,,problems999999                :i*     
includes ! orig9al illu/rations4        
,see #aidic-;h4htm or #aidic-;h4zip3    
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/i_
/d_/i_/aidic_/aidic-;h_/#aidic-;h4htm7  
or                                      
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/i_
/d_/i_/aidic_/aidic-;h4zip7        ,!   
musical illu/rations also h be5         
transcrib$ &       collect$ 9 two pdf   
files1 l9ks to :i* c be f\nd at       ! 
beg9n+ & ! end ( ! html v]sion4 ,!      
,ex]cises       foll[ ! ,ex]cises z     
numb]$ 9 ! book 9 *apt] ,,ii       7,!  
,head ,voice74 ,! rema9d] ( ! musical   
fragm5ts1       :i* are unlabel$ 9 !    
book1 are not$ z ,figures ,a       ?r\gh
 ,q 79 ! ord] 9 :i* !y appe>71 & c be   
f\nd 9 ! ,figures pdf4      ,,! ,,head  
,,voice ,,& ,,o!r ,,problems  ,practical
 ,talks on ,s++  by  ,d4 ,a4 ,,clipp+]  
,au?or ( ,sy/ematic ,voice ,tra9+ ,!    
,elem5ts ( ,voice ,culture        #a4jj 
,illu/ration   ,bo/on ,oliv] ,ditson    
,company ,new ,york                     

,*icago ,*as4 ,h4 ,ditson  ,co4         
,lyon  ,healy  ,copyright ,,mcmxvii ,by 
,oliv] ,ditson ,company ,int]national   
,copyright ,secur$                      
,to                             ,,my    
,,/ud5ts                      ,pa/1     
,pres5t & ,future      ,,introduction   
,! foll[+ *apt]s are ! outgr[? ( an     
en?usiasm = ! "w ( voice tra9+1 toge!r )
 a deep p]sonal int]e/ 9 a l>ge numb] ( 
consci5ti\s "y m5 & wom5 :o h gone out (
 my /udio into ! _w to engage 9 !       
responsible "w ( voice tea*+4  ,! desire
 to be ( s]vice to !m has prompt$ me to 
put 9 p]man5t =m ! pr9ciples on :i* ,i  
labor$1 m or less pati5tly1 to gr\nd !m 
dur+ a c\rse ( ?ree1 f\r1 or five ye>s4 
,! fact t aft] hav+ /ood ! gr9d = t l5g?
 ( "t !y are /ill ask+1 n to say        
clamor+1 = m1 may1 9 a measure1 ju/ify !
 decision to issue ?is book4 ,x is n an 
arraignm5t ( vocal tea*]s1 al?\gh !re   
are occasional h9ts1 public & private1  
:i* lead me to believe t we are n       
altoge!r )\t s94 ,b if ?is be true we   

take refuge 9 ! belief t our iniquity is
 n inborn1 b r is x ! result ( !        
educational me?ods ( ^? imm$iately      
prec$+ u4 ,?is at lea/ %ifts !          
responsibility4  ,words are dang]\s ?+s1
 & are liable at any mom5t to />t a     
v]bal conflagration difficult to        
control4 ,n[h]e is ?is m likely to occur
 ?an 9 a discussion ( voice tra9+4  ,f a
 r wide acqua9tance ) :at has be5 said  
on ?is subject 9 ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 ,i  
feel p]fectly safe 9 submitt+ !         
proposition t ! human m9d c believe     
any?+ & be consci5ti\s 9 x4  ,?+s :i* h 
! approval ( ages emit ! odor (         
sanctity1 & :oev] sc(fs does s at 8     
p]il4 ,*>les ,lamb 0 once criticis$ =   
speak+ disrespectfully ( ! equator1 & a 
not$ div9e 0 sev]ely tak5 to task = mak+
 unk9d rem>ks ab\t hell4 ,humanity      
insi/s t ^! "t honor$ in/itutions be    
treat$ ) due respect4 ,i h an equal     
respect = ^? :o believe z ,i d & ^? :o d
 n2 !re=e if any?+ 9 ?is book is n 9    
accord ) popul> op9ion x is a crack at !

 head ( ! idol r ?an t ( ! wor%ipp]4    
,!re is no legislative enactm5t 9 ?is   
great & free c\ntry to prev5t u f       
believ+ any?+ we l1 b !re %\ld be "s    
crumbs ( com=t 9 ! reflection t we _c "k
 any?+ b ! tru?4 ,"o may believe t eight
 & ?ree are ?irte5 if x please him1 b he
 _c "k x because x is n true4 ,ev]y?+ t 
is true has = its basis c]ta9 facts1    
pr9ciples1 laws1 & ^! are et]nal &      
un*angeable4 ,! in/ant ! law gov]n+ any 
p>ticul> ?+ becomes def9itely kn[n1 t   
mom5t x becomes undebatable4 ,all       
argum5t is elim9at$2 b :ile we are se>*+
 = ^! laws we are deal+ l>gely 9        
op9ions1 & "h ! (f5se ent]s1 = z ,mr4   
,epictetus once said1 ,m5 become (f5d$  
at _! op9ion ( ?+s1 n at ! ?+s !mselves4
 ,we c sc>cely imag9e any "o tak+ (f5se 
at ! multiplication table1 nei!r is ?is 
int]e/+ page f ! ari?metic any long]    
consid]$ a fit subject = debate 9 polite
 society1 b s f> z we "k ?is is ! only  
?+ t is immune4  ,our musical judgm5ts1 
:i* are our op9ions1 are gov]n$ by our  

exp]i5ce2 & ) ! gr[? ( exp]i5ce !y rip5 
into solid convictions4 ,= _m ye>s ,i h 
_h a conviction t voice tra9+ is mu*    
simpl] & less involv$ ?an x is g5]ally  
consid]$4 ,i am conv9c$ t f> too mu* is 
made ( ! vocal me*anism1 :i* "u normal  
conditions always responds              
automatically4 ,beautiful tone %\ld be !
 prim>y aim ( all voice tea*+1 & m c>e  
%\ld be giv5 to =m+ ! /ud5t's tone      
concept ?an to t ( tea*+ him h[ to      
control 8 ?roat by direct ef=t4 ,!      
controll+ p[] ( a "r idea is /ill mu*   
und]e/imat$4 ,! sci5tific plan (        
controll+ ! voice by means ( me*anical  
directions leaves unt\*$ ! "o ?+ :i*    
prev5ts its normal1 automatic action1   
namely t5sion4  ,b1 someone inquires1   
,if ! /ud5t is s++ ) rigid ?roat &      
tongue w\ld y say no?+ ab\t x8 ,i w\ld  
correct x1 b n by tell+ him to hold 8   
tongue d[n4 ,a relax$ tongue is always 9
 ! "r place1 !re=e all he ne$s to le>n  
ab\t ! tongue is h[ to relax x4  ,x has 
be5 h9t$ t he :o subscribes to ,dr4     

,fillebr[n's decl>ation t ,a,! process (
 s++ is psy*ologic r ?an physiologic has
 no?+ tangible to "w )4 ,n[ tone concept
 & musical feel+ are absolutely ess5tial
 to s++1 & !y are def9ite entities to "o
 :o has !m4 ,all musical temp]am5ts mu/ 
be vitaliz$4 ,imag9ations mu/ be tra9$  
until !y w bur/ into flame at ! slighte/
 poetic sugge/ion4 ,musical natures are 
n fix$ quantities4 ,!y are all subject  
to ! law ( gr[?4 ,e vocal /ud5t is an   
example ( ! law ( evolution4 ,few p f9d 
x easy 9 ! beg9n+ to assume in/antly a  
/ate ( int5se emotion4 ,^! ?+s are      
habits ( m9d :i* mu/ be develop$1 & !y  
furni% ! tea*] ) def9ite problems4      
,a ,resonance 9 ,s++ & ,speak+1 by      
,?omas ,fillebr[n4  ,to repeat1 ! tone  
is ! ?+1 & h[ x s\nds is :at det]m9es   
:e!r x is "r or wrong4 ,& s we come back
 aga9 to ! e>1 :i* is ! ta/e4 ,does x   
please ! e>8 ,if s1 is ! e> reliable8 ,n
 always4 ,if all tea*]s 7 try+ = ! same 
tone quality !re w\ld be no ne$ ( fur!r 
writ+ on ! subject1 b !y are n4 ,on !   

contr>y no two ( !m are try+ = exactly !
 same quality4 ,ea* "o is try+ to make !
 voice produce 8 idea ( tone quality1 & 
! a/\nd+ ?+ ab\t ! human voice is t = a 
"t at lea/1 x c approximate almo/ any?+ 
t is dem&$ ( x4 ,if a voice is ru9$1 !  
e> ( ! tea*] is directly responsible4 ,x
 is useless to try to place ! blame     
else:]e4  ,tru? is always simple4 ,if x 
seems difficult x is due to our clumsy  
way ( /at+ x4 ,?\ght1 l melodies1 %\ld  
run on ! l9e ( ! lea/ resi/ance4 ,9 !   
foll[+ pages ,i h es*ew$ all my/ify+    
polysyllabic v]biage1 & z ,m>k ,twa9    
once said1 h conf9$ myself to a         
categorical /atem5t ( facts un9cumb]$ by
 an obscur+ accumulation ( metaphor &   
allegory4  ,x is hop$ t ?is book w be   
useful4 ,x is (f]$ z a guide r ?an z a  
re=m]4 ,x aims to po9t 9 ! "r direction1
 & d its bit 9 emphasiz+ ^? ?+s :i* are 
fundam5tal 9 voice tra9+4 ,:atev] is    
true 9 x w rea* & help ^? :o ne$ x4     
,no?+ m c\ld be ask$ or desir$4         
,illu/ration3 7sign$7 ,d4 ,a4 ,clipp+]  

,kimball ,hall1 ,*icago4 ,may1 #aiag4   
,,cont5ts     ,,introduction      ,i4   
,,voice ,,plac+      ,,ii4 ,,! ,,head   
,,voice    ,,iii4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,survey   
,,( ,,! ,,situation     ,,iv4 ,,h9ts    
,,on ,,tea*+      ,v4 ,,! ,,nature ,,&  
,,mean+ ,,( ,,art     ,,vi4 ,,s++ ,,z   
,,an ,,art    ,,vii4 ,,! ,,con/ruction  
,,( ,a ,,song   ,,viii4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,/udy
 ,a ,,song     ,,ix4 ,,sci5tific ,,voice
 ,,production   ,,bibliography     ,,!  
,,head ,,voice ,,& ,,o!r ,,problems4  ,i
  ,,voice ,,plac+      ,! pa? ( ! s\nd1 
be+ =m$ ( ela/ic & movable     p>ts1    
v>ies its dim5sions & =ms 9 endless     
ways1 &     e modification--ev5 !       
slighte/--has a correspond+ &           
def9ite influ5ce on ! voice4            
,g>cia4  ,h9ts on ,s++4   ,vocal tea*]s 
are rat$ prim>ily on _! ability z voice 
build]s4 ,:5 /ud5ts look = a tea*] !    
fir/ ?+ !y want to "k is3 ,c he build a 
voice8 ,8 ability z an int]pret] 9 mo/  
in/ances is tak5 = grant$4 ,:y ?is is s 
is easily und]/ood4 ,!re is a mov+      

appeal 9 ! pure s++ tone ( ! human voice
 t _c ev5 be approximat$ by any o!r     
in/rum5t4 ,we h all he>d voices t 7 s   
beautiful t to he> "o ( !m vocalize =   
half an h\r w\ld be a musical fea/4 ,su*
 a voice is s full ( feel+1 s vibrant ) 
life & emotion t x moves "o to ! dep?s  
ev5 if no words are us$4 ,x is only     
natural t all s+]s %\ld be eag] to      
possess su* a voice1 = x cov]s up a     
multitude ( o!r musical misdemeanors4   
,:ile x does n take ! place altoge!r ( !
 int]pretative in/9ct1 x does make ! "w 
( ! s+] mu* easi] by putt+ 8 audi5ce 9  
sympa?y ) him f ! beg9n+1 ?us to a      
consid]able ext5t dis>m+ criticism4 ,!  
old ,italians atta*$ s mu* importance to
 beautiful tone t !y 7 will+ to "w      
consci5ti\sly = half a doz5 ye>s to     
obta9 x4 ,to ! beautiful tone !y add$ a 
faultless te*nic4 ,altoge!r x requir$ f 
five to eight ye>s to prep>e & equip a  
s+] = a c>e]1 b :5 he 0 ?us prep>$ he   
c\ld d a/\nd+ ?+s 9 ! way ( trills1     
r\lades1 & cad5zas4  ,! /ories ( _m ( ^!

 s+]s h come d[n to u ?r\gh ! musical   
hi/ories1 & ! s++ _w has come to believe
 t ! tea*]s alone 7 responsible4 ,ow+ to
 h] geographic location1 h] climate1    
language1 & racial *>act]i/ics ,italy at
 "o "t furni%$ mo/ ( ! great s+]s ( !   
_w1 & ! _w ) its usual lack ( judgm5t & 
discrim9ation gave ,italian tea*]s all (
 ! cr$it4 ,t ! be/ ( ! ,italian tea*]s 7
 z ne> "r z x is humanly possible to be1
 ,i h no d\bt :atev]1 b along ) ! few   
s+]s :o became fam\s !re 7 hundr$s :o   
work$ equally h>d b 7 nev] he>d (4 ,a   
great voice is a gift ( ! creator1 & !  
great] ! gift ! less !re is to be done  
by ! tea*]4 ,b 9 addition to :at nature 
has done !re is always mu* to be done by
 ! tea*]1 & ! nature ( ! vocal in/rum5t 
is su* t its tra9+ is a problem unique &
 peculi>4 ,! voice c d s _m diff]5t ?+s1
 produce s _m diff]5t k9ds ( tone1 9 su*
 a v>iety ( ways t ! ability to det]m9e 
:i* is "r & :i* is wrong becomes a matt]
 ( ae/hetic judgm5t r ?an sci5tific or  
me*anical4  ,if ! scale1 p[]1 quality1 &

 compass ( ! human voice 7 e/abli%$ z   
are ^? ( ! piano1 ! great problem 9 !   
tra9+ ( a s+] w\ld be mu* simplifi$1    
possibly elim9at$2 b ! s+] mu/ =m !     
pit*1 p[]1 & quality ( ea* tone z he    
uses x2 !re=e 9 ! tra9+ ( a s+] we are  
con/antly fac+ :at has cry/alliz$ into !
 t]m ,voice ,plac+4  ,?is t]m has be5   
us$ z a peg ^u :i* to hang e :im1 fancy1
 =mula1 & vocal vag>y t has float$ ?r\gh
 ! human m9d 9 ! la/ two c5turies4 ,x   
has furni%$ an excuse = inflict+ ^u     
vocal /ud5ts e possible product ( !     
imag9ation1 normal & abnormal1 disguis$ 
9 ! ^w ,me?od1 & ! will+ness ) :i*      
/ud5ts submit !mselves z subjects =     
exp]im5t is beyond belief4 ,! m my/]i\s 
& abnormal ! process ! m fai? !y h 9 its
 efficacy4  ,! nature ( ! vocal         
in/rum5t1 its wide range (              
possibilities1 & its intimate relation  
to ! imag9ation make x a peculi>ly fit  
subject = exp]im5t4 ,! sci5ti/ has tri$ 
to analyze x1 ! me*anic has tri$ to make
 x d a ?\s& ?+s nature nev] int5d$ x to 

d1 ! re=m] has tri$ to re=m bo?1 & !    
psy*ologi/1 ne>e/ "r ( all1 has attempt$
 to remove x f ! realm ( ! mat]ial      
altoge!r4 ,!re seems to be no way to /op
 ?is !oriz+1 & x d\btless w cont9ue     
until ! g5]al musical intellig5ce rea*es
 su* a po9t t x automatically becomes   
impossible4  ,we are con/antly he>+ su* 
rem>ks z ,mr4 ,s kn[s h[ to place !     
voice4 ,mr4 ,g does n4 ,mr4 ,b places ! 
voice high4 ,mr4 ,r does n place ! voice
 high en\gh4 ,mr4 ,x is great at br++ ! 
tone =w>d1 etc41 etc4 ,?is goes on ?r\gh
 a long li/ ( fragm5ts ( ,engli%        
difficult to expla9 ev5 by ^? :o use !m4
  ,n[ voice plac+ means j "o ?+1 n half 
a doz54 ,x means le>n+ to produce       
beautiful tone4 ,:5 "o c produce        
beautiful tone ?r\gh\t 8 vocal compass 8
 voice is plac$1 & x is n plac$ until he
 c4 ,! injunction to place ! voice      
inv>iably leaves 9 ! m9d ( ! /ud5t !    
idea t he mu/ direct ! tone to "s       
p>ticul> po9t1 9 fact he is (t5 urg$ to 
d s1 :]eas ! tru? is t :5 ! tone is     

prop]ly produc$ !re is no ?\ght ( try+  
to put x any:]e4 ,x seems to s+ itself4 
,!re is a well e/abli%$ belief among    
/ud5ts t ! tone mu/ be consci\sly       
direct$ to ! po9t :]e x is suppos$ to   
focus4 ,?is belief is intimately        
associat$ ) ano!r equally errone\s1 t ! 
only way to tell :e!r a tone is good or 
bad1 "r or wrong1 is by ! way x feels4  
,a tone is some?+ to he>4 ,x makes its  
appeal to ! e>1 & :y "o %\ld rely on !  
s5se ( feel+ to tell :e!r x s\nds "r or 
wrong is some?+ difficult to und]/&4    
,fur!r1 explicit directions are giv5 = !
 action & control ( ev]y?+ involv$ 9    
mak+ tone except ! m9d ( ! /ud5t4 ,!    
l>ynx seems to be p>ticul>ly vuln]able &
 is subject to cont9u\s attack4 ,"o says
 x %\ld be held l[ ?r\gh\t ! compass4   
,ano!r says x %\ld rise z ! pit* rises1 
& /ill ano!r1 t x %\ld drop z ! pit*    
rises4 ,in/ructions ( ?is k9d d n       
enlight51 !y my/ify4  ,if !re be any "o 
?+ ^u :i* voice tea*]s !oretically agree
 x is free ?roat4 ,ev5 ^? :o argue = a  

fix$ l>ynx agree to ?is1 not)/&+ x is a 
physical impossibility to hold ! l>ynx 9
 a fix$ position ?r\gh\t ! compass )\t a
 consid]able am\nt ( rigidity4 ,x is l  
believ+ 9 ,inf9ite ,love & et]nal       
puni%m5t at ! same "t4  ,:5 ! l>ynx is  
free x w n & %\ld n be 9 ! same position
 at all times4 ,x w be a little l[] =   
somb] tones ?an = bright tones4 ,x w be 
a little high] = ! v[el e ?an = oo or o1
 b ! adju/m5ts w be automatic1 nev]     
consci\s4 ,x _c be too (t5 reit]at$ t e 
"p ( ! vocal me*anism mu/ act           
automatically1 & x is n prop]ly         
controll$ until x does4  ,! s(t palate  
also comes 9 = its %>e ( in/ruction4 ,i 
0 once taught to raise x until ! uvula  
disappe>$4 ,lat] ,i 0 taught to relax x4
 ,bo? ( ^! movem5ts ( ! s(t palate 7    
expect$ to result 9 a beautiful tone4   
,n[ if two ?+s :i* are directly oppos$  
to ea* o!r are equal to ! same ?+1 !n   
!re is no use 9 bo!r+ our heads fur!r ) 
logic4  ,su* directions ,i believe to be
 ( d\btful value1 if n irrelevant4 ,we  

mu/ le>n t an idea has def9ite =m1 & t  
:5 ! me*anism is free1 t is1 pla/ic1 !  
idea molds x into a correspond+ =m & !  
expression becomes a p]fect picture ( ! 
idea4 ,?is is :at is meant by indirect  
control1 involunt>y1 automatic action4  
,"o c\ld write indef9itely on !         
peculi>ities ( voice tra9+1 ! unique    
sugge/ions made1 ! me*anical in/ructions
 giv51 ! unbelievable ?+s /ud5ts are    
made to d ) lips1 tongue & l>ynx z a    
necess>y prep>ation to voice production4
 ,9 ?is z 9 ev]y?+ else !re are         
extremi/s4 ,"s h su* an exquisite s5se (
 detail t !y nev] get beyond x4 ,at !   
o!r extreme are ^? :o tru/ ev]y?+ to    
take c>e ( itself4 ,bo? ov]look ! mo/   
important ?+1 namely1 h[ ! voice s\nds4 
,x requires mu* "t1 /udy & exp]i5ce to  
le>n t voice tra9+ is simple4 ,x is a   
fact t tru? is naturally1 inh]5tly      
simple4 ,its ma/]y lies 9 remov+ ^? ?+s 
:i* seem to make x difficult & complex4 
,tra9+ ! voice1 ?is s call$ voice plac+1
 is simple & easy :5 "o has ris5 above t

 ov]:elm+ am\nt ( fiction1 falsity1 &   
fallacy t has accumulat$ ar\nd x1       
obscur+ ! tru? & caus+ _m well int5tion$
 tea*]s to foll[ !ories & vag>ies t h no
 f\ndation 9 fact1 & :i* lead bo? tea*] 
& pupil a/ray4 ,if !re is any tru?      
applicable to voice tra9+ x has an      
und]ly+ pr9ciple1 = tru? is ! op]ation (
 pr9ciple4 ,if we />t wrong we %all end 
wrong4 ,if we />t "r & cont9ue accord+  
to pr9ciple we %all rea* ! desir$ goal4 
,voice tra9+ has its />t+ po9t1 its     
basis1 its f\ndation1 9 beautiful tone4 
,?is %\ld be ! aim ( bo? tea*] & pupil f
 ! beg9n+4 ,to produce some?+ beautiful 
is ! aim ( all arti/ic activity4        
,beautiful tone1 z ,:i/l] said ( all    
art1 has its orig9 9 absolute tru?4 ,t  
:i* is n beautiful _c possibly be true1 
= real nature1 :i* is ! expression (    
,inf9ite ,m9d1 is always p]fect1 & no   
p]fect ?+ c be ugly1 discordant1 or     
inh>moni\s4 ,! imp]fection we see is !  
result ( our own imp]fect und]/&+ ( !   
real univ]se4  ,a tone is some?+ to he>1

 & he>+ is m5tal4 ,an old ,fr5* anatomi/
 once said3 ,! eye sees :at x is look+  
=1 & x is look+ only = :at x has 9 m9d4 
,! same is true ( ! e>4 ,we he> ! tone  
m5tally be=e we s+ x1 & we %\ld he> x z 
di/9ctly z if x 7 sung by ano!r4 ,a tone
 fir/ ( all is a m5tal product1 & its   
pit*1 p[]1 & quality are def9ite m5tal  
entities4 ,:5 we wi% to convey ?is tone 
to ano!r we d x ?r\gh ! s\nd produc+    
in/rum5t :i* nature has provid$ = ?is   
purpose4  ,t ev]y?+ exi/s fir/ z idea   
has be5 ! tea*+ ( ! philosoph]s = ages4 
,t ! idea is ! controll+1 gov]n+ =ce is 
equally well und]/ood4 ,!re=e1 inasmu* z
 ! aim ( all voice build+ is to produce 
beautiful tone we mu/ />t ) ! "r idea ( 
tone4 ,?is is :]e ! fir/ & greate/      
difficulty appe>s4 ,to mo/ p a tone is  
intangible & difficult to def9e4 ,"o w  
r>ely f9d a /ud5t t c =mulate any?+     
approa*+ a def9ition ( a musical tone & 
,i fancy _m tea*]s w\ld f9d x f> f easy4
 ,unless "o has a grasp ( ! psy*ology ( 
voice1 & a great _m h n1 he w beg9 to "w

 ) :at he c see4 ,"h ent]s ! long dre>y 
me*anical gr9d t ev5tually ru9s ! temp] 
( bo? tea*] & /ud5t1 & results 9 no?+ b 
me*anical s++1 in/ead ( a joy\s1 inspir+
 musical p]=mance4  ,9 /udy+ ! pure s++ 
tone we f9d ! foll[+3 ,x is smoo?1      
/eady1 firm1 ri*1 resonant1 sympa!tic4  
,we %all also f9d t all ( its qualities 
& attributes are m5tal4 ,x mu/ conta9 ! 
elem5t ( fre$om 7m5tal71 firmness       
7m5tal71 security 7m5tal71 sympa?y      
7m5tal71 en?usiasm1 s5tim5t1 joy1       
compassion1 pity1 love1 sorr[ 7all      
m5tal74 ,^! are all qualities ( ! s++   
tone4 ,!y are n intangible4 ,on !       
contr>y1 to ! "o :o has !m !y are       
def9ite & are ! ?+s he works = f !      
beg9n+4 ,!y are basic & fundam5tal4 ,all
 are comb9$ 9 :at ,i call tone concept1 
:i* is ano!r ^w = musical e>1 or musical
 ta/e4 ,?is tone concept is by f> ! mo/ 
important ?+ 9 voice tra9+4 ,! /ud5t w n
 s+ a tone bett] ?an ! "o he conceives  
m5tally1 !re=e ! m5tal concept ( tone1  
or tone concept mu/ be ! basis ( voice  

plac+4  ,?is tone concept1 or m5tal     
picture ( tone qualities controls !     
vocal in/rum5t by indirection4 ,true    
tone color does n come z ! result ( try+
 by "s physical process to make ! tone  
light or d>k1 b f ! automatic response  
to musical concept or feel+4  ,9 leav+  
?is subject ,i wi% to pay my respects to
 t company ( *e]ful s9n]s--! op5 ?roat  
propag&i/s4 ,i 0 taught 9 my y\? t !    
puni%m5t = a s9 committ$ ignorantly 0   
none ! less pung5t & p5etrat+1 & ,i tru/
 t 9 adm9i/]+ ju/ice to ^! (f5d]s ! p[]s
 w be prompt1 punctili\s & p]sev]+4 ,x  
is a wor?y activity4  ,no mi/ake (      
great] magnitude 0 ev] made s9ce voice  
tra9+ began ?an t ( hold+ ! ?roat op5 by
 direct ef=t4 ,x nev] result$ 9 a tone a
 real musician's e> c\ld endure1        
nev]!less dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5?   
c5tury & ev5 ! e>ly "p ( ! tw5tie? x 0  
made su* an integral "p ( voice culture 
t x seem$ to be incorporat$ 9 ! law (   
h]$ity1 & vocal /ud5ts1 ev5 be=e !y 7   
comm&$1 w\ld try to make a l>ge cavity 9

 ! back ( ! ?roat4 ,i believe h[ev]1 t  
!re is mu* less ( ?is ?an =m]ly4 ,vocal 
tea*]s are beg9n+ to see t ! "o         
important ?+ is a free ?roat & t :5 ?is 
is ga9$ ! response ( ! me*anism to !    
m5tal dem& is automatic & un]r+4        
,,ii  ,,! ,,head ,,voice      ,let him  
take c>e1 h[ev]1 t ! high] ! notes1 ! m 
x is necess>y to t\* !m ) s(tness1 to   
avoid scream+4                          
,tosi4 7#afdg-agbg7 ,obs]vations on     
,florid ,song4   ,t ! developm5t ( !    
upp]1 or head voice1 is ! mo/ difficult 
z well z ! mo/ important "p ( ! tra9+ ( 
! s++ voice1 w be readily admitt$ by e  
exp]i5c$ s++ tea*]4  ,t ! upp] voice    
%\ld be produc$ ) z mu* com=t z ! middle
 or l[]1 is sc>cely debatable4  ,t a    
majority ( s+]s produce _! upp] voice ) 
m or less difficulty1 ne$ n be argu$4   
,:y is x t aft] two1 ?ree or m ye>s (   
/udy s _m upp] voices are /ill ?ick1 h>%
 & un/eady8  ,!re is no?+ 9 ! tone _w s 
beautiful z ! male or female head voice 
:5 prop]ly produc$1 & !re is no?+ s     

excruciat+ly di/ress+ z ! same voice :5 
badly produc$4  ,! pure head voice is   
unique 9 its beauty4 ,x is full (       
fre$om1 ela/icity1 spiritual exaltation4
 ,x seems to float1 z x 71 9 ! upp] air 
)\t connection ) a human ?roat4 ,its *>m
 is irresi/ible4 ,x is a joy alike to ! 
s+] & ! li/5]4 ,x is ! mo/ important "p 
( any s+]'s equipm5t4 ,:y is x s        
difficult & :y d s few h x8 ,v>i\s      
reasons are at h&4  ,! _s ( ,am]ican    
ent]prise has f\nd its way into voice   
tea*+4 ,x is 9 ! blood ( bo? tea*] &    
pupil4 ,! slogan is ,put x ov]4 ,?is    
calls = big tone & !y d n see :y !y %\ld
 n h x at once4  ,! ability to use !    
full p[] ( ! upp] voice :5 occasion     
dem&s is necess>y & "r1 b m]ely to be   
able to s+ high & l\d means no?+4 ,all t
 is requir$ = t is a /rong physique &   
det]m9ation4 ,su* voice build+ requires 
b little "t & no musical s5se :atev]2 b 
to be able to s+ ! upp] regi/] ) full   
p[]1 emotional int5sity1 musical quality
 & ease1 is ! result ( long & c>eful "w 

"u ! e> ( a tea*] ^: s5se ( tone quality
 is s ref9$ t x w detect in/antly !     
slighte/ degree ( resi/ance & n all[ x  
to cont9ue4  ,! ambiti\s "y s+] :o has  
be5 told by ! village oracle t %e has a 
great voice & all %e ne$s is a little   
f9i%+1 balks at ! idea ( devot+ ?ree or 
f\r ye>s to ! process1 & s %e looks = "s
 "o :o w d x quickly & %e always succe$s
 9 f9d+ him4 ,to d ?is "w correctly !   
old ,italians insi/$ on f five to eight 
ye>s ) an h\r lesson ea* day4 ,to take  
su* a c\rse foll[+ ! mod]n plan ( "o or 
two half h\rs a week1 w\ld h ! /ud5t    
tread+ on ! heels ( ,me?uselah be=e x 0 
complet$4  ,x is n always easy to make  
/ud5ts und]/& t ! tra9+ ( ! voice means 
! developm5t ( ! musical m5tality & at  
be/ is nev] a %ort process4 ,to mo/ ( !m
 voice culture is a physical process & z
 !y are physically fit1 :y wait8  ,n[ ! 
fact is t !re is no?+ physical 9 voice  
production save ! in/rum5t1 & a /rong   
physique has no m to d ) good s++ ?an x 
has ) good piano play+4 ,voice          

production is a m5tal ph5om5on4 ,x is   
m5tality ( ! s+] impress+ itself on !   
vocal in/rum5t & express+ itself ?r\gh  
x4 ,! idea t ! vocal in/rum5t alone )\t 
m5tal guidance w produce beautiful tone 
is z fallaci\s z t a gr& piano w produce
 good music :e!r ! "o at ! keybo>d kn[s 
h[ to play x or n4  ,let x be und]/ood  
once = all t x is ! m5tality ( !        
individual1 n 8 body1 t is musical or   
unmusical4 ,bo? tea*] & /ud5t mu/ le>n t
 !re is mu* m to d m5tally & mu* less to
 d physically ?an mo/ p suspect4 ,!y mu/
 le>n t a musical m5tality is no less   
def9ite ?an a physical body1 & is at    
lea/ equally important2 also t "r ?9k+  
is z necess>y to good voice production z
 x is to ma!matics4  ,at ?is po9t !re w 
d\btless be a /r5u\s objection f ^? :o  
ass]t t tone _c be produc$ )\t ef=t1 & t
 a consid]able am\nt ( x is necess>y1   
especially 9 ! upp] voice4  ,x w be     
readily admitt$ t ! application ( =ce is
 requir$ to produce tone1 b h[ mu* =ce8 
,c]ta9ly n t extreme physical ef=t t    

makes ! s+] r$ 9 ! face & causes 8 upp] 
tones to %riek r ?an s+4 ,su* a display 
( =ce discloses an errone\s idea ( h[ to
 produce ! upp] voice4 ,:5 !re is ! "r  
relation exi/+ betwe5 ! brea? & ! vocal 
in/rum5t1 :5 !re is ! prop] poise &     
balance ( p>ts1 no su* ef=t is necess>y4
 ,on ! contr>y ! tone seems to fl[ & !  
ef=t requir$ is only t ( a light &      
pleasant physical ex]cise4  ,! piani/   
does n h to /rike ! upp] tones any h>d] 
?an ! l[] ones 9 ord] to br+ out _! full
 p[]4 ,:y %\ld ! upp] "p ( ! voice      
require su* prodigi\s ef=t8  ,n[ all    
voices %\ld h a head regi/]4 ,x is a "p 
( nature's equipm5t1 & ?is calls = a ^w 
on ! classification ( voices4 ,x ought n
 to be difficult to det]m9e :e!r a voice
 is soprano1 alto1 t5or1 b>itone or     
bass1 b ,i f9d ea* ye> a consid]able    
numb] t h be5 misl$4 ,:y8 ,a numb] ( ?+s
 are responsible4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common is 
t ( mi/ak+ a soprano :o has a *e/ regi/]
 = an alto4 ,?is s+] f9ds ! l[ regi/]   
easi] to s+ ?an ! upp]1 consequ5tly %e &

 h] fri5ds decide %e is an alto4        
,!reaft] %e s+s l[ songs & takes ! alto 
"p 9 ! *oir4 ,! long] %e foll[s ?is plan
 ! less upp] voice %e w h1 & :5 %e goes 
to a tea*]1 unless he has a discrim9at+ 
& analytical e>1 he w all[ h] to rema9 9
 ! alto class4 ,!re is always some?+ 9 !
 fib] ( a tone1 ev5 ?\gh x be badly     
produc$1 t w disclose to ! tra9$ e> :at 
x w be :5 rightly produc$4  ,aga91 !    
human voice c produce su* a v>iety (    
tone qualities t sometimes a soprano w  
cultivate a somb] /yle ( s++ & a        
majority ( p w call h] alto4 ,x requires
 a tra9$ e> to detect :at %e is do+4 ,! 
b>itone also1 because he (t5 s+s ! bass 
"p 9 a qu>tet1 tries to make himself    
s\nd l a bass2 ?is he does by s++ ) a   
somb]1 holl[ quality :i* has little or  
no c>ry+ p[]4  ,ano!r mi/ake is t (     
classify+ a voice accord+ to its        
compass4 ,?is is ! lea/ reliable me?od (
 all4 ,! m]e fact ( hav+ high tones does
 n necess>ily make "o a soprano1 nei!r  
is a voice always to be classifi$ z alto

 by reason ( n be+ able to s+ high4 ,x  
is quality t decides :at a voice is4    
,soprano is a quality4 ,alto is a       
quality4 ,! t]ms t5or1 b>itone1 bass1   
ref] to a quality r ?an a compass4 ,^!  
qualities are det]m9$ prim>ily by !     
con/ruction ( ! organ4  ,b :5 voices are
 prop]ly tra9$ !re is n s mu* diff]5ce 9
 ! compass z mo/ p suppose4 ,= example3 
! female head voice lies approximately  
)9 ?is compass ,illu/ration3 ,figure ,a 
& altos :o le>n to use ! real head voice
 w h no difficulty 9 vocaliz+ t high4   
,at ! l[] end ( ! voice sopranos :o h a 
*e/ regi/] w (t5 s+ z l[ z mo/ altos4 ,b
 :e!r !y s+ high or l[ x is always !    
quality t det]m9es ! classification ( ! 
voice4  ,_m lyric sopranos h no *e/     
regi/]1 & x w\ld be a mi/ake to attempt 
to develop "o4 ,9 su* voices1 :i* r>ely 
h any?+ bel[ middle ,c1 ! middle regi/] 
mu/ be /r5g!n$ & c>ri$ d[n & made to    
take ! place ( ! *e/ voice4  ,x mu/ n be
 und]/ood t !re is b "o soprano quality1
 "o alto quality1 etc4 ,! voice is s    

individual t x _c be ?us limit$4 ,!re   
are _m soprano qualities betwe5 !       
coloratura & ! dramatic1 & ! same is    
true ( alto1 t5or1 b>itone & bass4  ,:5 
! voice is rightly produc$1 its natural 
quality w inv>iably appe>1 & !re x mu/  
be all[$ to rema94 ,an attempt to *ange 
x always means disa/]4  ,x w be obs]v$ t
 ! piano /r+ dim9i%es 9 l5g? & ?ickness 
z ! pit* rises1 & ! voice mu/ d some?+  
:i* corresponds to ?is4 ,o!rwise x w be 
do+ t :i* approximates /ret*+ ! middle  
,c /r+1 = example1 until x w produce its
 octave4  ,9 discuss+ ! head voice x is 
! purpose to avoid z mu* z possible !   
me*anical con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t4 ,?is
 may be le>n$ f ! num]\s books on !     
anatomy & physiology ( ! voice4 ,x is an
 int]e/+ subject1 b beyond an elem5t>y k
 x is ( little value to ! tea*]4 ,a     
correct k ( h[ to tra9 ! voice mu/ be   
ga9$ 9 ! /udio1 n 9 ! laboratory4 ,its  
basis is ! musical s5se r ?an !         
me*anical or sci5tific4 ,all ( !        
sci5tific or me*anical k t ! _w has to  

(f] is no prep>ation = voice tra9+4 ,a k
 ( ! art ( tea*+ beg9s :5 ! tea*] takes 
8 fir/ pupil1 n be=e4 ,!re=e ! aim %all 
be to pres5t ! subject z x appe>s to !  
tea*]4  ,we he> mu* ( ! value ( vocal   
physiology z a guide to good voice      
production4 ,x is also claim$ t a k ( x 
w prev5t ! s+] f misus+ 8 voice & at !  
same "t act z a panacea = vocal ills4   
,^! /atem5ts d n possess a s+le elem5t (
 tru?4 ,! only way ! s+] c injure !     
vocal in/rum5t is by =c+ x4 ,t is1 by   
sett+ up a resi/ance 9 ! vocal cords t  
prev5ts _! normal action4 ,if ?is is    
p]sev]$ 9 x soon becomes a habit :i*    
results 9 *ronic conge/ion4 ,s++ becomes
 increas+ly difficult1 especially 9 !   
upp] voice1 & 9 c\rse ( "t ! s+]        
discov]s t he has l>yngitis4 ,w a k (   
vocal physiology cure l>yngitis8 ,nev]4 
,w x prev5t any "o f s++ ?roaty8 ,!re is
 no in/ance ( ! k9d on record4 ,9 a     
majority ( cases l>yngitis & o!r vocal  
ills are ! direct results ( bad voice   
production & disappe> z ! s+] le>ns to  

produce 8 upp] tones )\t resi/ance4 ,^! 
?+s are effects1 n causes1 & to de/roy !
 effect we mu/ remove ! cause4 ,?is w be
 f\nd to be a wrong habit & habits are  
m5tal1 n physical4 ,:5 a m5tal impulse &
 its consequ5t response become          
simultane\s & automatic ! result is a   
habit1 b x is ! m5tal impulse t has     
become automatic4  ,! t]ms1 t5sion1     
rigidity1 int]f]5ce1 resi/ance1 all mean
 ess5tially ! same ?+4 ,!y mean ! v>i\s 
=ms ( contraction 9 ! vocal in/rum5t :i*
 prev5ts its involunt>y action4 ,if we  
foll[ ^! ?+s back f> en\gh we %all f9d t
 !y all h _! orig9 9 "s degree ( fe>4   
,?is fe>1 ( :i* anxiety is a mild =m1   
beg9s to %[ itself :5ev] ! s+] attempts 
tones above ! compass ( 8 speak+ voice4 
,"h is undevelop$ t]ritory4 ,! tone     
lacks p[]1 quality & fre$om1 & z p[] is 
:at ! untra9$ s+] always seeks fir/1 he 
beg9s to =ce x4 ,9 a %ort "t he has a   
rigid ?roat1 & ! long] he s+s ! m rigid 
x becomes4 ,by ! "t he decides to g to a
 tea*] 8 voice is 9 su* a condition t he

 mu/ take 8 upp] tones ) a ?ick1 ?roaty 
quality or ) a light falsetto4 ,among   
female voices ,i h se5 _m t c\ld s+ no?+
 b a full tone 9 ! upp] regi/]1 & t only
 ) an un/eady1 unsympa!tic quality4  ,n[
 a po9t ^u :i* all voice tea*]s c agree 
is t ! upp] voice is n prop]ly tra9$    
until x has a p]fect messa di voce t is1
 until ! s+] c swell ! tone f ! lighte/ 
pianissimo to full voice & return1 on   
any tone 9 8 compass1 )\t a break & )\t 
sacrific+ ! pure s++ quality4 ,h[ %all  
?is be accompli%$8 ,if ! s+] is =c+ !   
upp] voice x is safe to say 9 ! beg9n+ t
 x nev] c be done by practic+ ) full    
voice4 ,su* practice w only fa/5 ! habit
 ( resi/ance m firmly ^u ! s+]4 ,to     
argue 9 ! affirmative is equival5t to   
say+ t ! cont9u$ practice ( a bad tone w
 ev5tually produce a good tone4  ,!re is
 b "o way to ! solution ( ! problem2 !  
s+] mu/ get rid ( resi/ance4 ,:5 he has 
succe$$ 9 do+ t ! problem ( ! head voice
 is solv$4 ,! bugaboo ( voice plac+     
p]man5tly disappe>s4 ,! difficulty s _m 

h 9 plac+ ! upp] voice lies 9 ?is1 t !y 
try to d x )\t remov+ ! "o ?+ :i*       
prev5ts !m f do+ x4 ,:5 ! voice is free 
f resi/ance x places itself1 t is1 x    
produces )\t ef=t :atev] quality ! s+]  
desires4 ,! t]m head voice1 d\btless    
grew out ( ! s5sation 9 ! head :i*      
accompanies ! upp] tones1 & ?is s5sation
 is ! result ( ! vibration ( ! air 9 !  
air head cavities4 ,_m h tak5 ?is       
s5sation z a guide to ! production ( !  
head voice1 & 9 ord] to make sure ( x !y
 in/ruct ! /ud5t to direct ! tone into !
 head4 ,?is is n only an unc]ta9 &      
unnecess>y proc$ure1 b is almo/ sure to 
develop a resi/ance :i* effectually     
prev5ts ! tone f rea*+ ! head cavities4 
,:5 !re is no int]f]5ce ! tone runs     
naturally into ! prop] *annel4 ,x is n  
necess>y to use =ce to put x !re4       
,,head ,,resonance  ,:e!r or n ! head   
cavities act z resonators is "o ( ! _m  
moot$ po9ts 9 voice tra9+4 ,^? :o       
believe !y d are mu* 9 ! majority1 b ^? 
9 ! m9ority are equally confid5t !y d n4

 ,:at are ! argum5ts8 ,t !re is a       
s5sation 9 ! head cavities :5 s++ 9 !   
upp] "p ( ! compass no "o c d5y4 ,does x
 affect tone quality8 ,! m9ority (f]s ! 
argum5t t x _c d s because ! s(t palate 
automatically rises 9 s++ a high tone1  
?us clos+ ! passage ?r\gh ! nose4 ,on ! 
o!r side x is argu$1 & rightly1 t ! s(t 
palate c be tra9$ to rema9 l[ 9 s++ high
 tones4 ,b :e!r ! s(t palate is high or 
l[ does n settle ! matt]4 ,x is n at all
 necess>y t brea? %\ld pass ?r\gh !     
nasal cavities 9 ord] to make !m act z  
resonators4 ,9 fact x is necess>y t x   
%\ld n4 ,x is ! air t is already 9 !    
cavities t vibrates4 ,all :o are        
acqua9t$ ) resonat+ tubes und]/& ?is4   
,nei!r is x necess>y t ! vibrations %\ld
 be transmitt$ to ! head cavities by way
 ( ! ph>ynx & ov] ! s(t palate4 ,!y may 
be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! bones ( ! head4   
,john ,h[>d prov$ ?is1 to 8 satisfaction
 at lea/1 _m ye>s ago4  ,i recall t 9   
work+ ) ,emil ,behnke he us$ an ex]cise 
to raise ! s(t palate & completely close

 ! *annel1 yet no "o c d5y t 8 pupils _h
 head resonance4 ,!re are c]ta9 facts 9 
connection ) ?is t are h>d to side-/ep4 
,plunket ,gre5e once told me t at "o "t 
he lo/ ! resonance 9 ! upp] "p ( 8      
voice1 & on consult+ a speciali/ he f\nd
 a consid]able gr[? on ! septum4 ,he _h 
x remov$ & at once ! resonance return$4 
,o!r equally /rong argum5ts c\ld be (f]$
 9 support ( ! claim t ! head cavities d
 act z resonators4 ,at any rate ! high  
or l[ palate is n ! decid+ factor4  ,too
 mu* _c be said on ! subject (          
int]f]5ce1 or resi/ance4 ,s long z !re  
is any ( x 9 evid5ce x has its effect on
 tone quality4 ,x is ! result ( t5sion1 
& t5sion is a m5tal impulse ( a c]ta9   
k9d4 ,its antidote is relaxation1 :i* is
 a m5tal impulse ( an opposite nature4  
,x is necess>y = mo/ s+]s to "w at ?is  
until long aft] !y ?9k !y h x4  ,9      
prep>+ ! head voice ! /ud5t mu/ beg9 ) a
 tone t is entirely free f resi/ance &  
build f t4 ,9 a l>ge majority ( voices x
 means practic+ ) a light1 s(t tone4 ,a 

voice t _c s+ s(tly is n rightly        
produc$4 ,:ile ! /ud5t is work+ = !     
fre$om :i* w give him a good half voice 
he is prep>+ ! conditions = a good full 
voice4 ,! conditions are n "r = !       
practice ( full voice until ! la/ ve/ige
 ( resi/ance has disappe>$4 ,! light    
voice is z necess>y to arti/ic success z
 ! full voice4 ,! s+] mu/ h bo?1 b he   
mu/ nev] sacrifice quality = p[]4  ,9 ! 
female voice ! readju/m5ts ( ! me*anism 
kn[n z *anges ( regi/] usually occur at 
ab\t ,illu/ration3 ,figure ,b4  ,9 _m   
lyric soprano voices ,i h f\nd ! same   
readju/m5t at ! ,b & ,c above ! /aff    
,illu/ration3 ,figure ,c4  ,i h also    
not$ 9 _m bass voices a simil> *ange (  
adju/m5t at ! ,e & ,f bel[ ! bass clef  
,illu/ration3 ,figure ,d4  ,x w\ld seem 
!re=e1 t 9 a majority ( voices until an 
ev5 scale has be5 develop$1 t ^!        
readju/m5ts appe> at ab\t ! ,e & ,f & ,b
 & ,c ?r\gh\t ! vocal compass4 ,!       
exceptions to ?is rule are s num]\s     
h[ev]1 t x c sc>cely be call$ a rule4   

,"s voices w h b "o noticeable          
readju/m5t1 & x may be any "o ( ! ?ree4 
,9 "s voices ! *anges are all           
imp]ceptible4 ,9 o!rs1 due to wrong     
usage1 !y are abrupt breaks4 ,9 e       
in/ance ! tea*] mu/ give ! voice :at x  
ne$s to p]fect an ev5 scale4 ,!re %\ld  
be no m evid5ce ( regi/] *anges 9 !     
vocal scale ?an 9 ! piano scale4  ,leav+
 ! l[] two *anges = ! mom5t1 let u      
consid] ! "o at ! upp] ,e & ,f4 ,?is "o 
is s common among sopranos t !re are few
 :o h n "o1 two1 or ?ree weak tones at  
?is po9t4 ,to avoid ^! weak tones _m are
 taught to c>ry ! ?ick] tones ( ! middle
 regi/] up z f> z !y c =ce !m 9 ord] to 
get ! big tone :i* seems to be ! sole   
aim ( mu* mod]n voice tea*+4 ,! victims 
( ?is mann] ( tea*+ nev] use ! real head
 voice1 & "o ?+ happ5s to !m all4 ,z "t 
goes on ! upp] voice gr[s m & m         
difficult1 ! high tones disappe> "o by  
"o1 & at ! "t :5 !y %\ld be do+ _! be/  
s++ !y f9d !mselves vocal wrecks4 ,"s ( 
!m *ange f soprano to alto & end by t   

r\te4  ,n[ ^! are n in/ances t appe> at 
long int]vals4 ,!y are 9 con/ant evid5ce
 & ! numb] is surpris+ly l>ge4 ,! cause 
is ignorance ( h[ to treat ! upp] voice1
 toge!r ) an insane desire = a big tone 
& a lack ( pati5ce to await until x     
gr[s4 ,! incr$ible ?+ is t !re is a     
tea*] liv+ ^: e> w tol]ate su* a ?+4    
,n[ !re is a way to develop ! head voice
 t gives ! s+] n only ! full p[] ( 8    
upp] voice1 b makes x free1 flexible &  
vibrant1 a sympa!tic quality1 a p]fect  
messa di voce1 & enables him to s+      
indef9itely )\t tir+ 8 voice4 ,he mu/   
le>n t x is possible to produce a full  
tone ) a light me*anism4 ,?is is !      
natural way ( produc+ ! head voice4     
,fur!r1 ! light me*anism mu/ be c>ri$ f>
 bel[ ! po9t :]e ! s call$ *ange (      
regi/] occurs4  ,e voice %\ld h a head  
regi/]1 & x may be develop$ 9 ! foll[+  
way4 ,) altos & sopranos ,i />t ) ?is   
ex]cise  ,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 #a 
,altos %\ld beg9 at ,a4  ,! /ud5t %\ld  
nei!r feel nor he> ! tone 9 ! ?roat4    

,!re=e he %\ld beg9 ) a s(t oo4 ,! ?roat
 %\ld be free1 lips relax$ b slightly   
=w>d4 ,!re %\ld be no puck]+ ( ! lips = 
oo4 ,! tone %\ld seem to =m itself ar\nd
 ! lips1 n 9 ! ?roat4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !     
ex]cise mu/ be practic$ s(tly4 ,no      
attempt mu/ be made to increase ! p[]1  
until ! tone is well e/abli%$ 9 ! light 
me*anism4 ,:5 ! oo c be sung s(tly & )\t
 resi/ance z high z ,e flat use ! same  
ex]cise ) o4  ,! next /ep is to bl5d ?is
 light me*anism ) ! heavi] me*anism4 ,x 
may be done 9 ?is way1  ,illu/ration3   
,ex]cise ,no4 #b  ,s+ ?is desc5d+ scale 
) a cresc5do1 always beg9n+ x pp4 ,x    
%\ld be practic$ v sl[ly at fir/1 & )   
portam5to4 ,c>ry+ ! head voice d[n ov] !
 middle & ! middle d[n ov] ! l[] w 9 a  
%ort "t bl5d all p>ts ( ! voice1 & lay !
 f\ndation ( an ev5 scale4 ,! ex]cise   
%\ld be transpos$ upw>d by half /eps z !
 voice becomes m free until x rea*es ,f 
or ,f %>p4  ,! next /ep is ! build+     
process4 ,use ! foll[+3  ,illu/ration3  
,ex]cise ,no4 #c  ,altos %\ld beg9 at   

,a4 ,9 practic+ ^! swells great c>e mu/ 
be tak54 ,tone quality is ! fir/        
consid]ation1 & ! tone mu/ be press$ no 
fur!r ?an is possible :ile reta9+ ! pure
 s++ quality4 ,:]e voices h be5 =c$ &   
are accu/om$ to s+ no?+ b ?ick tones ?is
 build+ process is sometimes sl[4 ,!    
/ud5t f9ds an almo/ irresi/ible t5d5cy  
to increase ! resi/ance z he increases !
 p[] ( ! tone4 ,!re=e ! l\d] he s+s !   
worse x s\nds4 ,?is k9d ( practice w    
nev] solve ! problem4 ,:5 ! /ud5t is    
able to swell ! tone to full p[] )\t    
increas+ ! resi/ance ! problem is solv$4
  ,! progress ( ! /ud5t 9 ?is1 z 9      
ev]y?+ 9 voice tra9+1 dep5ds ^u ! e> ( !
 tea*]4 ,! untra9$ e> ( ! /ud5t is an   
unreliable guide4 ,! s5sitive e> ( !    
tea*] mu/ at all times be 8 guide4 ,!   
belief t e "o kn[s a good tone :5 he    
he>s x has no f\ndation 9 fact4 ,if !   
/ud5t's concept ( tone 7 p]fect he w\ld 
n ne$ a tea*]4 ,he w\ld h ! tea*] )9    
himself4 ,e "o kn[s :at he likes1 & :at 
he likes is ( necessity 8 /&>d at t     

p>ticul> "t1 b x is only ! measure ( 8  
ta/e & may be diff]5t ! next day4  ,all 
?+s 9 voice tra9+ f9d _! c\rt ( la/     
resort 9 ! e> ( ! tea*]4 ,all o!r k is  
second>y to ?is4 ,he may believe any    
numb] ( ?+s t are untrue ab\t ! voice1 b
 if he h a ?or\ghly ref9$ e> x w prev5t 
him f do+ any?+ wrong4 ,8 e> is 8 ta/e1 
8 musical s5se1 & x is 8 musical s5se1 8
 musical judgm5t1 t does ! tea*+4  ,s 9 
build+ ! head voice ! tea*] mu/ see to x
 t musical quality is nev] sacrific$ =  
p[]4 ,a full tone is worse ?an useless1 
unless ! quality is musical & ?is c nev]
 be accompli%$ until ! vocal in/rum5t is
 free f resi/ance4  ,ex]cise ,no4 #c    
%\ld be transpos$ upw>d by half /eps1 b 
nev] beyond ! po9t at :i* x c be        
practic$ com=tably4  ,z t5sion %[s mo/ 9
 ! upp] "p ( ! voice ! /ud5t %\ld h1 z a
 "p ( 8 daily practice1 ex]cises :i*    
release ! voice z x rises4 ,use !       
foll[+3  ,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 #d 
,beg9 ) m$ium p[] & dim9i% to pp z      
indicat$4 ,! upp] tone mu/ n only be    

sung s(tly1 b ! ?roat mu/ be entirely   
free4 ,!re mu/ be no s5se ( hold+ !     
tone4  ,transpose to ! top ( ! voice4   
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 #e  ,no4 #e 
is = ! same purpose z ,no4 #d b 9 an    
ext5d$ =m4 ,beg9 ) r full voice & dim9i%
 to pp asc5d+4 ,increase to full voice  
desc5d+4  ,cont9ue ! build+ ( ! upp]    
voice us+ ! complete scale4             
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 #f  ,?us f> 
9 prep>+ ! head voice we h us$ ! v[els  
oo & o4 ,we may proce$ to ! v[el ah 9 ! 
foll[+ way4 ,us+ ,ex4 ,no4 #f fir/ s+ o 
) loose b some:at r\nd$ lips4 ,:5 ?is   
tone is well e/abli%$ s+ o ) ! same     
quality1 ! same focus1 or plac+ )\t     
r\nd+ ! lips4 ,x am\nts to s++ o ) ! ah 
position4 ,:5 ?is c be done !n use %ort 
u z 9 ! ^w hum4 ,?is gives approximately
 ! plac+ = ah 9 ! upp] voice4 ,:5 ^!    
v[els c all be sung ) p]fect fre$om     
transpose upw>d by half /eps4           
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 #g  ,9 ,no4 
#g :5 ! cresc5do has be5 made on ! upp] 
tone c>ry ! full voice to ! bottom ( !  

scale4  ,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 #h  
,?is is ano!r way ( bl5d+ ! diff]5t p>ts
 ( ! voice4 ,x %\ld be sung portam5to 9 
bo? directions4 ,:5 sung by a female    
voice x w be ,middle1 ,head1 ,middle z  
indicat$ by ! lett]s ,m1 ,h1 ,m4 ,:5    
sung by ! male voice x w be ,*e/1 ,head1
 ,*e/ z indicat$ by ! lett]s ,c1 ,h1 ,c4
 ,transpose upw>d by half /eps4  ,:5 !  
=ego+ ex]cises are well 9 h& ! head     
voice may be approa*$ f ! middle & l[]  
regi/]s 9 scale =m z 9 ! foll[+3        
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 #i          
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 #aj         
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 #aa4        
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 #ab4        
,illu/ration3 ,ex]cise ,no4 #ac4  ,!    
fact t male voices are m (t5 ?roaty 9 ! 
upp] regi/] !n female voices calls =    
special comm5t4  ,! foll[+ diagram %[+ !
 relation%ip ( ! two voices w help to   
elucidate ! matt]4  ,illu/ration3       
,figure ,e  ,i h "h us$ ?ree octaves ( !
 vocal compass z suffici5t = !          
illu/ration4 ,rememb]+ t ! male voice is

 an octave l[] ?an ! female voice we    
%all see t ! female voice is a          
cont9uation1 z x 71 ( ! male voice2 !   
l[] "p ( ! female compass ov]lapp+ !    
upp] "p ( ! male compass1 ! two hav+    
approximately an octave ,g to ,g 9      
common4 ,fur!r x w be se5 t bo? male &  
female voices d ab\t ! same ?+ at ! same
 absolute pit*es4 ,at ab\t ,e flat or ,e
 above middle ,c ! alto or soprano      
passes f ! *e/ to ! middle regi/]4 ,x is
 at ! same absolute pit*es t ! t5or     
passes f :at is usually call$ op5 to    
cov]$ tone1 b :i* might bett] be call$ f
 *e/ to head voice4 ,!re is e reason to 
believe t ! *ange 9 ! me*anism is ! same
 z t :i* occurs 9 ! female voice at !   
same pit*es4 ,t !re is (t5times a       
noticeable readju/m5t ( ! me*anism 9    
uncultivat$ voices at ^! pit*es no      
obs]v+ tea*] w d5y1 & ^! are ! voices   
:i* are ( special int]e/ to ! tea*]1 & !
 ones = :i* books are made4 ,x w be     
obs]v$ t ?is *ange 9 ! male voice takes 
place 9 ! upp] "p ( 8 compass in/ead ( 9

 ! l[]1 z 9 ! female voice4 ,?is *ange  
:i* is above ! compass ( ! speak+ voice 
( ! t5or or b>itone1 adds greatly to its
 difficulty4 ,= ?is reason ! tra9+ ( !  
male head voice requires m c>e & cle>]  
judgm5t ?an any?+ else 9 voice tra9+4   
,9 treat+ ?is "p ( ! female voice we h  
le>n$ t if ! heavy1 or *e/ voice1 is    
c>ri$ up to ,g or ,a above middle ,c x  
weak5s ! tones ( ! middle regi/] until  
!y f9ally become useless4 ,!n ! *e/     
tones become m difficult & disappe> "o  
by "o & ! voice has no fur!r value4     
,id5tically ! same ?+ happ5s to ! t5or  
:o1 by reason ( suffici5t physical /r5g?
 =ces 8 *e/ voice up to ,g1 ,a1 or ,b   
flat4 ,he may be able to cont9ue ?is =  
a:ile1 sometimes = a few ye>s1 b        
gradually 8 upp] tones become m         
difficult & f9ally impossible & ano!r   
vocal wreck is add$ to ! li/4  ,9 re/or+
 ! female voice t has c>ri$ ! *e/ voice 
too high x is necess>y to c>ry ! middle 
regi/] d[n1 sometimes z l[ z middle ,c  
until x has rega9$ its p[]4 ,! t5or or  

b>itone mu/ d ess5tially ! same ?+4 ,he 
mu/ c>ry ! head voice1 :i* is a light]  
me*anism ?an ! *e/ voice1 d[n z l[ z ?is
 c ,illu/ration3 ,figure ,f us+ :at is  
(t5 call$ mix$ voice4 ,:5 ! pit*es      
,illu/ration3 ,figure ,g are practic$ ) 
a suffici5tly relax$ ?roat ! tone runs  
naturally into ! head resonator ) a     
feel+ almo/ ! equival5t ( t ( a nasal   
tone1 b ?is tone w be 9 no s5se nasal4  
,x w be head voice4   ,,! ,,falsetto    
,does ! falsetto h any "p 9 ! developm5t
 ( ! head voice8 ,?is in(f5sive ?+ is   
/ill ! subject ( a consid]able am\nt ( m
 ( less inflammatory debate bo? z to :at
 x is & :at x does4 ,)\t delay let me   
assure e "o t x is p]fectly h>mless4    
,!re is no o!r "o ?+ involv$ 9 s++1     
imm$iate or remote1 f :i* ! elem5t ( h>m
 is s completely elim9at$4 ,x is held by
 "s t x is produc$ by ! false vocal     
*ords4 ,?is position is unt5able = !    
reason t ,i h kn[n _m s+]s :o c\ld g f !
 falsetto to a full r++ tone & return ) 
no p]ceptible break4 ,n[ s9ce x w h>dly 

be argu$ t a r++1 resonant tone c\ld be 
produc$ by ! false vocal cords1 x is    
evid5t t ! s+] mu/ *ange f ! false to ! 
true vocal cords some:]e 9 ! process--a 
?+ :i* is un?9kable4  ,x is held by o!rs
 t ! falsetto is a relic ( ! boy's      
voice1 :i* has det]iorat$ f lack ( use4 
,?is seems n unreasonable1 & a          
consid]able am\nt ( evid5ce is (f]$ 9   
support ( x4 ,we may safely assume h[ev]
 t x is produc$ by ! true vocal cords & 
! lighte/ regi/] 9 ! male voice4 ,:at is
 its use8 ,unless its quality c be *ang$
 x has little or no musical value4 ,!re 
are "s tea*]s :o claim t ! falsetto     
me*anism is ! correct "o = ! t5or voice 
& %\ld be us$ ?r\gh\t ! entire compass4 
,i am n prep>$ to subscribe to ?is4 ,!re
 are o!rs :o believe t ! falsetto %\ld  
be develop$1 resonat$1 s t x loses its  
flute quality1 & bl5d$ ) ! head voice4  
,?is seems 9 ! light ( my exp]i5ce to be
 reasonable4 ,:5 ?is c be done x gives !
 s+] ! mo/ p]fect me*anism kn[n4 ,b x _c
 always be done4 ,! voice is individual1

 & ! entire sum ( individual exp]i5ce   
leaves its impression on x4 ,i h f\nd _m
 voices :]e ! falsetto 0 s completely   
deta*$ f ! head voice t x w\ld be a wa/e
 ( "t to attempt to bl5d !m4  ,b !re is 
"o place 9 voice tra9+ :]e ! practice ( 
! falsetto has a di/9ct value4 ,i h se5 
_m t5ors & b>itones :o =c$ ! heavy *e/  
voice up until !y develop$ an automatic 
clut*1 & c\ld s+ ! upp] tones only )    
extreme ef=t4 ,to all[ !m to cont9ue 9 t
 way w\ld nev] solve _! problem4 ,9 su* 
a condition half voice is impossible4 ,x
 mu/ be "o ?+ or ! o!r1 ei!r ! ?ick *e/ 
voice or falsetto4 ,! falsetto !y c     
produce )\t ef=t1 & h]e9 lies its value4
 ,!y become accu/om$ to he>+ _! high    
tones )\t ! association ( ef=t1 & aft] a
 "t ! real head voice appe>s4 ,! ?+ :i* 
prev5t$ ! head voice f appe>+ 9 ! beg9n+
 0 extreme resi/ance1 & z soon z !      
resi/ance disappe>$ ! head voice made   
its appe>ance4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by !   
practice ( ! v light regi/] kn[n z      
falsetto4 ,:5 ! head voice appe>s ! use 

( ! falsetto may be discont9u$4  ,! ?+  
expect$ ( ! tea*] is results & he %\ld n
 be afraid to use any?+ t w contribute  
to t end4  ,x is 9 ! upp] "p ( ! voice t
 mi/akes are mo/ likely to be made &    
n9ety n9e p] c5t ( ! mi/akes is =c+ !   
voice1 t is1 s++ ) too mu* resi/ance4 ,s
 long z ! resi/ance cont9ues a good full
 tone is impossible4 ,! plan outl9$     
above = elim9at+ resi/ance has be5 te/$ 
) _m hundr$s ( voices & has nev] fail$4 
,! idea held by "s t su* practice c nev]
 produce a l>ge tone %[s a complete     
misund]/&+ ( ! :ole matt]4 ,t x produces
 ! full p[] ( ! voice )\t sacrific+ its 
musical quality is be+ prov$ con/antly4 
,e day we he> ! /ory ( voices ru9$ by   
=c+ high tones4 ,:o is responsible8 ,ea*
 "o mu/ answ] = himself4 ,) ! hope (    
dim9i%+ x 9 "s degree1 ?is outl9e is    
(f]$4     ,,iii  ,a ,,g5]al ,,survey ,,(
 ,,! ,,situation      ,i w ro> y z g5tly
 z any suck+ dove3 ,i w ro> y     an't 7
 any night+ale4                         
,%akespe>e4  ,a ,midsumm] ,night's      

,dream4   ,! s++ _w is confront$ ) a    
situation unique 9 its humor4 ,on e side
 we he> ! la*rymose lam5t t voice tra9+ 
is 9 a *aotic condition1 t bel canto is 
a lo/ art1 & t ! gold5 age ( song has   
vani%$ f ! e>?4  ,! unanimity ( ?is     
dolor\s admission w\ld seem to be a sad 
comm5t>y on ! frat]nity ( voice tea*]s2 
b "h ent]s ! elem5t ( humor4 ,!re is n  
record$ a s+le in/ance ( a voice tea*]  
admitt+ t 8 own k ( ! voice is *aotic4  
,he w admit *e]fully & (t5times ) ill   
conceal$ en?usiasm t e o!r tea*]'s k is 
9 a *aotic condition1 b 8 own is a model
 ( ord] & intellig5ce4  ,if we accept   
:at voice tea*]s ?9k ( !mselves ! future
 looks rosy4 ,if we accept :at !y ?9k ( 
ea* o!r ! future is om9\s & ! ne$ = re=m
 is dire & urg5t4  ,b if a re=m be ord]$
 :]e %all x beg98 ,obvi\sly among !     
tea*]s !mselves4 ,b judg+ f ! e/imate   
ea* "o puts ^u himself h[ %all we re=m a
 ?+ :i* is already p]fect8 ,on ! o!r h&1
 if we take ! pessimi/ic attitude t all 
tea*]s are wrong w x n be a case ( !    

bl9d lead+ ! bl9d1 9 :i* in/ance _!     
de/9ation is def9itely det]m9$ some:]e 9
 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,v]ily ! situation is 
difficult4 ,nev]!less x is n altoge!r   
hopeless4 ,! impulse to s+ /ill rema9s4 
,m p are /udy+ s++1 & m p s+ well today 
?an at any o!r "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! 
impulse to s+ is z old z ! human race4  
,:5 ! joy ( life fir/ well$ up )9 man & 
dem&$ utt]ance ! vocal in/rum5t furni%$ 
by nature 0 ready to respond & ! art (  
s++ began1 & if we may v5ture a prophecy
 x w nev] end 9 ?is _w or ! next4 ,x _c 
be de/roy$ ev5 by ! tea*]s !mselves4 ,x 
is ?is natural1 inborn desire to s+ t is
 directly responsible = ! amaz+         
p]sev]ance ( _m vocal /ud5ts4 ,if aft] a
 ye> or two ( /udy !y f9d !y are wrong  
!y are n greatly di/urb$1 b select ano!r
 tea*]1 firm 9 ! fai? t ev5tually !y w  
f9d ! "r "o & be safely l$ to !         
realization ( _! "o great ambition--to  
be an arti/4 ,x is ?is t has kept ! art 
alive ?r\gh ! c5turies & w p]petuate x4 
,?is impulse to s+ is some?+ no am\nt ( 

bad tea*+ c de/roy4   ,,! ,,re=m        
,ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se t has come "u !     
scrut9y ( mortal man has be5 subject$ to
 a p]petual re=mation4 ,no?+ is too     
great or too small to engage ! att5tion 
( ! re=m]4 ,religion1 politics1 m$ic9e &
 race suicide are objects ( 8 special   
solicitude1 b no?+ else has be5 =gott54 
,no phase ( human activity has be5 all[$
 to rema9 at re/4 ,s f> z we "k no?+ b !
 multiplication table has escap$ !      
re=m]4 ,!re is a g5]al feel+ t no?+ is  
exactly "r4 ,?is may be ! op]ation ( !  
law ( progress1 d\btless x is1 b x      
occasions a mighty unre/1 & keeps ! _w  
wond]+ :at w happ5 next4 ,?is law (     
progress is b ano!r "n = idealism to :i*
 ! _w owes ev]y?+4 ,idealism is t :i*   
sees a bett] condition ?an ! "o :i* n[  
obta9s4 ,! process ( realiz+ ?is bett]  
condition is 9 itself re=mation4  ,z f> 
back z we h any k ( ! art ( s++ ! re=m]s
 h be5 at "w1 & d[n ?r\gh ! c5turies _! 
en]gies h be5 unflagg+4 ,we owe to !m   
:atev] advance has be5 made t[>d a      

p]fect sy/em ( voice tra9+1 b !y are    
also responsible = _m ?+s p]nici\s 9 _! 
nature :i* h be5 incorporat$ 9 pres5t   
day me?ods ( tea*+1 = x mu/ be admitt$ t
 !re are false prophets among s++ tea*]s
 no less ?an among ! memb]s ( o!r       
pr(essions4 ,!re is "o int]e/+ ?+       
connect$ ) ! "w ( ^! vocal re=m]s4 ,f ! 
beg9n+ !y h insi/$ t ! art ( bel canto  
is lo/4 ,tosi 7#afdg-agbg71 ,porpora    
7#afhf-agff71 ,manc9i 7#agaf-ahjj71 ?ree
 ( ! greate/ tea*]s ( ! old ,italian    
s*ool1 all lam5t$ ! decad5ce ( ! art (  
s++4 ,o!rs be=e & s9ce h done ! same ?+4
 ,x seems t 9 all times any "o :o c\ld  
get ! public e> has fill$ x ) ?is sort (
 pessimi/ic wail4 ,f ?is we draw "s     
int]e/+ conclusions3 ,fir/1 t ! real art
 ( s++ 0 lo/ imm$iately aft] x 0 f\nd4  
,second1 t ! only "t x 0 p]fect 0 :5 x  
began4 ,?ird1 t ev] s9ce x began we h   
be5 se>*+ = x )\t success4 ,if any ( ?is
 is true x means t all ( ! great s+]s ( 
! pa/ two hundr$ ye>s h be5 fak]s1      
because !y nev] really le>n$ h[ to s+4  

,x is surpris+ t we did n see ?r\gh ^!  
musical ,j]emiahs long ago4 ,9 all ages 
!re h be5 good tea*]s & bad ones1 & x   
w\ld n be surpris+ if ! bad ones        
outnumb]$ ! good ones2 b ! weak l9k 9 ! 
*a9 ( argum5t is 9 e/imat+ ! pr(ession  
by its failures4 ,?is is a *eap & mu*   
ov]work$ device & discloses ! egotism ( 
! "o us+ x4 ,!re are tea*]s today :o    
?or\ghly und]/& ! art ( bel canto4 ,!y h
 n lo/ x1 & ! o!rs nev] _h x4 ,?is      
condition has obta9$ = c5turies & w     
cont9ue indef9itely4 ,an art %\ld be    
measur$ by its be/ expon5ts1 n by its   
wor/4 ,to measure x by its failures is  
illogical & di%one/4  ,9 rec5t ye>s !   
process ( re=mation has be5 appli$ to   
all bran*es ( music tea*+ ) ! hope (    
r$uc+ ^! failures to a m9imum4 ,!       
pr(ession has sudd5ly awak5$ to ! fact t
 x mu/ give a bett] reason = its exi/5ce
 ?an any h]et(ore (f]$4 ,x has become   
cle> to ! pr(essional m9d t 9 ord] to   
reta9 & enl>ge its self-respect music   
mu/ be recogniz$ z a "p ( ! great human 

uplift4 ,to ?is end x has be5 knock+ at 
! doors ( ! in/itutions ( le>n+ ask+ to 
be admitt$ & recogniz$ z a "p ( public  
education4 ,! reply has be5 t music     
tea*+ mu/ fir/ develop coh]5ce1 sy/em & 
/&>ds4 ,?is has caus$ music tea*]s to   
look ab\t & realize z nev] be=e t !     
pr(ession z a :ole has no organization &
 no fix$ educational /&>ds4 ,e tea*]    
fixes 8 own /&>d & is a law unto        
himself4 ,! /&>d is individual1 & if !  
individual consci5ce is suffici5tly     
ela/ic ! /&>d gives him no s]i\s conc]n4
 ,b z a result ( ?is awak5+ !re is a    
conc]t$ action ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to      
/&>dize1 to def9e ! g5]al scope ( le>n+ 
necess>y to become a music tea*]4 ,!    
tr5d ( ?is is 9 ! "r direction1 & good  
may be expect$ f x1 al?\gh at be/ x c be
 b a v imp]fect me?od ( det]m9+ "o's    
fitness to tea*4 ,! det]m9+ factors 9   
tea*+ are ?+s :i* _c be discov]$ 9 any  
t5 que/ions4 ,9 fact an exam9ation mu/  
necess>ily conf9e itself to g5]al       
in=mation1 b 9 tea*+1 ! real man reveals

 himself4 ,8 high s5se ( ord]1 logic1   
pati5ce1 8 love & appreciation ( !      
beautiful1 8 p]sonality1 8 moral s5se1 !
 m5tal atmosph]e ( 8 /udio1 ^! all ent] 
into 8 tea*+ & !y are ?+s difficult to  
discov] 9 an exam9ation4 ,unconsci\sly !
 tea*] gives out himself along ) ! music
 lesson1 & x is equally important ) 8 k 
( music4 ,!re=e x is z difficult to     
e/abli% def9ite /&>ds ( tea*+ z x is (  
piano or viol9 mak+4  ,9 attempt+ to    
e/abli% /&>ds ( voice tea*+ ! problem   
becomes positively bewild]+4 ,! voice is
 s completely & p]si/5tly individual1 & 
9 ! v nature ( ?+s mu/ always rema9 s1 t
 an attempt to /&>dize x or ^? :o tra9 x
 is dang]\s4 ,yet not)/&+ ?is1 voice    
tea*]s are ! mo/ indu/ri\s ( all 9 _!   
ef=ts to organize & /&>dize4 ,! insi/5ce
 ) :i* ?is aim is prosecut$ is wor?y (  
some?+ bett] ?an is likely to be a*iev$4
  ,t !re is no /&>d among voice tea*]s  
save t ( ! individual w be admitt$ )\t  
argum5t2 & until !re is su* a ?+ z a    
fix$ /&>d ( musical ta/e ?is condition w

 rema91 = ! musical ta/e ( ! tea*] is by
 f> ! mo/ pot5t factor 9 ! tea*+ ( tone 
production4  ,( late !re h be5 vigor\s  
ef=ts to e/abli% a /&>d tone = s+]s4    
,?is1 accord+ to ! apo/les ( ,h>mony 9 !
 ranks1 is ! "o way ( unify+ !          
pr(ession4 ,z an argum5t ?is is no?+    
%ort ( picturesque1 & c be trac$ to ^?  
unique & pr(ess$ly sci5tific m5talities 
t solve all vocal problems by a         
ma!matical =mula4 ,z an example ( !     
*im]ical1 impossible & altoge!r         
undesirable1 x comm&s admiration4 ,if x 
is impossible to e/abli% a /&>d tone =  
pianos :]e ! problem is me*anical1 :at  
may we expect to d ) voice :]e ! problem
 is psy*ological8  ,:5 we h succe$$ 9   
mak+ all p look alike1 act alike1 ?9k   
alike2 :5 we h elim9at$ all racial      
*>act]i/ics & ^? result+ f environm5t2  
:5 p are all ( ! same size1 weight1     
proportion1 /ructure2 :5 skulls are all 
( ! same size1 ?ickness & d5sity2 :5 all
 vocal organs & vocal cavities are ( !  
same =m & size2 :5 we h succe$$ 9       

equaliz+ all temp]am5ts2 :5 !re is b "o 
climate1 "o language1 "o gov]nm5t1 "o   
religion2 :5 !re is no long] su* a ?+ z 
individuality--!n p]haps a /&>d tone may
 be consid]$4 ,until t "t no?+ c\ld be m
 c]ta9 ( failure4 ,! great *>m ( voices 
is _! individuality1 :i* is ! result n  
alone ( tra9+1 b ( ages ( v>i$ exp]i5ce1
 = man is ! sum ( all t has prec$$ him4 
,x is1 to say ! lea/1 an extraord9>y    
m5tality t w\ld de/roy ?is mo/ vital    
elem5t 9 s++ = ! sake ( work+ out a     
sci5tific !ory4  ,b !re is no imm$iate  
dang]4 ,nature1 ^: *ief joy is 9 v>iety 
& contra/1 is n likely to sacrifice x   
sudd5ly to a m]e :im4  ,:5 we speak ( a 
/&>d tone we ent] ! doma9 ( ac\/ics &   
mu/ proce$ accord+ to ! laws ( physics4 
,9 ?is /&>d tone !re mu/ be a fundam5tal
 comb9$ ) c]ta9 ov]tones4 ,b :o %all say
 :i* ov]tones1 & :y ! p>ticul>          
comb9ation8 ,! answ] mu/ be because x   
s\nds be/4 ,a tone be+ some?+ to he>1   
?is is a logical & legitimate answ]4 ,b 
if ! li/5] kn[s :5 x s\nds "r he kn[s x 

entirely sep>ate & ap>t f any k he may h
 ( its sci5tific con/ruction2 h5ce su* k
 is ( no value :atev] 9 det]m9+ :at is  
good & :at is bad 9 tone quality4 ,a    
tone is n a ?+ to see & ! tea*] _c use a
 cam]a & a manometric flame 9 tea*+ tone
 production4 ,any k he may h ga9$ f !   
use ( su* in/rum5ts 9 ! laboratory is   
valueless 9 tea*+4  ,if x 7 possible to 
adopt z a /&>d tone a c]ta9 comb9ation (
 fundam5tal & ov]tones 7:i* x is n71 &  
if x 7 possible to make all s+]s use ?is
 p>ticul> tone 7:i*1 ?ank heav5 x is n71
 !n all voices w\ld s\nd alike &        
individuality w\ld at once disappe>4  ,!
 advocates ( ?is k9d ( /&>d tone _c     
dis5gage !mselves f ! belief t all vocal
 organs are alike4 ,! exact opposite is 
! tru?4 ,vocal organs are no m alike ?an
 are eyes1 noses1 h&s & dispositions4   
,ea* ( ^! con=ms only to a g5]al type4  
,! v>iation is inf9ite4   ,,m5tality  ,!
 m5tality ( ! individual =ms ! organ    
?r\gh :i* x c express itself1 & ?is     
m5tality is ! accumulation ( all ( !    

exp]i5ce :i* has prec$$ x4 ,fur!r1      
muscles & c>tilages are n all ( ! same  
texture4 ,?yroid c>tilages v>y 9 size & 
%ape4 ,! vocal cavities1 ph>ynx1 m\? &  
nasal cavities are nev] exactly ! same 9
 any two p4 ,! cont\rs ( ! upp] & l[]   
jaw & tee?1 & ( ! palatal ar* are nev]  
f\nd to be exactly alike4 ,all ( ^!     
v>iations are a "p ( ! vocal in/rum5t & 
det]m9e its quality4 ,e vocal organ :5  
prop]ly direct$ w produce ! be/ quality 
( :i* t p>ticul> in/rum5t is capable4   
,an attempt to make x produce some?+    
else mu/ necess>ily be a failure4 ,!    
/ructure ( ! in/rum5t det]m9es :e!r !   
voice is bass1 t5or1 alto or soprano )  
all ( ! v>iations ( ^! f\r classes4 ,!  
individuality ( ! voice is fix$ by      
nature no less def9itely4  ,! ef=t to   
/&>dize tone quality discloses a        
misappreh5sion ( :at x means to tra9 a  
voice4 ,its advocates look ^u man z s   
mu* matt]1 & ! voice z some?+ :i* mu/ be
 made to op]ate accord+ to fix$         
ma!matical rules & ignore completely its

 psy*ology4  ,b ! ri* humor ( x all     
appe>s :5 ! propag&i/s ( /&>d tone meet 
to e/abli% ! /&>d4 ,x is soon obs]v$ t  
!re are z _m /&>ds z !re are memb]s     
pres5t & ! only result is a m5tal       
f]m5tation4   ,,gett+ ,,toge!r  ,9 rec5t
 ye>s _m attempts h be5 made by vocal   
tea*]s to get toge!r4 ,z ne>ly z c be   
asc]ta9$ ?is gett+ toge!r means t all   
%all tea* 9 ! same way1 t all %all agree
 on ! disput$ po9ts 9 voice tra9+1 or t 
c]ta9 articles ( fai? to :i* all c      
subscribe1 %all be =mulat$2 b :5 x comes
 to decid+ ^: way x %all be or ^: fai?  
%all be ?us exalt$1 ea* "o is a         
,gibralt> & ! only p]ceptible result is 
an enl>gem5t ( ! individual ego4 ,& s x 
ende?4   ,,:y ,,tea*]s ,,disagree       
,voice tea*]s are divid$ into two g5]al 
classes--^? :o make a k ( vocal         
physiology ! basis ( tea*+ & ^? :o d n4 
,! memb]s ( ! fir/ class foll[ ! tea*+s 
( "s "o ( ! sci5tific inve/igators4 ,ea*
 "o w foll[ ! sci5ti/ or physiologi/ ^: 
ideas mo/ ne>ly co9cide ) 8 own1 or :i* 

seem mo/ reasonable to him4 ,9 z mu* z !
 sci5ti/s h n yet approa*$ any?+        
resembl+ an agreem5t1 x foll[s t _!     
disciples are f> f be+ ( "o m9d4  ,!    
memb]s ( ! second class hold t a k (    
vocal anatomy & physiology beyond !     
elem5ts has no value 9 tea*+1 & t ! less
 ! /ud5t ?9ks ab\t me*anism ! bett]4 ,! 
sci5tific voice tea*]s usually believe 9
 direct control ( ! vocal organs4 ,!    
memb]s ( ! opposite class believe 9     
indirect control4 ,?is e/abli%es a      
p]man5t disagreem5t betwe5 ! two g5]al  
classes1 b ! disagreem5t betwe5 ^? :o   
believe 9 indirect control is sc>cely   
less m>k$4 ,"h x is n s mu* a matt] ( h[
 ! tone is produc$1 b r ! tone itself4  
,?is is due entirely to ! diff]5ce 9    
ta/e among tea*]s4 ,! div]sity ( ta/e   
reg>d+ tone quality is ev5 great] ?an t 
reg>d+ meat & dr9k4 ,?is fact seems to  
be v g5]ally ov]look$4 ,x is ?is t s    
my/ifies /ud5ts4 ,aft] /udy+ ) a tea*] =
 "o or m ye>s !y g to ano!r to f9d t he 
at once tries to get a diff]5t tone     

quality f t ( ! fir/4 ,:5 !y g to ! ?ird
 tea*] he tries = /ill ano!r quality4   
,if !y g to a half doz5 tea*]s ea* "o w 
try to make !m produce a tone diff]+ 9  
"s degree f all ( ! o!rs4 ,! /ud5t      
d\btless ?9ks ?is is due to ! diff]5ce 9
 und]/&+ ( ! voice among tea*]s1 b ?is  
is n s4 ,x is due entirely to _! diff]+ 
ta/es 9 tone quality4 ,! m>vel\s ?+ is t
 ! voice w respond 9 a degree to all (  
^! diff]5t dem&s made ^u x2 b x =ces !  
/ud5t to ! conclusion t voice tra9+ is  
an indef9ite some?+ )\t ord]1 sy/em1 or 
pr9ciple4  ,s1 9 /udy+ ! conditions :i* 
obta9 9 voice tea*+ at ! pres5t "t x mu/
 be admitt$ t ! evid5ce ( unity is      
slight2 & ! probability ( increas+ x by 
organization or legislative enactm5t is 
n su* z to make "o en?usia/ic4 ,:at "o  
believes is v real to himself4 ,9 fact x
 is ! only ?+ t seems "r to him1 !re=e  
he sees no valid reason :y he %\ld *ange
 8 belief or :y o!rs %\ld n believe z he
 does4 ,?is positive elem5t 9 ! human   
ego is advantage\s at times1 b x is also

 responsible = all conflicts f mild     
disagreem5ts to w> among nations4  ,b   
argum5ts & battles r>ely ev] result 9   
any?+ m ?an an arm$ truce4 ,diff]5ce (  
op9ion w cont9ue indef9itely1 b ( ?is we
 may be sure1 t ! solution ( ! vocal    
problem w nev] come ?r\gh a /udy ( vocal
 me*anism h[ev] consci5ti\s & ?or\gh x  
may be1 b ?r\gh a pur] musical ?\ght1 a 
deep] musical feel+1 a cle>] vision (   
:at is cause & :at is effect1 a firm]   
conviction ( ! sanctity ( music1 an     
un]r+ k ( ! relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 !  
s+] & 8 in/rum5t4     ,,iv  ,,h9ts ,,on 
,,tea*+      ,we live 9 a _w ( unse5    
realities1 ! _w ( ?\ghts     & feel+s4  
,b '?\ghts are ?+s1' & frequ5tly !y     
weigh m & obta9 f> m 9 ! mak+ ( a man   
?an d     all ! tangible realities :i*  
surr\nd him4 ,?\ghts &     feel+s are ! 
/uff ( :i* life is made4 ,!y are !      
language ( ! s\l4 ,by means ( !m we     
foll[ ! developm5t     ( "*1 ! %ap+ ( ! 
s\l :i* is ! "o great     purpose (     
life4                                   

,appreciation ( ,art4 ,lov]idge4   ,e   
ye> a l>ge numb] ( "y m5 & wom5 g 9 que/
 ( a s++ tea*]4 ,! impulse to s+1 :i* is
 inborn1 has become s insi/5t &         
irrepressible t x mu/ be he$$2 & !      
desire to d ?+s well1 :i* is a "p ( !   
m5tal equipm5t ( e normal human be+1    
makes outside assi/ance imp]ative4      
,:]ev] !re is a real ne$ ! supply is    
=?com+1 s !re is little difficulty 9    
f9d+ "s "o :o is ready1 will+1 9 fact r 
anxi\s1 to und]take ! pleasant task (   
trans=m+ ^! en?usia/ic amateurs into    
full-fl$g$ pr(essionals4  ,! meet+ ( !  
tea*] & /ud5t always takes place 9 !    
/udio1 & x is !re t all vocal problems  
are solv$4 ,let no "o imag9e t any vocal
 problem c be solv$ 9 a physics         
laboratory4 ,:y8 ,because n "o ( !      
problems confront+ ! vocal /ud5t is     
physical4 ,!y are all m5tal4 ,! writ]   
has rea*$ ?is conclusion n f ignor+ !   
physical1 b f mak+ a compreh5sive /udy (
 ! vocal me*anism & its relation to !   
s+]4  ,! anatomy & physiology ( ! vocal 

me*anism are absorb+ to "o :o is int]e/$
 9 kn[+ h[ man1 ?r\gh untold c5turies ( 
gr[? has p]fect$ an in/rum5t ?r\gh :i*  
he c express himself2 b no matt] h[ f>  
we g 9 ! /udy ( anatomy & physiology all
 we really le>n is :at m9d has done4 ,if
 man has a m p]fect & highly organiz$   
vocal in/rum5t ?an ! l[] animals x is   
because 8 high] manife/ation ( m9d has  
=m$ an in/rum5t necess>y to its ne$s4   
,:5 man's ideas & ne$s 7 few & simple 8 
vocabul>y 0 small1 = language is ! means
 by :i* memb]s ( ! species communicate )
 ea* o!r4 ,:5ev] man evolv$ a new idea  
he necess>ily inv5t$ "s way (           
communicat+ x1 & s language grew4 ,a ^w 
is ! symbol ( an idea1 b inv>iably !    
idea orig9ates ! ^w4 ,! ^w does n       
orig9ate ! idea4 ,! idea always arrives 
fir/4 ,all we c ev] le>n f ! /udy (     
matt] is ph5om5a1 ! result ( ! activity 
( m9d4  ,?us we see t s call$ sci5tific 
/udy ( ! vocal me*anism is at be/1 b a  
/udy ( ph5om5a4 ,x creates no?+4 ,x only
 discov]s :at is already tak+ place1 &  

:at has be5 go+ on indef9itely )\t      
consci\s direction w1 9 all probability1
 cont9ue4  ,! value atta*$ by "s to !   
/udy ( vocal physiology is greatly      
ov]e/imat$4 ,9 fact its value is s      
little z to be practically negligible4  
,x furni%es ! tea*] no?+ he c use 9 giv+
 a s++ lesson1 unless1 p]*ance he %\ld  
be s unwise z to beg9 ! lesson ) a talk 
on vocal me*anism1 :i*1 by ! way1 w\ld  
mu* bett] come at ! la/ lesson ?an !    
fir/4 ,all we c le>n f ! /udy ( vocal   
physiology is ! con/ruction ( ! vocal   
in/rum5t1 & ?is be>s ! same relation to 
s++ t piano mak+ be>s to piano play+4 ,!
 s+] & 8 in/rum5t are two diff]5t ?+s1 &
 a k ( ! latt] ex]ts v little b5eficial 
influ5ce on ! =m]4  ,to rea* a solution 
( ! vocal problem we mu/ und]/& !       
relation exi/+ betwe5 ! s+] & 8         
in/rum5t4  ,! s+] is a m5tality1        
consequ5tly ev]y?+ he does is an        
activity ( 8 m5tality4 ,see+1 he>+1     
kn[+1 is ?is m5tality 9 action4 ,! two  
s5ses mo/ intimately associat$ ) arti/ic

 activity are see+ & he>+1 & ^! are     
m5tal4 ,9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 &           
ar*itecture we p]ceive beauty ?r\gh !   
eye4 ,9 music x rea*es u ?r\gh ! e>2 b !
 only ?+ t is cognizant is ! m9d4 ,to   
man ! univ]se consi/s ( m5tal           
impressions1 & t ^! impressions diff] ) 
ea* individual is s well und]/ood t x   
ne$ n be argu$4 ,two p look+ at ! same  
picture w n see exactly ! same ?+s4 ,two
 p li/5+ to a musical composition may   
he> q diff]5t ?+s & are affect$ 9       
diff]5t ways1 because x is ! m9d t he>s1
 & z no two m5talities are precisely !  
same1 x mu/ be app>5t t ! impressions !y
 receive w be diff]5t4 ,! ?+s ^!        
m5talities h 9 common !y w see & he> 9  
common1 b :]e9 !y diff] !y w see & he>  
diff]5tly4 ,ea* w see & he> to ! limit (
 8 exp]i5ce1 b no fur!r4  ,to be a      
musician "o mu/ become consci\s ( t     
p>ticul> ?+ call$ music4 ,he mu/ le>n to
 ?9k music4 ,! elem5ts ( music are      
rhy?m1 melody1 h>mony1 & =m1 & _! ma/]y 
is no less a m5tal process ?an is ! /udy

 ( pure ma!matics4  ,! human m9d is a   
composite4 ,x is made up ( a l>ge numb] 
( faculties comb9$ 9 diff]5t            
proportions4 ,! g]ms ( all k exi/ 9 "s  
=m & degree 9 e m9d4 ,:5 "o faculty     
pr$om9ates we say ! individual has tal5t
 = t p>ticul> ?+4 ,if ! faculty is      
abnormally develop$ we say he is a      
g5ius1 b all ?+s exi/ z possibilities 9 
e m9d4 ,nature puts no limitations on   
man4 ,:atev] 8 limitations1 !y are self 
impos$1 nature is n a p>ty to ! act4    
,n[ ?is is :at confronts ! tea*] :5ev] a
 /ud5t comes = a lesson4 ,he has be=e   
him a m5tality t has be5 influ5c$ n only
 by its pres5t environm5t1 b by ev]y?+ t
 has prec$$ x4 ,man is1 z an old        
philosoph] said1 a bundle ( habits1 &   
habits are m5tal tr5ds4 ,8 po9t ( view  
is ! product ( 8 exp]i5ce1 & x w be     
diff]5t f t ( e "o else4 ,! "w ( ! tea*]
 is tra9+ ?is m5tality4 ,und]/&+ ?is x w
 be se5 h[ futile w\ld be a fix$ =mula =
 all /ud5ts1 & h[ necess>ily doom$ to   
failure is any me?od ( voice tra9+ :i*  

makes anatomy & physiology its basis4   
,fur!r1 !re is mu* to be done 9 ! /udio 
beside giv+ ! voice lesson4 ,:i/l] said 
t natural conditions are nev] "r = a    
p]fect picture4 ,f ! picture :i* nature 
pres5ts ! arti/ selects :at suits 8     
purpose & rejects ! re/4 ,x is mu* !    
same 9 ! tra9+ ( a s+]4 ,9 ord] t !     
lesson be effective ! conditions mu/ be 
"r4 ,?is only r>ely obta9s 9 ! beg9n+4  
,! /ud5t's attitude t[>d ! subject mu/  
be "r or ! lesson w mean little to him4 
,! lesson to be effective mu/ be        
protect$ by hone/y1 indu/ry &           
p]sev]ance4 ,if ^! are lack+ 9 v>i\s    
degrees1 z !y (t5 are1 little progress w
 be made4 ,if ! /ud5t is /udy+ m]ely =  
society purposes1 n mu* c be expect$    
until t m5tal attitude is *ang$4 ,/ud5ts
 always want to s+ well1 b !y are n     
always will+ to make ! sacrifice ( "t & 
ef=t2 consequ5tly !y lack conc5tration &
 slight _! practice4 ,sometimes ! ?\ght 
upp]mo/ 9 ! /ud5t's m9d is ! exaltation 
( ! ego1 9 o!r words1 fame4 ,sometimes  

he measures 8 ef=ts by ! am\nt ( money  
he ?9ks he may ultimately e>n1 be x     
great or small4 ,sometimes he           
ov]e/imates himself1 or :at is equally  
bad1 und]e/imates himself4 ,x is a v    
common ?+ to f9d him putt+ limitations  
on himself & tell+ ( ! few ?+s he w be  
able to d & ! l>ge numb] he nev] w be   
able to d1 ?us effectually b>r+ 8       
progress4 ,!n !re is always ! "o :o is  
habitually late4 ,%e feels sure t all ( 
! =ces ( nature are leagu$ 9 a          
conspiracy to prev5t h] f ev] be+ on "t 
any:]e4 ,%e1 !re=e1 is guiltless4 ,!re  
is ano!r "o :o is a riot ( excuses1     
apologies & reasons :y %e has n be5 able
 to practice4 ,h] home & neighborhood   
seem to be ! special object (           
provid5tial displeasure1 :i* is manife/$
 9 an unbrok5 s]ies ( calamit\s         
visitations rang+ f cr\p to bubonic     
plague1 ea* "o mak+ vocal practice a    
physical & moral impossibility4  ,all ( 
^! ?+s are habits ( m9d :i* mu/ be      
correct$ by ! tea*] be=e satisfactory   

gr[? may be expect$4 ,9 fact he mu/     
devote no inconsid]able "p ( 8 "t to    
sett+ /ud5ts "r on ?+s :i* 9 !mselves   
are no "p ( music1 b :i* are elem5ts (  
"* )\t :i* p]man5t success is           
impossible4  ,a great musical gift is ( 
no value unless x is protect$ by ^?     
elem5ts ( "* :i* are 9 !mselves         
fundam5tally "r4 ,innum]able in/ances   
c\ld be cit$ ( gift$ m5 & wom5 :o h     
fail$ utt]ly because _! gifts 7 n       
protect$ by hone/y1 indu/ry &           
p]sev]ance4  ,i h spok5 at "s l5g? ( !  
importance ( ! "r m5tal attitude t[>d   
/udy & ! necessity ( correct+ false     
conceptions4 ,cont9u+1 x mu/ be und]/ood
 t ! "w ( ! tea*] is all t ( tra9+ ! m9d
 ( 8 /ud5t4 ,x is develop+ concepts &   
habits ( m9d :i* :5 ex]cis$ result 9    
beautiful tone & arti/ic s++4 ,x mu/    
also be und]/ood t ! tea*] does n look  
at ! voice1 he li/5s to x4 ,"h voice    
tea*]s automatically sep>ate !mselves f 
ea* o!r4 ,no two ?+s s diametrically    
opposite z physics & metaphysics c abide

 peaceably 9 ! same t5t4  ,let me       
emphasize ! /atem5t t ! tea*] does n    
look at ! voice1 he li/5s to x4 ,! tea*]
 :o bases 8 tea*+ on :at he c see1 t is1
 on wat*+ ! s+] & detect+ 8 mi/akes     
?r\gh ! eye1 is engag$ 9 an activity t  
is me*anical1 n musical4 ,no "o c tell f
 obs]vation alone :e!r a tone is prop]ly
 produc$4 ,a tone is some?+ to he>1 n   
some?+ to see1 & no am\nt ( see+ w ex]t 
any b5eficial influ5ce on "o's he>+4  ,!
 process ( le>n+ to read vocal music at 
sight is t ( le>n+ to ?9k tones1 to ?9k 
9 ! key1 & to ?9k all mann] ( int]vals &
 rhy?mic =ms4 ,x is altoge!r m5tal1 & x 
is no less absurd to hold t a k (       
anatomy is necess>y to ?is ?an x is     
ess5tial to ! solution ( a ma!matical   
problem4 ,! =mation ( tone quality is no
 less a m5tal process ?an is ?9k+ !     
pit*4 ,if ! /ud5t s+s a wrong pit* x is 
because he has ?\ght a wrong pit*1 & ?is
 is true to a l>ge ext5t at lea/1 if 8  
tone quality 9 n good4 ,he may at lea/  
be sure ( ?is1 t he nev] w s+ a bett]   

tone ?an ! "o he ?9ks4  ,a l>ge "p ( !  
vocal tea*]'s tra9+ %\ld be le>n+ h[ to 
li/5 & :at to li/5 =4 ,?is means tra9+ !
 e>1 :i* is ! m9d1 until x is 9 ! highe/
 degree s5sitive to tone quality z well 
z to pit*4 ,:5 !re is a failure 9 voice 
tra9+ x may be c\nt$ ^u t ! tea*]'s     
li/5+ faculty is defective4 ,! gi/ ( !  
:ole ?+ is :at ! tea*]'s e> w /& =4 ,if 
a tone does n (f5d 8 e> he w all[ x to  
cont9ue4 ,if x does (f5d 8 e> he w take 
measures to /op x4  ,m is kn[n ( vocal  
me*anism today ?an at any o!r "t 9 !    
_w's hi/ory1 & yet :o d>es to say t     
voice tea*+ has be5 improv$ by x8 ,is   
voice tea*+ any m accurate n[ ?an x 0 a 
hundr$ ye>s ago8 ,did ! inv5tion ( !    
l>yngoscope add any?+ ( value to ! voice
 tea*]'s equipm5t8 ,no4 ,ev5 ! inv5tor (
 x said t all x did 0 to confirm :at he 
_h always believ$4 ,an enl>g$ me*anical 
k has avail$ no?+ 9 ! /udio4 ,! "* ( !  
tea*]'s "w has improv$ to ! degree 9 :i*
 he has recogniz$ two facts--fir/1 !    
necessity ( develop+ 8 own arti/ic s5se 

z well z t ( 8 pupil1 second1 t !       
process ( le>n+ to s+ is psy*ologic r   
?an physiologic4  ,:5 ! /ud5t takes 8   
fir/ s++ lesson :at does ! tea*] he>8   
,he he>s ! tone ! /ud5t s+s1 b :at is f>
 m important1 he he>s 9 8 own m9d ! tone
 ! /ud5t ought to s+4 ,he he>s 8 own    
tone concept & ?is is ! /&>d he sets = !
 /ud5t4 ,he _c dem& ( him any?+ beyond 8
 own concept ei!r 9 tone quality or     
int]pretation4  ,"y tea*]s & "s old ones
 wat* ! voice r ?an li/5 to x4 ,at !    
slighte/ deviation f _! /&>d ( :at !    
tongue1 l>ynx1 & s(t palate ought to d  
!y p\nce ^u ! /ud5t & insi/ t he make ! 
(f5d+ organ assume ! position & =m :i*  
!y ?9k is necess>y to produce a good    
tone4 ,?is results 9 try+ to control !  
me*anism by direct ef=t :i* always      
induces t5sion & produces a h>d1        
unsympa!tic tone4  ,! blund] "h is 9    
mi/ak+ effect = cause4 ,! tongue :i*    
habitually rises & fills ! cavity ( !   
m\? does s 9 response to a wrong m5tal  
concept ( cause4 ,! only way to correct 

?is condition is to *ange ! cause4 ,!   
rigid tongue we see is effect1 & to t9k]
 ) ! effect :ile ! cause rema9s is      
unnecess>ily /upid4 ,an impulse ( t5sion
 has be5 direct$ to ! tongue s (t5 t !  
impulse & response h become simultane\s 
& automatic4 ,! correction lies 9       
direct+ an impulse ( relaxation to x4   
,:5 x responds to ?is impulse x w be    
f\nd to be ly+ 9 ! bottom ( ! m\?1      
relax$1 & ready to respond to any dem& t
 may be made ^u x4 ,to try to make !    
tongue lie 9 ! bottom ( ! m\? by direct 
ef=t :ile x is fill$ ) t5sion is l try+ 
to sweep back ! tide ) a broom4 ,! only 
way to keep ! tide f fl[+ is to f9d out 
:at causes x to fl[ & remove ! cause4 ,!
 only way to correct faulty action ( any
 "p ( ! vocal me*anism is to g back into
 m5tality & remove ! cause4 ,x w always 
be f\nd !re4   ,,direct ,,& ,,indirect  
,,control  ,9 view ( ! g5]ally und]/ood 
nature ( involunt>y action & ! ext5t to 
:i* x obta9s 9 all good s++ x is        
difficult to und]/& :y any tea*] %\ld "w

 f ! basis ( direct control4 ,x is a    
fact1 h[ev]1 t tea*]s :o h n !          
psy*ological vision f9d x difficult to  
"w ) a ?+ !y _c see4 ,to su*1 direct    
control seems to be ! normal & sci5tific
 me?od ( proc$ure4  ,let me illu/rate3  
,a /ud5t comes = 8 fir/ lesson4 ,i try 8
 voice4 ,8 tone is h>%1 :ite1 ?roaty &  
unsympa!tic4 ,x is n ! s++ tone & ,i    
tell him x is all wrong4 ,he does n     
contradict me b places himself on !     
def5sive & awaits developm5ts4 ,i "q him
 to f9d out :at he ?9ks ( 8 own voice1  
h[ x impresses him1 etc4 ,i f9d x makes 
no impression on him because he has no  
/&>d4 ,he says he doesn't "k :e!r he    
ought to l 8 voice or n1 b r supposes he
 %\ld n4 ,z ,i wat* him ,i discov] _m   
?+s t are wrong & ,i make a m5tal note (
 !m4 ,suppose ,i say to him z a v       
celebrat$ ,european tea*] once said to  
me3 ,take a brea?1 & conc5trate y\r m9d 
on ! n9e little muscles 9 ! ?roat t     
control ! tone4 ,?is is ask+ a good deal
 :5 he does n "k ! "n or ! exact        

location ( a s+le "o ( !m1 b he seems   
impress$1 al?\gh a little p]plex$1 & to 
make x easi] = him ,i say z ano!r fam\s 
tea*] once said to me3 ,op5 y\r m\?1 put
 two f+]s & a ?umb betwe5 y\r tee?1     
yawn1 n[ s+ ah4 ,he makes a convulsive  
ef=t & ! tone is a trifle worse ?an x 0 
be=e4 ,i say to him1 ,y\r l>ynx is too  
high1 & x jumps up at ! beg9n+ ( ea*    
tone4 ,y mu/ keep x d[n4 ,x is          
impossible to produce good tone ) a high
 l>ynx4 ,:5 ! l>ynx rises1 ! ?roat      
closes & y mu/ always h y\r ?roat op54  
,don't =get1 y\r ?roat mu/ be op5 & y c 
get x op5 only by keep+ ! l>ynx l[4 ,he 
tries aga9 ) ! same result & awaits     
fur!r in/ructions4 ,i take ano!r tack & 
say to him1 ,y\r tongue rises e "t y s+ 
& impairs ! =m ( ! vocal cavity4 ,keep x
 d[n bel[ ! level ( ! tee?1 o!rwise y\r 
v[els w be imp]fect4 ,y %\ld practice a 
half h\r ea* day groov+ y\r tongue4 ,i  
say ^! ?+s impressively & take !        
opportunity to tell him "s int]e/+      
sci5tific facts ab\t fundam5tal & upp]  

p>tials1 & h[ diff]5t comb9ations       
produce diff]5t v[els1 also h[ ^!       
comb9ations are affect$ by diff]5t =ms (
 ! vocal cavities1 lead+ up to ! great  
sci5tific tru? t he mu/ hold ! tongue   
d[n & ! ?roat op5 9 ord] t ^! great laws
 ( ac\/ics may become op]ative4 ,he     
seems v humble 9 ! pres5ce ( su* pr(\nd 
erudition & makes sev]al unsuccessful   
attempts to d :at ,i tell him1 b 8 tone 
is no bett]4 ,i tell him s1 = ,i d n wi%
 to mislead him4 ,he is beg9n+ to look  
helpless & disc\rag$ b waits to see :at 
,i w d next4 ,he vexes me n a little1   
because ,i feel t any?+ s simple & yet s
 sci5tific z ! ex]cises ,i am giv+ him  
ought to be grasp$ & put into practice  
at once2 b ,i /ill h res\rces1 & ,i say 
to him1 ,br+ ! tone =w>d1 direct x aga9/
 ! h>d palate j above ! upp] tee?1 s5d x
 up ?r\gh ! head ) a vigor\s impulse ( !
 diaphragm4 ,y mu/ always feels ! tone 9
 ! nasal cavities4 ,t is ! way y c tell 
:e!r y\r tone is "r or n4 ,he tries to d
 ^! ?+s1 b ( necessity fails4  ,?is sort

 ( ?+ goes on ) me*anical in/ructions = 
rais+ ! s(t palate1 mak+ ! diaphragm    
rigid1 groov+ ! tongue1 etc41 etc41 & at
 ! end ( ! lesson ,i tell him to g home 
& practice an h\r a day on :at ,i h giv5
 him4 ,if he obeys my in/ructions he w  
return 9 worse condition1 = he w be     
/r5g!n+ ! bad habits he already has &   
=m+ o!rs equally p]nici\s4  ,?is is a   
sample ( tea*+ by direct control4 ,x is 
n ov]drawn4 ,x is a *apt] f real life1 &
 ,i 0 ! victim4  ,y w h obs]v$ t ?is    
lesson 0 devot$ to tea*+ ! /ud5t h[ to d
 c]ta9 ?+s ) ! vocal me*anism4 ,! real  
?+1 ! tone1 ! result at :i* all tea*+   
%\ld aim 0 plac$ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,x 0    
equival5t to try+ to tea* him to d      
some?+ b n lett+ him "k :at4 ,x 0 tra9+ 
! body1 n ! m9d1 & ! result 0 :at       
inv>iably happ5s :5 ?is plan is foll[$4 
,9 ! lesson giv5 above no attempt 0 made
 to give ! /ud5t a correct m5tal picture
 ( a tone1 & yet ?is is ! mo/ important 
?+ = him to le>n1 = he nev] w s+ a pure 
tone until he has a def9ite m5tal       

picture ( x4 ,a tone is some?+ to he> & 
! s+] himself mu/ he> x be=e he c s+ x4 
,n "o ( ! sugge/ions made to ?is /ud5t  
c\ld be ( any possible b5efit to him at 
! "t4 ,n ev5 ! s5sation ( feel+ ! tone 9
 ! head c be reli$ ^u1 = physical       
s5sations are altoge!r unc]ta9 &        
unreliable4 ,z ,i h obs]v$ 9 numb]less  
in/ances1 !re may be a s5sation 9 ! head
 :5 !re are disagreeable elem5ts 9 !    
tone4 ,if ! e> ( ! tea*] does n tell him
 :5 ! tone is good & :5 x is bad he is  
hopeless4 ,if 8 e> is reliable1 :y      
resort to a physical s5sation z a means 
( decid+8 ,9 ! prop]ly produc$ voice !re
 is a feel+ ( vibration 9 ! head        
cavities1 especially 9 ! upp] "p ( !    
voice1 b t alone is n a gu>anty ( good  
tone4  ,?is tea*+ f ! /&po9t ( s5sation 
& direct control w nev] produce a great 
s+] s long z man inhabits a body4 ,x is 
work+ f ! wrong end ( ! proposition4    
,control ( ! me*anism is a v simple     
matt] :5 ! m5tal concept is =m$4 ,x is  
!n only a "q ( le>n+ h[ to relax1 h[ to 

free ! me*anism ( t5sion1 & ! response  
becomes automatic4  ,is !re no way out (
 ?is maze ( me*anical unc]ta9ties8 ,!re 
is4 ,is voice culture a sort (          
cat*-z-cat*-c ) ! probabilities a hundr$
 to "o aga9/ success8 ,x is n4 ,is s++ a
 lo/ art8 ,x is n4 ,let u get away f    
fad1 fancy & =mula & see ! ?+ z x is4 ,!
 problem is psy*ologic r ?an            
physiologic4 ,! fact t "o may le>n all t
 c be kn[n ab\t physiology & /ill "k    
no?+ :atev] ab\t voice tra9+ %\ld awak5 
u to its uselessness4  ,man is a m5tal  
entity4 ,:5 ,i speak to a /ud5t x is 8  
m9d t he>s1 n 8 body4 ,x is 8 m9d t     
acts4 ,x is 8 m9d t orig9ates & controls
 action4 ,!re=e x is 8 m9d t mu/ be     
tra9$4  ,action is n 9 ! body4 ,9 fact1 
! body z matt] has no s5sation4 ,remove 
m9d f ! body & x does n feel4 ,x is !   
m9d t feels4 ,if y believe t ! body     
feels y mu/ be prep>$ to expla9 :]e 9 ! 
process ( dige/ion & assimilation !     
beef/eak & potato y ate = d9n] become   
consci\s1 because to feel !y mu/ be     

consci\s4 ,we "k t ! fluids & solids    
compos+ ! body h no s5sation :5 !y are  
tak5 into ! body1 nor d !y ev] become   
s5ti5t4 ,!re=e ! body ( itself has no   
initiative1 no action1 no control4 ,all 
( ^! are ! functions ( m9d1 h5ce !      
incongruity ( attempt+ to solve a       
problem :i* is altoge!r psy*ological1   
:i* dem&s qualities ( m9d1 habits ( m9d1
 m5tal concepts ( a p>ticul> k9d &      
quality1 by a process ( manipulation ( !
 organ ?r\gh :i* m9d expresses itself1  
mak+ ! tra9+ ( ! m9d a second>y matt]2 &
 !n absurdly call+ x sci5tific4  ,9 e =m
 ( activity two ?+s are involv$3 fir/1 !
 idea3 second1 its expression4 ,x mu/ be
 app>5t !n1 t ! quality ( ! ?+ express$ 
w be gov]n$ by ! quality ( ! idea4 ,or1 
to put x 9 ano!r way3 ,9 ! activity (   
art two ?+s are involv$--subject-matt] &
 te*nic4 ,! subject-matt]1 ! sub/ance ( 
art1 is m5tal4 ,te*nic is ga9+ su*      
control ( ! m$ium t ! subject-matt]1 or 
idea1 may be fully & p]fectly express$4 
,ideas are ! only sub/antial ?+s 9 !    

univ]se1 & t !re is a diff]5ce 9 !      
quality ( ideas ne$ n be argu$4 ,two m5 
( ! same avoirdupois may be walk+ side  
by side on ! /reet1 b "o ( !m may be a  
g5ius & ! o!r a hod c>ri]4  ,i h dwelt  
at "s l5g? on ?is because ,i wi% to %[  
:]e ! tra9+ ( a s+] mu/ beg91 & t :5 we 
und]/& ! real nature ( ! problem its    
solution becomes simple4   ,,indirect   
,,control  ,:at is meant by indirect    
control8 ,x means1 9 %ort1 ! automatic  
response ( ! me*anism to ! idea4 ,by way
 ( illu/ration4 ,if ,i %\ld ask my pupil
 to make h] vocal cords vibrate at !    
rate ( #dce times p] second %e c\ld n d 
x because %e w\ld h no m5tal concept (  
h[ x %\ld s\nd3 b if ,i /rike ! ,a above
 middle ,c & ask h] to s+ x h] vocal    
cords respond automatically at t rate ( 
vibration4 ,x is ! concept ( pit* :i*   
=ms ! vocal in/rum5t1 gives x ! exact   
am\nt ( t5sion necess>y to vibrate at ! 
rate ( ! pit* desir$1 b ! action is     
automatic1 n ! result ( direct ef=t4  ,x
 may be said t 9 arti/ic s++ ev]y?+ is  

work+ automatically4 ,!re c be no su* ?+
 z arti/ic s++ until ev]y?+ involv$ is  
respond+ automatically to ! m5tal dem&s 
( ! s+]4  ,m5tion has be5 made ( !      
automatic response ( ! vocal cords to ! 
?\ght ( pit*4 ,t "p ( ! me*anism :i* is 
s l>gely responsible = tone quality1 !  
ph>ynx & m\?1 mu/ respond 9 ! same way4 
,?is x w d un]r+ly if x is free f       
t5sion4 ,b if ! ?roat is full (         
rigidity1 z is s (t5 ! condition1 x _c  
respond2 consequ5tly ! quality is       
imp]fect & ! tone is ?roaty4 ,! vocal   
cavity mu/ vibrate 9 sympa?y ) ! pit* 9 
ord] to create pure resonance4 ,x c d   
?is only :5 x is free & is respond+     
automatically to ! concept ( tone       
quality4 ,to =m ! m\? & ?roat by direct 
ef=t & expect a good tone to result     
!reby1 is an action n only c]ta9 (      
failure b exce$+ly /upid4   ,,voice     
,,tra9+ ,,is ,,simple  ,!re is a belief 
am\nt+ to a solid conviction 9 ! public 
m9d t ! tra9+ ( ! voice is s difficult t
 ! probabilities ( success are ab\t "o 9

 t54 ,:at is responsible = ?is8         
,d\btless ! l>ge numb] ( failures4 ,b   
?is calls = ano!r int]rogation4 ,:at is 
! cause ( ^! failures8 ,"h is "o4 ,all  
/ud5ts h done m or less s++ be=e !y g to
 a tea*]4 ,dur+ t "t !y h1 ) sc>cely an 
exception1 =m$ bad habits4 ,n[ bad      
habits ( voice production are almo/     
inv>iably "s =m ( ?roat int]f]5ce1      
ref]r$ to z t5sion1 rigidity1 resi/ance1
 etc4 ,in/ances )\t numb] c\ld be cit$  
:]e /ud5ts h be5 told to keep "r on s++ 
& ev5tually !y w\ld outgr[ ^! habits4   
,su* a ?+ nev] happ5$ s9ce "t began4 ,"o
 may z well tell a drunk>d to keep on   
dr9k+ & ev5tually he w outgr[ ! habit4  
,no4 ,some?+ def9ite & specific mu/ be  
done4 ,! antidote = t5sion is           
relaxation4 ,a muscle _c respond :ile x 
is rigid1 !re=e ! /ud5t mu/ be taught h[
 to get rid ( t5sion4   ,,two ,,?+s     
,,involv$  ,!re is no?+ 9 voice tra9+ t 
is necess>ily my/]i\s & inscrutable4 ,on
 ! contr>y1 if "o w acqua9t himself )   
its fundam5tal pr9ciples he w f9d t !   

tru? ab\t voice tra9+1 l all tru?1 is   
simple & easily und]/ood1 & :5 und]/ood 
! elem5t ( unc]ta9ty is elim9at$4 ,^!   
pr9ciples are few 9 numb]1 9 fact !y may
 all be br\ght "u two g5]al heads4 ,!   
fir/ is ,,"k ,,:at ,,y ,,want4 ,! second
 is ,,h ,,! ,,conditions ,,"r4 ,! mean+ 
( ^! /atem5ts c nev] be le>n$ f a /udy (
 vocal physiology2 nev]!less !y conta9  
all ( ! law & ! prophets on ?is subject4
 ,any musician may be a successful tea*]
 ( s++ if he w ma/] !m4 ,i use ! ^w     
musician advis$ly1 because musical s5se 
is ( su* vital importance t no am\nt (  
me*anical k c take its place4 ,to       
und]take ! tra9+ ( voices ) only a      
me*anical k ( ! subject is a h&icap :i* 
no "o c ov]come4  ,x is univ]sally true 
t ! less "o kn[s ( ! art ( s++ ! m he   
conc]ns himself ) ! me*anism2 & x is    
also true t ! m "o is fill$ ) ! _s (    
song ! less he conc]ns himself ) !      
con/ruction ( ! vocal in/rum5t4 ,p )    
little or no musician%ip h be5 kn[n to  
wrangle ceaselessly on :e!r or n !      

?yroid c>tilage %\ld tip =w>d on high   
tones4 ,x is su* crude me*anics         
masqu]ad+ "u ! "n ( sci5ce t has br\ght 
voice tra9+ into g5]al disrepute4 ,!    
voice tea*] is prim>ily conc]n$ ) le>n+ 
to play ^u ! vocal in/rum5t r ?an ^u its
 me*anical con/ruction1 two ?+s :i* "s  
f9d difficulty 9 sep>at+4   ,,"k ,,:at  
,,y ,,want  ,?is means mu*4 ,9 voice    
production x means ! p]fect tone        
concept4 ,x means f> m ?an kn[+ :at "o  
likes4 ,:at "o likes & :at he ought to l
 are usually q diff]5t ?+s4 ,:at "o     
likes is ! measure ( 8 ta/e at t        
p>ticul> "t & may or may n be an argum5t
 9 its favor4 ,i h nev] se5 a beg9n] ^: 
ta/e 0 p]fectly =m$1 b ! great majority 
( !m "k :at !y l1 & because !y l a c]ta9
 k9d ( tone1 or a c]ta9 way ( s++1 !y   
take x = grant$ t x is "r until !y are  
%[n some?+ bett]4 ,?is error is by no   
means conf9$ to beg9n]s4  ,if y\r pupil 
does n produce good tone "o ( two ?+s is
 responsible = x4 ,ei!r he does n "k a  
good tone or else ! conditions are n "r4

 ,9 ! beg9n+ x is usually bo?4 ,y\r     
pupil mu/ create 8 tone m5tally be=e he 
s+s x4 ,he mu/ create its quality no    
less ?an its pit*4 ,9 o!r words he mu/  
he> 8 tone be=e he s+s x & !n s+ :at he 
he>s4 ,until he c d ?is 8 voice w h no  
"*4 ,8 voice w be z indef9ite z 8 tone  
concept1 & x w n improve until 8        
concept1 :i* is 8 ta/e1 improves4       
,inasmu* z ev]y?+ exi/s fir/ z idea1 x  
foll[s t ev]y?+ :i* is includ$ 9 !      
rightly produc$ voice & 9 int]pretation 
are fir/ matt]s ( concept4 ,! s+] uses a
 c]ta9 tone quality because he m5tally  
conceives t quality to be "r4 ,he       
deliv]s a ^w or phrase 9 a c]ta9 way    
because t is 8 concept ( x4  ,a ^w at   
?is po9t on imitation4 ,"o faculty ( a  
musical m9d is t ( record+ m5tally :at x
 he>s & ( produc+ x m5tally :5ev]       
desir$4 ,mo/ p possess ?is 9 "s degree1 
& "s p 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,almo/ any "o c 
he> m5tally ! tone ( a cornet1 viol91 or
 any in/rum5t ) :i* he is acqua9t$4 ,9 !
 same way ! vocal /ud5t mu/ he> m5tally 

! pure s++ tone be=e he c s+ x4 ,x is ! 
bus9ess ( ! tea*] to assi/ him 9 =m+ a  
p]fect tone concept1 & if he c d ?is by 
example1 z well z by precept1 he has a  
di/9ct advantage ov] ! "o :o _c4        
,argum5ts aga9/ imitation are n         
uncommon1 & yet ! tea*]s :o (f] !m w    
advise _! /ud5ts to he> ! great s+]s z  
(t5 z possible4 ,su* incongruities d n  
inspire confid5ce4  ,on ?is human plane 
mo/ ?+s are le>n$ by imitation4 ,:at    
language w\ld ! *ild speak if x 7 nev]  
all[$ to he> spok5 language8 ,x w\ld    
nev] be any?+ b    ,an infant cry+ 9 !  
night4   ,& ) no language b a cry4  ,!re
 are b few orig9al ?9k]s on e>? at any  
"o "t4 ,! re/ are imitators & none too  
p]fect at t4 ,we are imitators 9 ev]y?+ 
f religion to breakfa/ foods4 ,few ( u  
ev] h an orig9al idea4 ,we trail along f
 fifty to a hundr$ ye>s beh9d ^? we are 
try+ to imitate4  ,:5 !re is little else
 b imitation go+ on 9 ! _w :y d5y x to  
vocal /ud5ts8 ,! argum5t aga9/ imitation
 c come f b two classes ( p--^? :o _c   

produce a good tone & ^? :o are m       
int]e/$ 9 h[ ! tone is made ?an 9 ! tone
 itself4  ,! foll[+ are ! qualities !   
tea*] und]takes to develop 9 ! /ud5t 9  
prep>+ him = arti/ic s++4 ,!y are       
fundam5tal & mu/ be a "p ( ! s+]'s      
equipm5t no matt] :at me?od is employ$4 
,!y are :at all musicians expect to he> 
9 ! tra9$ s+]4 ,!y all exi/ fir/ z      
concepts4  ,an ev5 scale f top to bottom
 ( ! voice4  ,e tone full ( /r5g? & "*4 
,a sympa!tic quality4  ,ample p[]4  ,a  
cle>1 tell+ resonance 9 e tone4  ,a pure
 legato & so/5uto4  ,p]fect fre$om 9    
production ?r\gh\t ! compass4  ,a p]fect
 swell1 t is1 ! ability to g f          
pianissimo to full voice & return1 on   
any tone 9 ! compass1 )\t a break1 & )\t
 sacrific+ ! tone quality4  ,! ability  
to pron\nce di/9ctly & ) ease to ! top (
 ! compass4  ,equal fre$om 9 ! deliv]y (
 v[els & consonants4  ,suffici5t        
flexibility to meet all te*nical dem&s4 
,an e> s5sitive to ! f9e/ %ades (       
intonation4  ,an arti/ic concept or     

int]pretive s5se ( ! highe/ possible    
ord]4  ,! process ( acquir+ ^! ?+s is n 
accretion b unfoldm5t4 ,x is ! unfoldm5t
 ( ideas or concepts4 ,! gr[? ( ideas is
 simil> to t ( plants & fl[]s4 ,! gr[? (
 expression foll[s ! gr[? ( ! idea1 x   
nev] prec$es x4 ,f ! =mation ( ! fir/   
v[el to ! p]fect int]pretation ( a song 
! tea*] is deal+ ) m5tal concepts4  ,at 
! ,gobel9 ,tape/ry works ne> ,p>is ,i 0 
told t ! weav]s ( ^? wond]ful tape/ries 
use tw5ty-f\r %ades ( ea* color1 & t _! 
color s5se becomes s acute t !y readily 
recognize all ( ! diff]5t %ades4 ,n[ !re
 are ab\t z _m %ades ( ea* v[el1 & !    
m5tal picture ( ! v[el mu/ be s def9ite1
 ! m5tal e> s s5sitive1 t x w detect !  
slighte/ v>iation f ! p]fect =m4 ,direct
 control c\ld nev] accompli% ?is4 ,only 
! automatic response ( ! me*anism to !  
p]fect v[el concept c result 9 a p]fect 
v[el4  ,all ( ^? qualities & elem5ts    
m5tion$ above z con/itut+ ! arti/ come  
"u ! head+ ,,"k ,,:at ,,y ,,want4  ,!   
second /ep ,,h ,,! ,,conditions ,,"r    

means1 9 %ort1 to free ! me*anism ( all 
int]f]5ce & prop]ly manage ! brea?4 ,?is
 gett+ rid ( int]f]5ce c\ld be talk$    
ab\t indef9itely )\t wa/+ "t4 ,x is f> m
 important ?an mo/ p suspect4 ,few      
voices are entirely free f x1 & :5 x is 
pres5t 9 a m>k$ degree x is an effectual
 b> to progress4 ,s long z x is pres5t 9
 ! slighte/ degree x affects ! tone     
quality4 ,mo/ /ud5ts ?9k !y are ?r\gh ) 
x long be=e !y are4  ,?is int]f]5ce1 :i*
 is ref]r$ to z t5sion1 rigidity1       
?roat9ess1 etc41 is 9 ! nature (        
resi/ance to ! free emission ( tone4 ,x 
is n always conf9$ to ! vocal cords1 b  
usually ext5ds to ! walls ( ! ph>ynx & !
 body ( ! tongue4 ,! vocal cavities1 !  
ph>ynx & m\?1 ex]t su* a m>k$ influ5ce  
on tone quality t ! lea/ degree (       
rigidity produces an effect t is        
in/antly noticeable to ! tra9$ e>4 ,^!  
p>ts ( ! vocal me*anism :i* are s l>gely
 responsible n only = p]fect v[els1 b = 
p]fect tone quality z well1 mu/ at all  
times be s free f t5sion t !y c respond 

in/antly to ! tone concept4 ,if !y fail 
to respond ! tone w be imp]fect1 & ^!   
imp]fections are all class$ "u ! g5]al  
head ?roaty4 ,?roaty tone means t !re is
 resi/ance some:]e1 & ! conditions w    
nev] be "r until ! la/ ve/ige ( x is    
de/roy$4 ,! difficulty 9 voice plac+ :i*
 s _m h1 lies 9 try+ to produce ! upp]  
tones )\t fir/ gett+ rid ( resi/ance4   
,?is condition is responsible = a numb] 
( %op-worn /atem5ts1 su* z br+ ! tone   
=w>d1 place ! tone 9 ! head1 direct !   
tone into ! head1 etc4 ,i recall a writ]
 :o says t ! column ( brea? mu/ be      
direct$ aga9/ ! h>d palate t[>d ! front 
( ! m\? 9 ord] to get a resonant tone4  
,consid] ?is a mom5t4 ,:5 ! brea? is    
prop]ly vocaliz$ its p[] is completely  
de/roy$4 ,any "o may te/ ?is by vocaliz+
 9 an atmosph]e cold en\gh to cond5se ! 
moi/ure 9 8 brea?4 ,if he is vocaliz+   
p]fectly1 he w obs]ve t ! brea? moves   
lazily out ( ! m\? & curls upw>d n m ?an
 an in* f ! face4 ,! idea t ?is brea?1  
:i* has n a p>ticle ( =ce aft] leav+ !  

vocal cords1 c be direct$ aga9/ ! h>d   
palate ) an impact suffici5t to affect  
tone quality is ! limit ( absurdity4 ,if
 ! writ] _h spok5 ( direct+ ! s\nd waves
 to ! front ( ! m\? !re w\ld h be5 an   
elem5t ( reasonabl5ess 9 x1 = s\nd waves
 c be reflect$ z well z light waves2 b  
brea? & s\nd are q diff]5t ?+s4  ,:at   
does ! tea*] mean :5 he tells ! pupil to
 place ! tone 9 ! head8 ,he d\btless    
means t ! /ud5t %all call into use !    
upp] resonator4 ,if "o holds a vibrat+  
tun+-=k be=e a resonat+ tube1 does he   
direct ! vibrations into t resonat+     
cavity8 ,no4 ,nei!r is x necess>y to try
 to drive ! voice into ! cavities ( !   
head4 ,su* in/ructions are ( d\btful    
value4 ,!y are almo/ sure to result 9 a 
h>d unsympa!tic tone4 ,!y increase r ?an
 dim9i% ! resi/ance4 ,! only possible   
way to place ! tone 9 ! head is to let x
 g !re4 ,?is w always occur :5 !        
resi/ance is de/roy$ & ! *annel is free4
  ,9 num]\s in/ances ! resi/ance 9 !    
vocal cords is s great t x is impossible

 to s+ s(tly1 or ) half voice4 ,x       
requires s mu* brea? pressure to />t !  
vibration1 t is1 to ov]come ! resi/ance1
 t :5 x does />t x is ) full voice4 ,9 a
 majority ( male voices ! upp] tone mu/ 
be tak5 ei!r ) full *e/ voice or )      
falsetto4 ,!re is no mezza voce4 ,?is   
condition is abnormal & is responsible =
 ! r$ 9 ! face br& ( voice production s 
(t5 he>d4  ,( ?is we may be sure1 t no  
"o c s+ a good full tone unless he c s+ 
a good mezza voce4 ,:5 ! me*anism is    
suffici5tly free f resi/ance t a good   
pianissimo c be sung !n ! conditions are
 "r to beg9 to build t[>d a =te4        
,fur!r1 :5 ! me*anism is entirely free f
 resi/ance !re is no consci\s ef=t      
requir$ to produce tone4 ,! s+] has !   
feel+ ( lett+ himself s+ r ?an ( mak+   
himself s+4  ,! eng9e] ( a great pump+  
/ation once told me t 8 mammo? ,corliss 
eng9e 0 s p]fectly balanc$ t he c\ld run
 x ) t5 p\nds ( /eam4 ,:5 ! voice is    
free1 & re/+ on ! brea? z x 71 x seems  
to s+ itself4  ,an illu/ration ( !      

opposite condition1 ( extreme resi/ance 
0 once told me by ! presid5t ( a great  
/reet railway sy/em t 0 op]at$ by a     
cable4 ,he said x requir$ eighty-five p]
 c5t ( ! p[] g5]at$ to />t ! ma*9]y1 t  
is1 to ov]come ! resi/ance1 leav+ b     
fifte5 p] c5t = op]at+ c>s4 ,x is n at  
all uncommon to he> s+]s :o are s fill$ 
) resi/ance t x requires all ( _!       
available en]gy to make ! vocal in/rum5t
 produce tone4 ,su* s+]s soon f9d       
!mselves exhau/$ & ! voice tir$ & husky4
 ,x is ?is type ( voice production r ?an
 climatic conditions1 t causes s mu*    
*ronic l>yngitis among s+]s4 ,i h se5 ! 
tru? ( ?is /atem5t v]ifi$ 9 ! complete &
 p]man5t disappe>ance ( _m cases (      
l>yngitis ?r\gh le>n+ to produce ! voice
 correctly4  ,! second /ep 9 secur+ "r  
conditions is ! prop] managem5t ( !     
brea?4   ,,brea? ,,control  ,an extremi/
 always lacks ! s5se ( proportion4 ,he  
all[s a s+le idea to fill 8 m5tal       
horizon4 ,he is fanciful1 & :5 an idea  
comes to him he turns 8 high p[]        

imag9ation ^u x1 & x imm$iately becomes 
ov]:elm+ 9 magnitude & importance4      
,!reaft] all ?+s 9 8 univ]se revolve    
ar\nd x4  ,! field ( voice tea*+ is well
 /ock$ ) extremi/s4 ,ev]y?+ involv$ 9   
voice production & _m ?+s t are n1 h be5
 tak5 up "o at a "t & made ! basis ( a  
me?od4  ,"o builds 8 reputation on a    
peculi> way ( gett+ ! tone into !       
frontal s9uses by way ( ! infundibulum  
canal1 & makes all o!r ?+s second>y4    
,ano!r has discov]$ a />tl+ effect :i* a
 c]ta9 action ( ! aryt5oid c>tilages has
 on regi/]s1 & sees a p]fect voice z !  
result4  ,ano!r has discov]$ t a        
p>ticul> movem5t ( ! ?yroid c>tilage is 
! only prop] way to t5se ! vocal cords &
 :5 e "o le>ns to d ?is all bad voices w
 disappe>4  ,ano!r has discov]$ some?+ 9
 brea? control s revolution>y 9 its     
nature t x alone w solve all vocal      
problems4  ,p]haps if all ( ^!          
discov]ies c\ld be comb9$ !y might      
produce some?+ ( value2 b :o w und]take 
x8 ,n ! extremi/s !mselves1 = !y are    

b>r5 ( ! syn!tic idea1 & _! s5se (      
proportion is rudim5t>y4 ,!y w\ld be    
sci5ti/s 7 x n = _! abnormal            
imag9ations4 ,! sci5ti/ takes ! voice   
ap>t & exam9es x 9 detail1 b ! voice    
tea*] mu/ put all p>ts ( x toge!r & mold
 x into a p]fect :ole4 ,! process is    
syn!tic r ?an analytic1 & undue emphasis
 on any "o elem5t de/roys ! necess>y    
balance4  ,! imm$iate dang] ( lay+ undue
 emphasis on any "o idea 9 voice tra9+  
lies 9 its t5d5cy t[>d ! me*anical &    
away f ! spontane\s1 automatic response 
s vitally necess>y4 ,"h ! extremi/s     
commit a fatal error4 ,to make brea?    
managem5t ! all-9-all ( s++ inv>iably   
leads to direct control1 & soon ! /ud5t 
has become s consci\s ( ! me*anism (    
brea?+ t 8 m9d is nev] (f ( x :ile s++2 
he f9ds himself becom+ rigid try+ to    
prev5t 8 brea? f escap+1 & ! m rigid he 
becomes ! less control he has4 ,a l>ge  
numb] ( examples ( ?is k9d ( brea?      
managem5t h come "u my obs]vation4 ,!y  
all %[ ! evil results ( ov] work+ an    

idea4  ,b ! foll[]s (                   
!-brea?-is-!-:ole-?+ idea say ,y c't s+ 
)\t brea? control4 ,solomon nev] said a 
tru] ?+1 b ! plan j m5tion$ is ! wor/   
possible way to secure x4  ,e "o %\ld "k
 t n a s+le "o ( ! processes ( voice    
production is "r until x is work+       
automatically1 & automatic action is !  
result ( indirect1 nev] ( direct        
control4  ,! pr(ession has become pretty
 ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! idea t deep brea?+1 
kn[n z abdom9al1 or diaphragmatic is !  
be/ = purposes ( s++4 ,b h[ deep8 ,!    
answ] is1 ! deep] ! bett]4 ,"h aga9 x is
 easy to ov]/ep ! b\nds4 ,i h 9 m9d     
num]\s in/ances :]e ! s+]1 "u !         
impression t he 0 practic+ deep brea?+  
tri$ to control ! brea? ) ! l[] abdom9al
 muscles1 b no matt] h[ great ! ef=t    
made !re 0 little tonal response1 = !   
reason t ! pressure ex]t$ 0 n aga9/ !   
lungs b aga9/ ! cont5ts ( ! abdom54 ,!  
diaphragm is ! po9t ( control4 ,! lungs 
lie above x1 n bel[ x4 ,to conc5trate ! 
?\ght on ! l[] abdom9al muscles means to

 lose control ( ! diaphragm1 ! mo/      
important ?+ involv$ 9 brea? managem5t4 
,! process ( brea?+ is simple4 ,! lungs 
are enclos$ 9 an air tight box ( :i* !  
diaphragm is ! bottom4 ,x re/s "u !     
lungs l an inv]t$ sauc]4 ,9 ! act (     
contract+ x flatt5s t[>d a plane & 9 s  
do+ x moves d[nw>d & =w>d1 away f !     
lungs4 ,! ribs move outw>d1 =w>d &      
upw>d4 ,! lungs :i* occupy ?is box l a  
half compress$ sponge foll[ ! rec$+     
walls1 & a vacuum is creat$ :i* air     
ru%es 9 to fill4 ,9 exhalation ! action 
is rev]s$4 ,! ribs press aga9/ ! lungs &
 ! diaphragm sl[ly returns to its       
orig9al position & ! brea? is =c$ out l 
squeez+ wat] out ( a sponge4  ,! "o     
important ?+ 9 brea? managem5t is !     
diaphragm4 ,if ! /ud5t has ! "r action (
 ! diaphragm he w h no fur!r tr\ble )   
brea? control4 ,9 my ,sy/ematic ,voice  
,tra9+ w be f\nd a li/ ( ex]cises :i*   
?or\ghly cov] ! subject ( brea? control 
& if prop]ly us$ w correct all errors4  
,let ?is be und]/ood1 t !re is no?+ 9   

correct brea?+ t %\ld make "o tir$4 ,on 
! contr>y ! practice ( brea?+ %\ld leave
 "o refre%$4 ,above all1 ! /ud5t %\ld   
nev] make himself rigid :5 try+ to      
control ! fl[ ( brea?4 ,?is is n only ( 
no advantage1 b w effectually defeat !  
end = :i* he is /riv+4   ,,regi/]s  ,9  
secur+ "r conditions ! tea*] is (t5     
confront$ ) ! problem ( regi/]s4 ,!     
lit]ature on ?is subject is volum9\s &  
v>i$4 ,op9ions are (f]$ )\t /9t & !     
numb] ( regi/]s :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 !  
human voice ranges f none to an         
indef9ite numb]4 ,h[ "o sci5ti/ c see   
two1 & ano!r "o five regi/]s 9 ! same   
voice might be difficult to expla9 7 x n
 a well kn[n fact t "s p are bett] at   
see+ ?+s ?an o!rs4  ,b "h aga9 ! tea*]  
soon le>ns t laboratory "w is ( little  
value4 ,8 view po9t is s diff]5t f t ( !
 physici/ t !y c h>dly be said to be    
work+ at ! same problem4 ,! physici/    
tries to discov] ! action ( ! me*anism1 
9 o!r words1 h[ ! tone is made4 ,! voice
 tea*] is conc]n$ prim>ily ) h[ x s\nds4

 ,"o is look+ at ! voice1 ! o!r is li/5+
 to x1 :i* ?+s1 be x kn[n1 are          
ess5tially & fundam5tally diff]5t2 s    
diff]5t t _! relation%ip is sc>cely     
traceable4 ,! ability to tra9 ! voice   
comes ?r\gh work+ ) voices :]e ! musical
 s5se1 r ?an ! sci5tific s5se1 is !     
guide4 ,x is a specific k :i* c be ga9$ 
9 no o!r way4 ,x beg9s :5 "o takes an   
untra9$ voice & attempts to make x      
produce a musical tone4  ,! problem (   
regi/]s is1 9 %ort1 h[ to make an ev5   
scale out ( an unev5 "o4 ,x mu/ be solv$
 9 ! /udio4 ,anatomical k is ( no avail4
 ,! tea*] :o has le>n$ h[ to produce an 
ev5 scale possesses k :i* is ( m value  
to ! /ud5t ?an all ( ! books ev] writt5 
on vocal me*anism4  ,! depressions 9 !  
voice kn[n z *anges ( regi/] result f   
t5sion4 ,) "o adju/m5t ( ! vocal cords !
 s+] c1 by add+ t5sion1 make a s]ies (  
f\r or five tones1 !n by a *ange (      
adju/m5t he c produce ano!r simil>      
s]ies1 & s on to ! top ( 8 compass4 ,^! 
*anges occur :5 !re is su* an           

accumulation ( t5sion t no m c be add$  
to t adju/m5t )\t discom=t4 ,! solution 
( ?is problem lies 9 ga9+ su* fre$om f  
t5sion 9 ! vocal in/rum5t t x           
automatically readju/s itself = ea*     
tone4 ,! t5sion is !n ev5ly di/ribut$   
?r\gh\t ! scale & ! sudd5 *anges        
disappe>4 ,?is is precisely :at happ5s  
:5 ! s+] has le>n$ to produce an ev5    
scale ?r\gh\t 8 compass2 8 voice        
production is n "r until he c d ?is4  ,!
 /atem5t is frequ5tly made 9 public pr9t
 t !re are no regi/]s 9 ! tra9$ voice4  
,?is ord] ( wisdom is equally sc9tillat+
 ) t pr(\nd intellectual ef=t :i* av]s t
 a bald head$ man has no hair on ! top (
 8 head1 or t hot wea!r is due to a rise
 9 ! temp]ature4 ,^! /atem5ts may be    
heavy-lad5 ) tru?1 b to ! voice tea*] !y
 are irrelevant4 ,8 "w is at lea/       
sev5-eigh?s ) untra9$ voices4 ,by ! "t  
he has work$ out an ev5 scale ) all ( ! 
o!r problems t g h& 9 h& ) x1 = a great 
deal ( ! art ( s++ w naturally accompany
 x1 a l>ge majority ( 8 pupils are ready

 to move on4 ,only a small p] c5t prep>e
 = a musical c>e]4 ,mo/ ( 8 "w is )     
voices t /ill ne$ to be p]fect$4 ,x is =
 voices ( ?is k9d t ! tea*] lives4 ,x is
 = su* voices t vocal me?ods are evolv$ 
& books writt54  ,a ligh!>t$1 easy go+  
assurance is n suffici5t alone to       
compass ! problems t pres5t !mselves 9 !
 /udio4 ,if ! tea*] is consci5ti\s !re w
 be times :5 he w feel deeply ! ne$ (   
some?+ m ?an human wisdom4 ,! "w 9 !    
/udio has m to d ) ! future ?an ) !     
imm$iate pres5t4 ,! s++ lesson is a     
small "p ( :at ! /ud5t c>ries ) him4 ,! 
atmosph]e ( ! /udio1 :i* is ! real      
p]sonality ( ! tea*]1 8 ideals1 aims1 ! 
dep? ( 8 s9c]ity1 9 %ort1 8 concept ( ! 
mean+ ( life1 goes ) ! /ud5t & w be     
rememb]$ :5 ! lesson is =gott54     ,v  
,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,mean+ ,,( ,,art      
,"o function1 !n1 ( art is to fe$ &     
mature ! imag9ation     & ! _s1 & !reby 
enhance & invigorate ! :ole (     human 
life4                        ,anci5t    
,art & ,ritual4 ,jane ,ell5 ,h>rison4   

,a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! population ( !     
civiliz$ _w has m or less to d ) :at is 
call$ art4 ,9 its v>i\s =ms art t\*es 9 
"s degree practically ! entire human    
race4 ,its v>i\s activities h develop$  
great indu/ries1 & = ! ent]ta9m5t x     
af=ds fabul\s sums ( money are sp5t4    
,:at is ?is ?+ call$ art :i* takes su* a
 hold ^u ! human race8 ,if x has no     
social or economic value !n a va/ am\nt 
( "t & money are wa/$ ea* ye> 9 its /udy
 & practice4 ,a brief inquiry into !    
nature & mean+ ( art may well be        
associat$ ) a discussion ( ! art ( s++4 
,art z a :ole comes "u ! head (         
,ae/hetics1 :i* may be def9$ z !        
philosophy ( ta/e1 ! sci5ce ( !         
beautiful4  ,x w d\btless be admitt$ )\t
 argum5t t ev] s9ce ! dawn (            
consci\sness ! visible _w has produc$   
s5se impressions diff]+ f ea* o!r--"s   
pleasant1 "s unpleasant4 ,f ^! diff]5t  
s5se impressions !re gradually evolv$   
:at is kn[n z beauty & ugl9ess4 ,an     
attempt to discov] ! pr9ciples und]ly+  

beauty & ugl9ess result$ 9 ,ae/hetics1 !
 f\nd] ( :i* 0 ,baumg>t5 7#agad-agfb74  
,x w be int]e/+ to he> :at he & ! lat]  
ae/heticians h to say ab\t art4 ,mo/ (  
!m connect x 9 "s way ) t :i* is        
beautiful1 t is1 pleas+1 b !y d n all   
agree 9 _! def9ition ( beauty4          
,baumg>t5 def9$ beauty z ! p]fect1 !    
absolute1 recogniz$ ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,he  
held t ! highe/ embodim5t ( beauty is   
se5 by u 9 nature1 !re=e ! highe/ aim ( 
art is to copy nature4  ,w9kelmann      
7#agag-agfh7 held ! law & aim ( art to  
be beauty indep5d5t ( goodness4         
,hut*eson 7#afid-agdg7 0 ( ess5tially ! 
same op9ion4  ,accord+ to ,kant         
7#agbd-ahjd7 beauty is t :i* pleases )\t
 ! reason+ process4  ,s*ill]            
7#ageh-ahje7 held t ! aim ( art is      
beauty1 ! s\rce ( :i* is pleasure )\t   
practical advantage4  ,^! def9itions d n
 :olly satisfy4 ,!y d n accord to art ! 
dignifi$ position x %\ld hold 9 social  
developm5t4 ,b !re are o!rs :o h a cle>]
 vision4 ,fi*te 7#agfb-ahad7 said t     

beauty exi/s n 9 ! visible _w b 9 !     
beautiful s\l1 & t art is ! manife/ation
 ( ?is beautiful s\l1 & t its aim is !  
education ( ! :ole man4  ,9 ?is we beg9 
to see ! real nature & activity ( art4  
,!re are o!r ae/heticians :o def9e art 9
 mu* ! same way4  ,%aftesbury           
7#afgj-agac7 said t beauty is recogniz$ 
by ! m9d only4 ,god is fundam5tal       
beauty4  ,hegel 7#aggj-ahca7 said3 ,art 
is ,god manife/+ himself 9 ! =m (       
beauty4 ,beauty is ! idea %9+ ?r\gh     
matt]4 ,art is a means ( br++ to        
consci\sness & express+ ! deepe/        
problems ( humanity & ! highe/ tru?s4   
,accord+ to ,hegel beauty & tru? are "o 
& ! same ?+4  ,?us we see t ! great     
?9k]s ( ! _w make art ( supreme         
importance 9 ! p]fect+ ( ! human race4  
,!y all agree t art is n 9 mat]ial      
objects1 b is a condition & activity (  
_s4 ,!y agree 9 ! ma9 t beauty & tru?   
emanate f ! same s\rce4 ,said ,keats3   
,beauty is tru? & tru? beauty1    ,t is 
all ye "k on e>? & all ye ne$ "k4  ,said

 ,s*ell+3 ,beauty is ! p]ception ( !    
,inf9ite 9 ! f9ite4  ,b p]haps ! highe/ 
concept ( art is f ! great arti/ ,:i/l]4
 ,he said3 ,art is an expression (      
et]nal absolute tru?1 & />t+ f !        
,inf9ite x _c progress1 ,,x ,,is4  ,art 
9 "s =m & 9 "s degree f9ds a response 9 
e "o4 ,:y8 ,because e "o consci\sly or  
unconsci\sly is look+ t[>d & /riv+ =    
p]fection4 ,?is is ! law ( be+4 ,e "o is
 seek+ to improve 8 condition1 & ?is    
means t 9 "s degree e "o is an ideali/4 
,ev] s9ce "t began idealism has be5 at  
"w1 & to x we owe e improv$             
condition--social1 political & religi\s4
  ,hegel believ$ t ! aim ( art is to    
portray nature 9 p]fect =m1 n ) !       
imp]fections se5 ar\nd u2 & ,h]b]t      
,sp5c] def9$ art z ! attempt to realize 
! ideal 9 ! pres5t4 ,! arti/ tries to   
make 8 picture m p]fect ?an :at he sees 
ar\nd him4 ,! poet1 ! sculptor1 !       
musician1 ! craftsman1 ! me*anic1 are   
all /riv+ = a m p]fect expression1      
because p]fection is ! fundam5tal1      

et]nal law ( be+4  ,wagn] said3 ,! _w w 
be r$eem$ ?r\gh art1 & if ,:i/l]'s      
def9ition be accept$ he is n f> f !     
tru?4  ,! important ?+ to rememb] is t  
art is n a m]e pa/ime1 b a great _w =ce 
op]at+ to lift mortals out ( mortality4 
,x is ! /riv+ ( ! f9ite to rea* !       
,inf9ite4  ,9 human hi/ory art1 no less 
?an languages1 has con=m$ to ! !ory (   
evolution4 ,language 9 ! beg9n+ 0       
monosyllabic4 ,f> back 9 ! e>ly dawn ( !
 race1 be=e ! developm5t ( ! community  
_s1 :5 feel+s1 emotions1 ideas1 7 simple
 & few ! m$ium ( expression 0 simple1 & 
x grew ) ! dem& = a l>g] expression4    
,?is same process ( evolution is se5 9 !
 gr[? ( ea* individual4 ,! *ild1 see+   
grimalk9 /alk /eal?ily into ! room1     
po9ts ! f+] & says cat4 ,?is is !       
complete expression ( itself on t       
subject4 ,x is ! sum total ( its k (    
zoology at t p>ticul> mom5t2 & a long   
process ( developm5t mu/ foll[ be=e x w 
ref] to ! same animal z a ,felis        
,dome/ica4  ,9 a simil> way musical     

expression keeps /ep ) musical ideas4 ,9
 ! beg9n+ musical ideas 7 %ort1 simple1 
fragm5t>y1 monosyllabic1 m]e g]ms (     
melody 7adh]5ts ( ! g]m !ory w make a   
note ( ?is74 ,! ,arab ) 8 rudim5t>y     
fiddle w repeat ?is fragm5t ( melody    
,illu/ration3 ,figure ,h by ! h\r1 :ile 
a company ( 8 unlaund]$ bre?r5 dance1   
until exhau/$1 9 du/ to _! ankles1 ) !  
temp]ature ne> ! boil+ po9t4 ,?is       
musical monosyllable is ample to satisfy
 8 arti/ic crav+4 ,9 o!r words x is !   
complete musical expression ( himself4  
,! foll[+ is a complete program ( dance 
music = ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4        
,illu/ration3 ,figure ,i ,! repetition (
 ?is figure may cont9ue = h\rs4 ,if x 7 
inflict$ on a metropolitan audi5ce x    
w\ld result 9 ju/ifiable homicide1 b to 
! ,au/ralian x furni%es j ! emotional   
/imulus he desires4  ,illu/ration3      
,figure ,j ,?is "o f ,tongtoboo1 play$  
,allegro1 w\ld set ! heels ( any        
company1 anci5t or mod]n1 9 motion4  ,^!
 p may be said to be 9 ! rhy?mic /age ( 

music1 t is1 a /age ( developm5t 9 :i* a
 rhy?mic movem5t :i* s]ves to incite !  
dance furni%es complete arti/ic         
satisfaction4  ,z x is a long di/ance f 
! monosyllabic expression ( ! *ild to ! 
po9t :]e he c ?9k consecutively 9       
polysyllabic diss]tation1 s x is an     
equally long di/ance f ! in>ticulate    
musical utt]ances ( ! b>b>\s tribes to !
 endless melodies ( ,wagn]1 :i* beg9 at 
#h ,p4 ,m4 & cont9ue until #ab4ae ,a4   
,m4 )\t repetition4  ,foll[+ ! c\rse (  
music f ! beg9n+ we %all see t x has    
kept pace ) civilization4 ,z ! race has 
gr[n m5tally x has express$ itself 9 a  
l>g] & m p]fect way 9 its lit]ature1 its
 pa9t+ & music4 ,physically ! race has n
 gr[n p]ceptibly 9 ! la/ five ?\s& ye>s1
 b m5tally its gr[? c sc>cely be        
measur$4 ,if we foll[ ea* nation ?r\gh !
 pa/ ?\s& ye>s we %all see t its art    
product has n only kept pace ) its      
developm5t1 b t 9 its art we may see all
 ( its racial *>act]i/ics1 ^? habits (  
m9d :i* are peculi>ly its own4 ,a nation

 left to itself w develop a c]ta9 tr5d (
 ?\ght :i* w diff]5tiate x f all o!r    
nations4 ,a tr5d ( ?\ght :i* w affect   
its art1 lit]ature1 politics1 religion1 
& 9 c\rse ( "t w produce m>k$ physical  
*>act]i/ics4 ,?is is noticeable 9 all   
nations :i* h liv$ long unto !mselves4  
,b mod]n me?ods ( communication are     
de/roy+ ?is4 ,z nations are br\ght into 
clos] contact ) ea* o!r !y beg9 to lose 
_! peculi>ities4 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t  
may be se5 9 ! fact t 9 ! pa/ fifty ye>s
 compos]s all ov] ! _w h be5 affect$ by 
! mod]n ,g]man s*ool ( composition4 ,n  
"o has escap$4 ,:ile a nation liv$ unto 
itself x c\ld pres]ve its national life 
9 its art1 b m & m ! life ( ea* nation  
is becom+ a composite ( ! life ( all    
nations4 ,! musical output ( ! _w %[s   
?is unmi/akably4  ,:at w be ! music ( ! 
future8 ,we "k ! music ( ye/]day &      
today1 b ! music ( ! future c be =etold 
only by ! prophet ^: vision is cle>     
en\gh to see unmi/akably :at ! tr5d (   
civilization w be dur+ ! com+ ye>s4 ,!re

 are mighty =ces op]at+ 9 ! _w today4   
,if !y succe$ 9 br++ humanity to a san]1
 m normal /ate ( m9d1 to a cle>]        
realization ( :at is wor? :ile & :at is 
wor?less1 !n all art w become pur] & m  
:olesome1 m helpful & necess>y1 & music 
speak+ a language common to all w be    
supreme among ! arts4     ,,vi  ,,s++   
,,z ,,an ,,art      ,no arti/ c be      
graceful1 imag9ative1 or orig9al1 unless
 he     be tru?ful4                     
,rusk94 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s4   ,art is a     
transf] ( feel+ said ,tol/oy4 ,:ile ?is 
applies to art 9 g5]al x has a p>ticul> 
application to ! art ( s++4 ,! mat]ial (
 ! s+]'s art is feel+4 ,by means ( !    
imag9ation he evokes )9 himself feel+s  
he has exp]i5c$ & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8     
voice he transf]s ^! feel+s to o!rs4 ,by
 8 ability to recon/ruct moods1 feel+s &
 emotions )9 himself & express !m ?r\gh 
8 voice1 ! s+] sways multitudes1 plays  
^u !m1 c>ries !m :i!rsoev] he w f !     
dep?s ( sorr[ to ! heights ( exaltation4
 ,8 direct & con/ant aim is to make 8   

he>]s feel1 & feel deeply4 ,z a m$ium = 
! transf] ( feel+ ! human voice f>      
transc5ds all o!rs4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( !  
human race ! voice has be5 ! means by   
:i* x has mo/ completely reveal$ itself1
 b ! art is n 9 ! voice1 b 9 ! feel+    
transf]r$4 ,x is ! same :e!r ! m$ium be 
! voice1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 poetry or a  
musical in/rum5t4 ,we speak ( a pa9t+ z 
be+ a great "w ( art1 b ! art is n 9 !  
pa9t+1 ! art is ! feel+ ( beauty :i* !  
pa9t+ awakes 9 ! obs]v]4 ,:5 we li/5 to 
an or*e/ra ! music is :at we feel4 ,said
 ,walt ,:itman3 ,music is :at awakes )9 
u :5 we are rem9d$ by ! in/rum5ts4      
,no?+ exi/s sep>ate f cognition4 ,real  
art !re=e consi/s ( pure feel+ r ?an (  
mat]ial objects4 ,if ! s+] succe$s 9    
transf]r+ 8 feel+s to o!rs he is an     
arti/1 ?is reg>dless ( :e!r 8 voice is  
great or small4 ,voice alone does n     
con/itute an arti/4 ,"o mu/ h some?+ to 
give4 ,s*umann said3 ,! reason !        
night+ale s+s love songs & ! lap dog    
b>ks is because ! s\l ( ! night+ale is  

fill$ ) love & t ( ! lap dog ) b>k4 ,x w
 be app>5t !re=e1 t ! /udy ( ! art ( s++
 %\ld devote itself to develop+ 9 ! s+] 
! be/ elem5ts ( 8 nature--all t is good1
 pure & elevat+4 ,we h no "r to transf] 
to o!rs any feel+ t is impure or        
un:olesome4 ,! te*nic ( an art is (     
small mom5t comp>$ ) its subject matt]4 
,an unwor?y poem _c be purifi$ by sett+ 
x to music no matt] h[ beautiful ! music
 may be4   ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,(          
,,int]pretation  ,i fancy !re is no?+ m 
intangible to mo/ p ?an ! t]m phras+4 ,i
 h ask$ a great _m /ud5ts to give me !  
pr9ciples ( phras+1 b z yet ,i h se5    
none :o c\ld d x1 & yet all s+]s1 f !   
y\nge/ to ! olde/ mu/ make "s use ( ^!  
pr9ciples e "t !y s+4 ,n[ a ?+ 9 su*    
g5]al use %\ld be1 & is1 subject to     
analysis4  ,all ( ! rules ( phras+1 l ! 
rules ( composition1 gr[ out ( :at s\nds
 well4 ,beauty & ugl9ess are matt]s (   
m5tal correspond5ce4 ,9 music a ?+ to be
 beautiful mu/ satisfy a m5tal dem&1 &  
?is dem& is "o's ta/e4 ,! s5se ( fitness

 mu/ obta94 ,:5 ! s+] int]prets a song !
 dem& ( ! li/5] is t he %all d well :at 
he und]takes to d3 t he %all portray    
:atev] phase ( life ! song conta9s1     
accurately1 def9itely1 t he %all h a    
def9ite int5t & purpose1 t he %all be 9 
! mood ( ! song4 ,! s+] mu/ n portray "o
 mood ) 8 face1 ano!r ) 8 voice1 :ile ! 
poem sugge/s /ill a ?ird4 ,he mu/ avoid 
incongruity4 ,all ?+s mu/ "w toge!r4    
,!re mu/ be !re=e1 ! evid5ce (          
intellig5t design 9 e ^w & phrase4  ,!  
song is a unit & ea* phrase conta9s a   
def9ite idea1 !re=e x mu/ n be deta*$ or
 fragm5t>y1 b mu/ h ! elem5t ( cont9uity
 & ea* & e "p mu/ be made to contribute 
to ! c5tral idea4  ,! elem5t (          
insecurity mu/ n be all[$ to ent]4 ,if x
 does1 ! li/5] feels t ! s+] is n sure (
 himself1 t he _c d :at he set out to d3
 !re=e he is a failure4  ,ano!r dem& is 
t ! s+] %all be intellig5t4 ,a poem does
 n lose its mean+ or its /r5g? by be+   
associat$ ) music1 & to ?is end ! s+]   
mu/ deliv] ! text ) ! same und]/&+ &    

appreciation ( its mean+ z w\ld a public
 read]4  ,n[ f ! above we inf] c]ta9    
pr9ciples4 ,! dem& = cont9uity means t !
 s+] mu/ h a pure legato4 ,t is1 he mu/ 
be able to connect words smoo?ly1 to    
pass f "o ^w to ano!r )\t int]rupt+ !   
tone1 t ! tone may be cont9u\s ?r\gh\t  
ea* phrase4  ,! feel+ ( security lies 9 
:at is kn[n z so/5uto1 ! ability to     
su/a9 ! tone ?r\gh\t ! phrase ) no s5se 
( dim9i%+ p[]4 ,x means 9 %ort ! organ  
"t4  ,f ! dem& = design 9 ea* ^w &      
phrase comes contra/4 ,?is may be made 9
 ! p[] ( ! tone by means ( cres4 dim4   
sfz4 ,x may be made 9 ! tempo by means (
 ! ret>d1 accel]&o1 ! hold1 etc4 ,x may 
also be made 9 ! quality ( ! tone by us+
 ! v>i\s %ades f bright to somb]4  ,!   
basis ( phras+ !n1 may be f\nd 9 legato1
 so/5uto & contra/4 ,all ( ! o!r ?+s    
involv$ 9 int]pretation _c make a good  
p]=mance if ^! fundam5tal pr9ciples be  
lack+4 ,a m complete outl9e (           
int]pretation foll[s3   ,,an ,,outl9e   
,,( ,,int]pretation                     

,pit*es     ,,read+   ,note ,l5g?s      
,rhy?m                                  
,v[els               ,enunciation       
,consonants     ,,diction               
,pronunciation               ,acc5t     
,emphasis                ,ev5 ,scale    
,,voice     ,quality                    
,fre$om               ,brea? ,control   
,attack     ,,te*nic   ,flexibility     
,execution                ,legato       
,,phras+  ,so/5uto                      
,p[]               ,contra/     ,tempo  
,color               ,proportion        
,emotional ,concept     ,,mood          
,facial ,expression               ,/age 
,pres5ce  ,mo/ ( ! ?+s m5tion$ 9 ?is    
outl9e ( int]pretation h be5 discuss$   
else:]e1 b ! subject ( diction requires 
fur!r explanation4   ,,diction  ,!      
me*anism ( spee* might be discuss$ at   
any l5g?1 b to r$uce x to its simple/ =m
 x consi/s ( ! s\nd produc+ in/rum5t1--!
 vocal cords1 ! organs (                
enunciation--lips1 tongue1 tee? & s(t   
palate1 & ! *annel lead+ to ! out] air4 

,:5 ! vocal cords are produc+ pit* & !  
*annel is free ! result is a v[el4 ,if  
an ob/ruction is ?r[n into ! *annel !   
result is a consonant4 ,v[els &         
consonants1 !n1 con/itute ! elem5ts (   
spee*4 ,! v[els are ! emotional elem5ts 
& ! consonants are ! intellectual       
elem5ts4 ,by means ( v[el s\nds alone   
emotions may be awak5$1 b :5 def9ite    
ideas are express$1 words :i* are a     
comb9ation ( v[els & consonants mu/ be  
us$4 ,x is no?+ %ort ( amaz+ t ) ?is    
simple me*anism1 by us+ ! v>i\s         
comb9ations ( op5 & ob/ruct$ *annel 9   
connection ) pit*1 ! entire ,engli%     
language or any o!r language = t matt] c
 be produc$4  ,v[els are produc$ ) an   
op5 *annel f ! vocal cords to ! out]    
air4 ,consonants are produc$ by p>tial  
or complete clos+ ( ! *annel by         
int]f]5ce ( ! lips1 tongue1 tee? & s(t  
palate4  ,if language consi/$ entirely (
 v[els le>n+ to s+ w\ld be mu* simpl]   
?an x is4 ,x is ! consonants t cause    
tr\ble4 ,x is n uncommon to f9d /ud5ts  

:o c vocalize ) comp>ative ease1 b !    
mom5t !y attempt to s+ words ! me*anism 
becomes rigid4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d rigidity  
is mu* great] 9 enunciat+ consonants ?an
 x is 9 enunciat+ v[els1 & yet !y %\ld  
be equally easy4 ,"h is :]e ! /ud5t f9ds
 8 greate/ difficulty 9 ma/]+ ,engli%   
diction4  ,! mo/ frequ5t criticism (    
,am]ican s+]s is _! defici5cy 9 diction4
 ,:e!r x please u or no1 x mu/ be       
admitt$ t on ! :ole ! criticism is n )\t
 f\ndation4  ,! importance ( effective  
spee* is mu* und]e/imat$ by /ud5ts (    
s++1 & yet x requires b a mom5t's       
consid]ation to see t ! impression      
creat$ by spee* is ! result ( =ceful    
diction no less ?an ( subject matt]4    
,words mean ! same ?+ :e!r spok5 or     
sung1 & ! s+] no less ?an ! speak] %\ld 
deliv] !m ) a full und]/&+ ( _! mean+4  
,! proposition confront+ ! s+] is a     
difficult "o4 ,:5 he attempts ! dramatic
 he f9ds t x de/roys 8 legato4 ,he loses
 ! su/a9$ quality ( ! organ tone1 :i* is
 ! true s++ tone1 & bel canto is out ( !

 "q4  ,?is is :at is urg$ aga9/ ! op]as 
( ,wagn] & practically ev]y?+ ( ! ,g]man
 s*ool s9ce 8 day4 ,! dramatic elem5t is
 s int5se & ! dem& s /r5u\s t s+]s f9d x
 almo/1 if n q impossible1 to keep ! s++
 tone & rea* ! dramatic heights requir$4
 ,!y soon f9d !mselves %\t+ 9 a way t n 
only de/roys ! s++ tone b also ! organ t
 produces x4 ,! tru? ( ?is _c be        
ga9said4 ,!re is a consid]able am\nt (  
vocal wreckage /rewn along ! way1 !     
result ( wre/l+ ) ,wagn]ian recitative4 
,wagn]ian s+]s are1 z a rule1 vocally   
%ort] liv$ ?an ^? t conf9e !mselves to  
,fr5* & ,italian op]a4  ,b x w be argu$ 
by "s t ^! p h n le>n$ h[ to s+1 t if !y
 _h a p]fect vocal me?od !y c\ld s+     
,wagn] z easily z ,mass5et4 ,t !y h n   
le>n$ to s+ ,wagn] is evid5t1 & ?is br+s
 u to ! "q--,%all ! s+] adju/ himself to
 ! compos] or ! compos] to ! s+]8 ,a    
discussion ( ?is w\ld probably lead     
n[h]e1 b ,i submit ! obs]vation1 t _m   
mod]n compos]s %[ a disreg>d = !        
possibilities & limitations ( ! human   

voice t am\nts to /upidity4 ,because a  
compos] c write great symphonies !      
public is incl9$ to ?9k t ev]y?+ he     
writes is great4 ,let x be und]/ood once
 = all t bad voice writ+ is bad :e!r x  
is done by a symphonic writ] or a popul>
 songwrit]4 ,9 ! pres5t /age ( human    
developm5t !re are c]ta9 ?+s ! voice c d
 & o!r ?+s x _c d1 & ^! ?+s c be kn[n   
only by ^? :o und]/& ! voice1 & are     
accu/om$ to work+ ) x4 ,to ignore !m    
completely :5 writ+ = voices is no      
evid5ce ( g5ius4 ,compos]s seem to =get 
t ! s+] mu/ create ! pit* ( 8 in/rum5t z
 well z its quality at ! mom5t he uses  
x4 ,!y also =get t 8 mo/ important aid 9
 ?is is ! feel+ ( tonality4 ,:5 ?is is  
de/roy$ & ! s+] is =c$ to measure       
int]vals ab/ract$ly he is call$ ^u to d 
some?+ immeasurably m difficult ?an     
any?+ t is ask$ ( ! in/rum5tali/4 ,_m   
mod]n compos]s h lo/ _! heads & run     
amuck on ! mod]n idiom1 & _! writ+ =    
voices is s complex t x w\ld require a  
great] musician to s+ _! music ?an x did

 to write x4  ,b to return1 ,i d n say t
 x is impossible to apply ! pr9ciples ( 
bel canto to ,wagn]'s dramatic /yle (   
utt]ance4 ,on ! contr>y ,i believe x is 
possible to ga9 su* a ma/]y ( voice     
production & enunciation t ! ,wagn]ian  
roles may be sung1 n %\t$1 & /ill n be  
lack+ 9 dramatic int5sity1 b x requires 
a m c>eful /udy ( diction & its relation
 to voice production ?an mo/ s+]s are   
will+ to make4  ,a majority ( s+]s nev] 
succe$ 9 e/abli%+ ! "r relation betwe5 !
 vocal organ & ! organs ( enunciation4  
,ye>s ( exp]i5ce h v]ifi$ ?is beyond    
p]adv5ture4  ,x is a v common ?+ = s+]s 
to vocalize = an indef9ite p]iod ) no   
ill effect1 b become ho>se ) t5 m9utes (
 s++4 ,! reason is app>5t4 ,!y h le>n$  
h[ to produce v[els ) a free ?roat b n  
consonants4 ,! mom5t !y attempt to =m a 
consonant1 t5sion appe>s1 n only 9 ^?   
p>ts ( ! me*anism :i* =m ! consonant1 b 
9 ! vocal organ z well4 ,"u su* treatm5t
 ! voice soon beg9s to %[ we>1 & ?is is 
exactly :at happ5s to ^? s+]s :o f9d x  

difficult to s+ ! ,wagn] op]as4  ,!     
solution ( ?is problem lies 9 ! prop]   
/udy ( diction4 ,! intellectual elem5ts 
( spee* consonants are =m$ almo/        
entirely 9 ! front ( ! m\? ) v>i\s      
comb9ations ( lips1 tongue & tee?4 ,?ree
 ?+s are necess>y to _! complete ma/]y4 
,fir/1--consonants mu/ be produc$ )\t   
t5sion4 ,x w be well to rememb] 9 ?is   
connection t consonants are n to be     
sung4 ,!y are po9ts ( int]f]5ce & mu/ be
 di/9ct b %ort4 ,! pr9ciple ( fre$om    
applies to consonants no less ?an to    
v[els4  ,second1--consonants mu/ n be   
all[$ to int]rupt ! cont9uity ( ! pit*  
produc$ by ! vocal cords4 ,?is is       
necess>y to pres]ve legato4 ,"s         
consonants close ! *annel completely1   
o!rs only p>tially4 ,x is a great       
a*ievem5t to be able to s+ all consonant
 comb9ations & /ill pres]ve a legato4   
,?ird1--consonants mu/ 9 no way int]f]e 
) ! fre$om ( ! vocal organ4 ,if ! /ud5t 
attempts to s+ ! consonants1 t is1 to   
prolong !m he is sure to make 8 ?roat   

rigid & ! pure s++ tone at once         
disappe>s4 ,he mu/ !re=e le>n dramatic  
utt]ance )\t ?r[+ ! weight ( x on !     
?roat4 ,to d ?is he mu/ beg9 ) a        
consonant :i* (f]s ! lea/ resi/ance &   
practice x until ! ?ree po9ts m5tion$ h 
be5 ma/]$4 ,! "o :i* w give ! lea/      
tr\ble is l4 ,at ! pit* ,g s+           
ah-lah-lah-lah-lah1 until x c be done ) 
relax$ tongue1 ) p]fect cont9uity (     
tone1 & ) p]fect fre$om 9 ! vocal       
in/rum5t4 ,9 ! same way practice n1 d1  
v1 ?1 m1 & ! sub vocals1 b1 d1 g4       
,always beg9 ) a v[el4  ,if ! s+] has ! 
pati5ce to "w ! problem out 9 ?is way he
 c apply ! pr9ciples ( bel canto to     
dramatic s++4 ,! road to ?is a*ievem5t  
is long1 long] ?an mo/ p suspect1 b if  
"o is indu/ri\s & p]sev]+ x may be      
accompli%$4  ,b !re rema9s yet to be    
m5tion$ ! mo/ important elem5t ( arti/ic
 s++4 ,to ! pure tone & p]fect diction  
mu/ be add$ ! imag9ation4 ,! imag9ation 
is ! image mak+ p[] ( ! m9d1 ! p[] to   
create or reproduce ideally t :i* has   

be5 previ\sly p]ceiv$3 ! p[] to call up 
m5tal images4 ,by means ( ! imag9ation  
we take ! mat]ials ( exp]i5ce & mold !m 
into idealiz$ =ms4 ,! aim ( creative art
 is to idealize1 t is1 to portray nature
 & exp]i5ce 9 p]fect =ms n ) !          
imp]fections ( visible nature4 ,9 ?is   
says ,hegel1 art is sup]ior to nature4  
,! activity ( ! imag9ation is directly  
responsible = t mo/ ess5tial            
?+--emotional tone4 ,tak+ intellig5ce = 
grant$1 ! imag9ation is ! mo/ important 
factor involv$ 9 int]pretation4 ,if !   
imag9ation be quick & responsive x w    
c>ry ! s+] away f himself & tempor>ily  
he w live ! song4  ,e song has an       
atmosph]e1 a metaphysical some?+ :i*    
diff]5tiates x f e o!r song4 ,! s+] mu/ 
discov] x & f9d ! mood :i* w p]fectly   
express x4 ,if 8 imag9ation con/ructs ! 
image1 creates ! picture1 recalls !     
feel+1 ! emotion1 ! result w be arti/ic 
s++4 ,! song is t :i* comes f ! s\l ( ! 
s+]4 ,x is n on ! pr9t$ page4 ,if ,i    
/udy a ,s*ub]t song until ,i h ma/]$ x1 

,i h done no?+ to ,s*ub]t4 ,x is ,i :o h
 gr[n4 ,?r\gh ! activity ( ! imag9ation1
 guid$ by ! intellig5ce1 ,i h built up 9
 my consci\sness z ne>ly z possible :at 
,i conceive to h be5 ,s*ub]t's feel+ :5 
he wrote ! song1 b ! "w has all be5 done
 on myself4  ,a *apt] might be writt5 on
 ! arti/ic p]sonality4 ,x reveals itself
 9 light1 %ade1 nuance1 inflection1     
acc5t1 color1 always ) a p]fect s5se (  
proportion1 h>mony & unity1 & free f all
 t is e>?y4 ,x is ! expression (        
individuality4 ,x _c be imitat$4 ,if y  
ask me = its s\rce ,i repeat aga9       
,:i/l]'s immortal say+3 ,art is an      
expression ( et]nal1 absolute tru?1 &   
/>t+ f ! ,inf9ite x _c progress1 ,,x    
,,is4     ,,vii  ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,(  
,a ,,song4      ,has he put ! emphasis  
on 8 "w 9 ! place :]e x is     mo/      
important8 ,has he s completely express$
 himself t !     onlook] _c fail to f9d 
8 mean+8                                
,appreciation ( ,art4 ,lov]idge4   ,:5 y
 li/5 to a song & at its close say1 ,t  

is beautiful1 d y ev] /op & try to      
discov] :y x is beautiful8 ,! que/ may  
lead y f> into ! field ( ,ae/hetics1 &  
unless y are accu/om$ to psy*ological   
processes y may f9d y\rself 9 a maze f  
:i* escape is difficult4 ,let u rememb] 
t 9 /udy+ ! con/ruction ( a song we are 
deal+ ) /ates ( m9d4 ,a song is !       
product ( a c]ta9 mood & its direct aim 
is to awak5 a simil> mood 9 o!rs4  ,x is
 a well e/abli%$ fact t s\nd is ! mo/   
common & ! mo/ effective way ( express+ 
& communicat+ ! emotions1 n only = man b
 = ! l[] animals z well4 ,?is me?od (   
communication d\btless began f> back 9 !
 hi/ory ( ! race & 0 us$ to express     
bodily pa9 or pleasure4  ,! l[] animals 
convey _! feel+s to ea* o!r by s\nds1 n 
by words1 & ^! s\nds awak5 9 o!rs ! same
 feel+ z t :i* produc$ !m4  ,we see1 !n1
 t emotion may be express$ by s\nd & be 
awak5$ by s\nd1 & ?is obta9s among human
 be+s no less ?an among ! l[] animals4  
,9 ! long process ( ages s\nd qualities 
h become indissolubly associat$ )       

emotional /ates1 & h become ! mo/       
excit+1 ! mo/ p[]ful s5se /imulus 9     
produc+ emotional reactions4 ,! cry ( "o
 human be+ 9 pa9 w excite pa9ful        
emotions 9 ano!r4 ,an exclamation ( joy 
w excite a simil> emotion 9 o!rs1 & s on
 ?r\gh ! :ole range ( human emotions4   
,h]b]t ,sp5c] holds t ! beg9n+ ( music  
may be trac$ back to ! cry ( animals1   
:i* evid5tly has an emotional orig9 &   
purpose4 ,x is a f> cry f ! beg9n+ (    
music z describ$ by ,sp5c] to ! mod]n   
art song1 b f t "t to ?is ! pr9ciple has
 rema9$ ! same4 ,! emotional range ( !  
l[] animals is small1 d\btless limit$ to
 ! expression ( bodily conditions1 b !  
human race ?r\gh long ages ( gr[? has   
develop$ an almo/ unlimit$ emotional    
range1 h5ce ! vehicle = its expression  
has ( necessity increas$ 9 complexity4  
,to meet ?is dem& music z a sci5ce has  
evolv$ a tone sy/em4 ,t is1 f ! inf9ite 
numb] ( tones x has select$ some?+ ov] a
 hundr$ hav+ def9ite ma!matical         
relation%ips1 fix$ vibrational ratios4  

,! art ( music takes ?is sy/em ( tones &
 by means ( comb9ations1 progressions & 
movem5ts :i* con/itute :at is call$     
musical composition1 x und]takes to     
excite a wide v>iety ( emotions4  ,! aim
 & (fice ( music is to create moods4 ,x 
does n arrive at def9ite expression4    
,!re is no musical progression :i* is   
univ]sally und]/ood z an invitation to  
"o's neighbor to pass ! bread4 ,! piani/
 _c by any p>ticul> tone comb9ation make
 8 audi5ce und]/& t 8 left %oe p9*es1 b 
he c make !m smile or look s]i\s4 ,he c 
fill !m ) c\rage or br+ !m to te>s )\t  
say+ a ^w4 ,9 li/5+ to ! ,ba* ,b ,m9or  
,mass "o c tell ! ,sanctus f ! ,gloria 9
 ,excelsis )\t kn[+ a ^w ( ,lat94 ,!    
music conveys ! mood unmi/akably4  ,a   
song is a union ( music & poetry1 a w$d+
 if y please & z 9 all matrimonial      
alliances ! two contract+ p>ties %\ld be
 9 h>mony4 ,! poem creates a mood n     
alone by :at x expresses directly b by  
:at x implies1 :at x sugge/s4 ,its (fice
 is to /imulate ! imag9ation r ?an to   

in=m by direct /atem5t ( facts4 ,! (fice
 ( music is to /r5g!n1 acc5tuate1 &     
supplem5t ! mood ( ! poem1 to translate 
! poem into music4 ,! be/ song !n1 w be 
"o 9 :i* bo? words & music mo/ p]fectly 
create ! same mood4  ,arnold ,b5nett's  
def9ition ( lit]ature applies equally   
well to ! song4 ,he says3 ,t ev5+ :5 y  
w5t = a walk ) y\r fai?ful fri5d1 !     
fri5d f :om y hid no?+--or almo/ no?+--y
 71 9 tru?1 some:at incl9$ to hide f him
 ! p>ticul> matt] :i* monopoliz$ y\r m9d
 t ev5+1 b someh[ y contriv$ to get on  
to x1 drawn by an ov]p[]+ fasc9ation4 ,&
 z y\r fai?ful fri5d 0 sympa!tic &      
discreet1 & flatt]$ y by a respectful   
curiosity1 y proce$$ fur!r & fur!r into 
! said matt]1 gr[+ m & m confid5tial1   
until at la/ y cri$ out 9 a t]rific     
:isp]3 ',my boy %e is simply miracul\s3'
 ,at t mom5t y 7 9 ! doma9 ( lit]ature4 
,n[ :5 su* impassion$1 spontane\s       
utt]ance is br\ght "u ! op]ation (      
musical law we h a p]fect song4 ,!      
compos] furni%$ ! words & music1 b ! ?+ 

:i* makes x a song comes f ! s+]1 f !   
e>ne/ness & conviction ) :i* he deliv]s 
! message4  ,songs are divid$ into two  
g5]al classes3 ^? express+ !            
relation%ips ( human be+s1 su* z love1  
joy1 sorr[1 *ivalry1 patriotism1 etc41 &
 ^? express+ ! relation%ip ( man to 8   
creator2 v5]ation1 devotion1 praise1    
etc4 ,! two great s\rces ( inspiration  
to song writ]s h always be5 love &      
religion4  ,:at are ! pr9ciples ( song  
con/ruction8 ,!y are all compris$ 9 !   
law ( fitness4 ,! compos] mu/ d :at he  
sets out to d4 ,! mat]ials ) :i* he has 
to "w are rhy?m1 melody & h>mony4 ,! mo/
 important ?+ 9 a song is ! melody4 ,?is
 det]m9es to a v great ext5t ! heal? &  
longevity ( ! song4 ,mo/ ( ! songs t h  
pass$ ! c5tury m>k & /ill live d s by   
reason ( _! melody4 ,!re mu/ be a s5se (
 fitness betwe5 ! poem & ! melody4 ,a   
poem :i* expresses a simple s5tim5t     
requires a simple melody4 ,a simple /ory
 %\ld be told simply4 ,if ! poem is sad1
 joy\s1 or tragic ! melody mu/          

correspond4 ,o!rwise ! family discords  
beg9 at once4 ,poetry _c adapt itself to
 music1 because its mood is already     
e/abli%$4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! compos] to
 create music :i* w supplem5t ! poem4 ,a
 lullaby %\ld n h a m>tial melody1 nei!r
 %\ld an exhortation to l(ty patriotism 
be giv5 a melody :i* induces somnol5ce4 
,! same s5se ( fitness mu/ obta9 9 !    
accompanim5t4 ,! (fice ( ! accompanim5t 
is n m]ely to keep ! s+] on ! pit*4 ,x  
mu/ help to tell ! /ory by /r5g!n+ !    
mood ( ! poem4 ,x mu/ n be trivial or   
ins9c]e1 nei!r mu/ x ov]:elm & ?us draw 
! att5tion ( ! li/5]s to itself & away f
 ! s+]4  ,! accompanim5t is ! clo?+1 or 
dress1 ( ! melody4 ,melodies1 l p1 %\ld 
be well dress$ b n ov] dress$4 ,"s      
melodies1 l "s p1 look bett] 9 pla9     
clo!s ?an 9 a fancy co/ume4 ,o!r        
melodies appe> to advantage 9 a ri*     
co/ume4 ,mod]n songwrit]s are mu* incl9$
 to ov]dress _! melodies to ! ext5t t ! 
accompanim5t =ces itself ^u ! att5tion  
to ! exclusion ( ! melody4 ,su* writ+ is

 z incongru\s z putt+ on a dress suit to
 g to a fire4  ,! significance ( ! !me  
%\ld indicate ! nature ( ! accompanim5t4
 ,to take a simple s5tim5t & ov]load x )
 a mod]n complex h>monic accompanim5t is
 l go+ aft] sp>r[s ) a sixte5 in* siege 
gun4  ,com$y 9 ! song %\ld n be         
associat$ ) trag$y 9 ! accompanim5t4 ,a 
lively poem %\ld n h a lazy             
accompanim5t4 ,! great songwrit]s 7     
models 9 ?is respect4 ,?is acc\nts = _! 
greatness4 ,take = example ,s*ub]t's    
,woh9 & ,d] ,w&]]1 ,s*umann's ,d]       
,nussbaum1 ,brahms' ,felde9samkeit4 ,^! 
accompanim5ts are z full ( mood z ei!r  
poem or melody4  ,! elem5t ( proportion 
ent]s into songwrit+ no less ?an into   
ar*itecture4 ,a h\se fifte5 by tw5ty    
feet ) a t[] sixty feet high & a v]&a   
?irty feet wide w\ld be out (           
proportion4 ,a song ) sixty-f\r measures
 ( introduction & sixte5 measures = !   
voice w\ld be out ( proportion4 ,mak+ a 
song is simil> to pa9t+ a l&scape4 ,9 ! 
pa9t+ ! grass1 fl[]s1 %rubb]y etc41 are 

9 ! =egr\nd1 !n come ! hills & if !re be
 a m\nta9 range x is 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,if 
! m\nta9 range 7 9 ! =egr\nd x w\ld     
obscure ev]y?+ else4 ,s 9 mak+ a song4  
,if x tells a /ory & rea*es a climax !  
climax %\ld come ne> ! end ( ! song4 ,:5
 ! s+] has c>ri$ 8 audi5ce ) him up to a
 great emotional height !n all x ne$s is
 to be br\ght back safely & quickly to  
e>? & left !re4   ,,association  ,i h   
m5tion$ ! pr9ciples ( song con/ruction1 
b !re are o!r ?+s :i* h to d ) mak+ a   
song effective4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( 
^! is association4 ,let u rememb] t !   
effect & consequ5t value ( music dep5ds 
^u ! class ( emotions x awak5s r ?an ^u 
! te*nical skill ( ! compos]1 & t ^!    
emotions are dep5d5t to a consid]able   
ext5t ^u association4 ,we all rememb] ! 
"t honor$ exp$i5t ( ty+ a /r+ ar\nd a   
f+] :5 a c]ta9 ?+ is to be rememb]$4 ,! 
p]ception ( ! digital decoration recalls
 ! reason = x & ?us ! incid5t is c>ri$  
to a successful conclusion4 ,9 l mann]  
feel+s become associat$ ) ideas4 ,*ur*  

bells ar\se feel+s ( rev]5ce & devotion4
 ,to _m ( u a brass b& awak5s pleasant  
memories ( circus day4 ,scots ,:a ,hae  
fills ! ,scot*man ) love = 8 native     
hea!r4 ,! odor ( c]ta9 fl[]s is (f5sive 
because we associate x ) a sad occasion4
 ,! beauty ( a waltz is due n only to   
its composition b also to our hav+ danc$
 to x "u p>ticul>ly pleasant            
circum/ances4  ,at ! op]a !re are _m ?+s
 t comb9e to make x a pleasant          
occasion--! di/ant tun+ ( ! or*e/ra1 !  
l[ hum ( voices1 ! fa9t odor ( violets1 
& ! recollection ( hav+ be5 !re be=e ) t
 miracle ( a girl1--all comb9e to fill u
 ) pleasurable anticipation4 ,9 ?is way 
we give z mu* to ! p]=mance z x gives to
 u4 ,accord+ to "s ,ae/heticians !      
indef9able emotions we sometimes feel :5
 li/5+ to music are ! rev]b]ations (    
feel+s exp]i5c$ c\ntless ages ago4 ,?is 
may h "s f\ndation 9 fact1 b x is       
some:at l see+ 9 a museum a mummy (     
ourselves 9 a previ\s inc>nation4       
,songs :i* h ! /ronge/ hold ^u u are ^? 

:i* h be5 9 "s way associat$ ) our      
exp]i5ce4 ,! int5sity ) :i* su* songs z 
,annie ,laurie1 ,dixie1 ,! ,vacant      
,*air1 ,tramp1 ,tramp1 ,tramp grip u is 
due almo/ entirely to association4      
,!re=e ! value ( a song consi/s n alone 
9 :at x awak5s 9 ! pres5t1 b 9 :at x    
recalls f ! pa/4 ,man is ! sum ( 8      
exp]i5ce2 & to make pa/ exp]i5ce        
contribute to ! joy ( ! pres5t is to add
 abundance to ri*es4     ,,viii  ,,h[   
,,to ,,/udy ,a ,,song      ,! acc5t (   
tru? app>5t 9 ! voice :5 speak+         
naturally is ! basis ( expression 9 s++4
                                        
,g>cia4 ,h9ts on ,s++4   ,fir/ det]m9e !
 g5]al "* ( ! song4 ,a c>eful /udy ( !  
words w enable ! /ud5t to f9d its g5]al 
classification4 ,x may be dramatic1     
n>rative1 rem9isc5t1 introspective1     
contemplative1 florid1 s5tim5tal4  ,!   
foll[+ are examples3  ,dramatic1 ,! ,erl
 ,k+1 ,s*ub]t4  ,n>rative1 ,! ,two      
,gr5adi]s1 ,s*umann4  ,rem9isc5t1 ,d]   
,doppelga5g]1 ,s*ub]t4  ,florid1 ,indian

 ,bell ,song1 f ,lakme1 ,delibes4       
,introspective1 ,9 d] ,fruehe1 ,hugo    
,wolf4  ,contemplative1 ,felde9samkeit1 
,brahms4  ,songs ( s5tim5t4 ,?is        
includes all songs involv+ ! affections 
& ! homely virtues4  ,to ^! might be    
add$ songs ( exaltation1 su* z          
,bee?ov5's ,nature's ,adoration4 ,"*    
songs1 9 :i* ! s+] assumes a "* &       
expresses its s5tim5ts4 ,a good example 
( ?is is ,! ,poet's ,love cycle by      
,s*umann4 ,classify+ ! song 9 ?is way is
 ! fir/ /ep t[>d discov]+ its atmosph]e4
 ,!re is always "o tempo at :i* a song  
s\nds be/ & ?is tempo mu/ gr[ out ( a   
?or\gh und]/&+ ( its "*4 ,metronome m>ks
 %\ld be unnecess>y4 ,intellig5t /udy ( 
a song w un]r+ly sugge/ ! prop] tempo4  
,next1 /udy ! poem until x creates !    
mood4 ,read x1 n once1 b _m times4      
,imbibe n only its intellectual b its   
emotional cont5t4 ,x is ! (fice ( poetry
 to /imulate ! imag9ation4 ,x is "u !   
influ5ce ( ?is /imulus t songs are      
writt51 & "u its influ5ce !y mu/ be     

sung4 ,hugo ,wolf said t he always /udi$
 ! poem until x compos$ ! music4 ,?is   
means t he /udi$ ! poem until he 0 s    
fill$ ) its mood t ! prop] music came ( 
itself4 ,fix 9 m9d ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 ! 
poem & ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur4 ,!re      
usually is developm5t ( "s k9d 9 a poem4
 ,le>n :at x is4 ,notice :i* "p ( ! poem
 conta9s ! great or c5tral idea4 ,read x
 al\d4 ,det]m9e its natural acc5t4 ,!   
s++ phrase gr[s out ( ! spok5 phrase4   
,s++ is elongat$1 or su/a9$1 spee*1 b x 
%\ld be none ! less intellig5t by reason
 ( ?is4  ,n[ adapt ! words to ! music4  
,if ! music has gr[n out ( ! words z x  
%\ld1 x w foll[ ! developm5t ( ! poem & 
give x additional /r5g?4  ,by ?is "t "o 
%\ld be 9 ! mood ( ! song1 & he %\ld n  
em]ge f x until ! song is f9i%$4 ,if "o 
is fill$ ) ! _s ( ! song1 is s9c]e &    
e>ne/1 & is fill$ ) a desire to express 
:at is beautiful & good he w n s+ badly 
ev5 if 8 voice be ord9>y4  ,! compos]   
may d mu* t[>d creat+ ! mood = bo? s+] &
 li/5] by means ( 8 introduction4 ,!    

introduction to a song is n m]ely to    
give ! s+] ! pit*4 ,x is = ! purpose (  
creat+ ! mood4 ,x may be rem9isc5t ( !  
pr9cipal !me ( ! song1 x may consi/ ( "s
 fragm5t ( ! accompanim5t1 or any o!r   
mat]ials :i* w t5d to create ! desir$   
mood4  ,9 ! introduction to ,rhe9-gold  
:]e ,wagn] wi%es to portray a c]ta9     
elem5tal condition he uses #acf measures
 ( ! *ord ( ,e flat major4  ,9          
,felde9samkeit 7,! ,quiet ( ! ,fields7  
:]e ! mood is su* z w\ld come to "o ly+ 
9 ! deep grass 9 ! field wat*+ ! fair   
:ite cl\ds ride sl[ly ov]head1 9 a /ate 
( complete inaction1 ,brahms e/abli%es !
 mood by ?is treatm5t ( ! major *ord4   
,illu/ration3 ,figure ,k  ,9 ,d] ,w&]]  
7,! ,w&]]7 ,s*ub]t uses ?is musical     
figure to indicate ! ceaseless motion ( 
"o condemn$ to endless w&]+4            
,illu/ration3 ,figure ,l  ,9 ,! ,maid ( 
! ,mill cycle :]e ! "y mill] discov]s ! 
brook ,s*ub]t uses ?is figure1 :i* gives
 a cle> picture ( a *att]+ brooklet4    
,?is figure cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! song4    

,illu/ration3 ,figure ,m  ,9 ! song ,on 
! ,j\rney ,home1 :i* describes ! feel+s 
( "o :o1 aft] a long abs5ce returns to  
view ! vales & m\nta9s ( 8 y\?1 ,grieg1 
) two measures ( introduction grips u ) 
a mood f :i* we _c escape4              
,illu/ration3 ,figure ,n  ,b "o ( ! mo/ 
/rik+ examples ( ! op]ation ( g5ius is  
,s*ub]t's introduction to ,am ,me] 7,by 
! ,sea74 ,"h ) two *ords he tells u !   
/ory ( ! lonely sea%ore1 ! des]t$ hut1 !
 te>s1 ! dull s\nd ( break]s dy+ on a   
di/ant %ore1 & all ar\nd ! unfa?omable  
my/]y ( ! mighty deep4  ,illu/ration3   
,figure ,o  ,classic song lit]ature is  
full ( int]e/+ examples ( ?is k9d4 ,if  
we le>n h[ to /udy ! works ( ^! great   
ones ( ! e>? we %all see h[ un]r+ is !  
t\* ( g5ius1 & "s day we %all awak5 to  
see t ^! k+s & prophets are our fri5ds1 
& t !y possess ! supreme virtue (       
con/ancy4     ,,ix  ,,sci5tific ,,voice 
,,production      ,! imm$iate effect ( !
 l>yngoscope 0 to ?r[ ! :ole     subject
 into almo/ hopeless confusion by !     

introduction (     all sorts ( errors ( 
obs]vation1 ea* claim+ to be f\nd$      
on ocul> pro(1 & believ$ 9 ) correspond+
 ob/9acy4                  ,sir ,morell 
,mack5zie4 ,hygi5e ( ! ,vocal ,organs4  
,he :o /udies ! voice 9 a physics       
laboratory naturally consid]s himself a 
sci5tific man1 & ^? tea*]s :o make 8    
discov]ies ! basis ( _! tea*+ believe !y
 are tea*+ ! sci5ce ( voice production4 
,! sci5ti/ says3 ,h ,i n /udi$ ! voice 9
 action8 ,i h se51 !re=e ,i "k4 ,b !    
elem5t ( unc]ta9ty 9 :at he has se5     
makes 8 k little m ?an speculative4 ,b  
suppose he is sure ( :at he has se54 ,( 
:at importance is x8 ,he has se5 a vocal
 organ 9 ! act ( produc+ tone "u try+   
conditions1 = "o "u ! conditions        
necess>y to ! use ( ! l>yngoscope is n  
at all likely to rea* 8 own /&>d ( tone 
production4  ,sci5ti/s w\ld h u believe 
t ! action ( ! vocal me*anism is ! same 
9 all voices4 ,?is claim mu/ necess>ily 
be made or !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z      
sci5tific production4 ,b ( all ! vocal  

vag>ies advanc$ ?is has ! lea/ f\ndation
 9 fact4  ,sci5tifically & arti/ically  
speak+ !re is no su* ?+ at pres5t z     
p]fect voice1 & !re w be no su* ?+ until
 man manife/s a p]fect m9d4 ,! be/      
examples ( voice production are n       
altoge!r p]fect1 & mo/ ( !m are /ill a  
consid]able di/ance f p]fection4 ,x is )
 ^! imp]fect models t ! sci5tific man 9 
deal+ & on :i* he bases 8 d$uctions4    
,be x "r or wrong s+]s d n all use !    
vocal me*anism 9 ! same way4 ,i h 9 m9d 
two well kn[n contraltos "o ( :om c>ri$ 
h] *e/ regi/] up to ,a1 & ev5 to ,b flat
 occasionally4 ,! o!r c>ri$ h] middle   
regi/] d[n to ! bottom ( ! voice4 ,c !  
t5or :o c>ries 8 *e/ voice up to        
,illu/ration3 ,figure ,p be said to use 
8 voice 9 ! same way z "o :o beg9s 8    
head voice at ,illu/ration3 ,figure ,q8 
,9 ! exam9ation ( a hundr$ voices       
select$ at r&om all mann] ( diff]5t ?+s 
w\ld be obs]v$4 ,p]haps ?is is          
responsible = ! great div]sity ( op9ion 
among sci5ti/s1 = x mu/ be said t s f>  

!re is little ^u :i* !y agree4 ,be=e    
absolute laws gov]n+ any organ or       
in/rum5t c be =mulat$ ! nature ( !      
in/rum5t mu/ be kn[n4 ,! sci5ti/s h nev]
 come any:]e ne> an agreem5t z to :at   
k9d ( an in/rum5t man has 9 8 ?roat4 ,!y
 h n decid$ :e!r x is a /r+$ in/rum5t1 a
 brass1 a s+le or d\ble re$1 & ^! ?+s   
are vital 9 e/abli%+ a sci5tific basis (
 proc$ure4 ,n kn[+ :at ! in/rum5t is1 x 
is n /range t we are n ( "o m9d z to h[ 
x %\ld be play$ ^u4  ,if we are to "k ! 
sci5ce ( voice production we mu/ fir/ "k
 ! me*anism & action ( ! vocal organ4   
,?is in/rum5t1 p]haps an in* & a half 9 
l5g?1 produces tones cov]+ a compass1 9 
r>e in/ances1 ( ?ree octaves4 ,h[ does x
 d x8 ,accord+ to ! books1 9 a v>iety ( 
ways4  ,a majority ( ^? voice tea*]s :o 
believe 9 regi/]s recognize ?ree        
adju/m5ts1 *e/ middle1 & upp]1 or *e/   
m$ium1 & head1 b ,dr4 ,mac,kenzie claims
 t 9 f\r hundr$ female voices :i* he    
exam9$ he f\nd 9 mo/ cases ! *e/        
me*anism 0 us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,manc9i 7#aggd7 

says !re are in/ances 9 :i* !re is b "o 
regi/] us$ ?r\gh\t4  ,g>cia says !re are
 ?ree me*anisms--*e/1 falsetto1 & head1 
& makes !m common to bo? sexes4  ,behnke
 divides ! voice into five regi/]s--l[] 
& upp] ?ick1 l[] & upp] ?91 & small4    
,dr4 ,guilmette says t to hold t all ( !
 tones ( ! voice dep5d on "o me*anism or
 regi/] is an ackn[l$gm5t ( ignorance ( 
vocal anatomy4 ,he fur!r decl>es t !    
vocal cords h no?+ to d ) tone--t x is  
produc$ by vibration ( ! muc\s membrane 
( ! tra*ea1 l>ynx1 ph>ynx1 m\?2 9 fact1 
all ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! upp] half ( !
 body4  ,:5 x comes to ! falsetto voice1
 t sc>ehead to s _m p :o h no idea :at x
 is1 b are morally sure x is wick$ &    
ungodly1 ! sci5ti/s give _! imag9ations 
c>te blan*e4 ,dr4 ,mack5zie1 :o says !re
 are b two me*anisms1 ! long & %ort re$1
 says ! falsetto is produc$ by ! %ort   
re$4  ,lehfeldt & ,mull] hold t falsetto
 is produc$ by ! vibrations ( ! inn]    
edges or muc\s cov]+ ( ! vocal cords1 ! 
body ( ! cords be+ relax$4  ,mr4 ,lunn  

feels sure t ! true vocal cords are n   
involv$ 9 falsetto1 t voice be+ produc$ 
by ! false vocal cords4  ,mantels says t
 9 ! falsetto voice ! vocal cords d n   
produce pit*1 t ! quality & me*anism are
 bo? t ( ! flute1 t ! cords set ! air 9 
vibration & ! diff]5t tones are made by 
alt]ations 9 ! l5g? ( ! tube4  ,davidson
 ,palm] says t ! falsetto is ! remnant (
 ! boy's voice :i* has det]iorat$ ?r\gh 
lack ( use1 b :i* is ! correct me*anism 
to be us$ ?r\gh\t ! t5or voice4  ,mr4   
,*at] argues along ! same l9es z ,mr4   
,mantels except t he makes ! in/rum5t   
belong to ! cl>9et or oboe class4 ,o!rs 
believe ! vocal cords act z ! lips d 9  
play+ a brass in/rum5t4  ,b ! action ( !
 vocal cords is b ! fir/ "p ( !         
unsci5tific controv]sy4 ,:at takes place
 above ! vocal cords is equally my/ify+4
 ,! (fices ( ! ph>ynx1 ! m\?1 ! nasal   
cavities1 ! entire /ructure ( ! head 9  
fact1 are ri* 9 unc]ta9ties4  ,"s ?9k ! 
cavities ( ! ph>ynx & head are involv$  
ac\/ically & 9 "s way enl>ge1 ref9e &   

purify ! tone1 b "o fam\s man says !    
head has no?+ :atev] to d ) x4 ,ano!r   
g5tleman ( int]national reputation says 
! nose is ! mo/ important factor 9 s++4 
,if y\r nasal cavities are "r y c s+1   
o!rwise y _c4  ,& s ?is v]bal rambl+    
cont9ues2 s ! se>* = m9d 9 matt] goes   
on1 ) a s]i\sness sc>cely equall$ 9 any 
o!r l9e ( /rife4 ,!re is no?+ m c]ta9 to
 p]man5tly bewild] a vocal /ud5t ?an to 
deluge him ) pseudo-sci5tific twaddle   
ab\t ! voice4 ,& ?is = ! simple reason t
 he comes to le>n to s+1 n = a c\rse 9  
anatomy4  ,:at is sci5tific voice       
production8 ,books )\t numb] h be5      
writt5 ) ! op5ly express$ int5tion to   
give a cle> exposition ( ! subject1 b ! 
seek] = a sci5tific me?od soon f9ds     
himself 9 a maze ( conflict+ human      
op9ions f :i* he _c extricate himself4  
,we are told ) mu* unction & w>m? t     
sci5ce means to "k4 ,t x is a k (       
pr9ciples or causes1 asc]ta9$ tru?s or  
facts4 ,a sci5tific voice tea*] !n mu/  
"k some?+4 ,:at mu/ he "k8 ,books on    

sci5tific voice production usually beg9 
) a picture ( ! l>ynx1 ea* "p ( :i* is  
label$ ) a ,greek ^w sometimes long] ?an
 ! ?+ itself4 ,x !n proce$s to tell !   
unction ( ea* muscle & c>tilage & ! "p x
 plays 9 tone production4 ,n[ if ?is is 
sci5tific1 & if sci5ce is exact k1 & ?is
 exact k is ! basis ( sci5tific voice   
tea*+1 !n e "o :o has a p]fect k ( ^!   
facts ab\t ! voice1 mu/ 9 ! et]nal &    
inv>iable nature ( facts be a p]fect    
voice tea*]1 & e "o ( ^! p]fect voice   
tea*]s mu/ tea* 9 exactly ! same way &  
produce exactly ! same results4 ,does   
hi/ory support ?is argum5t8 ,q ! rev]se4
  ,!re is a sci5ce ( ac\/ics1 & 9 ?is   
sci5ce "o may le>n all ab\t tones1      
vibrat+ bodies1 vibrat+ /r+s1 vibrat+   
cavities1 simple1 comp\nd & complex     
vibrations4 ,w ?is k make him a         
sci5tific voice tea*]8 ,:5 he has le>n$ 
all ( ?is he has n yet begun to prep>e =
 voice tea*+4 ,!re is no record ( a     
great voice tea*] hav+ be5 tra9$ 9 a    
physics laboratory4  ,x is possible to  

analyze a tone & le>n h[ fundam5tal &   
upp] p>tials are comb9$ & h[ ^!         
comb9ations affect quality4 ,does ?is   
con/itute sci5tific voice production8   
,?is k may all be ga9$ f ! v>i\s h&     
books on ac\/ics4 ,has any "o ! h>dihood
 to ass]t t su* k prep>es "o = !        
responsible "w ( tra9+ voices8 ,"o may  
"k all ( ?is & /ill be z ignorant (     
voice tra9+ z a ,hott5tot is (          
,calv9ism4  ,fur!r1 :o %all decide :i*  
p>ticul> comb9ation ( fundam5tal & upp] 
p>tials con/itutes ! p]fect s++ tone8   
,if a tone is produc$ & we say1 !re is !
 p]fect tone1 all x proves is t x       
corresponds to our m5tal concept ( tone4
 ,x satisfies our e>1 :i* is ano!r t]m =
 our ta/e4  ,c a tone be disagreeable & 
/ill be sci5tifically produc$8 ,"o      
comb9ation ( fundam5tal & ov]tones is1  
/rictly speak+1 j z sci5tific z ano!r   
comb9ation4 ,! flute tone ) its two     
ov]tones is j z sci5tific z ! /r+ tone )
 its six or eight4 ,a tone is pleasant  
or disagreeable accord+ z x corresponds 

to a m5tal dem&4 ,ev5 ! mo/ h>d5$       
sci5ti/ w\ld n call a tone :i* (f5ds 8  
e> sci5tific4 ,!re=e he mu/ fir/        
produce1 or h produc$ ! tone t satisfies
 8 e>4 ,! "q !n naturally arises--:5 he 
has secur$ ! tone t satisfies 8 e> ( :at
 value beyond satisfy+ 8 curiosity is a 
physical analysis8 ,a tone is some?+ to 
he>1 & :5 x satisfies ! e> t kn[s1 t 9  
itself is unmi/akable evid5ce t x is    
rightly produc$4  ,if ?is sci5tific k ( 
tone is necess>y !n e great arti/ 9 ! _w
 is unsci5tific1 because n "o ( !m makes
 any use :atsoev] ( su* k 9 8 s++4  ,no4
 ,all ( ! sci5tific k "o may acquire is 
no gu>anty ( success z a tea*]1 b is r 9
 ! nature ( a h9drance1 because x is    
likely to lead him into me*anical ways (
 do+ ?+s4 ,fur!r1 ! possession ( su* k  
is no indication t "o w use x 9 8 tea*+4
 ,h[ mu* ( su* k c "o use 9 tea*+8 ,h[ c
 he tell1 save f ! tone itself :e!r !   
pupil is produc+ x sci5tifically8 ,x is 
a well e/abli%$ fact t ! m ! tea*] tries
 to use 8 sci5tific in=mation 9 tea*+ ! 

less ( an arti/ he becomes4  ,c\ld x be 
possible t a beautiful tone c\ld be     
produc$ contr>y to ! laws ( sci5ce8 ,x  
w\ld be an extraord9>y m9d t w\ld argue 
9 ! affirmative4  ,! mo/ beautiful tone 
is ! mo/ p]fectly produc$1 :e!r ! s+]   
kn[s any?+ ( vocal me*anism or n4 ,9 su*
 a tone !re is no consci\sness (        
me*anics or sci5tific laws4 ,! vocal    
me*anism is respond+ automatically to ! 
highe/ law 9 ! univ]se--! law ( beauty4 
,! mo/ sci5tific ?+ possible is a       
beautiful idea p]fectly express$1       
because a ?+ inh]5tly beautiful is      
et]nally true1 h5ce x is pure sci5ce4   
,e tone ( ! human voice is ! expression 
( life1 ( an idea1 a feel+1 an emotion1 
& unless int]f]$ ) ! vocal me*anism     
responds automatically4  ,he :o by      
exp]im5t or read+ has le>n$ ! action ( !
 vocal me*anism1 & attempts to make 8   
pupil control e "p ( x by direct ef=t   
may imag9e t he is tea*+ sci5tific voice
 production1 b he is n1 he is only do+ a
 me*anical ?+ 9 a clumsy way4  ,is x a  

sci5tific act to tell a pupil to hold 8 
tongue d[n1 z "o writ] argu$ rec5tly8   
,is a tea*] call+ into action ! et]nal  
laws ( sci5ce :5 he tells 8 pupil to    
drive ! tone ?r\gh ! head1 hoi/ ! s(t   
palate1 groove ! tongue1 & make !       
diaphragm rigid8 ,no4 ,he is simply do+ 
a me*anical ?+ badly = want ( a bett]   
way4 ,x is no m sci5tific ?an kick+ !   
cat out ( ! way if %e gets "u y\r feet4 
,any "o :o has le>n$ ! elem5ts (        
psy*ology or philosophy kn[s t ev]y?+   
exi/s fir/ z idea4 ,! real univ]se is ! 
"o t exi/s 9 ! m9d ( ! creator4 ,! real 
man is ! "p ( him t ?9ks4 ,to hold t !  
body ?9ks or acts is equival5t to say+ t
 ,gray's ,elegy 0 9 ! p5 ) :i* ! poet   
wrote4  ,to a natural sci5ti/ ! only    
real ?+ is :at he c see1 !re=e he bases 
8 fai? on :at he conceives to be matt]2 
b if we /udy ! great ones--,oswald1     
,huxley1 ,grant1 ,all51 & ! l1 we f9d t 
!y h long ago rea*$ ! conclusion t !re  
is no su* ?+ z matt]4 ,accord+ to       
,s*op5hau] ! _w is idea1 & ?is s call$  

mat]ial environm5t is ?\ght objectify+  
itself4  ,vocal tea*]s1 l ! memb]s ( o!r
 pr(essions1 are n altoge!r immune to an
 attack ( intellect1 & at su* times !   
?\ght t !y are do+ some?+ sci5tific is  
p>ticul>ly agreeable4  ,! only /udy (   
sci5ce t c b5efit any "o is ! /udy (    
causation1 & causation _c be cogniz$ by 
! physical s5ses4 ,we nev] see1 he>1    
feel1 ta/e1 or smell cause4 ,:at we see 
or he> is effect4 ,causation is m5tal4  
,natural sci5ce is deal+ ) ph5om5a1 )   
effect n cause4 ,a regul> recurr5ce (   
ph5om5a may e/abli% a s call$ natural   
law1 b ! law is t :i* caus$ ! ph5om5a1  
,law is =ce says ,hegel1 & x is !re=e   
m5tal4 ,we are told t ! law ( ! e>? is  
its pa? ar\nd ! sun4 ,?is is n true1 !  
law ( ! e>? is ! m9d :i* makes x revolve
 ar\nd ! sun4 ,if we w\ld le>n ! nature1
 activity1 & cause ( any?+ we mu/ look =
 x 9 m9d n 9 matt]4 ,= ?is reason !     
process ( voice production is psy*ologic
 n physiologic4 ,:5 a pupil s+s1 :at we 
he> is effect n cause4 ,if he is do+ all

 mann] ( unnecess>y ?+s ) 8 lips1       
tongue1 l>ynx1 etc4 :at we see is effect
 & ! cause is 9 wrong m5tal concepts4 ,!
 ?+ :i* caus$ ! tone is m5tal1 ! =ce :i*
 produc$ x is m5tal1 & ! means by :i* we
 "k :e!r x is good1 or bad is m5tal4  ,(
 ?is we may be sure1 t ! tone ! pupil   
s+s w n be bett] ?an ! "o he has 9 m9d4 
,a tone exi/s fir/ z a m5tal concept1 & 
! quality ( ! m5tal concept det]m9es !  
quality ( ! tone4  ,if !re be su* a ?+ z
 sci5tific voice production x w be f\nd 
9 ! s5se ( :at is inh]5tly beautiful1 & 
! sci5tific tone is "o :i* w p]fectly   
express a "r idea or emotion1 & 9 !     
nature ( ?+s !re is an appropriate tone 
= ev]y?+ t may be legitimately express$1
 = !y are correlat$ ideas4  ,:5ce       
orig9at$ ?is s call$ sci5tific voice    
tea*+8 ,t ! old ,italian knew no?+ ( x  
is well und]/ood4 ,!y consid]$ ! process
 arti/ic r ?an sci5tific4 ,h[ does x    
s\nd1 0 _! slogan4 ,! ?+ upp]mo/ 9 _!   
m9ds 0 beautiful tone1 & !y 7 wise en\gh
 to "k t :5 "o has a def9ite concept ( !

 pure s++ tone he has a m valuable asset
 ?an all ! me*anical k he c acquire4 ,!y
 _h b "o end 9 view1 namely1 a f9i%$    
arti/1 & ev]y?+ !y did 0 made to        
contribute to x4 ,! arti/ always has 9  
m9d ! f9i%$ product4 ,! sci5ti/ tries to
 f9d out h[ x is done4 ,! arti/ beg9s ) 
! idea & works =w>d to its complete     
expression4 ,! sci5ti/ beg9s ) !        
physical me*anism & works backw>d t[>d !
 idea4  ,:at is responsible = ! *ange f 
! me?ods ( ! ! sev5te5? & eighte5?      
c5turies8 ,x is safe to say t x did n   
come ?r\gh ! voice tea*]s4  ,9 ! e>ly "p
 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury an int]e/+ ?+       
happ5$4 ,h[ x happ5$ or :y x happ5$ at t
 p>ticul> "t is n kn[n nor does x matt]4
 ,! human m9d became all at once        
aggressively inquisitive4 ,! desire to  
get at ! ultimate ( ev]y?+ took         
possession ( humanity & /ill holds x4 ,!
 result 0 an era ( sci5tific analysis & 
inv5tion1 ! aim ( :i* 0 to control !    
=ces ( nature4 ,previ\s to t "t me?ods (
 liv+1 production1 transportation1      

agriculture1 etc4 7 little diff]5t f t (
 biblical times4 ,p & nations liv$ mu*  
to !mselves4 ,!y look$ )9 = _!          
inspiration & develop$ _! own national  
*>act]i/ics4 ,b ) ! inv5tion ( !        
/eam%ip1 railway1 & telegraph a *ange   
came4 ,^! improv$ me?ods (              
transportation & communication br\ght   
all ( ! m5talities ( ! _w toge!r1 & soon
 all habitable p>ts ( ! globe 7 9 daily 
& h\rly contact4 ,! result 0 a m5tal    
f]m5tation :i* increas$ ! complexity (  
civilization immeasurably & ! pres5t    
exagg]at$ & unnatural condition (       
society is ! outgr[?4  ,betwe5 #ahji &  
#ahac 7 born ,m5delssohn1 ,*op91        
,s*umann1 ,liszt1 & ,wagn]4 ,^! m5 are  
kn[n z ! f\nd]s ( ! mod]n romantic s*ool
 ( music4 ,!y grew up ) ! new           
civilization & c\ld n d o!rwise ?an     
reflect its complexity 9 _! music4 ,t ! 
new civilization 0 responsible = ! new  
art !re is no d\bt :atev]4 ,all old     
types h pass$ away4 ,all bran*es ( art h
 suff]$ radical *anges 9 con=m+ to new  

ideals4  ,s9ce ! wave ( sci5tific       
inve/igation />t$ ar\nd ! _w no?+ has   
be5 able to escape x4 ,! h& ( ! sci5ti/ 
has be5 ^u ev]y?+1 & to him r ?an to !  
voice tea*]s mu/ be giv5 ! cr$it =      
orig9at+ sci5tific voice tea*+4  ,:5 !  
sci5ti/s began publi%+ ! results ( _!   
inve/igations voice tea*]s at once      
became int]e/$4 ,! plan look$ promis+4  
,x (f]$ !m a me?od %orn ( unc]ta9ties4  
,a me?od t br\ght ev]y?+ "u ! op]ation (
 physical laws2 a me?od t dealt only )  
f9alities1 & w\ld op]ate 9 spite ( a    
lack ( musical intellig5ce on ! "p ( !  
/ud5t1 & at ! same "t enable !m to lay  
to _! s\ls ! flatt]+ unction ( sci5ce4  
,true x ignor$ altoge!r ! psy*ology ( ! 
matt]4 ,x said d x ?is way & a beautiful
 tone w come :e!r y are ?9k+ x or n1    
because sci5tific laws et]nally op]at+ 9
 ! same way et]nally produce ! same     
results4  ,! sci5tific me?od gave voice 
tea*]s an opportunity to "w ) some?+    
tangible1 some?+ !y c\ld see2 :]eas !   
developm5t ( tone concept1 ! arti/ic    

in/9ct1 musical feel+1 & musician%ip _h 
to d ) ?+s :i* to mo/ ( !m 7 intangible 
& elusive4 ,no "o d\bts ! hone/y ( !    
tea*]s :o became obsess$ ) ! sci5tific  
idea4 ,to !m x meant increas$ effici5cy 
& accuracy1 quick] results ) less ef=t1 
& s !y broke ) ! old ,italians1 ! basis 
( ^: tea*+ 0 beautiful tone & beautiful 
s++4 ,9 spite ( ! hone/y ( purpose ( all
 ^? :o foll[$ ! new way1 ! results 7    
calamit\s4 ,! art ( s++ receiv$ a s]i\s 
setback4 ,voices )\t numb] 7 ru9$4 ,f ! 
middle to ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !    
sci5tific idea 0 rampant1 & dur+ t p]iod
 x is probable t ! wor/ voice tea*+ 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ! _w 0 done4 ,l>ge numb]s ( p )
 nei!r musician%ip nor musical in/9cts  
acquir$ a smatt]+ ( anatomy & a few     
me*anical rules & adv]tis$ !mselves z   
tea*]s ( sci5tific voice production4 ,! 
great body ( vocal /ud5ts1 anxi\s to    
le>n to s+ 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 hav+ 
no way ( tell+ ! g5u9e f ! spuri\s      
except by try+ x1 fell an easy prey1 & !
 am\nt ( vocal damage & disa/] visit$ ^u

 s+]s 9 ! "n ( sci5ce is beyond         
calculation4  ,=tunately ! reaction has 
begun4 ,sl[ly b surely we are return+ to
 a san] condition ( m9d4 ,e ye> adds to 
! numb] ( ^? :o recognize s++ z an art1 
^: vision is cle> en\gh to see t ! "w ( 
! sci5tific inve/igator %\ld be conf9$  
to ! laboratory & t x has no place 9 !  
/udio4 ,we are beg9n+ to see t ! basic  
pr9ciple ( s++ is fre$om 9 ! expression 
( ! beautiful1 & t ! less !re is ( !    
me*anical 9 ! process ! bett]4          
,,bibliography   ,! ,italian ,s*ool (   
,florid ,song4 ,pi] ,franceso ,tosi4    
,london1 #agdc4  ,practical ,reflections
 on ! ,figurative ,art ( ,s++4 ,manc9i  
7#agaf-ahjj7 ,engli% ,edition4 ,bo/on1  
#aiab4  ,! ,psy*ology ( ,s++4 ,david    
,taylor4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4  ,!         
,philosophy ( ,s++4 ,cl>a ,ka?le5       
,rog]s4 ,new ,york1 #ahih4  ,my ,voice &
 ,i4 ,cl>a ,ka?le5 ,rog]s4 ,*icago1     
#aiaj4  ,! ,rightly ,produc$ ,voice4    
,davidson ,palm]4 ,london1 #ahig4       
,expression 9 ,s++4 ,h4 ,s4 ,kirkl&4    

,bo/on1 #aiaf4  ,! ,art ( ! ,s+]4 ,w4   
,j4 ,h5d]son4 ,new ,york1 #aijf4        
,engli% ,diction = ,s+]s & ,speak]s4    
,l\is ,ar?ur ,russell4 ,bo/on1 #aije4   
,resonance 9 ,speak+ & ,s++4 ,?omas     
,fillebr[n4 ,bo/on1 #aiaa4  ,h9ts (     
,s++4 ,g>cia4 ,london1 #ahid4  ,! ,s++ (
 ! ,future4 ,d4 ,ffrangcon-,davies4     
,london1 #aijh4  ,voice1 ,song1 &       
,spee*4 ,br[n & ,behnke4 ,london1 #ahhd4
  ,voice ,build+ & ,tone ,plac+4 ,h4    
,holbrook ,curtis1 ,m4 ,d4 ,new ,york1  
#ahif4  ,vocal ,physiology4 ,alex4      
,guilmette1 ,m4 ,d4 ,bo/on1 #ahgh4  ,!  
,philosophy ( ,art4  ,edw>d ,h[>d       
,griggs4  ,new ,york1 #aiac4  ,anci5t   
,art & ,ritual4 ,jane ,ell5 ,h>rison4   
,new ,york1 #aiac4  ,! ,musical         
,amateur4 ,rob]t ,s*auffl]4 ,new ,york1 
#aiac4  ,art = ,art's ,sake4 ,john ,c4  
,van ,dyke4 ,new ,york1 #aiad4  ,:at is 
,art4 ,c\nt ,leo ,tol/oi4 ,new ,york4   
,! ,life ( ,reason4 ,george ,santayana4 
,new ,york1 #aiac4  ,! ,creative        
,imag9ation4 ,ribot4 ,*icago1 #aijf4    

,e/hetics4 ,kate ,gordon4 ,new ,york1   
#aiac4  ,! ,new ,laocoon4 ,irv+ ,babbit4
 ,bo/on1 #aiaj4  ,a ,new ,e/hetic4      
,f]rucio ,busoni4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4  ,!
 ,sci5tific ,use ( ! ,imag9ation4       
,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,john ,tyndall4    
,london4  ,! ,philosophy ( ,/yle4 ,h]b]t
 ,sp5c]4  ,! ,evolution ( ! ,art (      
,music4 ,hub]t ,p>ry4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4
  ,/udies 9 ,mod]n ,music4 ,w4 ,h4      
,had[4 ,london1 #aijd4  ,appreciation ( 
,art4 ,blan*e ,lov]idge4 ,granville1    
,o41 #aiab4  ,music & ,nationalism4     
,cecil ,=sy?4 ,london1 #aiaa4  ,!       
,s5sations ( ,tone4 ,h4 ,l4 ,f4         
,helmholtz4 ,london1 #ahhe4