,,national ,,"*4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,a  ,,?anksgiv+   
,,disc\rse1  ,,deliv]$ ,,novemb] #ae,,?1
 #ahee1  ,,9 ,,!  ,frankl9 ,/reet       
,presbyt]ian ,*ur*1  ,,by ,,! ,,pa/or1  
,,rev4 ,n4 ,c4 ,,burt4         99       
99       99       99       99           
,,baltimore3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,d4    
,,toy4  #ahee4     ,,baltimore1 ,novemb]
 #ag1 #ahee4  ,,rev4 ,n4 ,c4 ,,burt1    
,pa/or ( ,frankl9 ,/reet ,presbyt]ian   
,*ur*3  ,,de> ,,sir--,we e>ne/ly solicit
 a copy ( ! ,disc\rse deliv]$ by y on   
,?anksgiv+ day1 = publication4  ,) great
 respect1 y\rs1 c4  ,,george ,s4        
,,gibson4 ,r4 ,k4 ,,hawley4 ,j4 ,,h5ry  
,,/ickney4 ,i4 ,c4 ,,canfield4 ,,horace 
,w4 ,,taylor4 ,,jos4 ,b4 ,,f5by4 ,s4    
,,patt]son4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,culb]tson4 ,r4 ,h4
 ,,humphreys4 ,,h5ry ,d4 ,,h>vey4       
,,david ,,f]guson4 ,,john ,,bigham4 ,e4 
,s4 ,,allnutt4 ,,*as4 ,u4 ,,/obie4 ,h4  
,w4 ,,hayd54 ,,hiram ,,woods4 ,,geo4 ,w4
 ,,uhl]4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,babbitt4 ,,a%ur      
,,cl>ke4 ,m4 ,m4 ,,bigham4 ,,wm4 ,l4    

,,mccormick4 ,,jno4 ,,b>b]4 ,,alg]non   
,r4 ,,wood4 ,,alex&] ,,close4 ,,john ,r4
 ,,cole4 ,m4 ,,%aw4 ,a4 ,,c\lt]4 ,j4    
,,p]k9s ,,flem+4 ,,james ,v4 ,d4        
,,/ew>t4 ,,joel ,n4 ,,blake4 ,j4 ,,h5ry 
,,giese4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,b>b]4 ,,rob]t        
,,busby4 ,,john ,s4 ,,mckim4 ,j4 ,,dean 
,,smi?4 ,,david ,s4 ,,c\rt5ay4 ,,wm4 ,r4
 ,,seev]s4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,leak94 ,,patrick   
,,gibson4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,polk4 ,,william     
,,:ite4 ,,geo4 ,w4 ,,brad=d4 ,,edw>d    
,,duffy4 ,,?os4 ,h4 ,,qu9an4 ,,samuel   
,w4 ,,b>b]4 ,,mat!w ,,horn4 ,,morgan    
,,coleman4 ,,/eph5 ,,williams4 ,,james  
,,wilson1 ,h[>d-,/4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,patt]son4 
,,lanca/] ,,ould4 ,,geo4 ,c4 ,,morton4  
,,geo4 ,,ross ,,veazey4 ,,daniel        
,,holliday4 ,d4 ,h4 ,,blan*>d4 ,e4 ,h4  
,,?omson4 ,w4 ,j4 ,,dickey4 ,,john ,p4  
,,c\lt]4 ,,alex4 ,e4 ,,br[n4 ,h4 ,c4    
,,re$4 ,,cornelius ,e4 ,,beatty4 ,,john 
,t4 ,,dick4 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,br[n4 ,r4 ,h4   
,,p5n+ton4 ,,john ,p4 ,,ri*>dson4       
,,rob]t ,,leslie4     ,,baltimore1      
,novemb] #be1 #ahee4  ,,g5tlem5--,!     

reque/ = a copy ( my ,?anksgiv+         
,disc\rse1 s g5]ally made1 ,i _c refuse4
 ,! manuscript is h]e) plac$ at y\r     
disposal4  ,v truly y\rs1  ,n4 ,c4      
,,burt4   ,,dr4 ,g4 ,s4 ,,gibson4  ,r4  
,k4 ,,hawley1 ,esq4  ,j4 ,,h5ry         
,,/ickney1 ,esq4 & o!rs4     ,,disc\rse4
        ,,psalm #cc3 #ab4--;,,bless$    
,,is ,,! ,,nation ,,^: ,,god ,,is ,,!   
,,"l4  ,we h met to-day1 at ! call ( !  
,gov]nor ( ?is ,commonweal?1 to r5d]    
?anks to ! ,supreme ,gov]nor ( ! _w = 8 
m]cies grant$ u dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,surely 
we h abundant cause = ?anksgiv+4 ,9 !   
pres5t in/ance1 our annual fe/ival n    
only calls u to recognize ! common      
b\nties ( ,god's provid5ce mo/ ri*ly    
be/[$1 b also af=ds a mo/ suitable      
opportunity = r5d]+ special (f]+s (     
gratitude = our happy exemption f t     
pe/il5ce1 :i*1 = mon?s j pa/1 lift$ its 
fr[n+ cl\ds 9 our ne> horizon1 &        
committ$ its deva/ations on our v       
bord]s1--a pe/il5ce :i*1 if ,god _h     
p]mitt$ x to m>* ^u our ,city & to d a l

 deadly "w amid/ our population1 w\ld n[
 be exult+ ov] z _m sla9 victims f among
 u1 z !re are p]sons n[ assembl$ 9 all  
our ,*ur*es = ?is ?anksgiv+ s]vice4 ,let
 u give he>ty ?anks = ?is di/+ui%+ sp>+ 
goodness4  ,be+ call$ toge!r by our     
civil au?orities1 & t to recognize ! h& 
( ,god ov] u z a p1 ! occasion is       
suitable = consid]+ ! g5]al subject (   
,,national ,,"*1 & 9 connection ) x1 !  
duties & de/9ies ( our own nation4  ,:at
 n[1 to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 is ! prop]    
idea ( a nation8 ,! idea is a complex   
"o1 involv+1 to a great] or less ext5t1 
! ideas ( community ( bir?1 community ( 
language1 occupation ( ! same t]ritory1 
citiz5%ip "u ! same gov]nm5t4  ,! ^w    
nation signifies a body ( m5 desc5d$ f !
 same prog5itor1--^? hav+ community (   
bir?4 ,we may1 f ! s5se ( ! ^w1 call !  
,jews a nation1 ?\gh us+ a div]sity (   
languages1 & ?\gh scatt]$ ov] ! e>?1 )\t
 di/9ct t]ritory or sep>ate gov]nm5t4   
,community ( language commonly foll[s ^u
 community ( bir?4 ,yet community (     

language does n ( itself det]m9e or     
secure nationality4 ,! ,engli% &        
ourselves speak ! same language1 yet are
 di/9ct nations4 ,! ,swiss are "o       
nation1 yet speak "s ( !m ,fr5*1 o!rs   
,g]man1 o!rs ,italian4  ,occupation ( ! 
same t]ritory is n ess5tial to          
nationality4 ,n only may a nation be    
scatt]$1--its p>ts dwell+ 9 sev]al      
l&s1--z 9 ! case ( ! ,jews1 b a nation  
may migrate 9 a body & pres]ve its      
national "* 9 transit1 or x may h no    
fix$ t]ritorial abode :atev]4 ,! ,t>t>s 
& ! ,arabs are nations ev] 9 motion1 &  
held b ! mo/ loosely by any t5ure (     
soil4  ,& ev5 citiz5%ip "u ! same       
gov]nm5t1 does n ( itself exhau/ ! idea 
( a nation4 ,russia may be said to      
include _m nations "u h] sway4  ,yet !  
ideas ( race1 language1 c\ntry &        
gov]nm5t1 all ent] into1 & ) great] or  
less di/9ctness1 & to a great] or less  
ext5t1 con/itute ! g5]al idea ( a       
nation4 ,! ,fr5* h 9 g5]al ! same orig93
 !y speak ! same language3 !y possess a 

def9ite t]ritory3 !y live "u "o         
gov]nm5t4 ,!y are ( ,gallic orig93 we   
call _! language ,fr5*3 _! home is      
,france3 !y are ! subjects ( ,napoleon4 
,^! sev]al ideas ( a nation d n1 h[ev]1 
seem to be equally ess5tial4 ,x is 9 !  
idea ( ,gov]nm5t1 ! idea ( ! ,/ate1 9   
:i* an associat$ body ( m5 rises to view
 z a p]sonality1 & z a sov]eign p[]1    
clo!d ) div9e privileges & pr]ogatives1 
subsi/+ = high moral ends1 disp5s+      
ju/ice among/ its own citiz5s 9 ! "n (  
,god1 & treat+ ) o!r ,/ates z           
responsible p]sons l itself1 ) :om x    
dwells z 9 a family ( nations to possess
 ! e>?2--x is 9 ?is idea t ! ideas (    
community ( orig9 & ( language1 &       
occupation ( ! same t]ritory1 m]ge      
!mselves z subord9ate or accid5tal1 & t 
our view ( a nation is mo/ satisfactory 
& complete4  ,! functions ( supreme     
gov]nm5t are r>ely ex]cis$ ov] a v small
 body ( m54 ,& nations ne$ to be ( "s   
magnitude to realize ! b5efits (        
national exi/5ce4 ,a nation1 j 9 virtue 

( its national con/itution1 is 9 a      
measure sep>at$ f ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,x has
 an exi/5ce by itself4 ,x ought1 !n1 to 
h a complet5ess 9 itself4 ,x %\ld be    
made up ( s _m & su* v>iety ( p>ts1 t ^!
 p>ts 9 _! int]-action1 may produce a   
suffici5t life4 ,its classes ( citiz5s &
 _! occupations1 %\ld be s div]sifi$ &  
num]\s1 t 9 ! mutual dep5d5ce & support1
 ! highe/ possible b5efit may result4   
,size has to d mat]ially ) ! idea ( a   
nation4 ,?is1 inde$1 makes all !        
diff]5ce betwe5 a family & a nation1 if 
only sov]eign pr]ogatives be conc$$ to !
 family1 z 0 done 9 patri>*al times4 ,x 
is 9 ! life ( ! ,/ate r ?an t ( !       
family1 t we h civilization4 ,! v ^w    
civilization implies ?is--civis1 be+ a  
citiz51 & civitas1 a ,/ate4  ,!         
importance ( national relations may be  
se5 9 ! consid]ation ( ! nature (       
hi/ory4 ,:at is hi/ory8 ,is x a         
collection ( ! biographies ( individual 
m58 ,we d n1 z a fact1 give to su*      
collection ! "n ( hi/ory4 ,hi/ory has   

be5 call$ ! biography ( society4 ,b (   
society f\nd$ ^u :at basis1 work+ by :at
 ag5cies1 involv+ :at int]e/s1 propos+  
:at ends8 ,n surely volunt>y            
associations1 =m$ = ! promotion ( !     
arts1 or comm]ce1 or philosophy1 or     
b5evol5t und]tak+s4 ,su* associations   
are too limit$ 9 ! numb]s :i* belong to 
!m1 too n>r[ & p>tial 9 ! ends !y       
propose & ! means !y use1 to ju/ify u 9 
call+ _! biography hi/ory4 ,we mu/ f9d a
 society :i*1 z ne>ly z possible1 %all  
compreh5d 9 its memb]s ! entire human   
race1 comm& 9 its work+s all human      
en]gies1 involve 9 its consid]ation all 
human int]e/s2 ! biography ( su* a      
society we may call hi/ory4 ,su* a      
society we f9d 9 ! ,/ate4 ,& x is       
because ! :ole human race is ga!r$ into 
nations2 x is because ! ,/ate proposes z
 its true object ! highe/ good ( all its
 citiz5s2 & especially is x because !   
,/ate z a sov]eign p[]1 n only holds !  
p]sons & prop]ty ( its citiz5s at its   
disposal1 b deals ) its citiz5s & ) all 

mank9d z moral be+s1 & z itself a moral 
p]son responsible to ,god1--be+ a       
sov]eign only z 8 m9i/]2--x is because (
 all ?is1 t we give ! "n hi/ory to !    
biography ( nations r ?an to t ( any o!r
 society4 ,& ! idea ( hi/ory g5]ally    
accept$ is ?is1--x is a record ( !      
*anges :i* come ov] ! aspect & =tunes ( 
nations1 9 _! self-developm5t & _!      
mutual int]c\rse4,a  ,! highe/ tru? (   
hi/ory is unque/ionably ! ,provid5ce (  
,god4 ,n[1 x gives u a mo/ impressive   
view ( ! importance ( national          
relations1 :5 we consid] ! ,bible       
repres5tation ( nations z ! great ag5ts 
( ,god's ,provid5ce4 ,! ,assyrian nation
 s5t aga9/ ! p ( ,israel is ! rod ( 8   
ang] & ! /aff ( 8 indignation4 ,said    
,god to 8 anci5t p1 ,i w br+ a nation on
 y f f>1 ,o h\se ( ,israel4 ,god ( old  
s5t 8 prophets to ?is nation & t2       
,elijah to ,israel1 ,j]emiah to ,judah1 
,jonah to ,assyria4  ,moreov]1 ! ,bible 
recognizes ! importance ( national      
relations 9 ! position x assigns to     

nations 9 ! hi/oric & prophetic         
developm5t ( ! plan = man's r$emption4  
,be=e ! adv5t ( our ,savi\r1 ,god 0 9   
cov5ant ) a nation4 ,to cons]ve ! true  
religion amid/ ! corruptions :i* a      
second "t 7 com+ ov] ! :ole e>?1 ,god   
took ,abraham & 8 family into special   
relations to himself4 ,yet ,god did n   
see fit to keep ^! special relations    
conf9$ to a s+le family 9 successive    
g5]ations4 ,x ent]$ directly into 8     
plan1 to make ( ?is *os5 family a       
nation1 to set !m 9 a l& ( _! own1 to   
give !m a gov]nm5t ( _! own1 to place !m
 amid/ ! o!r nations ( ! e>?4 ,!        
influ5ce ( a nation 0 requir$ to prep>e 
! _w = ! com+ ( ,messiah4 ,s also 9     
prophecy4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! bea/s
 ( ! ,revelation1 ) _! heads & horns1 ! 
bea/s ( ,daniel are di/9ctly /at$ to be 
,k+doms ^u ,e>?4 ,!y are ,/ates &       
,empires4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a k+dom :i* ! 
,"l ,god w set up ^u e>?1 :i*1 z a      
little /one cut out ( ! m\nta91 %all    
smite & break & cru% ! k+doms ( e>?1 &  

itself occupy _! place4 ,! sa9ts ( !    
,mo/ ,high %all take ! k+dom1 & possess 
! k+dom = ev]4  ,) ?is consid]ation ( ! 
idea ( a nation1 & ( ! importance (     
national relations1 let u n[1 turn+ &   
behold+ ! race ( m5 dwell+ toge!r 9 a   
family ( nations1 ask m p>ticul>ly aft] 
_! duties & de/9ies4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,i4 ,!     
,/ate has a religi\s "*4 ,nations d]ive 
_! exi/5ce z su* f ,god4 ,! ,/ate is (  
div9e in/itution4 ,x enjoys & ex]cises  
div9e pr]ogatives4 ,x is h5ce "u duty to
 ,god2 x has h]e9 a religi\s "*4  ,i d n
 propose to argue ! "q ( ! nature (     
civil gov]nm5t4 ,i w n und]take to %[ t 
! !ory ( a social compact--! !ory t all 
j p[]s ( gov]nm5t are d]iv$ f ! p1 :o   
volunt>ily yield !m up & cons5t to _!   
ex]cise--t ?is !ory is false4 ,en\gh =  
me--en\gh = y1 ,i presume1--t x is      
unscriptural & infidel4 ,en\gh = u t !  
,scriptures say1 ,! p[]s t be are orda9$
 ( ,god1 & ! civil rul] is ! m9i/] (    
,god4 ,i d n d5y1--! ,scriptures d n    

d5y--! di/9ction betwe5 ?+s civil & ?+s 
religi\s4 ,! ,*ri/ian does n dem& t !   
,/ate %all be a !ocracy4 ,! ,/ate & !   
,*ur* has ea* its appropriate end &     
sph]e4 ,! prime end ( ! ,/ate is !      
disp5s+ ( ju/ice1 ! protect+ ( its      
citiz5s1 & ! secur+ by agriculture &    
comm]ce & ! arts1 & by ! intellig5ce &  
virtue ( its citiz5s1 ( ! g5]al welf>e4 
,! prime end ( ! ,*ur*1 s f> z man is   
conc]n$1 is ! promotion ( 8 spiritual & 
et]nal good1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( !          
,scriptures ( reveal$ tru?4 ,! sph]e ( !
 "o is ! affairs ( ?is life1--t ( ! o!r1
 ! affairs ( ! life to come4 ,yet !     
,/ate & ! ,*ur* are n :olly sep>at$ &   
absolutely indep5d5t2 & nei!r is        
indep5d5t ( ,god4  ,aga93 ,man 9 8      
entirety1 is a religi\s be+1 & mu/ c>ry 
8 religion ) him into all 8 relations4  
,he is a religi\s citiz52 s t n only is 
gov]nm5t in/itut$ by ,god & to be       
adm9i/]$ 9 8 "n1 & is !re=e religi\s1 b 
be+ adm9i/]$ by m5 & ^u m51 :o !mselves 
are "u responsibility to ,god1 x is     

!re=e aga9 religi\s4  ,& aga93 ,al?\gh !
 prime end ( ! ,/ate be ! promotion (   
man's temporal welf>e1 & t ( ! ,*ur*1 ! 
promotion ( 8 spiritual welf>e1 & al?\gh
 ! prime sph]e ( ! ,/ate be ! ?+s ( !   
pres5t life1 & t ( ! ,*ur* ^? ( ! life  
to come1 yet ?+s temporal & ?+s         
spiritual1 & ! ?+s ( ! pres5t life & ^? 
( ! life to come1 h mo/ intimate &      
important connections4 ,! spiritual     
welf>e tells ^u ! temporal1 & ! life to 
come is b ! issue & result ( ! pres5t   
life4 ,"h1 once m1 is ! ,/ate se5 to h a
 religi\s "*4 ,all ?is admits ( abundant
 pro( & illu/ration4  ,! ,/ate1 !n1 has 
a "* directly religi\s1 due to its orig9
 & nature1 z in/itut$ by ,god = do+ 8   
m9i/ry ) m54 ,h5ce1 its laws %\ld be    
f\nd$ on ! highe/ views ( ! div9e w     
asc]ta9able4 ,x %\ld enact t alone to be
 crime :i* ,god pron\nces to be s94 ,&  
aga91 ! ,/ate has a "* indirectly       
religi\s1 9 view ( ! fact1 t x is       
adm9i/]$ by & ^u ^? :o are "u religi\s  
obligations1 & 9 view ( ! fact t        

religion has mat]ial connection ) t     
public welf>e :i* x is ! design & duty (
 ! ,/ate to promote4 ,! ,/ate mu/1 on ! 
"o h&1 respect ! consci5ce ( its        
citiz5s1 leav+ !m free 9 religi\s       
op9ions & practices2 & yet1 on ! o!r h&1
 x mu/ seek to promote ! int]e/s ( true 
religion1 ) ^: prosp]ity ! public welf>e
 is vitally connect$4  ,x belongs to our
 gov]nm5t1 my he>]s1 to con=m its       
legislation to ! pr9ciples ( ! ,bible1 &
 to impose its p5alties = violat$ law1  
on ! au?ority & ) ! sanction ( ! ,god ( 
! ,bible3 & x belongs to our gov]nm5t1  
:ile indulg+ ! l>ge/ & mo/ lib]al       
tol]ation ( religi\s op9ions &          
practices1 /ill to seek ! diffusion &   
e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ! l5g? 
& bread? ( our l&4 ,x is "r t our       
gov]nm5t en=ces1 to a good degree1 !    
obs]vance ( ! ,*ri/ian ,sabba?4 ,x is   
dem&$ t su* obs]vance be en=c$ 9 /ill   
l>g] degree4 ,our gov]nm5t1 if x be b\nd
 to af=d an education to ! *ildr5 ( its 
citiz5s at all1 is b\nd to give !m a    

,*ri/ian education4 ,! ,bible %\ld be 9 
all our ,public ,s*ools4 ,*apla9s %\ld  
be provid$ = all ,/ate in/itutions1 z !y
 are = ! ,army & ,navy4  ,i "k1 inde$1 t
 ^! views1 :5 fully express$1 are n     
g5]ally conc$$4 ,_m seem to ?9k t       
gov]nm5t has no prop] connection )      
religion4 ,! cry ( ,*ur* & ,/ate--( !   
invasion ( religi\s rights--is rais$    
aga9/ ^! views4,b ,b n only has gov]nm5t
 a necess>y connection ) religion1 b :at
 may seem /ill m objectionable1 ! free/ 
gov]nm5t mu/ h ref]5ce1 9 its laws &    
in/itutions1 to "s =m ( religion1 z t   
held by ! great body ( its citiz5s3 & x 
is a mi/ake1 z egregi\s z x is frequ5t1 
:i* supposes t because our ,f$]al       
,con/itution prescribes no religion z t 
( ?is c\ntry1 & unites ! gov]nm5t to no 
,*ur*1 our c\ntry is !re=e z mu* ,pagan 
or ,infidel z x is ,*ri/ian4 ,!         
,con/itution & ! legislation ( our      
c\ntry presuppose & take = grant$1 if !y
 d n di/9ctly affirm1 t ,bible          
,*ri/ianity is ! religion ( ?is c\ntry4 

,& !y mu/ d s1 9 ord] t ?is be a free   
gov]nm5t1 s9ce ! great body ( our p are 
believ]s 9 ?is religion4 ,! ,presid5t ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 /&+ 9 ! portico ( !    
,capitol1 be=e ! face ( heav5 & 9 view (
 ! assembl$ p1 swe>s ^u ! ,bible to     
support ! ,con/itution4 ,! great        
functions ( gov]nm5t cease to be ex]cis$
 among u :5 ! morn+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,sabba?
 dawns4 ,! ,executive closes 8 mansion1 
,congress vacates its halls1 ! judge    
comes d[n f 8 b5*2--all pause & wait    
?r\gh ! day ( :i* ! ,god ( ! ,bible & ! 
,"l our ,savi\r has said--x is m9e4 ,h[ 
solemn ! te/imony1 & h[ frequ5tly       
recurr+1 t ?is is a ,*ri/ian nation4  ,&
 ^: rights are invad$ by ?is obs]vance (
 ! ,*ri/ian religion8 ,! ,jew's8 ,:y he 
c obs]ve 8 ,sabba? on ,saturday1 & ! law
 w protect him 9 ! obs]vance4 ,none %all
 mole/ or make him afraid4 ,! infidel's8
 ,x may be t he is put to inconv5i5ce4  
,he _c h 8 cause tri$ 9 ,c\rt2 he _c lay
 8 petition be=e ,congress or !         
,executive2 he may n be able to procure 

8 lett]s f ! ,po/ ,(fice3 b is ?is an   
invasion ( 8 rights8 ,:o has ! "r to    
compel ! judge to violate ! ,sabba? by  
try+ 8 cause1 or ! mail-c>ri] or po/    
ma/] by deliv]+ 8 lett]s8 ,w\ld n !     
non-obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? by ! gov]nm5t 
op]ate at once to close ! doors ( (fice 
aga9/ f\r-fif?s ( our consci5ti\s       
citiz5s8 ,= ! v reason1 !n1 t ! body (  
our p are ,*ri/ians1 our gov]nm5t does &
 mu/1 z a free gov]nm5t1 respect !      
,*ri/ian religion2 & fur!rmore1 because 
?is religion is1 z we "k1 ! true        
religion ( ,god1 & its influ5ce mo/     
happy 9 su/a9+ a free gov]nm5t1 ! ,/ate 
is b\nd n simply coldly to protect x 9  
common ) all =ms ( religion1 b w>mly to 
fo/] x z its own *os5 religion4  ,x w\ld
 n be well long] to dwell on ?is topic4 
,x may only be add$ t :ile ! und]/&+ (  
?is subject is ( ! v fir/ consequ5ce to 
u z a nation1 !re is no subject ( g5]al 
int]e/ :i* seems to be s little         
und]/ood4,c  ,nations ( necessity h a   
religi\s "*4 ,! civil gov]nm5t is (     

,god's ord9ation1 & does ,god's m9i/ry4 
,! civil gov]nm5t is adm9i/]$ by & ^u m5
 :o are religi\s be+s1 :o _c "u any     
circum/ances dive/ !mselves ( _!        
religi\s "*4 ,! preval5ce ( true        
religion among/ its citiz5s1 is ( !     
highe/ advantage to ! ,/ate4  ,e nation 
has its ,god or its gods4 ,bless$ is !  
nation ^: ,god is ! ,"l4 ,bless$ is     
,am]ica s long z a pure1 scriptural     
,*ri/ianity /imulates & gov]ns its      
public life4  ,x may be m5tion$1 b ne$ n
 be discuss$ z a di/9ct topic1 al?\gh   
its full consid]ation w\ld greatly en=ce
 ! views j pres5t$1 t1 z a matt] ( fact1
 ,god does reg>d nations z responsible  
p]sons1 & does hold !m 9 /rict acc\nt to
 himself4 ,! highe/ tru? ( univ]sal     
hi/ory be+ ! univ]sal & compreh5d+      
provid5ce ( ,god1 & ! great factors (   
hi/ory be+ ! nations ( mank9d1 & !      
p]sonal & responsible "* ( nations      
cont9u+ only 9 ?is life & obta9+ ,god's 
full judgm5t ( m]cy or wra? dur+ ! "t ( 
_! pres5t cont9uance1 ! hi/oric page1   

record+ ! maje/ic movem5ts ( empires 9  
_! rise & fall1 becomes unspeakably     
sublime z ! record ( ! ,almighty's      
manife/$ "*1 smil+ & bless+ 9 _!        
righte\s prosp]ity1 & fr[n+ & ov]?r[+ 9 
_! guilty doom4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,,ii4 ,b let u    
pass to ano!r view ( nations4 ,! race ( 
m5 we behold 9 a family ( nations4 ,we  
may consid] ! relations ( ^! nations "o 
to ano!r4  ,i use ! ^w family 9 ref]5ce 
to nations1 to indicate at once1 at !   
outset1 & z fully z possible1 _! true   
relations4 ,nations are mo/ closely &   
mo/ t5d]ly relat$4 ,_! relation is "o ( 
blood1 & _! "o p>5t is ,god4 ,he ha?    
made ( "o blood all nations ( m51 = to  
dwell on all ! face ( ! e>?1 & ha?      
det]m9$ ! times be=e appo9t$ & ! b\nds (
 _! habitation4 ,ea* nation has a c]ta9 
complet5ess 9 itself1 yet x is b a      
p>tial complet5ess4 ,nations are /ill   
connect$4 ,!y are dep5d5t on "o ano!r4  
,!y are "u obligations to "o ano!r4 ,!y 
are alike & toge!r b\nd to ! same ,god4 

,!y are a bro!rhood be=e ,god _! common 
,fa!r4 ,patriotism has its limits1 &    
philan?ropy1 its appropriate &          
transc5d5t sph]e4  ,see ! physical      
dep5d5ce ( nations4 ,does n e nation on 
! face ( ! e>? contribute to !          
conv5i5ces & com=ts & luxuries1 n to say
 ! necessities ( our e-day life8 ,& d we
 n1 z a nation1 contribute some?+ = !   
physical well-be+ ( e nation 9 turn8    
,:at mean ^! ?\s& %ips1 at all times & 9
 all directions trav]s+ ! ma98 ,are !y n
 all ha/5+ on ! w+s ( ! w9d1 ) _!       
preci\s burd5s1 to d ! m9i/ries (       
nations "o t[>d ano!r8 ,all comm]ce is  
significant1 fir/ ( all1 ( national     
int]dep5d5ce4  ,?is mutual dep5d5ce 9   
?+s physical is1 h[ev]1 b an image ( a  
high] dep5d5ce4 ,:at is civilization8   
,is x ! culture ( ! national life8 ,yet 
h[ is national life cultivat$8 ,is x by 
self-ef=t only1 put =? f a /imulus      
self-begott58 ,or is n civilization1 l !
 education ( ! individual1 9 "s measure 
dep5d5t on ! ef=ts ( o!rs8 ,mu/ !re n be

 an outw>d contact1 & a /imulus provok$ 
by su* contact8 ,turn a *ild into !     
woods1 & let him gr[ up to manhood )\t !
 society or ! sight ( 8 fell[-m54 ,:]e  
is 8 self-culture8 ,he is a wild man ( !
 woods2 he is a b>b>ian4 ,s nations ne$ 
! /imulus :i* comes f a contact ) _!    
fell[ nations2 & t1 n only t !y may     
advance 9 civilization1 b ev5 t !y may  
save !mselves f go+ d[n into b>b>ism4   
,see ,*9a1 ! l>ge/ empire ( m51 yet     
sep>at$ f its neighbors by a /one wall4 
,see ,h9do/an1 insulat$ by surr\nd+ seas
 & m\nta9s1 & de/itute ( comm]ce = _m   
hundr$ ye>s4 ,see ,africa1 seclud$ f all
 ! _w by its miasmatic regions & its    
fev]-b\nd coa/s4 ,:at /]eotyp$ "*6 ,:at 
/agnant life6 ,:at hopeless b>b>ism6    
,int]*ange ( ?\ght among !              
nations1--communication ( ! products (  
art & lit]ature1 & ( ! discov]ies (     
sci5ce2--?is is requisite = ! welf>e (  
nations4  ,x w\ld easily foll[ f ?is    
mutual dep5d5ce ( nations1 ev5 if x did 
n come to u 9 a m direct way1 t !       

int]communion ( nations %\ld be guid$ & 
gov]n$ by religi\s pr9ciples1 & = ! end 
( highe/ mutual spiritual b5efit4 ,nay1 
! /atem5t may be made ?us1 9 ref]5ce to 
u :o "k :at true religion is1 & :o are  
b\nd to g accord+ to ! light we possess1
 & n accord+ to ! d>kness ( o!rs1--t !  
int]communion ( nations %\ld be conduct$
 on ,*ri/ian pr9ciples1 & = ! end ( !   
diffusion & e/abli%m5t ( ! ,gospel (    
,*ri/4  ,bless$ is ! nation ^: ,god be+ 
! ,"l1 :o1 z ! fir/-born1 & fulle/-gr[n1
 & highe/-favor$1 9 ! ,"l's family (    
nations1 becomes ! lov+ in/ructor &     
help] ( ! y\ng] bre?r54  ,look+ ?is day 
^u ! bro!rhood ( nations1 we behold "o  
sight :i* might excite our joyful hope1 
7 x n = ano!r closely connect$ ) x1 :i* 
mu/ excite our a/oni%m5t & sorr[4 ,we   
behold1 on ! "o h&1 ! nations ( ! e>?   
br\ght into close proximity & to !      
possibility ( easy fri5d%ip1 by ! _m    
physical improvem5ts ( ! age4 ,^!       
improvem5ts1 z we see1 are made & fir/  
us$ by enlight5$ & ,*ri/ian nations1--& 

we are enc\rag$ to ask1 %all n ^!       
improvem5ts be ! *annels & vehicles =   
convey+ to all nations ! influ5ces ( !  
gospel8 ,9 ?is br++ ( ! ends ( ! e>?    
toge!r1 by ^? ^: great glory is _!      
possession ( ! k ( ,god's salvation1    
%all n all ! ends ( ! e>?1 ?r\gh _!     
ag5cy1 spe$ily be br\ght to see !       
salvation ( ,god8 ,b alas6 ,! ard5cy (  
our hopes is qu5*$1 :5 we behold ?is day
 ! mo/ enlight5$ & p[]ful & happy ( !   
:ole bro!rhood ( nations1 ^: great tie  
is t ( natural & ,*ri/ian love1 & ^:    
great duty is to /r5g!n ! cords ( love  
among/ all _! bro!rhood1--:5 we behold  
^! nations1 submitt+ !mselves to ! demon
 ( national hatr$ & rev5ge1 employ+ !   
ag5cies :i* %\ld convey ! gospel ( peace
 to all mank9d1 9 transport+ ! munitions
 ( w>1 & !n putt+ =? all _! skill &     
en]gies 9 plann+ & execut+1 ) ! aids ( !
 mo/ matur$ sci5ce1 & by means ( ! mo/  
+5i\s & mighty eng9]y1 ! devili% "w (   
national desolation & de/ruction4  ,c   
we1 my he>]s1 conceive ( a high] & m    

horrid contradiction ( ! :ole _s ( our  
religion ?an a national w>8 ,& c !re be 
any?+ m disc\rag+ to him :o hopes = !   
spe$y diffusion ( ! ,gospel amid/ !     
nations1 ?an ! contemplation ( ! pres5t 
w>1--a w> n only wag$ by nations ! mo/  
,*ri/ian1 b a w> involv+ no pr9ciple &  
devoid ( all glory1--a w> /amp$ 9 its e 
feature1 & *>geable at its e /ep1 ) !   
attribute & ! crime ( murd]4  ,o :5 %all
 w> be recogniz$ 9 its brutality &      
fi5di%ness & helli% horrors8 ,:5 %all   
patriotism sep>ate itself f a pr\d      
ambition & a cruel rev5ge1 & become !   
lov+ h&maid ( a pure philan?ropy8 ,:5   
%all ,*ri/ian nations become capable ( a
 ,*ri/ian transaction8 ,mu/ ! sword     
dev\r =ev]8         99       99       99
       99       99  ,,iii4 ,we may n    
omit on su* an occasion1 & ) su* a      
subject be=e u1 to speak ( ! de/9y ( our
 own nation4  ,x w\ld seem f _m         
consid]ations (t5 pres5t$1 t ,god int5ds
 great ?+s = u z a nation4 ,! "t &      
circum/ances ( ! orig9al settlem5t ( our

 c\ntry1 & ! "* ( ! orig9al settl]s1 is 
reg>d$ z "o indication ( promise4 ,h[   
long ,god kept ?is cont95t conceal$ f ! 
view ( ! civiliz$ _w6 ,&1 :5 x 0        
discov]$1 h[ long he kept back ! nations
 f its successful settlem5t6 ,n until ! 
,prote/ant ,re=mation _h wr\ght its     
great results1 & nations 7 prep>$ = ! "w
 "u its tuition1 did ,god beg9 to p ?is 
c\ntry2--& ev5 !n1 x 0 a w9n[$ se$ :i*  
he plant$ "h4 ,m5 tri$ 9 ! fires (      
p]secution1 & /rong 9 ! love ( ,god & ! 
desire ( lib]ty1 laid ! f\ndations ( our
 republic4 ,is n ?is peculi> beg9n+     
prophetic ( a glori\s consummation8     
,our pa/ exp]i5ce & pres5t condition    
seem to confirm ! tok5s ( our auspici\s 
beg9n+4 ,colonial dep5d5ce has giv5 way 
to ,national indep5d5ce4 ,?irte5 ,/ates 
h increas$ to ?irty-"o4 ,?ree millions (
 p h increas$ to ?irty4 ,imm5se =e/s h  
be5 subdu$1 & ! soil yields supplies = !
 fami%+ ( o!r l&s4 ,great manufactories 
cr[d our riv]s & d>k5 our t[ns4 ,our    
comm]ce :it5s e sea & sw>ms 9 e port4   

,our p are intellig5t1 & virtu\s1 &     
happy beyond all example4 ,our gov]nm5t 
is /rong & effici5t4 ,:at is ne$$ to    
make our de/9y glori\s1 b j to g on 9 ! 
way t we h come8  ,!n see ! prospect :i*
 invites u on4 ,va/ t]ritories are /ill 
unoccupi$4 ,:at %all prev5t ! flood (   
population f p\r+ we/w>d & ov]fl[+ ^!   
t]ritories8 ,our int]nal res\rces h only
 begun to be develop$4 ,:at %all prev5t 
_! utmo/ & magnific5t developm5t8 ,!    
comm]ce ( ! ,pacific waits to be ours4  
,h[ long till ,pacific railroads %all   
b9d our ea/]n & we/]n coa/s toge!r1 &   
our c\ntry1 /&+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! e>? & rea*+
 out its arms on ei!r h&1 clasp ! entire
 sph]e 9 its embrace8 ,our c\ntry is 9 !
 dew ( its rejoic+ y\?1 & has b ! dimme/
 consci\sness & dream ( its own /r5g?1 &
 :o c pr$ict ! glory ( its manhood1 :5 9
 ! fulle/ self-consci\sness1 x %all ex]t
 to ! utmo/ its matur$ & mighty en]gies8
  ,?us are we accu/om$ to talk4 ,our    
de/9y is manife/--our glory is          
inevitable4 ,x is pleasant to talk ?us1 

& x is unpleasant to talk o!rwise4 ,yet 
we ought to desire to see & "k ! tru?4  
,self-flatt]y is an odi\s folly4 ,is our
 de/9y1 !n1 manife/8 ,is our glory      
inevitable8 ,has ,god s conspicu\sly    
favor$ u t he _c b cont9ue to bless8    
,ah6 ,x is our self-flatt]y & odi\s     
folly to ?9k s4  ,we ne$ n look aga9 to 
our hi/ory or our prospects1 to ga!r    
evid5ces ( a diff]5t de/9y1 al?\gh su*  
evid5ces might n be want+4 ,yes1 we     
might f9d ! evid5ces :i*1 duly weigh$1  
w\ld make u %udd] 9 view ( our possible 
or probable future4 ,we might come to   
?9k x v problematical :e!r our c\ntry   
has suffici5t vital =ce to "w into good 
,am]ican citiz5s ! hordes ( infidels1   
paup]s1 crim9als1 ca/ ^u our %ores f !  
nations ( ! old _w2--:e!r our c\ntry has
 suffici5t wisdom to guide its own vex$ 
dome/ic que/ions to a prop] &           
satisfactory issue1 & to balance &      
regulate ! rival & numb]less int]e/s ( a
 c\ntry wid5+ indef9itely 9             
ext5t2--:e!r--b no1 we d n ne$ ?us to   

=eca/ ! future to asc]ta9 our probable  
de/9y4 ,we may det]m9e ! "q by ! tea*+ (
 ,god's ^w4 ,bless$ is ! nation ^: ,god 
is ! ,"l4 ,& bless$ is t nation alone4  
,"h is ! solution ( ! "q ( our de/9y4 ,x
 is 9 mak+ ! ,"l ! ,god ( our c\ntry1 t 
we are safe--t we are prosp]\s--t our   
glori\s de/9y becomes inevitable4 ,our  
de/9y is left to ourselves4 ,! means (  
its glory are plac$ 9 our h&s4 ,we may  
use !m or n1 z we w4  ,& n[1 ,i utt] x  
to y1 my he>]s & fell[-citiz5s1 z !     
solemn te/imony ( ! ,"l our ,god1 t s   
surely z ignorance & moral corruption & 
lu/ ( p[]1 become g5]ally preval5t1 &   
pop]y & infidelity atta9 ! supremacy    
among u1 x matt]s n at all t we h _h a  
ballot-box1 & a free press1 & free      
s*ools1 & ! :ole circle ( lib]al        
in/itutions1--^! w become b ! insignia (
 our %ame2 x matt]s n t we h _h a       
b\ndless t]ritory1 & a teem+ soil1 &    
mighty cities1 & univ]sal comm]ce1--!   
grass w gr[ aga9 on our prairies1--! r$ 
man return to 8 =sak5 =e/s1--our cities 

become black ) desolation1 & ! sails (  
our comm]ce be r5t on ! seas1 or ! hulks
 ( our comm]ce rot at our :>ves2 x      
matt]s n t ,god has be5 wond]fully      
graci\s to u z a nation1--! m wond]ful !
 grace1 ! deep] ! insult & crime ( our  
despis+ x1 & ! deep] our doom2--?is1 ?is
 is our manife/ de/9y4  ,& x is only z  
,am]ica tea*es h] *ildr5 to fe> ,god & d
 _! duty2 x is only z our virtu\s       
citiz5%ip escape f ! *a9s ( corrupt p>ty
 & procure = !mselves a fair            
repres5tation 9 ! (fices (              
gov]nm5t--ex]t+ !mselves = !            
purification ( corrupt m51 r ?an = !    
promotion ( _! evil designs2 x is1 9 a  
^w1 only z ! p[] ( our bless$ religion  
%all g out f ! he>ts ( ! truly pi\s 9   
our l&1 leav5+ ! mass ( ! population &  
br++ !m "u its sway2--x is only z we    
truly make ! ,"l our c\ntry's ,god1 t we
 c hope to be bless$1 & c1 ) any j      
confid5ce1 await our c\ntry's future    
glory4  ,ne$ ,i1 my he>]s1 d$uce & en=ce
 ! exhortations ( ?is subject8 ,or d !y 

n lie ^u its surface1 & d !y n make _!  
own appeal to e patriot's & ,*ri/ian's  
he>t8  ,! ,god ( nations1 look+ =? ^u   
our happy l& ?is day1 may be conceiv$ z 
brea?+ ! b5evol5t desire once express$ 9
 behalf ( 8 anci5t p1 ,o t !re 7 su* an 
he>t 9 !m1 t !y w\ld fe> me1 & keep all 
my comm&m5ts always1 t x might be well )
 !m & ) _! *ildr5 =ev]4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,n4 ,b4  
,9 ! deliv]y ( ! =ego+ disc\rse1 !      
foll[+ rem>ks 7 int]ject$ ne> !         
comm5cem5t3       ,p]mit me to /ate to y
 my conviction1 t desirable z      x is 
t days ( religi\s obs]vance be appo9t$  
by our      civil au?orities1 ! regul>  
appo9tm5t ( annual      fa/-days or     
?anksgiv+s1 w n secure = any long       
p]iod a g5]al & he>ty obs]vance4 ,i %\ld
 mu* pref]      ! appo9tm5t by our civil
 au?orities ( a fa/-day1 9      view (  
any public calamity imp5d+ or exp]i5c$1 
or (      a day ( ?anksgiv+1 9 view (   
deliv]5ce or exemption      f su*       
calamity4 ,9 su* case we might hope t ! 

day      w\ld secure a suitable &       
pr(itable obs]vance4       ,x is !      
writ]'s appreh5sion t days ( special    
religi\s obs]vance occurr+ at regul>    
int]vals1 &      h5ce occurr+1 (t5times1
 :5 !re is no special      provid5tial  
call = a religi\s s]vice1 & be+         
de/itute ( ! b9d+ obligation a div9e    
appo9tm5t1      w deg5]ate into m]e     
holidays2 & 9 8 op9ion1 !               
provid5tial call ought to guide our     
rul]s 9 !      designation ( times (    
special religi\s obs]vance2 s      t :5 
we fa/1 we d s 9 direct view ( special  
calamity1 & :5 we r5d] ?anks1 we d s =  
special      m]cies actually exp]i5c$4  
,! ?anksgiv+ ( la/ ye>      occurr$ at a
 "t ( mo/ try+ f9ancial emb>rassm5t1    
at ! close ( a season rem>kable = its   
dr\ght &      meagre h>ve/s1 & = !      
preval5ce ( disease & !      de/ruction 
( prop]ty by l& & sea4 ,surely1 ,god    
call$      u !n to humble ourselves &   
fa/1 r ?an to rejoice      & give ?anks1
 & a ?anksgiv+ s]vice 0 appropriate     

only = ! reason t ,god always deals ) u 
bett]      ?an we des]ve4 ,we ne$ !     
evid5t appropriat5ess ( !      s]vice to
 secure its cont9u$ & suitable          
obs]vance4 ,:o      does n rememb] !    
appo9tm5t by our national ,executive1   
"s ye>s s9ce1 ( a day ( national        
humiliation1 :5 a      visitation ( !   
*ol]a 0 ?reat5$8 ,& n[ solemn &         
affect+ ! s]vice ( t day ?r\gh\t ! l&6  
,9      ,new ,engl&1 ! regul>1 annual   
?anksgiv+ pres]ves its      sacr$ness   
?r\gh cu/oms & associations1 :i* 7      
e/abli%$ 9 ! v infancy ( ! c\ntry1 & :i*
      h gr[n up ) x1--cu/oms &          
associations1 :i*      _c else:]e be    
creat$4     ,,footnotes3  ,footnote ,a3 
,see ,dr4 ,arnold's ,lectures on ,mod]n 
,hi/ory4 ,! above /atem5t is correct1 s 
long z we take a m]ely natural view (   
mank9d--s long z we view m5 m]ely 9 _!  
moral relations4 ,view+ m5 by ! light ( 
revelation & 9 relations m /rictly      
religi\s1 ,*ur*-biography w\ld /ill     
bett] des]ve ! "n ( hi/ory4 ,b = "s     

reason1 ^! religi\s relations are n     
commonly recogniz$ 9 _! importance4 ,l !
 hi/orian1 ! moral philosoph] commonly  
ignores man's laps$ condition1 & all !  
great tru?s :i* di/+ui% sup]natural     
religion4 ,see ,w>dlaw's ,*ri/ian       
,e?ics4  ,x ought also to be obs]v$ t   
human gov]nm5ts1 at ! be/1 are oblig$ to
 leave _m int]e/s ( _! citiz5s unc>$ =1 
or to be c>$ = by o!r ag5ts ?an _! own2 
also1 t human gov]nm5ts are (t5 corrupt 
& fail to dis*>ge _! prop] functions4   
,h5ce1 ! hi/orian ne$s ! supplem5t (    
individual biographies1 & transactions (
 volunt>y societies1 & pictures (       
dome/ic & social life1 9 ord] to a full 
repres5tation ( 8 subject4 ,:o w\ld     
disp5se ) ! ,book ( ,ru? 9 ! ,old       
,te/am5t hi/ory1 or ) ,macaulay's       
picture ( ,engl& 9 #afhe 9 8 ,engli%    
hi/ory8  ,footnote ,b3 ,see             
,congressional ,reports--,col4 ,e4 ,m4  
,johnson on ,sunday ,mails1 & ,mr4      
,petit on ,*apla9s to ,congress4 ,(     
c\rse1 9 practically meet+ & adju/+ !   

two claims ^u ! gov]nm5t1 fir/ to       
respect ! consci5ce ( its citiz5s1 &    
secondly1 to promote ! int]e/s (        
religion1 great div]sity ( op9ion may   
exi/ ev5 among ^? :o hold to ! same     
pr9ciples4 ,!re is room = a v>iety (    
prud5tial consid]ations4 ,yet !         
pr9ciples above express$ are disc>d$ 9 !
 docum5ts ref]r$ to1 z !y v (t5 are     
else:]e4  ,footnote ,c3 ,a volume       
entitl$ ,! ,position ( ,*ri/ianity 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,/eph5 ,colwell1 ,esq4
 ( ,philadelphia1 des]ves ! att5tive &  
s]i\s p]usal ( e ,am]ican citiz54