,union ,cal5d> ,no4 #ibh #hf? ,congress1 #b;d ,session ,h\se ,report ,no4 #bjia ,,! ,,practical ,,values ,,( ,,space ,,exploration ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,on ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,a/ronautics ,u4,s4 ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives ,,eighty-,,six? ,,congress ,,second ,,session ,,pursuant ,,to ,h4 ,res4 #acc ,s]ial ,i ,july #e1 #aifj4--;,committ$ to ! ,committee ( ! ,:ole ,h\se on ! ,/ate ( ! ,union & ord]$ to be pr9t$ ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice #ehbca ,,wa%+ton3 #aifj ,,committee ,,on ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,a/ronautics ,,ov]ton ,,brooks1 ,l\isiana1 ,*airman ,john ,w4 ,mc,cormack1 ,massa*usetts ,george ,p4 ,mill]1 ,cali=nia ,ol9 ,e4 ,teague1 ,texas ,victor ,l4 ,anfuso1 ,new ,york ,b4 ,f4 ,sisk1 ,cali=nia ,erw9 ,mit*ell1 ,georgia ,james ,m4 ,quigley1 ,p5nsylvania ,leon>d ,g4 ,wolf1 ,i[a ,joseph ,e4 ,k>?1 ,m9nesota ,k5 ,he*l]1 ,we/ ,virg9ia ,emilio ,q4 ,dadd>io1 ,connecticut ,walt] ,h4 ,moell]1 ,ohio ,david ,s4 ,k+1 ,utah ,j4 ,edw>d ,r\%1 ,indiana ,?omas ,g4 ,morris1 ,new ,mexico ,joseph ,w4 ,m>t91 ,,jr4 ,massa*usetts ,james ,g4 ,fulton1 ,p5nsylvania ,gordon ,l4 ,mc,donough1 ,cali=nia ,j4 ,edg> ,*5[e?1 ,colorado ,frank ,c4 ,osm]s1 ,,jr4 ,new ,j]sey ,william ,k4 ,van ,pelt1 ,wiscons9 ,a4 ,d4 ,baumh>t1 ,,jr4 ,ohio ,p]k9s ,bass1 ,new ,hamp%ire ,r4 ,walt] ,riehlman1 ,new ,york ,,*>les ,f4 ,,duc&]1 ,executive ,director & ,*ief ,c\nsel ,,dr4 ,,*>les ,s4 ,,%eldon ,,ii1 ,te*nical ,director ,,sp5c] ,m4 ,,b]es=d1 ,special ,c\nsel ,,philip ,b4 ,,yeag]1 ,special ,consultant ,,john ,a4 ,,c>/>ph51 ,jr41 ,*ief ,cl]k ,,frank ,r4 ,,hammill1 ,jr41 ,c\nsel ,,raymond ,,wilcove1 ,/aff ,consultant ,,ri*>d ,p4 ,,h9es1 ,/aff ,consultant ,lt4 ,col4 ,,francis ,j4 ,,dillon1 ,jr41 ,/aff ,consultant ,comdr4 ,,h[>d ,j4 ,,silb]/e91 ,/aff ,consultant ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives1 ,,committee ,,on ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,a/ronautics1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,july #a1 #aifj4 ,hon4 ,,ov]ton ,,brooks1 ,*airman1 ,committee on ,sci5ce & ,a/ronautics4 ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,*airman3 ,i am =w>d+ h]e) = y\r consid]ation a /aff /udy1 ,! ,practical ,values ( ,space ,exploration4 ,?is /udy 0 und]tak5 pursuant to y\r reque/ = in=mation cov]+ ! v>i\s utilities ( ! national space ef=t4 ,! /udy has be5 prep>$ by ,philip ,b4 ,yeag] & review$ by o!r memb]s ( ! pr(essional /aff4 ,,*>les ,f4 ,,duc&]1 ,executive ,director & ,*ief ,c\nsel4 ,,lett] ,,( ,,submittal ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives1 ,,committee ,,on ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,a/ronautics1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,july #e1 #aifj4 ,hon4 ,,sam ,,rayburn1 ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,speak]3 ,by direction ( ! ,committee on ,sci5ce & ,a/ronautics1 ,i submit ! foll[+ report on ,! ,practical ,values ( ,space ,exploration = ! consid]ation ( ! #hf? ,congress4 ,,ov]ton ,,brooks1 ,*airman4 ,,cont5ts ,introduction #a ,i4 ,! unse5 values #c ,"s examples ( ! unexpect$ #c ,! ultimate values #e ,/e]+ a middle road #f ,! "t = space #g ,,ii4 ,national security values #i ,! milit>y uses #i ,our position 9 ! int]national community #ab ,space z a sub/itute = w> #ae ,,iii4 ,! economic values #ag ,u4,s4 exp5ditures on space #ag ,! spread ( economic b5efits #ah ,creation ( new indu/ries #ai ,rese>* #ai ,new p[] s\rces #bj ,new wat] s\rces & uses #ba ,noise & human eng9e]+ #bb ,high spe$-light weight comput]s #bb ,solid /ate physics #bc ,economic alliances #bd ,private ent]prise 9 space #bd ,jobs #bg ,automation & dis>mam5t #bh ,,iv4 ,values = ev]yday liv+ #ca ,te*nological b5efits #ca ,food & agriculture #ce ,communications #cf ,wea!r pr$iction & modification #cg ,heal? b5efits #ci ,education b5efits #db ,! dem& #db ,v4 ,long-range values #de ,tr\ble spots #de ,population #de ,wat] %ortage #df ,soil erosion #df ,add$ leisure #dg ,int5sifi$ nationalism #dh ,limitations on space rese>* #dh ,fundam5tal k ab\t life #ea ,psy*ological & spiritual values #eb ,matur+ ( ! race #ec ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #hf,,? ,,congress #b;d ,session ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives ,,report ,,no4 #bjia ,,! ,,practical ,,values ,,( ,,space ,,exploration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,july #e1 #aifj4--;,committ$ to ! ,committee ( ! ,:ole ,h\se on ! ,/ate ( ! ,union & ord]$ to be pr9t$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,,brooks ( ,l\isiana1 f ! ,committee on ,sci5ce & ,a/ronautics1 submitt$ ! foll[+ ,,report ,pursuant to ,h4 ,res4 #acc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,! ,,practical ,,values ,,( ,,space ,,exploration ,,introduction ,?is report has be5 und]tak5 = a special reason4 ,x is to expla9 to ! taxpay] j :y s _m ( 8 doll>s are go+ into ! ,am]ican ef=t to explore space1 & to indicate :at he c expect 9 return :i* is ( value to him4 ,su* an explanation1 ev5 aft] #b ye>s ( relatively high-ge>$ activity 9 ! space exploration field1 appe>s to be w>rant$4 ,!re is /ill a segm5t ( ! ,u4,s4 population :i* has little1 if any1 notion ( ! values t ! space program has = ! av]age citiz54 ,to ^! p ! exp5diture ( billions ( doll>s on missiles1 rockets1 satellites1 ,moon probes1 & o!r space activities rema9s some?+ ( a my/]y--p>ticul>ly :5 s _m o!r wor?y projects ?r\gh\t ! l& may be sl[$ or /all$ = lack ( funds4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! practical value ( ! ,am]ican space program is be+ que/ion$1 x is a "q :i* ne$s to be answ]$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! problem is n unique to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,soviet ,union1 :i* c\nts itself z ! _w's prime inve/igator ( space1 !re is likewise an elem5t ( citiz5ry :i* f9ds itself puzzl$ ov] ! ,u4,s4,s4,r4's p5*ant = ! int]planet>y rea*es4 ,:at d sputniks give to a p]son l me8 a ,russian workman compla9$ 9 a lett] :i* ,pravda publi%$ on its front page4 ,s mu* money is sp5t on sputniks x makes p gasp4 ,if !re 7 no sputniks ! ,gov]nm5t c\ld cut ! co/ ( clo? = an ov]coat 9 half & put a few electric flatirons 9 ! /ores4 ,rockets1 rockets1 rockets4 ,:o ne$s !m n[8#a ,x goes )\t say+ t ! workman 0 sev]ely *a/is$ by ! ,soviet newspap]1 b 8 po9t 0 made4 ,no matt] :]e taxpay]s live !y want to "k--& are entitl$ to "k--:at good a program ( space exploration is to !m4 ,dur+ ! #aifj's x is expect$ t ! ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t w sp5d any:]e f #cj to #ej billion on space exploration = all purposes1 civilian & milit>y4 ,x is ! int5t ( ?is report to del9eate 9 lay language1 & 9 t]ms :i* w be mean+ful to ^? :o h n foll[$ ! ,am]ican space program closely1 ! reasons = ?is great inve/m5t & ! probable returns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4--;,a s+le %ot ( ! #h-;b>rel$ ,saturn ( ! future w co/ millions ( doll>s1 maybe t5s ( millions4 ,:at makes x wor?:ile = ! taxpay]8 ,,footnotes3 #a ,associat$ ,press dispat*1 datel9e ,mosc[1 ,june #ab1 #aifj4 ,i4 ,! ,unse5 ,values ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has n emb>k$ ^u its =midable program ( space exploration 9 ord] to make or p]petuate a gigantic a/ronautic boondoggle4 ,!re are good reasons1 h>d reasons = ?is program4 ,b1 9 ess5ce1 !y all boil d[n to ! fact t ! program is expect$ to produce a numb] ( highly valuable pay(fs4 ,x n only is expect$ to d s1 x is do+ s "r n[4 ,_m ( ! b5eficial results c be id5tifi$4 ,^? already %[+ up are detail$ 9 ! sections ( ?is report :i* foll[4 ,!y include ! mo/ urg5t & preci\s ( all commodities--national security4 ,beyond t1 !y also include a /r5g!n$ national economy1 new jobs & job categories1 bett] liv+1 fre% consum] goods1 improv$ education1 increas$ heal?1 /imulat$ bus9ess ent]prise & a ho/ ( long-range values :i* may ultimately make ! imm$iate b5efits pale into relative insignificance4 ,practical uses su* z ^? j li/$ mean ! taxpay] is m ?an gett+ 8 money's wor? f ,am]ican space exploration--& gett+ a sizable *unk ( x today4 ,nev]!less1 if we c dep5d on ! hi/ory ( sci5tific adv5ture & progress1 on its consi/5t t5d5cies ( ! pa/1 !n we c be reasonably sure t ! greate/1 f9e/ b5efits to come f our v5tures into space are yet unse54 ,^! are ! unpr$ictable values1 ! ones :i* none ( u has yet ?\ght (4 ,inevitably !y lag beh9d ! basic rese>* discov]ies ne$$ to make !m possible1 & (t5 ! discov]ies are sl[ to be put to "w aft] !y are made4 ,inve/ors1 ev5 gov]nm5ts1 are human1 & be=e !y inve/ 9 some?+ !y normally want to "k3 ,:at good is x8 ,we c be sure t _m ,am]ican taxpay]s ( ! future w be ask+ :at good is x8 9 reg>d to v>i\s phases ( ! space program4 ,!re 0 an occasion :5 ! great ,scotti% physici/1 ,james ,cl]k ,maxwell1 0 ask$ ?is "q conc]n+ "o ( 8 classic discov]ies 9 electromagnetism4 ,maxwell repli$3 ,:at good is a baby8 ,n[1 z !n1 x takes "t = new k to develop & become useful aft] its conception & bir?4 ,,"s ,,examples ,,( ,,! ,,unexpect$ ,a graphic illu/ration ( unse5 b5efits 9 reg>d to atomic en]gy has be5 express$ by an exp]i5c$ rese>*] 9 ?is way3 ,i rememb] a conv]sation ,i _h ) "o ( our nucle> sci5ti/s :5 ,i 0 a memb] ( ! ,weapons ,sy/ems ,evaluations ,gr\p almo/ #aj ye>s ago4 ,we 7 talk+ ab\t ! possible peaceful applications ( fission4 ,we really c\ld ?9k ( little t c\ld be done ) x o!r ?an mak+ fissionable mat]ial into a =m ( de/ructive p[]4 ,!re _h be5 "s discussion ab\t h>ness+ ! p[] ( fission1 b ?is seem$ to u to be q remote4 ,x seem$ difficult to conceive ( ! atomic bomb z any?+ b %e] p[] us$ = de/ructive purposes4 ,yet today ! products ( fission appli$ to peaceful uses are _m4 ,! use ( isotopes 9 indu/ry1 m$ic9e1 agriculture are well kn[n4 ,food irradiation1 nucle> p[] reactors1 n[ reactors = %ipbo>d use1 are ) u1 & x is h>dly ! beg9n+4 ,i frequ5tly ask myself1 ( late1 :at #aj ye>s f n[ w be ! comm]cial1 %all we call x1 applications ( our missile & rocket programs4#b ,!re are innum]able examples ( ! way 9 :i* inv5tion or discov]y1 or sometimes j simple human curiosity1 result 9 useful pay(f4 ,& frequ5tly no "o suspects ! direction ! pay(f f9ally takes4 ,! po9t1 ( c\rse1 is t any k ev5tually pays divid5ds4 ,! ?+s we le>n f our national space program w produce b5efits 9 ways entirely unrelat$ to missiles or int]planet>y travel4 7,see secs4 ,,iii & ,,iv47 ,! rev]se is also true2 k ga9$ 9 areas q remote f out] space c h g5u9e value = ! advance ( space exploration4 ,inve/igation into ! sk9 ( a fi% provides a good case 9 po9t4 ,a ,g]man inv5tor :o migrat$ to ,cali=nia aft] ,_w ,w> ,,ii _h long be5 int]e/$ 9 ways to r$uce ! drag ( friction produc$ by air or wat] on ! surface ( objects pass+ ?r\gh !m4 ,"o day1 :ile wat*+ a gr\p ( porpoises cavort pa/ a spe$+ %ip ) ! greate/ ( ease1 x occurr$ to him t ! sk9 ( ^! animals1 if closely /udi$1 might %$ light on ways ( cutt+ surface friction4 ,x 0 _m ye>s be=e ! inv5tor 0 able to enli/ ! aid ( aqu>ium manag]s 9 secur+ porpoise sk9s = /udy4 ,9 #aiee1 h[ev]1 he obta9$ ! necess>y sk9s & f\nd t dolph9s1 9 fact1 owe mu* ( _! great spe$ to a unique sk9 :i* m>k$ly r$uces ! effect ( turbul5ce aga9/ x4 ,f ?is k has come ! rec5t developm5t ( a diaphragm-damp+ fluid surface :i* has real pot5tial n only = und]wat] high-spe$ bodies1 su* z subm>9es1 torp$oes & und]wat] missiles1 b = any vehicle :]e fa/-mov+ gases or fluids may cause drag4#c ,! implications ( ?is k = satellites ne> ,e>? or = re5t]+ spacecraft are obvi\s4 ,sometimes a rev]se twi/ 9 reason+ by a speculative m9d w result 9 enorm\s practical utility4 ,9 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 a sanit>y eng9e] tea*+ at ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology began to wond] ab\t ! pr9ciples ( adhesion--:y ?+s /ick to ea* o!r4 ,d !y only /ick toge!r because "s /icky sub/ance is hold+ !m1 or are !re o!r reasons8 ,if a p]son is sick1 he ask$ himself1 is x because a cause ( sickness is pres5t or because a cause ( heal? is abs5t8 ,we n[ "k t 9 infecti\s diseases ! fir/ alt]native is true2 ! pati5t is ill because he h>bors pa?og5ic g]ms4 ,! opposite case prevails 9 defici5cy diseases1 :]e necess>y vitam9s are abs5t f food & illness is br\ght ab\t by ?is abs5ce4 ,to :i* ( ! classes does adhesion belong8 ,:5 we _c produce a dep5dable bond1 are we deal+ ) ! lack ( "s adhesive =ce or ) exi/5ce ( an ob/acle to /ick+8 ,op]at+ on ! !ory t adhesion might result n only f ! pres5ce ( a /icky ag5t b f ! removal ( all imp$im5ts to /ick+1 ?is sci5ti/ has n[ manag$ to produce /rong adhesion betwe5 ! lea/ /icky ( sub/ances--polye?yl5e pla/ics4 ,he has done x by /udy+ ! molecul> /ructure ( polye?yl5es & remov+ all impurities :i* normally f9d _! way into ! manufacture ( su* mat]ial4 ,! next /ep3 ,we hope to prep>e adhesive jo9ts 9 :i* a noble gas acts z an adhesive4 ,noble gases are ! lea/ active sub/ances kn[n to *emi/ry2 if !y c adh]e1 x is cle> t no specific =ces are ne$$ = adhesiv5ess4#d ,no great imag9ation is requir$ to p]ceive ! mean+ :i* ?is new k1 if prov$ out1 w h = our ev]yday lives--to say no?+ ( its usefulness 9 ! mak+ ( a/ronautic equipm5t4 ,,! ,,ultimate ,,values ,9 any ev5t1 x is app>5t t :]e rese>* is conc]n$--& especially space rese>* ) its broad scale ( inquiry--we _c always see ! value ( sci5tific endeavor on ! basis ( its beg9n+4 ,we _c always acc\nt = :at we h pur*as$ ) ea* rese>* doll>4 ,! ,gov]nm5t /at$ ?is proposition :5 x fir/ und]took to put ! space program on a priority basis3 ,sci5tific rese>* has nev] be5 am5able to rigor\s co/ acc\nt+ 9 advance4 ,nor1 = t matt]1 has exploration ( any sort4 ,b if we h le>n$ "o lesson1 x is t rese>* & exploration h a rem>kable way ( pay+ (f--q ap>t f ! fact t !y demon/rate t man is alive & insatiably curi\s4 ,& we all feel ri*] = kn[+ :at explor]s & sci5ti/s h le>n$ ab\t ! univ]se 9 :i* we live4#e ,9 ?is /atem5t !re is political support = :at ! hi/orian1 ! an?ropologi/1 ! psy*ologi/ consid] to be e/abli%$ fact--t "s innate =ce 9 ! human be+ makes him "k1 :atev] 8 =mal beliefs or :atev] 8 unconsci\s philosophy1 t he mu/ progress4 ,progress is ! core ( 8 de/9y4 ,?is is a concept :i*1 9 connection ) space exploration1 has be5 recogniz$ = _m ye>s4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ p]ceptive ( ! space buffs /at$ x be=e ! ,briti% ,int]planet>y ,society 9 #aidf 9 ^! words3 99 99 99 our civilization is no m ?an ! sum ( all ! dreams t e>li] ages h br\ght to fulfillm5t4 ,& s x mu/ always be1 = if m5 cease to dream1 if !y turn _! backs ^u ! wond] ( ! univ]se1 ! /ory ( our race w be com+ to an end4#f ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b4--;,9 ! ye>s imm$iately ahead1 ! orbit+ obs]vatory or ! mann$ satellite w uncov] crucial in=mation ab\t ! nature ( ! univ]se4 ,,/e]+ ,a ,,middle ,,road ,9 any endeavor :i* is z futuri/ic z space exploration x is n difficult to become lo/ 9 ! l& ( ! />ry-ey$ progno/icators4 ,conv]sely1 x is also easy to f9d oneself l9+ up ) ! debunk]s & ! *ampions ( ! /atus quo1 = _! argum5ts & views give ! impression ( be+ h>d-head$1 s5sible4 ,if "o mu/ err 9 ei!r direction1 h[ev]1 x is probably saf]1 :]e space is conc]n$1 to err 9 ! direction ( ! en?usia/s4 ,?is is because 7& subsequ5t p>ts ( ?is report w %[ x7 ! ,nation _c af=d n to be 9 ! vangu>d ( ! space explor]s4 ,ev5ts today move ) facility & lightn+ rapidity4 ,today1 m ?an ev]1 "t is on ! side ( ! exp$iti\s4 ,we c no long] take ! risk ( giv+ mu* support to ! sc(f]s--to t bre$ ( unimag9ative s\ls :o ?\ght ,rob]t ,fulton 0 a fool = h>ness+ a paddle:eel to a boil]1 :o ?\ght ,h5ry ,=d 0 a fool = putt+ an int]nal combu/ion eng9e on :eels1 :o ?\ght ,samuel ,langley 0 a fool = design+ a contraption to fly ?r\gh ! air4 ,!re are always ^? :o w say x _c be done4 ,ev5 9 ?is era ( sophi/icat$ flight !re h be5 ^? :o said ! s\nd b>ri] w\ld nev] be brok54 ,x 04 ,o!rs said lat] t space vehicles w\ld nev] get ?r\gh ! heat b>ri]4 ,!y h4 ,n[1 "s say m5 w nev] ov]come ! radiation b>ri] 9 space4 ,b we c be sure !y w4 ,x is und\bt$ly wise = ! layman1 9 t]ms ( ! b5efits he c expect f ! space program 9 ! =eseeable future1 to /e] a reasonable c\rse betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,yet "o _c help rememb]+ t ! secret ( tak+ practical en]gy f ! atom1 a secret :i* ! human race _h be5 try+ to le>n = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 0 accompli%$ 9 less ?an a decade f ! mom5t :5 m5 fir/ det]m9$ t x 0 possible to split an atom4 ,x is difficult to =get t ev5 aft] ,_w ,w> ,,ii "s ( our mo/ respect$ sci5ti/s sold %ort ! idea ( develop+ long-range missiles4 ,impractical1 !y said2 vision>y4 ,b #f ye>s aft] ! ,unit$ ,/ates w5t to "w s]i\sly on missiles1 an op]ational ,,icbm ) a #i1jjj-mile range 0 an accompli%$ fact4 ,,! ,,"t ,,= ,,space ,all ( ! gl[+ pr$ictions be+ made on behalf ( space exploration w n be "h tomorr[ or ! next day4 ,yet ?is seems less important ?an t we recognize ! significance ( our mom5t ( hi/ory4 ,we may ?9k ( t mom5t z a new age--! age ( space & ! atom--to foll[ ! hi/oric ages ( /one1 bronze1 & iron4 ,we may ?9k ( x 9 t]ms ( !ories1 ( succe$+ f ^? ( ,cop]nicus to ^? ( ,newton & !nce to ,freud & n[ ,e9/e94 ,we may ?9k ( our "t z ! "t ( exploit+ ! new f\r? /ate ( matt]3 plasma1 or ! ion4 ,or we may ?9k ( x 9 t]ms ( revolutions1 z pass+ f ! indu/rial cycle ( /eam ?r\gh ! railroad-/eel cycle1 ?r\gh ! electricity-automobile cycle1 into ! burgeon+ te*nological revolution ( today4 ,h[ev] we ?9k ( x1 x is a dawn+ p]iod & "o :i*--9 its scope & pot5tial--promises to dw>f mu* ( :at has gone be=e4 ,^? :o h giv5 c>eful ?\ght to ! matt] are conv9c$ t :ile "s caution is 9 ord]1 ! new era is n "o to be approa*$ ) timidity1 inhibit$ imag9ation or too mu* conv5tion4 ,nei!r is !re any po9t 9 try+ to hold (f ! tempo ( ?is oncom+ age or1 9 any o!r way1 to evade x4 ,m>k ,twa9 once li/5$ to ! compla9ts ( an old riv]boat pilot :o 0 hav+ tr\ble mak+ ! swit* f sail to /eam4 ,! old pilot want$ no "p ( ! newfangl$ /eam contraptions4 ,maybe s1 repli$ ,twa91 b :5 x's /eamboat "t1 y /eam4#g ,today is space "t & man is go+ to explore x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #c4--,! v]satile ,atlas c be us$ ei!r = laun*+ man into space or to c>ry a nucle> w>head z f> z #i1jjj miles4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,gav91 ,lt4 ,g54 ,james ,m41 ,u4,s4 ,army 7retir$71 spee* to ! ,am]ican ,rocket ,society1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,nov4 #ai1 #aieh4 #c ,kram]1 ,max ,o41 ,! ,dolph9s' ,secret1 ,new ,sci5ti/1 ,may #e1 #aifj1 pp4 #aaah-aabj4 #d ,bik]man1 ,dr4 ,jacob ,j41 report$ 9 ,new ,sci5ti/1 ,m>4 #c1 #aifj1 p4 #ece4 #e ,introduction to ,out] ,space1 a /atem5t by ! ,presid5t1 ! ,:ite ,h\se1 ,m>4 #bf1 #aieh4 #f ,cl>ke1 ,ar?ur ,c41 ,! ,*all5ge ( ! ,space%ips1 ,h>p] ,bros41 ,new ,york1 #aiee1 p4 #ae4 #g ,relat$ by ,t4 ,kei? ,gl5nan1 ,adm9i/rator1 ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration1 9 an address be=e ! ,worce/] 7,mass47 ,economic ,club1 ,feb4 #ae1 #aifj4 ,,ii4 ,,national ,,security ,,values ,!re is no long] d\bt t space exploration holds g5u9e significance = ! security & well-be+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a nation4 ,x does s 9 at lea/ ?ree ways4 ,"o results f ! uses :i* our ,arm$ ,=ces c make ( ! k ga9$ f space exploration4 ,a second results f ! influ5ce & pre/ige :i* ,am]ica c ex]t )9 ! _w community because ( h] pr[ess 9 space exploration4 ,a ?ird results f ! possibility t space exploration1 ev5tually1 may prove s imm5se & important a *all5ge t x w *annel ! prime en]gies ( p[]ful nations t[>d its own end & ?us r$uce ! curr5t emphasis on develop+ means ( de/ruction4 ,! fir/ two values def9itely exi/4 ,! ?ird seems to be a reasonable hope4 ,,! ,,milit>y ,,uses ,f ! beg9n+ x has be5 recogniz$ t space exploration1 ! rese>* connect$ !re)1 & ! ability to op]ate !re9 is ( m ?an pass+ int]e/ to ! milit>y4 ,congress recogniz$ ! fact :5 x pass$ ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,act ( #aieh & direct$ t activities peculi> to or prim>ily associat$ ) ! developm5t ( weapons sy/ems1 milit>y op]ations1 or ! def5se ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 99 99 99 %all be ! responsibility (1 & %all be direct$ by1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,def5se4#h ,9 ! am5dm5ts to ! ,space ,act propos$ 9 #aifj1 ?is directive 0 /r5g!n$3 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,def5se %all und]take su* activities 9 space1 & su* rese>* & developm5t connect$ !re)1 z may be necess>y = ! def5se ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#i ,x is possible to argue1 & inde$ x has be5 argu$1 t balli/ic missiles su* z ,,irbm's & ,,icbm's are n really space weapons1 t !y are simply an ext5sion ( ! traditional art ( artill]y4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is report1 h[ev]1 ! argum5t appe>s to be l>gely a semantic "o4 ,su* missiles d trav]se space1 !y are guid$ ?r\gh space1 & !y employ ! same eng9es & pr9ciples :i* are pres5tly us$ = purposes ( sci5tific space exploration4 ,:ile m advanc$ space weapons may evolve 9 ! future1 ! missile z we "k x today _c v well be divorc$ f our ?9k+ ab\t space & its practical uses4 ,go+ on ?is assumption1 & ca/+ an eye 9 ! direction ( ! ,iron ,curta91 x is obvi\s t ! ,soviet ,union is go+ all-out to exploit space = milit>y purposes4 ,milit>y m5 h kn[n = ye>s t ! trem5d\sly p[]ful boo/] :i* ! ,soviets h be5 us+ to laun* _! massive sputniks 0 orig9ally design$ to c>ry ! primitive heavy v]sion ( ! ,a-bomb across cont95ts4 ,if !re 0 ev] d\bt ( ! ext5t to :i* ! ,soviets int5d to make space a select$ m$ium = milit>y purposes x 0 eras$ :5 ,premi] ,khru%*ev made 8 address to ! ,supreme ,soviet e>ly 9 #aifj4 ,he comm5t$ 9 "p3 ,our /ate has at its disposal p[]ful rocket equipm5t4 ,! milit>y air =ce & navy h lo/ _! previ\s importance 9 view ( ! mod]n developm5t ( milit>y equipm5t4 ,?is type ( armam5t is n be+ r$uc$ b replac$4 ,almo/ ! entire milit>y air =ce is be+ replac$ by rocket equipm5t4 ,we h by n[ %>ply cut1 & x seems w cont9ue %>ply to cut & ev5 discont9ue ! manufacture ( bomb]s & o!r obsolete equipm5t4 ,9 ! navy1 ! subm>9e fleet assumes great importance1 :ile surface %ips c no long] play ! "p !y once did4 ,9 our c\ntry ! arm$ =ces h be5 to a consid]able ext5t transf]r$ to rocket & nucle> arms4 ,^! arms are be+ p]fect$ & w cont9ue to be p]fect$ until !y are bann$4#aj ,:ile x is difficult to assess ! actual ext5t ( ! ,soviet preoccupation ) missiles1 x has be5 report$ t ! ,russians are build+ upw>d ( #ajj ,,irbm & ,,icbm bases to be mann$ by ab\t #bjj1jjj m54 ,mo/ ( ^!1 at lea/ ! int]m$iate range bases1 are said to be along ,russia's ,baltic coa/1 9 ,ea/ ,g]many1 9 ! s\!rn ,ukra9e & 9 ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s4#aa ,9 any ev5t1 ! space age is cle>ly "h s f> z ! milit>y are conc]n$1 & ,u4,s4 =ces--p>ticul>ly s9ce ! developm5t ( ! mu* light] atomic w>heads--h be5 likewise dilig5t 9 _! space ef=ts4 ,?is is because _m milit>y m9ds are n[ agre$ t3 ,we are mov+ inevitably into a "t ( a/rop[]4 ,we face a ?reat beyond imag9ation1 %\ld ev5ts ev] lead to op5 conflict 9 a _w ( hyp]sonic velocities & a rag+ atom *a9$ z our slave4 ,we mu/ be /rong1 we mu/ be able to *ange to meet *ange4 ,:at may come aga9/ our belov$ ,am]ica w n be signal$ by "o light f ! ,nor? ,*ur* /eeple1 if !y come by l&1 or two1 if !y come by sea4 ,nev] aga94 ,!y w come ?r\gh space1 & _! light ( w>n+ w be ! bl9d+ t]ror ( a !rmonucle> fireball4#ab ,x is important to note1 9 connection ) milit>y matt]s1 t pure rocket p[]1 is n ! only av5ue to success 9 space use4 ,! ,am]ican ,atlas missile1 = example1 :i* c c>ry a nucle> w>head & :i* op]ates on consid]ably less ?ru/ ?an ! p[]ful ,soviet boo/]s ?us f> demon/rat$1 has nev]!less %[n ! capability ( negotiat+ a #i1jjj-mile trek & l&+ 9 ! t>get area4 ,?is is ab\t #a1ejj miles f>!r ?an any ,soviet %ots reveal$ to ! public 9 ! #b-a_/b-ye> p]iod foll[+ ! fir/ sputnik4 ,x is also a suffici5t range to p]mit rea*+ almo/ any likely t>get on ! globe4 ,f ! milit>y po9t ( view1 ! mean+ ?us br\ght out is t sophi/ication ( missiles toge!r ) reliability & ease ( h&l+ is m important ?an pure p[]4 ,:5 we beg9 to consid] bo? ! civil & milit>y aspects ( space use 9 ! decades ahead1 h[ev]1 rocket p[] acquires fre% importance4 ,x is1 z "o exp]t says1 ! key to space supremacy4#ac ,n only is mu* heavi] ?ru/ requir$ = v5tures f>!r out into space1 b probably ?ru/ develop$ by diff]5t means z well1 su* z atom1 ion1 or ev5 photon p[]4 ,?is sugge/s ! possibilities ( weapons :i* today are consid]$ to be way out or blue sky--9 %ort1 f>fet*$4 ,yet !y include ! ideas ( m5 ) solid sci5tific tra9+ z well z vision4 ,= example1 ,g]many's great rocket pione]1 ,pr(4 ,h]mann ,ob]?1 has propos$ t a giant mirror 9 space 7"s #fj miles 9 diamet]7 c\ld be us$ milit>ily to burn an enemy c\ntry on ,e>?4 ,= peaceful purposes1 h[ev]1 su* a space mirror c\ld be us$ to melt iceb]gs & alt] temp]atures4#ad ,ano!r reputable ,g]man sci5ti/ :o has be5 work+ = a numb] ( ye>s on photon 7electromagnetic ray7 p[] z a s\rce ( propulsion1 decl>es t if su* p[] is possible s is ! idea ( a 'dea? ray1' a weapon beam :i* burns or melts t>gets1 su* z enemy missiles1 on :i* x is tra9$4 ,! idea has be5 famili> 9 sci5ce fiction = a long "t & has be5 scorn$ (t5 en\gh4 ,yet1 if ! photon rocket is possible s is ! ray gun4#ae ,/ill ano!r proposal1 "o made to ! ,congress1 involves use ( ! ,moon z a milit>y base4 ,x c\ld1 at "s future date1 be us$ z a secure base to det] aggression4 ,lun> laun*+ sites1 p]haps locat$ on ! f> side ( ! ,moon1 :i* c\ld nev] be view$ directly f ! ,e>?1 c\ld laun* missiles e>?w>d4 ,!y c\ld be guid$ accurately dur+ flight & to impact1 & ?us might s]ve peaceful ends by det]r+ any w\ld-be aggressor4#af ,9 spite ( ! fact t ideas su* z ^! are be+ sponsor$ by compet5t & responsible sci5ti/s1 o!r sci5ti/s equally compet5t & responsible sometimes cry !m d[n z impractical1 impossible or ev5 *ildi%4 ,"o eng9e]1 = in/ance1 describes maneuv]able mann$ space vehicles z hav+ no milit>y value1 bases on ! ,moon z hav+ no milit>y or communications use1 & ! idea ( high velocity photon-p[] = space travel z a fantasy /rictly = immature sci5ce fiction4 ,he also *>act]izes ! reconnaissance satellite1 :i* ,u4,s4 milit>y au?orities h long s9ce programm$ & ev5 laun*$1 z be+ def9itely subm>g9al 99 99 994 ,a fraction ( ! co/ ( a reconnaissance satellite c\ld accompli% wond]s 9 conv5tional in=mation ga!r+4#ag ,controv]sies su* z ^! are difficult = ! p]son :o is nei!r a sci5ti/ nor a milit>y exp]t to judge4 ,"o is incl9$ to recall1 ?\gh1 ! treatm5t receiv$ by ,g5]al ,billy ,mit*ell = 8 devotion to nonconv5tional bomb+ concepts2 ! fact t ! utility ( ! rocket z develop$ by ,am]ica's pione]1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,h4 ,godd>d1 0 g5]ally ignor$ dur+ ,_w ,w> ,,ii2 ! fact t x took a p]sonal lett] f ,alb]t ,e9/e9 to ,presid5t ,roosevelt to get ! ,manhattan ,project und]way4 ,yet today ! bomb]1 ! missile1 & ! nucle> weapon =m ! backbone ( our milit>y po/ure4 ,9 o!r words1 hi/ory seems to support ! proposition t no matt] h[ remote or unlikely new discov]ies & approa*es may fir/ appe>1 ! milit>y ev5tually f9ds a way to use !m4 ,w x be any diff]5t ) space exploration8 ,,our ,,position ,,9 ,,! ,,int]national ,,community ,l ! milit>y values ( space rese>*1 ! practical value ( space exploration 9 t]ms ( _w pre/ige has also be5 ackn[l$g$ almo/ f ! beg9n+ ( ! satellite era4 ,! ,:ite ,h\se1 9 its initial /atem5t on ! national space program1 decl>$3 ,x is useful to di/+ui% among 7!7 factors :i* give importance1 urg5cy1 & inevitability to ! advancem5t ( space te*nology 7"o ( :i*7 is ! factor ( national pre/ige4 ,to be /rong & bold 9 space te*nology w enhance ! pre/ige ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates among ! peoples ( ! _w & create add$ confid5ce 9 our sci5tific1 te*nological1 indu/rial1 & milit>y /r5g?4#ah ,only rec5tly1 h[ev]1 has ! full impact & mean+ ( ?is phase ( our national space program come to be widely recogniz$4 ,x has be5 /at$1 p]haps 9 its mo/ =ceful & succ9ct =m1 by an ,am]ican (ficial 9 a unique position to "k4 ,! ,director ( ! ,u4,s4 ,in=mation ,ag5cy1 "p ( ^: job is to keep track ( ! e/eem 9 :i* ,am]ica is held abroad1 has told ,congress3 ,our space program may be consid]$ z a measure ( our vitality & our ability to compete ) a =midable rival & z a crit]ion ( our ability to ma9ta9 te*nological em95ce wor?y ( emulation by o!r peoples4#ai ,?is elem5t ( space exploration takes on p>ticul> significance 9 light ( ! curr5t int]national /ruggle to influ5ce ! m9ds ( m51 9 light ( ! ris+ tide ( nationalism ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & 9 light ( ! int5sification ( ! cold w> z demon/rat$ by ! n[-fam\s ,u-#b incid5t & ! h>d5+ attitude ( ori5tal communism4 ,9 ! words ( an influ5tial newspap]3 ,:olly ap>t f ! intellectual compulsions t n[ drive man to move high] & high] into ! high heav5s1 x seems cle> t our c\ntry c be nigg>dly 9 ?is field only at ! risk ( be+ completely & =ev] outclass$ by ,russia--a gamble t c\ld h ! mo/ fe>ful political1 economic1 & milit>y consequ5ces4#bj ,incid5tally1 !re is ano!r pre/ige factor to be consid]$4 ,?is is :at might be call$ ! *a9-reaction factor3 ! likelihood t te*nological preem95ce 9 ! space field w attract top tal5t f o!r p>ts ( ! _w to ! bann] ( ! c\ntry :i* develops x1 & ?us con/antly n\ri% & repl5i% ! ef=ts ( t c\ntry4 ,x is a consid]ation :i* has n receiv$ g5]al att5tion1 al?\gh x has be5 discuss$ be=e "s ( ! _w's lead+ space sci5ti/s4#ba ,"h aga91 z ) ! milit>y situation1 ! ,soviets are mak+ e ef=t to exploit _! dext]ity 9 space4 ,!y are pursu+ ! pre/ige gambit directly & indirectly4 ,9 ! fir/ category1 = example1 !y give top priority to space exhibits 9 important public =ums--z _! duplicate sputniks /rategically plac$ at ! _w's fair & ! ,unit$ ,nations atte/4 ,premi] ,khru%*ev's delight 9 mak+ gifts to =eign]s ( m9iature ,soviet p5nants simil> to t c>ri$ 9 ,lunik ,,ii--:i* hit ! ,moon--is ano!r in/ance4#bb ,! indirect drive = pre/ige via space te*nology is f> m important4 ,x has be5 describ$ by a congressional committee z foll[s3 ,x is difficult to escape ! conclusion t ! ,soviet ,union 9 ! la/ sev]al ye>s has demon/rat$ a great skill 9 coord9at+ its progress 9 missil]y1 its success 9 space missions1 & its =eign policy & _w image4 ,%ots seem to h be5 tim$ to maximize ! effects ( visits ( ,soviet lead]s & to punctuate ,soviet /atem5ts & positions 9 int]national negotiations4 ,?is is n to equate _! space activities ) holl[ propag&a4 ,empty claims d n h a positive effect = long4 ,nor is !re any firm evid5ce t x has be5 possible = political policymak]s to call _! %ots at times inconsi/5t ) good sci5tific & te*nical ne$s4 ,! conclusion is r t ! _m elem5ts ( sci5tific1 te*nical1 milit>y1 political1 & psy*ological policy are all weigh$1 & te/s :i* make a full contribution to su* a comb9$ /rategy are c>ri$ out & support$ ) appropriate publicity4#bc ,!re is also evid5ce t sci5tific endeavor by ! ,russians = pre/ige purposes is hav+ rep]cussions on int]nal policy4 ,great emphasis is curr5tly be+ plac$ on ! demon/rable usefulness ( sci5tific ef=t--to ! ext5t t ,soviet colleges1 rese>* in/itutions1 exam9+ bo>ds1 & academies ( sci5ce h be5 direct$ to be m exact+ 9 conf]r+ sci5tific degrees & titles4 ,newness & usefulness are requisite1 b1 at ! same "t1 degrees may n[ be aw>d$ = o!r ?an diss]tations2 inv5tions & textbooks ( major importance may also e>n a degree = _! au?ors4#bd ,)9 ! pre/ige context1 x is true t ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ labor "u c]ta9 h&icaps because ( ! nature ( its democratic sy/em4 ,no ef=t is made 9 ! ,am]ican space program to hide ! failures :i* result f its highly complex "*4 ,our burnups1 misfires1 explosions1 fizzles1 & lo/ or wayw>d vehicles are well publiciz$4 ,^? ( ! ,soviet ,union r>ely are4 ,ev5 ?\gh mo/ nations are well aw>e t ! ,russians mu/ be hav+ _! tr\bles1 too1 ! appe>ance ( uni=m success fo/]$ by ! ,u4,s4,s4,r4 inevitably contributes to an image ( sci5tific sup]iority4 ,9 addition1 ! ,soviets h develop$ a habit ( /riv+ = spectacul> fir/s1 mo/ ( :i* und\bt$ly are und]tak5 almo/ z mu* = pre/ige reasons z = sci5tific ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4--,symbolic ( ! ,am]ican ef=t 9 space is ?is ,?or-,able rocket1 %[n "h laun*+ ! ,tiros wea!r satellite into a ne>-p]fect orbit4 ,?is same vehicle1 :i* laun*$ ! record-break+ #bc million-mile communication probe--,pione] ,v--has contribut$ enorm\sly to ,u4,s4 pre/ige abroad4 ,/ill1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has n done badly f ! pre/ige angle4 ,s f> z ! _w's sci5tific frat]nity is conc]n$1 x may ev5 be well 9 ! lead4 ,9 ! fir/ #cj or s mon?s foll[+ ! op5+ ( ! space age1 z signal$ by ! laun*+ ( ,sputnik ,i 9 ,octob] #aieg1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates put #ba satellites into orbit out ( #db attempts4 ,two out ( five deep-space probes 7 successful4 ,! degree ( success = all major laun*+s ran bett] ?an #ej p]c5t4 ,! ,am]ican ef=t has be5 bas$ on a broad scope ( inquiry & includes long-range communications1 wea!r report+1 navigation & surveillance vehicles1 z well z in=mation-ga!r+ satellites4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ! ,soviets laun*$ f\r ,e>? satellites1 "o deep-space probe1 "o lun>-impact probe & "o satellite into a mu* elongat$ ,e>? orbit :i* circl$ & photograph$ ! ,moon4 ,mo/ ( _! vehicles h be5 sub/antially heavi] ?an ^? laun*$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh complete in=mation on _! sci5tific purposes & ! result obta9$ has nev] be5 disclos$4 ,! _w political value ( su* programs _c be disc\nt$4 ,to ! ext5t t ! welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dep5ds ^u its /ature 9 ! eyes ( ! re/ ( ! _w 7:i* is believ$ consid]able7 & to ! ext5t t ! sci5tific capability ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates influ5ces su* /ature 7:i* is also believ$ consid]able7 our space v5ture has v m>k$ practical utility4 ,x may ev5 mean ! diff]5ce betwe5 fre$om & dictator%ip1 betwe5 survival & oblivion4 ,,space ,,z ,a ,,sub/itute ,,= ,,w> ,a natural outgr[? ( ! milit>y & pre/ige facets ( space exploration is ! "q ( :e!r ?is activity1 9 "t1 w replace ! =ces :i* h hi/orically driv5 nations into arm$ conflict4 ,any numb] ( social sci5ti/s & hi/orians h speculat$ t ?is might occur4 ,! !ory is t ! conque/ ( space may prove to be ! moral equival5t ( w> by sub/itut+ = c]ta9 mat]ial & psy*ological ne$s usually suppli$ ?r\gh w>2 t ! absorption ( en]gies1 res\rces1 imag9ation1 & aggressiv5ess 9 pursuit ( ! space adv5ture may become an effective way ( ma9ta9+ peace4 ,put ano!r way1 nations might become extrov]t$ to ! po9t :]e _! urge to ov]come ! unkn[n w\ld dw>f _! hi/oric desires = p[]1 weal?1 & recognition--attributes :i* h s (t5 l$ to w> 9 ! pa/4 ,! fact t ! ,unit$ ,nations1 late 9 #aiei1 agre$ to set up a p]man5t ,committee on ! ,peaceful ,uses ( ,out] ,space atte/s to ! hopes & pot5tial ( su* a developm5t4 ,( c\rse1 :e!r ?is condition w actually develop is anybody's guess4 ,b 9 a _w :]e brute =ce is becom+ increas+ly dang]\s & cata/rophic1 ! b>e possibility ( su* a result %\ld n be ignor$ by ^? :o may be contemplat+ ! values ( space exploration4 ,x c\ld be ! highe/ value ( !m all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #e4--,today's assembly l9es = automobiles & aircraft are be+ supplem5t$ by ! gr[+ a/ronautics indu/ry1 "h %[n turn+ out capsules = mann$ space flight4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,public ,law #he-efh1 #he? ,cong4 #i ,h4 ,rept4 #afcc1 #hf? ,cong41 #b;d sess41 p4 #f4 #aj ,spee* to ! ,supreme ,soviet1 ,jan4 #ad1 #aifj4 #aa ,associat$ ,press dispat*1 datel9e ,london1 ,dec4 #b1 #aiei4 #ab ,scott1 ,brig4 ,g54 ,rob]t ,l41 ,,usaf 7retir$71 ,space ,age1 ,febru>y #aiei1 p4 #fc4 #ac ,o/r&]1 ,maj4 ,g54 ,don ,r41 ,,usaf1 be=e ! ,am]ican ,rocket ,society1 ,los ,angeles1 ,may #aj1 #aifj4 #ad ,cox1 ,donald & ,/oiko1 ,mi*ael1 ,spacep[]1 ,john ,c4 ,w9/on ,co41 ,philadelphia1 #aieh1 p4 #af4 #ae ,sa5g]1 ,dr4 ,eug51 ,new ,sci5ti/1 ,sept4 #aj1 #aiei1 p4 #chc4 #af ,b\%ey1 ,brig4 ,g54 ,h4 ,a41 ,,usaf1 ,he>+s be=e ! ,h\se ,select ,committee on ,a/ronautics & ,space ,exploration1 ,apr4 #bc1 #aieh4 #ag ,pi]ce1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,r41 ,! ,dream ,_w ( ,space1 ,indu/rial ,rese>*1 ,decemb] #aiei1 p4 #eh4 #ah #e supra4 #ai ,all51 ,george ,v1 te/imony be=e ! ,h\se ,committee on ,sci5ce & ,a/ronautics1 ,jan4 #bb1 #aifj4 #bj ,editorial 9 ! ,wa%+ton ,ev5+ ,/>1 ,apr4 #d1 #aifj4 #ba ,rem>ks ( ,hon4 ,aubrey ,jones1 ,m9i/] ( ,supply1 to ! ,int]national ,a/ronautical ,f$]ation1 ,london1 ,sept4 #a1 #aiei4 #bb ,associat$ ,press dispat*1 datel9e ,rangoon1 ,feb4 #ah1 #aifj4 #bc ,space1 ,missiles1 & ! ,nation1 report ( ! ,h\se ,committee on ,sci5ce & ,a/ronautics1 ,may #ah1 #aifj1 p4 #ec4 #bd ,! ,new ,sci5ti/1 ,m>4 #c1 #aifj1 p4 #edg4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,economic ,,values ,we 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates believe t we h ! _w's highe/ /&>d ( liv+4 ,our curr5t weal?1 prosp]ity1 consum] goods & gross national product are at a peak hi!rto unrea*$ by any c\ntry4 ,nev]!less1 economi/s :o see ! /eady prepond]ant outfl[ ( goods & capital f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & :o /udy ! ris+ rate ( economic capability 9 o!r c\ntries c f9d little room = complac5ce 9 ! pres5t /atus ( ?+s4 ,!y are also well aw>e ( ! ,soviet ,union's ann\nc$ int5t ( beat+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates at its own game3 economic expansion4 ,milit>y hi/orians are likewise aw>e t ev5 /rong economies1 :5 !y become /atic1 d n gu>antee safety4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y seem likely to induce a dang]\s national apa?y4 ,?is syndrome is famili> 9 hi/ory4 ,c>?age suff]$ f x4 ,c>?age enjoy$ enorm\s prosp]ity & 0 fl\ri%+ :5 %e 0 de/roy$ by h] ,roman competitor4 ,mu* lat]1 ,rome _h a gross national product )\t prec$5ce4 ,h] weal? & spl5dor 7 unsurpass$ :5 ! ,v&als & ,visigo?s began _! onslaughts4 ,nei!r ,rome's great eng9e]+ skills1 its ar*itectural gr&eur1 its great laws1 nor1 9 ! la/ analysis1 its gross national product1 c\ld prevail aga9/ ! b>b>ians4 ,_! ,,gnp 0 negligible2 nev]!less !y ransack$ ! mighty ,roman ,empire4 ,! gross national product is no insurance ( survival4 ,x is n a sign ( milit>y /r5g?1 & inde$1 x may n ev5 be suffici5t = ! economic battle4#be ,?us f ! po9t ( view ( economic /imulus & cont9u$ comm]cial dynamism1 space exploration %\ld be--& is prov+ to be--a gods5d4 ,u4,s4 ,,exp5ditures ,,on ,,space ,x is impossible to arrive at accurate figures :i* might help indicate ! ext5t ( ?is ef=t 9 doll>s & c5ts4 ,b we d "k t ! ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t is pres5tly putt+ ab\t #c4e billion annually into ! rese>* & developm5t phases4 ,h[ mu* m may be go+ into ! pur*ase ( complet$ space h>dw>e is difficult to say2 c]ta9ly x is a high] figure /ill4 ,! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration1 9 pres5t+ its #aj-ye> plan to ,congress rec5tly1 indicat$ t ?is ag5cy alone expects to av]age betwe5 #a4e & #b billion a ye> dur+ ! next decade4 ,! am\nt ( ef=t go+ into space-relat$ programs on ! "p ( private indu/ry1 measur$ 9 doll>s1 aga9 c only be r\ghly e/imat$4 ,b x is a sizable figure & is kn[n to be gr[+4 ,x may am\nt to half ! gov]nm5tal rese>* & developm5t outlay4 ,^! figures add up to a v important segm5t ( ! national economy1 & ! fact t !y repres5t a highly active & progressive segm5t is p>ticul>ly he>t5+ to ! economic exp]ts ( ! ,nation4 ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,economic ,,b5efits ,"o ( ! mo/ useful *>act]i/ics ( ! space program is t its ne$s spread across ! entire indu/rial spectrum--electronics1 metals1 fuels1 c]amics1 ma*9]y1 pla/ics1 in/rum5ts1 textiles1 !rmals1 cryog5ics1 & a ?\s& o!r areas4#bf ,! b5efits f space exploration ?us h a way ( filt]+ into almo/ e area ( ! ,am]ican economy1 ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,p]haps ! greate/ economic treasure is ! advanc$ te*nology requir$ = m & m difficult space missions4 ,?is new te*nology is advanc+ at a meteoric rate4 ,its b5efits are spread+ ?r\gh\t our :ole indu/rial & economic sy/em4#bg ,a graphic example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! te*nological & economic b5efits f ! space program c gr[ may be se5 f ! developm5t ( ! ,x-#ae4 ,?is rocket craft1 design$ to fly beyond ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e at altitudes up to #ajj miles1 is ! product ( #djj diff]5t firms & contractors4 ,inasmu* z o!r nations1 ^? :i* g5]ally h lagg$ beh9d ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 te*nical "k-h[1 are n[ rapidly br++ _! te*nology up to date--?is w9dfall f our space program is especially opportune4 ,x is provid+ ! inc5tive to ,am]ican indu/ry to rema9 9 ! _w's te*nological van4 ,& x is emphasiz+ t economic lead]%ip is a dynamic ?+1 t ,u4,s4 mass-production te*niques :i* h enabl$ ! ,nation to compete s well 9 =eign m>kets are no long]1 ( !mselves1 suffici5t gu>antee ( sup]ior economic position4 ,:ile ,am]ica's space exploration program1 on a =mal basis1 came into be+ z rec5tly z ,octob] #aieh1 its impact on ! national economy has probably be5 %>p] ?an t ( any s+le new program ev] conceiv$4 ,= !re are n[ at lea/ #e1jjj companies or rese>* organizations engag$ 9 ! missile-space indu/ry4 ,& m ?an #c1bjj diff]5t space-relat$ products h be5 requir$ & are be+ produc$ to date4#bh ,"o c only speculate on ! economic effect :i* ! space program is hav+ on inve/m5ts or on inve/ors :o h no o!r connection ) x4 ,x seems significant1 h[ev]1 t ! /ock m>ket pages 9 rec5t mon?s h come to devote a good deal ( att5tion to space issues4 ,f9ancially speak+1 space has ?us become a major category4 ,t x has done s 9 su* a %ort p]iod w\ld seem to h m>k$ implications = ! future4 ,9 brief1 space exploration is becom+ almo/ an indu/ry 9 itself1 & !re are ^? :o believe x de/9$ to become ! l>ge/ indu/rial spur 9 ! ,nation be=e too _m ye>s h gone by4 ,"o exp]t1 an exp]i5c$ h& n only 9 a/ronautics b 9 ! bus9ess _w z well1 describes ! outlook 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,a great indu/rial *ange is tak+ place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! aircraft indu/ry1 :i* long consid]$ missiles z a small dep>tm5t1 n[ f9ds itself becom+ a "p ( ! l>ge missile & space flight indu/ry4 ,x is an elem5tal evolution4 ,an indu/rial *ange is ^u u comp>able to ! adv5t ( m]cantilism4#bi ,he has pr$ict$ t )9 a decade or s ! a/ronautics indu/ry w be l>g] ?an ! automotive indu/ry ( ! entire _w4 ,:ile su* pr$ictions may be ov]ly optimi/ic1 !y c sc>cely be dismiss$ z irresponsible 9 ! light ( :at has already happ5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #f4--;,boo/] eng9es ( tomorr[1 su* z ?is mockup ( ! #a1ejj1jjj p\nd ?ru/ s+le eng9e1 w place broad requirem5ts on m5 & mat]ials4 ,,creation ,,( ,,new ,,indu/ries ,:e!r or n we ?9k ( ! missile-space bus9ess z be+ a self-conta9$ indu/ry1 ! requirem5ts & exig5cies ( space exploration c be expect$ to result 9 ! creation ( new or greatly /r5g!n$ indu/rial bran*es1 = example3 ,rese>* ,?is phase ( ! ,am]ican economy is hav+ a ph5om5al gr[?4 ,n only h _m e/abli%$ indu/ries n[ plac$ rese>* high on _! organizational *>ts1 b hundr$s1 p]haps ?\s&s1 ( new bus9esses are spr++ up :i* are entirely devot$ to rese>* & developm5t4 ,r4 ,d41 z x is call$1 is _! /ock 9 trade1 _! only product4 ,& space exploration appe>s to h giv5 !m _! greate/ boo/4 ,"o rec5t /udy on ! subject reg>ds rese>* z ! f\r? major indu/rial revolution to take place 9 ,am]ican hi/ory1 foll[+ ! adv5ts ( /eam me*anization1 /eel1 electricity-&-int]nal combu/ion eng9es4 ,! f\r? indu/rial revolution1 ours1 is unique 9 ! numb] ( p work+ on x1 its complexity1 & its p[] to pu% ! economy at a rate previ\sly impossible4 ,today betwe5 #e1jjj & #ej1jjj te*nical entrepr5eurs 7top ,r4 ,d4 eng9e]s1 lead+ sci5ti/s1 & highly effective te*nical manag]s7 are directly analog\s to an e/imat$ #ej to #ejj m5 9 all ( ! fir/ ?ree p]iods4 ,?us ab\t #ajj times ! ef=t 9 t]ms ( qualitative 7effective1 creative1 pat5t-produc+7 manp[] is be+ sp5t on ! f\r? revolution z on ! o!r ?ree comb9$4 ,total manp[]1 ( c\rse1 is mu* m ?an t3 !re are probably #gjj1jjj eng9e]s & indu/rially ori5t$ sci5ti/s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates today1 z aga9/ #b1jjj ev5 z late z ,edison's fir/ high voltage light bulb4 ,:]eas ,edison work$ ) #bj to #ajj sci5ti/s 9 8 laboratory1 & ,fulton labor$ alone1 !re are #e1jjj indu/rial laboratories today employ+ f #bj to #g1cjj te*nical m5 ea*4#cj ,new p[] s\rces ,"o ( ! greate/ dem&s ( spacecraft ( ! future w be = new s\rces ( p[]4 ,:ile rocket propulsion p[] is "p ( ?is picture1 ! p[] ne$$ to op]ate space vehicles aft] laun*+ may prove to be ! l>g] & m important ne$4 ,progress has already be5 made 9 ?is direction by use ( special k9ds ( batt]ies & sol> cells :i* conv]t ! sun's rays into electric curr5t4 ,b ^! w ne$ supplem5t+ or replac+ ev5tually z great] p[] becomes necess>y4 ,x w\ld be ra% to pr$ict ! outcome ( ?is complicat$ field1 b c]ta9 v promis+ me?ods c be li/$4 ,"o is ! fuel cell1 :i* conv]ts fuel directly into electric p[] )\t ! necessity = ma*9]y or work+ p>ts4 ,mu* progress has be5 made on ! fuel cell 9 rec5t mon?s4 ,9 ,engl& a #dj-;cell unit has be5 us$ to drive a =klift truck & to d electric weld+4 ,x develops up to #e kil[atts4#ca ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a #cj-;cell portable p[]plant develop+ #bjj watts has be5 deliv]$ to ! ,army & ,m>9e ,corps1#cb :ile a #a1jjj-unit cell has be5 develop$ 9 ! ,midwe/ :i* provides #ae kil[atts & drives a tractor4#cc ,ano!r me?od is plasma p[]1 or p[] g5]at$ ?r\gh ! use ( hot ioniz$ gas4 ,su* gas acts z a conductor ( electricity & :5 employ$ z a magnetohydrodynamics g5]ator x c be us$ = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,x has ! advantage ( be+ simple1 rugg$1 & effici5t4 ,"s day x may also prove v economical4 ,already #aj municipal areas along ! ,mason-,dixon l9e are prep>+ to exp]im5t ) electric p[] d]iv$ f ?is s\rce4#cd ,x has be5 e/imat$ t z mu* z #a million watts c\ld be g5]at$ by %oot+ a /ream ( plasma at spe$s ?ree times t ( s\nd ?r\gh a magnetic field only #c feet long & ) ! magnetic poles #f in*es ap>t4#ce ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g4--,! possible p[] s\rce = space %ips ( ! future1 ! ion jet1 has significant c\nt]p>t uses = ! comm]cial _w4 ,ano!r possible s\rce is photoelectric p[]4 ,:ile a numb] ( v difficult problems block ! practical g5]ation ( ?is k9d ( p[]1 ! a/ronautics rese>* division ( "o ,am]ican company has n[ succe$$ 9 increas+ ! effici5cy ( photoelectric cells by a factor ( m ?an #cjj4cf ,s ! possibilities 9 ?is area are look+ up4 ,z discuss$ 9 section ,,ii1 photon p[] d]iv$ f ! ejection ( electromagnetic rays may som$ay prove a s\rce = accel]at+ vehicles once !y h escap$ f ,e>?'s gravity4 ,ano!r possibility1 ( c\rse1 is atomic en]gy ab\t :i* mu* has be5 said & writt54 ,if1 z "s sci5ti/s believe1 ext5sive space exploration by mann$ crews w dep5d on h>ness+ ?is great s\rce ( en]gy--bo? = boo/] purposes & = op]at+ spacecraft 9 ! di/ant p>ts ( our int]planet>y sy/em--?is fact alone may assure t ! ob/acles to practical nucle> en]gy are ov]come fa/] & m completely ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! sci5ce ( controll+ nucle> fusion 7z oppos$ to fission7 has come s f> 9 ! pa/ sev]al ye>s t #aa private p[] companies are pool+ _! res\rces to advance ?is /ate ( ! art4#cg ,new wat] s\rces & uses ,a look into ! future indicates v /rongly t wat] w become a major _w problem1 possibly by ! beg9n+ ( ! #aigj's1 :i* is likely to be ano!r dry decade4 ,pres5t wat] supplies1 c\pl$ ) ! increas+ population & ! _m new uses = wat]1 are b>ely adequate n[4 ,9 ano!r #aj ye>s ! situation c\ld be critical4 ,"p ( our national space program includes /udies on h[ to use & reuse wat] to ! be/ advantage ( ! human 9 space4 ,a numb] ( av5ues are be+ foll[$1 includ+ vaporization ( volatiles 9 biological wa/es4#ch ,f rese>* ( ?is k9d x is m ?an possible t k w evolve :i* w prove useful 9 ! practical production ( fre% wat] f o!r *emical comp\nds or mixtures1 includ+ seawat]4 ,m ?an t1 x c\ld lead to new ways = extract+ mu* ne$$ mat]ials f ! sea4 ,seawat] conta9s #dj basic elem5ts1 #ai 9 relatively copi\s am\nts4 ,^! elem5ts run f #ah1ihj p>ts p>ts p] million ( *lor9e to #j1jjjjjjb "p p] billion ( radium4 ,yet1 s f>1 we h le>n$ to extract only brom9e & magnesium 9 useful am\nts4#ci ,conv]sely1 ! /udy ( h[ m>9e animals extract r>e elem5ts f ! seawat]1 su* z ! extraction ( copp] comp\nds by ! octopus1 c\ld provide a/ronautic rese>*]s ) important clues = keep+ man alive 9 space4 ,noise & human eng9e]+ ,?is is a field 9 :i* rese>* has be5 go+ on s]i\sly = only a few ye>s4 ,mo/ ( x has develop$ s9ce ,_w ,w> ,,ii4 ,human eng9e]+ is involv$ prim>ily ) ! reaction ( p to _! imm$iate surr\nd+s & h[ to arrange ^? surr\nd+s 9 ord] to p]mit ! mo/ com=table & effici5t function+ )9 !m4 ,! noise aspect ( human eng9e]+1 z x may develop f ! problems ( a/ronauts op]at+ 9 a sil5t _w1 c\ld lead to a v>iety ( innovations = improv+ ! p]=mance ( work]s or ev5 ! g5]al attitude ( p liv+ 9 urban areas4 ,9 today's _w1 :]e humans are subject$ to s _m diff]5t k9ds1 degrees1 & s\rces ( noise1 psy*ologi/s consid] ! matt] to be ( no small importance4 ,high spe$-light weight comput]s ,space vehicles n[ ne$ electronic comput]s = det]m9+ ! mom5t ( laun*1 = fix+ orbits1 = navigation1 & = process+ collect$ data4 ,comput]s w prec$e man into space4 ,!y w take ov] guidance & decision functions beyond limits ( human physiology1 psy*ology1 v]satility1 & reaction "t4#dj ,! tr5d 9 ?is direction is m>k$ & space exploration is accel]at+ x4 ,because ( weight & size limitations1 & due to ! g5ius ( rese>*1 ! giant electronic bra9 ( today w soon disappe> & be replac$ ) an app>atus only a small fraction ( its pres5t size4 ,! implications = ! bus9ess & pr(essional _w are great4 ,& a n inconsid]able side effect1 accord+ to _m mod]n te*nicians1 w be ! flood ( bra9p[] releas$ f "t-consum+ *ores & ?us made available = m basic1 creative ?\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h4--,! ne$s ( tomorr['s spacem5 w lead to m>k$ advances 9 human eng9e]+ & psy*ology4 ,solid /ate physics ,few areas ( ef=t are advanc+ ?is extremely promis+ art fa/] ?an space exploration1 :i* places a premium on light weight & small size4 ,! m9iaturization ( equipm5t be+ plac$ 9 ,u4,s4 satellites1 = example1 has be5 "o ( ! contempor>y wond]s ( ! _w ( sci5ce4 ,a big "p ( ?is m>* t[>d t9y equipm5t is 9 ! field ( electronics1 :]e ! process is call$ microm9iaturization1 molecul> electronics1 micromodul> eng9e]+ or a numb] ( o!r t]ms4 ,9 ess5ce x ref]s to ! greatly r$uc$ size ( equipm5t ?r\gh integrat$ circuits1 c\pl$ functions1 ! build+ ( complicat$ compon5ts into a s+le molecul> design & s on4 ,! art has proce$$ to ! po9t :]e complete radios c be r$uc$ to ! size ( a lump ( sug>4 ,cle>ly1 ?is tr5d holds almo/ unlimit$ utility = ! home1 ! factory1 ! m>ketplace1 ! highway1 ! hospital or j ab\t any o!r ar5a "o c>es to "n4 ,s great is ! promise t virtually e electronics company 9 ! c\ntry is und]tak+ to take ! /ate ( ! art into fundam5tally new areas & !re exploit its _m possibilities4#da ,,economic ,,alliances ,x may be t our national space exploration program w also result 9 /rong] economic alliances1 n only )9 our own national bord]s b on an int]national basis4 ,int]e/+ speculation to ?is effect has be5 advanc$ by a prom95t (ficial ( ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration3 ,i ?9k we may expect t ! comb9$ influ5ce ( jet aircraft & satellite communications sy/ems w enable u to integrate ! n[ some:at di/ant ,/ates ( ,hawaii & ,alaska ) ! re/ ( ! ,/ates z ?or\ghly z ! ,ea/ & ,we/ are already integrat$4 ,second1 & 9 _m ways a m intrigu+ possibility1 is ! prospect ( develop+ a truly int]national economic organization4 ,x is q app>5t t ev5 today a l>ge fraction ( ! economy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is dep5d5t ^u =eign trade4 ,"s nations ( ! _w1 su* z ,engl& or ,japan1 are almo/ entirely dep5d5t ^u =eign trade = _! basic /&>d ( liv+2 h[ev]1 curr5t =eign trade practices are necess>ily bas$ on a some:at leisurely patt]n en=c$ by our curr5t communications capacity4 ,:e!r we w be able to increase ! effici5cy & effectiv5ess ( our activities 9 =eign trade ?r\gh ! use ( ! new communications facilities n[ =ese5 w ( c\rse dep5d ^u our political ability to "w out viable arrangem5ts = our mutual b5efit ) our ov]sea fri5ds4 ,"o ( ! lessons ( hi/ory 9 ! fields ( communications is t an increase 9 capability has nev] gone unus$4 ,! capability ( do+ new ?+s has always result$ 9 x be+ f\nd pr(itable to use ?is capability 9 all fields1 bo? comm]cial & gov]nm5tal4#db ,,private ,,ent]prise ,,9 ,,space ,up to n[ space exploration has be5 m or less ! exclusive doma9 ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t4 ,x seems likely t ?is situation w n *ange mu* 9 ! ne> future4 ,b ! "q f9ally arises3 ,is ! nature ( space su* t ! traditional ,am]ican concept ( private ent]prise c h no place 9 x8 ,on ?is score !re is debate4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 !re h be5 indications t bus9essm5 feel !y w be able to conduct c]ta9 bus9ess op]ations & s]vices 9 space4 ,! space fronti] w inevitably increase ! scale ( ?9k+ & risk tak+ by bus9ess4 ,:5 we are deal+ ) space1 we are deal+ ) a te*nology t requires a planet>y scale to /age x2 decades ( "t to develop x2 & mu* bigg] inve/m5ts to get across ! ?re%old ( economic return ?an is cu/om>y 9 bus9ess today4 ,bus9ess mu/ n[ ?9k 9 int]national t]ms1 & 9 t]ms ( ! next bus9ess g5]ation4 ,x mu/ /ep up to ! big risks ) ! same vision t enabl$ an e>li] g5]ation ( build]s to pu% railroad tracks out across ! wild]ness & lay ! f\ndations ( our mod]n economy4#dc ,incid5tally1 x %\ld be po9t$ out t space exploration is already enc\rag+ ! =mation ( bus9ess ( all sizes4 ,myriads ( small bus9esses h sprung up1 _m ( !m suppli]s ( specialty equipm5t = ! l>g] conc]ns t h responsibility = major compon5ts & sy/ems4#dd ,to :at ext5t w private ent]prise become involv$8 ,"h is "o view3 ,z ! ye>s pass by1 & space app>atus becomes m reliable1 & ! "w ( obta9+ sci5tific data f space acquires a m r\t9e "*--c]ta9ly _m ( ! necess>y op]at+ facilities c\ld be put on a self-liquidat+1 private-indu/ry basis4 ,probably ! fir/ opportunities = private inve/m5t w come 9 ! comm]cial use ( satellites4 ,look+ ev5 fur!r into ! future ( space exploration1 p]haps !re w\ld be economic ju/ification = a privately own$ laun*+ s]vice t w\ld put objects into space = ! peaceful purposes ( fri5dly gov]nm5ts1 int]national ag5cies1 indu/ry1 & ! univ]sities4 ,! base itself1 f :i* ! comm]cial laun*+ s]vice w\ld op]ate1 might be model$ aft] a port au?ority4 ,su* a nonmilit>y1 int]national space port c\ld develop z a c5t] = _m private ent]prises relat$ to space op]ations4 ,^! might include s]vice & ma9t5ance facilities2 data-process+ s]vices2 space communication c5t]s2 laboratory facilities2 /&>diz$ equipm5t = satellites & o!r space vehicles2 fuel supplies2 m$ical s]vices2 biological s]vices2 & g5]al supplies4 ,mov+ away f ! idea ( a comm]cial space port1 mu/ all future track+ /ations1 obs]vatories1 & data-process+ /ations be ,gov]nm5t own$8 ,h[ ab\t exp]im5tal /ations = ! simulation ( space environm5ts8 ,h[ ab\t laboratories & /ations actually con/ruct$ 9 space8 ,or w privately own$ facilities "o day (f] ^! s]vices on an int]national basis to gov]nm5ts1 indu/ries1 univ]sities1 & int]national ag5cies8 ,mo/ likely ! fir/ bus9esses suitable = comm]cial op]ation1 us+ space te*nologies1 w be worldwide communication by satellite1 private wea!r =eca/+1 & high-spe$ ,e>? transport by rocket4#de ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #i4--,! electric & electronic ne$s ( ! space program are requir+ m & m skill$ labor4 ,,jobs ,!re probably is no reliable way to gage ! numb] ( ,am]icans :o are employ$ today because ( ! national space ef=t1 nor to e/imate accurately ! numb] :o are likely to be employ$ 9 ! ye>s ahead4 ,?is mu* c be said1 ?\gh4 ,!y already numb] 9 ! t5s ( ?\s&s1 probably 9 ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,! ,adm9i/rator ( ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration has report$ t 8 ag5cy pres5tly employs #ah1jjj p]sons4 ,& he adds 9 spite ( ! size ( ?is organization1 we e/imate t approximately #ge p]c5t ( our budget w be exp5d$ ?r\gh contracts ) indu/ry1 educational in/itutions1 & o!r nongov]nm5tal gr\ps4 ,?us ! numb] ( p]sons privately employ$ :o are work+ on ,,nasa projects is1 ( itself1 a high figure4 ,! numb] employ$ 91 by1 or = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,def5se on missiles or space-relat$ projects is und\bt$ly high]4 ,9 addition to ^! mu/ be add$ ! m5 & wom5 employ$ by private indu/ry 9 a capacity n directly relat$ to ! space program b ^: jobs h be5 creat$ none!less by its /imulus4 ,! fact is t ! milit>y & peaceful ne$s ( ! space program are already employ+ a significant p]c5tage ( ! indu/rial "w =ce1 & w make up an ev5 l>g] proportion ( total employm5t & production ( ! c\ntry z ! ye>s g by4 ,! aircraft indu/ry1 = example1 is broad5+ its scope to include missile & space te*nologies4 ,mu* ( ! electronics indu/ry is devot$ to missile & space ne$s4 ,! communications1 *emical1 & metallurgical indu/ries are increas+ly involv$4 ,^! indu/ries are already among ! l>ge/ employ]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !y are ! major employ]s ( ! ,nation's te*nical manp[]4 ,h5ce we are n speak+ ( a m9or elem5t 9 ! national economy1 b ( its lead+ gr[? indu/ries4#df ,?is phase ( ! space program's value %\ld n be ey$ m]ely f ! /&po9t ( sci5ti/s & ! labor m>ket4 ,x has major significance = ! pr(essions--= doctors1 lawy]s1 ar*itects1 tea*]s1 & eng9e]s4 ,all ( ^! w be vitally conc]n$ ) space exploration 9 ! future4 ,! doctor ) space m$ic9e & its results2 ! lawy] ) bus9ess relations & a va/ly increas$ ne$ = k 9 int]national law2 ! ar*itect ) ! con/ruction ( spaceports & data & track+ facilities2 ! tea*] ) ! boom+ dem& = new types ( space-eng5d]$ curricula4 ,z = ! eng9e]-- ,9 ?is pyramid ( sci5tific & eng9e]+ ef=t !re w be f\nd requirem5ts = ! s]vices ( almo/ e type ( sci5ti/ & eng9e] to a great] or less degree4 ,9 ! =efront1 ( c\rse1 are ! a]ospace & a/ronautical eng9e]s b ! developm5t ( ! ,saturn laun*+ vehicle has also enli/$ ! coop]ation ( civil1 me*anical1 electrical1 metallurgical1 *emical1 automotive1 /ructural1 radio1 & electronics eng9e]s4 ,mu* ( _! "w relates to gr\nd h&l+ equipm5t1 special automotive & b>ge equipm5t1 *eck\t equipm5t1 & all ! o!r devices ne$$ to support ! design1 con/ruction1 te/+1 laun*+1 & data ga!r+4#dg ,,automation ,,& ,,dis>mam5t ,f9ally1 an economic value ( extreme importance c\ld be ! ultimate role ( ! space program 9 modify+ ! ?reat to labor :i* is inh]5t 9 automation & dis>mam5t4 ,space exploration1 op5+ up new & pr(itable vi/as1 c\ld take up mu* ( ! slack ?us impos$ & d x at a high] & m intellectual job level4 ,automation1 z we "k1 is already 9 ! process4 ,9 agriculture alone x has bitt5 deeply into ! labor+ =ce & yet produces great] crops ?an ev]4#dh ,x is ga!r+ /r5g? 9 _m o!r fields4 ,dis>mam5t is a long way f be+ a reality4 ,b all nations ( ! _w are /riv+ = x1 or at lea/ giv+ lips]vice to its pr9ciples1 s x may "o day em]ge z a reality4 ,if ?is happ5s1 space exploration aga9 may be a mo/ important elem5t 9 tak+ up ! slack :i* a prom95t r$uction 9 def5se activity c\ld n help b br+ ab\t4 ,inde$1 !re are "s :o already =esee a complete sub/itution ( space = def5se1 & :o progno/icate t 9 ! #aiij's ! economy ( nations is n[ bas$ on ! a/ronautics indu/ry1 in/ead ( w>4#di ,c]ta9ly1 "s new economic =ce w\ld be crucial to nations depriv$ ( ! ne$ = devis+ & manufactur+ weapons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aj4--;,a ho/ ( new mat]ials1 skills1 & eng9e]+ te*niques are b\nd up 9 ! con/ruction ( rocket eng9es su* z ?is fir/ /age boo/]4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,gav91 ,james ,m41 address to ! ,int]national ,bank]s ,association1 ,bal ,h>b\r1 ,fla41 ,dec4 #b1 #aieh4 #bf ,mit*ell1 ,hon4 ,erw91 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,june #b1 #aifj4 #bg ,dryd51 ,dr4 ,hugh ,l41 ,deputy ,adm9i/rator1 ,,nasa1 ,p5rose lecture be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,philadelphia1 ,apr4 #ba1 #aifj4 #bh ,missile-,space ,directory1 ,missiles & ,rockets1 ,may #cj1 #aifj1 pp4 #hf-cei4 #bi ,haley1 ,&rew ,g41 g5]al c\nsel & pa/ presid5t ( ! ,int]national ,a/ronautical ,f$]ation1 ,rocketry & ,space ,exploration4 ,van ,no/r& ,co41 ,pr9ceton1 ,n4,j41 #aieh p4 #aef4 #cj ,ruzic1 ,neil ,p41 ,! ,te*nical ,entrepr5eur1 ,indu/rial ,rese>*1 ,may #aihj1 p4#aj4 #ca ,bacon1 ,f4 ,t41 ,! ,fuel ,cell1 ,p[] ,s\rce ( ! ,future1 ,new ,sci5ti/1 ,aug4 #ag1 #aiei1 p4#bgb4 #cb ,sci5ce ,s]vice dispat*1 datel9e ,lynn1 ,mass41 ,apr4 #be1 #aiej4 #cc ,%>p1 ,james ,m41 ,! ,application ( ,fuel ,cells 9 ! ,natural ,gas ,indu/ry1 ,s\?we/ ,rese>* ,in/itute1 ,san ,antonio1 ,tex41 ,m>4 #d1 #aifj1 pp4 #b-c4 #cd ,le>1 ,john1 ,t[ns ,to ,be ,lit by ,plasma1 ,new ,sci5ti/1 ,nov4 #ai1 #aiei1 p4 #ajjf4 #ce ,pursglove ,s4 ,david1 ,indu/rial ,rese>*1 ,m>* #aiej p4 #ai4 #cf ,ibid4 #cg ,ibid41 p4 #ah4 #ch ,space ,bus9ess ,daily1 ,june #ac1 #aifj4 #ci ,cox1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,a41 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ,seawat]1 ,new ,sci5ti/1 ,sept4 #bd1 #aidei1 p4 #eah4 #dj ,h9es1 ,l4 ,j41 ,space ,age ,news1 ,apr4 #be1 #aifj1 p4 #d4 #da ,ga]tn]1 ,w4 ,w41 ,functional ,microelectronics1 ,missile ,design & ,developm5t1 ,m>* #aifj1 p4 #cd4 #db ,/ew>t1 ,dr4 ,hom] ,j41 address to ! ,am]ican ,b> ,association1 ,miami ,bea*1 ,aug4 #be1 #aiei4 #dc ,cord9]1 ,ralph ,j41 ,competitive ,private ,ent]prise 9 ,space1 lecture at ,u4,c4,l4,a41 ,may #d1 #aifj #dd ,ibid4 #de ,ibid4 #df ,ibid4 #dg #bg supra4 #dh ,see ,! ,problem ( ,pl5ty1 ,u4,s4 ,news ,_w ,report1 ,apr4 #ac1 #aiei1 p4 #ig4 #di ,m>kuwitz1 ,mey] ,m41 & ,g5tieu1 ,norman ,p41 ,! ,rocket1 ,a ,pa/ & ,future ,hi/ory1 ,indu/rial ,rese>*1 ,decemb] #aiei1 p4 #gh4 ,,iv4 ,,values ,,= ,,ev]yday ,,liv+ ,! s-call$ side effects ( ! space exploration program are %[+ a rem>kable ability to produce innovations :i*1 9 turn1 improve ! quality ( ev]yday "w & ev]yday liv+ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 sett+ =? specific ways & means 9 :i* ! space program is produc+ practical uses1 x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t no attempt is made "h to sep>ate uses result+ f ! civil phases ( ! program f ^? develop$ by ! milit>y phases4 ,inasmu* z ! two are closely int]tw9$1 x w\ld seem impractical to d s4 ,&1 9 in/ances :]e ! same or simil> rese>* is be+ conduct$ by a s+le contractor on behalf ( bo? phases1 x is usually impossible to d s4 ,,te*nological ,,b5efits ,?is category ( ! practical uses ( ! space program is impressive inde$4 ,mo/ ( u are famili> ) ! plans :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates has = us+ artificial satellites 9 ways :i* w be b5eficial to all mank9d4 ,^! include ! satellite us$ = worldwide communications1 = global television1 = quick & accurate navigation1 & = mu* improv$ wea!r pr$iction & wea!r und]/&+4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 is a summ>y ( space-relat$ developm5ts ab\t :i* ! ,am]ican public has he>d consid]ably less3 ,fir/1 !re is ! high-spe$ comput]4 ,develop$ initially to meet milit>y dem&s = fa/] calculation1 ! comput] is an integral "p ( ,am]ican indu/ry1 mak+ x possible to d _m op]ations ) a high degree ( effici5cy & accuracy4 ,!rmoelectric devices = heat+ & cool+1 n[ adapt$ = comm]cial applications1 7 orig9ally design$ to provide en]gy s\rces = space vehicles4 ,! glass indu/ry1 z a result ( "w done dur+ & aft] ! ,second ,_w ,w> on l5ses & pla/ics1 promises sub/antial ga9s 9 ! consum] fields ( optics & foods4 ,pyroc]am1 develop$ = missile radomes1 is n[ be+ us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pots & pans4 ,mat]ials suitable = use 9 ! nucle> pres]vation ( food may make u ev5 bett] f$ ?an we already are4 ,m$ical rese>*1 & our heal? problems1 c use su* ?+s z film resi/ance !rmomet]s4 ,electronic equipm5t capable ( measur+ l[-level electrical signals is be+ adapt$ to measure body temp]ature & blood fl[4 ,9 a dramatic break?r\gh1 illu/rat+ ! unexpect$ b5efits ( rese>*1 x has be5 f\nd t a d]ivative ( hydraz9e1 develop$ z a liquid missile propellant1 is useful 9 treat+ c]ta9 m5tal illnesses & tub]culosis4 ,( c\rse1 ! a]onautics indu/ry has b5efit$ trem5d\sly4 ,eng9es1 automatic pilots1 rad> sy/ems1 flight equipm5t1 capable ( meet+ ! high /&>ds requir$ by space vehicles repres5t a great improvem5t ov] our already excell5t aircraft4 ,a plasma arc tor* 7has be57 develop$ = fabricat+ ultrah>d mat]ials & coat+s by mass production me?ods4 ,! tor*1 an outgr[? ( plasma te*nology1 develops heats ( #cj1jjj degrees & c "w )9 tol]ances ( two-?\s&?s ( an in*4 ,ano!r application f ! missile field1 :i* %[s real possibilities1 is a reliable fl[ met] t has no pack+s or be>+s4 ,?is 0 fir/ develop$ = measur+ liquefi$ gases & %\ld h a v wide indu/rial usefulness4 ,x may ev5 lead to improvem5ts 9 m>9e devices = measur+ di/ance & velocity4 ,gr\nd-to-air missiles t ride a beam to _! t>gets mu/ measure ! di/ance to ! t>get plane ) an accuracy ( a few feet 9 sev]al miles4 ,?is pr9ciple1 n[ be+ appli$ to survey+ te*niques1 has revolutioniz$ ! survey+ indu/ry4 ,! sol5oid valve1 :i* seats itself s(tly en\gh to elim9ate vibration1 has be5 appli$ v satisfactorily to home-heat+ sy/ems4 ,! use ( ! jet drill+ = m9+ is ano!r1 & wor?y ( amplification4 ,missiles are already work+ ! economically unm9able taconite ore ( ! ,mesabi ,range1 h help$ build ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,seaway1 & are br++ d[n co/s 9 qu>ry+4 ,x is e/imat$ t taconite w be supply+ ab\t a ?ird ( our ores 9 less ?an #bj ye>s4 ,until #aidg we 7 unable to m9e ?is v h>d rock1 & !n suitable rot>y & *urn drills 7 produc$4 ,jet drill+1 n[ available1 cracks & crumbles /one lay]s by !rmally induc$ expansion & is some:]e betwe5 #c & #e times fa/] ?an rot>ies4 ,jet pi]c+ c take u f> deep] into ! e>? ?an we h be5 able to g s f>1 to new s\rces ( ore & hydroc>bons4 ,9 /one qu>ry+1 jet spall+ & *annel+ are prov5 te*niques4 ,/one qu>ry+ has be5 exp5sive & wa/eful h]et(ore4 ,rocket flame equipm5t all[s cutt+ along ! natural cleavage planes1 or cry/al b\nd>ies--h5ce cuts /one ?9 )\t dang] ( crack+ &1 9 addition1 produces a f9e f9i% t _c be obta9$ :5 cutt+ by /eel or abrasive tools4 ,sci5tific lit]ature is beg9n+ to conta9 speculations on us+ ! pr9ciple ( ! missile eng9e to save un/able int]m$iate products ( ! *emical processes4 ,! high heats a*iev$ 9 ! rocket eng9e c1 p]haps1 be utiliz$ to produce desir$ products t w\ld be lo/ by sl[ cool+4 ,b ! high rate ( cool+ accompli%$ by exp&+ gases ?r\gh ! eng9e nozzle1 x is ?\ght1 w\ld save ^! un/able comp\nds4 ,infr>$ has come into its own ?r\gh missile electronics4 ,infr>$--s9ce x _c be jamm$--appe>s to be *all5g+ rad> = use 9 guidance devices1 track+ sy/ems1 & reconnaissance vehicles4 ,infr>$ is be+ us$ indu/rially to measure ! compositions ( fluids 9 complex processes ( *emical petroleum ref9+ & di/ill+4 ,infr>$ cam]as are us$ 9 analyz+ metallurgical mat]ial process+ op]ations1 to aid 9 accuracy & quality control4 ,! entire infr>$ field %\ld be significantly assi/$ 9 its gr[? & application ?r\gh our missile-space programs4 ,ano!r v promis+ outcome f missile developm5t is a comput] conv]t] t c quickly trans=m analogue signals--su* z pressure measurem5ts--into digital =m4 ,9 ! ne> future1 :5 guidance devices p]mit s(t l&+1 rocket c>go & pass5g] transport w become feasible4 ,mail may become almo/ z swift z telephone4 ,we are mak+ rapid progress 9 ! economics ( space travel3 payload co/s = ,vangu>d 7 ab\t #a billion a p\nd2 = ! ne> future laun*+s1 payload co/ %\ld be ab\t #a1jjj p] p\nd4 ,:5 payload co/s are ab\t a hundr$ doll>s a p\nd we may expect comm]cial space flight4#ej ,hundr$s ( o!r examples ( ! space program's value = ev]yday liv+ c\ld be cit$4 ,"o ) wide possibilities is a new weld+ process by us+ a high-p[]$ electron beam gun1 develop$ = ! fabrication ( space%ips & o!r space vehicles4 ,?is me?od p]mits weld+ jo9ts capable ( )/&+ temp]atures up to #c1jjj ,f42 x c be us$ on metals su* z molybd5um & pure tung/54 ,&1 its develop]s say1 x results 9 weld$ jo9ts t h deep p5etration & n>r[ weld beads t are virtually free ( contam9ation4#ea ,ano!r +5ius application1 result+ f ! ,navy's space rese>* program1 has significant utility = m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,?is is a glass fib] device :i*1 :5 plac$ 9 ! m\? dur+ d5tal "w or 9 ! area ( surgical incision1 p]mits a mu* magnifi$ televis+ ( ! op]ation4 ,x holds consid]able promise = tea*+ te*niques 9 _m fields4#eb ,ano!r example is a f9ely wov5 /a9less /eel clo? design$ = p>a*ut+ space vehicles back to ,e>?4 ,! clo? is made ( f9e wire ( great /r5g? :i* c )/& trem5d\s temp]atures & *emical contam9ation4 ,! wire f :i* ! clo? is wov5 is ab\t "o-fif? ! ?ickness ( a human hair & is believ$ to h m>k$ pot5tial = indu/ry & consum]s alike4 ,"h is an additional li/ ( examples3#ec ,microm9iature transmitt]s & receiv]s--us$ by police & doctors4 ,t>get drone autopilot--us$ z an inexp5sive pilot assi/ & safety device = private aircraft4 ,in]t ?read seal+ comp\nd--- us$ by pump manufactur]s s]v+ process indu/ries4 ,satellite scan devices--us$ 9 infr>$ appliances1 e4g41 lamps1 roa/]s1 swit*es1 ov5s4 ,automatic control compon5ts--us$ z proximity swit*es1 plugs1 valves1 cyl9d]s2 o!r compon5ts already are an integral "p ( indu/rial conveyor sy/ems4 ,missile accel]omet]s1 torquemet]s1 /ra9 gage equipm5t--us$ 9 auto cra% te/s1 motor te/+1 %ipbuild+ & bridge con/ruction4 ,space record+ equipm5t automatically /opp$ & />t$ by s\nd ( voice--us$ widely z conf]5ce record]4 ,armalite rad>--us$ z proximity w>n+ device = aircraft4 ,m9iature electronics & be>+s--us$ = portable radio & television2 excessively small roll]1 ne$le & ball be>+s us$ = su* equipm5t z air-turb9e d5tal drills4 ,epoxy missile res9--us$ = pla/ic tool+1 metal bond+1 adhesive1 & ca/+ & lam9at+ applications4 ,silicones = motor insulation & subz]o lubricants--us$ 9 new glassmak+ te*niques = myriad products4 ,ribbon glass = capacitors--us$ widely 9 electronics field4 ,rad> bulbs--us$ 9 air traffic control equipm5t4 ,ribbon cable = missiles--us$ 9 ! communications indu/ry4 ,automatic gun cam]as--us$ 9 banks1 toll boo?s1 etc4 ,fluxless alum9um sold]+--us$ = kit*5 ut5sil repair1 gutt]s1 fla%+s1 ant5nas1 electrical jo9ts1 auto repair+1 f>m ma*9]y1 etc4 ,lightweight hydraulic pumps--us$ 9 automat$ ma*9]y & pneumatic control sy/ems4 ,voice int]ruption priority sy/em--us$ = assembly l9e production control4 ,examples su* z ! =ego+1 x might be po9t$ out1 d n g5]ally emphasize an area 9 :i* space exploration is mak+ "o ( its greate/ contributions4 ,?is is ! creation ( new mat]ials1 metals1 fabrics1 alloys1 & comp\nds t are f9d+ _! way rapidly into ! comm]cial m>ket4 ,less demon/rable b equally 7& p]haps m7 significant areas :i* may expect to b5efit f space exploration are set out beg9n+ on page #ce4 ,illu/ration4 ,,figure #aa4--,vital in=mation ab\t ! =ces :i* cause wea!r c be le>n$ f meteorological satellites su* z ^!4 ,ev5 a slight increase 9 ! accuracy ( wea!r pr$iction w be wor? millions ( doll>s annually4 ,,food ,,& ,,agriculture ,an extremely difficult problem b\nd up ) space travel ( any duration is t ( food4 ,a/ronauts w n be able to take l>ge supplies ( food on _! voyages & probably w h to reuse :at !y d take4 ,le>n+ h[ to d ?is is no easy matt]4 ,"s d\bt if x c be done4 ,o!rs are optimi/ic4 ,! body ( sci5ti/s n[ work+ directly on space fe$+ & nutrition is work+ effectively at a rate only atta9$ by high motivation4 ,b ?is motivation suffices & _! ef=ts w ultimately provide at lea/ a p>tially clos$ space fe$+ sy/em by ! "t x is critically ne$$ &1 ev5tually1 an ideal "o = long voyages ( man into ! remot] rea*es ( out] space4#ed ,if ! optimi/s are "r1 x is conceivable t ! in=mation gam$ f ?is rese>* w h pr(\nd influ5ce on food & agricultural processes 9 ! future4 ,! use & gr[? ( syn!tics or new foods1 & _! effects on ! soil1 c\ld prove invaluable z ! worlds population climbs & ! dem& = food multiplies4 ,bett] und]/&+ ( wea!r processes1 z provid$ ?r\gh space exploration1 w also be valuable 9 t]ms ( agriculture4 ,long-range accurate wea!r pr$iction w\ld be wor? millions ( doll>s 9 prop] crops plant$ & crop damage avoid$4 ,mean:ile1 z 9 o!r te*nological areas1 space rese>* is provid+ specific new tools = ! food & agriculture indu/ry4 ,infr>$ food blan*+1 = in/ance1 is highly effective 9 prep>+ foods = cann+ or freez+4 ,! developm5t ( a new =age h>ve/] bas$ on pr9ciples ( a]odynamics uncov]$ by missile eng9e]s is ano!r example4 ,,communications ,?is is a field ( enorm\s promise1 & its practicality has already be5 demon/rat$ to ! ext5t ( plac+ satellites into precise orbits1 su* z ,tiros 7wea!r7 & ,transit 7navigation71 & ( communicat+ at long di/ances--#bc million miles 9 ! case ( ,pione] ,v4 ,z a result3 ,gov]nm5t & indu/ry te*nicians are rapidly develop+ new ,e>? satellites to beam n only television programs b radio broadca/s & phone conv]sations to e spot on ,e>? t's equipp$ to receive !m4 ,?us ?is space project1 f> m ?an mo/1 w t\* ! ord9>y citiz54 ,! goal3 a workable1 worldwide communications sy/em 9 space be=e ?is decade is ov]4 ,x w be1 decl>es "o rese>*]1 ! ultimate 9 communications4#ee ,incid5tally1 ! fir/ worldwide communications sy/em ( ?is type1 & :e!r x is conduct$ 9 ,engli% or ,russian1 may h crucial pre/ige & propag&a ramifications4 ,su* facilities %\ld be possible ?r\gh a sy/em ( c>efully plac$ satellites s t radio signals c be relay$ to any "p ( ! globe at any "t4 ,moreov] !y appe> to be ess5tial :5 "o consid]s t )9 ! next #bj ye>s exi/+ te*niques are apt to be /ret*$ beyond reasonable economic limits by dem&s = long di/ance communications4 ,x is difficult to see h[ transoceanic television w o!rwise be possible :5 x is realiz$ t !re is pres5tly a capacity ( less ?an #ajj telephone *annels across ! ,atlantic & a s+le television *annel is equival5t 9 b& wid? to #a1jjj telephone *annels4 ,x appe>s t a sy/em utiliz+ satellites is ! mo/ promis+ solution to ?is problem4#ef ,m esot]ic communications sy/ems may also arise f space rese>*4 ,9 "s future ye> :5 a cruis+ space vehicle communicates ) ano!r space vehicle or its orbit+ /ation1 x may use a beam ( light in/ead ( conv5tional radio4 ,n t radio w be inop]ative "u ! airless conditions ( space--r ! rev]se--b !re is reason to believe t communication by sunlight n only w be *eap] b w entail c>ry+ mu* simpl] & light] equipm5t = c]ta9 specializ$ space applications4 7,! ,air ,=ce7 is develop+ an exp]im5tal sy/em t w collect sun rays1 run !m ?r\gh a modulator1 direct ! resultant light wave 9 a controll$ beam to a receiv]4 ,!re ! wave w be put ?r\gh a detector1 transpos$ into an electrical impulse & be amplifi$ to a speak]4 ,dep5d+ on ! type ( modulator us$1 ei!r ! digital 7dot-da%7 message or a voice message c be s5t4#eg ,might n su* a sy/em f9d practical usage on ,e>?1 p>ticul>ly 9 sunny1 arid l&s8 ,,wea!r ,,pr$iction ,,& ,,modification ,meteorological satellites %\ld make possible wea!r obs]vations ov] ! entire globe4 ,today1 only #bj p]c5t ( ! globe is cov]$ by any regul> obs]vational & report+ sy/ems4 ,if we c solve ! problems ( h&l+ ! va/ am\nts ( data t w be receiv$1 develop me?ods = timely analysis ( ! data & ! notification ( wea!r bureaus ?r\gh\t ! _w1 we %\ld be able to improve by a significant degree ! accuracy ( wea!r pr$ictions4 ,an improvem5t ( only #aj p]c5t 9 accuracy c\ld result 9 sav+s total+ hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s annually to f>m]s1 build]s1 airl9es1 %ipp+1 ! t\ri/ trade1 & _m o!r ent]prises4 ,p]haps ev5 great] sav+s w come f w>n+ sy/ems devis$ = hurricanes & tornadoes4 ,! slight k :i* humans actually h ( wea!r =ces c be se5 f ! fact t at pres5t we d n ev5 "k exactly h[ ra9 beg9s4#eh ,le>n+ to pr$ict x & to modify x1 ?r\gh space application1 might help sl[ d[n ! soil erosion ( arable l&--t geological inevitability 99 99 99 :i* man c only ha/5 or po/pone4#ei ,x is notewor?y t ! two lead+ nations 9 space rese>*1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,u4,s4,s4,r41 are among ! mo/ affect$ by soil erosion4 ,! leg up :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates has 9 ?is p>ticul> phase ( space rese>* is illu/rat$ by ! acute photographic tal5ts ( ! ,tiros satellite & _! mean+ to wea!r exp]ts4 ,! foll[+ description ( "s ( ! e>lie/ pictures by ! ,director ( ! ,(fice ( ,meteorological ,rese>*1 ,u4,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 is illum9at+4 ,?is picture1 label$ ,no4 #a1 0 ! /orm t 0 pick$ up 9 ! e>ly orbits ( ,tiros on ! fir/ day ( laun*1 ,april #a4 ,?is %[s ! /orm #abj miles ea/ ( ,cape ,cod1 ) dry cont95tal air /ream+ (f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n %[n by cl\ds1 & (f ! coa/ ! moi/ air /ream+ up to ! nor?1 c\nt]clockwise ar\nd ! c5t]1 produc+ widespread cl\ds & precipitation z f> nor? z ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,on t same day m5tion 0 made ( a /orm 9 ! ,midwe/4 ,t is illu/rat$ by photograph ,no4 #b4 ,?is 0 c5t]$ ov] s\!a/ ,nebraska1 a r ext5sive /orm4 ,aga91 we h a cle> air portion %[n by a d>k area1 ! gr\nd und]nea?1 :i* has less brightness ?an ! cl\ds1 ! cold air f ,canada /ream+ into t area1 n *>act]iz$ by cl\ds1 & to ! ea/ ! moi/ air f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 9 ?is g5]al neighborhood1 /ream+ ar\nd into t c5t] & produc+ r widespread ra9s4 ,9 ?is case ne> ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :]e ! cl\d is extremely bright1 indicat+ t ! cl\ds are v high1 ?und]/orms 7 f\nd 9 t area4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ab4--,/orm c5t] ov] ,nebraska photograph$ by ! fir/ ,u4,s4 wea!r satellite1 ,tiros1 on ,april #a1 #aifj4 ,! ext5t ( ! picture c be se5 f ! accompany+ wea!r map4 ,x is a sort ( situation 9 :i* tornadoes are to be f\nd 9 ?is v bright cl\dy area1 especially ?is "t ( ye> 9 ! ,midwe/4 ,a ?ird vortex 0 obs]v$1 also ,april #a1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,alaska1 #ejj miles s\!a/ ( ,kodiak ,isl&4 ,! vortex circulation is cle>ly evid5c$ by ! cl\ds :i* =m 9 a circul> array1 & ! l>ge cle> area 9 ! c5t] ( ! /orm4 ,no4 #d picture ref]s to a v big /orm #a1ejj miles 9 diamet] locat$ #cjj miles we/ ( ,irel& on ,april #b4 ,?is is a v old /orm :i* 0 :irl+ ar\nd1 _h no fronts associat$ ) x4 ,x has long s9ce w\nd up ar\nd ! c5t]4 ,!re is a r well-m>k$ /ructure to ! cl\ds t y c see4 ,x is q diff]5t f ! pictures 9 ! fir/ two4 ,^! are /orms mo/ly ov] ! cont95tal area or j (f ! coa/4 ,! /orms ov] ! oceans seem to %[ m ( a b&$ /ructure4 ,by t ,i mean circul> b&s ( cl\ds1 ( wid? p]haps rang+ f #bj miles to a few hundr$ miles1 spiral+ ar\nd ! c5t] 9 a c\nt]clockwise mann]4#fj ,,heal? ,,b5efits ,( all ! problems cont+5t ^u space flight x is d\btful if any are m p]plex+ ?an ! biological ones4 ,9 fact1 x n[ appe>s q likely t ! limit+ factor on mann$ space exploration w be less ! nature ( physical laws or ! %ortcom+ ( space vehicle sy/ems ?an ! vuln]ability ( ! human body4 ,9 ord] to place humans 9 space = any ext5d$ p]iod1 we mu/ solve a ho/ ( highly complicat$ biological equations :i* dem& int5sive basic rese>*4 ,! o!r side ( ! co91 h[ev]1 is t :5 sci5tific break?r\ghs d occur 9 ?is area1 !y w probably be among ! mo/ b5eficial to come f ! space program4 ,an idea ( :at is go+ on 9 ! space m$ic9e field c be obta9$ f ?is summ>y3 ,eng9e]s already h equipp$ man ) ! vehicle = space travel4 ,m$ical rese>*]s n[ are inve/igat+ _m factors incid5t to ! ma9t5ance ( space life--to make possible man's flight into ! dep?s ( space4 ,plac+ man 9 a :olly new environm5t requires k f> beyond our curr5t grasp ( human biology4 ,"h are "s ( ! problems "u inve/igation3 ,! det]m9ation ( man's reactions2 ! necessity ( op]at+ 9 a completely clos$ sy/em compatible ) man's physiological requirem5ts 7oxyg5 & c>bon dioxide cont5t1 food1 b>ometric pressure1 humidity & temp]ature control72 explosive decompression2 psy*ophysiological difficulties ( spatial disori5tation z a result ( weightlessness2 toxicology ( metabolites & propellants2 effects ( cosmic1 sol>1 & nucle> ioniz+ radiation & protective %ield+ & treatm5t2 effects on man's circulatory sy/em f accel]ative & decel]ative g4 =ces2 ! e/abli%m5t ( a !rmoneutral range = man to exi/ ?r\gh preflight1 flight1 & re5try2 reg5]ation ( wat] & food4#fa ,9 addition1 int5sive ef=ts are be+ br\ght to be> on su* problems z ! effect on humans :o are depriv$ ( _! s5sory p]ceptions1 or ^: s5sory sy/ems are ov]load$1 or :o are expos$ to excessive bor$om or anxiety or s5se ( unreality1 or :o mu/ d _! job "u hypnosis or hypo!rmia 7cool+ ( w>m-blood$ animals74 ,a rec5t space m$ic9e symposium he>d ?is !ory advanc$ by a prom95t m$ical s*ol>3 ,attractive1 inde$1 = ! space travel] w\ld be ! *oice ( hib]nat+ dur+ long p]iods :5 !re 0 no?+ he _h to d4 ,) ! increase ( spe$s & ! l[]+ ( metabolism1 consid]ation ( flights runn+ sev]al hundr$ or ev5 ?\s&s ( ye>s _c be (fh&$ly dismiss$ z m]e fantasy4 ,dur+ prolong$ flights ( _m mon?s or ye>s !re w be v little to see & t ( negligible int]e/4 ,! mo/ practical way ( deal+ ) ! problem might well be to h ! pilot sleep #bc ( ! #bd h\rs4#fb ,l[]+ ! body temp]ature w\ld be "o way ( induc+ ! necess>y deep sleep4 ,ano!r possibility ( h&l+ "s ( ! biological problems ( space flight1 sugge/$ by ano!r physician1 w\ld be = a/ronauts to disc>d ! #bd-;h\r ,e>? day & e/abli% a long] rhy?m = _! lives4#fc ,at any rate1 & :ile we may n n[ see j h[ x w come ab\t1 k ga9$ f exp]im5ts su* z ^! may result 9 important m$ical & psy*ological advances4 ,9 ! drug & te*nological area ( m$ic9e1 concrete b5efits h already result$ f ! national space program4 ,^! include1 z already m5tion$1 a drug develop$ f a missile propellant to treat m5tal ills1 a means ( rapidly l[]+ blood temp]ature 9 op]ations1 & a small effici5t valve :i* c\ld replace ! valve 9 a human he>t4 ,p>ticul>ly gratify+1 f ! /&po9t ( m$ical value is ! ,army's "w t[>d an anti-radiation drug :i* c\ld be tak5 be=e exposure to r$uce ! biological effects ( radiation4#fd ,su* a drug1 :i* is ( special int]e/ to a/ronauts :o might be requir$ to subject !mselves to v>y+ belts ( radiation1 might be ( ev5 great] use 9 ! cause ( civil def5se4 ,a f9al & f>-rea*+ phase ( ! heal? side ( space exploration deals ) ! basic nature ( biology itself--h[ & "u :at conditions life gr[s4 ,up to n[ biological sci5ce has be5 l>gely ! rationalization ( p>ticul> facts & we h _h all too limit$ a basis = ! con/ruction & te/+ ( mean+ful axioms to support a !ory ( life4#fe ,?r\gh rese>* made possible by ! space program x may be possible to alt] ?is condition4 ,! dynamics ( cele/ial bodies1 z c be obs]v$ f ! ,e>?1 is ! ri*e/ inspiration = ! g5]alization ( our concepts ( mass & en]gy ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,! spectra ( ! />s likewise te/ify to ! univ]sality ( our concepts 9 *emi/ry4 ,b biology has lack$ tools ( su* ext5sion1 & life until n[ has meant only t]re/rial life4#ff ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ac4--;,biological reactions uncov]$ 9 space m$ic9e /udies1 su* z ?is c5trifuge exp]im5t1 may lead to important heal? discov]ies4 ,! secrets :i* ?is rese>* may divulge & _! mean+ = human heal? c only be imag9$4 ,b !y c]ta9ly w\ld n be m9or4 ,,education ,,b5efits ,no ent]prise has s /irr$ human imag9ation z ! rea* ( man t[>d ! exploration ( space4 ,new worlds to explore4 ,new di/ances to travel--#c1fhj million miles to ,pluto1 ! out]mo/ planet ( our sol> sy/em1 #h ye>s j\rney at #ej1jjj miles p] h\r :5 we atta9 su* a capability4 ,innum]able problems ahead4 ,new k ne$$ 9 almo/ e bran* ( sci5ce & te*nology f magneto fluid dynamics to cosmology1 f mat]ials to biology & psy*ology4#fg ,new k ne$$ means bett] & /rong] education is ess5tial4 ,& n only 9 ! physical sci5ces4 ,9 ! social sci5ces & ! arts z well4 ,c]ta9ly man's space adv5ture c help pr(\ndly to make a f9] creature ( him1 b only if 8 adv5tures on ,e>? c d s z well4 ,ess5tially :at ?is means to a social psy*ologi/ is t we mu/ someh[ raise our level ( education to ! po9t :]e mo/ m5 mo/ ( ! "t c appreciate & actively absorb ! implications ( k & developm5ts 9 all areas suffici5tly to let !m enri* _! p]sonal philosophies4 ,obvi\sly ?is k9d ( education is only 9 "p a sci5tific "o4#fh ,moreov]1 ! te*nical & managem5t aspects ( ! space program involve collaboration ) nonsci5tific p]sons su* z bus9essm51 bank]s1 & public (ficials 9 assess+ wor?:ile objectives & 9 judg+ ! te*nical & economic feasibility ( projects design$ to accompli% ^! objectives4#fi ,consequ5tly ea* type mu/ educate ! o!r 9 8 own specialty if an effective1 /epp$-up space program is to be a*iev$4 ,! dem& ,app>5tly ! dem& = specific =mal education 9 ! sci5ce ( a/ronautics is increas+ fa/] ?an x is be+ suppli$4 ,al?\gh _m colleges & univ]sities h be5 sett+ up c\rses deal+ ) a/ronautics1 ! /ate ( ! art does n seem to h cry/alliz$ to ! ext5t t x p]mits fa%ion+ a c>e] 9 ! field at ! educational level4 ,( c\rse1 discont5t is creat$4 ,"o publication has editorializ$3 ,we h receiv$ a surpris+ numb] ( lett]s f "y p :o actually want to "k h[ & :]e !y c get />t$ 9 a c>e] 9 a/ronautics4 ,^!1 = ! mo/ "p1 are high s*ool /ud5ts--&1 evid5tly1 !y c\ldn't get ! in=mation !y want$ f _! own s*ool4 99 99 99 ,isn't ! age ( space yet important en\gh = all ! high s*ools to sponsor int]e/ 9 our space programs & to po9t out ! ne$ = a con/ant fl[ ( "y bra9s8#gj ,! answ] und\bt$ly is t su* grassroots dem& w br+ ab\t increas$ academic curricula 9 a/ronautics 9 direct proportion to its magnitude4 ,mean:ile1 ! availability ( "w = p]sons ) a backgr\nd 9 space-relat$ subjects c be gag$ to "s ext5t by obs]v+ ! v>iety ( p]sonnel requirem5ts on major space exploration projects4 ,a s+le ,am]ican firm1 = example1 uses #di diff]5t pr(essional speciali/s 9 its "w = ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration & 9 its space "w = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,def5se4#ga ,multipli$ by ! ?\s&s ( companies :i* are do+ simil> "w1 ! li/ gives an idea ( ! a/ronautic dem& confront+ ! ,nation's educational in/itutions3 ,ac\/ician ,a]odynamici/ ,a]onautical eng9e] ,agricultural eng9e] ,a/rodynamici/ ,a/ronom] ,a/rophysici/ ,bio*emi/ ,biophysici/ ,c]amics speciali/ ,*emi/ ,comput] speciali/ ,cry/allograph] ,developm5t eng9e] ,doctor ( m$ic9e ,electrical eng9e] ,electronic eng9e] ,exp]im5tal physici/ ,flight eng9e] ,gyroscopics speciali/ ,hydraulic eng9e] ,in=mation !ory analy/ ,inorganic *emi/ ,logical design] ,magnetic device eng9e] ,ma!matician ,me*anical applications eng9e] ,me*anical eng9e] ,me*anisms speciali/ ,m$ical electronic eng9e] ,metallurgical eng9e] ,me?ods eng9e] ,nucle> physici/ ,oceanograph] ,organic *emi/ ,physical *emi/ ,pneumatic eng9e] ,process eng9e] ,production eng9e] ,project eng9e] ,psy*ologi/ ,reliability eng9e] ,sociologi/ ,solid /ate physici/ ,/ructural eng9e] ,sy/em analy/ ,!oretical physici/ ,!rmodynamici/ ,transduc] eng9e] ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ad4--;,exploration )9 ! sol> sy/em means a weal? ( new k :i* c\ld lead to le>n+ ! secrets ( life4 ,,footnotes3 #ej #be supra4 ,see also address to ! ,am]ican ,bank]s ,association1 ,oct4 #bh1 #aieh4 #ea ,space ,bus9ess ,daily1 ,june #ag1 #aifj4 #eb ,feldman1 ,george ,j41 cit$ 9 a lett] to ! ,h\se ,committee on ,sci5ce & ,a/ronautics1 ,apr4 #bi1 #aifj4 #ec ,f ,mi*elson1 ,edw>d ,j41 ,h[ ,missile-,space ,sp5d+ ,enri*es ! ,peacetime ,economy1 ,missiles & ,rockets1 ,sept4 #ad1 #aiei1 pp4 #ac-ag4 #ed ,tis*]1 ,r4 ,g41 ,a ,se>* = ! ,spaceman's ,food1 ,space ,j\rnal1 ,decemb] #aiei1 p4 #df4 #ee ,kra>1 ,l\is1 ,wall ,/reet ,j\rnal1 ,may #d1 #aifj4 #ef #g supra4 #eg ,release ,no4 #ch-fj1 ,air ,rese>* & ,developm5t ,comm&1 ,may #b1 #aifj4 #eh ,le>1 ,john1 ,:]e ,does ,ra9 ,beg98 ,new ,sci5ti/1 ,m>4 #bd1 #aifj1 p4 #gbd4 #ei ,w9d & ,soil1 ,new ,sci5ti/1 ,may #bf1 #aifj1 p4 #acbg4 #fj ,wexl]1 ,dr4 ,h>ry4 ,press conf]5ce conduct$ by ! ,national ,a]onautics & ,space ,adm9i/ration1 ,apr4 #bb1 #aifj4 #fa ,lockhe$1 ,missiles & ,space ,division1 m$ical rese>*1 ,sunnyvale1 ,calif4 #fb ,lewis1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,j41 be=e ! ,space ,flight ,symposium1 ,san ,antonio1 ,tex41 ,may #bh1 #aifj4 #fc ,kleitman1 ,pr(4 ,na?aniel1 be=e ! ,space ,flight ,symposium1 ,san ,antonio1 ,tex41 ,may #bf1 #aifj4 #fd ,taylor1 ,lt4 ,col4 ,ri*>d ,r41 ,,usa 7,,mc71 te/imony be=e ! ,h\se ,committee on ,sci5ce & ,a/ronautics1 ,june #ae1 #aifj4 #fe ,l$]b]g1 ,jo%ua1 ,exobiology-,exp]im5tal ,approa*es to ,life ,beyond ,e>?1 ,sci5ce 9 ,space1 *4 ,,ix1 ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ,febru>y #aifj4 #ff ,ibid4 #fg ,dryd51 ,dr4 ,hugh ,l41 spee* be=e ! ,eng9e]+ ,society ( ,c9c9nati1 ,feb4 #ah1 #aifj4 #fh ,mi*ael1 ,donald ,n41 ,space ,exploration & ! ,values ( ,man1 ,space ,j\rnal1 ,septemb] #aiei1 p4 #ae4 #fi #fg supra4 #gj ,space ,age1 ,augu/ #aiei1 p4 #c4 #ga ,m9neapolis-,honeywell1 ,milit>y ,products ,gr\p4 ,v4 ,,long-,,range ,,values ,9 assess+ ! practical values ( space exploration x does n seem logical to limit consid]ations to ^? values :i* are imm$iate or ne>-future ones4 ,! wor? ( a pres5t activity may be d\bl$ or trebl$ because ( its long-range pot5tial4 ,su* values may n be practical )9 ! context ( today's usage1 b !y may be extremely practical if we are will+ to conc$e t ^? ( u liv+ today h an int]e/ 9 & a responsibility = :at happ5s on ,e>? 9 ! decades & c5turies to come4 ,,tr\ble ,,spots ,?9k+ along ^! l9es x is n difficult to conjure up a picture ( "s ( ! difficult physical & social problems :i* w be fac+ ! ,e>? 9 ! ye>s :i* /ret* ahead4 ,! =ego+ sections ( ?is report1 = example1 h already indicat$ ext5sive difficulties inh]5t 9 at lea/ five major categories4 7#a7 ,bur/+ population4 7#b7 ,acute wat] %ortage4 7#c7 ,soil erosion & disappe>ance4 7#d7 ,too mu* leisure4 7#e7 ,int5sifi$ nationalism4 ,9 ea* area x is probable t space exploration w ultimately play an important role4 ,population ,social sci5ti/s h be5 w>n+ = ye>s ( ! dra/ic social upheavals :i* mu/ inevitably accompany an explod+ population4 ,x is a problem ! complexity ( :i* gr[s 9 geometric progression z "t goes on4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne>ly #cjj ye>s 7 requir$ to produce #ij million p4 ,9 ! pa/ #fj ye>s ?is numb] has d\bl$4 ,! implications are obvi\s4 ,!y are only too pla9 to urban & suburban plann]s :o endeavor to cope ) ! antlike con/ruction & activity ( ! human race z x burgeons ) ea* succe$+ ye>4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is n a dome/ic matt] b a global "o4 ,its s]i\sness has be5 describ$ z foll[s3 ,projection ( ! po/-,_w ,w> ,,ii rate ( increase gives a population ( #ej billions 7! highe/ e/imate ( ! population-c>ry+ capacity ( ! globe ev] calculat$ by a responsible s*ol>7 9 less ?an #bjj ye>s4#gb ,a ,european pr(essor ( m$ic9e adds t any surge 9 human longevity at ?is "t is q undesirable f ! /&po9t ( mak+ eld]ly p]sons useful or c>$ =4 ,! problems pos$ by ! explosive gr[? ( populations 99 99 99 are s great t x is q reassur+ to "k t biologi/s & m$ical m5 h s f> be5 unsuccessful 9 increas+ ! maximum lifespan ( ! human species 99 99 99 & 99 99 99 x w\ld be a calamity = ! social & economic /ructure ( a c\ntry if ! mean lifespan 7 sudd5ly to increase f #fe to #he ye>s4#gc ,"s an?ropologi/s pessimi/ically wond] if man is go+ to prove l ! locu/ by populat+ himself into ne> ext9ction f "t to "t4 ,)\t subscrib+ to ?is view1 "o mu/ nev]!less take notice ( ! difficulties pos$ by population increase1 n m]ely ^? ( food1 %elt]1 education1 & ! l b also ^? result+ f cellul>1 cramp$1 close liv+4 ,:i*ev] phase ( ! problem is /udi$1 x seems n unreasonable to conclude t space rese>* w help f9d a solution4 ,new ways to produce food1 new mat]ials = bett] %elt]1 new /imuli = education--all ( ^! are com+ f our space program4 ,z = ! matt] ( adequate liv+ room1 space rese>* may result 9 ways to p]mit an easy & effici5t scatt]+ ( ! population )\t hurt+ its mobility4 ,?is might result f ! developm5t ( small subsidi>y types ( craft1 or goc>ts1 orig9ally design$ = local exploration on o!r planets4 ,su* craft1 :e!r !y op]at$ by air cu%ion1 nucle> en]gy1 gravitational =ce1 p[] cell1 or :atev]1 conceivably w\ld p]mit ,e>?'s population to spread out )\t ! ne$ = exp5sive new roads--:i*1 by ! way1 take millions ( acres ( l& out ( productive use4 ,a developm5t ( ?is sort1 toge!r ) new p[] s\rces to replace ! fossil fuels on :i* factory1 home1 & vehicle n[ dep5d1 might also all b elim9ate ! gr[+ smog & air-pollution blight4 ,wat] %ortage ,a direct result ( ! population increase1 multipli$ by ! _m new uses = :i* wat] is be+ us$ 9 home appliances1 etc41 & plus ! greatly increas$ dem& = /&>d uses su* z indoor plumb+1 irrigation1 & factory process+1 is ! likelihood t wat] %ortage w be high on ! li/ ( future problems4 ,ways to cons]ve & reuse wat]1 toge!r ) economical desalt+ ( sea wat]1 w be ess5tial 9 ! decades ahead4 ,space rese>* may provide "p ( ! answ] "h1 too4 7,see ,new ,wat] ,s\rces & ,uses1 sec4 ,,iii47 ,soil erosion ,! ,russian /eppes ( ,kazakh/an are provid+ ! _w ) a great contempor>y du/ b[l1 rem9isc5t ( ! middle #aicj's :5 du/ f ! ,great ,pla9s /ret*$ f ,texas to ,saskat*ewan4 ,que/ionable agriculture policies1 dr\ght1 & /rong ea/]ly w9ds are among ! =ces blam$ = ! trials ( s\!rn ,russia4#gd ,s great is ! ext5t ( ?is di/urbance t ! du/ cl\d has be5 id5tifi$ 9 photographs tak5 by ,am]ican wea!r satellites4 ,( c\rse1 w9d erosion is only "o ( ! processes :]eby ! ,e>?'s arable l& is dim9i%+ & ! des]ts increas+2 erosion by wat] c also sweep away ! soil4#ge ,b ins(> z ! curr5t du/ b[l ( ! ,soviet /eppes has dim9i%$ food res\rces at a "t :5 ! numb] ( m\?s to fe$ is increas+ s rapidly1 ! _w is ! poor]4#gf ,:at c space rese>* d ab\t ?is vital tr5d1 :i* aga9 seems de/9$ to accel]ate 9 ! future8 ,:ile we _c be sure1 we c conjecture t improv$ soil cons]vation might turn out to be ! greate/ b5efit ( wea!r und]/&+ & modification4 ,agriculture policies might be adapt$ to ! long-range patt]ns uncov]$ by wea!r satellites &1 ev5tually1 ?r\gh bett] und]/&+ ( ! mak+ ( wea!r1 x may be possible to modify wea!r =ces 9 a mann] :i* w pres]ve ! soil4 ,9 a m remote ve91 x may be t k ga9$ f a fir/-h& /udy ( ! ,moon or o!r planets 9 ! sol> sy/em w ev5tually contribute to ! cons]vation ( soil on ,e>? 9 ways z yet unimag9$4 ,add$ leisure ,acquir+ m "t = leisure s\nds good4 ,v mu* m leisure ?an mo/ p n[ h1 h[ev]1 is apt to pres5t tr\ble 9 itself4 ,s9ce x appe>s t ! "t is n f> away :5 ^? liv+ 9 ! highly develop$ c\ntries w no long] h to conc5trate _! prime en]gies on ! traditional que/ = food1 clo?+1 & %elt]1 a pot5tially dang]\s vacuum may be ! result4 ,at lea/ ! psy*ologi/s seem agre$ t p mu/ feel a useful purpose 9 _! lives & h ways to pursue x4 ,above all1 leisure makes a *all5ge to ! human _s4 ,a!ns1 9 h] ,gold5 ,age1 display$ a g5ius = ! creative use ( leisure :i* c be se5 z complem5t>y1 & inde$ sup]ior1 to h] g5ius = milit>y & comm]cial v5tures4 ,!re h also be5 su* p]iods ( all-p]vasive inspiration 9 ! hi/ory ( o!r peoples 99 99 994 ,! d\bl+ ( our /&>d ( liv+ w pres5t a gr[+ *all5ge to ! human _s & produce grav] consequ5ces1 %\ld we fail to meet x4 ,we neglect ! prop] use ( leisure at our p]il4#gg ,9 o!r words1 ! answ] to ! problem does n lie solely ) ! golf c\rse1 ! ya*t club1 ! !at]1 or ! l5g!n$ vacation4 ,mu* m w be requir$4 ,! intellectual /imulus ( space exploration & rese>*1 :i* und\bt$ly w divide into num]\s bran*es l capill>y /reaks f a bolt ( lightn+1 %\ld be m>k$ly useful 9 help+ to fill ?is vacuum4 ,space rese>* w\ld seem p>ticul>ly applicable 9 ?is role s9ce x deals ) fundam5tal k & concepts :i* are satisfy+ 9 t]ms ( psy*ological ne$s & s5se ( purpose4 ,int5sifi$ nationalism ,ev] s9ce ,_w ,w> ,,ii ! era ( colonialism has be5 on ! wane4 ,_m nations h proclaim$1 won1 or wre/$ _! indep5d5ce dur+ t p]iod4 ,o!rs appe> to be on ! v]ge ( do+ s4 ,at any rate1 x is cle> t 9 ! decades ahead ! _w is go+ to see ! rise ( ev5 m indep5d5t nations ) /rong nationali/ic feel+s4 ,hi/ory implies t developm5ts ( ?is sort are (t5 accompani$ by int]national unre/--because ( ! normal ebulli5ce ( national adolesc5ce & ! desire to be accept$ by ! _w community1 z well z a v>iety ( concomitant political & economical upheavals4 ,= :atev] trials may lie ahead on ?is score1 space exploration may prove to be mu* ne$$ oil on r\gh wat]4 ,ambiti\s1 advanc$1 sophi/icat$ space exploration 9 ! future is almo/ c]ta9 to require a high degree ( int]national coop]ation & p]haps ev5 a pool+ ( res\rces & funds to "s degree4 ,already ,am]ica has f\nd x exp$i5t1 9 "s cases m&atory1 to dep5d on facilities 9 o!r c\ntries = h] v5tures into space4 ,a good example is ! close coop]ation betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & track+ bases locat$ 9 ,canada1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 & else:]e4 ,an ev5 bett] "o is ! important "p play$ 9 ,u4,s4 ef=ts by ,engl&'s giant radio telescope at ,jodrell ,bank4 ,mo/ ( our laun*es are foll[$ by ?is equipm5t & mu* ( ! be/ sci5tific in=mation ga9$ f x4 ,9 ! case ( ,pione] ,v1 ,jodrell ,bank 0 ess5tial to keep 9 t\* ) ! satellite at ! long] di/ances &1 moreov]1 0 actually requir$ to sep>ate ! f\r? /age ( ! laun* vehicle & direct ! payload t[>d its ,v5us orbit4 ,mutual ne$ & coop]ation ?us fo/]$ by space exploration c be expect$ to siphon (f "s ( ! political t5sions ( ! future1 especially z m & m nations become int]e/$ 9 space & inaugurate complex programs ( _! own4 ,,limitations ,,on ,,space ,,rese>* ,!re are "s :o are conv9c$ t ! exploration ( space is rigidly limit$ & t ! l&+ ( m5 on extrat]re/rial bodies o!r ?an ! ,moon is q improbable4 ,!y are sure t ext5sive travel outside ! sol> sy/em is impossible4 ,admitt$ly1 ! problems ( su* travel are enorm\s4 ,b are !y incapable ( solution8 ,tw5ty-six million miles to ,v5us1 #di million miles to ,m>s1 #c1fhj million miles f ! ,sun to ,pluto at ! out] edge ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! ne>e/ ( ! />s is #be million1 million miles away1 & travel to x at #aj miles p] second w\ld require #hj1jjj ye>s4 ,is ! travel ( man to ! />s a futile dream8 ,ea* g5]ation ( man builds on ! %\ld]s ( ! pa/4 ,! exploration ( space has begun2 :o n[ c set limits to its future accompli%m5ts8#gh ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ae4--,ne$ = int]national coop]ation 9 ! ,u4,s4 space program is illu/rat$ by ?is map %[+ ! areas f :i* help mu/ be procur$ = projects already plann$ or und]way4 ,t is ! ?\ght ( "o ( ! ,nation's mo/ exp]t space sci5ti/s4 ,:o n[ c set limits 99 99 99 8 ,x seems to me% curi\sly well ) "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5a ( our day--! em]g5ce ( a bre$ ( eng9e]s1 te*nicians1 tea*]s1 & sci5ti/s :o d n recognize limits & :o refuse to conc$e t some?+ _c be s because x fails to fit conv5tional patt]ns or con=m to ! physical laws ( ! univ]se z we n[ "k !m4 ,( ?is !re is gr[+ evid5ce4 ,= _m ye>s x has be5 an accept$ fact1 = in/ance1 t ! ,moon is a dead _w ) no life ^u x4 ,! sugge/ion made by ! great #af? c5tury ma!matician1 ,johannes ,kepl]1 t "s life might exi/ on ! ,moon 0 debunk$ into sil5ce long s9ce4 ,yet today a fell[ ( ! ,briti% ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society writes t ! fir/ m5 to arrive on ! ,moon may f9d n only plant life b possibly animal life4 ,! fact t t]re/rial organisms may be unable to survive 9 ! surr\nd+s ( ano!r planet is by itself no m significant ?an t fi%es & o!r m>9e animals die :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,f _! po9t ( view air is un9habitable because !y h fail$ to equip !mselves ) lungs4#gi ,& he adds t 8 surmise leaves out ( acc\nt ! possibilities ( ! ,moon's und]gr\nd _w1 :i* are incalculable1 = !re wat]1 ! vital gases1 cong5ial temp]atures1 & increas$ pressures w all be pres5t4 ,only sunlight is abs5t4 ,!n !re is ,project ,ozma1 ! se>* = life on o!r planets or 9 o!r /> sy/ems1 :i* began 9 ,april #aifj at ,gre5 ,bank1 ,w4 ,va4 ,x is be+ und]tak5 by ! ,national ,radio-,a/ronomy ,obs]vatory & consi/s ( c>efully direct$ li/5+ by radio-telescope = signs ( intellig5t broadca/s orig9at+ outside ,e>?4 ,at ,/an=d ,univ]sity ano!r a/ronom] is conc5trat+ ! ef=ts ( "p ( 8 laboratory on behalf ( a simil> idea4 ,! *ances are1 he believes1 t ! sup]ior races ( o!r planets 9 o!r galaxies h already develop$ a communications network among !mselves1 & h ent]$ a jo9t program to scan all ! o!r sol> sy/ems look+ = signs ( awak5+ civilization among ! backw>d planets4 ,ea* ( ! advanc$ communities might pick z its probe assignm5t a s+le o!r sol> sy/em--& "o su* probe may well be circl+ our ,sun "r n[ on a r\t9e *eck = life4#hj ,unexpla9$ delay$ e*oes ( e>?ly radio transmissions receiv$ 9 ! pa/1 x is ?\ght1 c\ld be evid5ce ( su* a s*eme4 ,are go+s-on su* z ^! nons5se8 ,"h is ! answ] giv5 by "o h>d-head$ sci5ce writ]3 ,c5turies may pass be=e !re is any sign ( intellig5ce outside ! ,e>?4 ,b ! advantages ( communication ) ano!r civilization t has surviv$ our pres5t dilemmas are f> too great to p]mit ! exp]im5t to be ab&on$4#ha ,! results ( rec5t & m or?odox exp]im5ts h already done mu* to %ake ! complac5cy ( sci5ti/s 9 reg>d to _! concepts ( space4 ,inve/igations h disclos$ t1 f> f be+ a complete vacuum1 space is relatively full ( matt] & en]gy4 ,hydrog5 gas1 radiation belts1 cosmic p>ticles1 sol> di/urbances ( unkn[n nature1 micrometeorites--&1 f ,pione] ,v1 pro( ( a #e-million amp]e electromagnetic r+ c5t]$ ab\t #dj1jjj miles away4#hb ,! director ( ! ,smi?sonian ,a/rophysical ,laboratory 9 ,cambridge1 ,mass41#hc has said t m & m />tl+ a/rophysical in=mation 0 ga!r$ dur+ ! fir/ few weeks ( ! space age ?an _h be5 accumulat$ 9 ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,9 brief1 x is becom+ ! vogue 9 sci5ce to refuse to say impossible to any?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! wat*word = tomorr[ is %ap+ up z take no?+ = grant$4 ,,fundam5tal ,,k ,,ab\t ,,life ,ev]y?+ le>n$ f space exploration ?us f> indicates t ! k ly+ 9 wait = ^? :o manage to obs]ve ! univ]se f outside ,e>?'s atmosph]e w be f> gr&] ?an any?+ uncov]$ to date4 ,we may f9ally le>n ! orig9 ( our univ]se & ! me?od ( its function+4 ,a good "p ( ?is k may be no f>!r away ?an ! next #c to #e ye>s4 ,satellite telescopes n[ "u con/ruction are expect$ to elicit f> m in=mation ?an ev5 ! #bjj-;in* giant at ,m\nt ,palom>4 ,"o su* obs]vatory satellite1 to be laun*$ 9 #aifc or be=e1 w p]mit a telescope ( ab\t #aj feet 9 l5g? to po9t at heav5ly bodies )9 a t5? ( a second ( arc = p]iods up to an h\r4 ,pres5t plans call = an orbit betwe5 #djj & #ejj miles1 z a lifetime ( at lea/ #f mon?s is requir$ to obs]ve ! entire cele/ial field4#hd ,p]haps1 & soon] ?an we ?9k1 we %all f9d a clue to ! de/9y ( all intellig5t life4 ,p]haps ! !ory advanc$ by a not$ ea/]n a/ronom] w turn out to be true--t biological evolution on ! habitable planets ( ! univ]se may be ! result ( contam9ation left by space travel]s arriv+ f 7& leav+ =7 o!r worlds4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fruition ( life on ! v>i\s planets ( ! millions ( sol> sy/ems might be ! product ( a w&]+ gr\p ( a/ronautic ,johnny ,applese$s :o leave ! gra9s ( life beh9d !m4 ,space travel betwe5 galaxies has to be possible = ?is1 b ( c\rse ?is ne$s to be only q a r>e ev5t4 ,9 a "t ( ab\t #c4c billion ye>s1 ! mo/ advanc$ =m ( life occurr+ 9 a galaxy mu/ be able to rea* a neighbor+ "o4#he ,! notion seems fanta/ic4 ,b :5 we look cle> to ! end ( ,e>?'s road 7& assum+ ! a/rophysici/s are "r 9 _! !ories ab\t ! evolution & ultimate dea? ( our sol> sy/em7 we "k t ,e>? w "o day become un9habitable4 ,life on ,e>? mu/ !n p]i% or move else:]e4 ,if we fur!r assume t mank9d w n want to die ) 8 planet & if we ackn[l$ge t o!r worlds may h be5 ?r\gh ?is entire cycle 9 eons pa/--p]haps ! notion is n s unreasonable aft] all4 ,:atev] ! tru? is on ?is score1 space exploration w c]ta9ly be ( practical value to our desc5dants :5 t dim1 f>-(f day arrives4 ,,psy*ological ,,& ,,spiritual ,,values ,long be=e ! arrival ( t mill5nium1 h[ev]1 ! k & und]/&+ await+ u ?r\gh ! m$ium ( space exploration is c]ta9 to h pr(\nd effects on ! human race psy*ologically & spiritually4 ,x already has _h effects on humans ( all ages4 ,adults1 :o are pay+ ! taxes to support ! space exploration program & reap+ its practical values1 are also ?9k+ ( !mselves1 _! c\ntry1 & _! _w 9 broad]1 m kn[l$geable t]ms4 ,9 a s5se1 *ildr5 may be ev5 m deeply involv$4 ,!re is a special gr\p :i* may play a useful role 9 spread+ ! new values gr[+ f ! exploration ( space1 & ?is is ! *ildr5 :o play at spaceman today4 ,:e!r or n !y take ?is int]e/ ) !m beyond *ildhood rema9s to be se54 ,h[ev]1 ! unique fact 9 ! pres5t situation is t nev] be=e h *ildr5 rehe>s$ a role t really w n exi/ until !y are adults4 ,to be sure all ( !m w n fulfill ?is *ildhood role1 b ! fact t ! reality lies ahead r ?an 9 ! pa/ 7z ) c[boys & ,indians7 may /imulate !m to reta9 a s5sitivity = ! v>i\s mean+s man 9 space c h = our future4#hf ,put x ano!r way--if x is true1 z a mod]n ,*9ese philosoph] has said1 t ! se>* = k is a =m ( play1 !n ! space%ip1 :5 x comes1 w be ! ultimate toy t may lead mank9d f its cloi/]$ nurs]y out into ! playgr\nd ( ! />s4#hg ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #af4--,space vehicles ( ! future may look l ?is arti/'s draw+ ( an electrical propulsion craft4 ,! nucle> reactor is locat$ at ! extreme left1 foll[$ by a neutron %ield1 heat ex*ang]1 gamma-ray %ield & propellant4 ,! c5t] tank h\ses turbog5]at+ equipm5t4 ,excessive heat is dissipat$ 9 ! l>ge radiator4 ,at ! extreme "r are two crew cab9s1 l&+ vehicle & a r+-%ap$ accel]ator4 ,,matur+ ,,( ,,! ,,race ,! psy*ological & spiritual *anges necessitat$ by ?is evolution may be at a co/ f> beyond doll>s--because _m ( u w be h>d put to negotiate !m1 especially if !y come too rapidly4 ,nev]!less1 negotiat+ !m mu/ also be plac$ 9 ! category ( practical values--= 9 ! long run x seems to be an ess5tial "p ( ! matur+ ( mank9d4 ,! ye>s ahead w face u ) _m sputniks & !reby w require ( our citiz5s /]n1 co/ly1 & imag9ative p>ticipation 9 programs to meet & surm\nt ! _m complex *all5ges ) :i* our gr[+ te*nology confronts u4 ,to succe$ 9 space & to succe$ on ,e>?1 we mu/ someh[ le>n to make ! l>g] _w ( ideas1 s brilliantly exemplifi$ by ! satellites1 ! imm$iate environm5t ( ! individual4 ,!re is a race we mu/ run--! race = an enlight5$ & involv$ public4#hh ,s if we c accept ! wr5*es :i* space exploration is apt to apply to our "t1 pocketbook1 en]gy1 & ?9k+1 ! values & rew>ds z outl9$ 9 ?is report %\ld ga!r headway & gr[ cont9u\sly great]4 ,space te*nology is probably ! fa/e/ mov+1 typically free-ent]prise & democratic indu/ry yet creat$4 ,x puts a premium n on salesman%ip1 b on :at x ne$s mo/--intellectual production1 ! rese>* pay(f4 ,unlike any o!r exi/+ indu/ry1 space functions on hope & future possibilities1 conque/ ( real e/ate unse51 ( ne> vacuum unexplor$4 ,at once x oblit]ates ! economic reason = w>1 ! ?reat ( ov]population1 or cultural /agnation2 x (f]s to replace guesswork ) ! sci5tific me?od = ar*eological1 philosophical1 & religi\s !mes4#hi ,su* conclusions seem a bit rosy4 ,b sob] /udy indicates t !y may n be too f> out aft] all4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,haus]1 ,philip ,m41 ,demographic ,dim5sions ( ,_w ,politics1 ,sci5ce1 ,june #c1 #aifj1 p4 #afdb4 #gc ,bacq1 ,pr(4 ,z4 ,m41 ,m$ic9e 9 ! #aifj's1 ,new ,sci5ti/1 ,jan4 #ba1 #aifj1 p4 #acj4 #gd #ei supra4 #ge ,ibid4 #gf ,ibid4 #gg ,! ,*all5ge ( ,leisure1 ,m4 ,g4 ,scott1 ,ltd41 ,london1 ,augu/ #aiei1 p4 #bj4 #gh #bg supra4 #gi ,firs(f1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,a41 ,! ,/range ,_w ( ! ,moon1 ,basic ,books1 ,london1 #aiei4 #hj ,report$ by ,david ,p]lman1 ,san ,francisco ,*ronicle1 ,june #g1 #aifj4 #ha ,le>1 ,john1 ,is ,anybody ,!re81 ,new ,sci5ti/1 ,apr4 #ad1 #aifj1 p4 #icc4 #hb ,aviation ,week1 ,may #i1 #aifj1 p #cb4 #hc ,:ipple1 ,dr4 ,fr$ ,l4 #hd ,we/]n ,aviation1 ,june #aifj1 p4 #af4 #he ,gold1 ,dr4 ,?omas1 ,cosmic ,g>bage1 address to ! ,space ,sci5ti/s ,symposium1 ,los ,angeles1 ,decemb] #aiei4 #hf #fh supra1 pp4 #ab1 #ac4 #hg #f supra1 pp4 #c1 #d4 #hh ,mi*ael1 ,d4 ,n41 ,sputniks ,public ,op9ion1 ,air ,=ce1 ,june #aifj1 p4 #ge4 #hi ,indu/rial ,rese>*1 ,decemb] #aiei1 pp4 #h1 #i4