ,near a whole city full1 ,home she had none4 ,sisterly1 brotherly1 ,fatherly1 motherly ,feelings had changed3 ,love1 by harsh evidence1 ,thrown from its eminence2 ,even ,god's providence ,seeming estranged4 ,where the lamps quiver ,so far in the river1 ,with many a light ,from window and casement1 ,from garret to basement1 ,she stood1 with amazement1 ,houseless by night4 ,the bleak wind of ,march ,made her tremble and shiver2 ,but not the dark arch1 ,or the black flowing river3 ,mad from life's history1 ,glad to death's mystery1 ,swift to be hurl'd-- ,anywhere1 anywhere ,out of the world6 ,in she plunged boldly1-- ,no matter how coldly ,the dark river ran1-- ,over the brink of it1 ,picture it1--think of it1 ,dissolute ,man6 ,lave in it1 drink of it1 ,then1 if you can6 ,take her up tenderly1 ,lift her with care2 ,fashion'd so slenderly1 ,young1 and so fair6 ,ere her limbs frigidly ,stiffen too rigidly1 ,decently1--kindly1-- ,smooth and compose them2 ,and her eyes1 close them1 ,staring so blindly6 ,dreadfully staring ,through muddy impurity1 ,as when with the daring ,last look of despairing ,fix'd on futurity4 ,perishing gloomily1 ,spurr'd by contumely1 ,cold inhumanity1 ,burning insanity1 ,into her rest4-- ,cross her hands humbly1 ,as if praying dumbly1 ,over her breast6 ,owning her weakness1 ,her evil behavior1 ,and leaving1 with meekness1 ,her sins to her ,saviour6 ,,xlvii4 ,a ,,parental ,,ode ,,to ,,my ,,son4 ,,aged ,,three ,,years ,,and ,,five ,,months4 ,,thomas ,,hood4 ,thou happy1 happy elf6 7,but stop1--first let me kiss away that tear7-- ,thou tiny image of myself6 7,my love1 he's poking peas into his ear67 ,thou merry1 laughing sprite6 ,with spirits feather-light1 ,untouch'd by sorrow1 and unsoil'd by sin-- 7,good heavens6 the child is swallowing a pin67 ,thou little tricksy ,puck6 ,with antic toys so funnily bestuck1 ,light as the singing bird that wings the air-- 7,the door6 the door6 he'll tumble down the stair67 ,thou darling of thy sire6 7,why1 ,jane1 he'll set his pinafore a-fire67 ,thou imp of mirth and joy6 ,in ,love's dear chain so strong and bright a link1 ,thou idol of thy parents--7,drat the boy6 ,there goes my ink67 ,thou cherub--but of earth2 ,fit playfellow for ,fays1 by moonlight pale1 ,in harmless sport and mirth1 7,that dog will bite him if he pulls its tail67 ,thou human humming-bee extracting honey ,from ev'ry blossom in the world that blows1 ,singing in ,youth's ,elysium ever sunny1 7,another tumble6--that's his precious nose67 ,thy father's pride and hope6 7,he'll break the mirror with that skipping-rope67 ,with pure heart newly stamp'd from ,nature's mint-- 7,where did he learn that squint87 ,thou young domestic dove6 7,he'll have that jug off with another shove67 ,dear nursling of the hymeneal nest6 7,are those torn clothes his best87 ,little epitome of man6 7,he'll climb upon the table1 that's his plan67 ,touch'd with the beauteous tints of dawning life-- 7,he's got a knife67 ,thou enviable being6 ,no storms1 no clouds1 in thy blue sky foreseeing1 ,play on1 play on1 ,my elfin ,john6 ,toss the light ball--bestride the stick-- 7,i knew so many cakes would make him sick67 ,with fancies buoyant as the thistle-down1 ,prompting the face grotesque1 and antic brisk1 ,with many a lamb-like frisk1 7,he's got the scissors1 snipping at your gown67 ,thou pretty opening rose6 7,go to your mother1 child1 and wipe your nose67 ,balmy1 and breathing music like the ,south1 7,he really brings my heart into my mouth67 ,fresh as the morn1 and brilliant as its star1-- 7,i wish that window had an iron bar67 ,bold as the hawk1 yet gentle as the dove1-- 7,i tell you what1 my love1 ,i cannot write1 unless he's sent above67 ,,xlviii4 ,,metaphysics4 ,,thomas ,,chandler ,,haliburton4--#agif-ahfe4 ,from ,,traits ,,of ,,american ,,humor4 ,old ,doctor ,sobersides1 the minister of ,pumpkinville1 where ,i lived in my youth1 was one of the metaphysical divines of the old school1 and could cavil upon the ninth part of a hair about entities and quiddities1 nominalism and realism1 free-will and necessity1 with which sort of learning he used to stuff his sermons and astound his learned hearers1 the bumpkins4 ,they never doubted that it was all true1 but were apt to say with the old woman in ,moliere3 ,he speaks so well that ,i don't understand him a bit4 ,i remember a conversation that happened at my grandfather's1 in which the ,doctor had some difficulty in making his metaphysics all as clear as preaching4 ,there was my grandfather2 ,uncle ,tim1 who was the greatest hand at raising onions in our part of the country1 but not knowing metaphysics1 had no notion of the true reason of his not being sad2 my ,aunt ,judy ,keturah ,titterwell1 who could knit stockings like all possest1 but could not syllogise2 ,malachi ,muggs1 our hired man that drove the oxen2 and ,isaac ,thrasher1 the district schoolmaster1 who had dropped in to warm his fingers and get a drink of cider4 ,something was under discussion1 and my grandfather could make nothing of it2 but the ,doctor said it was metaphysically true4 ,pray1 ,doctor1 said ,uncle ,tim1 tell me something about metaphysics2 ,i have often heard of that science1 but never for my life could find out what it was4 ,metaphysics1 said the ,doctor1 is the science of abstraction4 ,i'm no wiser for that explanation1 said ,uncle ,tim4 ,it treats1 said the ,doctor1 of matters most profound and sublime1 a little difficult perhaps for a common intellect or an unschooled capacity to fathom1 but not the less important on that account1 to all living beings4 ,what does it teach8 asked the ,schoolmaster4 ,it is not applied so much to the operation of teaching1 answered the ,doctor1 as to that of inquiring2 and the chief inquiry is1 whether things are1 or whether they are not4 ,i don't understand the question1 said ,uncle ,tim1 taking the pipe out of his mouth4 ,for example1 whether this earth on which we tread1 said the ,doctor1 giving a heavy stamp on the floor1 and setting his foot on the cat's tail1 whether the earth does really exist1 or whether it does not exist4 ,that is a point of considerable consequence to settle1 said my grandfather4 ,especially1 added the schoolmaster1 to the holders of real estate4 ,now the earth1 continued the ,doctor1 may exist-- ,why1 who ever doubted that8 asked ,uncle ,tim4 ,a great many men1 said the ,doctor1 and some very learned ones4 ,uncle ,tim stared a moment1 and then began to fill his pipe1 whistling the tune of ,heigh6 ,betty ,martin1 while the ,doctor went on3 ,the earth1 ,i say1 may exist1 although ,bishop ,berkeley has proved beyond all possible gainsaying or denial1 that it does not exist4 ,the case is clear2 the only difficulty is1 to know whether we shall believe it or not4 ,and how1 asked ,uncle ,tim1 is all this to be found out8 ,by digging down to the first principles1 answered the ,doctor4 ,ay1 interrupted ,malachi1 there is nothing equal to the spade and pickaxe4 ,that is true1 said my grandfather1 going on in ,malachi's way1 'tis by digging for the foundation1 that we shall find out whether the world exists or not2 for1 if we dig to the bottom of the earth and find the foundation--why then we are sure of it4 ,but if we find no foundation1 it is clear that the world stands upon nothing1 or1 in other words1 that it does not stand at all2 therefore1 it stands to reason-- ,i beg your pardon1 interrupted the ,doctor1 but you totally mistake me2 ,i used the word digging metaphorically1 meaning the profoundest cogitation and research into the nature of things4 ,that is the way in which we may ascertain whether things are1 or whether they are not4 ,but if a man can't believe his eyes1 said ,uncle ,tim1 what signifies talking about it8 ,our eyes1 said the ,doctor1 are nothing at all but the inlets of sensation1 and when we see a thing1 all we are aware of is1 that we have a sensation of it3 we are not aware that the thing exists4 ,we are sure of nothing that we see with our eyes4 ,not without spectacles1 said ,aunt ,judy4 ,plato1 for instance1 maintains that the sensation of any object is produced by a perpetual succession of copies1 images1 or counterfeits1 streaming off from the object to the organ of sensation4 ,descartes1 too1 has explained the matter upon the principle of whirligigs4 ,but does the world exist8 asked the ,schoolmaster4 ,a good deal may be said on both sides1 replied the ,doctor1 though the ablest heads are for non-existence4 ,in common cases1 said ,uncle ,tim1 those who utter nonsense are considered blockheads4 ,but in metaphysics1 said the ,doctor1 the case is different4 ,now all this is hocus-pocus to me1 said ,aunt ,judy1 suspending her knitting-work1 and scratching her forehead with one of the needles1 ,i don't understand a bit more of the business than ,i did at first4 ,i'll be bound there is many a learned professor1 said ,uncle ,tim1 could say the same after spinning a long yarn of metaphysics4 ,the ,doctor did not admire this gibe at his favorite science4 ,that is as the case may be1 said he2 this thing or that thing may be dubious1 but what then8 ,doubt is the beginning of wisdom4 ,no doubt of that1 said my grandfather1 beginning to poke the fire1 and when a man has got through his doubting1 what does he begin to build up in the metaphysical way8 ,why1 he begins by taking something for granted1 said the ,doctor4 ,but is that a sure way of going to work8 ',tis the only thing he can do1 replied the ,doctor1 after a pause1 and rubbing his forehead as if he was not altogether satisfied that his foundation was a solid one4 ,my grandfather might have posed him with another question1 but he poked the fire and let him go on4 ,metaphysics1 to speak exactly---- ,ah1 interrupted the ,schoolmaster1 bring it down to vulgar fractions1 and then we shall understand it4 ',tis the consideration of immateriality1 or the mere spirit and essence of things4 ,come1 come1 said ,aunt ,judy1 taking a pinch of snuff1 now ,i see into it4 ,thus1 man is considered1 not in his corporeality1 but in his essence or capability of being2 for a man1 metaphysically1 or to metaphysical purposes1 hath two natures1 that of spirituality1 and that of corporeality1 which may be considered separate4 ,what man8 asked ,uncle ,tim4 ,why1 any man2 ,malachi there1 for example2 ,i may consider him as ,malachi spiritual1 or ,malachi corporeal4 ,that is true1 said ,malachi1 for when ,i was in the militia they made me a sixteenth corporal1 and ,i carried grog to the drummer4 ,that is another affair1 said the ,doctor in continuation2 we speak of man in his essence2 we speak1 also1 of the essence of locality1 the essence of duration-- ,and essence of peppermint1 said ,aunt ,judy4 ,pooh6 said the ,doctor1 the essence ,i mean is quite a different essence4 ,something too fine to be dribbled through the worm of a still1 said my grandfather4 ,then ,i am all in the dark again1 rejoined ,aunt ,judy4 ,by the spirit and essence of things ,i mean things in the abstract4 ,and what becomes of a thing when it goes into the abstract8 asked ,uncle ,tim4 ,why1 it becomes an abstraction4 ,there we are again1 said ,uncle ,tim2 but what on earth is an abstraction8 ,it is a thing that has no matter3 that is1 it cannot be felt1 seen1 heard1 smelt1 or tasted2 it has no substance or solidity2 it is neither large nor small1 hot nor cold1 long nor short4 ,then what is the long and short of it8 asked the ,schoolmaster4 ,abstraction1 replied the ,doctor4 ,suppose1 for instance1 said ,malachi1 that ,i had a pitchfork---- ,ay1 said the ,doctor1 consider a pitchfork in general2 that is1 neither this one nor that one1 nor any particular one1 but a pitchfork or pitchforks divested of their materiality--these are things in the abstract4 ,they are things in the hay-mow1 said ,malachi4 ,pray1 said ,uncle ,tim1 have there been many such things discovered8 ,discovered6 returned the ,doctor1 why1 all things1 whether in heaven1 or upon the earth1 or in the waters under the earth1 whether small or great1 visible or invisible1 animate or inanimate2 whether the eye can see1 or the ear can hear1 or the nose can smell1 or the fingers touch2 finally1 whatever exists or is imaginable in the nature of things1 past1 present1 or to come1 all may be abstractions4 ,indeed6 said ,uncle ,tim1 pray1 what do you make of the abstraction of a red cow8 ,a red cow1 said the ,doctor1 considered metaphysically or as an abstraction1 is an animal possessing neither hide nor horns1 bones nor flesh1 but is the mere type1 eidolon1 and fantastical semblance of these parts of a quadruped4 ,it has a shape without any substance1 and no color at all1 for its redness is the mere counterfeit or imagination of such4 ,as it lacks the positive1 so is it also deficient in the accidental properties of all the animals in its tribe1 for it has no locomotion1 stability1 or endurance1 neither goes to pasture1 gives milk1 chews the cud1 nor performs any other function of the horned beast1 but is a mere creation of the brain1 begotten by a freak of the fancy and nourished by a conceit of the imagination4 ,pshaw6 exclaimed ,aunt ,judy4 ,all the metaphysics under the sun wouldn't make a pound of butter6 ,that's a fact1 said ,uncle ,tim4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is no great and no small ,to the ,soul that maketh all3 ,and where it cometh1 all things are3-- ,and it cometh everywhere4 ,,emerson4 ,,xlix4 ,,indian ,,summer4,j ,,samuel ,,lover4--#agig-ahfh4 ,when summer's verdant beauty flies1 ,and autumn glows with richer dyes1 ,a softer charm beyond them lies-- ,it is the ,indian summer4 ,ere winter's snows and winter's breeze ,bereave of beauty all the trees1 ,the balmy spring renewal sees ,in the sweet ,indian summer4 ,and thus1 dear love1 if early years ,have drown'd the germ of joy in tears1 ,a later gleam of hope appears-- ,just like the ,indian summer3 ,and ere the snows of age descend1 ,o trust me1 dear one1 changeless friend1 ,our falling years may brightly end-- ,just like the ,indian summer4 ,,footnotes3 ,j ,the brief period which succeeds the autumnal close1 called the ,indian ,summer1--a reflex1 as it were1 of the early portion of the year--strikes a stranger in ,america as peculiarly beautiful1 and quite charmed me4--,,lover4 ,l4 ,,to ,,helen4,k ,,july #g1 #ahci4 ,,winthrop ,,mackworth ,,praed4--#ahjb-ahci4 ,dearest1 ,i did not dream1 four years ago1 ,when through your veil ,i saw your bright tear shine1 ,caught your clear whisper1 exquisitely low1 ,and felt your soft hand tremble into mine1 ,that in so brief--so very brief a space1 ,he1 who in love both clouds and cheers our life1 ,would lay on you1 so full of light1 joy1 grace1 ,the darker1 sadder duties of the wife1-- ,doubts1 fears1 and frequent toil1 and constant care ,for this poor frame1 by sickness sore bested2 ,the daily tendance on the fractious chair1 ,the nightly vigil by the feverish bed4 ,yet not unwelcom'd doth this morn arise1 ,though with more gladsome beams it might have shone3 ,strength of these weak hands1 light of these dim eyes1 ,in sickness1 as in health1--bless you1 ,my ,own6 ,,footnotes3 ,k ,praed died on the #aeth of ,july4 ,,li4 ,,horatius4,l ,a ,,lay ,,made ,,about ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,the ,,city ,,ccclx4 ,,lord ,,macaulay4--#ahjj-ahei4 ,lars ,porsena of ,clusium by the ,nine ,gods he swore ,that the great house of ,tarquin should suffer wrong no more4 ,by the ,nine ,gods he swore it1 and named a trysting day1 ,and bade his messengers ride forth1 east and west and south and north1 ,to summon his array4 ,east and west and south and north the messengers ride fast1 ,and tower and town and cottage have heard the trumpet's blast4 ,shame on the false ,etruscan who lingers in his home1 ,when ,porsena of ,clusium is on the march for ,rome4 ,the horsemen and the footmen are pouring in amain ,from many a stately market-place2 from many a fruitful plain2 ,from many a lonely hamlet1 which1 hid by beech and pine1 ,like an eagle's nest1 hangs on the crest of purple ,apennine2 ,from lordly ,volaterrae1 where scowls the far-famed hold ,piled by the hands of giants for godlike kings of old2 ,from seagirt ,populonia1 whose sentinels descry ,sardinia's snowy mountain-tops fringing the southern sky2 ,from the proud mart of ,pisae1 queen of the western waves1 ,where ride ,massilia's triremes heavy with fair-hair'd slaves2 ,from where sweet ,clanis wanders through corn and vines and flowers2 ,from where ,cortona lifts to heaven her diadem of towers4 ,tall are the oaks whose acorns drop in dark ,auser's rill2 ,fat are the stags that champ the boughs of the ,ciminian hill2 ,beyond all streams ,clitumnus is to the herdsman dear2 ,best of all pools the fowler loves the great ,volsinian mere4 ,but now no stroke of woodman is heard by ,auser's rill2 ,no hunter tracks the stag's green path up the ,ciminian hill2 ,unwatch'd along ,clitumnus grazes the milk-white steer2 ,unharm'd the waterfowl may dip in the ,volsinian mere4 ,the harvests of ,arretium1 this year1 old men shall reap2 ,this year1 young boys in ,umbro shall plunge the struggling sheep2 ,and in the vats of ,luna1 this year1 the must shall foam ,round the white feet of laughing girls whose sires have march'd to ,rome4 ,there be thirty chosen prophets1 the wisest of the land1 ,who alway by ,lars ,porsena both morn and evening stand3 ,evening and morn the ,thirty have turn'd the verses o'er1 ,traced from the right on linen white by mighty seers of yore4 ,and with one voice the ,thirty have their glad answer given3 ,go forth1 go forth1 ,lars ,porsena2 go forth1 belov'd of heaven4 ,go1 and return in glory to ,clusium's royal dome2 ,and hang round ,nurscia's altars the golden shields of ,rome4 ,and now hath every city sent up her tale of men3 ,the foot are fourscore thousand1 the horse are thousands ten4 ,before the gates of ,sutrium is met the great array4 ,a proud man was ,lars ,porsena upon the trysting day4 ,for all the ,etruscan armies were ranged beneath his eye1 ,and many a banish'd ,roman1 and many a stout ally2 ,and with a mighty following to join the muster came ,the ,tusculan ,mamilius1 prince of the ,latian name4 ,but by the yellow ,tiber was tumult and affright3 ,from all the spacious champaign to ,rome men took their flight4 ,a mile around the city1 the throng stopp'd up the ways2 ,a fearful sight it was to see through two long nights and days4 ,for aged folks on crutches1 and women great with child1 ,and mothers sobbing over babes that clung to them and smiled1 ,and sick men borne in litters high on the necks of slaves1 ,and troops of sun-burn'd husbandmen with reaping-hooks and staves1 ,and droves of mules and asses laden with skins of wine1 ,and endless flocks of goats and sheep1 and endless herds of kine1 ,and endless trains of wagons that creak'd beneath the weight ,of corn-sacks and of household goods1 choked every roaring gate4 ,now1 from the rock ,tarpeian1 could the wan burghers spy ,the line of blazing villages red in the midnight sky4 ,the ,fathers of the ,city1 they sat all night and day1 ,for every hour some horseman came with tidings of dismay4 ,to eastward and to westward have spread the ,tuscan bands2 ,nor house1 nor fence1 nor dovecote in ,crustumerium stands4 ,verbenna down to ,ostia hath wasted all the plain2 ,astur hath storm'd ,janiculum1 and the stout guards are slain4 ,i wis1 in all the ,senate1 there was no heart so bold1 ,but sore it ached1 and fast it beat1 when that ill news was told4 ,forthwith up rose the ,consul1 up rose the ,fathers all2 ,in haste they girded up their gowns1 and hied them to the wall4 ,they held a council standing1 before the ,river-,gate2 ,short time was there1 ye well may guess1 for musing or debate4 ,out spake the ,consul roundly3 ,the bridge must straight go down2 ,for1 since ,janiculum is lost1 nought else can save the town4 ,just then a scout came flying1 all wild with haste and fear3 ,to arms6 to arms6 ,sir ,consul3 ,lars ,porsena is here4 ,on the low hills to westward the ,consul fix'd his eye1 ,and saw the swarthy storm of dust rise fast along the sky4 ,and nearer fast and nearer doth the red whirlwind come2 ,and louder still and still more loud1 from underneath that rolling cloud1 ,is heard the trumpet's war-note proud1 the trampling1 and the hum4 ,and plainly and more plainly now through the gloom appears1 ,far to left and far to right1 in broken gleams of dark-blue light1 ,the long array of helmets bright1 the long array of spears4 ,and plainly and more plainly above that glimmering line1 ,now might ye see the banners of twelve fair cities shine2 ,but the banner of proud ,clusium was highest of them all1 ,the terror of the ,umbrian1 the terror of the ,gaul4 ,and plainly and more plainly now might the burghers know1 ,by port and vest1 by horse and crest1 each warlike ,lucumo4 ,there ,cilnius of ,arretium on his fleet roan was seen2 ,and ,astur of the four-fold shield1 girt with the brand none else may wield1 ,tolumnius with the belt of gold1 and dark ,verbenna from the hold ,by reedy ,thrasymene4 ,fast by the royal standard1 o'erlooking all the war1 ,lars ,porsena of ,clusium sat in his ivory car4 ,by the right wheel rode ,mamilius1 prince of the ,latian name2 ,and by the left false ,sextus1 that wrought the deed of shame4 ,but when the face of ,sextus was seen among the foes1 ,a yell that rent the firmament from all the town arose4 ,on the house-tops was no woman but spat towards him and hiss'd1 ,no child but scream'd out curses1 and shook its little fist4 ,but the ,consul's brow was sad1 and the ,consul's speech was low1 ,and darkly look'd he at the wall1 and darkly at the foe4 ,their van will be upon us before the bridge goes down2 ,and if they once may win the bridge1 what hope to save the town8 ,then out spake brave ,horatius1 the ,captain of the ,gate3 ,to every man upon this earth death cometh soon or late4 ,and how can man die better than facing fearful odds1 ,for the ashes of his fathers1 and the temples of his ,gods1 ,and for the tender mother who dandled him to rest1 ,and for the wife who nurses his baby at her breast1 ,and for the holy maidens who feed the eternal flame1 ,to save them from false ,sextus that wrought the deed of shame8 ,hew down the bridge1 ,sir ,consul1 with all the speed ye may2 ,i1 with two more to help me1 will hold the foe in play4 ,in yon strait path a thousand may well be stopp'd by three4 ,now who will stand on either hand1 and keep the bridge with me8 ,then out spake ,spurius ,lartius2 a ,ramnian proud was he3 ,lo1 ,i will stand at thy right hand1 and keep the bridge with thee4 ,and out spake strong ,herminius2 of ,titian blood was he3 ,i will abide on thy left side1 and keep the bridge with thee4 ,horatius1 quoth the ,consul1 as thou sayest1 so let it be4 ,and straight against that great array forth went the dauntless ,three4 ,for ,romans in ,rome's quarrel spared neither land nor gold1 ,nor son nor wife1 nor limb nor life1 in the brave days of old4 ,then none was for a party2 then all were for the state2 ,then the great man help'd the poor1 and the poor man lov'd the great3 ,then lands were fairly portion'd2 then spoils were fairly sold3 ,the ,romans were like brothers in the brave days of old4 ,now ,roman is to ,roman more hateful than a foe1 ,and the ,tribunes beard the high1 and the ,fathers grind the low4 ,as we wax hot in faction1 in battle we wax cold3 ,wherefore men fight not as they fought in the brave days of old4 ,now while the ,three were tightening their harness on their backs1 ,the ,consul was the foremost man to take in hand an axe3 ,and ,fathers mix'd with ,commons seized hatchet1 bar1 and crow1 ,and smote upon the planks above1 and loosed the props below4 ,meanwhile the ,tuscan army1 right glorious to behold1 ,came flashing back the noonday light1 rank behind rank1 like surges bright ,of a broad sea of gold4 ,four hundred trumpets sounded a peal of warlike glee1 ,as that great host1 with measured tread1 and spears advanced1 and ensigns spread1 ,roll'd slowly towards the bridge's head1 where stood the dauntless ,three4 ,the ,three stood calm and silent1 and look'd upon the foes1 ,and a great shout of laughter from all the vanguard rose3 ,and forth three chiefs came spurring before that deep array2 ,to earth they sprang1 their swords they drew1 and lifted high their shields1 and flew ,to win the narrow way2 ,aunus from green ,tifernum1 lord of the ,hill of ,vines2 ,and ,seius1 whose eight hundred slaves sicken in ,ilva's mines2 ,and ,picus1 long to ,clusium vassal in peace and war1 ,who led to fight his ,umbrian powers from that gray crag where1 girt with towers1 ,the fortress of ,nequinum lowers o'er the pale waves of ,nar4 ,stout ,lartius hurled down ,aunus into the stream beneath3 ,herminius struck at ,seius1 and clove him to the teeth3 ,at ,picus brave ,horatius darted one fiery thrust2 ,and the proud ,umbrian's gilded arms clash'd in the bloody dust4 ,then ,ocnus of ,falerii rush'd on the ,roman ,three2 ,and ,lausulus of ,urgo1 the rover of the sea2 ,and ,aruns of ,volsinium1 who slew the great wild boar1 ,the great wild boar that had his den amidst the reeds of ,cosa's fen1 ,and wasted fields1 and slaughter'd men1 along ,albinia's shore4 ,herminius smote down ,aruns3 ,lartius laid ,ocnus low3 ,right to the heart of ,lausulus ,horatius sent a blow4 ,lie there1 he cried1 fell pirate6 no more1 aghast and pale1 ,from ,ostia's walls the crowd shall mark the track of thy destroying bark4 ,no more ,campania's hinds shall fly to woods and caverns when they spy4 ,thy thrice accursed sail4 ,but now no sound of laughter was heard among the foes4 ,a wild and wrathful clamor from all the vanguard rose4 ,six spears' lengths from the entrance halted that deep array1 ,and for a space no man came forth to win the narrow way4 ,but hark6 the cry is ,astur3 and lo6 the ranks divide2 ,and the great ,lord of ,luna comes with his stately stride4 ,upon his ample shoulders clangs loud the four-fold shield1 ,and in his hand he shakes the brand which none but he can wield4 ,he smiled on those bold ,romans a smile serene and high2 ,he eyed the flinching ,tuscans1 and scorn was in his eye4 ,quoth he1 ,the she-wolf's litter stand savagely at bay3 ,but will ye dare to follow1 if ,astur clears the way8 ,then1 whirling up his broadsword with both hands to the height1 ,he rush'd against ,horatius1 and smote with all his might4 ,with shield and blade ,horatius right deftly turn'd the blow4 ,the blow1 though turn'd1 came yet too nigh2 it miss'd his helm1 but gash'd his thigh3 ,the ,tuscans raised a joyful cry to see the red blood flow4 ,he reel'd1 and on ,herminius he lean'd one breathing-space2 ,then1 like a wild-cat mad with wounds1 sprang right at ,astur's face4 ,through teeth1 and skull1 and helmet1 so fierce a thrust he sped1 ,the good sword stood a hand-breadth out behind the ,tuscan's head4 ,and the great ,lord of ,luna fell at that deadly stroke1 ,as falls on ,mount ,alvernus a thunder-smitten oak4 ,far o'er the crashing forest the giant arms lie spread2 ,and the pale augurs1 muttering low1 gaze on the blasted head4 ,on ,astur's throat ,horatius right firmly press'd his heel1 ,and thrice and four times tugg'd amain1 ere he wrench'd out the steel4 ,and see1 he cried1 the welcome1 fair guests1 that waits you here6 ,what noble ,lucumo comes next to taste our ,roman cheer8 ,but at his haughty challenge a sullen murmur ran1 ,mingled of wrath1 and shame1 and dread1 along that glittering van4 ,there lack'd not men of prowess1 nor men of lordly race2 ,for all ,etruria's noblest were round the fatal place4 ,but all ,etruria's noblest felt their hearts sink to see ,on the earth the bloody corpses1 in the path the dauntless ,three3 ,and1 from the ghastly entrance where those bold ,romans stood1 ,all shrank1 like boys who unaware1 ranging the woods to start a hare1 ,come to the mouth of the dark lair where1 growling low1 a fierce old bear ,lies amidst bones and blood4 ,was none who would be foremost to lead such dire attack3 ,but those behind cried ,forward6 and those before cried ,back6 ,and backward now and forward wavers the deep array2 ,and on the tossing sea of steel1 to and fro the standards reel2 ,and the victorious trumpet-peal dies fitfully away4 ,yet one man for one moment stood out before the crowd2 ,well known was he to all the ,three1 and they gave him greeting loud4 ,now welcome1 welcome1 ,sextus6 now welcome to thy home6 ,why dost thou stay1 and turn away8 here lies the road to ,rome4 ,thrice look'd he at the city2 thrice look'd he at the dead2 ,and thrice came on in fury1 and thrice turn'd back in dread2 ,and1 white with fear and hatred1 scowl'd at the narrow way ,where1 wallowing in a pool of blood1 the bravest ,tuscans lay4 ,but meanwhile axe and lever have manfully been plied2 ,and now the bridge hangs tottering above the boiling tide4 ,come back1 come back1 ,horatius6 loud cried the ,fathers all4 ,back1 ,lartius6 back1 ,herminius6 back1 ere the ruin fall6 ,back darted ,spurius ,lartius2 ,herminius darted back3 ,and1 as they pass'd1 beneath their feet they felt the timbers crack4 ,but when they turn'd their faces1 and on the farther shore ,saw brave ,horatius stand alone1 they would have cross'd once more4 ,but with a crash like thunder fell every loosen'd beam1 ,and1 like a dam1 the mighty wreck lay right athwart the stream3 ,and a long shout of triumph rose from the walls of ,rome1 ,as to the highest turret-tops was splash'd the yellow foam4 ,and1 like a horse unbroken when first he feels the rein1 ,the furious river struggled hard1 and toss'd his tawny mane1 ,and burst the curb1 and bounded1 rejoicing to be free1 ,and whirling down1 in fierce career1 battlement1 and plank1 and pier1 ,rush'd headlong to the sea4 ,alone stood brave ,horatius1 but constant still in mind2 ,thrice thirty thousand foes before1 and the broad flood behind4 ,down with him6 cried false ,sextus1 with a smile on his pale face4 ,now yield thee1 cried ,lars ,porsena1 now yield thee to our grace4 ,round turn'd he1 as not deigning those craven ranks to see2 ,nought spake he to ,lars ,porsena1 to ,sextus nought spake he2 ,but he saw on ,palatinus the white porch of his home2 ,and he spake to the noble river that rolls by the towers of ,rome4 ,o ,tiber6 father ,tiber6 to whom the ,romans pray1 ,a ,roman's life1 a ,roman's arms1 take thou in charge this day6 ,so he spake1 and speaking sheathed the good sword by his side1 ,and with his harness on his back plunged headlong in the tide4 ,no sound of joy or sorrow was heard from either bank2 ,but friends and foes in dumb surprise1 with parted lips and straining eyes1 ,stood gazing where he sank2 ,and when above the surges they saw his crest appear1 ,all ,rome sent forth a rapturous cry1 and even the ranks of ,tuscany ,could scarce forbear to cheer4 ,but fiercely ran the current1 swollen high by months of rain3 ,and fast his blood was flowing1 and he was sore in pain1 ,and heavy with his armor1 and spent with changing blows3 ,and oft they thought him sinking1 but still again he rose4 ,never1 ,i ween1 did swimmer1 in such an evil case1 ,struggle through such a raging flood safe to the landing-place3 ,but his limbs were borne up bravely by the brave heart within1 ,and our good father ,tiber bare bravely up his chin4 ,curse on him6 quoth false ,sextus2 will not the villain drown8 ,but for this stay1 ere close of day we should have sack'd the town6 ,heaven help him6 quoth ,lars ,porsena1 and bring him safe to shore2 ,for such a gallant feat of arms was never seen before4 ,and now he feels the bottom2 now on dry earth he stands2 ,now round him throng the ,fathers to press his gory hands2 ,and now1 with shouts and clapping1 and noise of weeping loud1 ,he enters through the ,river-,gate1 borne by the joyous crowd4 ,they gave him of the corn-land1 that was of public right1 ,as much as two strong oxen could plough from morn till night2 ,and they made a molten image1 and set it up on high1 ,and there it stands unto this day to witness if ,i lie4 ,it stands in the ,comitium1 plain for all folk to see2 ,horatius in his harness1 halting upon one knee3 ,and underneath is written1 in letters all of gold1 ,how valiantly he kept the bridge in the brave days of old4 ,and still his name sounds stirring unto the men of ,rome1 ,as the trumpet-blast that cries to them to charge the ,volscian home2 ,and wives still pray to ,juno for boys with hearts as bold ,as his who kept the bridge so well in the brave days of old4 ,and in the nights of winter1 when the cold north-winds blow1 ,and the long howling of the wolves is heard amidst the snow2 ,when round the lonely cottage roars loud the tempest's din1 ,and the good logs of ,algidus roar louder yet within2 ,when the oldest cask is open'd1 and the largest lamp is lit2 ,when the chestnuts glow in the embers1 and the kid turns on the spit2 ,when young and old in circle around the firebrands close2 ,when the girls are weaving baskets1 and the lads are shaping bows2 ,when the goodman mends his armor1 and trims his helmet's plume2 ,when the goodwife's shuttle merrily goes flashing through the loom2 ,with weeping and with laughter still is the story told1 ,how well ,horatius kept the bridge in the brave days of old4 ,,footnotes3 ,l ,for the sake of space a change has been made from the usual form of the poem4 ,,lii4 ,,the ,,raven4 ,,edgar ,,allan ,,poe4--#ahji-ahdi4 ,once upon a midnight dreary1 while ,i ponder'd1 weak and weary1 ,over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore1-- ,while ,i nodded1 nearly napping1 suddenly there came a tapping1 ,as of some one gently rapping1 rapping at my chamber-door4 ',tis some visitor1 ,i mutter'd1 tapping at my chamber-door1-- ,only this1 and nothing more4 ,ah6 distinctly ,i remember1 it was in the bleak ,december1 ,and each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor4 ,eagerly ,i wish'd the morrow3 vainly ,i had sought to borrow ,from my books surcease of sorrow1--sorrow for the lost ,lenore2 ,for the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name ,lenore1 ,nameless here forevermore4 ,and the silken1 sad1 uncertain rustling of each purple curtain ,thrill'd me--fill'd me with fantastic terrors never felt before2 ,so that now1 to still the beating of my heart1 ,i stood repeating1 ',tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber-door1-- ,some late visitor1 entreating entrance at my chamber-door2 ,this it is1 and nothing more4 ,presently my soul grew stronger3 hesitating then no longer1 ,sir1 said ,i1 or ,madam1 truly your forgiveness ,i implore2 ,but the fact is1 ,i was napping1 and so gently you came rapping1 ,and so faintly you came tapping1 tapping at my chamber-door1 ,that ,i scarce was sure ,i heard you2--here ,i open'd wide the door2-- ,darkness there1 and nothing more4 ,deep into that darkness peering1 long ,i stood there1 wondering1 fearing1 ,doubting1 dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before2 ,but the silence was unbroken1 and the stillness gave no token1 ,and the only word there spoken was the whisper'd word ,lenore8 ,this ,i whisper'd1 and an echo murmur'd back the word ,lenore6 ,merely this1 and nothing more4 ,back into the chamber turning1 all my soul within me burning1 ,soon again ,i heard a tapping1 something louder than before4 ,surely1 said ,i1 surely that is something at my window-lattice2 ,let me see1 then1 what thereat is1 and this mystery explore1-- ,let my heart be still a moment1 and this mystery explore3-- ',tis the wind1 and nothing more4 ,open here ,i flung the shutter1 when1 with many a flirt and flutter1 ,in there stepp'd a stately ,raven of the saintly days of yore4 ,not the least obeisance made he1 not a minute stopp'd or stay'd he1 ,but1 with mien of lord or lady1 perch'd above my chamber-door2 ,perch'd upon a bust of ,pallas just above my chamber-door2-- ,perch'd1 and sat1 and nothing more4 ,then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling1 ,by the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore1 ,though thy crest be shorn and shaven1 thou1 ,i said1 art sure no craven1 ,ghastly1 grim1 and ancient ,raven1 wandering from the ,nightly shore2-- ,tell me what thy lordly name is on the ,night's ,plutonian shore4 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,much ,i marvell'd this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly1 ,though its answer little meaning1 little relevancy bore2 ,for we can not help agreeing that no living human being ,ever yet was bless'd with seeing bird above his chamber-door1-- ,bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber-door1 ,with such name as ,nevermore4 ,but the ,raven1 sitting lonely on that placid bust1 spoke only ,that one word1 as if his soul in that one word he did outpour4 ,nothing further then he utter'd1 not a feather then he flutter'd1 ,till ,i scarcely more than mutter'd1 ,other friends have flown before3 ,on the morrow he will leave me1 as my hopes have flown before4 ,then the bird said1 ,nevermore4 ,startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken1 ,doubtless1 said ,i1 what it utters is its only stock and store1 ,caught from some unhappy master1 whom unmerciful ,disaster ,follow'd fast1 and follow'd faster1 till his songs one burden bore1-- ,till the dirges of his hope that melancholy burden bore1 ,of--',never--,nevermore4' ,but the ,raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling1 ,straight ,i wheel'd a cushion'd seat in front of bird1 and bust1 and door2 ,then1 upon the velvet sinking1 ,i betook myself to linking ,fancy unto fancy1 thinking what this ominous bird of yore-- ,what this grim1 ungainly1 ghastly1 gaunt1 and ominous bird of yore-- ,meant in croaking ,nevermore4 ,this ,i sat engaged in guessing1 but no syllable expressing ,to the fowl1 whose fiery eyes now burn'd into my bosom's core3 ,this and more ,i sat divining1 with my head at ease reclining ,on the cushion's velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o'er2 ,but whose velvet violet lining1 with the lamp-light gloating o'er1 ,she shall press--ah6 nevermore4 ,then1 methought1 the air grew denser1 perfumed from an unseen censer ,swung by seraphim1 whose footfalls tinkled on the tufted floor4 ,wretch1 ,i cried1 thy ,god hath lent thee--by these angels he hath sent thee-- ,respite1 respite and nepenthe from thy memories of ,lenore6 ,quaff1 ,oh quaff this kind nepenthe1 and forget this lost ,lenore6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,prophet6 said ,i1 thing of evil6--prophet still1 if bird or devil6 ,whether ,tempter sent1 or whether tempest toss'd thee here ashore1 ,desolate1 yet all undaunted1 on this desert land enchanted1 ,on this home by ,horror haunted1--tell me truly1 ,i implore1 ,is there--is there balm in ,gilead8 tell me--tell me1 ,i implore6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,prophet6 said ,i1 thing of evil6--prophet still1 if bird or devil6 ,by that heaven that bends above us1 by that ,god we both adore1 ,tell this soul1 with sorrow laden1 if1 within the distant ,aidenn1 ,it shall clasp a sainted maiden1 whom the angels name ,lenore1-- ,clasp a rare and radiant maiden1 whom the angels name ,lenore4 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,be that word our sign of parting1 bird or fiend6 ,i shriek'd1 upstarting1-- ,get thee back into the tempest and the ,night's ,plutonian shore6 ,leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken6 ,leave my loneliness unbroken6--quit the bust above my door6 ,take thy beak from out my heart1 and take thy form from off my door6 ,quoth the ,raven1 ,nevermore4 ,and the ,raven1 never flitting1 still is sitting1 still is sitting ,on the pallid bust of ,pallas1 just above my chamber-door2 ,and his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming1 ,and the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor3 ,and my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor ,shall be lifted--,,nevermore6 ,,liii4 ,,david ,,swan--,a ,,fantasy4 ,,nathaniel ,,hawthorne4--#ahjd-ahfd4 ,from ,,twice-,,told ,,tales4 ,we can be but partially acquainted even with the events which actually influence our course through life1 and our final destiny4 ,there are innumerable other events1 if such they may be called1 which come close upon us1 yet pass away without actual results1 or even betraying their near approach by the reflection of any light or shadow across our minds4 ,could we know all the vicissitudes of our fortunes1 life would be too full of hope and fear1 exultation or disappointment1 to afford us a single hour of true serenity4 ,this idea may be illustrated by a page from the secret history of ,david ,swan4 ,we have nothing to do with ,david until we find him1 at the age of twenty1 on the high road from his native place to the city of ,boston1 where his uncle1 a small dealer in the grocery line1 was to take him behind the counter4 ,be it enough to say1 that he was a native of ,new ,hampshire1 born of respectable parents1 and had received an ordinary school education1 with a classic finish by a year at ,gilmanton ,academy4 ,after journeying on foot from sunrise till nearly noon of a summer's day1 his weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade1 and await the coming up of the stage-coach4 ,as if planted on purpose for him1 there soon appeared a little tuft of maples1 with a delightful recess in the midst1 and such a fresh bubbling spring1 that it seemed never to have sparkled for any wayfarer but ,david ,swan4 ,virgin or not1 he kissed it with his thirsty lips1 and then flung himself along the brink1 pillowing his head upon some shirts and a pair of pantaloons1 tied up in a striped cotton handkerchief4 ,the sunbeams could not reach him2 the dust did not yet rise from the road1 after the heavy rain of yesterday2 and his grassy lair suited the young man better than a bed of down4 ,the spring murmured drowsily beside him2 the branches waved dreamily across the blue sky overhead2 and a deep sleep1 perchance hiding dreams within its depths1 fell upon ,david ,swan4 ,but we are to relate events which he did not dream of4 ,while he lay sound asleep in the shade1 other people were wide-awake1 and passed to an fro1 afoot1 on horseback1 and in all sorts of vehicles1 along the sunny road by his bed-chamber4 ,some looked neither to the right hand nor to the left1 and knew not that he was there2 some merely glanced that way1 without admitting the slumberer among their busy thoughts2 some laughed to see how soundly he slept2 and several1 whose hearts were brimming full of scorn1 ejected their venomous superfluity upon ,david ,swan4 ,a middle-aged widow1 when nobody else was near1 thrust her head a little way into the recess1 and vowed that the young fellow looked charming in his sleep4 ,a temperance lecturer saw him1 and wrought poor ,david into the texture of his evening's discourse1 as an awful instance of dead-drunkenness by the road-side4 ,but censure1 praise1 merriment1 scorn1 and indifference1 were all one1 or rather all nothing1 to ,david ,swan4 ,he had slept only a few moments when a brown carriage1 drawn by a handsome pair of horses1 bowled easily along1 and was brought to a stand-still nearly in front of ,david's resting-place4 ,a linch-pin had fallen out1 and permitted one of the wheels to slide off4 ,the damage was slight1 and occasioned merely a momentary alarm to an elderly merchant and his wife1 who were returning to ,boston in the carriage4 ,while the coachman and a servant were replacing the wheel1 the lady and gentleman sheltered themselves beneath the maple-trees1 and there espied the bubbling fountain1 and ,david ,swan asleep beside it4 ,impressed with the awe which the humblest sleeper usually sheds around him1 the merchant trod as lightly as the gout would allow2 and his spouse took good heed not to rustle her silk gown1 lest ,david should start up1 all of a sudden4 ,how soundly he sleeps6 whispered the old gentleman4 ,from what a depth he draws that easy breath6 ,such sleep as that1 brought on without an opiate1 would be worth more to me than half my income1 for it would suppose health and an untroubled mind4 ,and youth besides1 said the lady4 ,healthy and quiet age does not sleep thus4 ,our slumber is no more like his than our wakefulness4 ,the longer they looked1 the more did this elderly couple feel interested in the unknown youth1 to whom the wayside and the maple shade were as a secret chamber1 with the rich gloom of damask curtains brooding over him4 ,perceiving that a stray sunbeam glimmered down upon his face1 the lady contrived to twist a branch aside1 so as to intercept it4 ,and having done this little act of kindness1 she began to feel like a mother to him4 ,providence seems to have laid him here1 whispered she to her husband1 and to have brought us hither to find him1 after our disappointment in our cousin's son4 ,methinks ,i can see a likeness to our departed ,henry4 ,shall we waken him8 ,to what purpose8 said the merchant1 hesitating4 ,we know nothing of the youth's character4 ,that open countenance6 replied his wife1 in the same hushed voice1 yet earnestly4 ,this innocent sleep6 ,while these whispers were passing1 the sleeper's heart did not throb1 nor his breath become agitated1 nor his features betray the least token of interest4 ,yet ,fortune was bending over him1 just ready to let fall a burthen of gold4 ,the old merchant had lost his only son1 and had no heir to his wealth1 except a distant relative1 with whose conduct he was dissatisfied4 ,in such cases1 people sometimes do stranger things than to act the magician1 and awaken a young man to splendor1 who fell asleep in poverty4 ,shall we not waken him8 repeated the lady1 persuasively4 ,the coach is ready1 sir1 said the servant1 behind4 ,the old couple started1 reddened1 and hurried away1 mutually wondering that they should ever have dreamed of doing anything so very ridiculous4 ,the merchant threw himself back in the carriage1 and occupied his mind with the plan of a magnificent asylum for unfortunate men of business4 ,meanwhile1 ,david ,swan enjoyed his nap4 ,the carriage could not have gone above a mile or two1 when a pretty young girl came along with a tripping pace1 which showed precisely how her little heart was dancing in her bosom4 ,perhaps it was this merry kind of motion that caused--is there any harm in saying it8--her garter to slip its knot4 ,conscious that the silken girth1 if silk it were1 was relaxing its hold1 she turned aside into the shelter of the maple-trees1 and there found a young man asleep by the spring6 ,blushing as red as any rose1 that she should have intruded into a gentleman's bed-chamber1 and for such a purpose1 too1 she was about to make her escape on tiptoe4 ,but there was peril near the sleeper4 ,a monster of a bee had been wandering overhead--buzz1 buzz1 buzz--now among the leaves1 now flashing through the strips of sunshine1 and now lost in the dark shade1 till finally he appeared to be settling on the eyelid of ,david ,swan4 ,the sting of a bee is sometimes deadly4 ,as free-hearted as she was innocent1 the girl attacked the intruder with her handkerchief1 brushed him soundly1 and drove him from the maple shade4 ,how sweet a picture6 ,this good deed accomplished1 with quickened breath1 and a deeper blush1 she stole a glance at the youthful stranger1 for whom she had been battling with a dragon in the air4 ,he is handsome6 thought she1 and blushed redder yet4 ,how could it be that no dream of bliss grew so strong within him1 that1 shattered by its very strength1 it should part asunder1 and allow him to perceive the girl among its phantoms8 ,why1 at least1 did no smile of welcome brighten upon his face8 ,she was come1 the maid whose soul1 according to the old and beautiful idea1 had been severed from his own1 and whom1 in all his vague but passionate desires1 he yearned to meet4 ,her only could he love with a perfect love--him only could she receive into the depths of her heart--and now her image was faintly blushing in the fountain by his side2 should it pass away1 its happy lustre would never gleam upon his life again4 ,how sound he sleeps6 murmured the girl4 ,she departed1 but did not trip along the road so lightly as when she came4 ,now1 this girl's father was a thriving country merchant in the neighborhood1 and happened1 at that identical time1 to be looking out for just such a young man as ,david ,swan4 ,had ,david formed a wayside acquaintance with the daughter1 he would have become the father's clerk1 and all else in natural succession4 ,so here1 again1 had good fortune--the best of fortunes--stolen so near1 that her garments brushed against him2 and he knew nothing of the matter4 ,the girl was hardly out of sight1 when two men turned aside beneath the maple shade4 ,both had dark faces1 set off by cloth caps1 which were drawn down aslant over their brows4 ,their dresses were shabby1 yet had a certain smartness4 ,these were a couple of rascals1 who got their living by whatever the devil sent them1 and now1 in the interim of other business1 had staked the joint profits of their next piece of villainy on a game of cards1 which was to have been decided here under the trees4 ,but1 finding ,david asleep by the spring1 one of the rogues whispered to his fellow-- ,hist6--,do you see that bundle under his head8 ,the other villain nodded1 winked1 and leered4 ,i'll bet you a horn of brandy1 said the first1 that the chap has either a pocket-book or a snug little hoard of small change1 stowed away amongst his shirts4 ,and if not there1 we shall find it in his pantaloons' pocket4 ,but how if he wakes8 said the other4 ,his companion thrust aside his waistcoat1 pointed to the handle of a dirk1 and nodded4 ,so be it6 muttered the second villain4 ,they approached the unconscious ,david1 and1 while one pointed the dagger towards his heart1 the other began to search the bundle beneath his head4 ,their two faces1 grim1 wrinkled1 and ghastly with guilt and fear1 bent over their victim1 looking horribly enough to be mistaken for fiends1 should he suddenly awake4 ,nay1 had the villains glanced aside into the spring1 even they would hardly have known themselves1 as reflected there4 ,but ,david ,swan had never worn a more tranquil aspect1 even when asleep on his mother's breast4 ,i must take away the bundle1 whispered one4 ,if he stirs1 ,i'll strike1 muttered the other4 ,but1 at this moment1 a dog1 scenting along the ground1 came in beneath the maple-trees1 and gazed alternately at each of these wicked men1 and then at the quiet sleeper4 ,he then lapped out of the fountain4 ,pshaw6 said one villain4 ,we can do nothing now4 ,the dog's master must be close behind4 ,let's take a drink1 and be off1 said the other4 ,the man with the dagger thrust back the weapon into his bosom1 and drew forth a pocket-pistol1 but not of that kind which kills by a single discharge4 ,it was a flask of liquor1 with a block-tin tumbler screwed upon the mouth4 ,each drank a comfortable dram1 and left the spot1 with so many jests1 and such laughter at their unaccomplished wickedness1 that they might be said to have gone on their way rejoicing4 ,in a few hours they had forgotten the whole affair1 nor once imagined that the recording angel had written down the crime of murder against their souls1 in letters as durable as eternity4 ,as for ,david ,swan1 he still slept quietly1 neither conscious of the shadow of death when it hung over him1 nor of the glow of renewed life when that shadow was withdrawn4 ,he slept1 but no longer so quietly as at first4 ,an hour's repose had snatched from his elastic frame the weariness with which many hours of toil had burthened it4 ,now he stirred--now moved his lips1 without a sound--now talked in an inward tone to the noonday spectres of his dream4 ,but a noise of wheels came rattling louder and louder along the road1 until it dashed through the dispersing mist of ,david's slumber--and there was the stage-coach4 ,he started up1 with all his ideas about him4 ,hallo1 driver6 ,take a passenger8 shouted he4 ,room on top6 answered the driver4 ,up mounted ,david1 and bowled away merrily towards ,boston1 without so much as a parting glance at that fountain of dreamlike vicissitude4 ,he knew not that a phantom of ,wealth had thrown a golden hue upon its waters1 nor that one of ,love had sighed softly to their murmur1 nor that one of ,death had threatened to crimson them with his blood--all1 in the brief hour since he lay down to sleep4 ,sleeping or waking1 we hear not the airy footsteps of the strange things that almost happen4 ,does it not argue a superintending ,providence1 that1 while viewless and unexpected events thrust themselves continually athwart our path1 there should still be regularity enough in mortal life1 to render foresight even partially available8 ,,liv4 ,,my ,,kate4 ,,elizabeth ,,barrett ,,browning4--#ahji-ahfa4 ,she was not as pretty as women ,i know1 ,and yet all your best made of sunshine and snow ,drop to shade1 melt to nought in the long-trodden ways1 ,while she's still remember'd on warm and cold days-- ,my ,kate4 ,her air had a meaning1 her movements a grace2 ,you turn'd from the fairest to gaze on her face3 ,and when you had once seen her forehead and mouth1 ,you saw as distinctly her soul and her truth-- ,my ,kate4 ,such a blue inner light from her eyelids outbroke1 ,you look'd at her silence and fancied she spoke3 ,when she did1 so peculiar yet soft was the tone1 ,though the loudest spoke also1 you heard her alone-- ,my ,kate4 ,i doubt if she said to you much that could act ,as a thought or suggestion3 she did not attract ,in the sense of the brilliant or wise3 ,i infer ',twas her thinking of others1 made you think of her-- ,my ,kate4 ,she never found fault with you1 never implied ,your wrong by her right2 and yet men at her side ,grew nobler1 girls purer1 as through the whole town ,the children were gladder that pull'd at her gown-- ,my ,kate4 ,none knelt at her feet confess'd lovers in thrall2 ,they knelt more to ,god than they used1--that was all2 ,if you praised her as charming1 some ask'd what you meant1 ,but the charm of her presence was felt when she went-- ,my ,kate4 ,the weak and the gentle1 the ribald and rude1 ,she took as she found them1 and did them all good3 ,it always was so with her3 see what you have6 ,she has made the grass greener even here 444 with her grave-- ,my ,kate4 ,my dear one6--when thou wast alive with the rest1 ,i held thee the sweetest and lov'd thee the best3 ,and now thou art dead1 shall ,i not take thy part ,as thy smiles used to do for thyself1 my sweet ,heart-- ,my ,kate8 ,,lv4 ,a ,,dead ,,rose4 ,,mrs4 ,,browning4 ,o ,rose1 who dares to name thee8 ,no longer roseate now1 nor soft nor sweet1 ,but pale and hard and dry as stubble wheat1-- ,kept seven years in a drawer1 thy titles shame thee4 ,the breeze that used to blow thee ,between the hedgerow thorns1 and take away ,an odor up the lane to last all day1-- ,if breathing now1 unsweeten'd would forego thee4 ,the sun that used to smite thee1 ,and mix his glory in thy gorgeous urn ,till beam appear'd to bloom1 and flower to burn1-- ,if shining now1 with not a hue would light thee4 ,the dew that used to wet thee1 ,and1 white first1 grow incarnadined because ,it lay upon thee where the crimson was1-- ,if dropping now1 would darken where it met thee4 ,the fly that 'lit upon thee ,to stretch the tendrils of its tiny feet ,along thy leafs pure edges after heat1-- ,if 'lighting now1 would coldly overrun thee4 ,the bee that once did suck thee1 ,and build thy perfumed ambers up his hive1 ,and swoon in thee for joy1 till scarce alive1-- ,if passing now1 would blindly overlook thee4 ,the heart doth recognize thee1 ,alone1 alone6 the heart doth smell thee sweet1 ,doth view thee fair1 doth judge thee most complete1 ,perceiving all those changes that disguise thee4 ,yes1 and the heart doth owe thee ,more love1 dead rose1 than to any roses bold ,which ,julia wears at dances1 smiling cold3-- ,lie still upon this heart which breaks below thee6 ,,lvi4 ,,to ,,the ,,evening ,,wind4 ,,william ,,cullen ,,bryant4--#agid-ahgh4 ,spirit that breathest through my lattice1 thou ,that cool'st the twilight of the sultry day1 ,gratefully flows thy freshness round my brow2 ,thou hast been out upon the deep at play1 ,riding all day the wild blue waves till now1 ,roughening their crests1 and scattering high their spray1 ,and swelling the white sail4 ,i welcome thee ,to the scorch'd land1 thou wanderer of the sea4 ,nor ,i alone2--a thousand bosoms round ,inhale thee in the fulness of delight2 ,and languid forms rise up1 and pulses bound ,livelier at coming of the wind of night2 ,and languishing to hear thy grateful sound1 ,lies the vast inland stretch'd beyond the sight4 ,go forth into the gathering shade2 go forth1 ,god's blessing breathed upon the fainting earth6 ,go1 rock the little wood-bird in his nest1 ,curl the still waters1 bright with stars1 and rouse ,the wide old wood from his majestic rest1 ,summoning from the innumerable boughs ,the strange deep harmonies that haunt his breast2 ,pleasant shall be thy way where meekly bows ,the shutting flower1 and darkling waters pass1 ,and where the o'er-shadowing branches sweep the grass4 ,the faint old man shall lean his silver head ,to feel thee2 thou shalt kiss the child asleep1 ,and dry the moisten'd curls that overspread ,his temples1 while his breathing grows more deep2 ,and they who stand about the sick man's bed ,shall joy to listen to thy distant sweep1 ,and softly part his curtains to allow ,thy visit1 grateful to his burning brow4 ,go1--but the circle of eternal change1 ,which is the life of nature1 shall restore1 ,with sounds and scents from all thy mighty range1 ,thee to thy birthplace of the deep once more2 ,sweet odors in the sea-air1 sweet and strange1 ,shall tell the homesick mariner of the shore2 ,and1 listening to thy murmur1 he shall dream ,he hears the rustling leaf and running stream4 ,,lvii4--,,death ,,of ,,the ,,protector4,m ,,thomas ,,carlyle4--#agie-ahha4 ,from ,,oliver ,,cromwell',s ,,letters ,,and ,,speeches4 ,and so we have now nothing more2--and ,oliver has nothing more4 ,his ,speakings1 and also his ,actings1 all his manifold ,strugglings1 more or less victorious1 to utter the great ,god's-,message that was in him1--have here what we call ended4 ,this ,summer of #afeh1 likewise victorious after struggle1 is his last in our ,world of ,time4 ,thenceforth he enters the ,eternities2 and rests upon his arms there4 ,oliver's look was yet strong2 and young for his years1 which were ,fifty-nine last ,april4 ,the ,three-score and ten years1 the ,psalmist's limit1 which probably was often in ,oliver's thoughts and in those of others there1 might have been anticipated for him3 ,ten ,years more of ,life2--which1 we may compute1 would have given another ,history to all the ,centuries of ,england4 ,but it was not to be so1 it was to be otherwise4 ,oliver's health1 as we might observe1 was but uncertain in late times2 often indisposed the spring before last4 ,his course of life had not been favorable to health6 ,a burden too heavy for man6 as he himself1 with a sigh1 would sometimes say4 ,incessant toil2 inconceivable labor1 of head and heart and hand2 toil1 peril1 and sorrow manifold1 continued for near ,twenty years now1 had done their part3 those robust life-energies1 it afterwards appeared1 had been gradually eaten out4 ,like a ,tower strong to the eye1 but with its foundations undermined2 which has not long to stand2 the fall of which1 on any shock1 may be sudden4-- ,the ,manzinis and ,ducs de ,crequi1 with their splendors1 and congratulations about ,dunkirk1 interesting to the street-populations and general public1 had not yet withdrawn1 when at ,hampton ,court there had begun a private scene1 of much deeper and quite opposite interest there4 ,the ,lady ,claypole1 ,oliver's favorite ,daughter1 a favorite of all the world1 had fallen sick we know not when2 lay sick now1--to death1 as it proved4 ,her disease was of a nature1 the painfullest and most harassing to mind and sense1 it is understood1 that falls to the lot of a human creature4 ,hampton ,court we can fancy once more1 in those ,july days1 a house of sorrow2 pale ,death knocking there1 as at the door of the meanest hut4 ,she had great sufferings1 great exercises of spirit4 ,yes3--and in the depths of the old ,centuries1 we see a pale anxious ,mother1 anxious ,husband1 anxious weeping ,sisters1 a poor young ,frances weeping anew in her weeds4 ,for the last fourteen days his ,highness had been by her bedside at ,hampton ,court1 unable to attend to any public business whatever4 ,be still1 my ,child2 trust thou yet in ,god3 in the waves of the ,dark ,river1 there too is ,he a ,god of help6--,on the #fth day of ,august she lay dead2 at rest forever4 ,my young1 my beautiful1 my brave6 ,she is taken from me2 ,i am left bereaved of her4 ,the ,lord giveth1 and the ,lord taketh away2 blessed be the ,name of the ,lord6--444 ,in the same dark days1 occurred ,george ,fox's third and last interview with ,oliver4--4444 ,george dates nothing2 and his facts everywhere lie round him like the leather-parings of his old shop3 but we judge it may have been about the time when the ,manzinis and the ,ducs de ,crequi were parading in their gilt coaches1 ,that ,george and two ,friends going out of ,town1 on a summer day1 two of ,hacker's men had met them1--taken them1 brought them to the ,mews4 ,prisoners there awhile3--but the ,lord's power was over ,hacker's men2 they had to let us go4 ,whereupon3 ,the same day1 taking boat ,i went down 7up7 to ,kingston1 and from thence to ,hampton ,court1 to speak with the ,protector about the ,sufferings of ,friends4 ,i met him riding into ,hampton-,court ,park2 and before ,i came to him1 as he rode at the head of his ,lifeguard1 ,i saw and felt a waft 7whiff7 of death go forth against him4----,or in favor of him1 ,george8 ,his life1 if thou knew it1 has not been a merry thing for this man1 now or heretofore6 ,i fancy he has been looking1 this long while1 to give it up1 whenever the ,commander-in-,chief required4 ,to quit his laborious sentry-post2 honorably lay-up his arms1 and be gone to his rest3--all ,eternity to rest in1 ,o ,george6 ,was thy own life merry1 for example1 in the hollow of the tree2 clad permanently in leather8 ,and does kingly purple1 and governing refractory worlds instead of stitching coarse shoes1 make it merrier8 ,the waft of death is not against him1 ,i think1--perhaps against thee1 and me1 and others1 ,o ,george1 when the ,nell-,gwynn ,defender and ,two ,centuries of all-victorious ,cant have come in upon us6 ,my unfortunate ,george----a waft of death go forth against him2 and when ,i came to him1 he looked like a dead man4 ,after ,i had laid the ,sufferings of ,friends before him1 and had warned him according as ,i was moved to speak to him1 he bade me come to his house4 ,so ,i returned to ,kingston2 and1 the next day1 went up to ,hampton ,court to speak farther with him4 ,but when ,i came1 ,harvey1 who was one that waited on him1 told me the ,doctors were not willing that ,i should speak with him4 ,so ,i passed away1 and never saw him more4 ,friday the #bjth of ,august #afeh1 this was probably the day on which ,george ,fox saw ,oliver riding into ,hampton ,park with his ,guards1 for the last time4 ,that ,friday1 as we find1 his ,highness seemed much better3 but on the morrow a sad change had taken place2 feverish symptoms1 for which the ,doctors rigorously prescribed quiet4 ,saturday to ,tuesday the symptoms continued ever worsening3 a kind of tertian ague1 bastard tertian as the old ,doctors name it2 for which it was ordered that his ,highness should return to ,whitehall1 as to a more favorable air in that complaint4 ,on ,tuesday accordingly he quitted ,hampton ,court2--never to see it more4 ,his time was come1 says ,harvey2 and neither prayers nor tears could prevail with ,god to lengthen out his life and continue him longer to us4 ,prayers abundantly and incessantly poured out on his behalf1 both publicly and privately1 as was observed1 in a more than ordinary way4 ,besides many a secret sigh1--secret and unheard by men1 yet like the cry of ,moses1 more loud1 and strongly laying hold on ,god1 than many spoken supplications4 ,all which1--the hearts of ,god's ,people being thus mightily stirred up1--did seem to beget confidence in some1 and hopes in all2 yea some thoughts in himself1 that ,god would restore him4 ,prayers public and private3 they are worth imagining to ourselves4 ,meetings of ,preachers1 ,chaplains1 and ,godly ,persons2 ,owen1 ,goodwin1 ,sterry1 with a company of others1 in an adjoining room2 in ,whitehall1 and elsewhere over religious ,london and ,england1 fervent outpourings of many a loyal heart4 ,for there were hearts to whom the nobleness of this man was known2 and his worth to the ,puritan ,cause was evident4 ,prayers1--strange enough to us2 in a dialect fallen obsolete1 forgotten now4 ,authentic wrestlings of ancient ,human ,souls1--who were alive then1 with their affections1 awestruck pieties2 with their ,human ,wishes1 risen to be transcendent1 hoping to prevail with the ,inexorable4 ,all swallowed now in the depths of dark ,time2 which is full of such1 since the beginning6--,truly it is a great scene of ,world-,history1 this in old ,whitehall3 ,oliver ,cromwell drawing nigh to his end4 ,the exit of ,oliver ,cromwell and of ,english ,puritanism2 a great ,light1 one of our few authentic ,solar ,luminaries1 going down now amid the clouds of ,death4 ,like the setting of a great victorious ,summer ,sun2 its course now finished4 ,so stirbt ein ,held1 says ,schiller1 ,so dies a ,hero6 ,sight worthy to be worshipped6--,he died1 this ,hero ,oliver1 in ,resignation to ,god2 as the ,brave have all done4 ,we could not be more desirous he should abide1 says the pious ,harvey1 than he was content and willing to be gone4 ,the struggle lasted1 amid hope and fear1 for ten days4444 ,on ,monday ,august #cjth1 there roared and howled all day a mighty storm of wind4444 ,it was on this stormy ,monday1 while rocking winds1 heard in the sickroom and everywhere1 were piping aloud1 that ,thurloe and an ,official person entered to enquire1 ,who1 in case of the worst1 was to be his ,highness's ,successor8 ,the ,successor is named in a sealed ,paper already drawn-up1 above a year ago1 at ,hampton ,court2 now lying in such and such a place4 ,the ,paper was sent for1 searched for2 it could never be found4 ,richard's is the name understood to have been written in that ,paper3 not a good name2 but in fact one does not know4 ,in ten years' time1 had ten years more been granted1 ,richard might have become a fitter man2 might have been cancelled1 if palpably unfit4 ,or perhaps it was ,fleetwood's name1--and the ,paper1 by certain parties1 was stolen8 ,none knows4 ,on the ,thursday night following1 and not till then1 his ,highness is understood to have formally named ,richard1--or perhaps it might only be some heavy-laden ,yes1 yes6 spoken1 out of the thick death-slumbers1 in answer to ,thurloe's question ,richard8 ,the thing is a little uncertain4 ,it was1 once more1 a matter of much moment2--giving color probably to all the subsequent ,centuries of ,england1 this answer6--444 ,thursday night the ,writer of our old ,pamphlet ,harvey was himself in attendance on his ,highness2 and has preserved a trait or two2 with which let us hasten to conclude4 ,tomorrow is ,september ,third1 always kept as a ,thanksgiving day1 since the ,victories of ,dunbar and ,worcester4 ,the wearied one1 that very night before the ,lord took him to his everlasting rest1 was heard thus1 with oppressed voice1 speaking3 ',truly ,god is good2 indeed ,he is2 ,he will not'----,then his speech failed him1 but as ,i apprehended1 it was1 ',he will not leave me4' ,this saying1 ',god is good1' he frequently used all along2 and would speak it with much cheerfulness1 and fervor of spirit1 in the midst of his pains4--,again he said3 ',i would be willing to live to be farther serviceable to ,god and ,his ,people3 but my work is done4 ,yet ,god will be with ,his ,people4' ,he was very restless most part of the night1 speaking often to himself4 ,and there being something to drink offered him1 he was desired ,to take the same1 and endeavor to sleep4--,unto which he answered3 ',it is not my design to drink or sleep2 but my design is1 to make what haste ,i can to be gone4'-- ,afterwards1 towards morning1 he used divers holy expressions1 implying much inward consolation and peace2 among the rest he spake some exceeding self-debasing words1 annihilating and judging himself4 ,and truly it was observed1 that a public spirit to ,god's ,cause did breathe in him1--as in his lifetime1 so now to his very last4 ,when the morrow's sun rose1 ,oliver was speechless2 between three and four in the afternoon1 he lay dead4 ,friday #crd ,september #afeh4 ,the consternation and astonishment of all people1 writes ,fauconberg1 are inexpressible2 their hearts seem as if sunk within them4 ,my poor ,wife1--,i know not what on earth to do with her4 ,when seemingly quieted1 she bursts out again into a passion that tears her very heart in pieces4--,husht1 poor weeping ,mary6 ,here is a ,life-battle right nobly done4 ,seest thou not1 ,the storm is changed into a calm1 ,at ,his command and will2 ,so that the waves which raged before ,now quiet are and still6 ,then are they glad1--because at rest ,and quiet now they be3 ,so to the haven ,he them brings ,which they desired to see4 ,blessed are the dead that die in the ,lord2 blessed are the valiant that have lived in the ,lord4 ,amen1 saith the ,spirit1--,amen4 ,they do rest from their labors1 and their works follow them4 ,their works follow them4 ,as1 ,i think1 this ,oliver ,cromwell's works have done and are still doing6 ,we have had our ,revolutions of ,eighty-eight1 officially called glorious2 and other ,revolutions not yet called glorious2 and somewhat has been gained for poor ,mankind4 ,men's ears are not now slit-off by rash ,officiality2 ,officiality will1 for long henceforth1 be more cautious about men's ears4 ,the tyrannous ,star-chambers1 branding-irons1 chimerical ,kings and ,surplices at ,all-hallowtide1 they are gone1 or with immense velocity going4 ,oliver's works do follow him6--,the works of a man1 bury them under what guano-mountains and obscene owl-droppings you will1 do not perish1 cannot perish4 ,what of ,heroism1 what of ,eternal ,light was in a ,man and his ,life1 is with very great exactness added to the ,eternities2 remains forever a new divine portion of the ,sum of ,things2 and no owl's voice1 this way or that1 in the least avails in the matter4--,but we have to end here4 ,oliver is gone2 and with him ,england's ,puritanism1 laboriously built together by this man1 and made a thing far-shining1 miraculous to its own ,century1 and memorable to all the ,centuries1 soon goes4 ,puritanism1 without its ,king1 is kingless1 anarchic2 falls into dislocation1 self-collision2 staggers1 plunges into ever deeper anarchy2 ,king1 ,defender of the ,puritan ,faith there can now none be found2--and nothing is left but to recall the old disowned ,defender with the remnants of his ,four ,surplices1 and ,two ,centuries of ,hypocrisis 7or ,play-acting not so-called71 and put-up with all that1 the best we may4 ,the ,genius of ,england no longer soars ,sunward1 world-defiant1 like an ,eagle through the storms1 mewing her mighty youth1 as ,john ,milton saw her do3 the ,genius of ,england1 much liker a greedy ,ostrich intent on provender and a whole skin mainly1 stands with its other extremity ,sunward2 with its ,ostrich-head stuck into the readiest bush1 of old ,church-tippets1 ,king-cloaks1 or what other sheltering ,fallacy there may be1 and so awaits the issue4 ,the issue has been slow2 but it is now seen to have been inevitable4 ,no ,ostrich1 intent on gross terrene provender1 and sticking its head into ,fallacies1 but will be awakened one day1--in a terrible a-posteriori manner1 if not otherwise6----,awake before it come to that2 gods and men bid us awake6 ,the ,voices of our ,fathers1 with thousand-fold stern monition to one and all1 bid us awake4 ,,footnotes3 ,m ,the author's use of capital letters and punctuation marks has been retained4 ,,lviii4 ,,each ,,and ,,all4 ,,ralph ,,waldo ,,emerson4--#ahjc-ahhb4 ,little thinks1 in the field1 yon red-cloak'd clown ,of thee from the hill-top looking down2 ,the heifer that lows in the upland farm1 ,far-heard1 lows not thine ear to charm2 ,the sexton1 tolling his bell at noon1 ,deems not that great ,napoleon ,stops his horse1 and lists with delight1 ,while his files sweep round yon ,alpine height2 ,nor knowest thou what argument ,thy life to thy neighbor's creed has lent4 ,all are needed by each one-- ,nothing is fair or good alone4 ,i thought the sparrow's note from heaven1 ,singing at dawn on the alder bough2 ,i brought him home in his nest1 at even1 ,he sings the song1 but it pleases not now2 ,for ,i did not bring home the river and sky2 ,he sang to my ear--they sang to my eye4 ,the delicate shells lay on the shore2 ,the bubbles of the latest wave ,fresh pearls to their enamel gave1 ,and the bellowing of the savage sea ,greeted their safe escape to me4 ,i wiped away the weeds and foam-- ,i fetch'd my sea-born treasures home2 ,but the poor unsightly1 noisome things ,had left their beauty on the shore1 ,with the sun and the sand1 and the wild uproar4 ,the lover watch'd his graceful maid1 ,as 'mid the virgin train she stray'd2 ,nor knew her beauty's best attire ,was woven still by the snow-white choir4 ,at last she came to his hermitage1 ,like the bird from the woodlands to the cage2 ,the gay enchantment was undone-- ,a gentle wife1 but fairy none4 ,then ,i said1 ,i covet truth2 ,beauty is unripe childhoods cheat-- ,i leave it behind with the games of youth4 ,as ,i spoke1 beneath my feet ,the ground-pine curled its pretty wreath1 ,running over the club-moss burrs2 ,i inhaled the violet's breath2 ,around me stood the oaks and firs2 ,pine-cones and acorns lay on the ground2 ,over me soar'd the eternal sky1 ,full of light and of deity2 ,again ,i saw1 again ,i heard1 ,the rolling river1 the morning bird2 ,beauty through my senses stole-- ,i yielded myself to the perfect whole4 ,,lix4 ,,waterloo4 ,,charles ,,james ,,lever4--#ahjf-ahgb4 ,from ,,charles ,o',,malley4 ,this is the officer that ,i spoke of1 said an aid-de-camp1 as he rode up to where ,i was standing1 bare-headed and without a sword4 ,he has just made his escape from the ,french lines1 and will be able to give your lordship some information4 ,the handsome features and gorgeous costume of ,lord ,uxbridge were known to me2 but ,i was not aware1 till afterwards1 that a soldierlike1 resolute looking officer beside him1 was ,general ,graham4 ,it was the latter who first addressed me4 ,are you aware1 ,sir1 said he1 if ,grouchy's force is arrived8 ,they had not3 on the contrary1 shortly before ,i escaped1 an aid-de-camp was despatched to ,gembloux1 to hasten his coming4 ,and the troops1 for they must be troops1 debouching from the wood yonder--they seem to form a junction with the corps to the right--they are the ,prussians4 ,they arrived there before noon from ,st4 ,lambert1 and are part of ,buelow's corps4 ,count ,loebau and his division of ten thousand men were despatched1 about an hour since1 to hold them in check4 ,this is great news1 said ,lord ,uxbridge4 ,fitzroy must know it at once4 ,so saying he dashed spurs into his horse1 and soon disappeared amid the crowd on the hill top4 ,you had better see the ,duke1 ,sir1 said ,graham3 your information is too important to be delayed4 ,captain ,calvert1 let this officer have a horse2 his own is too tired to go much further4 ,and a cap1 ,i beg of you1 added ,i1 in an under tone2 for ,i have already found a sabre4 ,by a slight circuitous route1 we reached the road upon which a mass of dismounted artillery-carts1 baggage-wagons1 and tumbrils1 were heaped together as a barricade against the attack of the ,french dragoons1 who more than once had penetrated to the very crest of our position4 ,close to this1 and on a little rising ground1 from which a view of the entire field extended from ,hougoumont to the far left1 the ,duke of ,wellington stood1 surrounded by his staff4 ,his eye was bent upon the valley before him1 where the advancing columns of ,ney's attack still pressed onwards2 while the fire of sixty great guns poured death and carnage into his lines4 ,the second ,belgian division1 routed and broken1 had fallen back upon the twenty-seventh regiment1 who had merely time to throw themselves into square1 when ,milhaud's cuirassiers1 armed with a terrible long straight sword1 came sweeping down upon them4 ,a line of impassable bayonets1 a living chevaux-de-frise of the best blood of ,britain1 stood firm and motionless before the shock3 the ,french mitraille played mercilessly on the ranks2 but the chasms were filled up like magic1 and in vain the bold horsemen of ,gaul galloped round the bristling files4 ,at length the word fire6 was heard within the square1 and as the bullets at pistol range rattled upon them1 the cuirass afforded them no defence against the deadly volley4 ,men and horses rolled indiscriminately upon the earth3 then would come a charge of our dashing squadrons1 who1 riding recklessly upon the foe1 were1 in their turn1 to be repulsed by numbers1 when fresh attacks would pour down upon our unshaken infantry4 ,that column yonder is wavering3 why does he not bring up his supporting squadrons8 inquired the ,duke1 pointing to a ,belgian regiment of light dragoons1 who were formed in the same brigade with the seventh hussars4 ,he refuses to oppose his light cavalry to cuirassiers1 my lord1 said an aid-de-camp1 who had just returned from the division in question4 ,tell him to march his men off the ground1 said the ,duke1 with a quiet and impassive tone4 ,in less than ten minutes the regiment was seen to defile from the mass1 and take the road to ,brussels1 to increase the panic of that city1 by circulating and strengthening the report1 that the ,english were beaten1--and ,napoleon in full march upon the capital4 ,what's ,ney's force8 can you guess1 ,sir8 said ,lord ,wellington turning to me4 ,about twelve thousand men1 my lord4 ,are the ,guard among them8 ,no1 ,sir2 the ,guard are in reserve above ,la ,belle ,alliance4 ,in what part of the field is ,buonaparte8 ,nearly opposite to where we stand4 ,i told you1 gentlemen1 ,hougoumont never was the great attack4 ,the battle must be decided here1 pointing1 as he spoke1 to the plain beneath us1 where still ,ney poured on his devoted columns1 where yet the ,french cavalry rode down upon our firm squares4 ,as he spoke an aid-de-camp rode up from the valley4 ,the ninety-second requires support1 my lord3 they cannot maintain their positions half an hour longer1 without it4 ,have they given way1 ,sir8 ,no---- ,well1 then1 they must stand where they are4 ,i hear cannon towards the left2 yonder1 near ,frischermont4 ,at this moment the light cavalry swept past the base of the hill on which we stood1 hotly followed by the ,french heavy cuirassier brigade4 ,three of our guns were taken2 and the cheering of the ,french infantry1 as they advanced to the charge1 presaged their hope of victory4 ,do it1 then1 said the ,duke1 in reply to some whispered question of ,lord ,uxbridge2 and shortly after the heavy trot of advancing squadrons was heard behind4 ,they were the ,life ,guards and the ,blues1 who1 with the first ,dragoon ,guards and the ,enniskilleners1 were formed into close column4 ,i know the ground1 my ,lord1 said ,i to ,lord ,uxbridge4 ,come along1 ,sir1 come along1 said he1 as he threw his hussar jacket loosely behind him1 to give freedom to his sword-arm4--,forward1 my men1 forward2 but steady1 hold your horses in hand2 threes about1 and together charge4 ,charge6 he shouted2 while1 as the word flew from squadron to squadron1 each horseman bent upon his saddle1 and that mighty mass1 as though instinct with but one spirit1 dashed like a thunder-bolt upon the column beneath them4 ,the ,french1 blown and exhausted1 inferior beside in weight both of man and horse1 offered but a short resistance4 ,as the tall corn bends beneath the sweeping hurricane1 wave succeeding wave1 so did the steel-clad squadrons of ,france fall before the nervous arm of ,britain's cavalry4 ,onward they went1 carrying death and ruin before them1 and never stayed their course1 until the guns were recaptured1 and the cuirassiers1 repulsed1 disordered1 and broken1 had retired beneath the protection of their artillery4 ,there was1 as a brilliant and eloquent writer on the subject mentions1 a terrible sameness in the whole of this battle4 ,incessant charges of cavalry upon the squares of our infantry1 whose sole manoeuvre consisted in either deploying into line to resist the attack of infantry1 or falling back into square when the cavalry advanced--performing those two evolutions under the devastating fire of artillery1 before the unflinching heroism of that veteran infantry whose glories had been reaped upon the blood-stained fields of ,austerlitz1 ,marengo1 and ,wagram--or opposing an unbroken front to the whirlwind swoop of infuriated cavalry2--such were the enduring and devoted services demanded from the ,english troops1 and such they failed not to render4 ,once or twice had temper nearly failed them1 and the cry ran through the ranks1 ,are we never to move forward8--,only let us at them6 ,but the word was not yet spoken which was to undam the pent-up torrent1 and bear down with unrelenting vengeance upon the now exulting columns of the enemy4 ,it was six o'clock3 the battle had continued with unchanged fortune for three hours4 ,the ,french1 masters of ,la ,haye ,sainte1 could never advance further into our position4 ,they had gained the orchard of ,hougoumont1 but the chateau was still held by the ,british ,guards1 although its blazing roof and crumbling walls made its occupation rather the desperate stand of unflinching valor than the maintenance of an important position4 ,the smoke which hung upon the field rolled in slow and heavy masses back upon the ,french lines1 and gradually discovered to our view the entire of the army4 ,we quickly perceived that a change was taking place in their position4 ,the troops which on their left stretched far beyond ,hougoumont1 were now moved nearer to the centre4 ,the attack upon the chateau seemed less vigorously supported1 while the oblique direction of their right wing1 which1 pivoting upon ,planchenoit1 opposed a face to the ,prussians1--all denoted a change in their order of battle4 ,it was now the hour when ,napoleon was at last convinced that nothing but the carnage he could no longer support could destroy the unyielding ranks of ,british infantry2 that although ,hougoumont had been partially1 ,la ,haye ,sainte1 completely1 won2 that although upon the right the farm-houses ,papelotte and ,la ,haye were nearly surrounded by his troops1 which with any other army must prove the forerunner of defeat3 yet still the victory was beyond his grasp4 ,the bold stratagems1 whose success the experience of a life had proved1 were here to be found powerless4 ,the decisive manoeuvre of carrying one important point of the enemy's lines1 of turning him upon the flank1 or piercing him through the centre1 were here found impracticable4 ,he might launch his avalanche of grape-shot1 he might pour down his crashing columns of cavalry1 he might send forth the iron storm of his brave infantry2 but1 though death in every shape heralded their approach1 still were others found to fill the fallen ranks1 and feed with their heart's blood the unslaked thirst for slaughter4 ,well might the gallant leader of this gallant host1 as he watched the reckless onslaught of the untiring enemy1 and looked upon the unflinching few1 who1 bearing the proud badge of ,britain1 alone sustained the fight1 well might he exclaim1 ,night1 or ,bluecher6 ,it was now seven o'clock1 when a dark mass was seen to form upon the heights above the ,french centre1 and divide into three gigantic columns1 of which the right occupied the ,brussels road4 ,these were the reserves1 consisting of the ,old and ,young ,guards1 and amounting to twelve thousand--the elite of the ,french army--reserved by the ,emperor for a great coup-de-main4 ,these veterans of a hundred battles had been stationed1 from the beginning of the day1 inactive spectators of the fight2 their hour was now come1 and1 with a shout of ,vive l',empereur6 which rose triumphantly over the din and crash of battle1 they began their march4 ,meanwhile1 aids-de-camp galloped along the lines1 announcing the arrival of ,grouchy1 to reanimate the drooping spirits of the men2 for1 at last1 a doubt of victory was breaking upon the minds of those who never before1 in the most adverse hour of fortune1 deemed his star could set that led them on to glory4 ,they are coming3 the attack will be made on the centre1 my lord1 said ,lord ,fitzroy ,somerset1 as he directed his glass upon the column4 ,scarcely had he spoke when the telescope fell from his hand1 as his arm1 shattered by a ,french bullet1 fell motionless to his side4 ,i see it1 was the cool reply of the ,duke1 as he ordered the ,guards to deploy into line1 and lie down behind the ridge1 which now the ,french artillery had found the range of1 and were laboring at with their guns4 ,in front of them the fifty-second1 seventy-first1 and ninety-fifth were formed2 the artillery1 stationed above and partly upon the road1 loaded with grape1 and waited but the word to open4 ,it was an awful1 a dreadful moment3 the ,prussian cannon thundered on our left2 but so desperate was the ,french resistance1 they made but little progress3 the dark columns of the ,guard had now commenced the ascent1 and the artillery ceased their fire as the bayonets of the grenadiers showed themselves upon the slope4 ,then began that tremendous cheer from right to left of our line which those who heard never can forget4 ,it was the impatient1 long-restrained burst of unslaked vengeance4 ,with the instinct which valor teaches1 they knew the hour of trial was come2 and that wild cry flew from rank to rank1 echoing from the blood-stained walls of ,hougoumont to the far-off valley of ,la ,papelotte4 ,they come6 they come6 was the cry2 and the shout of ,vive l',empereur6 mingled with the outburst of the ,british line4 ,under an overwhelming shower of grape1 to which succeeded a charge of cavalry of the ,imperial ,guard1 the head of ,ney's column fired its volley and advanced with the bayonet4 ,the ,british artillery now opened at half range1 and although the plunging fire scathed and devastated the dark ranks of the ,guards1 on they came1--,ney himself1 on foot1 at their head4 ,twice the leading division of that gallant column turned completely round1 as the withering fire wasted and consumed them2 but they were resolved to win4 ,already they had gained the crest of the hill1 and the first line of the ,british were falling back before them4 ,the artillery closes up2 the flanking fire from the guns upon the road opens upon them2 the head of their column breaks like a shell2 the ,duke seizes the moment1 and advances on foot towards the ridge4 ,up1 ,guards1 and at them6 he cried4 ,the hour of triumph and vengeance had arrived4 ,in a moment the ,guards were on their feet2 one volley was poured in2 the bayonets were brought to the charge2 they closed upon the enemy3 then was seen the most dreadful struggle that the history of all war can present4 ,furious with long restrained passion1 the guards rushed upon the leading divisions2 the seventy-first1 and ninety-fifth1 and twenty-sixth overlapped them on the flanks4 ,their generals fell thickly on every side2 ,michel1 ,jamier1 and ,mallet are killed3 ,friant lies wounded upon the ground2 ,ney1 his dress pierced and ragged with balls1 shouts still to advance2 but the leading files waver2 they fall back2 the supporting divisions thicken2 confusion1 panic succeeds2 the ,british press down2 the cavalry come galloping up to their assistance2 and1 at last1 pell-mell1 overwhelmed and beaten1 the ,french fall back upon the ,old ,guard4 ,this was the decisive moment of the day2--the ,duke closed his glass1 as he said3 ,the field is won4 ,order the whole line to advance4 ,on they came1 four deep1 and poured like a torrent from the height4 ,let the ,life ,guards charge them1 said the ,duke2 but every aid-de-camp on his staff was wounded1 and ,i myself brought the order to ,lord ,uxbridge4 ,lord ,uxbridge had already anticipated his orders1 and bore down with four regiments of heavy cavalry upon the ,french centre4 ,the ,prussian artillery thundered upon their flank1 and at their rear4 ,the ,british bayonet was in their front2 while a panic fear spread through their ranks1 and the cry ,sauve qui peut6 resounded on all sides4 ,in vain ,ney1 the bravest of the brave2 in vain ,soult1 ,bertrand1 ,gourgaud1 and ,labedoyere1 burst from the broken disorganized mass1 and called on them to stand fast4 ,a battalion of the ,old ,guard1 with ,cambronne at their head1 alone obeyed the summons3 forming into square1 they stood between the pursuers and their prey1 offering themselves a sacrifice to the tarnished honor of their arms3 to the order to surrender1 they answered with a cry of defiance2 and1 as our cavalry1 flushed and elated with victory1 rode round their bristling ranks1 no quailing look1 no craven spirit was there4 ,the ,emperor himself endeavored to repair the disaster2 he rode with lightening speed hither and thither1 commanding1 ordering1 nay imploring too2 but already the night was falling1 the confusion became each moment more inextricable1 and the effort was a fruitless one4 ,a regiment of the ,guards1 and two batteries were in reserve behind ,planchenoit2 he threw them rapidly into position2 but the overwhelming impulse of flight drove the mass upon them1 and they were carried away upon the torrent of the beaten army4 ,no sooner did the ,emperor see this his last hope desert him1 than he dismounted from his horse1 and1 drawing his sword1 threw himself into a square1 which the first regiment of chasseurs of the ,old ,guard had formed with a remnant of the battalion2 ,jerome followed him1 as he called out3 ,you are right1 brother3 here should perish all who bear the name of ,buonaparte4 ,the same moment the ,prussian light artillery rend the ranks asunder1 and the cavalry charge down upon the scattered fragments4 ,a few of his staff1 who never left him1 place the ,emperor upon a horse1--and fly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wellington1 ,thy great work is but begun6 ,with quick seed his end is rife ,whose long tale of conquering strife ,shows no triumph like his life ,lost and won4 ,,dante ,,gabriel ,,rossetti4--#ahbh-ahhb4 ,on ,wellington's ,funeral1 ,nov4 #ahth1 #aheb4 ,,lx4 ,,the ,,diver4 ,,edward ,,bulwer1 ,,lord ,,lytton4--#ahje-ahgc4 ,translated from the ,german of ,schiller4 ,o where is the knight or the squire so bold ,as to dive to the howling ,charybdis below8-- ,i cast in the whirlpool a goblet of gold1 ,and o'er it already the dark waters flow2 ,whoever to me may the goblet bring1 ,shall have for his guerdon that gift of his king4 ,he spoke1 and the cup from the terrible steep1 ,that1 rugged and hoary1 hung over the verge ,of the endless and measureless world of the deep1 ,swirl'd into the maelstrom that madden'd the surge4 ,and where is the diver so stout to go-- ,i ask ye again--to the deep below8 ,and the knights and the squires that gather'd around1 ,stood silent--and fix'd on the ocean their eyes2 ,they look'd on the dismal and savage profound1 ,and the peril chill'd back every thought of the prize4 ,and thrice spoke the monarch3 ,the cup to win1 ,is there never a wight who will venture in8 ,and all as before heard in silence the king1 ,till a youth with an aspect unfearing but gentle1 ',mid the tremulous squires stepp'd out from the ring1 ,unbuckling his girdle1 and doffing his mantle2 ,and the murmuring crowd1 as they parted asunder1 ,on the stately boy cast their looks of wonder4 ,as he strode to the marge of the summit1 and gave ,one glance on the gulf of that merciless main1 ,lo6 the wave that for ever devours the wave1 ,casts roaringly up the ,charybdis again3 ,and1 as with the swell of the far thunder-boom1 ,rushes foamingly forth from the heart of the gloom4 ,and it bubbles and seethes1 and it hisses and roars1 ,as when fire is with water commix'd and contending1 ,and the spray of its wrath to the welkin up-soars1 ,and flood upon flood hurries on1 never ending2 ,and it never will rest1 nor from travail be free1 ,like a sea that is laboring the birth of a sea4 ,yet1 at length1 comes a lull o'er the mighty commotion1 ,and dark through the whiteness1 and still through the swell1 ,the whirlpool cleaves downward and downward in ocean ,a yawning abyss1 like the pathway to hell2 ,the stiller and darker the farther it goes1 ,suck'd into that smoothness the breakers repose4 ,the youth gave his trust to his ,maker6 ,before ,that path through the riven abyss closed again1 ,hark6 a shriek from the gazers that circle the shore1-- ,and1 behold6 he is whirl'd in the grasp of the main6 ,and o'er him the breakers mysteriously roll'd1 ,and the giant-mouth closed on the swimmer so bold4 ,all was still on the height1 save the murmur that went ,from the grave of the deep1 sounding hollow and fell1 ,or save when the tremulous1 sighing lament ,thrill'd from lip unto lip1 ,gallant youth1 fare thee well6 ,more hollow and more wails the deep on the ear1-- ,more dread and more dread grows suspense in its fear4 --,if thou shouldst in those waters thy diadem fling1 ,and cry1 ,who may find it shall win it and wear2 ,god wot1 though the prize were the crown of a king1 ,a crown at such hazard were valued too dear4 ,for never shall lips of the living reveal ,what the deeps that howl yonder in terror conceal4 ,oh1 many a bark1 to that breast grappled fast1 ,has gone down to the fearful and fathomless grave2 ,again1 crash'd together the keel and the mast1 ,to be seen toss'd aloft in the glee of the wave6-- ,like the growth of a storm ever louder and clearer1 ,grows the roar of the gulf rising nearer and nearer4 ,and it bubbles and seethes1 and it hisses and roars1 ,as when fire is with water commix'd and contending2 ,and the spray of its wrath to the welkin up-soars1 ,and flood upon flood hurries on1 never ending1 ,and as with the swell of the far thunder-boom1 ,rushes roaringly forth from the heart of the gloom4 ,and1 lo6 from the heart of that far-floating gloom1 ,like the wing of the cygnet--what gleams on the sea8 ,lo6 an arm and a neck glancing up from the tomb6 ,steering stalwart and shoreward3 ,o joy1 it is he6 ,the left hand is lifted in triumph2 behold1 ,it waves as a trophy the goblet of gold6 ,and he breathed deep1 and he breathed long1 ,and he greeted the heavenly light of the day4 ,they gaze on each other1--they shout as they throng1 ,he lives--lo1 the ocean has render'd its prey6 ,and safe from the whirlpool1 and free from the grave1 ,comes back to the daylight the soul of the brave6 ,and he comes1 with the crowd in their clamor and glee2 ,and the goblet his daring has won from the water ,he lifts to the king as he sinks on his knee ,and the king from her maidens has beckon'd his daughter4 ,she pours to the boy the bright wine which they bring1 ,and thus spoke the diver2 ,long life to the ,king6 ,happy they whom the rose-hues of daylight rejoice1 ,the air and the sky that to mortals are given6 ,may the horror below nevermore find a voice1-- ,nor man stretch too far the wide mercy of ,heaven6 ,nevermore1--nevermore may he lift from the sight ,the veil which is woven with terror and night6 ,quick brightening like lightning the ocean rush'd o'er me1 ,wild floating1 borne down fathom-deep from the day2 ,till a torrent rush'd out on the torrents that bore me1 ,and doubled the tempest that whirl'd me away4 ,vain1 vain was my struggle1--the circle had won me1 ,round and round in its dance the mad element spun me4 ,from the deep then ,i call'd upon ,god1 and ,he heard me2 ,in the dread of my need1 ,he vouchsafed to mine eye ,a rock jutting out from the grave that interr'd me2 ,i sprung there1 ,i clung there1--and death pass'd me by4 ,and1 lo6 where the goblet gleam'd through the abyss1 ,by a coral reef saved from the far ,fathomless4 ,below1 at the foot of that precipice drear1 ,spread the gloomy and purple and pathless ,obscure6 ,a silence of horror that slept on the ear1 ,that the eye more appall'd might the horror endure2 ,salamander1 snake1 dragon--vast reptiles that dwell ,in the deep--coil'd about the grim jaws of their hell4 ,dark crawl'd1 glided dark1 the unspeakable swarms1 ,clump'd together in masses1 misshapen and vast2 ,here clung and here bristled the fashionless forms2 ,here the dark-moving bulk of the hammer-fish pass'd2 ,and1 with teeth grinning white1 and a menacing motion1 ,went the terrible shark1--the hyena of ocean4 ,there ,i hung1 and the awe gather'd icily o'er me1 ,so far from the earth1 where man's help there was none6 ,the one human thing1 with the goblins before me-- ,alone--in a loneness so ghastly--,,alone6 ,deep under the reach of the sweet living breath1 ,and begirt with the broods of the desert of ,death4 ,methought1 as ,i gazed through the darkness1 that now ,,it saw--a dread hundred-limb'd creature--its prey6 ,and darted1 devouring2 ,i sprang from the bough ,of the coral1 and swept on the horrible way2 ,and the whirl of the mighty wave seized me once more1 ,it seized me to save me1 and dash to the shore4 ,on the youth gazed the monarch1 and marvell'd3 quoth he1 ,bold diver1 the goblet ,i promised is thine2 ,and this ring ,i will give1 a fresh guerdon to thee-- ,never jewels more precious shone up from the mine-- ,if thou'lt bring me fresh tidings1 and venture again1 ,to say what lies hid in the innermost main4 ,then out spake the daughter in tender emotion3 ,ah6 father1 my father1 what more can there rest8 ,enough of this sport with the pitiless ocean3 ,he has serv'd thee as none would1 thyself hast confest4 ,if nothing can slake thy wild thirst of desire1 ,let thy knights put to shame the exploit of the squire6 ,the king seized the goblet1 he swung it on high1 ,and whirling1 it fell in the roar of the tide2 ,but bring back that goblet again to my eye1 ,and ,i'll hold thee the dearest that rides by my side2 ,and thine arms shall embrace as thy bride1 ,i decree1 ,the maiden whose pity now pleadeth for thee4 ,and ,heaven1 as he listen'd1 spoke out from the space1 ,and the hope that makes heroes shot flame from his eyes2 ,he gazed on the blush in that beautiful face-- ,it pales--at the feet of her father she lies6 ,how priceless the guerdon6--a moment--a breath-- ,and headlong he plunges to life and to death6 ,they hear the loud surges sweep back in their swell1 ,their coming the thunder-sound heralds along6 ,fond eyes yet are tracking the spot where he fell4 ,they come1 the wild waters1 in tumult and throng1 ,roaring up to the cliff1--roaring back as before1 ,but no wave ever brings the lost youth to the shore6 ,,lxi4 ,,the ,,plague ,,of ,,locusts4 ,,cardinal ,,newman4--#ahja- ,from ,,callista4 ,juba's finger was directed to a spot where1 amid the thick foliage1 the gleam of a pool or of a marsh was visible4 ,the various waters round about1 issuing from the gravel1 or drained from the nightly damps1 had run into a hollow1 filled with the decaying vegetation of former years4 ,its banks were bordered with a deep1 broad layer of mud1 a transition substance between the rich vegetable matter which it once had been1 and the multitudinous world of insect life which it was becoming4 ,a cloud or mist at this time was hanging over it1 high in air4 ,a harsh and shrill sound1 a whizzing or a chirping1 proceeded from that cloud to the ear of the attentive listener4 ,what these indications portended was plain4444 ,the plague of locusts1 one of the most awful visitations to which the countries included in the ,roman empire were exposed1 extended from the ,atlantic to ,ethiopia1 from ,arabia to ,india1 and from the ,nile and ,red ,sea to ,greece and the north of ,asia ,minor4 ,instances are recorded in history of clouds of the devastating insect crossing the ,black ,sea to ,poland1 and the ,mediterranean to ,lombardy4 ,it is as numerous in its species as it is wide in its range of territory4 ,brood follows brood1 with a sort of family likeness1 yet with distinct attributes4 ,it wakens into existence and activity as early as the month of ,march2 but instances are not wanting1 as in our present history1 of its appearance as late as ,june4 ,even one flight comprises myriads upon myriads passing imagination1 to which the drops of rain or the sands of the sea are the only fit comparison2 and hence it is almost a proverbial mode of expression in the ,east1 by way of describing a vast invading army1 to liken it to the locusts4 ,so dense are they1 when upon the wing1 that it is no exaggeration to say that they hide the sun1 from which circumstance indeed their name in ,arabic is derived4 ,and so ubiquitous are they when they have alighted on the earth1 that they simply cover or clothe its surface4 ,this last characteristic is stated in the sacred account of the plagues of ,egypt1 where their faculty of devastation is also mentioned4 ,the corrupting fly and the bruising and prostrating hail preceded them in that series of visitations1 but they came to do the work of ruin more thoroughly4 ,for not only the crops and fruits1 but the foliage of the forest itself1 nay1 the small twigs and the bark of the trees are the victims of their curious and energetic rapacity4 ,they have been known even to gnaw the door-posts of the houses4 ,nor do they execute their task in so slovenly a way1 that1 as they have succeeded other plagues1 so they may have successors themselves4 ,they take pains to spoil what they leave4 ,like the ,harpies1 they smear every thing that they touch with a miserable slime1 which has the effect of a virus in corroding1 or as some say1 in scorching and burning4 ,and then1 perhaps1 as if all this were little1 when they can do nothing else1 they die2 as if out of sheer malevolence to man1 for the poisonous elements of their nature are then let loose and dispersed abroad1 and create a pestilence2 and they manage to destroy many more by their death than in their life4 ,such are the locusts4 ,and now they are rushing upon a considerable tract of that beautiful region of which we have spoken with such admiration4 ,the swarm to which ,juba pointed grew and grew till it became a compact body1 as much as a furlong square2 yet it was but the vanguard of a series of similar hosts1 formed one after another out of the hot mould or sand1 rising into the air like clouds1 enlarging into a dusky canopy1 and then discharged against the fruitful plain4 ,at length the huge innumerous mass was put into motion1 and began its career1 darkening the face of day4 ,as became an instrument of divine power1 it seemed to have no volition of its own2 it was set off1 it drifted1 with the wind1 and thus made northwards1 straight for ,sicca4 ,thus they advanced1 host after host1 for a time wafted on the air1 and gradually declining to the earth1 while fresh broods were carried over the first1 and neared the earth1 after a longer flight1 in their turn4 ,for twelve miles did they extend from front to rear1 and their whizzing and hissing could be heard for six miles on every side of them4 ,the bright sun1 though hidden by them1 illumined their bodies1 and was reflected from their quivering wings2 and as they heavily fell earthward1 they seemed like the innumerable flakes of a yellow-colored snow4 ,and like snow did they descend1 a living carpet1 or rather pall1 upon fields1 crops1 gardens1 copses1 groves1 orchards1 vineyards1 olive woods1 orangeries1 palm plantations1 and the deep forests1 sparing nothing within their reach1 and where there was nothing to devour1 lying helpless in drifts1 or crawling forward obstinately1 as they best might1 with the hope of prey4 ,they could spare their hundred thousand soldiers twice or thrice over1 and not miss them2 their masses filled the bottoms of the ravines and hollow ways1 impeding the traveller as he rode forward on his journey and trampled by thousands under his horse-hoofs4 ,in vain was all this overthrow and waste by the roadside1 in vain their loss in river1 pool1 and watercourse4 ,the poor peasants hastily dug pits and trenches as their enemy came on2 in vain they filled them from the wells or with lighted stubble4 ,heavily and thickly did the locusts fall2 they were lavish of their lives2 they choked the flame and the water1 which destroyed them the while1 and the vast living hostile armament still moved on4 ,they moved right on like soldiers in their ranks1 stopping at nothing1 and straggling for nothing2 they carried a broad furrow or wheal all across the country1 black and loathsome1 while it was as green and smiling on each side of them and in front1 as it had been before they came4 ,before them1 in the language of prophets1 was a paradise1 and behind them a desert4 ,they are daunted by nothing they surmount walls and hedges1 and enter enclosed gardens or inhabited houses4 ,a rare and experimental vineyard has been planted in a sheltered grove4 ,the high winds of ,africa will not commonly allow the light trellice or the slim pole2 but here the lofty poplar of ,campania has been possible1 on which the vine plant mounts so many yards into the air1 that the poor grape-gatherers bargain for a funeral pile and a tomb as one of the conditions of their engagement4 ,the locusts have done what the winds and lightning could not do1 and the whole promise of the vintage1 leaves and all1 is gone1 and the slender stems are left bare4 ,there is another yard1 less uncommon1 but still tended with more than common care2 each plant is kept within due bounds by a circular trench round it1 and by upright canes on which it is to trail2 in an hour the solicitude and long toil of the vine-dresser are lost1 and his pride humbled4 ,there is a smiling farm2 another sort of vine1 of remarkable character1 is found against the farmhouse4 ,this vine springs from one root1 and has clothed and matted with its many branches the four walls4 ,the whole of it is covered thick with long clusters1 which another month will ripen4 ,on every grape and leaf there is a locust4 ,into the dry caves and pits1 carefully strewed with straw1 the harvest-men have 7safely1 as they thought just now7 been lodging the far-famed ,african wheat4 ,one grain or root shoots up into ten1 twenty1 fifty1 eighty1 nay1 three or four hundred stalks3 sometimes the stalks have two ears apiece1 and these shoot into a number of lesser ones4 ,these stores are intended for the ,roman populace1 but the locusts have been beforehand with them4 ,the small patches of ground belonging to the poor peasants up and down the country1 for raising the turnips1 garlic1 barley1 water-melons1 on which they live1 are the prey of these glutton invaders as much as the choicest vines and olives4 ,nor have they any reverence for the villa of the civic decurion or the ,roman official4 ,the neatly arranged kitchen garden1 with its cherries1 plums1 peaches1 and apricots1 is a waste2 as the slaves sit round1 in the kitchen in the first court1 at their coarse evening meal1 the room is filled with the invading force1 and news comes to them that the enemy has fallen upon the apples and pears in the basement1 and is at the same time plundering and sacking the preserves of quince and pomegranate1 and revelling in the jars of precious oil of ,cyprus and ,mendes in the store-rooms4 ,they come up to the walls of ,sicca1 and are flung against them into the ditch4 ,not a moment's hesitation or delay2 they recover their footing1 they climb up the wood or stucco1 they surmount the parapet1 or they have entered in at the windows1 filling the apartments1 and the most private and luxurious chambers1 not one or two1 like stragglers at forage or rioters after a victory1 but in order of battle1 and with the array of an army4 ,choice plants or flowers about the impluvia and xysti1 for ornament or refreshment1 myrtles1 oranges1 pomegranates1 the rose and the carnation1 have disappeared4 ,they dim the bright marbles of the walls and the gilding of the ceilings4 ,they enter the triclinium in the midst of the banquet2 they crawl over the viands and spoil what they do not devour4 ,unrelaxed by success and by enjoyment1 onward they go2 a secret mysterious instinct keeps them together1 as if they had a king over them4 ,they move along the floor in so strange an order that they seem to be a tessellated pavement themselves1 and to be the artificial embellishment of the place2 so true are their lines1 and so perfect is the pattern they describe4 ,onward they go1 to the market1 to the temple sacrifices1 to the bakers' stores1 to the cookshops1 to the confectioners1 to the druggists2 nothing comes amiss to them2 wherever man has aught to eat or drink1 there are they1 reckless of death1 strong of appetite1 certain of conquest4444 ,another and a still worse calamity4 ,the invaders1 as we have already hinted1 could be more terrible still in their overthrow than in their ravages4 ,the inhabitants of the country had attempted1 where they could1 to destroy them by fire and water4 ,it would seem as if the malignant animals had resolved that the sufferers should have the benefit of this policy to the full2 for they had not got more than twenty miles beyond ,sicca when they suddenly sickened and died4 ,when they thus had done all the mischief they could by their living1 when they thus had made their foul maws the grave of every living thing1 next they died themselves1 and made the desolated land their own grave4 ,they took from it its hundred forms and varieties of beautiful life1 and left it their own fetid and poisonous carcases in payment4 ,it was a sudden catastrophe2 they seemed making for the ,mediterranean1 as if1 like other great conquerors1 they had other worlds to subdue beyond it2 but1 whether they were overgorged1 or struck by some atmospheric change1 or that their time was come and they paid the debt of nature1 so it was that suddenly they fell1 and their glory came to nought1 and all was vanity to them as to others1 and their stench rose up1 and their corruption rose up1 because they had done proudly4 ,the hideous swarms lay dead in the moist steaming underwoods1 in the green swamps1 in the sheltered valleys1 in the ditches and furrows of the fields1 amid the monuments of their own prowess1 the ruined crops and the dishonored vineyards4 ,a poisonous element1 issuing from their remains1 mingled with the atmosphere1 and corrupted it4 ,the dismayed peasant found that a plague had begun2 a new visitation1 not confined to the territory which the enemy had made its own1 but extending far and wide1 as the atmosphere extends1 in all directions4 ,their daily toil1 no longer claimed by the fruits of the earth1 which have ceased to exist1 is now devoted to the object of ridding themselves of the deadly legacy which they have received in their stead4 ,in vain2 it is their last toil2 they are digging pits1 they are raising piles1 for their own corpses1 as well as for the bodies of their enemies4 ,invader and victim lie in the same grave1 burn in the same heap2 they sicken while they work1 and the pestilence spreads4 ,,lxii4 ,,the ,,cane-,,bottom',d ,,chair4 ,,william ,,makepeace ,,thackeray4--#ahaa-ahfc4 ,in tatter'd old slippers that toast at the bars1 ,and a ragged old jacket perfumed with cigars1 ,away from the world and its toils and its cares1 ,i've a snug little kingdom up four pair of stairs4 ,to mount to this realm is a toil1 to be sure1 ,but the fire there is bright and the air rather pure2 ,and the view ,i behold on a sunshiny day ,is grand through the chimney-pots over the way4 ,this snug little chamber is cramm'd in all nooks ,with worthless old knicknacks and silly old books1 ,and foolish old odds and foolish old ends1 ,crack'd bargains from brokers1 cheap keepsakes from friends4 ,old armor1 prints1 pictures1 pipes1 china1 7all crack'd17 ,old rickety tables1 and chairs broken-back'd2 ,a twopenny treasury1 wondrous to see2 ,what matter8 'tis pleasant to you1 friend1 and me4 ,no better divan need the ,sultan require1 ,than the creaking old sofa that basks by the fire2 ,and 'tis wonderful1 surely1 what music you get ,from the rickety1 ramshackle1 wheezy spinet4 ,that praying-rug came from a ,turcoman's camp2 ,by ,tiber once twinkled that brazen old lamp2 ,a ,mameluke fierce yonder dagger has drawn3 ',tis a murderous knife to toast muffins upon4 ,long1 long through the hours1 and the night1 and the chimes1 ,here we talk of old books1 and old friends1 and old times2 ,as we sit in a fog made of rich ,latakie ,this chamber is pleasant to you1 friend1 and me4 ,but of all the cheap treasures that garnish my nest1 ,there's one that ,i love and ,i cherish the best2 ,for the finest of couches that's padded with hair ,i never would change thee1 my cane-bottom'd chair4 ',tis a bandy-legg'd1 high-shoulder'd1 worm-eaten seat1 ,with a creaking old back1 and twisted old feet2 ,but since the fair morning when ,fanny sat there1 ,i bless thee1 and love thee1 old cane-bottom'd chair4 ,if chairs have but feeling1 in holding such charms1 ,a thrill must have pass'd through your wither'd old arms6 ,i look'd1 and ,i long'd1 and ,i wish'd in despair2 ,i wish'd myself turn'd to a cane-bottom'd chair4 ,it was but a moment she sat in this place1 ,she'd a scarf on her neck1 and a smile on her face6 ,a smile on her face1 and a rose in her hair1 ,and she sat there1 and bloom'd in my cane-bottom'd chair4 ,and so ,i have valued my chair ever since1 ,like the shrine of a saint1 or the throne of a prince2 ,saint ,fanny1 my patroness sweet ,i declare1 ,the queen of my heart and my cane-bottom'd chair4 ,when the candles burn low1 and the company's gone1 ,in the silence of night as ,i sit here alone-- ,i sit here alone1 but we yet are a pair-- ,my ,fanny ,i see in my cane-bottom'd chair4 ,she comes from the past and revisits my room2 ,she looks as she then did1 all beauty and bloom2 ,so smiling and tender1 so fresh and so fair1 ,and yonder she sits in my cane-bottom'd chair4 ,,lxiii4 ,,the ,,reconciliation4,n ,,thackeray4 ,there was scarce a score of persons in the ,cathedral beside the ,dean and some of his clergy1 and the choristers1 young and old1 that performed the beautiful evening prayer4 ,but ,mr4 ,tusher was one of the officiants1 and read from the eagle in an authoritative voice1 and a great black periwig2 and in the stalls1 still in her black widow's hood1 sat ,esmond's dear mistress1 her son by her side1 very much grown1 and indeed a noble-looking youth1 with his mother's eyes1 and his father's curling brown hair1 that fell over his point de ,venise--a pretty picture such as ,vandyke might have painted4 ,mons4 ,rigaud's portrait of my ,lord ,viscount1 done at ,paris afterwards1 gives but a ,french version of his manly1 frank ,english face4 ,when he looked up there were two sapphire beams out of his eyes such as no painter's palette has the color to match1 ,i think4 ,on this day there was not much chance of seeing that particular beauty of my young lord's countenance2 for the truth is1 he kept his eyes shut for the most part1 and1 the anthem being rather long1 was asleep4 ,but the music ceasing1 my lord woke up1 looking about him1 and his eyes lighting on ,mr4 ,esmond1 who was sitting opposite him1 gazing with no small tenderness and melancholy upon two persons who had so much of his heart for so many years1 ,lord ,castlewood1 with a start2 pulled at his mother's sleeve 7her face had scarce been lifted from her book71 and said1 ,look1 mother6 so loud1 that ,esmond could hear on the other side of the church1 and the old ,dean on his throned stall4 ,lady ,castlewood looked for an instant as her son bade her1 and held up a warning finger to ,frank2 ,esmond felt his whole face flush1 and his heart throbbing1 as that dear lady beheld him once more4 ,the rest of the prayers were speedily over2 ,mr4 ,esmond did not hear them2 nor did his mistress1 very likely1 whose hood went more closely over her face1 and who never lifted her head again until the service was over1 the blessing given1 and ,mr4 ,dean1 and his procession of ecclesiastics1 out of the inner chapel4 ,young ,castlewood came clambering over the stalls before the clergy were fairly gone1 and running up to ,esmond1 eagerly embraced him4 ,my dear1 dearest old ,harry6 he said1 are you come back8 ,have you been to the wars8 ,you'll take me with you when you go again8 ,why didn't you write to us8 ,come to mother4 ,mr4 ,esmond could hardly say more than a ,god bless you1 my boy1 for his heart was very full and grateful at all this tenderness on the lad's part2 and he was as much moved at seeing ,frank as he was fearful about that other interview which was now to take place3 for he knew not if the widow would reject him as she had done so cruelly a year ago4 ,it was kind of you to come back to us1 ,henry1 ,lady ,esmond said4 ,i thought you might come4 ,we read of the fleet coming to ,portsmouth4 ,why did you not come from ,portsmouth8 ,frank asked1 or my ,lord ,viscount1 as he now must be called4 ,esmond had thought of that too4 ,he would have given one of his eyes so that he might see his dear friends again once more2 but believing that his mistress had forbidden him her house1 he had obeyed her1 and remained at a distance4 ,you had but to ask1 and you knew ,i would be here1 he said4 ,she gave him her hand1 her little fair hand3 there was only her marriage ring on it4 ,the quarrel was all over4 ,the year of grief and estrangement was passed4 ,they never had been separated4 ,his mistress had never been out of his mind all that time4 ,no1 not once4 ,no1 not in the prison2 nor in the camp2 nor on shore before the enemy2 nor at sea under the stars of solemn midnight2 nor as he watched the glorious rising of the dawn3 not even at the table1 where he sat carousing with friends1 or at the theatre yonder1 where he tried to fancy that other eyes were brighter than hers4 ,brighter eyes there might be1 and faces more beautiful1 but none so dear--no voice so sweet as that of his beloved mistress1 who had been sister1 mother1 goddess to him during his youth--goddess now no more1 for he knew of her weaknesses2 and by thought1 by suffering1 and that experience it brings1 was older now than she2 but more fondly cherished as woman perhaps than ever she had been adored as divinity4 ,what is it8 ,where lies it8 the secret which makes one little hand the dearest of all8 ,who ever can unriddle that mystery8 ,here she was1 her son by his side1 his dear boy4 ,here she was1 weeping and happy4 ,she took his hand in both hers2 he felt her tears4 ,it was a rapture of reconciliation4444 ,and ,harry's coming home to supper4 ,huzzay6 huzzay6 cries my lord4 ,mother1 ,i shall run home and bid ,beatrix put her ribbons on4 ,beatrix is a maid of honor1 ,harry4 ,such a fine set-up minx6 ,your heart was never in the ,church1 ,harry1 the widow said1 in her sweet low tone1 as they walked away together4 7,now1 it seemed they had never been parted1 and again1 as if they had been ages asunder47 ,i always thought you had no vocation that way2 and that 'twas a pity to shut you out from the world4 ,you would but have pined and chafed at ,castlewood3 and 'tis better you should make a name for yourself4 ,i often said so to my dear lord4 ,how he loved you6 ',twas my lord that made you stay with us4 ,i asked no better than to stay near you always1 said ,mr4 ,esmond4 ,but to go was best1 ,harry4 ,when the world cannot give peace1 you will know where to find it2 but one of your strong imagination and eager desires must try the world first before he tires of it4 ',twas not to be thought of1 or if it once was1 it was only by my selfishness1 that you should remain as chaplain to a country gentleman and tutor to a little boy4 ,you are of the blood of the ,esmonds1 kinsman2 and that was always wild in youth4 ,look at ,francis4 ,he is but fifteen1 and ,i scarce can keep him in my nest4 ,his talk is all of war and pleasure1 and he longs to serve in the next campaign4 ,perhaps he and the young ,lord ,churchill shall go the next4 ,lord ,marlborough has been good to us4 ,you know how kind they were in my misfortune4 ,and so was your--your father's widow4 ,no one knows how good the world is1 till grief comes to try us4 ',tis through my ,lady ,marlborough's goodness that ,beatrix hath her place at ,court2 and ,frank is under my ,lord ,chamberlain4 ,and the dowager lady1 your father's widow1 has promised to provide for you--has she not8 ,esmond said1 ,yes4 ,as far as present favor went1 ,lady ,castlewood was very good to him4 ,and should her mind change1 he added gaily1 as ladies' minds will1 ,i am strong enough to bear my own burden1 and make my way somehow4 ,not by the sword very likely4 ,thousands have a better genius for that than ,i1 but there are many ways in which a young man of good parts and education can get on in the world2 and ,i am pretty sure1 one way or other1 of promotion6 ,indeed1 he had found patrons already in the army1 and amongst persons very able to serve him1 too2 and told his mistress of the flattering aspect of fortune4 ,they walked as though they had never been parted1 slowly1 with the grey twilight closing round them4 ,and now we are drawing near to home1 she continued1 ,i knew you would come1 ,harry1 if--if it was but to forgive me for having spoken unjustly to you after that horrid--horrid misfortune4 ,i was half frantic with grief then when ,i saw you4 ,and ,i know now--they have told me4 ,that wretch1 whose name ,i can never mention1 even has said it3 how you tried to avert the quarrel1 and would have taken it on yourself1 my poor child3 but it was ,god's will that ,i should be punished1 and that my dear lord should fall4 ,he gave me his blessing on his death-bed1 ,esmond said4 ,thank ,god for that legacy6 ,amen1 amen6 dear ,henry1 said the lady1 pressing his arm4 ,i knew it4 ,mr4 ,atterbury1 of ,st4 ,bride's1 who was called to him1 told me so4 ,and ,i thanked ,god1 too1 and in my prayers ever since remembered it4 ,you had spared me many a bitter night1 had you told me sooner1 ,mr4 ,esmond said4 ,i know it1 ,i know it1 she answered1 in a tone of such sweet humility1 as made ,esmond repent that he should ever have dared to reproach her4 ,i know how wicked my heart has been2 and ,i have suffered too1 my dear4 ,but ,i knew you would come back--,i own that4 ,and to-day1 ,henry1 in the anthem1 when they sang it1 ',when the ,lord turned the captivity of ,zion1 we were like them that dream1' ,i thought yes1 like them that dream--them that dream4 ,and then it went1 ',they that sow in tears shall reap in joy2 and he that goeth forth and weepeth1 shall doubtless come again with rejoicing1 bringing his sheaves with him2' ,i looked up from the book and saw you4 ,i was not surprised when ,i saw you4 ,i knew you would come1 my dear1 and saw the gold sunshine round your head4 ,she smiled an almost wild smile as she looked up at him4 ,the moon was up by this time1 glittering keen in the frosty sky4 ,he could see1 for the first time now clearly1 her sweet careworn face4 ,do you know what day it is8 she continued4 ,it is the #bith day of ,december--it is your birthday6 ,but last year we did not drink it--no1 no4 ,my lord was cold1 and my ,harry was likely to die3 and my brain was in a fever2 and we had no wine4 ,but now--now you are come again1 bringing your sheaves with you1 my dear4 ,she burst into a wild flood of weeping as she spoke2 she laughed and sobbed on the young man's heart1 crying out wildly1 bringing your sheaves with you--your sheaves with you6 ,as he had sometimes felt1 gazing up from the deck at midnight into the boundless starlit depths overhead1 in a rapture of devout wonder at that endless brightness and beauty--in some such a way now1 the depth of this pure devotion quite smote upon him1 and filled his heart with thanksgiving4 ,gracious ,god1 who was he1 weak and friendless creature1 that such a love should be poured out upon him8 ,not in vain--not in vain has he lived--hard and thankless should he be to think so--that has such a treasure given him4 ,what is ambition compared to that1 but selfish vanity8 ,to be rich1 to be famous8 ,what do these profit a year hence1 when other names sound louder than yours1 when you lie hidden away under the ground1 along with idle titles engraven on your coffin8 ,but only true love lives after you--follows your memory with secret blessing--or precedes you1 and intercedes for you4 ,non omnis moriar--if dying1 ,i yet live in a tender heart or two2 nor am lost and hopeless living1 if a sainted departed soul still loves and prays for me4 ,,footnotes3 ,n ,from ,the ,history of ,henry ,esmond1 ,esq41 a ,colonel in the ,service of ,her ,majesty ,queen ,anne4 ,written by himself4 ,the late ,lord ,castlewood had been killed in a duel1 and young ,esmond1 who had lived in his house as a dependant 7reputed to have been illegitimately related to a former ,viscount of ,castlewood71 devotedly attending him at his death-bed1 received from the dying man confession and proof that he1 the supposed obscure orphan1 was the true inheritor1 and in justice ought to have been the possessor1 of the ,castlewood titles and estates4 ,but ,esmond1 for the love he had borne his patron1 and from devotion to ,lady ,castlewood1 who had much befriended him1 immediately destroyed the proofs which were given him of his honorable parentage1 and ever afterwards kept his claim a secret4 ,after the duel1 while ,esmond was in prison1 ,lady ,castlewood visited him1 and in the wildness of her grief for her murdered husband1 reproached her loyal kinsman for not having saved her lord's life1 or avenged his death4 ,in the estrangement which these reproaches occasioned1 ,esmond sought his fortune abroad in war2 but subsequently1 desiring to learn of the welfare of his mistress and her family1 whose happiness he prized more than his own1 he returned to ,england1 and went to ,winchester1 near which was ,walcote1 ,lady ,castlewood's home4 ,the family were attending service in the cathedral1 and there the reconciliation took place4--,esmond had formerly been promised the living of ,walcote1 but the vacancy occurring while the estrangement continued4 ,lady ,castlewood had given it to one ,mr4 ,tusher4 ,,lxiv4 ,,the ,,island ,,of ,,the ,,scots4 7,,december1 #afig47 ,,william ,,edmondstoune ,,aytoun4--#ahac-ahfe4 ,the ,rhine is running deep and red1 the island lies before1-- ,now is there one of all the host will dare to venture o'er8 ,for not alone the river's sweep might make a brave man quail2 ,the foe are on the further side1 their shot comes fast as hail4 ,god help us1 if the middle isle we may not hope to win6 ,now is there any of the host will dare to venture in8 ,the ford is deep1 the banks are steep1 the island-shore lies wide2 ,nor man nor horse could stem its force1 or reach the further side4 ,see there6 amidst the willow-boughs the serried bayonets gleam2 ,they've flung their bridge1--they've won the isle2 the foe have cross'd the stream6 ,their volley flashes sharp and strong1--by all the saints6 ,i trow ,there never yet was soldier born could force that passage now6 ,so spoke the bold ,french ,mareschal with him who led the van1 ,whilst rough and red before their view the turbid river ran4 ,nor bridge nor boat had they to cross the wild and swollen ,rhine1 ,and thundering on the other bank far stretch'd the ,german line4 ,hard by there stood a swarthy man was leaning on his sword1 ,and a sadden'd smile lit up his face as he heard the ,captain's word4 ,i've seen a wilder stream ere now than that which rushes there2 ,i've stemm'd a heavier torrent yet and never thought to dare4 ,if ,german steel be sharp and keen1 is ours not strong and true8 ,there may be danger in the deed1 but there is honor too4 ,the old lord in his saddle turn'd1 and hastily he said1 ,hath bold ,duguesclin's fiery heart awaken'd from the dead8 ,thou art the leader of the ,scots1--now well and sure ,i know1 ,that gentle blood in dangerous hour ne'er yet ran cold nor slow1 ,and ,i have seen ye in the fight do all that mortal may3 ,if honor is the boon ye seek1 it may be won this day1-- ,the prize is in the middle isle1 there lies the adventurous way1 ,and armies twain are on the plain1 the daring deed to see1-- ,now ask thy gallant company if they will follow thee6 ,right gladsome look'd the ,captain then1 and nothing did he say1 ,but he turn'd him to his little band1--,o1 few1 ,i ween1 were they6 ,the relics of the bravest force that ever fought in fray4 ,no one of all that company but bore a gentle name1 ,not one whose fathers had not stood in ,scotland's fields of fame4 ,all they had march'd with great ,dundee to where he fought and fell1 ,and in the deadly battle-strife had venged their leader well3 ,and they had bent the knee to earth when every eye was dim1 ,as o'er their hero's buried corpse they sang the funeral hymn2 ,and they had trod the ,pass once more1 and stoop'd on either side ,to pluck the heather from the spot where he had dropp'd and died2 ,and they had bound it next their hearts1 and ta'en a last farewell ,of ,scottish earth and ,scottish sky1 where ,scotland's glory fell4 ,then went they forth to foreign lands like bent and broken men1 ,who leave their dearest hope behind1 and may not turn again4 ,the stream1 he said1 is broad and deep1 and stubborn is the foe1-- ,yon island-strength is guarded well1--say1 brothers1 will ye go8 ,from home and kin for many a year our steps have wander'd wide1 ,and never may our bones be laid our fathers' graves beside4 ,no children have we to lament1 no wives to wail our fall2 ,the traitor's and the spoiler's hand have reft our hearths of all4 ,but we have hearts1 and we have arms1 as strong to will and dare ,as when our ancient banners flew within the northern air4 ,come1 brothers6 let me name a spell shall rouse your souls again1 ,and send the old blood bounding free through pulse and heart and vein4 ,call back the days of bygone years1--be young and strong once more2 ,think yonder stream1 so stark and red1 is one we've cross'd before4 ,rise1 hill and glen6 rise1 crag and wood6 rise up on either hand1-- ,again upon the ,garry's banks1 on ,scottish soil we stand6 ,again ,i see the tartans wave1 again the trumpets ring2 ,again ,i hear our leader's call3 ',upon them for the ,king6' ,stay'd we behind that glorious day for roaring flood or linn8 ,the soul of ,graeme is with us still1--now1 brothers1 will ye in8 ,no stay1--no pause4 ,with one accord1 they grasp'd each other's hand1 ,then plunged into the angry flood1 that bold and dauntless band4 ,high flew the spray above their heads1 yet onward still they bore1 ,midst cheer1 and shout1 and answering yell1 and shot1 and cannon-roar1-- ,now1 by the ,holy ,cross6 ,i swear1 since earth and sea began1 ,was never such a daring deed essay'd by mortal man6 ,thick blew the smoke across the stream1 and faster flash'd the flame3 ,the water plash'd in hissing jets as ball and bullet came4 ,yet onwards push'd the ,cavaliers all stern and undismay'd1 ,with thousand armed foes before1 and none behind to aid4 ,once1 as they near'd the middle stream1 so strong the torrent swept1 ,that scarce that long and living wall their dangerous footing kept4 ,then rose a warning cry behind1 a joyous shout before3 ,the current's strong1--the way is long1--they'll never reach the shore6 ,see1 see6 they stagger in the midst1 they waver in their line6 ,fire on the madmen6 break their ranks1 and whelm them in the ,rhine6 ,have you seen the tall trees swaying when the blast is sounding shrill1 ,and the whirlwind reels in fury down the gorges of the hill8 ,how they toss their mighty branches struggling with the tempest's shock2 ,how they keep their place of vantage1 cleaving firmly to the rock8 ,even so the ,scottish warriors held their own against the river2 ,though the water flash'd around them1 not an eye was seen to quiver2 ,though the shot flew sharp and deadly1 not a man relax'd his hold2 ,for their hearts were big and thrilling with the mighty thoughts of old4 ,one word was spoke among them1 and through the ranks it spread1-- ,remember our dead ,claverhouse6 was all the ,captain said4 ,then1 sternly bending forward1 they wrestled on a while1 ,until they clear'd the heavy stream1 then rush'd towards the isle4 ,the ,german heart is stout and true1 the ,german arm is strong2 ,the ,german foot goes seldom back where armed foemen throng4 ,but never had they faced in field so stern a charge before1 ,and never had they felt the sweep of ,scotland's broad claymore4 ,not fiercer pours the avalanche adown the steep incline1 ,that rises o'er the parent-springs of rough and rapid ,rhine1-- ,scarce swifter shoots the bolt from heaven than came the ,scottish band ,right up against the guarded trench1 and o'er it sword in hand4 ,in vain their leaders forward press1--they meet the deadly brand6 ,o lonely island of the ,rhine1--where seed was never sown1 ,what harvest lay upon thy sands1 by those strong reapers thrown8 ,what saw the winter moon that night1 as1 struggling through the rain1 ,she pour'd a wan and fitful light on marsh1 and stream1 and plain8 ,a dreary spot with corpses strewn1 and bayonets glistening round2 ,a broken bridge1 a stranded boat1 a bare and batter'd mound2 ,and one huge watch-fire's kindled pile1 that sent its quivering glare ,to tell the leaders of the host the conquering ,scots were there6 ,and did they twine the laurel-wreath1 for those who fought so well8 ,and did they honor those who liv'd1 and weep for those who fell8 ,what meed of thanks was given to them let aged annals tell4 ,why should they bring the laurel-wreath1--why crown the cup with wine8 ,it was not ,frenchmen's blood that flow'd so freely on the ,rhine1-- ,a stranger band of beggar'd men had done the venturous deed3 ,the glory was to ,france alone1 the danger was their meed4 ,and what cared they for idle thanks from foreign prince and peer8 ,what virtue had such honey'd words the exiled heart to cheer8 ,what matter'd it that men should vaunt and loud and fondly swear1 ,that higher feat of chivalry was never wrought elsewhere8 ,they bore within their breasts the grief that fame can never heal1-- ,the deep1 unutterable woe which none save exiles feel4 ,their hearts were yearning for the land they ne'er might see again1-- ,for ,scotland's high and heather'd hills1 for mountain1 loch and glen-- ,for those who haply lay at rest beyond the distant sea1 ,beneath the green and daisied turf where they would gladly be6 ,long years went by4 ,the lonely isle in ,rhine's tempestuous flood ,has ta'en another name from those who bought it with their blood3 ,and1 though the legend does not live1--for legends lightly die-- ,the peasant1 as he sees the stream in winter rolling by1 ,and foaming o'er its channel-bed between him and the spot ,won by the warriors of the sword1 stills calls that deep and dangerous ford ,the ,passage of the ,scot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sacrifice and ,self-,devotion hallow earth and fill the skies4 ,,lord ,,houghton4--#ahji-ahhe4 ,,lxv4 ,,the ,,gambling ,,party4 ,,earl ,,of ,,beaconsfield4--#ahje-ahha4 ,from ,,the ,,young ,,duke4 ,the young ,duke had accepted the invitation of the ,baron de ,berghem for to-morrow1 and accordingly1 himself1 ,lords ,castlefort and ,dice1 and ,temple ,grace assembled in ,brunswick ,terrace at the usual hour4 ,the dinner was studiously plain1 and very little wine was drunk2 yet everything was perfect4 ,tom ,cogit stepped in to carve in his usual silent manner4 ,he always came in and went out of a room without anyone observing him4 ,he winked familiarly to ,temple ,grace1 but scarcely presumed to bow to the ,duke4 ,he was very busy about the wine1 and dressed the wild fowl in a manner quite unparalleled4 ,he took particular care to send a most perfect portion to the young ,duke1 and he did this1 as he paid all attentions to influential strangers1 with the most marked consciousness of the sufferance which permitted his presence3 never addressing his ,grace1 but audibly whispering to the servant1 ,take this to the ,duke2 or asking the attendant1 whether his ,grace would try the ,hermitage8 ,after dinner1 with the exception of ,cogit1 who was busied in compounding some wonderful liquid for the future refreshment1 they sat down to ecarte4 ,without having exchanged a word upon the subject1 there seemed a general understanding among all the parties that to-night was to be a pitched battle1 and they began at once1 briskly4 ,yet1 in spite of their universal determination1 midnight arrived without anything decisive4 ,another hour passed over1 and then ,tom ,cogit kept touching the ,baron's elbow and whispering in a voice which everybody could understand4 ,all this meant that supper was ready4 ,it was brought into the room4 ,gaming has one advantage1 it gives you an appetite2 that is to say1 so long as you have a chance remaining4 ,the ,duke had thousands2 for at present his resources were unimpared1 and he was exhausted by the constant attention and anxiety of five hours4 ,he passed over the delicacies and went to the side-table1 and began cutting himself some cold roast beef4 ,tom ,cogit ran up1 not to his ,grace1 but to the ,baron1 to announce the shocking fact that the ,duke of ,st4 ,james was enduring great trouble2 and then the ,baron asked his ,grace to permit ,mr4 ,cogit to serve him4 ,our hero devoured3 we use the word advisedly1 as fools say in the ,house of ,commons3 he devoured the roast beef1 and rejecting the ,hermitage with disgust1 asked for porter4 ,they set to again fresh as eagles4 ,at six o'clock accounts were so complicated that they stopped to make up their books4 ,each played with his memoranda and pencil at his side4 ,nothing fatal had yet happened4 ,the ,duke owed ,lord ,dice about five thousand pounds1 and ,temple ,grace owed him as many hundreds4 ,lord ,castlefort also was his debtor to the tune of seven hundred and fifty1 and the ,baron was in his books1 but slightly4 ,every half-hour they had a new pack of cards1 and threw the used one on the floor4 ,all this time ,tom ,cogit did nothing but snuff the candles1 stir the fire1 bring them a new pack1 and occasionally make a tumbler for them4 ,at eight o'clock the ,duke's situation was worsened4 ,the run was greatly against him1 and perhaps his losses were doubled4 ,he pulled up again the next hour or two2 but nevertheless1 at ten o'clock1 owed every one something4 ,no one offered to give over2 and everyone1 perhaps1 felt that his object was not obtained4 ,they made their toilets and went down-stairs to breakfast4 ,in the meantime the shutters were opened1 the room aired1 and in less than an hour they were at it again4 ,they played till dinner-time without intermission2 and though the ,duke made some desperate efforts1 and some successful ones1 his losses were1 nevertheless1 trebled4 ,yet he ate an excellent dinner and was not at all depressed2 because the more he lost1 the more his courage and his resources seemed to expand4 ,at first he had limited himself to ten thousand2 after breakfast it was to have been twenty thousand2 then thirty thousand was the ultimatum2 and now he dismissed all thoughts of limits from his mind1 and was determined to risk or gain everything4 ,at midnight1 he had lost forty-eight thousand pounds4 ,affairs now began to be serious4 ,his supper was not so hearty4 ,while the rest were eating1 he walked about the room1 and began to limit his ambition to recovery1 and not to gain4 ,when you play to win back1 the fun is over3 there is nothing to recompense you for your bodily tortures and your degraded feelings2 and the very best result that can happen1 while it has no charms1 seems to your cowed mind impossible4 ,on they played1 and the ,duke lost more4 ,his mind was jaded4 ,he floundered1 he made desperate efforts1 but plunged deeper in the slough4 ,feeling that1 to regain his ground1 each card must tell1 he acted on each as if it must win1 and the consequences of this insanity 7for a gamester at such a crisis is really insane7 were1 that his losses were prodigious4 ,another morning came1 and there they sat1 ankle-deep in cards4 ,no attempt at breakfast now1 no affectation of making a toilet or airing the room4 ,the atmosphere was hot1 to be sure1 but it well became such a ,hell4 ,there they sat1 in total1 in positive forgetfulness of everything but the hot game they were hunting down4 ,there was not a man in the room1 except ,tom ,cogit1 who could have told you the name of the town in which they were living4 ,there they sat1 almost breathless1 watching every turn with the fell look in their cannibal eyes which showed their total inability to sympathize with their fellow-beings4 ,all forms of society had been long forgotten4 ,there was no snuff-box handed about now1 for courtesy1 admiration1 or a pinch2 no affectation of occasionally making a remark upon any other topic but the all-engrossing one4 ,lord ,castlefort rested with his arms on the table3 a false tooth had got unhinged4 ,his ,lordship1 who1 at any other time1 would have been most annoyed1 coolly put it in his pocket4 ,his cheeks had fallen1 and he looked twenty years older4 ,lord ,dice had torn off his cravat1 and his hair hung down over his callous1 bloodless cheeks1 straight as silk4 ,temple ,grace looked as if he were blighted by lightning2 and his deep blue eyes gleamed like a hyena's4 ,the ,baron was least changed4 ,tom ,cogit1 who smelt that the crisis was at hand1 was as quiet as a bribed rat4 ,on they played till six o'clock in the evening1 and then they agreed to desist till after dinner4 ,lord ,dice threw himself on a sofa4 ,lord ,castlefort breathed with difficulty4 ,the rest walked about4 ,while they were resting on their oars1 the young ,duke roughly made up his accounts4 ,he found that he was minus about one hundred thousand pounds4 ,immense as this loss was1 he was more struck1 more appalled1 let us say1 at the strangeness of the surrounding scene1 than even by his own ruin4 ,as he looked upon his fellow gamesters1 he seemed1 for the first time in his life1 to gaze upon some of those hideous demons of whom he had read4 ,he looked in the mirror at himself4 ,a blight seemed to have fallen over his beauty1 and his presence seemed accursed4 ,he had pursued a dissipated1 even more than a dissipated career4 ,many were the nights that had been spent by him not on his couch2 great had been the exhaustion that he had often experienced2 haggard had sometimes even been the lustre of his youth4 ,but when had been marked upon his brow this harrowing care8 when had his features before been stamped with this anxiety1 this anguish1 this baffled desire1 this strange unearthly scowl1 which made him even tremble8 ,what6 was it possible8 it could not be1 that in time he was to be like those awful1 those unearthly1 those unhallowed things that were around him4 ,he felt as if he had fallen from his state1 as if he had dishonored his ancestry1 as if he had betrayed his trust4 ,he felt a criminal4 ,in the darkness of his meditations a flash burst from his lurid mind1 a celestial light appeared to dissipate this thickening gloom1 and his soul felt as if it were bathed with the softening radiancy4 ,he thought of ,may ,dacre1 he thought of everything that was pure1 and holy1 and beautiful1 and luminous1 and calm4 ,it was the innate virtue of the man that made this appeal to his corrupted nature4 ,his losses seemed nothing2 his dukedom would be too slight a ransom for freedom from these ghouls1 and for the breath of the sweet air4 ,he advanced to the ,baron1 and expressed his desire to play no more4 ,there was an immediate stir4 ,all jumped up1 and now the deed was done4 ,cant1 in spite of their exhaustion1 assumed her reign4 ,they begged him to have his revenge1 were quite annoyed at the result1 had no doubt he would recover if he proceeded4 ,without noticing their remarks1 he seated himself at the table1 and wrote cheques for their respective amounts1 ,tom ,cogit jumping up and bringing him the inkstand4 ,lord ,castlefort1 in the most affectionate manner1 pocketed the draft2 at the same time recommending the ,duke not to be in a hurry1 but to send it when he was cool4 ,lord ,dice received his with a bow1 ,temple ,grace with a sigh1 the ,baron with an avowal of his readiness always to give him his revenge4 ,the ,duke1 though sick at heart1 would not leave the room with any evidence of a broken spirit2 and when ,lord ,castlefort again repeated1 ,pay us when we meet again1 he said1 ,i think it very improbable that we shall meet again1 my ,lord4 ,i wished to know what gaming was4 ,i had heard a great deal about it4 ,it is not so very disgusting2 but ,i am a young man1 and cannot play tricks with my complexion4 ,he reached his house4 ,he gave orders for himself not to be disturbed1 and he went to bed2 but in vain he tried to sleep4 ,what rack exceeds the torture of an excited brain and an exhausted body8 ,his hands and feet were like ice1 his brow like fire2 his ears rung with supernatural roaring2 a nausea had seized upon him1 and death he would have welcomed4 ,in vain1 in vain he courted repose2 in vain1 in vain he had recourse to every expedient to wile himself to slumber4 ,each minute he started from his pillow with some phrase which reminded him of his late fearful society4 ,hour after hour moved on with its leaden pace2 each hour he heard strike1 and each hour seemed an age4 ,each hour was only a signal to cast off some covering1 or shift his position4 ,it was1 at length1 morning4 ,with a feeling that he should go mad if he remained any longer in bed1 he rose1 and paced his chamber4 ,the air refreshed him4 ,he threw himself on the floor2 the cold crept over his senses1 and he slept4 ,,lxvi4 ,,the ,,pickwickians ,,disport ,,themselves ,,on ,,ice4,o ,,charles ,,dickens4--#ahab-ahgj4 ,from ,,the ,,posthumous ,,papers ,,of ,,the ,,pickwick ,,club4 ,now1 said ,wardle1 after a substantial lunch had been done ample justice to2 what say you to an hour on the ice8 ,we shall have plenty of time4 ,capital6 said ,mr4 ,benjamin ,allen4 ,prime6 ejaculated ,mr4 ,bob ,sawyer4 ,you skate1 of course1 ,winkle8 said ,wardle4 ,ye-yes2 oh1 yes1 replied ,mr4 ,winkle4 ,i--,i--am rather out of practice4 ,oh1 do skate1 ,mr4 ,winkle1 said ,arabella4 ,i like to see it so much4 ,oh1 it is so graceful1 said another young lady4 ,a third young lady said it was elegant1 and a fourth expressed her opinion that it was swan-like4 ,i should be very happy1 ,i'm sure1 said ,mr4 ,winkle1 reddening2 but ,i have no skates4 ,this objection was at once over-ruled4 ,trundle had a couple of pair1 and the fat boy announced that there were half a dozen more down stairs3 whereat ,mr4 ,winkle expressed exquisite delight1 and looked exquisitely uncomfortable4 ,old ,wardle led the way to a pretty large sheet of ice2 and the fat boy and ,mr4 ,weller1 having shovelled and swept away the snow which had fallen on it during the night1 ,mr4 ,bob ,sawyer adjusted his skates with a dexterity which to ,mr4 ,winkle was perfectly marvellous1 and described circles with his left leg1 and cut figures of eight1 and inscribed upon the ice1 without once stopping for breath1 a great many other pleasant and astonishing devices1 to the excessive satisfaction of ,mr4 ,pickwick1 ,mr4 ,tupman1 and the ladies3 which reached a pitch of positive enthusiasm1 when old ,wardle and ,benjamin ,allen1 assisted by the aforesaid ,bob ,sawyer1 performed some mystic evolutions1 which they called a reel4 ,all this time1 ,mr4 ,winkle1 with his face and hands blue with the cold1 had been forcing a gimlet into the soles of his feet1 and putting his skates on1 with the points behind1 and getting the straps into a very complicated and entangled state1 with the assistance of ,mr4 ,snodgrass1 who knew rather less about skates than a ,hindoo4 ,at length1 however1 with the assistance of ,mr4 ,weller1 the unfortunate skates were firmly screwed and buckled on1 and ,mr4 ,winkle was raised to his feet4 ,now1 then1 sir1 said ,sam1 in an encouraging tone2 off vith you1 and show 'em how to do it4 ,stop1 ,sam1 stop6 said ,mr4 ,winkle1 trembling violently1 and clutching hold of ,sam's arms with the grasp of a drowning man4 ,how slippery it is1 ,sam6 ,not an uncommon thing upon ice1 sir1 replied ,mr4 ,weller4 ,hold up1 sir6 ,this last observation of ,mr4 ,weller's bore reference to a demonstration ,mr4 ,winkle made at the instant1 of a frantic desire to throw his feet in the air1 and dash the back of his head on the ice4 ,these--these--are very awkward skates2 ain't they1 ,sam8 inquired ,mr4 ,winkle1 staggering4 ,i'm afeerd there's a orkard gen'l'm'n in 'em1 sir1 replied ,sam4 ,now1 ,winkle1 cried ,mr4 ,pickwick1 quite unconscious that there was anything the matter4 ,come2 the ladies are all anxiety4 ,yes1 yes1 replied ,mr4 ,winkle1 with a ghastly smile4 ,i'm coming4 ,just a goin' to begin1 said ,sam1 endeavoring to disengage himself4 ,now1 sir1 start off6 ,stop an instant1 ,sam1 gasped ,mr4 ,winkle1 clinging most affectionately to ,mr4 ,weller4 ,i find ,i've got a couple of coats at home that ,i don't want1 ,sam4 ,you may have them1 ,sam4 ,thank'ee1 sir1 replied ,mr4 ,weller4 ,never mind touching your hat1 ,sam1 said ,mr4 ,winkle1 hastily4 ,you needn't take your hand away to do that4 ,i meant to have given you five shillings this morning for a ,christmas-box1 ,sam4 ,i'll give it you this afternoon1 ,sam4 ,you're wery good1 sir1 replied ,mr4 ,weller4 ,just hold me at first1 ,sam2 will you8 said ,mr4 ,winkle4 ,there--that's right4 ,i shall soon get in the way of it1 ,sam4 ,not too fast1 ,sam2 not too fast4 ,mr4 ,winkle stooping forward1 with his body half doubled up1 was being assisted over the ice by ,mr4 ,weller1 in a very singular and un-swan-like manner1 when ,mr4 ,pickwick most innocently shouted from the opposite bank3 ,sam6 ,sir8 ,here4 ,i want you4 ,let go1 sir1 said ,sam4 ,don't you hear the governor a callin'8 ,let go1 sir4 ,with a violent effort1 ,mr4 ,weller disengaged himself from the grasp of the agonized ,pickwickian1 and1 in so doing1 administered a considerable impetus to the unhappy ,mr4 ,winkle4 ,with an accuracy which no degree of dexterity or practice could have insured1 that unfortunate gentleman bore swiftly down into the centre of the reel1 at the very moment when ,mr4 ,bob ,sawyer was performing a flourish of unparalleled beauty4 ,mr4 ,winkle struck wildly against him1 and with a loud crash they both fell heavily down4 ,mr4 ,pickwick ran to the spot4 ,bob ,sawyer had risen to his feet1 but ,mr4 ,winkle was far too wise to do anything of the kind1 in skates4 ,he was seated on the ice1 making spasmodic efforts to smile2 but anguish was depicted on every lineament of his countenance4 ,are you hurt8 inquired ,mr4 ,benjamin ,allen1 with great anxiety4 ,not much1 said ,mr4 ,winkle1 rubbing his back very hard4 ,i wish you'd let me bleed you1 said ,mr4 ,benjamin1 with great eagerness4 ,no1 thank you1 replied ,mr4 ,winkle hurriedly4 ,i really think you had better1 said ,allen4 ,thank you1 replied ,mr4 ,winkle2 ,i'd rather not4 ,what do you think1 ,mr4 ,pickwick8 inquired ,bob ,sawyer4 ,mr4 ,pickwick was excited and indignant4 ,he beckoned to ,mr4 ,weller1 and said in a stern voice1 ,take his skates off4 ,no2 but really ,i had scarcely begun1 remonstrated ,mr4 ,winkle4 ,take his skates off1 repeated ,mr4 ,pickwick firmly4 ,the command was not to be resisted4 ,mr4 ,winkle allowed ,sam to obey it in silence4 ,lift him up1 said ,mr4 ,pickwick4 ,sam assisted him to rise4 ,mr4 ,pickwick retired a few paces apart from the bystanders2 and beckoning his friend to approach1 fixed a searching look upon him1 and uttered in a low1 but distinct and emphatic tone1 these remarkable words3 ,you're a humbug1 sir4 ,a what8 said ,mr4 ,winkle1 starting4 ,a humbug1 sir4 ,i will speak plainer1 if you wish it4 ,an impostor1 sir4 ,with these words1 ,mr4 ,pickwick turned slowly on his heel1 and rejoined his friends4 ,while ,mr4 ,pickwick was delivering himself of the sentiment just recorded1 ,mr4 ,weller and the fat boy1 having by their joint endeavors cut out a slide1 were exercising themselves thereupon1 in a very masterly and brilliant manner4 ,sam ,weller1 in particular1 was displaying that beautiful feat of fancy-sliding which is currently denominated knocking at the cobbler's door1 and which is achieved by skimming over the ice on one foot1 and occasionally giving a postman's knock upon it with the other4 ,it was a good long slide1 and there was something in the motion which ,mr4 ,pickwick1 who was very cold with standing still1 could not help envying4 ,it looks a nice warm exercise that1 doesn't it8 he inquired of ,wardle1 when that gentleman was thoroughly out of breath1 by reason of the indefatigable manner in which he had converted his legs into a pair of compasses1 and drawn complicated problems on the ice4 ,ah1 it does indeed1 replied ,wardle4 ,do you slide8 ,i used to do so on the gutters1 when ,i was a boy1 replied ,mr4 ,pickwick4 ,try it now1 said ,wardle4 ,oh do1 please1 ,mr4 ,pickwick6 cried all the ladies4 ,i should be very happy to afford you any amusement1 replied ,mr4 ,pickwick1 but ,i haven't done such a thing these thirty years4 ,pooh6 pooh6 ,nonsense6 said ,wardle1 dragging off his skates with the impetuosity which characterized all his proceedings4 ,here2 ,i'll keep you company2 come along6 ,and away went the good tempered old fellow down the slide1 with a rapidity which came very close upon ,mr4 ,weller1 and beat the fat boy all to nothing4 ,mr4 ,pickwick paused1 considered1 pulled off his gloves and put them in his hat3 took two or three short runs1 baulked himself as often1 and at last took another run1 and went slowly and gravely down the slide1 with his feet about a yard and a quarter apart1 amidst the gratified shouts of all the spectators4 ,keep the pot a bilin'1 sir6 said ,sam2 and down went ,wardle again1 and then ,mr4 ,pickwick1 and then ,sam1 and then ,mr4 ,winkle1 and then ,mr4 ,bob ,sawyer1 and then the fat boy1 and then ,mr4 ,snodgrass1 following closely upon each other's heels1 and running after each other with as much eagerness as if all their future prospects in life depended on their expedition4 ,it was the most intensely interesting thing1 to observe the manner in which ,mr4 ,pickwick performed his share in the ceremony2 to watch the torture of anxiety with which he viewed the person behind1 gaining upon him at the imminent hazard of tripping him up2 to see him gradually expend the painful force he had put on at first1 and turn slowly round on the slide1 with his face towards the point from which he had started2 to contemplate the playful smile which mantled on his face when he had accomplished the distance1 and the eagerness with which he turned round when he had done so1 and ran after his predecessor3 his black gaiters tripping pleasantly through the snow1 and his eyes beaming cheerfulness and gladness through his spectacles4 ,and when he was knocked down 7which happened upon the average every third round71 it was the most invigorating sight that can possibly be imagined1 to behold him gather up his hat1 gloves1 and handkerchief1 with a glowing countenance1 and resume his station in the rank1 with an ardor and enthusiasm that nothing could abate4 ,the sport was at its height1 the sliding was at the quickest1 the laughter was at the loudest1 when a sharp smart crack was heard4 ,there was a quick rush towards the bank1 a wild scream from the ladies1 and a shout from ,mr4 ,tupman4 ,a large mass of ice disappeared2 the water bubbled up over it2 ,mr4 ,pickwick's hat1 gloves1 and handkerchief were floating on the surface2 and this was all of ,mr4 ,pickwick that anybody could see4 ,dismay and anguish were depicted on every countenance1 the males turned pale1 and the females fainted1 ,mr4 ,snodgrass and ,mr4 ,winkle grasped each other by the hand1 and gazed at the spot where their leader had gone down1 with frenzied eagerness3 while ,mr4 ,tupman1 by way of rendering the promptest assistance1 and at the same time conveying to any persons who might be within hearing1 the clearest possible notion of the catastrophe1 ran off across the country at his utmost speed1 screaming ,fire6 with all his might4 ,it was at this moment1 when old ,wardle and ,sam ,weller were approaching the hole with cautious steps1 and ,mr4 ,benjamin ,allen was holding a hurried consultation with ,mr4 ,bob ,sawyer on the advisability of bleeding the company generally1 as an improving little bit of professional practice--it was at this very moment1 that a face1 head1 and shoulders1 emerged from beneath the water1 and disclosed the features and spectacles of ,mr4 ,pickwick4 ,keep yourself up for an instant--for only one instant6 bawled ,mr4 ,snodgrass4 ,yes1 do2 let me implore you--for my sake6 roared ,mr4 ,winkle1 deeply affected4 ,the adjuration was rather unnecessary2 the probability being1 that if ,mr4 ,pickwick had declined to keep himself up for anybody else's sake1 it would have occurred to him that he might as well do so1 for his own4 ,do you feel the bottom there1 old fellow8 said ,wardle4 ,yes1 certainly1 replied ,mr4 ,pickwick1 wringing the water from his head and face1 and gasping for breath4 ,i fell upon my back4 ,i couldn't get on my feet at first4 ,the clay upon so much of ,mr4 ,pickwick's coat as was yet visible1 bore testimony to the accuracy of this statement2 and as the fears of the spectators were still further relieved by the fat boy's suddenly recollecting that the water was nowhere more than five feet deep1 prodigies of valor were performed to get him out4 ,after a vast quantity of splashing1 and cracking1 and struggling1 ,mr4 ,pickwick was at length fairly extricated from his unpleasant position1 and once more stood on dry land4 ,oh1 he'll catch his death of cold1 said ,emily4 ,dear old thing6 said ,arabella4 ,let me wrap this shawl round you1 ,mr4 ,pickwick4 ,ah1 that's the best thing you can do1 said ,wardle2 and when you've got it on1 run home as fast as your legs can carry you1 and jump into bed directly4 ,a dozen shawls were offered on the instant4 ,three or four of the thickest having been selected1 ,mr4 ,pickwick was wrapped up1 and started off1 under the guidance of ,mr4 ,weller3 presenting the singular phenomenon of an elderly gentleman1 dripping wet1 and without a hat1 with his arms bound down to his sides1 skimming over the ground1 without any clearly defined purpose1 at the rate of six good ,english miles an hour4 ,but ,mr4 ,pickwick cared not for appearances in such an extreme case1 and urged on by ,sam ,weller1 he kept at the very top of his speed until he reached the door of ,manor ,farm1 where ,mr4 ,tupman had arrived some five minutes before1 and had frightened the old lady into palpitations of the heart by impressing her with the unalterable conviction that the kitchen chimney was on fire--a calamity which always presented itself in glowing colors to the old lady's mind1 when anybody about her evinced the smallest agitation4 ,mr4 ,pickwick paused not an instant until he was snug in bed4 ,sam ,weller lighted a blazing fire in his room1 and took up his dinner1 and afterwards a great rejoicing was held in honor of his safety4 ,,footnotes3 ,o ,,mr4 ,,pickwick1 a benevolent1 simple-minded old gentleman1 is the founder of the ,pickwick ,club4 ,he and three other members1 ,mr4 ,winkle1 ,mr4 ,snodgrass1 and ,mr4 ,tupman1 form the ,corresponding ,society of the club1 and they travel over ,england together1 meeting with many laughable adventures4 ,they are accompanied by ,samuel ,weller1 ,mr4 ,pickwick's servant1 an inimitable compound of cool impudence1 quaint humor1 and fidelity4 ,the ,pickwickians have accepted the invitation of ,mr4 ,wardle1 of ,manor ,farm1 ,dingley ,dell1 to be present at the marriage of his daughter1 ,isabella1 to ,mr4 ,trundle4 ,among the guests are also ,mr4 ,bob ,sawyer and ,mr4 ,benjamin ,allen1 two medical students1 and ,mr4 ,allen's sister1 ,arabella4 ,other members of ,mr4 ,wardle's household are ,mr4 ,wardle's mother1 the old lady of ,manor ,farm1 his daughter1 ,emily1 and ,joe1 a servant lad1 known as the fat boy4 ,the wedding takes place on the twenty-third of ,december1 and then follow the ,christmas festivities1 of which the skating forms a part4 ,,lxvii4 ,,the ,,hanging ,,of ,,the ,,crane4 ,,henry ,,wadsworth ,,longfellow4--#ahjg-ahhb4 ,i4 ,the lights are out1 and gone are all the guests ,that thronging came with merriment and jests ,to celebrate the ,hanging of the ,crane ,in the new house1--into the night are gone2 ,but still the fire upon the hearth burns on1 ,and ,i alone remain4 ,o fortunate1 ,o happy day1 ,when a new household finds its place ,among the myriad homes of earth1 ,like a new star just sprung to birth1 ,and roll'd on its harmonious way ,into the boundless realms of space6 ,so said the guests in speech and song1 ,as in the chimney1 burning bright1 ,we hung the iron crane to-night1 ,and merry was the feast and long4 ,,ii4 ,and now ,i sit and muse on what may be1 ,and in my vision see1 or seem to see1 ,through floating vapors interfused with light1 ,shapes indeterminate1 that gleam and fade1 ,as shadows passing into deeper shade ,sink and elude the sight4 ,for two alone1 there in the hall1 ,is spread the table round and small2 ,upon the polish'd silver shine ,the evening lamps1 but1 more divine1 ,the light of love shines over all2 ,of love1 that says not mine and thine1 ,but ours1 for ours is thine and mine4 ,they want no guests1 to come between ,their tender glances like a screen1 ,and tell them tales of land and sea1 ,and whatsoever may betide ,the great1 forgotten world outside2 ,they want no guests2 they needs must be ,each other's own best company4 ,,iii4 ,the picture fades2 as at a village fair ,a showman's views1 dissolving into air1 ,again appear transfigured on the screen1 ,so in my fancy this2 and now once more1 ,in part transfigured1 through the open door ,appears the selfsame scene4 ,seated1 ,i see the two again1 ,but not alone2 they entertain ,a little angel unaware1 ,with face as round as is the moon2 ,a royal guest with flaxen hair1 ,who1 throned upon his lofty chair1 ,drums on the table with his spoon1 ,then drops it careless on the floor1 ,to grasp at things unseen before4 ,are these celestial manners8 these ,the ways that win1 the arts that please8 ,ah yes2 consider well the guest1 ,and whatsoe'er he does seems best2 ,he ruleth by the right divine ,of helplessness1 so lately born ,in purple chambers of the morn1 ,as sovereign over thee and thine4 ,he speaketh not2 and yet there lies ,a conversation in his eyes2 ,the golden silence of the ,greek1 ,the gravest wisdom of the wise1 ,not spoken in language1 but in looks ,more legible than printed books1 ,as if he could but would not speak4 ,and now1 ,o monarch absolute1 ,thy power is put to proof2 for1 lo6 ,resistless1 fathomless1 and slow1 ,the nurse comes rustling like the sea1 ,and pushes back thy chair and thee1 ,and so good night to ,king ,canute4 ,,iv4 ,as one who walking in a forest sees ,a lovely landscape through the parted trees1 ,then sees it not1 for boughs that intervene2 ,or1 as we see the moon sometimes reveal'd ,through drifting clouds1 and then again conceal'd1 ,so ,i behold the scene4 ,there are two guests at table now2 ,the king1 deposed and older grown1 ,no longer occupies the throne1-- ,the crown is on his sister's brow2 ,a ,princess from the ,fairy ,isles1 ,the very pattern girl of girls1 ,all cover'd and embower'd in curls1 ,rose-tinted from the ,isle of ,flowers1 ,and sailing with soft1 silken sails ,from far-off ,dreamland into ours4 ,above their bowls with rims of blue ,four azure eyes of deeper hue ,are looking1 dreamy with delight2 ,limpid as planets that emerge ,above the ocean's rounded verge1 ,soft-shining through the summer night4 ,steadfast they gaze1 yet nothing see ,beyond the horizon of their bowls2 ,nor care they for the world that rolls ,with all its freight of troubled souls ,into the days that are to be4 ,v4 ,again the tossing boughs shut out the scene1 ,again the drifting vapors intervene1 ,and the moon's pallid disk is hidden quite3 ,and now ,i see the table wider grown1 ,as round a pebble into water thrown ,dilates a ring of light4 ,i see the table wider grown1 ,i see it garlanded with guests1 ,as if fair ,ariadne's ,crown ,out of the sky had fallen down2 ,maidens within whose tender breasts ,a thousand restless hopes and fears1 ,forth reaching to the coming years1 ,flutter awhile1 then quiet lie1 ,like timid birds that fain would fly1 ,but do not dare to leave their nests2-- ,and youths1 who in their strength elate ,challenge the van and front of fate1 ,eager as champions to be ,in the divine knight-errantry ,of youth1 that travels sea and land ,seeking adventures1 or pursues1 ,through cities1 and through solitudes ,frequented by the lyric ,muse1 ,the phantom with the beckoning hand1 ,that still allures and still eludes4 ,o sweet illusions of the brain6 ,o sudden thrills of fire and frost6 ,the world is bright while ye remain1 ,and dark and dead when ye are lost6 ,,vi4 ,the meadow-brook1 that seemeth to stand still1 ,quickens its current as it nears the mill2 ,and so the stream of ,time that lingereth ,in level places1 and so dull appears1 ,runs with a swifter current as it nears ,the gloomy mills of ,death4 ,and now1 like the magician's scroll1 ,that in the owner's keeping shrinks ,with every wish he speaks or thinks1 ,till the last wish consumes the whole1 ,the table dwindles1 and again ,i see the two alone remain4 ,the crown of stars is broken in parts2 ,its jewels1 brighter than the day1 ,have one by one been stolen away ,to shine in other homes and hearts4 ,one is a wanderer now afar ,in ,ceylon or in ,zanzibar1 ,or sunny regions of ,cathay2 ,and one is in the boisterous camp ,mid clink of arms and horses' tramp1 ,and battle's terrible array4 ,i see the patient mother read1 ,with aching heart1 of wrecks that float ,disabled on those seas remote1 ,or of some great heroic deed ,on battle-fields1 where thousands bleed ,to lift one hero into fame4 ,anxious she bends her graceful head ,above these chronicles of pain1 ,and trembles with a secret dread ,lest there among the drown'd or slain ,she find the one beloved name4 ,,vii4 ,after a day of cloud and wind and rain ,sometimes the setting sun breaks out again1 ,and1 touching all the darksome woods with light4 ,smiles on the fields1 until they laugh and sing1 ,then like a ruby from the horizon's ring ,drops down into the night4 ,what see ,i now8 ,the night is fair1 ,the storm of grief1 the clouds of care1 ,the wind1 the rain1 have pass'd away2 ,the lamps are lit1 the fires burn bright1 ,the house is full of life and light3 ,it is the ,golden ,wedding day4 ,the guests come thronging in once more1 ,quick footsteps sound along the floor1 ,the trooping children crowd the stair1 ,and in and out and everywhere ,flashes along the corridor ,the sunshine of their golden hair4 ,on the round table in the hall ,another ,ariadne's ,crown ,out of the sky hath fallen down2 ,more than one ,monarch of the ,moon ,is drumming with his silver spoon2 ,the light of love shines over all4 ,o fortunate1 ,o happy day6 ,the people sing1 the people say4 ,the ancient bridegroom and the bride1 ,smiling contented and serene1 ,upon the blithe1 bewildering scene1 ,behold1 well pleas'd1 on every side ,their forms and features multiplied1 ,as the reflection of a light ,between two burnish'd mirrors gleams1 ,or lamps upon a bridge at night ,stretch on and on before the sight1 ,till the long vista endless seems4 ,,lxviii4 ,,earthworms4 ,,charles ,,darwin--#ahji-ahhb4 ,from ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,vegetable ,,mould ,,through ,,the ,,action ,,of ,,worms4 ,worms have played a more important part in the history of the world than most persons would at first suppose4 ,in almost all humid countries they are extraordinarily numerous1 and for their size possess great muscular power4 ,in many parts of ,england a weight of more than ten tons of dry earth annually passes through their bodies and is brought to the surface on each acre of land2 so that the whole superficial bed of vegetable mould passes through their bodies in the course of every few years4 ,from the collapsing of the old burrows the mould is in constant though slow movement1 and the particles composing it are thus rubbed together4 ,by these means fresh surfaces are continually exposed to the action of the carbonic acid in the soil1 and of the humus-acids which appear to be still more efficient in the decomposition of rocks4 ,the generation of the humus-acids is probably hastened during the digestion of the many half-decayed leaves which worms consume4 ,thus the particles of earth1 forming the superficial mould1 are subjected to conditions eminently favorable for their decomposition and disintegration4 ,moreover1 the particles of the softer rocks suffer some amount of mechanical trituration in the muscular gizzards of worms1 in which small stones serve as mill-stones4444 ,archaeologists ought to be grateful to worms1 as they protect and preserve for an indefinitely long period every object1 not liable to decay1 which is dropped on the surface of the land1 by burying it beneath their castings4 ,thus1 also1 many elegant and curious tesselated pavements and other ancient remains have been preserved2 though no doubt the worms have in these cases been largely aided by earth washed and blown from the adjoining land1 especially when cultivated4 ,the old tesselated pavements have1 however1 often suffered by having subsided unequally from being unequally undermined by the worms4 ,even old massive walls may be undermined and subside2 and no building is in this respect safe1 unless the foundations lie six or seven feet beneath the surface1 at a depth at which worms cannot work4 ,it is probable that many monoliths and some old walls have fallen down from having been undermined by worms4 ,worms prepare the ground in an excellent manner for the growth of fibrous-rooted plants and for seedlings of all kinds4 ,they periodically expose the mould to the air1 and sift it so that no stones larger than the particles which they can swallow are left in it4 ,they mingle the whole intimately together1 like a gardener who prepares fine soil for his choicest plants4 ,in this state it is well fitted to retain moisture and to absorb all soluble substances1 as well as for the process of nitrification4 ,the bones of dead animals1 the harder parts of insects1 the shells of land-molluscs1 leaves1 twigs1 etc41 are before long all buried beneath the accumulated castings of worms1 and are thus brought in a more or less decayed state within reach of the roots of plants4 ,worms likewise drag an infinite number of dead leaves and other parts of plants into their burrows1 partly for the sake of plugging them up and partly as food4 ,the leaves which are dragged into the burrows as food1 after being torn into the finest shreds1 partially digested1 and saturated with the intestinal secretions1 are commingled with much earth4 ,this earth forms the dark-colored1 rich humus which almost everywhere covers the surface of the land with a fairly well-defined layer or mantle4 ,von ,hensen placed two worms in a vessel eighteen inches in diameter1 which was filled with sand1 on which fallen leaves were strewed2 and these were soon dragged into their burrows to a depth of three inches4 ,after about six weeks an almost uniform layer of sand1 a centimetre 74#d inch7 in thickness1 was converted into humus by having passed through the alimentary canals of these two worms4 ,it is believed by some persons that worm-burrows1 which often penetrate the ground almost perpendicularly to a depth of five or six feet1 materially aid in its drainage2 notwithstanding that the viscid castings piled over the mouths of the burrows prevent or check the rain-water directly entering them4 ,they allow the air to penetrate deeply into the ground4 ,they also greatly facilitate the downward passage of roots of moderate size2 and these will be nourished by the humus with which the burrows are lined4 ,many seeds owe their germination to having been covered by castings2 and others buried to a considerable depth beneath accumulated castings lie dormant1 until at some future time they are accidentally uncovered and germinate4 ,worms are poorly provided with sense-organs1 for they cannot be said to see1 although they can just distinguish between light and darkness2 they are completely deaf1 and have only a feeble power of smell2 the sense of touch alone is well developed4 ,they can therefore learn little about the outside world1 and it is surprising that they should exhibit some skill in lining their burrows with their castings and with leaves1 and in the case of some species in piling up their castings into tower-like constructions4 ,but it is far more surprising that they should apparently exhibit some degree of intelligence instead of a mere blind instinctive impulse1 in their manner of plugging up the mouths of their burrows4 ,they act in nearly the same manner as would a man1 who had to close a cylindrical tube with different kinds of leaves1 petioles1 triangles of paper1 etc41 for they commonly seize such objects by their pointed ends4 ,but with thin objects a certain number are drawn in by their broader ends4 ,they do not act in the same unvarying manner in all cases1 as do most of the lower animals2 for instance1 they do not drag in leaves by their foot-stalks1 unless the basal part of the blade is as narrow as the apex1 or narrower than it4 ,when we behold a wide1 turf-covered expanse1 we should remember that its smoothness1 on which so much of its beauty depends1 is mainly due to all the inequalities having been slowly levelled by worms4 ,it is a marvellous reflection that the whole of the superficial mould over any such expanse has passed1 and will again pass1 every few years1 through the bodies of worms4 ,the plough is one of the most ancient and most valuable of man's inventions2 but long before he existed the land was in fact regularly ploughed1 and still continues to be thus ploughed by earth-worms4 ,it may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world1 as have these lowly organized creatures4 ,,lxix4 ,,as ,,ships1 ,,becalmed ,,at ,,eve4 ,,arthur ,,hugh ,,clough4--#ahai-ahfa4 ,as ships1 becalm'd at eve1 that lay ,with canvas drooping1 side by side1 ,two towers of sail at dawn of day ,are scarce long leagues apart descried2 ,when fell the night1 upsprung the breeze1 ,and all the darkling hours they plied1 ,nor dreamt but each the self-same seas ,by each was cleaving1 side by side3 ,e'en so--but why the tale reveal ,of those1 whom year by year unchanged1 ,brief absence join'd anew to feel1 ,astounded1 soul from soul estranged8 ,at dead of night their sails were fill'd1 ,and onward each rejoicing steer'd-- ,ah1 neither blame1 for neither will'd1 ,or wist1 what first with dawn appear'd6 ,to veer1 how vain6 ,on1 onward strain1 ,brave barks6 ,in light1 in darkness too1 ,through winds and tides one compass guides-- ,to that1 and your own selves1 be true4 ,but ,o blithe breeze6 and ,o great seas1 ,though ne'er1 that earliest parting past1 ,on your wide plain they join again1 ,together lead them home at last4 ,one port1 methought1 alike they sought1 ,one purpose hold where'er they fare1-- ,o bounding breeze1 ,o rushing seas6 ,at last1 at last1 unite them there4 ,,lxx4 ,,duty4 ,,arthur ,,hugh ,,clough4 ,duty--that's to say1 complying ,with whate'er's expected here2 ,on your unknown cousin's dying1 ,straight be ready with the tear2 ,upon etiquette relying1 ,unto usage nought denying1 ,lend your waist to be embraced1 ,blush not even1 never fear2 ,claims of kith and kin connection1 ,claims of manners honor still1 ,ready money of affection ,pay1 whoever drew the bill4 ,with the form conforming duly1 ,senseless what it meaneth truly1 ,go to church--the world require you1 ,to balls--the world require you too1 ,and marry--papa and mamma desire you1 ,and your sisters and schoolfellows do4 ,duty--'tis to take on trust ,what things are good1 and right1 and just2 ,and whether indeed they be or be not1 ,try not1 test not1 feel not1 see not3 ',tis walk and dance1 sit down and rise ,by leading1 opening ne'er your eyes2 ,stunt sturdy limbs that ,nature gave1 ,and be drawn in a ,bath chair along to the grave4 ',tis the stern and prompt suppressing1 ,as an obvious deadly sin1 ,all the questing and the guessing ,of the soul's own soul within3 ',tis the coward acquiescence ,in a destiny's behest1 ,to a shade by terror made1 ,sacrificing1 aye1 the essence ,of all that's truest1 noblest1 best3 ',tis the blind non-recognition ,or of goodness1 truth1 or beauty1 ,save by precept and submission2 ,moral blank1 and moral void1 ,life at very birth destroy'd4 ,atrophy1 exinanition6 ,duty6 ,yea1 by duty's prime condition ,pure nonentity of duty6 ,,lxxi4 ,,sonnets4 ,,charles ,,heavysege4--#ahaf-ahgf4 ,i4 ,the day was lingering in the pale north-west1 ,and night was hanging o'er my head1-- ,night where a myriad stars were spread2 ,while down in the east1 where the light was least1 ,seem'd the home of the quiet dead4 ,and1 as ,i gazed on the field sublime1 ,to watch the bright1 pulsating stars1 ,adown the deep where the angels sleep ,came drawn the golden chime ,of those great spheres that sound the years ,for the horologe of time4 ,millenniums numberless they told1 ,millenniums a million-fold ,from the ancient hour of prime4 ,,ii4 ,the stars are glittering in the frosty sky1 ,frequent as pebbles on a broad sea-coast2 ,and o'er the vault the cloud-like galaxy ,has marshall'd its innumerable host4 ,alive all heaven seems6 with wondrous glow ,tenfold refulgent every star appears1 ,as if some wide1 celestial gale did blow1 ,and thrice illume the ever-kindled spheres4 ,orbs1 with glad orbs rejoicing1 burning1 beam1 ,ray-crown'd1 with lambent lustre in their zones1 ,till o'er the blue1 bespangled spaces seem ,angels and great archangels on their thrones2 ,a host divine1 whose eyes are sparkling gems1 ,and forms more bright than diamond diadems4 ,,iii4 ,hush'd in a calm beyond mine utterance1 ,see in the western sky the evening spread2 ,suspended in its pale1 serene expanse1 ,like scatter'd flames1 the glowing cloudlets red4 ,clear are those clouds2 and that pure sky's profound1 ,transparent as a lake of hyaline2 ,nor motion1 nor the faintest breath of sound1 ,disturbs the steadfast beauty of the scene4 ,far o'er the vault1 the winnow'd welkin wide1 ,from the bronzed east unto the whiten'd west1 ,moor'd1 seem1 in their sweet1 tranquil1 roseate pride1 ,those clouds the fabled islands of the blest2-- ,the lands where pious spirits breathe in joy1 ,and love and worship all their hours employ4 ,,lxxii4 ,,doctor ,,arnold ,,at ,,rugby4 ,,arthur ,,penrhyn ,,stanley4--#ahae-ahhj4 ,with his usual and undoubting confidence in what he believed to be a general law of ,providence1 he based his whole management of the school on his early-formed and yearly-increasing conviction that what he had to look for1 both intellectually and morally1 was not performance but promise2 that the very freedom and independence of school life1 which in itself he thought so dangerous1 might be made the best preparation for ,christian manhood2 and he did not hesitate to apply to his scholars the principle which seemed to him to have been adopted in the training of the childhood of the human race itself4 ,he shrunk from pressing on the conscience of boys rules of action which he felt they were not yet able to bear1 and from enforcing actions which1 though right in themselves1 would in boys be performed from wrong motives4 ,keenly as he felt the risk and fatal consequences of the failure of this trial1 still it was his great1 sometimes his only support to believe that the character is braced amid such scenes to a greater beauty and firmness than it ever can attain without enduring and witnessing them4 ,our work here would be absolutely unendurable if we did not bear in mind that we should look forward as well as backward--if we did not remember that the victory of fallen man lies not in innocence but in tried virtue4 ,i hold fast1 he said1 to the great truth1 that 'blessed is he that overcometh2' and he writes in #ahcg3 ,of all the painful things connected with my employment1 nothing is equal to the grief of seeing a boy come to school innocent and promising1 and tracing the corruption of his character from the influence of the temptations around him1 in the very place which ought to have strengthened and improved it4 ,but in most cases those who come with a character of positive good are benefited2 it is the neutral and indecisive characters which are apt to be decided for evil by schools1 as they would be in fact by any other temptation4 ,but this very feeling led him with the greater eagerness to catch at every means by which the trial might be shortened or alleviated4 ,can the change from childhood to manhood be hastened1 without prematurely exhausting the faculties of body or mind8 was one of the chief questions on which his mind was constantly at work1 and which in the judgment of some he was disposed to answer too readily in the affirmative4 ,it was with the elder boys1 of course1 that he chiefly acted on this principle1 but with all above the very young ones he trusted to it more or less4 ,firmly as he believed that a time of trial was inevitable1 he believed no less firmly that it might be passed at public schools sooner than under other circumstances2 and1 in proportion as he disliked the assumption of a false manliness in boys1 was his desire to cultivate in them true manliness1 as the only step to something higher1 and to dwell on earnest principle and moral thoughtfulness1 as the great and distinguishing mark between good and evil4 ,hence his wish that as much as possible should be done by the boys1 and nothing for them2 hence arose his practice1 in which his own delicacy of feeling and uprightness of purpose powerfully assisted him1 of treating the boys as gentlemen and reasonable beings1 of making them respect themselves by the mere respect he showed to them2 of showing that he appealed and trusted to their own common sense and conscience4 ,lying1 for example1 to the masters1 he made a great moral offence3 placing implicit confidence in a boy's assertion1 and then1 if a falsehood was discovered1 punishing it severely1--in the upper part of the school1 when persisted in1 with expulsion4 ,even with the lower forms he never seemed to be on the watch for boys2 and in the higher forms any attempt at further proof of an assertion was immediately checked3 ,if you say so1 that is quite enough--of course ,i believe your word2 and there grew up in consequence a general feeling that it was a shame to tell ,arnold a lie--he always believes one4 ,perhaps the liveliest representation of this general spirit1 as distinguished from its exemplification in particular parts of the discipline and instruction1 would be formed by recalling his manner1 as he appeared in the great school1 where the boys used to meet when the whole school was assembled collectively1 and not in its different forms or classes4 ,then1 whether on his usual entrance every morning to prayers before the first lesson1 or on the more special emergencies which might require his presence1 he seemed to stand before them1 not merely as the head-master1 but as the representative of the school4 ,there he spoke to them as members together with himself of the same great institution1 whose character and reputation they had to sustain as well as he4 ,he would dwell on the satisfaction he had in being head of a society1 where noble and honorable feelings were encouraged1 or on the disgrace which he felt in hearing of acts of disorder or violence1 such as in the humbler ranks of life would render them amenable to the laws of their country2 or again1 on the trust which he placed in their honor as gentlemen1 and the baseness of any instance in which it was abused4 ,is this a ,christian school8 he indignantly asked at the end of one of those addresses1 in which he had spoken of an extensive display of bad feeling amongst the boys2 and then added1--,i cannot remain here if all this is to be carried on by constraint and force2 if ,i am to be here as a jailer1 ,i will resign my office at once4 ,and few scenes can be recorded more characteristic of him than on one of these occasions1 when1 in consequence of a disturbance1 he had been obliged to send away several boys1 and when in the midst of the general spirit of discontent which this excited1 he stood in his place before the assembled school and said3 ,it is not necessary that this should be a school of three hundred1 or one hundred1 or of fifty boys2 but it is necessary that it should be a school of ,christian gentlemen4 ,,lxxiii4 ,,ode ,,to ,,the ,,north-,,east ,,wind4 ,,charles ,,kingsley4--#ahai-ahge4 ,welcome1 wild ,north-easter6 ,shame it is to see ,odes to every zephyr2 ,ne'er a verse to thee4 ,welcome1 black ,north-easter6 ,o'er the ,german foam2 ,o'er the ,danish moorlands1 ,from thy frozen home4 ,tired we are of summer1 ,tired of gaudy glare1 ,showers soft and steaming1 ,hot and breathless air4 ,tired of listless dreaming ,through the lazy day3 ,jovial wind of winter ,turns us out to play6 ,sweep the golden reed-beds2 ,crisp the lazy dyke2 ,hunger into madness ,every plunging pike4 ,fill the lake with wild-fowl2 ,fill the marsh with snipe2 ,while on dreary moorlands ,lonely curlew pipe4 ,through the black fir-forest ,thunder harsh and dry1 ,shattering down the snow-flakes ,off the curdled sky4 ,hark6 ,the brave ,north-easter6 ,breast-high lies the scent1 ,on by holt and headland1 ,over heath and bent4 ,chime1 ye dappled darlings1 ,through the sleet and snow4 ,who can over-ride you8 ,let the horses go6 ,chime1 ye dappled darlings1 ,down the roaring blast2 ,you shall see a fox die ,ere an hour be past4 ,go6 and rest to-morrow1 ,hunting in your dreams1 ,while our skates are ringing ,o'er the frozen streams4 ,let the luscious ,south-wind ,breathe in lovers' sighs1 ,while the lazy gallants ,bask in ladies' eyes4 ,what does he but soften ,heart alike and pen8 ',tis the hard grey weather ,breeds hard ,english men4 ,what's the soft ,south-wester8 ',tis the ladies' breeze1 ,bringing home their true-loves ,out of all the seas4 ,but the black ,north-easter1 ,through the snow-storm hurl'd1 ,drives our ,english hearts of oak ,seaward round the world4 ,come1 as came our fathers1 ,heralded by thee1 ,conquering from the eastward1 ,lords by land and sea4 ,come2 and strong within us ,stir the ,vikings' blood1 ,bracing brain and sinew2 ,blow1 thou wind of ,god6 ,,lxxiv4 ,,from ,,the ,,mill ,,on ,,the ,,floss4 ,,george ,,eliot4--#ahbj-ahhj4 ,the next morning ,maggie was trotting with her own fishing-rod in one hand and a handle of the basket in the other1 stepping always1 by a peculiar gift1 in the muddiest places1 and looking darkly radiant from under her beaver bonnet because ,tom was good to her4 ,she had told ,tom1 however1 that she should like him to put the worms on the hook for her1 although she accepted his word when he assured her that worms couldn't feel 7it was ,tom's private opinion that it didn't much matter if they did74 ,he knew all about worms1 and fish1 and those things2 and what birds were mischievous1 and how padlocks opened1 and which way the handles of the gates were to be lifted4 ,maggie thought this sort of knowledge was very wonderful--much more difficult than remembering what was in the books2 and she was rather in awe of ,tom's superiority1 for he was the only person who called her knowledge stuff1 and did not feel surprised at her cleverness4 ,tom1 indeed1 was of opinion that ,maggie was a silly little thing2 all girls were silly2 they couldn't throw a stone so as to hit anything1 couldn't do anything with a pocket-knife1 and were frightened at frogs4 ,still1 he was very fond of his sister1 and meant always to take care of her1 make her his housekeeper1 and punish her when she did wrong4 ,they were on their way to the ,round ,pool--that wonderful pool1 which the floods had made a long while ago4 ,no one knew how deep it was2 and it was mysterious1 too1 that it should be almost a perfect round1 framed in with willows and tall reeds1 so that the water was only to be seen when you got close to the brink4 ,the sight of the old favorite spot always heightened ,tom's good-humor1 and he spoke to ,maggie in the most amiable whispers1 as he opened the precious basket and prepared their tackle4 ,he threw her line for her1 and put the rod into her hand4 ,maggie thought it probable that the small fish would come to her hook1 and the large ones to ,tom's4 ,but she had forgotten all about the fish1 and was looking dreamily at the glassy water1 when ,tom said1 in a loud whisper1 ,look6 look1 ,maggie6 and came running to prevent her from snatching her line away4 ,maggie was frightened lest she had been doing something wrong1 as usual1 but presently ,tom drew out her line and brought a large tench bouncing on the grass4 ,tom was excited4 ,o ,magsie6 you little duck6 ,empty the basket4 ,maggie was not conscious of unusual merit1 but it was enough that ,tom called her ,magsie1 and was pleased with her4 ,there was nothing to mar her delight in the whispers and the dreamy silences1 when she listened to the light dipping sounds of the rising fish1 and the gentle rustling1 as if the willows1 and the reeds1 and the water had their happy whisperings also4 ,maggie thought it would make a very nice heaven to sit by the pool in that way1 and never be scolded4 ,she never knew she had a bite till ,tom told her1 but she liked fishing very much4 ,it was one of their happy mornings4 ,they trotted along and sat down together1 with no thought that life would ever change much for them3 they would only get bigger and not go to school1 and it would always be like the holidays2 they would always live together and be fond of each other4 ,and the mill with its booming--the great chestnut-tree under which they played at houses--their own little river1 the ,ripple1 where the banks seemed like home1 and ,tom was always seeing the water-rats1 while ,maggie gathered the purple plumy tops of the reeds1 which she forgot and dropped afterward--above all1 the great ,floss1 along which they wandered with a sense of travel1 to see the rushing spring-tide1 the awful ,eagre1 come up like a hungry monster1 or to see the ,great ,ash which had once wailed and groaned like a man--these things would always be just the same to them4 ,tom thought people were at a disadvantage who lived on any other spot of the globe2 and ,maggie1 when she read about ,christiana passing the river over which there is no bridge1 always saw the ,floss between the green pastures by the ,great ,ash4 ,life did change for ,tom and ,maggie2 and yet they were not wrong in believing that the thoughts and loves of these first years would always make part of their lives4 ,we could never have loved the earth so well if we had had no childhood in it--if it were not the earth where the same flowers come up again every spring that we used to gather with our tiny fingers as we sat lisping to ourselves on the grass--the same hips and haws on the autumn hedgerows--the same red-breasts that we used to call ,god's birds1 because they did no harm to the precious crops4 ,what novelty is worth that sweet monotony where everything is known1 and loved because it is known8 ,the wood ,i walk in on this mild ,may day1 with the young yellow-brown foliage of the oaks between me and the blue sky1 the white star-flowers1 and the blue-eyed speedwell1 and the ground-ivy at my feet--what grove of tropic palms1 what strange ferns or splendid broad-petaled blossoms1 could ever thrill such deep and delicate fibres within me as this home-scene8 ,these familiar flowers1 these well-remembered bird-notes1 this sky with its fitful brightness1 these furrowed and grassy fields1 each with a sort of personality given to it by the capricious hedgerows--such things as these are the mother tongue of our imagination1 the language that is laden with all the subtle inextricable associations the fleeting hours of our childhood left behind them4 ,our delight in the sunshine on the deep-bladed grass to-day might be no more than the faint perception of wearied souls1 if it were not for the sunshine and the grass in the far-off years1 which still live in us1 and transform our perception into love4 ,,lxxv4 ,,the ,,cloud ,,confines4 ,,dante ,,gabriel ,,rossetti4--#ahbh-ahhb4 ,the day is dark and the night ,to him that would search their heart2 ,no lips of cloud that will part ,nor morning song in the light3 ,only1 gazing alone1 ,to him wild shadows are shown1 ,deep under deep unknown ,and height above unknown height4 ,still we say as we go1-- ,strange to think by the way1 ,whatever there is to know1 ,that shall we know one day4 ,the ,past is over and fled2 ,named new1 we name it the old2 ,thereof some tale hath been told1 ,but no word comes from the dead2 ,whether at all they be1 ,or whether as bond or free1 ,or whether they too were we1 ,or by what spell they have sped4 ,still we say as we go1-- ,strange to think by the way1 ,whatever there is to know1 ,that shall we know one day4 ,what of the heart of hate ,that beats in thy breast1 ,o ,time8-- ,red strife from the furthest prime1 ,and anguish of fierce debate2 ,war that shatters her slain1 ,and peace that grinds them as grain1 ,and eyes fix'd ever in vain ,on the pitiless eyes of ,fate4 ,still we say as we go1-- ,strange to think by the way1 ,whatever there is to know1 ,that shall we know one day4 ,what of the heart of love ,that bleeds in thy breast1 ,o ,man8-- ,thy kisses snatch'd 'neath the ban ,of fangs that mock them above2 ,thy bells prolong'd unto knells1 ,thy hope that a breath dispels1 ,thy bitter forlorn farewells ,and the empty echoes thereof8 ,still we say as we go1-- ,strange to think by the way1 ,whatever there is to know1 ,that shall we know one day4 ,the sky leans dumb on the sea1 ,aweary with all its wings2 ,and oh6 the song the sea sings ,is dark everlastingly4 ,our past is clean forgot1 ,our present is and is not1 ,our future's a seal'd seedplot1 ,and what betwixt them are we8-- ,we who say as we go1-- ,strange to think by the way1 ,whatever there is to know1 ,that shall we know one day4 ,,lxxvi4 ,,barbara ,,frietchie4 ,,john ,,greenleaf ,,whittier4--#ahjg- ,up from the meadows rich with corn1 ,clear in the cool ,september morn1 ,the cluster'd spires of ,frederick stand ,green-wall'd by the hills of ,maryland4 ,round about them orchards sweep1 ,apple and peach tree fruited deep1-- ,fair as a garden of the ,lord ,to the eyes of the famish'd rebel horde1 ,on that pleasant morn of the early fall ,when ,lee march'd over the mountain wall1-- ,over the mountains winding down1 ,horse and foot1 into ,frederick town4 ,forty flags with their silver stars1 ,forty flags with their crimson bars1 ,flapp'd in the morning wind3 the sun ,of noon look'd down1 and saw not one4 ,up rose old ,barbara ,frietchie then1 ,bow'd with her fourscore years and ten2 ,bravest of all in ,frederick town1 ,she took up the flag the men haul'd down2 ,in her attic-window the staff she set1 ,to show that one heart was loyal yet4 ,up the street came the rebel tread1 ,stonewall ,jackson riding ahead4 ,under his slouch'd hat left and right ,he glanced3 the old flag met his sight4 ,halt6--the dust-brown ranks stood fast ,fire6--out blazed the rifle-blast4 ,it shiver'd the window1 pane and sash2 ,it rent the banner with seam and gash4 ,quick1 as it fell1 from the broken staff ,dame ,barbara snatch'd the silken scarf2 ,she lean'd far out on the window-sill1 ,and shook it forth with a royal will4 ,shoot1 if you must1 this old grey head1 ,but spare your country's flag6 she said4 ,a shade of sadness1 a blush of shame1 ,over the face of the leader came2 ,the nobler nature within him stirr'd ,to life at that woman's deed and word3 ,who touches a hair of yon grey head1 ,dies like a dog6 ,march on6 he said4 ,all day long through ,frederick street ,sounded the tread of marching feet3 ,all day long that free flag toss'd ,over the heads of the rebel host4 ,ever its torn folds rose and fell ,on the loyal winds that lov'd it well2 ,and through the hill-gaps sunset light ,shone over it with a warm good-night4 ,barbara ,frietchie's work is o'er1 ,and the ,rebel rides on his raids no more ,honor to her6 and let a tear ,fall1 for her sake1 on ,stonewall's bier4 ,over ,barbara ,frietchie's grave1 ,flag of ,freedom and ,union1 wave6 ,peace and order and beauty draw ,round thy symbol of light and law2 ,and ever the stars above look down ,on thy stars below in ,frederick town6 ,,lxxvii4 ,,contentment4 ,,oliver ,,wendell ,,holmes4--#ahji- ,man wants but little here below4 ,little ,i ask2 my wants are few2 ,i only wish a hut of stone1 7,a very plain brown stone will do17 ,that ,i may call my own2-- ,and close at hand is such a one1 ,in yonder street that fronts the sun4 ,plain food is quite enough for me2 ,three courses are as good as ten2-- ,if ,nature can subsist on three1 ,thank ,heaven for three4 ,amen6 ,i always thought cold victual nice2-- ,my choice would be vanilla-ice4 ,i care not much for gold or land2-- ,give me a mortgage here and there1-- ,some good bank-stock1--some note of hand1 ,or trifling railroad share1-- ,i only ask that ,fortune send ,a little more than ,i shall spend4 ,honors are silly toys1 ,i know1 ,and titles are but empty names2 ,i would1 perhaps1 be ,plenipo1-- ,but only near ,st4 ,james2 ,i'm very sure ,i should not care ,to fill our ,gubernator's chair4 ,jewels are baubles2 'tis a sin ,to care for such unfruitful things2-- ,one good-sized diamond in a pin1-- ,some1 not so large1 in rings1-- ,a ruby1 and a pearl1 or so1 ,will do for me2--,i laugh at show4 ,my dame should dress in cheap attire2 7,good1 heavy silks are never dear27-- ,i own perhaps ,i might desire ,some shawls of true ,cashmere1-- ,some marrowy crapes of ,china silk1 ,like wrinkled skins on scalded milk4 ,i would not have the horse ,i drive ,so fast that folks must stop and stare2 ,an easy gait--two1 forty-five-- ,suits me2 ,i do not care1-- ,perhaps for just a single spurt1 ,some seconds less would do no hurt4 ,of pictures ,i should like to own ,titians and ,raphaels three or four1-- ,i love so much their style and tone1-- ,one ,turner1 and no more1 7,a landscape1--foreground golden dirt1-- ,the sunshine painted with a squirt47 ,of books but few1--some fifty score ,for daily use1 and bound for wear2 ,the rest upon an upper floor2-- ,some little luxury there ,of red morocco's gilded gleam1 ,and vellum rich as country cream4 ,busts1 cameos1 gems1--such things as these1 ,which others often show for pride1 ,i value for their power to please1 ,and selfish churls deride2-- ,one ,stradivarius1 ,i confess1 ,two ,meerschaums1 ,i would fain possess4 ,wealth's wasteful tricks ,i will not learn1 ,nor ape the glittering upstart fool2-- ,shall not carv'd tables serve my turn1 ,but all must be of buhl8 ,give grasping pomp its double share1-- ,i ask but one recumbent chair4 ,thus humble let me live and die1 ,nor long for ,midas' golden touch2 ,if ,heaven more generous gifts deny1 ,i shall not miss them much1-- ,too grateful for the blessing lent ,of simple tastes and mind content4 99 99 99 99 99 ,flower in the crannied wall1 ,i pluck you out of the crannies2-- ,hold you here1 root and all1 in my hand1 ,little flower--but if ,i could understand ,what you are1 root and all1 and all in all1 ,i should know what ,god and man is4 ,,tennyson4 ,,lxxviii4 ,,the ,,british ,,constitution4 ,,the ,,right ,,hon4 ,,william ,,ewart ,,gladstone4--#ahji- ,from ,,kin ,,beyond ,,sea4 ,the ,constitution has not been the offspring of the thought of man4 ,the ,cabinet1 and all the present relations of the ,constitutional powers in this country1 have grown into their present dimensions1 and settled into their present places1 not as the fruit of a philosophy1 not in the effort to give effect to an abstract principle2 but by the silent action of forces1 invisible and insensible1 the structure has come up into the view of all the world4 ,it is1 perhaps1 the most conspicuous object on the wide political horizon2 but it has thus risen1 without noise1 like the temple of ,jerusalem4 ,no workman steel1 no ponderous hammers rung2 ,like some tall palm the stately fabric sprung4 ,when men repeat the proverb which teaches us that marriages are made in heaven1 what they mean is that1 in the most fundamental of all social operations1 the building up of the family1 the issues involved in the nuptial contract1 lie beyond the best exercise of human thought1 and the unseen forces of providential government make good the defect in our imperfect capacity4 ,even so would it seem to have been in that curious marriage of competing influences and powers1 which brings about the composite harmony of the ,british ,constitution4 ,more1 it must be admitted1 than any other1 it leaves open doors which lead into blind alleys2 for it presumes1 more boldly than any other1 the good sense and good faith of those who work it4 ,if1 unhappily1 these personages meet together1 on the great arena of a nation's fortunes1 as jockeys meet upon a racecourse1 each to urge to the uttermost1 as against the others1 the power of the animal he rides2 or as counsel in a court1 each to procure the victory of his client1 without respect to any other interest or right3 then this boasted ,constitution of ours is neither more nor less than a heap of absurdities4 ,the undoubted competency of each reaches even to the paralysis or destruction of the rest4 ,the ,house of ,commons is entitled to refuse every shilling of the ,supplies4 ,that ,house1 and also the ,house of ,lords1 is entitled to refuse its assent to every ,bill presented to it4 ,the ,crown is entitled to make a thousand ,peers to-day1 and as many to-morrow3 it may dissolve all and every ,parliament before it proceeds to business2 may pardon the most atrocious crimes2 may declare war against all the world2 may conclude treaties involving unlimited responsibilities1 and even vast expenditure1 without the consent1 nay without the knowledge1 of ,parliament1 and this not merely in support or in development1 but in reversal1 of policy already known to and sanctioned by the nation4 ,but the assumption is that the depositaries of power will all respect one another2 will evince a consciousness that they are working in a common interest for a common end2 that they will be possessed1 together with not less than an average intelligence1 of not less than an average sense of equity and of the public interest and rights4 ,when these reasonable expectations fail1 then1 it must be admitted1 the ,british ,constitution will be in danger4 ,apart from such contingencies1 the offspring only of folly or of crime1 this ,constitution is peculiarly liable to subtle change4 ,not only in the long-run1 as man changes between youth and age1 but also1 like the human body1 with a quotidian life1 a periodical recurrence of ebbing and flowing tides4 ,its old particles daily run to waste1 and give place to new4 ,what is hoped among us is1 that which has usually been found1 that evils will become palpable before they have grown to be intolerable4444 ,meantime1 we of this island are not great political philosophers2 and we contend with an earnest1 but disproportioned1 vehemence about changes which are palpable1 such as the extension of the suffrage1 or the redistribution of ,parliamentary seats1 neglecting wholly other processes of change which work beneath the surface1 and in the dark1 but which are even more fertile of great organic results4 ,the modern ,english character reflects the ,english ,constitution in this1 that it abounds in paradox2 that it possesses every strength1 but holds it tainted with every weakness2 that it seems alternately both to rise above and to fall below the standard of average humanity2 that there is no allegation of praise or blame which1 in some one of the aspects of its many-sided formation1 it does not deserve2 that only in the midst of much default1 and much transgression1 the people of this ,united ,kingdom either have heretofore established1 or will hereafter establish1 their title to be reckoned among the children of men1 for the eldest born of an imperial race4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it fortifies my soul to know ,that1 though ,i perish1 ,truth is so3 ,that1 howsoe'er ,i stray and range1 ,whate'er ,i do1 ,thou dost not change4 ,i steadier step when ,i recall ,that1 if ,i slip ,thou dost not fall4 ,,arthur ,,hugh ,,clough4 ,,lxxix4 ,,the ,,lord ,,of ,,burleigh4 ,,lord ,,tennyson4--#ahji- ,in her ear he whispers gayly1 ,if my heart by signs can tell1 ,maiden1 ,i have watch'd thee daily1 ,and ,i think thou lov'st me well4 ,she replies1 in accents fainter1 ,there is none ,i love like thee4 ,he is but a landscape-painter1 ,and a village maiden she4 ,he to lips1 that fondly falter1 ,presses his without reproof3 ,leads her to the village altar1 ,and they leave her father's roof4 ,i can make no marriage present2 ,little can ,i give my wife4 ,love will make our cottage pleasant1 ,and ,i love thee more than life4 ,they by parks and lodges going ,see the lordly castles stand3 ,summer woods1 about them blowing1 ,made a murmur in the land4 ,from deep thought himself he rouses ,says to her that loves him well1 ,let us see these handsome houses ,where the wealthy nobles dwell4 ,so she goes by him attended1 ,hears him lovingly converse1 ,sees whatever fair and splendid ,lay betwixt his home and hers2 ,parks with oak and chestnut shady1 ,parks and order'd gardens great1 ,ancient homes of lord and lady1 ,built for pleasure and for state4 ,all he shows her makes him dearer3 ,evermore she seems to gaze ,on that cottage growing nearer1 ,where they twain will spend their days4 ,o but she will love him truly6 ,he shall have a cheerful home2 ,she will order all things duly1 ,when beneath his roof they come4 ,thus her heart rejoices greatly1 ,till a gateway she discerns ,with armorial bearings stately1 ,and beneath the gate she turns2 ,sees a mansion more majestic ,than all those she saw before3 ,many a gallant gay domestic ,bows before him at the door4 ,and they speak in gentle murmur1 ,when they answer to his call1 ,while he treads with footsteps firmer1 ,leading on from hall to hall4 ,and1 while now she wonders blindly1 ,nor the meaning can divine1 ,proudly turns he round and kindly1 ,all of this is mine and thine4 ,here he lives in state and bounty1 ,lord of ,burleigh1 fair and free1 ,not a lord in all the county ,is so great a lord as he4 ,all at once the color flushes ,her sweet face from brow to chin3 ,as it were with shame she blushes1 ,and her spirit changed within4 ,then her countenance all over ,pale again as death did prove2 ,but he clasp'd her like a lover1 ,and he cheer'd her soul with love4 ,so she strove against her weakness1 ,tho' at times her spirits sank3 ,shaped her heart with woman's meekness ,to all duties of her rank3 ,and a gentle consort made he1 ,and her gentle mind was such ,that she grew a noble lady1 ,and the people lov'd her much4 ,but a trouble weigh'd upon her1 ,and perplex'd her1 night and morn1 ,with the burden of an honor ,unto which she was not born4 ,faint she grew1 and ever fainter1 ,as she murmur'd1 ,o1 that he ,were once more that landscape-painter1 ,which did win my heart from me6 ,so she droop'd and droop'd before him1 ,fading slowly from his side3 ,three fair children first she bore him1 ,then before her time she died4 ,weeping1 weeping late and early1 ,walking up and pacing down1 ,deeply mourn'd the ,lord of ,burleigh1 ,burleigh-house by ,stamford-town4 ,and he came to look upon her1 ,and he look'd at her and said1 ,bring the dress and put it on her1 ,that she wore when she was wed4 ,then her people1 softly treading1 ,bore to earth her body1 drest ,in the dress that she was wed in1 ,that her spirit might have rest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,and yet1 dear heart6 remembering thee1 ,am ,i not richer than of old8 ,,whittier4 ,,lxxx4 ,,break1 ,,break1 ,,break4 ,,lord ,,tennyson4 ,break1 break1 break1 ,on thy cold gray stones1 ,o ,sea6 ,and ,i would that my tongue could utter ,the thoughts that arise in me4 ,o well for the fisherman's boy1 ,that he shouts with his sister at play6 ,o well for the sailor lad1 ,that he sings in his boat on the bay6 ,and the stately ships go on ,to their haven under the hill2 ,but ,o for the touch of a vanish'd hand1 ,and the sound of a voice that is still6 ,break1 break1 break1 ,at the foot of thy crags1 ,o ,sea6 ,but the tender grace of a day that is dead ,will never come back to me4 ,,lxxxi4 ,,the ,,revenge4 ,a ,,ballad ,,of ,,the ,,fleet1 #aeia4 ,,lord ,,tennyson4 ,at ,flores in the ,azores ,sir ,richard ,grenville lay1 ,and a pinnace1 like a flutter'd bird1 came flying from far away3 ,spanish ships of war at sea6 we have sighted fifty-three6 ,then sware ,lord ,thomas ,howard3 ',fore ,god ,i am no coward6 ,but ,i cannot meet them here1 for my ships are out of gear1 ,and the half my men are sick4 ,i must fly1 but follow quick4 ,we are six ships of the line2 can we fight with fifty-three8 ,then spake ,sir ,richard ,grenville3 ,i know you are no coward2 ,you fly them for a moment to fight with them again4 ,but ,i've ninety men and more that are lying sick ashore4 ,i should count myself the coward if ,i left them1 my ,lord ,howard1 ,to these ,inquisition dogs and the devildoms of ,spain4 ,so ,lord ,howard past away with five ships of war that day1 ,till he melted like a cloud in the silent summer heaven2 ,but ,sir ,richard bore in hand all his sick men from the land ,very carefully and slow1 ,men of ,bideford in ,devon1 ,and we laid them on the ballast down below2 ,for we brought them all aboard1 ,and they blest him in their pain1 that they were not left to ,spain1 ,to the thumbscrew and the stake1 for the glory of the ,lord4 ,he had only a hundred seamen to work the ship and to fight1 ,and he sail'd away from ,flores till the ,spaniard came in sight1 ,with his huge sea-castles heaving upon the weather bow4 ,shall we fight or shall we fly8 ,good ,sir ,richard1 let us know1 ,for to fight is but to die6 ,there'll be little of us left by the time the sun be set4 ,and ,sir ,richard said again3 ,we be all good ,englishmen4 ,let us bang these dogs of ,seville1 the children of the devil1 ,for ,i never turn'd my back upon ,don or devil yet4 ,sir ,richard spoke1 and he laugh'd1 and we roar'd a hurrah1 and so ,the little ,revenge ran on sheer into the heart of the foe1 ,with her hundred fighters on deck1 and her ninety sick below2 ,for half of their fleet to the right and half to the left were seen1 ,and the little ,revenge ran on thro' the long sea-lane between4 ,thousands of their soldiers look'd down from their decks and laugh'd1 ,thousands of their seamen made mock at the mad little craft ,running on and on1 till delay'd ,by their mountain-like ,san ,philip that1 of fifteen hundred tons1 ,and up-shadowing high above us with her yawning tiers of guns1 ,took the breath from our sails1 and we stay'd4 ,and while now the great ,san ,philip hung above us like a cloud ,whence the thunderbolt will fall ,long and loud1 ,four galleons drew away ,from the ,spanish fleet that day1 ,and two upon the larboard and two upon the starboard lay1 ,and the battle-thunder broke from them all4 ,but anon the great ,san ,philip1 she bethought herself and went1 ,having that within her womb that had left her ill-content2 ,and the rest they came aboard us1 and they fought us hand to hand1 ,for a dozen times they came with their pikes and musqueteers1 ,and a dozen times we shook 'em off as a dog that shakes his ears ,when he leaps from the water to the land4 ,and the sun went down1 and the stars came out far over the summer sea1 ,but never a moment ceas'd the fight of the one and the fifty-three4 ,ship after ship1 the whole night long1 their high-built galleons came1 ,ship after ship1 the whole night long1 with their battle-thunder and flame2 ,ship after ship1 the whole night long1 drew back with her dead and her shame2 ,for some were sunk and many were shatter'd1 and so could fight us no more-- ,god of battles1 was ever a battle like this in the world before8 ,for he said1 ,fight on6 fight on6 ,tho' his vessel was all but a wreck2 ,and it chanced that1 when half of the summer night was gone1 ,with a grisly wound to be drest he had left the deck1 ,but a bullet struck him that was dressing it suddenly dead1 ,and himself he was wounded again in the side and the head1 ,and he said1 ,fight on6 fight on6 ,and the night went down1 and the sun smiled out far over the summer sea1 ,and the ,spanish fleet with broken sides lay round us all in a ring2 ,but they dared not touch us again1 for they fear'd that we still could sting1 ,so they watch'd what the end would be4 ,and we had not fought them in vain1 ,but in perilous plight were we1 ,seeing forty of our poor hundred were slain1 ,and half of the rest of us maim'd for life ,in the crash of the cannonades and the desperate strife2 ,and the sick men down in the hold were most of them stark and cold1 ,and the pikes were all broken or bent1 and the powder was all of it spent2 ,and the masts and the rigging were lying over the side2 ,but ,sir ,richard cried in his ,english pride1 ,we have fought such a fight for a day and a night ,as may never be fought again6 ,we have won great glory1 my men6 ,and a day less or more ,at sea or shore1 ,we die--does it matter when8 ,sink me the ship1 ,master ,gunner--sink her1 split her in twain6 ,fall into the hands of ,god1 not into the hands of ,spain6 ,and the gunner said1 ,ay1 ay1 but the seamen made reply3 ,we have children1 we have wives1 ,and the ,lord hath spared our lives4 ,we will make the ,spaniard promise1 if we yield1 to let us go2 ,we shall live to fight again1 and to strike another blow4 ,and the lion there lay dying1 and they yielded to the foe4 ,and the stately ,spanish men to their flagship bore him then1 ,where they laid him by the mast1 old ,sir ,richard caught at last1 ,and they prais'd him to his face with their courtly foreign grace2 ,but he rose upon their decks1 and he cried3 ,i have fought for ,queen and ,faith like a valiant man and true2 ,i have only done my duty as a man is bound to do3 ,with a joyful spirit ,i1 ,sir ,richard ,grenville1 die6 ,and he fell upon their decks1 and he died4 ,and they stared at the dead that had been so valiant and true1 ,and had holden the power and glory of ,spain so cheap1 ,that he dared her with one little ship and his ,english few2 ,was he devil or man8 ,he was devil for aught they knew1 ,but they sank his body with honor down into the deep1 ,and they mann'd the ,revenge with a swarthier alien crew1 ,and away she sail'd with her loss and long'd for her own2 ,when a wind from the lands they had ruin'd awoke from sleep1 ,and the water began to heave and the weather to moan1 ,and or ever that evening ended a great gale blew1 ,and a wave like the wave that is rais'd by an earthquake grew1 ,till it smote on their hulls and their sails and their masts and their flags1 ,and the whole sea plunged and fell on the shot-shatter'd navy of ,spain1 ,and the little ,revenge herself went down by the island crags ,to be lost evermore in the main4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is no land like ,england1 where'er the light of day be2 ,there are no hearts like ,english hearts1 such hearts of oak as they be4 ,,tennyson4 ,,lxxxii4 ,,herve ,,riel4 ,,robert ,,browning4--#ahab- ,on the sea and at the ,hogue1 sixteen hundred ninety-two1 ,did the ,english fight the ,french1--woe to ,france6 ,and1 the thirty-first of ,may1 helter-skelter through the blue1 ,like a crowd of frighten'd porpoises a shoal of sharks pursue1 ,came crowding ship on ship to ,st4 ,malo on the ,rance1 ,with the ,english fleet in view4 ',twas the squadron that escaped1 with the victor in full chase2 ,first and foremost of the drove1 in his great ship1 ,damfreville2 ,close on him fled1 great and small1 ,twenty-two good ships in all2 ,and they signall'd to the place ,help the winners of a race6 ,get us guidance1 give us harbor1 take us quick2--or1 quicker still1 ,here's the ,english can and will6 ,then the pilots of the place put out brisk and leapt on board3 ,why1 what hope or chance have ships like these to pass8 laugh'd they3 ,rocks to starboard1 rocks to port1 all the passage scarr'd and scored1 ,shall the ,formidable here with her twelve and eighty guns ,think to make the river-mouth by the single narrow way1 ,trust to enter where 'tis ticklish for a craft of twenty tons1 ,and with flow at full beside8 ,now1 'tis slackest ebb of tide4 ,reach the mooring8 ,rather say1 ,while rock stands or water runs1 ,not a ship will leave the bay6 ,then was call'd a council straight4 ,brief and bitter the debate3 ,here's the ,english at our heels2 would you have them take in tow ,all that's left us of the fleet1 link'd together stern and bow1 ,for a prize to ,plymouth ,sound8 ,better run the ships aground6 7,ended ,damfreville his speech47 ,not a minute more to wait6 ,let the captains all and each ,shove ashore1 then blow up1 burn the vessels on the beach6 ,france must undergo her fate4 ,give the word6 ,but no such word ,was ever spoke or heard2 ,for up stood1 for out stepp'd1 for in struck1 amid all these1-- ,a captain8 a lieutenant8 a mate1--first1 second1 third8 ,no such man of mark1 and meet ,with his betters to compete6 ,but a simple ,breton sailor press'd by ,tourville for the fleet1 ,a poor coasting-pilot he1--,herve ,riel1 the ,croisickese4 ,and ,what mockery or malice have we here8 cries ,herve ,riel3 ,are you mad1 you ,malouins8 ,are you cowards1 fools1 or rogues8 ,talk to me of rocks and shoals8--me1 who took the soundings1 tell ,on my fingers every bank1 every shallow1 every swell ',twixt the offing here and ,greve where the river disembogues8 ,are you bought by ,english gold8 ,is it love the lying's for8 ,morn and eve1 night and day1 ,have ,i piloted your bay1 ,enter'd free and anchor'd fast at the foot of ,solidor4 ,burn the fleet and ruin ,france8 ,that were worse than fifty ,hogues6 ,sirs1 they know ,i speak the truth6 ,sirs1 believe me there's a way6 ,only let me lead the line1 ,have the biggest ship to steer1 ,get this ,formidable clear1 ,make the others follow mine1 ,and ,i lead them1 most and least1 by a passage ,i know well1 ,right to ,solidor past ,greve1 ,and there lay them safe and sound2 ,and if one ship misbehave1-- ,keel so much as grate the ground1-- ,why1 ,i've nothing but my life1--here's my head6 cries ,herve ,riel4 ,not a minute more to wait4 ,steer us in1 then1 small and great6 ,take the helm1 lead the line1 save the squadron6 cried its chief4 ,captains1 give the sailor place6 ,he is admiral1 in brief4 ,still the north-wind1 by ,god's grace6 ,see the noble fellow's face ,as the big ship1 with a bound1 ,clears the entry like a hound1 ,keeps the passage as its inch of way were the wide sea's profound6 ,see1 safe through shoal and rock1 ,how they follow in a flock6 ,not a ship that misbehaves1 not a keel that grates the ground1 ,not a spar that comes to grief6 ,the peril1 see1 is past6 ,all are harbor'd to the last6 ,and just as ,herve ,riel hollas ,anchor6--sure as fate ,up the ,english come1--too late6 ,so1 the storm subsides to calm3 ,they see the green trees wave ,on the heights o'erlooking ,greve4 ,hearts that bled are stanch'd with balm4 ,just our rapture to enhance1 ,let the ,english rake the bay1 ,gnash their teeth and glare askance ,as they cannonade away6 ',neath rampired ,solidor pleasant riding on the ,rance6 ,now hope succeeds despair on each captain's countenance6 ,out burst all with one accord1 ,this is ,paradise for ,hell6 ,let ,france1 let ,france's king1 ,thank the man that did the thing6 ,what a shout1 and all one word1 ,herve ,riel6 ,as he stepp'd in front once more1 ,not a symptom of surprise ,in the frank blue ,breton eyes1-- ,just the same man as before4 ,then said ,damfreville1 ,my friend1 ,i must speak out at the end1 ,though ,i find the speaking hard4 ,praise is deeper than the lips2 ,you have saved the king his ships1 ,you must name your own reward4 ',faith our sun was near eclipse6 ,demand whate'er you will1 ,france remains your debtor still4 ,ask to heart's content1 and have6 or my name's not ,damfreville4 ,then a beam of fun outbroke ,on the bearded mouth that spoke1 ,as the honest heart laugh'd through ,those frank eyes of ,breton blue3 ,since ,i needs must say my say1 ,since on board the duty's done1 ,and from ,malo ,roads to ,croisic ,point1 what is it but a run8-- ,since 'tis ask and have1 ,i may1-- ,since the others go ashore1-- ,come6 ,a good whole holiday6 ,leave to go and see my wife1 whom ,i call the ,belle ,aurore6 ,that he ask'd and that he got1--nothing more4 ,name and deed alike are lost3 ,not a pillar nor a post ,in his ,croisic keeps alive the feat as it befell2 ,not a head in white and black ,on a single fishing smack1 ,in memory of the man but for whom had gone to wrack ,all that ,france saved from the fight whence ,england bore the bell4 ,go to ,paris3 rank on rank ,search the heroes flung pell-mell ,on the ,louvre1 face and flank6 ,you shall look long enough ere you come to ,herve ,riel4 ,so1 for better and for worse1 ,herve ,riel1 accept my verse6 ,in my verse1 ,herve ,riel1 do thou once more ,save the squadron1 honor ,france1 love thy wife the ,belle ,aurore6 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,summum ,pulchrum rests in heaven above2 ,do thou1 as best thou may'st1 thy duty do3 ,amid the things allow'd thee live and love1 ,some day thou shalt it view4 ,,arthur ,,hugh ,,clough4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,,sonnet4 ,,president ,,wilson4--#ahaf- ,great things were ne'er begotten in an hour2 ,ephemerons in birth1 are such in life2 ,and he who dareth1 in the noble strife ,of intellects1 to cope for real power1-- ,such as ,god giveth as ,his rarest dower ,of mastery1 to the few with greatness rife1-- ,must1 ere the morning mists have ceased to lower ,till the long shadows of the night arrive1 ,stand in the arena4 ,laurels that are won1 ,pluck'd from green boughs1 soon wither2 those that last ,are gather'd patiently1 when sultry noon ,and summer's fiery glare in vain are past4 ,life is the hour of labor2 on ,earth's breast ,serene and undisturb'd shall be thy rest4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,,our ,,ideal4 ,,president ,,wilson4 ,did ever on painter's canvas live ,the power of his fancy's dream8 ,did ever poet's pen achieve ,fruition of his theme8 ,did marble ever take the life ,that the sculptor's soul conceiv'd8 ,or ambition win in passion's strife ,what its glowing hopes believ'd8 ,did ever racer's eager feet ,rest as he reach'd the goal1 ,finding the prize achiev'd was meet ,to satisfy his soul8 ,,lxxxv4 ,,from ,,the ,,apology ,,of ,,socrates4 ,,benjamin ,,jowett4--#ahag- ,from ,,the ,,dialogues ,,of ,,plato4 ,not much time will be gained1 ,o ,athenians1 in return for the evil name which you will get from the detractors of the city1 who will say that you killed ,socrates1 a wise man2 for they will call me wise1 even although ,i am not wise1 when they want to reproach you4 ,if you had waited a little while1 your desire would have been fulfilled in the course of nature4 ,for ,i am far advanced in years1 as you may perceive1 and not far from death4 ,i am speaking now only to those of you who have condemned me to death4 ,and ,i have another thing to say to them3 ,you think that ,i was convicted through deficiency of words--,i mean1 that if ,i had thought fit to leave nothing undone1 nothing unsaid1 ,i might have gained an acquittal4 ,not so2 the deficiency which led to my conviction was not of words--certainly not4 ,but ,i had not the boldness or impudence or inclination to address you as you would have liked me to address you1 weeping and wailing and lamenting1 and saying and doing many things which you have been accustomed to hear from others1 and which1 as ,i say1 are unworthy of me4 ,but ,i thought that ,i ought not to do anything common or mean in the hour of danger3 nor do ,i now repent of the manner of my defense1 and ,i would rather die having spoken after my manner1 than speak in your manner and live4 ,for neither in war nor yet at law ought any man to use every way of escaping death4 ,for often in battle there is no doubt that if a man will throw away his arms1 and fall on his knees before his pursuers1 he may escape death2 and in other dangers there are other ways of escaping death1 if a man is willing to say and do anything4 ,the difficulty1 my friends1 is not in avoiding death1 but in avoiding unrighteousness2 for that runs faster than death4 ,i am old and move slowly1 and the slower runner has overtaken me1 and my accusers are keen and quick1 and the faster runner1 who is unrighteousness1 has overtaken them4 ,and now ,i depart hence1 condemned by you to suffer the penalty of death1 and they too go their ways1 condemned by the truth to suffer the penalty of villainy and wrong2 and ,i must abide by my award--let them abide by theirs4 ,i suppose that these things may be regarded as fated1--and ,i think that they are well4 ,and now1 ,o men who have condemned me1 ,i would fain prophesy to you2 for ,i am about to die1 and that is the hour in which men are gifted with prophetic power4 ,and ,i prophesy to you who are my murderers1 that immediately after my death punishment far heavier than you have inflicted on me will surely await you4 ,me you have killed because you wanted to escape the accuser1 and not to give an account of your lives4 ,but that will not be as you suppose3 far otherwise4 ,for ,i say that there will be more accusers of you than there are now2 accusers whom hitherto ,i have restrained3 and as they are younger they will be more severe with you1 and you will be more offended at them4 ,for if you think that by killing men you can avoid the accuser censuring your lives1 you are mistaken2 that is not a way of escape which is either possible or honorable2 the easiest and the noblest way is not to be crushing others1 but to be improving yourselves4 ,this is the prophecy which ,i utter before my departure to the judges who have condemned me4 ,friends1 who would have acquitted me1 ,i would like also to talk with you about this thing which has happened1 while the magistrates are busy1 and before ,i go to the place at which ,i must die4 ,stay then a while1 for we may as well talk with one another while there is time4 ,you are my friends1 and ,i should like to show you the meaning of this event which has happened to me4 ,o my judges--for you ,i may truly call judges--,i should like to tell you of a wonderful circumstance4 ,hitherto the familiar oracle within me has constantly been in the habit of opposing me even about trifles1 if ,i was going to make a slip or error about anything2 and now as you see there has come upon me that which may be thought1 and is generally believed to be1 the last and worst evil4 ,but the oracle made no sign of opposition1 either as ,i was leaving my house and going out in the morning1 or when ,i was going up into this court1 or while ,i was speaking1 at anything which ,i was going to say2 and yet ,i have often been stopped in the middle of a speech1 but now in nothing ,i either said or did touching this matter has the oracle opposed me4 ,what do ,i take to be the explanation of this8 ,i will tell you4 ,i regard this as a proof that what has happened to me is a good1 and that those of us who think that death is an evil are in error4 ,this is a great proof to me of what ,i am saying1 for the customary sign would surely have opposed me had ,i been going to evil and not to good4 ,let us reflect in another way1 and we shall see that there is great reason to hope that death is a good1 for one of two things3 either death is a state of nothingness and utter unconsciousness1 or1 as men say1 there is a change and migration of the soul from this world to another4 ,now if you suppose that there is no consciousness1 but a sleep like the sleep of him who is undisturbed even by the sight of dreams1 death will be an unspeakable gain4 ,for if a person were to select the night in which his sleep was undisturbed even by dreams1 and were to compare with this the other days and nights of his life1 and then were to tell us how many days and nights he had passed in the course of his life better and more pleasantly than this one1 ,i think that any man1 ,i will not say a private man1 but even the great king will not find many such days or nights1 when compared with the others4 ,now if death is like this1 ,i say that to die is gain2 for eternity is then only a single night4 ,but if death is the journey to another place1 and there1 as men say1 all the dead are1 what good1 ,o my friends and judges1 can be greater than this8 ,if indeed when the pilgrim arrives in the world below1 he is delivered from the professors of justice in this world1 and finds the true judges who are said to give judgment there1 ,minos and ,rhadamanthus1 and1 ,a,eacus1 and ,triptolemus1 and other sons of ,god who were righteous in their own life1 that pilgrimage will be worth making4 ,what would not a man give if he might converse with ,orpheus and ,musaeus and ,hesiod and ,homer8 ,nay1 if this be true1 let me die again and again4 ,i1 too1 shall have a wonderful interest in a place where ,i can converse with ,palamedes1 and ,ajax the son of ,telamon1 and other heroes of old1 who have suffered death through an unjust judgment2 and there will be no small pleasure1 as ,i think1 in comparing my own sufferings with theirs4 ,above all1 ,i shall be able to continue my search into true and false knowledge2 as in this world1 so also in that2 ,i shall find out who is wise1 and who pretends to be wise1 and is not4 ,what would not a man give1 ,o judges1 to be able to examine the leader of the great ,trojan expedition2 or ,odysseus or ,sisyphus1 or numberless others1 men and women too8 ,what infinite delight would there be in conversing with them and asking them questions6 ,for in that world they do not put a man to death for this2 certainly not4 ,for besides being happier in that world than in this1 they will be immortal1 if what is said is true4 ,wherefore1 ,o judges1 be of good cheer about death1 and know this of a truth--that no evil can happen to a good man1 either in life or after death4 ,he and his are not neglected by the gods2 nor has my own approaching end happened by mere chance4 ,but ,i see clearly that to die and be released was better for me2 and therefore the oracle gave no sign4 ,for which reason1 also1 ,i am not angry with my accusers or my condemners2 they have done me no harm1 although neither of them meant to do me any good2 and for this ,i may gently blame them4 ,still ,i have a favor to ask of them4 ,when my sons are grown up1 ,i would ask you1 ,o my friends1 to punish them1 and ,i would have you trouble them1 as ,i have troubled you1 if they seem to care about riches1 or anything1 more than about virtue2 or if they pretend to be something when they are really nothing1--then reprove them1 as ,i have reproved you1 for not caring about that for which they ought to care1 and thinking that they are something when they are really nothing4 ,and if you do this1 ,i and my sons will have received justice at your hands4 ,the hour of departure has arrived1 and we go our ways--,i to die1 and you to live4 ,which is better ,god only knows4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be of good cheer then1 my dear ,crito1 and say that you are burying my body only4 ,socrates1 in the ,,phaedo4--,,plato4 ,,lxxxvi4 ,,the ,,empire ,,of ,,the ,,caesars4 ,,james ,,anthony ,,froude4--#ahah- ,from ,,caesar4 ,of ,caesar it may be said that he came into the world at a special time and for a special object4 ,the old religions were dead1 from the ,pillars of ,hercules to the ,euphrates and the ,nile1 and the principles on which human society had been constructed were dead also4 ,there remained of spiritual conviction only the common and human sense of justice and morality2 and out of this sense some ordered system of government had to be constructed1 under which quiet men could live1 and labor1 and eat the fruit of their industry4 ,under a rule of this material kind there can be no enthusiasm1 no chivalry1 no saintly aspirations1 no patriotism of the heroic type4 ,it was not to last forever4 ,a new life was about to dawn for mankind4 ,poetry1 and faith1 and devotion were to spring again out of the seeds which were sleeping in the heart of humanity4 ,but the life which is to endure grows slowly2 and as the soil must be prepared before the wheat can be sown1 so before the ,kingdom of ,heaven could throw up its shoots there was needed a kingdom of this world where the nations were neither torn in pieces by violence nor were rushing after false ideals and spurious ambitions4 ,such a kingdom was the ,empire of the ,caesars--a kingdom where peaceful men could work1 think1 and speak as they pleased1 and travel freely among provinces ruled for the most part by ,gallios who protected life and property1 and forbade fanatics to tear each other in pieces for their religious opinions4 ,it is not lawful for us to put any man to death1 was the complaint of the ,jewish priests to the ,roman governor4 ,had ,europe and ,asia been covered with independent nations1 each with a local religion represented in its ruling powers1 ,christianity must have been stifled in its cradle4 ,if ,st4 ,paul had escaped the ,sanhedrim at ,jerusalem1 he would have been torn to pieces by the silversmiths at ,ephesus4 ,the appeal to ,caesar's judgment-seat was the shield of his mission1 and alone made possible his success4 ,,lxxxvii4 ,,of ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,life4 ,,john ,,ruskin--#ahai- ,from ,,sesame ,,and ,,lilies4 ,and now1 returning to the broader question what these arts and labors of life have to teach us of its mystery1 this is the first of their lessons--that the more beautiful the art1 the more it is essentially the work of people who feel themselves wrong2--who are striving for the fulfilment of a law1 and the grasp of a loveliness1 which they have not yet attained1 which they feel even farther and farther from attaining1 the more they strive for it4 ,and yet1 in still deeper sense1 it is the work of people who know also that they are right4 ,the very sense of inevitable error from their purpose marks the perfectness of that purpose1 and the continued sense of failure arises from the continued opening of the eyes more clearly to all the sacredest laws of truth4 ,this is one lesson4 ,the second is a very plain1 and greatly precious one1 namely3--that whenever the arts and labors of life are fulfilled in this spirit of striving against misrule1 and doing whatever we have to do1 honorably and perfectly1 they invariably bring happiness1 as much as seems possible to the nature of man4 ,in all other paths1 by which that happiness is pursued1 there is disappointment1 or destruction3 for ambition and for passion there is no rest--no fruition2 the fairest pleasures of youth perish in a darkness greater than their past light2 and the loftiest and purest love too often does but inflame the cloud of life with endless fire of pain4 ,but1 ascending from lowest to highest1 through every scale of human industry1 that industry worthily followed1 gives peace4 ,ask the laborer in the field1 at the forge1 or in the mine2 ask the patient1 delicate-fingered artisan1 or the strong-armed1 fiery-hearted worker in bronze1 and in marble1 and with the colors of light2 and none of these1 who are true workmen1 will ever tell you1 that they have found the law of heaven an unkind one--that in the sweat of their face they should eat bread1 till they return to the ground2 nor that they ever found it an unrewarded obedience1 if1 indeed1 it was rendered faithfully to the command--,whatsoever thy hand findeth to do--do it with thy might4 ,these are the two great and constant lessons which our laborers teach us of the mystery of life4 ,but there is another1 and a sadder one1 which they cannot teach us1 which we must read on their tombstones4 ,do it with thy might4 ,there have been myriads upon myriads of human creatures who have obeyed this law--who have put every breath and nerve of their being into its toil--who have devoted every hour1 and exhausted every faculty--who have bequeathed their unaccomplished thoughts at death--who being dead1 have yet spoken1 by majesty of memory1 and strength of example4 ,and1 at last1 what has all this ,might of humanity accomplished1 in six thousand years of labor and sorrow8 ,what has it done8 ,take the three chief occupations and arts of men1 one by one1 and count their achievements4 ,begin with the first--the lord of them all--agriculture4 ,six thousand years have passed since we were set to till the ground1 from which we were taken4 ,how much of it is tilled8 ,how much of that which is1 wisely or well8 ,in the very centre and chief garden of ,europe--where the two forms of parent ,christianity have had their fortresses--where the noble ,catholics of the ,forest ,cantons1 and the noble ,protestants of the ,vaudois valleys1 have maintained1 for dateless ages1 their faiths and liberties--there the unchecked ,alpine rivers yet run wild in devastation3 and the marshes1 which a few hundred men could redeem with a year's labor1 still blast their helpless inhabitants into fevered idiotism4 ,that is so1 in the centre of ,europe6 ,while1 on the near coast of ,africa1 once the ,garden of the ,hesperides1 an ,arab woman1 but a few sunsets since1 ate her child1 for famine4 ,and1 with all the treasures of the ,east at our feet1 we1 in our own dominion1 could not find a few grains of rice1 for a people that asked of us no more2 but stood by1 and saw five hundred thousand of them perish of hunger4 ,then1 after agriculture1 the art of kings1 take the next head of human arts--weaving2 the art of queens1 honored of all noble ,heathen women1 in the person of their virgin goddess--honored of all ,hebrew women1 by the word of their wisest king--,she layeth her hands to the spindle1 and her hands hold the distaff2 she stretcheth out her hand to the poor4 ,she is not afraid of the snow for her household1 for all her household are clothed with scarlet4 ,she maketh herself covering of tapestry1 her clothing is silk and purple4 ,she maketh fine linen1 and selleth it1 and delivereth girdles to the merchant4 ,what have we done in all these thousands of years with this bright art of ,greek maid and ,christian matron8 ,six thousand years of weaving1 and have we learned to weave8 ,might not every naked wall have been purple with tapestry1 and every feeble breast fenced with sweet colors from the cold8 ,what have we done8 ,our fingers are too few1 it seems1 to twist together some poor covering for our bodies4 ,we set our streams to work for us1 and choke the air with fire1 to turn our spinning-wheels1--and--are we yet clothed8 ,are not the streets of the capitals of ,europe foul with the sale of cast clouts and rotten rags8 ,is not the beauty of your sweet children left in wretchedness of disgrace1 while1 with better honor1 nature clothes the brood of the bird in its nest1 and the suckling of the wolf in her den8 ,and does not every winter's snow robe what you have not robed1 and shroud what you have not shrouded2 and every winter's wind bear up to heaven its wasted souls1 to witness against you hereafter1 by the voice of their ,christ1--,i was naked1 and ye clothed me not8 ,lastly--take the ,art of ,building--the strongest-proudest--most orderly--most enduring of the arts of man1 that of which the produce is in the surest manner accumulative1 and need not perish1 or be replaced2 but if once well done will stand more strongly than the unbalanced rocks--more prevalently than the crumbling hills4 ,the art which is associated with all civic pride and sacred principle2 with which men record their power--satisfy their enthusiasm--make sure their defence--define and make dear their habitation4 ,and1 in six thousand years of building1 what have we done8 ,of the greater part of all that skill and strength1 no vestige is left1 but fallen stones1 that encumber the fields and impede the streams4 ,but from this waste of disorder1 and of time1 and of rage1 what is left to us8 ,constructive and progressive creatures1 that we are1 with ruling brains1 and forming hands2 capable of fellowship1 and thirsting for fame1 can we not contend1 in comfort1 with the insects of the forest1 or1 in achievement1 with the worm of the sea8 ,the white surf rages in vain against the ramparts built by poor atoms of scarcely nascent life2 but only ridges of formless ruin mark the places where once dwelt our noblest multitudes4 ,the ant and the moth have cells for each of their young1 but our little ones lie in festering heaps1 in homes that consume them like graves2 and night by night1 from the corners of our streets1 rises up the cry of the homeless--,i was a stranger1 and ye took me not in4 ,must it be always thus8 ,is our life forever to be without profit--without possession8 ,shall the strength of its generations be as barren as death2 or cast away their labor1 as the wild fig-tree casts her untimely figs8 ,is it all a dream then--the desire of the eyes and the pride of life--or1 if it be1 might we not live in nobler dream than this8 ,the poets and prophets1 the wise men1 and the scribes1 though they have told us nothing about a life to come1 have told us much about the life that is now4 ,they have had--they also1--their dreams1 and we have laughed at them4 ,they have dreamed of mercy1 and of justice2 they have dreamed of peace and good-will2 they have dreamed of labor undisappointed1 and of rest undisturbed2 they have dreamed of fulness in harvest1 and overflowing in store2 they have dreamed of wisdom in council1 and of providence in law2 of gladness of parents1 and strength of children1 and glory of gray hairs4 ,and at these visions of theirs we have mocked1 and held them for idle and vain1 unreal and unaccomplishable4 ,what have we accomplished with our realities8 ,is this what has come of our worldly wisdom1 tried against their folly8 this our mightiest possible1 against their impotent ideal8 or have we only wandered among the spectra of a baser felicity1 and chased phantoms of the tombs1 instead of visions of the ,almighty2 and walked after the imaginations of our evil hearts1 instead of after the counsels of ,eternity1 until our lives--not in the likeness of the cloud of heaven1 but of the smoke of hell--have become as a vapor1 that appeareth for a little time1 and then vanisheth away8 ,does it vanish then8 ,are you sure of that8--sure1 that the nothingness of the grave will be a rest from this troubled nothingness2 and that the coiling shadow1 which disquiets itself in vain1 cannot change into the smoke of the torment that ascends forever8 ,will any answer that they are sure of it1 and that there is no fear1 nor hope1 nor desire1 nor labor1 whither they go8 ,be it so2 will you not1 then1 make as sure of the ,life1 that now is1 as you are of the ,death that is to come8 ,your hearts are wholly in this world--will you not give them to it wisely1 as well as perfectly8 ,and see1 first of all1 that you have hearts1 and sound hearts1 too1 to give4 ,because you have no heaven to look for1 is that any reason that you should remain ignorant of this wonderful and infinite earth1 which is firmly and instantly given you in possession8 ,although your days are numbered1 and the following darkness sure1 is it necessary that you should share the degradation of the brute1 because you are condemned to its mortality2 or live the life of the moth1 and of the worm1 because you are to companion them in the dust8 ,not so2 we may have but a few thousands of days to spend1 perhaps hundreds only--perhaps tens2 nay1 the longest of our time and best1 looked back on1 will be but as a moment1 as the twinkling of an eye2 still1 we are men1 not insects2 we are living spirits1 not passing clouds4 ,he maketh the winds ,his messengers2 the momentary fire1 ,his minister2 and shall we do less than these8 ,let us do the work of men while we bear the form of them2 and1 as we snatch our narrow portion of time out of ,eternity1 snatch also our narrow inheritance of passion out of ,immortality--even though our lives be as a vapor1 that appeareth for a little time1 and then vanisheth away4 ,but there are some of you who believe not this--who think this cloud of life has no such close--that it is to float1 revealed and illumined1 upon the floor of heaven1 in the day when ,he cometh with clouds1 and every eye shall see ,him4 ,some day1 you believe1 within these five1 or ten1 or twenty years1 for every one of us the judgment will be set1 and the books opened4 ,if that be true1 far more than that must be true4 ,is there but one day of judgment8 ,why1 for us every day is a day of judgment--every day is a ,dies ,irae1 and writes its irrevocable verdict in the flame of its ,west4 ,think you that judgment waits till the doors of the grave are opened8 ,it waits at the doors of your houses--it waits at the corners of your streets2 we are in the midst of judgment--the insects that we crush are our judges--the moments we fret away are our judges--the elements that feed us1 judge1 as they minister--and the pleasures that deceive us1 judge as they indulge4 ,let us1 for our lives1 do the work of ,men while we bear the ,form of them1 if indeed those lives are ,not as a vapor1 and do ,not vanish away4 ,,lxxxviii4 ,,the ,,robin4 ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell4--#ahai- ,from ,,my ,,garden ,,acquaintance4 ,the return of the robin is commonly announced by the newspapers1 like that of eminent or notorious people to a watering-place1 as the first authentic notification of spring4 ,and such his appearance in the orchard and garden undoubtedly is4 ,but1 in spite of his name of migratory thrush1 he stays with us all winter1 and ,i have seen him when the thermometer marked #ae degrees below zero of ,fahrenheit1 armed impregnably within1 like ,emerson's ,titmouse1 and as cheerful as he4 ,the robin has a bad reputation among people who do not value themselves less for being fond of cherries4 ,there is1 ,i admit1 a spice of vulgarity in him1 and his song is rather of the ,bloomfield sort1 too largely ballasted with prose4 ,his ethics are of the ,poor ,richard school1 and the main chance which calls forth all his energy is altogether of the belly4 ,he never has those fine intervals of lunacy into which his cousins1 the catbird and the mavis1 are apt to fall4 ,but for a' that and twice as muckle 's a' that1 ,i would not exchange him for all the cherries that ever came out of ,asia ,minor4 ,with whatever faults1 he has not wholly forfeited that superiority which belongs to the children of nature4 ,he has a finer taste in fruit than could be distilled from many successive committees of the ,horticultural ,society1 and he eats with a relishing gulp not inferior to ,dr4 ,johnson's4 ,he feels and freely exercises his right of eminent domain4 ,his is the earliest mess of green peas2 his all the mulberries ,i had fancied mine4 ,but if he get also the lion's share of the raspberries1 he is a great planter1 and sows those wild ones in the woods1 that solace the pedestrian and give a momentary calm even to the jaded victims of the ,white ,hills4 ,he keeps a strict eye over one's fruit1 and knows to a shade of purple when your grapes have cooked long enough in the sun4 ,during a severe drought a few years ago1 the robins wholly vanished from my garden4 ,i neither saw nor heard one for three weeks4 ,meanwhile a small foreign grape-vine1 rather shy of bearing1 seemed to find the dusty air congenial1 and1 dreaming perhaps of its sweet ,argos across the sea1 decked itself1 with a score or so of fair bunches4 ,i watched them from day to day till they should have secreted sugar enough from the sunbeams1 and at last made up my mind that ,i would celebrate my vintage the next morning4 ,but the robins too had somehow kept note of them4 ,they must have sent out spies1 as did the ,jews into the promised land1 before ,i was stirring4 ,when ,i went with my basket1 at least a dozen of these winged vintagers bustled out from among the leaves1 and alighting on the nearest trees interchanged some shrill remarks about me of a derogatory nature4 ,they had fairly sacked the vine4 ,not ,wellington's veterans made cleaner work of a ,spanish town2 not ,federals or ,confederates were ever more impartial in the confiscation of neutral chickens4 ,i was keeping my grapes a secret to surprise the fair ,fidele with1 but the robins made them a profounder secret to her than ,i had meant4 ,the tattered remnant of a single bunch was all my harvest-home4 ,how paltry it looked at the bottom of my basket1--as if a humming-bird had laid her egg in an eagle's nest6 ,i could not help laughing2 and the robins seemed to join heartily in the merriment4 ,there was a native grape-vine close by1 blue with its less refined abundance1 but my cunning thieves preferred the foreign flavor4 ,could ,i tax them with want of taste8 ,the robins are not good solo singers1 but their chorus1 as1 like primitive fire-worshippers1 they hail the return of light and warmth to the world1 is unrivalled4 ,there are a hundred singing like one4 ,they are noisy enough then1 and sing1 as poets should1 with no afterthought4 ,but when they come after cherries to the tree near my window1 they muffle their voices1 and their faint pip1 pip1 pop6 sounds far away at the bottom of the garden1 where they know ,i shall not suspect them of robbing the great black-walnut of its bitter-rinded store4,p ,they are feathered ,pecksniffs1 to be sure1 but then how brightly their breasts1 that look rather shabby in the sunlight1 shine in a rainy day against the dark green of the fringe-tree6 ,after they have pinched and shaken all the life out of an earthworm1 as ,italian cooks pound all the spirit out of a steak1 and then gulped him1 they stand up in honest self-confidence1 expand their red waistcoats with the virtuous air of a lobby member1 and outface you with an eye that calmly challenges inquiry4 ,do ,i look like a bird that knows the flavor of raw vermin8 ,i throw myself upon a jury of my peers4 ,ask any robin if he ever ate anything less ascetic than the frugal berry of the juniper1 and he will answer that his vow forbids him4 ,can such an open bosom cover such depravity8 ,alas1 yes6 ,i have no doubt his breast was redder at that very moment with the blood of my raspberries4 ,on the whole1 he is a doubtful friend in the garden4 ,he makes his dessert of all kinds of berries1 and is not averse from early pears4 ,but when we remember how omnivorous he is1 eating his own weight in an incredibly short time1 and that ,nature seems exhaustless in her invention of new insects hostile to vegetation1 perhaps we may reckon that he does more good than harm4 ,for my own part1 ,i would rather have his cheerfulness and kind neighborhood than many berries4 ,,footnotes3 ,p ,the screech-owl1 whose cry1 despite his ill name1 is one of the sweetest sounds in nature1 softens his voice in the same way with the most beguiling mockery of distance4--,,author',s ,,note4 ,,lxxxix4 ,,the ,,old ,,cradle4 ,,frederick ,,locker4--#ahba- ,and this was your ,cradle8 ,why1 surely1 my ,jenny1 ,such cosy dimensions go clearly to show ,you were an exceedingly small pickaninny ,some nineteen or twenty short summers ago4 ,your baby-days flow'd in a much-troubled channel2 ,i see you1 as then1 in your impotent strife1 ,a tight little bundle of wailing and flannel1 ,perplex'd with the newly-found fardel of ,life4 ,to hint at an infantile frailty's a scandal2 ,let bygones be bygones1 for somebody knows ,it was bliss such a ,baby to dance and to dandle1-- ,your cheeks were so dimpled1 so rosy your toes4 ,ay1 here is your ,cradle2 and ,hope1 a bright spirit1 ,with ,love now is watching beside it1 ,i know4 ,they guard the wee nest it was yours to inherit ,some nineteen or twenty short summers ago4 ,it is ,hope gilds the future1 ,love welcomes it smiling1 ,thus wags this old world1 therefore stay not to ask1 ,my future bids fair1 is my future beguiling8 ,if mask'd1 still it pleases--then raise not its mask4 ,is ,life a poor coil some would gladly be doffing8 ,he is riding post-haste who their wrongs will adjust2 ,for at most 'tis a footstep from cradle to coffin-- ,from a spoonful of pap to a mouthful of dust4 ,then smile as your future is smiling1 my ,jenny2 ,i see you1 except for those infantine woes1 ,little changed since you were but a small pickaninny-- ,your cheeks were so dimpled1 so rosy your toes6 ,ay1 here is your ,cradle1 much1 much to my liking1 ,though nineteen or twenty long winters have sped4 ,hark6 ,as ,i'm talking there's six o'clock striking1-- ,it is time ,,jenny',s ,,baby should be in its bed4 ,,xc4 ,,rugby ,,chapel4 ,,november1 #aheg4 ,,matthew ,,arnold4--#ahbb- ,coldly1 sadly descends ,the autumn-evening4 ,the field ,strewn with its dank yellow drifts ,of wither'd leaves1 and the elms1 ,fade into dimness apace1 ,silent2--hardly a shout ,from a few boys late at their play6 ,the lights come out in the street1 ,in the school-room windows--but cold1 ,solemn1 unlighted1 austere1 ,through the gathering darkness1 arise ,the chapel-walls1 in whose bound ,thou1 my father6 art laid4 ,there thou dost lie1 in the gloom ,of the autumn evening4 ,but ah6 ,that word1 gloom1 to my mind ,brings thee back in the light ,of thy radiant vigor again3 ,in the gloom of ,november we pass'd ,days not dark at thy side2 ,seasons impair'd not the ray ,of thy buoyant cheerfulness clear4 ,such thou wast6 and ,i stand ,in the autumn evening1 and think ,of bygone autumns with thee4 ,fifteen years have gone round ,since thou arosest to tread1 ,in the summer-morning1 the road ,of death1 at a call unforeseen1 ,sudden4 ,for fifteen years1 ,we who till then in thy shade ,rested as under the boughs ,of a mighty oak1 have endured ,sunshine and rain as we might1 ,bare1 unshaded1 alone1 ,lacking the shelter of thee4 ,o strong soul1 by what shore ,tarriest thou now8 ,for that force1 ,surely1 has not been left vain6 ,somewhere1 surely1 afar1 ,in the sounding labor-house vast ,of being1 is practis'd that strength1 ,zealous1 beneficent1 firm6 ,yes1 in some far-shining sphere1 ,conscious or not of the past1 ,still thou performest the word ,of the ,spirit in whom thou dost live-- ,prompt1 unwearied1 as here6 ,still thou upraisest with zeal ,the humble good from the ground1 ,sternly repressest the bad6 ,still1 like a trumpet1 dost rouse ,those who with half-open eyes ,tread the border-land dim ',twixt vice and virtue2 reviv'st1 ,succorest6--this was thy work4 ,this was thy life upon earth4 ,what is the course of the life ,of mortal men on the earth8-- ,most men eddy about ,here and there--eat and drink1 ,chatter and love and hate1 ,gather and squander1 are rais'd ,aloft1 are hurl'd in the dust1 ,striving blindly1 achieving ,nothing2 and then they die-- ,perish--and no one asks ,who or what they have been1 ,more than he asks what waves1 ,in the moonlit solitudes mild ,of the midmost ,ocean1 have swell'd1 ,foam'd for a moment1 and gone4 ,and there are some1 whom a thirst ,ardent1 unquenchable1 fires1 ,not with the crowd to be spent1 ,not without aim to go round ,in an eddy of purposeless dust ,effort unmeaning and vain4 ,ah yes6 some of us strive ,not without action to die ,fruitless1 but something to snatch ,from dull oblivion1 nor all ,glut the devouring grave6 ,we1 we have chosen our path-- ,path to a clear-purpos'd goal1 ,path of advance6--but it leads ,a long1 steep journey1 through sunk ,gorges1 o'er mountains in snow4 ,cheerful1 with friends1 we set forth-- ,then1 on the height1 comes the storm4 ,thunder crashes from rock ,to rock1 the cataracts reply2 ,lightnings dazzle our eyes2 ,roaring torrents have breach'd ,the track1 the stream-bed descends ,in the place where the wayfarer once ,planted his footstep--the spray ,boils o'er its borders6 aloft ,the unseen snow-beds dislodge ,their hanging ruin6--alas1 ,havoc is made in our train6 ,friends1 who set forth at our side1 ,falter1 are lost in the storm4 ,we1 we only are left6-- ,with frowning foreheads1 with lips ,sternly compress'd1 we strain on ,on--and at nightfall at last ,come to the end of our way1 ,to the lonely inn 'mid the rocks2 ,where the gaunt and taciturn host ,stands on the threshold1 the wind ,shaking his thin white hairs-- ,holds his lantern to scan ,our storm-beat figures1 and asks3 ,whom in our party we bring8 ,whom we have left in the snow8 ,sadly we answer3 ,we bring ,only ourselves6 we lost ,sight of the rest in the storm4 ,hardly ourselves we fought through1 ,stripp'd1 without friends1 as we are4 ,friends1 companions1 and train1 ,the avalanche swept from our side4 ,but thou would'st not alone ,be saved1 my father6 alone ,conquer and come to thy goal1 ,leaving the rest in the wild4 ,we were weary2 and we ,fearful1 and we in our march ,fain to drop down and to die4 ,still thou turnedst1 and still ,beckonedst the trembler1 and still ,gavest the weary thy hand4 ,if1 in the paths of the world1 ,stones might have wounded thy feet1 ,toil or dejection have tried ,thy spirit1 of that we saw ,nothing--to us thou wast still ,cheerful1 and helpful1 and firm6 ,therefore to thee it was given ,many to save with thyself2 ,and1 at the end of thy day1 ,o faithful shepherd6 to come1 ,bringing thy sheep in thy hand1 ,and through thee ,i believe ,in the noble and great who are gone2 ,pure souls honor'd and blest ,by former ages1 who else-- ,such1 so soulless1 so poor1 ,is the race of men whom ,i see-- ,seem'd but a dream of the heart1 ,seem'd but a cry of desire4 ,yes6 ,i believe that there liv'd ,others like thee in the past1 ,not like the men of the crowd ,who all round me to-day ,bluster or cringe1 and make life ,hideous1 and arid1 and vile2 ,but souls temper'd with fire1 ,fervent1 heroic1 and good1 ,helpers and friends of mankind4 ,servants of ,god6--or sons ,shall ,i not call you8 because ,not as servants ye knew ,your ,father's innermost mind1 ,his1 who unwillingly sees ,one of his little ones lost-- ,yours is the praise1 if mankind ,hath not as yet in its march ,fainted1 and fallen1 and died6 ,see6 ,in the rocks of the world ,marches the host of mankind1 ,a feeble1 wavering line4 ,where are they tending8--,a ,god ,marshall'd them1 gave them their goal4-- ,ah1 but the way is so long6 ,years they have been in the wild6 ,sore thirst plagues them1 the rocks1 ,rising all round1 overawe2 ,factions divide them1 their host ,threatens to break1 to dissolve4-- ,ah1 keep1 keep them combined6 ,else1 of the myriads who fill ,that army1 not one shall arrive2 ,sole they shall stray2 on the rocks ,batter forever in vain1 ,die one by one in the waste4 ,then1 in such hour of need ,of your fainting1 dispirited race1 ,ye1 like angels1 appear1 ,radiant with ardor divine4 ,beacons of hope1 ye appear6 ,languor is not in your heart1 ,weakness is not in your word1 ,weariness not on your brow4 ,ye alight in our van6 at your voice1 ,panic1 despair1 flee away4 ,ye move through the ranks1 recall ,the stragglers1 refresh the outworn1 ,praise1 re-inspire the brave4 ,order1 courage1 return2 ,eyes rekindling1 and prayers1 ,follow your steps as ye go4 ,ye fill up the gaps in our files1 ,strengthen the wavering line1 ,stablish1 continue our march1 ,on1 to the bound of the waste1 ,on1 to the ,city of ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what know we greater than the soul8 ,on ,god and ,godlike men we build our trust4 ,,tennyson4 ,,xci4 ,,in ,,the ,,orillia ,,woods4 ,,charles ,,sangster4--#ahbb- ,my footsteps press where1 centuries ago1 ,the ,red ,men fought and conquer'd2 lost and won4 ,whole tribes and races1 gone like last year's snow1 ,have found the ,eternal ,hunting-,grounds1 and run ,the fiery gauntlet of their active days1 ,till few are left to tell the mournful tale3 ,and these inspire us with such wild amaze ,they seem like spectres passing down a vale ,steep'd in uncertain moonlight1 on their way ,towards some bourn where darkness blinds the day1 ,and night is wrapp'd in mystery profound4 ,we cannot lift the mantle of the past3 ,we seem to wander over hallow'd ground3 ,we scan the trail of ,thought1 but all is overcast4 ,,there ,,was ,a ,,time--and that is all we know6 ,no record lives of their ensanguin'd deeds3 ,the past seems palsied with some giant blow1 ,and grows the more obscure on what it feeds4 ,a rotted fragment of a human leaf2 ,a few stray skulls2 a heap of human bones6 ,these are the records--the traditions brief-- ',twere easier far to read the speechless stones4 ,the fierce ,ojibwas1 with tornado force1 ,striking white terror to the hearts of braves6 ,the mighty ,hurons1 rolling on their course1 ,compact and steady as the ocean waves6 ,the fiery ,iroquois1 a warrior host6 ,who were they8--,whence8--,and why8 no human tongue can boast6 ,,xcii4 ,,morals ,,and ,,character ,,in ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,century4 ,,goldwin ,,smith4--#ahbc- ,from ,,cowper4 ,the world into which ,cowper came was one very adverse to him1 and at the same time very much in need of him4 ,it was a world from which the spirit of poetry seemed to have fled4 ,there could be no stronger proof of this than the occupation of the throne of ,spenser1 ,shakespeare1 and ,milton1 by the arch-versifier ,pope4 ,the ,revolution of #afhh was glorious1 but unlike the ,puritan ,revolution which it followed1 and in the political sphere partly ratified1 it was profoundly prosaic4 ,spiritual religion1 the source of ,puritan grandeur and of the poetry of ,milton1 was almost extinct2 there was not much more of it among the ,nonconformists1 who had now become to a great extent mere ,whigs1 with a decided ,unitarian tendency4 ,the ,church was little better than a political force cultivated and manipulated by political leaders for their own purposes4 ,the ,bishops were either politicians1 or theological polemics collecting trophies of victory over free-thinkers as titles to higher preferment4 ,the inferior clergy as a body were far nearer in character to ,trulliber than to ,dr4 ,primrose2 coarse1 sordid1 neglectful of their duties1 shamelessly addicted to sinecurism and pluralities1 fanatics in their ,toryism and in attachment to their corporate privileges1 cold1 rationalistic1 and almost heathen in their preachings1 if they preached at all4 ,the society of the day is mirrored in the pictures of ,hogarth in the works of ,fielding and ,smollett2 hard and heartless polish was the best of it2 and not a little of it was ,marriage a la ,mode4 ,chesterfield1 with his soulless culture1 his court graces1 and his fashionable immoralities1 was about the highest type of an ,english gentleman2 but the ,wilkeses1 ,potters1 and ,sandwiches1 whose mania for vice culminated in the ,hell-fire ,club1 were more numerous than the ,chesterfields4 ,among the country squires1 for one ,allworthy1 or ,sir ,roger de ,coverley1 there were many ,westerns4 ,among the common people religion was almost extinct1 and assuredly no new morality or sentiment1 such as ,positivists now promise1 had taken its place4 ,sometimes the rustic thought for himself1 and scepticism took formal possession of his mind2 but as we see from one of ,cowper's letters1 it was a coarse scepticism which desired to be buried with its hounds4 ,ignorance and brutality reigned in the cottage4 ,drunkenness reigned in palace and cottage alike4 ,gambling1 cock-fighting1 and bull-fighting were the amusements of the people4 ,political life1 which1 if it had been pure and vigorous1 might have made up for the absence of spiritual influences1 was corrupt from the top of the scale to the bottom3 its effect on national character is portrayed in ,hogarth's ,election4 ,that property had its duties as well as its rights1 nobody had yet ventured to say or think4 ,the duty of a gentleman towards his own class was to pay his debts of honor1 and to fight a duel whenever he was challenged by one of his own order2 towards the lower class his duty was none4 ,though the forms of government were elective1 and ,cowper gives us a description of the candidate at election time obsequiously soliciting votes1 society was intensely aristocratic1 and each rank was divided from that below it by a sharp line which precluded brotherhood or sympathy4 ,says the ,duchess of ,buckingham to ,lady ,huntingdon1 who had asked her to come and hear ,whitefield1 ,i thank your ladyship for the information concerning the ,methodist preachers2 their doctrines are most repulsive1 and strongly tinctured with disrespect towards their superiors1 in perpetually endeavoring to level all ranks and do away with all distinctions4 ,it is monstrous to be told you have a heart as sinful as the common wretches that crawl on the earth4 ,this is highly offensive and insulting2 and ,i cannot but wonder that your ladyship should relish any sentiments so much at variance with high rank and good breeding4 ,i shall be most happy to come and hear your favorite preacher4 ,her ,grace's sentiments towards the common wretches that crawl on the earth were shared1 we may be sure1 by her ,grace's waiting-maid4 ,of humanity there was as little as there was of religion4 ,it was the age of the criminal law which hanged men for petty thefts1 of life-long imprisonment for debt1 of the stocks and the pillory1 of a ,temple ,bar garnished with the heads of traitors1 of the unreformed prison system1 of the press-gang1 of unrestrained tyranny and savagery at public schools4 ,that the slave trade was iniquitous hardly any one suspected2 even men who deemed themselves religious took part in it without scruple4 ,but a change was at hand1 and a still mightier change was in prospect4 ,at the time of ,cowper's birth1 ,john ,wesley was twenty-eight1 and ,whitefield was seventeen4 ,with them the revival of religion1 was at hand4 ,johnson1 the moral reformer1 was twenty-two4 ,howard was born1 and in less than a generation ,wilberforce was to come4 99 99 99 99 99 ,that is best blood that hath most iron in 't ,to edge resolve with1 pouring without stint ,for what makes manhood dear4 ,,james ,,russell ,,lowell4 ,,xciii4 ,a ,,liberal ,,education4 ,,thomas ,,henry ,,huxley4--#ahbe- ,from ,,lay ,,sermons1 ,,addresses1 ,,and ,,reviews4 ,suppose it were perfectly certain that the life and fortune of every one of us would1 one day or other1 depend upon his winning or losing a game at chess4 ,don't you think that we should all consider it to be a primary duty to learn at least the names and the moves of the pieces2 to have a notion of a gambit1 and a keen eye for all the means of giving and getting out of check8 ,do you not think that we should look with a disapprobation amounting to scorn1 upon the father who allowed his son1 or the state which allowed its members1 to grow up without knowing a pawn from a knight8 ,yet it is a very plain and elementary truth1 that the life1 the fortune1 and the happiness of every one of us1 and1 more or less1 of those who are connected with us1 do depend upon our knowing something of the rules of a game infinitely more difficult and complicated than chess4 ,it is a game which has been played for untold ages1 every man and woman of us being one of the two players in a game of his or her own4 ,the chess-board is the world1 the pieces are the phenomena of the universe1 the rules of the game are what we call the laws of ,nature4 ,the player on the other side is hidden from us4 ,we know that his play is always fair1 just1 and patient4 ,but also we know1 to our cost1 that he never overlooks a mistake1 or makes the smallest allowance for ignorance4 ,to the man who plays well1 the highest stakes are paid1 with that sort of overflowing generosity with which the strong shows delight in strength4 ,and one who plays ill is checkmated--without haste1 but without remorse4 ,my metaphor will remind some of you of the famous picture in which ,retzsch has depicted ,satan playing at chess with man for his soul4 ,substitute for the mocking fiend in that picture1 a calm1 strong angel1 who is playing for love1 as we say1 and would rather lose than win--and ,i should accept it as an image of human life4 ,well1 what ,i mean by ,education1 is learning the rules of this mighty game4 ,in other words1 education is the instruction of the intellect in the laws of ,nature1 under which name ,i include not merely things and their forces1 but men and their ways2 and the fashioning of the affections and of the will into an earnest and loving desire to move in harmony with those laws4 ,for me1 education means neither more nor less than this4 ,anything which professes to call itself education must be tried by this standard1 and if it fails to stand the test1 ,i will not call it education1 whatever may be the force of authority1 or of numbers1 upon the other side4 ,it is important to remember that1 in strictness1 there is no such thing as an uneducated man4 ,take an extreme case4 ,suppose that an adult man1 in the full vigor of his faculties1 could be suddenly placed in the world1 as ,adam is said to have been1 and then left to do as he best might4 ,how long would he be left uneducated8 ,not five minutes4 ,nature would begin to teach him1 through the eye1 the ear1 the touch1 the properties of objects4 ,pain and pleasure would be at his elbow telling him to do this and avoid that2 and by slow degrees the man would receive an education1 which1 if narrow1 would be thorough1 real1 and adequate to his circumstances1 though there would be no extras and very few accomplishments4 ,and if to this solitary man entered a second ,adam1 or1 better still1 an ,eve1 a new and greater world1 that of social and moral phenomena1 would be revealed4 ,joys and woes1 compared with which all others might seem but faint shadows1 would spring from the new relations4 ,happiness and sorrow would take the place of the coarser monitors1 pleasure and pain2 but conduct would still be shaped by the observation of the natural consequences of actions2 or1 in other words1 by the laws of the nature of man4 ,to every one of us the world was once as fresh and new as to ,adam4 ,and then1 long before we were susceptible of any other mode of instruction1 ,nature took us in hand1 and every minute of waking life brought its educational influence1 shaping our actions into rough accordance with ,nature's laws1 so that we might not be ended untimely by too gross disobedience4 ,nor should ,i speak of this process of education as past for any one1 be he as old as he may4 ,for every man1 the world is as fresh as it was at the first day1 and as full of untold novelties for him who has the eyes to see them4 ,and ,nature is still continuing her patient education of us in that great university1 the universe1 of which we are all members--,nature having no ,test-,acts4 ,those who take honors in ,nature's university1 who learn the laws which govern men and things1 and obey them1 are the really great and successful men in this world4 ,the great mass of mankind are the ,poll1 who pick up just enough to get through without much discredit4 ,those who won't learn at all are plucked2 and then you can't come up again4 ,nature's pluck means extermination4 ,thus the question of compulsory education is settled so far as ,nature is concerned4 ,her bill on that question was framed and passed long ago4 ,but1 like all compulsory legislation1 that of ,nature is harsh and wasteful in its operation4 ,ignorance is visited as sharply as wilful disobedience--incapacity meets with the same punishment as crime4 ,nature's discipline is not even a word and a blow1 and the blow first2 but the blow without the word4 ,it is left to you to find out why your ears are boxed4 ,the object of what we commonly call education--that education in which man intervenes and which ,i shall distinguish as artificial education--is to make good these defects in ,nature's methods2 to prepare the child to receive ,nature's education1 neither incapably nor ignorantly1 nor with wilful disobedience2 and to understand the preliminary symptoms of her displeasure1 without waiting for the box on the ear4 ,in short1 all artificial education ought to be an anticipation of natural education4 ,and a liberal education is an artificial education1 which has not only prepared a man to escape the great evils of disobedience to natural laws1 but has trained him to appreciate and to seize upon the rewards which ,nature scatters with as free a hand as her penalties4 ,that man1 ,i think1 has had a liberal education1 who has been so trained in youth that his body is the ready servant of his will1 and does with ease and pleasure all the work that1 as a mechanism1 it is capable of2 whose intellect is a clear1 cold1 logic engine1 with all its parts of equal strength1 and in smooth working order2 ready1 like a steam engine1 to be turned to any kind of work1 and spin the gossamers as well as forge the anchors of the mind2 whose mind is stored with a knowledge of the great and fundamental truths of ,nature and of the laws of her operations2 one1 who1 no stunted ascetic1 is full of life and fire1 but whose passions are trained to come to heel by a vigorous will1 the servant of a tender conscience2 who has learned to love all beauty1 whether of ,nature or of art1 to hate all vileness1 and to respect others as himself4 ,such an one and no other1 ,i conceive1 has had a liberal education2 for he is1 as completely as a man can be1 in harmony with ,nature4 ,he will make the best of her1 and she of him4 ,they will get on together rarely2 she as his ever beneficent mother2 he as her mouth-piece1 her conscious self1 her minister and interpreter4 ,,xciv4 ,,too ,,late4 ,,dinah ,,maria ,,mulock ,,craik4--#ahbf- ,could ye come back to me1 ,douglas1 ,douglas1 ,in the old likeness that ,i knew1 ,i would be so faithful1 so loving1 ,douglas1 ,douglas1 ,douglas1 tender and true4 ,never a scornful word should grieve ye1 ,i'd smile on ye sweet as the angels do1-- ,sweet as your smile on me shone ever1 ,douglas1 ,douglas1 tender and true4 ,o to call back the days that are not6 ,my eyes were blinded1 your words were few2 ,do you know the truth now up in heaven1 ,douglas1 ,douglas1 tender and true8 ,i never was worthy of you1 ,douglas1 ,not half worthy the like of you2 ,now all men beside seem to me like shadows1-- ,i love you1 ,douglas1 tender and true4 ,stretch out your hand to me1 ,douglas1 ,douglas1 ,drop forgiveness from heaven like dew1 ,as ,i lay my heart on your dead heart1 ,douglas1 ,douglas1 ,douglas1 tender and true4 ,,xcv4 ,,amor ,,mundi4 ,,christina ,,georgina ,,rossetti4--#ahcj- ,o where are you going with your love-locks flowing1 ,on the west wind blowing along this valley track8 ,the down-hill path is easy1 come with me an it please ye1 ,we shall escape the up-hill by never turning back4 ,so they two went together in glowing ,august weather1 ,the honey-breathing heather lay to their left and right2 ,and dear she was to doat on1 her swift feet seem'd to float on ,the air like soft twin pigeons too sportive to alight4 ,oh1 what is that in heaven where grey cloud-flakes are seven1 ,where blackest clouds hang riven just at the rainy skirt8 ,oh1 that's a meteor sent us1 a message dumb1 portentous1 ,an undecipher'd solemn signal of help or hurt4 ,oh1 what is that glides quickly where velvet flowers grow thickly1 ,their scent comes rich and sickly8 ,a scaled and hooded worm4 ,oh1 what's that in the hollow1 so pale ,i quake to follow8 ,oh1 that's a thin dead body which waits the eternal term4 ,turn again1 ,o my sweetest1--turn again1 false and fleetest3 ,this beaten way thou beatest1 ,i fear is hell's own track4 ,nay1 too steep for hill mounting2 nay1 too late for cost counting3 ,this down-hill path is easy1 but there's no turning back4 ,,xcvi4 ,,toujours ,,amour4 ,,edmund ,,clarence ,,stedman4--#ahcc- ,prithee tell me1 ,dimple-,chin1 ,at what age does love begin8 ,your blue eyes have scarcely seen ,summers three1 my fairy queen1 ,but a miracle of sweets1 ,soft approaches1 sly retreats1 ,show the little archer there1 ,hidden in your pretty hair2 ,when didst learn a heart to win8 ,prithee tell me1 ,dimple-,chin6 ,oh6 the rosy lips reply1 ,i can't tell you if ,i try4 ,tis so long ,i can't remember3 ,ask some younger lass than ,i4 ,tell1 ,o tell me1 ,grizzled-,face1 ,do your heart and head keep pace8 ,when does hoary ,love expire1 ,when do frosts put out the fire8 ,can its embers burn below ,all that chill ,december snow8 ,care you still soft hands to press1 ,bonny heads to smooth and bless8 ,when does ,love give up the chase8 ,tell1 ,o tell me1 ,grizzled-,face6 ,ah6 the wise old lips reply1 ,youth may pass and strength may die2 ,but of ,love ,i can't foretoken3 ,ask some older sage than ,i6 ,,xcvii4 ,,england4 ,,thomas ,,bailey ,,aldrich4--#ahcf- ,while men pay reverence to mighty things1 ,they must revere thee1 thou blue-cinctured isle ,of ,england--not to-day1 but this long while ,in the front of nations1 ,mother of great kings1 ,soldiers1 and poets4 ,round thee the ,sea flings ,his steel-bright arm1 and shields thee from the guile ,and hurt of ,france4 ,secure1 with august smile1 ,thou sittest1 and the ,east its tribute brings4 ,some say thy old-time power is on the wane1 ,thy moon of grandeur fill'd1 contracts at length-- ,they see it darkening down from less to less4 ,let but a hostile hand make threat again1 ,and they shall see thee in thy ancient strength1 ,each iron sinew quivering1 lioness6 99 99 99 99 99 ,such kings of shreds have woo'd and won her1 ,such crafty knaves her laurel own'd1 ,it has become almost an honor ,not to be crown'd4 ,,thomas ,,bailey ,,aldrich4 ,on ,popularity4 ,,xcviii4 ,,rococo4 ,,thomas ,,bailey ,,aldrich4 ,by studying my lady's eyes ,i've grown so learned day by day1 ,so ,machiavelian in this wise1 ,that when ,i send her flowers1 ,i say ,to each small flower 7no matter what1 ,geranium1 pink1 or tuberose1 ,syringa1 or forget-me-not1 ,or violet7 before it goes3 ,be not triumphant1 little flower1 ,when on her haughty heart you lie1 ,but modestly enjoy your hour3 ,she'll weary of you by-and-by4 ,,xcix4 ,,kings ,,of ,,men4 ,,john ,,reade4--#ahcg- ,as hills seem ,alps1 when veil'd in misty shroud1 ,some men seem kings1 through mists of ignorance2 ,must we have darkness1 then1 and cloud on cloud1 ,to give our hills and pigmy kings a chance8 ,must we conspire to curse the humbling light1 ,lest some one1 at whose feet our fathers bow'd1 ,should suddenly appear1 full length1 in sight1 ,scaring to laughter the adoring crowd8 ,oh1 no6 ,god send us light6--,who loses then8 ,the king of slaves and not the king of men4 ,true kings are kings for ever1 crown'd of ,god1 ,the ,king of ,kings1--we need not fear for them4 ',tis only the usurper's diadem ,that shakes at touch of light1 revealing fraud4 ,c4 ,,thalatta6 ,,thalatta6 ,,john ,,reade4 ,in my ear is the moan of the pines--in my heart is the song of the sea1 ,and ,i feel his salt breath on my face as he showers his kisses on me1 ,and ,i hear the wild scream of the gulls1 as they answer the call of the tide1 ,and ,i watch the fair sails as they glisten like gems on the breast of a bride4 ,from the rock where ,i stand to the sun is a pathway of sapphire and gold1 ,like a waif of those ,patmian visions that wrapt the lone seer of old1 ,and it seems to my soul like an omen that calls me far over the sea-- ,but ,i think of a little white cottage and one that is dearest to me4 ,westward ho6 ,far away to the ,east is a cottage that looks to the shore1-- ,though each drop in the sea were a tear1 as it was1 ,i can see it no more2 ,for the heart of its pride with the flowers of the ,vale of the ,shadow reclines1 ,and--hush'd is the song of the sea and hoarse is the moan of the pines4 ,,ci4 ,,the ,,forsaken ,,garden4 ,,algernon ,,charles ,,swinburne4--#ahcg- ,in a coign of the cliff between lowland and highland1 ,at the sea-down's edge between windward and lee1 ,wall'd round with rocks as an inland island1 ,the ghost of a garden fronts the sea4 ,a girdle of brushwood and thorn encloses ,the steep square slope of the blossomless bed ,where the weeds that grew green from the graves of its roses ,now lie dead4 ,the fields fall southward1 abrupt and broken1 ,to the low last edge of the long lone land4 ,if a step should sound or a word be spoken1 ,would a ghost not rise at the strange guest's hand8 ,so long have the gray bare walks lain guestless1 ,through branches and briers if a man make way1 ,he shall find no life but the sea-wind's1 restless ,night and day4 ,the dense hard passage is blind and stifled1 ,that crawls by a track none turn to climb ,to the strait waste place that the years have rifled ,of all but the thorns that are touch'd not of time4 ,the thorns he spares when the rose is taken2 ,the rocks are left when he wastes the plain4 ,the wind that wanders1 the weeds wind-shaken1 ,these remain4 ,not a flower to be prest of the foot that falls not2 ,as the heart of a dead man the seed-plots are dry2 ,from the thicket of thorns whence the nightingale calls not1 ,could she call1 there were never a rose to reply4 ,over the meadows that blossom and wither ,rings but the note of sea-bird's song2 ,only the sun and the rain come hither ,all year long4 ,the sun burns sere and the rain dishevels ,one gaunt bleak blossom of scentless breath4 ,only the wind here hovers and revels ,in a round where life seems barren as death4 ,here there was laughing of old1 there was weeping1 ,haply1 of lovers none ever will know1 ,whose eyes went seaward a hundred sleeping ,years ago4 ,heart handfast in heart as they stood1 ,look thither1 ,did he whisper8 ,look forth from the flowers to the sea2 ,for the foam-flowers endure when the rose-blossoms wither1 ,and men that love lightly may die--but we8 ,and the same wind sang and the same waves whiten'd1 ,and or ever the garden's last petals were shed1 ,in the lips that had whisper'd1 the eyes that had lighten'd1 ,love was dead4 ,or they lov'd their life through1 and then went whither8 ,and were one to the end--but what end who knows8 ,love deep as the sea as a rose must wither1 ,as the rose-red seaweed that mocks the rose4 ,shall the dead take thought for the dead to love them8 ,what love was ever as deep as a grave8 ,they are loveless now as the grass above them ,or the wave4 ,all are at one now1 roses and lovers1 ,not known of the cliffs and the fields and the sea4 ,not a breath of the time that has been hovers ,in the air now soft with a summer to be4 ,not a breath shall there sweeten the seasons hereafter ,of the flowers or the lovers that laugh now or weep1 ,when as they that are free now of weeping and laughter ,we shall sleep4 ,here death may deal not again for ever2 ,here change may come not till all change end4 ,from the graves they have made they shall rise up never1 ,who have left nought living to ravage and rend4 ,earth1 stones1 and thorns of the wild ground growing1 ,when the sun and the rain live1 these shall be2 ,till a last wind's breath upon all these blowing ,roll the sea4 ,till the slow sea rise and the sheer cliff crumble1 ,till terrace and meadow the deep gulfs drink1 ,till the strength of the waves of the high tides humble ,the fields that lessen1 the rocks that shrink1 ,here now in his triumph where all things falter1 ,stretch'd out on the spoils that his own hand spread1 ,as a god self-slain on his own strange altar1 ,death lies dead4 ,,cii4 ,a ,,ballad ,,to ,,queen ,,elizabeth ,,of ,,the ,,spanish ,,armada4 7,,ballade47 ,,austin ,,dobson4--#ahdj- ,king ,philip had vaunted his claims2 ,he had sworn for a year he would sack us2 ,with an army of heathenish names ,he was coming to fagot and stack us2 ,like the thieves of the sea he would track us1 ,and shatter our ships on the main2 ,but we had bold ,neptune to back us1-- ,and where are the galleons of ,spain8 ,his carackes were christen'd of dames ,to the kirtles whereof he would tack us2 ,with his saints and his gilded stern-frames1 ,he had thought like an egg-shell to crack us2 ,now ,howard may get to his ,flaccus1 ,and ,drake to his ,devon again1 ,and ,hawkins bowl rubbers to ,bacchus1-- ,for where are the galleons of ,spain8 ,let his ,majesty hang to ,st4 ,james ,the axe that he whetted to hack us2 ,he must play at some lustier games ,or at sea he can hope to out-thwack us2 ,to his mines of ,peru he would pack us ,to tug at his bullet and chain2 ,alas6 that his ,greatness should lack us6-- ,but where are the galleons of ,spain8 ,,envoy4 ,,gloriana6--the ,don may attack us ,whenever his stomach be fain2 ,he must reach us before he can rack us1 444 ,and where are the galleons of ,spain8 99 99 99 99 99 ,he lives not best who dreads the coming pain ,and shunneth each delight desirable3 ,,flee ,,thou ,,extremes1 this word alone is plain1 ,of all that ,god hath given to ,man to spell6 ,,andrew ,,lang4--#ahdd4 ,from ,sonnets from the ,antique4 ,,ciii4 ,,circe4 7,,triolet47 ,,austin ,,dobson4 ,in the ,school of ,coquettes ,madame ,rose is a scholar3-- ,o1 they fish with all nets ,in the ,school of ,coquettes6 ,when her brooch she forgets ',tis to show her new collar2 ,in the ,school of ,coquettes ,madame ,rose is a scholar6 ,,civ4 ,,scenes ,,from ,,tecumseh4,q ,,charles ,,mair4--#ahdj- ,,scene4--,,tecumseh',s ,cabin4 ,enter ,,iena4 ,iena4 ',tis night1 and ,mamatee is absent still6 ,why should this sorrow weigh upon my heart1 ,and other lonely things on earth have rest8 ,oh1 could ,i be with them6 ,the lily shone ,all day upon the stream1 and now it sleeps ,under the wave in peace--in cradle soft ,which sorrow soon may fashion for my grave4 ,ye shadows which do creep into my thoughts-- ,ye curtains of despair6 what is my fault1 ,that ye should hide the happy earth from me8 ,once ,i had joy of it1 when tender ,spring1 ,mother of beauty1 hid me in her leaves2 ,when ,summer led me by the shores of song1 ,and forests and far-sounding cataracts ,melted my soul with music4 ,i have heard ,the rough chill harpings of dismantled woods1 ,when ,fall had stripp'd them1 and have felt a joy ,deeper than ear could lend unto the heart2 ,and when the ,winter from his mountains wild ,look'd down on death1 and1 in the frosty sky1 ,the very stars seem'd hung with icicles1 ,then came a sense of beauty calm and cold1 ,that wean'd me from myself1 yet knit me still ,with kindred bonds to ,nature4 ,all is past1 ,and he--who won from me such love for him1 ,and he--my valiant uncle and my friend1 ,comes not to lift the cloud that drapes my soul1 ,and shield me from the fiendish ,prophet's power4 ,enter ,,mamatee4 ,give me his answer in his very words6 ,mamatee4 ,there is a black storm raging in his mind-- ,his eye darts lightning like the angry cloud ,which hangs in woven darkness o'er the earth4 ,brief is his answer--you must go to him4 ,the ,long-,knife's camp-fires gleam among the oaks ,which dot yon western hill4 ,a thousand men ,are sleeping there cajoled to fatal dreams ,by promises the ,prophet breaks to-night4 ,hark6 'tis the war-song4 ,iena4 ,dares the ,prophet now ,betray ,tecumseh's trust1 and break his faith8 ,mamatee4 ,he dares do anything will feed ambition4 ,his dancing braves are frenzied by his tongue1 ,which prophesies revenge and victory4 ,before the break of day he will surprise ,the ,long-,knife's camp1 and hang our people's fate ,upon a single onset4 ,iena4 ,should he fail8 ,mamatee4 ,then all will fail2--,tecumseh's scheme will fail4,r ,iena4 ,it shall not6 ,let us go to him at once6 ,mamatee4 ,and risk your life8 ,iena4 ,risk hovers everywhere ,when night and man combine for darksome deeds4 ,i'll go to him1 and argue on my knees-- ,yea1 yield my hand--would ,i could give my heart ,to stay his purpose and this act of ruin4 ,mamatee4 ,he is not in the mood for argument4 ,rash girl6 they die who would oppose him now4 ,iena4 ,such death were sweet as life--,i go6 ,but1 first-- ,great ,spirit6 ,i commit my soul to ,thee4 ,kneels4 ,,scene4--,an open space in the forest near the ,prophet's ,town4 ,a fire of billets burning4 ,war-cries are heard from the town4 ,enter the ,,prophet4 ,prophet4 ,my spells do work apace6 ,shout yourselves hoarse1 ,ye howling ministers by whom ,i climb6 ,for this ,i've wrought until my weary tongue1 ,blister'd with incantation1 flags in speech1 ,and half declines its office4 ,every brave ,inflamed by charms and oracles1 is now ,a vengeful serpent1 who will glide ere morn ,to sting the ,long-,knife's sleeping camp to death4 ,why should ,i hesitate8 ,my promises6 ,my duty to ,tecumseh6 ,what are these ,compared with duty here8 ,where ,i perceive ,a near advantage1 there my duty lies2 ,consideration strong which overweighs ,all other reason4 ,here is ,harrison-- ,trepann'd to dangerous lodgment for the night-- ,each deep ravine which grooves the prairie's breast ,a channel of approach2 each winding creek ,a screen for creeping death4 ,revenge is sick ,to think of such advantage flung aside4 ,for what8 ,to let ,tecumseh's greatness grow1 ,who gathers his rich harvest of renown ,out of the very fields that ,i have sown6 ,by ,manitou1 ,i will endure no more6 ,nor1 in the rising flood of our affairs1 ,fish like an osprey for this eagle longer4 ,but1 soft6 ,it is the midnight hour when comes ,tarhay to claim his bride4 ,calls4 ,tarhay6 ,tarhay6 ,enter ,,tarhay with several braves4 ,tarhay4 ,tarhay is here6 ,prophet4 ,the ,long-,knives die to-night4 ,the spirits which do minister to me ,have breathed this utterance within my ear4 ,you know my sacred office cuts me off ,from the immediate leadership in fight4 ,my nobler work is in the spirit-world1 ,and thence come promises which make us strong4 ,near to the foe ,i'll keep the ,magic ,bowl1 ,whilst you1 ,tarhay1 shall lead our warriors on4 ,tarhay4 ,i'll lead them2 they are wild with eagerness4 ,but fill my cold and empty cabin first ,with light and heat6 ,you know ,i love your niece1 ,and have the promise of her hand to-night4 ,prophet4 ,she shall be yours6 ,to the braves4 ,go bring her here at once-- ,but1 look6 ,fulfilment of my promise comes ,in her own person4 ,enter ,,iena and ,,mamatee4 ,welcome1 my sweet niece6 ,you have forstall'd my message by these braves1 ,and come unbidden to your wedding-place4 ,iena4 ,uncle6 you know my heart is far away-- ,prophet4 ,but still your hand is here6 this little hand6 ,pulling her forward4 ,iena4 ,dare you enforce a weak and helpless girl1 ,who thought to move you by her misery8 ,stand back6 ,i have a message for you too4 ,what means the war-like song1 the dance of braves1 ,and bustle in our town8 ,prophet4 ,it means that we ,attack the foe to-night4 ,iena4 ,and risk our all8 ,o that ,tecumseh knew6 his soul would rush ,in arms to intercept you4 ,what6 break faith1 ,and on the hazard of a doubtful strife1 ,stake his great enterprise and all our lives6 ,the dying curses of a ruin'd race ,will wither up your wicked heart for this6 ,prophet4 ,false girl6 your heart is with our foes2 ,your hand ,i mean to turn to better use4 ,iena4 ,oh1 could it turn you from your mad intent ,how freely would ,i give it6 ,drop this scheme1 ,dismiss your frenzied warriors to their beds2 ,and1 if contented with my hand1 ,tarhay ,can have it here4 ,tarhay4 ,i love you1 ,iena6 ,iena4 ,then must you love what ,i do6 ,love our race6 ',tis this love nerves ,tecumseh to unite ,its scatter'd tribes--his fruit of noble toil1 ,which you would snatch unripen'd from his hand1 ,and feed to sour ambition4 ,touch it not-- ,oh1 touch it not1 ,tarhay6 and though my heart ,breaks for it1 ,i am yours4 ,prophet4 ,his anyway1 ,or ,i am not the ,prophet6 ,tarhay4 ,for my part ,i have no leaning to this rash attempt1 ,since ,iena consents to be my wife4 ,prophet4 ,shall ,i be thwarted by a yearning fool6 ,aside4 ,this soft1 sleek girl1 to outward seeming good1 ,i know to be a very fiend beneath-- ,whose sly affections centre on herself1 ,and feed the gliding snake within her heart4 ,tarhay4 ,i cannot think her so-- ,mamatee4 ,she is not so6 ,there is the snake that creeps among our race2 ,whose venom'd fangs would bile into our lives1 ,and poison all our hopes4 ,prophet4 ,she is the head-- ,the very neck of danger to me here1 ,which ,i must break at once6 ,aside4 ,tarhay--attend6 ,i can see dreadful visions in the air2 ,i can dream awful dreams of life and fate2 ,i can bring darkness on the heavy earth2 ,i can fetch shadows from our fathers' graves1 ,and spectres from the sepulchres of hell4 ,who dares dispute with me1 disputes with death6 ,dost hear1 ,tarhay8 ,,tarhay and braves cower before the ,,prophet4 ,tarhay4 ,i hear1 and will obey4 ,spare me6 ,spare me6 ,prophet4 ,as for this foolish girl1 ,the hand she offers you on one condition1 ,i give to you upon a better one2 ,and1 since she has no mind to give her heart-- ,which1 rest assured1 is in her body still-- ,there1--take it at my hands6 ,flings ,,iena violently towards ,,tarhay1 into whose arms she falls fainting1 and is then borne away by ,,mamatee4 ,to ,,tarhay4 ,go bring the braves to view the ,mystic ,torch ,and belt of ,sacred ,beans grown from my flesh-- ,one touch of it makes them invulnerable-- ,then creep1 like stealthy panthers1 on the foe6 ,,scene4--,morning4 ,the field of ,tippecanoe after the battle4 ,the ground strewn with dead soldiers and warriors4 ,enter ,,harrison1 officers and soldiers1 and ,,barron4 ,harrison4 ,a costly triumph reckon'd by our slain6 ,look how some lie still clench'd with savages ,in all-embracing death1 their bloody hands ,glued in each other's hair6 ,make burial straight ,of all alike in deep and common graves3 ,their quarrel now is ended4 #ast ,officer4 ,i have heard ,the red man fears our steel--'twas not so here2 ,from the first shots1 which drove our pickets in1 ,till daylight dawn'd1 they rush'd upon our lines1 ,and flung themselves upon our bayonet points ,in frenzied recklessness of bravery4 ,barron4 ,they trusted in the ,prophet's rites and spells1 ,which promis'd them immunity from death4 ,all night he sat on yon safe eminence1 ,howling his songs of war and mystery1 ,then fled1 at dawn1 in fear of his own braves4 ,enter an ,,aide4 ,harrison4 ,what tidings bring you from the ,prophet's ,town8 ,aide4 ,the wretched women with their children fly ,to distant forests for concealment4 ,in ,their village is no living thing save mice ,which scamper'd as we oped each cabin door4 ,their pots still simmer'd on the vacant hearths1 ,standing in dusty silence and desertion4 ,naught else we saw1 save that their granaries ,were cramm'd with needful corn4 ,harrison4 ,go bring it all-- ,then burn their village down6 ,exit ,,aide4 #bnd ,officer4 ,this victory ,will shake ,tecumseh's project to the base4 ,were ,i the ,prophet ,i should drown myself ,rather than meet him4 ,barron4 ,we have news of him-- ,our scouts report him near in heavy force4 ,harrison4 ',twill melt1 or draw across the ,british line1 ,and wait for war4 ,but double the night watch1 ,lest he should strike1 and give an instant care ,to all our wounded men3 to-morrow's sun ,must light us on our backward march for home4 ,thence ,rumor's tongue will spread so proud a story ,new ,england will grow envious of our glory2 ,and1 greedy for renown so long abhorr'd1 ,will on old ,england draw the tardy sword6 ,,scene4--,the ,ruins of the ,prophet's ,town4 ,enter the ,,prophet1 who gloomily surveys the place4 ,prophet4 ,our people scatter'd1 and our town in ashes6 ,to think these hands could work such madness here-- ,this envious head devise this misery6 ,tecumseh1 had not my ambition drawn ,such sharp and fell destruction on our race ,you might have smiled at me6 for ,i have match'd ,my cunning 'gainst your wisdom1 and have dragg'd ,myself and all into a sea of ruin4 ,enter ,,tecumseh4 ,tecumseh4 ,devil6 ,i have discover'd you at last6 ,you sum of treacheries1 whose wolfish fangs ,have torn our people's flesh--you shall not live6 ,the ,,prophet retreats facing and followed by ,,tecumseh4 ,prophet4 ,nay--strike me not6 ,i can explain it all6 ,it was a woman touch'd the ,magic ,bowl1 ,and broke the brooding spell4 ,tecumseh4 ,impostor6 ,slave6 ,why should ,i spare you8 ,lifts his hand as if to strike4 ,prophet4 ,stay1 stay1 touch me not6 ,one mother bore us in the self-same hour4 ,tecumseh4 ,then good and evil came to light together4 ,go to the corn-dance1 change your name to villain6 ,away6 ,your presence tempts my soul to mischief4 ,exit the ,,prophet hastily4 ,would that ,i were a woman1 and could weep1 ,and slake hot rage with tears6 ,o spiteful fortune1 ,to lure me to the limit of my dreams1 ,then turn and crowd the ruin of my toil ,into the narrow compass of a night6 ,my brother's deep disgrace--myself the scorn ,of envious harriers and thieves of fame1 ,who fain would rob me of the lawful meed ,of faithful services and duties done-- ,oh1 ,i could bear it all6 ,but to behold ,our ruin'd people hunted to their graves-- ,to see the ,long-,knife triumph in their shame-- ,this is the burning shaft1 the poison'd wound ,that rankles in my soul6 ,but1 why despair8 ,all is not lost--the ,english are our friends4 ,my spirit rises--manhood bear me up6 ,i'll haste to ,malden1 join my force to theirs1 ,and fall with double fury on our foes4 ,farewell ye plains and forests1 but rejoice6 ,ye yet shall echo to ,tecumseh's voice4 ,enter ,,lefroy4 ,lefroy4 ,what tidings have you glean'd of ,iena8 ,tecumseh4 ,my brother meant to wed her to ,tarhay-- ,the chief who led his warriors to ruin2 ,but1 in the gloom and tumult of the night1 ,she fled into the forest all alone4 ,lefroy4 ,alone6 ,in the wide forest all alone6 ,angels are with her now1 for she is dead4 ,tecumseh4 ,you know her to be skilful with the bow4 ',tis certain she would strike for some great ,lake-- ,erie or ,michigan4 ,at the ,detroit ,are people of our nation1 and perchance ,she fled for shelter there4 ,i go at once ,to join the ,british force4 ,exit ,,tecumseh4 ,lefroy4 ,but yesterday ,i climb'd to ,heaven upon the shining stairs ,of love and hope1 and here am quite cast down4 ,my little flower amidst a weedy world1 ,where art thou now8 ,in deepest forest shade8 ,or onward1 where the sumach stands array'd ,in autumn splendor1 its alluring form ,fruited1 yet odious with the hidden worm8 ,or1 farther1 by some still sequester'd lake1 ,loon-haunted1 where the sinewy panthers slake ,their noon-day thirst1 and never voice is heard ,joyous of singing waters1 breeze or bird1 ,save their wild wailings4--,a halloo without4 ',tis ,tecumseh calls6 ,oh ,iena6 ,if dead1 where'er thou art-- ,thy saddest grave will be this ruin'd heart6 ,exit4 ,,footnotes3 ,q ,these scenes are enacted at the ,prophet's ,town1 an ,indian village1 situated at the junction of the ,tippecanoe river with the ,wabash1 the latter a tributary of the ,ohio4 ,tecumseh is gone on a mission to the ,southern ,indians to induce them to unite in a confederation of all the ,indian tribes1 leaving his brother1 the ,prophet1 in charge of the tribes already assembled1 having strictly enjoined upon him not to quarrel with the ,americans1 or ,long-,knives1 as the ,indians called them1 during his absence4 ,general ,harrison1 ,governor of ,indiana1 and commander of the ,american forces1 having learned of ,tecumseh's plans1 marches to attack the ,prophet2 but the latter1 pretending to be friendly1 sends out some chiefs to meet ,harrison4 ,by the advice of these chiefs1 the ,americans encamp on an elevated plateau1 near the ,prophet's ,town1--a very fitting place1 to the mind of ,harrison's officers1 but to the practised eye of ,harrison himself1 also well fitted for a night attack by the ,indians4 ,he1 therefore1 very wisely makes all necessary preparations for defence against any sudden attack4 ,tecumseh has left behind him1 under the protection of the ,prophet1 his wife1 ,mamatee1 and his niece1 ,iena4 ,he is accompanied on his mission by ,lefroy1 an ,english poet-artist1 enamoured of ,indian life1 and in love with ,iena4 ,the ,prophet1 who is hostile to ,lefroy1 intends to marry ,iena to ,tarhay1 one of his chiefs1 but ,mamatee has gone to intercede with her brother-in-law for ,iena1 and1 if possible1 to turn him from his purpose4 ,r ,tecumseh had long foreseen that nothing but combination could prevent the encroachments of the whites upon the ,ohio1 and had long been successfully endeavoring to bring about a union of the tribes who inhabited its valley4 ,the ,fort ,wayne treaties gave a wider scope to his design1 and he now originated his great scheme of a federation of the entire red race4 ,in pursuance of this object1 his exertions1 hitherto very arduous1 became almost superhuman4 ,he made repeated journeys1 and visited almost every tribe from the ,gulf of ,mexico to the ,great ,lakes1 and even north of them1 and far to the west of the ,mississippi4 ,in order to further his scheme he took advantage of his brother's growing reputation as a prophet1 and allowed him to gain a powerful hold upon the superstitious minds of his people by his preaching and predictions4 ,the ,prophet professed to have obtained from the ,great ,spirit a magic bowl1 which possessed miraculous qualities2 also a mystic torch1 presumably from ,nanabush1 the keeper of the sacred fire4 ,he asserted that a certain belt1 said to make those invulnerable who touched it whilst in his hands1 was composed of beans which had grown from his flesh2 and this belt was circulated far and wide by ,indian runners1 finding its way even to the ,red ,river of the ,north4 ,these1 coupled with his oratory and mummeries1 greatly enhanced an influence which was possibly added to by a gloomy and saturnine countenance1 made more forbidding still by the loss of an eye4 ,unfortunately for ,tecumseh's enterprise1 the ,prophet was more bent upon personal notoriety than upon the welfare of his people2 and1 whilst professing the latter1 indulged his ambition1 in ,tecumseh's absence1 by a precipitate attack upon ,harrison's force on the ,tippecanoe4 ,his defeat discredited his assumption of supernatural powers1 led to distrust and defection1 and wrecked ,tecumseh's plan of independent action4 ,but the protection of his people was ,tecumseh's sole ambition2 and1 true statesman that he was1 he joined the ,british at ,amherstburg 7,fort ,malden71 in ,upper ,canada1 with a large force1 and in the summer of #ahab began that series of services to the ,british interest which has made his name a household word in ,canada1 and endeared him to the ,canadian heart4--,from ,,author',s ,,note4 ,,cv4 ,,the ,,return ,,of ,,the ,,swallows4 ,,edmund ,,william ,,gosse4--#ahdi- ,out in the meadows the young grass springs1 ,shivering with sap1 said the larks1 and we ,shoot into air with our strong young wings ,spirally up over level and lea2 ,come1 ,o ,swallows1 and fly with us ,now that horizons are luminous6 ,evening and morning the world of light1 ,spreading and kindling1 is infinite6 ,far away1 by the sea in the south1 ,the hills of olive and slopes of fern ,whiten and glow in the sun's long drouth1 ,under the heavens that beam and burn2 ,and all the swallows were gather'd there ,flitting about in the fragrant air1 ,and heard no sound from the larks1 but flew ,flashing under the blinding blue4 ,out of the depths of their soft rich throats ,languidly fluted the thrushes1 and said3 ,musical thought in the mild air floats1 ,spring is coming and winter is dead6 ,come1 ,o ,swallows1 and stir the air1 ,for the buds are all bursting unaware1 ,and the drooping eaves and the elm-trees long ,to hear the sound of your low sweet song4 ,over the roofs of the white ,algiers1 ,flashingly shadowing the bright bazaar1 ,flitted the swallows1 and not one hears ,the call of the thrushes from far1 from far2 ,sigh'd the thrushes2 then1 all at once1 ,broke out singing the old sweet tones1 ,singing the bridal of sap and shoot1 ,the tree's slow life between root and fruit4 ,but just when the dingles of ,april flowers ,shine with the earliest daffodils1 ,when1 before sunrise1 the cold clear hours ,gleam with a promise that noon fulfils1-- ,deep in the leafage the cuckoo cried1 ,perch'd on a spray by a rivulet-side1 ,swallows1 ,o ,swallows1 come back again ,to swoop and herald the ,april rain4 ,and something awoke in the slumbering heart ,of the alien birds in their ,african air1 ,and they paused1 and alighted1 and twitter'd apart1 ,and met in the broad white dreamy square2 ,and the sad slave woman1 who lifted up ,from the fountain her broad-lipp'd earthen cup1 ,said to herself1 with a weary sigh1 ,to-morrow the swallows will northward fly6 ,,cvi4 ,,dawn ,,angels4 ,a4 ,,mary ,f4 ,,robinson4--#ahef- ,all night ,i watch'd1 awake1 for morning3 ,at last the ,east grew all aflame1 ,the birds for welcome sang1 or warning1 ,and with their singing morning came4 ,along the gold-green heavens drifted ,pale wandering souls that shun the light1 ,whose cloudy pinions1 torn and rifted1 ,had beat the bars of ,heaven all night4 ,these cluster'd round the ,moon2 but higher ,a troop of shining spirits went1 ,who were not made of wind or fire1 ,but some divine dream-element4 ,some held the ,light1 while those remaining ,shook out their harvest-color'd wings1 ,a faint unusual music raining 7,whose sound was ,light7 on earthly things4 ,they sang1 and as a mighty river ,their voices wash'd the night away3 ,from ,east to ,west ran one white shiver1 ,and waxen strong their song was ,day4 ,,cvii4 ,,le ,,roi ,,est ,,mort4 ,a4 ,,mary ,f4 ,,robinson4 ,and shall ,i weep that ,love's no more1 ,and magnify his reign8 ,sure never mortal man before ,would have his grief again4 ,farewell the long-continued ache1 ,the days a-dream1 the nights awake1 ,i will rejoice and merry make1 ,and never more complain4 ,king ,love is dead and gone for aye1 ,who ruled with might and main1 ,for with a bitter word one day1 ,i found my tyrant slain1 ,and he in ,heathenesse was bred1 ,nor ever was baptized1 'tis said1 ,nor is of any creed1 and dead ,can never rise again4 ,,cviii4 ,,to ,,winter4 ,,charles ,g4 ,d4 ,,roberts4--#ahei- ,ruling with an iron hand ,o'er the intermediate land ',twixt the plains of rich completeness1 ,and the realms of budding sweetness1 ,winter6 from thy crystal throne1 ,with a keenness all thy own ,dartest thou1 through gleaming air1 ,o'er the glorious barren glare ,of thy sunlit wildernesses1 ,thine undazzled level glances1 ,where thy minions' silver tresses ,stream among their icy lances2 ,while thy universal breathing1 ,frozen to a radiant swathing ,for the trees1 their bareness hides1 ,and upon their sunward sides ,shines and flushes rosily ,to the chill pink morning sky4 ,skilful artists thou employest1 ,and in chastest beauty joyest-- ,forms most delicate1 pure1 and clear1 ,frost-caught starbeams fallen sheer ,in the night1 and woven here ,in jewel-fretted tapestries4 ,but what magic melodies1 ,as in the bord'ring realms are throbbing1 ,hast thou1 ,winter8--,liquid sobbing ,brooks1 and brawling waterfalls1 ,whose responsive-voiced calls ,clothe with harmony the hills1 ,gurgling meadow-threading rills1 ,lakelets' lisping wavelets lapping ,round a flock of wild ducks napping1 ,and the rapturous-noted wooings1 ,and the molten-throated cooings1 ,of the amorous multitudes ,flashing through the dusky woods1 ,when a veering wind hath blown ,a glare of sudden daylight down8-- ,naught of these6--,and fewer notes ,hath the wind alone that floats ,over naked trees and snows2 ,half its minstrelsy it owes ,to its orchestra of leaves4 ,ay6 weak the meshes music weaves ,for thy snared soul's delight1 ',less1 when thou dost lie at night ',neath the star-sown heavens bright1 ,to thy sin-unchoked ears ,some dim harmonies may pierce ,from the high-consulting spheres3 ',less the silent sunrise sing ,like a vibrant silver string ,when its prison'd splendors first ,o'er the crusted snow-fields burst4 ,but thy days the silence keep1 ,save for grosbeaks' feeble cheep1 ,or for snow-birds' busy twitter ,when thy breath is very bitter4 ,so my spirit often acheth ,for the melodies it lacketh ',neath thy sway1 or cannot hear ,for its mortal-cloaked ear4 ,and full thirstily it longeth ,for the beauty that belongeth ,to the ,autumn's ripe fulfilling2-- ,heaped orchard-baskets spilling ',neath the laughter-shaken trees2 ,fields of buckwheat full of bees1 ,girt with ancient groves of fir ,shod with berried juniper2 ,beech-nuts mid their russet leaves2 ,heavy-headed nodding sheaves2 ,clumps of luscious blackberries2 ,purple-cluster'd traceries ,of the cottage climbing-vines2 ,scarlet-fruited eglantines2 ,maple forests all aflame ,when thy sharp-tongued legates came4 ,ruler with an iron hand ,o'er an intermediate land6 ,glad am ,i thy realm is border'd ,by the plains more richly order'd1-- ,stock'd with sweeter-glowing forms1-- ,where the prison'd brightness warms ,in lush crimsons through the leaves1 ,and a gorgeous legend weaves4 ,,cix4 ,,abigail ,,becker4 7,off ,long ,point ,island1 ,lake ,erie1 ,november #bdth1 #ahed47 ,,amanda ,t4 ,,jones4 ,the wind1 the wind where ,erie plunged1 ,blew1 blew nor'-east from land to land2 ,the wandering schooner dipp'd and lunged1-- ,long ,point was close at hand4 ,long ,point--a swampy island-slant1 ,where1 busy in their grassy homes1 ,woodcock and snipe the hollows haunt1 ,and musk-rats build their domes2 ,where gulls and eagles rest at need1 ,where either side1 by lake or sound1 ,kingfishers1 cranes1 and divers feed1 ,and mallard ducks abound4 ,the lowering night shut out the sight3 ,careen'd the vessel1 pitch'd and veer'd1-- ,raved1 raved the wind with main and might2 ,the sunken reef she near'd4 ,she pounded over1 lurch'd1 and sank2 ,between two sand-bars settling fast1 ,her leaky hull the waters drank1 ,and she had sail'd her last4 ,into the rigging1 quick as thought1 ,captain and mate and sailors sprung1 ,clamber'd for life1 some vantage caught1 ,and there all night they swung4 ,and it was cold--oh1 it was cold6 ,the pinching cold was like a vise3 ,spoondrift flew freezing1--fold on fold ,it coated them with ice4 ,now when the dawn began to break1 ,light up the sand-path drench'd and brown1 ,to fill her bucket from the lake1 ,came ,mother ,becker down4 ,from where her cabin crown'd the bank ,came ,abigail ,becker tall and strong3 ,she dipp'd1 and lo6 a broken plank ,came rocking close along6 ,she pois'd her glass with anxious ken3 ,the schooner's top she spied from far1 ,and there she counted seven men ,that clung to mast and spar4 ,and oh1 the gale6 the rout and roar6 ,the blinding drift1 the mounting wave1 ,a good half-mile from wreck to shore1 ,with seven men to save6 ,sped ,mother ,becker3 ,children6 wake6 ,a ship's gone down6 they're needing me6 ,your father's off on shore2 the lake ,is just a raging sea6 ,get wood1 cook fish1 make ready all4 ,she snatch'd her stores1 she fled with haste1 ,in cotton gown and tatter'd shawl1 ,barefoot across the waste1 ,through sinking sands1 through quaggy lands1 ,and nearer1 nearer1 full in view1 ,went shouting through her hollow'd hands3 ,courage6 we'll get you through6 ,ran to and fro1 made cheery signs1 ,her bonfire lighted1 steeped her tea1 ,brought drift-wood1 watch'd ,canadian lines ,her husband's boat to see4 ,cold1 cold it was--oh1 it was cold6 ,the bitter cold made watching vain3 ,with ice the channel laboring roll'd1-- ,no skiff could stand the strain4 ,on all that isle1 from outer swell ,to strait between the landings shut1 ,was never place where man might dwell1 ,save trapper ,becker's hut4 ,and it was twelve and one and two1 ,and it was three o'clock and more4 ,she call'd3 ,come on6 there's nought to do1 ,but leap and swim ashore6 ,blew1 blew the gale2 they did not hear3 ,she waded in the shallow sea2 ,she waved her hands1 made signals clear1 ,swim6 swim1 and trust to me6 ,my men1 the captain cried1 ,i'll try3 ,the woman's judgment may be right2 ,for1 swim or sink1 seven men must die ,if here we swing to-night4 ,far out he mark'd the gathering surge2 ,across the bar he watch'd it pour1 ,let go1 and on its topmost verge ,came riding in to shore4 ,it struck the breaker's foamy track1-- ,majestic wave on wave uphurl'd1 ,went grandly toppling1 tumbling back1 ,as loath to flood the world4 ,there blindly whirling1 shorn of strength1 ,the captain drifted1 sure to drown2 ,dragg'd seaward half a cable's length1 ,like sinking lead went down4 ,ah1 well for him that on the strand ,had ,mother ,becker waited long6 ,and well for him her grasping hand ,and grappling arm were strong6 ,and well for him that wind and sun1 ,and daily toil for scanty gains1 ,had made such daring blood to run ,within such generous veins6 ,for what to do but plunge and swim8 ,out on the sinking billow cast1 ,she toil'd1 she dived1 she groped for him1 ,she found and clutch'd him fast4 ,she climb'd the reef1 she brought him up1 ,she laid him gasping on the sands2 ,built high the fire and fill'd the cup1-- ,stood up and waved her hands6 ,oh1 life is dear6 ,the mate leap'd in4 ,i know1 the captain said1 right well1 ,not twice can any woman win ,a soul from yonder hell4 ,i'll start and meet him in the wave4 ,keep back6 she bade3 what strength have you8 ,and ,i shall have you both to save1-- ,must work to pull you through6 ,but out he went4 ,up shallow sweeps ,raced the long white-caps1 comb on comb3 ,the wind1 the wind that lash'd the deeps1 ,far1 far it blew the foam4 ,the frozen foam went scudding by1-- ,before the wind1 a seething throng1 ,the waves1 the waves came towering high1 ,they flung the mate along4 ,the waves came towering high and white4 ,they burst in clouds of flying spray3 ,there mate and captain sank from sight1 ,and1 clinching1 roll'd away4 ,oh1 ,mother ,becker1 seas are dread1 ,their treacherous paths are deep and blind6 ,but widows twain shall mourn their dead ,if thou art slow to find4 ,she sought them near1 she sought them far1 ,three fathoms down she gripp'd them tight2 ,with both together up the bar ,she stagger'd into sight4 ,beside the fire her burdens fell3 ,she paus'd the cheering draught to pour1 ,then waved her hands3 ,all's well6 all's well6 ,come on6 swim6 swim ashore6 ,sure1 life is dear1 and men are brave3 ,they came1--they dropp'd from mast and spar2 ,and who but she could breast the wave1 ,and dive beyond the bar8 ,dark grew the sky from east to west1 ,and darker1 darker grew the world3 ,each man from off the breaker's crest ,to gloomier deeps was hurl'd4 ,and still the gale went shrieking on1 ,and still the wrecking fury grew2 ,and still the woman1 worn and wan1 ,those gates of ,death went through1-- ,as ,christ were walking on the waves1 ,and heavenly radiance shone about1-- ,all fearless trod that gulf of graves ,and bore the sailors out4 ,down came the night1 but far and bright1 ,despite the wind and flying foam1 ,the bonfire flamed to give them light ,to trapper ,becker's home4 ,oh1 safety after wreck is sweet6 ,and sweet is rest in hut or hall3 ,one story ,life and ,death repeat1-- ,god's mercy over all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,next day men heard1 put out from shore1 ,cross'd channel-ice1 burst in to find ,seven gallant fellows sick and sore1 ,a tender nurse and kind2 ,shook hands1 wept1 laugh'd1 were crazy-glad2 ,cried3 ,never yet1 on land or sea1 ,poor dying1 drowning sailors had ,a better friend than she4 ,billows may tumble1 winds may roar1 ,strong hands the wreck'd from ,death may snatch3 ,but never1 never1 nevermore ,this deed shall mortal match6 ,dear ,mother ,becker dropp'd her head1 ,she blush'd as girls when lovers woo3 ,i have not done a thing1 she said1 ,more than ,i ought to do4 ,,the ,,end4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,transcriber's notes3 ---------------------------------------- -- ,non-ascii diacritical marks represented as follows3 ---------------------------------------- -- a a macron 7a a breve e e macron 7e e breve i i macron 7i i breve o o macron 7o o breve u u macron 7u u breve a3 two dots under a 4a dot over a ---------------------------------------- --