,union ,calendar ,no4 #ibh #hfth ,congress1 #b;d ,session ,house ,report ,no4 #bjia ,,the ,,practical ,,values ,,of ,,space ,,exploration ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,science ,,and ,,astronautics ,u4,s4 ,,house ,,of ,,representatives ,,eighty-,,sixth ,,congress ,,second ,,session ,,pursuant ,,to ,h4 ,res4 #acc ,serial ,i ,july #e1 #aifj4--;,committed to the ,committee of the ,whole ,house on the ,state of the ,union and ordered to be printed ,,united ,,states ,,government ,,printing ,,office #ehbca ,,washington3 #aifj ,,committee ,,on ,,science ,,and ,,astronautics ,,overton ,,brooks1 ,louisiana1 ,chairman ,john ,w4 ,mc,cormack1 ,massachusetts ,george ,p4 ,miller1 ,california ,olin ,e4 ,teague1 ,texas ,victor ,l4 ,anfuso1 ,new ,york ,b4 ,f4 ,sisk1 ,california ,erwin ,mitchell1 ,georgia ,james ,m4 ,quigley1 ,pennsylvania ,leonard ,g4 ,wolf1 ,iowa ,joseph ,e4 ,karth1 ,minnesota ,ken ,hechler1 ,west ,virginia ,emilio ,q4 ,daddario1 ,connecticut ,walter ,h4 ,moeller1 ,ohio ,david ,s4 ,king1 ,utah ,j4 ,edward ,roush1 ,indiana ,thomas ,g4 ,morris1 ,new ,mexico ,joseph ,w4 ,martin1 ,,jr4 ,massachusetts ,james ,g4 ,fulton1 ,pennsylvania ,gordon ,l4 ,mc,donough1 ,california ,j4 ,edgar ,chenoweth1 ,colorado ,frank ,c4 ,osmers1 ,,jr4 ,new ,jersey ,william ,k4 ,van ,pelt1 ,wisconsin ,a4 ,d4 ,baumhart1 ,,jr4 ,ohio ,perkins ,bass1 ,new ,hampshire ,r4 ,walter ,riehlman1 ,new ,york ,,charles ,f4 ,,ducander1 ,executive ,director and ,chief ,counsel ,,dr4 ,,charles ,s4 ,,sheldon ,,ii1 ,technical ,director ,,spencer ,m4 ,,beresford1 ,special ,counsel ,,philip ,b4 ,,yeager1 ,special ,consultant ,,john ,a4 ,,carstarphen1 ,jr41 ,chief ,clerk ,,frank ,r4 ,,hammill1 ,jr41 ,counsel ,,raymond ,,wilcove1 ,staff ,consultant ,,richard ,p4 ,,hines1 ,staff ,consultant ,lt4 ,col4 ,,francis ,j4 ,,dillon1 ,jr41 ,staff ,consultant ,comdr4 ,,howard ,j4 ,,silberstein1 ,staff ,consultant ,,letter ,,of ,,transmittal ,,house ,,of ,,representatives1 ,,committee ,,on ,,science ,,and ,,astronautics1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 ,july #a1 #aifj4 ,hon4 ,,overton ,,brooks1 ,chairman1 ,committee on ,science and ,astronautics4 ,,dear ,,mr4 ,,chairman3 ,i am forwarding herewith for your consideration a staff study1 ,the ,practical ,values of ,space ,exploration4 ,this study was undertaken pursuant to your request for information covering the various utilities of the national space effort4 ,the study has been prepared by ,philip ,b4 ,yeager and reviewed by other members of the professional staff4 ,,charles ,f4 ,,ducander1 ,executive ,director and ,chief ,counsel4 ,,letter ,,of ,,submittal ,,house ,,of ,,representatives1 ,,committee ,,on ,,science ,,and ,,astronautics1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 ,july #e1 #aifj4 ,hon4 ,,sam ,,rayburn1 ,speaker of the ,house of ,representatives1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,,dear ,,mr4 ,,speaker3 ,by direction of the ,committee on ,science and ,astronautics1 ,i submit the following report on ,the ,practical ,values of ,space ,exploration for the consideration of the #hfth ,congress4 ,,overton ,,brooks1 ,chairman4 ,,contents ,introduction #a ,i4 ,the unseen values #c ,some examples of the unexpected #c ,the ultimate values #e ,steering a middle road #f ,the time for space #g ,,ii4 ,national security values #i ,the military uses #i ,our position in the international community #ab ,space as a substitute for war #ae ,,iii4 ,the economic values #ag ,u4,s4 expenditures on space #ag ,the spread of economic benefits #ah ,creation of new industries #ai ,research #ai ,new power sources #bj ,new water sources and uses #ba ,noise and human engineering #bb ,high speed-light weight computers #bb ,solid state physics #bc ,economic alliances #bd ,private enterprise in space #bd ,jobs #bg ,automation and disarmament #bh ,,iv4 ,values for everyday living #ca ,technological benefits #ca ,food and agriculture #ce ,communications #cf ,weather prediction and modification #cg ,health benefits #ci ,education benefits #db ,the demand #db ,v4 ,long-range values #de ,trouble spots #de ,population #de ,water shortage #df ,soil erosion #df ,added leisure #dg ,intensified nationalism #dh ,limitations on space research #dh ,fundamental knowledge about life #ea ,psychological and spiritual values #eb ,maturing of the race #ec ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #hf,,th ,,congress #b;d ,session ,,house ,,of ,,representatives ,,report ,,no4 #bjia ,,the ,,practical ,,values ,,of ,,space ,,exploration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,july #e1 #aifj4--;,committed to the ,committee of the ,whole ,house on the ,state of the ,union and ordered to be printed 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,,brooks of ,louisiana1 from the ,committee on ,science and ,astronautics1 submitted the following ,,report ,pursuant to ,h4 ,res4 #acc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,the ,,practical ,,values ,,of ,,space ,,exploration ,,introduction ,this report has been undertaken for a special reason4 ,it is to explain to the taxpayer just why so many of his dollars are going into the ,american effort to explore space1 and to indicate what he can expect in return which is of value to him4 ,such an explanation1 even after #b years of relatively high-geared activity in the space exploration field1 appears to be warranted4 ,there is still a segment of the ,u4,s4 population which has little1 if any1 notion of the values that the space program has for the average citizen4 ,to these people the expenditure of billions of dollars on missiles1 rockets1 satellites1 ,moon probes1 and other space activities remains something of a mystery--particularly when so many other worthy projects throughout the land may be slowed or stalled for lack of funds4 ,if1 therefore1 the practical value of the ,american space program is being questioned1 it is a question which needs to be answered4 ,it is interesting to note that the problem is not unique to the ,united ,states4 ,in the ,soviet ,union1 which counts itself as the world's prime investigator of space1 there is likewise an element of citizenry which finds itself puzzled over the ,u4,s4,s4,r4's penchant for the interplanetary reaches4 ,what do sputniks give to a person like me8 a ,russian workman complained in a letter which ,pravda published on its front page4 ,so much money is spent on sputniks it makes people gasp4 ,if there were no sputniks the ,government could cut the cost of cloth for an overcoat in half and put a few electric flatirons in the stores4 ,rockets1 rockets1 rockets4 ,who needs them now8#a ,it goes without saying that the workman was severely chastised by the ,soviet newspaper1 but his point was made4 ,no matter where taxpayers live they want to know--and are entitled to know--what good a program of space exploration is to them4 ,during the #aifj's it is expected that the ,u4,s4 ,government will spend anywhere from #cj to #ej billion on space exploration for all purposes1 civilian and military4 ,it is the intent of this report to delineate in lay language1 and in terms which will be meaningful to those who have not followed the ,american space program closely1 the reasons for this great investment and the probable returns4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #a4--;,a single shot of the #h-;barreled ,saturn of the future will cost millions of dollars1 maybe tens of millions4 ,what makes it worthwhile for the taxpayer8 ,,footnotes3 #a ,associated ,press dispatch1 dateline ,moscow1 ,june #ab1 #aifj4 ,i4 ,the ,unseen ,values ,the ,united ,states has not embarked upon its formidable program of space exploration in order to make or perpetuate a gigantic astronautic boondoggle4 ,there are good reasons1 hard reasons for this program4 ,but1 in essence1 they all boil down to the fact that the program is expected to produce a number of highly valuable payoffs4 ,it not only is expected to do so1 it is doing so right now4 ,many of the beneficial results can be identified4 ,those already showing up are detailed in the sections of this report which follow4 ,they include the most urgent and precious of all commodities--national security4 ,beyond that1 they also include a strengthened national economy1 new jobs and job categories1 better living1 fresh consumer goods1 improved education1 increased health1 stimulated business enterprise and a host of long-range values which may ultimately make the immediate benefits pale into relative insignificance4 ,practical uses such as those just listed mean the taxpayer is more than getting his money's worth from ,american space exploration--and getting a sizable chunk of it today4 ,nevertheless1 if we can depend on the history of scientific adventure and progress1 on its consistent tendencies of the past1 then we can be reasonably sure that the greatest1 finest benefits to come from our ventures into space are yet unseen4 ,these are the unpredictable values1 the ones which none of us has yet thought of4 ,inevitably they lag behind the basic research discoveries needed to make them possible1 and often the discoveries are slow to be put to work after they are made4 ,investors1 even governments1 are human1 and before they invest in something they normally want to know3 ,what good is it8 ,we can be sure that many ,american taxpayers of the future will be asking what good is it8 in regard to various phases of the space program4 ,there was an occasion when the great ,scottish physicist1 ,james ,clerk ,maxwell1 was asked this question concerning one of his classic discoveries in electromagnetism4 ,maxwell replied3 ,what good is a baby8 ,now1 as then1 it takes time for new knowledge to develop and become useful after its conception and birth4 ,,some ,,examples ,,of ,,the ,,unexpected ,a graphic illustration of unseen benefits in regard to atomic energy has been expressed by an experienced researcher in this way3 ,i remember a conversation ,i had with one of our nuclear scientists when ,i was a member of the ,weapons ,systems ,evaluations ,group almost #aj years ago4 ,we were talking about the possible peaceful applications of fission4 ,we really could think of little that could be done with it other than making fissionable material into a form of destructive power4 ,there had been some discussion about harnessing the power of fission1 but this seemed to us to be quite remote4 ,it seemed difficult to conceive of the atomic bomb as anything but sheer power used for destructive purposes4 ,yet today the products of fission applied to peaceful uses are many4 ,the use of isotopes in industry1 medicine1 agriculture are well known4 ,food irradiation1 nuclear power reactors1 now reactors for shipboard use1 are with us1 and it is hardly the beginning4 ,i frequently ask myself1 of late1 what #aj years from now will be the commercial1 shall we call it1 applications of our missile and rocket programs4#b ,there are innumerable examples of the way in which invention or discovery1 or sometimes just simple human curiosity1 result in useful payoff4 ,and frequently no one suspects the direction the payoff finally takes4 ,the point1 of course1 is that any knowledge eventually pays dividends4 ,the things we learn from our national space program will produce benefits in ways entirely unrelated to missiles or interplanetary travel4 7,see secs4 ,,iii and ,,iv47 ,the reverse is also true2 knowledge gained in areas quite remote from outer space can have genuine value for the advance of space exploration4 ,investigation into the skin of a fish provides a good case in point4 ,a ,german inventor who migrated to ,california after ,world ,war ,,ii had long been interested in ways to reduce the drag of friction produced by air or water on the surface of objects passing through them4 ,one day1 while watching a group of porpoises cavort past a speeding ship with the greatest of ease1 it occurred to him that the skin of these animals1 if closely studied1 might shed light on ways of cutting surface friction4 ,it was many years before the inventor was able to enlist the aid of aquarium managers in securing porpoise skins for study4 ,in #aiee1 however1 he obtained the necessary skins and found that dolphins1 in fact1 owe much of their great speed to a unique skin which markedly reduces the effect of turbulence against it4 ,from this knowledge has come the recent development of a diaphragm-damping fluid surface which has real potential not only for underwater high-speed bodies1 such as submarines1 torpedoes and underwater missiles1 but for any vehicle where fast-moving gases or fluids may cause drag4#c ,the implications of this knowledge for satellites near ,earth or for reentering spacecraft are obvious4 ,sometimes a reverse twist in reasoning by a speculative mind will result in enormous practical utility4 ,in ,cambridge1 ,mass41 a sanitary engineer teaching at the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology began to wonder about the principles of adhesion--why things stick to each other4 ,do they only stick together because some sticky substance is holding them1 or are there other reasons8 ,if a person is sick1 he asked himself1 is it because a cause of sickness is present or because a cause of health is absent8 ,we now know that in infectious diseases the first alternative is true2 the patient is ill because he harbors pathogenic germs4 ,the opposite case prevails in deficiency diseases1 where necessary vitamins are absent from food and illness is brought about by this absence4 ,to which of the classes does adhesion belong8 ,when we cannot produce a dependable bond1 are we dealing with the lack of some adhesive force or with existence of an obstacle to sticking8 ,operating on the theory that adhesion might result not only from the presence of a sticky agent but from the removal of all impediments to sticking1 this scientist has now managed to produce strong adhesion between the least sticky of substances--polyethylene plastics4 ,he has done it by studying the molecular structure of polyethylenes and removing all impurities which normally find their way into the manufacture of such material4 ,the next step3 ,we hope to prepare adhesive joints in which a noble gas acts as an adhesive4 ,noble gases are the least active substances known to chemistry2 if they can adhere1 it is clear that no specific forces are needed for adhesiveness4#d ,no great imagination is required to perceive the meaning which this new knowledge1 if proved out1 will have for our everyday lives--to say nothing of its usefulness in the making of astronautic equipment4 ,,the ,,ultimate ,,values ,in any event1 it is apparent that where research is concerned--and especially space research with its broad scale of inquiry--we cannot always see the value of scientific endeavor on the basis of its beginning4 ,we cannot always account for what we have purchased with each research dollar4 ,the ,government stated this proposition when it first undertook to put the space program on a priority basis3 ,scientific research has never been amenable to rigorous cost accounting in advance4 ,nor1 for that matter1 has exploration of any sort4 ,but if we have learned one lesson1 it is that research and exploration have a remarkable way of paying off--quite apart from the fact that they demonstrate that man is alive and insatiably curious4 ,and we all feel richer for knowing what explorers and scientists have learned about the universe in which we live4#e ,in this statement there is political support for what the historian1 the anthropologist1 the psychologist consider to be established fact--that some innate force in the human being makes him know1 whatever his formal beliefs or whatever his unconscious philosophy1 that he must progress4 ,progress is the core of his destiny4 ,this is a concept which1 in connection with space exploration1 has been recognized for many years4 ,one of the earliest and most perceptive of the space buffs stated it before the ,british ,interplanetary ,society in #aidf in these words3 99 99 99 our civilization is no more than the sum of all the dreams that earlier ages have brought to fulfillment4 ,and so it must always be1 for if men cease to dream1 if they turn their backs upon the wonder of the universe1 the story of our race will be coming to an end4#f ,illustration3 ,,figure #b4--;,in the years immediately ahead1 the orbiting observatory or the manned satellite will uncover crucial information about the nature of the universe4 ,,steering ,a ,,middle ,,road ,in any endeavor which is as futuristic as space exploration it is not difficult to become lost in the land of the starry-eyed prognosticators4 ,conversely1 it is also easy to find oneself lining up with the debunkers and the champions of the status quo1 for their arguments and views give the impression of being hard-headed1 sensible4 ,if one must err in either direction1 however1 it is probably safer1 where space is concerned1 to err in the direction of the enthusiasts4 ,this is because 7and subsequent parts of this report will show it7 the ,nation cannot afford not to be in the vanguard of the space explorers4 ,events today move with facility and lightning rapidity4 ,today1 more than ever1 time is on the side of the expeditious4 ,we can no longer take the risk of giving much support to the scoffers--to that breed of unimaginative souls who thought ,robert ,fulton was a fool for harnessing a paddlewheel to a boiler1 who thought ,henry ,ford was a fool for putting an internal combustion engine on wheels1 who thought ,samuel ,langley was a fool for designing a contraption to fly through the air4 ,there are always those who will say it cannot be done4 ,even in this era of sophisticated flight there have been those who said the sound barrier would never be broken4 ,it was4 ,others said later that space vehicles would never get through the heat barrier4 ,they have4 ,now1 some say men will never overcome the radiation barrier in space4 ,but we can be sure they will4 ,it is undoubtedly wise for the layman1 in terms of the benefits he can expect from the space program in the foreseeable future1 to steer a reasonable course between the two extremes4 ,yet one cannot help remembering that the secret of taking practical energy from the atom1 a secret which the human race had been trying to learn for thousands of years1 was accomplished in less than a decade from the moment when men first determined that it was possible to split an atom4 ,it is difficult to forget that even after ,world ,war ,,ii some of our most respected scientists sold short the idea of developing long-range missiles4 ,impractical1 they said2 visionary4 ,but #f years after the ,united ,states went to work seriously on missiles1 an operational ,,icbm with a #i1jjj-mile range was an accomplished fact4 ,,the ,,time ,,for ,,space ,all of the glowing predictions being made on behalf of space exploration will not be here tomorrow or the next day4 ,yet this seems less important than that we recognize the significance of our moment of history4 ,we may think of that moment as a new age--the age of space and the atom--to follow the historic ages of stone1 bronze1 and iron4 ,we may think of it in terms of theories1 of succeeding from those of ,copernicus to those of ,newton and thence to ,freud and now ,einstein4 ,we may think of our time as the time of exploiting the new fourth state of matter3 plasma1 or the ion4 ,or we may think of it in terms of revolutions1 as passing from the industrial cycle of steam through the railroad-steel cycle1 through the electricity-automobile cycle1 into the burgeoning technological revolution of today4 ,however we think of it1 it is a dawning period and one which--in its scope and potential--promises to dwarf much of what has gone before4 ,those who have given careful thought to the matter are convinced that while some caution is in order1 the new era is not one to be approached with timidity1 inhibited imagination or too much convention4 ,neither is there any point in trying to hold off the tempo of this oncoming age or1 in any other way1 to evade it4 ,mark ,twain once listened to the complaints of an old riverboat pilot who was having trouble making the switch from sail to steam4 ,the old pilot wanted no part of the newfangled steam contraptions4 ,maybe so1 replied ,twain1 but when it's steamboat time1 you steam4#g ,today is space time and man is going to explore it4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #c4--,the versatile ,atlas can be used either for launching man into space or to carry a nuclear warhead as far as #i1jjj miles4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,gavin1 ,lt4 ,gen4 ,james ,m41 ,u4,s4 ,army 7retired71 speech to the ,american ,rocket ,society1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,nov4 #ai1 #aieh4 #c ,kramer1 ,max ,o41 ,the ,dolphins' ,secret1 ,new ,scientist1 ,may #e1 #aifj1 pp4 #aaah-aabj4 #d ,bikerman1 ,dr4 ,jacob ,j41 reported in ,new ,scientist1 ,mar4 #c1 #aifj1 p4 #ece4 #e ,introduction to ,outer ,space1 a statement by the ,president1 the ,white ,house1 ,mar4 #bf1 #aieh4 #f ,clarke1 ,arthur ,c41 ,the ,challenge of the ,spaceships1 ,harper ,bros41 ,new ,york1 #aiee1 p4 #ae4 #g ,related by ,t4 ,keith ,glennan1 ,administrator1 ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration1 in an address before the ,worcester 7,mass47 ,economic ,club1 ,feb4 #ae1 #aifj4 ,,ii4 ,,national ,,security ,,values ,there is no longer doubt that space exploration holds genuine significance for the security and well-being of the ,united ,states as a nation4 ,it does so in at least three ways4 ,one results from the uses which our ,armed ,forces can make of the knowledge gained from space exploration4 ,a second results from the influence and prestige which ,america can exert within the world community because of her prowess in space exploration4 ,a third results from the possibility that space exploration1 eventually1 may prove so immense and important a challenge that it will channel the prime energies of powerful nations toward its own end and thus reduce the current emphasis on developing means of destruction4 ,the first two values definitely exist4 ,the third seems to be a reasonable hope4 ,,the ,,military ,,uses ,from the beginning it has been recognized that space exploration1 the research connected therewith1 and the ability to operate therein is of more than passing interest to the military4 ,congress recognized the fact when it passed the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,act of #aieh and directed that activities peculiar to or primarily associated with the development of weapons systems1 military operations1 or the defense of the ,united ,states 99 99 99 shall be the responsibility of1 and shall be directed by1 the ,department of ,defense4#h ,in the amendments to the ,space ,act proposed in #aifj1 this directive was strengthened3 ,the ,department of ,defense shall undertake such activities in space1 and such research and development connected therewith1 as may be necessary for the defense of the ,united ,states4#i ,it is possible to argue1 and indeed it has been argued1 that ballistic missiles such as ,,irbm's and ,,icbm's are not really space weapons1 that they are simply an extension of the traditional art of artillery4 ,for the purposes of this report1 however1 the argument appears to be largely a semantic one4 ,such missiles do traverse space1 they are guided through space1 and they employ the same engines and principles which are presently used for purposes of scientific space exploration4 ,while more advanced space weapons may evolve in the future1 the missile as we know it today cannot very well be divorced from our thinking about space and its practical uses4 ,going on this assumption1 and casting an eye in the direction of the ,iron ,curtain1 it is obvious that the ,soviet ,union is going all-out to exploit space for military purposes4 ,military men have known for years that the tremendously powerful booster which the ,soviets have been using to launch their massive sputniks was originally designed to carry the primitive heavy version of the ,a-bomb across continents4 ,if there was ever doubt of the extent to which the ,soviets intend to make space a selected medium for military purposes it was erased when ,premier ,khrushchev made his address to the ,supreme ,soviet early in #aifj4 ,he commented in part3 ,our state has at its disposal powerful rocket equipment4 ,the military air force and navy have lost their previous importance in view of the modern development of military equipment4 ,this type of armament is not being reduced but replaced4 ,almost the entire military air force is being replaced by rocket equipment4 ,we have by now sharply cut1 and it seems will continue sharply to cut and even discontinue the manufacture of bombers and other obsolete equipment4 ,in the navy1 the submarine fleet assumes great importance1 while surface ships can no longer play the part they once did4 ,in our country the armed forces have been to a considerable extent transferred to rocket and nuclear arms4 ,these arms are being perfected and will continue to be perfected until they are banned4#aj ,while it is difficult to assess the actual extent of the ,soviet preoccupation with missiles1 it has been reported that the ,russians are building upward of #ajj ,,irbm and ,,icbm bases to be manned by about #bjj1jjj men4 ,most of these1 at least the intermediate range bases1 are said to be along ,russia's ,baltic coast1 in ,east ,germany1 in the southern ,ukraine and in the ,carpathian ,mountains4#aa ,in any event1 the space age is clearly here so far as the military are concerned1 and ,u4,s4 forces--particularly since the development of the much lighter atomic warheads--have been likewise diligent in their space efforts4 ,this is because many military minds are now agreed that3 ,we are moving inevitably into a time of astropower4 ,we face a threat beyond imagination1 should events ever lead to open conflict in a world of hypersonic velocities and a raging atom chained as our slave4 ,we must be strong1 we must be able to change to meet change4 ,what may come against our beloved ,america will not be signaled by one light from the ,north ,church steeple1 if they come by land1 or two1 if they come by sea4 ,never again4 ,they will come through space1 and their light of warning will be the blinding terror of a thermonuclear fireball4#ab ,it is important to note1 in connection with military matters1 that pure rocket power1 is not the only avenue to success in space use4 ,the ,american ,atlas missile1 for example1 which can carry a nuclear warhead and which operates on considerably less thrust than the powerful ,soviet boosters thus far demonstrated1 has nevertheless shown the capability of negotiating a #i1jjj-mile trek and landing in the target area4 ,this is about #a1ejj miles farther than any ,soviet shots revealed to the public in the #b-a_/b-year period following the first sputnik4 ,it is also a sufficient range to permit reaching almost any likely target on the globe4 ,from the military point of view1 the meaning thus brought out is that sophistication of missiles together with reliability and ease of handling is more important than pure power4 ,when we begin to consider both the civil and military aspects of space use in the decades ahead1 however1 rocket power acquires fresh importance4 ,it is1 as one expert says1 the key to space supremacy4#ac ,not only is much heavier thrust required for ventures farther out into space1 but probably thrust developed by different means as well1 such as atom1 ion1 or even photon power4 ,this suggests the possibilities of weapons which today are considered to be way out or blue sky--in short1 farfetched4 ,yet they include the ideas of men with solid scientific training as well as vision4 ,for example1 ,germany's great rocket pioneer1 ,prof4 ,hermann ,oberth1 has proposed that a giant mirror in space 7some #fj miles in diameter7 could be used militarily to burn an enemy country on ,earth4 ,for peaceful purposes1 however1 such a space mirror could be used to melt icebergs and alter temperatures4#ad ,another reputable ,german scientist who has been working for a number of years on photon 7electromagnetic ray7 power as a source of propulsion1 declares that if such power is possible so is the idea of a 'death ray1' a weapon beam which burns or melts targets1 such as enemy missiles1 on which it is trained4 ,the idea has been familiar in science fiction for a long time and has been scorned often enough4 ,yet1 if the photon rocket is possible so is the ray gun4#ae ,still another proposal1 one made to the ,congress1 involves use of the ,moon as a military base4 ,it could1 at some future date1 be used as a secure base to deter aggression4 ,lunar launching sites1 perhaps located on the far side of the ,moon1 which could never be viewed directly from the ,earth1 could launch missiles earthward4 ,they could be guided accurately during flight and to impact1 and thus might serve peaceful ends by deterring any would-be aggressor4#af ,in spite of the fact that ideas such as these are being sponsored by competent and responsible scientists1 other scientists equally competent and responsible sometimes cry them down as impractical1 impossible or even childish4 ,one engineer1 for instance1 describes maneuverable manned space vehicles as having no military value1 bases on the ,moon as having no military or communications use1 and the idea of high velocity photon-power for space travel as a fantasy strictly for immature science fiction4 ,he also characterizes the reconnaissance satellite1 which ,u4,s4 military authorities have long since programmed and even launched1 as being definitely submarginal 99 99 994 ,a fraction of the cost of a reconnaissance satellite could accomplish wonders in conventional information gathering4#ag ,controversies such as these are difficult for the person who is neither a scientist nor a military expert to judge4 ,one is inclined to recall1 though1 the treatment received by ,general ,billy ,mitchell for his devotion to nonconventional bombing concepts2 the fact that the utility of the rocket as developed by ,america's pioneer1 ,dr4 ,robert ,h4 ,goddard1 was generally ignored during ,world ,war ,,ii2 the fact that it took a personal letter from ,albert ,einstein to ,president ,roosevelt to get the ,manhattan ,project underway4 ,yet today the bomber1 the missile1 and the nuclear weapon form the backbone of our military posture4 ,in other words1 history seems to support the proposition that no matter how remote or unlikely new discoveries and approaches may first appear1 the military eventually finds a way to use them4 ,will it be any different with space exploration8 ,,our ,,position ,,in ,,the ,,international ,,community ,like the military values of space research1 the practical value of space exploration in terms of world prestige has also been acknowledged almost from the beginning of the satellite era4 ,the ,white ,house1 in its initial statement on the national space program1 declared3 ,it is useful to distinguish among 7the7 factors which give importance1 urgency1 and inevitability to the advancement of space technology 7one of which7 is the factor of national prestige4 ,to be strong and bold in space technology will enhance the prestige of the ,united ,states among the peoples of the world and create added confidence in our scientific1 technological1 industrial1 and military strength4#ah ,only recently1 however1 has the full impact and meaning of this phase of our national space program come to be widely recognized4 ,it has been stated1 perhaps in its most forceful and succinct form1 by an ,american official in a unique position to know4 ,the ,director of the ,u4,s4 ,information ,agency1 part of whose job is to keep track of the esteem in which ,america is held abroad1 has told ,congress3 ,our space program may be considered as a measure of our vitality and our ability to compete with a formidable rival and as a criterion of our ability to maintain technological eminence worthy of emulation by other peoples4#ai ,this element of space exploration takes on particular significance in light of the current international struggle to influence the minds of men1 in light of the rising tide of nationalism throughout the world1 and in light of the intensification of the cold war as demonstrated by the now-famous ,u-#b incident and the hardening attitude of oriental communism4 ,in the words of an influential newspaper3 ,wholly apart from the intellectual compulsions that now drive man to move higher and higher into the high heavens1 it seems clear that our country can be niggardly in this field only at the risk of being completely and forever outclassed by ,russia--a gamble that could have the most fearful political1 economic1 and military consequences4#bj ,incidentally1 there is another prestige factor to be considered4 ,this is what might be called the chain-reaction factor3 the likelihood that technological preeminence in the space field will attract top talent from other parts of the world to the banner of the country which develops it1 and thus constantly nourish and replenish the efforts of that country4 ,it is a consideration which has not received general attention1 although it has been discussed before some of the world's leading space scientists4#ba ,here again1 as with the military situation1 the ,soviets are making every effort to exploit their dexterity in space4 ,they are pursuing the prestige gambit directly and indirectly4 ,in the first category1 for example1 they give top priority to space exhibits in important public forums--as their duplicate sputniks strategically placed at the world's fair and the ,united ,nations attest4 ,premier ,khrushchev's delight in making gifts to foreigners of miniature ,soviet pennants similar to that carried in ,lunik ,,ii--which hit the ,moon--is another instance4#bb ,the indirect drive for prestige via space technology is far more important4 ,it has been described by a congressional committee as follows3 ,it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the ,soviet ,union in the last several years has demonstrated a great skill in coordinating its progress in missilery1 its success in space missions1 and its foreign policy and world image4 ,shots seem to have been timed to maximize the effects of visits of ,soviet leaders and to punctuate ,soviet statements and positions in international negotiations4 ,this is not to equate their space activities with hollow propaganda4 ,empty claims do not have a positive effect for long4 ,nor is there any firm evidence that it has been possible for political policymakers to call their shots at times inconsistent with good scientific and technical needs4 ,the conclusion is rather that the many elements of scientific1 technical1 military1 political1 and psychological policy are all weighed1 and tests which make a full contribution to such a combined strategy are carried out and supported with appropriate publicity4#bc ,there is also evidence that scientific endeavor by the ,russians for prestige purposes is having repercussions on internal policy4 ,great emphasis is currently being placed on the demonstrable usefulness of scientific effort--to the extent that ,soviet colleges1 research institutions1 examining boards1 and academies of science have been directed to be more exacting in conferring scientific degrees and titles4 ,newness and usefulness are requisite1 but1 at the same time1 degrees may now be awarded for other than dissertations2 inventions and textbooks of major importance may also earn a degree for their authors4#bd ,within the prestige context1 it is true that the ,united ,states must labor under certain handicaps because of the nature of its democratic system4 ,no effort is made in the ,american space program to hide the failures which result from its highly complex character4 ,our burnups1 misfires1 explosions1 fizzles1 and lost or wayward vehicles are well publicized4 ,those of the ,soviet ,union rarely are4 ,even though most nations are well aware that the ,russians must be having their troubles1 too1 the appearance of uniform success fostered by the ,u4,s4,s4,r4 inevitably contributes to an image of scientific superiority4 ,in addition1 the ,soviets have developed a habit of striving for spectacular firsts1 most of which undoubtedly are undertaken almost as much for prestige reasons as for scientific ones4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #d4--,symbolic of the ,american effort in space is this ,thor-,able rocket1 shown here launching the ,tiros weather satellite into a near-perfect orbit4 ,this same vehicle1 which launched the record-breaking #bc million-mile communication probe--,pioneer ,v--has contributed enormously to ,u4,s4 prestige abroad4 ,still1 the ,united ,states has not done badly from the prestige angle4 ,so far as the world's scientific fraternity is concerned1 it may even be well in the lead4 ,in the first #cj or so months following the opening of the space age1 as signaled by the launching of ,sputnik ,i in ,october #aieg1 the ,united ,states put #ba satellites into orbit out of #db attempts4 ,two out of five deep-space probes were successful4 ,the degree of success for all major launchings ran better than #ej percent4 ,the ,american effort has been based on a broad scope of inquiry and includes long-range communications1 weather reporting1 navigation and surveillance vehicles1 as well as information-gathering satellites4 ,during the same period the ,soviets launched four ,earth satellites1 one deep-space probe1 one lunar-impact probe and one satellite into a much elongated ,earth orbit which circled and photographed the ,moon4 ,most of their vehicles have been substantially heavier than those launched by the ,united ,states1 although complete information on their scientific purposes and the result obtained has never been disclosed4 ,the world political value of such programs cannot be discounted4 ,to the extent that the welfare of the ,united ,states depends upon its stature in the eyes of the rest of the world 7which is believed considerable7 and to the extent that the scientific capability of the ,united ,states influences such stature 7which is also believed considerable7 our space venture has very marked practical utility4 ,it may even mean the difference between freedom and dictatorship1 between survival and oblivion4 ,,space ,,as ,a ,,substitute ,,for ,,war ,a natural outgrowth of the military and prestige facets of space exploration is the question of whether this activity1 in time1 will replace the forces which have historically driven nations into armed conflict4 ,any number of social scientists and historians have speculated that this might occur4 ,the theory is that the conquest of space may prove to be the moral equivalent of war by substituting for certain material and psychological needs usually supplied through war2 that the absorption of energies1 resources1 imagination1 and aggressiveness in pursuit of the space adventure may become an effective way of maintaining peace4 ,put another way1 nations might become extroverted to the point where their urge to overcome the unknown would dwarf their historic desires for power1 wealth1 and recognition--attributes which have so often led to war in the past4 ,the fact that the ,united ,nations1 late in #aiei1 agreed to set up a permanent ,committee on the ,peaceful ,uses of ,outer ,space attests to the hopes and potential of such a development4 ,of course1 whether this condition will actually develop is anybody's guess4 ,but in a world where brute force is becoming increasingly dangerous and catastrophic1 the bare possibility of such a result should not be ignored by those who may be contemplating the values of space exploration4 ,it could be the highest value of them all4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #e4--,today's assembly lines for automobiles and aircraft are being supplemented by the growing astronautics industry1 here shown turning out capsules for manned space flight4 ,,footnotes3 #h ,public ,law #he-efh1 #heth ,cong4 #i ,h4 ,rept4 #afcc1 #hfth ,cong41 #b;d sess41 p4 #f4 #aj ,speech to the ,supreme ,soviet1 ,jan4 #ad1 #aifj4 #aa ,associated ,press dispatch1 dateline ,london1 ,dec4 #b1 #aiei4 #ab ,scott1 ,brig4 ,gen4 ,robert ,l41 ,,usaf 7retired71 ,space ,age1 ,february #aiei1 p4 #fc4 #ac ,ostrander1 ,maj4 ,gen4 ,don ,r41 ,,usaf1 before the ,american ,rocket ,society1 ,los ,angeles1 ,may #aj1 #aifj4 #ad ,cox1 ,donald and ,stoiko1 ,michael1 ,spacepower1 ,john ,c4 ,winston ,co41 ,philadelphia1 #aieh1 p4 #af4 #ae ,saenger1 ,dr4 ,eugen1 ,new ,scientist1 ,sept4 #aj1 #aiei1 p4 #chc4 #af ,boushey1 ,brig4 ,gen4 ,h4 ,a41 ,,usaf1 ,hearings before the ,house ,select ,committee on ,astronautics and ,space ,exploration1 ,apr4 #bc1 #aieh4 #ag ,pierce1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,r41 ,the ,dream ,world of ,space1 ,industrial ,research1 ,december #aiei1 p4 #eh4 #ah #e supra4 #ai ,allen1 ,george ,v1 testimony before the ,house ,committee on ,science and ,astronautics1 ,jan4 #bb1 #aifj4 #bj ,editorial in the ,washington ,evening ,star1 ,apr4 #d1 #aifj4 #ba ,remarks of ,hon4 ,aubrey ,jones1 ,minister of ,supply1 to the ,international ,astronautical ,federation1 ,london1 ,sept4 #a1 #aiei4 #bb ,associated ,press dispatch1 dateline ,rangoon1 ,feb4 #ah1 #aifj4 #bc ,space1 ,missiles1 and the ,nation1 report of the ,house ,committee on ,science and ,astronautics1 ,may #ah1 #aifj1 p4 #ec4 #bd ,the ,new ,scientist1 ,mar4 #c1 #aifj1 p4 #edg4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,economic ,,values ,we in the ,united ,states believe that we have the world's highest standard of living4 ,our current wealth1 prosperity1 consumer goods and gross national product are at a peak hitherto unreached by any country4 ,nevertheless1 economists who see the steady preponderant outflow of goods and capital from the ,united ,states and who study the rising rate of economic capability in other countries can find little room for complacence in the present status of things4 ,they are also well aware of the ,soviet ,union's announced intent of beating the ,united ,states at its own game3 economic expansion4 ,military historians are likewise aware that even strong economies1 when they become static1 do not guarantee safety4 ,on the contrary1 they seem likely to induce a dangerous national apathy4 ,this syndrome is familiar in history4 ,carthage suffered from it4 ,carthage enjoyed enormous prosperity and was flourishing when she was destroyed by her ,roman competitor4 ,much later1 ,rome had a gross national product without precedence4 ,her wealth and splendor were unsurpassed when the ,vandals and ,visigoths began their onslaughts4 ,neither ,rome's great engineering skills1 its architectural grandeur1 its great laws1 nor1 in the last analysis1 its gross national product1 could prevail against the barbarians4 ,their ,,gnp was negligible2 nevertheless they ransacked the mighty ,roman ,empire4 ,the gross national product is no insurance of survival4 ,it is not a sign of military strength1 and indeed1 it may not even be sufficient for the economic battle4#be ,thus from the point of view of economic stimulus and continued commercial dynamism1 space exploration should be--and is proving to be--a godsend4 ,u4,s4 ,,expenditures ,,on ,,space ,it is impossible to arrive at accurate figures which might help indicate the extent of this effort in dollars and cents4 ,but we do know that the ,u4,s4 ,government is presently putting about #c4e billion annually into the research and development phases4 ,how much more may be going into the purchase of completed space hardware is difficult to say2 certainly it is a higher figure still4 ,the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration1 in presenting its #aj-year plan to ,congress recently1 indicated that this agency alone expects to average between #a4e and #b billion a year during the next decade4 ,the amount of effort going into space-related programs on the part of private industry1 measured in dollars1 again can only be roughly estimated4 ,but it is a sizable figure and is known to be growing4 ,it may amount to half the governmental research and development outlay4 ,these figures add up to a very important segment of the national economy1 and the fact that they represent a highly active and progressive segment is particularly heartening to the economic experts of the ,nation4 ,,the ,,spread ,,of ,,economic ,,benefits ,one of the most useful characteristics of the space program is that its needs spread across the entire industrial spectrum--electronics1 metals1 fuels1 ceramics1 machinery1 plastics1 instruments1 textiles1 thermals1 cryogenics1 and a thousand other areas4#bf ,the benefits from space exploration thus have a way of filtering into almost every area of the ,american economy1 either directly or indirectly4 ,perhaps the greatest economic treasure is the advanced technology required for more and more difficult space missions4 ,this new technology is advancing at a meteoric rate4 ,its benefits are spreading throughout our whole industrial and economic system4#bg ,a graphic example of the manner in which the technological and economic benefits from the space program can grow may be seen from the development of the ,x-#ae4 ,this rocket craft1 designed to fly beyond the ,earth's atmosphere at altitudes up to #ajj miles1 is the product of #djj different firms and contractors4 ,inasmuch as other nations1 those which generally have lagged behind the ,united ,states in technical know-how1 are now rapidly bringing their technology up to date--this windfall from our space program is especially opportune4 ,it is providing the incentive to ,american industry to remain in the world's technological van4 ,and it is emphasizing that economic leadership is a dynamic thing1 that ,u4,s4 mass-production techniques which have enabled the ,nation to compete so well in foreign markets are no longer1 of themselves1 sufficient guarantee of superior economic position4 ,while ,america's space exploration program1 on a formal basis1 came into being as recently as ,october #aieh1 its impact on the national economy has probably been sharper than that of any single new program ever conceived4 ,for there are now at least #e1jjj companies or research organizations engaged in the missile-space industry4 ,and more than #c1bjj different space-related products have been required and are being produced to date4#bh ,one can only speculate on the economic effect which the space program is having on investments or on investors who have no other connection with it4 ,it seems significant1 however1 that the stock market pages in recent months have come to devote a good deal of attention to space issues4 ,financially speaking1 space has thus become a major category4 ,that it has done so in such a short period would seem to have marked implications for the future4 ,in brief1 space exploration is becoming almost an industry in itself1 and there are those who believe it destined to become the largest industrial spur in the ,nation before too many years have gone by4 ,one expert1 an experienced hand not only in astronautics but in the business world as well1 describes the outlook in this fashion3 ,a great industrial change is taking place in the ,united ,states4 ,the aircraft industry1 which long considered missiles as a small department1 now finds itself becoming a part of the large missile and space flight industry4 ,it is an elemental evolution4 ,an industrial change is upon us comparable to the advent of mercantilism4#bi ,he has predicted that within a decade or so the astronautics industry will be larger than the automotive industry of the entire world4 ,while such predictions may be overly optimistic1 they can scarcely be dismissed as irresponsible in the light of what has already happened4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #f4--;,booster engines of tomorrow1 such as this mockup of the #a1ejj1jjj pound thrust single engine1 will place broad requirements on men and materials4 ,,creation ,,of ,,new ,,industries ,whether or not we think of the missile-space business as being a self-contained industry1 the requirements and exigencies of space exploration can be expected to result in the creation of new or greatly strengthened industrial branches1 for example3 ,research ,this phase of the ,american economy is having a phenomenal growth4 ,not only have many established industries now placed research high on their organizational charts1 but hundreds1 perhaps thousands1 of new businesses are springing up which are entirely devoted to research and development4 ,r4 ,d41 as it is called1 is their stock in trade1 their only product4 ,and space exploration appears to have given them their greatest boost4 ,one recent study on the subject regards research as the fourth major industrial revolution to take place in ,american history1 following the advents of steam mechanization1 steel1 electricity-and-internal combustion engines4 ,the fourth industrial revolution1 ours1 is unique in the number of people working on it1 its complexity1 and its power to push the economy at a rate previously impossible4 ,today between #e1jjj and #ej1jjj technical entrepreneurs 7top ,r4 ,d4 engineers1 leading scientists1 and highly effective technical managers7 are directly analogous to an estimated #ej to #ejj men in all of the first three periods4 ,thus about #ajj times the effort in terms of qualitative 7effective1 creative1 patent-producing7 manpower is being spent on the fourth revolution as on the other three combined4 ,total manpower1 of course1 is much more than that3 there are probably #gjj1jjj engineers and industrially oriented scientists in the ,united ,states today1 as against #b1jjj even as late as ,edison's first high voltage light bulb4 ,whereas ,edison worked with #bj to #ajj scientists in his laboratory1 and ,fulton labored alone1 there are #e1jjj industrial laboratories today employing from #bj to #g1cjj technical men each4#cj ,new power sources ,one of the greatest demands of spacecraft of the future will be for new sources of power4 ,while rocket propulsion power is part of this picture1 the power needed to operate space vehicles after launching may prove to be the larger and more important need4 ,progress has already been made in this direction by use of special kinds of batteries and solar cells which convert the sun's rays into electric current4 ,but these will need supplementing or replacing eventually as greater power becomes necessary4 ,it would be rash to predict the outcome of this complicated field1 but certain very promising methods can be listed4 ,one is the fuel cell1 which converts fuel directly into electric power without the necessity for machinery or working parts4 ,much progress has been made on the fuel cell in recent months4 ,in ,england a #dj-;cell unit has been used to drive a forklift truck and to do electric welding4 ,it develops up to #e kilowatts4#ca ,in the ,united ,states a #cj-;cell portable powerplant developing #bjj watts has been delivered to the ,army and ,marine ,corps1#cb while a #a1jjj-unit cell has been developed in the ,midwest which provides #ae kilowatts and drives a tractor4#cc ,another method is plasma power1 or power generated through the use of hot ionized gas4 ,such gas acts as a conductor of electricity and when employed as a magnetohydrodynamics generator it can be used for a variety of purposes4 ,it has the advantage of being simple1 rugged1 and efficient4 ,some day it may also prove very economical4 ,already #aj municipal areas along the ,mason-,dixon line are preparing to experiment with electric power derived from this source4#cd ,it has been estimated that as much as #a million watts could be generated by shooting a stream of plasma at speeds three times that of sound through a magnetic field only #c feet long and with the magnetic poles #f inches apart4#ce ,illustration3 ,,figure #g4--,the possible power source for space ships of the future1 the ion jet1 has significant counterpart uses for the commercial world4 ,another possible source is photoelectric power4 ,while a number of very difficult problems block the practical generation of this kind of power1 the astronautics research division of one ,american company has now succeeded in increasing the efficiency of photoelectric cells by a factor of more than #cjj4cf ,so the possibilities in this area are looking up4 ,as discussed in section ,,ii1 photon power derived from the ejection of electromagnetic rays may someday prove a source for accelerating vehicles once they have escaped from ,earth's gravity4 ,another possibility1 of course1 is atomic energy about which much has been said and written4 ,if1 as some scientists believe1 extensive space exploration by manned crews will depend on harnessing this great source of energy--both for booster purposes and for operating spacecraft in the distant parts of our interplanetary system--this fact alone may assure that the obstacles to practical nuclear energy are overcome faster and more completely than would otherwise be the case4 ,it is interesting to note that the science of controlling nuclear fusion 7as opposed to fission7 has come so far in the past several years that #aa private power companies are pooling their resources to advance this state of the art4#cg ,new water sources and uses ,a look into the future indicates very strongly that water will become a major world problem1 possibly by the beginning of the #aigj's1 which is likely to be another dry decade4 ,present water supplies1 coupled with the increasing population and the many new uses for water1 are barely adequate now4 ,in another #aj years the situation could be critical4 ,part of our national space program includes studies on how to use and reuse water to the best advantage of the human in space4 ,a number of avenues are being followed1 including vaporization of volatiles in biological wastes4#ch ,from research of this kind it is more than possible that knowledge will evolve which will prove useful in the practical production of fresh water from other chemical compounds or mixtures1 including seawater4 ,more than that1 it could lead to new ways for extracting much needed materials from the sea4 ,seawater contains #dj basic elements1 #ai in relatively copious amounts4 ,these elements run from #ah1ihj parts parts per million of chlorine to #j1jjjjjjb part per billion of radium4 ,yet1 so far1 we have learned to extract only bromine and magnesium in useful amounts4#ci ,conversely1 the study of how marine animals extract rare elements from the seawater1 such as the extraction of copper compounds by the octopus1 could provide astronautic researchers with important clues for keeping man alive in space4 ,noise and human engineering ,this is a field in which research has been going on seriously for only a few years4 ,most of it has developed since ,world ,war ,,ii4 ,human engineering is involved primarily with the reaction of people to their immediate surroundings and how to arrange those surroundings in order to permit the most comfortable and efficient functioning within them4 ,the noise aspect of human engineering1 as it may develop from the problems of astronauts operating in a silent world1 could lead to a variety of innovations for improving the performance of workers or even the general attitude of people living in urban areas4 ,in today's world1 where humans are subjected to so many different kinds1 degrees1 and sources of noise1 psychologists consider the matter to be of no small importance4 ,high speed-light weight computers ,space vehicles now need electronic computers for determining the moment of launch1 for fixing orbits1 for navigation1 and for processing collected data4 ,computers will precede man into space4 ,they will take over guidance and decision functions beyond limits of human physiology1 psychology1 versatility1 and reaction time4#dj ,the trend in this direction is marked and space exploration is accelerating it4 ,because of weight and size limitations1 and due to the genius of research1 the giant electronic brain of today will soon disappear and be replaced with an apparatus only a small fraction of its present size4 ,the implications for the business and professional world are great4 ,and a not inconsiderable side effect1 according to many modern technicians1 will be the flood of brainpower released from time-consuming chores and thus made available for more basic1 creative thought4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #h4--,the needs of tomorrow's spacemen will lead to marked advances in human engineering and psychology4 ,solid state physics ,few areas of effort are advancing this extremely promising art faster than space exploration1 which places a premium on light weight and small size4 ,the miniaturization of equipment being placed in ,u4,s4 satellites1 for example1 has been one of the contemporary wonders of the world of science4 ,a big part of this march toward tiny equipment is in the field of electronics1 where the process is called microminiaturization1 molecular electronics1 micromodular engineering or a number of other terms4 ,in essence it refers to the greatly reduced size of equipment through integrated circuits1 coupled functions1 the building of complicated components into a single molecular design and so on4 ,the art has proceeded to the point where complete radios can be reduced to the size of a lump of sugar4 ,clearly1 this trend holds almost unlimited utility for the home1 the factory1 the marketplace1 the highway1 the hospital or just about any other arena one cares to name4 ,so great is the promise that virtually every electronics company in the country is undertaking to take the state of the art into fundamentally new areas and there exploit its many possibilities4#da ,,economic ,,alliances ,it may be that our national space exploration program will also result in stronger economic alliances1 not only within our own national borders but on an international basis4 ,interesting speculation to this effect has been advanced by a prominent official of the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration3 ,i think we may expect that the combined influence of jet aircraft and satellite communications systems will enable us to integrate the now somewhat distant ,states of ,hawaii and ,alaska with the rest of the ,states as thoroughly as the ,east and ,west are already integrated4 ,second1 and in many ways a more intriguing possibility1 is the prospect of developing a truly international economic organization4 ,it is quite apparent that even today a large fraction of the economy of the ,united ,states is dependent upon foreign trade4 ,some nations of the world1 such as ,england or ,japan1 are almost entirely dependent upon foreign trade for their basic standard of living2 however1 current foreign trade practices are necessarily based on a somewhat leisurely pattern enforced by our current communications capacity4 ,whether we will be able to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of our activities in foreign trade through the use of the new communications facilities now foreseen will of course depend upon our political ability to work out viable arrangements for our mutual benefit with our oversea friends4 ,one of the lessons of history in the fields of communications is that an increase in capability has never gone unused4 ,the capability of doing new things has always resulted in it being found profitable to use this capability in all fields1 both commercial and governmental4#db ,,private ,,enterprise ,,in ,,space ,up to now space exploration has been more or less the exclusive domain of the ,federal ,government4 ,it seems likely that this situation will not change much in the near future4 ,but the question finally arises3 ,is the nature of space such that the traditional ,american concept of private enterprise can have no place in it8 ,on this score there is debate4 ,recently1 however1 there have been indications that businessmen feel they will be able to conduct certain business operations and services in space4 ,the space frontier will inevitably increase the scale of thinking and risk taking by business4 ,when we are dealing with space1 we are dealing with a technology that requires a planetary scale to stage it2 decades of time to develop it2 and much bigger investments to get across the threshold of economic return than is customary in business today4 ,business must now think in international terms1 and in terms of the next business generation4 ,it must step up to the big risks with the same vision that enabled an earlier generation of builders to push railroad tracks out across the wilderness and lay the foundations of our modern economy4#dc ,incidentally1 it should be pointed out that space exploration is already encouraging the formation of business of all sizes4 ,myriads of small businesses have sprung up1 many of them suppliers of specialty equipment for the larger concerns that have responsibility for major components and systems4#dd ,to what extent will private enterprise become involved8 ,here is one view3 ,as the years pass by1 and space apparatus becomes more reliable1 and the work of obtaining scientific data from space acquires a more routine character--certainly many of the necessary operating facilities could be put on a self-liquidating1 private-industry basis4 ,probably the first opportunities for private investment will come in the commercial use of satellites4 ,looking even further into the future of space exploration1 perhaps there would be economic justification for a privately owned launching service that would put objects into space for the peaceful purposes of friendly governments1 international agencies1 industry1 and the universities4 ,the base itself1 from which the commercial launching service would operate1 might be modeled after a port authority4 ,such a nonmilitary1 international space port could develop as a center for many private enterprises related to space operations4 ,these might include service and maintenance facilities2 data-processing services2 space communication centers2 laboratory facilities2 standardized equipment for satellites and other space vehicles2 fuel supplies2 medical services2 biological services2 and general supplies4 ,moving away from the idea of a commercial space port1 must all future tracking stations1 observatories1 and data-processing stations be ,government owned8 ,how about experimental stations for the simulation of space environments8 ,how about laboratories and stations actually constructed in space8 ,or will privately owned facilities one day offer these services on an international basis to governments1 industries1 universities1 and international agencies8 ,most likely the first businesses suitable for commercial operation1 using space technologies1 will be worldwide communication by satellite1 private weather forecasting1 and high-speed ,earth transport by rocket4#de ,illustration3 ,,figure #i4--,the electric and electronic needs of the space program are requiring more and more skilled labor4 ,,jobs ,there probably is no reliable way to gage the number of ,americans who are employed today because of the national space effort1 nor to estimate accurately the number who are likely to be employed in the years ahead4 ,this much can be said1 though4 ,they already number in the tens of thousands1 probably in the hundreds of thousands4 ,the ,administrator of the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration has reported that his agency presently employs #ah1jjj persons4 ,and he adds in spite of the size of this organization1 we estimate that approximately #ge percent of our budget will be expended through contracts with industry1 educational institutions1 and other nongovernmental groups4 ,thus the number of persons privately employed who are working on ,,nasa projects is1 of itself1 a high figure4 ,the number employed in1 by1 or for the ,department of ,defense on missiles or space-related projects is undoubtedly higher4 ,in addition to these must be added the men and women employed by private industry in a capacity not directly related to the space program but whose jobs have been created nonetheless by its stimulus4 ,the fact is that the military and peaceful needs of the space program are already employing a significant percentage of the industrial work force1 and will make up an even larger proportion of total employment and production of the country as the years go by4 ,the aircraft industry1 for example1 is broadening its scope to include missile and space technologies4 ,much of the electronics industry is devoted to missile and space needs4 ,the communications1 chemical1 and metallurgical industries are increasingly involved4 ,these industries are already among the largest employers in the ,united ,states1 and they are the major employers of the ,nation's technical manpower4 ,hence we are not speaking of a minor element in the national economy1 but of its leading growth industries4#df ,this phase of the space program's value should not be eyed merely from the standpoint of scientists and the labor market4 ,it has major significance for the professions--for doctors1 lawyers1 architects1 teachers1 and engineers4 ,all of these will be vitally concerned with space exploration in the future4 ,the doctor with space medicine and its results2 the lawyer with business relations and a vastly increased need for knowledge in international law2 the architect with the construction of spaceports and data and tracking facilities2 the teacher with the booming demand for new types of space-engendered curricula4 ,as for the engineer-- ,in this pyramid of scientific and engineering effort there will be found requirements for the services of almost every type of scientist and engineer to a greater or less degree4 ,in the forefront1 of course1 are the aerospace and astronautical engineers but the development of the ,saturn launching vehicle has also enlisted the cooperation of civil1 mechanical1 electrical1 metallurgical1 chemical1 automotive1 structural1 radio1 and electronics engineers4 ,much of their work relates to ground handling equipment1 special automotive and barge equipment1 checkout equipment1 and all the other devices needed to support the design1 construction1 testing1 launching1 and data gathering4#dg ,,automation ,,and ,,disarmament ,finally1 an economic value of extreme importance could be the ultimate role of the space program in modifying the threat to labor which is inherent in automation and disarmament4 ,space exploration1 opening up new and profitable vistas1 could take up much of the slack thus imposed and do it at a higher and more intellectual job level4 ,automation1 as we know1 is already in the process4 ,in agriculture alone it has bitten deeply into the laboring force and yet produces greater crops than ever4#dh ,it is gathering strength in many other fields4 ,disarmament is a long way from being a reality4 ,but all nations of the world are striving for it1 or at least giving lipservice to its principles1 so it may one day emerge as a reality4 ,if this happens1 space exploration again may be a most important element in taking up the slack which a prominent reduction in defense activity could not help but bring about4 ,indeed1 there are some who already foresee a complete substitution of space for defense1 and who prognosticate that in the #aiij's the economy of nations is now based on the astronautics industry1 instead of war4#di ,certainly1 some new economic force would be crucial to nations deprived of the need for devising and manufacturing weapons4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #aj4--;,a host of new materials1 skills1 and engineering techniques are bound up in the construction of rocket engines such as this first stage booster4 ,,footnotes3 #be ,gavin1 ,james ,m41 address to the ,international ,bankers ,association1 ,bal ,harbour1 ,fla41 ,dec4 #b1 #aieh4 #bf ,mitchell1 ,hon4 ,erwin1 in the ,house of ,representatives1 ,june #b1 #aifj4 #bg ,dryden1 ,dr4 ,hugh ,l41 ,deputy ,administrator1 ,,nasa1 ,penrose lecture before the ,american ,philosophical ,society1 ,philadelphia1 ,apr4 #ba1 #aifj4 #bh ,missile-,space ,directory1 ,missiles and ,rockets1 ,may #cj1 #aifj1 pp4 #hf-cei4 #bi ,haley1 ,andrew ,g41 general counsel and past president of the ,international ,astronautical ,federation1 ,rocketry and ,space ,exploration4 ,van ,nostrand ,co41 ,princeton1 ,n4,j41 #aieh p4 #aef4 #cj ,ruzic1 ,neil ,p41 ,the ,technical ,entrepreneur1 ,industrial ,research1 ,may #aihj1 p4#aj4 #ca ,bacon1 ,f4 ,t41 ,the ,fuel ,cell1 ,power ,source of the ,future1 ,new ,scientist1 ,aug4 #ag1 #aiei1 p4#bgb4 #cb ,science ,service dispatch1 dateline ,lynn1 ,mass41 ,apr4 #be1 #aiej4 #cc ,sharp1 ,james ,m41 ,the ,application of ,fuel ,cells in the ,natural ,gas ,industry1 ,southwest ,research ,institute1 ,san ,antonio1 ,tex41 ,mar4 #d1 #aifj1 pp4 #b-c4 #cd ,lear1 ,john1 ,towns ,to ,be ,lit by ,plasma1 ,new ,scientist1 ,nov4 #ai1 #aiei1 p4 #ajjf4 #ce ,pursglove ,s4 ,david1 ,industrial ,research1 ,march #aiej p4 #ai4 #cf ,ibid4 #cg ,ibid41 p4 #ah4 #ch ,space ,business ,daily1 ,june #ac1 #aifj4 #ci ,cox1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,a41 ,the ,chemistry of ,seawater1 ,new ,scientist1 ,sept4 #bd1 #aidei1 p4 #eah4 #dj ,hines1 ,l4 ,j41 ,space ,age ,news1 ,apr4 #be1 #aifj1 p4 #d4 #da ,gaertner1 ,w4 ,w41 ,functional ,microelectronics1 ,missile ,design and ,development1 ,march #aifj1 p4 #cd4 #db ,stewart1 ,dr4 ,homer ,j41 address to the ,american ,bar ,association1 ,miami ,beach1 ,aug4 #be1 #aiei4 #dc ,cordiner1 ,ralph ,j41 ,competitive ,private ,enterprise in ,space1 lecture at ,u4,c4,l4,a41 ,may #d1 #aifj #dd ,ibid4 #de ,ibid4 #df ,ibid4 #dg #bg supra4 #dh ,see ,the ,problem of ,plenty1 ,u4,s4 ,news ,world ,report1 ,apr4 #ac1 #aiei1 p4 #ig4 #di ,markuwitz1 ,meyer ,m41 and ,gentieu1 ,norman ,p41 ,the ,rocket1 ,a ,past and ,future ,history1 ,industrial ,research1 ,december #aiei1 p4 #gh4 ,,iv4 ,,values ,,for ,,everyday ,,living ,the so-called side effects of the space exploration program are showing a remarkable ability to produce innovations which1 in turn1 improve the quality of everyday work and everyday living throughout the ,united ,states4 ,in setting forth specific ways and means in which the space program is producing practical uses1 it must be kept in mind that no attempt is made here to separate uses resulting from the civil phases of the program from those developed by the military phases4 ,inasmuch as the two are closely intertwined1 it would seem impractical to do so4 ,and1 in instances where the same or similar research is being conducted by a single contractor on behalf of both phases1 it is usually impossible to do so4 ,,technological ,,benefits ,this category of the practical uses of the space program is impressive indeed4 ,most of us are familiar with the plans which the ,united ,states has for using artificial satellites in ways which will be beneficial to all mankind4 ,these include the satellite used for worldwide communications1 for global television1 for quick and accurate navigation1 and for much improved weather prediction and weather understanding4 ,here1 however1 is a summary of space-related developments about which the ,american public has heard considerably less3 ,first1 there is the high-speed computer4 ,developed initially to meet military demands for faster calculation1 the computer is an integral part of ,american industry1 making it possible to do many operations with a high degree of efficiency and accuracy4 ,thermoelectric devices for heating and cooling1 now adapted for commercial applications1 were originally designed to provide energy sources for space vehicles4 ,the glass industry1 as a result of work done during and after the ,second ,world ,war on lenses and plastics1 promises substantial gains in the consumer fields of optics and foods4 ,pyroceram1 developed for missile radomes1 is now being used in the manufacture of pots and pans4 ,materials suitable for use in the nuclear preservation of food may make us even better fed than we already are4 ,medical research1 and our health problems1 can use such things as film resistance thermometers4 ,electronic equipment capable of measuring low-level electrical signals is being adapted to measure body temperature and blood flow4 ,in a dramatic breakthrough1 illustrating the unexpected benefits of research1 it has been found that a derivative of hydrazine1 developed as a liquid missile propellant1 is useful in treating certain mental illnesses and tuberculosis4 ,of course1 the aeronautics industry has benefited tremendously4 ,engines1 automatic pilots1 radar systems1 flight equipment1 capable of meeting the high standards required by space vehicles represent a great improvement over our already excellent aircraft4 ,a plasma arc torch 7has been7 developed for fabricating ultrahard materials and coatings by mass production methods4 ,the torch1 an outgrowth of plasma technology1 develops heats of #cj1jjj degrees and can work within tolerances of two-thousandths of an inch4 ,another application from the missile field1 which shows real possibilities1 is a reliable flow meter that has no packings or bearings4 ,this was first developed for measuring liquefied gases and should have a very wide industrial usefulness4 ,it may even lead to improvements in marine devices for measuring distance and velocity4 ,ground-to-air missiles that ride a beam to their targets must measure the distance to the target plane with an accuracy of a few feet in several miles4 ,this principle1 now being applied to surveying techniques1 has revolutionized the surveying industry4 ,the solenoid valve1 which seats itself softly enough to eliminate vibration1 has been applied very satisfactorily to home-heating systems4 ,the use of the jet drilling for mining is another1 and worthy of amplification4 ,missiles are already working the economically unminable taconite ore of the ,mesabi ,range1 have helped build the ,st4 ,lawrence ,seaway1 and are bringing down costs in quarrying4 ,it is estimated that taconite will be supplying about a third of our ores in less than #bj years4 ,until #aidg we were unable to mine this very hard rock1 and then suitable rotary and churn drills were produced4 ,jet drilling1 now available1 cracks and crumbles stone layers by thermally induced expansion and is somewhere between #c and #e times faster than rotaries4 ,jet piercing can take us far deeper into the earth than we have been able to go so far1 to new sources of ore and hydrocarbons4 ,in stone quarrying1 jet spalling and channeling are proven techniques4 ,stone quarrying has been expensive and wasteful heretofore4 ,rocket flame equipment allows cutting along the natural cleavage planes1 or crystal boundaries--hence cuts stone thin without danger of cracking and1 in addition1 produces a fine finish that cannot be obtained when cutting by steel or abrasive tools4 ,scientific literature is beginning to contain speculations on using the principle of the missile engine to save unstable intermediate products of the chemical processes4 ,the high heats achieved in the rocket engine can1 perhaps1 be utilized to produce desired products that would be lost by slow cooling4 ,but the high rate of cooling accomplished by expanding gases through the engine nozzle1 it is thought1 would save these unstable compounds4 ,infrared has come into its own through missile electronics4 ,infrared--since it cannot be jammed--appears to be challenging radar for use in guidance devices1 tracking systems1 and reconnaissance vehicles4 ,infrared is being used industrially to measure the compositions of fluids in complex processes of chemical petroleum refining and distilling4 ,infrared cameras are used in analyzing metallurgical material processing operations1 to aid in accuracy and quality control4 ,the entire infrared field should be significantly assisted in its growth and application through our missile-space programs4 ,another very promising outcome from missile development is a computer converter that can quickly transform analogue signals--such as pressure measurements--into digital form4 ,in the near future1 when guidance devices permit soft landing1 rocket cargo and passenger transport will become feasible4 ,mail may become almost as swift as telephone4 ,we are making rapid progress in the economics of space travel3 payload costs for ,vanguard were about #a billion a pound2 for the near future launchings1 payload cost should be about #a1jjj per pound4 ,when payload costs are about a hundred dollars a pound we may expect commercial space flight4#ej ,hundreds of other examples of the space program's value for everyday living could be cited4 ,one with wide possibilities is a new welding process by using a high-powered electron beam gun1 developed for the fabrication of spaceships and other space vehicles4 ,this method permits welding joints capable of withstanding temperatures up to #c1jjj ,f42 it can be used on metals such as molybdenum and pure tungsten4 ,and1 its developers say1 it results in welded joints that have deep penetration and narrow weld beads that are virtually free of contamination4#ea ,another ingenius application1 resulting from the ,navy's space research program1 has significant utility for medicine and surgery4 ,this is a glass fiber device which1 when placed in the mouth during dental work or in the area of surgical incision1 permits a much magnified televising of the operation4 ,it holds considerable promise for teaching techniques in many fields4#eb ,another example is a finely woven stainless steel cloth designed for parachuting space vehicles back to ,earth4 ,the cloth is made of fine wire of great strength which can withstand tremendous temperatures and chemical contamination4 ,the wire from which the cloth is woven is about one-fifth the thickness of a human hair and is believed to have marked potential for industry and consumers alike4 ,here is an additional list of examples3#ec ,microminiature transmitters and receivers--used by police and doctors4 ,target drone autopilot--used as an inexpensive pilot assist and safety device for private aircraft4 ,inert thread sealing compound--- used by pump manufacturers serving process industries4 ,satellite scan devices--used in infrared appliances1 e4g41 lamps1 roasters1 switches1 ovens4 ,automatic control components--used as proximity switches1 plugs1 valves1 cylinders2 other components already are an integral part of industrial conveyor systems4 ,missile accelerometers1 torquemeters1 strain gage equipment--used in auto crash tests1 motor testing1 shipbuilding and bridge construction4 ,space recording equipment automatically stopped and started by sound of voice--used widely as conference recorder4 ,armalite radar--used as proximity warning device for aircraft4 ,miniature electronics and bearings--used for portable radio and television2 excessively small roller1 needle and ball bearings used for such equipment as air-turbine dental drills4 ,epoxy missile resin--used for plastic tooling1 metal bonding1 adhesive1 and casting and laminating applications4 ,silicones for motor insulation and subzero lubricants--used in new glassmaking techniques for myriad products4 ,ribbon glass for capacitors--used widely in electronics field4 ,radar bulbs--used in air traffic control equipment4 ,ribbon cable for missiles--used in the communications industry4 ,automatic gun cameras--used in banks1 toll booths1 etc4 ,fluxless aluminum soldering--used for kitchen utensil repair1 gutters1 flashings1 antennas1 electrical joints1 auto repairing1 farm machinery1 etc4 ,lightweight hydraulic pumps--used in automated machinery and pneumatic control systems4 ,voice interruption priority system--used for assembly line production control4 ,examples such as the foregoing1 it might be pointed out1 do not generally emphasize an area in which space exploration is making one of its greatest contributions4 ,this is the creation of new materials1 metals1 fabrics1 alloys1 and compounds that are finding their way rapidly into the commercial market4 ,less demonstrable but equally 7and perhaps more7 significant areas which may expect to benefit from space exploration are set out beginning on page #ce4 ,illustration4 ,,figure #aa4--,vital information about the forces which cause weather can be learned from meteorological satellites such as these4 ,even a slight increase in the accuracy of weather prediction will be worth millions of dollars annually4 ,,food ,,and ,,agriculture ,an extremely difficult problem bound up with space travel of any duration is that of food4 ,astronauts will not be able to take large supplies of food on their voyages and probably will have to reuse what they do take4 ,learning how to do this is no easy matter4 ,some doubt if it can be done4 ,others are optimistic4 ,the body of scientists now working directly on space feeding and nutrition is working effectively at a rate only attained by high motivation4 ,but this motivation suffices and their efforts will ultimately provide at least a partially closed space feeding system by the time it is critically needed and1 eventually1 an ideal one for long voyages of man into the remoter reaches of outer space4#ed ,if the optimists are right1 it is conceivable that the information gamed from this research will have profound influence on food and agricultural processes in the future4 ,the use and growth of synthetics or new foods1 and their effects on the soil1 could prove invaluable as the worlds population climbs and the demand for food multiplies4 ,better understanding of weather processes1 as provided through space exploration1 will also be valuable in terms of agriculture4 ,long-range accurate weather prediction would be worth millions of dollars in proper crops planted and crop damage avoided4 ,meanwhile1 as in other technological areas1 space research is providing specific new tools for the food and agriculture industry4 ,infrared food blanching1 for instance1 is highly effective in preparing foods for canning or freezing4 ,the development of a new forage harvester based on principles of aerodynamics uncovered by missile engineers is another example4 ,,communications ,this is a field of enormous promise1 and its practicality has already been demonstrated to the extent of placing satellites into precise orbits1 such as ,tiros 7weather7 and ,transit 7navigation71 and of communicating at long distances--#bc million miles in the case of ,pioneer ,v4 ,as a result3 ,government and industry technicians are rapidly developing new ,earth satellites to beam not only television programs but radio broadcasts and phone conversations to every spot on ,earth that's equipped to receive them4 ,thus this space project1 far more than most1 will touch the ordinary citizen4 ,the goal3 a workable1 worldwide communications system in space before this decade is over4 ,it will be1 declares one researcher1 the ultimate in communications4#ee ,incidentally1 the first worldwide communications system of this type1 and whether it is conducted in ,english or ,russian1 may have crucial prestige and propaganda ramifications4 ,such facilities should be possible through a system of carefully placed satellites so that radio signals can be relayed to any part of the globe at any time4 ,moreover they appear to be essential when one considers that within the next #bj years existing techniques are apt to be stretched beyond reasonable economic limits by demands for long distance communications4 ,it is difficult to see how transoceanic television will otherwise be possible when it is realized that there is presently a capacity of less than #ajj telephone channels across the ,atlantic and a single television channel is equivalent in band width to #a1jjj telephone channels4 ,it appears that a system utilizing satellites is the most promising solution to this problem4#ef ,more esoteric communications systems may also arise from space research4 ,in some future year when a cruising space vehicle communicates with another space vehicle or its orbiting station1 it may use a beam of light instead of conventional radio4 ,not that radio will be inoperative under the airless conditions of space--rather the reverse--but there is reason to believe that communication by sunlight not only will be cheaper but will entail carrying much simpler and lighter equipment for certain specialized space applications4 7,the ,air ,force7 is developing an experimental system that will collect sun rays1 run them through a modulator1 direct the resultant light wave in a controlled beam to a receiver4 ,there the wave will be put through a detector1 transposed into an electrical impulse and be amplified to a speaker4 ,depending on the type of modulator used1 either the digital 7dot-dash7 message or a voice message can be sent4#eg ,might not such a system find practical usage on ,earth1 particularly in sunny1 arid lands8 ,,weather ,,prediction ,,and ,,modification ,meteorological satellites should make possible weather observations over the entire globe4 ,today1 only #bj percent of the globe is covered by any regular observational and reporting systems4 ,if we can solve the problems of handling the vast amounts of data that will be received1 develop methods for timely analysis of the data and the notification of weather bureaus throughout the world1 we should be able to improve by a significant degree the accuracy of weather predictions4 ,an improvement of only #aj percent in accuracy could result in savings totaling hundreds of millions of dollars annually to farmers1 builders1 airlines1 shipping1 the tourist trade1 and many other enterprises4 ,perhaps even greater savings will come from warning systems devised for hurricanes and tornadoes4 ,the slight knowledge which humans actually have of weather forces can be seen from the fact that at present we do not even know exactly how rain begins4#eh ,learning to predict it and to modify it1 through space application1 might help slow down the soil erosion of arable land--that geological inevitability 99 99 99 which man can only hasten or postpone4#ei ,it is noteworthy that the two leading nations in space research1 the ,united ,states and the ,u4,s4,s4,r41 are among the most affected by soil erosion4 ,the leg up which the ,united ,states has in this particular phase of space research is illustrated by the acute photographic talents of the ,tiros satellite and their meaning to weather experts4 ,the following description of some of the earliest pictures by the ,director of the ,office of ,meteorological ,research1 ,u4,s4 ,weather ,bureau1 is illuminating4 ,this picture1 labeled ,no4 #a1 was the storm that was picked up in the early orbits of ,tiros on the first day of launch1 ,april #a4 ,this shows the storm #abj miles east of ,cape ,cod1 with dry continental air streaming off the ,united ,states1 not shown by clouds1 and off the coast the moist air streaming up to the north1 counterclockwise around the center1 producing widespread clouds and precipitation as far north as the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,on that same day mention was made of a storm in the ,midwest4 ,that is illustrated by photograph ,no4 #b4 ,this was centered over southeast ,nebraska1 a rather extensive storm4 ,again1 we have a clear air portion shown by a dark area1 the ground underneath1 which has less brightness than the clouds1 the cold air from ,canada streaming into that area1 not characterized by clouds1 and to the east the moist air from the ,gulf of ,mexico1 in this general neighborhood1 streaming around into that center and producing rather widespread rains4 ,in this case near the ,gulf of ,mexico1 where the cloud is extremely bright1 indicating that the clouds are very high1 thunderstorms were found in that area4 ,illustration3 ,,figure #ab4--,storm center over ,nebraska photographed by the first ,u4,s4 weather satellite1 ,tiros1 on ,april #a1 #aifj4 ,the extent of the picture can be seen from the accompanying weather map4 ,it is a sort of situation in which tornadoes are to be found in this very bright cloudy area1 especially this time of year in the ,midwest4 ,a third vortex was observed1 also ,april #a1 in the ,gulf of ,alaska1 #ejj miles southeast of ,kodiak ,island4 ,the vortex circulation is clearly evidenced by the clouds which form in a circular array1 and the large clear area in the center of the storm4 ,no4 #d picture refers to a very big storm #a1ejj miles in diameter located #cjj miles west of ,ireland on ,april #b4 ,this is a very old storm which was whirling around1 had no fronts associated with it4 ,it has long since wound up around the center4 ,there is a rather well-marked structure to the clouds that you can see4 ,it is quite different from the pictures in the first two4 ,these are storms mostly over the continental area or just off the coast4 ,the storms over the oceans seem to show more of a banded structure4 ,by that ,i mean circular bands of clouds1 of width perhaps ranging from #bj miles to a few hundred miles1 spiraling around the center in a counterclockwise manner4#fj ,,health ,,benefits ,of all the problems contingent upon space flight it is doubtful if any are more perplexing than the biological ones4 ,in fact1 it now appears quite likely that the limiting factor on manned space exploration will be less the nature of physical laws or the shortcoming of space vehicle systems than the vulnerability of the human body4 ,in order to place humans in space for any extended period1 we must solve a host of highly complicated biological equations which demand intensive basic research4 ,the other side of the coin1 however1 is that when scientific breakthroughs do occur in this area1 they will probably be among the most beneficial to come from the space program4 ,an idea of what is going on in the space medicine field can be obtained from this summary3 ,engineers already have equipped man with the vehicle for space travel4 ,medical researchers now are investigating many factors incident to the maintenance of space life--to make possible man's flight into the depths of space4 ,placing man in a wholly new environment requires knowledge far beyond our current grasp of human biology4 ,here are some of the problems under investigation3 ,the determination of man's reactions2 the necessity of operating in a completely closed system compatible with man's physiological requirements 7oxygen and carbon dioxide content1 food1 barometric pressure1 humidity and temperature control72 explosive decompression2 psychophysiological difficulties of spatial disorientation as a result of weightlessness2 toxicology of metabolites and propellants2 effects of cosmic1 solar1 and nuclear ionizing radiation and protective shielding and treatment2 effects on man's circulatory system from accelerative and decelerative g4 forces2 the establishment of a thermoneutral range for man to exist through preflight1 flight1 and reentry2 regeneration of water and food4#fa ,in addition1 intensive efforts are being brought to bear on such problems as the effect on humans who are deprived of their sensory perceptions1 or whose sensory systems are overloaded1 or who are exposed to excessive boredom or anxiety or sense of unreality1 or who must do their job under hypnosis or hypothermia 7cooling of warm-blooded animals74 ,a recent space medicine symposium heard this theory advanced by a prominent medical scholar3 ,attractive1 indeed1 for the space traveler would be the choice of hibernating during long periods when there was nothing he had to do4 ,with the increase of speeds and the lowering of metabolism1 consideration of flights running several hundred or even thousands of years cannot be offhandedly dismissed as mere fantasy4 ,during prolonged flights of many months or years there will be very little to see and that of negligible interest4 ,the most practical way of dealing with the problem might well be to have the pilot sleep #bc of the #bd hours4#fb ,lowering the body temperature would be one way of inducing the necessary deep sleep4 ,another possibility of handling some of the biological problems of space flight1 suggested by another physician1 would be for astronauts to discard the #bd-;hour ,earth day and establish a longer rhythm for their lives4#fc ,at any rate1 and while we may not now see just how it will come about1 knowledge gained from experiments such as these may result in important medical and psychological advances4 ,in the drug and technological area of medicine1 concrete benefits have already resulted from the national space program4 ,these include1 as already mentioned1 a drug developed from a missile propellant to treat mental ills1 a means of rapidly lowering blood temperature in operations1 and a small efficient valve which could replace the valve in a human heart4 ,particularly gratifying1 from the standpoint of medical value is the ,army's work toward an anti-radiation drug which could be taken before exposure to reduce the biological effects of radiation4#fd ,such a drug1 which is of special interest to astronauts who might be required to subject themselves to varying belts of radiation1 might be of even greater use in the cause of civil defense4 ,a final and far-reaching phase of the health side of space exploration deals with the basic nature of biology itself--how and under what conditions life grows4 ,up to now biological science has been largely the rationalization of particular facts and we have had all too limited a basis for the construction and testing of meaningful axioms to support a theory of life4#fe ,through research made possible by the space program it may be possible to alter this condition4 ,the dynamics of celestial bodies1 as can be observed from the ,earth1 is the richest inspiration for the generalization of our concepts of mass and energy throughout the universe4 ,the spectra of the stars likewise testify to the universality of our concepts in chemistry4 ,but biology has lacked tools of such extension1 and life until now has meant only terrestrial life4#ff ,illustration3 ,,figure #ac4--;,biological reactions uncovered in space medicine studies1 such as this centrifuge experiment1 may lead to important health discoveries4 ,the secrets which this research may divulge and their meaning for human health can only be imagined4 ,but they certainly would not be minor4 ,,education ,,benefits ,no enterprise has so stirred human imagination as the reach of man toward the exploration of space4 ,new worlds to explore4 ,new distances to travel--#c1fhj million miles to ,pluto1 the outermost planet of our solar system1 #h years journey at #ej1jjj miles per hour when we attain such a capability4 ,innumerable problems ahead4 ,new knowledge needed in almost every branch of science and technology from magneto fluid dynamics to cosmology1 from materials to biology and psychology4#fg ,new knowledge needed means better and stronger education is essential4 ,and not only in the physical sciences4 ,in the social sciences and the arts as well4 ,certainly man's space adventure can help profoundly to make a finer creature of him1 but only if his adventures on ,earth can do so as well4 ,essentially what this means to a social psychologist is that we must somehow raise our level of education to the point where most men most of the time can appreciate and actively absorb the implications of knowledge and developments in all areas sufficiently to let them enrich their personal philosophies4 ,obviously this kind of education is only in part a scientific one4#fh ,moreover1 the technical and management aspects of the space program involve collaboration with nonscientific persons such as businessmen1 bankers1 and public officials in assessing worthwhile objectives and in judging the technical and economic feasibility of projects designed to accomplish these objectives4#fi ,consequently each type must educate the other in his own specialty if an effective1 stepped-up space program is to be achieved4 ,the demand ,apparently the demand for specific formal education in the science of astronautics is increasing faster than it is being supplied4 ,although many colleges and universities have been setting up courses dealing with astronautics1 the state of the art does not seem to have crystallized to the extent that it permits fashioning a career in the field at the educational level4 ,of course1 discontent is created4 ,one publication has editorialized3 ,we have received a surprising number of letters from young people who actually want to know how and where they can get started in a career in astronautics4 ,these1 for the most part1 are high school students--and1 evidently1 they couldn't get the information they wanted from their own school4 99 99 99 ,isn't the age of space yet important enough for all the high schools to sponsor interest in our space programs and to point out the need for a constant flow of young brains8#gj ,the answer undoubtedly is that such grassroots demand will bring about increased academic curricula in astronautics in direct proportion to its magnitude4 ,meanwhile1 the availability of work for persons with a background in space-related subjects can be gaged to some extent by observing the variety of personnel requirements on major space exploration projects4 ,a single ,american firm1 for example1 uses #di different professional specialists in its work for the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration and in its space work for the ,department of ,defense4#ga ,multiplied by the thousands of companies which are doing similar work1 the list gives an idea of the astronautic demand confronting the ,nation's educational institutions3 ,acoustician ,aerodynamicist ,aeronautical engineer ,agricultural engineer ,astrodynamicist ,astronomer ,astrophysicist ,biochemist ,biophysicist ,ceramics specialist ,chemist ,computer specialist ,crystallographer ,development engineer ,doctor of medicine ,electrical engineer ,electronic engineer ,experimental physicist ,flight engineer ,gyroscopics specialist ,hydraulic engineer ,information theory analyst ,inorganic chemist ,logical designer ,magnetic device engineer ,mathematician ,mechanical applications engineer ,mechanical engineer ,mechanisms specialist ,medical electronic engineer ,metallurgical engineer ,methods engineer ,nuclear physicist ,oceanographer ,organic chemist ,physical chemist ,pneumatic engineer ,process engineer ,production engineer ,project engineer ,psychologist ,reliability engineer ,sociologist ,solid state physicist ,structural engineer ,system analyst ,theoretical physicist ,thermodynamicist ,transducer engineer ,illustration3 ,,figure #ad4--;,exploration within the solar system means a wealth of new knowledge which could lead to learning the secrets of life4 ,,footnotes3 #ej #be supra4 ,see also address to the ,american ,bankers ,association1 ,oct4 #bh1 #aieh4 #ea ,space ,business ,daily1 ,june #ag1 #aifj4 #eb ,feldman1 ,george ,j41 cited in a letter to the ,house ,committee on ,science and ,astronautics1 ,apr4 #bi1 #aifj4 #ec ,from ,michelson1 ,edward ,j41 ,how ,missile-,space ,spending ,enriches the ,peacetime ,economy1 ,missiles and ,rockets1 ,sept4 #ad1 #aiei1 pp4 #ac-ag4 #ed ,tischer1 ,r4 ,g41 ,a ,search for the ,spaceman's ,food1 ,space ,journal1 ,december #aiei1 p4 #df4 #ee ,kraar1 ,louis1 ,wall ,street ,journal1 ,may #d1 #aifj4 #ef #g supra4 #eg ,release ,no4 #ch-fj1 ,air ,research and ,development ,command1 ,may #b1 #aifj4 #eh ,lear1 ,john1 ,where ,does ,rain ,begin8 ,new ,scientist1 ,mar4 #bd1 #aifj1 p4 #gbd4 #ei ,wind and ,soil1 ,new ,scientist1 ,may #bf1 #aifj1 p4 #acbg4 #fj ,wexler1 ,dr4 ,harry4 ,press conference conducted by the ,national ,aeronautics and ,space ,administration1 ,apr4 #bb1 #aifj4 #fa ,lockheed1 ,missiles and ,space ,division1 medical research1 ,sunnyvale1 ,calif4 #fb ,lewis1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,j41 before the ,space ,flight ,symposium1 ,san ,antonio1 ,tex41 ,may #bh1 #aifj4 #fc ,kleitman1 ,prof4 ,nathaniel1 before the ,space ,flight ,symposium1 ,san ,antonio1 ,tex41 ,may #bf1 #aifj4 #fd ,taylor1 ,lt4 ,col4 ,richard ,r41 ,,usa 7,,mc71 testimony before the ,house ,committee on ,science and ,astronautics1 ,june #ae1 #aifj4 #fe ,lederberg1 ,joshua1 ,exobiology-,experimental ,approaches to ,life ,beyond ,earth1 ,science in ,space1 ch4 ,,ix1 ,national ,academy of ,sciences1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 ,february #aifj4 #ff ,ibid4 #fg ,dryden1 ,dr4 ,hugh ,l41 speech before the ,engineering ,society of ,cincinnati1 ,feb4 #ah1 #aifj4 #fh ,michael1 ,donald ,n41 ,space ,exploration and the ,values of ,man1 ,space ,journal1 ,september #aiei1 p4 #ae4 #fi #fg supra4 #gj ,space ,age1 ,august #aiei1 p4 #c4 #ga ,minneapolis-,honeywell1 ,military ,products ,group4 ,v4 ,,long-,,range ,,values ,in assessing the practical values of space exploration it does not seem logical to limit considerations to those values which are immediate or near-future ones4 ,the worth of a present activity may be doubled or trebled because of its long-range potential4 ,such values may not be practical within the context of today's usage1 but they may be extremely practical if we are willing to concede that those of us living today have an interest in and a responsibility for what happens on ,earth in the decades and centuries to come4 ,,trouble ,,spots ,thinking along these lines it is not difficult to conjure up a picture of some of the difficult physical and social problems which will be facing the ,earth in the years which stretch ahead4 ,the foregoing sections of this report1 for example1 have already indicated extensive difficulties inherent in at least five major categories4 7#a7 ,bursting population4 7#b7 ,acute water shortage4 7#c7 ,soil erosion and disappearance4 7#d7 ,too much leisure4 7#e7 ,intensified nationalism4 ,in each area it is probable that space exploration will ultimately play an important role4 ,population ,social scientists have been warning for years of the drastic social upheavals which must inevitably accompany an exploding population4 ,it is a problem the complexity of which grows in geometric progression as time goes on4 ,in the ,united ,states nearly #cjj years were required to produce #ij million people4 ,in the past #fj years this number has doubled4 ,the implications are obvious4 ,they are only too plain to urban and suburban planners who endeavor to cope with the antlike construction and activity of the human race as it burgeons with each succeeding year4 ,of course1 this is not a domestic matter but a global one4 ,its seriousness has been described as follows3 ,projection of the post-,world ,war ,,ii rate of increase gives a population of #ej billions 7the highest estimate of the population-carrying capacity of the globe ever calculated by a responsible scholar7 in less than #bjj years4#gb ,a ,european professor of medicine adds that any surge in human longevity at this time is quite undesirable from the standpoint of making elderly persons useful or cared for4 ,the problems posed by the explosive growth of populations 99 99 99 are so great that it is quite reassuring to know that biologists and medical men have so far been unsuccessful in increasing the maximum lifespan of the human species 99 99 99 and 99 99 99 it would be a calamity for the social and economic structure of a country if the mean lifespan were suddenly to increase from #fe to #he years4#gc ,some anthropologists pessimistically wonder if man is going to prove like the locust by populating himself into near extinction from time to time4 ,without subscribing to this view1 one must nevertheless take notice of the difficulties posed by population increase1 not merely those of food1 shelter1 education1 and the like but also those resulting from cellular1 cramped1 close living4 ,whichever phase of the problem is studied1 it seems not unreasonable to conclude that space research will help find a solution4 ,new ways to produce food1 new materials for better shelter1 new stimuli for education--all of these are coming from our space program4 ,as for the matter of adequate living room1 space research may result in ways to permit an easy and efficient scattering of the population without hurting its mobility4 ,this might result from the development of small subsidiary types of craft1 or gocarts1 originally designed for local exploration on other planets4 ,such craft1 whether they operated by air cushion1 nuclear energy1 gravitational force1 power cell1 or whatever1 conceivably would permit ,earth's population to spread out without the need for expensive new roads--which1 by the way1 take millions of acres of land out of productive use4 ,a development of this sort1 together with new power sources to replace the fossil fuels on which factory1 home1 and vehicle now depend1 might also all but eliminate the growing smog and air-pollution blight4 ,water shortage ,a direct result of the population increase1 multiplied by the many new uses for which water is being used in home appliances1 etc41 and plus the greatly increased demand for standard uses such as indoor plumbing1 irrigation1 and factory processing1 is the likelihood that water shortage will be high on the list of future problems4 ,ways to conserve and reuse water1 together with economical desalting of sea water1 will be essential in the decades ahead4 ,space research may provide part of the answer here1 too4 7,see ,new ,water ,sources and ,uses1 sec4 ,,iii47 ,soil erosion ,the ,russian steppes of ,kazakhstan are providing the world with a great contemporary dust bowl1 reminiscent of the middle #aicj's when dust from the ,great ,plains stretched from ,texas to ,saskatchewan4 ,questionable agriculture policies1 drought1 and strong easterly winds are among the forces blamed for the trials of southern ,russia4#gd ,so great is the extent of this disturbance that the dust cloud has been identified in photographs taken by ,american weather satellites4 ,of course1 wind erosion is only one of the processes whereby the ,earth's arable land is diminishing and the deserts increasing2 erosion by water can also sweep away the soil4#ge ,but insofar as the current dust bowl of the ,soviet steppes has diminished food resources at a time when the number of mouths to feed is increasing so rapidly1 the world is the poorer4#gf ,what can space research do about this vital trend1 which again seems destined to accelerate in the future8 ,while we cannot be sure1 we can conjecture that improved soil conservation might turn out to be the greatest benefit of weather understanding and modification4 ,agriculture policies might be adapted to the long-range patterns uncovered by weather satellites and1 eventually1 through better understanding of the making of weather1 it may be possible to modify weather forces in a manner which will preserve the soil4 ,in a more remote vein1 it may be that knowledge gained from a first-hand study of the ,moon or other planets in the solar system will eventually contribute to the conservation of soil on ,earth in ways as yet unimagined4 ,added leisure ,acquiring more time for leisure sounds good4 ,very much more leisure than most people now have1 however1 is apt to present trouble in itself4 ,since it appears that the time is not far away when those living in the highly developed countries will no longer have to concentrate their prime energies on the traditional quest for food1 clothing1 and shelter1 a potentially dangerous vacuum may be the result4 ,at least the psychologists seem agreed that people must feel a useful purpose in their lives and have ways to pursue it4 ,above all1 leisure makes a challenge to the human spirit4 ,athens1 in her ,golden ,age1 displayed a genius for the creative use of leisure which can be seen as complementary1 and indeed superior1 to her genius for military and commercial ventures4 ,there have also been such periods of all-pervasive inspiration in the history of other peoples 99 99 994 ,the doubling of our standard of living will present a growing challenge to the human spirit and produce graver consequences1 should we fail to meet it4 ,we neglect the proper use of leisure at our peril4#gg ,in other words1 the answer to the problem does not lie solely with the golf course1 the yacht club1 the theater1 or the lengthened vacation4 ,much more will be required4 ,the intellectual stimulus of space exploration and research1 which undoubtedly will divide into numerous branches like capillary streaks from a bolt of lightning1 should be markedly useful in helping to fill this vacuum4 ,space research would seem particularly applicable in this role since it deals with fundamental knowledge and concepts which are satisfying in terms of psychological needs and sense of purpose4 ,intensified nationalism ,ever since ,world ,war ,,ii the era of colonialism has been on the wane4 ,many nations have proclaimed1 won1 or wrested their independence during that period4 ,others appear to be on the verge of doing so4 ,at any rate1 it is clear that in the decades ahead the world is going to see the rise of even more independent nations with strong nationalistic feelings4 ,history implies that developments of this sort are often accompanied by international unrest--because of the normal ebullience of national adolescence and the desire to be accepted by the world community1 as well as a variety of concomitant political and economical upheavals4 ,for whatever trials may lie ahead on this score1 space exploration may prove to be much needed oil on rough water4 ,ambitious1 advanced1 sophisticated space exploration in the future is almost certain to require a high degree of international cooperation and perhaps even a pooling of resources and funds to some degree4 ,already ,america has found it expedient1 in some cases mandatory1 to depend on facilities in other countries for her ventures into space4 ,a good example is the close cooperation between the ,united ,states and tracking bases located in ,canada1 ,australia1 ,south ,africa1 and elsewhere4 ,an even better one is the important part played in ,u4,s4 efforts by ,england's giant radio telescope at ,jodrell ,bank4 ,most of our launches are followed by this equipment and much of the best scientific information gained from it4 ,in the case of ,pioneer ,v1 ,jodrell ,bank was essential to keep in touch with the satellite at the longer distances and1 moreover1 was actually required to separate the fourth stage of the launch vehicle and direct the payload toward its ,venus orbit4 ,mutual need and cooperation thus fostered by space exploration can be expected to siphon off some of the political tensions of the future1 especially as more and more nations become interested in space and inaugurate complex programs of their own4 ,,limitations ,,on ,,space ,,research ,there are some who are convinced that the exploration of space is rigidly limited and that the landing of men on extraterrestrial bodies other than the ,moon is quite improbable4 ,they are sure that extensive travel outside the solar system is impossible4 ,admittedly1 the problems of such travel are enormous4 ,but are they incapable of solution8 ,twenty-six million miles to ,venus1 #di million miles to ,mars1 #c1fhj million miles from the ,sun to ,pluto at the outer edge of the solar system4 ,the nearest of the stars is #be million1 million miles away1 and travel to it at #aj miles per second would require #hj1jjj years4 ,is the travel of man to the stars a futile dream8 ,each generation of man builds on the shoulders of the past4 ,the exploration of space has begun2 who now can set limits to its future accomplishments8#gh ,illustration3 ,,figure #ae4--,need for international cooperation in the ,u4,s4 space program is illustrated by this map showing the areas from which help must be procured for projects already planned or underway4 ,that is the thought of one of the ,nation's most expert space scientists4 ,who now can set limits 99 99 99 8 ,it seems to mesh curiously well with one of the most interesting phenomena of our day--the emergence of a breed of engineers1 technicians1 teachers1 and scientists who do not recognize limits and who refuse to concede that something cannot be so because it fails to fit conventional patterns or conform to the physical laws of the universe as we now know them4 ,of this there is growing evidence4 ,for many years it has been an accepted fact1 for instance1 that the ,moon is a dead world with no life upon it4 ,the suggestion made by the great #afth century mathematician1 ,johannes ,kepler1 that some life might exist on the ,moon was debunked into silence long since4 ,yet today a fellow of the ,british ,royal ,astronomical ,society writes that the first men to arrive on the ,moon may find not only plant life but possibly animal life4 ,the fact that terrestrial organisms may be unable to survive in the surroundings of another planet is by itself no more significant than that fishes and other marine animals die when exposed to the air4 ,from their point of view air is uninhabitable because they have failed to equip themselves with lungs4#gi ,and he adds that his surmise leaves out of account the possibilities of the ,moon's underground world1 which are incalculable1 for there water1 the vital gases1 congenial temperatures1 and increased pressures will all be present4 ,only sunlight is absent4 ,then there is ,project ,ozma1 the search for life on other planets or in other star systems1 which began in ,april #aifj at ,green ,bank1 ,w4 ,va4 ,it is being undertaken by the ,national ,radio-,astronomy ,observatory and consists of carefully directed listening by radio-telescope for signs of intelligent broadcasts originating outside ,earth4 ,at ,stanford ,university another astronomer is concentrating the efforts of part of his laboratory on behalf of a similar idea4 ,the chances are1 he believes1 that the superior races of other planets in other galaxies have already developed a communications network among themselves1 and have entered a joint program to scan all the other solar systems looking for signs of awakening civilization among the backward planets4 ,each of the advanced communities might pick as its probe assignment a single other solar system--and one such probe may well be circling our ,sun right now on a routine check for life4#hj ,unexplained delayed echoes of earthly radio transmissions received in the past1 it is thought1 could be evidence of such a scheme4 ,are goings-on such as these nonsense8 ,here is the answer given by one hard-headed science writer3 ,centuries may pass before there is any sign of intelligence outside the ,earth4 ,but the advantages of communication with another civilization that has survived our present dilemmas are far too great to permit the experiment to be abandoned4#ha ,the results of recent and more orthodox experiments have already done much to shake the complacency of scientists in regard to their concepts of space4 ,investigations have disclosed that1 far from being a complete vacuum1 space is relatively full of matter and energy4 ,hydrogen gas1 radiation belts1 cosmic particles1 solar disturbances of unknown nature1 micrometeorites--and1 from ,pioneer ,v1 proof of a #e-million ampere electromagnetic ring centered about #dj1jjj miles away4#hb ,the director of the ,smithsonian ,astrophysical ,laboratory in ,cambridge1 ,mass41#hc has said that more and more startling astrophysical information was gathered during the first few weeks of the space age than had been accumulated in the preceding century4 ,in brief1 it is becoming the vogue in science to refuse to say impossible to anything4 ,on the contrary1 the watchword for tomorrow is shaping up as take nothing for granted4 ,,fundamental ,,knowledge ,,about ,,life ,everything learned from space exploration thus far indicates that the knowledge lying in wait for those who manage to observe the universe from outside ,earth's atmosphere will be far grander than anything uncovered to date4 ,we may finally learn the origin of our universe and the method of its functioning4 ,a good part of this knowledge may be no farther away than the next #c to #e years4 ,satellite telescopes now under construction are expected to elicit far more information than even the #bjj-;inch giant at ,mount ,palomar4 ,one such observatory satellite1 to be launched in #aifc or before1 will permit a telescope of about #aj feet in length to point at heavenly bodies within a tenth of a second of arc for periods up to an hour4 ,present plans call for an orbit between #djj and #ejj miles1 as a lifetime of at least #f months is required to observe the entire celestial field4#hd ,perhaps1 and sooner than we think1 we shall find a clue to the destiny of all intelligent life4 ,perhaps the theory advanced by a noted eastern astronomer will turn out to be true--that biological evolution on the habitable planets of the universe may be the result of contamination left by space travelers arriving from 7and leaving for7 other worlds4 ,in other words1 the fruition of life on the various planets of the millions of solar systems might be the product of a wandering group of astronautic ,johnny ,appleseeds who leave the grains of life behind them4 ,space travel between galaxies has to be possible for this1 but of course this needs to be only quite a rare event4 ,in a time of about #c4c billion years1 the most advanced form of life occurring in a galaxy must be able to reach a neighboring one4#he ,the notion seems fantastic4 ,but when we look clear to the end of ,earth's road 7and assuming the astrophysicists are right in their theories about the evolution and ultimate death of our solar system7 we know that ,earth will one day become uninhabitable4 ,life on ,earth must then perish or move elsewhere4 ,if we further assume that mankind will not want to die with his planet and if we acknowledge that other worlds may have been through this entire cycle in eons past--perhaps the notion is not so unreasonable after all4 ,whatever the truth is on this score1 space exploration will certainly be of practical value to our descendants when that dim1 far-off day arrives4 ,,psychological ,,and ,,spiritual ,,values ,long before the arrival of that millennium1 however1 the knowledge and understanding awaiting us through the medium of space exploration is certain to have profound effects on the human race psychologically and spiritually4 ,it already has had effects on humans of all ages4 ,adults1 who are paying the taxes to support the space exploration program and reaping its practical values1 are also thinking of themselves1 their country1 and their world in broader1 more knowledgeable terms4 ,in a sense1 children may be even more deeply involved4 ,there is a special group which may play a useful role in spreading the new values growing from the exploration of space1 and this is the children who play at spaceman today4 ,whether or not they take this interest with them beyond childhood remains to be seen4 ,however1 the unique fact in the present situation is that never before have children rehearsed a role that really will not exist until they are adults4 ,to be sure all of them will not fulfill this childhood role1 but the fact that the reality lies ahead rather than in the past 7as with cowboys and ,indians7 may stimulate them to retain a sensitivity for the various meanings man in space can have for our future4#hf ,put it another way--if it is true1 as a modern ,chinese philosopher has said1 that the search for knowledge is a form of play1 then the spaceship1 when it comes1 will be the ultimate toy that may lead mankind from its cloistered nursery out into the playground of the stars4#hg ,illustration3 ,,figure #af4--,space vehicles of the future may look like this artist's drawing of an electrical propulsion craft4 ,the nuclear reactor is located at the extreme left1 followed by a neutron shield1 heat exchanger1 gamma-ray shield and propellant4 ,the center tank houses turbogenerating equipment4 ,excessive heat is dissipated in the large radiator4 ,at the extreme right are two crew cabins1 landing vehicle and a ring-shaped accelerator4 ,,maturing ,,of ,,the ,,race ,the psychological and spiritual changes necessitated by this evolution may be at a cost far beyond dollars--because many of us will be hard put to negotiate them1 especially if they come too rapidly4 ,nevertheless1 negotiating them must also be placed in the category of practical values--for in the long run it seems to be an essential part of the maturing of mankind4 ,the years ahead will face us with many sputniks and thereby will require of our citizens stern1 costly1 and imaginative participation in programs to meet and surmount the many complex challenges with which our growing technology confronts us4 ,to succeed in space and to succeed on ,earth1 we must somehow learn to make the larger world of ideas1 so brilliantly exemplified by the satellites1 the immediate environment of the individual4 ,there is a race we must run--the race for an enlightened and involved public4#hh ,so if we can accept the wrenches which space exploration is apt to apply to our time1 pocketbook1 energy1 and thinking1 the values and rewards as outlined in this report should gather headway and grow continuously greater4 ,space technology is probably the fastest moving1 typically free-enterprise and democratic industry yet created4 ,it puts a premium not on salesmanship1 but on what it needs most--intellectual production1 the research payoff4 ,unlike any other existing industry1 space functions on hope and future possibilities1 conquest of real estate unseen1 of near vacuum unexplored4 ,at once it obliterates the economic reason for war1 the threat of overpopulation1 or cultural stagnation2 it offers to replace guesswork with the scientific method for archeological1 philosophical1 and religious themes4#hi ,such conclusions seem a bit rosy4 ,but sober study indicates that they may not be too far out after all4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,hauser1 ,philip ,m41 ,demographic ,dimensions of ,world ,politics1 ,science1 ,june #c1 #aifj1 p4 #afdb4 #gc ,bacq1 ,prof4 ,z4 ,m41 ,medicine in the #aifj's1 ,new ,scientist1 ,jan4 #ba1 #aifj1 p4 #acj4 #gd #ei supra4 #ge ,ibid4 #gf ,ibid4 #gg ,the ,challenge of ,leisure1 ,m4 ,g4 ,scott1 ,ltd41 ,london1 ,august #aiei1 p4 #bj4 #gh #bg supra4 #gi ,firsoff1 ,dr4 ,v4 ,a41 ,the ,strange ,world of the ,moon1 ,basic ,books1 ,london1 #aiei4 #hj ,reported by ,david ,perlman1 ,san ,francisco ,chronicle1 ,june #g1 #aifj4 #ha ,lear1 ,john1 ,is ,anybody ,there81 ,new ,scientist1 ,apr4 #ad1 #aifj1 p4 #icc4 #hb ,aviation ,week1 ,may #i1 #aifj1 p #cb4 #hc ,whipple1 ,dr4 ,fred ,l4 #hd ,western ,aviation1 ,june #aifj1 p4 #af4 #he ,gold1 ,dr4 ,thomas1 ,cosmic ,garbage1 address to the ,space ,scientists ,symposium1 ,los ,angeles1 ,december #aiei4 #hf #fh supra1 pp4 #ab1 #ac4 #hg #f supra1 pp4 #c1 #d4 #hh ,michael1 ,d4 ,n41 ,sputniks ,public ,opinion1 ,air ,force1 ,june #aifj1 p4 #ge4 #hi ,industrial ,research1 ,december #aiei1 pp4 #h1 #i4