,illum9at$                              
,manuscripts                            
,john ,bradley                          
,,brack5 ,,books                        
,,london     ,,cont5ts  ,,book ,i       
,,*apt] ,i  ,,introductory  ,:at is     
meant by art8--,! art faculty--,h[      
arti/s may be comp>$--,! aim (          
illum9ation--,di/9ction betwe5          
illum9ation & m9iature--,def9ition (    
illum9ation--,! fir/ m9iature           
pa9t]--,orig9 ( ! t]m m9iature--,ovid's 
allusion to 8 little book4  ,,*apt] ,,ii
  ,,vellum ,,& ,,o!r ,,mat]ials         
,diff]5ce betwe5 vellum & p>*m5t--,names
 ( diff]5t prep>ations--,! k9ds ( vellum
 mo/ priz$ = illum9at$ books--,!        
p>*em9]ie ( ! ,abbey ( ,cluny--,orig9 ( 
! t]m p>*m5t--,papyrus4  ,,*apt] ,,iii  
,,writ+  ,its diff]5t /yles--,orig9 (   
,we/]n alphabets--,v>i\s =ms (          
lett]s--,capitals1 uncials1 etc4--,texts
 us$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe--,=ms ( anci5t    
writ+s--,! roll1 or volume--,!          
codex--,tablets--,dipty*s1 etc4--,!     

squ>e book--,h[ diff]5t sizes ( books 7 
produc$4  ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,greek ,,&     
,,roman ,,illum9ation  ,! fir/ m9iature 
pa9t]--,! ,vatican ,v]gils--,me?ods (   
pa9t+--,orig9 ( ,*ri/ian art--,! ,vi5na 
,g5esis--,! ,dioscorides--,! ,byzant9e  
,revival4  ,,*apt] ,v  ,,byzant9e       
,,illum9ation  ,! rebuild+ ( ! city (   
,byzantium ! beg9n+ ( ,byzant9e         
art--,ju/9ian's fondness = build+ &     
spl5d\r--,description ( ,paul !         
,sil5ti>y--,sumptu\s g>m5ts--,!         
,gospel-book ( ,hormisdas--,*>act]i/ics 
( ,byzant9e "w--,comp>ative sc>city (   
examples--,rigidity ( ,byzant9e rules ( 
art--,p]iods ( ,byzant9e                
art--,examples--,monotony & lifelessness
 ( ! /yle4  ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,celtic      
,,illum9ation  ,e>ly liturgical books   
reflect ! ecclesia/ical art ( _!        
"t--,?is feature a cont9u\s *>act]i/ic (
 illum9ation d[n to ! late/             
times--,elem5ts ( ,celtic               
ornam5t--,gospels ( ,/4 ,*ad--,durham   
,gospels--,contra/ ( ,celtic &          

,byzant9e--,/4 ,columba--,book (        
,kells--,details ( its decoration4      
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,celtic                 
,,illum9ation--cont9u$  ,! ,iona        
,gospels--,contra/ ) ,roman &           
,byzant9e--,details--,treatm5t ( animal 
=ms--,col\r s*emes--,! ,gospel-book (   
,/4 ,columbanus--,t ( ,mael ,bri? ,mac  
,durnan--,! ,l9disf>ne                  
,gospels--,cumda*s--,o!r book-%r9es4    
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,semi-,,b>b>ic         
,,illum9ation                           
,visigo?ic--,m]ov+ian--,lomb>dic--,ext9c
tion ( classic art--,spl5did reign (    
,dagob]t--,/4 ,eloy ( ,noyon--,! ,libr>y
 ( ,laon--,natural ,hi/ory ( ,isidore ( 
,seville--,elem5ts ( contempor>y        
art--,details (                         
ornam5t--,symbolism--,luxeuil & ,monte  
,cass9o--,sacram5t>y (                  
,gellone--,prud5tius--,orosius--,value (
 ! ,sacram5t>y ( ,gellone4  ,,*apt] ,,ix
  ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,initial  ,!    
initial & initial p>agraph ! ma9 object 
( decoration 9 ,celtic                  

illum9ation--,/udy ( ! lett] ,l z an    
example--,! ,i ( ,9 pr9cipio & ! ,b (   
,beatus ,vir4  ,,*apt] ,x  ,,fir/       
,,engli% ,,/yles  ,transition f ,iona to
 ,l9disf>ne--,influ5ce ( ,franki%       
art--,! ,opus ,anglicum--,! ,w9*e/]     
s*ool & its *>act]i/ics--,:5ce          
obta9$--,me?od ( pa9t+--,examples--,:]e 
f\nd & describ$4  ,,*apt] ,,xi          
,,c>ol+ian ,,illum9ation  ,:y           
s-call$--,works to be consult$--,!      
,libr>y ( ,/4 ,gall--,rise & progress ( 
,c>ol+ian art--,acc\nt ( v>i\s          
,,mss4--,feature ( ! /yle--,gospels (   
,/4 ,s]n9--,! ,ada-,codex--,c5tres (    
production--,o!r spl5did examples--,!   
,alcu9 ,bible--,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,md>d ( 
,soissons4  ,,*apt] ,,xii  ,,mona/ic    
,,illum9ation  ,introductory--,mona/]ies
 & _! "w f ! six? to ! n9? c5tury--,!   
clau/ral s*ools--,alcu9--,w>nefrid &    
,!odulf--,cl]ics & mona/ics--,! ,gold5  
,age ( mona/icism--,! ,ord] ( ,/4       
,b5$ict--,ci/]cian h\ses--,o!r          
,ord]s--,progress ( writ+ 9 ,c>ol+ian   

times--,division ( lab\r4  ,,*apt]      
,,xiii  ,,mona/ic ,,illum9ation--cont9u$
  ,! copyi/--,gratuit\s lab\r--,la/     
words ( copyi/s--,disputes betwe5 ,cluny
 & ,citeaux--,! ,abbey ( ,cluny3 its    
gr&eur & influ5ces--,use ( gold & purple
 vellum--,! m influ5tial abbeys & _! "w 
9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,ne!rl&s4       
,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,,o?onian ,,illum9ation  
,dep>ture f ,c>ol+ian--,bird &          
s]p5t--,common use ( dracont9e =ms 9    
lett]-ornam5t--,influ5ce ( metal-"w on !
 =ms ( scroll-ornam5t--,! v9e-/em & its 
developm5ts--,introduction ( ,greek ta/e
 & fa%ion into ,g]many--,ci/]cian       
illum9ation--,! ,o?onian                
p]iod--,influ5ce ( wom5 z patronesses & 
practition]s--,g]man pr9cesses--,!      
,empress ,adelheid ( ,burgundy--,!      
,empress ,!ophano--,h5ry ,,ii4 & !      
,empress ,cunegunda--,bamb]g--,examples 
( ,o?onian art4  ,,*apt] ,,xv           
,,franconian ,,illum9ation  ,! lat]     
,saxon s*ools--,b]nw>d (                
,hilde%eim--,tuotilo & ,h>tmut ( ,/4    

,gall5--,portrait ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 9 ,,ms4 
#dj at ,muni*--,ne!rl&i% & o!r "w       
comp>$--,alleg$ det]ioration ( "w "u !  
,franconian ,emp]ors n true--,bad "* ( !
 elev5? c5tury z to art--,example to !  
contr>y4  ,,*apt] ,,xvi  ,,arti/ic      
,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,cloi/]  ,!        
,manual--,its discov]y--,its orig9 &    
cont5ts--,didron's translation--,!      
,comp5dium ( ,!ophilus--,its            
cont5ts--,engli% v]sion by              
,h5drie--,b5$ict9e & ,ci/]cian          
illum9ation--,h[ !y diff]--,"* ( mona/ic
 ar*itects & arti/s4  ,,*apt] ,,xvii    
,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,go?ic ,,illum9ation    
,g]many ! *ief p[] 9 ,europe 9 ! twelf? 
c5tury--,rise ( ,italian influ5ce--,!   
,emm]am ,,mss4--,coronation ( ,h5ry     
,,ii4--,! ,apocalypse--,! ,hortus       
,delici>um--,romanesque--,,ms4 ( ,h5ry !
 ,lion--,! ,ni$]mn/]                    
,gospels--,description ( ! ,,ms4--,rise 
( ,go?ic--,unc]ta9ty ( its orig9--,! _s 
( ! age4   ,,book ,,ii  ,,*apt] ,i  ,,! 
,,gold5 ,,age ,,( ,,illum9ation  ,!     

,go?ic _s--,a zeitgei/ n ! inv5tion ( a 
s+le arti/ nor ( a s+le c\ntry--,!      
?irte5? c5tury ! beg9n+ ( ! new         
/yle--,contra/ betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?1     
betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/1 m>k$ 9 ! "* (       
arti/ic leaf-"w--,gradual developm5t (  
,go?ic foliage--,! bud ( ! ?irte5?      
c5tury1 ! leaf ( ! f\rte5?1 & ! fl[] ( !
 fifte5?--,! ,freemasons--,illum9ation  
transf]r$ f ! mona/]y to ! lay          
work%op--,! ,psalt] ( ,/4               
,l\is--,*>act]i/ics ( ,fr5* ,go?ic      
illum9ation--,rise ( ! m9iature z a     
di/9ct feature--,guilds--,lay arti/s4   
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,rise ,,( ,,national     
,,/yles  ,! f\rte5? c5tury ! true ,gold5
 ,age ( ,go?ic illum9ation--,france !   
cradle ( o!r national /yles--,ne!rl&i%1 
,italian1 ,g]man1 etc4--,di/9ction (    
s*ools--,difficulty ( assign+ !         
prov5ance ( ,,mss4--,! reason = x--,,ms4
 9 ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 ,cambridge--,! 
,padua ,missal--,arti/s' names--,:5ce   
obta9$4  ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,fr5*          
,,illum9ation ,,f ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury

 ,,to ,,! ,,r5aissance  ,ivy-leaf &     
*equ]$ backgr\nds--,occasional          
introduction ( pla9 burni%$ gold--,reign
 ( ,*>les ,,vi4 ( ,france--,! ,dukes (  
,orleans1 ,b]ry1 & ,burgundy2 _!        
prodigality & f9e ta/e = ,,mss4--,*ri/9e
 de ,pisan & h] works--,description ( h]
 ,mutation ( ,=tune 9 ! ,p>is           
,libr>y--,! ,roman de la ,rose & ,cit   
des ,dames--,details ( ! ,fr5* /yle (   
illum9ation--,burgundian ,,mss41 ,h>l4  
#ddca--,roy4 #ae ,e4 #f--,! ,talbot     
,romances--,gradual approa* to ,flemi%  
on ! "o h& & ,italian on ! o!r4  ,,*apt]
 ,,iv  ,,engli% ,,illum9ation ,,f ,,!   
,,t5? ,,to ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury       
,organisation ( ! mona/ic               
scriptoria--,pr(essional outsid]s3 lay  
arti/s--,! :ole sometimes ! "w ( ! same 
practition]--,! ,w9*e/] ,abbeys ( ,/4   
,s)un's & ,hyde--,_! vicissitudes--,/4  
,alban's--,we/m9/]--,royal ,,ms4 #b ,a  
#bb--;,description ( /yle--,! ,t5ison   
,psalt]--,features ( ?is p]iod--,!      
,arundel ,psalt]--,hunt+ & %oot+ sc5es1 

& games--,*>act]i/ic pictures1          
grotesques1 & c>icatures--,que5 ,m>y's  
,psalt]--,rapid *anges "u ,ri*>d        
,,ii4--,royal ,,ms4 #b ,e4 #i--,_!      
cause4  ,,*apt] ,v  ,,! ,,s\rces ,,(    
,,engli% ,,fifte5?-,,c5tury             
,,illum9ation  ,attribut$ to !          
,ne!rl&s--,n altoge!r ,fr5*--,! home (  
,anne ( ,bohemia1 ,ri*>d ,,ii4's        
,que5--,c\rt ( ,*>les ,,iv4 at          
,prag--,bohemian ,art--,john (          
,luxemb\rg1 ,k+ ( ,bohemia--,! ,gold5   
,bull ( ,*>les ,,iv4--,m>riage ( ,ri*>d 
,,ii4--,! trans=mation ( ,engli% "w ow+ 
to ?is m>riage & ! arrival ( ,bohemian  
arti/s 9 ,engl&--,influ5ce ( ,que5 ,anne
 on ,engli% ,art &                      
,lit]ature--,depression caus$ by h]     
dea?--,exam9ation ( ,roy4 ,,ms4 #a ,e4  
#i & #b ,a4 #ah--,! ,gr&ison ,h\rs--,o!r
 ,,mss4--,introduction ( ,flemi% "w by  
,edw>d ,,iv4  ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,italian   
,,illum9ation  ,b>b>ic "* ( ,italian    
illum9ation 9 ! twelf? c5tury--,rav5na &
 ,pavia ! e>lie/ c5tres ( revival--,!   

,exultet--,la ,cava & ,monte ,cass9o--,!
 writ]s ( e>ly ,italian ,,mss4 n        
,italians--,9 ! e>ly f\rte5? c5tury !   
art is ,fr5*--,peculi>ities ( ,italian  
foliages--,! ,law ,books--,poems (      
,conv5evole da ,prato1 ! tutor (        
,petr>*--,celebrat$ patrons--,! ,laon   
,boe?ius--,! ,decretals1 ,in/itutes1    
etc4--,decretum ,gratiani1 o!r          
collections & ,,mss4--,/atuts du ,sa9t  
,esprit--,me?od ( pa9t+--,don           
,silve/ro--,! ,rationale (              
,dur&us--,nicolas ( ,bologna1           
etc4--,triumphs ( ,petr>*--,books at    
,san ,m>co1 ,flor5ce--,! ,br]a ,graduals
 at ,milan--,o!r ,italian               
collections--,examples ( diff]5t        
localities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--,places 
:]e ! be/ "w 0 done--,f9e ,neapolitan   
,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--,! :ite-v9e  
/yle sup]s$$ by ! classical r5aissance4 
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,g]man ,,illum9ation ,,f
 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,to ,,! ,,sixte5?       
,,c5tury  ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ,/upor ,mundi1
 & 8 ,,ms4 on hunt+--,! ,sicilian s*ool 

ma9ly ,s>ac5ic1 b a mixture ( ,greek1   
,arabic1 & ,lat9 ta/es--,! ,franconian  
,emp]ors at ,bamb]g--,*>les ( ,anj\--,! 
,h\se ( ,luxemb\rg at ,prag--,,mss4 9 ! 
,univ]sity ,libr>y--,! ,collegium       
,c>ol9um ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les             
,,iv4--,,mss4 at ,vi5na--,! ,w5zel      
,bible--,! ,welt*ronik ( ,rudolf v4 ,ems
 at ,/uttg>d--,wilhelm v4 ,oranse at    
,vi5na--,! ,gold5 ,bull--,v>i\s         
s*ools--,hilde%eim] ,pray]-book at      
,b]l9--,! ,nuremb]g s*ool--,!           
,glock5dons--,! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,p54        
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,ne!rl&i% ,,illum9ation
  ,:at is meant by ! ,ne!rl&s--,e>ly    
realism & /udy ( nature--,comb9ation (  
symbolism ) imitation--,ana*ronism 9    
design--,! value ( ! pictorial me?ods ( 
! old illum9ators--,! olde/ ,ne!rl&i%   
,,ms4--,h>l9da & ,r5ilda--,! nunn]y at  
,maas-,eyck--,description ( !           
,,ms4--,?omas  ,kempis--,! s*ool (      
,zwolle--,"* ( ! "w--,! use ( gre5      
l&scape backgr\nds--,! ,dukes (         
,burgundy--,ne!rl&i% arti/s--,no        

m9iatures ( ! ,van ,eycks or ,meml+ kn[n
 to exi/--,s*ools ( ,bruges1 ,gh5t1     
,lige1 etc4--,brussels ,libr>y--,spl5did
 ,ne!rl&i% ,,mss4 at ,vi5na--,g]>d      
,david & ! ,grimani ,brevi>y--,briti%   
,museum--,romance ( ! ,rose--,isabella  
,brevi>y--,grisailles4  ,,*apt] ,,ix    
,,! ,,fr5* ,,r5aissance  ,communication 
) ,italy--,r5aissance n sudd5--,orig9 ( 
! s*ools ( ,france & ,burgundy--,t\ra9e 
& its art--,f\quet--,br5tano            
,,mss4--,v]sailles ,livy--,muni*        
,boccaccio1 etc4--,p]ral &              
,b\rdi*on--,h\rs ( ,anne (              
,brittany--,poyet--,! s*ool (           
,fonta9ebleau--,/a9$ glass--,jean       
,c\s9--,g\ffi] ,heures--,briti% ,museum 
,(fices ( ,francis ,i4--,d9teville      
,(fices--,p>is ,heures de ,montmor5cy1  
,heures de ,d9teville1 etc4  ,,*apt] ,x 
,,spani% ,,& ,,portuguese ,,illum9ation 
,late p]iod ( ,spani%                   
illum9ation--,isidore (                 
,seville--,ar*ives at                   
,madrid--,b>celona--,tol$o--,madrid--,*o

ir-books ( ! ,escorial--,philip         
,,ii4--,illum9ators ( ! *oir-books--,!  
size & beauty ( ! volumes--,fray ,&rs de
 ,leon & o!r arti/s--,italian           
influ5ce--,giovanni ,batti/a ,scorza (  
,g5oa--,antonio de ,hol&a1 well-kn[n    
,portuguese m9iaturi/ 9 sixte5?         
c5tury--,8 son ,francesco--,! *oir-books
 at ,belem--,fr5* invasion--,missal (   
,gonalvez--,s&oval                      
,g5ealogies--,portuguese ,g5ealogies 9  
,briti% ,museum--,! ,/[e ,missal ( ,john
 ,,iii4  ,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,illum9ation    
,,s9ce ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+  ,!   
inv5tion ( pr9t+--,its v slight affect  
on illum9at+--,pref]5ce by ri* patrons =
 writt5 books--,"w produc$ 9 v>i\s      
cities 9 ! sixte5? c5tury--,examples 9  
,g]man1 ,italian1 & o!r cities1 & 9     
v>i\s public libr>ies up to ! pres5t "t4
  ,,manuscripts ,,t ,,may ,,be          
,,consult$  ,,bibliography              
,,illum9at$ ,,manuscripts               
,,book ,i     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,introductory
  ,:at is meant by art8--,! art         

faculty--,h[ arti/s may be comp>$--,!   
aim ( illum9ation--,di/9ction betwe5    
illum9ation & m9iature--,def9ition (    
illum9ation--,! fir/ m9iature           
pa9t]--,orig9 ( ! t]m m9iature--,ovid's 
allusion to 8 little book4   ,! desire =
 decoration is probably z old z ! human 
race4 ,nature1 ( c\rse1 is ! s\rce (    
beauty1 & ?is natural beauty affects    
some?+ )9 u :i* has or is ! faculty (   
reproduc+ ! cause ( its emotion 9 a     
mat]ial =m4 ,:e!r ! reproduction be su* 
z to appeal to ! eye or ! e> dep5ds on !
 ca/ ( ! faculty4 ,9 a mild or elem5t>y 
=m1 probably bo? ca/s ( faculty exi/ 9 e
 animat$ creature1 & especially 9 !     
human be+4  ,art be+ ! intellig5t       
repres5tation ( t quality ( beauty :i*  
appeals to any p>ticul> obs]v]1 :oev]   
ex]cises ! faculty ( su* repres5tation  
is an arti/4  ,greatness or o!rwise is  
simply ! measure ( ! faculty1 = 9       
,nature h]self !re is no re/riction4    
,!re is always en\gh ( beauty 9 ,nature 
to fill ! mightie/ capacity ( human     

g5ius4 ,arti/s1 !re=e1 are measur$ by   
comp>ison ) ea* o!r 9 ref]5ce to !      
fraction ( art :i* !y attempt to        
reproduce4  ,! art ( illum9ation does n 
aim at m ?an ! gratification ( ^? :o    
take pleasure 9 books4 ,its highe/      
ambition is to make books beautiful4    
,to "s p]sons1 p]haps1 all ord9>y books 
are ugly & di/a/eful4 ,probably !y are s
 to ! av]age s*oolboy4 ,h5ce ! laudable 
endeav\r among publi%]s ( s*ool-books to
 make !m attractive4 ,! desire t books  
%\ld be made attractive is ( great      
antiquity4 ,h[ f> back 9 ! _w's hi/ory  
we %\ld h to g to get 9 front ( x we _c 
v5ture to reckon4 ,! me?ods ( mak+ books
 attractive are num]\s & v>i$4 ,t to :i*
 we %all conf9e our att5tion is a r     
special "o4 ,bo? its processes & its    
results are peculi>4 ,m]e pictures or   
pretty ornam5tal lett]s 9 sweet col\rs &
 elegant draw+ d n con/itute            
illum9ation1 ?\gh !y d =m ess5tial      
contributions t[>ds x2 &1 inde$1 9 !    
sixte5? c5tury ! clev] practition]s :o  

wi%$1 9 bright col\rs1 to awak5 up ! old
 woodcuts us$ to call !mselves          
illum9i/s1 & ! old ,g]man books :i*     
taught h[ ! "w %\ld be done 7 call$     
,illum9ir b*]4 ,illum9i/s 7 n           
illum9ators4  ,9 ! twelf? c5tury :51 z  
f> z we "k1 ! ^w illum9ator 0 fir/      
appli$ to "o :o practis$ ! art ( book   
decoration1 x meant "o :o light$ up !   
page ( ! book ) bright col\rs & burni%$ 
gold4  ,^! processes sugge/ ! def9ition 
( ! art4 ,p]fect illum9ation mu/ conta9 
bo? col\rs & metals4 ,to ?is ext5t x is 
9 p]fect unison ) ! o!r m$ival art (    
h]aldry2 x might almo/ be call$ a       
tw9-si/]4  ,z an art x is mu* old] ?an  
its "n4 ,we f9d some?+ v l x ev5 among !
 anci5t ,egyptians1 = 9 ! ,l\vre at     
,p>is is a papyrus conta9+ pa9t+s (     
fun]al c]emonies1 execut$ 9 bright      
col\rs & t\*$ 9 its high lights )       
p5cill$ gold4 ,b aft] ?is = _m c5turies 
!re rema9s no record ( ! exi/5ce ( any  
su* art until j be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4    
,!n1 inde$1 we h m5tion ( a lady arti/  

:o pa9t$ a numb] ( m9iature portraits = 
! great biographical "w ( ! le>n$ ,v>ro4
 ,we mu/ c>efully obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t !re  
is a di/9ction betwe5 illum9ation & m]e 
m9iature pa9t+4 ,sometimes x is true t  
m9iatures--z e4g4 ^? ( ! e>ly ,byzant9e 
arti/s1 & aft]w>ds ^? ( ,we/]n          
,europe--7 f9i%$ ) t\*es ( gold to      
repres5t ! lights4 ,?is br\ght !m into !
 category ( illum9ations1 = :ile        
m9iatures may be execut$ )\t ! use (    
gold or silv]1 illum9ations may n4 ,!re 
are ?\s&s ( m9iatures t are n           
illum9ations4  ,at ! p]iod :5 illum9at+ 
0 at its be/ ! m9iature1 9 its mod]n    
s5se ( a little picture1 0 only j beg9n+
 to appe> z a noticeable feature1 & !   
gold 0 z freely appli$ to x z to !      
p5man%ip or ! ornam5t4 ,b su* is n !    
case ) m9iature pa9t+ g5]ally4  ,lala ( 
,cyzicus1 ! lady arti/ j ref]r$ to1 liv$
 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us ,cs>4 ,%e has ! hon\r
 ( be+ ! fir/ m9iaturi/ on record1 & is 
said to h produc$ excell5t portraits 9  
little1 especially ^? ( ladies1 on bo?  

vellum & ivory4 ,h] own portrait1       
repres5t+ h] engag$ 9 pa9t+ a /atuette1 
is /ill to be se5 among ! preci\s       
frescoes pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,naples4 
,! t]m m9iature1 n[ appli$ to ?is class 
( "w1 has be5 frequ5tly expla9$4 ,x is  
d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w m9ium1 or r$ pa9t1   
two pigm5ts be+ anci5tly kn[n by ?is    
"n--"o ! sulphide ( m]cury1 n[ kn[n also
 z v]milion1 ! o!r a lead oxide1 n[     
call$ r$ lead4 ,x is ! latt] :i* is     
g5]ally und]/ood z ! m9ium ( !          
illum9ators1 ?\gh bo? 7 us$ 9 manuscript
 "w4 ,! r$ pa9t 0 employ$ to m>k !      
initial lett]s or sections ( ! ,,ms4    
,its connection ) portraiture & o!r     
pictorial subjects on a small scale is  
entirely ow+ to its accid5tal confusion 
by ,fr5* writ]s ) _! own ^w mignon1 & s 
) ! ,lat9 m9us4 ,9 classical times1     
among ! ,romans1 ! m9iator 0 simply a   
p]son :o appli$ ! m9ium1 & _h no?+ to d 
) pictures or portraits at all1 b ) !   
writ+4 ,t ! rubrication ( titles1 h[ev]1
 0 some:at ( a luxury may be ga!r$ f !  

compla9t ( ,ovid :5 issu+ ! humble      
edition ( 8 v]ses f 8 lonely exile (    
,tomi3--           ,p>ve 7nec invideo7  
s9e me lib] ibis 9 urbem3           ,hei
 mihi quo dom9o non licet ire tuo4      
444444444444444444444444444             
,nec te purpureo vel5t vacc9ia succo    
,non e/ conv5i5s luctibus ille color4   
,nec titulus m9io1 nec c$ro c>ta notetur
           ,c&ida nec nigra cornua      
fronte g]as4#a                          
,tri/ia1 ,cl4 #a1 ,eleg4 #a4  #a ,g1    
little book1 nor d ,i =bid1--g )\t me   
into t city :]e1 alas6 ,i may ent] nev] 
m4444 ,nor %all :ortleb]ries adorn !e ) 
_! crimson juice2 t col\r is n suitable 
= lam5tations4 ,nor %all ?y title be    
m>k$ ) m9ium1 nor ?y leaf sc5t$ )       
c$>-oil4 ,nor %alt ?\ be> horns ( ivory 
or ebony ^u ?y front4  ,!re are _m      
allusions 9 ^! pa!tic l9es :i* w\ld be> 
annotation1 b space =bids4 ,! "o po9t is
 ! use ( m9ium4     ,,*apt] ,,ii        
,,vellum ,,& ,,o!r ,,mat]ials  ,diff]5ce
 betwe5 vellum & p>*m5t--,names (       

diff]5t prep>ations--,! k9ds ( vellum   
mo/ priz$ = illum9at$ books--,!         
p>*em9]ie ( ! ,abbey ( ,cluny--,orig9 ( 
! t]m p>*m5t--,papyrus4   ,z vellum is  
con/antly spok5 ( 9 connection )        
illum9ation & illum9at$ books1 x becomes
 necess>y to expla9 :at x is1 & :y x 0  
us$ in/ead ( pap]4  ,we (t5 f9d writ]s1 
:5 ref]r+ to anci5t docum5ts1 mak+ use (
 ! words p>*m5t & vellum z if ! t]ms 7  
synonym\s2 b ?is is n /rictly correct4  
,x is true t bo? are prep>$ f sk9s1 b ! 
sk9s are diff]5t4 ,!y are simil>1 b n ! 
same1 nor1 inde$1 are !y int]*angeable4 
,9 po9t ( fact1 ! sk9s ( almo/ all !    
well-kn[n dome/ic animals1 & ev5 (      
fi%es1 h be5 us$ = ! purpose ( mak+ a   
mat]ial = writ+ ^u4 ,specifically among 
! sk9s s prep>$ 7 ! foll[+3 ! ord9>y    
lambsk91 call$ aignell9us#b2 t prep>$ f 
/illborn lambs1 call$ virg9 p>*m5t4  #b 
,/rictly agnell9us4  ,f %eepsk9s 0      
produc$ ord9>y p>*m5t1 & also a sort (  
lea!r call$ basane or cordovan4 ,vellum 
0 produc$ f calfsk92 t ( ! /illborn calf

 be+ call$ ut]9e vellum1 & consid]$ !   
f9e/ & ?9ne/4 ,x is (t5 spok5 ( 9       
connection ) ! exquisitely writt5       
,bibles ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies z
 ( ! highe/ value4  ,besides ^! 7 !     
prep>$ sk9s ( ox51 pigs1 & asses2 b ^! 7
 *iefly us$ = b9d+s1 ?\gh occasionally =
 leaves ( acc\nt & o!r books liable to  
r\gh usage4  ,be=e ! t5? c5tury ! vellum
 us$ = ,,mss4 is highly poli%$1 & v :ite
 & f9e4 ,aft]w>ds x becomes ?ick & r\gh1
 especially on ! hair side4 ,9 !        
exam9ation ( c]ta9 ,,mss4 ! di/9ction ( 
hair side & smoo? side is ( importance 9
 c\nt+ ! ga!r+s s z to det]m9e !        
complet5ess1 or o!rwise1 ( a giv5       
volume4 ,t[>ds ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 
h[ev]1 ! vellum gradually rega9s its    
bett] qualities4  ,?us x may be se5 t ! 
diff]5ce betwe5 vellum & p>*m5t is n a  
m]e diff]5ce ( ?ickness2 = :ile1 9      
g5]al1 vellum is /\t] ?an p>*m5t1 !re is
 "s vellum :i* is ?9n] ?an "s p>*m5t4 ,n
 only are !y made f diff]5t k9ds ( sk91 
b ! vellum us$ = illum9at$ books 01 &   

/ill is1 prep>$ ) great] c>e ?an !      
p>*m5t us$ = ord9>y s*ool or college    
treatises1 or legal docum5ts4  ,!       
fabrication ( bo? p>*m5t & vellum 9 !   
,middle ,ages 0 q z important a matt] z 
t ( pap] at ! pres5t "t1 & c]ta9 mona/ic
 e/abli%m5ts _h a special reputation = !
 excell5ce ( _! manufacture4 ,?us !     
p>*em9]ie1 z x 0 call$1 ( ! ,abbey (    
,cluny1 9 ,france1 0 q celebrat$ 9 !    
twelf? c5tury4 ,"o reason probably = ?is
 celebrity 0 ! fact t ,cluny _h m ?an   
?ree hundr$ *ur*es1 colleges1 &         
mona/]ies among/ its dep5d5cies1 & !re=e
 _h ample opportunities = obta9+ ! be/  
mat]ials & le>n+ ! be/ me?ods 9 use     
?r\gh\t lit]>y ,*ri/5dom4 ,z to ! "n    
vellum1 x is directly ref]able to !     
famili> ,lat9 t]m = ! hide or pelt ( !  
%eep or o!r animal1 b specially appli$1 
z we h said1 to t ( ! calf1 ! writ+     
mat]ial ?us prep>$ be+ t]m$ *>ta        
vitul9a--9 ,fr5* vl91 & 9 mona/ic ,lat9 
& ,engli% vellum4  ,! "n p>*m5t _h q a  
diff]5t k9d ( orig94 ,x is an old /ory1 

f\nd 9 ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory 7bk4    
xiii4 *4 #gj71 t ! anci5t use or revival
 ( ! use ( p>*m5t 0 due to ! det]m9ation
 ( ,k+ ,eum5es ,,ii4 ( ,mysia or        
,p]gamos to =m a libr>y :i* %\ld rival  
^? ( ,alex&ria1 b t :5 he appli$ to     
,egypt = papyrus1 ! writ+ mat]ials !n 9 
use1 ,ptolemy ,epiphanes jeal\sly refus$
 to p]mit its exportation4 ,9 ?is       
difficulty ,eum5es1 we are told1 _h     
rec\rse to ! prep>ation ( %eepsk9s1 & t 
f ! place ( its inv5tion x 0 call$ *>ta 
p]gam5a4  ,pl9y & 8 au?ority1 h[ev]1 7  
bo? wrong 9 po9t ( hi/ory4 ,eum5es1 :o  
reign$ f ab\t #aig to #aeh ,b4,c41 0 n !
 inv5tor1 b ! re/or] ( its use 7see     
,h]odotus1 v4 #eh74 ,x 0 call$ 9 ,greek 
,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,mu,,greek     
,,small ,,lett] ,,epsilon,,greek ,,small
 ,,lett] ,,mu,,greek ,,small ,,lett]    
,,beta,,greek ,,small ,,lett]           
,,rho,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,alpha ,,)
 ,,tonos,,greek ,,small ,,lett]         
,,nu,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,alpha 7#b 
,tim4 iv4 #ac74  ,we may m5tion1 by !   

way1 t nei!r vellum nor p>*m5t are by   
any means ! olde/ mat]ials kn[n4 ,f>    
old]1 & m g5]ally us$ 9 ,italy1 ,greece1
 & ,egypt1 0 ! mat]ial :i* has giv5 u ! 
"n ( our commone/ writ+ mat]ial (       
to-day1 viz4 pap]4 ,! "n ( ?is old]     
mat]ial 0 papyrus 7,gr4 ,,greek ,,small 
,,lett] ,,pi,,greek ,,small ,,lett]     
,,alpha ,,) ,,tonos,,greek ,,small      
,,lett] ,,pi,,greek ,,small ,,lett]     
,,upsilon,,greek ,,small ,,lett]        
,,rho,,greek ,,small ,,lett]            
,,omicron,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,f9al 
,,sigma & ,,greek ,,small ,,lett]       
,,*i,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,alpha ,,) 
,,tonos,,greek ,,small ,,lett]          
,,rho,,greek ,,small ,,lett]            
,,tau,,greek ,,small ,,lett]            
,,eta,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,f9al     
,,sigma74 ,z a writ+ mat]ial x 0 kn[n 9 
,egypt f remote antiquity4 ,x 0 pl5tiful
 9 ,rome 9 ! "t ( ! ,cs>s1 & x cont9u$1 
bo? 9 ,grecian & ,roman ,egypt1 to be ! 
ord9>y mat]ial employ$ d[n to ! middle (
 ! t5? c5tury ( our era4 ,9 ,europe1    

too1 x cont9u$ 9 common use long aft]   
vellum _h be5 adopt$ = books1 ?\gh m    
especially = lett]s & acc\nts4 ,/4      
,j]ome m5tions vellum z an alt]native   
mat]ial 9 case papyrus %\ld fail 7,ep4  
vii471 & ,/4 ,augu/9e 7,ep4 xv47        
apologises = us+ vellum in/ead (        
papyrus4#c ,papyrus 0 also us$ 9 ! e>ly 
,middle ,ages4 ,examples1 made up into  
book-=m--i4e4 9 leaves1 ) sometimes a   
few vellum leaves among !m =            
/ability--are /ill extant4 ,among su*   
are "s sev5 or eight books 9 v>i\s      
,european libr>ies1 ! be/ kn[n be+ !    
,homilies ( ,/4 ,avitus at ,p>is1 !     
,antiquities ( ,josephus at ,milan1 & ! 
,isidore at ,/4 ,gall4  #c ,?ompson1    
,greek & ,lat9 ,palography1 p4 #cc4  ,& 
9 ! ,papal ,*anc]y papyrus appe>s to h  
be5 us$ d[n to a late date 9 pref]5ce to
 vellum4#d  #d ,?ompson1 op4 cit41 p4   
#cd2 ,aug4 ,mol9i]1 ,les ,manuscrits1   
,prlim42 ,lecoy de la ,m>*e1 ,les ,,mss4
 et la ,m9iature1 p4 #bd4  ,9 ,france   
papyrus 0 9 common use 9 ! six? & sev5? 

c5turies4 ,m]ov+ian docum5ts dat+ f #fbe
 to #fib are /ill pres]v$ 9 ,p>is4      
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,writ+  ,its diff]5t    
/yles--,orig9 ( ,we/]n alphabets--,v>i\s
 =ms ( lett]s--,capitals1 uncials1      
etc4--,texts us$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe--,=ms 
( anci5t writ+s--,! roll1 or volume--,! 
codex--,tablets--,dipty*s1 etc4--,!     
squ>e book--,h[ diff]5t sizes ( books 7 
produc$4   ,see+ t illum9ation grew     
orig9ally out ( ! decoration ( ! initial
 lett]s1 our next po9t to notice is !   
p5man%ip4 ,! alphabet :i* we n[ use is t
 =m]ly us$ by ! ,romans1 :o borr[$ x f !
 ,greeks1 :o 9 turn obta9$ x 7or _!     
modification ( x7 f ! ,pho5icians1 :o1  
la/ly x is said1 con/ruct$ x f t ( !    
,egyptians4 ,( c\rse1 9 ^! repeat$      
transf]s ! lett]s !mselves1 z well z !  
ord] ( !m1 und]w5t consid]able          
alt]ations4 ,) ^! we h "h no conc]n4    
,our alphabet1 i4e4 ! ,roman & its      
v>iations1 is q suffici5t = our /ory4 ,9
 ord] to %[ z cle>ly z may be ! v>ieties
 ( lett]+ & ! progress ( p5man%ip f     

classical times to ! revival ( ! old    
,roman1 lett]s 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 we   
(f] ! foll[+ synopsis1 :i* classifies & 
indicates ! developm5t ( ! diff]5t h&s  
us$ by writ]s & illum9ators ( ,,mss4 ,x 
is con/ruct$ on ! in=mation giv5 9      
,wailly's l>ge "w on ,palography1 & 9   
,dr4 de ,grey ,bir*'s book on ! ,utre*t 
,psalt]4 ,! =m] "w af=ds excell5t       
facsimiles1 :i*1 toge!r ) ^? giv5 9 !   
plates publi%$ by ! ,palographical      
,society1 w give ! /ud5t ! cle>e/       
possible ideas respect+ ^! anci5t       
h&writ+s4  ,omitt+ ! cursive or         
correspond5ce h&1 ! lett]s us$ by !     
,romans 7 ( f\r k9ds--capitals 7usually 
made angul> to be cut 9 /one71 ru/ic1   
uncials1 & m9uscules4  ,! r\nd$ capitals
 7 int5d$ to be us$ 9 p5work4 ,uncials  
diff] f capitals only 9 ! lett]s ,a1 ,d1
 ,e1 ,g1 ,m1 ,q1 ,t1 ,v1 = ! sake ( ease
 9 writ+4 ,x is said t ?is class (      
lett]s 0 fir/ call$ uncials f be+ made  
an in* 7uncia7 high1 b ?is is m]e       
tradition2 ! ^w is fir/ us$ on ,j]ome's 

preface to ! ,book ( ,job4 ,no uncials h
 ev] be5 f\nd measur+ m ?an five-eigh?s 
( an in* 9 height4  ,= ! assi/ance ( su*
 /ud5ts z may wi% = examples we mu/ ref]
 to c]ta9 ,,mss4 & reproductions 9 :i* !
 =ego+ h&s are exemplifi$4  ,,circa     
,,f\r? ,,c5tury4  ,capitals1 yet n pure4
   ,! ,vatican ,v]gil1 ,no4 #cbbe1      
?r\gh\t 7,bir*1 p4 #ad2 ,silve/re's     
,palographie univ]selle1 pl4 #gd74  ,)  
reg>d to ! relative antiquity ( capitals
 & uncials1 ,m4 de ,wailly obs]ves3 ,!  
titles 9 pure uncials1 b less ?an ! text
 itself1 give an excell5t index to !    
highe/ antiquity4 ,?is is v]ifi$ 9      
,,mss4 #aeb1 #bfcj1 #ajg ( ! ,bibl4 du  
,roi1 etc4 ,,mss4 ( ! sev5? or eigh?    
c5tury1 :e!r on uncial or demi-uncial1  
or any o!r lett]1 are nev] con/ant 9    
not+ ! title at ! top ( ! page1 or ! k9d
 ( writ+ w v>y1 or if uncials be        
con/antly us$1 ! titles w n be small]   
?an ! text4 ,^! v>iations become /ill   
great] 9 ! foll[+ c5turies4 ,! ornam5ts 
:i* relieve ! titles ( ea* page comm5ce 

ab\t ! eigh? c5tury 7i4 p4 #di ,c74     
,capitals & ,uncials4   ,! ,homilies (  
,/4 ,augu/9e 7,silve/re1 pl4 #gd74      
,augu/9e ,op]a1 ,p>is ,lib41 #aafda     
7,palograph4 ,soc41 pl4 #db1 #dc74      
,ru/ic4   ,! ,second ,vatican ,v]gil1   
,no4 #chfg 7,wailly1 pl4 #b71 call$ !   
,codex ,romanus4  ,,six? ,,c5tury4      
,ru/ic & ,uncial4   ,! ,montamiata      
,bible 7,bir*1 #ce2 ,wailly1 pl4 #b1    
#d74  ,ru/ic & ,m9uscule4   ,!          
,cambridge ,gospels 7,we/wood1          
,palograph4 ,sacra ,pictoria1 pl4 #de74 
,uncials4   ,gospels 9 ,brit4 ,mus4     
,add4 ,,ms4 #edfc4   ,p>is ,lib41       
,gregory ( ,t\rs 7,silve/re1 pl4 #hf74  
,vi5na ,imp4 ,lib41 ,livy 7,silve/re1   
pl4 #ge74   ,brit4 ,mus41 ,h>l4 #agge   
7,palograph4 ,soc41 pl4 #af74  ,,sev5?  
,,c5tury4  ,uncials & ,m9uscule4   ,!   
,/4 ,*ad's ,gospels 9 libr>y ( ,li*field
 ,ca!dral 7,palograph4     ,soc41 pl4   
#bj1 #ba1 #ce74  ,,n9? ,,c5tury4        
,capitals & ,m9uscules4   ,p>is ,lib41  
,bible ( ,*>les ! ,bald4  ,!re is       

sc>cely any?+ m difficult to judge ?an !
 true age ( squ>e capital ,,mss4 or (   
pure uncials4 ,ev5 ! ru/ic capitals1 l !
 fir/ ,vatican ,v]gil1 ,no4 #cbbe1 are  
extremely r>e4 ,! lett]s 9 ?is ,,ms4 are
 ab\t ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* high4      
,,texts ,,9 ,,use ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,europe  
,,be=e ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,*>lemagne4       
,lomb>dic4 ,! national h& ( ,italy4     
,f\nd$ on ! old ,roman cursive1 x does n
 atta9 to any great beauty until ! t5?  
or elev5? c5tury4 ,examples may be se5 9
 ,palographical ,society1 pl4 #ie1 & 9 !
 excell5t li?ographs publi%$ by ! monks 
( ,monte ,cass9o 7,paleografia arti/ica 
di ,monte ,cass9o1 ,longob>do-,cass9ese1
 tav4 xxxiv41 etc474 ,a v f9e example   
occurs 9 pl4 xv41 dat$ #ajhg-hh4 ,its   
*>act]i/ic lett]s are a1 e1 g1 t4       
,visigo?ic4 ,! national h& ( ,spa94     
,also f\nd$ on ! old ,roman cursive4 ,x 
becomes an e/abli%$ h& 9 ! eigh? c5tury1
 & la/s until ! twelf?4 ,examples occur 
9 ,ewald & ,loewe1 ,exempla ,scriptur   
,visigotic1 ,heidelb]g1 #ahhc4 ,x 0 at  

fir/ v rude & illegible1 b aft]w>ds     
became ev5 h&some4 ,a f9e example exi/s 
9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,palograph4 ,soc41 
pl4 #dh74 ,its *>act]i/ic lett]s are g1 
s1 t4  ,m]ov+ian4 ,! national h& (      
,france4 ,a h& made up *iefly ( loops & 
angles 9 a cramp$1 irregul> way4 ,its   
d]ivation ! same z ! prec$+4 ,9 ! sev5? 
c5tury x is all b illegible4 ,9 ! eigh? 
x is mu* bett]1 & almo/ easy to read4   
,celtic4 ,! national h& ( ,irel&4 ,x is 
f\nd$ on ! demi-uncial ,roman1 borr[$ z 
to type f ,,mss4 tak5 to ,irel& by      
mission>ies4 ,x is bold1 cle>1 & (t5    
beautiful1 l5d+ itself to "s ( ! mo/    
a/oni%+ feats ( p5man%ip ev] produc$4   
,su* are ! *ief v>ieties ( writ+ f\nd 9 
! ,,mss4 produc$ be=e ! great revival ( 
! arts & le>n+ :i* took place dur+ !    
reign ( ,*>les ! ,great 7,k>l d]        
,grosse71 kn[n famili>ly z ,*>lemagne4  
,watt5ba* 7,s*riftwes51 etc47 says t    
uncials date f ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,f
 examples /ill extant ( ! fif? & foll[+ 
c5turies1 x seems t :ile ! ,roman       

capitals 7 n uncommon1 9 ,celtic ,,mss4 
! =m g5]ally adopt$ 0 ! uncial4 ,x 0 !  
=m also usually *os5 = ornam5tation or  
imitation 9 ^? ,visigo?ic1 ,m]ov+ian1 or
 ,lomb>dic ,,mss41 :i* made su*         
rem>kable use ( fi%es1 birds1 bea/s1 &  
plants = ! con/ruction ( initial lett]s 
& pr9cipal words1 ( :i* we see s _m     
examples 9 ! elaborately illu/rat$      
,catalogue ( ! libr>y at ,laon by ,ed4  
,fleury1 & 9 t ( ,cambray1 by ,m4       
,durieux4 ,mo/ ( ^! pre-,c>ol+ian       
designs are b>b>\s 9 ! extreme1         
dreadfully clumsy 9 execution1 b !y     
ev9ce consid]able +5uity & a /rong      
pr$ilection = symbolism4  ,be=e conclud+
 ?is *apt] p]haps some?+ %\ld be said   
conc]n+ ! %ape ( books1 ?\gh ?is is a   
matt] some:at outside ! scope ( our     
prop] subject4 ,yet1 z ! brief          
digression w af=d an opportunity = !    
explanation ( c]ta9 t]ms us$ 9 ,,mss41  
we w avail ourselves ( x4  ,! anci5t =m 
( writ+ ^u sk9s & papyrus 0 t ( ! roll4 
,! ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 or ,greek t]ms =   

?is d n conc]n u1 b its ,lat9 "n 0      
volum51 some?+ roll$1 & f ?is we obta9  
our ^w volume4 ,su* words z explicit    
lib] primus etc41 :i* we (t5 f9d 9 e>ly 
,,mss41 ref] to ?is roll-=m2 explic>e 9 
,lat9 mean+ to unroll2 h5ce1 apropos ( a
 *apt] or book1 to f9i%4 ,:5 transf]r$  
to ! squ>e =m1 or codex1 x simply means1
 "h ends book fir/1 etc4  ,! mod]n book 
%ape fir/ came into use ) ! beg9n+ ( !  
,*ri/ian era "u ! "n ( codex4 ,"h x w be
 necess>y to expla9 t caudex1 codex1 9  
,lat91 meant a block ( wood1 & _h its   
humor\s by-s5ses among ! ,roman         
dramati/s1 z ! ^w block has among       
ourselves1 su* z blockhead4#e ,s        
caudicalis prov9cia 0 a jocul>          
expression = ! occupation (             
wood-splitt+4  #e ,t]5ce1 ,heautont41   
#e4 #a1 #d4  ,:e!r ! ^w _h orig9ally any
 connection ) cauda1 a tail1 is n "h    
wor? consid]+1 z if s1 x _h long lo/ !  
connection2 & :5 us$ to mean a book1 _h 
only ! s5se ( a bo>d1 or a numb] ( bo>ds
 f two upw>ds1 fa/5$ toge!r by means (  

r+s pass$ ?r\gh holes made 9 _! edges4  
,probably ! fir/ use 0 z pla9 smoo?     
bo>ds only2 examples ( su* are /ill 9   
exi/5ce4 ,!n ( bo>ds ?9ly cov]$ )1      
usually1 black wax4 ,a pair ( su*       
tablets1 wax-cov]$1 0 a common =m ( a   
,roman pocket-or memor&um-book4 ,x 0    
also us$ z a means ( convey+ messages1 !
 reply be+ return$ on ! same tablets4 ,!
 me?od 0 to write on ! wax ) a f9e-po9t$
 in/rum5t call$ a /yle1 ! rev]se end (  
:i* 0 flatt5$4 ,:5 ! p]son to :om !     
message 0 s5t _h read x1 he 7or %e7     
simply flatt5$ out ! writ+1 smoo!d x    
level1 & !n wrote ! reply on ! same wax4
 ,s*ool-*ildr5 did _! ex]cises on ^!    
tablets1 h\sewives & /ew>ds kept _!     
acc\nts on !m1 & on !m lit]>y p jott$   
d[n _! ideas z !y d n[ 9 _!             
pocket-books4 ,extant examples ( ^! e>ly
 books1 or tablets1 are fairly num]\s1 &
 may be se5 9 mo/ public museums4 ,a    
codex ( two leaves 0 call$ a dipty*2 (  
?ree1 a tripty*1 etc4 ,! codex =m 0 us$ 
= legal docum5ts1 wills1 conveyances1 & 

g5]al correspond5ce4 ,h5ce ! ,roman     
po/man 0 call$ a tabell>ius1 ! tablets  
conta9+ correspond5ce be+ ti$ ) a ?read 
or ribbon & seal$4 ,?is cu/om ( s5d+    
lett]s on tablets surviv$ = "s c5turies 
aft] ,augu/an times4 ,watt5ba* gives    
sev]al int]e/+ in/ances ( _! m$ival     
use4#f  #f ,s*riftwes51 #dh4  ,( c\rse  
:5 ! tablet gave place to ! codex ( sk9 
or pap]1 ! papyrus 0 too brittle &      
fragile = practical utility1 & examples1
 z we h se51 7 v r>e2 b vellum soon     
became popul>4 ,we may m5tion1 9 pass+1 
t ! papyrus roll gave u a ^w /ill 9 use 
9 diplomatics1 ! ^w protocol4 ,! fir/   
%eet ( a papyrus roll 0 call$ ! ,,greek 
,,small ,,lett] ,,pi,,greek ,,small     
,,lett] ,,rho,,greek ,,small ,,lett]    
,,omega,,greek ,,small ,,lett]          
,,tau,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,omicron  
,,) ,,tonos,,greek ,,small ,,lett]      
,,kappa,,greek ,,small ,,lett]          
,,omicron,,greek ,,small ,,lett]        
,,lamda,,greek ,,small ,,lett]          
,,lamda,,greek ,,small ,,lett]          

,,omicron,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,nu4  
,x usually conta9$ ! "n ( place & date (
 manufacture ( ! papyrus1 & 0 /amp$ or  
m>k$ ) ! "n ( ! gov]nm5t (fic] :o _h    
*>ge ( ! dep>tm5t4  ,9 ! vellum codex1  
?\gh ea* leaf might h only "o fold1 &   
?us te*nically be consid]$ z a folio1 ! 
actual %ape ( x 0 ne>ly squ>e1 h5ce its 
"n ( codex quadratus4 ,:5 o!r =ms (     
books1 su* z octavo1 duo-decimo1 etc41  
came into use1 x 0 9 consequ5ce ( !     
increas$ numb] ( fold+s4 ,! ga!r+s1     
orig9ally quat]nions or quires1 became  
diff]5t1 & ^? :o und]take to exam9e     
,,mss4 ) respect to _! complet5ess h to 
be famili> ) ! v>i\s me?ods4#g ,?is k9d 
( k1 h[ev]1 ?\gh useful1 is by no means 
ess5tial to ! /ory ( illum9ation4  #g   
,watt5ba*1 ,s*riftwes52 ,madan1 ,books 9
 ,manuscript1 etc4     ,,*apt] ,,iv     
,,greek ,,& ,,roman ,,illum9ation  ,!   
fir/ m9iature pa9t]--,! ,vatican        
,v]gils--,me?ods ( pa9t+--,orig9 (      
,*ri/ian art--,! ,vi5na ,g5esis--,!     
,dioscorides--,! ,byzant9e ,revival4    

,x has be5 already /at$ t ! e>lie/      
record$ m9iature pa9t] 0 a lady nam$    
,lala ( ,cyzicus 9 ! days ( ,augu/us    
,cs>1 days :5 ,cyzicus 0 to ,rome :at   
,brussels is to ,p>is1 or ,brighton to  
,london4 ,all h] "w1 z f> z we "k1 has  
p]i%$4 ,x 0 portraiture on ivory1       
probably mu* ! same z we see 9 !        
m9iature portraiture ( ! pres5t day4  ,b
 ?is 0 n illum9ation4 ,! k9d ( pa9t+    
employ$ 9 ! two ,vatican ,v]gils 01     
h[ev]1 some?+ approa*+ x4 ,^! two       
preci\s volumes conta9 relics ( ,pagan  
art1 b x is ! v art :i* 0 ! basis &     
prototype ( s-call$ ,*ri/ian art ( ^?   
e>lie/ examples f\nd 9 ! catacombs & 9 !
 fir/ liturgical books ( ,*ri/ian times4
  ,! m anci5t ( ! two ,v]gils ref]r$ to1
 ,no4 #cbbe1 :i* ,lab>te 7#bnd ed41 ii4 
#aeh7 ?9ks to be a c5tury old] ?an !    
o!r1 ,sir ,m4,d4 ,wyatt consid]$ z      
conta9+ "s ( ! be/ & mo/ int]e/+        
specim5s ( anci5t pa9t+ :i* h come d[n  
to u4 ,! design is free & ! col\rs      
appli$ ) good effect1 ! :ole pres5t+    

classical art 9 ! p]iod ( decl9e1 b be=e
 its f9al debasem5t4 ,:]eas 9 ! second  
,,ms41 ,no4 #chfg1 ! /yle1 ?\gh /ill    
classical1 is greatly debas$1 &         
probably1 9 addition to ?is1 by no means
 among ! be/ "w ( its "t4 ,x is describ$
 z r\gh1 inaccurate1 & h>%4 ,! me?od is 
( ! k9d call$ g\a*e1 i4e4 ! col\rs are  
appli$ ?ickly 9 successive c\*es or     
lay]s1 probably by means ( :ite ( egg   
dilut$ ) fig-tree sap1 & f9i%$ 9 ! high 
lights ) t\*es ( gold 7,palograph4      
,soc41 pl4 #aad1 #aag74 ,?is f9i%+ )    
t\*es ( gold br+s ! "w )9 ! range (     
illum9ation4 ,!re is1 inde$1 want+ !    
additional ornam5tation ( ! initial     
lett] :i* w\ld br+ x fully into ! class 
( m$ival "w2 b1 su* z x is1 x may fairly
 claim to be sugge/ive ( ! future art4  
,inde$1 c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! ,,ms4           
#cbbe--viz4 t ,zeus is always r$ & ,v5us
 fair1 t c]ta9 co/umes & col\rs ( drap]y
 are specially appropriat$--w\ld lead to
 ! supposition t ev5 !n !re exi/$ a code
 ( rules l ^? ( ! ,byzant9e ,guide1 & t 

!re=e ! art ow$ its orig9 to ! ,greeks4 
,betwe5 ?is ,,ms4 & ! fir/ kn[n ,*ri/ian
 book "w !re may h be5 _m t h n[ p]i%$1 
& :i*1 _h !y rema9$1 w\ld h m>k$ !      
transition m gradually4 ,b ev5 z !y /&  
!re is no appreciable diff]5ce betwe5 ! 
e>lie/ monum5ts ( ,*ri/ian art & ^? ( ! 
p]iod :i* prec$$ !m4 ,nor %all we f9d   
any break1 any di/9ct />t on new        
pr9ciples4 ,x is "o cont9u\s s]ies (    
processes--! gradual *ange ( me?ods gr[+
 out ( exp]i5ce alone--n ow+ to any     
*ange ( religion or ! adoption ( a new  
set ( !ological op9ions4 ,( c\rse we    
%all f9d t = a v long "t ! prepond]ance 
( illum9at$ ,,mss4 w be t[>ds liturgical
 works2 & we %all also f9d t :]e !      
cont5ts ( ! ,,ms4 are ! same ! subjects 
tak5 = illu/ration are also select$     
accord+ to "s fix$ & well-kn[n set (    
rules4 ,we %all see ! explanation ( ?is 
by-&-by4  ,! fir/ example ( a ,*ri/ian  
illum9at$ ,,ms4 is "o conta9+ portions (
 ! ,book ( ,g5esis 9 ,greek pres]v$ 9 ! 
,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,vi5na4 ,x is a m]e 

fragm5t1 only tw5ty-six leaves ( purple 
vellum--t is1 be>+ ! imp]ial /a9--yet x 
conta9s eighty-eight pictures4 ,we call 
!m m9iatures1 b we mu/ rememb] t by     
m9iator a ,roman booksell] w\ld n und]/&
 :at we call a m9iaturi/2 &1 z we h     
said1 ! ^w illum9ator 0 n !n kn[n4  ,?is
 ,vi5na ,g5esis is n introduc$ among    
illum9at$ books1 !re=e1 because ( its   
m9iatures--pictures we pref] to call    
!m--b because ! text is ne>ly all writt5
 9 gold & silv] lett]s4 ,! pictures1    
accord+ to ! ,greek mann]1 are plac$ 9  
little squ>e frames4 ,!y 7 execut$1 no  
d\bt1 by a pr(essional pa9t]1 n )\t     
te*nical skill & n hamp]$ by mona/ic    
re/rictions4 ,! symbolism :i* und]lies  
all e>ly art is "h %[n 9 ! allegorical  
figures 7su* z we %all meet ) aga9 9    
lat] ,byzant9e "w71 :i* are introduc$ to
 int]pret ! sc5e4 ,we see ! same ?+ 9 ! 
catacombs4 ,be+ a relic ( great         
importance1 ?is ,g5esis codex has be5   
(t5 describ$ & examples giv5 ( its      
pictures4 ,( c\rse1 9 a little manual l 

! pres5t we _c pret5d to exhibit !      
lit]ature ( our subject4 ,we c sc>cely d
 m ?an ref] ! read] to a s+le s\rce4 ,9 
?is case p]haps we _c d bett] ?an s5d ! 
inquir] to ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum 
at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4  ,if we select ano!r  
,,ms4 ( ?is e>ly p]iod x is ! "o :i* may
 be said to be ! olde/ exi/+ ,,ms4 9 :i*
 ! ornam5tation is wor?y ( z mu* notice 
z ! pictures4 ,we ref] to ! ,collection 
( ,treatises by ,greek physicians on    
plants1 fi%+1 ! *ase1 & k9dr$ matt]s 9 !
 same libr>y z ! ,g5esis fragm5t4 ,x    
goes "u ! "n ( ,dioscorides1 :o 0 "o ( !
 au?ors1 & dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! six?    
c5tury4 ,! ,g5esis is a c5tury old]4    
,engrav+s f ! ,dioscorides are giv5 9   
,lab>te's ,arts indu/riels1 etc41 pl4   
#gh1 & 9 ,l\&re's ,arts somptuaires1    
etc41 i41 pl4 #b1 #c4  ,en\gh has be5   
said on ^! e>li] c5turies to %[ q cle>ly
 ! "* ( ! art kn[n z ,e>ly ,*ri/ian4 ,x 
is simply a cont9uation ( su* art z _h  
exi/$ f classical times1 & _h1 9 fact1  
pass$ f ! ,greeks1 :o 7 arti/s1 to !    

,romans1 :o 7 r>ely bett] ?an imitators4
 ,x is c>ri$ on to ! p]iod :5 x aga9 is 
n\ri%$ by ,greek ideas 9 ! ,lat]        
,empire1 & once m atta9s di/9ction 9 !  
spl5did revival ( art "u ! ,emp]or      
,ju/9ian4  ,,note4--,julius ,capitol9us1
 9 8 ,life ( ! exquisite ,emp]or        
,maxim91 junior1 m5tions t ! emp]or's   
"m#h made him a pres5t ( a copy ( !     
poems ( ,hom]1 writt5 9 gold5 lett]s on 
purple#i vellum4 ,?is is ! e>lie/       
record$ in/ance ( su* a book 9 ,*ri/ian 
times4 ,its date w\ld be ab\t #bce      
,a4,d4  #h ,qudam p>5s sua4  #i         
,purpureos libros4     ,,*apt] ,v       
,,byzant9e ,,illum9ation  ,! rebuild+ ( 
! city ( ,byzantium ! beg9n+ ( ,byzant9e
 art--,ju/9ian's fondness = build+ &    
spl5d\r--,description ( ,paul !         
,sil5ti>y--,sumptu\s g>m5ts--,!         
,gospel-book ( ,hormisdas--,*>act]i/ics 
( ,byzant9e "w--,comp>ative sc>city (   
examples--,rigidity ( ,byzant9e rules ( 
art--,p]iods ( ,byzant9e                
art--,examples--,monotony & lifelessness

 ( ! /yle4   ,! signal ev5t :i* gave    
bir? to m$ival illum9ation1 or r to !   
ideas :i* 7 !reby conc5trat$ ^u !       
production ( magnific5t books1 0 !      
rebuild+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,palace & !       
,basilica ( ,con/ant9e1 h5ce=w>d to be  
kn[n z ! ,*ur* ( ,sancta ,sophia1 or !  
,div9e ,wisdom1 at ,byzantium4 ,!       
,emp]or ,ju/9ian _h be5 reign+ six ye>s 
:5 a t]rific fire1 caus$ by ! conflicts 
betwe5 ! v>i\s s$itions1 call$ ,circus  
factions1 ( ! "t1 almo/ entirely de/roy$
 n only 8 own palace & ! great ,*ri/ian 
*ur* adjo9+ x1 b ! city ( ,con/ant9ople 
itself4 ,s important a s*eme (          
recon/ruction _h probably nev] be5 =c$  
^u a gov]nm5t s9ce ! great fire 9 ,rome 
"u ,n]o4 ,ju/9ian1 ^: e>ly tra9+ _h be5 
( ! mo/ economical k9d1 & ^: disposition
 seem$ to be r incl9$ to p>simony ?an   
extravagance1 n[ came out 9 8 true "*4  
,= v>i\s reasons he _h hi!rto /udi\sly  
conceal$ 8 ma/]-passion2 b ?is          
cata/rophe ( ! fire1 :i* seem$ at fir/ s
 disa/r\s1 0 really a /roke ( =tune4 ,x 

af=d$ ! hi!rto frugal sov]eign ! *ance  
he _h long wait$ = ( sp5d+ )\t /9t !    
ho>d$ sav+s ( 8 two mis]ly pr$ecessors1 
& gratify+ 8 own ta/es = magnific5t     
ar*itecture & spl5d\r ( app>el4  ,n only
 ,asia1 ) its weal? ( gold & gems1 b all
 ! kn[n _w capable ( supply+ mat]ial = !
 recon/ructions1 7 call$ ^u1 & ivory1   
m>bles1 mosaics1 lamps1 c5s]s1 c&elabra1
 *alices1 ciboria1 crosses1 furniture1  
fitt+s1 pictures--9 %ort1 ev]y?+ t 8 own
 ta/e & ! exp]i5ce ( f\r or five ( !    
able/ ar*itects ( ! "t c\ld             
sugge/--adm9i/]$ to ! gorge\s1 !        
unspeakable spl5d\r ( ! new edifices &  
_! furniture4  ,paul ! ,sil5ti>y1 an    
eye-witness ( ! :ole proce$+1 has left a
 description 9 v]se1 & ! accurate ,du   
,fresne 9 prose1 :i* enable u easily to 
trace h[ ! ,roman city ( ,con/ant9e     
became trans=m$ into ! semi-ori5tal     
,byzantium ( ,ju/9ian4 ,dur+ ! two      
c5turies :i* _h elaps$ s9ce ! days ( !  
fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or _m =eign luxuries  
_h f\nd _! way into ! ,ea/]n capital4   

,byzant9e jewell]y & ,byzant9e silks 7  
already fam\s4 ,! patt]ns on ! latt] 7 n
 m]ely floral or geometrical1 b         
f\r-foot$ animals1 birds1 & sc5es f     
outdoor sports =m$ "p ( ! embelli%m5t1  
:i*1 !re=e1 mu/ h tak5 ! place occupi$ 9
 lat] times by ! tape/ries ( ,arras &   
,fonta9ebleau4  ,hi!rto ! ,byzant9es _h 
import$ _! silks f ,p]sia4 ,aft] !      
rebuild+ ( ! ,basilica1 ,ju/9ian        
introduc$ silk-culture into ,greece4 ,! 
g>m5ts ridicul$ by ,a/]ius1 ,bi%op (    
,amasia1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 7 repeat$ 9 ! 
six? c5tury4 ,:5 m51 says he1 appe> 9 ! 
/reets ?us dress$1 ! pass]s-by look at  
!m z at pa9t$ walls4 ,_! clo!s are      
pictures :i* little *ildr5 po9t out to  
"o ano!r4 ,! sa9tli] sort we> lik5esses 
( ,*ri/1 ! ,m>riage ( ,galilee444&      
,laz>us rais$ f ! dead4  ,on ! robe ( ! 
,empress ,!odora--! wife ( ,ju/9ian1 :o 
is %[n 9 "o ( ! mosaics ( ,/4 ,vitale at
 ,rav5na z pres5t+ ri* gifts to t       
*ur*--!re is embroid]$ "w along ! bord]1
 %[+ ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi4 ,!odora pia

 0 "o among ! _m rles play$ by t        
all-accompli%$ actress2 b ?is seems to h
 be5 aft] h] dea?4 ,l ,lucrezia ,borgia1
 p]haps1 %e 0 bett] ?an h] reputation4  
,) su* surr\nd+s liturgical books c\ld n
 h exi/$ )\t %>+ 9 ! univ]sal luxury (  
enri*m5t4 ,&1 9 po9t ( fact1 we /ill h  
records ( su* books4 ,:ile ,ju/9ian     
reign$ 9 ,byzantium x happ5$ t          
,hormisdas1 a native ( ,fros9one1 0     
,pope ( ,rome4 ,he 0 a zeal\s eradicator
 ( h]esy 7especially ( ! ,euty*ian &    
,mani*an71 & 9 recognition ( 8 s]vices 9
 ?is direction ! ,greek ,emp]or1 ) 8    
?anks1 s5t him a great ,gospel-book     
ri*ly decorat$1 no d\bt1 ) ^? spl5did   
,eusebian canons & portraits ( !        
,evangeli/s1 ! l ( :i* we see 9 !       
,byzant9e examples /ill pres]v$ at      
,p>is1 9 ,london1 & else:]e4 ,plates (  
beat5 gold1 /udd$ ) gems1 =m$ ! cov]s ( 
! ,gospel-book ( ,hormisdas4  ,nor 0 ?is
 sumptu\s volume ! only1 or ev5 a r>e1  
example ( its k9d4 ,we read t ! art (   
book decoration _h become a fa%ionable  

craze4 ,no exp5se 0 sp>$ 9 ! se>* =     
co/ly mat]ials4 ,col\rs 7 import$ f     
,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,spa91 includ+        
v]milion & ultram>9e1 :ile ! r5[n$      
,byzant9e gold ink 0 manufactur$ f      
import$ ,indian gold4 ,p]sian           
calligraph]s _h taught its use afre% to 
! ,byzant9e scribes4  ,if1 z we may     
believe1 ! fir/ object ( ! ,roman       
m9iatores 0 di/9ctness comb9$ ) beauty1 
we may n[ believe t ! object ( !        
,byzant9e scribes 0 spl5d\r4 ,! progress
 _h be5 f m]e *eirography to            
calligraphy2 n[ x 0 f calligraphy to    
*rysography & arguriography4  ,?is      
employm5t ( gold & silv] inks may be    
look$ ^u z ! fir/ /ep 9 ! art (         
illum9ation z practis$ 9 ! ,middle      
,ages4 ,& ! prelim9>y to ! use (        
metallic inks 0 att5tion to ! t9t ( !   
vellum4 ,! pione]s 9 ?is c>e] ( luxury  
no d\bt _h obs]v$ t v :ite vellum       
fatigu$ ! eye4 ,h5ce1 at fir/1 !y t9t$  
or /a9$ x ) saffron1 on "o side at lea/1
 sometimes on bo?4 ,once begun1 ! t9t+ (

 ! vellum ext5d$ to o!r col\rs4 ,= works
 ( ! highe/ rank ! fav\rite 0 a f9e     
purple1 ! imp]ial col\r ( ! ,roman &    
,greek emp]ors4 ,= *rysography1 or      
gold-writ+1 ! t9t 0 ne>ly :at we call   
crimson4 ,= arguriography1 or           
silv]-writ+1 x became ! blui% hue we    
call grape-purple4 ,on ! cool$ purples  
v]milion ink 0 us$ in/ead (1 or toge!r  
)1 ! gold or silv]4 ,z ! usage began ) !
 ,greeks1 we may be sure t x came       
orig9ally f ,asia4  ,! ,emp]or ,n]o1    
once hav+ he>d t an ,olympic ,ode (     
,p9d> 9 lett]s ( gold 0 laid up 9 "o ( !
 temples at ,a!ns1 desir$ t c]ta9 v]ses 
( 8 own %\ld be simil>ly writt5 &       
d$icat$ on ! ,alt> ( ,jupit] ,capitol9us
 at ,rome4 ,?is 0 an imp]ial luxury     
sev]al times repeat$ by o!r pr9ces4     
,aft] ! (ficial e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity
 x became a common practice to h !      
great] liturgical books execut$ 9 ! same
 co/ly fa%ion4 ,& betwe5 ! "t (         
,con/ant9e & t ( ,basil ! ,mac$onian _m 
a burn+ homily 0 direct$ aga9/ ! cu/om1 

d5\nc$ z a s9ful extravagance1 :i* no   
d\bt x 01 b 9 va9 until ! fa%ion _h worn
 itself out4  ,x might fairly be        
expect$1 ?is be+ ! case1 t _m examples (
 ?is k9d ( codex w\ld /ill be 9 exi/5ce4
 ,b ow+ to w>1 fire1 robb]y1 & o!r      
mis=tunes b v few rema94 ,"o ( ! olde/ &
 f9e/ is ! s-call$ ,codex ,arg5teus1 or 
,silv]-book1 n[ kept at ,upsala1 9      
,sw$51 conta9+ portions ( ! ,gospels ( !
 ,msogo?ic ,bi%op ,ulfilas4 ,orig9ally !
 effect ( ! /amp$ or burni%$ silv] on ! 
ri* purple ( ! vellum mu/ h be5 v       
spl5did1 b n[ ! action ( ! air has      
black5$ x1 z x has done 9 _m o!r        
in/ances :]e silv] 0 us$ 9 illum9ation4 
,ev5 gold w ga!r t>ni%1 & 9 sev]al su*  
,,mss4 has turn$ ( a ru/y r$4 ,gold ink 
0 n inv>iably conf9$ to t9t$ vellum2 x 0
 (t5 us$ on ! pla9 gr\nd4 ,! copy ( !   
,old ,te/am5t 9 ,greek1 pres5t$ by !    
high prie/ ,eleaz> to ,k+ ,ptolemy      
,philadelphus1 0 a roll ( f9e :ite      
vellum1 ^u :i* ! text 0 writt5 9 lett]s 
( gold4  ,to ent] ^u ! antiquities (    

,greek palography w\ld lead u too f> f  
our track 9 view ( ! brevity ( our      
pres5t survey4 ,we !re=e ) "s reluctance
 turn f ?is int]e/+ topic to our m      
imm$iate subject4 ,we may rem>k1 h[ev]1 
t ! great majority ( ,greek ,,mss4 are  
writt5 on vellum4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury are
 f\nd in/ances ( :at is call$ *>ta      
bombyc9a1 or cotton-pap]1 appe>+ m      
pl5tifully 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 b on !    
:ole vellum is ! *ief mat]ial (         
,byzant9e illum9at$ books4 ,mu* has be5 
said ab\t ! want ( life & total lack (  
v>iety ( treatm5t 9 ?is s*ool ( art4 ,to
 a v great ext5t ! *>ge is j1 yet x c\ld
 sc>cely be o!rwise4 ,! "o circum/ance  
:i* compell$ ,byzant9e "w to rema9 s    
long z if ca/ 9 "o unalt]able m\ld1 &   
?us to diff] s /rangely f t ( ,we/]n    
arti/s1 0 due to ! fact t 9 v e>ly      
,*ri/ian times ! scribes & illum9ators 7
 enroll$ into a m9utely organis$        
corporation orig9at+ prim>ily 9         
mona/icism1 b by no means conf9$ to !   
mona/ic ,ord]s4 ,lay guilds exi/$1 !    

regulations & me?ods ( :i* 7 rigid      
beyond mod]n belief4 ,s t1 z a class1   
,byzant9e art has acquir$ ! reputation (
 a s\lless adh]5ce to me*anical rules & 
prec$5ts1 depriv+ x ( orig9ality & ev5 (
 individuality1 & !re=e exclud+ !       
remote/ sc9tilla ( arti/ic g5ius4 ,( !  
great cr[d ( examples ( ord9>y "w ?is   
may be true1 b x c]ta9ly is n true ( !  
be/1 by :i* x has ! "r to be judg$1 z we
 %all see f ! examples ref]r$ to        
by-&-by4 ,c]ta9ly !re is "o invaluable  
p>ticul> 9 :i* ,greek ,,mss4 are sup]ior
 to ^? ( ! ,we/1 ,lat9 or o!rwise4 ,t   
is1 !y are mu* m frequ5tly sign$ ) !    
names1 localities1 & dates ( ! copyi/s &
 illum9ators4  ,x w be "s help t[>ds our
 k ( ?is s*ool if we divide its exi/5ce 
into *ronological sections or p]iods4   
#a4 ,f pr-,*ri/ianity to ! ,age (       
,ju/9ian1 i4e4 d[n to ! ye> #ece4       
7,ju/9ian reign$ f #ebf to #efd47  ,?is 
p]iod m>ks ! decad5ce ( anci5t art1 b   
c>ries ) x ! *>act]i/ics & me?ods ( !   
anci5t ,greek pa9t]s4  #b4 ,f ! ,age (  

,ju/9ian to ! ,iconocla/ic p>alysis (   
art "u ,leo ,,iii4 ! ,isaurian1 i4e4    
#efd to #gbf4 7,leo reign$ f #gag to    
#gda47  ,dur+ ?is p]iod va/ numb]s (    
illum9at$ liturgical books 7 de/roy$ =  
religi\s or fanatical reasons1 j z 9 our
 own ,cromwellian times numb]s ( ,hor1  
,missals1 etc41 7 de/roy$ z papi/ical & 
sup]/iti\s4  ,?is ,edict ( #gbf did n   
absolutely put an end to all art 9      
,,mss4 ,x only _h ! effect ( exclud+    
images ( ,god1 ,*ri/1 & ! sa9ts1 z 9    
,arabian & ,p]sian ,,mss41 leav+ ! arti/
 ! free use ( fl[]s1 plants1 & l9e      
ornam5t1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,mohamm$an    
arabesques4  #c4 ,f ,leo ,,iii4 to !    
,empress ,ir5e1 :o re/or$ ! wor%ip (    
images 9 "p1 i4e4 f #gda to #ghe4 7,ir5e
 rul$ f #ghj to #hja47  ,?is 0 a p]iod (
 /agnation1 ?\gh by no means ( ext9ction
 ( art4  #d4 ,f ,ir5e to ,basil ,i4 !   
,mac$onian1 i4e4 f #hja to #hfg4  ,a    
half-c5tury & m ( rapid r5aissance to ! 
mo/ brilliant epo* ( ,byzant9e art s9ce 
! "t ( ,ju/9ian1 if n ! z5i? ( ! s*ool4 

,basil ,i4 0 a great build]--build+1 9  
fact1 0 8 rul+ passion--s t x may be    
said t he took ,ju/9ian = 8 model bo? z 
a rul] & z a patron ( ! arts4 7,he      
reign$ f #hfg to #hhf47  #e4 ,f ,basil !
 ,mac$onian to ! ,fall ( ,con/ant9ople1 
i4e4 f #hhf to #adec4  ,all[+ = a few   
fla%es ( expir+ skill 9 v>i\s reigns1   
?is may be consid]$ z a p]iod ( gradual 
b c]ta9 decl9e to a /ate worse ?an dea?1
 = ?\gh ! monks ( ,greek & ,russian     
conv5ts /ill kept up ! execution (      
,,mss41 x 0 only ) ! drie/ & mo/        
lifeless adhesion to ! ,manual4 ,?is    
s-call$ art /ill exi/s1 b m l a         
magnetis$ corpse ?an a liv+ ?+4         
,examples ( ! fir/ p]iod are seldom met 
)4 ,we h "o signal specim5 9 ! ,briti%  
,museum ,add4 ,,ms4 #eaaa1 be+ two      
leaves only ( a ,gospel-book1 & conta9+ 
"p ( ! ,eusebian canons1 or             
cont5ts-tables ( ! ,f\r ,gospels1 etc4  
,! "w is attribut$ to ! "t ( ,ju/9ian   
himself4 ,x is ( ! k9d already ref]r$ to
 z probably af=d+ ! model ( "w to ! e>ly

 illum9ators ( ,france & ,irel&1 & z be+
 l ! ,gospel-book ( ,hormisdas & ^?     
br\ght to ,engl& by ,augu/9e 9 #eif4    
,ano!r example ( ! same ,eusebian canons
 is f\nd 9 ,roy4 ,,ms4 #a ,e4 vi4  ,( ! 
f\r? p]iod--i4e4 ! n9? c5tury--p]haps ! 
mo/ typical example is ! ,m5ologium 7a  
sort ( comp\nd ( a cal5d> & lives ( !   
sa9ts71 n[ 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y 7,,ms4  
,gr4 #afac74 ,?is ,,ms4 %[s t ! revival 
"u ,basil ! ,mac$onian 0 a return n to  
,roman1 b to anci5t ,greek art1 ! facial
 types be+ ( ! pure/ classical "*4      
,illu/ration3 ,,evang4 ,,gr,,ca #f,,?   
,,c5t4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4 ,,ms4 #eaaa1  
fol4 #ac  ,illu/ration3 ,,evang4        
,,gr,,ca #i,,? ,,c5t4 ,brit4 ,mus4      
,burney ,,ms4 #ai fol4 #a v4  ,9 "s ( !m
 we see ! horizontal fr[n ( ! ,hom]ic   
h]oes 7,,greek ,,small ,,lett]          
,,sigma,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,upsilon
 ,,) ,,tonos,,greek ,,small ,,lett]     
,,nu,,greek ,,small ,,lett]             
,,omicron,,greek ,,small ,,lett]        
,,phi,,greek ,,small ,,lett]            

,,rho,,greek ,,small ,,lett]            
,,upsilon,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,f9al 
,,sigma ,,greek ,,capital ,,lett]       
,,omicron,,greek ,,small ,,lett]        
,,delta,,greek ,,small ,,lett]          
,,upsilon,,greek ,,small ,,lett]        
,,sigma,,greek ,,small ,,lett]          
,,sigma,,greek ,,small ,,lett]          
,,epsilon,,greek ,,small ,,lett]        
,,upsilon,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,f9al 
,,sigma71 & ( ! ,georgian & ,arm5ian    
races %[n 9 ! features ( ! ,emp]or      
,johannes ,ducas4 ,we h1 too1 ! l>ge    
,h]a- l eye ) its my/ic gaze1 :i*1 9    
lat] ,byzant9e "w1 becomes fir/ a gaze (
 l(ty indiff]5ce1 z 9 ! portraits ( !   
emp]ors & empresses1 & la/ly a /ony &   
expressionless />e2 /ill1 if possible1 m
 /ony & gl>+ :5 transf]r$ to ,celtic &  
,c>ol+ian ,gospel-books4 7,see *apt] on 
,c>ol+ian ,illum9ation47  ,( ?is f\r?   
p]iod we might inde$ po9t to _m         
examples4 ,"o mu/ suffice4 ,x is !      
beautiful ,greek ,psalt]1 n[ at ,p>is   
7,,ms41 p4 #aci71 conta9+ lovely        

examples ( antique design1 includ+      
rem>kable p]sonifications or allegorical
 figures4 ,9 ?is ,,ms4 is "o ( ! mo/    
graceful p]sonifications ev] pa9t$1 t ( 
,night1 ) h] veil ( gauze /udd$ ) />s   
float+ ov]head4 ,! sev5 pictures f !    
,life ( ,david are among ! be/ ev] put  
into a ,,ms4 ,b p]sonification is c>ri$ 
to an extreme4 ,?us ! ,r$ ,sea1 !       
,jordan1 ,riv]s1 ,m\nta9s1 ,night1      
,dawn1 etc41 are all repres5t$ z p]sons4
 ,! draw+s are really beautiful & !     
illum9at$ initials & g5]al ornam5t 9    
good ta/e4  ,= o!r examples ! read] may 
consult ! ,briti% ,museum ,cat4 (       
,addit4 ,,mss41 #ahda-e1 p4 #hg2 also   
,du ,somm]>d1 ,les ,arts au ,moy5-ge1   
tom4 v41 #ahdf1 pp4 #ajg1 #afb-h1 &     
album1 #b;e sr4 pl4 xxix41 #h;e sr4 pl4 
xii4-xvi4  ,x is noticeable 9 ^!        
,byzant9e pictures t :ile ! figure-pa9t+
 is (t5 really excell5t1 ! design       
skilful1 & ! pose natural1 ! l&scape1   
trees1 etc41 are q symbolic & fanciful4 
,! pa9t]s seem to h be5 utt]ly ignorant 

( p]spective4 ,build+s1 too1 )\t any    
reg>d to relative proportion1 are col\r$
 m]ely z p>ts ( a col\r s*eme4 ,!y are  
p9k1 pale gre51 yell[1 violet1 blue1 j  
to please ! eye4 ,t ! pa9t] _h a sy/em (
 col\r-h>mony is pla91 b he paid no     
reg>d to ! facts ( city life1 unless1   
inde$1 x 0 ! practice ( ! m$ival        
,byzant9es to pa9t ! outside ( _! h\ses 
9 ?is truly brilliant /yle4 ,possibly !y
 did s2 we h simil> ?+s 9 ,italy ev5    
n[adays4  ,no d\bt ! ,fr5* illum9ators (
 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies drew f ^! 
s\rces bo? _! p]spective & _!           
ar*itectural col\r+4 ,z = ornam5tal     
illum9ation1 ! pr9cipal me?od (         
decoration 0 a squ>e head+1#aj p]haps   
includ+ a semicircul> ar* sweep+ ov]    
sev]al arcades1 ! corn]s & wall-space   
be+ occupi$ ei!r ) arabesque patt]ns1   
%[+ !m to be aft] ! "t ( ,leo ,,iii41 or
 ) scrolls ( l9e-ornam5t enri*$ )       
acan?us foliages4 ,"u ?is ! scribe has  
plac$ 8 title4  #aj ,x has be5 ?\ght to 
repres5t ! ,greek ,,greek ,,small       

,,lett] ,,pi1 & to mean ,,greek ,,small 
,,lett] ,,pi,,greek ,,small ,,lett]     
,,upsilon ,,) ,,tonos,,greek ,,small    
,,lett] ,,lamda,,greek ,,small ,,lett]  
,,eta1 a gate or door4  ,illu/ration3   
,,c>v$ ,,ivory ,,cov] ,,lat9 ,,psalt]   
,,( ,,mellis5da #ab,,? ,,c5t4 ,brit4    
,mus4 ,eg]t4 ,,ms4 #aaci  ,illu/ration3 
,,codex ,,aur5s 7,,gold5 ,,gospels ,,(  
,,a!l/an7 ,c4 #hce ,brit4 ,mus4 ,h>l4   
,,ms4 #bghh1 fol4 #agf  ,o!r examples h 
a squ>e frame fill$ ) ! latt] k9d (     
scrolls & foliages1 leav+ a sort ( op5  
panel 9 ! c5tre1 9 :i* is plac$ a small 
sc5e ( sacr$ hi/ory or p]haps ( c\ntry  
life4 ,sometimes ! title1 9 gold5       
lett]s1 is surr\nd$ ) m$allions conta9+ 
heads ( ,*ri/ & ! ,virg91 apo/les1 &    
sa9ts4 ,! peculi> int]lac+ b&s ( violet1
 yell[1 rose1 blue1 etc41 :i* are /ill  
(t5 se5 9 ,russian ornam5t1 are also    
features ( ^! ,byzant9e ,,mss42 b mo/ ( 
all is ! lavi% use ( gold4 ,p]haps !    
fact mo/ to be rememb]$ ab\t ^! ,,mss4  
is t ! pa9t]s ( !m work$ 9 a mann] t 0  

absolutely fix$ & rigid1 ! rules ( :i*  
are laid d[n 9 a manual call$ ! ,guide  
to ,pa9t+1 a "w :i* has be5 translat$ by
 ,m4 ,didron4  ,s fix$ & unalt]able1    
inde$1 is ! mann] t !re is absolutely no
 diff]5ce to indicate relative antiquity
 betwe5 a ,,ms4 ( ! elev5? c5tury & "o (
 ! sixte5? or ev5 lat]1 we might almo/  
say1 ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! matt] (       
sa9t-images ?is is /rictly true4        
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,celtic ,,illum9ation    
,e>ly liturgical books reflect !        
ecclesia/ical art ( _! "t--,?is feature 
a cont9u\s *>act]i/ic ( illum9ation d[n 
to ! late/ times--,elem5ts ( ,celtic    
ornam5t--,gospels ( ,/4 ,*ad--,durham   
,gospels--,contra/ ( ,celtic &          
,byzant9e--,/4 ,columba--,book (        
,kells--,details ( its decoration4   ,9 
! e>li] c5turies ( ,*ri/ianity1 :5      
liturgical books 7 ! *ief occupation ( !
 illum9ator1 x w ne$ little po9t+ out to
 demon/rate t ! page ( ! illum9at$      
manuscript1 :]e x conta9$ m ?an ! m]e   
ornam5tal initial1 0 simply a mirror ( !

 ar*itectural decoration ( ! *ur* 9 :i* 
x 0 int5d$ to be us$4 ,:]e ! *ur*       
enri*m5ts consi/1 z on ! ,byzant9e      
basilicas1 ( panell+s1 arcades1 &       
tympana ( gild$ sculpture 9 wood or     
/one1 ) figures ( sa9ts1 ! pages ( !    
,gospel-book be> simil> designs4 ,:]e1 z
 9 ! ,romanesque1 !y are ri* 9 mosaics1 
& frett$ arcades int]lac+ ea* o!r1 s are
 ! illum9at$ ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 !       
,m5ologia1 ,psalt]s1 & ,gospel-books4   
,:]e1 z 9 ! ,go?ic ca!drals ( ! ,we/--( 
,france1 ,g]many1 or ,italy--! /a9$     
glass is ! /rik+ feature ( ! int]ior1 s 
x is ) ! illum9ation2 x is a vitrail--a 
glass-pa9t+ on vellum4 ,on ?is latt]    
po9t we %all h m to say :5 we rea* !    
p]iod ( ,go?ic illum9ation4             
,incid5tally1 also1 ! book reflects !   
m9or arts 9 vogue at ! p]iod ( its      
execution4 ,(t5 9 ! illum9ation we may  
detect ^! popul> local indu/ries4 ,we   
see mosaic enamell+1 wood-& /one-c>v+1 &
 lacqu]-"w1 & z we approa* !            
,r5aissance1 ev5 gem-cutt+ & ! delicate 

craft ( ! m$alli/4 ,9 ,v5ice & !        
,ne!rl&s we h ! local ta/e =            
fl[]-culture2 9 ,g]many we f9d sculpture
 9 wood & /one2 9 ,france ! productions 
( ! enamell] & ! goldsmi?2 until at     
l5g?1 9 ! full blaze ( ! ,r5aissance    
itself1 we h 9 almo/ e l& ! same        
v>ieties ( enri*m5t practis$ accord+ to 
its own special /yle ( "w4  ,x has be5  
said t ! olde/ ,celtic illum9at$ ,,mss4 
%[ no signs ( classic1 or ev5 ,byzant9e1
 influ5ce1 yet ! plan or framework ( !  
designs makes use bo? ( ! cross & ! ar*1
 z us$ 9 ! e>lie/ ,byzant9e examples4 ,!
 details1 inde$1 are q diff]5t1 &       
manife/ly d]iv$ f indig5\s s\rces4 ,x   
may be1 !re=e1 t ! framework is m]ely a 
geometrical co9cid5ce :i* c\ld n well be
 avoid$4 ,! fact t ! basis ( pure ,iri% 
ornam5t is geometrical1 & develop$ out (
 ! prehi/oric & b>b>\s art ( ! savages  
:o prec$$ ! ,celts 9 ,irel&2 su* art z  
is us$ on ! c>v$ %afts ( spe>s1 & o>s1 &
 /aves ( hon\r1 & aft]w>ds on /one      
crosses & metal-"w1 may acc\nt = !      

simil>ity ( ideas 9 ornam5t develop$ by 
old ,roman decorators 9 _! mosaic       
pavem5ts1 & may reconcile1 9 "s measure1
 ! v>i$ op9ions ( diff]5t writ]s :o h   
approa*$ ! subject f diff]5t po9ts (    
view4 ,we/wood adh]$ to ! !ory ( its be+
 purely indig5\s4 ,fleury1 on ! o!r h&1 
9 8 ,catalogue ( ! ,,mss4 9 ! ,libr>y at
 ,laon1 ass]ts t we owe ! knots &       
int]lacem5ts to ! influ5ce ( ! pa9t]s1  
sculptors1 & mosaici/s ( ,rome4 ,^!     
int]lac+s1 cables1 etc41 !re is no      
,gallo-,roman monum5t :i* does n exhibit
 !m1 &1 only to cite local in/ances1 !  
cord ( f\r or five /r&s is se5 9 !      
beautiful mosaics discov]$ 9 pr(usion )9
 ! la/ five ye>s 7#aheg-fb7 at ,blanzy1 
at ,bazo*es1 at ,vailly1 & at ,reims4 ,x
 0 f !m t ! ,franks borr[$ _! knots &   
twi/s & ribbons = _! belts & buckles1 _!
 r+s & bracelets 7pt4 i41 p4 #h74  ,!   
elem5ts1 !re=e1 ( book ornam5t1 z us$ by
 ! ,celtic p5m51 are su* z 7 employ$ by 
! prehi/oric & sporadic nations 9 !     
textile art 9 plait+ & h&weav+1 &       

aft]w>ds transf]r$ to t ( metal-"w4     
,t]m9als ( animal1 bird1 or s]p5t =m    
aft]w>ds comb9e ) ! l9e> designs4 ,! dog
 & dragon are common1 z may be se5 9 !  
ar*aic vases produc$ by ! ,greeks be=e  
!y came "u ! influ5ce ( ideas f ,we/]n  
,asia4  ,among ,celtic arti/s1 z among  
^? ( lat] times1 ! practice ( work+ 9   
v>i\s mat]ials 0 common to ! same       
individual1 & ,dagu 7d4 #ehf7 may comp>e
 ) ,dun/an1 ,eloy1 ,tuotilo1 & o!rs4    
,to apply ^! obs]vations to ! /yle (    
illum9ation :i* n[ comes "u our notice x
 may be said t if we all[ ! cross & ar* 
to be copi$ f ! ,byzant9e ,,mss4        
introduc$ f abroad1 ! details are       
und\bt$ly suppli$ by ! wick]work &      
textile nett+ famili> to ! ev]yday life 
( ! arti/4 ,assi/$ by ! f]tile          
imag9ation ( b>dic lore 9 snakes1       
dragons1 & o!r my?ic mon/]s ( h]oic     
v]se1 ! illum9ator produces a p5cill$   
tape/ry ( textile fabric or flexile     
metal-"w z m>vell\s z x is unique4 ,no  
am\nt ( description c give a true idea (

 :at ,celtic "w is l2 x mu/ be se5 to be
 compreh5d$4 ,"o glance at a facsimile (
 su* a ,,ms4 z ! ,book ( ,kells or !    
,l9disf>ne ,gospels1 or ^? ( ,/4 ,*ad at
 ,li*field1 or :]ev]1 z at ,/4 ,gall1   
su* "w is to be met )1 w sup]s$e ! mo/  
lab\r$ attempt at description4 ,we mu/  
!re=e at once ref] ! read] to !         
facsimile4 ,:5 t has be5 inspect$1 we   
may proce$4 ,9 ! fir/ place x may be    
not$ t ) ^! ,occid5tal ,,mss4 beg9s !   
importance & developm5t ( ! initial1    
:i*1 inde$1 z reg>ds ! illum9ation (    
,we/]n ,europe1 is ! v root ( ! matt]4  
,x is ! developm5t ( ! initial lett]    
fir/ into ! bracket1 !n into ! bord]1   
:i* =ms ! great di/9ction ( ! ,art (    
,p>is1 z ,dante calls x1 f t (          
,byzantium4 ,! latt] is almo/ always ( a
 squ>$ or tabul> design1 trac$ & pa9t$  
on a gr\nd ( burni%$ gold4 ,! =m]       
exhau/s itself fir/ 9 fanta/ic lac]t9e  
=ms1 twi/$ into ! %apes ( ! comm5c+     
lett]s or words ( ! writ+1 to :i* !     
sugge/ion ( "s ,byzant9e ,,ms1 p]haps   

occasionally adds a frame4 ,next come   
birds1 dogs1 dragons1 v9e-/ems1 &       
spirals emb$d$ 9 c\*es ( col\r2 b1      
:atev] its "*1 always x is ! lett] t    
gov]ns & orig9ates ! ornam5t4 ,only at !
 v end ( its life1 :5 ! bord] has       
completely eclips$ ! initial1 is ! idea 
( orig9 =gott54 ,!n1 inde$1 we f9d !    
bord] treillages ( fl[]-/em or leaf-"w  
/>t+ f mean+less po9ts ( ! design1 or   
scatt]$ %apelessly at r&om4  ,:5 we meet
 ) "w ( ?is sort1 we ne$ no fur!r pro( t
 ! real art is dead4 ,we h be=e u 9 su* 
a p]=mance--a trade production--a m]e   
object ( comm]ce1 valuable s f> z x is !
 result ( lab\r1 b n z a "w ( art4      
,accord+ to ! ,abb ,geoghegan1#aa       
,*ri/ianity 0 kn[n to ! p ( ,irel& 9 !  
f\r? c5tury4 ,! ,greek ,m5ology ass]ts t
 x 0 c>ri$ ?i!r by ,simon ,zelotes1 b   
?is is contradict$ by ! ,roman ,brevi>y 
& ! ,m>tyrologi/s4 ,simeon ,metaphra/es 
attributes x to ,/4 ,pet]1 ,v9c5t (     
,beauvais to ,/4 ,james4 ,unreliable z  
^! traditions may be tak5 s+ly1 !y      

nev]!less agree 9 plac+ ! conv]sion (   
,irel& at a v e>ly date1 probably1 z    
,geoghegan says1 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x is 
c]ta9 t ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury an
 ,iri% pr9ce ( di/+ui%$ ance/ry1 &      
himself a sa9t1 l$ a b& ( mission>ies f 
,donegal to ,iona4 ,x is curi\s to      
obs]ve t ! ev5t is almo/ contempor>y ) !
 r5ovations ( ,ju/9ian at ,byzantium1 & 
only a %ort "t be=e ! f\nd+ ( ! fam\s   
,abbey ( ,monte ,cass9o by ,/4 ,b5$ict4 
,be=e ! exi/5ce ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,ord] !re 
0 a mona/]y at ,durr[1 9 ,irel&1 & 9 ?is
 mona/]y ! a=esaid pr9ce 0 educat$4 ,8  
"n 0 ,columba4 ,at lea/1 s he is call$1 
b :e!r x be m]ely 9 allusion to 8       
mission--! ,dove--or really a           
patronymic1 x is h>d to say4 ,he 0 !    
mess5g] ( peace to ! natives ( ,iona1 & 
ev5 ! "n ( ! isl& seems to sugge/ an    
allusion to ! ,old ,te/am5t mission>y to
 ! ,n9evites1 ,jonah4 ,! ,iri%          
mission>ies call$ ! spot to :i* !y w5t  
,i4 columcille1 ! cell ( ! ,dove's isle1
 or ,columba's cell4 ,x is usually spok5

 ( z ! ,mona/]y ( ,iona4 ,columba w5t on
 _m o!r missions1 b ultimately return$  
to 8 belov$ ,iona1 :]e he di$ 9 #eig1 ! 
ye> aft] ! arrival ( ,augu/9e at        
,cant]bury4  #aa ,hi/4 de l',irl&e4  ,8 
companions busi$ !mselves ) !           
transcription ( ! ,gospels = ! use ( new
 conv]ts1 aft] ! model ( ^? !y _h se5 & 
us$ at ,durr[4 ,x is ev5 traditionally  
ass]t$ t ,columba himself took "p 9 !   
"w1 & transcrib$ bo? a ,psalt] & a      
,gospel-book1 moreov]1 t "o ( ! ,iona   
,gospel-books writt5 by him is /ill 9   
exi/5ce4 ,?is ,,ms41 :e!r ! "w ( ,/4    
,columba or n1 & probably x is n1 is !  
e>lie/ kn[n monum5t ( ,iri% calligraphic
 art4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,book ( ,kells1 &  
!re is no d\bt t x is ! mo/ amaz+       
specim5 ( p5man%ip ev] se54 ,x is at    
once ! mo/ anci5t1 ! mo/ p]fect1 & ! mo/
 preci\s example ( ,celtic art 9        
exi/5ce4 ,x exhibits ! /rik+            
peculi>ities & features ( ! /yle--! b&  
"w knots & int]lac+s1 su* z may be se5  
on ! /one crosses :i* m>k !             

burial-places ( ,briti% & ,iri%         
*iefta9s4 ,witness1 = in/ance1 ! ,c>ew1 
or ! ,nev]n ,cross1 describ$ 9 ! ,j\rnal
 ( ! ,ar*oelogical ,in/itute1 iii4 #ga1 
:i* might be tak5 to repres5t an initial
 ,i wr\ght 9 /one4 ,!re is no foliage1  
no plant =m at all4 ,x is n1 !re=e1     
d]ivable f ,romanesque1 ,byzant9e1 or   
,ori5tal ornam5t4 ,x is indig5\s1 if n  
to ,irel&1 at lea/ to ^? prehi/oric     
,aryan tribes ( :i* ! ,iri% 7 a bran*4  
,its basis is ! art ( weav+1 & 9 "s     
respects resembles ! matt+ ( ,polynesia 
mu* m closely t ! v9e-/ems ( ,sicily or 
! arabesques ( ,byzantium4 ,spirals     
occur t bewild] ! eye1 yet are s        
faultlessly p]fect t only !             
magnify+-glass br+s out ! incr$ible     
accuracy ( ! draw+4 ,among !m are       
my?ological & allegorical bea/s1 snakes1
 & liz>ds--?\ght to repres5t demons1 l !
 g>goyles ( ,go?ic ar*itecture--9 e     
conceivable attitude ( contortion &     
agony4 ,!re are also doves & fi%es1 b ! 
latt]1 be+ sacr$ emblems toge!r ) !     

lamb1 are seldom made grotesque4 ,x 0 a 
monki% leg5d t ! devil c\ld take ! %ape 
( any bird or bea/1 except ^? ( ! dove &
 ! lamb4     ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,celtic    
,,illum9ation--cont9u$  ,! ,iona        
,gospels--,contra/ ) ,roman &           
,byzant9e--,details--,treatm5t ( animal 
=ms--,col\r s*emes--,! ,gospel-book (   
,/4 ,columbanus--,t ( ,mael ,bri? ,mac  
,durnan--,! ,l9disf>ne                  
,gospels--,cumda*s--,o!r book-%r9es4    
,we h se5 t 9 bo? ,roman & ,byzant9e    
,,mss4 ! titles & beg9n+s ( books 7     
m]ely di/+ui%$ by a lett]+ 9 r$ or gold1
 r small]1 9 fact1 ?an ! ord9>y text1 b 
r5d]$ di/9ct by ! means ref]r$ to4 ,!   
h&writ+1 too1 is cle> & legible1 :e!r   
capital1 uncial1 or m9uscule4  ,9       
absolute contra/ to all ?is ! ,iona     
,gospels h ! fir/ page completely cov]$ 
) ornam5t4 ,on ! next ! lett]s are ( an 
enorm\s size1 foll[$ by a few words1 n  
m]ely 9 uncials1 b 9 *>act]s v>y+ f half
 an in* to two in*es 9 height4 ,! page  
opposite to ea* ,gospel is simil>ly     

fill$ ) decoration1 sep>at$ into f\r    
comp>tm5ts by an ornam5t$ ,greek cross4 
,?is may1 ( c\rse1 be simply a          
geometrical device 9 no way connect$ )  
,greece1 b1 tak5 9 connection ) o!r     
features1 we see 9 x an indication (    
contact ) ,byzant9e "w & ! side (       
illum9ation :i* deals r ) ! tabul>      
enri*m5t ( ! page ?an ! developm5t ( !  
initial4 ,fur!r1 ! writ+1 ?\gh l>ge1 is 
n easily legible1 = x is involv$1       
enclav$1 & conjo9t$ 9 a mann]           
suffici5tly puzzl+ to ^? :o see x = !   
fir/ "t4  ,! plait+ & inlay+ are c]ta9ly
 borr[$ f local usages1 & ! survival ( !
 same k9d ( int]lac$ plait+ 9 ! ,scotti%
 t>tans is "s evid5ce ( ! long          
famili>ity ( ! ,celtic race ) ! art (   
weav+4 ,:5 we rememb] t "s ( ! e>ly     
illum9ators 7 also work]s 9 metals1 we c
 und]/& t p5m5 l ,dagu1 ,dun/an1 & ,eloy
 _h designs at _! comm& producible by   
ei!r me?od4 ,s we see1 bo? 9 ! ,,ms4 & 9
 ! broo* & buckle1 ! same k9d ( design4 
,among ! e>lie/ animals br\ght into ?is 

,celtic "w we f9d ! dog & ! dragon2 !   
latt] bo? w+less & w+$1 accord+ to      
conv5i5ce or requirem5t4 ,! dog is s    
common 9 "s ( ! ,celto-,lomb>dic ,,ms41 
( :i* examples /ill exi/ at ,monte      
,cass9o1 z almo/ to create a /yle2 :ile 
! dragon survives to ! late/ p]iod (    
,go?ic art4  ,:atev] is introduc$ into a
 ,celtic illum9ation is at once treat$ z
 a matt] ( ornam5t4 ,:5 ! human figure  
appe>s x is remorselessly subject$ to ! 
same rules z ! re/ ( ! "w2 ! hair & be>d
 are spiral coils1 ! eyes1 no/rils1 &   
limbs are symmetrical fl\ri%es4 ,col\r  
is q reg>dless ( natural possibility4 ,!
 hair & drap]ies are simply patt]n$ z   
comp>tm5ts ( gre5 or blue1 or r$ or     
black1 z may be requir$ = ! t\t         
ensemble2 ! face rema9s :ite4 ,light5$  
t9ts are pref]r$ to full col\rs1 z pale 
yell[1 p9k1 lav5d]1 & light gre54 ,a v  
ludicr\s device is made use ( to d5ote !
 folds ( ! drap]y2 !y are n d>k5$1 !re  
is no light & %ade 9 ,celtic "w1 b are  
simply l9es ( a /rongly contra/+ col\r4 

,! blue & r$ appe> to be opaque1 & !re=e
 m9]al col\rs2 ! re/ are ?9 & transp>5t4
 ,no?+ c be m wayw>d ?an ! col\r+ ( !   
symbolic bea/s ( ! ,gospels4 ,9 !       
,evangeli>y ( ,/4 ,columbanus 7n        
,columba1 b ! f\nd] ( ,luxeuil &        
,bobbio1 :o di$ 9 #fad7 ! ,lion ( ,/4   
,m>k is an admirable bea/ 9 a suit (    
gre5-&-r$ *a9 arm\r 9 ! =m ( mascles or 
loz5ges4 7,see ! illu/ration 9          
,we/wood's ,palographia ,sacra ,pictoria
 ( a figure page f ! ,gospels ( ,mael   
,bri? ,mac ,durnan = a typical          
example47#ab  #ab ,see also an article  
by ,we/wood 9 ,j\rnal ,ar*ol4 ,in/41    
vii4 #ag1 on ,iri% ,m9iatures4  ,! only 
po9t t might argue ! fre$om 9 ,celtic "w
 f ,byzant9e influ5ce is ! abs5ce (     
gold1 b p]haps ?is 0 only because !     
e>li] ,iri% illum9ators c\ld n obta9 x2 
we f9d x lat] on4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,kells & 
! ,lambe? ,gospels !re is no gold4 ,!   
=m] dates some:]e 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 n ! 
six?1 z sometimes /at$2 ! latt]1 %ortly 
be=e #ibg4 ,9 ! ,l9disf>ne ,gospels     

7#fih-gba7 gold is us$4 ,9 ! ,psalt] (  
,ricem>*us1 n[ 9 ,tr9ity ,college1      
,dubl91 are traces ( silv]4 ,x is 9     
connection ) ^! ,iri% ,,mss4 t decorat$ 
& jewell$ cases1 call$ cumda*s1 make _! 
appe>ance1 su* z ! "o atta*$ to !       
,gospels ( ,/4 ,mol+ 9 ! ,libr>y (      
,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,^! book-%r9es
 are almo/ exclusively an ,iri%         
production4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ! idea 0 to 
adorn ! volume itself ) a spl5did &     
co/ly b9d+1 p]haps includ+ gold1 silv]1 
& gems4 ,9 ,irel& ! idea ( sacr$ness 0  
c>ri$ out 9 ano!r way4 ,in/ead (        
decorat+ ! cov]s ( ! book itself1 x 0   
held1 z 9 su* a ,,ms41 = in/ance1 z !   
,book ( ,durr[1 to be too v5]able a     
relic to be m$dl$ )1 & a box or case 0  
made = x1 on :i* !y sp5t all _! arti/ic 
skill4 ,g5]ally ! case is kn[n z a      
cumda*2 b "o k9d1 call$ ! ca?a*1 0 s    
clos$ t ! book 0 completely conceal$1 & 
x 0 sup]/iti\sly believ$ t if x 7 op5$  
"s t]rible calamity w\ld ov]take its    
possessors4 ,su* 0 ! ca?a* (            

,tyrconnell4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t 9
 ?is in/ance ! keep]s 7 n m5 (          
book-le>n+1 b h>dy w>riors :o c>ri$ !   
ca?a* into battle z a *>m & an incitem5t
 to victory4  ,( simil> %r9es1 :i* 7    
made = preci\s books by bo? ! ,greeks & 
,lomb>ds1 ! olde/ & mo/ fam\s is t made 
= ,!udel9de1 wife ( ,agilulf1 ,k+ ( !   
,lomb>ds1 & giv5 by h]1 9 #faf1 toge!r )
 ! fam\s iron cr[n & o!r relics1 to !   
,ca!dral ( ,monza1 :]e !y are /ill to be
 se54  ,! enri*m5t ( ! cov]s ( books    
!mselves1 z di/9ct f ! use ( cases or   
%r9es1 has be5 usual 9 almo/ all ages & 
/yles ( decoration4 ,:5 we come to speak
 ( ,c>ol+ian ,,mss4 we %all f9d sev]al  
rem>kable in/ances4  ,we mu/ n[ pass on 
f ?is curi\sly attractive !me ( ,celtic 
calligraphy to its contempor>y /yles (  
,france1 ,g]many1 ,spa91 & ,italy1 only 
rem>k+ by ! way t no o!r /yle ( its "t  
_h s m>k$ an influ5ce on ! local        
scriptoria into :i* x 0 introduc$ z ?is 
same ,celtic ( ,irel&4 ,x is n only     
traceable1 b easily recognis$ all along 

! ,rh9e1 9 ,burgundy1 ! ,swiss ,cantons1
 & ,lomb>dy1 until at l5g? ov]:elm$ by !
 g5]al introduction ( ,romanesque or    
,byzant9e1 :i* 0 re/or$ & filt]$ ?r\gh !
 ,ex>*ate & ! ,lomb>d s*ools dur+ ! e>ly
 days ( ! new ,c>ol+ian ,empire4        
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,semi-,,b>b>ic         
,,illum9ation                           
,visigo?ic--,m]ov+ian--,lomb>dic--,ext9c
tion ( classic art--,spl5did reign (    
,dagob]t--,/4 ,eloy ( ,noyon--,! ,libr>y
 ( ,laon--,natural ,hi/ory ( ,isidore ( 
,seville--,elem5ts ( contempor>y        
art--,details (                         
ornam5t--,symbolism--,luxeuil & ,monte  
,cass9o--,sacram5t>y (                  
,gellone--,prud5tius--,orosius--,value (
 ! ,sacram5t>y ( ,gellone4   ,to rea* ! 
beg9n+'s ( ^! v>i\s deg5]ate & illit]ate
 attempts at book-"w we h only to wat* !
 la/ expir+ gleams ( classic art b5ea? !
 ru?less foot/eps ( ! b>b>ian invad]s ( 
! old ,roman ,empire4  ,9 ! six? c5tury 
! light ( ! old civilisation 0 fa/ fad+ 
away4 ,p]haps we may look ^u ! s-call$  

spl5d\r ( ! reign ( ,dagob]t 9 ,france z
 ! spasmodic sc9tillations ( its late/  
mom5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,! k+dom ( ,dagob]t1  
aft] #fca1 0 almo/ an empire4 ,= ! sev5 
ye>s prec$+ 8 dea?1 9 #fch1 he rul$ f ! 
,elbe & ! ,saxon fronti] to t ( ,spa91 &
 f ! ,atlantic ,ocean to ! conf9es (    
,hung>y4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 reign t we read ( !
 skill 9 metal-"w ( ! celebrat$ ,/4     
,eloy ( ,noyon1 ! rival ( our own ,/4   
,dun/an4  ,/4 ,eloy or ,eligius         
7#ehh-fei7 began 8 arti/ic c>e] z !     
pupil ( ,abbo1 ! goldsmi? & m9t-ma/] to 
,*lo?aire ,,ii41 & rose f ! rank ( a    
goldsmi? to t ( ,bi%op ( ,noyon4 ,among 
8 h&iwork 7 cr[ns1 *alices1 & crosi]s1 &
 he is reput$ to h made ! *air (        
bronze-gilt n[ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at 
,p>is1 call$ ! fauteuil ( ,dagob]t1 & _m
 o!r works1 :i* disappe>$ ei!r dur+ !   
w>s ( ,l\is ,,xv4 or ^? ( ! ,revolution 
( #aghi4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,abbey ( ,solignac1
 ne> ,limoges1 & x is n improbable t !  
reputation ( ?is city = metal-"w &      
enamell+ may be dat$ f 8 f\ndation4 ,)  

su* works z ^? ( ,eloy be=e !m1 x is    
difficult to believe t ! wret*$ & pu]ile
 attempts at ornam5tal p5man%ip &       
illum9ation :i* are %[n at ,laon & o!r  
places z ! "w ( ?is p]iod c possibly    
repres5t ! highe/ ef=ts ( ! calligraph]4
 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ,/4 ,eloy 0 an     
extraord9>y g5ius 9 8 art1 & t ! bulk ( 
! cl]gy1 n to m5tion ord9>y workm51 7 v 
ignorant & ill-taught4 ,v few1 inde$1 7 
m5 :o c\ld be consid]$ cultur$4 ,gregory
 ( ,t\rs1 ! hi/orian1 & ,v5antius       
,=tunatus1 ! hymn-writ]1 are among !    
few4  ,9 ! ,libr>y at ,laon1 ,m4 ,fleury
 describes a ,,ms4 ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory 
( ,isidore ( ,seville1 :i* is look$ ^u z
 a "w ( ref]5ce bo? z reg>ds art &      
le>n+4 ,x 0 at "o "t a v popul> book1   
be+ a ,lat9 cyclopdia1 deal+ ) ! sci5ces
 & g5]al k ( ! "t2 yet ! example ref]r$ 
to by ,m4 ,fleury %[s u only a cr[d (   
initials le>n$ly /yl$ by ! ,b5$ict9e    
au?ors & o!rs i*?io-morphiques &        
orni?oeides1 i4e4 made up ( fi%es &     
birds1 & ab\t equal 9 quality & f9i% to 

! ef=ts ( a v ord9>y s*oolboy4  ,^!     
initials betray an utt] decad5ce f !    
beautiful uncials ( ! fif? & six?       
c5turies1 se5 9 ! ,/4 ,g]ma9's ,psalt]1 
= example1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at  
,p>is4 ,! col\rs are co>se & badly      
appli$1 & ev5 :]e brighte/ are utt]ly   
unref9$ & )\t ta/e4  ,not)/&+1 h[ev]1 ! 
app>5tly total eclipse or ext9ction (   
,roman art 9 ,gaul1 or1 z x mu/ h5ce=?  
be call$1 ,france1 x is claim$ by ,m4   
,fleury#ac t ! int]lacem5ts :i*         
con/itute ! pr9cipal feature ( ^! e>li] 
,m]ov+ian ,,mss4 are d]iv$ f ! rema9s ( 
,roman mosaics f\nd pr(usely at ,blanzy1
 ,bazo*es1 & ,reims4 ,?is may be s1 b ^?
 mosaics w\ld n acc\nt = ! same features
 9 ! ,iri% "w1 = ! ,romans nev] rea*$   
,irel& z occupants or coloni/s4  #ac    
,see lat]4  ,take ano!r example f !     
,laon collection1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,orosius4 
,! fir/ page is a type ( ! species to   
:i* x belongs1 &1 moreov]1 a good sample
 ( ! e>lie/ ef=ts ( all pictorial art4  
,an ord9>y rectangul> cross occupies !  

c5tre ( ! page4 ,! c5tre %[s u ! ,lamb (
 ! ,apocalypse & ,/4 ,john4 ,on ! arms  
are ! bea/s :i* typify ! ,evangeli/s--_!
 emblems1 z !y are sometimes call$4 ,we 
notice t !y are all symbolic1 & n int5d$
 to be natural imitations ( reality4 ,! 
v>i\s animals scatt]$ ab\t ! page are   
all symbolic--all h a my/ical           
int]pretation & raison d'tre4 ,a        
bord]-frame1 pass+ beh9d ea* extremity (
 ! cross1 conta9s a numb] ( dog-l       
animals1 "s pla91 o!rs spott$1 :ile !   
body ( ! cross itself is occupi$ )      
attempts at foliage ornam5ts4 ,9 ! left 
upp] corn] are ! lett]s ,x ,p ,i1 9 ! "r
 ,i ,h ,v1 ?ick foliage spr++ f ! ,i &  
,v & fall+ back ov] ! monogram4 ,9 ! l[]
 corn]s are two fi%es & two doves1 ea*  
pair hang+ to a p5work *a94  ,! emblem (
 ,john1 on ! upp] extremity ( ! cross1  
is an eagle-head$ & w+$ man hold+ a     
book2 its opposite "o ( ,lucas at foot  
is a s+ul>ly conceiv$ an?ropoid & w+$   
ox1 also ) a book4 ,on ! left ,m>cus1 ^:
 head is indescribable2 & on ! "r       

,mat!w1 ) human head1 ! re/ ( ! figures 
be+ z be=e4 ,! eye 9 all ! figures is a 
mo/ rem>kable feature4 ,bo? 9 ! pictures
 & ! initials ( ?is ,,ms4 ! outl9e has  
be5 drawn 9 black ink1 & ! col\rs yell[1
 r$1 br[n1 & gre5 appli$ aft]w>ds4  ,z !
 new ma/]s ( ! ,we/ 7 n s mu* int]e/$ 9 
! arti/ic rema9s ( ! mangl$ civilisation
 !y 7 endeav\r+ to de/roy z 9 ma/]y &   
milit>y success1 x 0 left = ! mona/]ies 
& ! *ur* to see to ! welf>e ( books &   
monum5ts4  ,9 ! sev5? c5tury x 0 !      
mona/]ies t sav$ almo/ all we "k ( !    
prec$+ c5turies4 ,dur+ ! turmoil ( !    
p]iod f ! fif? to ! eigh? c5tury we f9d 
c]ta9 quiet corn]s :]e le>n+ & ! arts   
/ill brea!d1 grew1 & dwelt 9 security4  
,lr9s1 f\nd$ by ,/4 ,honoratus ( ,aries2
 ,luxeuil by ,columbanus1 ,bobbio 8 la/ 
retreat2 &1 above all1 ,monte ,cass9o1 !
 great patt]n ( mona/icism1 ! ,rule ( ^:
 f\nd] 0 de/9$ to become ! basis ( all  
lat] ,ord]s1 7 ea* ( !m /eadily lab\r+  
to rescue ! civilisation daily ?reat5$  
by ! ravage ( w>1 & to pres]ve x = !    

b5efit ( ! ignorant hordes :o1 because (
 _! ignorance1 n[ only aim$ at its      
entire de/ruction4 ,we h se5 h[ ^! monks
 & cl]ics1 ) m goodwill ?an ability1 did
 _! be/ to adorn ! books :i* came into  
_! h&s4 ,x is a poor %[1 b !re is no    
bett]4 ,x is absolutely our only record 
( h[ civilisation manag$ to /ruggle     
?r\gh ! /orm4  ,let u1 !n1 be ?ankful   
ev5 = ! ,laon ,orosius1 = ! ,sacram5t>y 
( ,gellone1 & ! ,moz>abic ,liturgies (  
,puy4 ,!y are among ! l9ks betwe5 anci5t
 & m$ival art4  ,z already /at$1 !      
h&writ+ ( ,m]ov+ian ,,mss4 is ma9ly an  
adaptation ( ! ,roman uncial1 z x is 9  
,iri% & ,lomb>dic1 or1 we might say1    
ev]y:]e else4 ,abbreviations we /ill    
uncommon4 ,:]e m9uscules are us$1 !     
writ+ is n q s legible z 9 ! l>g] h&s1 b
 we are n met by ! s+ul> difficulties ( 
"s ( ! ,lomb>dic texts4  ,a few solit>y 
texts ( ! e>lie/ "t are 9 capitals1 su* 
z ! really h&some ,prud5tius ( ! ,p>is  
,national ,libr>y1 :]e ! entire text ( !
 great ,*ri/ian poet is boldly inscrib$ 

9 ! c5tre ( a l>ge :ite page ( vellum1 l
 a s]ies ( sep>ate inscriptions4 ,! fir/
 few words are rubri%$ 9 ! antique      
mann]4 ,! ,,ms4 is suppos$ to date      
previ\s to ! ye> #ebg4 ,a little lat]   
?an ?is ,/4 ,columbanus f\nd$ ! mona/]y 
( ,luxeuil1 & lat] /ill1 viz4 9 #faf1 t 
( ,bobbio4  ,if we turn to ! ,visigo?ic 
area1 includ+ ! ,s\? ( ,france & !      
entire p59sula ( ,spa91 our fir/ &      
typical example is ! celebrat$          
,sacram5t>y ( ,gellone4 ,?is ,,ms4      
dates1 x is said1 f ! eigh? c5tury4 ,x  
is writt5 ?r\gh\t 9 ,visigo?ic uncials1 
?\gh execut$ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france4 ,its   
ornam5tation is frankly b>b>ic4 ,!      
col\rs us$ are yell[1 r$1 & gre54 ,!    
great initials are d\ble l9$1 & !       
int]l9e> space fill$ 9 ) a flat t9t (   
col\r & l9es ( r$ dots1 z 9 ! ,book (   
,kells occasionally foll[ ! cont\rs4    
,"h1 also1 are ! fi% or bird-=m lett]s z
 9 ! ,laon ,orosius4 ,n[ & !n occurs a  
t9y sc5e--p]haps a fight betwe5 two     
grotesque brutes1 nei!r fi%1 nor f[l1   

nor bea/ kn[n to ! naturali/1 b a       
horrible comp\nd ( ! wor/ qualities (   
ea*4 ,! human figure1 :5 x occurs1 is   
*ildi%ly %apeless4 ,b ! design &        
treatm5t1 nev]!less1 be> witness to a   
lively imag9ation & consid]able k (     
,*ri/ian symbolism4 ,x is ^! m5tal      
qualities :i*1 9 spite ( ! manife/      
abs5ce ( manual skill1 r5d] ! ,gellone  
,evangeli>y "o ( ! mo/ preci\s monum5ts 
( its "t4 ,( ! re/ ( ! ,,mss4 ( ?is     
wret*$ p]iod we w say no?+4             
,non ragioniam di lor'1 ma gu>d' e      
passa4  ,we are glad to hurry on = ano!r
 c5tury or s1 rememb]+ t ! lead+ idea n[
 is ! developm5t ( ! initial lett]4     
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,developm5t ,,( ,,!      
,,initial  ,! initial & initial p>agraph
 ! ma9 object ( decoration 9 ,celtic    
illum9ation--,/udy ( ! lett] ,l z an    
example--,! ,i ( ,9 pr9cipio & ! ,b (   
,beatus ,vir4   ,f ! mom5t :5 ! initial 
0 plac$ b5ea? ! m9iature ! object ( !   
:ole design 0 n to give prom95ce to !   
initial b to ! picture4 ,until !n1 t is1

 :il/ ! initial rema9s above or beside  
or outside ! picture1 x is ! initial we 
mu/ wat* = /yle & developm5t4 ,& !re=e  
we seize on "o lett] among ^? ( ! latt] 
"p ( ! eigh? c5tury1 because ( !        
frequ5cy ( its occurr5ce 9 !            
,gospel-book or ,evangeli>y1 "o ( !     
commone/ books ( ! "t4 ,?is ! lett] ,l (
 ,lib] ,g5]ationis1 etc41 ! comm5c+     
words ( ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,?is passage is     
always made ( importance1 & on ! initial
 & arrangem5t ( ! words ! arti/ exp5ds 8
 be/ ef=ts4  ,prop]ly ,i %\ld "h display
 pictorially ! s]ies ( :i* ,i speak4 ,x 
w\ld c]ta9ly be ! quicke/ way ( expla9+ 
! matt]4 ,b z ?is is out ( ! "q = _m    
reasons1 & z ! pres5t little guide aims 
r at %[+ ! way ?an m>*+ ?r\gh x1 ! read]
 mu/ be cont5t to take its advice ab\t  
:]e to look = examples :i* x _c         
reproduce4  ,reg>d+ ! lett] ,l z an     
index ( "t & /yle1 fir/ we may take !   
,iri% ,l ( ! ,book ( ,kells on p4 #ag1  
pt4 #a1 ( ,miss ,/okes' ,e>ly ,*ri/ian  
,art 9 ,irel&4 ,note fir/ ! =m ( !      

lett]1 !n ! way x is fill$ up ) ornam5t4
 ,comp>e ?is1 :i* dates f ! sev5?       
c5tury1 ) a simil> ,l 9 ! ,ada-,codex 9 
! ,t[n ,libr>y at ,trves1 ,no4 #bb4 ,a  
black & :ite copy ( ?is is giv5 9 taf4  
#f ( ,lampre*t ,initial ,ornam5tik4 ,?is
 c>ries up ! "w to ! second half ( !    
eigh? c5tury4 ,next1 say ! ,l 9 ! ,t[n  
,ar*ives at ,cologne1 ,no4 #adg4 ,?is   
belongs to ! second half ( ! n9? c5tury4
 ,! *ief dep>ture "h is t[>ds ! knott$  
b& "w :i* figures s l>gely aft]w>ds bo? 
9 ,g]man & ,italian book ornam5t1 ! =m  
is /ill un*ang$4 ,b ) ! t5? c5tury comes
 *ange ( =m z well z ( mode ( fill+1 z =
 example taf4 #ai ( ,lampre*t1 9 :i* !re
 is a complete alt]ation ( treatm5t4 ,! 
/ud5t may take = simil> comp>ison also !
 ,i ( ,9 pr9cipio ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1
 & ! ,b ( ! fir/ psalm 9 ! ,psalt]1 &   
c>ry ! comp>ison on to ! end ( ! f\rte5?
 c5tury1 by ref]r+ to ! ,,mss4 9 !      
,briti% ,museum & o!r public libr>ies1  
or 9 ! num]\s illu/rat$ works to be f\nd
 9 ^? collections4     ,,*apt] ,x       

,,fir/ ,,engli% ,,/yles  ,transition f  
,iona to ,l9disf>ne--,influ5ce (        
,franki% art--,! ,opus ,anglicum--,!    
,w9*e/] s*ool & its *>act]i/ics--,:5ce  
obta9$--,me?od ( pa9t+--,examples--,:]e 
f\nd & describ$4   ,! succession ( !    
s*ool ( ,iona %[s u 9 ! fir/ examples ( 
,engli% illum9ation ! type exemplifi$ 9 
! ,book ( ,kells1 modifi$1 b n v mu*1 by
 its transf]5ce to ,l9disf>ne4  ,:atev] 
d\bt may be felt z to ! influ5ce (      
,byzant9e or ,romanesque models on pure 
,iri% "w1 su* z ! ,book ( ,kells1 !re c 
be none z reg>ds ! ,l9disf>ne ,gospels4 
,9 ! fir/ place we h gold bo? 9 ! lett]+
 & ornam5t4 ,?is ,,ms41 kn[n also z !   
,durham ,book 7,brit4 ,mus41 ,n]o ,d4   
iv471 0 ! "w ( ,abbat ,eadfri?1 (       
,l9disf>ne4 ,x has be5 (t5 describ$1 z x
 is really a mo/ preci\s example (      
eigh?-c5tury art 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,no o!r  
,,ms4 ( its "t is to be f\nd 9 any      
cont95tal scriptorium to be comp>$ ) x4 
,x is n a collection ( clumsy in>ti/ic  
attempts at ornam5tal writ+1 b          

high-class1 effective "w1 :i* %\ld be   
se5 & /udi$ by e /ud5t ( illum9ation4   
,f its /yle ( execution1 its details (  
portraiture1 & o!r features1 x may be   
look$ on z "o ( ! e>lie/ l9ks betwe5 !  
two extremes ( ,ori5tal & ,occid5tal    
,art4  ,ano!r ,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 
7,vesp4 ,a4 #a71 :i* comb9es ! ,roman   
me?od ( pa9t+ z 9 ! ,v]gils ) ! p5work (
 ^! ,anglo-,celtic ,gospel-books1 may   
also repay c>eful exam9ation4  ,x is v  
possible t ! celebrat$ scriptoria (     
,york & ,j>r[ may h be5 furni%$ ) bo?   
,,mss4 & copyi/s f ,rome1 yet !re c be  
little d\bt t ! int]c\rse ) ,durham w\ld
 be q z active4 ,nor is x less probable 
t simil> int]c\rse w\ld keep !m en      
rapport ) ,ox=d1 ,/4 ,alban's1 ,we/m9/]1
 ,gla/onbury1 & o!r scriptoria1 s t 9 ! 
eigh? c5tury ,engl& /ood ) respect to   
art second to no o!r c\ntry 9 ! ,*ri/ian
 _w4  ,dur+ ! n9? c5tury active         
int]c\rse ) ! ,franki% ,empire enri*$   
,engli% *ur*es & religi\s h\ses1        
especially ,w9*e/]1 ) examples (        

,byzant9e & ,roman models1 :i*          
,*>lemagne _h introduc$ into 8 own      
palat9e s*ools4 ,f su* second>y models z
 ! ,sacram5t>ies & ,evangeli>ies execut$
 at ,t\rs1 ,soissons1 ,metz1 & o!r busy 
c5tres ( production1 ,engli% illum9ators
 succe$$ 9 =m+ a di/9ctive /yle ( _!    
own4 ,9 ! ,fr5* or1 r1 ,franki% ,,mss41 
:ile ! ri*ness ( ! gold & ! beauty &    
delicacy ( ! col\r+ are 9 !mselves mo/  
*>m+1 & :ile c]ta9 features may 9 g5]al 
be recognis$ z no d\bt sugge/ive !re is 
no?+ :i* q pr$icts ! rem>kable treatm5t 
:i* *>act]ises ! ,engli% "w4 ,opus      
,anglicum 0 its di/9ctive title4 ,! t]m1
 inde$1 0 appli$ to all ,engli% arti/ic 
productions m or less--embroid]y among !
 re/4 ,! wom5 ( ,engl&1 says ,william ( 
,poiti]s1 7 fam\s = _! ne$lework1 ! m5  
excell$ 9 metal-"w & jewell]y4 ,b x 0 ! 
illum9at$ ,s]vice ,books t h p]petuat$ !
 t]m4  ,f ! ,l9disf>ne ,gospels to !    
,w9*e/] ,b5$ictionals is a f> cry--b    
,art is long & "t is fleet+1 h5ce _m    
pages ( int]v5+ description mu/ be      

omitt$4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 ref] ! read] to 
,we/wood's ,palographia ,sacra          
,pictoria1 ! ,palographical ,society's  
publications1 & o!r works1 = enlight5m5t
 on ?is p]iod4 ,on ! ,r\5 & ,devon%ire  
,b5$ictionals mu* int]e/+ in=mation may 
be f\nd 9 vol4 #bd ( ! ,ar*ologia & 9 ! 
rec5t volume ( ! ,brad%aw ,society      
conc]n+ !m4  ,! "w is peculi>2 & if we  
consid] ! treatm5t ( foliage ap>t f !   
col\r1 we _c b notice its simil>ity to !
 ivory c>v+ obs]vable 9 ! consul>       
dipty*s4 ,ivory c>v+ 0 !n a popul>      
arti/ic occupation4 ,! foliage is       
graceful1 ! composition well-balanc$1 & 
! col\r mo/ly bright body col\r appli$ 9
 ! ,greek mann]4 ,! fault ( ! heads is t
 !y are too small = ! figure1 & ( !     
drap]ies t ! folds are ov]done too mu*  
flutt]+ detail4 ,! gild+ diff]s f !     
,byzant9e 9 n be+ laid on ! vellum 9 !  
=m ( burni%$ leaf1 b pa9t$ on l !       
col\rs1 n only 9 ! figures b 9 !        
framework & ornam5ts4  ,! ,briti%       
,museum conta9s sev]al *>act]i/ic       

examples1 b1 z has be5 said1 ! v f9e/   
are ^? at ,r\5 & 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,duke ( 
,devon%ire4  ,p]haps no g5u9e example   
exi/s e>li] ?an ! ,gold5 ,*>t] ( ,k+    
,edg> ( true ,w9*e/] illum9ation1       
execut$ =ty ye>s aft] ! accession (     
,a!l/an1 ^: ,coronation ,book 7,brit4   
,mus41 ,tib4 ,a4 #b7 is mo/ probably n  
,engli% at all1 b ,c>ol+ian ( ! f9e/    
type4 ,_m o!r scriptoria 9 ,engl& 9 !   
t5? c5tury 7 equally busy ) ,w9*e/]1 b  
none c\ld vie ) ! royal city 9 !        
production ( illum9at$ books4           
,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,c>ol+ian ,,illum9ation  
,:y s-call$--,works to be consult$--,!  
,libr>y ( ,/4 ,gall--,rise & progress ( 
,c>ol+ian art--,acc\nt ( v>i\s          
,,mss4--,features ( ! /yle--,gospels (  
,/4 ,s]n9--,! ,ada-,codex--,c5tres (    
production--,o!r spl5did examples--,!   
,alcu9 ,bible--,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,md>d ( 
,soissons4   ,once m cross+ ! ,*annel   
let u n[ inquire :at has be5 do+ among !
 ,franks s9ce ! ,gellone ,sacram5t>y1   
especially 9 ! s*ools in/itut$ by !     

,emp]or ,*>les ! ,great4 ,mat]ials = ?is
 inquiry are mo/ abundant4 ,"o ( ! m    
important works on ! subject is ! lucid 
monograph ( ,dr4 ,rahn1 ( ,zuri*1 on !  
,gold5 ,psalt] ( ,fol*>d at ,/4 ,gall1  
:i* deals m or less ) ! :ole "q (       
,c>ol+ian art1 :ile ,m4 ,lop4 ,delisle's
 bro*ure on ! ,evangeli>y ( ,/4 ,vaa/ ( 
,arras gives u a copi\s acc\nt ( !      
,franco-,saxon bran* ( x4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 
f ^! s\rces ( in=mation1 we h n a few   
orig9al ,,mss4 /ill extant1 :i*1 (      
c\rse1 m vividly speak = !mselves1 &    
only require po9t+ out to ! /ud5t4  ,!  
cle>e/ me?od ( /udy be+ to take ?+s 9 ! 
ord] ( _! creation1 s 9 ord] to und]/& !
 "* ( savage gr&eur & nave orig9ality   
:i* has be5 attribut$ to ?is /yle1 x w  
be be/ to take up ^! ,,mss4             
*ronologically4 ,at ! same "t1 if anyone
 m]ely wi%es to "k :at ! /yle is l at   
its be/1 ,dr4 ,rahn mu/ be 8 guide1 z ! 
,gold5 ,psalt] :i* he has select$ = /udy
 is z spl5did an example z p]haps may be
 f\nd 9 ! :ole c>e] ( ! art4 ,we h      

notic$ h[ ! ,iri% mission>y-arti/s c>ri$
 _! "w to _! cont95tal settlem5ts1 h[ !y
 plant$ _! s*ools 9 ,burgundy1          
,switz]l&1 & ,lomb>dy4 ,( all _!        
depositories1 h[ev]1 num]\s z !y are    
else:]e1 none is ri*] 9 ! relics ( _! "w
 ?an ! celebrat$ abbey :i* takes its "n 
( ,/4 ,gall f t disciple ( ,/4          
,columbanus1 :o 9 #fad f\nd$ 8 little   
cell beside ! ,/e9a*1 ab\t n9e miles s\?
 ( ! ,lake ( ,con/ance4 ,"u ,*>les      
,m>tel ! cell _h become a mona/]y1 :i*  
he end[$ z a ,b5$ict9e abbey4 ,9 #hcj 0 
f\nd$ its magnific5t libr>y ( ,,mss4 ,! 
libr>y /ill exi/s1 & at ! pres5t mom5t  
gives %elf-room to #a1hjj ,,mss4 & m ?an
 #da1gjj pr9t$ books4 ,besides ?is1     
ano!r1 call$ ! ,t[n ,libr>y1 f\nd$ 9 !  
sixte5? c5tury1 & conta9+ #ejj ,,mss4 & 
#fj1djj pr9t$ books1 gives ?is upl&1    
busy1 mod]n manufactur+ ,swiss t[n no   
mean importance z a c5tre ( lit]>y      
culture4 ,physically x is probably !    
highe/ t[n 9 ,europe1 its /reet-level   
be+ v ne>ly #b1bjj feet above t ( ! sea4

 ,its libr>ies & museums are ri*        
/oreh\ses ( m$ival treasures4 ,!        
ar*itect raves ov] its mona/ic build+s2 
! s*ol> & palograph] gloat ov] its books
 & ,,mss4 ,9 ! libr>ies ( ,/4 ,gall are 
"s ( ! ma/]pieces ( ,iri% ,saxon1 &     
,c>ol+ian art1 & its great ,b5$ict9e    
abbey "u ,grimald f #hda1 i4e4 dur+ !   
lat] ,c>ol+ian p]iod1 possess$ "o ( !   
mo/ active scriptoria 9 ,europe4 ,to    
beg9 ) ! beg9n+1 h[ev]1 we mu/ leave ,/4
 ,gall1 &1 pass+ by "s less important   
,,mss41 g back to ! ye> #gha & ! city ( 
,t\l\se4 ,9 t ye>1 & 9 ! ,abbey ( ,/4   
,s]n9 7,saturn9us7 9 t city1 0 f9i%$ a  
wond]ful & truly spl5did manuscript ( ! 
,gospels z a pres5t to ! ,emp]or & 8    
wife ,hildeg>dis4 ,?is is our fir/      
example4 ,x n[ is to be se5 9 !         
,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is 7,n\v4 acqu4   
,lat4 #abjc74  ,next comes ! ,evangeli>y
 ( ,abbat ,angilb]t ( ,c5tula 7n[ ,/4   
,riqui]71 ne> ,abbeville1 ,*>lemagne's  
son-9-law4 ,?is ,,ms41 execut$ ab\t !   
ye> #gic1 is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,t[n      

,libr>y ( ,abbeville4 ,9 ! same rank1 b 
some:at f9] 9 execution1 comes a ?ird   
,evangeli>y1 t ( ,/4 ,md>d ( ,soissons1 
n[ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is 7,no4   
#hhej1 ,lat474  ,9 ^! ?ree ,,mss41      
reproductions f :i* are to be f\nd 9    
v>i\s mod]n works on art1 ! writ+ &     
ornam5tation are ! p>ts into :i* ! arti/
 puts 8 be/ "w1 n ! figure draw+4       
,al?\gh 9 ! ,/4 ,s]n9 ,,ms4 !re is1 9 ! 
,*ri/-figure1 a di/9ct attempt at       
portraiture q diff]5t f ! coils &       
p5-fl\ri%es :i* make up !               
,gospel-figures 9 ! ,iri% & ,m]ov+ian   
,,mss4 ,"h ! inspiration is cle>ly      
,greek1 n ,iri%4 ,! figure is drap$ 9   
gre5 & violet--seat$ on an embroid]$    
cu%ion be=e a l[ ca/ellat$ wall4 ,! hair
 is light1 & ! *9 be>dless4 ,! design   
%[s a decid$ lik5ess to ! consul> ivory 
dipty*s1 & ! pa9t+ foll[s ! ,ea/]n      
me?ods4 ,9 ! details ( ornam5t only are 
,iri% features4 ,?us we trace 9 ?is     
,,ms4 ! s\rces ( ,c>ol+ian art4 ,! ,,ms4
 be+ dat$1 is important z af=d+ a means 

( comp>ison ) o!r undat$ "w4 ,x 0       
pres5t$ to ,/4 ,s]n9 on ! occasion ( !  
visit ( ! ,emp]or & ,empress ) _! son1 !
 amiable ,l\is le ,debonaire1#ad j aft] 
! latt] _h be5 made ,k+ ( ,aquita9e4    
,godes*alk1 ! writ] ( x1 on ! la/ two   
leaves tells u t x took him sev5 ye>s to
 accompli%4 ,x is writt5 ?r\gh\t 9 gold 
& silv] lett]s on purple vellum1 & is1  
moreov]1 ornam5t$ ) bord]s1 pictures1   
portraits1 & panell+s4 ,at fir/ x 0 kept
 9 a cumda* ( silv]1 set ) preci\s      
/ones1 b t has disappe>$4  #ad ,mod4    
,fr4 ,debonnaire4  ,! ,gold5 ,gospels ( 
,/4 ,md>d1 l ! ,c5tula ,,ms41 are       
simil>1 b betok5 an advance 9 bo? ta/e &
 execution4 ,! figures are /ill rude &  
de=m$1 b ! arti/ %[s a laudable desire1 
an ambition1 9 fact1 to imitate ! "w (  
bett] arti/s ?an himself4 ,nev]!less1 ! 
calligraphy & bord]work are ! be/ p>ts (
 8 p]=mance4 ,9 ?is ,,ms4 ! use ( silv] 
betrays a t5d5cy to prodigality4 ,9     
design1 ! influ5ce ( ! arti/s :o built !
 new *ur* ( ,san ,vitale at ,rav5na1 a  

*ur* :i* became ! model = ! ,abbey ( ,/4
 ,md>d itself1 is q manife/1 yet p]haps 
ne$ n be trac$ fur!r ?an ,soissons or   
,pavia4 ,9 c]ta9 ( ! illu/rations1 z1 = 
in/ance1 ! ,f\nta9 ( ,life1 !re is at   
once a lik5ess & a v>iation z comp>$ ) !
 same symbol 9 ! ,evangeli>y ( ,/4      
,s]n94 ,!y are bo? too intricate to     
describe1 b ( bo? x may be said t !y %[ 
an intimate acqua9tance ) e>ly ,*ri/ian 
symbolism4 ,! ivory c>v+ & ar*itecture (
 ,rav5na h evid5tly be5 kn[n to !       
director ( ^! frames & backgr\nds4 ,9 ! 
ye> :i* saw ! completion ( ,godes*alk's 
,gospels1 ,alcu9 0 at ,p>ma1 b :5 ! ,/4 
,md>d's ,gospels 7 writt5 he 0 ,abbot ( 
,/4 ,m>t9's at ,t\rs4 ,x 0 ! pres5ce (  
,alcu9 at ! ,c\rt ( ,*>lemagne t acc\nts
 = ! preval5ce ( ! ,saxon "* 9 ! new &  
beautiful h&writ+ we n[ call ,c>ol+ian4 
,x 0 ! pres5ce ( ,paul ,w>nefrid t      
acc\nts = mu* ( ! classic & mo/ ( !     
,lomb>dic features1 bo? ( ! writ+ & !   
illum9ation4 ,_m o!r s*ol>s assi/$ ^!   
two 9 ! v>i\s c5tres 9 :i* ,alcu9       

e/abli%$ bran*es ( ! palat9e s*ools4 ,! 
int]c\rse ) ,italy & ,engl& 0 con/ant1 &
 l$ to ! frequ5t int]*ange ( books1 &   
community ( me?ods & models4 ,ano!r f9e 
,,ms4 ( ! same p]iod 7c4 #ghj7 is !     
,gold5 ,ada-,codex ( ,/4 ,mesm9 or      
,maxim91 ( ,trves4 ,9 #agid ?is ,,ms4 0 
tak5 f ,trves to ,ma9z2 9 #ahae x 0     
transf]r$ to ,aix-la-,*apelle1 & is n[  
back aga9 at ,trves4 ,! ext]nals ( !    
,ada-,codex are v co/ly1 its b9d+ be+ a 
late ,go?ic p5dant to ! cov] ( !        
,e*t]na* ,evangeli>y at ,go?a4 ,9 !     
c5tre ( ! =e-cov] !re is a magnific5t   
topaz1#ae ) sev]al imp]ial figures4     
,inside1 ! "w is a h&some example ( !   
e>ly ,c>ol+ian4#af ,x conta9s ! f\r     
,gospels writt5 by ord] ( ! ,"m & ,lady 
,ada1 si/] ( ,*>les ! ,great1 ,abbess ( 
,/4 ,mesm94 ,next we h 9 ! ,briti%      
,museum ano!r gr& example ( ! /yle z    
modifi$ by ,engli% or ,saxon influ5ce4  
,also ! ,zuri* ,bible1 ( ! same date1   
execut$ at ,t\rs--& ! ,bamb]g ,bible1   
said to be a copy ( ! ,alcu9 ,bible ( ! 

same s*ool4 ,!n foll[ ! ,drogo          
,sacram5t>y1 pres5t$ by ! ,emp]or to 8  
natural son ,drogo1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,metz   
7#hbf-hee71 p]haps illum9at$ at ,metz1 b
 ( ! same s*ool z ^? above m5tion$4  #ae
 ,or s>donyx 7,lampre*t says topaz47    
#af ,a photograph ( ! cov] is sold by   
,f4 ,l9z ( ,trves4  ,9 our own ,national
 ,libr>y1 aga91 we h ! ,a!l/an ,gospels 
7,h>l4 #bghh71 also 9 all probability   
execut$ at ,metz4 ,at ,p>is 7,nat4      
,lib41 ,!ol4 ,lat4 #bff7 is !           
,evangeli>y ( ,lo?aire--a mo/ beautiful 
example ( gold-writ+ & ornam5t4 ,s we   
might enum]ate a score ( spl5did ,,mss41
 & classify !m into _! v>i\s m9or       
s*ools4 ,b su* is n our object4 ,all we 
want "h is a g5]al b cle> idea ( ! /yle 
z a :ole4  ,to *>act]ise x broadly by ! 
names ( its mo/ important elem5ts we    
%\ld call x a ,lomb>d-,saxon /yle--!    
int]lac+ b&s & knots & o!r m9or features
 & ! ma9 "* ( ! writ+ be+ ( ,saxon      
orig91 ! classical foliages & mann] (   
pa9t+ ! figures & c]ta9 ideas ( design  

,lomb>dic1 /r5g!n$ by direct contact ) !
 s\rces ( ! latt] /yle4 ,:atev]         
v>iations !re may be1 !y c g5]ally be   
acc\nt$ = accord+ to locality & c5tre ( 
production4 ,we h in/anc$ a few examples
 ( ! e>li] "t z %[+ ! pr9cipal features 
( ! /yle4 ,"u ! ,emp]or ,*>les !        
,great's gr&son1 ,*>les ! ,bald1        
,c>ol+ian illum9ation rea*$ its highe/  
po9t ( excell5ce1 & ! ,,mss4 execut$ =  
him or 8 contempor>ies accord+ly give a 
correct idea ( :at ,c>ol+ian illum9ators
 consid]$ z good "w4 ,! *ief c5tres 7   
/ill ,t\rs & ,metz--! latt] a bran* ( ! 
=m]1 b gradually develop+ di/9ct        
features ( its own2 & among !           
productions ( ^! s*ools !re /ill rema9  
preci\s--we might say                   
priceless--examples1 su* z ! ,vivi5     
,bible ( ! ,p>is ,libr>y1 s-call$       
because pres5t$ by ,c\nt ,vivi51 ,abbat 
( ,/4 ,m>t9's ( ,t\rs1 to ,*>les ! ,bald
 9 #hej4ag ,x conta9s a f9e picture ( ! 
pres5tation ) be>dless figures4 ,x has  
also a numb] ( exce$+ly spl5did initials

 %[+ /rong ,byzant9e influ5ce--capitals 
( columns ( classic orig9 & traces (    
,m]ov+ian 9 lett] =ms & ornam5tal       
details4 ,x is l ! ,evangeli>y (        
,lo?aire1 already m5tion$1 a mo/        
sumptu\s example ri* 9 silv] & gold--!  
latt] hav+ a gr& portrait ( ,lo?aire    
seat$ on 8 ?rone4 ,bo? ,,mss4 are 9 !   
,national ,libr>y at ,p>is1 ! ,vivi51   
,no4 #a 7,!ol4 ,lat471 ! ,lo?aire1 ,no4 
#bff4 ,b ! "o example to :i* we w\ld    
call ! read]'s att5tion1 ?\gh among !   
e>li] productions ( ! p]iod1 z n only   
mo/ readily accessible1 b mo/ preci\s to
 ! ,engli% /ud5t1 is ! celebrat$ ,alcu9 
,bible 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,add4 ,,ms4 
#ajedf74 ,?is v5]able ,,ms4 is a copy ( 
! ,vulgate revis$ by ,alcu9 himself1 &  
said to be exactly simil> to ! "o at    
,bamb]g4 ,biblical revision 0 p]haps !  
mo/ important ( 8 _m lit]>y occupations1
 & ?is volume is reasonably believ$ to  
be ! actual copy prep>$ = pres5tation to
 ,*>lemagne "u ! revis]'s own           
sup]9t5d5ce1 possibly1 9 "p at lea/1 !  

"w ( 8 own h&4 ,x is a l>ge folio1 f9ely
 writt5 9 a neat m9uscule1 ma9ly ,saxon 
h&1 ) uncial initials 9 two columns4 ,! 
m9iatures1 includ+ _! ar*itectural      
details1 are 9 ! ,roman mann]1 !        
ornam5ts p>tly ,byzant9e1 p>tly ,celtic4
 ,! great simil>ity ( design betwe5     
diff]5t manuscripts is /rik+ly          
exemplifi$ by a comp>ison ( ?ree bord]s 
f 7a7 ! ,evangeli>y ( ,/4 ,vaa/ (       
,arras1 fol4 #bh v4 7see ,delisle72 7b7 
! ,evangel4 9 ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is1 
anc4 fds4 ,lat4 #beg 7see ,l\&re71 &    
,evangeli>y ,no4 #cji ,bibl4 de ,cambrai
 7see ,durieux74  #ag ,plate 9 t4 #a (  
,l\&re4  ,inde$1 comp>isons ( ?is k9d   
are v in/ructive frequ5tly z sugge/ive (
 prov5ance1 z ea* work+ c5tre w\ld h its
 own set ( models & designs4 ,( c\rse1  
comp>ison ( ! ,,mss4 !mselves is out ( !
 "q1 b ! comp>isons c (t5 be effect$ by 
! /ud5t's hav+ ,l\&re1 ,durieux1        
,fleury1 ,lab>te1 etc41 by 8 side dur+ !
 exam9ation ( any giv5 p]iod4 ,! limits 
( our little book =bid our speak+ ( o!r 

examples ( ?is spl5did /yle1 b we _c    
conclude )\t notic+ t 9 ! op9ion ( ,m4  
,f]d9& ,d5is1 ! ,gold5 ,gospels ( ,/4   
,md>d ( ,soissons is ! mo/ beautiful    
,c>ol+ian ,,mss4 extant4     ,,*apt]    
,,xii  ,,mona/ic ,,illum9ation          
,introductory--,mona/]ies & _! "w f !   
six? to ! n9? c5tury--,! clau/ral       
s*ools--,alcu9--,w>nefrid &             
,!odulf--,cl]ics & mona/ics--,! ,gold5  
,age ( mona/icism--,! ,ord] ( ,/4       
,b5$ict--,ci/]cian h\ses--,o!r          
,ord]s--,progress ( writ+ 9 ,c>ol+ian   
times--,division ( lab\r4   ,9 ! six?   
c5tury ! mona/]ies1 su* z !y 71         
necess>ily kept !mselves v quiet &      
unobtrusive4 ,!y 7 situat$ usually 9    
out-(-!-way corn]s1 solitudes ap>t f    
civilisation1 or1 at lea/1 ap>t f ! busy
 haunts ( m54 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury !re is a
 m>k$ diff]5ce4 ,! ,capitul> (          
,aix-la-,*apelle1 ( #ghi1 requir$ t m9or
 s*ools %\ld be atta*$ to all mona/]ies 
& ca!dral *ur*es )\t exception1 & t     
*ildr5 ( all ranks1 bo? noble & s]vile1 

%\ld be receiv$ into !m4 ,also t ! l>g] 
mona/]ies %\ld op5 major s*ools 9 :i* ! 
sev5 sci5ces ( ma!matics1 a/ronomy1     
ari?metic1 music1 rhetoric1 dialectics1 
& geography1 7 to be taught--& ?is 9 two
 ways4 ,!re 7 to be two sorts (         
s*ools--int]ior or clau/ral1 int5d$ =   
mona/ics only1 & ext]ior or canonical1  
int5d$ = secul> /ud5ts4 ,^! s*ools 7 "u 
sep>ate s*ola/ics or ma/]s1 & lay /ud5ts
 7 receiv$ 9 ! ext]ior s*ools z freely &
 fully z 9 ! public s*ools ( ! pres5t   
"t4 ,mabillon#ah gives a li/ ( "s       
tw5ty-sev5 mona/ic & ca!dral s*ools1 by 
no means conf9$ to great or weal?y      
cities1 b well di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t !      
,empire4  #ah ,prfat4 9 iv4 ,scul4 #ahd4
  ,9 ! "t ( ,*>lemagne ^? mo/ 9 repute 7
 ,t\rs1 ,/4 ,gall1 ,fulda1 ,reims1 &    
,hirsfeld4  ,we h giv5 ! names ( ,alcu9 
& ,paul ,w>nefrid z ! *ief promot]s ( ! 
,c>ol+ian ,revival1 b we %\ld n omit t (
 ,!odulf1 ( ,orleans1 ! indefatigable   
s*ool inspector ( ! "t4 ,he x 0 :o      
assi/$ ! arti/ic side ( ! movem5t by 8  

+5i\s contrivances z a writ] &          
illu/rator ( s*ool books4 ,und\bt$ly x 0
 f 8 sugge/ions t we s (t5 f9d 9 m$ival 
sci5tific treatises ( ! drie/ k9d ^?    
graphic & wond]ful tabulations &        
edifices1 labell$ & turret$1 :i* make   
,ari/otle1 ,priscian1 & ,m>cianus       
,capella1 n only compreh5sible1 b       
attractive4 ,!odulf compos$ 9 simple &  
easy ,lat9 v]se--some:at aft] ! /yle ( !
 ,propria qu m>ibus our own *ildhood--! 
description ( a suppos$ tree ( sci5ce1  
:i* he _h drawn & pa9t$1 on ! trunk &   
bran*es ( :i* 7 ! figures & names ( !   
sev5 lib]al arts4 ,at ! foot sat        
,gramm>--! basis ( all le>n+--hold+ on  
h] h& a l5g?y rod 7om9\s = ! t5d]       
/ud5t74 ,on ! "r ,rhetoric /ret*$ =? h] 
h&4 ,on ! left 0 ,dialectic4 ,philosophy
 sat on ! summit2 ! re/ be+ dispos$     
accord+ to _! relative importance4 ,!   
:ole 0 expla9$ 9 ! ,c>m9a de septem     
artibus1 9 :i* ! bi%op1 :o 0 "o ( !     
fam\s poets ( ! age1 /rove 9 fl[]y      
language to r5d] ^! dry-z-du/ /udies    

acceptable to ! y\?ful und]/&+4 ,!odulf 
0 a great s*ol>1 & assi/$ ,alcu9 9 !    
revision ( ! ,bible1 "o copy ( :i* he   
himself _h writt5 :il/ /ill ,abbat (    
,fleury1 ab\t #gij4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is  
,bible is a poem 9 gold5 lett]s on      
purple1 & a preface 9 prose1 also 9     
gold5 lett]s1 giv+ a synopsis ( ! sev]al
 books4 ,! text diff]s some:at f !      
,alcu9 ,bible1 z x is t ( ,j]ome be=e   
,alcu9's revision4 ,?is ,,ms4 is n[ at  
,p>is4 ,ano!r ,bible execut$ to ! ord] (
 ,!odulf is n[ 9 ! ,t[n ,libr>y at ,puy4
  ,x seems incr$ible1 aft] ! ef=ts made 
by ,*>lemagne & 8 m9i/]s = ! ma9t5ance (
 le>n+ & ! arts1 t !re %\ld ev] be any  
risk ( a return to b>b>ism1 b x is a    
fact t ! dissolution ( ! ,empire prov$ 9
 c]ta9 localities ! susp5sion (         
prosp]ity4 ,=tunately !                 
mona/ics--especially ! ,b5$ict9es--& !  
canons ( ! ca!drals /ill kept up !      
practice ( copy+ books2 b almo/ all !   
,s\? ( ,france1 ,langu$oc1 & ,prov5ce1  
always cons]vative1 rema9$ m or less    

illit]ate4 ,!y produc$ poets &          
jongleurs1 b seldom arti/s or s*ol>s4 ,&
 ev5 9 ! ,nor?1 :]e ! capitul> s*ools 7 
mo/ fl\ri%+--z ,p>is1 ,reims1 &         
,*>tres--! g5]al t5d5cy 0 t[>ds relapse4
 ,9 ,high ,g]many x 0 ev5 worse4 ,9     
spite ( all ef=ts ( ! cl]gy by !        
ext5sion ( secul> s*ools1 ! laity       
pref]r$ ! excitem5t ( *ase & camp to !  
quiet humdrum ( ! s*oolroom4 ,religion  
seem$ to be reg>d$ r z a pr(ession ?an a
 pr9ciple1 q "r 9 its place1 i4e4 !     
,*ur* & ! mona/]y1 b unsuit$ = active   
life4 ,! weal?y l&-own]s1 !re=e1 did n  
cease to end[ religi\s h\ses or to build
 *ur*es1 b !y left book-le>n+ to !      
cl]ics4 ,accord+ly ! cl]ics & ! mona/ics
 fl\ri%$ exce$+ly4  ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? 
c5tury to ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? 0 !      
,gold5 ,age ( mona/icism4 ,! ,ord] ( ,/4
 ,b5$ict scatt]$ its f\ndations ?ickly  
ov] ,france & ,we/]n ,g]many1 :ile its  
re=m$ colonies ( ,cluny1 ,citeaux1      
,clairvaux1 & ! ,*>treuse aga9 spread _!
 settlem5ts 9 all directions4 ,?us we   

f9d ,cluny e/abli%$ 9 #iaj1 ,grammont 9 
#ajgf1 ! ,*>treuse 9 #ajhj1 ,citeaux 9  
#ajih1 ,savigny 9 #aaje1 ,tiron 9 #aaji1
 ,au/9 ,canons 9 #ajch1 ,premon/rants 9 
#aabj1 ,crut*$ ,fri>s 9 #aafi4 ,9       
,engl&1 f #aajj1 sc>cely a ye> pass$ by 
)\t ! e/abli%m5t ( "s fre% f\ndation4   
,dur+ ! ?irty-five ye>s ( ! reign (     
,h5ry ,i4 m ?an #aej religi\s h\ses 7   
f\nd$4 ,& ev5 dur+ ! disa/r\s reign (   
,/eph51 9 less ?an tw5ty ye>s1 no few]  
?an #ajj h\ses ( v>i\s ,ord]s 7         
e/abli%$4 ,! twelf? c5tury 9 ,engl& 0   
especially ! age ( mona/]ies4  ,x is    
true t n v mu* 9 ! way ( orig9al        
lit]ature1 except !ological treatises1 c
 be assign$ to ! ?ree c5turies ref]r$   
to1 b ! unwe>i$ lab\rs ( ! copyi/ &     
illum9ator did mu* to pres]ve ! works   
:i* previ\s c5turies _h creat$4 ,(      
c\rse1 9 s long a p]iod *anges 7 _m &   
great4 ,s great1 inde$1 t betwe5 a ,,ms4
 ( #hej & ano!r ( #abjj sc>cely is !re a
 common feature4  ,f #hej to #ajjj 9    
,france ! ,c>ol+ian m9uscule1 f ! fir/ s

 cle> & beautiful1 rema9$ ) sc>ce a     
/roke ( alt]ation4 ,b imm$iately aft] ! 
op5+ ( ! elev5? c5tury a s]ies ( rapid  
*anges set 91 & by ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? a
 new h&1 p]fectly cle> & regul>1 b q    
diff]5t f ! ,c>ol+ian1 _h be5 =m$1 :i*  
la/$ until x 0 sup]s$$ by ! ,go?ic1 :ile
 a sy/em ( contractions adopt$ because (
 ! sc>city ( p>*m5t creates a fre% ne$ =
 /udy ap>t f ! peculi>ities ( p]sonal   
habits4 ,side by side1 too1 ) ?is !re   
gr[s up a non-pr(essional h&--! s-call$ 
cursive or runn+ h& ( ! ord9>y writ]--9 
_m cases1 especially 9 de$s & o!r brief 
compositions1 all b utt]ly illegible1   
except to ! pr(essional palograph]4     
,occasionally ^! autographs are ( !     
highe/ importance & int5sely int]e/+1 z1
 = in/ance1 :5 9 an ,engli% ,,ms4 we    
come ,across a note 9 ! h&writ+ (       
,ord]icus 7,vitalis7 or ,mat!w ,p>is4   
,f #ijj to #abjj ! va/ majority (       
,,mss41 illum9at$ & o!rwise1 7 ! "w (   
mona/ics4 ,e h\se ( any note _h its room
 set ap>t = writ+4 ,! l>g] mona/]ies    

sometimes utilis$ ! cloi/]s ( ! *ur*es  
!mselves1 9 recesses ( :i* !y _h desks  
or tables plac$ = ! copyi/4 ,usually1   
h[ev]1 !y _h a l>ge common room call$ ! 
scriptorium1 :]e ei!r ! copyi/ &        
illum9ator work$ sep>ately & ea* on 8   
own acc\nt1 or :]e a numb] ( copyi/s    
await$ ) p5 & p>*m5t ! dictation by "o (
 ! frat]nity ( "s "w ( :i* a numb] (    
copies _h to be made4 ,no admittance    
except on bus9ess 0 ! rule ( ?is *amb]4 
,!re1 "u ! direction ( ! arm>ius1 !     
exp]t writ]s did _! "w4  ,sometimes a   
s+le monk execut$ ! book f fir/ to la/  
by himself4 ,he prep>$ ! vellum1 rul$ x 
) ! f9e metal po9t1 copi$ ! text1 pa9t$ 
! illum9ations1 put on ! gild+1 & ev5   
add$ ! b9d+4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! lab\r 0 
divid$--"o monk scrap$ & poli%$ !       
p>*m5t2 ano!r rul$ x2 ano!r wrote !     
text1 leav+ spaces = initials &         
m9iatures2 ano!r put 9 ! initials & did 
! gild+ & fl\ri%+ ) bord]s1 etc42 &     
ano!r pa9t$ ! m9iatures4 ,?is 9 !       
mona/]ies 0 done 9 ! case ( l>ge &      

important ,,mss41 & aft]w>ds1 :5        
illum9at+ became a lay-craft1           
subdivision ( lab\r 0 ! common practice4
 ,b9d+ 0 done 9 a special ap>tm5t1 & by 
"o specially skill$ !re94  ,!           
scriptorium 0 look$ ^u z a sort ( sacr$ 
place1 & ! "w ( copy+ (t5 consid]$ z a  
lab\r ( piety & love--ent]$ ^u ) dev\t  
pray]1 & solemnly bless$ by ! sup]ior1  
especially 9 cases :]e ! books to be    
writt5 7 ,bibles1 or connect$ ) !       
s]vices ( ! h\se1 ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1  
or ,treatises on ,!ology4  ,v frivol\s  
or absurd inde$ are sometimes !         
inducem5ts to copyi/s to d gratuit\s "w 
( ?is k9d1 su* z t e lett] transcrib$   
paid = "o s9 ( ! copyi/1 & x is said t a
 c]ta9 monk--a heavy s9n]--only ow$ 8   
salvation to ! fact t ! numb] ( lett]s 9
 a ,bible :i* he copi$ exce$$ by a s+le 
unit ! sum total ( 8 s9s4     ,,*apt]   
,,xiii  ,,mona/ic ,,illum9ation--cont9u$
  ,! copyi/s--,gratuit\s lab\r--,la/    
words ( copyi/s--,disputes betwe5 ,cluny
 & ,citeaux--,! ,abbey ( ,cluny3 its    

gr&eur & influ5ces--,use ( gold & purple
 vellum--,! m influ5tial abbeys & _! "w 
9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ! ,ne!rl&s4   ,(  
c\rse1 only really exp]t calligraph]s 7 
employ$ on great & important works4 ,9 !
 mona/]y all su* lab\r 0 gratuit\s1 t   
is1 ! copyi/ receiv$ no pecuni>y        
remun]ation1 only 8 food & lodg+4 ,yet  
ev5 ?is _h to be provid$ =4 ,h5ce !     
frequ5t reque/s = donations f ! laity4  
,to give a volume to a mona/]y did n    
always mean actually to pres5t ! book1 b
 to /& ! exp5se ( its production 9 !    
mona/]y itself4 ,9 ! case ( specially   
di/+ui%$ p5m51 _! ent]ta9m5t 9 a mona/]y
 0 sometimes an exp5sive bus9ess4 ,x 0  
only 9 lat] times1 h[ev]1 :5 lay-arti/s 
7 invit$ to reside 9 ! mona/]y to d _!  
"w t money 0 paid = _! s]vices4 ,v (t5  
we f9d notices at ! end ( volumes t     
,s-&-s _h ord]$ ! book to be writt5 &   
illum9at$ at 8 exp5se1 & an invocation =
 ! gratitude ( ! read] & remembrance 9 8
 pray]s is add$1 sometimes ) ! date to !
 v h\r :5 ! book 0 f9i%$4  ,! copyi/'s  

la/ words aft] 8 task 0 complet$ are (t5
 v full ( we>9ess--sometimes pi\s1      
sometimes hank]+ aft] fle%ly lu/s1      
occasionally q too dreadful to repeat4  
,may ,*ri/ recomp5se = ev] him :o caus$ 
?is book to be writt54 ,at ! end ( a    
,life ( ,/4 ,seba/ian3 ,illu/ri\s m>tyr1
 rememb] ! monk ,gondacus :o 9 ?is sl5d]
 volume has includ$ ! /ory ( ?y glori\s 
miracles4 ,may ?y m]its assi/ me to     
p5etrate ! heav5ly k+dom2 & may ?y holy 
pray]s aid me z !y h aid$ s _m o!rs :o h
 ow$ to !m ! ineffable enjoym5ts bo? (  
body & s\l4 ,wailly quotes ! foll[+3    
,dextram scriptoris b5$icat mat] honoris
 7,may ! "m ( hon\r bless ! writ]'s "r  
h&74 ,a v common end+ is ,qui scripsit  
scribat semp] cum ,dom9o vivat 7,he :o  
wrote1 let him write2 may he ev] live ) 
! ,"l74 ,ano!r3 ,explicit expliceat4    
,bib]e scriptor eat 7,x is f9i%$4 ,let x
 be f9i%$1 & let ! writ] g out = a      
dr9k74 ,ano!r end+ is ,v9um scriptori   
r$datur de meliori 7,let w9e ( ! be/ be 
giv5 to ! writ]74 ,& aga93 ,v9um r$datur

 scriptori1 non t5eatur 7,let w9e be    
giv5 to ! writ]2 let x n be )held74 ,"h 
is ! recomp5se wi%$ = by a ,fr5* monk3  
,detur pro p5 scriptori pulcra puella   
7,let a pretty girl be giv5 to ! writ] =
 8 pa9s1 or z a p5ance7 ,! monks enjoy$ 
puns1 z bib]e1 a common pun on viv]e4   
,"o writ] groans ?us3 ,scrib]e qui      
nescit1 nullum putat esse laborem 7,:oso
 kn[s n h[ to write1 ?9ks x is no       
tr\ble74  ,z "t goes on1 aft] ! t5?     
c5tury1 x is noticeable t ! m beautiful 
a manuscript becomes 9 its writ+ ! less 
accurate becomes its ,lat9ity4 ,& s !   
monks :o once 7 not$ = le>n+1 gradually 
lose _! grip on ,lat94 ,! manuscripts   
execut$ 9 ,b5$ict9e abbeys became       
inaccurate--almo/ illit]ate4 ,faults (  
ignorance ( words2 misr5d]+ ( prop]     
names2 blund]+ 9 ! inept introduction ( 
m>g9al notes & conf\nd+ su* notes ) !   
text1 %[+ t ! he>t ( ! copyi/ 0 n 9 8 "w
 nor 8 head capable ( p]=m+ x4 ,8 h& is 
simply a ma*9e1 :i* :5 x goes wrong does
 s )\t remorse & )\t %ame4 ,s 9 ! great]

 h\ses1 m5 7 appo9t$ ^: sole bus9ess 0  
to sup]vise ! copyi/s--9 fact1 to supply
 ! bra9s1 :ile ! scribe furni%$ !       
manipulation ( ! p54 ,ev5 !y1 h[ev]1 did
 n always succe$ to p]fection1 z v few (
 !m 7 too well furni%$ ) s*ol>%ip4 ,!re 
7 n _m ,alcu9s or ,!odulfs 9 ! twelf?   
c5tury4 ,:at !y did usually keep free f 
s]i\s error 7 ! books us$ 9 _! own      
s]vices4 ,x 0 ! aim1 p>ticul>ly among ! 
,ci/]cian h\ses1 to h _! liturgical     
texts absolutely )\t fault4 ,9 respect (
 illum9ation1 !re 0 a great qu>rel      
betwe5 ! ,abbey ( ,citeaux & t ( ,cluny4
 ,! great ,abbey ( ,clugny 7or ,cluny7 9
 anci5t ,burgundy 0 f\nd$ 9 #iaj1 & 9 ! 
c\rse ( a c5tury or obta9$ a degree (   
spl5d\r1 influ5ce1 & prosp]ity unrivall$
 by any o!r m$ival f\ndation4 ,x        
possess$ enorm\s weal? & cov]$ ,we/]n   
,europe ) its affiliat$ settlem5ts4 ,"u 
,pet] ! ,v5]able1 :5 ! controv]sy began1
 x 0 ! *ief mona/ic c5tre ( ! ,*ri/ian  
_w4 ,! words ( ,pope ,urban ,,ii41 :5   
address+ ! community1 73 ,ye are ! light

 ( ! _w4  ,! gr& ,basilica at ,cluny 0  
complet$ 9 #aaca1 &1 until ! erection ( 
,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 0 ! l>ge/ *ur* 9  
,*ri/5dom1 & ev5 !n 0 only t5 feet %ort]
 ?an ! ,roman edifice4 ,! build+ is a   
ma/]piece ( ar*itectural beauty &       
massiv5ess1 be+ ) its n>!x add$ by      
,abbat ,rol& de ,ha9aut1 no less 9 l5g? 
?an #eee feet4 ,! spl5d\r ( ! *ur*1 its 
gorge\s tombs & mausoleums1 its huge    
coronals = lights ( brass1 silv]1 &     
gold--! gr& c&elabrum be=e ! alt>1 ) its
 sett+s ( cry/al & b]yl--! mural pa9t+ (
 ! cupola1 & ! g5]al luxury &           
magnific5ce ( ! :ole con/itut$ an       
unp>donable s9 9 ! eyes ( ! /]n &       
self-d5y+ ,ci/]cians4 ,h5ce arose long  
disputes betwe5 ! abbats ( ! two h\ses  
ab\t ti!s & o!r matt]s4 ,among ! o!r    
matt]s 7 includ$ que/ions ( c&le/icks & 
b9d+s & gild+s ( books4 ,! two h\ses 7  
long at v>iance on ! "r def9ition (     
luxury 9 liv+1 & ?is v>iance may to ?is 
day be obs]v$ 9 _! sep>ate & di/9ct     
/yles1 bo? ( ar*itecture & !            

ornam5tation ( books4 ,! use ( gold 0   
/ill cont9u$ 9 ! old] ,b5$ict9e abbeys1 
b 0 long =bidd5 9 ! ,ci/]cian1 almo/ all
 ! ornam5t ( ! latt] be+ conf9$ to      
p5-draw+ & ! use ( col\r$ inks4 ,!      
employm5t ( gold = ! text ( manuscripts 
s common 9 ! n9? c5tury became r>e 9 !  
elev5?4 ,only "h & !re d we he> ( su*   
volumes4 ,:]e ! gold lett]+ /ill l+]s1 x
 is conf9$ to ! fir/ page or two1 & !   
same may be said ( ! purple vellum4 ,a  
c]ta9 monk1 ,adm>1 :o di$ at ,j]usalem 9
 #ajcd1 wrote a ,life ( ,/4 ,m>tial (   
,limoges entirely 9 lett]s ( gold2 b x 0
 q an exceptional volume4 ,ano!r example
 occurs 9 an ,evangeli>y1 :i* 0 probably
 a copy ( a n9?-c5tury model1 z at fir/ 
glance x might be assign$ to t age1 b on
 clos] exam9ation x is f\nd t 9 "o ( !  
bord]s is a m$allion be>+ ! "n ( !      
,emp]or ,o?o1 %[+ t x _c be lat] ?an !  
latt] "p ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,x is n[ 9 !   
,national ,libr>y at ,p>is4  ,be=e      
speak+ ( ,o?onian illum9ation x may be  
well to ref] to t ( ! ,ne!rl&s 9 ^!     

e>li] c5turies4  ,! mo/ anci5t writ+s   
kn[n 9 ?is di/rict 7 *>t]s & o!r        
docum5ts1 & ! pi\s effusion ( !         
occupants ( ! mona/]ies1 su* z ,/4 ,am&1
 ,lobbes1 ,/avelot1 etc4  ,x 0 ! revival
 ( art & lit]ature "u ,*>lemagne t 0 !  
beg9n+ ( arti/ic calligraphy1 !n foll[$ 
! production ( books outside !          
mona/]ies1 classical au?ors1 *ronicles1 
& mirrors ( v>i\s sci5ces4 ,9 ! elev5?  
c5tury we f9d mona/ic books & o!rs ( :i*
 ! ornam5tation is sometimes ev5        
spl5did1 su* z ,psalt]s1 ,evangeli>ies1 
,bibles1 & ,missals1 gl[+ ) gold &      
col\rs4 ,already ! ,abbeys ( ,/avelot & 
,lige 7 high-class c5tres ( production4 
,/4 ,m>t9's ( ,t\rnay _h a fam\s        
scriptorium also1 not$ = ! beauty ( its 
writ+ & its gr& initial lett]s4         
,imm$iately foll[+ ,/4 ,m>t9's1 !       
,abbeys ( ,gembl\x1 ,/4 ,bavon at ,gh5t1
 & o!rs1 produc$ or acquir$ ,,mss4 ( !  
mo/ sumptu\s k9d1 & be=e ! ?irte5?      
c5tury ! ,ne!rl&s _h e/abli%$ q a       
di/+ui%$ reputation4  ,9 a lat] *apt] we

 %all deal ) ! developm5t ( its         
rem>kable s*ools1 ^: "w ev5tually took  
rank1 n only among ! mo/ arti/ic1 b !   
mo/ prolific 9 ,europe4     ,,*apt]     
,,xiv  ,,o?onian ,,illum9ation          
,dep>ture f ,c>ol+ian--,bird &          
s]p5t--,common use ( dracont9e =ms 9    
lett]-ornam5t--,influ5ce ( metal-"w on !
 =ms ( scroll-ornam5t--,! v9e-/em & its 
developm5ts--,introduction ( ,greek ta/e
 & fa%ion into ,g]many--,ci/]cian       
illum9ation--,! ,o?onian                
p]iod--,influ5ce ( wom5 z patronesses & 
practition]s--,g]man pr9cesses--,!      
,empress ,adelheid ( ,burgundy--,!      
,empress ,!ophano--,h5ry ,,ii4 & !      
,empress ,cunegunda--,bamb]g--,examples 
( ,o?onian art4   ,p]haps ! fir/        
dep>ture t[>ds a new /yle aris+ out ( ! 
elem5ts ( ,c>ol+ian illum9ation is 9 !  
comb9ation ( ! bird & s]p5t us$ = lett] 
=ms & cont9u$ into coils ( v9e-/em &    
foliage 9 comb9ation ) gold5 panell$    
frames or pila/]s4 ,! mon/]s ?us produc$
 seem to be a revival ( ! dracont9e =ms 

( ! semi-b>b>\s ,celtic & e>ly ,franki% 
arts4 ,b ! diff]5ce 9 elegance &        
ref9em5t ( draw+ & beauty ( col\r+ is v 
great inde$4 ,o!r animal =ms are also   
made use (1 nor is ! human figure       
altoge!r abs5t4 ,sometimes entire lett]s
 are made up ( ! latt] 9 v>i\s          
attitudes4 ,little sc5es illu/rative ( !
 subject :i* ! initial comm5ces are (t5 
plac$ )9 x1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,b ( !    
fir/ psalm4#ai  #ai ,a *>act]i/ic       
,o?onian ,evangeli>y ( ! elev5? c5tury1 
execut$ at ! ,abbey ( ,/avelot1 may be  
se5 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,brussels4    
,illu/ration3 ,,biblia ,,sacra #ab,,?   
,,c5t4 7,,late7 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,h>l4 ,,ms4
 #bgii1 fol4 #ahe v4  ,illu/ration3     
,,evangelia 7,,p>is ,,use7 ,c4 #abge    
,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4 ,,ms4 #agcda1 fol4   
#abj v4  ,_m twelf?-c5tury initials look
 l designs 9 metal-"w plac$ on ! panell$
 gr\nds ( col\r$ enamels4 ,b ! rapid    
developm5t ( ! v9e-/em coils out ( !    
/emless foliages ( ! ,c>ol+ian & ,w9*e/]
 /yles is "o ( ! wond]s ( ! e>ly ,g]man 

revival aft] ! accession ( ! ,emp]or    
,o?o ,i4 ,a /ill great] improvem5t takes
 place aft] ! m>riage ( 8 son ,o?o ,,ii4
 to ! ,pr9cess ,!ophano1 daught] (      
,romanus ,,ii41 attributable1 no d\bt1  
to a fre% accession ( arti/ic en?usiasm 
f ! home ( ! new ,empress4 ,9 po9t (    
elegance ( design1 beauty ( curve1      
adaptation ( e "p to its %>e 9 !        
composition1 no?+ c\ld be f9] ?an !     
initial lett]s ( ! ,o?onian p]iod (     
illum9ation4 ,! ye> #ifc introduc$      
,greek fa%ions & ,greek arti/s into     
,g]many1 ! results ( :i* are at once    
traceable 9 ! increas$ spl5d\r ( mona/ic
 illum9ation 9 t c\ntry4 ,! details (   
,greek ornam5t become ! fill+s ( !      
frames & panels ( ! l>ge initials4  ,!  
,ci/]cian illum9ators1 or r             
calligraph]s1 :ile !y con/antly         
repudiate ! gold5 spl5d\r & mon/r\s     
follies ( _! rivals1 absolutely excel 9 
?is same ornam5tal draughtsman%ip4 ,:at1
 = example1 c\ld be f9] ?an ! p5-draw+ (
 ! great ,arn/e9 ,bible 9 ! ,briti%     

,museum 7,h>l4 #bhjj78 ,! ornam5t is    
mo/ly 9 a r$ ink1 ) flat-col\r$ blue1   
gre51 or yell[ backgr\nds1 b x is n to  
be surpass$4 ,no1 ! int]lacem5ts &      
coils1 foliages & panels ( ! twelf?     
c5tury are absolutely among ! f9e/      
examples ( ornam5tal lett]+ ev]         
conceiv$4 ,illum9at+ seem$ at ?is epo*  
to be m & m closely foll[+ ! details (  
contempor>y ar*itecture1 & s pav+ ! way 
to ! next great v>iety ( ! art1 :i* is  
look$ ^u by "s writ]s z ! real beg9n+ ( 
m$ival illum9ation4  ,x mu/ be admitt$1 
h[ev]1 t ! excell5ce limits itself to ! 
ornam5t4 ,! human figure is wret*$ly    
incorrect--ev5 b>b>\s4 ,x may be ask$ :y
 is ?is8 ,h[ is x t :ile ! decorative   
portion ( an illum9at$ book is beautiful
 9 ! highe/ degree1 bo? 9 l9e & col\r1 &
 yet occasionally ! arti/ seems n to h !
 remote/ idea ( ! true %ape ( h&s & feet
 or any "p ( ! human body8 ,( c\rse !   
usual explanation (f]$ is t mona/ic     
education did n p]mit ! /udy ( ! nude1 &
 h5ce ! monki% ignorance ( figure draw+4

 ,b t is sc>cely an excuse = ! mon/r\s  
h&s & feet & exagg]at$ facial expression
 ( ! m9iatures4 ,! ,italian monk        
,angelico1 9 spite ( 8 mona/ic          
limitations1 succe$$ 9 a mo/ graceful   
r5d]+ ( ! figure1 & a *>m+ delicacy 9 ! 
=ms ( ! h&s4 ,z 9 "s in/ances ! arti/   
does rea* a fair /&>d1 x mu/ be admitt$ 
t :]e he does n is ow+ to actual        
inability 9 himself & n 9 8 sy/em4 ,!   
?ree emp]ors :o give ! "n ( ,o?onian to 
! p]iod imm$iately succe$+ ! ,c>ol+ian  
rul$ ,g]many1 & _h mu* to d ) ! rul+ (  
,italy1 f #icf1 :5 ,o?o ,i41 call$ !    
,great1 succe$$ ,h5ry ! ,f[l] ab\t five 
ye>s be=e ! dea? ( ,a!l/an1 ^: si/]     
,eadgy?#bj 0 ,o?o's fir/ wife4 ,8 "m    
,ma?ilda 0 ! patroness ( ! cloi/]-s*ools
 = wom51 work+ 9 !m p]sonally4 ,%e      
h]self taught h] s]vants & maids ! art (
 read+4 ,h] daught] ,ma?ilda1 ! fam\s   
,abbess ( ,qu$l9burg1 9 #ifi p]suad$ !  
,abbat ,wittik9d ( ,corvey to write !   
,hi/ory ( ! ,saxon ,k+s1 ,h5ry h] fa!r1 
& ,o?o h] bro!r 7n[ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y  

at ,dresd574 ,haze*a1 !                 
,treasury-mi/ress ( ,qu$l9burg1 also    
employ$ ! monks ( ,corvey1 ) ^:         
beautiful initial draw+ %e 0 greatly    
pleas$1 to illum9ate h] own ,life ( ,/4 
,*ri/oph]4 ,! beautiful b imp]i\s       
,pr9cess ,h$wig1 ano!r ( ,o?o's si/]s1  
read ,virgil ) ,ekkeh>d ( ,/4 ,gall1 &  
taught ! *ild ,bur*>d ,greek1 :ile      
,o?o's niece ,g]b]ga1 ,abbess (         
,g&]%eim1 0 ! in/ructress ( ! celebrat$ 
,hrosvita1 ! olde/ ,g]man poetess4 ,&   
?is rem9ds u t at ?is "t ! wom5-cloi/]s 
( ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s 7 among ! mo/    
active c5tres ( le>n+ & book-production4
 ,! great monum5t ( fem99e erudition &  
arti/ic skill1 call$ ! ,hortus          
,delici>um1 0 ( a some:at lat] "t1 b o!r
 examples /ill exi/1 among !m !         
beautiful ,ni$]mn/] ,gospels ( ! ,abbess
 ,uota1 n[ at ,muni*4 ,a wood-cut by    
,alb]t ,dr] prefix$ to ! fir/ edition ( 
,hrosvita's works 7,nrnb]g1 #aeja7      
repres5ts ! nun ,hrosvita kneel+ be=e ! 
,emp]or & beside ! ,ar*bi%op ,wilhelm ( 

,ma9z pres5t+ h] book4#ba ,z to ! lit]>y
 lab\rs ( ,hrosvita1 ?is is n ! place to
 discuss !m4 ,%e is simply an incid5tal 
figure 9 our view ( ! brilliant ,c\rt ( 
! ,o?os4 ,a ,,ms4 ( h] works #ejj ye>s  
aft] h] dea? 0 f\nd among ! du/ ( !     
cloi/]-libr>y at ,/4 ,emm]am (          
,reg5sburg by ,conrad ,celtis1 &1 z we h
 se51 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #aeja4 ,?us %e
 /&s out z an illu/ration ( ! fact (t5  
allud$ to1 ( ! importance ( fem99e      
f\ndations 9 ! mona/ic s*eme4  #bj ,!   
*ronicl]s are r confus$ z to ! "n ( ?is 
,pr9cess4  #ba ,x is ?\ght1 h[ev]1 by "s
 t ! figure beh9d is t ( ! ,abbess--n ! 
,ar*bi%op4 ,see ,dr] ,soc4 ,portfolio = 
#aijj4  ,h] picturesque /ory ( !        
romantic adv5tures ( ,adelheid (        
,burgundy1 h] m>riage 9 #idg to ,k+     
,lo?aire ( ,italy1 h] wid[hood & p]ils1 
h] mis=tunes & ev5tual m>riage to !     
,emp]or ,o?o1 reads m l a *apt] f !     
,morte d',ar?ur or ! ,arabian ,nights   
?an a v]aci\s hi/ory ( real p4 ,!       
,empress ,adelheid 01 inde$1 a rem>kable

 woman1 & ! nun ( ,g&]%eim is full ( h] 
praises4 ,9 h] y\ng] days %e _h be5 a   
zeal\s patron & protectress ( ! ,abbey (
 ,cluny1 :i* /ood on h] native l& (     
,burgundy1 & h] sympa?ies rema9$ always 
) ! religi\s h\ses4 ,9 ?is respect1     
inde$1 %e 0 a wor?y successor ( ! pi\s  
,ma?ilda & h] daught]s4 ,%e di$ 9 h]    
sev5ty-fir/ ye> 9 h] ,abbey ( ,selz 9   
,elsass1 leav+ a memory ri* 9 b5efits to
 ! mona/ics1 especially ^? ( ,cluny1 &  
v5]at$ z ! patroness ( _m an illum9at$  
volume ( poems or !ology1 n to m5tion ! 
liturgical books execut$ at h] exp5se = 
use 9 h] v>i\s f\ndations4 ,! t5? c5tury
 seems to h be5 an age ( illu/ri\s wom54
 ,no soon] d we leave ! /ory ( ,adelheid
 ?an we ent] ^u t ( ! "y wife ( ,o?o    
,,ii41 ! ,empress ,!ophano1 daught] ( ! 
,greek ,emp]or1 ,romanus ,,ii4 ,:5      
little m ?an a *ild %e 0 m>ri$ to ! son 
( ,adelheid1 he himself be+ 9 8 tw5tie? 
ye> 9 ! ye> #igb1 & 9 ! city ( ,rome4 ,!
 "y ,greek ,pr9cess :o _h be5 re>$ amid 
! luxury & spl5d\r ( ! ,ea/]n capital at

 once became ! fa%ion--! mann]s ( h]    
,byzant9e h\sehold became ^? ( h] ,roman
 c\rt1 & 7 transplant$ to h] ,g]man home
 at ,bamb]g4 ,arti/s1 limn]s1 copyi/s1  
musicians1 s*ol>s1 =m$ "p ( h] ret9ue1 &
 at once ! ,g]man ,c\rt became ! rival (
 ^? ( ,engl&1 ,byzantium1 ,cordova1 &   
,rome4  ,x 01 inde$1 a ,r5aissance1 an  
awak5+ 9 lit]ature1 art1 & social life4 
,nor did its glory fade until eclips$ by
 ! succe$+ rivalries ( ,france & ,italy4
 ,!ophano surviv$ h] husb&1 :o di$ 9    
#ihc1 & prov$ h]self a capable ,reg5t   
dur+ ! infancy ( h] son ,o?o ,,iii4 ,%e1
 h[ev]1 did n live to see 8 e>ly dea?1  
nor inde$ to see t ( ! ag$ ,adelheid1 :o
 surviv$ h] eight ye>s1 & di$ 9 ! same  
ye> 7#iii7 z ,o?o's aunt1 ,matilda1     
,abbess ( ,qu$l9burg4  ,! dea? ( ,o?o   
,,iii4 9 #ajjb did n affect mat]ially ! 
/eady advance ( mona/ic art4 ,bamb]g1   
,/4 ,gall1 ,corvey1 ,luxeuil1 ,bobbio1  
,monte ,cass9o cont9u$ _! accu/om$      
lab\rs4 ,"u ! ,capetian ,k+s ! ,fr5*    
f\ndations ma9ta9$ ! reputations !y _h  

won dur+ ! ,c>ol+ian times1 :ile o!rs 7 
add$ f "t to "t ?r\gh\t ! ,rh9el&1      
,lim\s91 & ! ,s\? ( ,france1 :]e !      
,romanesque or ,byzant9e ta/es _h n yet 
p5etrat$1 & ^: "w !re=e rema9$ di/9ct f 
t ( ,italy & ! ,g]man ,empire4  ,h5ry   
,,ii4 & ! ,empress ,cunigunda made      
,bamb]g ! great c5tre ( ,g]man art1 & x 
is to ,bamb]g1 ,/4 ,gall1 ,luxeuil1     
,monte ,cass9o1 & ,magdeburg t we h to  
look = ! f9e/ productions ( ! elev5?    
c5tury4 ,among ! e>li] works ( !        
,o?onian p]iod we may m5tion ! fam\s    
,gospel-book execut$ = ! m9i/] ( ,o?o   
,,ii41 ,egb]t1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,trves1 &    
kn[n z ! ,codex ,egb]ti4 ,x 0 writt5 9  
#ihj at ,rei*5au on ! ,lake ( ,con/ance 
7or ,bod5see1 z x is locally kn[n7 by   
two monks1 ,k]ald & ,h]ib]t1 ^: dw>fi%  
figures appe> b5ea? t ( ! ar*bi%op on ! 
frontispiece4 ,x conta9s fifty-sev5     
illum9ations & sev]al folios ( violet   
p>*m5t ) gold5 ornam5ts & lett]+4 ,b its
 pictures are r rem>kable1 mo/ly !      
figures are too %ort & ! limbs &        

extremities badly drawn1 b 9 "s ( !     
/ateli] p]sonages ! error is rev]s$ & !y
 are too tall--?is seems to be ow+ to   
,greek influ5ce1 :ile ! ,byzant9e ta/e  
%[s itself 9 ! treatm5t ( !             
bord]-foliages4 ,bea/s are              
unnatural--demons & sw9e are alike1 bo? 
9 =m & col\r 7,pub4 ,lib41 ,trves74  ,an
 ,evangeli>y1 =m]ly 9 ! ,ca!dral        
,treasury at ,bamb]g1 b n[ 9 ! ,royal   
,libr>y at ,muni* 7,cimel4 #eh71 is a   
good example ( ! k9d ( "w t at fir/     
glance appe>s to be actually ,c>ol+ian  
bo? 9 ! figures1 attitudes1 & treatm5t (
 drap]y1 b :i* on clos] exam9ation      
proves to be really due to ! reign (    
,o?o ,,ii4 ,9 ?is ,,ms4 ! beg9n+ ( ,/4  
,mat!w conta9s f\r m$allions--two (     
,h5ry ,i4 7! ,f[l]71 "o ( ,o?o ,i41 8   
son1 & ano!r ( 8 gr&son1 ,o?o ,,ii4     
7,nat4 ,lib41 ,p>is1 ,lat4 #hhea74  ,a  
/ill m notable ,,ms4 is kept 9 ! ,muni* 
,libr>y 7,cimel4 #eh71 conta9+ a        
two-pag$ picture ( tribut>y cities br++ 
gifts to ! ,emp]or ,o?o ,,iii4 ,9 !     

pa9t+ 9 ?is ,,ms41 not)/&+ ! exagg]at$  
solemnity ( expression1 ! faces are well
 drawn & ! features c>efully modell$4 ,!
 pa9t+ is 9 ! ,greek mann]1 z is also ! 
g5]al "* ( ! drap]ies4 ,! small1        
ill-drawn feet are by no means comp>able
 ) ! heads4  ,! ,imp]ial cr[n is squ>e1 
l ^? ( ! ,magi 9 ! ,brem5 ,,ms4 n[ 9 !  
,libr>y ( ,brussels1 or l t ( ,baldw9 z 
,emp]or ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,9 ! sev]al    
en?ronem5ts :i* occur among ! ,imp]ial  
m9iatures at ,muni* !re are important & 
significant diff]5ces :i* might n be    
notic$ unless po9t$ out4  ,! *anges 9 ! 
%ape & treatm5t ( ! orb1 = in/ance1 mean
 m ?an a m]e advance 9 enri*m5t1 or an  
improvem5t 9 arti/ic skill4 ,! diff]5ce 
indicates a *ange 9 political usage4 ,9 
! m9iature ( ,*>les x does n occur at   
all2 9 t ( ,o?o ,,iii4 x is a m]e       
symbol2 9 t ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 x is ! actual 
emblem ( sov]eignty pres5t$ by ! ,pope  
to ! ,emp]or1 to be held by ! latt] 9   
tok5 ( 8 inve/iture4  ,x 0 ,seld5's     
op9ion t ! orb1 surm\nt$ by ! cross1    

nev] appe>s 9 we/]n art until ! "t (    
,h5ry ,,ii4 ,?us x is "h "o ( ! _m      
seem+ly insignificant details :i*1 9 !  
m9iature art ( ! ,middle ,ages1         
contribute to ! elucidation ( ,hi/ory4  
,,*apt] ,,xv  ,,franconian ,,illum9ation
  ,! lat] ,saxon s*ools--,b]nw>d (      
,hilde%eim--,tuotilo & ,h>tmut ( ,/4    
,gall5--,portrait ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 9 ,,ms4 
#dj at ,muni*--,ne!rl&i% & o!r "w       
comp>$--,alleg$ det]ioration ( "w "u !  
,franconian ,emp]ors n true--,bad "* ( !
 elev5? c5tury z to art--,example to !  
contr>y4   ,! ,,ms4 j ref]r$ to 7,muni*1
 ,cimel4 #eh7 br+s u mo/ probably to !  
"t ( ! ?ird4 ,o?o1 b x is really ) 8    
fa!r's m>riage to ! ,pr9cess ,!ophano t 
! great revival 9 ! arts began1 & !     
names ( ,/4 ,bruno ( ,cologne &         
,augsburg1 ,g]b]t1 ,b]nw>d ( ,hilde%eim1
 ,tuotilo1 ,salomon1 ,h>tmut1 ,fol*>d1 &
 ,s9tramn ( ,/4 ,gall51 are1 z x 71     
po9ts ( light & c5tres ( exp&+ circles (
 arti/ic skill4 ,bruno & ,g]b]t are too 
well kn[n to ne$ any fur!r rem>k4       

,b]nw>d ( ,hilde%eim1 made bi%op !re 9  
#iib by ,!ophano1 & tutor to h] son ,o?o
 ,,iii41 excell$ no less 9 ! me*anical  
?an 9 ! lib]al arts4 ,he 0 an excell5t  
p5man1 a good pa9t]1 & z a h\sehold     
manag] 0 unequall$4 ,su* is ,tangm>'s   
tribute to 8 pupil's "*4 ,he 01 inde$1  
an en?usia/ 9 pa9t+1 mosaic1 & metal-"w1
 & us$ to collect all ! objects ( art he
 c\ld lay h&s on1 to =m a museum or     
/udio = ! in/ruction ( a class ( art    
/ud5ts & workm54 ,! collection 0 =m$    
ma9ly out ( ! num]\s pres5ts br\ght to !
 "y ,emp]or f =eign1 & especially ,greek
 & ,ori5tal1 pr9ces1 & conta9$ _m       
examples ( beautiful metal-"w & ,greek  
illum9ation4 ,8 own ,ca!dral (          
,hilde%eim 0 suppli$ ) jewell$          
s]vice-books1 9 "p at lea/ ! "w ( 8 own 
h&4 ,! *alices & inc5se-burn]s & !      
massive gold5 corona or c&elabrum ( !   
ca!dral 7 also ! productions ( 8 own    
work%ops4 ,! mural pa9t+s1 too1 7       
execut$ by himself4 ,8 h&iwork1 s lov+ly
 describ$ by 8 old s*oolma/] ,tangm>1   

may /ill be se5 9 ,hilde%eim1 :]e       
visitors to t qua9t old ,saxon city are 
told t ! bronze gates ( ! ca!dral & !   
jewell$ crucifix 7 plac$ !re by !       
v5]able bi%op himself 9 #ajae1 :ile 9 ! 
ca!dral-close rises a column adorn$ )   
bronze reliefs f ! ,life ( ,*ri/1       
au?oritatively decl>$ to be ! "w ( 8 own
 h&s--let u say !y came out ( 8 own     
work%ops1 9 ! ye> #ajbb1 ne>ly a ?\s&   
ye>s ago4 ,/4 ,b]nw>d 0 canonis$ by     
,cele/9e ,,iii4 9 #aaid4 ,8 s>cophagus  
is 9 ! crypt ( ! ,basilica ( ,/4 ,mi*ael
 at ,hilde%eim4 ,( ,tuotilo1 ! pupil (  
,mo5gall 7or ,m>cellus71 x is said t he 
0 physically almo/ a giant2 j ! man1    
says 8 biograph]1 t y w\ld *oose = a    
wre/l]4 ,he 0 a good speak]1 _h a f9e   
musical voice1 0 a capital c>v] 9 wood1 
& an accompli%$ illum9ator4 ,l mo/ ( !  
e>li] monks ( ,/4 ,gall51 he 0 a clev]  
musician1 equally skilful ) ! trumpet & 
! h>p4 ,& ! *>m ab\t x all 0 t he 0     
always *e]ful & 9 excell5t spirits1 & 9 
consequ5ce a g5]al fav\rite4 ,nor is ?is

 all4 ,besides be+ tea*] ( music 9 !    
upp] s*ool to ! sons ( ! nobility1 he 0 
classical tutor1 & c\ld prea* bo? 9     
,lat9 & ,greek4 ,8 *ief accompli%m5ts1  
h[ev]1 7 music & pa9t+1 & on ^! 8       
reputation ma9ly re/s4 ,he compos$      
songs1 :i*1 l an ,iri% b>d1 he sang to !
 h>p--! popul> in/rum5t ( ?is ,iri%     
f\ndation4 ,be+ ?us multif>i\sly        
accompli%$ 7he 01 by ! way1 an excell5t 
box]71 he 0 mu* 9 reque/1 & by !        
p]mission ( 8 abbot travell$ to di/ant  
places4 ,"o ( 8 celebrat$ sculptures 0 !
 image ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 = ! ca!dral at
 ,metz1 said to be q a ma/]piece4 ,nay1 
he 0 ev5 a ma!matician & a/ronom]1 &    
con/ruct$ an a/rolabe or orr]y1 :i* %[$ 
! c\rses ( ! planets4  ,?is allusion to 
! a/rolabe rem9ds u t x 0 ,abbat ,h>tmut
 ( ,/4 ,gall51 :o 0 also an accompli%$  
illum9ator1 :o con/ruct$ a l>ge map ( ! 
_w--"o ( ! extremely few t until t "t ! 
_w _h ev] se54  ,/4 ,gall5 & its arti/s1
 h[ev]1 mu/ n be p]mitt$ to monopolise  
our att5tion too long4 ,! read] mu/ = ! 

re/ ref] to ,dr4 ,rahn & ! writ]s :om he
 quotes4 ,sometimes x is said t !       
illum9ations ( ! elev5? c5tury are pro(s
 ( ! rapid decl9e ( art1 & to demon/rate
 ! fact t !y are frankly hide\s1 "s     
writ]s br+ =w>d in/ances su* z !        
m9iatures ( a ,missal1 especially a     
,crucifixion1 said to be at ,p>is1#bb & 
a ,,ms4 at ,b]l9 said to h be5 execut$ 9
 ! e>li] days ( ! ,franconian dyna/y    
7#ajcd-aabe7 conta9+ ano!r ,crucifixion1
 :i*1 ?\gh n q s horrible z ! "o j      
ref]r$ to1 is suffici5tly bad4 ,^!      
m9iatures are irr$eemably b>b>ic & n 9  
any s5se typical ( ! age4 ,su* examples1
 9 fact1 c be f\nd 9 any age & 9 any    
c\ntry4 ,7 !y really repres5tative ( !  
be/ art ( ! "t1 !re might be an excuse =
 _! reproduction1 b !y are n1 & !re=e no
 reliance c be plac$ on _! evid5ce4  #bb
 ,le ,livre1 etc41 p> ,m4,p4 ,l\isy1    
,p>is1 #ahhf1 #h1 p4 #gi4  ,9 !         
m9iatures ( ,,mss4 execut$ = ! ,o?os &  
,h5rys ( ! e>ly ,saxon dyna/y ! wor/ !y 
c be *>g$ )1 z comp>$ ) ! p]iods be=e & 

aft] !m1 is slavi% imitation4 ,!        
portrait ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 7,sa9t ,h5ry1    
husb& ( ,cunegunda7 9 ,,ms4 #dj at      
,muni* is by no means b>b>ic--x is m    
,greek ?an any?+ else--b x is d[n to !  
smalle/ elem5t ( composition a direct   
imitation ( ! simil> portrait ( ,*>les !
 ,bald 9 ! ,emm]am ,gospels4 ,x is n a  
copy1 = !re is a significant diff]5ce 9 
! attitudes ( ! emp]ors4 ,h5ry holds a  
sceptre 9 8 "r h& & an orb 9 8 left1 l  
,o?o ,,iii4 9 ! m9iature already        
describ$1 :]eas ,*>les is empty h&$4 ,!n
 bo? on ! ,emp]or's head & on ! small]  
figures ! cr[ns are diff]5t--! panell+ (
 ! ,imp]ial canopy is diff]5t1 &1 (     
c\rse1 !re is a diff]5t inscription4    
,la/ly1 x may be said t "s ( ! diff]5ces
 are improvem5ts4 ,ano!r *ange is       
*>act]i/ic--,*>les 0 be>dless1 ,h5ry has
 a po9t$ be>d4  ,x is true ?is is an    
example belong+ to ! v brighte/ ye>s ( !
 ,o?onian revival4 ,b to pass ov] o!r   
,saxon ,,mss41 !re are extant examples f
 ,evr\l 7:5 ,rog] de ,w>5ne1 son ( !    

great ,e>l ( ,surrey1 practis$ z a      
scribe & illum9ator on 8 retirem5t to t 
mona/]y71 ,/4 ,m>t9's ( ,t\rnay1 ,/4    
,am&1 ,b5$ictbeu]n1 ,lobbes1 &          
,weissobrunn c\ld all boa/ accompli%$   
calligraph]s4 ,! la/ e/abli%m5t produc$ 
! celebrat$ ,diemudis1 :o1 ?\gh a woman1
 0 di/+ui%$ by a mo/ extraord9>y        
activity & skill4  ,nor are ^! all t    
c\ld be nam$1 = by no means lea/ among  
!m we may quote ,monte ,cass9o1 _m ( ^: 
elegant productions h be5 publi%$ by !  
pres5t occupants ( ! mona/]y4 ,!n !     
,greek m9iaturi/s ( ! elev5? c5tury are 
once m to ! front4 ,! fam\s ,slav       
,evangeli>y ( ,o/romir 7#ajef-fg7 %[s u 
a ,,ms4 probably execut$ = a gov]nor (  
,novgorod1 :i* conta9s by no means      
despicable "w1 :e!r 9 ! figures ( !     
evangeli/s or ! ornam5tal bord]s4 ,(    
c\rse1 9 ,greek ,,mss4 we "k pretty well
 :at to expect2 fairly good ornam5t1 ri*
 details ( embroid]y1 etc41 wilfulness (
 col\r 9 ar*itecture1 mann]ism 9 !      
attitudes & faces1 b good1 clev] te*nic 

& bright gold4  ,la/ly1 !re is !        
celebrat$ ,evangeli>y giv5 to ,san      
,b5$etto ( ,mantua by ! ,c\ntess        
,matilda n[ 9 ! ,vatican1 enri*$ )      
little m9iatures f ! ,life ( ! ,virg91  
:i* ,lanzi decl>es surpass ev]y?+ else  
he ev] saw ( ! same p]iod4  ,! ,poitev9 
,,ms4 at ,poiti]s1 a biographical       
compilation ( sa9ts 9 hon\r ( ,/4       
,radegonde1 ?\gh no?+ wond]ful1 is wor? 
record+ z a transitional example j be=e 
! close ( ! c5tury4 ,z an example ( !   
latt] "p ( a cont9ual det]ioration1 x   
%\ld be worse ?an any?+ prec$+4 ,yet x  
is n s4 ,x is c]ta9ly heavy & r dull1 & 
! draw+ f> f excell5t1 b x is also1 on !
 o!r h&1 f> f frankly horrible4 ,9      
introduc+ examples ( o!r s*ools into ?is
 *apt] ! writ]'s object has solely be5  
to v9dicate ! illum9ators ( ! elev5?    
c5tury f ! sweep+ *>ge sometimes made   
aga9/ !m ( absolute det]ioration4 ,( !  
s*ool directly "u our notice1 ! *>ge is 
c]ta9ly n true1 & ! wret*$ /uff cit$ 9  
support ( x c only be look$ ^u z        

accid5tal salvages ( no arti/ic value   
:atev]4  ,9 pro( t ! book-"w ( ! elev5? 
c5tury 0 n all wor?less1 we may ref] to 
j "o example4 ,x is a ,,ms4 consi/+ ( b 
a few fragm5ts execut$ at ,luxeuil "u   
,abbat ,g]>d ,,ii4 ,! rema9s are su* z  
to cause regret = ! loss ( ! re/4 ,on "o
 page ,*ri/ is %[n seat$ on a ri* sella 
cov]$ ) an embroid]$ cu%ion 9 ! mann] ( 
! consul> dipty*s4 ,he is clo!d 9 a pale
 yell[ tunic1 ov] :i* is worn a purple  
pallium ) a :ite bord]4 ,he is be>dless1
 & 8 br[n hair is kept close to ! head &
 neck1 & falls ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,! feet are
 nude & by no means ill-drawn4 ,surr\nd+
 ! head is a cruci=m nimbus enclos$ 9 a 
circle--bo? cross & circle be+ pale     
gre51 ! latt] outl9$ ) r$4 ,! *ief fault
 ( ! head is ! excessive l5g? ( ! nose &
 ! wide />e ( ! eyes4 ,! "r arm is rais$
 some:at z 9 ! ,/4 ,s]n9 ,evangeli>y1 b 
) ! palm outw>ds1 & mu* sup]ior 9 draw+4
  ,! :ole figure is pa9t$ on1 or at lea/
 surr\nd$ by1 a gold5 backgr\nd--s f>   
indicat+ ! ,byzant9e orig9 ( ! design4  

,x is enclos$ 9 a cusp$ aureola =m$ (   
sev]al col\r$ b&s ( gre51 violet1 &     
rose4 ,?is %[s ,g]man ta/e4 ,eight      
circlets or m$allions surr\nd ?is figure
 ( ,*ri/1 f\r ( :i* conta9 ! symbols ( !
 evangeli/s2 ! o!r f\r--,isaiah1        
,daniel1 ,eze*iel1 & ,j]emiah4 ,all hold
 portions ( ! b& :i* connects !m1 & on  
:i* appe>s a s]ies ( inscriptions 9     
,lat94 ,^! consi/ ( passages f !        
,vulgate4  ,! :ole picture is plac$ 9 a 
squ>e frame consi/+ ( b&s ( v>i\s col\rs
 & gold outl9$ 9 r$4 ,! inn] gr\nd is   
*iefly blue1 & ! names ( ! prophets &   
evangeli/s are pa9t$ on x 9 :ite ,roman 
capitals4 ,tak5 altoge!r x is a v       
spl5did page1 b ev5 ?is is surpass$ 9   
gorge\s ri*ness ( ornam5t by ! m9iature 
( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,& ! bord]s ( o!r pages 9   
?is ,luxeuil fragm5t are full ( ornam5t1
 giv+ ! impression t ! "w 0 imitat$ f t 
( ! goldsmi? & enamell]4 ,! figures &   
symbols ( ! evangeli/s 9 ^! e>ly ,gospel
 texts are fully expla9$ aft] ,/4 ,j]ome
 by ,alcu91 ^: revision ( ! ,vulgate =ms

 ! text ( ! ,durham ,book already ref]r$
 to4  ,! ,manual %ortly to be m5tion$   
diff]s some:at 9 its explanation ( ^!   
symbols4 ,! curi\s comb9ation call$ !   
,tetra morph is a comp\nd ( ! f\r       
attributes or symbols into a s+le       
figure1 to signify t ! f\r evangeli/s   
give only "o gospel1 & ought n to be    
sep>at$4 ,x occurs frequ5tly 9 ,greek1 b
 only seldom 9 ,lat9 or ,we/]n          
iconography4#bc  #bc ,on ?is figure see 
,annales ,ar*ologiques1 tom4 #h1 p4     
#bjf1 etc4     ,,*apt] ,,xvi  ,,arti/ic 
,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,cloi/]  ,!        
,manual--,its discov]y--,its orig9 &    
cont5ts--,didron's translation--,!      
,comp5dium ( ,!ophilus--,its            
cont5ts--,engli% v]sion by              
,h5drie--,b5$ict9e & ,ci/]cian          
illum9ation--,h[ !y diff]--,"* ( mona/ic
 ar*itects & arti/s4   ,ab\t ! twelf?   
c5tury comes =w>d ! m5tion ( a c]ta9    
manual m9utely detail+ e process (      
pa9t+1 & lay+ d[n rules = ! due         
composition & arrangem5t ( e subject to 

be repres5t$ 9 ! sacr$ hi/ory & o!r     
books connect$ ) div9e s]vice4 ,h[ long 
su* a manual _h be5 9 use is unkn[n1 b x
 is ?\ght t some?+ ( ! k9d mu/ h exi/$ f
 ! "t1 at lea/1 ( ,ju/9ian1 p]haps      
e>li]4 ,! manual "h ref]r$ to 0 f\nd by 
,m4 ,didron at ,sphigm5\1 on ,mt4 ,a?os4
 ,?is little mona/]y is said to h be5   
f\nd$ by ! ,empress ,pul*]ia1 si/] ( !  
,emp]or ,!odosius ! ,y\ng]4 ,%e di$ 9 ! 
ye> #dec4 ,!odosius1 x may be rememb]$1 
0 himself an admirable p5man &          
illum9ator1 s mu* s z to h acquir$ !    
cognom5 ( ,kalligrphos4  ,! mona/]y is  
built 9 a n>r[ valley by ! seaside1     
betwe5 ?ree little hills1 & z x 7       
squeez$ 91 & h5ce its "n 79 ,greek      
,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,sigma,,greek  
,,small ,,lett] ,,phi,,greek ,,small    
,,lett] ,,iota,,greek ,,small ,,lett]   
,,gamma,,greek ,,small ,,lett]          
,,mu,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,epsilon   
,,) ,,tonos,,greek ,,small ,,lett]      
,,nu,,greek ,,small ,,lett]             
,,omicron,,greek ,,small ,,lett] ,,f9al 

,,sigma71 :i* describes its situation   
exactly4 ,x is occupi$ by ab\t ?irty    
unusually neat & ord]ly monks1 :o are   
ju/ly pr\d ( ! few relics & curiosities 
:i* !y exhibit to visitors4 ,x 0 at     
,sphigm5\ t ,curzon saw ! piece ( anci5t
 jewell]y set ) diamonds & a ,russian or
 ,bulg>ian ,,ms4 ( ! ,gospels4  ,! book 
:i* ,m4 ,didron f\nd !re is ! copy ( an 
old] ,,ms4 :i*1 x is said1 0 copi$ by   
,dionysius1 "o ( ! monks1 f ! works ( ! 
once celebrat$ ma/]1 ,manuel ,pansel9es 
( ,!ssalonica1 :o 0 ! ,giotto ( !       
,byzant9e s*ool & fl\ri%$ 9 ! twelf?    
c5tury4 ,if by works ! monk meant       
lit]>y1 x is mo/ likely t x 0 !         
transcript ( a /ill old] docum5t4 ,if by
 works ,dionysius meant pa9t+s1 x is a  
manual ( 8 practice4 ,"o ( 8 pupils1 9  
ord] to propagate ! art ( pa9t+ :i* he  
_h le>nt at ,!ssalonica1 writes d[n !   
s]ies ( subjects to be tak5 f ! ,bible1 
s z to epitomise ! div9e s*eme (        
salvation1 & describes ! mann] 9 :i* !  
ev5ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! miracles & 

p>ables ( ! ,new1 ought to be repres5t$4
 ,he m5tions ! scrolls & inscriptions   
7su* z we notic$ 9 ! ,gospels (         
,luxeuil7 belong+ to ea* ( ! prophets & 
evangeli/s1 ) ! names & *>act]i/ics ( ! 
pr9cipal sa9ts 9 ! ord] ( ! m5ologium or
 m>tyrology1 & !n goes on to direct h[ !
 subjects %\ld be arrang$ on ! walls &  
cupolas ( ! *ur*es4  ,! ,manual (       
,dionysius is an ab/ract ( ?is wide     
s*eme1 b is /ill v compreh5sive4 ,! copy
 ( x se5 by ,didron 0 "o belong+ to a   
monk ( ,sphigm5\ nam$ ,joasaph1 :o 0    
himself a pa9t]4 ,x 0 load$ ) notes add$
 by himself & 8 ma/]1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t  
w\ld be incorporat$1 accord+ to         
immemorial cu/om1 9 ! text4 ,9 ?is way1 
inde$1 ! ,manual has gr[n to :at x is at
 pres5t4 ,a transcript ( x may probably 
be f\nd 9 e mona/]y belong+ to ! ,greek 
,*ur*4 ,ano!r monk nam$ ,mac>ios1 also a
 pa9t]1 _h a f9e copy ( x laid op5 9 8  
ateli]1 & 8 pupils read f x 9 turn1 :il/
 ! re/ pa9t$ accord+ to its directions4 
,= ! s*eme itself we mu/ ref] ! read] to

 ! second volume ( ,didron's ,*ri/ian   
,iconography1 p4 #aic4 ,un=tunately !   
transcrib] did n ?9k x ( suffici5t      
importance or relevancy to copy ! fir/  
"p1 z be+ purely te*nical & deal+ m]ely 
) ! art ( pa9t+4 ,! s*eme1 !re=e1 only  
conta9s ! "p relat+ expressly to        
iconography4 ,x is to be regrett$1 too1 
t ?is "p also has be5 9 "s places       
consid]ably abridg$1 z deal+ ) ,greek   
art & m>tyrology m copi\sly ?an1 x 0    
?\ght by ! translator1 w\ld be int]e/+  
to ,engli% read]s4 ,!re are num]\s good 
& reliable introductory works deal+ )   
e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 besides ! great]     
treatises to :i* ! /ud5t :o wants to    
pursue ?is l9e ( rese>* %all be direct$ 
lat] on4 ,b !re is ano!r ( ^! orig9al   
manuals to :i* we mu/ call att5tion1 z  
especially deal+ ) ! practice ( mona/ic 
arti/s 9 ! twelf? & foll[+ c5turies4  ,!
 "o to :i* we n[ ref] is q di/9ct f !   
,greek ,manual :i* we j m5tion$1 & by   
way ( contra/ may be call$ ! ,lat9      
,manual z be+ orig9ally compos$ 9 t     

language4 ,moreov]1 z ! ,greek ,manual  
=m$ ! guide & vade mecum ( all ! pa9t]s 
( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 s ?is ,lat9 "o became 
! indisp5sable monitor 9 all ,lat9      
f\ndations4 ,its orig9 0 ,g]man1 & said 
to be ! compilation ( a ,b5$ict9e monk  
:o is v>i\sly spok5 ( z ,rutg]ius1      
,rug]ius1 ,rotk]ius1 etc41 & assign$ by 
diff]5t editors & critics to ei!r !     
elev5?1 twelf?1 or ?irte5? c5turies4    
,probably we %all n be f> wrong 9 plac+ 
him ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf?4 ,!        
treatise is kn[n z ,div]s>um ,artium    
,s*$ula1 & ! compil] ( x calls himself  
simply ,!ophilus presbit] humilis1 :i*1 
( c\rse1 records no?+ b 8 p]sonal       
mode/y4  ,x 0 at fir/ attribut$ to      
,tuotilo ( ,/4 ,gall54 ,?is op9ion 0 put
 =w>d by ,less+1 b x _h no f\ndation    
:atev] beyond ! fact ( ,tuotilo's       
well-kn[n v]satility4#bd ,besides1      
,tuotilo liv$ 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,b really 
! "q ( attributions does n conc]n u "h4 
,x matt]s little :o he 0 outside !      
,treatise1 & c]ta9ly we %all n discuss !

 "q fur!r4 ,x is ) ! ,treatise t we are 
conc]n$4 ,we %all simply call ! au?or   
,!ophilus1 & 8 "w ! ,comp5dium4 ,let u  
turn to x at once4  #bd ,tuotilo 0 r5[n$
 ?r\gh\t all ,g]many z pa9t]1 ar*itect1 
prea*]1 pr(essor1 musician1 calligraph]1
 ,lat9i/1 ,hell5i/1 sculptor1 &         
a/ronom]4  ,! ,comp5dium1 :i* is ?us    
kn[n to conta9 ! work+ me?ods ( all !   
mona/ic illum9ators1 mosaici/s1 glass   
pa9t]s1 enamell]s1 & s =?1 ?r\gh\t      
,g]many1 ,lomb>dy1 & ,france1 consi/s ( 
?ree books1 conta9+ altoge!r "o hundr$ &
 n9ety-five *apt]s ( def9ite & special  
in/ructions 9 arti/ic matt]s4 ,book ,i41
 compris+ =ty *apt]s1 treats ( !        
prep>ation1 mixture1 & use ( col\rs =   
wall-pa9t+1 panel1 & p>*m5t1 i4e4 = !   
decoration ( *ur*es1 furniture1 & books4
 ,x conta9s "s mo/ curi\s & valuable    
in/ructions = ! employm5t ( gold1 silv]1
 & o!r metals 9 ! decoration ( ,,mss42  
h[ x %\ld be appli$2 :e!r 9 leaf or z an
 ink2 h[ rais$ & burni%$1 d[n to !      
m9ute/ details ( practice2 h[ col\rs are

 to be temp]$ 7i4e4 mix$72 :at m$ia or  
temp]+s are be/ = ea* col\r1 accord+ to 
! surface to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,su*
 is ! ,comp5dium4 ,we ne$ n1 !re=e1     
wond] at its popul>ity & ! e/imation 9  
:i* x 0 held4  ,?irty-"o *apt]s on      
glass1 glass pa9t+1 enamell+1 etc41 =m a
 second book1 & ! ?ird & la/ book       
conta9s "s hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r *apt]s on 
gold & silv] "w--! art ( ! goldsmi?--9  
cups1 *alices1 vases1 c&elabra1 %r9es1 &
 s on4 ,x is ! fir/ book t is ( mo/     
int]e/ to u1 & _h we space we w\ld h    
lik$ to quote f its pages4 ,b z x is we 
c only ref] ! read] to ! "w itself4 ,x  
is to be met ) 9 v>i\s =ms & editions4  
,fir/1 we recomm5d ! ,engli% translation
 by ,rob]t ,h5drie4 ,! olde/ ,,ms4 ( !  
"w is "o ( ! twelf? c5tury 9 ! ,libr>y  
at ,wolf5bttel4 ,! next is 9 ! ,imp]ial 
,libr>y at ,vi5na4 ,fragm5ts ( o!r      
copies exi/ 9 sev]al o!r public         
libr>ies1 b ! complete/ copy kn[n is t 9
 ! ,h>l4#be ,collection ( ! ,briti%     
,museum us$ by ,h5drie z ! basis ( 8    

translation 7#h1 #ahdg74  #be #a ,h>l4  
,,ms4 #ciae4  ,x 01 z we h said1 9 !    
elev5? & twelf? c5turies especially t ! 
great abbeys 7 f\nd$4 ,& x _c be too    
cle>ly /at$ t ! pr9cipal abbatial       
*ur*es--^? mo/ spl5did monum5ts (       
ar*itecture ^: /ructure & dim5sions are 
/ill ! admiration ( ! mo/ cultur$       
critics1 & 9 :i* all ! rules ( art 7 s  
m>vell\sly appli$--7 ! "w ( simple      
monks4 ,! great ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,b5ignus at 
,dijon 7s (t5 spok5 ( by writ]s on      
,burgundian art7 0 built 9 #ajja1 "u    
,abbat ,william1 assi/$ by a "y monk    
nam$ ,hunaldus4 ,! p]iod betwe5 #ajca & 
#ajfj saw ! creation ( ! gr& abbatial   
,*ur* ( ,/4 ,remi at ,reims4 ,9 ! words 
( ! ,comte de ,montalemb]t3 ,f ! v      
beg9n+ ( ! ,mona/ic ,ord]s ,/4 ,b5$ict  
_h provid$ 9 8 ,rule t !re %\ld be      
arti/s 9 ! mona/]ies4 ,he _h impos$ on !
 ex]cise ( _! art only "o               
condition--humility4 ,h5ce x is t all we
 "k ( ! au?or ( ! ,comp5dium f himself  
is humilis presbit] ,!ophilus4 ,= ! same

 reason ,tuotilo & ,fol*>d & ,s9tramn & 
! re/ are nev] anxi\s to put _! names ^u
 _! "w4 ,= ! same reason ! occurr5ce (  
an arti/'s "n 9 a mona/ic ,,ms4 is q    
exceptional & unexpect$4 ,! =esight (   
,/4 ,b5$ict 0 accompli%$ & 8 law        
fai?fully fulfill$4 ,! ,b5$ict9e        
mona/]ies soon possess$ n only libr>ies 
b ateli]s1 :]e ar*itecture1 pa9t+1      
mosaic1 sculpture1 metal-*as+1          
calligraphy1 ivory c>v+1 gem-sett+1     
book-b9d+1 & all ! bran*es (            
ornam5tation 7 /udi$ & practis$ ) equal 
c>e & success1 )\t int]f]+ 9 ! lea/ ) ! 
exact & au/]e discipl9e ( ! f\ndation4  
,! tea*+ ( ^! v>i\s arts =m$ an ess5tial
 "p ( mona/ic education4 ,! greate/ &   
mo/ sa9tly abbeys 7 precisely ^? mo/    
r5[n$ = _! zeal 9 ! culture ( ,art4 ,/4 
,gall5 9 ,g]many1 ,monte ,cass9o 9      
,italy1 ,cluny 9 ,france1 7 = c5turies !
 "m-cities ( ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,& aft] !   
e/abli%m5t ( ! re=m$ colony at ,citeaux1
 ! ,ci/]cian ,ord] became ! "o above all
 o!rs :i* has left ! mo/ p]fect         

edifices1 & if ! ,ci/]cian illum9ation  
may n claim ! spl5d\r ( "s contempor>y  
examples1 x (t5 excels !m 9 s\ndness (  
design & sev]e correctness ( execution4 
,9 say+ t all ?is k9d ( "w 0 execut$ by 
monks1 we are speak+ lit]ally4 ,! monks 
7 n only ! ar*itects1 b also ! masons1 &
 ev5 ! hodm5 ( _! edifices4 ,nor 7 !    
sup]iors 9 ?is respect diff]5t f _!     
humble foll[]s4 ,:il/ ord9>y monks 7 (t5
 ! ar*itects-9-*ief ( ! con/ructions1 ! 
abbats volunt>ily accept$ ! rle (       
lab\r]s4 ,dur+ ! build+ ( ! ,abbey (    
,bee1 9 #ajcc1 ! f\nd] & fir/ abbat1    
gr&-seigneur ?\gh he 01 work$ z a common
 mason's lab\r]1 c>ry+ on 8 back ! lime1
 s&1 & /ones necess>y = ! build]4 ,?is 0
 ,h]lu94 ,ano!r ,norman noble1 ,hugh1   
,abbat ( ,selby 9 ,york%ire1 :51 9      
#ajif1 he rebuilt 9 /one ! :ole ( t     
important mona/]y1 putt+ on ! lab\r]'s  
bl\se1 mix$ ) ! o!r masons & %>$ _!     
lab\rs4 ,monks1 illu/ri\s by bir?1      
di/+ui%$ !mselves by %>+ ! mo/ m5ial    
occupations4 ,x is relat$ ( ,rog] de    

,w>5ne t :5 he retir$ to ,evr\l1 he took
 up q a s]i\s rle ( ?is k9d 9 clean+ !  
%oes ( ! bre?r51 & p]=m+ o!r (fices :i* 
a m]e cottag] w\ld h probably consid]$  
degrad+4  ,occasionally 9 our s*ool     
hi/ories we come across ! m5tion ( a man
 l ,dun/an1 ( :om x is relat$ z a       
wond]ful ?+ t he 0 at ! same "t a metal 
work]1 ar*itect1 & calligraph]2 b       
mona/ic biographies ab\nd 9 su*         
in/ances4 ,we h already quot$ sev]al4 ,!
 same man 0 frequ5tly1 says             
,montalemb]t1 ar*itect1 goldsmi?1       
bell-f\nd]1 m9iaturi/1 musician1        
calligraph]1 organ build]1 )\t ceas+ to 
be !ologian1 prea*]1 litt]ateur1        
sometimes ev5 bi%op1 or intimate        
c\nsellor ( pr9ces4#bf  #bf ,l',art et  
les ,mo9es1 ,ann4 ,ar*ologiques1 t4 vi4 
p4 #aba1 etc4     ,,*apt] ,,xvii  ,,!   
,,rise ,,( ,,go?ic ,,illum9ation        
,g]many ! *ief p[] 9 ,europe 9 ! twelf? 
c5tury--,rise ( ,italian influ5ce--,!   
,emm]am ,,mss4--,coronation ( ,h5ry     
,,ii4--,! ,apocalypse--,! ,hortus       

,delici>um--,romanesque--,,ms4 ( ,h5ry !
 ,lion--,! ,ni$]mn/]                    
,gospels--,description ( ! ,,ms4--,rise 
( ,go?ic--,unc]ta9ty ( its orig9--,! _s 
( ! age4   ,9 ! *apt] on ,o?onian art we
 saw h[ ! ornam5tation ( books 0 drawn  
away f ! great ,fr5* c5tres1 & began to 
take a new dep>ture f ! v>i\s lead+     
cities ( ,g]many1 su* z ,bamb]g1 :i* !  
,o?os _h made _! capital4 ,:il/ !       
decl9e1 :i* 0 ! inevitable consequ5ce ( 
a p]sonal gov]nm5t l t ( ,*>lemagne1    
took place 9 ,france1 x 0 b natural t ! 
new arti/ic movem5t at ,bamb]g %\ld     
become ! fa%ion1 & ,g]many pr$om9ant 9  
art1 z %e 0 9 politics4 ,9 ! twelf?     
c5tury ! ,g]man ,empire 0 ! pr9cipal p[]
 9 ,europe4 ,france1 ,italy1 ,engl&1 &  
,spa9 7 all m or less second>y4 ,italy1 
h[ev]1 0 already on ! al]t4 ,%e 0       
initiat+ c]ta9 movem5ts 9 social life t 
mu/ soon )draw ! cultivation ( all !    
arts f ! control ( ! mona/]ies4 ,at !   
same "t ! love ( le>n+ & p]sonal        
accompli%m5ts ( ! second & ?ird ,o?os & 

7,/47 ,h5ry ,,ii4 soon prep>$ ! ,imp]ial
 ,c\rt to become z brilliant z classical
 s*ol>%ip & arti/ic skill ( ! highe/    
class c\ld make x4  ,! wave ( ,byzant9e 
influ5ce :i* _h pass$ ov] ,g]many by !  
"t ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 _h imm5sely b5efit$ !  
,g]mans4 ,we notice x especially 9 !    
m9iatures ( ! ,gospel-books4 ,! te*nic  
is mu* m ma/]ly1 ! pa9t+ really         
me?odical 9 s\ndly work$ body-col\r ) a 
delicate s5se ( h>mony1 & %[+ no long] t
 co>se h&l+ & slov5l9ess ( execution t  
m>ks "s ( ! ,c>ol+ian m9iatures4 ,9 !   
figure a s5se ( proportion has be5 ga9$1
 ! t5d5cy1 p]haps1 be+ r to excessive   
tallness1 z comp>$ ) ! ?ick-set         
proportions ( ! ,c>ol+ian "w4 ,aga91    
expression is improv$--! faces are m    
intellectual--n beautiful b /rong1 & q  
sup]ior to ! utt]ly expressionless faces
 ( ! ,c>ol+ian type4  ,take1 = example1 
t f9e ,missal n[ at ,muni* 7,cimel4     
#fj--,lat4 #ddef71 9 :i* ,/4 ,h5ry1 :o  
is be>d$1 receives 8 cr[n f a be>d$     
,*ri/1 8 arms be+ upheld by two bi%ops1 

,ulri* ( ,augsburg & ,emm]am (          
,reg5sburg1 ! two great sa9ts ( ,bav>ia4
 ,we "k ^! to be ! p]sonages repres5t$1 
because two inscriptions tell u s4 ,to !
 "o support+ ! ,k+'s "r h&3 ,huius      
,,vodalricvs cor regis signet et actus4 
,to ! o!r3 ,,emm]anvs ei faveat solam9e 
dulci4 ,! ,*ri/ is seat$ on a ra9b[ )9 a
 cusp$ aureola or am&e ( sev]al b&s (   
diff]5t col\rs1 on ! c5tral "o be+      
inscrib$ 9 a mixture ( ,greek & ,lat9   
*>act]s--"o ( ! new fa%ions br\ght 9 by 
! ,greek revival3      ,clem5s ,,xpe tuo
 longum da viv]e ,,xpic to3      ,ut    
tibi devotus non p]dat temporis usus4   
,"s writ]s h ?\ght ?is to be a picture (
 ! ,emp]or's apo!osis1 & t ! cr[n is t (
 ,life or ,immortality2 b su* is c]ta9ly
 n ! import ( ! above v]ses4      ,o    
g5tle ,*ri/ give to ?y ,*ri/ long to    
live      ,t devot$ to ,!e he may n lose
 ! use ( "t4  ,besides1 two angels on   
ei!r side ,*ri/ precipitately be/[ on ! 
,emp]or ! spe> & sword ( a temporal     
sov]eignty4 ,r\nd ! ,emp]or are ! words3

 ,ecce coronatur div9itus atque beatur4 
,rex pius ,he9ricus proavorum /irp7e7   
polosus1 all :i* c sc>cely ref] to any?+
 b 8 ,g]man ,empire4  ,! expression1    
give to ?y ,*ri/1 is an allusion to !   
,hebrew usage ( call+ ! k+ ! ano9t$ or !
 ,*ri/4  ,besides ! int]e/ possess$ by  
?is ,,ms4 z a monum5t ( ! art ( its own 
"t1 x has a special value re/+ 9 ! fact 
t its illum9ations 7 copi$ f ! fam\s    
,emm]am ,gold5 ,gospels ( ,*>les !      
,bald1 writt5 by ,l9?>d & ,b]5g]1 & s5t 
z a pres5t to ,reg5sburg4 ,ano!r        
illum9ation 9 x1 repres5t+ ! en?ronem5t 
( ! ,emp]or1 is extremely int]e/+ z %[+ 
h[ ! lat] arti/ r5d]s ! "w ( ! e>li] "o4
 ,! g5]al composition is precisely !    
same1 ! l[] figures 9 ! same attitudes &
 be>+ ! same insignia4 ,b 9 ! details ( 
co/ume1 & 9 ! significant position ( !  
,emp]or1 !re are alt]ations4 ,9 !       
m9iature ( ! ,emm]am ,gospels ! two     
angels above are simply w+$ mess5g]s ( !
 usual biblical type2 9 ! ,missal !y are
 cloak$ & cr[n$ & be> horns 9 _! h&s4 ,9

 ! old] ,,ms4 ! two cr[n$ figures )     
horns on ei!r side we> simple mural     
cr[ns2 9 ! lat] "o !y are regal l ^? ( !
 ,emp]or4 ,! details also ( ! canopies  
are diff]5t4 ,b ! rem>kable diff]5ce is 
t :ile ,*>les ! ,bald is be>dless & be>s
 no?+ 9 8 h&s1 m]ely sitt+ z if address+
 an assembly1 ,h5ry ,,ii4 holds 9 8 "r  
h& a sceptre & 9 8 left an orb & cross4 
,"h is a di/9ctly new feature ) a mean+4
 ,"h are ! symbols ( au?ority 9 !       
,emp]or's own h&s1 & n m]ely 9 ^? ( 8   
att5dants4#bg ,^! two ,,mss4 are wor?y (
 c>eful /udy4  #bg ,see p4 #ib4  ,9     
ano!r ,missal 9 ! libr>y at ,bamb]g is a
 m9iature ( ! ,emp]or pres5t+ ! book to 
! ,virg94 ,9 ! great ,evangeli>y pres5t$
 by ! ,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii4 to ! ,ca!dral 
( ,bamb]g !re is a gr& picture ( !      
,emp]or & 8 consort ! fam\s sa9t        
,cunegunda be+ cr[n$ by ,*ri/1 ) ,,ss4  
,pet] & ,paul /&+ at ! sides4 ,"h also1 
z 9 ! ,c>ol+ian ,,ms4 already m5tion$1  
are ! nations br++ tribute1 b n 9 ! same
 ord]4 ,"h ,g]many /&s upright betwe5   

two figures ( ,gaul & ,rome1 :ile six   
o!rs appe> simply z bu/s 7,muni*1       
,cimel4 #fj4 #ddef74  ,! twelf? c5tury 0
 cle>ly mu* giv5 to symbolism &         
allegory1 z %[n 9 apocalyptic comm5t>ies
 & simil> works4 ,a v rem>kable         
,apocalypse is t 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,m>quis 
d',a/orga4 ,! latt] is rem>kably ri* 9  
pictures1 :i* h be5 describ$ by ,m4,a4  
,ba*el9 ( ,p>is4 ,! draw+ 9 ^! pictures 
rem9ds "o ( ! bas-reliefs ( ! campaigns 
( ,hadrian & ,trajan & o!r "w ( ! e>ly  
,roman c5turies4 ,"o hundr$ & t5        
m9iatures ( uncommon int]e/ con/itute ! 
illu/rations1 _m ( :i* are p]fect       
curiosities ( symbolism1 depict+ n only 
! f\r figures ( ! evangeli/s1 b !       
my/]ies ( ! seals & vials1 s]p5ts1      
bea/s1 etc41 on yell[1 r$1 gre51 blue1 &
 br[n backgr\nds4 ,! drap]ies 9 "s ( !  
m9iatures %[ ,byzant9e tea*+1 b ) !     
gr&iose /yle ( ! e>ly ,roman times4 ,!  
,,ms4 x might be comp>$ ) ( ! twelf?    
c5tury is ! ,hortus ,delici>um ( !      
,abbess ,h]rade4 ,?is latt] ,,ms41 :i*  

un=tunately 0 burnt ) _m o!r treasures  
dur+ ! siege ( ,/rassburg by ! ,g]mans 9
 #ahgj1 0 a v]itable treasury ( m$ival  
cu/oms1 furniture1 & co/umes1 illu/rat+ 
a m$ley ( encyclopdic in=mation = ! use 
( ! nuns & secul> /ud5ts ( ! ,abbey (   
,hoh5burg 9 ,alsace4 ,! good abbess     
call$ h] book a ,g>d5 ( ,delights4  ,x  
is kn[n t x dat$ f #aaei1 z t date &    
also ! date ( #aage occurr$ 9 its pages4
 ,we d n "k :e!r ! au?oress 0 also !    
illum9atrix1 b at any rate %e direct$ ! 
illum9ation4 ,_! /yle is ( ! same type z
 t ( ! ,apocalypse j spok5 (1 some:at   
monum5tal z figures ( ! ,lib]al ,arts1  
allegorical figures ( ! virtues & vices1
 & ! syr5s z symbols ( s5sual           
temptation4 ,!re 0 a figure ( ! ,*ur*   
rid+ ^u a bea/ ) ! f\r heads ( !        
evangel-symbols--! sun & moon 9 *>iots z
 9 ! classical my?ology1 & sc5es (      
w>f>e1 m>riage fe/ivities1 banquets1    
ev]y?+ inde$ depict+ ! life (           
contempor>y p]sons4#bh ,! draw+ &       
treatm5t g5]ally is ( no v skilful      

k9d--! col\r+ bright & 9 body-col\r4    
,drap]ies z usual mu* fold$ & flutt]+1 &
 ! heads g5]ally ( ! calm expression ( !
 lat] ,fr5* s*ool1 b ! action sometimes 
v spirit$4  #bh ,= a copi\s & exhau/ive 
acc\nt ( ! ,hortus1 see ,het ,gildeboek1
 ,utre*t1 #ahgg1 v4 i4 ,also ,engelh>dt1
 ,h]rad v4 ,h41 etc41 #h1 ) atlas (     
twelve plates1 #ahah4  ,! title began   
?us3 ,incipit hortus delici>um1 9 quo   
collectis floribus scriptur>um assidue  
jucundetur turmula adolesc5tul>um4 ,9 ! 
,rhytmus came ! l9es3--                 
,salve cohors virg9um                   
,hoh5burg5sium               ,alb5s     
quasi lilium               ,amans dei   
filium                ,h]rat devotissima
               ,tua fidelissima         
,mat] et ancillula               ,cantat
 tibi cantica                ,sic et    
lib] utilis               ,tibi         
delectabilis               ,et non      
cesses volv]e               ,hanc 9 tuo 
pectore4  ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* mo/ly at   
?is "t lay )9 ! b\nd>y ( ,lo?>+ia or    

,lorra9e1 ! /yle ( illum9ation 0 mu* !  
same z 9 o!r ,g]man di/ricts4           
,gospel-books & ,psalt]s1 h[ev]1 exhibit
 features some:at ak9 to ,engli% "w4  ,9
 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies ! cont95tal 
me?ods prevail 9 m solid pa9t+ & less   
p5work4  ,( ! twelf?-c5tury "w ( ,g]many
 examples are exce$+ly num]\s1 /ret*+   
ov] e prov9ce f ,we/ to ,ea/1 z         
,we/phalia1 ! ,palat9ate1 ,burgundy1    
,switz]l& & ,bav>ia1 ext5d+ ev5 into    
,bohemia4 ,an ,evangeli>y 9 ! ,univ]sity
 ,libr>y at ,prag agrees altoge!r ) ^? (
 ,g]many4  ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! twelf?   
c5tury1 ) ! accession ( ! ,h\se (       
,hoh5/auf5 7#aach1 etc471 arose a new   
/yle1 s9ce call$ ,romanesque1 ( :i* _m  
examples are to be f\nd 9 v>i\s         
libr>ies4 ,x is n v easy to select ! mo/
 typical examples1 b "o good & typical  
,,ms4 is f\nd 9 a ,gospel-book at       
,c>lsruhe1 :i* conta9s "s capital       
m9iatures ( ?is mo/ ?or\ghly ,g]man     
/yle4  ,"u ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 z "u !   
,c>ol+ ,emp]ors & ! ,o?os1 we may note a

 wave ( new life1 especially 9 ,saxony4 
,a contra/ z reg>ds arti/ic ability to !
 ,hortus ,delici>um is ! ,gospel-book   
execut$ = ,h5ry ! ,lion at ! conv5t (   
,helm]%aus51 once 9 ! ,ca!dral ,libr>y  
at ,prag1 & b\ght by ,k+ ,george (      
,hanov]4#bi ,9 ! page ( ! ,eusebian     
,canons we see features :i* take u      
across ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy to ! doors (  
,s4 ,mi*ele ( ,pavia1 & to ! *ur*es (   
,v5ice4 ,! columns re/ on cr\*+ animals4
 ,allegorical figures are introduc$     
/riv+ ) ea* o!r z 9 ! lat] ,go?ic       
illum9ations4 ,a half-nude figure (     
,fai? vanqui%es ! *ampion ( ,paganism4  
,on ! d$ication page sits ! ,madonna )  
,,ss4 ,john ,bapti/ & ,b>?olomew1 & bel[
 !m ! patron sa9ts ( ,brunswick1        
,blaize1 & ,egidius lead+ =? ! ,duke & 8
 wife1 ,ma?ilda4 ,x may inde$ be call$ a
 spl5did book4 ,among ! re/ ( !         
pictures1 "s ( !m )9 ri*ly decorat$     
bord]s1 occurs ! usual repres5tation ( !
 ,duke & 8 ,du*ess receiv+ cr[ns4 ,!    
figures are well drawn1 ev5 elegant1 !  

drap]ies good1 & ! col\r+ skilful4  #bi 
,see ,f4 ,culemann 9 ,neue hannov4      
,zeitung1 #ahfa1 ,nos4 #bb-d4  ,"o ( !  
_m *>act]i/ic ,,mss4 ( ?is p]iod to be  
se5 9 cont95tal libr>ies is ! ,mat]     
,v]borum ( ! monk ,conrad1 ( ,s*ey]n 9  
,bav>ia1 a not$ scribe1 illum9ator1     
goldsmi?1 & gramm>ian4 ,! subject is "o 
t sc>cely gives promise ( l5d+ itself to
 pictorial illu/ration1 b aft] !        
successful attempts ( ,!odulf we may be 
prep>$ = any?+ 9 ! way ( diagram &      
symbol4 ,imag9e a diction>y 9 :i* n only
 actual objects are pictorially         
repres5t$1 b also ab/ract t]ms4 ,music1 
philosophy1 virtues & vices illu/rat$ by
 hi/orical in/ances--sacr$ subjects     
treat$ 9 ! mann] ( ! glass pa9t]s :i* is
 s commonly f\nd 9 ,g]man & ,fr5* "w (  
?is p]iod4  ,( twelf?-c5tury illum9ation
 9 g5]al x may be said t x %[s a m>k$   
ef=t t[>ds true arti/ic design & subtle 
beauty ( l9e> outl9e4 ,"s ( ! noble/    
curve-draw+1 ) ri* & massive gr\p+ (    
foliages1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ornam5tal   

initials & dignifi$ bord] designs       
pres5t$ on ! lat] examples ( ! c5tury1 &
 x is v int]e/+ to obs]ve ! rapid pace  
at :i* ! climax is rea*$ 9 m]e          
calligraphic ornam5t aft] ! op5+ ( !    
,go?ic p]iod4 ,initials become small] b 
exquisitely drawn1 & reasonable         
expression takes ! place ( ! s5seless   
/>e or grotesque exagg]ation ( attitude 
& feature :i* detract f ! arti/ic value 
( all prec$+ ef=ts4 ,to conclude our li/
 ( ,g]man illum9ations ( purely mona/ic 
production1 we w br+ =w>d "o m example (
 wom5's "w1 :i* :e!r z reg>ds its curi\s
 illu/rations ( symbolism1 or its ri*ly 
foliag$ geometrical backgr\nds & bord]s1
 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ,,mss4 9 any     
collection4 ,x is ! ,evangeli>y ( !     
,abbess ,uota1 or p]haps1 r1 ,tuota (   
,ni$]mn/]1 a lady ( ! ,h\se ( ! ,c\nts (
 ,falck5/e9 7#aagg-hj72 or ( ,utta1     
abbess f #ajji to #ajab1 b m probably ! 
=m]4 ,ano!r1 ,tutta1 rul$ ! abbey f #ibj
 to #icd1 & /ill ano!r #abci-db4 ,?is   
preci\s ,,ms41 :i* ,cahi] has v fully   

describ$ z ! ,manuscrit du ,ni$]mu5/] de
 ,ratisbonne1 is n[ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y  
at ,muni* 7,cimel4 #ce74 ,"s writ]s1 9  
speak+ ( x1 h class$ x among ! ,,mss4 ( 
! elev5? c5tury1 b x is too ref9$ & too 
well done = t p]iod1 &1 inde$1 t x      
belongs to ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? is     
almo/ prov$ f ! "w itself4 ,p]haps x 0 !
 pr(usion ( inscriptions or leg5ds plac$
 all ov] ! m9iatures t gave ! idea ( its
 belong+ to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is     
respect ! ,,ms4 c]ta9ly resembles !     
,evangeli>y ( ,luxeuil already describ$4
 ,! m9iature ( ! ,crucifixion is v      
rem>kable4 ,besides ! figure ( ,*ri/ %[+
 a return to ! primitive ,syriac        
idea1#cj in/ead ( ! figures z usual (   
,m>y & ,john1 "h are giv5 allegorical   
figures ( ,life & ,dea?4 7,cf4 ,fe/4 9  
exaltatione sce crucis4 ,ad ,laudes1    
#ad? ,sept474 ,p]haps ! be/ comm5t>y on 
^! old figures is ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 z 
x is commonly call$1 or z x %\ld be     
call$1 ! ,bible ( ! poor prea*]s4 ,x    
also has ! old allegories & inscriptions

 r5d]$ into lat] =ms4  #cj ,cf4 !       
,rabula ,,ms4 at ,vi5na4  ,z = ! texts  
or inscriptions1 !y w\ld require a      
comm5t>y to !mselves--n to speak (      
translations & rem>ks ^u ! calligraphy4 
,"o ( ^! rem>kable m9iatures may be     
describ$1 z x depicts ! pres5tation ( ! 
volume to ! ,madonna4 ,our ,lady 9 !    
c5tre ( ! design is seat$ on a ,byzant9e
 s$ile ) ! infant ,jesus on h] knees4   
,%e is cr[n$1 & has ! nimbus1 & appe>s z
 if int5d$ to repres5t ! glory ( !      
,*ur*4 ,h] h& is rais$ z 9 ! act (      
tea*+4 ,*ri/1 also1 has ! nimbus1 b ) ! 
cross ^u x1 & raises 8 h& 9 ! attitude (
 b5$iction4 ,9 ! tympanum ( ! semicircle
 ov] ! ,madonna1 writt5 9 lett]s ( gold 
on purple1 surr\nd$ by ! ^w ,sancta 9   
ord9>y ink1 is ! monogram ( ,m>ia1 hav+ 
a small sun & moon above x1 & o!r       
inscriptions1 p>tly ,lat91 p>tly ,greek4
 ,bel[ ! ,madonna1 on ! left1 /&s !     
abbess1 h] knees slightly b5t1 hold+ up 
h] book1 & clo!d 9 ! co/ume ( h] ,ord]1 
b col\r$1 no d\bt1 simply = arti/ic     

reasons4 ,?us %e we>s a blue veil & a   
cl>et-col\r$ robe4 ,9 ! rev]s$          
semicircle be=e h] is ano!r monogram1   
,uota or ,tuota1 a "n :i* p]haps may be 
translat$ ,uta1 ,utta1 ,ida1 etc4 ,x has
 be5 said already :o %e is likely to h  
be54 ,x does n foll[1 ( c\rse1 t %e     
h]self wrote or illum9at$ ! book %e is  
pres5t+1 b judg+ f simil> in/ances1 z   
e4g4 ,h]rade ( ,l&sb]g & ,hrosvita (    
,g&]%eim1 %e may h done s4  ,/ill ! "w  
looks te*nically too ma/]ly = anyone n a
 tra9$ arti/ to h done4 ,9 ! corn]s are 
small quadretti1 conta9+ bu/s ( ! f\r   
c>d9al virtues3--,prud5ce1 ,ju/ice1     
,temp]ance1 & ,=titude2 & 9 circlets 9 !
 c5tre ( ea* bord] are ,fai?1 ,hope1 &  
,*>ity1 ! latt] twice1 at top & bottom4 
,a numb] ( extraord9>y bea/s fill up    
little ni*es 9 ! design1 :i* may        
possibly be also symbolical1 b possibly 
also no?+ b arti/ic fancies4 ,! o!r     
m9iatures we mu/ pass ov]4 ,nev]!less ^?
 repres5t+ ! f\r evangeli/s are wor?    
exam9ation2#ca ! ornam5tation be+       

especially ri* & elaborate4 ,let u n[   
turn our att5tion to a new elem5t--a new
 _s we might t]m x--:i* 0 manife/+      
itself 9 ,italy & ,france4 ,we _c too   
/rongly insi/ ^u ! fact t :atev] appe>s 
9 illum9ation has appe>$ fir/ 9         
ar*itecture & its auxilli>y arts4 ,n[ we
 h to see h[ ?is fact beg9s to *ange    
almo/ entirely ! "* ( ! ornam5tation (  
books4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! twelf?      
c5tury1 :5 precisely we _c say1 nor :]e1
 a new =m ( ar*itecture began to %[     
itself4 ,?is new /yle1 lay+ aside bo? ! 
classic cornice & ! ,romanesque ar*1    
makes use ( a new v]tical pr9ciple (    
con/ruction1 call$ 9 ,fr5* ! ogive or   
ar*1 compos$ ( two sections only1 in/ead
 ( ! :ole semicircle4 ,by "s fatality1 (
 :i* no exact explanation c be giv51    
,engli% writ]s h giv5 ?is new /yle ! "n 
( ,go?ic4 ,scores ( ca!drals ?r\gh\t    
,europe are call$ ,go?ic ca!drals1 :]eas
 9 all probability1 if we exclude ,sw$51
 !re is only "o really ,go?ic build+ 9 !
 _w1 t is ! ,tomb ( ,!odoric at ,rav5na1

 & none ( ! s-call$ ,go?ic ca!drals are 
9 ! lea/ l x4 ,z to ! inv5tion itself1 x
 has be5 claim$ by almo/ e nationality 9
 ,europe4 ,!re c be no d\bt t           
accid5tally1 or o!rwise1 ! po9t$ ar* _h 
be5 us$ (t5 en\gh )\t any idea ( its    
adoption z a pr9ciple ( con/ruction ev5 
9 anci5t build+s4 ,! fam\s gate at      
,myco5e is "o in/ance4 ,?is is n ! place
 to discuss ! "q1 s we let x pass4 ,we  
c\ld po9t out long & elaborate argum5ts 
int5d$ to prove t x orig9at$ 9 ,engl&--t
 x orig9at$ 9 ,france--9 ,g]many4#cb    
,possibly !y may all be "r 9 a s5se1 =  
mo/ probably ! orig9 0 n 9 any p>ticul> 
locality1 b 9 ! religi\s _s ( ! "t4 ,x 0
 a g5]al revival ( ! ,*ur* itself t 0   
its cause4 ,if any special locality has 
m reason on its side ?an ano!r1 x is    
probably ,france1 b z we say1 t is n an 
ess5tial po9t4 ,x mu/ suffice u "h t x  
arose1 & t by ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury x 
0 a fact4 ,& ! rem>kable "p ab\t x is t 
x 0 by ! influ5ce ( lay arti/s &        
especially ( ! freemasons t x became !  

accept$ ar*itecture ( ,*ri/5dom4  #ca ,=
 m ab\t !m1 see ,cahi]1 ,mlanges        
d',ar*ologie1 etc4  #cb ,n to m5tion    
!ories1 :i* are endless4                
,,book ,,ii     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,! ,,gold5 
,,age ,,( ,,illum9ation  ,! ,go?ic      
_s--,a ,zeitgei/ n ! inv5tion ( a s+le  
arti/ nor ( a s+le c\ntry--,! ?irte5?   
c5tury ! beg9n+ ( ! new /yle--,contra/  
betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?1 betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/1
 m>k$ 9 ! "* ( arti/ic leaf-"w--,gradual
 developm5t ( ,go?ic foliage--,! bud ( !
 ?irte5? c5tury1 ! leaf ( ! f\rte5?1 & !
 fl[] ( ! fifte5?--,!                   
,freemasons--,illum9ation transf]r$ f ! 
mona/]y to ! lay work%op--,! ,psalt] (  
,/4 ,l\is--,*>act]i/ics ( ,fr5* ,go?ic  
illum9ation--,rise ( ! m9iature z a     
di/9ct feature--,guilds--,lay arti/s4   
,we h n[ rea*$ ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,! /udy 
( ,nature is fa/ sup]s$+ ! dogmas ( !   
mona/ic code1 & :at "s writ]s h         
*>act]is$ z ! hi]atic is giv+ way to !  
naturali/ic treatm5t ( art4 ,l ! po9t$  
ar*itecture itself1 x is an outcome ( ! 

_s ( ! age4 ,exactly :5 x beg9s we _c   
say4 ,z 9 ! physical sci5ces1 our limits
 are necess>ily some:at arbitr>y to suit
 our conv5i5ce 9 classification4 ,we    
take ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury z a    
conv5i5t divid+ l9e betwe5 old & new4   
,we accept x z ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! arti/ic
 sway ( ! ,ea/ & ,s\?--& t ( ! ,we/ &   
,nor?--betwe5 ! lifeless fett]s (       
prescription & ! liv+ fre$om ( inv5tion4
 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two is v /rongly   
m>k$4 ,! s(t & curl+ foliages ( ! sunny 
,s\? are = a season giv+ way to ! h>d & 
?orny leafage ( ! w9try ,nor?4 ,x w\ld  
seem z if po9t$ ar*itecture began ) !   
h>d & froz5 w9t] ( its exi/5ce1 & if x  
_h be5 ! plan or design ( "o individual 
we might h accept$ ?is peculi>ity z "p (
 ! s*eme1 & all t foll[$ z a natural    
consequ5ce & developm5t4 ,b x is curi\s 
t z a sy/em work$ out by _m m9ds po9t$  
ar*itecture %\ld ?us beg94 ,fir/ come   
?orns & cusps & lanceolate =ms )\t      
foliage4 ,!n1 n p]fect leaves1 b buds4  
,9 due "t ! bud op5s1 at fir/ into !    

pr(ile coil1 & by-&-by into !           
full-spread leaf4 ,!n comes ! fl[]1 &   
f9ally ! fruit4 ,aft] t1 rott5ness &    
decay4 ,x is curi\s t ?is %\ld actually 
take place ?r\gh a c\rse ( c5turies4 ,t 
x %\ld be reflect$ 9 book illum9ation is
 simply ! usual ord] ( ?+s--! fact has  
be5 frequ5tly obs]v$1 & z x is curi\s1  
we call att5tion to x4 ,b1 z we h said1 
! great *ange itself 0 br\ght ab\t by ! 
influ5ce ( lay arti/s1 & *iefly by !    
freemasons4  ,:o & :at ! freemasons 7   
ev]ybody is suppos$ to "k1 b on inquiry 
we f9d v few p inde$ "k any?+ def9ite   
ab\t !m4 ,( c\rse we d n ref] to !      
fri5dly societies or social guilds t n[ 
be> ! "n1 b to ! m$ival build]s4        
,ev]ybody kn[s1 says ,batissi]1#cc t !  
/udy ( ! sci5ces & ( lit]ature & !      
practice ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( art took   
refuge 9 ! mona/]ies dur+ ! irruptions (
 ! b>b>ians & ! /rife ( int]national w>4
 ,9 ^? retreats1 n only pa9t+1          
sculpture1 engrav+ on metals1 & mosaic1 
b also ar*itecture 7 cultivat$4 ,if ! "q

 arose ab\t build+ a *ur*1 x 0 ne>ly    
always an ecclesia/ic :o furni%$ ! plan 
& monks :o c>ri$ out ! works "u 8       
direction4 ,! bre?r5 9 travell+ f conv5t
 to conv5t naturally ex]cis$ a          
reciprocal influ5ce ov] ea* o!r4 ,we    
conceive1 !n1 t ! abbeys ( any giv5     
,ord] w\ld put 9 vogue ! same /yle1 & t 
! art w\ld be modifi$ "u c]ta9 po9ts (  
view1 9 ! same mann] 9 ea* c\ntry4  #cc 
,hi/4 de l' ,art ,monum5tal1 p4 #dff1   
,p>is1 #ahde1 ,i4 #h4  ,x is c]ta91     
moreov]1 t outside ! cloi/]s !re 7 also 
troops ( workm5 n mona/ics1 :o lab\r$ "u
 ! direction ( ! latt]4  ,masons 7      
associat$ among !m 9 ! same way z o!r   
trade corporations4 ,x 0 ! same ) ^!    
corporations 9 ! ,s\? z ) ! communes--! 
dbris ( ! ,roman organisation2 !y took  
refuge 9 ! ,*ur*1 & _h arriv$ at a      
condition ( public life & indep5d5ce1 :5
 ord] 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! commune1 !    
,seignory1 & ! ,*ur*4  ,dur+ ! twelf? & 
?irte5? c5turies ^! corporations 7      
organis$ into recognis$ frat]nities hav+

 _! own /atutes1 b !re is abundant      
evid5ce ( _! hav+ a mu* e>li] exi/5ce4  
,a great numb] ( masons 7 tra9$ 9       
,italy1 & came f ,lomb>dy1 :i* 9 ! t5?  
c5tury ev5 0 an active c5tre (          
civilisation4 ,italy _h its corporations
 ( masons call$ mae/ri comacc9i1 enjoy+ 
exclusive privileges1 :o1 hav+ pass$ !  
diff]5t degrees ( appr5tice%ip1 became  
'accept$'#cd masons1 & _h ! "r ( ex]cis+
 _! pr(ession :]ev] !y might be4 ,!     
sov]eigns ( diff]5t c\ntries grant$ !m  
special privileges1 & ! popes protect$  
!m 9 all ,ca?olic c\ntries :]e !y might 
travel4 ,?us ! lodges grew & prosp]$4 ,!
 ,greek arti/s :o _h fl$ f ,con/ant9ople
 dur+ ! v>i\s ,iconocla/ p]secutions _h 
got !mselves enroll$ 9 ! ranks ( !      
freemasons1 & taught _! fell[-masons _! 
,byzant9e me?ods4  #cd ,g]man ang5omm54 
,spe$ily ^! corporations spread ?r\gh   
,france1 ,engl&1 & ,g]many1 :]e !y 7    
employ$ almo/ exclusively by ! religi\s 
,ord]s1 9 build+ _! *ur*es & conv5tual  
build+s4  ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! g5]al plan &  

rules ( con/ruction 7 common to all     
memb]s ( ! frat]nity1 ! details 7 almo/ 
entirely left1 "u regulations1 to !     
individual ta/e ( c]ta9 memb]s ( ea* b& 
( workm51 :o1 be+ all qualifi$ arti/s1 7
 q capable ( putt+ 9 execution1 & )     
ma/]ly skill1 any su* m9uti ( ornam5t z 
might be left to _! discretion4#ce      
,local illum9ators w\ld ?us spe$ily get 
hold ( e novelty1 & ! page ( ! ,psalt]  
or ,bible w\ld become1 z a ,fr5* writ]  
has expla9$ x1 a vitrail sur vel94 ,if n
 inde$ exclusively foll[+ ! /a9$ glass1 
!y copi$ ! mural decorations1 & s we f9d
 ! backgr\nds ( ! m9iatures1 :e!r fitt$ 
into ! initials or plac$ sep>ately 9    
fram$ m\ld+s1 fai?fully reproduc+ !     
imbrications1 c>relages1 panell+s1 &    
diap]s ( ^! mural enri*m5ts4  #ce       
,gov]nor ,p[nall 7,obs]vations on !     
,orig9 & ,progress ( ,go?ic             
,ar*itecture1 & on ! ,corporation (     
,freemasons1 ,ar*ologia1 #aghh1 vol4 #i1
 pp4 #aaj-abf7 0 ( op9ion t ! ,collegium
 or ,corporation ( ,freemasons1 7 ! fir/

 =m]s ( ,go?ic ar*itecture into a regul>
 & sci5tific ord] by apply+ ! models &  
proportions ( timb] framework to build+ 
9 /one1 & t ?is me?od came into use &   
application ab\t ! close ( ! twelf? or  
comm5cem5t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,see also
 ,g\ld 7,r4,f471 ,hi/ory ( ,freemasonry1
 vol4 i4 p4 #bei1 note4 ,)\t go+ s f> z 
to agree ) ,gov]nor ,p[nall t !         
,freemasons inv5t$ ,go?ic1 x may be     
reasonably cont5d$ t )\t !m x c\ld n h  
be5 br\ght to p]fection1 & )\t ,go?ic !y
 w\ld n h /ood 9 ! peculi> & prom95t    
position t !y did1 t !re 0 mutual       
indebt$ness1 & :ile )\t ,freemasons !re 
w\ld h be5 no ,go?ic444)\t ,go?ic !     
,freemasons w\ld h =m$ b a v ord9>y     
community ( trades unioni/s4  ,to select
 an example ( ,go?ic illum9ation :i*    
%all exemplify ! e>lie/ features ( !    
po9t$ /yle is n an easy matt]1 not)/&+ !
 numb] ( ?irte5?-c5tury ,,mss4 :i* /ill 
exi/ 9 public collections4 ,9 !         
,national ,libr>y at ,p>is are sev]al   
su* ,,mss4 ,"o t decid$ly m>ks ! *ange f

 ! ,g]man "w hi!rto 9 vogue is ! ,psalt]
 ( ,/4 ,l\is 7,nat4 ,lib41 ,p>is41 ,lat4
 #ajebe71 :i* conta9s ne>ly eighty      
small1 delicately execut$ m9iatures4 ,x 
0 complet$ ab\t #abej4 ,its noticeable  
features are a va/ly improv$ dext]ity 9 
draughtsman%ip1 :i* displays a ref9$    
c]ta9ty ( t\*1 enabl+ ! arti/ to express
 8 int5tion ) unhesitat+ fre$om4 ,!     
draw+ ?us produc$ 9 outl9e is fill$ 9 ) 
flat t9ts ( body-col\r1 )\t gradation or
 any attempt at bru%-"w %ad+4 ,:atev]   
f9i%+ 9 ?is respect might be ?\ght      
necess>y 0 add$ ) ! p54 ,no?+ c\ld %[ m 
cle>ly t x is simply & frankly imitative
 ( /a9$ glass4 ,z 9 ! glass ! black     
outl9e is left = def9ition4 ,no col\r is
 us$ on h&s ( faces except a slight t\* 
( r$ on ! *eeks & lips4 ,! prevail+     
col\rs are ri* blue & bright sc>let4    
,p]haps ! illum9ator w\ld h be5 bett]   
advis$ _h he neglect$ "s ( ! h>d]       
features ( ?is k9d ( "w4 ,n consid]+ t !
 limits ( ! glass pa9t] did n apply to 8
 vellum1 he fett]$ himself unnecess>ily1

 & in/ead ( a picture he has only       
succe$$ 9 produc+ a surface enamel1 or a
 m]e reticulation ( surface-patt]ns4    
,?is v defect has by "s writ]s be5 held 
up to admiration z ! true p]fection (   
all illum9ation4 ,its flatness 0        
applaud$ because x _h to be %ut up 9 a  
book1 & 0 !re=e ! only appropriate way (
 mak+ a picture = su* a purpose4 ,b     
:oev] w\ld dream t because a picture1   
pa9t$ 9 due p]spective & prop] light &  
%ade1 0 to be %ut up 9 a book t !       
figures repres5t$ 9 relief w\ld actually
 be cru%$4 ,su* reason+ is mo/ pu]ile4  
,! suppos$ p>allel case ( a c>pet or    
he>?-rug repres5t+ gr\ps ( fl[]s--ev5 if
 ! latt] ev] did deceive ! dome/ic      
cat--does n 9 ! lea/ affect ! mo/ *ildi%
 conception ( a picture 9 a book4 ,we   
see x 9 a sc5e 9 light & %ade1 we enjoy 
& admire its reliefs1 b at ! same "t we 
"k x is a picture1 & t x is q flat4 ,!  
two te/s ( k nev] int]f]e ) ea* o!r4 ,to
 suppose !y d is to suppose a case (    
imbecility t ev5 a lunatic mu/ laugh to 

scorn4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 we ?9k ! illum9ator
 mi/ak5 9 slavi%ly copy+ ! limitations (
 ! glass-pa9t]4 ,x is no v great k (    
nature t is %[n 9 ^! draw+s4 ,!re is a  
good example ( ! me?od ( /udy foll[$ by 
?irte5?-c5tury arti/s 9 ! sket*-book ( a
 ,fr5* mason nam$ ,vill>s de ,honnec\rt1
 /ill kept 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at     
,p>is4#cf ,9 ?is book ! arti/ has made  
draw+s1 z he says1 f ! life--"s are     
views1 o!rs draw+s ( objects ( art2 "o  
repres5ts a lion ( ! m$ival h]aldic     
type1 yet ! arti/ assures u x is f !    
life4 ,b !re is no real accuracy1 ev]y?+
 is done ) ref]5ce to "s canon4 ,x is1  
h[ev]1 q free f ! ,byzant9e influ5ce1   
?\gh by no means free f a c]ta9 t9cture 
( symbolism4 ,! nude is r>ely attempt$1 
b :5 x is x is c]ta9ly less ugly ?an 9  
,c>ol+ian & ,romanesque4 ,to return to !
 ,psalt]--! /yle ( ! figures is r       
graceful1 attitudes are g5tle & mode/1  
?\gh ! incl9ation ( head & body are su* 
z to sugge/ a sort ( undulatory movem5t 
9 walk+ t is sc>cely natural4 ,! =ms are

 sl5d]1 & ! limbs occasionally beyond ! 
own]'s control--sometimes ev5 de=m$4 ,! 
feet are small & weak--n[ & !n          
ov]-twi/$4 ,! h&s m delicate ?an =m]ly1 
especially :5 op54 ,faces are g5tly oval
 & sometimes expressive4  #cf ,x has be5
 publi%$ z ! ,album ( ,v4 de ,h41 ,p>is1
 #aheh4  ,sometimes ! hi/ories are plac$
 9 initial lett]s1 ! gr\nds ( :i*1 :5 n 
( burni%$ gold1 consi/ ( imitations (   
mural c>relages1 *equ]s1 etc41 or ri*   
enamell$ patt]ns imitative ( engrav$    
trac]ies on metal4 ,9 o!r cases !y are  
plac$ 9 frame-m\ld+s1 consi/+ ( a b> or 
bead+ ( gold support+ an inn] b> (      
col\r$ & poli%$ wood or enamel "w--!    
poli% be+ repres5t$ by a f9e l9e ( :ite 
along ! c5tre4 ,= illu/rations ( ?is    
preci\s volume ! read] may ref] to      
,lab>te1 ,hi/4 des ,arts indu/riels1    
album1 pl4 #ib 7,p>is1 #ahfd74  ,n[ t ! 
mona/]ies _h ceas$ to be ! exclusive    
nurs]ies ( art & lit]ature1 ! ma/]s ( ! 
diff]5t arts & crafts usually belong$ to
 ! middle classes ( ! t[ns1 :]e at fir/ 

ea* art or craft _h its own frat]nity1 &
 z ! idea ( trade-association crew1 !   
crafts mo/ ne>ly relat$ w\ld =m a guild 
or corporation4 ,all :o jo9$ ^!         
corporations b\nd !mselves to "w only z 
! rul] ( ! guild p]mitt$4 ,nor 7        
outsid]s all[$ to compete ) !m 9 _! own 
bran*es1 s exclusive 0 ! protection ( ! 
guild4  ,ea* confrat]nity _h its alt> 9 
"s p>ticul> *ur*1 ^: patron sa9t became 
! protector ( ! guild4 ,& inde$ !       
con/itution ( ! guild includ$ ev5       
political rights & obligations--milit>y 
s]vice among ! re/1 l o!r feudal        
in/itutions4 ,ea* t[n _h its own special
 corporations1 :i* ?us l$ to ! =mation (
 sep>ate s*ools ( art2 :ile travell+    
appr5tice%ips gave ! opportunity to all 
( acquir+ k n accessible at home4       
,memb]s 7 accu/om$ to travel & to atta* 
!mselves to ! s]vice ( v>i\s pr9ces1    
receiv+ appo9tm5ts z v>lets or          
escripva9s or enlum9eurs1 :i* sometimes 
oblig$ !m to resign _! memb]%ip4        
,occasionally !y became political ag5ts 

& ev5 ambassadors4  ,x w be rememb]$ t1 
"s pages back1 we notic$ ! fact t 9     
,we/]n illum9ation g5]ally ! design ( ! 
page dep5d$ ^u ! initial lett]1 or t at 
lea/ ! initial 0 ! pr9cipal object ( x4 
,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 al?\gh ! initial _h
 v mu* dim9i%$ 9 size1 ! same pr9ciple  
/ill prevail$4 ,! lett] itself 0 =m$ (  
"s fabul\s long-neck$ & long-tail$      
animal or bird1 mo/ly a dragon z        
conceiv$ by ! m$ival arti/4 ,! head     
fram$ m or less on t ( ! ma/iff or lion1
 or bo?2 ! legs ( a bird ( prey2 ! body 
& tail ( a s]p5t2 w+s ( h]aldic         
con/ruction to suit ! =m ( ! lett]4     
,:ile ! body ( ?is unspeakable bea/ =m$ 
! body ( ! lett]1 ! tail 0 indef9itely  
ext5d$ to sweep d[n ! m>g9 ( ! text &   
r\nd ! base ( x1 s z to =m a bord]1 :ile
 n unfrequ5tly sl5d] bran*es w\ld spr+ f
 x to =m coils "h & !re end+ 9 a k9d (  
fl[]-bud1 ! extremity ( ! tail =m+ a    
simil> coil4 ,v soon1 h[ev]1 ! animal =m
 0 ab&on$1 & ! lett] made simply z a    
decorat$ initial or capital4 ,if        

possible1 "o ( its limbs 0 made to sweep
 up & d[n ! m>g9 & along ! bottom or top
 z be=e4 ,:]e ! int]ior is n occupi$ by 
a hi/ory1 we f9d coil$ /ems end+ 9      
pr(ile leaves or buds4  ,at ! same "t ! 
text has dim9i%$ 9 size1 sometimes d[n  
to dim5sions no great] ?an ^? ( an      
ord9>y pr9t$ book ( to-day1 b (t5       
beautiful & regul> z ! cle>e/ pr9t+4    
,su* a book is ! ,bible writt5 by a     
c]ta9 ,william ( ,devon1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% 
,museum 7,roy4 ,,ms4 #a ,d4 #a74 ,a     
description ( ?is beautiful ,,ms4 may be
 se5 9 ,bibliographica1 vol4 i4 p4 #cid1
 writt5 by ,sir ,e4,m4 ,?ompson4 ,"h1   
?\gh ! writ+ is t ( an ,engli%man1 !    
/yle is completely ,fr5*4  ,ano!r ,,ms4 
des]v+ ( /udy is a ri*ly illum9at$      
,bible n[ 9 ! ,burney ,collection ( our 
,national ,libr>y 7,no4 #c74 ,ano!r1    
:i*1 ow+ to its be+ recomm5d$ = /udy by 
! late ,john ,rusk91 0 once kn[n z !    
,rusk9 ,book1 is ,add4 ,,ms4 #agcda1 :i*
 conta9s _m f9e initials ) bord] &      
bracket foliages simil> to ^? ( !       

,evangeli>y ( ! ,sa9te ,*apelle1 n[ 9 ! 
,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is 7,,ms4 ,lat4   
#agcbf74 ,bo? ! ,,mss4 %[ ! contempor>y 
peculi>ity ( pres5t+ ,bible *>act]s1    
except+ div9e p]sonages1 apo/les1 &     
evangeli/s 9 ord9>y local co/ume4 ,p>is1
 ( c\rse1 is ! city :]e mo/1 & p]haps ! 
be/1 ( ^! ,,mss4 are pres]v$2 b ^? nam$ 
above1 9 ,london1 are also among ! f9e/ 
kn[n examples4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,rise 
,,( ,,national ,,/yles  ,! f\rte5?      
c5tury ! true ,gold5 ,age ( ,go?ic      
illum9ation--,france ! cradle ( o!r     
national /yles--,ne!rl&i%1 ,italian1    
,g]man1 etc4--,di/9ction (              
s*ools--,difficulty ( assign+ !         
prov5ance ( ,,mss4--,! reason = x--,,ms4
 9 ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 ,cambridge--,! 
,padua ,missal--,arti/s' names--,:5ce   
obta9$4   ,?r\gh ! ?irte5? c5tury is !  
epo* ( ! ,go?ic r5aissance1 x is !      
f\rte5? to :i* really belongs ! title ( 
! ,gold5 ,age4 ,! /yle ( "w rema9s      
precisely ! same1 only x gr[s4 ,x *anges
 f ! bud to ! leaf4 ,x ca/s (f ! sev]ity

 & mu* ( ! re/ra9t ( its e>li] "*4 ,to !
 grace ( y\? x adds beauty1 ! beauty (  
adolesc5ce4 ,to f\rte5?-c5tury          
illum9ation we c give no high] praise   
?an t x is beautiful4 ,n1 inde$1 because
 ( its delib]ate limitations1 b 9 spite 
( !m4 ,= aft] ages h taught u t if 9    
pure ornam5t & respl5d5t decorative     
complet5ess ! pages ( ! f\rte5? c5tury  
_c be surpass$1 9 m9iature hi/oriation x
 mu/ take a second place4 ,! skill$     
illum9ators ( ! lat] s*ools are ! ma/]s 
( ! m]e picture4 ,= surely no judge (   
art c\ld possibly ass]t t ! m9iatures ( 
! ,grunani ,brevi>y or ( ! ,br]a        
,graduals z m9iatures are inf]ior to ^? 
( ! ,psalt] ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ! ,b]ry ,bible1
 or ! ,pray]-book ( ,m>g>et ( ,bav>ia4  
,yet ^! are typical ,,mss4 ( ! highe/   
rank4 ,h5ce we say t :ile ! illum9ation 
( ! ,gold5 ,age ( ! art 0 beautiful1 x 0
 n absolutely p]fect4 ,x is n to be tak5
 by mod]n /ud5ts z ! only possible model
 or basis simply because x 0 ! be/ ( its
 k9d4 ,!re is no su* despotism 9 art4   

,to ^? :o ?9k x ! only possible =m (    
book decoration1 let x be s by all      
means1 b we may z well hope to clo! our 
soldi]s 9 *a9 or plate arm\r1 & s5d !   
elite ( our nobility on ano!r crusade to
 ,j]usalem1 or satisfy our univ]sities )
 ! quod libets & quiddities ( ! trivium 
& quadrivium1 z hope to make popul> to !
 ,engl& ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ! arti/ic    
ta/es ( ! f\rte5?4 ,we indulge 9 no su* 
dreams4 ,if we are to h illum9at$ books1
 our own age mu/ inv5t !m4 ,!           
illum9ators ( ! ,bibles1 ,romances1     
,mirrors1 & ,*ronicles ( ! f\rte5?      
c5tury no d\bt did _! be/1 & we hon\r & 
praise !m = x4 ,we ?9k _! "w among !    
lovelie/ gratifications ( ! eye t c be  
imag9$4 ,b ! eye is v ca?olic--x has    
imm5se capacities = enjoym5t4 ,! w9d[ ( 
! s\l op5s on illimitable prospects1 &  
if ! s\l be satisfi$ = ! "t1 x is n     
necess>ily replet$ = ev]4 ,gold5 ages   
are cyclical1 & x may be t ! glory ( !  
books ( ! future %all surpass all !     
glories ( ! pa/4  ,by #acej ,france _h  

absorb$ all ! antec$5t v>ieties (       
illum9ation4 ,f ,france1 !re=e1 spr+ all
 ! succe$+ /yles n[ consid]$ national4  
,& z is mo/ natural1 ^! /yles develop by
 proximity--! ne>e/ to ,fr5* be+        
,ne!rl&i%4 ,! next1 z a result (        
imm$iate int]c\rse1 ,italian4 ,!n       
,g]man1 ,spani%1 & ! re/1 z int]c\rse   
gave opportunity4 ,x is n always an easy
 matt] to say (fh& :e!r a ,,ms4 is ,fr5*
 or ,flemi%4 ,9 ! e>li] days x is n easy
 to say :e!r x be ,fr5* or ,engli%1 or  
ev5 :e!r ,fr5* or ,italian4 ,b !        
di/9ctness comes lat] on4  ,9 ! fifte5? 
c5tury ! ,italian1 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 &     
,engli% are q di/9ct v>ieties4 ,t[>ds ! 
sixte5? ! ,ne!rl&i% is q z di/9ct4 ,b ! 
/yles ( ,spa91 ,bohemia1 ,hung>y1 ,pol&1
 ?\gh possess+ features :i* id5tify !m  
to an exp]i5c$ eye1 are to ! ord9>y     
spectator m]ely sub-v>ieties (          
,ne!rl&i%1 ,italian1 or ,g]man4  ,)     
reg>d to ! di/9ctions ( s*ools or local 
c5tres )9 ! same c\ntry1 ! evid5ce (    
probable orig9 has to be corroborat$ by 

hi/oric fact4 ,x is n safe )\t fur!r    
pro( ?an t af=d$ by g5]al features to   
affirm t ?is or t ,,ms4 0 execut$ at    
,p>is1 ,dijon1 ,ami5s1 or ,limoges 9    
,france2 or at ,gh5t1 ,bruges1 or       
else:]e 9 ,fl&]s2 or :e!r a ,,ms4 be    
,rh5i% or ,saxon1 ,bav>ian or           
,we/phalian1 9 ,g]many2 ,bolognese1     
,flor5t9e1 ,si5nese1 ,milanese1 or      
,neapolitan 9 ,italy2 or execut$ at     
,we/m9/]1 ,/4 ,albans1 ,exet]1 or       
else:]e 9 ,engl&4 ,nev]!less ! special  
*>act]i/ics ( all ^! s*ools are q       
di/+ui%able4 ,9 ! attempt to di/+ui% !m1
 al?\gh ! diagnosis may be p]fectly     
accurate1 ! actual facts may be o!rwise 
acc\nt$ =4 ,h5ce ! dang] to :i* ev5 !   
exp]i5c$ connoisseur is liable4 ,=      
example1 c]ta9 ,,mss4 are writt5 9 a f9e
 ,bolognese h&1 :i* x is prov$ 7        
actually execut$ 9 ,fl&]s2 o!rs t "o    
w\ld feel sure 7 ,ne!rl&i%1 7 illum9at$ 
9 ,spa94 ,"s v f9e typical ,flemi%      
m9iatures 7 pa9t$ 9 ,italy2 c]ta9       
,flor5t9e m9iatures 7 ! "w ( arti/s     

resid+ 9 ,rome4 ,milanese illum9ation is
 q di/+ui%able f ,neapolitan1 & ,v5etian
 f bo?1 yet ! s*ool is n pro( ( !       
prov5ance4  ,illum9ators1 l o!r         
craftsm51 travell$ f city to city1 &    
pr9ces employ$ m51 :o resid$ 9 _!       
patrons' palaces1 :o yet _h le>n$ _! art
 _m leagues away4 ,h[ (t5 we f9d ! names
 ( arti/s ) ! words ,dallemagna1 il     
,t$esco1 le ,poitev91 ,v]onese1 ,franco1
 ,crovata1 etc41 employ$ 9 ,italian     
h\ses1 indicat+ ! place ( _! nativity4  
,s t ev5 :5 we "k e feature ( ! "w we h 
mu* to le>n ere we c say ) tru? t x 0   
execut$ 9 su* & su* a city4 ,we mu/ take
 into acc\nt details :i* are liable to  
escape ! ord9>y obs]v]1 su* z quality ( 
vellum or pap]1 *oice ( pigm5ts1 mode ( 
application1 & o!r p>ticul>s q di/9ct f 
/yle ( ornam5t or v>ieties ( =m 9       
foliage4 ,9 ! ,fitzwilliam ,libr>y at   
,cambridge is an ,italian ,,ms41 !      
*>act]i/ics ( ^: ornam5tation are       
unequivocally ,fr5*1 b ^: mode (        
treatm5t %[s n only t x is ,italian b t 

x is ,milanese1 b :e!r execut$ 9 ,milan 
or n is m ?an anyone c affirm4 ,9 !     
,briti% ,museum is a magnific5t         
s]vice-book call$ ! ,padua ,missal1 b ! 
probability is t ! ,paduan arti/ :o     
pa9t$ its spl5did pages1 pa9t$ !m at    
,v5ice4 ,t x 0 execut$ = ,/a4 ,ju/9a1 at
 ,padua1 is no pro( t ! "w 0 done 9 t   
city4  ,9 mona/ic times we h se5 :y !   
arti/ r>ely sign$ 8 "n4 ,aft] ! ?irte5? 
c5tury ! lay arti/ _h no su* scruples1 &
 h5ce we (t5 f9d p>ticul>s ( orig9 &    
purpose :i* expla9 all we wi% to "k4 ,b 
if ! ,,mss4 !mselves d n conta9 !       
p>ticul>s1 v (t5 ! acc\nt-books (       
ca!drals & o!r e/abli%m5ts = :i* ! books
 7 illum9at$1 give ! details ( price &  
purpose1 & add ! names ( ! arti/s4 ,!   
h\sehold exp5se books1 guild books1     
municipal records1 & ! j\rnals ( !      
pa9t]s !mselves are f]tile s\rces (     
in=mation4 ,& if we seek ) suffici5t    
dilig5ce ^! w probably be ! means by :i*
 x may ev5tually be f\nd4     ,,*apt]   
,,iii  ,,fr5* ,,illum9ation ,,f ,,!     

,,?irte5? ,,c5tury ,,to ,,! ,,r5aissance
   ,ivy-leaf & *equ]$                   
backgr\nds--,occasional introduction (  
pla9 burni%$ gold--,reign ( ,*>les ,,vi4
 ( ,france--,! ,dukes ( ,orleans1 ,b]ry1
 & ,burgundy2 _! prodigality & f9e ta/e 
= ,,mss4--,*ri/9e de ,pisan & h]        
works--,description ( h] ,mutation (    
,=tune 9 ! ,p>is ,libr>y--,! ,roman de  
la ,rose & ,cit des ,dames--,details ( !
 ,fr5* /yle ( illum9ation--,burgundian  
,,mss41 ,h>l4 #ddca--,roy4 #ae ,e4      
#f--,! ,talbot ,romances--,gradual      
approa* to ,flemi% on ! "o h& & ,italian
 on ! o!r4   ,9 addition to ! exp&+ ivy 
leaf :i* =ms ! *ief feature (           
f\rte5?-c5tury book-ornam5t1 we f9d !   
m9iaturi/ z a fur!r improvem5t add+     
delicate col\r 9 ! faces4 ,also t in/ead
 ( ! inv>iable loz5g+ or diap]+ ( !     
backgr\nd he occasionally makes a       
backgr\nd ( pla9 burni%$ gold4 ,& z if  
to prove t 8 pr$ecessors 7 really hamp]$
 ) ! re/rictions impos$ by _! imitations
 ( pa9t$ glass1 he beg9s to try 8 be/ to

 pa9t up 8 m9iatures into real pictures 
) high lights on drap]ies & %ad+ ^u !   
folds4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( flatness1 h[ev]1
 /ill rema9s1 b x sc>cely seems to h be5
 ! int5tion or aim ( ! pa9t]4 ,!re is a 
simil> flatness 9 ! "w ( all ! e>ly     
s*ools ( pa9t+1 :i* _h no ref]5ce :atev]
 to ! de/9ation ( ! picture4 ,see1 =    
in/ance1 ! ,origny ,treasure ,book 9 !  
,pr9t ,room at ,b]l9 7,,ms4 #ch71 & !   
,life ( ,/4 ,d5is 9 ! ,national ,libr>y 
at ,p>is 7,nos4 #bjij-b71 bo? ,,mss4    
dat+ some:]e ab\t #acae4 ,! drap]y %ad+ 
9 ! latt] ,,ms4 is no long] ! "w ( ! p51
 b bru%-"w 9 prop] col\r4 ,! ,we/re55   
,missal 9 ! ,museum at ! ,hague1 :i*    
dates ab\t #acfe1 ?\gh n a ,fr5* ,,ms41 
is an example ( ! fact t by ! middle ( !
 c5tury ! tradition ( p5work outl9e &   
flat-col\r+ _h become pretty ne>ly      
obsolete4  ,! reign ( ! afflict$ ,*>les 
,,vi4 ( ,france1 disa/r\s 9 ! extreme to
 ! mat]ial welf>e ( 8 own subjects1 full
 ( untold mis]y to ! poor1 & (          
oppression to ! gr[+ community (        

artisans & trad]s1 0 nev]!less1 z reg>ds
 lit]ature & ! arts1 a p]iod ( progress 
& ev5 spl5d\r4 ,! ,k+'s incapacity1 by  
af=d+ 8 uncles & bro!rs opportunities = 
f+]+ ! rev5ues dur+ ! self-appo9t$ &    
irresponsible reg5cies1 enabl$ !m to    
gratify _! magnific5t ta/es 9 ! pur*as+ 
( co/ly furniture & ! ord]+ ( spl5did   
books4 ,l\is ( ,orleans1 usually cr$it$ 
) ! wor/ ( ?is prodigality1 0 by no     
means s+ul> 9 8 conduct4 ,8 uncle1 !    
,duke ( ,b]ry1 :ile daily e>n+ !        
execrations ( ! tax-pay]s by 8          
unscrupul\s employm5t ( ! public money1 
0 con/antly enri*+ 8 libr>y1 & bo? he & 
8 bro!rs & nephews 7 9 ! habit ( s5d+   
priceless volumes1 illum9at$ by ! be/   
arti/s1 z w$d+ & bir?day gifts1 to ea*  
o!r1 or _! wives or acqua9tances4 ,we   
talk1 & ju/ly1 ( ! f9e ta/e & noble love
 ( lit]ature ( ,jean de ,b]ry4 ,8       
contempor>ies1 at lea/ ^? b5ea? 8 own   
rank1 look$ ^u him z a tyrant & plund]]4
 ,8 disa/r\s adm9i/ration ( ,langu$oc 0 
describ$ z "o long fte :]e ! excess (   

exp5diture 0 rivall$ only by ! excess ( 
sc&al4 ,if ! m>m\sets c\ld h hang$ him  
!y w\ld4 ,9 default !y hang$ 8 treasur]4
  ,all ?is maladm9i/ration 0 v wrong1 b 
we _c af=d to burn ! ,,mss4 9           
consequ5ce1 = ! ,bible1 ! ,gr&es        
,heures1 & o!r books once possess$ by ! 
wick$ ,duke1 are among ! mo/ preci\s    
relics ( any age4 ,add to !m ! beautiful
 volumes ( poetry & romance compos+ !   
contempor>y lit]ature ( ! f\rte5? &     
fifte5? c5turies1 & we h treasures t we 
d>e n rel9qui%4  ,by ! beg9n+ ( !       
fifte5? c5tury pure ,fr5* illum9ation 0 
los+ its own *>act]i/ics & acquir+ o!rs4
 ,9 ! ,nor?1 9 ,fl&]s & ,brabant1       
,fran*e-,comt & ! ,burgundian ,duk$om   
g5]ally1 x 0 becom+ t peculi> k9d (     
,fr5* :i* _h receiv$ ! "n ( ,burgundian4
 ,x c sc>cely be said to be ,flemi%     
en\gh to rank z ,ne!rl&i%1 yet nei!r c x
 /& side by side ) ,fr5* ( ,p>is4  ,let 
u look at a few examples4 ,!re is !     
,book ( ,(fices 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,/4       
,g5evive at ,p>is 7,bibl4 ,lat4 #ff71   

also ! ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 ! same libr>y4    
,also a small cr[d ( volumes 9 ! ,royal 
,libr>y at ,brussels1 ano!r 9 !         
,national ,libr>y at ,p>is4 ,"o ( !     
ri*e/ examples kn[n is ! ,psalt] ( !    
,conv5t ( ,salem1 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y
 at ,heidelb]g4 ,o!r gr& ,,mss4 are !   
two volumes ( ! ,mutacion de ,=tune (   
,*ri/9e de ,pisan & ! ,cit des ,dames ( 
! same au?oress4 ,! volume ( h] poems1  
etc41 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 is a         
m>vell\sly f9e "w 7,h>l4 #ddca74 ,!     
great] "p ( ?is volume is 9 ! e>li] or  
,b]ry /yle1 i4e4 ! f9e p5-sprays ( ivy  
leaf ( burni%$ gold4 ,b ! fir/ gr& bord]
 is altoge!r transitional1 consi/+ ( !  
p5-sprays ( gold5 ivy leaf alt]nat+ )   
sprays ( natural fl[]s4 ,?is innovation1
 x has be5 said1 0 due to ! s*ool ( van 
,eyck1 b z no pro( is =?com+ t ,j4 van  
,eyck ev] work$ on illum9at+ we may be  
cont5t to say t x arose ab\t #adac1 & t 
probably x came f ,bruges4 ,x is !      
beg9n+ ( ! ,burgundian /yle4 ,b !       
ornam5tal leafage is diff]5t f ord9>y   

,brugeois1 inasmu* z x is pe>l$ along ! 
c5tral ve9s1 & is n symmetrical4 ,!     
pe>l+ is p]haps a sugge/ion f glass     
pa9t+4 ,x 0 v e>ly adapt$ 9 ,g]man      
foliage "w4 ,on ! fir/ fly-leaf are     
sev]al signatures1 includ+ ! "n & device
 ( ,l\is ,gru?use3 ,plus e/ en v\s      
,gru?use4 ,! m9iatures /ill rema9 ,fr5* 
) mo/ly panell$ backgr\nds1 "s )        
l&scape4 ,x is evid5tly a transitional  
docum5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,,psalt]m4 ,,et 
,,(ficia #ad,,? ,,c5t4 ,brit4 ,mus4     
,h>l4 ,,ms4 #bhig1 fol4 #ahd            
,illu/ration3 ,,heures1 ,,etc4 #ad,,?   
,,c5t4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #bieb1  
fol4 #bb  ,! works ( ,*ri/9e de ,pisan1 
! popul>--"o may fairly say             
fa%ionable--au?oress1 7 p]haps among !  
be/ kn[n & mo/ widely read :ile ,caxton 
0 sett+ up 8 press at ,we/m9/]1 z %e 0  
among ! mo/ welcome gue/s at ! ,c\rts ( 
,*>les ,,vi4 & ,philip ( ,burgundy4 ,%e 
0 ! daught] ( a di/+ui%$ ,v5etian       
savant1 ,?omas de ,pisan1 :o _h come at 
! invitation ( ,*>les le ,sage to ,p>is 

z ,a/rologue du ,roi4 ,at ! age ( fifte5
 ,*ri/9e1 :o 0 z beautiful z %e 0       
accompli%$1 became ! wife ( a ,pic>d    
g5tleman nam$ ,e/i5ne ,ca/el4 ,two ye>s 
aft]w>ds ! dea? ( ! ,k+ br\ght tr\ble ^u
 h] fa!r1 & ) x sickness & despond5cy4  
,!n foll[$ sorr[ ^u sorr[4 ,:il/ %e 0   
h]self /ill burd5$ ) ! c>es ( e>ly      
mo!rhood h] fa!r di$1 & )9 n9e ye>s f h]
 m>riage ! sudd5 dea? f contagion1 ( h] 
husb&1 to :om %e 0 mo/ fondly atta*$1   
left h] a wid[ ) two little *ildr5      
dep5d5t ^u h]1 & ) only :at %e h]self   
c\ld e>n z a means ( livelihood4 ,%e 0 n
 yet tw5ty-six ye>s old4 ,to assuage h] 
mis]y %e betook h]self to /udy & !      
composition ( essays & poetry4 ,h] works
 spe$ily br\ght h] ! recognition (      
di/+ui%$ p]sonages2 h] *ildr5 7 provid$ 
=1 & %e h]self soon acquir$ bo? =tune & 
reputation4 ,*>les ,,vi4 all[$ h] a     
p5sion1 & %e compos$ = 8 ,que51         
,isabella ( ,bav>ia1 sev]al important   
treatises4 ,among h] num]\s compositions
 7 ,les c5s ,hi/oires de ,troyes 9 v]se1

 ,le ,*em9 de longue e/ude1 ,la         
,mutacion de ,=tune1 & a ,life ( ,*>les 
,v41 ! latt] compos$ at ! reque/ (      
,philip ! ,good ( ,burgundy4 ,b ! "w :i*
 sets (f h] wit & le>n+ to ! be/        
advantage 0 an allegorical essay on     
,womanhood1 :i* %e call$ ,le ,trsor de  
la ,cit des ,dames4 ,altoge!r h] works  
include fifte5 books & ab\t sixty small]
 writ+s1 :i* %e d$icat$ to ! ,k+ & ,que5
 ( ,france1 ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy &      
,orleans1 & ! pr9cesses & pr9ces ( !    
,c\rt4  ,"o beautifully illum9at$ copy (
 ! ,mutation ( ,=tune 9 two volumes is a
 curi\s example ( its title1 = "o volume
 ( x is 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is  
7fonds fr4 #fjc7 & ! o!r 9 ! ,royal     
,libr>y at ,muni*4 ,9 ! =m] we h h]     
portrait4 ,9 a blue g[n %e sits at h]   
writ+-desk busy at h] "w4 ,on h] head is
 ! musl9-drap$ & high-peak$ h5n94       
,beside h] a table cov]$ ) a gre5 clo? &
 lad5 ) crimson & violet-b\nd books & an
 ink/&4 ,h] *air has a high back1 & !   
floor is ( ! usual k9d se5 9            

illum9ations2 t is1 z if compos$ ( a    
p>quetry ( col\r$ woodwork or ( tiles ( 
v>i\s k9ds ( m>ble4 ,on ! sill ( !      
,go?ic-lattic$ w9d[1 ?r\gh :i* we cat* a
 glimpse ( ! blue sky1 /&s a vase (     
fl[]s4 ,n p]haps an ideal lady's b\doir1
 b /ill an ap>tm5t ( ta/e1 & an altoge!r
 *>m+ little picture4 ,9 ! second       
m9iature ( ! ,muni* volume ,*ri/9e is   
/&+ 9 a *amb]--9 ! same co/ume z above  
describ$4 ,! pictures on ! walls are--a 
=tress1 a wat*man1 two knights1 a pr9ce 
) cr[n & sceptre1 seat$ on 8 ?rone1     
surr\nd$ by c\rti]s2 a duel2 & a m>tyr  
hav+ 8 head /ruck (f4 ,j su* m$ival     
subjects z we may expect 9 a            
fifte5?-c5tury mansion4  ,9 a copy ( !  
,cit des ,dames at ,muni* is ano!r      
portrait ( ,*ri/9e4 ,! book is an       
,apology = ! fem99e sex1 & x is well    
?\ght out4 ,x appe>s t ! conv]sation ( !
 "t 0 n always free f r sev]e s>casm    
conc]n+ ! ladies4 ,we le>n f ,du ,v]di] 
t ! cont9uator ( ! ,romance ( ! ,rose   
n>r[ly escap$ mo/ condign *a/isem5t f "s

 ( ! insult$ sex at ! ,fr5* ,c\rt = !   
base ins9uations 9 8 poem aga9/ ! "* (  
wom54 ,*ri/9e h]self he>tily disapprov$ 
( ! ,romance ( ! ,rose1 & wrote a %>p   
criticism ^u x4 ,h] ,cit des ,dames is  
an elaborate confutation ( ! op9ion t   
wom5 are naturally m immoral & less     
capable ( noble /udies or high          
intellectual atta9m5ts ?an m54 ,9 h]    
introduction %e says3 ,i reflect$ :y m5 
are s unanim\s 9 attribut+ wick$ness to 
wom54 ,i exam9$ my own life & ^? ( o!r  
wom5 to le>n :y we %\ld be worse ?an m51
 s9ce we also 7 creat$ by ,god4 ,i 0    
sitt+ a%am$ ) b[$ head & eyes bl9d$ )   
te>s1 re/+ my *9 on my h&s 9 my         
elb[-*air1 :5 a dazzl+ beam ( ,light    
fla%$ be=e me1 :i* came n f ! sun1 = x 0
 late 9 ! ev5+4 ,i glanc$ up & saw /&+  
be=e me ?ree female figures we>+ cr[ns (
 gold1 & ) radiant c\nt5ances4 ,i cross$
 myself1 :]eupon "o ( ! ?ree address$   
me4 ',fe> n1 de> daught]1 = we w c\nsel 
& help !e4 ,! aphorisms ( ! ,philosoph]s
 are n ,articles ( ,fai?1 b simply !    

mi/s ( error & self-deception4' ,! ?ree 
ladies or goddesses are ,fame1 ,prud5ce1
 & ,ju/ice1 & !y comm& ,*ri/9e "u !     
sup]vision ( ,reason 7or ,commons5se7 to
 build a city = ! noble/ & be/ ( h] own 
sex4 ,s ! city 0 begun1 & ! elect1      
allegorically1 let into x4 ,9 v>i$ ranks
 foll[+ "o ano!r came goddesses & sa9tly
 wom51 ,*ri/ian & hea!n wom5--among !m  
walks z lead] ! ,que5 ( ! ,amazons4     
,que5 ,c]es1 :o taught ! art & practice 
( agriculture4 ,que5 ,isis1 :o fir/ l$  
mank9d to ! cultivation ( plants4       
,ara*ne1 :o inv5t$ ! arts ( dye+1 weav+1
 flax-gr[+1 & sp9n+4 ,damphile1 :o      
discov]$ h[ to bre$ silkworms4 ,que5    
,tomyris1 :o vanqui%$ ,cyrus4 ,! noble  
,sulpicia1 :o %>$ h] husb&'s exile1 & _m
 o!rs1 among :om may be se5 ,dame ,s>ah1
 ! wife ( ,abraham1 ,p5elope1 ,ru?1 & ! 
,sa9ts ,ka?>9e1 ,m>g>et1 ,lucia1 &      
,doro!a4 ,9 ! fir/ m9iature on ! left   
sits ,*ri/9e ) a coif ^u h] head & a    
great book on h] lap2 on h] left h& is !
 plan ( h] new city1 :ile opposite /& ! 

?ree ladies already spok5 ( z h]        
advis]s1 furni%$ ) build+ tools & giv+  
h] _! advice4 ,on ! "r %e appe>s aga9 9 
elegant co/ume ) hewn /ones & a tr[el   
assi/$ by two workm5 :o are busily at   
"w4 ,be=e h] is an unf9i%$ wall & sev]al
 complet$ t[]s4 ,9 two o!r m9iatures !  
gradual progress & entire completion ( !
 city are %[n1 & 9 ! =egr\nd ( ea*      
,*ri/9e & h] ?ree patronesses z be=e4   
,o!r examples des]v+ ( ext5d$ notice are
 ! ,%rewsbury ,romances 7,roy4 #ae ,e4  
#f7 & ,augu/9e1 ,cit de ,dieu 7,roy4 #ad
 ,d4 #a71 two great folios1 ! =m] mo/   
int]e/+ = its m9iatures--! latt] z a    
fair example ( ! r\gh] k9d ( ,lille "w1 
bold 9 design1 good draw+4 ,! *oice (   
col\rs includes m>one1 blue1 gre51 &    
gold4 ,! ornam5ts1 z usual1 consi/ (    
sprays ( ivy leaf & gr\nds fill$ 9 )    
treillages ( natural fl[]s1 among :i*   
are ! daisy1 viola tricolor1 ?i/le1     
cornbottle1 & wild /ock4 ,fruits &      
vegetables also1 z grapes1 field peas1 &
 /rawb]ries4 ,! m9iatures include a few 

r co>se grisailles4  ,a little volume   
7,h>l4 #bicf7 conta9s exquisitely drawn 
,brugeois scrolls 9 mono*rome on gr\nds 
( ! same col\r or pla9 gold or black4   
,la/ly we may m5tion ,les ,heures de la 
,dame de ,saluces1 o!rwise call$ !      
,yem5iz ,h\rs1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum      
7,add4 #bgifg71 a l>ge octavo1 z an     
example ( transitional ,burgundian4 ,"h 
! second>y bord]s h mo/ly ! p5work ivy  
leaf ) ,brugeois corn]s & ) /rawb]ries1 
etc41 9 ! mid/ ( ! sprays4 ,among !     
foliages grotesque figures frequ5tly    
appe>4 ,! pr9cipal pages1 h[ev]1 are m l
 ,h>l4 #ddca1 yet )\t ! ivy-leaf        
t5drils4 ,! m9iatures are /ill ,go?ic1 b
 ri*] & deep] 9 col\r ?an ord9>y ,fr5*  
"w4 ,x w\ld appe> t two diff]5t arti/s 7
 employ$--"o decid$ly ,fr5*1 ! o!r      
,ne!rl&i%1 & ( a m individual "*1 /ill )
 ,fr5* accessories4 ,e page has a bord] 
( "s k9d4 ,among ! fl[]s ! ?i/le is     
peculi> 9 hav+ a gold5 cup next ! d[n4  
,! "w g5]ally resembles1 9 "s p>ts1     
#ddca ,h>l42 9 o!rs1 & p]haps m /rongly1

 #ae ,e4 #f4 ,! col\rs are *iefly blue1 
sc>let1 rose-p9k1 gre51 & gold4  ,we h  
n[ pretty ne>ly work$ our way into      
,flemi% illum9ation4 ,! aft]-hi/ory (   
,fr5* z develop$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce (     
,italy on ! s*ools ( ,p>is & ,t\rs mu/ h
 a *apt] to itself4     ,,*apt] ,,iv    
,,engli% ,,illum9ation ,,f ,,! ,,t5?    
,,to ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury             
,organisation ( ! ,mona/ic              
scriptoria--,pr(essional outsid]s3 lay  
arti/s--,! :ole sometimes ! "w ( ! same 
practition]--,! ,w9*e/] ,abbeys ( ,/4   
,s)un's & ,hyde--,_! vicissitudes--,/4  
,alban's--,we/m9/]--,royal ,,ms4 #b ,a4 
#bb--;,description ( /yle--,! ,t5ison   
,psalt]--,features ( ?is p]iod--,!      
,arundel ,psalt]--,hunt+ & %oot+ sc5es1 
& games--,*>act]i/ic pictures1          
grotesques1 & c>icatures--,que5 ,m>y's  
,psalt]--,rapid *anges "u ,ri*>d        
,,ii4--,royal ,,ms4 #a ,e4 #i--,_!      
cause4   ,9 a =m] *apt] we left our     
native s*ools ( illum9ation at "w on su*
 ,,mss4 z ! ,devon%ire & ,r\5           

,b5$ictionals1 & ) ! reputation ( be+ ! 
be/ s*ools ( ! k9d 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,m5tion 
also is made else:]e 9 deal+ ) mona/ic  
art ( ! usages ( ! scriptoria4 ,su*     
usages1 ( c\rse1 c\ld only obta9 9 h\ses
 :]e scribes !mselves 7 to be _h4 ,h5ce 
we %\ld discov]1 7 x n o!rwise kn[n1 t  
writ+ & illum9ation1 ev5 9 ! mona/ic    
age1 7 n conf9$ absolutely to ! cloi/]4 
,) respect to ! secul> scribes1 :o      
sometimes work$ 9 ! mona/]y1 sometimes  
at _! own homes1 9 ^? days :5 ! mona/ic 
ord]s /ill did mo/ ( ! book-production1 
!re 7 ?ree classes ( speciali/s4 ,^! 7 !
 ,libr>ii or ord9>y copyi/s2 ! ,not>ii  
or law-scribes1 ^: bus9ess lay 9 copy+  
de$s1 *>t]s1 & su*-l in/rum5ts1 & tak+  
notes 9 ! c\rts2 & ,pag9ators or        
,illum9atores4 ,x sometimes happ5$1 z we
 h said1 t 9 "s mona/]y or o!r1 no      
mona/ic 0 f\nd qualifi$ to und]take any 
( ^! duties4 ,x !n fell to ! prior or   
abbat to seek ! assi/ance ( pr(essional 
outsid]s4 ,! pag+ & rubrication1 putt+ 9
 initials 9 ! spaces left by ! common   

scribe1 &1 if ne$$1 ! addition (        
pictures or m>g9al draw+s & ornam5ts1   
c>icatures1 h]aldic illu/rations1 etc41 
7 ! prop] "w ( ! illum9ator1 b x (t5    
happ5$ t ! same man _h to d ! :ole "w f 
! comm5cem5t to ! f9i%4 ,! ,*ronicon    
,trudon5se tells u3 ,graduale unum      
propria manu =mavit1 purgavit1 p9xit1   
sulcabit1 scripsit1 illum9avit1         
musiceque notavit syllabatim4 ,sev]al ( 
our old ,engli% *ronicles1 ( :i* !      
,,mss4 exi/ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum &       
else:]e1 seem to be ( ?is description4  
,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! scriptoria at
 ,w9*e/]1 i4e4 at ,/4 ,s)un's & ! ,new  
,m9/]4 ,x is ! latt] f\ndation :i* is   
usually ref]r$ to 9 speak+ ( ,w9*e/] "w4
 ,! ,mona/]y ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity or ! ,new
 ,m9/] 0 f\nd$ 9 ! fir/ ye> ( 8 reign by
 ,k+ ,edw>d1 son ( ,alfr$1 no d\bt 9    
ob$i5ce to 8 fa!r's wi%1 if n absolutely
 9 ! t]ms ( 8 w4 ,its fir/ *>t] is dat$ 
#ijj 7= #ija7 & ! second 9 #ijc4 ,9 !   
latt] docum5t ! abbey is spok5 ( z      
d$icat$ to ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 ! ,bless$   

,virg9 ,m>y1 & to ,/4 ,pet]1 & is amply 
end[$ "u ! ,augu/9ian ,rule4 ,9 #ife1 n 
)\t tr\ble & resi/ance1 x 0 conv]t$ into
 a ,b5$ict9e abbey4 ,9 #ifh ,e!lg>1 :o  
_h be5 tra9$ at ,gla/onbury & ,ab+don1  
became abbat1 & f ?is "t ! ,new ,m9/]   
became fam\s = bo? discipl9e & !        
production ( ,,mss4 ,z we walk along !  
,high ,/reet ( ,w9*e/] n[ we f9d ! /ory 
9 moss-gr[n /ones or o!r memorials h[1  
among o!r me?ods1 ,william ! ,norman    
puni%$ ! monks = _! ,engli% w>like      
proclivities by wall+ !m up ne>ly close 
to _! *ur* ) ! walls ( 8 royal palace4  
,9 ! old "t1 :5 ! two mona/]ies /ood    
side by side--,/4 ,s)un's is close beh9d
 ! ,new ,m9/]--s closely pack$ toge!r1  
says ! old *ronicl]1#cg 7 ! two         
communities ( ,/4 ,s)un & ,/4 ,pet] t   
betwe5 ! f\ndation ( _! respective      
build+s !re 0 b>ely room = a man to pass
 along4 ,! *oral s]vice ( "o mona/]y    
conflict$ ) t ( ! o!r1 s t bo? 7 spoil$1
 & ! r++ ( _! bells toge!r produc$ a    
horrid discord4 ,! result ( ?is 01 fir/ 

! above-m5tion$ hemm+ 9 ( ! y\ng]       
e/abli%m5t & ev5tually its migration to 
ano!r site 9 ,hyde ,mead[4 ,"h :ile !   
mona/ic build+s suff]$ mu* ?r\gh fires &
 o!r disa/]s1 ! ,rule rema9$ until      
#aech1 :5 x 0 surr5d]$ into ! ,k+'s h&s1
 & ! abbat1 prior1 & n9ete5 monks1 ! la/
 survivors ( ?is once-fam\s f\ndation1 7
 p5sion$4  #cg ,dugdale1 ,mona/icon4  ,!
 scriptorium at ,/4 ,alban's1 to :i* !  
fame ( book production 9 ! ,middle ,ages
 v l>gely rev]t$1 0 n f\nd$ until ne>ly 
?ree c5turies aft] ! f\ndation ( t      
abbey4 ,! libr>y began ) tw5ty-eight    
notable volumes1 & eight ,psalt]s1 a    
book ( collects1 ano!r ( epi/les1 &     
,evangelia leg5da p] annum1 two         
,gospel-books b\nd 9 gold & silv] & set 
) gems1 toge!r ) o!r necess>y volumes = 
ord9>y use4 ,almo/ e succe$+ abbat      
contribut$ some?+ to ! libr>y %elves4   
,ge(frey1 ! sixte5? abbat1 a ,norman :o 
once _h a s*ool at ,dun/able1 & :o 0 bo?
 a popul> & lib]al rul]1 enri*$ ! libr>y
 ) a ,missal b\nd 9 gold1 ano!r         

incomp>ably illum9at$ & beautifully     
writt51 & also a ,psalt] ri*ly          
illum9at$1 a ,b5$ictional1 & o!rs4 ,8   
successor1 ,ralph ,gubiun1 also gave a  
numb] ( ,,mss4 ,rob]t de ,go%am1 ! next 
abbat1 gave v _m books1 :i* he _h caus$ 
to be writt5 & sumptu\sly b\nd = !      
purpose4 ,& ,abbat ,simon1 :o foll[$ 9  
#aaff1 creat$ ! (fice ( hi/oriograph] to
 ! abbey1 repair$ & enl>g$ !            
scriptorium1 & kept two or ?ree ( !     
clev]e/ writ]s con/antly employ$ 9      
transcription1 & orda9$ t = ! future e  
abbat %\ld ma9ta9 at lea/ "o suitable & 
capable scribe4 ,among ! _m *oice ,,mss4
 add$ by ,abbat ,simon 0 a beautiful    
copy ( ! ,bible specially writt5 ) !    
greate/ c>e & exactness4 ,9 addition he 
pres5t$ ! libr>y ) all 8 own preci\s    
collection4 ,ano!r lib]al b5efactor 0   
,john de ,cell1 a man ( va/ le>n+ 9     
gramm> & poetry1 & also a practition] 9 
m$ic9e4 ,be+ unfit = h\sehold managem5t1
 he committ$ ! secul> affairs ( ! abbey 
to 8 prior ,reymund1 by ^: zeal _m noble

 & valuable books 7 transcrib$ = !      
libr>y4 ,& s grew 9 magnitude &         
importance ! great collection :i*       
suppli$ ,rog] ( ,w5dov] & ,mat!w ,p>is )
 mat]ials = _! fam\s hi/ories4 ,/4      
,alban's1 inde$1 0 at "o p]iod p]haps ! 
mo/ not$ ( all ! ,engli% c5tres ( book  
production4 ,to dilate on o!r c5tres1   
su* z ,we/m9/]1 ,exet]1 ,worce/]1       
,norwi*1 or ,york1 w\ld lead u too f>   
afield = a m]e h&book l ! pres5t4 ,en\gh
 has be5 said to give a good idea ( :at 
our ,engli% abbats & priors 7 9 ! habit 
( do+ = art & lett]s4  ,illu/ration3    
,,psalt]ium ,,cum ,,canticis ,a4,d4     
#abdj ,brit4 ,mus4 ,roy4 ,,ms4 #b1 ,a4  
xxii1 fol4 #ad  ,illu/ration3 ,,epi/re  
,,au ,,roy ,,ri*4 #b ,c4 #acge ,brit4   
,mus4 ,roy4 ,,ms4 #bj ,b1 vi1 fol4 #a   
,s9ce #ihj a consid]able quantity (     
transcription & illum9ation mu/ h be5   
produc$1 not)/&+ disquiet1 turbul5ce1 & 
w>4 ,at ,we/m9/] ! traditions (         
illum9ation seem to h foll[$ ! me?ods ( 
! e>li] ,w9*e/] s*ool4 ,b 9 ! twelf?    

c5tury ,engli% "w %[s1 on ! :ole1 a     
great] lik5ess to ! contempor>y "w (    
,g]many4 ,( ,we/m9/] "w an example      
occurs among ! ,royal ,,mss4 7#b ,a4    
#bb74 ,! subject is ! ,psalt]1 & ! text 
is ! h&some /yle ( p5man%ip kn[n z      
,engli% ,go?ic ( ! latt] "p ( ! twelf?  
c5tury4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! frequ5t       
occurr5ce ( ?is p>ticul> s]vice-book t x
 held ! place ( ! lat] ,book ( ,h\rs1 & 
s we may expect a great simil>ity among 
diff]5t copies1 bo? 9 ! selection ( !   
illu/rations & _! mode ( treatm5t4 ,x 0 
usual 9 all su* volumes to prefix to !  
text a s]ies ( subjects f ! ,old & ,new 
,te/am5ts & ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,"h we 
h !m f ! ,life ( ! ,virg9 & f ! ,life ( 
,david1 by no means unwor?y samples ( ! 
s*ool4 ,"o repres5ts ! ,virg9 & ,*ild   
seat$ on a seat ( ! ,g]mano-,byzant9e   
type b5ea? an ar* & )9 a squ>e          
frame-bord]4 ,! bord] seems fir/ to h   
be5 flatly pa9t$ 9 two col\rs1 pale blue
 & pale r$ o*re1 & on ?is a foliage     
scroll ( recurr+ =ms 9 a bold dull r$   

outl9e f9ely reliev$ ) :ite4 ,?is is m  
or less repeat$ z ! =m ( bord] to ! o!r 
illum9ations4 ,outside ! :ole is a      
*>act]i/ic sl5d] frame ( bright gre5 9  
two t9ts4 ,! ar* ov]head has two b&s (  
v]milion1 ) :ite edge-reliefs & a c5tral
 b& ( blue1 aga9 9 two t9ts1 ) pairs (  
black cross-b>s e half-in* or s re/+ on 
! capitals ( ! two pill>s :i* =m ! sides
 ( ! sc5e4 ,^! pill>s h ea* a gre5      
abacus at ! top ( ea* capital & sc>let  
bead bel[4 ,ea* pill> is ( dappl$ r$1   
m>ble-l porphyry1 ) pl9?s ( sc>let &    
blue4 ,ti]s ( diff]5tly col\r$ /eps     
sep>at$ by b&s ( sc>let1 gre51 etc41 =m 
! seat4 ,! ,virg9 we>s ! hood1 cape1 &  
robe ( ! ,b5$ict9e nun1 b col\r$ grey1  
*ocolate1 & blue respectively4 ,an "u   
g>m5t ( pale amb] completes h] dress4 ,!
 infant we>s an amb] tunic1 wrapp$ 9 a  
sc>let robe4 ,a v common embroid]y ( !  
drap]y consi/s ( little />s or triads ( 
:ite /uds4 ,?is also is a *>act]i/ic (  
,g]man & e>ly ,ne!rl&i% illum9ation4    
,!re is a ri* gold brocade bord] to !   

blue robe ( ! ,virg94 ,bo? "m & *ild h  
r\nd nimbuses1 ! =m] 9 pla9 circul> b&s 
( russet & orange1 ! latt] consi/+ ( b&s
 ( pale blue surm\nt$ by a sc>let cross4
 ,two lumps ( gre5 glass or metal hang f
 ! ar*4 ,! backgr\nd is a plate ( gold4 
,! fle% tones are livid1 be+ ( a pale   
gre5i% o*re t9t4 ,"o o!r ( !            
illum9ations ( ?is exce$+ly int]e/+     
,,ms4 may be m5tion$1 viz4 ! ,david     
play+ 8 h>p4 ,he also we>s ?ree         
g>m5ts--a tunic ( :ite %ad$ ) pale blue1
 !n ano!r ( lav5d] or lilac & hav+ ri*  
brocad$ bord]s1 &1 la/ly1 a pallium or  
robe ( pale *ocolate l9$ ) erm9e2       
orange-col\r$ hose4 ,! ?rone1 l !       
previ\s "o1 is ( sev]al                 
col\rs--slate-blue1 gre51 orange1 &     
:ite1 ) a buff cu%ion4 ,"h is a back to 
! ?rone ( a deep blue1 ) a backgr\nd1 z 
be=e1 ( bright flat gold4 ,! :ite m\ld+ 
is %ad$ ) pale gre51 ) blui% slate      
corn]s4 ,! out] bord] is ( ! pale r$    
o*re or p9k1 s common 9 lat] "w 9       
contra/ ) deep blue4 ,an out] frame or  

edg+ ( gre5 completes ! page4 ,! h>p is 
n gild$1 b ( a drab hue1 ) two          
quatrefoil /uds or orifices 9 ! frame1  
reliev$ z usual ) f9e edges ( :ite4     
,comp>e ?is ,,ms4 ) "o 9 ! ,libr>y at   
,lambe?4  ,! ,engli% illum9ation ( !    
?irte5? c5tury is s l t ( ,france t x is
 (t5 difficult to det]m9e its real      
nationality4 ,!re is occasionally "s    
feature :i* we "k f o!r s\rces to be    
,engli%1 or "s circum/ance 9 ! hi/ory ( 
! ,,ms4 :i* fixes its orig91 z1 =       
example1 9 ! ,additional ,,ms4 #bdfhf1  
kn[n z ! ,t5ison ,psalt]4 ,sir ,e4,m4   
,?ompson also describes ?is ,,ms4 9 !   
,bibliographica1 i4 #cig4 ,b x 0        
previ\sly describ$ at "s l5g? by ,sir   
,edw>d ,bond 9 ! ,f9e ,arts ,qu>t]ly    
,review4 ,! ,psalt]1 :i* has _h a       
some:at ev5tful hi/ory1 is "o ( ! be/   
examples ( ,engli% ?irte5?-c5tury       
illum9ation4 ,at lea/1 ?is may be said (
 ! e>ly portion ( x1 = :ile x is        
illum9at$ ?r\gh\t1 only ! fir/ ga!r+ is 
9 ! e>li] mann]4 ,! peculi> value to !  

/ud5t lies 9 ! fact t al?\gh q 9 ! same 
/yle z contempor>y ,fr5* "w1 x is ! "w (
 an ,engli% illum9ator4 ,! col\r+1      
h[ev]1 is n conf9$1 z 9 some:at e>li]   
examples1 to blue & dull pale rose or   
pal$ r$ o*re & gold4 ,x gives u sc>let1 
crimson-lake1 gre51 & br[n1 besides !   
blue & p9k & bright gold :i* sugge/s "s 
,g]man influ5ces4 ,! l9e fill+s are     
some:at peculi> z hav+ silv] trac]y1 on 
! blue1 side by side ) gold5 trac]y on !
 crimson4 ,! full ivy leaf appe>s 9 !   
long bran* "w ( ! bord]s1 & "s ( !      
initials /ill reta9 ! bird or dragon =ms
 9 _! con/ruction4 ,! comp\nd b>-frame1 
gold & trac]i$ col\r side by side1 is   
h[ev] already tak+ ! place ( ! m]e      
sweep+ tail or bran*4 ,b p]haps ! be/   
indication ( ,engli% design is ! pres5ce
 ( a numb] ( grotesque animals1 ) birds 
& occasional humor\s sc5es dispos$1 n 9 
fram$ m9iatures1 b simply among ! /ems &
 coils ( ! foliage4 ,?is is a =m (      
illu/ration mu* appreciat$ by ,engli%   
illum9ators at all times1 ?\gh x appe>s 

also 9 mu* cont95tal "w4 ,among o!r     
,engli% ,,mss4 :i* display ?is ta/e we  
may po9t out ,arund4 #hc1 :i* among _m  
o!r treatises & curi\s compositions1 su*
 z ! ,turris ,sapi5ti & a valuable      
cal5d>1 9 :i* are notes on ! ,arundels (
 ,wemme1 conta9s a psalt] ) an!ms1 etc41
 & h5ce is kn[n z ! ,arundel ,psalt]4   
,its date is probably betwe5 #accj &    
#achj4  ,! droll]ies are v funny1 & !   
o!r illum9ations v in/ructive & curi\s4 
,"s ( !m conta9 really good             
p5-draw+--ref9$1 expressive1 & graceful1
 b above all typical ( ,engli%          
draughtsman%ip4 ,9 a little sc5e ( !    
adoration ( ! ,magi 7folio #abe7 ! k+s  
are co/um$ l our ,h5ry ,,iii41 z we f9d 
him 'n sculpture1 wall pa9t+s1 etc4 ,ov]
 a v expressive picture ( ! ?ree liv+ & 
! ?ree dead occur ! l9es1 ea* ov] a     
figure3 ,i* am af]t ,lo wet i* se       
,me?9ke? hit be? deueles ?re4 ,i* wes   
welfair ,su* s*elt\ be ,= godes l\e be  
w] by me 7folio #abh74ch ,! ?ree liv+ 9 
?is illum9ation are ?ree fa%ionable     

ladies--no d\bt pr9cesses1 = !y we>     
cr[ns4 ,g5]ally !y are m51 z at         
,lutt]wor? 9 ! sculptures ov] ! door1 & 
9 ! fam\s fresco ( ,gozzoli at ,pisa4 ,!
 subject occurs sometimes 9 ,books (    
,h\rs4  #ch ,i am afraid4 ,lo1 :at ,i   
see ,me?9ke? x be devils ?ree4 ,i 0 well
 fair4 ,su* %alt ?\ be4 ,= love ( ,god  
bew>e by me4  ,_m ,,mss4 ( ?is p]iod &  
lat] h hunt+ sc5es1 %oot+ practice1 &   
games4  ,9 ,,ms4 #bfd1 ,misc41 ,bodl4   
,lib41 ,ox=d1 !re are su* sc5es1 "o be+ 
a game at ,bl9d ,man's ,buff1 or z      
lit]ally "h ,hoodman ,bl9d1 = ! latt]   
actually we> a hood drawn d[n ov] 8 head
 & %\ld]s1 & ?ree girls are hav+ a f9e  
game ) him4 ,! goldf9* or l9net look+ on
 f ! bord] seems to enjoy ! fun4 ,ano!r 
f9e s\rce ( simil> ?+s is ! ,l\t]ell    
,psalt] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ?is also
 are "s ri*ly diap]$ backgr\nds &       
exquisite bord] b&s4 ,?is ,,ms4 dates   
ab\t #acdj4 ,b ! gem ( ,engli%          
f\rte5?-c5tury illum9ation is ! ,royal  
,,ms4 7#b ,c4 #g7 call$ ,que5 ,m>y's    

,psalt]1 n z be+ pa9t$ = h]1 s9ce x _h  
be5 pa9t$ ne>ly two c5turies be=e %e ev]
 saw x4 ,b 9 ! ye> 787 #aeec1 be+ ab\t  
to be s5t abroad1 x 0 /opp$ by a cu/oms 
(fic] & pres5t$ to ,que5 ,m>y ,tudor4 ,x
 is b\nd 9 :at appe>s to be ! b9d+ put  
on x by ! ,que5--i4e4 crimson velvet    
embroid]$ on ea* cov] ) a l>ge          
pomegranate1 & hav+ gilt corn]          
protections & 7once ^u a "t7 gold5      
clasps4 ,! clasps are gone1 b ! plates  
rema9 rivet$ on ! cov]s1 engrav5 ) !    
,tudor badges4 ,! ,,ms4 conta9s #cbj    
l>ge octavo leaves1 ! fir/ fifty-six be+
 tak5 up ) illum9at$ illu/rations (     
biblical hi/ory f ! ,creation to ! dea? 
( ,solomon4 ,^! pictures are arrang$ 9  
pairs "o ov] ! o!r1 & to ea* "o is giv5 
a description 9 ,fr5*1 tak5 sometimes f 
! canonical text1 sometimes f an        
apocryphal "o4 ,! draw+s are really     
exquisite1 !y are s f9e1 s delicately   
yet s clev]ly sket*$4 ,!y are n col\r$ 9
 full body-col\rs1 b j sugge/ively1 !   
drap]ies be+ wa%$ ov] 9 ?9 t9ts1 ! folds

 well def9$1 b lightly %ad$4 ,next aft] 
^! subjects foll[s ! ,psalt] ) m9iatures
 ( ,new ,te/am5t sc5es & figures ( sa9ts
 accompani$ ) mo/ beautiful initials &  
ornam5ts1 illum9at$ by a ?or\ghly       
practis$ h&1 = ! arti/ ( ?is volume 0 by
 no means a novice at 8 "w4 ,a good     
example ( x is giv5 9 ,bibliographica1  
pl4 #g #bc1 :i* =ms ! frontispiece to   
vol4 i41 & "o or two outl9es 9 ! folio  
catalogue ( ! ,arundel ,,mss4  ,arund4  
,,ms4 #hd is also a good example (      
?irte5?-c5tury illum9ation to a r       
unpromis+ subject1 be+ a ,lat9          
translation ( ,euclid f ! ,arabic by    
,a!l>d ( ,ba?4 ,x is illu/rat$ )        
diagrams4  ,speak+ ( f\rte5?-c5tury     
illum9ation br+s u to notice a v /rik+  
*ange :i* takes place 9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d
 ,,ii4 9 ! "* ( ,engli% illum9ation4 ,9 
! ,briti% ,museum 7,roy4 #bj ,b4 #f7 is 
a ,,ms4 entitl$ an ,epi/le to ,ri*>d    
,,ii41 writt51 x is said1 9 ,p>is1 9 :i*
 ! illum9ations & foliages are purely   
,fr5*1 b :i* are ! type ( all ! ,engli% 

"w ( ! same date4 ,take1 = example1 !   
,,ms4 already spok5 ( 7,roy4 #b ,a4     
#bb71 produc$ 9 ! scriptorium at        
,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,comp>e ) x a ,bible   
writt5 = ! use ( ,salisbury1 & dat$     
#abed4 ,!n add ! ,t5ison ,psalt]1 !     
,arundel ,psalt]1 illum9at$ #acaj-bj4   
,if ^! ,,mss4 be comp>$1 h[ev]1 )       
,lansd4 #dea1 or ,roy4 #a ,e4 #i1 ! lea/
 accu/om$ eye mu/ notice ! entire &     
almo/ />tl+ *ange 9 ! luxuriance & "* ( 
! fl[]s & foliages :i* con/itute !      
initial & bord] decorations4 ,x is n    
m]ely a developm5t4 ,!re are additional 
features1 b t ^! features are add$1 z   
usual1 f ,france1 is contradict$ by     
ref]5ce to ,roy4 #bj ,b4 #f1 m5tion$    
above4 ,! new features are n ,fr5*4 ,!  
"q is1 :]e did !y come f8     ,,*apt] ,v
  ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,engli%             
,,fifte5?-,,c5tury ,,illum9ation        
,attribut$ to ! ,ne!rl&s--,n altoge!r   
,fr5*--,! home ( ,anne ( ,bohemia1      
,ri*>d ,,ii4's que5--,c\rt ( ,*>les     
,,iv4 at ,prag--,bohemian ,art--,john ( 

,luxemb\rg1 ,k+ ( ,bohemia--,! ,gold5   
,bull ( ,*>les ,,iv4--,m>riage ( ,ri*>d 
,,ii4--,! trans=mation ( ,engli% "w ow+ 
to ?is m>riage & ! arrival ( ,bohemian  
arti/s 9 ,engl&--,influ5ce ( ,que5 ,anne
 on ,engli% ,art &                      
,lit]ature--,depression caus$ by h]     
dea?--,exam9ation ( ,roy4 ,,ms4 #a ,e4  
#i1 & #b ,a4 #ah--,! ,gr&ison           
,h\rs--,o!r ,,mss4--,introduction (     
,flemi% "w by ,edw>d ,,iv4   ,x has be5 
sugge/$ by a high au?ority t ! imm$iate 
s\rces ( ! ?ird p]iod ( ,engli%         
illum9ation 7 ,ne!rl&i%1 b probable z   
?is seems at fir/ sight1 !re is ano!r   
explanation :i* seems to ! pres5t writ] 
to be a bett] "o4 ,z already po9t$ out1 
! influ5ce on ,engli% "w be=e #acgg1    
not)/&+ political conditions1 are       
di/9ctly ,fr5*4 ,aft] ?is date1 ?\gh !  
arti/ic relation ) ,france is n brok5   
(f1 yet long be=e #acij we f9d ?is new  
influ5ce :i* is n ,fr5*1 & = :i* we h no
 special evid5ce t x is ,ne!rl&i%4 ,if  
we g1 h[ev]1 a little f>!r afield1 we   

%all f9d x4 ,9 ! new "w is a s(t] k9d ( 
foliage & a great] v>iety ( sweet col\r1
 & bo? ^! *>act]i/ics are f\nd 9 a s*ool
 ( illum9ation t 0 be+ =m$ "u ! auspices
 ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,iv4 at ,prag 9    
,bohemia4 ,! arti/s 9 t capital :o      
execut$ ! fam\s ,gold5 ,bull & comm5c$ !
 gr& ,w5zel ,bible 7 a select b& (      
,fr5*m5 & ,italians2 ! comb9$ result (  
^: designs & lab\rs 0 ?is v mixture (   
,go?ic ivy leaf & ?orn ) ! s(t] ,o?onian
 & ,roman foliages & a new s*eme (      
col\r4 ,*>les ,,iv41 son ( t fam\s ,john
 ( ,luxemb\rg1 ! bl9d k+ ( ,bohemia1 :o 
p]i%$ at ,crcy1 0 himself ,k+ ( ,bohemia
 z well z ,emp]or1 & a man ( brilliant  
p]sonal accompli%m5ts & cultivat$ ta/es 
9 lit]ature & art4  ,becom+ ,emp]or ! v 
next ye> aft] 8 succession to ! ?rone ( 
,bohemia1 he fix$ 8 resid5ce at ,prag1  
:]e he began ! build+ ( ! new city1 &   
f\nd$ a univ]sity on ! model ( t (      
,p>is1 :]e he _h /udi$1 & :5ce he _h    
m>ri$ 8 fir/ wife1 ,blan*e1 daught] (   
,*>les1 ,c\nt ( ,valois4 ,8 univ]sity   

soon attract$ "s ?\s&s ( /ud5ts1 & ) !m 
no small cr[d ( lit]>y m5 & arti/s1 bo? 
f ,france & ,italy4 ,! great fact1      
h[ev]1 to rememb] ab\t ,*>les ,,iv4 is !
 ,gold5 ,bull1 ! ma/]ly s*eme by :i* all
 matt]s conc]n+ ! election to ! ,empire 
7 9 future to be settl$4 ,all !         
,con/itutions 7 writt5 9 a book call$1 f
 ! bulla or seal ( gold :i* 0 app5d$ to 
x1 ! ,gold5 ,bull1 ( :i* ! text 0 drawn 
up ei!r at ,metz or ,nuremb]g 9 #acef1 &
 _m copies di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 
,x is fur!r affirm$ t ! absolute orig9al
 is at ,frank=t4 ,b ! spl5did copy made 
by ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,w5zel 9 #adjj is   
/ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at    
,vi5na4 ,& z x is ah example ( ! /yle ( 
illum9ation practis$ 9 ,prag dur+ !     
reign ( ,*>les ,,iv41 we may call x     
,bohemian4 ,x is true t ! foliages are a
 little m luxuriant 9 ?is ,w5zel-book   
?an 9 ! e>lie/ examples ( ! /yle se5 9  
,engl&1 b ! tw5ty ye>s :i* _h elaps$    
w\ld easily acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce4 ,z   
comp>$1 h[ev]1 ) ei!r ,fr5* or          

,ne!rl&i%1 ! new ,engli% /yle %[s a mu* 
great] simil>ity to ! "w !n be+ done 9  
,l[] ,bav>ia4 ,9 ^! s(t curl+ foliages &
 ! fre% c>nations ( ! fle%-t9ts ( !     
,prag & ,nuremb]g illum9ators we may    
trace ! actual s\rce ( ! rem>kable      
trans=mation se5 9 ,engli% illum9ation  
aft] ! m>riage ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4  ,*>les   
,,iv4 0 f\r times m>ri$4 ,8 successor1  
,w5zel1 ^: gha/ly dissipations c only be
 reg>d$ z ! t]rible pro(s ( insanity1 0 
! *ild ( 8 ?ird wife4 ,8 f\r? wife1 !   
beautiful daught] ( ! ,duke ( ,pom]ania 
& ,/ett91 _h f\r *ildr51 ( :om          
,sigismund1 ! elde/1 aft]w>ds succe$$   
,w5zel z emp]or1 & ,anne1 ! ?ird1 came  
to ,engl& z ! wife ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,!    
magnific5ce ( h] equipage & ! cr[d (    
p]sons :o =m$ h] ret9ue are notic$ by   
contempor>y writ]s1 & ! effect ^u       
,engli% mann]s 0 in/antane\s4 ,h]       
beauty1 sweetness ( mann]s1 & culture   
r5d]$ h] at once n m]ely ! idol ( h]    
husb&1 :o1 says ,wals+ham1 c\ld sc>cely 
be> h] to be out ( 8 sight1 b univ]sally

 belov$ by all ! ,engli% nation4  ,to h]
 ! fir/ ,engli% writ] on h]aldry1 ,john 
( ,guild=d d$icat$ 8 book1 & ! arti/s :o
 came ) h] f h] luxuri\s home at ,prag  
w\ld naturally become ! lead]s ( ta/e 9 
_! adopt$ c\ntry4 ,aft] a :ile1 inde$1 !
 numb]s ( c\ntrym5 ( ! ,que5 7 look$ ^u 
z ! cause ( extortions practis$ on !    
,engli% p 9 ord] to supply ! money      
lavi%$ on ^! =eign]s4 ,m ?an once is ?is
 grievance ref]r$ to4 ,9 an old ,,ms4 9 
! ,h>ley ,libr>y 7#bbfa71 conta9+ a     
fifte5?-c5tury translation ( ,higd5's   
,poly*ronicon1 ^! =eign]s are made      
responsible = at lea/ "o fa%ionable     
extravagance3 ,anne qw5e ( ,ynglonde    
dy$e 9 ?is ye> 7#acic7 at ,s*5e ! vii?  
day ( ! mone! ( ,janius1 on ! day (     
,p5teco/e3 ! de! ( :om ! ,kynge sor[$e  
insomo*e t he caus$e ! man] !re to be   
pull$e d[ne1 & wolde n comme 9 eny place
 by oon y]e fol[ynge :]e s*e hade be1 ! 
*ur*e excepte2 :i*e 0 b]y$e 9 ! *ur*e ( 
,we/mona/]y1 9 ! fe/e ( seynte ,anne    
nexte fol[ynge1 ) grete hon\re &        

sol5nite4 ,t qw5e ,anne pur*as$ ( ! pope
 t ! fe/e ( ,seynte ,anne s*olde be     
sol5niys$ 9 ,ynglonde4 ,! de! ( ?is qw5e
 ,anne induc$ grete hevynesse to noble  
m5 & to commune peple also1 = s*e caus$e
 noo lytelle pr(ite to ! realme4 ,b mony
 abusions comme f ,boemia into ,englonde
 ) ?is qw5e1 & specially s*oone ) longe 
pykes1 insomo*e t !y c[! n g untylle t  
!i 7 ty$e to !ire legges1 us5ge t tyme  
*eynes ( silvyr at ! pykes ( !ire       
s*oone4  ,x is a fact t ! ,bohemian     
mann] ( illum9ation1 ) its ?ree-lob$ &  
v>i-col\r$ foliages1 became ! fa%ion 9 e
 ,engli% c5tre ( illum9ation4 ,9 !      
prec$+ rem>ks we h endeav\r$ to acc\nt =
 x4 ,t ! same /yle w5t f ,prag to       
,nuremb]g may be only ! natural result (
 its be+ c>ri$ 9 ! m>riage & ret9ue ( ! 
,pr9cess ,m>g>et1 ,anne's half-si/]1 :o 
became ! wife ( ! ,burggrave ,john4  ,q 
a simil> ,,ms4 to ^? execut$ 9 ! reign (
 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 9 ,engl& & ^? ( ,bohemia  
is ! ,wilhelm van ,oransse ( ,wolfram v4
 ,es*5ba*1 n[ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at   

,vi5na4 ,a simil>1 b inf]ior1 "w exi/s 9
 ! ,pray]-book writt5 by ,josse de      
,w]on> 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,add4       
#aefij74 ,! ,engli% foliages nev] %[ q  
all ! v>ieties ( col\r se5 9 ! cont95tal
 examples1 b ! gold5 diap]s & p\nc$ gold
 patt]ns are q z elaborate4 ,see ?is "w1
 h[ev]1 9 ,arundel #hc4 ,x appe>s also 9
 ! mural pa9t+s ( ! end ( ! f\rte5? &   
beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5turies4 ,no d\bt ! 
,engli% art ( ! f\rte5? c5tury is (     
,fr5* orig9--s ma9ly is t ( ,bohemia--= 
,*>les ,,iv4 0 br\ght up at ! ,c\rt (   
,france4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 we ?9k we are  
ju/ifi$ 9 trac+ ! new elem5ts 9         
,bohemian to ,italy1 & ^? 9 ,engli% to  
,bohemia4 ,! mo/ /rik+ pro( is n only ! 
foliages1 b ! *ange f ! long1 col\rless 
faces ( ,fr5* m9iatures to ! plump &    
ruddy c\nt5ances se51 = example1 9 !    
,lanca/rian ,,mss4 9 ! ,record ,(fice & 
9 ,h>l4 #gjbfci ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,( 
c\rse1 ?is sugge/ion ( s\rce is n put   
=w>d z a dead c]ta9ty1 b x af=ds ?is    
probability t z ! /yle sudd5ly arose    

dur+ ! lifetime ( ,anne ( ,bohemia--& %e
 0 ! ackn[l$g$ lead] ( fa%ion--s h]     
ta/es 9 respect ( illum9at$ books &     
h]aldic decoration w\ld become ^? ( h]  
new subjects4 ,let u exam9e ?is         
fifte5?-c5tury ,engli% "w1 & = ?is      
purpose let u take ! great illum9at$    
,bible 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 #a ,e4 #i4 ,x
 is an enorm\s folio1 & r unwieldly1 b a
 mo/ int]e/+ example ( ! new /yle4 ,its 
initials are l>ge1 ri*ly illum9at$ 9    
gold & attractive col\rs4 ,x has        
well-execut$ hi/ories )9 ! initials1 &  
boldly design$ bord] frames1 elegantly  
adorn$ ) foliages & conv5tional or      
idealis$ fl[]s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ noticeable
 feature is ! beautiful1 decorative     
foliage "w 9 ! limbs ( ! lett]s--itself 
a ,s\? ,g]man peculi>ity--!n !          
alt]nation ( col\rs )\t int]rupt+ !     
design1 ! pr(usion ( foliage modell+ 9 !
 backgr\nds ( ! lett] panels outside !  
hi/oriations4 ,! next ?+ is ! bold use (
 m9ium side by side ev5 ) pure          
rose-petal col\r1 pale bright c]ulean   

blue1 & bright gold4 ,la/ly1 ! imm5se   
v>iety ( leaf-=ms1 bas$ on ! ?ree1 five1
 & sev5-lob$ gr\p+s ( ! typical =m4 ,!  
coil & spiral are freely us$ z !        
gr\ndwork1 & ! col\rs alt]nat$ z ! coils
 or spirals *ange f front to back ( !   
leaf4  #ci ,! ,lovell ,psalt]4          
,illu/ration3 ,,missale 7,,s>um ,,use7  
#ad,,? ,,c5t4 7,,late7 ,brit4 ,mus4     
,h>l4 ,,ms4 #bghe1 fol4 #aid v4         
,illu/ration3 ,,hor ,e4 ,,m>4 ,,viesis4 
#ae,,? ,,c5t4 7,,e>ly7 ,brit4 ,mus4     
,roy4 ,ms4 #b1 ,a4 xviii1 fol4 #ee      
,backgr\nds ( m9iature hi/ories are     
treat$ z 9 ! ,bohemian ,,mss4--,wilhelm 
v4 ,oransse1 = example--t is1 ) f9e     
gold5 trac]y-patt]ns on deep1 ri*       
col\rs4 ,! figure-pa9t+ is va/ly        
improv$--! features n[ be+ actually     
pa9t$ & modell$ z 9 mod]n portrait      
pa9t+1 n m]ely indicat$ by p5 /rokes4 ,!
 fle%-t9ts z previ\sly notic$ are bright
 & ruddy4 ,! pr9cipal col\rs us$ on !   
foliages are blue1 crimson1 ( v>i\s     
dep?s1 & bright v]milion1 ) occasional  

admission ( bright gre5 & pal$ r$ o*re4 
,v simil> to #a ,e4 #i is ,h>l4 #ahib1 &
 among o!r ,,mss4 t may be /udi$ ) ?is  
"o is #b ,a4 #ah--;a book ( ,(fices1 v  
sweetly illum9at$1 & full ( typical     
examples ( treatm5t bo? ( ar*itectural  
design & treillages ( foliage4  ,!      
,go?ic pila/]s are fill$ ) ! same k9d ( 
coil+ & spiral leaves & ribbons t are   
us$ 9 #a ,e4 #i & ,h>l4 #ahib1 !        
backgr\nds ( ! m9iatures enri*$ ) f9e   
gold patt]ns4 ,! furniture & co/umes    
indicate ! lat] ye>s ( ! reign ( ,ri*>d 
,,ii41 be+ simil> to ^? %[n 9 !         
m9iatures ( ,h>l4 #acai1 :i* relates !  
/ory ( ,ri*>d's mis=tunes4 ,a few       
m9iatures ( sa9ts accompany ! pray]s to 
!m4 ,"o ( ! sa9ts is peculi>1 be+ !     
,prior ( ,bridl+ton1 p]haps ! ,rob]tus  
scriba :o copi$ c]ta9 !ological         
treatises = ! libr>y1 & :o liv$ 9 ! "t (
 ,/eph5 or ,h5ry ,,ii4  ,9 ! beautiful  
initial ,d is ! figure ( a lady pray+1 !
 fir/ few words ( ! pray] be+ writt5 on 
a float+ ribbon above h] head4 ,a f9e   

panell+ ( black & gold =ms ! backgr\nd4 
,! lady's co/ume is t ( ! end ( !       
f\rte5? c5tury1 h] head-dress be+       
some:at l[] ?an t worn 9 ! "t (         
,isabella ( ,bav>ia2 9 o!r respects %e  
recalls ! figure ( ,*ri/9e de ,pisan 9  
,h>l4 #ddca--"o ( ! f9e ,,mss4 ( ! ,fr5*
 s*ool4 ,z ! psalt] or (fices 0 once !  
prop]ty ( ! ,gr&ison family1 z is %[n by
 ! num]\s entries respect+ !m 9 !       
cal5d>1 no d\bt ?is lady 0 ! fir/ own] (
 ! ,,ms41 & probably ! same z %[n 9 !   
beautiful m9iature ( ! ,annunciation    
previ\sly giv54 ,_m *>m+ initials foll[ 
?is "o1 & brightly col\r$ bracket       
treillages & bord]s are giv5 9 pr(usion1
 introduc+ e v>iety ( col\r$ ideal      
leaf-=m kn[n to ! art ( ! "t4 ,x seems  
probable f its /yle & ! co/umes t !     
,,ms4 0 execut$ = ! ,lady ,m>g>et1 wid[ 
( ,?omas1 ! la/ ,"l ,gr&ison1 :o di$ 9  
#acgf1 & giv5 to h] by ,sir ,john       
,tudd5ham1 h] second husb&4 ,a bett]    
model = ! mod]n illum9ator c\ld n easily
 be f\nd4 ,o!r examples may be briefly  

enum]at$1 9 #b ,b4 #h1 #b ,b4 #aj1 #b   
,b4 #a1 #b ,b4 #ab & #ac1 #ah ,a4 #ab1  
#ah ,c4 #bf1 ,h>l4 #agai1 #ahib1 etc4 ,!
 ,psalt] #b ,b4 #h has ! good =tune to  
be dat$1 & its purpose & o!r p>ticul>s  
cle>ly set =? 9 a /atem5t at ! beg9n+ ( 
! volume4 ,! gi/ ( ?is is t x 0 compos$ 
at ! in/ance ( ! ,lady ,joan ,pr9cess ( 
,wales1 "m ( ,ri*>d ,,ii41 & t x 0      
execut$ by ,bro!r ,john ,som\r          
7,seym\r71 a ,franciscan1 9 #achj4 ,?us 
! illum9ation ( x w\ld probably be done 
ab\t ! "t1 ( ! "y ,que5's arrival 9     
,engl&4 ,! ,pr9cess ,joan di$ ,july #h?1
 #ache4 ,! "w corresponds ) ?is date4 ,!
 ,gr&ison ,psalt] is p]haps some:at lat]
 ?an ,roy4 #b ,b4 #a1 & ! re/ are lat]  
/ill4  ,illu/ration3 ,,vegetius ,,f\r   
,,books ,,( ,,knigh?ood 7,,de ,,re      
,,milit>i7 #ae,,? ,,c5t4 ,brit4 ,mus4   
,roy4 ,,ms4 #ah ,a4 xii1 f4 #a          
,illu/ration3 ,,psalt]ium ,c4 #adgj     
,brit4 ,mus4 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #agai1 fol4 #gc
 v4  ,"o r f9e example is se5 9 ,arund4 
,,ms4 #aji1 a folio call$ ! ,melre?     

,missal1 because giv5 by ,william       
,melre?1 ,ald]man ( ,london1 to ! *ur* (
 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,old ,jewry4 ,he di$ 9   
#addf4  ,= topographical m9iature a good
 example occurs 9 ,roy4 #af ,f4 #b1 :i* 
conta9s a gr& view ( ,london1 includ+ ! 
,t[]1 b ?is ,,ms4 is probably n ( g5u9e 
,engli% production4 ,nor is ,roy4 #ai   
,c4 #h1 ?\gh a v int]e/+ example z      
reg>ds co/ume & local usages4 ,! g5u9e  
,engli% "w ( :i* ,arund4 #aji is a type 
has receiv$ ! "n ( ,lanca/rian1 z fall+ 
to ! reigns ( ! ?ree ,lanca/rian        
k+s--,h5ry ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi4  ,9 !    
reign ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 we meet ) !        
introduction ( ,flemi% illum9ation1 :i* 
gradually sup]s$es ! native /yle1 & by !
 "t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ! latt] has almo/    
disappe>$4 ,its f9al ext9ction1 h[ev]1 0
 left = ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ei!r       
,flemi% or ,italian r5aissance "w       
entirely took its place4 ,by ! "t (     
,que5 ,elizabe? ,engli% illum9ation 0 a 
?+ ( ! pa/4     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,italian 
,,illum9ation  ,b>b>ic "* ( ,italian    

illum9ation 9 ! twelf? c5tury--,rav5na &
 ,pavia ! e>lie/ c5tres ( revival--,!   
,exultet--,la ,cava & ,monte ,cass9o--,!
 writ]s ( e>ly ,italian ,,mss4 n        
,italians--,9 ! e>ly f\rte5? c5tury !   
art is ,fr5*--,peculi>ities ( ,italian  
foliages--,! ,law ,books--,poems (      
,conv5evole da ,prato1 ! tutor (        
,petr>*--,celebrat$ patrons--,! ,laon   
,boe?ius--,! ,decretals1 ,in/itutes1    
etc4--,decretum ,gratiani1 o!r          
collections & ,,mss4--,/atuts du        
,sa9t-,esprit--,me?od ( pa9t+--,don     
,silve/ro--,! ,rationale (              
,dur&us--,nicolas ( ,bologna1           
etc4--,triumphs ( ,petr>*--,books at    
,san ,m>co1 ,flor5ce--,! ,br]a ,graduals
 at ,milan--,o!r ,italian               
collections--,examples ( diff]5t        
localities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--,places 
:]e ! be/ "w 0 done--,f9e ,neapolitan   
,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum--,! :ite-v9e 
/yle sup]s$$ by ! classical r5aissance4 
,consid]+ ! position occupi$ by ! ,roman
 ,empire z ! civilis] ( ,europe1 x is n 

a little curi\s & some:at surpris+ to   
f9d t 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 ,g]man &    
,fr5* arti/s 7 do+ su* good & ev5       
admirable "w1 t ( ,italy 0 almo/ b>b>ic4
 ,a ,,ms4 9 ! ,vatican 7#dibb7 is %[n z 
a pro( ( ?is4 ,x is n an obscure sort ( 
book t might h be5 writt5 by a m]ely    
dev\t b untra9$ monk = 8 own use1 b a "w
 ( importance execut$ = no less a       
p]sonage ?an ! celebrat$ ,c\ntess       
,matilda4 ,! scribe 0 ,donizo1 a monk ( 
! ,b5$ict9e ,abbey ( ,canossa4 ,x is ( !
 e>ly or pr-,c>ol+ian type1 r incl9$ to 
,byzant9e1 b ) ! big h&s & aimless      
expression ( all semi-b>b>ic "w4 ,yet x 
has a c]ta9 delicacy & c>efulness4 ,9   
,rome itself dur+ ! n9? c5tury b>b>ism 0
 at its v l[e/ po9t4 ,only ! sea-port   
t[ns _h any notion ( :at 0 be+ done 9   
o!r places4 ,pa9t+ 0 practis$1 x is     
true1 s 0 mosaic1 b ! wor/ ( ,ori5tal   
c>pets w\ld be a ma/]piece ( elegance   
beside any?+ done 9 ,italy4 ,:atev]     
gleams ( arti/ic intellig5ce appe>1 !y  
c]ta9ly emanat$ f ,rav5na or ,pavia4 ,b 

z !re 7 no weal?y & peaceful c\rts1 no  
indol5t1 high-br$1 luxuri\s c\rti]s dur+
 t d>k & tr\bl\s p]iod1 m9iature or     
illum9ation _h no call = exi/5ce4 ,9 !  
twelf? c5tury book-illu/ration consi/$  
simply ( p5-sket*+ ( ! mo/ elem5t>y k9d4
 ,! ,lomb>ds alone produc$ any?+ l      
illum9ation4 ,a sort ( roll conta9+     
pictures ( ! v>i\s sc5es ( ! ,old & ,new
 ,te/am5ts :i* repres5t$ ! lead+        
doctr9es ( ! ,*ur*1 & :i* us$ to hang   
ov] ! pulpit z ! prea*] disc\rs$ ^u !m1 
is ! only repres5tative ( ! "t4 ,su* a  
roll 0 call$ an ,exultet f its fir/ ^w1 
:i* is ! beg9n+ ( ! l9e ,exultet jam    
,angelica turba clorum ( ! hymn = !     
b5$iction ( ! pas*al wax tap]s on ,ea/] 
,eve4 ,sev]al ( ^! ,exultets are /ill   
kept 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,pisa1 & 9 !       
,b>b]9i & ,m9]va ,libr>ies 9 ,rome4#dj  
,( c\rse ! pictures are upside d[n to ! 
read]1 s z to be "r = ! congregation4   
#dj ,see "o 9 ,briti% ,mus41 ,add4 ,,ms4
 #cjccg1 & description ( x 9 ,j\rn4 ( ! 
,ar*ol4 ,assoc4 vol4 #cd1 p4 #cba4  ,v  

little progress 0 made1 z we may imag9e1
 until aft] ! great revival movem5t     
begun by ,cimabue1 ,giotto1 & _!        
contempor>ies1 ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5?
 c5tury4 ,b be=e tak+ up any inquiry    
into ,italian "w g5]ally we mu/ n omit  
ref]5ce to ! rem>kable ,,mss4 produc$ at
 ,la ,cava & ,monte ,cass9o dur+ !      
,franco-,lomb>d p]iod4 ,"s idea has     
already be5 furni%$ 9 deal+ ) ,celtic   
,,mss4 & ! f\ndations begun by          
,columbanus & 8 s*ol>s4 ,inde$1 ! g5]al 
"* ( ^! ,lomb>d ,,mss4 is se5 9 !       
,franco-,celtic4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature1 if
 !re be "o1 is ! frequ5t recurr5ce among
 ! int]lacem5ts ( ! :ite dog4 ,! ,la    
,cava ,libr>y1 :i* 0 "o ( ! f9e/ 9      
,italy1 has be5 transf]r$ to ,naples4   
,monte ,cass9o /ill cont9ues & ma9ta9s n
 only a libr>y b a pr9t+ press1 f :i* ! 
le>n$ fa!rs h issu$ at lea/ "o great "w 
on ! subject ( ,cass9ese palography4 ,( 
all ! pr-,c>ol+ian h&s1 ,lomb>dic or    
,lomb>desque 0 c]ta9ly ! mo/ peculi>1 & 
is p]haps ! mo/ difficult to read4 ,"o  

evid5ce ( ?is is ! div]sity ( op9ion on 
! true read+ ( c]ta9 prop] names 9 !    
orig9al ,,ms4 conta9+ ! olde/ text (    
,tacitus :i* happ5s to be a ,lomb>d     
,,ms4 ,! *>act]s & o!r examples ( !     
elev5? to ! ?irte5? c5tury t h be5      
publi%$ at ,monte ,cass9o1 h[ev]1 fully 
illu/rate ! peculi>ities ( ! h&writ+1 & 
give besides sev]al spl5did examples (  
calligraphy4#da  #da ,! ,la ,cava ,,mss4
 h be5 describ$ by ,p4 ,gillaume 9 an   
essay publi%$ at ,naples1 #ahgg1 & ^? ( 
,monte ,cass9o by ,a4 ,c>avita1 ,monte  
,cass9o1 #ahfj-ga4  ,"o ( ! e>lie/      
illum9at$ ,italian ,,ms4 :i* be>s a date
 is a ,volume ( ,lett]s ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 n[
 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,laon4 ,x is v seldom t !
 e>li] scribes & illum9ators :o produc$ 
,italian ,,mss4 or work$ 9 ,italy 7     
,italians4 ,!y 7 usually =eign]s & mo/ly
 ,fr5*m51 & ! art 0 look$ ^u at ! beg9n+
 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury z a ,fr5* art4 ,?is 
v decid$ example ( ,italian "w is       
already diff]5t f ! ,fr5* "w ( ! same   
p]iod4 ,! pr(ile foliages h already     

acquir$ t peculi> trick ( sudd5 *ange & 
rev]sion ( curve1 %[+ ! o!r side ( a    
leaf ) *ange ( col\r1 :i* is a m>k$     
*>act]i/ic ( all f\rte5?-c5tury ,italian
 illum9ation4 ,= examples ( x1 !        
,bolognese ,law ,books1 ,decretals1 &   
su*-l1 af=d frequ5t illu/ration4 ,be=e  
leav+ ?is fir/-quot$ ,,ms41 we may say t
 x po9ts to ,france r ?an to ,g]many or 
,lomb>dy = its g5]al =m ( design1 b !   
foliages are q ( ano!r k9d4 ,ano!r ,laon
 ,,ms4 7#ceb7 %[s ! same treatm5t (     
foliage1 b 9 effect m l :at may be      
consid]$ z ! typical ,italian /yle se5 9
 ! fam\s ,avignon ,bible ( ! anti-pope1 
,clem5t ,,vii4 7,rob]t ( ,g5eva71 :i*   
dates betwe5 #acgh & #acid4db  #db ,see 
,humphreys1 ,illum4 ,books ( ! ,middle  
,ages1 pl4 #af2 & ,silve/re1            
,palographie ,univ]selle1 pl4 #aag4  ,a 
fur!r example /ill m p[]ful 9 expression
 & skilful 9 manipulation is se5 9 a    
copy ( ! ,poems ( ,conv5evole da ,prato1
 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,roy4 #f ,e4 #i71 
execut$ = ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,naples1 a patron

 ( ,giotto 7#abgf-accg71 :i*1 9         
comp>ison ) ! ,laon ,lett]s ( ,/4 ,b]n>d
 ( ab\t ! same date1 is ev5 /ill m      
,italian4  ,c>d9al ,/efanes*i1 ano!r (  
,giotto's patrons1 0 also a promot] (   
illum9ation4 ,8 ,missal1 n[ at ,rome 9 !
 ar*ives ( ! ,canons ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 is a
 f9e example ( ?is /yle4 ,x dates f     
#acbg to #acdc4 ,! ,,ms4 ( ,boe?ius at  
,laon is ano!r4 ,b "o ( ! mo/ ma/]ly1   
:e!r z to design or manipulation1 is a  
law book 9 ! ,libr>y at ,laon 7,no4     
#chb74 ,?is gr& folio conta9s ,glossa   
,ioannis ,&re 9 ,clem5t9as--,! ,gloss or
 ,explanation ( ,joannes ,&reas on !    
,clem5t9es4  ,by ! way1 z illum9at$ law 
books1 civil & canonical1 =m s l>ge a   
section ( ,italian ,,mss41 x may be well
 9 ?is place to w>n ! read] aga9/ r&om  
explanations sometimes (f]$ 9 sale      
catalogues conc]n+ ^! books1 _! au?ors &
 comm5tators4 ,= in/ance1 ?is comm5tator
 ,joannes ,&reas 0 n1 z we h se5 x      
confid5tly /at$ 7z if x 7 "p ( ! actual 
contempor>y title ( ! ,,ms471 ,bi%op (  

,al]ia 7,episcopus ,al]i]sis71 b a juri/
 ( ,bologna4 ,! bi%op liv$ a c5tury or s
 aft] ! juri/1 :o _h complet$ 8 long    
c>e] z pr(essor ( law at ,bologna ext5d+
 ov] =ty-five ye>s be=e ! bi%op 0 born4 
,8 *ief works are ,comm5t>ies on !      
,clem5t9es 7pr9t$ 9 folio at ,may5ce    
#adga1 & aga9 at ,dijon 9 #aege71 &     
,comm5t>ies on ,five ,books ( !         
,decretals 7pr9t$ 9 folio at ,may5ce 9  
#adee1 & at ,v5ice 9 #aeha74 ,:ile on   
?is topic ( ,italian law ,,mss41 x may  
be useful to /ate cle>ly :at !y are4 ,by
 way ( contra/ to ! ,corpus ,juris      
,canonici1 or ,body ( ,canon ,law1 !    
subject ( books deal+ ) ! s-call$       
,decretals1 ! o!r bran*1 includ+ !      
,in/itutes ,dige/ & ,novell ( ,ju/9ian1 
0 entitl$ ,corpus ,juris ,civilis4  ,!  
,decretals1 !n1 :i* we s (t5 meet ) 9   
public libr>ies "u v>i\s names1 are !   
canons :i* ma9ly con/itute ! ,canon     
,law4 ,/rictly speak+ !y are ! papal    
epi/ol>y decrees 7decreta71 said to h   
exi/$ f v e>ly times4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury a 

collection ( !m 0 =m$1 or manufactur$1 9
 ! "n ( ! celebrat$ ,isidore ( ,seville4
 ,b ) ! donation ( ,con/ant9e to ,pope  
,sylve/] & _m o!rs 9 ! lat] compilation 
( ,gratian1 ^! are usually look$ ^u z   
spuri\s & false4 ,! great & au?oris$    
collection 0 complet$ by a simple       
,b5$ict9e monk ( ,/4 ,felix1 9 ,bologna1
 a native ( ,*iusi1 ! anci5t ,clusium1 9
 ,tuscany1 a man s le>n$ 9 ! law z to h 
e>n$ ! title ( ,magi/]4 ,?is is ! "w (t5
 ri*ly illum9at$ :i* goes by ! "n ( !   
,decretum ,gratiani4#dc ,:5 glanc+ ov] !
 lovely initials & beautiful foliages or
 respl5d5t ornam5ts1 we are apt to      
ov]look ! "w itself :i* is truly        
monum5tal2 be+ a summ>y ( ! papal       
epi/ol>y decrees1 ! synodal canons (    
#aej c\ncils1 selections f v>i\s regal  
codes1 extracts f ! ,fa!rs1 & comm5ts ( 
,s*oolm52 all me?odically arrang$ &     
dige/$ s z to facilitate its use z a    
manual = ! s*ools4 ,x is said to h      
occupi$ ! compil] incessantly =         
tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,imm$iately on its     

completion 9 #aaea x 0 at once au?oris$ 
by ! ,pope ,eug5ius ,,iii4 z ! only     
text-book to be us$ 9 ! public s*ools1 &
 to gov]n ! decrees ( ! ,ecclesia/ical  
,c\rts4 ,h5ce its celebrity4 ,its       
transcripts are v num]\s1 & x has be5   
(t5 pr9t$4 ,z to ! ,sext & ,clem5t9es !y
 are m]ely additional comm5t>ies on     
supplem5t>y collections ( decrees4 ,?us 
a new collection au?oris$ by ,boniface  
,,viii4 is call$ ! sext1 i4e4 ! six?    
book ( ! ,decretals4 ,! ,clem5t9es 7 !  
con/itutions ( ,clem5t ,v4 ,o!r         
collections su* z t ( ,john ,,xxii4 are 
call$ ,extravagantes4  #dc ,see ,add4   
#aebgd1 ,briti% ,museum4  ,! mo/ anci5t 
,,mss4 ( ! ,decretals be> ! title (     
,concordantia discordantium ,canonum 7a 
concordance ( discordant decrees72      
aft]w>ds ,! ,book ( ,decrees2 la/ly1 ,! 
,decretals4 ,x 0 consid]$1 h[ev]1 by "s1
 juri/s & o!rs1 to be n s mu* a         
concordance ( discordant canons z a     
subjugation ( ! anci5t canons to !      
decrees ( ! ,papacy1 & z already /at$1  

_m ( its decrees 7 f\nd to be false &   
fictiti\s4 ,nev]!less1 x is by no means 
an uncommon volume among ! illum9ators4 
,let u n[ return to ! ,laon example--"o 
( f\r or five ( ! species 9 t           
collection4 ,! sc5e :]e ! au?or is      
pres5t+ 8 "w to ! pope--we n[ "k !m     
bo?--is q a pa9t+4 ,except = ! defect t 
kneel+ figures are some:at mis-%ap5 or  
ill-proportion$ 9 ! l[] limbs1 ! "w is q
 comp>able ) contempor>y mural pa9t+1   
bo? = composition & col\r4 ,x is almo/  
mod]n4 ,x is q reali/ic4 ,9 co/ume1     
expression1 easy & appropriate attitude1
 x has q outrun ,fr5* illum9ation       
altoge!r4  ,ano!r dat$ ,,ms4 7#accb7 9 !
 same ,libr>y 7,no4 #ceg71 ,rubrics ( ! 
,decretals1 is a mo/ amus+ example ( !  
univ]sal ta/e = irony & satire 9 !      
initial figures & corn] effigies4  ,a   
mu*-laud$ ,,ms4 among ^! f\rte5?-c5tury 
examples is "o t has be5 c>efully &     
exp5sively reproduc$ by ! late ,cte4    
,horace de ,viel-,ca/el1 namely1 !      
,/atuts de l',ordre du ,sa9t-,esprit au 

,droit ,dsir ou du ,noeud1 an ord]      
in/itut$ at ,naples 9 #aceb by ,l\is ,i4
 d',anj\ 7call$ ,l\is ( ,t>anto71 ,k+ ( 
,j]usalem1 ,naples1 & ,sicily1 c\s9 &   
husb& ( ,que5 ,joanna ( ,naples4 ,! /yle
 ( ! illum9ation is precisely ! same z  
^? j m5tion$ belong+ to ,laon1 & z      
sev]al ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,its 
/em & foliage ornam5t is v brightly     
col\r$ 9 f9e gre51 sc>let1 rose1        
ultram>9e1 & gold4 ,! m9iatures :i*     
occasionally conta9 evid5t attempts at  
portraiture1 are pa9t$ 9 ! mann] ( !    
s*ool ( ,cimabue & ! e>li] ,italian     
pa9t]s1 m p>ticul>ly t ( ,simone ,memmi4
 ,x is sub/antially ! ,byzant9e mann]1 b
 improv$ & enliv5$ by att5tion to       
natural attitude & expression4 ,! gre5i%
 "u-pa9t+ ( ! fle%-t9ts is (t5          
noticeable4 ,! decorative portions are v
 skilful & elaborate1 z well z extremely
 neat & symmetrical2 ! gold pr(use &    
brilliant4 ,inde$1 ! :ole production may
 be /udi$ z a typical example ( its "t4 
,! text1 ?\gh good1 is n s beautiful z !

 ,bolognese h& usually f\nd 9 ,italian  
,,mss4 ( ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,b p]haps ?is 
%\ld add to its value z a pro( ( its be+
 absolutely contemporane\s ) ! f\ndation
 ( ! ,ord]1 & !re=e ( its be+ ! id5tical
 ,,ms4 ord]$ by ! magnific5t f\nd]1     
,l\is ( ,t>anto1 second husb& ( !       
too-celebrat$ ,joanna ( ,naples4 ,_!    
m>riage took place 9 ! ,augu/ ( #acdf1 &
 on ! #bg? ( ,may1 #aceb1 be+ ,:itsun   
,day1 !y 7 cr[n$4 ,9 memory ( ?is happy 
ev5t1 ,joanna f\nd$ ! ,*ur* ( ! ,virg91 
,l\is in/itut$ ! ,ord] ( ! ,holy ,_s1 or
 ( ! ,knot1 ! symbols ( :i* appe>       
frequ5tly 9 ! illum9ation ( ! ,,ms4 ,x 0
 nam$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,day (                
,p5teco/--,l',ordre de la ,*eval]ie du  
,sa9t-,esprit4 ,! phrase au droit dsir  
_h ref]5ce to ! circum/ances prec$+ !   
m>riage4 ,! knot 0 worn 9 tok5 ( !      
p]fect amity ( ! memb]s ( ! ,ord]4#dd   
#dd ,see reproduction1 publi%$ at ,p>is 
by ,englemann & ,graf 9 #ahec1 #a4 fol4 
,o!r works ( ! f\rte5? c5tury are       
en?usia/ically prais$ by ,italian       

writ]s1 z1 e4g41 ^? ( ,don ,silve/ro1 a 
,camaldolese monk1 :o fl\ri%$ at ! same 
"t z ! illum9ator ( ?is ,,ms4 ( ,l\is ( 
,t>anto1 & :o work$ on ! great *oir     
books ( ! ,mona/]y degli angeli1 9      
,flor5ce1 s l\dly comm5d$ by ,vas>i &   
o!rs :o _h se5 !m4 ,!y h long be5 brok5 
up & disp]s$1 & x is n improbable t     
cutt+s f !m 7 among ^? b\ght by ,ottley1
 ,rog]s1 & o!r amateurs4 ,a fragm5t ( an
 ,antiphon>y ( ,nocturnal ,s]vices1 n[ 9
 ! ,laur5tian ,libr>y at ,flor5ce1 f9i%$
 9 #acgj1 %[s ! /yle ( "w to be ( ! k9d 
j describ$4 ,o!r great *oir books ( !   
e>li] p]iod are pres]v$ 9 ! ,academy at 
,pisa4 ,b ! numb] ( ,,mss4 to :i*       
ref]5ce might be made is legion4 ,^? (  
?is date are *iefly civil law books2    
next to ^! come ! canon law1 & div9ity4 
,among ! int]m$iate class are ! copies (
 ! ,rationale ( ,dur&us1 "o ( ^! be+ 9 !
 ,briti% ,museum 7,add4 #cajcb74 ,n[ &  
!n a f9e ,missal1 l ! ,/efanes*i1 or !  
,muni* ,missal ( #acgd1 :i* may be      
ref]r$ to z be+ "o ( ! models ( ! s*ool 

( ,prag4 ,on ! :ole1 p]haps1 ! law books
 are m num]\s ?an liturgical ones1 & are
 ref]able g5]ally to ,bologna or ,padua4
 ,! "n ( ,ni*olaus ( ,bologna occurs m  
?an once 9 ^! books4 ,a book ( (fices ( 
! ,virg91 by ,ni*olaus1 is n[ at        
,kremsmn/]1 & a ,new ,te/am5t1 dat$     
#acbh1 9 ! ,vatican4 ,tommaso di ,mod5a1
 ano!r di/+ui%$ ,italian illum9ator1    
also _h mu* to d ) alt]+ ! /yle ( !     
arti/s :o work$ = ,*>les ,,iv4 at ,prag4
 ,"s ( 8 "w1 or "w presum$ to be 81 is  
/ill to be se5 9 ! ,bohemian capital4   
,next to ^! ,bolognese ,,mss4 we may    
place ^? ( ,flor5ce--copies ( ! ,div9a  
,comm$ia & ! ,triumphs & ,sonnets (     
,petr>*1 :i*1 ) hi/orians & copies or   
translations ( ! classics1 *iefly       
occupi$ ! illum9ators ( ,flor5ce &      
,si5a1 ) "o notable exception4 ,:oev]   
has visit$ any ( ! ,nor? ,italian cities
 _c fail to h notic$ & admir$ !         
magnific5t *oir-books /ill to be se5 9 !
 ca!drals & ca!dral libr>ies4 ,at ,si5a 
! ,piccolom9i s]vice-books are truly    

spl5did2 ^? 9 ,san ,m>co1 ! ,ricc>di1 ! 
,laur5tian1 & o!r collections 9         
,flor5ce1 are no less admirable4        
,v]ona's be/ "w is *iefly else:]e1 at   
,flor5ce1 ,si5a1 etc4 ,at ,milan ! ,br]a
 ,graduals--ea* ( !m a man's load to    
c>ry--are simply gorge\s 9 ! lavi%      
ri*ness ( _! lett]s1 m9iatures1 &       
decorations4 ,v5ice1 aga91 has ano!r gr&
 collection ( ,,mss4 ( ! highe/ class 9 
h] ,attavantes & ,g]>d ,davids2 ,rome1 9
 a cr[d ( pr9cely libr>ies1 has         
multitudes--lit]ally multitudes--(      
exquisitely illum9at$ volumes4 ,naples  
also has "s noble examples ( ! great    
craftsm54 ,we h n yet m5tion$ !         
,ambrosian ,libr>y 9 ,milan1 nor1 except
 ! ,vatican1 a s+le libr>y by "n 9      
,rome4 ,! m]e names ( ! ,cors9i1        
,sci>ra1 ,b>b]9i ,libr>ies are en\gh to 
^? :o h ev] explor$ _! cont5ts to rem9d 
!m ( "w t c n[h]e else be se5 s p]fect1 
s pr(use1 z 9 beautiful ,italy4  ,z     
specim5s ( local c5tres ! ,briti%       
,museum (f]s _m examples4 ,?us ,add4    

#aehac1 ?\gh ord]$ = ,/a4 ,ju/9a (      
,padua1 0 probably illum9at$ at ,v5ice2 
#aehad at ,bologna2 #aebfj probably at  
,f]r>a2 #ahjjj at ,v5ice2 mo/ ( !       
fragm5ts 9 #badab 9 ,rome2 #bjibg 9     
,rome2 #baeia at ,naples2 #bhifb at     
,naples2 #badac at ,milan2 ! majority ( 
! ,ducali1 ( :i* ! museum conta9s a l>ge
 collection1 9 ,v5ice4 ,"s ( !          
,spani%-look+ ,,mss4 execut$ = ,alphonse
 ,v4 ( ,aragon 7 actually produc$ 9     
,naples4  ,illu/ration3 ,,missale ,c4   
#aecj ,brit4 ,mus4 ,ada4 ,,ms4 #aehac1  
fol4 #bg  ,illu/ration3 ,,ka?olis*es    
,,gebe?bu* #aehd ,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4     
,,ms4 #agebe1 fol4 #aee  ,x is n safe to
 ass]t t because a "w is ord]$ = a      
mona/]y or a pr9ce t ! copyi/s or       
illum9ators always w5t to ! mona/]y or  
palace to d ! "w1 ?\gh frequ5tly !y did 
s4 ,mo/ ( ! ,,mss4 execut$ = ,mat?ias   
,corv9us1 ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 7 produc$ 9    
,flor5ce4 ,!re 0 m ?an "o ateli] (      
illum9ators 9 ,flor5ce4 ,!re 7 o!rs 9   
,bologna1 o!rs 9 ,rome1 & q a l>ge      

e/abli%m5t 9 ,naples4 ,o!rs resid$ 9    
,milan1 ,f]r>a1 & ,v]ona4 ,^? at ,f]r>a 
liv$ *iefly at ! ,ducal ,palace4 ,^? at 
,v]ona 7 ! gue/s ( ! great ,ghibell9e   
lead]1 ,c della ,scala1 & 8 imm$iate    
successors4 ,^? at ,naples1 9 ! "t (    
,alphonso ! ,magnanim\s1 & especially ( 
8 son1 ,f]d9& ,i41 7 ma9ta9$ solely = ! 
augm5tation & embelli%m5t ( ! ,royal    
,libr>y4#de ,a li/ ( sev5te5 copyi/s1   
includ+ ! fam\s names ( ,antonio        
,s9ibaldo1 ,giovanni1 ,r9aldo1 ,m5nio1 &
 ,hippolito ,lun5sis1 & ( f\rte5 or     
fifte5 illum9ators1 all ( di/+ui%$      
ability1 is giv5 by ,sign] ,riccio f !  
ar*ives ( ! city4 ,! spl5did "w !y      
a*iev$ may /ill occasionally be met )4  
,9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,add4 #baabj7 !re 
is a beautiful copy ( ! ,e?ics (        
,ari/otle1 ) v peculi> initials &       
ornam5ts2 & 9 ! ,national ,libr>y1 at   
,p>is1 _m o!r v f9e examples (          
,neapolitan "w4 ,( ! h&writ+ ( ,m5nius  
we h a f9e example 9 ,add4 #aaiab1 :i*  
is a qu>to copy ( ,lucretius1 writt5 on 

#afj leaves ( vellum4 ,fol4 #a has a gr&
 bord] on a gold gr\nd1 ) a m9iature    
conta9+ a h&some initial ,e susp5d$ ov] 
! au?or's head1 :o is seat$ at a desk   
writ+4 ,! fir/ ?ree l9es ( ! text are 9 
,roman capitals1 alt]nately gold & blue4
 ,! illum9ation is ( a transitional "*1 
incl9+ r t[>ds ! c&elabra /yle ( !      
,milanese & ,neapolitan ,r5aissance--!  
,heures d',aragon1 execut$ = ,fr$]ick   
,,iii41 %[ a simil> ta/e = c&elabra1    
etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! initials are ( !   
old] :ite /em type1 ) col\r$ gr\nds4 ,! 
writ+ is a small & v neat ,roman        
m9uscule1 & dates probably ab\t #adhe1  
or betwe5 #adhj & #adij4 ,! p5man%ip (  
,hippolito ,lun5sis appe>s 9 ,fic9o's   
,translation ( ,plato2 also 9 ! ,briti% 
,museum1 ,h>l4 #cdha1 & 9 ,add4 #aebgj1 
#aebga4  #de ,riccio1 ,c4,w41 ,c5no     
,/orico dell ,accademia ,alfons9a4      
,naples1 #ahfe4  ,! ,heures d',aragon   
ref]r$ to above are a ri* example ( !   
,neapolitan ,r5aissance pres]v$ 9 !     
,national ,libr>y at ,p>is4 ,writ]s on  

,italian m9iatures are v num]\s1 & a    
good deal ( int]e/+ in=mation ab\t      
,italian ,,mss4 may be f\nd 9 ,m4       
,delisle's ,cab9et des ,,mss41 etc4     
,!re is "o /yle ( ,italian illum9ation  
made v popul> by ! illum9ators ( ! works
 ( ,petr>*1 _m ( :i* are f\nd 9 v>i\s   
libr>ies4 ,t is ! "o call$ ! v9e-/em    
/yle4 ,x consi/s ( gracefully coil$     
/ems1 usually left uncol\r$ or s(tly    
t9t$ ) yell[1 & be>+ "h & !re peculi>   
ornam5tal fl[]ets1 :ile ! gr\nds are    
pick$ out ) v>i\s col\rs1 on :i* are f9e
 :ite triads ( dots or trac]ies 9       
delicate :ite or gold5 t5drils4 ,a lat] 
v>iety ( ?is /yle makes ! /ems ( "s pale
 b bright t9t1 & ! gr\nds ( deep col\r4 
,! v9e-/em /yle seems to h prevail$     
?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,italy j previ\s to !  
classic revival br\ght ab\t by ! ,m$ici 
9 ?r[+ op5 _! museums ( sculptures1     
co9s1 & o!r antiquities1 & by ! lib]al  
patronage ( ! new classic "w by ,mat?ias
 ,corv9us1 ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 & ! ,dukes (  
,urb9o4 ,aft] #aejj ! v9e-/em /yle seems

 to h gradually di$ out1 & !nce=w>d only
 v>ieties ( ! reviv$ antique became !   
fa%ion4  ,to ! ,italian ,r5aissance we  
%all rev]t 9 a lat] *apt]4     ,,*apt]  
,,vii  ,,g]man ,,illum9ation ,,f ,,!    
,,?irte5? ,,to ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury   
,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ,/upor ,mundi1 & 8 ,,ms4
 on hunt+--,! ,sicilian s*ool ma9ly     
,s>ac5ic1 b a mixture ( ,greek1 ,arabic1
 & ,lat9 ta/es--,! ,franconian ,emp]ors 
at ,bamb]g--,*>les ( ,anj\--,! ,h\se (  
,luxemb\rg at ,prag--,,mss4 9 !         
,univ]sity ,libr>y--,! ,collegium       
,c>ol9um ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les             
,,iv4--,,mss4 at ,vi5na--,! ,w5zel      
,bible--,! ,welt*ronik ( ,rudolf v4 ,ems
 at ,/uttg>d--,wilhelm v4 ,oranse at    
,vi5na--,! ,gold5 ,bull--,v>i\s         
s*ools--,hilde%eim] ,pray]-book at      
,b]l9--,! ,nuremb]g s*ool--,!           
,glock5dons--,! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,p54   ,9 a 
=m] *apt] we br\ght up ! /ory ( ,g]man  
illum9ation to ! "t ( ! ,hoh5/auf5      
emp]ors4 ,we may n[ make a new />t )    
,fr$]ick ,,ii41 ! ecc5tric1 resolute1   

intractable1 accompli%$ ,/upor ,mundi   
7#abaj-ej74 ,n only 0 he a patron &     
enc\rag$ art1 b also an au?or4 ,! "w :i*
 he compos$ is /ill extant1 & is pres]v$
 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y "u ! title ,de    
arte v5&i cum avibus4 ,pa9t+s ( birds & 
hunt+ sc5es embelli% its pages4 ,! art  
is n specially high class1 & ?\gh 9     
c\rtesy x may be call$ ,g]man1 see+ t he
 0 ! ,g]man ,emp]or1 & 9 "s respects is 
l ! ,imp]ial ,,mss4 ( ! ,saxon p]iod1 9 
po9t ( fact x is ,italian or            
,sicilian4#df ,?is ,sicilian s*ool is   
peculi>1 & exhibits v slight traits (   
relation%ip ) ! re/ ( ,italy4 ,aft] !   
,arab conque/ ( ! isl& 9 #hbg1 :il/ new 
ideas 7 import$1 /ill ! old ,greek      
cities kept _! anci5t traditions &      
me?ods 9 art1 especially 9 ^? bran*es we
 t]m indu/rial1 & j z bo? ,greek &      
,arabic tongues exi/$ z v]nacul>s beside
 ! ,lat91 s ! arts & indu/ries bore !   
features ( ?ree arti/ic ta/es4  #df     
7,bibl4 ,vatican1 ,palat9a1 ,no4 #ajga74
 ,notice 9 ,kobell1 ,kun/v4 ,m9iatur51  

p4 #dd4  ,! silk-weav+ ( ! ,greek       
craftsm5 0 embelli%$ ) ! designs (      
embroid]y f ,damascus1 & ^! 7 m+l$ )    
patt]ns 9 :i* ! foliages ( ,c>ol+ian &  
,g]man orig9 are di/9ctly traceable4    
,examples ( ! k9d ( manufacture "h      
ref]r$ to may be se5 9 ! robes ( !      
,emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii41 /ill pres]v$ 9 !   
,ca!dral ,treasury at ,bamb]g4 ,also !  
coronation mantle ( ,/4 ,/eph5 (        
,hung>y1 husb& ( ,h5ry's si/]           
,gisela--orig9ally a clos$ casula cov]+ 
! body1 b n[ an op5 cloak ri*ly         
embroid]$ ) figures ( prophets1 animals1
 & foliages1 & ev5 portraits ( ! ,k+ &  
,que54 ,x has sometimes be5 ?\ght1 f !  
inscription on its bord]1 t1 l ! ,bayeux
 tape/ries ( ,que5 ,matilda1 ! ne$lework
 0 f ! ,que5's own h&2 b no d\bt bo? ^! 
attributions are mi/ak54#dg ,/ill m     
,s>ac5ic 9 ta/e are ! mantle & alb n[ 9 
! ,imp]ial ,treasury at ,vi5na1 ( !     
twelf? c5tury1 & execut$ at ,pal]mo4    
,sicilian 9 "s respects is int]m$iate   
betwe5 ,italian & ,g]man1 h5ce we deem  

?is a prop] place to speak ( x1 & r z a 
transi5t phase ?an a /yle1 = x p]i%$ ) !
 ,hoh5/auf5 dyna/y4  #dg ,see           
description 9 ,bock1 ,die ,kle9odi5 des 
heilig5 ,rmis*es ,rei*s1 pl4 #ag4  ,!   
cruel tyranny ( ! cold-blood$ despot1   
rememb]$1 b execrat$1 9 ,sicily z ,*>les
 ( ,anj\1 ext+ui%$ ! la/ sc9tilla (     
native art1 & :5 ! ,italian revival ( ! 
?irte5? c5tury took place1 x 0 conf9$   
entirely to ! ,nor?1 except :5 su*      
patrons z ,rob]t or ,f]d9& or ,alfonso  
enc\rag$ ,tuscan arti/s by invit+ !m to 
,naples4 ,pal]mo 0 no long] (           
importance1 ?\gh a capital1 & ,sicily   
exi/$ m]ely z a portion ( ! k+dom (     
,naples4  ,let u pass1 !n1 to ! great   
,g]man capital4 ,*anges "h1 too1 h tak5 
place4 ,x is n ,bamb]g b ,prag1 = !     
,imp]ial cr[n has pass$ f ! ,h\se (     
,suabia ?r\gh ! ,hapsburgs to t (       
,luxemb\rg1 & among its t]ritories is ! 
picturesque old city ) its hi/oric      
bridge & gate-t[]s1 a ,slavonic n a     
,g]man city 9 its orig94 ,! t5 ,g]man   

circles ( ,suabia & ,franconia1         
,we/phalia1 ,bohemia1 & ! re/ did n z   
yet exi/--!y 7 ! lat] creation (        
,maximilian2 ! ,fa!rl& consi/$ ( "s two 
or ?ree hundr$ duk$oms1 c\nts1          
m>quisates1 & lord%ips1 all absolute    
sov]eignties1 b all pl$g$ to support !  
,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,v ?9ly1 p]haps1 b
 /ill ! ,imp]ial sceptre meant a real   
supremacy1 & 9 ! h&s ( su* emp]ors z    
,h5ry ( ,luxemb\rg1 a supremacy ma9ta9$ 
) real & becom+ dignity4  ,prag1 z we h 
said1 is 9 a ,slavonic c\ntry1 & "o     
sometimes ho/ile to ! ,empire4 ,x 0 !   
capital ( ,bohemia4 ,9 #acaj its ,k+ 0  
,john1 ! re/less son ( ! new ,emp]or    
,h5ry ,,vii4 ( ,luxemb\rg4 ,h5ce we f9d 
x at ! mom5t we beg9 ! /udy ( its art a 
nom9ally ,g]man city4 ,%ortly be=e ?is  
"t 7 produc$ sev]al examples ( ,g]man   
"w2 z1 = in/ance1 ! ,m9neli$]1 ) m ?an a
 hundr$ m9iatures ( hunt+ sc5es & simil>
 outdoor amusem5ts1 :i* are useful z    
/udies ( co/ume1 b o!rwise ( little     
int]e/4 ,b x is n until #acab--! new ,k+

 be+ !n1 = ! sake ( acquir+ ! cr[n1 ?\gh
 only1 x is said1 ?irte5 ye>s ( age1    
already ! husb& ( ! ,pr9cess ,elizabe?1 
! late ,k+'s second daught]1 yet nei!r a
 fav\rite ) 8 wife nor ) h] fa!r's p--t 
! ,abbess ( ,/4 ,george's 9 ,prag1 !    
,pr9cess ,cunigunda1 compos$ a          
,passionale1 ri*ly illu/rat$ ) int]e/+  
m9iatures4 ,! sa9ts1 hi/ories1 &        
allegories are pa9t$ 9 t5d] wat]-col\rs1
 ! ar*itectural details be+ 9 ,go?ic    
ta/e4 ,x is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,univ]sity 
,libr>y at ,prag1 ,no4 xiv41 ,a4 #ag4dh 
,! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,iv41 son ( ! valor\s
 b impracticable ,john 7born #acaf1 di$ 
#acgh71 & :o has already be5 spok5 ( 9  
connection ) ,engli% illum9ation1 0 !   
f\nd] ( ! ,bohemian s*ool1 or1 r1 ( !   
s*ool ( ,prag4 ,ow+ probably 8 f9e ta/es
 & _m accompli%m5ts r to 8 "m ?an 8     
fa!r1 he devot$ himself to art &        
lit]ature1 invit+ pa9t]s & s*ol>s f o!r 
c\ntries to reside 9 ! ,bohemian        
capital4 ,= ! ,collegium ,c>ol9um1 ( :i*
 he 0 ! f\nd]1 he caus$ _m noble volumes

 to be execut$1 & among ! va/ treasures 
& curiosities ( 8 celebrat$ ,s*loss     
,k>l/e9 0 a f9e collection ( illum9at$  
,,mss4 ,9 ! ,museum at ,prag & o!r local
 libr>ies are /ill kept "s relics ( 8   
libr>y4 ,! ,lib] ,viaticus ( ,bi%op     
,john ( ,newm>kt--! ,orationale ( ,bi%op
 ,arne/us 7"u ,fr5* influ5ce7--!        
,pontificale ( ,bi%op ,alb]t von ,/]nb]g
 79 ! libr>y ( ! ,prmon/rant ,mona/]y ( 
,/rah[7--! ,missal ( ,ar*bi%op ,ozko von
 ,wlas*im 7libr>y ( ! ,metropolitan     
,*apt] 9 ,prag7--! ,evangeli>y ( ,canon 
,john von ,troppau 7,johannes de        
,oppavia71 writt5 & illum9at$ at ,brunn1
 9 ,moravia1 n[ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at 
,vi5na4 ,all ^! illum9at$ ,,mss4 are    
examples ( ! great v>iety ( /yles 9 :i* 
! ,bohemian colony produc$ _! "w "u !   
auspices ( _! lib]al patron1 yet n )\t  
peculi>ities :i* m>k ! individuality ( !
 arti/4 ,?us :ile ! ,orationale (       
,arne/us is almo/ ,fr5*1 ! ,passionale (
 ,cunegunda is entirely free f ,fr5*    
influ5ce4 ,= co/umes ! ,welt*ronik (    

,rudolf von ,ems1 #acej-he1 & n[ 9 !    
,royal ,private ,libr>y at ,/uttg>d1 is 
almo/ an encyclopdia4 ,simil> is !      
,leg5da ,aurea ( #acfb 9 ! ,public      
,libr>y at ,muni* 7,cod4 ,g]m4 #f74 ,a v
 int]e/+ ,,ms4 ) m9iatures ( co/umes &  
curi\s usages is ! ,belli=tis ( ,conrad 
,kyes] 7,gtt+51 ,public ,libr>y1        
,philos41 ,no4 #fc74 ,! ,evangeli>y (   
,troppau is mo/ beautifully writt52 its 
text is a model ( elegant & p]fect      
p5man%ip2 its ornam5ts di/9ctly         
,bohemian4 ,?ree or f\r ,prag ,,mss4    
execut$ = ,*>les's son ,w5zel           
7#acgh-adji7 are1 x may be said1        
typical4 ,( ^! ! gr&e/1 ?\gh incomplete1
 is ! illum9at$ ,bible1 call$ ! ,w5zel  
,bible1 execut$ by ord] ( ,m>t9 ,rotlw =
 pres5tation to ! ,emp]or4 ,! *oice (   
illu/rations 9 ?is s+ul> p]=mance are r 
m ?an on a p> ) ! woodcuts ( ! great    
,engli% ,bible ( ,cranm]4 ,! ,wilhelm   
von ,oranse ( #achg1 n[ 9 ! ,ambras     
,museum at ,vi5na 7,no4 #g71 af=ds      
spl5did examples ( ! f9e embroid]$ &    

ri*ly col\r$ backgr\nds we s (t5 see    
t[>ds #adjj 9 ,engli% ,,mss41 & ! ,gold5
 ,bull ( ,*>les ,,iv41 also 9 ! ,imp]ial
 ,libr>y at ,vi5na 7j4 c4 #cch71 has !  
s(tly curl+ foliages v>i\sly col\r$1 :i*
 =m ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,fr5*
 & ,engli% illum9ation ( ! fifte5?      
c5tury4  #dh ,wocel1 ,mit!il4 d]        
,c5tral4-,commiss41 v41 #ahfj1 p4 #ge1 )
 illu/rations4  ,ano!r ri* example (    
,g]man z di/9ct f ,fr5* or ,italian "w (
 ?is p]iod is ! gr& ,salzburg ,missal n[
 at ,muni* 7,lat4 #aegaj74 ,:5 we rea* !
 fifte5? c5tury ,g]man illum9ation beg9s
 to gr[ gaudy1 especially 9 ! reviv$    
ta/e = p>ti-col\r$ bord]-frames1 9 :i*  
gre5 & sc>let are (t5 to be se54 ,!     
,kutt5b]g ,gradual at ,vi5na 7,imp4     
,lib41 #aeeja7 is ( ! ,bohemian type4   
,n[ & !n a ,,ms4 w %[ ! influ5ce (      
,we/phalian treatm5t ( foliage--&1 aga91
 ( ! s*ool ( ,cologne or ,nuremb]g or   
,augsburg4 ,^! all diff]1 :il/ /ill     
keep+ an unmi/akable ,g]man "*4 ,!      
,hilde%eim] ,pray]-book at ,b]l9 po9ts  

to ,cologne4 ,! ,frank5dorf] ,evangeli>y
 at ,nuremb]g is *>act]i/ic ( t city4 ,!
 ,*oir-book ( ,/4 ,ulri* & ,afra 9 _!   
abbey at ,augsburg is typical ( its     
locality4 ,! ,missal ( ,sb9co1 ,ar*bi%op
 ( ,prag1 incl9es to ,nuremb]g r ?an    
,prag 7,imp4 ,lib41 ,vi5na1 ,no4 #ahdd74
 ,x is eighty ye>s e>li] ?an ! ,augsburg
 & ,hilde%eim ,,mss4 ,pass+ actively    
onw>ds1 we f9d illum9ation /ill 9 vogue 
9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 not)/&+ t ,g]many 0 
! cradle ( ! pr9t+ press4  ,9 fact1 x   
seems to wax m & m sumptu\s--! books m  
pr(usely ornam5t$ ?an ev]4 ,! ,missal & 
,pray]-book ( ,alb]t ( ,br&5burg1       
,ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 once at ,as*aff5burg1
 execut$ ab\t #aebd are among ! f9e/    
productions ( ! illum9ator's art4 ,:ile 
p]haps we may compla9 t design has giv5 
way to pr(usion & ! bord] fl[]s &       
insects--a contempor>y *>act]i/ic (     
,ne!rl&i% art also--are nei!r m nor less
 ?an portraiture appli$ to fl[]s1       
fruits1 & ! insect _w4 ,! l>g] m9iatures
 are mod]n pa9t+s1 includ+ portraits1   

diff]+ 9 no?+ b dim5sions f ! works ( ! 
greate/ ma/]s ( ! s*ools ( pa9t+4 ,9    
ignorance ( ! /rict rules ( ! gilds1 "s 
writ]s h gone s f> z to say t m9iatures 
also su* z ^! 7 ! "w ( ! ,van ,eycks1 ! 
,meml+s1 & ! ,lucas van ,leyd5s ( our   
public gall]ies4 ,?is p>ticul> ,,ms4 0 !
 "w ( a fam\s ,nuremb]g m9iaturi/1 "o ( 
a di/+ui%$ family ( arti/s--,nicolas    
,glock5don4  ,a v simil>1 b p]haps /ill 
ri*]1 ,,ms41 is ! ,pray]-book ( ,william
 ( ,bav>ia1 /ill kept 9 ! ,imp]ial      
,libr>y at ,vi5na 7,no4 #ahhj71 pa9t$ by
 ,alb]t ,glock5don4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/    
exquisite volumes possibly to be met )4 
,a ,pray]-book 9 ! ,briti% ,museum      
7,add4 #agebe71 ?\gh f> inf]ior1 may    
give "s idea ( ! sumptu\s "* ( !        
,glock5don "w4  ,! fir/ ,ar*bi%op (     
,prag1 ,arne/us or ,erne/ von ,p>dubitz1
 0 an indu/ri\s collector ( ,,mss4 &    
employ$ _m scribes4 ,ano!r ( ! fam\s    
patrons 9 ,prag 0 ,g]h>d ,groot1 :o     
employ$ "o ( ! be/ p5m5 to copy ,/4     
,john ,*ryso/om's ,comm5t>y on ,/4      

,mat!w4 ,9 #achc he f\nd$ at ,dev5t] !  
fam\s ,h\se ( ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,common     
,life1 :o made a bus9ess ( transcrib+   
books2 &1 inde$1 s pr(itably1 t1 =      
in/ance1 ,ian van ,enkhuis5 ( ,zwolle   
receiv$ five hundr$ gold5 guld5 = a     
,bible4 ,on acc\nt ( ! goose-quill :i* !
 bro!rs wore 9 _! hats1 !y 7 famili>ly  
kn[n z ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,p54#di  #di       
,watt5ba*1 ,s*riftwes5 im ,mittelalt]1  
p4 #bfd4     ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,ne!rl&i% 
,,illum9ation  ,:at is meant by !       
,ne!rl&s--,e>ly realism & /udy (        
nature--,comb9ation ( symbolism )       
imitation--,ana*ronism 9 design--,!     
value ( ! pictorial me?ods ( ! old      
illum9ators--,! olde/ ,ne!rl&i%         
,,ms4--,h>l9da & ,r5ilda--,! nunn]y at  
,maas-,eyck--,description ( !           
,,ms4--,?omas  ,kempis--,! s*ool (      
,zwolle--,"* ( ! "w--,! use ( gre5      
l&scape backgr\nds--,! ,dukes (         
,burgundy--,ne!rl&i% arti/s--,no        
m9iatures ( ! ,van ,eycks or ,meml+ kn[n
 to exi/--,s*ools ( ,bruges1 ,gh5t1     

,lige1 etc4--,brussels ,libr>y--,spl5did
 ,ne!rl&i% ,,mss4 at ,vi5na--,g]>d      
,david & ! ,grimani ,brevi>y--,briti%   
,museum--,romance ( ! ,rose--,isabella  
,brevi>y--,grisailles4   ,9 speak+ ( !  
,ne!rl&s we h to be> 9 m9d t "s portions
 ( :at are n[ call$ ! ,ne!rl&s 7 once   
p>ts ( ,g]many1 :ile o!rs 7 p>ts (      
,france4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,ne!rl&i%  
art 0 simply a v>iety ei!r ( ,nor!rn    
,g]man or ,nor!rn ,fr5*4 ,! e>li] s*ools
 ( ,fl&]s & ,ha9aut1 & p]haps (         
,brabant1 belong r to ,france1 :ile     
,holl&1 ,limburg1 ,luxemb\rg1 & ! ,rh9e 
di/ricts 7 m incl9$ t[>ds ,g]many4 ,b z 
soon z ! s*ools ( ,gh5t & ,bruges & o!r 
,burgundian c5tres began to ass]t _!    
claims1 x 0 spe$ily app>5t t !y _h an   
individuality ( _! own4 ,9 no c\ntry _h 
! /udy ( nature a m direct influ5ce on !
 "* ( illum9ation4 ,! allegorical me?od 
:i* s long _h *>act]is$ bo? ,fr5* &     
,g]man art 0 promptly ab&on$1 & direct  
realism bo? 9 figure & l&scape became ! 
prevail+ *>act]i/ic4 ,symbolism1 x is   

true1 rema9$ 9 ! repres5tation ( cities 
& o!r g5]alities ( pictorial            
composition1 b ! details 7 9 all cases  
direct imitations ( contempor>y facts4  
,half a doz5 soldi]s or h\ses might     
indicate an army or a city1 & ev5 "s    
p>ticul> army or city nam$ 9 ! text1 b !
 individual soldi]s1 ?\gh repres5t+ !   
army ( ,alex&] or ,rol&1 w\ld we> !     
equipm5t or arm\r ( ! arti/'s milit>y   
acqua9tances1 or 8 ov]lord's own        
company4 ,! city1 :e!r ,gh5t or ,bagdad1
 w\ld consi/ ( ! same sort ( h\ses peak$
 & p>apet$1 ! same t[]s & p9nacles t !  
illum9ator saw be=e him 9 8 daily walks4
 ,8 conception ( a sc5e f ,scripture    
hi/ory w\ld probably be fram$ m or less 
^u ! traditions ( ! s*ools transmitt$ f 
! ,sphigm5\ ,manual or ! ma/]'s         
portfolio ( s*emes1 b :ile a prophet1 an
 angel1 or a div9ity w\ld we> ideal     
raim5t1 ,abraham & ,ph>aoh w\ld be      
array$ 9 ! co/ume ( a contempor>y       
burgoma/]1 & an almo/ contempor>y ,fr5* 
k+4 ,9 "o memorable in/ance1 we are     

told1 s reali/ic 0 ! sc5e t ,isaac 0    
ab\t to be despat*$ ) a horse-pi/ol2 & 9
 ano!r1 repres5t+ ! bir? ( ,ca91 ,adam 0
 br++ to ! ,fr5* te/] b$side a supply ( 
hot wat] f ! kit*5 boil] 9 a copp]      
saucepan4 ,?is k9d ( ana*ronism1 x is   
true1 is to "s degree *>geable on all   
e>ly "w2 we see x among ! e>ly ,italian 
pa9t]s no less frequ5tly p]haps1 b mo/ly
 accompani$ ) s mu* ( allegory or       
imag9ation t we sc>cely notice x1 or if 
we d1 we w9k at x z "p ( ! times (      
ignorance4 ,x is really a m>k ( ov]-ha/e
 to be tru?ful1 or at lea/ to be        
und]/ood1 & at ! wor/ x is no m ?an !   
natural reb\nd f ! evil con/ra9t ( ! old
 ,byzant9e tyranny ov] s*eme & co/ume & 
inv5tion4 ,x is (t5 truly div]t+ 9 its v
 ins\ciance4 ,b its priceless value to  
u--& "h ! same rem>k applies to all     
/yles ( pictorial art be=e ! fifte5?    
c5tury--is ! ocul> record ( dress1      
ar*itecture1 implem5ts ( peace & w>1    
incid5ts ( daily life1 etc41 = :i* no   
,encyclopdia ,britannica ( v]bal        

explanation c\ld ev] be m ?an ! poore/  
make%ift4 ,z we say1 ?is same happy     
ana*ronism is common to o!r s*ools (    
illum9ation1 & we _c fail to notice x f 
,byzantium to ,brita91 b x is ! int5se  
realism ( ! ,ne!rl&s t =ces x ^u u s    
/rongly t we are b\nd to speak ( x4  ,! 
olde/ notice ( illum9at$ "w 9 ! ,ne!rl&s
 is 9 a ,b5$ict9e *ronicle ( ! n9?      
c5tury1 :]e m5tion is made ( two ladies1
 daught]s ( ! ,"l ( ,d5a91 nam$ ,h>l9da 
& ,r5ilda1#ej :o 7 educat$ 9 ! conv5t ( 
,val5ci5nes4 ,9 #gad !y left _! native  
prov9ce to f\nd a mona/]y on ! banks ( !
 ,maas--among ! mead[s ( ,ald5 &        
,maas-,eyck4 ,!y !re consecrat$ _! lives
 to ! praise ( ,god & ! transcription ( 
books1 adorn+ !m ) preci\s pictures4#ea 
,ab\t ! ye> #agcj an ,evangeli>y ( great
 age 0 discov]$ 9 ! sacri/y ( ! *ur* by 
! ,b5$ict9e antiqu>y1 ,edmond ,m>tne1   
:i* on good gr\nd has be5 attribut$ to !
 two si/]s4 ,! ,,ms4 is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 
& 0 exhibit$ 9 ,brussels 9 #ahhj4 ,x is 
a small folio1 & conta9s a great numb] (

 m9iatures 9 ! ,c>ol+ian or1 p]haps m   
/rictly1 ,franco-,saxon mann]4 ,on !    
fir/ leaf is a ,romanesque colonnade (  
ar*es surm\nt$ by a l>g] "o4 ,"u !      
small] ar*es are ! figures ( sa9ts1     
demons1 & mon/]s1 & 9 ! tympanum scrolls
 ( foliage & birds4 ,betwe5 ! columns   
are ! ref]5ce numb]s to ! *apt]s4  #ej  
,or ,rel9da4  #ea ,bradley1 ,dict4 (    
,m9iaturi/s1 ii4 #hg4  ,! evangeli/     
portraits are dignifi$ & sa9tly1 recall+
 ! e>lie/ "w ( ! ,byzant9e s*ool & t ( !
 catacombs4 ,drap]ies & o!r details are 
heavy1 dull1 & ill drawn4 ,9 %ort1 ! "w 
is ( ! same class z ! e>ly ,c>ol+ian4 ,!
 blue1 r$1 gre51 & gold ( ! bord]s1     
etc41 h all kept _! brilliancy4#eb ,x is
 some:at curi\s t ! ,van ,eycks1 !      
f\nd]s ( ,flemi% pa9t+1 7 natives ( ?is 
little t[n--!n1 d\btless1 pretty &      
rural1 n[ a busy place ( brew]ies1      
oil-factories1 tann]ies1 & o!r fragrant 
nuisances4 ,"s miles fur!r nor?w>d lie  
,dev5t] & ,zwolle & ,kemp51 ! l& ( !    
,bro!rs ( ! ,p51 & ( ! immortal ,?omas  

,kempis4 ,!re is a /yle ( calligraphic  
ornam5t d]iv+ its orig9 f ^! ,nor!rn    
,holl&i% f\ndations su* z ,zwolle1 :i*  
is conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! pa9t+ ( ! 
initial lett]s & ! decorat+ ( ! bord]s )
 fl\ri%$ scrolls ( p5work v neatly drawn
 & t]m9at+ 9 equally neat b extremely   
fanciful fl[]s f9ely pa9t$4 ,x seems to 
h be5 br\ght at "s "t f ! neighb\rhood (
 ,milan1 :]e a simil> k9d ( initial &   
exce$+ly neat p5man%ip also is f\nd 9 ! 
*oir books4 ,_m ,s\? ,g]man *oir books  
are simil>ly ornam5t$1 s t x is n easy  
to say at once :]e ! "w 0 done4 ,! ,dut*
 illum9ators1 h[ev]1 may usually be     
recognis$ by ! ,ne!rl&i% "* ( !         
m9iatures comb9$ ) neat & sometimes     
rigidly c>eful p5man%ip 9 ! scrolls &   
t5drils & a h>dness 9 ! outl9e ( !      
fl[]s4 ,sometimes ! l>ge initials are   
entirely produc$ by ! p51 ! labyr9?9e   
patt]ns 9 blue or v]milion be+ fill$ 9 )
 circlets1 loops1 & o!r designs )       
inf9ite pati5ce & excell5t effect4 ,"s (
 ! bord] scrolls are exce$+ly pretty1 & 

! bord]s diff] f ,flemi% 9 mix+ natural 
fl[]s pa9t$ 9 ?9 wat]-col\rs ) ! m      
conv5tional fl[]s pa9t$ ) a diff]5t     
m$ium1 n 9 ! lat] ,flemi% mann] :]e !   
fl[]s are frankly direct imitations (   
nature1 & pa9t$ 9 ! same m$ium z ! re/ (
 ! illum9ation4  #eb ,see ,messag] des  
,sci5ces1 etc41 #aaj1 #aheh1 & ,de%a9es1
 ,l',art ,*rti5 en ,fl&re1 #cd 7,d\ai1  
#ahfj1 #h74  ,aft] ! ,maas-,eyck        
,evangeli>y ! "w ( ^! nor!rn f\ndations 
may well reckon ei!r ) ! ,fr5* or ,g]man
 s*ools until ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,:]e    
o!rwise !y are n di/+ui%able1 !         
,ne!rl&i% m9iatures are usually su* z   
pref] pla9 burni%$ gold backgr\nds to   
diap]$ ones1 or h a pla9 deep blue pal$ 
t[>ds ! horizon1 & la/ly replace !      
backgr\nd by a natural1 or :at 0 int5d$ 
to be a natural1 l&scape4 ,z a te/      
betwe5 ,fr5* or ,g]man influ5ce g5]ally1
 ! use ( gre5 %[s ! latt]1 t ( blue !   
=m]4 ,n t ?is 0 any /hetic po9t (       
diff]5ce 9 ta/e1 b someh[ ! ,g]mans _h !
 gre5 pa9t :5 ! ,fr5* _h n1 & s !y us$  

x4 ,x is an op5 "q :e!r ,fl&]s or ,italy
 fir/ introduc$ ! l&scape backgr\nd1 b  
,flemi% arti/s 7 s num]\s1 s ubiquit\s1 
t we c h>dly say :]e !y 7 n at "w--9    
,france1 ,italy1 or ,spa94 ,pl5ty (     
s-call$ ,spani% illum9ation is really ! 
"w ( ,flemi% craftsm54 ,?is 0 l>gely ow+
 to ! political conditions ( ! times4 ,!
 ,dukes ( ,burgundy & ! ,au/rian        
,ar*dukes bo? rul$ ov] ,flemi%          
municipalities1 & employ$ ! gildm5 z _! 
h\sehold enlum9eurs4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 !     
success ( ! ,van ,eycks1 ,rogi] van d]  
,weide 7de la ,pa/ure71 ,d]rick ,bonts1 
& ,hans ,meml+1 /irr$ up ! _s ( rivalry 
among ! illum9ators4 ,!y all work$ 9 !  
same m9utely1 c>eful mann]1 & "o c\ld   
almo/ take a corporal oa? on ! id5tity (
 illum9ations & panels :i* are really ! 
"w ( diff]5t arti/s4 ,ev5 yet !         
illum9ations ( ! ,grimani ,brevi>y are  
attribut$ 9 "p to ,hans ,meml+--& no    
wond]6 ,only ! be/ qualifi$ judges c    
di/+ui% !m4 ,x is kn[n t ,g]>d ,david ( 
,oudewat]1 9 ,holl&1 a ma/] pa9t]1      

belong$ also to ! gild ( m9iaturi/s4 ,b 
no m9iatures are kn[n to be f ! h&s (   
ei!r ,ian1 or ,hub]t1 or ,m>gu]ite van  
,eyck1 or ,hans ,meml+4 ,! suppos$      
id5tifications are m]ely guesses4 ,b    
:ile ?is is s !re is /ill no lack (     
illum9ators1 n to m5tion ! illu/ri\s few
 :o 7 employ$ by ! bro!rs ( ,*>les ,v41 
,k+ ( ,france2 & :5 we come to ! days ( 
8 gr&son1 ,philip ( ,burgundy           
7#adai-fg71 we might "n q a cr[d (      
di/+ui%$ illum9ators4 ,f #adbb to #adbe 
,ian van ,eyck 0 v>let de *amb] to ,duke
 ,john ( ,bav>ia1 fir/ bi%op ( ,lige1 & 
,reg5t ( ,luxemb\rg1 ,holl&1 & ,brabant4
 ,9 #adbe he pass$ into ! s]vice (      
,philip4 ,he di$ 9 #addj4 ,9 c\rt s]vice
 !re 7 besides1 ,jean de ,bruges1 ,david
 ,aub]t1 ,jean ,mielot1 ,jean ,wanguel91
 ,loyset ,ly$]1 & o!rs connect$ m or    
less closely ) ! ,maas valley & !       
prov9ce ( ,limburg4 ,?is valley seems to
 h be5 ! cradle ( ,ne!rl&i% m9iature    
art4 ,x is f ?is neighb\rhood t ,p>is 0 
suppli$ ) craftsm5 9 ! days ( !         

brilliant if reckless adm9i/ration ( !  
uncles ( ,philip ! ,good4 ,!re 7 s*ools 
( illum9at+ arti/s 9 ,mae/ri*t & ,lige1 
& )9 a v brief p]iod ! /yle ( ! ,ne!rl&]
 surpass$ t ( all competitors =         
facility1 cle>ness1 & realism4 ,a m>k$  
feature 9 ?is ma/]y is ! free use (     
ar*itectural & sculptural design4 ,all  
,go?ic drap]ies are 9 "s degree         
sculpturesque1 & 9 m9iatures we f9d     
sculpture to be ! rul+ pr9ciple4 ,p]haps
 x 0 ! practice ( unit+ ! crafts ( pa9t]
 & imagi] 9 "o p]son t fo/]$ ?is        
peculi>ity4 ,b c]ta9 x is t ,ne!rl&i%   
illum9ation1 9 its bord] foliages1 aft] 
! ta/e = ! l>g] v9e & acan?us leaf _h   
sup]s$$ ! ivy1 ! draw+ is /udi\sly      
sculpturesque4 ,_m ( ! ,gantois bord]s  
are l und]cut wood c>v+s4 ,ev5 z to     
col\r we f9d ei!r ! gild$ wood br[n or !
 /one grey1 q z frequ5tly z gay] col\rs1
 & mu* m s ?an any natural gre54 ,!     
aft]-fa%ion = grisailles or camaieu gris
 has ref]5ce probably r to /a9$ glass   
?an to c>v+4 ,be=e ! fifte5? c5tury we d

 n (t5 meet ) individual illum9ators by 
"n1 b 9 ! ,limburg ,*ronicle "u #achj is
 ?is entry3 ,!re 0 at ?is "t 9 ,cologne 
a celebrat$ pa9t] 7he 0 probably a      
native ( ,h]le 9 ,limburg71 ! l ( :om 0 
n 9 ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom1 & m to 8 praise4
 ,8 "n 0 ,wilhelm4 ,9 ! municipal exp5se
 book1 "u #acgj-ij1 page #ab1 is writt51
 ,to ,ma/] ,wilhelm = pa9t+ ! ,oa?      
,book1 #i m>ks4 ,! ,oa? ,book /ill      
exi/s1 b un=tunately ! m9iature has be5 
cut out4#ec  #ec ,woltmann1 ,hi/4 (     
,pa9t+1 ,eng4 transl41 i4 p4 #dab4  ,(  
c\rse1 x may be expect$ t "s ( ! be/    
examples ( ,ne!rl&i% illum9ation are to 
be f\nd 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,brussels4
 ,! ,biblio?que de ,b\rgogne1 z x is    
call$1 conta9s1 inde$1 a great numb] (  
!m4 ,"s1 ( c\rse1 may be class$ z       
,burgundian4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 ! gr& 
,*roniques de ,ha9aut 9 ?ree imm5se     
folio volumes1 writt5 f #addf to #addi  
7,nos4 #ibdb-d74 ,also ,jean ,mansel's  
,fleur des ,hi/oires 9 ?ree gr& folios  
7,nos4 #ibca-c71 writt5 ab\t #adge4 ,!  

frontispiece to ! ,*roniques %[s ! ,duke
 ,philip ) 8 son ! ,c\nt ( ,*>olais     
receiv+ ! "w f ! au?or1 p]haps ! be/    
illum9ation 9 all ?ree volumes4  ,ano!r 
7#ibde71 ! ,book ( ! ,sev5 ,sages (     
,rome1 is an example ( ! la/ qu>t] ( !  
f\rte5? c5tury4 ,/ill ano!r 7#ibdf71 !  
,hi/ory ( ,/4 ,graal1 or ( ! ,r\nd      
,table1 is dat$ #adhj4 ,a ,missal &     
,pontifical 7#ibaf1 #ibag7 %[s m9iatures
 dat+ ab\t #adge4  ,b o!r public        
libr>ies also possess admirable         
examples4 ,! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,vi5na 
possesses a mo/ ma/]ly production 9 !   
fragm5ts ( a folio ,*ronicle ( ,j]usalem
 7,no4 #becc71 9 :i* bo? figures &      
ar*itectural details are mo/ delicately 
& m9utely f9i%$1 s t ! m9iatures =m a   
mo/ valuable treasury ( co/umes1 arm\r1 
& ar*itecture1 correctly drawn &        
exquisitely pa9t$4 ,! figure ( ,baldw91 
,k+ ( ,j]usalem1 %[s ! po9t$ toes :i*   
,anne ( ,bohemia is said to h introduc$ 
into ,engl&4 ,at ,vi5na1 also1 is !     
ri*ly illum9at$ ,hi/ory ( ,gr>d de      

,r\ssillon 9 ,fr5* 7,no4 #bedi74 ,at    
,p>is we f9d ! ,*ampion des ,dames 7,no4
 #abdgf74 ,r\nd ! fir/ m9iature 9 ?is   
,,ms4 are spl5didly emblazon$ !         
armorials ( ! v>i\s c\ntries & cities ( 
8 dom9ions--,burgundy1 ,brabant1 ,fl&]s1
 ,fran*e-,comt1 ,holl&1 ,namur1 ,l[]    
,lorra9e1 ,luxemb\rg1 ,artois1 ,ha9aut1 
,zeal&1 ,friesl&1 ,mal9es1 & ,sal9s4 ,on
 ei!r side are sc5es f ! /ory1 & b5ea? a
 symbolical cr[n is ! motto ( ,philip's 
gr&fa!r1 ,philip le ,h>di1 aultre       
n'aray4 ,! same motto appe>s 9 !        
,*ronicle ( ,j]usalem at ,vi5na1 & on ! 
velvet ( ! das ( ,isabella ( ,portugal1 
,philip's ?ird consort4  ,x may be      
int]e/+ to note1 z a means ( di/+ui%+ ^!
 ,burgundian pr9ces or _! ,,mss41 t !   
arms ( ,philip ,,ii4 ! ,good diff] f ^? 
( 8 fa!r1 dur+ ! latt]'s lifetime1 by   
hav+ 9 *ief a label ( ?ree po9ts1 & f ^?
 ( 8 gr&fa!r1 ,philip ! ,bold1 by hav+  
an inescut*eon ( pret5ce on ! c5tre ( ! 
arms ( ,m>g>et de ,maele1 fir/ assum$ by
 8 fa!r1 ,john ! ,fe>less1 t is1 or1 a  

lion rpt4 sa2 = ,fl&]s4 ,z we h j said1 
_m ( ! ,,mss4 claim$ z ,ne!rl&i% may be 
class$ z ,burgundian4 ,! diff]5ce lies  
ma9ly 9 ! m9iatures4 ,:]e ! latt] are   
manife/ly ,fr5* ) ! mix$ ,brugeois      
bord]s1 !y may pass z ,burgundian2 b )  
simil> bord]s yet di/+ui%ably ,ne!rl&i%1
 t is1 broad-nos$1 squ>e-jaw$1 & excit$ 
faces z comp>$ ) ! f9] features & placid
 expression ( ! ,fr5* arti/s1 ! "w may  
/ill be ,burgundian1 b x w be also      
,ne!rl&i%4 ,! individuality ( ,ne!rl&i% 
illum9ation above e o!r quality         
e/abli%es its id5tity4 ,look at !       
expression ( ! onlook]s 9 a             
,crucifixion1 or a ,*ri/ be=e ,pilate1  
or a ,/on+ ( ,/4 ,/eph5--! diabolical   
f]ocity1 ! fi5di% e>ne/ness1 ! d[nright 
int5tional ugl9ess put on "s ( ! *>act]s
 are 9 direct contra/ to ! sweet        
indiff]5ce1 ! calm complaisance1 & blank
 unconc]n ( a cr[d z %[n 9 simil> sc5es 
by ,fr5* illum9ators4  ,illu/ration3    
,,hor #ae,,? ,,c5t4 7,,late7 ,brit4     
,mus4 ,add4 ,,ms4 #agbhj4 fol4 #ba      

,illu/ration3 ,,val]e ,,maxime1 ,,trad4 
,,p> ,,simon ,,de ,,hesd9 #ae,,? ,,c5t4 
7,,late7 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,h>l4 ,,ms4 #dcge1
 fol4 #fh  ,we h se5 some?+ ( ! e>li]   
k9d ( ,ne!rl&i% ,,mss4 9 ^? already     
ref]r$ to4 ,x n[ rema9s to take a rapid 
glance at a few ( ! lat] ones1 & "h !   
difficulty is t ( selection4  ,9 #adhd  
,g]>d ,david appe>s on ! li/ (          
illum9ators ( ,bruges1#ed & x appe>s t  
he1 & n ,hans ,meml+1 0 ! pa9t] ( ^?    
m>vell\s m9iatures 9 ! ,grimani ,brevi>y
 at ,v5ice usually attribut$ to ! latt]1
 & !re=e may be consid]$ z "o ( ! f\nd]s
 ( ! s*ool ( ,bruges1 or at lea/ ( !    
lat] /yle t may be ref]r$ to ! ,grimani 
,brevi>y z its mo/ p]fect example4      
,execut$ 9 mu* ! same mann] is a ,book (
 ,(fices 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 conta9+   
portraits ( ,philip ! ,fair & 8 wife1 ! 
unhappy ,juana la ,loca1 son &          
daught]-9-law ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian4  
,simil>1 aga91 are ! ,(fices ( !        
,elector1 ,alb]t ( ,br&5burg1 possibly !
 "w ( ! same arti/s :o produc$ !        

,grimani ,brevi>y4 ,!re are also "s     
fragm5ts 9 a gu>d-book 9 ! ,briti%      
,museum 7,add4 #bdjih71 :i* may comp>e )
 any ( ! prec$+ examples4 ,b p]haps to  
_m book-lov]s no bett] specim5 ( !      
highe/ class ( ,ne!rl&i% art c\ld be m  
welcome or m int]e/+ ?an ! celebrat$    
copy ( ! ,roman de la ,rose1 also 9 our 
great national collection 7,h>l4 #ddbe74
 ,?is ju/ly fam\s ,,ms4 is a real       
ma/]piece 9 e dep>tm5t1 :e!r we consid] 
! expression 9 its m9iatures or !       
consummate te*nical skill display$ 9 !  
draw+ & col\r ( ! bord]s4 ,^! second>y  
embelli%m5ts consi/ ( fruit1 fl[]s1     
birds1 beetles1 & butt]flies4 ,b1 (     
c\rse1 ! great int]e/ ( ?is book lies 9 
its m9iatures1 sc5es f ! poet's         
allegory1 & 9 ! little /atuesque figures
 ( ! v>i\s *>act]s 9 ! poem4  #ed ,cf4 8
 ,judgem5t ( ,cambyses 9 ! museum at    
,bruges4  ,two m>vell\s little volumes  
!re are 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,muni* 
7#hfa-b7 :i* are surely unapproa*able4  
,"o ( ! bord]s 9 #hfa consi/s ( ! eyes (

 peacock fea!rs s absolutely p]fect t we
 c only wond] at its ra9b[ hues & pe>ly 
%e5 ( col\r4 ,some?+ simil> to x exi/s 9
 a fragm5t 7,no4 #ddfa7 9 ! ,victoria & 
,alb]t ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,!     
,isabella ,brevi>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum  
7,add4 #ahhea7 ought n to pass          
unm5tion$1 b space =bids u to add m on  
?is inexhau/ible topic4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 
! class ( "w allud$ to e>ly 9 ! *apt]1 &
 9 t on ,fr5* "w1 :i* mu/ be at lea/    
m5tion$4 ,we ref] to :at ! ,italians    
call *i>oscuro & ! ,fr5* grisaille2 i4e4
 pa9t+ execut$ 9 tones ( grey1 9 :i* !  
lights are giv5 9 :ite or gold & !      
backgr\nds 9 ri* blue4 ,occasionally !  
drap]ies & ornam5ts also are t\*$ )     
gold1 & ! fle% t9ts z 9 life4 ,grisaille
 is n limit$ to ,ne!rl&i% illum9ations4 
,we f9d x bo? 9 ,fr5* & ,italian1 b     
p]haps x is among ! ,ne!rl&i% books we  
meet ) x mo/ frequ5tly4 ,sev]al examples
 are to be se5 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at    
,brussels1 & !re is at lea/ "o 9 !      
,briti% ,museum 7,add4 #bdahi74         

,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,! ,,fr5* ,,r5aissance   
,communication ) ,italy--,r5aissance n  
sudd5--,orig9 ( ! s*ools ( ,france &    
,burgundy--,t\ra9e & its                
art--,f\quet--,br5tano                  
,,mss4--,v]sailles ,livy--,muni*        
,boccaccio1 etc4--,p]ral &              
,b\rdi*on--,h\rs ( ,anne (              
,brittany--,poyet--,! s*ool (           
,fonta9ebleau--,/a9$ glass--,jean       
,c\s9--,g\ffi] ,heures--,briti% ,museum 
,(fices ( ,francis ,i4--,d9teville      
,(fices--,p>is ,heures de ,montmor5cy1  
,heures de ,d9teville1 etc4   ,:5 ! new 
ideas d]iv$ f ! ,italian revival fir/   
rea*$ ,france1 x w\ld be difficult to   
say4 ,!re mu/ h be5 communication )     
,italy go+ on ! :ole "t t ,cimabue &    
,giotto1 ,memmi & ! re/ 7 a/oni%+ _!    
fell[-citiz5s ) _! div9e p]=mances4 ,!  
roads f ,lyons1 ,poicti]s1 ,dijon1 &    
,p>is 7 well kn[n1 & frequ5tly trodd5 by
 bo? arti/s & m]*ants z well z by       
soldi]s4 ,! ,r5aissance1 !re=e1 0 no    
sudd5 convulsion4 ,p]haps a v c>eful    

exam9ation ( "s ( our ,burgundian ,,mss4
 might reveal ! pres5ce ( notions d]iv$ 
f ,italian travel1 = x is 9 ! details ( 
ornam5t t we f9d ! traces ( a new       
movem5t1 & :5 ! great *ange ( /yle is   
cle>ly noticeable x is :5 ! habits (    
society !mselves h be5 remodell$1 & :5 !
 once /range & =eign elem5t has become a
 famili> gue/4  ,9 ! fix+ ( s*ools &    
c5tres mu* is ow+1 ( c\rse1 to !        
resid5tial *oice ( pr9ces1 on ^:        
patronage dep5ds ! v exi/5ce ( art4 ,?is
 expla9s ! s*ools ( ,bruges & ,dijon1 ( 
,p>is & ,t\rs1 = :ile ! e>li] dukes (   
,burgundy & ! e>li] k+s ( ,france _h    
liv$ at ,bruges & ,p>is1 ! lat] dukes _h
 pref]r$ ,dijon1 & ,l\is ,,xi41 ,*>les  
,,viii41 & ,l\is ,,xii4 liv$ mo/ly at   
,t\rs4 ,s t :ile ,dijon became ! new    
c5tre ( ,burgundian illum9ation1 ,t\rs  
became to ! new movem5t f ,italy :at    
,p>is _h be5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,go?ic 
p]iod4 ,t\rs1 9 fact1 became ! c5tre ( !
 ,r5aissance4 ,! influ5ce ( ,dijon 0 on 
! wane1 ,burgundy itself 0 go+ d[n4     

,mi*el ,c\lombe1 ! great ,breton        
sculptor1 :o _h be5 tra9$ at ,dijon1    
left x = ,t\rs1 & probably illum9ators &
 o!r arti/s foll[$ 8 example4 ,z we "k f
 examples1 ! ,burgundian art ( ,dijon _h
 ! ,flemi% /amp /rongly m>k$--! ,flemi% 
arti/s _h a way ( mak+ /rong            
impressions4  ,t\rs1 on ! o!r h&1 _h _h 
an entirely diff]5t tra9+4 ,! arti/s (  
,t\ra9e _h no %ad[ ( ,flemi% influ5ce 9 
_! practice4 ,_! sculptures1 enamels1   
col\r-s*eme 7 ( ano!r bias4 ,_! /amp    
came f ,italy1 & if n s deep z t (      
,fl&]s or ,dijon1 x 0 equally inevitable
 & m p]man5t4  ,! fir/ "n t we meet )   
among ! illum9ators ( ,t\ra9e :o are    
expressly connect$ ) ! ,r5aissance is t 
( ,jean ,f\quet4 ,( 8 orig9 or tra9+    
no?+ seems to be kn[n1 b he 0 born      
probably ab\t #adae4 ,he mu/ h acquir$  
di/9ction ev5 z a y\?1 = "s tw5ty-five  
ye>s aft]w>ds 7#addj-c7 he 0 invit$ to  
,rome to pa9t ! portrait ( ,pope        
,eug5ius ,,iv41 & he /ay$ 9 ,italy until
 #addg4 ,on 8 return to ,france he 0    

made valet de *ambre & pa9t] to ,*>les  
,,vii4 at ,t\rs1 & cont9u$ 9 ! same     
(fice "u ,l\is ,,xi4 ,x 0 "p ( ! bus9ess
 ( ! pa9tre du roy to design & provide  
decorations & co/umes1 bann]s & devices 
= all /ate c]emonies1 & ?is became      
,f\quet's duty at ! fun]al ( ,*>les     
,,vii41 & :5 ,l\is in/itut$ ! ,ord] (   
,/4 ,mi*el 9 #adgj1 & ! la/ trace ( him 
z an arti/ occurs ab\t #adgg4 ,8 sons1  
,l\is & ,francis1 7 bo? pa9t]s1 &1 l    
himself1 work$ mu* at ! illum9ation (   
books4 ,x is curi\s t ?is great ma/]--"o
 ( ! greate/ m9iaturi/s ( any s*ool1 &  
"o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,fr5* s*ool (         
pa9t+--became entirely =gott5 until !   
discov]y ( "s fragm5ts ( a ,book ( ,h\rs
 pa9t$ = ,e/i5ne ,*evali]1 ! ,k+'s      
treasur]4  ,=ty m9iatures ( ! mo/ ma/]ly
 description came into ! h&s ( ,m4 ,l\is
 ,br5tano-,l>o*e1 ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e4
 ,_! uncommon excell5ce l$ to a mo/     
dilig5t se>* = in=mation respect+ !     
arti/1 :i* result$ 9 ! une>?+ ( _m o!r  
examples ( 8 unequall$ p5cil4 ,we n[ "k 

( a doz5 mo/ preci\s examples4 ,besides 
! ,br5tano m9iatures1 two o!r fragm5ts (
 ! same ,book ( ,h\rs h be5 f\nd1 &     
sev]al l>ge & important ,,mss4 ,among ^!
 we may "n ! ,antiquities ( ! ,jews1 by 
,josephus1 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at     
,p>is 7,,mss4 ,des4 #fhia71 & a ,book ( 
,h\rs1 execut$ = ,m>ie de ,clve1 wid[ ( 
,*>les ,duke ( ,orleans1 9 #adgb4       
,attribut$ to him are ! ,v]sailles ,livy
 7,nat4 ,lib41 ,p>is1 #fijg72 !         
,sorbonne ,livy 7fds4 de ,sorb4 #big74  
,a ,livy 9 ! public libr>y at ,t\rs also
 passes "u 8 "n1 & ! fam\s ,boccaccio ( 
,e/i5ne ,*evali] at ,muni*1 conta9+     
n9ety m9iatures1 is also confid5tly     
assign$ to him4 ,o!r ,,mss4 t are imput$
 to him are probably ! "w ( 8 sons or   
s*ol>s4  ,! ,p>is ,josephus is g5]ally  
consid]$ 8 ma/]piece4 ,! volume 7:i*    
conta9s only ! fir/ f\rte5 books7 is 9  
folio1 writt5 mo/ beautifully 9 two     
columns1 & is adorn$ ) m9iatures1       
vignettes1 & initials1 b mu* ( its      
int]e/ lies 9 ! note at ! end1 plac$ !re

 by ,robortet1 secret>y to ! ,due de    
,b\rbon3 ,en ce livre a d\ze y/oires les
 troys premi]es de l'enlum9eur du duc   
,jehan de ,b]ry1 et les neuf de la ma9  
du bon pa9tre et enlum9eur du roy ,loys 
,x,ie ,jehan ,f\cquet1 natif de ,t\rs4  
,& we ga!r f ano!r note t ! book _h be5 
entru/$ to ,f\quet = completion by      
,jacques d',armagnac duc de ,nem\rs4 ,a 
fur!r note in=ms u t ! book belong$ to !
 ,duc de ,b\rbon4 ,x seems to h be5 "o (
 ! ri* pres5ts made by ! ,due de ,b]ry  
to ,jacques de ,nem\rs4 ,! fir/ ?ree    
m9iatures are by ! illum9ator ( ! ,duc  
de ,b]ry1 & ?is arti/ 0 probably ,&rieu 
,beauneveu1 ?\gh o!r illum9ators did "w 
= him1 z ,jacques de ,hesd9 & ,pol de   
,limb\rg4 ,! f\r? m9iature is by        
,f\quet1 & repres5ts a battle2 ! re/ to 
! sev5? are ei!r n 8 be/ "w or else ! "w
 ( 8 pupils1 b ! sev5? on folio #ace    
gives u a good idea ( ,f\quet at 8 be/4 
,x repres5ts ,david receiv+ ) 8 cr[n !  
news ( ! dea? ( ,saul4 ,! eigh?1 n9?1 & 
t5? are v f9e1 b ! elev5? ,m4 ,paul9    

,p>is 7,,mss4 du ,roy7 ?9ks ! mo/       
beautiful ( all4 ,its subject is !      
clem5cy ( ,cyrus t[>ds ! captive ,jews 9
 ,babylon4#ee ,( ! o!r ,,mss4 space     
=bids u reluctantly to =ego description4
  #ee ,see ,mrs4 ,m>k ,pattison's 7,lady
 ,dilke7 ,! ,r5aissance 9 ,france1 i4   
#bgc1 etc42 ,bradley1 ,dict4 (          
,m9iaturi/s art4 ,f\quet1 i4 #cdf4  ,!  
*>act]i/ics ( ! s*ool ( ,t\rs z se5 9 ! 
"w ( ! greate/ ( its expositors is 7#a7 
,! cle>ly m>k$ influ5ce ( ,italy & !    
antique4 7#b7 ,a ma/]ly und]/&+ ( ,fr5* 
l&scape 7see f9e in/ances ( ?is und]/&+ 
also 9 ,trsor des ,hi/oires1 n[ 9 !     
,briti% ,museum1 ,cott41 ,aug4 #e74 7#c7
 ,a complete fre$om f ,go?ic influ5ce & 
f ! dom9ation ( ! s*ool ( ,bruges4 ,!   
col\rs = :i* ,f\quet seems to h a       
pref]5ce are1 fir/1 a cle>              
orange-v]milion1 support$ by gold5 br[n 
& gold1 cle> blue & gre51 lemon-yell[2 &
 !n1 z a contra/1 grey ( v>i\s tones 9  
walls & build+s1 s(t l&scape gre5s1 &   
arial t9ts ( di/ance & sky4 ,p]haps !   

te*nical skill ( ,f\quet has nev] be5   
surpass$4 ,x is s p]fect t "s h tri$ to 
expla9 x by suppos+ t he 0 tra9$ 9 a    
,flemi% /udio4 ,8 sons & pupils cont9u$ 
8 me?ods1 & ?us :ile ,p>is rema9s "u !  
influ5ce ( ,flemi% ma/]s1 ,t\rs 0 c>ry+ 
=w>d a q diff]5t type ( traditions4  ,! 
,val]ius ,maximus 7,h>l4 #dcgd7 ( !     
,briti% ,museum w give an idea ( ! lat] 
,p>is s*ool4 ,its date is ab\t ! end ( !
 fifte5? c5tury4  ,we ought n 9 ?is     
place to =get ! influ5ce br\ght into    
,fr5* art ?r\gh ! m>riage ( ! murd]$    
,duke ( ,orleans ) ,val5t9a ( ,milan1 n 
only directly ?r\gh books & arti/s1 b by
 ! h]$it>y transmission ( t love ( art &
 beautiful ?+s = :i* ,val5t9a & h]      
family 7 well kn[n4 ,x 0 9 art1 lett]s1 
& books t ! wid[$ pr9cess s\ght su*     
consolation z 0 possible4#ef ,9 h] be/  
days %e _h unit$ 9 h]self a s$uctive    
grace ( c>riage1 beauty ( p]son1 &      
dignity ( rank1 :i* made h] ! ornam5t ( 
! ,fr5* ,c\rt4 ,%e 0 almo/ ! only "o    
ab\t ! un=tunate ,*>les ,,vi4 :o c\ld   

influ5ce him 9 8 mom5ts ( m5tal         
ab]ration4 ,com+ f ! luxury ( ! mo/     
spl5did c\rt 9 ,italy1 %e br\ght into   
,france ! mo/ ref9$ ta/e 9 matt]s       
connect$ ) ! arts4 ,! inv5tory ( h]     
jewels at ! "t ( h] m>riage includes    
?ree ,books ( ,h\rs1 ?ree ,g]man ,,mss41
 & a volume call$ ,m&avilla4 ,l h] husb&
 %e 0 an employ] bo? ( copyi/s &        
illum9ators1 & be=e h] dea? _h collect$ 
at h] ,ca/le ( ,blois a v f9e collection
 ( beautiful books4  #ef ,%e assum$ z h]
 impresa ! *antepleure1 ) ! sorr[ful    
motto3 ,plus ne m'e/ ri53 ri5 ne m'e/   
plus4  ,h] son ,*>les1 ! poet1 inh]it$  
h] ta/es1 & add$ to h] collections4 ,we 
are n surpris$1 !re=e1 to f9d h] gr&son 
,l\is1 aft]w>ds ,l\is ,,xii41 support+ !
 great arti/ic movem5t :i* he & 8 ,que5 
,anne ( ,brittany help$ s effectually to
 id5tify ) ! ,c\rt ( ,france4  ,ab\t !  
"t t we he> ! la/ ( ,f\quet we h !      
e>lie/ notices ( ano!r illum9ator :o    
plays an important "p 9 ! illum9ations  
execut$ = ,anne ( ,brittany1 ! noble &  

gift$ ,que5 ( ,france1 & wife1 fir/ (   
,*>les ,,viii4 & !n ( 8 successor1 ,l\is
 ,,xii4  ,9 #adgb ,jean ,p]ral is       
entru/$ ) ! glass pa9t+s ( ! ,c>melite  
*ur* at ,t\rs4 ,lemaire1 9 8 ,lg5de des 
,vniti5s1 calls him a second ,zeuxis or 
,apelles4 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ,*>les       
,,viii4 & ,l\is ,,xii4 he is ! *ief     
arti/ ( ! "t3 ,9 #adia1 & p]haps e>li]1 
he is engag$ 9 ! usual duties ( a valet 
de *ambre1 i4e4 design+ & prep>+ !      
requisite devises1 arms1 & bann]s =     
public functions4 ,9 #aejb he w5t to    
,italy4 ,9 #aeji 8 "n occurs 9          
connection ) t ( ,jean ,b\rdi*on1 ( :om 
we %all he> m :5 we come to ! "w done = 
! ,que54 ,9 #aebc 9 ! h\sehold (        
,francis ,i4 he is /ill valet de *ambre4
 ,tw5ty-f\r ye>s previ\sly x 0 z valet  
de *ambre t he prep>$ ! decorations =   
,l\is ,,xii4's entry into ,lyons4 ,on ! 
dea? ( ,anne ( ,brittany also he p]=m$  
simil> duties1 & aga9 on t ( ,l\is      
,,xii4 ,he ev5 came to ,engl& 9 #aead1  
s5t by ,l\is ,,xii41 to sup]9t5d !      

tr\sseau ( ,m>y ,tudor1 p\r aid]  dress]
 le dict app>eil  la mode de ,france1   
previ\s to h] w$d+ j\rney to ,p>is4#eg  
,f\r mon?s aft]w>ds he 0 summon$ to     
direct ! fun]al obsequies ( ,l\is       
himself4 ,no illum9at$ "w c be really   
id5tifi$ z ! "w ( ,p]ral1 b ,mrs4       
,patteson 7,lady ,dilke7 /rongly urges !
 probability t he pa9t$ ! ,bible        
,hi/orie ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1     
,cambridge1 bequea!d by ,g5]al          
,ogle?orpe4#eh ,%e consid]s x q ! sort (
 "w t w\ld gr[ out ( t ( ,f\quet1 &     
dwells ^u ! fact ( 8 (ficial duties z   
valet de *ambre giv+ him j t m9ute      
facility 9 ! decoration ( arm\r &       
furniture 9 ! m9iatures :i* ! ,,ms4     
displays4 ,:e!r ?is be s or n1 x is     
c]ta9 t ! ,bible ,hi/orie is a f9e      
example ( ! s*ool ( ,t\rs4  #eg ,see    
,vespas1 b4 #b 7,brit4 ,mus474  #eh ,see
 h] ,r5aissance ( ,art 9 ,france1 i4    
#cjc4  ,ano!r c\rt pa9t] & valet de     
*ambre to ,l\is ,,xi4 & 8 successors 0  
,jean ,b\rdi*on1 an arti/ born at ,t\rs 

9 #adeg1 & !re=e z a y\? probably "o ( !
 s*ol>s 9 ! ateli] ( ,jean ,f\quet4 ,he 
is fir/ notic$ 9 ! acc\nts 9 or ab\t    
#adgh3 ,a ,jehan ,b\rdi*on1 pa9tre1 la  
somme de v+t livres dix sept solz ung   
d5i] t\rnois p\r avoir pa9t le tab]nacle
 fait p\r la *apelle du ,plessis du     
,p>e1 de f9 or et d'azur4#ei ,lat] on1  
aft] nam+ ! pa9t+ ( a /atute ( ,/4      
,m>t91 = :i* he receiv$ tw5ty gold5     
cr[ns1 is a note ( 8 pa9t+ a ,,ms41 :i* 
we translate3 ,to ! said ,b\rdi*on =    
hav+ _h writt5 a book 9 p>*m5t nam$ !   
,papali/--! same illum9at$ 9 gold &     
azure & made 9 ! same #ai ri* hi/ories  
7m9iatures7 & = gett+ x b\nd & cov]$1   
?irty cr[ns ( gold4 ,= ?is by virtue ( !
 said ord] ( ! ,k+ & by quittance ( !   
abov5am$ writt5 ! #e? ,april ,"o ?\s&   
f\r hundr$ & eighty 7milcccciiiixx7 aft]
 ,ea/]1 "h r5d]$ ! sum ( #ai #a4 #h4    
#ei ,comptes de l',htel de ,l\is ,,xi41 
#adgh-ha4  ,ano!r quittance %[s him to h
 be5 employ$ on ! decorations ( ! *teau 
( ,plessis les ,t\rs4 ,we may easily see

 h[ x is t ^! arti/s1 :5 !y came to     
illum9ate ! books entru/$ to !m1 _h su* 
special k ( embroid]ies & decoration (  
arm\r :5 we read 9 ! acc\nts h[ !y 7    
con/antly employ$ 9 design+ dresses =   
w$d+s1 t\rnam5ts1 & fun]al obsequies1 & 
mak+ patt]ns = ! dress & equipm5t ( w>4 
,a notice 9 #aejh tells u t ,anne (     
,brittany made an ord] ( paym5t to      
,b\rdi*on ( #a1jej livres t\rnois = hav+
 ri*ly & sumptu\sly hi/oriat$ &         
illum9at$ a great ,book ( ,h\rs = our   
use & s]vice to :i* he has giv5 &       
employ$ mu* "t1 & also on behalf ( o!r  
s]vices :i* he has r5d]$ hi!rto4 ,?is   
ref]s to ! celebrat$ ,h\rs ( ,anne (    
,brittany1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at  
,p>is4  ,?is volume1 pe]less ( its k9d1 
has be5 reproduc$ 9 col\r li?ography by 
,curm] ( ,p>is--! result1 h[ev]1 is     
disappo9t+ f ! flat & fad$ look ( !     
pr9ts z comp>$ ) ! brilliancy ( !       
orig9al pages4 ,! ,,ms4 is an invaluable
 monum5t ( ,fr5* ,r5aissance            
illum9ation4 ,x is ,fr5* ( ,t\ra9e r ?an

 ( ,p>is1 yet be>+ traces 9 its fl[]s & 
fruit bord]s ( ,flemi% modes ( ornam5t4 
,x has also rem9isc5ces ( ,italian      
pa9t+4 ,b ! ,fr5* neatness & re/ra9t f  
ov]-decoration h kept x 9 a mann]       
unique4 ,x has n q ! s(tness ( ,italian1
 & is f> f ! int5sity ( ,flemi%4 ,inde$1
 its fault1 if x be faulty1 is 9 its    
want ( =ce4 ,) ! exception ( ,anne's own
 portrait giv5 ) h] patrons1 ,/4 ,anne1 
,/4 ,hel5a1 & ,/4 ,ursula4 ,! ,que5's   
g[n is ( br[n gold brocade trimm$ ) d>k 
br[n fur4 ,h] hair is br[n1 l ! fur4 ,%e
 we>s a necklace ( gems set 9 gold4 ,on 
h] head is a black hood edg$ ) gold &   
jewels1 b5ea? :i* & next h] face is a   
bord] ( crimp$ :ite musl91 ,%e has br[n 
eyes & f9ely p5cill$ eyebr[s4 ,z to nose
 & m\?1 %e & ! two y\ng] sa9ts are      
pretty mu* alike4 ,) ! all[ance ( blue =
 black1 ,/4 ,anne we>s ! dress ( a      
,b5$ict9e abbess4 ,a d>k crimson clo?   
cov]s a table be=e :i* ! ,que5 is       
kneel+1 & on :i* lies op5 a f9ely       
illum9at$ ,s]vice-book4 ,! ,cal5d> :i*  

foll[s ?is portrait is = ea* mon?       
enclos$ 9 a m>g9 ( ornam5t4 ,to ! out]  
m>g9 ( e o!r page ( ! book is plac$ a   
broad tablet or pila/] conta9+ fl[]s1   
fruits1 insects1 etc41 f five to six    
in*es high1 ea* hav+ ! ,lat9 "n ( !     
plant1 etc41 at top 9 r$1 & ! ,fr5* "o 9
 r$ or blue at ! bottom4 ,^! names may h
 be5 put 9 lat]4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !  
fruits1 fl[]s1 & insects are pa9t$ ) !  
greate/ c>e & neatness1 ?\gh sometimes a
 little assi/$ by ! imag9ation ( !      
pa9t]4 ,! text & initials are r heavy & 
commonplace4 ,n[ & !n a bord] surr\nds !
 text completely1 :]e fl[]s or fruits   
are scatt]$--some:at recklessly at      
times1 b usually ) good design--ov] a   
gr\nd ( pla9 gold1 on :i* ! bran*es1    
etc41 ca/ heavy %ad[s4 ,?is "p ( !      
design is c]ta9ly ,flemi%4 ,:]e hi/ories
 occur ! bord] is a pla9 br[n gilt frame
 )9 a black bord]4 ,und\bt$ly ! ,h\rs ( 
,anne ( ,brittany is a v preci\s volume4
 ,! figure subjects are ( v>i\s degrees 
( excell5ce4 ,! f\r evangeli/s are      

vivid1 & recall ! portraits (           
,ghirl&aio1 & x is to ,italy also t !   
illum9ator is indebt$ = 8 ar*itectural &
 sculptural details4 ,yet ,b\rdi*on is  
inf]ior to ,f\quet 9 col\r+1 z ! latt]  
is to ! ,italians 9 design &            
composition4 ,p]haps he is mo/          
successful 9 8 fl[]s & insects4 ,no?+1  
said ,muntz1 is less l ! elegant        
foliages ( ,ghirl&aio & ,attavante1 &   
no?+ is m wor?y ( be+ put 9 comp>ison ) 
!m4#fj  #fj ,la ,r5aissance en ,italie1 
etc41 #edg-h4  ,an illum9ator ( ! "n (  
,jehan ,poyet is said to h assi/$ 9 !   
,h\rs1 ?us :ile ,b\rdi*on pa9t$ !       
m9iatures1 ,poyet put 9 ! fl[]s & fruit1
 etc42 b ?is %>e ( "w is by "s believ$  
to belong to a small] ,book ( ,h\rs     
execut$ = ! ,que54 ,fl[]s & fruit are   
said to h be5 ,poyet's speciality1 & x  
is q possible t he may h _h ! pa9t+ ( ! 
bord]s ( ! ,gr&es ,heures1 :ile         
,b\rdi*on did ! re/4 ,! writ] ( ! ,,ms4 
0 ano!r native ( ,t\rs1 nam$ ,jehan     
,riv]on4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,francis ,i4 ! 

s*ool ( ,t\rs 0 remov$ to ,p>is because 
! ,c\rt _h settl$ !re4 ,l\is ,,xii4 _h  
di$ 9 ! ,htel des ,t\rnelles1 &         
,francis1 ?\gh full ( plans = plaisances
 else:]e1 liv$ mo/ly 9 ,p>is4           
,fonta9ebleau is ! dream ( ! ne> future4
 ,il ,rosso1 ! ,italian ar*itect1 pa9t]1
 poet1 & musician1 0 busy !re amid a    
cr[d ( o!r arti/s f ,flor5ce & ,rome--! 
refuse ( a once brilliant sodality4 ,x 0
 ! frivol\s1 pretty1 graceful side (    
,italian art t came nor?w>d 9 t great   
migration--! grav] & m dignifi$ elem5ts 
7 left beh9d4 ,to see :at ,italian art  
became 9 ,france1 we h only to ent] !   
,gr& ,gall]y at ,fonta9ebleau1 & we see 
x at its be/ 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 &
 pa9t+4 ,& we _c help admir+ x1 = x is  
amaz+ly beautiful4 ,yet x is n          
,italian--! ,italian ( ! ,m$ici &       
,f>nese palaces4 ,il ,rosso 0 nei!r a   
,mi*elangelo nor a ,c>racci2 b he set a 
fa%ion4 ,he *ang$ ! face ( art =        
,france4 ,nor 0 x 9 pa9t+ & sculpture   
only4 ,! ,italian passion = devises1    

anagrams1 emblems1 & mottoes became !   
rage 9 ,p>is4 ,x fir/ came 9 ) ! return 
( ,*>les ,,viii4 f 8 ,neapolitan        
campaign4 ,l\is ,,xii4 adopt$ ! h$gehog 
or porcup9e1 ) ! motto ,com9us et em9us4
 ,8 ,que5 ,claude's motto 0 ,c&ida      
c&idis4 ,! ,pr9cess ,m>gu]ite's emblem 0
 a m>igold or heliotrope2 o!rs assign$  
h] ! daisy4 ,h] motto3 ,non inf]iora    
secutus4 ,! well-kn[n emblem ( ,francis 
0 a salam&]--:y1 is a my/]y--) ! motto1 
,nutrisco et ext+uo4 ,all ?is ent]$ into
 ! ta/e ( ! illum9ator1 & elegant c>t\*e
 frames--probably ( ,dut* orig91 z we   
see 9 ! old map-books ( ,ortelius       
,cluv]ius & ,bleau1 import$ by ,ortelius
 & 8 fri5ds into ,italy1 & made use ( by
 ,clovis1 & !nce transf]r$ to ,france--7
 made into bord]-frames = m9iatures1    
v>i$ ) alt>-=ms1 doorways1 & o!r        
fanciful frameworks f ! new ar*itecture 
decorat$ ) fl[]s1 ribbons1 panels1      
mottoes4 ,ano!r new ?+1 too1 no d\bt    
af=d$ pl5ty ( sugge/ion to ! illum9ator4
 ,?is 0 /a9$ glass4 ,jean ,c\s9 0 9 8   

glory 9 glass-pa9t+2 ,rob]t ,p9agri]    
also4 ,b x 0 ,c\s9 :o adopt$ ! new      
,italian ideas1 & ^: works 7 models = ! 
illum9ator4 ,9 ! backgr\nds & details ( 
8 glass-pa9t+s at ,s5s1 ,fleurigny1     
,p>is1 & else:]e1 we may trace 8        
progress2 & an excell5t model1 too1 0   
,jean ,c\s94 ,he has o!r claims to      
remembrance 9 sculpture1 engrav+1       
au?or%ip1 b x is z ! glass-pa9t] t 8    
influ5ce is se5 9 illum9ation4 ,inde$1  
,mr4 ,a4,f4 ,didot /rongly urg$ !       
probability t ,c\s9 0 himself !         
illum9ator ( ! spl5did ,brevi>y or ,h\rs
 ( ,claude ,g\ffi]4#fa ,! draw+ is 9 8  
be/ mann]1 ! frame-bord] ( c>yatides 9  
camaieu is ( a ri*ness ( ornam5tation 9 
keep+ ) ! re/ ( ! volume4 ,! arms &     
motto ( ,g\ffi] are pa9t$ 9 x4 ,x is    
object$ t ,c\s9's "n does n appe> 9 !   
,g\ffi] acc\nt-books1 :ile ^? ( o!r     
arti/s are giv54 ,b only a portion ( !  
acc\nts is extant4 ,c\s9 may1 p]haps1   
only h design$ ! book1 & ! o!r          
m9iaturi/s c>ri$ out 8 designs4 ,at any 

rate1 ! acc\nts give u ! names ( ?ree   
m9iaturi/s :i* we may "h record--,jean  
,lemaire1 ( ,p>is 7#aeee71 ,*>les       
,j\rda91 & ,ge(froy ,ball9 7#acei74 ,^! 
enlum9eurs are /at$ to h decorat$ two   
,books ( ,h\rs = ,g\ffi]'s w$d+4 ,z a   
good example ( ! /yle employ$ 9 !       
decoration ( title-pages1 we may quote !
 *imney-piece ( ! ,*teau d',anet1       
execut$ = ,diane de ,poiti]s1 :]e a     
sculptur$ m>ble frame surr\nds a pa9t$  
l&scape4 ,_m ( ! books ( ! "t ( ,francis
 ,i4 & ,h5ry ,,ii4 are ornam5t$ 9 ?is   
/yle4  #fa ,n[ belong+ to ,m4 le        
,vicomte de ,tanz4  ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum
 are sev]al f9e ,,mss4 illu/rative ( ?is
 p]iod ( ,fr5* illum9ation1 viz4 ,add4  
#ahhec1 #ahhed1 & #ahhee4 ,^! ?ree      
,,mss4 =m$ "p ( ! pur*ase :i* includ$ ! 
,b$=d ,(fices4 #ahhec is a ,book (      
,(fices execut$ app>5tly = ,francis ,i4 
,9 "s ( ! bord]s is a l>ge ,f ) !       
,cordelire ( ! ?ird ,ord] ( ,/4 ,francis
 & a ray$ cr[n1 & on folio #ig v4 a l>ge
 monogram consi/+ ( ! lett] ,f1 ) two   

cross$ sceptres & palm bran*es1 surm\nt$
 by ! cr[n-royal ( ,france4  ,no?+ is   
kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,,ms4 f #aedg to    
#agbc1 :5 x 0 9 possession ( ! ,reg5t   
,philippe d',orlans4 ,possibly x _h     
rema9$ z an heirloom 9 ! family4        
,philippe gave x to 8 natural son ! ,abb
 ,ro!l91 a great lov] ( r>e books & a   
not$ collector1 at ^: dea? x 0 b\ght by 
,gaignat1 ano!r collector1 :o sold x to 
! ,duc de la ,vallire1 & s1 /ep by /ep1 
x came at l5g? to ,sir ,john ,tob91 (   
,liv]pool1 & !nce to ! ,briti% ,museum4 
,! p>tly sculpturesque "* ( !           
bord]-frames are ( ! k9d j ref]r$ to1 ) 
fe/oons & g>l&s ( fl[]s1 & drap]y1      
monograms1 & emblems 9 full ri* col\rs2 
! ar*itecture & o!r ornam5ts sometimes  
f9i%$ ) p5cill+s ( gold4 ,! m9iatures   
are ( excell5t design & col\r1 f9ely    
modell$1 & q 9 ! mann] ( ! pa9t+s (     
,fonta9ebleau4 ,! text is a comb9ation (
 ,j>ry-l ,roman ) italic4 ,x may be     
comp>$ ) #ahhed1 simil> 9 "s respects1 b
 ! small] m9iatures & ! frames look m l 

! old] s*ool ( ,t\rs4 ,?is ,,ms4 is also
 a ,book ( ,(fices1 & 0 writt5 =        
,franois de ,d9teville1 ,bi%op (        
,aux]re1 9 #aebe1 z appe>s f an         
inscription 9 gold lett]s on fol4 #bf v4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,(ficm4 ,b4 ,,m>i      
,,virg9es ,c4 #aecj ,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4  
,,ms4 #ahhec1 fol4 #eb  ,illu/ration3   
,,(ficm4 ,,mortuorum4 #af,,? ,,c5t4     
7,,e>ly7 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,eg]t4 ,,ms4      
#babe1 fol4 #ahc  ,"s ( ! bord]-frames  
are drawn 9 sepia1 o!rs 9 r$-br[n or    
burnt si5a1 & highly f9i%$ ) gold4 ,!   
writ+ is a small ,roman h&4 ,on ! :ole x
 is ri*] 9 illu/ration ?an #ahhec1 b n s
 p]fect 9 draw+1 yet x is a v f9e ,,ms4 
,sometimes x has a bord] l ^? 9 ! ,h\rs 
( ,anne ( ,brittany4 ,on fol4 #bf v4 is 
a curi\s bord] ( twi/$ ribbons cov]$ )  
mottoes1 su* z ,virtutis =tuna comes1   
,+rates s]vire nephas1 etc4  ,"s ( ! t9y
 m9iatures ( ! sa9ts 9 ! ,memori are v  
*>m+ly pa9t$3 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 =     
in/ance1 on fol4 #adg v4 ,! pill>       
ar*itecture ( "s ( ! bord]s1 ) p5dant   

fe/oons ( fl[]s1 is also v h&some4      
#ahhee1 folio1 is a ,book ( ,(fices     
writt5 9 a ,go?ic text4 ,! m9iatures are
 l>ge full-page pa9t+s )9 ar*itectural  
frames or por*es1 ) col\r$ pill>s or    
pila/]s ) panels ( ri* blue1 cov]$ )    
gold5 trac]ies1 bronze gold p5dants at  
side1--occasional bord]s z 9 ! ,h\rs (  
,anne ( ,brittany4 ,! "w is ( ! old]    
s*ool ( ,t\rs1 b load$ ) ornam5tal      
details f ,nor? ,italian pila/]-"w4     
,among ! be/ m9iatures are ! ,nativity  
7#cd v471 ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi 7#db   
v471 & ! ,ba?%eba4 ,! la/ p]haps a      
little too op5 a sc5e = a lady's        
ba?room1 b plac$ )9 a mo/ gorge\s       
ar*itectural w9d[ or doorway 7fol4 #fb  
v74 ,comp>e also ,h>l4 #eibe1 ,no4 #egd1
 = a title-page ( ,fr5* ,r5aissance /yle
 f a pr9t$ book1 :i* sugge/s ,v5ice z ! 
s\rce ( ! /yle ( #ahhec4   ,9 !         
,national ,libr>y at ,p>is are1 ( c\rse1
 a numb] ( ?is class ( ,,mss41 su* z !  
,(fices 7,,ms4 ,lat4 #ajefc71 ,(ficium  
,beat ,m>i ,virg9is ad usum ,romanor    

7#aeca71 or ! exquisitely pa9t$ ,heures 
de ,h5ry #b;d 7fds4 ,lat4 #adbi71 or !  
magnific5t ,epi/res d',ovide ( ,l\isa ( 
,savoy 7fds4 fr4 #hge71 & o!rs4  ,by no 
means ( less importance we may cite !   
beautiful volume belong+ to ! late      
,comte d',haussonville1 n[ 9 ! ,muse    
,cond at ,*antilly1 call$ ! ,heures du  
,conntable ,anne de ,montmor5cy1 & !    
,heures de ,d9teville 7,,ms4 ,lat4      
#ajeeh71 ! decoration ( :i* is q on a p>
 ) ! ,heures de ,montmor5cy1 or ^? (    
,h5ry ,,ii41 also ! ,psalt] ( ,claude   
,g\ffi] 7,ars5al ,lib41 #ejie71 conta9+ 
! ,psalms ( ,m>ot4  ,x is sc>cely wor?  
:ile to c>ry ! subject fur!r4 ,:at is   
done lat] ?an ,francis ,,ii4 does n gr[ 
f9] or bett]3 x only becomes m ov]load$ 
) ornam5t1 too mu* gold1 too mu*        
ri*ness4 ,ev5 foliages are (t5 v>iegat$ 
l pe>ls1 or *ange gradually f col\r to  
col\r on ! same sweep ( acan?us z 9 a   
,,ms4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum attribut$ to  
,pi]re ,mign>d 7,sol ,gallicus1 ,add4   
#bcgde74 ,comp>e also ! ,heures de ,l\is

 ,,xiv4 ,n[ & !n an exceptional "w1 l t 
( ,d',eaubonne at ,r\51 belongs to no   
p>ticul> s*ool4     ,,*apt] ,x  ,,spani%
 ,,& ,,portuguese ,,illum9ation  ,late  
p]iod ( ,spani% illum9ation--,isidore ( 
,seville--,ar*ives at                   
,madrid--,b>celona--,tol$o--,madrid--,*o
ir-books ( ! ,escorial--,philip         
,,ii4--,illum9ators ( ! *oir-books--,!  
size & beauty ( ! volumes--,fray ,&rs de
 ,leon & o!r arti/s--,italian           
influ5ce--,giovanni ,batti/a ,scorza (  
,g5oa--,antonio de ,hol&a1 well-kn[n    
,portuguese m9iaturi/ 9 sixte5?         
c5tury--,8 son ,francesco--,! *oir-books
 at ,belem--,fr5* invasion--,missal (   
,gonalvez--,s&oval                      
,g5ealogies--,portuguese ,g5ealogies 9  
,briti% ,museum--,! ,/[e ,missal ( ,john
 ,,iii4   ,s9ce all ! be/ & be/-kn[n "w 
( ,spani% or ,portuguese illum9ators 0  
execut$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & is        
manife/ly a reflection ) peculi>        
mann]isms ( ei!r ,flemi% or ,italian    
illum9ation ( ! same p]iod1 x may seem  

almo/ sup]flu\s to devote a sep>ate     
*apt] to ! subject4 ,yet !re is a goodly
 li/ ( bo? ,spani% & ,portuguese arti/s 
:o practis$ ! art ( illum9ation4  ,s    
e>ly z ! "t ( ,isidore ( ,seville we f9d
 notices ( libr>ies1 copyi/s1 & ! l 7see
 book iv4 ( 8 ,encyclopdia71 & an able  
writ] ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,don ,jos ,m>ia de
 ,egur51 publi%$ a "w on ! ,,ms4 r>ities
 ( ,spa94#fb ,! mo/ important ( !       
m9iatures 9 ! fam\s ,codex ,vigilano are
 also reproduc$ 9 ,el ,museo ,espaol de 
antigu$ades1 mo/ int]e/+ respect+ !     
calligraphy & m9iature art ( ! elev5?   
c5tury4  #fb ,memoria de los ,codices   
notables cons]vados en los ar*ivos      
eclesea/icos de ,espana4 ,madrid1 #ahei1
 ,l4 #h4  ,"o ( ! e>lie/ in/ances (     
royal patronage be/[$ on pa9t+ 9 ,spa9  
is a docum5t 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at      
,madrid1 conta9+ ! exp5ses ( ,k+ ,san*ez
 ,,iv4 9 #abia-b4 ,?us to ,rodrigo      
,e/eban1 pa9t] ( ! k+ = _m pa9t+s done  
by ! k+'s ord]s 9 ! bi%op's palace #ajj 
gold5 m>av$is4 ,aga91 9 ! ar*ives at    

,b>celona we f9d t ,juan ,cesilles1     
pa9t] ( hi/ory1 0 engag$ #af? ,m>*1     
#achb1 to pa9t ! ,hi/ory ( ! twelve     
apo/les = ! gr& alt> ( ! ,*ur* at ,reps 
= #ccj flor9s4 ,9 #acci "o ,gonzalez    
,f]ran _h "s reputation bo? z a wood    
engrav] & a pa9t]4 ,he 0 probably a     
m9iaturi/4 ,9 #acdj-ha1 ,g>cia ,m>t9ez1 
a ,spani% illum9ator1 work$ at ,avignon4
 ,a copy ( ! ,decretals1 dat$ #acha1 9 !
 ,ca!dral ,libr>y ( ,seville is by 8 h&4
  ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury we h _m notices ( 
pa9t]s1 especially 9 ,tol$o1 :i!r ! ta/e
 0 9 all likelihood br\ght f ,naples    
aft] ! conque/ ( t k+dom by ,alphonso   
,v4 ( ,aragon 9 #adda4  ,x has be5      
obs]v$ by ^? famili> ) native ,spani%   
art t its *ief *>act]i/ic is t x is     
gloomy4 ,?is may be s1 b x is n fairly  
*>geable to ! arti/s b to ! tyranny ( ! 
,spani% ,inquisidor1 :o laid ! emb>go on
 ! illum9ator t he %\ld n foll[ ! wick$ 
gaiety ( ! ,italians1 nor ! sometimes   
too reali/ic v]acity ( ! ,flem+s4 ,?is  
acc\nts usually = backgr\nds ( black :]e

 ! ,flem+ w\ld h _h ri* col\r or gold = 
! preval5ce ( black 9 ! drap]ies & = !  
sombre tone 9 g5]al ( ,spani% pa9t+4 ,x 
is n always 9 evid5ce1 z may be se5 9 _m
 ( ! m9iatures ( ! fam\s *oir-books 9 ! 
,escorial4 ,! sombre p]iod began "u     
,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic1 & x has left its m>k 
on ! s*ools ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!      
sixte5? began a new era1 & "u ,philip   
,,ii4 sev]al1 bo? ,ne!rl&i% & ,italian1 
m9iaturi/s 7 invit$ to assi/ 9 !        
production ( ! enorm\s *oir-books ord]$ 
by ! ,k+ = ,san ,lor5zo ( ! ,escorial1  
betwe5 #aegb & #aehi4 ,! volumes are    
b\nd 9 wood5 bo>ds cov]$ ) lea!r1 /amp$ 
& boss$ ) ornam5ts ( gild$ bronze4 ,x is
 said t #e1ejj lbs4 ( bronze & #dj lbs4 
( pure gold 7 us$ 9 ! b9d+s4 ,! actual  
dim5sions ( ! volumes are #aae by #hd   
c5timetres4 ,e volume has at lea/ sev5ty
 folios1 & e folio is spl5didly         
illum9at$1 ?us af=d+ m ?an #cj1jjj pages
 cov]$ ) ri*ly ornam5t$ initials1       
m9iatures1 & bord]s4 ,! illum9ators &   
copyi/s ( ^! *oir-books 7 ,cri/obal     

,ramirez1 :o plann$ ! "w1 fix$ ! size & 
o!r details ( ! volumes & ! "* ( !      
h&writ+1 ,fray ,&rs de ,leon1 ,fray     
,julian de ,fu5te del ,saz1 ,ambrosio   
,salaz>1 ,fray ,m>t9 de ,pal5cia1       
,francisco ,h]n&ez1 ,p$ro ,salav>te1 &  
,p$ro ,gomez4 ,ramirez 0 engag$ at !    
,escorial f #aeff to #aegb4 ,9 ! latt]  
ye> he pres5t$ a ,brevi>y ) musical     
notation to ! ,k+1 & 0 !n engag$ = !    
great und]tak+ m5tion$ above4  ,&rs     
,cri/obal 0 also an illum9ator ( note at
 ,seville1 :]e he work$ f #aeee to      
#aeei4 ,&rs de ,leon work$ at !         
,escorial f #aefh1 & is especially      
m5tion$ by ,los ,santos 9 8 well-kn[n   
description ( ! mona/]y ( ,san ,lor5zo3 
,son de gran num]o y excel5cia las      
ilum9aciones que ti55 de mano nue/ro    
,fray ,&rs de ,leon1 que fue otro ,don  
,julio en el ,arte4#fc ,! allusion is to
 ! celebrat$ ,don ,giulio ,clovio1 !n 9 
! height ( 8 fame 9 ,italy4 ,fray       
,julian receiv$ simil> praise = a       
capitol>io = ! pr9cipal fe/ivals ( !    

ye>1 especially = ! gr& dim5sions ( !   
m9iatures1 ! l ( :i* ! writ] says _h    
nev] be5 se5 be=e1 ei!r 9 ,spa9 or      
,italy4 ,&rs de ,leon di$ at ! ,escorial
 9 #aehj4 ,salaz> cont9u$ work+ on !m   
till !y 7 complet$1 & 9 #aeij w5t to    
,tol$o1 :]e he f9i%$ two ,missals = !   
,ca!dral1 :i* _h be5 begun by ! fam\s   
,juan ,m>t9ez de los ,corrales4 ,he 0   
/ill engag$ on simil> "w until 8 dea? 9 
#afjd4 ,two o!r illum9ators1 ,e/eban &  
,julian de ,salaz>1 7 work+ at !        
,escorial 9 #aehe4 ,b]mudez#fd m5tions  
,fray ,m>t9 de ,pal5cia z hav+ execut$ a
 volume 9 a f9e h&writ+ & ) beautiful   
m9iatures = ! mona/]y ( ,saso4 ,?us we  
see !re 7 num]\s m9iaturi/s 9 ,spa9 9 ! 
late/ ye>s ( ! exi/5ce ( ! art t _h be5 
import$ *iefly f ,italy4  #fc ,fr4      
,francisco de los ,santos1 ,description 
breve del ,mona/]io de ,s4 ,lor5zo el   
,real del ,escorial1 #bd4  #fd          
,diccion>io1 iv4 #bd4  ,aft] mo/ ( ^!   
great *oir-books _h be5 f9i%$ !re 7 /ill
 o!rs 9 progress4 ,9 #aehc ,giovanni    

,batti/a ,scorza ( ,g5oa1 :o is         
celebrat$ 9 ! ,gall]ia ( ! ,cavali]o    
,m>9i1 0 invit$ by ! ,k+ to take "p 9 8 
great *oir-book s*eme4 ,scorza 0 !n     
?irty-six ye>s ( age1 & 9 ! height ( 8  
reputation z a pa9t] ( small animals &  
insects4 ,aft] a little "t he return$ to
 ,g5oa1 :]e he liv$ to be n9ety ye>s    
old4 ,he _h a bro!r1 ,s9ibaldo1 :o 0    
equally skilful 9 m9iature1 & especially
 9 sc5es f hi/ory4 ,! ,scorzas 7 pupils 
( ,luca ,cambiaso4 ,x may be notic$ t   
all ?is "w 9 m9iature1 al?\gh s late 9  
its own hi/ory1 is accompli%$ be=e !    
greate/ names 9 ,spani% pa9t+ are kn[n4 
,josefo ,rib]a 0 born 9 #aehh2 ,zurb>an 
9 #aeih2 ,velasquez 9 #aeii2 ,alonzo    
,cano 9 #afja2 ,murillo 9 #afag4 ,?is1 9
 a s5se1 is ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 z1   
g5]ally1 illum9ation has prec$$ ! o!r   
k9ds ( pa9t+4  ,) reg>d to ,portugal1 v 
little is record$ t does n 9 "s way     
connect itself ) ,spa94 ,s we f9d t     
,antonio & ,francesco de ,hol&a1 seem+ly
 ( ,ne!rl&i% orig91 are m5tion$ 9       

relation to ! books illum9at$ = ! ,royal
 ,mona/]y ( ,?om>2 ,francesco also work$
 = ! mona/]y ( ,belem4 ,francesco de    
,hol&a 0 a great admir] & imitator (    
,clovio1 b he always insi/$ t 8 fa!r    
,antonio 0 ! inv5tor ( ! me?od ( /ippl+1
 z ! f9i%+ ) m9ute po9ts ( col\r is     
te*nically call$1 :i* 0 br\ght to su*   
p]fection by ,clovio & 8 s*ol>s &       
imitators4  ,tak5 altoge!r1 ! "w ( !    
,spani% illum9ators at ! ,escorial & ^? 
( ,tol$o & ,seville is really ! same1 ) 
j ! v>iations we might expect f pupils &
 imitators1 z t ( _! ma/]s 9 ,g5oa1     
,rome1 ,v5ice1 or ,bruges4 ,examples ( x
 may be se5 occasionally 9 diplomas1 su*
 z are f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & o!r   
public libr>ies1 z1 e4g4 ,claud4 ,b4 x4 
,lansd4 #ahi1 ,add4 #abbad1 #ahaia1     
#bgbca1 etc4  ,9 #aegb1 ! same ye> 9 :i*
 ,luiz de ,camo5s publi%$ 8 ,lusiades1  
an accompli%$ calligraph]1 ,miguel      
,b>ata1 publi%$ an elaborate treatise on
 8 own art1 !n 9 high repute4  ,9 !     
f\rte5? c5tury ! ,cancioni]o ( ,don     

,p$ro ,affonso ,ct4 de ,b>cellos af=ds  
an example ( ! calligraphy 7= :i* ,spa9 
& ,portugal h always be5 fam\s7 &       
illum9ation :i* is preci\s = ! /ud5t4 ,x
 is /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! ,palace ( ,ajuda4
 ,its date is #acbj-dj4 ,& !re are      
,,mss4 9 ! ,torre d ,tombo ( ,lisbon t  
are ri*ly illum9at$4 ,aga91 9 ,seville  
!re is ! ,juego de las ,tablas1 execut$ 
"u ,alphonso ! ,wise 9 #abhc1 ) its     
,go?ic arcades & ornam5ts4 ,m4 ,joaqu9  
de ,vasconcellas has made a /udy ( ?is  
,,ms4 ,! m9iatures ( ! ,torre d ,tombo (
 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies are mo/ly 
( ! ,fr5* s*ool4  ,ab\t #adbh #cc 0     
execut$ a spl5did ,,ms4 entitl$ ,leal   
,conselheiro1 :i* is attribut$ to a     
fam\s m9iaturi/ 9 8 "t nam$ ,vasco4 ,x  
is1 h[ev]1 simply a monum5t ( p5man%ip1 
z x conta9s no m9iatures4 ,! ,,ms4 has  
be5 edit$ by ,l',abb ,roquete 9 #ahdb4  
,! ,portuguese ,,mss4 ( ! fifte5? c5tury
 betray a decid$ ,flemi% influ5ce1 z    
well !y may1 = probably ! produc]s ( !m 
7 ,flem+s4 ,con/ant int]c\rse ) ! ,c\rt 

( ,burgundy _h some?+ to d ) ?is4  ,!   
,*ronica d descobrim5to e conqui/a de   
,gu91 n[ at ,torre d ,tombo1 is cle>ly a
 ,flemi% "w4 ,x 0 begun ab\t #addj1 &   
f9i%$ 9 #adec4 ,! portrait ( ! ,enfante 
,don ,h5rique1 call$ ! ,navigator1 is   
set 9 a bord] evid5tly by a pupil or    
imitator ( ,j4 ,van ,eyck4 ,!           
calligraphy ( ! ,,ms4 is mo/ beautiful4 
,?is influ5ce ( ! ,ne!rl&s on           
,portuguese art is1 inde$1 confirm$ by !
 political diplomatic relations ( !     
fifte5? c5tury1 & is ( "s importance 9 !
 hi/ory ( art4 ,we %all ref] aga9 to ?is
 matt] :5 deal+ ) ano!r ,,ms4  ,among   
all ! calligraphic monum5ts ( ,portugal 
x is claim$ t ! mo/ spl5did is ! ,bible 
( ! ,hi]onymites4 7,see ,revi/a univ]sal
 ,lisbon5se1 #ahdh1 pp4 #bd-h47 ,?is "w1
 x is said1 0 a pres5t f ! ,c\rt ( ,rome
 to ,emanuel1 successor ( ,john ,,ii41 9
 remembrance ( ! homage made to ! ,holy 
,see1 ( ! fir/ gold br\ght f ! ,indies1 
b ! /ory is v d\btful4 ,! ,k+1 9        
bequea?+ ! sev5 volumes to ! conv5t (   

,belem1 says no?+ ab\t su* an orig94 ,!y
 are manife/ly 9 great "p ! "w ( =eign  
arti/s4 ,"o well-kn[n m9iaturi/1        
,antonio de ,hol&a1 ! fa!r ( !          
bett]-kn[n ,francesco1 took "p 9 ! "w1 &
 hav+ a good conceit ( 8 own abilities  
7we %all probably he> ( him aga971      
res]v$ an entire volume to himself 9    
ord] to give pro( ( !m4 ,! sev5 volumes 
:i* !n 7 cov]$ ) crimson velvet & silv] 
bosses & enamels1 are n[ simply b\nd 9  
r$ morocco4 ,9 ! middle ( ea* cov] are !
 arms ( ,emanuel ,k+ ( ,portugal4 ,vols4
 v4 & vii4 h ^? ( ,dona ,isabel1 8      
,spani% wife4  ,! initials & ornam5ts %[
 t ! art ( ,italy is freely mix$ ) t (  
,portugal4 ,inde$1 f ! signatures 9 !   
volumes x is se5 t ! "w ( ! p5man 0     
,italian2 vol4 i4 be+ writt5 at ,f]r>a  
by ,sigismundo de ,sigismundis1 !       
well-kn[n ,italian calligraph]1 9 #adie4
 ,! second volume1 also f9i%$ 9 #adie1  
be>s ! "n ( ,aless&ro ,v]azzano1 ano!r  
fam\s copyi/1 :o wrote sev]al ( !       
volumes illum9at$ by ,attavante4 ,vol4  

iii4 is dat$ #adif1 & is unsign$4 ,!    
next ?ree volumes are also )\t          
signature4 ,vol4 vii4 is ! "w ( ,antonio
 de ,hol&a1 :o f 8 "n appe>s to h be5 ( 
,dut* desc5t4 ,8 "w is c]ta9ly excell5t1
 & r5d]s ?is volume a v preci\s monum5t 
( ! art ( ,portugal4 ,he 0 ! (ficial    
h]ald ( ! ,k+1 & he & 8 son ,francesco  
gave _! :ole "t to ! practice (         
illum9ation4 ,8 son's ,memoirs give a   
mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 travels &        
int]c\rse ) ,giulio ,clovio & ! o!r     
,italian arti/s :om he met ) 9 ,rome4#fe
 ,= "s ye>s ! ,hi]onymite ,bible 0 9    
,p>is1 hav+ be5 br\ght ?i!r by ,m>%al   
,junot1 :]e x rema9$ unnotic$ = sev]al  
ye>s4 ,be+ call$ = by ! ,portuguese     
,gov]nm5t1 ,l\is ,,xviii4 paid #ej1jjj  
francs to ! family ( ,junot1 & re/or$ x 
to ! mona/]y ( ,belem4 ,a spl5didly     
illum9at$ atlas by an illum9ator &      
c>tograph] nam$ ,f]n&o ,vas ,d\rado 0   
publi%$ 9 ! ye> ( 8 dea?1 #aega4  #fe   
,see my ,life ( ,clovio4  ,z an         
important example ( :at we may fairly   

call native art1 we w n[ briefly ref] to
 ! celebrat$ ,missal ( ,e/evam ,gonalvez
 ,neto1 "o ( ! productions ( ! busy     
second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! clev]
 amateur :o a*iev$ ?is beautiful s]ies (
 pa9t+s1 = pa9t+s !y are1 9 addition to 
! writ+ & o!r ornam5tation ( ! ,,ms41 0 
desc5d$ f a noble family ( ,srem1 9 !   
p>i% ( ,mac9hata1 =ty-?ree leagues f    
,lisbon4 ,he became ,canon ( ,viseu1 &  
dur+ 8 leisure1 aft] ?is appo9tm5t1     
execut$ ! ,pontifical ,missal :i* be>s 8
 "n4 ,x is d$icat$ to ,don ,jos ,manuel1
 ( ! ,h\se ( ,tancos1 ,bi%op ( ,viseu1  
aft]w>ds ( ,coimbra1 & la/ly ,ar*bi%op (
 ,lisbon4 ,?is prelate gave ! book to ! 
,*ur* ( ,viseu4 ,! orig9al ,,ms4 0      
aft]w>ds 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,conv5t (       
,jesus1 & is n[ 9 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 
at ,lisbon4 ,/eph5 ,gonsalvez di$ ,july 
#bi?1 #afbg4 ,! ,missal is sign$3 ,/eph4
 ,glz4 ,abbas ,s]eic5cis fac4 #afaj4 ,x 
has be5 v well reproduc$ 9 col\rs by    
,macia1 ( ,p>is4  ,! ,g5ealogies ( !    
,h\se ( ,s&oval1 writt5 & pa9t$ 9       

,lisbon 9 #afab1 is n[ 9 ,p>is4 ,x is   
call$ ,g5ealogia univ]sal de la         
,nobilissima casa de ,s&oval ,ramo del  
,g5]oso tronco de los sob]anos ,reyes de
 ,ca/illa y ,leon4 ,por ,don ,mel*ior de
 ,teves del ,conseio ,real de ,ca/illa  
del ,rey ,d8 ,philippe ,,iii4  ,at !    
foot ( ! page is writt5 ,edu>dus        
,caldi]a ,vlisspone scripsit1 ,anno ,dni
 ,,mdcxii4 ,?is magnific5t ,,ms41 :i*   
measures =ty-six by ?irty c5timetres1 is
 numb]$ 9 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,national    
,libr>y z #ajjae4 ,a gr& frontispiece1  
=m$ ( two columns ( ! ,composite ,ord]1 
occupies ! fir/ page1 repres5t+ a k+ 9  
royal robes & cr[n arre/+ ! :eel (      
,=tune4 ,two lions accompany ! sc5e1 & !
 motto ( ! picture is ,virtute duce non 
comite ,=tuna4 ,page #b conta9s ! v>i\s 
escut*eons ( ! family ( ! ,c\nt ( ,l]ma1
 = :om ! book 0 writt54 ,x conta9s a    
great numb] ( portraits4 ,a f9al in/ance
 ( ! influ5ce1 or r ! inroad1 ( ,flemi% 
art 9 ,portugal 9 ! fifte5? c5tury may  
be %[n 9 ! ,,ms4 call$ ! ,portuguese    

,g5ealogies 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4  ,! "w 
consi/s ( elev5 l>ge folio %eets        
sep>ately m\nt$ & measur+ eighte5 by t5 
in*es4 ,x comm5ces ) a prologue1 ) !    
arms ( ,portugal support$ by two        
savages1 hav+ clubs & %ields4 ,outside !
 inn] frame are ?ree sc5es3 7#a7 wild   
animals 9 combat2 7#b7 a sea-nymph be+  
rescu$2 7#c7 a fight among sylvan       
savages4 ,next comes a s]ies ( portraits
 pa9t$ 9 ! mo/ f9i%$ & life-l /yle1     
beg9n+ ) ,dom ,g>cia ,f del rey ,ab>ca &
 ,dona ,con/ancia on a fruitful tree )  
foliage1 fruits1 & birds1 a cat1 & o!r  
?+s4 ,! tree is an oak1 beside x are    
apple & *]ry trees4 ,on ! oak are gre5  
acorns4 ,! birds are v beautiful1 ! cat 
simply p]fect4 ,^! details recall !     
highly f9i%$ & lovely "w ( ,georg       
,hoefnagel on ! great ,missal at ,vi5na4
 ,go?ic br[n-gold ar*itecture & ?ree    
battle sc5es complete ! page4  ,!n foll[
 ! g5ealogical tables1 & m portraits1 ! 
:ole %[+ ! mo/ pati5t & c>eful "w4      
,lett]s on ! bord]s ( ! robes recall !  

same k9d ( ornam5t 9 ! ,grimani ,brevi>y
 at ,v5ice4 ,no "o has be5 able to      
expla9 ^! curi\s inscriptions4 ,9 !     
,grimani ,brevi>y !y 7 ?\ght to be ei!r 
,croatian or m]ely ornam5t4 ,"h !y _c   
well mean any?+ b decoration4 ,!        
portraits are fanciful b int]e/+        
mem5toes ( ! p]iod1 & include sev]al    
p]sonages not$ 9 hi/ory4  ,! la/ ,,ms4  
to be m5tion$ 9 ?is ha/y sket* is "o 9 !
 ,briti% ,museum 7,/[e #eig74 ,x is a   
,missale ,romanum1 & is said to h be5   
illum9at$ = ,john ,,iii4 9 #aeeg4 ,x 0  
once ! prop]ty ( ! ,abb ,gami]1 *apla9 =
 ne> ?irty ye>s1 ( ! ,fr5* factory at   
,lisbon4 ,! b9d+ is r$ morocco1 & once  
_h silv] clasps4  ,x comm5ces ) a l>ge  
mirror-l oval tablet1 conta9+ ! title1  
set betwe5 two pill>s ( p9k-ve9$ m>ble )
 bronze-gold capitals & bases4 ,! tablet
 is crimson ) a violet-slate frame m\ld+
 ( egg & d>t patt]n4 ,at foot are two   
,roman legion>ies1 "o seat$ z support+ !
 tablet1 on ea* side4 ,on folio #c is ! 
index 9 a rose-wood panel & pale gre5   

frame4 ,! peculi> =ms ( ! frames & !    
scroll-"w on !m are ( ! fanta/ic k9d1   
diff]+ f ,italian1 :i* is *>act]i/ic bo?
 ( ,spani% & ,portuguese ornam5t4 ,!    
*ief col\rs are a bright em]ald gre5 &  
blue1 ) o*re1 gold1 & crimson4 ,!       
initials are /ill m fanta/ic--p>tly     
human1 p>tly plant or fi%-=m1 sometimes 
sculptur$ ornam5t & plant-=ms comb9$--b 
all s sweetly pa9t$ & s delicately f9i%$
 z to be mo/ attractive4 ,! text is a   
f9e & elegant ,roman m9uscule int]sp]s$ 
) italic4  ,"h & !re are exquisite      
little draw+s ( ecclesia/ical ut5sils1  
etc41 b ! ev]la/+ v>iety among ! qua9t &
 fanciful initials provides an unwe>y+  
fund ( int]e/4 ,t9y birds ( ! lovelie/  
plumage sit among & b5ea? ! limbs ( !   
lett]s1 or elegant scrolls ( p5cill$    
gold cov] ! little col\r$ panels on :i* 
! pla9 gold ,roman initials are plac$4  
,"s ( ! l>g] initials are v f9ely       
execut$ & conta9 full-l5g? figures (    
sa9ts1 bi%ops1 or que5s4 ,"o lovely     
initial ,b has a graceful girl simply   

clad 9 blue tunic & pale yell[ skirt ) a
 silk5 coil ( pale rose =m+ ! upp] loop 
( ! lett]1 ! l[] be+ =m$ ( ! curv$ body 
( a gre5 dragon4 ,h] left h& lifts !    
silk-"w1 h] "r1 hang+ by h] side1 holds 
a little gold5 pit*]4 ,! :ole is pa9t$  
on a panel ( bright gold4 ,ano!r 7,l7   
%[s a peasant ru%+ laugh+ly1 ) a h>e    
slung ov] 8 %\ld]1 pa/ ! figure ( a     
gu>dian t]m9us ( bronze4 ,b ! ,missal   
%\ld be se5 to be prop]ly und]/ood1 =   
?\gh 9 a g5]al way x has a look (       
,italian influ5ce1 its orig9ality is    
beyond "q4     ,,*apt] ,,xi             
,,illum9ation ,,s9ce ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( 
,,pr9t+  ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+--,its v    
slight effect on illum9at+--,pref]5ce by
 ri* patrons = writt5 books--,"w produc$
 9 v>i\s cities 9 ! sixte5?             
c5tury--,examples 9 ,g]man1 ,italian1 & 
o!r cities1 & 9 v>i\s public libr>ies up
 to ! pres5t "t4   ,! art ( pr9t+1 z !  
read+ _w has be5 frequ5tly in=m$1 0     
inv5t$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & und\bt$ly  
_h1 to a consid]able ext5t1 a de/ructive

 effect ^u ! craft ( pr(essional        
copyi/s4 ,b 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! art ( !
 writ] & t ( ! illum9ator _h long be5   
sep>ate pr(essions4 ,!re 0 no p>ticul>  
reason1 !re=e1 :y ! inv5tion ( pr9t+    
%\ld int]f]e ) ! illum9ator4 ,z a matt] 
( fact1 x made little diff]5ce4 ,nor1   
inde$1 did pr9t+ entirely put a /op to !
 pr(essional c>e] ( ! scribe4 ,x 0      
prophesi$1 be=e practical exp]i5ce (    
facts prov$ ! contr>y1 t ! inv5tion ( ! 
railway eng9e w\ld aboli% ! horse4 ,!   
pr9t+-press did n aboli% ! p5man1 b x   
c]ta9ly spoil$ 8 trade4 ,we h se5 9 !   
c\rse ( ! prec$+ *apt]s t x did n spoil 
! trade ( ! illum9ator4 ,nor 0 x q ow+  
to ! fact t _m pr9t$ books 7 s adorn$ z 
to appe> l illum9at$ ,,mss4 ,m ?an "o   
weal?y patron absolutely decl9$ to h    
any?+ to d ) pr9t$ books4 ,! matt] 0 too
 vulg> & too *eap4 ,! la/ ,duke ( ,urb9o
 0 a pr9ce ( ?is l(ty way ( ?9k+1 &     
sc>cely a c\rt 9 ,europe b cont9u$ to h 
,,mss4 produc$ z if no su* ?+ z !       
pr9t+-press 7 kn[n4 ,h[ !y 7 multipli$ 9

 ,spa9 & ,france we h se5 9 detail4 ,we 
w n[ proce$ to take a f>ewell look at ! 
,g]man & ,italian libr>ies1 9 ord] to   
see h[ ! illu/ri\s presses ( ,ma9z1     
,/rassburg1 ,augsburg1 ,kln1 ,muni*1    
,vi5na1 ,v5ice1 ,milan1 ,flor5ce1 &     
,rome affect$ ! ateli]s ( ! great s*ools
 ( illum9ation e/abli%$ 9 mo/ ( ^!      
cities4 ,:at d we f9d8 ,9 po9t ( fact1  
"s ( ! ri*e/1 mo/ magnific5t books ev]  
produc$ by ! illum9ator1 n only :il/ !  
press 0 /ill a novelty1 b long aft] x _h
 become p]fectly famili> to ev]ybody4 ,=
 sev]al ( ! cities a=esaid we h ! means 
( pro(3 ?us = ,ma9z1 at ! end ( ! sup]b 
copy ( ! ,maz>9e ,bible1 n[ at ,p>is1 is
 ! foll[+ inscription3 ,i/e lib]        
illum9atus1 legatus & completus e/      
h5ricum ,crem] vic>i8 ecclesie          
collegiate ,sancti ,/ephani ,mogunt9i   
sub anno dni ,melesimo quatr+ entesimo  
qu9quagesimo ,sexto1 fe/o assumptiois   
gloriose ,virg9is ,m>ie4 ,deo gratias   
alleluya4 ,?is 0 9 #adef1 ! ye> be=e !  
fir/ press 0 set up4 ,9 #aebd we h two  

mo/ spl5didly illum9at$ ,,mss4--a       
,missal & a ,pray]-book--execut$ by ord]
 ( ,alb]t ( ,br&5burg1 ,ar*bi%op (      
,ma9z4 ,two ri*] examples ( ! ,g]man    
,r5aissance _c easily be imag9$4 ,we _c 
dilate ^u !m4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 truly say 
t toge!r ) v _m o!r examples ( illum9at$
 "w1 bo? 9 manuscripts & pr9t$ books1 !y
 %[ ! art ( ! illum9ator to be no less  
spl5did or elaborate aft] ! inv5tion (  
pr9t+ ?an x 0 be=e4  ,on ! la/ page ( ! 
,missal is writt53 ,i* ,niklas          
,glock5don zu ,nur5b]g hab dieses ,bhu* 
illum9i]t ond voll5t im j> #aebd4  ,!   
,pray]-book is simil>ly adorn$ )        
m9iatures & brightly col\r$ bord]s4 ,on 
! cov] is a copy ( ! ,ar*bi%op's        
portrait1 pa9t$ by ,dr]1 & on folio #a  
is writt5 by ! ,ar*bi%op himself3 ,anno 
dom9i ,,mdxxxi completum e/ pres5s opus1
 ,sabbato po/ ',invocavit4' ,alb]tus    
,c>d9alis mogunt9us manu propria        
scripsit4  ,o!r ,glock5don books exi/ 9 
o!r libr>ies4 ,!n !re is ! ,beham       
,pray]-book at ,as*aff5burg & a ,bible 9

 ! libr>y at ,wolf5bttel 9 two ?ick #d  
volumes--a "w well wor? exam9ation4 ,at 
,nuremb]g is ! ,s]vice-book execut$ by  
,conrad ,frank5dorf]1 ( ,nuremb]g1 9    
#adih4  ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum is ! f9e   
,g]man ,,ms4--! ,spl5dor ,s\s1 a sixte5?
 c5tury ,,ms4 7,h>l4 #cdfi74  ,9 !      
,national ,libr>y at ,p>is is !         
,pray]-book ( ,william ( ,bad5          
7#ajefg-h7 execut$ at ,/rassburg by     
,fr$]ic ,br5tel 9 #afdg4  ,augsburg 0   
produc+ illum9at$ ,s]vice-books t5 ye>s 
aft] ,gn!r ,za9] _h set up ! press 9 t  
city4  ,muni*1 also1 ) ! ,p5it5tial     
,psalms1 etc41 by ,hans ,mieli*4 ,vi5na1
 too1 c %[ a magnific5t ,missal by      
,georg ,hoefnagel1 be>+ ! dates #aehb to
 #aeij4 ,v5ice is repres5t$ 9 ! "w (    
,b5$etto ,bordone & ! ,ducali4 ,flor5ce 
9 ! spl5did ,missals1 etc41 ( ,attavante
 & 8 contempor>ies4  ,milan %[s !       
gorge\s ,graduals ( ! ,br]a belong+ to !
 sixte5? c5tury & ! ,s=ziadas ( ,london 
& ,p>is4 ,s we might pass f city to city
 almo/ all ov] ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! great 

,spani% *oir-books 7 almo/ all produc$  
"u ,philip ,,ii4 ,sev]al ,papal         
,s]vice-books are repres5t$ 9 !         
fifte5?-& sixte5?-c5tury examples ( !   
scrap-book #badab ( ! ,briti% ,museum2 &
 ! works ( ,clovio1 ! mo/ not$ (        
,italian illum9ators1 all belong to !   
sixte5? c5tury4  ,^! in/ances are amply 
suffici5t to prove t 9 e city 9 ,europe 
:]e pr9t+ 0 9 full practice ! art ( !   
illum9ator cont9u$ to fl\ri% until !    
progress ( mod]n inv5tions & v>i\s      
processes1 add$ to ! g5]al *eap5+ (     
books1 l$ to its disuse4 ,its pres5t    
application seems to be almo/ solely to 
diplomas & te/imonials1 & 9 po9t (      
quality1 usually z poor & spiritless z !
 incapacity ( mo/ ( its pr(essors c make
 x4  ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 no reason :y !  
arti/ic skill & elaborate me?ods (      
reproduction ( ! pres5t day %\ld n      
produce magnific5t books--inde$ !       
,imitation ( ,?omas  ,kempis1 & o!r     
cont95tal examples prove t ?is is amply 
possible4  ,! next few ye>s w probably  

%[ t read]s are /ill desir\s ( possess+ 
beautiful books1 & t arti/s are /ill    
f\nd capable ( produc+ !m4              
,,manuscripts ,,t ,,may ,,be ,,consult$ 
,,z ,,examples  7,p>tly tak5 by         
p]mission f ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum
 ,h&book7  ,,classical ,,& ,,e>ly       
,,*ri/ian  ---------------              
----------------------------------------
--------------- ,no    ,"n4       ,:]e  
,:]e ,kept4   ,date4        ,rem>ks4    
,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------  #a,v]gil
       444444      ,vatican ,lib41#crd  
or   ,d\btful :i* is !   7fragm5t7      
,rome1 ,cod4   #d? c5t4old]             
,vat4 #cbbe                             
#b,v]gil       444444      ,vat4 ,lib4  
#d? c5t4                                
#chfg                                   
#c,rom4         444444      ,imp4 ,lib41
              ,cal5d47f47               
,vi5na                                  
#d;,g5esis 7f47 444444                  

#e? c5t4,gold & silv] text              
on purple vellum2 #hh                   
m9iatures4                              
#e;,g5esis 7f47 444444      ,brit4      
,mus41          ,mu* burnt 9 #agca4     
,cott4 ,o?4 ,b4                         
#f                                      
#f;,iliad 7f47   444444      ,ambros4   
,lib41        ,f9e h&writ+ &            
,milan                 clev] pictures4  
#g;,jo%ua 7f4 (444444      ,vat4 ,lib41 
444444   #ae leaves1 #cb ft4   ,roll7   
,rome                  long1 #aa 94     
wide4                                   
,conta9s f *4                           
#bbb to #ajah1 bru%                     
outl9es to                              
m9iatures4 ,riv]s1                      
etc41 p]sonifi$ 9                       
,byzant9e mann]4                        
#h;,dioscorides1 444444      ,imp4      
,lib41   c4     ,p]sonifications (      
etc4                     ,vi5na         
#ejj-e    ab/ract qualities4            
#i;,bible (     444444      ,laur5t4    

c4 #edj ,valuable z a   ,montamiata     
,lib41                 !ological        
docum5t1                                
,flor5ce              b poor "w1 & 9    
bad condition4                          
#aj,syriac       ,mona/]y (             
c4 #ehf ,br\ght to ,flor5ce   ,gospels  
,zagba1 9                         9     
#adig4 ,rem>kable                       
,mesopotamia                            
,crucifixion1 see                       
,byzant9e1 #a4                          
#aa,t]5ce      444444      ,nat4 ,lib41 
#i? c5t4,copy ( a #e?-c5t4              
,p>is                 ,,ms4 p5-draw+s4  
#ab,p5tateu*   ,t\rs       ,nat4 ,lib41 
#g? c5t4,call$ ! ,a%burnham             
,p>is1 ,n\v4          ,p5tateu*2 #ai    
l>ge                            acq4    
#bccd             m9iatures4            
,,byzant9e                              
----------------------------------------
------------------------------ ,no      
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4
        ,rem>ks4                        

,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
#a,syriac       ,zagba1 9   ,laur4      
,lib41  c4 #ehf ,%[s ,byzant9e          
,gospels      ,mesopotamia ,flor5ce     
influ5ce4                               
#b;,gospel-book  ,byzantium   ,brit4    
,mus41  #f? c5t4,lett]+1 etc41 on   7f47
                     ,add4 #eaaa        
gold gr\nd4                             
#c,m5ologium              ,vat4 ,lib41  
#i? c5t4,a typical ,byzant9e            
,gr4 #afac              ,,ms4           
#d;,gregory (   ,byzantium   ,nat4      
,lib41   #i? c5t4,f9e antique design    
,nazianzum                ,p>is1 ,gr4   
& composition4                          
#eaj                                    
#e                       ,nat4 ,lib41   
,good small figures4                    
,p>is1 ,gr4                             
#edc                                    
#f                       ,nat4 ,lib41   
,good small figures                     

,p>is1 ,gr4            & head+s4        
#eej                                    
#g;,evangeli>y  444444      ,brit4      
,mus41                                  
,arund4 #edg                            
#h            444444      ,brit4 ,mus41 
,burney #ai1                            
#bj4                                    
#i,lection>y   444444      ,brit4 ,mus41
  #aj?     ,f9e initials4               
,h>l4 #eeih   c5t41                     
end                                     
#aj;,*ryso/om   444444      ,nat4 ,lib41
   #aj?     ,rem>kable initials4        
,p>is1 ,gr4   c5t4                      
#fed                                    
#aa,simeon       444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  #aa?     ,f9e ornam5ts4         
,metaphra/es             ,add4 #aahgj   
c5t4                                    
#ab;,evangeli>y  444444      ,brit4     
,mus41          ,beautiful head+s4      
,add4 #aahch                            
#ac,psalt]      444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  #ab?     ,execut$ =             

,add4 ,eg]t4  c5t4    ,melis5da1 daught]
                            #aaci       
( ,k+ ( ,j]usalem4   ,,iri% ,,or        
,,celtic                                
----------------------------------------
------------------------------- ,no     
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4
        ,rem>ks4                        
,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
#a;,gospels (   444444      ,tr94       
,coll41 #g? c5t4   ,/4 ,columba         
,dubl9                                  
#b;,gospels (   ,/4 ,arn\l's,nuremb]g   
,/4 ,arn\l1  ,abbey1 ,metz ,museum      
( ,metz                                 
#c;,book ( ,/4  444444      ,roy4 ,lib41
              ,columbanus               
,naples                                 
#d;,bible ( ,/4 444444      ,ca?4 ,lib41
  #h? c5t4,curi\s ,crucifixion4         
,kilian                   ,wurzburg     
#e;,gospels (   ,mona/]y (,pub4 ,lib41  
,sign$ ,?omas   ,?omas     ,han[        

,trves                scribsit4         
#f,psalt]      444444      ,brit4 ,mus41
          ,anglo-,iri%1 )               
,cott4 ,vesp4           ar*$            
frame-bord]4                            
a4 #a                                   
#g;,gospels (   444444      ,bodl4      
,lib41  #i? c5t4,see ,we/wood1          
,mac,regol                 ,ox=d        
,palographia ,sacra                     
,pict41 pl4 #af4                        
#h;,book (      444444      ,roy4 ,iri% 
,p4 #ajc4 ,rem>kable4   ,armagh         
,acad41 ,dubl9                          
#i,/4 ,*ad's   444444      ,li*field    
,f9e ,anglo-,iri%4   ,gospels           
,ca?4 ,lib4                             
#aj,l9disf>ne  ,l9disf>ne ,brit4 ,mus41 
#g? c5t4,anglo-,celtic--a v   ,gospels  
,mona/]y   ,cott1 ,n]o ,d4         f9e  
example4                            #d  
,,c>ol+ian                              
----------------------------------------
------------------------------- ,no     
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4

        ,rem>ks4                        
,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
#a,sacram5t>y ,abbey (    ,nat4 ,lib41  
c4 #gej ,symbolism4 ,giv5 by            
,gellone     ,p>is1 ,,ms4               
,ct4 ,william (                         
,lat4 #abjdh            ,t\l\se4        
#b;,ada-,codex    ,abbey ( ,/4,municip4 
c4 #gge ,writt5 = ,ada1                 
,mesm91 (  ,lib41 ,trves          si/] (
                ,trves                  
,*>lemagne1 ,abbess                     
( ,/4 ,mesm94                           
#c,psalt] (   44444       ,imp4 ,lib41  
c4 #ghj ,writt5 = ,que5   ,dagolfus     
,vi5na ,!ol4         ,hildeg>dis1 wife (
                            ,lat4 #ahfa 
,*>lemagne4                             
#d;,evangeli>ium,abbey ( ,/4,nat4 ,lib41
           ,writt5 =   ( ,godescale     
,s]n91 (  ,p>is1 n\v4                   
,*>lemagne &                ,t\l\se     
acq4 #abjc             ,hildeg>dis4 ,has

 gold                                   
& silv] lett]s on                       
purple vellum4                          
#e,sacram5t>y ,abbey ( ,/4,abb4 ,/4     
,franco-,saxon4   ( ,gelasius  ,gall    
,gall1 ,no4 #cdh                        
#f;,evangeli>ium,abbey ( ,/4,t[n ,lib41 
c4 #gic ,on purple vellum4   ( ,/4      
,riqui]     ,abbeville                  
,angilb]t                               
#g;,alcu9 ,bible ,abbey (    ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #hjj ,coronation gift to     
,t\rs       ,add4 #ajedf                
,*>lemagne4 ,v                          
f9e example4                            
#h;,bible        ,t\rs       ,cantonal  
,l #g4                            ,lib41
 ,zuri*                                 
#i                       ,bamb]g ,roy4  
,said to be an exact                    
,lib                   copy ( #g4       
#aj;,gospels (              ,imp4 ,lib41
           ,f\nd by ,emp]or ,o?o        
,*>les !              ,vi5na            
,,iii4 9 tomb (   ,great                

,*>lemagne4   7,*>lemagne7              
#aa,sacram5t>y ,abbey (    ,nat4 ,lib4  
c4 #had ,! gift (   ( ,drogo1    ,metz1 
or    ,p>is1 ,!ol4         ,*>lemagne to
 8   ,abp4 ( ,metz ,t\rs       ,lat4    
#idbh             natural son ,drogo4   
#ab;,gold5       444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #hce ,a spl5did example4     
,gospels (               ,h>l4 #bghh    
,a!l/an                                 
#ac;,gold5       444444      ,roy4      
,lib41   c4 #hej ,ditto1 writt5 9       
,gospels (               ,muni*         
gold lett]s4   ,*>les !                 
,bald                                   
#ad;,evangeli>y  ,abbey ( ,/4,nat4      
,lib41           ,rem>kably beautiful4  
( ,lo?aire  ,m>t9's1   ,p>is1 ,!ol4     
,t\rs       ,lat4 #bff                  
#ae;,gold5       ,abbey ( ,/4,nat4      
,lib41           ,"o ( mo/ beautiful    
,gospels      ,md>d1 (  ,p>is1 ,!ol4    
,c>ol4 ,,mss4 kn[n4                     
,soissons    ,lat #hhej                 
#af;,bible (     ,abbey ( ,/4,nat4      

,lib41           ,pres5t$ to ,*>les     
,c\nt ,vivi5 ,m>t91 (  ,p>is1 ,!ol4     
! ,bald 9 #hej4                ,t\rs    
,lat #a                 ,m9iature (     
pres5tation4                            
#ag;,bible ( ,/4 444444      ,mona/]y ( 
c4 #hfj ,writt5 = ,*>les   ,paul's      
,/4 ,calixtus1         ! ,bald by       
,+ob]t4                            ,rome
                                        
#ah,pray]-book  444444      ,nat ,lib41 
c4 #hff ,writt5 by ,+ob]t   7or ,h\rs7 (
            ,p>is                 &     
pres5t$ to   ,*>les !                   
,*>les ! ,bald 9   ,bald                
#hff4                                   
#ai;,gold5       ,abbey ( ,/4,lib4 at   
,/4  c4 #hgj ,writt5 = ,abbot   ,gospels
 (   ,gall        ,gall1 ,no4 #bb       
,grimwold1 or ,h>tmut4   ,/4 ,gall      
#bj,psalt] (              ,lib4 at ,/4  
,writt5 = ,abbot   ,fol*>d              
,gall1 ,no4 #bc          ,h>tmut4 ,gold 
&                                       
silv] initials4                         

#ba;,evangeli>ium,/4 ,gall    ,lib41 ,/4
    c4 #ibj ,writt5 by ,s9tramn         
,longum                   ,gall         
( ! ,wondr\s                            
,h&4 ,pr(ile #bb;,evangeli>y  444444    
,roy4 ,lib41   c4 #ibe foliages 9 gold &
                            ,brussels1  
,no4         silv]4                     
#afchc                                  
#bc            444444      ,nat4 ,lib41 
c4 #idj ,l>ge #d1 writt5                
,p>is                 entirely 9 gold   
lett]s2 #e m9iatures                    
& #ab porticoes4                        
#bd,psalt]      444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #iie ,transition to !        
,h>l4 #bijd            /yle ( !         
,b5$ictionals4   ,,w9*e/] ,,"w ,,&      
,,simil>                                
----------------------------------------
------------------------------- ,no     
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4
        ,rem>ks4                        
,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------

------------------------------  #a,k+   
,edg>'s ,hyde ,abbey1 ,brit4 ,mus41     
#iff      ,/yle ( !   ,*>t]      ,w9*e/]
  ,cott4 ,vesp4           ,b5$ictionals 
(                            ,a4 #h     
!lwold & ,rob]t4                        
#b;,brevi>ium   ,monte       ,maz>9e    
444444   ,t5d5cy to same   ,cass95se    
,cass9o8    ,lib41 ,p>is1          /yle 
col\r+ z 9                              
#gei                   s*ool ( ,metz4   
#c!lwold's  ,hyde ,abbey1 ,lib4 ( ,duke 
c4 #igj ,be/ example kn[n4              
,b5$ictional,w9*e/]  ( ,devon%ire       
#d;,b5$ictional           ,pub4 ,lib41  
c4 #ihj ,draw+ bold1 b   ( ,abp4        
,r\5                 col\r+ unequal to  
,rob]t                                  
#c4                                     
#e;,gospels      444444      ,tr94      
,coll41 c4 #ijj ,bord]s l               
,camb                  ,w9*e/] "w4      
#f,psalt]      444444      ,brit4 ,mus41
  444444   ,fol4 frames simil>4         
,h>l4 #bijd                             

#g            444444      ,brit4 ,mus41 
c4 #ajjj;,init4 ,d on f4 #aae4          
,tib4 ,c4 #g                            
#h            ,w9*e/]  ,brit4 ,mus41    
,arund4 #fj                             
#i                       ,brit4 ,mus41  
,arund4 #aee                            
#aj;,cnut's                  ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #ajag;,f9e example4          
,gospels                  ,roy4 #a ,d4  
#i                                      
#aa,le(ric      444444      ,bodl4      
,lib41  #aj?     ,byzant9e influ5ce4    
,missal                   ,ox=d ,no4    
c5t4                                #egi
                      ,,mona/ic ,,/yles 
----------------------------------------
------------------------------- ,no     
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4
        ,rem>ks4                        
,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
#a,weissobrun   ,weissobrun  ,roy4      
,lib41   c4 #had ,ne!rl&i%4             

,pray]-book              ,muni*         
#b;,gospels      444444      ,nat4      
,lib41   c4 #ige ,m$allions (           
,p>is1 #hhea           ,emp]ors ,h5ry   
,i4 &                                   
,o?o ,i & ,,ii4                         
#c;,egb]t ,codex ,rei*5au   ,pub4 ,lib4 
#igg-ic   ,beautiful initials4          
,trves1 ,no4                            
#bd                                     
#d;,gospels      ,e*t]na*  ,go?a ,museum
 c4 #iij ,portrait ( ,o?o ,,iii4        
& ,!ophanu4                             
,jewell$ cov]s4                         
#e,o?o ,codex   444444      ,roy4 ,lib41
   c4 #iih ,see p4 #ia4                 
,muni* ,cimel4                          
#eh                                     
#f;,gospels      444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  #aj?     ,bran*-"w initials4    
,eg]t4 #fjh   c5t4                      
#g;,b]nw>d's   ,hilde%eim  ,ca?4 ,lib41 
#iic-ajbb    ,gospels                   
,hilde%eim                              
#h;,ell+]'s   ,teg]nsee   ,roy4 ,lib41  

c4 #ajef   ,gospels                     
,muni* ,no4 #ca                         
#i;,hortus       ,l&sb]g   ,=m]ly at  c4
     ,burnt 9 #afgj4   ,delici>um       
,/rassburg   #aage-hj                   
#aj,life (      ,teg]nsee   ,roy4 ,lib41
   #aagc-abjj,writt51 etc41 =   ,virg9  
,b]l9                ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick 
,i4 by ,w]9h]4                          
#aa,pl5>ium    ,qu$l9burg ,t[n ,lib41   
#aahd-abjc,writt5 = ,abbess             
,qu$l9burg           ,agnes4            
#ab,passionale   ,arn/e91   ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #aaid                ne>     
,trves ,h>l4 #bhjj-b                    
#ac;,bible                   ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #aaij                        
,h>l4 #bhjc                             
#ad            ,floreffe    ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #abec;,*ronological tables   
,add4 #aggcg-h          9 col\r$ inks4  
#ae,missal       ,/4 ,bavon (,brit4     
,mus41  #aaej-aage                ,gh5t 
,add4 #afidi                            
#af;,*ronicle ( 444444      ,roy4 ,lib41

   444444   ,f9e m9iatures--   ,j]usalem
                ,brussels1 ,no4         
co/umes4                                
#aaadb                                  
#ag,psalt]      444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  #ab?     ,transition f          
,arund4 #aeg   c5t4    ,w9*e/] to       
,o?onian4 #ah            444444         
,brit4 ,mus41                           
,lansd4 #dbj                            
#ai            444444      ,brit4 ,mus41
                                        
,lansd4 #dca                            
#bj            444444      ,brit4 ,mus41
                                        
,roy4 ,i ,d4,x4                         
#ba;,bible        ,/4         ,brit4    
,mus41          ,typical #ab? c5t4      
,ni*olas1 (,h>l4 #bgih            ,,ms4 
,arn/e9                                 
#bb,vaucl]e     444444      ,pub4 ,lib41
   444444   ,a p]fect type (   ,psalt]  
,laon1 ,no4 #bi          #ab? c5t4      
illum9ation4                            
#bc,mat]        ,s*ey]n    ,roy4 ,lib41 

444444   ,by ,conrad (   ,v]borum       
,muni*                ,s*ey]n1 ) all    
mann] ( diagrams1                       
etc4   ,,fr5* ,,& ,,anglo-,,fr5* ,,go?ic
                                        
----------------------------------------
------------------------------- ,no     
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4
        ,rem>ks4                        
,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
#a,psalt] (   44444       ,muse ,cond1  
#aaic-abcfbg l>ge m9iatures   ,que5     
,ghantilly             ,transitional to 
,+eburga                                
,go?ic                                  
#b,psalt] (   44444       ,ars5al       
,lib41c4 #abbj;,hi]atic1 &   ,que5      
,p>is1 ,!ol4         transitional to    
,blan*e1                 ,lat4 #afe ,b4 
,go?ic4   "m (                          
,l\is ,,ix4                             
#c,psalt] (   44444       ,nat4 ,lib41  
c4 #abej,transitional to   ,/4 ,l\is    

,p>is1 ,no4            ,go?ic4 #gh      
delicate   7,,ix47                      
#ajebe                 m9iatures4       
#d;,jo9ville's  44444       ,nat4 ,lib41
   #abhg     ,go?ic portrait (   ,cr$o  
,p>is                 ,/4 ,l\is4        
#e;,alfonso      ,blackfri>'s,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #abhd,see article 9 ,f9e     
,psalt]      ,london      ,add4 #bdfhf  
,arts ,qu4 ,rev41 i4   7,t5ison7        
#gg1 &                                  
,bibliographica1 pt4                    
#d4                                     
#f;,bible        44444       ,brit4     
,mus41  #abbe-eb  ,ri*ly illum9at$4     
,burney #c                              
#g,somme le ,roy 44444       ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #acjji l>ge                  
,add4 #bhafb            illum9ations4   
#h,life ( ,/4  44444       ,nat4 ,lib41 
#acaf-bb  ,conta9s view (   ,d5is       
,p>is1 fds4           ,p>is1 & portrait 
fr4 #bjij-b            ( ,philip ,v4    
,droll]ies1 col\r$                      
%ad+ ( drap]ies4                        

#i;,bible        44444       ,brit4     
,mus41  c4     ,typical "w1             
,roy4 #a ,d4 #a  #acaj-ae  ,engli%4     
#aj,ormsby       ,norwi*     ,bodl4     
,lib41  c4 #abie;,engli% "w4   ,psalt]  
,ox=d1 ,d\ce                            
#cff                                    
#aa;,bible        44444       ,brit4    
,mus1   ,late #ac?,a typical ,,ms4      
,add4 #agcda   c5t4                     
#ab,psalt]      44444       ,brit4      
,mus41  ,e>ly    ,droll]ies &           
,roy4 #b ,b4 #g  #ad?     int]e/+ sc5es4
                                        
c5t4                                    
#ac,miroir       44444       ,ars54     
,lib41 c4 #acef,l>ge folio ri*ly        
,hi/oriale               ,p>is          
illum9at$4                              
#ad,l\t]ell    44444       ,lulwor?     
c4 #acdj;,f9e diap]$   ,psalt]          
,ca/le                backgr\nds4       
#ae,missal       44444       ,we/re55   
#acff     ,g\a*e pa9t+ 9                
,mus41 ,!             m9iatures4        

,hague                                  
#af;,*ronicle ( 44444       ,nat4 ,lib41
   #acge-hj  ,m9iature 9 gold &   ,/4   
,d5is                ,p>is1 #hcie       
grey4                                   
#ag;,h\rs (     44444       ,roy4 ,lib41
   ,f9i%$ ,illum9at$ by ,&r   ,john1    
,duke (            ,brussels1    #achj  
,beauneveu &   ,b]ry                    
#aajfj                 ,jacquem>t de    
,hesd94                                 
#ah;,epi/le to   ,p>is       ,brit4     
,mus41  #acgj-hj  ,f9e ivy-bran*        
,ri*>d ,,ii4              ,roy4 #bj ,b4 
#f          /yle4                       
#ai,(fices      44444       ,brit4      
,mus41  44444    ,pray]-book (          
,b4,m4,v4                   ,h>l4 #bhig 
,m>g>et ( ,bav>ia4                      
,a typical ,,ms4                        
#bj,little ,h\rs 44444       ,nat4      
,lib41   c4 #adjjaac beautiful   ( ,b]ry
                 ,p>is1 #ahjad          
m9iatures4                              
#ba,psalt] (   ,p>is       ,nat4 ,lib41 

#adja     ,conta9s #bd f9e   ! ,duke (  
,p>is1 ,no4            m9iatures by ,&r 
,b]ry                    #acjia         
,beauneveu4                             
#bb;,gr&es                 ,nat4 ,lib41 
#adji     ,by ,jacquem>t de   ,heures de
                ,p>is1 fds4             
,hesd91 ,&r   ,b]ry                     
,lat4 #iai              ,beauneveu1 &   
,pol de                                 
,limb\rg4                               
#bc;,heures de               ,muse      
,dond1 #adaj     ,consid]$ ! f9e/       
,b]ry                    ,*antilly      
example kn[n4                           
#bd,poems (     444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  #adjj-f   ,f9e m9iatures--      
,*ri/9e de             ,h>l4 #ddca      
co/umes &   ,pisan                      
portraits4                              
#be,talbot       444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  #adjj     ,curi\s m9iatures1    
,romances                 ,roy4 #ae ,e4 
#f          portraits ( ,h5ry           
,,vi41 etc4                             

#bf;,b$=d      444444      ,brit4 ,mus41
  c4 #adce,ri*ly illum9at$4   ,(fices   
,add4 #ahhej            ,conta9s ,fr5*1 
,engli%1 &                              
,ne!rl&i% "w4                           
#bg;,b$=d      444444      ,nat4 ,lib41 
c4 #adcj;,conta9s ,engli% &   ,brevi>y  
,p>is1 fds4           ,fr5* "w4         
,lat4 #agbid                            
#bh,pontifical   444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #adej;,f9e bord]s4           
,add4 #affaj                            
#bi,val]ius     444444      ,brit4      
,mus41          ,nor!rn ,fr5* &         
,maximus                  ,h>l4 #dcge   
,ne!rl&i%4                              
#cj;,gir>t de    444444      ,nat4      
,lib41   c4 #adgj,ne!rl&i%--   ,nev]s   
,p>is1 fds4           co/umes1 etc4     
fr4 #djib                 ,,g]man ,,&   
,,bohemian                              
----------------------------------------
------------------------------- ,no     
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4
        ,rem>ks4                        

,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
#a,m9neli$]  444444      ,nat4 ,lib41   
c4 #acjj;,hunt+ sc5es1                  
,p>is1 fds4           co/umes4          
fr4 #gbff                               
#b,wilhelm von  444444      ,pub4 ,lib41
   #accd     ,writt5 = ,h5ry   ,oranse  
,cassel                ,l&grave (       
,hesse4                                 
,fr5* influ5ce4  #c,picture ,bible444444
      ,lib4 (      c4 #acjj             
,pr9ce                                  
,lobk[itz1                              
,prag                                   
#d,passionale (,prag        ,univ4      
,lib41  #acab     ,transp>5t   ,abbess  
,prag1 xiv4 ,a4         wat]-col\r4 ,no 
,cunigunda                #ag           
,fr5* influ5ce4                         
#e,welt*ronik  444444      ,roy4 ,lib41 
c4 #acej,old ,cologne s*ool4   ( ,rudolf
 v4             ,/uttg>t                
,hoh5-,ems                              

#f,lib]        ,prag        ,bohem4     
,mus41 c4 #acfj,writt5 = ,john v4       
,viaticus                 ,prag         
,neum>kt1 ,bi%op (                      
,leitomis*l4                            
#g,m>iale                 ,bohem4 ,mus41
 c4 #acde,writt5 = ,arne/us             
,prag                  v4 ,p>dubitz1    
,ar*bi%op ( ,prag                       
7#acdd-fd74 ,bohemian                   
s*ool4                                  
#h,orationale              ,bohem4      
,mus41 c4 #acde,writt5 = same           
,prag                  prelate1 9 ,fr5* 
,go?ic /yle4                            
#i;,bible (                ,imp4 ,lib41 
444444   ,execut$ by ord] (   ,emp]or   
,vi5na1 ,no4           ,m>t9 ,rotlw =   
,w5zel                   #bgei          
pres5tation to !                        
,emp]or4                                
#aj;,gospels (              ,imp4 ,lib41
   #acfh     ,beautiful p5man%ip   ,john
 (                  ,vi5na              
& ornam5ts4   ,oppavia                  

#aa,wilhelm von             ,ambras     
#achg     ,f9e diap]$   ,oranse         
,museum1               backgr\nds1      
,vi5na1 ,no4 #g         co/umes1 &      
arm\r4                                  
#ab,salzburg     444444      ,roy4      
,lib41   c4 #acej;,9 #e fol4 vols4      
,missal                   ,muni*1 ,lat4 
,spl5did col\r+4                        
#aegaj                                  
#ac,welt*ronik  444444      #aegaj ,pub4
   c4 #achc,l>ge folio4   ( ,rudolf v4  
,lib41                 ,we/phalian      
s*ool4   ,hoh5-,ems                     
,/uttg>t                                
#ad;,dur&us     444444      ,imp4 ,lib41
   #achd     ,writt5 = ,alb]t           
,vi5na1 ,no4           ,,iii41 ,duke (  
#bgfe                  ,au/ria4         
,illum9at$                              
9 lat] ,bohemian4                       
#ae;,gold5 ,bull  ,prag        ,imp4    
,lib41   c4 #acii,ri* s(t-leav$   (     
,*>les               ,vi5na1 jus4       
foliages4 ,ornam5t   ,,iv4              

c4 #cch                sup]ior to       
m9iatures4                              
#af,wurzburg     444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  ,aft]    ,l>ge foliages1 f9e    
,bible                    ,arund4 #ajf  
#adjj     initials1 bright              
col\rs4                                 
#ag,missal (    444444      ,imp4 ,lib41
   #addh     ,g]man "w4   ,emp]or       
,vi5na                   ,fr$]ick       
,,iii4                                  
#ah;,gospels      444444      ,pub4     
,lib41   #adih     #dc m9iatures &      
,nuremb]g             spl5did bord]s1   
etc41 by ,conrad                        
,frank5dorf]4                           
#ai;,*oir-book (,abbey ( ,/4,lib41      
#adhi     ,writt5 by ,l4 ,wagn]1   ,,ss4
 ,ulri*   ,ulri*1     ,augsburg         
& illum9at$ by ,g4   & ,afra1           
,augsburg                               
,beck4   ,augsburg                      
#bj,m9iature ( ,augsburg    ,vict4 &    
c4 #adhi,tak5 f #ai4   pres5tation      
,alb4 ,mus41               ( #ai        

,s\?                                    
,k5s+ton                                
#ba,(fices      ,upp]       ,brit4      
,mus41  #aeac        ,b4,m4,v4          
,c>9?ia   ,add4 #aegaa                  
#bb,pray]-book  ,nuremb]g               
,as*aff5burg#aebd     ,illum9at$ by ,a4 
( ,alb]t (             ,ca/le           
,glock5don4   ,br&5burg                 
,libr>y                                 
#bc,pray]-book             ,imp4 ,lib41 
#aece     ,illum9at$ by ,alb]t   (      
,william               ,vi5na1 ,no4     
,glock5don4   ,,iv4 (                   
#ahhj                     ,bav>ia       
#bd,pray]-book             ,brit4 ,mus41
  #aehd     ,s*ool ( ,glock5don4        
,add4 #agebe                            
#be,spl5dor     444444      ,h>l4 #cdfi 
,late #af?,a/rological   ,solis         
c5t4    diagrams1 etc41                 
sc5es4                                  
#bf,p5it5tial  ,muni*      ,roy4 ,lib41 
#aegj     ,pa9t$ by ,hans   ,psalms     
,muni*1               ,mieli*4          

,cimel4 ,saal                           
#bg;,hor         444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  ,late #af?,f9e foliages &       
,eg]t4 #aadf  c5t4    initials4         
#bh,pray]-book  ,/rassburg  ,nat4 ,lib41
   #afdg     #b vols41 #h4   ( ,william 
(            ,p>is1 ,nos4               
,r5aissance by   ,bad5                  
#ajefg-h               ,fr$]ic ,br5tel4 
,,sicilian ,,& ,,italian                
----------------------------------------
------------------------------- ,no     
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4
        ,rem>ks4                        
,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------  #a;,de  
arte      ,pal]mo     ,vat4 ,lib41   c4 
#abbe;,compos$ by ,emp]or   v5&i cum    
,rome1 palat4          ,fr$]ick ,,ii4   
avibus                   #ajga          
7#abab-ej74 ,pa9t+s                     
( birds & hunt+                         
sc5es4                                  
#b,(fices1     ,gubbio      ,acad4      

,lib41  444444   ,attribut$ to   ordo   
(fic4             ,si5a                 
,od]igi4   ,s55sis                      
#c,leg5ds      ,flor5ce8   ,canon4      
,lib41 c4     ,attribut$ to ,giotto4    
#acbg-dc                                
#d,v]gil       ,flor5ce8   ,rome        
,ambros4 c4 #acaj;,attribut$ to ,simone 
,lib41 ,milan           ,m>t9i4         
#e;,dur&us     ,si5a8      ,brit4 ,mus41
  c4 #accj;,f9e "w4                     
,add4 #cajcb                            
#f;,ari/otle    ,bologna8    ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #acce,l ! ,avignon           
,h>l4 #fcca            ,decretals4      
#g,/efanes*i  ,rome8       ,canon4      
,lib41 #acbg-dc  ,9 same vol4 ) #c1     
,missal                   ,rome         
& attribut$ to                          
,giotto4                                
#h,poems (     ,naples8     ,brit4      
,mus41  #acji-dc  ,bold g\a*e           
,conv5evole              ,roy4 #f ,e4 #i
           pa9t+4 ,execut$   da         
,prato#ff                               

= ,k+ ,rob]t (                          
,naples4                                
#i;,brevi>ium   ,flor5ce8   ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #adjj;,f9e initials4         
,romanum                  ,h>l4 #bijc   
#aj;,concordanti ,bologna8    ,nat4     
,mus41   c4 #acej;,allegorical figures  
,canonic                 ,naples        
& g\a*e                                 
pa9t+4                                  
#aa,/atuts de   ,naples      ,nat4      
,lib41   c4 #aced;,execut$ = ,l\is      
l',ordre d               ,p>is1 fds4    
,i41 ( ,h\se (   ,/4 ,esprit            
fr4 #dbgd              ,anj\1 ,k+ (     
,sicily                                 
& ,j]usalem4                            
#ab,romance (   ,avignon8    ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #acee;,execut$ = ,l\is       
,meliadus                 ,add4 #abbbh  
,,ii4 ( ,naples4                        
#ac,triumphs (  444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #acgj,small m9iatures &      
,fr4 ,petr>*             ,h>l4 #caji    
initials 9 old]                         

/yle4                                   
#ad            444444      ,nat4 ,lib41 
444444   ,m9iatures (                   
,p>is                 triumphs4         
#ae;,joannes      444444      ,abp4 (   
,/4  c4 #acgj;,f9e ,bolognese   ,&reae1 
,lib4            ,florian               
m9iatures4   ,,vi4                      
,decretalium                            
#af;,glossa       ,bologna8    ,laon1   
,no4 #chb;c4     ,v f9ely   ,joannis    
#accj-dc  illum9at$4   ,&reae 9         
,clem5t9as                              
#ag,rubrics on              ,laon1 ,no4 
#cegaccb     ,_m grotesque   !          
,decretals                              
figures4                                
#ah;,decretum                ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #acge;,exquisitely           
,gratiani                 ,add4 #aebgd1 
illum9at$4                              
#aebge                                  
#ai,missale                 ,roy4 ,lib41
   c4 #acgd;,by ,nicolaus de   ,romanum 
,muni*1 ,lat4          ,bononia4        

#ajjgb                                  
#bj                       ,/4 ,m>k's1   
c4 #acgj                                
,v5ice1 cl4                             
iii4 xcvii4                             
#ba            ,flor5ce8   ,brit4 ,mus41
  c4     ,f9e p5 "w diap]s              
,add4 #baigc   #achj-adjj;& initials4   
#bb,lat9 ,bible  ,bologna8    ,brit4    
,mus41  c4     ,sweet col\r+ &          
,add4 #ahgbj   #acge-adjj;f9e foliages4 
#bc;,hymn>ium    ,si5ese8    ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #adjj;,f9e initials4         
,h]emit>um              ,add4 #cjjad    
#bd,que/ions on ,naples      ,brit4     
,mus41  c4     ,writt5 by ,hippolytus   
#d ,books (               ,add4 #aebgj-c
 #adeh-id  ,lun5sis =   ,s5t5ces by     
,f]d9& ,i41 ,k+ (   ,job4 ,scot1        
,naples1 & f9ely   ,franciscan          
illum9at$4                              
#be,platonis                ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #adgj,writt5 = ,f]d9&   ,op]a
                    ,h>l4 #cdha         
,i41 ,k+ ( ,naples4                     

,f9ely illum9at$4                       
#bf;,cs>                    ,brit4      
,mus41  #adfb     ,:ite /em-"w4         
,add4 #afihb                            
#bg            ,rome8       ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #adfj;,execut$ = ,pius ,,ii4 
,h>l4 #bfhc            ,roman           
,r5aissance                             
7#adeh-fd74                             
#bh,petr>*     444444      ,brit4 ,mus41
  c4 #adfe,:ite /em-"w4   ,sonnets1 etc4
            ,h>l4 #cdaa                 
,writt5 by ,j4 ,&4                      
,mussol9i4                              
#bi,(fices      ,milan8      ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #adge;,a pretty little       
,add4 #aidag            volume (        
,milanese                               
"w4                                     
#cj,missale      444444      ,brit4     
,mus41          ,l ,,mss4 execut$       
,romanum                  ,add4 #aebfj  
= ! ,dukes (                            
,f]r>a4 ,v f9e4                         
#ca            444444      ,brit4 ,mus41

  c4 #adhj,( ,flor5t9e type4            
,h>l4 #bhge                             
#cb,(ficium     ,flor5ce    ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #adge;,a small volume1 b     
,b4,m4,v4                   ,add4 #aeebh
            ri* initials4               
#cc,missale      ,bologna     ,brit4    
,mus41  c4 #adie,l #cb1 b f9]4          
,romanum                  ,add4 #aehad  
,writt5 by ,jo4 de                      
,lyvonia = "o (                         
! ,visconti4                            
#cd;,josephus     ,rome        ,brit4   
,mus41  c4 #adij,roman ,r5aissance4     
,h>l4 #cfii                             
#ce;,h]odean     ,flor5ce    ,brit4     
,mus41  #adhg     ,writt5 by ,alex&]    
,add4 #bcggc            ,v]azzanus4     
#cf,scrapbook ( ,rome &    ,brit4 ,mus41
  #adhj-aejj;,a v int]e/+   cutt+'s     
,flor5ce    ,add4 #badab                
collection4 ,roman &                    
,flor5t9e4                              
#cg;,grant (     ,milan       ,brit4    
,mus41  #adid     ,illum9at$ by         

,ludovico                 ,add4 #badac  
,antonio da ,monza4   ,s=za 7il         
,moro7                                  
#ch,(fices      ,naples      ,brit4     
,mus41  #aejj     ,writt5 &             
,add4 #baeia            illum9at$ =     
,fr$]ick ( ,aragon1                     
,k+ ( ,naples4                          
#ci,pray]-book             ,brit4 ,mus41
  c4 #adee;,f9e/ ,neapolitan   (        
,alfonso ,i4            ,add4 #bhifb    
"w4 ,portraits                          
7#adaf-eh74                             
#dj,orations (             ,imp4 ,lib41 
c4 #adij;,execut$ =   ,cic]o            
,vi5na                ,f]d9& ,i41 ,k+ ( 
,naples 7#adeh-id74                     
,v f9e4  #ff ,petr>*'s tutor4           
,,r5aissance ,,illum9ation  ,,italian   
----------------------------------------
------------------------------- ,no     
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4
        ,rem>ks4                        
,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------

------------------------------  #a,life 
(      ,flor5ce    ,brit4 ,mus41  #aejf 
,neat 9 execution4   ,manetti           
,add4 #iggj                             
#b,life ( ,/4             ,brit4 ,mus41 
c4 #aeje,v f9e   ,francis               
,h>l4 #cbbi            illum9ation4     
#c;,eusebius                ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #aeae                        
,h>l4 #ccjh                             
#d,life (                 ,brit4 ,mus41 
c4 #aebe   ,manetti                     
,lansd4 #hdb                            
#e;,eusebius     ,milan       ,brit4    
,mus41                                  
,roy                                    
#f,missale      ,v5ice      ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #aecj;,attribut$ to          
,add4 #aehac            ,b5$etto        
,bordone4                               
#g;,e?ics (    ,naples or   ,imp4 ,lib41
   c4     ,f9e ,r5aissance   ,ari/otle  
,calabria    ,vi5na       #adij-aeaj"w4 
,elaborately                            
design$ frames1 &                       

f9e m9iatures                           
pa9t$ 9 a /rong                         
g\a*e1 by ,r9aldo                       
,piramo1 = ,&4                          
,matt4 ,acquavira1 #h?                  
,duke ( ,atri4                          
#h,/4 ,j]ome on,flor5ce    ,imp4 ,lib41 
c4     ,illum9at$ by   ,eze*iel         
,vi5na1 ,no4  #adij-aebj;,attavante =   
,matt4                            #fed  
,corv9us1 ,k+ (                         
,hung>y 7#addc-ij74                     
#i,philo/ratus            ,imp4 ,lib41  
,illum9at$ probably   7,lat97           
,vi5na1 ,no4           by ,attavante =  
#be                    ,matt4 ,corv9us4 
#aj,missale                 ,roy4 ,lib41
           ,illum9at$ by   ,romanum (   
,brussels              ,attavante =     
,corv9us                                
,corv9us4 ,us$ =                        
admission oa?s (                        
,gov]nors (                             
,ne!rl&s4                               
#aa;,augu/9e3              ,imp4 ,lib41 

c4 #adie;,illum9at$ by   ,epi/les       
,vi5na                ,attavante =      
,matt4                                  
,corv9us4 ,sign$                        
,attavantes p9sit4                      
#ab,m>tianus               ,lib4 ,/4    
c4 #aejj;,illum9at$ by   ,capella       
,m>k's1               ,attavante =      
,matt4                            ,v5ice
                ,corv9us4 ,sign$4       
,writt5 by ,al1                         
,v]azzanus                              
#ac,psalt]                 ,ducal ,lib41
          ,illum9at$ by                 
,wolf5bttel          ,attavante4        
#ad;,diurnale                ,laur5t4   
,illum9at$ by                           
,lib41                 ,attavante or    
,flor5ce              ,gh]>do4          
#ae,missal ( ,bp4           ,pub4 ,lib41
           ,illum9at$ by   ( ,dle       
,lyons                 ,attavante4      
#af,/4 ,gregory             ,e/5se      
,lib41        ,illum9at$ by   on        
,eze*iel              ,mod5a            

,attavante4 ,sign$4                     
#ag;,dionysii ,opp4           ,pub4     
,lib41                                  
,besanon                                
#ah;,gran                  ,nat4 ,lib41 
,probably illum9at$   ,brevi>y          
,p>is1 ,,ms4            by ,bocc>d9o il 
,lat4 #hhgi             ,vec*io1 ?\gh   
attribut$ to                            
,attavante4                             
#ai;,hi]onymi               ,nat4 ,lib41
   #adhh-aejj,writt5 = ,matt4   ,brevi>4
 9              ,p>is1 ,,ms4            
,corv9us by ,anton   psalmos            
,lat4 #afhci            ,s9ibaldi1 &    
illum9at$ by                            
,attavante4                             
#bj,poems (     ,rome        ,imp4      
,lib41   c4 #aecf;,illum9at$ by ,giulio 
,eurialo                  ,vi5na        
,clovio 7#adih-aegh74   d',ascoli       
#ba,ro!say              ,brit4 ,mus41   
c4 #aedf;,illum9at$ by   ,(fices        
,add4 #bjibg            ,clovio4        
#bb;,comm5t>y on           ,soane ,mus41

  c4 #aecf;,execut$ = ,c>d9al   ,/4     
,paul's               ,london           
,grimani by ,clovio4   ,epi/les         
#bc,psalt] (              ,nat4 ,lib41  
c4 #aedb;,illum9at$ by   ,paul ,,iii4   
,p>is1 ,,ms4            ,v9c5zio        
,raimondi4                              
,lat4 #gjb4                             
#bd,papal                   ,l5ox ,lib41
  c4 #aedf;,by ,clovio & 8   ,lection>y 
,new ,york              assi/ants4      
7,t[neley                               
,clovio7                                
#be;,dante                   ,vat4      
,lib41   c4 #aeee;,illum9at$ 9 "p       
,no4 #cfe               by ,clovio4     
#bf;,inve/iture             ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #aefj,v f9e ornam5t4   f     
,duke (             ,add4 #bbffj        
,urb9o                                  
#bg,triumphs (             ,lib4 (      
,capt4c4 #aeej;,f9e m9iatures4   ,petr>*
                 ,hol=d1                
,london                                 
#bh,missal (               ,ryl&s       

,lib41c4 #aebj;,f9e m9iatures4   ,c>d4  
,colonna            ,man*e/]            
,attribut$1 b                           
)\t au?ority1 to                        
,raffaelle4                             
#bi,pray]-book  ,rome1 or    ,b>b]9i    
c4 #aejj,_m f9e m9iatures4              
,flor5ce    ,lib41 ,rome1               
,no4 #cbd                               
#cj,missal (    ,rome        ,*igi      
,lib41  c4     ,execut$ = ,pius ,,ii4   
,pius ,,ii4                 ,rome       
#adfj-gj                                
#ca,missal (               ,cors9i      
,lib41c4 #aecj;,f9e fram$   ,c>d4       
,cors9i            ,rome1 ,no4          
m9iatures4                              
#ajae                                   
#cb,missal (               ,m9]va       
,lib41c4 #aebj;,f9e m9iatures4   ,c>d4  
,corn>o            ,rome                
#cc,pavia      ,milan       ,br]a ,lib41
  #aecj-hj  ,by sev]al arti/s1          
,graduals                 ,milan        
especially ,g4                          

,b]retta4 ,enorm\s                      
folios4                                 
#cd,pray]-book  444444      ,roy4 ,lib41
   c4 #aegd;,f9e/ ,roman   ( ,alb]t     
,,iv4            ,muni*1 ,cim4          
,r5aissance1 b   ( ,bav>ia              
,saal4 #db              writt5 by ,hans 
,l5k]1 ( ,muni*                         
7n a ,clovio74                          
#ce;,apologia di  ,rome        ,brit4   
,mus41  c4 #aeaj;,execut$ = ,h5ry       
,col5uccio               ,roy4 #ab1 c4  
,,viii4 ( ,engl&4                       
viii4                                   
#cf,pray]-book  ,milan       ,roy4      
,lib41   c4 #adej;,illum9at$ by         
,bianca ,m>ia             ,muni*1 ,no4  
,giovanni da ,como4   ( ,milan          
#ii;,a                   ,conta9s       
,visconti &                             
,s=za arms4                             
#cg;,h\rs ( ,bona           ,brit ,mus41
   c4 #adij;,f9e/ ,milanese   ,s=za (   
,add4 #cdbid            ,r5aissance1 )  
,milan                                  

"s ,flemi%                              
additions4   ,,fr5*                     
----------------------------------------
------------------------------- ,no     
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4
        ,rem>ks4                        
,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------  #a,!    
,t\rs       ,nat4 ,lib41   444444       
,attribut$ to ,jehan   ,v]sailles       
,p>is1 #fijg           ,f\quet ( ,t\rs4 
,livy                                   
#b,!                     ,nat4 ,lib41   
444444   ,attribut$ to ,jehan           
,sorbonne               ,p>is1 fds4     
,f\quet ( ,t\rs4   ,livy                
,sorb4 #big                             
#c;,antiquities             ,nat4 ,lib41
   444444   ,f\quet's   ( ! ,jews       
,p>is1 ,resew4         ma/]piece4       
#fhia                                   
#d;,boccacio                ,roy4 ,lib41
   444444   ,execut$ = ,eti5ne          
,muni*                ,*evali]4         

#e,trsor des              ,brit4 ,mus41 
c4 #adij;,f9e arial   ,hi/oires         
,cott4 ,aug4 v4         p]spective &    
l&scape4                                
#f,val]ius     ,p>is       ,brit4 ,mus41
          ,a v f9e ,,ms4   ,maximus     
,h>l4 #dcgd-e                           
#g;,h\rs ( ,anne           ,nat4 ,lib41 
c4 #aejh;,a magnific5t   ( ,brittany    
,p>is                 example1 eclectic 
9                                       
/yle1 ) natural                         
fl[]s & insects                         
9 bord]s1 & f9e                         
figure-pa9t+4                           
#h;,h\rs (                ,vicomte de   
c4 #aeej;,attribut$ to ,jean   ,claude  
,janz                 ,c\s94 ,influ5ce (
   ,g\ffi]                              
glass-pa9t+4                            
#i,(fices                 ,brit4 ,mus41 
c4 #aecj,probably execut$ =             
,add4 #ahhec            ,francis ,i4 (  
,france4                                
,excell5t "w1                           

eclectic 9 /yle4                        
#i;a,h\rs (                ,libr4 (     
#aedi     ,same /yle z #h &             
,montmor5cy              ,c\nt (        
#i1 & probably by ,j4                   
,haussonville          ,c\s91           
#aj,(fices      ,t\rs8      ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #aebe;,ar*itectural details  
,add4 #ahhed            ( ,s*ool (      
,t\rs4                                  
,writt5 = ,fr4 de                       
,d9teville1 ,bp4 (                      
,aux]re4                                
#aa                       ,brit4 ,mus41 
,ar*itectural frames                    
,add4 #ahhee            to m9iatures z 9
                                        
#ab            ,p>is       ,nat4 ,lib41 
#aeca     #aj1 b l>g] &                 
,p>is1 ,lat4           m fanciful       
#ajefc                 details1 some:at 
l #g 9 portions4                        
#ac;,epi/res     444444      ,nat4      
,lib41   c4 #aejj;,execut$ = ,l\ise     
d',ovide                  ,p>is1 fds4   

de ,savoie1 "m (                        
fr4 #hge               ,francis ,i4     
#ad;,boece        ,p>is       ,nat4     
,lib41           ,f9e m9iatures )       
,p>is1 u4             ,r5aissance       
fds4 ,lat4             ar*itectural     
#ffdc                  details4         
#ae;,epi/res                ,nat4 ,lib41
           ,translat$ by                
,p>is1 #fhgg           ,octavi5 de      
d',ovide                                
,/4 ,gelay4 ,beautiful                  
m9iatures4                              
#af,petr>*'s   444444      ,nat4 ,lib41 
c4 #aebj,v f9e m9iatures   ,triumphs    
,p>is1 f4 fr4         ( triumphs4       
,italian                                
#gjgi                  influ5ce4        
#ag;,*ants royaux444444      ,nat4      
,lib41           ,f9e m9iatures4        
,p>is1 #fihg                            
#ah;,*ants ,royaux,p>is       ,nat4     
,lib41           ,magnific5t            
,p>is1 f4 fr4         m9iatures "u      
#cgi                   ,italian influ5ce

 (                                      
,&rea del ,s>to4                        
#ai,petr>*                ,nat4 ,lib41  
c4 #aejc,m9iature (                     
,p>is1 f4 fr4         pres5tation to    
,l\is                            #bbe   
,,xii4 ,_m full-page                    
m9iatures4                              
#bj;,fleur des               ,nat4      
,lib41   c4 #aeje;,execut$ = ,c>d9al    
,hi/oires                ,p>is1 f4 fr4  
d',amboise4                             
#ed                                     
#ba;,*ron4 de               ,nat4 ,lib41
           ,?ree l>ge folio   ,mon/relet
               ,p>is1                   
vols4 ,vol4 i4                          
#bjcfj-b               conta9s five     
eque/rian portraits                     
( ,l\is ,,xii4                          
#bb,les ,e*ecs              ,nat4 ,lib41
   c4 #aejj;,execut$ = use (   amoreux  
,p>is1 f4 fr4         ,francis1 d4 (    
#adc                   ,ang\lme1 & 8    
si/] ,m>gu]ite4                         

#bc;,boccace de              ,nat4      
,lib41           ,by same illum9ator    
cl>is et                ,p>is1 f4 fr4   
z #bb4 ,execut$ =   nobilibus           
#eii                   ,l\ise de        
,savoie4   muli]ibus                    
#bd,reception de            ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #aead;,avec belles   ,m>ie   
,vesp4 ,b4 #b            pe9tures4      
d',anglet]re                            
,p>is                                   
#be;,*ants ,royaux           ,nat4      
,lib41   #aeae     ,pres5t$ 9 #aeae to  
,p>is1 f4 fr4         ,l\ise de ,savoie 
by                            #ade      
! ,city ( ,ami5s4                       
,! m9iatures                            
pa9t$ 9 grisaille                       
by ,j4 ,pla/el1 &                       
col\r$ by ,j4                           
,p9*on4 ,conta9s                        
portrait ( ,l\ise4                      
#bf;,comm5taires            ,brit4 ,mus4
   c4 #aeai;,attribut$ to   de ,cs>1    
,ge(froy ,tory4 ,"p   ,vol4 i4          

grisaille4 ,writt5 9                    
,roman text4 ,see                       
,dict4 ,m9iat4 iii4                     
#cab4                                   
,comm5taires            ,nat4 ,lib41    
de ,cs>1                ,p>is1 #acdbi   
,vol4 ii4                               
,comm5taires            ,lib4 ( ,duc    
de ,cs>1                d',aumale       
,vol4 iii4                              
#bg;,dutillet1    444444      ,nat4     
,lib41   444444   ,pres5t$ to ,*>les    
,fr5* ,k+s1            ,p>is1 #bhdh     
,,ix4   etc4                            
#bh;,h\rs (     444444      ,nat4 ,lib41
   c4 #aeie,peculi> /yle &   ,h5ry ,,iv4
                ,p>is1 ,lat4            
col\r+4                            #aaga
                                        
#bi;,gospel ( ,/4,boisl$uc   ,brit4     
,mus41  444444   ,f9ely writt51 b       
,john                     ,roy41 ,e4 #e 
n illum9at$ by                          
,pet4 ,megh54                           
#cj,sol                    ,brit4 ,mus41

  c4 #afhb,pa9t$ by ,pi]re   ,gallicus  
,add4 #bcgde            ,mign>d4        
#ca,psalt]      ,london      ,brit4     
,mus41  #aefe     ,writt5 by ,petrucco  
,roy4 #b ,b4 #i           ,ubald9i1 a   
,flor5t9e4                              
#cb;,book (      ,engli%8    ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #afjj,v elegant bord]s4      
,s5t5ces =,london8     ,roy4 #ag ,a4 #bc
            ,lady ,sumley               
,,engli% ,,illum9ation  ,,f ,,!         
,,?irte5? ,,to ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury   
----------------------------------------
------------------------------- ,no     
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4
        ,rem>ks4                        
,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
#a,(fices &  ,we/m9/] ,brit4 ,mus41     
#abdj     ,imitation ( /a9$   ,pray]s   
,roy4 #b ,a4 #bb          glass4        
,typical ,,ms4                          
#b;,bible 9     ,cant]bury  ,brit4      
,mus41  #abde        ,lat9              

,burney #c                              
#c            ,salisbury   ,brit4 ,mus41
  #abed     ,writt5 by ,w de            
,roy4 #a ,b4 #ab          ,hales4       
#d,t5ison      ,london      ,brit4      
,mus41  #abid     ,writt5 &   ,psalt]   
,add4 #bdfhf            illum9at$ by    
ord]                                    
( ,edw>d ,i4                            
#e;,bible 9     444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  #ac?     ,writt5 by ,w (   ,lat9
                    ,roy4 #a ,d #a      
c5t4    ,devon4                         
#f;,apocalypse 9444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #accj,see ,bibliographica1   
,fr5*                   ,roy4 #ai ,b4   
#ae         pt4 v4 pl4 #a4              
#g;,arundel      444444      ,brit4     
,mus41          ,see ,bibliographica1   
,psalt]                  ,arund4 #hc    
pt4 v4 pl4 #b                           
#h,psalt] (   444444      ,brit4 ,mus41 
#achj     ,transition f   ,joan ( ,k5t  
,roy4 #b ,b4 #h           ,fr5* ,go?ic  
to                                      

,lanca/rian4                            
#i,pontifical   444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #adjj;,e>ly ,lanca/rian4     
,lansd4 #dea                            
#aj;,bible 9     444444      ,brit4     
,mus41          ,l>ge folio4 ,see       
,lat9                    ,roy4 #a ,e4   
ix4         ,bibliographica1 pt4        
v4 pl4 #d4                              
#aa;,brevi>y     444444      ,brit4     
,mus41          ,some?+ l #g4           
,h>l4 #bige                             
#ab,(fices      444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  c4                              
,add4 #afifh   #acij-adjj               
#ac            444444      ,brit4 ,mus41
  c4 #adaj;,execut$ = ,anne             
,add4 #afiih            ,maulev]]4      
#ad,lib] ,albus  ,london      ,guildhall
            ,bracket bord]s4            
,lib41 ,london                          
#ae,lib] de ,hyda,w9*e/]  ,%irburn      
,ri*ly illum9at$                        
,ca/le ,lib4           bord]s1 "s       
unf9i%$4 ,see ,rolls                    

,s]ies4 #ahff4                          
#af,(fices      444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  c4     ,e>ly ,lanca/rian4       
,roy4 #b ,b4 #a  #adjj-adaj             
#ag;,gr&ison    444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  c4 #adaj;,f9e initials )        
,(fices                  ,roy4 #b ,a4   
#ah          ,lanca/rian brackets4      
,see ,bibliographica1                   
v4 pl4 #e4                              
#ah,occleve de   444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #adae,trac]i$ backgr\nds     
,regim4                   ,ar4 #ch      
9 ,bohemian mann]4   ,pr9cipum          
,cf4 ,w4 v4 ,orange                     
,,ms4                                   
#ai,ormonde      444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #adbj,simil> to #ag4 ,call$  
,(fices                  ,roy4 #b ,b4   
#ae          by ,humphreys 7,books      
( ,middle ,ages7                        
,que5 ,m>y's                            
,brevi>y4                               
#bj;,g[]'s      444444      ,brit4      
,mus41          ,lanca/rian /yle4       

,confessio                ,h>l4 #cdij   
,amantis                                
#ba,psalt] (   ,/4 ,alban's ,brit4      
,mus41  #adfj     ,f9e ,engli% "w4      
,que5 ,m>y               ,roy4 #b ,b4 #g
           ,pres5t$ 9 #aeec to          
,que5 ,m>y                              
#bb;,hor         444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #adfj,_m m$iocre             
,h>l4 #bhhd            illum9ations4    
#bc;,gospels &  ,london      ,brit4     
,mus41  c4 #aejh;,giv5 by ,/eph5 &      
,epi/les1                ,roy4 #b ,b4   
#ab1         ,m>g>et ,j5yns to   etc4   
#ac                    ! *ur* at        
,ald]manbury1 ,london4                  
#bd;,b\r*i]               ,brit4 ,mus41 
c4 #adeh;,conta9s ,b\r*i]   ,psalt]     
,roy4 #b ,b4 #ad          obitu>ies4    
#be,psalt] &  444444      ,brit4 ,mus41 
c4 #adgj;,good text & _m   ,canticles1  
,h>l4 #agai            illum9at$ lett]s 
etc4                                    
& bord]s4   ,,spani% ,,& ,,portuguese   
----------------------------------------

------------------------------- ,no     
,"n4       ,:]e     ,:]e ,kept4   ,date4
        ,rem>ks4                        
,produc$4                               
----------------------------------------
------------------------------          
#a;,h\rs1 etc41 444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  444444   ,ne!rl&i%   ,lat4 &    
,add4 #ahaic            influ5ce4       
,catalan4                               
#b,(fices      444444      ,brit4 ,mus41
  444444   ,italian influ5ce4           
,b4,m4,v4                   ,add4 #bhbga
                                        
#c;,hidalguia    444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  #afjd     ,9 ,g5oese mann]4     
,add4 #abbad                            
#d;,diploma (   444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  #ag?        ,philip ,,iii4      
,roy4 ,claud4  c5t4                     
,b4 x4                                  
#e,pat5t to    444444      ,brit4 ,mus41
  #agig     ,allegorical designs4       
,pr9c4 de la             ,add4 #agjf    
,paz                                    

#f,ordo ,miss4   444444      ,brit4     
,mus41  #ag?     ,roman text1 good      
,pontificales             ,add4 #cjheg  
c5t4    initials4                       
#g,portuguese   444444      ,brit4      
,mus41  444444   ,writt5 = ,john        
,missal                   ,/[e #eig     
,,iii41 ,k+ (                           
,portugal4                              
#h;,hidalguia de ,spa9       ,brit4     
,mus41  #aegh     ,grant$ by ,philip    
,gonsalo de               ,add4 #bbadc  
,,ii41 ) 8   ,ca/ro ,cep$a              
portrait4     ,,bibliography  ,abrahams1
 ,n4,c4,l4 ,description des ,,mss4      
franaises du ,moy5 ,age de la           
,biblio?que ,royale de ,cop5hague4 #dto4
 ,cop5hag54 #ahdd4  ,alt1 ,h4 ,die      
,heilig5bild] od] die bild5de ,kun/ u4  
die ,!ologie4 #hvo4 ,b]l91 #ahde4       
,a/le1 ,?omas4 ,! ,orig9 & ,progress (  
,writ+4 #dto4 ,london1 #aghd1 #ahjc4    
,b>rois1 ,j4 ,biblio?que                
,protypographique ou librairies du roi  
,jean4 #dto1 ,p>is1 #ahcj4 #f plates4   

,ba/>d1 ,aug4 ,librairie de ,jean de    
,france duc de ,b]ry444illu/re des plus 
belles m9iatures de ses ,,mss41 etc4    
,folio4 ,p>is1 #ahcd4 #cb plates4       
,beissel1 ,/ephan4 ,des heilig5 ,b]nw>d 
,evangeli5bu* im ,dome zu ,hilde%eim4   
,mit ,hds*r4 des #aj4 und #aa4 ,jahrh41 
etc4 ,?ird edition4 #bf photo-li?ographs
 7#ab x #i74 ,hilde%eim1 #ahid4         
,beissel1 ,/ephan4 ,vaticanis*e         
,m9iatur54 ,folio4 ,freiburg im         
,breisgau1 #ahic4 ,_m li?ograph$ plates4
  ,bir*1 ,w4 de ,g4 ,hi/ory1 ,art1 &    
,palography ( ! ,,ms4 commonly /yl$ !   
,utre*t ,psalt]4 #hvo4 #c facsimile     
plates 9 autotype4 ,b1 ,qu>it*1 ,london1
 #ahgf4  ,bir*1 ,w4 de ,g41 & ,j5n]1 ,h4
 ,e>ly ,draw+s & ,illum9ations 79       
,,mss41 *iefly 9 ! ,briti% ,museum74    
#abmo4 ,london1 #ahgi4  ,biscionii1     
,a4,m4 ,catal4 bibl4 ,m$ico-,laur5tiana4
 ,folio4 ,flor5t9e1 #ageb-g4 7,valuable 
plates ( facsimiles1 etc47  ,bradley1   
,j4,w4 ,life & ,works ( ,g4,g4 ,clovio1 
,m9iaturi/1 etc4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahia4  

#ah plates4  ,bradley1 ,j4,w4 ,diction>y
 ( ,m9iaturi/s1 ,calligraph]s1 etc4     
#hvo4 #c vols4 ,qu>it*1 ,london1        
#ahhg-ij4  ,bradley1 ,j4,w4 ,v5etian    
,ducali1 9 ,bibliographica1 ,,ii4 #beg4 
#d phototypes4  ,bu*]1 ,b4 ,ges*i*te des
 ,te*nis*5 ,kn/e1 etc41 vol4 i4         
,m9iatur1 etc4 #hvo4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahge4   
,cahi] & ,m>t94 ,n\veaux ,mlanges       
d',ar*ologie1 etc4 ,l>ge #dto4 ,p>is1   
#ahgd-gg1 etc4 ,_m f9e plates (         
m9iatures1 etc41 mo/ly )\t col\r4       
,campori1 ,g4 ,gli arti/i ,italiani1    
etc41 nelle ,/ati ,e/5si4 #hvo4 ,mod5a1 
#ahee4  ,campori1 ,g4 ,racconti arti/ici
 italiani4 #hvo4 ,fir5ze1 #aheh4        
,c>avita1 ,a4 ,i codici e le ,arti a    
,monte ,cass9o4 #hvo4 ,montec41         
#ahfi-ga4  ,c>ta1 ,f4 ,codici1 corali e 
libri a /ampa m9iati della ,biblioteca  
nazionale di ,milano4 ,folio4 ,roma1    
#ahie4 ,) #be phototype facsimiles4     
,*assant1 ,alph4 ,palographie des *>tes 
et des ,,mss4 du #aa;e au #ag;e ,sicle4 
#hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahfg1 & companion vols4   

,curm]1 ,l4 ,les ,evangiles des         
,diman*es et ,ftes4 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,p>is1  
#ahfd4 ,_m facsimiles 9 gold & col\rs f 
illum9at$ ,,mss4   ,delisle1 ,l4 ,mm4   
sur l'cole calligraphique de ,t\rs au   
,i,xe ,sicle4 ,p>is1 #ahhe4 #e          
heliograv4  ,delisle1 ,l4 ,l'vangliaire 
d',arras et la ,calligraphie            
,franco-,saxonne du neuvime ,sicle4     
#dto4 ,p>is1 #ahhh4 ,l>ge heliogravure  
facsimiles4  ,delaunay 7l',abb ,h474 ,le
 livre d',heures de la re9e ,anne de    
,bretagne4 ,) facsimile ( ! :ole ,,ms4  
,l>ge #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahfa4  ,delia       
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#aghb-hf4 7,relat+ to ,si5ese           
m9iaturi/s47  ,delisle1 ,l4 ,le cab9et  
des manuscrits de la biblio?que impriale
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le ,ha9aut4 #hvo4 ,lille1 #ahhf4        
,dibd91 ,t4,f4 ,! ,bibliographical      
,decam]on4 #c vols4 #hvo4 ,london1      
#ahag4  ,didron 7edit474 ,annales       
,ar*ologiques4 ,p]iodical #dto4 #ahdd1  
etc4 7,p4,p4 #aica1 d4 a4 ,brit4 ,mus47 
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,t\rs1 #ahge4  ,durieux1 ,a4 ,les       
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,sicle1 etc4 #hvo4 ,cambray1 #ahgd4 7,) 
plates 9 folio47  ,durieux1 ,a4         
,m9iatures des manuscr4 de la bibl4 de  
,cambrai4 #hvo4 ,cambrai1 #ahfa4 #ah    
plates4  ,du ,somm]>d1 ,&r4 ,les ,arts  
du ,moy5-ge4 #f vols4 ,folio4 ,p>is1    
#ahch-df4   ,fleury1 ,e4 ,les ,,mss4    
m9iatures de la biblio?que de ,soissons4
 #dto4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,li?ograph         
facsimiles4  ,fleury1 ,e4 ,les          
manuscrits  m9iatures de la bibl4 de    
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7good74   ,gabel5tz1 ,h4 von d]4 ,zur   
,ges*i*te d] ob]deuts*5 ,m9iaturmal]ei  
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raisonn des ,,mss4 de la bibl4 de la    
ville d',ami5s4 #hvo4 ,ami5s1 #ahdc4    
,gir>dot1 ,b4 de4 ,cat4 des manuscrits  
de la bibl4 de ,b\rges4 ,folio4 ,p>is1  
#ahei4  ,gual&i1 ,m4,a4 ,memorie        
orig9ate ,italiane risgu>dante le ,belle
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,h>dy1 ,sir ,?omas ,d4 ,! ,a?anasian    
,cre$ 9 ,connection ) ! ,utre*t ,psalt]3
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facsimiles4 ,folio4 ,spottiswoode &     
,co41 #ahgb4  ,h5drie1 ,r4 ,encyclopdia 
( ! ,arts ( ! ,middle ,ages by ! monk   
,!ophilus4 ,translat$1 ) notes4 #hvo4   
,london1 #ahdg4 ,"o ( ! be/ collections 
( m$ival me?ods & recipes relat+ to     
illum9ation4  ,humphreys1 ,h4 ,noel4 ,! 
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,folio4 ,london1 #ahdi4 #ci plates4     
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:i* !y are ,di/+ui%$ 9 ,works ( ,art4   
#hvo4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,second edition1  
#ahfj4 ,?ird edition1 #ahhb4   ,jck1    

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,s*riftmu/] vom #h1 bis zum #af1 ,jahrh4
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#hvo4 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1     
#ahie4  ,jor&1 ,j4,b4,j4                
,grammatographie du neuvime sicle4 #dto4
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,mittelalt]s4 ,second edition4 #hvo4    
,leipzig1 #ahec4  ,kondakov4 ,hi/4 de   
l',art ,byzant9 consid]r444dans les     
m9iatures4 #b vols4 ,small folio4 ,p>is1
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,kle9e ,s*rift54 #c vols4 #hvo4         
,/uttg>t4 #ahec-ed4 7,g]man             
illum9ation47   ,lab>te1 ,jules4        
,hi/orie des ,arts indu/riels au        
,moy5-ge4 7,vol4 iii47 #hvo4 ,p>is1     
#ahfe4  ,laborde1 ,l4 ,la r5aissance des
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,milit>y & ,religi\s ,life 9 ! ,middle  
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#dto4 ,london1 #ahgd4  ,lacroix1 ,paul1 
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,r5aissance4 #e vols4 #dto4 ,p>is1      
#ahdh-eb1 #ahgd4  ,lacroix1 ,p41        
,f\rni]1 ,ed41 & ,sr1 ,f4 ,livre d'or   
des mti]s4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #aheb4          
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7,vi5na74 #afgj4 ,plates4  ,langlois1   
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#ahdb4  ,middleton1 ,j4,h4 ,illum9at$   
,,mss4 9 ,classical & ,m$ival ,times3 _!
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etc41 f ,go?ic & ,lomb>dic ,,mss4       
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folio4 ,p>isiis1 #agjh4  ,mugni]1 ,fr4  
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,qu>it*1 ,b4 ,examples ( ! ,art (       
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7,cte474 ,les arts en ,portugal4 #hvo4  
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umjetnah ,jugoslav5skih4 7,biographical 
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,num]als1 & ,devices ( ! ,middle ,ages4 
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vols4 ,folio4 ,p>is1 #ahda4 #fjj plates4
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7,milanesi71 ,fir5ze1 #ahei4 7,conta9s  
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#hvo4 ,/rassburg1 #ahii4 ,_m phototype  
facsimiles4   ,wailly1 ,j4,n4 de4 lm5s  
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diplomaticum4 ,folio4 #agea4 ,_m        
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