,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,g5]al ,,me?od  ,bas$
 on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,h]b>t4  by  ,,*>les 
,a4 ,mc,m,u,r,r,y1 ,,ph4,d4  ,second    
,edition        ,public-,s*ool ,publi%+ 
,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,bloom+ton1 ,ill9ois4  
#ahic ,copyright1 #ahic4 ,by ,c4 ,a4    
,mc,murry1 ,normal1 ,ill4     ,,preface4
  ,! ,h]b>t ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy has creat$
 mu* /ir 9 ,g]many 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s4  
,x has develop$ a l>ge numb] ( vigor\s  
writ]s on all phases ( education &      
psy*ology1 & numb]s a ?\s& or m positive
 disciples among ! en]getic tea*]s (    
,g]many4  ,^? ,am]ican tea*]s & /ud5ts  
:o h come 9 contact ) ! ideas ( ?is     
s*ool h be5 greatly /imulat$4  ,9 su* a 
miscellane\s & _m-sid$ ?+ z practical   
education1 x is deeply gratify+ to f9d a
 cle> & def9ite lead+ purpose t prevails
 ?r\gh\t & a set ( mutually relat$ &    
support+ pr9ciples :i* 9 practice       
contribute to ! realization ( ?is       
purpose4  ,! foll[+ *apt]s _c be reg>d$ 
z a full1 exact1 & pa9fully sci5tific   
acc\nt ( ,h]b>tian ideas1 b z a simple  

explanation ( _! lead+ pr9ciples 9 _!   
relations to ea* o!r & 9 _! application 
to our own s*ool problems4  ,9 ! second 
edition ! la/ *apt] ( ! fir/ edition has
 be5 omitt$1 :ile ! o!r *apt]s h be5 mu*
 modifi$ & enl>g$4 ,! *apt] on ! ,=mal  
,/eps is res]v$ = enl>gem5t &           
publication 9 a sep>ate =m4   ,normal1  
,ill41 ,novemb] #d1 #ahic4     ,,table  
,,( ,,cont5ts4   ,,*apt] ,i4   ,! ,*ief 
,aim ( ,education  ,,*apt] ,,ii4        
,relative ,value ( ,/udies  ,,*apt]     
,,iii4   ,nature ( ,int]e/  ,,*apt]     
,,iv4   ,conc5tration  ,,*apt] ,v4      
,induction  ,,*apt] ,,vi4   ,app]ception
  ,,*apt] ,,vii4   ,! ,w  ,,*apt]       
,,viii4   ,h]b>t & ,8 ,disciples        
,books ( ,ref]5ce     ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,!  
,,*ief ,,aim ,,( ,,education4  ,:at is !
 c5tral purpose ( education8  ,if we    
include "u ?is t]m all ! ?+s commonly   
assign$ to x1 its _m phases z repres5t$ 
by ! great v>iety ( tea*]s & pupils1 !  
_m bran*es ( k & ! v>i\s & ev5 conflict+
 me?ods 9 br++ up *ildr51 x is difficult

 to f9d a def9ition suffici5tly broad & 
def9ite to compass its mean+4  ,9 fact  
we %all n attempt 9 ! beg9n+ to make a  
def9ition4  ,we are 9 se>* n s mu* ( a  
compreh5sive def9ition z ( a c5tral     
tru?1 a key to ! situation1 an aim t w  
simplify & bright5 all ! "w ( tea*]s4   
,keep+ 9 view ! end f ! beg9n+1 we ne$ a
 c5tral organiz+ pr9ciple :i* %all      
dictate = tea*] & pupil ! highway ov]   
:i* !y %all travel toge!r4  ,we w assume
 at lea/ t education means ! :ole br++  
up ( a *ild f infancy to maturity1 n    
simply 8 s*ool tra9+4  ,! reason = ?is  
assumption is t home1 s*ool1 companions1
 environm5t1 & natural end[m5t1 work+   
?r\gh a s]ies ( ye>s1 produce a "* :i*  
is a unit z ! resultant ( ^! diff]5t    
influ5ces & gr[?s4  ,aga91 we are       
compell$ to assume t ?is aim1 :atev] x  
is1 is ! same = all4  ,n[ :at w ! av]age
 man1 pick$ up at r&om1 say to our "q3  
,:at is ! *ief end 9 ! education ( y\r  
son8  ,a f>m] wi%es 8 boy to read1      
write1 & ciph]1 s z to meet successfully

 ! ne$s ( a f>m]'s life4  ,! m]*ant     
desires t 8 boy get a wid] rea* ( k &   
exp]i5ce s z to succe$ 9 a liveli] sort 
( bus9ess competition4  ,a univ]sity    
pr(essor w\ld lay out a lib]al c\rse (  
tra9+ = 8 son s z to prep>e him =       
intellectual pursuits among s*ol>s & p (
 culture4  ,?is utilit>ian view1 :i*    
po9ts to success 9 life 9 ! ord9>y s5se1
 is ! prevail+ "o4  ,we c\ld probably   
sum up ! wi%es ( a great majority ( !   
common p by say+1 ,!y desire to give _! 
*ildr51 ?r\gh education1 a bett] *ance 9
 life ?an !y !mselves h _h4  ,yet ev5 ^!
 p1 if press$ to give reasons1 w\ld     
admit t ! purely utilit>ian view is a l[
 "o & t !re is some?+ bett] = e boy &   
girl ?an ! m]e ability to make a        
successful liv+4  ,turn = a mom5t to !  
great sy/ems ( education :i* h held _!  
own = c5turies & exam9e _! aims4  ,!    
,jesuits1 ! ,humani/s1 & ! ,natural     
,sci5ti/s all claim$ to be lib]al1      
culture-giv+1 & prep>atory to great ?+s2
 yet we only ne$ to quote f ! hi/ories (

 education to %[ _! n>r[ness &          
incomplet5ess4  ,! tra9+ ( ! ,jesuits 0 
l+ui/ic & rhetorical1 & almo/ entirely  
ap>t f our pres5t notion ( human        
developm5t4  ,! ,humani/s or ,classici/s
 :o = s _m c5turies con/itut$ !         
educational elite1 belong$ to ! pa/ )   
its glories r ?an to ! age 9 :i* !y     
really liv$4  ,?\gh /&+ 9 a mod]n age1  
!y 7 almo/ bl9d to ! great problems &   
opportunities x (f]$4  ,!y /ood 9 bold  
contra/ to ! gr[? ( ! mod]n _s 9 hi/ory1
 lit]ature1 & natural sci5ce4  ,b 9     
spite ( _! pr$om9at+ influ5ce ov]       
education = c5turies1 !re has nev] be5 !
 %ad[ ( a *ance = mak+ ! classics (     
antiquity ! basis ( common1 popul>      
education4  ,! mod]n s*ool ( ,natural   
,sci5ti/s is j z "o-sid$ z ! ,humani/s 9
 suppos+ t human nature is n>r[ en\gh to
 be compress$ )9 ! b\nds ( natural      
sci5ce /udies1 h[ev] broad _! field may 
be4  ,b ! sy/ems ( education 9 vogue h  
always lagg$ beh9d ! cle> views (       
educational re=m]s4  ,two hundr$ fifty  

ye>s ago ,com5ius project$ a plan (     
education = e boy & girl ( ! common p4  
,8 aim 0 to tea* all m5 all ?+s f !     
highe/ tru?s ( religion to ! commone/   
?+s ( daily exp]i5ce4 ,be+ a man (      
simple & pr(\nd religi\s fai?1 religion 
& morality 7 at ! f\ndation ( 8 sy/em4  
,b ev5 ! pr9ciples ( intellectual tra9+ 
s cle>ly advocat$ by ,com5ius h n yet   
f\nd a ready he>+ among tea*]s1 to say  
no?+ ( 8 great moral-religi\s purpose4  
,among lat] writ]s1 ,locke1 ,r\sseau1 & 
,pe/alozzi h set up ideals ( education t
 h _h mu* influ5ce4  ,b ,locke's        
g5tleman c nev] be ! ideal ( all because
 x is intr9sically ari/ocratic &        
education has become ) u broadly        
democratic4  ,aft] all1 ,locke's        
g5tleman is a noble ideal & %\ld        
p[]fully impress tea*]s4  ,! p]fect     
human animal t ,r\sseau dream$ ( 9 !    
,emile1 is be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! noble      
savage1 b we are n 9 dang] 9 ,am]ica (  
adopt+ ?is ideal4  ,9 spite ( 8 m]its ! 
noble/ savage falls %ort 9 sev]al ways4 

,yet x is important 9 education to      
p]fect ! physical p[]s & ! animal       
developm5t 9 e *ild4  ,pe/alozzi t\*$ ! 
he>ts ( ev5 ! weake/ & morally fraile/  
*ildr51 & tri$ to make improv$ physical 
conditions & intellectual culture       
contribute to he>t culture1 or r to     
comb9e ! two 9 /rong moral "*4 ,he came 
close ^u ! highe/ aim ( education & 0   
able to illu/rate 8 doctr9e 9 practice4 
,! educational re=m]s h gone f> ahead ( 
! s*oolma/]s 9 sett+ up a high aim 9    
education4  ,let u exam9e a few         
well-kn[n def9itions ( education by     
great ?9k]s1 & try to discov] a c5tral  
idea4  ,! purpose ( education is to give
 to ! body & to ! s\l all ! beauty & all
 ! p]fection ( :i* !y are               
capable4--,plato4  ,education includes  
:atev] we d = ourselves & :atev] is done
 = u by o!rs = ! express purpose ( br++ 
u ne>] to ! p]fection ( our             
nature4--,john ,/u>t ,mill4  ,education 
is ! prep>ation = complete liv+4--,h]b]t
 ,sp5c]4  ,education is ! h>moni\s &    

equable evolution ( ! human faculties by
 a me?od bas$ ^u ! nature ( ! m9d =     
develop+ all ! faculties ( ! s\l1 =     
/irr+ up & n\ri%+ all ! pr9ciples (     
life1 :ile %unn+ all "o-sid$ culture &  
tak+ acc\nt ( ! s5tim5ts ^u :i* ! /r5g? 
& wor? ( m5 dep5d4--,/e94  ,education is
 ! sum ( ! reflective ef=ts by :i* we   
aid nature 9 ! developm5t ( ! physical1 
intellectual1 & moral faculties ( man 9 
view ( 8 p]fection1 8 happ9ess1 & 8     
social de/9ation4--,compayre4  ,^!      
attempts to br+ ! task ( education into 
a compreh5sive1 sci5tific =mula are     
int]e/+ & yet disappo9t+4  ,!y agree 9  
giv+ great bread? to education4  ,b 9 ! 
attempt to be compreh5sive1 to omit     
no?+1 !y fail to specify t :]e9 ! true  
wor? ( man consi/s2 !y fail to br+ out  
into relief ! highe/ aim z an organiz+  
idea 9 ! complicat$ "w ( education & its
 relation to second>y aims4  ,we desire 
!re=e to approa* ne>] to ?is problem3   
,:at is ! highe/ aim ( education8  ,we w
 d s by an inquiry into ! aims &        

t5d5cies ( our public s*ools4  ,to an   
outw>d obs]v] ! s*ools ( today conf9e _!
 att5tion almo/ exclusively to !        
acquisition ( c]ta9 =ms ( k & to        
intellectual tra9+1 to ! m5tal discipl9e
 & p[] t come f a v>i$ & vigor\s ex]cise
 ( ! faculties4 ,! great majority ( good
 s*oolma/]s /& squ>ely ^u ?is plat=m1 k 
& m5tal discipl9e4  ,b !y are none !    
less deeply consci\s t ?is is n ! highe/
 aim ( education4  ,we sc>cely ne$ to be
 told t a p]son may be fully equipp$ ) !
 be/ t ?is /yle ( education c give1 &   
/ill rema9 a crim9al4  ,a good & wise   
p>5t w inevitably seek = a bett] result 
9 8 *ild ?an m]e k1 intellectual        
ability1 & p[]4  ,all good s*oolma/]s "k
 t beh9d s*ool /udies & c>es is ! /ill  
great] task ( develop+ manly & womanly  
"*4  ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ?is is too high &  
sacr$ a ?+ to =mulate4  ,p]haps 9 !     
attempt to r$uce x to a sci5tific =m we 
%\ld lose its _s4  ,admitt+ t /rong     
moral "* is ! noble/ result ( "r tra9+1 
is x n /ill incid5tal to ! regul> s*ool 

"w8  ,p]haps x lies 9 ! tea*] & 9 8     
mann] ( tea*+ subjects1 & n 9 !         
subject-matt] itself nor 9 any c\rse (  
/udy4  ,?is is exactly ! po9t at :i* we 
wi% to apply ! lev] & to lift into      
prom95ce ! moral "*-build+ aim z !      
c5tral "o 9 education4  ,?is aim %\ld be
 l a load/one1 attract+ & subord9at+ all
 o!r purposes to itself4  ,x %\ld       
dom9ate 9 ! *oice1 arrangem5t1 & me?od (
 /udies4  ,let u exam9e m c>efully !    
convictions ^u :i* ! moral aim re/s4  ,e
 wise & b5evol5t p>5t kn[s t ! fir/ &   
la/ "q to ask & answ] reg>d+ a *ild is  
,:at are 8 moral quality & /r5g?8  ,n[1 
:o is bett] able to judge ( ! true aim  
?an ?\ghtful & solicit\s p>5ts8  ,9 !   
second place1 x is inconceivable t a    
consci5ti\s tea*] %\ld close 8 eyes to  
all except ! intellectual tra9+ ( 8     
pupils4  ,x is z natural = him to t\* & 
awak5 ! moral qualities z x is = birds  
to s+4  ,aga91 ! /ate is m conc]n$ to   
see ! gr[? ( j & virtu\s citiz5s ?an 9  
see+ ! prosp]ity ( s*ol>s1 inv5tors1 &  

m]*ants4  ,x is also conc]n$ ) ! success
 ( ! latt]1 b *iefly :5 _! k1 skill1 &  
weal? are equal$ by _! virtues4  ,our   
c\ntry may h va/ res\rces & great       
opportunities1 b ev]y?+ 9 ! end dep5ds  
^u ! moral quality ( its m5 & wom54     
,und]m9e & corrupt ?is & we all "k t !re
 is no?+ to hope =4  ,! uncorrupt$ /ock 
( true patriots 9 our l& is firmly root$
 9 ?is conviction1 :i* is wor? m to !   
c\ntry ?an corn-fields & iron m9es4  ,! 
p]petual enticem5t & bl&i%m5t ( worldly 
success s univ]sal 9 our "t c n move u  
if we f\nd "o !ory & practice ^u !      
c5tral doctr9e ( moral education4       
,education1 !re=e1 9 its popul>1        
untrammel$1 moral s5se1 is ! greate/    
conc]n ( society4  ,9 project+ a g5]al  
plan ( popul> education we are behold5  
to ! prejudices ( no man nor class ( m54
  ,n ev5 ! traditional prejudices ( !   
great body ( tea*]s %\ld /& 9 ! way (   
sett+ up ! noble/ ideal ( education4    
,educational ?9k]s are 9 duty b\nd to   
free !mselves f utilit>ian notions &    

n>r[ness1 & to adopt ! be/ plat=m t     
*ildr5 by natural bir?right c /& ^u4    
,!y are call$ ^u to f9d ! be/ & to apply
 x to z _m z possible4  ,let x be       
rememb]$ t ea* *ild has a complete gr[? 
be=e him4  ,8 own possibilities & n !   
atta9m5ts ( 8 p>5ts & eld]s are ! ?+s to
 consid]4  ,%all we seek to avoid       
responsibility = ! moral aim by ?r[+ x  
^u ! family & ! *ur*8  ,b ! m we probe  
into educational problems ! m we %all   
f9d ! ess5tial unity ( all educational  
=ces4  ,! citadel ( a *ild's life is 8  
moral "*1 :e!r ! home1 ! s*ool1 or !    
*ur* build & /r5g!n its walls4  ,if ask$
 to def9e ! relation ( ! s*ool to ! home
 we %all quickly see t !y are "o 9 _s & 
lead+ purpose1 t in/ead ( be+ sep>at$ !y
 %\ld be br\ght clos] toge!r4  ,9       
conclusion1 !re=e1 %all we make moral "*
 ! cle> & consci\s aim ( s*ool          
education1 & !n subord9ate s*ool /udies 
& discipl9e1 m5tal tra9+ & conduct1 to  
?is aim8  ,x w be a great /imulus to    
?\s&s ( tea*]s to discov] t ?is is !    

real purpose ( s*ool "w1 & t !re are    
abundant means n yet us$ ( realiz+ x4   
,hav+ once firmly grasp$ ?is idea1 !y w 
f9d t !re is no o!r hav+ half its       
pot5cy4  ,x w put a sub/antial f\ndation
 "u educational labors1 bo? !oretical & 
practical1 :i* w make !m ! noble/ (     
ent]prises4  ,c we expect ! public s*ool
 to drop into su* a purely subord9ate   
function z t ( intellectual tra9+2 to   
limit its influ5ce to an almo/ me*anical
 action1 ! %>p5+ ( ! m5tal tools8  ,/at$
 9 ?is =m1 x becomes an absurdity4  ,is 
x reasonable to suppose t ! rank & file 
( our tea*]s w realize ! importance (   
?is aim 9 tea*+ s long z x has no       
recognition 9 our public sy/em (        
in/ruction8  ,! moral elem5t is l>gely  
pres5t among educators z an in/9ct1 b x 
ought to be evolv$ into a cle> purpose )
 def9ite means ( accompli%m5t4 ,x is an 
op5 secret 9 fact1 t :ile our public    
in/ruction is o/5sibly secul>1 hav+ no?+
 to d directly ) religion or morals1 !re
 is no?+ ab\t :i* good tea*]s are m     

?\ghtful & anxi\s ?an ab\t ! means (    
moral influ5ce4  ,occasionally "s "o f !
 outside attacks our public s*ools z )\t
 morals & godless1 b !re is no lack (   
/aun* def5d]s on moral gr\nds4          
,!oretically & ev5 practically1 to a    
consid]able ext5t1 we are all agre$ ^u !
 great value ( moral education4  ,b !re 
is a /rik+ inconsi/5cy 9 our :ole       
position on ! s*ool problem4 ,:ile !    
supreme value ( ! moral aim w be g5]ally
 admitt$1 x has no op5 recognition 9 our
 s*ool c\rse1 ei!r z a pr9cipal or z a  
subord9ate aim ( in/ruction4  ,moral    
education is n g]mane to ! av[$ purposes
 ( ! public s*ool4  ,if x gets 9 at all 
x is by ! back door4  ,x is incid5tal1 n
 prim>y4  ,! importance ( mak+ ! lead+  
aim ( education cle> & consci\s to      
tea*]s1 is great4  ,if _! conviction on 
?is po9t is n cle> !y w c]ta9ly n       
conc5trate _! att5tion & ef=ts ^u its   
realization4  ,aga91 9 a bus9ess l      
education1 :]e !re are s _m important & 
necess>y results to be rea*$1 x is v    

easy & common to put =w>d a subord9ate  
aim1 & to lift x into undue prom95ce1   
ev5 all[+ x to swall[ up all ! en]gies (
 tea*] & pupils4  ,ow+ to ?is div]sity (
 op9ion among tea*]s z to ! results to  
be rea*$1 our public s*ools exhibit a   
*aos ( conflict+ !ory & practice1 & a   
numb]less brood ( hobby-rid]s4  ,h[ to  
e/abli% ! moral aim 9 ! c5t] ( ! s*ool  
c\rse1 h[ to subord9ate & realize ! o!r 
educational aims :ile keep+ ?is *iefly 9
 view1 h[ to make in/ruction & s*ool    
discipl9e contribute unit$ly to !       
=mation ( vigor\s moral "*1 & h[ to     
unite home1 s*ool1 & o!r life exp]i5ces 
( a *ild 9 p]fect+ ! "o great aim (     
education--^! are "s ( ! problems ^:    
solution w be s\ght 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4  
,x w be especially our purpose to %[ h[ 
s*ool in/ruction c be br\ght into !     
direct s]vice ( "*-build+4  ,?is is !   
po9t ^u :i* mo/ tea*]s are skeptical4   
,n mu* ef=t has be5 made ( late to put !
 be/ moral mat]ials into ! s*ool c\rse4 
,9 "o :ole set ( s*ool /udies1 & t ! mo/

 important 7read+1 lit]ature1 & hi/ory71
 !re is opportunity ?r\gh all ! grades =
 a vivid & direct cultivation ( moral   
ideas & convictions4  ,! second great   
s]ies ( /udies1 ! natural sci5ces1 come 
9 to support ! moral aims1 :ile !       
p]sonal example & influ5ce ( ! tea*]1 & 
! common exp]i5ces & incid5ts ( s*ool   
life & conduct1 give abundant occasion  
to apply & en=ce moral ideas4  ,t ! o!r 
ju/ifiable aims ( education1 su* z      
physical tra9+1 m5tal discipl9e1 ord]ly 
habits1 g5tlemanly conduct1 practical   
utility ( k1 lib]al culture1 & ! free   
developm5t ( individuality w n be weak5$
 by plac+ ! moral aim 9 ! =efront (     
educational motives1 we are conv9c$4    
,to "s ext5t ^! que/ions w be discuss$ 9
 ! foll[+ pages4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4      
,,relative ,,value ,,( ,,/udies4  ,be+  
conv9c$ t ! controll+ aim ( education   
%\ld be moral1 we %all n[ inquire into !
 relative value ( diff]5t /udies & _!   
fitness to rea* & satisfy ?is aim4  ,z  
measur$ ^u ?is c>d9al purpose1 :at is ! 

intr9sic value ( ea* s*ool /udy8 ,!     
bran*es ( k furni% ! mat]ials ^u :i* a  
*ild's m9d works4  ,be=e ent]+ ^u su* a 
long & up-hill task z education1 ) its  
weighty results1 x is prud5t to e/imate 
n only ! end 9 view1 b ! be/ means (    
rea*+ x4  ,_m means are (f]$1 "s        
trivial1 o!rs valuable4  ,a c>eful      
measurem5t1 ) "s reliable /&>d1 ( !     
mat]ials furni%$ by ! common s*ool1 is  
our fir/ task4  ,to :at ext5t does      
hi/ory contribute to our purpose8  ,:at 
importance h geography & ari?metic8  ,h[
 d read+ & natural sci5ce aid a *ild to 
gr[ into ! full /ature ( a man or woman8
  ,^! que/ions are n new1 b ! answ] to  
!m has be5 long delay$4  ,s9ce ! "t (   
,com5ius1 to say ! lea/1 !y h s]i\sly   
di/urb$ educators4  ,b few h _h !       
c\rage1 indu/ry1 & bread? ( m9d ( a     
,com5ius1 to s\nd ! educational wat]s & 
to lay out a pr(itable *>t4  ,9 spite ( 
,com5ius' labors1 h[ev]1 & ^? ( o!r     
educational re=m]s be !y nev] s         
en]getic1 practical progress t[>d a f9al

 answ]1 z regi/]$ 9 s*ool c\rses1 has   
be5 extremely sl[4  ,h]b]t ,sp5c] says3 
,if !re ne$s any fur!r evid5ce ( ! rude1
 undevelop$ "* ( our education1 we h x 9
 ! fact t ! comp>ative wor?s ( ! diff]5t
 k9ds ( k h be5 z yet sc>cely ev5       
discuss$1 mu* less discuss$ 9 a me?odic 
way ) def9ite results4  ,n only is x t  
no /&>d ( relative values has yet be5   
agre$ ^u1 b ! exi/5ce ( any su* /&>d has
 n be5 conceiv$ 9 any cle> mann]4  ,& n 
only is x t ! exi/5ce ( su* a /&>d has n
 be5 cle>ly conceiv$1 b ! ne$ ( x seems 
to h be5 sc>cely ev5 felt4  ,m5 read    
books on ?is topic & att5d lectures ^u  
t1 decide t _! *ildr5 %all be in/ruct$ 9
 ^! bran*es & n 9 ^?2 & all "u !        
guidance ( m]e cu/om1 or lik+1 or       
prejudice1 )\t ev] consid]+ ! enorm\s   
importance ( det]m9+ 9 "s rational way  
:at ?+s are really mo/ wor? le>n+4  99  
99 99 99 99  ,m5 dress _! *ildr5's m9ds 
z !y d _! bodies1 9 ! prevail+ fa%ion4  
,sp5c]1 ,education1 p4 #bf4  ,sp5c] sees
 cle>ly ! importance ( ?is problem &    

gives x a vigor\s discussion 9 8 fir/   
*apt]1 ,:at k is ( mo/ wor?8  ,b ! "q is
 a broad & fundam5tal "o & 9 8 pref]5ce 
= ! natural sci5ces he seems to u n to h
 ma9ta9$ a j balance ( educational =ces 
9 prep>+ a *ild = complete liv+4  ,8    
!ory ne$s also to be work$ out into     
great] detail & appli$ to s*ool         
conditions be=e x c be ( mu* value to   
tea*]s4  ,x c sc>cely be said t any o!r 
,engli%man or ,am]ican has s]i\sly      
grappl$ ) ?is problem4  ,great *anges & 
re=ms inde$ h be5 />t$1 especially )9 ! 
la/ fifty ye>s1 b !y h be5 und]tak5 "u !
 pressure ( g5]al popul> dem&s & h      
result$ 9 compromises betwe5 traditional
 =ces & urg5t popul> ne$s4  ,an adequate
 philosophical inquiry into ! relative  
m]it ( /udies & _! adaptability to      
nurture m5tal1 moral1 & physical        
qualities has n be5 made4  ,! ,g]mans h 
work$ to a bett] purpose4  ,q a numb] ( 
able ?9k]s among !m h giv5 _! be/ ye>s  
to ! /udy ( ?is problem ( relative      
educational values & to a work+ out (   

its results4  ,h]b>t1 ,zill]1 ,/oy1 &   
,re9 h be5 deeply int]e/$ 9 philosophy &
 psy*ology z life-long tea*]s ( ^!      
subjects at ! univ]sity1 b 9 _! practice
 s*ools 9 ! same place !y also /ood     
daily face to face ) ! prim>y           
difficulties ( ord9>y tea*+4  ,at !     
outset1 & be=e lay+ out a c\rse ( /udy1 
!y 7 compell$ to meet & settle ! aim (  
education & ! problem ( relative values4
  ,hav+ answ]$ ^! que/ions to _! own    
satisfaction1 !y proce$$ to "w out 9    
detail a common s*ool c\rse4  ,! ,h]b>t 
s*ool ( tea*]s has presum$ to call its  
int]pretation ( educational ideas       
sci5tific p$agogy1 a some:at pret5ti\s  
"n 9 view ( ! fact t _m lead+ educators 
9 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & else:]e1 d5y !     
exi/5ce ( su* a sci5ce4 ,b if n a       
sci5ce1 x is at lea/ a s]i\s attempt at 
"o4  ,! exposition ( pr9ciples t foll[  
is *iefly d]iv$ f !m4  ,) u ! pres5t "t 
is favorable to a rational inquiry into 
relative educational values & to a      
?or\gh-go+ application ( ! results to   

s*ool c\rses & me?ods4  ,9 ! fir/ place 
! old classical monopoly is f9ally &    
completely brok51 at lea/ s f> z !      
common s*ool is conc]n$4 ,x rul$        
education = sev]al c5turies1 b n[ ev5   
its me?ods ( discipl9e are los+ _!      
antique hold4  ,! natural sci5ces1 mod]n
 hi/ory1 & lit]ature h assum$ an equal  
place ) ! old classical /udies 9 college
 c\rses4  ,fre$ f old traditions &      
prejudice1 our common s*ool is n[ gr\nd$
 9 ! v]nacul>1 9 ! national hi/ory &    
lit]ature1 & 9 home geography & natural 
sci5ce4  ,its roots g deep into native  
soil4  ,secondly1 ! door ( ! common     
s*ool has be5 ?r[n op5 to ! new /udies &
 !y h ent]$ 9 a troop4  ,hi/ory1 draw+1 
natural sci5ce1 mod]n lit]ature1 &      
physical culture h be5 add$ to ! old    
read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic4  ,! common   
s*ool 0 nev] s untrammel$4 ,x is free to
 absorb into its c\rse ! select mat]ials
 ( ! be/ /udies4  ,tea*]s really enjoy m
 fre$om 9 select+ & arrang+ subjects & 9
 introduc+ new ?+s ?an !y "k h[ to make 

use (4  ,!re is no "o 9 high au?ority to
 *eck ! re=m _s & ev5 local bo>ds are   
(t5 among ! advocates ( *ange4  ,9 !    
?ird place1 by multiply+ /udies1 !      
common s*ool c\rse has gr[n m complex & 
het]og5e\s4  ,! old read+1 writ+1       
ari?metic1 & gramm> c\ld n be %elv$ = ! 
sake ( ! new /udies & ! same am\nt ( "t 
mu/ be divid$ n[ among _m bran*es4  ,x  
is n to be wond]$ at if all ! /udies are
 treat$ 9 a %all[ & fragm5t>y way4  ,"s 
( ! new /udies1 especially1 are n well  
taught4  ,!re is less ( unity 9 high]   
education n[ ?an !re 0 be=e ! classical 
/udies & ! ?ree ,r's lo/ _! supremacy4  
,our common s*ool c\rse has become a    
bat* ( miscellanies4  ,we are 9 dang] ( 
ov]load+ pupils1 z well z ( mak+ a      
sup]ficial hodge-podge ( all bran*es4   
,!re is imp]ative ne$ = sift+ ! /udies  
accord+ to _! value1 z well z = br++ !m 
into "r connection & dep5d5ce ^u "o     
ano!r4 ,f\r?ly1 !re is a l>ge body (    
?\ghtful & inquir+ tea*]s & pr9cipals :o
 are work+ at a revision ( ! s*ool      

c\rse4 ,!y seek some?+ tangible1 a work+
 plan1 :i* w help !m 9 _! pres5t        
p]plexities & %[ !m a wise use ( draw+1 
natural sci5ce1 & lit]ature1 9 h>mony ) 
! o!r /udies4  ,f9ally1 s9ce we are 9 ! 
mid/ ( su* a break+-up p]iod1 we ne$ to 
take our be>+s4  ,9 ord] to avoid       
mi/akes & excesses !re is a call = deep1
 imp>tial1 & _m-sid$ ?9k+ on educational
 problems4 ,suppos+ t we "k :at !       
controll+ aim ( education is1 we are    
next l$ to inquire ab\t & to det]m9e !  
relative value ( /udies z tribut>y to   
?is aim4  ,x is n h[ev] our purpose to  
give an orig9al solution to ?is problem 
& to ^? :i* foll[ x4  ,we mu/ decl9e to 
attempt a philosophical inquiry into    
fundam5tal pr9ciples & _! orig94 ,ours  
is ! humbl] task ( expla9+ & apply+     
pr9ciples already work$ out by o!rs2 t  
is1 to give ! results ( ,h]b>tian       
p$agogy z appli$ to our s*ools4  ,in/ead
 ( discuss+ ! _m bran*es ( /udy "o aft] 
ano!r1 x w be well to make a broad      
division ( !m into ?ree classes & obs]ve

 ! m>k$ features & value ( ea*4  ,fir/1 
hi/ory1 includ+ ! subject matt] (       
biography1 hi/ory1 /ory1 & o!r p>ts (   
lit]ature4  ,second1 ! natural sci5ces4 
,?ird1 ! =mal /udies1 gramm>1 writ+1 mu*
 ( ari?metic1 & ! symbols us$ 9 read+4  
,! fir/ two op5 up ! great fields ( real
 k & exp]i5ce1 ! _w ( man & ( ext]nal   
nature1 ! two great res]voirs ( int]e/+ 
facts4  ,we w fir/ exam9e ^! two fields 
& consid] _! value z con/itu5t p>ts ( ! 
s*ool c\rse4  ,hi/ory1 9 our pres5t     
s5se1 includes :at we usually und]/& by 
x1 z ,u4 ,s4 hi/ory1 mod]n & anci5t     
hi/ory1 also biography1 tradition1      
fiction z express+ human life & ! novel 
or romance1 & hi/orical & lit]>y        
ma/]pieces ( all sorts1 z ! drama & !   
epic poem1 s f> z !y del9eate man's     
exp]i5ce & "*4 ,9 a /ill broad] s5se1   
hi/ory includes language z ! expression 
( m5's ?\ghts & feel+s4  ,b ?is is !    
=mal side ( hi/ory ) :i* we are n at    
pres5t conc]n$4  ,hi/ory deals ) m5's   
motives & actions z individuals or 9    

society1 ) _! dispositions1 habits1 &   
in/itutions1 & ) ! monum5ts & lit]ature 
!y h left4  ,! relations ( p]sons to ea*
 o!r 9 society give rise to morals4 ,h[8
  ,! act ( a p]son--z :5 a fireman      
rescues a *ild f a burn+ build+--%[s a  
disposition 9 ! actor4  ,we praise or   
condemn ?is disposition z ! de$ is good 
or bad4  ,b ea* moral judgm5t1 rightly  
giv51 leaves u /rong]4  ,to appreciate &
 judge fairly ! life & acts ( a woman l 
,m>y ,lyon1 or ( a man su* z ,samuel    
,arm/rong1 is to awak5 some?+ ( _! _s & 
moral temp] 9 ourselves4  ,:e!r 9 ! life
 ( ,david or ( ,%ylock1 or ( ! p :om !y 
repres5t1 ! /udy ( m5 is prim>ily a /udy
 ( morals1 ( conduct4  ,x is 9 ! p]sonal
 h>d%ips1 /ruggles1 & mutual contact (  
m5 t motives & moral impulses are obs]v$
 & weigh$4  ,9 su* m5 z ,john ,bunyan1  
,william ! ,sil5t1 & ,john ,qu9cy       
,adams1 we are mu* int]e/$ to "k :at    
qualities ( m9d & he>t !y possess$1 &   
especially :at human sympa?ies &        
antipa?ies !y felt4  ,liv+/one embodi$ 9

 8 ,african life c]ta9 ,*ri/ian virtues 
:i* we love & honor ! m because !y 7 s  
sev]ely & successfully te/$4  ,al?\gh ! 
hi/ory ( m5 & ( society has _m uses1 its
 be/ influ5ce is 9 illu/rat+ & inculcat+
 moral ideas4  ,x is tea*+ morals by    
example4  ,ev5 liv+ companions (t5 ex]t 
less influ5ce ^u *ildr5 ?an ! *>act]s   
impress$ ^u _! m9ds f read+4  ,!        
delib]ate plan ( tea*]s & p>5ts might   
make ?is influ5ce m salut>y & effective4
  ,x w /rike mo/ tea*]s z a surprise to 
say t ! *ief use ( hi/ory /udy is to =m 
moral notions 9 *ildr54  ,_! exp]i5ce ) 
?is bran* ( s*ool "w has be5 q diff]5t4 
,!y h n s reg>d$ nor us$ hi/ory4  ,x has
 be5 g5]ally look$ ^u z a body ( useful 
in=mation t intellig5t p]sons mu/       
possess4  ,our hi/ory texts also h be5  
con/ruct$ = ano!r purpose1 namely1 to   
summ>ize & pres5t important facts 9 z   
brief space z possible1 n to reveal     
p]sonal actions & "* z a =mative moral  
influ5ce 9 ! education ( ! "y4  ,ev5 z  
s\rces ( valuable in=mation1 ,sp5c] %[s 

t our hi/ories h be5 extremely defici5t2
 b = moral purposes !y are almo/        
wor?less4  ,n[1 moral dispositions are a
 bett] fruitage & te/ ( wor? 9 m5 ?an   
any intellectual acquirem5ts4  ,hi/ory  
is already a recogniz$ /udy ( admitt$   
value 9 ! s*ools4  ,x is a %ame to /rip 
x ( t cont5t & ( t influ5ce :i* are its 
*ief m]it4  ,to /udy ! conduct ( p]sons 
z illu/rat+ "r actions is1 9 quality1 ! 
highe/ =m ( in/ruction4  ,o!r v         
important ?+s are also involv$ 9 a "r   
/udy ( hi/ory4  ,!re are economic1      
political1 & social in/itutions evolv$  
out ( previ\s hi/ory2 !re are pres5t    
intricate problems to be approa*$ &     
und]/ood4  ,b all ^! que/ions re/ to a  
l>ge ext5t ^u moral pr9ciples4  ,b :ile 
^! political1 social1 & economic int]e/s
 are beyond ! pres5t rea* ( *ildr51     
biography1 individual life & action 9 _!
 simple =ms1 are pla9 to _! und]/&+4    
,!y n only make moral conduct real &    
impressive1 b !y gradually lead up to an
 appreciation ( hi/ory 9 its social &   

in/itutional =ms4  ,"s ( ! be/ hi/orical
 mat]ials 7f biography1 tradition1 &    
fiction7 %\ld be absorb$ by *ildr5 9 ea*
 grade z an ess5tial "p ( ! sub/ratum ( 
moral ideas4  ,?is implies m ?an a      
collection ( hi/orical /ories 9 a       
supplem5t>y read] = int]m$iate grades4  
,x means t hi/ory 9 ! broad s5se is to  
be an important /udy 9 e grade1 & t x   
%all become a c5t] & res]voir f :i*     
read+ books & language lessons draw _!  
supplies4  ,^! biographies1 /ories1 &   
hi/orical episodes mu/ be ! be/ :i* our 
hi/ory & classic lit]ature c furni%1 &  
:atev] is ( l virtue 9 ! life ( o!r     
k9dr$ peoples1 ( ,engl&1 ,g]many1       
,greece1 etc4  ,if hi/ory 9 ?is s5se c  
be made a /rong auxili>y to moral       
education 9 common s*ools1 ! :ole body (
 e>ne/ tea*]s w be gratifi$4  ,= !re is 
no !me among !m ( su* p]5nial int]e/ &  
dep? ( mean+ z moral culture 9 s*ools4  
,x is useless to talk ( conf9+ our      
tea*]s to ! intellectual ex]cises outl9$
 9 text books4  ,!y are consci\s ( deal+

 ) *ildr5 ( moral susceptibility4  ,9   
our meet+s1 discussions on ! means (    
moral influ5ce are m frequ5t & e>ne/ ?an
 on any o!r topic2 & 9 _! daily "w      
hundr$s ( our tea*]s are aim+ at moral  
"* 9 *ildr5 m ?an at any?+ else4  ,z !y 
free !mselves f me*anical requirem5ts & 
beg9 to recognize _! true function1 !y  
discov] ! transc5d5t importance ( moral 
education1 t x und]lies & gives mean+ to
 all ! o!r "w ( ! tea*]4  ,b tea*]s     
h]et(ore h tak5 a n>r[ view ( ! moral   
influ5ces at _! disposal4  ,_!          
ev]-recurr+ emphatic refra9 has be5 !   
example ( ! tea*]1 &1 to tell ! tru?1   
!re is no bett] means ( in/ill+ moral   
ideas ?an ! pres5ce & inspiration ( a   
high-ton$ tea*]4  ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t      
tea*]s ne$ moral /imulus & enc\ragem5t z
 mu* z anybody4  ,x w n d to suppose t  
!y h rea*$ ! p9nacle ( moral excell5ce &
 c /& z all-suffici5t exempl>s to       
*ildr54  ,! tea*] himself mu/ h food z  
well z ! *ildr54  ,he mu/ p>take ( !    
loaf he di/ributes to !m4  ,! cl]gyman  

also %\ld be an example ( ,*ri/ian      
virtue1 b he prea*es ! gospel z         
illu/rat$ 9 ! life ( ,*ri/1 ( ,/4 ,paul1
 & ( o!rs4  ,9 press+ home moral &      
religi\s tru?s 8 appeal is to great     
s\rces ( inspiration :i* lie outside (  
himself4  ,:y %\ld ! tea*] rely ^u 8 own
 unaid$ example m ?an ! prea*]8  ,no    
tea*] c feel t he embodies 9 himself1   
except 9 an imp]fect way1 ! /rong moral 
ideas t h made ! hi/ory ( good m5 wor?  
read+4  ,no matt] :at res\rces he may h 
9 8 own "*1 ! tea*] ne$s to employ moral
 =ces t lie outside ( himself1 ideals   
t[>d :i* he /ruggles & t[>ds :i* he     
inspires & leads o!rs4  ,! v fact t he  
appreciates & admires a man l ,longfell[
 or ,pet] ,coop] w /ir ! *ildr5 ) l     
feel+s4  ,9 ?is s5se x is a mi/ake to   
c5t] all att5tion ^u ! conduct ( !      
tea*]4  ,he is b a guide1 or1 l         
,goldsmi?'s prea*]1 he allures to       
bright] worlds & leads ! way4  ,x is    
bett] = pupil & tea*] to ent] into !    
companion%ip ( common aims & ideals4  ,=

 !m to /udy toge!r & admire ! conduct ( 
,rog] ,williams is to br+ !m into clos] 
sympa?y1 & :at d tea*]s ne$ m ?an to get
 into p]sonal sympa?y ) _! *ildr58  ,let
 !m climb ! hill toge!r1 & enjoy ! views
 toge!r1 & gr[ s intimate 9 _! aims &   
sympa?ies t aft]life _c break ! bond4   
,:5 ! inspirations & aims ?us ga9$ h    
gradually *ang$ into t5d5cies & habits1 
! *ild is morally full-fl$g$4  ,x is    
high gr\nd ^u :i* to l& y\?1 or aid 9   
l&+ him1 b x is cle>ly 9 view4  ,x is   
only gradually t moral ideas ga9 an     
asc5d5cy1 fir/ ov] ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( a
 *ild & lat] /ill ov] 8 conduct4 ,_m    
good impressions at fir/ seem to be> no 
fruit 9 action4  ,b examples & exp]i5ce 
reit]ate ! tru? till x f9ds a firm      
lodgm5t & beg9s to act z a *eck ^u      
natural impulses4  ,_m a *ild reads !   
/ories 9 ! ,y\?'s ,companion ) absorb+  
int]e/ b 9 ! home circle fails          
noticeably to imitate ! conduct he      
admires4  ,b moral ideas mu/ gr[ a      
little be=e !y c yield fruit4  ,! se$ ( 

example mu/ drop into ! soil ( ! m9d "u 
favorable conditions2 x mu/ g]m9ate &   
s5d up its %oots to "s height be=e its  
pres5ce & nature c be cle>ly se54  ,!   
application ( moral ideas to conduct is 
v important ev5 9 *ildhood1 out pati5ce 
& c>e are necess>y 9 mo/ cases4  ,!re   
mu/ be timely s[+ ( ! se$ & judici\s    
cultivation1 if good fruits are to be   
ga!r$ lat] on4  ,!re is inde$ mu*       
anxiety & pa9ful unc]ta9ty on ! "p ( ^? 
:o *>ge !mselves ) ! moral tra9+ (      
*ildr54  ,labor & bir? pa9s are antec$5t
 to ! deliv]y ( a moral be+4  ,!n aga9 a
 *ild mu/ develop accord+ to :at is 9   
him1 8 nature & peculi> disposition4  ,!
 processes ( gr[? are )9 him & ! be/ y c
 d is to give !m scope4  ,he is free & y
 are b\nd to m9i/] to 8 be/ fre$om4  ,! 
common s*ool age is ! =mative p]iod4    
,at six a *ild is morally immature2 at  
fifte5 ! die has be5 /amp$4  ,?is y\?ful
 wild]ness mu/ be cross$4  ,we c't turn 
back4  ,!re is no o!r way ( rea*+ !     
promis$ l&4  ,b !re are rebellions &    

bait+s & disord]ly sc5es4  ,?is is a    
tortu\s road6  ,isn't !re a quick] &    
easi] way8  ,! mo/ spe$ily con/ruct$    
road across ?is region is a %ort        
treatise on morals = tea*] & pupil4  ,9 
?is way x is possible to h all ! virtues
 & faults tabulat$1 label$1 & transf]r$ 
9 brief space to ! m9ds ( ! *ildr5 7if !
 discipl9e is rigor\s en\gh74  ,swall[ a
 cate*ism1 r$uc$ to a v]bal memory      
product4 ,pack away ! ess5ce ( morals 9 
a few g5]al laws & rules & h ! *ildr5   
le>n !m4  ,"s day !y may und]/&4  ,:at  
a/\nd+ fai? 9 memory cram & dry =ms6    
,we c pave su* a road ?r\gh ! fields (  
moral sci5ce1 b :5 a *ild has travel$ x 
is he a :it ! bett]8  ,no su* pav$ road 
is good = any?+4 ,x isn't ev5 com=table4
  ,x has be5 tri$ a doz5 times 9 mu*    
less important fields ( k ?an morals4   
,moral ideas spr+ up out ( exp]i5ce )   
p]sons ei!r 9 real life or 9 ! books we 
read4  ,examples ( moral action drawn f 
life are ! only ?+ t c give mean+ to    
moral precepts4  ,if we see a h>% man   

beat+ 8 horse1 we get an ineffaceable   
impression ( h>%ness4  ,by read+ ! /ory 
( ! ,black ,beauty we acquire a lively  
sympa?y = animals4 ,!n ! maxim ,a       
m]ciful man is m]ciful to 8 bea/ w be a 
good summ>y ( ! impressions receiv$4    
,moral ideas always h a concrete basis  
or orig94  ,"s companion ) ^: feel+s &  
actions y are 9 close p]sonal contact1  
or "s "* f hi/ory or fiction by ^:      
p]sonality y h be5 /rongly attract$1    
gives y y\r ke5e/ impressions ( moral   
qualities4  ,to beg9 ) ab/ract moral    
tea*+1 or to put fai? 9 x1 is to        
misund]/& *ildr54  ,9 morals z 9 o!r =ms
 ( k1 *ildr5 are ov]:elm+ly int]e/$ 9   
p]sonal & individual examples1 ?+s :i* h
 =m1 color1 action4  ,! attempt to sum  
up ! important tru?s ( a subject &      
pres5t !m z ab/ractions to *ildr5 is    
almo/ c]ta9 to be a failure1            
p$agogically consid]$4 ,x has be5       
demon/rat$ aga9 & aga91 ev5 9 high      
s*ools1 t botany1 *emi/ry1 physics1 &   
zoology c n be taught by su* brief      

sci5tific comp5dia ( rules &            
pr9ciples--,words1 words1 words1 z      
,hamlet said4  ,we c n le>n geography f 
def9itions & map que/ions1 nor morals f 
cate*isms4  ,& j z 9 natural sci5ce we  
are resort+ p]=ce to plants1 animals1 & 
natural ph5om5a1 s 9 morals we turn to !
 de$s & lives ( m54  ,columbus 9 8 v>y+ 
=tunes leaves vivid impressions ( !     
moral /r5g? & weakness ( himself & (    
o!rs4  ,john ,w9?rop gives frequ5t      
examples ( g5]\s & unselfi% good-w to ! 
settl]s ab\t ,bo/on4  ,little ,"l       
,fauntl]oy is a bett] treatise on morals
 = *ildr5 ?an any ( our s]moniz]s h     
writt54  ,we mu/ get at morals )\t      
moraliz+ & dr9k 9 moral convictions )\t 
resort+ to moral platitudes4  ,educators
 are los+ fai? 9 words1 def9itions1 &   
classifications4  ,x is a truism t we   
c't le>n *emi/ry or zoology f books     
alone1 nor c moral judgm5ts be r5d]$    
except f individual actions4  ,a little 
reflection w %[ t we are only dem&+     
object lessons 9 ! field ( moral        

education1 ext5sive1 sy/ematic object   
lessons2 *oice exp]i5ces & episodes f   
human life1 simple & cle>1 pa9t$ 9      
natural colors1 z %[n by our be/ hi/ory 
& lit]ature4  ,to appreciate ! virtues &
 vices1 to sympa?ize ) bett] impulses1  
we mu/ travel beyond words & def9itions 
till we come 9 contact ) ! p]sonal de$s 
t fir/ give rise to !m4 ,! life ( ,m>t9 
,lu!r1 ) its faults & m]its hone/ly     
repres5t$1 is a p[]ful moral tonic to ! 
read]2 ! autobiography ( ,frankl9 br+s  
out a great v>iety ( homely tru?s 9 ! =m
 ( int]e/+ episodes 9 8 c>e]4  ,adam    
,b$e & ,romola impress u m p[]fully &   
p]man5tly ?an ! be/ s]mons1 because !   
individual realism 9 !m leads to a      
vividness ( moral judgm5t ( _! acts     
unequall$4  ,k+ ,le> tea*es u ! folly ( 
a ra% judgm5t ) ov]:elm+ =ce4           
,evangel9e awak5s our sympa?ies z no    
morali/ ev] dream$ ( do+4  ,uncle ,tom 9
 ,mrs4 ,/[e's /ory 0 a /rong] prea*] ?an
 ,w5dell ,phillips4  ,william ,tell 9   
,s*ill]'s play k9dles our love = h]oic  

de$s into an en?usiasm4  ,! be/ my?s1   
hi/orical biographies1 novels1 & dramas1
 are ! ri*e/ s\rces ( moral /imulus     
because !y lead u into ! imm$iate       
pres5ce ( ^? m5 & wom5 ^: de$s /ir up   
our moral natures4 ,9 ! repres5tations (
 ! ma/]s we are 9 ! pres5ce ( moral     
ideas clo!d 9 fle% & blood1 real & yet  
idealiz$4  ,g5]osity is n a "n b ! act (
 a p]son :i* w9s our int]e/ &1 favor4   
,to get ! impress ( k9dness we mu/ see  
an act ( k9dness & feel ! gl[ x         
produces4  ,:5 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1    
w\nd$ on ! battle field & suff]+ ) ?ir/1
 rea*$ out 8 h& = a cup ( wat] t 0      
br\ght1 8 glance fell ^u a dy+ soldi] :o
 view$ ! cup ) great desire2 ,sidney h&$
 him ! wat] ) ! words1 ,?y necessity is 
great] ?an m9e4  ,no "o c refuse 8      
approval = ?is act4  ,aft] tell+ ! /ory 
( ! man :o w5t d[n to ,j]i*o & fell     
among ?ieves1 & !n ( ! prie/1 ! ,levite1
 & ! ,sam>itan :o pass$ t way1 ,jesus   
put ! "q to 8 critic1 ,:o 0 neighbor to 
him t fell among ?ieves8  ,& ! answ]    

came ev5 f unwill+ lips1 ,he t %[$ m]cy4
  ,:5 ,na?an ,hale on ! scaffold        
regrett$ t he _h b "o life to lose = 8  
c\ntry1 we realize bett] :at patriotism 
is4  ,on ! o!r h& x is natural to       
condemn wrong de$s :5 pres5t$ cle>ly &  
objectively 9 ! action ( ano!r4  ,n]o   
caus$ ,*ri/ians to be falsely accus$ &  
!n to be condemn$ to ! claws ( wild     
bea/s 9 ! ar5a4  ,:5 su* cruelty is     
practic$ aga9/ ! innoc5t & helpless1 we 
condemn ! act4  ,:5 ,columbus 0 ?r[n    
into *a9s in/ead ( be+ rew>d$1 we       
condemn ! ,spani>ds4  ,9 ! same way !   
real _w ( p]sons ab\t u1 ! acts ( p>5ts1
 companions1 & tea*]s are p[]ful 9 giv+ 
a good or bad tone to our s5tim5ts1     
because1 z liv+ object lessons1 _!      
impress is directly & con/antly ^u u4   
,9 su* cases tak5 f daily exp]i5ce & f  
illu/rations ( p]sonal conduct 9 books1 
x is possible to obs]ve h[ moral        
judgm5ts orig9ate & by repetition gr[   
into convictions4  ,!y spr+ up naturally
 & surely :5 we und]/& well !           

circum/ances "u :i* an act 0 p]=m$4  ,! 
int]e/ & sympa?y felt = ! p]sons l5ds   
great vividness to ! judgm5ts express$4 
,ea* individual act /&s out cle>ly &    
calls =? a prompt & un]r+ approval or   
disapproval4  7,b lat] ! judgm5t mu/    
react ^u our own conduct47  ,! examples 
are simple & objective1 free f selfi%   
int]e/ on ! *ild's "p1 s t good & bad   
acts are recogniz$ 9 _! true quality4   
,^! simple moral judgm5ts are only a    
beg9n+1 only a s[+ ( ! se$4  ,b h>ve/s w
 n gr[ & rip5 unless se$ has be5 laid 9 
! gr\nd4  ,x is a long road to travel   
be=e ^! e>ly moral impressions develop  
into firm convictions :i* rule ! conduct
 ( an adult4  ,b education is necess>ily
 a sl[ process1 & x is likely to be a   
p]v]t$ "o unless ! f\ndation is c>efully
 laid 9 e>ly ye>s4  ,! fitt+ way !n to  
cultivate moral judgm5ts1 t is1 to />t j
 ideas ( "r & wrong1 ( virtues & vices1 
is by a regul> & sy/ematic pres5tation (
 p]sons illu/rat+ noble & ignoble acts4 
,a pref]5ce = ! "r & an av]sion = !     

wrong w be ! sure result ( c>eful tea*+4
  ,habits ( judg+ w be =m$ & /rong moral
 convictions e/abli%$ :i* may be        
gradually br\ght to influ5ce & control  
action4  ,a good %>e ( ! influ5ces t are
 ?r[n ar\nd an ord9>y *ild ne$ to be    
c\nt]act$4  ,x c be done to a           
consid]able ext5t by in/ruction4  ,_m ( 
! int]e/+ *>act]s ( hi/ory are bett]    
company = u & = *ildr5 ?an our neighbors
 & contempor>ies4 ,= ! purposes ( moral 
example & inspiration we may select z   
companions = !m ! be/ p]sons 9 hi/ory1  
provid$ we "k h[ to select = ourselves &
 o!rs4  ,_! acts are p]sonal1           
biographical1 & int]e/+1 & appeal at    
once to *ildr5 z well z to _! eld]s4    
,!re is no good reason :y a mu* great]  
numb] ( our s*ool *ildr5 %\ld n be      
br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( ! be/ books suit$
 to _! age4  ,"h is a s\rce (           
educational influ5ce ( high quality :i* 
is left too mu* to accid5t & to !       
natural1 unaid$ in/9ct ( *ildr54  ,a few
 get ! b5efit b _m m are capable (      

receiv+ x4  ,h[ mu* bett] ! s*ool *oice 
& treatm5t ( su* books may be ?an !     
loose & miscellane\s read+ ( *ildr51 is 
discuss$ 9 ,special ,me?od4  ,a fit     
introduction ( *ildr5 to ?is class (    
lit]ature %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( tea*]s1 &   
all ! lat] read+ ( pupils w feel !      
salut>y effect4  ,if ?is is ! prop]     
orig9 & culture ( moral ideas1 we desire
 to "k h[ to utilize x 9 ! common s*ool 
c\rse4  ,x c only be done by an ext5sive
 use ( hi/orical & lit]>y mat]ials 9 all
 grades ) ! consci\s purpose ( %ap+     
moral ideas & "*4  ,t ! s*ool has su*   
influ5ce at its disposal c n be         
reasonably d5i$ by any "o :o believes t 
! family or ! *ur* c affect ! moral "* (
 _! *ildr54  ,x may be object$ t ! s*ool
 ?us takes up ! prop] "w ( ! home1 :5 x 
ought to be occupi$ ) o!r ?+s4  ,w\ld t 
! homes 7 all good6  ,b ev5 if !y 7 !   
tea*] c\ld n fold 8 arms ov] a          
responsibility remov$4  ,z soon z a boy 
ent]s s*ool1 if n soon]1 he beg9s1 9 "s 
s5se1 to outgr[ ! home4  ,new influ5ces 

& int]e/s f9d a lodgm5t 9 8 affections4 
,companions1 ! wid] range ( 8           
acqua9tances1 /udies1 & ambitions1 %>e  
n[ ) ! home4  ,john ,locke object$      
radically to ,engli% public s*ools on   
?is acc\nt4  ,b ev5 if we desir$1 we    
c\ld n resort to private tutors z ,locke
 did4  ,! *ild is gr[+ & *ang+4  ,:o    
%all organize unity out ( ?is maze (    
?\ghts1 int]e/s1 & influ5ces1 ca/+ out !
 useless & bad1 comb9+ & /r5g!n+ ! good8
  ,! m s]vice ! home r5d]s ! bett]4  ,! 
*ild's range ( ?\ght & ambition is      
exp&+4  ,:o has ! be/ survey ( ! field8 
,9 _m cases at lea/1 ! tea*]1 especially
 :]e p>5ts lack ! culture & ! *ildr5 ne$
 a guide4  ,:o sp5ds six h\rs a day     
direct+ ^! curr5ts ( ?\ght & int]e/8    
,we are n dispos$ to und]e/imate !      
magnitude ( ! task "h laid ^u ! tea*]4  
,! rights & duties ( ! home are n put 9 
"q4  ,inde$ ! _s ( ?is k9d ( tea*+ is   
be/ illu/rat$ 9 a good home4  ,a tea*]  
:o has a fa!r's anxiety 9 ! real welf>e 
( *ildr5 w n =get 8 duty 9 wat*+ _!     

moral gr[?4  ,! moral atmosph]e ( a good
 home w rema9 ! ideal = ! s*ool4  ,9    
fact1 ,h]b>t's plan ( education orig9at$
 n 9 a s*ool-room1 b 9 an excell5t home 
9 ,switz]l&1 :]e he sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 !  
private in/ruction ( ?ree boys4  ,!     
consci5ti\s zeal ) :i* he devot$ himself
 to ! moral & m5tal gr[? ( ^! *ildr5 is 
a model = tea*]s4 ,! %ap+ ( ?ree *>act]s
 01 accord+ to 8 view1 entru/$ to him4  
,! common notion ( intellectual gr[? &  
/r5g? :i* rules 9 su* cases 0 at once   
subord9at$ to "* developm5t 9 ! moral   
s5se4  ,n t ! two ideas are at all      
antagoni/ic1 b "o is m important ?an !  
o!r4  ,! selection ( read+ matt]1 (     
/udies1 & ( employm5ts1 0 adapt$ to ea* 
boy ) a view to influ5c+ conduct & moral
 action4  ,! ,h]b>t s*ool adh]es to ?is 
view ( education1 & has transf]r$ its _s
 & me?od to ! s*ools4  ,! ,h]b>tians h !
 h>dihood1 9 ?is age ( moral skeptics1  
to believe n only 9 moral example b also
 9 moral tea*+4  7,by moral skeptics we 
mean ^? :o believe 9 morals b n 9 moral 

in/ruction47  ,!y seek fir/ ( all       
hi/orical mat]ials ( ! ri*e/ moral      
cont5t1 9 vivid p]sonification1 ^u :i*  
to n\ri% ! moral _s ( *ildr54  ,if      
prop]ly treat$1 ?is subject matt] w soon
 w9 ! *ildr5 by its p[] ov] feel+ &     
judgm5t4  ,) ,crusoe ! *ild goes ?r\gh e
 h>d%ip & success2 ) ,abraham he lives 9
 t5ts1 seeks pa/ures = 8 flocks1 &      
g5]\sly m>*es out to ! rescue ( 8 k9sm54
  ,he %\ld n read ,caes> ) a sl[ &      
toilsome drag 7p>s+ & con/ru+7 t w\ld   
r5d] a bright boy /upid4  ,if he goes ) 
,caes> at all1 he mu/ build an agg]1    
fight battles1 con/ruct bridges1 &      
approve or condemn ,caes>'s acts4  ,b we
 d\bt ! moral value ( ,caes>'s ,gallic  
w>s4  ,by read+ ,plut>* we may see t !  
,lat9s & ,greeks1 be=e ! days ( _!      
deg5]acy1 n\ri%$ _! ris+ y\? ^u !       
traditions ( _! ance/ry4  ,! education  
produc$ a t\gh & s9ewy brood ( moral    
qualities4  ,_! great m5 7 great        
*>act]s1 l>gely because ( ! "m-milk (   
national tradition & family tra9+4  ,9  

,scot*1 ,engli%1 & ,g]man hi/ory we are 
famili> ) ,alfr$1 ,bruce1 ,siegfri$1 &  
_m o!r h]oes ( simil> value 9 ! tra9+ ( 
y\?4  ,x w be well = u to look into our 
own hi/ory & see :at sort ( a moral     
h]itage ( educative mat]ials x has left 
u4  ,:at noble examples does x furni% ( 
"r ?\ght & action8  ,h we any home-br$  
food l ?is = ! n\ri%m5t ( our gr[+ y\?8 
,our native ,am]ican hi/ory is inde$    
nobl] 9 tone & m abundant4 ,= moral     
educative purposes 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y !   
hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 f ! e>ly explorations 
& settlem5ts along ! ,atlantic coa/ to !
 pres5t1 has sc>cely a p>allel 9 hi/ory4
  ,x 0 a race ( moral h]oes t l$ ! fir/ 
colonies to _m ( ! e>ly settlem5ts4     
,w9?rop1 ,p5n1 ,williams1 ,ogle?orpe1   
,raleigh1 & ,columbus 7 great & simple  
*>act]s1 deeply moral & practical4 ,=   
culture purposes1 :]e c _! equals be    
f\nd8  ,& :]e 0 giv5 a bett] opportunity
 = ! display ( p]sonal virtues ?an by ! 
lead]s ( ^! little dang]-encircl$       
communities8  ,! leav5 ( purity1 piety1 

& manly indep5d5ce :i* !y br\ght ) !m & 
illu/rat$1 has nev] ceas$ to "w p[]fully
 among our p4 ,:y n br+ ! *ildr5 into   
direct contact ) ^! *>act]s 9 !         
int]m$iate grades1 n by %ort & sket*y   
/ories1 b by full life pictures ( ^! m5 
& _! surr\nd+s8  ,we h n be5 :olly lack+
 9 lit]>y arti/s :o h work$ up a "p ( ^!
 mat]ials into a m durable & acceptable 
=m = our s*ools4  ,we ne$ to make an    
abundant use ( ?is & o!r hi/ory = our   
boys & girls1 n by devot+ a ye> 9 ! upp]
 grades to a b>r5 outl9e ( ,am]ican     
annals1 b by a prop] di/ribution ( ^! & 
o!r simil> ri* treasures ?r\gh\t !      
grades ( ! common s*ool4  ,tradition &  
fiction are sc>cely less valuable ?an   
biography & hi/ory because ( _! vivid   
portrayal ( /rong & typical *>act]s4    
,our own lit]ature1 & ! _w's lit]ature  
at l>ge1 are a /ore-h\se well-/ock$ )   
moral educative mat]ials1 prop]ly suit$ 
to *ildr5 at diff]5t ages1 if only      
sort$1 select$1 & arrang$4  ,b ?is      
requires broad k ( our be/ lit]ature &  

cle> insight into *ild "* at diff]5t    
ages4  ,?is problem w n be solv$ 9 a    
day1 nor 9 a life-"t4  ,9 mak+ a        
progressive s]ies ( our be/ hi/orical & 
lit]>y products1 x is necess>y to select
 ^? mat]ials :i* are bett] adapt$ ?an   
any?+ else to int]e/1 influ5ce1 & m\ld !
 "* ( *ildr5 at ea* "t ( life4  ,x is n[
 g5]ally agre$ by ! be/ tea*]s t ^!     
selections %all be classical ma/]pieces1
 n 9 fragm5ts b z :oles4  ,!y %\ld be ^?
 classical mat]ials t be> ! /amp ( g5u9e
 nobility4  ,goe! says ,! be/ is good   
en\gh = *ildr54  ,= "s ye>s pa/ 9 our   
gramm> grades we h be5 us+ "s ( ! be/   
selections ( ,:itti]1 ,longfell[1       
,bryant1 & o!rs1 & we are n ev5 fright5$
 by ! l5g? ( su* productions z          
,evangel9e1 ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake1 or      
,julius ,caes>4  ,a simple1 adapt$      
v]sion ( ,rob9son ,crusoe is us$ 9 "s   
s*ools z a second read]4  ,f "t         
immemorial *oice selections ( prose &   
v]se h =m$ ! /aple ( our read]s above ! 
?ird4  ,b g5]ally ^! selections are     

scrappy or fragm5t>y4  ,few ( ! great   
ma/]pieces h be5 us$ because mo/ ( !m   
are suppos$ to be too long4  ,brok5     
fragm5ts ( our *oice lit]>y products h  
be5 s]v$ up1 b ! be/ lit]>y works z     
:oles h nev] be5 giv5 to ! *ildr5 9 !   
s*ools4 ,! ,greek y\? 7 bett] s]v$ ) !  
,iliad & ,odyssey1 & "s ( our gr&fa!rs )
 ! tales ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4  ,we n[ g   
/ill fur!r back 9 ! *ild-life & make use
 ( fairy tales 9 ! fir/ grade4  ,b _m   
are n yet able to realize t select fairy
 /ories are g5u9ely classical1 t !y are 
z well adapt$ to /imulate ! m9ds (      
*ildr5 z ,hamlet ! m9ds ( adults4  7,see
 ,special ,me?od47  ,! *ief aim ( our   
s*ools all along has n be5 an           
appreciation ( lit]>y ma/]pieces ei!r 9 
_! moral or art value1 b to acquire     
skill 9 read+1 flu5cy1 & naturalness1 ( 
expression4  ,our s*ools h be5 almo/    
completely absorb$ 9 ! purely =mal use (
 our lit]>y mat]ials1 le>n+ to read 9 ! 
e>li] grades & le>n+ to read )          
rhetorical expression & confid5ce 9 !   

lat] ones4  ,9 ! pres5t argum5t our *ief
 conc]n is n ) ! =mal use ( lit]>y      
mat]ials = practice 9 read+1 b ) ! moral
 culture1 conviction1 & habit ( life !y 
may fo/]4  ,nor h we *iefly 9 view ! art
 side ( our be/ lit]>y pieces4          
,appreciation ( beauty 9 poetry & (     
/r5g? 9 prose1 admirable z !y may be1   
are q second>y to ! ma9 purpose4  ,com+ 
9 direct & vivid contact ) manly de$s or
 ) unselfi% acts z p]sonifi$ 9 *oice    
biography1 hi/ory1 fiction1 & real life1
 w inspire *ildr5 ) ?\ghts t make life  
wor? liv+4  ,nei!r =mal skill 9 read+   
nor appreciation ( lit]>y art c atone = 
! lack ( direct moral inc5tive :i*      
hi/orical /udies %\ld give4  ,all ?ree  
ends %\ld be rea*$4  ,_m tea*]s are n[  
call+ = a *ange 9 ! _s ) :i* ! be/      
biography & lit]ature are us$4  ,!y call
 = an improvem5t 9 ! quality & an       
increase 9 ! quantity ( complete        
hi/orical episodes & ( lit]>y           
ma/]pieces4  ,an appreciative read+ (   
,ivanhoe revives ! _s ( t age4  ,! life 

( ,samuel ,adams is an epic t gives !   
y\? a *ance to live amid ! /irr+ sc5es (
 ,bo/on 9 a notable "t4  ,*ildr5 are to 
live 9 ?\ght & int]e/ ! lives ( _m m5 ( 
o!r g5]ations1 z ( ,tell1 ,columbus1    
,liv+/one1 ,l9coln1 ,p5n1 ,frankl91     
,fulton4  ,!y are to p>take ( !         
exp]i5ces ( ! be/ typical m5 9 ! /ory ( 
our own & ( o!r c\ntries4  ,! use ( !   
be/ hi/orical & lit]>y works z a means (
 /r5g!n+ moral motives & pr9ciples )    
*ildr5 ^: m9ds & *>act]s are develop+1  
is a high aim 9 itself4  ,& x w add     
int]e/ & life to ! =mal /udies1 su* z   
read+1 spell+1 gramm>1 & composition1   
:i* spr+ out ( ?is valuable             
subject-matt]4  ,hi/ory1 9 ! broad s5se1
 %\ld be ! *ief con/itu5t ( a *ild's    
education4  ,t subject-matt] :i* conta9s
 ! ess5ce ( moral culture 9 g5]ative =m 
des]ves to con/itute ! *ief m5tal food (
 "y p4  ,! conviction ( ! high moral    
value ( hi/oric subjects & ( _! peculi> 
adaptability to *ildr5 at diff]5t ages1 
br+s u to a positive judgm5t z to _!    

relative value among /udies4  ,! fir/   
"q1 prelim9>y to all o!rs 9 ! common    
s*ool c\rse1 ,:at is ! mo/ important    
/udy8 is answ]$ by putt+ hi/ory at !    
head ( ! li/4  ,natural sci5ce takes !  
second place4  ,9 _m respects x is      
co-ord9ate ) hi/ory4  ,! object-_w1 :i* 
is s int]e/+1 s in=m+1 & s intimately   
int]wov5 ) ! ne$s1 labors1 & progress ( 
m51 furni%es ! second great con/itu5t ( 
education = all *ildr54  ,botany1       
zoology1 & ! o!r natural sci5ces1 tak5 z
 a unit1 con/itute ! field ( nature ap>t
 f man4  ,!y furni% u an und]/&+ ( !    
v>i$ objects & complex ph5om5a ( nature4
  ,x is "o ( ! imp]ative ne$s ( all     
human m9ds t h reta9$ _! *ildlike       
?\ghtfulness & _s ( inquiry1 to desire  
to und]/& nature1 to classify ! v>iety (
 objects & appe>ances1 to trace ! *a9 ( 
causes1 & to se>* out ! simple laws (   
nature's op]ations4  ,! comm& e>ly came 
to m5 to subdue ! e>?1 & we und]/& bett]
 ?an primitive man t x is subdu$ ?r\gh  
inve/igation & /udy4  ,all ! =ces &     

b\nties ( nature are to be made         
s]viceable to u & x c only be done by   
und]/&+ h] facts & laws4  ,! road to    
ma/]y leads ?r\gh pati5t obs]vation1    
exp]im5t1 & /udy4  ,b we are conc]n$ ) !
 educational value ( ! natural sci5ces4 
,waitz says3 ,a correct philosophy ( !  
_w & ( life is possible to a p]son only 
on ! basis ( a k ( "o's self & ( "o's   
relation to surr\nd+ nature4  ,die/]weg 
says3 ,no "o c af=d to neglect a k (    
nature :o desires to get a compreh5sion 
( ! _w & ( ,god accord+ to human        
possibility1 or :o desires to f9d 8     
prop] relation to ,him & to real ?+s4   
,he :o kn[s no?+ ( human hi/ory is an   
ignoramus1 likewise he :o kn[s no?+ (   
natural sci5ce4  ,to "k no?+ ( ei!r is a
 pure %ame4  ,ignorance ( nature is an  
unp>donable p]v]sion4  ,kraepel9 speaks 
z foll[s2 ,in/ruction %\ld op5 up to a  
pupil an und]/&+ ( ! pres5t1 & !reby    
furni% a basis = a frank & _m-sid$      
philosophy ( life1 re/+ ^u reality4  ,b 
to ! pres5t belongs ! _w outside ( u4   

,( ?is pres5t !re c be no su* ?+ z an   
und]/&+ unless x relates n only to      
int]-human relations b also to relations
 ( man to animal1 ( animal to plant1 & (
 organic life to inorganic life4  ,!    
necessity ( assum+ a relation to our    
environm5t is unavoidable & ?is c only  
be done by acqua9t+ ourselves ) !       
surr\nd+ _w 9 e direction4  ,?is        
requirem5t w\ld rema9 9 =ce ?\gh man1 l 
a god1 7 set above nature & h] laws4  ,b
 man lives1 acts1 & dies n outside (1 b 
)9 ! circle ( nature's laws4  ,?is maxim
 is axiomatic & conta9s ! f9al judgm5t  
aga9/ ^? :o claim t a compreh5sive b    
unifi$ philosophy ( life is possible )\t
 a k ( nature4  ,h]b>t says3 ,"h 79     
nature7 lies ! abode ( real tru?1 :i*   
does n retreat be=e te/s into an        
inaccessible pa/ 7z does hi/ory74  ,?is 
g5u9ely empirical "* di/+ui%es ! natural
 sci5ces & makes _! loss irretrievable4 
,x is "h 79 nature7 t ! object          
dis5tangles itself f all fancies &      
op9ions & con/antly /imulates ! _s (    

obs]vation4  ,"h !n is f\nd an          
ob/ruction to extravagant ?9k+ su* z !  
sci5ces !mselves c\ld n bett] devise4   
,zill] says3 ,! natural sci5ces are     
necess>y 9 education because f ! prov9ce
 ( nature 7z well z f hi/ory7 are d]iv$ 
^? means & res\rces :i* are necess>y to 
accompli% ! purposes ( ! w 9 action4    
,means & =ces are ! natural conditions =
 ! realization ( aims4  ,)\t k ( &      
intellig5t p[] ov] nature1 x is         
difficult to realize t c]ta9 aims are   
possible2 action _c be successful2 w    
ef=t1 bas$ ^u ! firm conviction (       
ability1 t is1 judici\s ex]cise ( w1 is 
impossible4  ,we quote also f ,pr(essor 
,re93  ,let u obs]ve 9 pass+ t 9 ! great
 indu/rial conte/ betwe5 civiliz$       
nations1 t p w suff] defeat :i* falls   
beh9d 9 ! culture ( natural sci5ce1 & = 
?is reason ! motive ( self-protection   
w\ld dem& natural sci5ce in/ruction4  ,9
 favor ( ?is tea*+1 ! claim is fur!r    
made t no sci5ce is s well adapt$ to    
tra9 ! m9d to inductive ?\ght processes 

z t :i* re/s entirely ^u induction1 & t 
natural sci5ce /udy is 9 a position to  
resi/ m easily & successfully ?an all   
o!r /udies1 ! deeply-root$ t5d5cy 9 all 
bran*es to sub/itute words = ideas4     
,re9 7das vi]te ,s*uljahr7 expla9s fur!r
 ! lead+ ideas & /&po9ts :i* h appe>$ 9 
hi/orical ord] among sci5ce tea*]s 9 !  
common s*ool4  ,f ! fir/ crude ideas !re
 has be5 m>k$ progress t[>d high] aims 9
 sci5ce tea*+4  #a4 ,natural hi/ory     
/ories = ent]ta9m5t4  ,_m curi\s &      
ent]ta9+ facts 9 connection ) animal    
life 7 se>*$ out1 m especially unusual &
 spicy anecdotes ( %rewdness &          
intellig5ce4  ,"s ( ! old read]s1 & ev5 
( ! rec5t ones1 are enri*$ ) su* m>vels4
  #b4 ,utility1 or ! /udy ( ?+s 9 nature
 t are directly useful or hurtful to    
man4  ,:atev] fruits or animals or h]bs 
are ( pla9 s]vice to man1 z well z ?+s  
poison\s or dang]\s1 7 /udi$ because su*
 in=mation w\ld be ( future s]vice4  ,x 
0 a purely practical aim1 at fir/ v     
n>r[1 b 9 an enl>g$ & lib]al s5se ( mu* 

importance4  #c4 ,tra9+ ( ! s5ses & ( ! 
obs]v+ p[]4  ,by a /udy & description ( 
natural objects1 s5se p]ception 0 to be 
%>p5$ & a habit ( close obs]vation =m$4 
,among sci5ce tea*]s today no aim is m  
emphasiz$ ?an ?is4  ,x also /ores away a
 body ( useful ideas ( great future     
value4  ,?is is an intellectual aim t   
accords bett] ) ! purpose ( ! s*ool ?an 
! prec$+4  #d4 ,analysis & det]m9ation (
 specim5s4  ,to exam9e & trace a plant1 
m9]al1 or insect1 to its true           
classification & "n1 has occupi$ mu* ( !
 "t ( /ud5ts4  ,x requires nice         
discrim9ation1 a compreh5sive grasp (   
relations1 & a p[] to seize & hold      
common *>act]i/ics4  ,_m ( our          
text-books & c\rses ( /udy are bas$     
*iefly ^u ?is idea4  #e4 ,sy/em-mak+1 or
 ! r$uction ( all ?+s 9 nature to a     
sy/ematic :ole1 ) a place = ev]y?+4  ,"s
 ( ! greate/ sci5ti/s1 ,l9naeus1 =      
example1 look$ ^u sci5tific             
classification z ! *ief aim ( nature    
/udy4  ,x has _h a great influ5ce ^u    

s*ools & tea*]s4  ,! attempt to compress
 ev]y?+ into a sy/em has l$ to _m       
text-books :i* are b brief summ>ies (   
sci5ces l zoology1 botany1 & physics4   
,sci5tific classification is v          
important1 b ! attempt to make x a lead+
 aim 9 tea*+ *ildr5 is a mi/ake4  ,we   
may add t nature /udy is felt by all to 
(f] abundant scope to ! ex]cise ( !     
e/hetic faculty4  ,!re is great v>iety (
 beauty & gracefulness 9 natural =ms 9  
plant & animal2 ! ri* or delicate color+
 ( ! cl\ds1 ( birds1 ( insects1 & (     
plants1 gives con/ant pleasure4  ,!n !re
 are gr& & impressive sc5]y & ph5om5a 9 
nature1 & melody & h>mony 9 nature's    
voices4  ,^! v>i\s aims ( sci5ce /udy   
are valuable to ! tea*] z %[+ him !     
scope ( 8 "w4  ,b a high] & m           
compreh5sive /&po9t has be5 rea*$4  ,we 
n[ realize t ! great purpose ( ?is /udy 
is insight into nature1 into ?is :ole   
physical environm5t1 ) a view to a bett]
 appreciation ( h] objects1 =ces1 &     
laws1 & ( _! be>+ on human life &       

progress4  ,all ^! purposes ?us f>      
develop$ 9 s*ools are to be consid]$ z  
valuable subsidi>y aims1 lead+ up to !  
c5tral purpose ( ! /udy ( natural       
sci5ces1 :i* is1 ,an und]/&+ ( life & ( 
! p[]s & ( ! unity :i* express !mselves 
9 nature2 or1 z ,kraepel9 says3 ,nature 
%\ld n appe> to man z an inextricable   
*aos1 b z a well-ord]$ me*anism1 ! p>ts 
fitt+ exactly to ea* o!r1 controll$ by  
un*ang+ laws1 & 9 p]petual action &     
production4  ,humboldt is fur!r quot$3  
,nature to ! mature m9d is unity 9      
v>iety1 unity ( ! manifold 9 =m &       
comb9ation1 ! cont5t or sum total (     
natural ?+s & natural =ces z a liv+     
:ole4  ,! weightie/ result1 !re=e1 (    
deep physical /udy is1 by beg9n+ ) !    
individual1 to grasp all t ! discov]ies 
( rec5t times reveal to u1 to sep>ate   
s+le ?+s critically & yet n be ov]come  
by ! mass ( details1 m9dful ( ! high    
de/9y ( man1 to compreh5d ! m9d (       
nature1 :i* lies conceal$ "u ! mantle ( 
ph5om5a4  ,?is s\nds vision>y &         

impracticable = *ildr5 ( ! common s*ool1
 especially :5 we "k t mu* l[] aims h n 
be5 successfully rea*$4  ,9 fact x _c be
 said t ! natural sci5ces h any         
recogniz$ /&+ 9 ! common s*ool c\rse4   
,b x is wor? ! :ile to inquire :e!r     
natural sci5ces w ev] be taught z !y    
%\ld be until ! be/ atta9able aims      
become ! dom9ant pr9ciples = guid+      
tea*]s4 ,/ripp$ ( its rhetoric1 ! above 
m5tion$ aim1 an und]/&+ ( life & ( !    
unity 9 nature1 may prove a practical & 
inspir+ guide to ! tea*]4  ,if we look  
^u nature z a field ( obs]vation & /udy 
:i* c be grasp$ z a :ole bo? z a "w (   
creation & z contribut+ 9 multipli$ ways
 to man's ne$s1 its prop] /udy gives a  
_m-sid$ culture to ! m9d4  ,?is lead+   
purpose w br+ into relation & unity all 
! subord9ate aims ( sci5ce tea*+1 su* z 
in=mation1 utility1 tra9+ ( ! s5ses &   
judgm5t1 & ( ! p[] to comp>e & classify4
  ,= ! accompli%m5t ( ?is great purpose 
( ga9+ insight into nature's _m-sid$    
activities1 !re are sev]al simple means 

n yet m5tion$4  ,runn+ ?r\gh nature are 
great pr9ciples & laws :i* c be /udi$ ^u
 concrete examples1 pla9 & int]e/+ to a 
*ild4  ,! /udy ( ! squirrel 9 its home1 
habits1 organs1 & natural activities 9 !
 woods1 w %[ h[ /rangely adapt$ x is to 
its surr\nd+s4  ,b an obs]vation ( birds
 9 ! air & ( fi%es 9 wat] reveals ! same
 curi\s fitness to surr\nd+ nature4 ,!  
/udy ( plants & animals 9 _! adaptation 
to environm5t1 ( ! relation betwe5 organ
 & function2 betwe5 organs1 mode ( life1
 & environm5t1 leads up to a g5]al law  
:i* applies to all plants & animals4  ,!
 law ( gr[? & developm5t f ! simple g]m 
to ! mature life =m c be se5 9 !        
butt]fly1 ! frog1 & ! sunfl[]4  ,^! laws
 & o!rs 9 biology1 if develop$ on       
concrete specim5s1 give mu* insight into
 ! :ole realm ( nature1 m /imulat+ by f>
 ?an t bas$ on sci5tific                
classifications1 z ord]s1 families &    
species4  ,! great & simple outl9es (   
nature's "w beg9 to appe> out ( su*     
laws4  ,aga9 ! /udy ( ! :ole life hi/ory

 ( a plant or animal1 9 its relations to
 ! inorganic _w & to o!r plants &       
animals1 is always a cross-section 9 !  
sci5ces & %[s h[ all ! natural sci5ces  
are knit toge!r into a causal unity4    
,take ! life hi/ory ( a hickory tree4   
,z x g]m9ates & gr[s f ! se$ h[ x draws 
f ! e>? & air2 ! effect ( /orms1        
seasons1 & lightn+ ^u x2 h[ x lat]      
furni%es nuts to ! squirrels & boys2 its
 bran*es may be ! ne/+ place = birds &  
its b>k = insects4  ,f9ally1 ! uses (   
its t\gh wood = man are se54  ,! life ( 
a squirrel or ( a honey-bee furni%es    
also a cross-section ?r\gh all ! sci5ces
 f ! inorganic _w up to man4  ,if 9     
trac+ life hi/ories we take c>e to      
select typical subjects :i* exemplify   
p]haps ?\s&s ( simil> cases1 we %all    
mat]ially %ort5 ! road lead+ t[>d       
insight into nature4  ,^! types are     
concrete & h all ! int]e/ &             
attractiv5ess ( individual life1 b !y   
also br+ out *>act]i/ics :i* expla9     
myriads ( simil> ph5om5a4  ,a c>eful &  

detail$ /udy ( a s+le tree l ! maple1 ) 
! circulation ( ! sap & ! function (    
roots1 b>k1 leaves1 & woody fib]1 w give
 an insight into ! processes ( gr[? ^u  
:i* ! life ( ! tree dep5ds & ^!         
processes w easily appe> to be true (   
all tree & plant =ms4  ,9 nature z x %[s
 itself 9 ! woods or 9 ! pond1 !re is   
su* a m+l+ & int]dep5d5ce ( ! natural   
sci5ces ^u ea* o!r t ! book ( nature    
seems totally diff]5t f books ( botany1 
physics1 & zoology z made by m54  ,9 !  
=e/ we f9d close toge!r trees ( _m k9ds1
 %rubs1 fl[]+ plants1 v9es1 mosses1 &   
f]ns2 grasses1 beetles1 worms1 & birds2 
squirrels1 owls & sun%9e2 rocks1 soil1 &
 spr+s2 summ] & w9t]2 /orms1 fro/1 &    
dr\?4  ,plants dep5d ^u ! soil & ^u ea* 
o!r4 ,! birds & squirrels f9d _! home & 
food among ! trees & plants4  ,! trees  
seem to gr[ toge!r z if !y ne$$ ea*     
o!r's companion%ip4  ,all ! plants &    
animals dep5d ^u ! soil1 air1 & climate1
 & ! :ole wood *anges its g>b & p>tly   
its gue/s ) ! seasons4  ,a =e/ is a life

 society1 consi/+ ( mutually dep5d5t    
p>ts4  ,h[ nature disreg>ds our         
conv5tional di/9ctions betwe5 ! natural 
sci5ces6  ,we ne$ no bett] pro( ?an ?is 
t !y %\ld n be taught *iefly f books4   
,a *ild might le>n a myriad ( ?+s 9 !   
woods & ga9 mu* insight into nature's   
ways )\t mak+ any cle> di/9ction betwe5 
botany1 zoology1 & geology4  ,h]e9 is   
also ! pro( t text-books are ne$$ z a   
guide 9 nature's labyr9?4  ,if !        
frequ5cy & intimacy ( mutual relations  
are any pro( ( unity1 ! natural sci5ces 
are a unit & h a "r to be call$ by "o   
"n1 nature /udy4  ,9 ! /udy ( laws1 life
 hi/ories1 & life gr\ps1 ! causal       
relations 9 nature are f\nd to be       
wond]fully /imulat+ to ^? :o h begun to 
trace !m out4  ,! *ild z well z ! mature
 sci5ti/ f9ds 9 ^! causal connections   
mat]ials ( absorb+ int]e/4  ,x is pla91 
!re=e1 t ! l9es t5d+ t[>d unity 9 nature
 /udy are num]\s & /rong2 su* z !       
sci5tific classifications ( our         
text-books1 ! work+ out ( g5]al laws    

:e!r 9 biology or physics1 ! /udy ( life
 hi/ories 9 vegetable & animal1 & !     
obs]vation ( life societies 9 ! close   
mutual relations ( ! diff]5t p>ts or    
individuals4  ,if a c\rse ( nature      
/udies is begun 9 ! fir/ grade & c>ri$  
sy/ematically ?r\gh all ! ye>s up to !  
eigh? grade1 is x n reasonable to       
suppose t real insight into nature1 bas$
 on obs]vation tak5 at fir/ h&1 may be  
rea*$8  ,x w involve a /udy ( liv+      
plants & animals1 m9]als1 physical      
app>atus & devices1 *emical exp]im5ts1 !
 mak+ ( collections1 regul> excursions =
 ! obs]vation ( ! neighbor+ fields1     
=e/s1 & /reams1 & ! work+ ov] ( ^! & o!r
 concrete exp]i5ces f all s\rces ?r\gh  
skillful class tea*+4  ,! fir/ great    
result to a *ild ( su* a s]ies ( /udies 
is an intellig5t & rational und]/&+ ( 8 
home1 ! _w1 8 natural environm5t4  ,he w
 h a see+ eye & an appreciative m9d = ! 
?\s& ?+s surr\nd+ 8 daily life :]e !    
ignorant toil] sees & und]/&s no?+4  ,a 
second advantage :i* we c only h9t at1  

:ile incid5tal is almo/ equally         
important4  ,we h be5 consid]+ nature   
*iefly z a realm by itself1 ap>t f man4 
,b ! utilities ( natural sci5ce 9       
individual life & 9 society are s       
manifold t we accept _m ( ! f9e/        
products ( skill & art z if !y 7 natural
 products--z if gold co9s1 silk dresses1
 & f9e pictures grew on ! bu%es & only  
wait$ to be pick$4  ,! ?\s&-fold        
applications ( natural sci5ce to human  
indu/ry & com=t des]ve to be p]ceiv$ z !
 result ( labor & inv5tive skill4  ,our 
mu*-laud$ /eam eng9es1 telegraph        
microscopes1 sew+ ma*9es1 reap]s1 iron  
%ips1 & pr9t+ presses1 are n examples ( 
a few1 b ( myriads ( ?+s t natural      
sci5ce has secur$4  ,b h[ _m *ildr5 on  
leav+ ! common s*ool und]/& ! pr9ciple  
involv$ 9 any "o ( ! ma*9es m5tion$1    
subjects ( common talk z !y are8  ,z    
*ildr5 leave ! s*ools at f\rte5 or      
fifte5 !y %\ld "k & appreciate _m su*   
?+s1 :]e9 man1 by 8 wit & +5i\s use (   
natures =ces1 has triumph$ ov]          

difficulties4  ,h[ are glass & soap     
made8  ,:at has a k ( natural sci5ce to 
d ) ! con/ruction ( /oves1 furnaces1 &  
lamps8  ,h[ are iron1 silv]1 & copp] ore
 m9$ & r$uc$8  ,h[ is sug> obta9$ f     
maple trees1 cane1 & beet root8  ,h[    
does a suction pump "w & :y8  ,)\t a k (
 su* applications ( natural sci5ce we   
%\ld be ?r[n back into b>b>ism4  ,^! ?+s
 also1 s9ce !y =m su* an important "p ( 
e *ild's environm5t1 %\ld be und]/ood1 b
 n = direct utility4  ,hi/orically      
consid]$1 ! /udy ( natural sci5ce is !  
/udy ( man's long cont9u$ /ruggle )     
nature & ( 8 gradual triumph4 ,x ends ) 
insight into nature & into ^?           
contrivances ( m5 by :i* h] laws & =ces 
are utiliz$4  ,! :ole subject ( nature1 
h] laws & p[]s1 mu/ n rema9 a seal$ book
 to ! masses ( ! p4  ,sci5ti/s1         
inv5tors1 & s*ol>s may lead ! way1 b !y 
are only pione]s4  ,! ?\s&s ( ! *ildr5 (
 ! p are tread+ at _! heels & mu/ be    
initiat$ into ! my/]ies4  ,our k ( ^!   
pr9ciples & appliances con/itute 9 fact 

a good %>e ( ! f\ndation ^u :i* our :ole
 culture /atus re/s4  ,)\t natural      
sci5ce we %\ld und]/& nei!r nature nor  
society4  ,sp5c] %[s ! wide-rea*+ value 
( sci5ce k 9 our mod]n life3 ,= leav+   
out only "s v small classes1 :at are all
 m5 employ$ 98  ,!y are employ$ 9 !     
production1 prep>ation1 & di/ribution ( 
commodities4  ,& on :at does effici5cy 9
 ! production1 prep>ation1 & di/ribution
 ( commodities dep5d8  ,x dep5ds on !   
use ( me?ods fitt$ to ! respective      
nature ( ^! commodities1 x dep5ds on an 
adequate k ( _! physical1 *emical1 or   
vital prop]ties1 z ! case may be2 t is1 
x dep5ds on sci5ce4  ,?is ord] ( k :i*  
is 9 great "p ignor$ 9 our s*ool c\rses1
 is ! ord] ( k und]ly+ ! "r p]=mance (  
all ^? processes by :i* civiliz$ life is
 made possible4  ,und5iable z is ?is    
tru?1 & ?ru/ ^u u z x is at e turn1 !re 
seems to be no liv+ consci\sness ( x4   
,its v famili>ity makes x unreg>d$4  ,to
 give due weight to our argum5t1 we mu/ 
!re=e realize ?is tru? to ! read] by a  

rapid review ( ! facts4  ,he !n         
illu/rates1 9 int]e/+ detail1 ! v>i$    
applications ( ma!matics1 physics1      
*emi/ry1 biology1 & social sci5ce to !  
indu/ries & economies ( real life1 &    
concludes z foll[s3 ,t :i* our s*ool    
c\rses leave almo/ entirely out1 we ?us 
f9d to be t :i* mo/ ne>ly conc]ns !     
bus9ess ( life4  ,all our indu/ries w\ld
 cease 7 x n = t in=mation :i* m5 beg9  
to acquire z !y be/ may aft] _!         
education is said to be f9i%$4  ,& 7 x n
 = ?is in=mation t has be5 f age to age 
accumulat$ & spread by un(ficial means1 
^! indu/ries w\ld nev] h exi/$4  ,_h !re
 be5 no tea*+ b su* z is giv51 9 our    
public s*ools1 ,engl& w\ld n[ be :at x 0
 9 feudal times4  ,t increas+           
acqua9tance ) ! laws ( nature :i* has   
?r\gh successive ages enabl$ u to       
subjugate nature to our ne$s1 & 9 ^!    
days gives to ! common labor] com=ts :i*
 a few c5turies ago k+s c\ld n pur*ase1 
is sc>cely 9 any degree ow$ to ! appo9t$
 means ( in/ruct+ our y\?4  ,! vital    

k--t by :i* we h gr[n z a nation to :at 
we are1 & :i* n[ und]lies our :ole      
exi/5ce--is a k t has got itself taught 
9 nooks & corn]s1 :ile ! orda9$ ag5cies 
= tea*+ h be5 mumbl+ little else b dead 
=mulas4  ,sp5c]1 ,education1 pp4 #dd1   
#ed4  ,n only ! speciali/s 9 natural    
sci5ce1 ^: int]e/ & en?usiasm are l>gely
 absorb$ 9 ^! /udies1 b _m o!r en]getic 
tea*]s are p]suad$ t ! culture value (  
nature /udies is on a p> ) t ( hi/orical
 /udies4  ,b on acc\nt ( ! pres5t lack (
 sy/em & ( cle> purpose 9 natural sci5ce
 tea*]s1 ! fir/ great problem 9 ?is     
field ( common s*ool ef=t is to select !
 mat]ial & p]fect ! me?od ( /udy+ nature
 ) *ildr54  ,our e/imate ( ! value (    
natural sci5ce = culture & = discipl9e  
is confirm$ by ! op9ion ( educational   
re=m]s & by ! *anges & progress 9       
s*ools4  ,an inquiry into ! hi/ory (    
education 9 ,europe & 9 ,am]ica s9ce !  
,re=mation w %[ t ! movem5t t[>ds nature
 /udy has be5 accumulat+ mom5tum = m ?an
 ?ree hundr$ ye>s4  ,9 spite ( ! failure

 ( su* m5 z ,com5ius1 ,rati*1 ,bas$[1 & 
,r\sseau to secure ! introduction ( ^!  
/udies 9 a lib]al degree1 9 spite ( !   
enorm\s influ5ce ( cu/om & prejudice 9  
favor ( ,lat9 & o!r traditional /udies1 
! natural sci5ces h made rec5tly su*    
surpris+ advances & h s p5etrat$ &      
trans=m$ our mod]n life t we are simply 
compell$1 ev5 9 ! common s*ool1 to take 
he$ ( ^! great1 liv+ educational =ces   
already at "w4  ,! univ]sities ( ,engl& 
& ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 l>gely        
trans=m$ )9 ! la/ =ty ye>s by !         
introduction1 on a gr& scale1 ( mod]n   
/udies1 p>ticul>ly ( ! natural sci5ces4 
,! fitt+ s*ools1 academies1 & high      
s*ools h _h no *oice b to foll[ ?is     
lead4  ,s9ce ! =ces t produc$ ?is result
 9 high] education sprang up l>gely     
outside ( our in/itutions ( le>n+1 !    
movem5t is n likely to cease till !     
common s*ool has be5 *ang$ 9 ! same way4
  ,! educational "q ( ! future is n :e!r
 hi/orical or natural sci5ce or =mal    
/udies are to monopolize ! s*ool c\rse1 

b r h[ ^! ?ree indisp5sable elem5ts ( e 
*ild's education may be be/ h>moniz$ &  
wr\ght into a unit4  ,b ! "q t confronts
 u at e turn is1 ,:at is ! discipl9>y   
value ( nature /udy8  ,we "k1 say !     
oppon5ts1 :at a vigor\s tra9+ 9 anci5t  
languages & ma!matics c d = a /ud5t4    
,:at results 9 ?is direction c ! natural
 sci5ces tabulate8  ,! *ampions (       
natural sci5ce po9t ) pride to ! great  
m5 :o h be5 tra9$ & develop$ 9 su*      
/udies4  ,= inductive ?9k+ ! natural    
sci5ces (f] ! be/ mat]ials4  ,to        
cultivate self-reliance !re is no?+ l   
turn+ a /ud5t loose 9 nature "u a skill$
 in/ructor4  ,! _s ( inve/igation & (   
accurate ?9k+ is claim$ z a peculi>     
product ( nature /udy4 ,x is call$1 p>  
excell5ce1 ! sci5tific _s4  ,! undue    
rev]5ce = au?ority produc$ by lit]>y    
/udies is n a weakness ( natural sci5ce 
pursuits4  ,b int5se int]e/ & devotion  
are comb9$ ) sci5tific accuracy &       
fidelity to nature & h] laws4  ,we d n  
feel call$ ^u to attempt a settlem5t (  

?is dispute4  ,we h already assum$ t    
hi/ory 9 ! broad s5se 7includ+          
languages7 & natural sci5ce 7or nature  
/udy7 are ! two great /aples ( ! common 
s*ool c\rse1 & t s f> z discipl9e is    
conc]n$ "o is z important z ! o!r4  ,b  
we believe t ^? educators ^: fir/1      
middle1 & la/ "q 9 education is1 ,:at is
 ! discipl9>y value ( a /udy8 h mi/ak5 !
 prim>y problem ( education4  ,j z 9 !  
prop] tra9+ ( ! body1 ! /r5g? & skill ( 
a pr(essional a?lete are1 9 no s5se1 !  
true aim1 b physical s\ndness1 heal?1 & 
vigor2 s 9 m9d culture1 n extraord9>y   
skill 9 m5tal gymna/ics ( ! sev]e/ sort1
 is ! ess5tial aim1 b m5tal s\ndness1   
integrity1 & motive4  ,! "u-ly+ "q 9    
education is n1 ,h[ /rong or incisive is
 8 m9d8  7,?is dep5ds l>gely ^u h]$ity &
 native end[m5t7 b1 ,:at is its quality 
& its temp]8  ,if might is "r1 !n m5tal 
/r5g? is to be ga9$ at all haz>ds4  ,b  
if "r is high] ?an might1 !n m5tal skill
 & p[] are only second>y aims4  ,s long 
z we are deal+ ) fundam5tal aims 9 su* a

 s]i\s bus9ess z education1 :y /op %ort 
( t ideal :i* is manife/ly ! be/8 ,we h 
no controv]sy ) ! highe/ m5tal discipl9e
 & /r5g? t are consi/5t ) all-r\nd m5tal
 s\ndness4  ,our bett] tea*]s are n     
lack+ 9 appreciation = ! value ( :at is 
call$ =mal m5tal discipl9e1 b !y d      
g5]ally lack fai? 9 ! innate p[] ( ! be/
 /udies to ar\se int]e/ & m5tal life4   
,!y emphasize ! drill m ?an ! cont5t & !
 inspiration ( ! au?or4  ,bo? 9 !ory & 9
 practice !y are greatly lack+ 9 !      
intellectual sympa?y & moral p[] :i*    
result f br++ ! m9ds ( /ud5ts into      
direct contact ) ! noble/ products (    
,god's "w 9 hi/ory & 9 ! object _w4 ,"h 
we c put our f+] on ! radical weakness (
 our s*ool "w4  ,! really s\l-inspir+   
tea*]s h n be5 =mali/s nor drill-ma/]s  
alone4  ,fri$ri* ,augu/ ,wolf1 =        
example1 ! great ,g]man philologi/1 0   
probably ! mo/ inspir+ tea*] ( classical
 languages t ,g]many has _h4  ,b to :at 
0 8 rem>kable influ5ce z a tea*] ( "y m5
 due8  ,we usually ?9k ( a philologi/ z 

"o :o digs among ! roots ( dead         
languages1 :o wor%ips ! =ms ( spee* & ! 
laws ( gramm>4  ,d\btless he & 8 pupils 
7 mu* tak5 up ) ^! ?+s1 b !y 7 n ! prime
 s\rce ( 8 & _! int]e/4  ,wolf def9$    
philology z ! k ( human nature z        
exhibit$ 9 antiquity4  ,he /udi$ ) great
 avidity ev]y?+ t c\ld ?r[ light ^u !   
lives1 "*1 & language ( ! anci5ts4  ,_! 
biographies1 hi/ories1 geography1       
climate1 dress1 implem5ts1 _! sculpture1
 monum5ts1 build+s1 tombs4  ,approa*+ ! 
lit]ature & language ( ! ,greeks ) ?is  
abundant k ( _! real surr\nd+s &        
conditions ( life1 he saw ! deep]1 full]
 significance ( e classical au?or & !   
great lit]>y ma/]pieces 7 p]ceiv$ z !   
expression ( ! national life4  ,he      
appreciat$ language z ! wond]ful m$ium  
?r\gh :i* ! m wond]ful life ( ! v]satile
 ,greek express$ itself4  ,! reason he 0
 su* a great philologi/ 0 because he 0 s
 great a reali/1 a man :o 0 int5sely    
int]e/$ 9 ! ,greek p1 _! hi/ory & life4 
,words alone _h little *>m = him4  ,no  

great tea*] has be5 simply a ^w-mong]4  
,= ! pres5t we leave ! "q ( discipl9e   
unansw]$1 ?\gh we are dispos$ to ?9k t  
^? /udies :i* introduce *ildr5 to ! two 
great fields ( real k1 & :i* ar\se a    
/rong desire to solve ! problems f\nd   
!re1 w also furni% ! mo/ valuable       
discipl9e4  ,! =mal /udies su* z read+1 
spell+1 writ+1 language1 & mu* (        
ari?metic1 h ?us f> appropriat$ ! be/   
%>e ( s*ool "t4  ,!y are ! tools =      
acquir+ & =mulat+ k r ?an k itself4  ,!y
 are s indisp5sable 9 life t p h acquir$
 a sort ( sup]/iti\s respect = !m4  ,!y 
are g5]ally consid]$ z ( prim>y         
importance :ile o!r ?+s are tak5 z      
second>y4  ,by virtue ( ?is excessive   
e/imation ! =mal /udies h become s      
/rongly intr5*$ 9 ! practice ( ! s*ools 
t !y are really a heavy ob/acle to      
educational progress4  ,!y h be5 s long 
reg>d$ z ! only gateway to k t anyone :o
 tries to climb 9 "s o!r way is reg>d$ z
 a ?ief & robb]4  ,we =get t ,hom]'s    
great poems 7 compos$ & pres]v$ =       

c5turies be=e lett]s 7 inv5t$4  ,z m    
?\ght is exp5d$ on /udies & me?ods (    
le>n+1 ! m ! ?9k]s are incl9$ to exactly
 rev]se ! educational ma*9]y4 ,!y say3  
,?\ght /udies mu/ prec$e =m /udies4  ,we
 %\ld ev]y:]e beg9 ) valuable & int]e/+ 
?\ght mat]ials 9 hi/ory & natural sci5ce
 & let language1 read+1 spell+1 & draw+ 
foll[4  ,x is a ?+ mu* m easily said ?an
 done1 b _m active tea*]s are really do+
 x1 & _m o!rs are wond]+ h[ x may be    
done4  ,! advantage ( putt+ ! concrete  
realities ( ?\ght be=e *ildr5 at fir/ is
 t !y give a p[]ful impetus to m5tal    
life1 :ile pure =mal /udies 9 mo/ cases 
h a dead5+ effect & gradually put a *ild
 to sleep4  ,"o ( ! great problems (    
s*ool "w is h[ to get m int]e/ &        
in/ructive ?\ght into s*ool ex]cises4   
,we are n[ 9 a position to give a       
conclud+ e/imate ^u ! relative value (  
^! ?ree elem5ts 9 s*ool education4      
,hi/ory contributes ! mat]ials f :i*    
motives & moral impulses spr+4 ,x       
cultivates & /r5g!ns moral convictions  

by ! use ( inspir+ examples4  ,! "* (   
ea* *ild %\ld be drawn into h>mony ) !  
highe/ impulses t m5 h felt4  ,a desire 
to be ! au?or ( good to o!rs %\ld be    
develop$ into a practical rul+ motive4  
,natural sci5ce on ! o!r h& supplies a k
 ( ! ord9>y means & appliances by :i* ! 
purposes ( life are realiz$4  ,x gives u
 prop] insight into ! conditions ( life 
& puts u into intellig5t relation to our
 environm5t4  ,n only mu/ a *ild be     
suppli$ ) ! necess>ies ( life b he mu/  
appreciate ! ne$s ( heal? & und]/& !    
economies ( society1 su* z ! necessity (
 m5tal & manual labor1 ! "r use ( !     
products & =ces ( nature1 & ! advantage 
( m5's inv5tions & devices4  ,9 a plan (
 popul> education ^! two culture elem5ts
 %\ld m+le 7hi/ory & natural sci5ce74   
,9 ! case ( all sorts ( p 9 society !   
ability to execute high moral purposes  
dep5ds l>gely ^u a ready1 practical     
insight into natural conditions4  ,we   
are n ?9k+ ( ! bread-&-butt] phase (    
life & ( ! aid af=d$ by ! sci5ces 9 mak+

 a liv+1 b ( ! all-r\nd1 practical      
utility ( natural sci5ce z a necess>y   
supplem5t to moral tra9+4  ,"o ( ! be/  
te/s ( a sy/em ( education is !         
prep>ation x gives = life 9 a lib]al    
s5se4  ,:5 a *ild1 leav+ s*ool beh9d1   
develops into a citiz51 :at te/s are    
appli$ to him8  ,! que/ions submitt$ to 
8 judgm5t 9 8 relations to ! family & to
 society call = a quick & v>i$ k ( m51  
insight into "*1 & = a l>ge am\nt (     
practical in=mation ( natural sci5ce4   
,he is ask$ to vote intellig5tly on     
social1 political1 sanit>y1 & economic  
que/ions2 to judge ( m5's motives1      
op9ions1 & "*2 to vote ^u or p]haps to  
direct ! managem5t ( poor-h\ses1        
asylums1 & p5it5ti>ies2 9 t[ns to decide
 que/ions ( dra9age1 police1 wat]       
supply1 public heal?1 & s*ool           
adm9i/ration2 to make contracts = public
 build+s1 & bridges2 to grant lic5ses & 
fran*ises2 to s]ve on juries or z       
repres5tatives ( ! p4  ,^! are n        
pr(essional matt]s alone2 !y are !      

common duties ( all citiz5s ( a s\nd    
m9d4  ,^! ?+s ea* p]son %\ld "k h[ to   
judge1 :e!r he be a blacksmi?1 a m]*ant1
 or a h\se keep]4  ,9 all su* matt]s he 
mu/ be n only a judge ( o!rs b an actor 
"u ! guidance ( "r motives & in=mation4 
,aga91 9 ! br++ up ( *ildr51 9 ! dome/ic
 arrangem5ts ( e home & 9 a prop] c>e = 
! m9ds & bodies ( bo? p>5ts & *ildr51 a 
multitude ( practical problems f ea* ( !
 great fields ( real k mu/ be met &     
solv$4  ,a m$ical mission>y illu/rates  
?is comb9ation ( hi/orical & natural    
sci5ce elem5ts4  ,8 life purpose is     
drawn f hi/ory1 f ! life ( ,*ri/1 & f ! 
traditional inc5tives ( ! *ur*4 ,! means
 by :i* he is to make himself           
practically felt are obta9$ f 8 /udy (  
m$ic9e & f ! sci5ces ^u :i* x dep5ds4   
,^! elem5ts =m ! basis ( 8 influ5ce4    
,?is illu/ration h[ev] savors (         
pr(essional r ?an ( g5]al education1 &  
we are conc]n$ only ) ! latt]4  ,b !    
education ( e *ild is analog\s to t ( ! 
m$ical mission>y 9 its two con/itu5t    

elem5ts4  ,z a matt] ( fact nei!r hi/ory
 nor natural sci5ce occupies any su*    
prom95ce 9 ! s*ool c\rse z we h judg$   
fitt+4  ,mu* ?\ghtful /udy1 exp]i5ce 9  
tea*+1 & pione] labor 9 p>tially new    
fields w be necess>y 9 ord] to br+ into 
exi/5ce su* a c\rse ( /udy bas$ ^u ! be/
 mat]ials4  ,_m tea*]s already recognize
 ! necessity = x & see be=e !m a l& (   
pl5ty z comp>$ ) ! half-des]t b>r5ness  
reveal$ 9 our pres5t s*ool c\rse4  ,two 
p[]ful convictions 9 ! m9ds ( ^?        
responsible = education h contribut$ to 
produce ?is des]t-l condition 9 *ildr5's
 s*ool employm5ts1 & ?is br+s u to a    
discussion ( ! ov]e/imation 9 :i* purely
 =mal /udies are held4  ,! fir/ article 
( fai? re/s ^u ! un%ak5 belief 9 !      
practical /udies1 read+1 writ+1 &       
ari?metic4  ,!y are /ill look$ ^u z a   
b>ri] t mu/ be scal$ be=e ! real "w (   
education c beg94  ,le>n to read1 write1
 & figure & !n ! _w ( k z well z (      
bus9ess is at y\r comm&4  ,b _m *ildr5  
f9d ! b>ri] s difficult to scale t !y   

really nev] get into ! fields ( k4  ,_m 
( our mo/ ?or\gh-go+ educators /ill     
firmly believe t a *ild c n le>n any?+  
wor? m5tion+ till he has fir/ le>n$ to  
read4  ,b h[ev] deeply root$ ?is        
confid5ce 9 ! purely =mal "w ( ! e>ly   
s*ool ye>s may be1 x mu/ break d[n z    
soon z means are devis$ = putt+ !       
realities ( int]e/+ k be=e & und]nea?   
all ! =ms ( expression4  ,let !         
necessity = expression spr+ f ! real    
objects ( /udy4  ,^? *ildr5 to :om !    
memoriz+ & drill ^u =ms ( expression    
becomes t$i\s des]ve our sympa?y4  ,!re 
is a k9d ( k adapt$ to ar\se ^! dull    
ones to _! full capacity ( int]e/4  ,or 
:at man is !re ( y :om if 8 son ask     
bread w he give him a /one8  ,) _m a    
*ild ! fir/ read]1 ! ari?metic1 or !    
gramm> becomes a v]itable /one4  ,!re is
 no good reason :y ! sole burd5 ( "w 9  
e>ly s*ool grades %\ld re/ ^u ! le>n+ ( 
! pure =malities ( k4  ,*ildr5's m9ds   
are n adapt$ to an exclusive diet ( ?is 
k9d4  ,! fact t *ildr5 h good memories  

is no reason :y _! m9ds %\ld be gorg$ ) 
! drye/ memory mat]ials4  ,!y h a heal?y
 int]e/ 9 p1 :e!r 9 life or 9 /ory1 & 9 
! objects 9 nature ar\nd !m4  ,:at is   
?us pre-em95tly true ( ! prim>y grades  
is true to a l>ge ext5t ?r\gh\t all !   
grades ( ! common s*ool4  ,x seems almo/
 curi\s t ! m t5d] ! plants ! m b>r5 &  
inhospitable ! soil ^u :i* !y are       
expect$ to gr[4  ,=tunately ^! little   
ones h su* an exub]ance ( life t x is n 
easily qu5*$4  ,=mal k /&s fir/ 9 our   
common s*ool c\rse & real /udies are    
all[$ to pick up su* crumbs ( com=t z   
may *ance to fall4  ,we believe 9 =mal  
/udies & 9 _! complete ma/]y 9 ! common 
s*ool1 b !y %\ld /& 9 ! place ( s]vice  
to real /udies4  ,h[ p[]ful ! t5d5cy has
 be5 & /ill is t[>d pure =mal drill & ^w
 memory is app>5t f ! fact t ev5        
geography & hi/ory1 :i* are n at all    
=mal /udies1 b full to ov]fl[+ ) int]e/+
 facts & laws1 h be5 r$uc$ to a dry     
memoriz+ ( words1 phrases1 & /]eotyp$   
s5t5ces4  ,x is n difficult to und]/& :y

 ! num]\s body ( tea*]s1 :o easily drift
 into me*anical me?ods1 has a pref]5ce =
 =mal /udies4  ,!y are comp>atively easy
 & humdrum & keep pupils busy4 ,real    
/udies1 if taught ) any sort ( fitness1 
require en]gy1 int]e/1 & v]satility1    
besides mu* outside "w 9 prep>+         
mat]ials4  ,! second article ( fai? is a
 /ill /rong] "o4  ,! bett] class (      
en]getic tea*]s w\ld nev] h be5 won ov] 
to =mal /udies on purely utilit>ian     
gr\nds4  ,a second conviction weighs    
heavily 9 _! m9ds4  ,! discipl9e ( !    
m5tal faculties is a talisman ( unusual 
pot5cy ) !m4  ,!y prize ari?metic &     
gramm> m = ?is ?an = any direct         
practical value4  ,! idea ( m5tal       
discipl9e1 ( tra9+ ! faculties1 is s    
+ra9$ into all our educational ?9k+ t x 
crops out 9 a hundr$ ways & holds our   
c\rses ( /udy 9 ! beat5 track ( =mal    
tra9+ ) a /ead9ess t is a/oni%+4  ,^!   
fri5ds believe t we are tak+ ! back-bone
 out ( education by mak+ x int]e/+4  ,! 
culm9ation ( ?is educational doctr9e is 

rea*$ :5 x is said t ! mo/ valuable ?+  
le>n$ 9 s*ool or out ( x is to d & d    
vigor\sly t :i* is mo/ disagreeable4  ,!
 tra9+ ( ! w to meet difficulties       
unfl9*+ly is _! aim1 & we c n ga9say x4 
,^! /alw>t apo/les ( educational h>d%ip 
& difficulty are 9 con/ant fe> le/ we   
%all make /udies int]e/+ & attractive & 
?us und]m9e ! en]gy ( ! w4  ,b ! "q at  
once arises3 ,does n ! w always act f   
motives ( "s sort8  ,& is !re any motive
 or inc5tive s /imulat+ to ! w z a /eady
 & con/antly increas+ int]e/ 9 /udies8  
,x is able to surm\nt great             
difficulties4  ,we wi% to assure our    
/alw>t fri5ds t we /ill adh]e to ! good 
old doctr9e t !re is no royal road to   
le>n+4  ,!re is no way ( putt+ aside !  
real difficulties t are f\nd 9 e /udy1  
no way ( grad+ up ! valleys & tunnel+   
?r\gh ! hills s z to get ! ev5 monotony 
( a railroad track ?r\gh ! r\gh or      
m\nta9\s "p ( education4  ,e *ild mu/   
meet & ma/] ! difficulties ( le>n+ =    
himself4  ,!re are no palace c>s )      

recl9+ *airs to c>ry him to ! summit (  
real difficulties4  ,! "*-develop+ p[] t
 lies 9 ! ma/]y ( h>d tasks con/itutes  
"o ( _! *ief m]its4  ,accept+ ?is z a   
fundam5tal tru? 9 education1 ! problem =
 our solution is1 h[ to /imulate *ildr5 
to enc\nt] difficulties4  ,_m *ildr5 h  
little incl9ation to sacrifice _! ease  
to ! cause ( le>n+1 & our dull me?ods ( 
tea*+ confirm !m 9 _! indiff]5ce to     
educational inc5tives4  ,any *ild1 :o1 l
 ,hugh ,mill] or ,abraham ,l9coln1      
already possesses an insatiable ?ir/ =  
k1 w all[ no difficulties or h>d%ips to 
/& 9 ! way ( progress4 ,?is orig9al     
appetite & ?ir/ = k :i* ! select few h  
(t5 manife/$ 9 *ildhood is m valuable   
?an any?+ ! s*ools c give4  ,) !        
majority ( *ildr5 we c c]ta9ly d no?+   
bett] ?an to nurture su* a ta/e = k into
 vigor\s life4  ,x w n d to assume t !  
av]age ( *ildr5 h any su* orig9al en]gy 
or mom5tum to lead !m to scale ! heights
 ( ev5 ord9>y k4  ,nor w x d to rely too
 mu* ^u a =c+ process1 t is1 by means ( 

?reats1 sev]ity1 & discipl9e1 to c>ry   
*ildr5 aga9/ _! w t[>d ! educational    
goal4    ,be n l dumb driv5 cattle1     
,be a h]o 9 ! /rife  is s\nd educational
 doctr9e4  ,! ?+ = tea*]s to d is to    
cultivate 9 *ildr5 all heal?y appetites 
= k1 to set up int]e/+ aims & desires at
 e /ep1 to lead ! approa* to diff]5t    
fields ( k 9 ! _s ( conque/4  ,9 !      
bus9ess _w & 9 pr(essional life m5 &    
wom5 "w ) abundant en]gy & w because !y 
h desirable ends 9 view4  ,! hirel+ kn[s
 no su* g5]\s /imulus4  ,bus9ess life is
 full ( irksome & difficult tasks b !   
aim 9 view c>ries p ?r\gh !m4  ,we %all 
n elim9ate ! disagreeable & irksome f   
s*ool tasks1 b try to create 9 *ildr5   
su* a _s & ambition z w lead to great]  
ex]tions4  ,to implant vigor\s aims &   
inc5tives 9 *ildr5 is ! great privilege 
( ! tea*]4  ,we %all "s day le>n t :5 a 
boy cracks a nut he does s because !re  
may be a k]nel 9 x1 n because ! %ell is 
h>d4  ,9 conclud+ ! discussion (        
relative values we w summ>ize ! results4

  ,hi/ory1 9 ! lib]al s5se1 surveys !   
field ( human life 9 its typical =ms &  
furni%es ! be/ illu/rative moral        
mat]ials4 ,nature /udy op5s ! door to ! 
real _w 9 all its beauty1 v>iety1 & law4
  ,! =mal /udies con/itute an           
indisp5sable "p ( useful & discipl9>y k1
 b !y %\ld occupy a second>y place 9    
c\rses ( /udy because !y deal ) ! =m r  
?an ) ! cont5t ( ! sci5ces4  ,x is a    
fundam5tal error to place =mal /udies 9 
! c5t] ( ! s*ool c\rse & to subord9ate  
ev]y?+ to _! ma/]y4  ,hi/ory & natural  
sci5ce1 on ! contr>y1 hav+ ! ri*e/ k    
cont5t1 con/itute a natural c5t] = all  
educative ef=ts4  ,!y make possible a   
/rong developm5t ( w-en]gy because _!   
int]e/+ mat]ials furni% /rong &         
legitimate inc5tives to m5tal activity &
 an enl>g$ field & opportunity to       
volunt>y ef=t 9 pursuit ( cle> &        
attractive aims4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4     
,,nature ,,( ,,int]e/4  ,by int]e/ we   
mean ! natural b5t or incl9ation ( ! m9d
 to f9d satisfaction 9 a subject :5 x is

 prop]ly pres5t$4  ,x is ! natural      
attractiv5ess ( ! subject t draws &     
holds ! att5tion4  ,int]e/ belongs to ! 
feel+s b diff]s f ! o!r feel+s1 su* z   
desire or long+ = an object1 s9ce x is  
satisfi$ ) ! simple contemplation )\t   
ask+ = possession4 ,! degree ( int]e/ ) 
:i* diff]5t k9ds ( k are receiv$1 v>ies 
greatly4  ,inde$1 x is possible to      
acquire k 9 su* a mann] z to produce    
dislike & disgu/4  ,a prop] int]e/ 9 a  
subject leads to a quiet1 /eady         
absorption ( ! m9d ) x1 b does n imply  
an impetu\s1 passionate1 & "o-sid$      
devotion to "o ?+4  ,int]e/ keeps ! m9d 
active & al]t )\t undue excitem5t or    
p>tiality4  ,x w\ld be well if e /udy & 
e lesson c\ld be su/a9$ by su* an int]e/
 z ?is4  ,x w\ld be 9 _m cases l        
lubricat+ oil p\r$ ^u dry & creak+      
axles4  ,k might !n h a flavor to x &   
w\ld be m ?an a consumption ( c]ta9     
facts & =mulas coldly turn$ ov] to !    
memory ma*9e4  ,! *ild's own p]sonality 
mu/ become entangl$ 9 ! facts & ideas   

acquir$4 ,!re %\ld be a sort ( aff9ity  
e/abli%$ betwe5 ! *ild's s\l & !        
in=mation he ga9s4  ,at e /ep ! sympa?y 
& life exp]i5ces f )\t ! s*ool %\ld be  
int]tw9$ ) s*ool acquisitions4  ,all    
w\ld be wov5 toge!r & p]meat$ by feel+4 
,we =get t ! feel+s or s5sibilities     
awak5$ by k are :at give x p]sonal      
significance to u4  ,! int]e/ we h 9 m9d
 is intr9sic1 native to ! subject1 &    
spr+s up naturally :5 ! m9d is br\ght   
face to face ) some?+ attractive4  ,!   
?+s ( s5se 9 nature & ! p :om we see &  
read ab\t1 h a p]5nial & inexhau/ible   
attraction = u all4  ,x is among ^!     
objects t poets & arti/s f9d _! mat]ials
 & _! inspiration4  ,= ! same reason !  
pictures drawn by ! arti/ or poet h a   
*>m :i* does n pass away4  ,!y select   
some?+ concrete & individual2 !y clo! x 
) beauty & attractiv5ess2 !y give x "s  
inh]5t quality t appeals to our         
admiration & love4  ,x mu/ call =? "s   
e/hetic or moral judgm5t by virtue ( its
 natural quality4  ,l lusci\s grapes !  

objects pres5t$ to ! ?\ght ( ! *ildr5   
%\ld h an unque/ionable quality t is    
desirable4  ,we j spoke ( int]e/1 n z   
fluctuat+ & v>iable1 b /eady & p]si/5t4 
,x conta9s also ! elem5ts ( ease1       
pleasure1 & ne$$ employm5t2 t is1 9     
le>n+ some?+ t has a prop] int]e/1 !re  
is great] ease & pleasure 9 !           
acquisition1 & occupation ) ! object    
satisfies an inn] ne$4  ,:5 int]e/ has  
be5 fully develop$1 x mu/ always comb9e 
pleasure1 facility1 & ! satisfaction ( a
 ne$4  ,we see aga9 t 9 all ex]tions1   
p[] & pleasure are secur$ to int]e/4  ,x
 does n feel ! burd5 ( difficulties b   
(t5 seems to sport ) !m4--,zill]4  ,a   
natural int]e/ is also awak5$ by :at is 
/range1 my/]i\s1 & ev5 frightful1 b ^!  
k9ds ( int]e/ conc]n u f a speculative r
 ?an a p$agogical po9t ( view4  ,we are 
seek+ = ^? int]e/s :i* contribute to a  
normal & p]man5t m5tal action4  ,sev]e  
ef=t & ex]tion are a necess>y "p (      
in/ruction1 b a prop] int]e/ 9 ! subject
 w lead *ildr5 to ex]t !mselves ) great]

 en]gy ev5 :5 enc\nt]+ disagreeable     
tasks4  ,!re are places 9 e subject :5  
"w is felt z a burd5 r ?an z a pleasure1
 b ! int]e/ & en]gy ar\s$ 9 ! m         
attractive p>ts w c>ry a *ild ?r\gh !   
swamps & mires at a spe$i] rate4  ,x is 
n at all desirable to conceal           
difficulties "u ! guise ( amusem5t4  ,b 
by means ( a natural int]e/ x is        
possible to br+ ! m9d into ! mo/        
favorable /ate = action4 ,9 opposition  
to a lively & humane treatm5t (         
subjects1 a dry & dull r\t9e has (t5 be5
 prais$ z ! prop] discipl9e ( ! m9d & w4
  ,x 0 a mi/ake1 says ,zill]1 to f9d 9 !
 simple pressure ( difficulties a s\rce 
( culture1 = x is ! opposite ( culture4 
,x 0 a mi/ake to call ! pressure ( ef=t1
 ! feel+ ( burd5 & pa91 a s\rce ( prop] 
tra9+1 simply because w p[] & firmness (
 "* are ?us secur$ & pres]v$ to y\?4    
,p$agogical ef=ts look+ t[>ds a light5+ 
& enliv5+ ( in/ruction %\ld n h be5     
answ]$ by an appeal to sev]e me?ods1 to 
/rict1 dry1 & dull le>n+1 t made no     

attempt to adapt itself to ! natural    
movem5t ( ! *ild's m9d4  7,zill]1 ,lehre
 vom ,e4 ,u41 p4 #cee47  ,n ^? /udies   
:i* are drie/1 dulle/1 & mo/            
disagreeable %\ld be select$ ^u :i* to  
awak5 ! m5tal =ces ( a *ild1 b ^? :i*   
naturally ar\se 8 int]e/ & prompt him to
 a lively ex]cise ( 8 p[]s4  ,= *ildr5 (
 ! ?ird & f\r? grade to n>rate ! /ory ( 
! ,gold5 ,fleece is a m suitable ex]cise
 ?an to memorize ! ,c,x,i,xth ,psalm1 or
 a cate*ism4  ,a prop] int]e/ aims1     
f9ally1 at ! highe/ =m ( quiet1 su/a9$ w
 ex]tion4  ,! succession ( /eps lead+ up
 to w en]gy1 is int]e/1 desire1 & w4    
,be=e attempt+ to realize ! high] =ms ( 
w ef=t1 we mu/ look to ! f\nta9s &      
s\rces out ( :i* x spr+s4  ,if a "y man 
has laid up abundant & int]e/+ /ores ( k
 ( ar*itecture1 he only ne$s an         
opportunity1 & !re is likely to be great
 w-en]gy 9 ! "w ( plann+ & con/ruct+    
build+s4  ,b )\t ?is int]e/ & k !re w be
 no ef=t along ?is l9e4  ,9 l mann]     
*ildr5 _c be expect$ to %[ _! be/ ef=t  

unless ! subject is made /rongly int]e/+
 f ! />t1 or unless int]e/-awak5+ k has 
already be5 /or$ 9 ! m9d4  ,to make     
great dem&s ^u ! w p[] 9 e>ly s*ool     
ye>s1 is l ask+ = ripe fruits be=e !y h 
_h "t to mature4  ,k1 feel+s1 &         
w-inc5tives ( e sort mu/ be fir/ plant$ 
9 ! m9d1 be=e a prop] w-en]gy c be      
expect$4  ,9 tea*+1 we %\ld aim to      
develop w p[]1 n to take x = grant$ z a 
ready product4  ,z ! w %\ld ultimately  
control all ! m5tal p[]s1 its prop]     
maturity is a lat] outcome ( education4 
,ev5 suppos+ t ! w has consid]able      
orig9al native p[]1 x is a p[] t is     
likely to lie dormant or be us$ 9 "s    
ill-direction1 unless prop] inc5tives   
are br\ght to be> ^u x4  ,! w is s      
con/itut$ t x is op5 to appeal1 & 9 all 
! affairs ( s*ool & life1 inc5tives (   
all sorts are con/antly br\ght to be> ^u
 x4  ,:y n make an ef=t to br+ to be> ! 
inc5tives t spr+ out ( int]e/1 t /eady  
=ce1 :i* is able to give abid+ t5d5cy & 
direction to ! ef=ts8  ,:y n cultivate  

^? nobl] inc5tives t spr+ out (         
culture-br++-k8  ,!re are1 !re=e1       
important prelim9>ies to full w en]gy1  
:i* are secur$ by ! cultivation ( k1 !  
s5sibilities1 & desires4  ,!re is a     
common belief t any subject c be made   
int]e/+ if only ! tea*] kn[s ! secret ( 
! h[2 if only he has prop] skill4  ,b x 
is h>d ev5 = a skillful workman to make 
bricks )\t /raw1 to awak5 m5tal ef=t :]e
 int]e/ 9 ! subject is entirely lack+4  
,x is (t5 claim$ t if !re is dullness & 
disgu/ ) a /udy x is ! fault ( ! tea*]4 
,z ,mr4 ,quick says1 ,i w\ld g s f> z to
 lay x d[n z a rule1 t :5ev] *ildr5 are 
inatt5tive & app>5tly take no int]e/ 9 a
 lesson1 ! tea*] %\ld always look fir/  
to himself = ! reason4  ,!re are p]haps 
no circum/ances 9 :i* a lack ( int]e/   
does n orig9ate 9 ! mode ( in/ruction   
adopt$ by ! tea*]4  ,?is /atem5t assumes
 t all k is ab\t equally int]e/+ to     
pupils1 & ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! mann] 9 :i*
 ! tea*] deals ) x4  ,b diff]5t k9ds ( k
 diff] widely 9 _! p[] to awak5 int]e/ 9

 *ildr54  ,! true idea ( int]e/ dem&s t 
! subject matt] be 9 itself int]e/+1    
adapt$ to appeal to a *ild1 & to secure 
8 p>ticipation4  ,if ! int]e/ awak5$ by 
br++ ! m9d 9 contact ) ! subject is n   
spontane\s1 x is n g5u9e & helpful 9 !  
be/ s5se4  ,"o ( ! fir/ & greate/ evils 
( all s*ool c\rses has be5 a failure to 
select ^? subjects1 :i* 9 !mselves are  
adapt$ to excite ! int]e/ ( *ildr5 at   
ea* age ( progress4  ,if we c\ld assume 
t lessons _h be5 s arrang$1 we might !n 
) ,mr4 ,quick ju/ly dem& ( a tea*] a    
mann] ( tea*+ t mu/ make ! subjects     
int]e/+1 or 9 o!r words a mann] (       
treatm5t t w\ld be appropriate to an    
int]e/+ subject4  ,!re are two k9ds (   
int]e/ t ne$ to be cle>ly di/+ui%$3     
direct int]e/1 :i* is felt = ! ?+       
itself1 = its own sake1 & indirect      
int]e/ :i* po9ts to some?+ else z ! real
 s\rce4  ,a mis] loves gold co9s = _!   
own sake1 b mo/ p love !m only because (
 ! ?+s = :i* !y may be ex*ang$4  ,! poet
 loves ! beauty & fragrance ( fl[]s1 !  

flori/ adds to ?is a m]c5>y int]e/4  ,a 
sn[-%ovel may h no int]e/ = u ord9>ily1 
b j :5 x is ne$$1 on a w9t] morn+1 x is 
an object ( consid]able int]e/4  ,x is  
simply a means to an end4  ,! k9d (     
int]e/ :i* we ?9k is s valuable =       
in/ruction is direct & intr9sic4  ,!    
life ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 calls out a     
/rong direct int]e/ 9 ! man & 8 =tunes4 
,a humm+ bird attracts & appeals to u = 
its own sake4  ,indirect int]e/1 s      
call$1 has m ( ! "* ( desire4  ,a desire
 to re/ore "o's heal? w produce great   
int]e/ 9 a c]ta9 heal? resort1 l ! ,hot 
,spr+s1 or 9 "s me?od ( treatm5t1 z !   
use ( ,ko*'s lymph4  ,! desire = weal? &
 bus9ess success w lead a m]*ant 9 ! fur
 trade to take int]e/ 9 seals &         
seal-fi%+1 & 9 beav]s1 trapp+1 etc4  ,! 
wi% to ga9 a prize w cause a *ild to    
take deep int]e/ 9 a lesson4  ,b 9 all  
^! cases desire prec$es int]e/4         
,int]e/1 inde$1 9 ! ?+ itself = its own 
sake1 is frequ5tly n pres5t4  ,x is true
 9 _m cases t indirect int]e/ is n      

int]e/ at all4  ,x is a dang]\s ?+ 9    
education to sub/itute indirect = direct
 or true int]e/4  ,! =m] (t5 means !    
cultivation1 prim>ily1 ( c]ta9 inord9ate
 desires or feel+s1 su* z rivalry1      
pride1 jeal\sy1 ambition1 reputation1   
love ( self4  ,by appeal+ to ! selfi%   
pride ( *ildr5 9 gett+ lessons1 hateful 
moral qualities are sometimes />t$ into 
active gr[? 9 ! v ef=t to secure !      
highe/ intellectual results & discipl9e4
  ,giv+ a prize = sup]iority (t5        
produces jeal\sy1 unk9dness1 &          
deep-seat$ ill-w :]e ! cultivation ( a  
prop] natural int]e/ w\ld lead to m     
k9dly & sympa!tic relations betwe5 !    
*ildr54  ,! cultivation ( direct int]e/ 
9 all valuable k9ds ( k1 on ! o!r h&1   
leads also to ! cultivation ( desires1 b
 ! desires ?us g5]at$ are pure & g5]\s1 
! desire = fur!r k ( botany or hi/ory1 !
 desire to imitate :at is admirable 9   
human actions & to %un :at is mean4  ,! 
desires :i* spr+ out ( direct int]e/ are
 elevat+1 :ile ! desires :i* are        

associat$ ) indirect int]e/ are 9 _m    
cases egoti/ic & selfi%4  ,we (t5 say t 
x is necess>y to make a subject int]e/+ 
s t x may be m palatable1 m easily      
le>n$4  ,?is is ! commonly accept$ idea4
  ,x is a means ( help+ u to swall[ a   
di/a/eful m$ic9e4  ,if ! ma9 purpose 7  
to get k into ! m9d1 & int]e/ only a    
means to ?is end1 ! cultivation ( su*   
indirect int]e/s w\ld be all "r4  ,b    
int]e/ is "o ( ! qualities :i* we wi% to
 see p]man5tly associat$ ) k ev5 aft] x 
is safely /or$ 9 ! m9d4  ,if int]e/ is  
!re1 future en]gy & activity w spr+     
spontane\sly out ( ! acquirem5ts4       
,indirect int]e/ inde$ is (t5 necess>y &
 may be a sign ( tact 9 tea*+4  ,b x is 
negative & weak 9 aft] results4  ,s f> z
 x produces motives at all !y may be    
dang]\s4  ,x _c build up & /r5g!n "* b  
?reat5s to und]m9e x by cultivat+ wrong 
motives4  ,!re is no assurance t k ?us  
acquir$ c affect ! w & be> fruit 9      
action1 ev5 ?\gh x be ! "r k9d ( k1     
because x is n ! k 9 ?is case t furni%es

 ! inc5tives4  ,! int]e/ t is awak5$ 9 a
 subject because ( its innate           
attractiv5ess1 leaves inc5tives :i* may 
rip5 soon] or lat] into action4  ,!     
high] k9d ( int]e/ is direct1 intr9sic1 
n simply receptive1 b active &          
progressive4  ,9 ! k acquir$ x f9ds only
 inc5tives to fur!r acquisition4  ,x is 
life giv+ & is prompt$ by ! objects     
!mselves1 j z ! int]e/ ( boys is awak5$ 
by de$s ( adv5ture & d>+ or by a j\rney 
into ! woods4  ,! int]e/ 9 an object t  
spr+s f "s o!r s\rce ?an ! ?+ itself1 is
 indirect1 z ! desire to ma/] a lesson s
 z to excel o!rs1 or ga9 a prize1 or    
make a money pr(it out ( x4  ,9 speak+ (
 int]e/ 9 s*ool /udies1 tea*]s q        
commonly h only ! indirect 9 m9d2 i4e41 
! k9d t leads *ildr5 to take hold ( &   
ma/] _! lessons m readily4 ,int]e/ is   
?us *iefly a means ( ov]com+ di/a/eful  
tasks4  ,x is ! m]it ( a direct or g5u9e
 int]e/ t x aids 9 ma/]+ difficulties & 
9 addition to ?is gives a p]man5t       
pleasure 9 /udies4  ,"o ( ! high aims ( 

in/ruction is to implant a /rong p]man5t
 int]e/ 9 /udies t w la/ ?r\gh s*ool    
days & aft] !y are ov]4  ,a live int]e/ 
spr+s mo/ easily out ( k subjects l     
hi/ory & natural sci5ce4  ,=mal /udies l
 gramm> & ari?metic awak5 x less easily4
  ,h]b>t has classifi$ ! *ief k9ds &    
s\rces ( int]e/ z foll[s3 ,int]e/ 9     
nature ap>t f man1 & int]e/ 9 man1      
society1 etc4  ,9 nature & natural      
objects z illu/rat$ 9 ! natural sci5ces 
!re are ?ree *ief k9ds ( int]e/4        
,empirical1 :i* is /irr$ by ! v>iety &  
novelty ( ?+s se54  ,!re is an          
attractiv5ess 9 ! _m faces & moods (    
nature4  ,betwe5 ! ye>s ( *ildhood & old
 age !re is sc>cely a p]son :o does n   
enjoy a walk or a ride 9 ! op5 air1 :]e 
! v>iety ( plant1 bird1 animal1 &       
l&scape makes a pleas+ panorama4        
,speculative int]e/ goes deep] &        
inquires into ! relations & causal      
connections ( ph5om5a4  ,x traces out   
simil>ities & sequ5ces1 & detects law & 
unity 9 nature4  ,x is n satisfi$ ) !   

simple play ( v>iety1 b seeks = ! cause 
& g5esis ( ?+s4  ,ev5 a *ild is anxi\s  
to "k h[ a squirrel climbs a tree or    
cracks a nut2 :]e x /ores its w9t] food1
 its ne/ & mann] ( life 9 w9t]4  ,:y is 
x t a mole c burr[ & live "u gr\nd8  ,h[
 is x possible = a fi% to brea! 9 wat]8 
,e/hetic int]e/ is awak5$ by :at is     
beautiful1 gr&1 & h>moni\s 9 nature or  
art4  ,! fir/ glance at great ov]hang+  
masses ( rock1 oppresses u ) a feel+ (  
awe4  ,! w+s ( an insect1 ) _! delicate 
trac]y & bright hues1 are attractive1 & 
/ir u ) pleasure4  ,! graceful f]ns     
beside ! brooks & moss-/a9$ rocks sugge/
 fairy-l&4  ,b /rong] ev5 ?an ^! int]e/s
 :i* atta* u to ! ?+s ( nature1 are !   
int]e/s ( humanity4  ,! conc]n felt =   
o!rs 9 joy or sorr[ is bas$ ^u our      
int]e/ 9 !m individually1 & is          
sympa!tic4  ,9 ?is lies ! *>m (         
biography & ! novel4 ,take away !       
p]sonal int]e/ we h 9 ,ivanhoe1 ,qu5t5  
,durw>d1 etc41 & ,scott's glory w\ld    
quickly dep>t4  ,:at empty & spiritless 

annals w\ld ! life ( ,fr$]ic ! ,great & 
,patrick ,h5ry furni%6  ,social int]e/  
is ! reg>d = ! good or evil =tune (     
societies & nations4  ,^u ?is dep5ds our
 conc]n = ! progress ( lib]ty & !       
/ruggle = free in/itutions 9 ,engl& &   
o!r c\ntries4  ,on a small] scale clubs1
 frat]nities1 & local societies ( all   
k9ds are bas$ on ! social int]e/4       
,religi\s int]e/ f9ally reveals our     
consci\sness ( man's littl5ess &        
weakness1 & ( ,god's provid5ce4  ,z     
,pe/alozzi says1 ,god is ! ne>e/ res\rce
 ( humanity4  ,z individuals or nations 
pass away _! fate lies 9 ,8 h&4  ,!     
s\rces ( int]e/ !re=e are v>i$ &        
productive4  ,any "o ( ! six is unlimit$
 9 ext5t & v>iety4  ,toge!r !y con/itute
 a b\ndless field = a prop] cultivation 
( ! emotional z well z intellectual     
nature ( man4  ,a /udy ( ^! s\rces (    
g5u9e int]e/ & a p>tial view ( _! bread?
 & dep?1 reveals to tea*]s :at our      
pres5t s*ool c\rses t5d /rongly to make 
!m =get1 namely1 t ! "r k9d ( k conta9s 

9 itself ! /imulus & ! g]ms to great    
m5tal ex]tion4  ,! dull drill ^u gramm>1
 ari?metic1 read+1 spell+1 & writ+1 :i* 
are reg>d$ z s important z to exclude   
almo/ ev]y?+ else1 has conv9c$ _m a *ild
 t s*ool is v]itably a dull place4  ,&  
_m a tea*] is j z /rongly conv9c$ t     
keep+ s*ool is a dull & sleepy bus9ess4 
,& yet ! s\rces ( int]e/ are abundant to
 ov]fl[+ = him :o has eyes to see4  ,t  
^! s\rces & mat]ials ( k1 ar\s+ deep &  
la/+ int]e/s1 are above o!r ?+s adapt$  
to *ildr5 & to ! s*ool room1 is a tru?  
wor?y ( all emphasis4  ,int]e/ is a good
 te/ ( ! adaptability ( k4  ,:5 any     
subject is br\ght to ! att5tion at ! "r 
age & 9 ! prop] mann]1 x awak5s 9 *ildr5
 a natural & lively feel+4  ,x is evid5t
 t c]ta9 k9ds ( k are n adapt$ to a boy 
at ! age ( t54  ,he c>es no?+ ab\t      
political sci5ce1 or m$ic9e1 or         
/atesman%ip1 or ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4   
,^! ?+s may be pr(\ndly int]e/+ to a    
p]son two or ?ree times z old1 b n to   
him4  ,o!r ?+s1 h[ev]1 ! /ory (         

,ulysses1 travel1 animals1 geography1 & 
hi/ory1 ev5 ari?metic1 may be v         
attractive to a boy ( t54  ,x becomes a 
matt] ( importance to select ^? /udies &
 p>ts ( /udies = *ildr5 at _! *ang+     
p]iods ( gr[?1 :i* are adapt$ to awak5 &
 /imulate _! m9ds4  ,we %all be sav$ !n 
f do+ :at ! be/ ( educators h s         
frequ5tly condemn$1 namely1 :5 ! *ild   
asks = bread give him a /one1 or :5 he  
asks = fi% give him a s]p5t4  ,! neglect
 to take prop] cognizance ( ?is pr9ciple
 ( int]e/ 9 lay+ out c\rses ( /udy & 9 !
 mann] ( pres5t+ subjects is c]ta9ly "o 
( ! grave/ *>ges t ev] c be br\ght aga9/
 ! s*ools4  ,x is a sure sign t tea*]s d
 n "k :at x means to put y\rself 9 8    
place1 to sympa?ize ) *ildr5 & feel _!  
ne$s4  ,! educational re=m]s :o h _h    
deepe/ insight into *ild-life1 h giv5 u 
cle> & pr(\nd w>n+s4 ,r\sseau says3     
,/udy *ildr51 = be sure y d n und]/& !m4
 ,let *ildhood rip5 9 *ildr54  ,! wise/ 
apply !mselves to :at x is important to 
m5 to "k1 )\t consid]+ :at *ildr5 are 9 

a condition to le>n4  ,!y are always    
seek+ ! man 9 ! *ild1 )\t reflect+ :at  
he is be=e he c be a man4  ,x is well = 
u to take ^! words home & act ^u !m4  ,x
 is wor? ! tr\ble to inquire :e!r x is  
possible to select subjects = s*ool /udy
 :i* w prove ess5tially attractive &    
int]e/+ f ! age ( six on4  ,are !re     
mat]ials = s*ool /udy :i* are adapt$    
fully to int]e/ fir/ grade *ildr58  ,we 
"k t fairy /ories appeal directly to !m1
 & !y love to reproduce !m4  ,read+ &   
spell+ 9 connection ) ^! tales are also 
/irr+ /udies4  ,read+ a famili> /ory is 
c]ta9ly a mu* m int]e/+ employm5t ?an   
work+ at ! almo/ mean+less s5t5ces ( a  
*>t or fir/ read]4  ,numb] "w :5 bas$ ^u
 objects c be made to hold ! att5tion ( 
little ones1 at lea/ 9 ! la/ half ( !   
fir/ grade4  ,!y love also to see &     
describe fl[]s1 rocks1 plants1 &        
pictures4  ,x probably requires m       
skillful tea*+ to awak5 & hold ! int]e/ 
9 ! fir/ grade ?an 9 ! second or any    
high] grade1 unless old] *ildr5 h be5   

dull$ by bad in/ruction4  ,on :at       
pr9ciple is x possible to select bo?    
int]e/+ & valuable mat]ials = !         
successive grades8  ,we w v5ture to     
answ] ?is difficult "q4  ,! ma9 int]e/ (
 *ildr5 mu/ be attract$ by :at we may   
call real k subjects2 t is1 ^? treat+ ( 
p 7hi/ory /ories1 etc417 & ^? treat+ (  
plants1 animals1 & o!r natural objects  
7natural sci5ce topics74  ,gramm>1      
ari?metic1 & spell+ are *iefly =m /udies
 & h less native attraction = *ildr54   
,secondly1 x may be laid d[n z a fact ( 
exp]i5ce t *ildr5 w be m t\*$ & /imulat$
 by p>ticul> p]sons & objects 9 nature  
?an by any g5]al propositions1 or laws1 
or classifications4  ,!y pref] see+ a   
p>ticul> palm tree to he>+ a g5]al      
description ( palms4  ,a n>rative ( "s  
special de$ ( k9dness moves !m m ?an a  
disc\rse on k9dness4  ,!y feel a natural
 draw+ t[>d real1 def9ite p]sons & ?+s1 
& an indiff]5ce or repulsion t[>d       
g5]alities4  ,!y pref] ! /ory to !      
moral4  ,*ildr5 are little mat]iali/s4  

,!y dwell 9 ! s5se-_w1 or 9 ! _w (      
imag9ation ) v cle> & def9ite pictures4 
,b :ile deal+ ) ?+s ( s5se & )          
p>ticul>s1 x is necess>y 9 tea*+ *ildr5 
to keep an eye direct$ t[>d g5]al       
classes & t[>d ^? laws & pr9ciples t w  
be fully appreciat$ lat]4  ,9 geography1
 ari?metic1 language lessons1 & natural 
sci5ce1 we mu/ collect m mat]ials 9 !   
l[] grades2 m simple1 concrete          
illu/rations4  ,!y are ! basis ^u :i* we
 c soon beg9 to g5]alize & classify4  ,!
 m attractive ! illu/rative mat]ials we 
select1 ! /rong] ! appeal to ! *ild's   
own lik+1 ! m effective w be !          
in/ruction4  ,a way has be5 discov]$ to 
make ! /udy ( ! concrete & individual   
lead up ) c]ta9ty to ! grasp ( g5]al    
notions & ev5 ( sci5tific laws z fa/ z !
 *ildr5 are ready = !m4  ,if ! concrete 
object or individual is c>efully select$
 x w be a type1 t is1 x illu/rates a    
:ole class ( simil> objects4  ,su* a    
typical concrete object really comb9es !
 p>ticul> & ! g5]al4  ,x has all !      

advantage ( object-tea*+1 ! p[]ful      
attraction ( real ?+s1 b its comp>ison )
 o!r objects w also %[ t x illu/rates a 
g5]al law or pr9ciple ( wide-rea*+      
sci5tific importance4  ,9 bo? ^! /eps   
natural int]e/ is provid$ = 9 ! be/ way4
  ,a full & itemiz$ exam9ation ( "s     
attractive object produces z /rong an   
int]e/ z a *ild is capable (4  ,!n to   
f9d out t ?is object is a sort ( key to 
! "r int]pretation ( o!r objects1 m or  
less famili> to him1 has all ! *>m (    
discov]y4  ,! sunfl[]1 = example1 is a  
l>ge & attractive object = itemiz$ /udy4
  ,x ! exam9ation leads a /ep fur!r to a
 comp>ison ) o!r composite fl[]s1 !re w 
be an int]e/+ discov]y ( k9%ip )        
d&elions1 a/]s1 ?i/les1 etc4  ,?is      
pr9ciple ( ! type1 z illu/rat+ bo? !    
p>ticul> & g5]al1 is true also (        
geographical topics t lead a *ild f> f  
home & call = ! con/ruction ( m5tal     
pictures4  ,! /udy ( ,pike's ,peak &    
vic9ity is v int]e/+ & in/ructive = f\r?
 grade *ildr54 ,! valleys1 spr+s at     

,manit\1 ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods1 ,*ey5ne ,canon
 & ,falls1 ! ,cave ( ! ,w9ds1 ! asc5t ( 
! peak by trail or by railroad1 ! views 
( di/ant m\nta9s1 ! summit h\se on !    
b>r5 & rugg$ top1 ! sn[ fields ev5 9    
summ]1 ! drift+ mi/s t %ut (f ! view1 ! 
/ories ( h>d%ip & e>ly hi/ory--^! ?+s   
take a firm hold on a *ild's int]e/ &   
desire = k4  ,:5 ?is :ole picture is    
reasonably complete a brief comp>ison ( 
,pike's ,peak ) ,mt4 ,wa%+ton1 ,mt4     
,m>cy1 ,mt4 ,%a/a1 & ,mt4 ,ra9i]1 w br+ 
=? po9ts ( contra/ & simil>ity t w      
surprise & in/ruct a *ild4  ,9 e bran* (
 /udy !re are c]ta9 und]ly+ pr9ciples & 
=ms ( ?\ght ^: ?or\gh ma/]y 9 ! l[]     
grades is necess>y to successful        
progress4  ,!y are ! important & c5tral 
ideas ( ! subject4  ,x 0 a m>k$ quality 
( ,pe/alozzi to sift out ^! simple      
fundam5tals & to ma/] !m4  ,x is = u to 
make ^! simple elem5ts intelligible &   
int]e/+ by ! use ( concrete types &     
illu/rations drawn f nature & f human   
life4  ,if we speak ( hi/ory & nature z 

! two *ief subjects ( /udy1 ! simple1   
fundam5tal relations ( p]sons to ea* o!r
 9 society1 & ! simple1 typical objects1
 =ces1 & laws ( nature con/itute ! basis
 ( all k4  ,^! elem5ts we desire to     
ma/]4  ,b to make !m attractive to      
*ildr51 !y %\ld n be pres5t$ 9 bald &   
/]ile outl9es1 b 9 typical =ms4  ,all   
actions & human relations mu/ appe> 9   
attractive p]sonification4  ,p]sons     
speak & act & virtues %9e =? 9 !m4  ,we 
d n /udy nature's laws at fir/1 b !     
beautiful1 typical life =ms 9 nature1 ! 
lily1 ! oak1 ,c9d]ella1 & ,william      
,tell4  ,= *ildr51 !n1 ! und]ly+ ideas &
 pr9ciples ( e /udy1 9 ord] to />t !    
int]e/1 mu/ be reveal$ 9 ! mo/ beautiful
 illu/rative =ms :i* c be furni%$ by    
nature1 poetry1 & art4  ,! /ory (       
,william ,tell1 al?\gh x comes all ! way
 f ! ,alps & f ! di/ant traditional     
hi/ory ( ! ,swiss1 is "o ( ! be/ ?+s )  
:i* to illu/rate & impress manl9ess &   
patriotism4  ,! fairy /ories = /ill     
y\ng] *ildr51 are ! be/ means = tea*+   

k9dness or unselfi%ness1 because !y are 
s *a/e1 & beautiful1 & graceful1 ev5 to 
! *ild's ?\ght4  ,! mo/ attractive      
type-=ms & life-p]sonifications (       
fundam5tal ideas 9 hi/ory & nature are !
 really int]e/+ objects ( /udy = *ildr54
  ,to put x 9 a simple1 practical       
=m--objects & human actions1 if well    
select$1 are ! be/ means 9 ! _w to      
excite curiosity & ! /rong _s ( inquiry4
  ,:ile dwell+ ^u ?is ?\ght ( !         
attractiv5ess ( type-=ms z p]sonifi$ 9  
?+s or p]sons1 we cat* a glimpse ( a    
f>-rea*+ tru? 9 education4  ,! idea (   
culture epo*s1 z typical ( ! /eps (     
progress 9 ! race1 & also ( ! p]iods (  
gr[? 9 ! *ild1 (f]s a deep p]spective   
into educational problems4  ,9 !        
progress ( mank9d f a primitive /ate (  
b>b>ism to ! pres5t /ate ( culture 9    
,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re has be5
 a succession ( n v cle>ly def9$ /ages4 
,9 po9t ( gov]nm5t1 = example1 !re has  
be5 ! savage1 nomad1 patri>*1 k+dom1    
con/itutional mon>*y1 democracy1        

republic1 f$]al republic4  ,!re h be5   
great epo*s ( political convulsion 9 !  
conflicts ) ext]nal p[]s & 9 civil      
/ruggles & revolutions4  ,9 ! gr[? (    
h&icrafts1 arts1 manufactures1 &        
inv5tions1 !re has be5 a s]ies (        
advances f ! "t :5 m5 fir/ began to     
cultivate ! gr\nd1 to r$uce ! metals1 & 
to br+ ! =ces ( nature into s]vice4  ,9 
! developm5t ( human society1 !re=e1 & 9
 ! progress ( arts & human k1 !re are   
c]ta9 typical /ages ^: prop] use may    
help u to solve "s ( ! difficult        
problems 9 educat+ ! "y4  ,all nations h
 pass$ ?r\gh "s ( ^! important epo*s4 ,!
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 = example1 s9ce ! fir/  
settlem5ts ^u ! ea/ coa/1 h gone rapidly
 ?r\gh _m ( ! *>act]i/ic epo*s ( ! _w's 
hi/ory1 9 politics1 comm]ce1 & indu/ry2 
9 social life1 education1 & religion4   
,! importance ( ! culture epo*s = s*ools
 lies 9 ! !ory1 accept$ by _m great     
writ]s1 t *ildr5 9 _! gr[? f infancy to 
maturity1 pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( /eps :i* 
correspond broadly to ! hi/orical epo*s 

( mank9d4  ,a *ild's life up to ! age ( 
tw5ty1 is a sort ( epitome ( ! _w's     
hi/ory4  ,our pres5t /ate ( culture is a
 result ( gr[?1 & if a *ild is to       
appreciate society z x n[ is1 he mu/ gr[
 into x out ( ! pa/1 by hav+ travel$    
?r\gh ! same /ages x has trac$4  ,b ?is 
is only a v sup]ficial way ( view+ !    
relation betwe5 *ild & _w hi/ory4  ,!   
p]iods ( *ild life are s simil> to !    
epo*s ( hi/ory1 t a *ild f9ds its prop] 
m5tal food 9 ! /udy ( ! mat]ials furni%$
 by ^! epo*s4  ,let u te/ ?is4  ,a *ild 
eight ye>s old c>es no?+ ab\t           
reciprocity or free silv]1 or univ]sity 
ext5sion4  ,rob9son ,crusoe1 h[ev]1 :o  
typifies mank9d's e>ly /ruggle ) ! =ces 
( nature1 claims 8 undivid$ att5tion4   
,a boy ( t5 w take m delight 9 ! /ory ( 
,k+ ,alfr$ or ,william ,tell ?an 9 tw5ty
 ,glad/ones or ,bism>cks4  ,n t         
,glad/one's "w is less important or     
int]e/+ to ! "r p]son1 b ! boy does n   
live & h 8 be+ 9 ! ,glad/onian age4  ,n 
all p>ts ( hi/ory1 inde$1 are adapt$ to 

please & in/ruct "s p]iod ( y\?4  ,:ole 
ages h be5 de/itute ( su* mat]ials1 b>r5
 z des]ts = educational purposes4  ,b ^?
 epo*s :i* h be5 typical ( great        
exp]i5ces1 l&m>ks ( progress1 h also    
f\nd poets & hi/orians to describe !m4  
,! great works ( poets & hi/orians      
conta9 also ! great object lessons ^u   
:i* to cultivate ! m9ds ( *ildr54  ,"s (
 ! lead+ *>act]s ( fiction & hi/ory are 
! be/ p]sonifications ( ! /eps (        
progress 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race2 ,crusoe1  
,abraham1 ,ulysses1 ,alfr$1 ,tell1      
,david1 ,*>lemagne1 ,moses1 ,columbus1  
,wa%+ton4 ,^! m51 ca/ 9 a l>ge & h]oic  
mold1 repres5t great human /riv+s & are 
adapt$ to tea* ! *ief lessons ( hi/ory1 
if prop]ly select$ & arrang$4  ,^!      
typical individual *>act]s illu/rate !  
fundam5tal ideas t w give insight &     
appreciation = lat] social =ms4  ,!y    
conta91 hidd5 z x 71 ! ess5tial "p (    
great hi/orical & social tru?s (        
f>-rea*+ importance4  ,! culture epo*s w
 be se5 lat] to be important 9 solv+ !  

problem ( ! conc5tration ( in/ruction   
along c]ta9 l9es1 b 9 ! pres5t          
discussion _! value is *iefly se5 9 _!  
adaptability to ar\se ! int]e/ ( *ildr51
 by supply+ peculi>ly cong5ial mat]ials 
( in/ruction 9 ! *ang+ phases ( *ild    
progress4  ,! int]e/ mo/ wor? awak5+ 9  
pupils is n only direct b p]man5t4      
,haw?orne's ,gold5 ,t\* embodies a      
simple classic tru? 9 su* transp>5t =m t
 its rep]usal is always a pleasure4  ,9 
! same way1 to obs]ve ! autumn woods &  
fl[]s1 ! birds & insects1 ) sympa?y &   
delight1 leaves a la/+ pleasure 9 !     
memory4  ,! be/ k9d ( k is t :i* lays a 
p]man5t hold ^u ! affections4  ,! be/   
me?od ( le>n+ is t :i* op5s up any field
 ( /udy ) a gr[+ int]e/4  ,to awak5 a   
*ild's p]man5t int]e/ 9 any bran* ( k is
 to accompli% mu* = 8 "* & usefulness4  
,an endur+ int]e/ 9 ,am]ican hi/ory1 =  
example1 is valuable 9 ! be/ s5se1 no   
matt] :at ! me?od ( in/ruction4  ,any   
companion or book t tea*es u to obs]ve !
 birds ) gr[+ int]e/ & pleasure has done

 :at a tea*] c\ld sc>cely d bett]4  ,?is
 k9d ( k becomes a liv+1 g5]ative       
culture influ5ce4  ,k :i* conta9s no    
spr+s ( int]e/ is l fai? divorc$ f      
works4  ,in=mation & discipl9e may be   
ga9$ 9 education )\t any la/+ int]e/1 b 
! "o :o uses su* k & discipl9e is only a
 ma*9e4  ,a ,cambridge /ud5t :o _h tak5 
! be/ prizes & s*ol>%ips said at ! end (
 8 univ]sity c>e]3 ,i am at a loss to "k
 :at to d4  ,i h already ga9$ ! be/     
di/9ctions1 & ,i c see b little to "w = 
9 ! future4  ,! *ild ( f\r ye>s1 :o op5s
 8 eyes ) unfeign$ int]e/ & surpris$    
inquiry into ! big _w ar\nd him1 has a  
bett] _s ?an su* a dead product (       
univ]sity tra9+4  ,b happily ?is is n ! 
_s ( our univ]sities n[4  ,! rem>kable &
 *>act]i/ic idea 9 univ]sity life today 
is ! _s ( inve/igation & sci5tific      
inquiry :i* x con/antly awak5s4  ,we    
happ5 to live 9 a "t :5 univ]sity tea*]s
 are try+ to enl>ge ! b\nds ( human k 9 
e direction1 to solve problems t h n be5
 solv$ be=e4  ,no matt] :at ! subject1 !

 real /ud5t soon becomes an explor]1 an 
inve/igator 9 fields ( absorb+ int]e/4  
,! common s*ool c sc>cely d bett] ?an to
 receive ?is g5]\s impulse into its "w4 
,c our common /udies be approa*$ 9 ?is  
inquisitive _s8  ,c gr[? 9 k be made a  
progressive inve/igation8  ,a true      
int]e/ takes pleasure 9 acquir$ k1 & /&+
 ^u ?is vantage looks ) inquir+ purpose 
into new worlds4  ,*ildr5 9 our s*ools  
are sometimes made s dyspeptic t no k   
has any reli%4  ,b ! s\l %\ld gr[ /rong1
 & heal?y1 & ela/ic1 ^u ! food x takes4 
,if ! tea*+ is su* t ! appetite becomes 
/rong]1 ! m5tal dige/ion bett]1 & if !  
_s ( int]e/ & inquiry gr[s into a /eady 
=ce1 ! be/ results may be expect$4  ,!  
cultivation ( a _m-sid$ int]e/ is       
desirable 9 ord] to avoid n>r[ness1 & to
 op5 up ! v>i\s s\rces ( m5tal activity1
 i4e41 to /imulate m5tal vigor along _m 
l9es4  ,we believe t mo/ *ildr5 are     
capable ( tak+ int]e/ 9 _m k9ds ( /udy4 
,! pref]5ce :i* "s *ildr5 %[ = c]ta9    
bran*es & ! dislike = o!rs may be due to

 peculi> e>ly surr\nd+s1 & is (t5 !     
result ( good or poor tea*+ z mu* z to  
natural gifts4  ,z e *ild has sympa?ies 
= companions & p1 s e *ild may take a   
real int]e/ 9 /ory1 biography1 & hi/ory1
 if ^! subjects are rightly approa*$4   
,s also ! indiff]5ce to plant & animal  
life %[n by _m p]sons is due to lack (  
culture & suitable sugge/ion at !       
impressionable age4  ,unque/ionably !   
lives ( mo/ p run 9 too n>r[ a *annel4  
,!y fail to appreciate & enjoy _m ( !   
common ?+s ab\t !m1 to :i* _! eyes h n  
be5 prop]ly op5$4  ,! p>ticul> trade or 
bus9ess s engrosses mo/ p's "t t _!     
sympa?ies are n>r[$ & _! appreciation ( 
! duties & responsibilities ( life is   
/unt$4  ,! common s*ool1 m ?an all o!r  
in/itutions1 %\ld lay broad f\ndations &
 awak5 _m-sid$ sympa?ies4  ,! trade     
s*ool & ! univ]sity c af=d to           
specialize1 to prep>e = a vocation4  ,! 
common s*ool1 on ! contr>y1 is prep>+   
all *ildr5 = g5]al citiz5%ip4  ,! n>r[+ 
idea ( a trade or call+ %\ld be kept    

away f ! public s*ool1 & z f> z possible
 v>i$ int]e/s 9 k %\ld be awak5$ 9 e    
*ild4  ,b ?is v>iety ( int]e/s may lead 
to scatt]+ & sup]ficial k4  ,& 9 its    
results _m-sid$ int]e/ w\ld seem to po9t
 naturally to _m-sid$ activity2 t is1 to
 multiplicity ( employm5ts1 to t "* :i* 
9 ,yankee phrase is designat$ z ,jack ( 
all trades & ma/] ( none4  ,if in/ead ( 
be+ all[$ to spread out s mu*1 !        
educational /ream is conf9$ betwe5 n>r[ 
banks1 x w %[ a deep & full curr5t4  ,if
 all[$ to spread ov] ! m>%es & pla9s1 x 
becomes sluggi% & bracki%4 ,our c\rse ( 
/udy = ! common s*ools 9 rec5t ye>s1 has
 be5 l>gely add$ to & has be5 ext5d$ ov]
 ! :ole field ( k4  ,hi/ory1 geography1 
natural sci5ce lessons & draw+ h be5    
add$ to ! old read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 &
 gramm>4 ,!re may appe> to be m v>iety1 
b less /r5g?4  ,:5 9 addition to ?is    
great] v>iety ( /udies1 en?usia/ic      
tea*]s desire to increase ! quantity ( k
 9 ea* bran* & to pres5t z _m int]e/+   
facts z possible1 at e po9t1 we h !     

ov]-load+ ( ! s*ool c\rse4  ,?is effect 
w be notic$ 9 a lat] *apt] 9 its be>+ ^u
 conc5tration4  ,*ildr5 h too mu* to    
le>n4  ,!y become pack-horses1 in/ead ( 
free spirits walk+ 9 ! fields ( k4      
,m5tal vigor1 aft] all1 is wor? m ?an a 
m9d gr[n corpul5t & lazy ) an excess (  
pabulum1 ov]f$4  ,! cultivation !re=e ( 
a _m-sid$ int]e/ ceases to be a bless+ z
 soon z encyclop$ic k becomes its aim4  
,9 fact ! desire on ! "p ( tea*]s to    
make ! k ( any subject complete &       
encyclop$ic de/roys all true int]e/4 ,! 
solution ( ?is great problem does n     
consi/ 9 id5tify+ _m-sid$ int]e/ )      
encyclop$ic k1 b 9 su* a detail$ /udy ( 
typical =ms 9 ea* case z w give insight 
into t bran* )\t any pret5sion to       
exhau/ive k4  ,c]ta9ly a true int]e/ 9  
plants does n require t we become       
acqua9t$ ) all ! species ( all ! g5]a4  
,b a prop] /udy ( a few typical =ms 9 a 
few ( ! families & g5]a might produce a 
mu* deep] int]e/ 9 nature & 9 h] laws4  
,! culture ( a _m-sid$ int]e/ is        

ess5tial to a full developm5t &         
p]fection ( ! m5tal activities4  ,x is  
easy to see t int]e/ 9 any subject gives
 all ?\ght ^u x a great] vigor &        
int5sify4  ,m5tal action 9 all          
directions is /r5g!n$ & vivifi$ by a    
direct int]e/4  ,on ! o!r h& m5tal life 
dim9i%es ) ! loss ( int]e/1 & ev5 9     
fields ( k 9 :i* a man has display$     
unusual ma/]y1 a loss ( int]e/ is foll[$
 by a loss ( en]gy4  ,exclud+ int]e/ is 
l cutt+ (f ! circulation f a limb4      
,p]fect vigor ( ?\ght :i* we aim at 9   
education1 is m>k$ by /r5g? along ?ree  
l9es1 ! vigor ( ! individual ideas1 !   
ext5t & v>iety ( ideas "u control1 & !  
connection & h>mony ( ideas4  ,x is !   
highe/ g5]al aim ( intellectual         
education to /r5g!n m5tal vigor 9 ^!    
?ree directions4  ,_m-sid$ int]e/ is    
conducive to all ?ree4  ,e ?\ght t f9ds 
lodgm5t 9 ! m9d is ton$ up & /r5g!n$ by 
int]e/4  ,x is also easi] to reta9 &    
reproduce "s idea t has once be5 grasp$ 
) full feel+ ( int]e/4  ,an int]e/ t has

 be5 develop$ along all lead+ l9es (    
/udy has a prop] bread? &               
compreh5siv5ess & _c be hamp]$ & clogg$ 
by n>r[ re/ra9ts & prejudice4  ,we      
admire a p]son n simply because he has a
 few cle> ideas1 b also = ! ext5t &     
v>iety ( ?is sort ( in=mation4  ,our    
admiration ceases :5 he %[s ignorance or
 prejudice or lack ( sympa?y ) important
 bran*es ( /udy4 ,f9ally1 ! unity &     
h>mony ( ! v>i$ k9ds ( k are a great    
s\rce ( int]e/4  ,! trac+ ( connections 
betwe5 diff]5t /udies & ! insight t     
comes f prop] associations1 are among ! 
highe/ delights ( le>n+4  ,! connection 
& h>mony ( ideas w be discuss$ "u       
conc5tration4  ,! six int]e/s above     
m5tion$ are to be develop$ along p>allel
 l9es4  ,!y are to be kept 9 prop]      
equipoise4  ,x is n design$ t anyone    
%all be develop$ to ! ov]%ad[+ ( ! o!rs4
 ,!y are l six pill>s ^u :i* ! /ructure 
( a lib]al education is re/$4  ,a       
cultivation ( any "o1 exclusively1 may  
be 9 place :5 ! "w ( g5]al education is 

complete & a pr(ession or life labor has
 be5 *os54  ,x is also true t a prop]   
int]e/ is a protection aga9/ ! desires1 
disord]ly impulses1 & passions4  ,"o ( !
 *ief ends ( education is to br+ !      
incl9ations & importunate desires "u    
ma/]y1 to e/abli% a c\nt]poise to !m by 
! /eady & p]si/5t =ces ( education4  ,a 
_m-sid$ int]e/ cultivat$ along ! *ief   
pa?s ( k1 implies su* m5tal vigor & su* 
preoccupation ) wor?y subjects z        
naturally to disc\rage unwor?y desires4 
,locke says1 self-re/ra9t1 ! ma/]y ov]  
"o's incl9ations1 is ! f\ndation (      
virtue4  ,he t has f\nd a way h[ to keep
 a *ild's _s easy1 active1 & free1 & yet
 at ! same "t to re/ra9 him f _m ?+s he 
has a m9d to1 & to draw him to ?+s t are
 uneasy to him2 he1 ,i say1 t kn[s h[ to
 reconcile ^! seem+ contradictions1 has1
 9 my op9ion1 got ! true secret (       
education4 ,b x is a secret /ill2 !     
c5tral "q rema9s unansw]$4  ,h[ is !    
tea*] to approa* & influ5ce ! w ( !     
*ild8  ,is x by suppos+ t ! *ild has a w

 already develop$ & /rong en\gh to be   
reli$ ^u on all occasions8  ,on !       
contr>y1 mu/ n ! tea*] put inc5tives 9 !
 pa? ( ! pupil1 ideas & feel+s t prompt 
him to self-d5ial8  ,int]e/ z a s\rce ( 
w-/imulus has peculi> advantages4  ,x is
 n desir$ t ! incl9ations & feel+s %all 
get ! ma/]y ( ! m9d1 c]ta9ly n !        
disord]ly & mom5t>y desires4  ,high]    
desires1 inde$1 %\ld prop]ly influ5ce ! 
w1 z ! desire ( ! approval ( consci5ce1 
! desire to atta9 excell5ce1 to ga9     
/r5g? & ma/]y1 to s]ve o!rs1 etc4  ,b ! 
importance ( awak5+ int]e/ z a basis ( w
 cultivation is f\nd 9 ! favorable m5tal
 /ate induc$ by int]e/ z a prelim9>y to 
w action along ! be/ l9es4  ,int]e/ is n
 an impetu\s =ce l ! desires1 prompt+ to
 in/ant action1 b a quiet1 p]man5t      
und]tone1 :i* br+s ev]y?+ into read9ess 
= action1 cle>s ! deck1 & beg9s !       
attack4  ,x w\ld be a va/ help to _m    
boys & girls if ! irksom5ess ( /udy 9   
ari?metic or gramm>1 :i* is s fatal to w
 en]gy1 c\ld give way to ! spur (       

int]e/1 & :5 ! :eels are once set 9     
motion1 progress w\ld n only beg9 b be  
su/a9$ by int]e/4  ,x is pretty g5]ally 
agre$ to by ?\ghtful educators1 t 9 giv+
 a *ild ! broad f\ndations ( education1 
we %\ld aim n s mu* at k z at capacity &
 appreciation = x4  ,a univ]sal         
receptivity1 su* z ,r\sseau requires (  
,emile1 is a desid]atum4  ,sc>cely a    
bett] d[ry c be be/[$ ^u a *ild by      
education1 ?an a desire = k & an        
intellig5t int]e/ 9 all important       
bran*es ( /udy4  ,h]b>t's _m-sid$ int]e/
 is to /r5g!n & bran* out f ye> to ye>  
dur+ s*ool life1 & become a p]man5t     
t5d5cy or =ce 9 lat] ye>s4  ,no s*ool c 
give ev5 an approa* to full &           
encyclop$ic k1 b no s*ool is s humble t 
x may n ?r[ op5 ! doors & pres5t _m a   
pleas+ prospect into ! fields ( le>n+4  
,) ,h]b>t1 !re=e1 a _m-sid$1 h>moni\s   
int]e/ promotes w-en]gy ?r\gh all !     
ef=ts ( le>n+ f *ildhood up1 & :5 ! "w (
 g5]al education has be5 complet$1 ! y\?
 is ready to laun* out into ! _w ) a    

/rong1 heal?y appetite = in=mation 9 _m 
directions4  ,! be/ fruitage ( su* a    
c\rse w foll[ 9 ! ye>s t succe$ s*ool   
life4  ,int]e/ is a v practical ?+4  ,x 
is t :i* gives =ce & mom5tum to ideas4  
,x is n k itself1 b1 l ! invisible      
pr9ciple ( life1 x conv]ts dead matt]   
into liv+ en]gy4  ,9 our s*ools ?us f>  
we h _h too mu* fai? 9 ! me*anics (     
education4  ,too mu* virtue has be5     
imput$ to facts1 to k1 to %>p tools4    
,we h n[ to le>n t inc5tive is a m      
important ?+ 9 education2 t is1 a       
direct1 p]man5t1 _m-sid$ int]e/4        
,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,conc5tration4  ,by     
conc5tration is meant su* a connection  
betwe5 ! p>ts ( ea* /udy & su* a sp9n+ (
 relations & connect+ l9ks betwe5       
diff]5t sci5ces t unity may spr+ out ( !
 v>iety ( k4  ,hi/ory1 = example1 is a  
s]ies & collocation ( facts expla9able  
on ! basis ( cause & effect1 a          
developm5t4  ,on ! o!r h&1 hi/ory is    
intimately relat$ to geography1         
language1 natural sci5ce1 lit]ature1 &  

ma!matics4  ,x w\ld be impossible to    
draw real hi/ory out by ! roots )\t     
draw+ all o!r /udies out bodily ) x4    
,is !re !n any reason :y s*ool hi/ory   
%\ld ignore its blood relation%ips to   
o!r bran*es ( k8  ,conc5tration is s    
b\nd up ) ! idea ( "*-=m+ t x includes m
 ?an s*ool /udies4  ,x lays hold ( home 
influ5ces & all ! exp]i5ces ( life      
outside ( s*ool & br+s !m into ! daily  
s]vice ( s*ool /udies4  ,x is j z       
important to b9d up home exp]i5ce )     
ari?metic1 language1 & o!r /udies z x is
 to see ! connection betwe5 geography & 
hi/ory4  ,9 ! end1 all ! k & exp]i5ce   
ga9$ by a p]son at home1 at s*ool1 &    
else:]e %\ld be classifi$ & relat$1 ea* 
"p br\ght into its "r associations ) o!r
 p>ts4  ,nor is x simply a "q ( ?r[+ !  
v>i$ sorts ( k into a net-"w ( cross+ & 
int]wov5 s]ies s t ! p]son may h ready  
access along v>i\s l9es to all 8 k      
/ores4 ,conc5tration draws ! feel+s & ! 
w equally into its circle ( op]ations4  
,to imag9e a "* )\t feel+ & w w\ld be l 

?9k+ a wat* )\t a ma9spr+4  ,all k      
prop]ly taught g5]ates feel+4  ,! w is  
/eadily lay+ out1 dur+ ! =mative p]iod (
 education1 ! highways ( its future     
ambitions & activities4  ,habits ( will+
 are =m$ along ! l9es ( associat$ ?\ght 
& feel+4  ,! m feel+ & w are enli/$     
?r\gh all ! av5ues ( /udy & exp]i5ce1 ! 
m p]man5t w be _! influ5ce ^u "*4  ,9   
attempt+ to solve ! problem (           
conc5tration ! "q has be5 rais$ :e!r a  
s+le /udy1 ! mo/ important1 ( c\rse1    
%\ld con/itute a conc5trat+ nucleus1 l !
 hub 9 a :eel1 or :e!r all /udies &     
exp]i5ce are to be br\ght into an       
organic :ole ( relat$ p>ts4  ,x is      
evid5t t hi/ory & natural sci5ce at lea/
 hold a lead+ place among /udies &      
det]m9e to "s ext5t ! selection (       
mat]ials 9 read+ & language lessons4  ,!
 c5t] = conc5trat+ ef=ts 9 education is 
n s mu* ! k giv5 9 any s*ool c\rse z !  
*ild's m9d itself4  ,we d n desire to   
f9d 9 ! s*ool /udies a new c5t] = a     
*ild's life s mu* z ! means = =tify+ t  

orig9al /ronghold ( "* :i* re/s ^u      
native m5tal *>act]i/ics & e>ly home    
influ5ces4  ,we h 9 m9d n ! objective   
unity ( diff]5t /udies consid]$ z       
complete & relat$ sci5ces1 nor any g5]al
 model to :i* ea* m9d is to be con=m$1 b
 ! practical union ( all ! exp]i5ces & k
 t f9d entrance into a p>ticul> m9d4  ,!
 unity ( ! p]sonality z gradually       
develop$ 9 a *ild by wise education is  
ess5tial to /r5g? ( "*4  ,ack]man says  
on ?is po9t1 7,ueb] ,conc5tration1 p4   
#bj47 ,9 behalf ( "* developm5t1 :i* is 
! ultimate aim ( all educative ef=t1    
p$agogy requires ( in/ruction t x aid 9 
=m+ ! unity ( ! p]sonality1 ! mo/       
primitive basis ( "*4  ,9 requir+ t !   
unity ( ! p]sonality be =m$ x is        
presuppos$ t ?is unity is n "s orig9al  
quality1 b some?+ to be fir/ develop$4  
,x rema9s = psy*ology to prove ?is & to 
indicate 9 :at mann] ! unity ( !        
p]sonality orig9ates4  ,n[1 psy*ology   
tea*es t ! p]sonality1 ! ego1 is n      
some?+ orig9al1 b some?+ t mu/ be fir/  

develop$ & is also *angeable & v>iable4 
,! ego is no?+ else ?an a psy*ological  
ph5om5on1 namely1 ! consci\sness ( an   
int]*ange betwe5 ! p>ts ( an ext5sive   
complex ( ideas1 or ! ref]5ce ( all our 
ideas & ( ! o!r psy*ical /ates spr++ out
 ( !m to ea* o!r4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es ?is4 
,9 infancy ! ego1 ! p]sonality1 is      
consci\sly realiz$ 9 "o p]son soon]1 9  
ano!r lat]4  ,9 ! diff]5t ages ( life1  
also1 ! p]sonality possesses a diff]5t  
cont5t4  ,! deep] cause = ! mutual      
ref]5ce ( all our manifold ideas to ea* 
o!r & = _! union 9 a s+le po9t1 z x 71  
may be f\nd 9 ! simplicity ( ! s\l1 :i* 
con/ra9s into unity all ?+s t are n     
dissociat$ by h9drance or contradiction4
  ,! s\l1 !re=e1 9 ! face ( ! v>i$      
influ5ces produc$ by contact ) nature & 
society1 is active 9 conc5trat+ its     
ideas1 s t ) m5tal s\ndness z a basis1 !
 ego1 once =m$1 9 spite ( all !         
transitions ?r\gh :i* x may pass1 /ill  
rema9s ! same4  ,!re is !n a natural    
t5d5cy ( ! m9d to unify all its ideas1  

feel+s1 inc5tives4  ,on ! o!r h& ! k &  
exp]i5ces ( life are s v>i$ & seem+ly   
contradictory t a "y p]son1 if left to  
himself or if subject$ to a wrong       
s*ool+1 w seldom "w 8 way to h>mony &   
unity4  ,9 spite ( ! fact t ! s\l is a  
simple unit & t5ds naturally to unify   
all its cont5ts1 ! common exp]i5ce (    
life discov]s 9 x unconnect$ & ev5      
antagoni/ic ?\ght & k-c5t]s4  ,p are    
sometimes pa9fully surpris$ to see h[ ! 
same m9d may be lift$ by exalt$ s5tim5ts
 & depress$ by ! opposite4  ,! frequ5t  
examples t come to notice ( m5 (        
sup]iority & virtue along c]ta9 l9es1 :o
 give way to weakness & wrong 9 o!r     
directions1 are suffici5t evid5ce t good
 & evil may be sy/ematically cultivat$ 9
 ! same "*1 & t in/ead ( unity & h>mony 
education may collect 9 ! s\l het]og5e\s
 & w>r+ elem5ts :i* make x a battle     
gr\nd = life4  ,all su* di%>mony &      
contradiction l5d inconsi/5cy & weakness
 to "*4  ,n only c incompatible l9es (  
?\ght & ( moral action become e/abli%$ 9

 ! same p]son1 b ev5 ^? /udies :i* c\ld 
be prop]ly h>moniz$ & unifi$ by         
education may lie 9 ! m9d s disjo9t$ &  
unrelat$ z to r5d] ! p]son awkw>d &     
helpless 9 spite ( mu* k4 ,9 unify+ !   
v>i\s p>ts ( s*ool education1 & 9 br++  
!m into close connection ) *ildr5's o!r 
exp]i5ces1 ! s*ool life fulfills "o (   
its *ief duties4  ,among o!r ?+s t5d+   
t[>d consi/5cy ( "* !re mu/ be h>mony   
betwe5 ! s*ool & home life ( a *ild4    
,at home or among companions1 p]haps    
unkn[n to ! tea*]1 a boy or girl may be 
=m+ an habitual t5d5cy & desire1 m      
p[]ful ?an any o!r =ce 9 8 life1 & yet  
at v>iance ) ! be/ influ5ce ( ! s*ool4  
,if possible ! tea*] %\ld draw ! home & 
s*ool into a clos] bond s z to get a    
bett] grasp ( ! situation & ( its rem$y4
  ,! s*ool w fail to leave an effective 
impress ^u su* a *ild unless x c get a  
clos] hold ^u ! sympa?ies & ?us         
neutralize an evil t5d5cy4  ,x mu/      
league itself ) bett] home influ5ces s z
 to implant its own impulses 9 home     

life4  ,h[ to unify home & s*ool        
influ5ces is "o ( ^? true & abid+       
problems ( education t appeals /rongly &
 sympa!tically to p>5ts & tea*]s4       
,conc5tration evid5tly involves a       
solution ( ! "q z to ! relative value ( 
/udies4  ,all ! light t ! discussion (  
relative values c furni% w be ne$$ 9    
select+ ! diff]5t l9es ( appropriate    
/udy & 9 prop]ly adju/+ !m to "o ano!r4 
,! !ory ( int]e/ w also aid u 9 ?is     
field ( inve/igation4  ,accept+ !re=e ! 
results ( ! two prec$+ *apt]s1 t hi/ory 
79 ! broad s5se7 is ! /udy :i* be/      
cultivates moral dispositions2 secondly1
 t natural sci5ce furni%es !            
indisp5sable insight into ! ext]nal _w1 
man's physical environm5t2 &1 ?irdly1 t 
language1 ma!matics1 & draw+ are b !    
=mal side & expression ( ! two realms ( 
real k1 we h ! broad outl9es ( any true 
c\rse ( education4  ,9 m def9itely lay+ 
out ! p>ts ( ?is c\rse ! natural int]e/s
 & capacities ( *ildr5 9 _! successive  
p]iods ( gr[? mu/ be tak5 into !        

reckon+4  ,:5 a c\rse ( /udy has be5    
laid out on ?is basis1 br++ ! ?ree great
 ?reads or cables ( human k into prop]  
juxtaposition at ! v>i\s po9ts1 we %all 
be ready to speak ( ! mann] ( really    
execut+ ! plan ( conc5tration4  ,ev5    
aft] ! g5]al plan is complete & ! /udies
 arrang$1 ! real "w ( conc5tration      
consi/s 9 fix+ ! relations z ! facts are
 le>n$4  ,conc5tration takes = grant$ t 
! facts ( k w be acquir$4  ,x is b half 
! problem to le>n ! facts4  ,! o!r half 
consi/s 9 und]/&+ ! facts by fix+ !     
relations4  ,mo/ tea*]s w admit t ea*   
lesson %\ld be a collection ( connect$  
facts & t e sci5ce %\ld consi/ ( a s]ies
 ( d]ivative & mutually dep5d5t lessons4
  ,& yet ! /udy & ma/]y ( ari?metic z a 
connection ( closely relat$ pr9ciples is
 n g5]ally appreciat$4  ,) prop]        
reflection x is n difficult to see t !  
facts ( a s+le /udy l gramm> or botany  
%\ld /& 9 close s]ial or causal         
relation4  ,if !y are se5 & fix$ ) a    
cle> insight into ^! connections1 by    

t\*+ ! *a9 ( associations at any po9t "o
 may easily br+ ! :ole matt] to         
remembrance4  ,conc5tration1 h[ev]1 is  
*iefly conc]n$ ) ! relation ( diff]5t   
/udies to ea* o!r4  ,9 ?is l>g] s5se (  
an intimate b9d+ toge!r ( all /udies &  
exp]i5ce into a close network ( int]wov5
 p>ts1 conc5tration is n[ g5]ally ignor$
 by ! s*ools4  ,9 fact x w\ld almo/ seem
 z if ! purpose ( tea*]s 7 to make a    
cle> sep>ation ( ! diff]5t /udies f "o  
ano!r & to seal up ea* "o 9 a sep>ate   
bottle1 z x 74  ,! problem appe>s 9 two 
phases3 #a4 ,tak+ ! s*ool /udies z !y n[
 are1 is x desirable to pay m att5tion  
to ! natural connections betwe5 su*     
/udies z read+1 geography1 hi/ory1 &    
language1 to op5 up frequ5t communicat+ 
av5ues betwe5 ! v>i\s bran*es (         
educational "w8  #b4 ,or if conc5tration
 is reg>d$ z /ill m important1 %all !   
subject matt] ( s*ool /udies be re>rang$
 & ! lessons 9 diff]5t bran*es s adju/$ 
to ea* o!r t ! numb] ( close relations  
betwe5 !m may be greatly increas$8  ,!n 

) ! int5tional increase ( su* connect+  
l9ks w\ld foll[ a m p>ticul> c>e 9 fix+ 
!m4  ,we h assum$ ! latt] position1 &   
claim t ! :ole con/ruction ( ! s*ool    
c\rse & ! :ole me?od ( tea*+ %\ld       
contribute p[]fully to ! unification (  
all ! k & exp]i5ce 9 ea* *ild's m9d4    
,)\t lay+ any undue /ress ^u simple k1  
we believe t a small am\nt ( well       
articulat$ k is m valuable ?an a l>ge   
am\nt ( loose & fragm5t>y in=mation4  ,a
 small1 discipl9$ police =ce is able to 
cope ) a l>ge1 unorganiz$ mob4 ,! v     
important pr9ciple "h involv$ is t !    
value ( k dep5ds n only ^u ! di/9ctness 
& accuracy ( ! ideas1 b also ^u !       
clos5ess & ext5t ( ! relations into :i* 
!y ent]4  ,?is is a fundam5tal pr9ciple 
( education4 ,x 0 ,h]b>t :o said1 ',only
 ^? ?\ghts come easily & frequ5tly to ! 
m9d :i* h at "s "t made a /rong         
impression & :i* possess num]\s         
connections ) o!r ?\ghts4'  ,& psy*ology
 tea*es t ^? ideas :i* take an isolat$  
/ation 9 ! m9d are usually weak 9 !     

impression !y make1 & are easily =gott54
  ,a fact1 h[ev] important 9 itself1 if 
le>n$ )\t ref]5ce to o!r facts1 is q    
likely to fade quickly f ! memory4  ,x  
is = ?is reason t ! witticisms1 say+s1 &
 scatt]$ pieces ( in=mation1 :i* we pick
 up "h & !re1 are s soon =gott54  ,!re  
is no way ( br++ ab\t _! frequ5t        
reproduction :5 !y are s disconnect$1 = 
! reproduction ( ideas is l>gely gov]n$ 
by ! law ( association4  ,"o idea rem9ds
 u ( ano!r closely relat$ to x2 ?is (   
ano!r1 etc41 till a long s]ies is       
produc$4  ,!y are b\nd toge!r l ! l9ks (
 a *a91 & "o draws ano!r along ) x j z  
"o l9k ( a *a9 drags ano!r aft] x4  ,a  
m5tal image t is n "o ( su* a s]ies _c  
hope to come (t5 to consci\sness2 x mu/ 
z a rule s9k into oblivion1 because !   
usual means ( call+ x =? are want+4 7,f4
 ,mc,murry1 ,relation ( natural sci5ce  
to o!r /udies47  ,we are n consci\s ( ! 
con/ant dep5d5ce ( our ?9k+ &           
conv]sation ^u ! law ( association4  ,x 
may be frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 ! famili>     

conv]sation ( sev]al p]sons 9 a company4
 ,! simple m5tion ( a topic w (t5 sugge/
 half a doz5 ?+s t diff]5t ones are     
prompt$ to say ab\t x1 & may ev5 give   
direction to ! conv]sation = a :ole     
ev5+4  ,n[ if x is true t ideas are m   
easily rememb]$ & us$ if associat$1 let 
u increase ! associations4  ,:y n b9d   
all ! /udies & ideas ( a *ild z closely 
toge!r z possible by natural l9es (     
association8  ,:y n select = read+      
lessons ^? mat]ials :i* w ?r[ add$ light
 ^u contemporane\s lessons 9 hi/ory1    
botany1 & geography8  ,!n if ! read+    
lesson pres5ts 9 detail ! battle ( ,k+'s
 ,m\nta91 take ! pa9s  to ref] to ?is "p
 ( ! hi/ory & put ?is lesson into       
connection ) hi/orical facts else:]e    
le>n$4  ,if a read+ lesson gives a full 
description ( ! palm tree1 its gr[? &   
use1 :at bett] sett+ c\ld ?is k f9d ?an 
9 ! geography ( ,nor!rn ,africa & ! ,we/
 ,indies8  ,! num]\s associations into  
:i* ideas ent]1 )\t produc+ confusion   
make !m m s]viceable = e k9d ( use4  ,x 

is only by associat+ ?\ghts closely t a 
p]son comes to possess !m securely & h  
comm& ov] !m4  ,"o's reproduction (     
ideas is !n rapid en\gh to enable him to
 compreh5d a situation quickly1 & =m a  
judgm5t ) "s safety1 8 k is all pres5t &
 ready = use2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 "o ^:   
relat$ ?\ghts h nev] be5 firmly weld$   
toge!r reproduces sl[ly1 & 9 consequ5ce 
is wav]+ & undecid$4  ,8 k is n at 8    
comm& & he is !re=e weak4  7,f4         
,mc,murry47  ,! great] !n ! numb] ( cle>
 m5tal relations ( a fact to o!r facts 9
 ! same & 9 o!r /udies ! m likely x is  
to r5d] in/ant ob$i5ce to ! w :5 x is   
ne$$4  ,su* ready ma/]y ( "o's pa/      
exp]i5ces & accumulations promotes      
confid5ce & p[] 9 action4 ,conc5tration 
is manife/ly design$ to give /r5g? &    
decision to "*4  ,b a c>eless education 
by neglect+ ?is pr9ciple1 by scatt]+ !  
m9d's =ces ov] broad fields & by        
neglect+ ! connect+ roads & pa?s t %\ld 
b9d toge!r ! sep>ate fields1 c actually 
und]m9e =ce & decision ( "*4  ,9 lat]   

ye>s :5 we consid] ! results ( s*ool    
me?ods ^u our own "* we c see ! weakness
 ( a sy/em ( education :i* lacks        
conc5tration1 a weakness :i* %[s itself 
9 a lack ( ret5tiv5ess & ( ability to   
use acquir$ k4  ,we are only too        
frequ5tly rem9d$ ( ! loose & scrappy    
/ate ( our acquir$ k by ! ease ) :i* x  
eludes ! memory :5 x is ne$$4  ,to      
escape f ?is disagreeable consci\sness 9
 aft] ye>s1 we beg9 to spy out a few ( !
 m\nta9 peaks ( memory :i* /ill give    
evid5ce ( subm]g$ cont95ts4  ,ar\nd ^!  
isl&s we beg9 to collect ! wreckage ( ! 
pa/ & ! accretions ( lat] /udy &        
exp]i5ce4  ,a ?\ghtful p]son naturally  
falls into ! habit ( collect+ ideas     
ar\nd a few c5t]s1 & ( hold+ !m 9 place 
by l9ks ( association4  ,9 ,am]ican     
hi/ory1 = in/ance1 x is inevitable t our
 k becomes conge/$ 9 c]ta9 important    
epo*s1 or ar\nd ! "* & life ( a few     
typical p]sons4  ,! same seems to be    
true also ( o!r /udies1 z geography &   
ev5 geometry4  ,! failure to acquire    

prop] habits ( ?9k+ is also expos$ by ! 
exp]i5ce ( practical life4  ,9 life we  
are compell$ to see & respect ! causal  
relations betwe5 ev5ts4  ,we mu/        
calculate ! influ5ces ( ! /ubborn =ces &
 facts ar\nd u4 ,b 9 s*ool we (t5 h s _m
 ?+s to le>n t we h no "t to ?9k4  ,at  
lea/ half ! mean+ ( ?+s lies n 9        
!mselves1 b 9 _! relations & effects4   
,!re=e1 to get ideas )\t gett+ _!       
significant relations1 is to encumb] !  
m9d ) ill-dige/$ mat]ial4  ,a s5sible   
man ( ! _w has little respect = ?is k9d 
( le>n+4  ,"o reason :y k is s poorly   
und]/ood & rememb]$ is because its real 
application to o!r bran*es ( k1 :e!r ne>
 or remote1 is s little obs]v$ & fix$4  
,look+ back ^u our s*ool /udies we (t5  
wond] :at botany1 geometry1 & draw+ h to
 d ) ea* o!r & ) our pres5t ne$s4  ,ea* 
subject 0 s compactly /[$ away on a %elf
 by itself t x is always ?\ght ( 9 t    
isolation1--l ,hamm]fe/ or ! ,falkl&    
,isl&s 9 geography1--out ( ! way places4
  ,are ! v>i\s sci5ces s di/9ct & s     

widely sep>at$ 9 nature & 9 real life z 
!y are 9 s*ool8  ,an obs]vant boy 9 !   
woods w notice important relations      
betwe5 animals & plants1 betwe5 plants1 
soil1 & seasons t are n ref]r$ to 9 !   
text-books4  ,9 a c>p5t] %op he w obs]ve
 relations ( diff]5t k9ds ( wood1       
metals1 & tools to ea* o!r t w surprise 
& in/ruct him4  ,9 ! real life ( !      
c\ntry or t[n ! objects & mat]ials ( k1 
repres5t+ ! sci5ces ( nature & ! arts ( 
life1 are closely jumbl$ toge!r &       
intimately dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r4  ,! v    
clos5ess ( causal & local connections & 
! lack ( ord]ly arrangem5t %[n by ?+s 9 
life make x necess>y 9 s*ools to        
classify & arrange into sci5ces4  ,b x  
is a vital mi/ake to suppose t ! k is   
complete :5 classifi$ & le>n$ 9 ?is     
sci5tific =m4  ,classification & books  
are b a faulty means ( gett+ a cle>     
insight into nature & human life or     
society4 ,k %\ld n only be ma/]$ 9 its  
sci5tific classifications b also        
con/antly ref]r$ back to ?+s z se5 9    

practical life & closely trac$ out &    
fix$ 9 ^? connections4  ,! vital        
connections ( diff]5t /udies ) ea* o!r  
are be/ kn[n & realiz$ by ! /udy (      
nature & society4  ,9 lat] life we are  
conv9c$ at e turn ( ! ne$ ( be+ able to 
recognize & use k outside ( its         
sci5tific connections4 ,a lawy] f9ds _m 
subjects closely m+l$ & causally relat$ 
9 8 daily bus9ess :i* 7 nev] m5tion$    
toge!r 9 textbooks4 ,! ord9>y run (     
cases w lead him ?r\gh a kaleidoscope ( 
natural sci5ce1 human life1 comm]ce1    
hi/ory1 ma!matics1 lit]ature1 & law1 n  
to speak ( less agreeable ?+s4  ,b !    
same is true ( a physician1 m]*ant1 or  
f>m]1 9 diff]5t ways4 ,%all we answ] to 
all ?is t s*ools 7 nev] design$ to tea* 
su* ?+s8  ,!y belong to pr(essions or to
 ! s*ool ( life1 etc4  ,b x is n simply 
9 pr(essions & trades t we f9d ?is close
 m+l+ & dep5d5ce ( ! mo/ div]g5t sorts (
 k1 ?is unsci5tific mix+ ( ! sci5ces4   
,ev]y:]e k1 h[ev] well classifi$1 is    
"o-sid$ & mislead+1 :i* does n con=m to 

! conditions ( real life4  ,a wise "m 9 
h] h\sehold has a v>iety ( problems to  
meet4  ,f cell> to g>ret1 f kit*5 to    
libr>y1 f nurs]y to draw+-room1 h] good 
s5se mu/ adapt all sorts ( k to real    
conditions4  ,9 br++ up h] *ildr5 %e mu/
 und]/& physical & m5tal ord]s &        
disord]s4  ,%e mu/ judge ( foods &      
cook+1 ( clo?+1 z to ta/e1 com=t1 &     
durability2 ( ! ex]cises & employm5ts ( 
*ildr51 etc4  ,:e!r %e is consci\s ( x  
or n1 %e mu/ m+le a k ( *emi/ry1        
psy*ology1 physiology1 m$ic9e1          
sanitation1 ! physics ( light & air1 ) !
 traditional h\sehold virtues 9 a sort (
 univ]sal solv5t f :i* %e c br+ =? all  
good ?+s 9 _! prop] "t & place4  ,z     
,sp5c] says1 education %\ld be a        
prep>ation = complete liv+2 or1 accord+ 
to ! old ,lat9 maxim1 we le>n non s*olae
 s$ vitae4  ,! f9al te/ ( a true ma/]y &
 conc5tration ( k 9 ! m9d is ! ability  
to use x readily 9 ! v>i$ & tangl$      
relations ( actual exp]i5ce4  ,we are   
accu/om$ to take refuge beh9d ! s-call$ 

m5tal discipl9e t results f /udies1 :e!r
 or n any?+ is rememb]$ t be>s ^u !     
relations ( life4  ,!re are d\btless    
c]ta9 =mal habits ( m9d t result f /udy 
ev5 ?\gh1 l ,lat91 x is ca/ aside z an  
old g>m5t at ! end ( s*ool days4        
,transf]r+ our argum5t !n to ?is gr\nd1 
is !re any habit ( ?9k+ m valuable ?an t
 b5t ( m9d :i* is n satisfi$ ) ! m]e    
memoriz+ ( a fact b seeks to int]pret   
its value by judg+ ( its influ5ce ^u o!r
 facts & _! influ5ce ^u x8 ,no subject  
is und]/ood by itself nor ev5 by its    
relation to o!r facts 9 ! same sci5ce1 b
 by its relation to ! :ole field ( k &  
exp]i5ce4  ,unless x c be prov5 t ! /udy
 ( relations is above ! s*oolboy        
capacity1 x is d\btful if !re is any    
m5tal habit s valuable at ! close (     
s*ool /udies z ! disposition to ?9k &   
pond]1 to trace relations4  ,! relations
 :i* are ( int]e/ & vital importance are
 ^? :i* 9 daily life b9d all ! realms ( 
sci5ce into a network ( causally        
connect$ p>ts4  ,! multiplication (     

/udies 9 ! common s*ool 9 rec5t ye>s w  
soon compel u to pay m att5tion to      
conc5tration or ! mutual relation (     
kn[l$ges4  ,!re is a resi/less t5d5cy to
 conv]t ! c\rse ( /udies into an        
encyclop$ia ( k4  ,to p]ceive ?is x is  
only necess>y to note ! new /udies      
incorporat$ into ! public s*ool )9 a    
g5]ation4  ,draw+1 natural sci5ce1      
gymna/ics1 & manual tra9+ are entirely  
new1 :ile language lessons1 hi/ory1 &   
music h be5 exp&$ to include mu* t is   
new = l[] grades4  ,/ill o!r /udies are 
ev5 n[ seek+ admission1 z mod]n         
languages1 geometry1 & sew+4  ,9 spite (
 all t has be5 said by educational      
re=m]s aga9/ mak+ ! acquisition ( k !   
basis ( education1 ! range & v>iety (   
/udies has be5 greatly ext5d$ & *iefly  
?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! re=m]s4  ,?is      
expansive movem5t appe>s 9 s*ools ( all 
grades4  ,! second>y & fitt+ s*ools & ! 
univ]sities h spread _! bran*es likewise
 ov] a mu* wid] area ( /udies4  ,we are 
9 ! full sweep ( ?is movem5t along !    

:ole l9e & x has n yet rea*$ its flood4 
,! simplicity ( ! old c\rse bo? 9 !     
common s*ool & 9 high] in/itutions is 9 
m>k$ contra/ to ! pres5t multiplicity4  
,x 0 a n>r[ curr5t 9 :i* education us$  
to run1 b x 0 deep & /rong4  ,9 high]   
in/itutions ! ma/]y ( ,lat9 & ( ,lat9   
au?ors 0 ! s9e qua non4  ,9 ! common    
s*ool ari?metic 0 held 9 almo/ equal    
honor4  ,/rong *>act]s h (t5 be5        
develop$ by a n>r[ & rigid tra9+ along a
 s+le l9e ( duty z is %[n 9 ! case ( !  
,jesuits1 ! ,humani/s1 & ! m rec5t      
devotees ( natural sci5ce4  ,z contra/$ 
) ?is1 ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( our public 
s*ools n[ is _! %all[ & sup]ficial "w4  
,x is probable t ! tea*+ 9 l[] grades is
 bett] ?an ev] be=e1 b z ! tasks        
accumulate 9 ! high] grades !re is a    
great am\nt ( smatt]+4  ,! prospect is1 
h[ev]1 t ?is disease w gr[ worse be=e a 
rem$y c be appli$4  ,! fir/ attempt to  
cultivate broad] & m v>i$ fields ( k 9 !
 common s*ool mu/ necess>ily exhibit a  
%all[ result4  ,tea*]s are n famili> ) !

 new subjects1 me?ods are n develop$1 & 
! prop] adju/m5ts ( ! /udies to ea* o!r 
are neglect$4  ,no "o :o is at all      
famili> ) our pres5t /atus w claim t    
draw+1 natural sci5ce1 geography1 &     
language are yet prop]ly adju/$ to ea*  
o!r4  ,! task is a difficult "o1 b x is 
be+ grappl$ ) by _m e>ne/ tea*]s4  ,x is
 obvi\s t ! fir/ s]i\s ef=t to rem$y ?is
 %all[ness w be made by deep5+ &        
int5sify+ ! culture ( ! new fields4  ,! 
k ( ea* subject mu/ be made z complete &
 detail$ z possible4  ,well-qualifi$    
tea*]s & speciali/s w ( c\rse accompli% 
! mo/4  ,!y w zeal\sly try to tea* all !
 important ?+s 9 ea* bran* ( /udy4  ,b  
:]e is ! limit8 ,! capacity ( *ildr56   
,& x w n be long be=e philan?ropi/s1    
physicians1 re=m]s1 & all ! fri5ds (    
mank9d w call a decisive halt4  ,*ildr5 
7 n born simply to be /uff$ ) k1 l      
turkeys = a ,*ri/mas d9n]4  ,x appe>s1  
!re=e1 t we mu/ /e] betwe5 ,scylla &    
,*>ybdis1 or t we are 9 a fir/-class    
educational dilemma4  ,?is conviction is

 /r5g!n$ by ! reflection t !re is no    
escape f fairly fac+ ! situation4  ,hav+
 once put our h& to ! pl[ we c n look   
back4  ,! common s*ool c\rse has greatly
 exp&$ 9 rec5t ye>s & !re is no         
probability t x w ev] contract4  ,x has 
exp&$ 9 response to prop] univ]sal      
educational dem&s4  ,= we may fairly    
believe t mo/ ( ! /udies rec5tly        
incorporat$ into ! s*ool c\rse are      
ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! education ( e *ild 
t is to gr[ up & take a due %>e 9 our   
society4  ,x is too late to s\nd !      
retreat4  ,! educational re=m]s h battl$
 /\tly = ?ree hundr$ ye>s = j ! c\rse ( 
/udy t we are n[ beg9n+ to accept4  ,!  
edict c n be revok$1 t e *ild is entitl$
 to an h>moni\s & equable developm5t (  
all its human p[]s1 or z ,h]b>t calls x1
 a h>moni\s culture ( _m-sid$ int]e/s4  
,! nature ( e *ild imp]atively dem&s su*
 broad & lib]al culture1 & ! v>i$ duties
 & responsibilities ( ! citiz5 make x a 
practical necessity4  ,no n>r[1 "o-sid$ 
culture w ev] equip a *ild to act a j "p

 9 ! complex social1 political1 &       
indu/rial society ( our "t4  ,b ! dem& =
 dep? ( k is j z imp]ative z t =        
compreh5siv5ess4  ,x is cle> t two s]i\s
 dang]s ?reat5 ! quality ( our          
education3 ,fir/1 loose & %all[ k2      
second1 ov]load+ ) encyclop$ic k4  ,:at 
c conc5tration d to rem$y ! "o & *eck ! 
o!r8  ,! cure = ^! two evils w be f\nd 9
 s adju/+ ! /udies to ea* o!r1 9 s      
build+ !m into ea* o!r1 z to secure a   
mutual support4  ,! /udy ( a topic n    
only z x is affect$ by o!rs 9 ! same    
subject1 b also by facts & pr9ciples 9  
o!r /udies1 z an antidote aga9/         
sup]ficial le>n+4  ,9 trac+ ^! causal   
relations1 9 obs]v+ ! resemblances &    
analogies1 ! int]dep5d5ce ( /udies1 z   
geography1 hi/ory1 & natural sci5ce1 a  
?\ghtfulness & cle>ness ( insight are   
eng5d]$ q contr>y to loose & %all[ /udy4
  ,secondly1 conc5tration at once       
disc>ds ! idea ( encyclop$ic k z an aim 
( s*ool education4  ,x puts a high]     
e/imate ^u relat$ ideas & a l[] "o ^u t 

( complete or encyclop$ic in=mation4    
,all ! c>d9al bran*es ( education inde$ 
%all be taught 9 ! s*ool1 b only !      
ess5tial1 ! typical1 w be select$ & an  
exhau/ive k ( any subject is out ( ! "q4
  ,conc5tration w put a con/ant *eck ^u 
ov]-accumulation ( facts1 & w r seek to 
/r5g!n an idea by association ) famili> 
?+s ?an to add a new fact to x4  ,no    
matt] h[ ?or\gh & en?usia/ic a speciali/
 "o may be1 he is call$ ^u to curtail ! 
quantity ( 8 subject & br+ x into prop] 
dep5d5ce ^u o!r /udies4  ,hi/orically   
consid]$ ! pr9ciple ( conc5tration has  
be5 advocat$ & emphasiz$ by _m writ]s & 
tea*]s4  ,! mo/ /rik+ & decid$ attempt  
to apply x 0 made by ,jacotot 9 ! fir/  
qu>t] ( ?is c5tury & _h great success 9 
,france4  ,mr4 ,joseph ,payne1 9        
int]pret+ ,jacotot 7,lectures on !      
,sci5ce & ,art ( ,ed4 p4 #cci71 lays d[n
 z 8 ma9 precept1 ,le>n some?+ ?or\ghly 
& ref] ev]y?+ else to x4  ,he emphasiz$ 
above ev]y?+ else cle>ness ( insight &  
connection betwe5 ! p>ts ( k4  ,x 0     

pr9cipally appli$ to ! /udy ( languages 
& call$ = p]fect memoriz+ by incessant  
repetition & rigid que/ion+ by ! tea*]  
to insure p]fect und]/&+1 9 ! fir/      
in/ance1 ( new facts acquir$2 &         
secondly1 firm association ) all previ\s
 k4  ,jacotot & 8 disciples rea*$       
notable results by an h]oic & consi/5t  
application ( ?is pr9ciple & "s ( our   
pres5t me?ods 9 language are bas$ ^u x4 
,b on ! :ole ! pr9ciple 0 only p>tially 
& me*anically appli$4  ,its aim 0       
prim>ily intellectual1 ev5 l+ui/ic1 n   
moral4  ,!re 0 no philosophical ef=t    
made to det]m9e ! relative value (      
/udies & ?us f9d out :at /udy or s]ies (
 /udies be/ des]v$ to take ! lead+ place
 9 ! s*ool c\rse4 ,! importance (       
int]e/1 z a means ( r\s+ m5tal vigor & z
 a crit]ion = select+ conc5trat+        
mat]ials suit$ to *ildr5 at diff]5t     
ages1 0 ov]look$4  ,a k9d ( conc5tration
 has long be5 practic$ 9 ,g]many & to a 
consid]able ext5t 9 our own s*ools :i*  
is kn[n z ! conc5tric circles4  ,9 our  

s*ools x is illu/rat$ by ! treatm5t (   
geography1 gramm>1 & hi/ory4  ,9 beg9n+ 
! /udy ( geography 9 ! ?ird or f\r?     
grade x has be5 cu/om>y to outl9e ! :ole
 sci5ce 9 ! fir/ prim>y book4  ,! e>? z 
a :ole & its daily & ye>ly motion1 !    
*ief cont95ts & oceans1 ! g5]al         
geographical notions1 m\nta91 lake1     
riv]1 etc41 are briefly treat$ by       
def9ition & illu/ration4  ,hav+ complet$
 ?is g5]al framework ( geographical k   
dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 ! second ye>1 or at    
lea/ ! second book1 takes up ! same r\nd
 ( topics aga9 & ent]s into a some:at   
full] treatm5t ( cont95ts1 c\ntries1    
/ates1 & political divisions4  ,! la/   
two ye>s ( ! common s*ool may be sp5t ^u
 a l>ge1 complete geography2 :i*1 )     
l>g]1 full] maps & m names1 gives also a
 m detail$ acc\nt ( cities1 products1   
climate1 political divisions1 & comm]ce4
 ,f9ally1 physical geography is p]mitt$ 
to spread ov] mu* ! same gr\nd f a      
natural-sci5ce /&po9t1 giv+ _m          
additional & int]e/+ facts & laws       

conc]n+ zones1 volcanoes1 ocean-b$s &   
curr5ts1 atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 geologic   
hi/ory1 etc4  ,! same e>?1 ! same l&s & 
oceans1 furni% ! outl9e 9 ea* case1 & we
 travel ov] ! same gr\nd ?ree or f\r    
times successively1 ea* "t add+ new     
facts to ! orig9al nucleus4  ,!re is an 
old prov]b t repetition is ! "m (       
/udies1 & "h we h a sy/ematic plan =    
repetition1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! s*ool c\rse1 
) ! advantage ( new & int]e/+ facts to  
add to ! gri/ ea* "t x is s5t ?r\gh !   
mill4  ,x is an attractive plan at fir/ 
sight1 b if we appeal to exp]i5ce1 are  
we n rem9d$ r t x 0 dull repetition (   
names1 b\nd>ies1 map que/ions1 location 
( places1 etc41 & aft] all n mu* detail$
 k 0 ga9$ ev5 9 ! high] grades8  ,aga91 
is x n contr>y to reason to beg9 )      
def9itions & g5]al notions 9 ! l[]      
grades & end up ) ! int]e/+ & concrete 9
 ! high]8  ,9 language lessons & gramm> 
x has be5 cu/om>y to le>n ! k9ds (      
s5t5ce & ! p>ts ( spee* 9 a simple =m 9 
! ?ird & f\r? grades & 9 ea* succe$+ ye>

 to review ^! topics1 gradually enl>g+ &
 exp&+ ! def9itions1 inflections1 &     
con/ructions into a full] etymology &   
syntax4  ,9 ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory we are 
beg9n+ to adopt a simil> plan (         
repetitions1 & ! frequ5t reviews 9      
ari?metic are design$ to make good !    
lack ( ?or\ghness & ma/]y :i* %\ld      
*>act]ize ea* successive grade ( "w4  ,!
 c\rse ( religi\s in/ruction giv5 9     
,european s*ools is bas$ ^u ! same      
reit]ation ye> by ye> ( ess5tial        
religi\s ideas4  ,! :ole plan1 z        
illu/rat$ by diff]5t /udies1 is bas$ ^u 
a successive enl>gem5t ( a subject 9    
conc5tric circles ) ! impli$ con/ant    
repetition & /r5g!n+ ( lead+ ideas4  ,a 
framework ( important notions 9 ea*     
bran* is kept be=e ! m9d ye> aft] ye>1  
repeat$1 expla9$1 enl>g$1 ) fai? 9 a    
con/antly increas+ dep? ( mean+4  ,!re  
is no d\bt t "u good tea*+ ! pr9ciple ( 
! conc5tric circles produces "s excell5t
 fruits1 a ma/]y ( ! subject1 & a       
conc5tration ( ideas )9 ! limits ( a    

s+le /udy4  ,! disciples ( ,h]b>t1 :ile 
admitt+ ! m]its ( ! conc5tric circles1 h
 subject$ ! plan to a sev]e criticism4  
,!y say x beg9s ) g5]al & ab/ract       
notions & puts (f ! int]e/+ details to !
 lat] ye>s1 :ile any correct me?od )    
*ildr5 w take ! int]e/+ p>ticul>s fir/1 
w collect abundant concrete mat]ials1 & 
by a gradual process ( comp>ison &      
induction rea* ! g5]al pr9ciples &      
concepts at ! close4  ,x inevitably     
leads to a dull & me*anical repetition  
in/ead ( cultivat+ an int]e/+ comp>ison 
( new & old & a ?\ghtful retrospect4  ,x
 is a clumsy & di/ort$ application ( !  
pr9ciple ( app]ception1 ( go+ f ! kn[n  
to ! unkn[n4  ,in/ead ( m>*+ =w>d into  
new fields ( k ) a prop] basis (        
supplies 9 conqu]$ fields1 x gleans aga9
 & aga9 9 fields already h>ve/$4  ,= ?is
 reason x de/roys a prop] int]e/ by ha%+
 up ! same old ideas ye> aft] ye>4      
,f9ally ! conc5tric circles are n ev5   
design$ to br+ ! diff]5t s*ool /udies   
into relation to ea* o!r4  ,at be/ !y   

contribute to a m ?or\gh ma/]y ( ea*    
/udy4  ,!y leave ! sep>ate bran*es ( !  
c\rse isolat$ & unconnect$1 an          
aggregation ( unrelat$ ?\ght complexes4 
,true conc5tration %\ld leave !m an     
organic :ole ( intimate k-relations1    
conduc+ to /r5g? & unity ( "*4  ,!re is 
a gr[+ conviction among tea*]s t we ne$ 
a clos] articulation ( /udies ) "o      
ano!r4  ,! expansion ( ! s*ool c\rse ov]
 new fields ( k & ! multiplication (    
/udies already discuss$ compels u to    
seek = a simplification ( ! c\rse4  ,a  
hundr$ ye>s ago1 yes1 ev5 fifty ye>s    
ago1 x 0 ?\ght t ! ext5sion ( our       
t]ritory & gov]nm5t to ! pres5t limits  
w\ld be impossible4  ,x 0 pla9ly /at$ t 
"o gov]nm5t c\ld nev] hold toge!r p s   
widely sep>at$4  ,mr4 ,fiske says3 7,!  
,critical ,p]iod ( ,am4 ,hi/41 p4 #fj7  
,ev5 ) all o!r conditions favorable1 x  
is d\btful if ! ,am]ican ,union c\ld h  
be5 pres]v$ to ! pres5t "t )\t !        
railroad4 ,railroads & telegraphs h made
 our va/ c\ntry1 bo? = political & =    

social purposes1 m snug & compact ?an   
little ,switz]l& 0 9 ! middle ages or   
,new ,engl& a c5tury ago4  ,! analogy   
betwe5 ! realm ( gov]nm5t & ( k is n at 
all complete b x sugge/s at lea/ ! *ange
 :i* is imp]atively call$ = 9 education4
  ,9 education z well z 9 comm]ce !re   
mu/ be trunk l9es ( ?\ght :i* br+ ! w z 
mon>* ( ! m9d into close communication )
 all ! res\rces ( k & exp]i5ce4 ,inde$ 9
 ! m9d ( a *ild or ( an adult !re is mu*
 /rong] necessity = c5tralization ?an 9 
! gov]nm5t & comm]ce ( a c\ntry4  ,! w  
%\ld be an undisput$ mon>* ( ! :ole     
m5tal life4  ,x is ! "o c5t] :]e all    
l9es ( communication meet4 ,london is n 
s p]fect a c5t] = ! comm]ce & f9ance (  
,engl& z is ! consci\s ego 7small] ?an a
 ne$le's po9t7 = all its =ms ( exp]i5ce4
  ,besides ! c5tral trunk l9es ( k 9    
hi/ory & natural sci5ce !re are bran*es 
( /udy :i* are tribut>y to !m1 :i* s]ve 
also z connect+ *a9s betwe5 m important 
subjects4 ,read+1 = in/ance1 is l>gely a
 relative /udy4  ,n only is ! art (     

read+ m]ely a prep>ation = a bett]      
appreciation ( hi/ory1 geography1       
ari?metic1 etc41 b ev5 ! subject-matt] (
 read+ lessons is n[ made l>gely        
tribut>y to o!r /udies4  ,! supplem5t>y 
read]s consi/ exclusively ( int]e/+     
matt] be>+ ^u geography1 hi/ory1 &      
natural sci5ce4  ,x is a fact t read+ is
 becom+ m & m a relative /udy1 &        
selections are regul>ly made to be> on  
o!r s*ool "w4  ,geography especially    
s]ves to e/abli% a network ( connections
 betwe5 o!r k9ds ( k4  ,x is a v        
important supplem5t to hi/ory4  ,9 fact 
hi/ory _c disp5se ) its help4           
,geography lessons are full ( natural   
sci5ce1 z ) plants1 animals1 rocks1     
climate1 inv5tions1 ma*9es1 & races4    
,inde$ !re are few if any s*ool /udies  
:i* %\ld n be br\ght into close &       
important relations to geography4 ,aga9 
! m important hi/orical & sci5tific     
bran*es n only receive valuable aid f ! 
tribut>y /udies b !y abundantly supply  
su* aid 9 return4  ,language lessons    

%\ld receive all _! subject-matt] f     
hi/ory & natural sci5ce4  ,:ile !       
language lessons are work+ up su* ri* & 
int]e/+ mat]ials = purposes ( oral &    
writt5 language1 ! m important bran*es  
are also illu/rat$ & enri*$ by ! new    
hi/orical & sci5tific subjects ?us      
incid5tally treat$4  ,an exam9ation ( ^!
 mutual relations & c\rtesies betwe5    
/udies may discov] to u ! fact t we are 
n[ unconsci\sly or ?\ghtlessly duplicat+
 ! "w ( education to a surpris+ ext5t4  
,= example1 by isolat+ language lessons 
& cutt+ !m (f f communication ) hi/ory1 
geography1 & natural sci5ce1 we make a  
d\ble or triple s]ies ( lessons necess>y
 :]e a s+le s]ies w\ld answ] ! purpose4 
,moreov]1 by exclud+ an int]e/+         
subject-matt] d]iv$ f o!r /udies1 !     
int]e/ & m5tal life awak5$ by language  
lessons are r$uc$ to a m9imum4  ,int]e/ 
is n only awak5$ by well select$ matt]  
tak5 f o!r bran*es b ! relation%ips     
!mselves betwe5 /udies1 :e!r ( cause &  
effect z betwe5 hi/ory & geography1 or (

 resemblance z betwe5 ! classifications 
9 botany & gramm>--! relations !mselves 
are matt]s ( unusual int]e/ to *ildr54  
,_m tea*]s h begun to realize 9 "s      
degree ! value ( ^! relations1 _! effect
 9 enliv5+ /udies1 & ! bett]            
articulation ( all k9ds ( k 9 ! m9d4  ,b
 z yet all attempts among u to prop]ly  
relate /udies are b weak & ineffective  
approa*es t[>d ! solution ( ! great     
problem ( conc5tration4  ,! l9ks t n[   
b9d /udies toge!r 9 our "w are l>gely   
accid5tal & no great /ress has be5 laid 
^u _! value1 b if conc5tration is       
grappl$ ) 9 e>ne/ x involves relations  
at e /ep4  ,n only are ! pr9cipal &     
tribut>y bran*es ( k br\ght into prop]  
conjunction1 b !re is con/ant =e?\ght & 
aft]?\ght to br+ ea* new topic into !   
company ( its k9dr$1 ne> & remote4  ,!  
ma/]y ( any topic or subject is n cle> &
 satisfactory till ! grappl+ hooks t b9d
 x to ! o!r k9ds ( k are securely fa/5$4
  ,conc5tration on a l>ge scale & )     
consi/5t ?or\ghness has be5 attempt$ 9  

rec5t ye>s by ! s*ol>s & tea*]s ( !     
,h]b>t s*ool4  ,x is bas$ ^u moral "* z 
! highe/ aim1 & ^u a correlation (      
/udies :i* attributes a high moral value
 to hi/orical k & consequ5tly places a  
s]ies ( hi/orical mat]ials 9 ! c5t] ( ! 
s*ool c\rse4  ,! ability ( ! s*ool to   
affect moral "* is n limit$ to ! p]sonal
 influ5ce ( ! tea*] & to ! discipl9e &  
daily conduct ( ! *ildr52 b in/ruction  
itself1 by illu/rat+ & implant+ moral   
ideas1 & by closely relat+ all o!r k9ds 
( k to ! hi/orical s]ies1 c p[]fully    
affect moral t5d5cy & /r5g?4 ,if        
hi/orical matt] ( ! mo/ int]e/+ &       
valuable k9d be select$ = ! c5tral      
s]ies1 & ! natural sci5ces & =mal /udies
 be closely associat$ ) x1 !re w be     
h>mony & union betwe5 ! culture elem5ts 
( ! s*ool c\rse4   ,,! ,,culture        
,,epo*s4  ,! problem t confronts u at ! 
outset1 :5 prep>+ a plan ( conc5tration1
 is h[ to select ! be/ hi/orical 7moral 
educative7 mat]ials1 :i* are to s]ve z !
 c5tral s]ies ( ! c\rse4  ,! culture    

epo*s 7cultur-hi/oris*e ,/uf57 are1     
accord+ to ! ,h]b>tians1 ! key to !     
situation4  7,?is subject 0 briefly     
discuss$ "u ,int]e/47  ,accord+ to !    
!ory ( ! culture epo*s1 ! *ild1 9 its   
gr[? f infancy to maturity1 is an       
epitome ( ! _w's hi/ory & gr[? 9 a      
pr(\ndly significant s5se = ! purpose ( 
education4  ,f ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( society
 & ( arts1 f ! fir/ simple family &     
tribal relations1 & f ! "t ( ! primitive
 indu/ries1 !re has be5 a s]ies ( upw>d 
/eps t[>d our pres5t /ate ( culture     
7social1 political1 & economic life74   
,"s ( ! p]iods ( progress h be5 typical 
= diff]5t nations or = ! :ole race2 =   
example1 ! /one age1 ! age ( b>b>ism1 ! 
age ( primitive indu/ries1 ! age (      
nomads1 ! h]oic age1 ! age ( *ivalry1 ! 
age ( despotism1 ! age ( conque/1 w>s ( 
fre$om1 ! age ( revolution1 ! comm]cial 
age1 ! age ( democracy1 ! age (         
discov]y1 etc4  ,:at relation ! lead+   
epo*s ( progress 9 ! race be> to ! /eps 
( *ange & gr[? 9 *ildr51 has become a   

matt] ( great int]e/ 9 education4 ,!    
assumption ( ! culture epo*s is t ! gr[?
 ( moral & secul> ideas 9 ! race1       
repres5t$ at its be/1 is simil> to _!   
gr[? 9 *ildr51 & t *ildr5 may f9d 9 !   
repres5tative hi/orical p]iods select   
mat]ials = moral & intellectual nurture 
& a natural access to an und]/&+ ( our  
pres5t condition ( society4  ,! culture 
epo*s are ^? repres5tative p]iods 9     
hi/ory :i* are suppos$ to embody !      
elem5ts ( culture suit$ to tra9 ! "y ^u 
9 _! successive p]iods ( gr[?4  ,goe!   
says1 ,*ildhood mu/ always beg9 aga9 at 
! fir/ & pass ?r\gh ! epo*s ( ! _w's    
culture4  ,h]b>t says1 ,! :ole ( ! pa/  
survives 9 ea* ( u1 & aga91 ,!          
receptivity 7( ! *ild7 *anges cont9ually
 ) progress 9 ye>s4  ,x is ! function ( 
! tea*] to see to x t ^! modifications  
advance /eadily 9 agreem5t ) ^! *anges  
79 ! _w's hi/ory74  ,zill] has attempt$ 
m fully to ju/ify ?is culture-hi/orical 
c\rse ( in/ruction on ! gr\nd ( a c]ta9 
pr$isposition ( ! *ild's m5tal gr[? =   

?is c\rse4  ,aga91 ,we are to let *ildr5
 pass ?r\gh ! culture developm5t (      
mank9d ) accel]at$ spe$4 ,h]b>t says1 ,!
 treasure ( advice & w>n+1 ( precept &  
pr9ciple1 ( transmitt$ laws &           
in/itutions1 :i* e>li] g5]ations h      
prep>$ & h&$ d[n to ! latt]1 belongs to 
! /ronge/ ( psy*ological =ces4  ,t is1  
*oice hi/orical illu/rations produce a  
weighty effect ^u ! m9ds ( *ildr51 if   
select$ f ^? epo*s :i* correspond to a  
*ild's own p]iods ( gr[?4  ,! culture   
epo*s imply an intimate union betwe5    
hi/ory & natural sci5ce1 ! two ma9      
bran*es ( k1 at e /ep4  ,! isolation    
betwe5 ^! /udies1 :i* has (t5 appe>$ &  
is /ill /rong1 is unnatural & does      
viol5ce to ! unity ( education          
hi/orically consid]$4  ,m5 at all times 
h _h physical nature 9 & ar\nd !m4  ,e  
*ild is an intimate bl5d+ ( hi/orical & 
physical 7natural sci5ce7 elem5ts4  ,!  
culture epo*s illu/rate a con/ant *ange 
& expansion ( hi/ory & natural sci5ce   
toge!r & 9 h>mony 7despite ! conflict   

betwe5 !m74  ,z m5 h progress$          
hi/orically & socially f age to age _!  
int]pretation ( nature has be5 modifi$ )
 gr[+ discov]y1 insight1 inv5tion1 &    
utilization ( h] res\rces4  ,*ildr5 also
 pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( metamorphoses :i* 
are bo? physical & psy*ological1 *ang+  
temp] & m5tal t5d5cy z ! body increases 
9 vigor & /r5g?4  ,! culture epo*s1 by  
beg9n+ well back 9 hi/ory1 ) ^? e>ly    
epo*s :i* correspond to a *ild's e>ly   
ye>s & trac+ up ! /eps ( progress 9 _!  
orig9 & gr[?1 pave ! way = a cle>       
insight into our pres5t /ate ( culture1 
:i* is a complex ( hi/orical & natural  
sci5ce elem5ts4  ,x is comp>atively easy
 = u to see t to und]/& ! pres5t        
political1 economic1 & social conditions
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates we are compell$ to g 
back to ! e>ly settlem5ts ) _! simple   
surr\nd+s & sl[ly trace up ! gr[? &     
increas+ complexity ( gov]nm5t1         
religion1 comm]ce1 manufactures1 &      
social life4  ,! !ory ( ! culture epo*s 
implies t ! *ild began :]e primitive man

 began1 feels z he felt1 & advances z he
 advanc$1 only ) m rapid /rides2 t z 8  
physique is ! h]$it>y outcome ( ?\s&s ( 
ye>s ( hi/ory1 & 8 physical gr[? !      
epitome ( t developm5t1 s 8 m5tal       
progress is relat$ to ! m9d progress ( 8
 ance/ry4 ,!y g /ill fur!r & assume t ! 
subject-matt] ( ! lead+ epo*s is s well 
adapt$ to ! *ang+ phases & impulses (   
*ild life t !re is a /rong pr$isposition
 9 *ildr5 9 favor ( ?is c\rse1 & t !    
s]ies ( hi/orical object lessons /irs ! 
/ronge/ intellectual & moral int]e/s    
into life4  ,z a !ory ! culture epo*s   
may seem too loose & unsub/antial to    
s]ve z ! basis = su* a s]i\s und]tak+ z 
! education ( *ildr5 to moral "*4  ,!re 
is probably no exact agreem5t z to :at !
 lead+ epo*s ( ! _w's hi/ory are1 nor ( 
! true ord] ( succession ev5 ( ^? epo*s 
:i* c be cle>ly se54  ,! value ( ?is    
!ory is r 9 its sugge/iv5ess to tea*]s 9
 _! ef=ts to select suitable hi/orical  
mat]ials = *ildr5 n 9 any exact ord] b  
approximately4  ,s f> z we are in=m$ no 

"o has yet tri$ to prove1 9 logical =m1 
! necess>y correspond5ce betwe5 ! epo*s 
( hi/ory & ! p]iods ( gr[? 9 *ildr54  ,x
 is r an in/9ct :i* has be5 felt &      
express$ by _m great writ]s4  ,! real   
te/ ( ! value ( ?is !ory is n s mu* 9 a 
positive argum5t z 9 a g5]al survey ( ! 
educational mat]ials furni%$ by !       
hi/orical epo*s1 & an exp]im5tal use (  
!m 9 s*ools to see :e!r !y are suit$ to 
! p]iods ( *ild gr[?4  ,!re are1 h[ev]1 
c]ta9 limits to ! !ory ( race progress t
 ne$ to be drawn at once4  ,x is easy to
 p]ceive t n all races h left su* epo*s 
beh9d !m1 because "s are /ill 9 b>b>ism2
 o!rs h advanc$ to a consid]able height 
& !n retrograd$4  ,( ^? :i* h advanc$ ) 
m or less /ead9ess = two ?\s& ye>s1 l   
,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 n e p]iod ( 
_! hi/ory conta9s valuable culture      
elem5ts4  ,! great epo*s are n cle>ly   
di/+ui%able 9 _! orig9 & end+4 ,aga91   
only ^? p]iods ^: de$s1 _s1 & t5d5cy h  
be5 well pres]v$ by hi/ory or1 /ill     
bett]1 h f\nd expression 9 ! "w ( "s    

great poet or lit]>y arti/1 c supply =  
*ildr5 ! be/ educative mat]ial4  ,!     
culture epo*s ( hi/ory c be ( no s]vice 
to u 9 s*ools except z !y h be5 suitably
 describ$ by able writ]s4  ,9 hi/ory &  
lit]ature1 z h&$ d[n to u by ! great    
lit]>y arti/s1 _m ( ! culture epo*s h   
be5 portray$ by a ma/] h&4  ,9 ! ,iliad1
 ,hom] gives u vivid & delightfully     
attractive sc5es f life 9 ! h]oic age4  
,! hi/orical p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t     
furni% cle> & classic expression to     
great typical hi/orical sc5es z         
illu/rat$ 9 ! lives ( ,abraham1 ,joseph1
 ,moses1 ,jo%ua1 ,david1 & ,solomon4  ,!
 *ief poets h exp5d$ a full measure ( _!
 art 9 pres5t+ to po/]ity attractive    
ev5ts f /rik+ epo*s ( ! _w's hi/ory4    
,hom]1 ,virgil1 ,dante1 ,t5nyson1 &     
,longfell[ h left = u su* hi/orical     
pa9t+s z ! ,iliad1 ,odyssey1 ! ,a5eid1 !
 ,div9e ,com$y1 ,idyls ( a ,k+1 ,miles  
,/&i%1 etc4  ,"s ( ! be/ hi/orians also 
h describ$ su* epo*s ( hi/ory 9 sc>cely 
less attractive =m4  ,x5ophon's         

,anabasis1 ,livy's ,punic ,w>s1         
,plut>*'s ,lives1 ,caes>'s ,gallic ,w>s1
 ! be/ biographies ( ,*>lemagne1        
,columbus1 ,lu!r1 ,cromwell1 ,wa%+ton1  
are design$ to give u a cle> view ( "s (
 ! great typical *>act]s & ev5ts (      
hi/ory4  ,"s ( ! lead+ noveli/s &       
imag9ative writ]s 9 prose h p]=m$ a l   
s]vice4  ,hypatia1 ,ivanhoe1 ,la/ ,days 
( ,pompeii1 ,romola1 ,u>da1 & ,rob9son  
,crusoe are examples4  ,! /ory (        
,siegfri$1 ( ,k+ ,ar?ur1 ( ,bay>d1 (    
,tell1 ( ,bruce1 ( ,alfr$1 & ! h]oic    
my?s ( ,greece1 all br+ out             
repres5tative figures ( ! my?ical age4  
,! typical epo*s ( ! _w's /ruggle &     
progress are reflect$1 !re=e1 9 ! lit]>y
 ma/]pieces ( great writ]s1 :e!r poets1 
hi/orians1 biograph]s1 or noveli/s4  ,! 
simple/ & *oice/ ( ^! lit]>y & hi/orical
 mat]ials1 select$1 arrang$1 & adapt$ = 
*ildr51 h be5 reg>d$ by "s ?9k]s z !    
/ronge/ & be/ meat t c be suppli$ to    
*ildr5 dur+ _! p]iods ( gr[?4  ,! hi/ory
 ( ea* nation t has _h a progressive    

civilization conta9s "s su* elem5ts &   
ma/]pieces4 ,x w\ld be =tunate = ea*    
nation if x c\ld f9d fir/ 9 its own     
hi/ory all su* lead+ epo*s & correspond+
 mat]ials4  ,!n x c\ld draw ^u !        
hi/orical & lit]>y res\rces ( o!r       
c\ntries to complete & r\nd out !       
horizon ( ?\ght4  ,s9ce ! be/ mat]ials  
select$ f hi/ory are calculat$ to build 
a /rong f\ndation ( moral ideas &       
s5tim5ts1 ?is c>efully select$ hi/orical
 s]ies ( /udies has be5 *os5 z ! basis =
 a conc5tration ( all ! /udies ( ! s*ool
 c\rse4  ,zill]1 z a disciple ( ,h]b>t1 
0 ! fir/ to lay out a c\rse ( /udy = !  
common s*ool ) hi/ory mat]ials z a      
c5tral s]ies1 bas$ ^u ! idea ( ! culture
 epo*s4  ,s9ce religi\s in/ruction drawn
 f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t has always be5
 an important /udy 9 ,g]man s*ools1 he  
e/abli%$ a d\ble hi/orical s]ies4  ,!   
fir/ 0 scriptural1 repres5t+ ! *ief     
epo*s ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian hi/ory f ! "t 
( ,abraham to ! ,re=mation2 ! second 0  
national ,g]man hi/ory f ! e>ly         

traditional /ories ( ,?ur+ia & ! ,saxon 
k+s d[n to ! ,napoleonic w>s & ! entry (
 ,emp]or ,william into ,p>is 9 #ahga4   
,x %\ld be rem>k$ t 9 ! fir/ & second   
grade religi\s in/ruction does n appe> 9
 regul> =m1 b 9 devotional ex]cises1    
,*ri/mas /ories1 etc4  ,fairy /ories &  
,rob9son ,crusoe are ! *ief mat]ials us$
 9 ! fir/ & second grades1 s t ! regul> 
hi/orical s]ies beg9 9 ! ?ird4  ,! two  
l9es ( religi\s & secul> hi/ory are     
design$ to illu/rate = ea* grade        
correspond+ epo*s ( national hi/ory1 bo?
 ,jewi% & ,g]man4  ,! p>allel s]ies /& z
 foll[s3    ,religi\s4                  
,secul>4    #a/ ,grade4                 
,fairytales4    #bnd ,grade4            
,rob9son ,crusoe4    #c;d ,grade4   ,!  
patri>*s1          ,/ories ( ,?ur+ia4   
,abraham1 ,joseph1 ,moses4    #d?       
,grade4  ,judges & ,k+s4        ,!      
,nibelung5 ,song1               ,samuel1
 ,saul1 ,david1     ,siegfri$4          
,solomon4    #e? ,grade4  ,life ( ,*ri/4
          ,h5ry ,i41 ,*>lemagne1        

,boniface1 ,arm5ius4    #f? ,grade4     
,life ( ,*ri/4          ,teutonic       
migrations1                             
,crusades1 ,attila1 ,b>b>ossa1          
,rudolph4    #g? ,grade4  ,life ( ,paul4
            ,discov]y ( ,am]ica1        
,re=mation1 ,?irty ,ye>s'               
,w>4    #h? ,grade4  ,life ( ,lu!r4     
,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,w>s                 
aga9/ ,napoleon1  ,william ,i4  ,! above
 outl9e is ,zill]'s plan1 modifi$ by    
,pr(essor ,re94  ,9 ea* grade is select$
 a body ( classical or *oice hi/orical  
mat]ials1 repres5t+ a great p]iod (     
,g]man z well z ( ,jewi% or ,*ri/ian    
life1 & especially suit$ to int]e/ &    
in/ruct *ildr51 :ile illu/rat+ moral    
ideas & deep5+ moral convictions4  ,!   
body ( hi/orical n>rative select$ = any 
"o grade is calculat$ to =m a c5t] or   
nucleus = conc5trat+ all ! /udies ( t   
ye>4  ,read+1 language1 geography1      
draw+1 music1 & ari?metic l>gely spr+   
out ( & dep5d ^u ?is hi/orical c5t]1    
:ile !y are also b\nd to ea* o!r by _m  

l9ks ( connection4  ,a full c\rse = !   
eight grades ( ! common s*ool1 ) ?is    
d\ble hi/orical s]ies z a nucleus1 has  
be5 c>efully work$ out & appli$ by      
,pr(essor ,re9 & 8 associates4 ,x has   
be5 appli$ also ) consid]able success 9 
a numb] ( ,g]man s*ools4  ,?is great    
und]tak+ has _h to run ! gauntlet ( a   
sev]e criticism4  ,its fundam5tal       
pr9ciples1 z well z its details (       
execution1 h be5 %>ply que/ion$4  ,b a  
long-cont9u$ ef=t1 ext5d+ ?r\gh _m ye>s1
 by able & ?or\ghly-equipp$ tea*]s1 to  
solve "o ( ! greate/ problems (         
education1 des]ves c>eful att5tion4  ,! 
g5]al !ory ( conc5tration1 ! selection &
 value ( ! mat]ials1 ! previ\s hi/ory ( 
me?od1 & ! be/ pres5t me?od ( treat+ ea*
 subject1 ) detail$ illu/rations1 are   
all work$ out ) great c>e & ability4  ,!
 ,jewi% & ,g]man hi/orical mat]ials1 :i*
 are made ! moral-educative basis ( !   
common s*ool c\rse by ! ,h]b>tians1 c be
 ( no s]vice to u except by way (       
example4  ,nei!r sacr$ nor ,g]man hi/ory

 c =m any important "p ( an ,am]ican    
c\rse ( /udy4  ,religi\s in/ruction has 
be5 relegat$ to ! *ur*1 & ,g]man hi/ory 
t\*es u indirectly if at all4  ,! epo*s 
( hi/ory f :i* ,am]ican s*ools mu/ draw 
are *iefly ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great
 ,brita94  ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 &  
,greece may furni% "s collat]al matt]1 z
 ! /ory ( ,tell1 ( ,siegfri$1 ( ,al>ic1 
& ( ,ulysses2 b "s ( ! lead+ epo*s mu/  
be ^? ( our own national hi/ory4  ,has !
 ,engli%-speak+ race 9 ,nor? ,am]ica    
pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( hi/orical epo*s   
:i*1 on acc\nt ( _! moral-educative     
wor?1 des]ve to /& 9 ! c5t] ( a common  
s*ool c\rse8  ,is ?is hi/ory adapt$ to  
cultivate ! highe/ moral & intellectual 
qualities ( *ildr5 z !y advance f ye> to
 ye>8  ,!re are few1 if any1 s+le       
nations ^: hi/ory c\ld furni% a         
favorable answ] to ?is "q4  ,! ,engli% 9
 ,am]ica began _! c>e] s late 9 ! _w's  
hi/ory & ) su* advantages ( previ\s     
,european culture t sev]al ( ! e>li]    
hi/orical epo*s are n repres5t$ 9 our   

c\ntry4  ,b p]haps ,great ,brita9 &     
,europe w furni% ! e>li] l9ks ( a *a9 ^:
 lat] l9ks 7 firmly weld$ 9 ,am]ica4  ,!
 hi/ory ( our c\ntry s9ce ! fir/        
settlem5ts less ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago
 is by f> ! be/ epitome ( ! _w's        
progress 9 its lat] phases t ! life (   
any nation pres5ts4  ,on rea*+ ! new _w 
! settl]s began a h&-to-h&1 too?-&-nail 
conflict ) h>d conditions ( climate1    
soil1 & savage4  ,! simple basis (      
physical exi/5ce _h to be f\ght = on !  
h>de/ t]ms4  ,! fact t ev]y?+ _h to be  
built up anew f small beg9n+s on a virg9
 soil gave an opportunity to trace !    
rise ( in/itutions f _! infancy 9 a     
,puritan dwell+ or 9 a t[n meet+ till !y
 spread & consolidat$ ov] a cont95t4  ,9
 ?is %ort "t ! p h gr[n f little scatt]$
 settlem5ts to a nation1 h exp]i5c$ an  
undream$-( mat]ial expansion2 h pass$   
?r\gh a rapid succession ( great        
political /ruggles1 & h _h an unrival$  
evolution ( agriculture1 comm]ce1       
manufactures1 inv5tions1 education1 &   

social life4  ,all ! elem5ts ( society1 
mat]ial1 religi\s1 political1 & social h
 />t$ ) ! day ( small ?+s & h gr[n up   
toge!r4  ,!re is little 9 our hi/ory to 
appeal to *ildr5 bel[ ! f\r? grade1 t   
is1 bel[ t5 ye>s2 b f ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? 
grade on1 ,am]ican hi/ory is ri* 9      
moral-educative mat]ials ( ! be/ quality
 & suit$ to *ildr54  ,we are able to    
di/+ui% f\r pr9cipal epo*s3 #a4 ,! age (
 pione]s1 ! ocean navigators1 l         
,columbus1 ,drake1 & ,magellan1 & !     
explor]s ( ! cont95t l ,smi?1 ,*ampla91 
,la,salle1 & ,fremont4  #b4 ,! p]iod (  
settlem5ts1 ( colonial hi/ory1 & ( ,fr5*
 & ,indian w>s4  #c4 ,! ,revolution &   
life "u ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation till 
! adoption ( ! ,con/itution4  #d4       
,self-gov]nm5t "u ! ,union & ! gr[? &   
/r5g!n+ ( ! f$]al idea4  ,:ile draw+    
l>gely ^u g5]al hi/ory = a full &       
detail$ treatm5t ( a few important      
topics 9 ea* ( ^! epo*s1 we %\ld make a 
/ill m abundant use ( ! biographical &  
lit]>y mat]ials furni%$ by ea*4  ,!     

conc5tration ( s*ool /udies1 ) a        
hi/orical s]ies sugge/$ by ! culture    
epo*s z a basis1 w\ld utilize our       
,am]ican hi/ory1 biography1 & lit]ature 
9 a mann] sc>cely dream$ ( h]et(ore4    
,we %all attempt to illu/rate briefly   
?is conc5tration ( /udies ab\t mat]ials 
select$ f "o ( ! culture epo*s4  ,take1 
= example1 ! age ( pione]s f :i* to     
select hi/orical subject-matt] = *ildr5 
( ! f\r? & fif? grades4  ,x compreh5ds !
 biographies ( em95t navigators &       
explor]s1 pione]s on l& & sea4  ,x      
describes ! important und]tak+s (       
,columbus1 ,magellan1 ,cabot1 ,raleigh1 
,drake1 & o!rs1 :o 7 d>+ lead]s at !    
great p]iod ( m>itime discov]y4  ,!     
pione] explor]s ( ,new ,engl& & ! o!r   
colonies br+ out /rongly m>k$ *>act]s 9 
! prep>atory /age ( our e>lie/ hi/ory4  
,smi?1 ,*ampla91 ,w9?rop1 ,p5n1         
,ogle?orpe1 ,/uyvesant1 & ,wa%+ton are  
examples4  ,9 ! ,mississippi valley ,de 
,soto1 ,la ,salle1 ,boone1 ,l9coln1 &   
,rob]tson1 are types4  ,/ill f>!r we/   

,lewis & ,cl>ke1 & ! pione]s ( ,cali=nia
 complete ?is hi/orical epo* 9 a s]ies (
 great ent]prises4  ,mo/ ( !m are       
pione]s into new regions beset ) dang]s 
( wild bea/s1 savages1 & sickness4  ,a  
few are settl]s1 ! fir/ to build cab9s &
 take possession ( l& t 0 /ill claim$ by
 r$ m5 & /ill cov]$ ) =e/s4  ,! m5 nam$ 
7 lead]s ( small b&s s5t out to explore 
riv]s & =e/s or to drive out ho/ile     
claimants at ! po9t ( ! sword4  ,any "o 
:o has tri$ ! effect ( ^! /ories ^u     
*ildr5 ( ! f\r? grade w grant t !y t\* a
 deep native int]e/4  ,b ?is mu/ be a   
g5u9e & p]man5t int]e/ to be ( educative
 value4 ,! moral quality 9 ?is int]e/ is
 its virtue4  ,/&i%1 ,boone1 ,la ,salle1
 & ! re/ 7 /alw>t m51 ^: c\rage 0 ke5ly 
& p[]fully temp]$4  ,!y 7 lead]s ( m5 by
 virtue ( moral /r5g? & sup]iority4  ,_!
 de$s h ! /amp ( h]oism & 9 approv+ !m !
 moral judgm5ts ( *ildr5 are ex]cis$ ^u 
noble mat]ial4  ,^! m5 & /ories         
con/itute an epo* 9 civilization because
 !y repres5t t /age :i* j prec$es ! fir/

 =m ( settl$ society4  ,9 fact "s ( !   
/ories fall 9 ! transition /age1 :]e m5 
foll[$ ! pl[ & wield$ ! woodman's axe1  
or turn$ to ! w>-pa? z occasion requir$4
  ,9 e "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re has be5 
su* a p]iod1 & some?+ correspond+ to x 9
 o!r c\ntries4  ,we are prep>$ to       
assume1 !re=e1 t ^! hi/orical mat]ials  
ar\se a /rong int]e/1 implant moral     
ideas1 & illu/rate a typical epo*4  ,!y 
are also v real4 ,^! m51 especially ! l&
 pione]s1 7 our own pr$ecessors1 trav]s+
 ! same riv]s1 =e/s1 & prairies :]e we  
n[ live & enjoy ! fruits ( _! h>dihood &
 labor4  ,let u suppose t su* a         
hi/orical s]ies ( /ories has its due %>e
 ( "t on ! s*ool program & t ! /ories   
are prop]ly pres5t$ by ! tea*] & orally 
reproduc$ by ! pupils4  ,into :at       
relations %all ! o!r /udies ( ! s*ool   
ent] to ^! hi/orical mat]ials8  ,h[ %all
 language1 read+1 geography1 natural    
sci5ce1 & ari?metic be br\ght into !    
close relation to hi/ory requir$ by !   
idea ( conc5tration4  ,! oral           

reproduction ( ! /ories by ! *ildr5 is !
 be/ possible oral language drill1 :ile 
_! p>tial writt5 review is ! basis ( mu*
 ( ! regul> composition "w4  ,language  
lessons on isolat$ & unconnect$ topics c
 ?us be entirely omitt$4  ,! elem5t (   
int]e/ w be add$ to oral & writt5       
language lessons by ! use ( su* lively  
/ories4  ,read+ is *iefly tribut>y to ! 
hi/orical s]ies4  ,su* selections %\ld  
be made = read+ lessons z w ?r[         
additional light ^u pione] hi/ory & its 
relat$ geography4  ,descriptions (      
natural sc5]y & *oice selections f our  
be/ hi/orians1 z ,irv+ & ,bancr(t1      
describ+ ev5ts or m5 ( ?is p]iod1 %\ld  
be us$ = read+ lessons4  ,especially !  
be/ lit]>y selections are to be utiliz$1
 z ! ,l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims1 ,web/]'s &     
,ev]ett's orations at ,plym\?1          
,evangel9e & ,hiawa?a1 ,indian leg5ds & 
life1 ,miles ,/&i%1 ,! ,knick]bock]     
,hi/ory1 & "s ( ! orig9al pap]s & lett]s
 ( ! e>ly settl]s4  ,:atev] poems or    
prose selections f our be/ lit]ature are

 f\nd to be> directly or indirectly ^u  
pione] ev5ts1 w add mu* int]e/ & beauty 
to ! :ole subject4  ,a second s]ies (   
read+ mat]ials = ^! grades w\ld be ^?   
ma/]pieces & traditions ( ,european     
lit]ature1 :i* are drawn f a correspond+
 pione] epo* 9 ^? c\ntries2 = example1  
,siegfri$ 9 ,g]many1 ,al>ic 9 ,italy1 & 
,ulysses 9 ,greece4  ,a selection (     
read+ mat]ial along ^! l9es w\ld exhibit
 mu* v>iety ( prose & poetry1 hi/ory1 & 
geography4 ,unity w\ld be giv5 to x by !
 _s & labors ( a typical age & an       
intimate relation to hi/ory at all po9ts
 e/abli%$4  ,geography has an equally   
close relation to hi/ory /ories4  ,= ^! 
grades geography & hi/ory cov] ! same   
geographical regions4 ,in/ead ( be+     
totally isolat$ f ea* o!r !y %\ld be    
purposely laid out on p>allel l9es )    
int]lac+ topics4  ,nor? ,am]ica & !     
,atlantic ocean are ! field ( action 9  
bo? cases4 ,^! m>itime explor]s op5$ up 
! geography ( ?is hemisph]e at its mo/  
int]e/+ /age4  ,no "p ( ! ,atlantic     

ocean or ( its ,nor? ,am]ican coa/s 0   
ov]look$ by ! navigators4  ,! climate1  
vegetation & p ^u its isl&s & coa/s 7   
curi\s objects to ,european adv5tur]s4  
,! fir/ pione]s survey$ ! ea/]n coa/ & !
 adjac5t int]ior ( a new cont95t1 ) its 
bays1 riv]s1 =e/s1 & m\nta9s4  ,! /ories
 !mselves are n intelligible )\t full   
geographical explanations1 & ! p]sonal  
int]e/ 9 ! n>ratives ?r[s a peculi> *>m 
^u ! geography4  ,! ,mississippi valley 
is a great field = bo? hi/ory &         
geography4  ,x is "o ( ! /rik+ physical 
features ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! be/ (      
/ories f9d _! sett+ 9 ?is environm5t4 ,n
 a great riv] ( ?is region b is ! sc5e (
 "o ( ! /ories4  ,! lakes & /reams 7 !  
natural highways ( ! explor]s & settl]s4
  ,! m\nta9s ob/ruct$ _! way1 pres5t+   
ob/acles b n limits to _! ent]prise4  ,!
 great =e/s h\s$ _! game1 conceal$ _!   
enemies1 & _h to be cut d[n to make     
space = _! homes & cornfields4  ,!      
prairies f>!r we/ 7 a camp+ gr\nd = !m z
 well z = ! de] & buffalo4  ,!re are no 

important physical features ( ! great   
valley t are n t\*$ m or less 9 detail  
by ! /ories4  ,x is ! "w ( ! geography (
 ?is ye> to enl>ge & complete ! pictures
 sugge/$ by ! /ories1 to multiply       
details1 to comp>e & arrange & to       
associate ) ^! ! facts ( our pres5t     
political & comm]cial geography4  ,!    
relation betwe5 hi/ory & geography is s 
intimate t x requires "s p$agogical     
skill to det]m9e :i* ( ! two %\ld take !
 lead4  ,b we h already adjudg$ ! hi/ory
 to be by f> ! m important ( ! two4     
,its subject-matt] is ( great] intr9sic 
int]e/ to *ildr51 & z x already /&s 9 ! 
comm&+ c5t] ( ! s*ool c\rse1 we are     
dispos$ to br+ ! geography lessons into 
close dep5d5ce ^u x4  ,9 ^! grades      
natural sci5ce or nature /udy =m a      
necess>y complem5t to ! circle (        
hi/orical & geographical topics treat$4 
,_m int]e/+ natural-sci5ce subjects1    
sugge/$ by hi/ory & geography1 c n be   
dealt ) satisfactorily 9 ^? /udies2 =   
example1 ! tobacco plant1 ! cactus1 !   

de]1 ! hot spr+s1 ! squirrel1 ! m>9]'s  
compass4  ,natural sci5ce /udies beg9   
naturally ) ! home neighborhood1 ) its  
plants1 trees1 animals1 rocks1          
inv5tions1 & products4  ,b hav+ survey$ 
& le>n$ _m ( ^! ?+s at home 9 8 e>li]   
ye>s1 ! *ild is prep>$1 :5 geography &  
hi/ory beg91 to ext5d 8 natural-sci5ce  
in=mation to ! l>g] geographical        
regions4  ,! hi/ory /ories & geography  
sugge/ a l>ge numb] ( natural-sci5ce    
topics1 s t !re is abundant *oice (     
mat]ials :ile rema9+ 9 close connection 
) ^? /udies4  ,! vegetable & animal life
 & products ( ! sea1 sugge/$ by !       
voyages1 are fi%es1 dolph9s1 :ales1     
sea-birds1 %ells4  ,o!r topics are !    
con/ruction ( %ips1 ! m>9]'s compass1 & 
a/ronomy4  ,! /ories ( ! l& pione]s op5 
up a /ill ri*] field ( natural sci5ce   
/udy = ! common s*ools4  ,among animals 
are ! beav]1 ott]1 squirrel1 coon1 be>1 
fox1 wildcat1 de]1 buffalo1 dome/ic     
animals1 wild turkeys1 ducks1 pigeons1  
eagle1 hawk1 wild bees1 cat-fi%1        

sword-fi%1 turtle1 alligator1 & _m m4   
,among native products & fruits are     
m5tion$ corn1 pumpk9s1 beans1           
huckleb]ries1 grapes1 /rawb]ries1       
cranb]ries1 tobacco1 pawpaw1 mulb]ry1   
haw1 plum1 apple1 & p]simmon4  ,( trees 
are oak1 hickory1 walnut1 cypress1 p9e1 
bir*1 bee*1 & o!rs4  ,tools1 in/rum5ts1 
& inv5tions are m5tion$1 ) _! uses1 z   
guns1 ,indian weapons1 compass1         
!rmomet]1 b>omet]1 boats1 c>p5t]'s      
tools2 also1 ! uses ( iron1 lead1 lea!r1
 & _m ( ! simple arts & economies (     
life1 su* z weav+1 temp]+ ( metals1     
tann+1 & cook+4 ,! natural wond]s ( !   
c\ntry1 su* z falls1 caves1 hot-spr+s1  
canons1 salt licks1 pla9s1 int]ior      
des]ts1 & salt lakes1 k9ds ( rocks1     
soils1 =e/s & o!r vegetation1 ! ph5om5a 
( ! wea!r & diff]5ces 9 climate1 are    
ref]r$ to4  ,all ^! & o!r topics f !    
broad realm ( nature are sugge/$1 any ( 
:i* may s]ve z ! />t+ po9t = a s]ies (  
sci5ce lessons4  ,h[ f> ! natural sci5ce
 lessons c he$ ! sugge/ions ( hi/ory &  

geography & /ill foll[ out & develop    
important sci5ce pr9ciples1 is "o ( !   
great problems = solution4  ,x w\ld seem
 t ! l>ge numb] ( natural-sci5ce topics 
t\*$ ^u by ! hi/ory1 :5 increas$ by !   
v>iety ( home objects 9 nature & by /ill
 o!rs call$ up by ! geography "w ( ^!   
ye>s1 w\ld give suffici5t v>iety to !   
natural sci5ce "w ( ! same p]iod4  ,by  
omitt+ "s ( ^! topics & enl>g+ ^u o!rs1 
develop+ ! notions ( classes & pr9ciples
 s f> z is desirable1 ! natural-sci5ce  
lessons may be made suffici5tly         
sci5tific )\t los+ ! close relation to !
 c5tral subject-matt] = ! ye>4  ,!re is 
no d\bt b ! sci5ce-lessons w add greatly
 to _m topics sugge/$ by ! /ories & w   
br+ ! :ole realm ( nature into close    
relation to hi/ory & geography4  ,!     
subjects ?us f> discuss$1 t may be      
br\ght into close relation to ! c5tral  
/ories1 are oral & writt5 language1     
read+ & lit]ature1 geography1 & !       
natural sci5ces4  ,! connection betwe5  
^! bran*es are num]\s & /rong at e /ep4 

,draw+ has a v intimate & important     
relation to ! objects describ$ 9 hi/ory1
 natural sci5ce1 ari?metic1 & geography2
 :ile ! songs le>n$ %\ld express 9 ^?   
poetic & rhy?mic =ms :i* appeal s       
/rongly to ! feel+s1 _m ( ! noble/ ideas
 sugge/$ by travel1 sc5]y1 hi/ory1 & !  
exp]i5ces ( home life4  ,ari?metic1     
f9ally1 seems to /& l an odd %eep among 
! /udies4  ,x is c]ta9ly ! lea/ social (
 ! common s*ool bran*es4  ,:ile avoid+  
all =c$ connection betwe5 ari?metic &   
o!r /udies1 we %all f9d "s po9ts :]e !  
relations are simple & cle>4  ,*ildr5 9 
! fir/ grade %\ld see numb]s 9 ! leaves1
 fl[]s1 trees1 & animals !y /udy4  ,at !
 beg9n+ ( ! fir/ grade ?is w\ld be a    
good in=mal way ( beg9n+ numb]s4 ,!     
value ( objects 9 fir/ & second grade   
numb] is s great t x is only a "q z to  
h[ f> ! objects sugge/$ by o!r lessons  
may be us$4  ,b we are speak+ (         
conc5tration 9 ! f\r? & fif? grades4 ,9 
! /ories & 9 geography we deal ) j\rneys
 up great riv]s1 ) ! height ( m\nta9s1 )

 ! ext5t ( valleys & lakes1 ) regul>    
=ts1 m\nds1 & enclosures1 ) companies & 
bodies ( m51 ) railroads1 cities1 &     
agricultural products1 & ) _m o!r topics
 :i* sugge/ excell5t practical problems 
9 ari?metic = ^! grades4  ,all su*      
c>eful ari?metical computations add     
cle>ness & def9it5ess to hi/orical &    
geographical ideas4  ,! natural sci5ces 
h be5 s little sy/ematically taught 9   
our common s*ools1 t we are sc>cely able
 to realize :at connection may be made  
betwe5 !m & ari?metic4  ,we "k t 9 !    
advanc$ /udy & applications ( "s ( !    
natural sci5ces1 ma!matics is an        
ess5tial "p4  ,a brief retrospect w make
 x appe> t ! hi/ory /ories1 natural     
sci5ces1 & geography1 ) ! m =mal /udies1
 su* z read+1 language1 & ari?metic1 may
 be br\ght into a close organic h>mony4 
,ea* ( !m dep5ds ^u & ?r[s light ^u !   
o!r2 & :ile ! connections are natural1 n
 =c$1 !re is a conc5tration ^u ! c5tral 
hi/orical & lit]>y matt] t makes moral  
"* ! highe/ aim ( tea*+4  ,s9ce real    

conc5tration is practically a new       
educational und]tak+1 x involves a numb]
 ( unsolv$ subord9ate problems2 =       
in/ance1 h[ f> %all sci5ce lessons1     
gramm>1 & geography foll[ _! own        
pr9ciples ( selection1 bas$ on ! nature 
& sci5tific arrangem5t ( _! mat]ials1   
:ile keep+ up ! dep5d5ce ^u &           
connections ) ! c5tral subject4  ,b if  
conc5tration is a true pr9ciple (       
education1 x is evid5t t none ( ^!      
problems c be solv$ until conc5tration  
has be5 agre$ ^u & made fundam5tal4  ,9 
?is case ^? tea*]s :o are try+ to lay   
out c\rses ( /udy 9 geography1 natural  
sci5ce1 or hi/ory1 )\t reg>d to !       
relation ( /udies to ea* o!r1 w h mo/ ( 
_! "w to d ov] aga94  ,a little         
reflection w conv9ce u1 p]haps1 t a     
ye>'s "w ?us conc5trat$ w produce a mu* 
m p[]ful & la/+ impression ^u *ildr5 ?an
 ! loose aggregation ( facts :i* is     
usually collect$ dur+ a ye>'s "w4  ,n   
only w ! moral effect be int5sifi$1 b ! 
close dep5d5ce ( ea* /udy ^u ! o!rs w be

 p]ceptibly felt z valuable & /imulat+  
to ! *ildr54  ,if n[ we c conceive ( !  
eight grades ( ! common s*ool z eight   
/ages pass+ naturally f "o to ano!r1 ea*
 a unit compos$ ( a net-"w ( well relat$
 facts1 b ! epo*s closely relat$ to ea* 
o!r 9 a ris+ s]ies1 f *ildhood almo/ to 
maturity1 or f ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory up to !
 pres5t /ate ( culture1 we %all be able 
also to ?9k ( education z a succession (
 p[]ful culture influ5ces1 t w br+ !    
*ild to our pres5t /&po9t fully consci\s
 ( 8 duties & surr\nd+s4   ,,note4--,a  
c>eful criticism ( ! !ory ( ! culture   
epo*s is f\nd 9 ,lange's ,app]ception   
translat$ by ! ,h]b>t club1 publi%$ by  
,d4 ,c4 ,hea?1 p4 #aaj1 etc4     ,,*apt]
 ,v4  ,,induction4  ,we are n[ prep>$ to
 inquire into ! m9d's me?od ( approa* to
 any & all subjects4  ,we h consid]$ !  
aim ( education1 ! value ( diff]5t      
subjects z help+ t[>d t aim1 ! natural  
int]e/s :i* give ze/ to /udies1 & f9ally
 ! g5]al plan ( comb9+ & relat+ topics s
 z to br+ ab\t unity ( purpose & unity (

 matt] 9 ! m9d4  ,z a *ild ent]s ^u ! "w
 ( acquisition are !re any regulatives  
to guide ! process ( le>n+8  ,induction1
 or ! concept-be>+ process1 %[s ! t5d5cy
 ( our m9ds to advance f ! inspection ( 
p>ticul> objects & actions to ! und]/&+ 
( g5]al notions or concepts4  ,! /udy & 
analysis ( ?is process ca/s u =?) into !
 mid/ ( psy*ology1 & calls = a k ( t    
succession & net-"w ( m5tal activities  
discuss$ 9 all ! psy*ologies2 s5sation1 
discrim9ation1 p]ception1 analysis &    
syn!sis1 comp>ison1 judgm5t1            
g5]alization or concept1 reason+4  ,an  
inquiry into ^! m5tal activities1 :i*   
are among ! mo/ important 9 psy*ology1  
is necess>y z a basis ( induction & (   
g5]al me?od4  ,b ev5 ! m pr(\nd /udy (  
psy*ology does n necess>ily give insight
 into correct me?ods ( tea*+4  ,_m great
 psy*ologi/s h _h little or no int]e/ 9 
tea*+4  ,ev5 em95t speciali/s 9         
electricity & *emi/ry h n (t5 be5 ^? to 
draw ! imm$iate practical b5efit f _!   
/udies4  ,! application ( psy*ology to !

 "w ( in/ruction con/itutes a di/9ct    
field ( inquiry & exp]im5t4  ,! output (
 ! be/ exp]im5tal ?9k+ 9 ?is direction  
may be call$ p$agogy4  ,! process (     
induction or concept-build+ leads ! m9d1
 z above indicat$1 ?r\gh a s]ies (      
diff]5t acts4  ,we may fir/ obs]ve h[ f>
 ! m9d is unnaturally incl9$ to foll[   
?is process1 & :e!r x is a m>k ( heal?y 
m5tal action 9 *ildr5 & 9 adults4  ,lat]
 we may exam9e m closely ! successive   
/ages 9 ! process itself4  ,to get at ! 
natural process x is well to obs]ve fir/
 ! action ( a *ild's m9d4  ,by analyz+ a
 simple case ( a f>m]'s *ild we may     
trace ! m5tal /eps 9 =m+ a g5]al notion4
  ,s long z x has se5 no b>n except t on
 its fa!r's f>m1 ! ^w b>n means to x    
only t p>ticul> object4  ,b :5 x        
discov]s t "o ( ! neighbors has a simil>
 build+ call$ a b>n1 x le>ns to put ^!  
diff]5t objects "u "o head1 & ! g5]al   
notion b>n z a build+ = horses1 cattle1 
& fe$1 gradually rises 9 ! m9d4  ,long  
be=e ! *ild is six ye>s old 7s*ool age7 

x may h se5 en\gh ( su* b>ns = ! g5]al  
notion to be di/9ctly =m$4  ,by obs]v+  
diff]5t objects1 by comp>+ & gr\p+      
simil> ?+s toge!r1 x has =m$ a g5]al    
notion 9 a regul> process ( induction1 &
 t )\t any help f tea*]s4  ,at two &    
?ree ye>s ( age1 or z soon z a *ild     
beg9s to recognize & "n new objects     
7because ( _! resemblance to ?+s        
previ\sly se57 ?is t5d5cy to            
concept-build+ is manife/4 ,ano!r       
illu/ration3 ,! *ild has se5 ! family   
horse sev]al times till ! ^w horse      
becomes associat$ ) t animal4  ,:ile out
 walk+ x sees ano!r horse1 & po9t+ its  
f+] says horse4 ,! memory ( ! fir/ horse
 & ! simil>ity calls =? ! natural       
conclusion t ?is is a horse1 ?\gh x may 
n be able to =mulate ! s5t5ce4  ,m      
horses are se5 & comp>$ till ! ^w       
becomes ! "n ( a :ole class ( animals4  
,by a gradual process ( obs]vation1     
comp>ison1 & judgm5t ! ^w horse comes to
 /& = a l>ge gr\p ( objects 9 nature4   
,a *ild's m9d is naturally v active 9   

detect+ resemblances & 9 gr\p+ simil>   
objects toge!r4  ,x notices t !re are   
c]ta9 p call$ wom51 o!rs call$ m52 t    
c]ta9 animals are call$ %eep1 o!rs      
cattle4  ,"o class ( objects receives ! 
"n book1 ano!r /ove1 etc4  ,! "w (      
obs]v+1 comp>+1 & classify+ is a        
p]petual op]ation 9 ! *ild's active     
moods4  ,9 ?is way1 :at may appe> at    
fir/ z an int]m9able confusion or blur (
 objects 9 nature beg9s to fall into    
gr\ps & classes ) appropriate names4  ,x
 is ! *ild's own way ( br++ ord] out ( !
 app>5t *aos ( 8 surr\nd+s4  ,all ?is   
process ( classification is natural &   
ne>ly unconsci\s1 & results 9 a bett]   
und]/&+ & int]pretation ( ! ?+s ar\nd   
him4  ,obs]ve next ! "w ( an educat$    
adult1 & h[ he increases & arranges 8 k4
  ,if he is an incipi5t dry-goods m]*ant
 he le>ns by sight & t\* to detect !    
quality ( goods4  ,he comp>es &         
classifies 8 exp]i5ces & becomes 9 "t an
 exp]t 9 judg+ textile fabrics4  ,on !  
o!r h& he becomes acqua9t$ by p]sonal   

contact ) v>i\s cu/om]s & le>ns h[ to   
classify & judge !m bo? z buy]s & z     
debtors4  ,if a botani/ f9ds a new plant
 he exam9es its /em1 leaves1 root1 fl[]1
 se$1 & environm5t4  ,:ile ent]+ into ^!
 details he is also comp>+ x ) famili>  
classes ( plants4  ,f9ally1 he is n     
satisfi$ till he c def9itely locate x 9 
8 previ\s sy/em4 ,) e new plant t he    
discov]s he travels ov] ! :ole road f ! 
individual p>ticul>s to ! g5]al classes 
( 8 :ole sy/em4  ,! m]*ant & ! sci5ti/  
foll[ out ) pa9/ak+ c>e & indu/ry ! same
 c\rse :i* 0 involunt>ily tak5 by !     
*ild2 namely1 obs]vation ( p>ticul>s1   
comp>+ & gr\p+ into classes4  ,! same   
habit ( m9d may be obs]v$ 9 all p :o are
 gr[+ kn[l$gew>ds & :o possess any      
?\ghtful in/9cts4  ,9 build+ up         
concepts1 especially ) ! adult1         
induction is con/antly m+l$ ) d$uction4 
,z fa/ z g5]al notions are =m$ !y are   
us$ to int]pret new objects4  ,z ! am\nt
 ( ?is organiz$ & classifi$ k increases1
 we reason m & m d$uctively4  ,9 acquir+

 k along ! l9e ( induction1 we are on ! 
road to ! solution ( ! puzzle1 t nature 
puts to e *ild4  ,to e infant1 inde$1 ! 
_w is an enorm\s riddle or puzzle1 ^:   
p>ts lie 9 fragm5ts ab\t him1 wait+ !   
op]ation ( 8 curi\s & inv5tive m9d t[>d 
! recon/ruction ( ! :ole4  ,endless     
v>iety & complexity confront u all 9 !  
beg9n+4  ,!re is inde$ an ord] &        
classification ( ?+s 9 nature1 b x does 
n appe> on ! surface1 & = c5turies m5   
rema9$ ignorant ( ! und]ly+ h>mony4     
,nature is full ( valuable secrets1 b !y
 lie conceal$ f ! c>eless eye4  ,!y are 
to be detect$ by pry+ deep] into        
individual facts1 by putt+ a ?+ "h & a  
?+ !re toge!r1 by pond]+ on !           
relation%ip ( ?+s to ea* o!r 9 _!       
nature1 appe>ance1 & cause4  ,x is a    
rem>kable fact t we n only increase k   
be/ by analyz+1 comp>+1 & classify+     
objects1 exp]i5ce1 & ph5om5a--ev5 into  
old age--b t ! deep] we p5etrate into ! 
individual qualities & inn] nature (    
objects1 ! m we ext5d & classify our    

in=mation1 ! simpl] all ! op]ations (   
nature become to our und]/&+4  ,!       
surpris+ simplicity & unity ( nature 9  
h] v>i$ ph5om5a is "o ( ! mature        
products ( sci5tific /udy4  ,! mo/      
sci5tific ?9k]1 !n1 is only try+ to     
r$uce to a simple explanation ! same    
puzzle :i* confront$ ! infant 9 its     
cradle4  ,! problem is ! same & ! me?od 
simil>4  ,x is pla9 t ! process (       
classify+ objects & ph5om5a 9 nature & 9
 society is ! beg9n+ ( sci5tific k4  ,a 
*ild beg9s to le>n z soon z x notices ! 
resemblances 9 ?+s & arranges !m into   
gr\ps4  ,x w appe> lat] t ! m9d does n  
foll[ a /rictly logical me?od 9 ga9+ its
 gr\ps1 t x falls into natural errors & 
misconceptions2 b 9 spite ( ^! ecc5tric 
movem5ts1 ! g5]al tr5d is t[>d          
classifications & t[>d ! language       
symbols t express !m4  ,9 ?is p[] to    
associate1 classify1 & symbolize !      
products ( exp]i5ce 9 words is se5 !    
m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! animals4   
,! latt] h little p[] to comp>e &       

g5]alize1 t is1 to ?9k4  ,on a /ill     
high] plane1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a        
c>eless1 loose obs]v] & a well-tra9$    
sci5tific ?9k] is l>gely a diff]5ce 9   
accuracy1 9 inductive & d$uctive        
processes4  ,! important ?+ = ! tea*] to
 det]m9e is :e!r ?is inductive or       
concept-build+ t5d5cy furni%es any solid
 gr\nd ^u :i* to base ! "w ( in/ruction4
  ,admitt+ t x is a natural process1    
common to bo? old & "y 9 acquir+ k1     
p]haps x c be neglect$ because x w take 
c>e ( itself4  ,if x is self-active1    
ne$+ no artificial /imulus1 let x alone4
  ,on ! contr>y1 if 9 a heal?y pursuit (
 k x br+s ! v>i$ m5tal p[]s into a      
natural sequ5ce :]e !y w /r5g!n &       
support "o ano!r1 x %\ld be /udi$ & us$ 
by tea*]s4  ,x w\ld be v commonplace to 
say t ea* ( ! faculties or activities   
involv$ 9 ! inductive process %\ld be   
discipl9$ & /r5g!n$ by s*ool /udies4    
,!re is b little diff]5ce ( op9ion on   
?is subject1 ?\gh "s w\ld lay m /ress ^u
 s5se tra9+1 "s on memory1 "s on        

reason+4  ,! gr\nd = ?is g5]al          
conviction is ! notori\s fact t ) *ildr5
 e "o ( ^! acts1 is p]=m$ 9 a faulty &  
sup]ficial mann]4  ,! obs]vations (     
*ildr5 are v c>eless & unreliable4  ,ev5
 adults are extremely neglig5t &        
inaccurate 9 _! obs]vations ( natural   
objects1 p]sons1 & ph5om5a4  ,b ! m5tal 
p[]s br\ght to be> 9 obs]vation are     
simple & elem5t>y4  ,! ex]cise ( high]  
m5tal p[]s1 su* z analysis1 comp>ison1  
judgm5t1 & reason+1 is prone to be /ill 
m accid5tal & errone\s4  ,ackn[l$g+ !n !
 necessity = tra9+ all ^! p[]s1 h[ c x  
be/ be done8  ,n by delegat+ to ea* /udy
 ! cultivation ( "o k9d or set ( m5tal  
activities1 b by obs]v+ t ! same g5]al  
process und]lies ! acquisition ( k 9 ea*
 subject1 & t all ! k9ds ( m5tal life   
are br\ght into action 9 ne>ly e /udy4  
,9 %ort1 ! inductive process is a       
natural highway ( human ?\ght 9 e l9e ( 
/udy1 br++ all ! m5tal =ces into an     
ord]ly1 successive1 heal?ful activity4  
,we may yet discov] t ! inductive       

process n only gives ! key to an int]e/+
 me?od ( ma/]+ diff]5t bran*es ( k1 b 9 
develop+ m5tal activity x br+s ! v>i\s  
m5tal p[]s into a /rong natural sequ5ce4
  ,"o ( ! great ends ( intellectual     
culture is gradually to trans=m ?is     
c>eless1 unconsci\s1 inductive t5d5cy 9 
*ildr5 into ! pa9/ak+ & exact scrut9y ( 
! /ud5t1 & lat] ( ! speciali/4  ,al?\gh 
! inductive process is a common highway 
( ?\ght 9 all /ages ( intellectual gr[? 
f *ildhood to maturity1 c]ta9 p>ts ( !  
road are mu* m frequ5tly travel$ 9      
*ildhood1 & /ill o!rs 9 y\? & maturity4 
,x is ! "w ( p$agogy to adapt its       
mat]ials to ^! *ang+ phases ( s\l life 9
 *ildr54  ,9 ! analysis ( ! inductive & 
d$uctive processes we desire to come at 
! solution ( ?is problem4  ,consid]$ z a
 :ole1 !re is a simple phase ( !        
inductive process :i* is be/ expla9$ by 
! t]ms absorption & reflection4  ,x     
appe>s 9 ! /udy ( simple z well z (     
complex objects1 & indicates cle>ly !   
fundam5tal rhy?m ( ! m9d 9 acquir+ &    

elaborat+ its k4  ,?is action ( ! m9d is
 a %uttle-l movem5t1 a con/ant runn+    
back & =? betwe5 two extremes1          
absorption & reflection4  ,we w te/ ?is 
/atem5t ^u examples4  ,:5 we are 9 !    
mood = le>n+ let "s new object1 a       
sawmill1 attract ! att5tion4  ,a quick  
g5]al glance at ! place & its surr\nd+s 
tells u :at x is4  ,n[ trace ! op]ation 
( ! mill z x draws up ! logs s+ly f !   
rafts ly+ on ! m>g9 ( ! riv] & conv]ts  
!m into lumb]4  ,y obs]ve fir/ h[ ! logs
 are c>ri$ up an incl9$ slide by means (
 an endless *a9 ) hooks1 into ! mill4   
,y exam9e ?is fir/ piece ( ma*9]y &     
notice its mode ( action4  ,z ! logs    
ent] ! upp] /ory ( ! mill1 !y are ?r[n  
by heavy lev]s to ei!r side & roll d[n  
t[>d ! saws4  ,"h is ano!r piece (      
ma*9]y 9 its prop] place4  ,hav+ be5    
/ripp$ ( ! loose pieces ( b>k1 ! logs   
are grasp$ by ano!r set ( iron h&s1     
lift$ firmly to ! c>riage & pass$ to !  
circul> or b&-saw1 :i* takes (f ! side  
slabs & squ>es !m = ! gang-saw4  ,!     

squ>$ logs are !n c>ri$ along ov] roll]s
 & collect$ be=e ! gang-saws4 ,f two to 
f\r ( !m are clasp$ firmly toge!r & !n  
=c$ up aga9/ ! tee? ( ! p>allel gr\p (  
saws1 issu+ f !m z a bat* ( lumb]4  ,!  
bo>ds are !n pass$ on to a set ( m5 at  
small circul> saws1 by :om !y are sort$ 
& ! edges trimm$1 :ile /ill o!rs )      
trucks c>ry !m to ! y>d = /ack+4  ,take 
note ( ! op]ation ( ! m9d z x passes f  
"o "p ( ! ma*9]y to ano!r4  ,ea* "p is  
fir/ exam9$ by itself to get its        
con/ruction & me?od4  ,!n its relation  
to :at prec$es & :at foll[s is not$4    
,f9ally1 9 review y survey ! :ole       
process 9 its successive /ages & und]/& 
ea* "p & its relation to ! :ole & to !  
purpose ( ! mill4  ,we might call ?is an
 analysis & syn!sis ( ! process ( mak+  
lumb]1 or 9 o!r words absorption &      
reflection4  ,9 ! obs]vation ( su* a    
complex piece ( ma*9]y z a l>ge mill !  
m9d sw+s back & =? _m times betwe5      
absorption 9 ! /udy ( p>ts & reflection 
^u _! relation to ea* o!r4  ,hav+ exam9$

 ! mill 9 detail & grasp$ its p>ts z a  
connect$ :ole1 ! next /ep is to obs]ve  
its relation to ! riv]1 to ! rafts &    
raft+-boats1 & fur!r back to ! p9]ies & 
logg+-camps up ! riv]4  7,nor!rn        
,m9nesota & ,wiscons947  ,! occupations 
& sights along ! ,upp] ,mississippi &   
its head-wat]s1 ! p9]ies1 & ev5 ! spr+  
floods1 are intimately connect$1        
causally1 ) ! saw-mills & lumb] y>ds l[]
 d[n4  ,or go+ 9 ! opposite direction f 
! saw-mill1 we foll[ ! lumb] till x is  
us$ 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( con/ruction4  ,"s ( 
x ent]s ! plan+-mills & is conv]t$ into 
mold+s1 f9i%+ lumb]1 sa%es1 bl9ds1 etc4 
,9 all =ms x is load$ ^u ! c>s1 & %ipp$ 
we/w>d to be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( h\ses
 & bridges4  ,be=e we get ?r\gh ) ! l9e 
( ?\ght eng5d]$ by obs]v+ ! saw-mill1 we
 h canvass$ ! :ole lumb] indu/ry f !    
p9]ies to ! plans ( ar*itects & build]s 
9 ! actual "w ( con/ruction4  ,n only   
has !re be5 ?is progress ( ! m9d f "o   
object or ma*9e to ano!r ( a s]ies      
connect$ by cause & effect1 b !re has   

be5 also a con/ant t5d5cy to pass f !   
individual ma*9es ( :i* ! s]ies is      
compos$ to ! classes ( :i* ^! objects   
are typical4  ,a circul>-saw or a       
gang-saw is ea* typical ( a class (     
saws4  ,! same is true ( ea* "p ( !     
ma*9]y1 z well z ( ! saw-mill or        
plan+-mill consid]$ z a :ole4  ,ea* ( ^!
 objects1 :e!r simple or complex1       
sugge/s o!rs simil> :i* we h obs]v$ or  
se5 repres5t$ 9 pictures4 ,ea* "p ( !   
ma*9]y 9 turn becomes ! c5t] ( a set (  
comp>isons lead+ f ! concrete object 9  
"q to ! g5]al notion ( ! class to :i* x 
belongs4  ,= example1 ! /eam eng9e 9 a  
mill is typical ( all /ation>y eng9es   
us$ = driv+ ma*9]y4  ,b ! p>ts ( ! eng9e
 are also typical ( simil> p>ts 9 o!r   
eng9es & ma*9es1 z ! drive-:eel1 cyl9d]1
 boil]1 etc4  ,9 all ^! cases we become 
absorb$ 9 "o ?+ = a :ile1 only to recov]
 ourselves & to reflect ^u ! ?+ 9 its   
wid] relations1 ei!r trac+ out          
connections ( cause & effect1 z 9 a     
s]ies ( ma*9es1 or pass+ f ! s+le       

example to ! class ( :i* x is typical4  
,absorption & reflection6  ,! m9d sw+s  
back & =? l a p5dulum betwe5 ^! two     
op]ations4  ,h]b>t1 :o closely def9$ ?is
 process1 call$ x ! m5tal act ( brea?+1 
because ( ! con/ancy ( its movem5t4  ,z 
regul>ly z ! air is drawn into ! lungs &
 aga9 expell$1 s regul>ly does ! m9d    
lose itself 9 its absorption ) objects  
only to recov] itself & reflect ^u !m4  
,9 ! inspection ( a l>ge pr9t+ press 9  
"o ( our newspap] publi%+-h\ses we meet 
) a simil> exp]i5ce4  ,! att5tion       
becomes c5t]$ ^u ! press = a close      
analysis & syn!sis ( its p>ts4  ,! cogs1
 :eels1 roll]s1 ink+-plate1 ! *ases = ! 
type1 ! application ( ! p[]1 ! spr+s &  
lev]s1 ea* "p receives a close          
inspection1 & ! secret ( its connection 
) o!r p>ts is s\ght =4  ,!re is a       
vigor\s ef=t n only to und]/& ea* "p b  
also ! connection ( ! :ole4  ,! %uttle-l
 movem5t ( ! m9d back & =? betwe5 !     
p>ts1 absorb$ = a mom5t1 reflect+ = a   
mom5t1 cont9ues until ! complex me*anism

 is und]/ood4  ,:5 ?is process has be5  
satisfactorily complet$1 we are ready to
 turn our m9ds aga9 to ! o!r objects &  
rooms ( ! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t4  ,! "w ( !  
compositors1 sett+ up diff]5t k9ds (    
type1 ! pro(-read+1 ! editorial "w1 !   
report]s1 all come 9 = a %>e ( att5tion4
 ,! report]s lead u to ! great _w       
outside ^: happ5+s are br\ght "h =      
publication4  ,on ! o!r h&1 foll[+ !    
di/ribution ( pap]s z !y issue f !      
press1 we ?9k ( news-boys1 news-/&s1    
mail-s]vice1 railroads1 & po/(fices4  ,b
 ! inspection ( a pr9t+ press also leads
 ! ?\ghts 9 o!r directions & sugge/s o!r
 presses1 great & small1 9 o!r times &  
places1 o!r pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts1 until !  
:ole bus9ess ( pr9t+ & publi%+ books &  
pap]s spr+s into ! ?\ght4  ,if we desire
 to und]/& cle>ly ! bus9ess ( publi%+ a 
newspap]1 we mu/ ent] into an obs]vation
 ( ! p>ts ( ! process f ! collection (  
its news to its di/ribution by ! mails &
 c>ri]s4  ,besides not+ ^! p>ts we mu/  
obs]ve _! causal connection ) ea* o!r & 

! role t ea* plays 9 ! economy ( ! :ole4
  ,! causal s]ies ?us cle>ly outl9$     
produces insight into an occupation1    
:ile e typical ma*9e or appliance is "o 
( a cross s]ies int]cept+ ! orig9al     
s]ies4  ,! acquisition & assimilation ( 
k 9 diff]5t subjects w be f\nd to       
exhibit ! m5tal /ates ( absorption &    
reflection z j illu/rat$4  ,obs]ve !    
mann] 9 :i* we /udy a poem4  ,x is fir/ 
read & int]pret$ s5t5ce by s5t5ce1      
glanc+ f v]se to v]se to get !          
connections4  ,:5 ! :ole piece has be5  
read & und]/ood 9 its p>ts &            
connections1 ! sugge/$ l9es ( ?\ght are 
tak5 up & foll[$ out 9 _! wid]          
applications4  ,take = example ! ,burial
 ( ,moses1 & 9 ! prop] analysis & /udy (
 ! poem1 su* a process ( absorption &   
reflection is obs]vable4 ,9 trac+ !     
biography ( ,john ,qu9cy ,adams or (    
,alex&] ,hamilton1 ! facts ( p]sonal    
exp]i5ce & action fir/ absorb ! att5tion
 f /ep to /ep 9 ! /udy ( 8 life4  ,b    
reflection on ! be>+s ( ^! p]sonal      

ev5ts1 ^u contempor>ies1 & ^u public    
affairs is notic$ all along4  ,! same   
m5tal process is obs]v$ 9 /udy+ a battle
 9 hi/ory1 a s5t5ce 9 gramm>1 a squirrel
 9 natural hi/ory1 or a picture 9 art4  
,! effect ( su* m5tal absorption &      
reflection is to build up concepts4     
,s]ies ( causally relat$ p>ts are also  
=m$1 b ea* s]ies 9 ! end becomes a m    
complete complex concept2 t is1 a       
repres5tative ( _m simil> s]ies4  ,!    
inspection ( "o pr9t+ e/abli%m5t sugge/s
 o!rs :i* are br\ght into comp>ison till
 ! g5]al notion1 publi%+-h\se1 is m     
cle>ly conceiv$4  ,! same is true 9 !   
lumb] trade4  ,! concept lumb]-bus9ess  
is n conf9$ to ,m9neapolis or ,*icago1 b
 is common to ! great lake region1      
,ma9e1 ,wa%+ton1 ,norway1 & o!r         
c\ntries4  ,concepts become m v>i$ &    
complex ) ! advance ( /udies1 & !re is  
sc>cely any?+ we le>n by obs]vation or  
reflection t does n ultimately illu/rate
 & build up our concepts4  ,! obs]vation
 ( ev5 ! miscellane\s objects 9 a l>ge  

city leads to a v>iety ( concepts1 & 9 !
 end1 by comp>ison1 to ! g5]al notion1  
city4  ,h[ /rong ! concept-creat+ t5d5cy
 ( all exp]i5ce & ?\ght is1 c be se5 9 !
 words ( language4  ,! processes ( ?\ght
 become petrifi$ 9 language4  ,all      
progress 9 k & acquisition ( new ideas  
is reflect$ 9 language by an increase ( 
words4  ,b an exam9ation ( words 9      
common use w %[ t !y are ne>ly all !    
names ( concepts4  ,prop] names are !   
pr9cipal exception4  ,e common n\n1 v]b1
 adjective1 adv]b1 & preposition is ! "n
 ( a concept2 = example1 horse1 beauty1 
to /eal1 runn+1 ov]1 e>ly1 yell[1 grape1
 ocean1 etc4  ,to und]/& ^! concepts !re
 mu/ be some:]e a progress f !          
individual to ! ab/ract1 an induction f 
p>ticul>s to a g5]al concept4  ,ab/ract 
or g5]al notions _c be acquir$ at fir/  
h& )\t specific illu/rations4  ,ev5 :]e 
! d$uctive process is suppos$ly employ$1
 a clos] exam9ation w uncov] ! concrete 
or individual illu/rations 9 !          
backgr\nd1 & until ^! are rea*$ !       

concept has no cle> mean+4  ,! concrete 
examples1 :e!r introduc$ soon] or lat]  
by way ( explanation1 are ! real basis (
 ! und]/&+ ( ! concept4  ,x is cu/om>y  
to inv]t ! inductive process & to drive 
x /]n =w>ds ?r\gh gramm>1 geography1 &  
o!r /udies4  ,take1 = example1 ! ^w     
boom]ang z x comes up 9 a geography or  
read+ lesson4  ,web/]'s diction>y1 :i*  
is recomm5d$ to *ildr5 z a fir/ resort 9
 su* difficulties1 calls x ,a rem>kable 
missile weapon us$ by ! natives (       
,au/ralia4  ,?is gives a fa9t notion by 
us+ ! famili> ^w weapon4  ,! picture    
accompany+ ! ^w 9 ! diction>y gives a m 
accurate idea because ne>] ! concrete4  
,! be/ possible explanation w\ld be a   
real boom]ang ?r[n by a native ,s\?-,sea
 ,isl&]4  ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 a picture & 
a vivid description are ! be/ means at  
our disposal4  ,! common mi/ake is 9    
le>n+ & recit+ ! def9ition :ile neglect+
 ! concrete basis4  ,by way ( fur!r     
illu/ration1 try to expla9 to *ildr51 :o
 h nev] he>d ( !m be=e1 ! egg-plant1    

palm-tree1 cactus1 etc4  ,x w\ld be (   
int]e/ to inquire into ! process (      
concept-build+ 9 ea* ( ! s*ool /udies1  
:]e x appe>s "u q v>y+ =ms4  ,! natural 
sci5ces are p]haps ! be/ examples (     
concept-build+ f concrete mat]ials1     
advanc+ regul>ly ?r\gh a s]ies (        
concepts f ! individuals & species to ! 
mo/ g5]al classes ( plants1 animals1    
etc4  ,9 *emi/ry & physics ! laws &     
g5]al pr9ciples are bas$ on sub/ances1  
exp]im5ts1 & processes obs]vable by !   
s5ses4  ,gramm> & language1 :5 /udi$ z a
 sci5ce1 advance f concept to concept   
?r\gh etymology & syntax4 ,9 geography &
 hi/ory ! concepts are less def9ite & m 
difficult to =mulate1 & yet !re are _m  
typical ideas :i* are to be develop$ &  
illu/rat$ 9 ea* ( ^! /udies2 9 hi/ory1 =
 example1 colony1 legislature1 gov]nor1 
g5]al1 revolution1 in/itutions & cu/oms1
 political p>ty1 laws ( developm5t1     
causal relations1 inv5tions1 etc42 9    
geography1 cont95ts1 oceans1 =ms (      
relief1 k9ds ( climate & causes1        

occupations1 products1 comm]ce1 etc4  ,!
 fundam5tal tru?s & relations & rules ( 
ari?metic mu/ be develop$ f objects &   
illu/rations4  ,read+1 spell+1 & writ+  
are arts1 n sci5ces1 & are m conc]n$ )  
skill 9 execution ?an ) ! acquisition ( 
a body ( sci5tific tru?s4 ,& yet c]ta9  
g5]al tru?s are emphasiz$ & appli$ 9 ^! 
/udies4  ,mu* ne$less confusion has be5 
caus$ by rais+ ! "q :]e to beg9 9 le>n+4
  ,d we proce$ f ! :ole1 to ! p>ts1 or f
 ! p>ts to ! :ole8  ,9 mak+ !           
acqua9tance ( s5se objects x seems cle> 
t we fir/ p]ceive :oles 7some:at vaguely
 & indef9itely74  ,! second impulse is  
to analyze ?is :ole into its p>ts1 !n   
recomb9e !m 7syn!sis7 into a :ole :i* is
 m def9itely & fully grasp$4  ,a h\se1 =
 example1 is g5]ally fir/ p]ceiv$ z a   
:ole2 & lat] x is exam9$ m p>ticul>ly z 
to its mat]ials1 rooms1 /airways1       
conv5i5ces1 furni%+s1 etc4  ,! same is  
true ) a m\nta91 a butt]fly1 a man4     
,?us f> we h proce$$ f ! :ole to ! p>ts 
& !n back aga92 analysis & syn!sis4  ,! 

next movem5t is f ?is :ole or object    
t[>d a gr\p ( simil> objects1 a class   
notion4  ,by comp>+ "o ?+ ) o!rs simil>1
 a class notion is =m$ :i* includes !m  
all4  ,ea* individual is a :ole1 b is   
also a type ( ! entire gr\p4  ,! g5]al  
m5tal movem5t is successively 9 two     
directions f any p>ticul> object2 fir/1 
f ! :ole to ! p>ts1 !n grasp+ ?is :ole 9
 a ri*]1 full] s5se1 ! m9d seeks =      
relations :i* b9d ?is object ) o!rs     
simil> into a gr\p1 a m complex product1
 a concept4  ,!re may appe> to be an    
exception to ?is rule 9 ! case ( a city1
 a cont95t1 a railroad1 or any concrete 
object s l>ge & complex t x _c be grasp$
 by a s+le ef=t ( s5se p]ception4  ,b   
ev5 "h x is usual ) u fir/ to repres5t !
 :ole object to our ?\ght by means ( a  
sket*1 map1 or figure ( spee*1 s z fir/ 
to get a quick survey ( ! :ole ?+4  ,9  
hi/ory1 also1 we fir/ grasp at :oles1 !n
 ent] into a detail$ acc\nt ( an ev5t1 a
 campaign1 a voyage1 a revolution1 etc4 
,!re are _m complex :oles 9 geography & 

hi/ory ) :i* x is n wise to beg91       
because x requires a long & pa9ful ef=t 
to get at ! notion ( ! :ole4  ,! :oles  
we h 9 m9d are ^? :i* c be almo/        
in/antly grasp$4  ,n1 = example1 an     
outl9e ( ,am]ican hi/ory or ( ! _w's    
hi/ory4  ,! *oice ( suitable :oles ) :i*
 to beg9 is bas$ ^u ! *ild's int]e/ &   
app]ceptive p[]s4  ,hav+ ?us exam9$ into
 ! g5]al nature ( ! inductive process & 
! ext5t ( its application to s*ool      
/udies & to o!r =ms ( acquir+ k1 we are 
l$ to a clos] practical discussion ( ea*
 ( ! two *ief /ages ( induction3 ,fir/1 
obs]vation or intuition2 t is1 ! direct 
p]ception ?r\gh ! s5ses or ?r\gh        
consci\sness1 ( ! realities ( ! ext]nal 
_w & ( ! m9d4  ,second1 association (   
ideas ) a view to g5]aliz+ & =m+        
concepts4  ,intuition#a implies object  
lessons 9 a wide s5se4  ,by object      
lessons is usually meant ?+s 9 nature   
p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,b x is necess>y 
to ext5d ! idea ( object lessons beyond 
! objects & ph5om5a ( ! physical _w1 to 

:i* x has be5 usually limit$4  ,x       
includes p]ception ( our own m5tal      
/ates4 ,^! direct exp]i5ces ( our own   
inn] /ates are ! prim>y basis ( our     
und]/&+ ( o!r p's feel+s1 m5tal /ates1 &
 actions4  ,9 %ort1 an und]/&+ ( !      
ph5om5a ( individual life1 7! acts (    
p]sons7 ( society1 & ( hi/ory1 is bas$  
^u a k ( our own feel+s & m5tal acts1 & 
^u ! accuracy ) :i* we h obs]v$ &       
int]pret$ simil> ?+s 9 o!r p]sons4  ,we 
h already se5 t a "r appreciation (     
companions1 biographies1 social life1 & 
hi/ory1 is ! /ronge/ ( psy*ological =ces
 9 its =mative influ5ce ^u "*4  ,= ?is  
reason1 also1 hi/ory includes ! fir/ &  
mo/ important body ( s*ool /udies4  ,b  
object lessons drawn f physical nature d
 n measurably qualify u = a bett]       
appreciation ( individual & social life 
& action4  ,! fundam5tal illu/rative    
mat]ials = hi/ory are drawn f ano!r     
s\rce1 f ! dep? ( ! he>t & inn] exp]i5ce
 ( ea* p]son4  ,_m words 9 our own s*ool
 books c be illu/rat$ & expla9$ by      

objects & activities 9 physical nature1 
b a l>ge "p ( ! words 9 common use 9 our
 read]s & s*ool books c be expla9$ by no
 ext]nal objects4  ,!y dep5d = _!       
int]pretation ^u ! *ild's own feel+s1   
desires1 joys1 griefs1 etc41 & ^u simil>
 ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 o!rs4  ,object lessons
 9 ?is lib]al s5se po9t to ! direct     
ex]cise ( ! s5ses & intuitions 9 !      
acquisition ( exp]i5ce ( all sorts4  ,!y
 include ! objects1 p]sons1 & ev5ts t we
 see ar\nd u & our own exp]i5ces 9      
ord9>y life--! grass1 plants1 trees1 &  
soils2 ! animals1 wild & tame1 ) _!     
/ructure1 habits1 & uses2 ! rocks1      
woods1 hills1 /reams1 seasons1 cl\ds1   
heat1 & cold4  ,!re is also ! obs]vation
 ( devices & inv5tions2 tools1 ma*9]y & 
_! work+s1 ! diff]5t raw & manufactur$  
products1 ) _! ways ( gr[? &            
trans=mation4 ,besides ^! are ! v>i\s   
k9ds & dispositions ( m51 diff]5t       
classes & races ( p1 ) great v>iety (   
"*1 occupation1 & education4  ,_!       
actions1 modes ( dress1 & cu/oms are    

includ$4  ,b we h _m o!r prim>y &       
indisp5sable lessons to le>n f !        
playgr\nd1 ! /reet1 f home & *ur*1 f    
city & c\ntry1 f travel & sight see+1 f 
holidays & "w days1 f sickness1 &       
heal?ful excursions4  ,ev5 a *ild's own 
temp]s1 faults1 & successes are ( !     
greate/ value to himself & to ! tea*] 9 
a prop] self-und]/&+ & ma/]y4  ,by      
object lessons1 !re=e1 we mean all t a  
*ild becomes consci\s ( ?r\gh ! direct  
action ( 8 s5ses & ( 8 m9d ^u ext]nal   
nature or inn] exp]i5ce4  ,x is desir$ t
 a *ild's k 9 all direct exp]i5ce be    
simple1 cle>1 & accord+ to ! facts4 ,all
 words t he uses become only signs ( !  
realities ( 8 exp]i5ce4  ,e ^w /&s = a  
pot5t ?\ght 9 8 own life hi/ory4  ,(    
c\rse object lessons 9 ?is ri* & real   
s5se c n be conf9$ to su* few           
objects--birds1 leaves1 models1 &       
/raws--z c be br\ght into a s*ool room4 
,all ! _w1 especially ! outside _w1     
becomes    ,a complex ,*9ese toy        
,fa%ion$ = a b>efoot boy4   ,_m ( ! mo/ 

int]e/+ objects & ph5om5a 9 nature & (  
man's con/ruction c n be obs]v$ 9 !     
s*ool room at all1 = in/ance1 ! riv]1 ! 
bridge1 ! =e/1 ! flight ( birds1 !      
sunrise1 ! /orm1 ! />s1 etc4  ,/ill !y  
mu/ "k ^! v ?+s & "k h[ to use !m bett] 
9 con/ruct+ ! m9d's treasures ?an !y are
 wont to d4  ,9 read+1 gramm>1          
geography1 ari?metic1 & nature /udy1 we 
desire to gr\nd s*ool discussions daily 
^u ! cle> facts ( exp]i5ce1 ( p]sonal   
obs]vation4  ,we ne$ to cle> up all     
confus$ & faulty p]ceptions & to        
/imulate *ildr5 to make _! future       
obs]vations m reliable4  ,we h already  
se5 ! importance ( object lessons 9 ?is 
full & real s5se to int]e/4  ,int]e/ 9 e
 /udy is awak5$ & con/antly re5=c$ by an
 appeal1 n to books1 b to life4  ,mu* ( 
! dull "w 9 ari?metic1 geography1 & o!r 
/udies is due to ! neglect ( ^! real1   
illu/rative mat]ials4  ,( ! six great   
s\rces ( int]e/1 7,h]b>t's7 ?ree1 !     
empirical1 ! e/hetic1 & ! sympa!tic1    
deal entirely ) concrete objects or )   

individuals1 :ile ev5 ! speculative &   
social int]e/s are (t5 bas$ directly ^u 
p>ticul> p]sons or ph5om5a4  ,9 addition
 to ?is x may be said t ! int]e/s (     
*ildr5 are ov]:elm+ly ) ! concrete &    
imag9ative phases ( e subject1 & only   
second>ily ) g5]al tru?s & laws4  ,!    
latt] are ( great] conc]n to old] *ildr5
 & adults4  ,object lessons !re=e conta9
 a life-giv+ elem5t t %\ld ent] into e  
subject ( /udy4  ,nor %\ld ^! int]e/+1  
illu/rative object lessons be limit$ to 
! l[] grades4  ,!y conta9 ! combu/ible  
mat]ial ^u :i* an abid+ int]e/ 9 any    
subject is to be k9dl$4  ,!re are inde$ 
o!r & p]haps high] s\rces ( int]e/1 b !y
 are l>gely dep5d5t ^u ^! orig9al spr+s 
t fl[ f ! concrete beg9n+s4  ,9 ! second
 place1 object lessons supply a /ock (  
prim>y ideas :i* =m ! f\ndation ( all   
lat] progress 9 k4  ,?is is n a "q (    
int]e/ m]ely1 b ( und]/&+1 ( capacity to
 get at ! mean+ ( an idea4  ,concepts   
are n ! raw mat]ials ) :i* ! m9d works1 
b !y are elaborat$ out ( ! raw products 

furni%$ by ! s5ses & o!r =ms (          
intuition4  ,z clo? is manufactur$ out (
 ! raw cotton & wool produc$ on ! f>m or
 9 s\!rn fields1 s concepts are a       
manufactur$ article1 into ^: texture    
mat]ials previ\sly ga!r$ ent]4          
,concepts d n gr[ up directly f ! soil (
 ! m9d any m ?an ready-made clo?+ gr[s  
on bu%es or on ! backs ( ! we>]s4       
,concepts mu/ be made out ( /uff t is   
already 9 ! m9d1 z wool5 blankets are   
spun & wov5 out ( fleeces4  ,our pres5t 
cont5tion is t ! m9d %all be fill$ up ) 
! be/ quality ( raw /uff1 o!rwise !re w 
be defect & defici5cy 9 its lat]        
products4  ,! /uff out ( :i* concepts   
are built is drawn f ! v>i$ exp]i5ces ( 
life4  ,on acc\nt ( ?is intimate        
relation betwe5 ! realities ( life &    
s*ool /udies !y _c be sep>at$4  ,e      
bran*1 especially 9 elem5t>y /udies1 mu/
 be treat$ concretely & be built up out 
( s5se mat]ials4  ,e /udy has its       
concrete side1 its illu/rative mat]ials1
 its colors ( individual ?+s tak5 f     

life4  ,e /udy has likewise its m g5]al 
sci5tific tru?s & classifications4  ,!  
prime mi/ake 9 ne>ly all tea*+ & 9 !    
text-book me?od is 9 suppos+ t ! great  
tru?s are accessible 9 "s o!r way ?an   
?r\gh ! concrete mat]ials t lie prop]ly 
at ! entrance4  ,! text-books are full (
 ! ab/ractions & g5]al =mulae ( !       
sci5ces2 b !y c1 9 ! v nature ( ! case1 
deal only 9 a meag] way ) ! individual  
objects & facts ^u :i* k 9 diff]5t      
subjects is bas$4  ,?is necess>y defect 
9 a text-book me?od mu/ be made good by 
excursions1 by p]sonal obs]vation1 by a 
con/ant ref]5ce ( lessons to daily      
exp]i5ce outside ( s*ool1 by m direct   
/udy ( our surr\nd+s1 by ! tea*] p]fect+
 himself 9 ?is k9d ( k & 9 its skillful 
use4  ,!re 0 a curr5t belief at "o "t t 
object lessons %\ld =m a special /udy = 
a p>ticul> p]iod ( s*ool life1 namely1 !
 fir/ ye>s4  ,x 0 ?\ght t suffici5t     
s5se-mat]ials c\ld be collect$ 9 two or 
?ree ye>s to supply ! :ole s*ool        
curriculum4 ,b ?is ?\ght is n[ ab&on$4  

,*ildr5 9 ! e>li] grades may prop]ly    
sp5d m "t 9 object /udy ?an 9 lat]      
grades1 b !re is no "t 9 s*ool life :5  
we c af=d to cut loose f ! real _w4     
,!re is sc>cely a lesson 9 any subject t
 c n be cl>ifi$ & /r5g!n$ by call+ 9 !  
fre% exp]i5ces ( daily life4  ,!        
discussion ( ! concept & ( ! inductive  
process has %[n t concepts _c be f\nd at
 fir/ h&4  ,!re mu/ be obs]vation (     
diff]5t objects1 comp>ison1 & gr\p+ into
 a class4  ,a p]son :o has nev] se5 an  
elephant nor a picture ( "o1 c =m no    
adequate notion ( elephants 9 g5]al4    
,we c by no %ift disp5se ) !            
illu/rations4  ,! m ! memory is fill$ ) 
vivid pictures ( real ?+s1 ! m easy &   
rapid w be ! progress to g5]al tru?s4   
,n only are g5]al notions ( classes (   
objects 9 nature1 or ( p]sonal actions  
built up out ( p>ticul>s1 b ! g5]al laws
 & pr9ciples ( nature & ( human society 
mu/ be obs]v$ 9 real life to be         
und]/ood4  ,we %\ld h no fai? 9         
electricity if x 7 simply a sci5tific   

!ory1 if x _h n demon/rat$ its p[] ?r\gh
 mat]ial objects4  ,! idea ( cohesion   
w\ld nev] h be5 dream$ (1 if x _h n     
become necess>y to expla9 c]ta9 physical
 facts4  ,! sph]ical =m ( ! e>? 0 n     
accept$ by _m ev5 le>n$ m5 until sailors
 ) %ips _h gone ar\nd x4  ,political    
ideas ( popul> gov]nm5t :i* a few       
c5turies ago 7 reg>d$ z purely utopian  
are n[ accept$ z facts because !y h     
become matt]s ( common obs]vation4  ,!  
circulation ( ! blood rema9$ a secret = 
_m c5turies because ( ! difficulties (  
br++ x home to ! k ( ! s5ses4 ,^!       
examples w %[ h[ difficult x is to g    
beyond ! rea* ( s5se exp]i5ce4  ,ev5 ^? 
philosoph]s :o h tri$ to con/ruct !ories
 )\t ! safe f\ndation ( facts h labor$ =
 naught4 ,! m our ?\ght is *eck$ & guid$
 by nature's realities ! less dang] (   
inflation ) pret5d$ k4  ,bacon f\nd t 9 
?is t5d5cy to !orize loosely ^u a sl5d] 
basis ( facts 0 ! fundam5tal weakness ( 
anci5t philosophy4  ,nature if obs]v$ w 
reit]ate h] tru?s till !y become conv9c+

 v]ities1 :ile ! /udy ( words & books   
alone produces a quasi-k :i* (t5 mi/akes
 ! symbol = ! ?+4  ,hav+ ?is ?\ght 9    
m9d1 ,com5ius1 m ?an two & a half       
c5turies ago1 said1 ,x is c]ta9 t !re is
 no?+ 9 ! und]/&+ :i* has n be5         
previ\sly 9 ! s5ses1 & consequ5tly to   
ex]cise ! s5ses c>efully 9 discrim9at+ !
 diff]5ces ( natural objects is to lay !
 f\ndation ( all wisdom1 all eloqu5ce1 &
 ( all good & prud5t action4  ,! "r     
in/ruction ( y\? does n consi/ 9 cramm+ 
!m ) a mass ( words1 phrases1 s5t5ces1 &
 op9ions collect$ f au?ors4  ,9 ?is way 
! y\? are taught1 l ,aesop's cr[ 9 !    
fable1 to adorn !mselves ) /range       
fea!rs4  ,:y %\ld we n1 in/ead ( dead   
books1 op5 ! liv+ book ( nature8  ,n !  
%ad[s ( ?+s1 b ! ?+s !mselves1 :i* make 
an impression ^u ! s5ses & imag9ation1  
are to be br\ght be=e ! y\?4  ,!re has  
always be5 a /rong t5d5cy 9 ! s*ools to 
tea* words1 def9itions1 & rules )\t a   
suffici5t k ( ! objects & exp]i5ces (   
life t put mean+ into ^! ab/ractions4   

,! result is t all ! prom95t educational
 re=m]s h po9t$ly condemn$ ! practice ( 
le>n+ words1 names1 etc41 )\t a k ( !   
?+s signifi$4  ,! diff]5ce is l t betwe5
 le>n+ ! names ( a li/ ( p]sons at a    
reception1 & be+ pres5t to ent] into    
acqua9tance & conv]sation ) ! gue/s4 ,! 
(t-quot$ dictum ( ,kant is a laconic    
summ>y ( ?is argum5t4 ,g5]al notions    
7concepts7 )\t s5se-p]cepts are empty4  
,! g5]al def9ition ( composite fl[]s    
means little or no?+ to a *ild2 b aft] a
 famili> acqua9tance ) ! sunfl[]1       
d&elion1 ?i/le1 etc41 su* a g5]al       
/atem5t has a cle> mean+4  ,concepts )\t
 ! cont5t d]iv$ f objects are l a frame 
)\t a picture1 or a ci/]n )\t wat]4  ,! 
table is spread & ! di%es plac$1 b no   
refre%m5ts are suppli$4  ,hav+ complet$ 
! discussion ( intuition1 includ+ object
 lessons1 t is1 ! prep>atory /ep to !   
inductive process1 we rea* ! second1    
reflection & survey4  ,we are seek+ = a 
g5]al t]m t cov]s ! sev]al /eps 9 !     
latt] "p ( ! inductive process4  ,x     

includes comp>ison1 classification1 &   
ab/raction4  ,x may be discuss$ f !     
/&po9t ( association ( ideas1 &         
contributes directly to conc5tration4   
,we h 9 m9d1 *iefly1 t ?\ghtful habit   
:i* is n satisfi$ ) simply acquir+ a new
 fact or set ( ideas1 b is impell$ to   
trace !m out along _! v>i\s connections4
  ,we h to d n[ n ) ! acquisition b ) ! 
elaboration & assimilation ( k4  ,!     
acquisition ( k 9 ! ord9>y s5se is "o   
?+2 its elaboration 9 a full s5se sets  
up a /&>d ( progress :i* w put life into
 all s*ool "w & rea* f> beyond x1 & 9   
fact is limit$ only by ! individual     
capacity = ?\ght4  ,9 s*ool1 9 read+ &  
/udy1 we h be5 l>gely engag$ 9 acquir+ k
 on ! pr9ciple t k is p[]4  ,b no       
practical man ne$s to be told t mu*     
s-call$ s*ool k is n p[]4 ,facts :i* h  
be5 simply /or$ 9 ! memory are (t5 (    
little ready use4  ,x is l :eat 9 ! b91 
:i* mu/ fir/ pass ?r\gh ! mill & *ange  
its entire =m be=e x w p]=m its         
function4  ,facts1 9 ord] to become !   

p]sonal prop]ty ( ! own]1 mu/ be work$  
ov]1 sift$1 sort$1 classifi$1 &         
connect$4 ,! process ( elaborat+ &      
assimilat+ k is s important t x requires
 m "t & pa9s ?an ! fir/ labor (         
acquisition4  ,philosoph]s w admit ?is  
at once1 b x is h>d = u to break loose f
 ! traditions ( ! s*oolma/]s4  ,! m9d is
 n 9 all respects l a lumb]-y>d4  ,x is1
 to be sure1 a place = /or+ up k1 j z ! 
y>d is a deposit = lumb]4  ,b !re !     
analogy ceases & ! m9d beg9s to resemble
 m ! contractor & build]4  ,!re is      
plan+1 saw+1 & hamm]+2 ! mat]ials       
collect$ are prep>$1 fitt$1 & mortis$   
toge!r1 & a build+ fit = use beg9s to   
rise4  ,k also is = use1 & n prim>ily = 
/orage4  ,t simple acquisition &        
quantity ( k are n en\gh is illu/rat$ by
 ! analogy ( an army4  ,numb]s d n make 
an army1 b a rabble4  ,a g5]al fir/     
enli/s raw recruits1 drills & tra9s !m  
?r\gh a long p]iod1 & f9ally comb9es !m 
into an effective army4  ,_m ( our ideas
 :5 fir/ receiv$ are l disord]ly raw    

recruits4  ,!y ne$ to be discipl9$ into 
prop] action & to ready ob$i5ce4  ,9    
connection ) assimilation ! analogy     
betwe5 ! /oma* & ! m9d is ( /ill great] 
int]e/4  ,! food receiv$ into ! /oma* is
 tak5 up by ! organs ( dige/ion1        
assimilat$ & conv]t$ into blood4  ,!    
process1 h[ev]1 takes its c\rse )\t our 
consci\s ef=t or co-op]ation4  ,k       
likewise ent]s ! m9d1 b h[ f> w         
assimilation g on )\t consci\s ef=t8    
,if kept 9 a heal?y /ate ! organs (     
dige/ion are self active4  ,n s ! m9d4  
,ideas ent]+ ! m9d are n s easily       
assimilat$ z ! food mat]ials t ent] !   
/oma*4  ,a c[ *ews h] cud once1 b !     
ideas t ent] our m9ds may be drawn f _! 
receptacle 9 ! memory & work$ ov] aga9 &
 aga94  ,ideas h to be put side by side1
 sep>at$1 gr\p$1 & arrang$ into connect$
 s]ies4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 "s t5d5cy 9 ! 
m9d t[>d involunt>y assimilation1 b x   
greatly ne$s culture & tra9+4  ,_m p    
nev] rea* ! ?9k+ /age1 nev] le>n to     
survey & reflect4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! m9d to  

"w ov] & dige/ k %\ld receive ample     
culture 9 ! s*ools4  ,!re is a m5tal    
in]tia produc$ by pure memory ex]cise t 
is unfavorable to reflection4  ,x       
requires an extra ex]tion to arrange &  
organize facts ev5 aft] !y are acquir$4 
,b :5 ! habit ( reflection has be5      
inaugurat$ x adds mu* int]e/ & value to 
all m5tal acquisitions4  ,!re are also  
well-e/abli%$ pr9ciples :i* guide ! m9d 
9 elaborat+ its facts4  ,! laws ( !     
association ( ideas indicate cle>ly !   
natural tr5d ( m5tal elaboration4  ,!   
association ( ?+s because ( contiguity 9
 "t & place is ! simple/ mode4 ,!       
classification ( objects or activities  
on ! basis ( resemblance1 is ! second =m
 & t ^u :i* ! inductive process is      
pr9cipally f\nd$4  ,9 ! ?ird case       
objects & s]ies are easily reta9$ 9     
memory :5 ! relation ( cause & effect is
 p]ceiv$ betwe5 !m4  ,^! natural        
highways ( association1 especially !    
second & ?ird1 %\ld be frequ5tly travel$
 9 l9k+ ! facts ( s*ool /udy ) ea* o!r4 

,inde$ ! outcome ( a rational survey (  
an object or fact 9 its diff]5t         
relations is an association ( ideas :i* 
is "o ( ! be/ results ( /udy4 ,su*      
connections ( resemblance & diff]5ce or 
( cause & effect are abundant & int]e/+ 
9 ! natural sci5ces & physical          
geography1 also 9 hi/ory & languages4   
,! ,h]b>tians draw an important         
di/9ction betwe5 psy*ical & logical     
concepts or g5]al notions4  ,! psy*ical 
concept is work$ out naturally by a *ild
 or an adult z a result ( ! *ance       
exp]i5ces ( life4  ,x is usually a "w ( 
accid5t2 is incomplete1 faulty1 & (t5   
mislead+4  ,! logical concept1 on ! o!r 
h&1 is sci5tifically correct & complete4
  ,x includes all ! common *>act]i/ics (
 ! gr\p & excludes all t are n ess5tial4
  ,x is a product ( accurate & mature   
?9k+4  ,we all possess an abundance (   
psy*ical concepts drawn f ! miscellane\s
 exp]i5ces ( life4  ,x is a l>ge %>e ( !
 s*ool "w1 z we h se51 to develop       
logical concepts out ( ^! immature &    

faulty psy*ical concepts4  ,a *ild is   
dispos$ to call tadpoles fi%es2 & lat]  
porpoises & :ales are faultily class$ ) 
! fi%es 9 ! same way4  ,ne>ly all our   
psy*ical concepts are subject to su*    
loose & faulty judgm5ts4  ,ev5 :]e "o is
 accurate 9 8 obs]vations1 ! conclusions
 naturally drawn are (t5 wrong4  ,=     
example1 a *ild t has se5 none b r$     
squirrels w\ld naturally ?9k all        
squirrels r$1 & include ! quality r$ 9 8
 g5]al notion4  ,mo/ ( our empirically  
d]iv$ g5]al notions are spott$ ) su*    
defects4  ,:at relation h ^! facts to   
induction8  ,we claim t g5]al notions   
%\ld be exp]im5tally =m$2 t is1 by a    
gradual collection ( concrete or        
illu/rative mat]ials1 & t ! logical     
concepts are ! f9al outcome ( comp>ison 
& reason+ t[>d conclusions4  ,9 o!r     
words1 we mu/ beg9 ) psy*ical concepts )
 all _! faults2 we mu/ make mi/akes &   
correct !m z our exp]i5ce enl>ges1 &    
gradually "w out ( psy*ical into logical
 me?ods & results4  ,our text-books     

usually give u ! logical concept fir/1 !
 rule1 def9ition1 pr9ciple1 9 its mo/   
complete & accurate /atem5t4  ,?is does 
viol5ce to ! *ild's natural m5tal       
movem5t4  ,! f9al /age ( induction is ! 
=mulation ( ! g5]al tru?s1 ! concepts1  
pr9ciples1 & laws :i* con/itute ! sci5ce
 ( any bran* ( k4  ,^! tru?s %\ld be    
well =mulat$ 9 cle> & expressive        
language & ma/]$ 9 ?is =m4  ,moreov]1 ! 
results rea*$1 :5 r$uc$ to ! /rict      
sci5tific =m1 are ! same 9 ! inductive  
me?ods z 9 ! d$uctive or common         
text-book me?od4  ,n t ! effect on ! m9d
 ( ! le>n] is ! same b ! body ( tru? is 
unalt]$4  ,! g5]al tru?s ( e subject c  
be easily f\nd well arrang$ 9           
text-books4  ,b we are m anxi\s to "k h[
 ! y\? may be/ approa* & appreciate ^!  
tru?s ?an simply to see !m /or$ 9 ! m9d 
9 a well-classifi$ =m4  ,a ri* man 9    
leav+ a =tune to 8 son w\ld m ?an d\ble 
! value ( ! inh]itance if he c\ld tea*  
him prop]ly to appreciate weal? & =m 9  
him ! disposition & ability to use x    

wisely4 ,9 ! same way ! be/ "p ( k is n 
simply its possession1 b an appreciation
 ( its value4  ,! me?od ( rea*+         
sci5tific k ?r\gh ! inductive process1 t
 is by ! collection & comp>ison ( data )
 a view to positive insight1 w give     
great] mean+ to ! results4  ,int]e/ is  
awak5$ & self-activity ex]cis$ at e /ep 
9 ! progress t[>d g5]al tru?s4  ,by !   
reflective habit ^! tru?s w be se5 9 _! 
orig9 & causal connection1 & ! l9e (    
simil>ity1 contra/1 causal relation1    
analogy & co9cid5ce w be ?\ghtfully     
trac$4  ,possibly ! progress t[>d       
=mulat$ k w be less rapid by induction1 
b x w be real progress ) no backw>d     
/eps4  ,x may well be d\bt$ :e!r1 )     
av]age m9ds1 real sci5tific k is        
atta9able except by a /rong admixture ( 
inductive processes4 ,p]fection 9 ! =m &
 /ructure ( our concepts is n to be     
atta9$ by *ildr5 nor by adults1 b !     
ideal ( sci5tific accuracy 9 g5]al      
notions is to be kept con/antly 9 view &
 approximat$ to ! ext5t ( our ability4  

,aft] all1 d$uction p]=ms a mu* m       
important "p 9 ! "w ( build+ up concepts
 ?an ! previ\s discussion w\ld indicate4
 ,z fa/ z psy*ical concepts are =m$ we  
clamb] ^u !m & try to get a bett] view (
 ! field ar\nd u4  ,l captur$ guns1 we  
turn !m at once ^u ! enemy & make !m    
p]=m s]vice 9 new fields ( conque/4  ,if
 a new case or object appe>s we judge ( 
x 9 ! light ( our acquir$ concepts1 no  
matt] :e!r !y are complete & accurate or
 n4  ,?is is d$uction4  ,we are glad to 
ga9 any vantage gr\nd 9 judg+ ! objects 
& ph5om5a con/antly pres5t+ !mselves4   
,9 fact1 x is inevitable t inductive &  
d$uctive processes w be con/antly       
dovetail$ into ea* o!r4  ,! faulty      
concepts arriv$ at are br\ght p]si/5tly 
into contact ) new individual cases4    
,!y are ?us correct$1 enl>g$1 & m       
accurately grasp$4  ,?is is ! s]ies (   
m5tal /epp+-/ones t leads up gradually  
to logical concepts4  ,! inductive      
process is ! fundam5tal "o & d$uction   
comes 9 at e /ep to brace x up4 ,?is is 

only ano!r illu/ration t m5tal processes
 are intimately int]wov51 &1 except 9   
?\ght1 n to be sep>at$4  ,9 ! discussion
 ( app]ception 9 ! foll[+ *apt] we %all 
see t1 9 ! process ( ga9+ k1 our acquir$
 ideas & concepts play a mo/ important  
role4  ,!y are really ! *ief assimilat+ 
ag5cies4  ,b 9 spite ( all ?is we %all  
sc>cely be l$ aga9 to ! /&po9t t logical
 or sci5tific concepts %\ld be ! />t+   
po9t 9 ! /udy ( any subject4    #a      
,intuition is popul>ly us$ 9 a s5se     
diff]5t f ! above4 ,we are 9 ne$ ( a ^w 
:i* has ! same mean+ z ! ,g]man ^w1     
,ans*auung1 = :i* !re is no popul>      
equival5t 9 ,engli%4 ,intuition1 z def9$
 by ,web/]1 is ne>ly ! same3 direct     
appreh5sion1 or cognition2 imm$iate k1 z
 9 p]ception or consci\sness4  ,= a     
discussion ( ?is t]m1 see ,quick's      
,educational ,re=m]s1 p4 #cfa1          
,appleton's edition4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4  
,,app]ception4  ,we h n[ to deal ) a    
pr9ciple ( p$agogy ^u :i* all ! lead+   
ideas ?us f> discuss$ l>gely dep5d = _! 

realization4 ,int]e/1 conc5tration1 &   
induction set up requirem5ts relative to
 ! matt]1 _s & me?od ( s*ool /udies4    
,app]ception is a practical pr9ciple1   
ob$i5ce to :i* w contribute daily &     
h\rly to mak+ real 9 s*ool ex]cises !   
ideas ( int]e/1 conc5tration &          
induction4  ,we obs]ve 9 pass+ t !      
important pr9ciples already discuss$ /& 
9 close mutual relation & dep5d5ce4     
,int]e/ aids conc5tration by br++ all   
k9ds ( k into close t\* ) ! feel+s4     
,int]e/ puts inc5tives into e k9d (     
in=mation s z to ar\se ! w1 :i*1 9 turn1
 unifies & controls ! m5tal actions4  ,b
 conc5tration has a reflex influ5ce ^u  
int]e/1 because unity & consci\s ma/]y  
give add$ pleasure to k4  ,! culture    
epo*s are expect$ to contribute p[]fully
 to bo? conc5tration & int]e/2 to ! =m] 
by supply+ a s]ies ( rally+-po9ts =     
educative ef=t1 to ! latt] by furni%+   
matt] suit$ to int]e/ *ildr54           
,induction is a natural me?od ( acquir+ 
& unify+ k 9 an int]e/+ way4            

,app]ception1 9 turn1 is a pr9ciple (   
m5tal action :i* puts life & int]e/ into
 inductive & conc5trat+ processes4  ,e  
h\r ( s*ool labor illu/rates ! value (  
app]ception & tea*]s %\ld f9d 9 x a     
con/ant antidote to faulty me?ods4      
,app]ception may be r\ghly def9$ at fir/
 z ! process ( acquir+ new ideas by !   
aid ( old ideas already 9 ! m9d4  ,x    
makes ! acquisition ( new k easi] &     
quick]4  ,n t !re is any easy road to   
le>n+1 b !re is a natural process :i*   
greatly accel]ates ! progress (         
acquisition1 j z x is bett] to foll[ a  
highway ov] a r\gh c\ntry ?an to betake 
"o's self to ! /umps & bru%4  ,=        
example1 if "o is famili> ) pea*es1     
apricots w be quickly und]/ood z a k9dr$
 k9d ( fruit1 ev5 ?\gh a little /range4 
,a p]son :o is famili> ) electrical     
ma*9]y w easily int]pret ! mean+ &      
purpose ( e "p ( a new electrical plant4
  ,"o may p]ceive a new object )\t      
und]/&+ x1 b to app]ceive x is to       
int]pret its mean+ by ! aid ( simil>    

famili> notions4  ,if "o exam9es a      
typewrit] = ! fir/ "t1 x w take "s pa9s 
& ef=t to und]/& its con/ruction & use2 
b aft] exam9+ a ,rem+ton1 ano!r k9d w be
 m easily und]/ood1 because ! pr9ciple (
 ! fir/ int]prets t ( ! second4 ,suppose
 ! ,/eppes ( ,russia are m5tion$ = !    
fir/ "t to a class4  ,! ^w has little or
 no mean+ or p]haps sugge/s errone\sly a
 succession ( /airs4  ,b we rem>k t !   
/eppes are l ! prairies & pla9s to ! we/
 ( ! ,mississippi riv]1 cov]$ ) grass & 
f$ on by h]ds4  ,by awak5+ a famili>    
notion already 9 ! m9d & br++ x di/9ctly
 to ! front1 ! new ?+ is easily         
und]/ood4  ,aga91 a boy goes to t[n &   
sees a banana = ! fir/ "t1 & asks1 ,:at 
is t8  ,i nev] saw any?+ l t4  ,he ?9ks 
he has no class ( ?+s to :i* x belongs1 
no place to put x4  ,8 fa!r answ]s t x  
is to eat l an orange or a pe>1 & its   
significance is at once pla9 by !       
ref]5ce to some?+ famili>4  ,aga91 two  
m51 ! "o a ma*9i/ & ! o!r an obs]v]     
unskill$ 9 ma*9es1 visit ! ma*9]y hall (

 an exposition4  ,! ma*9i/ obs]ves a new
 inv5tion & f9ds 9 x a new application (
 an old pr9ciple4  ,z he passes along f 
"o ma*9e to ano!r he is mu* int]e/$ 9   
not+ new devices & novel appliances & at
 ! end ( an h\r he leaves ! hall ) a m9d
 enri*$4  ,! o!r obs]v] sees ! same     
ma*9es & _! p>ts1 b does n detect !     
pr9ciple ( _! con/ruction4  ,8 previ\s k
 ( ma*9es is n suffici5t to give him !  
clue to _! explanation4 ,aft] an h\r (  
un9t]e/$ obs]vation he leaves ! hall ) a
 confus$ notion ( %afts1 :eels1 cogs1   
b&s1 etc41 b ) no great] insight into ! 
pr9ciples ( ma*9]y4  ,:y has "o man     
le>n$ s mu* & ! o!r no?+8  ,because !   
ma*9i/'s previ\s exp]i5ce s]v$ z an     
int]pret] & expla9$ ^! new contrivances1
 :ile ! o!r _h no suffici5t previ\s k & 
s acquir$ no?+ new4  ,to him t ha? %all 
be giv54  ,9 ! act ( app]ception ! old  
ideas dwell+ 9 ! m9d are n to be reg>d$ 
z dead treasures /or$ away & only       
occasionally drawn out & us$ by a       
purpos$ ef=t ( ! memory1 b !y are liv+  

=ces :i* h ! active p[] ( seiz+ &       
appropriat+ new ideas4  ,laz>us says !y 
/& l well-arm$ m5 9 ! inn] /ronghold ( !
 m9d ready to sally =? & ov]come or make
 s]viceable :atev] %[s itself at !      
portals ( s5se4  ,x is !n ?r\gh ! active
 aid ( famili> ideas t new ?+s f9d an   
introduction to s\l life4  ,if old      
fri5ds g out to meet ! /rang]s & welcome
 !m1 !re w be an easy entrance & a quick
 adoption into ! new home4  ,b frequ5tly
 ^! old fri5ds :o /& 9 ! backgr\nd ( our
 ?\ghts mu/ be awak5$ & call$ to !      
front4  ,!y mu/ /& z x 7 on tiptoe ready
 to welcome ! /rang]4  ,= if !y lie     
asleep 9 ! p5etralia ( ! home ! new     
com]s may approa* & pass by = lack ( a  
welcome4  ,x is (t5 necess>y1 !re=e1 = !
 tea*] to revive old impressions1 to    
call up previ\sly acquir$ k & to put x 9
 read9ess to receive & welcome ! new4 ,!
 success ) :i* ?is is done is (t5 !     
diff]5ce betwe5 good & poor tea*+4  ,we 
might suppose t :5 two p]sons look at ! 
same object !y w\ld get ! same          

impression1 b ?is is n true at all4     
,:]e "o p]son fa9ts ) fright or emotion 
ano!r sees no?+ to be di/urb$ at4  ,two 
travel]s come 9 sight ( an old home/ead4
  ,to "o x is an object ( absorb+ int]e/
 z ! home ( 8 *ildhood2 to ! o!r x is   
mu* l any o!r old f>m h\se4  ,:at is !  
cause ( ?is diff]5ce8  ,n ! h\se4  ,x is
 ! same 9 bo? cases4  ,x is rem>kable h[
 mu* color is giv5 to e idea t ent]s    
into ! m9d by ! ideas already !re4  ,"s 
visitors at ! ,_w's ,fair c tell almo/  
at a glance to :at /ates _m ( ! build+s 
belong2 o!r visitors mu/ /udy ?is out on
 ! maps & notices4 ,"o :o is famili> ) !
 hi/ory1 ar*itecture1 & products ( !    
diff]5t /ates is able to classify _m ( !
 build+s ) ease4 ,8 previ\s k ( ^! /ates
 int]prets _! build+s4  ,mt4 ,v]non     
naturally belongs to ,virg9ia1          
,indep5d5ce ,hall to ,p5nsylvania1 ,john
 ,hancock's h\se to ,massa*usetts4  ,9 a
 /ill m /rik+ mann]1 a k ( =eign        
c\ntries enables ! obs]v] to classify   
su* build+s z ! ,fr5*1 ! ,g]man1 !      

,sw$i%1 ! ,japanese1 etc4  ,aga91 9     
view+ any exhibit our enjoym5t &        
appreciation dep5d almo/ entirely ^u our
 previ\s k1 n ^u our eye-sight or our   
physical endurance4  ,_m objects ( !    
greate/ value we pass by ) an indiff]5t 
glance because our previ\s k is n       
suffici5t to give u _! mean+4  ,if a dry
 goods m]*ant1 a horse jockey1 & an     
ar*itect pass d[n a city /reet toge!r1  
:at w ea* obs]ve8  ,! m]*ant notices all
 ! dry goods /ores1 _! displays1 & _!   
favorable or unfavorable location4  ,!  
jockey sees e horse & equipage2 he =ms a
 quiet b quick judgm5t ^u e pass+       
animal4  ,! ar*itect sees ! build+s &   
/yle ( con/ruction4  ,if 9 ! ev5+ ea* is
 call$ ^u to give 8 obs]vations = ! day1
 ! jockey talks ( horses & describes "s 
( ! be/ specim5s 9 detail2 ! m]*ant     
speaks ( /ore-fronts & m]*&ise2 !       
ar*itect is full ( elevations ( /rik+ or
 curi\s build+s4  ,! ar*itect & m]*ant  
rememb] no?+1 p]haps1 ab\t ! horses2 !  
jockey no?+ ( /ores or build+s4  ,?ree p

 may occupy ! same pew 9 a *ur*2 ! "o c 
tell y all ab\t ! music1 ! second ! good
 po9ts 9 ! s]mon1 & ! ?ird ! /yle &     
becom+ness ( ! bonnets & dresses4  ,ea* 
"o sees :at he has 9 8 own m9d4  ,a     
tea*] describes ,yosemite ,valley to a  
geography class4  ,"s ( ! *ildr5        
con/ruct a m5tal picture ( a gorge )    
/eep m\nta9 sides1 b no two pictures are
 alike2 "s h m5tal pictures t resemble  
no?+ 9 heav5 above or e>? bel[2 "s h    
con/ruct$----no?+ at all6 only ! e*o ( a
 few spok5 words4  ,if ! tea*]1 at !    
close ( h] description1 c\ld h ! m5tal  
/ate ( ea* *ild photograph$ on !        
blackbo>d ( h] s*oolroom %e w\ld be 9   
m5tal di/ress4  ,9 pres5t+ su* topics to
 *ildr51 mu* dep5ds ^u ! previ\s cont5t 
( _! m9ds1 ^u ! colors out ( :i* !y pa9t
 ! pictures4  ,we are n[ prep>$ = a m   
accurate def9ition ( app]ception4 ,!    
trans=mation ( a new] 7weak]7 concept by
 means ( an old] "o surpass+ ! =m] 9 p[]
 & inn] organization be>s ! "n (        
app]ception1 9 contra/ to ! unalt]$     

reception ( ! same p]ception4  7,l9dn]'s
 ,psy*ol4 p4 #abd1 trans4 by ,de ,g>mo47
 ,l9dn] rem>ks fur!r1 ,app]ception is ! 
reaction ( ! old aga9/ ! new--9 x is    
reveal$ ! prepond]ance :i* ! old]1      
firm]1 & m self-conta9$ concept gr\ps h 
9 contra/ to ! concepts :i* h j ent]$   
consci\sness4  ,aga91 ,x is a k9d (     
process ( cond5sation ( ?\ght & br+s    
into ! m5tal life a c]ta9 /ability &    
firmness1 9 t x subord9ates new to old] 
impressions1 puts ev]y?+ 9 its "r place 
& 9 its "r relation to ! :ole1 & 9 ?is  
way works at t organic =mation ( our    
consci\sness :i* we call culture4       
7,l9dn] p4 #abf47 ,app]ception may be   
def9$ z t int]action betwe5 two simil>  
ideas or ?\ght-complexes 9 ! c\rse ( :i*
 ! weak]1 unorganiz$1 isolat$ idea or   
?\ght-complex is incorporat$ into !     
ri*]1 bett] dige/$1 & m firmly compact$ 
"o4  7,lange1 ,app]ception1 p4 #ac47    
,(t5times1 !re=e1 old] ideas or ?\ght   
masses1 be+ cle>1 /rong1 & well-dige/$  
receive a new impression to modify &    

appropriate x4  ,?is is especially true 
:]e op9ions h be5 c>efully =m$ aft]     
?\ght & delib]ation4  ,a well-tra9$     
political economi/1 = example1 :5       
approa*+ a new !ory or pres5tation ( x  
by a ,george or ,bellamy1 meets x ) all 
! res\rces ( a well-/or$1 ?\ghtful m9d2 
& admits x1 if at all1 9 a modifi$ =m to
 8 sy/em ( ?\ght4  ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a 
new !ory1 :i* /rikes ! m9d ) great      
cle>ness & vigor1 is able to make a     
p[]ful assault ^u previ\s op9ions1 &    
p]haps modify or ov]turn !m4  ,?is is ! 
m apt to be ! case if "o's previ\s ideas
 h be5 weak & undecid$4  ,9 ! int]action
 betwe5 ! old & new ! latt] !n become ! 
app]ceiv+ =ces4 ,^u ! untra9$ or        
poorly-equipp$ m9d a /rong argum5t has a
 m decisive effect ?an x may ju/ly      
des]ve4  ,z we notic$ above1 new ideas1 
especially ^? com+ directly ?r\gh !     
s5ses1 are (t5 m vivid & attractive ?an 
simil> old ones4  ,= ?is reason !y      
usually occupy great] att5tion &        
prom95ce at fir/ ?an lat]1 :5 ! old     

ideas h begun to revive & reass]t       
!mselves4  ,old ideas usually h !       
advantage ov] ! new 9 be+ bett]         
organiz$1 m closely connect$ 9 s]ies &  
gr\ps2 & hav+ be5 (t5 repeat$1 !y       
acquire a c]ta9 p]man5t asc5d5cy 9 !    
?\ghts4  ,9 ?is int]action betwe5 simil>
 notions1 old & new1 ! diff]5ces at fir/
 arre/ att5tion1 !n gradually s9k into !
 backgr\nd1 :ile ! /rong] po9ts (       
resemblance beg9 to monopolize ! ?\ght &
 b9d ! notions into a unity4  ,! use (  
famili> notions 9 acquir+ an insight    
into new ?+s is a natural t5d5cy or     
drift ( ! m9d4  ,z soon z we see some?+ 
new & desire to und]/& x1 at once we    
involunt>ily beg9 to ransack our old    
/ock ( ideas to discov] any?+ 9 our     
previ\s exp]i5ce :i* corresponds to ?is 
or is l x4  ,= :atev] is l x or has an  
analogy to x1 or s]ves ! same uses1 w   
expla9 ?is new ?+1 ?\gh ! two objects be
 9 o!r po9ts ess5tially diff]5t4  ,we   
are1 9 %ort1 con/antly fall+ back ^u our
 old exp]i5ces & classifications = !    

explanation ( new objects t appe> to u4 
,s f> is ?is true t ! mo/ ord9>y ?+s c  
only be expla9$ 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce4   
,:5 ,john ,smi? wrote a note to 8       
companions at ,jame/[n1 & ?us           
communicat$ 8 desires to !m1 x 0        
un9telligible to ! ,indians4  ,!y _h no 
k ( writ+ & look$ on ! m>ks z magical4  
,:5 ,columbus' %ips fir/ appe>$ on ! co/
 ( ! new _w1 ! natives look$ ^u !m z    
great birds4  ,!y _h nev] se5 l>ge sail+
 vessels4  ,to v>y ! illu/ration1 ! art 
( read+1 s easy to a /ud5t1 is !        
accumulat$ result ( a long collection ( 
k & exp]i5ce4 ,!re is an unconsci\s     
employm5t ( app]ception 9 ! practical   
affairs ( life t is ( int]e/4  ,we (t5  
see a p]son at a di/ance & by "s slight 
*>act]i/ic ( motion1 =m1 or dress1      
recognize him at once4  ,f ?is slight   
trace we picture to ourselves ! p]son 9 
full & say we saw him 9 ! /reet4  ,sitt+
 9 my room at ev5+ ,i he> ! regul>      
pass5g] tra9 come 94  ,! noise alone    
sugge/s ! eng9e1 c>s1 conductor1        

pass5g]s1 & all ! tra9 complete4  ,z a  
matt] ( fact ,i saw no?+ at all b h be=e
 my m9d ! :ole picture4  ,on ,sunday    
morn+ ,i see "s "o ent] a famili> *ur*  
door1 & go+ on my way ! :ole picture (  
*ur*1 congregation1 pa/or1 music & s]mon
 come di/9ctly to my m9d4  ,only a pass+
 glance at "o p]son ent]+ sugge/s ! :ole
 sc5e4  ,9 look+ at a v>i$ l&scape we   
see _m ?+s :i* ! s5su\s eye alone w\ld n
 detect1 di/ances1 p]spective & relative
 size1 position & nature ( objects4     
,?is app]ceptive p[] is ( va/ importance
 9 practical life z x leads to quick    
judgm5t & action1 :5 p]sonal exam9ations
 into details w\ld be impossible4  ,9   
app]ception we nev] pass f ! kn[n to ?+s
 :i* are entirely new4  ,absolutely new 
k is ga9$ by p]ception or intuition4    
,:5 an old] p]son meets ) some?+ totally
 new1 he ei!r does n notice x or x      
/agg]s him4  ,app]ception does n take   
place4  ,9 _m cases we are di/urb$ or   
fright5$1 z *ildr51 by "s new or sudd5  
noise or object4  ,b mo/ s-call$ new ?+s

 be> suffici5t resemblance to ?+s se5   
be=e to admit ( explanation4  ,/range z 
! sights ( a ,*9ese city might appe>1 we
 %\ld /ill "k t we 7 9 a city4  ,9 mo/  
new objects ( obs]vation or /udy1 !     
famili> p>ts greatly prepond]ate ov] !  
unfamili>4  ,9 a new read+ lesson1 =    
example1 mo/ ( ! words & ideas are well 
kn[n1 only an occasional ^w requires    
explanation & t by us+ famili>          
illu/rations4  ,! flood ( our famili> & 
(t-repeat$ ideas sweeps on l a great    
riv]1 receiv+ "h & !re f ei!r side a    
tribut>y /ream1 t is swall[$ up 9 its   
wat]s )\t p]ceptible increase4  ,s /rong
 is ! app]ceiv+ =ce ( famili> notions t 
!y drag f>-di/ant sc5es 9 geography &   
hi/ory into ! home neighborhood & locate
 !m !re4  ,! imag9ation works 9         
conjunction ) ! app]ceiv+ faculty &     
con/ructs real pictures4  ,*ildr5 are   
o!rwise incl9$ to sub/itute "o ?+ =     
ano!r by imag9ation4 ,) boys & girls1   
geographical objects ab\t home are (t5  
conv]t$ by fancy into repres5tatives (  

di/ant places4  ,x is relat$ ( ,byron t 
:ile read+ 9 *ildhood ! /ory ( ! ,trojan
 w>1 he localiz$ all ! places 9 ! region
 ( 8 home4  ,an old hill & ca/le look+  
t[>d ! pla9 & ! sea 7 8 ,troy4 ,! /ream 
fl[+ ?r\gh ! pla9 0 ! ,simois4  ,!      
places ( fam\s conflicts betwe5 !       
,trojans & ,greeks 7 locat$4  ,s vivid 7
 ! pictures :i* ^! home sc5es gave to ! 
*ild1 t ye>s lat] 9 visit+ ,asia ,m9or &
 ! sight ( ! real ,troy1 he 0 n s deeply
 impress$ z 9 8 boyhood4  ,a ,g]man     
pr(essor relates t he & 8 companions1   
:ile read+ ! ,indian /ories ( ,coop]1   
locat$ ! important sc5es 9 ! hills &    
valleys ab\t ,eis5a* 9 ! ,?ur+ian       
m\nta9s4  ,_m o!r illu/rations ( ! same 
imag9ative t5d5cy to sub/itute home     
objects = =eign ones are giv54  ,b :e!r 
or n ?is exp]i5ce is true ( u all1 x is 
c]ta9 t we c =m no idea ( =eign places &
 ev5ts except z we con/ruct ! pictures  
out ( ! fragm5ts ( ?+s t we h kn[n4     
,:at we h se5 ( riv]s1 l&s1 & cities mu/
 =m ! mat]ials = pictur+ to ourselves   

di/ant places4  ,s9ce ! old ideas h s   
mu* to d ) ! prop] reception ( ! new1   
let u exam9e m closely ! int]action ( ! 
two4  ,if a new idea drops into ! m9d1 l
 a /one ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 x        
produces a commotion4  ,x acts z a      
/imulus or wak5] to ! old ideas sleep+  
b5ea? ! surface4  ,x draws !m up above !
 surface-level2 t is1 into consci\sness4
  ,b :at ideas are ?us di/urb$8  ,!re   
are ?\s&s ( ^! lat5t ideas1 embryonic   
?\ghts1 b5ea? ! surface4  ,^? :i*       
possess suffici5t k9%ip to ?is new-com] 
to he> 8 call1 respond4  ,= 9 ! m9d     
birds ( a fea!r flock toge!r4  ,ideas & 
?\ghts :i* resemble ! new "o answ]1 !   
o!rs sleep on undi/urb$1 except a few :o
 are s intimately associat$ ) ^! k9sm5 z
 to be di/urb$ :5 !y are di/urb$4  ,or1 
to /ate x diff]5tly1 c]ta9 ?\ght-gr\ps  
or complexes1 :i* conta9 elem5ts k9dr$  
to ! new notion1 are agitat$ & rais$    
into consci\s ?\ght4  ,!y seem to       
respond to _! names4  ,! new idea may   
cont9ue = "s "t to /imulate & agitate4  

,!re appe>s to be a sort ( telegraphic  
inquiry ?r\gh ! regions ( ! m9d to f9d  
out :]e ! k9dr$ dwell4  ,! di/ant       
relatives & /rang]s 7! unrelat$ or      
uns]viceable ideas7 soon discov] t !y h 
respond$ to ! wrong call & drop back to 
sleep aga94  ,b ! real k9dr$ wake up m &
 m4  ,!y come =w>d to inspect ! new-com]
 & to exam9e 8 cr$5tials4  ,soon he f9ds
 t he is surr\nd$ by inquisitive fri5ds 
& relatives4 ,!y ?reat5 ev5 to take     
possession ( him4  ,up to ?is po9t ! new
 idea has tak5 ! lead1 he has be5 !     
aggressor4  ,b n[ is ! "t = ! awak5$    
k9dr$ ideas to assume control & lead !  
/rang] captive1 to br+ him 9 among      
!mselves & give him 8 appropriate place 
& importance4  ,! old body ( ideas1 :5  
once set 9 motion1 is m p[]ful ?an any  
s+le-h&$ /rang] :o happ5s to fall into  
_! company4  ,! outcome is t ! /rang]1  
:o at fir/ seem$ to be produc+ su* a    
s5sation1 n[ discov]s t /rong arms are  
ab\t him & he is c>ri$ captive by       
vigor\s fri5ds4  ,new ideas :5 fir/     

ent]+ ! m9d are v /rong1 &1 if !y come  
?r\gh ! s5ses1 are especially ri* 9 !   
color & vigor ( real life4  ,!y !re=e   
absorb ! att5tion at fir/ & seem to     
monopolize ! m5tal en]gies2 b ! old]    
?\ght masses1 :5 fully ar\s$1 are bett] 
organiz$1 m firmly root$ 9 habit1 &     
possess mu* wid] connections4  ,!y are  
almo/ c]ta91 !re=e1 to app]ceive ! new  
idea2 t is1 to conqu] & subdue x1 to    
make x tribut>y to _! p[]4  ,let u      
exam9e m closely ! effect ( ! process ( 
app]ception ^u ! new & old ideas t are  
br\ght 9 contact4  ,fir/1 obs]ve !      
effect ^u ! new3 ,_m an idea :i* is n   
/rong en\gh 9 itself to make a la/+     
impression1 ^u ! m9d w\ld quickly fade  
out & be =gott5 7 x n t 9 ?is process ! 
old ideas ?r[ x into a cle> light1 give 
x m mean+1 associate x closely )        
!mselves1 & ?us save x4  ,two p]sons    
look at ! sword ( ,wa%+ton2 "o exam9es x
 ) deep int]e/1 ! o!r sc>cely gives x a 
second glance4  ,! "o rememb]s x = life1
 ! o!r =gets x 9 an h\r4  ,! s5se       

p]ception 0 ! same 9 bo? p]sons at fir/1
 b ! reception giv5 to ! idea by "o     
conv]ts x into a la/+ treasure4  ,a     
little lamp-black1 roll$ up betwe5 f+] &
 ?umb1 sugge/$ to ,edison 8 c>bon po9ts 
= ! electric light4  ,a piece (         
lamp-black w\ld produce no su* effect 9 
mo/ peoples m9ds4  ,! diff]5ce is 9 !   
reception accord$ to an idea4  ,! mean+ 
& importance ( an idea or ev5t dep5d ^u 
! int]pretation put ^u x by our previ\s 
exp]i5ce4  ,_m a weak1 obscure1 & fleet+
 p]ception w\ld pass almo/ unnotic$ into
 obscurity1 did n ! additional activity 
( app]ception hold x fa/ 9 consci\sness4
  ,?is %>p5s ! s5ses1 i4e41 x gives to !
 organs ( s5se a great] degree ( en]gy1 
s t ! wat*+ eye n[ sees1 & ! li/5+ e> n[
 he>s1 t :i* ord9>ily w\ld pass         
unnotic$4  ,! ev5ts ( app]ception give  
to ! s5ses a peculi> ke5ness1 :i*       
und]lies ! skill ( ! money-*ang] 9      
detect+ a c\nt]feit among a ?\s&        
bank-notes1 not)/&+ its deceptive       
simil>ity2 ( ! jewel] :o m>ks !         

slighte/1 app>5tly imp]ceptible1 flaw 9 
an ornam5t2 ( ! physici/ :o p]ceives    
di/9ctly ! ov]tones ( a vibrat+ /r+4    
,accord+ to ?is we see & he> n only ) ! 
eye & e>1 b q z mu* ) ! help ( our      
pres5t k1 ) ! app]ceiv+ cont5t ( ! m9d4 
7,app]ception1 ,lange1 ,de ,g>mo1 p4    
#ba47  ,"s ev5 intellig5t & s5sible p c 
walk ?r\gh ,we/m9/] ,abbey & see no?+ b 
a curi\s old *ur* ) a few graves &      
monum5ts4  ,to a p]son well-v]s$ 9      
,engli% hi/ory & lit]ature x is a %r9e (
 poets1 a temple ( h]oes1 ! common      
re/+-place ( /atesm5 & k+s4  ,secondly1 
:at is ! effect on ! old ideas8  ,e idea
 t newly ent]s ! m9d produces *anges 9 !
 old] gr\ps & s]ies ( ?\ght4  ,any "o   
new idea may cause b slight *anges1 b ! 
con/ant influx ( new exp]i5ces works    
/eadily at a modification & re>rangem5t 
( our previ\s /ores ( ?\ght4  ,faulty & 
incomplete gr\ps & concepts are correct$
 or enl>g$2 t is1 *ang$ f psy*ical into 
logical notions4  ,*ildr5 are surpris$  
to f9d little fl[]s on ! oaks1 maples1  

walnuts1 & o!r l>ge =e/ trees4  ,on     
acc\nt ( ! small size ( ! blossoms1     
h]et(ore unnotic$1 !y _h n ?\ght ( !    
great trees z belong+ to ! fl[]+ plants4
  ,_! notion ( fl[]+ plants is1 !re=e1  
greatly enl>g$ by a few new obs]vations4
  ,! bats fly+ ab\t 9 ! twilight h be5  
reg>d$ z birds2 b a clos] inspection %[s
 t !y belong to ano!r class1 & ! notion 
bird mu/ be limit$4 ,z already obs]v$ 9 
! discussion ( induction1 mo/ ( our     
psy*ical notions are ?us faulty &       
incomplete2 e4g41 ! ideas fruit1 fi%1   
/>1 insect1 m9]al1 %ip1 *ur*1 clock1    
dog1 kit*51 libr>y1 lawy]1 city1 etc4   
,our notions ( ^! & ( hundr$s ( o!r su* 
classes are at fir/ bo? incomplete &    
faulty4  ,! infl[ ( new ideas con/antly 
modifies !m1 ext5d+1 limit+1 expla9+1 & 
correct+ our previ\s concepts4          
,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a s+le new ?\ght may 
h wide-rea*+ effects2 x may ev5         
revolutionize "o's previ\s modes ( ?9k+ 
& reorganize "o's activities ab\t a new 
c5t]4  ,) ,lu!r1 = in/ance1 ! idea (    

ju/ification by fai? 0 su* a new & pot5t
 =ce1 break+ up & re>rang+ 8 old =ms (  
?\ght4  ,/4 ,paul's vision on ! way to  
,damascus is a /ill m /rik+ illu/ration 
( ! p[] ( a new idea or conviction4  ,& 
yet1 ev5 9 su* cases1 ! old ideas       
reass]t !mselves ) great p]si/5ce & p[]4
  ,lu!r & ,/4 ,paul rema9$1 ev5 aft] ^! 
great *anges1 9 _m respects ! same k9d (
 m5 z be=e4  ,_! old habits ( ?9k+ 7    
modifi$1 n de/roy$2 ! direction ( _!    
lives 0 *ang$1 b _m ( _! habits &       
*>act]i/ics rema9$ almo/ unalt]$4       
,app]ception1 h[ev]1 is n limit$ to !   
effects ( ext]nal objects ^u u1 to !    
influ5ce ( ideas com+ f )\t ^u our old  
/ores ( k4  ,old ideas1 long s9ce /or$ 9
 ! m9d1 may be fre%ly call$ up & br\ght 
into su* contact ) ea* o!r t new results
 foll[1 new app]ceptions take place4  ,9
 mom5ts ( reflection we are (t5 surpris$
 by conclusions t _h n pres5t$ !mselves 
to u be=e4  ,a new light dawns ^u u & we
 are surpris$ at n hav+ se5 x be=e4  ,9 
fact1 x makes little diff]5ce :e!r !    

idea sugge/$ to ! m9d comes f )9 or f   
)\t if1 :5 x once ent]s fairly into     
consci\sness1 x has p[] to /imulate o!r 
?\ghts1 to wake up :ole ?\ght complexes 
& br+ ab\t a process ( action & reaction
 betwe5 itself & o!rs4  ,! result is new
 associations1 new conclusions1 new     
m5tal products--app]ceptions4  ,?is inn]
 app]ception1 z x has be5 sometimes     
call$1 takes place con/antly :5 we are  
occupi$ ) our own ?\ghts1 r ?an )       
ext]nal impressions4  ,) p]sons ( deep1 
/eady1 reflective habits1 x is ! *ief   
means ( organiz+ _! m5tal /ores4  ,!    
feel+s & ! w h mu* also to d ) ?is      
process4  ,! laws ( association draw !  
feel+s z mu* z ! intellectual /ates into
 app]ceptive acts4  ,i he> ( a fri5d :o 
has _h disa/]s 9 bus9ess & has lo/ 8    
:ole =tune4  ,if ,i h nev] exp]i5c$ su* 
difficulties myself1 ! *ances are t !   
news w n make a deep impression ^u me4  
,b if ,i h once gone ?r\gh ! despond5cy 
( su* a cru%+ defeat1 sympa?y = my fri5d
 w be awak5$1 & ,i may feel 8 tr\ble    

almo/ z my own4 ,! mean+ ( su* an item (
 news dep5ds ^u ! response :i* x f9ds 9 
my own feel+s4  ,x is well kn[n t ^?    
fri5ds c be/ sympa?ize ) u 9 our tr\ble 
:o h pass$ ?r\gh ! same tr\bles4  ,ev5  
enemies are n lack+ 9 sympa?y ) ea* o!r 
:5 an appeal is made to deep feel+s &   
exp]i5ces common to bo?4  ,! feel+ (    
int]e/1 :i* we h emphasiz$ s mu*1 is    
*iefly1 if n :olly1 dep5d5t ^u          
app]ceptive conditions4  ,select a      
lesson adapt$ to ! age & und]/&+ ( a    
*ild1 pres5t x 9 su* a way z to recall &
 make use ( 8 previ\s exp]i5ce1 & int]e/
 is c]ta9 to foll[4  ,! outcome ( a     
successful act ( app]ception is always a
 feel+ ( pleasure1 or at lea/ ( int]e/4 
,:5 ! pr9ciple ( app]ception is fully   
appli$ 9 tea*+1 ! progress f "o po9t to 
ano!r is s gradual & cle> t x gives     
pleasure4  ,! cle>ness & und]/&+ ) :i*  
we receive k adds greatly to our int]e/ 
9 x4  ,on ! contr>y1 :5 app]ception is  
violat$1 & new k is only half und]/ood &
 assimilat$ !re c be b little feel+ (   

satisfaction4  ,! ov]com+ ( c]ta9       
difficulties1 ! accession ( num]\s      
ideas1 ! success ( ! act ( k or         
recognition1 ! great] cle>ness t ! ideas
 h ga9$1 awak5 a feel+ ( pleasure4  ,we 
become consci\s ( ! gr[? ( our k & p[] (
 und]/&+4  ,! significance ( ?is new    
impression = our ego is n[ m /rongly    
felt ?an at ! beg9n+ or dur+ ! c\rse ( !
 progress4  ,to ?is pleasurable feel+ is
 easily add$ ! ef=t1 at favorable       
opportunity1 to reproduce ! product ( ! 
app]ception1 to supplem5t & deep5 x1 to 
unite x to o!r ideas1 & s fur!r to ext5d
 c]ta9 *a9s ( ?\ght4  ,! summit or sum (
 ^! /ates ( m9d we happily express ) !  
^w int]e/4  ,= 9 reality ! feel+ ( self 
appe>s betwe5 ! v>i\s /ages ( ! process 
( app]ception 7int] esse72 ) "o's :ole  
s\l does "o contemplate ! object (      
att5tion4  ,if we reg>d ! acquir$ k z ! 
objective result ( app]ception1 int]e/  
mu/ be reg>d$ z ! subjective side4      
7,lange1 ,app]ception1 page #ai47       
,f9ally1 ! w has mu* to d ) consci\s    

ef=ts at app]ception4  ,x holds ! ?\ght 
to c]ta9 gr\ps2 x excludes or pu%es back
 irrelevant ideas t cr[d 92 x holds to a
 /eady comp>ison ( ideas1 ev5 :]e       
p]plexity & obscurity tr\ble ! ?9k]4    
,:5 ! process ( rea*+ a conclusion takes
 mu* "t1 :5 conflict or contradiction h 
to be remov$ or adju/$1 :5 reflection & 
reason+ are necess>y1 ! w is ( great    
importance 9 giv+ coh]5cy & /ead9ess to 
! app]ceptive ef=t4  ,a consci\s ef=t at
 app]ception1 !re=e1 may include _m     
elem5ts1 s5se p]ceptions1 ideas recall$1
 feel+1 w4  ,let u n[ sum up ! ess5tials
 9 ! process ( app]ception4 ,fir/ ( all1
 an ext]nal or int]nal p]ception1 an    
idea1 or idea-complex appe>s 9          
consci\sness1 f9d+ m or less response 9 
! m9d2 t is1 giv+ rise to great] or less
 /imulation to ?\ght & feel+4  ,9       
consequ5ce ( ?is1 & 9 accordance ) !    
psy*ical me*anism or an impulse ( ! w1  
"o or m gr\ps ( ?\ghts arise1 :i* ent]  
into relation to ! p]ception4  ,:ile !  
two masses are comp>$ ) "o ano!r1 !y "w 

^u "o ano!r ) m or less ( a trans=m+    
p[]4  ,new ?\ght-comb9ations are =m$1   
until1 f9ally1 ! p]ception is adju/$ to 
! /rong] & old] ?\ght comb9ation4  ,9   
?is way all ! factors conc]n$ ga9 9     
value z to k & feel+2 especially1 h[ev]1
 does ! new idea ga9 a cle>ness &       
activity t x nev] w\ld h ga9$ = itself4 
,app]ception is1 !re=e1 t psy*ical      
activity by :i* individual p]ceptions1  
ideas1 or idea-complexes are br\ght into
 relation to our previ\s intellectual & 
emotional life1 assimilat$ ) x1 & ?us   
rais$ to great] cle>ness1 activity1 &   
significance4  7,lange1 ,app]ception1   
page #da47  ,important conclusions drawn
 f a /udy ( app]ception3  #a4 ,value (  
previ\s k4  ,if k once acquir$ is s     
valuable we are fir/ ( all urg$ to make 
! acquisition p]man5t4 ,?or\gh ma/]y &  
frequ5t reviews are necess>y to make k  
/ick4  ,c>eless & sup]ficial /udy is    
injuri\s4  ,x is sometimes c>elessly    
rem>k$ by ^? :o are suppos$ to be wise 9
 educational matt]s t x makes no        

diff]5ce h[ mu* we =get if we only h    
prop] drill & tra9+ to /udy4  ,t is1 h[ 
we /udy is m important ?an :at we le>n4 
,b view$ 9 ! light ( app]ception1       
acquir$ k %\ld be reta9$ & us$1 = x     
unlocks ! door to m k4  ,?or\gh ma/]y & 
ret5tion ( ! elem5ts ( k 9 ! diff]5t    
bran*es is ! only solid road to         
progress4 ,9 ?is connection we c see !  
importance ( le>n+ only :at is wor?     
rememb]+1 :at w prove a valuable        
treasure 9 future /udy4  ,9 ! selection 
( mat]ial = s*ool /udies1 !re=e1 we mu/ 
keep 9 m9d k :i*1 z ,com5ius says1 is ( 
solid utility4  ,hav+ once select$ &    
acquir$ su* mat]ials1 we are next       
impell$ to make con/ant use ( !m4  ,if !
 acquisition ( new in=mation dep5ds s   
mu* ^u ! "r use ( previ\s k1 we are     
call$ ^u to build con/antly ^u ?is      
f\ndation4 ,?is is true :e!r ! *ild's k 
has be5 acquir$ at s*ool or at home4  ,9
 ord] to make ?+s cle> & int]e/+ to boys
 & girls we mu/ ref] e day to :at !y h  
be=e le>n$ 9 s*ool & out ( s*ool4       

,aga91 if we accept ! doctr9e t old     
ideas are ! mat]ials out ( :i* we       
con/antly build bridges across into new 
fields ( k1 we mu/ "k ! *ildr5 bett] &  
:at /ore ( k !y h already acquir$4  ,j z
 an army m>*+ into a new c\ntry mu/ "k  
well ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x has pass$ &   
mu/ keep op5 ! l9e ( communication & !  
base ( supplies1 s ! /ud5t mu/ always h 
a safe retreat into 8 pa/1 & a base (   
supplies to su/a9 him 9 8 onw>d         
movem5ts4  ,! t5d5cy is v /rong = a     
grade tea*] to ?9k t %e ne$s to "k no?+ 
except ! facts to be acquir$ 9 h] own   
grade4  ,b %e %\ld rememb] t h] grade is
 only a /ation on ! highway to le>n+ &  
life4  ,9 tea*+ we _c by any %ift       
disp5se ) ! ideas *ildr5 h ga9$ at home1
 at play1 9 ! s*ool & outside ( x4 ,?is1
 9 connection ) :at ! *ild has le>n$ 9 !
 previ\s grades1 con/itutes a /ock (    
ideas1 a capital1 ^u :i* ! tea*] %\ld   
freely draw 9 illu/rat+ daily lessons4  
#b4 ,! use ( our acquir$ /ock ( ideas   
involves a con/ant work+ ov] ( old      

ideas1 & ?is work+-ov] process n only   
reviews & /r5g!ns pa/ k1 keep+ x f      
=getfulness1 b x ?r[s new light ^u x &  
exposes x to a _m-sid$ criticism4  ,9 ! 
fir/ place famili> ideas %\ld n be all[$
 to re/ 9 ! m9d unus$4  ,l tools =      
s]vice !y mu/ be kept bright & %>p4  ,"o
 reason :y s _m ( ! valuable ideas we h 
acquir$ h gradually disappe>$ f ! m9d is
 because !y rema9$ s long unus$ t !y    
fad$ out ( sight4  ,! old say+ t        
repetition is ! "m ( /udies ne$s to be  
recall$ & emphasiz$4  ,by be+ put 9     
contact1 ) new ideas1 old notions are   
se5 & appreciat$ 9 new relations4       
,facts t h long la9 unexpla9$ 9 ! m9d1  
sudd5ly receive a new int]pretation1 a  
vivid & rational mean+4  ,or ! old mean+
 is int5sifi$ & vivifi$ by putt+ a new  
fact 9 conjunction ) x4  ,:]e ! climate 
& products ( ! ,briti% ,isles h be5     
/udi$ 9 political geography1 & lat] on1 
9 physical geography1 ! gulf /ream is   
expla9$ 9 its be>+s on ! climate ( we/]n
 ,europe1 ! :ole subject ( ! climate (  

,engl& is view$ f a new & int]e/+       
/&po9t4  ,9 ari?metic1 :]e ! sum ( !    
squ>es ( ! two sides ( a "r-angl$       
triangle is illu/rat$ by an example &   
lat] on 9 geometry ! same proposition is
 tak5 up 9 a diff]5t way & prov$ z a    
univ]sal !orem1 new & int]e/+ light is  
?r[n ^u an old problem ( ari?metic4  ,9 
,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory1 aft] ! ,revolution
 has be5 /udi$1 ! biography ( a man l   
,samuel ,adams ?r[s mu* additional &    
vivid light ^u ! ev5ts & actors 9 ,bo/on
 & ,massa*usetts4  ,! life ( ,john      
,adams w\ld give a /ill diff]5t view ( !
 same great ev5ts2 j z a city1 z se5 f  
diff]5t /&po9ts1 pres5ts diff]5t        
aspects4  #c4 ,we h ?us f> %[n t new    
ideas are m easily und]/ood & assimilat$
 :5 !y are br\ght into close contact )  
:at we already "k2 & secondly1 t our old
 k is (t5 expla9$ & illum9at$ by new    
facts br\ght to be> ^u x4  ,we may n[   
obs]ve ! result ( ?is d\ble action--!   
weld+ ( old & new into "o piece1 ! close
 m+l+ & association ( all our k1 i4e41  

its unity4  ,app]ception1 !re=e1 has !  
same f9al t5d5cy t 0 obs]v$ 9 !         
inductive process1 ! unification ( k1 ! 
conc5tration ( all exp]i5ce by unit+ its
 p>ts into gr\ps & s]ies4  ,! smi?1 9   
weld+ toge!r two pieces ( iron1 heats   
bo? & !n hamm]s !m toge!r into "o piece4
  ,! tea*] has some?+ simil> to d4  ,he 
mu/ revive old ideas 9 ! *ild's m9d1 !n 
pres5t ! new facts & br+ ! two ?+s      
toge!r :ile !y are /ill fre%1 s z to    
cause !m to coalesce4  ,to prove ?is    
obs]ve h[ long division may be be/      
taught4  ,call up & review ! me?od (    
%ort division1 !n proce$ to "w a problem
 9 long division call+ att5tion to !    
simil> /eps & processes 9 ! two1 &      
f9ally to ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4  ,!     
defect ( mu* tea*+ 9 *ildr5's classes is
 t ! tea*] does n prop]ly provide = !   
weld+ toge!r ( ! new & old4 ,! important
 practical "q aft] all is :e!r          
in/ructors see to x t *ildr5 recall _!  
previ\s k4  ,x is necess>y to take      
special pa9s 9 ?is4  ,no?+ is m common  

?an to f9d *ildr5 =gett+ ! v ?+ :i*1 if 
rememb]$1 w\ld expla9 ! difficult po9t 9
 ! lesson4  ,tea*]s are (t5 surpris$ t  
*ildr5 h =gott5 ?+s once le>n$4  ,b1 9  
an important s5se1 we enc\rage *ildr5 to
 =get by n call+ into use _!            
acquisitions4  ,lessons are le>n$ too   
mu*1 ea* by itself1 )\t ref]5ce to :at  
prec$es or :at foll[s1 or :at effect ?is
 lesson ( to-day may h ^u ?+s le>n$ a   
ye> ago4  ,putt+ x briefly1 *ildr5 &    
tea*]s d n ?9k en\gh1 pond]+ ?+s ov] 9  
_! m9ds1 relat+ facts ) ea* o!r1 & br++ 
all k into unity1 & into a cle>         
compreh5sion4  ,! habit ( ?\ghtfulness1 
eng5d]$ by a prop] comb9+ ( old & new1  
is "o ( ! valuable results ( a good     
education4  ,x gives ! m9d a disposition
 to glance backw>d or =w>d1 to judge (  
all old ideas f a broad]1 m intellig5t  
/&po9t4  ,?9k+ ev]y?+ ov] 9 ! light ( ! 
be/ exp]i5ce we c br+ to be> ^u x1      
prev5ts u f jump+ at conclusions4  ,!   
g5]al plan ( all /udies is bas$ ^u ?is  
notion ( acquir+ k by ! assi/ance (     

accumulat$ funds4  ,9 ,ari?metic x w\ld 
be folly to beg9 ) long division be=e ! 
multiplication table is le>n$4  ,9      
,geometry1 lat] propositions dep5d ^u   
e>li] pr9ciples & demon/rations4  ,9    
,lat91 vocabul>ies & inflections &      
syntactical relations mu/ be ma/]$ be=e 
read9ess 9 ! use ( language is rea*$4   
,& s x is to a l>ge degree 9 ! g5]al    
plan ( all /udies4  ,9 spite ( ?is no   
pr9ciple is m commonly violat$ 9 daily  
recitations ?an t ( app]ception4  ,its  
value is self-evid5t z a pr9ciple = !   
arrangem5t ( topics 9 any bran* ( /udy1 
b x is ov]look$ 9 daily lessons4        
,in/ead ( ?is new k is acquir$ by a     
?\ghtless memory drill4  ,9 ?is weld+   
process we desire to det]m9e h[ f> an   
actual conc5tration may take place      
betwe5 s*ool /udies & ! home & outside  
life ( *ildr54  ,! /ock ( ideas & feel+s
 :i* a *ild f its infancy has ga!r$ f   
its peculi> hi/ory & home surr\nd+s is !
 primitive basis ( its p]sonality4  ,its
 ?\ght1 feel+1 & individuality are      

deeply int]wov5 ) home exp]i5ce4 ,no o!r
 set ( ideas1 lat] acquir$1 lies s close
 to its he>t or is s abid+ 9 its memory4
  ,! memory ( "w & play at home2 ( !    
h\se1 y>d1 trees1 & g>d52 ( p>5ts1      
bro!rs1 & si/]s1 & 9 addition to ?is !  
exp]i5ces connect$ ) neighbors & fri5ds1
 ! t[n & surr\nd+ c\ntry1 ! *ur* & its  
influ5ce1 ! holidays1 games1 &          
celebrations1 all ^! ?+s lie deep] 9 !  
m9ds ( *ildr5 ?an ! facts le>n$ ab\t    
gramm>1 geography1 or hi/ory 9 s*ool4   
,any plan ( education t ignores ^!      
home-br$ ideas1 ^! ev5ts1 memories1 &   
sympa?ies ( home & neighborhood life1 w 
make a vital mi/ake4  ,a conc5tration t 
keeps 9 m9d only ! s*ool /udies &       
disreg>ds ! ri* funds ( ideas t e *ild  
br+s f 8 home1 mu/ be a failure1 because
 x only includes ! weak] half ( 8       
exp]i5ce4  ,home k itself does n ne$ to 
be made a conc5trat+ c5t]1 b all its be/
 mat]ials mu/ be drawn into ! conc5trat+
 c5t] ( ! s*ool4  ,b *ildr5 br+ _m      
faulty1 mi/ak51 & ev5 vici\s ideas f _! 

homes4  ,x is well to "k ! actual       
situation4  ,x is ! "w ( ! s*ool1 at e  
/ep1 :ile receiv+1 to correct1 enl>ge1  
or arrange ! faulty or disord]$ k br\ght
 into ! s*ool by *ildr54  ,we           
unconsci\sly use ^! mat]ials1 & dep5d ^u
 !m = expla9+ new lessons1 m con/antly  
?an we are aw>e (4  ,9 fact1 if we 7    
wise tea*]s1 we w\ld consci\sly make a m
 frequ5t use ( !m &1 9 ord] to r5d] !m m
 valuable1 take special pa9s to review1 
correct1 & arrange !m4  ,we w\ld tea*   
*ildr5 to obs]ve m closely & to rememb] 
bett] ! ?+s !y daily see4  ,we %all     
appreciate bett] ! value ( home k if we 
take note ( ! direct & con/ant dep5d5ce 
( ! mo/ important /udies ^u x4  ,we     
usually ?9k ( hi/ory z some?+ f> away 9 
,new ,engl&1 or ,france1 or ,egypt4     
,hi/ory is ma9ly ! /udy ( ! actions1    
cu/oms1 homes1 & in/itutions ( m5 9     
diff]5t c\ntries4  ,b :at an abundance (
 simil> facts & obs]vations a *ild has  
ga!r$ ab\t home be=e he beg9s ! /udy (  
hi/ory4 ,f 8 infancy he has se5 p ( all 

sorts & conditions1 ri* & poor1 ignorant
 & le>n$1 honorable & mean4  ,he has se5
 all sorts ( human actions1 le>n$ to "k 
_! mean+ & to pass judgm5t ^u !m4  ,he  
has se5 h\ses1 *ur*es1 public build+s1  
trade & comm]ce1 & a hundr$ human       
in/itutions4  ,! *ild has be5 /udy+     
human actions & in/itutions 9 ! concrete
 = a doz5 ye>s be=e he beg9s to read &  
recite hi/ory f books4 ,)\t ! k ?us     
acquir$ out ( s*ool1 society1 gov]nm5t1 
& in/itutions w\ld be worse ?an ,greek4 
,geography z taught 9 ! books w\ld be   
totally =eign & /range b = ! abundance (
 ideas ! *ild has already pick$ up ab\t 
hills1 /reams1 roads1 travel1 /orms1    
trees1 animals1 & p4  ,natural sci5ce   
lessons mu/ be bas$ on a m c>eful /udy (
 ?+s already se5 ab\t home--rocks &     
/reams1 fl[]s & plants1 animals wild &  
tame4  ,^! ) ! =e/s1 fields1 brooks1    
seasons1 tools1 & inv5tions1 are !      
necess>y object lessons 9 natural sci5ce
 :i* c s]ve daily to illu/rate o!r      
lessons4  ,h[ ne> !n d ! natural sci5ce 

topics1 geography & hi/ory1 /& to !     
daily home life ( a *ild6  ,h[ intimate 
%\ld be ! relations :i* ! s*ool %\ld    
e/abli% betwe5 ! p>ts ( a *ild's        
exp]i5ce6 ,?is is conc5tration 9 !      
broade/ s5se4  ,a prop] appreciation (  
?is pr9ciple w save u f a numb] ( common
 errors4  ,besides con/antly associat+  
home & s*ool k1 we %all try to "k ! home
 & p>5ts bett]1 & ! disposition &       
surr\nd+s ( ea* *ild4  ,we %all be ready
 at any "t to r5d] home k m cle> &      
accurate1 to correct faulty obs]vation &
 op9ion4 ,:ile ! *ildr5 w be enc\rag$ to
 illu/rate lessons f _! own exp]i5ce1 we
 %all fall into ! excell5t habit (      
expla9+ new & difficult po9ts by a      
direct appeal to :at ! pupils h se5 &   
und]/ood4  ,9 %ort1 !re w be a          
disposition to draw into ! conc5trat+ "w
 ( ! s*ool all ! deep] b outside        
life-exp]i5ces :i* =m s important an    
elem5t 9 ! "* ( e p]son1 :i*1 h[ev]1    
tea*]s s (t5 ov]look4  ,no o!r          
in/itution has su* an opportunity or p[]

 to conc5trate k & exp]i5ce z ! s*ool4  
#d4 ,ano!r valuable educative result (  
app]ception1 cultivat$ 9 ?is mann]1 is a
 consci\sness ( p[] :i* spr+s f !       
ability to make a good use ( our k4  ,! 
(t5] *ildr5 become aw>e t !y h made a   
good use ( acquir$ k1 ! m !y are        
enc\rag$4  ,!y see ! treasure gr[+ 9 _! 
h&s & feel consci\s ( _! ability to use 
x4  ,!re is a m5tal exhil>ation l t com+
 f abundant physical /r5g? & heal?4     
,let u look back aga9 at ! results ( our
 inve/igation4  ,we obs]v$ fir/ :at     
ess5tial s]vices app]ception p]=ms = !  
human m9d 9 ! acquisition ( new ideas1 &
 = :at an extraord9>y easem5t & unburd5+
 ! acquir+ s\l is indebt$ to x4  ,%\ld  
app]ception once fail1 or 7 x n impli$ 9
 ! v nature ( our m9ds1 we %\ld1 9 !    
reception ( s5se-impressions1 daily     
exp5d z mu* p[] z ! *ild 9 its e>lie/   
ye>s1 s9ce ! p]petually *ang+ objects ( 
! ext]nal _w w\ld ne>ly always appe>    
/range & new4  ,we %\ld ga9 ! ma/]y (   
ext]nal ?+s m sl[ly & pa9fully1 & arrive

 mu* lat] at a c]ta9 conclusion ( our   
ext]nal exp]i5ce ?an we d n[1 & !reby   
rema9 p]ceptibly beh9d 9 our m5tal      
developm5t4 ,l *ildr5 ) _! ,a ,b ,c1 we 
%\ld be =c$ to take c>eful note ( ea*   
^w1 & n1 z n[1 all[ ourselves actually  
to p]ceive only a few words 9 ea*       
s5t5ce4  ,9 a ^w1 )\t app]ception our   
m9ds1 ) /rik+ly great] & m exhau/ive    
labor1 w\ld atta9 relatively small]     
results4  ,inde$1 we are seldom consci\s
 ( ! ext5t to :i* our p]ception is      
support$ by app]ception2 ( h[ x releases
 ! s5ses f a l>ge "p ( _! labor1 s t 9  
reality we li/5 usually ) half an e> or 
) a divid$ att5tion2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 d
 we ord9>ily reflect t app]ception l5ds 
! s5se organs a great] degree ( en]gy1 s
 t !y p]ceive ) great] %>pness &        
p5etration ?an 7 o!rwise possible4  ,we 
d n consid] t app]ception sp>es u !     
tr\ble ( exam9+ ev] anew & 9 small      
detail all ! objects & ph5om5a t pres5t 
!mselves to u1 s z to get _! mean+1 or t
 x ?us prev5ts our m5tal p[] f scatt]+ &

 f be+ worn out ) we>isome1 fruitless   
detail labors4  ,! secret ( its         
extraord9>y success lies 9 ! fact t x   
ref]s ! new to ! old1 ! /range to !     
famili>1 ! unkn[n to ! kn[n1 t :i* is n 
compreh5d$ to :at is already und]/ood & 
?us con/itutes a "p ( our m5tal         
furniture2 t x trans=ms ! difficult &   
unaccu/om$ into ! accu/om$ & causes u to
 grasp ev]y?+ new by means ( old-"t1    
well-kn[n1 ideas4  ,s9ce1 !n1 x         
accompli%es great & unusual results by  
small means1 9 s f> z x res]ves = ! s\l 
! greate/ am\nt ( p[] = o!r purposes1 x 
agrees ) ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! lea/      
exp5diture ( =ce1 or ) t ( ! be/        
adaptability ( means to ends4  ,z 9 !   
reception ( new impressions1 s also 9   
work+ ov] & develop+ ! previ\sly acquir$
 cont5t ( ! m9d1 ! helpful "w (         
app]ception %[s itself4  ,by connect+   
isolat$ ?+s ) m5tal gr\ps already =m$1 &
 by assign+ to ! new its prop] place    
among !m1 app]ception n only increases !
 cle>ness & def9it5ess ( ideas1 b knits 

!m m firmly to our consci\sness4        
,app]ceiv+ ideas are ! be/ aids to      
memory4  ,aga91 s (t5 z x subord9ates   
new impressions to old] ones1 x labors  
at ! association & articulation ( !     
manifold mat]ials ( p]ception & ?\ght4  
,by cond5s+ ! cont5t ( obs]vation & ?9k+
 into concepts & rules1 or g5]al        
exp]i5ces & pr9ciples1 or ideals & g5]al
 notions1 app]ception produces          
connection & ord] 9 our k & volition4   
,) its assi/ance !re spr+ up ^? univ]sal
 ?\ght complexes1 :i*1 di/ribut$ to !   
v>i\s fields to :i* !y belong1 appe> z  
logical1 l+ui/ic1 ae/hetic1 moral1 &    
religi\s norms or pr9ciples4  ,if ^!    
acquire a high] degree ( value = our    
feel+s1 if we f9d ourselves he>tily     
atta*$ to !m1 s t we pref] !m to all ^? 
?+s :i* are contradictory1 if we b9d !m 
to our own self1 !y w ?us become p[]ful 
m5tal gr\ps1 :i* spr+ up indep5d5t ( !  
psy*ical me*anism z (t5 z k9dr$ ideas   
appe> 9 ! m9d4  ,9 ! pres5ce ( ^! !y n[ 
make manife/ _! app]ceiv+ p[]4  ,we     

measure & e/imate !m n[ accord+ to      
univ]sal laws4  ,!y are1 s to speak1 !  
eyes & h& ( ! w1 ) :i*1 regulat+ &      
supplem5t+1 reject+ & correct+1 x lays a
 grasp ^u ! cont5t z well z ^u !        
succession ( ideas4  ,!y h9d] ! purely  
me*anical fl[ ( ?\ght & desire1 & our   
involunt>y absorption 9 ext]nal         
impressions & 9 ! v>i$ play ( fancy4    
,we le>n h[ to control religi\s impulses
 by laws1 to rule ?\ghts by ?\ghts4  ,9 
! place ( ! me*anical1 appe>s ! regulat$
 c\rse ( ?9k+2 9 ! place ( ! psy*ical   
rule ( caprice1 ! mon>*ical control (   
high] laws & pr9ciples1 & ! spontaneity 
( ! ego z ! k]nel ( ! p]sonality4  ,by !
 aid ( app]ception1 !re=e1 we are lift$ 
gradually f psy*ical bondage to m5tal & 
moral fre$om4  ,& n[ :5 ideal norms are 
app]ceiv+ly active 9 ! field ( k &      
?\ght1 ( feel+ & w1 :5 !y give laws to !
 psy*ical me*anism1 true culture is     
atta9$4  7,lange's ,app]ception1 edit$  
by ,de,garmo1 p4 #ii1 etc47             
,,note4--,! fre$om ) :i* we quote       

ext5sively f ,lange is an ackn[l$gem5t (
 ! importance ( 8 treatise4  ,we are    
indebt$ to x ?r\gh\t = _m ( ! ideas     
treat$4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,! ,,w4    
,we h n[ complet$ ! discussion ( !      
concept-be>+ or inductive process 9     
le>n+ & app]ception1 & f9d t !y bo? t5d 
to ! unify+ ( k & to ! awak5+ ( int]e/4 
,x rema9s to be se5 h[ ! w may be br\ght
 into activity & plac$ 9 comm& ( !      
res\rces ( ! m9d4  ,! w is t p[] ( ! m9d
 :i* *ooses1 decides1 & controls action4
  ,accord+ to psy*ology !re are ?ree    
di/9ct activities ( ! m9d1 kn[+1 feel+1 
& will+4  ,^! ?ree p[]s are relat$ to "o
 ano!r on a basis ( equality1 & yet ! w 
%\ld become ! mon>* ( ! m9d4  ,x is     
expect$ t all ! o!r activities ( ! m9d w
 be br\ght into subjection to ! w4 ,=   
/rong "* resides 9 ! w4  ,/r5g? ( "*    
dep5ds entirely ^u ! ma/]y :i* ! w has  
acquir$ ov] ! life2 & ! =mation ( "*1 z 
%[n 9 a /rong moral w1 is ! highe/ aim (
 education4  ,! great problem = u to    
solve is3 #a4 ,h[ f> c tea*+ /imulate & 

develop su* a w8  ,!re is an app>5t     
contradiction 9 say+ t ! w is ! mon>* ( 
! m9d1 ! p[] :i* mu/ control & subject  
all ! o!r p[]s2 & yet t x c be tra9$1   
educat$1 m\ld$1 & *iefly too by a prop] 
cultivation ( ! o!r p[]s1 feel+ & kn[+4 
,k & feel+1 :ile !y are subject to ! w1 
/ill con/itute its /r5g?1 j z ! soldi]s 
& (fic]s ( an army are subject to a     
comm&] & yet make him p[]ful4  ,we %all 
fir/ notice ! dep5d5ce ( ! w ^u ! kn[+  
faculty4  ,x is an old say+ t k is p[]4 
,b x is p[] only z a /rong w is able to 
conv]t k into action4 ,be=e ! w c decide
 to d any giv5 act x mu/ see its way    
cle>ly4  ,x mu/ at lea/ believe 9 !     
possibility4  ,9 try+ to get across a   
/ream1 = example1 if "o c n swim & !re  
is no bridge nor boat nor means ( mak+  
"o1 ! w c n act4  ,x is helpless4  ,! w 
mu/ be %[n ! way to its aims or !y are  
impossible4  ,! m cle> & di/9ct our k1 !
 bett] we c lay our plans & w to c>ry !m
 out4  ,x w\ld be impossible = "o ( u to
 w to run a /eam eng9e f ,*icago to ,/4 

,paul to-day4  ,we don't "k h[1 & we    
%\ld n be p]mitt$ to try4  ,9 e field ( 
action we mu/ h k1 & cle> k1 be=e ! w c 
act to good advantage4  ,x is only k1 or
 at lea/ fai? 9 ! possibility (         
accompli%+ an und]tak+1 t op5s ! way to 
w4  ,mu* successful exp]i5ce 9 any l9e (
 "w br+s increas+ confid5ce & ! w is    
greatly /r5g!n$1 because "o kn[s t c]ta9
 actions are possible4  ,! simple       
acquisition ( facts !re=e1 ! increase ( 
k s long z x is well dige/$1 makes x    
possible = ! w to act ) great] en]gy 9  
v>i\s directions4  ,! m cle> ?is k is1 !
 m ?or\ghly x is cem5t$1 toge!r 9 its   
p>ts & subject to control1 ! great] & m 
effective c be ! w action4  ,all ! k we 
may acquire c be us$ by ! w 9 plann+ &  
c>ry+ out its purposes4  ,k1 !re=e1     
d]iv$ f all s\rces1 is a means us$ by ! 
w1 & increases ! possibilities ( its    
action4  ,b1 secondly1 !re are f\nd /ill
 m imm$iate means ( /imulat+ & /r5g!n+ !
 w1 namely1 9 ! feel+s4  ,! feel+s are m
 closely relat$ to w ?an k1 at lea/ 9 ! 

s5se ( cause & effect4  ,!re is a       
gradual transition f ! feel+s up to w1 z
 foll[s3 int]e/ 9 an object1 incl9ation1
 desire & purpose1 or w to secure x4    
,we might say t w is only ! f9al l9k 9 !
 *a91 & ! feel+s & desires lead up to & 
produce ! act ( will+4  ,ev5 w itself   
has be5 call$ a feel+ by "s psy*ologi/s 
& class$ ) ! feel+s4  ,b ! ?+ 9 :i* we  
are n[ mo/ conc]n$ is h[ to rea* &      
/r5g!n ! w ?r\gh ! feel+s4  ,"s ( !     
feel+s :i* p[]fully influ5ce ! w are    
desire ( approbation1 ambition1 love (  
k1 appreciation ( ! beautiful & ! good2 
or1 on ! o!r side1 rivalry1 envy1 hate1 
& ill-w4  ,n[1 x is cle> t a cultivation
 ( ! feel+s & emotions is possible :i*  
may /rongly influ5ce ! purposes &       
decisions ( ! w1 ei!r 9 ! "r or wrong   
direction4  ,x is j at ?is po9t t       
education is capable ( a vigor\s        
influ5ce 9 m\ld+ ! "* ( a *ild4  ,!     
cultivation ( ! six int]e/s already     
m5tion$ is little else ?an a cultivation
 ( ! great classes ( feel+1 = int]e/    

always conta9s a /rong elem5t ( feel+4  
,x is c]ta9 9 any case t a *ild's1 &    
ev5tually a man's w1 is to be guid$     
l>gely by 8 feel+s4  ,:e!r any c>e is   
tak5 9 education or n1 feel+1 good or   
bad1 is de/9$ to guide ! w4  ,mo/ p1 z  
we "k1 are too mu* influ5c$ by _!       
feel+s4  ,?is is app>5t 9 ! adage1 ,?9k 
twice be=e y speak4  ,feel+s ( malice & 
ill-w1 ( rev5ge & envy1 ( dislike &     
jeal\sly1 get ! control 9 _m lives1     
because !y h be5 p]mitt$ to gr[ & no?+  
bett] has be5 put 9 _! place4  ,! tea*] 
by select+ ! prop] mat]ials ( /udy is   
able to cultivate & /r5g!n su* feel+s z 
sympa?y & k9dl9ess t[>d o!rs2           
appreciation ( brave1 unselfi% acts 9   
o!rs2 ! feel+ ( g5]osity1 *>ity1 & a    
=giv+ _s2 a love = hone/y & uprightness2
 a desire & ambition = k 9 _m           
directions4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tea*] may  
g5tly in/ill a dislike = c[>dice1       
meanness1 selfi%ness1 laz9ess1 & envy1 &
 br+ ! *ild to ma/] & control ^! evil   
dispositions4  ,n only is x possible to 

cultivate ^? feel+s :i* we may summ>ize 
z ! love ( ! virtues & develop a dislike
 & turn+ away f vices1 b ?is "w (       
cultivat+ ! feel+s may be c>ri$ on s    
sy/ematically t great habits ( feel+ are
 =m$1 & ^! habits become ! v /rongholds 
( "*4  ,!y are ! =ces act+ ^u ! w &     
guid+ its *oice4  ,x is fre$om ( ! w to 
*ose ! be/ t we are aft]4  ,we desire to
 limit ! *oice ( ! w if possible to good
 ?+s4  ,we desire to make ! "* s /rong &
 s noble & consi/5t 9 its desires t x w 
n be /rongly tempt$ by evil4  ,! w 9 !  
end1 :ile x controls all ! life &       
action1 is itself "u ! guidance ( ^?    
habits ( ?\ght & feel+ t h be5 gradually
 =m$4  ,sully says1 ,?us x is feel+ t   
ultimately supplies ! /imulus or =ce to 
volition & intellect :i* guides or      
illum9es x4  ,a /udy ( ! w 9 its        
relation to k & feel+ reveals t ! tra9+ 
& developm5t ( ! w dep5d ^u ex]cise & ^u
 in/ruction4  ,!re are two ways (       
ex]cis+ w p[]4 ,fir/1 by requir+ x to   
obey au?ority promptly & to control !   

body & ! m9d at ! direction ( ano!r4  ,!
 discipl9e ( a s*ool may ex]t a /rong   
influ5ce ^u pupils 9 tea*+ !m           
conc5tration & w p[] "u ! direction (   
ano!r4 ,especially is ?is true 9 l[]    
grades4  ,*ildr5 9 ! fir/ grade h b     
little p[] or habit ( conc5trat+ !      
att5tion4  ,! w ( ! tea*]1 comb9$ ) h]  
tact1 mu/ aid 9 develop+ ! en]gies ( ! w
 9 ^! little ones4  ,! prim>y value (   
quick ob$i5ce 9 s*ool1 ( exact discipl9e
 9 m>*+1 ris+1 etc41 is tw(old4  ,x     
secures ! necess>y ord]l9ess & x tra9s !
 w4 ,ev5 9 high] & normal s*ools su* a  
p]fect discipl9e has a great value 9    
tra9+ to al]tness & quickness (         
appreh5sion associat$ ) action4         
,secondly1 by ! tra9+ ( ! m9d to fre$om 
( action1 to self-activity1 to          
indep5d5ce4  ,z soon z *ildr5 beg9 to   
develop ! p[] ( ?\ght & action _!       
self-activity %\ld be enc\rag$4  ,ev5 9 
! l[e/ grades ! beg9n+s may be made4    
,an aim may be set be=e !m :i* !y are to
 rea* by _! own ef=ts4  ,= example1 let 

a class 9 ! fir/ read] be ask$ to make a
 li/ ( all ! words 9 ! la/ two lessons  
conta9+ ?1 or oi1 or "s o!r comb9ation4 
,activity r ?an repose is ! nature (    
*ildr51 & ev5 9 ! k9d]g>t5 ?is activity 
is direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( def9ite ends4
  ,) numb] "w 9 ! fir/ grade ! objects  
%\ld be h&l$ by ! *ildr51 ! lett]s made1
 rude draw+s sket*$1 s z to give play to
 _! active p[]s z well z to lead !m on  
to confid5ce 9 do+1 to an increase (    
self-activity4  ,z *ildr5 gr[ old]1 !   
problems set be=e !m1 ! aims held out1  
%\ld be m difficult4  ,( c\rse !y %\ld  
be ( int]e/ to ! *ild1 s t x w h an     
impulse & desire ( its own to rea* !m4  
,!re are few ?+s s valuable z sett+ up  
def9ite aims be=e *ildr5 & !n supply+ !m
 ) inc5tives to rea* !m ?r\gh _! own    
ef=ts4  ,x has be5 (t5 suppos$ t ! only 
way to d ?is is to use ref]5ce books1 to
 /udy up ! lesson or "s topics ( x      
outside ( ! regul> ord]4  ,b            
self-activity is by no means limit$ to  
su* outside "w4  ,a *ild's self-activity

 may be (t5 ar\s$ by ! mann] ( /udy+ a  
simple lesson f a text-book4 ,:5 a read+
 or geography lesson is s /udi$ t !     
pupil ?or\ghly sifts ! piece1 hunts d[n 
! ?\ght till he is c]ta9 ( its mean+2 :5
 all ! previ\s k ! pupil c comm& is     
br\ght to be> ^u ?is1 to ?r[ light ^u x2
 :5 ! diction>y & any o!r books famili> 
to ! *ild are /udi$ = ! sake ( ref]5ce &
 explanation1 self-activity is develop$4
 ,:5ev] ! disposition c be /imulat$ to  
look at a fact or /atem5t f m ?an "o    
/&po9t1 to criticise x ev51 to see h[   
true x is1 or if !re are exceptions1    
self-activity is cultivat$4  ,! pursuit 
( def9ite aims always calls out ! w & _!
 satisfactory atta9m5t /r5g!ns "o's     
confid5ce 9 8 ability to succe$4  ,e /ep
 %\ld be t[>d a cle>ly se5 aim4  ,at    
lea/ ?is is our ideal 9 work+ ) *ildr54 
,!y %\ld n be l$ on bl9dly f "o po9t to 
ano!r1 b try to rea* def9ite results4   
,!re is a gradual transition 9 ! c\rse (
 a *ild's s*ool+ f tra9+ ( ! w "u       
guidance to its indep5d5t ex]cise4      

,?r\gh\t ! s*ool c\rse !re mu/ be mu*   
ob$i5ce & w ef=t "u ! guidance ( "o 9   
au?ority4  ,b !re %\ld be a gradual     
increase ( self-activity &              
self-det]m9ation4  ,:5 ! pupil leaves   
s*ool he %\ld be prep>$ to laun* out &  
pursue 8 own aims ) success4  ,w ef=t1  
h[ev]1 to be valuable1 mu/ h its roots 9
 ^? moral convictions :i* x is ! *ief   
aim ( ! s*ool to fo/] & /r5g!n4  ,we h  
attempt$ to %[ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s h[ !   
c5tral subject matt] ( ! s*ool c\ld be  
*os51 & ! o!r /udies conc5trat$ ab\t x )
 a view to accompli%+ ?is result4  ,9   
conclud+ our discussion ( g5]al         
pr9ciples ( education1 & 9 summ+ up !   
results1 bas+ our reason+ ^u psy*ology1 
we are always =c$ to ! conclusion t     
education aims at ! w1 & m p>ticul>ly at
 ! w z influ5c$ & guid$ by moral ideas4 
,?is is ! same z say+ t we h complet$ ! 
circle & come ar\nd to our />t+ po9t1 t 
moral "* is ! *ief aim ( education4     
,tea*]s :o are int]e/$ 9 ?is phase (    
p$agogy w d well to /udy ! sci5ce (     

e?ics4  ,n t x w mu* aid !m directly 9  
s*ool "w1 b x w at lea/ give !m a m     
compreh5sive & def9ite notion ( ! field 
( morals & p]haps indicate m cle>ly :]e 
! mat]ials ( moral education are to be  
s\ght1 & ! lead+ ideas to be emphasiz$4 
,h]b>t project$ a sy/em ( e?ics1 bas$ on
 psy*ology1 ) ! int5tion ( classify+ !  
*ief moral notions & ( %[+ _! relation  
to ea* o!r4  ,he also develop$ a !ory ( 
! orig9 ( moral ideas & _! be/ means (  
cultivation1 & !n bas$ 8 sy/em ( p$agogy
 ^u x4  ,! *ief classes ( e?ical ideas (
 ,h]b>t are briefly expla9$ z foll[s3   
#a4 ,good w4  ,x is manife/$ 9 ! sympa?y
 we feel = ! sorr[ or joy ( ano!r p]son4
  ,x is illu/rat$ by ! example ( ,sidney
 & ,h[>d already cit$4  #b4 ,legal "r4  
,x s]ves to avoid /rife by "s agreem5t  
or e/abli%$ rule2 e4g41 ! gov]nm5t ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates fixes ! law = pre-empt+ l&
 & = home/ead claims s t no two p]sons c
 lay claim to ! same piece ( l&4  #c4   
,ju/ice1 z express$ by rew>d or         
puni%m5t4  ,:5 a p]son purposely does an

 injury to ano!r1 all m5 unite 9 !      
judgm5t1 ,he mu/ be puni%$4  ,likewise1 
if a k9d act is done to anyone1 we insi/
 ^u a return ( gratitude at lea/4  #d4  
,p]fection ( w4  ,?is implies t ! w is  
/rong en\gh to resi/ all opposition4    
,david's w to g out & meet ,golia? 0    
p]fect4  ,a boy desires to get 8 lesson1
 b indol5ce & ! love ( play are too     
/rong = 8 w4  ,!re is no?+ :i* goes s f>
 to make up ! "* ( ! h]o z /r5g? ( w :i*
 yields to no difficulties4  #e4 ,inn]  
fre$om4  ,?is is ! ob$i5ce ( ! w to its 
highe/ moral inc5tive4  ,x is ability to
 set ! w free f all selfi% or wrong     
desires & to yield implicit ob$i5ce to  
moral ideas4  ,?is ( c\rse dep5ds ^u !  
cultivation ( ! o!r ideas & _! prop]    
subord9ation1 "o to ano!r4  ,! five     
moral ideas j giv5 indicate ! l9es along
 :i* /r5g? ( moral "* is %[n4  ,!y are (
 "s int]e/ to ! tea*] z a sy/ematic     
arrangem5t ( morals1 b !y are ( no      
direct value 9 tea*+4  ,!y are ! mo/    
ab/ract & g5]al classes ( moral ideas & 

are ( no int]e/ :atev] to *ildr54  ,9   
morals ! only ?+ t int]e/s *ildr5 is    
moral action4 ,:e!r x be 9 actual life  
or 9 a /ory or hi/ory1 ! *ild is ar\s$  
by a de$ ( k9dness or c\rage4  ,b all   
talk ( k9dness or goodness 9 g5]al1     
disconnect$ f p>ticul> p]sons & actions1
 is dry & un9t]e/+4  ,?is gives u ! key 
to ! *ild's m9d 9 morals4  ,n moraliz+1 
n prea*+1 n lectur+1 n repro(1 c ev] be 
! orig9al s\rce ( moral ideas ) ! "y1 b 
! actions ( p !y see1 & ( ^? ab\t :om !y
 read or he>4  ,moral judgm5ts & feel+s 
spr+ up orig9ally only 9 connection )   
human action 9 ! concrete4  ,if we      
propose !n to adapt moral tea*+ to      
y\?ful m9ds1 we mu/ make use ( concrete 
mat]ials1 obs]vations ( p tak5 f :at !  
*ildr5 h se51 /ories & biographies (    
hi/orical *>act]s4  ,a /ory ( a man's   
life is int]e/+ because x br+s out 8    
p>ticul> motives & actions4  ,?is is !  
field 9 :i* in/ruction has its conque/s 
to make ov] y\?ful m9ds4  ,we w ga!r up 
! fruits ( our discussion 9 ! prec$+    

*apt]s4  ,hav+ fix$ ! *ief aim 9 ! ef=t 
to influ5ce & /r5g!n moral "*1 we f9d   
conc5tration to be ! c5tral pr9ciple 9  
:i* all o!rs unite4  ,x is ! focus+ (   
life & s*ool exp]i5ces 9 ! unity ( !    
p]sonality4  ,! wor? & *oice ( /udies is
 det]m9$ by ?is4  ,int]e/ unites k1     
feel+1 & w4  ,! culture epo*s supply !  
nucleus ( mat]ials = moral-educative    
purposes4  ,app]ception assimilates new 
ideas by br++ ea* into ! bond ( its     
k9dr$ & fri5ds1 sp9n+ ?reads (          
connection 9 e direction4  ,! inductive 
process collects1 classifies1 &         
organizes k1 ev]y:]e t5d+ t[>d unity4   
,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,h]b>t ,,& ,,8        
,,disciples4  ,!n1 only1 c a p]son be   
said to draw education "u 8 control1 :5 
he has ! wisdom to br+ =? 9 ! y\?ful s\l
 a great circle or body ( ideas1 well   
knit toge!r 9 its inmo/ p>ts--a body (  
ideas :i* is able to outweigh :at is    
unfavorable 9 environm5t & to absorb &  
comb9e ) itself ! favorable elem5ts ( ! 
same4  7,h]b>t47  ,h]b>t 0 an empirical 

psy*ologi/1 & believ$ t ! m9d gr[s ) :at
 x fe$s ^u2 t is1 t x develops its p[]s 
sl[ly by exp]i5ce4  ,we are dep5d5t n   
only ^u our habits1 ^u ! e/abli%$ tr5ds 
( m5tal action produc$ by ex]cise &     
discipl9e1 b also ^u our acquir$ ideas1 
^u ! ?\ght mat]ials /or$ up & organiz$ 9
 ! m9d4  ,^! ?\ght-mat]ials seem to     
possess a k9d ( vitality1 an en]gy1 an  
attractive or repulsive p[]4  ,:5 ideas 
once ga9 real significance 9 ! m9d1 !y  
become active ag5ts4  ,!y are n ! blocks
 ) :i* ! m9d builds4  ,!y are a "p ( !  
m9d itself4  ,!y are ! consci\s reaction
 ( ! m9d ^u ext]nal ?+s4  ,! consci\s   
ego itself is a product ( exp]i5ce4  ,9 
?us ref]r+ all m5tal action & gr[? to   
exp]i5ce1 9 ! n>r[ limits he draws = !  
orig9al p[]s ( ! m9d1 ,h]b>t /&s oppos$ 
to ! old] & to _m m rec5t psy*ologi/s4  
,he has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( empirical    
psy*ology4  ,kant1 ) _m o!r psy*ologi/s1
 gives great] prom95ce to ! orig9al p[]s
 ( ! m9d1 to ! innate ideas1 by means ( 
:i* x receives & works ov] ! crude      

mat]ials furni%$ by ! s5ses4 ,! diff]5ce
 betwe5 ,kant & ,h]b>t 9 int]pret+ !    
process ( app]ception is an index ( a   
radical diff]5ce 9 _! p$agogical        
/&po9ts4  ,) ,kant1 app]ception is !    
assimilation ( ! raw mat]ials ( k ?r\gh 
! fundam5tal categories ( ?\ght         
7quality1 quantity1 relation1 modality1 
etc47  ,kant's categories ( ?\ght are   
orig9al prop]ties ( ! m9d2 !y receive ! 
crude mat]ials ( s5se-p]ception & give  
!m =m & mean+4  ,) ,h]b>t1 ! ideas ga9$ 
?r\gh exp]i5ce are ! app]ceiv+ p[] 9    
int]pret+ new ?+s4  ,practically1 !     
diff]5ce betwe5 ,kant & ,h]b>t is       
important4  ,= ,kant gives controll+    
influ5ce to innate ideas 9 ! process (  
acquisition4  ,our capacity = le>n+     
dep5ds n s mu* ^u ! results ( exp]i5ce &
 ?\ght /or$ 9 ! m9d1 z ^u orig9al p[]s1 
unaid$ & unsupport$ by exp]i5ce4  ,)    
,h]b>t1 on ! contr>y1 great /ress is    
laid ^u ! acquir$ fund ( empirical k z a
 means ( increas+ "o's /ores1 ( m       
rapidly receiv+ & assimilat+ new ideas4 

,^u ?is is also bas$ psy*ologically !   
:ole educational plan ( ,h]b>t & ( 8    
disciples4  ,z fa/ z ideas are ga9$ !y  
are us$ z means ( fur!r acquisition4  ,!
 *ief c>e is to supply ! m9d ( a *ild at
 any /age ( 8 gr[? ) mat]ials ( k suit$ 
to 8 previ\s /ores1 & to see t ! new is 
prop]ly assimilat$ by ! old & organiz$ )
 x4  ,?is accumulat$ fund ( ideas1 z x  
goes on collect+ & arrang+ itself 9 !   
m9d1 is n only a favorable condition b  
an active ag5cy 9 our future acquisition
 & progress4  ,moreov]1 x is ! bus9ess (
 ! tea*] to guide &1 to "s ext5t1 to    
control ! infl[ ( new ideas & exp]i5ces 
into ! m9d ( a *ild2 to sup]9t5d !      
process ( acquir+ & ( build+ up ^?      
bodies ( ?\ght & feel+ :i* ev5tually are
 to influ5ce & guide a *ild's volunt>y  
action4  ,! critics !re=e accuse ,h]b>t 
( a sort ( ar*itectural design or ev5 ( 
a me*anical process 9 education4  ,if   
our ability & "* dep5d to su* an ext5t  
^u our acquirem5ts1 & if ! tea*] is able
 to control ! supply ( ideas to a *ild &

 to guide ! process ( arrangem5t1 he c  
build up controll+ c5t]s ( ?\ght :i* may
 /rongly influ5ce ! action ( ! w4  ,9   
o!r words1 he c con/ruct a "* by build+ 
! "r mat]ials into x4  ,?is seems to    
leave small room = spontane\s developm5t
 t[>d self-activity & fre$om4  ,h]b>t1  
on ! o!r h&1 criticises ,kant's idea ( !
 transc5d5tal fre$om ( ! w1 on ! gr\nd  
t1 if true1 x makes delib]ate1 sy/ematic
 education impossible4  ,if ! w rema9s  
absolutely free 9 spite ( acquir$ k1 9  
spite ( /rongly develop$ t5d5cies (     
?\ght & feel+2 if ! *ild or y\?1 at any 
mom5t1 ev5 9 lat] ye>s1 is able to      
retire into 8 tranc5d5tal ego & arrive  
at decisions )\t reg>d to ! effect (    
previ\sly acquir$ ideas & habits1 any   
well-plann$1 int5tional ef=t at         
education is empty & )\t effect4  ,john 
,fri$ri* ,h]b>t1 ! f\nd] ( ?is movem5t 9
 education1 0 born at ,old5burg 9 #aggf1
 & di$ at ,goett+5 9 #ahaa ,transcrib]'s
 note3 ?is %\ld be #ahda4  ,he labor$   
sev5 ye>s at ,goett+5 at ! beg9n+ ( 8   

c>e] z pr(essor1 & a simil> p]iod at its
 close4  ,b ! longe/ p]iod ( 8 univ]sity
 tea*+ 0 at ,ko5igsb]g1 :]e1 =          
tw5ty-five ye>s1 he occupi$ ! *air (    
philosophy made fam\s be=e him by ,kant4
  ,8 writ+s & lectures 7 devot$ *iefly  
to philosophy1 psy*ology1 & p$agogy4    
,previ\s to beg9n+ 8 c>e] z pr(essor at 
! univ]sity1 he _h sp5t ?ree ye>s z     
private tutor to ?ree boys 9 a ,swiss   
family ( patrician rank4  ,9 ! lett]s & 
reports made to ! fa!r ( ^! boys1 we h  
/rong pro( ( ! practical wisdom &       
e>ne/ness ) :i* he met 8 duties z a     
tea*]4  ,! deep p$agogical int]e/ ?us   
develop$ 9 him rema9$ ?r\gh\t 8 life a  
quick5+ influ5ce4  ,"o ( 8 e>lie/ c\rses
 ( lectures at ! univ]sity result$ 9 !  
publication1 9 #ahjf1 ( 8 ,allgeme9e    
,pa$agogik1 8 lead+ "w on education1 &  
to-day "o ( ! classics ( ,g]man         
educational lit]ature4  ,8 vigor\s      
philosophical ?9k+ 9 psy*ology & e?ics  
gave him ! firm basis = 8 p$agogical    
sy/em4  ,at ,ko5igsb]g1 s /rong 0 8     

int]e/ 9 educational problems t he      
e/abli%$ a tra9+-s*ool = boys1 :]e      
tea*]s1 *os5 by him & "u 8 direction1   
c\ld make practical application ( 8     
decid$ views on education4  ,?\gh small1
 ?is s*ool cont9u$ to furni% pro( ( !   
correctness ( 8 educational ideas till  
he left ,ko5igsb]g 9 #ahcc4  ,?is1 we   
believe1 0 ! fir/ practice-s*ool ( its  
k9d e/abli%$ 9 connection ) p$agogical  
lectures 9 any ,g]man univ]sity4  ,x    
%\ld be rememb]$ t1 :ile ,h]b>t 0 a     
philosoph] ( ! fir/ rank1 ev5 among !   
em95t ?9k]s ( ,g]many & ( ! _w1 he      
atte/$ 8 pr(\nd int]e/ 9 education1 n   
only by sy/ematic lectures & ext5sive   
writ+s on education1 b by ma9ta9+ =     
ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury a              
practice-s*ool at ! univ]sity1 = !      
purpose ( te/+ & illu/rat+ 8 educational
 convictions4  ,lectures on p$agogy are 
m or less common-place1 & (t5 ne>ly     
wor?less4  ,! lectur] on p$agogy :o %uns
 ! life ( ! s*ool room is n half a man 9
 8 pr(ession4  ,! example ?us set by    

,h]b>t ( br++ ! mature/ fruit (         
philosophical /udy into ! s*ool room1 & 
te/+ x day by day & mon? by mon? ^u     
*ildr5 has be5 foll[$ by sev]al em95t   
disciples ( ,h]b>t at important         
univ]sities4  ,k>l ,volkm> ,/oy         
7#ahae-ahhe7 9 #ahdc began 8 c>e] ( m   
?an =ty ye>s z pr(essor ( p$agogy &     
lead] ( a tea*]s' sem9>y &              
practice-s*ool at ,j5a4  7,a "p ( ?is "t
 0 sp5t at ,heidelb]g47  ,dur+ ^! ye>s m
 ?an six hundr$ univ]sity /ud5ts receiv$
 a spirit$ introduction to ! !ory &     
practice ( education "u ,/oy's guidance 
& inspiration4  ,8 sem9>y = discussion &
 8 practice-s*ool became fam\s ?r\gh\t  
,g]many & s5t out _m m5 :o ga9$ em95ce 9
 educational labors4  ,tuiskon ,zill]1 9
 #ahfb1 set up at ,leipzig1 9 connection
 ) 8 lectures on tea*+1 a p$agogical    
sem9>y & practice-s*ool1 :i*1 = tw5ty   
ye>s1 cont9u$ to develop & ext5d !      
application ( ,h]b>t's ideas4  ,zill] & 
sev]al ( 8 disciples h atta9$ mu*       
prom95ce z educational writ]s & lead]s4 

,a ye> aft] ! dea? ( ,/oy1 #ahhf1 ,dr4  
,wilhelm ,re9 0 call$ to ! *air (       
p$agogy at ,j5a4  ,he _h /udi$ bo? )    
,/oy & ,zill]1 & _h add$ to ?is an      
ext5sive exp]i5ce z a tea*] & z pr9cipal
 ( a normal s*ool4  ,8 lectures on      
p$agogy1 bo? !oretical & practical1 9   
connection ) 8 sem9>y = discussion & 8  
practice s*ool = application ( !ory1    
furni% an admirable introduction to !   
mo/ progressive educational ideas (     
,g]many4  ,! ,h]b>t s*ool /&s = c]ta9   
progressive ideas :i*1 :ile n exactly   
new1 h1 h[ev]1 receiv$ su* a new        
infusion ( life-giv+ blood t ! vague    
=mulae ( !ori/s h be5 *ang$ into !      
def9ite1 m&atory requirem5ts &          
sugge/ions ( real tea*]s4  ,! fact t a  
p$agogical tru? has be5 vaguely or ev5  
cle>ly /at$ a doz5 times by prom95t     
writ]s1 is no reason = suppos+ t x has  
ev] _h any vital influ5ce ^u educators4 
,! hi/ory ( education %[s conclusively t
 important educational ideas c be writt5
 ab\t & talk$ ab\t = c5turies )\t f9d+  

_! way to any great ext5t into s*ool    
rooms4  ,:at we n[ ne$ 9 education is   
def9ite & well-gr\nd$ !ories & plans1   
back$ up by hone/ & practical execution4
  ,! ,h]b>tians h pati5tly submitt$     
!mselves to ?or\gh-go+ te/s 9 bo? !ory &
 practice4  ,aft] ye>s ( exp]im5t &     
discussion1 !y come =w>d ) c]ta9        
propositions ( re=m :i* are design$ to  
infuse new life & mean+ into educational
 labors4  ,! fir/ proposition is to make
 ! f\ndation ( education immovable by   
re/+ x ^u gr[? 9 moral "*1 z ! purpose  
:i* s]i\s tea*]s mu/ put fir/4  ,!      
selection ( /udies & ! organization ( ! 
s*ool c\rse foll[ ?is guid+ pr9ciple4   
,! second is p]man5t1 _m-sid$ int]e/4   
,! life-giv+ p[] :i* spr+s f ! awak5+ ( 
! be/ int]e/s 9 ! two great realms (    
real k %\ld be felt by e tea*]4  ,?\gh n
 entirely new1 ?is idea is bett] ?an    
new1 because its deep] mean+ is cle>ly  
br\ght out1 & x is rationally provid$ = 
by ! selection ( int]e/+ mat]ials & by  
m>k+ out an appropriate me?od (         

treatm5t4  ,all k mu/ be infus$ ) feel+s
 ( int]e/1 if x is to rea* ! he>t & "w  
its influ5ce ^u "* by giv+ impulse to ! 
w4  ,?irdly1 ! idea ( organiz$ unity1 or
 conc5tration1 9 ! m5tal /ores ga!r$ by 
*ildr51 9 all _! k & exp]i5ce1 is a     
?\ght ( su* vital mean+ 9 ! ef=t to     
e/abli% unity ( "*1 t1 :5 a tea*] once  
realizes its import1 8 ef=t is ton$ up  
to great und]tak+s4  ,f\r?ly1 ! culture 
epo*s give a sugge/ive bird's-eye view (
 ! hi/orical mean+ ( education1 & ( !   
ri* mat]ials ( hi/ory & lit]ature =     
supply+ suitable m5tal food to *ildr54  
,!y help to realize ! ideas ( int]e/1   
conc5tration1 & app]ception4            
,app]ception is ! practical key to ! mo/
 important problems ( education1 because
 x compels u to keep a sympa!tic eye ^u 
! *ild 9 8 moods1 m5tal /ates1 & *ang+  
phases ( gr[?2 to build h\rly ^u ! only 
f\ndation he has1 8 previ\s acquirem5ts 
& habits4  ,f9ally1 ! ,h]b>tians h      
grappl$ s]i\sly ) t great & compreh5sive
 problem ! common s*ool c\rse4  ,!      

obligation re/s ^u !m to select !       
mat]ials & to lay out a c\rse ( /udy :i*
 embodies all _! lead+ pr9ciples 9 a =m 
suit$ to *ildr5 & to our s*ool          
conditions4  ,"s ( ! pr9cipal books     
publi%$ 9 ,engli% be>+ on ,h]b>t are z  
foll[s3  ,de ,g>mo1 ,*>les4  ,ess5tials 
( ,me?od4  ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?1 ,bo/on4       
,felk94  ,! ,sci5ce ( ,education2 a     
translation ( "s ( ,h]b>t's mo/         
important writ+s on education1 ) a %ort 
biography ( ,h]b>t4  ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?      
,co41 ,bo/on4  ,lange4  ,ueb]           
,app]ception1 translat$ by ! ,h]b>t     
,club & edit$ by ,dr4 ,de ,g>mo4  ,d4   
,c4 ,hea?  ,co41 ,bo/on4  ,l9dn]'s      
,psy*ology1 translat$ by ,dr4 ,de ,g>mo4
  ,d4 ,c4 ,hea?  ,co41 ,bo/on4  ,smi?1  
,miss ,m4 ,k4 ,h]b>t's ,psy*ology1      
translat$4  ,int]national ,ed4 s]ies4   
,appleton4  ,van ,liew4  ,outl9es (     
,p$agogics1 by ,re9 & ,van ,liew4  ,c4  
,w4 ,b>de51 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4  ,! latt]
 book conta9s a full bibliography ( !   
,g]man works ( ! ,h]b>t s*ool z well z (

 ^? ?us f> publi%$ 9 ,engli%4