,water-,supply and ,irrigation ,paper ,no4 #ib ,series ,m1 ,general ,hydrographic ,investigations1 #h ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,,united ,,states ,,geological ,,survey ,,charles ,d4 ,,walcott1 ,,director ,,the ,,passaic ,,flood ,,of #aijc ,,by ,,marshall ,,ora ,,leighton ,illustration ,,washington ,,government ,,printing ,,office #aijd ,,contents4 ,page4 ,letter of transmittal #g ,introduction #i ,precipitation #aa ,descent of flood #ad ,highland tributaries and ,central ,basin #ad ,flood at ,macopin dam #ae ,flood at ,beattie's dam1 ,little ,falls #af ,flood flow over ,dundee dam #ag ,damages #bc ,general statements #bc ,highland tributaries #bc ,ramapo ,river #bc ,pequanac and ,wanaque rivers #bd ,central ,basin #be ,lower ,valley #be ,paterson #bf ,passaic and vicinity #bg ,preventive measures #bh ,general discussion #bh ,lower valley improvements #bi ,flood catchment #ca ,pompton reservoir #ca ,ramapo system #cc ,wanaque system #cd ,midvale reservoir #cd ,ringwood reservoir #ce ,west ,brook reservoir #ce ,pequanac system #ce ,newfoundland reservoir #cf ,stickle ,pond reservoir #cf ,rockaway system #cg ,powerville reservoir #cg ,longwood ,valley reservoir #cg ,splitrock ,pond #ch ,upper ,passaic ,basin #ch ,millington reservoir #ch ,saddle ,river #ci ,summary of flood-catchments projects #dj ,preferable reservoir sites #dj ,general conclusions #dd ,index #dg ,,illustrations4 ,page4 ,,plate ,i4 ,a1 ,beattie's dam1 ,little ,falls1 ,n4 ,j41 in flood2 ,b1 ,flood-water lines in residence district1 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 #af ,,ii4 ,a1 ,pompton ,lakes dam and water front of ,ludlum ,steel and ,iron ,company2 ,b1 ,dry bed of ,pompton ,lake #bd ,,iii4 ,flood district of ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 #bd ,,iv4 ,a1 ,washout at ,spruce street1 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j42 ,b1 ,river street1 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j41 after flood #bf ,v4 ,a1 ,effects of flood in mill district1 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j42 ,b1 ,the wreck of a hotel in ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 #bf ,,vi4 ,a1 ,devastation in ,hebrew quarter1 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j42 ,b1 ,a common example of flood damage #bh ,,vii4 ,a1 ,inundated lands at ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j42 ,b1 ,undamaged bridge across ,passaic ,river after partial subsidence of flood #bh ,,fig4 #a4 ,comparative flood run-off at ,dundee dam1 ,march1 #aijb1 and ,october1 #aijc #ah #b4 ,diagram of flood flow at ,dundee dam1 flood of #aijc #bj ,,letter ,,of ,,transmittal4 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior1 ,,united ,,states ,,geological ,,survey1 ,,hydrographic ,,branch1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,december #d1 #aijc4 ,,sir3 ,i have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled1 ,passaic ,flood of #aijc1 prepared by ,marshall ,ora ,leighton1 and to request that it be published as one of the series of ,water-,supply and ,irrigation ,papers4 ,this paper is a continuation of ,water-,supply and ,irrigation ,paper ,no4 #hh1 by ,george ,b4 ,hollister and ,mr4 ,leighton1 and describes the flood of ,october1 #aijc1 which was higher and far more disastrous than the flood of #aijb4 ,the occurrence of two great floods in the same basin during so short a period makes the subject worthy of attention1 especially as the district is1 from a manufacturing and commercial standpoint1 one of the most important along the ,atlantic coast4 ,very respectfully1 ,f4 ,h4 ,,newell1 ,chief ,engineer4 ,,hon4 ,,charles ,d4 ,,walcott ,director ,united ,states ,geological ,survey4 ,,the ,,passaic ,,flood ,,of #aijc4 ,by ,,marshall ,o4 ,,leighton4 ,,introduction4 ,in the following pages is given a brief history of the disastrous flood which occurred in the ,passaic ,river ,basin in ,october1 #aijc4 ,in the report by ,george ,buell ,hollister and the writer1 entitled ,the ,passaic ,flood of #aijb1 and published by the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey as ,water-,supply and ,irrigation ,paper ,no4 #hh1 are discussed the principal physiographic features of the drainage basin and their general relations to the stream flow4 ,this report will not repeat this information1 and the discussion will be confined to the flood itself4 ,references to local features will be made without explanation1 the presumption being that this publication shall accompany the earlier one and be1 as it is1 a continuation of it4 ,in the present report more attention is given to an estimate of damages than in the earlier work1 and remedies by which devastation may be avoided are briefly considered4 ,passaic ,river overflowed its banks on ,october #h1 #aijc1 and remained in flood until ,october #ai4 ,between these dates there occurred the greatest and most destructive flood ever known along this stream4 ,ordinarily the channel of the lower ,passaic at full bank carries about #ab1jjj cubic feet of water per second1 but at the height of this flood it carried about #ce1gjj cubic feet per second4 ,the flood period for the entire stream can not be exactly stated1 as the overflow did not occur at the same time in different parts of the basin4 ,for example1 the gage-height records at ,dundee dam show that the flood began to rise on ,october #h at #f4cj a4 m41 and reached a maximum of #i-a_/b inches over the dam crest at #i p4 m4 on ,october #aj4 ,similarly1 on ,beattie's dam at ,little ,falls the flood began to rise at midnight on ,october #g1 and reached its maximum at #b p4 m4 on ,october #aj1 or about thirty-eight hours after the initial rise1 the height of the water being #a4bi inches over the crest of the dam4 ,the flood rose on the highland tributaries as follows3 ,on ,ramapo ,river the flood crest passed ,hillborn at about #aj a4 m4 on ,october #i and reached ,pompton1 at the mouth of the river1 shortly after noon of the same day4 ,the highest reading recorded on the ,geological ,survey gage at the feeder of ,morris ,canal1 in ,pompton ,plains1 was #ad4c feet1 at about #f o'clock on the morning of ,october #aj4 ,as this gage is read only once daily it is probable that this reading does not represent the height of the flood crest4 ,evidence shows that it passed this point on the previous day4 ,records of the ,newark water department show that the flood on ,pequanac ,river began to rise at ,macopin dam on ,october #h at noon1 and rose rapidly to the maximum of #f1jjj cubic feet per second at #d p4 m4 on ,october #aj4 ,no records are available with reference to the rise of flood on ,wanaque ,river4 ,observations made on ,pompton ,plains on the morning of the #aath show that ,pompton ,river was well within its banks at that time2 therefore the ,ramapo1 ,wanaque1 and ,pequanac must have discharged their flood waters some time previous to this hour4 ,the fact is important when considered in connection with the height of water in the main stream at that period4 ,this observation was made only eighteen hours after the maximum height over ,beattie's dam at ,little ,falls1 and twelve hours after the flood crest passed ,dundee dam4 ,the conditions here outlined illustrate the rapidity with which flood waters are discharged from the ,pompton drainage area1 and the deterring effect of ,great ,piece ,meadows upon the flood4 ,the rise of the flood on ,rockaway ,river at ,old ,boonton was almost coincident with that on ,pequanac ,river at ,macopin dam4 ,the maximum flow occurred fourteen hours later than the maximum on the ,ramapo at ,pompton4 ,the flood crest did not reach ,chatham on upper ,passaic ,river until the morning of ,october #aa1 or about twenty-four hours later than the flood heights in ,pompton and ,rockaway rivers1 and about twelve hours later than the maximum over ,dundee dam4 ,adequate reasons for these differences in flood periods between neighboring points are abundant4 ,they are apparent after a review of the physiographic conditions described in ,water-,supply ,paper ,no4 #hh4 ,the flood of #aijc was the immediate result of an enormous rainfall1 and not1 as is often the case in north temperate latitudes1 the combined effect of rainfall and the rapid melting of accumulated snows4 ,the records of weather-observation stations in northern ,new ,jersey and ,new ,york fail to show1 throughout their entire observation periods1 as great an amount of precipitation in so short a period4 ,the storm which was the immediate cause of the flood occurred principally between ,october #h and #aa4 ,during that interval rain fell to an average depth of #aa4gd inches over the ,passaic ,basin4 ,the ,passaic ,basin is fairly well supplied with storage facilities1 which1 under ordinary circumstances1 would temper the severity of floods by holding back a large amount of water4 ,in this case no such effect was produced1 as the reservoirs1 lakes1 and ponds on the drainage area were filled1 or practically so1 at the beginning of the storm1 and there was consequently no available space in which to hold back even an appreciable part of the run-off water4 ,over some of the dams in the highland region a comparatively small amount of water was being discharged at the beginning of the storm4 ,therefore1 while these storage basins may have had a certain deterring effect upon the rate of flood accumulation1 they could not1 in the end1 assist materially in preventing damages in the lower part of the drainage area4 ,,precipitation4 ,the precipitation records for ,june1 ,july1 ,august1 and ,september are given below3 ,precipitation1 in inches1 in ,passaic ,valley and vicinity1 ,june to ,september1 #aijc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,june4 ,july4 ,august4 ,september4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,normal4 ,normal4 ,normal4 ,normal4 ,observed4 ,observed4 ,observed4 ,observed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,highland region3 ,dover #c4bi #ae4jb #e4ed #e4dg #e4jh #i4jd #d4jb #c4ci ,chester #c4dh #ab4hj #f4db #g4ei #e4af #i4ce #d4fj 444 ,charlotteburg #c4eb #i4de #e4ed #c4ig #d4ih #g4gh #d4hj #c4bi ,ringwood 444 #aj4ac 444 #c4jh 444 #f4ag 444 #c4jf ,red ,sandstone plain3 ,paterson #d4ca #aa4ag #e4cb #e4dj #d4ca #aj4hi #d4hf #b4hh ,hanover #c4cb 444 #e4bc #e4dj #e4bj #i4dj #d4eb 444 ,river ,vale #c4ag #aj4fb #d4hg #c4da #d4ag 444 #c4fa #b4ij ,essex ,fells #c4jh 444 #g4jc 444 #e4ie 444 #c4fg #a4hj ,newark #c4fj #aa4ea #d4dh #d4bg #d4ge #ad4ed #c4hc #d4ef ,south ,orange #c4eg #i4bh #e4dc #d4bb #e4je #ac4ge #d4jd #c4hj ,new ,york ,city #c4ac #g4db #d4bf #c4bc #d4gj #e4if #c4gb #b4fj ,plainfield #c4fb #aj4ad #e4hf #d4gj #d4cg #f4hg #d4db #g4aj ,elizabeth #c4fh #h4gf #e4gd #d4ca #d4bf #g4ae #d4ad #d4ch ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,an examination of the above table shows that throughout the summer of #aijc the precipitation was considerably above normal4 ,the records for ,june and ,august indicate extremely wet months1 and the ,july figures are slightly above while the ,september figures are somewhat below normal4 ,the important fact shown by this table is that disastrous floods may occur after long periods of abundant rains4 ,it has been observed that heavy precipitation may be expected after protracted periods of drought4 ,such a belief is not altogether fanciful4 ,in the northeastern part of this country the total amount of precipitation is approximately uniform from year to year4 ,the variations1 comparatively speaking1 are not very wide1 and we are therefore led to expect that there are in operation influences which serve to compensate for excesses or deficiencies in our annual rainfall4 ,therefore after the abundant precipitation of the summer of #aijc1 an observer might have had some measure of justification in predicting a normally or abnormally dry fall4 ,in view of the actual events the fact must be emphasized that in adopting measures to prevent floods the margin of safety must be extremely wide4 ,the extraordinary rainfall of those three ,october days can not with assurance be accepted as the maximum4 ,precipitation1 in inches1 in ,passaic ,valley and vicinity1 ,october #g to #aa1 #aijc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,from-- ,to-- ,station4 ---------------------------------- ,amount4 ,day4 ,hour4 ,day4 ,hour4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,highland region3 ,dover #g #aa #i p4m4 #aj4ac ,little ,falls #g #d a4m4 #aa #g a4m4 #ad4ac ,charlotteburg #g #aj #ab4fg ,ringwood #h #aa a4m4 #i #h p4m4 #aj4fc ,red ,sandstone plain3 ,paterson #g #e a4m4 #i #c4de p4m4 #ae4jd ,river ,vale #h #h a4m4 #aa #f p4m4 #ab4ee ,essex ,fells #h #i #d p4m4 #aj4ff ,newark #h #h4cj a4m4 #aa #e a4m4 #ab4ji ,south ,orange #h #f a4m4 #aj ,night #aj4dh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,the extremely rapid rate of precipitation during the crucial part of the storm is shown by the recording gages placed at observation stations in ,newark and ,new ,york ,city4 ,hourly records of precipitation at ,new ,york observation station1 ,october #h and #i1 #aijc4 ,inches4 ,oct4 #h1 #i to #aj a4 m4 #j4jh #aj to #aa a4 m4 4#jb #aa to #ab m4 4#cb #ab m4 to #a p4 m4 4#aj #a to #b p4 m4 4#je #b to #c p4 m4 4#jf #c to #d p4 m4 4#cd #d to #e p4 m4 4#ja #e to #f p4 m4 4#aj #f to #g p4 m4 4#jb #g to #h p4 m4 4#ic #h to #i p4 m4 4#cb #i to #aj p4 m4 4#bd #aj to #aa p4 m4 4#bg #aa to #ab p4 m4 4#bf #i1 #ab to #a a4 m4 4#cj ,oct4 #i1 #a to #b a4 m4 #j4be #b to #c a4 m4 4#ge #c to #d a4 m4 4#cd #d to #e a4 m4 4#df #e to #f a4 m4 4#da #f to #g a4 m4 4#bi #g to #h a4 m4 4#ea #h to #i a4 m4 #a4ch #i to #aj a4 m4 #a4jd #aj to #aa a4 m4 4#jh #aa to #ab m4 4#bc #ab m4 to #a p4 m4 4#bd #a to #b p4 m4 4#ca #b to #c p4 m4 4#cb #c to #d p4 m4 4#ja ,total #f4ib ,hourly record of precipitation at ,newark observation station1 ,october #h-aa1 #aijc4 ,inches4 ,oct4 #h1 #h4be to #i a4 m4 #j4je #i to #aj a4 m4 4#jd #aj to #aa a4 m4 4#jj #aa to #ab m4 4#jj #ab m4 to #a p4 m4 4#ad #a to #b p4 m4 4#gb #b to #c p4 m4 4#di #c to #d p4 m4 4#aa #d to #e p4 m4 #a4je #e to #f p4 m4 4#de #f to #g p4 m4 #a4bj #g to #h p4 m4 4#fj #h to #i p4 m4 4#bd #i to #aj p4 m4 4#bd #aj to #aa p4 m4 4#ac #aa to #ab p4 m4 4#ag #i1 #ab to #a a4 m4 4#bi #a to #b a4 m4 4#cc #b to #c a4 m4 4#fb #c to #d a4 m4 4#bi #d to #e a4 m4 4#ce #e to #f a4 m4 4#bf #f to #g a4 m4 4#ac ,oct4 #i1 #g to #h a4 m4 #j4bi #h to #i a4 m4 4#fi #i to #aj a4 m4 4#fi #aj to #aa a4 m4 4#ci #aa to #abm4 4#bj #abm4 to #a p4 m4 4#ci #a to #b p4 m4 4#bh #b to #c p4 m4 4#cd #c to #c4be p4 m4 4#ac #aa4ej to #aa4ee p4 m4 4#ja #aj1 #c to #d a4 m4 4#jb #g to #h p4 m4 4#jg #h to #i p4 m4 4#ji #i to #aj p4 m4 4#jb #aj to #aa p4 m4 4#jd #aa to #ab p4 m4 4#jd #aa1 #ab to #a a4 m4 4#jf #a to #b a4 m4 4#ji #b to #c a4 m4 4#jc #c to #d a4 m4 4#je #d to #e a4 m4 4#ja ,total #aa4hc ,from the above tables it may be seen that the maximum rate of precipitation per hour was #a4ch inches at ,new ,york and #a4b inches at ,newark4 ,comparison of the tables on pages #aa and #ab gives an excellent idea of the intensity of the storm4 ,the amount of water falling in a single storm is nearly equal to the total for ,june1 a month of unusual precipitation4 ,the average of the total amounts of precipitation recorded at the various stations in the ,passaic area is #aa4gd inches4 ,these totals are fairly uniform1 none of them varying widely from the average4 ,therefore the figure #aa4gd represents a conservative mean for a calculation of total amount of water over the drainage area4 ,assuming this as the correct depth1 the amount of water which fell on each square mile of the ,passaic drainage area during the storm was #bg1bgc1jjj cubic feet1 or for the whole ,passaic drainage area over #bg1jjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 weighing about #heb1jjj1jjj tons4 ,this amount of water would1 if properly stored1 fill a lake with twenty times the capacity of ,greenwood ,lake1 would cover ,central ,park in ,new ,york ,city1 which has an area of about #a4e square miles1 to a height of #fde feet1 and1 at the present rate of water consumption in the city of ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 would supply the city with water for twenty years4 ,,descent ,,of ,,flood4 ,,highland ,,tributaries ,,and ,,central ,,basin4 ,a description of the descent of flood waters from the highland tributaries into the ,central ,basin has been given in ,water-,supply ,paper ,no4 #hh4 ,it has been shown that the lands of the ,central ,basin are covered even in ordinary freshets1 and that in the event of a great flood the waters merely rise higher1 being1 for the greater extent1 almost quiescent1 and beyond the flooding of houses and barns and the destruction of crops1 little damage is done4 ,in other words1 the flood along this portion is not torrential in character4 ,during the flood of #aijc the water fell so quickly all over this basin1 and was collected so rapidly by the small tributaries1 that a lake was formed at once which served as a cushion against which the raging torrent of the highland tributaries spent itself without doing extraordinary damage in that immediate region4 ,bridges which might have been lost in a smaller flood like that of #aijb were actually standing in slack water by the time the mountain torrents appeared in force4 ,these streams caused much destruction higher up in the mountains1 but in the ,central ,basin their energy became potential--a gathering of forces to be loosed upon the lower valley4 ,a discussion of the effects of this will be taken up under the heading ,damages4 ,in ,water-,supply ,paper ,no4 #hh is given the proportion of flood waters contributed to the ,central ,basin by each of the tributaries4 ,these figures were computed from the results of gagings maintained for a period sufficient to afford this information within a reasonable approximation4 ,in the case of the storm which resulted in the flood of #aijc it is probable that data referred to can not be safely applied4 ,the flood of #aijb was the result of abundant rains following upon and melting a heavy snow4 ,weather ,bureau records show that neither the depth of the snow nor the amount of subsequent rainfall was uniform1 or even approximately so1 over the ,passaic drainage area4 ,indeed1 so marked was the variation that it was believed that the mean rainfall for all the observation stations on the basin did not bear sufficient relation to observed run-off to allow of any reliable deductions4 ,in the case of the ,october storm1 however1 the distribution of rainfall was more nearly uniform1 and the run-off from the highland tributaries into the ,central ,basin must have been proportionately different in amount from that indicated in the upland tributary tables in the report of the previous flood4 ,the data given for the #aijb flood can not1 therefore1 in the case of the highland tributaries1 be applied to the conditions which obtained in the flood of #aijc4 ,,flood ,,at ,,macopin ,,dam4 ,mr4 ,morris ,r4 ,sherrerd1 engineer of the ,newark city water board1 has furnished flow computations over ,macopin intake dam1 which is the head of the ,newark pipe line4 ,as about #gc per cent of the ,pequanac drainage area lies above this intake1 the table on page #af shows roughly an equivalent percentage of the flow contributed by ,pequanac ,river to the ,central ,basin of the ,passaic4 ,in consulting this table it should be borne in mind that the entire run-off of the drainage area above ,macopin is about #be1jjj1jjj gallons per day more than the amounts presented in this table4 ,all reservoirs and ponds connected with the conservancy system of the ,newark water supply were filled except that at ,oakridge1 which was about #a4e feet below the crest of the spillway4 ,flow of ,pequanac ,river over ,macopin dam1 ,october #g-bd1 #aijc4 ,from ,newark water department4 ,cubic feet4 ,oct4 #h1 #f a4 m4 to #ab m4 #bdj1fjj #abm4 to #d p4 m4 #cdg1fjj #d to #f p4 m4 #hdb1bjj #h-i1 #f p4 m4 to #f a4 m4 #dj1aaj1jjj #i1 #f a4 m4 to #ab m4 #ea1hgj1jjj #abm4 to #a p4 m4 #ae1ajj1jjj #a to #e p4 m4 #fb1dcj1jjj #e to #aj p4 m4 #hi1jdj1jjj #aj to #aa p4 m4 #ai1ebj1jjj #i-aj1 #aj p4 m4 to #h a4 m4 #bja1cej1jjj #aj1 #h a4 m4 to #ab m4 #ge1fgj1jjj #ab m4 to #f p4 m4 #ajc1fej1jjj #f to #ab p4 m4 #gc1ecj1jjj #aa1 #ab to #f a4 m4 #ef1hbj1jjj #f a4 m4 to #abm4 #da1ddj1jjj #ab m4 to #f p4 m4 #cb1gee1jjj #f to #ab p4 m4 #be1ffe1jjj #ab1 #ab to #f a4 m4 #bc1hjj1jjj #f a4 m4 to #abm4 #bj1gbe1jjj #ab m4 to #f p4 m4 #ah1dej1jjj #f to #ab p4 m4 #ae1aje1jjj #ac1 #ab to #f a4 m4 #ac1cgj1jjj #f a4 m4 to #ab m4 #aa1hij1jjj #ab m4 to #f p4 m4 #aa1bcj1jjj #f to #ab p4 m4 #aa1bcj1jjj #ad1 #ab to #f a4 m4 #i1fbf1jjj #f a4 m4 to #ab m4 #h1fij1jjj #ab m4 to #f p4 m4 #h1jbb1jjj #f to #ab p4 m4 #g1cec1jjj #ae1 #ab to #f a4 m4 #f1ieb1jjj #f a4 m4 to #f p4 m4 #ab1gjj1jjj #ae-af1 #f p4 m4 to #f a4 m4 #aj1ife1jjj #af1 #f a4 m4 to #f p4 m4 #aj1jbe1jjj #af-ag1 #f p4 m4 to #f a4 m4 #i1jia1jjj #ag1 #f a4 m4 to #f p4 m4 #h1fij1jjj #ag-ah1 #f p4 m4 to #f a4 m4 #i1hic1jjj #ah1 #f a4 m4 to #f p4 m4 #aj1efe1jjj #ah-ai1 #f p4 m4 to #f a4 m4 #h1fij1jjj #ai1 #f a4 m4 to #f p4 m4 #f1ieb1jjj #ai-bj1 #f p4 m4 to #f a4 m4 #f1aej1jjj #bj1 #f a4 m4 to #f p4 m4 #e1hhb1jjj #bj-ba1 #f p4 m4 to #f a4 m4 #e1gdi1jjj #ba1 #f a4 m4 to #f p4 m4 #e1dha1jjj #ba-bb1 #f p4 m4 to #f a4 m4 #e1bad1jjj #bb1 #f a4 m4 to #f p4 m4 #d1add1jjj #bb-bc1 #f p4 m4 to #f a4 m4 #c1fgg1jjj #bc1 #f a4 m4 to #f p4 m4 #c1hgg1jjj #bc-bd1 #f p4 m4 to #f a4 m4 #e1gdi1jjj #bd1 #f a4 m4 to #f p4 m4 #e1fae1jjj ,,flood ,,at ,,beattie',s ,,dam1 ,,little ,,falls4 ,the flow over ,beattie's dam at ,little ,falls1 has been calculated according to coefficients used for the same dam in ,water-,supply ,paper ,no4 #hh4 ,recorded gage heights show that over the main dam there was a maximum depth of #aa4ab feet1 which continued from #b to #h p4 m41 on ,october #aj1 representing a maximum flow of #ca1fge cubic feet per second4 7,see ,pl4 ,i1 ,a47 ,in the following table is set forth the flow of the river over ,beattie's dam during the flood1 and for purposes of comparison1 the figures for the flood period of ,march1 #aijb4 ,it should be borne in mind in consulting this table1 that in the case of the flood of #aijc exact dates and hours are given1 while the figures for the #aijb flood represent flow determinations at six-hour intervals1 beginning with the initial rise of that flood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,water-,,supply ,,paper ,,no4 #ib ,,pl4 ,i ,illustration3 ,a4 ,,beattie',s ,,dam1 ,,little ,,falls1 ,n4 ,j41 ,,in ,,flood4 ,illustration3 ,b4 ,,flood-,,water ,,lines ,,in ,,residence ,,district1 ,,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 99 99 99 99 99 ,flood flow over ,beattie's dam during floods of #aijb and #aijc4 ---------------------------------------- - ,date and hour4 #aijc4 #aijb4;,a ---------------------------------------- - ,sec4-feet4 ,sec4-feet4 ,oct4 #h4 #ab p4m #a1fde #dij #i4 #f a4m4 #d1bce #gjj #ab m4 #h1efj #a1cej #f p4m4 #ae1gee #b1abj #ab p4m4 #bc1ibg #c1edj #aj4 #f a4m4 #bh1cgj #d1bej #ab m4 #ca1cje #d1fjj #f p4m4 #ca1fge #e1jjj #ab p4m4 #cj1ggj #f1ejj #aa4 #f a4m4 #bi1hdj #g1fjj #ab m4 #bh1iej #h1bej #f p4m4 #bf1ifj #i1jjj #ab p4m4 #be1ecj #aj1bjj #ab4 #f a4m4 #bd1dce #aa1dej #ab m4 #bb1fbe #ad1gjj #f p4m4 #bj1haj #ah1aej #ab p4m4 #ah1fee #bj1fej #ac4 #f a4m4 #ag1icj #bb1bjj #ab m4 #af1aij #bb1gjj #f p4m4 #ad1ijj #bc1djj #ab p4m4 #ac1fae #bc1cjj #ad4 #f a4m4 #ab1cdj #bb1iej #ab m4 #aa1gdj #bb1fej #f p4m4 #aj1ige #bb1cej #ab p4m4 #i1hbj #bb1ajj #ae4 #f a4m4 #i1ahj #ba1aej #ab m4 #h1ccj #ai1ijj #f p4m4 #g1gjj #ah1ijj #ab p4m4 #g1jje #ag1cej #af4 #f a4m4 #f1fie #ae1gej #ab m4 #e1ibj #ac1ijj #f p4m4 #e1fbj #ac1cjj #ab p4m4 #e1cfj #aa1hjj #ag4 #f a4m4 #d1hee #aj1fej ,below full bank #h1ijj ,do4 #h1ejj ,do4 #h1ajj ,do4 #h1bjj ,do4 #g1jjj ,do4 #f1bej ,do4 #e1ijj ,do4 #e1cjj ,do4 #e1bjj ,do4 #d1ijj ---------------------------------------- - ,footnote ,a3 ,at six-hour intervals4 ,,flood ,,flow ,,over ,,dundee ,,dam4 ,the flood1 as indicated by gage heights at ,dundee dam1 lasted from about #f4cj p4 m4 ,october #h to about midnight ,october #ah4 ,although the maximum recorded gage height was #ai inches higher than during the flood of #aijb1 the actual time during which the river was out of its banks was forty-five hours less than at the earlier flood4 ,examination of fig4 #a shows that the flood of #aijc was decidedly more intense than that of #aijb1 the maximum height being reached in #aijc in about sixty hours1 while in #aijb the maximum was not reached until the expiration of about one hundred and twenty hours4 ,at ,dundee dam the familiar break in the progress of the flood took place about thirty-five hours after the initial rise4 ,it occurred before the time of the maximum gage height at the mouth of ,pompton ,river1 and there is nothing to indicate that it was caused1 as has been claimed1 by slack water from the ,pompton flood being forced back into ,great ,piece ,meadows4 ,there is no doubt that a part of the ,pompton flood was so diverted1 but there was maintained throughout at ,little ,falls a steady pressure1 which constantly increased to maximum4 ,this flood check1 at ,dundee dam was observed in #aijb1 but it could not be shown to arise from the frequently mentioned phenomena at the mouth of ,pompton ,river4 ,it is important to prove or disprove this hypothesis4 ,if it were found to be true1 it could be advantageously taken into consideration in connection with measures for the prevention of flood damages4 ,as the ,pompton had no such effect upon the flood flow at ,dundee dam in two consecutive historic floods1 the writer is inclined to believe that the idea is entirely erroneous4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,comparative flood run-off at ,dundee dam1 ,march1 #aijb1 and ,october1 #aijc4 ,since the flow curves in fig4 #a were drawn it has been found by careful observation that the depressions which occur in the rise of every flood over ,dundee dam are probably due to the carrying away of the flashboards which are placed upon the dam crest in times of low water4 ,a review of the gage heights recorded by floods for several years past shows that the break occurs when the height of water over the dam crest reaches from #dj to #fj inches4 ,the flashboards used upon this dam are usually #ah inches wide1 and as they are supported by iron rods1 which are of approximately the same strength and are placed upon the dam by one crew of workmen1 it may be safely assumed that they are of approximately equal stability and might be expected to fail almost simultaneously along the length of the dam crest4 ,so sudden a decrease in the effectual height of the dam must lower the water on the dam crest markedly1 and as every other probable cause has been eliminated in the case of the recent flood1 the explanation of the check in the progress of floods over this dam may be safety accepted as due to carrying away of flashboards4 ,this effect should be apparent in the gage-height records only4 ,in the flow diagrams 7figs4 #a and #b7 the effect would not be the same1 but the curve would rise more sharply4 ,similarly1 the measurements at the beginning are not correct1 as they are calculated according to gage heights measured from the stone crest of the dam4 ,therefore1 a true flood curve at this point would be much flatter at the beginning and rise sharply at a period coincident with the carrying away of the flashboards4 ,an important difference between the two floods is that the earlier continued longer1 but the later one was much higher4 ,the flood of #aijb was caused by the turning of an equivalent of approximately #f inches of precipitation into the main channel during a period of six days4 ,in the deluge of #aijc there fell #aa4gd inches of rain1 the greater part of which was precipitated in #cf hours4 ,thus it is seen that there was in the flood of #aijc a larger rainfall during a much shorter period than in the flood of #aijb4 ,computation shows that the total run-off from the drainage area above ,dundee dam during the earlier flood was #ac1cgi1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 and that on account of the frozen condition of the ground at that time this amount of water represented practically all of the precipitation4 ,during the flood of #aijc there was a total run-off for the same area of #ad1ggb1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 which represents about #ff per cent of the observed precipitation4 ,according to these figures the total amount of run-off in the #aijc flood was only #aj per cent greater than that in #aijb1 while the actual flood height during the #aijc flood was #bg per cent higher than during the flood of #aijb4 ,the above comparison shows1 in a striking manner1 the effect of the condition of the surface4 ,in the case of the later flood we had1 as has been stated in previous pages1 an area which had been well watered during the previous summer1 and the observed ground-water levels were fairly high4 ,there was1 however1 sufficient storage capacity in the basin to retain about #cd per cent of the precipitation occurring between ,october #g and #aa4 ,this water must have been largely absorbed by the earth4 ,the general relations of the floods of #aijc and #aijb can therefore be briefly stated as follows3 ,general relations of floods of #aijc and #aijb4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,average ,duration of ,maximum ,total precipitation4precipitation4 flood flow4 run-off4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,inches4 ,days4 ,sec4-feet4 ,cubic feet4 #aijb #f #f #bd1hjj #ac1cgi1jjj1jjj #aijc #aa4gd #c #ce1gjj #ad1ggb1jjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------------ ,run-off4 ,duration of flood at ,dundee dam4 ------------------------ ,per cent4 ,hours4 ,b#ajj #bgj #ff #bbe ------------------------ ,footnote ,b3 ,approximately ,in the following table and fig4 #b are recorded gage heights taken at hourly intervals during the crucial part of the flood and the amount of water expressed in cubic feet per second flowing over the crest of the dam at each gage height4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,diagram of flood flow at ,dundee dam1 flood of #aijc4 ,flow of ,passaic ,river at ,dundee dam1 #aijc4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,date and hour4 ,gage4 ,flow4 ---------------------------------------- - ,feet4 ,sec4-feet4 ,oct4 #h4 #f4cj a4 m4 #j4ff #ghj #a p4 m4 #a4ej #c1age #f4cj p4 m4 #b4ag #e1ejj #h p4 m4 #b4ei #g1cjj #aj p4 m4 #c4jj #i1abe #aa p4 m4 #c4cc #aj1gjj #ab p4 m4 #c4ej #aa1ebe #i4 #a a4 m4 #c4ej #aa1eej #b4cj a4 m4 #c4ei #aa1iej #d a4 m4 #c4ej #aa1ebe #f a4 m4 #c4ff #ab1cjj #h4cj a4 m4 #c4ge #ab1gge #i4dj a4 m4 #d4jj #ad1jge #aj4ee a4 m4 #d4ff #ag1fej #ab m4 #d4ge #ah1bjj #a p4 m4 #e4be #ba1jej #b p4 m4 #e4cg #ba1gej #c p4 m4 #e4de #bb1bej #c4de p4 m4 #e4cg #ba1gej #d4be p4 m4 #e4bi #ba1cjj #e p4 m4 #e4bc #bj1iej #e4de p4 m4 #e4ai #bj1gjj #f4cj p4 m4 #e4ag #bj1fjj #g p4 m4 #e4aa #bj1bej #h p4 m4 #e4ac #bj1cej #i p4 m4 #e4ag #bj1fjj #aj p4 m4 #e4ba #bj1gej #aa p4 m4 #e4bg #ba1aej #ab p4 m4 #e4d #ba1iej #aj4 #a a4 m4 #e4e #bb1ejj #b a4 m4 #e4ff #bc1ejj #c a4 m4 #e4gc #bc1ijj #d a4 m4 #e4ia #be1jej #e a4 m4 #f4jj #be1fej #f a4 m4 #f4b #bf1ijj #g a4 m4 #f4cc #bg1gjj #h a4 m4 #f4d #bh1aej #i a4 m4 #f4f #bi1djj #aj a4 m4 #f4hc #cj1gej #aa a4 m4 #f4hi #ca1bej #aa4ce a4 m4 #f4ig #ca1gej #ab m4 #f4ic #ca1dej #a p4 m4 #f4ie #ca1fej #b p4 m4 #g4ac #cb1hjj #c p4 m4 #g4ai #cc1aej #d p4 m4 #g4be #cc1ejj #e p4 m4 #g4ci #cd1dej #f p4 m4 #g4ci #cd1dej #g p4 m4 #g4dj #cd1ejj #h p4 m4 #g4ed #ce1cej #i p4 m4 #g4fb #ce1hjj #aj p4 m4 #g4fj #ce1gjj #aa p4 m4 #g4eg #ce1ejj #ab p4 m4 #g4dc #cd1fej #aa4 #a a4 m4 #g4dg #cd1iej #b a4 m4 #g4e #ce1ajj #c a4 m4 #g4db #cd1gjj #d a4 m4 #g4c #cd1dej #e a4 m4 #g4c #cd1aej #f a4 m4 #g4c #cd1aej #g a4 m4 #g4cg #cd1cjj #h a4 m4 #g4cc #cd1ajj #i a4 m4 #g4ca #cc1ijj #aj a4 m4 #g4bc #cc1dej #aa a4 m4 #g4be #cb1ebe #ab m4 #g4ah #cc1ajj #a p4 m4 #g4ah #cc1ajj #b p4 m4 #g4ag #cc1cjj #c p4 m4 #g4jh #cb1dej #d p4 m4 #g4jj #ca1iej #e p4 m4 #f4if #ca1gjj #f p4 m4 #f4hi #ca1bej #g p4 m4 #f4hf #ca1jej #h p4 m4 #f4hc #cj1hej #i p4 m4 #f4gi #cj1fjj #aj p4 m4 #f4ha #cj1gjj #aa p4 m4 #f4gc #cj1bjj #ab p4 m4 #f4ga #cj1ajj #ab4 #a a4 m4 #f4fc #bi1fjj #b a4 m4 #f4ei #bi1cej #c a4 m4 #f4ee #bi1ajj #d a4 m4 #f4ea #bh1hjj #e a4 m4 #f4db #bh1bej #f a4 m4 #f4db #bh1bej #g a4 m4 #f4ci #bh1ajj #h a4 m4 #f4ci #bh1ajj #i a4 m4 #f4be #bg1bjj #aj a4 m4 #f4ba #bf1iej #aa a4 m4 #f4ag #bf1gjj #ab m4 #f4je #bf1ajj #a p4 m4 #f4jf #bf1jej #b p4 m #e4ic #be1bjj #c p4 m4 #e4hi #bd1iej #d p4 m4 #e4hg #bd1hjj #e p4 m4 #e4gi #bd1cjj #f p4 m #e4gg #bd1aej #g p4 m4 #e4ge #bd1bej #h p4 m4 #e4gc #bc1iej #i p4 m #e4fc #bc1cjj #aj p4 m4 #e4ei #bc1ajj #aa p4 m4 #e4ed #bb1gej #ab p4 m4 #e4di #bb1dej #ac4 #a a4 m4 #e4dd #bb1bjj #b a4 m4 #e4ci #ba1jjj #c a4 m4 #e4ce #ba1fej #d a4 m4 #e4cj #ba1cej #e a4 m4 #e4bd #ba1jjj #f a4 m4 #e4ba #bj1hej #g a4 m4 #e4af #bj1ebe #h a4 m4 #e4ac #bj1cej #i a4 m4 #e4jh #bj1ajj #aj a4 m4 #e4jd #ai1hjj #aa a4 m4 #e4jj #ai1efj #ab m4 #d4id #ai1bjj #a p4 m4 #d4hi #ah1ijj #b p4 m4 #d4he #ah1gjj #c p4 m4 #d4hd #ah1fej #d p4 m4 #d4ge #ah1bjj #e p4 m4 #d4ga #ag1ijj #f p4 m4 #d4ff #ag1fej #g p4 m4 #d4fd #ag1eej #h p4 m4 #d4ei #ag1bej #i p4 m4 #d4ed #ag1jjj #aj p4 m4 #d4ea #af1gej #aa p4 m4 #d4di #af1gjj #ab p4 m4 #d4cg #af1jjj #ad4 #a a4 m4 #d4cg #af1jjj #b a4 m4 #d4ce #ae1ibe #c a4 m4 #d4ce #ae1ibe #d a4 m4 #d4cc #ae1hjj #e a4 m4 #d4cd #ae1hej #f a4 m4 #d4ca #ae1gjj #g a4 m4 #d4bg #ae1ejj #h a4 m4 #d4be #ae1cjj #i a4 m4 #d4ag #ad1ijj #aj a4 m4 #d4jh #ad1ejj #aa a4 m4 #d4je #ad1cbe #ab m4 #d4jb #ad1aej #a p4 m4 #d4jb #ad1aej #b p4 m4 #d4ja #ad1ajj #c p4 m4 #c4ig #ac1ijj #d p4 m4 #c4id #ac1gej #e p4 m4 #c4he #ac1cjj #f p4 m4 #c4ge #ab1gge #g p4 m4 #c4ge #ab1gge #i p4 m4 #c4ga #ab1eej #ab p4 m4 #c4ff #ab1cjj #ae4 #f4cj a4 m4 #c4ej #aa1ebe #a p4 m4 #c4da #aa1jej #f4cj p4 m4 #c4da #aa1jej #af4 #f4cj a4 m4 #c4jj #i1abe #a p4 m4 #c4jj #i1abe #f4cj p4 m4 #b4ia #h1gjj #ag4 #f4cj a4 m4 #b4e #f1ijj #a p4 m4 #b4e #f1ijj #f4cj p4 m4 #b4e #f1ijj #ah4 #f4cj a4 m4 #b4e #f1ijj #a p4m4 #b4da #f1ejj #f4cj p4 m4 #b4cc #f1bjj #ai4 #f4cj a4 m4 #b #d1ijj #a p4 m4 #b #d1ijj #f4cj p4 m4 #b #d1ijj ,,damages4 ,,general ,,statements4 ,estimates of flood damages are always approximations only4 ,it is possible to determine with a fair degree of assurance the cost of replacing structures which have been carried away1 to estimate the value of goods destroyed--especially if they be commodities stored in shops or warehouses--to calculate the amount of operatives' wages lost1 and in the case of general mercantile business to estimate the damages incurred through consequent reduction of trade4 ,destruction by flood1 however vast1 is incomplete4 ,it differs materially from destruction by fire1 for often destructible property is of value after floods have passed4 ,buildings which are inundated still retain value1 and many kinds of merchandise are not totally destroyed4 ,therefore when the amount of damages is calculated there is always to be taken into consideration the fact that a part of the material which has been flooded can be reclaimed1 and retains some proportion1 at least1 of the value which it had previously possessed4 ,furthermore1 damages by flood enter into practically every detail of social and business affairs4 ,there are losses which are severe to one or more persons1 and which can not be appreciated except by those whom the floods have actually overtaken4 ,therefore estimations of flood damages can be only approximate1 and while a measure of accuracy may be reached with respect to a part of the losses1 there remains a necessity for approximation which can not be classed with carefully computed damages along other lines4 ,,highland ,,tributaries4 ,along the three northern tributaries1 the ,ramapo1 ,wanaque1 and ,pequanac1 and at their confluence with the ,pompton1 the destruction by flood waters was far greater than along the ,rockaway1 ,whippany1 and upper ,passaic1 or in that area described as the ,central ,basin4 ,in the drainage areas of the three tributaries last mentioned the waters were higher than in the flood of #aijb1 but the general effects were of the same nature1 and consisted principally of flooded lands1 houses1 and washouts4 ,there were few radical cases of complete destruction like those which marked the course of the flood in the northern tributaries4 ,the principal interest is therefore confined to the ,pompton and the three highland tributaries which discharge into it4 ,ramapo ,river4--,the greatest destruction was along the ,ramapo4 ,it is the largest of the upland branches1 and was therefore the heaviest contributor to the main stream4 ,throughout the flood period the stream was especially violent1 causing great apprehension in the lower valley4 ,the destruction along several stretches of the valley was almost complete4 ,nearly all the dams failed1 and every bridge across the river1 with one exception1 was carried away4 ,some small villages were swept bare1 and the damages to realty value and personal property were excessive4 ,it was only by strenuous measures that the dam impounding the waters of ,tuxedo ,lake was saved4 ,if this had failed the destruction along the entire course of the river1 even to the cities in the lower valley1 would have been enormously increased4 ,the dam at ,cranberry ,pond1 in ,arden1 failed in the early part of the storm1 the flood waters disabling the ,tuxedo electric-light plant and inundating the ,italian settlements along the river below4 ,the failure of the dam conserving the waters of ,nigger ,pond1 which lies at the head of a small tributary emptying into the ,ramapo below ,tuxedo1 resulted in the inundation of ,ramapo village4 ,the village of ,sloatsburg was practically obliterated4 ,the damage at ,pompton ,lakes was especially severe4 ,during the early part of the flood the timber dam of the ,ludlum ,steel and ,iron ,company1 which raised the water to a height of #bg feet1 and afforded #g4jd horsepower per foot fall1 was carried away with a part of the headrace4 7,see ,pl4 ,,ii1 ,a47 ,this sudden emptying of ,pompton ,lake1 an expanse of #aif acres 7see ,pl4 ,,ii1 ,b71 was extremely destructive to ,pompton ,plains1 and the destruction of the dams above on ,ramapo ,river1 which followed some time after the bursting of the lower dam1 refilled ,pompton ,lake above its former level1 and caused greater damage than that which resulted from the failure of ,pompton dam itself4 ,the large iron bridge just below the dam was carried away1 with the stores of the ,ludlum ,steel and ,iron ,company4 ,the river front along this company's property was destroyed1 along with coal docks at the head of ,morris ,canal feeder4 ,the channel of the river below the dam is filled with dbris1 which will raise the height of the water in the tailrace1 and unless it is cleared will diminish the available power at the iron works4 ,it has been authoritatively announced1 however1 that the power facilities will not be restored1 as the ,ludlum ,steel and ,iron ,company is preparing to use steam power exclusively4 ,pequanac and ,wanaque rivers4--,along ,pequanac ,river the principal damage consisted of washed-out roads and destroyed bridges4 ,the large ponded area in this basin was practically full at the time of the flood1 and1 as measurements at ,macopin dam show1 the run-off per square mile was extremely large4 ,in the ,wanaque drainage area the storage facilities afforded at ,greenwood ,lake were probably useful in holding back a part of the water for a brief period1 but the damages along the stream are comparable to those of the ,pequanac4 ,the effect of the flow from these two streams1 added to that of the ,ramapo1 was particularly disastrous over the ,pompton ,plains4 ,three 99 99 99 99 99 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,water-,,supply ,,paper ,,no4 #ib ,,pl4 ,,ii ,illustration3 ,a4 ,,pompton ,,lakes ,,dam ,,and ,,water ,,front ,,of ,,ludlum ,,steel ,,and ,,iron ,,company4 ,illustration3 ,b4 ,,dry ,,bed ,,of ,,pompton ,,lake4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,water-,,supply ,,paper ,,no4 #ib ,,pl4 ,,iii ,illustration3 ,,flood ,,district ,,of ,,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 99 99 99 99 99 bridges at ,pompton station1 over ,wanaque and ,pequanac rivers1 were carried away1 and in the end one bridge only remained over ,pompton ,river1 that at ,pequanac station4 ,in all about #ajj houses were inundated on ,pompton ,plains1 and the damage to roads and culverts was particularly severe4 ,the total loss in the drainage area of ,pompton ,river was #cej1jjj4 ,,central ,,basin4 ,over the ,central ,basin there was the usual impounding of flood waters1 but the effects were not materially different from those described in the report on the flood of #aijb4 ,the damage along this basin from floods of this character is accumulative by reason of the fact that the presence of water over the land for so long a period kills the desirable feed grasses and fosters in their place the coarse meadow grass4 ,this effect has been observed for some years1 particularly since the flood of #ahif4 ,it is estimated that over the ,central ,basin the damage to crops and arable land alone arising from the floods of #aijb and #aijc amounts to #cjj1jjj4 ,a statement of the damage arising from the later flood can not separately be made1 as its effect upon the fertility of the meadow lands can not be determined without the experience of a planting season4 ,,lower ,,valley4 ,the flow of the stream through the constricted channel at ,little ,falls and on to ,great ,falls at ,paterson is given in the weir measurements on page #ag4 ,it was attended by comparatively large damages1 the features of which were not materially different from those described in the previous report4 ,the pumping station of the ,east ,jersey ,water ,company1 situated just below ,little ,falls dam1 did not suffer as severely as during the previous flood1 by reason of the fact that extensive and effective barricades were placed so as to keep a large part of the water away from the pumps4 ,this was not accomplished in the flood of #aijb4 ,the total damage in this district amounted to nearly #bjj1jjj4 ,the channel contours were changed somewhat in this portion of the stream4 ,in the river at the pumping station of the ,east ,jersey ,water ,company there was completed a somewhat interesting cycle of changes1 described in the following extract of a letter from ,mr4 ,g4 ,waldo ,smith1 chief engineer for the ,new ,york aqueduct commissioners1 and formerly engineer and superintendent of the ,east ,jersey ,water ,company3 ,no better illustration of the old adage1 ',the river claims its own1' could be given than that offered by the action of ,passaic ,river at ,little ,falls1 ,new ,jersey1 at the point where the works of the ,east ,jersey ,water ,company have been constructed4 ,these works were built between #ahig and #aijj4 ,in the course of the work the river channel for a distance of several thousand feet down stream from the power house was drained and improved1 so that the head on the wheels at the ordinary stage of the river was increased about #f feet4 ,from the time this improvement was completed to ,march1 #aijb1 through the action of the ordinary flow of water and moderate floods1 this head had been reduced about one-third4 ,the great freshet of ,march1 #aijb1 cut off about another third1 and the recent flood has completed the cycle and entirely wiped out the benefit due to the river improvement1 and the water at the pumping station stands now at almost precisely the same level that it stood before any improvements were undertaken4 ,new bars were formed in approximately the same location as they existed before1 and1 so far as possible1 except for the changed conditions brought about by the building of the power station1 the condition of the river is not dissimilar to that existing when the work was commenced4 ,in this connection it might be well to state that a ,new ,jersey drainage commission1 in blasting out a channel below the ,little ,falls dam some years ago1 dumped a considerable portion of the excavation in the deep water under the ,morris ,canal viaduct4 ,the action of the two great floods1 ,march1 #aijb1 and ,october1 #aijc1 has washed a large part of this material out of this deep hole and piled it up in the river about #cjj feet below where the river widens1 and reduces the force of the current4 ,i have made no estimate of the amount of material deposited in the river1 but offhand should say that it would be at least #ajj1jjj yards4 ,paterson4--,the flood district in the city of ,paterson 7see ,pl4 ,,iii7 comprised #aif acres and involved the temporary obstruction of #aj4c miles of streets4 ,along the streets close to the river banks the height of water was #ab feet1 sufficient to inundate the first floors of all the buildings 7see ,pl4 ,i1 ,b71 and in some cases to reach to the second floor4 ,during this flood period householders who remained at their homes were compelled to use boats1 while in the more exposed places the danger was too great to admit of remaining1 and at one time #a1bjj persons were housed and fed in the ,national ,guard armory at ,paterson4 ,the bridges crossing ,passaic ,river in ,passaic1 ,essex1 and ,bergen counties were almost completely destroyed1 and the damage amounted to #fed1haa4 ,within the limits of ,paterson1 below ,great ,falls1 all of the highway bridges except two were either severely damaged or completely carried away4 ,west street bridge1 the first below the falls1 was a ,melan concrete1 steel-arch structure1 built in #ahig1 and costing #fe1jjj4 ,it was composed of three spans1 each about #ij feet long4 ,the flood practically split two spans longitudinally1 the upstream side of each1 equal to about one-third of the width of the bridge1 being carried 99 99 99 99 99 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,water-,,supply ,,paper ,,no4 #ib ,,pl4 ,,iv ,illustration3 ,a4 ,,washout ,,at ,,spruce ,,street1 ,,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 ,illustration3 ,b4 ,,river ,,street1 ,,paterson1 ,n4 ,j41 ,,after ,,flood4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,water-,,supply ,,paper ,,no4 #ib ,,pl4 ,v ,illustration3 ,a4 ,,effects ,,of ,,flood ,,in ,,mill ,,district1 ,,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 ,illustration3 ,b4 ,,the ,,wreck ,,of ,a ,,hotel ,,in ,,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 99 99 99 99 99 away4 ,this structure was built to conform to the established grades of streets on both sides of the river and was completely inundated1 forming a barrier for floating dbris and practically making a dam in the river4 ,main street bridge is a #c-span1 steel-arch structure1 which was completely covered during the flood1 but was only slightly injured4 ,arch street bridge1 built in #aijb to take the place of a structure carried away by the ,march flood1 was a concrete-arch bridge of three spans4 ,it was undermined at the north pier and collapsed1 being practically destroyed4 ,the original cost of this bridge was #cd1jjj4 ,its piers presented a serious obstruction to the flow of the stream1 especially as the channel is very narrow at this point4 ,in addition to this1 the bridge was of low grade and admirably adapted for deterring flood flow4 ,below ,arch street bridge all the other structures crossing the ,passaic were of iron and were carried away1 with the exception of ,sixth avenue and ,wesel bridges4 ,those destroyed were designated as follows3 ,straight street1 ,hillman street1 ,moffat1 ,wagaraw1 ,fifth avenue1 ,east ,thirty-third street1 and ,broadway bridges4 ,all these structures were built too low1 and were inundated during the early stages of the flood4 ,the damage to real property1 stock1 and household goods in the city of ,paterson amounted1 according to certified returns1 to about #b1gjj1jjj4 ,it is impossible to secure correct figures1 because merchants and manufacturers refuse to give details of losses1 fearing that the publication thereof would affect their credit4 ,general ideas concerning the destruction by the flood can be gathered from ,pls4 ,i1 ,b1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v1 and ,,vi4 ,passaic and vicinity4--,below the city of ,paterson destruction was as complete as in ,paterson1 although the damage was not as great because the improvements were not as valuable4 ,damage to property1 exclusive of public works1 in this region1 amounted to about #a1bej1jjj4 ,this estimate does not take into consideration losses by manufacturers arising from destruction of raw materials or finished products4 ,the flood was about #d-a_/b feet higher than that of #aijb4 7,see ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,a47 ,on the right bank of ,passaic ,river1 in the city of ,passaic1 the damage was severe1 especially to manufacturing plants4 ,in addition to the flood in the ,passaic itself1 the bursting of ,morris ,canal1 a few miles east of ,passaic1 flooded ,wesel ,brook1 which in ,passaic is used as the tail-race of the ,dundee ,power ,company4 ,the capacity of ,wesel ,brook channel is limited1 and the extraordinary amount of water which was turned into it carried away all culverts and bridges from ,richfield to ,passaic4 ,below ,passaic1 along the river front of ,essex ,county1 the damages to bridges amounted to #ej1jjj4 7,see ,pl4 ,,vii1 ,b47 ,the loss due to washouts in roads throughout the county amounted to #ae1jjj4 ,the effects of the flood were apparent along the entire length of the river and into ,newark ,bay4 ,the damage from inundation in ,newark and vicinity amounted to #gec1aii4 ,the figures above given with reference to damage along ,passaic ,river are uncommonly accurate1 being for the most part the result of a house-to-house canvass by the northern ,new ,jersey flood commission4 ,as has been stated above1 tradesmen are reluctant to give full details with reference to their losses through fear of injured credit4 ,roughly estimating the damage as a whole1 and taking into consideration factors which were given to the writer confidentially1 the damage throughout the drainage area from this flood will amount to not less than #g1jjj1jjj4 ,,preventive ,,measures4 ,,general ,,discussion4 ,in the consideration of means of preventing damages by floods every plan proposed falls under one of two general heads--the storage of flood waters or an increase in the capacity of the streams4 ,the first plan involves the construction at selected localities of reservoirs of sufficient size to hold all or a greater part of the waters which run over the surface during and after storms4 ,this plan is not practicable except where valleys or plains are inclosed by high ridges and these ridges approach sufficiently near each other to admit of the economical construction of a bank or dam across the gorge or bed of the stream which flows through1 so that the inclosure will be complete and form a water-tight basin4 ,where such a reservoir exists the water can be held back and gradually let down through properly provided gates so that the channel will not be flooded4 ,for flood purposes alone it would be necessary to provide reservoirs of sufficient capacity to contain the run-off waters resulting from the largest storms4 ,with such provisions it would be necessary to entirely empty the reservoir as soon as possible after a storm had passed and leave its full capacity available for the next storm4 ,it is therefore better1 wherever possible1 to provide a reservoir capacity considerably larger than that represented by the run-off from the heaviest storms1 so that water may be stored for use as power or domestic supply4 ,with such provision it is necessary merely to draw from the reservoir water to a depth equivalent to the stream run-off in the drainage area above4 ,the second plan for prevention of flood damages involves provisions for letting the flood water out rapidly by removing obstructions to its flow by straightening and deepening the channels and providing long embankments1 dikes1 or levees which rise above the ordinary river level to a height exceeding that of the stream during its highest floods4 ,this plan is most generally followed in the case of large rivers like 99 99 99 99 99 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,water-,,supply ,,paper ,,no4 #ib ,,pl4 ,,vi ,illustration3 ,a4 ,,devastation ,,in ,,hebrew ,,quarter1 ,,paterson1 ,n4 ,j4 ,illustration3 ,b4 ,a ,,common ,,example ,,of ,,flood ,,damage4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,water-,,supply ,,paper ,,no4 #ib ,,pl4 ,,vii ,illustration3 ,a4 ,,inundated ,,lands ,,at ,,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,illustration3 ,b4 ,,undamaged ,,bridge ,,across ,,passaic ,,river ,,after ,,partial ,,subsidence ,,of ,,flood4 99 99 99 99 99 the ,mississippi1 where the contributing area is enormous and the conservation of the waters would be impracticable even if the nature of the country would admit of the construction of reservoirs4 ,in ,switzerland1 where the torrents occasioned by the rapidly melting snows are especially destructive1 the flood waters are confined by a series of parallel dikes on each side of the river1 which have the effect of dividing the flow into several parallel streams4 ,as the main river channel fills and overflows the inner dikes1 the overflow water collects into the first series of parallel channels1 and when a height is reached at which the second dikes are overflowed the water collects into the third1 and so on4 ,this gives an enormous carrying capacity1 the limit of which is approached slowly1 and therefore abundant opportunity is afforded for preparation upon the part of the riparian owner4 ,the drainage basin of ,passaic ,river is admirably adapted to the development of the conservation system4 ,at its headwaters in the mountains of northern ,new ,jersey are numerous sites for reservoirs4 ,the comparatively limited area draining into ,passaic ,river makes such a scheme relatively inexpensive4 ,on the other hand there is abundant opportunity for effective work in removing obstructions and straightening and deepening the channel of the lower river4 ,so that1 all things considered1 the prevention of flood damages in the ,passaic ,basin can be best accomplished by a combination of the two general methods above outlined4 ,,lower ,,valley ,,improvements4 ,the channel of ,passaic ,river below ,great ,falls1 at ,paterson1 is of limited capacity4 ,to anyone making an inspection1 especially within the city of ,paterson1 it is readily apparent that the river bed has for years been considered a legitimate field for encroachment4 ,owners of lands fronting on the river have increased their holdings by filling in beyond the channel line4 ,buildings have been erected upon these tracts and the builders have not hesitated to extend retaining walls still farther into the river bed4 ,refuse from the city's streets1 light and unstable in character1 has been freely deposited upon the bank to be carried out into the river4 ,thus the channel has been constricted laterally1 the bottom raised1 and there is left for the flood waters no alternative than that of extending themselves in the upward direction4 ,it would seem that this1 at least1 should have been unobstructed4 ,such1 however1 is not the case4 ,the bridges across the ,passaic have apparently been erected without reference to channel capacity4 ,the authorities have evidently considered it more important to retain established approach levels than to provide proper capacity for river water4 ,as an example the following instance may be cited3 ,during the flood of #aijb a steel truss bridge across the river in ,paterson was carried away4 ,the point of crossing was one of the narrowest places in the stream and it should have been clear to everyone that the space beneath the bridge was not large enough to carry flood waters4 ,it should have been apparent that a new bridge1 if erected at that point1 must be higher than the old one1 to be thoroughly safe4 ,notwithstanding1 the new bridge was erected at the level of the old one1 and in addition to this1 it was a concrete arch structure1 and the great piers and low arch springs reduced the former channel capacity about #ae per cent4 ,this new bridge1 as might be expected1 collapsed during the ,october flood4 ,along the entire course of the stream in the lower valley we find a continuation of instances of unreasonable encroachment and ill-considered bridge engineering1 and there is opportunity for relieving a large part of the purely local obstructions by straightening the channel at chosen points4 ,although this matter has not been thoroughly investigated it is readily apparent to one traversing the river bank that considerable relief may be secured in this manner4 ,damage1 however1 can not be prevented by this means alone4 ,it would1 of course1 be possible to erect high and resistant levees along the entire course of the river1 but this would be extremely expensive and would destroy the water front for commercial purposes4 ,in fact1 such a plan is quite visionary4 ,at the present time there are no obstructions in lower ,passaic ,river the removal of which would give relief in the event of floods like those of #aijb and #aijc4 ,when one considers the amount of water which was carried into the lower valley1 the heights which it reached1 and the area which it inundated1 the futility of any local improvement except levee construction is emphasized4 ,the present channel of the river will not carry without damage the amount of water recently thrown into it1 and while it is important to provide regulations which will in the future prevent encroachment1 and which will correct the evils now present along the channel1 these measures can not1 operating of themselves1 give relief from flood devastation4 ,immunity from flood destruction in the ,passaic must come1 if it ever comes1 from the construction of flood-catchment reservoirs in the uplands4 ,it is not necessary to spend any great amount of time in determining the cause of floods upon the ,passaic4 ,a review of the flood history of this river shows that in every case floods arise from extraordinary precipitation4 ,high waters occur through the melting of snows and during periods of abundant rain4 ,the heavy floods which have been regarded as extraordinary are clearly the result of unusual conditions of precipitation4 ,the river carries the usual flood waters1 and no damage is done until the water poured into it is far beyond its carrying capacity4 ,therefore the provisions which are made for preventing damage by floods must1 if they be effective1 be designed to meet extraordinary conditions1 and means which would prove effectual in ordinary cases will not stand the test4 ,in order to appreciate the extent of the flood in the lower valley it is necessary to visit the flooded area and observe the points of flood height4 ,unless one does this he will be very readily deceived when he considers means of flood prevention4 ,,flood ,,catchment4 ,among the highland tributaries of ,passaic ,river there are three principal areas where storage reservoirs for flood catchment may be placed3 7#a7 ,the ,ramapo1 ,wanaque1 and ,pequanac drainage basins1 from which the waters are carried into the central basin by ,pompton ,river2 7#b7 the ,rockaway drainage basin1 and 7#c7 the upper ,passaic drainage basin4 ,the remaining principal tributary of ,passaic ,river1 the ,whippany1 is not well provided with storage reservoir sites4 ,the combined capacity of catchment reservoirs which could be constructed in these drainage areas is considerably more than the volume of the heaviest known rainfall1 that of ,october #h-aa1 #aijc4 ,in the description of reservoir possibilities in the following pages the data with reference to many of the basins are computed from planimeter and other measurements1 the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey topographic maps being used as a base4 ,the measurements are therefore not of refined accuracy but suffice for the purpose in view--that of showing flood catchment possibilities4 ,,pompton ,,reservoir4 ,there are in the ,pompton system several sites on ,ramapo1 ,wanaque1 and ,pequanac rivers which1 if utilized1 would afford sufficient storage for flood catchment purposes1 but the entire flow of the river system may be conserved in what has been described as the ,pompton reservoir4 ,this project was first presented by ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,vermeule in the year #ahhd1 the details being described at some length in the ,engineering ,news1 of ,april #ab of that year1 pages #afi-aga4 ,in this article ,mr4 ,vermeule presented the possibilities of ,pompton reservoir for use as an additional water supply for the city of ,new ,york1 at the time when the ,quaker ,bridge reservoir on the ,croton watershed was being considered4 ,a few pertinent quotations from this article may be of interest3 ,this basin1 subdivided by minor ridges which cross it1 furnishes several admirable sites for large storage reservoirs1 with catchments from #ej to #djj square miles in area1 lying above on the primitive rock of the ,highlands4 ,about #f miles of the northeastern end of the basin is cut off by ,hook ,mountain1 a small ridge of trap which crosses it from east to west1 inclosing a basin #ba square miles in area1 known as ,pompton ,plains1 having its outlet at ,mountain ,view1 #e miles west of ,paterson1 at a pass in ,hook ,mountain1 through which the ,pompton ,river flows to join the ,passaic1 #b miles below4 ,this pass is the gateway by which the ,delaware1 ,lackawanna and ,western ,railroad1 the ,new ,york and ,greenwood ,lake ,railway1 and the ,morris ,canal enter the plains4 ,the basin is also crossed near its head1 above ,pompton1 by the ,new ,york1 ,susquehanna and ,western ,railroad4 ,the ,pompton ,river has a drainage area above ,mountain ,view of #dbj square miles4 ,it is formed near the head of the basin by the confluence of the ,pequanac from the northwest1 the ,wanaque from the north1 and the ,ramapo from the northeast4 99 99 99 ,the entire flow from this watershed may be stored by building a dam across the gap at ,mountain ,view and converting ,pompton ,plains into a great lake covering an area of #ba square miles4 ,the elevation of the river at the gap is #afh feet4 ,the slopes in the basin being gentle up to an elevation of #bbj feet and abrupt beyond it1 it will be advisable to take this as the minimum or low-water level of our reservoir4 ,it is generally estimated that #be per cent of the volume of the mean annual rain on a given catchment is sufficient reservoir capacity to fully utilize the flood flows4 ,we have long series of observations of rainfall at three points1 which may be taken to fairly represent the ,passaic catchment4 ,at ,newark the mean annual rainfall is #df4b inches1 at ,paterson1 #ej inches1 and at ,lake ,hopatcong1 #db4 ,the last being on the ,highlands1 like most of our watersheds1 is perhaps the safest to use4 ,now1 #be per cent of #db4e inches1 #aj4fb inches1 which1 on #dbj square miles1 give a volume of #aj1cfb1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 the necessary capacity of reservoir4 ,by raising our reservoir to #bdj feet when full we secure a capacity of #aj1dic1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 or ample to utilize the heaviest floods of the watershed4 ,this gives a beautiful sheet of water #ba4a square miles in area1 with bold1 rocky shores1 and a depth at dam of #gb feet4 ,we secure the above capacity by uncovering but #bb per cent of the reservoir bottom2 and1 as we shall presently see1 we shall rarely need more than half this storage1 and probably not oftener than once in ten years will we expose over #aj per cent of the area4 ,by building side dams to keep certain flats always flowed this may be reduced to #e per cent2 and this area will be pretty evenly distributed around #cf miles of uninhabited shore line1 leaving the reservoir open to no valid sanitary objections4 ,on the contrary1 by relieving the remainder of the ,passaic ,basin of the flood waters of the ,pompton1 which now flow large areas of flat land during wet seasons1 the sanitary condition of the valley would be much improved4 ,in constructing this reservoir ,mr4 ,vermeule stated that the following work would be necessary3 ,the removal of the ,delaware1 ,lackawanna and ,western ,railroad from the basin by changing the alignment for #f miles4 ,it may be done without increase of length or detriment to the alignment4 ,three and one-fourth miles of the ,morris ,canal must be rebuilt4 ,no engineering difficulties are involved4 ,of the ,new ,york and ,greenwood ,lake ,railway1 #i miles would have to be rebuilt4 ,the ,new ,york1 ,susquehanna and ,western ,railroad would be slightly shifted or raised for #c-c_/d miles4 ,a dam #b1djj feet long and #hj feet in height1 with tunnels1 wasteweir1 and accessory works would be required at ,mountain ,view4 ,the situation is such that an ample wasteweir may be built at a low-side dam on the solid rock of ,hook ,mountain remote from the dam1 and outlets may be had by tunneling the same ridge4 ,hence the dam may be a plain1 heavy earthen embankment2 built1 of course1 with every precaution but subject to less than the usual dangers of such works4 ,however1 a masonry dam might readily be substituted4 ,there would be #ad1jjj acres of arable land1 swamps1 and rough mountain land flowed4 ,the works are estimated to cost as follows3 ,railroad and canal diversions #eje1jjj ,dam and accessory works #a1afb1jjj ,land damages #a1djj1jjj ,total #c1jfg1jjj ,a recomputation of the drainage area above ,mountain ,view1 made by the northern ,new ,jersey flood commission1 shows that it is #chj square miles in extent4 ,it was decided by this commission that the construction of this reservoir would be the most approved method of preventing disastrous floods in the lower valley of the ,passaic4 ,by raising a dam to a height of #bjb feet above tide1 #h inches of water on the drainage area above might be held back1 which1 it was believed1 would be a sufficient maximum for flood catchment4 ,with this amount of storage the estimates of the flood commission showed that the remainder of the drainage area would not turn a sufficient amount of water into the lower valley channel to cause flood damages4 ,it was also demonstrated by the flood commission that by increasing the height of the dam an opportunity would be afforded for conserving water1 and at the maximum height of #bbj feet above tide sufficient storage capacity would be available to provide #e1jjj horsepower at ,little ,falls1 ,great ,falls1 and ,dundee dam throughout all dry seasons4 ,the value of such a storage reservoir for municipal water-supply purposes is self-evident4 ,the cost of ,mountain ,view reservoir would be about #c1cdj1jjj4 ,developed for flood catchment with the spillway of the dam at #bjb feet above sea level the area of the reservoir would be #ac4d square miles1 and the storage capacity #g1bjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,,ramapo ,,system4 ,along the ,ramapo ,valley there are alternative propositions1 one of which involves the construction of a dam below ,darlington and another across the head of ,pompton ,lake4 ,in either case the water might be raised to the #cjj-;foot contour1 and if the dam across ,pompton ,lake were constructed a continuous lake would be formed extending #aj-a_/b miles to ,hillburn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,the improvement in either case would be positive1 for as the country surrounding is hilly or mountainous it affords excellent opportunity for the location of summer homes and parks1 the lake being a potent factor in beautifying the situation and increasing the value of the surrounding region4 ,there are1 nevertheless1 several things to be taken into consideration1 the most important of which are the improvements which have been made by wealthy residents along the valley where it has already been developed as a summer resort4 ,by the construction of a dam at ,darlington #a1ajj feet long and #gj feet high1 the water would be raised to the #cjj-;foot contour4 ,the reservoir would have a water area of #b1jfd acres1 and the approximate storage capacity of #b1cbe1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,a dam across the head of ,pompton ,lake #b1hej feet long and #ajj feet high would raise the surface of the proposed lake to the #cjj-;foot contour4 ,this reservoir would have an area of #f4ai square miles and a capacity of #f1cjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 equal to #ag4e inches run-off from the drainage area4 ,here the measure of safety is wide1 and if there were drawn from the lake an amount of water equal to #ab inches on the drainage area there would still be #e4e inches which could be used for compensating purposes4 ,the construction of either one of the above-described reservoirs would involve interstate complications1 as the #cjj-;foot contour in ,ramapo ,valley includes a considerable part of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,this obstacle was deemed insurmountable by the northern ,new ,jersey flood commission1 and that commission directed studies to a reservoir which at the time of maximum flood would not back water into ,new ,york ,state to a greater height than it already rises during such floods4 ,the following description is taken from the report of the engineering committee of the flood commission3 ,an admirable dam site is offered on ,ramapo ,river about #b miles above ,oakland village4 ,the drainage area tributary to this point is about #adj square miles in extent1 the country for the most part being quick-spilling and upland4 ,by constructing there a dam #gjj feet long and #fe feet high a reservoir with a water surface of #b4h square miles would be afforded1 the flow-line elevation being #bhj feet above tide4 ,the capacity of such a reservoir would be #a1gfh1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 equal to about #e4e inches on the drainage area4 ,,wanaque ,,system4 ,near the headwaters of ,wanaque ,river is ,greenwood ,lake1 a large body of water described in ,water-,supply ,paper ,no4 #hh4 ,its value as a flood catchment basin is somewhat uncertain1 as it is used as a storage feeder for ,morris ,canal4 ,the surface level of this lake is controlled by gates1 which naturally are operated by the canal authorities for the benefit of the canal4 ,therefore it is the object to store as great a volume of water as possible1 and the water falls below the dam crest at the outlet of the lake only when the dam opens in dry seasons and makes it necessary4 ,under such conditions there is no certainty that storage capacity will be available during the time of a great storm1 and in fact ,greenwood ,lake has been overflowing at the commencement of the storms which caused both of the recent floods4 ,in view of the condition expressed above it will be necessary in providing for flood catchment in the ,wanaque drainage area to omit entirely from consideration the possibility of assistance from ,greenwood ,lake4 ,below this point in the basin are several sites at which could be raised dams1 which would effectually retain a large proportion at least of storm run-off4 ,they may be described as follows3 ,midvale reservoir4--,by building a dam #fj feet high and #a1bjj feet long across ,wanaque ,river near ,midvale1 a reservoir would be formed which would have a water surface of #b4a square miles and a capacity of #a1dia1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,the drainage area above this site is #hc square miles1 and the storage capacity would therefore be equal to about #g4g inches on the drainage area4 ,the construction of this project would involve the relocation of about #d-a_/b miles of the ,new ,york and ,greenwood ,lake ,railroad2 the damages apart from this would be nominal1 the cost of the entire reservoir construction being about #a1jjj1jjj4 ,ringwood reservoir4--,ringwood ,creek runs through a gorge about #a mile above its confluence with the ,wanaque4 ,above this is a well-defined basin4 ,a dam about #gj feet high and #ehe feet long would create a lake having an area of #ebj acres1 the surface of which would be #chj feet above sea level4 ,the drainage area tributary to this point has an area of about #bj square miles1 and as the proposed reservoir would have a capacity of #iae1hjj1jjj cubic feet1 there could be conserved a run-off of #bj inches4 ,allowing for a flood run-off of #ab inches there would still be available for compensating purposes #h inches on the basin1 equal to #cgc1eej1jjj cubic feet4 ,the construction of this reservoir would involve the relocation of about #b miles of the ,ringwood branch of the ,new ,york and ,greenwood ,lake ,railroad1 and the condemnation of comparatively valuable improvements in the proposed basin4 ,west ,brook reservoir4--,the drainage from #e4g square miles might be conserved by the erection of a dam on ,west ,brook1 a tributary of ,wanaque ,river1 which enters it from the west4 ,there is an available site at which a dam #bhj feet high might be erected4 ,at this elevation the length along the top would be about #a1aej feet and about #b1ccj1jjj1jjj cubic feet of water would be impounded4 ,little benefit would be derived from such a reservoir1 as the limited drainage area affords a comparatively small proportion of flood run-off that might be well cared for at a lower point4 ,for compensating purposes1 however1 a reservoir might be constructed here1 the capacity of which could be adjusted to the actual demands4 ,if the dam were raised to a height of about #bhj feet from the base the storage afforded would be equal to #agf inches on the watershed1 or about four average years of precipitation1 which is far beyond all probable storage necessities4 ,the maximum available storage capacity is given in this case merely to show possibilities4 ,,pequanac ,,system4 ,there are few available reservoir sites of large size along the lower reaches of ,pequanac ,river4 ,in the upper basin1 however1 there is a sufficient available storage capacity to afford almost complete control of destructive floods from that part of the drainage area4 ,large tracts are already reserved by the city of ,newark for collection of municipal supply1 and the storage capacity developed is sufficient to serve the city throughout the driest seasons4 ,the total capacity of ,clinton1 ,oakridge1 and ,canistear reservoirs is about #a1aee1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,these basins are not available for flood catchment1 as the water is used for city purposes and an endeavor is made to have in storage at all times the largest possible amount4 ,the condition is exactly similar to that described in the case of ,greenwood ,lake4 ,in considering the means for the construction of flood-catchment reservoirs in ,pequanac ,basin there must be taken into account the conservation and delivery of the ,newark supply4 ,the adjustments with reference to the amount of water available at ,macopin intake would have to be met1 and if the system were interfered with compensation therefore would be taken into consideration4 ,newfoundland reservoir4--,pequanac ,river passes through a deep gorge between ,copperas and ,kanouse mountains1 just below the village of ,newfoundland4 ,this point has been considered an excellent site for the construction of a dam1 and in the installation of the present water-supply system of ,newark it is proposed that the entire valley in which ,newfoundland is situated be overflowed4 ,the site is one of the most advantageous known for the creation of a flood-catchment basin4 ,if a dam #ej feet high were erected across this gorge1 a lake would be formed which would have a surface area of #c4ae square miles and a capacity of #c1bfg1bjj1jjj cubic feet1 equal to a storage of about #cj4e inches on the #df4ab square miles of contributing drainage area4 ,this would afford complete protection in case of a sudden run-off of #ab inches1 would provide for the supply of the city of ,newark without greatly disturbing the present storage system of that city1 and would still yield a large amount of water for compensating purposes in dry seasons4 ,the construction of ,newfoundland reservoir would be very expensive1 as it would involve the flooding of ,newfoundland ,village1 in which there is considerable improved property4 ,about #c miles of the track of the ,new ,york1 ,susquehanna and ,western ,railroad would be submerged1 as well as a considerable mileage of macadamized highways4 ,on the whole1 however1 the ,newfoundland reservoir project is the most favorable which can be found on the ,pequanac ,basin4 ,there are above this point numerous reservoir sites1 but their combined capacity would not be equal to that of the proposed ,newfoundland reservoir1 and the construction would be probably quite as expensive4 ,stickle ,pond reservoir4--,below ,newfoundland there are few available places at which water could be stored4 ,stickle ,pond is probably the best adapted of any of those available4 ,if a dam #a1jej feet long and #hj feet high were erected across the river about #a mile below the present outlet of ,stickle ,pond1 a lake would be formed having a surface area of #dbb acres and a storage capacity of about #hjj1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,the drainage area above this dam would be approximately #d square miles4 ,this is a comparatively small amount of storage1 yet it would provide for all flood catchment in that comparatively limited area and would be of assistance at times in compensating the dry flow of the ,pequanac4 ,,rockaway ,,system4 ,rockaway ,river offers a greater number of available reservoir sites than either of the other highland tributaries of the ,passaic4 ,some of the reservoirs which could be constructed could be used solely as catchment areas to hold back flood waters1 while the capacity of others would be so much greater than any single flood run-off that they might serve also as compensating reservoirs4 ,a large dam is now in process of erection at ,old ,boonton1 conserving a considerable amount for the water for the municipal supply of ,jersey ,city4 ,this reservoir can not be depended upon as a flood-catchment area1 as it will be the aim of those in authority to maintain the water in it as high as possible4 ,powerville reservoir4--,a short distance above ,boonton the erection of a comparatively small dam would flood a large1 irregular1 flat basin having an area of a little more than #d-a_/b square miles and extending up the ,rockaway ,valley to ,rockaway ,village1 up ,beaver ,brook to ,beech ,glen1 and north and south for considerable distances4 ,the probable capacity of this reservoir has been estimated1 and it is fairly certain that it is considerably more than would be sufficient for flood catchment4 ,its construction would1 moreover1 improve the entire valley and be of advantage to many interests4 ,the northern ,new ,jersey flood commission has selected for investigation a reservoir site on ,rockaway ,river at ,powerville4 ,by the erection of a dam across the stream at this point1 #bh feet in height and #dgj feet long1 a reservoir #d4f square miles in area1 with a capacity of #a1efe1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 would be afforded4 ,the drainage area above this point is #aad square miles4 ,the cost of such a reservoir is estimated at #fjj1jjj4 ,north from ,powerville1 near the confines of the proposed ,powerville reservoir1 there is an available reservoir site along ,stony ,brook4 ,by the erection of a dam #a1ajj feet long and #abj feet high a lake would be formed #fde acres in extent1 which would serve as a flood-catchment basin and a compensating reservoir4 ,this reservoir would hold approximately #hej1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,the construction of a reservoir at this place offers no engineering difficulties1 and the project may be regarded as extremely favorable4 ,dixons ,pond1 west of ,rockaway ,valley and northwest of ,powerville1 is a small sheet of water which lies in a valley which might be flooded to a greater height4 ,by the erection of a dam #dej feet long and #cj feet high a lake of #acf acres would be created1 which would form a part of the flood catchment and compensating service4 ,longwood ,valley reservoir4--,a large storage basin is afforded in ,longwood ,valley which1 if developed to its full extent1 would extend from a point about a mile below ,lower ,longwood #g miles up the headwaters and reach to about #a-a_/b miles above ,petersburg4 ,an alternative proposition is afforded which involves the submerging of less than half this area4 ,a dam #hjj feet long and #ee feet high might be erected across a gorge about #a mile south of ,petersburg4 ,there would be formed a lake of about #a4bdg square miles1 or #hjj acres in extent4 ,the hamlet of ,petersburg would be submerged1 but the damages from the destruction of improved property would not be very great1 as the improvements and the land are not especially valuable4 ,this reservoir would have a capacity of about #ifd1jjj1jjj cubic feet and the surface would be at a height of #hjj feet above sea level4 ,the alternative plan1 that of using a longer stretch of the valley for reservoir purposes1 would involve the construction about #a mile below ,lower ,longwood of a dam #a1cjj feet long and #aaj feet high4 ,the reservoir thus formed would be #a1ijj acres in extent and contain approximately #c1ddg1jjj1jjj cubic feet4 ,the drainage area above this dam is limited1 and if the reservoir were drawn down to an amount equivalent to #ae inches upon the drainage area there would still remain an enormous amount of water which could be used in a compensatory way to tide over dry seasons4 ,splitrock ,pond4--,by erecting a dam #eej feet long and #cj feet high across a gorge at the outlet of ,splitrock ,pond1 a lake could be formed having an area of #fbe acres and adding to the present storage capacity of the lake an amount approximately equal to #dge1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 equivalent to #ch4ge inches on the drainage area4 ,thus it is seen that if this reservoir were drawn down an amount equivalent to #ae inches on the drainage area1 which would without doubt give sufficient protection from all floods1 there would still remain a storage capacity of #bc4ge inches for compensating purposes in addition to the amount now available in ,splitrock ,pond4 ,this project is one of the most attractive in the ,rockaway ,basin1 as the damages which would be caused by flooding would be1 comparatively speaking1 nil4 ,the property is1 however1 now owned by the ,east ,jersey ,water ,company1 and is prized highly as a reservoir site by that corporation4 ,,upper ,,passaic ,,basin4 ,millington reservoir4--,there is an area of swamp land1 comprising a part of the drainage area of upper ,passaic ,river above ,millington1 which is known as ,great ,passaic ,swamp4 ,it is bounded on the south by a long1 narrow trap ridge known as ,long ,hill1 the summit of which ranges from #djj to #ejj feet in elevation1 or roughly #bjj feet above the border of this swamp4 ,to the northwest the land rises gradually toward ,trowbridge ,mountains1 while to the northeast is the terminal moraine4 ,the outlet of ,passaic ,river at ,millington is by a narrow gorge1 which offers natural facilities for the erection of a dam4 ,the whole situation is exceptionally good1 and the surface of a reservoir might be fixed at any elevation between #bdj and #cjj feet above sea level4 ,with the surface of the reservoir at #cjj feet a dam #a1fjj feet long and #ij feet high would be required4 ,this lake would have an area of #bh4df square miles4 ,the drainage area above ,millington has1 however1 an area of only #ec4f square miles1 and the proposed reservoir would therefore cover more than half of this4 ,therefore the conservation of so large a quantity of water would not be necessary nor advisable1 unless the beautifying of the surrounding country were an object to be taken into consideration1 which might be profitable4 ,a better project1 however1 would be to construct a dam at ,millington #ijj feet long and #ej feet high1 the crest being about #bfj feet above sea level4 ,there would be formed a lake with an area of #ai4da square miles1 and a capacity of #a1dgg1fjj1jjj cubic feet1 equal to #i4hfd feet on the drainage area4 ,this project is too great for the necessities here presented1 and would not be wisely considered unless it were found advantageous to improve the country generally as a place of suburban residence4 ,the land which would be flooded with the reservoir crest at #bfj feet is of a wet1 swampy character1 and its value for agricultural purposes is somewhat doubtful4 ,such construction would involve the flooding of #ac miles of road1 which1 however1 would not involve a great loss of invested capital1 as the roads generally are of a poor character4 ,a second alternative would involve the construction of a dam across the ,millington gorge1 #eej feet long and #cj feet high1 raising the water to #bdj feet above sea level and creating a lake of #ad4dj square miles4 ,this would conserve #d1jbf1jjj1jjj cubic feet1 equal to #b4fi feet on the drainage area4 ,this would be ample for flood purposes and would still afford a large impounded area1 as the drawing off of an amount equal to #aj or even #ae inches on the watershed would not reduce the size of the lake to any great extent4 ,the whole project here presented involves few difficulties1 and as the drainage area above is of small extent1 the mere question of conserving the flood waters could be met without great difficulty4 ,the natural advantages1 however1 are so great and the land included within ,great ,passaic ,swamp is of so little value that the surrounding country would be improved and beautified by the construction of such a reservoir4 ,the opportunity for varying the character of the reservoir to meet the ideas of those interested seems unexampled1 and as a whole it presents an extremely interesting field which may be profitably exploited4 ,,saddle ,,river4 ,this stream has been described in the report on the flood of #aijb1 already referred to4 ,it contributes a large amount of water to the main artery of the ,passaic below ,dundee dam1 and as the river channel at that point is overburdened under the present conditions because of lack of slope and numerous catchments1 together with what is known as the ,wallington ,bend1 it increases very materially the damage caused by floods4 ,the most effectual remedy in the case of ,saddle ,river floods is that of construction of flood catchments4 ,no studies have been made of the situation in the ,saddle ,river drainage area1 but a superficial inspection of the basin shows that opportunities for the construction of flood-catchment reservoirs are not numerous4 ,,summary ,,of ,,flood-,,catchment ,,projects4 ,by following the plans described in the preceding pages absolute flood catchments may be provided above ,little ,falls on the ,passaic ,basin for #eea4g square miles1 leaving only #bba4b square miles from which flood run-off would flow immediately4 ,the accomplishment of this would involve the construction of ,pompton reservoir1 which would withhold all flood waters from the northern tributaries4 ,it would leave unprovided for #bj4b square miles on the ,rockaway1 #ga4g square miles on the ,whippany1 #df4b square miles on the upper ,passaic1 and #hc4g square miles tributary to the ,central ,basin and not included above4 ,leaving ,pompton reservoir out of consideration1 and conserving flood run-off on the ,ramapo1 ,wanaque1 and ,pequanac rivers1 there would be absolute flood catchment up to a #ab-;inch run-off over #did4h square miles above ,little ,falls4 ,this would leave #bgh4a square miles unprovided for1 the run-off from which would not overburden the channel in the lower valley1 provided1 of course1 that channel were improved to a maximum carrying capacity4 ,,preferable ,,reservoir ,,sites4 ,the following table and discussion of preferable sites for flood prevention are taken from the report of the engineering committee of the northern ,new ,jersey flood commission3 ,table showing detailed facts regarding possible reservoir sites on ,passaic drainage basin4 ,,key3 ,a3 ,area of watershed4 ,b3 ,area of reservoir4 ,c3 ,height of dam4 ,d3 ,length of dam4 ,e3 ,elevation of flow line4 ,f3 ,storage1 watershed4 ,g3 ,storage capacity4 ,h3 ,total cost4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,reservoir4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sq4 ,sq4 ,feet4 ,feet4 ,feet4,inches4,million mi4 mi4 c4f4 ,ramapo #adj #b4h #fe #a1gjj #bhj #e4e #a1gfh #ijj1jjj ,wanaque #hc #b4a #fj #a1bjj #bge #g4g #a1dia #a1jjj1jjj ,newfoundland #eb #a4h #dj #dcj #ghj #h #iff #a1hjj1jjj ,rockaway #aad #d4f #bh #dgj #ebj #f #a1efe #fjj1jjj ,millington #ef #ae4h #be #bbj #bde #ca #d1jfj #cgj1jjj ,great ,piece #ggc #cg #ba #a1ejj #agh4e #i;,c #h1iej #b1fbe1jjj ,mountain ,view #chj #ac4d #db #b1aej #bjb #h #g1bjj #c1cdj1jjj ,do4 #chj #ac4i #dd #b1chj #bjd #i #g1ijj #c1dfj1jjj ,do4 #chj #ad4c #df #b1dgj #bjf #aj #h1gjj #c1eij1jjj ,do4 #chj #ag4d #fj #c1jjj #bbj #ag #ae1jjj #e1bfj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote ,c3 ,including water discharged through fixed openings1 in a flood similar to that of ,october1 #aijc4 ,maximum discharge1 #ab1jjj cubic feet per second4 ,with the exception of the ,millington reservoir site where the cost of the dam is a small factor1 the elevation of flow line in the various reservoirs which determines the capacity was fixed so as to afford an approximate storage equal to a run-off of about #h inches from the drainage area above each dam site4 ,this amount is somewhat in excess of the run-off for the flood of ,october1 #aijc4 ,it was found impracticable on the ,rockaway reservoir site to provide for a storage greater than #f inches4 ,on the ,wanaque the amount which can be stored falls slightly under #h inches1 while on the ,ramapo it is possible to obtain only #e-a_/b inches1 by reason of the fact that with a greater storage capacity the slack water would reach into ,new ,york ,state4 ,the economical height for a dam at the lower end of the ,great ,piece ,meadow1 if such dam is provided with fixed discharge openings which will carry a maximum outflow of #ab1jjj cubic feet per second1 will provide a reservoir which will dispose of a run-off of #i inches on the drainage area above4 ,the following combinations of reservoir sites1 with their respective drainage areas1 proportional storage1 and estimated costs1 give the facts necessary for final deductions3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,drainage ,water ,equivalent ,site4 area4 collected4 area ,cost4 retarded4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,square miles4 ,inches4 ,square miles4 ,ramapo #adj #e4e #if4be #ijj1jjj ,wanaque #hc #g4g #hj #a1jjj1jjj ,pequanac #eb #h #eb #a1hjj1jjj ,rockaway #aad #f #he4e #fjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,total #chi #cac4ge #d1cjj1jjj ,ramapo #adj #e4e #if4be #ijj1jjj ,wanaque #hc #g4g #hj #a1jjj1jjj ,rockaway #aad #f #he4e #fjj1jjj ,millington #ef #ca #ef #cgj1jjj ,total #cic #cag4ge #c1hgj1jjj ,great ,piece #ggc #d4e #dce #b1fbe1jjj ,mountain ,view #chj #h #chj #c1cdj1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,the necessity to retard the flow of or provide storage for approximately #chj square miles of highland drainage area has been determined after careful study1 and there has been deduced an amount which may safely be expected to represent the maximum for the highest floods4 ,when the highland tributaries are sufficiently checked the natural storage on ,great ,piece ,meadow in its effect upon flood control becomes more apparent4 ,our investigations show that the holding back of the flood flow--that is1 #h inches run-off on approximately #chj square miles of flashy drainage area above ,great ,piece ,meadow--is necessary to reduce the discharge in the river through the city of ,paterson to #ad1jjj cubic feet per second for a flood similar to that of #aijc4 ,from the foregoing table1 in which different reservoir projects are compared1 it is seen that only the reservoirs designated as ,great ,piece and ,mountain ,view will fulfill the requirements within a reasonable limit of cost4 ,it is also shown that a combination of any other available sites would involve the expenditure of more money for their construction and the control of less tributary drainage area than is fulfilled by the demands of the ,passaic drainage basin4 ,we are therefore brought to the conclusion that only two of the projects above set forth will be effective4 ,first1 the construction of a regulating dam on the main stream above ,little ,falls1 which we have called the ,great ,piece ,meadow ,reservoir1 and second1 the building of a dam at ,mountain ,view across ,pompton ,river4 ,the relative cost of these reservoirs1 constructed for flood control exclusively1 is #b1fbe1jjj for that on ,great ,piece ,meadow and #c1cdj1jjj for the ,mountain ,view site4 ,details of these estimates are as follows3 ,estimate of cost of ,great ,piece ,reservoir1 dam at ,little ,falls4 ,elevation of flow line1 #agh4e feet4 ,storage and disposal of #i inches collected4,d ,earth excavation1 #ag1fjj cubic yards1 at #ce cents #f1afj ,rock excavation1 #h1hjj cubic yards1 at #b #ag1fjj ,rubble masonry1 #bi1ajj cubic yards1 at #e #ade1ejj ,ashlar masonry1 #a1hjj cubic yards1 at #ab #ba1fjj ,facework of rubble masonry1 #b1hej square yards1 at #a4ej #d1bge ,concrete masonry1 #bej cubic yards1 at #f #a1ejj ,slope paving1 #cjj cubic yards1 at #b #fjj ,crushed stone1 #aej cubic yards1 at #a4ej #bbe #fj-;inch cast-iron pipe in place1 #cfj tons1 at #ce #ab1fjj ,relocation of railroads1 ,erie1 #e miles1 at #bj1jjj2 ,delaware1 ,lackawanna and ,western1 #d4e miles1 at #dj1jjj #bhj1jjj ,relocation of highways #agj1jjj ,real estate3 ,above ,mountain ,view #ejj1jjj ,additional for village of ,singac #ajj1jjj #bb1jjj acres1 at #ej #a1ajj1jjj ---------- #b1cfj1jjj ,add for engineering and contingencies #bdj1jjj ---------- #b1fjj1jjj ,protection of pipe lines1 ,newark and ,jersey ,city #be1jjj ---------- #b1fbe1jjj ,the effectiveness of a reservoir built upon the lines proposed in the case of ,great ,piece ,meadow depends upon the adjustment of outflow so that the channel below will not be overborne1 while at the same time sufficient storage capacity is afforded to hold temporarily the water which enters above the dam in amount greater than the carrying capacity of the outflow apertures4 ,the dam across ,passaic ,river above ,little ,falls would be provided with apertures which would discharge #ab1jjj cubic feet per second under the maximum head in the storage basin4 ,as the flood rises these apertures would discharge a constantly increasing amount of water to the maximum1 and for a considerable time thereafter the maximum would be maintained1 the discharge decreasing after the flood according to the height of water remaining in the reservoir4 ,footnote ,d3 ,includes water discharged through fixed openings for a flood similar to that of ,october1 #aijc4 ,maximum flow1 #ab1jjj cubic feet per second4 ,estimated cost of ,mountain ,view ,reservoir4 ,elevation of flow line1 #bjb feet4 ,storage of #h inches on watershed4 ,earth excavation3 ,stripping dam base1 #hc1ejj cubic yards1 at #j4cj #be1jej ,core wall trench1 #bd1ijj cubic yards1 at #a #bd1ijj ,rock excavation1 #aj1ajj cubic yards1 at #b #bj1bjj ,rock fill in dam1 #aig1jjj cubic yards1 at #a4be #bdf1bej ,rubble masonry1 #bc1bjj cubic yards1 at #e #aaf1jjj ,concrete1 #cj1jjj cubic yards1 at #f #ahj1jjj ,gate chambers and tunnels #fe1jjj ,reconstruction of highways #adb1djj ,reconstruction of railroads #hae1jjj ,real estate #a1cfj1jjj ---------- #b1iid1hjj ,engineering and contingencies #cbe1bjj ---------- #c1cbj1jjj ,protection of ,newark pipe line #bj1jjj ---------- ,total cost #c1cdj1jjj ,same for elevation of flow line1 #bjd feet4 ,storage of #i inches on watershed4 ,earth excavation3 ,stripping dam base1 #he1bjj cubic yards1 at #j4cj #be1efj ,core wall trench1 #bf1jjj cubic yards1 at #a #bf1jjj ,rock excavation1 #aj1fjj cubic yards1 at #b #ba1bjj ,rock fill in dam1 #bad1jjj cubic yards1 at #a4be #bfg1ejj ,rubble masonry1 #bd1ejj cubic yards1 at #e #abb1ejj ,concrete1 #cj1ejj cubic yards1 at #f #ahc1jjj ,gate chambers and tunnels #fe1jjj ,reconstruction of highways #adb1djj ,reconstruction of railroads #hae1jjj ,real estate #a1dce1jjj ---------- #c1ajc1afj ,engineering and contingencies #ccf1hdj ---------- #c1ddj1jjj ,protection of ,newark pipe line #bj1jjj ---------- ,total cost #c1dfj1jjj ,the final recommendation of the committee involves the consideration of two projects for flood storage1 one on ,great ,piece ,meadow and the other above ,mountain ,view on the ,pompton4 ,in making such recommendations the committee is of the opinion that it must take into account matters of engineering policy with regard to future needs and contingencies1 as well as the bare necessities of the present4 ,if there were none other than the single problem of prevention the committee would advise the construction of the reservoir on ,great ,piece ,meadow by reason of its smaller probable cost and its equal efficiency4 ,it is plain1 however1 that there are many important features of public policy involved in the subject at hand4 ,population in the valley of the ,passaic is developing so rapidly that in only a few years the present sources of water supply will be inadequate4 ,the whole subject of water supply for northern ,new ,jersey demands immediate consideration1 and it would not be wise to take up the matter of prevention of flood damage in the ,passaic without basing the value of every project upon its adaptability for use in future water-supply needs4 ,by expending #b1fjj1jjj a great reservoir could be constructed upon ,great ,piece ,meadow which could not be adapted for any purposes except to regulate floods2 it would stand in season and out of season a huge feature of the valley and entirely useless and inoperative save on the occasion of high water4 ,however great might be the needs of the inhabitants of the ,passaic ,valley for a conserved water supply1 the construction on the meadows1 representing an enormous expenditure1 would furnish no solution of the problem4 ,it would admit of no enlargement for water-supply storage and would be available for no purpose except flood regulation4 ,when we consider the ,mountain ,view project1 however1 we find that as a measure for the prevention of flood damages it fulfills all the requirements and provides in addition all the possibilities and advantages demanded inevitably in the near future4 ,the ,mountain ,view site is an ideal one for the reservoir1 and its initial development for flood catchment does not involve the expenditure of a dollar that would be lost in the development of the basin to greater capacities for water supply4 ,from its lowest level1 at #bjb feet above tide1 to its maximum capacity1 at a level of #bbj1 there would be no depreciation4 ,every dollar spent in the initial construction would be effective in the maximum development4 ,the probable cost of ,mountain ,view reservoir1 estimated at #c1cdj1jjj1 exceeds that of ,great ,piece by #gjj1jjj4 ,it is realized that to many persons this margin may seem very wide4 ,let us consider briefly just what it really represents4 ,suppose1 for example1 that the ,great ,piece project is constructed at a cost of #b1fjj1jjj4 ,after the elapse of a few years it will be necessary to provide additional storage in the ,passaic highlands for water supply or the maintenance of water power4 ,the ,mountain ,view reservoir1 or its equivalent in capacity and cost1 will then be necessary4 ,the situation will then be as follows3 ,by constructing the ,great ,piece reservoir in preference to the ,mountain ,view for flood catchment1 #gjj1jjj would be saved4 ,we can consider that this amount might be expended to pay a part of the cost of additional conservation above referred to4 ,if1 on the other hand1 ,mountain ,view had been constructed1 there would have been paid on the final cost of conservance the sum of #c1cdj1jjj1 which1 as stated in previous pages1 would also have effected flood relief4 ,there would then be the difference between #b1fjj1jjj and #gjj1jjj1 or #a1ijj1jjj1 which represents the actual loss which would accrue by reason of the construction of ,great ,piece reservoir4 ,the engineering committee1 after presenting the merits of both ,great ,piece ,meadow and ,mountain ,view projects1 therefore recommends the adoption of the latter in spite of its greater cost1 because it is believed that in the end the construction of the ,great ,piece project would involve an expenditure not warranted by public economy or general expediency4 ,,general ,,conclusions4 #a4 ,great floods in the ,passaic ,basin arise only after a specially violent precipitation4 #b4 ,under present conditions floods may be expected at frequent intervals4 #c4 ,a part of the damage along the lower valley is the result of encroachments on the part of individuals and public and private corporations4 #d4 ,the channel in the lower valley may be improved at certain points by straightening it and judiciously making cut-offs4 #e4 ,without the construction of numerous levees the lower valley channel can not be made to carry great flood waters without damage4 #f4 ,immunity from floods can be effected only by the construction of catchment reservoirs in the highlands or levees in the lowlands4 #g4 ,levee construction would involve more damage than is now caused by floods1 and the cost thereof would be prohibitive4 #h4 ,flood catchment reservoirs may be constructed economically and provide storage to compensate for the dry-season flow1 thereby maintaining water power at ,paterson1 ,passaic1 and other points1 and providing for municipal water supply in the future4 ,,index4 ,arch street bridge1 ,paterson1 destruction of2 #bg ,beattie's dam1 flood flow at2 #af-ag flood period at2 #i view of2 #af ,bridges1 destruction of2 #bf-bg ,capacity of streams1 increase in2 #bh ,central ,basin1 damage in2 #bd flood in1 descent of2 #ad-ae ,charlotteburg1 rainfall at2 #aa1 #ab ,chatham1 flood period at2 #aj ,chester1 rainfall at2 #aa ,cranberry ,pond1 dam at1 failure of2 #bd ,damages1 discussion of2 #bc-bh ,darlington1 reservoir site at2 #cc ,dixons ,pond1 reservoir site at2 #cg ,dover1 rainfall at2 #aa1 #ab ,drought1 relation of rainfall to2 #ab ,dundee dam1 flood flow over2 #ag-bb flood flow over1 diagram showing2 #bj flood period at2 #i floods at1 comparison of1 figure showing2 #ah ,east ,jersey ,water ,company1 damage at pumping station of2 #be-bf ,elizabeth1 rainfall at2 #aa ,essex ,fells1 rainfall at2 #aa1 #ab ,flood1 descent of2 #ad-bb period of2 #i-aj prevention of2 #bh-dd ,flood damage1 plates showing2 #bf1 #bh ,floods1 general conclusions concerning2 #dd-de ,great ,passaic ,swamp1 reservoir site at2 #ch-ci ,great ,piece reservoir1 cost of1 estimate of2 #db ,greenwood ,lake1 use of2 #cd ,hanover1 rainfall at2 #aa ,hebrew quarter1 ,paterson1 devastation in1 plate showing2 #bh ,highland tributaries1 damages along2 #bc-be descent of flood in2 #ad-ae ,hotel1 wreck of1 plate showing2 #bf ,little ,falls1 dam at1 view of2 #af damage at2 #be-bf flood flow at2 #af-ag flood period at2 #i rainfall at2 #ab ,longwood ,valley1 reservoir site in2 #cg ,lower ,longwood1 reservoir site near2 #ch ,lower ,valley1 damage in2 #be-bh improvements in1 discussion of2 #bi-ca ,ludlum ,steel and ,iron ,company1 water front of2 #bd ,macopin dam1 flood flow at2 #ae-af flood period at2 #aj ,main street bridge1 ,paterson1 destruction of2 #bg ,midvale1 proposed reservoir near2 #cd ,mill district1 ,paterson1 effects of flood in1 plate showing2 #bf ,millington1 reservoir site near2 #ch-ci1 #dj ,mountain ,view1 reservoir site at2 #ca-cc1 #dj ,mountain ,view reservoir1 cost of1 estimate of2 #dc ,new ,york ,city1 rainfall at2 #aa1 #ac ,newark1 rainfall at2 #aa1 #ab1 #ac ,newark water department1 information furnished by2 #af ,newell1 ,f4 ,h41 letter of transmittal by2 #g ,newfoundland1 reservoir site near2 #cf1 #dj ,nigger ,pond1 dam at1 failure of2 #bd ,oakland1 reservoir site near2 #cd ,obstructions to flow of ,passaic ,river1 discussion of2 #bi-cj ,old ,boonton1 flood period at2 #aj ,passaic1 damage at2 #bg-bh inundated lands at1 plate showing2 #bh ,passaic ,basin1 reservoir sites in upper2 #ch-ci storage facilities in1 effect of2 #aa ,passaic ,river1 bridge over1 plate showing2 #bh flood flow of2 #ag-bb diagram showing2 #bj flood period on2 #aj floods on1 comparison of1 diagram showing2 #ah flow of1 obstructions to2 #bi-cj ,passaic ,valley1 rainfall in2 #aa1 #ab ,paterson1 damage at2 #bf-bg flood district of1 plate showing2 #bd flood-water lines in residence district of1 plate showing2 #af ,hebrew quarter in1 devastation in1 plate showing2 #bh mill district1 effects of flood in1 plate showing2 #bf rainfall at2 #aa1 #ab residence district1 flood-water lines in1 plate showing2 #af views in2 #af1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh ,pequanac ,basin1 reservoir sites in2 #ce-cf1 #dj1 #da ,pequanac ,river1 damage along2 #bd flood flow of2 #af flood period on2 #aj ,petersburg1 reservoir site near2 #cg ,plainfield1 rainfall at2 #aa ,pompton ,lake1 dry bed of1 plate showing2 #bd reservoir site at2 #cc-ce ,pompton ,lakes1 damage at2 #bd ,pompton ,lakes dam1 plate showing2 #bd ,pompton ,plains1 damage at2 #bd highest water at2 #aj ,pompton reservoir1 discussion of2 #ca-cc ,powerville1 reservoir site near2 #cg ,precipitation1 amount of2 #aa-ad ,prevention of floods1 discussion of2 #bh-de ,rainfall1 amount of2 #aa-ad relation of drought to2 #ab ,ramapo ,river1 damages along2 #bc-bd flood on1 time of2 #i ,ramapo ,valley1 reservoir sites in2 #cc-cd1 #dj1 #da ,reservoir sites1 comparison of2 #dj-dd ,reservoirs for preventing floods1 discussion of2 #bh1 #ca-dj ,residence district1 ,paterson1 flood-water lines in1 plate showing2 #af ,ringwood1 rainfall at2 #aa1 #ab ,ringwood ,creek1 reservoir site on2 #ce ,river street1 ,paterson1 view of2 #bf ,river ,vale1 rainfall at2 #aa1 #ab ,rockaway ,basin1 reservoir sites on2 #cg-ch1 #dj1 #da ,rockaway ,river1 flood period on2 #aj ,saddle ,river1 reservoir sites on2 #ci-dj ,sherrerd1 ,m4 ,r41 aid by2 #ae ,smith1 ,g4 ,w41 quoted on changes in channel at ,little ,falls2 #be ,south ,orange1 rainfall at2 #aa1 #ab ,splitrock ,pond1 reservoir site on2 #ch ,spruce street1 ,paterson1 washout at1 plate showing2 #bf ,stickle ,pond1 proposed reservoir at2 #cf ,stony ,brook1 reservoir site on2 #cg ,storage reservoirs for preventing floods1 discussion of2 #bh1 #ca-dj ,streams1 capacity of1 increase in2 #bh ,vermeule1 ,c4 ,c41 quoted on ,pompton reservoir2 #ca-cb ,wanaque ,basin1 reservoir sites in2 #cd-ce1 #dj1 #da ,west ,street ,bridge1 ,paterson1 destruction of2 #bf ,west ,brook1 reservoir site on2 #ce ,,publications ,,of ,,united ,,states ,,geological ,,survey4 ,the publications of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey consist of 7#a7 ,annual ,reports2 7#b7 ,monographs2 7#c7 ,professional ,papers2 7#d7 ,bulletins2 7#e7 ,mineral ,resources2 7#f7 ,water-,supply and ,irrigation ,papers2 7#g7 ,topographic ,atlas of ,united ,states1 folios and separate sheets thereof2 7#h7 ,geologic ,atlas of ,united ,states1 folios thereof4 ,the classes numbered #b1 #g1 and #h are sold at cost of publication2 the others are distributed free4 ,a circular giving complete lists may be had on application4 ,the ,bulletins1 ,professional ,papers1 and ,water-,supply ,papers treat of a variety of subjects1 and the total number issued is large4 ,they have therefore been classified into the following series3 ,a1 ,economic geology2 ,b1 ,descriptive geology2 ,c1 ,systematic geology and paleontology2 ,d1 ,petrography and mineralogy2 ,e1 ,chemistry and physics2 ,f1 ,geography2 ,g1 ,miscellaneous2 ,h1 ,forestry2 ,i1 ,irrigation2 ,j1 ,water storage2 ,k1 ,pumping water2 ,l1 ,quality of water2 ,m1 ,general hydrographic investigations2 ,n1 ,water power2 ,o1 ,underground waters2 ,p1 ,hydrographic progress reports4 ,the following ,water-,supply ,papers are out of stock1 and can no longer be supplied3 ,nos4 #a-ad1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb1 #bi-cc1 #df1 #eg-fd4 ,complete lists of series ,i to ,p follow4 7,,ws,water-,supply ,paper2 ,b,bulletin2 ,,pp,professional ,paper47 ,,series ,i--,,irrigation4 ,,ws #b4 ,irrigation near ,phoenix1 ,ariz41 by ,a4 ,p4 ,davis4 #ahig4 #ih pp41 #ca pls4 and maps4 ,,ws #e4 ,irrigation practice on the ,great ,plains1 by ,e4 ,b4 ,cowgill4 #ahig4 #ci pp41 #aa pls4 ,,ws #i4 ,irrigation near ,greeley1 ,colo41 by ,david ,boyd4 #ahig4 #ij pp41 #ba pls4 ,,ws #aj4 ,irrigation in ,mesilla ,valley1 ,new ,mexico1 by ,f4 ,c4 ,barker4 #ahih4 #ea pp41 #aa pls4 ,,ws #ac4 ,irrigation systems in ,texas1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,hutson4 #ahih4 #fh pp41 #aj pls4 ,,ws #ag4 ,irrigation near ,bakersfield1 ,cal41 by ,c4 ,e4 ,grunsky4 #ahih4 #if pp41 #af pls4 ,,ws #ah4 ,irrigation near ,fresno1 ,cal41 by ,c4 ,e4 ,grunsky4 #ahih4 #id pp41 #ad pls4 ,,ws #ai4 ,irrigation near ,merced1 ,cal41 by ,c4 ,e4 ,grunsky4 #ahii4 #ei pp41 #aa pls4 ,,ws #bc4 ,water-right problems of ,bighorn ,mountains1 by ,elwood ,mead4 #ahii4 #fb pp41 #g pls4 ,,ws #cb4 ,water resources of ,porto ,rico1 by ,h4 ,m4 ,wilson4 #ahii4 #dh pp41 #ag pls4 and maps4 ,,ws #dc4 ,conveyance of water in irrigation canals1 flumes1 and pipes1 by ,samuel ,fortier4 #aija4 #hf pp41 #ae pls4 ,,ws #gj4 ,geology and water resources of the ,patrick and ,goshen ,hole quadrangles1 ,wyoming1 by ,g4 ,i4 ,adams4 #aijb4 #ej pp41 #aa pls4 ,,ws #ga4 ,irrigation systems of ,texas1 by ,t4 ,u4 ,taylor4 #aijb4 #acg pp41 #i pls4 ,,ws #gd4 ,water resources of the ,state of ,colorado1 by ,a4 ,l4 ,fellows4 #aijb4 #aea pp41 #ad pls4 ,,ws #hg4 ,irrigation in ,india 7second edition71 by ,h4 ,m4 ,wilson4 #aijc4 #bch pp41 #bg pls4 ,the following papers also relate especially to irrigation3 ,irrigation in ,india1 by ,h4 ,m4 ,wilson1 in ,twelfth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,ii2 two papers on irrigation engineering1 by ,h4 ,m4 ,wilson1 in ,thirteenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,iii4 ,,series ,j--,,water ,,storage4 ,,ws #cc4 ,storage of water on ,gila ,river1 ,arizona1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott4 #aijj4 #ih pp41 #cc pls4 ,,ws #dj4 ,the ,austin dam1 by ,thomas ,u4 ,taylor4 #aijj4 #ea pp41 #af pls4 ,,ws #de4 ,water storage on ,cache ,creek1 ,california1 by ,a4 ,e4 ,chandler4 #aija4 #dh pp41 #aj pls4 ,,ws #df4 ,physical characteristics of ,kern ,river1 ,california1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,olmsted1 and ,reconnaissance of ,yuba ,river1 ,california1 by ,marsden ,manson4 #aija4 #eg pp41 #h pls4 ,,ws #eh4 ,storage of water on ,kings ,river1 ,california1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott4 #aijb4 #ajj pp41 #cb pls4 ,,ws #fh4 ,water storage in ,truckee ,basin1 ,california-,nevada1 by ,l4 ,h4 ,taylor4 #aijb4 #ij pp41 #h pls4 ,,ws #gc4 ,water storage on ,salt ,river1 ,arizona1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,davis4 #aijb4 #ed pp41 #be pls4 ,,ws #hf4 ,storage reservoirs of ,stony ,creek1 ,california1 by ,burt ,cole4 #aijc4 #fb pp41 #af pls4 ,,ws #hi4 ,water resources of ,salinas ,valley1 ,california1 by ,homer ,hamlin4 #aijc4--pp41 #ab pls4 ,the following paper also should be noted under this heading3 ,reservoirs for irrigation1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,schuyler1 in ,eighteenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,iv4 ,,series ,k--,,pumping ,,water4 ,,ws #a4 ,pumping water for irrigation1 by ,herbert ,m4 ,wilson4 #ahif4 #eg pp41 #i pls4 ,,ws #h4 ,windmills for irrigation1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,murphy4 #ahig4 #di pp41 #h pls4 ,,ws #ad4 ,tests of pumps and water lifts used in irrigation1 by ,o4 ,p4 ,hood4 #ahih4 #ia pp41 #a pl4 ,,ws #bj4 ,experiments with windmills1 by ,t4 ,o4 ,perry4 #ahii4 #ig pp41 #ab pls4 ,,ws #bi4 ,wells and windmills in ,nebraska1 by ,e4 ,h4 ,barbour4 #ahii4 #he pp41 #bg pls4 ,,ws #da4 ,the windmill2 its efficiency and economic use1 ,pt4 ,i1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,murphy4 #aija4 #gb pp41 #ad pls4 ,,ws #db4 ,the windmill1 ,pt4 ,,ii 7continuation of ,no4 #da74 #aija4 #gc-adg pp41 #ae-af pls4 ,,ws #ia4 ,natural features and economic development of ,sandusky1 ,maumee1 ,muskingum1 and ,miami drainage areas in ,ohio1 by ,b4 ,h4 ,flynn and ,m4 ,s4 ,flynn4 #aijd4--pp4 ,,series ,l--,,quality ,,of ,,water4 ,,ws #c4 ,sewage irrigation1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,rafter4 #ahig4 #ajj pp41 #d pls4 ,,ws #bb4 ,sewage irrigation1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,rafter4 #ahii4 #ajj pp41 #g pls4 ,,ws #gb4 ,sewage pollution near ,new ,york ,city1 by ,m4 ,o4 ,leighton4 #aijb4 #ge pp41 #h pls4 ,,ws #gf4 ,flow of rivers near ,new ,york ,city1 by ,h4 ,a4 ,pressey4 #aijc4 #ajh pp41 #ac pls4 ,,ws #gi4 ,normal and polluted waters in northeastern ,united ,states1 by ,m4 ,o4 ,leighton4 #aijc4 #aib pp41 #ae pls4 ,,series ,m--,,general ,,hydrographic ,,investigations4 ,,ws #ef4 ,methods of stream measurement4 #aija4 #ea pp41 #ab pls4 ,,ws #fd4 ,accuracy of stream measurements1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,murphy4 #aijb4 #ii pp41 #d pls4 ,,ws #gf4 ,observations on the flow of rivers in the vicinity of ,new ,york ,city1 by ,h4 ,a4 ,pressey4 #aijb4 #ajh pp41 #ac pls4 ,,ws #hj4 ,the relation of rainfall to run-off1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,rafter4 #aijc4 #ajd pp4 ,,ws #ha4 ,california hydrography1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott4 #aijc4 #dhh pp41 #a pl4 ,,ws #hh4 ,the ,passaic flood of #aijb1 by ,g4 ,b4 ,hollister and ,m4 ,o4 ,leighton4 #aijc4 #ef pp41 #ae pls4 ,,ws #ia4 ,natural features and economic development of the ,sandusky1 ,maumee1 ,muskingum1 and ,miami drainage areas in ,ohio1 by ,b4 ,h4 ,flynn and ,m4 ,s4 ,flynn4 #aijd4--pp4 ,,ws #ib4 ,the ,passaic flood of #aijc1 by ,m4 ,o4 ,leighton4 #aijd4--pp41 #g pls4 ,,series ,n--,,water ,,power4 ,,ws #bd4 ,water resources of ,state of ,new ,york1 ,pt4 ,i1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,rafter4 #ahii4 #ib pp41 #ac pls4 ,,ws #be4 ,water resources of ,state of ,new ,york1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 by ,g4 ,w4 ,rafter4 #ahii4 #ajj-bjj pp41 #ab pls4 ,,ws #dd4 ,profiles of rivers1 by ,henry ,gannett4 #aija4 #ajj pp41 #aa pls4 ,,ws #fb4 ,hydrography of the ,southern ,appalachian ,mountain region1 ,pt4 ,i1 by ,h4 ,a4 ,pressey4 #aijb4 #ie pp41 #be pls4 ,,ws #fc4 ,hydrography of the ,southern ,appalachian ,mountain region1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 by ,h4 ,a4 ,pressey4 #aijb4 #if-aij pp41 #bf-dd pls4 ,,ws #fi4 ,water powers of the ,state of ,maine1 by ,h4 ,a4 ,pressey4 #aijb4 #abd pp41 #ad pls4 ,,series ,o--,,underground ,,waters4 ,,ws #d4 ,a reconnaissance in southeastern ,washington1 by ,i4 ,c4 ,russell4 #ahig4 #if pp41 #g pls4 ,,ws #f4 ,underground waters of southwestern ,kansas1 by ,erasmus ,haworth4 #ahig4 #fe pp41 #ab pls4 ,,ws #g4 ,seepage waters of northern ,utah1 by ,samuel ,fortier4 #ahig4 #ej pp41 #c pls4 ,,ws #ab4 ,underground waters of southeastern ,nebraska1 by ,n4 ,h4 ,darton4 #ahih4 #ef pp41 #ba pls4 ,,ws #ba4 ,wells of northern ,indiana1 by ,frank ,leverett4 #ahii4 #hb pp41 #b pls4 ,,ws #bf4 ,wells of southern ,indiana 7continuation of ,no4 #ba71 by ,frank ,leverett4 #ahii4 #fd pp4 ,,ws #cj4 ,water resources of the lower peninsula of ,michigan1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,lane4 #ahii4 #ig pp41 #g pls4 ,,ws #ca4 ,lower ,michigan mineral waters1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,lane4 #ahii4 #ig pp41 #d pls4 ,,ws #cd4 ,geology and water resources of a portion of southeastern ,south ,dakota1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,todd4 #aijj4 #cd pp41 #ai pls4 ,,ws #ec4 ,geology and water resources of ,nez ,perces ,county1 ,idaho1 ,pt4 ,i1 by ,i4 ,c4 ,russell4 #aija4 #hf pp41 #aj pls4 ,,ws #ed4 ,geology and water resources of ,nez ,perces ,county1 ,idaho1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 by ,i4 ,c4 ,russell4 #aija4 #hg-ada pp4 ,,ws #ee4 ,geology and water resources of a portion of ,yakima ,county1 ,wash41 by ,g4 ,o4 ,smith4 #aija4 #fh pp41 #g pls4 ,,ws #eg4 ,preliminary list of deep borings in the ,united ,states1 ,pt4 ,i1 by ,n4 ,h4 ,darton4 #aijb4 #fj pp4 ,,ws #ei4 ,development and application of water in southern ,california1 ,pt4 ,i1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott4 #aijb4 #ie pp41 #aa pls4 ,,ws #fj4 ,development and application of water in southern ,california1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott4 #aijb4 #if-adj pp4 ,,ws #fa4 ,preliminary list of deep borings in the ,united ,states1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 by ,n4 ,h4 ,darton4 #aijb4 #fg pp4 ,,ws #fg4 ,the motions of underground waters1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,slichter4 #aijb4 #ajf pp41 #h pls4 ,b #aii4 ,geology and water resources of the ,snake ,river ,plains of ,idaho1 by ,i4 ,c4 ,russell4 #aijb4 #aib pp41 #be pls4 ,,ws #gg4 ,water resources of ,molokai1 ,hawaiian ,islands1 by ,waldemar ,lindgren4 #aijc4 #fb pp41 #d pls4 ,,ws #gh4 ,preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern ,idaho and southeastern ,oregon1 by ,i4 ,c4 ,russell4 #aijc4 #eb pp41 #b pls4 ,,pp #ag4 ,preliminary report on the geology and water resources of ,nebraska west of the one hundred and third meridian1 by ,n4 ,h4 ,darton4 #aijc4 #fi pp41 #dc pls4 ,,ws #ij4 ,geology and water resources of a part of the lower ,james ,river ,valley1 ,south ,dakota1 by ,j4 ,e4 ,todd and ,c4 ,m4 ,hall4 #aijd4--pp41 #bc pls4 ,the following papers also relate to this subject3 ,underground waters of ,arkansas ,valley in eastern ,colorado1 by ,g4 ,k4 ,gilbert1 in ,seventeenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,ii2 ,preliminary report on artesian waters of a portion of the ,dakotas1 by ,n4 ,h4 ,darton1 in ,seventeenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,ii2 ,water resources of ,illinois1 by ,frank ,leverett1 in ,seventeenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,ii2 ,water resources of ,indiana and ,ohio1 by ,frank ,leverett1 in ,eighteenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,iv2 ,new developments in well boring and irrigation in eastern ,south ,dakota1 by ,n4 ,h4 ,darton1 in ,eighteenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,iv2 ,rock waters of ,ohio1 by ,edward ,orton1 in ,nineteenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,iv2 ,artesian well prospects in ,atlantic ,coastal ,plain region1 by ,n4 ,h4 ,darton1 ,bulletin ,no4 #ach4 ,,series ,p--,,hydrographic ,,progress ,,reports4 ,progress reports may be found in the following publications3 ,for #ahhh-hi1 ,tenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,ii2 for #ahhi-ij1 ,eleventh ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,ii2 for #ahij-ia1 ,twelfth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,ii2 for #ahia-ib1 ,thirteenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,iii2 for #ahic-id1 ,bulletin ,no4 #aca2 for #ahie1 ,bulletin ,no4 #adj2 for #ahif1 ,eighteenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,iv1 ,,ws #aa2 for #ahig1 ,nineteenth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,iv1 ,,ws #ae1 #af2 for #ahih1 ,twentieth ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,iv1 ,,ws #bg1 #bh2 for #ahii1 ,twenty-first ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,iv1 ,,ws #ce-ci2 for #aijj1 ,twenty-second ,annual1 ,pt4 ,,iv1 ,,ws #dg-eb2 for #aija1 ,,ws #fe1 #ff1 #gf2 for #aijb1 ,,ws #hb-he4 ,correspondence should be addressed to ,,the ,,director1 ,,united ,,states ,,geological ,,survey1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4