,,! ,,ar5a4  ,no4 ,,xx4  ,,july1 #ahia4 
,illu/ration3 7sign$7 ,v truly ,y\rs1   
,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes4     ,,oliv]     
,,w5dell ,,holmes4  ,,by ,,george       
,,/ew>t1 ,d4 ,c4 ,l41 ,,ll4 ,d4   ,to ! 
ye> #ahji1 ! _w is v mu* indebt$ = a b& 
( notable recruits to ! ranks (         
lit]ature & sci5ce1 /atesman%ip &       
milit>y r5[n4 ,"o ne$ m5tion only a few 
names to e/abli% t fact1 & gr& names !y 
are1 = ! li/ includes ,d>w91 ,glad/one1 
,era/us ,wilson1 ,john ,hill ,burton1   
,manteuffel1 ,c\nt ,beu/1 ,"l ,h\ghton1 
,alfr$ ,t5nyson1 & ,oliv] ,w5dell       
,holmes4 ,ea* ( ^! has play$ an         
important "p 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & impress$
 ! age ) a g5ius t m>ks an epo* 9 !     
great dep>tm5t ( human activity &       
progress4 ,! ye> 0 pretty well advanc$1 
& ! mon? ( ,augu/ _h rea*$ its #bi? day1
 :5 ! wife ( ,dr4 ,abiel ,holmes pres5t$
 ! au?or ( ,! ,am]ican ,annals ) a son  
:o 0 de/9$ to take 8 place 9 ! front l9e
 ( poets1 ?9k]s1 & essayi/s4 ,! babe 0  
born at ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 9 !  

c5tre ( a ,puritan civilization1 :i*    
c\ld sc>cely h be5 9 t\* & h>mony ) !   
emphasiz$ ,unit>ianism emanat+ f ,h>v>d4
 ,b ,abiel ,holmes 0 a g5ial1           
g5]\s-he>t$ man1 & despite ! sev]ity ( 8
 religi\s belief1 contriv$ to live on   
t]ms ( a mo/ agreeable "* ) 8 neighbors4
 ,a ,yale man himself1 & ! firm fri5d ( 
8 old pr(essor1 ! presid5t ( t          
in/itution1 :o _h giv5 him 8 daught]    
,m>y to w$ 7%e di$ five ye>s aft] h]    
m>riage71 we may readily believe t = a  
"t1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 !n /rongly "u !  
sway ( ! ,unit>ians1 _h little          
fasc9ation = him4 ,b 8 k9dly nature     
conqu]$ ! repugnance he may h felt1 & he
 soon got on well ) all classes ( !     
little community :i* surr\nd$ him4 ,by 8
 fir/ wife he _h no *ildr54 ,b five1    
?ree daught]s & two sons1 bless$ 8 union
 ) ,s>ah ,w5dell1 ! accompli%$ daught] (
 ! ,hon4 ,john ,w5dell1 ( ,bo/on4 ,we   
may pass briefly ov] ! e>ly ye>s (      
,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes4 ,he 0 educat$ at
 ! ,phillips ,academy at ,exet]1 &      

subsequ5tly ent]$ ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 :]e
 he 0 graduat$1 ) high honors1 9 #ahbi1 
& belong$ to t class ( "y fell[s :o1 9  
aft] life1 greatly di/+ui%$ !mselves4   
,"s ( 8 noble/ poems 7 writt5 9 memory (
 t class1 su* z ,bill & ,joe1 ,a ,song (
 ,tw5ty-n9e1 ,! ,old ,man ,dreams1 ,our 
,sweet ,s+]1 & ,our ,bank]1 all ( !m    
brea?+ love & respect = ! boys ) :om !  
poet /udi$ & matriculat$4 ,"y ,holmes 0 
de/9$ = ! law1 b ,*itty & ,black/one    
app>5tly _h little *>m = him1 = aft] a  
ye>'s trial1 he ab&on$ ! field & took up
 m$ic9e4 ,8 m9d c\ld n h be5 mu*        
impress$ ) /atutes1 = all ! "t t he 0   
suppos$ to be conn+ ov] ab/ruse po9ts 9 
jurisprud5ce1 he 0 s5d+ to ! pr9t]s "s (
 ! clev]e/ & mo/ waggi% contributions   
:i* h fall5 f 8 p54 ,! ,collegian1--!   
univ]sity j\rnal ( ^? days1--publi%$ mo/
 ( ^!1 & ?\gh no "n 0 atta*$ to !       
scre$s1 x 0 fairly well kn[n t ,holmes 0
 ! au?or4 ,! companion writ]s 9 !       
,collegian 7 ,simmons1 :o wrote ov] !   
signature ( ,lockfa/2 ,john ,o4 ,s>g5t1 

poet & essayi/1 ^: nom de plume 0 ,*>les
 ,%]ry2 ,rob]t ,hab]%am1 ! ,mr4 ,airy ( 
! gr\p2 & t clev] "y trifl]1 ,!odore    
,sn[1 :o delight$ ! read]s ( ! p]iodical
 ) ! works ( ,ge(frey ,la ,t\*e4 ,( ^!1 
( c\rse1 ,holmes 0 ! life & s\l1 & ?\gh 
sixty ye>s h pass$ away s9ce he enri*$ !
 columns ( ! ,collegian ) ! fruits ( 8  
muse1 m ?an half ( ! pieces survive1 &  
are deem$ good en\gh to hold a place    
beside 8 matur] productions4 ,ev5+ ( a  
,sailor1 ,! ,meet+ ( ! ,dryads1 & ,!    
,spectre ,pig1--! latt] 9 ! ve9 ( ,tom  
,hood at 8 be/1--w be rememb]$ z among  
^? 9 ! collection :i* may be read to-day
 ) ! ze/1 appreciation1 & delight :i* !y
 inspir$ m ?an half a c5tury ago4       
,holmes' connection ) ! ,collegian _h a 
mo/ inspirit+ effect on 8 fell[         
contributors1 :o f\nd _! wits %>p5$ by  
contact ) a m9d t 0 =ev] buoyant &      
ov]fl[+ ) humor & good nature4 ,9       
fri5dly rivalry1 ^? k9dr$ intellects vi$
 ) "o ano!r1 & no m brilliant college   
pap] 0 ev] publi%$ ?an ! ,collegian1 &  

?is is m rem>kable /ill1 :5 we come to  
consid] ! fact1 t at t "t1 lit]ature 9  
,am]ica 0 practically 9 its infancy4    
,n9e ye>s be=e1 ,sydney ,smi? _h ask$ 8 
fam\s "q1 ,:o reads an ,am]ican book8 :o
 goes to an ,am]ican play8 ,& to t qu]y 
!re 0 really no answ]4 ,six numb]s ( !  
,collegian 7 issu$1 & !y mu/ h prov$ a  
revelation to ! m5 & wom5 ( t day1 ^:   
read+1 hi!rto1 _h almo/ be5 conf9$ to ! 
import$ article f beyond ! seas1 =      
,wa%+ton ,irv+ wrote ) ! p5 ( an ,engli%
 g5tleman1 ,bryant & ,dana _h n yet made
 _! m>k 9 di/9ctively ,am]ican au?or%ip1
 & ,coop]'s ,prairie 0 j becom+ to be   
und]/ood by ! critics & p4  ,%ak+ ! du/ 
( ! law (fice f 8 %oes1 ,oliv] ,w5dell  
,holmes1 ab&on+ lit]ature = a "t1 plung$
 boldly into ! /udy ( a pr(ession = :i* 
he _h always ev9c$ a /rong pr$ilection4 
,! art & practice ( m$ical sci5ce _h ev]
 a fasc9ation = him1 & he made rapid    
progress at ! univ]sity4 ,once or twice 
he yield$ to impulse1 & wrote a few     
bright ?+s1 anonym\sly1 = ! ,h>b+]1--!  

pap] :i* ,epes ,s>g5t & ,p>k ,b5jam9    
publi%$ = ! b5efit ( a *>itable         
in/itution1 & d$icat$ z a ,may gift to !
 ladies :o _h aid$ ! ,new ,engl&        
,in/itution = ! ,education ( ! ,bl9d4 ,9
 #ahcc1 ,holmes sail$ = ,p>is1 :]e he   
/udi$ m$ic9e & surg]y1 & walk$ !        
hospitals4 ,?ree ye>s 7 sp5t abroad1 &  
!n ! "y /ud5t return$ to ,cambridge to  
take 8 m$ical degree at ,h>v>d1 & to    
deliv] 8 metrical ,essay on ,poetry1    
be=e ! ,phi-,beta-,kappa ,society4 ,9   
?is ye> too1 #ahcf1 he publi%$ 8 fir/   
ackn[l$g$ book ( poems1--a duodecimo    
volume ( less ?an two hundr$ pages4 ,9  
?is collection 8 ,essay on ,poetry      
appe>$4 ,x describes ! art 9 f\r /ages1 
viz41 ! ,pa/oral or ,bucolic1 ! ,m>tial1
 ! ,epic1 & ! ,dramatic4 ,9 illu/ration 
( 8 views1 he furni%$ exempl>s f 8 own  
prolific muse1 & 8 /rik+ poem ( ,old    
,ironsides 0 pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t1 & sprang
 at a b\nd into national e/eem4 ,& 9 ?is
 fir/ book1 !re 0 includ$ t little poem1
 ,! ,la/ ,leaf1 bett] "w ?an :i* ,holmes

 has nev] done4 ,x is 9 a ve9 :i* he has
 develop$ mu* s9ce !n4 ,grace1 humor1   
pa?os1 & happ9ess ( phrase & idea1 are  
all to be f\nd 9 its delici\s /anzas3-- 
,i saw him once be=e1     ,z he pass$ by
 ! door1             ,& aga9     ,!     
pavem5t /ones res\nd1     ,z he tott]s  
o'er ! gr\nd             ,) 8 cane4     
,!y say t 9 8 prime1     ,ere !         
prun+-knife ( ,"t             ,cut him  
d[n1     ,n a bett] man 0 f\nd     ,by !
 ,cri] on 8 r\nd             ,?r\gh !   
t[n4      ,b n[ he walks ! /reets1      
,& he looks at all he meets1            
,sad & wan2     ,& he %akes 8 feeble    
head1     ,t x seems z if he said1      
,!y are gone6      ,! mossy m>bles re/  
,on ! lips t he has pre/             ,9 
_! bloom1     ,& ! names he lov$ to he> 
,h be5 c>v$ = _m a ye>             ,on !
 tomb4      ,my gr&mamma has said--     
,poor old lady1 %e is dead              
,long ago--     ,t he _h a ,roman nose1 
,& 8 *eek 0 l a rose             ,9 !   
sn[4      ,b n[ 8 nose is ?91     ,& x  

re/s ^u 8 *9             ,l a /aff2     
,& a crook is 9 8 back1     ,& a        
melan*oly crack             ,9 8 laugh4 
,i "k x is a s9     ,= me to sit & gr9  
,at him "h2     ,b ! old ?ree-corn]$    
hat1     ,& ! bree*es1 & all t1         
,are s que]6      ,& if ,i %\ld live to 
be     ,! la/ leaf ^u ! tree            
,9 ! spr+1     ,let !m smile z ,i d n[1 
,at ! old =sak5 b\gh             ,:]e ,i
 cl+4  ,9 #ahch1 ,doctor ,holmes accept$
 8 fir/ pr(essorial position1 & became  
pr(essor ( anatomy & physiology at      
,d>tm\?4 ,two ye>s lat]1 he m>ri$1 &    
took up ! practice ( m$ic9e 9 ,bo/on4 ,9
 #ahdg1 he return$ to 8 old love1       
accept+ ! ,p>kman pr(essor%ip ( anatomy 
& physiology1 9 ! ,m$ical ,s*ool at     
,h>v>d4 ,:ile engag$ 9 tea*+1 he prep>$ 
= publication sev]al important books &  
reports relat+ to 8 pr(ession1 & 8 pap]s
 9 ! v>i\s m$ical j\rnals attract$ great
 att5tion by _! fre%ness1 cle>ness1 &   
orig9ality4 ,b x is n z a m$ical man t  
,doctor ,holmes may be discuss$ 9 ?is   

pap]4 ,we h to deal altoge!r ) 8 lit]>y 
c>e]1--a c>e]1 :i* = its brilliancy has 
n be5 surpass$ on ?is side ( !          
,atlantic4  ,z a poet he diff]s mu* f 8 
contempor>ies1 b ! /&>d he has rea*$ is 
z high z t :i* has be5 atta9$ by ,l[ell 
& ,longfell[4 ,9 l(ty v]se he is /rong &
 unconv5tional1 writ+ always ) a firm   
grasp on 8 subject1 & emphasiz+ 8 p]fect
 k ( melody & metre4 ,z a writ] (       
occasional v]se he has n _h an equal 9  
our "t1 & 8 p5 = ?reescore ye>s has be5 
put to frequ5t use 9 celebration ( all  
sorts ( ev5ts1 :e!r milit>y1 lit]>y1 or 
sci5tific4 ,bay>d ,taylor said1 ,he     
lift$ ! 'occasional' into ! 'classic'1 &
 ! phrase happily expresses ! tru?4 ,!  
vivaci\s "* ( 8 nature readily l5ds     
itself to "w ( ?is sort1 & ?\gh ! pr9t$ 
page gives ! read] ! sp>kl+ epigram & ! 
graceful l9es1 cle>-cut always & full ( 
s\l1 ! pleasure is n q ! same z see+ &  
he>+ him recite 8 own poems1 9 ! company
 ( cong5ial fri5ds4 ,8 songs are full ( 
sun%9e & he>t1 & 8 lit]>y mann] w9s by  

its simplicity & t5d]ness4 ,ye>s ago1   
,miss ,mit=d said t %e knew no "o s     
?or\ghly orig9al4 ,= him %e c\ld f9d no 
liv+ prototype4 ,& s %e w5t back to ! "t
 ( ,john ,dryd5 to f9d a man to :om %e  
might comp>e him4 ,& ,l[ell 9 8 ,fable =
 ,critics1 describes ,holmes z      ,a  
,leyd5-j> full-*>g$1 f :i* flit     ,!  
electrical t+les1 ( hit aft] hit4  ,8   
lyrical pieces are among ! be/ ( 8      
compositions1 & 8 ballads1 too few 9    
numb]1 betray t love :i* he has always  
felt = ! melodi\s m9/relsy ( ! anci5t   
b>ds4 ,:itti] ?\ght t ! ,*amb]$         
,nautilus 0 book$ = immortality4 ,9 !   
same li/ may be put ! ,"o-,hoss ,%ay1   
,cont5tm5t1 ,de/9ation1 ,h[ ! ,old      
,horse ,won ! ,bet1 ,! ,broom/ick ,tra91
 & t lovely family portrait1 ,doro?y    
,q----1 a poem ) a hi/ory4 ,doro?y      
,qu9cy's picture1 cold & h>d1 pa9t$ by  
an unkn[n arti/1 hangs on ! wall ( !    
poet's home 9 ,beacon ,/reet4 ,a hole 9 
! canvas m>ks ! spot :]e "o ( ,k+       
,george's soldi]s ?ru/ 8 bayonet4 ,!    

lady 0 ,dr4 ,holmes' gr&mo!r's "m1 & %e 
is repres5t$ z be+ ab\t ?irte5 ye>s (   
age1 )      ,girli% bu/1 b womanly air2 
,smoo?1 squ>e =ehead1 ) uproll$ hair2   
,lips t lov] has nev] kiss$2     ,tap]  
f+]s & sl5d] wri/2     ,hang+ sleeves ( 
/iff brocade2     ,s !y pa9t$ ! little  
maid4  ,& ! poet goes on3--      ,:at if
 a hundr$ ye>s ago     ,^? close-%ut    
lips _h answ]$ no1     ,:5 =? ! tremul\s
 "q came     ,t co/ ! maid5 h] ,norman  
"n1     ,& "u ! folds t look s /ill1    
,! bodice swell$ ) ! bosom's ?rill6     
,%\ld ,i be ,i1 or w\ld x be     ,"o t5?
 ano!r1 to n9e t5?s me8      ,s(t is !  
brea? ( a maid5's yes1     ,n ! light   
gossam] /irs ) less2     ,b nev] a cable
 t holds s fa/     ,?r\gh all ! battles 
( wave & bla/1     ,& nev] an e*o (     
spee* or song     ,t lives 9 ! babbl+   
air s long6     ,!re 7 tones 9 ! voice t
 :isp]$ !n1     ,y may he> to-day 9 a   
hundr$ m54      ,o lady & lov]1 h[ fa9t 
& f>     ,y\r images hov]1 & "h we are1 
,solid & /irr+ 9 fle% & bone1           

,edw>d's & ,doro?y's--all _! own1     ,a
 goodly record = "t to %[     ,( a      
syllable spok5 s long ago6     ,%all ,i 
bless y1 ,doro?y1 or =give     ,= ! t5d]
 :isp] t bade me live8      ,x %all be a
 bless+1 my little maid6     ,i w heal !
 /ab ( ! r$-coat's blade1     ,& fre%5 !
 gold ( ! t>ni%$ frame1     ,& gild ) a 
rhyme y\r h\sehold "n2     ,s y %all    
smile on u brave & bright1     ,z fir/ y
 greet$ ! morn+'s light1     ,& live    
untr\bl$ by woes & fe>s     ,?r\gh a    
second y\? ( a hundr$ ye>s4  ,dr4       
,holmes' color+ is inv>iably arti/ic4   
,no?+ 9 8 v]se (f5ds ! eye or grates    
unpleasantly on ! e>4 ,he is a true     
musician1 & 8 /ory1 joke1 or pass+ fancy
 is always jo9$ to a measure :i* nev]   
halts4 ,! ,voiceless1 p]haps1 z well z  
,"u ! ,violets1 ought to be m5tion$     
among ! m t5d] v]ses :i* we h f 8 p51 9 
8 high] mood4  ,8 novels are object     
lessons1 ea* "o hav+ be5 writt5 ) a     
well-def9$ purpose 9 view4 ,b unlike mo/
 novels ) a purpose1 ! ?ree :i* he has  

writt5 are n[ise dull4 ,! fir/ ( ! set  
is ,! ,pr(essor's ,/ory2 or1 ,elsie     
,v5n]1 ! second is ,! ,gu>dian ,angel1  
writt5 :5 ! au?or 0 9 8 prime1 & ! ?ird 
is ,a ,mortal ,antipa?y1 writt5 only a  
few ye>s ago4 ,9 no s5se are ^! works   
commonplace4 ,_! art is v sup]b1 & :ile 
!y amuse1 !y af=d ! read] mu*           
opportunity = reflection4 ,elsie ,v5n]  
is a romance ( de/9y1 & a /range        
physiological condition furni%es !      
key-note & m>r[ ( ! tale4 ,x is ,holmes'
 snake /ory1 ! ta9t ( ! s]p5t appe>+ 9 !
 daught]1 ^: "m 0 bitt5 by a            
rattle-snake be=e h] babe 0 born4 ,!    
traits inh]it$ by ?is un=tunate (fspr+ f
 ! reptile1 f9d rapid developm5t4 ,%e   
becomes a creature ( impulse1 & h] life 
sp5t 9 a ,new ,engl& village1 at a      
ladies' academy1 ) its social & religi\s
 surr\nd+s1 is describ$ & work$ out )   
r>e analytical skill1 & by a h& accu/om$
 to deal ) curi\s sci5tific ph5om5a4 ,! 
"* draw+ is admirable1 ! episodes are   
/rik+ & orig9al1 & ! sc5]y1 c>efully    

elaborat$1 is manag$ ) f9e judgm5t4     
,despite ! idea1 :i* to "s may at fir/  
blu% appe> revolt+ & />tl+1 !re is no?+ 
s5sational 9 ! book4 ,! read] obs]ves   
only ! gr[? & movem5t ( ! poison 9 !    
girl's sy/em1 its effect on h] way (    
life1 & its rem>kable p[] ov] h] m9d4   
,horror or disgu/ at h] condition is n =
 "o mom5t evok$4 ,! /yle is pure &      
ennobl+1 & :ile our sympa?ies may be    
t\*$1 we are at ! same "t fasc9at$ &    
ent]ta9$1 f ! fir/ page to ! la/4 ,( q  
diff]5t texture is ,! ,gu>dian ,angel1 a
 p]haps m readable /ory1 s f> z =m is   
conc]n$1 mu* light] 9 "*1 & less ( a    
/udy4 ,!re is m plot1 b ! range is n s  
l(ty4 ,x is less philosophical 9 tone   
?an ,elsie ,v5n]1 & ! ev5ts move quick]4
 ,! sc5e ( ,! ,gu>dian ,angel is also   
laid 9 an ord9>y ,new ,engl& village1 & 
! object ( ! ,doctor-,noveli/ 0 to write
 a tale 9 :i* ! peculi>ities & laws (   
hy/]ia %\ld f9d expression & developm5t4
 ,9 c>ry+ out 8 plan1 ,dr4 ,holmes has  
a*iev$ a g5u9e success4 ,he has taught a

 lesson1 & at ! same "t has told a      
deeply int]e/+ /ory1 light5$ up "h & !re
 ) *>act]i/ic humor & wit4 ,! *>act]s ( 
,myrtle ,haz>d & ,byles ,gridley are    
drawn ) nice discrim9ation1 :ile ! sket*
 ( ! village poet1 ,mr4 ,gift$ ,hopk9s1 
is s life-l & reali/ic1 t he has only to
 be nam$ to be in/antly recogniz$4 ,he  
is a type ( ! poet :o haunts ! newspap] 
(fice1 & belongs to e t[n & hamlet4 ,8  
lady-love is ,miss ,susan ,posey1 a     
delici\s creation 9 ,dr4 ,holmes' be/   
mann]4 ,^! two prove excell5t foils = ! 
/rong] p]sonages ( ! /ory1 & af=d mu*   
amusem5t4 ,a ,mortal ,antipa?y is less (
 a romance ?an ! o!rs4 ,! read] w be    
int]e/$ 9 ! description ( a boat race   
:i* is exquisitely done4  ,9            
biographical writ+1 we h two books f    
,dr4 ,holmes1 "o a %ort life ( ,em]son1 
& ! o!r a memoir ( ,motley4 ,?\gh       
capable ( writ+ a great biography l     
,trevelyan's ,macaulay or ,lockh>t's    
,scott1 ! doctor has n yet done s4 ,( ! 
two :i* he has writt51 ! ,motley is !   

bett] "o4 ,9 nei!r1 h[ev]1 has ! au?or  
arriv$ at 8 own /&>d ( :at a biography  
%\ld be4  ,me*anism 9 ?\ght & morals1--a
 ,phi-,beta-,kappa address1 deliv]$ at  
,h>v>d 9 #ahgj1--;is "o ( ,dr4 ,holmes' 
mo/ lum9\s contributions to popul>      
sci5ce4 ,x is ample 9 ! way ( sugge/ion 
& ! pres5tation ( facts1 & ?\gh         
sci5tific 9 treatm5t1 ! captivat+ /yle (
 ! essayi/ relieves ! pap] ( all        
heav9ess4 ,a brief extract f ?is f9e1   
?\ghtful "w may be giv5 "h3--       ,we 
wi% to rememb] some?+ 9 ! c\rse (       
conv]sation4 ,no ef=t ( ! w c rea* x2 b 
we      say1 'wait a m9ute1 & x w come  
to me1' & g on      talk+4 ,pres5tly1   
p]haps "s m9utes lat]1 ! idea we        
are 9 se>* ( comes all at once into !   
m9d1 deliv]$      l a prepaid bundle1   
laid at ! door ( consci\sness      l a  
f\ndl+ 9 a basket4 ,h[ x came !re we "k 
n4      ,! m9d mu/ h be5 at "w grop+ &  
feel+ = x      9 ! d>k2 x _c h come (   
itself4 ,yet all !      :ile1 our       
consci\sness 0 busy ) o!r ?\ghts4  ,!   

lit]>y reputation ( ,dr4 ,holmes w re/  
on ! ?ree great books :i* h made 8 "n   
fam\s on two cont95ts4 ,?ack]ay _h pass$
 8 =tie? ye> be=e he produc$ 8          
magnific5t novel4 ,holmes1 too1 0 m ?an 
=ty :5 he began t unique & orig9al book1
 ,! ,autocrat ( ! ,breakfa/ ,table1 "o (
 ! mo/ ?\ghtful1 graceful1 & able       
inve/igations into philosophy & culture 
ev] writt54 ,we h ! au?or 9 e mood1     
playful & pa!tic1 witty & wise4 ,:o c   
ev] =get ! "y fell[ call$ ,john1 our    
,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ! ,div9ity /ud5t1 !   
s*ool-mi/ress1 ! l&lady's daught]1 & !  
poor relation8 ,:at *>act]ization is !re
 "h6 ,! delightful talk ( ! autocrat1 8 
humor1 always infecti\s1 8 logic1 8     
/rong common s5se1 illum9e e page4 ,:5  
he began to write1 ,dr4 ,holmes _h no   
settl$ plan 9 8 head4 ,9 ,novemb]1      
#ahca1 he s5t an article to ! ,new      
,engl& ,magaz9e1 publi%$ by ,buck+ham 9 
,bo/on1 foll[$ by ano!r pap] 9 ,febru>y1
 #ahcb4 ,! idea next occurr$ to ! au?or 
9 #aheg1--;a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft]w>ds1 

:5 ! editors ( ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 !n  
/>t+ on its c>e]1 begg$ him to write    
some?+ = its pages4 ,he ?\ght ( ,!      
,autocrat1 & resolv$1 z he says1 to %ake
 ! same b\gh aga91 & see if ! ripe fruit
 7 bett] or worse ?an ! e>ly w9dfalls4  
,at a b\nd ,! ,autocrat leap$ into      
popul> favor4 ,! read+ public c\ld h>dly
 wait = ! numb]s4 ,all sorts ( topics   
are t\*$ ^u f nature to mank9d4 ,!re is 
! talk ab\t ! trees1 :i* "o may read a  
doz5 times & feel ! bett] = x4 ,& !n    
comes t *>m+ acc\nt ( ! walk ) !        
s*ool-mi/ress1 :5 ! lov]s look$ at !    
elms1 & ! roses came & w5t on ! maid5's 
*eeks4 ,& "h is a p>agraph or two :i*   
makes m5 ?9k3       ,our bra9s are      
sev5ty-ye> clocks4 ,! angel ( life w9ds 
!m up once = all1 !n closes ! case1 &   
gives !      key into ! h& ( ! ,angel ( 
! ,resurrection4 ,tic-tac6      tic-tac6
 g ! :eels ( ?\ght2 our w _c /op        
!m2 !y _c /op !mselves2 sleep _c /ill   
!m2      madness only makes !m g fa/]2  
dea? alone c break      into ! case1 &  

seiz+ ! ev]-sw++ p5dulum1 :i*      we   
call ! he>t1 sil5ce at la/ ! click+ ( ! 
t]rible escapem5t we h c>ri$ s long     
b5ea? our      wr9kl$ =eheads4       ,if
 we c\ld only get at !m1 z we lie on our
 pill[s &      c\nt ! dead beats ( ?\ght
 aft] ?\ght1 & image      aft] image1   
j>r+ ?r\gh ! ov]tir$ organ6 ,w          
nobody block ^? :eels1 unc\ple t p9ion1 
cut !      /r+ t holds ^? weights1 bl[  
up ! inf]nal      ma*9e ) gun-p[d]8 ,:at
 a passion comes ov] u      sometimes = 
sil5ce & re/6--t ?is dreadful           
me*anism1 unw9d+ ! endless tape/ry ( "t1
      embroid]$ ) spectral figures (    
life & dea?1 c\ld      h b "o brief     
holiday6 ,:o c wond] t m5 sw+           
!mselves (f f beams 9 hemp5 lassos8--t  
!y jump      (f f p>apets into ! swift &
 gurgl+ wat]s      b5ea?8--t !y take    
c\nsel ( ! grim fri5d :o has      b to  
utt] 8 "o p]emptory monosyllable & !    
re/less ma*9e is %iv]$ z a vase t is    
da%$ ^u a      m>ble floor8 ,"u t build+
 :i* we pass e day      !re are /rong   

dungeons1 :]e nei!r hook1 nor b>1 nor   
b$-cord1 nor dr9k+ vessel f :i* a %>p   
fragm5t      may be %att]$1 %all by any 
*ance be se54 ,!re is      no?+ = x1 :5 
! bra9 is on fire ) ! :irl+      ( its  
:eels1 b to spr+ aga9/ ! /one wall &    
sil5ce !m ) "o cra%4 ,ah1 !y rememb]$   
t1--!      k9d city fa!rs1--& ! walls   
are nicely padd$1 s t      "o c take su*
 ex]cise z he likes )\t damag+          
himself on ! v pla9 & s]viceable        
uphol/]y4 ,if      anybody w\ld only    
contrive "s k9d ( a lev] t "o      c\ld 
?ru/ 9 among ! works ( ?is horrid       
automaton &      *eck !m1 or alt] _!    
rate ( go+1 :at w\ld !      _w give = ! 
discov]y8  ,! ,autocrat 0 foll[$ by ,!  
,pr(essor at ! ,breakfa/ ,table1--a book
 9 e way equal to ! fir/ "o1 ?\gh1 to be
 sure1 !re are critics :o pret5d to see 
dim9i%$ p[] 9 ! au?or's p54 ,x is1      
h[ev]1 full ( ! same g5tle humor & ke5  
analyses ( ! follies & foibles ( human  
k9d4 ,x is a trifle grav]1 ?\gh "s ( !  
*>act]s belong+ to ,! ,autocrat come to 

! front aga94 ,x is 9 ?is book t we f9d 
t lovely /ory ( ,iris1--a ma/]piece 9   
itself & "o ( ! sweete/ ?+s t has come  
to u = a hundr$ ye>s1 rivall+ to a      
degree ! delici\s mann] & /yle (        
,goldsmi? & ,lamb4 ,9 #ahgc ! la/ ( !   
s]ies appe>$1 & ,! ,poet came ^u ! sc5e 
to gladd5 ! breakfa/]s4 ,e *apt] sp>kles
 ) orig9ality4 ,i h1 says ,dr4 ,holmes1 
unburd5$ myself 9 ?is book1 & 9 "s o!r  
pages1 ( :at ,i 0 born to say4 ,_m ?+s t
 ,i h said 9 my rip] days h be5 a*+ 9 my
 s\l s9ce ,i 0 a m]e *ild4 ,i say a*+1  
because !y conflict$ ) _m ( my inh]it$  
beliefs1 or r traditions4 ,i did n "k !n
 t two /ra9s ( blood 7 /riv+ 9 me = !   
ma/]y--two6 tw5ty1 p]haps1 tw5ty ?\s&1 =
 aught ,i "k--b repres5t$ to me by      
two--pat]nal & mat]nal4 ,b ,i d "k ?is3 
,i h /ruck a good _m *ords1 fir/ & la/1 
9 ! consci\sness ( o!r p4 ,i confess to 
a t5d] feel+ = my little brood ( ?\ghts4
 ,:5 !y h be5 welcom$ & prais$1 x has   
pleas$ me1 & if at any "t !y h be5      
rudely h&l$ & despitefully treat$1 x has

 co/ me a little worry4 ,i don't despise
 reputation1 & ,i %\ld l to be rememb]$ 
z hav+ said some?+ wor? la/+ well en\gh 
to la/4  ,!re is mu* philosophy 9 ,!    
,poet1 & if x is less humor\s ?an ,!    
,autocrat1 x is m pr(\nd ?an ei!r ( its 
fell[s 9 ! great trio4 ,9 x ! doctor has
 said en\gh to make ! reputations ( half
 a doz5 au?ors4  ,"o ,hundr$ ,days 9    
,europe1 if writt5 by anyone else save  
,dr4 ,holmes1 w\ld1 p]haps1 g begg+ = a 
publi%]4 ,b he j\rney$ to ! old l& ) 8  
he>t ^u 8 sleeve4 ,he met ne>ly e man & 
woman wor? kn[+1 & ! ,c\rt1 ,sci5ce1 &  
,lit]ature receiv$ him ) op5 arms4 ,he  
_h n se5 ,engl& = half a c5tury4 ,fifty 
ye>s be=e1 he 0 an obscure "y man1 /udy+
 m$ic9e1 & kn[n by sc>cely half a doz5  
p]sons4 ,he return$ 9 #ahhf1 a man (    
_w-wide fame1 & e h& 0 /ret*$ out to d  
him honor1 & to pay him homage4 ,"l     
,h\ghton1--! fam\s breakfa/ giv] ( 8 "t1
 c]ta9ly1 ! mo/ successful s9ce !       
pr9cely ,rog]s1--_h met him 9 ,bo/on    
ye>s be=e1 & _h begg$ him aga9 & aga9 to

 cross ! ocean4 ,lett]s fail+ to move ! 
poet1 ,h\ghton tri$ v]se ^u him1 & s5t  
^! graceful l9es3--      ,:5 g5ius f !  
fur!/ ,we/1        ,si]ra's ,wilds &    
,pok] ,flat1      ,c seek our %ores )   
filial ze/1        ,:y n ! g5ial        
,autocrat8      ,:y is ?is burd5 on u   
laid1        ,t fri5dly ,london nev]    
greets      ,! pe] ( ,lock]1 ,moore1 &  
,pra$        ,f ,bo/on's almo/ neighbor 
/reets8      ,8 e>li] & matur] p[]s     
,8 own de> l& might well engage2        
,we only ask a few k9d h\rs        ,( 8 
s]5e & vigor\s age4      ,oh1 = a       
glimpse ( glori\s ,poe6        ,8 rav5  
grimly answ]s 'nev]6'      ,w ,holmes's 
mild] muse say 'no1'        ,& keep our 
h&s ap>t =ev]8  ,b he 0 n de/9$ to see 8
 fri5d4 ,:5 ,holmes arriv$ 9 ,engl&1 ,"l
 ,h\ghton 0 9 8 grave1 & s 0 ,dean      
,/anley1 ^: sweetness ( disposition _h s
 *>m$ ! autocrat1 :5 ! two m5 _h met 9  
,bo/on a few ye>s be=e4 ,rusk9 he fail$ 
to meet also1 = ! di/+ui%$ ^w-pa9t] 0   
ill4 ,at a d9n]1 h[ev]1 at ,ar*-,deacon 

,f>r>'s1 he sp5t "s "t ) ,sir ,john     
,millais & ,pr(4 ,john ,tyndall4 ,(     
c\rse1 he saw ,glad/one1 ,t5nyson1      
,rob]t ,br[n+1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,col]idge1 
,du ,mauri]1 ! illu/rator ( ,pun*1 ,pr(4
 ,james ,bryce :o wrote ,! ,am]ican     
,commonweal?1 ,"l ,wolseley1 ,brita9's  
,only ,g5]al1 ,8 ,grace ( ,argyll1 ,"l  
,lorne & ! ,pr9cess ,l\ise1--"o ( ! be/ 
amateur pa9t]s & sculptors 9 ,engl&1--& 
_m o!rs4 ,( all ^! not$ ones1 he has    
some?+ bright & ent]ta9+ to say4 ,!     
univ]sities laid _! highe/ honors at 8  
feet4 ,ed9burgh gave him ! degree (     
,,ll4,d41 ,cambridge t ( ,doctor (      
,lett]s1 & ,ox=d conf]r$ ^u him h] ,d4  
,c4 ,l41 8 companion on ! la/ occasion  
be+ ,john ,bright4 ,x 0 at ,ox=d t he   
met ,vice-,*ancellor ,b5jam9 ,j[ett1 !  
,ma/] ( ,balliol ,college1 ,pr(4 ,max   
,mll]1 ,"l & ,lady ,h]s*ell1 & ,pr(4    
,james ,russell ,l[ell1 8 old & unv>y+  
fri5d4 ,! acc\nt ( 8 visit to ,europe is
 told ) mo/ engag+ directness &         
simplicity1 & ?\gh ! book has no p]man5t

 value1 x af=ds mu* ent]ta9m5t = ! "t4  
,! read] w exp]i5ce a feel+ ( sadness1  
:5 he takes up ,dr4 ,holmes' la/ book1  
,ov] ! ,tea-cups1 = !re are indications 
9 ! "w :i* w>n ! public t ! g5ial p5 w  
write h]eaft] less frequ5tly ?an usual4 
,x is a witty & delightful book1 recall+
 ! ,autocrat1 ! ,pr(essor1 & ! ,poet1 & 
yet pres5t+ features n to be f\nd 9     
ei!r4 ,! au?or dwells on 8 advanc+ ye>s1
 b ?is he does n d 9 a qu]ul\s fa%ion4  
,he speaks ( 8 contempor>ies1 & comp>es 
! ages ( old trees1 & ov] ! tea-cups a  
?\s& qua9t1 curi\s1 & spl5did ?+s are   
said4 ,! "w takes a wide range1 b !re is
 m sun%9e ?an any?+ else1 & t indef9able
 *>m1 peculi> to ! au?or1 enri*es e     
page4 ,"o might wi% t he w\ld nev] gr[  
old4 ,z ,l[ell said1 a few ye>s ago1 9 a
 bir?day v]se to ! doctor3--      ,y    
keep y\r y\? z yon ,scot* firs1         
,^: gaunt l9e my horizon hems1          
,?\gh twilight all ! l[l& blurs1        
,hold sunset 9 _! ruddy /ems4         99
       99       99       99       99    

,ma/] alike 9 spee* & song        ,(    
fame's great anti-septic--/yle1      ,y 
) ! classic few belong        ,:o temp]$
 wisdom ) a smile4       ,outlive u all6
 ,:o else l y        ,c\ld sift ! se$   
corn f our *aff1      ,& make u1 ) ! p5 
we knew1        ,dea?less at lea/ 9     
epitaph8     ,,plutocracy ,,& ,,snobb]y 
,,9 ,,new ,,york1  ,,by ,,edg>          
,,fawcett4   ,let u imag9e t a =eign]   
has ent]$ a ,new ,york ball-room = !    
fir/ "t1 & let u make t =eign] n m]ely  
an ,engli%man1 b an ,engli%man ( title4 
,he w\ld soon be *>m$ by ! wom5 :o beam$
 on e side ( him4 ,_! ref9em5t ( mann]  
w\ld be obvi\s1 ?\gh 9 "s cases !y might
 %ock him by a %rillness & nasal h>%ness
 :5 speak+1 :ile 9 o!r cases bo? _! tone
 & acc5t might repel him ?r\gh extreme  
affectation ( elegance4 ,b = ! mo/ "p he
 w\ld pron\nce ^! wom5 bright1          
cultivat$1 & (t5 rem>kably h&some4 ,!y  
w\ld n require to be amus$ or ev5       
ent]ta9$ aft] ! mann] ( 8 own           
c\ntrywom52 !y w\ld appe> be=e him amply

 capable ( yield+ r ?an exact+ div]sion1
 & (t5 ?r\gh ! m$iums ( nimble wit1     
engag+ humor1 or an audacity at once d>+
 & picturesque4 ,b aft] a little m "t   
our titl$ /rang] w\ld beg9 to p]ceive t 
beh9d all ?is fem99e sp>kle & fre%ness1 
lurk$ a positive transport ( humility4  
,he w\ld discov] t he _h swiftly become 
) ^! fa%ionable ladies an object (      
idolatry1 & t all ! s+le ones 7 ?rill$ )
 ! idea ( m>ry+ him1 :ile all ! m>ri$   
ones felt pi]c$ by ! sad realization t  
de/9y _h disqualifi$ !m = s gold5 a bit 
( luck4 ,he w\ld f9d himself assail$ by 
que/ions ab\t 8 precise ,engli% rank &  
/&+4 ,_h he any o!r title besides ! "o  
by :i* he 0 curr5tly kn[n8 ,h[ long ago 
0 x s9ce 8 family _h be5 elevat$ to !   
pe]age8 ,did he p]sonally "k ! ,que5 or 
! ,pr9ce ( ,wales8 ,0 8 "m ,lady anybody
 be=e %e m>ri$ 8 fa!r8 ,did he own      
sev]al places 9 ! c\ntry1 & if s1 :at 0 
! "n ( ea*8  ,! m5 w\ld naturally be    
less inquisitive2 b !n ! m5 all w\ld h  
_! ,burke or ,de,brett to consult at _! 

clubs1 & c\ld look him up !re z if he _h
 be5 an unfamili> ^w 9 ! diction>y4 ,&  
^! male foll[]s ( fa%ion w\ld1 = ! mo/  
"p1 di/ress & p]plex him4 ,he w\ld be   
confront$ ) a m\rnful fact 9 our social 
life3 ! m5 :o g out are ne>ly all silly 
/ripl+s :o1 on rea*+ a s5sible age1     
discreetly rema9 at home4  ,he w\ld soon
 beg9 to p]ceive t ,new ,york society is
 a bl5d+ ( ! ludicr\s & pa!tic4 ,!      
really *>m+ wom5 h two t]rible faults1  
"o :i* _! fa!rs1 husb&s1 & bro!rs h     
taught !m1 & "o :i* !y h app>5tly       
contract$ )\t extrane\s aid4 ,! fir/ is 
_! wor%ip ( weal?1 _! dev\t g5uflection 
be=e x z ! sole *oice/ gift :i* fate c  
be/[1 & ! second is _! m]ciless &       
metallic snobb]y4 ,!y h made a god (    
ca/e1 & 9 a c\ntry :]e1 ( all o!r cults1
 t ( ca/e is ! mo/ prepo/]\s4 ,! m5 7!  
real gr[n-up m51 :o may hate ! big      
balls1 b are nev]!less a great deal 9 ! 
movem5t z reg>ds o!r gay pa/imes7 wat*  
!m ) quiet approbation4 ,_m a ,new ,york
 husb& is q will+ t 8 wife %all cut h]  

own gr&mo!r if t relative be n          
desirable4 ,! m5 h n "t to pre5 _!      
social plumes q s /r5u\sly2 !y are too  
busy 9 money-gett+1 & ( a sort :i* ne>ly
 always conc]ns ! haz>d ( ! ,wall ,/reet
 die4 ,& yet q a numb] ( ! m5 are arrant
 snobs1 refus+ to associate )1 (t5 ev5  
to notice1 o!rs ^: doll>s c\nt few] ?an 
_! own4 ,?is =m ( plutocratic           
self-adulation is relatively mod]n4 ,x  
is call$ by "s p a v inf]ior /ate ( ?+s 
to t :i* exi/$ 9 ! good old ,knick]bock]
 days4 ,b ! tru? is1 odi\s ?\gh !       
millionnaire's asc5dancy may be at      
pres5t1 t ( ! ,knick]bock] 0 once h>dly 
less s4 ,vulg>1 brassy1 & intol]able !  
,i'm-bett]-?an-y /rut & swagg] (        
plutocracy surely is2 b 9 ! smug1 p]t   
prov9cialism ( ^? =m] ,new ,york        
autocrats :o def9$ z family _! desc5t ( 
two or ?ree g5]ations f raw ,dut*       
immigrants1 !re 0 v little com=t inde$4 
,! pres5t writ] has se5 some?+ ( ?is    
elem5t2 9 ! decade f #ahfe to #ahge x 0 
/ill extremely active4 ,society 0 !n    

gov]n$ by ! ,knick]bock]1 z x is n[     
gov]n$ by ! plutocrat1 & 9 ei!r in/ance 
! rule has be5 :olly deplorable4 ,inde$1
 = "o cog5t reason1 if no o!r1 poor ,new
 ,york /&s to-day z ! lea/ =tunate ( all
 great cities4 ,h] society1 f ! "t %e   
ceas$ to admit h]self a village up to ! 
date at :i* ^! l9es are writt51 has nev]
 be5 ev5 fa9tly wor?y ( ! "n4 ,a few    
ye>s ago ! old resid5ts1 ) _! ridicul\s 
claims to p$igree1 _h ev]y?+ _! own way4
 ,a ,new ,york draw+-room 01 9 ^? days1 
p>o*ial z a ,bo/on or ,philadelphia     
tea-p>ty4 ,!re 7 modi% metropolitan     
details1 x is true1 b ! petty reign ( ! 
immigrant ,holl&]s' desc5dants w\ld h   
put to %ame ! labori\s freaks & foibles 
( a t9y ,g]man pr9cipality4 ,n[1 hav+   
*ang$ all t1 & hav+ =c$ ! ,knick]bock]s 
f _! old places ( vantage1 ! plutocrats 
reign supreme4 ,to a m9d capable ( be+  
sadd5$ by human mat]ialism1 pret5sion1  
braggadocio1 x is all v mu* ! same sort 
( affair4 ,our republic %\ld be a%am$ ( 
an ari/ocracy f\nd$ on ei!r money or    

bir?1 & t ?\s&s ( its citiz5s are n only
 una%am$ ( su* sy/ems1 b really glory 9 
!m1 is m]ely ano!r pro( ( h[ ?is c\ntry 
has brok5 almo/ e democratic promise :i*
 %e once made to ! ,old ,_w4  ,x is easy
 to sne] away /atem5ts l ^!4 ,x is easy 
to laugh !m (f z m]e pessimism1 & to    
talk ( p]sons ) gre5 spectacles &       
disord]$ liv]s4 ,we h le>n$ to "k ! glad
 r+ ( ! optimi/'s patriotic voice4 ,if  
we all believ$ ?is voice1 we %\ld all   
believe t ,am]ica is ! ideal polity ( ! 
_w4 ,& "o nev] s ke5ly realizes t ?is is
 n true z :5 he wat*es ! cre$s & "* (   
society 9 ,new ,york4 ,( ,london]s we   
are apt to ass]t t !y grovel obsequi\sly
 be=e _! pr9ce1 ) 8 att5dant ?rong (    
dukes1 e>ls1 & m9or g5tlem54 ,?is may be
 fact1 b x is v f> f be+ ! :ole fact4 ,9
 ,london !re is a l>ge class ( ladies & 
g5tlem5 :o =m a localiz$ & c5traliz$    
body1 & ^: assemblages are haunts (     
intellig5ce1 ref9em5t1 & good ta/e4 ,9 a
 c]ta9 s5se ^! are mix$1 b all notewor?y
 ga!r+s mu/ be t1 & ! sm>t & swagg] sets

 ( e great ,european city are n[adays b 
a small1 ev5 a contemptible factor 9 its
 fe/ivities4  ,n long ago ! pres5t writ]
 inquir$ ( a well-kn[n ,engli%man :e!r p
 ( lit]>y & arti/ic note 7 n always     
bidd5 to l>ge & important ,london       
receptions4 ,9 ne>ly all cases1 yes1 he 
repli$4 ,x has be5 ! aim ( my si/] to   
invite1 on su* occasions1 au?ors1       
arti/s1 & actors ( tal5t & di/9ction4   
,!y come1 & are welcom$ :5 !y come4 ,he 
did n m5tion ! "n ( 8 si/]1 kn[+1       
d\btless1 t ,i knew x4 ,%e 0 an ,engli% 
du*ess1 magnific5tly h\s$ 9 ,london1 a  
beauty1 & a /> ( fa%ion4  ,b our ,new   
,york brummagem du*esses ( ye/]day are  
less lib]al 9 _! condesc5sions4 ,an     
attractive ,new ,york woman once said to
 me3 ,i told a man ! o!r day t ,i 0 tir$
 ( meet+ him incessantly at d9n]1 & t we
 met ea* o!r s (t5 9 ?is way z to make  
conv]sation a bore4 ,c\ld any rem>k h m 
pung5tly express$ ! unhappy n>r[ness (  
,new ,york reunions8 ,h[ _m times has ! 
da9ty ,mr4 ,am/]dam or ,mrs4 ,manhattan 

ev] met m5 & wom5 ( lit]>y or arti/ic   
gifts at a fa%ionable d9n] 9 ,fif? or   
,madison ,av5ue8 ,h[ _m times has he or 
%e met any su* p]son at a patri>*s' ball
 or an assembly8 ,has he or %e ev] met  
an actor ( note any:]e1 except 9 two or 
?ree exceptional in/ances8 ,true1 m5 &  
wom5 ( intellectual fame %r9k f contact 
) our noble ,f\r ,hundr$4 ,b t !y %\ld s
 %r9k is 9 itself a scor*+ comm5t4 ,!y  
enc\nt] patronage at su* places1 & gett+
 patronage f "o's inf]iors c nev] be a  
pleasant mode ( pass+ "o's "t4 ,t       
delicate homage :i* is ! due ( m5tal    
m]it !y sc>cely ev] receive4 ,n[ & !n y 
he> ( a portrait-pa9t]1 :o has made     
himself ! rage ( ! t[n1 be+ ask$ to d9e 
& to sup4 ,b he is seldom really held to
 be des ntres1 z ! haughty elect ones   
w\ld phrase x1 & 8 popul>ity1 bas$ ^u   
insol5t patronage1 (t5 quickly crumbles4
 ,! solid devotion is all sav$ = ! solid
 millionnaires4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 if ,i
 recall rightly1 said t an army 0 l a   
snake1 & mov$ on its /oma*4 ,( ,new     

,york society ?is might also be ass]t$1 
?\gh ) a mean+ mu* m luxuri\s4 ,to be a 
great lead] is to be a great fe$]4 ,y   
mu/ disp5se t]rap91 & canvas-back ducks1
 & r>e br&s ( *ampagne1 9 lordly        
d9+-halls1 or y\r place is c]ta9 to be  
second>y4 ,y may1 if a man1 h ! mann]s (
 a ,*e/]field & ! wit ( a ,balzac2 y    
may1 if a woman1 be beautiful z ,m>y    
,/u>t & brilliant z ,de,stal1 & yet1    
p[]less to ent]ta91 y c fill no l(ty    
p$e/al4 ,position 9 ,new ,york means a  
corpul5t purse ^: /r+s "w z flexibly z !
 dorsal muscles ( a pr(essional toady4  
,& ?is k9d ( toady has an exquisite     
flair = y\r greatness & dignity ! mom5t 
he becomes q sure ( y\r pecuni>y        
will+ness to back bo?4 ,new ,york is at 
pres5t ! p>adise ( p>v5us1 & ^!         
occasionally commit grotesque mi/akes 9 
! di/ribution ( civilities4 ,because y  
*ose to /ay 9 = a season or two1 !y w   
take = grant$1 if sudd5ly br\ght 9      
contact ) y1 t y h nev] be5 out & c\ld n
 g if y tri$4 ,( c\rse1 to feel hurt by 

su* *eap hauteur proves t y are 9 a     
mann] wor?y ( x2 b ev5 ?\gh y are n 9 ! 
lea/ hurt1 y _c refra9 f a ?rill (      
annoyance t a c\ntry :i* has boa/$ 9 s  
l\d-m\!d a way to ,europe ( hav+ begun  
its national life by a :olesome scorn ( 
all class di/9ction1 %\ld conta9 citiz5s
 curs$ by a _s ( su* tawdry pride4 ,at  
lea/ ! ari/ocracies ( o!r l&s1 vici\s & 
repreh5sible z !y h always be51 are yet 
an evil ) a c]ta9 malign consi/5cy = _! 
support4 ,l ^? mon>*ies ( :i* !y h =m$ a
 pite\s adjunct1 !y h always be5 !      
outgr[?s ( a p]fectly natural ignorance4
 ,?\gh di/9ct clogs to civilization1 _! 
exi/5ce rema9s pa!tically legitimate4   
,nuisances1 !y are /ill nuisances ) a   
h]$it>y hold on hi/ory4 ,_! *ief mod]n  
claim = cont9uance is ! fact t !y 7 once
 au?oriz$ by t v div9e "r :i* is n[ !   
scorn & je/ ( philosophy1 & t !         
communities :i* !y /ill infe/ are yet   
unprep>$ = ! %ock ( _! extirpation4 ,x  
is cle> t !y w "o day be sl\gh$ (f l a  
mass ( dead animal tissue1 ev5 if !y are

 n amputat$ l a liv+ limb t has gr[n    
hopelessly diseas$4 ,!y are z surely    
doom$ by ! sl[ ?reat ( evolution z is ! 
failure to e/abli% trial by jury 9      
,russia4 ,!y are tol]at$ by progress = !
 simple reason t progress is n yet ready
 to de/roy !m4 ,h5ce are all imitations 
( _! p]mitt$ & p]petuat$ folly 9 w(ully 
bad ta/e4 ,!y are m2 !y are an insult1  
:5 practis$ 9 su* a l& z ours1 to       
republican en]gies1 motives1 & ideals4  
,heav5 kn[s1 we are a c\ntry ) sorry    
en\gh sub/antiality beh9d h] vaunts4 ,we
 call ourselves freem51 & our m9es &    
factories are sw>m+ ) hagg>d slaves4 ,we
 decl>e t to be ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates is ! mo/ honorable (fice a man c 
hold1 & our elect$ c&idates 7except :5  
!y h ! spl5did self-abnegat+ c\rage ( a 
,clevel&67 wade to ,wa%+ton ?r\gh a     
p]fect bog ( v5al promises4 ,we prate ( 
our democratic in/itutions1 & =get t    
free trade is "o ( ! fir/ pro(s ( a free
 p1 & t protect$ indu/ries are !        
feudalism ( manufacture4 ,we sne] at !  

corruption ( a ,jeffreys or a ,m>lbor\gh
 9 ! pa/1 & conc$e t brib]y riots 9 our 
capital1 & t ! inf]nal political        
gri/-mill 9 ,new ,york has to-day almo/ 
z mu* nef>i\s gr9d+ to get ?r\gh )      
annually z x _h :5 ,twe$ & ,swe5y /ood !
 boss mill]s t f$ its voraci\s maw4 ,&  
aft] all1 ! abom9ations ( ,new ,york's  
politics are only a few degrees m       
repell5t ?an ! cruelties &              
pusillanimities ( h] self-/yl$ patrician
 horde4 ,! highe/ duty ( ri* p is to be 
*>itable2 9 ,new ,york ! ri* p make =   
!mselves two highe/ duties1 to be       
fa%ionable & to be ri*]--if !y c4 ,*>ity
 ( a c]ta9 sort does exi/ among !m1 & x 
w\ld be unfair to say t x is all ( !    
pomp\s public sort4 ,mu* ( x1 inde$1 is 
private1 & :5 incomes1 z 9 a few        
individual cases1 rea* enorm\s figures1 
! unpret5ti\s donations are ( no slight 
weight4 ,b *>ity is a virtue t c\nts =  
no?+ unless meekness1 philan?ropy1      
altruism1 is ea* its acolyte4 ,h[ c we  
expect t be+s :o busy !mselves ) affairs

 ( su* poignant importance z :e!r !y    
%all give ,jones a full nod or ,br[n a  
qu>t] ( a nod :5 !y next meet him2 z    
:e!r ! ,moneyp5nys are really q lancs   
en\gh = !m to enc\nt] ! great           
,gilt-edges or no1 at a prospective     
d9n]-p>ty2 z :e!r ! late/ ,p>isian tid+s
 ab\t bonnets are really au!ntic or !   
contr>y2 z :e!r ,8 ,royal ,highness has 
or has n actually appe>$ at "o ( 8      
imp]ial mamma's draw+-rooms 9 a         
,newm>ket cutaway1--h[1 x is ask$1 c we 
expect t be+s ( ?is b5t may prop]ly he$ 
^? gha/ly & incessant wants :i* are =ev]
 mak+ ( humanity ! =lorn tragi-com$y x  
is8 ,! yawp ( socialism is excusably    
despis$ by plutocracy4 ,socialism is n  
m]ely a cry ( pa92 if x 7 only t its    
pla9ts might h prov$ m effectual4 ,x is 
a cry ( av>ice1 ( jeal\sy1 & v (t5 (    
extreme laz9ess z well4 ,e sociali/ic   
!ory t we h yet he>d ( is self-damn+4   
,ea* real ?9k]1 :e!r he be ,croesus or  
paup]1 compreh5ds t to emp[] ! executive
 ) great] responsibility ?an x already  

possesses w\ld mean to tempt national   
ru91 & t until mank9d has become a race 
( angels ! hide\s problem ( human suff]+
 c nev] be solv$ by ve/+ private        
prop]ty-rights 9 ! h&s ( public         
function>ies4 ,b ! note ( angui% 9 t    
voice ( desp]ation & revolt ne$ n1 = all
 ?is1 be confus$ ) its madd] /ra9s4 ,!  
claim ( pov]ty ^u ri*es is to-day a     
trem5d\sly e?ical "o4 ,help--& help     
wise1 e>ne/1 p]si/5t--is ! inflexible   
moral tax levi$ by life itself on all :o
 h an ov]plus ( weal? :]e) to relieve   
des]v+ mis]y4 ,! occasional c>eless     
sign+ ( a *eque1 or ev5 a visit n[ & !n 
among ! fil?y slums ( ,bay>d & ,he/]    
,/reets1 _c cancel ^! mighty            
obligations4 ,& !re are bett] ways (    
s*ool+ ! s\l to recognize ! magnitude & 
insi/5ce ( su* obligations ?an by       
organiz+ ultra-select danc+-classes at  
,%]ry's2 giv+ p9k lun*eons to a bevy (  
simp]+ female snobs2 uncork+ eight-doll>
 bottles ( ,clos de ,v\geot = a fa/idi\s
 d9n] company ( m5-ab\t-t[n2 squ&]+ ?ree

 ?\s& doll>s on a ,delmonico ball1 or   
pur*as+ at va/ prices ! g[ns & jewels ( 
a depos$ =eign empress4 ,yes1 !re are   
bett] ways4 ,& = p :o are solely        
pleasure-seek]s to call !mselves        
,*ri/ian is1 f _! own po9ts ( view1     
blasphemy unspeakable2 s9ce :atev] we   
agno/ics may say & believe ab\t ! alleg$
 div9ity ( ,*ri/1 !y hold t ! ,galilean 
0 ! son ( ,god1 & t 9 su* miracul\s "*  
he spoke :5 say+3 ,leave all & foll[ me4
  ,! ,am]ican snob is a type at once !  
mo/ anomal\s & ! mo/ vulg>4 ,:y he is   
anomal\s ne$ n be expla9$1 b ! ess5ce ( 
8 vulg>ity lies 9 8 entire abs5ce ( a   
sanction+ backgr\nd4 ,x is n1 :5 all is 
said1 s /range a matt] t anyone re>$ 9  
an atmosph]e ( hi/oric c]emonial &      
prec$5t %\ld betray an inh]5t lean+ t[>d
 %ams & vanities4 ,b if !re is any?+ t  
we ,am]icans1 z a race1 are =ev] volubly
 extoll+1 x is our immunity f all su*   
drawbacks4 ,& yet ,i w v5ture to /ate t 
9 e l>ge city ( our l& snobb]y &        
plutocracy reign z tw9 evils1 :ile 9 e  

small t[n1 f ,salem to "s ,pacific-slope
 settlem5t1 ! beg9n+s ( ! same social   
curse are manife/4 ,( c\rse ,new ,york  
t[]s 9 bad em95ce ov] ! entire c\ntry4  
,abroad !y are f9d+ out ! absurd        
%all[ness ( our pr(essions4 ,ne>ly sev5 
ye>s ago an able lit]>y man said to me 9
 ,london3 ,i am we>i$1 "h1 by !         
necessity ( cont9ual ari/ocratic        
patronage4 ,especially true is ?is1 he  
add$1 reg>d+ all new dramatic           
productions4 ,"l ,?is & ,lady ,t are m  
?\ght ( z pot5tially occupy+ /alls or   
boxes at a fir/ p]=mance ?an is !       
pres5ce ( ! mo/ sapi5t judges4 ,& !n    
aga91 aft] a slight pause1 he proce$$3  
,b ,i he> x is v mu* ! same ?+ ) y4 ,i h
 (t5 long$ to g to ,am]ica1 j = ! sake (
 t social emancipation :i* x has seem$  
to promise4 ,b !y tell me t 9 y\r big   
cities a good deal ( ! same humbug      
prevails4 ,i assur$ him t he 0 fatally  
"r2 b ,i did n proce$ to say1 z ,i might
 h done1 t our ari/ocracy r>ely         
patronizes fir/ nights at !atres1 hold+ 

mo/ ladies1 & g5tlem5 connect$ ) ! /age 
9 a position some:]e betwe5 _! scullions
 & _! head footm54  ,london laughs &    
sne]s at ,new ,york :5 %e ?9ks ( h] at  
all1 :i* is1 on ! :ole1 n v (t54 ,if    
,london e/eem$ ,new ,york ( great]      
importance ?an %e does e/eem h]1 !      
d]isive laught] might be ke5] & h5ce m  
salut>y4 ,imag9e ,am]ica sep>at$ by only
 a n>r[ *annel f ,europe1 & imag9e h] to
 conta9 9 h] *ief metropolis1 z %e does 
at pres5t1 ! amaz+ contradictions &     
refutations ( ! democratic idea :i* are 
to be not$ n[4 ,:at food = ,engli%1     
,fr5*1 & ,g]man s>casm w\ld our pigmy   
,f\r ,hundr$ !n become6 ,9 ^? remote    
realms !y h already %rank agha/ at !    
lic5ti\s tyrannies ( our newspap]s4     
,engl& has fre$om ( ! press1 b %e also  
has a law ( libel :i* is n a ciph]4 ,our
 law ( libel is s horribly effete t !   
pure/ woman on our cont95t may to-morr[ 
be vilely sl&]$1 & yet obta9 no adequate
 =m ( r$ress4 ,?is is :at our extoll$   
lib]ty has br\ght u--a despotism 9 its  

way z frightful z any?+ t ,russia or !  
,ori5t c p>allel4 ,is x rem>kable t su* 
relatively m9or abuses z ^? ( plutocracy
 & snobb]y %\ld torm5t u "h 9 ,new ,york
 :5 bullets ( j\rnali/ic sc&al are :izz+
 ab\t our e>s e day ( our lives1 & ^? :o
 get w\nds h no heal+ rem$y )9 _!       
possible rea*8 ,"s "o ( our clev]       
noveli/s might take a h9t = ! plot ( a  
future tale f ?is melan*oly /ate ( ?+s4 
,he might write a k9d ( new ,monte      
,cri/o1 & make 8 h]o1 riddl$ & /ung by  
assaults ( our unbridl$ press1 f9d b a  
s+le means ( v5geance4 ,t means w\ld be 
! />t+ ( a great newspap] on 8 own      
acc\nt1 & ! triumphant cannonad+ ( 8    
foes ?r\gh its columns4 ,m influ5tial   
,new ,york editors w\ld d\btless already
 h =c$ _! way )9 ! holy b\nds (         
patrician circles1 7 x n t1 9 ! fir/    
place editors are some:at h>d-work$     
p]sons1 & t 9 ! second place !y are     
usually m5 ( bra9s4  ,m>riage1 among !  
,new ,york snobs & plutocrats1 ord9>ily 
treats human affection z ?\gh x 7 a     

trifl+ optic malady to be cur$ by a few 
drops ( corrective lotion4 ,daught]s are
 tra9$ by _! mo!rs to leave no ef=ts    
untri$1 %ort ( ^? absolutely immoral1 9 
w9n+ weal?y husb&s4 ,usually ! daught]s 
are tractable en\gh4 ,rebellion is r>e )
 !m2 :y %\ld x n be8 ,almo/ f infancy   
7unless :5 _! p>5ts h made =tunes )     
prodigi\s quickness7 !y are taught t    
matrimony is a m]e h>d b>ga91 to be     
driv5 %rewdly & 9 a _s ( ! coole/       
m]cantile craft4 ,sometimes !y d really 
rebel1 h[ev]1 ma/]$ by pure nature1 9 "o
 ( ^? tiresome moods :]e %e %[s !       
insol5ce ( defy+ bloodless conv5tion4   
,yet ne>ly always capitulation foll[s4  
,& !n :at foll[s lat] on8 ,p]haps       
he>t-brok5 resignation1 p]haps mask$    
adult]y1 p]haps ! degradation ( public  
divorce4 ,b usually x is no worse ?an a 
sil5t disgu/$ slav]y1 = ! ,am]ican woman
 is notori\sly cold 9 all s5se (        
passion1 & :5 re>$ to respect society %e
 is a snob to ! core4 ,"s comm5tators   
av] t x is ! climate :i* makes h] s     

pulseless & prud5t4 ,?is is possible4 ,b
 "o deeply famili> ) ! glacial !ories ( 
! fa%ionable ,new ,york "m might f9d an 
explanation no less frigid ?an          
compreh5sive = all h] traits (          
acquiesc5ce & decorum4 ,h[ _m ( ^!      
fa%ionable mo!rs ask m ?an a s+le "q ( !
 bridegrooms !y desire = _! daught]s8 ,t
 "o "q is simply3 ,:at am\nt ( money d y
 control8 ,b con/antly ?is k9d (        
int]rogation is ne$less4 ,a male mat* & 
cat* f9ds t 8 income is kn[n to ! la/   
doll> long be=e he has be5 graduat$ f ! 
s5ior class at ,columbia or ,h>v>d4     
,society1 l a g5ial fem99e ,bri>u1 op5s 
to him its myriad rosy & dimpl$ arms4   
,he has only to let a c]ta9 select$ pair
 ( ^! clut* him tight1 if he is ri*     
en\gh to make 8 p]sonality a lur+ prize4
 ,(t5 8 morals are unsavory1 b ^! prove 
no imp$im5t4 ,! great po9t ) plutocracy 
& snobb]y is to p]petuate !mselves--to g
 on produc+ scions :o w uphold = !m     
future g5]ations ( selfi%ness &         
arrogance4 ,"o sees ! same sort (       

procreative t5d5cy 9 c]ta9 ( our h>die/ 
& co>se/ we$s4 ,sometimes a g>d5] comes 
along1 ) hoe1 spade1 & a /rong uproot+  
animus4 ,9 human life t k9d ( g>d5] goes
 by ! ugly "n ( ,revolution4 ,b we are  
deal+ ) nei!r p>ables nor allegories4   
,^? are = ! modi% cl]gym5 ( ! select &  
exclusive *ur*es1 & are adm9i/]$ 9 ! =m 
( da9ty little religi\s pills :i* ^!    
g5tlem5 h great art 9 kn[+ h[ to        
palatably sug>4     ,,%\ld ,,! ,,nation 
,,own ,,! ,,railways8  ,,by ,c4 ,,wood  
,,davis4  ,,"p ,i4--,,objections ,,to   
,,national ,,own]%ip ,,consid]$4   ,:5 !
 pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,febru>y ,,ar5a1      
entitl$ ,! ,f>m]1 ! ,inve/or1 & !       
,railway1 0 writt51 ! writ] 0 n ready to
 accept national own]%ip z a solution ( 
! railway problem2 b ! occurr5ces att5d+
 ! flurries ( la/ autumn 9 ! money      
m>kets1 :5 half a doz5 m51 9 ord] to    
obta9 control ( c]ta9 railways1 ent]$   
into a conspiracy t came ne> wreck+ !   
entire indu/rial & comm]cial int]e/s ( !
 c\ntry1 hav+ %$ a lurid light ^u !     

enorm\s & baleful p[] :i* ! corporate   
control ( ! railways places 9 ! h&s (   
:at ,!odore ,roosevelt aptly t]m$ !     
dang]\s weal?y classes1 has _h ! effect 
( conv]t+ to ! advocacy ( national      
own]%ip n only ! writ] b va/ numb]s (   
cons]vative p ( ! c5tral1 we/]n1 & s\!rn
 ,/ates to :om ! "q n[ assumes ?is =m3  
,:i* is to be pref]r$3 a ma/] 9 ! %ape (
 a political p>ty t x is possible to    
dislodge by ! use ( ! ballot1 or "o 9 ! 
%ape ( t5 or tw5ty ,g\lds1 ,v&]bilts1   
,hunt+tons1 ,rockefell]s1 ,sages1       
,dillons1 & ,brices :o nev] die & :om x 
w be impossible to dislodge by ! use ( !
 ballot8 ,! p>ticul> ,g\ld or ,v&]bilt  
may die1 z did t ,v&]bilt to :om 0      
ascrib$ ! aphorism ,! public be damn$1 b
 ! _s & p[] ( ! ,g\lds & ,v&]bilts nev] 
dies4   ,,objections ,,to ,,national    
,,own]%ip4  ,! objections to national   
own]%ip are _m2 t mo/ frequ5tly advanc$ 
& hav+ ! mo/ =ce be+ ! possibility t1 by
 reason ( its control ( a va/ly increas$
 numb] ( civil s]vants1 ! p>ty 9        

possession ( ! f$]al adm9i/ration at !  
"t su* own]%ip 0 assum$ w\ld be able to 
p]petuate its p[] indef9itely4 ,z !re   
are m ?an #gjj1jjj p employ$ by !       
railways1 ?is objection w\ld seem to be 
well tak52 & x indicates s]i\s &        
f>-rea*+ results unless "s way c be     
devis$ to neutralize ! political p[] (  
su* a va/ addition to ! (ficial army4   
,9 ! milit>y s]vice we h a body ( m5 t  
ex]ts little or no political p[]1 z !   
mom5t a citiz5 ent]s ! army he dive/s   
himself ( political functions2 & x is n 
haz>d\s to say t #gjj1jjj capable &     
effici5t m5 c be f\nd :o1 = ! sake (    
employm5t1 to be cont9u$ s long z !y are
 capable & well-behav$1 w =ego ! "r to  
take "p 9 political affairs4 ,if a      
suffici5t numb] ( su* m5 c be f\nd1 ?is 
objection w\ld1 by prop] legislation1 be
 dive/$ ( all its =ce4 ,at all ev5ts no 
tr\ble f su* a s\rce has be5 exp]i5c$   
s9ce ,au/ralian railways 7 plac$ "u     
control ( non-p>tisan commissions1 su* a
 commission1 hav+ _h *>ge ( ! ,victorian

 railways s9ce ,febru>y1 #ahhd1 or a    
little m ?an "o t]m1 !y be+ appo9t$ =   
sev5 ye>s in/ead ( = life1 z /at$ by    
,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,acwor? 9 8 argum5t aga9/  
gov]nm5t control4  ,! second objection  
is t !re w\ld be con/ant political      
pressure to make places = ! /rik]s ( !  
p>ty 9 p[]1 ?us add+ a va/ numb] (      
useless m5 to ! =ce1 & r5d]+ x          
progressively m difficult to effect a   
*ange 9 ! political complexion ( !      
adm9i/ration4  ,t ?is objection has mu* 
less =ce ?an is claim$ is cle> f !      
conduct ( ! po/al dep>tm5t :i* is1      
unque/ionably1 a political adjunct ( !  
adm9i/ration2 yet b few useless m5 are  
employ$1 :ile its conduct ( ! mail      
s]vice is a model ( effici5cy aft] :i* !
 corporate manag$ railways might well   
patt]n4 ,moreov]1 if ! railways are put 
"u non-p>tisan control1 ?is objection w 
lose ne>ly if n q all its =ce4  ,a ?ird 
objection is t ! s]vice w\ld be less    
effici5t & co/ m ?an ) cont9u$ corporate
 own]%ip4  ,?is appe>s to be b>e        

ass]tion1 z f ! v nature ( ! case !re c 
be no data outside t furni%$ by !       
gov]nm5t-own$ railways ( ! ,briti%      
colonies1 & su* data negatives ^!       
ass]tions2 & ! advocates ( national     
own]%ip are ju/ifi$ 9 ass]t+ t su*      
own]%ip w\ld mat]ially less5 ! co/1 z   
any exp]t c readily po9t out _m ways 9  
:i* ! enorm\s co/s ( corporate managem5t
 w\ld be less5$4 ,) ^? famili> ) pres5t 
me?ods1 & n int]e/$ 9 _! p]petuation1   
?is objection has no =ce :atev]4  ,!    
f\r? objection is t ) con/ant political 
pressure unnecess>y l9es w\ld be built =
 political ends4  ,?is is also b>e      
ass]tion1 al?\gh x is n impossible t su*
 results w\ld foll[2 yet su* has n be5 !
 case 9 ! ,briti% colonies :]e !        
gov]nm5ts h _h control ( con/ruction4   
,on ! o!r h&1 x is notori\s t "u        
corporate own]%ip1 & solely to reap !   
pr(its to be made out ( con/ruction1 !  
,unit$ ,/ates h be5 bur!n$ ) useless    
p>allel roads1 & su* corporations z !   
,santa ,fe h p>allel$ _! own l9es = su* 

pr(its4 ,x is q safe to say t :5 !      
nation owns ! railways !re w be no      
nickel-plat+1 nor w su* an unnecess>y   
exp5diture be made z 0 involv$ 9 !      
con/ruction ( ! ,we/ ,%ore2 nor w ! feat
 ( ,g\ld & ! ,santa ,fe be repeat$ ( ea*
 build+ two hundr$ & =ty miles1 side by 
side1 = con/ruction pr(its1 mu* ( :i* is
 locat$ 9 ! arid portion ( ,kansas :]e  
!re is nev] likely to be traffic = ev5  
"o railway4 ,mu* ( ! republic is cov]$ )
 closely p>allel l9es :i* w\ld nev] h   
be5 built "u national own]%ip1 & ?is    
process w cont9ue z long z !            
manipulators c make va/ sums out (      
con/ruction4  ,a fif? objection is t ) !
 am\nt ( r$-tape t w be 9 use1 x w be   
impossible to secure ! build+ ( ne$$    
l9es4  ,:ile su* objection is inconsi/5t
 ) ! f\r? x may h "s =ce2 b z ! great]  
"p ( ! c\ntry is already provid$ ) all !
 railways t w be ne$$ = a g5]ation1 x is
 n a v s]i\s objection ev5 if x is z    
difficult z ass]t$ to procure ! build+ (
 new l9es4 ,x is n probable1 h[ev]1 t ! 

gov]nm5t w\ld refuse to build any l9e t 
w\ld cle>ly subs]ve public conv5i5ce1 ! 
conduct ( ! po/al s]vice negativ+ su* a 
supposition2 & = p>ty purposes !        
adm9i/ration w\ld c]ta9ly favor !       
con/ruction ( su* l9es z 7 cle>ly ne$$1 
& x is high "t t only su* %\ld be built2
 & :at in/rum5tality s fit to det]m9e   
?is z a non-p>tisan commission act+ z ! 
ag5t ( ! :ole p8  ,! six? objection is t
 l9es built by ! gov]nm5t w\ld co/ mu* m
 ?an if built by corporations4          
,possibly ?is w\ld be true1 b !y w\ld be
 mu* bett] built & co/ f> less =        
ma9t5ance & bett]m5ts1 & w\ld repres5t  
no m ?an actual co/2 & su* l9es z !     
,kansas ,midl&1 co/+ b #aj1bjj p] mile1 
w\ld n1 z n[1 be capitaliz$ at #ec1jbd  
p] mile2 nor w\ld ! ,presid5t ( ! ,union
 ,pacific 7z does ,sidney ,dillon1 9 !  
,nor? ,am]ican ,review = ,april17 say t 
,a citiz51 simply z a citiz51 commits an
 imp]t95ce :5 he que/ions ! "r ( a      
corporation to capitalize its prop]ties 
at any sum :atev]1 z !n !re w\ld be no  

,sidney ,dillons :o w\ld be presid5ts ( 
corporations1 pret5d+ to own railways   
built :olly f gov]nm5t moneys & l&s1 &  
:o h nev] inve/$ a doll> 9 ! con/ruction
 ( a prop]ty :i* !y h n[ capitaliz$ at !
 mode/ sum ( #ajf1jjj p] mile4 ,aft] su*
 an a*ievem5t1 9 mak+ mu* out ( no?+1 x 
is no wond] t ,mr4 ,dillon is a         
multi-millionnaire & ?9ks x an imp]t95ce
 :5 a citiz5 asks h[ he has dis*>g$ 8   
tru/ 9 relation to a railway built :olly
 ) public funds1 no "p ( :i* ,mr4       
,dillon & 8 associates seem 9 ha/e to   
pay back2 _! indebt$ness to ! gov]nm5t1 
) _m ye>s ( unpaid int]e/1 am\nt+ to m  
?an #ej1jjj1jjj1 :i* is m ?an ! ca% co/ 
( ! railway ^u :i* ^! m5 h be5 s %>p z  
to induce ! gov]nm5t1 aft] furni%+ all !
 money exp5d$ 9 its con/ruction1 to     
accept a second mortgage1 & n[ ask !    
same accommodat+ gov]nm5t to r$uce !    
rate ( int]e/--:i* !y make no pret5ce ( 
pay+--to a nom9al figure1 & to wait     
ano!r hundr$ ye>s = bo? pr9cipal &      
int]e/4 ,to make sure t ! gov]nm5t's    

second mortgage %all be no m valuable   
?an second mortgages usually are1 & to  
make x m com=table = ! manipulators1    
,messrs4 ,g\ld & ,dillon n[ propose to  
put a blanket fir/ mortgage (           
#bej1jjj1jjj on ?is prop]ty1 built :olly
 f funds d]iv$ f ! sale ( gov]nm5t l&s &
 bonds1 & to pay ! int]e/ on :i* bonds !
 p are ye>ly tax$1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,dillon &
 8 associates contract$ to pay su*      
int]e/4 ,9 8 conception ( ! relations ( 
railway corporations to ! public1 ,mr4  
,dillon is cle>ly n 9 accord ) ! high]  
tribunals :i* hold1 9 sub/ance1 t       
railways are public r ?an private       
prop]ty1 & t ! %>ehold]s are entitl$ to 
b a reasonable comp5sation = ! capital  
actually exp5d$ 9 con/ruction & a limit$
 control ( ! prop]ty2 & 9 ?is connection
 x may be well to quote briefly f       
decisions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme    
,c\rt1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ,waba% ,railway  
vs4 ,ill9ois1 uses ?is language3 ,!     
highways 9 a ,/ate are ! highways ( !   
,/ate4 ,! highways are n ( private b (  

public in/itution & regulation4 ,9 mod]n
 times1 x is true1 gov]nm5t is 9 !      
habit1 9 "s c\ntries1 ( lett+ out !     
con/ruction ( important highways1       
requir+ a l>ge exp5diture ( capital1 to 
ag5ts1 g5]ally corporate bodies creat$ =
 ! purpose1 & giv+ !m ! "r ( tax+ ^? :o 
travel or transport goods !reon z a     
means ( obta9+ comp5sation = _! outlay2 
b a sup]9t5d+ p[] ov] ! highways1 & !   
*>ges impos$ ^u ! public = _! use1      
always rema9s 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,aga91 9    
,olcott vs4 ! ,sup]visors1 x is held t3 
,:e!r ! use ( a railway is a public or  
private "o dep5ds 9 no measure ^u ! "q  
:o con/ruct$ x or :o owns x4 ,x has nev]
 be5 consid]$ ( any importance t ! road 
0 built by ! ag5cy ( a private          
corporation4 ,no matt] :o is ! ag5t1 !  
function p]=m$ is t ( ! ,/ate4  ,mr4    
,ju/ice ,bradley says3 ,:5 a railroad is
 *>t]$ x is = ! purpose ( p]=m+ a duty  
:i* belongs to ! ,/ate itself4444 ,x is 
! duty & pr]ogative ( ! ,/ate to provide
 means ( int]communication betwe5 "o "p 

( its t]ritory & ano!r4  ,if1 z appe>s1 
su* is ! duty ( ! ,/ate 7nation7 :y %\ld
 n ! ,/ate resume ! dis*>ge ( ?is duty  
:5 ! corporate ag5ts to :i* x has       
delegat$ x are f\nd to be us+ ! delegat$
 p[] = ! purpose ( oppress+ & plund]+ a 
public :i* x is ! duty ( ! gov]nm5t to  
protect8  ,! abilities ( ! man :o _c    
become a multi-millionnaire ) ! free    
use1 = tw5ty-five ye>s1 ( #cc1jjj1jjj ( 
gov]nm5t funds1 mu/ be ( a v l[ ord]1 & 
x is no wond]1 t aft] hav+ = s _m ye>s  
_h ! use ( su* a sum )\t paym5t (       
int]e/1 ,mr4 ,dillon & 8 associates are 
v weal?y1 &1 l o!rs :o are reta9+ :at   
does n belong to !m1 ?9k x an imp]t95ce 
:5 ! own] inquires :at use !y are mak+ (
 prop]ty to :i* !y h no "r4 ,_h ! nation
 built ! ,union ,pacific !re w\ld h be5 
no ,cr$it-,mobili] & its unsavory sc&al1
 & x is safe to say t ! road w\ld n n[  
be made to repres5t an exp5diture (     
#ajf1jjj p] mile1 & t ,mr4 ,dillon & "s 
o!rs w\ld n h s mu* money z to w>rant !m
 9 putt+ on su* insuff]able airs4 ,:5 x 

is rememb]$ :at use ,oakes ,ames & !    
,union ,pacific crew made ( issues (    
/ock1 x is n at all surpris+ t !        
presid5t ( ! ,union ,pacific %\ld ?9k x 
an imp]t95ce = a citiz5 to "q ! am\nt ( 
capitalization or ! use to :i* a "p (   
su* issues h be5 put1 "s ( :i* are )9 ! 
k ( ! writ]1 s f> z relates to issues ( 
t "p ( ! ,union ,pacific ly+ 9 ,kansas &
 built by ,samuel ,hallett1 :o told !   
writ] t he gave a memb] ( ! !n f$]al    
cab9et sev]al ?\s& %>es ( ! capital /ock
 ( ! ,union ,pacific ,railway1 ,ea/]n   
,division1--n[ ! ,kansas ,division ( !  
,union ,pacific--to secure ! acceptance 
( sections ( ! road :i* 7 n built 9     
accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! act (    
,congress1 :i* provid$ t a giv5 am\nt ( 
gov]nm5t bonds p] mile %\ld be deliv]$  
to ! railway company :5 c]ta9 (ficials  
%\ld accept ! road2 & x 0 a qu>rel ) !  
*ief eng9e] ( ! road 9 relation to a    
lett] writt5 by su* eng9e] to ,presid5t 
,l9coln1 in=m+ him ( ! defective        
con/ruction ( ?is road1 t caus$ ,samuel 

,hallett to be %ot d[n 9 ! /reets (     
,wy&otte1 ,kansas1 by eng9e] ,talcott4  
,x is )9 ! k ( ! writ] t ! memb] ( !    
cab9et to :om ,mr4 ,hallett said he gave
 sev]al ?\s& %>es ( /ock1 held an am\nt 
( ,union ,pacific %>es ye>s aft]w>ds1 & 
t _m ye>s aft] he left ! cab9et he      
cont9u$ to draw a l>ge sal>y f ! ,union 
,pacific ,company4 ,mr4 ,hallett also   
told ! writ] :at 7 ! argum5ts appli$ to 
congressm5 to induce !m to *ange !      
gov]nm5t li5 f a fir/ to a second       
mortgage ( ! ,pacific ,railway l9es1 &  
:at 0 8 contribution 9 doll>s to ! fund 
us$ to enable congressm5 to see ! =ce ( 
! argum5ts4 ,:5 issues ( railway %>es   
are us$ = corrupt purposes x is c]ta9ly 
an imp]t95ce = a citiz5 to make         
inquiries or (f] any rem>ks 9 relation  
!reto4  ,! sev5? objection to ,/ate own$
 railways is t !y are incapable ( z     
progressive improvem5t z are corporate  
own$ ones1 & w n keep pace ) ! progress 
( ! nation 9 o!r respects2 & 9 8 ,=um   
article ,mr4 ,acwor? lays great /ress ^u

 ?is phase ( ! "q1 & argues t z a result
 ! s]vice w\ld be f> less satisfactory4 
,!re may be =ce 9 ?is objection1 b !    
evid5ce po9ts to an opposite conclusion4
 ,:5 ! nation owns ! railways1 tra9s w  
run into union depots1 ! equipm5t w     
become uni=m & ( ! be/ "*1 & s suffici5t
 t ! traffic ( no "p ( ! c\ntry w\ld h  
to wait :ile ! wor?less locomotives ( "s
 bankrupt corporation 7 be+ pat*$ up1   
nor w\ld !re be ! pres5t difficulties 9 
obta9+ freight c>s1 gr[+ out ( ! pov]ty 
( corporations :i* h be5 plund]$ by !   
manipulators1 & improvem5ts w\ld n be   
h9d]$ by ! div]se ideas ( ! manag]s (   
v>i\s l9es 9 relation to ! adoption (   
devices int5d$ to r5d] life m secure or 
to add to ! public conv5i5ce4 ,t su* is 
"o ( ! evils ( corporate managem5t is   
demon/rat$ daily1 & is %[n by ! foll[+ f
 ! ,railway ,review ( ,m>* #g1 #ahia3 ,x
 is /at$ t a bill w be introduc$ 9 !    
,ill9ois ,legislature1 at ! sugge/ion ( 
! railroad & w>eh\se commission]s1      
gov]n+ ! plac+ ( int]lock+ plants at    

railway grade cross+s4 ,x sometimes     
happ5s t "o ( ! companies conc]n$ is    
anxi\s to put 9 su* a plant & ! o!r     
objects4 ,at pres5t !re is no law to    
gov]n ! matt]1 & ! ent]pris+ company is 
=c$ to abide ! "t ( ! o!r4 ,in/ead (    
national own]%ip be+ a h9drance to      
improvem5t & ent]prise1 ! results 9     
,au/ralia prove ! contr>y1 z 9 ,victoria
 ! gov]nm5t railways are already provid$
 ) int]lock+ plants at all grade        
cross+s1 & "o l9e does n h to wait !    
motion ( ano!r1 b all are gov]n$ by an  
active & enlight5$ policy :i* adopts all
 b5eficial improvem5ts1 appliances or   
modes ( adm9i/ration t w add ei!r to !  
public safety1 com=t1 or conv5i5ce4 ,x  
is safe to say t _h ! nation be5 op]at+ 
! railways1 !re w\ld h be5 no ,f\r?     
,av5ue tunnel horror2 & ,*auncey ,depew 
& associates w\ld n n[ be "u indictm5t1 
z ! gov]nm5t w\ld n h cont9u$ ! use ( ! 
dea?-deal+ /ove on ne>ly half ! railways
 9 ! c\ntry 9 ord] to save money = !    
%>ehold]s4  ,exi/+ evid5ce all negatives

 ,mr4 ,acwor?'s po/ulate t ,/ate railway
 sy/ems are incapable ( vigor\s life4   
,an objection to national own]%ip1 :i* !
 writ] has n se5 advanc$1 is t ,/ates1  
c\nties1 cities1 t[n%ips1 &             
s*ool-di/ricts w\ld lose "s #bg1jjj1jjj 
( rev5ue d]iv$ f taxes ^u railways4     
,:ile ?is w\ld be a s]i\s loss to "s    
communities1 !re w\ld be comp5sat+      
advantages = ! public1 z ! co/ (        
transportation w\ld be less5$ 9 l       
measure4  ,_m believe /r+5t laws1 en=c$ 
by commissions hav+ judicial p[]s1 w    
s]ve ! desir$ end1 & ! writ] 0 long     
hopeful ( ! efficacy ( regulation by    
,/ate & national commissions2 b close   
obs]vation ( _! endeavors & ( ! con/ant 
ef=ts--too (t5 successful--( !          
corporations to place _! tools on su*   
commissions1 & to evade all laws &      
regulations1 h conv9c$ him t su* control
 is & mu/ cont9ue to be ineffective1 & t
 ! only hope ( j & imp>tial treatm5t =  
railway us]s is to ex]cise ! "r ( em95t 
doma91 condemn ! railways1 & pay _!     

own]s :at x w\ld co/ to duplicate !m2 & 
9 ?is connection x may be well to /ate  
:at valuations "s ( ! corporations place
 ^u _! prop]ties4  ,"s ye>s s9ce !      
,santa ,fe fil$ 9 ! c\nties on its l9e a
 /atem5t %[+ t at ! !n price ( labor &  
mat]ials--rails 7 d\ble ! pres5t        
price--t _! road c\ld be duplicat$ =    
#i1fhe p] mile1 & ! mat]ials be+ mu*    
worn ! actual ca% value ( ! road did n  
exce$ #g1gbe p] mile4  ,9 #ahhe !       
sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,/4 ,l\is  ,iron ,m\nta9 
,railway1 be=e ! ,arkansas ,/ate bo>d ( 
assessors1 swore t he c\ld duplicate su*
 railway = #aa1jjj p] mile1 & yet ,mr4  
,g\ld has manag$ to float its           
securities1 not)/&+ a capitalization (  
five times t am\nt4                     
7,conclud$ next mon?47     ,,!          
,,unkn[n4#a  ,,"p ,,ii4  ,,by ,,camille 
,,flamm>ion4        #a ,translat$ by ,g4
 ,h4 ,a4 ,mey] & ,j4 ,h5ry ,wigg91      
f ! manuscript ( ,camille ,flamm>ion4   
,! human s\l w\ld seem to be a spiritual
 sub/ance1 end[$ ) psy*ical =ce1 capable

 ( act+ outside bodily limits4 ,?is =ce1
 l all o!rs1 may be transmissible into !
 =m ( electricity or heat1 or may be    
capable ( br++ into activity c]ta9 lat5t
 en]gies :ile x yet rema9s intimately   
unit$ ) our m5tal be+4  ,we prop\nd     
que/ions to ! table1 already impress$ ) 
our n]v\s impetus1 on subjects int]e/+  
to ourselves2 & !n we ourselves         
unconsci\sly inspire ! responses4 ,!    
table speaks to u 9 our own language1   
giv+ back our own ideas1 )9 ! limits (  
our own k1 conv]s+ ) u ab\t our op9ions 
& views1 z we might discuss !m )        
ourselves4 ,?is is absolutely !         
reflection--direct or remote1 precise or
 vague--( our own feel+s & ?\ghts4 ,all 
my ef=ts to e/abli% ! id5tity ( a /rang]
 _s1 unkn[n to ! p]sons pres5t1 h fail$4
  ,on ! o!r h&1 att5tive exam9ation (   
diff]5t communications leads u t[>d a   
conclusion z to _! orig94 ,:5 amid/ !   
,m>quis de ,mirville's revelations1 "o  
is 9 ! full sw+ ( ,roman ,ca?olic       
diabolism--demons1 spirits1 purgatory1  

miracles1 pray]s1--no?+ is lack+4 ,) !  
,c\nt de ,gasp>91 we are 9 ! bosom (    
,rational ,prote/antism1 :i* is         
absolutely ! opposite ( ! o!r4 ,"h are  
no pres5t miracles1 no devils1 b simply 
a physical ag5cy1 a fluid ob$i5t to     
volition4 ,9 ! exp]i5ces ( ,eug5e ,nus's
 circle1 we f9d ! language ( ,f\ri]     
disc\rs+ ab\t ! phalan/]y1 ab\t racial  
solid>ity1 & sociali/ic religion4 ,!re9 
are f\nd e>?ly music *ant$ 9            
space1--songs ( ,saturn & ,jupit]       
dictat$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,alyre ,bureau1 
:o 0 ! musician = ! spirituali/ society 
( ,allan-,k>dec4 ,"h we h disembodi$    
spirits ( all ranks1 & ?is is !         
apo/olate ( _! re9c>nation4  ,9 ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1 on ! contr>y1 ! mov+ tables    
decl>e t ! hypo!sis ( re9c>nation is    
absurd & mislead+2 & x may be assum$ t  
none ( ! p]sons pres5t1 especially !    
ladies1 w\ld = "o mom5t admit !         
possibility ( be+ "s day re9c>nat$ b5ea?
 ! sk9 ( a negro4 ,a brilliant          
imag9ation1 l t ( ,s>d\1 w picture to u 

,jupit]'s ca/les2 a musician may receive
 ! revelation ( a musical composition1 m
 or less *>m+2 an a/ronom] may be favor$
 ) a/ronomical communications4 ,is ?is  
physical auto-sugge/ion8 ,n absolutely1 
s9ce ! =ce goes outside ( ourselves1 9  
ord] to act4 ,x is r m5tal sugge/ion2   
yet an idea _c be sugge/$ to a piece (  
wood4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 ! direct action ( 
! m9d4 ,i _c f9d a bett] "n = x ?an     
psy*ical =ce1 a t]m1 z already /at$1 :i*
 ,i h us$ s9ce #ahfe1 & :i* has s9ce    
become ! fa%ion4  ,! action ( m9d1      
outside ! body1 has o!r te/imony1 h[ev]4
 ,magnetism1 hypnotism1 sugge/ion1      
telepa?y prove ?is e day4 ,x _c be      
disput$ t "h also we enc\nt] _m         
illusions4  ,"s t5 ye>s ago a le>n$     
physician at ,nice1 ,doctor ,b>ety1 !   
au?or ( ,la ,=ce ,neurique ,rayonnante  
et ,circulante 7,! ,radiation &         
,circulation ( ,n]v\s ,=ce7 devot$      
himself to +5i\s exp]im5ts 9 ! di/ant   
transmission ( ?\ght z obs]vable 9 a    
magnetiz$ p]son4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts1 9 :i* 

,i assi/$1 x seem$ to me t ! subject's  
s5se ( he>+ amply suffic$ to expla9 !   
results4  ,take "o case4 ,! subject     
began to c\nt al\d1 :ile ! magnetiz] 0 9
 an adjo9+ room1 ! door /&+ op5 betwe5  
!m4 ,at a c]ta9 mom5t ! doctor1 ) all 8 
en]gy1 project$ 8 n]v\s fluid f 8 h&s1 &
 ! magnetiz$ subject =?) ceas$ c\nt+2   
yet ! doctor's l95 cuffs made en\gh     
noise to indicate :at he comm&$1 ?\gh no
 ^w 0 spok54 ,dur+ ! exp]im5ts at       
,salptrire & at ,ivry1 to :i* ,doctor   
,luys 0 k9d en\gh to invite me1 ,i ?\ght
 ,i obs]v$ t a previ\s k ( ! sequ5ce ( !
 exp]im5ts furni%$ a wide m>g9 = !      
ex]cise ( ! p]sonal faculties ( ! "y    
wom5 ^u :om ! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,^!     
suspicions1 h[ev]1 did n prev5t c]ta9   
facts 9 reg>d to m5tal sugge/ion f be+  
absolutely inconte/able4  ,"h is "o     
among o!rs3--  ,doctor ,o*or[iez 0      
att5d+ a lady tr\bl$ ) long-/&+         
hy/]io-epilepsy1 aggravat$ by a maniacal
 incl9ation to suicide4 ,madame ,m4 0   
tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 & _h a vigor\s   

con/itution4 ,%e appe>$ to be 9 excell5t
 heal?4 ,h] active & gay temp]am5t 0    
unit$ ) extreme moral s5sibility4 ,h] "*
 0 specially tru?ful4 ,h] pr(\nd        
goodness 0 t9ctur$ ) a t5d5cy t[>d      
self-sacrifice4 ,h] intellig5ce 0       
rem>kable4 ,h] tal5ts 7 _m1 & h]        
p]ceptive faculties 7 good4 ,at times %e
 w\ld display a lack ( willp[]1 & an    
elem5t ( pa9ful indecision2 :ile at o!r 
times %e %[$ exceptional firmness4 ,!   
slighte/ moral fatigue1 any unexpect$   
impression1 ?\gh ( trifl+ importance1   
:e!r agreeable or o!rwise1 react$1      
al?\gh sl[ly & imp]ceptibly1 ^u h]      
vaso-motor n]ves1 & br\ght on convulsive
 attacks & a n]v\s swoon4 ,writes ,dr4  
,o*or[iez 9 8 "w on ,m5tal ,sugge/ion3  
,"o day1 or r "o night1 h] attack be+   
ov]      7includ+ a phase ( delirium71 !
 pati5t fell quietly      asleep4 ,awak+
 sudd5ly1 & see+ u 7"o ( h] female      
fri5ds & myself7 /ill ne> h]1 %e begg$ u
 to g      away1 & n to tire ourselves  
ne$lessly on h] acc\nt4      ,%e 0 s    

p]si/5t t1 fe>+ a n]v\s crisis1 we      
dep>t$4 ,i w5t sl[ly d[n/airs1 = %e     
resid$ on !      f\r? /ory1 & ,i paus$  
sev]al times to li/5      att5tively1   
tr\bl$ by an evil pres5tim5t2 = %e _h   
w\nd$ h]self sev]al times a few days    
be=e4 ,i _h      already rea*$ !        
c\rty>d1 :5 ,i paus$ aga91 ask+         
myself :e!r or n ,i ought to g away4    
,all at once h] w9d[ op5$ ) a slam1 & ,i
 saw !      sick woman lean+ out ) a    
rapid motion4 ,i ru%$ to !      spot :]e
 %e might fall2 & me*anically1 )\t      
atta*+ any great importance to !        
impulse1 ,i      conc5trat$ all my w 9  
"o great desire to oppose h]            
precipitation4       ,! pati5t 0        
influ5c$1 h[ev]1 ?\gh already lean+     
f> out1 & retreat$ sl[ly & spasmodically
 f !      w9d[4 ,! same movem5ts 7      
repeat$ five times 9      succession1   
until ! pati5t1 seem+ly fatigu$1 at la/ 
rema9$ motionless1 h] back lean+ aga9/ !
 casem5t      ( ! w9d[1 :i* 0 /ill op54 
,%e c\ld n see me1 z ,i 0 9 ! %ad[ f>   

bel[1 &      x 0 night4 ,at t mom5t1 h] 
fri5d1 ,mademoiselle ,x41      ran 91 & 
caught madame 9 h] arms4 ,i he>d !m     
/ruggl+ toge!r1 & ha/5$ up ! /airs to   
mademoiselle's assi/ance4 ,i f\nd !     
invalid 9 a fr5zy      ( excitem5t4 ,%e 
did n recognize u1 b mi/ook u =         
robb]s4 ,i c\ld only draw h] away f !   
w9d[ by us+      viol5ce en\gh to ?r[ h]
 ^u h] knees4 ,sev]al times      %e tri$
 to bite me2 b aft] mu* tr\ble1 ,i      
succe$$ 9      replac+ ! poor lady 9 h] 
b$4 ,:ile ma9ta9+ my      grasp ) "o h&1
 ,i induc$ a contraction ( h] arms1     
& f9ally put h] to sleep4       ,:5 aga9
 9 a somnambuli/ic /ate1 h] fir/ words  
73      ,?anks6--p>don6       ,!n %e    
told me t %e positively int5d$ to ?r[   
h]self out ( ! w9d[1 b t ea* "t %e felt 
z if      %e 7 /ay$ f bel[4       ,h[ s8
       ,i d n "k4       ,did y h any    
suspicion ( my pres5ce8       ,no6 x 0  
precisely because ,i believ$ y away1 t  
,i      propos$ to c>ry out my design4  
,h[ev]1 x seem$ to me at      times t y 

7 ne> me1 or beh9d me1 & t y did      n 
want me to fall4  ,"h is ano!r exp]im5t 
/ill m /rik+4 ,pi]re ,janet1 ,pr(essor (
 ,philosophy 9 ! ,havre ,lyce1 &        
,monsieur ,gib]t1 a physician1 select$ z
 a subject = _! obs]vation a c]ta9      
woman1 a native ( ,brittany4 ,%e 0 fifty
 ye>s old1 robu/1 & mod]ately s5sitive  
to hypnotic influ5ces4 ,on ,octob] #aj1 
#ahhe1 !y agre$ ^u ! foll[+ comm&3      
,to-morr[1 at noon1 lock ! doors ( y\r  
h\se4                                   
,w4  ,?is sugge/ion ,dr4 ,janet inscrib$
 ^u a %eet ( pap]1 :i* he c>ri$ ab\t 9 8
 pocket1 n communicat+ its purport to   
anybody4 ,dr4 ,gib]t made ! sugge/ion by
 plac+ 8 =ehead aga9/ ! woman's1 :ile %e
 0 9 a le?>gic slumb]2 & = a few mom5ts 
he conc5trat$ 8 m9d ^u ! m5tal comm& he 
0 giv+4  ,writes ,janet conc]n+ ?is     
incid5t3       ,on ! morr[ we w5t to !  
h\se1 at fifte5 m9utes      be=e twelve1
 & f\nd ! entrance b>ricad$ & !         
doors lock$4 ,inquiry prov$ t madame    
h]self _h clos$      !m4 ,:5 ,i ask$ h]1

 next day1 :y %e _h done su* a          
/range ?+1 %e repli$3 ,i felt v tir$1 & 
did n      want y to come 9 & put me to 
sleep4       ,%e 0 greatly agitat$ at ! 
"t4 ,%e cont9ually      w&]$ ab\t !     
g>d51 & ,i saw h] pluck a rose1 &      g
 t[>ds ! lett]-box1 :i* 0 ne> ! gate4   
,^!      actions 7 ( no importance2 b x 
is curi\s to note      t ^! la/ actions 
7 precisely ^? ! day be=e      we _h    
?\ght ( ord]+ h] to p]=m1 ?\gh we       
aft]w>ds decid$ ^u a diff]5t sugge/ion1 
namely1 t      ( lock+ ! doors4         
,und\bt$ly 8 fir/ sugge/ion      occupi$
 ,gib]t's m9d :ile he 0 giv+ ! second1 &
      _h a correspond+ influ5ce ov] !   
woman4  ,"h is /ill ano!r exp]im5t1     
relat$ by ,doctor ,dus>t3       ,e day1 
be=e leav+ a c]ta9 "y pati5t1 ,i        
comm&$ h] to sleep until a specifi$ h\r 
! next day4      ,once ,i came away1    
=gett+ ?is precaution1 & ,i 0      sev5 
hundr$ y>ds away be=e ,i ?\ght ( x4 ,be+
      unable to retrace my /eps1 ,i said
 to myself t my wi%      might p]haps be

 felt1 not)/&+ ! di/ance1 s9ce a        
sil5t sugge/ion 0 sometimes obey$ at an 
int]val ( "o      or two y>ds4 ,i !re=e 
=mulat$ my comm& t %e      %\ld sleep   
until eight o'clock ! next morn+1 & !n  
kept on my way4 ,! next day ,i call$    
aga91 at half-pa/      sev51 & f\nd my  
pati5t /ill asleep4       ,h[ happ5s x t
 y are /ill asleep8       ,:y1          
,monsieur1 ,i am obey+ y\r ord]s4       
,y are mi/ak54 ,i w5t away )\t giv+ any 
su*      comm&6       ,t is s6 b five   
m9utes lat] ,i di/9ctly he>d y      tell
 me to sleep until eight o'clock4       
,z x 0 n yet eight1 & z eight 0 ! h\r ,i
 usually      indicat$1 ! possibility   
sugge/$ itself t h]      awak5+ 0 !     
result ( an illusion1 aris+ f habit1    
& p]haps1 aft] all1 ?is 0 a case (      
simple      co9cid5ce4 ,9 ord] to make a
 clean brea/ ( x1 &      leave no room =
 d\bt1 ,i ord]$ ! invalid to sleep      
until %e %\ld receive a comm& to awake4 
,dur+ ! day1 hav+ a few sp>e mom5ts1 ,i 
resolv$ to      complete ! exp]im5t4 ,on

 leav+ my h\se1 sev5      kilomet]s     
away1 ,i m5tally gave ! ord] = h] to    
wake      up4 ,i notic$ t x 0 two       
o'clock4 ,on rea*+ ! h\se      ,i f\nd  
h] awake4 ,h] p>5ts1 foll[+ my advice1  
_h      not$ ! precise "t ( h] awak5+4  
,x 0 ! v      h\r at :i* ,i gave !      
comm&4       ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$    
sev]al times1 at diff]5t      h\rs1 &   
always ) k9dr$ results4  ,?is is really 
v int]e/+2 b "h is some?+ :i* appe>s m  
extraord9>y4       ,on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y 
,i discont9u$ my visits1 & my           
relations to ! family ceas$4 ,i _h n ev5
 he>d !m      spok5 (2 yet on ,janu>y   
#ab1 z ,i 0 mak+ "s visits 9      an    
opposite direction1 t5 kilomet]s away f 
my =m]      pati5t1 ,i f\nd myself      
wond]+ if x 0 /ill possible      to make
 h] he> my m5tal comm&s1 despite !      
di/ance      sep>at+ u1 despite !       
cessation ( my relations to !           
family1 & despite ! int]v5tion ( a ?ird 
p>ty1 !      fa!r himself1 :o 0         
magnetiz+ 8 daught]4 ,i      !re=e bade 

! pati5t n fall asleep4 ,half an h\r    
lat]1 reflect+ t if1 by "s extraord9>y  
*ance1 my      comm& 0 obey$1 ?is might 
prejudice ! m9d ( !      un=tunate girl 
aga9/ me1 ,i )drew my prohibition1 &    
dismiss$ x f my ?\ghts4 ,on ! foll[+    
morn+1 at      six o'clock1 ,i 0 greatly
 surpris$ by ! arrival ( a      mess5g]1
 br++ me a lett] f ! fa!r ( ! "y        
lady1 9 :i* he in=m$ me t on ! day be=e1
      ,janu>y #ab1 at t5 o'clock 9 !    
=5oon1 he 0 unable to      put 8 daught]
 to sleep1 except by a prolong$ &       
disagreeable /ruggle4 ,:5 %e at la/ fell
 asleep %e      decl>$ t if %e _h       
resi/$1 x 0 because ( my      comm&1 & t
 %e f9ally fell asleep only because ,i  
p]mitt$ x4       ,^! decl>ations _h be5 
made be=e witnesses1 :om !      fa!r _h 
ask$ to c\nt]sign 8 report4 ,i h pres]v$
      ?is lett]1 & h add$ a few         
circum/antial details      !reto4       
,x is1 !re=e1 probable t1 ) an exact k  
or      ph5om5al conditions1 we may     
ev5tually be able to m5tally            

transmit entire ?\ghts to di/ant po9ts1 
z is done n[      by telephone4         
,indep5d5tly ( magnetism1 x is difficult
 n to believe t two p]sons1 mutually de>
 to ea* o!r1 al?\gh sep>at$ by c]ta9    
circum/ances1 may rema9 unit$ by _!     
?\ghts1 ) a t5acity :i* no?+ c di/urb1  
especially if ! circum/ances are grave4 
,! ?\ghts ( ! "o react ^u ! m9d ( ! o!r1
 z if ! beat+s ( "o he>t c\ld transmit  
!mselves to ano!r he>t4 ,!re is a c]ta9 
psy*ical tie betwe5 ! two2 & at ! "t :5 
"o especially conc5trates 8 volunt>y =ce
 ^u ! o!r1 x is n unusual = ! latt] to  
feel ! reaction1 & be plung$ into a     
rev]y ev5 m int5se4 ,! transmission (   
?\ght--or1 to speak m exactly1          
sugge/ion1--is1 "u ^! conditions1 a     
matt] = obs]vation1 :i* might frequ5tly 
be appli$4  ,i %all n "h consid] !      
ph5om5a ( telepa?y or gho/s4 ,read]s (  
,,! ,,ar5a h be5 favor$ ) ,mr4          
,wallace's excell5t articles on ?is     
po9t1 & x w\ld be sup]flu\s to reconsid]
 x4 ,no d\bt our read]s are also        

acqua9t$ ) ! examples report$ 9 my "w   
call$ ,urania1 & h long be5 aw>e t ,i   
believe 9 ! possibility ( communications
 betwe5 invisible be+s & ourselves4 ,9 !
 po9t ( view at :i* ,i h plac$ myself 9 
?is te*nical & ess5tially sci5tific     
outl9e1 ,i h tak5 c>e to c>efully       
di/+ui% ! ?+s se5 by myself f ^? :i* ,i 
h n se54  ,i d n belong to ! same class 
) ^? :o say3 ,we h n se5 x1 & !re=e x _c
 be4 ,!re are hone/ p ev]y:]e4 ,!re are1
 p]haps1 few exact obs]v]s1 capable (   
report+ facts1 )\t *ang+ any?+ 9 _!     
recitals2 b !re are witnesses we _c well
 ga9say4  ,"h1 = example1 is a lett]    
among _m rec5tly address$ to me1        
relative to c]ta9 extraord9>y facts4    
,y\r "w1 ,urania1 has prompt$ me to br+ 
to y\r      k an ev5t :i* ,i he>d relat$
 by ! v p]son      to :om x happ5$1-a   
,dani% physician1 nam$ ,vogl]1          
resid+ at ,gudum1 ne> ,alborg1 9 ,jutl&4
       ,vogl] is a man ( robu/ heal?1   
bo? 9 m9d & body4 ,he      has an       
upright & positive disposition1 )\t !   

lea/      t5d5cy 7b q ! contr>y7 to     
n]v\s excitability4       ,he relat$ to 
me ! foll[+ /ory1 :i* ,i h (t5      he>d
 confirm$ by o!rs z ! unadorn$ & exact  
tru?4       ,:5 a "y man1 /udy+ m$ic9e1 
he travell$ 9 ,g]many      ) ,c\nt      
,s*immuelmann1 a not$ "n among !        
nobility (      ,hol/e91 :o 0 ab\t 8 own
 age4 ,!y hir$ a small      h\se 9 a    
,g]man univ]sity t[n :]e !y propos$ to  
/ay = sometime4 ,! ,c\nt liv$ 9 !       
ap>tm5ts on !      gr\nd floor1 :ile    
,vogl] occupi$ ! next /ory2 & !         
/reet door1 z well z ! /airway1 7 us$ by
      !mselves alone4 ,"o night1 :5 ,mr4
 ,vogl] 0 read+ 9      b$1 he sudd5ly   
he>d ! door at ! foot ( ! /airs      op5
 & %ut2 b he did n pay any att5tion to  
x1      believ+ ! ,c\nt _h j come 94 ,a 
few mom5ts lat] he      he>d sl[ & tir$ 
foot/eps asc5d ! /airs1 & /op      at 8 
*amb] door4 ,he saw ! door op51 b nobody
      appe>$4 ,! foot/eps did n cease1  
h[ev]1 = he he>d      !m on ! floor1    
advanc+ f ! door to ! b$4 ,he      c\ld 

see absolutely no?+1 al?\gh ! light 0   
cont9u\sly burn+2 & he c\ld n und]/& !  
affair1 n recogniz+ ! foot/eps4 ,:5 !   
/eps _h      drawn v ne> ! b$1 he he>d a
 great sigh1 :i* he at      once        
recogniz$ z t ( 8 gr&mo!r1 :om he _h    
left      9 good heal? at _! home 9     
,d5m>k4 ,at ! same in/ant      he also  
recogniz$ ! /ep1 :i* 01 inde$1 ! halt+  
& ag$ /ep ( 8 gr&mo!r4 ,look+ at 8 wat*1
      :i* he _h plac$ "u 8 pill[1 ,vogl]
 not$ ! exact      h\r1 & made a        
memor&um ( x1 = he at once surmis$      
t 8 gr&mo!r might be dy+ at ! v in/ant4 
,at      a lat] day he receiv$ a lett] f
 ! pat]nal home1      ann\nc+ ! sudd5   
dea? ( 8 gr&mo!r1 :o      p>ticul>ly    
*]i%$ him above ! o!r gr&*ildr54        
,?is e/abli%$ ! fact t h] dea? occurr$  
at !      v h\r indicat$4 ,9 ?is mann]  
did ! v5]able woman      take leave ( h]
 gr&son1 :o did n ev5 "k ( h]           
illness4                                
,,edw>d ,,hambro1                       
,c\nselor-at-law1 & ,secret>y ( ,public 

,works                                  
9 ! ,city ( ,*ri/iana4  ,"h1 z may be   
se51 is a fact1 obs]v$ z precisely z a  
sci5tific exp]im5t2 & x might be add$ to
 ^? ,i h publi%$ 9 ,urania4  ,i w adduce
 "o m fact1 :i* 0 obs]v$ v long ago1 9  
#aghd1 by my great-gr&fa!r1 on my "m's  
side4  ,x occurr$ 9 ,ill&1 a little     
village 9 ! c\nty ( ,b>1 :i* to-day     
belongs to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,haute-,m>ne1 n
 f> f ! native place ( bo? my mat]nal   
gr&fa!r & myself4 ,9 *ildhood ,i sp5t   
all my vacations !re among ! v9e-plant$ 
hills1 face to face ) graci\s l&scapes1 
amid =e/s alive ) bird songs4 ,! h\se   
yet /&s 9 :i* ! incid5t happ5$4 ,x is at
 ! entrance ( ! village1 on ! "r1 & is  
call$ ! ,*ateau4 ,"o ev5+ my            
great-gr&mo!r1 on return+ f h] "w 9 !   
fields1 p]ceiv$1 by ! huge *imney-corn] 
7:i* c /ill be se571 h] bro!r1 :o _h be5
 dead sev]al mon?s4 ,he 0 seat$1 & seem$
 to be w>m+ himself4 ,my ,god6 %e       
exclaim$ 9 affright1 x's our dead       
,rolet6 & !n %e ran away4 ,h] husb&1    

ent]+ 9 8 turn1 also saw 8 bro!r-9-law  
sitt+ by ! fireplace4 ,at t critical    
mom5t "o ( ! f>m h&s utt]$ an oa?1 & !  
app>ition vani%$4  ,i give ?is n>rative 
z x 0 relat$ to me4 ,no misgiv+s z to ! 
reality ( ! vision exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( !   
p]sonages 9 my gr&mo!r's h\sehold4      
,all[ me to m5tion ano!r illu/ration4 ,9
 ,febru>y1 #ahhi1 ,i receiv$ f ,h4 ,van 
d] ,k]kh>e ! foll[+ communication1      
relat+ to an article ,i _h publi%$ ab\t 
?is class ( ph5om5a4       ,:ile 9      
,texas1 on ,augu/ #be1 #ahgd1 t[>ds     
sunset1 ,i 0      smok+ my aft]-d9n]    
pipe 9 a room on ! gr\nd floor      ( ! 
h\se ,i occupi$4 ,i 0 fac+ ! wall1 ) a  
door      on my "r op5+ t[>ds ! nor?we/4
 ,"h is a diagram      ( ! sc5e4        
,illu/ration       ,sudd5ly ,i saw my   
old gr&fa!r 9 ! doorway4 ,i 0 9      t  
semi-consci\s /ate ( well-be+ & quietude
 natural      to a man ) a good appetite
 :o has d9$ satisfactorily4      ,i 0 n 
at all a/oni%$ to see my gr&fa!r !re4 ,9
      fact1 ,i 0 vegetat+ j !n1 ?9k+ (  

no?+ 9      p>ticul>4 ,nev]!less1 ,i    
said to myself3--,x is droll      t !   
rays ( ! sett+ sun %\ld p\r gold &      
purple      ?r\gh ! lea/ folds ( my     
gr&fa!r's g>m5ts &      face4 ,9 fact1 !
 sett+ sun 0 r$1 & ?rew its la/         
horizontal rays diagonally a?w>t !      
doorway4 ,gr&fa!r      _h a b5efic5t    
c\nt5ance4 ,he smil$ & seem$ happy4     
,all at once he disappe>$ along ) !     
vani%+ sun1 &      ,i r\s$ myself z f a 
dream1 b ) ! conviction      t ,i _h se5
 an app>ition4 ,six weeks aft]w>ds ,i 0 
appris$ by lett] t my gr&fa!r _h di$ on 
! night      ( ,augu/ #be & #bf betwe5  
"o & two o'clock4 ,well1 !re      is a  
diff]5ce ( five & "o-half h\rs betwe5 ! 
longitude ( ,belgium1 :]e my gr&fa!r    
di$1 & !      longitude ( ,texas :]e ,i 
01 & :]e ! sun set at      ab\t sev5    
o'clock4  ,x w\ld be easy to cite a l>ge
 numb] ( simil> cases4 ,let me end ?is  
section ) ! foll[+ conclusion ( ,*4     
,ri*et1 ! le>n$ editor ( ! ,revue       
,sci5tifique3--       ,unless we        

discr$it ! value ( all human te/imony1  
^!      /ories are v]itable & accurate4 
,:5ev] k9dr$      incid5ts are reproduc$
 by exp]im5t1 telepa?y w no      long]  
be disput$1 b admitt$ z a natural       
ph5om5on1 z      well prov5 z ! rotation
 ( ! e>?1 or z !      contagion (       
tub]culosis4 ,to-day's audaci\s !ories  
w1      9 a few ye>s1 seem almo/ l      
infantile truisms4  ,we h n[ come to !  
clos+ section ( ?is already long        
essay1--namely1 to ! explanation ( su*  
ph5om5a z table-tipp+1 _s rapp+ &       
dictation1 & di/ant transmission (      
?\ght4 ,let u confess t x is mu* easi]  
to unfold & discuss su* facts1 ?an to   
det]m9e _! modus op]&i4 ,i w add t1 ev5 
if 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 x is        
impossible to expla9 ^! facts1 !re is no
 %ad[ ( a reason = reject+ !m4  ,! !ory 
) :i* we conclude has be5 anticipat$ by 
! prec$+ sections4  ,:at is ! univ]se8  
,:at is nature8 ,:at are be+s8 ,:at are 
?+s8  ,f a/ronomy to physiology1 ev]y?+ 
con/ra9s u to all[ ! exi/5ce ( at lea/  

two elem5ts--=ce & matt]4  ,! ord] &    
laws ( ! univ]se1 toge!r ) human ?\ght &
 consci\sness1 lead u to admit 7besides 
=ce & matt]7 a ?ird elem5t--intellig5ce2
 = speak+ only ( ! con/itu5cy ( our     
planet1 no *emical comb9ation :atev] has
 ev] be5 kn[n to produce an idea4  ,=ce 
directs4 ,matt] obeys4  ,=ce is         
invisible & s is matt]4  ,all matt]     
:atsoev] is compos$ ( atoms1 too        
inf9itesimal = our p]ception1 & ev5     
invisible b5ea? ! mo/ p[]ful microscope 
b ^: exi/5ce is demon/rat$ by *emi/ry1 z
 well z by physics4 ,! molecules ( iron1
 gold1 hydrog51 oxyg51 c>bon1 appe> to  
be gr\ps ( atoms4 ,ev5 if we d5y !      
exi/5ce ( atoms1 & admit only ! exi/5ce 
( molecules1 !y also are invisible4     
,matt]1 !re=e1 9 its v ess5ce1 is       
invisible4 ,our eyes behold only motion 
& transitory =ms4 ,our h&s t\* only     
appe>ances4 ,h>dness & s(tness1 heat &  
cold1 weight & lightness1 are relative1 
n absolute conditions4  ,:at we call    
matt] is only an effect produc$ ^u our  

s5ses by ! motion ( atoms1--t is to say1
 by our unceas+ receptivity to          
s5sations4  ,! univ]se is a dynamic     
conglom]ate4 ,atoms are 9 p]petual      
motion1 caus$ by =ces4 ,all is movem5t4 
,heat1 light1 electricity1 t]re/rial    
magnetism1 d n exi/ z indep5d5t ag5ts4  
,!y are b modes ( motion4 ,t :i*        
actually exi/s is =ce4 ,x is =ce t      
su/a9s ! univ]se4 ,x is =ce t projects !
 e>? into space4 ,x is =ce t con/itutes 
liv+ creatures4  ,! human s\l is a      
pr9ciple ( =ce4 ,?\ght is a dynamic act4
 ,psy*ical =ce acts ^u ! matt] compos+  
our bodies1 & actuates all our memb]s to
 fulfil _! tasks4 ,l all =ces1 psy*ical 
=ce c trans=m itself1 c become          
electricity1 heat1 light1 motion2 = ^!  
are all modes ( motion4 ,psy*ical =ce is
 itself 9 motion4  ,x c act outside !   
limits ( ! human organism1 & c          
tempor>ily animate a table4 ,i place my 
h&s on a r\nd table1 ) a firm desire to 
see x obey my w4 ,i communicate to x a  
c]ta9 heat1 a c]ta9 electricity1 a c]ta9

 pol>ization1 or a c]ta9 o!r some?+ we h
 n yet discov]$4 ,! /& becomes1 s to    
speak1 an ext5sion ( my body1 & submits 
to ! influ5ce ( my w4 ,i look at a      
p]son4 ,i take 8 h&4 ,i ?us act ^u him4 
,m ?an ?is4 ,if ! bra9 ( ano!r p]son    
vibrates 9 unison ) m9e1 or has at "o 9 
h>mony ) ! keynote ( my own bra91 ,i c  
act ^u him1 ev5 f a di/ance4  ,if ,i    
emit a s\nd a few y>ds f a piano1 ^?    
piano-/r+s :i* are 9 h>mony ) my        
utt]ance w vibrate1 & !mselves s5d =? a 
k9dr$ s\nd1 easily di/+ui%able4  ,a     
telegraph wire transmits a despat*3 ,a  
neighbor+ wire is influ5c$ by induction2
 & x has be5 possible1 by ! aid ( ?is   
second & sep>ate wire1 to read messages 
s5t ov] ! fir/4  ,!re is /ill m to be   
said4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! trans=mation ( =ce
 to-day op5s to u new views :i* might   
well be call$ m>vell\s4 ,we e day make  
use ( ! telephone1 )\t ?9k+ t x is1 9   
itself1 m a/oni%+ ?an all ! occult facts
 consid]$ 9 ?is pap]4  ,y speak4 ,y\r   
voice is transmitt$ t5 or tw5ty ?\s&    

kilomet]s1 f ,p>is to ,m>seilles1 & ev5 
f>!r away4 ,y ?9k x is y\r own voice :i*
 is he>d & recogniz$ at ! o!r end ( !   
wire2 b x is n2 y\r voice has n made !  
j\rney4 ,s\nd ( itself1 9 its ord9>y    
/ate1 is n transmitt$ ) any?+ l !       
rapidity att5d+ ?is flight ov] ! copp]  
wire4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 we %\ld h to wait
 sev5 h\rs & tw5ty-f\r seconds = a      
response1 :]eas !re is no appreciable   
delay 9 ! telephonic passage ( s\nd4 ,! 
usual vocal velocity becomes electric   
velocity1 & ! int]val betwe5 ! t]m9al   
/ations ( ! wire is trav]s$             
in/antane\sly4 ,on rea*+ its de/9ation1 
! curr5t aga9 trans=ms itself into s\nd 
?r\gh its enc\nt] ) a m$ial1 an         
environm5t l t at its />t+-po9t4  ,is ! 
conductive wire indisp5sable8 ,by no    
means6 ,is !re a connect+ wire betwe5 ! 
sun & ! e>?8 ,yet ! spots on ! sun      
occasion reb\nds 9 ! v>iations (        
t]re/rial magnetism4 ,9 ! photophone !  
conductive wire has already be5 disp5s$ 
)1 & a ray ( light is us$ 9 its place4  

,y speak beh9d a mirror1 & ?us cause x  
to vibrate4 ,^! vibrations modify !     
reflection ( light f ! vibrat+ mirror1  
:i* ?us be>s along y\r voice1 ) :i* x   
becomes *>g$4 ,sel5ium1 ! *emical elem5t
 us$ 9 ! op]ation1 transmits ! s\nd to !
 telephone1 & y\r spok5 ^w is reproduc$4
  ,! pr9cipal ( ! trans=mation ( =ces is
 und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ prolific 9 mod]n  
physics4 ,heat c be trans=m$ into       
me*anical motion2 me*anical motion may  
be trans=m$ into heat4 ,electricity is  
trans=mable into magnetism2 &1          
reciprocally1 magnetism may *ange into  
electricity1 into light4 ,! motion ( !  
mill-:eel s]ves to illum9ate y\r h\se4  
,f ,p>is y c light a lamp 9 ,brussels4  
,:5 y act f af> ^u ano!r m9d1 x is n y\r
 ?\ght :i* travels1 z a m5tal condition2
 b y\r ?\ght trav]ses ! int]v5+ e!r     
?r\gh a s]ies ( vibrations z yet unkn[n 
to u1 & only becomes ?\ght aga9 :5      
br\ght into contact ) ano!r bra91       
because ! la/ transf]5ce br+s ! impulse 
into a m$ium ak9 to t f :i* x />t$4 ,x  

is !re=e necess>y t ?is second bra9 %\ld
 be 9 sympa?y ) y\rs2 t is to say1 us+  
"o ( ,doctor ,o*or[iez's expressions1 t 
! dynamic tone ( ! receiv] %\ld be 9    
accord ) y\r own4 ,x is1 moreov]1       
noticeable t !re are p]iods :5 v]itable 
?\ght-curr5ts affect ?\s&s ( bra9s at ! 
same mom5t4 ,at ! bottom ( all ?is !re  
is b "o pr9ciple1 & t is id5tical ) !   
relation exi/+ betwe5 ! magnet & ! iron1
 betwe5 ! sun & ! e>?1--namely1 !       
transmission & trans=mation ( motion4   
,h]b]t ,sp5c] has said3--       ,!      
discov]y t matt]1 s simple 9 appe>ance1 
is      wond]fully complicat$ 9 its     
vital /ructure1--& t      o!r discov]y1 
t its molecules1 oscillat+ ) a          
rapidity almo/ inf9ite1 convey _!       
impressions to !      surr\nd+ e!r1 :i*1
 9 turn1 transmits !m ov]               
inconceivable di/ances1 9 an            
inconceivably %ort space (      "t1--^! 
discov]ies lead u to ! ev5 m m>vell\s   
discov]y1 t any k9d ( molecules are     
affect$ 9 a      special mann] by       

molecules ( ! same k9d1 ?\gh            
situat$ 9 ! mo/ di/ant regions ( space4 
,x requires b "o /ep m = ! admission t  
psy*ical communications may be e/abli%$ 
betwe5 an inhabitant ( ,m>s & an        
inhabitant ( ! e>?4  ,we are (t5 ask$   
:at all ^! /udies am\nt to4 ,t is /ill  
unkn[n4 ,if !y %\ld end 9 a sci5tific   
pro( ( ! exi/5ce & immortality ( ! s\l1 
^! inve/igations w\ld =?) surpass 9     
value all o!r human sci5ces put toge!r1 
)\t a s+le exception4  ,x mu/ be        
ackn[l$g$ t ?is reason is a suffici5t   
au?orization = u n to despise ?is class 
( rese>*es4 ,b ?is argum5t is ne$less4  
,^! inve/igations relate to ! unkn[n1 & 
t reason is all-suffici5t4  ,did        
,galvani 9 exam9+ ! convulsions ( 8     
frogs1 h any idea ( ! imm5se1 !         
prodigi\s1 ! univ]sal "p :i* electric   
sci5ce 0 to p]=m 9 less ?an a c5tury8   
,d5is ,pap9 & ,rob]t ,fulton1 ,b5jam9   
,frankl9 & ,james ,watts1 ,j\ffroy &    
,dagu]re1--all ! inv5tors1 all ! se>*]s 
aft] tru?1--7 !y wrong 9 los+ !mselves 9

 _! pursuit ( ! unkn[n8 ,x is su* m5 :o 
cause ! advance ( humanity4 ,x is to !m 
mank9d owes its progress4  ,if x 7      
prov$1 we say1 t !re exi/s outside ( u1 
& ev5 )9 u1 an immat]ial & spiritual    
=ce1 :i* eludes ! kn[n processes (      
nature1 & ! ackn[l$g$ laws ( life1--&   
:i* reveals itself by o!r processes &   
o!r laws1 :i* d n supplant ! fir/1 b    
take an equal place beside !m1 ?is new k
 might enlight5 some:at ! %ad[s :i* n[  
conceal ! great secret ( ! orig9 & de/9y
 ( su* poor be+s z ourselves4  ,fir/ (  
all1 let u seek ! tru?4 ,to be sure1    
,ta9e has writt5 v wittily3 ,i nev]     
?\ght t a tru? c\ld be ( any practical  
use6 b we may n be ( ! same m9d1 & may  
?9k1 on ! contr>y1 t ! se>* = tru? is ! 
prime object ( m5's intellectual        
exi/5ce4     ,,! ,,swiss ,,& ,,am]ican  
,,con/itutions1  ,,by ,w4 ,d4           
,mc,c,r,a,c,k,a,n4   ,! /udy ( f$]alism1
 z a sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 has 9 rec5t times
 become a favorite subject =            
con/itutional writ]s4 ,at pres5t !      

,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada on 
?is cont95t1 ! newly con/itut$          
,au/ralian ,commonweal? at ! ,antipodes1
 & 9 ,europe ! ,g]man ,empire1 !        
,au/ro-,hung>ian ,empire1 & ! ,swiss    
,conf$]ation are all examples ( !       
application ( ! f$]al pr9ciple 9 its    
v>i\s phases4 ,:at makes all rese>*es   
into ?is bran* ( political le>n+        
p>ticul>ly difficult1 & p]haps = t      
reason also exceptionally fasc9at+1 is !
 fact t f$]at$ /ates seem =ev] oscillat+
 betwe5 ! two extremes ( complete       
c5tralization & dec5tralization4 ,! two 
=ces1 c5tripetal & c5trifugal1 seem to  
be always pull+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 & produc+
 a new resultant :i* v>ies accord+ to _!
 proportionate int5sity4 ,"o is almo/   
tempt$ to say t !re mu/ be an ideal /ate
 some:]e betwe5 ^! two extremes1 "s po9t
 ( p]fect balance1 f :i* no nation c ev]
 dep>t v f> )\t ei!r fall+ ap>t into    
an>*y or be+ consolidat$ into despotism4
 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 c ?r[ light ^u ^!      
obscure =ces is c]ta9ly entitl$ to our  

deepe/ int]e/4  ,b n all ! diff]5t /ates
 m5tion$ above z repres5tatives (       
f$]alism1 possess an equal value = u 9  
our se>* aft] improvem5ts 9 ! art (     
self-gov]nm5t4 ,! /udy ( ! con/itutions 
( ! ,g]man & ,au/ro-,hung>ian empires c 
only be ( second>y importance to u      
,am]icans1 because ^! /ates are f\nd$ ^u
 mon>*ical pr9ciples1 q =eign to our    
body politic4 ,to a limit$ ext5t1 ! same
 objection may be made to ! ,canadian & 
,au/ralian con/itutions1 s9ce !         
connection ( ^? c\ntries ) ! mon>*ical  
"m c\ntry has n be5 con/itutionally     
sev]$4 ,b !re is ano!r f$]at$ /ate 9    
exi/5ce1 until lately almo/ ignor$ by   
writ]s on political subjects1 ^: example
 c 9 reality be ( ! utmo/ use to u1 =   
its g5]al organization m ne>ly resembles
 our own 9 m9iature ?an any o!r4 ,?is   
c\ntry is ,switz]l&4 ,9 h] quiet fa%ion 
! unobtrusive little ,conf$]ation is    
work+ out "s ( ! great mod]n problems1 &
 h] citiz5s1 ) _! natural aptitude =    
self-gov]nm5t1 are pres5t+ object       

lessons :i* we especially 9 ,am]ica _c  
af=d to ov]look4 ,x is true t political 
analogies are sometimes a little p]il\s1
 = id5tical situations c nev] be        
reproduc$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b if !re  
be any virtue at all 9 ! /udy (         
comp>ative politics1 a comp>ison betwe5 
! ,f$]al con/itutions ( ,switz]l& & !   
,unit$ ,/ates ought to ?r[ into relief  
"s features :i* c be ( s]vice to u4  ,to
 be p]fectly frank1 ! ,swiss            
con/itution1 :5 plac$ side by side ) our
 own1 at fir/ %[s c]ta9 decid$          
%ort-com+s4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates is an em95tly logical1           
well-balanc$ docum5t1 9 :i* a ma/]ly    
di/9ction is made betwe5 ! executive1   
legislative1 & judicial functions (     
gov]nm5t1 & betwe5 matt]s :i* belong by 
nature to organic law1 & ^? :i* may     
safely be left to ! /atute law4 ,9 !    
,swiss con/itution1 h[ev]1 ! l9e :i*    
sep>ates ^! dep>tm5ts is n z cle>ly     
drawn1 s t1 9 fact1 a c]ta9 am\nt (     
confusion 9 _! treatm5t becomes app>5t4 

,9 ! primitive leagues :i* 7 conclud$   
betwe5 ! e>ly ,conf$]ates no attempt 0  
made to draw up regul> con/itutions1 & !
 "o n[ 9 =ce dates only f #ahdh1 )      
am5dm5ts made 9 #ahgd1 #ahgi1 & #ahhe1  
an in/rum5t /ill some:at imp]fect1      
p]haps1 b none ! less sugge/ive to !    
/ud5t4  ,!re are two in/itutions 9 !    
,swiss /ate :i* be> a v /rong lik5ess to
 correspond+ ones 9 our own4 ,bo?       
c\ntries h a legislative sy/em consi/+ (
 two h\ses1 "o repres5t+ ! p num]ically1
 & ! o!r ! ,cantons or ,/ates ( :i* !   
,union is compos$1 & bo? possess a      
,supreme ,c\rt1 :i* 9 ,switz]l& goes by 
! "n ( ! ,f$]al ,tribunal4 ,x is g5]ally
 conc$$ t ! ,swiss consci\sly imitat$ ^!
 ,am]ican in/itutions1 b 9 do+ s !y     
c]ta9ly took c>e to adapt !m to _! own  
p>ticul> ne$s1 s t ! two sets (         
in/itutions are by no means id5tical4 ,!
 ,swiss ,national ,c\ncil & ,c\ncil (   
,/ates1 =m+ toge!r ! ,f$]al ,assembly1  
are equal1 co-ord9ate bodies1 p]=m+ !   
same functions1 :]eas our ,h\se (       

,repres5tatives & ,s5ate h p>ticul>     
duties assign$ to ea*1 & ! =m] occupies 
9 a measure a subord9ate position to !  
latt]4 ,! ,swiss ,h\ses meet twice a ye>
 9 regul> sessions1 on ! fir/ ,monday 9 
,june & ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,decemb]1 & =  
extra sessions if !re is special unf9i%$
 bus9ess to transact4 ,! ,national      
,c\ncil is compos$ at pres5t ( #adg     
memb]s1 "o repres5tative to e #bj1jjj   
inhabitants4 ,e citiz5 ( tw5ty-"o is a  
vot]2 & e vot] n a cl]gyman is eligible 
to ?is ,national ,c\ncil--! exclusion ( 
! cl]gy is due to dread ( religi\s      
qu>rels1 ) :i* ! pages ( ,swiss hi/ory h
 be5 only too frequ5tly /a9$4 ,a g5]al  
election takes place e ?ree ye>s4 ,!    
sal>y ( ! repres5tatives is f\r doll>s a
 day1 :i* is =feit$ by non-att5dance1 & 
ab\t five c5ts a mile = travell+        
exp5ses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,c\ncil (      
,/ates is compos$ ( =ty-f\r memb]s1 two 
= ea* ( ! tw5ty-two ,cantons4 ,! l5g? ( 
_! t]ms ( (fice is left entirely to !   
discretion ( ! ,cantons :i* elect !m1 & 

9 ! same mann] _! sal>ies are paid out (
 ! ,cantonal treasuries4 ,!re are c]ta9 
special occasions :5 ! two h\ses meet   
toge!r & act 9 conc]t3 fir/1 = !        
election ( ! ,f$]al ,c\ncil1 :i*        
corresponds 9 a g5]al way to our        
,presid5t & 8 ,cab9et2 secondly1 = !    
election ( ! ,f$]al ,tribunal2 ?irdly1 =
 t ( ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,conf$]ation1 an  
(ficial ^: duties seem to be ^? ( a     
secret>y to ! ,f$]al ,c\ncil & ,f$]al   
,assembly1 & f\r?ly1 = t ( !            
,comm&]-9-,*ief 9 case ( w>4 ,!         
attributes ( ! ,swiss ,f$]al ,tribunal1 
?\gh closely resembl+ ^? ( our ,supreme 
,c\rt1 are n id5tical ) !m1 = ! ,swiss  
conception ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p is q    
diff]5t f our own4 ,_! ,f$]al ,assembly 
is ! repository ( ! national sov]eignty1
 &1 !re=e1 no o!r body c ov]ride its    
decisions4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates te/s ! con/itutionality ( laws   
pass$ by ,congress :i* may be submitt$  
to x = exam9ation1 ?us plac+ itself z   
arbit] ov] ! repres5tatives ( ! p2 b !  

,f$]al ,tribunal mu/ accept z f9al all  
laws :i* h pass$ ?r\gh ! usual *annels1 
s t its duty consi/s m]ely 9 apply+ !m  
to p>ticul> cases )\t que/ion+ _!       
con/itutionality4  ,if !re is a c]ta9   
resemblance betwe5 ! ,f$]al ,assembly & 
our ,congress1 & betwe5 ! ,f$]al        
,tribunal & our ,supreme ,c\rt1 !re is  
on ! o!r h& a /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 !   
,f$]al ,c\ncil & our presid5tial (fice4 
,! ,swiss ,con/itution does n intru/ !  
executive p[] to "o man1 z our own does1
 b to a ,f$]al ,c\ncil ( sev5 memb]s1   
act+ z a sort ( ,bo>d ( ,adm9i/ration4  
,^! sev5 m5 are elect$ = a fix$ t]m (   
?ree ye>s1 out ( ! ranks ( ! :ole body (
 vot]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 by ! two       
,h\ses1 unit$ 9 jo9t session4 ,e ye> !y 
also designate1 f ! sev5 memb]s ( !     
,f$]al ,c\ncil1 ! two p]sons :o %all act
 z ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t ( !      
,swiss ,conf$]ation4 ,! ,swiss ,presid5t
 is1 !re=e1 only ! *airman ( an         
executive bo>d1 & pres5ts a complete    
contra/ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$       

,/ates1 :o is virtually a mon>*1 elect$ 
= a %ort reign4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e says 9 
8 book on ,popul> ,gov]nm5t1 t some:at  
exasp]at+ b always in/ructive arraignm5t
 ( democracy3 ,on ! face ( !            
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !       
resemblance ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates to ! ,european k+1 & especially  
to ! ,k+ ( ,great ,brita91 is too obvi\s
 to mi/ake4 ,! ,presid5t has1 9 v>i\s   
degrees1 a numb] ( p[]s :i* ^? :o "k    
some?+ ( k+%ip 9 its g5]al hi/ory       
recognize at once z peculi>ly associat$ 
) x & ) no o!r in/itution4 ,9 tru? he is
 ve/$ ) all ! attributes ( sov]eignty   
dur+ 8 t]m ( (fice4 ,he holds 9 8 h& !  
:ole executive p[] ( ! gov]nm5t2 he is  
,comm&]-9-,*ief ( ! army & navy2        
possesses a susp5sory veto ^u           
legislation & ! privilege ( p>don+      
(f5ces aga9/ ,f$]al law1 & f9ally is    
intru/$ ) an appo9t+ p[] unp>allel$ 9   
any free c\ntry4 ,) all ?is au?ority he 
is /ill a p>tisan by reason ( ! mann] ( 
8 election1 s t he _c possibly adm9i/] 8

 (fice imp>tially1 & mu/1 f ! necessity 
( ! case1 =w>d ! int]e/s ( "o political 
p>ty at ! exp5se ( ! re/4 ,x is c]ta9ly 
wor?y ( consid]ation :e!r ! ,swiss      
,f$]al ,c\ncil does n conta9 valuable   
sugge/ions = re=m]s :o desire to ha/5 ! 
triumph ( absolute democracy 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4  ,! in/itution ( ! ,ref]5dum has
 no c\nt]p>t 9 our own c\ntry1 unless we
 except ! some:at unwieldy provisions 9 
v>i\s ,/ates = ! revisions ( _!         
con/itutions by popul> vote4 ,x is      
und\bt$ly ! mo/ successful exp]im5t 9   
apply+ ! pr9ciples ( direct gov]nm5t :i*
 has be5 made 9 mod]n times4 ,hav+      
already writt5 m fully ^u ?is subject 9 
! ,m>* numb] ( ,,! ,,ar5a1 ! writ] w "h 
conf9e himself to rem9d+ ! read]s ( ?is 
review t ! ref]5dum is an in/itution by 
means ( :i* laws fram$ by !             
repres5tatives are submitt$ to ! p =    
rejection or approval4 ,x is significant
 ( ! int]e/ :i* ! ref]5dum is already   
excit+ 9 ?is c\ntry t a committee (     
g5tlem5 rec5tly pres5t$ !mselves at !   

,/ate ,h\se to urge ! adoption ( ?is    
pr9ciple 9 local matt]s4  ,!re are1     
besides1 a ho/ ( m9or diff]5ces betwe5 !
 ,swiss & ,am]ican ,con/itutions1 ( m or
 less int]e/ to /ud5ts ( politics &     
economics4  ,! c5tral gov]nm5t 9        
,switz]l& ma9ta9s a univ]sity1 !        
,polyte*nic at ,zri*1 & by virtue ( !   
con/itution also ex]ts an influ5ce ov]  
education ?r\gh\t ! ,conf$]ation4       
,article #bg prescribes t ! ,cantons    
%all provide compulsory prim>y          
in/ruction to be plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! civil 
au?orities & to be gratuit\s 9 all      
public s*ools4 ,9 practice ^! provisions
 h be5 f\nd difficult to en=ce :]e ! _s 
( ! population 0 oppos$ to !m1 z 9 ,uri1
 ! mo/ illit]ate ( ! ,cantons1 :]e !    
writ] f\nd educational matt]s entirely 9
 ! h&s ( ! prie/hood4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1
 ! ,swiss p at l>ge h a v ke5           
appreciation ( ! value ( education1 s t 
illit]acy1 z we h x 9 ?is c\ntry1 among 
! negroes & ! poor :ites ( ! ,s\?1 z    
well z among/ c]ta9 classes ( our       

immigrants1 is really unkn[n 9          
,switz]l&4 ,someone has je/+ly said t   
!re ! prim>y bus9ess ( ! /ate is to keep
 s*ool1 & really1 9 travell+ ?r\gh !    
c\ntry :i* gave bir? to ,pe/alozzi1 "o  
is cont9ually impress$ ) ! size &       
comp>ative spl5dor ( ! s*oolh\ses2 9 e  
village & hamlet !y h ! appe>ance ( be+ 
! v be/ :i* ! community by scrimp+ &    
sav+ c possibly put up4 ,on ! subject ( 
import duties1 ! ,con/itution lays d[n 9
 ,article #bi z g5]al rules to guide !  
conduct ( legislators1 t mat]ials :i*   
are necess>y to ! indu/ries &           
agriculture ( ! c\ntry %all be tax$ z l[
 z possible2 ! same rule %all be obs]v$ 
9 reg>d to ! necess>ies ( life4         
,articles ( luxury %all be subject$ to !
 highe/ taxes4 ,f ?is set ( pr9ciples x 
w be se5 t ,switz]l& levies h] duties = 
rev5ue only1 z ! phrase is1 al?\gh x mu/
 be confess$ t !re is a p]ceptible      
t5d5cy n[ manife/$ to raise ! duties 9  
consequ5ce ( ! high protectioni/ wave   
:i* is sweep+ ov] ! cont95t ( ,europe at

 ! pres5t mom5t4 ,:5 ! /ati/ics (       
,switz]l&'s g5]al trade1 includ+ all    
goods 9 transit1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 make a   
consid]able portion ( ! :ole1 are comp>$
 ) ^? ( o!r ,european /ates1 x is f\nd t
 %e possesses a great] am\nt ( g5]al    
trade p] head ( population ?an any o!r  
c\ntry1 m ev5 ?an ,engl&4 ,! telegraph &
 telephone sy/ems are manag$ by ! c5tral
 gov]nm5t1 z well z ! po/ (fice1 )      
excell5t results4 ,n only are ^!        
dep>tm5ts conduct$ 9 an exempl>y mann]  
^u *eap t]ms1 b a respectable rev5ue is 
also d]iv$ f !m :i* makes a good %[+ 9 !
 annual budget4 ,ev]y?+ :i* is connect$ 
) ! army1 f ! selection ( ! recruits to 
! election ( ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 also    
possesses exceptional int]e/1 because   
,switz]l& is ! only c\ntry 9 ! _w :i*   
has s f> succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ an effici5t  
militia )\t ! ve/ige ( a /&+ army4 ,an  
attempt 0 made 9 #ahhe to deal ) ! evils
 ( intemp]ance1 by e/abli%+ a /ate      
monopoly ( ! manufacture & sale (       
spiritu\s liquors1 ! ,rev5ue ?us d]iv$  

be+ apportion$ among/ ! ,cantons accord+
 to population1 ) ! proviso t t5 p] c5t4
 ( x be us$ by !m to combat ! causes &  
effects ( alcoholism 9 _! mid/4 ,x is   
too e>ly to speak ( ! f9al results ( ?is
 legislation1 b = ! mom5t !re seems to  
be a decid$ fall+ (f 9 ! consumption ( !
 crud] & m injuri\s qualities4 ,among/  
o!r matt]s :i* ! ,f$]al au?orities h    
br\ght "u _! sup]vision1 are ! =e/s1    
riv] improvem5ts1 ord9>y roads1 &       
railroads1 & bridges1 etc41 n manag+ !m 
all directly1 b res]v+ ! "r to regulate 
!m at w4 ,ev5 hunt+ & fi%+ come )9 !    
jurisdiction ( ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 ?is   
con/itutional p[] hav+ be5 us$ to       
pres]ve ! *amois 9 c]ta9 m\nta9 ranges  
:]e !y 7 ?reat5+ to disappe> completely1
 b :]e1 ?anks to timely int]f]5ce1 !y   
are n[ actually on ! increase4  ,ap>t f 
^! con/itutional provisions1 ! g5]al    
drift ( legislative action seems to h   
set 9 v /rongly t[>ds a mild =m ( /ate  
socialism1 some:at aft] ! =m ( !        
,prussian sy/em1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 9 !

 case ( ,switz]l& x is ! p :o unite to  
delegate c]ta9 p[]s to ! /ate1 :ile 9 ! 
latt] c\ntry ?is policy is impos$ ^u ! p
 f above by ! rul+ au?orities4 ,!       
altoge!r exceptional clauses 9 ! ,swiss 
,con/itution ref]r+ to ! exclusion ( !  
,jesuits1 a survival ( ! w> ( #ahdh1 to 
! s-call$ ,heimatlos51 or ^? :o h no    
commune ( orig91 & to ! police appo9t$  
to control ! movem5ts ( =eign agitators 
seek+ ! asylum ( ! c\ntry1 all ^! h a   
purely local int]e/1 & ne$ n be         
especially exam9$4  ,:at1 !n1 is !      
peculi> m>k & symbol ( ! ,swiss         
,con/itution1 tak5 z a :ole8 ,:5 all has
 be5 said & done1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic      
provisions are ^? :i* introduce =ms (   
direct gov]nm5t or ( pure democracy1 z !
 te*nical expression is4 ,! supremacy ( 
! legislative bran*1 z repres5t+ ! p1 ! 
peculi> make-up ( ! ,f$]al ,c\ncil1 !   
limit$ p[]s ( ! ,f$]al ,tribunal1 &     
above all ! in/itution ( ! ref]5dum1 are
 all evid5ces ( ?is t5d5cy t[>d direct  
gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! ,cantonal gov]nm5ts !    

same quality is /ill m app>5t1 = x is f 
!m t ! ,swiss ,f$]al ,con/itution has   
borr[$ ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ^!       
*>act]i/ic provisions4 ,9 po9t ( fact1  
repres5tative democracy has nev] felt q 
at home 9 ,switz]l&2 !re has always be5 
an ef=t to rev]t to simpl]1 m           
/raight=w>d me?ods2 to r$uce ! di/ance  
:i* sep>ates ! p f ! ex]cise ( _!       
sov]eignty2 & to con/itute !m into a    
c\rt ( f9al appeal4  ,9 view ( !        
m>vell\s /ability :i* ! pure democracy (
 ,switz]l& has display$1 !re is some?+  
comical 9 ! horror ( all =ms ( direct   
gov]nm5t express$ by mo/ con/itutional  
writ]s4 ,de ,tocqueville1 :om we honor =
 8 appreciation ( our own ,con/itution1 
decl>es t !y all t5d to r5d] ! gov]nm5t 
( ! p irregul> 9 its action1 precipitate
 9 its resolutions1 & tyrannical 9 its  
acts4 ,mr4 ,george ,grote also condemns 
! ref]5dum1 & ( c\rse "o _c expect pure 
democracy to be prais$ by ,sir ,h5ry    
,ma9e1 :o believes t ! progress ( mank9d
 has hi!rto be5 effect$ by ! rise & fall

 ( ari/ocracies4 ,on ! o!r h& x is      
refre%+ to he> ,mr4 ,freeman & ,mr4     
,dicey actually discuss+ !              
practicability ( introduc+ ! ref]5dum   
into ! ,engli% political sy/em4  ,aft]  
all1 is n ?is v quality ( directness a  
great recomm5dation1 :5 we consid] !    
rubbi% :i* at pres5t clogs ! :eels ( our
 political ma*9]y1 ! complications :i*  
confuse ! vot] & hide ! real issues f 8 
compreh5sion8 ,! v epi!ts pure & direct 
satisfy at once our be/ aspirations &   
our common s5se4 ,if mon>*y is !        
gov]nm5t ( "o1 olig>*y t ( a few1 &     
democracy t ( _m1 surely !re w "s day   
arise ! rule ( all4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates    
seems to be /&+ at ! p>t+ ( two ways1 "o
 ( :i* leads back 9 a vici\s circle to  
plutocracy & despotism1 :ile ! o!r      
advances t[>ds a g5u9e pure democracy4  
,no nation c /& /ill4 ,:i* way %all x   
be8     ,,! ,,tyranny ,,( ,,all ,,! ,,p4
  ,,by ,,rev4 ,,francis ,,bellamy4      
,dr4 ,:ewell obs]v$ t ! acceptance ( e  
new idea pass$ ?r\gh ?ree /ages3 #a4 ,x 

is absurd2 #b4 ,x is contr>y to !       
,bible2 #c4 ,we always believ$ x4 ,*ange
 ! second /age to1 ,x is unsci5tific1 & 
! diagram may apply to socialism4 ,we h 
c]ta9ly em]g$ f ! p]iod :5 x 0 consid]$ 
a valid argum5t to call socialism       
somebody's dream4 ,x is n[ treat$ ) a   
sci5tific e>ne/ness :i* betrays its     
progress 9 g5]al ?\ght4 ,?is s]i\s      
grappl+ ) ! subject is not$ 9 ! rec5t   
,plea = ,lib]ty1 by "s ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t    
,sp5c]'s disciples1 = :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c]   
himself has writt5 an elaborate         
introduction4  ,! same e>ne/ness is felt
 9 ! ma/]ly editorial1 ,is ,socialism   
,desirable8 9 ,,! ,,ar5a = ,may4 ,?is is
 a solid contribution to ! p]man5t      
lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,x is n a        
surprise t x has comm&$ su* wide        
att5tion4 ,its deep ?\ghtfulness1 its   
/rategic selection ( only vital po9ts = 
its attack1 &1 n ! lea/1 its k9dl9ess & 
*ivalry1 m>k x z a notable production4  
,i truly appreciate ! honor ( be+ *os5  
by ?is knightly antagoni/ to face !     

attack on 8 own s&s4  ,x is n )\t "s "q1
 h[ev]1 t ,i accept ! g5]\s *all5ge4 ,= 
,i am n sure t ,i myself believe 9 !    
milit>y type ( socialism :i* ! editor   
seems cont9ually to h 9 m9d4 ,! book1   
:i* m ?an all o!rs comb9$ has br\ght    
socialism be=e ,am]ican ?\ght1 has also 
furni%$ to its oppon5ts a spl5didly cle>
 t>get 9 its milit>y organization4 ,x _c
 be repeat$ too (t51 h[ev]1 t ! army    
type is n conc$$ by sociali/s to be an  
ess5tial1 ev51 ( nationali/ic socialism4
 ,democratic socialism diff]s           
consid]ably f milit>y socialism1 & may  
be fully z national 9 its rea*4 ,9 s f> 
z ,mr4 ,fl[]'s argum5ts apply to        
democratic socialism1 ! foll[+ p>agraphs
 may be tak5 z a rejo9d]4  ,to br+ !    
*ief c\nts ( ! editor's indictm5t aga9  
cle>ly be=e ! read]s1 x w be well to    
summ>ize !m3--  7#a7 ,national socialism
 means gov]nm5talism1 :i* is tyranny ov]
 ! individual4  7#b7 ,national socialism
 means pat]nalism1 :i*1 ex]cis$ by all !
 p1 is ! mo/ hopeless k9d ( tyranny4    

7#c7 ,national socialism means ! arre/ (
 progress1 because ! majority w surely  
tyrannize ov] ! small vangu>d ( human   
progress4  7#d7 ,national socialism w be
 ne$less :5 ! p are educat$ to !        
frat]nalism :i* alone c\ld temp] !      
inevitable despotism ( ! majority4  ,!re
 is a p]iod 9 e agitation ( a new idea  
:5 ! mo/ prosp]\s weapon aga9/ x is a   
?ump+ epi!t4 ,! "n mu/ be apt en\gh to  
/ick4 ,fur!rmore1 no matt] h[ mislead+1 
x mu/ be sugge/ive ( s9i/] ?+s4         
,gov]nm5talism is su* a ^w4 ,9 its      
etymology x is h>mless en\gh4           
,gov]nm5tal is ! adjective ( gov]nm5t1 &
 means ex]cis+ ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t4       
,gov]nm5talism1 !re=e1 means ! ex]cise (
 ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t consid]$ z a         
pr9ciple4 ,b ! ^w :5 made ! bogy (      
socialism is suppos$ to mean ! pr9ciple 
( ! ex]cise ( ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t rais$ to
 ! n? degree1 & sep>at$ f ! p4 ,x       
sugge/s a %ad[y some:at ( (ficialdom2 a 
,corliss eng9e ( function>yism2 all (   
:i* is ?\ght ( z ap>t f ! p1 yet press+ 

^u ! p4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "n              
gov]nm5talism1 :ile int5d$ z a ^w (     
opprobrium = socialism1 really indicates
 ! amaz+ misconception :i* ! critics h (
 ! nation itself1 & ( ! relation ( !    
nation's life to its self-direction4  ,!
 nation is n an aggregate ( ! ,smi?s1 & 
,joneses1 & ,rob9sons4 ,x is a favorite 
=mula ) ! oppon5ts ( ! new s*ool t !    
nation is b a multitude ( individuals4  
,s is a s&-heap4 ,b 9 ! nation !        
individual atoms are l9k$ by mutual     
obligations4 ,!y are memb]s "o ( ano!r4 
,no individual c claim isolation &      
indep5d5cy4 ,let him make ! mo/ ( 8     
individuality2 yet1 z ,ari/otle said1   
,man is a political animal2 8 nature    
ap>t f ! nation is incomplete2 sund]$ f 
t to :i* he belongs he seems a freak4   
,! nation1 !n1 is n an artificial b9d+ (
 units2 x is a natural relation%ip4 ,!  
ideal nation is n ent]$ z a result (    
reflection & *oice4 ,a man is born into 
! nation z into ! family4 ,to belong to 
! ,engli% nation :5 born an ,engli%man  

is n usually consid]$ s greatly to 8    
cr$it1 except 9 ! case ( ,mr4 ,gilb]t's 
naval h]o4 ,! v t]m naturalize1 ) :i* we
 d5ote ! initiation ( a =eign]1 is a    
confession t ! nation is n a social     
contract b a natural relation4 ,x is ?is
 natural relation :i* makes ! nation    
wor? dy+ =2 x is fa!rl&4  ,/ill fur!r1 !
 nation is an organic be+4 ,! scatt]$   
atoms ( a s&-heap are z p]fect z be=e !y
 7 dislodg$2 n s an amputat$ arm4 ,:5 ! 
nation is disunit$1 ! deta*$ segm5t     
becomes a diff]5t k9d ( body4 ,! man )\t
 a c\ntry beg9s to be ano!r sort ( man4 
,! nation is n a mass ( indep5d5t       
individuals1 b ( relat$ individuals1 :o1
 moreov]1 are s closely relat$ t !y make
 toge!r an indivisible organism2 ?is    
organism develops accord+ to ord]ly     
laws2 ?is organism has p]petuity1 nev]  
disjo9+ itself ei!r f its pa/ or future2
 & ?is organism has also                
self-consci\sness & moral p]sonality4   
,?is is ! nation 9 :i* we live1 & move1 
& h our be+4  ,:5 we look ?is high      

conception ( ! nation squ>ely 9 ! eye1  
mu* ( ! talk ab\t gov]nm5talism seems at
 once irrelevant4 ,= gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica 
mu/ ev] mean ! nation direct+ itself4   
,"h are no h]$it>y gov]n+ ma*9es2 no    
bureaucracies creat$ by a p[] ap>t f !  
p4 ,9 ,europe1 gov]nm5t is fa/5$ on ! p4
 ,b 9 ,am]ica1 if gov]nm5t is n ( ! p1  
by ! p1 & = ! p1 x is _! own fault4 ,!  
wor/ abuses ( p[] 9 a gov]nm5t actually 
emanat+ f ! p1 d n put x beyond _! rea*4
 ,x is /ill ! nation gov]n+ itself4 ,x w
 "o day become consci\s ( its /r5g?1 & w
 direct its ef=ts m wisely4 ,b s long z 
x is ! liv+1 organic nation gov]n+      
itself1 no m]e multiplication (         
functions1 no /raight=w>d increase (    
p[]s1 are a discr[n+ ( ! p4  ,sociali/s 
believe 9 ! fe>less ext5sion ( gov]nm5t 
because !y h a cle> & high idea ( !     
nation z an organic relation%ip1 ap>t f 
:i* ! individual _c realize himself4 ,z 
! nation becomes m self-consci\s1 x     
p]ceives m cle>ly its own responsibility
 = ! developm5t ( ea* individual4 ,!    

self-gov]n+ nation ext5ds its gov]nm5tal
 p[]s solely to give a bett] *ance =    
developm5t to ! l>ge/ numb] (           
individuals4 ,all individualism1 says   
,mr4 ,fl[]1 w\ld be surr5d]$ to t       
my/]i\s ?+ call$ gov]nm5t4 ,b !re is    
no?+ my/]i\s 9 ! expression ! nation    
makes ( its own w2 & x is h>d to discov]
 :at individualism is surr5d]$1 except  
bumpti\sness1 :5 ! r\nd$ developm5t ( ! 
greate/ numb] ( individuals is !        
nation's motive = ext5d+ its gov]nm5tal 
functions4  ,!re is also ano!r k9d (    
reason = be+ undismay$ at ! ?reat (     
gov]nm5talism4 ,nationalism is b ! v    
di/ant consummation ( local socialism4  
,i suppose x is n /range t ! ho/ile     
critics occupy !mselves almo/ entirely )
 ?is key/one ( ! ar*1 s9ce t has giv5 ! 
"n to ! :ole t5d5cy4 ,!y delight to     
picture ! sup]b riot ( corruption if    
nationali/s c\ld h _! way at once4 ,!y w
 nev] li/51 !y w nev] rememb]1 :ile     
nationali/s decl>e !y w\ld n h _! way at
 once if !y c\ld4 ,a cata/rophe by :i*  

nationali/ic socialism might be         
precipitat$ w\ld be a deplorable disa/] 
to human progress4  ,socialism prop]ly  
beg9s ) ! municipality2 or m prop]ly    
/ill1 ) ! t[n-meet+4 ,! ,hon4 ,joseph   
,*amb]la9 is a practical ,/ate sociali/2
 & he outl9es 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review
 = ,may h[ ,engli% cities are lay+ !    
f\ndation ( m g5]al socialism4 ,! popul>
 repres5tative gov]nm5t ( !             
municipality1 he says1 unlike ! imp]ial 
legislature1 is v ne> to ! poor1 & c    
deal ) details1 & ) special conditions4 
,x is subject to ! criticism & direct   
control bo? ( ^? :o f9d ! money1 & ( ^? 
:o are *iefly int]e/$ 9 its exp5diture4 
,9 ,engl&1 at any rate1 he cont9ues1 x  
has be5 free f ! suspicion ( p]sonal    
corruption1 & has always be5 able to    
secure ! s]vices ( ! able/ & mo/        
dis9t]e/$ memb]s ( ! community4 ,!      
practical socialism ( ,birm+ham1 & o!r  
cities ( ,great ,brita91 en?usia/ically 
support$ by multitudes ( citiz5s :o d n 
call !mselves sociali/s1 is an example (

 ! fir/ numb]s on ! sociali/ic          
programme4 ,! intellectual lead]s (     
socialism are 9 no hurry4 ,!y h all ! "t
 !re is4 ,x may take ye>s to p]suade    
,am]ican cities t !y are bus9ess        
corporations !mselves1 ^: aim is !      
well-be+ ( all ! memb]s4 ,! ext5sion (  
municipal control ov] all natural       
monopolies may be decades (f4 ,no matt]2
 !re is no use 9 be+ hot-head$ because  
he>ts are hot at ! mis]ies ( ! poor4    
,municipalization ought to prec$e       
nationalization4 ,! memb]s ( ! community
 mu/ le>n to tru/ ea* o!r be=e ! ,ea/ & 
! ,we/ w tru/ "o ano!r4 ,x mu/ be prov$ 
9 ,am]ican cities1 z x has be5 already 9
 ,engli% cities1 t ! ext5sion (         
municipal p[]s is itself a =ce to drive 
out corruption & purify politics1 be=e !
 nation z a :ole w deem x safe to make  
great enl>gem5ts ( ! civil s]vice4  ,z t
 day approa*es1 x w be f\nd t           
nationalism is a mu* simpl] ?+ ?an x n[ 
seems4 ,nationalism does n beg9 9 a pap]
 con/itution & "w d[nw>ds4 ,dur+ !      

upheavals ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution ,abb    
,siges is always com+ =w>d ) a new      
con/itution4 ,b 9 ,am]ica in/itutions   
are r an evolution4 ,! la/ numb]s on !  
social programme may safely be left     
blank4 ,nationalism is nei!r a city let 
d[n1 ( a sudd51 f\r-squ>e f heav51 nor  
are its work+ plans yet to be f\nd 9 any
 ar*itect's (fice on e>?4 ,we c]ta9ly   
want no nationalism :i* is n an ord]ly  
developm5t4 ,we may agree ) ,mr4 ,sp5c] 
t ! c\rse ( political evolution is full 
( surprises4 ,x is q possible t !       
nationalism :i* seems s full ( m5ace z a
 milit>y despotism may turn out to be b 
a simple f$]ation ( indu/rial &         
comm]cial int]e/s :i* f9d !y require a  
s+le head4  ,9 o!r words1 x seems to me1
 nationalism is only a prophecy4 ,x is  
too di/ant to be c]ta9ly detail$4       
,pres5t day acc\nts ( x w "o day be1 z  
,horace ,greeley said ( some?+ else1    
mighty int]e/+ read+4 ,we may be inspir$
 by x z ! end t[>ds :i* pres5t movem5ts 
are t5d+4 ,b ea* age solves its own     

problems2 & ! passage into t promis$ l& 
is ! issue = ano!r g5]ation4 ,a ne>]    
view alone c det]m9e :]e ! passage is1 &
 :e!r ! l& is truly desirable4 ,we may  
ju/ly put "s fai? 9 ! common s5se1 z    
well z 9 ! political +5uity ( ^? :o come
 aft] u4 ,if milit>y socialism1 :atev] x
 is1 %\ld ev] be ! issue1 ?is ,am]ican p
 c be tru/$ to vote aga9/ x if x is     
undesirable4 ,meantime1 :at our p mu/   
vote ^u 9 ! pres5t ye> ( grace1 is :e!r 
great private corporations %all control 
legislatures & city c\ncils1 & *>ge _!  
own unque/ion$ prices = su* public      
necessities ( life z light & transit4   
,!re is an issue betwe5 tyranny & lib]ty
 :i* is to ! po9t4 ,! future is 9 ! h&s 
( evolution4  ,ano!r opprobri\s epi!t is
 pat]nalism4 ,?is is ! mo/ famili> ( !  
titles ( reproa*4 ,x sugge/s an idea (  
gov]nm5t made pe/if]\s by old abuse4 ,! 
mo/ atroci\s despotisms bo? ( k+ & *ur* 
h plant$ !mselves 9 loco p>5tis4 ,!     
welf>e ( ! p has be5 ! ho>y excuse = !  
cruele/ outrages ( hi/ory4 ,mr4 ,fl[]   

goes a /ep fur!r & av]s t1 ) ! good ( ! 
p = a pretext1 tyranny has always be5 9 
exact proportion to p[] & au?ority4     
,)\t /opp+ to qu]y z to ?is la/ r sweep+
 /atem5t1 x w be en\gh to *eck ourselves
 :ile ! editor leaps to 8 induction2    
namely1 t because ! mon>*ical &         
ecclesia/ical gov]nm5ts h tyranniz$ 9   
proportion to _! p[]1 no?+ less is to be
 expect$ if our ,republic becomes       
affect$ ) a great] s5se ( gov]nm5tal    
responsibility = ! welf>e ( h] citiz5s4 
,if our nation1 x is claim$1 all[s ?is  
speci\s excuse to commit x to ! doctr9e 
( ,/ate int]f]5ce1 we are drift$ into ! 
despotic pat]nalisms ( ! old _w4  ,b a  
pat]nalism mu/ h a p>5t1 a royal sire1  
or a prie/ly gr&mo!r4 ,9 ! antique      
pat]nalisms !re is inv>iably ?is p>5tal 
p]sonality at ! top2 d[n b5ea? x are !  
puppet *ildr54 ,my soldi]s are my       
*ildr51 says ,napoleon2 & he ord]s a    
*>ge = _! b5efit2 an h\r aft]w>ds ! dy+ 
address him z ,sire z he walks ov] !    
field4 ,! ,g]man p are my *ildr51 says  

,emp]or ,william2 & he issues ! edict = 
! compulsory life-insurance ( work+m52  
an und\bt$ bless+4 ,bo? are in/ances (  
pat]nalism2 & ! pr9ciple 9 "o case is z 
obnoxi\s z 9 ! o!r4 ,! pr9ciple (       
pat]nalism is an irresponsible au?ority 
above ! p1 ma/]+ ! p1 ) _! welf>e z a   
pretext4  ,b ?is ess5tial ( pat]nalism  
mu/ be lack+ 9 ! republic4 ,:atev] p[]s 
democracy may assume1 x recognizes no   
au?ority outside itself4 ,democratic    
gov]nm5t1 h[ev] sociali/ic x may become1
 is no?+ b democracy express+ its own w4
 ,if ! individual is l$ to surr5d] c]ta9
 ( 8 fre$oms = ! good ( all1 he surr5d]s
 to a pat]nalism ( all ! p4 ,t 7 bett]  
call$1 once = all1 a frat]nalism4  ,x is
 n en\gh1 h[ev]1 to %[ t ! title is 9   
our case a grave misnom]4 ,! editor     
adduces sev]al rec5t in/ances :i* he    
consid]s exhibitions ( ! increas+       
tyranny ( all ! p4 ,he believes !       
tyranny ( all ! p1 if !y are z selfi% z 
!y are n[1 w\ld be m hopeless ?an !     
despotism ( an individual2 = ! s+le     

tyrant is aft] all am5able to           
revolution1 :ile ! :ole nation z a      
tyrant is acc\ntable to no?+4 ,to 8     
view1 inde$1 ! occurr5ces ,i am ab\t to 
repeat prove ! new tyrant is already    
creat$4 ,!y exhibit a tyranny :i* %[s t 
p]secutions are only limit$ by ! p[]    
ve/$ 9 ! ,/ate4  ,let u exam9e ! data = 
?is a/oni%+ conclusion4 ,my limits w n  
all[ m ?an a b>e ref]5ce to ! incid5ts  
:i* are fully describ$ 9 ! ,may         
editorial4  ,case ,i4 is ! inc>c]ation 9
 ,t5nessee ( a ,sev5?-day ,adv5ti/ =    
work+ on ,sunday4 ,( ?is x may be rem>k$
 t _h x happ5$ two c5turies ago x w\ld h
 be5 symptomatic2 to-day x is a         
curiosity4  ,case ,,ii4 is ! arre/ ( a  
,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/ 9 ,i[a = practis+     
contr>y to ! rules ( ! ,/ate4 ,i presume
 ?is _c be fairly dispos$ ( by sugge/+ t
 !re has be5 "s aggravat$ occasion = su*
 /r+5cy4 ,b x is c]ta9ly true t ! ,/ate 
has ! "r to prev5t malpractice--a "r    
none ( u w\ld wi% r5\nc$4 ,& z soon z   
!re are suffici5t data to conv9ce an    

intellig5t public op9ion t ! !ory1 ) its
 p]il\s repudiation ( all m$ical skill1 
is n fatal to human life1 x w receive an
 ungrudg$ /atus4  ,case ,,iii4 is !     
arre/ ( a m9i/]1 ( pure life &          
unque/ion$ /&+1 = s5d+ obsc5e lit]ature 
?r\gh ! mail4 ,! sole *>ge 0 !          
publication ( an e>ne/ & *a/ely word$   
article on m>ital purity2 b ! real cause
 0 suppos$ to be 8 sev]e criticism ( !  
,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,vice ne>ly a 
ye> aft]w>d4 ,if ^! facts are v]ifiable 
?is is a mon/r\s outrage4 ,b unhappily x
 is n ! fir/ in/ance :]e rev5ge has be5 
tak5 on ! innoc5t by due process ( law4 
,)\t d\bt ! p ought to be m ar\s$ by x  
?an !y are4 ,yet su* a sporadic in/ance 
( misc>ri$ ju/ice is sc>cely a reason :y
 ! ,/ate %\ld cease its ef=ts to *eck by
 law ! pres5t al>m+ increase ( lascivi\s
 pr9t+4  ,case ,,iv4 is an election bill
 9 ,cali=nia :i* prohibits indep5d5t    
nom9ations except ^u petition ( five p] 
c5t4 ( ! vot]s1 & ?us disfran*ises f\r  
p] c5t4 ( ! vot+ population4 ,if ?is mad

 device proves any?+1 x proves t !      
lead]s ( ! old p>ties are 9 su*         
con/]nation at ! uneas9ess ( ! p t !y h 
lo/ _! heads4 ,x proves no m ?an ! d5ial
 ( ! "r ( petition 9 ,congress dur+     
anti-slav]y days2 & x proves z mu* z t  
attempt to ignore ! voice ( re=m4       
,e>?quakes are n f> (f :5 su* ?+s happ54
  ,case ,v4 is ! suit = damages :i* "o  
,p[ell br+s aga9/ ,p5nsylvania4 ,"u a   
/atute au?oriz+ ! manufacture (         
oleom>g>9e1 he _h und]tak5 ! bus9ess1 to
 f9d himself ru9$ by a lat] legislature 
mak+ its manufacture a misdemeanor4 ,?is
 is v notewor?y1 = x proves too mu*4 ,x 
%[s a ve/$ money int]e/ controll+       
legislature & vot+ a rival bus9ess into 
outlawry4 ,?is is a k9d ( in/ance       
sociali/s l to get hold (4  ,yet ^!     
in/ances are us$ to illu/rate a gr[+ _s 
( intol]ance 9 our c\ntry2 !y are said  
to exhibit a ,/ate tyranny :i* is       
already blossom+ "u pat]nali/ic         
legislation2 !y emphasize1 x is claim$1 
! fact1--,t all ! majority wi%es is !   

sanction ( law to make its crimes aga9/ 
! m9ority assume a %[ ( respectability4 
,all t ret>ds p]secution is ! limit ( ! 
sanction ( law2 & ,i submit t1 9 ! light
 ( hi/ory1 & 9 ! face ( ! wrongs ( !    
pres5t1 all increase 9 gov]nm5tal p[]   
m5aces ! lib]ty1 ! happ9ess1 & ! gr[? ( 
! individual4  ,?is is a pretty l>ge    
indictm5t to hang on su* debatable      
evid5ce4 ,its audaci\sness fairly takes 
"o's brea? away4 ,our heavie/ batt]y is 
turn$ aga9/ ourselves4 ,e *]i%$ dream ( 
! good "t com+ goes up at a bla/4       
,in/ead ( fre$om at la/ to d t = :i* we 
are made1 & to fit into ! ni*e :]e we   
belong1 we are %[n a ,/ate's-prison4    
,in/ead ( an age ( joy & ( ela/ic /ep1  
we are po9t$ to an iron rule (          
repression & *e]lessness4 ,in/ead (     
leisure to rip51 ( a full summ+ ( our   
p[]s1 ( ! exhil>ation ( new tru?1 we h  
disclos$ to u a /unt$ individuality     
tread+ a dull & monoton\s r\nd (        
exi/5ce4 ,& all ?is1 because if ! p are 
tru/$ ) m p[] !y w tyrannize life d[n to

 ?is p>alyz+ reaction4  ,! logic ( ?is  
bold pessimism is3--,human nature is    
tyrannical2 ! majority h always         
tyranniz$ 9 proportion to _! p[]2       
increase _! p[] & !y w increase _!      
tyranny4 ,?is is ! syllogism :i* has    
dignifi$ ! =ego+ collection ( occurr5ces
 into grave symptoms ( an increase (    
popul> despotism4  ,x might be fair to  
meet dogmatic pessimism ) dogmatic      
optimism4 ,or1 x w\ld be legitimate to  
foll[ ! logic to its end 9 a g5]al      
ab&on+ ( all ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t :i*1 x   
seems1 has only hurt :5 x tri$ to help  
humanity2 to g back hone/ly to          
,jeff]son1 & beyond him1 to      ,! v   
be/ gov]nm5t ( all1     ,t :i* gov]ns n 
at all4  ,?is is ! p&emonium ( an>*y4   
,mr4 ,fl[] believes t !re is n en\gh ( !
 gold5 rule 9 society to-day to make    
socialism tol]able4 ,b we h only to     
imag9e our pres5t society1 ) its curr5t 
quantity ( gold5 rule1 ?r[n into ! *aos 
:]e gov]nm5t has ceas$ to gov]n1 :]e !  
political majority has lo/ all its p[]1 

b :]e ! majority ( brute /r5g? awakes to
 f9d itself ) no laws to mole/ or make x
 afraid4  ,b ?is doctr9e ( ! inevitable 
despotism ( ! political majority lies s 
at ! bottom ( ! :ole impea*m5t1 t x     
ought to be c>efully exam9$ 9 itself4   
,9 ! fir/ place1 bo? premises are )\t   
support4 ,human nature1 ev5 9           
irresponsible multitudes1 is n          
ess5tially tyrannical4 ,let u admit     
frankly all ! degrad$ sweeps (          
intol]ance 9 ! pa/2 yet has n human     
nature dur+ rec5t g5]ations be5 gr[+ 9 !
 tol]ant _s8 ,look /raight at !         
intellig5t society ar\nd u2 look )9     
ourselves mo/ ( all1 & let u ask if we  
see any su* intol]ance ( _s z w\ld bloom
 into tyranny if we only _h ! *ance4 ,a 
man may prove to me by inductive data1  
rea*+ un9t]rupt$ly ov] t5 ?\s& ye>s1 t  
my own nature is intol]ant2 he may ev5  
corroborate 8 pro( by po9t+ to my       
occasional acts ( ?\ghtless disreg>d =  
ano!r's op9ion1 yet all ?is array does n
 ov]:elm me1 = ,i "k ,i am n intol]ant4 

,our society to-day1 z a :ole1 kn[s x is
 n intol]ant2--ev5 ?\gh x be prov$ z    
conclusively z ev] ,puritan div9e prov$ 
,god's hatr$ = man1 & man's incapacity =
 a s+le good act4 ,! logic works well2  
only !re are "s omitt$ factors4 ,human  
nature has made "s progress4            
,hospitality to new ideas1 & pati5ce )  
div]g5t ones1 are two ( ! sure/ fruits (
 lat] civilization4  ,aga91 ! majority h
 n always tyranniz$ 9 proportion to _!  
p[]4 ,!y did n1 9 ! ,dut* ,republic1 :5 
,william ( ,orange foll[$ ! hide\s      
p]secutions ( ,phillip ,,ii4 ) !        
e/abli%m5t ( religi\s lib]ty4 ,! ,*ur* (
 ,engl& 0 9 ! majority :5 x ab&on$ its  
acts ( tyranny4 ,congregationalism 0    
/ill 9 ! asc5dancy :5 x ceas$ to bani%  
,bapti/s & to :ip ,quak]s4 ,! ,rhode    
,isl& ,bapti/s _h pl5ty ( majority :5 !y
 pione]$ ! empire ( religi\s fre$om 9   
,am]ica4 ,& ! ,m>yl& ,roman ,ca?olics _h
 ?+s _! own way1 :5 9 an age (          
p]secution !y resolv$ to be hospitable  
to o!r beliefs4 ,inde$1 9 our ,am]ican  

life especially1 ! g5]osity &           
long-suff]+ ( majorities are among ! mo/
 notable features4 ,on ! o!r h& x may ) 
tru? be said t ! wor/ tyrannies h be5 on
 ! "p ( m9orities4 ,9 ! old _w !        
oppressive m9orities h usually be5      
h]$it>y or ecclesia/ical int]e/s4 ,9 our
 c\ntry ! rul+ m9orities h be5 det]m9$1 
& self-ass]tive classes :o w\ld n brook 
! wisdom or ! s5se ( ju/ice ( !         
majority4 ,x 0 ! regnant m9ority :i*    
ru%$ ! ,s\? into secession4 ,x 0 t same 
m9ority :i* _h = half a c5tury be=e     
ov]-ridd5 ! :ole nation4 ,x 0 ! ,tammany
 m9ority :i* rul$ ! ,democracy4 ,x is ! 
m9ority ( syndicates1 corporations1 &   
ve/$ int]e/s :i* cr[n$ itself 9 our     
,billion ,congress1 & is spread+ itself 
9 our legislatures4 ,are ! v occurr5ces1
 ( :i* s mu* has be5 made exhibitions1 (
 ! tyranny ( all ! p2 or1 are !y n r1 ) 
"o exception1 in/ances :]e a graceless  
m9ority has resolv$ ei!r slyly or boldly
 to ignore ! p8 ,9 %ort1 ! *>ge 9 !     
phrase tyranny ( ! majority has b ! lea/

 ju/ification 9 ! c\rse ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re
 has be5 9 hi/ory no p[] :i* has        
tyranniz$ less ?an ! political majority4
 ,9 mod]n times1 at lea/1 ! mo/ viol5t  
acts ( despotic outrage h be5 ! attempts
 to ride d[n ! w ( ! political majority4
 ,9 ! light ( hi/ory1 & 9 ! face ( !    
wrongs ( ! pres5t1 to use ! editor's    
words1 x might be well to consid] "s    
means = ! protection ( majorities4  ,=  
aft] all1 9 spite ( ! ,engli% sne]s at  
gov]nm5t by c\nt ( noses1 f ,c>lyle &   
,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e to ! late/ utt]ances1  
!re is no?+ s safe = humanity's int]e/s 
z ! political majority4 ,x is p]fectly  
true t ! vangu>d ( human progress mu/   
ev] be 9 ! m9ority4 ,b ! hope ( ?is     
m9ority lies 9 "o day becom+ ! majority4
 ,z ,disraeli said1 t is ! m9ority's    
bus9ess4 ,! m9orities ( h]$it>y         
privilege1 ( prie/hood1 ( moni$ classes1
 c p]petuate !mselves & _! p[]4 ,b !    
majority ( vot]s is always *ang+ &      
always los+ its p[]4 ,! m9ority (       
radicals is always becom+ ! majority (  

cons]vatives1--! /eadfa/ p[] to :i*     
progress has ti$ itself4  ,is socialism 
necess>y to ! progress ( ! race8 ,w n a 
p]fect$ frat]nalism make ! /rong h& (   
socialism ne$less8 ,bo? que/ions are to 
be answ]$1 yes4 ,! p]fect /ate is       
und\bt$ly pictur$ 9 ,r\sseau's ideal1   
:]e e man rema9s p]fectly free1 s t :5  
he obeys ! ,/ate he obeys only himself4 
,?is is ! deep & et]nal tru? ( ! law (  
bro!rhood1 :i* is also ! law ( lib]ty4  
,love is ! fulfill+ ( all law2 no laws w
 be ne$$ :5 love is ! protection ( !    
weak4 ,belief 9 t com+ gov]nm5t ( ,love 
is ! real religion4  ,b ! practical     
politics ( ! pres5t deal ) a society :]e
 a /rong arm is ne$$ to protect ! weak f
 ! tyranny ( ! giants4 ,to talk ab\t !  
pr9ciples ( bro!rhood fully prevail+ 9  
our pres5t conditions1 is to treat !    
laws ( ,*ri/ ) flippancy4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! 
maxims ( our mod]n bus9ess sy/em        
contradict ! law ( love4 ,9 our pres5t  
environm5t x is impossible = bus9ess p  
or work+ p to obey ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt &

 n />ve4 ,p]haps a few sacrifices ( ?is 
k9d are ne$$ to tea* u h[ abhorr5t !    
pres5t selfi% sy/em is to ! ,*ri/ianity 
( ,*ri/4 ,i suppose ,i ought to be      
?ankful to get ! "w at all1 = !y told   
o!r wom5 !y _h no "w left = !m1 said a  
woman to me :o 0 mak+ m5's pantaloons = 
two doll>s a doz54 ,%e 0 "p ( ! sy/em2  
%e 0 compet+ ) o!r less =tunate wom5 z  
truly z h] employ] ) o!r firms2 %e drank
 h] tea at ! exp5se ( h] less lucky     
si/]1 :o _h no "w & no tea4 ,:at *ance  
does ?is sy/em af=d = p]fect            
frat]nalism1 or ev5 = dec5t frat]nalism1
 among ^? :o h to compete8  ,socialism  
aims to produce an environm5t :]e n only
 ! ,gold5 ,rule b ! ,law ( ,love w h a  
liv+ *ance4 ,z su* an ag5t x has its    
prop] political place 9 ! developm5t (  
mank9d4     ,,revolution>y ,,measures   
,,& ,,neglect$ ,,crimes4  ,,"p ,,ii4    
,,by ,,pr(4 ,,joseph ,,rodes ,,bu*anan4 
,if we agree t all m5 are born free &   
equal1 ) c]ta9 inali5able rights1--life1
 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess1--let u 

legislate to en=ce our belief4 ,all m5  
are n born equal1 if "o is born ) p[] to
 live )\t toil2 p[] to control !        
movem5ts ( a hundr$ ?\s& ( 8 unequal    
fell[-citiz5s2 p[] to bribe             
legislatures2 p[] to hire a pretorian   
gu>d ( labor]s1 writ]s1 editors1        
cl]gym51 & ev5 soldi]s or police to d 8 
bidd+ & to s+ 8 praise1 & to ?reat5 ^?  
:o wi% to e/abli% a real republic4 ,x 0 
?\ght we _h aboli%$ h]$it>y inequality2 
b 9 a l& :]e our democratic lords c ea* 
hire fifty ?\s& m5 & equip an army if   
ne$ be1--:]e a democratic ,am]ican "l c 
buy a doz5 ( ! puny lords ( ,europe1--! 
social equality dream$ ( 9 '#gf does n  
exi/4 ,we h aboli%$ ! useless title b n 
! "l4  ,we %\ld n object to t inequality
 :i* is natural--to ! sup]ior ability & 
sup]ior virtue :i* place "o man f> above
 8 fell[s2 b we %\ld object to an imm5se
 inequality1 :i* is n natural1 & :i*    
sometimes places ! sup]ior man at ! m]cy
 & 9 ! s]vice ( "o :o has no ability    
:atev]1--:o is simply born to rule by   

means ( h]$it>y weal?4 ,?is is j z great
 a social inequality z t :i* ,jeff]son  
saw 9 ,europe1 & :i* he ?\ght 0 to be   
exclud$ f ,am]ica4  ,x is a condition t 
is demoraliz+ 9 a hundr$ ways1 & is     
fraught ) p]il to ! republic1 p]il to   
society1 & p]il to all ! int]e/s (      
humanity2 & !re=e z ,i w\ld ass]t1--& :o
 w\ld d5y ! supreme "r & p[] ( ! p to   
protect ! republic f any imp5d+ calamity
 by any j means1 b n by any unju/       
means--,i w\ld claim t x is our "r &    
duty to say t ?is gr& h]$it>y inequality
 %all n be p]petual1 & t ! pa/ %all n   
rule ! pres5t--! gravey>d %all n conta9 
our legislature1--b t ea* g5]ation %all 
be a law unto itself1 & %all e/abli% !  
conditions ( ju/ice & safety )\t reg>d  
to ! follies ( ! dead & ! anci5t laws ( 
inh]itance :5 !y conflict ) ju/ice4     
,ju/ice & safety to ! republic dem& t m5
 %all n be born z rul]s1 nor born z     
s]fs4 ,! s]f is ! p]son :o is born 9    
pov]ty1 ) no "r to a /&+ place1 & :om   
society has left to ! education ( !     

/reet or ( ! coal m9e1 gr[+ up )\t k1   
)\t indu/rial skill--kn[+ no?+ b to sell
 unskill$ labor 9 a m>ket cr[d$ by a    
million o!rs l himself or h]self1 & ?us 
=c$ into t wret*$ life se5 9 all ! great
 cities ( ,am]ica & ,europe1 !          
description ( :i* is en\gh to make u cry
 out 9 despair1 ,h[ long1 ,o ,"l1 h[    
long8 ,:]e9 does ?is :ite slav]y diff] f
 ,african slav]y1 except t ! ma/] c>es  
no?+ = ! slave1 is n b\nd by self-int]e/
 to take c>e ( him1 & _c flog him ?\gh  
he c puni% him 9 o!r ways1 & on %ipbo>d 
he c flog him also1 & ! horrors (       
nautical brutality h n ev5 produc$ a    
society = its abolition8  ,su* is ! s]f1
 :i* our democracy all[s its citiz5s to 
become1--m5 to :om ! "r ( suffrage      
sometimes seems a wor?less rag :i* !y   
w\ld gladly sell1--m5 on ^: weak %\ld]s 
! republic _c /&4  ,to aboli% t class1 e
 boy & girl %\ld be gu>ante$ a solid    
intellectual & indu/rial education1 mak+
 a p]man5t gu>antee aga9/ paup]ism &    
s]fdom1 a p]man5t gu>antee t wom5 %all n

 be enslav$ by lu/1 b %all be enabl$ to 
re> an (fspr+ ( manly citiz5s4 ,^! are !
 mo/ important ?+s t a true nationalism 
%\ld accompli% at pres5t1 & ma9ly by !  
gospel ( indu/rial education1 :i* !     
writ] has long be5 urg+ ) all 8 p[]4    
,public s5tim5t has advanc$ s f> on ?is 
"q1 t !re w be v little opposition to   
aboli%+ ! s]f by indu/rial education2   
out ) all our indu/rial education1 our  
disorganiz$ competition makes employm5t 
t]ribly unc]ta91 & impov]i%es !         
indu/ri\s by en=c$ idl5ess1 because !re 
is no sci5ce1 no social sy/em to        
regulate ! dem& & supply ( labor 9      
diff]5t pursuits4  ,h5ce1 until we c d  
bett]1 !re mu/ be at all times a va/    
numb] ( idle m5 walk+ ab\t 9 se>* ( "w1 
los+ all _! sav+s 9 times ( en=c$       
idl5ess1 _! days ( gloom & despair4  ,!y
 are our bro!rs1 & we _c say ) ,ca91 ,am
 ,i my bro!r's keep]8 ,we are our       
bro!rs' keep]s1 = !y are p>tn]s 9 ?is   
republic1 & bro!rs 9 ! family ( ,god1 & 
!y help to make ! social atmosph]e 9 :i*

 we live1 & !y help ! republic to s9k or
 swim4 ,we simply _c af=d to d5y our    
bro!rhood1 & if we d we are ! devil's   
own fools4  ,action on ?is matt] is     
dem&$ n[ z x nev] 0 be=e1 = we are      
advanc+ bl9dly to a crisis :i* our      
political economi/s & /atesm5 h n =ese51
 & d n yet recognize4 ,! g5ius t        
increases by inv5tion ! productive p[] (
 labor ought to increase ! rew>ds (     
labor1 b x does n4 ,labor is dem&$ only 
to supply :at is consum$2 & if at pres5t
 a million labor]s are employ$ to       
produce ! food1 clo?+1 fuel1 furniture1 
& h\ses requir$1 b 9 a few ye>s inv5tion
 enables half a million to produce !    
same1 :at is to become ( ! half million 
no long] ne$$8 ,w wages advance s t !   
million may /ill be employ$1 work+ =    
half a day in/ead ( a day4 ,t w\ld be j1
 b in/ead1 x produces a glut 9 ! labor  
m>ket1 :i* by competition puts d[n      
wages1 & />ts a fi]ce conte/ betwe5     
labor]s & employ]s1 & among labor]s     
!mselves4 ,! fall 9 prices produc$ by   

competition 9 a cr[d$ m>ket makes !     
employ] unwill+ to advance wages1 & an  
angry conte/ is inevitable4 ,! multitude
 dislodg$ by inv5tion is increas$ by !  
inevitable multitude aris+ f irregul>   
dem& & supply 9 fluctuat+ m>kets1 & ?us 
families by ! hundr$ ?\s& are driv5 to !
 v]ge ( imm$iate />vation1 & ?is becomes
 our *ronic condition1 :i* mu/ be       
rectifi$1--a *ronic condition :i* be>s  
mo/ heavily on woman1 & ?r\gh h] debases
 future g5]ations4  ,we are b\nd to see 
t e hone/ citiz51 male or female1 has a 
fair *ance 9 ! battle ( life1 has a fair
 prep>ation at ! />t1 & a fair field4   
,to insure ?is1--to insure t !          
productive p[] ( ! nation is n wa/$1--is
 a l>g] "q ?an our /atesm5 h ev] yet    
consid]$4 ,x requires t ! gov]nm5t %all 
h a ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,productive ,,labor1
 9 :i* hone/ m5 & wom51 :5 jo/l$ out (  
_! indu/rial positions1 may enli/4#b    
,?is dep>tm5t %\ld be manag$ by ! able/ 
& mo/ b5evol5t bus9ess m5 ( ! ,pet]     
,coop] class1 :o und]/& all productive  

indu/ries1 & :o1 see+ :at is p]man5tly &
 l>gely ne$$ = human consumption & n    
abundantly suppli$1 or :at new indu/ries
 c be />t$ :i* w b5efit ! nation1 :at   
new productions c be acclimatiz$1 %all  
take *>ge ( all ! labor]s :o wi% to     
enli/ 9 gov]nm5tal employ = eight h\rs a
 day1 ) su* pay & rations z w be        
satisfactory & fair2 & if rightly       
manag$1 n only w _! labor pay all co/s (
 ! dep>tm5t1 b x may be made to tea* !  
c\ntry great indu/rial lessons 9        
agriculture & manufactures1 by          
improvem5ts :i* sci5tific comb9$ labor  
on a l>ge scale may introduce2 & if we  
are anxi\s to make our c\ntry indep5d5t 
9 all ?+s1 & sup]ior 9 manufactures1 ?is
 is ! v me?od 9 :i* x c be done1 by !   
in/ruction 9 ! national e/abli%m5ts1 :i*
 may be ! means ( />t+ all manufactures 
t we ne$1 f> bett] ?an ! protective     
t>iff :i* =ces an unnatural gr[? at an  
enorm\s co/ to ! p4        #b ,?\s&s ( !
 wom5 toil+ 9 ! cities on           />v+
 wages1 might be giv5 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 

pleasant employm5t 9 fruit culture1 &   
o!r light           agricultural labors4
  ,!re w !n be no tramps1 no paup]s1 no 
wom5 compell$ to sell _! p]sons2 & z    
pov]ty1 gloom1 & h>d%ip are ! *ief      
s\rces ( intemp]ance1 we may anticipate1
 z ano!r consequ5ce1 an imm5se dim9ution
 ( ! liquor traffic1 :5 ! ,dep>tm5t (   
,productive ,labor %all h gott5 into    
full op]ation4 ,moral gloom & ! bad     
passions impel m5 to intemp]ance1 & :5  
!y acquire ! happy & g5tle temp]am5t (  
woman !y w also acquire h] temp]ance4   
,mr4 ,bellamy's idea ( ! nation z !     
employ] may n be practicable1 b !       
,dep>tm5t ( ,productive ,labor is an    
obvi\s me?od ( initiat+ ! pr9ciple (    
national co-op]ation1 :i* an urg5t      
necessity has compell$ ! ,briti%        
gov]nm5t to initiate 9 ,irel&4 ,b we _c 
safely wait1 l ,engl&1 until fam9e is   
?reat5+4  ,! paup]ization ( labor dep5ds
 on ! monopoly ( l& comb9$ ) ! monopoly 
( ma*9]y4 ,x _c occur 9 a new c\ntry1 b 
mu/ develop :5 all ! l& is monopoliz$ & 

wor? a hundr$ doll>s an acre4 ,!        
indep5d5ce ( ! labor] ow+ to *eap vacant
 l& is m ?an re/or$ by a ,dep>tm5t (    
,productive ,labor :i* e/abli%es a      
m9imum ( wages bel[ :i* !y _c be =c$1 & 
gives a /&+ gr\nd on :i* exaction c be  
resi/$ p]man5tly by ! labor]4  ,!       
,dep>tm5t ( ,productive ,labor may be   
made a *>m+ feature ( ! gov]nm5t1 on :i*
 philan?ropi/s may exp5d _! skill2 & its
 beautiful plantations1 especially 9 !  
highl&s ( ! ,c>ol9as & ,georgia1 & 9    
,cali=nia1 may be look$ to z a hav5 (   
repose by all :o are disappo9t$ 9 life1 
:o may f9d 9 ^! rural homes some?+ m    
attractive ?an ! co-op]ative societies  
to :i* "s are ru%+ n[4 ,! voice ( ! r$  
flag an>*i/ w be quiet$1 & ! agitators  
:o endeavor to /ir up diss5sion w f9d   
mo/ ( _! grievances r$ress$ :5 ! labor] 
has an assur$ home4  ,!re is no         
ob/ructive limit to ! a*ievem5ts ( !    
army ( labor4 ,aside f agriculture &    
manufactures1 !re are roads to be built1
 build+s to be erect$1 improvem5ts ( _m 

k9ds1 & !re are ab\t a ?\s& million     
acres ( arid l&1 ne$+ irrigation1 !     
necess>y works = :i* c\ld employ m ?an  
w\ld probably apply1 = ! wages %\ld n be
 su* z to attract m5 f pr(itable        
employm5ts4 ,! army ( labor may n at    
fir/ be wisely manag$1 b any?+ is bett] 
?an ! va/ national losses by en=c$      
idl5ess4 ,x is n extravagant to         
anticipate an ultimate gov]nm5tal       
adm9i/ration ( railroads1 m9es1         
manufactures1 & gov]nm5t f>ms t may     
employ _m hundr$ ?\s&s4 ,!re is no      
app>5t h9drance to ! ext5sion ( !       
,dep>tm5t ( ,productive ,labor until x  
%all embrace all :o desire ! com=t &    
security x gives1 :ile ^? :o pref] !    
/rife ( competition c rema9 outside ( ! 
exp]im5t1 & ?us ! gov]nm5tal & !        
individual sy/ems be fairly tri$ 9      
competition ) ea* o!r4 ,?us f> no       
=midable difficulty appe>s 9 aboli%+    
paup]ism1 b we f9d a m difficult task :5
 we propose ! abolition ( ,plutocracy1  
by :at may be call$ a ,,revolution>y    

,,measure4  ,hav+ ?us gott5 rid ( !     
increas+ army ( paup]s & tramps1        
provid+1 z x seems1 a s\nd basis = a    
republic1 we h ! o!r problem ( gett+ rid
 ( ! gr[+ ari/ocracy--! plutocratic     
pr9ces1 ! syndicates & tru/s1 :o        
con/itute ! o!r great dang]1--( :om we  
may say we mu/ ei!r ma/] !m or !y w ma/]
 u by manag+ our s5ators1 gov]nors1 &   
presid5ts4 ,!y h already swall[$ "s su* 
legislatures z we h be5 able to elect1 )
 su* facility z to %[ t x w n be long   
be=e !y c swall[ ! entire gov]nm5t1 & :5
 x has be5 swall[$ x may n be z =tunate 
z ,jonah 9 gett+ out aga91 = !re is "s v
 important legislation necess>y to ?is  
republic :i* ! plutocracy may be expect$
 to resi/ ) all its p[]1 & :5 ! conflict
 comes x w be a gr& "o4  ,!y w probably 
combat ) all _! might ! doctr9e :i* mu/ 
sometime be pres5t$1 t ! nation mu/ rule
 itself on democratic pr9ciples1 & t !  
dead %all n rule ! liv+ by entail1      
mortma91 or w4 ,:5 a *ild is born x mu/ 
become a memb] ( ! republic on          

conditions compatible ) ! safety ( t    
republic4 ,x _c be all[$ to come 9 z !  
born ma/] ( a hundr$ ?\s& fell[-citiz5s 
equally compet5t to s]ve ! republic4    
,our "y citiz5s approa* u f a g5]ation t
 has pass$ away4  ,x sleeps 9 !         
gravey>d1 or x leads a bett] life 9 !   
bett] _w4 ,x has left va/ masses (      
weal?1 surr\nd$ by wret*$ areas (       
desolate pov]ty4 ,0 x wise or j to d    
s1--to ignore bro!rhood ( man1 & to     
p]petuate all possible inequality8 ,no1 
a ?\s& times no4 ,!re is n "o1 p]haps1 (
 ! millionnaire dwell]s 9 ! bett] _w :o 
does n regret & m\rn 8 e>?ly selfi%ness1
 & :o w\ld n ord] a m j & g5]\s         
di/ribution ( 8 e/ate if 8 voice c\ld be
 he>d4  ,b we ne$ n ask !m4 ,we "k :at  
is j & we w correct ! mi/akes ( !       
dep>t$4 ,we "k t ?is ho>d+ 9 families is
 unju/ to ! republic & unju/ to !       
,bro!rhood ( ,humanity1--an injury to   
all1 a b5efit to none4 ,!re=e x mu/ n be
 p]mitt$4  ,already ! law is beg9n+ to  
recognize ?is pr9ciple1 :i* is de/9$ to 

revolutionize all ! _w2 b we are n !    
lead]s 9 ?is democracy1 because our     
plutocracy is too /rong4 ,switz]l& 9 its
 m\nta9 homes c>ries ! bann] (          
democracy1 & has gone f>!r ?an any o!r  
c\ntry 9 ass]t+ ! rights ( ! commonweal?
 ov] inh]it$ weal?4 ,new ,york has      
orda9$ a little inf9itesimal inh]itance 
tax :i*1 accord+ to ! ,h]ald1 9 #ahhf   
produc$ #fj1jjj1 9 #ahhg #ejj1jjj1 9    
#ahhh ov] a million4 ,t w be en\gh to   
build s*oolh\ses = ! #bj1jjj *ildr5 kept
 out ( s*ool 9 ! city ( ,new ,york =    
want ( room4 ,! proposition is "u       
discussion 9 ,massa*usetts1 & if we d   
our duty ,massa*usetts may set ! example
 ( ! greate/ social revolution ev]      
accompli%$ by law4 ,if ,bo/on receiv$ ! 
b5efit ( su* a tax on its own           
population1 x might be adju/$ to raise f
 "o million to m ?an t5 millions a ye>2 
at any rate a succession tax might      
produce m ?an all o!r taxes produce at  
pres5t1 & x w\ld br+ ab\t su* radical   
*anges t x w\ld be exp$i5t to make !    

*ange gradual1 & gradual x mu/ be1 = x w
 meet det]m9$ opposition1 & we mu/ en=ce
 our pr9ciple by e argum5t ( ju/ice &   
exp$i5cy1 = x is bo? j & exp$i5t4 ,:at  
"r h ! millionnaires to say h[ ! _w %all
 be manag$ aft] !y h left x8 ,:at "r to 
say t :5 !y h e/abli%$ a dang]\s        
inequality1 po/]ity %all be compell$ to 
make x p]petual4 ,! robb] b>ons e/abli%$
 inequality by ! sword1 & by ! same p[] 
made x p]petual4 ,! po/]ity ( k+s &     
b>ons1 h[ev] wor?less1 corrupt1 crim9al1
 or imbecile1 cont9ue to occupy ! saddle
 ^u ! public donkey4 ,b inh]it$ royalty 
is go+1 & inh]it$ ari/ocracy mu/ also g4
 ,we :o survive are ! responsible       
p>ties1 & 7z ! ,romans *>g$ _! rul]s 9  
times ( dang]7 we mu/ see t ! republic  
does n suff]1 & t ari/ocracy %all n be  
its p]man5t ma/]4  ,:at "r has !        
millionnaire to direct f ! grave1 t !   
weal? :i* he has left %all be us$ 9 !   
mann] mo/ dang]\s & mo/ injuri\s to     
society4 ,he has no su* "r4 ,he has no  
"r 9 ! matt]1 b :at we 9 our ju/ice or 9

 our good-nature may give him4 ,if ^!   
views are j1 !y mu/ 9 "t rule ! _w1 b !y
 are n yet ass]t$ by ^? to :om ! _w     
looks = c\nsel4#c        #c ,a ye> aft] 
?is 0 writt51 ! foll[+           advanc$
 s5tim5t 0 utt]$ by ,rabbi ,s*9dl]3     
,h ! dead ! "r ( impos+ laws ^u !       
liv+1 ( mak+ contracts ( :i* future     
g5]ations           ought to be> !      
burd58  ,! sacr$ "r ( ! liv+ citiz5 9 t 
:i* 8 indu/ry has creat$1 has no        
application "h4 ,x is a totally diff]5t 
case4 ,x is ! "q :at "r has he to rule !
 _w aft] he has enjoy$ 8 full %>e & m1 &
 gone away4 ,we d n ask :e!r he got 8   
weal? by fraud1 or robb]y1 or indu/ry4  
,he has left x2 he is done ) x2 he is   
dead 9 fact & ought to be dead 9 law6 ,!
 law has no jurisdiction ov] him n[1 &  
he has no possible int]e/ 9 :at is done1
 nor any p[] to rectify 8 mi/akes4 ,to  
p]petuate 8 fictiti\s p]sonality1 & make
 ! op9ions :i* he has left 9 writ+ an   
au?ority l ! acts ( a liv+ man1 is a    
trem5d\s /ret* ( ! imag9ation1 mu* l !  

old sup]/itions :i* made a law by !     
preface ?us sai? ! ,"l4  ,i "k ! claim w
 be made t ! weal? :i* ! millionnaires  
c\ld n c>ry away 0 truly !irs1 & !re=e t
 :ile !y liv$ !y _h a "r to dispose ( x4
 ,b ,i d5y x4 ,9 ! highe/ s5se ( ju/ice1
 x 0 n !irs1 & ev5 if x 01 x 0 ju/ly    
=feit$ by _! treason to humanity2 = ,i  
hold t nei!r g5ius nor ! bus9ess        
capacity t produces weal? ev] releases a
 man f 8 obligations to society4 ,9 "t (
 w> to def5d ! city or ,/ate1 we take e 
man's prop]ty1 s f> z ne$$1 & require   
him1 9 addition1 to (f] 8 life 9 battle 
to protect ! community2 & surely 9 ! gr&
 battle :i* e republic has to meet aga9/
 its foes1--on ! "o h& olig>*y &        
despotism1 & on ! o!r social disord] &  
convulsions betwe5 capital & impov]i%$  
labor1--9 ?is battle1 ,i say1 e man may 
be requir$ to def5d ! republic ) 8      
money1 8 honor1 & 8 life1 if ne$ be1 &  
he %\ld ?9k himself v lightly releas$ if
 society dem&s only to become 8 legatee1
 aft] he has provid$ = 8 family4 ,he ?us

 rel9qui%es :at is no?+ to him b ev]y?+ 
to society4  ,weal? is ! product ( !    
nation--( all its "w ( bra9 & muscle4   
,no "o man by himself ev] accumulat$    
weal?4 ,b 9 ! entangl$ social           
co-op]ation1 /ruggle1 & battle1 weal? is
 scatt]$ /rangely & ga!r$ 9 heaps l !   
money at a gam+ table4 ,"o man seizes a 
gold m9e1 ano!r seizes = a trifle a     
piece ( p>*m5t giv+ ! title to l& :]e a 
million are go+ to settle1 & bo? become 
millionnaire pr9ces at ! exp5se ( !     
commonweal?4 ,!re w\ld be v few ri* m5  
if ! real production ( ea* 0 all t he   
c\ld hold4 ,to seize by a legal fiction 
a m9e t yields a million annually is    
simply a robb]y ( ! commonweal?4 ,!     
robb]y ( ! commonweal? & ! toil] is our 
*ronic condition4 ,! urban population1  
/rong 9 capital & skilful 9 comb9ation &
 *ican]y1 has dra9$ ! agricultural      
regions1 until agriculture1#d toil1 &   
pov]ty1 are closely associat$1 :ile     
urban weal? displays its o/5tati\s ease1
 & f>m]s are driv5 by ! million into a  

desp]ate political /ruggle =            
self-protection4        #d ,x is        
necess>y to illu/rate ?is by a few      
decisive           facts :i* h n be5    
made famili> to !           majority (  
read]s1 z f>m]s' int]e/s h              
receiv$ v little consid]ation 9 ! ,ea/4 
,!           f9ancial policy ( ! g5]al  
gov]nm5t ev]           controll$ by     
capital aga9/ labor1 has be5 ! mo/      
gigantic imposition by f9ancial juggl]y 
t hi/ory           has record$1 & has   
be5 effect$ *iefly by                   
manipulation & contraction ( ! curr5cy  
to make           debts m oppressive1 & 
dur+ ! w> by           depreciat+ ! p's 
money4 ,aft] ! w> :5                    
#ejj1jjj1jjj 7 ne$$ to comp5sate !      
de/ruction           ( conf$]ate money1 
a crim9al contraction (                 
#ejj1jjj1jjj dealt a cru%+ bl[ to !     
,s\?1 & to           ! :ole c\ntry4 ,let
 u look at x f !           /&po9t ( !   
l>ge/ body ( labor]s1 !           f>m]s4
 ,a v intellig5t ,ill9ois f>m]1 ,b]t    

,/ew>t1 pres5ts ! case z foll[s1 & if 8 
data           are all correct1 he has  
demon/rat$ a :olesale           robb]y3 
,! national debt at ! end ( ! w> 0      
ab\t #b1hjj1jjj1jjj4 ,:at w\ld x !n h   
co/ !           f>m]s to pay ?is debt8  
,he e/imates t x c\ld           h be5   
paid by #iif1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat2 or  
#a1chj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( corn2 or        
#aj1jjj1jjj bales (           cotton4 ,b
 f9ancial legislation has increas$ !    
value ( money 7magnify+ ! debt71 &      
decreas$ !           value ( ! products 
( labor1 s t practically1           !   
debt has be5 increas+ fa/] ?an x has be5
           paid2 &1 aft] pay+ ne>ly     
#b1jjj1jjj1jjj ( !           pr9cipal1 &
 ov] #b1jjj1jjj1jjj ( int]e/1 x w       
co/ m to pay ! rema9+ ?ird ( ! debt ?an 
to h paid ! :ole at fir/4 ,x w\ld       
require           to-day1 in/ead (      
#a1chj1jjj1jjj1 ov] #d1jjj1jjj1jjj      
bu%els ( corn to pay ! rema9+ ?ird4 ,?is
 be+           ! case1 x w\ld seem t !  
paym5t ( ab\t f\r           ?\s&        

millions dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-six ye>s1     
leav+ ! debt sub/antially unpaid1 0     
virtually a           robb]y ( !        
commonweal? by corrupt or ignorant      
legislation4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t m5tions also1 t
 9 "o           ye> ! b9d+ tw9e tru/1 by
 rais+ prices1 drew                     
#ba1jjj1jjj f ! f>m]s ( ! ,we/ to !     
%>p]s ( ! ,ea/4 ,! reports ( ! ,/ate    
,bo>d           ( ,agriculture (        
,ill9ois %[ 7:at is a fair              
/atem5t = ! :ole c\ntry7 t dur+ ! la/   
?irty ye>s ! corn crops ( ,ill9ois h = m
           ?an half ! "t br\ght less ?an
 ! co/ ( _!           production2 & tak+
 ! entire ?irty ye>s           toge!r1 !
 losses s ne>ly balanc$ ! pr(its        
t ! av]age net pr(it ( ! ?irty ye>s has 
n           exce$$ sev5te5 c5ts an acre 
= ea* ye>1 9 !           cultivation (  
ov] six millions ( acres ( corn4 ,9     
! (ficial report ( ,i[a also1 x is /at$ 
!           g5]al range ( f>m products h
 sold bel[ co/ (           production1  
s9ce #ahhe4 ,! (ficial ,f>m ,/ati/ics   

( ,mi*igan1 j issu$1 tell ! same sad    
/ory4 ,x           %[s t ! :eat crop (  
#ahhi co/ m ?an x           sold =1 !   
loss be+ #a1dga1eae4 ,! entire loss on  
:eat1 corn1 & oats am\nt$ to #i1bbf1eaj4
 ,?us is           agricultural labor   
cru%$ t millionnaires may gr[4          
,h5ce x is t f>m]s are s9k+ "u _!       
burd5s ( mortgage indebt$ness1 pay+ sev5
 p]           c5t4 or m1 los+ _! f>ms1 &
 (t5 compell$           to mortgage     
crops1 tools1 & /ock4 ,9 ! s+le         
ye>1 #ahhg1 #ce1ccd f>m mortgages 7     
record$ 9           ,ill9ois1 am\nt+ to 
#cg1jdj1ggj1 & n9e million              
mortgag$ homes is ! w>-cry ( ! ,f>m]s'  
,alliance4            ,?us ! indep5d5t  
f>m] is disappe>+1 &           al?\gh   
!re 0 sc>cely a t5ant f>m] 9 ,ill9ois   
9 #ahdj1 !re are m ?an #aaj1jjj t5ant   
f>m]s           n[2 & we h a va/        
increase ( l>ge f>ms4 ,b           :ile 
! f>m] s9ks into pov]ty1 ^? :o h&le     
8 products gr[ ri*4 ,! ,*icago ,/ock    
,y>d t 0           />t$ ) a million (   

capital has gr[n s           prosp]\sly 
t its /ock n[ am\nts to #bc1jjj1jjj4    
,! monet>y int]e/s control all ?+s1 &   
,mr4           ,/ew>t =cibly says3 ,! "t
 has come1 g5tlem51           :5 !      
gov]nm5t mu/ run ! railroads1 or !      
railroads w run ! gov]nm5t4 ,9          
,p5nsylvania           to-day two roads 
own ! ,/ate1 its legislature1 its       
gov]nor1 its c\rts1 its p1 own !m body &
           s\l1 & /ole ! money f ! p to 
buy !m           )4 ,y elect m5 to      
positions & pay !m sal>ies1           & 
!n ! railroads buy !m & make y pay =    
brib+ y\r own (fic]s1 9 ! freight rates 
!y           *>ge y4 ,! net income ( !  
railroads ( !           ,unit$ ,/ates is
 ?ree times t ( ! entire rev5ue         
( ! gov]nm5t4  ,! great mass (          
accumulat$ weal? 0 all une>n$4 ,x 0 !   
donation ( absurd law to monopoli/s1--to
 m5 :o procur$ ! titles to l&s4 ,_!     
value came f ! entire community1 creat$ 
by ! p1 & :5 t am\nt is rescu$ f        
l&lordism1 ! millions vani% & society   

reclaims its own4 ,?us d ,i ass]t !     
own]%ip ( ! community 9 millionnaire    
ho>ds4 ,& :5 ! t5ant = life has gone1 to
 :om ! law has be5 by f> too g5]\s1 &   
left 8 ho>ds1 out ( :i* he has already  
squ&]$ m ?an he 0 entitl$ to--!         
commonweal? f :i* ?is weal? 0 ga!r$ may 
rightly /ep 9 & reclaim x4  ,x is b a   
waif on ! ocean ( comm]ce--! jetsam &   
flotsam1 ( :i* ! law mu/ direct !       
disposal4 ,! heirs1 z !y h be5 call$1   
may come 9 to ! wreck t lies on ! %ores 
( "t1 aft] ! s\l has gone to et]nity--b 
law mu/ decide :e!r ^! wreck]s are      
entitl$ to ! c>go1--to goods :i* !y did 
n produce1 & :e!r x is safe & patriotic 
to all[ !m to c>ry (f :at is            
sub/antially 9 ! majority ( cases       
morally & ju/ly ! prop]ty ( !           
commonweal?4 ,!re may be "s exceptions  
to ^! g5]al /atem5ts z to prop]ty1 b :5 
we recollect h[ l& monopoly & o!r       
monopolies h robb$ ! commonweal?1 ,i    
hold t ! commonweal? is b\nd to reclaim 
! /ol5 weal? :]ev] x c f9d x1 & c]ta9ly 

:]ev] ! commonweal? c f9d x ab&on$ by ! 
claimant1 ! action ( trov] %\ld come 9  
:5 ! t5ant = life has ceas$ to exi/4    
,p]haps ! devotees ( prec$5t may be bold
 en\gh to call ?is robb]y1 b x is simply
 reclamation ( t :i* has too long be5   
lo/ or /ol54 ,= ! *ief f\ndations ( l>ge
 =tunes1 ! *ief s\rce ( ! great flood ( 
accumulat$ weal?1 has be5 ! taxation ( !
 p by ! monopoly ( l& & monopoly (      
m9es--! monopoly by private individuals 
( :at ju/ly belong$ to ! commonweal?1 b 
0 captur$ by ! sword or by law--aid$ by 
cunn+ f9ancial op]ations :i* /& on no   
high] plane ?an gambl+ or fraud4  ,!    
,briti% pe]age draw an annual r5tal f _!
 l&s ( #ff1jjj1jjj1 & ! ,am]ican pr9ces 
draw f> m1 b ,i h n _h "t to f9d !      
/ati/ics4#e ,x w n be long be=e =eign   
l&lords %all draw #ej1jjj1jjj annually f
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if !y d n already1 =  
!y hold m ?an #bj1jjj1jjj acres1 & on ^!
 !y may practise ! eviction ( t5ants 9 !
 ,iri% fa%ion4 ,! wrongs ( ,iri% t5ants 
elicit univ]sal sympa?y1 b !y are f>    

surpass$ n[ 9 ,am]ica )\t outcry or     
comm5t4 ,ab\t tw5ty-f\r ?\s& evictions  
occurr$ la/ ye> 9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 &
 ?is indicat$ m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& human 
be+s turn$ homeless into ! /reets1      
g5]ally 9 a p5niless condition6 ,!      
di/ress+ evictions ( ! great cities1 & !
 sell+ out ( ?\s&s ( we/]n f>m]s "u     
=eclos+ mortgages1 are prep>+ a t]rible 
mass ( discont5t$ population to :om a   
social convulsion w\ld n be al>m+4 ,^?  
:o live "u ! pressure ( a t]rible social
 sy/em w n be sorry if x is ov]?r[n by  
viol5ce4        #e ,p>k] ,pillsbury     
m5tions a ,gov]nor ( ,ma9e1 :o          
owns 9 ,ma9e1 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91      
,m9nesota1 ,dakota1           & ,canada1
 #fia1jjj acres4  ,a l>ge portion ( !   
city ( ,new ,york is held at values 7#ej
 a foot7 :i* w\ld make its annual gr\nd 
r5tal ov] #ajj1jjj a ye> = a s+le acre4 
,:5 we ?9k ( ! va/ sums :i* h be5       
accumulat+ = c5turies 9 ! =m ( r5t--say1
 = example1 ! l& r5ts ( ,engl&1 :i*1    
outside ( m9es1 am\nt to #ccj1jjj1jjj a 

ye>1--x w be app>5t t ! gr& flood-tide (
 weal?1 :i* has pass$ into ! possession 
( private individuals :o h be5 =tunate  
en\gh to acquire l& titles long ago1 &  
_! successors1 exce$s by m ?an a hundr$ 
times all ! weal? t has n be5 squ&]$ &  
rema9s 9 sight to-day4  ,b x is         
gone--squ&]$--& we nev] c reclaim x2 &  
!re is ano!r m\nta9 mass ( weal? n q    
exp5d$ yet1 :i* came f corrupt f9ancial 
monopoly1 :i* has sometimes g5]at$      
f9ancial lords m rapidly ?an l&         
monopoly4 ,^u que/ions ( f9ance &       
political economy1 our p h be5 z bl9d z 
!y h ^u ! l& "q1 & our entire f9ancial  
legislation has be5 b a trap to cat* !  
commonweal? & rob x1 & ! commonweal? has
 be5 caught1 & robb$ ( f> m ?an two ?\s&
 millions4#f        #f ,z a s+le specim5
 ( ?is1 ,i w\ld m5tion t           ^?   
em95t politicians1 ,john ,c4 ,new1 &    
,wm4 ,h4           ,engli%1 ( ,indiana1 
"u ! laws eng9e]$ by           cunn+ &  
accept$ by ignorance1 inve/$ #bjj1jjj 9 
a national bank s*eme :5 gre5backs _h   

be5 knock$           d[n to =ty c5ts1 & 
9 ?irte5 ye>s f #ahfd to           #ahgg
 !y made a cle> pr(it ( #b1acc1jjj--m   
?an           t5 = "o ( _! inve/m5t4 ,b 
?is is v           mod]ate 9 comp>ison )
 l& speculation4 ,!           ,elyton   
,l& ,company at ,birm+ham1 ,alabama1 ) a
 ca%           capital ( #ajj1jjj1 has  
decl>$ 9 five ye>s1 end+           9    
#ahhh1 divid5ds am\nt+ to #e1egj1jjj1 & 
is           believ$ to own prop]ty /ill
 t w am\nt to           #e1jjj1jjj1 a   
return ( m ?an a hundr$ doll>s =        
e "o inve/$--a cle> pr(it absorb$ ( ov] 
t5           millions--! gift ( law to  
monopoly4 ,w ?is ev]           return to
 ! commonweal?8 ,! robb]y ( !           
commonweal? goes on 9 e direction4 ,%all
 we           cont9ue ! pres5t sy/em "u 
:i*1 :ile !           nation is los+ its
 inh]itance daily1 "o man 9             
,*icago ti$ up ! :eat crop ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates1           & "o man also ti$ up  
or corn]$ pork1 & bo?           levi$   
millions on ! p8  ,! follies & crimes ( 

! pa/ _c be readju/$--b its legacy (    
robb]y to ! pres5t mu/ submit to !      
arbitration ( ju/ice1 & ! dem&s (       
philan?ropy4 ,! millions exact$ f !     
t5ants ( ,engl& & ,irel& by ! desc5dants
 ( ! robb] b>ons & brig& soldi]s1 :o    
took ! soil by ! sword1 /ill cry al\d = 
ju/ice4  ,if we grant t an individual   
may by 8 own ex]tions ju/ly acquire a   
hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 :i* is an ample     
compet5ce1 & t z an enc\ragem5t & rew>d 
= 8 indu/ry1 society may ju/ly all[ him 
to dispose ( x by w1 :i* ,i ?9k is a    
lib]al concession1 ,i see no suffici5t  
reason = ext5d+ 8 au?ority beyond t     
am\nt4 ,all above t am\nt1 ,i hold1 %\ld
 belong to ! commonweal? 9 ju/ice1 = two
 reasons--fir/1 because x 0 tak5 f !    
commonweal?1 & second1 because !        
commonweal? suff]s f two dang]\s        
classes1 :i* ought n to exi/1#g--!      
tramps becom+ demoraliz$ & desp]ate1 & !
 idl]s1 becom+ demoraliz$ & wor?less1 :o
 ?9k !mselves a privileg$ class1 born ) 
a "r to live 9 ev]la/+ idl5ess ^u ! toil

 ( ^? :o are n ?us well born4 ,?is      
division into ! ari/ocracy1 !           
prolet>iat1 & ! middle class /ruggl+ to 
become ! ari/ocracy1 does n make a      
republic4 ,x is an anci5t falsehood &   
inju/ice e/abli%$ by absurd laws (      
inh]itance 7z absurd z ! ,h9doo ca/es71 
:i* h curs$ ! _w1 & w cont9ue to curse x
 until ,am]ica %all e/abli% democratic  
ju/ice4 ,yet z exp]i5ce %[s t m5's      
op9ions 9 all ?+s are sway$ by _!       
int]e/s1 !re mu/ be b few ( ! patrician 
class :o c p]ceive ^! tru?s1 & we mu/   
rely = _! appreciation ^u ! va/ majority
 :o are n born to weal?4        #g ,to  
save ! nation we mu/ re=m & /op !       
production ( #fj1jjj boy tramps & ! half
 million (           paup]s & crim9als  
:i* our horrible sy/em has              
produc$1 :i* at ! pres5t rate ( increase
 w1           9 fifty ye>s1 be a million
 & a qu>t]1 & 9 a           hundr$ ye>s 
w probably exce$ ,,f\r ,,millions4 ,i   
see           no measures b ^? ,i       
propose t w save u f           ?is      

t]rible condition4 ,!y w n be adopt$ 9  
"t to prev5t civil w>1 b !y mu/ be      
adopt$           aft]w>ds4  ,:at policy 
! commonweal? may obs]ve1--:e!r x %all  
all[ ! millionnaire to dispose ( t51    
tw5ty1 or fifty p] c5t4 z an enc\ragem5t
 & rew>d = 8 accumulations1--is a       
debatable "q4 ,to give him po/-mortem   
control ( fifty p] c5t4 w\ld be1 x seems
 to me1 an act ( prodigal g5]osity to   
millionnaire heirs4 ,t a dead man ( a   
hundr$ millions %\ld be all[$ to keep   
fifty millions ho>d$ 9 private          
possession appe>s to me an extravagant  
claim1 = ev5 t5 p] c5t4 ( t am\nt w\ld  
be en\gh to spoil 8 *ildr5 & unfit !m = 
good citiz5%ip4 ,i believe x w\ld be    
bett] = society if all inh]itance (     
weal? 7 =bidd51 & e boy & girl requir$  
to beg9 life ) a few hundr$ doll>s1 &   
ga9 ! position !y des]v$ by _! own      
abilities alone4  ,?is reclamation (    
millionnaire e/ates by ! commonweal?    
w\ld n be s necess>y b = ! fact t ! _w  
has be5 rul$ by false pr9ciples1 & 9 all

 pa/ ages millionnaires h1 ) few        
exceptions1 reg>d$ _! va/ possessions z 
some?+ on :i* ! public _h no claim 9    
ju/ice1 z be+ ! true s\rces (           
weal?--some?+ on :i* ! bro!rhood (      
humanity _h no claim--some?+ :i* 0 n a  
sacr$ tru/ = ! b5efit ( mank9d--some?+  
:i* !y %\ld clut* ) an iron grasp1 z    
long z possible1 to keep x intact &     
unbrok51 & /ill speak+ f ! grave1 hold x
 protect$ f all ! claims ( humanity1 to 
magnify _! own names 9 _! desc5dants1 & 
keep _! (fspr+ ! lords dom9ant (        
society1--?us mak+ x really a curse     
in/ead ( a bless+2 & z nei!r ! morali/s 
nor ! cl]gy h ev] taught !m any?+ else1 
su* is /ill _! t5d5cy1 ) a few su*      
exceptions z ,pet] ,coop] & ,george     
,peabody4 ,b :5 society sub/itutes      
rational e?ics & simple ju/ice = old    
traditions & debas+ cu/oms1 ! de/ruction
 ( weal? w be recogniz$ z a crime1 no   
matt] h[ x 0 obta9$2 & su* pr(ligates z 
! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 :o sp5ds half a      
million ye>ly1 & !n calls ^u 8 av>ici\s 

"m = "o or two millions to sil5ce !     
clamor ( cr$itors :om he has defraud$1 w
 be no long] fea/$1 admir$1 & imitat$1 =
 ju/ice w be embodi$ 9 law & ! race (   
pr(ligates w h be5 ext]m9at$4  ,if any  
own] ( ^! ho>ds1 :5 he is compell$ to   
give !m up1 politely ?r[s out five p]   
c5t4 or ev5 two p] c5t4 = some?+ t he   
consid]s wor?y1 x is receiv$ ) great    
laudation z some?+ n to h be5 expect$4  
,a ,clevel& millionnaire 0 laud$ = a    
petty donation1 less ?an he _h exp5d$ on
 8 old wife's laces4 ,z philan?ropi/s   
millionnaires are g5]ally great         
failures4 ,!y did n /udy ! public welf>e
 ?r\gh life1 & !y d n "k h[ to promote  
x2 _! b5efactions g5]ally g to          
in/itutions t p]petuate ! old ord] (    
m$ival cons]vatism1 & delay ! progress (
 humanity4 ,!y are incompet5t z tru/ees4
 ,"o man ) ! weal? ( an ,a/or or a      
,rockefell]1 & ! ov]fl[+ love guid$ by !
 wisdom ( intuition 7s conspicu\s 9     
,jesus t m5 h wor%ipp$ him z a ,god1 &  
elevat$ _! own natures by ! wor%ip71    

c\ld accompli% m ?an all t ,am]ican     
weal? has ev] done ^u ?is cont95t4      
,!re=e by t "r ( em95t doma9 :i* is good
 ov] l&s occupi$ by ! liv+1 & f> bett]  
ov] e/ates ab&on$ by ! dead1 x becomes !
 duty ( society to ma9ta9 ! republic1 to
 ass]t ! supreme law ( ju/ice1 & !reby  
tea* ! doctr9e s long =gott5 by foll[]s 
( ,*ri/ianity1 t all our p[]s & res\rces
 beyond our own necessities belong to   
our bro!rs4 ,su* are ! pr9ciples ( e    
real ,*ri/ian4 ,su* 0 ! s5tim5t ( ,john 
,wesley2 & 8 expression1 if ,i recollect
 rightly1 0 t he w\ld consid] himself a 
?ief if he di$ ) m ?an t5 p\nds 9 8     
possession4  ,^! doctr9es are n entirely
 /range--! _w is beg9n+ to look 9 ?is   
direction already4 ,! heir%ip ( ! /ate  
is an idea already broa*$ 9 ,france1    
su/a9$ by ,clem5ceau1 ,pelletan1 & _m   
o!r di/+ui%$ citiz5s1 & discuss$ 9 !    
,*amb] ( ,deputies4 ,! proposition 0 to 
limit ! law ( inh]itance1 & sub/itute ! 
heir%ip ( ! /ate = all collat]al heirs4 
,t em95t & practical philan?ropi/1 ,m4  

,god91 ^: "n has be5 immortaliz$ by !   
,indu/rial ,palace at ,guise1 w>mly     
esp\s$ ?is idea 9 all its bread?1 &     
said3--       ,:5 an individual dies1   
society has !n ! "r to take      to     
itself :at he leaves1 = x has be5 ! *ief
 aid (      ! deceas$4 ,)\t its aid1 )\t
 its in/itutions1 he      c\ld nev] h   
be5 able to amass ! ri*es ( :i* he      
is at 8 dea? ! hold]4 ,society inh]its  
weal?1 !n1      to use = ! same "w (    
social progress already      accompli%$2
 t is to say to all[ o!rs1 ! surviv+    
9 g5]al 7n ! privileg$ /rang]s to !     
creation (      ! exi/+ ri*es71 to      
cont9ue _! labor &      co-op]ation 9 ! 
common social "w4 ,! h]$ity ( !         
,/ate is !n j1 bo? 9 pr9ciple & 9 fact4 
,! two measures :i* are necess>y n[ are 
! ,dep>tm5t ( ,productive ,labor & ! law
 ( inh]itance by ! commonweal?1 :i*     
limits ! transmission ( e/ates above a  
hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 giv+ ! commonweal? a
 %>e1 ris+ f "o to n9ety-n9e p] c5t4    
accord+ to ! magnitude ( ! e/ate--or "s 

o!r =m ( taxation 7if !re be a bett]7   
produc+ equival5t results4  ,i d n      
propose ^! measures z ,,! ,,rem$y p>    
excell5ce = our unhappy social          
condition4 ,n at all4 ,!y are m]ely !   
gigantic bl[s f ! "r arm ( !            
commonweal?1 by :i* ! curses e/abli%$ 9 
! d>k & bloody pa/1 cru%+ man & woman to
 ! e>?1 %all be hurl$ into oblivion4 ,! 
true1 absolute1 & complete ,,rem$y is t 
indu/rial1 intellectual1 hygi5ic1 &     
e?ical tra9+ ( all1 :i* ,i h publi%$ z !
 ,new ,education :i* w make new m54 ,^! 
are bold & revolution>y measures1#h b ! 
surg]y ( ! knife is sometimes :at       
humanity dem&s4 ,! mad riot ( rivalry & 
selfi%ness mu/ be re/ra9$ be=e x br+s ! 
republic to ru94 ,! p[] ( l& monopoly   
mu/ be brok5 by a l& tax1 & ! po/-mortem
 despotism :i* p]petuates accumulat$    
evils mu/ be ?r[n (f by j & practicable 
legislation4        #h ,succession &    
income taxes are n[ beg9n+ to be        
consid]$4 ,two v feeble propositions h  
be5           br\ght =w>d4 ,!           

,massa*usetts ,legislative              
,committee1 on probate1 report$ a bill  
well adapt$ to           be wor?less--to
 disc\rage b5evol5ce & keep             
prop]ty 9 ! family by impos+ a tax (    
five p]           c5t4 on prop]ty left  
by w1 except :5 go+ to                  
relatives or connections4 ,congressman  
,hall1 (           ,m9nesota1 introduc$ 
a bill 9 ! la/ ,congress =           an 
income tax1 a f\r? ( "o p] c5t4 on      
incomes           betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s&
 ris+ gradually to "o           p] c5t4 
on incomes ov] #aj1jjj4 ,?is v small    
bus9ess is n :at 0 dem&$ by ,! ,f>m]s'  
,alliance & ,indu/rial ,union 9 ! ,ocala
 conv5tion1           :i* dem&$ !       
abolition ( national banks & !          
passage ( a graduat$ income tax law4 ,^!
 dem&s           7 reit]at$ by ! la/    
legislature ( ,miss\ri1 9           a   
resolution call+ ^u ,congress to act ^u 
!m1           & pl$g+ ! legislature to  
en=ce ! f>m]s'           dem& z f> z 9  
_! p[]4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 too1             

has adopt$ ! ,alliance pr9ciples4 ,!    
income tax           w probably be a    
gr[+ "o--"o p] c5t4 w n           be its
 maximum4 ,! ,briti% income tax "u ,mr4 
,glad/one 9 #ahhe 0 ?ree & a ?ird p]    
c5t4 ,b           ?is is m]e *ild's     
play1 be+ ab\t equival5t to a           
prop]ty tax ( "o sev5? ( "o p] c5t4 ,:5 
s]i\sly consid]$1 ! "q w be betwe5      
five1 t51 tw5ty1 & ?irty p] c5t4  ,we   
mu/ act ^u ! undisguis$ tru? t          
individual humanity is n yet prop]ly    
educat$1 & n yet qualifi$ to ex]cise its
 tru/ee%ip ( weal?1 = ! h>d /ruggles    
aga9/ ! oppressive p[] ( pov]ty1        
sickness1 robb]y1 fraud1 & sudd5        
calamity h made ! self-protective       
faculties pr$om9ant1 & ! %>p rivalry &  
competition ( bus9ess has s increas$ _! 
pr$om9ance t ! ?\ght ( public welf>e is 
nev] p>am\nt1 & is b an occasional      
glimm]1 & ! dea?-b$ surr5d] ( weal?1 if 
x consid]s ! welf>e ( society at all1   
consid]s x s bl9dly t a l>ge proportion 
( ! b5evol5t end[m5ts are ( little real 

value4  ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y t !      
outcry ( suff]+ & ! w>n+ ( dang] %\ld   
r\se ! public consci5ce to nobl]        
pr9ciples1 & t society 9 its maximum    
wisdom1 :i* embraces a few e>ne/        
philan?ropi/s1 _m capable f9anci]s &    
economi/s1 v _m t5d]-he>t$ wom5 :o w n  
cons5t to suff]+1 & :o are de/9$ to     
p>ticipate 9 gov]nm5t1 z well z a great 
_m :o are p]sonally consci\s ( wrongs t 
ne$ rectify+1 %\ld assume ! adm9i/ration
 ( ! ,,sup]flu\s ,,weal? abnormally     
accumulat$4  ,! *ange propos$ is s great
 t its realization may be f> (f1 & !    
evolution ( law may be rivall$ by !     
evolution ( evasive +5uity1 s t !       
commonweal? may be compell$ to prohibit 
evasive ante-mortem donations1 & to     
re9=ce ! succession tax by m /r+5t      
measures1 f :i* !re c be no escape1 &   
:i* w control plutocracy z effectively z
 any succession tax1 & ?us r5d] ! latt] 
( less importance2 b x is none ! less   
important t ! pr9ciple %\ld be ass]t$1 t
 ! dead %all n rule ! liv+4  ,!re are   

two obvi\s measures1 & "o ( !m is sure  
to be adopt$ soon1 )\t wait+ = !        
abolition ( unlimit$ inh]itance4 ,!     
income tax is made almo/ necess>y by !  
la/ ,congress1 :i* empti$ ! treasury1 & 
! income tax1 if made accumulative1     
increas+ its rates ) ! increase (       
income1 w be z effective a control ov]  
plutocracy z ! p wi% to make x4 ,!      
increas+ rate ( taxation ^u sup]flu\s   
weal?1 is a sacr$ pr9ciple = :i* e re=m]
 %\ld cont5d4  ,b ev5 ?is is n =tifi$   
aga9/ evasion1 & we ne$ ! mo/ effici5t  
tax ( all--! progressively accumulat+   
tax on weal?1 :i* w ga!r a l>ge r5tal f 
all ! sup]flu\s millions1 compell+ !    
hold]s to use !m pr(itably4 ,a ?ree p]  
c5t4 tax on all ov] t5 millions w\ld n  
only enri* ! commonweal?1 b /imulate    
indu/ry 9 millionnaires4 ,h[ long w !   
millionnaires be able to defeat su*     
legislation8  ,^! are ! com+ taxes4 ,!y 
are n untri$ !ories1 = ,switz]l&1 !     
=emo/ nation 9 democracy1 enjoys bo? !  
income tax & ! progressively accumulat+ 

tax1 :i* falls mo/ heavily on ! l>ge/   
prop]ties4  ,x is to be hop$ t political
 corruption & intrigue w n delay _m ye>s
 ?is ass]tion ( ! sov]eignty ( !        
commonweal? by taxation1 :i* w give !   
republic a solid f\ndation1 & t ! p[] ( 
! commonweal? ?us enl>g$ w1 ?r\gh !     
,dep>tm5t ( ,productive ,labor1 & by    
educational progress1 give u a true & a 
happy republic4 ,^! sugge/ions are n    
f>!r 9 advance ( public op9ion to-day1  
?an 0 ! nationalization ( ! l&1 :5 ,i   
urg$ x 9 #ahdg4 ,!y w f9d fit *ampions 9
 a few ye>s4  ,to :at ext5t ! ,dep>tm5t 
( ,productive ,labor %\ld be fo/]$ by e 
,/ate1 & to :at ext5t x may be au?oriz$ 
by ! f$]al con/itution1 we ne$ n yet    
consid]1 = x is app>5t t ! due          
adm9i/ration ( ! national doma9 &       
developm5t ( ! arid region by           
irrigation1 w furni% ample employm5t1 if
 we adopt z a sacr$ pr9ciple1 ! dem& (  
ju/ice1 t n ano!r acre ( ! national     
doma9 %all ev] be sold4 ,let u give     
settl]s ! easie/ possible t]ms1 b nev]  

surr5d] to monopoly ! l& ( !            
commonweal?4     ,,onian ,,puni%m5t4    
,,by ,,rev4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,manley1 ,d4 ,d4   
,"s mon?s ago an article ) ! above head+
 appe>$ 9 ,,! ,,ar5a4 ,x 0 writt5 by    
,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,kidd]1 & 0 int5d$ z a    
reply to "o writt5 by myself1 on !      
et]nal puni%m5t4  ,x appe>s t a fri5d ( 
,mr4 ,kidd]1 a physician ( great        
ability1 on read+ my article 0 caus$    
great disquietude4 ,he felt t if all !  
/atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! article 7 accurate1
 8 religi\s in/ructors _h be5 ei!r      
knaves or fools--knaves1 if !y taught   
:at !y did n believe1 & fools1 if !y    
believ$ :at !y taught1 p4 #aja4 ,i h    
only to say t ! /atem5ts ( my article   
are1 9 all important respects1 accurate1
 expla9 ! re/ z he may2 nor has ,mr4    
,kidd] %[n t !y are n accurate1 except 9
 "o p>ticul>1 n affect+ ! ma9 "q4 ,?is w
 be notic$ 9 ! prop] place4  ,x is (t5  
true t m5 ( great ability are m5 ( ha/y 
judgm5t1 especially :5 !y are mu*       
disquiet$2 & ! doctor is c]ta9ly mi/ak5 

9 suppos+ t 8 in/ructors 7 ei!r knaves  
or fools4 ,! m5 :o tea* et]nal puni%m5t 
are 9 ! ma9 hone/1 & ( fair intellig5ce4
 ,! doctr9e came into ! *ur* 9 a d>k    
age2 & = c5turies x 0 dang]\s to believe
 or tea* any?+ else4 ,:5 ! human m9d 0  
set free1 & x 0 no long] dang]\s to tea*
 :at "o believ$1 ! doctr9e _h become s  
firmly e/abli%$ by a false sy/em (      
int]pretation1 t x 0 a long "t be=e mu* 
impression c\ld be made t[>d its        
removal4 ,b ! ,gospel leav5 has be5     
work+ 9 all ^! ages s9ce ! re=mation to 
! pres5t c5tury2 s t n[ !re is little   
fai? ( t k9d 9 ! ,or?odox *ur* & none   
out ( x4  ,i h n int5d$ to admit t all !
 tea*]s ( et]nal puni%m5t 9 ! *ur* h be5
 hone/4 ,"s h be5 di%one/1 9 ord]1 z !y 
claim$1 to d ! m good4 ,!re 0 a class ( 
m9i/]s 9 ! anci5t *ur* :o _h two sets ( 
op9ions1 "o set = ! congregation1 &     
ano!r = ! private circle4 ,dr4 ,edw>d   
,bee*] m5tions sev]al v5]able m51 :o    
prea*$ et]nal mis]y1 b :o _h n a p>ticle
 ( fai? 9 ! doctr9e1 z he believes4 ,!y 

are ,*ryso/om1 ,gregory ,nazianzus1     
,a?anasius1 & ,basil ! ,great4 ,see     
,hi/orical ,retribution1 p4 #bgc4 ,^! 7 
great m52 b a great] ?an ^! _h taught t 
x is "r to lie = ! good ( mank9d1       
namely1 ,plato4 ,:o w say !re h be5 no  
o!rs s9ce t day8 ,= ! honor ( humanity1 
,i tru/ n _m4  ,i w\ld say "h t all ,mr4
 ,kidd] has advanc$1 may be admitt$1 )\t
 ! lea/ detrim5t to ! ma9 purpose ( my  
article4 ,! great] "p ( 8 pap] is devot$
 to incid5tal topics t are n ess5tial to
 ! ma9 subject1 & :at he says on ! ma9  
po9t utt]ly fails to invalidate my      
argum5t1 z ! read] w cle>ly p]ceive be=e
 ,i get ?r\gh4  ,s f> z our v]sion      
favors et]nal puni%m5t1 ! fact is due   
*iefly to a wrong translation2 & x is   
difficult to suppress ! conviction t !  
translators1 9 mu* ( _! "w ( ?is k9d1 7 
p]fectly consci\s ( ! wrong !y 7 do+4 ,!
 ^w hell 9 e place :]e x is f\nd 7) "o  
or two exceptions1 :]e ! hea!n hell is  
ref]r$ to7 is ! r5d]+ ( a ^w t has no   
su* mean+4 ,! ^w ev]la/+ comb9es a wrong

 r5d]+ & a wrong exegesis4 ,^! are ! ma9
 po9ts4 ,!y are ! ,ja*9 & ,boaz ( !     
or?odox temple4 ,b ! translators h s\ght
 to favor _! doctr9es 9 o!r ways2       
sometimes by supply+ words n f\nd 9 !   
text1 & sometimes by reject+ words t are
 !re4  ,my article 0 devot$ *iefly to ^!
 la/1 p>ticul>ly a wrong use ( ! ,greek 
article1 & ! rejection ( an important   
^w1 :5 x conflict$ ) _! views1 ?\gh !y  
(t5 employ x at o!r times4  ,i say ) !  
fulle/ confid5ce t ! doctr9e ( et]nal   
puni%m5t is n 9 ! ,hebrew & ,greek      
,scriptures4 ,x came into ! *ur* *iefly 
) conv]ts :o _h believ$ x be=e _!       
conv]sion1 & cont9u$ to believe x by a  
miscon/ruction ( ! ,scriptures4   ,,!   
,,son ,,( ,,god4  ,by n pay+ p>ticul>   
att5tion to :at ,i said1 my critic has  
misrepres5t$ me 9 an important p>ticul>2
 & has repeat$ ! idea a numb] ( times1  
namely1 t ,i d5y ! son%ip ( ,jesus      
,*ri/4 ,i simply ref] to "s passages to 
%[ ! importance ( ! ,greek article1 & "s
 ( ^! h ! expression1 ! ,son ( ,god1 :5 

!y ought to h be5 r5d]$ a ,son ( ,god1  
or a ,son ( a ,god n only because !     
article is omitt$ 9 ! ,greek1 b x is !  
language ( ,satan1 & ( ! hea!n1 & !re=e 
m *>act]i/ic ?an ! words ! ,son ( ,god4 
,! son%ip ( our ,"l has evid5ce en\gh1  
)\t t ( ,satan & ! hea!n1 especially z !
 evangeli/s h repres5t$ !m z giv+ no su*
 te/imony4  ,! ref]5ce 9 my article to  
insanity & suicide 0 incid5tal2 & :e!r  
/rictly correct or n1 ! ?\s& t h be5    
ru9$ 9 ?is way is a picture suffici5tly 
frightful1 & %[s t ! ,*ri/ian religion  
has be5 greatly misappreh5d$2 = 9 its   
purity1 x nev] has1 & nev] c1 produce a 
s+le case ( ei!r insanity or suicide4   
,,!ological ,,sem9>y4  ,( ! six         
!ological sem9>ies1 :i* ,i ref]r$ to1 on
 ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,edw>d ,bee*]1 z     
exi/+ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! *ur*1 ,i f9d on 
fur!r read+ t two 7 n !ological         
sem9>ies1 b s*ools ( ?\ght1 z ! doctor  
aft]w>ds calls !m4 ,"o ( ^! 0 9 ,asia   
,m9or2 & !re1 ! annihilation ( ! wick$ 0
 believ$ & taught4 ,! o!r 0 9 ,nor?     

,africa2 & "h1 endless puni%m5t 0 !     
prevail+ belief on ! subject ( future   
de/9y4 ,! f\r o!rs 7 real sem9>ies1 9   
:i* ! doctr9e ( ! f9al hol9ess &        
happ9ess ( all intellig5t be+s1 aft]    
future discipl9>y puni%m5t1 0 inculcat$ 
by m5 z mu* di/+ui%$ = piety & virtue & 
mission>y zeal1 z any 9 ! :ole *ur*4  ,!
 f\r s*ools 7 locat$ at ,alex&ria1 9    
,egypt1 ,ces>ea 9 ,pale/9e1 ,antio* 9   
,syria1 & ,edessa or ,nisibis4 ,?is la/ 
s*ool 0 held at ! "o or ! o!r ( ^!      
places1 9 ,ea/]n ,syria4 ,:5 p]secution 
drove x out ( "o ( ^! cities1 x held its
 sessions 9 ! o!r4 ,all ^! f\r s*ools 7 
num]\sly att5d$1 (t5 hav+ hundr$s (     
s*ol>s at "o "t4 ,mr4 ,kidd] ?9ks !re   
mu/ h be5 m ?an ?is numb]2 b z x is a   
m]e conjecture ) him1 8 op9ion c h b    
little weight aga9/ ! /atem5t ( a man :o
 has ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ! subject4 ,x w
 n d to judge !m aft] our little s*ools1
 at ! pres5t day1 :5 ! *ur* is divid$   
into scores ( little communities1 ea*   
hav+ its insignificant sem9>y or        

sem9>ies4 ,! *ur* 0 !n "o body1 ?\gh ea*
 s*ool v>i$ slightly f ! re/4           
,,pr(essor ,,%$d4  ,dr4 ,bee*] po9ts out
 & refutes ! /atem5ts ( ,pr(essor ,%$d1 
& "s o!rs1 on ! preval5ce ( c]ta9       
doctr9es 9 ! e>ly *ur*4  ,pr(essor ,%$d1
 9 8 hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 ,vol4   
,,ii4 p4 #dad1 says1 ,! puni%m5t        
inflict$ ^u ! lo/ 0 reg>d$ by ! fa!rs ( 
! anci5t *ur*1 ) v few exceptions1 z    
endless4 ,! only exception to ! belief 9
 ! et]nity ( future puni%m5t1 9 ! anci5t
 *ur*1 appe>s 9 ! ,alex&rian s*ool4 ,!  
views ( ,orig5 conc]n+ future           
retribution 7 almo/ :olly conf9$ to _!  
s*ools4  ,dr4 ,bee*] makes ! foll[+     
reply4 ,?is /atem5t some:at transc5ds ! 
limits set by ,lecky1 to ! doctr9e ( !  
re/oration4 ,x is n conf9$ to two       
individuals1 b x is conf9$ to "o        
s*ool1--! s*ool ( ,alex&ria4 ,:at !n    
%all be said ( ,diodore1 ( ,t>sus1 n ( !
 s*ool ( ,alex&ria1 ! em95t tea*] (     
,*ryso/om1 & a decid$ advocate (        
univ]sal re/oration8 ,:at %all be said (

 8 disciple1 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 t    
e>ne/ def5d] ( ! same doctr9e1 ( :om    
,dorn] says t he 0 ! climax & cr[n ( !  
s*ool ( ,antio*8 ,:at %all be said ( !  
great ,ea/]n s*ool ( ,edessa & ,nisibis1
 9 :i* ! scriptural exposition ( ,!odore
 ( ,mopsue/ia1 0 a supreme au?ority &   
text-book8 ,0 ,!odore ( ! s*ool (       
,alex&ria8 ,n at all4 ,he 0 ( ! s*ool ( 
,antio*4444 ,& yet he n only taught !   
doctr9e ( univ]sal re/oration on 8 own  
basis1 b ev5 introduc$ x into ! liturgy 
( ! ,ne/orian ,*ur*1 9 ,ea/]n ,asia4    
,:at1 too1 %all we say ( ! two great    
!ological s*ools1 9 :i* he _h a place ( 
su* honor & influ5ce8444 ,dr4 ,%$d w\ld 
h call$ to m9d a /atem5t 9 ,gu]icke's   
,*ur* ,hi/ory1 z translat$ by himself1  
,x is noticeable t !                    
exegetico-grammatical s*ool ( ,antio*1 z
 well z ! allegoriz+ ,alex&rian1 adopt$ 
& ma9ta9$ ! doctr9e ( re/oration1 p4    
#cdi1 note #a4 ,!n x %\ld be add$ t     
,orig5 0 n ! only "o ( ! ,alex&rian     
s*ool1 :o taught ?is doctr9e4 ,clem5s1  

:o prec$$ ,orig51 taught x2 & ,didymus  
:o succe$$ him4 ,! :ole p]iod ( !       
presid5cy ( ^! m5 ov] ! s*ool mu/ h be5 
a c5tury or m4 ,& yet ! great body (    
,*ri/ians1 z ,pr(essor ,%$d w\ld h u    
believe1 7 believ]s 9 et]nal puni%m5t2 b
 !y nei!r turn$ ^! m5 out1 nor e/abli%$ 
any o!r s*ool to c\nt]act _! influ5ce4  
,!y mu/ h be5 a trifle diff]5t f        
believ]s 9 ! doctr9e n[4 ,& :at is v    
rem>kable1 we he> ( no books or essays  
writt5 aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! ,alex&rian   
s*ool1 z if x 7 a p]nici\s h]esy4  ,*ur*
 hi/orians 9 mod]n times impose on _!   
read]s by quot+ passages f anci5t       
,*ri/ian writ]s1 t employ ! ^w ev]la/+ 9
 connection ) puni%m5t1 leav+ !         
impression t ^! words 7 und]/ood !n z !y
 are n[1 :5 9 fact believ]s 9 limit$    
puni%m5t1 z well z ^? :o ?\ght puni%m5t 
endless1 employ$ ! t]m ev]la/+ 7aionios7
 to d5ote its duration4 ,orig5 & ,clem5s
 speak ( ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 ?\gh !y      
believ$ x w\ld end 9 re=mation &        
salvation4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & ,ir5u w>n m5 (

 ev]la/+ puni%m5t1 ?\gh !y believ$ 9 !  
annihilation ( ! wick$4   ,,moral       
,,resurrection4  ,9 "s in/ances !       
resurrection is us$ 9 ! same way z ! new
 bir?1 to d5ote conv]sion4 ,su* is ,john
 v4 #ba-bi4 ,! *ange ?us indicat$ is    
commonly call$ a moral resurrection4 ,my
 critic w\ld h ! la/ two v]ses ref] to !
 g5]al resurrection at ! end ( ! _w2    
:ile he seems to admit t all ! re/      
relates to a moral resurrection1 two ?+s
 z unlike z !y possibly c\ld be4 ,su* is
 n our ,"l's mode ( tea*+4 ,i und]/& !  
:ole passage z conf9$ to "o subject1 !  
moral resurrection4 ,he divides !       
subject into two p>ts1 to be sure1 b x  
is ! same subject 9 bo? p>ts--fir/1 !   
moral resurrection !n 9 progress2 &     
second1 ! moral resurrection com+ on a m
 ext5sive scale1 ev5 embrac+ all m54    
,jesus *anges "o ^w only1 us+ graves1--m
 prop]ly tombs1--in/ead ( dea?4 ,b com+ 
out ( dea? into life1 & com+ out ( !    
tombs into life1 are ess5tially ! same  
?+4 ,bo? are figurative expressions4 ,i 

insi/ t :]e ,jesus says1 ,! h\r is com+ 
& n[ is1 he conveys ! impression t ! !n 
pres5t process 0 9 its nature ! same z !
 com+ "o1 only t ! latt] w\ld be m      
ext5d$1 ev5 univ]sal4   ,,! ,,^w ,a     
,,god4  ,t ,tr9it>ians %\ld translate   
?is expression1 ,! ,^w 0 ,god1 9 ,john  
i4 #a1 might be expect$2 b by ! rules ( 
translat+ ! ,greek language into        
,engli%1 ! expression %\ld be1 ,! ,^w 0 
a god4 ,! rule ( ,middleton t ! article 
mu/ n be us$ 9 ! pr$icate ( a s5t5ce may
 hold good1 :5 x conflicts ) no sup]ior 
rule2 b if tak5 absolutely1 x has _m    
exceptions4 ,i suppose ! r5[n$ ,orig5   
und]/ood ! ,greek language4 ,he         
int]prets ! passage be=e u z ,i d4      
,orig5 uses ,greek3 !os 7god71 n 9 our  
mod]n s5se1 z a prop] "n1 b z a common  
"n4 ,?is use ( ! t]m1 :i* 0 common to   
him ) 8 contempor>ies1 & cont9u$ to be  
common aft] 8 "t1 is illu/rat$ by 8     
rem>ks on ! passage1 '& ! ,logos 0      
,god'2 9 :i* he cont5d$1 t ! ,logos 0   
god1 9 an inf]ior s5se2--n z we w\ld say

 ,god1 b a god1 n ! div9e be+1 b a div9e
 be+4 7,opp4 iv4 p4 #dh1 reqq474 ,see   
,norton's ,/atem5t ( ,reasons1 p4 #abj1 
note4  ,! quotation f ! ,a?anasian cre$ 
_h bett] be5 omitt$2 = _m w read x1 :o  
_h n be=e kn[n t x conta9$ any su*      
absurdity2 & w h less respect = !       
,tr9ity ?an !y w\ld wi% to h4 ,!        
quotation is1 ,! ,fa!r is ,god1 ! ,son  
is ,god1 & ! ,holy ,_s is ,god2 & yet !y
 787 are n ?ree ,gods1 b "o ,god4 ,i am 
accus$ ( foll[+ an uncritical pr9ciple1 
9 n reason+ 9 ! same way4 ,if x is      
uncritical1 ,i plead guilty1 & beg t my 
s5t5ce may be z mild z possible4 ,b be=e
 ! s5t5ce is pron\nc$ may x n be well to
 apply ! reason+ to "s o!r subject1--to 
,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john1 = in/ance8 ,ea* 
( ^! is a man2 b !y are n ?ree m5 b "o  
man6   ,,mello4  ,i compla9$ t !        
translators & revisors left out ?is ^w1 
app>5tly = ! reason t x conflicts ) _!  
!ology4 ,x makes c]ta9 ?+s to be ne> at 
h&1 :i* !y reg>d$ z f> 9 ! future4 ,my  
critic says1 ,! ,greek mello frequ5tly  

has ! mean+ assign$ to x by ,dr4        
,manley1 b x is n %ut up to t mean+1 p4 
#ajf4 ,x probably has t mean+ tw5ty     
times1 :]e x has any o!r mean+ once4 ,9 
! passages f :i* x is exclud$1 if x has 
any o!r mean+1 :y did !y n reta9 x1 &   
r5d] x accord+ to its true import1 & n  
?r[ x out8 ,mr4 ,kidd] does n meet !    
case1 :5 he %[s t ! ^w does sometimes h 
ano!r mean+4 ,8 bus9ess is to %[ t x has
 no mean+1 9 ! passages f :i* x is      
exclud$4 ,x w !n be 9 ord] to %[ :y !   
writ]s put su* a ^w 9 ^! passages4 ,:5 !
 translators recognize ! ^w1 !y seldom  
fail to give x a mean+ correspond+ to ! 
s5se ,i assign to x4  ,x is conc$$ t !  
wra? to come 7,matt4 iii4 #g2 ,luke iii4
 #g471 %\ld probably be ! wra? ab\t to  
come1 mean+ ! de/ruction soon to fall on
 ! ,jewi% ,/ate4 ,?is ^w mello 7ab\t7   
takes ! passage out ( ! h&s ( ^? :o w\ld
 apply x to a f>-(f et]nal puni%m5t4 ,! 
^w 9 o!r passages w\ld h be5 alike      
oppos$ to ! common con/ruction2 &1      
!re=e1 x 0 left out4 ,?is is ! pla9     

common-s5se view ( ! case2 & ,i %all    
hold ! translators & revis]s guilty ( a 
base fraud1 till "s good reason c be    
giv5 = _! conduct4 ,?is probably _c be  
done4  ,,ai,o,n1 ,,ai,o,,nios4 ,t !     
expression1 end ( ! _w1 :]e ! orig9al = 
_w is aion1 ev] has ! mean+ ( end ( ?is 
mat]ial univ]se _c be prov$4 ,:]e ,jesus
 promises to be ) 8 disciples to ! end (
 ! _w 7aion7 is ! mo/ favorable in/ance4
 ,b 9 ! s5se "h int5d$1 namely1 enabl+  
!m to p]=m miracles1 he 0 ) !m1 only to 
! end ( ! ,jewi% age4 ,by t "t ! ,gospel
 0 s well e/abli%$1 z no long] to ne$   
miracul\s int]position4 ,9 :at s5se     
,jesus 0 ) ! disciples1 is expla9$ by ! 
clos+ words ( ,m>k's ,gospel4 ,& !y w5t 
=?1 prea*+ ev]y:]e1 ! ,"l work+ ) !m1 & 
confirm+ ! ^w1 by ! signs t foll[$4     
,am54  ,my critic says ( aion1 p4 #ajg3 
,x may at times ref] to ! ,jewi%        
disp5sation1 ) its limit fix$ at !      
judgm5t execut$ ^u ! holy city1 & !     
de/ruction ( ! temple4 ,!n x may mean   
?is1 9 ,matt4 xiii4 #ch1 #ci1 #di1 &    

xxiv4 #c4 ,x does n always mean age2 =  
?is mean+ is inadequate = ! worlds1     
aionos1 ( ,heb4 i4 #b1 xi4 #c4 ,x does n
 seem s2 = ,god creat$ ! ages &         
disp5sations ( "t1 z mu* z he did !     
mat]ial worlds4 ,con/itut$ may be bett] 
?an creat$4 ,god is ! au?or ( bo?       
creations4 ,aion is a t]m t always      
implies "t1 or duration1 & n mat]ial    
sub/ance4 ,de ,qu9cey says t ev]y?+ has 
its aion4 ,! aion ( an individual man is
 ab\t sev5ty ye>s4 ,! aion ( ! human    
race w\ld probably be "s millions (     
ye>s4 ,x w\ld foll[ f ?is reason+ t !   
aion ( ,god w\ld be et]nal1 pa/1 & to   
come4 ,de ,qu9cey does n1 ,i believe1   
c>ry 8 reason+ to ?is result2 & ,i _h   
nev] se5 ! argum5t /at$ be=e1 z x is 9 !
 passages produc$ by ,mr4 ,k41 f        
,ari/otle & ,plato4 ,b ! same reason+ t 
makes ! aion ( ,god et]nal1 makes e o!r 
limit$4 ,x w\ld be illogical1 & appe> s 
at once1 if "o %\ld argue1 ,god is      
et]nal2 &1 !re=e1 puni%m5t is et]nal4   
,! rule g5]ally accept$ = und]/&+       

aionios1 is to modify ! mean+ accord+ to
 ! nature ( ! n\n :i* x qualifies4 ,if x
 d5ote duration1 ! am\nt ( duration w   
dep5d on ! n\n qualifi$4 ,?is rule =bids
 t et]nal puni%m5t %\ld be ( z long     
duration z et]nal life4 ,puni%m5t is a  
means to an end1 & 9 itself is          
undesirable4 ,life or happ9ess is an    
end2 ! long] cont9u$ ! bett]2 = x is    
desirable 9 itself4 ,x is t :i* we seek 
by means ( puni%m5t4 ,! less we h (     
puni%m5t1 ! bett]4 ,! m we h ( life1 !  
bett]4  ,my critic ought to h pond]$ !  
words ( ,dr4 ,taylor ,lewis1 be=e he    
ent]$ on ?is discussion4 ,8 words are1  
,! prea*]1 9 cont5d+ ) ! ,univ]sali/ & !
 ,re/orationi/1 w\ld commit an error1 & 
x may be1 suff] a failure 9 8 argum5t1  
%\ld he lay ! :ole /ress ( x on !       
etymological or hi/orical significance (
 ! words1 aion1 aionios1 & attempt to   
prove t ( !mselves !y necess>ily c>ry ! 
mean+ ( endless duration4 ,lange's      
,eccl4 p4 #dh4 ,bee*]'s ,retribution1 p4
 #aed4 ,pr(4 ,lewis says t aionios means

 p]ta9+ to ! age or _w to come4 ,! only 
fault ?is def9ition has1 is ! addition (
 ! words to come4 ,jesus says1 ,^! %all 
g away into ! puni%m5t ( ! age1 & !     
righte\s into ! life ( ! age4 ,! age    
ref]r$ to1 is ! ,*ri/ian age or         
disp5sation1 t has already come4 ,x is !
 same z has all along be5 call$1 ! age  
to come1 or ab\t to come4 ,x 0 to foll[ 
! ,jewi% age1 :i* 0 soon to end4 ,bo?   
toge!r are ref]r$ to z ?is age & t :i*  
is ab\t to come4 ,b :5 ! p>able ( ! %eep
 & goats beg9s1 ! age is already come4  
,! =m "h giv5 by ,taylor ,lewis is !    
same z ,jesus himself us$1 if he spoke !
 ,aramaic1 z my critic says he did1 & ,i
 agree ) him4 ,he did n say1 ,^! %all g 
away into aionion puni%m5t1 etc41 :i* is
 ! unw>rant$ ,greek =m4 ,b 8 words are1 
,^! %all g away into ! puni%m5t ( ! age 
7or p]ta9+ to ! age71 & ! righte\s into 
! life ( ! age 7or p]ta9+ to ! age74 ,x 
is ! same =m 9 ! ,pe%ito-,syriac v]sion1
 made 9 ! days ( ! ,apo/les4 ,x is !    
same 9 ! ,hebrew ,new ,te/am5t1         

translat$ by ! ,bible society1 to       
circulate among ! mod]n ,jews4  ,i h 9  
my possession ov] a hundr$ passages1 f  
classic ,greek au?ors1 9 :i* aion is us$
 9 a limit$ s5se1 g5]ally d5ot+ human   
life1 or ! age ( man4 ,x is us$1 9 a few
 in/ances1 to d5ote an endless age1 by  
atta*+ to x ano!r ^w = endless4 ,!      
adjective aionios is us$ v little by ^! 
au?ors1 & n at all1 ,i ?9k1 by ! m      
anci5t ones4 ,no lexicon gives x !      
def9ition ( et]nal1 till long aft] ! "t 
( ,*ri/2 & ! rem>k is add$1 :5 ?us      
def9$1 t x is s und]/ood by ! !ologians4
  ,b ! pr9cipal help = und]/&+ ! ,greek 
( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is ! ,greek v]sion ( 
! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,septuag9t4 ,! words 
we are discuss+ are f\nd 9 t v]sion n f>
 f f\r hundr$ times1 ?ree f\r?s ( !m    
probably 9 a limit$ s5se4 ,! ,hebrew =m1
 ! /atutes ( ! age1 are r5d]$ into      
,greek1 ev]la/+ or aionion /atutes2 !   
cov5ant ( ! age1 ! aionion cov5ant1 etc4
 ,^! t]ms h sixte5 diff]5t r5d]+s4 ,!y  
are1 ev]la/+1 =ev]1 =ev]more1 p]petual1 

ev]1 nev] 7:5 jo9$ ) a negative         
p>ticle71 old1 anci5t1 long1 always1 _w1
 la/+1 et]nal1 cont9uance1 at any "t1   
,elam4 ,! la/ ^w /&s = ! ,hebrew olam1 !
 ^w answ]+ to aion 9 ! ,greek4 ,) ^!    
def9itions 9 view 7a numb] ( !m be+     
limit$ t]ms71 x w\ld be folly to claim t
 ?is ^w has an unlimit$ mean+ :5 appli$ 
to puni%m5t4 ,! puni%m5t :i* ,god       
inflicts is limit$4 ,heb4 #ab4  ,great  
/ress is plac$ on ! circum/ance1 t 9    
,matt4 xxv4 #df1 ! puni%m5t & ! life are
 spok5 ( ne> toge!r1 ev5 9 ! same v]se4 
,t]tullian1 & lat] ,augu/9e1 urg$ ?is   
fact z pro( t bo? mu/ be ( ! same       
duration4 ,! late ,alb]t ,b>ns ?\ght !  
argum5t s\nd4 ,( c\rse1 no l>ge man ev] 
rode a l>ge horse1 )\t be+ ( ! same     
size4 ,p]haps an illu/ration f          
,scripture w be m satisfactory4 ,& !    
et]nal m\nta9s 7 scatt]$2 ! ev]la/+     
hills did b[2 8 ways are ev]la/+4 ,hab4 
iii4 #f4 ,= ! la/ s5t5ce1 see ! m>g91   
,revis$ ,edition4 ,are !re to be no ways
 ( ,god1 aft] ! m\nta9s & hills are     

gone8 ,besides1 ?is :ole p>able has its 
fulfilm5t1 n 9 et]nity1 b 9 ! ,*ri/ian  
disp5sation4 ,x began to be fulfill$ at 
! com+ ( ,*ri/1 :5 "s 7 liv+1 :o _h he>d
 him1 dur+ 8 m9i/ry1 ne>ly =ty ye>s     
be=e4 ,matt4 xvi4 #bg1 #bh4 ,no fix$    
rew>ds & puni%m5ts are possible "u !    
circum/ances1 = m5 are *ang+4 ,! r5d]+  
p]ta9+ to ! age1 has no objection ( ?is 
k9d4 ,if x be claim$ t a man1 once a    
,*ri/ian1 always a ,*ri/ian1 no "o c    
d\bt1 t a man1 n a ,*ri/ian1 may become 
"o1 & s *ange 8 condition--a pro( t 8   
condition is n et]nal4  ,i w close ?is  
article by a few words on ! apocalypse4 
,! dramatic repres5tation ( ,ei*horn is 
correct1 save ! add$ clause1 ! et]nal   
felicity ( ! future life describ$4 ,!   
holy city is n heav52 x came d[n f ,god 
out ( heav54 ,x does n d5ote a f9al &   
fix$ condition4 ,x is f\r-squ>e1 & has  
?ree gates on ea* side2 & all ( !m op5  
cont9ually1 to admit ^? :o wi% to ent]2 
& ! invitation is s\nd$ )\t ceas+1 to ! 
outsid]s f )91 to come & p>take ( !     

wat]s ( life freely4 ,nei!r 9 ! ,new    
,j]usalem1 nor ! lake ( fire1 is !re any
 allusion to ! et]nal _w ( fix$ &       
*angeless conditions4  ,9 ^? days1 :5   
books 7 n pr9t$1 b transcrib$ by ! h&1 x
 0 cu/om>y = ! au?or to make a /rong    
appeal to ! copyi/ or transcrib]1 n to  
make any alt]ation 9 ! book1 ) c]ta9    
p5alties1 fictiti\s or o!rwise4 ,h5ce ! 
,revelation closes ) ?is admonition1--n 
to add to1 nor take f1 ! book 7xxii4    
#ah1 #ai471 ! p5alty be+ suffici5tly    
sev]e1 to :i* ,i w\ld comm5d ! late     
revis]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4     ,,!      
,,negro ,,"q ,,f ,,! ,,negro',s ,,po9t  
,,( ,,view4  ,,by ,,pr(4 ,w4 ,s4        
,,sc>bor\gh4   ,9 ! discussion ( !      
s-call$ ,negro ,problem1 !re is1 z a    
rule1 a great deal ( ! s5tim5tal & /ill 
m ( ! s5sational4 ,by a s]ies ( non     
sequitur argum5ts ! av]age disputant    
succe$s admirably 9 prov+ :at is =eign  
to ! subject4 ,?is is true ( writ]s (   
bo? sections ( our c\ntry--,nor? z well 
z ,s\?--b especially true ( ^? ( ! ,s\?4

  ,! rec5t symposium ( ,s\!rn writ]s 9 !
 ,indep5d5t on ! ,negro ,"q1 z int]e/+ z
 x 0 = novelty & v>iety ( view1 is no   
exception to ! rule4 ,if ! negro c\ld be
 induc$ to believe = a mom5t t he 0 ?us 
actually de/itute ( all ! elem5ts t g to
 make up a rational creature1 8 life    
w\ld be mis]able beyond endurance4 ,b he
 has n rea*$ t po9t nor does he c>e to  
rea* x4 ,o!rs may exclaim3--      ,o wad
 "s p[] ! giftie gi'e u     ,to see     
oursel's z i!rs see u2  b n ! negro1 if 
! vision mu/ always be s di/ort$4 ,!    
black man is naturally ( a sangu9e      
temp]am5t1 z has s (t5 be5 said2 & !    
facts 9 ! case be> him out 9 ent]ta9+ a 
hopeful view ( 8 own future & 8 ability 
to c>ve x out4 ,i am sure t !y d n      
w>rant ev5 our ,s\!rn fri5ds 9 tak+ su* 
a pessimi/ic view ( ! situation1 s f> z 
! negro himself is conc]n$4 ,b facts are
 ( little acc\nt n[adays4 ,!re is a     
t5d5cy to ignore !m & appeal to !       
prejudices & passions ( m51 & t1 too1 :5
 x is well kn[n t su* me?ods ( proc$ure 

prolong r ?an settle ! "q at issue4 ,?is
 is ! "w ( ! al>mi/--to keep ?+s /irr$  
up & always 9 an unsettl$ /ate4  ,i ?9k 
x may be ju/ly inf]r$ t ! av]age :ite   
man does n und]/& ! black man1 & t he is
 /ill an unkn[n quantity to _m ( ! :ite 
p ( ! c\ntry1 ev5 to ^? :o pr(ess to "k 
him be/4 ,admitt+ ?is1 !n1 x is b       
natural t mu* ( _! delib]ation & _m ( _!
 conclusions %\ld be wide ( ! m>k4 ,!   
negro does n c5sure ! :ite man = 8      
conclusions z !y are ! logical          
consequ5ce ( 8 premises1 b he does      
object to 8 premises4 ,our :ite fri5ds  
make _! mi/ake 9 seem+ by all _!        
movem5ts to insi/ t !re is b "o /&po9t f
 :i* to view ?is "q1 ! :ite man's2 b !re
 is ano!r & ! negro is view+ x f t side1
 n selfi%ly b 9 a fri5dly & bro!rly _s4 
,s5ator ,george 0 "r :5 he said t !     
solution ( ?is "q %\ld be left to "t1 b 
wrong :5 he fur!r add$1 & to ! s\nd     
judgm5t ( ! ,s\!rn p4 ,! rec5t          
disfran*isem5t ( ! negroes ( 8 native   
,/ate %[s v pla9ly to ! ?\ghtful citiz5 

t ! ,s\? is n yet capable ( ju/ly h&l+  
?is "q1 not)/&+ t !y are ! p :o h !     
tr\ble be=e !m e day4 ,?is is           
,mississippi's fatal mi/ake & "o t      
places ! ,/ate 9 ! re> ( h] ,s\!rn      
si/]s1 & = ! pres5t1 at lea/1 less5s !  
value ( any sugge/ion f t qu>t]4  ,x is 
well und]/ood t ! s5tim5t ( ! ,am]ican p
 is t en\gh has be5 done = ! negro2 t ! 
c\ntry is "u no obligations to look     
fur!r aft] 8 int]e/1 & t he mu/ act =   
himself4 ,survival ( ! fitte/ is n[ !   
wat*word4 ,!re is no objection to ?is   
provid$ ! blacks are all[$ to d =       
!mselves1--to survive z ! fitte/1 if x  
be possible1--b ?is !y are n all[$ to d4
 ,!y are c]ta9ly anxi\s to "w out _! own
 de/9y4 ,!y are tir$ ( s5tim5t & are    
!re=e impati5t4 ,!y desire to %[ to ! _w
 t !y are n only misund]/ood b misjudg$4
 ,!y are will+ to unite ) ei!r ,nor? or 
,s\? 9 ! adju/m5t ( pres5t difficulties4
  ,unlike ! ,indians !y are s9c]e--nei!r
 trea*]\s nor deceitful4 ,!y are simple1
 frank1 & op5-he>t$1 & are z desir\s (  

good gov]nm5t z are ! mo/ honor$ citiz5s
 ( ! l&4 ,let alone1 !y w give nei!r !  
,/ate nor ! nation any tr\ble4 ,!y feel 
!mselves a "p & p>cel ( ! nation & z su*
 h an int]e/ 9 its prosp]ity z deep z ^?
 :o are all[$ to ex]cise1 untrammell$1 !
 rights ( citiz5%ip4  ,to keep ! blacks 
submissive !re is ne$ ( nei!r army nor  
navy4 ,?\gh at ! foot ( ! ladd] !y are  
cont5t$ to rema9 !re1 until by virtue ( 
_! own ef=ts !y may rise to high]       
planes4 ,! negro has nev] s\ght1 does n 
n[1 nor w he seek to /ep beyond 8 limit4
 ,social equality1 ,negro dom9ation1 &  
,negro supremacy1 are mean+less t]ms to 
him s f> z 8 own aspirations are        
conc]n$4 ,! social side ( ?is "q w      
regulate itself4 ,x has always done s1 9
 all ages & all climes1 despite co]cion1
 despite law4 ,?is is ! lea/ ( ! negro's
 c>es4 ,8 dem& = civil rights is no dem&
 = social equality4 ,?is is a mi/ak5    
view ( ! subject4 ,x is ?is dread (     
social equality1 ?is fe> ( social       
contact ) ! negro t precludes _m        

well-mean+ p f secur+ accurate in=mation
 9 reg>d to ! aims1 & purposes1 &       
capabilities ( ^? :om !y desire to help4
 ,b !re is light ahead1 d>k z at times x
 n[ may seem1 & errone\s z are ! views 9
 reg>d to ! negro's relation to !       
,am]ican body-politic4  ,congressman    
,h]b]t1 9 8 ef=t to %[ ! negro's        
incapacity = self-gov]nm5t by call+     
att5tion to ! defalcations1             
embezzlem5ts1 & petty l>c5ies1 etc41 (  
recon/ruction times1 =gets t if ?is is  
to be tak5 z ! gauge ( capacity =       
self-gov]nm5t1 ! same rule w apply to   
bank & railroad wreck]s ( ! pres5t      
day1--to e default] & embezzl] ( ,/ate &
 private funds1 & to e abscond+ cl]k4   
,n[ we mu/ rememb] t ?is class ( citiz5s
 is enorm\sly l>ge1 & t !y are all :ite1
 z a rule4 ,e daily pap] t "o picks up  
devotes consid]able space to ?is class (
 citiz5s :o1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h]b]t1 has
 %[n its incapacity = self-gov]nm5t1 z  
well z ! incapacity ( o!rs :o alone h   
acquir$ su* a capacity z is claim$ by   

,congressman ,b>nes4 ,que] logic is x n8
 ,! latt] %\ld say s1 = x is he :o      
claims t ! ,anglo-,saxon is ! only memb]
 ( ! human family :o has yet %[n evid5ce
 ( a capacity = self-gov]nm5t4  ,aga91 x
 is said t ! negro _c atta9 high & rigid
 s*ol>%ip1 & ev5 ^? :o h succe$$ 9      
becom+ educat$ if left to !mselves w\ld 
relapse into b>b>ism4 ,n[1 ,i _c believe
 t any su* /atem5t z ?is c be made )    
s9c]ity4 ,9 ! light ( ! facts x is      
prepo/]\s4 ,flipp]1 :ile at ,we/ ,po9t1 
demon/rat$ beyond controv]sy ! fallacy (
 su* a position z ! fir/2 & !re is h>dly
 a college comm5cem5t 9 :i* "s negro 9  
"s way does n cont9ue to %[ its falsity 
by di/+ui%+ himself by 8 extraord9>y    
atta9m5ts4 ,ev5 :ile ,i write1 a lett]  
lies be=e me f a "y color$ /ud5t1 a     
graduate ( ,br[n ,univ]sity1 :o is n[   
tak+ a po/-graduate c\rse at ! ,am]ican 
,s*ool = ,classical ,/udies1 at ,a!ns1  
,greece4 ,f all reports1 he is mak+ an  
excell5t record1 & w pres5t a !sis 9    
,m>* on ,! ,demes ( ,a!ns4 ,z to relaps+

 into b>b>ism1 7 ! negro remov$ f :ite  
influ5ce1 ! m]e m5tion ( ! negro s*ol>1 
,dr4 ,edw>d ,blyd51 born on ! isl& ( ,/4
 ,?omas1 educat$ & re>$ 9 ,africa away f
 ! slighte/ social contact ) p (        
,anglo-,saxon extraction1 is suffici5t  
pro( t su* a conclusion is n a correct  
"o4  ,:at a lead+ j\rnal has said 9     
reg>d to ! ,indians may be repeat$ "h z 
applicable to ! negro3 ,! mo/ cry+ ne$ 9
 ,indian negro affairs is its           
dis5tanglem5t f politics & political    
manipulations4  ,"h is an opportunity = 
! ,*ur*1 b ! ,*ur* has %[n itself :olly 
inadequate to meet ! case1 & because (  
its t5d5cy to %irk its duty1 may be said
 to be to blame = _m ( ! tr\bles gr[+   
out ( ! pres5ce ( ! negro on ?is        
cont95t4 ,i h not$ t !re is m prejudice 
9 ! ,*ur*1 z a rule1 ?an !re is 9 !     
,/ate4 ,if1 z is ass]t$ by "s1 nei!r    
,*ur* nor ,/ate c settle ?is "q1 !n !re 
is no?+ to be done b to leave x to "t & 
! comb9$ pati5ce & =be>ance ( ! ,am]ican
 p1--black z well z :ite4     ,a        

,,prairie ,,h]o9e4  ,,by ,,haml9 ,,g>l&4
   ,lucretia ,burns _h nev] be5 h&some1 
ev5 9 h] days ( e>ly girlhood1 & n[ %e 0
 middle ag$1 di/ort$ ) "w & *ild-be>+1 &
 look+ fad$ & worn z "o ( ! b\ld]s t lay
 beside ! pa/ure f5ce ne> :]e %e sat    
milk+ a l>ge :ite c[4  ,%e _h no %awl or
 hat & no %oes1 = x 0 /ill muddy 9 !    
little y>d1 :]e ! cattle /ood pati5tly  
fight+ ! flies & mosquitoes sw>m+ into  
_! sk9s already wet ) blood4 ,! ev5+ 0  
oppressive ) its heat1 & a r+ ( j-se5   
?und]-heads gave premonitions ( an      
approa*+ /orm4  ,an obs]v] see+         
,lucretia ,burns z %e rose f ! c['s     
side1 & tak+ h] pails ( foam+ milk      
/agg]$ t[>d ! gate1 w\ld h be5 made weak
 ) sympa!tic pa94 ,! two pails hung f h]
 lean arms1 h] b>e feet slipp$ on !     
fil?y gr\nd1 h] greasy & fad$ calico    
dress %[$ h] tir$1 swoll5 ankles1 & !   
mosquitoes sw>m$ m]cilessly on h] neck &
 b$d$ !mselves 9 h] colorless hair4  ,! 
*ildr5 7 qu>rell+ at ! well & ! s\nd (  
bl[s c\ld be he>d4 ,calves 7 qu]ul\sly  

call+ = _! milk1 & little turkeys lo/ 9 
! tangle ( grass 7 pip+ pla9tively4  ,! 
sun j sett+ /ruck ?r\gh a long1 l[ rift 
l a boy peep+ b5ea? ! eaves ( a huge    
ro(4 ,its light br\ght out ,lucretia's  
face z %e lean$ h] sall[ =ehead on ! top
 b> ( ! gate & look$ t[>ds ! we/4  ,x 0 
a pitifully worn1 almo/ tragic          
face1--long1 ?91 sall[1 holl[-ey$4 ,!   
m\? _h long s9ce lo/ ! p[] to %ape      
itself into a kiss1 & _h a droop at !   
corn]s :i* seem$ to ann\nce a break+ d[n
 at any mom5t into a despair+ wail4 ,!  
coll>less neck & %>p %\ld]s %[$         
pa9fully4  ,%e felt vaguely t ! night 0 
beautiful1 ! sett+ sun1 ! noise ( frogs1
 ! nocturnal insects beg9n+ to pipe--all
 9 "s way call$ h] girlhood back to h]1 
?\gh !re 0 little 9 h] girlhood to give 
h] pleasure4 ,h] l>ge gray eyes 7h] only
 int]e/+ feature7 grew r\nd1 deep1 &    
wi/ful z %e saw ! illimitable craggy    
cl\ds gr[ crimson1 roll sl[ly up1 & fire
 at ! top4 ,a *ildi% scream recall$ h]4 
,oh my s\l6 %e half groan$1 half swore1 

z %e lift$ h] milk & hurri$ to ! well4  
,arriv+ !re1 %e cuff$ ! *ildr5 "r & left
 ) all h] rema9+ /r5g?1 say+ 9          
ju/ification3--  ,my s\l6 c't y--y "y   
'uns give me a m9ute's peace8 ,l& kn[s1 
,i'm almo/ gone up--wa%9' an' milk9' six
 c[s1 & t5d9' y & cook9' f'r him1       
ought'o be en\gh f'r "o day6 ,sadie1 y  
let him dr9k n['r ,i'll slap y\r head   
(f1 y hateful ?+6 ,:y c't y behave1 :5 y
 "k ,i'm je/ ab\t dead4 ,%e 0 weep+ n[1 
) n]v\s weakness4 ,:]e's y'r pa8 %e ask$
 aft] a mom5t1 wip+ h] eyes ) h] apron4 
,"o ( ! gr\p1 ! "o cuff$ la/1 sniffl$   
out1 9 rage & grief3--  ,he's 9 !       
cornfield1--:]e'd ye s'pose he 08  ,good
 l&6 :y don't ! man "w all night8 ,sile1
 y put t dipp] 9 t milk ag91 an' ,i'll  
:ack y till y\r head'll swim6 ,sadie1   
le' g ,pet1 an' g 'n get !m turkeys out 
( ! grass '=e x gits d>k6 ,bob1 y g tell
 y'r dad if he wants ! re/ o' !m c[s    
milk$1 he's got 'o d x himself4 ,i je/  
c't1 & :at's m ,i won't1 %e end$        
rebelli\sly4  ,hav+ /ra9$ ! milk & f$ ! 

*ildr51 %e took "s skimm$ milk f ! cans 
& />t$ to fe$ ! calves bawl+ /r5u\sly   
beh9d ! b>n4 ,! eag] & unruly brutes    
pu%$ & /ruggl$ to get into ! pails all  
at once1 & 9 consequ5ce spilt ne>ly all 
( ! milk on ! gr\nd4 ,?is 0 ! la/       
trial1--! woman fell d[n on ! damp grass
 & moan$ & sobb$ l a craz$ ?+4 ,! *ildr5
 /ood ar\nd l little p>tridges1 look+ at
 h] 9 sil5ce1 till at la/ ! little "o   
began to wail4 ,!n ! "m rose we>ily to  
h] feet1 & walk$ sl[ly back t[>ds !     
h\se4  ,%e he>d ,burns ?re%+ 8 team at !
 well1 ) ! s\nd ( oa?s4 ,he 0 tir$1     
hungry1 & ill-temp]$1 b %e 0 too        
desp]ate to c>e4 ,8 poor1 ov]work$ team 
did n move quick en\gh = him1 & 8 extra 
long turn 9 ! corn _h made him dang]\s4 
,8 eyes gleam$ f 8 du/-laid face4       
,supp] ready8 he gr[l$4  ,yes1 two h\rs 
ago4  ,well1 ,i c't help x6 ,t devili%  
corn is gett+ too tall to pl[ aga91 &   
,i've got 'o g ?r\gh x to-morr[ or n at 
all4 ,c[s milk$8  ,"p ( 'em4  ,h[ _m8   
,?ree4  ,hell6 ,:i* ?ree8  ,spot1 &     

,br91 & ,*]ry4  ,( c\rse6 kept ! ?ree   
wor/ ones4 ,i'll be damn$ if ,i milk 'm 
to-night4 ,i don't see :y y play out je/
 ! nights ,i ne$ ye mo/-- "h he kick$ a 
*ild out ( ! way4 ,git out 'o t6 ,ha9t  
ye got no s5se8 ,i'll le>n ye--  ,/op t1
 ,sim ,burns6 cri$ ! woman1 snat*+ up ! 
*ild4 ,y're a reg'l> ol' hy5y1--t's :at 
y are-- %e add$ defiantly1 r\s$ at la/ f
 h] le?>gy4  ,y're a--beauty1 t's :at y 
are1 he said1 pitilessly4 ,keep y\r     
brats out f'um "u my feet2 & he /rode (f
 to ! b>n aft] 8 team1 leav+ h] ) a     
fi]ce hate 9 h] he>t4 ,%e he>d him yell+
 at 8 team 9 _! /alls4  ,! *ildr5 _h _h 
_! supp] s %e took !m to b$4 ,%e 0      
unusually t5d] to !m = %e want$ to make 
up 9 "s way = h] h>%ness4 ,! f]ocity (  
h] husb& _h %[n up h] own petulant temp]
 hide\sly1 & %e sat & sobb$ 9 ! d>kness 
a long "t beside ! cradle :]e ! little  
,pet slept4  ,%e he>d ,burns come gr[l+ 
9 & tramp ab\t1--! supp] 0 on ! table1  
he c\ld wait on himself4 ,!re 0 an awful
 feel+ at h] he>t z %e sat !re & ! h\se 

grew quiet4 ,%e ?\ght ( suicide 9 a     
vague way2 ( someh[ tak+ h] *ildr5 9 h] 
arms & s9k+ into a lake some:]e1 :]e %e 
w\ld nev] m be tr\bl$1 :]e %e c\ld sleep
 =ev]1 )\t toil or hung]4  ,!n %e ?\ght 
( ! little turkeys w&]+ 9 ! grass1 ( !  
*ildr5 sleep+ at la/1 ( ! quiet1        
wond]ful />s4 ,!n %e ?\ght ( ! c[s left 
unmilk$1 & li/5$ to !m /irr+ uneasily 9 
! y>d4 ,%e rose1 at la/1 & /ole =?4 ,%e 
c\ld n rid h]self ( ! ?\ght t !y w\ld   
suff]4 ,%e knew :at ! dull a*e 9 ! full 
brea/s ( a "m 01 & %e c\ld n let !m /&  
at ! b>s all night moan+ = relief4  ,!  
mosquitoes _h gone1 b ! frogs &         
katy-dids /ill sang1 :ile ov] 9 ! we/   
,v5us %one4 ,%e 0 a long "t milk+ ! c[s2
 h] h&s 7 s tir$ %e _h (t5 to /op & re/ 
!m1 :ile ! te>s fell unhe$$ into ! pail4
 ,%e saw & felt little ( ! ext]nal z %e 
sat !re4 ,%e ?\ght ( h[ sweet x seem$ ! 
fir/ "t ,sim came to see h]1 ( ! _m     
rides to t[n ) him :5 he 0 an accept$   
lov]1 ( ! few ?+s he _h giv5 h]1 a coral
 brea/p9 & a r+4  ,%e felt no %ame at h]

 pres5t mis]able appe>ance1 %e 0 pa/ t2 
%e h>dly felt z if ! tall1 /rong girl1  
attractive ) heal? & hope1 c\ld be !    
same s\l z ! woman :o n[ sat 9 utt]     
despair li/5+ to ! heavy brea?+ ( !     
happy c[s1 grateful = ! relief f _!     
burd5 ( milk4  ,%e contra/$ h] lot ) t (
 two or ?ree wom5 t %e knew1 n a v high 
/&>d1 :o kept hir$ help1 & :o _h f9e    
h\ses ( f\r or five rooms4 ,ev5 !       
neighbors 7 bett] (f ?an %e1 = !y didn't
 h su* qu>rels4 ,b %e wasn't to         
blame--,sim didn't--!n h] m9d *ang$ to a
 vague res5tm5t aga9/ ?+s2 ev]y?+ seem$ 
aga9/ h]4  ,%e rose at la/ & c>ri$ h]   
second load ( milk to ! well1 /ra9$ x1  
wa%$ out ! pails1 & aft] ba?+ h] tir$   
feet 9 a tub t /ood !re1 %e put on a    
pair ( horrible %oes )\t /ock+s1 & crept
 /eal?ily into ! h\se4 ,sim did n he> h]
 z %e slipp$ up ! /airs to ! little l[1 
unf9i%$ *amb] beside h] olde/           
*ildr51--%e c\ld n be> to sleep ne> him 
t night1--%e want$ a *ance to sob h]self
 to quiet4  ,z = ,sim1 he 0 a little    

di/urb$ b w\ld z soon h cut (f 8 head z 
ackn[l$ge himself 9 ! wrong1 b he yell$ 
z he w5t to b$1 & f\nd h] /ill away3--  
,say1 ol' woman1 a9t ye com9' to b$8 &  
^u receiv+ no answ] he roll$ 8 a*+ body 
into ! creak+ b$4 ,d z ye damn please   
ab\t x4 ,if ye wan' to sulk y' c4 ,& 9  
su* wise ! family grew quiet 9 sleep1   
:ile ! moi/1 w>m air puls$ ) ! ceaseless
 *ime ( ! crickets4   ,,ii4  ,:5 ,sim   
,burns woke ! next morn+ he felt a %>p] 
tw+e ( remorse4 ,x 0 n a broad or       
well-def9$ feel+1 j a s5se t he'd be5   
unduly irritable1 n t on ! :ole he 0 n 9
 ! "r4 ,little ,pet lay ) ! w>m ,june   
sun%9e fill+ 8 baby eyes1 curi\sly      
cont5t 9 /rik+ at flies t buzz$ ar\nd 8 
little m\?4  ,! man ?ru/ 8 dirty nak$   
feet into 8 huge boots1 &1 )\t wa%+ 8   
face or comb+ 8 hair1 w5t out to ! b>n  
to d 8 *ores4  ,he 0 a type ( ! prairie 
f>m] & 8 :ole surr\nd+ 0 typical4 ,he _h
 a qu>t]-section ( f9e level l&1        
mortgag$1 ( c\rse1 b 8 h\se 0 a little  
box-l /ructure1 co/+1 p]haps1 five      

hundr$ doll>s4 ,x _h ?ree rooms & !     
ev]-pres5t summ] kit*5 atta*$ to ! back4
 ,x 0 unpa9t$ & _h no t\* ( beauty1 a   
m]e box4  ,8 /able 0 built ( slabs &    
bank$ & cov]$ ) /raw4 ,x look$ l a d51 0
 l[ & long1 & _h b "o door 9 ! end4 ,!  
c[-y>d held t5 or fifte5 cattle ( v>i\s 
k9ds1 :ile a few calves 7 bawl+ f a p5  
ne> by4 ,beh9d ! b>n on ! we/ & nor? 0 a
 fr+e ( will[s =m+ a w9d-break4 ,a few  
brok5 & disc\rag$ fruit trees /&+ "h &  
!re among ! we$s =m$ ! g>d54 ,9 %ort1 he
 0 spok5 ( by 8 neighbors z a h>d-work+ 
cuss1 & tollably well fix$4  ,no grace  
_h come or ev] c\ld come into 8 life4   
,back ( him 7 g5]ations ( m5 l himself1 
^: ma9' bus9ess _h be5 to "w h>d1 live  
mis]ably1 & beget *ildr5 to take _!     
places aft] !y di$4 ,he 0 a product4  ,8
 c\rt%ip _h be5 delay$ s long on acc\nt 
( pov]ty t x br\ght little ( humaniz+   
emotion into 8 life4 ,he nev] m5tion$ x 
n[1 or if he did1 x 0 only to sne]      
obsc5ely at x4 ,he _h long s9ce ceas$ to
 kiss 8 wife or ev5 speak k9dly to h]4  

,!re 0 no long] any sanctity to life or 
love4 ,he *ew$ tobacco & toil$ on f ye> 
to ye> )\t any v cle>ly def9$ idea ( !  
future4  ,he 0 tall1 d>k1 & /rong1 9 a  
flat-*e/$1 sl\*+ sort ( way1 & _h gr[n  
neglectful ( ev5 dec5cy 9 8 dress4 ,he  
wore ! ,am]ican f>m]'s cu/om>y outfit ( 
r\gh br[n pants1 hickory %irt1 & greasy 
:ite hat4 ,x diff]$ f 8 neighbors1 ma9ly
 9 be+ a little dirti] & m ragg$4 ,8    
grimy h&s 7 broad & /rong z ! clut* ( a 
be>1 & he 0 a turrible fell] to turn (f 
"w1 z ,c\ncil said4 ,i dru!r h ,sim     
,burns "w = me "o day ?an "s m5 ?ree4   
,he's a l+]4 ,he work$ ) unusual spe$   
?is morn+1 & end$ by milk+ all ! c[s    
himself z a sort ( savage p5ance = 8    
misde$s ! previ\s ev5+1 mutt]+ 9        
self-def5ce3--  ,seems 's if ev]' cussid
 ?+ piles on to me at once4 ,t corn1 !  
road-tax1 & hay9' com9' on1 & n[ %e gits
 h] back up--  ,:5 he w5t back to ! well
 he slo%$ himself ?or\ghly 9 !          
horse-tr\gh & w5t to ! h\se4 ,he f\nd   
breakfa/ ready b 8 wife 0 n 9 sight4 ,! 

old] *ildr5 7 clamor+ ar\nd ! un9vit+   
breakfa/ table1 spread ) *eap plates & )
 boil$ potatoes & fri$ salt pork z !    
pr9cipal di%4  ,:]e's y'r ma8 he ask$1 )
 a ?reat5+ note 9 8 voice1 z he sat d[n 
by ! table4  ,%e's 9 ! b$room4  ,he rose
 & pu%$ op5 ! door4 ,! "m sat ) ! babe 9
 h] lap1 look+ out ( ! w9d[ d[n across !
 sup]b field ( timo?y1 mov+ l a lake4   
,%e did n look r\nd4 ,%e only grew      
rigid4 ,h] ?9 neck ?robb$ ) ! puls+ (   
blood to h] head4  ,:at's got into y1   
n[8 he said brutally2 don't be a fool4  
,come out & eat breakfa/ ) me1 an' take 
c>e o' y'r "y ones4  ,%e nei!r mov$ nor 
made a s\nd4 ,) an oa? he turn$ on 8    
heel & w5t out to ! table4 ,eat+ 8      
breakfa/ 9 8 usual wolfi% fa%ion1 he w5t
 out into ! hot sun ) 8 team & ridd+    
pl[1 n a little di/urb$ by ?is new phase
 ( 8 wife's cantank]\sness4 ,he pl[$    
/eadily & sull5ly all ! =5oon1 9 !      
t]rific heat & du/4 ,! air 0 full (     
tempe/u\s ?reats1 /ill & sultry1 "o ( ^?
 days :5 "w is a puni%m5t4 ,:5 he came 9

 at noon he f\nd ?+s ! same1--d9n] on ! 
table1 b 8 wife out 9 ! g>d5 ) ! y\nge/ 
*ild4  ,i c'n /& x z long z %e c1 he    
said to himself1 9 ! he>+ ( ! *ildr54   
,:5 he f9i%$ ! field ( corn x 0 aft]    
sund[n1 & he came up to ! h\se1 hot1    
du/y1 8 %irt wr++ wet ) sweat1 & 8 neck 
a*+ ) ! "w ( look+ d[n all day at !     
cornr[s4 ,8 mood 0 /ill /]n4 ,!         
multitud9\s lift1 & /ir1 & %e5 ( ! wide 
gre5 field _h be5 lo/ ^u him4  ,i wond] 
if %e's milk$ !m c[s1 he mutt]$ to      
himself4 ,he gave a sigh ( relief to f9d
 %e _h4 ,b %e _h done s n = 8 sake1 b = 
! sake ( ! poor1 pati5t1 dumb brutes4   
,:5 he w5t to ! b$room aft] supp]1 he   
f\nd t ! cradle & 8 wife's few little   
boxes & p>cels--poor pa!tic             
prop]ties--_h be5 remov$ to ! g>ret :i* 
!y call$ a *amb]1 & he knew he 0 to     
sleep alone aga94  ,%e'll git ov] x1 ,i 
guess4 ,he 0 v tir$ b he didn't feel q  
com=table en\gh to sleep4 ,! air 0      
oppressive4 ,8 %irt wet 9 places1 & /iff
 ) du/ 9 o!r places1 oppress$ him m ?an 

usual1 s he rose & remov$ x1 gett+ a    
clean "o out ( a draw]4 ,?is 0 an       
unusual ?+ = him1 = he usually slept 9 !
 same %irt :i* he wore 9 8 day's "w1 b x
 0 ,saturday night1 & he felt ju/ifi$ 9 
! extravagance4  ,9 ! mean:ile poor     
,lucretia 0 brood+ ov] h] life 9 a mo/  
dang]\s fa%ion4 ,all %e _h done & suff]$
 = ,simeon ,burns came back to h] till  
%e wond]$ h[ %e _h endur$ x all4 ,all   
day long 9 ! mid/ ( ! glori\s summ]     
l&scape %e brood$4  ,i hate him1 %e     
?\ght ) a fi]ce blaz+ up ?r\gh ! murk ( 
h] mus+1 ,i hate t' live4 ,b !y a9t no  
hope4 ,i'm ti$ d[n4 ,i c't leave !      
*ildr51 & ,i a9t got no money4 ,i       
c\ldn't make a liv+ out 9 ! _w4 ,i a9t  
nev] se5 any?+ an' don't "k any?+4  ,%e 
0 too simple & too unkn[+ to speculate  
on ! loss ( h] beauty1 :i* w\ld h br\ght
 h] compet5cy once1--if sold 9 ! "r     
m>ket4 ,z %e lay 9 h] little attic b$1  
%e 0 /ill sull5ly ?9k+1 we>ily ?9k+ ( h]
 life4 ,%e ?\ght ( a poor old horse :i* 
,sim _h b\ght once1 ye>s be=e1 & put to 

! pl\gh :5 x 0 too old & weak to "w4 ,%e
 c\ld see h] aga9 z 9 a vision1 t poor  
old m>e1 ) sad head droop+1 toil+1      
toil+1 till at la/ %e c\ld no long]     
move1 & ly+ d[n "u ! h>ness 9 ! furr[1  
groan$ "u ! :ip--& di$4  ,!n %e wond]$  
if h] own numbness & despair meant dea?1
 & %e held h] brea? to ?9k h>d] ^u x4   
,%e conclud$ at la/1 grimly1 t %e didn't
 c>e--only = ! *ildr54  ,! air 0        
frightfully close 9 ! little attic1 & %e
 he>d ! l[ mutt] ( ! ris+ /orm 9 ! we/4 
,%e =got h] tr\bles a little1 li/5+ to !
 f>-(f gigantic foot/eps ( ! tempe/4    
,boom1 boom1 boom1 x broke ne>] & ne>] z
 if a va/ cordon ( cannon 0 be+ drawn   
ar\nd ! horizon4 ,yet %e 0 consci\s only
 ( pleasure4 ,%e _h no fe>4 ,at la/ came
 ! sweep ( cool1 fragrant /orm-w9d1 a   
%ort & sudd5 da% ( ra91 & !n 9 ! cool1  
sweet hu% :i* foll[$1 ! worn & we>y     
woman fell into a deep sleep4  ,:5 %e   
woke ! y\ng] *ildr5 7 play+ ab\t on !   
floor 9 _! night-clo!s1 & little ,pet 0 
sitt+ 9 a squ>e ( sun%9e int5t on "o ( 8

 %oes4 ,he 0 too "y to "k h[ poor &     
squalid 8 surr\nd+s 71 ! pat* ( sun%9e  
flung on ! floor glorifi$ x all4 ,he    
7little animal7 0 happy4  ,! poor ( !   
we/]n prairies lie almo/ z unheal?ily   
close toge!r z d ! poor ( ! city        
t5em5ts4 ,9 ! small hut ( ! peasant !re 
is z little *ance to escape close &     
ta9t+ contact z 9 ! coops & d5s ( !     
,nor? ,end ( pr\d ,bo/on4 ,9 ! mid/ (   
oceans ( l&1 floods ( sun%9e & gulfs (  
v]dure1 ! f>m] lives 9 two or ?ree small
 rooms4 ,pov]ty's et]nal cordon is ev]  
r\nd ! poor4  ,ma1 :y didn't y sleep )  
pap la/ night8 ask$ ,bob1 ! sev5-ye>    
old1 :5 he saw %e 0 awake at la/4 ,%e   
flu%$ a dull r$4  ,%6 ,because--,i--x 0 
too w>m--& !re 0 a /orm com9'4 ,y nev]  
m9d ask9' su* que/ions4 ,is he gone out8
  ,yup4 ,i he]d him call9' ! pigs4 ,x's 
,sunday1 a9t x1 ma8  ,:y1 yes1 s x is6  
,wal6 ,n[ ,sadie1 y jump up an' dress   
quick's y' c1 an' ,bob an' ,sile1 y run 
d[n an' br+ s'm wat]1 %e comm&$1 9 n]v\s
 ha/e beg9n+ to dress4 ,9 ! middle ( !  

room !re 0 sc>ce space to /& b5ea? !    
raft]s4  ,:5 ,sim came 9 = 8 breakfa/ he
 f\nd x on ! table b 8 wife 0 abs5t4    
,:]e's y'r ma8 he ask$ ) a little less (
 ! gr[l 9 8 voice4  ,%e's up/airs )     
,pet4  ,! man ate 8 breakfa/ 9 dead     
sil5ce1 till at la/ ,bob v5tur$ to say1 
,:at makes ma ac' s8  ,%ut up6 0 !      
brutal reply4 ,! *ildr5 began to take   
sides ) ! "m--all b ! olde/ girl :o 0 t5
 ye>s old4 ,to h] ! fa!r turn$ n[ =     
c]ta9 ?+s to be done1 treat+ h] 9 8 r\gh
 fa%ion z a h\sekeep]1 & ! girl felt    
flatt]$ & docile accord+ly4  ,!y 7      
pitiably clad2 l mo/ f>m-*ildr51 inde$1 
!y c\ld h>dly be said to be clad at all4
 ,sadie _h on b two g>m5ts1 a sort (    
und]%irt ( cotton & a fad$ calico dress1
 out ( :i* h] b>e1 yell[ little legs    
protrud$1 lam5tably dirty & cov]$ )     
scrat*es4  ,! boys also _h two g>m5ts1 a
 hickory %irt & a pair ( pants l _!     
fa!r's1 made out ( br[n d5ims by ! "m's 
nev]-re/+ h&s1--h&s t 9 sleep /ill sew$1
 & skimm$1 & bak$1 & *urn$4 ,! boys _h  

gone to b$ )\t wa%+ _! feet1 :i* n[     
look$ l toads1 call\s$1 br[n1 & *app$4  
,"p ( ?is ! "m saw ) h] dull eyes z %e  
came d[n1 aft] see+ ! dep>ture ( ,sim up
 ! road ) ! c[s4 ,x 0 a beautiful       
,sunday morn+1 & ! woman might h sung l 
a bird if m5 7 only z k9d to h] z       
,nature4 ,b %e look$ dully on ! seas (  
ripe grasses1 tangl$ & fla%+ ) dew1 out 
( :i* ! bobol9ks & l>ks sprang4 ,!      
glori\s w9ds br\ght h] no melody1 no    
p]fume1 no respite f toil & c>e4  ,%e   
?\ght ( ! *ildr5 %e saw 9 ! t[n4 ,*ildr5
 ( ! m]*ant & bank]1 clean z little     
dolls1 ! boys 9 knick]bock] suits1 !    
girls 9 da9ty :ite dresses1 & a         
bitt]ness sprang into h] he>t4 ,%e soon 
put ! di%es away1 b felt too tir$ &     
li/less to d m4  ,taw-bay-wies6 ,pet    
want ta-aw-bay-wies6 cri$ ! little "o1  
tugg+ at h] dress4  ,li/lessly1         
me*anically %e took him 9 h] arms1 & w5t
 out into ! g>d5 :i* 0 fragrant & sweet 
) dew & sun4 ,aft] pick+ "s b]ries =    
him1 %e sat d[n on ! grass "u ! r[ (    

cotton-woods1 & sank into a k9d (       
le?>gy4 ,a k+bird *att]$ & %riek$       
ov]head1 ! gras%opp]s buzz$ 9 ! grasses1
 /range insects ) v5triloqui/ic voices  
sang all ab\t h]1--%e c\ld n tell :]e4  
,ma1 c't ,i put on my clean dress8      
insi/$ ,sadie4  ,i don't c>e1 said !    
brood+ woman d>kly4 ,leave me alone4    
,oh1 if %e c\ld only lie "h =ev]1 escap+
 all pa9 & we>9ess6 ,! w9d sang 9 h]    
e>s1 ! great cl\ds1 beautiful z heav5ly 
%ips1 float$ f> above 9 ! va/ dazzl+    
deeps ( blue sky1 ! birds ru/l$ & *irp$ 
ar\nd h]1 leap+-insects buzz$ & clatt]$ 
9 ! grass & 9 ! v9es & bu%es4 ,!        
goodness & glory ( ,god 0 9 ! v air1 !  
bitt]ness & oppression ( man 9 e l9e (  
h] face4  ,b h] quiet 0 brok5 by ,sadie 
:o came leap+ l a fawn d[n ?r\gh !      
grass4  ,o ma1 ,aunt ,m>ia & ,uncle     
,william are com+4 ,!y've je/ turn$ 94  
,i don't c>e if !y be6 %e answ]$ 9 !    
same dully-irritat$ way4 ,:at're !y     
com9' "h to-day =1 ,i wan' to "k4 ,%e   
/ay$ !re immovably1 till ,mrs4 ,c\ncil  

came d[n to see h]1 pilot$ by two or    
?ree ( ! *ildr54 ,mrs4 ,c\ncil1 a jolly1
 l>ge-fram$ woman1 smil$ brightly1 &    
greet$ h] 9 a l\d1 jovial voice4 ,%e    
made ! mi/ake ( tak+ ! :ole matt]       
lightly2 h] tone am\nt$ to ridicule4    
,sim says y've be5 hav+ a tantrum1      
,cree%y4 ,don't "k :at =1 he says4  ,he 
don't1 said ! wife ) a sull5 fla% 9 !   
eyes4 ,he don't "k :y6 ,well1 !n1 y j   
tell him :at ,i say4 ,i've liv$ 9 hell  
long en\gh4 ,i'm done4 ,i've slav$ "h   
day 9 & day out f'r twelve ye>s )\t     
pay--n ev5 a dec5t ^w4 ,i've work$ l no 
nigg] ev] work$ 'r c\ld "w & live4 ,i've
 giv5 him all ,i _h1 'r ev] expect to h4
 ,i'm wore out4 ,my /r5g? is gone1 my   
pati5ce is gone4 ,i'm done ) x--t's a "p
 ( :at's ! matt]4  ,my sakes1 ,lucree%y6
 ,y mu/n't talk t way4  ,b ,i w1 said ! 
woman1 z %e support$ h]self on "o palm &
 rais$ ! o!r4 ,i've got to talk t way4  
,%e 0 ripe = an explosion l ?is4 ,%e    
seiz$ ^u x ) eag]ness4 ,!y a9t no use o'
 liv9' ?is way1 anyway4 ,i'd take poison

 if x want f'r ! "y ones4  ,lucree%y    
,burns6  ,oh1 ,i mean x4  ,l& sakes     
alive1 ,i b'leeve y're go9' crazy6  ,i  
%\ldn't wond] if ,i 04 ,i've _h en\gh t'
 drive an ,indian crazy4 ,n[ y je/ g (f 
an' leave me 'lone4 ,i a9t 9 m9d to     
visit--!y a9t no way out ( x1 an' ,i'm  
tir$ o' try9' to f9d a way4 ,g (f an'   
let me be4  ,h] tone 0 s bitt]ly        
hopeless t ! great jolly face ( ,mrs4   
,c\ncil /iff5$ into a look ( horror su* 
z %e _h n worn = ye>s4 ,! *ildr51 9 two 
sep>ate gr\ps1 c\ld be he>d riot+4 ,bees
 7 humm+ ar\nd ! clov] 9 ! grass1 & !   
k+bird *att]$ ceaselessly f ! ,lomb>dy  
popl>-tip4 ,bo? wom5 felt all ?is peace 
& beauty ( ! morn+1 dimly1 & x di/urb$  
,mrs4 ,c\ncil because ! o!r 0 s         
impassive "u x all4 ,at la/1 aft] a long
 & ?\ghtful pause1 ,mrs4 ,c\ncil ask$ a 
"q ^: answ] %e knew w\ld decide x       
all1--ask$ x v k9dly & s(tly1--         
,cree%y1 are y com9' 98  ,no1 0 ! %ort &
 sull5ly decisive answ]4 ,mrs4 ,c\ncil  
knew t 0 ! end1 & s rose ) a sigh & w5t 

away4  ,wal1 good by1 %e said simply4   
,look+ back %e saw ,lucretia ly+ at l5g?
 ) clos$ eyes & holl[ *eeks4 ,%e seem$  
to be sleep+1 half-buri$ 9 ! grass4 ,%e 
did n look up nor reply to h]           
si/]-9-law4 ,h] life also 0 "o ( toil & 
tr\ble1 b n s h>d & hapless z           
,lucretia's4 ,by contra/ ) mo/ ( h]     
neighbors %e seem$ com=table4  ,sim     
,burns1 :at y b5 do9' to t woman8 %e    
bur/ out z %e waddl$ up to :]e ! two m5 
7 sitt+ "u a cotton-wood tree1 talk+ &  
:ittl+ aft] ! mann] ( f>m]s4  ,naw?9' 's
 fur 's ,i "k1 answ]$ ,burns1 n q       
hone/ly1 & look+ uneasy4  ,y ne$n't try 
t' git out ( x l t1 ,sim ,burns1 repli$ 
8 si/]4 ,t woman nev] got into t fit f'r
 naw?9'4  ,wal1 if y "k m ab\t x ?an ,i 
d1 :adgy ask me fur1 he repli$ angrily4 
,tut1 tut6 put 9 ,c\ncil1 always a      
peacemak]1 hold y'r horses6 ,don't git  
on y'r e>1 *ild]n6 ,keep cool1 & don't  
spile y'r %irts4 ,mo/ likely y] all t'  
blame4 ,keep cool an' swe> less4  ,wal1 
,i'll bet ,sim's m to blame ?an %e is4  

,:y !y a9t a h>d]-work9' woman 9 ! hull 
,/ate ( ,i[ay ?an %e is--  ,except ,m>m 
,c\ncil4  ,except nobody4 ,look at h]1  
je/ sk9 & bones4  ,c\ncil *uckl$ 9 8 va/
 way4 ,t's s1 "m1 measur$ 9 t way %e    
leads ov] y4 ,y git fat on x4  ,%e smil$
 a little1 h] indignation ooz+ away2 %e 
nev] c\ld /ay mad1 h] *ildr5 7 accu/om$ 
to tell h]4 ,burns refus$ to talk any m 
ab\t ! matt]1 & ! visitors gave x up1 & 
got out _! team & />t$ = home1 ,mrs4    
,c\ncil fir+ ?is p>t+ %ot3--  ,! be/ ?+ 
y c d to-day is t' let h] alone4 ,mebbe 
! *ild]n 'll br+ h] r\nd aga94 ,if %e   
does come r\nd1 y see 't y treat h] a   
little m 's y' did :5 y 0 a-c\rt9' h]4  
,?is way1 ro>$ ,c\ncil1 putt+ 8 arm     
ar\nd 8 wife's wai/4 ,%e box$ 8 e>s :ile
 he guffaw$ & cluck$ at 8 team4  ,burns 
took a measure ( salt & w5t out into !  
pa/ure to salt ! c[s4 ,on ! sunlit slope
 ( ! field1 :]e ! cattle came runn+ &   
bawl+ to meet him1 he ?rew d[n ! salt 9 
h&fuls1 & !n lay d[n to wat* !m z !y    
eag]ly lick$ x up1 ev5 gnaw+ a b>e spot 

9 ! sod 9 _! eag]ness to get x all4     
,burns 0 n a dr9k+ man2 0 h>d-work+1    
frugal1 9 fact1 he _h no extravagances  
except 8 tobacco4 ,8 clo!s he wore until
 !y all b dropp$ f him2 & he work$ 9 ra9
 & mud1 z well z du/ & sun4 ,x 0 ?is    
suff]+ & toil+ all to no purpose t made 
him s\r & irritable4 ,he didn't see :y  
he %\ld h s little aft] s mu* h>d "w4   
,he 0 puzzl$ to acc\nt = x all4 ,8 m9d  
7! av]age m9d7 0 we>y ) try+ to solve an
 insoluble problem4 ,8 neighbors1 :o _h 
got along a little bett] ?an himself1 7 
free ) advice & sugge/ion z to ! cause (
 8 p]si/5t pov]ty4  ,old man ,bacon1 !  
h>de/-work+ man 9 ! c\nty1 laid x to    
,burns' lack ( managem5t4 ,jim ,butl]1  
:o own$ a doz5 f>ms 7:i* he _h tak5 on  
mortgages71 & :o _h got ri* by buy+ l&  
at gov]nm5t price & hold+ = a rise1 laid
 all su* cases z ,burns to lack (       
ent]prise1 =esight4  ,b ! l>g] numb]    
feel+ !mselves 9 ! same boat ) ,burns1  
said3--  ,i'd "k4 ,seems z if ?+s got   
worse an' worse4 ,corn an' :eat gitt9'  

*eap] 'n' *eap]4 ,ma*9]y eat9' up       
pr(its--got to h ma*9]y to h>ve/ ! *eap 
gra91 an' !n ! ma*9]y eats up pr(its4   
,taxes go9' up4 ,devil to pay all r\nd2 
,i'd "k :at 'n ?und] is ! matt]4  ,!    
democrats said protection 0 kill+ !     
f>m]s1 ! republicans said no4 ,! grang]s
 gr[l$ ab\t ! middle-m51 ! gre5-back]s  
said !re wasn't circulat+ m$ium en\gh1 &
 9 ! mid/ ( x all1 h>d-work+ disc\rag$  
f>m]s1 l ,simeon ,burns1 work$ on1      
unable to f9d out :at really 0 ! matt]4 
,& !re on ?is beautiful ,sabba? morn+1  
,sim sat & ?\ght & ?\ght1 till he rose )
 an oa?1 & gave x up4   ,,iii4  ,x 0 hot
 & brilliant aga9 ! next morn+ z        
,d\glass ,radb\rn drove up ! road )     
,lily ,graham1 ! tea*] ( ! s*ool 9 !    
little :ite s*oolh\se4 ,x 0 blaz+ hot1  
ev5 ?\gh n yet n9e o'clock1 & ! "y f>m]s
 pl[+ beside ! f5ce look$ long+ly &     
some:at bitt]ly at ,radb\rn seat$ 9 a   
f9e top-buggy beside a beautiful        
creature 9 lace & cambric4  ,v beautiful
 ! t[n-br$ s*oolma'am look$ to ^? grimy1

 sweaty fell[s1 sup]b fell[s physically1
 too1 ) b>e r$ arms & lea!r-color$      
faces4 ,%e 0 z if build$ ( ! p9k & :ite 
cl\ds so>+ f> up !re 9 ! morn+ sky4 ,s  
cool1 & sweet1 & da9ty4  ,z %e came 9   
sight1 _! du/y & sweaty %irts grew bit+ 
z ! poison$ %irt ( ! ,norse my?1 _! b>e 
feet 9 ! br[n dirt grew di/ress+ly flat 
& ho(-l1 & _! huge1 dirty1 br[n1 *app$1 
& swoll5 h&s grew s repulsive t ! m]e   
remote possibility ( "s "t 9 ! f> future
 /&+ a *ance ( hav+ an introduction to  
h]1 caus$ !m to wipe !m on _! tr\s]s'   
leg /eal?ily4  ,lycurgus ,banks1 ,ly    
,banks1 swore :5 he saw ,radb\rn4 ,t    
cuss ?9ks he's ol' hell ?is morn+4 ,he  
don't e>n 8 liv+4 ,b he's je/ ! k9d (   
cuss to get holt ( all ! purty girls4   
,o!rs gaz$ ) simple1 sad wi/fulness ^u !
 sl5d] figure1 pale1 sweet face1 & d>k  
eyes ( ! "y girl1 feel+ t to h talk )   
su* a fairy-l creature 0 a happ9ess too 
great to ev] be _! lot4 ,& :5 %e _h     
pass$ !y w5t back to "w ) a sigh & feel+
 ( loss4  ,z = ,lily1 %e felt a pang (  

pity = ^! p4 ,%e look$ at ?is peculi> =m
 ( pov]ty & h>d%ip mu* z ! fragile1 t5d]
 girl ( ! city looks ^u ! m5 lay+ a     
gas-ma9 9 ! /reets4 ,%e felt            
7sympa!tically7 ! heat & grime1 & ?\gh b
 ! fa9te/ idea ( :at x meant to we> su* 
clo?+ came to h]1 %e %udd]$4 ,h] eyes _h
 be5 op5$ to ^! ?+s by ,radb\rn1 :o 0 a 
well-kn[n radical1--a law /ud5t 9 ,rock 
,riv]4  ,poor fell[s6 sigh$ ,lily1 almo/
 unconsci\sly4 ,i hate to see !m work+  
!re 9 ! dirt & hot sun4 ,x seems a      
hopeless sort ( life1 doesn't x8  ,oh1 b
 ?is is ! mo/ beautiful "p ( ! ye>1 said
 ,radb\rn4 ,?9k ( !m 9 ! mud1 9 ! sleet2
 ?9k ( !m husk+ corn 9 ! sn[1 a bitt]   
w9d bl[+2 ?9k ( !m a mon? lat] 9 !      
h>ve/2 ?9k ( !m imprison$ "h 9 w9t]6    
,yes1 x's dreadful6 ,b ,i nev] felt x s 
ke5ly be=e4 ,y h op5$ my eyes to x4     
,writ]s & orators h li$ s long ab\t '!  
idyllic' 9 f>m life1 & said s mu* ab\t !
 'indep5d5t ,am]ican f>m]' t he himself 
has rema9$ bl9d to ! fact t he's "o ( ! 
h>de/-work+ & poore/-paid m5 9 ,am]ica4 

,see ! h\ses !y live 91--hovels4  ,yes1 
yes1 ,i "k1 said ,lily2 a look ( deep]  
pa9 swept ov] h] face4 ,& ! fate ( !    
poor wom51 oh1 ! fate ( ! wom56  ,yes1  
x's a matt] ( /ati/ics1 w5t on ,radb\rn1
 pitilessly1 t ! wives ( ! ,am]ican     
f>m]s fill our insane asylums4 ,see :at 
a life !y lead1 mo/ ( !m2 no music1 no  
books4 ,sev5te5 h\rs a day 9 a c\ple (  
small rooms--d5s4 ,n[ !re's ,sim ,burns6
 :at a trave/y ( a home6 ,yet !re are a 
doz5 j z bad 9 sight4 ,he works l a     
fi5d1--s does 8 wife1--& :at is _!      
rew>d8 ,simply a hole to hib]nate 9 & to
 sleep & eat 9 9 summ]4 ,a dre>y pres5t 
& a well-nigh hopeless future4 ,no1 !y h
 a future1 if !y knew x1 & we mu/ tell  
!m4  ,i "k ,mrs4 ,burns2 %e s5ds sev]al 
*ildr5 to my s*ool4 ,poor1 pa!tic little
 ?+s1 half-clad & wi/ful-ey$4 ,!y make  
my he>t a*e2 !y are s hungry = love1 & s
 quick to le>n4  ,z !y pass$ ! ,burns   
f>m1 !y look$ = ! wife b %e 0 n to be   
se54 ,! *ildr5 _h evid5tly gone up to ! 
little :ite s*oolh\se at ! head ( !     

lane4 ,radb\rn let ! re9s fall slack z  
he talk$ on4 ,he did n look at ! girl1 8
 eyebr[s 7 drawn into a look ( gloomy   
pa94  ,x a9t s mu* ! grime t ,i abhor1  
nor ! labor t crooks _! backs & makes _!
 h&s bludgeons4 ,x's ! horrible wa/e (  
life involv$ 9 x all4 ,i don't believe  
,god int5d$ a man to be b5t to pl[-h&les
 l t1 b t a9t ! wor/ ( x4 ,! wor/ ( x   
is1 ^! p live lives approa*+ automata4  
,!y become ma*9es to s]ve o!rs m lucky  
or m unscrupul\s ?an !mselves4 ,:at is !
 _w ( art1 ( music1 ( lit]ature1 to ^!  
poor devils--to ,sim ,burns & 8 wife    
!re1 = example8 ,or ev5 to ! be/ ( ^!   
f>m]s8  ,! girl look$ away ov] ! %imm]+ 
lake ( yell[-gre5 corn1 a *ok+ came into
 h] ?roat4 ,h] glov$ h& trembl$4  ,:at  
is su* a life wor?8 ,x's all v com=table
 = u to say1 '!y don't feel x4' ,h[ d we
 "k :at !y feel8 ,:at d we "k ( _!      
capacity = enjoym5t ( art & music8 ,!y  
nev] h leisure or opportunity4 ,! ma/]  
is v glad to be taught by prea*]1 &     
lawy]1 & noveli/1 t 8 slaves are cont5t$

 & nev] feel any long+s = a high] life4 
,^! p live lives b little high] ?an _!  
cattle1--are =c$ to live s4 ,_! hopes & 
aspirations are cru%$ out1 _! s\ls are  
twi/$ & de=m$ j z toil twi/s & de=ms _! 
bodies4 ,!y are on ! same level z ! city
 labor]4 ,x makes me wild to ?9k ( x4 ,!
 v religion !y he> is a soporific4 ,!y  
are taught to be cont5t "h t !y may be  
happy h]eaft]4 ,suppose !re isn't any   
h]eaft]8  ,oh1 don't say t1 please6     
,lily cri$4  ,b ,i don't "k t !re is1   
look+ up at h] pitilessly1 & ,i d "k t  
^! p are be+ robb$ ( some?+ m ?an money1
 ( all t makes life wor? liv+4 ,!       
promise ( milk & honey 9 ,canaan is all 
v well1 b ,i pref] to h m9e "h1 !n ,i'm 
sure ( x4  ,:at c we d8 murmur$ ! girl4 
,d8 ,r\se ^! p = "o ?+2 prea* discont5t1
 a noble discont5t4  ,x w only make !m  
unhappy4  ,no1 x won't1 n if y %[ !m !  
way out4 ,if x does1 x's bett] to be    
unhappy /riv+ = high] ?+s1 l a man1 ?an 
to be cont5t 9 a wall[ l sw9e4  ,b :at  
is ! way out8  ,?is 0 suffici5t to set  

,radb\rn ^u 8 hobby-horse4 ,he outl9$ 8 
plan ( action1 ! abolition ( all        
indirect taxes4 ,! ,/ate control ( all  
privileges1 ! private own]%ip ( :i*     
int]f]$ ) ! equal rights ( all4 ,he w\ld
 utt]ly de/roy speculative hold+s ( !   
e>?4 ,he w\ld h l& ev]y:]e br\ght to its
 be/ use1 by appropriat+ all gr\nd r5ts 
to ! use ( ! ,/ate1 etc41 etc41 to :i* !
 girl li/5$ ) eag] int]e/ b ) only      
p>tial compreh5sion4  ,z !y ne>$ !      
little s*oolh\se1 a sw>m ( midgets 9 p9k
 dresses1 p9k sun-bonnets1 & br[n legs1 
came ru%+ to meet _! tea*]1 ) t peculi> 
devotion ! *ildr5 9 ! c\ntry develop = a
 ref9$ tea*]4  ,radb\rn help$ ,lily out 
into ! mid/ ( ! eag] little s*ol>s1 :o  
sw>m$ ^u h] l bees on a lump ( sug>1    
till ev5 ,radb\rn's gravity gave way1 & 
he smil$ into h] lift$ eyes--an unusual 
smile1 t /rangely en\gh /opp$ ! smile on
 h] own lips1 fill+ h] face ) a wi/ful  
%ad[1 & h] brea? came h>d = a mom5t & %e
 trembl$4  ,%e lov$ t cold1 /]n face1   
oh1 s mu*6 & to h him smile 0 a pleasure

 t made h] he>t leap till %e suff]$ a   
smo!r+ pa94 ,%e turn$ to him to say3--  
,i am v ?ankful1 ,mr4 ,radb\rn1 = ano!r 
pleasant ride1 add+ 9 a l[] tone1 ,x 0 a
 v great pleasure2 y always give me s   
mu*4 ,i feel /rong] & m hopeful4  ,i'm  
glad y feel s4 ,i 0 afraid ,i 0 prosy ) 
my l&-doctr9e4  ,oh no6 ,inde$ no6 ,y h 
giv5 me a new hope2 ,i am exalt$ ) !    
?\ght2 ,i %all try to ?9k x all out &   
apply x4  ,& s !y p>t$1 ! *ildr5 look+  
on & slyly :isp]+ among !mselves4       
,radb\rn look$ back aft] a:ile b ! b>e  
little hive _h absorb$ its little gr\p1 
& 0 /&+ bleak z a tomb/one & hot z a    
furnace on ! nak$ pla9 9 ! blaz+ sun4   
,am]ica's pitiful boa/6 said ! "y       
radical look+ back at x4 ,only a        
mis]able h9t ( :at x might be4  ,all t  
=5oon z ,lily fac$ h] little gr\p (     
b>efoot *ildr51 %e 0 ?9k+ ( ,radb\rn1 ( 
8 almo/ fi]ce sympa?y = ^! poor sup9e   
f>m]s1 hopeless1 & 9 "s cases cont5t 9  
_! n>r[ lives4 ,! *ildr5 almo/ wor%ipp$ 
! beautiful girl :o came to !m z a      

revelation ( exquisite neatness &       
ta/e1--^: v voice & intonation aw$ !m4  
,!y not$ 7unconsci\sly1 ( c\rse17 e     
detail4 ,sn[y l951 t\*es ( s(t color1   
graceful l9es ( bu/ & side--! sl5d] f+]s
 t c\ld almo/ speak1 s beautifully      
flexile 7 !y4 ,lily h]self sometimes1 :5
 %e %ook ! call\s$1 knott$1 /iff5$ h&s (
 ! wom51 %udd]$ ) sympa!tic pa91 to ?9k 
t ! cr[n+ wond] & beauty ( ,god's _w    
%\ld be s maim$ & di/ort$ f its true    
purpose4  ,ev5 9 ! *ildr5 be=e h] %e    
c\ld see ! inh]it$ results ( fruitless  
labor--& m pitiful yet 9 ! b5t %\ld]s ( 
! old] ones %e c\ld see ! beg9n+s (     
de=mity t w\ld soon be p]man5t4 ,& z ^! 
?+s came to h]1 %e clasp$ ! poor wond]+ 
?+s to h] side ) a convulsive wi% to    
make life a little bright] = !m4  ,h[ is
 y\r "m1 ,sadie8 %e ask$ ( ,sadie       
,burns1 z %e 0 eat+ h] lun*eon on !     
drab-color$ table ne> ! op5 w9d[4       
,purty well1 said ,sadie 9 a hesitat+   
way4  ,lily 0 look+ out1 & li/5+ to !   
goph]s :i/l+ z !y rac$ to & fro4 ,%e    

c\ld see ,bob ,burns ly+ at l5g? on !   
grass 9 ! pa/ure ov] ! f5ce1 8 heels    
wav+ 9 ! air1 8 h&s hold+ a /r+ :i* =m$ 
a sn>e4 ,bob 0 dea? on goph]s4 ,x 0 l   
fi%+ to "y ,izaak ,walton4  ,x 0 v /ill 
& hot & ! *eep & trill ( ! goph]s1 & !  
*att] ( ! k+birds alone broke ! sil5ce4 
,a cl\d ( butt]flies 7 flutt]+ ab\t a   
pool ne>1 a c\ple ( big flies buzz$ &   
mumbl$ on ! pane4  ,:at ails y\r "m8    
,lily ask$1 recov]+ h]self & look+ at   
,sadie :o 0 di/9ctly ill at ease4  ,oh1 
,i dunno1 ,sadie repli$1 putt+ "o b>e   
foot across ! o!r4  ,lily insi/$4  ,%e  
'n' pa's _h an awful r[--  ,sadie6 said 
! tea*] w>n+ly1 :at language6  ,i mean  
!y qu>rell$1 an' %e don't speak to him  
any m4  ,:y1 h[ dreadful6  ,an' pa he's 
awful cross1--& %e won't eat :5 he does1
 an' ,i haf to wait on table4  ,i       
believe ,i'll g d[n & see h] ?is noon1  
said ,lily to h]self1 z %e div9$ a      
little ( ! /ate ( affairs 9 ! ,burns    
family4  ,sim 0 m5d+ ! pa/ure f5ce z    
,lily came d[n ! road t[>d him4 ,he _h  

delay$ go+ to d9n] to f9i% 8 task & 0 j 
ab\t ready to g :5 ,lily spoke to him4  
,good-morn+1 ,mr4 ,burns4 ,i am j go+   
d[n to see ,mrs4 ,burns4 ,x mu/ be "t to
 g to d9n]--ar5't y ready to g8 ,i want 
to talk ) y4  ,ord9>ily he w\ld h be5   
delight$ ) ! idea ( walk+ d[n ! road ) !
 s*oolma'am1 b !re 0 some?+ 9 h] look   
:i* seem$ to tell him t %e knew all ab\t
 8 tr\ble1 & beside he 0 n 9 good humor4
  ,yes1 9 a m9nit1--soon's ,i fix up ?is
 hole4 ,!m %oats1 ,i b'leeve1 w\ld g    
?r\gh a keyhole1 if !y c\ld once git _! 
snoots 94  ,he exp&$ on ?is idea z he   
nail$ away1 anxi\s to ga9 "t4 ,he =esaw 
tr\ble = himself4 ,he c\ldn't be rude to
 ?is sweet & fragile girl4 ,if a man _h 
d>$ to attack him on 8 dome/ic          
%ortcom+s1 he c\ld h f\ght4 ,! girl /ood
 wait+ = him1 h] l>ge1 /eady eyes full (
 ?\ght1 gaz+ d[n at him f ! %ad[ ( h]   
broad-brimm$ hat4  ,! _w is s full (    
mis]y anyway1 t we ought to d ! be/ we c
 to make x less1 %e said at la/ 9 a mus+
 tone1 z if h] ?\ghts _h unconsci\sly   

tak5 on spee*4 ,%e _h always appeal$ to 
him /rongly1 & nev] m s ?an 9 ?is s(tly 
utt]$ ab/raction1--t x 0 an ab/raction  
add$ to its p[] ) him4  ,he c\ld f9d no 
words = reply1 b pick$ up 8 hamm] &     
nail-box1 & sl\*$ along ! road by h]    
side1 li/5+ )\t a ^w to h] talk4  ,*ri/ 
0 pati5t1 & bore ) 8 enemies1 surely we 
ought to be> ) our--fri5ds4 ,%e w5t on  
adapt+ h] /eps to 84 ,he took (f 8 torn 
/raw hat & wip$ 8 face on 8 sleeve1 be+ 
mu* emb>rass$ & a%am$4 ,n kn[+ h[ to    
meet su* argum5t1 he kept sil5t4  ,h[ is
 ,mrs4 ,burns8 said ,lily at l5g?1      
det]m9$ to make him speak4 ,! delicate  
mean+ 9 ! emphasis laid on is did n     
escape him4  ,oh1 %e's all "r1--,i mean 
%e's done h] "w je/ ! same z ev]4 ,i    
don't see h] mu*--  ,i didn't "k--,i 0  
afraid %e 0 sick4 ,sadie said %e 0 act+ 
/rangely4  ,no1 %e's well en\gh--b1--   
,b :at is ! tr\ble8 ,won't y let me help
 y1 won't y8  ,c't anybody help u4      
,we've got 'o fight x out1 ,i s'pose1 he
 repli$1 a gloomy note ( res5tm5t creep+

 into 8 voice4 ,%e's b5 9 a devil ( a   
temp] f'r a week4  ,hav5't y be5 9 !    
same k9d ( a temp] too8 dem&$ ,lily1    
firmly1 b k9dly4 ,i ?9k mo/ tr\bles (   
?is k9d come f bad temp] on bo? sides4  
,don't y8 ,h y done y\r %>e at be+ k9d &
 pati5t8  ,!y _h rea*$ ! gate n[1 & %e  
laid h] h& on 8 arm to /op him4 ,he     
look$ d[n at ! sl5d] glov$ h& on 8 arm  
feel+ z if a giant _h grasp$ him1 !n he 
rais$ 8 eyes to h] face1 flu%+ a purpli%
 r$ z he rememb]$ 8 grossness4 ,x seem$ 
mon/r\s 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is girl-advocate4
 ,h] face 0 l silv]1 h] eyes seem$ pools
 ( te>s4  ,i don't s'pose ,i h1 he said 
at la/ pu%+ by h]4 ,he c\ldn't h /ood h]
 glance ano!r mom5t4 ,8 :ole air convey$
 ! impression ( de/ructive admission4   
,lily did n compreh5d ! ext5t ( h]      
advantage or %e w\ld h pursu$ x fur!r4  
,z x 0 %e felt a little hurt z %e ent]$ 
! h\se4 ,! table 0 set1 b ,mrs4 ,burns 0
 n[h]e to be se54 ,call+ h] s(tly1 ! "y 
girl pass$ ?r\gh ! %abby little liv+    
room to ! ov5-l b$room :i* op5$ (f x1 b 

no "o 0 ab\t4 ,%e /ood = a mom5t %udd]+ 
at ! wret*$ness ( ! room4  ,go+ back to 
! kit*5 %e f\nd ,sim ab\t beg9n+ on 8   
d9n]2 little ,pet 0 ) him1 ! re/ ( !    
*ildr5 7 at ! s*oolh\se4  ,:]e is %e8   
,i d' "k4 ,out 9 ! g>d5 ,i expect4 ,%e  
don't eat ) me n[4 ,i nev] see h]4 ,%e  
don't come ne> me4 ,i a9t se5 h] s9ce   
,saturday4  ,lily 0 %ock$ inexpressibly 
& began to see cle>] ! magnitude ( !    
task %e _h set h]self to d4 ,b x mu/ be 
done2 %e felt t a trag$y 0 n f> (f4 ,x  
mu/ be av]t$4  ,mr4 ,burns1 :at h y     
done8 ,:at h y done8 %e ask$ 9 t]ror &  
horror4  ,don't lay x all to me6 ,%e    
ha9't done naw?9' b compla9 f'r t5 ye>s4
 ,i c\ldn't d no?9' to suit h]4 ,%e 0   
always nagg9' me4  ,i don't ?9k         
,lucretia ,burns w\ld nag anybody4 ,i   
don't say y're all to blame1 b ,i'm     
afraid y hav5't ackn[l$g$ y 7 any to    
blame4 ,i'm afraid y've n be5 pati5t )  
h]4 ,i'm go+ out to br+ h] 94 ,if %e    
comes w y say y 7 "p to blame8 ,y ne$n't
 beg h] p>don1 j say y'll try to be     

bett]4 ,w y d x8 ,?9k h[ mu* %e has done
 = y6 ,w y8  ,he rema9$ sil5t1 & look$  
disc\rag+ly rude4 ,8 sweaty1 dirty %irt 
0 op5 at ! neck1 8 arms 7 b>e1 8        
scraggly tee? 7 yell[ ) tobacco1 & 8    
uncomb$ hair lay tumbl$ ab\t on 8 high1 
n>r[ head4 ,8 clumsy1 un/eady h&s play$ 
) ! di%es on ! table4 ,8 pride 0 /ruggl+
 ) 8 s5se ( ju/ice2 he knew he ought to 
cons5t1 & yet x 0 s h>d to ackn[l$ge    
himself to blame4 ,! girl w5t on 9 a    
voice pi]c+ly sweet1 trembl+ ) pity &   
plead+4  ,:at ^w c ,i c>ry to h] f y8   
,i'm go+ to g & see h]4 ,if ,i c\ld take
 a ^w f y1 ,i "k %e w\ld come back to ! 
table4 ,%all ,i tell h] y feel to blame8
  ,! answ] 0 a long "t com+2 at la/ !   
man nodd$ an ass5t1 ! sweat p\r+ f 8    
purple face4 ,%e _h set him ?9k+1 h]    
victory 0 sure4  ,lily almo/ ran out    
into ! g>d5 & to ! /rawb]ry pat*1 :]e %e
 f\nd ,lucretia 9 h] famili>1 colorless1
 %apeless dress1 pick+ b]ries 9 ! hot   
sun1 ! mosquitoes bit+ h] neck & h&s4   
,poor1 pa!tic1 dumb suff]]1 ! girl ?\ght

 z %e ran up to h]4  ,%e dropp$ h] di% z
 %e he>d ,lily com+1 & gaz$ up into !   
t5d]1 pity+ face4 ,n a ^w 0 spok51 b    
some?+ %e saw !re made h] eyes fill )   
te>s1 & h] ?roat swell4 ,x 0 pure       
sympa?y4 ,%e put h] arms ar\nd ! girl's 
neck & sobb$ = ! fir/ "t s9ce ,friday   
night4 ,!n !y sat d[n on ! grass "u !   
h$ge & %e told h] /ory1 int]sp]s$ )     
,lily's horrifi$ comm5ts4  ,:5 x 0 all  
told ! girl /ill sat li/5+4 ,%e he>d    
,radb\rn's calm1 sl[ voice aga94 ,x     
help$ h] n to hate ,burns2 x help$ h] to
 pity & und]/& him4  ,y mu/ rememb] t   
su* toil brutalizes a man2 x makes him  
call\s1 selfi%1 unfeel+ necess>ily4 ,a  
f9e nature mu/ ei!r adapt itself to its 
h>d surr\nd+s or die4 ,m5 :o toil       
t]ribly 9 fil?y g>m5ts day aft] day &   
ye> aft] ye> _c easily keep g5tle2 !    
fro/ & grime1 ! heat & cold w soon] or  
lat] ent] into _! s\ls4 ,! case is n all
 9 favor ( ! suff]+ wives1 & aga9/ !    
brutal husb&s4 ,if ! f>m]'s wife is     
dull$ & craz$ by h] r\t9e1 ! f>m]       

himself is degrad$ & brutaliz$4 ,!y are 
bo? products ( a social sy/em1 victims (
 a l& sy/em1 :i* produces t5em5t h\ses 9
 ! city1 & pu%es ! f>m] into a          
semi-solitude--victims ( l& laws t are  
relics ( feudalism1 made 9 ! int]e/ ( ! 
man :o holds a special privilege 9 !    
e>?4 ,free ,am]ica has set up on its    
soil ! sy/ems ( l&-own+ :i* produces !  
"l & ! t5ant2 t glorifies speculation 9 
! e>?1 & gives ! priceless ri*es ( !    
hills & =e/s into a few h&s4 ,b ?is w n 
cont9ue--x c't cont9ue4 ,! awak5+       
und]/&+ ( ,am]ica cries out aga9/ x4  ,z
 well z %e c\ld ,lily expla9$ all ?is to
 ! woman :o lay ) h] face buri$ 9 !     
girl's lap4 ,lily's arms 7 ab\t h] ?9   
%\ld]s 9 an agony ( pity4  ,x's h>d1    
,lucretia1 ,i "k1 m ?an y c be>1 b y    
mu/n't =get :at ,sim endures1 too4 ,he  
goes out 9 ! /orms & 9 ! heat & du/4 ,8 
boots are h>d1 & see h[ 8 h&s are all   
bruis$ & brok5 by 8 "w6 ,he 0 tir$ &    
hungry :5 he said t--he didn't really   
mean x4  ,! wife rema9$ sil5t4  ,mr4    

,radb\rn says "w z ?+s g n[ does degrade
 a man 9 spite ( himself4 ,he says m5   
get co>se & viol5t 9 spite ( !mselves j 
z wom5 d :5 ev]y?+ goes wrong 9 !       
h\se1--:5 ! flies are ?ick1 & ! fire    
won't burn1 & ! irons /ick to ! clo!s4  
,y see1 y bo? suff]4 ,don't lay up ?is  
fit ( temp] aga9/ ,sim--w y8  ,! wife   
lift$ h] head & look$ away4 ,h] face 0  
full ( hopeless we>9ess4  ,x a9t ?is    
once4 ,x a9t t 't all4 ,x's hav+ no let 
up4 ,j go9' ! same ?+ "r ov] 'n' ov]--no
 hope ( any?+ bett]4  ,if y _h a hope ( 
ano!r _w--  ,don't talk t--t's ri* man's
 doctr9e4 ,i don't want t k9d o' comf]t4
 ,i want a dec5t *ance "h4 ,i want 'o   
re/ an' be happy n[--!n ,i'm sure ( x4  
,lily's big eyes 7 /ream+ ) te>s4 ,:at  
%\ld %e say to ! desp]ate woman8  ,:at's
 ! use8 ,we might je/ z well die--all ( 
u4  ,! woman's livid face appall$ !     
beautiful girl4 ,%e 0 gaunt1 heavy-ey$1 
n]veless4 ,h] fad$ dress settl$ d[n ov] 
h] limbs %[+ ! swoll5 knees & ?9 calves1
 h] h&s ) di/ort$ jo9ts protrud$        

pa9fully f h] sleeves4 ,& all ab\t 0 !  
ev]-recurr+ weal? & *e] ( nature t kn[s 
no fe> or favor4 ,! bees & flies buzz+ 9
 ! sun1 ! jay & k+bird 9 ! popl>s1 !    
smell ( /rawb]ries1 ! motion ( lu%      
grass1 ! %imm] ( corn blades toss$ gayly
 z bann]s 9 a conqu]+ army4  ,l a fla% (
 ke5] light a s5t5ce %ot across ! girl's
 m9d4 ,nature kn[s no title-de$4 ,!     
b\nty ( h] mighty h&s falls z ! sunlight
 falls1 copi\s1 imp>tial2 h] seas c>ry  
all %ips1 h] air is = all lips1 h] l&s =
 all feet4  ,pov]ty & suff]+ su* z y\rs 
w n la/4 ,!re 0 some?+ 9 ! girl's voice 
t r\s$ ! woman4 ,%e turn$ h] dull eyes  
^u h] face4  ,lily took h] h& 9 bo? h]s 
z if by a c>ess %e c\ld imp>t h] own    
fai?4  ,look up1 de>4 ,:5 ,nature is s  
good & g5]\s1 man mu/ come to be bett]1 
surely4 ,come1 g 9 ! h\se aga94 ,sim is 
!re1 he expects y1 he told me to tell y 
he 0 sorry4 ,lucretia's face twit*$ a   
little at t1 b h] head 0 b5t4 ,come1 y  
c't live ?is way4 ,!re isn't any o!r    
place to g to4  ,no1 t 0 ! bitt]e/ tru?4

 ,:]e on ?is wide e>? ) its =?-%oot+    
fruits & gra9s1 its fragrant l&s & %9+  
seas1 c\ld ?is dw>f$1 b5t1 brok51       
middle-ag$ woman g8 ,nobody want$ h]1   
nobody c>$ = h]4 ,b ! w9d kiss$ h] drawn
 lips z readily z ^? ( ! girl1 & !      
blooms ( clov] nodd$ to h] z if to a    
que54  ,lily _h said all %e c\ld4 ,h]   
he>t a*$ ) unspeakable pity & a sort (  
t]ror4  ,don't give up1 ,lucretia4 ,?is 
may be ! wor/ h\r ( y\r life4 ,live &   
be> ) x all = ,*ri/'s sake--= y\r       
*ildr5's sake4 ,sim told me to tell y he
 0 to blame4 ,if y w only see t y are   
bo? to blame & yet nei!r to blame1 !n y 
c rise above x4 ,try1 de>6  ,! wife     
pull$ h]self toge!r1 rose sil5tly1 &    
/>t$ t[>d ! h\se4 ,h] face 0 rigid b no 
long] sull54 ,lily foll[$ h] sl[ly1     
wond]+ly4  ,z %e ne>$ ! kit*5 door1 %e  
saw ,sim /ill sitt+ at ! table2 8 face 0
 unusually grave & s(t4 ,%e saw him />t 
& %ove back 8 *air1--saw ,lucretia g to 
! /ove & lift ! tea-pot1 & he>d h] say1 
z %e took h] seat beside ! baby1--      

,want "s m tea8  ,%e _h become a wife & 
"m aga91 b 9 :at _s ! puzzl$ girl c\ld n
 say4     ,,editorial ,,notes4   ,,an   
,,epo*-,,m>k+ ,,drama4  ,a movem5t      
de/9$1 ,i ?9k1 to be 9 a degree         
epo*-m>k+ 9 ! dramatic annals ( !       
,am]ican /age1 0 inaugurat$ by ,mr4     
,james ,a4 ,h]ne1 on ! f\r? ( ,may1 9   
,bo/on1 9 ! production ( 8 rem>kable    
reali/ic drama1 ,m>g>et ,flem+1 at      
,*ick]+ ,hall4 ,! play is a bold        
innovation1 s mu* s t no !atre 9 ! city 
w\ld produce x1 al?\gh ! v>i\s manag]s  
:o exam9$ x decl>$ x to be z /rong z &  
no less p[]ful ?an any ,am]ican drama   
yet writt54 ,! "* ( ! audi5ce 0 z /rik+ 
z ! play 0 brave & orig9al4 ,x 01 inde$1
 a /range sight to see su* well-kn[n &  
?\ghtful m5 & wom5 z ,mr4 ,william ,dean
 ,h[ells1 ,rev4 ,m9ot ,j4 ,savage1      
,rabbi ,solomon ,s*9dl]1 ,rev4 ,edw>d   
,a4 ,horton1 ,mrs4 ,l\ise ,*&l] ,m\lton1
 ,haml9 ,g>l&1 & a score or m ( p]sons  
almo/ z well kn[n 9 lit]>y1 religi\s1 & 
?\ghtful circles1 assembl$ on ! fir/    

night ( a dramatic production4 ,nor 0 ! 
"* ( ! audi5ce less rem>kable dur+ !    
=tnight x 0 play$4 ,m5 & wom5 :o are    
r>ely se5 at !atres att5d$ two1 ?ree1 & 
ev5 f\r p]=mances4 ,! sup]b act+ ( ,mr4 
& ,mrs4 ,h]ne contribut$ mu* to !       
success ( ! play2 curiosity also        
d\btless attract$ _m1 yet beyond & above
 ?is 0 ! deep appreciation ( a ?\ghtful 
& intellig5t con/itu5cy1 :o saw 9 ?is   
drama ! m>vell\s possibilities ( ! /age 
= improvem5t z well z ent]ta9m5t4 ,!y   
also saw real life depict$4 ,! abs5ce ( 
empty l9es & /ilt$ phrases s common 9   
conv5tional drama 0 refre%+ & int]e/+ to
 ^? :o believe t ! drama has a mission  
o!r ?an m]ely to amuse4 ,m>g>et ,flem+  
is no?+ if n arti/ic f ! /&po9t ( !     
reali/4 ,its fidelity to life z we f9d  
x--to exi/+ conditions & types (        
society1--is wond]ful4 ,its dramatic    
/r5g? is none ! less m>k$4 ,b aside f & 
above all ?is1 = me x has a f> great]   
m]it--utility4 ,i h no sympa?y ) !      
flippant1 effem9ate1 & s5ile cry1 ,art =

 art's sake2 t is ! e*o ( a decay+      
civilization1 ! voice ( ,greece & ,rome 
9 _! decl9e4 ,x is ! %ibbole? ( a p     
drunk5 ) pleasure2 ( a popul> consci5ce 
an/hetiz$2 ! cry ( s5sualism &          
selfi%ness popul> ) %all[ m9ds &        
bloodless he>ts2 ! inc>nation ( t fatal 
effem9acy t spr+s f a union ( weal? &   
sup]ficial intellectuality2 ! voice ( a 
human automaton )\t a s\l4 ,victor ,hugo
 has made no utt]ances m gr&ly true ?an 
:5 he pleads = ! beautiful be+ made !   
s]vant ( progress z voic$ 9 ! foll[+    
s5tim5t3       ,be ( "s s]vice4 ,d n be 
fa/idi\s :5 s mu*      dep5ds ^u be+    
effici5t & good4 ,art = art's sake      
may be v f9e1 b art = progress is f9]   
/ill4      ,ah6 y mu/ ?9k8 ,!n ?9k (    
mak+ man bett]4      ,c\rage6 ,let u    
consecrate ourselves4 ,let u devote     
ourselves to ! good1 to ! true1 to ! j2 
x is well      = u to d s4 ,"s pure     
lov]s ( art1 mov$ by a      solicitude  
:i* is n )\t its dignity1 disc>d !      
=mula1 ',art = ,progress1' ! ,beautiful 

,useful1 fe>+      le/ ! useful %\ld    
de=m ! beautiful4 ,!y tremble to        
see ! drudge's h& atta*$ to ! muse's    
arm4 ,accord+      to !m1 ! ideal may   
become p]v]t$ by too mu* contact      ) 
reality4 ,!y are solicit\s = ! sublime1 
if x      desc5ds z f> z to humanity4   
,!y are 9 error4 ,!      useful1 f> f   
circumscrib+ ! sublime1 enl>ges x4      
,b critics prote/3 ,to und]take ! cure (
 social evils2      to am5d ! codes2 to 
impea* law 9 ! c\rt ( "r to      utt] ^?
 hide\s words1 'p5it5ti>y1'             
'convict-keep]1'      'galley-slave1'   
'girl ( ! t[n'2 to inspect ! police     
regi/]s2 to contract ! bus9ess (        
disp5s>ies2 to      /udy ! que/ions (   
wages & want ( "w2 to ta/e !      black 
bread ( ! poor2 to seek labor = !       
work+-woman2 to confront fa%ionable     
idl5ess ) ragg$      slo?2 to ?r[ d[n ! 
p>tition ( ignorance2 to op5            
s*ools2 to tea* little *ildr5 h[ to     
read2 to attack      %ame1 infamy1      
error1 vice1 crime1 want ( consci5ce2 to

      prea* ! multiplication (          
spell+-books2 to improve !      food (  
intellects & ( he>ts2 to give meat &    
dr9k2 to      dem& solutions = problems 
& %oes = nak$      feet1--^! ?+s !y     
decl>e are n ! bus9ess ( !      azure4  
,art is ! azure4 ,yes1 art is ! azure2 b
 !      azure f above1 :5ce falls ! ray 
:i* swells !      :eat1 yell[s ! maize1 
r\nds ! apple1 gilds !      orange1     
sweet5s ! grape4 ,aga9 ,i say1 a fur!r  
s]vice      is an add$ beauty4 ,at all  
ev5ts1 :]e is ! dim9ution8      ,to rip5
 ! beet-root1 to wat] ! potato1 to      
increase !      yield ( luc]n1 ( clov]1 
or ( hay2 to be a      fell[-workman ) !
 pl\ghman1 ! v9$ress]1 & !              
g>d5]1--?is does n deprive ! heav5s ( "o
 />4      ,imm5sity does n despise      
utility1--& :at does x lose      by x8  
,does ! va/ vital fluid t we call       
magnetic or      electric fla% ?r\gh !  
cl\d-masses ) less spl5dor      because 
x cons5ts to p]=m ! (fice ( pilot to a  
b>k1 & to keep con/ant to ! nor? !      

little ne$le      intru/$ to x1 !       
gigantic guide8 ,yet ! critics insi/    
t to compose social poetry1 human       
poetry1 popul> poetry2      to grumble  
aga9/ ! evil & laud ! good1 to be !     
spokesman ( public wra?1 to insult      
despots1 to make knaves      despair1 to
 emancipate man be=e he is ( age1 to pu%
      s\ls =w>d & d>kness backw>d1 to "k
 t !re are      ?ieves & tyrants1 to    
clean p5al cells1 to flu% !      sew] ( 
public uncleanness1--is n ! function (  
art6      ,:y n8 ,hom] 0 ! geograph] &  
hi/orian ( 8 "t1      ,moses !          
legislator ( 81 ,juv5al ! judge ( 81    
,dante      ! !ologian ( 81 ,%akespe>e !
 morali/ ( 81      ,voltaire !          
philosoph] ( 84 ,no region1 9           
speculation      or 9 fact1 is %ut to ! 
m9d4 ,"h a horizon1 !re      w+s2 fre$om
 = all to so>4 ,to s+ ! ideal1 to love  
humanity1 to believe 9 progress1 to pray
 t[>d !      inf9ite4 ,to be ! s]vant ( 
,god 9 ! task ( progress1      & !      
apo/le ( ,god to ! p1--su* is ! law :i* 

regulates gr[?4 ,all p[] is duty4 ,%\ld 
?is p[] ent]      into repose 9 our age8
 ,%\ld duty %ut its eyes8 ,& is      !  
mom5t come = art to dis>m8 ,less ?an    
ev]4 ,?anks to      #aghi1 ! human      
c>avan has rea*$ a high plateau2 &1 !   
horizon be+ va/]1 art has m to d4 ,?is  
is all4 ,to      e wid5+ ( ! horizon1 an
 enl>gem5t ( consci5ce      corresponds4
 ,we h n rea*$ ! goal4 ,concord cond5s$ 
into felicity1 civilization summ$ up 9  
h>mony1--t is      yet f> (f4 ,! !atre  
is a crucible ( civilization4 ,x      is
 a place ( human communion4 ,all its    
phases ne$ to be      /udi$4 ,x is 9 !  
!atre t ! public s\l is      =m$4  ,!   
!atre may be made ! mo/ pot5t eng9e =   
progress & re=m4 ,we are liv+ 9 ! mid/ (
 ! mo/ spl5did age :i* has dawn$ s9ce   
humanity fir/ front$ ! morn+1 dimly     
consci\s ( its innate p[] & !           
possibilities t lay imb$d$ 9 its be+2 an
 era ( life1 gr[?1 w>f>e4 ,on ! "o h&   
are anci5t ?\ght & prejudice1 on ! o!r !
 inspiration ( great] lib]ty & a nobl]  

manhood4 ,on ! "o h& selfi%ness1        
s5suality1 vulg> o/5tation1 av>ice1     
luxury1 & moral effem9acy cry+1 ,art =  
art's sake1 dem&+ amusem5ts t w aid 9   
dissipat+ any moral /r5g? or deep ?\ght 
t /ill l+]s 9 ! m9d1 & lit]ature t %all 
enable "o to kill "t )\t ! slighte/     
suspicion ( intellectual ex]tion2       
physical1 m5tal1 & moral ennui1 ) an    
assum$ l(ty contempt = utility4 ,on !   
o!r h& we h ! ga!r+ =ces ( ! dawn1 dem&+
 art = progress1 decl>+ t beauty mu/ be 
! h&maid ( duty2 t art mu/ wait on      
ju/ice1 lib]ty1 frat]nity1 nobility1    
morality1 & intellectual hone/y1--9 a ^w
 ! =ces 9 league ) light mu/ compel !   
beautiful to make radiant ! pa?way ( !  
future4 ,9 ! union ( art & utility lies 
! supreme excell5ce ( ,m>g>et ,flem+1 x 
deals ) "o ( ! mo/ press+ problems ( our
 pres5t civilization2 x is ! mo/ p[]ful 
plea = an equal /&>d ( morals = m5 &    
wom5 t ,i h ev] he>d4 ,?is ?\ght1 x is  
true1 l ! entire drama1 is any?+ b      
conv5tional2 x brea!s ! _s ( ! com+ day4

 ,! subtile bondage & s]vility ( woman1 
a ve/ige ( ! b>b>\s pa/1 /ill ta9ts our 
civilization4 ,f> m is dem&$ by society 
( h] ?an ( man1 & :5 h]et(ore %e has    
rais$ h] voice aga9/ ?is inequity %e has
 be5 sil5c$ by unwor?y imputations4 ,x  
is ! %ame ( our age t woman is n accord$
 a high] me$ ( ju/ice4 ,%e has a "r to  
dem& t ! man :o m>ries h] be e :it z    
pure & moral z h]self1 & until %e makes 
?is dem&1 & holds h]self f !            
contam9ation ( moral lep]s1 no          
sub/antial progress = high] morals &    
pur] life w be made4 ,unless woman *ecks
 ! increas+ degradation ( manhood1 man w
 soon] or lat] drag h] to 8 deplorable  
level4 ,m>g>et ,flem+ %[s ?is tru? &    
po9ts to ! woman ( to-day h] /]n &      
inexorable duty4  ,unless woman assumes 
an aggressive /& & o/racizes ! lib]t9e1 
refus+ 8 society1 8 att5tion1 & mo/ (   
all ! pr(f] ( 8 lepr\s love1 ! moral    
outlook = society w soon be z gloomy z 0
 ,rome's future :5 ,epictetus 0 bani%$ f
 h] /reets because he m]cilessly assail$

 ! moral degradation ( 8 day4   ,,!     
,,pres5t ,,revolution ,,9 ,,!ological   
,,?\ght4  ,! rapid spread ( h]esy       
?r\gh\t ! *ur*es is creat+ g5u9e dismay 
9 _m qu>t]s4 ,:5 su* ripe s*ol>s &      
repres5tative ?9k]s z ,rev4 ,heb]       
,newton1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,briggs1 & ,rev4  
,dr4 ,bridgman1 repres5t+ ?ree ( ! mo/  
p[]ful ,prote/ant communions1 freely    
prea* doctr9es at v>iance ) conv5tional 
or?odox views1 & express a gr&] hope &  
broad] fai? ?an t *]i%$ by cons]vative  
!ologians1 x is by no means /range t !  
curr5t ( old-"t ?\ght %\ld be /irr$4    
,if1 h[ev]1 ^! s*ol>ly m9ds /ood alone 9
 _! convictions1 !re w\ld be no w>rant =
 su* widespread appreh5sion z is        
manife/4 ,! s]i\s "* ( ! pres5t         
!ological revolution1 h[ev]1 lies 9 !   
fact t ! pulpit & ! p are honey-comb$ ) 
! peculi> h]esy :i* rejects ! v]bal     
inspiration ( ! ,bible & ! dogma (      
et]nal damnation4#i ,! g5]al uneas9ess  
occasion$ by ! pres5t epidemic ( h]esy1 
& ! bitt] /rictures :i* x has call$ =?1 

are p]fectly natural1 :ile x is equally 
true t ! pres5t lib]al attitude ( s _m (
 ! =emo/ ?9k]s 9 ! v>i\s or?odox *ur*es 
is ! legitimate outcome ( num]\s ag5cies
 :i* h be5 sil5tly work+ = g5]ations4   
#i ,! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ian 9 a rec5t     
issue says1           ,x appe>s t ,dr4  
,briggs does n /& alone 9 !             
!ological sem9>ies ( ! ,presbyt]ian     
,*ur* z a           tea*] ( dang]\s     
views ( inspiration4 ,f\r ( !           
pr(essors ( ,lane ,sem9>y h decl>$      
!mselves z           equally radical4 ,!
 ,int]ior says1 ,! pap] (               
,pr(4 ,smi?1 ( ,lane1 publi%$ 9 a       
pamphlet ) t           ( ,pr(4 ,evans1  
goes mu* beyond any?+ t has             
appe>$ on ! subject f ,presbyt]ian      
au?or%ip 9           ?is c\ntry4        
,at ! meet+ ( ! ,alumni ( ! ,union      
,!ological           ,sem9>y1 on !      
eighte5? ( ,may1 ! newly elect$         
pr(essor ( sy/ematic !ology1 ! brilliant
 ,rev4           ,h5ry ,j4 ,van ,dyke1  
,d4 ,d4 7s9ce deceas$7 made !           

foll[+ bold rem>k :ile def5d+ ,dr4      
,briggs3 ,if           we _c h or?odoxy 
& lib]ty1 let or?odoxy g           & let
 u h lib]ty4 ,lib]ty has always produc$ 
progress4            ,9 8 s]mon on ,may 
! #bd?1 ,rev4 ,?omas ,dixon1 "o         
( ! ,bapti/ cl]gym5 ( ,new ,york ,city1 
said3 ,!           h]esy trial is a     
record ( b>b>ism1 a relic (             
savag]y4 ,x belongs to ! crud5ess1 &    
ignorance1           & sup]/ition (     
b>b>ic times4 ,x smells (               
roa/+ fle%4            ,on ! same       
,sunday ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,h4         
,p>khur/1           ( ! ,madison ,squ>e 
,presbyt]ian ,*ur*1 ( ,new ,york1       
quot$ ! r++ words giv5 above by ,dr4    
,van ,dyke1           ) 8 cordial       
indorsem5t4 ,he cont9u$ to ?us          
sev]ely arraign ! ,or?odox bre?r5 9 !   
,presbyt]ian ,*ur*3            ,?is "q (
 in]rancy is n new4 ,calv91 ,lu!r1      
& _m o!rs did n believe 9 ! ,bible's    
in]rancy4 ,if ?is is n accord+ to !     
confession           ( fai?--,i don't "k

 :e!r x is or n--we _h           bett]  
squ>e ! confession ) ! tru? r ?an       
! tru? ) ! confession4 ,let ^? :o w\ld  
prove t !re are no mi/akes 9 ! ,bible   
produce a           cud-*ew+ coney1 & !n
 we w consid] !           "q ( in]rancy4
            ,if ! ,*ur* is to g on 9 !  
way t "s are           try+ to p]suade u
 x ought to g1 ! soon] x           gives
 up ! gho/ ! bett]1 to save ! m$ical    
exp5se4  ,at v>i\s era-m>k+ p]iods 9 !  
annals ( hi/ory1 ! multitudes h be5 ?us 
di/urb$4 ,!y h felt t ! old-"t beliefs (
 _! fa!rs1 ! tradition ( ages1 !        
oracles1 :i* f e>ly infancy !y h le>n$  
to rev]e & hold mo/ sacr$1 7 be+        
demoli%$4 ,?is naturally ar\s$ bitt]    
antagonism 9 _! s\ls4 ,!y believ$ !y 7  
c>ry+ out ,god's wi%es :5 l ,saul (     
,t>sus1 !y aid$ 9 slay+ h]etics4 ,?us :5
 ! great ,naz>5e taught a high]1 sweet]1
 & nobl] code ( e?ics ?an ! anci5t      
,jewi% law-giv]s & tea*]s1 he 0 p]secut$
 & sla9 because ! ,jews believ$ he s\ght
 to ov]?r[ _! rev]$ & sacr$ tru?s4 ,9 a 

l mann] ,paul & ! e>ly advocates (      
,*ri/ianity1 :5 !y proclaim$ _! religion
 9 ,g5tile l&s frequ5tly ar\s$ ! bitt]e/
 antagonism4 ,at a lat] date ,galileo's 
demon/rations & ,sir ,isaac ,newton's   
discov]y occasion$ precisely ! game     
dismay1 & call$ =? bitt] & pron\nc$     
opposition1 because x 0 felt t 9 "o case
 ! au?ority ( ! ,bible 0 impea*$1 & 9 ! 
o!r t ,god 0 to be tak5 out ( ! univ]se4
 ,:5 ,lu!r & ! ,re=mation broke ! dead  
calm ( c5turies ( gr[+ corruption &     
ext]nalization 9 ! religi\s life (      
,europe1 ,*ri/5dom felt a ?rill (       
dismay4 ,new di/urb+ elem5ts _h ent]$ ! 
fields4 ,! g5]al uneas9ess on ! "p ( t5s
 ( ?\s&s ( p :o believ$ !y 7 s9c]e      
wor%ipp]s ( ,god1 0 succe$$ by an int5se
 desire to cru% out ?is dang]\s h]esy ) 
fire & torture1 if necess>y4 ,! t]rible 
days1 mon?s1 & ye>s t foll[$ ! dawn ( ! 
,re=mation1 be> melan*oly te/imony to ! 
innate f]ocity ( man's nature1 & !      
rel5tless "* ( religi\s w>f>e4          
,nev]!less1 9 spite ( p]secution1 ! new 

tru? spread4 ,a broad] horizon op5$ to  
man's view4 ,t conflict m>k$ ! bir? ( "o
 ( ! gr&e/ epo*s 9 humanity's onw>d m>*4
 ,?us has x ev] be54 ,to-day /ones !    
prophet1 to-morr[ te>fully re>s a       
monum5t & treasures 8 l(ty utt]ances4   
,yet ) e transition p]iod comes ! old-"t
 /ruggle1 ! appreh5sion & angui% ( _s1 !
 night ( d\bt4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n surpris+ 
t ! oppression ( fe> weighs on ! m9ds ( 
all ^? :o believe t ,god has spok5 ,8   
la/ ^w2 t 9 ! twilight ( ! pa/ alone    
lies ! hope ( humanity4  ,on ! o!r h&1 !
 !ological revolt n[ manife/ is a       
legitimate result ( multitud9\s ag5cies1
 :i* h = g5]ations be5 sil5tly & subtly 
influ5c+ ! m9d ( man1 among :i* may be  
m5tion$ ! spread ( popul> education1 & !
 gr[? ( ! newspap]4 ,z long z p knew n  
h[ to read or 7 unable to procure any   
m$ium ( in=mation :i* br\ght !m 9       
rapport ) ! va/ gr[+ _w ( ?\ght &       
action1 !y naturally turn$ to _! prie/  
or cl]gyman = intellectual z well z     
religi\s food1 & f him z a rule receiv$ 

in/ruction ) ! docility & confid5ce     
exhibit$ by little *ildr5 seek+ = tru?4 
,) ! appe>ance ( s*oolh\ses 9 e hamlet1 
& ! e/abli%m5t ( *eap & popul>          
newspap]s1 h[ev]1 came a *ange z m>k$ z 
x 0 wond]ful4 ,p began to reason & ?9k =
 !mselves4 ,!y dem&$ cr$5tials = ! v>i\s
 dogmas & ideas discuss$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( 
?\ght4 ,x is true1 t religion 0 approa*$
 mu* m reluctantly & rev]5tly ?an o!r   
subjects1 b ! gr[? ( k1 ! opportunity to
 he> all sides ( problems discuss$1 & ! 
broad] conception ( life :i* a _w k     
gave1 ex]t$ a positive & ev]-increas+   
influ5ce on _! m9ds 9 ?is dep>tm5t (    
?\ght4 ,! great inv5tions ( ! pa/ hundr$
 ye>s1 :i* h b\nd toge!r z "o family    
almo/ ! :ole _w1 h also br\ght to light 
! great religions ( o!r races & ages4   
,gradually x dawn$ on ! public m9d t    
almo/ e p _h a cle>ly def9$ sy/em (     
!ology2 conta9+ mu* t 0 beautiful1      
elevat+1 & inspir+1 m or less hidd5     
among sup]/iti\s traditions natural to  
*ildhood & cr$ul\s ages4 ,?is l$ _m to  

ask :e!r ,jesus might n h _h a l>g]     
?\ght 9 8 m9d ?an mank9d _h dream$ :5 he
 said1 ,o!r %eep h ,i :i* are n ( ?is   
fold2 & :e!r !re might n be a wid]      
significance ?an _h be5 giv5 to ! idea1 
t ,god _h 9 sundry times & 9 div]s ways 
spok5 to ,8 *ildr5 on e>?4 ,ano!r lev] (
 progressive ?\ght 0 ! m>vell\s /rides  
tak5 9 physical sci5ce1 :i* foll[$ !    
,re=mation4 ,discov]ies 9 a/ronomy1 9   
geology & biology h completely ov]?r[n  
_m "t-honor$ & rev]$ traditions & fables
 reg>d$ = ages z div9e tru?4 ,! critical
 _s ( ! age1 ! inquir+ condition ( human
 ?\ght1 :i* in/ead ( be+ disc\rag+ is   
di/9ctly a m>k ( human gr[?1 /&s 9 bold 
anti!sis to ! d>k ages1 :5 speculation &
 progress 7 outlaw$ 9 _m fields (       
rese>*1 & spirituality suff]$ an eclipse
 beh9d ! pomp1 =m1 & %[ ( !ology1 :5 to 
a great degree m5tal /agnation prevail$4
 ,yet ?is critical _s has be5 "o ( ! mo/
 pot5t factors 9 lib]aliz+ ?\ght4 ,ano!r
 cause = ! radical *ange ( views among  
,bible s*ol>s is f\nd 9 ! ri* results ( 

ar*ological rese>* dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation4 
,?is ) a critical1 or sci5tific /udy ( !
 ,bible1 ! e>ly *ur*1 & pr(ane hi/ory1  
contemporane\s ) ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1  
has l$ ?\s&s ( ! mo/ pr(\nd & s9c]e     
religi\s ?9k]s into broad] fields1 giv+ 
to !m a l(ti] view ( life1 et]nity &    
,god ?an 0 possible "u ! old            
conceptions4 ,:at dilig5t rese>* on ! "p
 ( s*ol>%ip has effect$ among critical  
/ud5ts1 ! rec5t revision ( ! ,bible has 
accompli%$ among ! p4 ,! old-"t rev]5ce 
= ! lett] ( ! law1 or :at is commonly   
kn[n z v]bal inspiration1 is disappe>+ z
 mi/ be=e ! sun%9e1 ow+1 9 ?is latt]    
case1 to ! p becom+ acqua9t$ = ! fir/ "t
 ) ! fact t !re are passages 9 ! ,bible 
confess$ by ! mo/ or?odox s*ol>s to be  
spuri\s4 ,!y f\nd 9 ! revis$ scriptures 
passages 9 "s in/ances conta9+ _m       
consecutive v]ses enclos$ 9 brackets1 z1
 = example1 ! /ory ( ! woman tak5 9 s9 9
 ! ,gospel ( ,john f vii4 #ec to viii4  
#aa inclusive4 ,consult+ ! foot-note !y 
f\nd t ^! passages 7 spuri\s or add$ by 

a lat] h&4 ,i well rememb] ! explanation
 made by a s*ol>ly & dev\t pr(essor 9   
!ology1 :ile at ! ,k5tucky ,univ]sity1  
reg>d+ ! passage ref]r$ to above4 ,!    
incid5t d\btless occurr$ mu* z x appe>s1
 ass]t$ ! pr(essor1 b :ile omitt$ f !   
e>li] copies1 0 h&$ d[n by tradition1 & 
at a lat] day incorporat$ into ! text4  
,su* explanations 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1   
h[ev]1 7 by no means calculat$ to       
satisfy ! d\bts :i* _h be5 rais$ 9 !    
m9ds ( ^? :o _h f infancy be5 taught to 
believe 9 ! v]bal inspiration ( !       
,bible4 ,naturally ! "q arose 9 ! m9ds (
 ! ?9k+ masses1 if "o passage is prov$  
to be spuri\s1 & ! _w possesses no      
orig9al manuscripts1 :at gu>antee t     
any?+ approa*+ ! orig9al tea*+s ( ,jesus
 is pres]v$4 ,if ! /ream ( inspiration  
is prov$ to be muddy 9 "s places1 is x n
 possible t :at at fir/ 0 pure z ! melt+
 sn[ on ! m\nta9 tops1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh 
! h&s ( v>i\s human au?ors & copyi/s1   
may h become z turbid ) ! ca/ ( human   
?\ght z ! m\nta9 /ream :i*1 pure at !   

s\rce1 is heavy ) mud at ! base8 ,x is  
impossible to e/imate h[ mu* influ5ce   
?is discov]y on ! "p ( ! p has ex]t$ 9  
behalf ( a broad] & m lib]al            
int]pretation ( ! ,bible4 ,ano!r factor 
:i* is usually ov]look$1 b :i* has _h a 
m>k$ effect on ! ?\ght :i* to-day is 9  
op5 rebellion aga9/ ! old /&>ds1 is f\nd
 9 ! influ5ce ex]t$ by a galaxy ( great 
& godly lives1 :i* came on ! /age (     
exi/5ce e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 & ^:    
?\ghts h unconsci\sly broad5$ ! m9ds1   
ref9$ ! s5tim5t1 & ennobl$ ! lives ( e  
"o :o has read _! works4 ,9 ?is c\ntry  
,longfell[1 ,bryant1 ,:itti]1 ,l[ell1   
,haw?orne1 ,em]son1 ,*ann+1 ,p>k]1      
,cl>ke1 & o!r illum9at$ s\ls1 gave all  
:o came "u ! magic ( _! words a broad]  
view ( life1 a tru] conception ( !      
univ]se1 & a l(ti] inspiration ?an aught
 t _h t\*$ !m be=e4 ,x is d\btful if !  
great ?9k]s dream$ t on ! curr5t ( _!   
?\ghts t5s ( ?\s&s ( e>ne/ lives 7 to be
 c>ri$ into a l>g] hope1 a m intellig5t1
 humane appreciation ( ! my/]ies (      

creation1 & a gr&] idea ( ,god4 ,?us we 
see 9 ! pres5t religi\s revolution no?+ 
/range 9 ! bitt] opposition (           
cons]vative ?\ght1 no?+ rem>kable 9 !   
p]si/5t & e>ne/ attitude ( ^? :o /& = ! 
high] criticism4 ,x is ! old feud2 ! pa/
 /ruggl+ ) ! future2 dep>t+ night battl+
 ) ! dawn4 ,( ! issue none :o h fai? 9 !
 ultimate triumph ( tru?1 wisdom1 &     
progress c d\bt4   ,,! ,,conflict       
,,betwe5 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,?\ght   
,,9 ,,! ,,presbyt]ian ,,*ur*4  ,! vote (
 ! ,new ,york ,presbyt]y on ! twelf? (  
,may1 to pres5t ! case ( ,pr(4 ,*>les   
,a4 ,briggs#aj be=e ! synod w probably  
prove "o ( ! mo/ mom5t\s moves made 9   
rec5t ye>s 9 ! !ological _w4 ,x is a    
positive *all5ge ?r[n be=e ,presbyt]ians
 :o hold views popul>ly t]m$ ,high]     
,criticism4 ,x is a decl>ation ( w> to !
 knife on ! "p ( ^? :o oppose ! revision
 ( ! ,we/m9/] ,confession1 & :o *]i%    
anci5t ?\ght4 ,nor is ! opposition l$ by
 ,dr4 ,briggs dispos$ to yield :at is   
believ$ to be ! only tru? consi/5t ) an 

intellig5t conception ( a j1 lov+1 &    
wise ,god4 ,! imm$iate cause ( ?is      
det]m9$ conflict is f\nd 9 ,pr(essor    
,briggs' rec5t address on ! au?ority ( !
 ,holy ,scriptures1 deliv]$ at 8        
inaugural z ,pr(essor ( ,biblical       
,!ology 9 ! ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y ( 
,new ,york4 ,9 ?is notable address he   
ma9ta9$ t !re 7 ?ree great f\nta9s (    
div9e au?ority1 ! ,bible1 ! ,*ur*1 &    
,reason1 any "o ( :i* 0 capable ( lead+ 
p]sons to ,god4 ,he in/anc$ ! foll[+    
cases3 ,c>d9al ,newman 0 l$ to ,god     
?r\gh ! ,*ur* ( ,rome2 ,spurgeon1 ?r\gh 
! ,bible1 & ! philosoph] ,m>t9eau ?r\gh 
,reason4 ,he fur!r ass]t$ t no "o c\ld  
get at ! ,bible unless he =c$ 8 way     
?r\gh human ob/acles1 :i* he tabulat$ z 
foll[s3 7#a7 ,sup]/iti\s rev]5ce = !    
book itself4 7#b7 ,! belief 9 ! v]bal   
inspiration ( ! ,bible4 7#c7 ,!         
au!nticity ( ! ,scriptures4 ,traditions 
f ! dead *ur* assign au?ors to all !    
books ( ! ,bible1 b high] criticism     
pron\nces ^! traditions fallacies &     

follies4 7#d7 ,! doctr9e ( ! in]rancy ( 
! ,bible4 ,hi/orical criticism aga9     
pron\nces t !re are errors 9 ! ,bible1 b
 !y are 9 circum/antials1 n 9 ess5tials4
 7#e7 ,! miracles are 9 violation ( !   
laws ( nature1 & keep m5 away f !       
,bible4 7#f7 ,! failure ( m9ute         
prophecy4 ,dr4 ,briggs fur!r express$   
belief 9 ! ultimate salvation ( mank9d1 
decl>+ t r$emption 0 n limit$ to ?is _w1
 b cont9u$ ?r\gh ! va/ p]iod ( "t prec$+
 ! resurrection4       #aj ,dr4 ,philip 
,s*aff1 ?an :om !re is no abl] or       
m r5[n$ biblical s*ol> 9 ! ,new ,_w1 has
 9           a rec5t pap] 9 ! ,new ,york
 ,h]ald def5d$ ,dr4           ,briggs4  
,t j\rnal aptly says3 ,9 8 pap]1 he     
def9es 9 ! mo/ tr5*ant language1 !      
app>5t           inconsi/5cy ( ! ,new   
,york ,presbyt]y 9 practically          
av[+1 eighte5 mon?s ago1 ! same pr9ciple
 =           :i* ,dr4 ,briggs1 x        
decl>es1 mu/ n[ /& trial4 ,he           
decl>es t ! ,am]ican ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* 
has           h]self mat]ially *ang$ !  

,we/m9/] ,confession           ( a      
hundr$ ye>s ago1 & t ?is _s (           
revision p]vades ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w4    
,f9ally1           he ass]ts t1 z ! !ory
 ( v]bal inspiration (           !      
,scriptures is n 9 ! ,we/m9/]           
,confession (           ,fai?1 x _c be  
dem&$ f any ,presbyt]ian           m9i/]
 or pr(essor1 & w>ns *ur*m5 t any       
attempt by ! ,g5]al ,assembly to en=ce  
an extra           ,scriptural & extra  
,confessional !ory ^u !           ,*ur* 
w create a split worse ?an t ( #ahcg4 ,!
           ,h]ald obs]ves t3--          
,dr4 ,s*aff's int]national fame z a *ur*
 hi/orian           & !ologian w compel 
! greate/ respect f           n alone ! 
m9i/]s ( ! ,presbyt]ian *ur*1 b         
also f ! cl]gy ( all ,*ri/ian *ur*es4   
,z e>ly z #ahde1 he 0 tri$ = h]esy 9 ?is
           c\ntry1 & acquitt$4 ,9 #ahed1
 he repres5t$ !           ,am]ican      
,g]man *ur*es at ! ,ecclesia/ical ,diet 
at           ,frank=t1 & receiv$ !      
degree ( ,d4 ,d4 f !                    

,univ]sity at ,b]l94 ,9 #ahgj1 he       
accept$ ! *air (           sacr$        
lit]ature 9 ! ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y 
(           ?is city4 ,he is a memb] ( !
 ,leipsic ,hi/orical1           !       
,ne!rl&1 & o!r hi/orical & lit]>y       
societies 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 & is
 "o (           ! f\nd]s & honor>y      
secret>y ( ! ,am]ican           ,bran* (
 ! ,evangelical ,alliance4 ,9 #ahga1 he 
0 "o           ( ! ,alliance delegates  
to ! ,emp]or ( ,russia to               
plead = ! religi\s lib]ty ( 8 subjects 9
 !           ,baltic ,prov9ces4         
,he 0 presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,bible      
,revision           ,committee1 :i* 0   
appo9t$ 9 #ahga at ! reque/           ( 
! ,engli% committee1 & 9 #ahge 0 s5t to 
,engl& to arrange = ! co-op]ation &     
publication           ( !               
,anglo-,am]ican edition4 ,! same ye> he 
att5d$ (ficially ! conf]5ces ( ! ,old   
,ca?olics1 ,greeks & ,prote/ants at     
,bonn1 to promote           ,*ri/ian    
unity4            ,dr4 ,s*aff 0 fir/    

presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,society          
( ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 & is ! au?or ( a great 
numb]           ( hi/orical & exegetical
 works1 bo? 9 ,engli% &                 
,g]man1 ! latt] hav+ be5 translat$ into 
,engli%4  ,on page #ee ( 8 revis$       
address1 he obs]ves3       ,! ,biblical 
r$emption is a r$emption ( our race & ( 
univ]sal nature4 ,z ! anci5t ,jews      
limit$ r$emption to      ,israel &      
ov]look$ ! nations1 s ! ,*ur* limit$    
r$emption to ^? :o 7 baptiz$1 & exclud$ 
!      hea!n & unbaptiz$4 ,!            
,presbyt]ians h too (t5      limit$     
r$emption by _! doctr9e ( election2 !   
,bible      kn[s no su* limitation4 ,!  
,bible tea*es election1 b an            
election ( love4 ,lov+ only ! elect1 is 
e>?ly1 human      tea*+4 ,elect+ m5 to  
salvation by ! t\* ( ,div9e      love--t
 is heav5ly doctr9e4 ,! salvation ( ! _w
      c only mean ! _w z a :ole1 comp>$ 
) :i* !      unr$eem$ w be s few &      
insignificant & evid5tly      beyond !  
rea* ( r$emption by _! own act ( reject+

      x & h>d5+ !mselves aga9/ x1 & by  
desc5d+      into su* dep?s ( demoniacal
 depravity t !y w      vani% f sight4   
,9 ! app5dix to 8 address1 publi%$ ab\t 
! middle ( ,may1 9 speak+ ( in]rancy1   
,dr4 ,briggs fur!r obs]ves3--       ,x  
is agre$ t !re are a l>ge numb] ( errors
 9 !      be/ ,,mss4 ( ! ,bible2 x is ! 
!ory ( mod]n      dogmaticians1 t !y 7 n
 9 ! orig9al ,,mss4 ,we c      nev] h   
!m1 & x is idle to speculate z to _!    
cont5ts4 ,:5 ! ,l[] or ,textual         
,criticism has done its      be/1 &     
secur$ ! be/ possible text1 dogmaticians
      discr$it ! be/ text :5 !y         
speculate z to :at 0      9 ! orig9al   
text4 ,if ! reaction>y dogmaticians may 
speculate to remove errors f ! text1 !  
rationali/ic      critics may also      
speculate ) reg>d to ! orig9al text     
9 a way t w\ld make havoc ) s*ola/ic    
!ology4      ,ev5 ,mohamm$ 0 will+ to   
accept ! orig9al text ( !      ,law & ! 
,gospel1 :i* he claim$ _h be5 falsifi$  
by      ,jews & ,*ri/ians4       ,i     

said1 ,x is n a pleasant task to po9t   
out errors 9      ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures4 
,9 ,biblical ,/udy1 & ,:i!r8      ,i    
limit$ myself to two errors ( citation4 
,i h n tak5      a brief to prove !     
errancy ( ,scripture4 ,cons]vative m5   
%\ld hesitate be=e !y =ce ! critics 9   
self-def5ce to make a catalogue ( errors
 9 ! ,bible4      ,! errors are 9 ! only
 texts we h1 & e "o is      =c$ to      
recognize !m4       ,x is well kn[n t ! 
great re=m]s1 ,calv9 &      ,lu!r1      
recogniz$ errors 9 ! ,scriptures1 t     
,baxt] &      ,ru!r=d ( ! second        
,re=mation 7 n di/urb$ by      !m1 & t !
 *oice/ spirits ( mod]n times--su* z    
,van ,oo/]zee1 ,?oluck1 ,ne&]1 ,/i]1    
,lange1 &      ,dorn]--h n hesitat$ to  
po9t out num]\s errors 9      ,holy     
,scripture4 ,?is view is ma9ta9$ by     
,s&ay1 ,driv]1      ,*eyne1 ,davidson1  
,bruce1 ,gore1 ,m>cus ,dods1 ,blaikie1 &
      num]\s o!rs 9 ,great ,brita92 by  
,fi%]1 ,?ay]1 ,smy!1      ,evans1 ,h4   
,b4 ,smi?1 ,w4 ,r4 ,h>p]1 & ho/s ( o!rs 

9      ?is c\ntry4  ,"o c easily see h[ 
dang]\sly h]etical su* bold decl>ations 
w\ld s\nd to patri>*s ( cons]vatism l   
,rev4 ,dr4 ,%$d1 ! well-kn[n au?or (    
,dogmatic ,!ology1 :i* embraces ?irte5  
hundr$ pages1 b 9 ! index ( :i* "o looks
 9 va9 = =giv5ess ( s9 or p>don ( s94 ,a
 "w :i* devotes eighty-six pages to hell
 & only f\r to heav54 ,dr4 ,briggs1     
h[ev]1 claims t !ologians l ,dr4 ,%$d1  
^: tea*+s h be5 *iefly on ! damnation ( 
m5 n compet5t to judge him1 & gaug$ by  
our pres5t civilization he is d\btless  
correct1 b by ! /&>d ( ! !ologians :o   
fram$ ! ,we/m9/] ,confession1 ,i h less 
confid5ce 9 8 accuracy4 ,x mu/ be       
rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ,pr(essor ,briggs has
 exhau/ively /udi$ ! lives & tea*+s ( ! 
fram]s ( ! ,confession1 & he may h be5  
able at times to cat* !m at _! be/1 :5 9
 mom5ts ( spiritual exaltation !y h     
utt]$ gr& prophetic & div9ely lov+      
utt]ances :i* 7 =eign to _! usual habits
 ( ?\ght or ! religi\s conviction ( !   
age 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,& 9 t ev5t he may be

 able to ma9ta9 8 position :5 8 case is 
call$ be=e ! synod1 ev5 aga9/ ! popul>  
impression z to ! real mean+ ( !        
,confession4 ,fail+ 9 ?is1 ! only       
alt]native w be recantation or )drawal f
 ! ,presbyt]ian ,communion4 ,f ! /&     
already tak5 x is impossible to imag9e !
 pr(essor /ultify+ himself & tea*+ :at  
he does n believe2 :ile 8 )drawal w     
unque/ionably mean ! greate/ s*ism t    
,presbyt]ianism has yet suff]$4 ,i ?9k x
 highly probable t ! majority ( 8 bro!r 
m9i/]s to-day w condemn#aa ! bold1 brave
 man :om 8 communion 9 ! ne> future w   
rev]e z a man :o1 prophet-l1 saw beyond 
! sect to :i* he belong$2 ^: noble1     
lov+1 & holy nature drew him into       
intimate relation%ip ) ! ,div9e life1   
:i* is ! ess5ce ( ,love4       #aa ,s9ce
 writ+ ! above ! ,assembly at ,detroit  
has           vot$ aga9/ ! confirmation 
( ,dr4 ,briggs by #ddj           aga9/  
#ei2 ?us1 f a num]ical po9t ( view1 ,dr4
           ,briggs is 9 ! m9ority4 ,?is 
is by no means           surpris+1 & ,i 

reg>d x greatly to ! cr$it (           !
 ,assembly t1 :ile !y hold to ! sev]e   
doctr9es popul>ly kn[n z ,calv9ism1 !y  
repudiate           all ! great lib]al  
s*ol>s :o refuse to believe           & 
tea* conceptions ( ,god :i* 7           
unque/ion+ly           accept$ 9 a =m]  
age1 b :i* ! enlight5m5t           ( !  
pres5t c5tury %r9ks f ) unutt]able      
horror4 ,unless ,dr4 ,briggs proves a   
di%one/ man &           recants he mu/  
leave ,union ,!ological ,sem9>y1 if     
t in/itution rema9s 9 ! ,presbyt]ian    
fell[%ip4    ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,a    
macron diacritical m>k1 a /raight l9e   
above a lett]1 is f\nd on sev]al words 9
 ! orig9al text4 ,^! lett]s are indicat$
 "h by ! cod+ x = a macron above any    
lett] x4 ,= example1 ! ^w aionios ) a   
macron above ! fir/ lett] o w appe> z   
aionios 9 ! text4