images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,illu/ration3 ,alsike ,clov] 9 ,nor!rn ,wiscons9 ,,clov]s ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,gr[ ,,!m ,,by ,,?omas ,,%aw ,au?or ( ,=age ,crops ,o!r ?an ,grasses1 ,! ,/udy ( ,bre$s1 ,soil+ ,crops & ! ,silo1 ,animal ,bre$+1 ,grasses & ,h[ to ,gr[ ,!m1 etc4 ,,new ,,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,company #aijf ,,copyright1 #aijf ,by ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,,to ,,all ,,p]sons ,,:o ,,are ,,or ,,may ,,be ,,int]e/$ ,,9 ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,clov]s ,,?is ,,"w ,,is ,,mo/ ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,/4 ,an?ony ,p>k1 ,m9n4 #aijf ,,ackn[l$gm5ts ,9 prep>+ ?is "w1 ! *ief s\rces ( in=mation beyond ! au?or's exp]i5ce & obs]vation h be5 ! bullet9s issu$ by ! v>i\s exp]im5t /ations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & discussions 9 ! ,agricultural ,press4 ,= ! illu/rations ! au?or is indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,a4 ,m4 ,s\le ( ! exp]im5t /ation ( ,t5nessee1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,hume ( ! exp]im5t /ation ( ,l\isiana & ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,%aw ( ! exp]im5t /ation ( ,oregon4 ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,"s books h be5 writt5 on ,clov] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & z f> z !y g !y s]ve a good purpose4 ,_m ref]5ces & discussions h also appe>$ 9 v>i\s bullet9s & reports issu$ by ! exp]im5t /ations4 ,^! h prov$ helpful n only 9 ! ,/ates 9 :i* !y h be5 issu$1 b also 9 o!r ,/ates :]e ! conditions are simil>4 ,b no book or bullet9 has yet appe>$ :i* discusses ! gr[? ( clov]s z applicable to all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,nor has any be5 issu$ :i* takes up ! subject 9 ord]ly & consecutive sequ5ce4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t !re is n only room = a book :i* w cov] ! gr\nd ) at lea/ measureable fulness1 b also 9 concise & ord]ly succession1 b !re is great ne$ = x4 ,x has be5 ! aim ( ! au?or to write su* a book4 ,only ^? v>ieties ( clov] are discuss$ at l5g? :i* are possess$ ( economic value4 ,! treatm5t ( ! subjects is virtually ! same z 0 adopt$ 9 writ+ ! book on ,grasses & ,h[ to ,gr[ ,!m4 ,"s ref]5ces are made to ! hi/ory1 *>act]i/ics & di/ribution ( ea* v>iety4 ,^! are foll[$ by discussions ) ref]5ce to soil adaptation2 place 9 ! rotation2 prep>+ ! soil2 s[+2 pa/ur+2 h>ve/+ = hay2 secur+ se$2 & r5ew+ ! /&4 ,! book is int5d$1 9 "s measure at lea/1 to meet ! ne$s ( ! /ud5ts ( agriculture1 ) ref]5ce to ! plants discuss$ & also ( all :o are conc]n$ 9 ! till+ ( ! soil4 ,/4 ,an?ony ,p>k1 ,m9n4 #aijf ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page4 ,introductory #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples = ,gr[+ ,clov]s #f ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,m$ium ,r$ ,clov] #eg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,alfalfa #aad ,,*apt] ,v4 ,alsike ,clov] #aid ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,mammo? ,clov] #bah ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,crimson ,clov] #bch ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,:ite ,clov] #beh ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,japan ,clov] #bgi ,,*apt] ,x4 ,burr ,clov] #bia ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,sweet ,clov] #cjj ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,miscellane\s ,clov]s #caf ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page4 #a ,alsike ,clov]--,frontispiece4 #b ,m$ium ,r$ #fa #c ,alfalfa #aae #d ,field ( ,alfalfa #aga #e ,alsike #aie #f ,crimson #bci #g ,:ite #bei #h ,japan #bha #i ,sweet #cja #aj ,sa9fo9 #cah #aa ,begg> ,we$ 7,fl[] & ,se$ ,/ems7 #cci #ab ,begg> ,we$ 7,root ,sy/em7 #cda ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,9 ?is book all ! v>ieties ( clov] w be discuss$ t h hi!rto be5 f\nd ( any consid]able value to ! agriculture ( ,am]ica4 ,v>ieties t are ( b little value to ! f>m] w be discuss$ briefly1 if discuss$ at all4 ,! discussions w be conduct$ f ! /&po9t ( ! practical agriculturi/ r ?an f t ( ! botani/4 ,x is propos$ to po9t out ! v>ieties ( clov] wor?y ( cultivation1 :]e & h[ !y ought to be cultivat$1 & = :at uses4 ,def9ition ( ,clov]4--,accord+ to ,johnson's ,encyclopdia1 clov] or trefoil is a plant ( ! g5us ,trifolium & ! family ,legum9os4 ,! ,/&>d ,diction>y def9es x z any "o ( sev]al species ( plants ( ! g5us ,trifolium ( ! bean family ,legum9os4 ,view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! ,am]ican f>m] x may be def9$ 9 ! collective s5se z a family ( plants legum9\s 9 "*1 :i* are unexcell$ 9 furni%+ =age & fodd] to dome/ic animals1 & unequal$ 9 ! r5ovat+ influ5ces :i* !y ex]t ^u l&4 ,! t]m ,trefoil is giv5 because ! leaves are divid$ into ?ree leaflets4 ,x is also appli$ to plants n includ$ 9 ! g5us1 b belong+ to ! same ord]4 ,! true clov]s h _! fl[]s collect$ into r\ndi% or oblong heads & 9 "s in/ances into cone-%ap$ spikes4 ,! fl[]s are small & ( sev]al colors 9 ! diff]5t v>ieties1 z crimson1 sc>let1 p9k1 blue1 yell[ & :ite1 accord+ to ! v>iety1 & "s are v>i\sly t9t$4 ,! /ems are h]bace\s & n tw9+4 ,! se$s are inclos$ 9 pods or se$ sacks1 ea* ( :i* conta9s "o1 two & sometimes1 b n (t51 ?ree or f\r se$s4 ,! plants h tap roots1 & 9 "s v>ieties ^! g f> d[n into ! subsoil4 ,! roots are also 9 "s v>ieties consid]ably bran*$4 ,v>ieties4--,at lea/ tw5ty v>ieties1 native or naturaliz$1 are f\nd 9 ,great ,brita92 m ?an twelve v>ieties belong to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! m valuable v>ieties f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry h be5 introduc$ f ,europe1 unless x be ! small :ite clov] 7,trifolium rep5s74 ,view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! agriculturi/ ! v>ieties t are mo/ g5]ally useful include m$ium r$ clov] 7,trifolium prat5se71 alfalfa 7,m$icago sativa71 alsike 7,trifolium hybridum71 mammo? 7,trifolium magnum71 crimson 7,trifolium inc>natum7 & small :ite 7,trifolium rep5s74 ,! v>ieties :i* fl\ri% only 9 ! ,s\? include ! ,japan 7,lesp$eza /riata7 & ! burr clov] 7,m$icago d5ticulata74 ,sweet clov] 7,melilotus alba71 sometimes call$ ,bokh>a1 :i* w gr[ equally well ,nor? & ,s\?1 is wor?y ( att5tion because ( its p[] to gr[ "u h>d conditions1 9 ord] to provide honey = bees & to r5ovate soils4 ,o!r v>ieties may r5d] "s s]vice to agriculture1 b _! value w n comp>e ) t ( ! v>ieties nam$4 ,! mo/ valuable ( ! v>ieties nam$ 9 provid+ pa/ure1 include ! m$ium r$1 ! mammo?1 ! alsike & ! small :ite4 ,! mo/ valuable 9 provid+ hay are ! m$ium r$1 alfalfa & alsike4 ,! mo/ valuable1 view$ f ! /&po9t only ( soil r5ovation1 are ! m$ium r$1 mammo?1 alsike1 crimson1 ,japan & sweet4 ,! mo/ valuable 9 produc+ honey accessible to tame bees1 are ! small :ite1 alsike & sweet4 ,di/+ui%+ ,*>act]i/ics4--,clov]s diff] f "o ano!r 9 duration1 habit ( gr[?1 p]si/5ce 9 gr[?1 _! p[] to endure l[ or w>m temp]atures1 & ability to ma9ta9 a hold ^u ! soil4 ,( ! v>ieties nam$1 alfalfa1 ! small :ite & alsike v>ieties are p]5nial4 ,t mo/ int5sely s is ! fir/ v>iety nam$4 ,! m$ium r$ & mammo? v>ieties are bi5nial1 b sometimes !y assume ! p]5nial quality4 ,sweet clov] is bi5nial4 ,! crimson1 ,japan & burr v>ieties are annual4 ,"s v>ieties1 z alfalfa1 crimson & sweet clov]1 are upright 9 _! habit ( gr[?4 ,o!rs1 z ! small :ite & ! burr1 are recumb5t4 ,o!rs aga91 z ! m$ium r$1 alsike & mammo?1 are spread+ & upright4 ,! alfalfa & m$ium r$ v>ieties gr[ mo/ p]si/5tly ?r\gh ! :ole season4 ,! sweet1 small :ite & alsike v>ieties c be/ endure cold1 & ! sweet1 ,japan & burr v>ieties c be/ endure heat4 ,! small :ite1 ,japan1 burr & sweet clov]s /& highe/ 9 ability to ma9ta9 a hold ^u ! soil4 ,! m9or po9ts ( diff]5ce are su* z relate to ! %ape & color ( ! leaves1 ! t9ts ( %ade t *>act]ize ! leaflets1 ! %ape & size ( ! heads & ! di/+ui%+ %ades ( color 9 ! blossoms4 ,! *>act]i/ics :i* !y possess 9 common are ! high prote9 cont5t f\nd 9 !m1 ! m>k$ palatability ( ! pa/ure & hay1 unless 9 ! sweet & burr v>ieties1 ! p[] :i* !y h to enri* & o!rwise improve soils1 & ! honey :i* !y furni%4 ,plan ( ,discussion4--,*apt] ,i41 t is1 ! pres5t *apt]1 z already indicat$1 is introductory1 & outl9es ! nature1 scope & plan ( ! "w4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 deals ) ! g5]al pr9ciples & facts :i* relate to ! gr[+ ( clov]s4 ,a close /udy ( ^! w1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! au?or1 prove helpful to ^? :o engage 9 gr[+ any ( ! v>ieties ( clov] discuss$ 9 ! book4 ,*apt]s ,,iii4 to ,,xi4 inclusive treat ( individual v>ieties1 a *apt] be+ devot$ to ea* v>iety4 ,x has be5 ! aim ( ! au?or to discuss !m 9 ! ord] ( ! relative importance :i* !y be> to ! :ole c\ntry & to devote space to !m accord+ly4 ,! foll[+ v>ieties are discuss$ & 9 ! ord] nam$3 ,m$ium ,r$ clov]1 ,alfalfa1 ,alsike1 ,mammo?1 ,crimson1 ,small ,:ite1 ,japan1 ,burr & ,sweet4 ,all ( ^! v>ieties w be f\nd wor?y ( m or less att5tion on ! "p ( ! husb&m5 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ?is cont95t4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 is devot$ to a brief discussion ( miscellane\s v>ieties :i* h z yet be5 b little gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 or ( v>ieties ( b local int]e/4 ,! =m] are ,sa9fo9 7,onobry*is sativa71 ,egyptian clov] 7,trifolium ,alex&rianum71 yell[ clov] 7,m$icago lupul9a71 ,s& ,luc]ne 7,m$icago m$ia71 & a newly introduc$ v>iety ( ,japanese clov] 7,lesp$eza bicolor74 ,^! may prove m or less valuable to ! agriculture ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 !y h be5 duly te/$1 a "w :i* z yet has be5 done only 9 ! mo/ limit$ way4 ,! latt] include ,florida clov] 7,desmodium tortuosum71 m frequ5tly call$ ,begg> ,we$1 ,buffalo clov] 7,trifolium reflexum71 & ,seaside clov] 7,trifolium invuln]atum74 ,^! may be wor?y ( "s att5tion 9 limit$ areas :]e ! conditions are favorable1 b x is n likely t !y w ev] be v g5]ally gr[n4 ,!y are dwelt ^u r to %[ _! small economic importance & ) a view to prev5t ne$less exp]im5tation ) plants possess$ ( s little real m]it4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,:i* ,,apply ,,to ,,! ,,gr[+ ,,( ,,clov]s ,9 gr[+ clov]s1 z 9 gr[+ o!r crops ( ! same species1 :i* embrace sev]al v>ieties1 c]ta9 features ( managem5t w apply m or less to all ( ^! 9 common4 ,x w be ! aim to po9t out ! *ief ( ^! 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,adaptation 9 ,clov]s4--,adaptation 9 ! v>ieties ( clov] consid]$ w be m fully giv5 :5 discuss+ ^! individually1 b en\gh w be said "h to facilitate comp>isons4 ,clov] 9 "o or ! o!r ( its v>ieties c be gr[n 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,speak+ 9 a g5]al way1 ! m$ium & mammo? v>ieties c be gr[n at _! be/ betwe5 p>allels #cg & #di nor? latitude4 ,alfalfa has special adaptation = m\nta9 valleys ( ! entire ,we/1 b x w also gr[ 9 good =m 9 p>ts ( all1 or ne>ly all1 ! o!r ,/ates4 ,alsike clov] gr[s 9 ab\t ! same areas z ! common & mammo? v>ieties1 b x may also be gr[n fur!r ,nor?1 ow+ to its great] h>dihood4 ,crimson clov] has highe/ adaptation to ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,allegh5y ,m\nta9s & we/ ( ! ,cascades1 b w also gr[ 9 ! m ,c5tral ,/ates s\?1 9 :i* moi/ure is abundant4 ,small :ite clov] w gr[ 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada 9 :i* moi/ure is suffici5tly pres5t4 ,japan & burr clov] gr[ be/ s\? ( p>allel #cg & ea/ ( longitude #ih4 ,sweet clov] w gr[ 9 all ! ,/ates & prov9ces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 b has highe/ adaptation = ! ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,) ref]5ce to adaptation to soils1 m$ium & mammo? clov] gr[ be/ on upl& clay loam soils1 su* z h su/a9$ a gr[? ( h>dwood timb]1 & on ! volcanic a% soils ( ! ,we/]n m\nta9 valley4 ,alfalfa fl\ri%es be/ on ^? m\nta9 valley soils :5 irrigat$1 or :5 ^! are s und]laid ) wat] z to furni% ! plants ) moi/ure4 ,alsike clov] has mu* ! same adaptation to soils z ! m$ium & mammo? v>ieties1 b w gr[ bett] ?an ^! on l[-ly+ soils well /or$ ) humus4 ,crimson clov] has highe/ adaptation = s&y loam soils into :i* ! roots c p5etrate easily4 ,small1 :ite clov] has adaptation = soils v simil> to t ( alsike clov]4 ,japan clov] & burr clov] w gr[ on almo/ any k9d ( soil1 b on good soils ! gr[? w1 ( c\rse1 be mu* m vigor\s ?an on poor soils4 ,sweet clov] seems to gr[ ab\t equally well on s&y loams & clay loams1 b x has also mu* p[] to gr[ 9 /iff clays & ev5 9 inf]tile s&s4 ,place 9 ! ,rotation4--,all ! v>ieties ( clov] discuss$ 9 ?is volume may be gr[n 9 c]ta9 rotations4 ,_! adaptation = ?is use1 h[ev]1 diff]s mu*4 ,?is increases z ! natural p]iod ( ! life ( ! plant less5s & vice v]sa4 ,consequ5tly1 ! m$ium r$ v>iety1 ! mammo?1 ! crimson1 ! ,japan & ! burr v>ieties /& high 9 su* adaptation4 ,! alsike1 liv+ long]1 is l[] 9 its adaptation1 & alfalfa1 because ( its long life1 /&s l[e/ 9 ?is respect4 ,! small1 :ite v>iety is almo/ inv>iably gr[n or f\nd gr[+ spontane\sly along ) grasses1 h5ce no def9ite place has be5 or c be assign$ to x 9 ! rotation4 ,sweet clov] be+ reg>d$ by _m z a we$ has n _h any place assign$ to x 9 a regul> rotation1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9 localities x may yet be gr[n = purposes ( soil r5ovation4 7,see page #cjf47 ,all ^! crops are legum9\s )\t any exception4 ,?is fact is ( great significance :]e crops c be rotat$4 ,!y h p[] to ga!r nitrog5 f ! air & /ore x 9 ! soil 9 tub]cles :i* =m on _! roots1 9 all soils 9 :i* !y produce a vigor\s gr[?4 ,?is fact indicates :]e !y %\ld come 9 ! rotation4 ,!y %\ld be gr[n ) a view to ga!r food = o!r crops made to foll[ !m1 :i* h n ! same p[]4 ,!y %\ld1 !re=e1 be made to prec$e su* crops z ! small c]eals1 corn1 ! sorghums1 ! millets & cotton4 ,b s9ce ^! clov] plants h ! p[] to br+ nitrog5 f ! air1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y w gr[ ) suffici5t vigor 9 soils de/itute ( ?is elem5t4 ,!y mu/ be able to appropriate en\gh f ! se$ soil to give !m a good />t be=e !y c draw nitrog5 f ! air1 h5ce1 ?\gh !y may be made to foll[ almo/ any k9d ( crop1 x may sometimes be necess>y to apply "s nitrog5\s f]tiliz] be=e !y w make a vigor\s gr[?4 ,! clov]s1 unless 9 ! case ( "s ( ! small] v>ieties1 are m commonly s[n to provide hay ?an pa/ure 9 ! fir/ crops obta9$ f !m4 ,! value ( ! hay is increas$ or less5$ 9 proportion z we$s are pres5t4 ,to insure cleanl9ess 9 ! hay crop1 !re=e1 ! sy/em :i* aims to s[ clov] se$ on l& to :i* clean cultivation has be5 giv5 :ile gr[+ on !m a cultivat$ crop1 z corn or field roots1 meets ) mu* favor4 ,! me*anical condition ( ! soil imm$iately aft] gr[+ ^! crops also favors ! vigor\s gr[? ( ! "y clov] plants1 m especially :5 !y are s[n ^u ! surface ( ! l& aft] "s =m ( surface cultivation1 r ?an ^u a surface made by pl[+ ! l& aft] cultivation has be5 giv5 to x1 b to ?is !re may be "s exceptions4 ,clov] 9 "s ( its v>ieties is frequ5tly gr[n f ye> to ye> 9 or*>ds & = ! two-fold purpose ( ga!r+ food = ! trees & provid+ = !m a cov] crop 9 w9t]4 ,! m$ium r$ & crimson v>ieties are pref]r$ = su* a use4 ,! latt] is ! m suitable ( ! two1 s9ce x does n draw on soil moi/ure ne$$ by ! trees1 ow+ to ! season at :i* x is gr[n4 ,en\gh ( ! se$ ( ^! crops may be all[$ to mature to re-se$ ! l& f ye> to ye>1 & ?us keep x produc+4 ,! clov] plants n only ga!r nitrog5 = ! fruit trees1 b 9 _! decay !y increase ! p[] ( ! soil to reta9 moi/ure = ! b5efit ( ! trees4 ,"s v>ieties ( clov] may be gr[n z cat* crops1 t is1 z crops :i* are gr[n 9 addition to "s o!r crop produc$ ! same season4 ,:5 ?us gr[n1 x is usually = purposes ( soil improvem5t r ?an to furni% food4 ,! v>ieties be/ adapt$ = ?is purpose 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & ,canada are ! m$ium r$ & ! crimson1 ! latt] be+ mu* m circumscrib$ 9 ! area :]e x w gr[ successfully ?an ! =m]4 ,:5 m$ium r$ clov] is ?us gr[n1 x is commonly s[n along ) "o ( ! small c]eal gra9s1 & is buri$ 9 ! autumn or 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 7,see page #ge47 ,! ext5t ( ! advantage is dep5d5t *iefly on ! am\nt ( ! gr[? made1 & ?is 9 turn is influ5c$ by ! "* ( ! soil1 ! season1 & ! nurse crop4 ,9 c]ta9 areas favorable to ! gr[? ( clov] "s good f>m]s s[ clov] along ) all ! small c]eal gra9s :i* !y gr[4 ,crimson clov] is usually s[n 9 ! late summ] aft] "s crop has be5 reap$ & x is pl[$ "u ! foll[+ spr+4 7,see page #bej47 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ,japan clov] & burr clov] w s]ve ! purpose ( cat* crops bett] ?an ! o!r v>ieties4 ,! =m] w foll[ a w9t] crop 7see page #bhd71 & ! latt] a summ] crop4 7,see page #bid47 ,al?\gh alfalfa is n usually look$ ^u z a rotation crop 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 valleys1 x may be made su* a crop4 ,9 ^! x gr[s s vigor\sly z to fill ! soil ) its roots 9 "o or two seasons1 h5ce x may be made to rotate pr(itably ) o!r crops4 7,see page #ace47 ,9 su* in/ances1 h[ev]1 m$ium r$ clov] w\ld probably answ] ! purpose q z well1 & possibly bett]1 s9ce ! labor ( bury+ x ) ! pl[ w\ld be less difficult4 ,:ile "s v>ieties ( clov] may be gr[n 9 v>i\s rotations & ) pr(it1 "o ( ! be/ ( ^!1 :]e ! conditions are favorable1 is a ?ree ye>s' rotation4 ,! fir/ ye> "s small c]eal gra9 is gr[n & clov] is s[n along ) x or1 at lea/1 on ! same l&4 ,! next ye> ! clov] is gr[n = hay or pa/ure4 ,! ?ird ye> a crop ( corn1 potatoes or vegetables is gr[n1 & ! foll[+ ye> small c]eal gra9 & clov]4 ,! clov] may ?us be made to furni% nitrog5 indef9itely = ! o!r crops1 b 9 "s in/ances x may be necess>y to add phosphoric acid & pota%4 ,prep>+ ! ,soil4--,clov]s are usually s[n ) a nurse crop4 ,! exceptions are crimson clov]1 & 9 _m in/ances alfalfa4 ,:5 ?us gr[n1 ! prep>ation ( soil = ! nurse crop w usually suffice = ! clov]s also4 ,b !re may be in/ances 9 :i* x w\ld be prop] to give m att5tion to clean+ & pulv]iz+ ! soil to prop]ly fit x = receiv+ ! clov] se$4 ,! lead+ ess5tials 9 a se$-b$ = clov] are f95ess1 cleanness1 moi/ness & firmness4 ,ord9>ily black loam soils1 s&y loam soils1 s&y soils1 humus soils & ! volcanic a% soils ( ! ,we/ are made suffici5tly f9e )\t great labor4 ,clay soils may call = ! free use ( ! h>r[ & roll] us$ 9 "s sort ( alt]nation be=e !y are suffici5tly pulv]iz$4 ,excessive f95ess 9 pulv]ization ( ^! soils is also to be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 ra9y climates1 le/ !y run toge!r1 b ?is condition is pres5t f> less frequ5tly ?an ! opposite4 ,cleanness c usually be secur$ :5 clov]s foll[ cultivat$ crops by ! labor giv5 to ^! :5 ! l& is n pl[$ 9 prep>+ x = ! clov]s4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! long] ! l& is pl[$ be=e putt+ 9 ! se$ & ! m frequ5tly ! surface is /irr$ dur+ ! gr[+ "p ( ! season1 ! clean] w ! se$-b$ be4 ,9 ! spr+ ! l& is usually suffici5tly moi/ = receiv+ ! se$4 ,9 ! autumn moi/ure is frequ5tly defici5t4 ,/irr+ ! surface ( ! soil occasionally ) ! h>r[ w mat]ially increase ! moi/ure cont5t 9 ! soil ne> ! surface1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ra94 ,z crimson clov] is usually s[n 9 ! late summ] & alfalfa is frequ5tly s[n 9 ! autumn1 x may sometimes be necess>y to give mu* att5tion to secur+ suffici5t moi/ure to insure g]m9ation 9 ! se$4 ,:5 clov]s are s[n 9 ! spr+ on l& :i* is also gr[+ a w9t] crop1 no prep>ation is necess>y 9 prep>+ ! l& = receiv+ ! se$4 ,on "s soils ! gr\nd becomes suffici5tly honeycomb$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( wat] & fro/ to put x 9 a f9e condition = receiv+ ! se$4 ,:5 ?is condition is n pres5t1 ! se$ w usually gr[ if s[n amid ! gra9 & cov]$ ) ! h>r[4 ,:5 clov]s are s[n on sod l& = ! purpose ( r5ew+ pa/ures1 disk+ !m w prep>e !m = receiv+ ! se$4 ,! ext5t ( ! disk+ w dep5d on su* conditions z ! t\ghness ( ! sod & ! nature ( ! soil4 ,usually disk+ once :5 ! fro/ is out a little way f ! surface1 & !n disk+ across at an angle w suffice1 & 9 "s in/ances disk+ "o way only w be suffici5t4 ,on newly cle>$ l&s ! clov]s w usually gr[ )\t any /irr+ ( ! l& be=e s[+1 or any h>r[+ aft] s[+4 ,clov]s t are gr[n *iefly = pa/ure1 z ! small :ite1 ! ,japan & ! burr1 w usually obta9 a hold ^u ! soil if scatt]$ ^u ! surface :i* is n soon to be cultivat$4 ,f]tiliz]s4--,on c]ta9 soils l[ 9 f]tility & mu* defici5t 9 humus1 x may be necess>y to apply f]tiliz]s 9 "s =m be=e clov]s w gr[ vigor\sly4 ,su* are s&y soils t h be5 mu* worn by cropp+1 & also /iff clays 9 :i* ! humus has become practically exhau/$4 ,9 su* in/ances gre5 crops t c be gr[n on su* l&s1 z rye1 = in/ance1 pl[$ "u :5 ! e> beg9s to %oot1 w be f\nd helpful4 ,if ?is c be foll[$ on ! s&y soil ) "s crop to be f$ (f ^u ! l&1 z corn1 = in/ance1 & ! clov] is s[n1 successful gr[? is likely to foll[4 ,on clays 9 ! condition nam$ x may n be necess>y to gr[ a second crop be=e s[+ clov]1 s9ce 9 ^! soils ! lack is m "o ( humus ?an ( plant food4 ,! application ( f>my>d manure w answ] ! same purpose1 if x c be sp>$ = su* a use4 ,o!r soils are s acid t clov]s w n gr[ on !m until ! acidity is correct$1 not)/&+ t plant food may be pres5t 9 suffici5t quantities4 ,su* are soils1 9 "s in/ances at lea/1 t h be5 newly dra9$1 also soils t gr[ su* plants z sorrels4 ,?is condition w be improv$ if n entirely correct$ by ! application ( lime4 ,on su* soils ?is is mo/ *eaply appli$ 9 ! air-slak$ =m1 su* z is us$ 9 pla/]+ & 9 quantities to effect ! end s\ght4 ,^! w v>y1 & c only be asc]ta9$ positively by exp]im5t4 ,usually x is n necess>y to apply mu* f>my>d manure 9 ord] to induce gr[? 9 ne>ly all v>ieties ( clov]1 & aft] free gr[? is obta9$1 x is n usually necess>y to supply any subsequ5tly = ! specific purpose nam$4 ,9 "s soils1 h[ev]1 alfalfa is an exception4 ,x may be necess>y to enri* ^! ) a lib]al dress+ ( f>my>d manure to insure a suffici5tly /rong gr[? 9 ! plants :5 !y are "y4 ,hav+ pass$ ! fir/ w9t]1 fur!r dress+s are n absolutely ess5tial1 ?\gh !y may prove helpful4 ,f>my>d manure appli$ on ! surface w always /imulate ! gr[? ( clov]s1 b x is n common to apply manure ?us1 z ! ne$ = x is great] 9 gr[+ ! o!r crops ( ! f>m4 ,:5 ?us appli$1 x %\ld be 9 a =m some:at r$uc$1 o!rwise ! co>se p>ts may rake up 9 ! hay4 ,x is bett] appli$ 9 ! autumn or e>ly w9t] ?an 9 ! spr+1 z !n m ( ! plant food 9 x has rea*$ ! roots ( ! clov] plants1 & !y h also receiv$ b5efit f ! protection :i* x has furni%$ !m 9 w9t]4 ,9 a great majority ( in/ances1 soils are suffici5tly well suppli$ ) ! m ess5tial elem5ts ( f]tility to gr[ reasonably good crops ( clov]1 h5ce x has n usually be5 f\nd necess>y to apply comm]cial f]tiliz]s to /imulate gr[?1 z 9 ! gr[+ ( grasses4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 ^! are n suffici5tly available1 especially is ?is true ( pota%4 ,gypsum or l& pla/] has be5 (t5 us$ to correct ?is condition1 & frequ5tly ) excell5t results4 ,x also aids 9 fix+ volatile & escap+ c>bonates ( ammonia1 & conveys !m to ! roots ( ! clov] plants4 ,x is appli$ 9 ! gr\nd =m by s[+ x ov] ! l&1 & m commonly j :5 ! clov] is beg9n+ to gr[4 ,! application ( #ej to #bjj p\nds p] acre has 9 _m in/ances greatly increas$ ! gr[?1 :e!r z pa/ure1 hay or se$4 ,! foll[+ indications almo/ c]ta9ly po9t to ! ne$ ( dress+s ( l& pla/]3 #a4 ,:5 ! plants assume a blui%-gre5 t9t1 r ?an a pea-gre51 :ile !y are gr[+4 #b4 ,:5 ! plants fail to yield z !y once did4 #c4 ,:5 "y plants die aft] !y h begun to gr[ 9 ! pres5ce ( suffici5t moi/ure4 #d4 ,:5 good crops c only be gr[n at long int]vals1 z1 say1 #e to #h ye>s4 ,x has also be5 notic$ t on "s soils :]e gypsum has long be5 us$ 9 gr[+ clov] ! response to applications ( ! pla/] is a wan+ "o1 due d\btless to ! too rapid depletion ( ! pota% 9 ! soil4 ,potassic f]tiliz]s give ! be/ results :5 appli$ to clov]s1 b dress+s ( phosphoric acid may also be helpful4 ,applications ( muriate or sulphate ( pota% or ka9it may prove pr(itable1 b on _m soils !y are n necess>y 9 gr[+ clov]4 ,wood a%es are also excell5t4 ,!y furni% pota% f9ely divid$ & soluble1 especially :5 appli$ 9 ! unlea*$ =m4 ,:5 appli$ unlea*$ at ! rate ( #ej bu%els p] acre & lea*$ at ! rate ( #bjj bu%els1 ! results are usually v m>k$ 9 /imulat+ gr[? 9 clov]4 ,seasons = ,s[+4--,clov]s are m commonly s[n 9 ! spr+time 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & ,canada ?an at any o!r season & !y are usually s[n e>ly 9 ! spr+1 r ?an late4 ,on l& produc+ a w9t] crop1 z rye or :eat1 !y c be s[n 9 a majority ( in/ances z soon z ! sn[ has melt$4 ,t condition ( soil kn[n z honeycomb$ furni%es a peculi>ly opportune "t = s[+ ^! se$s1 z x provides a cov]+ = !m :ile ! l& is moi/1 & ?us puts !m 9 a position to g]m9ate z soon z gr[? beg9s4 ,su* a condition1 caus$ by alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+1 does n occur on s&y soils4 ,:]e x does n s occur1 s[+ ought to be def]r$ until ! surface ( ! gr\nd has become dry en\gh to admit ( cov]+ ) a h>r[4 ,z 9 s[+ ! se$s ( c]ta9 grasses good results usually foll[ s[+ j aft] a light fall ( sn[1 :i*1 z x melts1 c>ries ! se$ d[n into ! little op5+s 9 ! soil4 ,b !re are areas1 especially 9 ! ,am]ican & ,canadian nor?we/1 :]e 9 "s seasons ! "y clov] plants w\ld be injur$ f s[+ ! se$ q e>ly4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n occur v frequ5tly4 ,:5 s[n on spr+ crops1 z spr+ :eat1 b>ley & oats1 ! se$ _c1 ( c\rse1 be s[n until ^! crops are s[n4 ,! e>li] t ^! crops are s[n ! m likely are ! clov]s s[n to make a /&1 z !y h m "t to become root$ be=e ! dry wea!r ( summ] beg9s4 ,9 a moi/ season ! se$ c\ld be safely s[n any "t f spr+ until mid-summ]1 b s9ce ! wea!r _c be =eca/1 x is consid]$ m or less haz>d\s to s[ clov]s 9 ^! nor!rn areas at any o!r season ?an t ( e>ly spr+4 ,if s[n lat]1 ! se$ w m c]ta9ly make a /& )\t a nurse crop1 s9ce x w get m moi/ure4 ,if s[n lat] ?an ,augu/1 ! "y plants are mu* m liable to p]i% 9 ! w9t]4 ,9 ! ,/ates :i* lie betwe5 p>allels #dj & #ce nor?1 & betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! #ajj? m]idian we/1 clov] se$s may be s[n 9 "o =m or ano!r f e>ly spr+ until ! e>ly autumn )\t incurr+ mu* haz>d f w9t] kill+ 9 ! "y plants1 b "h also e>ly spr+ s[+ w prove ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,! haz>d f s[+ 9 ! summ] comes *iefly f want ( suffici5t moi/ure to g]m9ate ! se$4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ! se$ is s[n 9 ! e>ly spr+ or 9 ! autumn4 ,if s[n late1 ! heat ( summ] is mu* aga9/ ! plants4 ,se$s s[n 9 ! e>ly autumn z soon z ! ra9s come w make a good /& be=e ! w9t]1 b !re are "s soils 9 ! ,s\? 9 :i* alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+ 9 w9t]1 mu* m frequ5t ?an 9 ! ,nor?1 w\ld injure & 9 "s in/ances de/roy ! plants4 ,9 ! ,we/]n valleys :]e irrigation is practic$1 clov] se$s may be s[n at any "t t may be desir$1 f ! e>ly spr+ until ! e>ly autumn4 ,! ability to apply wat] :5 x is ne$$ insures prop] g]m9ation 9 ! se$ & vigor 9 ! "y plants4 ,me?ods ( ,s[+4--,clov] se$ may be s[n by h&1 by h& ma*9es1 & by ! gra9 drill1 ) or )\t a grass-se$ s[+ atta*m5t4 ,^! respective me?ods ( s[+ w be discuss$ briefly "h1 b s9ce !y are practically ! same z ! me?ods to be foll[$ 9 s[+ grass se$s1 & s9ce !y are discuss$ m fully 9 ! book ,grasses & ,h[ to ,gr[ ,!m by ! au?or1 read]s :o wi% to pursue ! subject fur!r are ref]r$ to ! book j nam$4 ,:5 clov]s are s[n by h&1 usually b "o h& is us$4 ,en\gh se$ is lift$ betwe5 ! ?umb & two =ef+]s ( ! "r h& to suffice = scatt]+ by "o sw+ ( ! same4 ,on ! return trip across ! field ! se$ %\ld be made to ov]lap some:at ! se$ s[n :5 go+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 o!r words1 ! se$ is s[n 9 /rips or b&s1 z x 71 ea* /rip be+ f9i%$ 9 "o r\nd4 ,"s s[]s1 m exp]t at _! "w1 s[ ) bo? h&s & complete ! /rip ea* "t !y walk ov] ! field4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is pl[$ 9 l&s ( mod]ate wid? ! furr[s w s]ve to enable ! s[] to s[ 9 /raight l9es4 ,:]e ! s[+ is done on l& s[n to gra9 by ! drill1 ! drill m>ks may be made to effect ! same result4 ,:5 s[n on light sn[s1 ! foot-m>ks w s]ve z guides4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( m>ks x w be necess>y to use /akes to guide ! s[]4 ,f\r /akes are us$1 two ( :i* are set at ea* end ( ! field1 & ^! are mov$ z ea* ca/ is made4 ,at ea* r\nd made ov] ! field1 f #ab feet to #ae feet may be s[n by ! s[] :o s[s only ) "o h&4 ,! s[] ) two h&s w accompli% twice z mu*4 ,a comp>atively /ill "t %\ld be *os5 = s[+ ! se$ by h&1 m especially :5 grass se$s1 :i* are usually light]1 are s[n at ! same "t4 ,9 h& s[+ mu* c>e is necess>y 9 scatt]+ ! se$1 s t ea* ca/ ( ! se$ w spread ev5ly z x falls1 leav+ no b>e spaces betwe5 ! ca/ f ! h& or betwe5 ! /rips s[n at "o "t4 ,h& s[+1 especially 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 is 9 a s5se a lo/ art1 ow+ to ! ext5t to :i* ma*9e s[+ is practis$2 nev]!less1 x is an accompli%m5t :i* e f>m] %\ld possess1 s9ce x w (t5times be f\nd v conv5i5t :5 s[+ small quantities ( se$1 & 9 s[+ se$s 9 mixtures :i* _c be s well s[n by ma*9es4 ,h& ma*9es are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,^? mo/ 9 favor = ord9>y s[+ consi/ ( a se$] :eel$ ov] ! gr\nd on a frame resembl+ t ( a :eelb>r[4 ,x s[s ab\t #ab feet 9 wid? at ea* ca/ ( ! se$4 ,x enables ! s[] to s[ ! se$ :ile consid]able w9d is bl[+ & to s[ x q ev5ly1 b x is n adapt$ to ! s[+ ( all k9ds ( grass & clov] mixtures1 :i* x may be desirable to s[ toge!r1 s9ce !y d n always fe$ out ev5ly1 ow+ to a diff]5ce 9 size1 9 weight1 9 %ape & 9 ! "* ( ! cov]+4 ,:5 clov] se$ is s[n ) ! gra9 drill1 x is sometimes s[n sep>ately f gra92 t is1 )\t a nurse crop1 & is deposit$ 9 ! soil by ! same tubes4 ,b x is only "s makes ( drills t w d ?is4 ,clov] se$1 & especially alfalfa1 may be ?us s[n ) mu* advantage on c]ta9 ( ! ,we/]n & ,s\!rn soils1 especially on ^? t are light & op5 9 "*1 & :5 ! se$ is to be put 9 )\t a nurse crop4 ,ea/]n soils are usually too heavy to admit ( deposit+ ! se$ ?us deeply1 b to ?is !re are "s exceptions4 ,:5 s[n ) a nurse crop1 ! se$ is 9 "s in/ances mix$ ) ! gra9 be=e x is s[n4 ,9 "s in/ances x is mix$ be=e x is br\ght to ! field4 ,at o!r times x is add$ :5 ! gra9 has be5 put 9 ! se$-box ( ! drill4 ,?is me?od ( s[+ is adapt$ to c]ta9 soils ( ! ,we/]n prairies & to v op5 soils 9 "s o!r localities1 b "u av]age conditions x buries se$s too deeply4 ,!re is ! fur!r objection t !y all gr[ 9 ! l9e ( ! gra9 plants & are m %ad$ ?an !y w\ld be o!rwise4 ,nev]!less1 "u "s conditions ?is me?od ( s[+ ! plants is usually satisfactory4 ,"o ( ! mo/ satisfactory me?ods ( s[+ clov] se$s along ) a nurse crop is to s[ ! clov] ) a se$] atta*m5t2 t is1 an atta*m5t = s[+ small se$s1 :i* w deposit ! same be=e or beh9d ! gra9 tubes z may be desir$4 ,! se$ is ?us s[n at ! same "t z ! gra91 & 9 ! process is scatt]$ ev5ly ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,^! se$] atta*m5ts1 h[ev]1 w n s[ all k9ds ( clov] & grass mixtures any m ?an w h&-s[+ ma*9es d ! same4 ,dep? to ,bury ! ,se$4--,! dep? to bury ! se$ v>ies ) ! conditions ( soil1 climate & season4 ,clov] se$s1 l ^? ( grasses1 are buri$ mo/ deeply 9 ! light soils ( ! prairie s light t !y s9k1 s z to make walk+ ov] !m unusually tiresome :5 work+ on newly pl[$ l&1 & 9 o!r in/ances s light z to lift ) ! w9d4 ,on su* soils ! se$s may be buri$ to ! dep? ( #b to #c in*es4 ,on loam soils1 a cov]+ ( #a in* or less w\ld be ample1 & on /iff clays ! cov]+ may ev5 be light] "u normal conditions4 ,clov] se$s are buri$ m deeply 9 dry ?an 9 moi/ climates1 & also m deeply 9 dry portions ( ! ye> ?an :5 moi/ure is suffici5t4 ,:ile x may be prop] 9 "s in/ances to scatt] ! se$s on ! surface )\t any cov]+ o!r ?an is furni%$ by ra9 or fro/1 x w be v necess>y at o!r seasons to provide a cov]+ to insure a /& ( ! se$4 ,:5 clov] se$ is s[n on gr\nd honeycomb$ ) fro/1 no cov]+ is necess>y4 ,:5 s[n on w9t] gra9 9 ! spr+1 ! gr\nd n be+ s honeycomb$1 cov]+ ) ! h>r[ is usually advantage\s4 ,:5 s[n on spr+ crops & e>ly 9 ! season1 x may n be necess>y to cov] ! se$1 except by us+ ! roll]1 ev5 ?\gh ! se$ %\ld fall beh9d ! gra9 tubes :ile ! gra9 crop is be+ s[n1 or %\ld be s[n subsequ5tly by h&4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! h>r[ %\ld be us$1 & sometimes bo? ! roll] & ! h>r[4 ,"u conditions su* z app]ta9 to ,new ,engl& & ! adjac5t ,/ates to ,ont>io & ! prov9ces ea/ & to ! l& we/ ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 clov] & also grass se$s d n require s mu* ( a cov]+ z :5 s[n on ! prairie soils ( ! c5tral portion ( ! cont95t4 ,s[+ ,alone or 9 ,comb9ations4--,:e!r clov] se$ %\ld be s[n alone or 9 comb9ation ) ! se$s ( o!r grasses w dep5d ^u ! object s\ght 9 s[+ x4 ,:5 s[n to produce se$1 x is usually s[n )\t admixture1 b n 9 e in/ance2 :5 s[n to produce hay1 x is ne>ly always s[n 9 mixtures1 b to ?is !re are "s exceptions2 :5 s[n to produce pa/ure1 x is almo/ inv>iably s[n ) some?+ else2 & :5 s[n to enri* ! l&1 x is1 9 all1 or ne>ly all1 in/ances1 s[n )\t admixture4 ,:5 s[n prim>ily to produce se$1 !re are no good reasons :y timo?y & probably "s o!r grasses may n be s[n ) m$ium r$ & mammo? clov]1 :5 pa/ure is want$ f ! l& 9 ! season or seasons imm$iately foll[+ ! production ( se$4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! grasses may n s]i\sly ret>d ! gr[? ( ! clov] plants until aft] !y h produc$ se$1 & subsequ5tly !y w gr[ m ass]tively & produce pa/ure z ! clov] fails4 ,moreov]1 %\ld !y mature any se$ at ! same "t t ! clov] se$s mature1 !y may usually be sep>at$ 9 ! w9n[+ process1 ow+ to a diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! se$s4 ,b timo?y %\ld n be s[n ) alsike clov] t is be+ gr[n = se$1 s9ce ! se$s ( ^! are s ne>ly alike 9 size t !y _c be sep>at$4 ,:5 hay is want$1 ! practice is v common ( s[+ timo?y along ) ! m$ium r$1 mammo? & alsike v>ieties ( clov]4 ,timo?y gr[s well ) ea* ( ^!2 supports !m to "s ext5t :5 likely to lodge2 matures at ! same "t z ! mammo? & alsike clov]s2 comes on m ass]tively z ! clov]s beg9 to fail1 ?us prolong+ ! p]iod ( cropp+ or pa/ur+2 & fe$s ^u ! roots ( ! clov]s 9 _! decay4 ,next to timo?y1 r$top is probably ! mo/ useful grass to s[ ) ^! clov]s1 & may 9 "s in/ances be add$ to timo?y 9 ! mixtures4 ,"s o!r grasses may also be add$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 or sub/itut$ = timo?y or r$top4 ,9 c]ta9 in/ances1 x has also be5 f\nd pr(itable to mix c]ta9 ( ! clov]s 9 addition to add+ grass se$s :5 hay is want$4 ,! m important ( ^! mixtures w be ref]r$ to :5 treat+ ( gr[+ ! diff]5t v>ieties 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,:5 gr[+ !m1 ! aim %\ld be to s[ ^? v>ieties toge!r :i* mature ab\t ! same "t4 ,! advantages f gr[+ !m toge!r = hay include l>g] yields1 a f9] quality ( hay1 & a m palatable fodd]4 ,9 ! pa/ x has be5 ! almo/ uni=m practice to s[ alfalfa alone1 b ?is practice is becom+ modifi$ to "s ext5t1 & is likely to become m s 9 ! future1 especially :5 gr[n = pa/ure4 ,:5 s[n to produce pa/ure1 unless = "o or two seasons1 clov] se$ is s[n 9 v>i\s mixtures ( grasses 9 all or ne>ly all in/ances4 ,! grasses add to ! p]man5cy ( ! pa/ures1 :ile ! clov]s usually furni% abundant graz+ m quickly ?an ! grasses4 ,sev]al ( !m1 h[ev]1 are m %ort-liv$ ?an grasses usually are1 h5ce ! latt] are reli$ ^u to furni% graz+ aft] ! clov]s h begun to fail4 ,9 lay+ d[n p]man5t pa/ures1 ! se$ ( sev]al v>ieties is usually s[n1 b 9 mod]ate quantities4 ,! l>g] ! numb] ( ! v>ieties s[n t are adapt$ to ! conditions1 ! m v>i$1 ! m prolong$ & ! m ample is ! graz+ likely to be4 ,:5 clov]s1 except ! crimson v>iety1 are s[n = ! exclusive purpose ( add+ to ! f]tility ( ! l&1 !y are usually s[n along ) "s o!r crop t is to be h>ve/$1 ! clov] be+ pl[$ "u ! foll[+ autumn or ! next spr+4 ,^! are usually s[n )\t be+ mix$ ) o!r v>ieties1 & ! two k9ds mo/ frequ5tly s[n prim>ily to enri* ! l& are ! m$ium r$ & crimson v>ieties4 ,! =m] gr[s m quickly ?an o!r v>ieties1 & ! latt]1 usually s[n alone1 comes aft] "s crop already h>ve/$1 & is buri$ 9 "t to s[ "s o!r crop on ! same l& ! foll[+ spr+4 ,s[+ ) or )\t a ,nurse ,crop4--,ne>ly all v>ieties ( clov] are usually s[n ) a nurse crop2 t is1 a crop :i* provides %ade = ! plants :5 !y are "y & delicate4 ,b ! object 9 s[+ ) a nurse crop is n s mu* to secure protection to ! "y plants z to get !m e/abli%$ 9 ! soil1 s t !y w produce a full crop ! foll[+ season4 ,two v>ieties1 h[ev]1 are m commonly s[n alone4 ,^! are alfalfa & crimson clov]4 ,alfalfa is m commonly s[n alone because ! "y plants are some:at delicate & easily cr[d$ out by o!r plants amid :i* !y are gr[+4 ,because ( ! sev]al ye>s dur+ :i* alfalfa w produce crops :5 once e/abli%$1 x is deem$ prop] to sacrifice a nurse crop 9 ord] to get a good /& ( ! "y plants4 ,! o!r clov]s are usually able to make a suffici5t /&1 ?\gh gr[n along ) a nurse crop4 ,9 "s situations alfalfa w also d simil>ly1 z1 = in/ance1 :]e ! conditions are v favorable to its gr[?4 ,crimson clov] is m commonly s[n alone = ! reason1 fir/1 t x is frequ5tly s[n at a season :5 o!r crops are n be+ s[n2 second1 t x gr[s bett] )\t a nurse crop2 & ?ird1 t if gr[n ) a nurse crop ! latt] w\ld h to be us$ 9 ! same way z ! clov]4 ,"s h advocat$ s[+ clov]s )\t a nurse crop "u any conditions4 ,su* advocacy 9 ! judgm5t ( ! au?or is n wise4 ,x is true t 9 "s in/ances a /& ( ! v>i\s clov]s is m c]ta9ly assur$ :5 !y are s[n )\t a nurse crop1 b 9 su* situations x is at lea/ que/ionable if x w\ld n be bett] to s[ "s o!r crop z a sub/itute = clov]4 ,b !re may be in/ances1 z :]e clov] w make a good crop ( hay ! ye> t x is s[n1 :5 s[+ x ?us w\ld be ju/ifiable4 ,9 a majority ( in/ances1 h[ev]1 x w n make su* a crop1 because ( ! pres5ce ( we$s1 :i*1 9 ! fir/ place1 w\ld h9d] gr[?1 & 9 ! second1 w\ld injure ! quality ( ! hay4 ,! nurse crops ) :i* clov]s may be s[n are ! small c]eal gra9s1 z rye1 b>ley1 :eat & oats4 ,sometimes !y are s[n ) flax1 rape & millet4 ,!y usually succe$ be/ :5 s[n along ) rye & b>ley1 s9ce ^! %ade !m less & are cut e>li]1 ?us mak+ less draft on moi/ure 9 ! soil & admitt+ sunlight at an e>li] p]iod4 ,oats make ! lea/ advantage\s nurse crop1 because ( ! d5s5ess ( ! %ade1 b if !y are s[n ?9ly & cut = hay soon aft] !y come into head1 !y are !n a v suitable nurse crop4 ,"o *ief objection to flax z a nurse crop is t x is commonly s[n late4 ,! *ief virtue 9 rape z a nurse crop is t ! %ade is remov$ e>ly ?r\gh pa/ur+4 ,! millets are objectionable z nurse crops ?r\gh ! d5s5ess ( ! %ade :i* !y furni% & also because ( ! heavy draught :i* !y make on soil moi/ure4 ,peas & vet*es %\ld n be us$ z nurse crops1 s9ce !y smo!r ! "y clov] plants ?r\gh lodg+ 9 ! advanc$ /ages ( _! gr[?4 ,am\nts ( ,se$ to ,s[4--,! am\nts ( clov] se$ to s[ are influ5c$ by ! object s\ght 9 s[+2 by comb9ations ) :i* ! se$s are s[n1 & by ! relative size ( ! se$s4 ,! soil & climate %\ld also be consid]$1 al?\gh ^! influ5ces are probably less important ?an ^? fir/ nam$4 ,:5 clov]s are s[n = pa/ure only1 or to f]tilize ! soil spe$ily & to supply x ) humus1 ! l>ge/ am\nts ( se$ are s[n4 ,b = ^! purposes x is seldom necess>y to use m ?an #ab p\nds ( se$ p] acre4 ,^! am\nts ref] to ! m$ium r$ & mammo? v>ieties1 :i* are m frequ5tly us$ ?an ! o!r v>ieties = ! purposes nam$4 ,!y also include ! crimson s[n usually to f]tilize ! soil4 ,:5 s[n to provide se$ only1 #ab p\nds p] acre ( ! m$ium r$1 mammo? & crimson v>ieties w usually suffice4 ,half ! quantity ( alsike w be en\gh1 & "o-?ird ! quantity ( ! small :ite1 or a little m ?an t4 ,:e!r alfalfa is gr[n = se$1 = hay or = pa/ure1 ab\t ! same am\nts ( se$ are us$2 t is1 #ae to #bj p\nds p] acre4 ,:5 s[n ) nurse crops & simply to improve ! soil1 x is cu/om>y to s[ small r ?an l>ge quantities ( se$1 & = ! reason t ! haz>d ( failure to secure a /& e season is too consid]able to ju/ify ! outlay4 ,f #d to #e p\nds p] acre are frequ5tly s[n & ( ! m$ium or mammo? v>iety4 ,:5 ! mammo? & m$ium v>ieties ( clov] are s[n = hay ) "o or two k9ds ( grass only1 x is n common to s[ m ?an #f to #h p\nds ( ei!r p] acre4 ,! maximum am\nt ( ! se$ ( ! alsike requir$ :5 ?us s[n ) grasses may be set d[n at #e p\nds p] acre4 ,^! ?ree v>ieties are *iefly us$ = su* mixtures4 ,) m v>ieties ( grass 9 ! mixtures1 ! quantities ( clov] se$ us$ w decrease4 ,:5 clov]s are s[n ) mixtures int5d$ = p]man5t pa/ures1 x w\ld n be possible to "n ! am\nts ( se$ to s[ )\t kn[+ ! grasses us$ also1 b x may be said t1 z a rule1 9 ^? mixtures1 ! clov]s comb9$ seldom =m m ?an "o-?ird ( ! se$ us$4 ,! se$s ( "s v>ieties ( clov] are less ?an "o-?ird ( ! size ( o!r v>ieties4 ,?is1 !re=e1 affects proportionately1 or at lea/ approximately s1 ! am\nts ( se$ requir$4 ,= in/ance1 :ile x might be prop] to s[ #ab p\nds ( m$ium or mammo? clov] to accompli% a c]ta9 result1 less ?an "o-?ird ( ! quantity ( ! small :ite v>iety w\ld suffice = ! same end4 ,! influ5ces ( climate & soil on ! quantities ( se$ requir$ are v>i\s1 s v>i\s t to consid] !m fully "h w\ld unduly prolong ! discussion4 ,b x may be said t ! h>d] ! conditions 9 bo? respects1 ! m ! quantity ( se$ requir$ & vice v]sa4 ,pa/ur+4--,:5 clov] se$ is s[n 9 nurse crops t are matur$ be=e be+ h>ve/$1 ! pa/ur+ ( ! /& secur$ ! autumn foll[+ is usually to be avoid$4 ,remov+ ! cov]+ :i* ! plants h provid$ = !mselves is aga9/ _! pass+ ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 ! be/ =m4 ,9 "s in/ances ! injury proves s s]i\s z to result 9 a loss ( all1 or ne>ly all1 ! plants4 ,! cold] ! w9t]s1 ! less ! normal sn[fall & ! m ! defici5cy ( moi/ure1 ! great] is ! haz>d4 ,b 9 "s in/ances s great is ! gr[? ( ! clov] plants t n to graze !m d[n 9 "p at lea/ w\ld incur ! dang] ( smo!r+ _m ( ! plants1 especially 9 regions :]e ! sn[fall is at all consid]able4 ,b :5 ! se$ is s[n alone or 9 mixtures ( gra9 & ev5 ( o!r grasses 9 ! spr+1 graz+ ! same season w h ! effect ( /r5g!n+ ! plants4 ,?is result is due *iefly to ! removal ( ! %ade t we$s & o!r plants w\ld furni% 7 !y n ?us eat5 d[n1 b x is also due 9 "p to ! l>g] %>e ( soil moi/ure t is ?us left = ! clov] plants4 ,pa/ur+ clov] s[n ?us %\ld be avoid$ :5 ! gr\nd is s wet z to poa* or become impact 9 consequ5ce4 ,unless on light1 spongy soils :i* readily lose _! moi/ure1 su* graz+ %\ld n beg9 until ! plants h made consid]able gr[?1 nor %\ld x be too close1 or root developm5t 9 ! pa/ures w be h9d]$4 ,x w\ld n be possible to fix ! /age ( gr[? :5 ! graz+ %\ld beg9 on clov] fields kept = pa/ure subsequ5t to ! season ( s[+4 ,! l>ge/ am\nt ( food w\ld be furni%$ if graz+ 7 def]r$ until ! blossom+ /age 7 rea*$ & ! crop 7 !n graz$ d[n quickly4 ,b ?is is n usually practicable1 h5ce ! graz+ usually beg9s at a p]iod consid]ably e>li]4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! plants %\ld n be graz$ d[n v closely1 or gr[? w be m or less h9d]$4 ,graz+ clov] 9 ! spr+ & some:at closely = sev]al weeks aft] gr[? beg9s1 has be5 ?\ght conducive to abundant se$ production4 ,?is result is due probably to ! great] increase 9 ! se$ heads t foll[ su* graz+4 ,?is w\ld seem to expla9 :y clov] t has be5 judici\sly graz$ produces ev5 m se$ ?an t clipp$ (f by ! m[] aft] x has begun to gr[ freely4 ,9 ne>ly all localities ! graz+ ( m$ium r$ clov]1 & ev5 ( mammo? clov]1 some:at closely 9 ! autumn ( ! second ye>1 is to be practis$ r ?an avoid$4 ,^! two v>ieties be+ ess5tially bi5nial 9 _! habit ( gr[? w n usually survive ! second w9t]1 ev5 ?\gh n graz$1 h5ce n to graze !m w\ld result 9 a loss ( ! pa/ure4 ,) ne>ly all k9ds ( clov] !re is "s dang] f bloat 9 graz+ !m ) cattle or %eep :ile yet q succul5t1 & ! dang] is int5sifi$ :5 ! animals are turn$ 9 to graze ) empty /oma*s or :5 ! clov] is wet ) dew or ra94 ,:5 su* bloat+ occurs1 = ! me?od ( proc$ure see page #ie4 ,! dang] t bloat w be produc$ is less5$ 9 proportion z o!r grasses ab\nd 9 ! pa/ures4 ,h>ve/+4--,all ! v>ieties ( clov]1 except alfalfa1 are be/ cut = hay :5 9 full bloom4 ,"h & !re a head may h turn$ br[n4 ,if cut e>li]1 ! crop is difficult to cure1 nor w x conta9 a maximum ( nutrim5t4 ,if cut lat] x loses mu* 9 palatability4 ,alfalfa %\ld be cut a little e>li]1 or j :5 x is nicely com+ into bloom1 z if cut lat] ! %$d+ ( ! leaves 9 ! cur+ is likely to be l>ge4 ,all clov]s are mu* injur$ by exposure to ra9 or dew4 ,!y w also lose mu* if cur$ 9 ! swa?1 )\t be+ frequ5tly /irr$ ) ! t$d]2 t is1 x w take s]i\s injury if cur$ 9 ! swa? z x fell f ! m[]4 ,if cur$ ?us1 x w lose 9 aroma & palatability1 ?r\gh ! break+ ( leaves &1 consequ5tly1 9 fe$+ value4 ,to avoid ^! losses1 clov] is m frequ5tly cur$ 9 ! cock4 ,:5 cur$ ?us1 x pres]ves ! bright gre5 color1 ! aroma & ! t9t ( ! blossoms1 x is less liable to heat 9 ! m[ or /ack & is greatly reli%$ by live /ock :5 f$ to !m4 ,to cure x ?us1 x is usually t$d$ once or twice aft] x has lo/ "s ( its moi/ure4 ,x is !n rak$ z soon z x is dri$ en\gh to rake easily1 & put up into cocks4 ,:5 ! quantity to be cur$ is n l>ge caps are sometimes us$ to cov] ! cocks to %$ ! ra9 :5 ! wea!r is %[]y4 ,^! are simply squ>e /rips ( "s k9d ( mat]ial t w %$ ra91 weight$ at ! corn]s to keep !m f bl[+ away4 ,! clov] rema9s 9 ! cocks = two or ?ree days1 or until x has gone ?r\gh ! sweat+ process4 ,exposure to two or ?ree %[]s ( ra9 fall+ at int]vals :ile p>tially cur$ 9 ! swa? or w9r[ w greatly injure clov] hay4 ,:5 ! area to be h>ve/$ is l>ge1 clov] is sometimes cur$ 9 ! swa?4 ,:5 ?us cur$ x is /irr$ ) ! t$d] (t5 en\gh to aid 9 cur+ ! hay quickly4 ,x is !n rak$ into w9r[s & drawn f ^! to ! place ( /orage4 ,9 good wea!r clov] may be cur$ ?us s z to make fairly good hay1 b n s good z is made by ! o!r me?od ( cur+4 ,x is mu* m exp$iti\sly made1 b !re is "s loss 9 leaves1 9 color & 9 palatability4 ,"s f>m]s cure clov] by all[+ x to wilt a little aft] x is cut1 & !n draw+ & /or+ x 9 a l>ge m[4 ,!y claim t x mu/ be entirely free f ra9 or dew :5 ?us /or$4 ,?is plan ( cur+ clov] has be5 successfully practis$ by "s f>m]s = _m ye>s2 o!rs :o h tri$ x h fail$1 :i* makes x evid5t t :5 /or$ ?us1 close att5tion mu/ be giv5 to all ! details ess5tial to success4 ,clov] may also be cur$ 9 ! silo4 ,:ile "s h succe$$ 9 mak+ good ensilage1 9 _m cases x has n prov$ satisfactory4 ,! "t may come :5 ! conditions to be obs]v$ 9 mak+ good silage f clov] w be su* t ! elem5t ( haz>d 9 mak+ ! same w be remov$4 ,9 ! meantime1 x w usually be m satisfactory to cure clov] 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,grasses cure m easily & m quickly ?an clov]s4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ^! are gr[n toge!r s t ! grasses =m a consid]able proportion ( ! hay1 ! me?ods foll[$ 9 cur+ ! grasses w answ] also = ! clov]s4 ,= ^! me?ods ! read] is ref]r$ to ! book ,grasses & ,h[ to ,gr[ ,!m by ! au?or4 ,! influ5ce t grasses ?us ex]t on ! gr[+ ( clov]s furni%es a weighty reason = gr[+ !m toge!r4 ,/or+4--,clov]s are ready to /ore :5 en\gh moi/ure has left ! /ems to prev5t excessive f]m5tation :5 put into ! place ( /orage4 ,hay t has be5 cur$ 9 ! cock is mu* less liable to heat :5 /or$ s z to produce m\ld1 ?an hay cur$ 9 ! swa? or w9r[4 ,! =m] has already gone ?r\gh ! heat+ process or1 at lea/1 p>tially s4 ,"s exp]i5ce is necess>y to enable "o to be q sure z to ! measure ( ! fitness ( hay = be+ /or$4 ,:5 x c be pit*$ )\t excessive labor x is ready = be+ /or$1 b ! unskill$ w n likely be able to judge ( ?is accurately4 ,if a wisp is tak5 "s di/ance f ! top ( ! w9r[ or cock & twi/$ betwe5 ! h&s1 if moi/ure exudes x is too damp1 & if ! hay breaks asund] readily x is too dry4 ,:5 no moi/ure is p]ceptible & yet ! wisp does n break asund]1 ! hay is ready to be drawn4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! wisp *os5 be repres5tative ( ! mass ( ! hay4 ,to make sure ( ?is1 ! te/ %\ld be appli$ sev]al times4 ,:]e practicable ! aim %\ld be to /ore clov] hay "u cov]1 ow+ to ! little p[] :i* x has to %$ ra9 9 ! /ack4 ,?is is only necess>y1 h[ev]1 9 climates ) consid]able ra9fall dur+ ! ye> & :]e irrigation is practis$1 z 9 ! m\nta9 ,/ates clov] hay may be kept 9 ! /ack )\t any loss f ra91 & x c be cur$ exactly z ! ran*man may desire1 s9ce he is nev] emb>rass$ :5 mak+ hay by bad wea!r4 ,:5 /or+ clov]s1 ! "t ( ! day at :i* x is /or$ influ5ces ! keep+ qualities ( ! hay4 ,hay /or$ at noontide may keep prop]ly1 :]eas1 if ! same 7 /or$ :ile dew is fall+ x might be too damp = be+ ?us /or$4 ,mu* c>e %\ld be tak5 9 /ack+ clov] hay t x may %$ ra9 prop]ly4 ,! foll[+ %\ld be obs]v$ among o!r rules ( less importance t may be giv53 #a4 ,make a f\ndation ( rails1 poles or old /raw or hay t w prev5t ! hay ne> ! gr\nd f tak+ injury f ! gr\nd moi/ure4 #b4 ,keep ! he>t ( ! /ack highe/ f ! fir/ & ! slope gradual & ev5 f ! c5t] t[>d ! sides4 #c4 ,keep ! /ack ev5ly trodd51 or x w settle unev5ly1 & ! /ack w lean to "o side accord+ly4 #d4 ,increase ! diamet] f ! gr\nd upw>d until ready to draw 9 or n>r[ to =m ! top4 #e4 ,aim to =m ! top by gradual r ?an abrupt n>r[+4 #f4 ,top out by us+ "s o!r k9d ( hay or grass t %$s ! ra9 bett] ?an clov]4 #g4 ,susp5d weights to "s k9d ( ropes1 /ret*+ ov] ! top ( ! /ack to prev5t ! w9d f remov+ ! mat]ial put on to protect ! clov] f ra94 ,fe$+4--,! clov]s furni% a ration m ne>ly 9 balance ?an almo/ any o!r k9d ( food4 ,if ! animals to :i* !y are f$ c\ld consume en\gh ( !m to produce ! desir$ end1 conc5trat$ foods w\ld n be want$4 ,!y are s bulky1 h[ev]1 relatively1 t to horses & mules at "w1 to dairy c[s 9 milk & cattle t are be+ fatt5$1 to %eep "u simil> conditions1 & to sw9e1 x is necess>y to add ! conc5trat$ gra9 foods1 m or less1 accord+ to ! precise object4 ,b = horses1 mules1 cattle1 %eep & goats t are gr[+ subsequ5t to ! wean+ /age1 & = mature animals ( ^! respective classes n produc+1 t is1 n yield+ returns1 a good quality ( clov] hay w suffice = a consid]able "t at lea/ )\t ! necessity ( add+ any o!r food4 ,x is consid]$ inf]ior to timo?y z a fodd] = horses4 ,?is pref]5ce is d\btless ow+ l>gely to ! fact1 fir/1 t clov] breaks up m & loses m leaves :5 be+ h&l$1 especially :5 be+ transport$2 & second1 t clov] is frequ5tly cur$ s imp]fectly z to create du/ f ov]-f]m5tation or ?r\gh break+ ( ! leaves1 because ( be+ ov]-dri$1 & ! du/ ?us creat$ is prejudicial to ! heal? ( ^! animals4 ,x t5ds to produce heaves4 ,?is may 9 "p be obviat$ by spr9kl+ ! hay be=e x is f$4 ,:5 clov] is prop]ly cur$1 x is a m nutriti\s hay ?an timo?y1 & is s f> pref]able = horses1 b s9ce timo?y transports 9 mu* bett] =m1 x is always likely to be m popul> 9 ! g5]al m>ket ?an clov]4 ,! possibility ( fe$+ clov] to horses = successive ye>s )\t any evils result+ is made v app>5t f fe$+ alfalfa ?us 9 c]ta9 areas ( ! ,we/4 ,clov] hay is specially useful z a fodd] = milk-produc+ animals1 ow+ to ! high prote9 cont5t :i* x conta9s4 ,dairym5 pref] x to ne>ly all k9ds ( fodd]s gr[n1 & ! same is true ( %eph]ds4 ,:5 v co>se1 h[ev]1 a consid]able proportion ( ! /ems is likely to be left uneat51 especially by %eep4 ,because ( ?is x %\ld be ! aim to gr[ x s t ?is co>s5ess ( /em w n be pres5t4 ,?is is accompli%$1 fir/1 by gr[+ x ?ickly1 & second1 by gr[+ ! clov]s 9 comb9ation ) "o ano!r & also ) c]ta9 ( ! grasses4 ,clov]s are especially helpful 9 balanc+ ! ration :]e corn is ! pr9cipal food crop gr[n4 ,! prote9 ( ! clov] crop aids greatly 9 balanc+ ! excess ( c>bo-hydrates 9 ! corn crop1 h5ce mu* att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! production ( clov]s 9 su* areas4 ,r5ew+4--,because ( ! comp>atively %ort life ( sev]al ( ! mo/ useful ( ! v>ieties ( clov]1 no attempt is usually made to r5ew !m :5 !y fail1 unless :5 gr[+ 9 pa/ure some:at p]man5t 9 "*4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 !re may be "s exceptions4 ,on c]ta9 por\s soils x has be5 f\nd possible to ma9ta9 m$ium r$ clov] & also ! mammo? & alsike v>ieties = sev]al ye>s by simply all[+ "s ( ! se$ to rip5 9 ! autumn1 & 9 ?is way to re-se$ ! l&1 a result made possible ?r\gh mod]ate graz+ ( ! mead[ 9 ! autumn1 & 9 "s in/ances ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( graz+ altoge!r1 z :5 ! conditions may n be specially favorable to ! gr[? ( clov]4 ,x is n uncommon1 h[ev]1 to r5ew alfalfa1 by add+ m se$ :5 x is disk$ 9 ! spr+1 z x sometimes is to aid 9 remov+ we$s f ! l&4 ,! results v>y mu* ) ! favorabl5ess ( ! conditions = gr[+ alfalfa or ! opposite4 ,9 pa/ures m or less p]man5t 9 "*1 clov]s may be r5ew$ by disk+ ! gr\nd1 add+ m clov] se$1 & !n smoo?+ ! surface by runn+ ov] x ! h>r[1 & 9 "s in/ances also ! roll]4 ,?is "w is be/ done :5 ! fro/ has j left ! gr\nd = a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface4 ,"s k9ds ( clov] are s p]si/5t 9 _! habit ( gr[? t :5 once 9 ! soil !y rema91 & !re=e d n usually require r5ewal4 ,^! include ! small :ite1 ! yell[1 ! ,japan1 burr clov] & sweet clov]4 ,9 soils cong5ial to ^! respective v>ieties1 ! se$s usually rema9 9 ! soil 9 suffici5t quantities to re/ock ! l& ) plants :5 x is aga9 laid d[n to grass4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! v>ieties are p]si/5t se$ produc]s2 h5ce1 ev5 ?\gh graz$1 en\gh se$ is =m$ to produce ano!r crop ( plants4 ,clov]s z ,soil ,improv]s4--,all ?+s consid]$1 no class ( plants gr[n ^u ! f>m are s b5efic5t 9 ! influ5ce :i* !y ex]t ^u ! l& z clov]s4 ,!y improve x by enri*+ x2 !y improve x me*anically2 & !y aid plant gr[? by ga!r+ & assimilat+1 z x 71 food = o!r plants4 ,all clov]s h ! p[] ( draw+ nitrog5 f ! air & deposit+ ! same 9 ! tub]cles =m$ on ! roots ( ! plants4 ,^! tub]cles are small1 w>ty-l sub/ances1 :i* appe> dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,!y are m commonly =m$ on ! roots )9 ! cultivable area1 & !re=e are easily accessible to ! roots ( ! plants :i* imm$iately foll[4 ,clov]s are n equally capable ( ?us draw+ nitrog5 f ! air1 nor are ! same v>ieties equally capable ( do+ ?is "u v>y+ conditions4 ,! relative capabilities ( v>ieties to ?us deposit nitrog5 9 ! soil is by no means equal1 b up to ! pres5t "t x w\ld seem correct to say t relative capability 9 all ( ^! has n yet be5 def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,) ref]5ce to ! :ole "q mu* has yet to be le>n$1 b x is n[ c]ta9 t 9 all1 or ne>ly all1 in/ances 9 :i* clov]s are gr[n on l&1 !y leave x mu* ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an x 0 :5 !y 7 s[n ^u ! same4 ,!y also add to ! f]tility ( ! surface soil by ga!r+ plant food 9 ! subsoil bel[ :]e _m plants fe$4 ,!y h mu* p[] to d ?is1 because !y are deep root$ & !y are /rong fe$]s2 t is1 !y h mu* p[] to take up food 9 ! soil or subsoil4 ,"p ( ! food ?us ga!r$ 9 ! subsoil helps to =m roots 9 ! cultivable area & "p aids 9 =m+ top gr[? = pa/ure or = hay4 ,if graz$ d[n or if made into hay & f$ s t ! manure goes back ^u ! l& ! f]tility ( ! same is increas$ 9 all lead+ ess5tials4 ,?is increase is p>tly made at ! exp5se ( ! f]tility 9 ! subsoil4 ,b ! /ores ( f]tility 9 ! subsoil are su* usually z to admit ( ?us be+ drawn ^u indef9itely4 ,clov]s improve soils me*anically by r5d]+ !m m friable1 by giv+ !m increas$ p[] to hold moi/ure1 & by improv+ dra9age 9 ! subsoil4 ,( c\rse1 !y h n ! p[] to d ?is equally1 b !y all h ?is p[] 9 degree & 9 all ! ways t h be5 nam$4 ,clov]s s5d d[n a tap root into ! soil & subsoil z !y gr[4 ,f ! tap roots bran* (f lat]al roots 9 an outw>d & d[nw>d direction4 ,f ^! lat]als _m rootlets p5etrate ?r\gh ! soil4 ,:5 ! plants are num]\s1 ^! roots & rootlets fill ! soil4 ,:5 x is brok5 up1 !re=e1 p>ticles ( soil are s sep>at$ t !y t5d to fall ap>t1 h5ce ! soil is always made m or less friable1 ev5 :5 x consi/s ( ! /iffe/ clays4 ,! %ade furni%$ by ! clov] also fur!rs friability4 ,?is friability makes ! l& easi] to "w1 & x is also m easily p5etrat$ by ! roots ( plants4 ,! influ5ce on a]ation is also m>k$4 ,! air c m readily p5etrate ?r\gh ! int]/ices 9 ! soil1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 *emical *anges 9 ! soil favorable to plant gr[? are facilitat$4 ,! roots ( clov]s are usually s num]\s t !y lit]ally fill ! soil ) vegetable matt]4 ,?is matt]1 9 process ( decay1 greatly increases ! p[] ( ! soil to hold moi/ure1 :e!r x falls f ! cl\ds or asc5ds f ! subsoil ?r\gh capill>y attraction4 ,! moi/ure ?us held is greatly b5eficial to ! plants t imm$iately foll[1 especially 9 a dry season & 9 op5 soils1 & ! influ5ce ?us ex]t$ frequ5tly goes on1 ?\gh ) decreas+ pot5cy1 = two1 ?ree or f\r seasons4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! tap root :i* clov] s5ds d[n into ! soil & subsoil4 ,9 ! /rong v>ieties ?is tap root goes d[n deeply4 ,:5 ! crop is pl[$ up1 ! roots decay1 & :5 !y d1 = a "t at lea/1 !y furni% *annels d[n :i* ! surface wat] p]colates1 if pres5t 9 excess4 ,?us x is t clov] aids 9 dra9+ l&s "u ! conditions nam$4 ,! *annels ?us op5$ d n close imm$iately ) ! decay ( ! clov] roots1 h5ce ! d[nw>d movem5t ( wat] 9 ! soil is facilitat$ = "s "t subsequ5tly4 ,x has be5 /at$ t clov]s h m p[] ?an "s o!r plants to ga!r plant food 9 ! soil4 ,9 "s in/ances !y lit]ally fill ! soil ) _! roots4 ,:5 o!r plants are s[n aft] ! clov] has be5 brok5 up !y fe$ ri*ly on ! decay+ roots ( ! clov]4 ,?us x is t clov] ga!rs food = o!r plants :i* !y w\ld n be s well able to ga!r = !mselves1 & puts x 9 a =m 9 :i* x c be easily appropriat$ by ^!4 ,! nitrog5 9 clov] is yield$ up m gradually & cont9u\sly z nitrates ?an x c\ld be obta9$ f any =m ( top dress+s t c be giv5 to ! l&4 ,9 ?is fact is f\nd "o important reason :y c]eal gra9s ?rive s well aft] clov]4 ,s9ce ! roots ( clov]s act s b5efic5tly on soils1 x is highly important t !y be increas$ to ! greate/ ext5t practicable4 ,ow+ to ! relation betwe5 ! gr[? ( ! roots ( plants & ! p>ts produc$ above gr\nd1 developm5t 9 root gr[? is promot$ mu* m :5 ! clov] is cut = hay ?an :5 x is f$ (f by graz+4 ,exp]im5ts h also demon/rat$ t ! developm5t ( root gr[? is mu* enhanc$ 9 m$ium r$ clov] by tak+ a second cutt+ = hay or se$4 ,!y h also demon/rat$ t m nitrog5 is left 9 ! soil by clov] roots aft] a se$ crop ?an aft] a crop ( hay4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x w be app>5t t ! ext5t to :i* clov]s enri* ! soil w dep5d ^u ! /r5g? ( ! gr[? ( ! plants & c]ta9 o!r conditions4 ,x w n be possible to r$uce to figures ! additions 9 plant food :i* clov]s add to ! soil o!r ?an 9 a comp>ative way4 ,dr4 ,voelk] has /at$ t !re is fully ?ree times z mu* nitrog5 9 a crop ( clov] z 9 ! av]age produce ( ! gra9 & /raw ( :eat p] acre4 ,dr4 ,k$zie is on record z hav+ said t 9 ! hay or sod furni%$ by a good crop ( clov]1 !re is en\gh nitrog5 = m ?an f\r av]age crops ( :eat1 en\gh phosphoric acid = m ?an two av]age crops & en\gh ( pota% = m ?an six av]age crops4 ,he has said1 moreov]1 t ! roots & /ubble conta9 fully z mu* ( ^! elem5ts z hay4 ,x w also be app>5t t :]e clov] gr[s 9 good =m no *eap] or bett] way c be adopt$ 9 manur+ l&1 & t 9 c]ta9 areas ! judici\s use ( l& pla/] on ! clov] ha/5s ! r5ovat+ process4 ,x is ?\ght t 9 "s in/ances ! m]e load+ & spread+ ( b>ny>d manure co/s m ?an ! clov] & pla/]4 ,especially w ?is be true ( fields di/ant f ! f>m /ead+4 ,x is specially important1 !re=e1 t 9 enri*+ ^!1 clov] w be utiliz$ to ! fulle/ ext5t practicable4 ,clov] z a ,we$ ,de/roy]4--,:]e clov] is mu* gr[n1 at lea/ 9 "s ( its v>ieties1 x becomes an aid 9 r$uc+ ! preval5ce ( _m =ms ( we$ gr[?4 ,x is ?us helpful 9 "s in/ances1 because ( ! numb] ( ! cutt+s secur$2 9 o!rs because ( its smo!r+ t5d5cies1 & 9 yet o!rs because ( ! season ( ! ye> :5 x is s[n & h>ve/$ or pl[$ "u1 z ! case may be4 ,alfalfa & m$ium r$ clov] are cut m frequ5tly ?an ! o!r v>ieties &1 !re=e1 because ( ?is1 r5d] m s]vice ?an ^! 9 *eck+ we$ gr[?4 ,! =m] is cut s frequ5tly z to make x practically impossible = mo/ =ms ( annual we$ life to mature se$ 9 ! crop4 ,! same is true ( bi5nials & also p]5nials4 ,b !re are "s =ms ( p]5nial we$s :i* multiply ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! root/ocks t may ev5tually cr[d alfalfa4 ,m$ium r$ clov] is usually cut twice a ye>1 h5ce1 9 x annuals & bi5nials _c mature se$1 except 9 exceptional in/ances1 & because ( ! %ort duration ( its life1 p]5nials h n "t to spread s z to d mu* h>m4 ,! clov]s t are mo/ helpful 9 smo!r+ we$s are ! mammo?1 ! m$ium & ! alsike v>ieties4 ,^! are ?us helpful 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,to accompli% su* an end !y mu/ gr[ vigor\sly1 & ! plants mu/ be num]\s on ! gr\nd4 ,:5 gr[n ?us1 b few =ms ( we$ life c make any mat]ial headway 9 ! clov] crop4 ,ev5 p]5nials may be greatly weak5$1 & 9 "s in/ances virtually smo!r$ by su* gr[? ( clov]4 ,to insure a suffici5t gr[? ( clov] x may be advantage\s to top dress ! crop ) f>my>d manure suffici5tly decay$1 & 9 ! case ( m$ium r$ clov] to dress ! second cutt+ ) l& pla/]4 ,if ! second gr[? is pl[$ "u1 subsequ5t cultivation ( ! surface w fur!r aid 9 complet+ ! "w ( de/ruction4 ,! crimson v>iety is s[n & also h>ve/$ at su* a "t t ! influ5ce on we$ eradication is v m>k$4 ,! gr\nd is usually prep>$ 9 ! summ] & s late t we$s :i* spr\t aft] ! clov] has be5 s[n _c mature ! same autumn4 ,9 ! spr+ x is h>ve/$ be=e any we$s c rip54 ,:5 pl[$ "u1 r ?an h>ve/$1 ! result is ! same4 ,:5 clov] is gr[n 9 %ort rotations1 its p[] to de/roy we$s is increas$4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! m$ium r$ or mammo? v>ieties are gr[n 9 ! ?ree ye>s' rotation ( corn or "s root crop1 foll[$ by gra9 se$$ ) clov]1 ! effects ^u we$ eradication are v m>k$1 if ! cultivation giv5 to ! corn or roots is ample4 ,"u su* a sy/em we$s c\ld be virtually prev5t$ f matur+ se$s at any "t1 especially if ! m$ium v>iety ( clov] 7 s[n1 & if ! /ubbles 7 m[n "s "t subsequ5t to ! h>ve/+ ( ! gra9 crop4 ,su* a sy/em ( rotation fai?fully c>ri$ out = a numb] ( ye>s %\ld practically eradicate all1 or ne>ly all1 ! noxi\s =ms ( we$ life4 ,clov] ,sickness4--,on c]ta9 ( ! soils ( ,great ,brita9 & probably on ^? ( o!r c\ntries 9 ,europe1 :]e clov] has be5 gr[n q frequ5tly & = a long p]iod1 z good crops _c be gr[n z previ\sly1 & 9 "s in/ances ! crop is virtually a failure4 ,! plants w />t f se$ 9 ! e>ly spr+ & gr[ ) suffici5t vigor = a "t1 aft] :i* !y w %[ signs ( wilt+ & f9ally !y die4 ,v>i\s !ories 7 advanc$ = a "t z to ! cause be=e x 0 asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t :at produc$ ^! results4 ,"s ?\ght !y arose f lack ( wat] 9 ! soil1 o!rs claim$ t !y 7 due to ! pres5ce ( p>asites1 :i* 9 "s way prey$ ^u ! roots1 o!rs aga9 attribut$ !m to improp] soil conditions4 ,x is n[ j ab\t c]ta9 t !y arose f a defici5cy ( soluble pota% 9 ! subsoil4 ,su*1 at lea/1 0 ! conclusion rea*$ by ,kutzleb z ! result ( exp]im5ts conduct$ ) a view to asc]ta9 ! cause ( clov] wilt4 ,! cause be+ kn[n1 ! rem$y is n difficult4 ,x is to gr[ clov] less frequ5tly on su* soils4 ,suffici5t "t mu/ be giv5 to enable m ( ! in]t pota% 9 ! subsoil to become available4 ,ano!r way w\ld be to apply pota% some:at freely to ^! soils1 & subsoil !m :]e ?is may be necess>y4 ,x is ?\ght t clov] sickness is z yet unkn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 al?\gh its pres5ce _h sometimes be5 suspect$ 9 "s sections :]e clov] has be5 mu* gr[n4 ,?is does n mean t x may n yet come to ?is c\ntry4 ,%\ld ! symptoms giv5 above appe> on soils on :i* clov] has be5 gr[n frequ5tly & = a long p]iod1 x w\ld be ! "p ( wisdom to take su* indications z a h9t to gr[ clov] less frequ5tly 9 ! rotation4 ,possible ,improvem5t 9 ,clov]s4--,"s close obs]v]s h notic$ t !re is mu* lack ( uni=mity 9 ! plants f\nd gr[+ 9 an ord9>y field ( clov]1 especially ( ! m$ium r$ & mammo? v>ieties4 ,_m ( ! plants v>y 9 *>act]i/ics ( /em1 leaf1 fl[] & se$2 9 ! size & vigor ( ! plants2 9 ! rapidity ) :i* !y gr[2 & 9 e>l9ess or lat5ess 9 matur+4 ,s great are ^! diff]5ces t x may be said !y run all ! way f almo/ valueless to high excell5ce4 ,"h1 !n1 is a wide-op5 door ( opportunity = improv+ clov] plants ?r\gh selection4 ,?is "q has n be5 giv5 t att5tion 9 ! pa/ :i* its importance dem&s4 ,!re may be a diff]5ce 9 view z to all ! ess5tial features ( improvem5t t are to be s\ght =1 b !re w probably be agreem5t ) ref]5ce to ! foll[+ 9 desirable v>ieties3 #a4 ,!y w h ! p[] to gr[ quickly & cont9u\sly "u av]age conditions4 ,?is p[] w r5d] !m valuable z pa/ure plants 9 proportion z !y possess x4 #b4 ,!y w produce _m /ems n too co>se 9 "*4 ,?is w affect favorably ! "* ( ! hay & w also h a be>+ on increase 9 ! production ( se$4 #c4 ,!re %\ld be an abundance ( leaves4 ,su* production w affect favorably palatability 9 ! pa/ure & also 9 ! hay4 #d4 ,! blossoms %\ld be s %ort t ! honey :i* !y conta9 may be accessible to ! ord9>y honey bee4 ,! importance ( ?is *>act]i/ic _c be easily ov]e/imat$4 ,x w\ld n only t5d to a great increase 9 se$ production ?r\gh ! favorable influ5ce :i* x w\ld h on f]tilization1 b x w\ld greatly increase ! honey h>ve/ t w\ld be ga!r$ e ye>1 & #e4 ,!y %\ld be possess$ ( mu* vigor & h>dihood2 t is1 !y %\ld h mu* p[] to gr[ "u adv]se conditions1 z ( dr\ght & cold4 ,! p]son :o w furni% a v>iety ( r$ clov] possess$ ( ^! *>act]i/ics w conf] a boon on ,am]ican agriculture4 ,bact]ia & ,clov]s4--,! fact has long be5 kn[n1 ev5 z long ago z ! days ( ,pl9y1 & probably mu* be=e ^? days1 t clov]1 :5 gr[n 9 ! rotation1 _h ! p[] to br+ f]tility to ! soil4 ,?is fact 0 g5]ally recogniz$ 9 mod]n agriculture & to ! ext5t1 9 "s in/ances1 ( giv+ x a place ev5 9 ! %ort rotations4 ,b until rec5t decades1 x 0 only p>tially kn[n h[ clov] accompli%$ su* f]tilization4 ,x 0 ?\ght x ?us ga!r$ f]tility by fe$+ deeply 9 ! subsoil1 & ?r\gh ! plant food ?us ga!r$1 ! root sy/em ( ! plants 7 s /r5g!n$ 9 ! cultivat$ surface section ( soil z to acc\nt = ! increas$ production 9 ! plants t foll[$ clov]4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! /ems & leaves ( ! plants 7 ?us equally b5efit$ &1 consequ5tly1 :5 ^! 7 pl[$ "u :]e !y _h gr[n ^! also add$ plant food to ! cultivat$ portion ( ! soil1 9 addition to :at x possess$ :5 ! clov] se$ :i* produc$ ! plants 0 s[n ^u x4 ,9 brief1 ?is !ory claim$ t f]tility 0 add$ by ! clov] plants ga!r+ f]tility 9 ! subsoil & deposit+ x s ne> ! surface t x became easily accessible to ! roots ( o!r plants s[n aft] ! clov] & :i* _h n ! same p[] ( fe$+ s deeply4 ,?is !ory 0 true 9 "p4 ,! ?ree important elem5ts ( plant food1 nitrog51 phosphoric acid & pota%1 7 & are ?us increas$ 9 ! soil1 b ?is does n acc\nt = ! s\rce f :i* ! great] portion ( ! nitrog5 ?us deposit$ 9 ! soil 0 drawn1 z w be %[n bel[4 ,x 0 also notic$ t :5 ! se$ ( any v>iety ( clov] 0 s[n on c]ta9 soils1 ! plants w\ld gr[ ) m or less vigor = a "t & !n !y w\ld fail to make progress1 & 9 "s in/ances w\ld p]i%4 ,x 0 fur!r notic$ t if f>my>d manure 0 appli$ freely to su* l&1 ! gr[? made 0 m vigor\s4 ,yet1 aga91 x 0 notic$ t by s[+ clov] at %ort int]vals on su* soils1 ! improvem5t 9 ! gr[? ( ! plants 0 con/ant4 ,b x 0 n und]/ood :y clov] plants behav$ ?us "u ! conditions nam$4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ill success at ! fir/ 0 ow+ to ! lack ( c]ta9 micro-organisms1 m commonly t]m$ bact]ia1 9 ! soil1 ! pres5ce ( :i* are ess5tial to enable clov] plants to secure additional nitrog5 to t f\nd 9 ! soil & subsoil on :i* to fe$4 ,:5 manure 0 appli$1 z /at$ above1 ! clov] plants secur$ mu* or all ( _! nitrog5 f ! manure4 ,bact]ia 7 introduc$ 9 v limit$ numb]s at fir/1 x may be ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! se$ or 9 "s o!r way1 & because ( an inh]5t p[] :i* !y possess to increase rapidly 9 connection ) cont9u$ s[+ ( clov] at %ort int]vals1 !y came at l5g? to be s num]\s 9 ! soil z to make possible ! gr[? ( good crops ( clov] :]e ^! c\ld n be ?us gr[n a few ye>s previ\sly4 ,c>eful obs]v]s _h notic$ t c]ta9 w>ty-l sub/ances 7 f\nd atta*$ to ! roots ( clov] plants1 & t ! m vigor\sly ! plants grew1 ! l>g] & m num]\s 7 ^! sub/ances1 z a rule4 ,x 0 ?\ght by _m t ^! w>ty sub/ances1 n[ spok5 ( z nodules1 7 caus$ by worms bit+ ! roots or because ( "s unfavorable climatic influ5ce or abnormal condition ( soil4 ,x is n[ kn[n t !y are ow+ to ! pres5ce ( bact]ia1 ^: special function is ! assimilation ( free nitrog5 obta9$ 9 ! air f\nd 9 ! int]/ices2 t is1 ! air spaces betwe5 ! p>ticles ( soil4 ,?is !y /ore up 9 ! nodules = ! use ( ! clov] plants & also ! crops t %all foll[ !m4 ,! nodules 9 clov] plants v>y 9 size1 f a p9 head to t ( a pea1 & !y are frequ5tly pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,bact]ia are pres5t )9 !m 9 c\ntless myriads4 ,!y ga9 an entrance into ! plant ?r\gh ! root hairs4 ,! exact way 9 :i* b5efit ?us comes to ! clov] plants is n fully und]/ood1 b x is n[ q g5]ally conc$$ t ! nitrog5 tak5 9 by ^! m9ute =ms ( life is conv]t$ into soluble comp\nds1 :i* are /or$ 9 ! tissues ( ! roots1 /ems & leaves ( ! plants1 ?us furni%+ an explanation to ! increas$ vigor4 ,x _c be def9itely asc]ta9$ at pres5t1 if1 inde$1 ev]1 :at proportion ( ! nitrog5 9 clov] is tak5 f ! air & f ! soil1 respectively1 s9ce x w v>y ) conditions1 b :5 ^! are normal1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t by f> ! l>g] proportion comes f ! air4 ,b x has be5 notic$ t :5 soil is freely suppli$ ) nitrog51 z 9 lib]al applications ( f>my>d manure1 ! plants d n =m nodules s freely z :5 nitrog5 is less pl5tiful 9 ! soil4 ,! inf]5ce w\ld1 !re=e1 seem to be correct1 t :5 plants are well suppli$ ) nitrog5 9 ! soil !y are less dilig5t1 s to speak1 9 ga!r+ x f ! air4 ,9 o!r words1 clov] plants w take m nitrog5 f ! air :5 ! soil is m or less nitrog5 hungry ?an :5 nitrog5 ab\nds 9 ! soil4 ,& yet ! plants %\ld be able to get "s nitrog5 f ! soil 9 addition to :at ! se$ furni%es to give !m a vigor\s />t4 ,?is p[] to =m tub]cles1 & ?us to /ore up nitrog51 is by no means conf9$ to clov]s4 ,x is possess$ by all legumes1 z peas1 beans & vet*es4 ,x is claim$ t "s ( ^!1 z soy beans1 c[ peas & velvet beans1 h ev5 great] p[] to ga!r nitrog5 f ! air & /ore x 9 ! soil ?an clov]1 s9ce ! nodules =m$ on ! roots ( ^! are frequ5tly l>g]4 ,9 "s in/ances1 on ! roots ( ! velvet bean !y gr[ 9 clu/]s z l>ge z an ord9>y potato4 ,) ref]5ce to all ^! legum9\s plants x has be5 demon/rat$ t "u prop] conditions good crops may be gr[n & remov$ f ! soil & leave x mu* ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an :5 ! se$ 0 s[n4 ,x is ?us possible by s[+ ^! crops at suitable int]vals to keep ! soil suffici5tly suppli$ ) nitrog5 to gr[ good crops o!r ?an legumes1 adapt$ to ! locality1 )\t ! necessity = pur*as+ ! nitrog5 ( comm]ce 9 any ( its =ms4 ,!y may be made to m ?an ma9ta9 ! supply ( nitrog51 not)/&+ ! con/ant loss ( ! same by lee*+ d[n into ! subsoil 9 ! =m ( nitrates1 & ?r\gh ! m or less con/ant escape ( ! same into ! air 9 ! =m ( ammonia1 dur+ ^? portions ( ! ye> :5 ! gr\nd is n froz54 ,!y w d ?is 9 addition to ! food supplies :i* !y furni%1 h5ce !y may be made to supply ?is mo/ important elem5t ( f]tility1 & by f> ! mo/ co/ly :5 pur*as$ 9 ! m>ket1 virtually )\t co/4 ,! favorable influ5ces :i* ^! plants ?us ex]t ^u crop production is invaluable to ! f>m]4 ,!y make x possible = him to be almo/ entirely indep5d5t ( ! nitrog5 ( comm]ce1 :i*1 at ! rate ( consumption dur+ rec5t ye>s1 w soon be s f> r$uc$ z to be a comp>atively insignificant factor 9 its relation to crop production4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 & n altoge!r improbable1 t by ! aid ( electricity a manufactur$ nitrate ( soda or ( pota% may be put ^u ! m>ket at a price :i* w put x )9 rea* ( ! f>m]4 ,! p[] ( legumes to increase ! nitrog5 cont5t 9 ! soil %\ld allay appreh5sion ) ref]5ce to ! possible exhau/ion ( ! _w's supply ( nitrog51 not)/&+ ! enorm\s wa/e ( ! same 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! m common s\rces ( loss 9 nitrog5 are1 fir/1 ?r\gh ! lee*+ ( nitrates into ! dra9age wat]2 second1 ?r\gh oxidation2 ?ird1 ?r\gh ! use ( explosives 9 w>2 & f\r?1 ?r\gh ! wa/e ( ! sew]age ( cities4 ,:5 plant & animal products are *ang$ into soluble nitrates1 !y are usually soon lo/ to ! soil1 unless tak5 up by ! roots ( plants4 ,:5 vegetable matt] on or ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd is brok5 d[n & decompos$1 9 ! process ( oxidation1 !re is frequ5tly mu* loss ( nitrog51 z 9 ! rapid decomposition ( f>my>d manure 9 ! abs5ce ( "s mat]ial1 z l& pla/]1 to arre/ & hold ! escap+ ammonia4 ,?r\gh explosives us$ 9 w> !re is an enorm\s vegetable loss ( nitrog51 z nitrate salts1 :i* %\ld r be us$ to pres]ve & su/a9 life ?an to de/roy x4 ,! wa/e ( nitrog5 ?r\gh ! loss ( sew]age is enorm\s1 nor does !re seem to be any practicable way ( sav+ ! bulk ( x4 ,9 _m soils ! g]ms :i* produce nodules are pres5t :5 clov]s are fir/ gr[n on !m4 ,b :]e !y are n pres5t1 ! clov] plants h no m p[] to ga!r nitrog5 ?an :eat or o!r non-legum9\s crops4 ,b s9ce 9 o!r soils !y are almo/ entirely abs5t1 h[ %all !y be introduc$8 ,! process ( introduc+ !m is g5]ally ref]r$ to z a process ( inoculation1 & soils :5 treat$ successfully are said to be inoculat$4 ,?ree me?ods h be5 adopt$4 ,by ! fir/1 z previ\sly indicat$1 ! gr[] p]sev]es 9 s[+ clov] at %ort int]vals 9 ! rotation4 ,he may also add f>my>d manure occasionally1 & ?us1 ?r\gh ! inh]5t p[] ( multiplication 9 ! bact]ia1 !y increase suffici5tly to enable ! l& to gr[ good crops4 ,by ! second me?od1 inoculat+ is effect$ ?r\gh soil :i* is possess$ ( ! requisite bact]ia2 & by ! ?ird1 x is effect$ ?r\gh ! aid ( a prep>$ product nam$ nitrag94 ,:5 fields are to be inoculat$ by us+ soil x is obta9$ f areas :i* h gr[n clov]s successfully q rec5tly1 & :i* are1 !re=e1 likely to be well fill$ ) ! desir$ bact]ia4 ,9 "s in/ances ! se$ is mix$ ) ! soil & ^! are s[n toge!r4 ,to ?us mix ! se$ ) ! soil & !n s[ bo? toge!r broadca/ or ) a se$ drill is usually effective1 & x is practicable :5 m9imum quantities ( soil well lad5 ) g]ms are us$4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! soil conta9+ g]ms is scatt]$ broadca/ be=e or soon aft] ! se$ is s[n4 ,consid]able quantities ( e>? mu/ ne$s be appli$ by ?is me?od4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ea* class ( legumes has its own prop] bact]ia4 ,because ( ?is1 inoculation c only1 or at lea/ *iefly1 be effect$ ?r\gh ! use ( soils on :i* t p>ticul> class ( legumes h gr[n1 or :i* are possess$ ( bact]ia prop] to t p>ticul> species4 ,9 o!r words1 bact]ia necess>y to ! gr[? ( vet*es w n answ] = ! gr[? ( clov]s1 & vice v]sa4 ,nor w ! bact]ia requisite to gr[ m$ium r$ clov] answ] = gr[+ alfalfa4 ,9 o!r words1 ! bact]ia prop] to ! gr[? ( "o memb] ( ev5 a family ( plants w n always answ] = ! gr[? ( ano!r memb] ( ! same4 ,b 9 "s in/ances x is ?\ght t x w answ]4 ,! /udy ( ?is phase ( ! "q has n yet progress$ f> en\gh to reflect z mu* light ^u x z c\ld be desir$4 ,x is c]ta9ly kn[n1 h[ev]1 t alfalfa w gr[ on soils t gr[ burr clov] 7,m$icago maculata7 & sweet clov] 7,melilotus alba71 h5ce ! inf]5ce t soil f fields ( ei!r w inoculate = alfalfa4 ,nitrag9 is ! "n giv5 by c]ta9 ,g]man inve/igators to a comm]cial product put ^u ! m>ket1 :i* claims to be a pure culture ( ! root tub]cle organism4 ,^! cultures 7 sold 9 ! liquid =m1 & x 0 cu/om>y :5 us+ !m to treat ! se$ ) !m be=e x 0 plant$4 ,_! use has be5 l>gely ab&on$1 because ( ! few successes :i* foll[$ _! use comp>$ ) ! _m failures4 ,b x is n[ believ$ t ^! cultures c be prep>$ & us$ s z to be g5]ally effective & )\t excessive co/ to ! gr[]4 ,9 prep>+ cultures x has be5 f\nd t by gradually r$uc+ ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! culture ( m$ia1 x is possible to increase ! nitrog5 fix+ p[] 9 ^! g]ms f five to t5 times z mu* z usually occurs 9 nature4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! bact]ia ?us gr[n ^u nitrog5 free m$ia reta9 high activity if c>efully dri$ & !n reviv$ 9 liquid m$ia at ! end ( ! v>y+ l5g?s ( "t4 ,"s absorb5t is us$ to soak up ! tub]cle-=m+ organisms4 ,! cultures are !n all[$ to dry1 & :5 9 t condition !y c be safely s5t to any "p ( ! c\ntry )\t los+ _! efficacy4 ,x is necess>y to revive ! dry g]ms by imm]s+ !m 9 wat]4 ,by add+ c]ta9 nutri5t salts ! bact]ia are greatly increas$ if all[$ to /& = a limit$ "t--z %ort1 9 "s in/ances1 z #bd h\rs4 ,! culture ?us s5t out 9 a dry =m1 & no l>g] ?an a yea/ cake1 may ?us be made to furni% bact]ia suffici5t to inoculate n less ?an an acre ( l&4 ,x is /at$ t ! am\nt ( inoculat+ mat]ial ?us obta9$ is only limit$ by ! quantity ( ! nutri5t wat] solution us$ 9 increas+ ! g]ms1 s t ! co/ ( inoculat+ l& by ?is process is n l>ge4 ,! culture may be appli$ by simply soak+ ! se$ 9 x1 by spray+ ! soil1 or by fir/ mix+ ! culture into e>?1 spread+ x ov] ! field & !n h>r[+ x4 ,inoculations ?us tri$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture h prov$ q successful4 ,:]e any legume is ext5sively gr[n surr\nd+ soils come to be inoculat$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( w9ds & wat]4 ,! increase br\ght to ! yield ( plants on v>i\s soils runs all ! way f a slight ga9 to #ajjj-;fold4 ,& :5 soil is once inoculat$ x rema9s s = a long "t1 ev5 ?\gh ! prop] legume %\ld n be gr[n aga9 on ! same soil4 ,! am\nt ( nitrog5 t may ?us be br\ght to _m soils by gr[+ clov] & o!r legumes ^u !m is only h$g$ 9 practically by ! nature ( ! rotation fix$ ^u4 ,an acre ( clov] :5 matur$ w sometimes add #bjj to #cjj p\nds ( nitrog5 to ! soil "u favorable conditions4 ,:]e ! soil conta9s ! requisite bact]ia1 ! "y plants beg9 to =m tub]cles :5 b a few weeks old1 & cont9ue to d s :ile ! plant is active until mature4 ,t ! plants use mu* ( ! nitrog5 :ile gr[+ w\ld seem to be cle>1 f ! fact t t[>d ! close ( ! gr[+ season ! tub]cles become m or less brok5 d[n & %runk54 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,m$ium ,,r$ ,,clov] ,m$ium ,r$ ,clov] 7,trifolium prat5se7 is also kn[n by ! names ,common ,r$ ,clov]1 ,broad-,leav$ ,clov] & ,mead[ ,trefoil4 ,! t]m m$ium has d\btless come to be appli$ to x because ! plants are 9 size int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,mammo? v>iety 7,trifolium magnum7 & ! small] v>ieties1 z ! ,alsike 7,trifolium hybridum7 & ! small :ite 7,trifolium rep5s74 ,b by no designation is x s frequ5tly ref]r$ to z t ( ,r$ ,clov]4 ,?is plant is spread+ & upright 9 its habit ( gr[?4 ,sev]al bran*es rise up f ! cr[n ( ea* plant1 & ^! 9 turn frequ5tly become bran*$ m or less 9 _! upw>d gr[?4 ,! heads :i* produce ! fl[]s are ne>ly globul> 9 %ape1 incl9+ to ovate1 & av]age ab\t "o in* 9 diamet]4 ,ea* plant conta9s sev]al heads1 & frequ5tly a l>ge numb] :5 ! gr[? is n too cr[d$4 ,:5 9 full fl[] ^! are ( a beautiful purple crimson1 h5ce1 a field ( luxuriant r$ clov] is beautiful to look ^u4 ,! /ems ( ! plants are slightly hairy1 & ord9>ily !y /& at lea/ fairly erect & rea* ! height ( ab\t "o foot or m2 b :5 ! gr[? is rank1 !y w gr[ mu* high]1 ev5 z high z #d feet 9 "s in/ances1 b :5 !y gr[ mu* high] ?an ! av]age giv51 ! crop usually lodges4 ,! leaves are num]\s1 & _m ( !m h v frequ5tly1 if n1 inde$1 always1 a :iti% m>k 9 ! c5t]1 resembl+ a horse%oe4 ,! tap roots g d[n deeply into ! soil4 ,usually !y p5etrate ! same to ab\t #b feet1 b 9 "s in/ances1 z :5 subsoils are op5 & well /or$ ) accessible food1 !y g d[n to ! dep? ( #e or #f feet4 ,! tap roots are num]\sly bran*$1 & ! bran*es ext5d 9 all directions4 ,:5 !y are %ort1 z !y mu/ ne$s be 9 v /iff subsoils & on ?9 l& und]laid ) h>d soil1 ! bran*es become ab\t z l>ge z ! tap roots4 ,x has be5 comput$ t ! weight ( ! roots 9 ! soil is ab\t equal to ! weight ( ! /em & leaves4 ,m$ium r$ clov] is ord9>ily bi5nial 9 its habit ( gr[?1 b "u "s conditions x is p]5nial4 ,usually 9 mu* ( ! ,mississippi bas9 x is bi5nial1 especially on prairie soils4 ,on ! clay loam soils ( ,ont>io1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,indiana & "s o!r ,/ates1 x is ess5tially bi5nial1 b _m ( ! plants w survive = a long] p]iod4 ,9 ! m\nta9 valleys 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates1 & on ! ,pacific slope we/ ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 x is p]5nial4 ,m$ium r$ clov] mead[s 9 ^! h be5 cut = sev]al successive ye>s )\t re-se$+ ! crop4 ,! duration ( ?is plant is also m or less influ5c$ by pa/ur+ z comp>$ ) cutt+ = se$4 ,graz+ ! plants has ! effect ( prolong+ ! p]iod ( _! gr[?1 :ile matur+ se$ f !m has ! opposite effect4 ,m$ium r$ clov] is *>act]iz$ by a rapid gr[?4 ,se$ s[n 9 ! spr+ has 9 c]ta9 climates produc$ a crop ( hay 9 #abj days f ! date ( s[+4 ,x is also mo/ p]si/5t 9 its gr[? f spr+ until fall :5 suffici5t moi/ure is pres5t4 ,9 ?is prop]ty x f> outranks any ( ! o!r v>ieties ( clov]4 ,x comes into bloom 9 ! ,s\? dur+ ! latt] half ( ,may & 9 ! ,nor? dur+ ! mon? ( ,june1 e>ly or lat]1 accord+ to location1 & 9 ab\t sixty days f ! "t t x is cut = hay4 ,ord9>ily1 a second cutt+ ( hay may be tak5 f x & /ill lat] "s pa/ure4 ,x furni%es excell5t pa/ure1 soil+ food & hay = ne>ly all classes ( live /ock4 ,:ile x is mu* reli%$ by ! /ock1 x is probably n exce$$ 9 its capacity = quick & prolong$ gr[? ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season by any pa/ure plant1 except alfalfa4 ,= a simil> reason x /&s high z a soil+ food4 ,no o!r v>iety ( clov] gr[n 9 ,am]ica w furni% z mu* ( ei!r pa/ure or soil+ food4 ,= animals produc+ milk & = "y animals1 ! pa/ure is p>ticul>ly excell5t4 ,x is also ! /&>d pa/ure = sw9e :]e x c be gr[n1 & :]e alfalfa is n a /aple crop4 ,:5 ! hay is well cur$1 x makes a ration 9 ev5 balance = cattle & %eep1 & = horses x is equally good4 ,! prejudice :i* exi/s 9 "s qu>t]s aga9/ fe$+ x to horses has aris51 9 "p1 at lea/1 f fe$+ x :5 improp]ly h>ve/$1 :5 ov]-ripe1 :5 damag$ by ra91 or by ov]cur+ 9 ! sun1 or :5 x may h be5 /or$ s gre5 z to induce mold+4 ,x may also be f$ ) mu* advantage to brood s[s & o!r sw9e 9 w9t]4 ,z a soil improv]1 m$ium r$ clov] is probably )\t a rival1 unless x be 9 mammo? clov]1 & 9 "o respect x exce$s ! mammo? v>iety2 t is1 9 ! m prolong$ season1 dur+ :i* x may be pl[$ "u z a gre5 manure4 ,its quick gr[? peculi>ly adapts x to soil enri*m5t4 ,= ?is reason1 x is m s[n ?an any ( ! o!r v>ieties 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 along ) ! small c]eal gra9s to be pl[$ "u 9 ! late autumn or 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 aft] ! clov] has made a vigor\s />t1 s9ce x produces two crops 9 "o season1 ! fir/ crop may be h>ve/$ & ! second pl[$ "u aft] hav+ made a full gr[?4 ,?is c be said ( no o!r v>iety ( clov]4 ,m enri*m5t is also obta9$ f ! fall+ ( ! leaves :5 two crops are gr[n ?an f ! o!r v>ieties4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is plant on we$ de/ruction :5 gr[n = hay is great] ?an ) ! o!r v>ieties ( clov]4 ,?is is ow+ 9 "p to ! %ade result+ f its rapid gr[? & 9 "p to ! two cutt+s :i* are usually made ( ! crop4 ,^! two cutt+s prev5t ! matur+ ( ! se$s 9 ne>ly all annual we$s1 & to a v great ext5t 9 all classes ( bi5nials4 ,! p[] ( ?is crop to smo!r out p]5nials is also consid]able1 & :5 ?is is l9k$ ) ! weak5+ caus$ by ! two cutt+s1 x sometimes proves effective 9 completely eradicat+ = ! "t be+ ?is class ( we$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,m$ium ,r$ ,clov] 7,trifolium prat5se7 ,oregon ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,di/ribution4--,m$ium r$ clov] is ?\ght to be native to ,europe4 ,x 0 probably introduc$ into ,engl& "s "t e>ly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,t x 0 attract+ att5tion ab\t ! middle ( ! c5tury or a little lat]1 is r5d]$ probable by ! fact t x is discuss$ at consid]able l5g? 9 ! ?ird edition ( ,bly?'s ,improv] ,improv$1 publi%$ 9 #affb1 :ile x is n m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ edition1 publi%$ 9 #afej4 ,x 0 d\btless introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! e>ly coloni/s & at sundry times4 ,m$ium r$ clov] w gr[ 9 good =m only 9 ! temp]ate zone1 s9ce x _c /& excessive heat or excessive cold4 ,! nor!rly limit ( its successful gr[? 9 ,nor? ,am]ica is some:]e ab\t #ej nor? latitude on ! w9d-swept prairies1 b on suitable soils1 & protect$ some:at by trees & w9t] sn[s1 x w probably gr[ #aj degrees fur!r to ! nor?4 ,9 ,briti% ,columbia1 on ! ,pacific slope1 x w probably gr[ z f> nor? z ,alaska4 ,b on prairies ea/w>d f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 x has n be5 gr[n ) mu* success mu* fur!r nor? ?an #dh1 unless "u ! ea/]n %ad[ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,l[ temp]atures 9 w9t]1 :]e !re is only a mod]ate cov]+ ( sn[1 are f> less fatal to clov] plants ?an exposure to ! sweep ( ! cold w9ds4 ,ev5 :]e ! !rmomet] is n s l[ z 9 ! areas j ref]r$ to1 su* w9ds are p>ticul>ly damag+ to ! plants :5 !y bl[ fi]cely j aft] a ?aw :i* has remov$ a previ\s cov]+ ( sn[4 ,9 "s in/ances1 "o cold wave "u ! conditions nam$ has prov$ fatal to promis+ crops ( clov] ov] ext5d$ areas4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! s\!rly limit ( vigor\s & reliable gr[? may be put at ab\t #cg4 ,b 9 "s localities good crops may be gr[n fur!r ,s\?1 especially 9 "s p>ts ( ,t5nessee4 ,nor w\ld x be correct to say t m$ium r$ clov] gr[s at its be/ 9 _m localities mu* s\? ( #ch4 ,on ! plateaus x c be gr[n fur!r ,s\?1 :]e ! soil is suitable4 ,?is plant fl\ri%es be/ 9 a moi/ climate4 ,9 fact1 ! abundance & cont9uance ( ! gr[? = ! season are l>gely dep5d5t on ! am\nt ( ! precipitation1 & on ! di/ribution ( ! same ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,9 climates 9 :i* x is usual = a long spell ( dry wea!r to occur 9 mid-summ]1 ! plants w n make rapid gr[? aft] ! fir/ cutt+ ( ! season2 b "u conditions ! opposite1 !y w gr[ cont9u\sly f spr+ until fall4 ,cont9u\s gr[? may be secur$ ?r\gh all ! season on irrigat$ l&4 ,al?\gh ! plants root deeply1 !y w succumb "u dr\ght beyond a c]ta9 degree1 & 9 "s soils ! end comes mu* m quickly ?an on o!rs2 on por\s & s&y soils1 x comes mu* soon] ?an on clays4 ,on ! latt]1 dr\ght mu/ be excessive to de/roy clov] plants t h be5 well root$4 ,:ite clov] c )/& mu* heat :5 suppli$ ) moi/ure4 ,mod]ate temp]atures are mu* m favorable to its gr[?4 ,spr+ wea!r1 *>act]iz$ by prolong$ p]iods ( alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+1 is disa/r\s to ! plants on dry soils1 possess$ ( an excess ( moi/ure1 :5 n cov]$ ) sn[4 ,!y are gradually drawn up out ( ! soil & left to die on ! surface4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! de/ruction ( an o!rwise f9e /& is complete4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 x is p>tial1 & :5 x is1 a heavy roll] run ov] ! l& is helpful 9 firm+ ! soil ar\nd ! roots t h be5 ?us di/urb$4 ,m$ium r$ clov] c be gr[n ) "s success 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( almo/ e ,/ate 9 ! ,union4 ,b 9 pay+ crops x is n mu* gr[n s\? ( p>allel #cg4 ,) irrigation x gr[s mo/ vigor\sly 9 ! m\nta9 valleys betwe5 ! ,rocky & ,cascade m\nta9s1 & betwe5 ab\t #cg & #ej nor? latitude4 ,9 ^! valleys its habit ( gr[? is p]5nial4 ,)\t irrigation1 ! highe/ adaptation1 all ?+s consid]$1 is f\nd 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 we/ ( ! ,cascades1 except :]e %all[ soils ly+ on gravels exi/4 ,ea/ ( ! m\nta9s1 ! be/ crops are 9 ! ,/ates ( ,mi*igan1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,k5tucky1 ,ill9ois1 ,miss\ri1 ,i[a1 ,wiscons9 & ,m9nesota4 ,! soils ( ,nor!rn ,m9nesota1 ,wiscons9 & ,mi*igan1 t h produc$ h>dwood timb]1 h unusually high adaptation to ! gr[? ( ?is plant1 & z ! sn[ usually cov]s ! gr\nd 9 ^! areas 9 w9t]1 ! crop may be reli$ ^u ) mu* c]ta9ty4 ,b on ! s&y soils1 :i* m or less ab\nd 9 ^! areas1 x does n succe$ s well4 ,x has n yet prov$ a m>k$ success 9 ,we/]n ,m9nesota or 9 ! ,dakotas1 ow+ 9 "p probably to ! lack ( ! prop] bact]ia 9 ! soil4 ,its gr[? 9 ^! localities1 h[ev]1 is ext5d+ f ye> to ye>4 ,indiana & ,ohio are great clov] ,/ates1 & ! same is true ( mu* ( ,ill9ois & ,i[a2 b s\?w>d 9 ^! ,/ates !re is "s haz>d to ! "y plants f dr\ght & heat 9 summ]1 & to an occasional fro/ 9 w9t] :5 ! gr\nd is b>e4 ,ea/ ( ! ,/ates nam$1 x w\ld probably be correct to say t ! highe/ adaptation is f\nd 9 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania1 p>ticul>ly ! =m]1 9 _m p>ts ( :i* excell5t crops are gr[n4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates good crops may also be gr[n4 ,mu* ( ! soil 9 ^! is n suffici5tly f]tile to gr[ clov] z x c be gr[n 9 ! m ,c5tral ,/ates4 ,! same is true ( ! ,/ates ( ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl& & ,ea/]n ,virg9ia1 ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 s\? f ! ,canadian b\nd>y & we/ f ,m9nesota1 ,i[a & ,miss\ri1 b little success has h]et(ore att5d$ ! ef=ts to gr[ m$ium r$ clov]4 ,?is /atem5t does n apply equally to ,ea/]n ,nebraska & ,kansas4 ,usually ! climate is n moi/ en\gh 9 summ]1 ! sweep ( ! cold w9ds is too great 9 w9t]1 ! sn[fall is usually insuffici5t to protect ! plants1 & x may be also t ! requisite bact]ia is lack+ 9 ! soil4 ,sometime1 h[ev]1 ^! adv]se conditions may 9 "p be ov]come by man's res\rcefulness4 ,9 p>ts ( ,/ates t lie s\? ( ! #cg? p>allel1 x may be f\nd pr(itable to gr[ crops ( m$ium r$ clov]2 b 9 ^!1 o!r legumes1 z crimson clov]1 c[ peas & soy beans1 w probably furni% food m reliably & m *eaply4 ,9 ,canada ! highe/ all-r\nd adaptation = clov] is 9 ,ont>io & ,quebec1 unless x be ! m\nta9 valleys & tide l&s ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,because ( ! high adaptation 9 ! soil ( ! two prov9ces fir/ nam$1 & ! pl5tifulness ( ! sn[fall1 clov] 9 ^! is "o ( ! sure/ ( ! crops gr[n4 ,! m>itime prov9ces ( ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia & ,pr9ce ,edw>d's ,isl&1 p>ticul>ly ! =m]1 h soils a little too hungry to produce ! highe/ returns 9 clov]4 ,on ! op5 prairies betwe5 ,ont>io & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 n mu* success has att5d$ ! attempts to gr[ any k9d ( clov]1 ow+ probably to pres5t uncong5iality 9 soils & m especially 9 climatic conditions4 ,h[ev]1 !re are good reasons = believ+ t ) ! introduction ( h>dy v>ieties & ?r\gh ! use ( ,nor!rn gr[n se$1 an inoculat$ soil1 :]e inoculation may be necess>y1 t m$ium r$ clov] w yet be gr[n ov] wide areas 9 all ! prov9ces ( ,nor?we/]n ,canada1 s\? ( & includ+ ! ,saskat*ewan valley4 ,soils4--,=tunately1 ?is mo/ useful plant w gr[ 9 a consid]able v>iety ( soils1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 n equally well4 ,highe/ 9 g5]al suitability1 probably1 are clay loams und]laid ) a mod]ately por\s clay subsoil4 ,!y %\ld at ! same "t be moi/ & reasonably well /or$ ) humus4 ,on su* a soil1 9 a climate ) suffici5t ra9fall & prop]ly di/ribut$1 a /& ( clov] %\ld be look$ ^u z reasonably c]ta9 any season :5 prop]ly s[n4 ,x w\ld also be correct to say t on ! volcanic soils ( ! m\nta9 ,/ates 9 ! ,we/1 clov] w gr[ equally well :5 suppli$ ) moi/ure1 & 9 ^! x is also v t5aci\s ( life4 ,next 9 adaptation are :at may be t]m$ loam soils1 also und]laid ) clay4 ,! proportion ( ! clay 9 !m w ex]cise an important influ5ce on ! gr[? ( ! clov]4 ,loamy s&s w gr[ clov] bett] ?an s&y loams1 al?\gh bo? are v suitable1 ! o!r conditions be+ "r4 ,x w\ld seem to be correct to assign ?ird place to /iff clays1 :e!r ( ! :ite or r$ ca/4 ,! bett] t ^! are suppli$ ) vegetable matt]1 & ! m moi/ ! season1 ! bett] is ! /& ( ! clov] likely to be4 ,9 seasons t are g5]ally favorable1 excell5t crops ( clov] may be obta9$ f su* soils1 b 9 dry seasons x is easy to secure a good /& ( ! plants4 ,!y are also consid]ably liable to heave 9 ^! soils 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> f ! action ( ! fro/4 ,! m p]fectly !y are dra9$1 ! less w be ! injury f ?is s\rce1 b x is sc>cely possible to dra9 su* l&s s p]fectly t !re w be no loss ( clov] plants 9 ^! f ! s\rce nam$ 9 ! w9t]s1 *>act]iz$ by frequ5t ra9s1 accompani$ by frequ5t alt]nations ( freez+ & ?aw+4 ,! loss f ?is s\rce 9 su* l&s v>ies f no?+ at all to #ajj p] c5t4 ,ne>ly1 if n equal to ! =m]1 are d>k loam soils ) a gravel or s& dra9age und]nea?1 provid+1 fir/1 t ! s& & gravel d n come too ne> ! surface1 & second1 t ! normal ra9fall is suffici5t4 ,on su* soils x seldom fails to gr[1 is n liable to heave 9 ! w9t] or spr+1 & usually produces excell5t crops :5 ^! soils are prop]ly till$4 ,x has special adaptation = be+ gr[n on calc>e\s or limy soils4 ,x also1 usually1 gr[s well on soils und]laid ) yell[ clay ( m or less t5acity4 ,! black humus soils ( ! prairie v>y mu* 9 _! suitability = gr[+ m$ium r$ clov]4 ,mu* dep5ds on ! clay cont5t 9 su* soils4 ,! m ( ?is elem5t 9 !m & ! ne>] an und]ly+ clay subsoil is to ! surface1 ! bett] w ?is clov] gr[ on !m4 ,9 l>ge areas ( ! prairie1 r$ clov] w gr[ m successfully on ! subsoil :5 laid b>e ?an :5 on ! surface soil4 ,x has be5 ! exp]i5ce 9 _m in/ances t :5 ! humus soils ( ! prairie1 por\s & spongy 9 "*1 7 fir/ till$1 clov] grew on !m s %yly t x 0 difficult to get a good /& ( ! same until x _h be5 s[n = sev]al seasons successively or at int]vals4 ,ev5tually1 good crops 7 gr[n on ^! l&s1 & are n[ be+ gr[n on !m4 ,?is 0 ! exp]i5ce t fac$ a majority ( ! fir/ settl]s on ! prairie :]e excell5t crops are n[ be+ gr[n1 & x is ! exp]i5ce :i* faces _m to-day1 :o are locat$ on sections ( ! prairie b newly brok54 ,two reasons may be giv5 by way ( explanation1 b ^! may n furni% all ! reasons = ! exp]i5ce j ref]r$ to4 ,fir/1 mu* ( ! l& 0 s por\s 9 its nature t 9 dry seasons ! "y plants p]i%$ = want ( moi/ure4 ,z su* l&s become worn ?r\gh cropp+1 !y lie m firmly & compactly2 h5ce1 !re is less loss ( moi/ure ?r\gh ! free p5etration ( ! soil )9 a %ort di/ance ( ! surface ( ! dry atmosph]e4 ,& second1 ! requisite bact]ia is n 9 ^! soils until x is br\ght to !m by s[+ se$ repeat$ly1 m or less ( :i* gr[s1 & 9 gr[+ increases ! bact]ia 9 ! soil until t po9t is rea*$ :5 good crops ( clov] c be gr[n ) ! usual regul>ity4 ,! suitability ( s&y & gravelly l&s = gr[+ clov] dep5ds mu* on ! am\nt ( plant food :i* !y conta91 on ! "* ( ! climate1 & on ! subsoil4 ,su* soils :5 possess$ ( "s loam :5 und]laid ) clay1 & 9 a climate ) #bj in*es & m p] annum ( ra9fall1 usually gr[ good crops ( clov]2 b :5 conditions ! opposite prevail1 ! gr[? ( ?is plant is prec>i\s4 ,h[ev]1 :5 s&y or gravelly soils l[ 9 f]tility are und]laid ) ! same & ! ra9fall is suffici5t1 good crops ( clov] may be gr[n if ^! soils are fir/ suffici5tly suppli$ ) vegetable matt] & !n suffici5tly f]tiliz$4 ,muck soils d n seem to h ! prop] elem5ts = gr[+ clov] 9 ! be/ =m4 ,b :5 ^! h 9 !m "s clay1 & especially :5 !y are und]laid ) clay n di/ant f ! surface1 !y w gr[ good crops ( clov]1 especially ( ! alsike v>iety4 ,?us x is t l&s :i* h gr[n black a% & tam>ack g5]ally make good clov] l&s also4 ,b clov] w n succe$ well on unr$uc$ peaty soils1 s9ce x is n able 9 ^! to ga!r food supplies4 ,b :5 suffici5tly r$uc$1 "s k9ds ( clov] w succe$ bett] on ^! ?an on "s o!r soils4 ,deposit soils1 su* z are f\nd 9 ! bottom l&s ( riv]s & /reams1 v>y mu* 9 ! suitability = gr[+ clov]1 ow+ to ! great diff]5ces 9 ! compositions2 b s9ce !y are usually possess$ ( suffici5t friability1 f]tility & moi/ure1 good crops ( clov] may g5]ally be gr[n ^u !m :]e ! climatic conditions are suitable4 ,! injury f ov]fl[ on su* soils w dep5d on ! dep? ( ! same & its duration1 also ! season ( ! ye> :5 x occurs4 ,ov]fl[ 9 ! spr+ season be=e gr[? has begun1 or :5 x is ab\t />t+1 w be helpful r ?an h>mful1 especially if "s deposit is left on ! l& by ! subsid+ wat]s4 ,b if ! ov]fl[ %\ld be deep & ( any consid]able duration1 &1 moreov]1 if x %\ld occur :5 ! clov] 0 some:at advanc$ 9 gr[?1 & 9 hot wea!r1 ! subm]g5ce ( ! clov] w\ld probably be fatal to x4 ,x may be prop] to /ate "h t ! l&s :i* gr[ h>dwood timb] w usually gr[ clov]4 ,by h>dwood timb] is meant su* trees z maple1 bee*1 bir*1 oak1 elm1 basswood1 butt]nut & walnut4 ,:]e =e/s are f\nd compris+ "o or m v>ieties ( ^! trees any:]e on ?is cont95t1 & especially compris+ sev]al ( !m1 ! conclusion is safe t m$ium r$ clov] w gr[1 or1 at lea/1 c be gr[n1 on su* soils4 ,if a consid]able spr9kl+ ( p9e trees is f\nd 9 ! same1 ! indications are n *ang$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,:]e ! =e/ is l>gely compos$ ( maple & bir*1 excell5t crops ( clov] may be look$ = :5 ! l& has be5 cle>$4 ,b because ( :at has be5 said1 ! conclusion mu/ n be rea*$ t clov] w n gr[ well "u "s conditions :]e s(t woods ab\nd1 b r t :]e ! =m] ab\nd ! indications ( suitability = clov] production are m c]ta9 ?an :]e s(t timb]s ab\nd4 ,place 9 ! ,rotation4--,m$ium r$ clov] may be made to prec$e or to foll[ almo/ any crop t is gr[n ^u ! f>m4 ,not)/&+1 !re are c]ta9 crops :i* x prec$es or foll[s ) mu* m advantage ?an o!rs4 ,s9ce x br+s nitrog5 to ! soil f ! air & deposits ! same = ! b5efit ( ! crops t imm$iately foll[1 x is advantage\s to plant su* crops aft] x z require mu* nitrog5 to make !m productive1 z1 = in/ance1 :eat4 ,s9ce1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( its roots1 x /ores ! gr\nd ) humus1 su* crops %\ld come aft] x z fe$ g5]\sly on humus1 z1 = in/ance1 corn & potatoes4 ,& s9ce x t5ds to less5 we$ gr[? ?r\gh smo!r+1 x may ) advantage be foll[$ by crops = :i* a clean se$ b$ is specially advantage\s1 z flax4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be foll[$ ) mu* advantage by :eat1 oats or b>ley1 corn & sorghum 9 all _! v>ieties1 flax1 potatoes1 field roots1 vegetables & su* small fruits z /rawb]ries4 ,:]e :eat is a success x is usually fir/ gr[n among ! small c]eal gra9s aft] clov]1 s9ce x is less able to fl\ri% "u ! conditions :i* become decreas+ly favorable 9 ! ye>s t foll[ ! break+ up ( ! clov]4 ,:e!r :eat or flax1 corn or potatoes %\ld imm$iately foll[ ! gr[+ ( clov]1 %\ld be det]m9$ 9 great "p by ! imm$iate necessity = gr[+ "o or ! o!r ( ^! crops1 b also to "s ext5t by ! crops t are to foll[ !m4 ,clov] may foll[ su* crops z require cultivation :ile !y are gr[+1 & ( a "* t w clean ! soil4 ,?is means t x may ) advantage be made to foll[ corn1 sorghum1 potatoes or field roots4 ,x may also foll[ ! summ] fall[ b>e1 or produc+ crops = be+ pl[$ "u :]e ^! come into ! rotation4 ,( c\rse1 s9ce clov] c to a consid]able ext5t supply its own nitrog51 x may be successfully gr[n on l&s t are n clean1 & t may n possess high f]tility1 b :5 ?us s[n ! nurse crop ) :i* x is usually s[n is n likely to succe$ well1 because ( ! pres5ce ( we$s 9 x1 & f ! same cause ! quality ( ! fir/ ( ! clov] is likely to be mu* impair$4 ,! conditions ( ! "t ( s[+ are also less favorable = gett+ a /& ( ! se$4 ,!re is probably no rotation 9 :i* clov] may be gr[n ) m advantage ?an :5 x is made to alt]nate ) corn or potatoes & "s small c]eal gra9s1 z :eat or oats1 gr[+ ea* crop = b "o season4 ,( c\rse ! clov] mu/ be s[n ) ! gra9 & h>ve/$ ! foll[+ ye>1 tak+ f x two cutt+s4 ,9 no o!r =m ( rotation1 p]haps1 c clov] be us$ to bett] advantage1 nor w\ld !re seem to be any o!r way 9 :i* l& may be made to produce abundantly = s l>ge a t]m ( ye>s )\t f]tilization o!r ?an t giv5 to ! soil by ! clov]4 ,x w\ld fully supply ! ne$s ( ! crops alt]nat+ ) x 9 ! l9e ( humus1 & also 9 t ( nitrog54 ,9 "t ! supply ( phosphoric acid & pota% might run l[1 b n = a long t]m ( ye>s4 ,! cultivation giv5 to ! corn & potatoes w\ld keep ! l& clean4 ,=tunate is ! neighborhood 9 :i* a rotation may be practis$1 & =tunate are ! till]s ( ! soil :o are 9 a position to adopt x4 ,m$ium r$ clov] may be foll[$ ) mu* advantage by c]ta9 cat* crops s[n at v>i\s times ?r\gh ! season ( gr[?4 ,x may be pa/ur$ 9 ! spr+ = sev]al weeks1 & ! l& !n pl[$ & s[$ ) millet or rape1 or plant$ ) corn1 sorghum1 late potatoes1 or c]ta9 vegetables1 or x may be all[$ to gr[ = sev]al weeks & !n pl[$1 to be foll[$ by "o or ! o!r ( ^! crops4 ,x may also be h>ve/$ = hay 9 "t to foll[ x ) millet or rape = pa/ure1 & "u "s conditions ) fodd] corn4 ,b :5 ! /& ( clov] is good1 x w\ld usually be pr(itable to utilize ! clov] = food r ?an ! crops m5tion$1 s9ce do+ s w\ld involve b little labor & outlay4 ,aft] ! second cutt+ = ! season1 w9t] rye may be gr[n z a cat* crop by gr[+ x z a pa/ure crop4 ,prep>+ ! ,soil4--,speak+ 9 a g5]al way1 x w\ld be correct to say t x w\ld n be easy to get soil 9 too friable a condition = ! advantage\s reception ( m$ium r$ clov] se$4 ,9 o!r words1 x does n (t5 happ5 t soils are 9 too f9e til? to s[ se$ ^u !m )\t su* f95ess result+ 9 positive b5efit to ! plants4 ,! exceptions w\ld be clays ( f9e texture 9 climates subject to ra9falls s heavy z to produce impaction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! haz>d w\ld be ev5 great] to s[ clov] on ^! soils :5 9 a cloddy condition4 ,! rootlets w\ld n !n be able to p5etrate ! soil ) suffici5t ease to f9d en\gh food & moi/ure to prop]ly n\ri% !m4 ,"s soils are naturally friable1 & 9 ^! a til? suffici5tly f9e c be realiz$ ord9>ily ) b little labor4 ,o!r soils1 z /iff clays1 frequ5tly require mu* labor to br+ !m into ! condition requir$4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 if suffici5t "t elapses betwe5 ! pl[+ ( ! l& & ! s[+ ( ! se$1 ?is "w may be mat]ially less5$ by us+ ! h>r[ & roll] judici\sly soon aft] ra9fall4 ,:5 prep>+ prairie soils s op5 t !y w lift ) ! w9d1 ! aim %\ld be to firm !m r ?an to r5d] !m m op5 & por\s2 o!rwise !y w n reta9 suffici5t moi/ure to prop]ly su/a9 ! "y plants1 if prolong$ dry wea!r foll[s ! s[+ ( ! se$4 ,pl[+ su* l& 9 ! autumn aids 9 secur+ su* d5sity4 ,! same result foll[s summ]fall[+ ! l& or gr[+ ^u x a cultivat$ crop aft] ! b>e fall[1 or aft] ! cultivat$ crop has be5 h>ve/$ prior to ! s[+ ( ! clov] se$1 o!rwise ! desir$ firmness ( ! l& w be less5$1 & we$ se$s w be br\ght to ! surface1 :i* w produce plants to ! detrim5t ( ! clov]4 ,9 prep>+ su* l&s = ! se$1 cultivation ne> ! surface is pref]able to pl[+4 ,:5 ! clov] is s[n late 9 ! season1 z is sometimes ! case1 9 locations :]e ! w9t]s are comp>atively mild1 ! gr\nd may be made reasonably clean be=e ! se$ is s[n1 by /irr+ x occasionally at int]vals be=e s[+ ! se$4 ,?is is done ) "s =m ( h>r[ or we$]1 &1 ( c\rse1 subsequ5tly to ! pl[+ ( ! l&4 ,s[+4--,! "t = s[+ clov] se$ is influ5c$ consid]ably by ! climatic conditions4 ,"u "s conditions x may be s[n 9 ! e>ly autumn4 ,x may be ?us s[n 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates & ) mu* likelihood t a /& w be secur$1 yet 9 "s in/ances an inauspici\s w9t] proves disa/r\s to ! plants3 all ?+s consid]$1 x is probably saf] to s[ clov] 9 ! ,s\? at t season ?an ! spr+1 :5 vegetation is beg9n+ to />t4 ,x may also succe$ 9 "s in/ances 9 areas well to ! ,nor? :5 s[n 9 ! e>ly autumn1 provid+ sn[ cov]s ! gr\nd all ! w9t]1 b %\ld ! sn[ fail to come ! subsequ5t w9t]1 or fail to lie :5 x does come1 ! clov] plants w\ld p]i%4 ,! elem5t ( haz>d1 !re=e1 is too great 9 nor!rly areas to ju/ify s[+ ! se$ ?us4 ,b on ! b5* l&s ( ! m\nta9 valleys !re may be in/ances 9 :i* ! se$ may be s[n s late 9 ! autumn t x w n spr\t be=e w9t] sets 91 b lies 9 ! soil ready to utilize ! moi/ure1 s all important 9 ^? areas1 z soon z ! e>lie/ gr[? beg9s 9 ! spr+4 ,! se$ may be s[n ) no little assurance ( success 9 ! late summ]4 ,b ?is c only be done :]e moi/ure is reasonably pl5tiful f ! "t ( s[+ onw>d1 & :]e ! w9t]s are n really sev]e4 ,9 "s ( ! ,c5tral ,/ates ?is me?od ( s[+ may succe$ reasonably well4 ,clov] & timo?y s[n ?us )\t any nurse crop w produce a full crop ! next season4 ,:5 ! se$ is s[n ?us1 x may1 ( c\rse1 be made to foll[ a crop gr[n on ! l& ! same season4 ,x may also insure a crop ! foll[+ season1 :5 ! clov] se$ s[n ! spr+ previ\sly may = "s reason h fail$4 ,:ile m$ium r$ clov] is frequ5tly s[n 9 ! ,s\? & 9 "s areas ( ! f> ,we/ 9 ! mon?s ( ,janu>y & ,febru>y on ! sn[1 9 ! ,nor? x is usually s[n 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,?is also is 9 a great majority ( in/ances ! be/ "t = s[+4 ,9 _m locations x may be s[n ) safety z soon z ! w9t] sn[s h gone4 ,on ! :ole1 ! e>li] t x is s[n 9 ! spr+ ! bett]1 t ! "y plants may h all ! b5efit possible f ! moi/ure1 :i* is m abundant ?an lat]4 ,b !re are c]ta9 areas1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! nor!rly limits ( ! ,mississippi bas91 9 :i* "y clov] plants p]i% by fro/ aft] !y h g]m9at$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n happ5 v frequ5tly4 ,:5 ! se$ is s[n on ! sn[1 or :ile ! gr\nd is yet 9 a honeycomb$ condition f e>ly fro/1 x mu/ ( necessity be s[n e>ly4 ,b :]e ! haz>d is pres5t t ! "y plants w be kill$ by fro/1 x w be saf] to def] s[+ ! se$ until x c be cov]$ ) ! h>r[ :5 s[n4 ,:e!r x w be m advisable to s[ ! se$ on b>e gr\nd e>li] ?an ! season :5 gr[? beg9s1 or to s[ lat] & cov] ) ! h>r[1 w dep5d to a consid]able degree ^u ! soil & ! condition 9 :i* x happ5s to be4 ,on timb] soils newly clean$ ! e>ly s[+ w\ld be q safe :]e ! "y plants are n liable to be kill$ aft] g]m9ation1 because ( ! abundance ( humus 9 !m4 ,on ! same soils1 e>ly s[+ w\ld probably be pref]able1 ev5 :5 mu* r$uc$ 9 humus1 provid+ !y 7 9 a honeycomb$ condition at ! "t ( s[+4 ,?is condition is f> m *>act]i/ic ( clay & clay loam soils1 ?an ( ^? s&y 9 texture4 ,to s[ ! se$ on clay soils t are worn w\ld be to ?r[ x away1 unless 9 a mo/ favorable season = gr[?4 ,! same w\ld prove true ( ! s&y soils l[ 9 humus1 s9ce ^! d n honeycomb at any season4 ,se$ s[n on honeycomb$ gr\nd falls into op5+s made 9 ! soil1 & is cov]$ by ! action ( ! fro/ & ! sun on ! same4 ,! rule %\ld be to def] s[+ ! se$ :]e ! gr\nd does n honeycomb until x c be cov]$ ) ! h>r[4 ,9 "s in/ances ! se$ is s[n successfully j aft] a light fall ( sn[ 9 ! spr+4 ,! se$ is c>ri$ d[n into little crevices or fissures 9 ! soil :5 ^! are pres5t1 b ! se$ %\ld n be ?us s[n4 ,usually x is n q safe to s[ clov] se$ :]e ! w9t] sn[ /ill l+]s to any consid]able dep?1 le/ mu* ( x %\ld be c>ri$ d[n to ! l[] l&s by ! sudd5 melt+ ( ! sn[s4 ,! *ief advantage ( s[+ be=e ! gr\nd c be h>r[$ arises f ! b5efit :i* ! "y plants d]ive f ! pl5tiful supply ( moi/ure 9 ! soil at t season4 ,!y are m firmly root$ ?an plants s[n lat]1 &1 !re=e1 c bett] )/& ! dry wea!r t frequ5tly *>act]izes ! lat] mon?s ( ! summ]4 ,!re is also ! fur!r advantage t ! labor ( h>r[+ at a season t is usually a busy "o is disp5s$ )4 ,v>i\s modes ( s[+ clov] se$ h be5 adopt$4 ,sometimes x is s[n by h&4 ,9 o!r in/ances a s[] is us$ :i* is /rapp$ to ! %\ld] & turn$ ) a crank4 ,sometimes ! se$ is s[n by a di/ributor1 :i* is :eel$ ov] ! gr\nd on a frame resembl+ t ( a :eelb>r[4 ,aga91 x is s[n ) a se$] atta*m5t to ! ord9>y gra9 drill or to ! broadca/ se$]1 & yet aga9 ) ! gra9 9 ! ord9>y drill tubes1 or scatt]$ ) ! same by ! broadca/ se$]2 :i* ( ^! me?ods %\ld be adopt$ w dep5d on su* conditions z relate to season1 climate & soil4 ,! se$ may be s[n by h& at almo/ any "t desir$1 :e!r x is cov]$ or n4 ,! advantages ( h& s[+ are t x may be done "u "s conditions :5 no o!r me?od w answ] z well1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 x is s[n ^u sn[ or ^u ! gr\nd honeycomb$4 ,! disadvantages are t x takes m "t ?an "s ( ! o!r me?ods1 especially :5 ! s[] only scatt]s ! se$ ) "o h&1 t x _c be ?us s[n :5 ! w9d bl[s /iffly or fitfully1 & mo/ ( all1 only a limit$ numb] ( p]sons :o s[ se$ are ?us able to s[ x ) complete regul>ity4 ,a /ill "t %\ld1 if possible1 be *os5 = h& s[+2 su* a "t is usually f\nd 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,:5 "o h& is us$1 ! se$ may be s[n f a light di% or pail or s[+-bag1 b :5 bo? h&s are us$ a s[+-box or a s[+-sack susp5d$ 9 front ( ! brea/ is necess>y4 ,clov] se$ may be s[n :5 a consid]able breeze is bl[+ by hav+ a due reg>d to ! w9d4 ,:5 fac+ x1 ! ca/ ( se$ %\ld be l[2 :5 go+ be=e ! w9d x %\ld be high4 ,b :5 ! w9d is bl[+ at "r angles1 mu* c>e mu/ be obs]v$ by ! s[] z to :]e he walks1 9 relation to ! ca/ t is be+ s[n4 ,:5 ! se$ is s[n on gra9 t has be5 drill$1 ! r[s ( gra9 w suffice to s]ve z a guide to ! s[]1 & :5 ! gra9 is n up1 ! drill m>ks may be made to s]ve ! same end4 ,! advantages ( ! h& se$] held 9 place by /raps are t ! s[+ may be done by an individual :o _c s[ by h&1 t ! se$ may be easily di/ribut$ & t x may be us$ ) advantage 9 s[+ se$ among bru%4 ,! disadvantages are t x _c be us$ :5 mu* w9d is /irr+1 & :5 us+ x /akes are sometimes necess>y = ! guidance ( ! s[]4 ,! advantages f us+ ! se$] :eel$ ov] ! gr\nd are t ! "w may be done by any "o able to :eel ! se$]1 t ! se$ is di/ribut$ ev5ly1 t x may be s[n :5 a fairly /iff w9d is bl[+1 & t /akes are n necess>y = ! guidance ( ! s[]1 z ! di/ance ( ! ca/ may be gaug$ at lea/ fairly well by ! :eel m>ks made4 ,"o disadvantage is t x _c be us$ ) mu* satisfaction on c]ta9 soils :5 ! gr\nd is cloddy or froz51 or :5 x is wet4 ,!re is also ! disadvantage to all ?ree me?ods ( s[+ by h&1 t x is frequ5tly necess>y to provide a cov]+ = ! se$ by subsequ5tly us+ ! h>r[4 ,! advantages f s[+ ) ! se$] atta*m5t to ! gra9 drill are t ! se$ may be made to fall be=e or beh9d ! tubes z may be desir$1 or x may be s[n ) ! se$ along ) ! gra91 & t :5 s[n by any ( ^! me?ods !re is mu* sav+ ( "t z comp>$ ) s[+ by h&4 ,9 "s sections ( ! prairie ! se$ is s[n ) ! gra9 drill by driv+ ! same across ! newly s[n gra9 r[s4 ,if necess>y to insure suffici5tly ?9 s[+1 ! se$ %\ld be fir/ mix$ ) "s sub/ance su* z common salt4 ,9 ! moi/ areas ( ! upp] ,atlantic coa/1 ,ont>io & ! ,puget ,s\nd region1 ! se$ is frequ5tly made to fall beh9d ! gra9 tubes on clay & clay loam soils1 & is cov]$ by runn+ ! roll] ov] ! gr\nd subsequ5tly2 b 9 ,/ates m inl& ! se$ is usually made to fall be=e ! drill tubes1 :51 9 "s in/ances1 ! s[+ ( ! gra9 w provide a suffici5t cov]+2 b 9 o!rs ! h>r[ is us$ 9 addition1 & sometimes bo? ! h>r[ & ! roll]4 ,:5 clov] se$ is s[n along ) gra9 & by ! same tubes1 x w 9 "s soils be buri$ too deeply1 b 9 o!rs ! objection does n hold good4 ,! "y plants are also injur$ m by %ade f ! gra91 s9ce !y gr[ only 9 ! l9e ( ! r[ along ) ! gra91 & yet ?is me?od ( s[+ clov] se$ 9 "s localities seems to answ] reasonably well4 ,:5 ! broadca/ se$] is us$ 9 s[+ clov] se$1 "t is also sav$ z comp>$ ) h& s[+1 b ! se$ c only fall be=e ! se$]1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be giv5 ! same cov]+ z ! gra91 z1 :5 ! se$ is s[n ) ! gra9 drill1 x w 9 "s in/ances be buri$ too deeply4 ,9 o!r in/ances x is n s4 ,! dep? to :i* ! se$ ( m$ium & o!r clov]s ought to be buri$ %\ld v>y ) soil & climatic conditions1 & ) ! season ( s[+4 ,! m /iff ! soil1 ! m moi/ ! climate1 & ! e>li] t ! se$ is s[n1 ! less ! cov]+ requir$1 & vice v]sa4 ,z has be5 %[n1 "u c]ta9 conditions 7see page #bb71 e>ly s[n clov] se$ does n require any cov]+ artificially giv51 & sometimes :5 s[n lat]1 a reasonably copi\s ra9 w provide suffici5t cov]+1 provid+ x falls q soon aft] ! s[+ ( ! se$4 ,b 9 c]ta9 ( ! s(t1 op51 spongy soils ( ! prairie1 x may sometimes be buri$ to ! dep? ( at lea/ #c in*es1 ) app>5t b5efit4 ,l[] ?an #e or #f in*es 9 any soil1 clov] se$ w n g]m9ate till br\ght ne>] ! surface4 ,on all soils t lift ) ! w9d1 ! se$ %\ld1 z a rule1 be buri$ deeply4 ,ord9>ily1 f half an in* to an in*1 or an approximation to ^! di/ances1 is consid]$ a prop] dep? to bury clov] se$4 ,"s au?orities recomm5d s[+ m$ium & o!r clov]s )\t any nurse crop4 ,! advantages claim$ are t m or less ( a crop may be obta9$ ! same season1 & t a /& ( clov] is m c]ta9 :5 ! se$ is s[n ?us4 ,! fir/ claim is correct 9 ! ma94 ,9 "s localities favor$ ) long seasons = gr[?1 z 9 c]ta9 areas ( ,miss\ri1 = in/ance1 good yields may be obta9$ f s[+ ! se$ ?us4 ,?is has happ5$ ev5 9 ,m9nesota4 ,b 9 o!r areas & "u o!r conditions1 ! yield w\ld be light4 ,9 "s localities1 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,willamette ,valley1 ,oregon1 satisfactory returns h be5 obta9$ by s[+ clov] se$ & rape se$ 9 ,may & !n pa/ur+ bo?4 ,! *ief objections to s[+ clov] se$ ?us are1 fir/1 t 9 a great majority ( in/ances a suffici5t /& ( ! plants may be obta9$ :5 ! se$ is s[n ) a nurse crop2 & second1 t :5 x is n ?us s[n1 ! fir/ cutt+ ( ! hay w conta9 m or less ( we$s4 ,t a /& is m assur$ :5 clov] se$ is s[n alone 9 areas :]e adv]se wea!r conditions prevail _c be disput$4 ,nev]!less1 ! fact rema9s t :5ev] 9 ord] to get a /& ( a %ort-liv$ crop1 l clov]1 x is necess>y to s[ x alone1 & 9 _m in/ances get b little return ! same season1 x w be well to consid] if !re is n "s m satisfactory way ( secur+ a crop t w prove an equival5t4 ,9 nor!rly areas ! /ubbles ( ! nurse crop frequ5tly r5d] sub/antial s]vice to ! clov] by hold+ ! sn[ on ! crop1 & also by protect+ x m or less f ! effect ( ! cold w9ds4 ,! old-"t practice ( s[+ clov] ) a nurse crop is likely to be cont9u$1 not)/&+ t x has "s disadvantages4 ,^! disadvantages include ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! "y plants are liable to be weak5$ by ! cr[d+ & by ov]mu* %ad+ f ! gra9 :5 x gr[s rankly & ?ickly1 & to su* an ext5t t !y p]i%2 #b4 ,:5 ! gra9 lodges1 z x frequ5tly does1 on ri* gr\nd1 ! clov] plants und]nea? ! lodg$ portions succumb f want ( light2 #c4 ,:]e ! supply ( moi/ure is l[1 9 ! /ruggle = ! same betwe5 ! /rong] plants ( ! nurse crop & ! weak] plants ( ! clov]1 ! =m] secures ! l>g] %>e4 ,z a result1 :5 ! nurse crop is h>ve/$1 %\ld ! wea!r prove hot & dry beyond a c]ta9 degree1 ! clov] plants w die4 ,?is is an exp]i5ce n at all uncommon on ! loose prairie soils ( ! upp] ,mississippi bas94 ,injury f cr[d+ & ov]%ad+ may be prev5t$1 or at lea/ less5$1 by pa/ur+ ! nurse crop ) %eep = a "t1 at an e>ly /age 9 its gr[?4 ,! lodg+ ( ! gra9 may also be prev5t$ by ! same means4 ,injury f dr\ght may also be less5$ by cutt+ ! crop at ! prop] /age ( advancem5t1 & mak+ x into hay1 z 9 ! rip5+ /age ( gr[? x draws mo/ heavily on ! moi/ure 9 ! soil4 ,! oat crop is ! mo/ suitable = be+ ?us dealt )4 ,clov] se$ may be s[n ) any ( ! small c]eal gra9s z a nurse crop1 b n ) equal advantage4 ,rye1 b>ley1 :eat & oats are probably suitable 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,rye %ades less ?an :eat & oats & is h>ve/$ e>ly2 h5ce1 its suitability = a nurse crop4 ,w9t] rye & w9t] :eat are m suitable ?an spr+ v>ieties ( ! same1 s9ce1 on ^! ! crop may usually be s[n e>li]1 & ! soil is likely to lose less moi/ure f surface evaporation4 ,! m>k$ suitability ( b>ley z a nurse crop arises *iefly f ! %ort p]iod :i* x occupies ! gr\nd4 ,nor is ! %ade s d5se z f gra9s t gr[ tall]4 ,oats are ! lea/ suitable ( all ! crops nam$ z a nurse crop1 s9ce !y are *>act]iz$ by a d5se gr[? ( leaves1 :i* %ut out ! sunlight too mu* :5 ! gr[? is rank4 ,not)/&+1 ! oat crop may well s]ve su* an end :5 s[n ?9ly & cut = hay4 ,mix$ gra9s gr[n toge!r1 z1 = in/ance1 :eat & oats1 or a mixture ( ! ?ree1 answ] q z well = a nurse crop z clov] & oats4 ,! objection to !m = su* use arises f ! fact t !y are frequ5tly s[n m ?ickly ?an gra9 s[n alone4 ,clov] may also be s[n ) flax or millet or mix$ gra9s gr[n to provide soil+ food4 ,:5 ! wea!r is moi/1 x is likely to succe$ well ) flax1 z ! latt] does n =m s d5se a %ade :5 x is gr[+ z "s o!r crops4 ,b flax is usually s[n s mu* lat] ?an ^! crops1 t 9 "s climates ! dry wea!r foll[+ injures & 9 "s in/ances de/roys ! "y plants4 ,! d5se %ade furni%$ by millet is also detrim5tal to ! clov] plants2 nev]!less1 ow+ to ! %ort p]iod :i* ! =m] occupies ! gr\nd1 "u favorable conditions a /& ( clov] may be secur$4 ,b s9ce millet is s[n lat] ?an flax1 x frequ5tly happ5s t !re is n suffici5t moi/ure 9 ! soil to su/a9 bo? crops4 ,mix$ gra9s s[n z soil+ food are usually s[n reasonably e>ly1 & z !y are cut be=e maturity1 ! dang] is s f> less5$ t ! "y plants w p]i% f want ( moi/ure1 b s9ce ^! crops are usually gr[n ?ickly & on ri* l&1 ow+ to ! d5se "* ( ! gr[?1 ! plants are mu* m likely to be injur$ by ! d5se %ade ?us provid$4 ,clov] se$ may also be s[n ) corn & c]ta9 o!r crops t are usually graz$ d[n1 z rape & mix$ gra9s4 ,:5 s[n ) corn1 ! se$ is usually scatt]$ ov] ! gr\nd j be=e ! la/ cultivation giv5 to ! corn4 ,att5tion is n[ be+ giv5 to ! introduction ( cultivators :i* scatt] su* se$s z clov] & rape 9 front ( !m1 & s preclude ! necessity = h& s[+4 ,f ,c5tral ,ohio s\?w>d1 ?is me?od ( secur+ a /& ( clov] w succe$ 9 corn-gr[+ areas1 ! o!r conditions be+ "r4 ,nor? f ! areas nam$1 ! "y clov] plants may be w9t] kill$ :5 ! se$ is s[n ?us4 ,! less d5se ! %ade furni%$ by ! corn1 & ! less dry ! wea!r subsequ5tly to s[+ ! se$1 ! bett] w be ! /& ( ! plants secur$4 ,:5 s[n ) rape t has be5 broadca/1 clov] usually makes a good /&1 provid+ ! rape crop is n s[n too late 9 ! season4 ,:5 ! rape is graz$ d[n1 ! graz+ does n appe> to mat]ially injure ! clov]1 & :5 ! %ade has be5 remov$ by su* graz+1 ! clov] plants may be expect$ to make a vigor\s gr[? on su* l&4 ,9 nor!rly areas1 clov] se$ may be s[n along ) rape se$ z late z ! end ( ,may4 ,if s[n lat] ?an t "t1 ! season may prove too %ort subsequ5tly to ! graz+ ( ! rape to all[ ! plants to ga!r suffici5t /r5g? to c>ry !m safely ?r\gh nor!rn w9t]s4 ,:5 clov] se$ is s[n ) rape1 ! se$s may be mix$ & s[n toge!r4 ,clov] se$ 9 sev]al ( ! v>ieties may be successfully s[n on c]ta9 gra9 crops gr[n to provide graz+1 especially :5 ^! are s[n e>ly4 ,su* pa/ures may consi/ ( any "o ( ! small c]eal gra9s1 or m ?an "o1 or ( all ( !m4 ,! se$ may be s[n 9 ^! ! same z ) any crop s[n to furni% gra94 ,a /& ( clov] may ?us be secur$ "u "s conditions 9 :i* ! clov] w\ld p]i% if s[n along ) ! gra9 to be h>ve/$2 "u o!r conditions x w\ld n succe$ s well4 ,! =m] include soils s op5 z to readily lose moi/ure by surface evaporation4 ,! tramp+ ( ! animals on ^! increases _! p[] to hold moi/ure1 ! graz+ d[n ( ! gra9 less5s its dem&s ^u ! same1 ?us leav+ m = ! clov] plants1 & !y are fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! fre] access ( sunlight4 ,! latt] include firm1 /iff clays 9 ra9y climates4 ,to pa/ure ^! :5 ?us s[n1 if moi/ beyond a c]ta9 degree1 w\ld result 9 s impact+ !m t ! yield ( ! pa/ure w\ld be greatly decreas$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,m$ium r$ clov] is q frequ5tly s[n alone2 t is1 )\t admixture ) clov]s or grasses4 ,x is always s[n ?us :5 x is to be pl[$ "u1 z gre5 manure4 ,x is also usually s[n alone 9 rotations :]e x is to be cropp$ or graz$ = "o ye>4 ,b :5 gr[n = mead[1 :i* is to rema9 long] ?an "o season1 x is commonly s[n along ) timo?y4 ,! fir/ ye> aft] s[+1 ! crop is *iefly clov]1 & subsequ5tly x is *iefly timo?y4 ,or*>d grass or tall oat grass1 or bo?1 may also be s[n along ) m$ium r$ clov]1 s9ce ^! are ready = be+ cut at ! same "t z ! clov]4 ,:5 m$ium r$ clov] is s[n to provide pa/ure = p]iods ( limit$ duration1 x is frequ5tly s[n along ) alsike clov] & timo?y4 ,sometimes a mod]ate am\nt ( alfalfa se$ is add$4 ,b 9 arable soils 9 ! semi-arid ,we/1 ^! w provide pa/ures = _m ye>s 9 succession1 if suppli$ ) moi/ure4 ,! same is true ( mu* ( ! l& we/ ( ! ,cascades1 & )\t irrigation4 ,ea/ f ! ,mississippi & = "s di/ance we/ f x1 mu* ( ! m$ium r$ clov] w disappe> aft] be+ graz$ = "o season1 b ! alsike1 timo?y & alfalfa w endure = a long] p]iod4 ,9 p]man5t pa/ures1 :e!r few or _m v>ieties ( se$ are s[n1 m$ium r$ clov] is usually includ$ 9 ! mixture4 ,x is s[n because ( ! am\nt ( ! graz+ :i* x furni%es ! season aft] s[+1 & ) ! expectation t x w virtually entirely disappe> 9 ! pa/ures 9 two or ?ree seasons aft] x has be5 s[n4 ,:5 m$ium r$ clov] is s[n = be+ pl[$ "u z gre5 manure1 x is always s[n ) a nurse crop4 ,"s f>m]s1 9 localities well adapt$ to ! gr[? ( clov]1 s[ m or less ( ! m$ium r$ v>iety on all1 or ne>ly all1 ( ! l& devot$ to ! gr[? ( su* c]eals z rye1 :eat1 b>ley & oats1 :5 ! l& is to be pl[$ ! autumn or spr+ foll[+4 ,r$uc$ quantities ( se$ are us$4 ,!y believe t ! b5efit f ! "y clov] plants to ! l& w m ?an pay = ! co/ ( ! se$ & ! s[+ ( ! same4 ,! am\nt ( se$ to s[ w dep5d on ! degree ( suitability 9 ! conditions = gr[+ m$ium r$ clov]4 ,! m favorable ^! are1 ! less ! necessity = us+ maximum quantities ( se$1 & vice v]sa4 ,m se$ is requir$ :5 ! clov] is n gr[n ) o!r grasses or clov]s ?an :5 x is gr[n ) ^!4 ,:5 gr[n )\t admixture1 #af p\nds ( se$ p] acre may be nam$ z ! maximum quantity to s[ & #h p\nds z ! m9imum1 ) #ab p\nds z an av]age4 ,) all ! conditions q favorable1 #aj p\nds %\ld suffice4 ,9 ,new ,engl& & "s ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 _m gr[]s s[ mu* m se$ ?an ! quantities nam$1 & x may be t ! necessities ( ! l& call = m4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 also1 consid]ably l>g] quantities are s[n4 ,:5 s[n 9 grass or clov] mixtures1 ! am\nt ( ! se$ requir$ w v>y ) ! o!r factors ( ! mixture1 & ! am\nt ( ea* t is s[n2 t is1 ) ! "* ( ! hay or pa/ure t is s\ght4 ,! se$ is mu* m frequ5tly s[n ) timo?y ?an ) any o!r k9d ( grass1 & ! av]age am\nt ( ea* ( ^! to s[ p] acre may be put at #h p\nds ( clov] & #f p\nds ( timo?y4 ,:5 o!r clov]s are add$1 z ! mammo? or ! alsike1 = e p\nd ( ! se$ ( ! =m] add$1 ! se$ ( ! m$ium r$ may be r$uc$ by "o p\nd1 & = e p\nd ( ! alsike add$ x may be r$uc$ by #a-a_/b p\nds4 ,9 mixtures = p]man5t pa/ures1 #f p\nds may be fix$ ^u z ! maximum quantity ( m$ium r$ clov] se$ to s[1 & #c p\nds z ! av]age quantity4 ,:5 s[n to provide gre5 manure1 maximum quantities ( se$ are us$ :5 x is desir$ to improve ! soil quickly4 ,usually n less ?an #ab p\nds p] acre are s[n1 & q frequ5tly m4 ,b :5 ! gradual improvem5t ( ! l& is s\ght1 by s[+ ! se$ on all l& devot$ to ! small c]eal gra9s1 n m ?an #f p\nds p] acre are us$1 & frequ5tly ev5 less ?an #d p\nds4 ,! great] ! haz>d to ! plants 9 s[+ ! se$ ?us1 ! less ! quantities ( ! se$ t are usually s[n1 ) a view to r$uce ! loss 9 case ( failure to secure a /& ( ! clov]4 ,a /& ( m$ium r$ clov] is sometimes secur$ by :at may be t]m$ self-s[+4 ,= in/ance1 :]e clov] has be5 cut = hay & !n all[$ to mature ev5 b a portion ( ! se$ be=e be+ pl[$ "u ! same autumn1 ! se$ ?us buri$ rema9s 9 ! gr\nd )\t spr\t+4 ,:5 ! l& is aga9 pl[$ to ! same dep? & s[n ) "s k9d ( gra91 ! clov] se$ ?us br\ght to ! surface w g]m9ate4 ,if ! pl[+ la/ ref]r$ to is done 9 ! autumn1 x ought to be done late r ?an e>ly1 le/ ! se$ %\ld spr\t 9 ! autumn & p]i% 9 ! w9t]1 or be de/roy$ by ! cultivation giv5 9 s[+ ! gra9 crop t foll[s4 ,! same result may be obta9$ f clov] pa/ur$ aft] ! fir/ cutt+ = ! season1 :5 ! pa/ur+ is n close4 ,:5 m$ium r$ clov] is mu* gr[n = se$1 _m ( ! ripe heads are n cut by ! m[]1 s9ce !y lie ne> ! gr\nd1 & _m break (f 9 ! cur+ process4 ,! se$ ?us becomes s di/ribut$ 9 ! gr\nd1 t _m plants come up & gr[ amid ! gra9 e season4 ,^! may1 ( c\rse1 be graz$ or pl[$ "u = ! enri*m5t ( ! l&1 z desir$4 ,se$ ?us buri$ is1 !re=e1 n lo/ by any means4 ,! plants :i* gr[ w r5d] mu* assi/ance 9 keep+ ! l& 9 a good condition ( til?1 z well z 9 enhanc+ its f]tility4 ,:5 clov] se$ is mu* gr[n1 !re=e1 on any piece ( l&1 ! quantity ( se$ s[n may be r$uc$ mat]ially4 ,9 fact1 x may be s mu* r$uc$ t x has be5 f\nd possible to gr[ clov] 9 rotation = _m ye>s )\t add+ se$4 ,! fir/ gr[? ( ! clov] 0 tak5 z hay1 & ! second gr[? z se$4 ,! gr\nd 0 !n pl[$ & a crop ( corn 0 tak54 ,! corn l& 0 !n pl[$ & s[n ) "s c]eal1 su* z :eat1 oats or b>ley4 ,pa/ur+4--,m$ium r$ clov] w furni% graz+ v suitable = any k9d ( live /ock kept ^u ! f>m4 ,all f>m animals reli% x1 b n s highly z blue grass1 :5 ! latt] is t5d] & succul5t4 ,no plant is equally suitable 9 provid+ pa/ure = sw9e1 unless x be alfalfa2 h5ce1 = t class ( /ock1 x has come to be ! /aple pa/ure outside ( areas :]e alfalfa may be readily gr[n4 ,:5 desir$1 ! graz+ may beg9 ev5 at a reasonably e>ly /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! plants1 & x may cont9ue to ! end ( ! pa/ur+ season4 ,usually x is consid]$ unwise to pa/ure m$ium r$ clov] ! same season 9 :i* x has be5 s[n :5 s[n ) a nurse crop4 ,x has be5 notic$ t :5 s pa/ur$1 x does n w9t] s well1 & t ! lat] & m close ! pa/ur+ & ! cold] ! w9t] foll[+1 ! great] is ! haz>d f pa/ur+ ! clov]4 ,?is haz>d arises *iefly f ! exposure ( ! roots to ! sweep ( ! cold w9ds4 ,x %\ld be ! rule1 !re=e1 n only to refra9 f pa/ur+ clov] ?us1 b also to leave ! /ubbles high :5 pa/ur+ ! gra94 ,:]e ! sn[fall is light & ! cold is int5se1 to leave ! /ubbles ?us high is important1 s9ce !y aid 9 hold+ ! sn[4 ,b !re may be in/ances :5 ! clov] plants gr[ s vigor\sly t 9 places ( heavy sn[fall1 smo!r+ may result unless ! mass ( vegetation is 9 "s way remov$4 ,9 su* in/ances1 pa/ur+ may be 9 ord]2 b :5 practis$1 ! graz+ %\ld be ) cattle r ?an %eep or horses1 & x %\ld cease be=e ! cov]+ is remov$4 ,!re may also be locations :]e mu* b5efit foll[s 9 sev]al ways close1 or reasonably close1 cutt+ ( ! /ubbles q soon aft] ! nurse crop has be5 h>ve/$4 ,:5 clov] is s[n )\t a nurse crop1 x may be n only prop]1 b advantage\s1 to pa/ure x4 ,! graz+ %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be cont9u$ s late t ! plants w n h "t to make a suffici5cy ( gr[? to protect !m 9 w9t]4 ,su* graz+ is bett] adapt$ to areas 9 :i* ! season ( gr[? is long1 r ?an %ort2 :]e we$ gr[? is abundant1 z on c]ta9 ( ! soils ( ! prairie1 x may be necess>y to call 9 ! aid ( ! m[] once or ev5 twice dur+ ! season ( gr[?4 ,:5 a crop ( m$ium r$ clov] is desir$1 ! sure/ way to obta9 x 9 good =m is to pa/ure ! field dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! season1 & closely en\gh to h ! clov] eat5 d[n on e "p ( ! field4 ,:5 x is n s eat51 ! m[] %\ld be s us$ t ! gr[? & matur+ ( ! se$ crop may be ev5 & uni=m4 ,! season = remov+ ! live /ock w dep5d ^u latitude & altitude1 b x w be correct to say t x ought to be f two to ?ree weeks e>li] ?an ! prop] season = cutt+ clov] = hay4 ,:5 clov] is n graz$ ! ye> t x is s[n1 9 "s seasons ! /rong] plants w be> se$1 if all[$4 ,to su* an ext5t does ?is foll[ "u c]ta9 conditions & 9 c]ta9 areas1 t a consid]able crop ( se$ c\ld be obta9$ if ?is 7 desir$1 ev5 z _m z #d or #e bu%els p] acre 9 "s in/ances4 ,b x has be5 notic$ t if ?us all[$ to produce se$1 ! effect ^u ! gr[? ( ! crop ! next season is decid$ly injuri\s4 ,to prev5t su* a result ! m[] %\ld be run ov] ! field z soon z mu* haz>d is c]ta9ly app>5t1 & ! e>li] 9 ! season t ?is c be done ! bett]1 = ! reason t all we$s gr[+ are clipp$ (f1 & ! clov] has also a bett] *ance to provide protection = ! w9t] by gr[? subsequ5tly made4 ,:5 !re is an ov]-luxuriant gr[? 9 ! plants1 x may be well to ?us m[ ! field1 ev5 ?\gh se$ %\ld n be produc$4 ,! gr[? made by ! plants & ! mul* provid$ by ! portion cut make an excell5t prep>ation = ent]+ ! cold season4 ,b few pa/ure crops gr[n w furni% z mu* graz+ 9 "o season z m$ium r$ clov]4 ,x w probably furni% ! mo/ graz+ if all[$ to gr[ up be=e x is graz$ until ! /age ( bloom is approa*$ or rea*$1 b s9ce x is seldom practicable to graze x d[n quickly en\gh aft] t /age has be5 rea*$1 & s9ce !re is frequ5tly wa/e f tramp+1 graz+ usually beg9s1 & prop]ly s1 at an e>li] p]iod4 ,:5 cattle & %eep graze ^u "y clov]1 !re is "s dang] t hov5 or bloat+ may result to ! ext5t ( prov+ quickly fatal if n promptly reliev$4 ,! dang] is great] if ! animals are hungry :5 turn$ 9 ^u ! clov]1 & :5 x is wet ) dew or ra91 or 9 a m ?an ord9>ily succul5t condition4 ,su* dang] may be less5$1 if n1 inde$1 entirely elim9at$1 by giv+ ! animals access to o!r food1 z dry clov] hay1 = in/ance1 be=e turn+ !m 9 on ! pa/ure1 & ! dang] is always less 9 proportion z grasses are abundant 9 ! pa/ure4 ,%\ld bloat+ occur1 relief mu/ usually be prompt to be effective4 ,9 mild cases1 c]ta9 m$ic9es may br+ relief4 ,"o ( ! mo/ pot5t is ! foll[+3 ,give spirits ( turp5t9e 9 doses ( #a to #e tablespoonfuls1 accord+ to ! size ( ! animal4 ,dilute ) milk be=e adm9i/]+4 ,9 bad cases1 ! paun* %\ld be at once punctur$4 ,! be/ in/rum5ts are ! troc> & canula1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( ^! a pocket knife & goose quill may be made to answ]4 ,! puncture is made on ! left side1 at a po9t midway betwe5 ! la/ rib & hook po9t1 & b a few in*es f ! backbone4 ,! ?ru/+ in/rum5t %\ld po9t d[nw>d & slightly inw>d go+ into ! paun*4 ,) mu* promptness ! canula or ! quill %\ld be pu%$ d[n into ! paun* & held !re till ! gas escapes4 ,be=e ! tube is )drawn ! cont5ts ( ! paun* t h ris5 9 ! same %\ld be fir/ pu%$ d[n4 ,h>ve/+ = ,hay4--,m$ium r$ clov] is at its be/ = cutt+ = hay :5 9 full bloom1 & :5 a few ( ! heads :i* fir/ bloom$ are beg9n+ to turn br[n2 t is to say1 9 ! lat] r ?an 9 ! e>li] /age ( full bloom4 ,if cut soon]1 ! cur+ ( ! crop is t$i\s4 ,if cut lat] ! /alks lose 9 palatability4 ,b :5 ! wea!r is %[]y x may be bett] to def] cutt+ ev5 = sev]al days aft] ! clov] has rea*$ ! prop] /age = h>ve/+1 z ! injury f ra9 :ile ! crop is be+ cur$ may be great] ?an ! injury f ov]maturity 9 ! same be=e x is m[n4 ,:5 cur+ ! crop1 ! aim %\ld be to pres]ve to ! greate/ ext5t practicable ! loss ( ! leaves4 ,to accompli% su* a result1 ! clov] ought to be protect$ z f> z possible f exposure to dew or ra91 & also f excessive exposure to sun%9e4 ,dew injures m or less ! color ( ! hay & detracts f its palatability4 ,ra9 int5sifies su* injury 9 proportion z ! crop be+ h>ve/$ is expos$ to x4 ,x also wa%es out c]ta9 sub/ances1 :i*1 :5 pres5t1 affect favorably its aroma4 ,! injury f su* exposure increases ) ! int]val betwe5 cutt+ & /or+ ! crop4 ,exposure to successive %[]s may s s]i\sly injure ! hay z to r5d] x almo/ valueless = fe$+4 ,aft] ! m[n clov] has be5 expos$ 9 ! swa? to ! sunlight beyond a c]ta9 "t1 x turns br[n1 & if expos$ ?us long en\gh ! aroma w be lo/4 ,! aim %\ld be1 !re=e1 to cure ! clov] to ! greate/ ext5t practicable by ! aid ( ! w9d r ?an by t ( ! sun4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure to be foll[$ is 9 outl9e z giv5 bel[3 ,m[ z f> z possible :5 ! mead[ is n wet ) ra9 or dew4 ,m[ 9 ! aft]noon r ?an ! =5oon1 z ! injury f dew ! night foll[+ w be less4 ,/ir ) ! t$d] z soon z ! clov] has wilt$ some:at4 ,! t$d] %\ld be us$ once1 twice or (t5] z ! circum/ances may require4 ,! heavi] ! crop & ! less dry+ ! wea!r1 ! m ! t$d+ t %\ld be giv54 ,sometimes t$d+ once1 & 9 ne>ly all in/ances twice1 w be suffici5t4 ,! hay %\ld !n be rak$4 ,x is ready = be+ rak$ z soon z ! "w c be done easily & 9 an effici5t mann]4 ,:5 clov] is n dry en\gh = be+ rak$1 ! draught on ! rake w be unnecess>ily heavy1 ! dump+ ( ! hay w be labori\s1 & x does n rake z clean z x w\ld if ! hay 7 9 a fit condition = be+ rak$4 ,! aim %\ld be to h ! crop put up 9 heaps1 usually call$ cocks1 b sometimes call$ coils1 be=e ! second night arrives aft] ! m[+ ( ! clov]2 & 9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 x may be necess>y to "w on until ! %ades ( ev5+ are draw+ ne>4 ,:5 !re is a reasonable c]ta9ty t ! wea!r %all cont9ue dry1 x is q practicable to cure clov] 9 ! w9r[1 b 9 %[]y wea!r to attempt to d s w\ld mean ru9 to ! clov]4 ,9 no =m does x take injury s quickly f ra9 z 9 ! w9r[1 & :5 ra9 saturates x1 mu* labor is involv$ 9 spread+ x out aga94 ,nor is x possible to make hay q s good 9 quantity :5 clov] is cur$ 9 ! w9r[1 z ! surface expos$ to ! sun%9e is mu* great] ?an :5 x is mix$ ) timo?y or "s o!r grass t purpose1 nev]!less1 to cure x ?us1 especially :5 x is mix$ ) timo?y or "s o!r grass t cures m easily & readily ?an clov]4 ,x may also be tak5 up ) ! hay-load] :5 cur$ ?us1 :i* v mu* facilitates easy /or+4 ,b :5 x is to be lift$ ) ! hay-load]1 ! w9r[s %\ld be made small r ?an l>ge4 ,:5 ! clov] is to be put up into cocks1 ^! %\ld be small r ?an l>ge1 if quick cur+ is desir$4 ,9 mak+ ^!1 skill$ labor c\nts = mu*4 ,! cocks are simply little m9iature /acks4 ,! "p next to ! gr\nd has less diamet] ?an ! c5t] ( ! cock4 ,z ea* =kful is put on aft] ! fir/1 ! =k is turn$ ov] s t ! hay spreads out ov] ! surface ( ! heap z x is be+ deposit$4 ,small] =kfuls are put on z ! top is be+ rea*$4 ,! c5t] is kept highe/ :5 mak+ ! cock4 ,ea* "o may be made to conta9 ab\t #ajj p\nds & upw>d ( cur$ hay1 b 9 "s in/ances !y %\ld n conta9 m ?an half ! am\nt to facilitate dry+4 ,:5 ! heap has become l>ge en\gh1 ! inv]t$ =k %\ld be made to draw d[n on e side ! loose portions1 :i* 9 turn are put ^u ! top ( ! cock4 ,su* trimm+ is an important aid to ! %$d+ ( ra94 ,an exp]t h& w put up "o ( ^! cocks ( hay 9 less "t ?an x takes to read ab\t h[ x is done4 ,a light ra9 w n v mu* injure a crop ( clov] aft] x has be5 put up into cocks1 b a soak+ ra9 w probably p5etrate !m to ! bottom4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is1 9 localities :]e ! ra9fall may be consid]able 9 h>ve/ "t1 hay caps are frequ5tly us$4 ,^! may be made f a good quality ( unblea*$ musl9 or /rong cotton1 or !y may be obta9$ f "s ( ^? :o deal 9 t5t awn+s & /ack cov]s4 ,:5 ( good quality & well c>$ = !y %\ld la/ = #aj to #bj ye>s4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 putt+ !m on le/ ! w9d :i* frequ5tly prec$es a ?und] /orm %\ld bl[ !m away4 ,! p9s us$ at ! corn]s ( ! caps %\ld be c>efully & firmly ins]t$ 9 ! hay or ! gr\nd1 or ! caps %\ld h suffici5tly heavy weights atta*$ to !m at ! corn]s to prev5t _! lift+ ) ! w9d4 ,9 putt+ up ! hay ! size ( ! cocks %\ld be adju/$ to ! size ( ! cov]s us$4 ,"o p]son %\ld apply ! cov]s z quickly z two w put up ! hay4 ,:5 clov] hay is put up into cocks1 x und]goes :at is t]m$ ! heat+ process2 t is1 x becomes w>m 9 ! c5t] ( ! heaps up to a c]ta9 po9t1 aft] :i* ! heat gradually leaves x4 ,! heat ?us g5]at$ is proportionate to ! size ( ! cocks & ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! clov]4 ,! sweat+ process usually cov]s two or ?ree days1 aft] :i* ! hay is ready = be+ /or$4 ,:5 clov] is cur$ 9 ! w9r[1 x does n g ?r\gh ! sweat+ process to ! same ext5t z :5 cur$ 9 ! cock2 h5ce1 x is liable to sweat 9 ! m[1 & to su* an ext5t z to induce mold1 if x has be5 /or$ away ) moi/ure 9 x beyond a c]ta9 degree4 ,if a wisp ( clov] is tak5 f ! lea/ cur$ portion ( ! w9r[ or cock1 & twi/$ betwe5 ! h&s1 x is consid]$ ready = be+ /or$ if no liquid is disc]nible4 ,if ov]cur$1 :5 ?us twi/$ x w break asund]4 ,a skill$ workman c also judge fairly well ( ! degree ( ! cur+ by ! weight :5 lift$ ) ! =k4 ,"u "s conditions1 x may be advisable to op5 out ! cocks two or ?ree h\rs be=e draw+ !m1 t ! hot sun%9e may remove undue moi/ure4 ,:5 ?is is done1 if ! cocks are tak5 d[n 9 di/9ct =kfuls1 z x 71 ea* be+ giv5 a place di/9ct f ! o!rs1 ! lift+ ( ^! w be mu* easi] ?an if ! clov] 9 ea* cock _h be5 /rewn c>elessly ov] ! gr\nd4 ,! l[e/ =kful 9 ! cock %\ld be turn$ ov]1 s9ce ! hay 9 x w h imbib$ m or less ( dampness f ! gr\nd4 ,b 9 "s in/ances ! wea!r = h>ve/+ is s favorable t ! precaution is unnecess>y ( ?us op5+ out ! cocks or ev5 ( mak+ !m at all4 ,/or+4--,/or+ clov] "u cov] is f> pref]able to putt+ x up 9 /acks1 except 9 ra9less climates4 ,) ! aid ( ! hay-load] 9 lift+ x f w9r[s 9 ! field1 & ( ! hay =k 9 unload+1 ! h& labor 9 /or+ is greatly r$uc$1 b :5 x is unload$ ) ! horse =k1 ! aim %\ld be to dump ! hay f ! =k on diff]5t p>ts ( ! m[ or /ack1 le/ x %\ld become too solidly press$ toge!r "u ! dump1 & heat & mold 9 consequ5ce4 ,:5 ! hay is /ack$1 especially 9 climates ( consid]able ra9fall1 a bottom %\ld be prep>$ on :i* to /ack x4 ,?is may be made ( poles or rails4 ,a few ( ^! %\ld fir/ be laid "o way on ! gr\nd & p>allel1 & o!rs across !m4 ,:]e su* mat]ial _c be _h1 old /raw or hay ( b little value %\ld be spread ov] ! /ack bottom to a consid]able dep?4 ,:]e ^! precautions are n tak51 ! hay 9 ! bottom ( ! /ack w be spoil$ = "s di/ance upw>d by moi/ure asc5d+ f ! gr\nd4 ,9 build+ ! /ack1 ! c5t] %\ld be kept consid]ably high] ?an ! out] edges1 t ra9 may be %$1 & ! wid? ( ! same %\ld increase up to at lea/ two-?irds ( ! height1 ! bett] to protect ! hay und]nea?4 ,! tramp+ %\ld be ev51 or ! hay 9 settl+ w draw to "o side1 & ! topp+ out %\ld be gradual r ?an abrupt4 ,9 topp+ out a clov] /ack "s hay %\ld be us$ n easily p5etrat$ by ra91 z1 = in/ance1 blue grass obta9$ f f5ce corn]s1 or sl\gh hay obta9$ f m>%es4 ,! la/-nam$ is bett] put on gre54 ,if ! clov] is n ?us protect$1 a consid]able quantity w spoil on ! top ( ! /acks4 ,x is n a good hay to turn ra94 ,! %ape ( ! /ack %\ld 9 a consid]able degree be det]m9$ by its size4 ,x is probably pref]able to make small /acks r\nd1 s9ce !y are m easily kept 9 %ape1 b l>ge /acks %\ld be long r ?an r\nd1 z l>ge1 r\nd /acks call = undue height 9 br++ !m to a top4 ,because ( ! ease ) :i* ra9 p5etrates clov]1 x is v desirable to h x put "u a ro(4 ,:]e x _c be protect$ by ! ro( ( a b>n or /able1 ! aim %\ld be to /ore x 9 a hay %$2 t is to say1 a frame /ructure1 op5 on all sides & cov]$ ) a ro(4 ,su* %$s may be con/ruct$ 9 a timb] c\ntry )\t great co/4 ,%\ld ! clov] hay be /or$ a little und]cur$1 "s gr[]s favor s[+ salt1 say1 f #d to #h qu>ts ov] ea* load :5 spread ov] ! m[4 ,!y d s "u ! conviction t its pres]vative qualities w be to "s ext5t efficaci\s 9 prev5t+ ! hay f mold+1 & t x adds to ! palatability ( ! hay4 ,:ile x may r5d] "s s]vice 9 bo? ( ^! respects1 x w\ld seem probable t ! b5efits claim$ h be5 ov]rat$4 ,! m frequ5tly clov] hay is h&l$1 ! m is its fe$+ value impair$1 because ( ! loss ( heads & leaves :i* att5d ea* h&l+ ( ! crop4 ,because ( ?is1 x is n s good a crop = bal+ z timo?y1 & also = o!r reasons4 ,x %\ld be ! aim :5 /or+ x = home fe$+ to place x :]e x c be f$ z f> z possible directly f ! place ( /orage4 ,9 ! location ( hay %$s1 !re=e1 due att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ?is matt]4 ,9 climates t are moi/1 "s gr[]s /ore clov] 9 a m[ :5 x has only rea*$ ! wilt+ /age 9 ! cur+ process4 ,:5 ?us /or$ x is pres]v$ on ! pr9ciple :i* pres]ves silage4 ,! aim is :5 /or+ to exclude ! air z f> z possible by impact+ ! mass ( gre5 clov] ?r\gh its own weight1 aid$ by tramp+4 ,x %\ld be m or less wilt$ be=e be+ /or$1 accord+ to ! succul5ce 9 x1 & x is consid]$ highly important t x %all also be free f ext]nal moi/ure4 ,:5 ?us /or$ x %\ld be 9 l>ge m[s1 & x %\ld be well tramp$1 o!rwise ! impaction may n be suffici5t4 ,to ?is me?od ( /orage !re are ! foll[+ objections3 #a4 ,! hay has to be h&l$ :ile x is yet gre5 & wet4 #b4 ,!re is haz>d t mu* ( ! hay w be spoil$ 9 unskill$ h&s4 #c4 ,"u ! mo/ favorable conditions m or less ( ! clov] is pretty c]ta9 to mold ne> ! edges ( ! mass4 ,:]e clov] c be made into hay 9 ! ord9>y way )\t incurr+ mu* haz>d ( spoil+1 ! practice ( /or+ x away 9 ! gre5 =m1 except 9 a silo1 w\ld seem ( que/ionable propriety4 ,! mak+ ( clov] into ensilage is discuss$ 9 ! book ,soil+ ,crops & ! ,silo by ! au?or4 ,secur+ ,se$4--,z a rule1 se$ is n produc$ f ! fir/ cutt+ = ! season ( m$ium r$ clov]4 ,x is claim$ t ?is is due to lack ( poll5ization 9 ! blossoms1 & because !y are 9 advance ( ! active p]iod ( work+ 9 bumble bees1 ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* f]tilization is *iefly effect$4 ,?is w\ld seem to be a suffici5t explanation z to :y m$ium r$ clov] plants w frequ5tly be> se$ ! fir/ ye>1 if all[$ to1 ?\gh ! fir/ cutt+ f old] plants w h little or no se$4 ,b x is claim$ t ! ord9>y honey bee may be & is ! m$ium = f]tiliz+ alsike & small :ite clov]1 b n t ?r\gh :i* ! mammo? v>iety is f]tiliz$4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 fur!r1 t1 z a rule1 bett] crops ( clov] se$ may be obta9$ f clov] t has be5 pa/ur$ (f ?an f t :i* has be5 m[n = hay1 al?\gh to ?is rule !re are "s exceptions4 ,?is arises1 9 "p1 f ! fact t ! en]gies ( ! plant h be5 less drawn ^u 9 produc+ gr[?1 &1 !re=e1 c produce sup]ior se$ heads & se$1 & 9 "p f ! fur!r fact t !re is usually m moi/ure 9 ! soil at ! season :5 ! plants :i* h be5 pa/ur$ (f are gr[+4 ,!re w\ld seem to be "s relation betwe5 ! gr[+ ( good crops ( clov] se$ & pa/ur+ ! same ) %eep4 ,x has be5 claim$ t s great is ! increase ( se$ 9 "s in/ances f pa/ur+ ) %eep till ab\t ,june #a/1 say1 9 ! latitude ( ,ohio1 t ! f>m] :o has no %eep c\ld af=d to give ! graz+ to "o :o has1 because ( ! extra return 9 se$ result+4 ,! be/ crops ( se$ are obta9$ :5 ! gr[? is :at may be t]m$ m$ium or normal4 ,summ]s1 !re=e1 t are unusually wet or dry are n favorable to ! production ( clov] se$4 ,if we$s are gr[+ amid ! clov] plants t are likely to mature se$1 !y %\ld1 :]e practicable1 be remov$4 ,! ,canada ?i/le1 ragwe$1 planta9 & burdock are among ! we$s t may ?us rip5 se$s 9 m$ium clov]4 ,:5 n too num]\s !y c be cut ) ! spud4 ,:5 too num]\s to be ?us cut1 :]e practicable1 !y %\ld be kept f se$+ ) ! aid ( ! scy!4 ,to prev5t !m f matur+ is important1 z ! se$s ( c]ta9 we$s _c be sep>at$ f ^? ( clov] ) ! fann+ mill1 !y are s alike 9 size4 ,! crop is ready = be+ cut :5 ! heads h all turn$ br[n1 except a few ( ! small] & lat] ones4 ,x may be cut by ! m[] z ord9>ily us$1 by ! m[]1 ) a bo>d or z9c plat=m atta*m5t to ! cutt] b>1 by ! self-rake reap]1 or by ! gra9 b9d]4 ,! objection to ! fir/ me?od is t ! se$ has to be rak$ & t ! rak+ results 9 ! loss ( mu* se$2 to ! second1 t x calls = an additional man to rake (f ! clov]2 & to ! ?ird1 t ! b9d] is heavi] ?an ! self-rake reap]4 ,! latt] lays ! clov] (f 9 loose %eaves4 ,^! may be made l>ge or small1 z desir$1 & if c>e is tak5 to lay !m (f 9 r[s1 ! lift+ ( ! crop is r5d]$ mu* easi]4 ,:5 ! clov] is cut ) ! m[]1 x %\ld be rak$ into w9r[s :ile x is a little damp1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ev5+4 ,if rak$ 9 ! heat ( ! day _m ( ! heads w break (f & w ?us be lo/4 ,f ! w9r[s x is lift$ ) l>ge =ks4 ,:5 ! crop is laid (f 9 %eaves x may be necess>y to turn !m once1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( ra91 b frequ5tly ?is is n necess>y4 ,9 ! turn+ process g5tle h&l+ is important1 le/ mu* ( ! se$ %\ld be lo/4 ,! se$ heads ( a mature crop break (f v easily 9 ! h\rs ( bright sun%9e4 ,r ?an turn ! %eaves ov]1 x may be bett]1 9 _m in/ances1 j to lift !m ) a =k ) _m t9es1 & set !m d[n easily aga9 on gr\nd :i* is n damp "u !m1 l unto t f :i* !y h be5 remov$4 ,clov] se$ may be /or$ 9 ! b>n or /ack1 or x may be ?re%$ directly 9 ! field or f ! same4 ,! labor involv$ 9 h&l+ ! crop is less :5 x is ?re%$ at once ?an by any o!r me?od1 b frequ5tly at su* a busy season x is n easily possible to secure ! labor requir$ = ?is "w4 ,x is usually ready = be+ ?re%$ 9 two or ?ree days aft] ! crop has be5 cut1 b :5 ! wea!r is fair x may rema9 9 ! field = z _m weeks aft] be+ h>ve/$ )\t any s]i\s damage to ! se$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /raw1 or haulm1 z x is m commonly call$1 is to be f$ to live /ock1 ! m quickly t ! ?re%+ is done aft] h>ve/+1 ! m valuable w ! haulm be = su* a use4 ,:5 /or$ 9 ! b>n or /ack1 x is common to def] ?re%+ until ! adv5t ( fro/y wea!r1 = ! reason1 fir/1 t ! se$ is !n m easily sep>at$ f ! *aff :i* encases x2 & second1 t f>m "w is n !n s press+4 ,:5 ?re%$ 9 or directly f ! field1 bright wea!r ought to be *os5 = do+ ! "w1 o!rwise m or less ( ! se$ w rema9 9 ! *aff4 ,9 lift+ ! crop = ?re%+ or = /orage1 mu* c>e %\ld be ex]cis$1 z ! heads break (f easily4 ,! =k us$ 9 lift+ x1 :e!r ) iron or ) wood5 prongs1 %\ld h ^! long & s num]\s t 9 lift+ ! t9es w\ld g "u r ?an d[n ?r\gh ! bun* to be lift$4 ,! wagon rack %\ld also be cov]$ ) canvas1 if all ! se$ is to be sav$4 ,if /or$ 9 /acks mu* c>e %\ld be us$ 9 mak+ ^!1 z ! se$ crop 9 ! /ack is ev5 m easily injur$ by ra9 ?an ! hay crop4 ,! cov]+ ( old hay ( "s k9d t w %$ ra9 easily %\ld be mo/ c>efully put on4 ,ye>s ago ! idea prevail$ t clov] se$ c\ld n be successfully ?re%$ until ! /raw _h1 9 a s5se1 rott$ 9 ! field by ly+ expos$ 9 ! same = sev]al weeks4 ,! introduction ( improv$ ma*9]y has dispell$ ?is idea4 ,! se$ is m commonly ?re%$ by a ma*9e made purposely = ?re%+ clov] call$ a clov] hull]4 ,! cyl9d] tee? us$ 9 x are mu* clos] ?an 9 ! ord9>y gra9 sep>ator4 ,! sieves are also diff]5t1 & ! "w is less rapidly done ?an if done by ! =m]4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! se$ is successfully ?re%$ ) an ord9>y gra9 ?re%+ ma*9e1 & ! "w ( ?re%+ is ?us m exp$iti\sly done4 ,c]ta9 atta*m5ts are necess>y1 b x is claim$ t n m ?an an h\r is necess>y to put ^! 9 place1 or to prep>e ! ma*9e aga9 = ?re%+ gra94 ,s9ce ! se$ is n deem$ suffici5tly clean = m>ket z x comes f ! ma*9e1 x %\ld be c>efully w9n[$ by runn+ x ?r\gh a fann+ mill ) ! requisite equipm5t ( sieves4 ,x is important t ?is "w %\ld be c>efully done if ! se$ is to grade z ,no4 #a 9 ! m>ket4 ,if x does n1 ! price w be disc\nt$ 9 proportion z x falls bel[ ! /&>d4 ,a c]ta9 proportion ( ! se$ ?us sep>at$ w be small & light4 ,?is1 if sold at all1 mu/ be sold at a disc\nt4 ,if mix$ ) we$ se$s x %\ld be gr\nd & f$ to "s k9d ( /ock4 ,! haulm1 :5 ! se$ crop has be5 well sav$1 has "s fe$+ value1 especially = cattle4 ,if n well sav$ x is only fit = litt]1 b ev5 :5 ?us us$ its f]tiliz+ value is ab\t two-?irds t ( clov] hay4 ,m or less se$ rema9s 9 ! *aff1 & because ( ?is ! latt] is sometimes drawn & /rewn ov] pa/ures1 or 9 c]ta9 by places :]e clov] plants are want$4 ,se$ s[n 9 ! *aff has mu* p[] to gr[1 ow+1 x is ?\ght1 to ! ability ( ! hull enclos+ ! se$ to hold moi/ure4 ,! yields 9 ! se$ crops ( m$ium r$ clov] v>y all ! way f #a to #h bu%els p] acre4 ,! av]age yields "u c]ta9 conditions are f #c to #d bu%els p] acre4 ,"u conditions less favorable1 f #b to #c bu%els4 ,)9 ! pa/ two decades ! se$ crop has be5 s]i\sly injur$ by an insect commonly spok5 ( z ! clov] midge 7,cecidomyia legum9icola7 :i* preys ^u ! heads s t !y fail to produce4 ,a field ?us affect$ w n come prop]ly into bloom4 ,! rem$y consi/s 9 s graz+ or cutt+ ! clov] t ! bloom w come at t season ( ! summ] :5 ! insects d n "w ^u ! heads4 ,?is season c only be det]m9$ by actual te/4 ,9 ,nor!rn areas x c usually be accompli%$ by pu%+ ! p]iod ( bloom usual = ! second crop two to f\r weeks =w>d4 ,r5ew+4--,:5 clov] is gr[n = hay1 x is n usual to try to r5ew ! crop1 because ( ! %ort-liv$ p]iod ( ! plant4 ,b 9 "s in/ances x has be5 f\nd advantage\s4 ,on light prairie soils s&y 9 texture1 locat$ 9 ! upp] ,mississippi bas91 x has be5 f\nd possible to gr[ timo?y mead[ = sev]al ye>s 9 succession ) a goodly spr9kl+ ( clov] 9 x )\t re-se$+4 ,9 su* in/ances1 ! l& is n pa/ur$ at all1 except 9 seasons q favorable to gr[?1 & 9 ^! ! pa/ur+ is n close4 ,! clov] plants t gr[ aft] ! crop has be5 cut = hay produce se$4 ,! heads 9 due "t break (f & are scatt]$ m or less ov] ! soil by ! w9ds4 ,9 "t !y dis9tegrate1 & m or less ( ! se$ g]m9ates1 ?us =m+ new plants1 "s ( :i*1 especially 9 favorable seasons1 reta9 _! hold ^u ! soil4 ,?is me?od may be wor?y ( imitation 9 localities :]e x has be5 f\nd difficult to get a /& 9 dry seasons on ?is class ( soils4 ,:5 ! /& ( clov] secur$ is v>iable1 t is to say1 p>tial1 z :5 ! clov] is abundant 9 ! l[] portions ( ! l& & entirely abs5t on ! high] gr\nd1 x may be wor? :ile to re-s[ ! se$ on ! latt] e>ly ! foll[+ spr+4 ,b be=e do+ s1 ! l& %\ld be c>efully disk$ 9 ! fall1 & ! clov] se$ h>r[$ or o!rwise cov]$ 9 ! spr+4 ,%\ld ! summ] foll[+ prove favorable1 ! se$ ?us s[n may produce hay1 b n likely 9 "t to be h>ve/$ ) ! o!r portions ( ! field4 ,b ?\gh x %\ld n produce mu* hay ! se$ is likely to be b5efit$ to an ext5t t w f> m ?an repay ! outlay involv$ 9 labor & se$4 ,if ! clov] has be5 s[n = pa/ure1 ! r5ewal ( ! same on high] gr\nd may be made z /at$ above1 b ) ! diff]5ce t ! same k9d or k9ds ( gra9 may also be s[n at ! same "t z ! clov] is becom+ root$4 ,9 pa/ures1 m$ium r$ clov] may be r5ew$ :5ev] ! attempt is made to r5ew ! pa/ures1 z by disk+ !m & !n s[+ ^u !m ! se$s ( c]ta9 grasses or clov]s or bo?4 ,! disk+ is usually done 9 ! spr+ & :ile ! fro/ is out = only a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface4 ,! am\nt ( se$ to s[ ne$ n be l>ge1 usually n m ?an #b or #c p\nds p] acre1 especially :5 se$ ( o!r v>ieties is s[n at ! same "t4 ,"o /roke ( ! h>r[ foll[+ w provide a suffici5t cov]+ = ! se$4 ,clov] z a ,f]tiliz]4--,x w\ld probably be correct to say t no plant has yet be5 introduc$ into ,am]ican agriculture t has be5 f\nd s g5]ally useful z clov] 9 f]tiliz+ l& & 9 improv+ ! me*anical condition4 ,"s :o h inve/igat$ claim t !re is m nitrog5 9 a clov] sod aft] ! removal ( a good crop ( clov] ?an w suffice = f\r av]age f>m crops1 m phosphoric acid ?an w suffice = two1 & m pota% ?an w suffice = six4 ,x beg9s to draw nitrog5 f ! air z soon z ! tub]cles comm5ce to =m & cont9ues to add ?us to ! enri*m5t ( ! l& dur+ all ! succe$+ p]iod ( active gr[?4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! nitrog5 is drawn 9 great "p f ! air2 consequ5tly1 soil f :i* a b\ntiful crop ( clov] has be5 remov$ w be consid]ably ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an be=e x grew ! same1 & ?is w hold true z intimat$ above1 ev5 ?\gh ! crop %\ld be remov$ & sold4 ,"u ! same conditions x w also be true 9 available phosphoric acid & pota%4 ,b ! latt] are ga!r$ f ! soil & subsoil :ile ! plants 7 gr[+4 ,consequ5tly1 if crops ( clov] are gr[n 9 %ort rotation p]iods & if no f]tiliz] is giv5 to ! l& o!r ?an ! clov] br+s to x1 :ile x w be abundantly suppli$ ) nitrog51 a "t w come :5 ! supply ( phosphoric acid & pota% may be s r$uc$ t ! soil w n gr[ ev5 good crops ( clov]4 ,:5 ?is po9t is rea*$ ! soil is spok5 ( z clov] sick4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 ne>ly all soils are s well /or$ ) phosphoric acid & pota% t ?is result is n likely to foll[ = _m ye>s4 ,b le/ x %\ld1 att5tion %\ld be giv5 to f]tiliz+ ! l& occasionally ) f>my>d manure1 or ) phosphoric acid & pota% appli$ z comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,because ( ?is1 & also = o!r reasons1 x is usually consid]$ m pr(itable 9 ! end to fe$ clov] on ! f>m & return x to ! l& 9 ! =m ( manure4 ,b clov] may cease to gr[ on l& :]e once x grew well1 because ( o!r reasons1 su* z *anges 9 ! me*anical condition ( ! soil caus$ by ! depletion ( its humus & *anges 9 its *emical condition1 su* z increas$ acidity4 ,! rem$y is ! removal ( ! cause4 ,! roots also put l>ge quantities ( humus 9 ! soil4 ,:]e crops are regul>ly gr[n 9 %ort rotations !y w suffice to keep x amply suppli$ = ord9>y production4 ,because ( ?is x is usually consid]$ m pr(itable to cut bo? ! crops :i* m$ium r$ clov] produces 9 "o season1 or to pa/ure (f "o or bo?1 ?an to pl[ "u ei!r z gre5 manure4 ,b :5 soils are too /iff or too op5 9 "* x may be advantage\s to bury clov] to re/ore ! equilibrium4 ,x may also be necess>y to bury an occasional crop 9 ord] to put ! l& quickly 9 a condition to produce "s desir$ crop1 ! gr[? ( :i* calls = l>ge supplies ( humus4 ,:5 clov] is pl[$ "u x w usually be f\nd m pr(itable to bury ! second gr[? ( ! season ?an ! fir/4 ,! crop is 9 ! be/ condition = be+ pl[$ "u :5 ! plants are com+ into bloom4 ,if left until ! /ems lose _! succul5ce ! sl[ decay foll[+ 9 conjunction ) ! bulk9ess ( ! mass pl[$ "u might prove h>mful to ! crop foll[+ ! clov]4 ,! influ5ce ( ! roots ^u ! me*anical condition ( ! soil is mo/ b5eficial4 ,! roots g d[n deep into ! subsoil & also ab\nd 9 fibr\s gr[?4 ,! tap roots 9 _! decay furni% op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! sup]flu\s wat] may g d[n into ! subsoil4 ,! fib]s adh]+ to ! ma9 roots s ramify ?r\gh ! soil t :5 ev5 /iff l& is fill$ ) !m x is r5d]$ friable1 & is consequ5tly br\ght into a good me*anical condition4 ,:ile all v>ieties ( clov] may be utiliz$ 9 produc+ food & 9 enri*+ l&1 none is equal to ! m$ium r$ = ! two purposes comb9$4 ,?is arises f ! fact t none save ! m$ium r$ gr[s two crops 9 "o season "u ord9>y conditions4 ,?\gh ! fir/ crop %\ld be tak5 = food1 z x g5]ally is1 !re is /ill ample "t = a second crop to gr[ = pl[+ "u ! same season4 ,?is second gr[? is ready = be+ pl[$ "u :5 "t is less valuable ?an x w\ld be :5 ! mammo? or alsike v>ieties w\ld be 9 season = be+ ?us cov]$4 ,& yet ! "w may be done suffici5tly e>ly to admit ( s[+ fall or w9t] crops on ! l& :i* produc$ ! clov]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,alfalfa ,alfalfa 7,m$icago sativa7 previ\s to its introduction into ,cali=nia1 f ,*ili1 ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 0 usually kn[n by ! ,fr5* "n ,luc]ne4 ,! "n ,alfalfa is probably ,arabic 9 its orig91 & ! t]m ,luc]ne has probably be5 giv5 to x f ! ,canton ,luc]ne 9 ,switz]l&4 ,x has foll[$ ! plant into ,spa9 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & n[ x seems probable t soon x w be kn[n by no o!r "n ov] all ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,x has also be5 kn[n by names appli$ to x f v>i\s c\ntries = :i* x has %[n high adaptation1 z1 = in/ance1 ,sicilian ,clov]1 ,mexican ,clov]1 ,*ilian ,clov]1 ,brazilian ,clov]1 ,/yrian ,clov] & ,burgundy ,clov]4 ,9 yet o!r in/ances1 names h be5 appli$ to x indicative ( "s peculi>ity ( gr[?1 z1 = in/ance1 ,bran*+ ,clov]1 ,p]5nial ,clov]1 ,/em ,clov] & ,mon?ly ,clov]4 ,alfalfa is upright & bran*+ 9 its habit ( gr[?1 m s ?an ! common v>ieties ( clov]4 ,x usually gr[s to ! height ( #b to #c feet1 b x has be5 kn[n to rea* a mu* great] height4 ,al?\gh possess$ ( a s+le /em :5 ! plants are "y1 ! numb] ( ! /ems increases up to a c]ta9 limit1 ) ! age ( ! plants & ! numb] ( ! cutt+s4 ,=ty to fifty /alks frequ5tly gr[ up f ! cr[n ( a s+le plant :]e ! conditions are q favorable to gr[?1 & 9 "s in/ances z _m z a hundr$4 ,! leaves are n l>ge1 b num]\s1 & 9 ! cur+ ( ! plants !y drop (f mu* m easily ?an ^? ( ! m valuable ( ! clov]s4 ,! fl[]s are borne t[>d ! top ( ! /ems & bran*es1 & !y are 9 a long clu/]1 r ?an 9 a compact head4 ,!y are usually ( a blui% t9t1 b ! %ades ( ! color v>y ) ! /ra9 f blue to p9k & yell[4 ,! se$s are borne 9 spirally coil$ pods4 ,!y resemble ^? ( r$ clov] 9 size1 b are less uni=m 9 %ape4 ,! color %\ld be a light olive gre54 ,! tap roots g d[n deeply into ! soil & subsoil :]e ! conditions z to texture & moi/ure are favorable4 ,x has be5 claim$ t alfalfa roots h gone d[n into cong5ial subsoils #dj to #ej feet1 b usually less1 probably1 ?an "o-f\r? ( ! di/ances m5tion$ w\ld measure ! dep?s to :i* ! roots g4 ,& ) decreas+ porosity 9 ! subsoil1 !re w be decrease 9 root p5etration until x w rea* 9 "s in/ances n m ?an #c to #d feet4 ,b :]e ! roots are ?us h9d]$ f go+ deep]1 !y bran* out m 9 _! se>* = food4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,alfalfa 7,m$icago sativa7 ,oregon ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,alfalfa is p]5nial4 ,9 ! duration ( its gr[?1 no fodd] plant gr[n "u dome/ication w equal x4 ,x has be5 kn[n1 x is claim$1 to produce pr(itable crops = half a c5tury4 ,9 "s ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates are mead[s f #be to #dj ye>s old4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 ! season ( pr(itable gr[? is n m ?an1 say1 #f to #ab ye>s :5 gr[n on upl& soils4 ,! mead[s usually become m or less we$y or possess$ by v>i\s grasses1 & "s ( ! plants die4 ,! plants at fir/ s5d up a s+le /em4 ,:5 ?is matures or is cut back ! uncut portion ( ! /em dies d[n to ! cr[n ( ! plant1 :i* !n s5ds out o!r /ems4 ,?is is repeat$ z (t5 z ! /ems are cut d[n until _m /ems gr[ up f "o plant z indicat$ above1 unless ! plants are s cr[d$ t su* multiplication is m or less h9d]$4 ,! plants gr[ rapidly z soon z spr+ arrives1 & z (t5 z cut (f !y at once spr+ aga9 into vigor\s life1 :]e ! conditions are favorable to su* gr[?2 h5ce1 f "o to twelve cutt+s ( soil+ may be obta9$ 9 a s+le season1 ! =m] result be+ obta9$ 9 arid climates1 :]e ! conditions are unpropiti\s1 & ! latt] be+ possible only 9 cong5ial soils1 :]e ! w9t]s are v mild & :]e ! soils are irrigat$4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ev5 on upl& soils & 9 ! abs5ce ( irrigation1 n few] ?an #c to #e cutt+s ( soil+ food are obta9$ ea* ye> & n few] ?an #b to #d crops ( hay4 ,a numb] ( v>ieties s call$ are gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y diff] f ea* o!r m1 h[ev]1 9 _! adaptation 9 ess5tial prop]ties relat+ to ! quality ( ! pa/ure & fodd] produc$1 ?an 9 ! quality ( food product obta9$ f !m4 ,! v>iety commonly gr[n f se$ produc$ 9 ! ,we/ is usually spok5 ( simply z alfalfa1 :ile t gr[n f se$ ,european 9 orig9 has be5 m commonly call$ ,luc]ne4 ,! =m] ( ^! has a t5d5cy to gr[ tall] ?an ! latt] & to s5d its roots d[n to a great] dep?4 ,9 addition to ^!1 su* /ra9s z ! ,turke/an1 ! ,rh5i%1 ! ,m9nesota & ,s& ,luc]ne h be5 introduc$4 ,! ,turke/an v>iety 0 introduc$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,x 0 br\ght f prov9ces beyond ! ,caspian 9 ,russia1 ,asia4 ,! object s\ght 0 to introduce a v>iety t w\ld bett] )/& ! rigors ( a climate dry 9 summ] & cold 9 w9t] ?an ! v>iety commonly gr[n4 ,"s /ra9s ( ?is v>iety h prov$ dr\ght resi/ant to a rem>kable degree4 ,x has also %[n itself capable ( endur+ )\t injury temp]atures s l[ z to result 9 ! de/ruction ( plants ( ! common v>iety4 ,9 trials made by gr[]s 9 ,nor? ,dakota & ,nor!rn ,m9nesota1 x has be5 f\nd able to endure ! w9t]'s cold 9 ^! areas4 ,b x has also be5 f\nd t :ile ! plants produc$ "s se$ 9 ! ,c5tral ,m\nta9 ,/ates1 !y did n produce mu* se$ :5 gr[n 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,unless se$ c be secur$ f plants gr[n 9 ! latt] 9 suffici5t quantities to meet ! ne$s ( gr[]s1 x is fe>$ t 9 "t "s ( ! h>dy *>act]i/ics ( ?is v>iety w be lo/ if ! ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,m\nta9 ,/ates mu/ be reli$ ^u z ! ,am]ican s\rces ( se$ supplies4 ,! ,rh5i% /ra9 comes f ,c5tral ,europe4 ,x has be5 highly comm5d$ by "s ,european se$sm5 = its h>dihood1 b x has be5 z yet gr[n to only a limit$ ext5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,m9nesota /ra9 0 d\btless br\ght to ,c>v] ,c\nty by ,g]man f>m]s1 by :om x has be5 gr[n 9 ! neighborhood ( ,lake ,waconia = ne>ly #bj ye>s4 ,x has be5 f\nd mu* h>di] ?an ! common v>iety :5 gr[n 9 t neighborhood1 & ! endurance ( plants gr[n f se$ ( ?is /ra9 f> nor?w>d has be5 v pron\nc$4 ,z ?is v>iety produces reasonably good se$ crops 9 ,c5tral ,m9nesota1 x w\ld seem reasonable to expect t x w become popul> 9 ,nor!rn areas4 ,s& ,luc]ne1 :i* comes f ,c5tral ,europe1 has consid]able adaptation = poor & light soils1 & 9 trials made at ! ,mi*igan exp]im5t /ation 0 f\nd possess$ ( di/9ctive m]it = su* soils4 ,:]e alfalfa c be gr[n freely1 x is unexcell$ z a pa/ure = sw9e1 & is 9 favor also z a pa/ure = horses4 ,:ile cattle & %eep graz$ ^u x are exce$+ly fond ( x1 ! dang] t x w produce bloat 9 !m is s frequ5tly pres5t z to greatly neutralize its value = su* a use4 ,x is a favorite pa/ure = f[ls4 ,9 furni%+ soil+ food :]e x produces freely1 x is )\t an equal 9 all ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is highly reli%$ by all k9ds ( f>m animals1 n exclud+ rabbits & goats1 & :5 f$ judici\sly may be f$ 9 ?is =m ) p]fect safety4 ,its high value 9 produc+ su* food re/s on its productiv5ess1 its high palatability & ! abundant nutrition :i* x conta9s4 ,z a hay crop1 x is greatly priz$4 ,ev5 sw9e may be w9t]$ 9 a l>ge measure on cur$ alfalfa hay4 ,z a f]tiliz]1 ! value ( alfalfa w be l>gely dep5d5t on ! use t is made ( ! plants4 ,:5 pa/ur$ or f$ ^u ! f>m1 ! f]tility result+ be+ put back ^u ! l&1 x ranks highly z a produc] ( f]tility4 ,b ?is "q is fur!r discuss$ on page #aia4 ,z a de/roy] ( we$s mu* w dep5d ^u ! way 9 :i* x is gr[n4 ,?is "q also is discuss$ aga94 7,see page #ahe47 ,di/ribution4--,x is ?\ght t alfalfa is m widely di/ribut$ ov] ! e>?'s surface1 furni%es m food = live /ock1 & has be5 widely cultivat$ = a long] p]iod ?an any o!r legume4 ,x is gr[n ov] wide areas ( ,asia1 ,europe1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & its cultivation is con/antly ext5d+4 ,x 0 gr[n on ! irrigat$ pla9s ( ,babylon long be=e ! days ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,x 0 ! pr9cipal fodd] us$ 9 ! /ables ( ! k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,f ,p]sia1 x is ?\ght1 x 0 br\ght to ,greece ab\t #dgj ,b4 ,c41 & t its cultivation 9 ,italy began at lea/ two c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,sev]al ,roman writ]s1 z ,virgil1 ,columella & ,v>ro1 m5tion x4 ,f ,italy x 0 introduc$ into ,spa9 & f ,spa9 x 0 d\btless c>ri$ by mission>ies ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* to ,mexico & ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,/ates :i* lie we/ ( ! ,&es1 z ,p]u & ,*ili4 ,9 ! arid & semi-arid regions ( ! ,&es1 ! conditions 7 f\nd s favorable to ! gr[? ( alfalfa t x is n[ ! pr9cipal =age crop gr[n4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t x 0 br\ght f ,*ili to ,cali=nia1 f :i* x has spread ov] mu* ( ! cultivat$ portion ( ! arid & semi-arid we/4 ,we/]n gr[n se$ is also ! *ief s\rce ( supply at ! pres5t "t = all ! ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,fully a c5tury ago attempts 7 made by ,*ancellor ,liv+/one & o!rs to introduce x into ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 b )\t mu* success1 ow+1 probably1 to ! lack ( k on ! "p ( ! p z to h[ x %\ld be gr[n4 ,! se$ at t "t 0 d\btless br\ght f ,european s\rces1 probably ,france4 ,x has be5 notic$ by m rec5t gr[]s 9 ^! ,/ates t ! results f s[+ su* se$ d n prove z satisfactory z ^? f ,am]ican gr[n se$1 b t alone %\ld n suffici5tly expla9 :y ! attempts to gr[ alfalfa j ref]r$ to 7 n successful4 ,b x is n alone 9 ! areas nam$ t alfalfa has prov$ s helpful to agriculture4 ,9 ,c5tral ,asia & nor?w>d x has = long c5turies furni%$ ! ,t>t>s ) ! pr9cipal =age crop gr[n4 ,9 ,turke/an & o!r places x w gr[ "u conditions s dry z to =bid ! vigor\s gr[? ( _m h>dy grasses4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,asia1 f ,india to ,arabia1 x has lo/ none ( ! popul> favor accord$ to x long c5turies ago4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,russia x is ext5sively gr[n1 & up & d[n ! bas9 ( ! ,danube4 ,9 ! ,m$it]ranean prov9ces ( ,s\!rn ,europe x is /ill "o ( ! lead+ =age crops4 ,9 ,france x /&s high 9 ! popul> e/imate1 & also 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,& ev5 9 humid ,engl& x is gr[n m or less freely on dry1 calc>e\s soils4 ,& ! day is d\btless ne> :5 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal& & ,ea/]n ,s\? ,am]ica ?is great fodd] plant w be f\nd capable ( yield+ abundant h>ve/s4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,arg5t9a x has be5 claim$ t x gr[s l a we$4 ,x is believ$ by _m t alfalfa if expos$ to v l[ temp]atures w p]i% & t x _c /& z mu* w9t] exposure z m$ium r$ or alsike clov]4 ,?is is only true ( "s v>ieties4 ,o!r v>ieties1 z ! ,turke/an1 = in/ance1 w endure l[] temp]atures & m exposure ?an ! clov]s nam$4 ,alfalfa has be5 gr[n ) "s success at ! gov]nm5t exp]im5t /ation1 ,indian ,head1 ,sask1 ,canada1 & yet x sometimes w9t] kills 9 ,texas4 ,z ) clov]1 x is injur$ mo/ by exposure to sweep+ w9ds bl[+ ov] x 9 w9t] :5 ! m]cury is l[1 & ! injury is m fatal j aft] ! removal ( a sn[ cov]+ & :5 ! plants are "y4 ,ice =m+ ov] ! fields aft] a sudd5 ?aw & rema9+ = a "t is v liable to kill ! plants4 ,x c /& consid]ably m summ] heat ?an any ( ! clov]s gr[n nor?w>d1 z witness$ 9 ! good crops gr[n 9 "s p>ts ( ,l\isiana dur+ ! hotte/ wea!r ( summ]4 ,nev]!less1 ) ref]5ce to temp]atures1 :at may be t]m$ a mild climate1 su* z *>act]izes ,s\!rn ,france 9 ,europe & ,we/]n ,cali=nia 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is be/ adapt$ to its gr[?4 ,x is bett] adapt$ to climates t are dry1 :]e ! plants c be irrigat$1 z !n ra9s d n int]f]e ) ! h>ve/+ ( ! hay4 ,ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( irrigation1 a climate t is reasonably dry is pref]able to "o :]e dr5*+ ra9s frequ5tly fall1 :i* wa% away ! soil :5 s&y1 or :i* fill x full ( wat] :5 compos$ ( clay4 ,b :]e ra9s fall frequ5tly & 9 mod]ation1 z 9 ! nor!rn ,puget ,s\nd region1 ! effect is helpful to ! gr[? ( ! alfalfa plants1 al?\gh x may add some:at to ! labor ( mak+ alfalfa hay1 & to ! haz>d 9 cur+ x4 ,alfalfa w ma9ta9 its hold = ye>s on "s portions ( ! table l&s ( ! m\nta9 ,/ates "u conditions s dry t ! plants c only furni% "o cutt+ ( hay 9 a season4 ,x is safe to assume1 !re=e1 t alfalfa c be gr[n "u a wid] range ( climatic conditions ?an any o!r legume gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b ! influ5ce :i* climate %\ld be all[$ to ex]cise on ! use t is to be made ( x %\ld n be lo/ f view4 ,9 climates mu* subject to frequ5t ra9s 9 summ]1 x %\ld be gr[n r = soil+ food & pa/ure ?an = hay1 :]eas 9 dry climates1 & especially :]e x c be irrigat$1 x %\ld be gr[n = hay1 soil+ food & pa/ure1 b especially ! =m]4 ,:ile alfalfa c be successfully gr[n 9 "o or ! o!r ( its v>ieties 9 "s portion ( e ,/ate 9 ! ,union1 x has its favorite fe$+ gr\nds4 ,! be/ conditions = gr[+ x are f\nd 9 ! valleys ( all ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,/ates1 :]e ! gr[? c be regulat$ by ! application ( irrigat+ wat]s4 ,9 ^! ! conditions s\?w>d are sup]ior to ^? nor?w>d1 because ( ! mild] climate1 :i* precludes ! dang] ( w9t] kill+ by exposure1 :i* occasionally happ5s 9 ! m nor!rly ( ! m\nta9 ,/ates1 & because ( ! m prolong$ season = gr[?1 :i* adds to ! numb] ( ! cutt+s4 ,?is does n mean t ! riv] bottoms 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w n be f\nd good = gr[+ alfalfa4 ,x c be gr[n 9 _m ( ^!2 9 fact1 9 ne>ly all ( !m1 & to "s ext5t by ! aid ( irrigation1 if ! wa/e wat]s 7 /or$1 b ! deposit soil 9 ^! valleys be+ ( mu* clos] texture ?an t 9 ! we/]n valleys1 is1 on ! :ole1 l[] 9 adaptation ?an ! soil 9 ! latt]4 ,9 ! we/]n valleys ( ! m\nta9 ,/ates1 alfalfa is ! crop ar\nd :i* x may be said t agricultural production c5t]s4 ,x is ! pr9cipal hay crop ( ^? ,/ates4 ,! ext5t to :i* x may be gr[n !re is revolutioniz+ ! production ( live /ock on ! ranges1 z x is provid+ food = !m 9 w9t]1 :i* is fa/ remov+1 & w probably soon entirely remove1 ! elem5t ( haz>d f live /ock dep5d5t on ! range pa/ures = support 9 t season4 ,! dairy & sw9e indu/ries 9 ^? valleys mu/ l>gely dep5d ^u x4 ,fruit or*>ds mu/ ultimately gr[ on buri$ alfalfa mead[s1 & ! rotation ( all crops 9 ! same w be l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! gr[+ ( alfalfa4 ,next 9 adaptation to ! m\nta9 ,/ates are1 x is ?\ght1 c]ta9 soils t lie betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,mississippi1 especially su* z are 9 proximity to riv]s1 or are und]laid ) %eet wat] n f> di/ant f ! surface4 ,b an unusually l>ge proportion ( ! upl& soil 9 ^! ,/ates1 f ,c5tral ,m9nesota s\?w>d1 h high adaptation = ! gr[? ( ?is plant4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is true ( ! soils ( ,nebraska & ,kansas & ( consid]able portions ( ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas & ,l\isiana4 ,9 ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 ! adaptation is n s g5]al1 & is m dep5d5t on soil conditions ?an on ^? t are climatic4 ,9 ne>ly all ( ! riv] bottoms ( ^! ,/ates x w gr[ ) m or less success4 ,on ne>ly all upl& soils x w also gr[ well1 :]e ! subsoil furni%es naturally good dra9age4 ,= ! exception1 see page #acb4 ,b 9 no ,/ate ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 is su* a proportion ( ! area s highly adapt$ to gr[+ alfalfa z 9 _m ( ! ,/ates we/ ( t riv]4 ,9 o!r ,/ates areas are f\nd 9 :i* alfalfa w produce excell5t crops1 b usually ^! d n embrace ! l>g] portion ( ! entire area 9 any ,/ate4 ,9 a consid]able numb] ( ! ,/ates su* areas are m or less limit$1 & usually !y are di/ribut$ v>i\sly 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates2 t is1 !y d n lie side by side4 ,! favorite soil conditions 9 ^! are a good loam1 pref]ably m or less s&y & re/+ ^u a por\s subsoil4 ,a m exact idea w be giv5 ( relative adaptation 9 v>i\s ,/ates 9 :at is n[ submitt$4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 ,colorado & ,new ,mexico1 alfalfa is n[ gr[n *iefly by ! aid ( irrigation1 & all ( ^! ,/ates h highe/ adaptation = its gr[?4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,cali=nia #f to #aj tons ( cur$ hay are obta9$ 9 "o ye>1 ) pa/ure 9 w9t] additional4 ,9 ,utah1 good crops h be5 gr[n successively on ! same l& = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,9 ,colorado two cutt+s are obta9$ ! fir/ season1 & x is said t !re ! plants are n easily de/roy$4 ,x yields enorm\sly 9 ! irrigat$ valleys ( ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4 ,9 ,wa%+ton1 ,oregon1 ,idaho1 ,montana & ,wyom+1 x is gr[n ) & )\t irrigation4 ,9 l>ge areas 9 all ^! ,/ates1 excell5t crops are & may be gr[n1 b ! season ( gr[? be+ %ort]1 n s _m cutt+s are obta9$ p] ye> z 9 ! m\nta9 ,/ates fur!r s\?4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,idaho two cutt+s may be obta9$ p] ye>1 ev5 on high1 dry l&4 ,9 ,nor? ,dakota1 especially we/w>d1 alfalfa gives promise ( successful gr[?4 ,x w gr[ well 9 mu* ( ,s\? ,dakota1 especially on s&y soils n too di/ant f wat]4 ,9 ,m9nesota x has be5 gr[n successfully 9 ,c>v] ,c\nty s9ce #ahhf4 ,good success is be+ obta9$ f gr[+ x 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 ev5 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,r$ ,riv] valley4 ,9 ,we/]n ,i[a x is be+ gr[n ) mu* success1 & 9 "s portions ( ,ea/]n ,i[a4 ,9 ,miss\ri1 ! two important c5t]s = gr[+ x are ! nor?we/ & ! s\!a/1 b 9 o!r areas x has also done well4 ,9 ,kansas x w gr[ well 9 all p>ts ( ! ,/ate :]e ! subsoil is por\s4 ,x has be5 cut = hay 9 t ,/ate 9 less ?an #fj days f ! date ( s[+4 ,x gr[s equally well ov] at lea/ two-?irds ( ,nebraska1 especially ! ea/]n half1 & its gr[? 9 ,nebraska is rapidly ext5d+4 ,9 ! ,arkansas valley x luxuriates1 & x is also be+ gr[n 9 ,oklahoma4 ,9 ,l\isiana imm5se fields are be+ gr[n along ! ,r$ ,riv] & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,texas x is be+ gr[n m or less nor?1 ea/ & s\?1 & especially 9 ! valley ( ! ,brazos4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates alfalfa has n 9 _m in/ances be5 giv5 a good *ance :]e tri$4 ,! plants h too frequ5tly _h to cont5d !re z else:]e ) ill-prep>$ & we$y soils & imprud5t pa/ur+4 ,yet x is be+ gr[n ) consid]able success1 ?\gh z yet 9 limit$ areas1 9 all ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,x has done well 9 p>ts ( ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,mississippi & ,alabama1 & 9 ,georgia are "s alfalfa mead[s #be ye>s old4 ,9 ! o!r ,s\!a/]n ,/ates1 viz41 ,virg9ia1 ! ,c>ol9as & ,florida1 x does well only 9 areas m or less circumscrib$1 b x has be5 gr[n ) "s success ev5 9 ! ra9y climate ( ,s\!rn ,florida4 ,9 ! ,/ates nor?w>d f ! ,ohio ,riv]1 t is1 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan & ,wiscons91 ! necessity = gr[+ alfalfa has n be5 s mu* felt z 9 "s o!r ,/ates1 because ( ! excell5ce ( ! crops ( clov] gr[n 9 ^!4 ,its gr[?1 h[ev]1 is ext5d+ 9 all ( ^! ,/ates4 ,mu* ( ! soil 9 ,ill9ois1 x is said1 mu/ fir/ be inoculat$ ) ! bact]ia prop] to alfalfa be=e vigor\s crops c be gr[n1 & ?is is probably true ( sections ( ,indiana soil4 ,"s sections ( ,ohio are becom+ not$ = ! crops ( alfalfa :i* !y h gr[n1 & 9 ,wiscons9 ,hon4 ,w4 ,d4 ,ho>d succe$$ 9 secur+ #e4g tons ( alfalfa hay 9 "o season f f\r cutt+s made on ?ree-fif?s ( an acre4 ,9 all ! ,ea/]n & ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 alfalfa is be+ gr[n to "s ext5t4 ,9 "s c\nties ( ,new ,york1 z ,onondaga & ,madison1 x is becom+ ! lead+ soil+ & hay crop4 ,9 ,massa*usetts x has borne cutt+s ye> aft] ye> on s&y loam soil4 ,on ,long ,isl& ?ree to f\r cutt+s ea* season h be5 obta9$ = a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,x is believ$ t x w gr[ ov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ,s\!rn ,m>yl& & also 9 mu* ( ! ea/]n "p ( t ,/ate1 & its gr[? has be5 q successful 9 p>ts ( ,delaw>e & ,p5nsylvania4 ,alfalfa w gr[ well 9 consid]able areas 9 ,canada4 ,! /atem5t w\ld seem safe t at ! pres5t "t pr(itable crops c\ld be gr[n 9 "s p>ts ( e prov9ce ( ,canada 9 :i* ! l& is till$4 ,9 ,quebec1 ev5 on high l&1 x usually endures ! w9t]s4 ,ne> ,montreal x has be5 cut = soil+ food at ! height ( #cj in*es z e>ly z ,may #ae?4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,ea/]n ,ont>io good crops c be gr[n1 & also ov] consid]able areas ( ,we/]n ,ont>io4 ,! au?or grew x ) mu* success at ! exp]im5t /ation at ,guelph 9 #ahij & subsequ5tly1 & dur+ rec5t ye>s consid]able areas are be+ gr[n 9 sev]al ( ! ,lake ,erie c\nties & 9 ^? t lie nor? f !m4 ,b 9 no "p ( ,ont>io are ! conditions = gr[+ alfalfa bett] ?an 9 "s ( ! m\nta9 valleys ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,b few crops1 if1 inde$1 any1 are be+ exp]im5t$ ) at ! pres5t "t to s great an ext5t z alfalfa2 h5ce1 ! expectation is reasonable t !re w be an enorm\s increase 9 ! area gr[n 9 ! future t is ne>4 ,! two *ief causes ( failure 9 ! pa/ 7 want ( k 9 gr[+ & c>+ = x on ! "p ( ! gr[]s1 & ! abs5ce ( ! prop] bact]ia 9 ! soil4 ,acidity 9 "s soils & want ( dra9age 9 o!rs are also responsible = _m ( ! failures ref]r$ to4 ,b ev5 :]e x does gr[ reasonably well1 "s tr\ble is f\nd f ! alfalfa fail+ 9 spots4 ,9 "s in/ances ! cause c be trac$1 z :5 coat$ ) ice 9 w9t]1 or :]e ! soil is n uni=m1 b 9 o!r in/ances ! precise causes h n be5 det]m9$4 ,not)/&+ ^! drawbacks1 h[ev]1 greatly increas$ areas w be gr[n 9 ! future1 especially 9 ,/ates 9 :i* ! dairy int]e/ is p>am\nt or ev5 important4 ,soils4--,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght by _m t alfalfa w\ld only gr[ vigor\sly on soils & subsoils s&y 9 "*1 & und]laid at "s di/ance f ! surface ) wat]4 ,x is n[ be+ asc]ta9$ t x w gr[ on a great v>iety ( soils1 provid+ !y are reasonably f]tile1 free f acidity1 suffici5tly por\s bel[ to c>ry away wat] ) reasonable quickness1 & n und]laid ) h>d pan or a subsoil s t5aci\s t x is almo/ imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,! be/ soils = alfalfa are ^? ( ! ,we/]n m\nta9 ,/ates1 & 9 ^! ! deposit soils ( ! riv] valleys /& among ! =emo/4 ,^! soils are usually ( mu* dep?4 ,_m ( !m h wat] und]nea?1 & ! subsoil is usually s por\s t ! roots c g f> d[n 9 !m1 su* is ! "* ( ne>ly all ! bottom l& we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,b 9 ne>ly all ( ! m\nta9 region ( ! ,we/1 f ,banff 9 ,briti% ,columbia to ,mexico1 alfalfa w gr[ well "u irrigation1 or 9 ! abs5ce ( irrigation1 if gr\nd wat] is n too di/ant f ! surface4 ,9 ?is region alfalfa gr[s m vigor\sly & m p]si/5tly ?an 9 almo/ any o!r portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 regions :]e alfalfa is n dep5d5t ^u irrigation1 ! be/ soils probably are deep1 ri* calc>e\s loams1 clay or s&y1 & und]laid ) :at may be t]m$ a mild or reasonably por\s clay subsoil4 ,) su* soils ! plants may be 9 no way influ5c$ by %eet wat] bel[1 z on "s ( ^! 9 ,nebraska1 = in/ance1 su* wat] is fully #aej feet bel[ ! surface4 ,^! soils are usually possess$ ( abundant food supplies to n\ri% ! plants1 & ! roots c g f> d[n into ! subsoils to ga!r food & moi/ure4 ,su* l&s are f\nd m or less 9 ne>ly all ! ,/ates ( ! ,union ea/ f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 h5ce1 :5 ! requisite bact]ia are pres5t1 good crops c be gr[n on !m 9 e ,/ate 9 ! ,union4 ,on ! ord9>y black soils ( ! prairie1 alfalfa w usually gr[ reasonably well if und]laid ) clay n too di/ant nor too t5aci\s4 ,:5 ! roots get d[n into ! subsoil1 !y c usually f9d mu* food 9 ! same1 & unless 9 v dry areas a suffici5cy ( moi/ure1 b 9 _m in/ances x may be necess>y to introduce ! requisite bact]ia1 & to apply f>my>d manure to enc\rage suffici5t gr[? to c>ry ! roots d[n quickly to ! subsoil4 ,9 "s prairie soils ! gr[? w be vigor\s f ! />t1 b usually ^! are l&s t h gr[n h>dwood timb]1 & t h 9 !m m or less clay4 ,9 climates :]e ! ra9fall is consid]able1 alfalfa w frequ5tly gr[ well on gravelly soils & on ^? t are /ony4 ,"s ( ! be/ alfalfa soils 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 & 9 ! ,canadian prov9ces ( ,quebec & ,ont>io are ( ?is "*4 ,alfalfa w frequ5tly gr[ fairly well ev5 on /iff clays1 & 9 "s in/ances on gumbo soils4 ,b ^! soils mu/ n be s ret5tive z to collect & hold wat] = any consid]able "t )9 a few feet ( ! surface4 ,su* l&s h usually mu* /ay+ p[]2 h5ce1 alfalfa gr[n on !m frequ5tly improves = ye>s aft] x has be5 s[n4 ,on ! r$di% soils t cov] mu* ( ! ,s\?1 x has be5 f\nd1 z 9 gr[+ alfalfa on /iff clays 9 ! ,nor?1 t :]e deep subsoil+ is practic$ alfalfa is n only m easily e/abli%$1 b x also gr[s ) add$ vigor4 ,on upl& soils s&y or gravelly 9 "* :]e ! ra9fall is mu* less ?an normal & :]e ! subsoil is n und]laid ) %eet wat]1 alfalfa w n usually succe$1 not)/&+ t x may gr[ well on ^! soils :]e ! ra9fall is normal4 ,on su* soils x is n easy to get a /& ( ! plants1 z !y are mu* apt to p]i% 9 ! dry wea!r ( ! fir/ season1 b if once e/abli%$ on su* soils ! plants h mu* p[] to gr[ ev5 :]e ! ra9fall is consid]ably less ?an normal4 ,alfalfa w n gr[ well 9 soils naturally wet until !y are dra9$4 ,& :5 dra9$ x w n gr[ ) normal vigor1 on :at may be t]m$ sl\gh soils1 :]e ! subsoil is f> d[n & cov]$ ) a deep cov]+ ( vegetable mold4 ,:at are t]m$ sl\gh soils 9 ! ,we/]n prairies1 !re=e1 are n well fitt$ = ! gr[? ( alfalfa4 ,on ^! x may n succe$ well1 :5 x may gr[ ) mu* vigor on ! adjo9+ upl&4 ,:5 "s wet soils are dra9$1 alfalfa may n succe$ well on !m = a "t & lat] may gr[ luxuriantly4 ,?is may arise f ! lack ( "t = prop] a]ation aft] be+ dra9$1 or f ! want ( lime to fur!r correct acidity 9 ! soil1 or f ! want ( ! prop] bact]ia4 ,not)/&+ t alfalfa w n gr[ well on undra9$ l&s t are naturally wet1 & not)/&+ t x w p]i% if ! roots rea* /&+ wat] at a di/ance too ne> ! surface1 ! be/ crops by f> are usually gr[n on irrigat$ l&s4 ,?is arises1 fir/1 f ! ability to adju/ ! supplies ( wat] to meet ! ne$s ( ! plants1 & second1 f ! cong5ial "* ( ! soil & subsoil4 ,next to ^! ! be/ crops are gr[n :]e cong5ial soils are und]laid ) gr\nd wat]1 n too ne> nor too di/ant f ! surface4 ,on ^! soils ! plants are l>gely suppli$ ) moi/ure f ! wat] bel[ asc5d+ on ! pr9ciple ( capill>y attraction4 ,h[ ne> or h[ di/ant su* wat] %\ld be w dep5d some:at on subsoil conditions4 ,x w\ld seem correct to say t x ought nev] to come ne>] to ! surface ?an #c feet1 nor %\ld x be m ?an #bj feet d[n4 ,! mo/ suitable di/ance w\ld be1 say1 #h to #af feet4 ,:5 ! roots ( alfalfa rea* wat] at too %ort a dep? !y w die4 ,alfalfa may sometimes be gr[n satisfactorily on soils subject to ov]fl[1 b usually !re is haz>d 9 gr[+ x on ^!4 ,if ! ov]fl[ occurs comp>atively e>ly 9 ! season1 if x is n ( great dep?1 if x is ( %ort duration1 & if ! wat]s quickly dra9 out ( ! subsoil possess$ by ! alfalfa1 x may receive little or no h>m f su* ov]fl[4 ,in/ances are on record :]e9 ice has =m$ on alfalfa & yet ! plants surviv$1 b su* a condition w usually prove fatal to !m4 ,b %\ld ! ov]fl[ take place 9 hot wea!r1 usually x w injure ! plants s]i\sly1 & may1 inde$1 completely de/roy !m4 ,s great is su* haz>d1 t c>e mu/ be tak5 aga9/ ! application ( an excess ( irrigat+ wat]s "u su* conditions4 ,ov]fl[ wat]s t are /agnant are m injuri\s probably ?an ^? t are 9 motion1 ow+1 x may be1 to ! less supply ( dissolv$ oxyg5 9 ! =m]4 ,soils suitable 9 !mselves1 b ly+ on /iff clay bottoms or und]laid ) h>d pan )9 two or ?ree feet ( ! surface1 w n ma9ta9 a good /& ( alfalfa4 ,! plants 9 ^! may gr[ well = a "t1 probably a ye> or two1 aft] :i* !y w fail4 ,! roots are n able to g d[n to ga!r food4 ,:5 ! subsoils are simply /iff clays1 deep subsoil+1 z already intimat$1 may r5d] mu* s]vice1 b :5 compos$ ( h>d pan ?is may n be practicable4 ,9 moi/ climates1 h[ev]1 reasonably good crops h be5 obta9$ f soils ) und]ly+ rock n m ?an f\r feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! fact %\ld n be ov]look$ t soils may h ! requisite physical conditions = gr[+ alfalfa1 & !y may possess 9 fair supply ! ess5tial elem5ts ( plant food1 & yet alfalfa w n succe$ at ! fir/ :5 s[n on ^!1 because ( ! abs5ce ( ! soil bact]ia1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is ess5tial to ! vigor\s gr[? ( ! plants4 ,because ( ?is1 gr[]s %\ld be sl[ to conclude t alfalfa w n fl\ri% on ! soils on :i* !y s[ x until !y h fir/ tri$ to gr[ x on ^? soils t h be5 inoculat$ ) ! requisite alfalfa bact]ia4 ,= ! me?ods ( proc$ure 9 su* cases see page #ec4 ,"s p]sons claim t soils :i* w gr[ m$ium r$ clov] 9 good =m w also gr[ alfalfa 9 good =m4 ,?is does n necess>ily foll[4 ,:ile !re is mu* ( simil>ity 9 ! soils suitable = ! gr[? ( bo?1 alfalfa may fail on l&s t gr[ r$ clov] luxuriantly until ! bact]ia prop] to alfalfa h be5 introduc$4 ,soils may be te/$ = bact]ia1 & ev5 9 w9t]1 by s[+ "s se$ 9 pots & treat+ !m l well-c>$-= h\se plants4 ,:5 ! plants are #b to #c mon?s old1 if tub]cles are f\nd on ! roots1 ! conclusion w\ld seem safe t su* soil does n require inoculation4 ,place 9 ! ,rotation4--,9 a c]ta9 s5se x c sc>cely be said ( alfalfa t x is a rotation plant1 because ( ! long t]m ( ye>s = :i* x is gr[n 9 an unbrok5 succession4 ,nev]!less1 9 all places x _c always be ma9ta9$ = a long t]m ( successive ye>s )\t r5ewal4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates x is frequ5tly1 ?\gh n always s cr[d$ by v>i\s grasses1 t ! fields 9 :i* x gr[s are brok5 up at "s p]iod %ort ( t5 ye>s1 & n infrequ5tly at ! end ( five or six ye>s4 ,:5 ?us gr[n1 x becomes a rotation plant1 ?\gh gr[n 9 :at may be t]m$ long rotations4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,we/1 :]e1 "u irrigation1 x may be gr[n = a qu>t] ( a c5tury or ev5 = a long] p]iod )\t r5ewal1 x may be us$ :5 desir$ 9 %ort rotations4 ,9 su* situations x gr[s s readily & becomes e/abli%$ s quickly1 t ! fields may be brok5 ) a view to alt]nate ) o!r crops at ! end ( ! second ye>1 or ( any ye> subsequ5tly f ! s[+ ( ! se$ t may be desir$4 ,alfalfa 9 ^! soils w s]ve ev5 bett] ?an m$ium r$ clov] 9 su* situations1 s9ce :ile x is gr[+1 x w produce m hay or soil+ food1 & consequ5tly %\ld excel ! =m] 9 ! f]tility :i* x makes available4 ,ea/ ( ! ,mississippi & nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 alfalfa w frequ5tly foll[ cultivat$ crops1 z corn1 potatoes & field roots1 & :5 ! fields are brok51 x w be foll[$ by crops o!r ?an legumes4 ,on _m soils ! influ5ce :i* ?is crop has on reliev+ ! surface soil f excessive moi/ure1 ?r\gh *annels op5$ into ! subsoil by ! decay+ roots1 is s helpful z to consid]ably /imulate production 9 addition to ! f]tiliz+ influ5ce :i* x ex]ts directly4 ,p>ticul>ly good crops ( corn1 ! small c]eal gra9s1 & ev5 field roots may be gr[n aft] alfalfa4 ,on soils ea/ ( ! ,mississippi & s\? ( ! ,ohio1 ! rotation w be some:at simil>4 ,b on ,s\!rn soils alfalfa w frequ5tly foll[ imm$iately crops especially gr[n to be pl[$ "u z gre5 manures = ! b5efit ( ! alfalfa4 ,^! crops include c[ peas1 soy beans1 crimson clov]1 & to a limit$ ext5t1 burr clov]4 ,x w also be foll[$ frequ5tly by crops ( cotton & o!r non-legum9\s plants1 ! gr[? ( :i* 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is conf9$ to ! area n[ be+ consid]$4 ,9 ! area we/ ( ! ,mississippi & ea/ ( ! semi-arid region beside ! m\nta9s1 alfalfa may foll[ ! small c]eal gra9s1 & may 9 turn be foll[$ by !m & also by millets4 ,x may also foll[ & prec$e corn1 or ! non-sac*>9e sorghums1 :]e ! climatic conditions are suitable = gr[+ ! latt]4 ,9 ! irrigat$ regions ( ! ,we/1 alfalfa may be made to s]ve almo/ any purpose 9 ! rotation t may be desir$4 ,by gr[+ x z a rotation crop 9 ^! valleys x may be made to furni% ! soil indef9itely ) supplies ( nitrog5 & humus4 ,9 ^! soils x may be made to foll[ directly almo/ any crop gr[n on !m1 & simil>ly x may be made to prec$e ! gr[? ( almo/ any crop = :i* ! locality has m>k$ adaptation4 ,small c]eal gra9s1 timo?y1 vegetables1 field roots1 potatoes1 corn1 small fruits & or*>ds may be pr(itably gr[n on buri$ alfalfa mead[s4 ,?is does n imply1 h[ev]1 t alfalfa mead[s %\ld n1 z a rule1 be ma9ta9$ = a long t]m ( ye>s4 ,prep>+ ! ,soil4--,9 prep>+ ! soil = alfalfa ! aim %\ld be to make a se$-b$ clean1 ri*1 f9e1 moi/1 ev51 & suffici5tly firm or friable1 accord+ to ! conditions4 ,! subsoil %\ld also be made suffici5tly dry & op54 ,f :at has j be5 said1 x w be app>5t t 9 prop]ly prep>+ ! se$-b$1 x w be necess>y to /udy closely ! requisite conditions4 ,! advantage f hav+ a clean se$-b$ w be app>5t :5 x is call$ to m9d t alfalfa is a some:at delicate plant :5 "y1 & t because ( ?is1 x is ill able to ov]come 9 ! fight ) we$s4 ,cleanness 9 ! surface soil may be obta9$ by summ]fall[+ ! l&1 by gr[+ a root crop or a crop ( corn or any ( ! non-sac*>9e sorghums4 ,:5 ! se$ is spr+ s[n1 ?is prep>ation mu/ be giv5 ! ye> previ\sly1 b :5 autumn s[n1 x may be giv5 ! same season4 ,9 prep>+ ! l& ?us1 ! aim %\ld be to make ! surface z clean z possible1 r ?an to get we$ se$s out ( ! l[] /rata ( ! cultivat$ soil1 9 :i* !y w likely p]i% be=e ! field s[n to alfalfa is brok5 up aga94 ,summ]fall[+ makes an excell5t prep>ation = ! l&1 because ( ! f9e opportunity :i* x furni%es = clean+ ! same p]fectly & level+ x (f prop]ly4 ,! excell5t condition 9 :i* x puts ! se$-b$1 view$ f ! /&po9t ( ! duration ( ! ye>s ( cropp+ t are likely to foll[1 w\ld seem to m ?an ju/ify su* prep>ation ( ! l&4 ,! outcome may m ?an ju/ify ! loss ( ! crop = "o season :5 ?us summ]fall[+ ! l&4 ,b x may n be necess>y to lose ! production ( "o season :e!r ! se$ is s[n spr+ or autumn1 z ! summ]fall[+ 9 ! ,nor? may foll[ ! pa/ur+ (f ( "s crop1 & 9 ! ,s\? ! int]val = fall[+ ! l& may be suffici5tly long aft] ! h>ve/+ ( an e>ly w9t] gra9 crop1 be=e s[+ ! se$ 9 ! autumn4 7,see page #acf47 ,:5 s[+ ! se$ autumn or spr+1 on l& t is fill$ ) we$ se$s ne> ! surface1 x is frequ5tly bett] to def] s[+ ! se$ = "s weeks to give "t = spr\t+ _m ( ^! ?an to s[ at once4 ,?is sugge/ion is specially applicable to spr+ s[+4 ,x %\ld also be m5tion$ t :5 ! we$s infe/+ ! soil are annual or ev5 bi5nial 9 "*1 ! h>m done to ! alfalfa by ^! w be mu* less ?an :5 ! l& is infe/$ ) p]5nials at ! "t ( s[+4 ,! =m] may be prev5t$ f se$+ by clipp+ back frequ5tly1 :ile ! latt] rema9 9 ! soil1 increase f ye> to ye>1 & injure ! plants by cr[d+4 ,:]e crab grass gr[s abundantly1 z 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,s\?1 unless ! alfalfa is s[n & cultivat$1 spr+ s[+ ought to be avoid$4 ,b x is less objectionable to s[ alfalfa on l& t is we$y :5 ! adaptation ( ! l& = ! crop is high ?an :5 x is l[1 z ! alfalfa 9 ! =m] in/ance has s mu* m p[] to fight its own battle4 ,on good alfalfa soils1 !re=e1 x may be wis] 9 "s in/ances to s[ alfalfa 9 we$-infe/$ l& ?an to def] s[+ = a :ole ye> 9 ord] to clean ! l&4 ,x is greatly important t ! l& %all be ri* 9 available plant food on :i* ! se$ is s[n4 ,if naturally poor1 x %\ld be well f]tiliz$ be=e s[+4 ,:5 ?is _c be done1 x is bett] n to s[4 ,a va/ prepond]ance ( ! l& 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 :5 fir/ brok51 w\ld seem to possess abundantly all ! ess5tial foods requir$ by alfalfa2 h5ce1 = a "t1 at lea/1 x is n necess>y to enri* ^! be=e s[+ ! se$4 ,! s&y & hungry gravelly soils1 :i* are consid]able 9 ! ,s\?1 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 & 9 "s ( ! ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,/ates1 %\ld be f]tiliz$ be=e lay+ !m d[n to alfalfa4 ,su* f]tilization usually calls = bo? humus & readily available plant food1 & ^! are mo/ *eaply suppli$ by gr[+ c]ta9 gre5 crops & pl[+ !m "u1 or by apply+ f>my>d manure4 ,^! may be supplem5t$ :5 necess>y by comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,"s prec$e alfalfa on su* soils by gr[+ c[ peas or soy beans1 foll[$ by crimson clov]1 bo? crops be+ pl[$ 91 & %ortly be=e s[+ ! alfalfa !y apply m or less ( phosphoric acid & pota%1 :i* is usually incorporat$ 9 ! surface soil by ! h>r[4 ,on "s soils1 z 9 "s p>ts ( ,florida1 two successive crops ( c[ peas %\ld be pl[$ "u be=e s[+ alfalfa4 ,:5 f>my>d manure c be us$ 9 f]tiliz+ ^? lee*y soils x is well :5 x c be appli$ on ! surface 9 a some:at decompos$ =m & also kept ne> ! surface dur+ ! subsequ5t cultivation giv5 :5 prep>+ ! se$-b$4 ,9 ! ,nor? x is be/ appli$ 9 ! autumn or w9t]1 & 9 ! ,s\? 9 ! summ]4 ,b on loam soils ) a reasonably ret5tive subsoil1 ! bett] way to apply f>my>d manure is to make a heavy application ( ! same to ! crop prec$+ ! alfalfa4 ,x has ?us become incorporat$ ) ! soil1 & _m we$ se$s 9 x w h spr\t$ be=e s[+ ! alfalfa4 ,! results f apply+ manure on soil some:at /iff & n highly productive h be5 noticeably m>k$4 ,?is may h be5 ow+ 9 "p to ! me*anical influ5ce ( ! manure on ! l&4 ,! relation betwe5 ! free application ( f>my>d manure & abundant gr[? 9 alfalfa is s m>k$ 9 all1 or ne>ly all1 soils we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] t 9 _m in/ances bett] crops w be obta9$ f poor soils well manur$ ?an f good soils unmanur$4 ,! relation betwe5 abundant manur+ & soil inoculation is wor?y ( m c>eful /udy1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! au?or1 ?an has yet be5 accord$ to x4 ,f9e pulv]ization ( ! surface soil is advantage\s :5 s[+ alfalfa1 because ( ! influ5ce :i* x has ^u ! ret5tion ( moi/ure ne> ! surface1 & ^u ! exclusion f ! soil ( an ov]abundance ( light4 ,x is 9 clay soils1 ( c\rse1 t ?is condition is mo/ difficult to secure4 ,! ag5cies 9 secur+ x are ! cultivator1 ! h>r[ & ! roll]1 & 9 _m in/ances ! influ5ces ( wea!r1 aft] ! l& has be5 pl[$1 especially :5 pl[$ 9 ! autumn prior to spr+ se$+4 ,moi/ness 9 ! se$-b$ suffici5t to promptly spr\t ! se$ is a prime ess5tial1 b x is v mu* m important :]e ! seasons are dry ?an :]e ! lack ( ra9 is b little fe>$4 ,:5 ! se$ is s[n aft] summ]fall[ or cultivat$ crops1 x is usually consid]$ pref]able to make ! se$-b$ )\t us+ ! pl[1 b to ?is !re may be "s exceptions4 ,if s[+ is def]r$ = a few weeks 9 ! spr+ on su* l&s1 or on o!r l&s autumn pl[$ or e>ly spr+ pl[$1 a free use ( ! h>r[ ought to be made 9 ! int]val1 because ( ! favorable influ5ce :i* ?is w h on ! ret5tion ( moi/ure4 ,9 prep>+ "s soils = autumn s[+ aft] a gra9 crop1 z 9 "s p>ts ( ,nebraska & ,kansas1 x is only necess>y to use ! h>r[2 9 prep>+ o!rs ! disk & h>r[2 & 9 yet o!rs ! disk & h>r[ & roll]4 ,9 prep>+ o!r soils1 z ! clays ( ! ,s\?1 x may be necess>y fir/ to pl[ & subsoil1 & subsequ5tly to use suffici5tly ! h>r[ & roll]4 ,ev5ness 9 ! soil on ! surface is important :5 x is s ret5tive t wat] may collect 9 ! depressions aft] heavy ra94 ,9 su* places ! plants are mu* liable to fail1 especially 9 ! e>ly w9t]1 or ev5 %ortly aft] !y may h begun to gr[1 if moi/ure is excessive4 ,9 ord] to smoo? & ev5 ! l& suffici5tly1 x may be necess>y to run ov] x "s =m ( levell]4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t x w n be necess>y sometimes to pl[ ! l& 9 ridges1 or l&s1 z !y are sometimes call$1 b x does mean t ! slope f ! c5t] ( ! l&s t[>d ! furr[s %all be ev5 & gradual1 9 ord] t an excess ( surface wat]1 z 9 ra9y climates1 %all be c>ri$ away by ! latt]4 ,firmness 9 ! se$-b$ is necess>y *iefly to prev5t too mu* dry+ out ne> ! surface 9 dry wea!r1 & ! hold+ ( too mu* wat] 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! p>ticles ne> ! surface 9 wet wea!r1 foll[$ by freez+ ( ! soil4 ,! less deep ! /irr+ ( ! cultivat$ portion :5 prep>+ x1 ! long] ! int]val betwe5 su* /irr+ & ! s[+ ( ! se$1 & ! heavi] ! pressure :5 roll+1 ! m firm w ! se$-b$ be4 ,! deep] ! l& is pl[$1 !re=e1 ! long] %\ld be ! int]val be=e x is s[$1 b ample ra9fall w %ort5 ?is p]iod4 ,firmness 9 ! se$-b$ is m important1 relatively1 9 summ] or e>ly autumn :5 evaporation f ! surface soil is ! mo/ rapid4 ,on "s soils ( ! ,middle ,/ates :i* bord] on ! ,mississippi1 ! e>ly s[n autumn crop w sometimes p]i% aft] ! plants h gr[n "s di/ance above ! gr\nd1 because ( want ( firmness 9 ! soil2 h5ce1 9 su* locations h>r[+ ! surface ( ! gr\nd ?or\ghly may sometimes be a m suitable prep>ation ?an pl[+ & h>r[+4 ,friability 9 ! se$-b$ is important :5 ! soils are heavy4 ,! influ5ces :i* promote x are ! pres5ce ( humus1 lib]al cultivation1 & sometimes wea!r influ5ces1 z ra9 & fro/4 ,unless heavy clay soils are br\ght into ?is condition1 ! roots ( ! alfalfa w n be able to p5etrate ! soil quickly en\gh or deeply en\gh 9 se>* ( food4 ,z has be5 intimat$1 x w n avail to s[ alfalfa 9 soils n suffici5tly dra9$ naturally or o!rwise4 ,usually1 good alfalfa soils h suffici5t dra9age naturally1 ! subsoil be+ suffici5tly op5 to admit ( ! p]colation ( wat] d[n into ! subsoil ) suffici5t quickness4 ,b good crops ( alfalfa may be gr[n on subsoils s ret5tive t und]dra9age is necess>y to facilitate ! escape ( an excess ( moi/ure ) suffici5t quickness4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ z to :e!r ! roots ( ! plants w be mu* liable to ent] & *oke ! dra9s at ! jo9ts betwe5 ! tiles4 ,:ile x w\ld n be safe to say t ?is w\ld nev] happ51 x is n likely to happ51 ow+ to ! "* ( ! root gr[?4 ,:]e too mu* wat] is held ne> ! surface1 9 climates *>act]iz$ by alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+ 9 w9t]1 ! "y plants w c]ta9ly be ?r[n out ?r\gh ! heav+ ( ! soil4 ,! subsoil+ ( l&s n suffici5tly op5 bel[ w be greatly helpful to ! gr[? ( alfalfa4 ,?is may also be true ( l&s n ov]-ret5tive naturally1 b made s by ! tread+ ( ! animals = successive ye>s on ! soil "u ! furr[ :5 pl[+ ! l&4 ,9 "s conditions1 )\t subsoil+ ?us1 ! gr[+ ( alfalfa w n be successful1 b 9 do+ ?is "w1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to br+ up raw subsoil to ! surface4 ,9 subsoil+ = alfalfa1 usually ! m deeply ! gr\nd c be /irr$ by ! subsoil]1 ! bett] w be ! results t w foll[4 ,subsoil+ is p>ticul>ly helpful to ! gr[+ ( alfalfa on _m ( ! clay soils ( ! ,s\?4 ,9 ! f> ,we/1 t[>d ! m\nta9s1 & probably )9 ! same1 are areas 9 :i* excell5t /&s ( alfalfa may be obta9$ by simply s[+ ! se$ on surfaces /irr$ ) a disk or ) a heavy h>r[ weight$ :ile x is be+ driv5 ov] ! l&4 ,! implem5ts %\ld be driv5 fir/ "o way & !n ! o!r1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! se$ is h>r[$ aft] x has be5 s[n4 ,:]e ! soil is suffici5tly level1 ?is plan ( prep>+ w prove satisfactory1 m especially :]e wat] c be put ^u ! l&1 b x w also succe$ frequ5tly 9 ! abs5ce ( irrigat+ wat]s4 ,9 "s in/ances ! disk+ & s[+ are bo? done by ! same implem5t1 :i* is driv5 bo? ways across ! field4 ,alfalfa is sometimes s[n1 & ) pr(it1 on /eep hill sides :i* are incl9$ to wa%4 ,:5 set on ^! x t5ds to prev5t ! wa%+ ( ! l&4 ,9 su* situations x is bett] to s[ ) a nurse crop1 :i* w help to hold ! soil until ! alfalfa becomes root$4 ,:]e l& is s loose z to bl[ & irrigation _c be practic$1 only z mu* %\ld be s[n ea* season z c be cov]$ ) /able litt] & well-rott$ /raw drawn out at ! prop] season4 ,s[+4--,! be/ season = s[+ alfalfa w dep5d ^u su* conditions z relate to soil1 moi/ure & climate4 ,on r /iff clay soils1 ! o!r conditions be+ "r1 ! mo/ satisfactory results are obta9$ f s[+ ! se$ 9 ! spr+1 & on l& t has be5 pl[$ 9 ! autumn & expos$ to ! mell[+ influ5ces ( w9t]4 ,b to ?is !re may be "s exceptions4 ,on l&s s light z to lift ) ! w9d1 t season %\ld be avoid$ 9 s[+1 if possible1 :5 lift+ w9ds prevail4 ,su* w9ds are common 9 "s localities 9 ! spr+1 & may uncov] ! se$ 9 "s places & bury x too deeply 9 o!rs4 ,:]e moi/ure is defici5t ! se$ mu/ be s[n at ^? times :5 x is mo/ pl5tiful4 ,?is may be 9 ! autumn1 b m commonly x is 9 ! q e>ly spr+4 ,9 "s ( ! m\nta9 ,/ates ! be/ results h be5 obta9$ "u semi-arid conditions f s[+ ! se$ 9 ! late autumn1 s t x w\ld be ready = g]m9ation at ! fir/ comm5cem5t ( ! p]iod ( gr[? 9 ! spr+4 ,"u "s conditions ! too dry "* ( ! wea!r may preclude ! s[+ ( alfalfa 9 ! summ] & autumn mon?s4 ,:]e moi/ure is pl5tiful all ! season ( gr[?1 alfalfa may be s[n almo/ any "t1 except ! e>ly spr+ or late autumn4 ,:]e irrigat+ wat]s are pl5tiful1 ! only h9drances to s[+ alfalfa at any season ( ! ye> are su* z may arise f climate4 ,f> ,s\? 9 v mild areas x may be s[n almo/ any "t4 ,:]e ! temp]atures are l[ 9 w9t]1 ! be/ results are obta9$ f s[+ alfalfa 9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ]1 o!rwise ! plants d n become suffici5tly well e/abli%$ to )/& ! rigors ( ! w9t] foll[+4 ,"u "s conditions1 suffici5tly satisfactory results foll[ s[+ 9 ! e>ly summ]1 ev5 9 ,nor!rn latitudes4 ,:]e ! w9t]s are suffici5tly mild & ! moi/ure is suffici5tly pl5tiful1 e>ly autumn s[+1 z 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 accord+ to ! locality1 is1 all ?+s consid]$1 ! mo/ satisfactory1 = ! reason1 fir/1 t x foll[s1 or may foll[1 a crop gr[n ! same season2 second1 t ! plants are less h9d]$ 9 _! gr[? by we$s :5 !y are "y2 & ?ird1 t !y produce crops ( soil+ food or hay ! fir/ season aft] s[+4 ,_m we$s d n gr[ 9 autumn & w9t]2 h5ce1 ! less injury done by !m to alfalfa plants1 s9ce ! latt] are s /rong by spr+ t !y ov]%ad[ ! we$s 9 _! ef=t to gr[4 ,:5 alfalfa is s[n at su* a "t1 ! gr[? ( "o ye> virtually is ga9$ by ! process4 ,nor? ( p>allel #dj1 t is1 nor? ( ! latitude ( ,columbus1 ,ohio1 & ,d5v]1 ,colorado1 speak+ 9 a g5]al way1 alfalfa is m commonly s[n 9 ! spr+1 b n usually s e>ly z clov]1 le/ ! "y plants1 :i* are m t5d] ?an clov] plants1 %\ld be nipp$ by spr+ fro/s4 ,?is dang] is frequ5tly pres5t 9 ! region ( ! upp] ,miss\ri4 ,ea/ ( ! ,mississippi x may usually be advisable to s[ 9 ! spr+ "s di/ance s\? f ! latitude nam$4 ,we/ f ! same are areas :]e e>ly autumn s[+ is frequ5tly ! be/4 ,9 mu* ( ! ,s\!rn & ,s\?we/]n ,/ates1 e>ly autumn s[+ is consid]$ bett] practice ?an spr+ s[+1 b to ?is !re are exceptions4 ,"u "s conditions alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+ ( ! l& ne> ! surface t5d to ?r[ out "y plants1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? autumn s[n1 m readily ?an plants f spr+-s[n se$4 ,alfalfa is usually s[n mu* ! same z m$ium r$ clov] 7see page #ge71 b !re are ! foll[+ po9ts ( diff]5ce3 #a4 ,s9ce alfalfa is m commonly s[n 9 dry areas1 x is m important1 relatively1 t ! se$ %all be buri$ m uni=mly & deeply 9 ! soil 9 su* areas4 #b4 ,s9ce x is liable to be m injur$1 relatively1 by a nurse crop ?an ! clov]s1 x is m frequ5tly s[n )\t "o4 ,& #c4 ,s9ce x is expect$ to furni% food = a mu* long] t]m ( ye>s ?an any ( ! clov]s1 x is relatively m important t ! se$ %all be s[n ) a view to seek a uni=m & suffici5t /& ( ! plants4 ,:e!r ! se$ is s[n by h&1 or by any ( ! h& ma*9es 9 use1 ! results w usually prove satisfactory1 b 9 climates :]e moi/ure is defici5t1 decid$ly bett] results are obta9$ f s[+ ! se$ ) "s =m ( se$ drill4 ,a press drill is pref]r$ 9 soils s light & op5 z to dry out easily or to lift easily ) ! w9d4 ,"u conditions ( ample moi/ure1 a light cov]+ ) a h>r[ w suffice1 b "u conditions ! opposite1 m cov]+ is necess>y4 ,9 areas :]e spr+ & e>ly autumn %[]s are frequ5t1 ! roll] w provide a suffici5t cov]+1 especially :]e ! soils are well *>g$ ) a clay cont5t4 ,on o!r soils1 z ^? :i* cov] mu* ( ! prairie1 ! se$ %\ld be buri$ f #a to #b in*es deep4 ,:]e alfalfa is mu* s[n on soils well suppli$ ) humus1 & on ! soils :i* prevail 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region1 _m gr[]s s[ ! se$ ) ! gra9 drill1 & be=e s[+ !y fir/ mix ! se$ ) "s mat]ial1 z e>?1 "s k9d ( co>se meal1 bran or o!r sub/ance to make x fe$ out m regul>ly4 ,9 "s in/ances "o-half ( ! se$ is s[n ! fir/ "t ! drill is driv5 ov] ! l&1 & ! balance is s[n by driv+ aga9 ov] ! same at "r angles to ! drill m>ks previ\sly made4 ,:5 ?us s[n1 ! plants are m ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! soil1 & produce1 x is ?\ght1 a m uni=m quality ( /alk4 ,?is me?od meets1 9 "p1 at lea/1 ! objection sometimes made to drill s[+1 t x does n di/ribute ! plants suffici5tly 9 ! soil4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn & ,atlantic ,/ates1 also we/ ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,s\?1 alfalfa is frequ5tly s[n ) a nurse crop1 & "u favorable conditions ! results are usually satisfactory1 if ! nurse crop is n s[n too ?ickly4 ,! be/ nurse crops 9 ! areas nam$ are b>ley & w9t] rye1 b oats w answ] also1 if s[n ?9ly & cut = hay4 ,x has also be5 s[n q successfully along ) w9t] :eat 9 ! spr+ & also ) spr+ :eat4 ,:5 s[n ) w9t] :eat or w9t] rye1 x is usually advantage\s to cov] ! se$ well ) ! h>r[4 ,9 _m in/ances1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ^! areas1 x is ?\ght bett] to s[ ! se$ )\t a nurse crop1 9 ord] t ! plants may h all ! b5efit f moi/ure & sunlight :i* x is possible to give !m4 ,?is is specially desirable :5 ! fe> is pres5t t !y may succumb ! fir/ w9t] to ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r4 ,z we$s gr[ rapidly along ) ! plants1 ! m[] %\ld be run ov] ! field f "o to ?ree times dur+ ! season4 ,if ! m[+ is done at ! prop] "t1 x w n be necess>y to remove :at has be5 cut (f by ! m[]4 ,x may be all[$ to lie z a mul* on ! l&4 ,b %\ld ! gr[? ( we$s be excessive be=e ! m[+ is done1 x w\ld !n be necess>y to remove !m1 9 ord] to avoid smo!r+ ! plants4 ,! clipp+ back ( ! alfalfa plants is helpful1 r ?an hurtful4 ,:5 n ?us clipp$ back ! leaves frequ5tly assume a yell[i% t9t on ! top ( ! plants1 :i* gradually ext5ds d[nw>d until ! great] portion ( ! leaves may be ?us affect$4 ,su* condition frequ5tly betok5s a lack ( nitrog51 b x may also be induc$ by o!r causes4 ,:5 x does appe>1 ! m[] %\ld at once be us$ & also z (t5 z x appe>s4 ,z soon z m[$ (f ! plants usually /ool out1 s5d+ up fre% %oots m num]\sly4 ,!y ?us =m a cr[n1 some:at l ! cr[n 9 clov] plants4 ,root gr[? is also /r5g!n$1 & ! plants are ?us made mu* /rong] = go+ into ! w9t]4 ,ea* clipp+ dur+ ! season1 ( c\rse1 cuts d[n we$s & prev5ts !m f mak+ se$4 ,if n ?us clipp$1 !y w\ld frequ5tly injure ! crop m by %ade & cr[d+ ?an w\ld a nurse crop4 ,! mul* ?us made ?r\gh clipp+ back ! plants is 9 _m in/ances q helpful to !m1 because ( ! *eck :i* x gives to ! escape ( gr\nd moi/ure4 ,!re is "s diff]5ce 9 ! view held z to :e!r close clipp+ is pref]able1 b ! balance ( au?ority is 9 favor ( reasonably close clipp+4 ,alfalfa is usually s[n alone1 b 9 "s in/ances x maybe advantage\s to s[ m or less ( "s o!r k9d or k9ds ( grass or clov] along ) x4 ,:5 gr[n = hay x is usually pref]able to s[ ! se$ )\t admixture4 ,b !re may be in/ances 9 :i* m$ium r$ or alsike clov] may improve ! crop ! fir/ ye> or two t x is m[n = hay4 ,b :]e r$ clov] gr[s mu* m vigor\sly ?an alfalfa ! fir/ season1 x %\ld n be ?us s[n 9 any consid]able quantities1 or ! clov] plants w injure ! alfalfa plants by cr[d+ & ov]%ad+4 ,nev]!less1 alfalfa may frequ5tly ) pr(it =m a consid]able factor 9 clov] gr[n z pa/ure4 ,:]e ! ma9 purpose ( s[+ alfalfa is to provide pa/ure1 v>i\s grasses & clov]s may be s[n along ) x1 & 9 v>y+ quantities1 accord+ to ! att5dant conditions4 ,! *oice ( ! v>iety or v>ieties to s[ along ) ! alfalfa %\ld be bas$ on ! ne$s ( ! /ock to be pa/ur$1 & on ! degree ( ! vigor ) :i* ^! gr[ & ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! locality4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & ,ea/]n ,canada timo?y & ,russian brome grass 7,bromus in]mis7 may be *os54 ,9 areas ) ,s\!rn ,ill9ois z a c5t]1 r$ top & timo?y %\ld be satisfactory4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 ! claims ( or*>d grass & tall oat grass w\ld probably be p>am\nt4 ,9 areas ) ,i[a z a c5t]1 no?+ w\ld be m suitable1 probably1 ?an ,russian brome grass4 ,9 ! m\nta9 ,/ates1 ) ,wyom+ z a c5t]1 timo?y & alsike clov] w\ld be suitable4 ,9 ! dry upl& c\ntry 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 ,russian brome grass or tall oat grass w\ld answ] ! purpose4 ,9 _m areas ! plan ( s[+ clov] *iefly ) ! alfalfa is a good "o1 provid+ ! alfalfa is cut = a ye> or two1 & is !n graz$1 z by t "t grasses indig5\s to ! locality1 or :i* gr[ well 9 ! same1 come 9 to su* an ext5t z to =m a v consid]able proportion ( ! pa/ure4 ,blue grass frequ5tly behaves ?us 9 ! ,nor?1 & crab grass 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! am\nts ( se$ to s[ w v>y ) ! "* ( ! soil & climate1 ) ! use t is to be made ( ! alfalfa1 & ) ! mann] 9 :i* x is s[n4 ,on soils & 9 climates q favorable to ! gr[? ( alfalfa x is common to s[ m se$ ?an 9 ^? ) less adaptation1 & ) a view1 probably1 to *eck co>s5ess 9 ! gr[? ( ! /ems4 ,if s[n ?9ly 9 su* areas1 ! rank gr[? :i* foll[s w\ld be co>se4 ,?is expla9s :y 9 ! ,we/]n & m\nta9 ,/ates m se$ is usually s[n ?an 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,av]ag+ ! :ole c\ntry1 #bj p\nds ( se$ p] acre is m frequ5tly m5tion$ z ! prop] am\nt to s[ ?an any o!r quantity4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates _m gr[]s s[ #ae p\nds p] acre1 & judg+ by ! yield obta9$1 ?is am\nt ( se$ has prov$ satisfactory4 ,"s gr[]s ev5 m5tion #aj to #ab p\nds z satisfactory4 ,! am\nts la/ nam$ are c]ta9ly too small = av]age conditions4 ,fifte5 to #bj p\nds may be fix$ ^u z ! prop] am\nts to s[ on soil 9 good condition = spe$y g]m9ation4 ,b _m gr[]s claim satisfactory results f s[+ l>g] am\nts ( se$ ?an ^? nam$4 ,"u semi-arid conditions1 :]e irrigation _c be giv51 a mod]ate am\nt ( se$ w be m satisfactory ?an v ?ick se$+1 z :5 s[n too ?ickly ! plants w\ld suff] m f want ( moi/ure ?an if s[n m ?9ly4 ,! aim %\ld be to obta9 a /& t w cov] ! gr\nd ev5ly & z ?ickly z w admit ( ! vigor\s gr[+ ( ! plants4 ,because ( ! relatively long duration ( ! p]iod ( ! gr[? ( alfalfa fields1 x is specially important t good /&s %all be obta9$ at ! fir/1 & = ! fur!r reason t ! plants w !n be bett] able to cont5d ) intrud+ we$s1 ! great bane ( alfalfa mead[s4 ,:5 alfalfa is gr[n ma9ly = se$1 x %\ld be m ?9ly s[n ?an :5 x is gr[n = hay or soil+ food4 ,x has be5 notic$ t :5 ! plants /& ?ickly beyond a c]ta9 degree1 !y d n se$ well4 ,twelve to #af p\nds h be5 m5tion$ z q en\gh to s[ = su* production 9 ! m\nta9 ,/ates4 ,:]e bo? objects are important1 m$ium ?ick s[+ w\ld be ! mo/ suitable4 ,:5 s[n 9 comb9ations su* z h be5 nam$ above1 x w be necess>y to modify some:at ! am\nts ( alfalfa se$ s[n1 accord+ to ! proportion ( ! o!r se$s s[n ) ! alfalfa4 ,b s9ce _m grasses are m aggressive ?an alfalfa1 x is n necess>y to r$uce ! am\nt ( alfalfa se$ s[n proportionately to ! am\nts ( ! o!r se$s t may be s[n along ) x4 ,9 _m in/ances x may be prop] n to r$uce ! am\nt ( ! alfalfa se$ at all1 z "s ( ^! grasses w soon cr[d ! alfalfa plants1 to _! injury1 ev5 ?\gh ! usual am\nt ( se$ %\ld be s[n4 ,! am\nt ( ! grasses s[n ) ! alfalfa w1 ( c\rse1 v>y4 ,x w seldom be necess>y 9 any in/ance to s[ m ?an #f or #g p\nds p] acre1 & "u _m conditions n m ?an #e p\nds4 ,:5 alfalfa is s[n ) timo?y & clov] 9 tempor>y mead[s or pa/ures1 x is seldom necess>y to s[ m ?an #c to #e p\nds p] acre1 & ! same is true ( x :5 s[n 9 a p]man5t pa/ure4 ,! crop is s little gr[n = hay 9 mixtures1 t x is sc>cely necess>y to dwell ^u ! nature ( ^!1 or ! respective am\nts ( se$ to s[ 9 mak+ !m4 ,:5 alfalfa is s[n ) ! gra91 !re w be a sav+ ( se$ to ! ext5t ( at lea/ #bj p] c5t41 z comp>$ ) broadca/ s[+4 ,?is arises f ! m g5]al spr\t+ ( all ! se$s1 s9ce !y are plant$ at a m uni=m dep?1 & f ! subsequ5t loss ( a small] p]c5tage ( ! plants ?r\gh dr\ght1 & x may be o!r causes4 ,b :5 s[+ broadca/1 x w 9 _m in/ances prove m satisfactory to add #bj p] c5t4 to ! am\nts m5tion$ above1 z suitable = be+ s[n )\t admixture ) o!r grasses & clov]s1 r ?an to d$uct #bj p] c5t4 f ^! am\nts :5 s[+ ! se$ ) ! drill4 ,cultivat+4--,"u "s conditions1 x is1 9 a s5se1 necess>y to s[ alfalfa 9 r[s1 & to give x cultivation dur+ ! fir/ season & sometimes = a long] p]iod4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,florida1 = in/ance1 ! mo/ satisfactory results h be5 obta9$ f s[+ 9 r[s ) #ab to #bd in*es betwe5 ! r[s1 & !n to cultivate betwe5 ^! z may be necess>y to keep d[n ! gr[? ( we$s4 ,"u "s conditions also 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 ! mo/ satisfactory results h be5 obta9$ f s[+ alfalfa 9 r[s #ad to #af in*es ap>t & cultivat+ betwe5 !m4 ,ev5 h& hoe+ ! fir/ season may be ju/ifiable along ! l9e ( ! r[s = small areas1 b ) ! price ( labor z at pres5t1 w\ld be too co/ly = l>ge areas4 ,:5 gr[n 9 r[s z indicat$ 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates & we/w>d f ^!1 ! yields ( se$ h be5 m satisfactory ?an :5 s[n broadca/1 b ! crop is less satisfactory = hay1 ow+ to ! co>se & unev5 "* ( ! /ems4 ,! am\nts ( se$ want$ = su* s[+ w1 ( c\rse1 v>y *iefly ) ! di/ance betwe5 ! r[s4 ,z small an am\nt z #f p\nds or ev5 less w 9 "s in/ances suffice p] acre4 ,pa/ur+4--,! practice ( pa/ur+ alfalfa ! fir/ season1 especially :]e x _c be irrigat$1 is usually condemn$1 le/ x %\ld weak5 ! plants unduly = ent]+ ! w9t]4 ,x w\ld seem probable1 h[ev]1 t "u "s conditions su* graz+ w\ld be helpful r ?an hurtful4 ,! cropp+ ( ! plants by /ock1 9 ! influ5ce :i* x ex]ts ^u ! plants1 is ak9 to t :i* arises f cutt+ !m back frequ5tly dur+ ! summ]4 ,! animals ?us graz$ w also crop d[n we$s4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is true ( %eep4 ,! au?or has succe$$ 9 gett+ a good /& ( alfalfa by s[+ se$ at ! rate ( #ae p\nds p] acre1 along ) #b to #d p\nds ( ,dw>f ,essex rape se$1 & graz+ ! same ) %eep4 ,o!r gr[]s1 dur+ rec5t ye>s1 h succe$$ simil>ly4 ,! graz+ %\ld n beg9 until ! plants h made a good />t1 b x %\ld n be def]r$ s long t ! rape & ! we$s w unduly %ade ! alfalfa plants4 ,! pa/ur+ %\ld n be too close1 nor %\ld x be s long cont9u$ t ! alfalfa plants w n be able to provide a good gr[? 9 ! e>ly autumn be=e ! adv5t ( w9t]4 ,! managem5t ( ! spr+-s[n crop ! fir/ season requires c>eful att5tion 9 areas :]e ! haz>d exi/s 9 any consid]able degree t ! plants may take s]i\s h>m at t season1 or1 inde$1 fail altoge!r4 ,9 ,we/]n areas1 f ,canada to ,k5tucky & ,miss\ri1 x is important t ! /ubbles ( ! gra9 %all be cut high1 amid :i* alfalfa gr[s :5 x is s[n ) a nurse crop4 ,:5 n ?us s[n1 x is ( prime importance t ! plants %all /& up sev]al in*es above ! surface ( ! gr\nd be=e ! adv5t ( w9t]4 ,?is is specially important 9 ,/ates we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,! objects effect$ are ?ree-fold4 ,fir/1 ! sn[ is arre/$ & held = ! protection ( ! plants1 & to furni% !m ) moi/ure :5 ! sn[ melts4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! /ubbles & ! erect "y alfalfa plants w hold sn[ is simply surpris+4 ,on ! expos$ prairies1 ! sn[ usually drifts s completely f unprotect$ l&s1 t dur+ almo/ any w9t] a l>ge proportion ( ! area w be q b>e4 ,! melt+ ( ! sn[ ?us held is also ( mu* value to ! crop 9 ! moi/ure :i* x br+s to x1 especially 9 areas :]e ! ra9fall is less ?an normal4 ,second1 ! plants are ?us protect$ f ! sweep ( ! cold w9ds :i* bl[ s mu* ( ! season 9 ! unprotect$ prairie1 & :i* are frequ5tly fatal to v>i\s w9t] crops4 ,?ird1 !y are also protect$ f ! int5sity ( ! fro/1 :i* may 9 "s in/ances kill "y alfalfa plants 9 areas nor?w>d4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ea/ ( ,m9nesota1 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 & ! prov9ces ( ,canada ea/ ( ,lake ,huron1 ! consid]able cov]+ on ! gr\nd is n s important1 relatively1 to protect ! plants aga9/ ! com+ w9t]1 b x is also ( consid]able importance1 z sometimes ! e>ly sn[s melt s completely t ! fields are left b>e 9 midw9t]4 ,! w>m temp]atures :i* melt ! sn[ may be foll[$ by a cold wave1 :i* may be greatly injuri\s to ! plants4 ,!re may be in/ances1 z :]e ! sn[ usually falls v deeply1 9 :i* ! cov]+ left w\ld prove excessive1 & s t5d to smo!r ! plants2 h5ce1 sometimes x may be necess>y to gu>d aga9/ too mu* cov]+4 ,if ! plants %\ld lack age or vigor on ent]+ ! fir/ w9t]1 a top-dress+ ( f>my>d manure w r5d] great s]vice 9 protect+ !m4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only practicable ) comp>atively limit$ areas4 ,x is sometimes practic$ 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,/ates1 :]e ! manure ?us appli$ w prove greatly helpful to ! gr[? ( ! alfalfa dur+ ! foll[+ season4 ,^! precautions to gu>d aga9/ ! sev]ity ( w9t] wea!r are n ne>ly s necess>y 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,/ates :]e irrigation is practic$4 ,9 ^!1 alfalfa spr+ s[n is sometimes pa/ur$ dur+ ! foll[+ w9t]1 & )\t any great h>m to ! crop4 ,?us greatly d conditions v>y4 ,x may also be well to rememb] t :]e ra9fall is usually pl5tiful & sometimes excessive1 t a bett] /& ( ! "y plants c be obta9$ :5 ! ra9fall is mod]ate ?an :5 x is copi\s4 ,saturat$ gr\nd is hurtful to ! "y plants4 ,!y w n gr[ prop]ly "u su* conditions & are likely to assume a sickly appe>ance4 ,mildew may appe> & ! plants may fail 9 pat*es4 ,& ?is may happ5 on l& :i* w ord9>ily produce reasonably good crops ( alfalfa aft] !y h once be5 e/abli%$4 ,! value ( alfalfa 9 provid+ pa/ure is m re/rict$ ?an 9 provid+ hay4 ,?is arises 9 "p f ! injury :i* may come to ! plants f graz+ too closely at c]ta9 times1 & 9 a great] degree f injury :i* may result to c]ta9 animals :i* may fe$ ^u ! plants1 m especially cattle & %eep1 ?r\gh bloat+1 to :i* x frequ5tly gives rise4 ,?is plant is pre-em95tly a pa/ure = sw9e4 ,!y may be graz$ ^u x ) pr(it all ! season1 f spr+ until fall4 ,no plant n[ gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w furni% s mu* graz+ f a giv5 area 9 localities well adapt$ to its gr[?4 ,sw9e are v fond ( x4 ,"s gr[]s d n fe$ any gra9 supplem5t to _! sw9e :5 graz+ on alfalfa1 b x is g5]ally believ$ t1 "u av]age conditions1 x is wise to supplem5t ! alfalfa pa/ure daily ) a light fe$ ( gra91 c>bonace\s 9 "*1 z ( rye1 corn or b>ley1 & t ?is %\ld be gradually increas$ ) ! advancem5t ( ! graz+ season4 ,"o acre ( alfalfa w provide pa/ure = #e to #ae head ( sw9e1 ?r\gh all ! graz+ season1 dep5d5t ^u ! degree ( ! favorable "* ( ! conditions = gr[? 9 ! alfalfa1 ! age ( ! sw9e1 & ! ext5t to :i* ! pa/ure is supplem5t$ ) gra94 ,b 9 "s in/ances ! area nam$ w graze at lea/ #ae hogs ?r\gh all ! gr[+ season )\t a gra9 supplem5t4 ,sw9e may be turn$ 9 to graze on alfalfa :5 well set1 z soon z x beg9s to gr[ freely 9 ! spr+4 ,x %\ld be s manag$ t ! graz+ w be kept reasonably t5d] & succul5t4 ,= sw9e pa/ure ! plants %\ld nev] be all[$ to rea* ! blossom+ /age4 ,?is c be manag$ by runn+ ! field m[] ov] ! pa/ure occasionally :5 ! /ems are gr[+ long & co>se4 ,close & prolong$ graz+ by sw9e w t5d to %ort5 ! p]iod ( ! life ( ! alfalfa4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is result w foll[ w dep5d ^u soil & climatic conditions & ! clos5ess ( ! graz+4 ,to avoid su* a result & also to secure ! utilization ( ! food to ! utmo/1 "s gr[]s advocate cutt+ ! alfalfa & fe$+ x to sw9e z soil+4 ,! advisability ( h&l+ x ?us w be dep5d5t to "s ext5t on ! relative price ( labor4 ,! be/ results1 relatively1 f gr[+ alfalfa to provide pa/ure w be f\nd 9 ! ,we/]n valleys1 :]e alfalfa gr[s ) mu* vigor1 & 9 c]ta9 areas ( ! ,s\?1 :]e x gr[s freely & c be pa/ur$ dur+ mu* ( ! ye>4 ,9 areas em95tly adapt$ to ! gr[? ( clov]1 x is n s necess>y to gr[ alfalfa = su* a use4 ,9 ,we/]n areas1 :]e ,canada field peas are a success1 & especially :]e arti*okes are n hidd5 f sw9e by fro/1 pork c be gr[n v *eaply1 & )\t ! necessity ( h>ve/+ any v l>ge portion ( ^! crops1 except ?r\gh graz+ !m d[n by sw9e4 ,su* conditions w\ld be highly favorable to ! ma9t5ance ( heal? 9 ! sw9e1 & ! quality ( ! pork made w\ld be ( ! be/4 ,9 "s in/ances a small /ack ( ,canada field peas is put up 9 ! sw9e pa/ure t ! sw9e may help !mselves f ! same ! foll[+ ye>1 z 9 ra9less or ne>ly ra9less climates1 :]e su* gra9 w keep long )\t injury4 ,alfalfa furni%es excell5t graz+ = horses1 m especially :5 !y are n at "w4 ,l o!r succul5t pa/ures1 x t5ds too mu* to induce laxness 9 ! b[els ) horses :i* graze x1 )\t any dry fodd] supplem5t4 ,b x has high adaptation = provid+ pa/ure = brood m>es1 colts1 & horses t are idle or work+ b little4 ,:ile x induces abundant milk production 9 brood m>es1 & induces quick & l>ge gr[? 9 colts until matur$1 x is ?\ght by "s practical horsem5 t horses gr[n *iefly on alfalfa h n ! /ay+ p[] & endurance ( ^?1 = in/ance1 t are graz$ *iefly on ,k5tucky blue grass & "s o!r grasses4 ,!re is probably "s tru? 9 ! surmise1 & if s1 ! objection rais$ c\ld be met by divid+ ! graz+ ei!r ?r\gh alt]nat+ ! same ) o!r pa/ures or by gr[+ "s o!r grass or grasses along ) ! alfalfa4 ,! alfalfa furni%es excell5t graz+ = cattle1 :e!r !y are gr[n z /ock]s1 are kept = milk produc+1 or are be+ fatt5$ = beef4 ,= ! two purposes fir/ nam$ x has high excell5ce1 & x w also produce good beef1 b alfalfa graz+ alone w n f9i% animals = ! block q s well )\t a gra9 supplem5t z ) "o4 ,b ! dang] is usually pres5t to a great] or less degree t cattle ?us graz$ may suff] f bloat1 induc$ by eat+ ! gre5 alfalfa4 ,?is dang] increases ) ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e1 ) ! succul5ce ( ! alfalfa1 & ) ! degree ( ! moi/ure re/+ on x1 z f dew or ra94 ,?is expla9s :y 9 "s sections ! losses f ?is s\rce are mu* great] ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x also expla9s :y su* losses are great] 9 "s areas ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x is consid]$ t graz+ alfalfa ) cattle 9 ! m\nta9 valleys is less haz>d\s ?an 9 areas ,ea/ & ,s\!a/1 z ! atmosph]e is less humid1 ! dang] f ! succul5ce c be bett] controll$ by ! am\nt ( irrigat+ wat] suppli$1 & because ( ! infrequ5cy ( ! ra9fall4 ,nev]!less1 ! losses f bloat are sometimes sev]e 9 bo? cattle & %eep 9 ! m\nta9 ,/ates1 not)/&+ t "s seasons l>ge h]ds are graz$ ^u alfalfa ?r\gh ! entire season )\t any loss4 ,cattle graz$ ^u alfalfa may be s manag$ t ! ext5t ( ?is haz>d w be v mu* less5$1 if n entirely obviat$1 b ) l>ge h]ds "s ( ! precaution>y me?ods n[ to be submitt$ may n always be practicable4 ,!y %\ld nev] be turn$ 9 to graze ^u alfalfa :5 hungry4 ,"s graz]s adopt ! plan ( leav+ !m on ! graz+ cont9u\sly :5 once put 9 to graze4 ,o!rs leave !m 9 = a limit$ "t ea* day at ! fir/1 increas+ ! duration ( ! pa/ur+ p]iod f day to day4 ,aft] manag+ !m ?us = a week or two1 ! animals are only remov$ f ! pa/ure = su* purposes z milk+4 ,o!rs1 aga91 fe$ "s alfalfa or o!r food 9 ! morn+ be=e turn+ !m on to alfalfa pa/ures4 ,ano!r plan adopt$ is to graze !m on a field ( o!r graz+1 locat$1 if possible1 beside ! alfalfa field1 until aft] ! dew has lift$1 & !n to op5 ! gate into ! alfalfa pa/ure4 ,?is is readily practicable ) a h]d ( c[s1 b n to any?+ l ! same ext5t ) a l>ge h]d be+ gr[n = beef4 ,! dang] f bloat 9 pa/ur+ %eep ^u alfalfa is at lea/ z great z 9 pa/ur+ cattle on ! same1 & ! me?ods ( manag+ !m :ile ?us be+ graz$ are n f> diff]5t4 ,s1 too1 ! exp]i5ces 9 su* graz+ are v simil>4 ,! losses f su* graz+ "s seasons h be5 slight4 ,o!r seasons !y h prov$ s heavy z to make su* graz+ unpr(itable4 ,:5 %eep are be+ graz$ on alfalfa1 a light fe$ ( gra9 giv5 9 ! e>ly morn+ r$uces mat]ially ! dang] f bloat4 ,x also enables ! flock-ma/] to f9i% 8 %eep or lambs = ! m>ket *eaply & 9 f9e =m1 s9ce ?is small gra9 factor1 n necess>ily m ?an half a p\nd a day1 :e!r giv5 z :eat1 rye1 b>ley1 oats or corn1 puts ! ration practically 9 balance = ! purpose nam$1 & x may be giv5 to ! %eep daily 9 tr\ghs )\t tak+ !m out ( ! pa/ure4 ,x is ?\ght t !re is m dang] to cattle & %eep f graz+ on alfalfa ?an on any ( ! clov]s1 & probably su* is ! case4 ,b :e!r ?is is true or n1 ! dang] is v consid]able1 & is enhanc$ by ! pres5ce ( fro/ z well z ! pres5ce ( moi/ure1 f mu* succul5ce 9 ! plants1 f ra9 & f dew4 ,s great is ! dang] t ! inexp]i5c$ %\ld proce$ ) mu* caution 9 su* graz+4 ,:5 bloat does occur1 ! me?od ( deal+ ) x is giv5 on page #ie4 ,! t5d5cy to produce bloat 9 alfalfa pa/ures decreases ) ! ext5t to :i* o!r grasses are pres5t 9 ! pa/ures4 ,%\ld alfalfa be gr[n1 !re=e1 = ! purpose ( provid+ pa/ure1 "s o!r grass or grasses %\ld be s[n along ) x4 ,:i* ( ^! %\ld be ?us s[n ought to dep5d *iefly on ! adaptation ( ! grasses = produc+ vigor\s gr[? "u ! conditions pres5t4 ,9 ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi & nor? ( ! ,ohio1 & 9 all ( ,canada ea/ f ,lake ,huron1 alfalfa may be made an important feature 9 pa/ures v>i\sly compos$4 ,= in/ance1 on suitable soils alfalfa may be made an important feature 9 pa/ures compos$ o!rwise ( m$ium r$ & alsike clov] & timo?y4 ,! au?or c speak f exp]i5ce z to ! slightness ( ! dang] f graz+ cattle & %eep on su* pa/ures4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates tall oat grass c\ld be s[n ) ! alfalfa1 & probably or*>d grass4 ,9 "s areas alfalfa w ma9ta9 its hold on l&s smitt5 ) ,johnson grass1 bo? produc+ freely4 ,9 mu* ( ,kansas mead[ fescue w\ld answ] ! purpose1 nor?w>d brome grass w\ld probably answ]1 & 9 "s places timo?y4 ,9 ,idaho & ! ,/ates adjo9+1 tall oat grass1 mead[ fescue & or*>d grass w all be helpful1 & 9 "s ( ! m\nta9 ,/ates x has be5 f\nd t :5 alsike clov] is gr[n freely 9 alfalfa pa/ures1 ! t5d5cy to bloat is n only less5$ 9 ! animals graz+1 b ! value ( ! pa/ure1 especially = w9t] graz+1 is greatly improv$4 ,"s graz]s1 especially 9 ! m\nta9 ,/ates1 h adopt$ ! plan ( s[+ o!r pa/ures1 z :eat or b>ley1 beside ! alfalfa pa/ures1 & ^! are made accessible at w to ! animals t are be+ graz$4 ,! plan has "s comm5dable features1 b graz+ animals ?us does n r$uce ! dang] z mu* z :5 !y are graz$ on pa/ures 9 :i* o!r grasses gr[ up amid alfalfa4 ,9 "s ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates pure alfalfa mead[s are graz$ ?r\gh successive seasons ) b little loss1 b 9 su* in/ances ! graz+ began 9 ! spr+ & 0 cont9u\s4 ,judici\s c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 graz+ alfalfa le/ ! /& ( ! plants %all be injur$4 ,! liability to injury 9 ! plants f injudici\s graz+ increases ) ! lack ( adaptation 9 ! soil & climate = abundant & prolong$ gr[? 9 ! alfalfa4 ,9 a l>ge majority ( in/ances1 z previ\sly intimat$1 x is n wise to graze d[n alfalfa at all closely ! season ( s[+1 & 9 "s in/ances x %\ld n !n be graz$ to any ext5t1 le/ ! plants be unduly weak5$ = ent]+ ! w9t]4 ,9 cold areas ! haz>d is mu* great] f su* graz+ ?an 9 ^? t are mild1 & likewise1 x is great] :5 ! gr[? is only mod]ately vigor\s ?an 9 areas :]e alfalfa gr[s ) ! vigor ( a we$1 z 9 ,we/]n m\nta9 valleys4 ,9 areas :]e ! w9t]s are cold1 & especially :]e ! sn[fall is light & ! w9ds h a wide sweep1 ! animals :i* graze ^u alfalfa %\ld be remov$ 9 "t to all[ ! plants to gr[ up to ! height ( sev]al in*es be=e ! adv5t ( w9t]4 ,! gr[? ?us secur$ w cat* & hold ! sn[1 & ! protection ?us furni%$ is greatly helpful to ! pres]vation & vigor ( ! plants4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t 9 ,nor!rn areas pa/ur+ alfalfa 9 w9t]1 especially :5 ! gr\nd is b>e & froz51 br+s imm95t haz>d to ! plants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 graz+ 9 w9t] 9 ! m\nta9 valleys1 :5 z f> nor? z ,c5tral ,montana1 may be practic$ ) little or no haz>d to ! /& ( plants :5 ^! h become well e/abli%$4 ,9 su* areas alfalfa may be graz$ practically z may be desir$1 provid+ ?is graz+ is n too close4 ,cattle injure alfalfa less ?an o!r animals :5 !y graze ^u x1 z !y d n crop x too closely2 sw9e injure x m1 if ! graz+ is con/ant4 ,horses d ev5 great] injury1 ?r\gh bit+ ! cr[ns ( ! plants too closely2 b %eep injure alfalfa pa/ures m ?an any ( ^! animals1 :5 ! graz+ is close1 ow+ to ! ext5t to :i* !y trim (f ! leaves4 ,z ,soil+ ,food4--,= be+ f$ z soil+ food1 alfalfa has ! v highe/ adaptation1 ow+1 #a4 ,to ! long p]iod cov]$ by ! gr[?4 #b4 ,to ! rapidity ( ! gr[? result+ 9 l>ge relative production4 #c4 ,to ! palatability ( ! gre5 food produc$4 #d4 ,to ! entire safety to ! animals f$4 ,& #e4 ,to its high fe$+ value4 ,9 ,l\isiana1 = in/ance1 alfalfa may be made to furni% soil+ food = n9e mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 ( c\rse1 ! duration ( production is mu* less1 b x is seldom less ?an five mon?s4 ,! gr[? is s rapid t cutt+s = soil+ food may usually be made at int]vals ( f\r to six weeks1 accord+ to season & climate2 h5ce1 ! cutt+s = soil+ food w run all ! way f two to eight or n9e ea* season4 ,x is s palatable t horses1 mules1 cattle1 %eep & sw9e reli% x highly4 ,:5 wilt$ a little be=e be+ f$1 ! dang] ( produc+ bloat is elim9at$4 ,its fe$+ value is ne>ly ! same z t ( ! m$ium r$ clov]1 ?us mak+ x 9 itself :at may be t]m$ a balanc$ or p]fect food = horses1 mules1 cattle & %eep until developm5t is complet$ & subsequ5tly :5 !y are at re/2 t is1 :5 !y are n produc+1 z 9 ! =m ( labor or milk4 ,! highe/ use1 probably1 f fe$+ alfalfa :5 gre5 w arise f fe$+ x to mil* c[s4 ,its high prote9 cont5t 9 comb9ation ) its succul5ce pre-em95tly adapts x to su* a use4 ,:]ev] alfalfa c be gr[n & w produce ev5 two cutt+s a ye>1 x w s]ve a good purpose 9 produc+ milk4 ,e dairyman dep5d5t m or less on soil+ food w f9d x to 8 advantage to gr[ alfalfa :]e x may be gr[n 9 good =m4 ,:5 f$ to mil* c[s1 "s meal add$1 c>bonace\s 9 "*1 z corn or non-sac*>9e sorghum se$1 may prove a pay+ inve/m5t1 & x may also be advisable to alt]nate ! gre5 alfalfa1 morn+ or ev5+1 ) su* o!r gre5 crops z oats & peas1 millet1 rape1 corn or sorghum :5 9 season1 to provide v>iety4 ,b ev5 ?\gh alfalfa alone %\ld be ?us made to supplem5t ! pa/ures1 ! outcome %\ld be at lea/ fairly satisfactory4 ,:5 f$ to horses t are work+1 "s c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 fe$+ x1 le/ too lax a condition ( ! b[els %\ld be induc$1 & a gra9 factor %\ld be f$ at ! same "t4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 giv5 to %eep t 7 be+ fitt$ = %[ purposes1 b may also be f$ gre5 to ! entire flock1 ) a view to supplem5t ! pa/ures4 ,x has special adaptation = promot+ l>ge gr[? 9 lambs1 &1 inde$1 9 any k9d ( "y /ock to :i* x may be f$4 ,:5 f$ to sw9e1 a small gra9 supplem5t prop]ly *os5 & f$ w insure m satisfactory gr[?4 ,x is ?\ght t m satisfactory results w be obta9$ f all[+ ! alfalfa to get fairly well on t[>d ! blossom+ /age be=e beg9n+ to fe$1 & to cont9ue to fe$ until 9 full bloom4 ,?is 9 practice may n always be possible1 b usually an approximation to x may be rea*$1 especially :5 ! production ( ! alfalfa w m ?an supply ! ne$s 9 soil+ food4 ,! ideal plan is to comm5ce cutt+ ! alfalfa z soon z a good gr[? is made1 cutt+ en\gh daily or e o!r day to supply ! ne$s ( ! animals4 ,if ! gr[? becomes too mu* advanc$ be=e ! field is gone ov] ?us1 ! balance %\ld be made into hay1 & ! cutt+ %\ld beg9 aga9 :]e x began previ\sly4 ,!re is no "q b t consid]ably m food c be obta9$ f a giv5 area :5 gre5 alfalfa is f$ 9 ! soil+ =m1 in/ead ( be+ graz$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 su* production w\ld n be easy to det]m9e1 b ( ! fact /at$ !re _c be any d\bt4 ,ord9>ily1 ea* cutt+ ( gre5 alfalfa = soil+ %\ld n produce less ?an #d tons2 h5ce1 :]e #h cutt+s c be secur$1 n few] ?an #cb tons ( soil+ food c\ld be obta9$ p] season4 ,b :e!r ! increase f soil+ alfalfa1 z comp>$ ) pa/ur+ ! same1 w\ld repay ! co/ ( ! extra labor1 w dep5d ^u conditions t v>y ) "t & place4 ,alfalfa fields ?us manag$ or cut = hay w also produce = a long] p]iod ?an :5 ! fields are graz$4 ,cont9uity 9 ! production ( soil+ food may n be possible "s seasons 9 ! abs5ce ( irrigation2 h5ce1 "u su* conditions provision %\ld always be made = a supply ( su* o!r soil+ foods z may be ne$$1 & ( a "* t w make x practical to turn !m into dry fodd] :5 n want$ z soil+ food4 ,b :]e irrigat+ wat]s are unfail+1 x is q possible to furni% soil+ food f alfalfa soils ?r\gh practically all ! gr[+ season4 ,dairym5 ?us locat$ are 9 a dairyman's p>adise4 ,alfalfa1 l clov]1 may be made into silage4 ,9 dry climates ?is w\ld seem to be unnecess>y1 b 9 ra9y climates x may be wise 9 "s in/ances to make alfalfa ensilage1 ! bett] to insure ! cur+ ( ! crop4 ,:at has be5 said ) ref]5ce to clov] ensilage w apply almo/ equally to alfalfa4 7,see page #ajc47 ,x w\ld be m desirable1 usually1 to make ! fir/ cutt+ f alfalfa into ensilage ?an lat] cutt+s1 because ( ! %[]y "* ( ! wea!r at t season1 b ! /rong objection /&s 9 ! way ( do+ s1 t no c>bonace\s food1 z corn1 sorghum or soy beans1 is ready = go+ into ! silo !n z !y are lat]1 ) a view ( aid+ 9 ! bett] pres]vation ( ! ensilage & ( mak+ a bett] balanc$ ration4 ,good alfalfa silage is m easily made :5 ! alfalfa has be5 run ?r\gh a cutt+-box ?an :5 9 ! uncut =ms4 ,h>ve/+ = ,hay4--,! be/ "t to h>ve/ alfalfa = hay is j aft] ! blossoms beg9 to appe>4 ,ord9>ily1 n m ?an "o-?ird ( ! blossoms are out :5 ! h>ve/+ %\ld beg91 b :5 ! hay is to be f$ to horses ! cutt+ may be def]r$ until m ?an half ! blooms are out4 ,if cut e>li]1 ! loss ( weight 9 ! crop w be consid]able1 z mu* z #cj to #de p] c5t41 z comp>$ ) cutt+ :5 9 full bloom4 ,if cut lat]1 ! /ems become ov]-woody1 & ! loss ( leaves 9 cur+ w be mu* great]4 ,:5 ! cutt+ is delay$ beyond ! p]iod ( e>ly bloom1 ! gr[? ( ! next cutt+ is ret>d$1 & :5 x is def]r$ until "s ( ! leaves turn yell[ or until "s se$ is =m$1 9 _m situations ! influ5ce on ! succe$+ crop is s]i\sly adv]se1 & 9 "s in/ances ?is influ5ce w\ld seem to react aga9/ ! vigor\s gr[? ( ! plant dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! season4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 z :]e ! conditions are q favorable to ! gr[? ( ! plant1 ^! results are n pres5t 9 s m>k$ a degree4 ,:5 l>ge areas ( alfalfa are to be h>ve/$1 ! importance ( beg9n+ e>ly _c easily be ov]e/imat$4 ,x w\ld be mu* bett] to sacrifice some?+ 9 loss ( weight 9 ! hay1 ?r\gh cutt+ too e>ly1 ?an to meet ) great] loss 9 weight 9 ! next crop or crops by cutt+ too long def]r$4 ,mu* t has be5 said ab\t ! h>ve/+ ( m$ium1 r$ clov] w apply equally to alfalfa4 7,see page #ie47 ,! m[+ %\ld beg9 z soon z ! dew has lift$ 9 ! morn+4 ,! t$d] %\ld foll[ aft] ! hay has wilt$ some:at1 & lat]1 ! horse rake1 ! aim be+ to get ! crop made into w9r[s1 pref]ably small1 be=e nightfall1 & :5 ! wea!r is unc]ta91 ! aim %\ld be also to put ! hay up into small cocks ! same ev5+4 ,?is may n always be practicable4 ,if ! loss ( leaves is likely to be consid]able :5 rak+ ! hay1 rak+ %\ld be def]r$ until ! influ5ce ( ev5+ dews beg9s to be felt4 ,aft] ! hay has become wilt$ x %\ld n be /irr$ or h&l$ any m ?an is really necess>y1 t loss ( leaves & ( ! tips ( ! /ems & bran*es may be avoid$1 & ! h&l+ dur+ ! cur+ process %\ld be done to ! greate/ ext5t practicable be=e or aft] ! sun%9e has wax$ /rong4 ,9 %[]y wea!r1 :5 small areas are be+ h>ve/$1 hay caps c be us$ ) pr(it4 ,:]e l>ge areas are to be h>ve/$ & :]e !re is no dang] ( ra91 ! crop :5 nicely wilt$ is drawn into w9r[s1 & 9 ^! ! cur+ is complet$ )\t fur!r /irr+ or h&l+4 ,f ! w9r[s x is drawn usually on rakes ( a c]ta9 make1 & ! rake loads ?us slid ov] ! gr\nd are lift$ bodily onto ! /ack by ! use ( ! rick]s4 7,see page #ajj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,field ( ,alfalfa 9 ,cali=nia ,/or+4--,:5 cur$ 9 cocks1 ^! are pref]ably made small to facilitate quick cur+1 b usually f two to f\r days are necess>y to complete ! cur+4 ,if ! cocks require op5+ out be=e be+ drawn1 ! "w %\ld be done ) c>e4 ,ord9>y /ack+ & /or+ may be done 9 practically ! same way z 9 h&l+ m$ium r$ clov]1 & ! same c>e is necess>y 9 protect+ ! /acks4 ,9 areas :]e consid]able ra9 falls 9 ! autumn1 hay %$s w prove a great conv5i5ce 9 /or+ alfalfa 9 ! abs5ce ( bett] facilities4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates alfalfa is sometimes /or$ 9 m[s und]cur$1 by putt+ x into ! m[ 9 alt]nate lay]s ) /raw4 ,! /raw n only aids 9 pres]v+ ! alfalfa 9 good condition1 b ! alfalfa imp>ts an aroma to ! /raw :i* induces live /ock to eat x readily4 ,9 %[]y wea!r ?is me?od ( cur+ alfalfa m]its c>eful att5tion :]e /raw c be _h ne> at h& & 9 suffici5t quantities4 ,! me?od is sometimes adopt$ ( cutt+ alfalfa ev5 = hay by us+ ! self-rake reap]4 ,! %eaves ?us made are all[$ to lie on ! gr\nd undi/urb$ until !y are ready = be+ drawn4 ,by ?is me?od ( cutt+1 ! loss ( leaves is almo/ entirely avoid$1 b !re are ^! objections to x3 t x exposes unduly to sunlight dur+ ! cur+ process1 & 9 case ( ra9 ! %eaves are easily saturat$ & d n dry readily unless turn$ ov]4 ,ra9 fall+ on alfalfa w injure x q z mu* z x does r$ clov]4 7,see page #if47 ,9 climates ) mu* ra9fall 9 ,may or ,june1 :5 ! fir/ cutt+ ( alfalfa is ready = be+ h>ve/$1 accord+ to locality1 9 in/ances n a few mu* difficulty is f\nd 9 cur+ alfalfa )\t loss4 ,sometimes ! entire cutt+ w be r5d]$ practically useless by ra94 ,because ( ?is1 z previ\sly intimat$1 x may be well to arrange1 :]e practicable1 to cut ! fir/ crop ( ! season = soil+ food4 ,! numb] ( cutt+s dur+ ! ye> dep5ds on su* conditions z relate to ! l5g? ( ! season1 ! "* ( ! soil1 ! abundance ( moi/ure pres5t1 & ! use to :i* ! alfalfa is put4 ,9 "s ( ! riv] bottoms s\?w>d 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :]e irrigat+ wat]s are pl5tiful1 x is claim$ t alfalfa may be made to furni% "o cutt+ = soil+ food e mon? 9 ! ye>4 ,ev5 9 ! ,nor!rn we/]n valleys1 z _m z five or six cutt+s = ! use nam$ may be obta9$4 ,nor? f ! ,ohio & ,potomac riv]s ?ree to five cutt+s ( soil+ food may be look$ = ea* season1 & s\? ( ^! riv]s ev5 a l>g] numb]4 ,nor? ( ! same riv]s ! hay crops run f two to f\r1 & s\?w>d f ! same !y are seldom less ?an ?ree4 ,9 ! we/]n valleys !y range f ?ree to five or six1 accord+ to location4 ,9 ,/ates bord]+ on ! semi-arid ,/ates ea/w>d & "s di/ance s\? ( ! ,canadian b\nd>y1 f ?ree to f\r cutt+s may usually be expect$4 ,9 ,colorado & ,/ates nor? & s\? f ! same1 two good crops ( alfalfa may be cut f spr+-s[n se$ ! same season1 b :]e irrigation is n practic$ x is seldom t "o crop ( hay is h>ve/$ "u simil> conditions ( s[+4 ,b 9 ! semi-arid belt n m ?an "o cutt+ is usually obta9$ ea* season 9 ! abs5ce ( wat]4 ,b ! numb] ( cutt+s w be r$uc$ :5 "o ( ^! is a se$ crop4 ,:5 a se$ crop is tak51 ! vitality ( ! plants is app>5tly s mu* r$uc$ = ! season t ! subsequ5t gr[? is mu* less vigor\s ?an if se$ _h n be5 ?us tak54 ,! yield ( hay f ea* cutt+ w1 ( c\rse1 v>y mu* ) conditions1 b x is seldom less ?an a ton4 ,an approximate av]age w\ld place ! av]age cutt+ at ab\t #a-a_/d tons1 b z mu* z #b tons h be5 obta9$ p] acre at a cutt+1 &1 aga91 n m ?an #a_/b ton4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey an av]age ( #d4eg tons p] acre 0 obta9$ "u good conditions ( managem5t1 b )\t irrigation1 at ! exp]im5t /ation = ?ree ye>s 9 succession4 ,9 ,kansas1 #d to #f tons p] acre may usually be expect$ f good soils4 ,9 ,tul>e ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 z mu* z #f to #aj tons h be5 secur$ "u irrigation4 ,! yields f ! v>i\s cutt+s are by no means uni=m1 especially 9 ! abs5ce ( irrigation4 ,!y are mu* influ5c$ by ra9fall4 ,9 su* areas1 ! second cutt+ is usually ! be/ = ! season1 ! subsequ5t cutt+s be+ consid]ably less4 ,:]e irrigation is practic$1 ! crops are mu* m uni=m1 b ev5 9 mild climates1 z ! season advances1 !re is a t5d5cy to less] yields1 indicative ( ! necessity ( at lea/ p>tial re/ = plants dur+ a portion ( ! ye>4 ,! yields ( alfalfa are usually exce$$ by ^? ( no o!r crop1 :]e ! conditions are q favorable to its gr[?1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( irrigation4 ,at ! ,new ,j]sey ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 z /at$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #adh1 "o acre ( alfalfa produc$ #cf1edj p\nds ( gre5 food2 ( corn1 #bd1jjj2 ( r$ clov]1 #ad1jjj2 ( crimson clov]1 #ad1jjj2 ( millet1 #af1jjj2 ( c[ peas1 #af1jjj2 & ( oats & peas1 #ad1jjj p\nds4 ,b :]e only two1 or ev5 ?ree1 cutt+s c be obta9$ p] ye>1 "s crops may produce l>g] yields ?an alfalfa4 ,9 ! di/9ctive alfalfa belt 9 ! ,we/1 no =age crop c be gr[n t w comp>e ) x 9 ! yields obta9$4 ,! prote9 9 alfalfa is also relatively high4 ,at ! /ation quot$ above x 0 f\nd "o ton ( alfalfa conta9$ #bfe p\nds ( prote92 h5ce1 its high relative value z a food2 r$ clov]1 #bdf p\nds2 timo?y1 #aah p\nds2 & :eat bran1 #aah p\nds4 ,at ! ,delaw>e ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ee1 x is /at$ t maximum crops ( c[ peas & ( crimson clov] gave #gbj p\nds ( prote91 :ile a maximum crop ( alfalfa gave #abcj p\nds4 ,:]e alfalfa is irrigat$1 x is usual to apply irrigat+ wat]s j aft] ea* cutt+ ( ! crop4 ,x is a matt] ( "s importance t ! wat] %all be appli$ at once z soon z ! previ\s crop has be5 h>ve/$1 o!rwise "t w be lo/ 9 gr[+ ! next crop4 ,!re are in/ances :]e x is necess>y to apply wat] be=e ! fir/ crop is gr[n1 b usually ! moi/ure :i* falls 9 ! w9t] & spr+ w suffice to produce ! fir/ crop ( ! season4 ,"s irrigators apply wat] "s "t previ\s to h>ve/+ ! crop1 b n s late z to leave ! gr\nd 9 a s(t condition :5 m[+ is begun4 ,! am\nt ( wat] requir$ w v>y ) ! soil1 ! season ( ! ye>1 ! di/ance ( ! gr\nd wat] f ! surface1 & ! precipitation4 ,! m por\s ! soil & subsoil1 ! hott] ! wea!r1 ! less ! precipitation & ! f>!r bel[ ! surface1 up to a c]ta9 limit1 ! great] w be ! am\nt ( wat] ne$$4 ,!re are situations1 z 9 "s ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,yell[/one ,riv]1 9 :i* gr\nd wat] is s ne> ! surface t alfalfa gr[n on ^! is able to get en\gh ( wat] f ?is subt]ranean s\rce to produce good crops4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to apply wat] 9 excess ( ! ne$s ( ! crop1 or ! yields w be proportionately r$uc$4 ,! am\nts t w be/ s]ve ! end s\ght c only be asc]ta9$ by actual te/4 ,caution is also necess>y :]e ! w9t]s are cold n to apply wat] late or 9 excessive quantities1 le/ a sappy condition ( ! plants %all be induc$1 :i* w make !m succumb to ! cold ( ! w9t] foll[+4 ,moreov]1 on "s soils alfalfa fields w produce good crops1 if irrigat$ only ! fir/ season1 until ! roots get d[n to moi/ure1 ! irrigat+ wat]s be+ utiliz$ :5 m ne$$4 ,alfalfa hay is f$ freely to all k9ds ( dome/ic animals on ! f>m1 & ) results t %\ld prove highly satisfactory4 ,prop]ly f$1 x is an excell5t food = horses & mules4 ,x n only s]ves to ma9ta9 fle%1 b x is favorable to gloss9ess 9 ! coat4 ,horses t are work+ h>d %\ld be accu/om$ to x gradually4 ,:5 x is f$ to !m too freely at ! fir/1 x induces too mu* ( a laxity 9 ! b[els1 too free ur9ation1 & pr(use sweat+4 ,:5 f$ to su* horses or mules1 "s au?orities claim t sev]al weeks %\ld be cov]$ 9 gett+ !m on to :at is t]m$ a full fe$ ( alfalfa4 ,:5 f$ to mil* c[s1 free lactation results4 ,alfalfa f9e 9 "* is n[ manufactur$ into food suitable = calves & o!r "y /ock4 ,cattle & %eep are n[ fatt5$ = slaught] on alfalfa hay f$ alone1 b :5 ?us fatt5$ ! f9i% made is n equal to t result+ f add+ gra9 to ! alfalfa4 ,to meet ! ne$s ( ! be/ m>kets1 alfalfa alone does n produce en\gh ( fat or ( firmness 9 ! fle%1 b x has be5 claim$1 & probably x is true1 t "o-half ! am\nt ( gra9 requir$ = f9i%+ along ) c>bonace\s fodd]1 su* z corn /alks or timo?y1 w give equally good & quick increase :5 f$ ) alfalfa hay4 ,x is mo/ excell5t fodd] on :i* to gr[ cattle & %eep1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( a gra9 supplem5t4 ,! lat] cutt+s ( ! season are ?\ght to be ! mo/ suitable = calves & also = %eep & lambs1 because ( ! great] f95ess ( ! fodd] & ! great] abundance ( leaves on x4 ,alfalfa hay is us$ ) mu* advantage 9 w9t]+ sw9e1 especially brood s[s4 ,sw9e h be5 w9t]$ on alfalfa hay )\t any gra9 supplem5t :]e ! w9t]s are mild1 b !y w f>e mu* bett] ) a gra9 supplem5t4 ,x is ?\ght t half ! usual am\nt ( gra9 f$ w produce equal results :5 f$ ) alfalfa1 to ^? obta9$ f fe$+ a full all[ance ( gra9 9 its abs5ce4 ,alfalfa & sorghum prop]ly gr[n make an excell5t food = sw9e1 & ! two may be pr(itably f$ ?us :]e ! conditions may be ov]-dry = corn1 b n = sorghum4 ,:5 fe$+ alfalfa1 ! aim %\ld be to use x 9 conjunction ) a c>bonace\s food1 z corn4 ,=tunate is ! c\ntry :i* gr[s good crops ( corn & alfalfa4 ,secur+ ,se$4--,localities diff] mu* 9 _! capacity to produce alfalfa se$4 ,! be/ crops ( se$ are n[ gr[n we/ & s\?we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,c]ta9 areas 9 ! semi-arid c\ntry ea/ ( & betwe5 ! ranges ( ! ,we/]n m\nta9s seem to h special adaptation = gr[+ se$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! greate/ se$-produc+ ,/ates are ,kansas1 ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,arizona & ,cali=nia4 ,b 9 "s areas ea/ ( t riv] pay+ crops c be gr[n4 ,x has also be5 notic$ t :5 ! crop is s[n less ?ickly ?an x is usually s[n = hay1 ! plants se$ m freely1 :5 s[n ) suffici5t di/ance betwe5 ! r[s to admit ( cultivat+ ! crop1 & :5 su* cultivation is giv51 ! influ5ce on se$ production is also m>k$ly favorable2 su* treatm5t giv5 to ! v>ieties ( rec5t introduction may possibly result 9 ! production ( se$ f ! same1 not)/&+ t !y be> se$ v %yly :5 gr[n 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,ne>ly all ! se$ n[ gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is produc$ by fields t h be5 s[n 9 ! usual way1 & prim>ily to produce hay1 b 9 "s areas1 especially :]e irrigation is practic$1 x is sometimes gr[n ma9ly = se$4 ,on ! irrigat$ l&s ( ! ,we/ x is cu/om>y to gr[ ! fir/ cutt+ ( ! season = hay & ! second = se$4 ,b 9 _m in/ances ! second cutt+ also is made into hay1 & ! se$ is tak5 f ! ?ird cutt+2 ev5 9 ! ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 & also 9 ,ont>io & ,quebec1 se$ is usually tak5 f ! second cutt+4 ,b 9 ,montana1 ,wa%+ton & ,idaho1 on ! high] altitudes1 se$ is n unfrequ5tly tak5 f ! fir/ cutt+ = ! season1 s9ce1 9 ! %ort season = gr[? ( ^? upl&s1 se$ f cutt+s lat] ?an ! fir/ does n always mature s well4 ,9 a l>ge majority ( in/ances se$ does n =m s pr(usely f plants ( ! fir/ cutt+ z f ^? ( lat] gr[?s4 ,?is is ?\ght to arise1 9 "p1 at lea/1 f ! fact t bees1 & x may be o!r insects1 are !n less active 9 se>*+ = food1 & because ( ?is d n aid 9 ! f]tilization ( ! plants z !y d lat]4 ,nor does se$ ( ! fir/ cutt+ rip5 s ev5ly4 ,an important ju/ification is also f\nd = tak+ se$ f ! lat] cutt+s1 9 ! fact t :5 a crop has produc$ se$1 x gr[s less vigor\sly dur+ ! subsequ5t p]iod ( gr[? t same season4 ,s pron\nc$ is ?is habit ( gr[? 9 alfalfa1 t 9 _m localities1 if ! fir/ gr[? is all[$ to produce se$1 b little subsequ5t gr[? w be made aga9 ! same season4 ,! second cutt+1 all ?+s consid]$1 is ! mo/ favorable to se$ production1 z1 unless on irrigat$ l&s1 ! ?ird cutt+ is n usually possess$ ( t vigor necess>y to induce abundant se$+ 9 ! plants4 ,! yields ( se$ are also mu* influ5c$ by moi/ure4 ,an excess ( moi/ure is m unfavorable to ! production ( se$ ?an a %ortage 9 ! same4 ,h5ce1 9 areas :]e ! ra9fall = ! season is v abundant1 b little se$ w be produc$4 ,:]e irrigation is practic$1 ! excessive application ( wat] w\ld h a simil> effect1 ?\gh less pron\nc$ 9 degree2 h5ce1 ! apportionm5t ( ! wat] to ! prospective ne$s ( ! se$ crop calls = c>eful adju/m5t4 ,:]e ! fir/ crop is gr[n = se$1 :]e irrigation is practic$1 9 _m in/ances no wat] is appli$ until aft] ! se$ crop has be5 h>ve/$4 ,! se$ is ready = be+ h>ve/$ :5 a majority ( ! se$-pods assume a d>k br[n t9t4 ,! pods ( lat] =mation w /ill possess a yell[ t9t1 & "s ( !m may /ill possess ! gre5 color4 ,^! d n produce se$ ne>ly equal 9 quality to ! pods :i* rip5 e>li]4 ,to wait = all ! lat] matur+ pods to rip5 be=e h>ve/+ ! crop w\ld mean ! loss ( mu* ( ! be/ se$ ?r\gh %att]+4 ,ano!r te/ ( maturity is made by %ell+ ! pods 9 ! h&4 ,:5 ! se$ c be ?us %ell$ 9 a majority ( ! pods 9 a s+le plant1 x is ready = be+ h>ve/$4 ,alfalfa se$ %att]s easily2 h5ce1 x is important to h>ve/ ! se$ crop ) promptness :5 x is ready1 to h&le x ) due c>efulness1 & 9 "s in/ances to refra9 f h&l+ dur+ ! hotte/ h\rs ( sun%9e4 ,! se$ crop is sometimes cut ) ! m[] & rak$ into w9r[s1 & 9 "s in/ances put up into cocks4 ,:5 x is h&l$ ?us1 ! aim %\ld be to d ! "w1 z f> z ?is may be practicable1 9 ! e>ly & late h\rs ( ! day1 b n1 ( c\rse1 :ile mu* dew is on ! crop4 ,sometimes ! se$ is drawn f ! w9r[s to ! ?re%]2 9 o!r in/ances f ! cocks1 & 9 yet o!r in/ances x is /ack$ be=e be+ ?re%$1 a "w t calls = ! ex]cise ( mu* c>e 9 ! /or+ ( ! crop1 le/ ! se$ %\ld be injur$ by heat+ 9 ! /ack4 ,?is me?od ( h>ve/+ is usually att5d$ ) mu* loss ( se$4 ,!re is probably no bett] way ( h>ve/+ alfalfa ?an to cut x ) ! self-rake reap] or ! b9d]4 ,! loose %eaves dry quickly1 & :5 lift$1 ! aim is to c>ry !m directly to ! ?re%]4 ,less se$1 x is consid]$1 w be lo/ 9 ?is way ?an by ! o!r mode ( h>ve/+ giv5 above1 & ! "w is m exp$iti\sly done4 ,b ow+ to ! difficulty 9 secur+ a ?re%] to ?re% ! se$1 x is sometimes f\nd necess>y to /ack ! crop1 b 9 areas :]e irrigation is practic$ su* /ack+ is seldom necess>y4 ,! se$ is frequ5tly ?re%$ ) ! ord9>y ?re%+ ma*9e1 b 9 _m in/ances x is also ?re%$ ) a clov] hull]4 ,! hull] does ! "w less quickly1 b probably1 on ! :ole1 m p]fectly4 ,?re%+ ma*9es1 ) or ev5 )\t c]ta9 adju/m5ts 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! tee? 9 ! cyl9d] & concave1 & ) extra scre5s1 are n[ do+ ! "w ) mu* despat*1 & ) a fair measure ( satisfaction4 ,b ! op9ion is held by compet5t judges t a ma*9e t w\ld m completely comb9e ! qualities ( ! ?re%] & ! hull] w\ld be /ill m satisfactory4 ,x is easily possible to h ! crop too dry to ?re% 9 ! be/ condition1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to regulate ! fe$ 9 ?re%+ s t ! alfalfa w n ent] ! cyl9d] 9 bun*es4 ,m ?an #bjj bu%els ( se$ h be5 ?re%$ 9 a day f crops :i* yield$ abundantly4 ,! se$ %\ld be c>efully w9n[$ be=e putt+ x on ! m>ket4 ,! se$ crops1 z w\ld naturally be expect$1 v>y mu*2 crops are h>ve/$ :i* run all ! way f #a to #bj bu%els p] acre4 ,f irrigat$ l&s ! yields are1 ( c\rse1 mu* m uni=m ?an f unirrigat$ l&s1 s9ce 9 ! =m] ! supply ( moi/ure may be controll$4 ,fair to good av]age yields on ^! may be /at$ at f #d to #f bu%els1 good yields at f #f to #h bu%els p] acre1 & specially good yields at f #aj to #ab bu%els4 ,! bu%el weighs #fj p\nds4 ,gr[+ alfalfa se$ "u irrigation has frequ5tly prov$ v pr(itable4 ,! se$ gr[n 9 su* areas is l>g] & m attractive to ! eye ?an t ord9>ily gr[n 9 ! abs5ce ( irrigation1 & because ( ?is _m are lur$ into s[+ x on unirrigat$ l& :5 ! =m] w\ld bett] s]ve _! purpose4 ,! se$ is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) t ( yell[ clov] 7,m$icago lupul9a71 :i* resembles x closely1 b ?is is m likely to be true ( import$ ?an ( ,am]ican gr[n se$4 ,r5ew+4--,alfalfa may be r5ew$ & also r5ovat$ :]e ! /& secur$ at ! fir/ has be5 insuffici5t1 :]e x may h be5 injur$ f v>i\s causes1 :]e x is be+ cr[d$ ) we$s1 & ev5 ) useful grasses1 & :]e ! l& requires enri*+4 ,! /& ( alfalfa secur$ is sometimes ?9 & unev54 ,?is may arise f su* causes z s[+ too little se$2 :e!r ov]-dry or ?r\gh ! cr[d+ ( ! "y plants4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 9 _m situations x is q practicable to ?ick5 ! /& by disk+ ! gr\nd m or less1 add+ fre% se$1 accord+ to ! ne$ ( ! crop1 & !n cov]+ ! se$ ?us add$ ) ! h>r[4 ,su* r5ovation w\ld be comp>atively easy on clean l&1 7 x n = fact t ! alfalfa plants already root$ ov]%ad[ ! "y plants1 always to _! injury1 & sometimes to _! total de/ruction4 ,! spr+ w probably be ! be/ season to attempt su* r5ovation1 b !re may be in/ances :]e ! w9t]s are n sev]e1 9 :i* autumn se$+ w succe$ z well or bett] ?an spr+ se$+4 ,because ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! results ( su* r5ovation1 ! aim %\ld be s to prep>e ! l& & s[ ! se$ t a good1 ?ick /& w be secur$ at ! fir/4 ,%\ld ! alfalfa fields be spott$1 because 9 places ! nurse crop lodg$ & smo!r$ ! plants1 or because excessive moi/ure de/roy$ !m on ! l[] portions ( ! field 9 an abnormally wet season1 ! r5ew+ process is simple inde$4 ,x consi/s 9 disk+ ^? p>ts s ?or\ghly z to de/roy all vegetation t may h become root$ on !m1 & s[+ se$ 9 ! usual way )\t a nurse crop4 ,b %\ld ! l[ places be su* z to hold an excess ( wat] at any "t ( ! ye> "u normal conditions = days 9 succession1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld n rise to ! surface1 ! attempts to make alfalfa gr[ successfully on ^! w prove abortive4 ,:5 we$s & grasses cr[d ! crop1 ! plan ( disk+ ! fields to de/roy ^! is becom+ q common1 especially 9 ! ,we/4 ,! "w is usually done 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,9 do+ x1 disk h>r[s are driv5 ov] ! field1 usually two ways1 ! second disk+ be+ done at "r angles to ! fir/4 ,! disks are set at t angle :i* w d ! lea/ injury to ! plants1 & t w at ! same "t d ! "w effectively4 ,?is c only be det]m9$ by actual te/ 9 ea* in/ance4 ,"s ( ! cr[ns ( ! plants w be split op5 by ! disk1 :i* "s au?orities claim is an advantage 9 t x t5ds to an increase 9 ! numb] ( ! /ems produc$1 an op9ion :i* is by no means held 9 common at ! pres5t "t1 & yet !re are localities :]e x has c]ta9ly prov$ advantage\s4 ,occasionally1 a plant w be cut (f4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t su* disk+1 :5 necess>y1 does t5d to clean ! l& & also to /r5g!n gr[? 9 ! alfalfa crop1 on ! pr9ciple t cultivation :i* does n s]i\sly di/urb gr[+ plants is always helpful to !m4 ,! frequ5cy ( su* disk+s w dep5d on ! ne$s ( ! crop4 ,"s advocate disk+ e spr+1 "s e o!r spr+1 & "s n at all4 ,t plan :i* disks ! gr\nd only :5 x is necess>y to keep ! we$s at bay w\ld seem to be ! mo/ s5sible4 ,?is w\ld mean t sometimes1 z :]e crab grass has a firm hold1 disk+ may be necess>y at lea/ = a "t e spr+4 ,9 o!r in/ances x w\ld be necess>y only e second or ?ird season1 & 9 yet o!r in/ances n at all4 ,h[ev]1 "s gr[]s 9 dry areas advocate disk+ frequ5tly1 z1 = in/ance1 aft] "s ( ! cutt+s ( ! hay1 & ) a view to reta9 moi/ure4 ,x is at lea/ que/ionable1 h[ev]1 if disk+ s frequ5tly w\ld n soon t5d to ?9 ! plants too mu*1 to say no?+ ( ! labor :ile ! "w is be+ done4 ,! idea ( /irr+ ! surface soil 9 alfalfa fields is by no means new4 ,9 ,engl& ! plan prevail$ to "s ext5t ye>s ago ( h>r[+ ! fields 9 ! autumn ) heavy h>r[s until1 :5 ! process 0 complet$1 !y w\ld take on ! appe>ance ( ! b>e fall[ = a "t4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates & 9 "s p>ts ( ,canada ! h>r[ is us$ in/ead ( ! disk1 b usually ! latt] w d ! "w m effectively & ) less co/4 ,frequ5tly1 :5 ! disk has be5 us$ on alfalfa1 x may also be advantage\s to run a light h>r[ ov] ! gr\nd to smoo!n ! surface4 ,) a view to r5ovate ! crop & increase ! yields1 9 "s sections1 z 9 ! ,atlantic ,/ates1 x has be5 recomm5d$ to top-dress alfalfa fields ) f>my>d manure e autumn4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 w\ld prove v effective1 b x w\ld also be v exp5sive1 unless 9 ! neighborhood ( l>ge cities4 ,x w\ld be impracticable )\t neglect+ ! ne$s ( ! o!r crops ( ! f>m4 ,9 ! m\nta9 areas ( ! ,we/1 x has be5 f\nd t ! co/ ( f]tiliz+ ) f>my>d manure is 9 ! meantime great] ?an ! increas$ production 9 ! alfalfa is wor?1 b x may n be always ?us1 ev5 on ^! ri* l&s4 ,"s ,ea/]n gr[]s also apply m or less gypsum4 ,?is is g5]ally s[n ov] ! fields aft] ! crop has begun to gr[ 9 ! spr+4 ,r5ovat+ alfalfa fields is mu* m easily & effectively done1 z w\ld naturally be expect$1 9 areas :]e conditions are highly favorable to its gr[? ?an :]e ^! are only mod]ately favorable4 ,9 "s ( ! m\nta9 valleys in/ances h occurr$ 9 :i* alfalfa fields h be5 pl[$ & s[n ) oats1 ) a result1 fir/ t a good crop ( oats 0 reap$1 & second1 t fairly good crops ( alfalfa 7 h>ve/$ ! foll[+ season )\t re-s[+ ! field4 ,s\rces ( ,injury to ,alfalfa4--,*ief among ! s\rces ( injury to alfalfa1 aft] ! plants h become e/abli%$1 are fro/ 9 saturat$ gr\nd1 ice1 floods1 gras%opp]s1 goph]s1 dodd]1 & pa/ur+ by live /ock 9 ! late autumn or w9t]4 ,:5 x happ5s t two or ?ree ( ^! act 9 conjunction1 ! injury foll[+ is j s mu* m rapid & complete4 ,z has be5 intimat$1 :]e wat] is excessive1 9 a climate :i* 9 w9t] or spr+ is *>act]iz$ by alt]nations ( freez+ & ?aw+1 ! plants w ei!r h ! roots snapp$ asund]1 or !y w be gradually rais$ out ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is w only happ5 9 soil ) a subsoil m ret5tive ?an is compatible ) well-do+ ( ! highe/ ord] 9 ! plants4 ,! dang] f ?is s\rce is greate/ dur+ ! fir/ w9t] aft] s[+ ! plants1 z !n ! roots are n really e/abli%$4 ,! only rem$y = su* a cont+5cy is ! dra9+ ( ! l&4 ,"s ref]5ce has also be5 made to injury done ?r\gh ice1 :]e x collects 9 l[ places 9 l&4 ,! de/ructiv5ess ( ! ice dep5ds on its ?ickness & its ne>ness to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 x re/s ^u ! gr\nd = any consid]able "t ! plants die4 ,if1 h[ev]1 wat] int]v5es1 ! plants may live :5 ! subm]g5ce is = a limit$ "t4 ,"o in/ance is on record 9 ,onondaga ,c\nty 9 ,new ,york ,/ate1 9 :i* alfalfa surviv$ subm]g5ce = a consid]able p]iod "u a ?9 %eet ( wat] cov]$ by ?ree in*es ( ice1 b :5 gr[? came x 0 = a "t less vigor\s ?an normal4 ,floods 9 w>m wea!r are greatly injuri\s to alfalfa4 ,! ext5t ( ! injury done increases ) increase ( dep? 9 ! wat]s ( subm]g5ce1 increase 9 /agnation 9 ! wat]s1 & increase 9 ! duration ( ! p]iod ( ov]fl[4 ,/agnant wat] soon] loses its dissolv$ nitrog52 h5ce1 ! plants _c brea! normally4 ,! h>m done1 !re=e1 by floods 9 ea* case c only be kn[n by wait+ to see ! results4 ,^! summ] floods always h>m ! crops tempor>ily1 & 9 _m in/ances kill !m outright4 ,occasional p]iods ( ov]fl[ %\ld n prev5t ! s[+ ( alfalfa on su* l&s1 s9ce on ^! x is usually n difficult to />t a new crop1 b ! se$ %\ld n be s[n on su* l&s :5 ov]fl[ occurs at su* a season4 ,:5 x occurs 9 cool wea!r & quickly subsides1 x may be possible to gr[ pay+ crops ( alfalfa4 ,9 "s areas gras%opp]s are a real sc\rge 9 alfalfa fields4 ,because ( ! %ade provid$ by ! gr\nd & ! influ5ce :i* ?is ex]ts 9 s(t5+ x1 !y are enc\rag$ to deposit _! eggs & rema9 s z to prove a s\rce ( tr\ble ! foll[+ ye>4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ?r\gh disk+ ( ! l& bo? ways aft] %>p fro/s h come is greatly effective 9 de/roy+ ! gras%opp] eggs deposit$ 9 ! soil4 ,!y are ?us expos$ to ! action ( ! subsequ5t fro/s & s p]i%4 ,! disk+ has also t5d$ to /imulate gr[? 9 ! crop ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! eggs w n1 ( c\rse1 be all de/roy$ by su* disk+1 b s l>ge a p]c5tage w1 t ! crop %\ld be practically protect$ f s]i\s injury1 unless :5 gras%opp]s come f else:]e4 ,x w\ld seem correct to say t goph]s d m injury to alfalfa fields 9 c]ta9 areas ( ! ,we/ ?an comes to !m f all o!r s\rces comb9$4 ,!y n only de/roy ! plants by fe$+ ^u !m1 b !y fill ! soil ) m\nds1 :i* greatly int]f]e ) ! h>ve/+ ( ! crops4 ,!y are de/roy$ by giv+ !m poison$ food1 trapp+1 %oot+1 & suffocat+ ?r\gh ! use ( bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,poison is frequ5tly adm9i/]$ by soak+ gra9 9 /ry*n9e or dropp+ x on pieces ( potato & putt+ ! same 9 or ne> ! burr[s4 ,bisulphide ( c>bon is put ^u a rag or o!r sub/ance1 :i* is put into ! burr[ & ! op5+ clos$4 ,dodd] is a p>asitical plant introduc$1 probably1 9 se$ f ,europe1 :i* fe$s ^u alfalfa plants1 to _! de/ruction4 ,! se$s ( alfalfa sometimes become s impregnat$ ) ! se$s ( dodd] t ! latt] w gr[ :]e ! se$ is s[n1 ?us introduc+ x to new c5t]s4 ,! dodd] />ts 9 ! soil & soon ?r[s up its gold5-color$ ?read-l /ems1 :i* rea* out & fa/5 on ! alfalfa plants t gr[ suffici5tly ne>4 ,! dodd] !n loses its hold ^u ! soil & gets its food entirely f ! alfalfa plants1 :i* x ultimately de/roys4 ,b s9ce ! se$s ( ! dodd] rema9 at lea/ = a "t 9 ! soil1 & ! adjac5t soil becomes infect$ ) !m1 ! circles 9 :i* ! dodd] fe$s cont9ually wid54 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,new ,york ,/ate "s fields h become s s]i\sly affect$ z to lead to inve/igations conduct$ ?r\gh (ficials f ! ,/ate exp]im5t /ation4 ,p5d+ ^! inve/igations1 ! ex]cise ( great c>e 9 ! pur*ase ( se$ & ! imm$iate pl[+ ( ! infe/$ areas are recomm5d$4 ,"s ref]5ce has already be5 made to injuri\s results f pa/ur+ close 9 ! autumn or w9t]1 except 9 ! mo/ favor$ alfalfa regions4 ,9 addition to :at has be5 already said1 ! wisdom ( n graz+ alfalfa ! fir/ ye> is "h emphasiz$1 & also ! mi/ake ( graz+ at any "t :5 ! gr\nd is froz51 at lea/ 9 areas ea/ ( &1 g5]ally speak+1 adjac5t to ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,alfalfa z a ,f]tiliz]4--,alfalfa is n consid]$ equal to m$ium r$ clov] z a direct means ( f]tiliz+ & o!rwise improv+ ! l& on :i* x gr[s4 ,?is does n arise f less inh]5t p[] on ! "p ( alfalfa to draw nitrog5 f ! air & deposit x 9 ! soil1 b r f ! fact t clov] e/abli%es itself m quickly1 & is mu* m frequ5tly gr[n 9 ! rotation4 ,sev]al crops ( m$ium r$ clov] c be gr[n 9 %ort rotations1 ea* "o be+ a s\rce ( mu* b5efit to ! crops t foll[1 :ile "o crop ( alfalfa occupies ! l&4 ,b :5 ! alfalfa is all f$ ^u ! f>m on :i* x grew1 :]e ! plants gr[ freely1 x !n becomes a s\rce ( f]tilization )\t a rival1 probably1 among plants gr[n ^u ! f>m4 ,! f]tility ?us furni%$ does n consi/ s mu* 9 ! plant food deposit$ 9 ! soil directly z 9 t furni%$ 9 ! successive crops t are gr[n & f$ e ye>4 ,9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #acc1 publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 x is /at$ t ! ,wyom+ ,exp]im5t ,/ation f\nd #dd p\nds ( nitrog51 #h4bg p\nds ( phosphoric acid1 & #ej4ie p\nds ( pota% 9 "o ton ( alfalfa4 ,?is w\ld mean t 9 ! yield ( alfalfa hay f a giv5 area1 e/imat$ at f\r tons p] acre = ! season1 alfalfa w\ld furni% #agf p\nds ( nitrog51 #cc4jh p\nds ( phosphoric acid1 & #bjc4h p\nds ( pota%4 ,if ?is alfalfa 7 f$ ^u ! f>m1 x w\ld n only prove a *eap s\rce ( prote9 = fe$+1 b x w\ld furni% f]tility1 z /at$ above1 )\t s]i\sly dim9i%+ ! supply ( ! same 9 ! surface soil1 s9ce mu* ( ! f]tiliz+ mat]ial produc$ w\ld come f ! air & subsoil4 ,! manure ?us made1 if c>efully sav$ & appli$1 w\ld ?us add mat]ially to ! f]tility ( ! l&4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! alfalfa 7 sold1 ! m9]al matt] drawn f ! cultivable area ( ! soil & f ! subsoil ly+ "u x w\ld be r$uc$ to ! ext5t ( ! draft made ^u ^! 9 gr[+ ! alfalfa4 ,! direct influ5ce ( alfalfa ^u ! f]tility ( ! l& on :i* x gr[s is %[n 9 ! greatly increas$ production 9 ! crops :i* foll[ alfalfa4 ,?is increase is n only m>k$1 b x is frequ5tly disc]nible = sev]al successive ye>s4 ,b z has be5 intimat$1 ! b5efit t w\ld o!rwise accrue f gr[+ alfalfa z a direct means ( f]tiliz+ ! l& is mu* circumscrib$ by ! long t]m ( ye>s = :i* x is usually gr[n4 ,! me*anical effects ( alfalfa ^u ! l& are b5efic5t4 ,x improves ! til? by means ( ! %ade furni%$1 & ! ext5t to :i* ! roots fill ! soil4 ,^! 9 _! decay fur!r influ5ce favorably t friability :i* is s desirable 9 soils t are cultivat$1 & z previ\sly /at$1 ! long1 deep roots 9 _! decay ex]cise a salut>y influ5ce on dra9age4 ,! "w ( break+ alfalfa fields is frequ5tly labori\s1 ow+ to ! numb] & size ( ! roots4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a pl[ is us$1 ! %>e ( :i* has a s]rat$ edge1 ! roots w be cut or brok5 (f m easily & m effectively4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,alsike ,,clov] ,alsike ,clov] 7,trifolium hybridum7 takes its "n f a p>i% 9 ! s\? ( ,sw$54 ,f !re x is probable t x 0 introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,l9nu gave x ! "n ( hybridum1 imag9+ x to be a cross betwe5 ! r$ & ! :ite v>ieties4 ,botani/s d n g5]ally hold ?is view4 ,x is kn[n by v>i\s names1 z ,sw$i%1 ,:ite ,sw$i%1 ,alsace1 ,hybrid1 ,p]5nial ,hybrid1 ,elegant & ,pod ,clov]1 b m commonly 9 ,am]ica x is spok5 ( z alsike4 ,! plants ( ?is v>iety are m sl5d] ?an ^? ( ! m$ium r$ v>iety1 al?\gh !y gr[ 9 "s in/ances to a great] height4 ,! sl5d] /ems are mu* bran*$4 ,! leaves are num]\s & oblong 9 %ape1 ! fl[]s are ( a p9ki% t9t1 ! heads are globul> & are ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ! pods1 l ^? 9 :ite clov]1 conta9 m ?an "o se$4 ,! roots are 9 no small degree fibr\s1 & yet ! sl5d] tap root goes d[n to a consid]able di/ance4 ,alsike clov] is a p]5nial4 ,9 favorable situations x w live = _m ye>s4 ,ord9>ily1 x gr[s to ! height ( #ah to #bd in*es1 b 9 sl\gh l&s x sometimes gr[s to ! height ( #e feet4 ,! plants d n rea* _! full size until ! second ye>1 & 9 "s in/ances until a p]iod ev5 lat]4 ,!y gr[ less rapidly ?an ^? ( m$ium r$ clov]1 are sev]al weeks lat] com+ into fl[]1 & gr[ mu* less vigor\sly 9 ! autumn4 ,ord9>ily1 !y furni% b "o cutt+ ( hay ea* ye>4 ,because ( ! m fibr\s "* ( ! root gr[?1 ! plants d n heave s readily z ^? ( r$ clov]4 ,9 moi/ situations !y are mu* giv5 to lodge2 h5ce1 ! importance ( gr[+ ?is crop1 :5 gr[n = hay1 along ) "s k9d ( grass t w help to keep ! /ems erect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,alsike ,clov] 7,trifolium hybridum7 ,oregon ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,alsike clov] furni%es a l>ge am\nt ( pa/ure4 ,x is reli%$1 at lea/1 fairly well4 ,! leaves are slightly bitt]1 b n en\gh to s]i\sly int]f]e ) _! palatability4 ,! quality ( ! hay is excell5t4 ,?is arises f its f95ess1 f ! numb] ( ! small bran*es & leaves on ! /ems1 & f its fragrance :5 well cur$4 ,:ile x makes a v suitable hay = horses & cattle1 x has peculi> adaptation = %eep1 ow+ to its f95ess4 ,z a f]tiliz] x is probably n equal to m$ium r$ clov]1 s9ce ! root gr[? is n s bulky4 ,nor does x produce a second cutt+ any?+ l s vigor\s z ! =m]4 ,nev]!less1 ! roots possess ev5 /iff soils to su* an ext5t t !y n only furni% !m ) mu* plant food1 b !y also t5d to dis9tegrate !m & to r5d] !m m easy to pulv]ize4 ,z a honey plant1 alsike clov] is )\t a rival among clov]s1 unless x be 9 ! small :ite v>iety4 ,x is a great favorite ) bee-keep]s4 ,_m ( !m s[ x to enable !m to furni% pa/ures = _! bees4 ,! bloom rema9s = a relatively long p]iod4 ,! honey is also accessible to ! common honey bee1 s9ce ! bran*es are num]\s on ! /ems1 & s9ce ea* bran* be>s a head1 ! fl[] heads are relatively q num]\s4 ,s9ce ! honey is accessible to ! common bee1 poll9ation 9 ! plants is assur$2 h5ce1 ! failures 9 ! se$ crop are few1 & :5 o!r conditions are favorable1 se$ production is abundant4 ,because ( ! _m good qualities ( ?is clov] x is des]v$ly a favorite :]ev] x c be successfully gr[n4 ,:5 9 full bloom1 a field ( alsike clov] is a v beautiful sight4 ,! fl[]s are a pale :ite at fir/1 b gradually !y deep5 into a beautiful p9k ( t9t$ %ades1 & _! fragrance is fully equal to _! beauty4 ,di/ribution4--,alsike clov] is f\nd 9 ,europe1 ,nor!rn ,africa & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,9 ^! x has be5 cultivat$ = a long "t1 b its favorite home 9 ! ,old ,_w w\ld seem to be 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,x w\ld d\btless be correct to say t x is indig5\s to ,europe1 & probably t x is indig5\s to ea* ( ! ?ree cont95ts nam$4 ,x is n indig5\s to ,am]ica1 b 0 introduc$ into ! same probably f ,great ,brita9 or ,sc&9avia4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica x gr[s ) a luxuriance equal to1 if n1 inde$1 great]1 ?an t %[n by ?is plant :5 gr[n "u ! mo/ favorable conditions :i* ,europe furni%es4 ,?is plant is bett] adapt$ to a cool & humid climate ?an to "o hot & dry4 ,x is ev5 m h>dy ?an m$ium r$ clov]1 9 ! s5se ( endur+ cold1 & w live "u conditions ( climate s au/]e z to be fatal to r$ clov]4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be gr[n fur!r nor? ?an m$ium r$ clov]1 & "u conditions s expos$ z to cause m$ium r$ clov] to fail4 ,b x does n succe$ q s well z ! =m] t[>d ! s\!rly limit ( ! successful production ( m$ium r$ clov]2 h5ce1 ! limit ( production 9 ! semi-arid belt ceases soon] ?an 9 ! case ( ! o!r v>iety4 ,! be/ climatic conditions = gr[+ x are f\nd n f> f ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific oceans & ! ,great ,lakes4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! be/ crops are gr[n 9 ! ,/ates :i* bord] on ,canada1 & 9 ^! ! highe/ adaptation1 climate & soil consid]$1 is f\nd 9 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons9 & ,nor!a/]n ,m9nesota4 ,b 9 ,new ,york ! adaptation is also high1 & also 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,montana1 ,idaho & ,wa%+ton4 ,good crops may also be gr[n 9 ne>ly all ! second ti] ( ,/ates t lie s\?w>d f ! ,canadian b\nd>y4 ,! exceptions are ^? embrac$ 9 ! semi-arid belt4 ,fur!r s\? ?an ! second ti] ( ,/ates to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made1 ! successful gr[? ( alsike g5]ally less5s1 & yet 9 p>ts ( ^! ,/ates1 z1 = in/ance1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee & ,miss\ri1 good crops are gr[n4 ,"s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 valleys1 m especially ^? t c be irrigat$1 & t are also suffici5tly elevat$1 gr[ excell5t crops ( alsike4 ,mu* ( ! prov9ce ( ,ont>io has v high adaptation to ! gr[? ( alsike clov]1 & 9 sev]al c\nties ( t prov9ce l>ge quantities are gr[n1 n only = hay1 b also = se$4 ,9 ,ont>io ,c\nty 9 ! said prov9ce1 are c]ta9 clay soils ri* 9 lime2 9 fact1 almo/ m>ley 9 "*1 :i* h be5 f\nd especially well adapt$ to gr[+ alsike clov] se$1 & 9 c]ta9 areas 9 proximity to ! ,georgian ,bay1 adaptation exi/s ab\t equally high4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,quebec good crops are also gr[n4 ,b ?is v>iety ( clov] has n be5 gr[n z yet ) mu* success 9 ,manitoba1 ,ass9iboia1 ,alb]ta or ,saskat*ewan4 ,bo? soil & climate1 h[ev]1 9 ^! prov9ces %\ld n be uncong5ial to x 9 ! ma94 ,9 ! cultivable l&s ( ,briti% ,columbia1 z 9 ^? ( ,wa%+ton1 x gr[s rem>kably well4 ,especially 9 ! riv] bottoms & on ! tide l&s c imm5se crops be gr[n1 z also on ! tide l&s ( ,nova ,scotia & ,new ,brunswick1 b n on ! upl& s&y soils ( ^! prov9ces4 ,soils4--,! mo/ suitable soil = alsike clov] is a moi/ clay loam1 n too friable nor too d5se1 & moi/ & deep4 ,a goodly impregnation ( lime 9 ! same is favorable to maximum production4 ,abundant moi/ure conduces to ! same end4 ,?is plant w1 h[ev]1 produce good crops1 & 9 a moi/ season1 excell5t crops1 on ! /iffe/ clays1 :e!r :ite or r$1 aft] a good /& has once be5 secur$1 provid+ h>d pan is n f\nd ne> ! surface1 b 9 dry seasons x is n easy to secure a /& on su* soils4 ,! plants s5d _! fibr\s roots d[n into ! soil 9 all directions1 & 9 ?is way r5d] x mu* m friable :5 x is brok5 up4 ,next 9 adaptation1 probably1 come sl\gh soils1 ev5 ?\gh cov]$ ) humus to a consid]able dep?1 provid+ t clay lies "u ! humus4 ,enorm\s crops ( hay or pa/ure c be gr[n on su* soils1 b ! crops ( se$ are n usually s l>ge z on ! moi/ clays ref]r$ to above4 ,on ^! also ! hay is mu* m liable to lodge1 unless support$ by "s k9d ( grass gr[+ along ) x4 ,aft] sl\gh soils come ^? t h be5 deposit$ by ! action ( wat]1 z 9 riv] b$s & on lake bottoms1 :5 ! wat]s h subsid$1 provid+ ! clay elem5t s necess>y to ! successful gr[? ( ?is clov] is pl5tifully pres5t4 ,9 "s in/ances ! v be/ crops ( alsike c be gr[n on su* l&s1 b 9 _m o!r in/ances ^! deposit soils h 9 !m too mu* s& to produce ^!4 ,good crops c be gr[n on s&y loam soils1 if well /or$ ) vegetable matt]1 & at ! same "t fairly well impregnat$ ) clay1 b if "o or bo? ( ^! elem5ts is lack+1 adaptation 9 ^! soils w be correspond+ly r$uc$4 ,on ! av]age upl& prairie soil1 alsike clov] does n gr[ s vigor\sly z ! m$ium r$4 ,! less ( d5sity t ^! possess "u ord9>y conditions1 ! less suitable are !y to ! ne$s ( ?is plant1 b :5 ample moi/ure is pres5t1 good crops may be gr[n on mu* ( ! soil 9 prairie areas4 ,soils l[e/ 9 adaptation to ! gr[? ( alsike include inf]tile s&s & gravels1 & ! vegetable soils ( ! prairie s light t :5 cultivat$ !y lift m or less ) ! w9d4 ,on su* soils ! gr[? ( alsike is %ort & feeble1 & any lack ( moi/ure r5d]s x increas+ly s4 ,?is plant n only requires mu* moi/ure to insure ! mo/ vigor\s gr[?1 b x is also able to ?rive "u conditions ( soil saturation su* z "s ( ! useful =age plants c\ld n endure4 ,:5 ! wea!r is cool1 x may be cov]$ ) %all[ wat] = sev]al days 9 succession )\t app>5t injury4 ,! possession ( ?is *>act]i/ic makes x possible to gr[ alsike clov] 9 sl\ghs n yet dra9$1 b :i* are dry c]ta9 portions ( ! ye>4 ,place 9 ! ,rotation4--,mu* ( :at has be5 said ab\t ! place = m$ium r$ clov] 9 ! rotation may also apply to alsike clov]4 7,see page #gj47 ,on upl& soils its place 9 ! rotation w be v simil> to t ( ! o!r v>iety1 b ) ! diff]5ce t ! rotations w be long]1 because ( ! p]5nial habit ( gr[? 9 ! alsike4 ,x w be be/ s[n1 !re=e1 on clean l& :i* has produc$ a crop t has be5 cultivat$ ! previ\s ye>4 ,consequ5tly1 x may foll[ su* crops z corn1 potatoes1 field roots & beans 9 ! ,nor?1 & ! same crops 9 ! ,s\?1 ) ! addition ( c[ peas1 soy beans & ! non-sac*>9e sorghums4 ,b x may be s[n aft] o!r crops :5 necess>y1 especially :5 x is to be pa/ur$4 ,"o *ief objection to s[+ x ?us = hay is t ! hay w be less free f we$s4 ,on upl& ?is crop may be foll[$ ) any k9d ( a crop requir+ mu* nitrog54 ,no crops c be made to foll[ x ) m advantage1 h[ev]1 ?an corn & ! sorghums1 or potatoes4 ,rape w fe$ rav5\sly on ! ov]turn$ sod1 & :eat & ! o!r small gra9s w also fe$ simil>ly4 ,on l[ l&s1 especially :5 !y p>take ( ! nature ( sl\ghs1 ! rotation is diff]5t4 ,9 "s in/ances alsike may foll[ ! natural grasses produc$ by ! sl\gh 9 ! dra9$ or undra9$ =m1 z ! case may be1 & may be made to sup]s$e !m )\t break+ ! l&1 b m commonly on ^! x is s[n aft] ! natural sod has be5 brok5 & has decay$ some:at1 by gr[+ on x "s su* crop z rape or flax4 ,on ^! l&s x is usually gr[n 9 long rotations = pa/ure & also = hay1 & :5 ! sod is aga9 pl[$1 x is foll[$ by corn1 potatoes1 rape1 & gra9s gr[n = soil+ uses1 s9ce su* l& has naturally high adaptation = ^!4 ,flax also is a favorite crop to s[ 9 su* situations aft] alsike clov]4 ,prep>+ ! ,soil4--,! prep>ation ( ! l& = alsike clov] on ord9>y soils is ! same z = m$ium r$ clov]4 7,see page #gd47 ,usually1 t degree ( f95ess 9 ! pulv]ization :i* be/ prep>es ! soil = ! nurse crop ) :i* alsike clov] is s[n1 w also be/ prep>e x = ! alsike4 ,b !re may be "s in/ances1 z 9 /rong clays1 :5 a f9e pulv]ization t w\ld suffice = ! ne$s ( ! nurse crop w\ld be advantage\s to ! alsike4 ,?is f9] pulv]ization c only be secur$ by ! judici\s use ( ! roll] & ! h>r[4 ,9 loose-ly+ soils1 m especially 9 areas :]e ! precipitation 9 w9t] comes 9 ! =m ( sn[1 &1 !re=e1 does n wa% ! l& z x does :5 x falls z ra91 if ! l& on :i* alsike is to be s[n is pl[$ 9 ! fall1 & only h>r[$ 9 ! spr+1 or cultivat$ & h>r[$ :5 prep>+ x1 ! moi/ure w be bett] cons]v$ ?an if x 7 pl[$ 9 ! spr+4 ,:5 ?us manag$1 /rong clays 9 ! area "u consid]ation w usually h a mu* f9] pulv]ization ?an c be obta9$ f spr+ pl[+4 ,:5 ! prec$+ crop has be5 giv5 clean cultivation1 to pl[ l& subsequ5tly be=e s[+ to alsike w\ld br+ up _m we$ se$s to ! surface1 :]e !y w\ld at once beg9 to gr[4 ,on sl\gh l&s1 :]e wat] saturation is pres5t dur+ a portion ( ! ye>1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( appe>+ = a %ort int]val ov] m or less ( ! surface1 ! se$ may be s[n )\t any previ\s prep>ation ( ! l&1 & 9 "s in/ances successfully4 ,9 o!r in/ances x w fail %\ld ! foll[+ summ] prove adv]se4 ,! /& is r5d]$ mu* m c]ta9 9 su* in/ances by fir/ burn+ (f ! grass1 s[+ ! se$ ^u x1 cov]+ x m or less ) ! h>r[ & runn+ ! m[] ov] ! gr\nd1 say1 twice 9 ! season1 to let 9 sunlight to ! "y plants4 ,! grass ?us m[n may be left z a mul*4 ,pa/ur+1 b n too e>ly 9 ! season1 w 9 "s in/ances give results equally good4 ,9 su* situations ! s[+ %\ld be done1 & also ! h>r[+1 be=e ! fro/ has left ! gr\nd1 except = a %ort di/ance f ! surface1 or ! horses may s9k too deeply :5 do+ ! "w4 ,! success is dep5d5t 9 no small degree on ! d5s5ess or want ( d5s5ess ( ! root gr[? ( ! grass plants already cov]+ ! soil4 ,! m d5se ^! are1 ! less easy is x to obta9 a /&1 & ! m peaty ! soil imm$iately und]nea? ! surface1 ! great] is ! dang] t ! "y plants w p]i% 9 a "t ( dr\ght4 ,:5 alsike se$ is s[n on dra9$ sl\ghs1 ! aim %\ld be to r$uce ! excess ( co>se vegetable matt]1 if pres5t1 & to secure a smoo? surface1 su* z w facilitate ! easy m[+ ( ! crop4 ,m especially %\ld ?is be ! aim if ! alsike is s[n to produce hay4 ,?is c be mo/ easily & spe$ily done by gr[+ on x "s r$uc+ crop1 z flax or rape1 & !n smoo?+ ! surface by implem5ts be/ suit$ to su* "w1 z1 = in/ance1 "s =m ( pl[ level]4 ,s[+4--,! "t at :i* alsike clov] may be/ be s[n is ! same z t = s[+ ! m$ium r$ v>iety2 t is to say1 ! e>ly spr+4 7,see page #ge47 ,s9ce x is h>di] ?an ! m$ium r$ v>iety1 ! dang] is less t spr+ fro/s w de/roy ! plants aft] !y beg9 to gr[4 ,z ) m$ium r$ clov]1 x may also be s[n at sundry times1 f ! op5+ ( spr+ until ! late summ] :5 ! opportunity (f]s1 & :5 ! conditions = gr[? are favorable4 ,= in/ance1 !re may be seasons :5 alsike clov]1 &1 inde$1 any k9d ( clov]1 w succe$ along ) a cat* crop s[n = pa/ure or to provide soil+ food4 ,b x %\ld n be s[n 9 ! autumn unless :]e ! w9t]s are mild1 or ! "y plants w n survive _! rigors4 ,alsike clov] is m commonly s[n ) a nurse crop4 ,z ) m$ium r$1 ! crops ) :i* x may be be/ s[n are ! small c]eal gra9s1 z w9t] rye1 b>ley1 :eat & oats1 favorable 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,b x may also be s[n ) flax1 ) rape1 & ) gra9 crops t are to be cut = soil+ or to be graz$ d[n4 ,! me?od ( s[+ alsike clov] is virtually ! same z t foll[$ 9 s[+ m$ium r$ clov] 7see page #gh72 t is to say1 x may be s[n by h& ma*9es1 ) a grass-se$] atta*m5t to ! gra9 drill1 or ) ! ord9>y tubes ( ! gra9 drill & along ) ! gra94 ,! se$ is v small1 &1 consequ5tly1 may n admit ( be+ buri$ s deeply z m$ium r$ clov]1 b 9 ! op5 soils ( ! prairie x w sometimes succe$ z well s[n along ) ! gra9 z :5 buri$ less deeply1 b 9 _m soils ! roll] w provide a suffici5t cov]+4 ,especially is ?is true 9 climates t are moi/4 ,alsike clov] has special adaptation = be+ s[n along ) timo?y & r$ top on sl\gh soils1 & soils made up ( ri* deposit4 ,x matures ab\t ! same "t z ^! grasses4 ,!y support ! sl5d] /ems ( ! alsike1 & 9 do+ s prev5t lodg+ m or less4 ,?is greatly improves ! quality ( ! hay4 ,! m num]\s ! plants 9 ^? mixtures1 ! f9] also w be ! quality ( ! hay4 ,if b two v>ieties are want$ 9 ! mixture1 ord9>ily ^! two %\ld be alsike clov] & timo?y4 ,bo? furni% hay ( excell5t quality2 h5ce1 :5 ! proportion ( alsike is n too l>ge1 su* hay sells readily to dairym5 :o h to pur*ase fodd]4 ,al?\gh ?is clov] does n mature until ?ree to f\r weeks lat] ?an ! m$ium r$1 nev]!less1 x may be well to add ! latt] to ! timo?y & alsike clov] mixture4 ,:5 ^! are ?us s[n 9 due balance1 ! fir/ cutt+ w be ma9ly r$ clov]1 aft] :i* !re w be b little ( ! r$ pres5t4 ,b ! m$ium r$ clov] w add mu* to ! pa/ure aft] ! fir/ cutt+ = hay4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! hay crop w usually consi/ ( alsike & timo?y4 ,alsike clov] along ) timo?y may also be s[n ) mammo? clov]1 s9ce ! two mature ab\t ! same "t4 ,b ! mammo? v>iety w monopolize ! gr\nd :ile ! fir/ hay crop is be+ produc$4 ,! advantage f s[+ ! se$ ?us lies *iefly 9 prolong+ ! p]iod ( clov] production along ) timo?y gr[n *iefly = hay4 ,x is n wise1 usually1 to s[ alsike clov] alone = hay1 ow+ to its t5d5cy to lodge4 ,9 ! ,s\? x is frequ5tly s[n ) r$ top & or*>d grass1 especially ! latt]4 ,x fills 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! plants 9 ! or*>d grass1 & 9 s do+ adds mu* to ! hay or to ! pa/ure4 ,!re may be conditions 9 :i* x w\ld be advisable to s[ alsike clov] alone1 z :5 x is want$ = se$1 & subsequ5tly = pa/ure4 ,b ord9>ily to provide pa/ure1 x is bett] to s[ x along ) "s o!r grass or clov]1 or ) a numb] ( ^!4 ,x greatly improves a timo?y pa/ure 9 ! upl& or 9 ! valley4 ,x has also be5 us$ ) mu* advantage 9 /r5g!n+ alfalfa pa/ures = horses 9 w9t] 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 valleys4 ,x w\ld probably be correct to say t ) ! area ( adaptation = ?is plant1 no k9d ( pa/ure c be gr[n on reasonably moi/ l& t w\ld n be b5efit$ by hav+ alsike 9 x4 ,among ! clov]s x has1 relatively1 high adaptation = p]man5t pa/ures1 because ( its endur+ "*4 ,! se$s ( alsike clov] are small4 ,!y are consid]$ to be less ?an half ! size ( ^? ( m$ium r$ clov]1 consequ5tly1 ! am\nts ( se$ are relatively mu* less4 ,:5 alsike clov] is s[n alone & = se$1 f #c to #e p\nds ( se$ %\ld suffice p] acre1 accord+ to ! soil conditions4 ,f\r p\nds are frequ5tly s[n4 ,9 ! v>i\s mixtures giv5 above1 ! am\nts ( se$ w v>y ) local & o!r conditions1 b ! foll[+ am\nts may be giv5 z av]ages3 ,alsike & timo?y1 #d & #f p\nds1 respectively1 p] acre2 alsike1 timo?y & r$ top1 #c1 #d & #c p\nds2 alsike1 timo?y & r$ clov]1 #c1 #d & #c p\nds2 alsike1 timo?y & mammo? clov]1 #c1 #d & #c p\nds4 ,:5 s[n ) o!r grasses = pa/ure1 x w\ld n be possible to give ! am\nts to s[ t w\ld be/ meet ! ne$s ( ! gr[] "u all conditions4 ,b x may be said t #a to #b p\nds ( alsike se$ p] acre1 s[n "u almo/ any circum/ances 9 moi/ soils & )9 ! alsike clov] area1 w be a good inve/m5t :5 lay+ d[n pa/ures ( any consid]able p]man5cy4 ,?is clov] is also sometimes add$ to ! se$ s[n 9 mak+ lawns1 m especially on f>ms :]e ! lawn _c be giv5 t close att5tion :i* is necess>y to keep x 9 ! mo/ pres5table =m4 ,because ( its p]man5ce1 x is helpful 9 giv+ v>iety to ! sw>d1 & :5 m[n b two or ?ree times 9 ! season1 z is frequ5tly ! case ) su* lawns1 x provides consid]able bloom 9 ! same1 :i* is v attractive4 ,! am\nt ( se$ to use on ^! lawns may v>y to suit ! desires ( ! own]4 ,x is n usual1 h[ev]1 to s[ 9 ^! m ?an maximum am\nts = field crops4 ,at ! rate ( #c to #d p\nds ( se$ p] acre %\ld be ample4 ,pa/ur+4--,alsike clov] has by "s au?orities be5 assign$ to a high place z a pa/ure plant4 ,= su* a use x has no little m]it1 b 9 ! judgm5t ( ! au?or x is n ne>ly equal to m$ium r$ clov] z a pa/ure plant1 "u av]age conditions1 s9ce x does n gr[ s well1 relatively1 on av]age upl& soils1 & because ! aft]ma? is usually light1 aft] ! crop has be5 cut = hay or = se$4 ,nor is x ?\ght to be reli%$ q z highly by /ock z ! m$ium r$ clov]4 ,nev]!less1 dome/ic animals eat x freely1 & "u suitable conditions x w furni% = !m a consid]able am\nt ( graz+4 ,?is feature has be5 f9ely illu/rat$ by an exp]im5t 9 graz+ conduct$ at ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( ,montana1 on irrigat$ l&1 at ,bozeman1 9 ! ,gallat9 valley4 ,full p>ticul>s relat+ to ?is unique exp]im5t are giv5 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ca1 issu$ by ! a=e-m5tion$ /ation4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aijj1 #ah cattle1 "o & two ye>s old1 7 pa/ur$ on #e4jd acres ( alsike clov] = #ajb days1 beg9n+ ) ,june #i?4 ,! increase 9 ! weight obta9$ f ! pa/ure 9 ! "t /at$ 0 #defj p\nds4 ,?is ga9 0 valu$ at ! v mod]ate price ( #d c5ts p] p\nd live weight2 h5ce1 ! net return p] acre = ! pa/ure = ! season 0 #cf4ai4 ,x w\ld sc>cely be possible "u any conditions1 h[soev] favorable1 to obta9 su* results )\t irrigation4 ,ord9>ily1 ! results f pa/ur+ alsike clov] w be m satisfactory :5 "o or two o!r plants are gr[n along ) x1 z1 = in/ance1 m$ium r$ clov] or m$ium r$ clov] & or*>d grass1 s9ce bo? ( ^! plants t5d to prolong ! p]iod ( graz+4 ,9 sl\gh l&s1 r$ top & timo?y add consid]ably to ! value ( ! graz+4 ,:5 graz+ alsike clov]1 mu* m pa/ure w be obta9$ if x c be all[$ to make a good />t 9 ! spr+1 & if x is !n kept graz$ s %ort t ! plants d n come into fl[]4 ,su* treatm5t t5ds v mu* to prolong ! p]iod ( graz+ = ! season4 ,%\ld ! graz+ be s unev5 z to admit ( c]ta9 areas 9 ! pa/ure pu%+ on into ! fl[] /age1 ! m[] may sometimes be pr(itably us$ to prev5t su* a result4 ,we$s %\ld also be kept f go+ to se$ 9 ! pa/ures by us+ ! m[] or ! scy!1 or bo?4 ,nor %\ld ! fact be lo/ sight ( t ! t5d5cy to produce bloat 9 alsike clov] is mu* ! same z 9 m$ium r$ clov]4 ,h>ve/+ = ,hay4--,alsike clov] is ready to h>ve/ = hay :5 ! plants are j beg9n+ to pass beyond ! m]idian ( full bloom4 ,"s ( ! fir/ blossoms w !n h turn$ br[n & "s ( ! small] ones w /ill be deep5+ _! t9ts1 s9ce ! season ( bloom is ab\t ! same z = timo?y1 & s9ce alsike = hay is m commonly gr[n ) timo?y ?an ) any o!r grass1 bo? may be cut :5 at _! be/1 especially :5 int5d$ = c[s & %eep4 ,b :5 ! hay is int5d$ = horses1 x %\ld /& a few days long] ?an ! /age indicat$ above1 9 ord] to h ! timo?y 9 ! condition be/ suit$ to fe$+ horses4 ,b ! alsike1 9 ! meantime1 w\ld lose some?+ 9 dige/ibility4 ,if gr[n alone = hay1 ! process ( h>ve/+ w\ld be mu* ! same z 9 h>ve/+ m$ium r$ clov]4 7,see page #ie47 ,b s9ce ! /ems ( alsike clov] are f9] ?an ^? ( ! m$ium r$1 less "t w suffice = cur+ x4 ,x w also cure m quickly along ) "s o!r grass ?an if alone1 s9ce x does n !n lie s closely 9 ! w9r[ or 9 ! cock4 ,grasses1 z a rule1 cure m quickly ?an clov]s1 & ?is also has a be>+ on ha/5+ cur+ 9 clov] :5 ! two are gr[n toge!r2 & also 9 less5+ ! degree ( ! f]m5tation aft] ! crop has be5 /or$4 ,ord9>ily1 :5 ! wea!r is bright1 alsike clov] along ) timo?y may be cut 9 ! =5oon1 t$d$ once or twice soon aft] cutt+1 rak$ into small w9r[s ! same ev5+ & /or$ away ! foll[+ aft]noon4 ,:5 ?us manag$1 ! hay load] may be us$ 9 lift+ ! hay f ! w9r[s4 ,alsike clov] gr[+ alone c\ld n be cur$ ?us quickly4 ,nor w\ld x be wise 9 %[]y wea!r to try & cure ! crop )\t putt+ x into cocks1 :e!r gr[n alone or ) "s o!r crop4 ,:5 prop]ly cur$1 ! heads reta9 mu* ( _! bloom & ! /ems mu* ( _! gre5ness4 ,! yields ( hay v>y greatly ) ! soil4 ,on dry1 s&y upl&s ! yields ( cur$ hay may n exce$ #a_/b ton1 :ile on ri* loam soils x may exce$ #c tons4 ,ord9>ily1 on good soils a comb9$ crop ( alsike clov] %\ld yield f #a-a_/b to #b tons p] acre ( v excell5t hay4 ,"s au?orities speak ( gett+ two cutt+s p] ye>1 b ?is is n usual4 ,"u q favorable conditions x w\ld be possible to get two cutt+s = soil+ uses1 provid+ ! fir/ 0 tak5 :5 ! plants 7 com+ into bloom4 ,usually1 ! gr[? ( ! aft]ma?1 :5 ! hay has be5 remov$1 is v mod]ate4 ,secur+ ,se$4--,alsike is a great produc] ( se$4 ,?is arises 9 "p f ! relatively l>ge numb] ( ! heads on ! plants1 & 9 "p f ! complet5ess ( ! poll9ations1 ?r\gh ! action ( ! honey bee4 ,^! are relatively mu* m num]\s ?an ! bumble bees1 :i* alone among bees1 x has be5 claim$1 aid 9 ! poll9ation ( m$ium r$ & mammo? clov]4 ,al?\gh ! se$s are consid]ably less ?an half ! size ( ^? ( m$ium r$ clov]1 z mu* z #h bu%els ( se$ h be5 secur$ f an acre4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! yields are less ?an #b bu%els4 ,good av]age yields may be /at$ z runn+ f #c to #d bu%els p] acre4 ,! be/ yields are usually obta9$ f ! fir/ crop1 b "u favorable conditions ?is clov] may be cut = se$ = two & ev5 ?ree ye>s 9 succession4 ,bett] yields are usually obta9$ f crops ( m$ium vigor ?an f ^? ( excessive rankness4 ,! latt] lodge to su* an ext5t z to r$uce mat]ially ! yields ( ! se$1 s9ce ! heads d n fill well4 ,! co/ ( h>ve/+ & ?re%+ su* crops is also great]1 relatively1 ?an ( ^? ( m$ium gr[?4 ,to prev5t su* excessive gr[? 9 ! se$ crop1 pa/ur+ = a "t is frequ5tly resort$ to4 ,! graz+ %\ld beg9 reasonably e>ly 9 ! season be=e gr[? any:]e becomes s rank t ! animals d n eat x 9 c]ta9 portions ( ! field1 :]eas1 at ! same "t1 !y graze o!r portions ( ! field too closely4 ,r close graz+1 f ! "t t graz+ beg9s1 is pref]able to graz+ t leaves ! crop unev54 ,:5 c]ta9 portions ( ! field are left ungraz$1 or only p>tially graz$1 ! m[] %\ld be run ov] su* portions ab\t ! "t t ! graz+ ceases4 ,if ?is is done a few days be=e ! removal ( ! /ock1 !y w eat mu* ( ! clov] ?us m[n4 ,unless ! m[] is ?us us$1 "u su* conditions ! se$ w rip5 unev5ly 9 ! graz$ & ungraz$ portions ( ! same4 ,! duration ( ! graz+ is mu* dep5d5t on ! soil & ! season4 ,! m moi/ & ri* ! soil & ! m moi/ ! season1 ! m prolong$ %\ld ! graz+ be4 ,9 ,nor!rn areas x seldom beg9s e>li] ?an ,may #a/1 & seldom ext5ds beyond ,june #a/4 ,if prolong$ unduly & dry wea!r foll[s1 ! gr[? ( ! plants w n be en\gh to produce av]age crops ( se$4 ,q frequ5tly on upl& soils1 ! graz+ %\ld cease be=e ! end ( ,may4 ,ei!r cattle or %eep1 or bo?1 may be us$ 9 ! graz+4 ,cattle d n graze q s closely z %eep1 :i* is s f> favorable to subsequ5t gr[?4 ,b %eep w glean we$s to a mu* great] ext5t ?an cattle4 ,:5 ! field is made to c>ry s mu* /ock t ! graz+ is quickly & ?or\ghly done1 ! results are usually m satisfactory ?an :5 ! opposite me?od is practic$4 ,x is important t we$s %all be prev5t$ f matur+ se$s 9 ! clov]4 ,to prev5t ?is1 x may be necess>y to run ! m[] ov] ! :ole field at ! close ( ! graz+ season4 ,9 crops t are n graz$1 x may be necess>y to use ! scy! 9 clipp+ back we$s & 9 cutt+ (f any /ray heads ( timo?y t may be pu%+ up t[>d maturity4 ,9 "s in/ances x may ev5 be f\nd pr(itable to use ! spud 9 de/roy+ we$s ( m dw>fi% gr[? ?an ^? :i* c be clipp$ ) ! scy!4 ,x is m important1 relatively1 t we$s %all be ?us dealt ) 9 gr[+ alsike clov] ?an 9 gr[+ clov] ( ! l>g] v>ieties1 s9ce1 ow+ to ! small size ( ! se$s ( alsike1 x is m difficult to remove f\l se$s ) ! w9n[+ mill4 ,no k9d ( se$1 probably1 is m difficult to sep>ate f alsike se$ ?an timo?y2 h5ce1 :5 ! =m] is gr[n = m>ket1 ^! plants %\ld n be gr[n toge!r4 ,if1 p]*ance1 !y %\ld be s gr[n & ! crop cut = se$1 x w\ld be well n to try to sep>ate ! se$s1 b to s[ !m ?us1 z ev5 :5 ?us mix$ ! se$ has a consid]able m>ket value4 ,! crop is ready = be+ h>ve/$ :5 ne>ly all ! heads are fully matur$4 ,! bloom w !n h left !m & !y w be *>act]iz$ by a r$di% ca/4 ,! e>li] heads w h turn$ a d>k color1 almo/ black4 ,"s bloom may yet l+] on ! lat] & small] heads1 b h>ve/+ %\ld n be delay$ until ^! mature4 ,! se$ crop c be/ be cut ) ! self-rake reap]1 :i* ?r[s (f ! %eaves unb\nd4 ,if cut ) ! gra9 b9d]1 ! %eaves %\ld n be b\nd4 ,a sort ( box atta*m5t may be fa/5$ to ! cutt]-b> ( ! m[]1 :i* w enable ! workm5 to leave ! hay 9 %eaves1 b to d ?is an additional h& is want$ to rake or pit* (f ! %eaves4 ,! %eaves %\ld be laid (f 9 r[s1 & by sy/em1 r ?an at r&om1 = conv5i5ce 9 /or+4 ,usually1 ! %eaves are n di/urb$ until ready = be+ /or$1 b 9 case ( v heavy ra9 x may be necess>y to turn ! %eaves1 to prev5t ! se$s :i* come 9 contact ) ! gr\nd f spr\t+4 ,! %eaves %\ld be c>efully lift$1 o!rwise _m ( ! heads w break (f & be lo/4 ,because ( ?is1 x may be wise1 frequ5tly1 to refra9 f lift+ ! %eaves = load+ 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,l>ge =ks1 :i* may be run "u ! bun*es1 are m suitable ?an ord9>y =ks4 ,:5 absolutely necess>y1 ! se$ crop may be h>ve/$ ) ! field m[]1 z ord9>ily us$1 b :5 x is ?us h>ve/$1 ! crop %\ld be cut ) all promptness z soon z x is ready4 ,x mu/ !n be rak$ into w9r[s & lift$ z hay is usually lift$4 ,all ! "w ( h>ve/+ %\ld be done 9 ^? portions ( ! day :5 ! heads w break (f less freely1 & :5 at ! same "t ! dew is n re/+ on ! se$ plants 9 any consid]able degree4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a crop ( alsike is ?us h>ve/$ = se$1 _m heads w break (f1 h[soev] c>eful ! workm5 may be4 ,! se$ may be ?re%$ at once or /or$4 ,/or+ "u a ro( is pref]able to /or+ 9 ! /ack1 b ! latt] me?od w suffice1 if ! tops ( ! /acks are well protect$ ) a cov]+ ( m>% hay or ( "s o!r suitable mat]ial4 ,:5 ! se$ is n ?re%$ at once x is usual to def] ?re%+ until cold wea!r1 z ) m$ium r$ clov]1 z !n ! se$ is mu* m easily remov$ f ! se$ pod4 ,ord9>ily1 ! "w c be/ be done by clov] hull]s1 ! same z are us$ 9 ?re%+ m$ium r$ & mammo? clov]1 b gra9 sep>ators1 ) c]ta9 atta*m5ts1 w n[ d ?is "w 9 good =m4 ,mu* c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 w9n[+ ! se$4 ,x ought to be s clean$ t x w grade z ,no4 #a1 & s br+ ! highe/ curr5t price4 ,due c>e 9 ?is matt] w make ! major "p ( ev5 ord9>y se$ br+ ! be/ price4 ,r5ew+4--,:5 ! /& ( ! alsike is b p>tial1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 "y plants h fail$1 or p>tially s1 on ! high l&1 & are suffici5tly pl5tiful on ! l[] l&1 a full /& may sometimes be secur$ by simply scatt]+ se$ :]e x is ne$$ s late 9 ! fall t x w n spr\t be=e w9t]1 cov]+ ) ! h>r[ & !n top dress+ ) f>my>d manure well decompos$4 ,b :]e ! w9t]s are s mild t ! clov] might be spr\t$ dur+ "s w>m spell foll[$ by sev]e wea!r1 ! se$ %\ld n be s[n !n4 ,on c]ta9 soils1 z ^? naturally moi/ & por\s1 x may be possible s to r5ew alsike clov] t x w produce hay or pa/ure crops almo/ indef9itely1 by simply all[+ "s heads to se$ e ye> & fall to ! gr\nd4 ,9 mead[s1 ?is may be done by n graz+ aft] ! hay has be5 h>ve/$ until o!r heads h =m$ & rip5$4 ,a limit$ numb] ( ^! w ?us =m aft] ! crop has be5 m[n = hay4 ,if ! crop has be5 cut = se$1 _m heads w 9 any ev5t be left ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! same result w foll[ :5 graz+ ! crop1 if graz+ is made to cease at ! "r "t1 & = a p]iod long en\gh to all[ a consid]able numb] ( heads to mature4 ,?is me?od ( r5ewal w n prove a complete success on all soils1 z1 = in/ance1 on ^? v /iff & v light4 ,natural mead[s t lie l[ may be *ang$ 9 :ole or 9 "p into alsike mead[s or pa/ures 9 "s ( ! ,/ates1 z has be5 previ\sly intimat$1 by s[+ se$ on !m 9 ! e>ly spr+4 7,see page #bjb47 ,9 "s in/ances su* *ange has be5 effect$ by s[+ se$ b once1 & at ! rate ( f #c to #d p\nds p] acre4 ,9 o!r in/ances x has be5 f\nd pref]able to s[ a less quantity = two successive seasons1 le/ "o ( ! two %\ld prove adv]se to successful gr[? 9 ! plants4 ,b on "s sl\gh soils a /& _c be secur$ by ?is me?od ( s[+1 m especially :5 !y are compos$ ( raw peat4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,mammo? ,,clov] ,mammo? ,clov] 7,trifolium magnum7 0 long ago nam$ ,trifolium m$ium by ,l9nu4 ,h[ev] appropriate ! designation may h be5 at ! "t1 x is n s n[1 at lea/ "u ,am]ican conditions1 z 9 ?is c\ntry !re is no o!r v>iety ( clov] s l>ge1 unless sweet clov] 7,melilotus alba74 ,to apply to x ! di/+ui%+ t]m m$ium1 !re=e1 is positively mislead+1 s9ce ! small] v>iety ( r$ clov] commonly gr[n occupies su* middle gr\nd1 z ! t]m m$ium w\ld indicate4 ,because ( ?is1 ! au?or has v5tur$ to designate x ,trifolium magnum4 ,x has also be5 classifi$1 & ) no little appropriat5ess1 ,trifolium prat5se p]5ne1 :i* has ref]5ce to ! mildly p]5nial habit ( gr[? 9 ?is plant4 ,9 common phrase x is kn[n by su* names z ,l>ge1 ,tall1 ,sapl9 or ,sapl+1 ,giant1 ,mead[1 ,p]5nial ,r$1 ,r$ ,p]5nial ,mead[1 ,pea ,v9e1 ,zigzag1 ,wavy ,/emm$1 ,soil+1 & ,c[ clov] or ,c[ grass4 ,ea* ( ^! names has ref]5ce to "s peculi>ity ( gr[? 9 ! plant4 ,= in/ance1 ! t]ms ,l>ge1 ,tall1 ,sapl9 & ,giant h ref]5ce to ! size ( ! plant2 & ! t]ms ,pea ,v9e1 ,zigzag & ,wavy ,/emm$ to ! some:at irregul> & trail+ habit ( gr[? 9 ! /ems1 & s ( ! o!rs4 ,! designation ,c[ grass is an ,engli% t]m4 ,mammo? clov] is a l>ge v>iety ( r$ clov]2 9 fact1 ! l>ge/ v>iety ( r$ clov] 9 ,am]ica4 ,! plants are /rong1 /rong] ?an ^? ( ! m$ium r$ v>iety1 & ! /ems are mu* l>g]4 ,!y are s(t] ?an ^? ( ! m$ium r$1 :i* to "s ext5t may acc\nt = ! less erect habit ( gr[? :i* *>act]izes x4 ,! leaves are usually de/itute ( ! :ite spot f\nd on ^? ( ! o!r v>iety4 ,! heads are also probably l>g] & some:at m op51 b !re is no appreciable diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! se$4 ,! plants1 not)/&+1 be> s mu* resemblance to ^? ( ! common r$ v>iety t x is n easy to di/+ui% !m unless by ! l>ge size ( ! plants ( ! =m]4 ,! roots are l>g] & /rong] ?an ^? ( ! m$ium r$ v>iety1 & z a result h m p[] to ga!r plant food 9 ! soil4 ,mammo? clov] is bi5nial "u "s conditions & "u o!rs x is p]5nial1 al?\gh x is n usually a long-liv$ p]5nial4 ,x has a /rong] habit ( gr[? ?an ! m$ium r$1 & is1 !re=e1 r bett] fitt$ to ?rive "u adv]se conditions1 m especially :5 x has once obta9$ a hold ^u ! soil4 ,x gr[s *iefly 9 ! fir/ half ( ! season1 & makes b little gr[?1 relatively1 9 ! autumn1 or1 inde$1 any "t ! same season aft] ! crop has be5 h>ve/$ = hay4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates x comes into fl[] ab\t ! middle ( ,july1 & 9 ^? ( ! ,s\? correspond+ly e>li]4 ,x is reli%$ by all k9ds ( dome/ic animals kept ^u ! f>m1 b ! hay is relatively bett] adapt$ to c[s & o!r cattle ?an to horses & %eep4 ,if cut too late1 or mu* injur$ 9 ! cur+1 x is too du/y = horses1 & ! gr[? is too co>se to make fir/-class hay = %eep4 ,x makes excell5t soil+ food1 because ( ! abundance ( ! gr[? & ! consid]able season dur+ :i* x may be f$ 9 ! gre5 =m4 ,x is peculi>ly valuable z a f]tiliz] & z an improv] ( soils4 ,9 addition to ! nitrog5 :i* x draws f ! air & deposits 9 ! soil1 x br+s up plant food f ! subsoil & /ores x 9 ! leaves & /ems1 s t :5 f$ x c be return$ to ! l&4 ,x also fills ! soil ) an abundance ( roots & rootlets4 ,^! r5d] /iff soils m friable1 & s&y soils less por\s2 !y increase ! p[] ( all soils to hold moi/ure1 & 9 _! decay yield up a supply ( plant food already prep>$ = ! crops t are next gr[n ^u ! gr\nd4 ,mammo? clov] may also be utiliz$ ) advantage 9 less5+ ! numb]s ( c]ta9 noxi\s we$s1 & 9 "s in/ances ( eradicat+ !m altoge!r4 ,?is x does 9 "s in/ances by smo!r+ !m1 ?r\gh ! rankness ( ! gr[?4 ,9 o!r in/ances x is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! setback :i* is giv5 to ! we$s by fir/ pa/ur+ ! crop & !n cutt+ x lat] = se$4 ,di/ribution4--,mammo? clov] has long be5 gr[n 9 sev]al ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,x is also gr[n 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,sib]ia4 ,x 0 d\btless introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,europe by emigrants f t cont95t1 b :5 exactly is n kn[n4 ,x has probably be5 _m ye>s s9ce its introduction into ,am]ica1 b x is only )9 ! m rec5t ( ! decades t x has attract$ g5]al notice4 ,9 "s areas 9 ?is c\ntry x gr[s ) great luxuriance1 fully equal+1 if n exce$+1 ! crops gr[n 9 any "p ( ,europe4 ,mammo? clov] calls = climatic conditions ab\t ! same z ^? = m$ium r$ clov]4 7,see page #fa47 ,x fl\ri%es be/ 9 moi/ climates ( mod]ate temp]ature1 & x w endure m dr\ght ?an ! m$ium r$ v>iety & possibly m cold4 ,! di/ribution ( mammo? clov] cov]s ne>ly all ! ,/ates ( ! ,union1 b z ) m$ium r$ clov] ! adaptation = x is relatively high] 9 ! ,nor!rn ?an 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,! highe/ adaptation = mammo? clov] is probably f\nd 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 ! nor!rn valleys ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,/ates1 ! elevat$ portions ( ^? fur!r s\? & ! c\ntry ar\nd ,puget ,s\nd4 ,! adaptation is also high 9 mu* ( ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 ,miss\ri1 ,kansas & ,nebraska4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates t lie nor?w>d1 good crops may be gr[n 9 "s locations1 b n 9 all4 ,z ! semi-arid belt is approa*$1 mammo? clov] w gr[ fur!r we/ ?an ! m$ium r$1 b 9 ! great] portion ( ?is region x w n succe$4 ,! adaptation ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,/ates1 includ+ ^? ( ,new ,engl&1 is n ( a high ord]1 b r m s1 probably1 ?an = ! m$ium r$4 ,9 ,canada also ! adaptation ( m$ium & mammo? clov] is mu* ! same z = ! m$ium r$4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,ont>io1 especially ,we/]n ,ont>io1 x gr[s rem>kably well2 b 9 ! m>itime prov9ces x does n gr[ s well2 nor does x ?rive 9 ! prov9ces ( ! ,canadian ,nor?we/ z x does 9 ,ont>io4 ,z ) m$ium r$ clov]1 ! di/ribution ( ?is v>iety has n be5 fully det]m9$ 9 ei!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada1 m especially on soils ( ! prairie1 :]e x does n succe$ well at pres5t4 ,x is probable t "u "s conditions on ^! soils1 & also 9 ! ,s\?1 ! abs5ce ( ! requisite bact]ia 9 ! soil may acc\nt1 9 "p1 at lea/1 = failure 9 attempts made to gr[ x4 ,) ! introduction ( ^!1 ! area ( successful cultivation may be consid]ably ext5d$4 ,soils4--,mammo? clov] may usually be successfully gr[n 9 soils well adapt$ to ! gr[? ( ! m$ium r$ v>iety4 7,see page #fe47 ,?is means t x w usually gr[ ) mu* luxuriance 9 all areas :i* produce h>dwood timb]1 & are usually cov]$ ) a clay or muddy loam soil und]laid ) clay4 ,x w also gr[ ) great luxuriance 9 ! volcanic a% soils ( ! irrigat$ valley l&s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,/ates1 & 9 ! loam & light loam soils ( ! ,puget ,s\nd c\ntry4 ,x has great] p[] ?an ! common r$ v>iety to gr[ 9 /iff clays1 9 s&y soils und]laid ) clay1 & 9 areas :]e moi/ure is insuffici5t ne> ! surface soil4 ,9 /iff clays ! roots p5etrate to a great] di/ance ?an ^? ( ! m$ium r$ v>iety & ga!r m food4 ,consequ5tly1 a /iff clay soil t w\ld only furni% a light crop ( ! m$ium r$ v>iety 9 a dry season may furni% an excell5t crop ( ! mammo?4 ,! quality ( ! hay is likely to be sup]ior to t gr[n on soils altoge!r cong5ial1 s9ce x is n likely to be ov]-rank or co>se4 ,on s&y soils und]laid ) clay1 & especially :]e ! clay is "s di/ance f ! surface1 ?is clov] is m c]ta9 to make a /&1 s9ce ! vigor ( ! plants enables !m to ga!r food until ! roots g d[n into ! clay4 ,9 areas :]e ! moi/ure is m or less defici5t1 ! o!r conditions be+ favorable1 ?is clov] c s5d its roots d[n into ! subsoil1 :]e moi/ure is m abundant ?an on ! surface4 ,because ( ?is p[]1 x is bett] adapt$ ?an ! m$ium r$ to mu* ( ! area ( ,s\?we/]n ,m9nesota1 ,we/]n ,i[a1 ,we/]n ,kansas & ,nebraska1 &1 9 fact1 mu* ( ! area bord]+ on ! semi-arid c\ntry4 ,on clay soils t are s saturat$ ) wat] t 9 ! w9t] or spr+ ! clov] is mu* liable to heave1 !re is conflict 9 op9ion z to :e!r ! mammo? or ! common r$ v>iety w heave ! m readily1 b ! prepond]ance ( ! evid5ce favors ! view t ! roots ( ! mammo? v>iety c bett] resi/ su* influ5ces ?an ^? ( ! common r$4 ,?is clov]1 l ! common r$1 is n well adapt$ to hungry1 s&y soils1 to ! bl[ soils ( ! prairie1 to ! muck soils ( ! wat]y sl\gh1 or to ! peaty soils ( ! dra9$ muskeg4 ,place 9 ! ,rotation4--,! place = mammo? clov] 9 ! rotation is mu* ! same z = ! m$ium r$ v>iety4 7,see page #gj47 ,x may1 !re=e1 be be/ s[n on a clean soil2 t is to say1 on a soil :i* has gr[n a crop ! previ\s season t has call$ = clean cultivation1 z1 = in/ance1 corn1 potatoes1 sorghum1 or "o or ! o!r ( ! non-sac*>9e sorghums1 field beans1 soy beans1 c[ peas & field roots4 ,b x is n s necess>y t x %all be made to foll[ ei!r k9d ( beans or c[ peas z ! o!r crops nam$1 s9ce ^! h already ga!r$ nitrog51 :i* is m ne$$ by legum9\s crops4 ,?is clov] %\ld r be gr[n 9 rotations :]e m nitrog5 is want$1 :5 ! soil w pr(it by increas$ supplies ( humus1 & :]e /rong plants are want$1 ! root gr[? ( :i* w h ! effect ( r5d]+ ! cultivat$ portion ( ! soil m friable :5 /iff & m ret5tive :5 s&y1 & t w h ! effect ( op5+ up _m little *annels 9 ! subsoil :5 ! roots decay1 ?r\gh :i* an excess ( surface wat] may p]colate into ! subsoil4 ,x may prec$e su* crops z revel 9 humus & t fe$ rav5\sly on nitrog54 ,^! include all ! small c]eals1 corn & all ! sorghums1 rape1 & all k9ds ( g>d5 vegetables & /rawb]ries4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 bett] adapt$ to %ort ?an to long rotations1 because ( ! limit$ duration ( ! life ( ! plants4 ,! l5g? ( ! rotation w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u v>i\s cont+5cies4 ,frequ5tly1 ! clov] is cropp$ or pa/ur$ b "o season foll[+ ! ye> on :i* ! se$ 0 s[n1 :atsoev] ! "* ( ! crops t prec$e or foll[ x1 b 9 m in/ances1 probably1 x is us$ z crop or pa/ure = two ye>s4 ,:5 timo?y is s[n along ) ?is clov] ! pa/ur+ or cropp+ may cont9ue = "o or m seasons long] be=e ! gr\nd is brok51 b 9 su* in/ances ! timo?y w h consum$ mu* or all ( ! nitrog5 put into ! soil by ! clov]1 save :at has escap$ 9 ! dra9age wat]4 ,"o ( ! be/ rotations 9 :i* to s[ mammo? clov]1 z also ! m$ium r$1 is ! foll[+3 ,s[ 9 a nurse crop ( rye1 :eat1 oats or b>ley1 z ! case may be1 9 ord] t x may be pa/ur$ or cut = hay ! foll[+ season1 & !n foll[ ) a crop ( corn or potatoes4 ,?is 9 turn is foll[$ by "o or ano!r ( ! small gra9s4 ,?is con/itutes a ?ree ye>s' rotation1 b 9 ! case ( mammo? clov] x is frequ5tly l5g!n$ to f\r ye>s4 ,! ye> foll[+ ! s[+ ( ! clov]1 x is cut = hay or = se$1 & ! next ye> x is pa/ur$ ) or )\t a top-dress+ ( f>my>d manure4 ,?is rotation meets ) consid]able favor 9 c]ta9 areas ( ,wiscons91 well adapt$ to ! gr[? ( ! plant4 ,prep>+ ! ,soil4--,! prep>ation ( ! soil call$ = by ! mammo? clov] is virtually ! same z t requir$ :5 prep>+ a se$-b$ = ! m$ium r$ v>iety4 7,see page #gd47 ,clay loam soils1 :atsoev] _! color1 _c easily be made too f9e & smoo?1 & ! same is true ( s&y loams4 ,/iff clays %\ld be made s f9e z to conta9 ample loose mold to g]m9ate ! se$ readily1 & yet !y ought n to be made s f9e t !y w readily run toge!r "u ! influ5ce ( a soak+ ra94 ,usually1 su* soils are seldom made too f9e1 b sometimes !y are4 ,! aim %\ld be to firm s&y soils1 especially :5 light en\gh to lift ) ! w9d1 & to leave !m m or less unev5 on ! surface :5 ! se$ is s[n4 ,9 _m ,/ates ! gr\nd %\ld be pl[$ 9 ! fall = spr+ s[+1 & 9 yet o!rs x %\ld be pl[$ 9 ! spr+4 ,conditions ( soil & climate gov]n ?is feature ( ! "w4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! long] ! soil is pl[$ & !n prop]ly work$ on ! surface be=e receiv+ ! se$1 ! f9]1 clean]1 firm] & moi/] x is likely to be1 & ! l>g] ! /ore ( ! available f]tility to promote ! gr[? ( ! "y plants4 ,because ( ?is1 aft] cultivat$ crops1 ! gr\nd is n usually pl[$ or o!rwise /irr$ on ! surface4 ,:5 ! soil is l[ 9 f]tility1 x may be necess>y to f]tilize x be=e a crop ( mammo? clov] c be successfully gr[n4 ,= su* f]tilization1 f>my>d manure is v suitable4 ,:5 soils are l[ 9 ! cont5t ( humus1 be=e a good crop ( clov] c be gr[n1 x may be necess>y to supply humus4 ,b few soils are s defici5t 9 f]tility t !y w n gr[ clov] if suppli$ ) humus4 ,f>my>d manure supplies bo? humus & f]tility1 b 9 its abs5ce1 a crop ( rye buri$ 9 ! soil w insure a /& ( clov]4 ,9 o!r in/ances x may be necess>y to foll[ ) "s k9d ( a crop t has mu* p[] to ga!r plant food1 z corn ( "s h>dy v>iety1 & to graze or o!rwise fe$ x f ! l&4 ,s[+4--,mu* ( :at has be5 said ab\t ! s[+ ( m$ium r$ clov] w apply also to ! s[+ ( mammo? clov]4 ,ea/ ( ! ,mississippi & nor? ( ! ,potomac & ,ohio riv]s1 mammo? clov] is usually s[n 9 ! spr+1 & = ! reason t ! "y plants are frequ5tly kill$ by ! sev]ity ( ! w9t] wea!r :5 s[n 9 ! autumn4 ,b :5 s[n at t season1 ! se$ be+ mix$ ) w9t] rye & be+ deposit$ by ! drill z e>ly z ,septemb] #a/1 ! plants frequ5tly survive ! w9t] z f> nor? z ,m>quette ,c\nty 9 ,wiscons94 ,! rye 9 ! l9e ( ! drill m>ks provides a suffici5t protection = ! clov]4 ,b ?is only occurs :]e ! conditions are em95tly favorable to ! gr[? ( ! clov]4 ,ar\nd ,puget ,s\nd x may also be s[n ) advantage 9 ! e>ly autumn1 z !n x %\ld produce a full crop ! next season1 & ! same is true ( ne>ly all ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 valley region1 b 9 ^! areas x may also be s[n 9 ! spr+4 ,betwe5 ! ,mississippi & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ,oklahoma & ,canada1 spr+ s[+ is usually pref]able1 & 9 mu* ( ! area is an absolute necessity to insure a /&4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! se$ may be s[n fall or spr+2 :i* season is to be pref]r$ %\ld be det]m9$ *iefly by ! "* ( ! soil4 ,on soil mu* giv5 to heav+ 9 ! w9t] x is usually pref]able to s[ 9 ! spr+4 ,9 all1 or ne>ly all1 p>ts ( ,canada spr+ s[+ only is admissible4 ,:5 ! se$ is s[n 9 ! e>ly spr+1 x %\ld usually be s[n q e>ly1 z e>ly1 9 fact1 z ! gr\nd is 9 condition to receive ! se$ :5 ! nurse crop has be5 s[n ! previ\s autumn4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is smoo? & impact$ on ! surface1 x is consid]$ pref]able to def] s[+ until ! gr\nd is dry en\gh to admit ( cov]+ ! se$ ) ! h>r[4 ,:5 deposit$ at ! same "t z spr+-s[n nurse crops1 & ) ^!1 ! "t ( s[+ w be det]m9$ by ! mo/ suitable "t = s[+ ! nurse crop4 ,?is plant may be s[n "u c]ta9 conditions z late 9 ! spr+ z moi/ure exi/s 9 ! soil suffici5t to produce vigor\s g]m9ation 9 ! se$4 ,?is means t x may be s[n z late z ,june1 if s[n alone1 & ev5 lat]4 ,:5 s[n ?us late x %\ld be on soil t has be5 well clean$ ne> ! surface4 ,:5 s[n 9 ! autumn1 z ) m$ium r$ clov]1 ! aim %\ld be to put ! se$ 9 z e>ly z ! arrival ( ! autumn ra9s1 t ! plants may be well root$ be=e ! arrival ( freez+ wea!r4 ,ord9>ily1 mammo? clov]1 l ! m$ium r$1 is s[n ) a nurse crop1 :e!r s[n fall or spr+4 7,see page #hd47 ,! nurse crops 9 ! ,nor? include w9t] rye1 w9t] :eat1 b>ley1 spr+ :eat & oats1 suitable1 probably1 9 ! ord] nam$1 also su* pa/ure crops z rape1 vet*es1 & v>i\s mixtures ( gra9 s[n on c]ta9 soils to provide pa/ure = cattle1 %eep or sw9e4 ,! be/ nurse crops 9 ! ,s\? include w9t] rye1 w9t] b>ley & w9t] oats1 ev5 ?\gh ! se$ %\ld n be s[n on !m until ! spr+4 ,on c]ta9 s&y loam soils a /& ( mammo? clov] is m assur$ if s[n ) a pa/ure crop ?an if s[n ) a gra9 crop :i* is to mature4 7,see page #hb47 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ( soil & climate1 ?is crop may be s[n on pl[$ or disk$ l& 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,/ates1 aft] a crop ( gra91 & 9 o!r in/ances by s[+ amid ! /ubbles & cov]+ ) ! h>r[4 ,b !re is m ( haz>d 9 gr[+ ?us ?an by o!r me?ods4 ,sometimes ?is clov] is s[n amid /&+ corn1 at ! la/ cultivation1 b too mu* %ade or too little moi/ure may cause only p>tial success1 or ev5 failure1 :]eas at o!r times ! plan may succe$4 ,! modes ( s[+ ! clov] are virtually ! same z ^? to be foll[$ 9 s[+ m$ium r$ clov]4 7,see page #gh47 ,x w be s[n by h&1 by h& ma*9es1 & by ! gra9 drill1 ) or )\t atta*m5ts4 ,! se$ ( ?is v>iety1 h[ev]1 w1 on ! :ole1 be m frequ5tly mix$ 9 ) ! gra9 ?an ! se$ ( ! m$ium r$ clov]1 because ( ! /rong] gr[? t x makes4 ,?is w frequ5tly be f\nd ! pref]able mode ( s[+ x :5 s[n 9 ! autumn4 ,:5 s[n to provide hay1 mammo? clov] & timo?y make an excell5t comb9ation = ! reasons1 fir/1 t !y mature ab\t ! same "t2 second1 t m ( ?is clov] is likely to survive ! fir/ ye> ( cutt+ ?an ( ! common r$2 & ?ird1 t m food1 x is believ$1 w be furni%$ to ! timo?y 9 ! dead roots ( ?is clov] ?an ( ! m$ium r$4 ,! fir/ ye> ( cutt+1 ! hay crop is likely to be ne>ly all clov]2 ! second ye>1 clov] & timo?y mix$1 & ! ?ird ye>1 timo?y4 ,b if alsike is s[n 9 ! mixture1 ?\gh x may be little 9 evid5ce ! fir/ ye>1 x w %[ itself ! second ye> & probably ! ?ird ye>4 ,:5 s[n = pa/ure 9 %ort rotations1 ?is clov] may be s[n alone or ) o!r v>ieties ( clov]1 timo?y or tall oat grass be+ add$4 ,:5 s[n = se$1 x is probably bett] to s[ x alone1 b !re is no v /rong objection to s[+ timo?y alone ) ! clov]1 s9ce ! latt] may aid 9 su/a9+ ! clov]1 & x is n difficult to sep>ate mammo? clov] se$ & timo?y se$4 ,:5 mammo? clov] is s[n alone = hay or = se$1 n few] ?an #ab p\nds p] acre ( se$ %\ld be us$4 ,:5 s[n ) timo?y1 #f & #h p\nds1 respectively1 w\ld be an av]age se$+4 ,if alsike clov] is add$1 ! se$ ( ! mammo? may be r$uc$ by "o p\nd1 & ! same am\nt ( alsike add$ to ! mixture4 ,:5 s[n ) ! m$ium r$ v>iety to provide %ort rotation pa/ures1 ab\t #f p\nds ( ea* may be s[n4 ,! pa/ure furni%$ w be m cont9u\s ?an :]e only "o k9d is s[n4 ,if timo?y or tall oat grass is add$1 a p\nd ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! %\ld be add$ = e p\nd ( ! clov] )held f ! mixture4 ,= p]man5t pa/ures #f p\nds ( ! mammo? clov] may be set d[n z ! maximum to s[ p] acre1 v>y+ ! quantity ) v>y+ conditions4 ,& :5 ! clov] is s[n ) small gra9 to be pl[$ "u 9 ! fall or e>ly 9 ! spr+1 usually only v mod]ate am\nts ( se$ ought to be us$1 especially :]e ! haz>d is consid]able t ! dry wea!r may cause failure 9 ! cat* ( ! se$4 ,pa/ur+4--,mammo? clov] furni%es mu* pa/ure :5 x is graz$1 on into ,july & sometimes ev5 into ,augu/1 because ( ! vigor\s "* ( ! gr[?1 b aft] t season ! gr[? is usually light4 ,nor is !re g5]ally mu* gr[? aft] ! crop has be5 cut = hay4 ,! palatability ( ! pa/ure is mu* ! same z t ( ! m$ium r$ v>iety4 ,m graz+ is furni%$ :]e ! crop is fairly well gr[n be=e ! pa/ur+ beg9s1 b x is n s palatable1 & :5 unduly rank1 to def] pa/ur+ ?us long w\ld result 9 a consid]able wa/e ( pa/ure1 :i* ! /ock w\ld tread "u foot4 ,:5 ! crop is want$ = hay1 !re may be in/ances 9 :i* x may be advantage\s to pa/ure x = a "t to prev5t ! gr[? f becom+ ov]ly luxuriant4 ,!re h be5 in/ances 9 :i* ! clov] has gr[n s rankly t ! lodg$ clov] kill$ ne>ly all ! plants by exclud+ ! air f ! roots4 ,:5 gr[n on soils t 9 a normal season produce a rank gr[?1 ! quality ( ! hay w1 9 ne>ly all in/ances1 be improv$ by graz+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld be done soon aft] ! gr[? beg9s & %\ld n be long cont9u$1 & x %\ld be close1 9 ord] to promote ev5ness & uni=mity 9 ! gr[? ( ! hay crop4 ,:5 gr[n = se$1 mammo? clov] is q frequ5tly pa/ur$4 ,9 fact1 9 a majority ( in/ances x is ei!r pa/ur$ or cut ) ! m[] :5 a se$ crop is want$4 ,! pa/ur+ usually cont9ues until ,june #a/1 b 9 "s in/ances x is prolong$ f> on into ,june4 ,! duration ( ! pa/ur+ season %\ld be gaug$ l>gely by ! "* ( ! soil & wea!r4 ,! bett] ! conditions = gr[? 9 ! plants1 ! long] may ! pa/ur+ be cont9u$1 & vice v]sa4 ,!re are also conditions 9 :i* su* pa/ur+ may n be necess>y4 ,b :5 ! graz+ is n close1 ! m[] %\ld be run ov] ! field1 o!rwise ! se$s w n rip5 ev5ly4 ,!re is ! same dang] f bloat+ t is pres5t :5 pa/ur+ m$ium r$ clov]4 7,see page #id47 ,to avoid ?is dang]1 cattle t are be+ ?us pa/ur$ are 9 "s in/ances giv5 access to cur$ clov] hay4 ,9 o!r in/ances ! haulm ( ! se$ is left 9 ! field s t ! cattle h access to x4 ,b ! second season ( graz+1 ! dang] f bloat is n s great z ! fir/ season1 z usually m ( o!r pa/ure plants gr[ amid ! clov]4 ,horses1 cattle1 %eep or sw9e may be us$ 9 graz+ (f ! clov] = se$4 ,all ( ^! may be us$ at ! same "t4 ,horses bite ! cr[ns ( ! plants s closely z to some:at injure subsequ5t gr[?2 %eep also crop r closely2 cattle d n crop ! plants s closely2 consequ5tly1 !y are s f> pref]able to horses or %eep = su* graz+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 %eep w prove f> m de/ructive to we$ gr[? 9 ! pa/ure4 ,h>ve/+ = ,hay4--,ord9>ily1 ! me?ods ( mak+ ! hay crop are ! same z ^? foll[$ 9 cur+ m$ium r$ clov]4 ,! mammo? v>iety1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly requires a long] season 9 :i* to cure1 ow+1 fir/1 to ! heavi] "* ( ! gr[?1 & second1 to ! l>g] /ems ( ! latt]4 ,aft] x has be5 m[n !re is great] reason = us+ ! t$d] 9 gett+ x ready = be+ rak$1 & x calls = m cur+ be=e x is put into cocks4 ,! l>g] ! proportion ( ! timo?y 9 ! crop1 ! m easily x is cur$4 ,x is ready = cutt+ :5 9 full bloom1 & loses m ?an ! m$ium r$ :5 cutt+ is too long def]r$1 because ( ! l>g] proportion ( co>se /ems 9 ! crop4 ,x is also relatively m injur$ by ra9 9 ! cocks1 s9ce x %$s ra9 ev5 less readily ?an ! m$ium r$ clov]1 & ! same is true ( x 9 ! /ack4 ,"s f>m]s cure mammo? clov] 9 its gre5 =m 9 ! m[ z !y also cure ! m$ium r$ v>iety1 b ! same objections apply to cur+ x ?us t apply to ! simil> cur+ ( ! m$ium r$4 7,see page #ajb47 ,o!rs cure x 9 ! m[ by /or+ good bright /raw1 pref]ably oat /raw1 9 alt]nate lay]s along ) ! clov]4 ,f "o-?ird to "o-half ! quantity ( ! /raw z comp>$ ) ! hay w suffice = su* cur+1 v>y+ ) ! degree ( ! wilt+ 9 ! hay4 ,clov] cut 9 ! morn+ aft] ! dew has lift$ may be ?us /or$ ! same day4 ,:]e ! facilities are pres5t su* a me?od ( cur+ mammo? clov] may be em95tly wise 9 %[]y wea!r4 ,! natural color ( ! hay & blossoms is ?us pres]v$ & ! /raw is eat5 ) avidity1 because ( :at x has imbib$ f ! clov]4 ,secur+ ,se$4--,x has be5 already intimat$ m se$ w be obta9$ :5 ! clov] has be5 pa/ur$ or cut back ) ! m[]4 7,see page #bcc47 ,:5 ! m[] is us$1 x %\ld n be set to cut q l[1 or ! subsequ5t gr[? w n be s vigor\s z x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,! /ate ( gr[? at :i* ! clov] ought to be cut w be influ5c$ by ! luxuriance ( ! gr[?1 b ord9>ily clov] se$ %\ld n be m ?an #f to #h in*es high :5 ! m[] is us$4 ,:at is ?us cut by ! m[] is left on ! gr\nd z a mul*4 ,m[+ ! crop ?us w also be helpful 9 de/roy+ we$s1 b "s we$s w spr\t aga9 & mature se$ z quickly z ! clov]4 ,:5 mammo? clov] is nei!r pa/ur$ nor m[n e>ly 9 ! season1 :5 gr[n = se$ "s k9ds ( we$s may be prev5t$ f go+ to se$ 9 x by cutt+ !m (f ) ! scy!4 ,:5 n too pl5tiful !y may be remov$ ) ! spud4 ,among ! m tr\blesome we$s t infe/ mammo? clov] are ! ,canada ?i/le 7,cirsium arv5se71 ! planta9 7,plantago lanceolata71 & 9 "s in/ances ! horse nettle 7,solanum ,c>ol95se7 & spr+ night%ade 7,solanum74 ,! yields ( ! clov] se$ w be mu* influ5c$ by ! "* ( ! wea!r4 ,excessive rankness 9 ! crop & excessive ra9fall dur+ ! blossom+ season are adv]se to abundant se$ production4 ,b ! se$ crop is m injur$ by dr\ght ?an by too mu* ra94 ,:5 injur$ by dr\ght ! gr[? w n be suffici5tly /rong1 or1 if x is1 ! blossoms w be ( a pale r$ t9t4 ,w>m w9ds :ile ! se$ is =m+ are also adv]se to se$ production1 s9ce !y cause ! crop to mature too quickly4 ,"s exp]i5ce w enable ! capable obs]v] to =eca/ ) no little c]ta9ty ! probable yield ( ! se$4 ,if ! indications po9t to a yield ( se$ less ?an #b bu%els p] acre1 x is deem$ m pr(itable1 z a rule1 to cut ! crop = hay4 ,l>ge heads ( a ri* d>k purple %ade accompani$ by vigor 9 ! entire plant are indicative ( abundant se$ production4 ,! crop is ready = be+ h>ve/$ :5 a majority ( ! heads h rip5$ s f> t ! bloom on !m is all gone & ! %ade ( color 9 ! head has n yet become br[n4 ,if left until a majority ( ! heads are br[n _m ( !m w break (f :ile be+ h>ve/$4 ,! crop is usually cut ) a self-rake reap]1 b x may be cut ) a m[]4 ,:5 cut by ei!r me?od ! %eaves %\ld be made small1 s t !y w dry out quickly4 ,x is important t ! crop %all be ?re%$ be=e x is ra9$ on1 z "o ?or\gh wett+ w s f> b$im ! attractive brightness z comp>$ ) se$ t has n be5 ra9$ on t x w consid]ably disc\nt ! price t w\ld o!rwise be obta9$ = x4 ,x is usually ?re%$ ) a hull]1 b may also be ?re%$ l ! m$ium r$ v>iety by a gra9 sep>ator ) a suitable atta*m5t4 ,! yields ( ! se$ v>y mu*4 ,in/ances are on record :]e z mu* z #aa or #ab bu%els p] acre h be5 reap$1 b ord9>ily ev5 on good produc+ soils ! yields are n m ?an #d to #e bu%els p] acre1 & "u ord9>y conditions = ! production ( mammo? clov] !y are ev5 less ?an ! am\nt nam$4 ,not)/&+ ! great] /r5g? ( ! plants1 ! se$s are app>5tly no l>g] ?an ^? ( ! m$ium r$ v>iety1 nor c !y be di/+ui%$ f !m unless by an exp]t4 ,r5ew+4--,mu* t has be5 said ) ref]5ce to ! r5ew+ ( m$ium r$ clov] w apply equally to ! r5ew+ ( ! mammo?4 7,see page #aji47 ,:]e se$ crops are mu* gr[n1 ! soil becomes s impregnat$ ) ! se$ t m or less ( ! plants w appe> any season4 ,r5ewal 9 ! ,s\? is m important1 relatively1 ?an 9 ! ,nor?1 z "u "s conditions ! plants survive = a long] p]iod 9 ,s\!rn soils4 ,comp>$ ) ,m$ium ,r$ ,clov]4--#a4 ,! mammo? is l>g] & co>s] ?an ! m$ium r$ & is consid]ably less erect 9 its habit ( gr[?4 ,x has l>g] & long] roots2 h5ce1 x goes d[n m deeply into ! subsoil 9 se>* ( food4 #b4 ,x is1 on ! :ole1 long] liv$ ?an ! m$ium r$ v>iety & has great] p[] to gr[ 9 a s&y soil & "u conditions 9 :i* moi/ure is n pl5tiful4 #c4 ,x provides m pa/ure ?an ! m$ium r$ v>iety dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! season1 b n s mu* aft] h>ve/1 ! season ( gr[? be+ less cont9u\s !n ?an ) ! =m]4 #d4 ,! hay :i* x furni%es is usually consid]ably m bulky & co>se1 & because ( ?is x is n s highly priz$ by /ock4 #e4 ,x blooms ab\t ?ree weeks lat] ?an ! m$ium r$ v>iety & rema9s a little long] 9 bloom & se$s m freely1 b c only be cut once 9 a season4 #f4 ,x furni%es m gre5 food = pl[+ "u ?an ! m$ium r$2 h5ce1 x is1 on ! :ole1 a bett] improv] ( ! soil4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,crimson ,,clov] ,crimson ,clov] 7,trifolium inc>natum7 is also kn[n by ! names ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,g]man ,mammo?1 ,italian1 ,egyptian & ,c>nation clov]4 ,9 ,am]ica x is common 9 c]ta9 areas to speak ( x z w9t] clov]1 f ! great] p[]s ( gr[? :i* x possesses at t season z comp>$ ) o!r clov]s4 ,! plants h an erect habit ( gr[?1 & yet !y are s(t & hairy1 & !y h mu* p[] to /ool4 ,m ?an #ajj /ems h be5 produc$ by "o plant1 b "u conditions ! mo/ favorable4 ,! leaves are num]\s4 ,! heads are oblong1 cyl9drical1 & consid]ably cone-%ap$1 & are f #a to #b in*es long1 & mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( m$ium r$ clov]4 ,! bloom is sc>let or crimson & ( ! ri*e/ dye2 h5ce1 a m beautiful sight is seldom se5 ?an t ( a vigor\s crop ( crimson clov] 9 full bloom4 ,! av]age height ( ! plants may be put at ab\t #ah in*es1 b !y h be5 gr[n to ! height ( #c & ev5 #d feet4 ,! root gr[? is fully twice t ( ! /ems4 ,! roots are /rong1 g d[n /raight into ! soil1 & are to "s ext5t bran*$4 ,crimson clov] is an annual1 al?\gh usually ! gr[? cov]s a "p ( two ye>s4 ,s[n 9 ! summ] or e>ly autumn1 gr[? is complet$ by ! adv5t ( ! foll[+ summ]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 pre-em95tly a cat* crop1 & because ( ?is1 :5 conditions admit ( x1 s]ves a purpose 9 ,am]ican agriculture1 :i* c be s]v$ by none ( ! o!r v>ieties ( clov] t are n[ gr[n4 ,x has mu* p[] to gr[ 9 cool wea!r1 :5 ! clov]s are practically dormant4 ,x does n cease to gr[ until ! gr\nd has become froz51 & z soon z ! fro/ leaves ! soil gr[? beg9s at once2 h5ce1 ! great] relative value ?is plant has = areas 9 :i* ! w9t]s are mild4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,crimson ,clov] 7,trifolium inc>natum7 ,t5nessee ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,crimson clov] is mu* reli%$ by f>m animals1 :e!r us$ z pa/ure1 soil+ food1 silage or hay4 ,"u "s conditions x may be pa/ur$ autumn & spr+1 & ev5 ?r\gh mu* ( ! w9t]4 ,z a soil+ plant1 its value is high1 n only because x is a legume1 b because x comes 9 season at a "t :5 x may be f$ ) w9t] rye us$ z soil+4 ,b ! p]iod is %ort dur+ :i* x furni%es soil+ food4 ,its value z hay w always be less5$ by ! difficulty 9 cur+ x s e>ly 9 ! season1 & because ( ! dang] f fe$+ x to horses :5 cut at a too advanc$ /age ( gr[?4 ,x is mu* 9 favor = furni%+ *ick5 pa/ure 9 w9t]4 ,z a cat* crop crimson clov] may be made to d duty 9 seasons 9 :i* o!r clov] crops may h fail$4 ,z a cov] crop or a mul* = or*>ds1 x is 9 high favor1 z ! gr[? :i* x produces protects ! roots ( ! same4 ,b its greate/ use lies 9 ! b5eficial influ5ce :i* x ex]ts ^u soils by enri*+ !m & also improv+ _! me*anical condition4 ,x is likely1 !re=e1 to be gr[n m = ?is purpose ?an = any o!r4 ,:ile gr[+ x 9 _m in/ances w n r5d] unnecess>y ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 x w greatly r$uce ! quantity ( ^! t w\ld o!rwise be necess>y4 ,ow+ to ! season at :i* x is gr[n1 x w be f\nd q helpful 9 de/roy+ we$s4 ,! behavior ( crimson clov] has ?us f> be5 some:at erratic1 ev5 9 areas :]e ! conditions are look$ ^u z g5]ally favorable to its gr[?4 ,! op9ions ( practical m5 diff] mu* ) ref]5ce to its value4 ,!re h be5 _m in/ances ( success & failure 9 ! same locality1 & ev5 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! same individual4 ,^! v>i$ exp]i5ces are d\btless due 9 a consid]able degree to a diff]5ce 9 seasons1 to want ( acclimation 9 ! se$ s[n1 to a diff]5ce 9 v>ieties & to want ( k on ! "p ( ! gr[]s1 ^: "w1 h]et(ore1 has be5 l>gely t5tative4 ,five diff]5t v>ieties h be5 gr[n1 & ^! h n %[n equal degrees ( h>d9ess4 ,b ! rapidly increas+ sales ( se$ po9t to ! conclusion t l>g] areas are be+ s[n e ye>4 ,! increase ref]r$ to may be expect$ to gr[ great] = _m ye>s to come2 s9ce1 :5 ! ne$s ( ! plant are bett] und]/ood1 ! failures w be few]4 ,di/ribution4--,crimson clov] is probably indig5\s to c]ta9 p>ts ( ,europe1 especially to ! c\ntries t lie s\?we/ & s\?4 ,x has be5 gr[n to a consid]able ext5t 9 ,france1 ,g]many & ,italy4 ,! "n ,egyptian w\ld seem also to imply t x is gr[n 9 ,egypt4 ,x is n gr[n to any consid]able ext5t nor? & we/ 9 ,europe1 ow+1 probably1 to ! too sev]e conditions ( climate :i* *>act]ize ^!4 ,x is n indig5\s to ,am]ica1 b 0 probably introduc$ f ,europe two or ?ree decades ago4 ,its late introduction acc\nts = ! fact t its adaptation 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is z yet controv]t$4 ,?is plant ne$s a climate r mild & decid$ly moi/4 ,x _c )/& sev]e freez+ :5 ! gr\nd is b>e2 h5ce1 its uni=mly successful gr[? _c be reli$ on v f> nor? ( ! ,ohio & ,potomac riv]s4 ,true1 9 c]ta9 w9t]s ( mu* sn[fall x has come ?r\gh 9 good =m consid]ably nor? ( ! riv]s m5tion$1 b 9 m in/ances x has fail$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile x gr[s be/ 9 w>m climates1 ! gr[? 9 ^! is made *iefly :5 ! wea!r is cool1 z 9 ! autumn & spr+1 & 9 "s in/ances 9 ! w9t]4 ,x w\ld be ab\t correct to say t ! climatic adaptation ( ?is plant is ne>ly ! same z t ( ! pea*4 ,climates too cold = fruitage 9 ! latt] w\ld be too cold = ! uni=mly safe w9t]+ ( crimson clov]4 ,x w\ld also seem correct to /ate t on suitable soils & ) suffici5t precipitation1 ?is clov] w d be/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 ! climate is too w>m = ! m$ium r$ clov] to gr[ at its be/4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 soil & climatic conditions tak5 toge!r1 w\ld probably give ,delaw>e1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia & ,t5nessee highe/ adaptation = ! gr[? ( ?is plant4 ,tak+ 9 a wide area1 highe/ adaptation w\ld lie 9 ! ,/ates s\? ( ! ,potomac & ,ohio riv]s & ea/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon1 we/ to ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 w\ld probably furni% exceptions1 b 9 ^! ! necessity = gr[+ crimson clov] is n likely to be s great z 9 ! area j ref]r$ to1 ow+ to ! ease ) :i* o!r v>ieties ( clov] may be gr[n4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio & ,mi*igan _m f>m]s h succe$$ well 9 gr[+ crimson clov]1 b a l>g] numb] h fail$4 ,! failures h aris5 l>gely ?r\gh dry wea!r 9 ! autumn1 want ( plant food 9 ! soil & ! sev]ity ( ! w9t] wea!r4 ,we/w>d f ^! ,/ates to ! ,mississippi1 ! adaptation is /ill l[]1 & ! same is true ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates4 ,9 fact1 x is s l[ 9 ^! t x is f> m likely t x w fail ?an t x w succe$4 ,betwe5 ! ,mississippi & ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 crimson clov] is n likely to be mu* gr[n4 ,x w n gr[ well 9 any "p ( ! semi-arid belt4 ,9 ! m\nta9 valleys x w\ld probably succe$1 b 9 ^! alfalfa & "s o!r v>ieties ( clov] w give f> bett] returns4 ,crimson clov] w n gr[ well 9 any "p ( ,canada1 except 9 t n>r[ /rip ( l& betwe5 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! ,pacific4 ,! w9t] climate is too cold = x4 ,"s crops h be5 gr[n successfully 9 ! pea*-produc+ areas ( ,ont>io contigu\s to ,lakes ,erie & ,ont>io1 b ev5 9 ^! x is an unc]ta9 crop4 ,! attempt has be5 made to gr[ x 9 "s ( ! prov9ces ( ,canada1 & 9 sev]al ( ! ,/ates1 by s[+ ! se$ 9 ! spr+4 ,"s fairly good crops h be5 ?us obta9$1 b usually n s good z c be gr[n by s[+ c]ta9 o!r v>ieties ( clov] at ! same season4 ,x is b reasonable to expect1 h[ev]1 t adaptation 9 gr[+ crimson clov] w wid5 ) ! acclimation ( ! plant1 & ) increas+ k z to its ne$s on ! "p ( ^? :o gr[ x4 ,soils4--,crimson clov] ?\gh usually gr[n = ! enri*m5t ( soils w n1 z a rule1 make satisfactory gr[? on soils v l[ 9 ! elem5ts ( f]tility1 :atsoev] may be _! composition or texture4 ,on or*>d l&s lib]ally f]tiliz$1 9 ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates1 excell5t crops h be5 obta9$1 :]eas on adjac5t soils precisely simil> !y h fail$4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 h[ev]1 bett] results1 relatively1 w be obta9$ f s[+ ?is clov] on comp>atively inf]tile l&s1 ow+ to ! long] season :i* x has = cont9u\s gr[?4 ,:]e ! w9t]s are possess$ ( consid]able sev]ity & :5 ! protection ( sn[ is m or less want+1 unless ! plants are /rong :5 !y ent] ! w9t]1 !y are almo/ c]ta9 to p]i%4 ,loam soils ) reasonably por\s subsoils are be/ adapt$ to its gr[?4 ,( ^!1 s&y loams h a high] adaptation ?an clay loams1 :5 equal to ! =m] 9 f]tility1 z 9 ! latt] ! plants c m quickly ga!r ! ne$$ food supplies1 s9ce ! roots & rootlets c p5etrate !m m readily4 ,su* soils are well adapt$ to ! gr[? ( or*>ds1 especially pea* or*>ds1 & x is 9 su* areas t crimson clov] has be5 gr[n ) highe/ success4 ,9 ! alfalfa soils ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 valleys x %\ld also gr[ well1 b on ^! x w\ld be less pr(itable to gr[ ?an alfalfa1 because ( ! p]man5cy ( ! alfalfa4 ,ev5 on s&y soils a good gr[? w be obta9$ :5 ^! h be5 f]tiliz$ & suffici5t moi/ure is pres5t4 ,on /iff clays ! gr[? is too sl[ to produce crops highly satisfactory ei!r ,nor? or ,s\?1 & 9 dry wea!r x is also difficult to obta9 a /& ( ! plants4 ,! alluvial soils ( riv] bottoms 9 ! ,s\? produce good crops4 ,! vegetable soils ( ! prairie d n gr[ ! plants v well1 & ! adaptation 9 sl\gh or swamp soils is ev5 l[]4 ,good crops w n be obta9$ on soils und]laid ) h>dpan :i* comes up ne> ! surface1 :atsoev] ! nature ( ! top soil may be1 s9ce ! roots _c p5etrate ^!4 ,place 9 ! ,rotation4--,x _c be said ( crimson clov]1 9 ! ord9>y usage ( ! ^w1 t x is a rotation plant4 ,x has probably no fix$ place 9 any regul> rotation1 & yet x c be us$ almo/ any:]e 9 ! rotation t may be desir$1 & 9 any rotation :e!r long or %ort1 regul> or irregul>4 ,z previ\sly intimat$1 x is usually gr[n z a cat* crop1 & prim>ily to f]tilize ! l&2 & s9ce its gr[? is *iefly or entirely made 9 ! late summ]1 autumn1 w9t] & e>ly spr+1 t is to say1 :5 ! l& is n o!rwise occupi$1 ! only h9drances to us+ x any:]e 9 ! rotation are su* z arise f ! nature ( ! wea!r1 ! me*anical condition ( ! l& & ! ne$s ( ! crops t are to foll[4 ,= in/ance1 at ! usual season = s[+ x1 ! wea!r may be s dry z to preclude ! hope ( successful g]m9ation 9 ! se$4 ,?is influ5ce may also make x impossible to br+ ! l& into t me*anical condition :i* makes a good se$-b$ )\t undue labor1 & ord9>ily x w\ld n be necess>y to h crimson clov] prec$e ano!r legum9\s crop2 s9ce ! latt]1 "u _m conditions1 c secure its own supply ( nitrog54 ,to ?is !re may be "s exceptions4 ,!re may be in/ances1 z on light1 por\s & lee*y soils1 :5 x might be prop] to gr[ crimson clov] z an aid 9 secur+ a /& ( ! m$ium r$ v>iety1 or 9 gr[+ a crop ( peas = ! summ] m>ket4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 ?is crop is gr[n to increase ! supply ( plant food 9 ! soil = crops :i* require nitrog51 & to give soils m or less por\s1 increas$ p[] to hold moi/ure & appli$ f]tiliz]s4 ,x is probably seldom gr[n to improve ! me*anical condition ( /iff soils1 s9ce on ^! x gr[s sl[ly4 ,"s o!r plants c d ?is m effectively4 ,x is pre-em95tly ! cat* crop = ! or*>di/ & ! m>ket g>d5]1 & yet x may be made ! cat* crop also ( ! f>m]1 "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,crimson clov] may be made to foll[ any crop1 b x is seldom necess>y to h x foll[ ano!r legum9\s crop :i* has br\ght nitrog5 to ! soil4 ,nor is x usually s[n aft] a grass crop :i* has br\ght humus to ! l&4 ,x is frequ5tly s[n aft] small c]eal gra9 crops t h be5 h>ve/$4 ,x may be made to foll[ any ( ^!4 ,sometimes x is s[n 9 /&+ corn4 ,b (t5] ?an any:]e else probably1 x is s[n 9 or*>ds & on soils f :i* e>ly potatoes & g>d5 vegetables h be5 remov$4 ,x is peculi>ly fitt$ = be+ gr[n 9 or*>ds4 ,9 ^! x may be gr[n f ye> to ye>4 ,x may be ?us gr[n n only to ga!r nitrog5 = ! trees1 b to make !m m clean ?an !y w\ld o!rwise be :5 ! fruit is be+ ga!r$1 to protect ! roots ( ! trees 9 w9t] & to aid 9 ! ret5tion ( moi/ure :5 pl[$ "u4 ,b ?is plant may also1 ) peculi> fitness1 be made to prec$e late g>d5 crops4 ,x may be pl[$ "u suffici5tly e>ly to admit ( ?is1 & :5 s buri$ x aids 9 mak+ a f9e se$-b$1 s9ce ! roots promote friability 9 ! l&4 ,:5 gr[n "u :at may be t]m$ /rictly f>m conditions1 x usually prec$es a cultivat$ crop1 z potatoes1 corn1 or "o ( ! sorghums4 ,x is equally suitable 9 fitt+ ! soil = ! gr[? ( v9e crops1 su* z melons1 squa%es & pumpk9s4 ,b 9 "s localities ?is crop may be gr[n s z to break d[n ! l9es ( old-"t rotations1 s9ce 9 "s in/ances x may be successfully gr[n f ye> to ye> = sev]al ye>s )\t *ange4 ,potatoes & sweet corn1 = in/ance1 may be ?us gr[n4 ,prep>+ ! ,soil4--,9 prep>+ ! se$-b$ = crimson clov]1 ! aim %\ld be to secure f95ess ( pulv]ization ne> ! surface & moi/ness 9 ! same4 ,! =m] is greatly important1 because ( ! aid :i* x r5d]s 9 secur+ ! latt] at a season :5 moi/ure is (t5 lack+ 9 ! soil4 ,z x is r gr[n on soils defici5t 9 humus ?an on ^? pl5tifully suppli$ ) ! same1 f95ess 9 ! se$-b$ is n s important z x is ) "s classes ( prairie soils4 ,9 />t+ ! se$1 dr\ght is ! *ief h9drance to be ov]come 9 ! ,nor?1 ow+ to ! season at :i* ! se$ mu/ be s[n2 h5ce1 ! aim %\ld be to beg9 prep>+ ! se$-b$ z long z possible be=e ! s[+ ( ! se$4 ,! prep>ation call$ = w be influ5c$ by ! k9d ( soil1 ! crop la/ gr[n ^u x & also ! wea!r2 h5ce1 ! process ( prep>+ ! se$-b$ w v>y4 ,! judgm5t mu/ det]m9e :e!r ! l& %\ld be pl[$1 or disk$ & pulv]iz$1 or simply h>r[$4 ,aft] potatoes & o!r g>d5 crops1 h>r[+ may suffice2 aft] c]ta9 gra9 crops on soils n too /iff1 disk+ may suffice2 b :]e mu* tra% is to be buri$1 pl[+ w\ld be necess>y1 & :5 ! gr\nd is at all cloddy1 ! roll] %\ld be freely us$4 ,9 corn fields ! la/ cultivation w make a suitable se$-b$1 & ! same is sometimes true 9 cotton fields4 ,to gr[ good crops ( crimson clov]1 x is necess>y t !re %all be a consid]able am\nt ( plant food 9 ! soil t is readily available4 ,f>my>d manure :5 x c be sp>$ or secur$ w supply ! ne$4 ,b ! results w probably be m satisfactory :]e ! manure has be5 appli$ to ! previ\s crop1 z1 = in/ance1 to potatoes or corn1 & = ! reason1 probably1 t 9 ! relatively dry season at :i* ! se$ ( ?is plant is s[n1 ! residue ( ! manure /ill 9 ! soil is m readily available ?an fre%ly appli$ manure w\ld be4 ,good crops h be5 gr[n on l& ?us manur$1 :5 at ! same "t se$ s[n on l& "u simil> conditions & simil> 9 o!r respects fail$ to give satisfactory yields4 ,9 a majority ( in/ances f>my>d manure _c be sp>$ = su* a use4 ,:5 x _c1 if necess>y1 comm]cial f]tiliz]s may be appli$4 ,^? ri* 9 phosphoric acid & pota% are usually mo/ ne$$1 b sometimes nitrog5 also is necess>y4 ,:5 nitrog5 is us$1 x may be be/ appli$ on ! gr[+ crop & :ile x is "y4 ,phosphoric acid & pota% may be fitly appli$ :5 ! l& is be+ prep>$1 & 9 a way t w incorporate !m ) ! surface soil4 ,^! may be us$ 9 ! =m ( wood a%es1 bone meal1 ,?omas' slag1 ,ka9it1 sulphate or muriate ( pota%1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a rock & acid phosphate4 ,acid phosphate & muriate ( pota% /& high 9 favor ) "s gr[]s :5 appli$ 9 ! proportions ( #i & #a p>ts & at ! rate (1 say1 #bjj p\nds m or less p] acre4 ,s[+4--,! date = s[+ crimson clov] w\ld seem to dep5d m ^u latitude ?an ^u any o!r influ5ce4 ,nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv] x %\ld seldom be s[n lat] ?an ,septemb] #a/1 le/ ! gr[? ( ! plants %\ld n be /rong en\gh to endure ! w9t] wea!r4 ,nor %\ld x be s[n e>li] ?an ,july #a/1 le/ ! plants %\ld rea* ! bloom+ /age )\t hav+ made a suffici5t gr[?1 an objection :i* applies to s[+ e>li] ?an ,july #a/ 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 ,augu/ is ! mo/ favorable mon? = s[+ ! se$ nor? ( ! ,ohio & ,potomac riv]s4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 s[+ at a lat] p]iod is pref]able4 ,9 ! latitude ( ,t5nessee1 ,septemb] w\ld usually prove m suitable = s[+ ?an an e>li] date1 & ne> ! ,gulf1 ,octob]4 ,b x may be s[n e>li] & lat] 9 ^! respective latitudes4 ,x is a good "t to s[ ! se$ 9 mu* ( ! ,s\? :5 ! autumn ra9s beg9 to come1 & ! same is true ( ! ,puget ,s\nd c\ntry4 ,! se$ may be s[n by h&1 by ! aid ( h& ma*9es1 by "s makes ( gra9 drills 9 ! same way z gra9 is s[n1 & by o!rs ) a grass-se$] atta*m5t4 ,:5 s[n by ! latt]1 ! se$ %\ld usually be all[$ to fall be=e ! gra9 tubes to aid 9 secur+ a cov]+ = x2 ! cov]+ ?us provid$ %\ld be supplem5t$ by additional h>r[+ & 9 "s in/ances roll+4 ,:5 s[n by h& or by h& ma*9es on soils ,ea/ & ,s\?1 ! roll] %\ld 9 _m in/ances foll[ & !n ! h>r[1 b on cloddy surfaces ! h>r[ %\ld be us$ fir/ & !n ! roll]4 ,no me?od ( s[+ ! se$ is m satisfactory ?an t :i* s[s x by gra9 drills1 :i* c deposit x 9 ! soil z gra9 is s[n1 z x is !n buri$ at an ev5 dep?4 ,s[+ to a m$ium dep?1 say1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b in*es1 is pref]able to ei!r extreme4 ,:e!r x is advisable to s[ a nurse crop w dep5d ^u conditions4 ,:5 ! se$ is s[n e>ly1 9 hot wea!r ! "y plants are help$ by m or less ( %ade4 ,su* %ade is usually provid$ by ! o!r factor or factors ( ! mixture4 ,b :5 %ade only is want$ f ! nurse crop1 a ?9 se$+ ( buck:eat has be5 f\nd to answ]4 ,melons & tomatoes h 9 "s in/ances furni%$ %ade satisfactorily1 & 9 o!rs upright gr[+ v>ieties ( c[ peas or soy beans4 ,! less complete ! prep>ation ( ! se$-b$1 ! great] also is ! necessity = %ade4 ,9 or*>ds ! %ade ( ! trees is usually ample1 & 9 "s in/ances excessive4 ,! same is true ( vigor\s corn & cotton crops4 ,:e!r ?is clov] %\ld be s[n alone or 9 mixtures w also dep5d ^u conditions4 ,if ! crop is want$ solely = ! enri*m5t ( ! l&1 x w usually be bett] to s[ x alone1 z crops o!r ?an legumes d n br+ z mu* f]tility to ! l&4 ,z a rule1 !re=e1 x %\ld be s[n alone 9 or*>ds4 ,x %\ld also1 usually1 be s[n alone = soil+ crops & = hay1 b 9 "s in/ances = bo? uses x may be s[n ) su* crops z w9t] oats or w9t] vet*es4 ,on "s soils1 h[ev]1 ^! w too mu* cr[d ! clov] plants4 ,on o!rs ! rev]se w be true4 ,= se$ ! crop %\ld1 ( c\rse1 always be s[n alone4 ,= pa/ure1 crimson clov] is sometimes s[n ) rape1 w9t] rye1 w9t] oats1 ! common vet* or ! s& vet*4 ,:5 s[n ) rape1 ! date ( ! s[+ %\ld be e>ly4 ,) ! o!r crops nam$ ! mo/ suitable date = s[+ ! clov] w usually prove ! mo/ suitable also = s[+ ^!4 ,:5 s[n alone1 f #aj to #bj p\nds ( se$ are us$ p] acre4 ,) all ! conditions favorable1 #ab to #ae p\nds %\ld suffice4 ,:5 s[n ) rape = pa/ure1 #c p\nds ( rape & #aj ( ! clov]1 or ev5 a less quantity1 %\ld be en\gh4 ,:5 s[n ) w9t] rye or w9t] oats1 ab\t #a bu%el ( ea* & #aj p\nds ( clov] %\ld suffice1 & :5 s[n ) ! common or ! s& vet*1 #a_/b bu%el ( ei!r & #aj p\nds ( ! clov] %\ld be en\gh4 ,:5 s[n 9 ! *aff1 f #b to #c bu%els ought to suffice1 b ! am\nt requir$ w be mu* affect$ by ! "* ( ! se$ crop4 ,pa/ur+4--,crimson clov] may be pa/ur$ 9 ! autumn or 9 ! spr+ or at bo? seasons1 ei!r :5 s[n alone1 or 9 conjunction ) "s o!r pa/ure crops1 z w9t] rye1 oats1 b>ley or vet*es4 ,b x is n probable t x w ev] become s popul> z "s o!r pa/ure plants t gr[ dur+ ! same seasons ( ! ye>2 s9ce1 fir/1 :5 x is gr[n1 x is usually want$ = gre5 manure2 second1 x does n "u "s conditions gr[ satisfactorily ) o!r crops2 & ?ird1 :5 graz$ d[n 9 ! autumn ! cov]+ ?us remov$ r5d]s ! plants mu* m liable to p]i% 9 ! w9t]4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is s[n e>ly 9 ! season1 z 9 ,july1 along ) ,dw>f ,essex rape1 or ev5 alone1 mu* graz+ may be furni%$1 ev5 ?\gh ! clov] %\ld n survive ! w9t]4 ,x may be graz$ by horses1 mules1 cattle1 %eep or sw9e1 b :5 graz$ ) cattle & %eep1 x is probable t "s dang] f hov5 or bloat w be pres5t1 z :5 graz+ o!r k9ds ( clov]4 7,see page #id47 ,?is dang]1 h[ev]1 w be less5$1 if n entirely remov$1 :5 nurse crops are gr[n ) ! clov]1 except 9 ! case ( rape4 ,! graz+ %\ld n beg9 :5 ! plants are small1 le/ ! gr[? %\ld be too mu* h9d]$ at a season :5 gr[? is critical4 ,h>ve/+ = ,hay4--,crimson clov] is ready to be cut = hay :5 com+ into1 & a little be=e x is 91 fulle/ bloom4 ,"s au?orities claim t x %\ld be h>ve/$ :5 ! blooms beg9 to appe>4 ,x %\ld c]ta9ly n be all[$ to pass ! /age ( full bloom1 le/ ! hay :5 cur$ %\ld prove hurtful to horses & possibly to o!r live /ock1 because ( ! pres5ce ( hair balls1 :i* are !n liable to =m f ! hairs s num]\sly f\nd on ?is plant4 ,^! balls produce dea? by =m+ an imp]meable w$ge 9 ! inte/9es ( horses1 !reby imp$+ & 9 "s in/ances totally arre/+ ! process ( dige/ion4 ,^! balls1 almo/ circul> 9 =m1 are compos$ ( m9ute & r /iff hairs1 & sev]al h be5 f\nd 9 "o animal4 ,^! hairs1 num]\s on ! heads2 d n /iff5 soon] ?an ! p]iod ( full bloom2 h5ce1 until t /age is rea*$ 9 ! gr[? ( ! plants1 ! dang] f fe$+ cur$ hay made f !m does n occur4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey & ! neighbor+ ,/ates1 crimson clov] is ready = be+ cut sometimes 9 ,may e>li] or lat]1 z ! season is e>ly or late4 ,fur!r ,s\? x is fit to h>ve/ e>li]4 ,at t season x is n easily cur$1 s9ce !n ra9s are m frequ5t ?an 9 ! ord9>y h>ve/ season & ! wea!r is less dry+4 ,consequ5tly1 hay caps may frequ5tly be us$ ) mu* advantage by ! gr[]s ( ?is hay4 7,see page #ih47 ,x is h>ve/$ z o!r clov]2 t is1 x is cut ) ! field m[]1 rak$ :5 wilt$1 put up into cocks1 & left to /& 9 ^! until x has gone ?r\gh ! sweat+ process1 :5 ! cocks are op5$ out aga9 on a bright day = a few h\rs prior to draw+ !m4 ,! t$d] %\ld be us$ freely 9 gett+ ! hay ready to rake1 z at t season ( ! ye> x dries sl[ly4 ,secur+ ,se$4--,crimson clov] does n rip5 q s quickly aft] fl[]+ z common r$ clov]1 ow+1 9 "p1 at lea/1 to ! less int5se "* ( ! heat & dry+ influ5ces at ! season :5 x matures4 ,nev]!less1 :5 x is ripe1 unless x is cut ) mu* promptness1 ! se$ w %$ mu* f ! heads1 & ! heads w break (f mu* dur+ ! cur+ process4 ,if cut ev5 two or ?ree days too soon1 ! se$s w n be l>ge & plump4 ,moreov]1 %[]y or muggy wea!r w soon greatly injure ! crop4 ,"o or two days ( su* wea!r aft] ! crop has be5 cut w /a9 ! se$2 two or ?ree days ( ! same w cause mu* ( ! se$ to spr\t1 & ?ree or f\r days w practically ru9 ! crop4 ,because ( ! ease ) :i* ! se$ %$s (f ! heads1 x is bett] to cut ! se$ crop :ile x is a little damp1 or at lea/ to refra9 f cutt+ dur+ ! greate/ heat ( ! day4 ,9 "s in/ances x is cut ) ! m[] & rak$ e>ly or late 9 ! day1 put up 9 small cocks & ?re%$ f ^! 9 f\r or five days aft] be+ cut4 ,b ?is me?od ( h>ve/+1 h[ev] c>efully done1 is att5d$ ) mu* loss ( se$4 ,x is bett] to h>ve/ ) ! self-rake reap]1 ! rakes be+ s adju/$ t ! hay w be dropp$ (f 9 small gavels or %eaves1 s small t 9 two or ?ree days !y may be lift$ )\t be+ turn$ ov]2 ,mu* c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 lift+ ! %eaves to avoid %$d+ 9 ! se$1 & x %\ld be drawn on wagons ) tight racks4 ,:ile x is n absolutely necess>y to ?re% ! se$ crop at once1 ! "w c usually be done at t "t ) less outlay & ) less loss ( se$4 ,x is ?re%$ ) a hull] or ) a gra9 sep>ator ) suitable atta*m5ts4 ,"s att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! arrangem5t ( ! tee? us$ 9 ! ma*9e1 le/ _m ( ! se$s1 :i* are l>ge2 %\ld be split2 & z x is n easy to sep>ate ! se$s f ! haulms1 specially made riddles & sieves mu/ ne$s be us$4 ,! se$ crop is usually h>ve/$ 9 ,june nor? ( ! ,ohio & ,potomac riv]s1 & s\?w>d f ^! 9 ! mon? ( ,may4 ,! yield ( se$ runs all ! way f #aj bu%els p] acre d[nw>ds4 ,! av]age crop is #d to #e bu%els4 ,r5ew+4--,s9ce crimson clov] is an annual1 b little c be done 9 ! s5se ( r5ew+ x on ! same l& )\t break+ ! gr\nd4 ,b 9 or*>ds1 x is sometimes gr[n f ye> to ye> by :at may be t]m$ a process ( self-se$+4 ,:5 ! se$ is n q ripe 9 ! heads1 or ev5 some:at e>li]1 ! or*>d is pl[$ s z to leave "s ( ! heads /&+ up along ! l9e ( ! furr[4 ,:5 ^! h matur$1 ! l& is h>r[$1 :i* scatt]s ! se$s 9 ! *aff1 & f ^! ano!r crop is produc$4 ,b to ?is plan !re is ! objection t x all[s ! clov] to draw too heavily on ! moi/ure 9 ! soil be=e x is pl[$ "u4 ,facts ,reg>d+ ,crimson ,clov]4--#a4 ,:5 crimson clov] is s[n s e>ly 9 ! season t x has at lea/ ?ree to f\r mon?s 9 :i* to gr[ be=e w9t] sets 91 ! b5efits to ! l& f s[+ ! se$ w usually m ?an pay = ! se$ & labor1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld n survive ! w9t]4 #b4 ,prom95t among ! causes ( failure :]e crimson clov] does n succe$ are3 7a7 ,! se$ fails to g]m9ate because ( ! want ( moi/ure1 or hav+ g]m9at$ ! "y plants are kill$ by heat or dr\ght2 7b7 !y p]i% 9 ! w9t] f exposure to cold w9ds or fro/s1 or by alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+ 9 ! soil2 or 7c7 ! l& is too l[ 9 f]tility to produce a suffici5tly vigor\s gr[? 9 ! plants4 #c4 ,! me*anical effects ^u ! soil f gr[+ crimson clov] on x are v m>k$1 especially :5 x incl9es to /iffness1 ow+ to ! /rong developm5t ( ! root gr[?4 #d4 ,:5 crimson clov] has be5 s[n 9 ! spr+1 a reasonably good gr[? is usually obta9$ be=e midsumm]1 ev5 z f> nor? z ! ,canadian b\nd>y l9e1 b s9ce hot wea!r *ecks fur!r gr[? & frequ5tly causes wilt+ 9 ! plants1 ?is v>iety is n equal to "s ( ! o!r v>ieties ( clov] = be+ s[n at t season4 #e4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 crimson clov] has be5 f\nd to r5d] consid]able s]vice by aid+ 9 prev5t+ l& f wa%+ 9 ! w9t] season4 #f4 ,:5 pl[$ "u 9 or*>ds1 ! "w %\ld be done at an e>ly r ?an a late /age 9 ! gr[? ( ! plants1 le/ x %\ld rob ! trees ( _! rightful %>e ( ! moi/ure4 ,because ( ?is1 9 "s in/ances1 if n 9 all1 ! plants %\ld be buri$ be=e ! season ( full bloom & sometimes be=e ! blooms beg9 to op54 #g4 ,! se$ is m c]ta9 to g]m9ate :ile yet enclos$ 9 ! *aff scales1 & because ( ?is1 :]e home-gr[n se$ is us$1 x may be wor? :ile to secure x 9 ?is =m by flail+ out ! se$ or tread+ x out ) horses4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,:ite ,,clov] ,:ite ,clov] 7,trifolium rep5s7 is also call$ ,dut*1 ,:ite ,dut*1 ,:ite ,trefoil1 ,creep+ ,trifolium & ,honeysuckle clov]4 ,! "n ,dut* clov] has d\btless be5 appli$ to x because ( ! ext5t to :i* x is 9 evid5ce 9 ! pa/ures & mead[s ( ,holl&2 ! "n ,creep+ ,trifolium1 because ( ! creep+ "* ( ! /ems1 :i*1 "u favorable conditions1 s5d roots d[n into ! soil2 & ,honeysuckle clov]1 because ( ! honey supplies :i* x furni%es = bees4 ,x is "o ( ! plants kn[n z ,%amrock1 ! national emblem ( ,irel&4 ,:ite clov] is p]5nial1 ! /ems ( :i* creep along ! gr\nd &1 z above intimat$1 root at ! jo9ts2 s t f ?is s\rce plants are indef9itely multipli$4 ,!y also come f ! se$4 ,! leaves are small & v num]\s1 & ) ! exception ( ! fl[] /ems & fl[]s1 furni% all ! =age obta9$4 ,! fl[]s are v num]\s1 especially :5 %[]y wea!r prec$es & accompanies ! fl[]+ season4 ,!y are l>ge = ! size ( ! plant1 are support$ by a leafless /em ( consid]able l5g?1 & are :ite or t9t$ ) a delicate rose color4 ,! roots are num]\s & fibr\s4 ,!y _c g d[n into ! soil s deeply z ! l>g] clov]s2 h5ce1 ! dw>f+ effect ( dry seasons ^u ! gr[?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,:ite ,clov] 7,trifolium rep5s7 ,oregon ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,?is plant is exce$+ly h>dy4 ,x comes out f "u ! sn[ ) a gre5 t9t1 & ! leaves are n easily injur$ by ! fro/s ( autumn4 ,! gr[? is n rapid until ! g5]al late ra9s ( spr+ fall freely4 ,x !n pu%es on rapidly1 &1 s5d+ up innum]able fl[] /ems1 turns ! pa/ures 9 :i* x ab\nds into imm5se fl[] g>d5s 9 ! mon?s ( ,may & ,june1 accord+ to ! latitude ( ! locality4 ,! bloom rema9s out = a consid]able "t1 & free graz+ has ! effect ( prolong+ ! p]iod ( bloom4 ,"u su* conditions1 blossoms cont9ue to =m & mature se$s dur+ mu* ( ! summ]4 ,:5 ^! escape be+ graz$1 !y fall d[n ^u ! l& & aid 9 =m+ additional plants4 ,h5ce x is t :5 :ite clov] has once possess$ a soil1 x s /ores ! l& ) se$ possess$ ( s mu* vitality t subsequ5tly :ite clov] plants gr[1 z x 71 spontane\sly on ^! l&s :5 !y h be5 ?us graz$ ev5 = a limit$ t]m ( ye>s4 ,! p[] ( ?is useful plant to travel & possess ! l& is only equall$ by t ( blue grass4 ,:5 timb] l&s are cle>$1 :ite clov] plants soon appe>1 & 9 a few ye>s w spread ov] ! :ole surface ( ! l&4 ,b ! am\nt ( graz+ furni%$ by x v>ies greatly ) ! "* ( ! season4 ,"s seasons its bloom is sc>cely 9 evid5ce2 o!r seasons x ov]spreads ! pa/ures4 ,:ile x is an excell5t pa/ure plant = /ock1 !y d n reli% x s highly z "s o!r pa/ure plants2 :5 =m+ se$1 x is lea/ valuable = horses1 ow+ to ! ext5t to :i* x salivates !m4 ,its dim9utive habit ( gr[? unfits x = mak+ mead[s1 unless 9 conjunction ) o!r hay plants4 ,9 nutritive prop]ties1 x is plac$ ahead ( m$ium r$ clov]4 ,"s gr[]s h spok5 highly ( x z a pa/ure plant = sw9e4 ,be+ a legume1 x has ! p[] ( enri*+ soils ) nitrog51 b probably n to s great an ext5t z ! l>g] v>ieties ( clov]4 ,its rootlets1 h[ev]1 h a b5efic5t influ5ce on ! texture ( soils1 because ( _! numb]1 & because ( ! p[] ( ! /ems to produce fre% plants1 :i* occupy ! soil :5 o!r plants die4 ,! latt] furni% a cont9u$ s\rce ( food to o!r grasses1 :i* gr[ along ) :ite clov] 9 p]man5t pa/ures4 ,along ) blue grass1 :ite clov] plants aid 9 *ok+ out we$s4 ,?is result foll[s l>gely z ! outcome ( ! close sod =m$ by ! two4 ,b 9 "s soils1 plants ( l>ge gr[? & bu%es & "y trees w n ?us be cr[d$ out4 ,di/ribution4--,:ite clov] is c]ta9ly indig5\s to ,europe & to ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 & probably ,we/]n ,asia4 ,x gr[s 9 e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 b ) greate/ luxuriance 9 ^? c\ntries :i* bord] on ! ,nor? ,sea1 ! climates ( :i* are v humid1 & m especially 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,great ,brita94 ,x /&s 9 high favor 9 ,holl&1 b is n reg>d$ s highly 9 ,engl&1 ow+1 probably1 to ! great v>iety ( grasses gr[n !re 9 p]man5t pa/ures4 ,x is g5]ally ?\ght t x 0 n indig5\s to ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 b has rea*$ ^! f ^? f>!r nor?4 ,x w\ld seem to be capable ( gr[+ 9 all c\ntries well adapt$ to ! keep+ ( cattle2 h5ce1 x foll[s 9 ! wake ( successful live-/ock husb&ry4 ,:ite clov] seems able to adapt itself to a great v>iety ( climatic conditions4 ,nev]!less1 x is c]ta9ly bett] adapt$ to a mod]ately cool climate ?an to "o t is hot1 & to a moi/1 humid climate ?an to "o t is dry4 ,x has mu* p[] to live ?r\gh dry seasons1 b x w n ?rive 9 a climate 9 :i* ! ra9fall is too little = ! successful gr[? ( small c]eal gra9s4 ,:]e sn[ cov]s x 9 w9t]1 ?is clov] w gr[ on timb] soils z f> nor? z any k9d ( c]eal c be made to mature2 & x w also gr[ z f> s\? z ! ,mexican b\nd>y on ! high] gr\nds1 :5 !re is en\gh moi/ure pres5t to su/a9 x4 ,x w\ld probably be correct to say t ?is plant is f\nd 9 e ,/ate 9 ! ,union1 & t x succe$s well 9 ne>ly all ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 f sea to sea4 ,al?\gh x gr[s well 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 especially 9 ^? t lie nor?w>d1 ! g5]al adaptation 9 ^! is n s high z 9 ^? fur!r nor?4 ,! highe/ adaptation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is probably f\nd 9 ! ,puget ,s\nd region & 9 ! h>dwood timb] produc+ areas ( ! ,/ates :i* lie s\? f ! ,great ,lakes & 9 proximity to !m1 z ,nor!a/]n ,m9nesota1 ,nor!rn ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,ohio & ,new ,york4 ,b ! adaptation is also high 9 ! m elevat$ ( ! m\nta9 valleys ( ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates :5 irrigat$ wat]s may be l$ on to ^! l&s4 ,! areas l[e/ 9 adaptation are ^? t lie )9 ! semi-arid belt4 ,! l[-ly+ l&s ( ! ,s\?1 :]e hot wea!r is prolong$ 9 summ]1 are likewise l[ 9 _! adaptation1 b n s l[ z ! =m]4 ,! prairie areas ( ! ,nor!rn ,mississippi bas9 h an adaptation = gr[+ :ite clov] t may be t]m$ int]m$iate1 b :]e h>dwood =e/s gr[ naturally on ^! ! adaptation is high4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! climatic conditions are v favorable1 mu* m s ?an ! soil conditions4 ,9 ,canada1 conditions are f\nd highly favorable to ! gr[? ( ?is plant 9 ! c\ntry ly+ ea/w>d f ,lake ,huron1 nor? ( ,lakes ,erie & ,ont>io & also on bo? sides ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]4 ,adaptation is also high along ! ,pacific & 9 ! m\nta9 valleys n di/ant f ! ,pacific4 ,9 all ! areas ( ,canada1 :i* once produc$ =e/s1 ?is plant w gr[ well4 ,b nor? f ,lakes ,huron & ,sup]ior1 ! soil conditions are aga9/ x1 because ( _! rocky "*4 ,c]ta9 =e/ areas we/ f ,lake ,sup]ior1 & also 9 o!r p>ts1 ! s&y soils ( :i* su/a9 a gr[? ( ,jack ,p9e 7,p9us murrayana7 trees1 d n gr[ :ite clov] ) mu* vigor4 ,! prairie areas ( ,canada1 we/w>d f ,lake ,sup]ior to ! m\nta9s1 d n gr[ :ite clov] ) mu* success1 & ! adaptation = its gr[? w\ld seem to less5 gradually until ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s are approa*$4 ,soils4--,small :ite clov] w gr[ on almo/ any k9d ( soil1 b by no means equally well4 ,highe/1 probably1 9 adaptation1 especially :5 climatic conditions are consid]$ along ) ^? ( soil1 are ! clay loams we/ ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s & nor?w>d f ,cali=nia to ,alaska4 ,dur+ ! moi/ mon?s ( e>ly summ]1 ?is plant turns ! pa/ures 9 ^! areas into a fl[] g>d54 ,almo/ equally high 9 adaptation are ! volcanic a% soils ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 valleys4 ,:5 amply suppli$ ) wat]1 ! f9e/ crops ( :ite clov] c be gr[n ev5 sup]ior to ^? gr[n on ! l&s describ$ above4 ,almo/ ! same may be said ( :at are t]m$ ! h>dwood timb] soils1 :i* are usually made up ( clay loam ly+ ^u clay4 ,su* areas ab\nd 9 ,m9nesota1 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan1 ,ont>io & "s ,/ates fur!r s\?4 ,9 ^! soils x gr[s ) mu* luxuriance1 m especially :5 lime & pota% are abundant4 ,simil> luxuriance may be look$ = 9 ! deposit soils ( riv] bas9s 9 :i* ! clay elem5t pr$om9ates1 b n 9 ^? t are l>gely made up ( s&4 ,x w also gr[ well on ! /iffe/ clays1 :e!r :ite or r$1 :5 moi/ure is pres5t4 ,on prairie soils1 ! success att5d+ x is dep5d5t l>gely on _! texture1 composition & ! moi/ure :i* !y conta9 "u normal conditions4 ,! m firm ^! soils are1 ! bett] w ! clov] gr[ 9 !m1 & vice v]sa4 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t ! m clay !y conta91 ! bett] w ! :ite clov] gr[ 9 !m4 ,:]e ! humus soils ( ! prairies are deep & are und]laid ) clay1 :ite clov] w gr[ mu* bett] 9 ! subsoil1 if laid b>e1 ?an 9 ! surface soil4 ,prairie soils :i* lift ) ! w9d are ill adapt$ to ! gr[? ( ?is plant1 :atsoev] may be _! composition4 ,mu* ( ! soil 9 ! semi-arid belt w\ld gr[ ?is plant 9 f9e =m1 b want ( moi/ure1 :]e irrigation is abs5t makes its gr[? prohibitory 9 a l>ge portion ( ?is area4 ,on ord9>y sl\gh soils1 ?is clov] f9ds a cong5ial home1 b x w n gr[ q s well1 relatively1 9 ^! z alsike clov]4 ,on s&y soils1 su* z ^? on :i* ,jack p9e & ,norway p9e 7,p9us res9osa7 gr[1 ?is plant w ma9ta9 itself1 & 9 wet seasons w make consid]able %[+ on ^!2 b 9 v dry seasons ! plants w die1 ! gr[? ! foll[+ season com+ f se$s already 9 ! soil4 ,9 ! soils ( ! extreme ,s\?1 ! inability ( :ite clov] to make a good %[+ is probably m ! result ( summ] heat ?an ( want ( p[] 9 ! plants to ga!r food4 ,9 ^? ( ! ,s\?we/1 want ( moi/ure & excessive heat r5d] its gr[?1 9 a s5se1 prohibitory4 ,place 9 ! ,rotation4--,s9ce :ite clov] is usually n s[n = mead[1 b is r s[n = pa/ure1 x c sc>cely be call$ a rotation plant 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m2 & yet1 because ( ! ext5t to :i* x gr[s :5 x has once obta9$ a foot+ 9 soils1 x is m or less frequ5t 9 all rotations 9 :i* grass or clov] is "o ( ! factors4 ,z x usually comes into ! grass pa/ures1 :5 ^! h become e/abli%$1 x w occupy ab\t ! same place z blue grass 9 rotations2 t is to say1 :atev] w\ld be prop] to s[ aft] ! blue grass w\ld be prop] to s[ aft] ?is plant2 s9ce ! two usually unite 9 mak+ ! same sod4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be 9 ord] to foll[ ?is plant ) corn to fe$ ^u ! nitrog5 furni%$ by ! clov]4 ,! same w be true ( any small c]eal t has special adaptation = be+ gr[n on ov]turn$ sod1 z = in/ance1 flax or oats1 or ( any crop t revels 9 ! decay ( vegetable matt]1 m especially 9 ! e>ly /ages ( su* decay1 z1 = in/ance1 potatoes & rape4 ,:5 :ite clov] is s[n on l& t is cultivat$1 ?\gh only s[n z a factor 9 a pa/ure crop1 z ) all o!r clov]s x may be/ be s[n on l& t is clean2 t is1 on l& on :i* ! prec$+ crop has be5 cultivat$ to ! ext5t ( secur+ a clean surface on ! same4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is crop mu/ ne$s be s[n on l& t has n be5 ?us clean$1 its great inh]5t h>dihood w enable x to e/abli% itself :]e "s clov]s & grasses w\ld fail4 ,x is common to s[ :ite clov] on l& f :i* ! =e/ has rec5tly be5 remov$1 also on natural prairie1 :]e x has n previ\sly gr[n4 ,9 ^! in/ances x simply foll[s ! crop ( =e/ 9 ! "o case & ( native prairie 9 ! o!r4 ,b x w n take possession ( ! l& 9 ei!r case to ! exclusion ( o!r grasses4 ,prep>+ ! ,soil4--,! prep>ation ( ! soil = gr[+ ?is plant is mu* ! same z = gr[+ o!r plants ( ! clov] or grass family4 ,f95ess1 firmness1 cleanness & moi/ness are ! *ief ess5tials to be look$ = 9 mak+ ! se$-b$4 ,= ! same reason t x has mu* p[] to gr[ among we$s = s small a plant1 x has also mu* p[] to gr[ on surfaces n 9 ! be/ condition ( prep>ation = receiv+ s small a se$4 ,b :5 s[n to provide a se$ crop1 x is specially necess>y to make ! l& ?or\ghly clean be=e s[+ ! se$4 ,?is is necess>y = ! reason1 fir/1 t small :ite clov]1 because ( its t>d9ess 9 gr[+ 9 ! spr+1 & because ( its comp>atively small gr[? has n mu* p[] to cr[d we$s2 & second1 because ( ! labor involv$ 9 prev5t+ we$ se$s f matur+ 9 a crop t rip5s its se$s some:at late 9 ! season4 ,:ile x is advantage\s to burn (f ! grass f a natural mead[ :]e :ite clov]1 is to be s[n1 x is n s ess5tial1 nev]!less1 z :5 prep>+ su* l& = be+ s[n ) "s o!r v>ieties ( grass or clov]4 ,! "y plants w endure "u conditions :i* w\ld cause ^? ( _m o!r v>ieties to fail4 ,s[+4--,:ite clov] is s[n by mu* ! same me?ods z ! m$ium r$ v>iety4 7,see page #ge47 ,b x w /& m h>d%ip ?an ! o!r v>iety2 h5ce1 x may be s[n e>li]4 ,?is means t x may be s[n 9 nor!rly latitudes any "t1 f ! melt+ ( ! w9t] sn[s until e>ly summ]1 & 9 s\!rn latitudes almo/ any season1 except dur+ ! hot summ] mon?s4 ,9 ei!r latitude1 h[ev]1 ! e>ly spr+ is usually ! mo/ suitable season = s[+4 ,! se$ may be s[n by h&1 by h& ma*9es1 or by ! se$] atta*m5t ( gra9 drills4 ,x is m commonly s[n along ) o!r clov]s & grasses1 & ! me?ods ( s[+ ^! w also be suitable = ! s[+ ( :ite clov]4 7,see page #ah47 ,b :5 ! se$ is s[n alone1 z = produc+ se$ crops1 ! nurse crop ne$ n ( necessity be s[n ?9ly1 f ! fe> t ! "y plants %\ld be smo!r$ by an undue d5sity ( %ade4 ,!re is no mixture ( clov]s & grasses gr[n = pa/ure to :i* ?is plant may n be add$ ) pr(it1 provid+ ! se$ is n already 9 ! l& 9 suffici5t supply4 ,b x is seldom s[n ) ei!r clov]s or grasses1 or ) ^! comb9$1 = ! production ( hay4 ,x is ! judgm5t ( ! au?or1 h[ev]1 t 9 localities :i* h special adaptation = ! gr[? ( ?is plant1 x %\ld r5d] excell5t s]vice 9 provid+ hay = %eep1 if s[n along ) alsike clov]1 & a little timo?y2 ! latt] be+ s[n ma9ly to support ! clov]s s t !y w n lodge4 ,! :ite clov] w\ld furni% hay consid]ably f9] ev5 ?an ! alsike2 h5ce1 su* hay %\ld be peculi>ly adapt$ to ! ne$s ( %eep4 ,"s au?orities object to ! pres5ce ( :ite clov] 9 hay int5d$ = horses or cattle1 le/ x %\ld induce 9 !m m or less salivation4 ,! au?or leans to ! op9ion t 9 cur$ hay injury f ! s\rce nam$ w 9 no in/ance prove s]i\s1 ow+ to ! small am\nt1 relatively1 ( :ite clov] 9 av]age hay crops4 ,! am\nt ( se$ to s[ w v>y ) su* conditions z soil1 climate & ! nature ( ! pa/ure1 b 9 any ev5t x ne$ n be l>ge4 ,! se$s ( :ite clov] are small1 consid]ably small] ?an ^? ( alsike4 ,= ord9>y graz+ along ) o!r grasses1 or grasses & clov]s1 x w seldom be necess>y to s[ m ?an #a p\nd ( se$ p] acre4 ,sometimes a less quantity w suffice1 z :5 !re is m or less ( se$ 9 ! l&1 &1 z already intimat$1 because ( ! /ore ( se$ 9 ! l& 9 _m in/ances1 x is n necess>y to s[ x at all4 ,especially is ?is true ( sections :i* h be5 till$ = "s "t4 ,:5 s[n ) alsike clov] to provide hay1 #b p\nds ( se$ p] acre w\ld be a maximum am\nt1 & #d p\nds :5 s[n alone to provide se$4 ,:5 s[n 9 newly cle>$ =e/ l&s or on prairie sod1 ! me?ods to be foll[$ w dep5d ^u circum/ances4 ,m commonly :5 ?us s[n ! se$ is n cov]$ artificially2 consequ5tly1 mu* ( x 9 dry seasons may n gr[4 ,! plan1 !re=e1 ( s[+ small am\nts ( ! se$ on su* l&s two ye>s 9 succession w\ld be saf] ?an to s[ twice ! am\nt ( ! same 9 "o ye>4 ,9 "t ?is clov] w\ld f9d its way into su* areas4 ,x comes ?r\gh su* ag5cies z birds1 hay f$ to teams engag$ 9 lumb]+1 & ! ov]fl[ ( /reams2 & z soon z x gets a foo?old its di/ribution is fur!r accel]at$ by ! dropp+s ( cattle :i* conta9 ! se$s1 & by ! w9ds4 ,! p[] ( ?is plant to increase is simply wond]ful4 ,?is is ow+ to3 #a4 ,! relatively l>ge numb] ( se$heads produc$ f ! plants4 #b4 ,! p[] :i* ^! h to multiply by means ( rootlets f ! incumb5t /ems1 :i* fa/5 into ! soil4 #c4 ,! prolong$ season dur+ :i* ! heads =m4 #d4 ,! habit ( gr[? 9 _m ( ! heads1 because ( :i* !y are n graz$ (f4 #e4 ,! /rong vitality ( ! se$4 ,& #f4 ,! great h>dihood ( ! plants4 ,pa/ur+4--,:ite clov] ranks next to blue grass z a pa/ure plant )9 ! area ( its adaptation 7see page #bfa71 :5 its productiv5ess1 cont9uity 9 gr[?1 ability to rema9 9 ! l&1 palatability & nutritive prop]ties are consid]$ toge!r4 ,9 palatability x ranks z m$ium only4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! season :ile x is /ill t5d] & juicy1 x w be eat5 by /ock ) avidity1 b z ! se$-matur+ season is approa*$1 x is n s highly reli%$4 ,9 nutrition x ranks high] ?an m$ium r$ clov]4 ,x does n make mu* ( a %[+ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! season1 b 9 favorable seasons1 ab\t ! "t t blue grass beg9s to fail1 x gr[s rapidly & furni%es mu* pa/ure4 ,x is pre-em95tly ! complem5t ( a blue-grass pa/ure4 ,:5 ^! gr[ toge!r1 ! two w furni% graz+ 9 a moi/ ye> ?r\gh all ! season ( graz+4 ,bo? h ! prop]ty ( reta9+ _! hold indef9itely 9 _m soils & ( soon mak+ a sw>d on ! same )\t be+ re-s[n1 :5 ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd ceases4 ,! blue grass gr[s quickly q e>ly & late 9 ! season1 & ! clov] gr[s likewise dur+ mu* ( ! summ]4 ,z ! old] plants ( ! clov] fail1 fre% ones appe>1 & ! blue grass fe$s on ! =m] 9 _! decay4 ,!y ?us furni% humus & nitrog5 = ! su/5ance ( ! blue grass4 ,b mu* moi/ure is necess>y 9 ord] to insure good blue grass pa/ures1 & !y are m luxuriant :5 ! moi/ure comes e>ly 9 ! season1 r ?an :5 ! plants are ne>+ ! season ( bloom4 ,to su* an ext5t is :ite clov] influ5c$ 9 gr[? by su* wea!r1 t 9 "s seasons x w ab\nd 9 c]ta9 pa/ures1 :ile 9 o!rs x w sc>cely appe> 9 ! same4 ,^? favorable seasons are frequ5tly spok5 ( z be+ :ite-clov] ye>s4 ,:ile ?is plant furni%es good graz+ = all k9ds ( dome/ic animals kept ^u ! f>m1 z a pa/ure = horses & mules1 !re is ! objection to x t x w 9 a consid]able degree s salivate !m t mu* slobb]+ foll[s4 ,?is is sometimes produc$ to su* an ext5t z to be s]i\sly h>mful4 ,! tr\ble f ?is cause increases z ! se$-=m+ season is approa*$4 ,x has be5 kn[n ?us to salivate cattle1 b ! dang] ( injury to !m f ?is s\rce is slight4 ,^! injuri\s results to horses w be obviat$ 9 proportion z ! o!r grasses are all[$ to gr[ up amid ! clov]2 9 o!r words1 9 proportion z ! pa/ure is n graz$ closely e>ly 9 ! season4 ,! animals :i* !n graze on ^! pa/ures mu/ take o!r food ) ! clov]4 ,h>ve/+ = ,hay4--,s9ce :ite clov] is seldom gr[n alone = hay1 & s9ce x seldom =ms ! mo/ bulky factor 9 a hay crop1 ! me?ods ( h>ve/+ w be simil> to ^? practic$ 9 h>ve/+ ! m bulky factor or factors ( ! crop4 ,! want ( bulk 9 ?is clov] is aga9/ x z a hay crop1 ow+ to ! smallness ( ! yields1 comp>$ ) ! o!r hay crops t may be usually gr[n on ! same l&4 ,z a factor ( a hay crop1 h[ev]1 ?is little plant w add mu* to its weight & also to its palatability1 especially = %eep & dairy c[s4 ,:5 x is gr[n = hay 9 mixtures 9 :i* ! l>ge clov]s or timo?y pr$om9ates1 ! :ite clov] %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be cut at ! mo/ suitable season = cutt+ ^! clov]s or ! timo?y1 z "o is pres5t 9 excess4 ,:5 ! l>g] clov]s pr$om9ate1 ! me?od ( cur+ w be ! same z = cur+ ^! 7see page #bcd71 t is to say1 x c be/ be cur$ 9 cocks4 ,:5 timo?y pr$om9ates1 ! me?od ( cur+ w be ! same z = timo?y2 t is to say1 x may be cur$ 9 ! cock or 9 ! w9r[1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,ow+ to ! f95ess ( ! /ems1 x may be cur$ m quickly ?an r$ clov]2 h5ce1 its pres5ce 9 a crop ( timo?y w n delay mu* ! cur+ ( ! latt] unless :5 pres5t 9 great abundance4 ,"u "s conditions x w\ld be easily possible to gr[ :ite clov] = hay alone1 & 9 "s in/ances ) pr(it1 m especially 9 provid+ :at w\ld be a mat*less fodd] = "y lambs & "y calves4 ,x might be s gr[n 9 ! clov] l&s t lie imm$iately s\?w>d f ,lakes ,sup]ior & ,huron1 9 ! nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 valleys & on ! valley l&s ar\nd ,puget ,s\nd4 ,on ^! l&s 9 a favorable season1 x w\ld be q possible to cut n less ?an #b tons p] acre1 :ile on av]age l& :ite clov] alone w\ld n yield m1 probably1 ?an #a_/b ton p] acre4 ,b ev5 :5 gr[n = ! purpose nam$1 "s alsike clov] s[n along ) ! :ite clov] w\ld add to ! yield ( hay1 & )\t 9 any consid]able degree less5+ its value = ! use nam$4 ,secur+ ,se$4--,:ite clov] is a great se$-produc+ plant4 ,! season = bloom cov]s a p]iod relatively long1 & ! numb] ( blossoms produc$ "u favorable conditions on a giv5 area is v l>ge4 ,b :5 se$ crops are to be produc$ ) regul>ity1 x is necess>y t moi/ure c be dep5d$ ^u 9 suffici5t supply 9 ! spr+ mon?s to produce a vigor\s gr[? 9 ! plants4 ,su* a climate is f\nd 9 ! ,puget ,s\nd c\ntry & 9 a less degree = "s di/ance s\? f ,lakes ,huron & ,sup]ior4 ,9 areas :i* c be irrigat$1 x is n imp]ative t ! climate %all be ?us moi/4 ,su* areas1 !re=e1 may be look$ ^u z possess$ ( sup]ior adaptation = ! gr[? ( se$ crops ( :ite clov]4 ,! areas are limit$1 h[ev]1 9 :i* se$ crops are gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 s limit$ are !y t x has be5 f\nd v difficult to locate !m4 ,wood ,c\nty 9 ,c5tral ,wiscons9 gr[s a consid]able quantity1 & "s c\nties nor?w>d 9 ! same ,/ate1 & probably also "s p>ts ( ,nor!rn ,mi*igan1 w gr[ se$ equally well4 ,:]e a se$ crop is gr[n e c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to h x free f f\l we$s4 ,! aim %\ld be to gr[ x on clean l&4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! se$ is self-s[n2 t is1 x comes into ! l& )\t be+ s[n1 b ev5 9 su* areas x is saf] to s[ #c p\nds ( se$ p] acre 9 ! e>ly spr+ along ) a nurse crop4 ,! be/ se$ crops 9 ,wiscons9 & ,mi*igan are gr[n on a reasonably /iff clay soil4 ,to get a full crop ( se$1 x %\ld be pa/ur$ = a "t 9 ! spr+1 or ! crop %\ld be run ov] ) ! m[] ab\t ,june #a/1 sett+ ! m[] b> s z to cut #c or #d in*es high4 ,no h>m w foll[ if "s ( ! tops ( ! clov] %\ld be cut (f4 ,! grass & we$s ?us cut are usually left on ! gr\nd1 b sometimes x may be necess>y to remove !m4 ,9 a %ort "t ! field %\ld be "o mass ( bloom4 ,! crop is ready = be+ h>ve/$ :5 ! bulk ( ! heads h turn$ a d>k br[n & :5 ! bulk ( !m h assum$ a r$di% br[n t9t1 not)/&+ t "s ( ! lat] heads may /ill be 9 full fl[]4 ,vigor\s crops may be cut ) ! self-rake reap] set to cut l[1 o!rwise _m ( ! heads w n be ga!r$4 ,to facilitate ?is process1 ! gr\nd %\ld be made q smoo? ev5 be=e s[+ ! se$4 ,b ! se$ crop is m commonly cut ) ! field m[]1 to ! cutt] b> ( :i* a galvaniz$ plat=m is bolt$1 ! sides ( :i* are ab\t #f in*es high4 ,f ?is ! clov] is rak$ (f into bun*es ) a rake4 ,^! bun*es %\ld n be l>ge1 & s9ce ne>ly all ! heads 9 !m w po9t upw>d1 !y %\ld n be turn$ ov] if ra9$ on1 b simply lift$ up ) a suitable =k & mov$ on to o!r gr\nd4 ,! se$ crop cures quickly4 ,x may be drawn & ?re%$ at once1 or x may be /ack$ & ?re%$ :5 conv5i5t4 ,if /ack$1 a goodly supply ( old hay or /raw %\ld be put next ! gr\nd1 & mu* c>e %\ld be tak5 to protect ! clov] by f9i%+ (f ! /ack c>efully ) "s k9d ( grass or hay t w %$ ! ra9 easily4 ,s9ce ! heads are v small & num]\s1 & s9ce1 z ) all clov]s1 !y break (f easily :5 ripe1 mu* promptness & c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 h>ve/+ ! se$ crop4 ,! be/ ma*9e = ?re%+ a se$ s small is ! clov] hull]4 ,! yields ( se$ w run all ! way f less ?an #c bu%els p] acre to #e bu%els1 & "s crops h be5 h>ve/$ 9 ,wiscons9 :i* gave #g bu%els p] acre4 ,f\r bu%els w\ld probably be ab\t an av]age yield4 ,z ! price is usually relatively high comp>$ ) o!r clov]s1 ! se$ f :ite clov] w\ld be q remun]ative 7 x n t 9 a dry season ! yield is disappo9t+4 ,9 "s in/ances two crops are gr[n 9 succession2 9 o!rs1 "o crop is reap$4 ,! l& is !n s[n to b>ley ! next ye>1 & ! foll[+ ye> clov] se$ may be reap$ aga9 )\t s[+ a second "t4 ,usually1 aft] two successive crops ( se$ h be5 cut1 blue grass cr[ds ! clov]4 ,x %\ld be possible to gr[ prodigi\s crops ( :ite clov] 9 c]ta9 ( ! nor!rn ,rocky ,m\nta9 valleys1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,montana & ,wa%+ton1 :]e ! conditions = ! application ( wat] to gr[ ! plants & ( )hold+ ! same :5 rip5+ ! se$ are completely "u ! control ( ! husb&man4 ,! soils 9 ^! valleys1 z previ\sly intimat$1 h high adaptation = gr[+ :ite clov]4 ,r5ew+4--,:ite clov] is probably m easily r5ew$ ?an any plant ( ! clov] family4 ,9 fact1 x seldom requires r5ewal 9 a pa/ure 9 :i* x has obta9$ a foot+ z long z x rema9s a pa/ure4 ,?is arises f ! abundance ( ! se$ production & f ! p[] ( ! same to reta9 g]m9at+ prop]ties = a long p]iod4 ,nev]!less1 !re may be in/ances :5 x may be wise to scatt] m se$ 9 ! e>ly spr+ 9 a pa/ure 9 :i* :ite clov] may n be suffici5tly abundant4 ,x is also r5ew$1 9 a s5se1 :5 suitable f]tiliz] is appli$ on ! pa/ures4 ,a dress+ ( pota% w greatly /imulate ! gr[? ( any k9d ( clov] on ne>ly all soils2 h5ce1 ! m>k$ increase 9 ! gr[? ( ! clov] t usually foll[s ! application ( a dress+ ( wood a%es1 especially 9 ! unlea*$ =m4 ,top-dress+s ( f>my>d manure are also q helpful to su* gr[?4 ,! conclusion mu/ n be rea*$ t because :ite clov] is n mu* 9 evid5ce 9 a p]man5t pa/ure = "o or two1 or ev5 ?ree dry seasons1 if ^! %\ld foll[ ea* o!r1 t x w n come aga9 & ) great vigor & 9 mu* abundance :5 a wet season arrives aga94 ,= ,lawns4--,no o!r plant ( ! clov] family is s frequ5tly s[n :5 mak+ lawns4 ,= su* a use x is n s[n alone1 b is always ! complem5t ( ,k5tucky blue grass or ( a mixture ( grasses4 ,no two plants c be s+l$ out t are m suitable = lawn mak+ ?an :ite clov] & ,k5tucky blue grass4 ,bo? are f9e 9 _! habit ( gr[?4 ,! two 9 conjunction usually make a m d5se sw>d ?an ei!r alone1 & ! clov] w gr[ & produce _m fl[]s1 if n kept clipp$ too closely :5 ! blue grass is re/+ 9 midsumm]4 ,z lawns are usually small1 & a d5se sw>d is desir$ z quickly z x c be obta9$2 ! se$ %\ld be s[n ?ickly on lawns1 at ! rate ( n less ?an #e p\nds ( se$ to ! acre4 ,! e>ly spr+ is ! be/ "t = s[+ ! se$1 b 9 mild climates x may be s[n at almo/ any season t may be conv5i5t1 provid+ ! gr\nd is moi/ en\gh to g]m9ate ! se$4 ,9 cold climates1 ! se$ %\ld be s[n n lat] ?an ,augu/1 unless :5 s[n too late = autumn g]m9ation4 ,?is 9 "s in/ances may n only be prop]1 b comm5dable4 ,z a ,honey ,plant4--,:ite clov] is prov]bial = its ability to furni% honey4 ,!re is probably no s+le plant :i* furni%es m or bett] honey4 ,b its value = su* a use v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t ye>s4 ,9 seasons t are q dry 9 ! spr+1 x makes b little gr[? & produces b few blossoms2 h5ce1 9 su* seasons bees c obta9 b little honey1 relatively1 f su* a s\rce4 ,x w\ld d\btless be good policy1 !re=e1 = ! gr[]s to enc\rage ! s[+ ( alsike clov] :]e bees are mu* kept1 s9ce ! gr[? ( ?is clov] is less h9d]$ by dry wea!r at ! season nam$4 ,less close pa/ur+ ?an is commonly practic$ w\ld favorably influ5ce ! production ( honey f :ite clov]1 & w\ld also result 9 consid]ably great] yields ( pa/ure4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,japan ,,clov] ,japan ,clov] 7,lesp$eza /riata7 0 introduc$ f ,*9a or ,japan1 or f bo? c\ntries1 into ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 #ahdi1 "u ! "n ,japan clov]4 ,x is ?\ght ! se$ came 9 connection ) ! tea trade ) ^! c\ntries4 ,accord+ to ,ph>es1 ! g5]ic t]m ,lesp$eza1 borne by ! "o-se$$ pods ( ! plants ( ?is family1 0 assign$ to !m 9 honor ( ,lesp$ez1 a gov]nor ( ,florida "u ,spani% rule4 ,x is sometimes call$ ,bu% clov]1 f ! bu%-%ap$ habit ( gr[? 9 ! plants :5 gr[n on good soils1 b is to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! ,bu% clov]s prop]1 :i* are ( little value z food plants4 ,japan clov] is an annual1 b ow+ to its rem>kable p[] to reta9 its hold ^u ! soil1 ?r\gh ! %$d+ ( ! se$ & ! gr[+ ( ! same1 x has equal ability ) _m p]5nials to reta9 its hold ^u ! soil4 ,x does n />t until late 9 ! spr+1 nor c x endure mu* fro/2 b its ability to gr[ 9 & reta9 its hold ^u poor soils is rem>kable1 :ile its p[]s ( self-propagation 9 ! ,s\? w\ld seem to be ne>ly equal to ^? ( small :ite clov] 7,trifolum rep5s7 9 ! ,nor?4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! h>die/ plants ( ! clov] family4 ,:]e x has once obta9$ a foo?old1 9 "s soils1 at lea/1 x has be5 kn[n to cr[d out ,b]muda grass & ev5 broom sage4 ,! =m ( ! plants is mu* affect$ by ! "* ( ! soil 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,on poor soils1 ! habit ( gr[? is l[ & spread+2 on good soils1 x is m upright4 ,b x is always m or less bran*$1 & ! /ems are relatively /iff] ?an ^? ( o!r clov]s4 ,!y rise b a few in*es above ! gr\nd 9 poor soils1 n m ?an #b to #d2 b 9 good ri* soils x w atta9 to ! height ( #b feet4 ,ab\t #a foot may be nam$ z ! av]age height4 ,! leaves are trifoliate4 ,! fl[] produc$ 9 ! axils ( ! leaves are num]\s1 b q small4 ,!y appe> f ,july onw>d1 accord+ to locality1 b are probably m num]\s 9 ,septemb]1 & v>y f a p9k to a rose-color$ or purpli% t9t4 ,! se$ pods are small1 flatti% oval 9 %ape & conta9 b "o se$4 ,! tap roots are /rong 9 proportion to ! size ( ! plant & are relatively deep fe$+2 h5ce1 ! ability ( ! plant to survive sev]e dr\ght4 ,! roots h mu* p[] to p5etrate /iff subsoils4 ,japan clov] is n usually reli%$ by /ock at fir/1 b !y soon come to l x1 & are !n fond ( x4 ,close graz+ does n readily injure x2 x also furni%es a good quality ( hay1 b except on reasonably good soils1 ! yields ( ! hay are n v l>ge4 ,! *emical analysis comp>es well ) t ( r$ clov]4 ,japan clov] is also an excell5t soil r5ovator4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 x is cr$it$ ) ! r5ovation ( soils s poor t ! return 0 n wor? ! labor ( tillage4 ,?r\gh\t mu* ( ! ,s\?1 x has r5d]$ mu* s]vice 9 ?us improv+ soils4 ,x also gr[s s ?ickly on _m soils z to less5 &1 9 _m in/ances1 entirely prev5t wa%+1 t great bane ( ,s\!rn soils4 ,x w ev5 gr[ & produce "s pa/ure "u ! %ade ( grass or ,s\!rn p9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,japan ,clov] 7,lesp$eza /riata7 ,t5nessee ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,di/ribution4--,japan clov] is said to be native to ,*9a & o!r c\ntries 9 ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,:5 introduc$ into ,japan1 ! soil & climatic conditions prov$ s favorable t be=e long x spread out ov] ! :ole isl&4 ,s9ce its introduction into ! ,unit$ ,/ates x has spread v rapidly4 ,s9ce x does n gr[ e>ly 9 ! season1 x ne$s a w>m climate4 ,x gr[s mu* bett] 9 moi/ wea!r ?an 9 a "t ( dr\ght1 b x w also cont9ue to gr[ 9 ! abs5ce ( ra9 until ! dr\ght becomes excessive4 ,x w !n wilt d[n on poor soils1 b gr[s aga9 z soon z ra9 falls4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ,japan clov] into ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahdi1 or1 z "s ?9k1 some:at e>li]1 x has spread ov] ! entire ,s\?1 f ! ,ohio ,riv] to ! ,gulf1 f ! ,atlantic to ! ,mississippi1 & also to ! ,/ates ( ,arkansas1 ,l\isiana & ,texas beyond ! ,mississippi4 ,x 0 e>ly introduc$ into ,georgia1 & came into mu* favor !re4 ,x rea*$ ,t5nessee 9 #ahgj1 & soon spread ov] _m c\nties4 ,x came lat] into ,l\isiana1 b soon became v popul> !re1 l>gely ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,colonel ,j4 ,burgess ,mc,ghee ( ,we/ ,feliciana1 :o gave mu* att5tion to cultivat+ x & plac+ x be=e ! public4 ,:ile x w gr[ readily 9 any "p ( ! ,s\?1 x r5d]s bett] s]vice 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates ?an 9 ^? f>!r nor?1 ow+ to ! long] season = gr[?4 ,nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv] x is n likely to be cultivat$1 s9ce 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates x is n ne$$1 because ( ! abundance ( ! r$ clov]s & also ! small :ite4 ,x is a less abundant produc] ?an ! r$ clov]s1 & is also less palatable4 ,moreov]1 ! season = gr[+ x is mu* %ort] 9 ^! ,/ates ?an 9 ^? s\?2 a fact :i* greatly less5s its adaptation to nor!rn conditions4 ,japan clov] has no mission = any ( ! prov9ces ( ,canada1 & = ! reason t x has no mission = ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,soils4--,japan clov] is adapt$ to a wide range ( soils4 ,!re w\ld seem to be a conc5sus ( op9ion 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates t x w gr[ on almo/ any k9d ( soil4 ,x has gr[n well on h>d1 /iff clays1 bo? :ite & r$2 on s&y levels2 on gravelly undulations & slopes2 on ! banks & 9 ! bottom ( gullies2 on soils too poor to produce o!r crops1 z on d5ud$ hills & also 9 groves4 ,b x w gr[ mu* bett]1 ( c\rse1 on good1 ri* l&1 z on moi/ loams & ri* alluvial soils4 ,:ile x pref]s moi/ situations1 x is n well adapt$ to saturat$ l&s4 ,!re is no useful pa/ure plant 9 ! ,s\? t w\ld seem s well able to fight its own battle unaid$ on poor soils z ,japan clov]1 nor is !re any :i* has br\ght s mu* ( r5ovation to ^! = ! labor involv$4 ,place 9 ! ,rotation4--,japan clov] c sc>cely be class$ z a rotation plant 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 s9ce x m frequ5tly comes into ! fields1 z x 71 spontane\sly1 & ow+ to ! uncommon degree to :i* x has ! p[] ( re-se$+ itself1 x is frequ5tly gr[n & graz$ = successive ye>s on ! l& ^u :i* x has be5 all[$ ?us to gr[4 ,nev]!less1 s9ce x is a nitrog5 ga!r]1 :5 x has f]tiliz$ ! l& suffici5tly by br++ to x a supply ( nitrog5 & by putt+ humus into x1 crops %\ld foll[ su* z require mu* ( gr[? to gr[ !m 9 be/ =m4 ,su* are cotton1 corn & ! small c]eal gra9s4 ,ow+ to its p[] to gr[ on worn & ev5 on ab&on$ soils1 & to cr[d we$s t gr[ on !m1 on su* soils x comes 9 betwe5 ! cessation ( cultivation & ! resumption ( ! same4 ,x frequ5tly gr[s z a volunte] crop along ) ,johnson grass1 & :]e x comes1 x t5ds to cr[d grasses ( b little value1 z br[n sage4 ,:]e pa/ure is desir$ w9t] & summ]1 x %\ld be q possible 9 "s localities to obta9 x by s[+ su* crops annually1 z w9t] oats & s& vet*es 7,vicia villosa7 e autumn1 & ! se$ ( ,japan clov] on ! same4 ,! crops fir/ nam$ w\ld provide w9t] & spr+ graz+1 & ! clov]1 summ] & autumn graz+4 ,! clov]s & ! vet*es w\ld bo? aid 9 f]tiliz+ ! l&4 ,prep>+ ! ,soil4--,:ile c>eful prep>ation ( ! l& w result 9 m c]ta9 & uni=m g]m9ation 9 ! se$1 & m rapid gr[? 9 ! plants1 c>eful prep>ation ( ! se$ is n s necess>y ) ,japan clov] z ) _m o!r pa/ure & hay plants4 ,! se$s are /rong 9 g]m9at+ p[] & ! plants are mu* able to gr[1 ev5 "u adv]se conditions1 :5 !y d g]m9ate4 ,usually1 ! prep>ation :i* is suit$ to nurse crops1 amid :i* ?is clov] is s[n1 w be suit$ also to ! clov] :5 x is s[n ?us4 ,9 _m in/ances1 h[ev]1 x is all[$ to re-se$ itself :]e x has be5 once s[n1 or ev5 :]e x may h come into ! soil )\t s[+4 ,9 ?is way successive pa/ure crops h be5 obta9$4 ,b usually :]e hay crops are want$1 x w prove m satisfactory1 all ?+s consid]$1 to s[ ! se$4 ,9 _m in/ances1 simply sc>ify+ ! gr\nd has be5 f\nd a suffici5t prep>ation = ! se$4 ,any implem5t t w pulv]ize ! surface = a few in*es d[nw>d w answ] = su* "w4 ,9 v _m in/ances1 se$1 ( c\rse1 self-s[n has become root$ & gr[n vigor\sly on unpl[$ l&4 ,s[+4--,japan clov] is m commonly s[n 9 ! spr+1 b x is sometimes s[n 9 ! autumn4 ,!re is m or less ( haz>d 9 s[+ x 9 ! autumn nor? ( ! ,gulf ,/ates1 s9ce :5 ! plants are "y !y w n /& mu* fro/4 ,= ! same reason1 !re is ! elem5t ( haz>d 9 s[+ x too e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,spr+ s[+ /&s highe/ 9 favor1 tak+ ! :ole area into acc\nt1 9 :i* ! clov] is gr[n4 ,:ile x is possible to s[ ! se$ too e>ly 9 ! spr+1 x w be readily app>5t t ! e>li] x may be s[n )\t haz>d to ! "y plants1 ! bett] w be ! returns1 because ( ! gr[? secur$ be=e ! adv5t ( dry wea!r4 ,! se$ may be s[n by any ( ! me?ods adopt$ :5 s[+ m$ium r$ clov]4 7,see page #gh47 ,! me?od :i* is mo/ labor-sav+1 h[ev]1 :5 s[n ) a nurse crop1 is t :i* s[s x ) an atta*m5t to ! gra9 drill us$ 9 s[+ ! nurse crop4 ,if all[$ to fall 9 front ( ! drill tubes1 x w n usually ne$ any o!r cov]+ ?an t furni%$ by ! drill tubes foll[$ by ! roll]4 ,x may be s[n ) any ( ! small c]eals1 :e!r ^! are gr[n = pa/ure1 = hay1 or = gra94 ,:5 ^! are fall s[n & ! clov] se$ is n s[n until ! spr+1 x w be well wor? :ile1 :5 ! wea!r & soil w admit ( x1 to cov] ! se$ ) ! h>r[4 ,x may also be advisable to s[ ! se$ 9 pa/ures1 z1 = in/ance1 along ) or*>d grass1 or ) tall oat grass1 z x w\ld t5d to fill ! vacancies 9 ! l&4 ,:5 s[n alone1 #aj p\nds ( se$ p] acre w usually suffice4 ,b :]e !re is mu* se$ 9 ! l& t has be5 self-s[n1 a less quantity w suffice4 ,:]e hay crops are want$ f ye> to ye> on ! same l&1 x may be obta9$ by simply disk+ ! l& & re-s[+4 ,if ! hay is all[$ to approa* maturity be=e be+ cut1 suffici5t se$ w fall to re-s[ ! l& = ! next ye>'s crop1 b ! quality ( hay s ripe is n s good z if cut e>li]4 ,9 pa/ures1 ! graz+ mu/ n be too close :5 self-se$+ is want$4 ,pa/ur+4--,japan clov] is mu* us$ 9 provid+ graz+ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,"s writ]s h spok5 ( x z be+ ! mo/ valuable graz+ plant t gr[s 9 ! ,s\?4 ,view$ f ! /&po9t ( productiv5ess1 ?is w\ld be assign+ x too high a place1 s9ce ,b]muda grass produces m graz+1 b tak+ productiv5ess & ! probable influ5ce ex]t$ on soil f]tility toge!r1 ! e/imate may be correct4 ,! ease ) :i* ,japan clov] may be propagat$ is also a /rong po9t 9 its favor4 ,s9ce x />ts late 9 ! spr+1 x only provides graz+ dur+ ! summ] & autumn mon?s1 f ,may1 ,june or ,july onw>d1 accord+ to ! locality1 & x fails ) ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ heavy fro/s4 ,9 moi/ situations1 x w furni% graz+ dur+ all ! summ] & autumn1 if n all[$ to se$1 b 9 "t ( dr\ght1 x may )] on dry1 ?9 soils & come on aga9 :5 ! ra9s ( autumn beg9 to fall4 ,9 ord] to keep ! graz+ t5d] & palatable1 x %\ld be reasonably close4 ,if all[$ to mature mu* se$ be=e graz+ beg9s1 ! plants w !n die1 to ! great injury ( ! graz+4 ,t /ock d n take k9dly to x at fir/1 z !y d to alfalfa & "s o!r plants1 _c be d\bt$4 ,b !y c soon le>n to reli% x4 ,x has be5 prais$ bo? = milk & meat production2 h5ce1 ! aim %\ld be to h x 9 all p]man5t pa/ures4 ,9 "s ( ^! x may be necess>y to s[ a few p\nds ( se$ p] acre at ! fir/4 ,if ! graz+ is n too close1 ! plants !reaft] w suffici5tly re-se$ ! l&4 ,x has be5 f\nd q possible 9 %ort rotations to secure pa/ure f ,japan clov] )\t s[+ x on l& on :i* x has once gr[n4 ,b to accompli% ?is effectively1 ! graz+ mu/ n be s close z to preclude a self-se$+4 ,by gr[+ su* plants = w9t] & spr+ graz+1 z turf oats & s& vet*es1 & !n graz+ ! ,japan clov]1 :i* w gr[ lat] on l&s ?us manag$1 graz+ may be furni%$ indef9itely f ye> to ye>4 ,h>ve/+ = ,hay4--,japan clov] is a good hay plant :5 gr[n on /rong soils4 ,! quality is good also :5 gr[n "u adv]se conditions1 b ! quantity is defici5t4 ,on good soils1 ! yield is f #a to #b tons p] acre1 ! av]age be+ ab\t #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b tons4 ,! hay is also q m]*antable 9 ,s\!rn m>kets4 ,x is consid]$ sup]ior to bal$ timo?y--timo?y br\ght 9 f ! ,nor?--especially :5 f$ to c[s produc+ milk4 ,japan clov] is be/ cut :5 ! plants are 9 full bloom4 ,b h>ve/+ is frequ5tly def]r$ to a p]iod some:at lat] :]e self-se$+ ( ! l& is desirable4 ,late cutt+1 h[ev]1 l[]s ! quality ( ! hay1 bo? z reg>ds palatability & dige/ibility4 ,mu* t has be5 said z to ! cur+ ( m$ium r$ clov] w also apply to ,japan clov]4 ,successive crops ( hay may be gr[n f ye> to ye> on ! same l&1 z already intimat$4 7,see page #bhe47 ,b :]e o!r crops are want$ on ! same f>m1 x w\ld be wis] to gr[ ^! 9 "s sort ( alt]nation or succession ) ! clov] crops1 s t ! =m] c\ld fe$ ^u ! nitrog5 br\ght to ! l& by ! clov]4 ,secur+ ,se$4--,japan clov] is ready = be+ h>ve/$ :5 ! major portion ( ! se$s are ripe4 ,?is is late 9 ! season4 ,! se$ crop is m easily ga!r$ :5 gr[n on good l&1 ow+ to ! m upright habit ( gr[?4 ,! self-rake reap] is probably ! be/ implem5t = cutt+1 s9ce x lays x (f 9 loose %eaves1 & on well-prep>$ l& x may be made to cut s l[ z to ga!r ! bulk ( ! se$4 ,b x may also be cut ) ! field m[] z small :ite clov] is frequ5tly cut4 7,see page #bge47 ,ow+ to ! lat5ess ( ! season at :i* ! se$ matures1 c>eful & prompt att5tion may be necess>y to secure ! se$ crop )\t loss1 ow+ to ! moi/ness :i* *>act]izes ! wea!r at t season4 ,:5 ,japan clov] is to be h>ve/$ = se$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t we$s f rip5+ _! se$s 9 ! same4 ,) a view to prev5t ?is1 x w be f\nd helpful 9 _m in/ances to run ! m[] ov] ! field "s "t aft] ! clov] has begun to gr[ freely 9 ! late spr+ or e>ly summ]4 ,su* clipp+ w also h ! effect ( secur+ m uni=mity 9 ! rip5+ ( ! se$4 ,! se$ may be ?re%$ 9 mu* ! same way z o!r clov] se$4 7,see page #ajg47 ,! yields p] acre %\ld run f #c to #h bu%els4 ,x weighs #bj p\nds p] bu%el4 ,r5ew+4--,s9ce ,japan clov] is an annual1 x is n necess>y to r5ew x1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* m long-liv$ clov]s are r5ew$1 z1 = in/ance1 ! alsike v>iety4 7,see page #baf47 ,ab\t ! only r5ewal practicable is t :i* insures successive crops ( pa/ure1 hay or se$ f ! same l& :]e ! crop has once be5 gr[n4 7,see page #bhe47 ,b ! gr[? may1 ( c\rse1 be /imulat$ by ! application ( dress+s ( f]tiliz]1 su* z gypsum1 or ^? t may be t]m$ potassic 9 "*4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,burr ,,clov] ,burr ,clov] 7,m$icago maculata7 is sometimes call$ ,spott$ ,m$ick & sometimes ,cali=nia clov]1 also ,yell[ clov]4 ,! "n burr clov] has d\btless aris5 f ! closely coil$ se$ pod1 :i*1 be+ cov]$ ) curv$ prickles1 adh]e to wool m or less z burrs d4 ,! "n ,spott$ ,m$ick has be5 giv5 because ( ! d>k spot f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! leaflets1 9 conjunction ) ! family ( plants to :i* x belongs4 ,! "n ,cali=nia clov] is giv5 because ( ! claim t x 0 mu* gr[n 9 ,cali=nia aft] hav+ be5 introduc$ !re f ,*ili1 & ! "n yell[ clov]1 f ! color ( ! blossoms4 ,aft] its introduction into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 se$sm5 sell ,cali=nia & ,s\!rn burr clov] z two v>ieties1 b ! correctness ( ! di/9ction ?us made has be5 que/ion$4 ,_m p]sons 7 wont to confuse x ) alfalfa1 or1 z x is frequ5tly call$1 luc]ne1 b ! latt] is mu* m upright 9 its habit ( gr[?1 gr[s to a great] height1 has m blossoms1 blue 9 color1 & se$ pods m loosely coil$4 ,x is also to be di/+ui%$ f a v>iety 7,m$icago d5ticulata7 :i* be>s mu* resemblance to x1 & :i*1 gr[+ wild ov] portions ( ! pla9s & foo?ills ( ! ,we/1 af=ds consid]able pa/ure4 ,burr clov] may prop]ly be t]m$ a w9t] annual1 s9ce ! se$ comes up 9 ! autumn1 furni%es graz+ 9 ! w9t] & spr+1 & dies ) ! adv5t ( summ]4 ,x is procumb5t or spread+ & bran*$4 ,on good soil "s ( ! plants radiate to ! di/ance ( sev]al feet f ! p>5t root4 ,!y h be5 kn[n to ov]lap1 & ?us accumulate until ! gr\nd 0 cov]$ #b feet deep ) ?is clov]1 ?us mak+ x v difficult to pl[ !m "u4 ,x is only "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 h[ev]1 t ! plants produce su* a mass ( foliage4 ,! leaves are compos$ ( ?ree some:at l>ge leaflets4 ,! fl[]s1 z previ\sly intimat$1 are yell[1 & !re are b two or ?ree 9 ea* clu/]1 b ! clu/]s are num]\s2 h5ce1 also ! pods are num]\s4 ,!y are ab\t #a_/d ( an in* broad1 & :5 mature are possess$ ( consid]able food value4 ,burr clov] gr[s *iefly dur+ ! w9t]1 & is at its be/ = pa/ure dur+ ! mon?s ( ,m>* & ,april1 & 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates dies d[n aft] hav+ produc$ se$ 9 ,may4 ,?\gh x is frequ5tly s[n1 x has ! p[] ( self-propagation to a m>k$ degree1 :i* makes x possible to gr[ _m crops 9 succession )\t re-se$+ by h&4 ,x is n consid]$ a good hay plant1 b its value = pa/ure is consid]able1 al?\gh1 z a rule1 animals d n take k9dly to x at fir/1 z !y d to alfalfa or m$ium r$ clov]1 b lat] !y become fond ( x1 b less s1 probably1 9 ! case ( horses ?an ( o!r animals4 ,be+ a legume1 x is helpful 9 enri*+ ! l&1 & be+ a free gr[]1 x improves ! soil me*anically ?r\gh its root gr[?1 & also ?r\gh ! /ems & leaves1 :5 ^! are pl[$ "u4 ,di/ribution4--,burr clov] is said to be native to ,europe & ,nor? ,africa1 b n to ,nor? ,am]ica1 al?\gh x has %[n high adaptation 9 adapt+ itself to conditions z f\nd 9 ! latt]4 ,al?\gh ?is plant is h>dy 9 ! ,s\?1 &1 z previ\sly /at$1 makes mo/ ( its gr[? 9 ! w9t]1 x is n suffici5tly h>dy to endure ! w9t]s f> nor?w>d4 ,its highe/ adaptation is f\nd 9 ,/ates ar\nd ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,x also gr[s ) m or less vigor z f> nor? z ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee & ,arkansas4 ,= ^! ,/ates its adaptation is1 on ! :ole1 high] ?an crimson clov]1 al?\gh :]e ! latt] w gr[ readily x is consid]$ ! valuable plant ( ! two4 ,= ,canada1 burr clov] has no mission1 ow+ to ! /]nness ( ! w9t] climate 9 t c\ntry4 ,soils4--,:ile burr clov] w gr[ ) m or less success on almo/ any k9d ( soil possess$ ( a reasonable am\nt ( f]tility & moi/ure1 x is mu* bett] adapt$ to soils alluvial 9 "* & moi/1 z1 = in/ance1 ! deposit soils 9 ! bottom ( riv]s4 ,its p[] to fight ! battle ( exi/5ce on poor l&s is mu* less ?an t ( ,japan clov]1 b on soils t gr[ crops1 su* z corn or cotton1 x may be made to r5d] a s]vice :i* ! o!r _c1 s9ce x gr[s *iefly 9 w9t] & e>ly spr+1 :]eas ,japan clov] gr[s 9 ! summ] & e>ly autumn1 :5 cultivat$ crops occupy ! l&4 ,place 9 ! ,rotation4--,burr clov] is gr[n m 9 ! s5se ( a cat* crop & = pa/ure ?an 9 t ( a crop to be m>ket$ directly4 ,s9ce x is gr[n 9 ! w9t] & spr+1 x may be made to come 9 betwe5 v>i\s crops4 ,on good produc+ l&s ( ! ,s\? x has giv5 satisfaction z a pa/ure plant = w9t] = _m successive ye>s )\t re-s[+ by h&1 :5 s[n 9 conjunction ) crab grass 7,panicum sangu9ale7 = hay4 ,dr4 ,ph>es grew x ?us 9 ,mississippi = ab\t #bj ye>s4 ,9 ,june crab grass sprang up on ! gr\nd1 & be+ cut :5 9 blossom1 produc$ a good crop ( hay 9 ,augu/4 ,a light] cutt+ 0 aga9 tak5 9 ,octob]4 ,! clov] !n took possession ( ! l& & 0 graz$ until spr+1 b n s closely z to prev5t re-se$+ 9 ,may1 aft] :i* ! plants di$ d[n4 ,by ?us all[+ ! plants to mature se$1 any crop may foll[ t c be gr[n aft] ,may4 ,by foll[+ burr clov] ) c[ peas1 l& may be mu* f]tiliz$ 9 "o ye>4 ,by rev]s+ ! process on l& l[ 9 f]tility1 t is1 s[+ ! peas fir/ & ! clov] lat]1 a mu* bett] gr[? ( ! clov] w be secur$4 ,! se$ may also be s[n 9 corn & cotton crops1 ) a view to enri*+ ! l&4 ,b x is only 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates t mu* att5tion is giv5 to gr[+ burr clov] ?us1 & = ! reason1 probably1 t ! w9t]s are too cold to admit ( ! plants furni%+ a suffici5cy ( graz+ at t season4 ,burr clov] is sometimes gr[n ) ,b]muda grass4 ,! latt] furni%es summ] graz+4 ,!re is "s m]it 9 ! plan1 if ! se$ ( ! burr clov] 7 s[n f ye> to ye>4 ,:5 ! re-se$+ ( ! plants is dep5d$ on f season to season !re is difficulty 9 adju/+ ! graz+ s z to admit ( ! plants prop]ly re-se$+ = ! gr[? t is to foll[4 ,if ! ,b]muda grass is n closely graz$ _m ( ! burrs :i* conta9 ! se$s may n rea* ! gr\nd 9 "t to g]m9ate4 ,prep>+ ! ,soil4--,s9ce burr clov] has mu* p[] to re-se$ ! l& )\t prep>ation1 x is m commonly reproduc$ ?us4 ,b1 z ) all o!r plants1 x w gr[ m quickly & m luxuriantly on a well-prep>$ se$-b$1 :]e x may be ?\ght wor? :ile to ?us prep>e ! l&4 ,! cultivation giv5 to su* crops z corn1 cotton or c[ peas makes an excell5t prep>ation ( ! soil on :i* to s[ burr clov]4 ,s[+4--,usually1 burr clov] is all[$ to re-se$ itself aft] x has once become e/abli%$ 9 ! soil4 ,9 ?is respect x is n unlike small :ite clov] & ,japan clov]1 b x does n gr[ s well z ^! on poor soil4 ,:]e n yet e/abli%$1 x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be s[n :]e x is desir$ to gr[ x4 ,! se$ is commonly s[n 9 ,septemb] or e>ly ,octob]1 b "s gr[]s recomm5d s[+ 9 ! burrs z e>ly z ,june or ,july1 t ! t\gh surr\nd+ :i* encloses ! se$ may h "t to decay4 ,:5 se$ sep>ate f ! burr is us$1 x is s[n 9 ! mon?s nam$4 ,:5 s[n on well-prep>$ soil1 graz+ %\ld be pl5tiful f ,febru>y onw>d4 ,burr clov] is m commonly s[n 9 ! burr4 ,! burrs are usually scatt]$ by h& & on l& t has be5 pulv]iz$1 b x is easily possible1 :5 ! conditions are favorable1 to obta9 a /& on l& t has n be5 pl[$4 ,:]e se$ is sc>ce1 ! burrs are sometimes plant$ 9 squ>es #c feet ap>t ea* way1 a limit$ numb] ( burrs be+ dropp$ at "o "t4 ,:5 ?us plant$1 #a bu%el ( burrs w plant sev]al acres4 ,! plants w soon possess all ! gr\nd1 b to enable !m to d s1 pa/ur+ mu/ be def]r$ = "o season4 ,:e!r s[n 9 ! burr or o!rwise1 x is bett] to cov] ! se$ ) ! h>r[4 ,"o bu%el ( burrs weighs f #aj to #ab p\nds4 ,x has be5 /at$ #a bu%el ( clean se$ weighs #fj p\nds4 ,:5 s[n 9 ! burr1 x is usual to s[ #c to #e bu%els p] acre1 b 9 "s in/ances less is s[n & 9 "s m4 ,:5 se$ ap>t f ! burr is s[n #ab p\nds p] acre %\ld suffice4 ,9 "s in/ances x is s[n on ,b]muda sod1 b ! attempts to gr[ x ?us h n always prov$ satisfactory4 ,at ! ,l\isiana ,exp]im5t ,/ation x 0 f\nd t ! burr clov] rema9$ long en\gh & grew l>ge en\gh to injure ! ,b]muda4 ,possibly clos] graz+ w\ld h prev5t$ su* injury4 ,:5 s[n on ,b]muda grass1 ,june1 ,july or ,augu/ are ! mon?s *os5 = scatt]+ ! se$4 ,burr clov] is also sometimes s[n 9 corn & cotton to provide w9t] graz+1 b :5 ?us s[n ! object m frequ5tly s\ght is to enri* ! l&4 ,bo? ends may be accompli%$ 9 "s degree4 ,pa/ur+4--,op9ions diff] z to ! palatability ( ?is grass4 ,all are agre$ t /ock d n take k9dly to x at fir/1 b t !y come to reli% x at lea/ reasonably well :5 accu/om$ to x4 ,x is said to be reli%$ less by horses & mules ?an by o!r dome/ic animals4 ,x has be5 prais$ z a pa/ure = sw9e4 ,x is m palatable 9 ! e>ly /ages ( its gr[?1 & w be> close graz+1 & also sev]e tramp+4 ,x w provide pa/ure = six mon?s1 b n s b\ntifully 9 ! fir/ mon?s ( gr[+ z lat]4 ,h>ve/+ = ,hay4--,burr clov] is n a good hay plant4 ,ow+ to ! recumb5t "* ( ! gr[? x is n easily m[$1 nor has x mu* palatability 9 ! cur$ =m4 ,! yield is said to be f #a_/b to #a ton p] acre4 ,secur+ ,se$4--,9 ! ,gulf ,/ates ! se$ matures 9 ,april & ,may4 ,! plants gr[ se$ pr(usely4 ,s[n 9 ,octob]1 /ock may usually be all[$ free access to x until ,m>*1 & if !n remov$1 x w spr+ up quickly & mature se$ s pr(usely t :5 ! plants die & p>tially decay se$ may sometimes be collect$ 9 holl[s1 into :i* x has be5 driv5 by ! w9d4 ,x is m commonly s[n 9 ! burr =m1 ! =m 9 :i* x is usually ga!r$4 ,! m common me?od ( sav+ ! se$1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,beattie ( ,/>kville1 ,mississippi1 is to fir/ rake (f ! dead v9es s z to leave ! burrs on ! gr\nd & !n sweep !m toge!r ) a suitable wire or /reet broom4 ,x is !n lift$ & run ?r\gh two sets ( sift]s ( suitable me% by h& to remove ! tra% swept up 9 ga!r+ ! se$4 ,x is probable t o!r me?ods m economical ( labor are yet to be devis$ :5 h>ve/+ ! se$ crop4 ,z mu* z #ajj bu%els ( burrs h be5 obta9$ f an acre1 b t is consid]ably m ?an ! av]age yield ( se$4 ,r5ew+4--,s9ce ?is plant is an annual1 x _c be r5ew$ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* r5ewal is possible ) a p]5nial4 ,b z has be5 %[n above 7see page #bid71 x may be gr[n annually = an indef9ite p]iod 9 ! same l& & )\t re-s[+ by h&4 ,x has also be5 %[n t by s[+ ! se$ 9 c]ta9 crops at ! prop] season1 f ye> to ye>1 x may be made to gr[ f ye> to ye> :]e ! rotation w admit ( ?is4 7,see page #bie47 ,:5 ! gr\nd is well /or$ ) se$1 ! plants w cont9ue to come up freely 9 ! soil = at lea/ two or ?ree ye>s1 ev5 )\t any re-se$+ ( ! l&4 ,z a ,f]tiliz]4--,! gr[+ ( burr clov] ex]cises a b5eficial influ5ce on ! l&4 ,its value = ?is purpose1 s9ce x c be gr[n z a cat* crop1 is probably great] ?an its value 9 provid+ food = /ock4 ,l all plants t are m or less creep+ 9 _! habit ( gr[?1 x %ades ! soil & keeps x moi/1 :i*1 9 conjunction ) ! influ5ce ( ! roots1 puts x 9 a friable condition4 ,:5 ! plants gr[ rankly1 x is n easy to bury !m prop]ly ) ! ord9>y pl[1 b 9 su* in/ances1 if cut up ) a disk h>r[1 ! "w is facilitat$4 ,! plants quickly die d[n s z to make pl[+ easily possible1 b ! aim %\ld be to h su* decay take place )9 ! soil r ?an above x4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,sweet ,,clov] ,sweet clov] is s nam$ f ! sweet odor :i* emanates f ! liv+ plants4 ,x is ( two species4 ,^! are designat$1 respectively1 ,melilotus alba & ,melilotus (fic9alis4 ,! =m] is also call$ ,bokh>a clov]1 ,:ite ,melilot & ,tree clov]4 ,x is possibly m widely kn[n by ! "n ,bokh>a ?an by any o!r designation4 ,! latt] is sometimes call$ ,yell[ clov]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! 9 appe>ance & habits ( gr[? does n seem to be v m>k$1 except t ! blossoms ( ! =m] are :ite & ^? ( ! latt] are yell[4 ,sweet clov] is upright & bran*$ 9 its habit ( gr[?4 ,x atta9s to a height ( f #b to #h feet1 accord+ to ! soil 9 :i* ! plants gr[4 ,! some:at small & truncate leaves are n s num]\s1 relatively1 z ) "s o!r v>ieties ( clov]1 & ! /ems are woody 9 "*1 especially z !y gr[ old]4 ,! blossoms are small & :ite or yell[1 accord+ to ! v>iety1 & ! se$ pods are black :5 ripe4 ,! roots are l>ge & m or less bran*$1 & g d[n to a great dep? 9 ! soil2 especially is ?is true ( ! ma91 or tap root4 ,! plants1 accord+ to ,beale1 are annual or bi5nial1 b m commonly !y are bi5nial4 ,!y d n usually blossom ! ye> t !y are s[n1 b may blossom )9 a ye> f ! date ( s[+4 ,= in/ance1 :5 s[n 9 ! e>ly autumn1 !y may bloom ! foll[+ summ]4 ,!y are exce$+ly h>dy1 hav+ mu* p[] to endure extremes ( heat & cold1 & to gr[ 9 poor soils & "u adv]se conditions4 ,9 "s soils !y take possession ( road sides & vacant l&s1 & cont9ue to gr[ 9 ^! = successive ye>s4 ,! impaction ( su* soils by /ock tread+ on !m seems r to advance ?an to h9d] ! gr[?4 ,!y />t gr[+ e>ly 9 ! spr+ & gr[ quickly1 especially ! second ye>4 ,!y come into bloom 9 ,june1 e>ly or lat]1 accord+ to ! latitude1 & ord9>ily only 9 ! ye> foll[+ t 9 :i* !y 7 s[n4 ,because ( ! fragrant odor :i* is emitt$ f ! plants z !y gr[1 !y are sometimes introduc$ into g>d5s & ornam5tal gr\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,sweet ,clov] 7,melilotus alba7 ,t5nessee ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,! uses ( ! plants are at lea/ ?ree4 ,x has "s value z a food = live /ock4 ,x has mu* value z a f]tiliz]4 ,x has probably ev5 m value z a food = bees4 ,x has also be5 us$ 9 b9d+ soils4 ,its value z a food = /ock has probably be5 ov]e/imat$4 ,x is bitt]1 not)/&+ ! fragrant odor t emanates f x2 h5ce1 x is n reli%$ by /ock1 insomu* t !y w n eat x :5 !y c get o!r food t is m palatable4 ,z hay1 x is h>d to cure & ( d\btful palatability :5 cur$4 ,z a f]tiliz]1 its value does n seem to h be5 suffici5tly recogniz$1 & ! same is probably true ( x z bee pa/ure1 al?\gh _m bee-keep]s are alive to its great m]it = su* a use4 ,?is plant does n seem to f9d mu* favor ) _m4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has spok5 ( x z a we$y bi5nial1 conc]n+ :i* extravagant claims h be5 made4 ,! laws ( "s ,/ates proscribe x z a we$1 & impose p5alties direct$ aga9/ any :o all[ x to gr[4 ,legislatures %\ld be sl[ to class a legume z a we$1 especially "o t has mu* p[] to enri* soils4 ,! au?or *]i%es ! op9ion t ?is plant has a mission 9 ! economy ( agriculture & ( consid]able importance to f>m]s1 especially 9 soils t are poor & worn1 z soon z !y come to und]/& x prop]ly4 ,di/ribution4--,sweet clov] is probably indig5\s to ! semi-arid regions ( ,asia4 ,! "n ,bokh>a w\ld seem to indicate z mu*1 b x is also f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 & if ! facts 7 kn[n1 0 d\btless br\ght f ,europe to ,nor? ,am]ica by ! fir/ settl]s4 ,= _m decades x has be5 repres5t$ 9 _m fl[] g>d5s 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! plant w endure almo/ any am\nt ( cold :5 x is once e/abli%$4 ,x has /ood well ! w9t]s ( ,manitoba4 ,x c also endure extreme summ] heat1 s9ce x ?rives well 9 "s p>ts ( ,texas4 ,x gr[s mo/ vigor\sly :]e ! ra9fall is abundant1 z 9 ,we/]n ,oregon1 & x makes a /rong gr[? 9 ! dry areas ( ,we/]n ,kansas & ,nebraska4 ,sweet clov] w gr[ vigor\sly 9 "s "p or p>ts ( e ,/ate 9 ! ,union4 ,( c\rse1 x has high] adaptation = "s conditions ?an o!rs4 ,9 "s ( ! ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,/ates1 x has multipli$ to su* an ext5t )\t cultivation z to h assum$ ! "* ( a we$2 h5ce1 ! legislation aga9/ x4 ,:5 x is call$ to m9d t ?is plant is a legume1 & :5 ! fur!r fact is recogniz$ t x may be us$ n only 9 enri*+ soils1 b at ! same "t improv+ !m me*anically1 9 addition to o!r b5efits t x may be made to r5d]1 surely ! enactm5ts :i* prohibit its gr[? %\ld be repeal$ 9 any ,/ate :]e ^! exi/4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 ) a normal ra9fall1 ! mission ( ?is plant is likely to be circumscrib$1 = ! reason t o!r legumes possess$ ( a mu* high] food value may be gr[n 9 ^!4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 its mission w be m important1 s9ce x may be us$ 9 "s ( ^! ) decid$ advantage 9 b9d+ soils & 9 r5ovat+ !m1 ev5 :5 too poor to produce a vigor\s gr[? ( c[ peas4 ,x is likely also t x may yet be made to r5d] good s]vice 9 ! semi-arid c\ntry we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 :]e o!r clov]s _c be gr[n4 ,sweet clov] w gr[ 9 all ! prov9ces ( ,canada4 ,= economic uses1 h[ev]1 x is n likely to gr[ to any great ext5t ea/ ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 or we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,o!r legumes m useful may be gr[n 9 ^! areas4 ,b 9 ! int]v5+ :eat-gr[+ region x is possible t x may come to be us$ = purposes ( soil r5ovation4 ,soils4--,b little c be glean$ f ,am]ican s\rces on ?is subject4 ,not)/&+1 x may be said ) safety t x has great] p[] to gr[ on poor1 worn & h>d soils ?an any =age plant t has yet be5 introduc$ into ,am]ica = economic uses4 ,x w probably be f\nd true ( x1 z ( o!r clov]s1 t x w ?rive be/ on soils t h produc$ timb]1 & m especially timb] ( ! h>dwood v>ieties4 ,?is means1 !re=e1 t x w gr[ well 9 probably all k9ds ( clay soils & also 9 loam soils und]laid ) clay4 ,x has high adaptation = soils ab\nd+ 9 lime4 ,x c be made to succe$ on h>d clay subsoils f :i* ! surface soil has be5 remov$4 ,b x w also gr[ well on s&y soils & ev5 on gravels :5 a reasonable am\nt ( moi/ure is pres5t4 ,! au?or succe$$ 9 gr[+ x 9 good =m 9 #ahig & #ahih 9 a vacant lot 9 ,/4 ,paul1 f :i* #f to #h feet ( surface soil _h be5 remov$ a %ort "t previ\sly4 ,! subsoil 0 s s&y t x w\ld almo/ h answ]$ = build+ uses4 ,?is clov] w probably gr[ ) lea/ success on soils ( ! prairie s light 9 texture z to lift ) ! w9ds1 & 9 :i* ! und]ly+ clay is sev]al feet f ! surface1 also 9 sl\gh soils t are mu* saturat$ ) wat]4 ,s9ce x gr[s vigor\sly on road sides1 9 rocky wa/e places & ev5 9 brick y>ds :5 s[n )\t a cov]+1 ! idea has ga9$ curr5cy t ! h>d] ! soil1 ! bett] ! plants w gr[1 & ! m surely w !y be e/abli%$ 9 ! soil2 b ?is view does n seem to be 9 accord ) ! pr9ciples :i* usually gov]n plant gr[?4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 s5d its roots d[n into h>d subsoils s deeply t 9 c]ta9 seasons ! plants c\ld n be dug up )\t ! aid ( a pick4 ,place 9 ! ,rotation4--,s9ce sweet clov] se$ is m commonly scatt]$ 9 byplaces1 or is self-s[n f plants t h run wild1 x c sc>cely be said t x has ev] be5 gr[n z a regul> crop & 9 a regul> rotation4 ,nor is x ev] likely to become a factor 9 su* a rotation unless its prop]ties %all be s modifi$ t x c be gr[n acceptably z a pa/ure plant4 ,9 su* an ev5t x w\ld h ! same place 9 ! rotation z o!r clov]s2 t is1 x w\ld naturally foll[ a cultivat$1 t is1 a clean+ crop1 & prec$e "s crop or a succession ( crops t w\ld pr(it f ! nitrog5 & humus :i* x _h br\ght to ! soil1 & also f ! influ5ce :i* ! roots w\ld ex]cise me*anically ^u ! same4 ,b ! necessity = s[+ x on clean gr\nd w\ld n be s great z ) ! o!r clov]s1 s9ce x has great] p[] ?an ^! to ov]%ad[ we$s :5 ! two gr[ toge!r4 ,9 ! meantime1 ?is plant w probably cont9ue to be gr[n z 9 ! pa/2 t is1 if s[n1 x w be s[n3 #a4 ,9 byplaces to provide pa/ure = bees1 9 :i* case 9 "t x w be sup]s$$ by o!r plants4 #b4 ,on worn l&s s poor t !y refuse to gr[ valuable food products s[n1 p>tly1 at lea/1 ) a view to r5ovate !m4 ,& #c4 ,9 cutt+s made by railroads & 9 gullies t h be5 made 9 fields1 ) a view to prev5t soil movem5t4 ,x may also come to be s[n 9 gra9 crops 9 localities :]e o!r v>ieties ( clov] w n gr[1 to be pl[$ "u ! foll[+ spr+4 ,prep>+ ! ,soil4--,s9ce sweet clov] w gr[ on ! firme/ & mo/ =bidd+ soils1 ev5 :5 self-s[n1 x w\ld n seem necess>y1 ord9>ily1 to sp5d mu* "t 9 specially prep>+ a se$-b$ = x4 ,! fact /at$ is pro( ( its ability to gr[ on a firm surface4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t su* a condition ( ! se$-b$ w give a bett] /& ( ! plants ?an a pulv]iz$ condition ( ! same1 z "s h cont5d$4 ,x may be t on soils t are q loose ne> ! surface1 & "u conditions t incl9e to dry a se$-b$ firm & ev5 h>d1 may be m conductive to gr[? 9 ! plants ?an "o 9 :i* ! conditions are ! opposite4 ,mu* roll+ ( loose soils has be5 recomm5d$ :5 prep>+ ! se$-b$ ) a view to firm !m4 ,:5 ! se$ is s[n along ) gra91 ! prep>ation ( ! soil ne$$ = gra9 w\ld be ample prep>ation also = ! clov]4 ,:5 s[n on /ubble l&1 9 _m in/ances no prep>ation by way ( /irr+ ! soil w\ld seem necess>y4 ,& :5 s[n on railroad embankm5ts1 road sides1 rocky situations & byplaces g5]ally no prep>ation ( ! soil w\ld be possible4 ,s[+4--,9 ! ,nor? sweet clov] is be/ s[n 9 ! spr+4 ,9 fact1 x c only be s[n !n ) ! assurance t x w survive ! w9t] nor? ( a c]ta9 limit4 ,t limit w v>y ) altitude1 b x w probably run irregul>ly across ! ,middle ,/ates1 f ! ,atlantic we/w>d to ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s1 beyond :i* x w ve] away to ! ,nor?4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 x may be s[n fall or spr+1 b if s[n late 9 ! fall ! "y plants w 9 "s in/ances succumb to ! fro/ ( w9t]4 ,e>ly fall s[+1 !re=e1 is mu* to be pref]r$ to s[+ late4 ,! me?od ( s[+ may be ! same z 9 s[+ m$ium r$ clov] 7see page #gh72 t is1 :5 ! se$ is s[n ) gra9 crops4 ,:5 s[n 9 byplaces1 x w ord9>ily be s[n by h&4 ,9 su* places x w re-se$ itself & w likely gr[ 9 ^! = successive seasons4 ,on railroad embankm5ts1 ! se$ is scatt]$ m commonly on ! upp] portion1 & f ! plants :i* gr[ !re ! se$s produc$ scatt] d[nw>d4 ,! plants n only less5 wa%+ 9 ! soil1 b !y prep>e ! same = ! gr[? ( grasses4 ,!y also aid ?us 9 ! introduction ( grasses into rocky & v h>d soils4 ,sweet clov] may be s[n ) almo/ any k9d ( a nurse crop desir$1 :i* does n de/roy x ) an ov]-abundant %ade4 ,or x may be s[n alone :]e su* a necessity exi/s4 ,b ! in/ances are n num]\s 9 :i* x w\ld be desirable or necess>y to s[ x alone on arable soils4 ,!re may be conditions :5 x c\ld be s[n successfully at ! "t ( ! la/ cultivation giv5 to corn & ) a view to soil enri*m5t4 ,s9ce sweet clov] is seldom s[n = ! purpose ( provid+ food = live /ock1 x is n s[n 9 mixtures1 nor is x well adapt$ = be+ s[n ?us1 because ( ! l>ge & luxuriant "* ( ! gr[?1 :i* w\ld t5d to smo!r o!r plants s[n along ) x4 ,! am\nt ( se$ to s[ has be5 v>i\sly /at$ at f #ae to #bj p\nds p] acre4 ,! small] am\nt %\ld be en\gh = almo/ any purpose1 & a mu* small] am\nt %\ld suffice = s[+ 9 byplaces & along road sides1 :]e ! plants reta9 possession ( ! gr\nd ?r\gh self-se$+4 ,pa/ur+4--,because ( ! bitt] aromatic pr9ciple :i* x conta9s1 kn[n z comm>91 /ock dislike x1 especially at ! fir/4 ,& x is que/ionable if !y c be educat$ to l x 9 areas :]e o!r food1 :i* is m palatable1 gr[s abundantly4 ,9 an exp]im5t direct$ by ! au?or at ! ,m9nesota ,univ]sity ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 %eep pa/ur$ ^u x1 & did n take k9dly to x2 b by turn+ !m 9 to graze ^u x 9 ! morn+1 !y cropp$ x d[n4 ,9 localities :]e good graz+ is n pl5tiful1 if live /ock h access to x1 especially :5 ! plants are "y1 !y w s crop x d[n t 9 a few ye>s x w entirely disappe>4 ,b :]e o!r pa/ures are abundant1 x w cont9ue to gr[ indef9itely4 ,x w\ld n seem wise to s[ x = ! purpose ( provid+ graz+1 unless :]e ! conditions = gr[+ o!r & bett] graz+ are unfavorable4 ,"s h spok5 favorably ( sweet clov] = soil+ uses4 ,x makes a v rapid gr[? q e>ly 9 ! season1 & :5 cut & wilt$ m or less be=e be+ f$1 ! palatability is !reby consid]ably increas$4 ,small plots ( ?is plant ne> ! outbuild+s may 9 ?is way be utiliz$ ) "s advantage 9 ! abs5ce ( bett] soil+ plants4 ,h>ve/+ = ,hay4--,sweet clov] is n a really good hay plant "u any conditions1 & if n cut until x becomes woody1 is practically valueless = hay4 ,x ought to be cut = hay a little be=e ! /age ( bloom4 ,if cutt+ is long] def]r$1 ! plants become woody4 ,su* e>ly cutt+1 h[ev]1 adds mu* to ! difficulty ( cur+ ! crop1 s9ce1 :ile naturally succul5t1 its succul5ce is !n1 ( c\rse1 consid]ably m ?an at a lat] p]iod4 ,x %\ld be cur$ l m$ium r$ clov]4 7,see page #if47 ,if n cut suffici5tly e>ly1 & cur$ ) z mu* c>e z is ex]cis$ 9 cur+ alfalfa1 !re w be consid]able loss f ! %$d+ ( ! leaves4 ,m commonly ! plants are n cut = hay ! ye> t !y are s[n1 b "s seasons su* h>ve/+ is entirely practicable 9 c]ta9 situations4 ,! hay crop or crops are usually tak5 ! second ye>4 ,sometimes ! crop is cut twice4 ,x is entirely practicable to obta9 two cutt+s "u ord9>y conditions1 because ( ! vigor 9 ! gr[?1 & because ( ! e>ly season at :i* x mu/ be h>ve/$ = hay4 ,f #c to #d or #e tons may ?us be obta9$ 9 _m in/ances f ! two cutt+s4 ,secur+ ,se$4--,ne>ly all ( ! se$ s[n 9 ?is c\ntry is import$4 ,! au?or has n be5 able to obta9 in=mation ) ref]5ce to gr[+ se$ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 h5ce1 ! inf]5ce is fair t b little ( x has be5 gr[n = t purpose up to ! pres5t "t4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x se$s freely1 & s9ce ! price ( se$ is high1 se$ crops1 m especially :5 ! plants are also utiliz$ z bee pa/ure1 ought to prove remun]ative 9 ! h&s ( judici\s gr[]s4 ,! se$ crop is obta9$ usually1 if n always1 ! second ye> aft] ! s[+4 ,if cut = hay be=e com+ into bloom1 x w gr[ up aga9 & be> se$ pr(usely4 ,?is w\ld seem pref]able on /rong soils1 z x w\ld prev5t t rankness 9 gr[? :i* w\ld militate aga9/ abundant se$ production1 & :i* w\ld add mu* to ! labor ( h&l+ ! crop4 ,! se$ crop may be cut & h&l$ 9 sub/antially ! same way z m$ium r$ clov] :5 gr[n = se$4 ,x may also be cur$ & ?ra%$ ess5tially 9 ! same way4 7,see page #aje47 ,! au?or has n be5 able to obta9 in=mation ) ref]5ce to ! av]age yield ( ! se$ crop "u ,am]ican conditions4 ,! se$1 l t ( ! m$ium r$ v>iety1 %\ld weigh #fj p\nds p] bu%el4 ,r5ew+4--,9 ! s5se ( a pa/ure or hay crop1 x w\ld n seem necess>y to try to r5ew ?is crop1 because ( ! relatively l[ value :i* x possesses = ^! uses4 ,:5 gr[n = bee pa/ure1 x w r5ew itself = an indef9ite p]iod :5 ! plants are n cut = se$ & :]e ! conditions are favorable to gr[?4 ,:5 gr[n to keep soils f wa%+ or railroad embankm5ts f break+ d[n1 x w1 ( c\rse1 r5ew itself 9 ! same way4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 x is usually sup]s$$ by "s k9d ( grass1 = :i* x has prep>$ ! way by ! ameliorat+ & r5ew+ influ5ce :i* x ex]ts ^u ! soil4 ,value = ,bee ,pa/ure4--,all au?orities are agre$ z to ! high value ( ?is plant z a honey produc]4 ,! claim has be5 made = x t = su* a use x is m valuable acre = acre ?an any ord9>y gra9 crop4 ,by cutt+ a "p ( ! crop be=e x comes into bloom1 ! season ( honey production may be prolong$ f1 say1 ,july #a/ until "s "t 9 ! autumn1 z ! "p ?us cut w come into bloom aft] ! blooms h left ! plants t 7 cut4 ,:5 n di/urb$1 sweet clov] yields honey 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! bloom+ ( ! basswood & ! gold5 rod4 ,! honey is ( excell5t quality4 ,!re %\ld be no good reasons1 !re=e1 :y bee-keep]s %\ld n s[ ! se$ 9 by & wa/e places4 ,b ! wisdom ( gr[+ x z a honey-produc+ crop on valuable l& :]e o!r honey crops1 z alsike & :ite clov]1 c be gr[n 9 good =m may be que/ion$4 ,value z a ,f]tiliz]4--,! high value ( ?is plant z a f]tiliz] & soil improv] _c be que/ion$4 ,b :e!r x %\ld ev] be s[n = su* a use w dep5d on ! capacity ( ! soil to produce o!r crops valuable = f]tiliz+ & also m valuable = produc+ =age or fodd]4 ,:]e o!r clov]s m useful c be gr[n1 also c[ peas1 soy beans & o!r legumes valuable = food uses1 x w\ld seem unwise to s[ sweet clov]4 ,?is w\ld re/rict its use1 !re=e1 z a soil r5ovator2 fir/1 to soils too poor to gr[ ^? useful legumes2 second1 to areas :]e ! climate conditions w n admit ( ! gr[? ( ^!2 & ?ird1 to areas f :i* ! surface soil has be5 remov$1 & :i* x is desirable to s ameliorate & improve ! soil ?us laid b>e t x c\ld lat] be cov]$ ) "s m valuable cov] crop4 ,"u pres5t conditions ?is w\ld re/rict its gr[? = ! purpose nam$ to s&y & gravelly soils1 to c]ta9 areas 9 ! semi-arid region ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & to su* small areas z ! surface soil _h be5 remov$ f4 ,9 ! semi-arid region :]e crops ( gra9 & also "s v>ieties ( field corn c be gr[n successfully1 b :]e ! clov]s are n successful2 x w\ld seem practicable to s[ a few p\nds ( sweet clov] se$ p] acre at ! same "t z ! gra9s1 & to pl[ "u ! plants produc$ "s "t 9 ! mon? ( ,may ! next season4 ,! clov] ?us buri$ c\ld be at once foll[$ by corn or potatoes1 or1 inde$1 by any k9d ( a clean+ crop4 ,! high price ( se$ at pres5t practically =bids gr[+ clov] ?us4 ,:e!r sweet clov] gr[n = r5ovat+ uses %\ld be turn$ "u ! season 9 :i* x has be5 s[n w dep5d l>gely on ! gr[? t has be5 made4 ,9 _m in/ances1 ! gr[? made is s rank z to ju/ify pl[+ x "u ! foll[+ autumn4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 bett] results w foll[ pl[+ x "u ! next season4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! gr[? made is s rank t a /rong pl[ & also a /rong team are necess>y to d ! "w prop]ly4 ,value on ,alkali soils4--,?is plant has be5 gr[n to "s ext5t to aid 9 remov+ alkali f soils sup]abundantly impregnat$ ) ! same4 ,x w gr[1 x is claim$1 "u c]ta9 conditions on su* soils s sur*>g$ ) alkali z to prohibit almo/ e o!r =m ( vegetable gr[?4 ,! ext5t to :i* x may be ?us us$ pr(itably _h n yet be5 fully demon/rat$4 ,b :]e x c be gr[n on su* soils1 ! fact t x takes up & removes relatively l>ge quantities ( alkali w\ld appe> to be well e/abli%$4 ,de/roy+ ! ,plants4--,%\ld ! conditions be f\nd s favorable to ! gr[? ( ! plant t x p]si/s 9 gr[+ :]e x is n want$1 x w soon cease to appe>1 if prev5t$ f go+ to se$4 ,ord9>ily1 ! blossoms appe> only dur+ ! second ye> ( gr[?4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! plants are cut (f :5 9 bloom1 se$ =m+ w n only be prev5t$1 b s9ce sweet clov] is a bi5nial1 ! plants w die4 ,:5 ?us dealt )1 ! only s\rce f :i* o!r plants may come :ile ext]m9ation is be+ ?us s\ght is f se$ lodg$ 9 ! soil & /ill capable ( g]m9at+4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,miscellane\s ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,clov] ,9 addition to ! v>ieties ( clov] t h be5 discuss$ at "s l5g? 9 previ\s *apt]s are a numb] ! value ( :i* may be consid]able to areas m or less local & limit$4 ,^! include ,sa9fo91 ,egyptian clov]1 ,yell[ clov]1 ,s& luc]ne1 ,japanese clov]1 ,begg>we$ & ,seaside clov]4 ,"s ( ^!1 z ,sa9fo9 & ,buffalo clov]1 h be5 9 ! c\ntry = sev]al ye>s1 & yet b little is kn[n z to _! behavior1 except 9 v limit$ areas4 ,o!rs1 z ,buffalo clov]1 native to ! c\ntry are ?\ght to h m]it1 & yet ! degree ( su* m]it does n appe> to h be5 yet prov$ "u cultivation4 ,! ?ree v>ieties b rec5tly introduc$ are ?\ght to h consid]able promise = c]ta9 soils & climates to :i* !y h special adaptation1 b suffici5t trial has n be5 giv5 !m to det]m9e ev5 approximately ! measure ( _! wor? to ?is c\ntry4 ,^! v>ieties w n[ be discuss$1 b = ! reasons /at$ above x w be manife/ t ! discussion w ( necessity be imp]fect & fragm5t>y 9 "*4 ,,sa9fo9 ,sa9fo9 7,onobry*is sativa7 is a p]5nial1 legum9\s1 clov]-l =age plant ( ! bean family4 ,! ^w ,sa9fo9 is equival5t to ! ,fr5* words = s\nd or :olesome hay4 ,x is also frequ5tly call$ ,esp>cette or ,asp]set1 m especially 9 ,g]many4 ,x is fur!r kn[n 9 ,engl& by ! "n ,cock's ,head1 ,fr5* ,grass & ,m$ick ,vet*l+4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,france & ,switz]l& ! "n has be5 & probably is yet appli$ to luc]ne 7,m$icago sativa74 ,9 its habit ( gr[? x is m woody 9 ! root/ock ?an clov] & m bran*$4 ,x also gr[s to a great] av]age height4 ,! /ems1 :i* are cov]$ ) f9e hairs1 be> num]\s leaves long & p9nate4 ,! blossoms are num]\s & ( an attractive1 p9ki% color1 bright5+ into a crimson t9t4 ,! se$ pods are flatt5$ f side to side & wr9kl$1 & are also sickle-%ap$4 ,!y be> b "o se$4 ,! roots are /rong & m or less bran*$4 ,sa9fo91 z already intimat$1 is p]5nial 9 its habit ( gr[?4 ,:5 a field is once well set ) ! plants1 x %\ld cont9ue to produce crops = a decade1 b w ev5tually be cr[d$ out ) we$s or o!r grasses4 ,x gr[s v e>ly 9 ! season1 q z e>ly1 if n e>li]1 ?an alfalfa1 & cont9ues to gr[ until autumn4 ,! fe$+ value ( sa9fo9 is mu* ! same z t ( alfalfa4 ,x is mu* e/eem$ :]e x c be gr[n = ! production ( pa/ure1 ( soil+ food1 & also hay1 valuable = enri*+ ! l&1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! roots1 & also :5 ! tops are pl[$ "u z gre5 manure4 ,sa9fo9 is native ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,c5tral ,europe & ov] mu* ( ,sib]ia4 ,al?\gh native to ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl&1 x does n appe> to h be5 cultivat$ !re be=e ! ye> #afea1 at :i* "t x is said to h be5 introduc$ f ,fl&]s4 ,f :at has be5 said ) ref]5ce to ! di/ribution ( sa9fo9 9 ,europe & ,asia1 x w be app>5t t x is a h>dy plant1 :i* has highe/ adaptation = climates temp]ate & mild to mod]ately cool4 ,its h>dihood has be5 %[n by its surviv+ ! w9t]s 9 ! latitude ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]1 b ! abundant sn[ cov]+ !n provid$ %\ld n be lo/ sight (4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,sa9fo9 7,onobry*is sativa7 ,oregon ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,its adaptation to ! ,unit$ ,/ates does n appe> to h be5 prov$ yet1 except 9 limit$ areas4 ,9 "s ( ! ,montana valleys good crops h be5 gr[n ) mu* success 9 _m ( ^? we/]n valleys1 & ev5 on ! b5* l&s at ! base ( foo?ills4 ,nor w\ld !re seem to be any good reasons = suppos+ t good crops c\ld n be gr[n 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ! soil is suitable4 ,9 ,canada1 sa9fo9 has succe$$ 9 ,quebec4 ,9 trials made by ! au?or at ! ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college at ,guelph success 0 only p>tial1 b ! trials 7 limit$4 ,!re w\ld seem to be no good reasons :y ?is plant %\ld n succe$ 9 _m places 9 ,canada :]e lime/one soils prevail4 ,?is plant is be/ adapt$ to dry soils calc>e\s 9 _! composition & some:at por\s 9 "*4 ,?is expla9s its great aff9ity = ! *alk soils :i* ab\nd 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,on ! dry1 lime/one soils ( ?is c\ntry x ought to succe$4 ,x has %[n mu* adaptation = ! volcanic soils ( ! ,we/]n m\nta9 region1 :]e x has be5 tri$4 ,on /iff clays x gr[s too sl[ly to be entirely satisfactory4 ,x ought n to be s[n on soils wet or swampy 9 "*4 ,s9ce sa9fo9 is p]5nial 9 its habit ( gr[?1 & s9ce1 :5 once well set1 x w reta9 its hold ^u ! soil = sev]al ye>s1 x is n 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m a rotation plant4 ,:5 x is gr[n1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be foll[$ by crops :i* require l>ge quantities ( nitrog5 easily accessible1 to enable !m to complete _! gr[?4 ,if ?is plant %\ld ev] be gr[n to any consid]able ext5t 9 ! m\nta9 ,/ates1 mu* t has be5 said ) ref]5ce to ! place = alfalfa 9 ! rotation w also apply to sa9fo94 7,see page #ace47 ,x has be5 f\nd m difficult to get a good /& ( sa9fo9 plants ?an ( o!r v>ieties ( ! clov] family4 ,?is is ow+ to ! l[ g]m9at+ p[] frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! se$4 ,! /& ( plants is frequ5tly f\nd to be too ?9 & scatt]+4 ,we$s1 !re=e1 & sometimes grasses are mu* liable to come into ! soil occupi$ by ! sa9fo9 & to cr[d ! same4 ,because ( ?is x is specially important t sa9fo9 %all be s[n on a clean se$-b$4 ,! se$ is v frequ5tly s[n 9 ! hull1 & usually 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,b !re w\ld seem to be no reasons :y ! se$ %\ld n be s[n 9 ! e>ly autumn 9 localities :]e alfalfa c be s[n ?us4 7,see page #ade47 ,9 ! r\gh =m1 x is usually broadca/$ by h&1 b w\ld probably also fe$ ?r\gh a se$ drill4 ,:5 s[n ap>t f ! hull1 ! se$ may be s[n by ! same me?ods z alfalfa4 7,see page #adg47 ,9 ! r\gh =m1 f #c to #e bu%els p] acre are s[n4 ,9 ! clean =m1 x is claim$ t #dj p\nds ( se$ %\ld be s[n1 b t am\nt ( clean & good se$ w\ld seem to be excessive on well-prep>$ l&4 ,! se$ 9 ! hull weighs #bf p\nds p] bu%el4 ,! plan ( s[+ #b to #c p\nds p] acre ( ! se$ ( alsike clov] along ) ! sa9fo9 w\ld d\btless be f\nd helpful "u "s conditions1 z x w\ld t5d to ?ick5 ! crop1 m especially ! fir/ season4 ,sa9fo9 is a good pa/ure plant :5 prop]ly graz$4 ,x does n produce bloat 9 cattle or %eep z alfalfa does4 ,9 ?is fact is f\nd "o ( ! /ronge/ reason :y x %\ld be gr[n 9 areas :]e alfalfa is want$ = pa/ure4 ,x w furni% graz+ ab\t z e>ly z alfalfa1 & consid]ably e>li] ?an m$ium r$ clov]4 ,?is plant is m frequ5tly gr[n = soil+ food ?an = hay4 ,= ! =m] use x has high adaptation1 s9ce x w furni% sev]al cutt+s ( soil+ food p] season4 ,x w also furni% two cutt+s ( hay1 or "o ( hay & "o ( se$1 & "u "s conditions m ?an two cutt+s c be obta9$4 ,9 ! latitude ( ,montreal x is ready to be cut = hay dur+ ! e>ly days ( ,june4 ,x is ready = be+ cut :5 ! blossoms beg9 to exp&4 ,mu* c>e is necess>y 9 cur+ ! hay1 9 ord] to prev5t ! too free %$d+ ( ! leaves4 ,! me?ods = mak+ alfalfa hay w apply also to sa9fo94 ,se$ may be obta9$ f ! fir/ or second cutt+ ( ! crop4 ,x is usually obta9$ f ! second cutt+1 z ! yield is mu* l>g] ?an t obta9$ f ! fir/ cutt+4 ,! au?or has n be5 able to obta9 any facts bas$ on exp]i5ce reg>d+ ! h>ve/+ ( ! se$ crop "u ,am]ican field conditions4 ,b ! me?ods foll[$ 9 obta9+ se$ f alfalfa w\ld probably also answ] equally well = sa9fo94 ,great c>e is necess>y 9 h&l+ ! se$ crop1 ow+ to ! ease ) :i* ! se$ %att]s4 ,special pa9s are also necess>y to keep ! g]m9at+ p[] ( ! se$ f injury f ov]heat+4 ,nor does ! se$ seem able to reta9 g]m9at+ p[] z long z ! se$s ( "s o!r v>ieties ( clov]4 ,9 exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,a4 ,zavitz at ! ,ont>io ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,guelph 9 #aijb & #aijc1 ! av]age yield p] acre 0 #dbf4a p\nds4 ,,egyptian ,,clov] ,egyptian clov] 7,trifolium ,alex&rianum7 is m commonly kn[n 9 ! ,nile valley z ,b]seem4 ,x is ( at lea/ ?ree v>ieties4 ,^! are ! ,musc[i1 ,fa*l & ,saida1 all ( :i* are m or less closely relat$ to m$ium r$ clov]4 ,! t]m ,alex&rianum z appli$ above is some:at mislead+1 z its gr[? is n specially id5tifi$ ) ,alex&ria1 nor is its gr[? 9 ,egypt suppos$ to be ( great antiquity1 s9ce no trace ( x is f\nd ^u ! anci5t monum5ts4 ,! ,musc[i v>iety1 :i* is commonly gr[n m especially 9 l[] ,egypt1 sometimes gr[s to ! height ( #e feet & ov]1 b usually x is n m ?an half ! height nam$4 ,9 its habit ( gr[? x is r upright1 l alfalfa1 b ! holl[ /ems are s(t] & m succul5t1 & ! blossoms occur on heads resembl+ ^? ( clov]1 b n s compactly =m$1 & !y are :ite 9 color4 ,! se$s be> a close resemblance to ^? ( crimson clov]4 ,! roots are mu* %ort]1 b m spread+ 9 _! habit ( gr[? ?an ^? ( alfalfa1 & 9 ,egyptian soils !y be> small tub]cles abundantly4 ,?is v>iety1 :i* is usually gr[n on l& t c be irrigat$ at any season1 produces 9 "s in/ances #e cutt+s 9 a season4 ,! ,fa*l v>iety is usually gr[n on l& irrigat$ by ! bas9 sy/em2 t is1 ! sy/em :i* cov]s ! l& ) wat] b once a ye>1 & = a p]iod m or less prolong$4 ,b "o crop a ye> is tak5 f su* l&4 ,! hay f ?is v>iety is heavi] = ! bulk ?an t ( ! ,musc[i4 ,! ,saida v>iety is ( a l[] habit ( gr[? ?an ! ,musc[i & has a long] tap root1 :i* enables x to /& dr\ght bett] ?an ! ,musc[i4 ,x is m commonly s[n 9 ,egypt s\?w>d f ,cairo4 ,all ^! v>ieties are annual4 ,! p]iod ( gr[? cov]$ by any "o ( !m is nev] m ?an #i mon?s1 & usually n m ?an #f mon?s2 t is to say1 f ,octob] to ,m>*4 ,! ,musc[i v>iety especially gr[s v rapidly4 ,egyptian clov] 9 all its v>ieties is pre-em95tly a soil+ plant4 ,x is sometimes pa/ur$ & is also made into hay4 ,x is practically ! "o fodd] crop ( ,egypt1 & is m commonly f$ 9 ! gre5 =m4 ,all k9ds ( /ock are fond ( x1 & x is f$ freely to horses1 donkeys & camels at labor1 to c[s 9 milk1 & to cattle t are be+ fatt5$4 ,x also s]ves to keep ,egyptian soils suppli$ ) nitrog51 = ! support ( crops gr[n on !m 9 summ]1 especially cotton1 & v>i\s k9ds ( gra94 ,moreov]1 because ( ! frequ5cy ( ! cutt+s1 ) ! ,musc[i v>iety1 its gr[? t5ds v mu* to *eck ! gr[? ( we$s4 ,egyptian clov] is n native to ,egypt1 b 0 introduc$ f "s c\ntry outside ( ,egypt1 yet bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! view pres5t$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bc1 issu$ by ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 f :i* s\rce mu* ( :at is writt5 ) ref]5ce to ?is plant has be5 obta9$4 ,9 ,egypt m ?an #a1jjj1jjj acres are gr[n annually4 ,x is also be+ tri$1 ) mu* promise1 9 o!r portions ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 z ,tunis & ,algi]s4 ,x is also n[ be+ exp]im5t$ ) 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,s\!rn & ,s\?we/]n ,/ates4 ,egyptian clov] is only adapt$ to a w>m climate4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* h a climate n unlike t ( ,egypt1 9 _m respects1 z ,florida1 ,s\!rn ,texas1 ,new ,mexico & ,arizona1 x may h an important mission4 ,x may yet be gr[n 9 ^! areas1 or "s ( !m1 :]e irrigation is practic$ 9 conjunction ) cotton1 or ) c]ta9 ( ! c]eals4 ,if x c be ?us gr[n1 x w prove ( mu* value1 z x w\ld only occupy ! l& :5 n occupi$ by ! crops usually gr[n 9 summ]1 & x w\ld br+ mu* f]tility to ! same1 9 addition to ! =age provid$4 ,s9ce 9 ,tunis x has be5 f\nd t ! plants h n be5 kill$ by cold #b bel[ z]o & 9 ,algi]s #i bel[ t po9t1 ! hope w\ld seem to be ju/ifiable t ?is clov] may yet be gr[n mu* fur!r nor? ?an ! ,/ates nam$4 ,if gr[n ?us1 h[ev]1 x %\ld n be z a sub/itute = alfalfa1 b r to occupy ! gr\nd 9 w9t] :5 n produc+ o!rwise4 ,x may yet be f\nd t ! ,saida v>iety may h adaptation = "s localities 9 ! ,we/ :]e irrigation _c be practic$4 ,?is clov] is n likely to r5d] any consid]able s]vice to any "p ( ,canada1 because ( ! lack ( adaptation 9 ! climate4 ,egyptian clov] has highe/ adaptation = deposit soils1 su* z are made by ! settl+ ( silt held 9 solution by wat]s t ov]fl[4 ,9 ^! x w gr[ ) vigor1 ?\gh !y re/ ^u co>se s& or ev5 ^u gravel n too ne> ! surface4 ,irrigat+ wat]s to "s ext5t are necess>y to gr[ ! plants 9 be/ =m1 al?\gh1 z previ\sly intimat$1 ! ,saida v>iety may yet be gr[n )\t ! aid ( su* wat]s4 ,x is ! fir/ crop s[n on reclaim$ alkal9e l&s1 & gr[+ x on ^! t5ds to remove ! alkali & to sweet5 & o!rwise improve ! soils4 ,! place = ?is plant 9 ! rotation is readily app>5t4 ,l crimson clov]1 x is cle>ly a cat* crop1 z x 71 & a w9t] plant1 b ) ! diff]5ce t x gr[s mu* m rapidly "u suitable conditions & furni%es mu* m food4 ,! advantage ( gr[+ x nor?w>d 9 ! ,we/]n m\nta9 valleys :5 s[n 9 spr+1 z intimat$ by ! writ] ( ! bullet9 already ref]r$ to1 w\ld seem to be at lea/ problematical1 s9ce x c\ld n be s[n e>ly en\gh 9 ! spr+ to produce a crop z e>ly z alfalfa already e/abli%$4 ,x w\ld !n be gr[n also z ! crop ( ! season1 r ?an z a cat* crop4 ,! place = ,egyptian clov] 9 ! rotation is cle>ly t ( a w9t] crop1 to provide soil+ food = /ock & plant food = ! l&1 :i* may be utiliz$ by ! summ] crop t foll[s4 ,9 ,egypt ! se$ is frequ5tly s[n on ! silt deposit$ by ! wat]s t h subsid$ & be=e x w\ld be dry en\gh to pl[4 ,at o!r times1 x is s[$ on l& /irr$ on ! surface to a great] or less dep?1 & spr\t$ ?r\gh ! aid ( irrigat+ wat]s4 ,9 ! valleys ( ! ,we/ t prep>ation ( ! soil f\nd suitable = alfalfa w\ld also1 d\btless1 be f\nd suitable = ?is clov]4 ,! se$ is s[n 9 ! autumn 9 ,egypt1 usually 9 ,octob]1 b ! season ( s[+ la/s f ,septemb] to ,janu>y1 & "s crops h be5 obta9$ s[n z late z ,april #a/1 b :5 s[n late1 ! numb] ( ! cutt+s is r$uc$ & ! occupancy ( ! soil by ! clov] int]f]es ) ! gr[+ ( o!r crops4 ,"u ,am]ican conditions1 x w d\btless be f\nd t ! be/ season = s[+ ,egyptian clov] w be j aft] ! removal ( ! crop t occupi$ ! l& 9 summ]4 ,! se$ is usually s[$ by h& & )\t admixture1 b ! ,fa*l v>iety is s[n 9 "s in/ances ) :eat or b>ley :5 se$ is want$4 ,! me?ods ( s[+ f\nd suitable = alfalfa w\ld also seem to be prop] = s[+ ,egyptian clov]4 7,see page #gh47 ,z mu* z "o bu%el ( se$ is s[n p] acre1 b x is ?\ght t a less am\nt w suffice "u good me?ods ( tillage4 ,egyptian clov] is sometimes pa/ur$1 b x has high] adaptation to soil+1 because ( ! s(tness ( ! /ems4 ,:5 pa/ur$ reasonably close1 cropp+ w\ld probably be pref]able1 z !re w\ld !n be less wa/e f ! tread+ ( ! plants4 ,nev]!less1 9 ,egypt consid]able quantities ( ! hay are /or$ = fe$+ 9 ! summ] mon?s :5 gre5 fodd] is sc>ce4 ,egyptian clov] is sometimes made into hay1 b x is n ess5tially a hay plant4 ,mu* c>e is necess>y :5 x is be+ cur$ to prev5t loss 9 ! leaves1 & :5 cur$ ! /ems are s brittle t x is difficult to prev5t wa/e 9 h&l+ ! hay4 ,x is pre-em95tly a soil+ crop1 & ! great] portion is f$ 9 ! gre5 =m4 ,f #d cutt+s ( ! ,musc[i v>iety z mu* z #be to #cj tons ( gre5 fodd] are h>ve/$1 & ab\t #aj tons are produc$ by #b cutt+s ( ! ,saida v>iety4 ,egyptian clov] has n be5 gr[n suffici5tly long 9 ?is c\ntry to ju/ify giv+ in=mation bas$ ^u ,am]ican exp]i5ce t c\ld be tak5 z au?oritative1 ) ref]5ce to ! be/ me?ods ( h>ve/+ ! se$ crop4 ,!re w\ld seem to be no reasons1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ! me?ods foll[$ 9 h>ve/+ alfalfa c\ld n be foll[$ ) equal advantage 9 h>ve/+ ,egyptian clov]4 ,nor c any?+ be said z yet ) ref]5ce to :i* cutt+ ( ! s]ies w furni% ! be/ se$ crop4 ,! be/ s]vice1 probably1 :i* ?is crop c r5d] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! enri*m5t ( ! soils on :i* ! plants are gr[n4 ,z ! same bact]ia :i* inoculate alfalfa soils w n answ] = ,egyptian clov]1 & z ! requisite bact]ia may n be f\nd 9 soils :]e x is desirable to gr[ ?is clov]1 ! conclusion t x w n gr[ suffici5tly well 9 c]ta9 soils on :i* x is be+ tri$ %\ld n be rea*$ until ! "q relat+ to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! prop] bact]ia has be5 settl$4 ,if necess>y to introduce bact]ia f ,egypt1 ! ob/acles 9 ! way ( su* introduction w\ld n be at all s]i\s1 if und]tak5 by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,yell[ ,,clov] ,yell[ clov] 7,m$icago lupul9a7 is to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ,hop clov] 7,m$icago procumb5s71 :i* x resembles s closely 9 ! =m ( ! leaves & ! color ( ! bloom z to h giv5 rise 9 "s in/ances to ! int]*angeable use ( ! names4 ,! latt] is s nam$ f ! resemblance ( ! )]$ head :5 ripe to a bun* ( hops4 ,its gr[? has be5 almo/ entirely sup]s$$ by ,m$icago lupul9a1 s9ce ! o!r v>iety 0 l[ 9 production & also 9 nutrition4 ,m$icago lupul9a is also call$ ,black ,m$ick1 ,nonesu*1 ,black ,nonesu* & ,hop ,trefoil4 ,9 bo? ,engl& & ,g]many x is n[ m commonly gr[n ?an :ite clov]4 ,x is m or less recumb5t 9 its habit ( gr[?1 b ! /ems d n root z d ! runn]s 9 ! small :ite v>iety4 ,! /ems1 ?\gh t5d] 9 ! e>ly spr+1 become woody z ! season advances4 ,! fl[]s1 z ! "n w\ld indicate1 are yell[1 & ! plants produce se$ num]\sly4 ,! roots1 l ^? ( ! small :ite v>iety1 are m fibr\s ?an 9 "s ( ! l>g] v>ieties4 ,yell[ clov] is p]5nial4 ,ow+ to ! p[] :i* ! plants h to multiply ?r\gh root+ & re-se$+1 !y c /ay indef9itely 9 cong5ial soils4 ,! gr[? is vigor\s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! season1 b less s lat]1 & ) ! advance ( ! season ! h]bage produc$ becomes m woody 9 "*4 ,?is plant furni%es consid]able pa/ure dur+ ! spr+ mon?s1 b 9 ! summ] & autumn x makes b little gr[?4 ,?\gh palatable e>ly 9 ! season1 x is less s lat]4 ,nev]!less1 x may be made to add mat]ially to ! produce ( pa/ures 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,x also aids 9 f]tiliz+ ! soil1 ?\gh probably n q to ! same ext5t z :ite clov]4 ,yell[ clov] is indig5\s to ,europe4 ,x is gr[n to a consid]able ext5t 9 pa/ures 9 c]ta9 areas 9 ,great ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many & o!r c\ntries4 ,x has highe/ adaptation = climates t are moi/ & temp]ate4 ,al?\gh ?is plant is n ext5sively gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x w\ld seem probable t x w gr[ at lea/ reasonably well 9 a majority ( ! ,/ates4 ,! exceptions w be ^? lack+ 9 moi/ure 9 ! abs5ce ( irrigation4 ,x w gr[ be/ 9 ^? t m prop]ly lie )9 ! clov] belt2 t is1 9 ^? t lie nor?w>d4 ,x gr[s ) mu* vigor 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton we/ ( ! ,cascade ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ,canada1 yell[ clov] w gr[ ) mu* vigor 9 all areas susceptible ( cultivation1 unless on c]ta9 ( ! we/]n prairies4 ,yell[ clov] has highe/ adaptation = calc>e\s soils4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,engl& x has gr[n s vigor\sly on soils ri* 9 lime z almo/ to assume ! "* ( a tr\blesome we$4 ,x w gr[ well on all clay loam soils1 & reasonably well on /iff clays1 ! climatic conditions be+ suitable4 ,x has great] p[] to gr[ on dry soils ?an ! small :ite v>iety4 ,s9ce yell[ clov] is usually gr[n z an adjunct to p]man5t pa/ures1 x c sc>cely be call$ a rotation plant4 ,b1 l o!r clov]s1 x enri*es ! soil1 &1 !re=e1 %\ld be foll[$ by crops t are specially b5efit$ by su* enri*m5t1 z1 = in/ance1 ! small c]eal gra9s4 ,yell[ clov] :5 s[n is usually s[n ) o!r grass mixtures1 & along ) gra9 z a nurse crop2 h5ce1 t prep>ation ( ! soil suitable = ! nurse crop w also be f\nd suitable = ! clov]4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a h>dy plant1 insomu* t 9 "s in/ances1 if ! se$ is scatt]$ ov] unpl[$ surfaces1 z ^? ( pa/ures1 9 ! e>ly spr+1 a suffici5t numb] ( plants w be obta9$ to ev5tually e/abli% ! clov] ?r\gh self-se$+4 ,! se$ is usually s[n 9 ! e>ly spr+1 b 9 mild latitudes x may also be s[n 9 ! e>ly autumn4 ,x may be s[n by ! same me?ods z o!r clov]s4 7,see page #bfg47 ,x is usually s[n to provide pa/ure1 ! se$ be+ mix$ ) t ( o!r pa/ure plants be=e be+ s[n4 ,z ! plants1 l ^? ( ! small :ite v>iety1 h mu* p[] to increase r ?an decrease 9 pa/ures1 x is n necess>y to s[ l>ge quantities ( se$1 n m usually ?an #a p\nd to ! acre4 ,b %\ld ! crops be want$ = se$1 !n n few] ?an #c to #e p\nds p] acre %\ld be s[n & )\t admixture ) o!r grasses or clov]s4 ,:5 ! plants once obta9 a foot+ on cong5ial soils1 !re is usually en\gh ( se$ 9 ! soil to make a suffici5t /& ( ! plants 9 pa/ures )\t s[+ any se$1 b s9ce ! se$ is usually relatively *eap1 :]e an insuffici5t supply 9 ! soil is suspect$1 m or less se$ %\ld be s[n4 ,s9ce ! /ems ( yell[ clov] plants become t\gh z ! season ( gr[? becomes consid]ably advanc$1 :]e x =ms a consid]able proportion ( ! pa/ure ! aim %\ld be to graze mo/ heavily dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! season4 ,! plants d n make mu* gr[? dur+ ! autumn4 ,x w\ld probably be correct to say t x c gr[ "u conditions m dry ?an are suitable = :ite clov]1 &1 consequ5tly1 x is m uni=mly prom95t 9 evid5ce 9 p]man5t pa/ures :5 x has become e/abli%$4 ,yell[ clov] is n a really good hay plant1 ow+ to its lack ( bulk9ess4 ,b 9 "s soils its pres5ce may add consid]ably to ! weight ( a crop ( hay1 ( :i* x is a factor4 ,?is plant produces se$ freely4 ,! se$s are d>k 9 color & weigh #fj p\nds to ! bu%el4 ,! se$ matures e>ly1 usually 9 ,june or ,july1 accord+ to locality4 ,! me?ods ( h>ve/+1 ?re%+ & prep>+ ! se$ = m>ket are sub/antially ! same z ^? adapt$ 9 h&l+ small :ite clov]4 7,see page #bgb47 ,:ile yell[ clov] is n ! equal ( ! small :ite clov] 9 adaptation to our conditions1 x w\ld seem t !re are no reasons :y x %\ld n be s[n to a great] ext5t ?an x is s[n "u ,am]ican conditions4 ,a plant t is s h>dy1 t provides a consid]able quantity ( reasonably good pa/ure1 t /ores nitrog5 9 ! soil1 & t1 moreov]1 does n /ay 9 ! soil to ! ext5t ( injur+ crops t foll[ ! break+ up ( ! pa/ures1 %\ld c]ta9ly be enc\rag$ to gr[4 ,,s& ,,luc]ne ,s& ,luc]ne 7,m$icago m$ia71 sometimes designat$ ,m$icago falcata1 is probably simply a v>iety ( ! common alfalfa 7,m$icago sativa74 ,"s botani/s1 h[ev]1 look ^u ^! z two di/9ct species4 ,o!rs believe t ,m$icago sativa1 ) blossoms rang+ f blue to violet purple1 & ,m$icago falcata1 ) yell[ blossoms1 are two di/9ct species1 :ile ,m$icago m$ia1 ) blossoms rang+ f blui% & purple to lemon yell[1 is a hybrid betwe5 ^!4 ,! "n ,s& ,luc]ne has d\btless be5 giv5 to ?is plant because ( ! p[] :i* x has to gr[ 9 s&y soils4 ,s& luc]ne is s ne>ly l common alfalfa 9 appe>ance & habits ( gr[?1 t until ! blossom+ season1 c>eless obs]v]s _c di/+ui% betwe5 ! plants4 7,see page #aad47 ,s& luc]ne1 h[ev]1 has a m spread+ habit ( gr[? ?an common alfalfa1 ! se$-pods are less coil$ & ! se$s are light]4 ,! root sy/em is /rong & ! roots are probably m bran*$ ?an ^? ( ord9>y alfalfa4 ,"u ,mi*igan exp]i5ce1 giv5 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aih ( ! ,mi*igan ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 x has %[n consid]ably high] adaptation to light1 s&y & gravelly soils ?an ! =m]4 ,! fe$+ prop]ties ( s& luc]ne w\ld n seem to be f> diff]5t f ^? ( common alfalfa 7see page #aai71 b x is claim$ t ! =m] is consid]ably less liable to produce bloat 9 cattle & %eep ?an ! latt]4 ,s& luc]ne is probably native to ,europe & ,asia4 ,"s att5tion is giv5 to gr[+ x 9 ,g]many1 ! pr9cipal s\rce f :i* comes supplies ( se$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,mi*igan by ! exp]im5t /ation ( t ,/ate 9 #ahig1 & its behavior 9 sev]al trials made to gr[ x on s&y & gravelly soils 9 v>i\s places1 has1 on ! :ole1 be5 enc\rag+4 ,s9ce ?is v>iety1 l ! ,turke/an1 be+ consid]ably h>di] ?an common alfalfa1 c und\bt$ly be gr[n fur!r nor? ?an ! latt]1 !re w\ld seem to be no reasons at ! same "t :y s& luc]ne w\ld n gr[ satisfactorily on s&y soils t lie f> s\?1 b ?is does n seem z yet to h be5 prov$ by actual demon/ration4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 t ?is plant may r5d] consid]able s]vice to areas scatt]$ ov] consid]able portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 9 :i* ! soil is light4 ,:ile s& luc]ne has high] adaptation ?an common alfalfa = s&y & gravelly soils1 x does n foll[ t x has equal adaptation = be+ gr[n on ord9>y alfalfa soils4 ,no advantage1 h[ev]1 w\ld result f gr[+ s& luc]ne :]e common alfalfa w gr[ equally well1 z x is n sup]ior to ! latt] z a food1 if1 inde$1 x is equal to ! same1 & !re w\ld be a di/9ct disadvantage 9 ! great] co/ ( ! se$ ( s& luc]ne4 ,s& luc]ne is n any m a rotation plant ?an ! common v>iety4 ,9 fact1 x is ev5 less s1 s9ce x w\ld n be practicable to introduce x into %ort rotations :5 gr[n 9 nor!rly latitudes1 z x does n rea* a maximum gr[? = sev]al ye>s aft] ! se$ has be5 s[n4 ,b 9 mild latitudes1 x may be f\nd practicable to introduce x into %ort rotations1 l o!r alfalfa 7see page #ace71 & on l& t is too s&y to gr[ ! common v>iety 9 ! be/ =m4 ,mu* ( :at has be5 said ab\t ! prep>ation ( ! soil = common alfalfa w equally apply to ! prep>ation ( ! same = s& luc]ne4 7,see page #acg47 ,b :5 ! latt] is s[n on s&y or gravelly l&1 a moi/ condition ( ! se$-b$ at ! "t ( s[+ is ev5 m important ?an :5 s[+ common alfalfa "u ord9>y conditions4 ,! same me?ods ( s[+ ! se$ w be 9 ord] z are suitable = s[+ common alfalfa 9 any p>ticul> locality4 7,see page #adg47 ,?is w mean t 9 ,nor!rn areas s& luc]ne c be/ be s[n 9 ! spr+ & z e>ly z ! dang] f fro/ is ov]1 t ! plants may get z mu* b5efit z possible f ! moi/ure 9 ! soil be=e dry wea!r beg9s4 ,x w also mean t if s[n s\?w>d 9 ! autumn1 x may 9 "s in/ances be necess>y to wait long] = ! s&y soils on :i* ! se$ is s[n to become suffici5tly moi/ to spr\t ! se$ ?an = su* a condition 9 soils on :i* common alfalfa is usually s[n4 ,! am\nts ( se$ to s[ w also be practically ! same4 7,see page #aeb47 ,! adaptation ( s& luc]ne = provid+ pa/ure is z high1 if n1 inde$1 high]1 ?an t ( common alfalfa1 s9ce x is said t x has less t5d5cy to produce bloat 9 cattle & %eep1 & x is n s easily de/roy$1 at lea/ 9 ,nor!rn areas1 by graz+4 ,9 provid+ pa/ure1 its high] adaptation is 9 furni%+ ! same = cattle1 sw9e & horses4 ,) ample moi/ure1 ev5 z f> nor? z ,lans+1 ,mi*igan1 ?ree crops ( hay may ord9>ily be look$ =4 ,at ! ,mi*igan ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 s& luc]ne s[n 9 #ahig yield$ cur$3 ,9 #ahih1 at ! rate ( #fhjj p\nds p] acre2 9 #ahii1 #aj1ehj p\nds2 9 #aijj1 #ab1caj p\nds2 & 9 #aija1 #ac1hci p\nds4 ,! me?ods ( cutt+ & cur+ are ! same z = o!r v>ieties ( alfalfa4 7,see page #agj47 ,! quality ( ! hay is n f> diff]5t f t ( common alfalfa4 ,if !re is a diff]5ce1 x w\ld1 p]haps1 be a little aga9/ ! s& luc]ne1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! l& produc+ x4 ,= soil+ food1 x may be h&l$ 9 ! same way z common alfalfa4 7,see page #aff47 ,no fur!r in=mation w\ld seem to be available ) ref]5ce to ! production ( se$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an ! /atem5t t ! ef=ts to gr[ x 9 ,mi*igan _h n be5 altoge!r successful4 ,! "q ?us rais$ has an important be>+ on ! future gr[? ( ! plant1 z1 if se$ is to be import$ f ,europe :5 s& luc]ne is to be s[n1 ! exp5se ( secur+ se$ is likely to militate aga9/ ext5d+ its gr[?4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is difficulty w be ov]come ?r\gh ! m p]fect acclimation ( ! plants 9 ! ,nor?1 or by gr[+ se$ f ! same 9 ,we/]n areas :i* h %[n high] adaptation to ! production ( alfalfa se$4 ,! value ( s& luc]ne 9 f]tiliz+ s&y & gravelly soils 9 ?is c\ntry may yet be v consid]able4 ,its value 9 putt+ humus into ! same may prove equally high4 ,?is value w arise *iefly f its great] ability to gr[ on su* soils ?an v>i\s o!r legumes4 ,:5 s[n prim>ily = su* a use1 heavy se$+ w\ld seem to be pref]able to ord9>y se$+4 ,,japanese ,,clov] ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has q rec5tly introduc$ a v>iety ( clov] kn[n botanically z ,lesp$eza bicolor4 ,9 #aijb small lots ( se$ 7 di/ribut$ to asc]ta9 ! value ( ! plant gr[n "u ,am]ican conditions4 ,suffici5t "t has n yet elaps$ to prove its value1 b ! indications enc\rage ! belief t x w be ( "s agricultural value "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,?is v>iety ( clov] is m erect & less bran*$ 9 its habit ( gr[? ?an ! ,japanese v>iety ,lesp$eza /riata4 ,"u ,mi*igan conditions x 0 f\nd to gr[ to ! height ( #c feet on s&y soil & to ab\t half t height on clay soil1 ! se$ hav+ be5 s[n ab\t ! middle ( ,may4 ,! /alks are ab\t ! same 9 /ructure z ^? ( alfalfa1 & l alfalfa !y d n lodge readily4 ,! leaves are ovate 9 =m & ( a pea-gre5 t9t4 ,! se$ is =m$ 9 pods resembl+ ^? ( l5tils1 only small]4 ,! se$s are l>g] ?an ^? ( crimson clov] & are oblong 9 %ape4 ,9 color !y are mottl$ br[n1 yell[ & gre54 ,! roots 9 ! ,mi*igan te/ produc$ nodules freely & )\t inoculat+ ! soil by any artificial means4 ,! plants 9 ! same te/s 7 kill$ to ! gr\nd by e>ly ,octob] fro/s4 ,?is v>iety1 l t gr[n s freely 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 is an annual4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( exp]i5ce 9 gr[+ x "u v>i$ conditions1 x w\ld be premature to dwell ^u its value4 ,if x %\ld gr[ readily on s&y l&1 z ! ,mi*igan te/ w\ld seem to indicate1 x w\ld r5d] sub/antial s]vice 9 f]tiliz+ su* soils4 ,9 ! grass g>d5 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 its behavior has be5 su* z to enc\rage mak+ fur!r te/s4 ,,florida ,,clov] ,florida clov] 7,desmodium tortuosum7 is sometimes gr[n bo? = hay & pa/ure1 m especially 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,x has be5 designat$ botanically ,desmodium molle1 & is also kn[n by ! common names ,begg> ,we$1 ,giant ,begg> ,we$1 ,begg> ,ticks & ,tickwe$4 ,! "n ,florida ,clov] has be5 giv5 to x because ( its preval5ce on ! light soils ( ,florida4 ,! "n begg> has probably be5 appli$ to ?is plant because ( its relation to pov]ty 9 soils1 9 :i* x is m commonly gr[n1 & ! "n ticks f ! cl++ habit ( ! se$-pods to surfaces ) :i* !y come 9 contact4 ,begg> ,we$ is an erect & bran*+ plant1 :i* gr[s f #b to #aj feet high4 ,! bran*es are woody 9 "*1 especially 9 ! l[] p>ts1 :i* prev5ts close cropp+ by animals graz+ on ! plants4 ,! trifoliate leaves are num]\s1 especially on ! upp] portions4 ,! panicle is erect & is consid]ably bran*$4 ,! pods are prickly & h _m jo9ts4 ,^! break asund] :5 matur$1 & are frequ5tly di/ribut$ by adh]+ to ! cov]+ ( animals & ! clo?+ ( m54 ,! /rong1 spread+ roots h mu* p[] to ga!r food 9 ! soil & also to enri* ! same by means ( ! tub]cles =m$ on ! roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,begg> ,we$ or ,florida ,clov] 7,desmodium tortuosum7 7,fl[] & ,se$ ,/ems7 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,?is plant gr[s only 9 w>m wea!r1 & x is able to )/& mu* dr\ght4 ,its value = pa/ure & hay w\ld seem to dep5d consid]ably on ! /age ( gr[? at :i* x is graz$ or h>ve/$ = hay4 ,:5 ne>+ maturity1 /ock d n reli% x mu*1 ei!r z pa/ure or hay4 ,x is frequ5tly class$ z a we$1 b 9 c]ta9 poor soils x has be5 deem$ wor?y ( cultivation4 ,begg> we$ is native to ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s & also1 x is ?\ght1 to ,s\!rn ,florida4 ,9 #ahgi se$s 7 di/ribut$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,x is n[ gr[n m or less 9 ! wild or cultivat$ =m 9 all ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,:ile x may be successfully gr[n z f> nor? z ! ,ohio ,riv]1 x is n probable t x w be s[n f> nor? ( any ( ! ,gulf ,/ates1 s9ce o!r fodd] plants m valuable 9 produc+ food c be gr[n to supply ! wants ( live /ock4 ,at ! ,m9nesota ,univ]sity ,exp]im5t ,f>m1 ! au?or s[$ se$ 9 ,may4 ,! plants came into bloom 9 ,septemb]1 b did n mature any se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,begg> ,we$ 7,desmodium tortuosum7 7,root ,sy/em7 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,begg> we$ w gr[ on almo/ any k9d ( soil reasonably free f an excess ( gr\nd moi/ure4 ,its p[] to gr[ on poor & light soils1 ev5 light en\gh to lift ) ! w9d1 is v consid]able4 ,its highe/ use w probably be f\nd on soils s light & /]ile t bett] =ms ( useful vegetation are n easily gr[n on !m4 ,x c sc>cely be call$ a rotation plant1 s9ce x m commonly gr[s 9 ! wild =m1 & on l&s s poor z to be consid]$ unpr(itable = regul> cropp+4 ,b :5 cultivat$1 x %\ld be foll[$ by "s crop t c make a good use ( ! nitrog5 left 9 ! soil 9 ! tub]cles =m$ on ! roots ( ! begg> we$ plants4 ,! soil does n1 z a rule1 require deep /irr+ :5 prep>+ x = begg> we$4 ,?is fact f9ds demon/ration 9 ! ability ( ! plants to re-se$ ! gr\nd :5 gr[n = graz+4 ,! se$ is usually s[n 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates late 9 ,m>* or e>ly 9 ,april4 ,x g]m9ates sl[ly1 & ! plants make ! mo/ vigor\s gr[? aft] ! wea!r becomes w>m4 ,! se$ is m commonly scatt]$ broadca/1 b may be drill$ 91 & at di/ances t w or w n admit ( cultivation z may be desir$4 ,?ick se$+ is pref]able to prev5t co>s5ess & wood9ess 9 ! gr[? ( ! plants4 ,n less ?an #aj p\nds ( hull$ se$ p] acre %\ld be s[n 9 ! broadca/ =m :5 s[n = hay4 ,:5 s[n 9 drills1 less se$ is requir$1 b usually ! se$ is s[n broadca/4 ,9 ! hull$ =m1 9 :i* ! se$ is m commonly sold1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,hume1 ! measur$ bu%el weighs #fj to #fd p\nds1 & ) ! hulls on1 f #aj to #dj p\nds1 ! av]age weight1 z pur*as$ by deal]s1 be+ ab\t #bj p\nds4 ,! clean$ se$ be>s consid]able resemblance to clov] se$4 ,all k9ds ( f>m /ock1 z cattle1 horses1 mules1 %eep & ev5 sw9e1 are said to d well :5 graz+ on begg>-we$ pa/ures 9 ! summ] & autumn4 ,!y d n usually graze x closely aft] x has be5 well />t$1 ow+ to ! woody "* ( ! /ems4 ,:5 ?us cropp$ back1 x />ts out afre%1 & ?us cont9ues to produce graz+ until ! arrival ( fro/4 ,x is said t ! pa/ure is ( b little value 9 w9t]4 ,"o /rong po9t1 h[ev]1 9 favor ( su* pa/ures1 is ! ability ( ! plants to re-se$ ! l& :5 n graz$ too closely1 & ?us to p]petuate ! graz+ f ye> to ye>4 ,no little div]sity ( op9ion exi/s z to ! value ( ?is plant = produc+ hay4 ,"s gr[]s speak highly ( its palatability & nutrition4 ,o!rs speak ( x z be+ ( v little value z a hay plant4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 op9ion is d\btless due l>gely to cutt+ ! crop at diff]5t /ages ( gr[?4 ,if all[$ to become too advanc$ be=e x is cut1 ! woody "* ( ! hay w\ld d\btless make x unpalatable1 :]eas1 if cut e>ly1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! %[+ ( ! fir/ blooms1 if n1 inde$1 e>li]1 x w\ld be eat5 ) a mu* great] reli%4 ,! yields ( hay are said to usually exce$ #b tons p] acre4 ,! se$ matures 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,! me?ods ( sav+ ! se$ h usually be5 ( a some:at primitive "*1 z by h& :5 sav$ 9 small quantities4 ,b !re w\ld seem to be no reason :y ! se$ crop c\ld n be h>ve/$ by ! b9d]4 ,:]e alfalfa or c[ peas c be successfully gr[n1 ei!r crop w\ld be pref]able4 ,b on "s soils ^! are n a success1 especially :5 ! fir/ attempts are made to gr[ crops4 ,! *oice ( hay may be "o betwe5 a crop ( begg> we$ & no crop at all4 ,all are agre$ z to ! r5ovation :i* x br+s to soils2 h5ce1 :5 gr[n or all[$ to gr[ on unproductive soil = a few ye>s & !n pl[$ "u1 ! soil becomes productive4 ,s9ce x gr[s late r ?an e>ly 9 ! season :]e ! se$ is 9 ! l&1 x w n int]f]e ) ! gr[? ( ! corn1 b w come on lat]1 & ?us ex]t a b5eficial influ5ce on ! soil4 ,b ! fact %\ld n be ov]look$ t begg> we$ once 9 ! l& has consid]able p[] to /ay !re4 ,9 o!r words1 l sweet clov]1 x has "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a we$4 ,,buffalo ,,clov] ,buffalo clov] 7,trifolium /olonif]um7 is a native species procumb5t 9 its habit ( gr[?4 ,! leaves are mo/ abundant at ! base ( ! plants4 ,! fl[] heads1 ab\t an in* 9 diamet]1 are rose color$1 & rise to ! height ( ab\t "o foot f ! gr\nd4 ,?is v>iety1 said to be p]5nial 9 its habit ( gr[?1 is probably ! same z ,trifolium reflexum1 said to be bi5nial 9 ,kansas4 ,plants are f\nd gr[+ wild 9 prairies1 betwe5 =e/s1 & 9 op5 woodl&s1 f ,k5tucky on ! ea/1 to ,kansas on ! we/4 ,x is ?\ght t ?is clov] w\ld repay cultivation1 b ! au?or has n be5 able to get any in=mation be>+ ^u its behavior "u cultivation4 ,,seaside ,,clov] ,seaside clov] 7,trifolium invuln]atum7 has r5d]$ "s s]vice to agriculture 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,great ,bas91 :i* includes p>ts ( ,oregon & ,nevada4 ,9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ae1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 issu$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 x is ref]r$ to z "o ( ! mo/ promis+ species = cultivation 9 t area4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( irrigation x has spread1 9 "o in/ance cit$1 into sage bru% soil1 & !re1 along ) timo?y & r$ top1 has aid$ 9 produc+ f9e crops4 ,91 l[1 swampy1 non-alkal9e areas1 x (t5 yields f #a_/b to #a-a_/d tons ( hay p] acre4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ) correct conditions x w\ld be f\nd ab\t equal 9 produc+ p[] & fe$+ value to alsike clov]4 ,x is at lea/ que/ionable1 h[ev]1 if x is likely to sup]s$e to any consid]able degree ! v>ieties already "u g5]al cultivation4 ,,index ,alfalfa discussion ( #aad-aic describ$ #aad di/ribution #abj soils #abi place 9 rotation #ace prep>+ ! soil #acg s[+ #ade cultivat+ #aed pa/ur+ #aee z soil+ food #aff h>ve/+ = hay #agj /or+ #agb secur+ se$ #agi r5ew+ #ahd s\rces ( injury #ahg z a f]tiliz] #aia ,alsike clov] discussion ( #aid-bag describ$ #aid di/ribution #aig soils #aii place 9 rotation #bja prep>+ ! soil #bjb s[+ #bjd pa/ur+ #bjh h>ve/+ = hay #baj secur+ se$ #bab r5ew+ #baf ,bloat+ #id ,buffalo clov] discussion ( #cdd ,burr clov] discussion ( #bia-bii describ$ #bia di/ribution #bic soils #bic place 9 ! rotation #bid prep>+ ! soil #bie s[+ #bie pa/ur+ #big h>ve/+ = hay #big secur+ se$ #big r5ew+ #bih z a f]tiliz] #bih ,clov] introduction #a-e def9ition #a v>ieties #b di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics #c plan ( discussion #d ,clov]1 g5]al pr9ciples = gr[+ discussion ( #f-ef adaptation 9 #f place 9 ! rotation #g prep>+ ! soil #aa f]tiliz]s #ac seasons = s[+ #af me?ods ( s[+ #ah dep? to bury ! se$ #ba s[+ alone or 9 comb9ations #bb ) or )\t a nurse crop #be am\nts ( se$ to s[ #bg pa/ur+ #bi h>ve/+ #ca /or+ #cc fe$+ #ce r5ew+ #cg z soil improv]s #ch z a we$ de/roy] #dc clov] sickness #de possible improvem5t 9 #df bact]ia & clov]s #dg ,clov]s1 synonyms ,alex&rian #cbb ,alsace #aid ,asp]cet #cag ,b]seem #cbb ,begg> ticks #cch ,begg> we$ #cch ,black ,m$ic #cbi ,black ,nonesu* #cbi ,bokh>a #cjj ,bran*+ #aad ,broad-leav$ #eg ,burgundy #aad ,cali=nia #bia ,*ilian #aad ,cocks head #cag ,c[ clov] #bah ,c[ grass #bah ,creep+ ,trifolium #beh ,dut* #beh ,elegant #aid ,esp>cette #cag ,fa*l #cbc ,fr5* clov] #cch ,fr5* grass #cag ,g]man #bch ,g]man mammo? #bch ,giant begg> we$ #cch ,giant #bah ,honeysuckle #beh ,hop #cbh ,hop trefoil #cbi ,hybrid #aid ,italian #bch ,l>ge #bah ,luc]ne 7,alfalfa7 #aad ,mammo? #eg ,mead[ #bah ,mead[ trefoil #eg ,m$ick vet*l+ #cag ,mexican #aad ,m9nesota #aah ,mon?ly #aad ,musc[i #cbc ,nonesu* #cbi ,pea v9e #bah ,p]5nial #aad ,p]5nial hybrid #aid ,p]5nial r$ #bah ,pod #aid ,r$ p]5nial mead[ #aah ,rh5i% #bah ,saida #cbc ,s& ,luc]ne #aah ,sapl9 #bah ,%amrock #beh ,sicilian #aad ,soil+ #bah ,spott$ ,m$ick #bia ,/em #aad ,sw$i% #aid ,/yrian #aad ,tall #bah ,tickwe$ #cch ,tree #cjj ,turke/an #aah ,wavy /emm$ #bah ,:ite ,dut* #beh ,:ite ,melilot #cjj ,:ite ,sw$i% #aid ,:ite trefoil #beh ,w9t] #bch ,yell[ #bia ,zigzag #bah ,crimson clov] discussion ( #bch-beg describ$ #bch di/ribution #bda soils #bdd place 9 ! rotation #bde prep>+ ! soil #bdh s[+ #bej pa/ur+ #beb h>ve/+ = hay #bec secur+ se$ #bed r5ew+ #bef facts reg>d+ #bef ,dodd] #aij ,egyptian clov] discussion ( #cbb-cbh ,florida clov] discussion ( #cch-cdd ,gras%opp]s #ahi ,hov5 #id ,inoculation1 soil #ec ,japan clov] discussion ( #bgi-bij describ$ #bgi di/ribution #bhb soils #bhc place 9 ! rotation #bhd prep>+ ! soil #bhe s[+ #bhe pa/ur+ #bhg h>ve/+ = hay #bhh secur+ se$ #bhi r5ew+ #bij new v>iety #ccg ,mammo? clov] discussion ( #bah-bcg describ$ #bah di/ribution #bbj soils #bbb place 9 ! rotation #bbd prep>+ ! soil #bbf s[+ #bbg pa/ur+ #bca h>ve/+ = hay #bcc secur+ se$ #bcd r5ew+ #bcf comp>$ ) m$ium r$ #bcg ,m$ium r$ clov] discussion ( #eg-aac describ$ #eg di/ribution #fa soils #fe place 9 ! rotation #gj prep>+ ! soil #gd s[+ #ge pa/ur+ #ia h>ve/+ = hay #ie /or+ #ajj secur+ se$ #ajc r5ew+ #aji z a f]tiliz] #aaj ,micro-organisms #dh ,nitrag9 #ec ,nodules 9 clov] plants #di ,root tub]cles #ej ,s& ,luc]ne discussion ( #ccc-ccg ,sa9fo9 discussion ( #caf-cbb ,seaside clov] discussion ( #cde ,sweet clov] discussion ( #cjj-cae describ$ #cjj di/ribution #cjc soils #cje place 9 ! rotation #cjf prep>+ ! soil #cjg s[+ #cjh pa/ur+ #cji h>ve/+ = hay #caj secur+ se$ #caa r5ew+ #caa value = bee pa/ure #cab z a f]tiliz] #cac value on alkali soils #cad de/roy+ ! plants #cad ,tub]cles1 root #ej ,we$s tr\blesome #bce ,:ite clov] discussion ( #beh-bgh describ$ #beh di/ribution #bfa soils #bfd place 9 ! rotation #bfe prep>+ ! soil #bfg pa/ur+ #bgj h>ve/+ = hay #bga secur+ se$ #bgc r5ew+ #bgf = lawns #bgg z a honey plant #bgh ,yell[ clov] discussion ( #cbh-ccb ,alfalfa ,by ,f4 ,d4 ,,coburn4 ,its gr[?1 uses1 & fe$+ value4 ,! fact t alfalfa ?rives 9 almo/ any soil2 t )\t rese$+1 x goes on yield+ two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & sometimes five cutt+s annually = five1 t51 or p]haps #ajj ye>s2 & t ei!r gre5 or cur$ x is "o ( ! mo/ nutriti\s =age plants kn[n1 makes reliable in=mation ^u its production & uses ( unusual int]e/4 ,su* in=mation is giv5 9 ?is volume = e "p ( ,am]ica1 by ! highe/ au?ority4 ,illu/rat$4 #afd pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,g9s5g1 ,its ,cultivation1 ,h>ve/+1 ,m>ket+ & ,m>ket ,value ,by ,,maurice ,g4 ,,ka9s1 ) a %ort acc\nt ( its hi/ory & botany4 ,x discusses 9 a practical way h[ to beg9 ) ei!r se$ or roots1 soil1 climate & location1 prep>ation1 plant+ & ma9t5ance ( ! b$s1 artificial propagation1 manures1 enemies1 selection = m>ket & = improvem5t1 prep>ation = sale1 & ! pr(its t may be expect$4 ,?is booklet is concisely writt51 well & pr(usely illu/rat$1 & %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( all :o expect to gr[ ?is drug to supply ! export trade1 & to add a new & pr(itable indu/ry to _! f>ms & g>d5s1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! regul> "w4 ,new edition4 ,revis$ & enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,l&scape ,g>d5+ ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,waugh1 pr(essor ( horticulture1 univ]sity ( ,v]mont4 ,a treatise on ! g5]al pr9ciples gov]n+ outdoor art2 ) sundry sugge/ions = _! application 9 ! common] problems ( g>d5+4 ,e p>agraph is %ort1 t]se & to ! po9t1 giv+ p]fect cle>ness to ! discussions at all po9ts4 ,9 spite ( ! natural difficulty ( pres5t+ ab/ract pr9ciples ! :ole matt] is made entirely pla9 ev5 to ! inexp]i5c$ read]4 ,illu/rat$4 #aeb pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,h$ges1 ,w9dbreaks1 ,%elt]s & ,live ,f5ces ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,p[ell4 ,a treatise on ! plant+1 gr[? & managem5t ( h$ge plants = c\ntry & suburban homes4 ,x gives accurate directions conc]n+ h$ges2 h[ to plant & h[ to treat !m2 & especially conc]n+ w9dbreaks & %elt]s4 ,x includes ! :ole art ( mak+ a delightful home1 giv+ directions = nooks & balconies1 = bird culture & = human com=t4 ,illu/rat$4 #adj pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,animal ,bre$+ ,by ,,?omas ,,%aw4 ,?is book is ! mo/ complete & compreh5sive "w ev] publi%$ on ! subject ( :i* x treats4 ,x is ! fir/ book :i* has sy/ematiz$ ! subject ( animal bre$+4 ,! lead+ laws :i* gov]n ?is mo/ intricate "q ! au?or has boldly def9$ & au?oritatively arrang$4 ,! *apt]s :i* he has writt5 on ! m involv$ features ( ! subject1 z sex & ! relative influ5ce ( p>5ts1 %\ld g f> t[>d sett+ at re/ ! wildly speculative views *]i%$ ) ref]5ce to ^! que/ions4 ,! /rik+ orig9ality 9 ! treatm5t ( ! subject is no less conspicu\s ?an ! sup]b ord] & regul> sequ5ce ( ?\ght f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! book4 ,! book is int5d$ to meet ! ne$s ( all p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! bre$+ & re>+ ( live /ock4 ,illu/rat$4 #dje pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo? #a4ej ,=age ,crops ,o!r ,?an ,grasses ,by ,,?omas ,,%aw4 ,h[ to cultivate1 h>ve/ & use !m4 ,indian corn1 sorghum1 clov]1 legum9\s plants1 crops ( ! brassica g5us1 ! c]eals1 millet1 field roots1 etc4 ,int5sely practical & reliable4 ,illu/rat$4 #bhg pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4jj ,soil+ ,crops & ! ,silo ,by ,,?omas ,,%aw4 ,! gr[+ & fe$+ ( all k9ds ( soil+ crops1 conditions to :i* !y are adapt$1 _! plan 9 ! rotation1 etc4 ,n a l9e is repeat$ f ! ,=age ,crops book4 ,be/ me?ods ( build+ ! silo1 fill+ x & fe$+ ensilage4 ,illu/rat$4 #cfd pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4ej ,! ,/udy ( ,bre$s ,by ,,?omas ,,%aw4 ,orig91 hi/ory1 di/ribution1 *>act]i/ics1 adaptability1 uses1 & /&>ds ( excell5ce ( all p$igre$ bre$s ( cattle1 %eep & sw9e 9 ,am]ica4 ,! accept$ text book 9 colleges1 & ! au?ority = f>m]s & bre$]s4 ,illu/rat$4 #cga pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4ej ,pr(its 9 ,p\ltry ,useful & ornam5tal bre$s & _! pr(itable managem5t4 ,?is excell5t "w conta9s ! comb9$ exp]i5ce ( a numb] ( practical m5 9 all dep>tm5ts ( p\ltry rais+4 ,x =ms a unique & important addition to our p\ltry lit]ature4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 #ceb pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4jj ,l& ,dra9+ ,a h&book = f>m]s on ! pr9ciples & practice ( dra9+1 by ,,manly ,,miles1 giv+ ! results ( 8 ext5d$ exp]i5ce 9 lay+ tile dra9s4 ,! directions = ! lay+ out & ! con/ruction ( tile dra9s w enable ! f>m] to avoid ! errors ( imp]fect con/ruction1 & ! disappo9tm5t t mu/ necess>ily foll[4 ,?is manual = practical f>m]s w also be f\nd conv5i5t = ref]5ce 9 reg>d to _m que/ions t may arise 9 crop gr[+1 aside f ! special subjects ( dra9age ( :i* x treats4 ,illu/rat$4 #bjj pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4jj ,b>n ,plans & ,outbuild+s ,two hundr$ & fifty-sev5 illu/rations4 ,a mo/ valuable "w1 full ( ideas1 h9ts1 sugge/ions1 plans1 etc41 = ! con/ruction ( b>ns & outbuild+s1 by practical writ]s4 ,*apt]s are devot$ to ! economic erection & use ( b>ns1 gra9 b>ns1 horse b>ns1 cattle b>ns1 %eep b>ns1 cornh\ses1 smokeh\ses1 iceh\ses1 pig p5s1 gran>ies1 etc4 ,!re are likewise *apt]s on birdh\ses1 dogh\ses1 tool %$s1 v5tilators1 ro(s & ro(+1 doors & fa/5+s1 work%ops1 p\ltry h\ses1 manure %$s1 b>ny>ds1 root pits1 etc4 #bce pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4jj ,irrigation ,f>m+ ,by ,,lute ,,wilcox4 ,a h&book = ! practical application ( wat] 9 ! production ( crops4 ,a complete treatise on wat] supply1 canal con/ruction1 res]voirs & ponds1 pipes = irrigation purposes1 flumes & _! /ructure1 me?ods ( apply+ wat]1 irrigation ( field crops1 ! g>d51 ! or*>d & v9ey>d1 w9dmills & pumps1 appliances & contrivances4 ,new edition1 revis$1 enl>g$ & rewritt54 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,ov] #ejj pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #b4jj ,=e/ ,plant+ ,by ,h4 ,,ni*olas ,,j>*[1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,a treatise on ! c>e ( woodl&s & ! re/oration ( ! d5ud$ timb]l&s on pla9s & m\nta9s4 ,! au?or has fully describ$ ^? ,european me?ods :i* h prov$ to be mo/ useful 9 ma9ta9+ ! sup]b =e/s ( ! old _w4 ,?is exp]i5ce has be5 adapt$ to ! diff]5t climates & trees ( ,am]ica1 full in/ructions be+ giv5 = =e/ plant+ ( our v>i\s k9ds ( soil & subsoil1 :e!r on m\nta9 or valley4 ,illu/rat$4 #bej pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4ej ,coburn's ,sw9e ,husb&ry ,by ,f4 ,d4 ,,coburn4 ,new1 revis$ & enl>g$ edition4 ,! bre$+1 re>+ & managem5t ( sw9e1 & ! prev5tion & treatm5t ( _! diseases4 ,x is ! fulle/ & fre%e/ comp5dium relat+ to sw9e bre$+ yet (f]$4 ,illu/rat$4 #cab pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4ej ,home ,pork ,mak+ ,! art ( rais+ & cur+ pork on ! f>m4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,,fulton4 ,a complete guide = ! f>m]1 ! c\ntry but*] & ! suburban dwell]1 9 all t p]ta9s to hog slaught]+1 cur+1 pres]v+ & /or+ pork product--f scald+ vat to kit*5 table & d9+ room4 ,illu/rat$4 #abe pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,h>ris on ! ,pig ,by ,,joseph ,,h>ris4 ,new edition4 ,revis$ & enl>g$ by ! au?or4 ,! po9ts ( ! v>i\s ,engli% & ,am]ican bre$s are ?or\ghly discuss$1 & ! great advantage ( us+ ?or\ghbr$ males cle>ly %[n4 ,! "w is equally valuable to ! f>m] :o keeps b a few pigs1 & to ! bre$] on an ext5sive scale4 ,illu/rat$4 #cah pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4jj ,! ,dairyman's ,manual ,by ,,h5ry ,,/ew>t1 au?or ( ! ,%eph]d's ,manual1 ,irrigation1 etc4 ,a useful & practical "w1 by a writ] :o is well kn[n z ?or\ghly famili> ) ! subject ( :i* he writes4 ,illu/rat$4 #dge pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4ej ,fe$s & ,fe$+ ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,h5ry4 ,?is h&book = /ud5ts & /ockm5 con/itutes a comp5dium ( practical & useful k on plant gr[? & animal nutrition1 fe$+ /uffs1 fe$+ animals & e detail p]ta9+ to ?is important subject4 ,x is ?or\gh1 accurate & reliable1 & is ! mo/ valuable contribution to live /ock lit]ature 9 _m ye>s4 ,all ! late/ & be/ in=mation is cle>ly & sy/ematically pres5t$1 mak+ ! "w indisp5sable to e own] ( live /ock4 #feh pages4 #f x #i in*es4 ,clo?4 #b4jj ,f>m]'s ,cyclop$ia ( ,agriculture ,a ,comp5dium ( ,agricultural ,sci5ce & ,practice on ,f>m1 ,or*>d & ,g>d5 ,crops1 & ! ,fe$+ & ,diseases ( ,f>m ,animals ,by ,,e>ley ,,v]non ,,wilcox1 ,ph4,d4 & ,,cl>5ce ,,beaman ,,smi?1 ,m4,s4 ,associate ,editors 9 ! ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,?is is a new1 practical1 & complete pres5tation ( ! :ole subject ( agriculture 9 its broade/ s5se4 ,x is design$ = ! use ( agriculturi/s :o desire up-to-date1 reliable in=mation on all matt]s p]ta9+ to crops & /ock1 b m p>ticul>ly = ! actual f>m]4 ,! volume conta9s ,detail$ directions = ! culture ( e important field1 or*>d1 & g>d5 crop gr[n 9 ,am]ica1 toge!r ) descriptions ( _! *ief insect pe/s & fung\s diseases1 & rem$ies = _! control4 ,x conta9s an acc\nt ( mod]n me?ods 9 fe$+ & h&l+ all f>m /ock1 includ+ p\ltry4 ,! diseases :i* affect diff]5t f>m animals & p\ltry are describ$1 & ! mo/ rec5t rem$ies sugge/$ = controll+ !m4 ,e bit ( ?is va/ mass ( new & useful in=mation is au?oritative1 practical1 & easily f\nd1 & no ef=t has be5 sp>$ to include all desirable details4 ,!re are betwe5 #f1jjj & #g1jjj topics cov]$ 9 ^! ref]5ces1 & x conta9s #gjj royal #hvo pages & ne>ly #ejj sup]b half-tone & o!r orig9al illu/rations1 mak+ ! mo/ p]fect ,cyclop$ia ( ,agriculture ev] attempt$4 ,h&somely b\nd 9 clo?1 #c4ej2 half morocco 7v sumptu\s71 #d4ej1 po/paid ,,orange ,,judd ,,company1 #eb ,lafayette ,place1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,m>quette ,build+1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,li/ ( ,illu/rations3 ,! numb] '#b' 0 miss+ be=e ',m$ium ,r$'4 ,*ang$4 ,page #ec3 ,! t]m 'nitrag9' ?\gh an odd spell+ & is capitaliz$ else:]e1 z x is a comm]cial "n4 ,un*ang$4 ,page #fj3 ,! t]m 'adap s' is a typo = 'adapts'4 ,*ang$4 ,page #fi3 ,! t]m '?rogh cropp+' is a typo = '?r\gh cropp+'4 ,*ang$4 ,page #ajj3 ,! phrase 'skill$ workm5' is a typo = 'skill$ workman'4 ,*ang$4 ,page #ajc3 ,! t]m 'poll5ization' may be a sub/itute = 'poll5ation' or 'poll9ation'4 ,un*ang$4 ,page #abb3 ,! t]m ',sask' is app>5tly a sub/itute or abbreviation "h = ! prov9ce ( ',saskat*ewan'4 ,page #abd3 ,! phrase 'we/]n alleys' is a typo = we/]n valleys4 ,*ang$4 ,page #abd3 ,! phrase 'l>gely de-dep5d' is a typo = 'l>gely dep5d'4 ,*ang$4 ,page #ahi3 ,! phrase '_m in/ance' is a typo = '_m in/ances'4 ,*ang$4 ,page #aig3 ,! phrase ') beekeep]s' *ang$ to ') bee-keep]s' to be consi/5t ) two o!r occurr5ces4 ,page #bbi3 ,! t]m ',seee page #gh' is a typo = ',see page #gh'4 ,*ang$4 ,page #cji3 ,! phrase 'gr\nd ?r\gh self-fe$+' is a typo = 'gr\nd ?r\gh self-se$+'4 ,*ang$4 ,page #cag3 ,! t]m ',asp]set' is spell$ ',asp]cet' 9 ! index4 ,un*ang$4 ,c\ldn't det]m9e correct spell+4 ,page #cbf3 ,! phrase 'x x cle>ly a cat* crop' is a typo = 'x is cle>ly a cat* crop'4 ,*ang$4 ,index ,page #cdi3 ,al?\gh ! t]m ',sanfo9' is an acceptable alt]nate spell+ = ',sa9fo9'1 x doesn't mat* o!r occurr5ces 9 ?is text4 ,*ang$4 ,sev]al in/ances ( comma & p]iods ei!r miss+ or int]*ang$ 9 orig9al text h be5 fix$ )\t li/+ ea*4 ,!y are obvi\s errors4 ,v>i\s3 ,! t]m 'midsumm]' is also spell$ 'mid-summ]' 9 ?is book4 ,un*ang$4 ,end ( ,transcrib]'s ,notes4