,on ,w> by ,g5]al ,c>l von ,clausewitz ,,translat$ ,,by ,,colonel ,j4,j4 ,,graham #ahgd 0 #a/ edition ( ?is translation4 #aiji 0 ! ,london repr9t+4 ,,new ,,& ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,& ,,notes ,,by ,,colonel ,f4,n4 ,,maude ,c4,b4 7,,late ,r4,e47 ,,eigh? ,,impression ,,9 ,,?ree ,,volumes ,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,notice ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,,brief ,,memoir ,,( ,,g5]al ,,clausewitz ,,book ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,w> ,,*apt] ,i4 ,:at is ,w>8 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,ends & ,means 9 ,w> ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,g5ius = ,w> ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,( ,dang] 9 ,w> ,,*apt] ,v4 ,( ,bodily ,ex]tion 9 ,w> ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,in=mation 9 ,w> ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,friction 9 ,w> ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks1 ,book ,i ,,book ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,w> ,,*apt] ,i4 ,bran*es ( ! ,art ( ,w> ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,on ! ,!ory ( ,w> ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,art or ,sci5ce ( ,w> ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,me?odicism ,,*apt] ,v4 ,criticism ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,on ,examples ,,book ,,iii4 ,,( ,,/rategy ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,*apt] ,i4 ,/rategy ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,elem5ts ( ,/rategy ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,moral ,=ces ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,*ief ,moral ,p[]s ,,*apt] ,v4 ,milit>y ,virtue ( an ,army ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,boldness ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,p]sev]ance ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,sup]iority ( ,numb]s ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,surprise ,,*apt] ,x4 ,/ratagem ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,assembly ( ,=ces 9 ,space ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,assembly ( ,=ces 9 ,"t ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,/rategic ,res]ve ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,economy ( ,=ces ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,geometrical ,elem5t ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,on ! ,susp5sion ( ! ,act 9 ,w> ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,on ! ,"* ( ,mod]n ,w> ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,t5sion & ,re/ ,,book ,,iv4 ,,! ,,combat ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introductory ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,"* ( a ,mod]n ,battle ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,combat 9 ,g5]al ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,combat 9 ,g5]al 7cont9uation7 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,on ! ,signification ( ! ,combat ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,duration ( ,combat ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,decision ( ! ,combat ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,mutual ,und]/&+ z to a ,battle ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,battle ,,*apt] ,x4 ,effects ( ,victory ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,use ( ! ,battle ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,/rategic ,means ( ,utilis+ ,victory ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,retreat ,aft] a ,lo/ ,battle ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,night ,fight+ ,,book ,v4 ,,milit>y ,,=ces ,,*apt] ,i4 ,g5]al ,s*eme ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,!atre ( ,w>1 ,army1 ,campaign ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,relation ( ,p[] ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,relation ( ! ,?ree ,arms ,,*apt] ,v4 ,ord] ( ,battle ( an ,army ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,g5]al ,disposition ( an ,army ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,advanc$ ,gu>d & ,out-,po/s ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,mode ( ,action ( ,advanc$ ,corps ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,camps ,,*apt] ,x4 ,m>*es ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,m>*es 7cont9u$7 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,m>*es 7cont9u$7 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,cantonm5ts ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,subsi/5ce ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,base ( ,op]ations ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,l9es ( ,communication ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,on ,c\ntry & ,gr\nd ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,comm& ( ,gr\nd ,,book ,,vi4 ,,def5ce ,,*apt] ,i4 ,(f5ce & ,def5ce ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,relations ( ! ,(f5sive & ,def5sive to ,ea* ,o!r 9 ,tactics ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,relations ( ! ,(f5sive & ,def5sive to ,ea* ,o!r 9 ,/rategy ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,conv]g5ce ( ,attack & ,div]g5ce ( ,def5ce ,,*apt] ,v4 ,"* ( ,/rategic ,def5sive ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,ext5t ( ! ,means ( ,def5ce ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,mutual ,action & ,reaction ( ,attack & ,def5ce ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,me?ods ( ,resi/ance ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,def5sive ,battle ,,*apt] ,x4 ,=tresses ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,=tresses 7cont9u$7 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,def5sive ,position ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,/rong ,positions & ,entr5*$ ,camps ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,flank ,positions ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,def5ce ( ,m\nta9s ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,def5ce ( ,m\nta9s 7cont9u$7 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,def5ce ( ,m\nta9s 7cont9u$7 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,def5ce ( ,/reams & ,riv]s ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,def5ce ( ,/reams & ,riv]s 7cont9u$7 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,a4 ,def5ce ( ,swamps ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,b4 ,inundations ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,def5ce ( ,=e/s ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,! ,cordon ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,key ( ! ,c\ntry ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,op]at+ ,aga9/ a ,flank ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,retreat into ! ,int]ior ( ! ,c\ntry ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,arm+ ! ,nation ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,def5ce ( a ,!atre ( ,w> ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,def5ce ( a ,!atre ( ,w> 7cont9u$7 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,def5ce ( a ,!atre ( ,w> 7cont9u$7--,successive ,resi/ance ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,def5ce ( a ,!atre ( ,w> 7cont9u$7--,:5 ,no ,decision is ,s\ght ,= ,,book ,,vii4 ,,! ,,attack ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,attack 9 ,relation to ! ,def5ce ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,nature ( ! ,/rategical ,attack ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,on ! ,objects ( ,/rategical ,attack ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,decreas+ ,=ce ( ! ,attack ,,*apt] ,v4 ,culm9at+ ,po9t ( ! ,attack ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,de/ruction ( ! ,enemy's ,armies ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,(f5sive ,battle ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,passage ( ,riv]s ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,attack on ,def5sive ,positions ,,*apt] ,x4 ,attack on an ,entr5*$ ,camp ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,attack on a ,m\nta9 ,range ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,attack on ,cordon ,l9es ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,manuv]+ ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,attack on ,morasses1 ,inundations1 ,woods ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,attack on a ,!atre ( ,w> ) ! ,view to a ,decision ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,attack on a ,!atre ( ,w> )\t ! ,view to a ,great ,decision ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,attack on ,=tresses ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,attack on ,convoys ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,attack on ! ,enemy's ,army 9 its ,cantonm5ts ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,div]sion ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,invasion ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,on ! ,culm9at+ ,po9t ( ,victory ,,book ,,viii4 ,,plan ,,( ,,w> ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,absolute & ,real ,w> ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,a4 ,int]dep5d5ce ( ! ,p>ts 9 a ,w> ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,b4 ,on ! ,magnitude ( ! ,object ( ! ,w> & ! ,ef=ts to be ,made ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,ends 9 ,w> ,m ,precisely ,def9$--,ov]?r[ ( ! ,enemy ,,*apt] ,v4 ,ends 9 ,w> ,m ,precisely ,def9$ 7cont9u$7--,limit$ ,object ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,a4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,political ,object on ! ,milit>y ,object ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,b4 ,w> z an ,in/rum5t ( ,policy ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,limit$ ,object--,(f5sive ,w> ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,limit$ ,object--,def5ce ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,plan ( ,w> ,:5 ! ,de/ruction ( ! ,enemy is ! ,object ,,introduction ,! ,g]mans int]pret _! new national col\rs--black1 r$1 & :ite--by ! say+1 8,dur* ,na*t und ,blut zur li*t40 78,?r\gh night & blood to light071 & no "w yet writt5 conveys to ! ?9k] a cle>] conception ( all t ! r$ /reak 9 _! flag /&s = ?an ?is deep & philosophical analysis ( 8,w>0 by ,clausewitz4 ,x reveals 8,w>10 /ripp$ ( all accessories1 z ! ex]cise ( =ce = ! atta9m5t ( a political object1 unre/ra9$ by any law save t ( exp$i5cy1 & ?us gives ! key to ! int]pretation ( ,g]man political aims1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future1 :i* is unconditionally necess>y = e /ud5t ( ! mod]n conditions ( ,europe4 ,/ep by /ep1 e ev5t s9ce ,wat]loo foll[s ) logical consi/5cy f ! tea*+s ( ,napoleon1 =mulat$ = ! fir/ "t1 "s tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 by ?is rem>kable ?9k]4 ,:at ,d>w9 accompli%$ = ,biology g5]ally ,clausewitz did = ! ,life-,hi/ory ( ,nations ne>ly half a c5tury be=e him1 = bo? h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( ! same law 9 ea* case1 viz41 8,! survival ( ! fitte/0--! 8fitte/10 z ,huxley long s9ce po9t$ out1 n be+ necess>ily synonym\s ) ! e?ically 8be/40 ,nei!r ( ^! ?9k]s 0 conc]n$ ) ! e?ics ( ! /ruggle :i* ea* /udi$ s exhau/ively1 b to bo? m5 ! phase or condition pres5t$ itself nei!r z moral nor immoral1 any m ?an are fam9e1 disease1 or o!r natural ph5om5a1 b z emanat+ f a =ce inh]5t 9 all liv+ organisms :i* c only be ma/]$ by und]/&+ its nature4 ,x is 9 t _s t1 "o aft] ! o!r1 all ! ,nations ( ! ,cont95t1 taught by su* dra/ic lessons z ,kniggrtz & ,s$an1 h accept$ ! lesson1 ) ! result t to-day ,europe is an arm$ camp1 & peace is ma9ta9$ by ! equilibrium ( =ces1 & w cont9ue j z long z ?is equilibrium exi/s1 & no long]4 ,:e!r ?is /ate ( equilibrium is 9 itself a good or desirable ?+ may be op5 to argum5t4 ,i h discuss$ x at l5g? 9 my 8,w> & ! ,_w's ,life02 b ,i v5ture to sugge/ t to no "o w\ld a r5ewal ( ! era ( w>f>e be a *ange = ! bett]1 z f> z exi/+ humanity is conc]n$4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 ) e ye> t elapses ! =ces at pres5t 9 equilibrium are *ang+ 9 magnitude--! pressure ( populations :i* h to be f$ is ris+1 & an explosion along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance is1 soon] or lat]1 inevitable4 ,z ,i read ! tea*+ ( ! rec5t ,hague ,conf]5ce1 no responsible ,gov]nm5t on ! ,cont95t is anxi\s to =m 9 !mselves t l9e ( lea/ resi/ance2 !y "k only too well :at ,w> w\ld mean2 & we alone1 absolutely unconsci\s ( ! tr5d ( ! dom9ant ?\ght ( ,europe1 are pull+ d[n ! dam :i* may at any mom5t let 9 on u ! flood ( invasion4 ,n[ no responsible man 9 ,europe1 p]haps lea/ ( all 9 ,g]many1 ?anks u = ?is volunt>y de/ruction ( our def5ces1 = all :o are ( any importance w\ld v mu* r end _! days 9 peace ?an incur ! burd5 ( responsibility :i* ,w> w\ld entail4 ,b !y realise t ! gradual dissem9ation ( ! pr9ciples taught by ,clausewitz has creat$ a condition ( molecul> t5sion 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,nations !y gov]n analog\s to ! 8critical temp]ature ( wat] heat$ above boil+-po9t "u pressure10 :i* may at any mom5t br+ ab\t an explosion :i* !y w be p[]less to control4 ,! case is id5tical ) t ( an ord9>y /eam boil]1 deliv]+ s & s _m p\nds ( /eam to its eng9es z long z ! envelope c conta9 ! pressure2 b let a brea* 9 its cont9uity arise--reliev+ ! boil+ wat] ( all re/ra9t--& 9 a mom5t ! :ole mass fla%es into vap\r1 develop+ a p[] no "w ( man c oppose4 ,! ultimate consequ5ces ( defeat no man c =etell4 ,! only way to av]t !m is to ensure victory2 &1 aga9 foll[+ out ! pr9ciples ( ,clausewitz1 victory c only be ensur$ by ! creation 9 peace ( an organisation :i* w br+ e available man1 horse1 & gun 7or %ip & gun1 if ! w> be on ! sea7 9 ! %orte/ possible "t1 & ) ! utmo/ possible mom5tum1 ^u ! decisive field ( action--:i* 9 turn leads to ! f9al doctr9e =mulat$ by ,von d] ,goltz 9 excuse = ! action ( ! late ,presid5t ,krug] 9 #ahii3 8,! ,/atesman :o1 kn[+ 8 in/rum5t to be ready1 & see+ ,w> inevitable1 hesitates to /rike fir/ is guilty ( a crime aga9/ 8 c\ntry40 ,x is because ?is sequ5ce ( cause & effect is absolutely unkn[n to our ,memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 elect$ by popul> repres5tation1 t all our ef=ts to ensure a la/+ peace by secur+ effici5cy ) economy 9 our ,national ,def5ces h be5 r5d]$ nugatory4 ,?is e/imate ( ! influ5ce ( ,clausewitz's s5tim5ts on contempor>y ?\ght 9 ,cont95tal ,europe may appe> exagg]at$ to ^? :o h n famili>is$ !mselves ) ,m4 ,gu/av de ,bon's exposition ( ! laws gov]n+ ! =mation & conduct ( cr[ds ,i d n wi% = "o m9ute to be und]/ood z ass]t+ t ,clausewitz has be5 consci5ti\sly /udi$ & und]/ood 9 any ,army1 n ev5 9 ! ,prussian1 b 8 "w has be5 ! ultimate f\ndation on :i* e drill regulation 9 ,europe1 except our own1 has be5 re>$4 ,x is ?is ceaseless repetition ( 8 fundam5tal ideas to :i* "o-half ( ! male population ( e ,cont95tal ,nation has be5 subject$ = two to ?ree ye>s ( _! lives1 :i* has tun$ _! m9ds to vibrate 9 h>mony ) 8 precepts1 & ^? :o "k & appreciate ?is fact at its true value h only to /rike ! necess>y *ords 9 ord] to evoke a response suffici5t to ov]p[] any o!r e?ical conception :i* ^? :o h n organis$ _! =ces be=eh& c appeal to4 ,! rec5t set-back exp]i5c$ by ! ,sociali/s 9 ,g]many is an illu/ration ( my position4 ,! ,sociali/ lead]s ( t c\ntry are f> beh9d ! responsible ,gov]nors 9 _! k ( ! managem5t ( cr[ds4 ,! latt] _h long be=e 79 #ahic1 9 fact7 made _! arrangem5ts to prev5t ! spread ( ,sociali/ic propag&a beyond c]ta9 useful limits4 ,z long z ! ,sociali/s only ?reat5$ capital !y 7 n s]i\sly int]f]$ )1 = ! ,gov]nm5t knew q well t ! undisput$ sway ( ! employ] 0 n = ! ultimate good ( ! ,/ate4 ,! /&>d ( com=t mu/ n be pit*$ too l[ if m5 are to be ready to die = _! c\ntry4 ,b ! mom5t ! ,sociali/s began to int]f]e s]i\sly ) ! discipl9e ( ! ,army ! ^w w5t r\nd1 & ! ,sociali/s lo/ heavily at ! polls4 ,if ?is p[] ( pr$et]m9$ reaction to acquir$ ideas c be evok$ successfully 9 a matt] ( int]nal int]e/ only1 9 :i* ! 8obvi\s int]e/0 ( ! va/ majority ( ! population is s cle>ly on ! side ( ! ,sociali/1 x mu/ be evid5t h[ enorm\sly great] x w prove :5 set 9 motion aga9/ an ext]nal enemy1 :]e ! 8obvi\s int]e/0 ( ! p is1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 z manife/ly on ! side ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 & ! ,/atesman :o fail$ to take into acc\nt ! =ce ( ! 8resultant ?\ght wave0 ( a cr[d ( "s sev5 million m51 all tra9$ to respond to _! rul]'s call1 w\ld be guilty ( trea*]y z grave z "o :o fail$ to /rike :5 he knew ! ,army to be ready = imm$iate action4 ,z already po9t$ out1 x is to ! spread ( ,clausewitz's ideas t ! pres5t /ate ( m or less imm$iate read9ess = w> ( all ,european ,armies is due1 & s9ce ! organisation ( ^! =ces is uni=m ?is 8m or less0 ( read9ess exi/s 9 precise proportion to ! s5se ( duty :i* animates ! sev]al ,armies4 ,:]e ! _s ( duty & self-sacrifice is l[ ! troops are unready & ineffici5t2 :]e1 z 9 ,prussia1 ^! qualities1 by ! tra9+ ( a :ole c5tury1 h become in/9ctive1 troops really are ready to ! la/ button1 & might be p\r$ d[n ^u any "o ( h] neighb\rs ) su* rapidity t ! v fir/ collision mu/ suffice to ensure ultimate success--a success by no means c]ta9 if ! enemy1 :oev] he may be1 is all[$ brea?+-"t 9 :i* to set 8 h\se 9 ord]4 ,an example w make ?is cle>]4 ,9 #ahhg ,g]many 0 on ! v v]ge ( ,w> ) ,france & ,russia4 ,at t mom5t h] sup]ior effici5cy1 ! consequ5ce ( ?is inborn s5se ( duty--surely "o ( ! highe/ qualities ( humanity--0 s great t x is m ?an probable t less ?an six weeks w\ld h suffic$ to br+ ! ,fr5* to _! knees4 ,inde$1 aft] ! fir/ =tnight x w\ld h be5 possible to beg9 transf]r+ troops f ! ,rh9e to ! ,niem52 & ! same case may arise aga94 ,b if ,france & ,russia _h be5 all[$ ev5 t5 days' w>n+ ! ,g]man plan w\ld h be5 completely defeat$4 ,france alone might !n h claim$ all ! ef=ts t ,g]many c\ld h put =? to defeat h]4 ,yet !re are politicians 9 ,engl& s grossly ignorant ( ! ,g]man read+ ( ! ,napoleonic lessons t !y expect t ,nation to sacrifice ! enorm\s advantage !y h prep>$ by a :ole c5tury ( self-sacrifice & practical patriotism by an appeal to a ,c\rt ( ,arbitration1 & ! fur!r delays :i* mu/ arise by go+ ?r\gh ! m$ieval =malities ( recall+ ,ambassadors & ex*ang+ ultimatums4 ,mo/ ( our pres5t-day politicians h made _! money 9 bus9ess--a 8=m ( human competition greatly resembl+ ,w>10 to p>aphrase ,clausewitz4 ,did !y1 :5 9 ! ?roes ( su* competition1 s5d =mal notice to _! rivals ( _! plans to get ! bett] ( !m 9 comm]ce8 ,did ,mr4 ,c>negie1 ! ar*-prie/ ( ,peace at any price1 :5 he built up ! ,/eel ,tru/1 notify 8 competitors :5 & h[ he propos$ to /rike ! bl[s :i* successively made him ma/] ( millions8 ,surely ! ,directors ( a ,great ,nation may consid] ! int]e/s ( _! %>ehold]s--i4e41 ! p !y gov]n--z suffici5tly s]i\s n to be endang]$ by ! delib]ate sacrifice ( ! prepond]ant position ( read9ess :i* g5]ations ( self-devotion1 patriotism & wise =e?\ght h won = !m8 ,z reg>ds ! /rictly milit>y side ( ?is "w1 ?\gh ! rec5t rese>*es ( ! ,fr5* ,g5]al ,/aff into ! records & docum5ts ( ! ,napoleonic p]iod h %[n conclusively t ,clausewitz _h nev] grasp$ ! ess5tial po9t ( ! ,great ,emp]or's /rategic me?od1 yet x is admitt$ t he has completely fa?om$ ! _s :i* gave life to ! =m2 & not)/&+ ! v>iations 9 application :i* h result$ f ! progress ( inv5tion 9 e field ( national activity 7n 9 ! te*nical improvem5ts 9 armam5t alone71 ?is _s /ill rema9s ! ess5tial factor 9 ! :ole matt]4 ,inde$1 if any?+1 mod]n appliances h int5sifi$ its importance1 = ?\gh1 ) equal armam5ts on bo? sides1 ! =m ( battles mu/ always rema9 ! same1 ! facility & c]ta9ty ( comb9ation :i* bett] me?ods ( communicat+ ord]s & intellig5ce h conf]r$ ^u ! ,comm&]s has r5d]$ ! control ( great masses immeasurably m c]ta9 ?an x 0 9 ! pa/4 ,m5 kill ea* o!r at great] di/ances1 x is true--b kill+ is a con/ant factor 9 all battles4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 8n[ & !n0 lies 9 ?is1 t1 ?anks to ! enorm\s increase 9 range 7! ess5tial feature 9 mod]n armam5ts71 x is possible to conc5trate by surprise1 on any *os5 spot1 a man-kill+ p[] fully tw5tyfold great] ?an 0 conceivable 9 ! days ( ,wat]loo2 & :]eas 9 ,napoleon's "t ?is conc5tration ( man-kill+ p[] 7:i* 9 8 h&s took ! =m ( ! great case-%ot attack7 dep5d$ almo/ entirely on ! %ape & condition ( ! gr\nd1 :i* might or might n be fav\rable1 n[adays su* conc5tration ( fire-p[] is almo/ indep5d5t ( ! c\ntry altoge!r4 ,?us1 at ,wat]loo1 ,napoleon 0 compell$ to wait till ! gr\nd became firm en\gh = 8 guns to gallop ov]2 n[adays e gun at 8 disposal1 & five times t numb] _h he possess$ !m1 might h op5$ on any po9t 9 ! ,briti% position he _h select$1 z soon z x became light en\gh to see4 ,or1 to take a m mod]n in/ance1 viz41 ! battle ( ,/4 ,privat-,gravelotte1 ,augu/ #ah1 #ahgj1 :]e ! ,g]mans 7 able to conc5trate on bo? w+s batt]ies ( two hundr$ guns & upw>ds1 x w\ld h be5 practically impossible1 ow+ to ! section ( ! slopes ( ! ,fr5* position1 to c>ry out ! old-fa%ion$ case-%ot attack at all4 ,n[adays !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 turn+ on ! fire ( two ?\s& guns on any po9t ( ! position1 & swit*+ ?is fire up & d[n ! l9e l wat] f a fire-eng9e hose1 if ! occasion dem&$ su* conc5tration4 ,b ^! alt]ations 9 me?od make no diff]5ce 9 ! tru? ( ! picture ( ,w> :i* ,clausewitz pres5ts1 ) :i* e soldi]1 & above all e ,lead]1 %\ld be saturat$4 ,dea?1 w\nds1 suff]+1 & privation rema9 ! same1 :atev] ! weapons employ$1 & _! reaction on ! ultimate nature ( man is ! same n[ z 9 ! /ruggle a c5tury ago4 ,x is ?is reaction t ! ,great ,comm&] has to und]/& & prep>e himself to control2 & ! task becomes ev] great] z1 =tunately = humanity1 ! opportunities = ga!r+ exp]i5ce become m r>e4 ,9 ! end1 & ) e improvem5t 9 sci5ce1 ! result dep5ds m & m on ! "* ( ! ,lead] & 8 p[] ( resi/+ 8! s5su\s impressions ( ! battlefield40 ,f9ally1 = ^? :o w\ld fit !mselves 9 advance = su* responsibility1 ,i "k ( no m inspir+ advice ?an t giv5 by ,kri%na to ,arjuna ages ago1 :5 ! latt] trembl$ be=e ! awful responsibility ( laun*+ 8 ,army aga9/ ! ho/s ( ! ,p&av's3 ,?is ,life )9 all liv+ ?+s1 my ,pr9ce1 ,hides beyond h>m4 ,scorn ?\ to suff]1 !n1 ,= t :i* _c suff]4 ,d ?y "p6 ,be m9dful ( ?y "n1 & tremble n4 ,n\ght bett] c betide a m>tial s\l ,?an lawful w>4 ,happy ! w>rior ,to :om comes joy ( battle4444 4 4 4 ,b if ?\ %unn'/ ,?is hon\rable field--a ,k%ittriya-- ,if1 kn[+ ?y duty & ?y task1 ?\ bidd'/ ,duty & task g by--t %all be s96 ,& ^? to come %all speak !e infamy ,f age to age4 ,b infamy is worse ,= m5 ( noble blood to be> ?an dea?6 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,!re=e arise1 ?\ ,son ( ,kunti6 ,brace ,?9e arm = conflict2 n]ve ?y he>t to meet1 ,z ?+s alike to !e1 pleasure or pa91 ,pr(it or ru91 victory or defeat4 ,s m9d$1 gird !e to ! fight1 = s ,?\ %alt n s96 ,,col4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,maude1 ,c4,b41 late ,r4,e4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,x w naturally excite surprise t a preface by a female h& %\ld accompany a "w on su* a subject z ! pres5t4 ,= my fri5ds no explanation ( ! circum/ance is requir$2 b ,i hope by a simple relation ( ! cause to cle> myself ( ! appe>ance ( presumption 9 ! eyes also ( ^? to :om ,i am n kn[n4 ,! "w to :i* ^! l9es s]ve z a preface occupi$ almo/ entirely ! la/ twelve ye>s ( ! life ( my inexpressibly belov$ husb&1 :o has un=tunately be5 torn too soon f myself & 8 c\ntry4 ,to complete x 0 8 mo/ e>ne/ desire2 b x 0 n 8 int5tion t x %\ld be publi%$ dur+ 8 life2 & if ,i tri$ to p]suade him to alt] t int5tion1 he (t5 answ]$1 half 9 je/1 b also1 p]haps1 half 9 a =ebod+ ( e>ly dea?3 8,?\ %alt publi% x40 ,^! words 7:i* 9 ^? happy days (t5 drew te>s f me1 little z ,i 0 incl9$ to atta* a s]i\s mean+ to !m7 make x n[1 9 ! op9ion ( my fri5ds1 a duty incumb5t on me to introduce ! po/hum\s works ( my belov$ husb&1 ) a few prefatory l9es f myself2 & al?\gh "h may be a diff]5ce ( op9ion on ?is po9t1 /ill ,i am sure !re w be no mi/ake z to ! feel+ :i* has prompt$ me to ov]come ! timidity :i* makes any su* appe>ance1 ev5 9 a subord9ate "p1 s difficult = a woman4 ,x w be und]/ood1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ,i _c h ! mo/ remote int5tion ( consid]+ myself z ! real editress ( a "w :i* is f> above ! scope ( my capacity3 ,i only /& at its side z an affectionate companion on its entrance into ! _w4 ,?is position ,i may well claim1 z a simil> "o 0 all[$ me dur+ its =mation & progress4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) our happy m>ri$ life1 & "k h[ we %>$ ev]y?+ ) ea* o!r--n only joy & sorr[1 b also e occupation1 e int]e/ ( daily life--w und]/& t my belov$ husb& c\ld n be occupi$ on a "w ( ?is k9d )\t its be+ kn[n to me4 ,!re=e1 no "o c l me be> te/imony to ! zeal1 to ! love ) :i* he lab\r$ on x1 to ! hopes :i* he b\nd up ) x1 z well z ! mann] & "t ( its elaboration4 ,8 ri*ly gift$ m9d _h f 8 e>ly y\? long$ = light & tru?1 &1 v>i$ z 7 8 tal5ts1 /ill he _h *iefly direct$ 8 reflections to ! sci5ce ( w>1 to :i* ! duties ( 8 pr(ession call$ him1 & :i* are ( su* importance = ! b5efit ( ,/ates4 ,s*>nhor/ 0 ! fir/ to lead him into ! "r road1 & 8 subsequ5t appo9tm5t 9 #ahaj z ,in/ructor at ! ,g5]al ,w> ,s*ool1 z well z ! hon\r conf]r$ on him at ! same "t ( giv+ milit>y in/ruction to ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 t5d$ fur!r to give 8 inve/igations & /udies t direction1 & to lead him to put d[n 9 writ+ :atev] conclusions he arriv$ at4 ,a pap] ) :i* he f9i%$ ! in/ruction ( ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce conta9s ! g]m ( 8 subsequ5t works4 ,b x 0 9 ! ye> #ahaf1 at ,cobl5tz1 t he fir/ devot$ himself aga9 to sci5tific lab\rs1 & to collect+ ! fruits :i* 8 ri* exp]i5ce 9 ^? f\r ev5tful ye>s _h br\ght to maturity4 ,he wrote d[n 8 views1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 %ort essays1 only loosely connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! foll[+1 )\t date1 :i* has be5 f\nd among/ 8 pap]s1 seems to belong to ^? e>ly days4 8,9 ! pr9ciples "h committ$ to pap]1 9 my op9ion1 ! *ief ?+s :i* compose ,/rategy1 z x is call$1 are t\*$ ^u4 ,i look$ ^u !m only z mat]ials1 & _h j got to su* a l5g? t[>ds ! m\ld+ !m into a :ole4 8,^! mat]ials h be5 amass$ )\t any regul>ly preconceiv$ plan4 ,my view 0 at fir/1 )\t reg>d to sy/em & /rict connection1 to put d[n ! results ( my reflections ^u ! mo/ important po9ts 9 q brief1 precise1 compact propositions4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,montesquieu has treat$ 8 subject float$ be=e me 9 idea4 ,i ?\ght t concise1 s5t5ti\s *apt]s1 :i* ,i propos$ at fir/ to call gra9s1 w\ld attract ! att5tion ( ! intellig5t j z mu* by t :i* 0 to be develop$ f !m1 z by t :i* !y conta9$ 9 !mselves4 ,i _h1 !re=e1 be=e me 9 idea1 intellig5t read]s already acqua9t$ ) ! subject4 ,b my nature1 :i* always impels me to developm5t & sy/ematis+1 at la/ work$ its way out also 9 ?is in/ance4 ,= "s "t ,i 0 able to conf9e myself to extract+ only ! mo/ important results f ! essays1 :i*1 to atta9 cle>ness & conviction 9 my own m9d1 ,i wrote ^u diff]5t subjects1 to conc5trat+ 9 t mann] _! _s 9 a small compass2 b aft]w>ds my peculi>ity ga9$ asc5d5cy completely--,i h develop$ :at ,i c\ld1 & ?us naturally h suppos$ a read] n yet acqua9t$ ) ! subject4 8,! m ,i advanc$ ) ! "w1 & ! m ,i yield$ to ! _s ( inve/igation1 s mu* ! m ,i 0 also l$ to sy/em2 & ?us1 !n1 *apt] aft] *apt] has be5 ins]t$4 8,my ultimate view has n[ be5 to g ?r\gh ! :ole once m1 to e/abli% by fur!r explanation mu* ( ! e>li] treatises1 & p]haps to cond5se into results _m analyses on ! lat] ones1 & ?us to make a mod]ate :ole out ( x1 =m+ a small octavo volume4 ,b x 0 my wi% also 9 ?is to avoid ev]y?+ common1 ev]y?+ t is pla9 ( itself1 t has be5 said a hundr$ times1 & is g5]ally accept$2 = my ambition 0 to write a book t w\ld n be =gott5 9 two or ?ree ye>s1 & :i* any "o int]e/$ 9 ! subject w\ld at all ev5ts take up m ?an once40 ,9 ,cobl5tz1 :]e he 0 mu* occupi$ ) duty1 he c\ld only give occasional h\rs to 8 private /udies4 ,x 0 n until #ahah1 aft] 8 appo9tm5t z ,director ( ! ,g5]al ,academy ( ,w> at ,b]l91 t he _h ! leisure to exp& 8 "w1 & enri* x f ! hi/ory ( mod]n w>s4 ,?is leisure also reconcil$ him to 8 new avocation1 :i*1 9 o!r respects1 0 n satisfactory to him1 z1 accord+ to ! exi/+ organisation ( ! ,academy1 ! sci5tific "p ( ! c\rse is n "u ! ,director1 b conduct$ by a ,bo>d ( ,/udies4 ,free z he 0 f all petty vanity1 f e feel+ ( re/less1 egoti/ical ambition1 /ill he felt a desire to be really useful1 & n to leave inactive ! abilities ) :i* ,god _h end[$ him4 ,9 active life he 0 n 9 a position 9 :i* ?is long+ c\ld be satisfi$1 & he _h little hope ( atta9+ to any su* position3 8 :ole en]gies 7 !re=e direct$ ^u ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 & ! b5efit :i* he hop$ to lay ! f\ndation ( by 8 "w 0 ! object ( 8 life4 ,t1 not)/&+ ?is1 ! resolution n to let ! "w appe> until aft] 8 dea? became m confirm$ is ! be/ pro( t no va91 paltry long+ = praise & di/9ction1 no p>ticle ( egoti/ical views1 0 mix$ up ) ?is noble aspiration = great & la/+ usefulness4 ,?us he work$ dilig5tly on1 until1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahcj1 he 0 appo9t$ to ! artill]y1 & 8 en]gies 7 call$ into activity 9 su* a diff]5t sph]e1 & to su* a high degree1 t he 0 oblig$1 = ! mom5t at lea/1 to give up all lit]>y "w4 ,he !n put 8 pap]s 9 ord]1 seal$ up ! sep>ate packets1 labell$ !m1 & took sorr[ful leave ( ?is employm5t :i* he lov$ s mu*4 ,he 0 s5t to ,breslau 9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye>1 z ,*ief ( ! ,second ,artill]y ,di/rict1 b 9 ,decemb] recall$ to ,b]l91 & appo9t$ ,*ief ( ! ,/aff to ,field-,m>%al ,c\nt ,gneis5au 7= ! t]m ( 8 comm&74 ,9 ,m>* #ahca1 he accompani$ 8 rev]$ ,comm&] to ,pos54 ,:5 he return$ f !re to ,breslau 9 ,novemb] aft] ! melan*oly ev5t :i* _h tak5 place1 he hop$ to resume 8 "w & p]haps complete x 9 ! c\rse ( ! w9t]4 ,! ,almighty has will$ x %\ld be o!rwise4 ,on ! #g? ,novemb] he return$ to ,breslau2 on ! #af? he 0 no m2 & ! packets seal$ by himself 7 n op5$ until aft] 8 dea?4 ,! pap]s ?us left are ^? n[ made public 9 ! foll[+ volumes1 exactly 9 ! condition 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd1 )\t a ^w be+ add$ or eras$4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 !re 0 mu* to d be=e publication1 9 ! way ( putt+ !m 9 ord] & consult+ ab\t !m2 & ,i am deeply indebt$ to sev]al s9c]e fri5ds = ! assi/ance !y h af=d$ me1 p>ticul>ly ,major ,o',etzel1 :o k9dly und]took ! correction ( ! ,press1 z well z ! prep>ation ( ! maps to accompany ! hi/orical p>ts ( ! "w4 ,i mu/ also m5tion my mu*-lov$ bro!r1 :o 0 my support 9 ! h\r ( my mis=tune1 & :o has also done mu* = me 9 respect ( ^! pap]s2 among/ o!r ?+s1 by c>efully exam9+ & putt+ !m 9 ord]1 he f\nd ! comm5cem5t ( ! revision :i* my de> husb& wrote 9 ! ye> #ahbg1 & m5tions 9 ! ,notice h]eaft] annex$ z a "w he _h 9 view4 ,?is revision has be5 ins]t$ 9 ! place int5d$ = x 9 ! fir/ book 7= x does n g any fur!r74 ,!re are /ill _m o!r fri5ds to :om ,i might (f] my ?anks = _! advice1 = ! sympa?y & fri5d%ip :i* !y h %[n me2 b if ,i d n "n !m all1 !y w1 ,i am sure1 n h any d\bts ( my s9c]e gratitude4 ,x is all ! great]1 f my firm conviction t all !y h done 0 n only on my own acc\nt1 b = ! fri5d :om ,god has ?us call$ away f !m s soon4 ,if ,i h be5 highly bless$ z ! wife ( su* a man dur+ "o & tw5ty ye>s1 s am ,i /ill1 not)/&+ my irrep>able loss1 by ! treasure ( my recollections & ( my hopes1 by ! ri* legacy ( sympa?y & fri5d%ip :i* ,i owe ! belov$ dep>t$1 by ! elevat+ feel+ :i* ,i exp]i5ce at see+ 8 r>e wor? s g5]ally & hon\rably ackn[l$g$4 ,! tru/ confid$ to me by a ,royal ,c\ple is a fre% b5efit = :i* ,i h to ?ank ! ,almighty1 z x op5s to me an hon\rable occupation1 to :i* ,i devote myself4 ,may ?is occupation be bless$1 & may ! de> little ,pr9ce :o is n[ entru/$ to my c>e1 "s day read ?is book1 & be animat$ by x to de$s l ^? ( 8 glori\s ance/ors4 ,writt5 at ! ,m>ble ,palace1 ,potsdam1 #cj? ,june1 #ahcb4 ,,m>ie ,,von ,,clausewitz1 ,born ,c\ntess ,brhl1 ,ob]h(mei/]9n to ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,pr9cess ,william4 ,,notice ,i look ^u ! fir/ six books1 ( :i* a fair copy has n[ be5 made1 z only a mass :i* is /ill 9 a mann] )\t =m1 & :i* has yet to be aga9 revis$4 ,9 ?is revision ! two k9ds ( ,w> w be ev]y:]e kept m di/9ctly 9 view1 by :i* all ideas w acquire a cle>] mean+1 a m precise direction1 & a clos] application4 ,! two k9ds ( ,w> are1 fir/1 ^? 9 :i* ! object is ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy1 :e!r x be t we aim at 8 de/ruction1 politically1 or m]ely at dis>m+ him & =c+ him to conclude peace on our t]ms2 & next1 ^? 9 :i* our object is m]ely to make "s conque/s on ! fronti]s ( 8 c\ntry1 ei!r = ! purpose ( reta9+ !m p]man5tly1 or ( turn+ !m to acc\nt z matt] ( ex*ange 9 ! settlem5t ( a peace4 ,transition f "o k9d to ! o!r mu/ c]ta9ly cont9ue to exi/1 b ! completely diff]5t nature ( ! t5d5cies ( ! two mu/ ev]y:]e appe>1 & mu/ sep>ate f ea* o!r ?+s :i* are incompatible4 ,besides e/abli%+ ?is real diff]5ce 9 ,w>s1 ano!r practically necess>y po9t ( view mu/ at ! same "t be e/abli%$1 :i* is1 t ,w> is only a cont9uation ( ,/ate policy by o!r means4 ,?is po9t ( view be+ adh]$ to ev]y:]e1 w introduce mu* m unity into ! consid]ation ( ! subject1 & ?+s w be m easily dis5tangl$ f ea* o!r4 ,al?\gh ! *ief application ( ?is po9t ( view does n comm5ce until we get to ! eigh? book1 /ill x mu/ be completely develop$ 9 ! fir/ book1 & also l5d assi/ance ?r\gh\t ! revision ( ! fir/ six books4 ,?r\gh su* a revision ! fir/ six books w get rid ( a good deal ( dross1 _m r5ts & *asms w be clos$ up1 & mu* t is ( a g5]al nature w be trans=m$ into di/9ct conceptions & =ms4 ,! sev5? book--on attack--= ! diff]5t *apt]s ( :i* sket*es are already made1 is to be consid]$ z a reflection ( ! six?1 & mu/ be complet$ at once1 accord+ to ! above-m5tion$ m di/9ct po9ts ( view1 s t x w require no fre% revision1 b r may s]ve z a model 9 ! revision ( ! fir/ six books4 ,= ! eigh? book--on ! ,plan ( a ,w>1 t is1 ( ! organisation ( a :ole ,w> 9 g5]al--sev]al *apt]s are design$1 b !y are n at all to be reg>d$ z real mat]ials1 !y are m]ely a track1 r\ghly cle>$1 z x 71 ?r\gh ! mass1 9 ord] by t means to asc]ta9 ! po9ts ( mo/ importance4 ,!y h answ]$ ?is object1 & ,i propose1 on f9i%+ ! sev5? book1 to proce$ at once to ! work+ out ( ! eigh?1 :]e ! two po9ts ( view above m5tion$ w be *iefly affirm$1 by :i* ev]y?+ w be simplifi$1 & at ! same "t h a _s brea!d into x4 ,i hope 9 ?is book to iron out _m creases 9 ! heads ( /rategi/s & /atesm51 & at lea/ to %[ ! object ( action1 & ! real po9t to be consid]$ 9 ,w>4 ,n[1 :5 ,i h br\ght my ideas cle>ly out by f9i%+ ?is eigh? book1 & h prop]ly e/abli%$ ! lead+ features ( ,w>1 x w be easi] = me to c>ry ! _s ( ^! ideas 9 to ! fir/ six books1 & to make ^! same features %[ !mselves ev]y:]e4 ,!re=e ,i %all def] till !n ! revision ( ! fir/ six books4 ,%\ld ! "w be int]rupt$ by my dea?1 !n :at is f\nd c only be call$ a mass ( conceptions n br\ght into =m2 b z ^! are op5 to endless misconceptions1 !y w d\btless give rise to a numb] ( crude criticisms3 = 9 ^! ?+s1 e "o ?9ks1 :5 he takes up 8 p51 t :atev] comes into 8 head is wor? say+ & pr9t+1 & q z incontrov]tible z t twice two make f\r4 ,if su* a "o w\ld take ! pa9s1 z ,i h done1 to ?9k ov] ! subject1 = ye>s1 & to comp>e 8 ideas ) milit>y hi/ory1 he w\ld c]ta9ly be a little m gu>d$ 9 8 criticism4 ,/ill1 not)/&+ ?is imp]fect =m1 ,i believe t an imp>tial read] ?ir/+ = tru? & conviction w rightly appreciate 9 ! fir/ six books ! fruits ( sev]al ye>s' reflection & a dilig5t /udy ( ,w>1 & t1 p]haps1 he w f9d 9 !m "s lead+ ideas :i* may br+ ab\t a revolution 9 ! !ory ( ,w>4 ,b]l91 #aj? ,july1 #ahbg4 ,besides ?is notice1 among/ ! pap]s left ! foll[+ unf9i%$ memor&um 0 f\nd1 :i* appe>s ( v rec5t date3 ,! manuscript on ! conduct ( ! ,gr&e ,gu]re1 :i* w be f\nd aft] my dea?1 9 its pres5t /ate c only be reg>d$ z a collection ( mat]ials f :i* x is int5d$ to con/ruct a !ory ( ,w>4 ,) ! great] "p ,i am n yet satisfi$2 & ! six? book is to be look$ at z a m]e essay3 ,i %\ld h completely remodell$ x1 & h tri$ a diff]5t l9e4 ,b ! rul+ pr9ciples :i* p]vade ^! mat]ials ,i hold to be ! "r ones3 !y are ! result ( a v v>i$ reflection1 keep+ always 9 view ! reality1 & always be>+ 9 m9d :at ,i h le>nt by exp]i5ce & by my int]c\rse ) di/+ui%$ soldi]s4 ,! sev5? book is to conta9 ! attack1 ! subjects ( :i* are ?r[n toge!r 9 a ha/y mann]3 ! eigh?1 ! plan = a ,w>1 9 :i* ,i w\ld h exam9$ ,w> m especially 9 its political & human aspects4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ! fir/ book is ! only "o :i* ,i consid] z complet$2 x w at lea/ s]ve to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ,i propos$ to treat ! subject ?r\gh\t4 ,! !ory ( ! ,gr&e ,gu]re1 or ,/rategy1 z x is call$1 is beset ) extraord9>y difficulties1 & we may affirm t v few m5 h cle> conceptions ( ! sep>ate subjects1 t is1 conceptions c>ri$ up to _! full logical conclusions4 ,9 real action mo/ m5 are guid$ m]ely by ! tact ( judgm5t :i* hits ! object m or less accurately1 accord+ z !y possess m or less g5ius4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* all great ,g5]als h act$1 & !re9 p>tly lay _! greatness & _! g5ius1 t !y always hit ^u :at 0 "r by ?is tact4 ,?us also x w always be 9 action1 & s f> ?is tact is amply suffici5t4 ,b :5 x is a "q1 n ( act+ oneself1 b ( conv9c+ o!rs 9 a consultation1 !n all dep5ds on cle> conceptions & demon/ration ( ! inh]5t relations1 & s little progress has be5 made 9 ?is respect t mo/ delib]ations are m]ely a cont5tion ( words1 re/+ on no firm basis1 & end+ ei!r 9 e "o reta9+ 8 own op9ion1 or 9 a compromise f mutual consid]ations ( respect1 a middle c\rse really )\t any value47997 7997 ,h]r ,clausewitz evid5tly _h be=e 8 m9d ! endless consultations at ! ,headqu>t]s ( ! ,bohemian ,army 9 ! ,leipsic ,campaign #ahac4 ,cle> ideas on ^! matt]s are !re=e n :olly useless2 besides1 ! human m9d has a g5]al t5d5cy to cle>ness1 & always wants to be consi/5t ) ! necess>y ord] ( ?+s4 ,ow+ to ! great difficulties att5d+ a philosophical con/ruction ( ! ,art ( ,w>1 & ! _m attempts at x t h fail$1 mo/ p h come to ! conclusion t su* a !ory is impossible1 because x conc]ns ?+s :i* no /&+ law c embrace4 ,we %\ld also jo9 9 ?is op9ion & give up any attempt at a !ory1 7 x n t a great numb] ( propositions make !mselves evid5t )\t any difficulty1 z1 = in/ance1 t ! def5sive =m1 ) a negative object1 is ! /rong] =m1 ! attack1 ) ! positive object1 ! weak]--t great results c>ry ! little ones ) !m--t1 !re=e1 /rategic effects may be ref]r$ to c]ta9 c5tres ( gravity--t a demon/ration is a weak] application ( =ce ?an a real attack1 t1 !re=e1 !re mu/ be "s special reason = resort+ to ! =m]--t victory consi/s n m]ely 9 ! conque/ on ! field ( battle1 b 9 ! de/ruction ( arm$ =ces1 physically & morally1 :i* c 9 g5]al only be effect$ by a pursuit aft] ! battle is ga9$--t successes are always greate/ at ! po9t :]e ! victory has be5 ga9$1 t1 !re=e1 ! *ange f "o l9e & object to ano!r c only be reg>d$ z a necess>y evil--t a turn+ movem5t is only ju/ifi$ by a sup]iority ( numb]s g5]ally or by ! advantage ( our l9es ( communication & retreat ov] ^? ( ! enemy--t flank positions are only ju/ifiable on simil> gr\nds--t e attack becomes weak] z x progresses4 ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,t ! conception ( ! sci5tific does n consi/ alone1 or *iefly1 9 sy/em1 & its f9i%$ !oretical con/ructions1 requires n[adays no exposition4 ,sy/em 9 ?is treatise is n to be f\nd on ! surface1 & in/ead ( a f9i%$ build+ ( !ory1 !re are only mat]ials4 ,! sci5tific =m lies "h 9 ! endeav\r to explore ! nature ( milit>y ph5om5a to %[ _! aff9ity ) ! nature ( ! ?+s ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,n[h]e has ! philosophical argum5t be5 evad$1 b :]e x runs out into too ?9 a ?read ! ,au?or has pref]r$ to cut x %ort1 & fall back ^u ! correspond+ results ( exp]i5ce2 = 9 ! same way z _m plants only be> fruit :5 !y d n %oot too high1 s 9 ! practical arts ! !oretical leaves & fl[]s mu/ n be made to spr\t too f>1 b kept ne> to exp]i5ce1 :i* is _! prop] soil4 ,unque/ionably x w\ld be a mi/ake to try to discov] f ! *emical +r$i5ts ( a gra9 ( corn ! =m ( ! e> ( corn :i* x be>s1 z we h only to g to ! field to see ! e>s ripe4 ,inve/igation & obs]vation1 philosophy & exp]i5ce1 mu/ nei!r despise nor exclude "o ano!r2 !y mutually af=d ea* o!r ! rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,consequ5tly1 ! propositions ( ?is book1 ) _! ar* ( inh]5t necessity1 are support$ ei!r by exp]i5ce or by ! conception ( ,w> itself z ext]nal po9ts1 s t !y are n )\t abutm5ts47997 7997 ,t ?is is n ! case 9 ! works ( _m milit>y writ]s especially ( ^? :o h aim$ at treat+ ( ,w> itself 9 a sci5tific mann]1 is %[n 9 _m in/ances1 9 :i* by _! reason+1 ! pro & contra swall[ ea* o!r up s effectually t !re is no ve/ige ( ! tails ev5 :i* 7 left 9 ! case ( ! two lions4 ,x is1 p]haps1 n impossible to write a sy/ematic !ory ( ,w> full ( _s & sub/ance1 b ours hi!rto1 h be5 v mu* ! rev]se4 ,to say no?+ ( _! unsci5tific _s1 9 _! /riv+ aft] coh]5ce & complet5ess ( sy/em1 !y ov]fl[ ) commonplaces1 truisms1 & twaddle ( e k9d4 ,if we want a /rik+ picture ( !m we h only to read ,li*t5b]g's extract f a code ( regulations 9 case ( fire4 ,if a h\se takes fire1 we mu/ seek1 above all ?+s1 to protect ! "r side ( ! h\se /&+ on ! left1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! left side ( ! h\se on ! "r2 = if we1 = example1 %\ld protect ! left side ( ! h\se on ! left1 !n ! "r side ( ! h\se lies to ! "r ( ! left1 & consequ5tly z ! fire lies to ! "r ( ?is side1 & ( ! "r side 7= we h assum$ t ! h\se is situat$ to ! left ( ! fire71 !re=e ! "r side is situat$ ne>] to ! fire ?an ! left1 & ! "r side ( ! h\se might cat* fire if x 0 n protect$ be=e x came to ! left1 :i* is protect$4 ,consequ5tly1 some?+ might be burnt t is n protect$1 & t soon] ?an some?+ else w\ld be burnt1 ev5 if x 0 n protect$2 consequ5tly we mu/ let alone ! latt] & protect ! =m]4 ,9 ord] to impress ! ?+ on "o's m9d1 we h only to note if ! h\se is situat$ to ! "r ( ! fire1 !n x is ! left side1 & if ! h\se is to ! left x is ! "r side4 ,9 ord] n to fright5 ! intellig5t read] by su* commonplaces1 & to make ! little good t !re is di/a/eful by p\r+ wat] ^u x1 ! ,au?or has pref]r$ to give 9 small +ots ( f9e metal 8 impressions & convictions1 ! result ( _m ye>s' reflection on ,w>1 ( 8 int]c\rse ) m5 ( ability1 & ( mu* p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,?us ! seem+ly weakly b\nd-toge!r *apt]s ( ?is book h aris51 b x is hop$ !y w n be f\nd want+ 9 logical connection4 ,p]haps soon a great] head may appe>1 & in/ead ( ^! s+le gra9s1 give ! :ole 9 a ca/+ ( pure metal )\t dross4 ,,brief ,,memoir ,,( ,,g5]al ,,clausewitz 7,,by ,,translator7 ,! ,au?or ( ! "w "h translat$1 ,g5]al ,c>l ,von ,clausewitz1 0 born at ,burg1 ne> ,magdeburg1 9 #aghj1 & ent]$ ! ,prussian ,army z ,fahn5junk] 7i4e41 ensign7 9 #agib4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! campaigns ( #agic-id on ! ,rh9e1 aft] :i* he seems to h devot$ "s "t to ! /udy ( ! sci5tific bran*es ( 8 pr(ession4 ,9 #ahja he ent]$ ! ,milit>y ,s*ool at ,b]l91 & rema9$ !re till #ahjc4 ,dur+ 8 resid5ce !re he attract$ ! notice ( ,g5]al ,s*>nhor/1 !n at ! head ( ! e/abli%m5t2 & ! patronage ( ?is di/+ui%$ (fic] _h imm5se influ5ce on 8 future c>e]1 & we may ga!r f 8 writ+s t he ev] aft]w>ds cont9u$ to ent]ta9 a high e/eem = ,s*>nhor/4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahjf he s]v$ z ,aide-de-camp to ,pr9ce ,augu/us ( ,prussia2 & be+ w\nd$ & tak5 prison]1 he 0 s5t into ,france until ! close ( t w>4 ,on 8 return1 he 0 plac$ on ,g5]al ,s*>nhor/'s ,/aff1 & employ$ 9 ! "w !n go+ on = ! reorganisation ( ! ,army4 ,he 0 also at ?is "t select$ z milit>y in/ructor to ! late ,k+ ( ,prussia1 !n ,cr[n ,pr9ce4 ,9 #ahab ,clausewitz1 ) sev]al o!r ,prussian (fic]s1 hav+ ent]$ ! ,russian s]vice1 8 fir/ appo9tm5t 0 z ,aide-de-camp to ,g5]al ,phul4 ,aft]w>ds1 :ile s]v+ ) ,wittg5/e9's army1 he assi/$ 9 negotiat+ ! fam\s conv5tion ( ,taurogg5 ) ,york4 ,( ! "p he took 9 t affair he has left an int]e/+ acc\nt 9 8 "w on ! 8,russian ,campaign40 ,x is !re /at$ t1 9 ord] to br+ ! correspond5ce :i* _h be5 c>ri$ on ) ,york to a t]m9ation 9 "o way or ano!r1 ! ,au?or 0 despat*$ to ,york's headqu>t]s ) two lett]s1 "o 0 f ,g5]al d',auvray1 ! ,*ief ( ! ,/aff ( ,wittg5/e9's army1 to ,g5]al ,diebits*1 %[+ ! arrangem5ts made to cut (f ,york's corps f ,macdonald 7?is 0 necess>y 9 ord] to give ,york a plausible excuse = sec$+ f ! ,fr5*72 ! o!r 0 an int]cept$ lett] f ,macdonald to ! ,duke ( ,bassano4 ,) reg>d to ! =m] ( ^!1 ! ,au?or says1 8x w\ld n h _h weight ) a man l ,york1 b = a milit>y ju/ification1 if ! ,prussian ,c\rt %\ld require "o z aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 x 0 important40 ,! second lett] 0 calculat$ at ! lea/ to call up 9 ,g5]al ,york's m9d all ! feel+s ( bitt]ness :i* p]haps = "s days pa/ _h be5 dim9i%$ by ! consci\sness ( 8 own behavi\r t[>ds ! writ]4 ,z ! ,au?or ent]$ ,g5]al ,york's *amb]1 ! latt] call$ out to him1 8,keep (f f me2 ,i w h no?+ m to d ) y2 y\r d----d ,cossacks h let a lett] ( ,macdonald's pass ?r\gh !m1 :i* br+s me an ord] to m>* on ,piktrepohn51 9 ord] !re to effect our junction4 ,all d\bt is n[ at an end2 y\r troops d n come up2 y are too weak2 m>* ,i mu/1 & ,i mu/ excuse myself f fur!r negotiation1 :i* may co/ me my head40 ,! ,au?or said t he w\ld make no opposition to all ?is1 b begg$ = a c&le1 z he _h lett]s to %[ ! ,g5]al1 &1 z ! latt] seem$ /ill to hesitate1 ! ,au?or add$1 8,y\r ,excell5cy w n surely place me 9 ! emb>rassm5t ( dep>t+ )\t hav+ execut$ my commission40 ,! ,g5]al ord]$ c&les1 & call$ 9 ,colonel von ,ro$]1 ! *ief ( 8 /aff1 f ! ante-*amb]4 ,! lett]s 7 read4 ,aft] a pause ( an in/ant1 ! ,g5]al said1 8,clausewitz1 y are a ,prussian1 d y believe t ! lett] ( ,g5]al d',auvray is s9c]e1 & t ,wittg5/e9's troops w really be at ! po9ts he m5tion$ on ! #ca/80 ,! ,au?or repli$1 8,i pl$ge myself = ! s9c]ity ( ?is lett] ^u ! k ,i h ( ,g5]al d',auvray & ! o!r m5 ( ,wittg5/e9's headqu>t]s2 :e!r ! dispositions he ann\nces c be accompli%$ z he lays d[n ,i c]ta9ly _c pl$ge myself2 = y\r ,excell5cy kn[s t 9 w> we mu/ (t5 fall %ort ( ! l9e we h drawn = ourselves40 ,! ,g5]al 0 sil5t = a few m9utes ( e>ne/ reflection2 !n he held out 8 h& to ! ,au?or1 & said1 8,y h me4 ,tell ,g5]al ,diebits* t we mu/ conf] e>ly to-morr[ at ! mill ( ,pos*551 & t ,i am n[ firmly det]m9$ to sep>ate myself f ! ,fr5* & _! cause40 ,! h\r 0 fix$ = #h ,a4,m4 ,aft] ?is 0 settl$1 ! ,g5]al add$1 8,b ,i w n d ! ?+ by halves1 ,i w get y ,mass5ba* also40 ,he call$ 9 an (fic] :o 0 ( ,mass5ba*'s cavalry1 & :o _h j left !m4 ,mu* l ,s*ill]'s ,wall5/e91 he ask$1 walk+ up & d[n ! room ! :ile1 8,:at say y\r regim5ts80 ,! (fic] broke out ) en?usiasm at ! idea ( a riddance f ! ,fr5* alliance1 & said t e man ( ! troops 9 "q felt ! same4 8,y "y ones may talk2 b my old] head is %ak+ on my %\ld]s10 repli$ ! ,g5]al47997 7997 8,campaign 9 ,russia 9 #ahab02 translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,g5]al ,von ,clausewitz 7by ,"l ,ellesm]e74 ,aft] ! close ( ! ,russian campaign ,clausewitz rema9$ 9 ! s]vice ( t c\ntry1 b 0 atta*$ z a ,russian /aff (fic] to ,bl*]'s headqu>t]s till ! ,armi/ice 9 #ahac4 ,9 #ahad1 he became ,*ief ( ! ,/aff ( ,g5]al ,walmod5's ,russo-,g]man ,corps1 :i* =m$ "p ( ! ,army ( ! ,nor? "u ,b]nadotte4 ,8 "n is frequ5tly m5tion$ ) di/9ction 9 t campaign1 p>ticul>ly 9 connection ) ! affair ( ,goehrde4 ,clausewitz re-ent]$ ! ,prussian s]vice 9 #ahae1 & s]v$ z ,*ief ( ! ,/aff to ,?ielman's corps1 :i* 0 engag$ ) ,gr\*y at ,wavre1 on ! #ah? ( ,june4 ,aft] ! ,peace1 he 0 employ$ 9 a comm& on ! ,rh9e4 ,9 #ahah1 he became ,major-,g5]al1 & ,director ( ! ,milit>y ,s*ool at :i* he _h be5 previ\sly educat$4 ,9 #ahcj1 he 0 appo9t$ ,inspector ( ,artill]y at ,breslau1 b soon aft] nom9at$ ,*ief ( ! ,/aff to ! ,army ( ,obs]vation1 "u ,m>%al ,gneis5au on ! ,poli% fronti]4 ,! late/ notices ( 8 life & s]vices are probably to be f\nd 9 ! memoirs ( ,g5]al ,br&t1 :o1 f be+ on ! /aff ( ,gneis5au's army1 0 br\ght into daily int]c\rse ) ,clausewitz 9 matt]s ( duty1 & also frequ5tly met him at ! table ( ,m>%al ,gneis5au1 at ,pos54 ,among/ o!r anecdotes1 ,g5]al ,br&t relates t1 ^u "o occasion1 ! conv]sation at ! ,m>%al's table turn$ ^u a s]mon prea*$ by a prie/1 9 :i* "s great absurdities 7 introduc$1 & a discussion arose z to :e!r ! ,bi%op %\ld n be made responsible = :at ! prie/ _h said4 ,?is l$ to ! topic ( !ology 9 g5]al1 :5 ,g5]al ,br&t1 speak+ ( himself1 says1 8,i express$ an op9ion t !ology is only to be reg>d$ z an hi/orical process1 z a mom5t 9 ! gradual developm5t ( ! human race4 ,?is br\ght ^u me an attack f all qu>t]s1 b m especially f ,clausewitz1 :o ought to h be5 on my side1 he hav+ be5 an adh]5t & pupil ( ,kiesewett]'s1 :o _h indoctr9at$ him 9 ! philosophy ( ,kant1 c]ta9ly dilut$--,i might ev5 say 9 homopa?ic doses40 ,?is anecdote is only int]e/+ z ! m5tion ( ,kiesewett] po9ts to a circum/ance 9 ! life ( ,clausewitz t may h _h an influ5ce 9 =m+ ^? habits ( ?\ght :i* di/+ui% 8 writ+s4 8,! way10 says ,g5]al ,br&t1 89 :i* ,g5]al ,clausewitz judg$ ( ?+s1 drew conclusions f movem5ts & m>*es1 calculat$ ! times ( ! m>*es1 & ! po9ts :]e decisions w\ld take place1 0 extremely int]e/+4 ,fate has un=tunately d5i$ him an opportunity ( %[+ 8 tal5ts 9 high comm&1 b ,i h a firm p]suasion t z a /rategi/ he w\ld h greatly di/+ui%$ himself4 ,z a lead] on ! field ( battle1 on ! o!r h&1 he w\ld n h be5 s mu* 9 8 "r place1 f a manque d'habitude du comm&em5t1 he want$ ! art d'enlev] les tr\pes40 ,aft] ! ,prussian ,army ( ,obs]vation 0 dissolv$1 ,clausewitz return$ to ,breslau1 & a few days aft] 8 arrival 0 seiz$ ) *ol]a1 ! se$s ( :i* he mu/ h br\ght ) him f ! army on ! ,poli% fronti]4 ,8 dea? took place 9 ,novemb] #ahca4 ,8 writ+s are conta9$ 9 n9e volumes1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea?1 b 8 fame re/s mo/ ^u ! ?ree volumes =m+ 8 treatise on 8,w>40 ,9 ! pres5t attempt to r5d] into ,engli% ?is portion ( ! works ( ,clausewitz1 ! translator is s5sible ( _m defici5cies1 b he hopes at all ev5ts to succe$ 9 mak+ ?is celebrat$ treatise bett] kn[n 9 ,engl&1 believ+1 z he does1 t s f> z ! "w conc]ns ! int]e/s ( ?is c\ntry1 x has lo/ none ( ! importance x possess$ at ! "t ( its fir/ publication4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,graham 7,col47 ,,book ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,w> ,,*apt] ,i4 ,:at is ,w>8 #a4 ,,introduction4 ,we propose to consid] fir/ ! s+le elem5ts ( our subject1 !n ea* bran* or "p1 &1 la/ ( all1 ! :ole1 9 all its relations--!re=e to advance f ! simple to ! complex4 ,b x is necess>y = u to comm5ce ) a glance at ! nature ( ! :ole1 because x is p>ticul>ly necess>y t 9 ! consid]ation ( any ( ! p>ts _! relation to ! :ole %\ld be kept con/antly 9 view4 #b4 ,,def9ition4 ,we %all n ent] into any ( ! ab/ruse def9itions ( ,w> us$ by publici/s4 ,we %all keep to ! elem5t ( ! ?+ itself1 to a duel4 ,w> is no?+ b a duel on an ext5sive scale4 ,if we w\ld conceive z a unit ! c\ntless numb] ( duels :i* make up a ,w>1 we %all d s be/ by suppos+ to ourselves two wre/l]s4 ,ea* /rives by physical =ce to compel ! o!r to submit to 8 w3 ea* endeav\rs to ?r[ 8 adv]s>y1 & ?us r5d] him incapable ( fur!r resi/ance4 ,w> !re=e is an act ( viol5ce int5d$ to compel our oppon5t to fulfil our w4 ,viol5ce arms itself ) ! inv5tions ( ,art & ,sci5ce 9 ord] to cont5d aga9/ viol5ce4 ,self-impos$ re/rictions1 almo/ imp]ceptible & h>dly wor? m5tion+1 t]m$ usages ( ,int]national ,law1 accompany x )\t ess5tially impair+ its p[]4 ,viol5ce1 t is to say1 physical =ce 7= !re is no moral =ce )\t ! conception ( ,/ates & ,law71 is !re=e ! means2 ! compulsory submission ( ! enemy to our w is ! ultimate object4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ?is object fully1 ! enemy mu/ be dis>m$1 & dis>mam5t becomes !re=e ! imm$iate object ( ho/ilities 9 !ory4 ,x takes ! place ( ! f9al object1 & puts x aside z some?+ we c elim9ate f our calculations4 #c4 ,,utmo/ ,,use ,,( ,,=ce4 ,n[1 philan?ropi/s may easily imag9e !re is a skilful me?od ( dis>m+ & ov]com+ an enemy )\t great blood%$1 & t ?is is ! prop] t5d5cy ( ! ,art ( ,w>4 ,h[ev] plausible ?is may appe>1 /ill x is an error :i* mu/ be extirpat$2 = 9 su* dang]\s ?+s z ,w>1 ! errors :i* proce$ f a _s ( b5evol5ce are ! wor/4 ,z ! use ( physical p[] to ! utmo/ ext5t by no means excludes ! co-op]ation ( ! intellig5ce1 x foll[s t he :o uses =ce unsp>+ly1 )\t ref]5ce to ! blood%$ involv$1 mu/ obta9 a sup]iority if 8 adv]s>y uses less vig\r 9 its application4 ,! =m] !n dictates ! law to ! latt]1 & bo? proce$ to extremities to :i* ! only limitations are ^? impos$ by ! am\nt ( c\nt]-act+ =ce on ea* side4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ! matt] mu/ be view$ & x is to no purpose1 x is ev5 aga9/ "o's own int]e/1 to turn away f ! consid]ation ( ! real nature ( ! affair because ! horror ( its elem5ts excites repugnance4 ,if ! ,w>s ( civilis$ p are less cruel & de/ructive ?an ^? ( savages1 ! diff]5ce arises f ! social condition bo? ( ,/ates 9 !mselves & 9 _! relations to ea* o!r4 ,out ( ?is social condition & its relations ,w> arises1 & by x ,w> is subject$ to conditions1 is controll$ & modifi$4 ,b ^! ?+s d n belong to ,w> itself2 !y are only giv5 conditions2 & to introduce into ! philosophy ( ,w> itself a pr9ciple ( mod]ation w\ld be an absurdity4 ,two motives lead m5 to ,w>3 in/9ctive ho/ility & ho/ile int5tion4 ,9 our def9ition ( ,w>1 we h *os5 z its *>act]i/ic ! latt] ( ^! elem5ts1 because x is ! mo/ g5]al4 ,x is impossible to conceive ! passion ( hatr$ ( ! wilde/ description1 bord]+ on m]e in/9ct1 )\t comb9+ ) x ! idea ( a ho/ile int5tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ho/ile int5tions may (t5 exi/ )\t be+ accompani$ by any1 or at all ev5ts by any extreme1 ho/ility ( feel+4 ,among/ savages views emanat+ f ! feel+s1 among/ civilis$ nations ^? emanat+ f ! und]/&+1 h ! pr$om9ance2 b ?is diff]5ce arises f att5dant circum/ances1 exi/+ in/itutions1 c41 &1 !re=e1 is n to be f\nd necess>ily 9 all cases1 al?\gh x prevails 9 ! majority4 ,9 %ort1 ev5 ! mo/ civilis$ nations may burn ) passionate hatr$ ( ea* o!r4 ,we may see f ?is :at a fallacy x w\ld be to ref] ! ,w> ( a civilis$ nation entirely to an intellig5t act on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & to imag9e x z cont9ually free+ itself m & m f all feel+ ( passion 9 su* a way t at la/ ! physical masses ( combatants w\ld no long] be requir$2 9 reality1 _! m]e relations w\ld suffice--a k9d ( algebraic action4 ,!ory 0 beg9n+ to drift 9 ?is direction until ! facts ( ! la/ ,w>7997 taught x bett]4 ,if ,w> is an act ( =ce1 x belongs necess>ily also to ! feel+s4 ,if x does n orig9ate 9 ! feel+s1 x reacts1 m or less1 ^u !m1 & ! ext5t ( ?is reaction dep5ds n on ! degree ( civilisation1 b ^u ! importance & duration ( ! int]e/s involv$4 7997 ,clausewitz alludes "h to ! 8,w>s ( ,lib]ation10 #ahac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,!re=e1 if we f9d civilis$ nations d n put _! prison]s to dea?1 d n deva/ate t[ns & c\ntries1 ?is is because _! intellig5ce ex]cises great] influ5ce on _! mode ( c>ry+ on ,w>1 & has taught !m m effectual means ( apply+ =ce ?an ^! rude acts ( m]e in/9ct4 ,! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 ! con/ant progress ( improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( fire>ms1 are suffici5t pro(s t ! t5d5cy to de/roy ! adv]s>y :i* lies at ! bottom ( ! conception ( ,w> is 9 no way *ang$ or modifi$ ?r\gh ! progress ( civilisation4 ,we !re=e repeat our proposition1 t ,w> is an act ( viol5ce pu%$ to its utmo/ b\nds2 z "o side dictates ! law to ! o!r1 !re arises a sort ( reciprocal action1 :i* logically mu/ lead to an extreme4 ,?is is ! fir/ reciprocal action1 & ! fir/ extreme ) :i* we meet 7fir/ reciprocal action74 #d4 ,,! ,,aim ,,is ,,to ,,dis>m ,,! ,,enemy4 ,we h already said t ! aim ( all action 9 ,w> is to dis>m ! enemy1 & we %all n[ %[ t ?is1 !oretically at lea/1 is indisp5sable4 ,if our oppon5t is to be made to comply ) our w1 we mu/ place him 9 a situation :i* is m oppressive to him ?an ! sacrifice :i* we dem&2 b ! disadvantages ( ?is position mu/ naturally n be ( a transitory nature1 at lea/ 9 appe>ance1 o!rwise ! enemy1 in/ead ( yield+1 w hold out1 9 ! prospect ( a *ange = ! bett]4 ,e *ange 9 ?is position :i* is produc$ by a cont9uation ( ! ,w> %\ld !re=e be a *ange = ! worse4 ,! wor/ condition 9 :i* a bellig]5t c be plac$ is t ( be+ completely dis>m$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! enemy is to be r$uc$ to submission by an act ( ,w>1 he mu/ ei!r be positively dis>m$ or plac$ 9 su* a position t he is ?reat5$ ) x4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! dis>m+ or ov]?r[ ( ! enemy1 :i*ev] we call x1 mu/ always be ! aim ( ,w>f>e4 ,n[ ,w> is always ! %ock ( two ho/ile bodies 9 collision1 n ! action ( a liv+ p[] ^u an inanimate mass1 because an absolute /ate ( endurance w\ld n be mak+ ,w>2 !re=e1 :at we h j said z to ! aim ( action 9 ,w> applies to bo? p>ties4 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r case ( reciprocal action4 ,z long z ! enemy is n defeat$1 he may defeat me2 !n ,i %all be no long] my own ma/]2 he w dictate ! law to me z ,i did to him4 ,?is is ! second reciprocal action1 & leads to a second extreme 7second reciprocal action74 #e4 ,,utmo/ ,,ex]tion ,,( ,,p[]s4 ,if we desire to defeat ! enemy1 we mu/ proportion our ef=ts to 8 p[]s ( resi/ance4 ,?is is express$ by ! product ( two factors :i* _c be sep>at$1 namely1 ! sum ( available means & ! /r5g? ( ! ,w4 ,! sum ( ! available means may be e/imat$ 9 a measure1 z x dep5ds 7al?\gh n entirely7 ^u numb]s2 b ! /r5g? ( volition is m difficult to det]m9e1 & c only be e/imat$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! /r5g? ( ! motives4 ,grant$ we h obta9$ 9 ?is way an approximation to ! /r5g? ( ! p[] to be cont5d$ )1 we c !n take ( our own means1 & ei!r increase !m s z to obta9 a prepond]ance1 or1 9 case we h n ! res\rces to effect ?is1 !n d our be/ by increas+ our means z f> z possible4 ,b ! adv]s>y does ! same2 !re=e1 !re is a new mutual enhancem5t1 :i*1 9 pure conception1 mu/ create a fre% ef=t t[>ds an extreme4 ,?is is ! ?ird case ( reciprocal action1 & a ?ird extreme ) :i* we meet 7?ird reciprocal action74 #f4 ,,modification ,,9 ,,! ,,reality4 ,?us reason+ 9 ! ab/ract1 ! m9d _c /op %ort ( an extreme1 because x has to deal ) an extreme1 ) a conflict ( =ces left to !mselves1 & obey+ no o!r b _! own inn] laws4 ,if we %\ld seek to d$uce f ! pure conception ( ,w> an absolute po9t = ! aim :i* we %all propose & = ! means :i* we %all apply1 ?is con/ant reciprocal action w\ld involve u 9 extremes1 :i* w\ld be no?+ b a play ( ideas produc$ by an almo/ invisible tra9 ( logical subtleties4 ,if1 adh]+ closely to ! absolute1 we try to avoid all difficulties by a /roke ( ! p51 & insi/ ) logical /rictness t 9 e case ! extreme mu/ be ! object1 & ! utmo/ ef=t mu/ be ex]t$ 9 t direction1 su* a /roke ( ! p5 w\ld be a m]e pap] law1 n by any means adapt$ to ! real _w4 ,ev5 suppos+ ?is extreme t5sion ( =ces 0 an absolute :i* c\ld easily be asc]ta9$1 /ill we mu/ admit t ! human m9d w\ld h>dly submit itself to ?is k9d ( logical *im]a4 ,!re w\ld be 9 _m cases an unnecess>y wa/e ( p[]1 :i* w\ld be 9 opposition to o!r pr9ciples ( /atecraft2 an ef=t ( ,w w\ld be requir$ disproportion$ to ! propos$ object1 :i* !re=e x w\ld be impossible to realise1 = ! human w does n d]ive its impulse f logical subtleties4 ,b ev]y?+ takes a diff]5t %ape :5 we pass f ab/ractions to reality4 ,9 ! =m]1 ev]y?+ mu/ be subject to optimism1 & we mu/ imag9e ! "o side z well z ! o!r /riv+ aft] p]fection & ev5 atta9+ x4 ,w ?is ev] take place 9 reality8 ,x w if1 7#a7 ,w> becomes a completely isolat$ act1 :i* arises sudd5ly1 & is 9 no way connect$ ) ! previ\s hi/ory ( ! combatant ,/ates4 7#b7 ,if x is limit$ to a s+le solution1 or to sev]al simultane\s solutions4 7#c7 ,if x conta9s )9 itself ! solution p]fect & complete1 free f any reaction ^u x1 ?r\gh a calculation be=eh& ( ! political situation :i* w foll[ f x4 #g4 ,,w> ,,is ,,nev] ,,an ,,isolat$ ,,act4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ po9t1 nei!r ( ! two oppon5ts is an ab/ract p]son to ! o!r1 n ev5 z reg>ds t factor 9 ! sum ( resi/ance :i* does n dep5d on objective ?+s1 viz41 ! ,w4 ,?is ,w is n an entirely unkn[n quantity2 x indicates :at x w be to-morr[ by :at x is to-day4 ,w> does n spr+ up q sudd5ly1 x does n spread to ! full 9 a mom5t2 ea* ( ! two oppon5ts c1 !re=e1 =m an op9ion ( ! o!r1 9 a great measure1 f :at he is & :at he does1 in/ead ( judg+ ( him accord+ to :at he1 /rictly speak+1 %\ld be or %\ld d4 ,b1 n[1 man ) 8 incomplete organisation is always bel[ ! l9e ( absolute p]fection1 & ?us ^! defici5cies1 hav+ an influ5ce on bo? sides1 become a modify+ pr9ciple4 #h4 ,,w> ,,does ,,n ,,consi/ ,,( ,a ,,s+le ,,in/antane\s ,,bl[4 ,! second po9t gives rise to ! foll[+ consid]ations3-- ,if ,w> end$ 9 a s+le solution1 or a numb] ( simultane\s ones1 !n naturally all ! prep>ations = ! same w\ld h a t5d5cy to ! extreme1 = an omission c\ld n 9 any way be repair$2 ! utmo/1 !n1 t ! _w ( reality c\ld furni% z a guide = u w\ld be ! prep>ations ( ! enemy1 z f> z !y are kn[n to u2 all ! re/ w\ld fall into ! doma9 ( ! ab/ract4 ,b if ! result is made up f sev]al successive acts1 !n naturally t :i* prec$es ) all its phases may be tak5 z a measure = t :i* w foll[1 & 9 ?is mann] ! _w ( reality aga9 takes ! place ( ! ab/ract1 & ?us modifies ! ef=t t[>ds ! extreme4 ,yet e ,w> w\ld necess>ily resolve itself into a s+le solution1 or a sum ( simultane\s results1 if all ! means requir$ = ! /ruggle 7 rais$ at once1 or c\ld be at once rais$2 = z "o adv]se result necess>ily dim9i%es ! means1 !n if all ! means h be5 appli$ 9 ! fir/1 a second _c prop]ly be suppos$4 ,all ho/ile acts :i* might foll[ w\ld belong ess5tially to ! fir/1 & =m1 9 reality only its duration4 ,b we h already se5 t ev5 9 ! prep>ation = ,w> ! real _w /eps into ! place ( m]e ab/ract conception--a mat]ial /&>d into ! place ( ! hypo!ses ( an extreme3 t !re=e 9 t way bo? p>ties1 by ! influ5ce ( ! mutual reaction1 rema9 bel[ ! l9e ( extreme ef=t1 & !re=e all =ces are n at once br\ght =w>d4 ,x lies also 9 ! nature ( ^! =ces & _! application t !y _c all be br\ght into activity at ! same "t4 ,^! =ces are ! armies actually on foot1 ! c\ntry1 ) its sup]ficial ext5t & its population1 & ! allies4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! c\ntry1 ) its sup]ficial area & ! population1 besides be+ ! s\rce ( all milit>y =ce1 con/itutes 9 itself an integral "p ( ! effici5t quantities 9 ,w>1 provid+ ei!r ! !atre ( w> or ex]cis+ a consid]able influ5ce on ! same4 ,n[1 x is possible to br+ all ! movable milit>y =ces ( a c\ntry into op]ation at once1 b n all =tresses1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 p1 c4--9 %ort1 n ! :ole c\ntry1 unless x is s small t x may be completely embrac$ by ! fir/ act ( ! ,w>4 ,fur!r1 ! co-op]ation ( allies does n dep5d on ! ,w ( ! bellig]5ts2 & f ! nature ( ! political relations ( /ates to ea* o!r1 ?is co-op]ation is frequ5tly n af=d$ until aft] ! ,w> has comm5c$1 or x may be increas$ to re/ore ! balance ( p[]4 ,t ?is "p ( ! means ( resi/ance1 :i* _c at once be br\ght into activity1 9 _m cases1 is a mu* great] "p ( ! :ole ?an might at fir/ be suppos$1 & t x (t5 re/ores ! balance ( p[]1 s]i\sly affect$ by ! great =ce ( ! fir/ decision1 w be m fully %[n h]eaft]4 ,"h x is suffici5t to %[ t a complete conc5tration ( all available means 9 a mom5t ( "t is contradictory to ! nature ( ,w>4 ,n[ ?is1 9 itself1 furni%es no gr\nd = relax+ our ef=ts to accumulate /r5g? to ga9 ! fir/ result1 because an unfav\rable issue is always a disadvantage to :i* no "o w\ld purposely expose himself1 & also because ! fir/ decision1 al?\gh n ! only "o1 /ill w h ! m influ5ce on subsequ5t ev5ts1 ! great] x is 9 itself4 ,b ! possibility ( ga9+ a lat] result causes m5 to take refuge 9 t expectation1 ow+ to ! repugnance 9 ! human m9d to mak+ excessive ef=ts2 & !re=e =ces are n conc5trat$ & measures are n tak5 = ! fir/ decision ) t en]gy :i* w\ld o!rwise be us$4 ,:atev] "o bellig]5t omits f weakness1 becomes to ! o!r a real objective gr\nd = limit+ 8 own ef=ts1 & ?us aga91 ?r\gh ?is reciprocal action1 extreme t5d5cies are br\ght d[n to ef=ts on a limit$ scale4 #i4 ,,! ,,result ,,9 ,,w> ,,is ,,nev] ,,absolute4 ,la/ly1 ev5 ! f9al decision ( a :ole ,w> is n always to be reg>d$ z absolute4 ,! conqu]$ ,/ate (t5 sees 9 x only a pass+ evil1 :i* may be repair$ 9 aft] times by means ( political comb9ations4 ,h[ mu* ?is mu/ modify ! degree ( t5sion1 & ! vig\r ( ! ef=ts made1 is evid5t 9 itself4 #aj4 ,,! ,,probabilities ,,( ,,real ,,life ,,take ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,extreme ,,& ,,! ,,absolute4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! :ole act ( ,w> is remov$ f ! rigor\s law ( =ces ex]t$ to ! utmo/4 ,if ! extreme is no long] to be appreh5d$1 & no long] to be s\ght =1 x is left to ! judgm5t to det]m9e ! limits = ! ef=ts to be made 9 place ( x1 & ?is c only be done on ! data furni%$ by ! facts ( ! real _w by ! ,,laws ,,( ,,probability4 ,once ! bellig]5ts are no long] m]e conceptions1 b individual ,/ates & ,gov]nm5ts1 once ! ,w> is no long] an ideal1 b a def9ite sub/antial proc$ure1 !n ! reality w furni% ! data to compute ! unkn[n quantities :i* are requir$ to be f\nd4 ,f ! "*1 ! measures1 ! situation ( ! adv]s>y1 & ! relations ) :i* he is surr\nd$1 ea* side w draw conclusions by ! law ( probability z to ! designs ( ! o!r1 & act accord+ly4 #aa4 ,,! ,,political ,,object ,,n[ ,,reappe>s4 ,"h ! "q :i* we _h laid aside =ces itself aga9 into consid]ation 7see ,no4 #b71 viz41 ! political object ( ! ,w>4 ,! law ( ! extreme1 ! view to dis>m ! adv]s>y1 to ov]?r[ him1 has hi!rto to a c]ta9 ext5t usurp$ ! place ( ?is end or object4 ,j z ?is law loses its =ce1 ! political mu/ aga9 come =w>d4 ,if ! :ole consid]ation is a calculation ( probability bas$ on def9ite p]sons & relations1 !n ! political object1 be+ ! orig9al motive1 mu/ be an ess5tial factor 9 ! product4 ,! small] ! sacrifice we dem& f ours1 ! small]1 x may be expect$1 w be ! means ( resi/ance :i* he w employ2 b ! small] 8 prep>ation1 ! small] w ours require to be4 ,fur!r1 ! small] our political object1 ! less value %all we set ^u x1 & ! m easily %all we be induc$ to give x up altoge!r4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ! political object1 z ! orig9al motive ( ! ,w>1 w be ! /&>d = det]m9+ bo? ! aim ( ! milit>y =ce & also ! am\nt ( ef=t to be made4 ,?is x _c be 9 itself1 b x is s 9 relation to bo? ! bellig]5t ,/ates1 because we are conc]n$ ) realities1 n ) m]e ab/ractions4 ,"o & ! same political object may produce totally diff]5t effects ^u diff]5t p1 or ev5 ^u ! same p at diff]5t times2 we c1 !re=e1 only admit ! political object z ! measure1 by consid]+ x 9 its effects ^u ^? masses :i* x is to move1 & consequ5tly ! nature ( ^? masses also comes into consid]ation4 ,x is easy to see t ?us ! result may be v diff]5t accord+ z ^! masses are animat$ ) a _s :i* w infuse vig\r into ! action or o!rwise4 ,x is q possible = su* a /ate ( feel+ to exi/ betwe5 two ,/ates t a v trifl+ political motive = ,w> may produce an effect q disproportionate--9 fact1 a p]fect explosion4 ,?is applies to ! ef=ts :i* ! political object w call =? 9 ! two ,/ates1 & to ! aim :i* ! milit>y action %all prescribe = itself4 ,at times x may itself be t aim1 z1 = example1 ! conque/ ( a prov9ce4 ,at o!r times ! political object itself is n suitable = ! aim ( milit>y action2 !n su* a "o mu/ be *os5 z w be an equival5t = x1 & /& 9 its place z reg>ds ! conclusion ( peace4 ,b also1 9 ?is1 due att5tion to ! peculi> "* ( ! ,/ates conc]n$ is always suppos$4 ,!re are circum/ances 9 :i* ! equival5t mu/ be mu* great] ?an ! political object1 9 ord] to secure ! latt]4 ,! political object w be s mu* ! m ! /&>d ( aim & ef=t1 & h m influ5ce 9 itself1 ! m ! masses are indiff]5t1 ! less t any mutual feel+ ( ho/ility prevails 9 ! two ,/ates f o!r causes1 & !re=e !re are cases :]e ! political object almo/ alone w be decisive4 ,if ! aim ( ! milit>y action is an equival5t = ! political object1 t action w 9 g5]al dim9i% z ! political object dim9i%es1 & 9 a great] degree ! m ! political object dom9ates4 ,?us x is expla9$ h[1 )\t any contradiction 9 itself1 !re may be ,w>s ( all degrees ( importance & en]gy1 f a ,w> ( ext]m9ation d[n to ! m]e use ( an army ( obs]vation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 leads to a "q ( ano!r k9d :i* we h h]eaft] to develop & answ]4 #ab4 ,a ,,susp5sion ,,9 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,w> ,,unexpla9$ ,,by ,,any?+ ,,said ,,z ,,yet4 ,h[ev] insignificant ! political claims mutually advanc$1 h[ev] weak ! means put =?1 h[ev] small ! aim to :i* milit>y action is direct$1 c ?is action be susp5d$ ev5 = a mom5t8 ,?is is a "q :i* p5etrates deeply into ! nature ( ! subject4 ,e transaction requires = its accompli%m5t a c]ta9 "t :i* we call its duration4 ,?is may be long] or %ort]1 accord+ z ! p]son act+ ?r[s m or less despat* into 8 movem5ts4 ,ab\t ?is m or less we %all n tr\ble ourselves "h4 ,ea* p]son acts 9 8 own fa%ion2 b ! sl[ p]son does n protract ! ?+ because he wi%es to sp5d m "t ab\t x1 b because by 8 nature he requires m "t1 & if he made m ha/e w\ld n d ! ?+ s well4 ,?is "t1 !re=e1 dep5ds on subjective causes1 & belongs to ! l5g?1 s call$1 ( ! action4 ,if we all[ n[ to e action 9 ,w> ?is1 its l5g?1 !n we mu/ assume1 at fir/ sight at lea/1 t any exp5diture ( "t beyond ?is l5g?1 t is1 e susp5sion ( ho/ile action1 appe>s an absurdity2 ) respect to ?is x mu/ n be =gott5 t we n[ speak n ( ! progress ( "o or o!r ( ! two oppon5ts1 b ( ! g5]al progress ( ! :ole action ( ! ,w>4 #ac4 ,,!re ,,is ,,only ,,"o ,,cause ,,:i* ,,c ,,susp5d ,,! ,,action1 ,,& ,,?is ,,seems ,,to ,,be ,,only ,,possible ,,on ,,"o ,,side ,,9 ,,any ,,case4 ,if two p>ties h arm$ !mselves = /rife1 !n a feel+ ( animosity mu/ h mov$ !m to x2 z long n[ z !y cont9ue arm$1 t is1 d n come to t]ms ( peace1 ?is feel+ mu/ exi/2 & x c only be br\ght to a /&/ill by ei!r side by "o s+le motive alone1 :i* is1 ,,t ,,he ,,waits ,,= ,a ,,m ,,fav\rable ,,mom5t ,,= ,,action4 ,n[1 at fir/ sight1 x appe>s t ?is motive c nev] exi/ except on "o side1 because x1 eo ipso1 mu/ be prejudicial to ! o!r4 ,if ! "o has an int]e/ 9 act+1 !n ! o!r mu/ h an int]e/ 9 wait+4 ,a complete equilibrium ( =ces c nev] produce a susp5sion ( action1 = dur+ ?is susp5sion he :o has ! positive object 7t is1 ! assailant7 mu/ cont9ue progress+2 = if we %\ld imag9e an equilibrium 9 ?is way1 t he :o has ! positive object1 !re=e ! /ronge/ motive1 c at ! same "t only comm& ! less] means1 s t ! equation is made up by ! product ( ! motive & ! p[]1 !n we mu/ say1 if no alt]ation 9 ?is condition ( equilibrium is to be expect$1 ! two p>ties mu/ make peace2 b if an alt]ation is to be expect$1 !n x c only be fav\rable to "o side1 & !re=e ! o!r has a manife/ int]e/ to act )\t delay4 ,we see t ! conception ( an equilibrium _c expla9 a susp5sion ( arms1 b t x ends 9 ! "q ( ! ,,expectation ,,( ,a ,,m ,,fav\rable ,,mom5t4 ,let u suppose1 !re=e1 t "o ( two ,/ates has a positive object1 z1 = in/ance1 ! conque/ ( "o ( ! enemy's prov9ces--:i* is to be utilis$ 9 ! settlem5t ( peace4 ,aft] ?is conque/1 8 political object is accompli%$1 ! necessity = action ceases1 & = him a pause ensues4 ,if ! adv]s>y is also cont5t$ ) ?is solution1 he w make peace2 if n1 he mu/ act4 ,n[1 if we suppose t 9 f\r weeks he w be 9 a bett] condition to act1 !n he has suffici5t gr\nds = putt+ (f ! "t ( action4 ,b f t mom5t ! logical c\rse = ! enemy appe>s to be to act t he may n give ! conqu]$ p>ty ,,! ,,desir$ "t4 ,( c\rse1 9 ?is mode ( reason+ a complete insight into ! /ate ( circum/ances on bo? sides is suppos$4 #ad4 ,,?us ,a ,,cont9uance ,,( ,,action ,,w ,,ensue ,,:i* ,,w ,,advance ,,t[>ds ,a ,,climax4 ,if ?is unbrok5 cont9uity ( ho/ile op]ations really exi/$1 ! effect w\ld be t ev]y?+ w\ld aga9 be driv5 t[>ds ! extreme2 =1 irrespective ( ! effect ( su* incessant activity 9 inflam+ ! feel+s1 & infus+ into ! :ole a great] degree ( passion1 a great] elem5t>y =ce1 !re w\ld also foll[ f ?is cont9uance ( action a /rict] cont9uity1 a clos] connection betwe5 cause & effect1 & ?us e s+le action w\ld become ( m importance1 & consequ5tly m replete ) dang]4 ,b we "k t ! c\rse ( action 9 ,w> has seldom or nev] ?is unbrok5 cont9uity1 & t !re h be5 _m ,w>s 9 :i* action occupi$ by f> ! smalle/ portion ( "t employ$1 ! :ole ( ! re/ be+ consum$ 9 inaction4 ,x is impossible t ?is %\ld be always an anomaly2 susp5sion ( action 9 ,w> mu/ !re=e be possible1 t is no contradiction 9 itself4 ,we n[ proce$ to %[ h[ ?is is4 #ae4 ,,"h1 ,,!re=e1 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,pol>ity ,,is ,,br\ght ,,into ,,requisition4 ,z we h suppos$ ! int]e/s ( "o ,comm&] to be always antagoni/ic to ^? ( ! o!r1 we h assum$ a true pol>ity4 ,we res]ve a full] explanation ( ?is = ano!r *apt]1 m]ely mak+ ! foll[+ obs]vation on x at pres5t4 ,! pr9ciple ( pol>ity is only valid :5 x c be conceiv$ 9 "o & ! same ?+1 :]e ! positive & its opposite ! negative completely de/roy ea* o!r4 ,9 a battle bo? sides /rive to conqu]2 t is true pol>ity1 = ! victory ( ! "o side de/roys t ( ! o!r4 ,b :5 we speak ( two diff]5t ?+s :i* h a common relation ext]nal to !mselves1 !n x is n ! ?+s b _! relations :i* h ! pol>ity4 #af4 ,,attack ,,& ,,def5ce ,,are ,,?+s ,,diff]+ ,,9 ,,k9d ,,& ,,( ,,unequal ,,=ce4 ,,pol>ity ,,is1 ,,!re=e1 ,,n ,,applicable ,,to ,,!m4 ,if !re 0 only "o =m ( ,w>1 to wit1 ! attack ( ! enemy1 !re=e no def5ce2 or1 9 o!r words1 if ! attack 0 di/+ui%$ f ! def5ce m]ely by ! positive motive1 :i* ! "o has & ! o!r has n1 b ! me?ods ( ea* 7 precisely "o & ! same3 !n 9 ?is sort ( fight e advantage ga9$ on ! "o side w\ld be a correspond+ disadvantage on ! o!r1 & true pol>ity w\ld exi/4 ,b action 9 ,w> is divid$ into two =ms1 attack & def5ce1 :i*1 z we %all h]eaft] expla9 m p>ticul>ly1 are v diff]5t & ( unequal /r5g?4 ,pol>ity !re=e lies 9 t to :i* bo? be> a relation1 9 ! decision1 b n 9 ! attack or def5ce itself4 ,if ! "o ,comm&] wi%es ! solution put (f1 ! o!r mu/ wi% to ha/5 x1 b only by ! same =m ( action4 ,if x is ,a's int]e/ n to attack 8 enemy at pres5t1 b f\r weeks h5ce1 !n x is ,b's int]e/ to be attack$1 n f\r weeks h5ce1 b at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,?is is ! direct antagonism ( int]e/s1 b x by no means foll[s t x w\ld be = ,b's int]e/ to attack ,a at once4 ,t is pla9ly some?+ totally diff]5t4 #ag4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,pol>ity ,,is ,,(t5 ,,de/roy$ ,,by ,,! ,,sup]iority ,,( ,,! ,,def5ce ,,ov] ,,! ,,attack1 ,,& ,,?us ,,! ,,susp5sion ,,( ,,action ,,9 ,,w> ,,is ,,expla9$4 ,if ! =m ( def5ce is /rong] ?an t ( (f5ce1 z we %all h]eaft] %[1 ! "q arises1 ,is ! advantage ( a def]r$ decision z great on ! "o side z ! advantage ( ! def5sive =m on ! o!r8 ,if x is n1 !n x _c by its c\nt]-weight ov]-balance ! latt]1 & ?us influ5ce ! progress ( ! action ( ! ,w>4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! impulsive =ce exi/+ 9 ! pol>ity ( int]e/s may be lo/ 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /r5g? ( ! (f5sive & ! def5sive1 & !reby become ineffectual4 ,if1 !re=e1 t side = :i* ! pres5t is fav\rable1 is too weak to be able to disp5se ) ! advantage ( ! def5sive1 he mu/ put up ) ! unfav\rable prospects :i* ! future holds out2 = x may /ill be bett] to fight a def5sive battle 9 ! unpromis+ future ?an to assume ! (f5sive or make peace at pres5t4 ,n[1 be+ conv9c$ t ! sup]iority ( ! def5sive7997 7rightly und]/ood7 is v great1 & mu* great] ?an may appe> at fir/ sight1 we conceive t ! great] numb] ( ^? p]iods ( inaction :i* occur 9 w> are ?us expla9$ )\t involv+ any contradiction4 ,! weak] ! motives to action are1 ! m w ^? motives be absorb$ & neutralis$ by ?is diff]5ce betwe5 attack & def5ce1 ! m frequ5tly1 !re=e1 w action 9 w>f>e be /opp$1 z inde$ exp]i5ce tea*es4 7997 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t all ?is ant$ates by "s ye>s ! introduction ( long-range weapons4 #ah ,a ,,second ,,gr\nd ,,consi/s ,,9 ,,! ,,imp]fect ,,k ,,( ,,circum/ances4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r cause :i* may /op action 9 ,w>1 viz41 an incomplete view ( ! situation4 ,ea* ,comm&] c only fully "k 8 own position2 t ( 8 oppon5t c only be kn[n to him by reports1 :i* are unc]ta92 he may1 !re=e1 =m a wrong judgm5t ) respect to x ^u data ( ?is description1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( t error1 he may suppose t ! p[] ( tak+ ! initiative re/s ) 8 adv]s>y :5 x lies really ) himself4 ,?is want ( p]fect insight might c]ta9ly j z (t5 occasion an untimely action z untimely inaction1 & h5ce x w\ld 9 itself no m contribute to delay ?an to accel]ate action 9 ,w>4 ,/ill1 x mu/ always be reg>d$ z "o ( ! natural causes :i* may br+ action 9 ,w> to a /&/ill )\t involv+ a contradiction4 ,b if we reflect h[ mu* m we are incl9$ & induc$ to e/imate ! p[] ( our oppon5ts too high ?an too l[1 because x lies 9 human nature to d s1 we %all admit t our imp]fect insight into facts 9 g5]al mu/ contribute v mu* to delay action 9 ,w>1 & to modify ! application ( ! pr9ciples p5d+ our conduct4 ,! possibility ( a /&/ill br+s into ! action ( ,w> a new modification1 inasmu* z x dilutes t action ) ! elem5t ( "t1 *ecks ! influ5ce or s5se ( dang] 9 its c\rse1 & increases ! means ( re9/at+ a lo/ balance ( =ce4 ,! great] ! t5sion ( feel+s f :i* ! ,w> spr+s1 ! great] !re=e ! en]gy ) :i* x is c>ri$ on1 s mu* ! %ort] w be ! p]iods ( inaction2 on ! o!r h&1 ! weak] ! pr9ciple ( w>like activity1 ! long] w be ^! p]iods3 = p[]ful motives increase ! =ce ( ! w1 & ?is1 z we "k1 is always a factor 9 ! product ( =ce4 #ai4 ,,frequ5t ,,p]iods ,,( ,,inaction ,,9 ,,w> ,,remove ,,x ,,fur!r ,,f ,,! ,,absolute1 ,,& ,,make ,,x ,,/ill ,,m ,a ,,calculation ,,( ,,probabilities4 ,b ! sl[] ! action proce$s 9 ,w>1 ! m frequ5t & long] ! p]iods ( inaction1 s mu* ! m easily c an error be repair$2 !re=e1 s mu* ! bold] a ,g5]al w be 9 8 calculations1 s mu* ! m readily w he keep !m bel[ ! l9e ( ! absolute1 & build ev]y?+ ^u probabilities & conjecture4 ,?us1 accord+ z ! c\rse ( ! ,w> is m or less sl[1 m or less "t w be all[$ = t :i* ! nature ( a concrete case p>ticul>ly requires1 calculation ( probability bas$ on giv5 circum/ances4 #bj4 ,,!re=e1 ,,! ,,elem5t ,,( ,,*ance ,,only ,,is ,,want+ ,,to ,,make ,,( ,,w> ,a ,,game1 ,,& ,,9 ,,t ,,elem5t ,,x ,,is ,,lea/ ,,( ,,all ,,defici5t4 ,we see f ! =ego+ h[ mu* ! objective nature ( ,w> makes x a calculation ( probabilities2 n[ !re is only "o s+le elem5t /ill want+ to make x a game1 & t elem5t x c]ta9ly is n )\t3 x is *ance4 ,!re is no human affair :i* /&s s con/antly & s g5]ally 9 close connection ) *ance z ,w>4 ,b toge!r ) *ance1 ! accid5tal1 & along ) x good luck1 occupy a great place 9 ,w>4 #ba4 ,,w> ,,is ,a ,,game ,,bo? ,,objectively ,,& ,,subjectively4 ,if we n[ take a look at ! subjective nature ( ,w>1 t is to say1 at ^? conditions "u :i* x is c>ri$ on1 x w appe> to u /ill m l a game4 ,prim>ily ! elem5t 9 :i* ! op]ations ( ,w> are c>ri$ on is dang]2 b :i* ( all ! moral qualities is ! fir/ 9 dang]8 ,c\rage4 ,n[ c]ta9ly c\rage is q compatible ) prud5t calculation1 b /ill !y are ?+s ( q a diff]5t k9d1 ess5tially diff]5t qualities ( ! m9d2 on ! o!r h&1 d>+ reliance on good =tune1 boldness1 ra%ness1 are only expressions ( c\rage1 & all ^! prop5sities ( ! m9d look = ! =tuit\s 7or accid5tal71 because x is _! elem5t4 ,we see1 !re=e1 h[1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ! absolute1 ! ma!matical z x is call$1 n[h]e f9ds any sure basis 9 ! calculations 9 ! ,art ( ,w>2 & t f ! outset !re is a play ( possibilities1 probabilities1 good & bad luck1 :i* spreads ab\t ) all ! co>se & f9e ?reads ( its web1 & makes ,w> ( all bran*es ( human activity ! mo/ l a gambl+ game4 #bb4 ,,h[ ,,?is ,,accords ,,be/ ,,) ,,! ,,human ,,m9d ,,9 ,,g5]al4 ,al?\gh our intellect always feels itself urg$ t[>ds cle>ness & c]ta9ty1 /ill our m9d (t5 feels itself attract$ by unc]ta9ty4 ,in/ead ( ?read+ its way ) ! und]/&+ along ! n>r[ pa? ( philosophical inve/igations & logical conclusions1 9 ord]1 almo/ unconsci\s ( itself1 to arrive 9 spaces :]e x feels itself a /rang]1 & :]e x seems to "p f all well-kn[n objects1 x pref]s to rema9 ) ! imag9ation 9 ! realms ( *ance & luck4 ,in/ead ( liv+ yond] on poor necessity1 x revels "h 9 ! weal? ( possibilities2 animat$ !reby1 c\rage !n takes w+s to itself1 & d>+ & dang] make ! elem5t into :i* x laun*es itself z a fe>less swimm] plunges into ! /ream4 ,%all !ory leave x "h1 & move on1 self-satisfi$ ) absolute conclusions & rules8 ,!n x is ( no practical use4 ,!ory mu/ also take into acc\nt ! human elem5t2 x mu/ accord a place to c\rage1 to boldness1 ev5 to ra%ness4 ,! ,art ( ,w> has to deal ) liv+ & ) moral =ces1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is t x c nev] atta9 ! absolute & positive4 ,!re is !re=e ev]y:]e a m>g9 = ! accid5tal1 & j z mu* 9 ! greate/ ?+s z 9 ! smalle/4 ,z !re is room = ?is accid5tal on ! "o h&1 s on ! o!r !re mu/ be c\rage & self-reliance 9 proportion to ! room available4 ,if ^! qualities are =?com+ 9 a high degree1 ! m>g9 left may likewise be great4 ,c\rage & self-reliance are1 !re=e1 pr9ciples q ess5tial to ,w>2 consequ5tly1 !ory mu/ only set up su* rules z all[ ample scope = all degrees & v>ieties ( ^! necess>y & noble/ ( milit>y virtues4 ,9 d>+ !re may /ill be wisdom1 & prud5ce z well1 only !y are e/imat$ by a diff]5t /&>d ( value4 #bc4 ,,w> ,,is ,,always ,a ,,s]i\s ,,means ,,= ,a ,,s]i\s ,,object4 ,,its ,,m ,,p>ticul> ,,def9ition4 ,su* is ,w>2 su* ! ,comm&] :o conducts x2 su* ! !ory :i* rules x4 ,b ,w> is no pa/ime2 no m]e passion = v5tur+ & w9n+2 no "w ( a free en?usiasm3 x is a s]i\s means = a s]i\s object4 ,all t appe>ance :i* x we>s f ! v>y+ hues ( =tune1 all t x assimilates into itself ( ! oscillations ( passion1 ( c\rage1 ( imag9ation1 ( en?usiasm1 are only p>ticul> prop]ties ( ?is means4 ,! ,w> ( a community--( :ole ,nations1 & p>ticul>ly ( civilis$ ,nations--always />ts f a political condition1 & is call$ =? by a political motive4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a political act4 ,n[ if x 0 a p]fect1 unre/ra9$1 & absolute expression ( =ce1 z we _h to d$uct x f its m]e conception1 !n ! mom5t x is call$ =? by policy x w\ld /ep into ! place ( policy1 & z some?+ q indep5d5t ( x w\ld set x aside1 & only foll[ its own laws1 j z a m9e at ! mom5t ( explosion _c be guid$ into any o!r direction ?an t :i* has be5 giv5 to x by prep>atory arrangem5ts4 ,?is is h[ ! ?+ has really be5 view$ hi!rto1 :5ev] a want ( h>mony betwe5 policy & ! conduct ( a ,w> has l$ to !oretical di/9ctions ( ! k9d4 ,b x is n s1 & ! idea is radically false4 ,w> 9 ! real _w1 z we h already se51 is n an extreme ?+ :i* exp5ds itself at "o s+le dis*>ge2 x is ! op]ation ( p[]s :i* d n develop !mselves completely 9 ! same mann] & 9 ! same measure1 b :i* at "o "t exp& suffici5tly to ov]come ! resi/ance oppos$ by in]tia or friction1 :ile at ano!r !y are too weak to produce an effect2 x is !re=e1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 a pulsation ( viol5t =ce m or less vehem5t1 consequ5tly mak+ its dis*>ges & exhau/+ its p[]s m or less quickly--9 o!r words1 conduct+ m or less quickly to ! aim1 b always la/+ long en\gh to admit ( influ5ce be+ ex]t$ on x 9 its c\rse1 s z to give x ?is or t direction1 9 %ort1 to be subject to ! w ( a guid+ intellig5ce41 if we reflect t ,w> has its root 9 a political object1 !n naturally ?is orig9al motive :i* call$ x into exi/5ce %\ld also cont9ue ! fir/ & highe/ consid]ation 9 its conduct4 ,/ill1 ! political object is no despotic lawgiv] on t acc\nt2 x mu/ accommodate itself to ! nature ( ! means1 & ?\gh *anges 9 ^! means may involve modification 9 ! political objective1 ! latt] always reta9s a prior "r to consid]ation4 ,policy1 !re=e1 is int]wov5 ) ! :ole action ( ,w>1 & mu/ ex]cise a cont9u\s influ5ce ^u x1 z f> z ! nature ( ! =ces lib]at$ by x w p]mit4 #bd4 ,,w> ,,is ,a ,,m]e ,,cont9uation ,,( ,,policy ,,by ,,o!r ,,means4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ,w> is n m]ely a political act1 b also a real political in/rum5t1 a cont9uation ( political comm]ce1 a c>ry+ out ( ! same by o!r means4 ,all beyond ?is :i* is /rictly peculi> to ,w> relates m]ely to ! peculi> nature ( ! means :i* x uses4 ,t ! t5d5cies & views ( policy %all n be incompatible ) ^! means1 ! ,art ( ,w> 9 g5]al & ! ,comm&] 9 ea* p>ticul> case may dem&1 & ?is claim is truly n a trifl+ "o4 ,b h[ev] p[]fully ?is may react on political views 9 p>ticul> cases1 /ill x mu/ always be reg>d$ z only a modification ( !m2 = ! political view is ! object1 ,w> is ! means1 & ! means mu/ always include ! object 9 our conception4 #be4 ,,div]sity ,,9 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,w>s4 ,! great] & ! m p[]ful ! motives ( a ,w>1 ! m x affects ! :ole exi/5ce ( a p4 ,! m viol5t ! excitem5t :i* prec$es ! ,w>1 by s mu* ! ne>] w ! ,w> approa* to its ab/ract =m1 s mu* ! m w x be direct$ to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy1 s mu* ! ne>] w ! milit>y & political ends co9cide1 s mu* ! m purely milit>y & less political ! ,w> appe>s to be2 b ! weak] ! motives & ! t5sions1 s mu* ! less w ! natural direction ( ! milit>y elem5t--t is1 =ce--be co9cid5t ) ! direction :i* ! political elem5t indicates2 s mu* ! m mu/1 !re=e1 ! ,w> become div]t$ f its natural direction1 ! political object div]ge f ! aim ( an ideal ,w>1 & ! ,w> appe> to become political4 ,b1 t ! read] may n =m any false conceptions1 we mu/ "h obs]ve t by ?is natural t5d5cy ( ,w> we only mean ! philosophical1 ! /rictly logical1 & by no means ! t5d5cy ( =ces actually engag$ 9 conflict1 by :i* w\ld be suppos$ to be includ$ all ! emotions & passions ( ! combatants4 ,no d\bt 9 "s cases ^! also might be excit$ to su* a degree z to be ) difficulty re/ra9$ & conf9$ to ! political road2 b 9 mo/ cases su* a contradiction w n arise1 because by ! exi/5ce ( su* /r5u\s ex]tions a great plan 9 h>mony !re) w\ld be impli$4 ,if ! plan is direct$ only ^u a small object1 !n ! impulses ( feel+ among/ ! masses w be also s weak t ^! masses w require to be /imulat$ r ?an repress$4 #bf4 ,,!y ,,may ,,all ,,be ,,reg>d$ ,,z ,,political ,,acts4 ,return+ n[ to ! ma9 subject1 al?\gh x is true t 9 "o k9d ( ,w> ! political elem5t seems almo/ to disappe>1 :il/ 9 ano!r k9d x occupies a v prom95t place1 we may /ill affirm t ! "o is z political z ! o!r2 = if we reg>d ! ,/ate policy z ! intellig5ce ( ! p]sonifi$ ,/ate1 !n among/ all ! con/ellations 9 ! political sky ^: movem5ts x has to compute1 ^? mu/ be includ$ :i* arise :5 ! nature ( its relations imposes ! necessity ( a great ,w>4 ,x is only if we und]/& by policy n a true appreciation ( affairs 9 g5]al1 b ! conv5tional conception ( a cauti\s1 subtle1 also di%one/ craft9ess1 av]se f viol5ce1 t ! latt] k9d ( ,w> may belong m to policy ?an ! fir/4 #bg4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,?is ,,view ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,und]/&+ ,,( ,,milit>y ,,hi/ory1 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,f\ndations ,,( ,,!ory4 ,we see1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ place1 t "u all circum/ances ,w> is to be reg>d$ n z an indep5d5t ?+1 b z a political in/rum5t2 & x is only by tak+ ?is po9t ( view t we c avoid f9d+ ourselves 9 opposition to all milit>y hi/ory4 ,?is is ! only means ( unlock+ ! great book & mak+ x intelligible4 ,secondly1 ?is view %[s u h[ ,w>s mu/ diff] 9 "* accord+ to ! nature ( ! motives & circum/ances f :i* !y proce$4 ,n[1 ! fir/1 ! gr&e/1 & mo/ decisive act ( judgm5t :i* ! ,/atesman & ,g5]al ex]cises is rightly to und]/& 9 ?is respect ! ,w> 9 :i* he engages1 n to take x = some?+1 or to wi% to make ( x some?+1 :i* by ! nature ( its relations x is impossible = x to be4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 ! fir/1 ! mo/ compreh5sive1 ( all /rategical que/ions4 ,we %all ent] into ?is m fully 9 treat+ ( ! plan ( a ,w>4 ,= ! pres5t we cont5t ourselves ) hav+ br\ght ! subject up to ?is po9t1 & hav+ !reby fix$ ! *ief po9t ( view f :i* ,w> & its !ory are to be /udi$4 #bh4 ,,result ,,= ,,!ory4 ,w> is1 !re=e1 n only *ameleon-l 9 "*1 because x *anges its col\r 9 "s degree 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 b x is also1 z a :ole1 9 relation to ! pr$om9ant t5d5cies :i* are 9 x1 a wond]ful tr9ity1 compos$ ( ! orig9al viol5ce ( its elem5ts1 hatr$ & animosity1 :i* may be look$ ^u z bl9d in/9ct2 ( ! play ( probabilities & *ance1 :i* make x a free activity ( ! s\l2 & ( ! subord9ate nature ( a political in/rum5t1 by :i* x belongs purely to ! reason4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree phases conc]ns m ! p ! second1 m ! ,g5]al & 8 ,army2 ! ?ird1 m ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! passions :i* break =? 9 ,w> mu/ already h a lat5t exi/5ce 9 ! peoples4 ,! range :i* ! display ( c\rage & tal5ts %all get 9 ! realm ( probabilities & ( *ance dep5ds on ! p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ( ! ,g5]al & 8 ,army1 b ! political objects belong to ! ,gov]nm5t alone4 ,^! ?ree t5d5cies1 :i* appe> l s _m diff]5t law-giv]s1 are deeply root$ 9 ! nature ( ! subject1 & at ! same "t v>iable 9 degree4 ,a !ory :i* w\ld leave any "o ( !m out ( acc\nt1 or set up any arbitr>y relation betwe5 !m1 w\ld imm$iately become involv$ 9 su* a contradiction ) ! reality1 t x might be reg>d$ z de/roy$ at once by t alone4 ,! problem is1 !re=e1 t !ory %all keep itself pois$ 9 a mann] betwe5 ^! ?ree t5d5cies1 z betwe5 ?ree po9ts ( attraction4 ,! way 9 :i* alone ?is difficult problem c be solv$ we %all exam9e 9 ! book on ! 8,!ory ( ,w>40 ,9 e case ! conception ( ,w>1 z "h def9$1 w be ! fir/ ray ( light :i* %[s u ! true f\ndation ( !ory1 & :i* fir/ sep>ates ! great masses & all[s u to di/+ui% !m f "o ano!r4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,ends & ,means 9 ,w> ,hav+ 9 ! =ego+ *apt] asc]ta9$ ! complicat$ & v>iable nature ( ,w>1 we %all n[ occupy ourselves 9 exam9+ into ! influ5ce :i* ?is nature has ^u ! end & means 9 ,w>4 ,if we ask1 fir/ ( all1 = ! object ^u :i* ! :ole ef=t ( ,w> is to be direct$1 9 ord] t x may suffice = ! atta9m5t ( ! political object1 we %all f9d t x is j z v>iable z are ! political object & ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ! ,w>4 ,if1 9 ! next place1 we keep once m to ! pure conception ( ,w>1 !n we mu/ say t ! political object prop]ly lies out ( its prov9ce1 = if ,w> is an act ( viol5ce to compel ! enemy to fulfil our w1 !n 9 e case all dep5ds on our ov]?r[+ ! enemy1 t is1 dis>m+ him1 & on t alone4 ,?is object1 develop$ f ab/ract conceptions1 b :i* is also ! "o aim$ at 9 a great _m cases 9 reality1 we %all1 9 ! fir/ place1 exam9e 9 ?is reality4 ,9 connection ) ! plan ( a campaign we %all h]eaft] exam9e m closely into ! mean+ ( dis>m+ a nation1 b "h we mu/ at once draw a di/9ction betwe5 ?ree ?+s1 :i*1 z ?ree g5]al objects1 comprise ev]y?+ else )9 !m4 ,!y are ! milit>y p[]1 ! c\ntry1 & ! w ( ! enemy4 ,! milit>y p[] mu/ be de/roy$1 t is1 r$uc$ to su* a /ate z n to be able to prosecute ! ,w>4 ,?is is ! s5se 9 :i* we wi% to be und]/ood h]eaft]1 :5ev] we use ! expression 8de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y p[]40 ,! c\ntry mu/ be conqu]$1 = out ( ! c\ntry a new milit>y =ce may be =m$4 ,b ev5 :5 bo? ^! ?+s are done1 /ill ! ,w>1 t is1 ! ho/ile feel+ & action ( ho/ile ag5cies1 _c be consid]$ z at an end z long z ! w ( ! enemy is n subdu$ also2 t is1 its ,gov]nm5t & its ,allies mu/ be =c$ into sign+ a peace1 or ! p into submission2 = :il/ we are 9 full occupation ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,w> may break out afre%1 ei!r 9 ! int]ior or ?r\gh assi/ance giv5 by ,allies4 ,no d\bt1 ?is may also take place aft] a peace1 b t %[s no?+ m ?an t e ,w> does n c>ry 9 itself ! elem5ts = a complete decision & f9al settlem5t4 ,b ev5 if ?is is ! case1 /ill ) ! conclusion ( peace a numb] ( sp>ks are always ext+ui%$ :i* w\ld h sm\ld]$ on quietly1 & ! excitem5t ( ! passions abates1 because all ^? ^: m9ds are dispos$ to peace1 ( :i* 9 all nations & "u all circum/ances !re is always a great numb]1 turn !mselves away completely f ! road to resi/ance4 ,:atev] may take place subsequ5tly1 we mu/ always look ^u ! object z atta9$1 & ! bus9ess ( ,w> z end$1 by a peace4 ,z protection ( ! c\ntry is ! prim>y object = :i* ! milit>y =ce exi/s1 !re=e ! natural ord] is1 t fir/ ( all ?is =ce %\ld be de/roy$1 !n ! c\ntry subdu$2 & ?r\gh ! effect ( ^! two results1 z well z ! position we !n hold1 ! enemy %\ld be =c$ to make peace4 ,g5]ally ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce is done by degrees1 & 9 j ! same measure ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry foll[s imm$iately4 ,! two likewise usually react ^u ea* o!r1 because ! loss ( prov9ces occasions a dim9ution ( milit>y =ce4 ,b ?is ord] is by no means necess>y1 & on t acc\nt x also does n always take place4 ,! enemy's ,army1 be=e x is s5sibly weak5$1 may retreat to ! opposite side ( ! c\ntry1 or ev5 q outside ( x4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! great] "p or ! :ole ( ! c\ntry is conqu]$4 ,b ?is object ( ,w> 9 ! ab/ract1 ?is f9al means ( atta9+ ! political object 9 :i* all o!rs are comb9$1 ! dis>m+ ! enemy1 is r>ely atta9$ 9 practice & is n a condition necess>y to peace4 ,!re=e x c 9 no wise be set up 9 !ory z a law4 ,!re are innum]able in/ances ( treaties 9 :i* peace has be5 settl$ be=e ei!r p>ty c\ld be look$ ^u z dis>m$2 inde$1 ev5 be=e ! balance ( p[] _h und]gone any s5sible alt]ation4 ,nay1 fur!r1 if we look at ! case 9 ! concrete1 !n we mu/ say t 9 a :ole class ( cases1 ! idea ( a complete defeat ( ! enemy w\ld be a m]e imag9ative flight1 especially :5 ! enemy is consid]ably sup]ior4 ,! reason :y ! object d$uc$ f ! conception ( ,w> is n adapt$ 9 g5]al to real ,w> lies 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 :i* is discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,if x 0 z pure !ory gives x1 !n a ,w> betwe5 two ,/ates ( v unequal milit>y /r5g? w\ld appe> an absurdity2 !re=e impossible4 ,at mo/1 ! inequality betwe5 ! physical =ces might be su* t x c\ld be balanc$ by ! moral =ces1 & t w\ld n g f> ) our pres5t social condition 9 ,europe4 ,!re=e1 if we h se5 ,w>s take place betwe5 ,/ates ( v unequal p[]1 t has be5 ! case because !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ,w> 9 reality & its orig9al conception4 ,!re are two consid]ations :i* z motives may practically take ! place ( inability to cont9ue ! conte/4 ,! fir/ is ! improbability1 ! second is ! excessive price1 ( success4 ,accord+ to :at we h se5 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 ,w> mu/ always set itself free f ! /rict law ( logical necessity1 & seek aid f ! calculation ( probabilities2 & z ?is is s mu* ! m ! case1 ! m ! ,w> has a bias t way1 f ! circum/ances out ( :i* x has aris5--! small] its motives are1 & ! excitem5t x has rais$--s x is also conceivable h[ out ( ?is calculation ( probabilities ev5 motives to peace may arise4 ,w> does n1 !re=e1 always require to be f\ght out until "o p>ty is ov]?r[n2 & we may suppose t1 :5 ! motives & passions are slight1 a weak probability w suffice to move t side to :i* x is unfav\rable to give way4 ,n[1 7 ! o!r side conv9c$ ( ?is be=eh&1 x is natural t he w\ld /rive = ?is probability only1 in/ead ( fir/ wa/+ "t & ef=t 9 ! attempt to a*ieve ! total de/ruction ( ! enemy's ,army4 ,/ill m g5]al 9 its influ5ce on ! resolution to peace is ! consid]ation ( ! exp5diture ( =ce already made1 & fur!r requir$4 ,z ,w> is no act ( bl9d passion1 b is dom9at$ by ! political object1 !re=e ! value ( t object det]m9es ! measure ( ! sacrifices by :i* x is to be pur*as$4 ,?is w be ! case1 n only z reg>ds ext5t1 b also z reg>ds duration4 ,z soon1 !re=e1 z ! requir$ outlay becomes s great t ! political object is no long] equal 9 value1 ! object mu/ be giv5 up1 & peace w be ! result4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t 9 ,w>s :]e "o side _c completely dis>m ! o!r1 ! motives to peace on bo? sides w rise or fall on ea* side accord+ to ! probability ( future success & ! requir$ outlay4 ,if ^! motives 7 equally /rong on bo? sides1 !y w\ld meet 9 ! c5tre ( _! political diff]5ce4 ,:]e !y are /rong on "o side1 !y might be weak on ! o!r4 ,if _! am\nt is only suffici5t1 peace w foll[1 b naturally to ! advantage ( t side :i* has ! weake/ motive = its conclusion4 ,we purposely pass ov] "h ! diff]5ce :i* ! positive & negative "* ( ! political end mu/ necess>ily produce practically2 = al?\gh t is1 z we %all h]eaft] %[1 ( ! highe/ importance1 /ill we are oblig$ to keep "h to a m g5]al po9t ( view1 because ! orig9al political views 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,w> *ange v mu*1 & at la/ may become totally diff]5t1 j because !y are det]m9$ by results & probable ev5ts4 ,n[ comes ! "q h[ to influ5ce ! probability ( success4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 naturally by ! same means :i* we use :5 ! object is ! subjugation ( ! enemy1 by ! de/ruction ( 8 milit>y =ce & ! conque/ ( 8 prov9ces2 b ^! two means are n exactly ( ! same import "h z !y w\ld be 9 ref]5ce to t object4 ,if we attack ! enemy's ,army1 x is a v diff]5t ?+ :e!r we int5d to foll[ up ! fir/ bl[ ) a succession ( o!rs1 until ! :ole =ce is de/roy$1 or :e!r we mean to cont5t ourselves ) a victory to %ake ! enemy's feel+ ( security1 to conv9ce him ( our sup]iority1 & to in/il into him a feel+ ( appreh5sion ab\t ! future4 ,if ?is is our object1 we only g s f> 9 ! de/ruction ( 8 =ces z is suffici5t4 ,9 l mann]1 ! conque/1 ( ! enemy's prov9ces is q a diff]5t measure if ! object is n ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's ,army4 ,9 ! latt] case ! de/ruction ( ! ,army is ! real effectual action1 & ! tak+ ( ! prov9ces only a consequ5ce ( x2 to take !m be=e ! ,army _h be5 defeat$ w\ld always be look$ ^u only z a necess>y evil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if our views are n direct$ ^u ! complete de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce1 & if we are sure t ! enemy does n seek b fe>s to br+ matt]s to a bloody decision1 ! tak+ possession ( a weak or def5celess prov9ce is an advantage 9 itself1 & if ?is advantage is ( suffici5t importance to make ! enemy appreh5sive ab\t ! g5]al result1 !n x may also be reg>d$ z a %ort] road to peace4 ,b n[ we come ^u a peculi> means ( influ5c+ ! probability ( ! result )\t de/roy+ ! enemy's ,army1 namely1 ^u ! exp$itions :i* h a direct connection ) political views4 ,if !re are any ent]prises :i* are p>ticul>ly likely to break up ! enemy's alliances or make !m inop]ative1 to ga9 new alliances = ourselves1 to raise political p[]s 9 our own fav\r1 c4 c41 !n x is easy to conceive h[ mu* ^! may increase ! probability ( success1 & become a %ort] way t[>ds our object ?an ! r\t+ ( ! enemy's =ces4 ,! second "q is h[ to act ^u ! enemy's exp5diture 9 /r5g?1 t is1 to raise ! price ( success4 ,! enemy's outlay 9 /r5g? lies 9 ! we> & te> ( 8 =ces1 consequ5tly 9 ! de/ruction ( !m on our "p1 & 9 ! loss ( prov9ces1 consequ5tly ! conque/ ( !m by u4 ,"h1 aga91 on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s significations ( ^! means1 s likewise x w be f\nd t nei!r ( !m w be id5tical 9 its signification 9 all cases if ! objects are diff]5t4 ,! smallness 9 g5]al ( ?is diff]5ce mu/ n cause u p]plexity1 = 9 reality ! weake/ motives1 ! f9e/ %ades ( diff]5ce1 (t5 decide 9 fav\r ( ?is or t me?od ( apply+ =ce4 ,our only bus9ess "h is to %[ t1 c]ta9 conditions be+ suppos$1 ! possibility ( atta9+ our purpose 9 diff]5t ways is no contradiction1 absurdity1 nor ev5 error4 ,besides ^! two means1 !re are ?ree o!r peculi> ways ( directly increas+ ! wa/e ( ! enemy's =ce4 ,! fir/ is invasion1 t is ! occupation ( ! enemy's t]ritory1 n ) a view to keep+ x1 b 9 ord] to levy contributions ^u x1 or to deva/ate x4 ,! imm$iate object "h is nei!r ! conque/ ( ! enemy's t]ritory nor ! defeat ( 8 arm$ =ce1 b m]ely to d him damage 9 a g5]al way4 ,! second way is to select = ! object ( our ent]prises ^? po9ts at :i* we c d ! enemy mo/ h>m4 ,no?+ is easi] to conceive ?an two diff]5t directions 9 :i* our =ce may be employ$1 ! fir/ ( :i* is to be pref]r$ if our object is to defeat ! enemy's ,army1 :ile ! o!r is m advantage\s if ! defeat ( ! enemy is out ( ! "q4 ,accord+ to ! usual mode ( speak+1 we %\ld say t ! fir/ is prim>ily milit>y1 ! o!r m political4 ,b if we take our view f ! highe/ po9t1 bo? are equally milit>y1 & nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r c be eligible unless x suits ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,! ?ird1 by f> ! mo/ important1 f ! great numb] ( cases :i* x embraces1 is ! we>+ out ( ! enemy4 ,we *oose ?is expression n only to expla9 our mean+ 9 few words1 b because x repres5ts ! ?+ exactly1 & is n s figurative z may at fir/ appe>4 ,! idea ( we>+ out 9 a /ruggle am\nts 9 practice to a gradual exhau/ion ( ! physical p[]s & ( ! w by ! long cont9uance ( ex]tion4 ,n[1 if we want to ov]come ! enemy by ! duration ( ! conte/1 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) z small objects z possible1 = x is 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ t a great end requires a great] exp5diture ( =ce ?an a small "o2 b ! smalle/ object t we c propose to ourselves is simple passive resi/ance1 t is a combat )\t any positive view4 ,9 ?is way1 !re=e1 our means atta9 _! greate/ relative value1 & !re=e ! result is be/ secur$4 ,h[ f> n[ c ?is negative mode ( proce$+ be c>ri$8 ,pla9ly n to absolute passivity1 = m]e endurance w\ld n be fight+2 & ! def5sive is an activity by :i* s mu* ( ! enemy's p[] mu/ be de/roy$ t he mu/ give up 8 object4 ,t alone is :at we aim at 9 ea* s+le act1 & !re9 consi/s ! negative nature ( our object4 ,no d\bt ?is negative object 9 its s+le act is n s effective z ! positive object 9 ! same direction w\ld be1 suppos+ x successful2 b !re is ?is diff]5ce 9 its fav\r1 t x succe$s m easily ?an ! positive1 & !re=e x holds out great] c]ta9ty ( success2 :at is want+ 9 ! efficacy ( its s+le act mu/ be ga9$ ?r\gh "t1 t is1 ?r\gh ! duration ( ! conte/1 & !re=e ?is negative int5tion1 :i* con/itutes ! pr9ciple ( ! pure def5sive1 is also ! natural means ( ov]com+ ! enemy by ! duration ( ! combat1 t is ( we>+ him out4 ,"h lies ! orig9 ( t diff]5ce ( ,(f5sive & ,def5sive1 ! influ5ce ( :i* prevails ?r\gh\t ! :ole prov9ce ( ,w>4 ,we _c at pres5t pursue ?is subject fur!r ?an to obs]ve t f ?is negative int5tion are to be d$uc$ all ! advantages & all ! /rong] =ms ( combat :i* are on ! side ( ! ,def5sive1 & 9 :i* t philosophical-dynamic law :i* exi/s betwe5 ! greatness & ! c]ta9ty ( success is realis$4 ,we %all resume ! consid]ation ( all ?is h]eaft]4 ,if !n ! negative purpose1 t is ! conc5tration ( all ! means into a /ate ( pure resi/ance1 af=ds a sup]iority 9 ! conte/1 & if ?is advantage is suffici5t to balance :atev] sup]iority 9 numb]s ! adv]s>y may h1 !n ! m]e duration ( ! conte/ w suffice gradually to br+ ! loss ( =ce on ! "p ( ! adv]s>y to a po9t at :i* ! political object c no long] be an equival5t1 a po9t at :i*1 !re=e1 he mu/ give up ! conte/4 ,we see !n t ?is class ( means1 ! we>+ out ( ! enemy1 includes ! great numb] ( cases 9 :i* ! weak] resi/s ! /rong]4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 dur+ ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 0 nev] /rong en\gh to ov]?r[ ! ,au/rian mon>*y2 & if he _h tri$ to d s aft] ! fa%ion ( ,*>les ! ,twelf?1 he w\ld inevitably h _h to succumb himself4 ,b aft] 8 skilful application ( ! sy/em ( husb&+ 8 res\rces _h %[n ! p[]s alli$ aga9/ him1 ?r\gh a sev5 ye>s' /ruggle1 t ! actual exp5diture ( /r5g? f> exce$$ :at !y _h at fir/ anticipat$1 !y made peace4 ,we see !n t !re are _m ways to "o's object 9 ,w>2 t ! complete subjugation ( ! enemy is n ess5tial 9 e case2 t ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ce1 ! conque/ ( ! enemy's prov9ces1 ! m]e occupation ( !m1 ! m]e invasion ( !m--ent]prises :i* are aim$ directly at political objects--la/ly1 a passive expectation ( ! enemy's bl[1 are all means :i*1 ea* 9 itself1 may be us$ to =ce ! enemy's w accord+ z ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! case lead u to expect m f ! "o or ! o!r4 ,we c\ld /ill add to ^! a :ole category ( %ort] me?ods ( ga9+ ! end1 :i* might be call$ argum5ts ad hom9em4 ,:at bran* ( human affairs is !re 9 :i* ^! sp>ks ( individual _s h n made _! appe>ance1 surm\nt+ all =mal consid]ations8 ,& lea/ ( all c !y fail to appe> 9 ,w>1 :]e ! p]sonal "* ( ! combatants plays su* an important "p1 bo? 9 ! cab9et & 9 ! field4 ,we limit ourselves to po9t+ ?is out1 z x w\ld be p$antry to attempt to r$uce su* influ5ces into classes4 ,includ+ ^!1 we may say t ! numb] ( possible ways ( rea*+ ! object rises to inf9ity4 ,to avoid "u-e/imat+ ^! diff]5t %ort roads to "o's purpose1 ei!r e/imat+ !m only z r>e exceptions1 or hold+ ! diff]5ce :i* !y cause 9 ! conduct ( ,w> z insignificant1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! div]sity ( political objects :i* may cause a ,w>--measure at a glance ! di/ance :i* !re is betwe5 a dea? /ruggle = political exi/5ce & a ,w> :i* a =c$ or tott]+ alliance makes a matt] ( disagreeable duty4 ,betwe5 ! two innum]able gradations occur 9 practice4 ,if we reject "o ( ^! gradations 9 !ory1 we might ) equal "r reject ! :ole1 :i* w\ld be tantam\nt to %utt+ ! real _w completely out ( sight4 ,^! are ! circum/ances 9 g5]al connect$ ) ! aim :i* we h to pursue 9 ,w>2 let u n[ turn to ! means4 ,!re is only "o s+le means1 x is ! ,fight4 ,h[ev] div]sifi$ ?is may be 9 =m1 h[ev] widely x may diff] f a r\gh v5t ( hatr$ & animosity 9 a h&-to-h& enc\nt]1 :atev] numb] ( ?+s may introduce !mselves :i* are n actual fight+1 /ill x is always impli$ 9 ! conception ( ,w> t all ! effects manife/$ h _! roots 9 ! combat4 ,t ?is mu/ always be s 9 ! greate/ div]sity & complication ( ! reality is prov$ 9 a v simple mann]4 ,all t takes place 9 ,w> takes place ?r\gh arm$ =ces1 b :]e ! =ces ( ,w>1 i4e41 arm$ m51 are appli$1 !re ! idea ( fight+ mu/ ( necessity be at ! f\ndation4 ,all1 !re=e1 t relates to =ces ( ,w>--all t is connect$ ) _! creation1 ma9t5ance1 & application--belongs to milit>y activity4 ,creation & ma9t5ance are obvi\sly only ! means1 :il/ application is ! object4 ,! conte/ 9 ,w> is n a conte/ ( individual aga9/ individual1 b an organis$ :ole1 consi/+ ( manifold p>ts2 9 ?is great :ole we may di/+ui% units ( two k9ds1 ! "o det]m9$ by ! subject1 ! o!r by ! object4 ,9 an ,army ! mass ( combatants ranges itself always into an ord] ( new units1 :i* aga9 =m memb]s ( a high] ord]4 ,! combat ( ea* ( ^! memb]s =ms1 !re=e1 also a m or less di/9ct unit4 ,fur!r1 ! motive ( ! fight2 !re=e its object =ms its unit4 ,n[1 to ea* ( ^! units :i* we di/+ui% 9 ! conte/ we atta* ! "n ( combat4 ,if ! idea ( combat lies at ! f\ndation ( e application ( arm$ p[]1 !n also ! application ( arm$ =ce 9 g5]al is no?+ m ?an ! det]m9+ & arrang+ a c]ta9 numb] ( combats4 ,e activity 9 ,w>1 !re=e1 necess>ily relates to ! combat ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,! soldi] is levi$1 clo!d1 arm$1 ex]cis$1 he sleeps1 eats1 dr9ks1 & m>*es1 all m]ely to fight at ! "r "t & place4 ,if1 !re=e1 all ! ?reads ( milit>y activity t]m9ate 9 ! combat1 we %all grasp !m all :5 we settle ! ord] ( ! combats4 ,only f ?is ord] & its execution proce$ ! effects1 nev] directly f ! conditions prec$+ !m4 ,n[1 9 ! combat all ! action is direct$ to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy1 or r ( 8 fight+ p[]s1 = ?is lies 9 ! conception ( combat4 ,! de/ruction ( ! enemy's fight+ p[] is1 !re=e1 always ! means to atta9 ! object ( ! combat4 ,?is object may likewise be ! m]e de/ruction ( ! enemy's arm$ =ce2 b t is n by any means necess>y1 & x may be some?+ q diff]5t4 ,:5ev]1 = in/ance1 z we h %[n1 ! defeat ( ! enemy is n ! only means to atta9 ! political object1 :5ev] !re are o!r objects :i* may be pursu$ z ! aim 9 a ,w>1 !n x foll[s ( itself t su* o!r objects may become ! object ( p>ticul> acts ( ,w>f>e1 & !re=e also ! object ( combats4 ,b ev5 ^? combats :i*1 z subord9ate acts1 are 9 ! /rict s5se devot$ to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's fight+ =ce ne$ n h t de/ruction itself z _! fir/ object4 ,if we ?9k ( ! manifold p>ts ( a great arm$ =ce1 ( ! numb] ( circum/ances :i* come into activity :5 x is employ$1 !n x is cle> t ! combat ( su* a =ce mu/ also require a manifold organisation1 a subord9at+ ( p>ts & =mation4 ,!re may & mu/ naturally arise = p>ticul> p>ts a numb] ( objects :i* are n !mselves ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's arm$ =ce1 & :i*1 :ile !y c]ta9ly contribute to increase t de/ruction1 d s only 9 an indirect mann]4 ,if a battalion is ord]$ to drive ! enemy f a ris+ gr\nd1 or a bridge1 c41 !n prop]ly ! occupation ( any su* locality is ! real object1 ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's arm$ =ce :i* takes place only ! means or second>y matt]4 ,if ! enemy c be driv5 away m]ely by a demon/ration1 ! object is atta9$ all ! same2 b ?is hill or bridge is1 9 po9t ( fact1 only requir$ z a means ( increas+ ! gross am\nt ( loss inflict$ on ! enemy's arm$ =ce4 ,x is ! case on ! field ( battle1 mu* m mu/ x be s on ! :ole !atre ( w>1 :]e n only "o ,army is oppos$ to ano!r1 b "o ,/ate1 "o ,nation1 "o :ole c\ntry to ano!r4 ,"h ! numb] ( possible relations1 & consequ5tly possible comb9ations1 is mu* great]1 ! div]sity ( measures increas$1 & by ! gradation ( objects1 ea* subord9ate to ano!r ! fir/ means employ$ is fur!r ap>t f ! ultimate object4 ,x is !re=e = _m reasons possible t ! object ( a combat is n ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce1 t is1 ( ! =ce imm$iately oppos$ to u1 b t ?is only appe>s z a means4 ,b 9 all su* cases x is no long] a "q ( complete de/ruction1 = ! combat is "h no?+ else b a measure ( /r5g?--has 9 itself no value except only t ( ! pres5t result1 t is1 ( its decision4 ,b a measur+ ( /r5g? may be effect$ 9 cases :]e ! oppos+ sides are v unequal by a m]e comp>ative e/imate4 ,9 su* cases no fight+ w take place1 & ! weak] w imm$iately give way4 ,if ! object ( a combat is n always ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ces !re9 engag$--& if its object c (t5 be atta9$ z well )\t ! combat tak+ place at all1 by m]ely mak+ a resolve to fight1 & by ! circum/ances to :i* ?is resolution gives rise--!n t expla9s h[ a :ole campaign may be c>ri$ on ) great activity )\t ! actual combat play+ any notable "p 9 x4 ,t ?is may be s milit>y hi/ory proves by a hundr$ examples4 ,h[ _m ( ^? cases c be ju/ifi$1 t is1 )\t involv+ a contradiction & :e!r "s ( ! celebrities :o rose out ( !m w\ld /& criticism1 we %all leave undecid$1 = all we h to d ) ! matt] is to %[ ! possibility ( su* a c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,w>4 ,we h only "o means 9 ,w>--! battle2 b ?is means1 by ! inf9ite v>iety ( pa?s 9 :i* x may be appli$1 leads u into all ! diff]5t ways :i* ! multiplicity ( objects all[s (1 s t we seem to h ga9$ no?+2 b t is n ! case1 = f ?is unity ( means proce$s a ?read :i* assi/s ! /udy ( ! subject1 z x runs ?r\gh ! :ole web ( milit>y activity & holds x toge!r4 ,b we h consid]$ ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce z "o ( ! objects :i* maybe pursu$ 9 ,w>1 & left undecid$ :at relative importance %\ld be giv5 to x among/ o!r objects4 ,9 c]ta9 cases x w dep5d on circum/ances1 & z a g5]al "q we h left its value undet]m9$4 ,we are once m br\ght back ^u x1 & we %all be able to get an insight into ! value :i* mu/ necess>ily be accord$ to x4 ,! combat is ! s+le activity 9 ,w>2 9 ! combat ! de/ruction ( ! enemy oppos$ to u is ! means to ! end2 x is s ev5 :5 ! combat does n actually take place1 because 9 t case !re lies at ! root ( ! decision ! supposition at all ev5ts t ?is de/ruction is to be reg>d$ z beyond d\bt4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ce is ! f\ndation-/one ( all action 9 ,w>1 ! great support ( all comb9ations1 :i* re/ ^u x l ! ar* on its abutm5ts4 ,all action1 !re=e1 takes place on ! supposition t if ! solution by =ce ( arms :i* lies at its f\ndation %\ld be realis$1 x w be a fav\rable "o4 ,! decision by arms is1 = all op]ations 9 ,w>1 great & small1 :at ca% paym5t is 9 bill transactions4 ,h[ev] remote f ea* o!r ^! relations1 h[ev] seldom ! realisation may take place1 /ill x c nev] entirely fail to occur4 ,if ! decision by arms lies at ! f\ndation ( all comb9ations1 !n x foll[s t ! enemy c defeat ea* ( !m by ga9+ a victory on ! field1 n m]ely 9 ! "o on :i* our comb9ation directly dep5ds1 b also 9 any o!r enc\nt]1 if x is only important en\gh2 = e important decision by arms--t is1 de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ces--reacts ^u all prec$+ x1 because1 l a liquid elem5t1 !y t5d to br+ !mselves to a level4 ,?us1 ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's arm$ =ce appe>s1 !re=e1 always z ! sup]ior & m effectual means1 to :i* all o!rs mu/ give way4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only :5 !re is a suppos$ equality 9 all o!r conditions t we c ascribe to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's arm$ =ce ! great] efficacy4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be a great mi/ake to draw ! conclusion t a bl9d da% mu/ always ga9 ! victory ov] skill & caution4 ,an unskilful attack w\ld lead to ! de/ruction ( our own & n ( ! enemy's =ce1 & !re=e is n :at is "h meant4 ,! sup]ior efficacy belongs n to ! means b to ! end1 & we are only comp>+ ! effect ( "o realis$ purpose ) ! o!r4 ,if we speak ( ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's arm$ =ce1 we mu/ expressly po9t out t no?+ obliges u to conf9e ?is idea to ! m]e physical =ce2 on ! contr>y1 ! moral is necess>ily impli$ z well1 because bo? 9 fact are int]wov5 ) ea* o!r1 ev5 9 ! mo/ m9ute details1 & !re=e _c be sep>at$4 ,b x is j 9 connection ) ! inevitable effect :i* has be5 ref]r$ to1 ( a great act ( de/ruction 7a great victory7 ^u all o!r decisions by arms1 t ?is moral elem5t is mo/ fluid1 if we may use t expression1 & !re=e di/ributes itself ! mo/ easily ?r\gh all ! p>ts4 ,aga9/ ! f> sup]ior wor? :i* ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's arm$ =ce has ov] all o!r means /&s ! exp5se & risk ( ?is means1 & x is only to avoid ^! t any o!r means are tak54 ,t ^! mu/ be co/ly /&s to reason1 = ! wa/e ( our own milit>y =ces mu/1 cet]is p>ibus1 always be great] ! m our aim is direct$ ^u ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's p[]4 ,! dang] lies 9 ?is1 t ! great] efficacy :i* we seek recoils on ourselves1 & !re=e has worse consequ5ces 9 case we fail ( success4 ,o!r me?ods are1 !re=e1 less co/ly :5 !y succe$1 less dang]\s :5 !y fail2 b 9 ?is is necess>ily lodg$ ! condition t !y are only oppos$ to simil> ones1 t is1 t ! enemy acts on ! same pr9ciple2 = if ! enemy %\ld *oose ! way ( a great decision by arms1 our means mu/ on t acc\nt be *ang$ aga9/ our w1 9 ord] to correspond ) 84 ,!n all dep5ds on ! issue ( ! act ( de/ruction2 b ( c\rse x is evid5t t1 cet]is p>ibus1 9 ?is act we mu/ be at a disadvantage 9 all respects because our views & our means _h be5 direct$ 9 "p ^u o!r objects1 :i* is n ! case ) ! enemy4 ,two diff]5t objects ( :i* "o is n "p1 ! o!r exclude ea* o!r1 & !re=e a =ce :i* may be applicable = ! "o may n s]ve = ! o!r4 ,if1 !re=e1 "o ( two bellig]5ts is det]m9$ to seek ! great decision by arms1 !n he has a high probability ( success1 z soon z he is c]ta9 8 oppon5t w n take t way1 b foll[s a diff]5t object2 & e "o :o sets be=e himself any su* o!r aim only does s 9 a reasonable mann]1 provid$ he acts on ! supposition t 8 adv]s>y has z little int5tion z he has ( resort+ to ! great decision by arms4 ,b :at we h "h said ( ano!r direction ( views & =ces relates only to o!r positive objects1 :i* we may propose to ourselves 9 ,w>1 besides ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce1 n by any means to ! pure def5sive1 :i* may be adopt$ ) a view !reby to exhau/ ! enemy's =ces4 ,9 ! pure def5sive ! positive object is want+1 & !re=e1 :ile on ! def5sive1 our =ces _c at ! same "t be direct$ on o!r objects2 !y c only be employ$ to defeat ! int5tions ( ! enemy4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! opposite ( ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's arm$ =ce1 t is to say1 ! pres]vation ( our own4 ,^! two ef=ts always g toge!r1 z !y mutually act & react on ea* o!r2 !y are integral p>ts ( "o & ! same view1 & we h only to asc]ta9 :at effect is produc$ :5 "o or ! o!r has ! pr$om9ance4 ,! endeav\r to de/roy ! enemy's =ce has a positive object1 & leads to positive results1 ( :i* ! f9al aim is ! conque/ ( ! enemy4 ,! pres]vation ( our own =ces has a negative object1 leads !re=e to ! defeat ( ! enemy's int5tions1 t is to pure resi/ance1 ( :i* ! f9al aim c be no?+ m ?an to prolong ! duration ( ! conte/1 s t ! enemy %all exhau/ himself 9 x4 ,! ef=t ) a positive object calls into exi/5ce ! act ( de/ruction2 ! ef=t ) ! negative object awaits x4 ,h[ f> ?is /ate ( expectation %\ld & may be c>ri$ we %all ent] into m p>ticul>ly 9 ! !ory ( attack & def5ce1 at ! orig9 ( :i* we aga9 f9d ourselves4 ,"h we %all cont5t ourselves ) say+ t ! await+ mu/ be no absolute endurance1 & t 9 ! action b\nd up ) x ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's arm$ =ce engag$ 9 ?is conflict may be ! aim j z well z any?+ else4 ,x w\ld !re=e be a great error 9 ! fundam5tal idea to suppose t ! consequ5ce ( ! negative c\rse is t we are preclud$ f *oos+ ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ce z our object1 & mu/ pref] a bloodless solution4 ,! advantage :i* ! negative ef=t gives may c]ta9ly lead to t1 b only at ! risk ( its n be+ ! mo/ advisable me?od1 z t "q is dep5d5t on totally diff]5t conditions1 re/+ n ) ourselves b ) our oppon5ts4 ,?is o!r bloodless way _c1 !re=e1 be look$ ^u at all z ! natural means ( satisfy+ our great anxiety to sp>e our =ces2 on ! contr>y1 :5 circum/ances are n fav\rable1 x w\ld be ! means ( completely ru9+ !m4 ,v _m ,g5]als h fall5 into ?is error1 & be5 ru9$ by x4 ,! only necess>y effect result+ f ! sup]iority ( ! negative ef=t is ! delay ( ! decision1 s t ! p>ty act+ takes refuge 9 t way1 z x 71 9 ! expectation ( ! decisive mom5t4 ,! consequ5ce ( t is g5]ally ! po/ponem5t ( ! action z mu* z possible 9 "t1 & also 9 space1 9 s f> z space is 9 connection ) x4 ,if ! mom5t has arriv$ 9 :i* ?is c no long] be done )\t ru9\s disadvantage1 !n ! advantage ( ! negative mu/ be consid]$ z exhau/$1 & !n comes =w>d un*ang$ ! ef=t = ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce1 :i* 0 kept back by a c\nt]poise1 b nev] disc>d$4 ,we h se51 !re=e1 9 ! =ego+ reflections1 t !re are _m ways to ! aim1 t is1 to ! atta9m5t ( ! political object2 b t ! only means is ! combat1 & t consequ5tly ev]y?+ is subject to a supreme law3 :i* is ! decision by arms2 t :]e ?is is really dem&$ by "o1 x is a r$ress :i* _c be refus$ by ! o!r2 t1 !re=e1 a bellig]5t :o takes any o!r way mu/ make sure t 8 oppon5t w n take ?is means ( r$ress1 or 8 cause may be lo/ 9 t supreme c\rt2 h5ce !re=e ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's arm$ =ce1 among/ all ! objects :i* c be pursu$ 9 ,w>1 appe>s always z ! "o :i* ov]rules all o!rs4 ,:at may be a*iev$ by comb9ations ( ano!r k9d 9 ,w> we %all only le>n 9 ! sequel1 & naturally only by degrees4 ,we cont5t ourselves "h ) ackn[l$g+ 9 g5]al _! possibility1 z some?+ po9t+ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! reality & ! conception1 & to ! influ5ce ( p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,b we c\ld n avoid %[+ at once t ! bloody solution ( ! crisis1 ! ef=t = ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce1 is ! fir/born son ( ,w>4 ,if :5 political objects are unimportant1 motives weak1 ! excitem5t ( =ces small1 a cauti\s comm&] tries 9 all k9ds ( ways1 )\t great crises & bloody solutions1 to twi/ himself skilfully into a peace ?r\gh ! *>act]i/ic weaknesses ( 8 enemy 9 ! field & 9 ! ,cab9et1 we h no "r to f9d fault ) him1 if ! premises on :i* he acts are well f\nd$ & ju/ifi$ by success2 /ill we mu/ require him to rememb] t he only travels on =bidd5 tracks1 :]e ! ,god ( ,w> may surprise him2 t he ought always to keep 8 eye on ! enemy1 9 ord] t he may n h to def5d himself ) a dress rapi] if ! enemy takes up a %>p sword4 ,! consequ5ces ( ! nature ( ,w>1 h[ ends & means act 9 x1 h[ 9 ! modifications ( reality x deviates sometimes m1 sometimes less1 f its /rict orig9al conception1 fluctuat+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 yet always rema9+ "u t /rict conception z "u a supreme law3 all ?is we mu/ reta9 be=e u1 & be> con/antly 9 m9d 9 ! consid]ation ( ea* ( ! succe$+ subjects1 if we w\ld rightly compreh5d _! true relations & prop] importance1 & n become involv$ incessantly 9 ! mo/ gl>+ contradictions ) ! reality1 & at la/ ) our own selves4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,g5ius = ,w> ,e special call+ 9 life1 if x is to be foll[$ ) success1 requires peculi> qualifications ( und]/&+ & s\l4 ,:]e ^! are ( a high ord]1 & manife/ !mselves by extraord9>y a*ievem5ts1 ! m9d to :i* !y belong is t]m$ ,,g5ius4 ,we "k v well t ?is ^w is us$ 9 _m significations :i* are v diff]5t bo? 9 ext5t & nature1 & t ) _m ( ^! significations x is a v difficult task to def9e ! ess5ce ( ,g5ius2 b z we nei!r pr(ess to be philosoph] nor gramm>ian1 we mu/ be all[$ to keep to ! mean+ usual 9 ord9>y language1 & to und]/& by 8g5ius0 a v high m5tal capacity = c]ta9 employm5ts4 ,we wi% to /op = a mom5t ov] ?is faculty & dignity ( ! m9d1 9 ord] to v9dicate its title1 & to expla9 m fully ! mean+ ( ! conception4 ,b we %all n dwell on t 7g5ius7 :i* has obta9$ its title ?r\gh a v great tal5t1 on g5ius prop]ly s call$1 t is a conception :i* has no def9$ limits4 ,:at we h to d is to br+ "u consid]ation e common t5d5cy ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d & s\l t[>ds ! bus9ess ( ,w>1 ! :ole ( :i* common t5d5cies we may look ^u z ! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,milit>y ,,g5ius4 ,we say 8common10 = j !re9 consi/s milit>y g5ius1 t x is n "o s+le quality be>+ ^u ,w>1 z1 = in/ance1 c\rage1 :ile o!r qualities ( m9d & s\l are want+ or h a direction :i* is uns]viceable = ,w>1 b t x is ,,an ,,h>moni\s ,,association ,,( ,,p[]s1 9 :i* "o or o!r may pr$om9ate1 b none mu/ be 9 opposition4 ,if e combatant requir$ to be m or less end[$ ) milit>y g5ius1 !n our armies w\ld be v weak2 = z x implies a peculi> b5t ( ! intellig5t p[]s1 !re=e x c only r>ely be f\nd :]e ! m5tal p[]s ( a p are call$ into requisition & tra9$ 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,! few] ! employm5ts foll[$ by a ,nation1 ! m t ( arms pr$om9ates1 s mu* ! m preval5t w milit>y g5ius also be f\nd4 ,b ?is m]ely applies to its preval5ce1 by no means to its degree1 = t dep5ds on ! g5]al /ate ( intellectual culture 9 ! c\ntry4 ,if we look at a wild1 w>like race1 !n we f9d a w>like _s 9 individuals mu* m common ?an 9 a civilis$ p2 = 9 ! =m] almo/ e w>rior possesses x1 :il/ 9 ! civilis$ :ole1 masses are only c>ri$ away by x f necessity1 nev] by incl9ation4 ,b among/ uncivilis$ p we nev] f9d a really great ,g5]al1 & v seldom :at we c prop]ly call a milit>y g5ius1 because t requires a developm5t ( ! intellig5t p[]s :i* _c be f\nd 9 an uncivilis$ /ate4 ,t a civilis$ p may also h a w>like t5d5cy & developm5t is a matt] ( c\rse2 & ! m ?is is g5]al1 ! m frequ5tly also w milit>y _s be f\nd 9 individuals 9 _! armies4 ,n[ z ?is co9cides 9 su* case ) ! high] degree ( civilisation1 !re=e f su* nations h issu$ =? ! mo/ brilliant milit>y exploits1 z ! ,romans & ! ,fr5* h exemplifi$4 ,! greate/ names 9 ^! & 9 all o!r nations t h be5 r5[n$ 9 ,w> belong /rictly to epo*s ( high] culture4 ,f ?is we may inf] h[ great a %>e ! intellig5t p[]s h 9 sup]ior milit>y g5ius4 ,we %all n[ look m closely into ?is po9t4 ,w> is ! prov9ce ( dang]1 & !re=e c\rage above all ?+s is ! fir/ quality ( a w>rior4 ,c\rage is ( two k9ds3 fir/1 physical c\rage1 or c\rage 9 pres5ce ( dang] to ! p]son2 & next1 moral c\rage1 or c\rage be=e responsibility1 :e!r x be be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ext]nal au?ority1 or ( ! inn] p[]1 ! consci5ce4 ,we only speak "h ( ! fir/4 ,c\rage be=e dang] to ! p]son1 aga91 is ( two k9ds4 ,fir/1 x may be indiff]5ce to dang]1 :e!r proce$+ f ! organism ( ! individual1 contempt ( dea?1 or habit3 9 any ( ^! cases x is to be reg>d$ z a p]man5t condition4 ,secondly1 c\rage may proce$ f positive motives1 su* z p]sonal pride1 patriotism1 en?usiasm ( any k9d4 ,9 ?is case c\rage is n s mu* a normal condition z an impulse4 ,we may conceive t ! two k9ds act diff]5tly4 ,! fir/ k9d is m c]ta91 because x has become a second nature1 nev] =sakes ! man2 ! second (t5 leads him f>!r4 ,9 ! fir/ !re is m ( firmness1 9 ! second1 ( boldness4 ,! fir/ leaves ! judgm5t cool]1 ! second raises its p[] at times1 b (t5 bewild]s x4 ,! two comb9$ make up ! mo/ p]fect k9d ( c\rage4 ,w> is ! prov9ce ( physical ex]tion & suff]+4 ,9 ord] n to be completely ov]come by !m1 a c]ta9 /r5g? ( body & m9d is requir$1 :i*1 ei!r natural or acquir$1 produces indiff]5ce to !m4 ,) ^! qualifications1 "u ! guidance ( simply a s\nd und]/&+1 a man is at once a prop] in/rum5t = ,w>2 & ^! are ! qualifications s g5]ally to be met ) among/ wild & half-civilis$ tribes4 ,if we g fur!r 9 ! dem&s :i* ,w> makes on x1 !n we f9d ! p[]s ( ! und]/&+ pr$om9at+4 ,w> is ! prov9ce ( unc]ta9ty3 ?ree-f\r?s ( ^? ?+s ^u :i* action 9 ,w> mu/ be calculat$1 are hidd5 m or less 9 ! cl\ds ( great unc]ta9ty4 ,"h1 !n1 above all a f9e & p5etrat+ m9d is call$ =1 to se>* out ! tru? by ! tact ( its judgm5t4 ,an av]age intellect may1 at "o "t1 p]haps hit ^u ?is tru? by accid5t2 an extraord9>y c\rage1 at ano!r1 may comp5sate = ! want ( ?is tact2 b 9 ! majority ( cases ! av]age result w always br+ to light ! defici5t und]/&+4 ,w> is ! prov9ce ( *ance4 ,9 no sph]e ( human activity is su* a m>g9 to be left = ?is intrud]1 because none is s mu* 9 con/ant contact ) him on all sides4 ,he increases ! unc]ta9ty ( e circum/ance1 & d]anges ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,f ?is unc]ta9ty ( all intellig5ce & suppositions1 ?is cont9ual int]position ( *ance1 ! actor 9 ,w> con/antly f9ds ?+s diff]5t f 8 expectations2 & ?is _c fail to h an influ5ce on 8 plans1 or at lea/ on ! presumptions connect$ ) ^! plans4 ,if ?is influ5ce is s great z to r5d] ! pre-det]m9$ plan completely nugatory1 !n1 z a rule1 a new "o mu/ be sub/itut$ 9 its place2 b at ! mom5t ! necess>y data are (t5 want+ = ?is1 because 9 ! c\rse ( action circum/ances press = imm$iate decision1 & all[ no "t to look ab\t = fre% data1 (t5 n en\gh = mature consid]ation4 ,b x m (t5 happ5s t ! correction ( "o premise1 & ! k ( *ance ev5ts :i* h aris51 are n suffici5t to ov]?r[ our plans completely1 b only suffice to produce hesitation4 ,our k ( circum/ances has increas$1 b our unc]ta9ty1 in/ead ( hav+ dim9i%$1 has only increas$4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t we d n ga9 all our exp]i5ce at once1 b by degrees2 ?us our det]m9ations cont9ue to be assail$ incessantly by fre% exp]i5ce2 & ! m9d1 if we may use ! expression1 mu/ always be 8"u arms40 ,n[1 if x is to get safely ?r\gh ?is p]petual conflict ) ! unexpect$1 two qualities are indisp5sable3 9 ! fir/ place an intellect :i*1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ?is int5se obscurity1 is n )\t "s traces ( inn] light1 :i* lead to ! tru?1 & !n ! c\rage to foll[ ?is fa9t light4 ,! fir/ is figuratively express$ by ! ,fr5* phrase c\p d'il4 ,! o!r is resolution4 ,z ! battle is ! feature 9 ,w> to :i* att5tion 0 orig9ally *iefly direct$1 & z "t & space are important elem5ts 9 x1 m p>ticul>ly :5 cavalry ) _! rapid decisions 7 ! *ief arm1 ! idea ( rapid & correct decision relat$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! e/imation ( ^! two elem5ts1 & to d5ote ! idea an expression 0 adopt$ :i* actually only po9ts to a correct judgm5t by eye4 ,_m tea*]s ( ! ,art ( ,w> !n gave ?is limit$ signification z ! def9ition ( c\p d'il4 ,b x is und5iable t all able decisions =m$ 9 ! mom5t ( action soon came to be und]/ood by ! expression1 z1 = in/ance1 ! hitt+ ^u ! "r po9t ( attack1 c4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n only ! physical1 b m frequ5tly ! m5tal eye :i* is meant 9 c\p d'il4 ,naturally1 ! expression1 l ! ?+1 is always m 9 its place 9 ! field ( tactics3 /ill1 x mu/ n be want+ 9 /rategy1 inasmu* z 9 x rapid decisions are (t5 necess>y4 ,if we /rip ?is conception ( t :i* ! expression has giv5 x ( ! ov]-figurative & re/rict$1 !n x am\nts simply to ! rapid discov]y ( a tru? :i* to ! ord9>y m9d is ei!r n visible at all or only becomes s aft] long exam9ation & reflection4 ,resolution is an act ( c\rage 9 s+le in/ances1 & if x becomes a *>act]i/ic trait1 x is a habit ( ! m9d4 ,b "h we d n mean c\rage 9 face ( bodily dang]1 b 9 face ( responsibility1 !re=e1 to a c]ta9 ext5t aga9/ moral dang]4 ,?is has be5 (t5 call$ c\rage d'esprit1 on ! gr\nd t x spr+s f ! und]/&+2 nev]!less1 x is no act ( ! und]/&+ on t acc\nt2 x is an act ( feel+4 ,m]e intellig5ce is /ill n c\rage1 = we (t5 see ! clev]e/ p devoid ( resolution4 ,! m9d mu/1 !re=e1 fir/ awak5 ! feel+ ( c\rage1 & !n be guid$ & support$ by x1 because 9 mom5t>y em]g5cies ! man is sway$ m by 8 feel+s ?an 8 ?\ghts4 ,we h assign$ to resolution ! (fice ( remov+ ! torm5ts ( d\bt1 & ! dang]s ( delay1 :5 !re are no suffici5t motives = guidance4 ,?r\gh ! unscrupul\s use ( language :i* is preval5t1 ?is t]m is (t5 appli$ to ! m]e prop5sity to d>+1 to brav]y1 boldness1 or tem]ity4 ,b1 :5 !re are suffici5t motives 9 ! man1 let !m be objective or subjective1 true or false1 we h no "r to speak ( 8 resolution2 =1 :5 we d s1 we put ourselves 9 8 place1 & we ?r[ into ! scale d\bts :i* did n exi/ ) him4 ,"h !re is no "q ( any?+ b ( /r5g? & weakness4 ,we are n p$antic en\gh to dispute ) ! use ( language ab\t ?is little misapplication1 our obs]vation is only int5d$ to remove wrong objections4 ,?is resolution n[1 :i* ov]comes ! /ate ( d\bt+1 c only be call$ =? by ! intellect1 &1 9 fact1 by a peculi> t5d5cy ( ! same4 ,we ma9ta9 t ! m]e union ( a sup]ior und]/&+ & ! necess>y feel+s are n suffici5t to make up resolution4 ,!re are p]sons :o possess ! ke5e/ p]ception = ! mo/ difficult problems1 :o are also n fe>ful ( responsibility1 & yet 9 cases ( difficulty _c come to a resolution4 ,_! c\rage & _! sagacity op]ate indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 d n give ea* o!r a h&1 & on t acc\nt d n produce resolution z a result4 ,! =]unn] ( resolution is an act ( ! m9d mak+ evid5t ! necessity ( v5tur+1 & ?us influ5c+ ! w4 ,?is q peculi> direction ( ! m9d1 :i* conqu]s e o!r fe> 9 man by ! fe> ( wav]+ or d\bt+1 is :at makes up resolution 9 /rong m9ds2 !re=e1 9 our op9ion1 m5 :o h little intellig5ce c nev] be resolute4 ,!y may act )\t hesitation "u p]plex+ circum/ances1 b !n !y act )\t reflection4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 :5 a man acts )\t reflection he _c be at v>iance ) himself by d\bts1 & su* a mode ( action may n[ & !n lead to ! "r po9t2 b we say n[ z be=e1 x is ! av]age result :i* indicates ! exi/5ce ( milit>y g5ius4 ,%\ld our ass]tion appe> extraord9>y to any "o1 because he kn[s _m a resolute huss> (fic] :o is no deep ?9k]1 we mu/ rem9d him t ! "q "h is ab\t a peculi> direction ( ! m9d1 & n ab\t great ?9k+ p[]s4 ,we believe1 !re=e1 t resolution is indebt$ to a special direction ( ! m9d = its exi/5ce1 a direction :i* belongs to a /rong head r ?an to a brilliant "o4 ,9 corroboration ( ?is g5ealogy ( resolution we may add t !re h be5 _m in/ances ( m5 :o h %[n ! greate/ resolution 9 an inf]ior rank1 & h lo/ x 9 a high] position4 ,:ile1 on ! "o h&1 !y are oblig$ to resolve1 on ! o!r !y see ! dang]s ( a wrong decision1 & z !y are surr\nd$ ) ?+s new to !m1 _! und]/&+ loses its orig9al =ce1 & !y become only ! m timid ! m !y become aw>e ( ! dang] ( ! irresolution into :i* !y h fall51 & ! m !y h =m]ly be5 9 ! habit ( act+ on ! spur ( ! mom5t4 ,f ! c\p d'il & resolution we are naturally to speak ( its k9dr$ quality1 pres5ce ( m9d1 :i* 9 a region ( ! unexpect$ l ,w> mu/ act a great "p1 = x is inde$ no?+ b a great conque/ ov] ! unexpect$4 ,z we admire pres5ce ( m9d 9 a pi?y answ] to any?+ said unexpect$ly1 s we admire x 9 a ready exp$i5t on sudd5 dang]4 ,nei!r ! answ] nor ! exp$i5t ne$ be 9 !mselves extraord9>y1 if !y only hit ! po9t2 = t :i* z ! result ( mature reflection w\ld be no?+ unusual1 !re=e insignificant 9 its impression on u1 may z an in/antane\s act ( ! m9d produce a pleas+ impression4 ,! expression 8pres5ce ( m9d0 c]ta9ly d5otes v fitly ! read9ess & rapidity ( ! help r5d]$ by ! m9d4 ,:e!r ?is noble quality ( a man is to be ascrib$ m to ! peculi>ity ( 8 m9d or to ! equanimity ( 8 feel+s1 dep5ds on ! nature ( ! case1 al?\gh nei!r ( ! two c be entirely want+4 ,a tell+ rep>tee bespeaks r a ready wit1 a ready exp$i5t on sudd5 dang] implies m p>ticul>ly a well-balanc$ m9d4 ,if we take a g5]al view ( ! f\r elem5ts compos+ ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ,w> moves1 ( dang]1 physical ef=t1 unc]ta9ty1 & *ance1 x is easy to conceive t a great =ce ( m9d & und]/&+ is requisite to be able to make way ) safety & success among/ su* oppos+ elem5ts1 a =ce :i*1 accord+ to ! diff]5t modifications aris+ out ( circum/ances1 we f9d t]m$ by milit>y writ]s & annali/s z en]gy1 firmness1 /aun*ness1 /r5g? ( m9d & "*4 ,all ^! manife/ations ( ! h]oic nature might be reg>d$ z "o & ! same p[] ( volition1 modifi$ accord+ to circum/ances2 b ne>ly relat$ z ^! ?+s are to ea* o!r1 /ill !y are n "o & ! same1 & x is desirable = u to di/+ui% "h a little m closely at lea/ ! action ( ! p[]s ( ! s\l 9 relation to !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to make ! conception cle>1 x is ess5tial to obs]ve t ! weight1 burd51 resi/ance1 or :atev] x may be call$1 by :i* t =ce ( ! s\l 9 ! ,g5]al is br\ght to light1 is only 9 a v small measure ! enemy's activity1 ! enemy's resi/ance1 ! enemy's action directly4 ,! enemy's activity only affects ! ,g5]al directly 9 ! fir/ place 9 relation to 8 p]son1 )\t di/urb+ 8 action z ,comm&]4 ,if ! enemy1 in/ead ( two h\rs1 resi/s = f\r1 ! ,comm&] in/ead ( two h\rs is f\r h\rs 9 dang]2 ?is is a quantity :i* pla9ly dim9i%es ! high] ! rank ( ! ,comm&]4 ,:at is x = "o 9 ! po/ ( ,comm&]-9-,*ief8 ,x is no?+4 ,secondly1 al?\gh ! opposition (f]$ by ! enemy has a direct effect on ! ,comm&] ?r\gh ! loss ( means aris+ f prolong$ resi/ance1 & ! responsibility connect$ ) t loss1 & 8 =ce ( w is fir/ te/$ & call$ =? by ^! anxi\s consid]ations1 /ill we ma9ta9 t ?is is n ! heavie/ burd5 by f> :i* he has to be>1 because he has only himself to settle )4 ,all ! o!r effects ( ! enemy's resi/ance act directly ^u ! combatants "u 8 comm&1 & ?r\gh !m react ^u him4 ,z long z 8 m5 full ( good c\rage fight ) zeal & _s1 x is seldom necess>y = ! ,*ief to %[ great en]gy ( purpose 9 ! pursuit ( 8 object4 ,b z soon z difficulties arise--& t mu/ always happ5 :5 great results are at /ake--!n ?+s no long] move on ( !mselves l a well-oil$ ma*9e1 ! ma*9e itself !n beg9s to (f] resi/ance1 & to ov]come ?is ! ,comm&] mu/ h a great =ce ( w4 ,by ?is resi/ance we mu/ n exactly suppose disob$i5ce & murmurs1 al?\gh ^! are frequ5t en\gh ) p>ticul> individuals2 x is ! :ole feel+ ( ! dissolution ( all physical & moral p[]1 x is ! he>tr5d+ sight ( ! bloody sacrifice :i* ! ,comm&] has to cont5d ) 9 himself1 & !n 9 all o!rs :o directly or indirectly transf] to him _! impressions1 feel+s1 anxieties1 & desires4 ,z ! =ces 9 "o individual aft] ano!r become pro/rat$1 & c no long] be excit$ & support$ by an ef=t ( 8 own w1 ! :ole in]tia ( ! mass gradually re/s its weight on ! ,w ( ! ,comm&]3 by ! sp>k 9 8 brea/1 by ! light ( 8 _s1 ! sp>k ( purpose1 ! light ( hope1 mu/ be k9dl$ afre% 9 o!rs3 9 s f> only z he is equal to ?is1 he /&s above ! masses & cont9ues to be _! ma/]2 :5ev] t influ5ce ceases1 & 8 own _s is no long] /rong en\gh to revive ! _s ( all o!rs1 ! masses draw+ him d[n ) !m s9k into ! l[] region ( animal nature1 :i* %r9ks f dang] & kn[s n %ame4 ,^! are ! weights :i* ! c\rage & intellig5t faculties ( ! milit>y ,comm&] h to ov]come if he is to make 8 "n illu/ri\s4 ,!y increase ) ! masses1 & !re=e1 if ! =ces 9 "q are to cont9ue equal to ! burd51 !y mu/ rise 9 proportion to ! height ( ! /ation4 ,en]gy 9 action expresses ! /r5g? ( ! motive ?r\gh :i* ! action is excit$1 let ! motive h its orig9 9 a conviction ( ! und]/&+1 or 9 an impulse4 ,b ! latt] c h>dly ev] be want+ :]e great =ce is to %[ itself4 ,( all ! noble feel+s :i* fill ! human he>t 9 ! excit+ tumult ( battle1 none1 we mu/ admit1 are s p[]ful & con/ant z ! s\l's ?ir/ = hon\r & r5[n1 :i* ! ,g]man language treats s unfairly & t5ds to depreciate by ! unwor?y associations 9 ! words ,ehrgeiz 7gre$ ( hon\r7 & ,ruhmsu*t 7hank]+ aft] glory74 ,no d\bt x is j 9 ,w> t ! abuse ( ^! pr\d aspirations ( ! s\l mu/ br+ ^u ! human race ! mo/ %ock+ outrages1 b by _! orig9 !y are c]ta9ly to be c\nt$ among/ ! noble/ feel+s :i* belong to human nature1 & 9 ,w> !y are ! vivify+ pr9ciple :i* gives ! enorm\s body a _s4 ,al?\gh o!r feel+s may be m g5]al 9 _! influ5ce1 & _m ( !m--su* z love ( c\ntry1 fanaticism1 rev5ge1 en?usiasm ( e k9d--may seem to /& high]1 ! ?ir/ = hon\r & r5[n /ill rema9s indisp5sable4 ,^? o!r feel+s may r\se ! great masses 9 g5]al1 & excite !m m p[]fully1 b !y d n give ! ,lead] a desire to w m ?an o!rs1 :i* is an ess5tial requisite 9 8 position if he is to make himself di/+ui%$ 9 x4 ,!y d n1 l a ?ir/ = hon\r1 make ! milit>y act specially ! prop]ty ( ! ,lead]1 :i* he /rives to turn to ! be/ acc\nt2 :]e he pl\ghs ) toil1 s[s ) c>e1 t he may reap pl5tifully4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! aspirations we h be5 speak+ ( 9 ,comm&]s1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 ?is sort ( en]gy1 ?is _s ( emulation1 ^! inc5tives1 t ! action ( armies is *iefly animat$ & made successful4 ,& n[ z to t :i* specially conc]ns ! head ( all1 we ask1 ,has !re ev] be5 a great ,comm&] de/itute ( ! love ( hon\r1 or is su* a "* ev5 conceivable8 ,firmness d5otes ! resi/ance ( ! w 9 relation to ! =ce ( a s+le bl[1 /aun*ness 9 relation to a cont9uance ( bl[s4 ,close z is ! analogy betwe5 ! two1 & (t5 z ! "o is us$ 9 place ( ! o!r1 /ill !re is a notable diff]5ce betwe5 !m :i* _c be mi/ak51 inasmu* z firmness aga9/ a s+le p[]ful impression may h its root 9 ! m]e /r5g? ( a feel+1 b /aun*ness mu/ be support$ r by ! und]/&+1 = ! great] ! duration ( an action ! m sy/ematic delib]ation is connect$ ) x1 & f ?is /aun*ness p>tly d]ives its p[]4 ,if we n[ turn to /r5g? ( m9d or s\l1 !n ! fir/ "q is1 ,:at are we to und]/& !reby8 ,pla9ly x is n vehem5t expressions ( feel+1 nor easily excit$ passions1 = t w\ld be contr>y to all ! usage ( language1 b ! p[] ( li/5+ to reason 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ int5se excitem5t1 9 ! /orm ( ! mo/ viol5t passions4 ,%\ld ?is p[] dep5d on /r5g? ( und]/&+ alone8 ,we d\bt x4 ,! fact t !re are m5 ( ! greate/ intellect :o _c comm& !mselves c]ta9ly proves no?+ to ! contr>y1 = we might say t x p]haps requires an und]/&+ ( a p[]ful r ?an ( a compreh5sive nature2 b we believe we %all be ne>] ! tru? if we assume t ! p[] ( submitt+ oneself to ! control ( ! und]/&+1 ev5 9 mom5ts ( ! mo/ viol5t excitem5t ( ! feel+s1 t p[] :i* we call self-comm&1 has its root 9 ! he>t itself4 ,x is1 9 po9t ( fact1 ano!r feel+1 :i* 9 /rong m9ds balances ! excit$ passions )\t de/roy+ !m2 & x is only ?r\gh ?is equilibrium t ! ma/]y ( ! und]/&+ is secur$4 ,?is c\nt]poise is no?+ b a s5se ( ! dignity ( man1 t noble/ pride1 t deeply-seat$ desire ( ! s\l always to act z a be+ endu$ ) und]/&+ & reason4 ,we may !re=e say t a /rong m9d is "o :i* does n lose its balance ev5 "u ! mo/ viol5t excitem5t4 ,if we ca/ a glance at ! v>iety to be obs]v$ 9 ! human "* 9 respect to feel+1 we f9d1 fir/1 "s p :o h v little excitability1 :o are call$ phlegmatic or indol5t4 ,secondly1 "s v excitable1 b ^: feel+s /ill nev] ov]/ep c]ta9 limits1 & :o are !re=e kn[n z m5 full ( feel+1 b sob]-m9d$4 ,?irdly1 ^? :o are v easily r\s$1 ^: feel+s blaze up quickly & viol5tly l gunp[d]1 b d n la/4 ,f\r?ly1 & la/ly1 ^? :o _c be mov$ by slight causes1 & :o g5]ally are n to be r\s$ sudd5ly1 b only gradually2 b ^: feel+s become v p[]ful & are mu* m la/+4 ,^! are m5 ) /rong passions1 ly+ deep & lat5t4 ,?is diff]5ce ( "* lies probably close on ! conf9es ( ! physical p[]s :i* move ! human organism1 & belongs to t amphibi\s organisation :i* we call ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* appe>s to be p>tly mat]ial1 p>tly spiritual4 ,) our weak philosophy1 we %all n proce$ fur!r 9 ?is my/]i\s field4 ,b x is important = u to sp5d a mom5t ov] ! effects :i* ^! diff]5t natures h on1 action 9 ,w>1 & to see h[ f> a great /r5g? ( m9d is to be expect$ f !m4 ,indol5t m5 _c easily be ?r[n out ( _! equanimity1 b we _c c]ta9ly say !re is /r5g? ( m9d :]e !re is a want ( all manife/ation ( p[]4 ,at ! same "t1 x is n to be d5i$ t su* m5 h a c]ta9 peculi> aptitude = ,w>1 on acc\nt ( _! con/ant equanimity4 ,!y (t5 want ! positive motive to action1 impulse1 & consequ5tly activity1 b !y are n apt to ?r[ ?+s into disord]4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! second class is t !y are easily excit$ to act on trifl+ gr\nds1 b 9 great matt]s !y are easily ov]:elm$4 ,m5 ( ?is k9d %[ great activity 9 help+ an un=tunate individual1 b by ! di/ress ( a :ole ,nation !y are only incl9$ to despond1 n r\s$ to action4 ,su* p are n defici5t 9 ei!r activity or equanimity 9 ,w>2 b !y w nev] accompli% any?+ great unless a great intellectual =ce furni%es ! motive1 & x is v seldom t a /rong1 indep5d5t m9d is comb9$ ) su* a "*4 ,excitable1 inflammable feel+s are 9 !mselves little suit$ = practical life1 & !re=e !y are n v fit = ,w>4 ,!y h c]ta9ly ! advantage ( /rong impulses1 b t _c long su/a9 !m4 ,at ! same "t1 if ! excitability 9 su* m5 takes ! direction ( c\rage1 or a s5se ( hon\r1 !y may (t5 be v useful 9 inf]ior positions 9 ,w>1 because ! action 9 ,w> ov] :i* comm&]s 9 inf]ior positions h control is g5]ally ( %ort] duration4 ,"h "o c\rage\s resolution1 "o eff]vesc5ce ( ! =ces ( ! s\l1 w (t5 suffice4 ,a brave attack1 a s\l-/irr+ hurrah1 is ! "w ( a few mom5ts1 :il/ a brave conte/ on ! battle-field is ! "w ( a day1 & a campaign ! "w ( a ye>4 ,ow+ to ! rapid movem5t ( _! feel+s1 x is d\bly difficult = m5 ( ?is description to pres]ve equilibrium ( ! m9d2 !re=e !y frequ5tly lose head1 & t is ! wor/ phase 9 _! nature z respects ! conduct ( ,w>4 ,b x w\ld be contr>y to exp]i5ce to ma9ta9 t v excitable spirits c nev] pres]ve a /eady equilibrium--t is to say1 t !y _c d s ev5 "u ! /ronge/ excitem5t4 ,:y %\ld !y n h ! s5tim5t ( self-respect1 =1 z a rule1 !y are m5 ( a noble nature8 ,?is feel+ is seldom want+ 9 !m1 b x has n "t to produce an effect4 ,aft] an outbur/ !y suff] mo/ f a feel+ ( inw>d humiliation4 ,if ?r\gh education1 self-obs]vance1 & exp]i5ce ( life1 !y h le>n$1 soon] or lat]1 ! means ( be+ on _! gu>d1 s t at ! mom5t ( p[]ful excitem5t !y are consci\s betimes ( ! c\nt]act+ =ce )9 _! own brea/s1 !n ev5 su* m5 may h great /r5g? ( m9d4 ,la/ly1 ^? :o are difficult to move1 b on t acc\nt susceptible ( v deep feel+s1 m5 :o /& 9 ! same relation to ! prec$+ z r$ heat to a flame1 are ! be/ adapt$ by means ( _! ,titanic /r5g? to roll away ! enorm\s masses by :i* we may figuratively repres5t ! difficulties :i* beset comm& 9 ,w>4 ,! effect ( _! feel+s is l ! movem5t ( a great body1 sl[]1 b m irresi/ible4 ,al?\gh su* m5 are n s likely to be sudd5ly surpris$ by _! feel+s & c>ri$ away s z to be aft]w>ds a%am$ ( !mselves1 l ! prec$+1 /ill x w\ld be contr>y to exp]i5ce to believe t !y c nev] lose _! equanimity1 or be ov]come by bl9d passion2 on ! contr>y1 ?is mu/ always happ5 :5ev] ! noble pride ( self-control is want+1 or z (t5 z x has n suffici5t weight4 ,we see examples ( ?is mo/ frequ5tly 9 m5 ( noble m9ds belong+ to savage nations1 :]e ! l[ degree ( m5tal cultivation fav\rs always ! dom9ance ( ! passions4 ,b ev5 among/ ! mo/ civilis$ classes 9 civilis$ ,/ates1 life is full ( examples ( ?is k9d--( m5 c>ri$ away by ! viol5ce ( _! passions1 l ! poa*] ( old *a9$ to ! /ag 9 ! =e/4 ,we !re=e say once m a /rong m9d is n "o t is m]ely susceptible ( /rong excitem5t1 b "o :i* c ma9ta9 its s]5ity "u ! mo/ p[]ful excitem5t1 s t1 9 spite ( ! /orm 9 ! brea/1 ! p]ception & judgm5t c act ) p]fect fre$om1 l ! ne$le ( ! compass 9 ! /orm-toss$ %ip4 ,by ! t]m /r5g? ( "*1 or simply "*1 is d5ot$ t5acity ( conviction1 let x be ! result ( our own or ( o!rs' views1 & :e!r !y are pr9ciples1 op9ions1 mom5t>y inspirations1 or any k9d ( emanations ( ! und]/&+2 b ?is k9d ( firmness c]ta9ly _c manife/ itself if ! views !mselves are subject to frequ5t *ange4 ,?is frequ5t *ange ne$ n be ! consequ5ce ( ext]nal influ5ces2 x may proce$ f ! cont9u\s activity ( our own m9d1 9 :i* case x indicates a *>act]i/ic un/ead9ess ( m9d4 ,evid5tly we %\ld n say ( a man :o *anges 8 views e mom5t1 h[ev] mu* ! motives ( *ange may orig9ate ) himself1 t he has "*4 ,only ^? m51 !re=e1 c be said to h ?is quality ^: conviction is v con/ant1 ei!r because x is deeply root$ & cle> 9 itself1 little liable to alt]ation1 or because1 z 9 ! case ( indol5t m51 !re is a want ( m5tal activity1 & !re=e a want ( motives to *ange2 or la/ly1 because an explicit act ( ! w1 d]iv$ f an imp]ative maxim ( ! und]/&+1 refuses any *ange ( op9ion up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,n[ 9 ,w>1 ow+ to ! _m & p[]ful impressions to :i* ! m9d is expos$1 & 9 ! unc]ta9ty ( all k & ( all sci5ce1 m ?+s occur to di/ract a man f ! road he has ent]$ ^u1 to make him d\bt himself & o!rs1 ?an 9 any o!r human activity4 ,! h>r[+ sight ( dang] & suff]+ easily leads to ! feel+s ga9+ asc5d5cy ov] ! conviction ( ! und]/&+2 & 9 ! twilight :i* surr\nds ev]y?+ a deep cle> view is s difficult t a *ange ( op9ion is m conceivable & m p>donable4 ,x is1 at all times1 only conjecture or guesses at tru? :i* we h to act ^u4 ,?is is :y diff]5ces ( op9ion are n[h]e s great z 9 ,w>1 & ! /ream ( impressions act+ c\nt] to "o's own convictions nev] ceases to fl[4 ,ev5 ! greate/ impassibility ( m9d is h>dly pro( aga9/ !m1 because ! impressions are p[]ful 9 _! nature1 & always act at ! same "t ^u ! feel+s4 ,:5 ! disc]nm5t is cle> & deep1 none b g5]al pr9ciples & views ( action f a high /&po9t c be ! result2 & on ^! pr9ciples ! op9ion 9 ea* p>ticul> case imm$iately "u consid]ation lies1 z x 71 at an*or4 ,b to keep to ^! results ( bygone reflection1 9 opposition to ! /ream ( op9ions & ph5om5a :i* ! pres5t br+s ) x1 is j ! difficulty4 ,betwe5 ! p>ticul> case & ! pr9ciple !re is (t5 a wide space :i* _c always be trav]s$ on a visible *a9 ( conclusions1 & :]e a c]ta9 fai? 9 self is necess>y & a c]ta9 am\nt ( scepticism is s]viceable4 ,"h (t5 no?+ else w help u b an imp]ative maxim :i*1 indep5d5t ( reflection1 at once controls x3 t maxim is1 9 all d\btful cases to adh]e to ! fir/ op9ion1 & n to give x up until a cle> conviction =ces u to d s4 ,we mu/ firmly believe 9 ! sup]ior au?ority ( well-tri$ maxims1 & "u ! dazzl+ influ5ce ( mom5t>y ev5ts n =get t _! value is ( an inf]ior /amp4 ,by ?is pref]5ce :i* 9 d\btful cases we give to fir/ convictions1 by adh]5ce to ! same our actions acquire t /ability & consi/5cy :i* make up :at is call$ "*4 ,x is easy to see h[ ess5tial a well-balanc$ m9d is to /r5g? ( "*2 !re=e m5 ( /rong m9ds g5]ally h a great deal ( "*4 ,=ce ( "* leads u to a spuri\s v>iety ( x--,,ob/9acy4 ,x is (t5 v difficult 9 concrete cases to say :]e ! "o ends & ! o!r beg9s2 on ! o!r h&1 x does n seem difficult to det]m9e ! diff]5ce 9 idea4 ,ob/9acy is no fault ( ! und]/&+2 we use ! t]m z d5ot+ a resi/ance aga9/ our bett] judgm5t1 & x w\ld be inconsi/5t to *>ge t to ! und]/&+1 z ! und]/&+ is ! p[] ( judgm5t4 ,ob/9acy is ,a ,,fault ,,( ,,! ,,feel+s or he>t4 ,?is inflexibility ( w1 ?is impati5ce ( contradiction1 h _! orig9 only 9 a p>ticul> k9d ( egotism1 :i* sets above e o!r pleasure t ( gov]n+ bo? self & o!rs by its own m9d alone4 ,we %\ld call x a k9d ( vanity1 7 x n decid$ly some?+ bett]4 ,vanity is satisfi$ ) m]e %[1 b ob/9acy re/s ^u ! enjoym5t ( ! ?+4 ,we say1 !re=e1 =ce ( "* deg5]ates into ob/9acy :5ev] ! resi/ance to oppos+ judgm5ts proce$s n f bett] convictions or a reliance ^u a tru/wor?y maxim1 b f a feel+ ( opposition4 ,if ?is def9ition1 z we h already admitt$1 is ( little assi/ance practically1 /ill x w prev5t ob/9acy f be+ consid]$ m]ely =ce ( "* int5sifi$1 :il/ x is some?+ ess5tially diff]5t--some?+ :i* c]ta9ly lies close to x & is cognate to x1 b is at ! same "t s little an int5sification ( x t !re are v ob/9ate m5 :o f want ( und]/&+ h v little =ce ( "*4 ,hav+ 9 ^! high attributes ( a great milit>y ,comm&] made ourselves acqua9t$ ) ^? qualities 9 :i* he>t & head co-op]ate1 we n[ come to a speciality ( milit>y activity :i* p]haps may be look$ ^u z ! mo/ m>k$ if x is n ! mo/ important1 & :i* only makes a dem& on ! p[] ( ! m9d )\t reg>d to ! =ces ( feel+s4 ,x is ! connection :i* exi/s betwe5 ,w> & c\ntry or gr\nd4 ,?is connection is1 9 ! fir/ place1 a p]man5t condition ( ,w>1 = x is impossible to imag9e our organis$ ,armies effect+ any op]ation o!rwise ?an 9 "s giv5 space2 x is1 secondly1 ( ! mo/ decisive importance1 because x modifies1 at times completely alt]s1 ! action ( all =ces2 ?irdly1 :ile on ! "o h& x (t5 conc]ns ! mo/ m9ute features ( locality1 on ! o!r x may apply to imm5se tracts ( c\ntry4 ,9 ?is mann] a great peculi>ity is giv5 to ! effect ( ?is connection ( ,w> ) c\ntry & gr\nd4 ,if we ?9k ( o!r occupations ( man :i* h a relation to ^! objects1 on horticulture1 agriculture1 on build+ h\ses & hydraulic works1 on m9+1 on ! *ase1 & =e/ry1 !y are all conf9$ )9 v limit$ spaces :i* may be soon explor$ ) suffici5t exactness4 ,b ! ,comm&] 9 ,w> mu/ commit ! bus9ess he has 9 h& to a correspond+ space :i* 8 eye _c survey1 :i* ! ke5e/ zeal _c always explore1 & ) :i*1 ow+ to ! con/ant *anges tak+ place1 he c also seldom become prop]ly acqua9t$4 ,c]ta9ly ! enemy g5]ally is 9 ! same situation2 /ill1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! difficulty1 al?\gh common to bo?1 is n ! less a difficulty1 & he :o by tal5t & practice ov]comes x w h a great advantage on 8 side2 secondly1 ?is equality ( ! difficulty on bo? sides is m]ely an ab/ract supposition :i* is r>ely realis$ 9 ! p>ticul> case1 z "o ( ! two oppon5ts 7! def5sive7 usually kn[s mu* m ( ! locality ?an 8 adv]s>y4 ,?is v peculi> difficulty mu/ be ov]come by a natural m5tal gift ( a special k9d :i* is kn[n by !--too re/rict$--t]m ( ,orts9n s5se ( locality4 ,x is ! p[] ( quickly =m+ a correct geometrical idea ( any portion ( c\ntry1 & consequ5tly ( be+ able to f9d "o's place 9 x exactly at any "t4 ,?is is pla9ly an act ( ! imag9ation4 ,! p]ception no d\bt is =m$ p>tly by means ( ! physical eye1 p>tly by ! m9d1 :i* fills up :at is want+ ) ideas d]iv$ f k & exp]i5ce1 & out ( ! fragm5ts visible to ! physical eye =ms a :ole2 b t ?is :ole %\ld pres5t itself vividly to ! reason1 %\ld become a picture1 a m5tally drawn map1 t ?is picture %\ld be fix$1 t ! details %\ld nev] aga9 sep>ate !mselves--all t c only be effect$ by ! m5tal faculty :i* we call imag9ation4 ,if "s great poet or pa9t] %\ld feel hurt t we require f 8 goddess su* an (fice2 if he %rugs 8 %\ld]s at ! notion t a %>p gamekeep] mu/ necess>ily excel 9 imag9ation1 we readily grant t we only speak "h ( imag9ation 9 a limit$ s5se1 ( its s]vice 9 a really m5ial capacity4 ,b1 h[ev] slight ?is s]vice1 /ill x mu/ be ! "w ( t natural gift1 = if t gift is want+1 x w\ld be difficult to imag9e ?+s pla9ly 9 all ! complet5ess ( ! visible4 ,t a good memory is a great assi/ance we freely all[1 b :e!r memory is to be consid]$ z an indep5d5t faculty ( ! m9d 9 ?is case1 or :e!r x is j t p[] ( imag9ation :i* "h fixes ^! ?+s bett] on ! memory1 we leave undecid$1 z 9 _m respects x seems difficult ^u ! :ole to conceive ^! two m5tal p[]s ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,t practice & m5tal acut5ess h mu* to d ) x is n to be d5i$4 ,puysegur1 ! celebrat$ ,qu>t]ma/]-,g5]al ( ! fam\s ,luxemburg1 us$ to say t he _h v little confid5ce 9 himself 9 ?is respect at fir/1 because if he _h to fet* ! p>ole f a di/ance he always lo/ 8 way4 ,x is natural t scope = ! ex]cise ( ?is tal5t %\ld increase along ) rank4 ,if ! huss> & rifleman 9 comm& ( a patrol mu/ "k well all ! highways & byways1 & if = t a few m>ks1 a few limit$ p[]s ( obs]vation1 are suffici5t1 ! ,*ief ( an ,army mu/ make himself famili> ) ! g5]al geographical features ( a prov9ce & ( a c\ntry2 mu/ always h vividly be=e 8 eyes ! direction ( ! roads1 riv]s1 & hills1 )\t at ! same "t be+ able to disp5se ) ! n>r[] 8s5se ( locality0 7,orts9n74 ,no d\bt1 in=mation ( v>i\s k9ds z to objects 9 g5]al1 maps1 books1 memoirs1 & = details ! assi/ance ( 8 ,/aff1 are a great help to him2 b x is nev]!less c]ta9 t if he has himself a tal5t = =m+ an ideal picture ( a c\ntry quickly & di/9ctly1 x l5ds to 8 action an easi] & firm] /ep1 saves him f a c]ta9 m5tal helplessness1 & makes him less dep5d5t on o!rs4 ,if ?is tal5t !n is to be ascrib$ to imag9ation1 x is also almo/ ! only s]vice :i* milit>y activity requires f t erratic goddess1 ^: influ5ce is m hurtful ?an useful 9 o!r respects4 ,we ?9k we h n[ pass$ 9 review ^? manife/ations ( ! p[]s ( m9d & s\l :i* milit>y activity requires f human nature4 ,ev]y:]e intellect appe>s z an ess5tial co-op]ative =ce2 & ?us we c und]/& h[ ! "w ( ,w>1 al?\gh s pla9 & simple 9 its effects1 c nev] be conduct$ ) di/+ui%$ success by p )\t di/+ui%$ p[]s ( ! und]/&+4 ,:5 we h rea*$ ?is view1 !n we ne$ no long] look ^u su* a natural idea z ! turn+ an enemy's position1 :i* has be5 done a ?\s& times1 & a hundr$ o!r simil> conceptions1 z ! result ( a great ef=t ( g5ius4 ,c]ta9ly "o is accu/om$ to reg>d ! pla9 hone/ soldi] z ! v opposite ( ! man ( reflection1 full ( inv5tions & ideas1 or ( ! brilliant _s %9+ 9 ! ornam5ts ( ref9$ education ( e k9d4 ,?is anti!sis is also by no means devoid ( tru?2 b x does n %[ t ! effici5cy ( ! soldi] consi/s only 9 8 c\rage1 & t !re is no p>ticul> en]gy & capacity ( ! bra9 requir$ 9 addition to make a man m]ely :at is call$ a true soldi]4 ,we mu/ aga9 repeat t !re is no?+ m common ?an to he> ( m5 los+ _! en]gy on be+ rais$ to a high] position1 to :i* !y d n feel !mselves equal2 b we mu/ also rem9d our read]s t we are speak+ ( pre-em95t s]vices1 ( su* z give r5[n 9 ! bran* ( activity to :i* !y belong4 ,ea* grade ( comm& 9 ,w> !re=e =ms its own /ratum ( requisite capacity ( fame & hon\r4 ,an imm5se space lies betwe5 a ,g5]al--t is1 "o at ! head ( a :ole ,w>1 or ( a !atre ( ,w>--& 8 ,second 9 ,comm&1 = ! simple reason t ! latt] is 9 m imm$iate subord9ation to a sup]ior au?ority & sup]vision1 consequ5tly is re/rict$ to a m limit$ sph]e ( indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,?is is :y common op9ion sees no room = ! ex]cise ( high tal5t except 9 high places1 & looks ^u an ord9>y capacity z suffici5t = all b5ea?3 ?is is :y p are r incl9$ to look ^u a subord9ate ,g5]al gr[n grey 9 ! s]vice1 & 9 :om con/ant dis*>ge ( r\t9e duties has produc$ a decid$ pov]ty ( m9d1 z a man ( fail+ intellect1 &1 ) all respect = 8 brav]y1 to laugh at 8 simplicity4 ,x is n our object to ga9 = ^! brave m5 a bett] lot--t w\ld contribute no?+ to _! effici5cy1 & little to _! happ9ess2 we only wi% to repres5t ?+s z !y are1 & to expose ! error ( believ+ t a m]e bravo )\t intellect c make himself di/+ui%$ 9 ,w>4 ,z we consid] di/+ui%$ tal5ts requisite = ^? :o are to atta9 di/9ction1 ev5 9 inf]ior positions1 x naturally foll[s t we ?9k highly ( ^? :o fill ) r5[n ! place ( ,second 9 ,comm& ( an ,army2 & _! seem+ simplicity ( "* z comp>$ ) a polyhi/or1 ) ready m5 ( bus9ess1 or ) c\ncillors ( /ate1 mu/ n lead u a/ray z to ! sup]ior nature ( _! intellectual activity4 ,x happ5s sometimes t m5 import ! fame ga9$ 9 an inf]ior position into a high] "o1 )\t 9 reality des]v+ x 9 ! new position2 & !n if !y are n mu* employ$1 & !re=e n mu* expos$ to ! risk ( %[+ _! weak po9ts1 ! judgm5t does n di/+ui% v exactly :at degree ( fame is really due to !m2 & ?us su* m5 are (t5 ! occasion ( too l[ an e/imate be+ =m$ ( ! *>act]i/ics requir$ to %9e 9 c]ta9 situations4 ,= ea* /ation1 f ! l[e/ upw>ds1 to r5d] di/+ui%$ s]vices 9 ,w>1 !re mu/ be a p>ticul> g5ius4 ,b ! title ( g5ius1 hi/ory & ! judgm5t ( po/]ity only conf]1 9 g5]al1 on ^? m9ds :i* h %one 9 ! highe/ rank1 t ( ,comm&]s-9-,*ief4 ,! reason is t "h1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! dem& on ! reason+ & intellectual p[]s g5]ally is mu* great]4 ,to conduct a :ole ,w>1 or its great acts1 :i* we call campaigns1 to a successful t]m9ation1 !re mu/ be an intimate k ( ,/ate policy 9 its high] relations4 ,! conduct ( ! ,w> & ! policy ( ! ,/ate "h co9cide1 & ! ,g5]al becomes at ! same "t ! ,/atesman4 ,we d n give ,*>les ,,xii4 ! "n ( a great g5ius1 because he c\ld n make ! p[] ( 8 sword subs]vi5t to a high] judgm5t & philosophy--c\ld n atta9 by x to a glori\s object4 ,we d n give t title to ,h5ry ,,iv4 7( ,france71 because he did n live long en\gh to set at re/ ! relations ( diff]5t ,/ates by 8 milit>y activity1 & to occupy himself 9 t high] field :]e noble feel+s & a *ivalr\s disposition h less to d 9 ma/]+ ! enemy ?an 9 ov]com+ int]nal diss5sion4 ,9 ord] t ! read] may appreciate all t mu/ be compreh5d$ & judg$ ( correctly at a glance by a ,g5]al1 we ref] to ! fir/ *apt]4 ,we say ! ,g5]al becomes a ,/atesman1 b he mu/ n cease to be ! ,g5]al4 ,he takes into view all ! relations ( ! ,/ate on ! "o h&2 on ! o!r1 he mu/ "k exactly :at he c d ) ! means at 8 disposal4 ,z ! div]sity1 & undef9$ limits1 ( all ! circum/ances br+ a great numb] ( factors into consid]ation 9 ,w>1 z ! mo/ ( ^! factors c only be e/imat$ accord+ to probability1 !re=e1 if ! ,*ief ( an ,army does n br+ to be> ^u !m a m9d ) an intuitive p]ception ( ! tru?1 a confusion ( ideas & views mu/ take place1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! judgm5t w become bewild]$4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,buonap>te 0 "r :5 he said t _m ( ! que/ions :i* come be=e a ,g5]al = decision w\ld make problems = a ma!matical calculation n unwor?y ( ! p[]s ( ,newton or ,eul]4 ,:at is "h requir$ f ! high] p[]s ( ! m9d is a s5se ( unity1 & a judgm5t rais$ to su* a compass z to give ! m9d an extraord9>y faculty ( vision :i* 9 its range allays & sets aside a ?\s& dim notions :i* an ord9>y und]/&+ c\ld only br+ to light ) great ef=t1 & ov] :i* x w\ld exhau/ itself4 ,b ?is high] activity ( ! m9d1 ?is glance ( g5ius1 w\ld /ill n become matt] ( hi/ory if ! qualities ( temp]am5t & "* ( :i* we h treat$ did n give x _! support4 ,tru? alone is b a weak motive ( action ) m51 & h5ce !re is always a great diff]5ce betwe5 kn[+ & action1 betwe5 sci5ce & art4 ,! man receives ! /ronge/ impulse to action ?r\gh ! feel+s1 & ! mo/ p[]ful succ\r1 if we may use ! expression1 ?r\gh ^? faculties ( he>t & m9d :i* we h consid]$ "u ! t]ms ( resolution1 firmness1 p]sev]ance1 & =ce ( "*4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is elevat$ condition ( he>t & m9d 9 ! ,g5]al did n manife/ itself 9 ! g5]al effects result+ f x1 & c\ld only be accept$ on tru/ & fai?1 !n x w\ld r>ely become matt] ( hi/ory4 ,all t becomes kn[n ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,w> is usually v simple1 & has a great sam5ess 9 appe>ance2 no "o on ! m]e relation ( su* ev5ts p]ceives ! difficulties connect$ ) !m :i* _h to be ov]come4 ,x is only n[ & aga91 9 ! memoirs ( ,g5]als or ( ^? 9 _! confid5ce1 or by reason ( "s special hi/orical inquiry direct$ to a p>ticul> circum/ance1 t a portion ( ! _m ?reads compos+ ! :ole web is br\ght to light4 ,! reflections1 m5tal d\bts1 & conflicts :i* prec$e ! execution ( great acts are purposely conceal$ because !y affect political int]e/s1 or ! recollection ( !m is accid5tally lo/ because !y h be5 look$ ^u z m]e scaffold+ :i* _h to be remov$ on ! completion ( ! build+4 ,if1 n[1 9 conclusion1 )\t v5tur+ ^u a clos] def9ition ( ! high] p[]s ( ! s\l1 we %\ld admit a di/9ction 9 ! intellig5t faculties !mselves accord+ to ! common ideas e/abli%$ by language1 & ask ourselves :at k9d ( m9d comes close/ to milit>y g5ius1 !n a look at ! subject z well z at exp]i5ce w tell u t se>*+ r ?an inv5tive m9ds1 compreh5sive m9ds r ?an su* z h a special b5t1 cool r ?an fi]y heads1 are ^? to :i* 9 "t ( ,w> we %\ld pref] to tru/ ! welf>e ( our wom5 & *ildr51 ! hon\r & ! safety ( our fa!rl&4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,( ,dang] 9 ,w> ,usually be=e we h le>nt :at dang] really is1 we =m an idea ( x :i* is r attractive ?an repulsive4 ,9 ! intoxication ( en?usiasm1 to fall ^u ! enemy at ! *>ge--:o c>es !n ab\t bullets & m5 fall+8 ,to ?r[ oneself1 bl9d$ by excitem5t = a mom5t1 aga9/ cold dea?1 unc]ta9 :e!r we or ano!r %all escape him1 & all ?is close to ! gold5 gate ( victory1 close to ! ri* fruit :i* ambition ?ir/s =--c ?is be difficult8 ,x w n be difficult1 & /ill less w x appe> s4 ,b su* mom5ts1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n ! "w ( a s+le pulse-beat1 z is suppos$1 b r l doctors' draughts1 mu/ be tak5 dilut$ & spoilt by mixture ) "t--su* mom5ts1 we say1 are b few4 ,let u accompany ! novice to ! battle-field4 ,z we approa*1 ! ?und] ( ! cannon becom+ pla9] & pla9] is soon foll[$ by ! h[l+ ( %ot1 :i* attracts ! att5tion ( ! inexp]i5c$4 ,balls beg9 to /rike ! gr\nd close to u1 be=e & beh9d4 ,we ha/5 to ! hill :]e /&s ! ,g5]al & 8 num]\s ,/aff4 ,"h ! close /rik+ ( ! cannon balls & ! bur/+ ( %ells is s frequ5t t ! s]i\sness ( life makes itself visible ?r\gh ! y\?ful picture ( imag9ation4 ,sudd5ly "s "o kn[n to u falls--a %ell /rikes among/ ! cr[d & causes "s involunt>y movem5ts--we beg9 to feel t we are no long] p]fectly at ease & collect$2 ev5 ! brave/ is at lea/ to "s degree confus$4 ,n[1 a /ep f>!r into ! battle :i* is rag+ be=e u l a sc5e 9 a !atre1 we get to ! ne>e/ ,g5]al ( ,division2 "h ball foll[s ball1 & ! noise ( our own guns increases ! confusion4 ,f ! ,g5]al ( ,division to ! ,brigadi]4 ,he1 a man ( ackn[l$g$ brav]y1 keeps c>efully beh9d a ris+ gr\nd1 a h\se1 or a tree--a sure sign ( increas+ dang]4 ,grape rattles on ! ro(s ( ! h\ses & 9 ! fields2 cannon balls h[l ov] u1 & pl\gh ! air 9 all directions1 & soon !re is a frequ5t :i/l+ ( musket balls4 ,a /ep f>!r t[>ds ! troops1 to t /urdy infantry :i* = h\rs has ma9ta9$ its firmness "u ?is heavy fire2 "h ! air is fill$ ) ! hiss+ ( balls :i* ann\nce _! proximity by a %ort %>p noise z !y pass )9 an in* ( ! e>1 ! head1 or ! brea/4 ,to add to all ?is1 compassion /rikes ! beat+ he>t ) pity at ! sight ( ! maim$ & fall54 ,! "y soldi] _c rea* any ( ^! diff]5t /rata ( dang] )\t feel+ t ! light ( reason does n move "h 9 ! same m$ium1 t x is n refract$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 speculative contemplation4 ,inde$1 he mu/ be a v extraord9>y man :o1 "u ^! impressions = ! fir/ "t1 does n lose ! p[] ( mak+ any in/antane\s decisions4 ,x is true t habit soon blunts su* impressions2 9 half 9 h\r we beg9 to be m or less indiff]5t to all t is go+ on ar\nd u3 b an ord9>y "* nev] atta9s to complete coolness & ! natural ela/icity ( m9d2 & s we p]ceive t "h aga9 ord9>y qualities w n suffice--a ?+ :i* ga9s tru?1 ! wid] ! sph]e ( activity :i* is to be fill$4 ,en?usia/ic1 /oical1 natural brav]y1 great ambition1 or also long famili>ity ) dang]--mu* ( all ?is !re mu/ be if all ! effects produc$ 9 ?is resi/ant m$ium are n to fall f> %ort ( t :i* 9 ! /ud5t's *amb] may appe> only ! ord9>y /&>d4 ,dang] 9 ,w> belongs to its friction2 a correct idea ( its influ5ce is necess>y = tru? ( p]ception1 & !re=e x is br\ght "u notice "h4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,( ,bodily ,ex]tion 9 ,w> ,if no "o 7 all[$ to pass an op9ion on ! ev5ts ( ,w>1 except at a mom5t :5 he is b5umb$ by fro/1 s9k+ f heat & ?ir/1 or dy+ ) hung] & fatigue1 we %\ld c]ta9ly h few] judgm5ts correct objectively2 b !y w\ld be s1 subjectively1 at lea/2 t is1 !y w\ld conta9 9 !mselves ! exact relation betwe5 ! p]son giv+ ! judgm5t & ! object4 ,we c p]ceive ?is by obs]v+ h[ mode/ly subdu$1 ev5 spiritless & despond+1 is ! op9ion pass$ ^u ! results ( unt[>d ev5ts by ^? :o h be5 eye-witnesses1 b especially if !y h be5 p>ties conc]n$4 ,?is is1 accord+ to our view1 a crit]ion ( ! influ5ce :i* bodily fatigue ex]cises1 & ( ! all[ance to be made = x 9 matt]s ( op9ion4 ,among/ ! _m ?+s 9 ,w> = :i* no t>iff c be fix$1 bodily ef=t may be specially reckon$4 ,provid$ !re is no wa/e1 x is a coeffici5t ( all ! =ces1 & no "o c tell exactly to :at ext5t x may be c>ri$4 ,b :at is rem>kable is1 t j z only a /rong arm enables ! ar*] to /ret* ! b[/r+ to ! utmo/ ext5t1 s also 9 ,w> x is only by means ( a great direct+ _s t we c expect ! full p[] lat5t 9 ! troops to be develop$4 ,= x is "o ?+ if an ,army1 9 consequ5ce ( great mis=tunes1 surr\nd$ ) dang]1 falls all to pieces l a wall t has be5 ?r[n d[n1 & c only f9d safety 9 ! utmo/ ex]tion ( its bodily /r5g?2 x is ano!r ?+ entirely :5 a victori\s ,army1 drawn on by pr\d feel+s only1 is conduct$ at ! w ( its ,*ief4 ,! same ef=t :i* 9 ! "o case might at mo/ excite our pity mu/ 9 ! o!r call =? our admiration1 because x is mu* m difficult to su/a94 ,by ?is comes to light = ! inexp]i5c$ eye "o ( ^? ?+s :i* put fett]s 9 ! d>k1 z x 71 on ! action ( ! m9d1 & we> out 9 secret ! p[]s ( ! s\l4 ,al?\gh "h ! "q is /rictly only respect+ ! extreme ef=t requir$ by a ,comm&] f 8 ,army1 by a lead] f 8 foll[]s1 !re=e ( ! _s to dem& x & ( ! art ( gett+ x1 /ill ! p]sonal physical ex]tion ( ,g5]als & ( ! ,*ief ,comm&] mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,hav+ br\ght ! analysis ( ,w> consci5ti\sly up to ?is po9t1 we c\ld n b take acc\nt also ( ! weight ( ?is small rema9+ residue4 ,we h spok5 "h ( bodily ef=t1 *iefly because1 l dang]1 x belongs to ! fundam5tal causes ( friction1 & because its indef9ite quantity makes x l an ela/ic body1 ! friction ( :i* is well kn[n to be difficult to calculate4 ,to *eck ! abuse ( ^! consid]ations1 ( su* a survey ( ?+s :i* aggravate ! difficulties ( ,w>1 nature has giv5 our judgm5t a guide 9 our s5sibilities1 j z an individual _c ) advantage ref] to 8 p]sonal defici5cies if he is insult$ & ill-treat$1 b may well d s if he has successfully repell$ ! affront1 or has fully rev5g$ x1 s no ,comm&] or ,army w less5 ! impression ( a disgraceful defeat by depict+ ! dang]1 ! di/ress1 ! ex]tions1 ?+s :i* w\ld imm5sely enhance ! glory ( a victory4 ,?us our feel+1 :i* aft] all is only a high] k9d ( judgm5t1 =bids u to d :at seems an act ( ju/ice to :i* our judgm5t w\ld be incl9$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,in=mation 9 ,w> ,by ! ^w 8in=mation0 we d5ote all ! k :i* we h ( ! enemy & 8 c\ntry2 !re=e1 9 fact1 ! f\ndation ( all our ideas & actions4 ,let u j consid] ! nature ( ?is f\ndation1 its want ( tru/wor?9ess1 its *angefulness1 & we %all soon feel :at a dang]\s edifice ,w> is1 h[ easily x may fall to pieces & bury u 9 its ru9s4 ,= al?\gh x is a maxim 9 all books t we %\ld tru/ only c]ta9 in=mation1 t we mu/ be always suspici\s1 t is only a mis]able book com=t1 belong+ to t description ( k 9 :i* writ]s ( sy/ems & comp5diums take refuge = want ( any?+ bett] to say4 ,great "p ( ! in=mation obta9$ 9 ,w> is contradictory1 a /ill great] "p is false1 & by f> ! greate/ "p is ( a d\btful "*4 ,:at is requir$ ( an (fic] is a c]ta9 p[] ( discrim9ation1 :i* only k ( m5 & ?+s & good judgm5t c give4 ,! law ( probability mu/ be 8 guide4 ,?is is n a trifl+ difficulty ev5 9 respect ( ! fir/ plans1 :i* c be =m$ 9 ! *amb] outside ! real sph]e ( ,w>1 b x is enorm\sly increas$ :5 9 ! ?ick ( ,w> itself "o report foll[s h>d ^u ! heels ( ano!r2 x is !n =tunate if ^! reports 9 contradict+ ea* o!r %[ a c]ta9 balance ( probability1 & ?us !mselves call =? a scrut9y4 ,x is mu* worse = ! inexp]i5c$ :5 accid5t does n r5d] him ?is s]vice1 b "o report supports ano!r1 confirms x1 magnifies x1 f9i%es (f ! picture ) fre% t\*es ( col\r1 until necessity 9 urg5t ha/e =ces f u a resolution :i* w soon be discov]$ to be folly1 all ^? reports hav+ be5 lies1 exagg]ations1 errors1 c4 c4 ,9 a few words1 mo/ reports are false1 & ! timidity ( m5 acts z a multipli] ( lies & untru?s4 ,z a g5]al rule1 e "o is m incl9$ to l5d cr$5ce to ! bad ?an ! good4 ,e "o is incl9$ to magnify ! bad 9 "s measure1 & al?\gh ! al>ms :i* are ?us propagat$ l ! waves ( ! sea subside into !mselves1 /ill1 l !m1 )\t any app>5t cause !y rise aga94 ,firm 9 reliance on 8 own bett] convictions1 ! ,*ief mu/ /& l a rock aga9/ :i* ! sea breaks its fury 9 va94 ,! rle is n easy2 he :o is n by nature ( a buoyant disposition1 or tra9$ by exp]i5ce 9 ,w>1 & matur$ 9 judgm5t1 may let x be 8 rule to d viol5ce to 8 own natural conviction by incl9+ f ! side ( fe> to t ( hope2 only by t means w he be able to pres]ve 8 balance4 ,?is difficulty ( see+ ?+s correctly1 :i* is "o ( ! greate/ s\rces ( friction 9 ,w>1 makes ?+s appe> q diff]5t f :at 0 expect$4 ,! impression ( ! s5ses is /rong] ?an ! =ce ( ! ideas result+ f me?odical reflection1 & ?is goes s f> t no important und]tak+ 0 ev] yet c>ri$ out )\t ! ,comm&] hav+ to subdue new d\bts 9 himself at ! "t ( comm5c+ ! execution ( 8 "w4 ,ord9>y m5 :o foll[ ! sugge/ions ( o!rs become1 !re=e1 g5]ally undecid$ on ! spot2 !y ?9k t !y h f\nd circum/ances diff]5t f :at !y _h expect$1 & ?is view ga9s /r5g? by _! aga9 yield+ to ! sugge/ions ( o!rs4 ,b ev5 ! man :o has made 8 own plans1 :5 he comes to see ?+s ) 8 own eyes w (t5 ?9k he has done wrong4 ,firm reliance on self mu/ make him pro( aga9/ ! seem+ pressure ( ! mom5t2 8 fir/ conviction w 9 ! end prove true1 :5 ! =egr\nd sc5]y :i* fate has pu%$ on to ! /age ( ,w>1 ) its accompanim5ts ( t]rific objects1 is drawn aside & ! horizon ext5d$4 ,?is is "o ( ! great *asms :i* sep>ate conception f execution4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,friction 9 ,w> ,z long z we h no p]sonal k ( ,w>1 we _c conceive :]e ^? difficulties lie ( :i* s mu* is said1 & :at t g5ius & ^? extraord9>y m5tal p[]s requir$ 9 a ,g5]al h really to d4 ,all appe>s s simple1 all ! requisite bran*es ( k appe> s pla91 all ! comb9ations s unimportant1 t 9 comp>ison ) !m ! easie/ problem 9 high] ma!matics impresses u ) a c]ta9 sci5tific dignity4 ,b if we h se5 ,w>1 all becomes intelligible2 & /ill1 aft] all1 x is extremely difficult to describe :at x is :i* br+s ab\t ?is *ange1 to specify ?is invisible & completely effici5t factor4 ,ev]y?+ is v simple 9 ,w>1 b ! simple/ ?+ is difficult4 ,^! difficulties accumulate & produce a friction :i* no man c imag9e exactly :o has n se5 ,w>1 ,suppose n[ a travell]1 :o t[>ds ev5+ expects to accompli% ! two /ages at ! end ( 8 day's j\rney1 f\r or five leagues1 ) po/-horses1 on ! high road--x is no?+4 ,he arrives n[ at ! la/ /ation b "o1 f9ds no horses1 or v bad ones2 !n a hilly c\ntry1 bad roads2 x is a d>k night1 & he is glad :51 aft] a great deal ( tr\ble1 he rea*es ! next /ation1 & f9ds !re "s mis]able accommodation4 ,s 9 ,w>1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( an inf9ity ( petty circum/ances1 :i* _c prop]ly be describ$ on pap]1 ?+s disappo9t u1 & we fall %ort ( ! m>k4 ,a p[]ful iron w ov]comes ?is friction2 x cru%es ! ob/acles1 b c]ta9ly ! ma*9e along ) !m4 ,we %all (t5 meet ) ?is result4 ,l an obelisk t[>ds :i* ! pr9cipal /reets ( a t[n conv]ge1 ! /rong w ( a pr\d _s /&s prom95t & comm&+ 9 ! middle ( ! ,art ( ,w>4 ,friction is ! only conception :i* 9 a g5]al way corresponds to t :i* di/+ui%es real ,w> f ,w> on pap]4 ,! milit>y ma*9e1 ! ,army & all belong+ to x1 is 9 fact simple1 & appe>s on ?is acc\nt easy to manage4 ,b let u reflect t no "p ( x is 9 "o piece1 t x is compos$ entirely ( individuals1 ea* ( :i* keeps up its own friction 9 all directions4 ,!oretically all s\nds v well3 ! comm&] ( a battalion is responsible = ! execution ( ! ord] giv52 & z ! battalion by its discipl9e is glu$ toge!r into "o piece1 & ! *ief mu/ be a man ( ackn[l$g$ zeal1 ! beam turns on an iron p9 ) little friction4 ,b x is n s 9 reality1 & all t is exagg]at$ & false 9 su* a conception manife/s itself at once 9 ,w>4 ,! battalion always rema9s compos$ ( a numb] ( m51 ( :om1 if *ance s wills1 ! mo/ insignificant is able to occasion delay & ev5 irregul>ity4 ,! dang] :i* ,w> br+s ) x1 ! bodily ex]tions :i* x requires1 augm5t ?is evil s mu* t !y may be reg>d$ z ! greate/ causes ( x4 ,?is enorm\s friction1 :i* is n conc5trat$1 z 9 me*anics1 at a few po9ts1 is !re=e ev]y:]e br\ght into contact ) *ance1 & ?us incid5ts take place ^u :i* x 0 impossible to calculate1 _! *ief orig9 be+ *ance4 ,z an in/ance ( "o su* *ance3 ! wea!r4 ,"h ! fog prev5ts ! enemy f be+ discov]$ 9 "t1 a batt]y f fir+ at ! "r mom5t1 a report f rea*+ ! ,g5]al2 !re ! ra9 prev5ts a battalion f arriv+ at ! "r "t1 because in/ead ( = ?ree x _h to m>* p]haps eight h\rs2 ! cavalry f *>g+ effectively because x is /uck fa/ 9 heavy gr\nd4 ,^! are only a few incid5ts ( detail by way ( elucidation1 t ! read] may be able to foll[ ! au?or1 = :ole volumes might be writt5 on ^! difficulties4 ,to avoid ?is1 & /ill to give a cle> conception ( ! ho/ ( small difficulties to be cont5d$ ) 9 ,w>1 we might g on heap+ up illu/rations1 if we 7 n afraid ( be+ tiresome4 ,b ^? :o h already compreh5d$ u w p]mit u to add a few m4 ,activity 9 ,w> is movem5t 9 a resi/ant m$ium4 ,j z a man imm]s$ 9 wat] is unable to p]=m ) ease & regul>ity ! mo/ natural & simple/ movem5t1 t ( walk+1 s 9 ,w>1 ) ord9>y p[]s1 "o _c keep ev5 ! l9e ( m$iocrity4 ,?is is ! reason t ! correct !ori/ is l a swimm+ ma/]1 :o tea*es on dry l& movem5ts :i* are requir$ 9 ! wat]1 :i* mu/ appe> grotesque & ludicr\s to ^? :o =get ab\t ! wat]4 ,?is is also :y !ori/s1 :o h nev] plung$ 9 !mselves1 or :o _c d$uce any g5]alities f _! exp]i5ce1 are unpractical & ev5 absurd1 because !y only tea* :at e "o kn[s--h[ to walk4 ,fur!r1 e ,w> is ri* 9 p>ticul> facts1 :ile at ! same "t ea* is an unexplor$ sea1 full ( rocks :i* ! ,g5]al may h a suspicion (1 b :i* he has nev] se5 ) 8 eye1 & r\nd :i*1 moreov]1 he mu/ /e] 9 ! night4 ,if a contr>y w9d also spr+s up1 t is1 if any great accid5tal ev5t decl>es itself adv]se to him1 !n ! mo/ consummate skill1 pres5ce ( m9d1 & en]gy are requir$1 :il/ to ^? :o only look on f a di/ance all seems to proce$ ) ! utmo/ ease4 ,! k ( ?is friction is a *ief "p ( t s (t5 talk$ (1 exp]i5ce 9 ,w>1 :i* is requir$ 9 a good ,g5]al4 ,c]ta9ly he is n ! be/ ,g5]al 9 ^: m9d x assumes ! greate/ dim5sions1 :o is ! mo/ ov]-aw$ by x 7?is includes t class ( ov]-anxi\s ,g5]als1 ( :om !re are s _m among/ ! exp]i5c$72 b a ,g5]al mu/ be aw>e ( x t he may ov]come x1 :]e t is possible1 & t he may n expect a degree ( precision 9 results :i* is impossible on acc\nt ( ?is v friction4 ,besides1 x c nev] be le>nt !oretically2 & if x c\ld1 !re w\ld /ill be want+ t exp]i5ce ( judgm5t :i* is call$ tact1 & :i* is always m necess>y 9 a field full ( innum]able small & div]sifi$ objects ?an 9 great & decisive cases1 :5 "o's own judgm5t may be aid$ by consultation ) o!rs4 ,j z ! man ( ! _w1 ?r\gh tact ( judgm5t :i* has become habit1 speaks1 acts1 & moves only z suits ! occasion1 s ! (fic] exp]i5c$ 9 ,w> w always1 9 great & small matt]s1 at e pulsation ( ,w> z we may say1 decide & det]m9e suitably to ! occasion4 ,?r\gh ?is exp]i5ce & practice ! idea comes to 8 m9d ( itself t s & s w n suit4 ,& ?us he w n easily place himself 9 a position by :i* he is compromis$1 :i*1 if x (t5 occurs 9 ,w>1 %akes all ! f\ndations ( confid5ce & becomes extremely dang]\s4 ,x is !re=e ?is friction1 or :at is s t]m$ "h1 :i* makes t :i* appe>s easy 9 ,w> difficult 9 reality4 ,z we proce$1 we %all (t5 meet ) ?is subject aga91 & x w h]eaft] become pla9 t besides exp]i5ce & a /rong w1 !re are /ill _m o!r r>e qualities ( ! m9d requir$ to make a man a consummate ,g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks1 ,book ,i ,^? ?+s :i* z elem5ts meet toge!r 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,w> & make x a resi/ant m$ium = e activity we h designat$ "u ! t]ms dang]1 bodily ef=t 7ex]tion71 in=mation1 & friction4 ,9 _! imp$i5t effects !y may !re=e be compreh5d$ aga9 9 ! collective notion ( a g5]al friction4 ,n[ is !re1 !n1 no k9d ( oil :i* is capable ( dim9i%+ ?is friction8 ,only "o1 & t "o is n always available at ! w ( ! ,comm&] or 8 ,army4 ,x is ! habituation ( an ,army to ,w>4 ,habit gives /r5g? to ! body 9 great ex]tion1 to ! m9d 9 great dang]1 to ! judgm5t aga9/ fir/ impressions4 ,by x a valuable circumspection is g5]ally ga9$ ?r\gh\t e rank1 f ! huss> & rifleman up to ! ,g5]al ( ,division1 :i* facilitates ! "w ( ! ,*ief ,comm&]4 ,z ! human eye 9 a d>k room dilates its pupil1 draws 9 ! little light t !re is1 p>tially di/+ui%es objects by degrees1 & at la/ kn[s !m q well1 s x is 9 ,w> ) ! exp]i5c$ soldi]1 :il/ ! novice is only met by pit* d>k night4 ,habituation to ,w> no ,g5]al c give 8 ,army at once1 & ! camps ( manuvre 7peace ex]cises7 furni% b a weak sub/itute = x1 weak 9 comp>ison ) real exp]i5ce 9 ,w>1 b n weak 9 relation to o!r ,armies 9 :i* ! tra9+ is limit$ to m]e me*anical ex]cises ( r\t9e4 ,s to regulate ! ex]cises 9 peace "t z to include "s ( ^! causes ( friction1 t ! judgm5t1 circumspection1 ev5 resolution ( ! sep>ate lead]s may be br\ght into ex]cise1 is ( mu* great] consequ5ce ?an ^? believe :o d n "k ! ?+ by exp]i5ce4 ,x is ( imm5se importance t ! soldi]1 high or l[1 :atev] rank he has1 %\ld n h to enc\nt] 9 ,w> ^? ?+s :i*1 :5 se5 = ! fir/ "t1 set him 9 a/oni%m5t & p]plexity2 if he has only met ) !m "o s+le "t be=e1 ev5 by t he is half acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,?is relates ev5 to bodily fatigues4 ,!y %\ld be practis$ less to accu/om ! body to !m ?an ! m9d4 ,9 ,w> ! "y soldi] is v apt to reg>d unusual fatigues z ! consequ5ce ( faults1 mi/akes1 & emb>rassm5t 9 ! conduct ( ! :ole1 & to become di/ress$ & despond5t z a consequ5ce4 ,?is w\ld n happ5 if he _h be5 prep>$ = ?is be=eh& by ex]cises 9 peace4 ,ano!r less compreh5sive b /ill v important means ( ga9+ habituation to ,w> 9 "t ( peace is to invite into ! s]vice (fic]s ( =eign armies :o h _h exp]i5ce 9 ,w>4 ,peace seldom reigns ov] all ,europe1 & nev] 9 all qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,a ,/ate :i* has be5 long at peace %\ld1 !re=e1 always seek to procure "s (fic]s :o h done good s]vice at ! diff]5t sc5es ( ,w>f>e1 or to s5d !re "s ( its own1 t !y may get a lesson 9 ,w>4 ,h[ev] small ! numb] ( (fic]s ( ?is description may appe> 9 proportion to ! mass1 /ill _! influ5ce is v s5sibly felt47997 ,_! exp]i5ce1 ! b5t ( _! g5ius1 ! /amp ( _! "*1 influ5ce _! subord9ates & comrades2 & besides t1 if !y _c be plac$ 9 positions ( sup]ior comm&1 !y may always be reg>d$ z m5 acqua9t$ ) ! c\ntry1 :o may be que/ion$ on _m special occasions4 7997 ,! ,w> ( #ahgj furni%es a m>k$ illu/ration4 ,von ,moltke & von ,goeb51 n to m5tion _m o!rs1 _h bo? se5 s]vice 9 ?is mann]1 ! =m] 9 ,turkey & ,syria1 ! latt] 9 ,spa9--,,editor4 ,,book ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,w> ,,*apt] ,i4 ,bran*es ( ! ,art ( ,w> ,w> 9 its lit]al mean+ is fight+1 = fight+ alone is ! effici5t pr9ciple 9 ! manifold activity :i* 9 a wide s5se is call$ ,w>4 ,b fight+ is a trial ( /r5g? ( ! moral & physical =ces by means ( ! latt]4 ,t ! moral _c be omitt$ is evid5t ( itself1 = ! condition ( ! m9d has always ! mo/ decisive influ5ce on ! =ces employ$ 9 ,w>4 ,! necessity ( fight+ v soon l$ m5 to special inv5tions to turn ! advantage 9 x 9 _! own fav\r3 9 consequ5ce ( ^! ! mode ( fight+ has und]gone great alt]ations2 b 9 :atev] way x is conduct$ its conception rema9s unalt]$1 & fight+ is t :i* con/itutes ,w>4 ,! inv5tions h be5 f ! fir/ weapons & equipm5ts = ! individual combatants4 ,^! h to be provid$ & ! use ( !m le>nt be=e ! ,w> beg9s4 ,!y are made suitable to ! nature ( ! fight+1 consequ5tly are rul$ by x2 b pla9ly ! activity engag$ 9 ^! appliances is a diff]5t ?+ f ! fight itself2 x is only ! prep>ation = ! combat1 n ! conduct ( ! same4 ,t arm+ & equipp+ are n ess5tial to ! conception ( fight+ is pla91 because m]e wre/l+ is also fight+4 ,fight+ has det]m9$ ev]y?+ app]ta9+ to arms & equipm5t1 & ^! 9 turn modify ! mode ( fight+2 !re is1 !re=e1 a reciprocity ( action betwe5 ! two4 ,nev]!less1 ! fight itself rema9s /ill an entirely special activity1 m p>ticul>ly because x moves 9 an entirely special elem5t1 namely1 9 ! elem5t ( dang]4 ,if1 !n1 !re is any:]e a necessity = draw+ a l9e betwe5 two diff]5t activities1 x is "h2 & 9 ord] to see cle>ly ! importance ( ?is idea1 we ne$ only j to call to m9d h[ (t5 em95t p]sonal fitness 9 "o field has turn$ out no?+ b ! mo/ useless p$antry 9 ! o!r4 ,x is also 9 no way difficult to sep>ate 9 idea ! "o activity f ! o!r1 if we look at ! combatant =ces fully arm$ & equipp$ z a giv5 means1 ! pr(itable use ( :i* requires no?+ m ?an a k ( _! g5]al results4 ,! ,art ( ,w> is !re=e1 9 its prop] s5se1 ! art ( mak+ use ( ! giv5 means 9 fight+1 & we _c give x a bett] "n ?an ! 8,conduct ( ,w>40 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a wid] s5se all activities :i* h _! exi/5ce on acc\nt ( ,w>1 !re=e ! :ole creation ( troops1 t is levy+ !m1 arm+1 equipp+1 & ex]cis+ !m1 belong to ! ,art ( ,w>4 ,to make a s\nd !ory x is mo/ ess5tial to sep>ate ^! two activities1 = x is easy to see t if e act ( ,w> is to beg9 ) ! prep>ation ( milit>y =ces1 & to presuppose =ces s organis$ z a prim>y condition = conduct+ ,w>1 t !ory w only be applicable 9 ! few cases to :i* ! =ce available happ5s to be exactly suit$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we wi% to h a !ory :i* %all suit mo/ cases1 & w n be :olly useless 9 any case1 x mu/ be f\nd$ on ^? means :i* are 9 mo/ g5]al use1 & 9 respect to ^! only on ! actual results spr++ f !m4 ,! conduct ( ,w> is1 !re=e1 ! =mation & conduct ( ! fight+4 ,if ?is fight+ 0 a s+le act1 !re w\ld be no necessity = any fur!r subdivision1 b ! fight is compos$ ( a great] or less numb] ( s+le acts1 complete 9 !mselves1 :i* we call combats1 z we h %[n 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! fir/ book1 & :i* =m new units4 ,f ?is arises ! totally diff]5t activities1 t ( ! =mation & conduct ( ^! s+le combats 9 !mselves1 & ! comb9ation ( !m ) "o ano!r1 ) a view to ! ultimate object ( ! ,w>4 ,! fir/ is call$ tactics1 ! o!r /rategy4 ,?is division into tactics & /rategy is n[ 9 almo/ g5]al use1 & e "o kn[s tol]ably well "u :i* head to place any s+le fact1 )\t kn[+ v di/9ctly ! gr\nds on :i* ! classification is f\nd$4 ,b :5 su* divisions are bl9dly adh]$ to 9 practice1 !y mu/ h "s deep root4 ,we h se>*$ = ?is root1 & we might say t x is j ! usage ( ! majority :i* has br\ght u to x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we look ^u ! arbitr>y1 unnatural def9itions ( ^! conceptions s\ght to be e/abli%$ by "s writ]s z n 9 accordance ) ! g5]al usage ( ! t]ms4 ,accord+ to our classification1 !re=e1 tactics is ! !ory ( ! use ( milit>y =ces 9 combat4 ,/rategy is ! !ory ( ! use ( combats = ! object ( ! ,w>4 ,! way 9 :i* ! conception ( a s+le1 or indep5d5t combat1 is m closely det]m9$1 ! conditions to :i* ?is unit is atta*$1 we %all only be able to expla9 cle>ly :5 we consid] ! combat2 we mu/ cont5t ourselves = ! pres5t ) say+ t 9 relation to space1 !re=e 9 combats tak+ place at ! same "t1 ! unit rea*es j z f> z p]sonal comm& rea*es2 b 9 reg>d to "t1 & !re=e 9 relation to combats :i* foll[ ea* o!r 9 close succession1 x rea*es to ! mom5t :5 ! crisis :i* takes place 9 e combat is entirely pass$4 ,t d\btful cases may occur1 cases1 = in/ance1 9 :i* sev]al combats may p]haps be reg>d$ also z a s+le "o1 w n ov]?r[ ! gr\nd ( di/9ction we h adopt$1 = ! same is ! case ) all gr\nds ( di/9ction ( real ?+s :i* are diff]5tiat$ by a gradually dim9i%+ scale4 ,!re may1 !re=e1 c]ta9ly be acts ( activity 9 ,w> :i*1 )\t any alt]ation 9 ! po9t ( view1 may j z well be c\nt$ /rategic z tactical2 = example1 v ext5d$ positions resembl+ a *a9 ( po/s1 ! prep>ations = ! passage ( a riv] at sev]al po9ts1 c4 ,our classification rea*es & cov]s only ! use ( ! milit>y =ce4 ,b n[ !re are 9 ,w> a numb] ( activities :i* are subs]vi5t to x1 & /ill are q diff]5t f x2 sometimes closely alli$1 sometimes less ne> 9 _! aff9ity4 ,all ^! activities relate to ! ma9t5ance ( ! milit>y =ce4 ,9 ! same way z its creation & tra9+ prec$e its use1 s its ma9t5ance is always a necess>y condition4 ,b1 /rictly view$1 all activities ?us connect$ ) x are always to be reg>d$ only z prep>ations = fight+2 !y are c]ta9ly no?+ m ?an activities :i* are v close to ! action1 s t !y run ?r\gh ! ho/ile act alt]nate 9 importance ) ! use ( ! =ces4 ,we h !re=e a "r to exclude !m z well z ! o!r prep>atory activities f ! ,art ( ,w> 9 its re/rict$ s5se1 f ! conduct ( ,w> prop]ly s call$2 & we are oblig$ to d s if we w\ld comply ) ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all !ory1 ! elim9ation ( all het]og5e\s elem5ts4 ,:o w\ld include 9 ! real 8conduct ( ,w>0 ! :ole litany ( subsi/5ce & adm9i/ration1 because x is admitt$ to /& 9 con/ant reciprocal action ) ! use ( ! troops1 b is some?+ ess5tially diff]5t f x8 ,we h said1 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( our fir/ book1 t z ! fight or combat is ! only directly effective activity1 !re=e ! ?reads ( all o!rs1 z !y end 9 x1 are includ$ 9 x4 ,by ?is we meant to say t to all o!rs an object 0 !reby appo9t$ :i*1 9 accordance ) ! laws peculi> to !mselves1 !y mu/ seek to atta94 ,"h we mu/ g a little clos] into ?is subject4 ,! subjects :i* con/itute ! activities outside ( ! combat are ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! "o "p belongs1 9 "o respect1 to ! combat itself1 is id5tical ) x1 :il/ x s]ves 9 ano!r respect = ! ma9t5ance ( ! milit>y =ce4 ,! o!r "p belongs purely to ! subsi/5ce1 & has only1 9 consequ5ce ( ! reciprocal action1 a limit$ influ5ce on ! combats by its results4 ,! subjects :i* 9 "o respect belong to ! fight+ itself are m>*es1 camps1 & cantonm5ts1 = !y suppose s _m diff]5t situations ( troops1 & :]e troops are suppos$ !re ! idea ( ! combat mu/ always be pres5t4 ,! o!r subjects1 :i* only belong to ! ma9t5ance1 are subsi/5ce1 c>e ( ! sick1 ! supply & repair ( arms & equipm5t4 ,m>*es are q id5tical ) ! use ( ! troops4 ,! act ( m>*+ 9 ! combat1 g5]ally call$ manoeuvr+1 c]ta9ly does n necess>ily include ! use ( weapons1 b x is s completely & necess>ily comb9$ ) x t x =ms an integral "p ( t :i* we call a combat4 ,b ! m>* outside ! combat is no?+ b ! execution ( a /rategic measure4 ,by ! /rategic plan is settl$ :51 :]e1 & ) :at =ces a battle is to be deliv]$--& to c>ry t into execution ! m>* is ! only means4 ,! m>* outside ( ! combat is !re=e an in/rum5t ( /rategy1 b n on t acc\nt exclusively a subject ( /rategy1 = z ! arm$ =ce :i* executes x may be involv$ 9 a possible combat at any mom5t1 !re=e its execution /&s also "u tactical z well z /rategic rules4 ,if we prescribe to a column its r\te on a p>ticul> side ( a riv] or ( a bran* ( a m\nta91 !n t is a /rategic measure1 = x conta9s ! int5tion ( fight+ on t p>ticul> side ( ! hill or riv] 9 pref]5ce to ! o!r1 9 case a combat %\ld be necess>y dur+ ! m>*4 ,b if a column1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! road ?r\gh a valley1 m>*es along ! p>allel ridge ( heights1 or = ! conv5i5ce ( m>*+ divides itself into sev]al columns1 !n ^! are tactical arrangem5ts1 = !y relate to ! mann] 9 :i* we %all use ! troops 9 ! anticipat$ combat4 ,! p>ticul> ord] ( m>* is 9 con/ant relation ) read9ess = combat1 is !re=e tactical 9 its nature1 = x is no?+ m ?an ! fir/ or prelim9>y disposition = ! battle :i* may possibly take place4 ,z ! m>* is ! in/rum5t by :i* /rategy apportions its active elem5ts1 ! combats1 b ^! la/ (t5 only appe> by _! results & n 9 ! details ( _! real c\rse1 x c\ld n fail to happ5 t 9 !ory ! in/rum5t has (t5 be5 sub/itut$ = ! effici5t pr9ciple4 ,?us we he> ( a decisive skilful m>*1 allusion be+ !reby made to ^? combat-comb9ations to :i* ^! m>*es l$4 ,?is sub/itution ( ideas is too natural & concis5ess ( expression too desirable to call = alt]ation1 b /ill x is only a cond5s$ *a9 ( ideas 9 reg>d to :i* we mu/ nev] omit to be> 9 m9d ! full mean+1 if we w\ld avoid fall+ into error4 ,we fall into an error ( ?is description if we attribute to /rategical comb9ations a p[] indep5d5t ( tactical results4 ,we read ( m>*es & manuvres comb9$1 ! object atta9$1 & at ! same "t n a ^w ab\t combat1 f :i* ! conclusion is drawn t !re are means 9 ,w> ( conqu]+ an enemy )\t fight+4 ,! prolific nature ( ?is error we _c %[ until h]eaft]4 ,b al?\gh a m>* c be reg>d$ absolutely z an integral "p ( ! combat1 /ill !re are 9 x c]ta9 relations :i* d n belong to ! combat1 & !re=e are nei!r tactical nor /rategic4 ,to ^! belong all arrangem5ts :i* conc]n only ! accommodation ( ! troops1 ! con/ruction ( bridges1 roads1 c4 ,^! are only conditions2 "u _m circum/ances !y are 9 v close connection1 & may almo/ id5tify !mselves ) ! troops1 z 9 build+ a bridge 9 pres5ce ( ! enemy2 b 9 !mselves !y are always activities1 ! !ory ( :i* does n =m "p ( ! !ory ( ! conduct ( ,w>4 ,camps1 by :i* we mean e disposition ( troops 9 conc5trat$1 !re=e 9 battle ord]1 9 contradi/9ction to cantonm5ts or qu>t]s1 are a /ate ( re/1 !re=e ( re/oration2 b !y are at ! same "t also ! /rategic appo9tm5t ( a battle on ! spot1 *os52 & by ! mann] 9 :i* !y are tak5 up !y conta9 ! fundam5tal l9es ( ! battle1 a condition f :i* e def5sive battle />ts2 !y are !re=e ess5tial p>ts ( bo? /rategy & tactics4 ,cantonm5ts take ! place ( camps = ! bett] refre%m5t ( ! troops4 ,!y are !re=e1 l camps1 /rategic subjects z reg>ds position & ext5t2 tactical subjects z reg>ds int]nal organisation1 ) a view to read9ess to fight4 ,! occupation ( camps & cantonm5ts no d\bt usually comb9es ) ! recup]ation ( ! troops ano!r object also1 = example1 ! cov]+ a di/rict ( c\ntry1 ! hold+ a position2 b x c v well be only ! fir/4 ,we rem9d our read]s t /rategy may foll[ a great div]sity ( objects1 = ev]y?+ :i* appe>s an advantage may be ! object ( a combat1 & ! pres]vation ( ! in/rum5t ) :i* ,w> is made mu/ necess>ily v (t5 become ! object ( its p>tial comb9ations4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 su* a case /rategy m9i/]s only to ! ma9t5ance ( ! troops1 we are n on t acc\nt out ( ! field ( /rategy1 = we are /ill engag$ ) ! use ( ! milit>y =ce1 because e disposition ( t =ce ^u any po9t ,:atev] ( ! !atre ( ,w> is su* a use4 ,b if ! ma9t5ance ( ! troops 9 camp or qu>t]s calls =? activities :i* are no employm5t ( ! arm$ =ce1 su* z ! con/ruction ( huts1 pit*+ ( t5ts1 subsi/5ce & sanit>y s]vices 9 camps or qu>t]s1 !n su* belong nei!r to /rategy nor tactics4 ,ev5 entr5*m5ts1 ! site & prep>ation ( :i* are pla9ly "p ( ! ord] ( battle1 !re=e tactical subjects1 d n belong to ! !ory ( ! conduct ( ,w> s f> z respects ! execution ( _! con/ruction ! k & skill requir$ = su* "w be+1 9 po9t ( fact1 qualities inh]5t 9 ! nature ( an organis$ ,army2 ! !ory ( ! combat takes !m = grant$4 ,among/ ! subjects :i* belong to ! m]e keep+ up ( an arm$ =ce1 because none ( ! p>ts are id5tifi$ ) ! combat1 ! victuall+ ( ! troops !mselves comes fir/1 z x mu/ be done almo/ daily & = ea* individual4 ,?us x is t x completely p]meates milit>y action 9 ! p>ts con/itut+ /rategy--we say p>ts con/itut+ /rategy1 because dur+ a battle ! subsi/5ce ( troops w r>ely h any influ5ce 9 modify+ ! plan1 al?\gh ! ?+ is conceivable en\gh4 ,! c>e = ! subsi/5ce ( ! troops comes !re=e into reciprocal action *iefly ) /rategy1 & !re is no?+ m common ?an = ! lead+ /rategic features ( a campaign & ,w> to be trac$ out 9 connection ) a view to ?is supply4 ,b h[ev] frequ5t & h[ev] important ^! views ( supply may be1 ! subsi/5ce ( ! troops always rema9s a completely diff]5t activity f ! use ( ! troops1 & ! =m] has only an influ5ce on ! latt] by its results4 ,! o!r bran*es ( adm9i/rative activity :i* we h m5tion$ /& mu* f>!r ap>t f ! use ( ! troops4 ,! c>e ( sick & w\nd$1 highly important z x is = ! good ( an ,army1 directly affects x only 9 a small portion ( ! individuals compos+ x1 & !re=e has only a weak & indirect influ5ce ^u ! use ( ! re/4 ,! complet+ & replac+ articles ( arms & equipm5t1 except s f> z by ! organism ( ! =ces x con/itutes a cont9u\s activity inh]5t 9 !m--takes place only p]iodically1 & !re=e seldom affects /rategic plans4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 "h gu>d ourselves aga9/ a mi/ake4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ^! subjects may be really ( decisive importance4 ,! di/ance ( hospitals & depts ( munitions may v easily be imag9$ z ! sole cause ( v important /rategic decisions4 ,we d n wi% ei!r to conte/ t po9t or to ?r[ x into ! %ade4 ,b we are at pres5t occupi$ n ) ! p>ticul> facts ( a concrete case1 b ) ab/ract !ory2 & our ass]tion !re=e is t su* an influ5ce is too r>e to give ! !ory ( sanit>y measures & ! supply ( munitions & arms an importance 9 !ory ( ! conduct ( ,w> su* z to make x wor? :ile to include 9 ! !ory ( ! conduct ( ,w> ! consid]ation ( ! diff]5t ways & sy/ems :i* ! above !ories may furni%1 9 ! same way z is c]ta9ly necess>y 9 reg>d to victuall+ troops4 ,if we h cle>ly und]/ood ! results ( our reflections1 !n ! activities belong+ to ,w> divide !mselves into two pr9cipal classes1 into su* z are only 8prep>ations = ,w>0 & into ! 8,w> itself40 ,?is division mu/ !re=e also be made 9 !ory4 ,! k & applications ( skill 9 ! prep>ations = ,w> are engag$ 9 ! creation1 discipl9e1 & ma9t5ance ( all ! milit>y =ces2 :at g5]al names %\ld be giv5 to !m we d n ent] into1 b we see t artill]y1 =tification1 elem5t>y tactics1 z !y are call$1 ! :ole organisation & adm9i/ration ( ! v>i\s arm$ =ces1 & all su* ?+s are includ$4 ,b ! !ory ( ,w> itself occupies itself ) ! use ( ^! prep>$ means = ! object ( ! w>4 ,x ne$s ( ! fir/ only ! results1 t is1 ! k ( ! pr9cipal prop]ties ( ! means tak5 9 h& = use4 ,?is we call 8,! ,art ( ,w>0 9 a limit$ s5se1 or 8,!ory ( ! ,conduct ( ,w>10 or 8,!ory ( ! ,employm5t ( ,arm$ ,=ces10 all ( !m d5ot+ = u ! same ?+4 ,! pres5t !ory w !re=e treat ! combat z ! real conte/1 m>*es1 camps1 & cantonm5ts z circum/ances :i* are m or less id5tical ) x4 ,! subsi/5ce ( ! troops w only come into consid]ation l o!r giv5 circum/ances 9 respect ( its results1 n z an activity belong+ to ! combat4 ,! ,art ( ,w> ?us view$ 9 its limit$ s5se divides itself aga9 into tactics & /rategy4 ,! =m] occupies itself ) ! =m ( ! sep>ate combat1 ! latt] ) its use4 ,bo? connect !mselves ) ! circum/ances ( m>*es1 camps1 cantonm5ts only ?r\gh ! combat1 & ^! circum/ances are tactical or /rategic accord+ z !y relate to ! =m or to ! signification ( ! battle4 ,no d\bt !re w be _m read]s :o w consid] sup]flu\s ?is c>eful sep>ation ( two ?+s ly+ s close toge!r z tactics & /rategy1 because x has no direct effect on ! conduct itself ( ,w>4 ,we admit1 c]ta9ly t x w\ld be p$antry to look = direct effects on ! field ( battle f a !oretical di/9ction4 ,b ! fir/ bus9ess ( e !ory is to cle> up conceptions & ideas :i* h be5 jumbl$ toge!r1 &1 we may say1 entangl$ & confus$2 & only :5 a "r und]/&+ is e/abli%$1 z to names & conceptions1 c we hope to progress ) cle>ness & facility1 & be c]ta9 t au?or & read] w always see ?+s f ! same po9t ( view4 ,tactics & /rategy are two activities mutually p]meat+ ea* o!r 9 "t & space1 at ! same "t ess5tially diff]5t activities1 ! inn] laws & mutual relations ( :i* _c be intelligible at all to ! m9d until a cle> conception ( ! nature ( ea* activity is e/abli%$4 ,he to :om all ?is is no?+1 mu/ ei!r repudiate all !oretical consid]ation1 or 8 und]/&+ has n z yet be5 pa9$ by ! confus$ & p]plex+ ideas re/+ on no fix$ po9t ( view1 lead+ to no satisfactory result1 sometimes dull1 sometimes fanta/ic1 sometimes float+ 9 vague g5]alities1 :i* we are (t5 oblig$ to he> & read on ! conduct ( ,w>1 ow+ to ! _s ( sci5tific inve/igation hav+ hi!rto be5 little direct$ to ^! subjects4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,on ! ,!ory ( ,w> #a4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,conception ,,( ,,! 8,,art ,,( ,,w>0 ,,0 ,,m]ely ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,arm$ ,,=ces4 ,=m]ly by ! t]m 8,art ( ,w>10 or 8,sci5ce ( ,w>10 no?+ 0 und]/ood b ! totality ( ^? bran*es ( k & ^? appliances ( skill occupi$ ) mat]ial ?+s4 ,! patt]n & prep>ation & ! mode ( us+ arms1 ! con/ruction ( =tifications & entr5*m5ts1 ! organism ( an army & ! me*anism ( its movem5ts1 7 ! subject2 ^! bran*es ( k & skill above ref]r$ to1 & ! end & aim ( !m all 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( an arm$ =ce fit = use 9 ,w>4 ,all ?is conc]n$ m]ely ?+s belong+ to ! mat]ial _w & a "o-sid$ activity only1 & x 0 9 fact no?+ b an activity advanc+ by gradations f ! l[] occupations to a f9] k9d ( me*anical art4 ,! relation ( all ?is to ,w> itself 0 v mu* ! same z ! relation ( ! art ( ! sword cutl] to ! art ( us+ ! sword4 ,! employm5t 9 ! mom5t ( dang] & 9 a /ate ( con/ant reciprocal action ( ! p>ticul> en]gies ( m9d & _s 9 ! direction propos$ to !m 0 n yet ev5 moot$4 #b4 ,,true ,,w> ,,fir/ ,,appe>s ,,9 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,sieges4 ,9 ! art ( sieges we fir/ p]ceive a c]ta9 degree ( guidance ( ! combat1 some?+ ( ! action ( ! intellectual faculties ^u ! mat]ial =ces plac$ "u _! control1 b g5]ally only s f> t x v soon embodi$ itself aga9 9 new mat]ial =ms1 su* z approa*es1 tr5*es1 c\nt]-approa*es1 batt]ies1 c41 & e /ep :i* ?is action ( ! high] faculties took 0 m>k$ by "s su* result2 x 0 only ! ?read t 0 requir$ on :i* to /r+ ^! mat]ial inv5tions 9 ord]4 ,z ! intellect c h>dly manife/ itself 9 ?is k9d ( ,w>1 except 9 su* ?+s1 s !re=e ne>ly all t 0 necess>y 0 done 9 t way4 #c4 ,,!n ,,tactics ,,tri$ ,,to ,,f9d ,,its ,,way ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,direction4 ,aft]w>ds tactics attempt$ to give to ! me*anism ( its jo9ts ! "* ( a g5]al disposition1 built ^u ! peculi> prop]ties ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* "* leads inde$ to ! battle-field1 b in/ead ( lead+ to ! free activity ( m9d1 leads to an ,army made l an automaton by its rigid =mations & ord]s ( battle1 :i*1 movable only by ! ^w ( comm&1 is int5d$ to unw9d its activities l a piece ( clockwork4 #d4 ,,! ,,real ,,conduct ,,( ,,w> ,,only ,,made ,,its ,,appe>ance ,,incid5tally ,,& ,,incognito4 ,! conduct ( ,w> prop]ly s call$1 t is1 a use ( ! prep>$ means adapt$ to ! mo/ special requirem5ts1 0 n consid]$ z any suitable subject = !ory1 b "o :i* %\ld be left to natural tal5ts alone4 ,by degrees1 z ,w> pass$ f ! h&-to-h& enc\nt]s ( ! middle ages into a m regul> & sy/ematic =m1 /ray reflections on ?is po9t also =c$ !mselves into m5's m9ds1 b !y mo/ly appe>$ only incid5tally 9 memoirs & n>ratives1 & 9 a c]ta9 measure incognito4 #e4 ,,reflections ,,on ,,milit>y ,,ev5ts ,,br\ght ,,ab\t ,,! ,,want ,,( ,a ,,!ory4 ,z contemplation on ,w> cont9ually increas$1 & its hi/ory e day assum$ m ( a critical "*1 ! urg5t want appe>$ ( ! support ( fix$ maxims & rules1 9 ord] t 9 ! controv]sies naturally aris+ ab\t milit>y ev5ts ! w> ( op9ions might be br\ght to "s "o po9t4 ,?is :irl ( op9ions1 :i* nei!r revolv$ on any c5tral pivot nor accord+ to any appreciable laws1 c\ld n b be v di/a/eful to p's m9ds4 #f4 ,,endeav\rs ,,to ,,e/abli% ,a ,,positive ,,!ory4 ,!re arose1 !re=e1 an endeav\r to e/abli% maxims1 rules1 & ev5 sy/ems = ! conduct ( ,w>4 ,by ?is ! atta9m5t ( a positive object 0 propos$1 )\t tak+ into view ! endless difficulties :i* ! conduct ( ,w> pres5ts 9 t respect4 ,! conduct ( ,w>1 z we h %[n1 has no def9ite limits 9 any direction1 :ile e sy/em has ! circumscrib+ nature ( a syn!sis1 f :i* results an irreconcileable opposition betwe5 su* a !ory & practice4 #g4 ,,limitation ,,to ,,mat]ial ,,objects4 ,writ]s on !ory felt ! difficulty ( ! subject soon en\gh1 & ?\ght !mselves entitl$ to get rid ( x by direct+ _! maxims & sy/ems only ^u mat]ial ?+s & a "o-sid$ activity4 ,_! aim 0 to rea* results1 z 9 ! sci5ce = ! prep>ation = ,w>1 entirely c]ta9 & positive1 & !re=e only to take into consid]ation t :i* c\ld be made matt] ( calculation4 #h4 ,,sup]iority ,,( ,,numb]s4 ,! sup]iority 9 numb]s be+ a mat]ial condition1 x 0 *os5 f among/ all ! factors requir$ to produce victory1 because x c\ld be br\ght "u ma!matical laws ?r\gh comb9ations ( "t & space4 ,x 0 ?\ght possible to leave out ( sight all o!r circum/ances1 by suppos+ !m to be equal on ea* side1 & !re=e to neutralise "o ano!r4 ,?is w\ld h be5 v well if x _h be5 done to ga9 a prelim9>y k ( ?is "o factor1 accord+ to its relations1 b to make x a rule = ev] to consid] sup]iority ( numb]s z ! sole law2 to see ! :ole secret ( ! ,art ( ,w> 9 ! =mula1 9 a c]ta9 "t1 at a c]ta9 po9t1 to br+ up sup]ior masses--0 a re/riction ov]rul$ by ! =ce ( realities4 #i4 ,,victuall+ ,,( ,,troops4 ,by "o !oretical s*ool an attempt 0 made to sy/ematise ano!r mat]ial elem5t also1 by mak+ ! subsi/5ce ( troops1 accord+ to a previ\sly e/abli%$ organism ( ! ,army1 ! supreme legislator 9 ! high] conduct ( ,w>4 ,9 ?is way c]ta9ly !y arriv$ at def9ite figures1 b at figures :i* re/$ on a numb] ( arbitr>y calculations1 & :i* !re=e c\ld n /& ! te/ ( practical application4 #aj4 ,,base4 ,an +5i\s au?or tri$ to conc5trate 9 a s+le conception1 t ( a ,,base1 a :ole ho/ ( objects among/ :i* sundry relations ev5 ) immat]ial =ces f\nd _! way 9 z well4 ,! li/ compris$ ! subsi/5ce ( ! troops1 ! keep+ !m complete 9 numb]s & equipm5t1 ! security ( communications ) ! home c\ntry1 la/ly1 ! security ( retreat 9 case x became necess>y2 &1 fir/ ( all1 he propos$ to sub/itute ?is conception ( a base = all ^! ?+s2 !n = ! base itself to sub/itute its own l5g? 7ext5t72 &1 la/ ( all1 to sub/itute ! angle =m$ by ! army ) ?is base3 all ?is 0 done to obta9 a pure geometrical result utt]ly useless4 ,?is la/ is1 9 fact1 unavoidable1 if we reflect t none ( ^! sub/itutions c\ld be made )\t violat+ tru? & leav+ out "s ( ! ?+s conta9$ 9 ! orig9al conception4 ,! idea ( a base is a real necessity = /rategy1 & to h conceiv$ x is m]itori\s2 b to make su* a use ( x z we h depict$ is completely inadmissible1 & c\ld n b lead to p>tial conclusions :i* h =c$ ^! !ori/s into a direction oppos$ to common s5se1 namely1 to a belief 9 ! decisive effect ( ! envelop+ =m ( attack4 #aa4 ,,int]ior ,,l9es4 ,z a reaction aga9/ ?is false direction1 ano!r geometrical pr9ciple1 t ( ! s-call$ int]ior l9es1 0 !n elevat$ to ! ?rone4 ,al?\gh ?is pr9ciple re/s on a s\nd f\ndation1 on ! tru? t ! combat is ! only effectual means 9 ,w>1 /ill x is1 j on acc\nt ( its purely geometrical nature1 no?+ b ano!r case ( "o-sid$ !ory :i* c nev] ga9 asc5d5cy 9 ! real _w4 #ab4 ,,all ,,^! ,,attempts ,,are ,,op5 ,,to ,,objection4 ,all ^! attempts at !ory are only to be consid]$ 9 _! analytical "p z progress 9 ! prov9ce ( tru?1 b 9 _! syn!tical "p1 9 _! precepts & rules1 !y are q uns]viceable4 ,!y /rive aft] det]m9ate quantities1 :il/ 9 ,w> all is undet]m9$1 & ! calculation has always to be made ) v>y+ quantities4 ,!y direct ! att5tion only ^u mat]ial =ces1 :ile ! :ole milit>y action is p5etrat$ ?r\gh\t by intellig5t =ces & _! effects4 ,!y only pay reg>d to activity on "o side1 :il/ ,w> is a con/ant /ate ( reciprocal action1 ! effects ( :i* are mutual4 #ac4 ,,z ,a ,,rule ,,!y ,,exclude ,,g5ius4 ,all t 0 n atta9able by su* mis]able philosophy1 ! (fspr+ ( p>tial views1 lay outside ! prec9cts ( sci5ce--& 0 ! field ( g5ius1 :i* ,,raises ,,itself ,,above ,,rules4 ,pity ! w>rior :o is cont5t$ to crawl ab\t 9 ?is begg>dom ( rules1 :i* are too bad = g5ius1 ov] :i* x c set itself sup]ior1 ov] :i* x c p]*ance make m]ry6 ,:at g5ius does mu/ be ! be/ ( all rules1 & !ory _c d bett] ?an to %[ h[ & :y x is s4 ,pity ! !ory :i* sets itself 9 opposition to ! m9d6 ,x _c repair ?is contradiction by any humility1 & ! humbl] x is s mu* ! soon] w ridicule & contempt drive x out ( real life4 #ad4 ,,! ,,difficulty ,,( ,,!ory ,,z ,,soon ,,z ,,moral ,,quantities ,,come ,,into ,,consid]ation4 ,e !ory becomes inf9itely m difficult f ! mom5t t x t\*es on ! prov9ce ( moral quantities4 ,ar*itecture & pa9t+ "k q well :at !y are ab\t z long z !y h only to d ) matt]2 !re is no dispute ab\t me*anical or optical con/ruction4 ,b z soon z ! moral activities beg9 _! "w1 z soon z moral impressions & feel+s are produc$1 ! :ole set ( rules dissolves into vague ideas4 ,! sci5ce ( m$ic9e is *iefly engag$ ) bodily ph5om5a only2 its bus9ess is ) ! animal organism1 :i*1 liable to p]petual *ange1 is nev] exactly ! same = two mom5ts4 ,?is makes its practice v difficult1 & places ! judgm5t ( ! physician above 8 sci5ce2 b h[ mu* m difficult is ! case if a moral effect is add$1 & h[ mu* high] mu/ we place ! physician ( ! m9d8 #ae4 ,,! ,,moral ,,quantities ,,mu/ ,,n ,,be ,,exclud$ ,,9 ,,w>4 ,b n[ ! activity 9 ,w> is nev] direct$ solely aga9/ matt]2 x is always at ! same "t direct$ aga9/ ! intellig5t =ce :i* gives life to ?is matt]1 & to sep>ate ! two f ea* o!r is impossible4 ,b ! intellig5t =ces are only visible to ! inn] eye1 & ?is is diff]5t 9 ea* p]son1 & (t5 diff]5t 9 ! same p]son at diff]5t times4 ,z dang] is ! g5]al elem5t 9 :i* ev]y?+ moves 9 ,w>1 x is also *iefly by c\rage1 ! feel+ ( "o's own p[]1 t ! judgm5t is diff]5tly influ5c$4 ,x is to a c]ta9 ext5t ! cry/all9e l5s ?r\gh :i* all appe>ances pass be=e rea*+ ! und]/&+4 ,& yet we _c d\bt t ^! ?+s acquire a c]ta9 objective value simply ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,e "o kn[s ! moral effect ( a surprise1 ( an attack 9 flank or re>4 ,e "o ?9ks less ( ! enemy's c\rage z soon z he turns 8 back1 & v5tures mu* m 9 pursuit ?an :5 pursu$4 ,e "o judges ( ! enemy's ,g5]al by 8 reput$ tal5ts1 by 8 age & exp]i5ce1 & %apes 8 c\rse accord+ly4 ,e "o ca/s a scrut9is+ glance at ! _s & feel+ ( 8 own & ! enemy's troops4 ,all ^! & simil> effects 9 ! prov9ce ( ! moral nature ( man h e/abli%$ !mselves by exp]i5ce1 are p]petually recurr+1 & !re=e w>rant our reckon+ !m z real quantities ( _! k9d4 ,:at c\ld we d ) any !ory :i* %\ld leave !m out ( consid]ation8 ,c]ta9ly exp]i5ce is an indisp5sable title = ^! tru?s4 ,) psy*ological & philosophical sophi/ries no !ory1 no ,g5]al1 %\ld m$dle4 #af4 ,,pr9cipal ,,difficulty ,,( ,a ,,!ory ,,= ,,! ,,conduct ,,( ,,w>4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d cle>ly ! difficulty ( ! proposition :i* is conta9$ 9 a !ory = ! conduct ( ,w>1 & !nce to d$uce ! necess>y *>act]i/ics ( su* a !ory1 we mu/ take a clos] view ( ! *ief p>ticul>s :i* make up ! nature ( activity 9 ,w>4 #ag4 ,,fir/ ,,speciality4--,,moral ,,=ces ,,& ,,_! ,,effects4 7,,ho/ile ,,feel+47 ,! fir/ ( ^! specialities consi/s 9 ! moral =ces & effects4 ,! combat is1 9 its orig91 ! expression ( ho/ile feel+1 b 9 our great combats1 :i* we call ,w>s1 ! ho/ile feel+ frequ5tly resolves itself into m]ely a ho/ile view1 & !re is usually no innate ho/ile feel+ resid+ 9 individual aga9/ individual4 ,nev]!less1 ! combat nev] passes (f )\t su* feel+s be+ br\ght into activity4 ,national hatr$1 :i* is seldom want+ 9 our ,w>s1 is a sub/itute = p]sonal ho/ility 9 ! brea/ ( individual oppos$ to individual4 ,b :]e ?is also is want+1 & at fir/ no animosity ( feel+ subsi/s1 a ho/ile feel+ is k9dl$ by ! combat itself2 = an act ( viol5ce :i* any "o commits ^u u by ord] ( 8 sup]ior1 w excite 9 u a desire to retaliate & be rev5g$ on him1 soon] ?an on ! sup]ior p[] at ^: comm& ! act 0 done4 ,?is is human1 or animal if we w2 /ill x is s4 ,we are v apt to reg>d ! combat 9 !ory z an ab/ract trial ( /r5g?1 )\t any p>ticipation on ! "p ( ! feel+s1 & t is "o ( ! ?\s& errors :i* !ori/s delib]ately commit1 because !y d n see its consequ5ces4 ,besides t excitation ( feel+s naturally aris+ f ! combat itself1 !re are o!rs also :i* d n ess5tially belong to x1 b :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! relation%ip1 easily unite ) x--ambition1 love ( p[]1 en?usiasm ( e k9d1 c4 c4 #ah4 ,,! ,,impressions ,,( ,,dang]4 7,,c\rage47 ,f9ally1 ! combat begets ! elem5t ( dang]1 9 :i* all ! activities ( ,w> mu/ live & move1 l ! bird 9 ! air or ! fi% 9 ! wat]4 ,b ! influ5ces ( dang] all pass into ! feel+s1 ei!r directly--t is1 in/9ctively--or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! und]/&+4 ,! effect 9 ! fir/ case w\ld be a desire to escape f ! dang]1 &1 if t _c be done1 fright & anxiety4 ,if ?is effect does n take place1 !n x is c\rage1 :i* is a c\nt]poise to t in/9ct4 ,c\rage is1 h[ev]1 by no means an act ( ! und]/&+1 b likewise a feel+1 l fe>2 ! latt] looks to ! physical pres]vation1 c\rage to ! moral pres]vation4 ,c\rage1 !n1 is a nobl] in/9ct4 ,b because x is s1 x w n all[ itself to be us$ z a lifeless in/rum5t1 :i* produces its effects exactly accord+ to prescrib$ measure4 ,c\rage is !re=e no m]e c\nt]poise to dang] 9 ord] to neutralise ! latt] 9 its effects1 b a peculi> p[] 9 itself4 #ai4 ,,ext5t ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,dang]4 ,b to e/imate exactly ! influ5ce ( dang] ^u ! pr9cipal actors 9 ,w>1 we mu/ n limit its sph]e to ! physical dang] ( ! mom5t4 ,x dom9ates ov] ! actor1 n only by ?reat5+ him1 b also by ?reat5+ all entru/$ to him1 n only at ! mom5t 9 :i* x is actually pres5t1 b also ?r\gh ! imag9ation at all o!r mom5ts1 :i* h a connection ) ! pres5t2 la/ly1 n only directly by itself1 b also indirectly by ! responsibility :i* makes x be> ) t5fold weight on ! m9d ( ! *ief actor4 ,:o c\ld advise1 or resolve ^u a great battle1 )\t feel+ 8 m9d m or less wr\ght up1 or p]plex$ by1 ! dang] & responsibility :i* su* a great act ( decision c>ries 9 itself8 ,we may say t action 9 ,w>1 9 s f> z x is real action1 n a m]e condition1 is nev] out ( ! sph]e ( dang]4 #bj4 ,,o!r ,,p[]s ,,( ,,feel+4 ,if we look ^u ^! affections :i* are excit$ by ho/ility & dang] z peculi>ly belong+ to ,w>1 we d n1 !re=e1 exclude f x all o!rs accompany+ man 9 8 life's j\rney4 ,!y w also f9d room "h frequ5tly en\gh4 ,c]ta9ly we may say t _m a petty action ( ! passions is sil5c$ 9 ?is s]i\s bus9ess ( life2 b t holds good only 9 respect to ^? act+ 9 a l[] sph]e1 :o1 hurri$ on f "o /ate ( dang] & ex]tion to ano!r1 lose sight ( ! re/ ( ! ?+s ( life1 become unus$ to deceit1 because x is ( no avail ) dea?1 & s atta9 to t soldi]ly simplicity ( "* :i* has always be5 ! be/ repres5tative ( ! milit>y pr(ession4 ,9 high] regions x is o!rwise1 = ! high] a man's rank1 ! m he mu/ look ar\nd him2 !n arise int]e/s on e side1 & a manifold activity ( ! passions ( good & bad4 ,envy & g5]osity1 pride & humility1 fi]c5ess & t5d]ness1 all may appe> z active p[]s 9 ?is great drama4 #ba4 ,,peculi>ity ,,( ,,m9d4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( m9d 9 ! *ief actor h1 z well z ^? ( ! feel+s1 a high importance4 ,f an imag9ative1 flighty1 inexp]i5c$ head1 & f a calm1 sagaci\s und]/&+1 diff]5t ?+s are to be expect$4 #bb4 ,,f ,,! ,,div]sity ,,9 ,,m5tal ,,individualities ,,arises ,,! ,,div]sity ,,( ,,ways ,,lead+ ,,to ,,! ,,end4 ,x is ?is great div]sity 9 m5tal individuality1 ! influ5ce ( :i* is to be suppos$ z *iefly felt 9 ! high] ranks1 because x increases z we progress upw>ds1 :i* *iefly produces ! div]sity ( ways lead+ to ! end notic$ by u 9 ! fir/ book1 & :i* gives1 to ! play ( probabilities & *ance1 su* an unequal %>e 9 det]m9+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 #bc4 ,,second ,,peculi>ity4--,,liv+ ,,reaction4 ,! second peculi>ity 9 ,w> is ! liv+ reaction1 & ! reciprocal action result+ !refrom4 ,we d n "h speak ( ! difficulty ( e/imat+ t reaction1 = t is includ$ 9 ! difficulty be=e m5tion$1 ( treat+ ! moral p[]s z quantities2 b ( ?is1 t reciprocal action1 by its nature1 opposes any?+ l a regul> plan4 ,! effect :i* any measure produces ^u ! enemy is ! mo/ di/9ct ( all ! data :i* action af=ds2 b e !ory mu/ keep to classes 7or gr\ps7 ( ph5om5a1 & c nev] take up ! really individual case 9 itself3 t mu/ ev]y:]e be left to judgm5t & tal5t4 ,x is !re=e natural t 9 a bus9ess su* z ,w>1 :i* 9 its plan--built ^u g5]al circum/ances--is s (t5 ?w>t$ by unexpect$ & s+ul> accid5ts1 m mu/ g5]ally be left to tal5t2 & less use c be made ( a !oretical guide ?an 9 any o!r4 #bd4 ,,?ird ,,peculi>ity4--,,unc]ta9ty ,,( ,,all ,,data4 ,la/ly1 ! great unc]ta9ty ( all data 9 ,w> is a peculi> difficulty1 because all action mu/1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be plann$ 9 a m]e twilight1 :i* 9 addition n unfrequ5tly--l ! effect ( a fog or moon%9e--gives to ?+s exagg]at$ dim5sions & an unnatural appe>ance4 ,:at ?is feeble light leaves indi/9ct to ! sight tal5t mu/ discov]1 or mu/ be left to *ance4 ,x is !re=e aga9 tal5t1 or ! fav\r ( =tune1 on :i* reliance mu/ be plac$1 = want ( objective k4 #be4 ,,positive ,,!ory ,,is ,,impossible4 ,) mat]ials ( ?is k9d we c only say to ourselves t x is a %e] impossibility to con/ruct = ! ,art ( ,w> a !ory :i*1 l a scaffold+1 %all ensure to ! *ief actor an ext]nal support on all sides4 ,9 all ^? cases 9 :i* he is ?r[n ^u 8 tal5t he w\ld f9d himself away f ?is scaffold+ ( !ory & 9 opposition to x1 &1 h[ev] _m-sid$ x might be fram$1 ! same result w\ld ensue ( :i* we spoke :5 we said t tal5t & g5ius act beyond ! law1 & !ory is 9 opposition to reality4 #bf4 ,,means ,,left ,,by ,,:i* ,a ,,!ory ,,is ,,possible 7,,! ,,difficulties ,,are ,,n ,,ev]y:]e ,,equally ,,great74 ,two means pres5t !mselves ( gett+ out ( ?is difficulty4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at we h said ( ! nature ( milit>y action 9 g5]al does n apply 9 ! same mann] to ! action ( e "o1 :atev] may be 8 /&+4 ,9 ! l[] ranks ! _s ( self-sacrifice is call$ m into reque/1 b ! difficulties :i* ! und]/&+ & judgm5t meet ) are inf9itely less4 ,! field ( occurr5ces is m conf9$4 ,ends & means are few] 9 numb]4 ,data m di/9ct2 mo/ly also conta9$ 9 ! actually visible4 ,b ! high] we asc5d ! m ! difficulties increase1 until 9 ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief !y rea* _! climax1 s t ) him almo/ ev]y?+ mu/ be left to g5ius4 ,fur!r1 accord+ to a division ( ! subject 9 agreem5t ) its nature1 ! difficulties are n ev]y:]e ! same1 b dim9i% ! m results manife/ !mselves 9 ! mat]ial _w1 & increase ! m !y pass into ! moral1 & become motives :i* influ5ce ! w4 ,!re=e x is easi] to det]m9e1 by !oretical rules1 ! ord] & conduct ( a battle1 ?an ! use to be made ( ! battle itself4 ,yond] physical weapons cla% ) ea* o!r1 & al?\gh m9d is n want+ !re91 matt] mu/ h its rights4 ,b 9 ! effects to be produc$ by battles :5 ! mat]ial results become motives1 we h only to d ) ! moral nature4 ,9 a ^w1 x is easi] to make a !ory = tactics ?an = /rategy4 #bg4 ,,!ory ,,mu/ ,,be ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,obs]vations ,,n ,,( ,,doctr9e4 ,! second op5+ = ! possibility ( a !ory lies 9 ! po9t ( view t x does n necess>ily require to be a direction = action4 ,z a g5]al rule1 :5ev] an activity is = ! mo/ "p occupi$ ) ! same objects ov] & ov] aga91 ) ! same ends & means1 al?\gh !re may be trifl+ alt]ations & a correspond+ numb] ( v>ieties ( comb9ation1 su* ?+s are capable ( becom+ a subject ( /udy = ! reason+ faculties4 ,b su* /udy is j ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( e !ory1 & has a peculi> title to t "n4 ,x is an analytical inve/igation ( ! subject t leads to an exact k2 & if br\ght to be> on ! results ( exp]i5ce1 :i* 9 our case w\ld be milit>y hi/ory1 to a ?or\gh famili>ity ) x4 ,! ne>] !ory atta9s ! latt] object1 s mu* ! m x passes ov] f ! objective =m ( k into ! subjective "o ( skill 9 action2 & s mu* ! m1 !re=e1 x w prove itself effective :5 circum/ances all[ ( no o!r decision b t ( p]sonal tal5ts2 x w %[ its effects 9 t tal5t itself4 ,if !ory inve/igates ! subjects :i* con/itute ,w>2 if x sep>ates m di/9ctly t :i* at fir/ sight seems amalgamat$2 if x expla9s fully ! prop]ties ( ! means2 if x %[s _! probable effects2 if x makes evid5t ! nature ( objects2 if x br+s to be> all ov] ! field ( ,w> ! light ( ess5tially critical inve/igation--!n x has fulfill$ ! *ief duties ( its prov9ce4 ,x becomes !n a guide to him :o wi%es to make himself acqua9t$ ) ,w> f books2 x lights up ! :ole road = him1 facilitates 8 progress1 educates 8 judgm5t1 & %ields him f error4 ,if a man ( exp]tness sp5ds half 8 life 9 ! endeav\r to cle> up an obscure subject ?or\ghly1 he w probably "k m ab\t x ?an a p]son :o seeks to ma/] x 9 a %ort "t4 ,!ory is in/itut$ t ea* p]son 9 succession may n h to g ?r\gh ! same lab\r ( cle>+ ! gr\nd & toil+ ?r\gh 8 subject1 b may f9d ! ?+ 9 ord]1 & light admitt$ on x4 ,x %\ld educate ! m9d ( ! future lead] 9 ,w>1 or r guide him 9 8 self-in/ruction1 b n accompany him to ! field ( battle2 j z a s5sible tutor =ms & enlight5s ! op5+ m9d ( a y\? )\t1 !re=e1 keep+ him 9 lead+ /r+s all ?r\gh 8 life4 ,if maxims & rules result ( !mselves f ! consid]ations :i* !ory in/itutes1 if ! tru? accretes itself into t =m ( cry/al1 !n !ory w n oppose ?is natural law ( ! m9d2 x w r1 if ! ar* ends 9 su* a key/one1 br+ x prom95tly out2 b s does ?is1 only 9 ord] to satisfy ! philosophical law ( reason1 9 ord] to %[ di/9ctly ! po9t to :i* ! l9es all conv]ge1 n 9 ord] to =m out ( x an algebraical =mula = use ^u ! battle-field2 = ev5 ^! maxims & rules s]ve m to det]m9e 9 ! reflect+ m9d ! lead+ outl9e ( its habitual movem5ts ?an z l&m>ks indicat+ to x ! way 9 ! act ( execution4 #bh4 ,,by ,,?is ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,,!ory ,,becomes ,,possible1 ,,& ,,ceases ,,to ,,be ,,9 ,,contradiction ,,to ,,practice4 ,tak+ ?is po9t ( view1 !re is a possibility af=d$ ( a satisfactory1 t is1 ( a useful1 !ory ( ! conduct ( ,w>1 nev] com+ into opposition ) ! reality1 & x w only dep5d on rational treatm5t to br+ x s f> into h>mony ) action t betwe5 !ory & practice !re %all no long] be t absurd diff]5ce :i* an unreasonable !ory1 9 defiance ( common s5se1 has (t5 produc$1 b :i*1 j z (t51 n>r[-m9d$ness & ignorance h us$ z a pretext = giv+ way to _! natural incapacity4 #bi4 ,,!ory ,,!re=e ,,consid]s ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,ends ,,& ,,means--,,ends ,,& ,,means ,,9 ,,tactics4 ,!ory has !re=e to consid] ! nature ( ! means & ends4 ,9 tactics ! means are ! discipl9$ arm$ =ces :i* are to c>ry on ! conte/4 ,! object is victory4 ,! precise def9ition ( ?is conception c be bett] expla9$ h]eaft] 9 ! consid]ation ( ! combat4 ,"h we cont5t ourselves by d5ot+ ! retirem5t ( ! enemy f ! field ( battle z ! sign ( victory4 ,by means ( ?is victory /rategy ga9s ! object = :i* x appo9t$ ! combat1 & :i* con/itutes its special signification4 ,?is signification has c]ta9ly "s influ5ce on ! nature ( ! victory4 ,a victory :i* is int5d$ to weak5 ! enemy's arm$ =ces is a diff]5t ?+ f "o :i* is design$ only to put u 9 possession ( a position4 ,! signification ( a combat may !re=e h a s5sible influ5ce on ! prep>ation & conduct ( x1 consequ5tly w be also a subject ( consid]ation 9 tactics4 #cj4 ,,circum/ances ,,:i* ,,always ,,att5d ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,means4 ,z !re are c]ta9 circum/ances :i* att5d ! combat ?r\gh\t1 & h m or less influ5ce ^u its result1 !re=e ^! mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! application ( ! arm$ =ces4 ,^! circum/ances are ! locality ( ! combat 7gr\nd71 ! "t ( day1 & ! wea!r4 #ca4 ,,locality4 ,! locality1 :i* we pref] leav+ = solution1 "u ! head ( 8,c\ntry & ,gr\nd10 might1 /rictly speak+1 be )\t any influ5ce at all if ! combat took place on a completely level & uncultivat$ pla94 ,9 a c\ntry ( /eppes su* a case may occur1 b 9 ! cultivat$ c\ntries ( ,europe x is almo/ an imag9>y idea4 ,!re=e a combat betwe5 civilis$ nations1 9 :i* c\ntry & gr\nd h no influ5ce1 is h>dly conceivable4 #cb4 ,,"t ,,( ,,day4 ,! "t ( day influ5ces ! combat by ! diff]5ce betwe5 day & night2 b ! influ5ce naturally ext5ds fur!r ?an m]ely to ! limits ( ^! divisions1 z e combat has a c]ta9 duration1 & great battles la/ = sev]al h\rs4 ,9 ! prep>ations = a great battle1 x makes an ess5tial diff]5ce :e!r x beg9s 9 ! morn+ or ! ev5+4 ,at ! same "t1 c]ta9ly _m battles may be f\ght 9 :i* ! "q ( ! "t ( day is q immat]ial1 & 9 ! g5]ality ( cases its influ5ce is only trifl+4 #cc4 ,,wea!r4 ,/ill m r>ely has ! wea!r any decisive influ5ce1 & x is mo/ly only by fogs t x plays a "p4 #cd4 ,,end ,,& ,,means ,,9 ,,/rategy4 ,/rategy has 9 ! fir/ in/ance only ! victory1 t is1 ! tactical result1 z a means to its object1 & ultimately ^? ?+s :i* lead directly to peace4 ,! application ( its means to ?is object is at ! same "t att5d$ by circum/ances :i* h an influ5ce !reon m or less4 #ce4 ,,circum/ances ,,:i* ,,att5d ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,/rategy4 ,^! circum/ances are c\ntry & gr\nd1 ! =m] includ+ ! t]ritory & inhabitants ( ! :ole !atre ( w>2 next ! "t ( ! day1 & ! "t ( ! ye> z well2 la/ly1 ! wea!r1 p>ticul>ly any unusual /ate ( ! same1 sev]e fro/1 c4 #cf4 ,,^! ,,=m ,,new ,,means4 ,by br++ ^! ?+s into comb9ation ) ! results ( a combat1 /rategy gives ?is result--& !re=e ! combat--a special signification1 places be=e x a p>ticul> object4 ,b :5 ?is object is n t :i* leads directly to peace1 !re=e a subord9ate "o1 x is only to be look$ ^u z a means2 & !re=e 9 /rategy we may look ^u ! results ( combats or victories1 9 all _! diff]5t significations1 z means4 ,! conque/ ( a position is su* a result ( a combat appli$ to gr\nd4 ,b n only are ! diff]5t combats ) special objects to be consid]$ z means1 b also e high] aim :i* we may h 9 view 9 ! comb9ation ( battles direct$ on a common object is to be reg>d$ z a means4 ,a w9t] campaign is a comb9ation ( ?is k9d appli$ to ! season4 ,!re rema91 !re=e1 z objects1 only ^? ?+s :i* may be suppos$ z lead+ directly to peace1 ,!ory inve/igates all ^! ends & means accord+ to ! nature ( _! effects & _! mutual relations4 #cg4 ,,/rategy ,,d$uces ,,only ,,f ,,exp]i5ce ,,! ,,ends ,,& ,,means ,,to ,,be ,,exam9$4 ,! fir/ "q is1 ,h[ does /rategy arrive at a complete li/ ( ^! ?+s8 ,if !re is to be a philosophical inquiry lead+ to an absolute result1 x w\ld become entangl$ 9 all ^? difficulties :i* ! logical necessity ( ! conduct ( ,w> & its !ory exclude4 ,x !re=e turns to exp]i5ce1 & directs its att5tion on ^? comb9ations :i* milit>y hi/ory c furni%4 ,9 ?is mann]1 no d\bt1 no?+ m ?an a limit$ !ory c be obta9$1 :i* only suits circum/ances su* z are pres5t$ 9 hi/ory4 ,b ?is incomplet5ess is unavoidable1 because 9 any case !ory mu/ ei!r h d$uc$ f1 or h comp>$ )1 hi/ory :at x advances ) respect to ?+s4 ,besides1 ?is incomplet5ess 9 e case is m !oretical ?an real4 ,"o great advantage ( ?is me?od is t !ory _c lose itself 9 ab/ruse disquisitions1 subtleties1 & *im]as1 b mu/ always rema9 practical4 #ch4 ,,h[ ,,f> ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,means ,,%\ld ,,be ,,c>ri$4 ,ano!r "q is1 ,h[ f> %\ld !ory g 9 its analysis ( ! means8 ,evid5tly only s f> z ! elem5ts 9 a sep>ate =m pres5t !mselves = consid]ation 9 practice4 ,! range & effect ( diff]5t weapons is v important to tactics2 _! con/ruction1 al?\gh ^! effects result f x1 is a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 = ! conduct ( ,w> is n mak+ p[d] & cannon out ( a giv5 quantity ( *>coal1 sulphur1 & saltpetre1 ( copp] & t93 ! giv5 quantities = ! conduct ( ,w> are arms 9 a f9i%$ /ate & _! effects4 ,/rategy makes use ( maps )\t tr\bl+ itself ab\t triangulations2 x does n inquire h[ ! c\ntry is subdivid$ into dep>tm5ts & prov9ces1 & h[ ! p are educat$ & gov]n$1 9 ord] to atta9 ! be/ milit>y results2 b x takes ?+s z x f9ds !m 9 ! community ( ,european ,/ates1 & obs]ves :]e v diff]5t conditions h a notable influ5ce on ,w>4 #ci4 ,,great ,,simplification ,,( ,,! ,,k ,,requir$4 ,t 9 ?is mann] ! numb] ( subjects = !ory is mu* simplifi$1 & ! k requisite = ! conduct ( ,w> mu* r$uc$1 is easy to p]ceive4 ,! v great mass ( k & appliances ( skill :i* m9i/] to ! action ( ,w> 9 g5]al1 & :i* are necess>y be=e an army fully equipp$ c take ! field1 unite 9 a few great results be=e !y are able to rea*1 9 actual ,w>1 ! f9al goal ( _! activity2 j z ! /reams ( a c\ntry unite !mselves 9 riv]s be=e !y fall into ! sea4 ,only ^? activities empty+ !mselves directly into ! sea ( ,w> h to be /udi$ by him :o is to conduct its op]ations4 #dj4 ,,?is ,,expla9s ,,! ,,rapid ,,gr[? ,,( ,,great ,,g5]als1 ,,& ,,:y ,a ,,g5]al ,,is ,,n ,a ,,man ,,( ,,le>n+4 ,?is result ( our consid]ations is 9 fact s necess>y1 any o!r w\ld h made u di/ru/ful ( _! accuracy4 ,only ?us is expla9$ h[ s (t5 m5 h made _! appe>ance ) great success 9 ,w>1 & inde$ 9 ! high] ranks ev5 9 supreme ,comm&1 ^: pursuits _h be5 previ\sly ( a totally diff]5t nature2 inde$ h[1 z a rule1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,g5]als h nev] ris5 f ! v le>n$ or really erudite class ( (fic]s1 b h be5 mo/ly m5 :o1 f ! circum/ances ( _! position1 c\ld n h atta9$ to any great am\nt ( k4 ,on t acc\nt ^? :o h consid]$ x necess>y or ev5 b5eficial to comm5ce ! education ( a future ,g5]al by in/ruction 9 all details h always be5 ridicul$ z absurd p$ants4 ,x w\ld be easy to %[ ! injuri\s t5d5cy ( su* a c\rse1 because ! human m9d is tra9$ by ! k imp>t$ to x & ! direction giv5 to its ideas4 ,only :at is great c make x great2 ! little c only make x little1 if ! m9d itself does n reject x z some?+ repugnant4 #da4 ,,=m] ,,contradictions4 ,because ?is simplicity ( k requisite 9 ,w> 0 n att5d$ to1 b t k 0 always jumbl$ up ) ! :ole imp$im5ta ( subord9ate sci5ces & arts1 !re=e ! palpable opposition to ! ev5ts ( real life :i* result$ c\ld n be solv$ o!rwise ?an by ascrib+ x all to g5ius1 :i* requires no !ory & = :i* no !ory c\ld be prescrib$4 #db4 ,,on ,,?is ,,acc\nt ,,all ,,use ,,( ,,k ,,0 ,,d5i$1 ,,& ,,ev]y?+ ,,ascrib$ ,,to ,,natural ,,tal5ts4 ,p ) :om common s5se _h ! upp] h& felt s5sible ( ! imm5se di/ance rema9+ to be fill$ up betwe5 a g5ius ( ! highe/ ord] & a le>n$ p$ant2 & !y became 9 a mann] free-?9k]s1 reject$ all belief 9 !ory1 & affirm$ ! conduct ( ,w> to be a natural function ( man1 :i* he p]=ms m or less well accord+ z he has br\ght ) him into ! _w m or less tal5t 9 t direction4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ^! 7 ne>] to ! tru? ?an ^? :o plac$ a value on false k3 at ! same "t x may easily be se5 t su* a view is itself b an exagg]ation4 ,no activity ( ! human und]/&+ is possible )\t a c]ta9 /ock ( ideas2 b ^! are1 = ! great] "p at lea/1 n innate b acquir$1 & con/itute 8 k4 ,! only "q !re=e is1 ( :at k9d %\ld ^! ideas be2 & we ?9k we h answ]$ x if we say t !y %\ld be direct$ on ^? ?+s :i* man has directly to deal ) 9 ,w>4 #dc4 ,,! ,,k ,,mu/ ,,be ,,made ,,suitable ,,to ,,! ,,position4 ,inside ?is field itself ( milit>y activity1 ! k requir$ mu/ be diff]5t accord+ to ! /ation ( ! ,comm&]4 ,x w be direct$ on small] & m circumscrib$ objects if he holds an inf]ior1 ^u great] & m compreh5sive ones if he holds a high] situation4 ,!re are ,field ,m>%als :o w\ld n h %one at ! head ( a cavalry regim5t1 & vice v]sa4 #dd4 ,,! ,,k ,,9 ,,w> ,,is ,,v ,,simple1 ,,b ,,n1 ,,at ,,! ,,same ,,"t1 ,,v ,,easy4 ,b al?\gh ! k 9 ,w> is simple1 t is to say direct$ to s few subjects1 & tak+ up ^? only 9 _! f9al results1 ! art ( execution is n1 on t acc\nt1 easy4 ,( ! difficulties to :i* activity 9 ,w> is subject g5]ally1 we h already spok5 9 ! fir/ book2 we "h omit ^? ?+s :i* c only be ov]come by c\rage1 & ma9ta9 also t ! activity ( m9d1 is only simple1 & easy 9 inf]ior /ations1 b increases 9 difficulty ) increase ( rank1 & 9 ! highe/ position1 9 t ( ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 is to be reckon$ among ! mo/ difficult :i* !re is = ! human m9d4 #de4 ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,?is ,,k4 ,! ,comm&] ( an ,army nei!r requires to be a le>n$ explor] ( hi/ory nor a publici/1 b he mu/ be well v]s$ 9 ! high] affairs ( ,/ate2 he mu/ "k1 & be able to judge correctly ( traditional t5d5cies1 int]e/s at /ake1 ! imm$iate que/ions at issue1 & ! *>act]s ( lead+ p]sons2 he ne$ n be a close obs]v] ( m51 a %>p dissector ( human "*1 b he mu/ "k ! "*1 ! feel+s1 ! habits1 ! peculi> faults & incl9ations ( ^? :om he is to comm&4 ,he ne$ n und]/& any?+ ab\t ! make ( a c>riage1 or ! h>ness ( a batt]y horse1 b he mu/ "k h[ to calculate exactly ! m>* ( a column1 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 accord+ to ! "t x requires4 ,^! are matt]s ! k ( :i* _c be =c$ out by an app>atus ( sci5tific =mula & ma*9]y3 !y are only to be ga9$ by ! ex]cise ( an accurate judgm5t 9 ! obs]vation ( ?+s & ( m51 aid$ by a special tal5t = ! appreh5sion ( bo?4 ,! necess>y k = a high position 9 milit>y action is !re=e di/+ui%$ by ?is1 t by obs]vation1 !re=e by /udy & reflection1 x is only to be atta9$ ?r\gh a special tal5t :i* z an intellectual in/9ct und]/&s h[ to extract f ! ph5om5a ( life only ! ess5ce or _s1 z bees d ! honey f ! fl[]s2 & t x is also to be ga9$ by exp]i5ce ( life z well z by /udy & reflection4 ,life w nev] br+ =? a ,newton or an ,eul] by its ri* tea*+s1 b x may br+ =? great calculators 9 ,w>1 su* z ,cond or ,fr$]ick4 ,x is !re=e n necess>y t1 9 ord] to v9dicate ! intellectual dignity ( milit>y activity1 we %\ld resort to untru? & silly p$antry4 ,!re nev] has be5 a great & di/+ui%$ ,comm&] ( contract$ m9d1 b v num]\s are ! in/ances ( m5 :o1 aft] s]v+ ) ! greate/ di/9ction 9 inf]ior positions1 rema9$ bel[ m$iocrity 9 ! highe/1 f insuffici5cy ( intellectual capacity4 ,t ev5 among/ ^? hold+ ! po/ ( ,comm&]-9-,*ief !re may be a diff]5ce accord+ to ! degree ( _! pl5itude ( p[] is a matt] ( c\rse4 #df4 ,,sci5ce ,,mu/ ,,become ,,art4 ,n[ we h yet to consid] "o condition :i* is m necess>y = ! k ( ! conduct ( ,w> ?an = any o!r1 :i* is1 t x mu/ pass completely into ! m9d & almo/ completely cease to be some?+ objective4 ,9 almo/ all o!r arts & occupations ( life ! active ag5t c make use ( tru?s :i* he has only le>nt once1 & 9 ! _s & s5se ( :i* he no long] lives1 & :i* he extracts f du/y books4 ,ev5 tru?s :i* he has 9 h& & uses daily may cont9ue some?+ ext]nal to himself1 ,if ! ar*itect takes up a p5 to settle ! /r5g? ( a pi] by a complicat$ calculation1 ! tru? f\nd z a result is no emanation f 8 own m9d4 ,he _h fir/ to f9d ! data ) lab\r1 & !n to submit ^! to an op]ation ( ! m9d1 ! rule = :i* he did n discov]1 ! necessity ( :i* he is p]haps at ! mom5t only p>tly consci\s (1 b :i* he applies1 = ! mo/ "p1 z if by me*anical dext]ity4 ,b x is nev] s 9 ,w>4 ,! moral reaction1 ! ev]-*angeful =m ( ?+s1 makes x necess>y = ! *ief actor to c>ry 9 himself ! :ole m5tal app>atus ( 8 k1 t any:]e & at e pulse-beat he may be capable ( giv+ ! requisite decision f himself4 ,k mu/1 by ?is complete assimilation ) 8 own m9d & life1 be conv]t$ into real p[]4 ,?is is ! reason :y ev]y?+ seems s easy ) m5 di/+ui%$ 9 ,w>1 & :y ev]y?+ is ascrib$ to natural tal5t4 ,we say natural tal5t1 9 ord] !reby to di/+ui% x f t :i* is =m$ & matur$ by obs]vation & /udy4 ,we ?9k t by ^! reflections we h expla9$ ! problem ( a !ory ( ! conduct ( ,w>2 & po9t$ out ! way to its solution4 ,( ! two fields into :i* we h divid$ ! conduct ( ,w>1 tactics & /rategy1 ! !ory ( ! latt] conta9s unque/ionably1 z be=e obs]v$1 ! greate/ difficulties1 because ! fir/ is almo/ limit$ to a circumscrib$ field ( objects1 b ! latt]1 9 ! direction ( objects lead+ directly to peace1 op5s to itself an unlimit$ field ( possibilities4 ,s9ce = ! mo/ "p ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief has only to keep ^! objects /eadily 9 view1 !re=e ! "p ( /rategy 9 :i* he moves is also t :i* is p>ticul>ly subject to ?is difficulty4 ,!ory1 !re=e1 especially :]e x compreh5ds ! highe/ s]vices1 w /op mu* soon] 9 /rategy ?an 9 tactics at ! simple consid]ation ( ?+s1 & cont5t itself to assi/ ! ,comm&] to t insight into ?+s :i*1 bl5d$ ) 8 :ole ?\ght1 makes 8 c\rse easi] & sur]1 nev] =ces him into opposition ) himself 9 ord] to obey an objective tru?4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,art or ,sci5ce ( ,w> #a4--,,usage ,,/ill ,,unsettl$ 7,,p[] ,,& ,,k4 ,,sci5ce ,,:5 ,,m]e ,,kn[+2 ,,art1 ,,:5 ,,do+1 ,,is ,,! ,,object47 ,! *oice betwe5 ^! t]ms seems to be /ill unsettl$1 & no "o seems to "k rightly on :at gr\nds x %\ld be decid$1 & yet ! ?+ is simple4 ,we h already said else:]e t 8kn[+0 is some?+ diff]5t f 8do+40 ,! two are s diff]5t t !y %\ld n easily be mi/ak5 ! "o = ! o!r4 ,! 8do+0 _c prop]ly /& 9 any book1 & !re=e also ,art %\ld nev] be ! title ( a book4 ,b because we h once accu/om$ ourselves to comb9e 9 conception1 "u ! "n ( !ory ( ,art1 or simply ,art1 ! bran*es ( k 7:i* may be sep>ately pure sci5ces7 necess>y = ! practice ( an ,art1 !re=e x is consi/5t to cont9ue ?is gr\nd ( di/9ction1 & to call ev]y?+ ,art :5 ! object is to c>ry out ! 8do+0 7be+ able71 z = example1 ,art ( build+2 ,sci5ce1 :5 m]ely k is ! object2 z ,sci5ce ( ma!matics1 ( a/ronomy4 ,t 9 e ,art c]ta9 complete sci5ces may be includ$ is intelligible ( itself1 & %\ld n p]plex u4 ,b /ill x is wor? obs]v+ t !re is also no sci5ce )\t a mixture ( ,art4 ,9 ma!matics1 = in/ance1 ! use ( figures & ( algebra is an ,art1 b t is only "o among/ _m in/ances4 ,! reason is1 t h[ev] pla9 & palpable ! diff]5ce is betwe5 k & p[] 9 ! composite results ( human k1 yet x is difficult to trace out _! l9e ( sep>ation 9 man himself4 #b4 ,,difficulty ,,( ,,sep>at+ ,,p]ception ,,f ,,judgm5t4 7,,art ,,( ,,w>47 ,all ?9k+ is inde$ ,art4 ,:]e ! logician draws ! l9e1 :]e ! premises /op :i* are ! result ( cognition--:]e judgm5t beg9s1 !re ,art beg9s4 ,b m ?an ?is ev5 ! p]ception ( ! m9d is judgm5t aga91 & consequ5tly ,art2 & at la/1 ev5 ! p]ception by ! s5ses z well4 ,9 a ^w1 if x is impossible to imag9e a human be+ possess+ m]ely ! faculty ( cognition1 devoid ( judgm5t or ! rev]se1 s also ,art & ,sci5ce c nev] be completely sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,! m ^! subtle elem5ts ( light embody !mselves 9 ! outw>d =ms ( ! _w1 s mu* ! m sep>ate appe> _! doma9s2 & n[ once m1 :]e ! object is creation & production1 !re is ! prov9ce ( ,art2 :]e ! object is inve/igation & k ,sci5ce holds sway4--,aft] all ?is x results ( itself t x is m fitt+ to say ,art ( ,w> ?an ,sci5ce ( ,w>4 ,s mu* = ?is1 because we _c d )\t ^! conceptions4 ,b n[ we come =w>d ) ! ass]tion t ,w> is nei!r an ,art nor a ,sci5ce 9 ! real signification1 & t x is j ! sett+ out f t />t+-po9t ( ideas :i* has l$ to a wrong direction be+ tak51 :i* has caus$ ,w> to be put on a p> ) o!r arts & sci5ces1 & has l$ to a numb] ( errone\s analogies4 ,?is has inde$ be5 felt be=e n[1 & on t x 0 ma9ta9$ t ,w> is a h&icraft2 b !re 0 m lo/ ?an ga9$ by t1 = a h&icraft is only an inf]ior art1 & z su* is also subject to def9ite & rigid laws4 ,9 reality ! ,art ( ,w> did g on = "s "t 9 ! _s ( a h&icraft--we allude to ! times ( ! ,condotti]i--b !n x receiv$ t direction1 n f intr9sic b f ext]nal causes2 & milit>y hi/ory %[s h[ little x 0 at t "t 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ! ?+4 #c4 ,,w> ,,is ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,int]c\rse ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,race4 ,we say !re=e ,w> belongs n to ! prov9ce ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 b to ! prov9ce ( social life4 ,x is a conflict ( great int]e/s :i* is settl$ by blood%$1 & only 9 t is x diff]5t f o!rs4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 in/ead ( comp>+ x ) any ,art1 to lik5 x to bus9ess competition1 :i* is also a conflict ( human int]e/s & activities2 & x is /ill m l ,/ate policy1 :i* aga91 on its "p1 may be look$ ^u z a k9d ( bus9ess competition on a great scale4 ,besides1 ,/ate policy is ! womb 9 :i* ,w> is develop$1 9 :i* its outl9es lie hidd5 9 a rudim5t>y /ate1 l ! qualities ( liv+ creatures 9 _! g]ms47997 7997 ,! analogy has become mu* clos] s9ce ,clausewitz's "t4 ,n[ t ! fir/ bus9ess ( ! ,/ate is reg>d$ z ! developm5t ( facilities = trade1 ,w> betwe5 great nations is only a "q ( "t4 ,no ,hague ,conf]5ces c av]t x--,,editor4 #d4 ,,diff]5ce4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce consi/s 9 ?is1 t ,w> is no activity ( ! w1 :i* ex]ts itself ^u inanimate matt] l ! me*anical ,arts2 or ^u a liv+ b /ill passive & yield+ subject1 l ! human m9d & ! human feel+s 9 ! ideal ,arts1 b aga9/ a liv+ & react+ =ce4 ,h[ little ! categories ( ,arts & ,sci5ces are applicable to su* an activity /rikes u at once2 & we c und]/& at ! same "t h[ t con/ant seek+ & /riv+ aft] laws l ^? :i* may be develop$ out ( ! dead mat]ial _w c\ld n b lead to con/ant errors4 ,& yet x is j ! me*anical ,arts t "s p w\ld imitate 9 ! ,art ( ,w>4 ,! imitation ( ! ideal ,arts 0 q out ( ! "q1 because ^! !mselves disp5se too mu* ) laws & rules1 & ^? hi!rto tri$1 always ackn[l$g$ z insuffici5t & "o-sid$1 are p]petually und]m9$ & wa%$ away by ! curr5t ( op9ions1 feel+s1 & cu/oms4 ,:e!r su* a conflict ( ! liv+1 z takes place & is settl$ 9 ,w>1 is subject to g5]al laws1 & :e!r ^! are capable ( indicat+ a useful l9e ( action1 w be p>tly inve/igat$ 9 ?is book2 b s mu* is evid5t 9 itself1 t ?is1 l e o!r subject :i* does n surpass our p[]s ( und]/&+1 may be light$ up1 & be made m or less pla9 9 its inn] relations by an inquir+ m9d1 & t alone is suffici5t to realise ! idea ( a ,,!ory4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,me?odicism ,9 ord] to expla9 ourselves cle>ly z to ! conception ( me?od1 & me?od ( action1 :i* play su* an important "p 9 ,w>1 we mu/ be all[$ to ca/ a ha/y glance at ! logical hi]>*y ?r\gh :i*1 z ?r\gh regul>ly con/itut$ (ficial function>ies1 ! _w ( action is gov]n$4 ,law1 9 ! wide/ s5se /rictly apply+ to p]ception z well z action1 has pla9ly some?+ subjective & arbitr>y 9 its lit]al mean+1 & expresses j t on :i* we & ^? ?+s ext]nal to u are dep5d5t4 ,z a subject ( cognition1 ,law is ! relation ( ?+s & _! effects to "o ano!r2 z a subject ( ! w1 x is a motive ( action1 & is !n equival5t to comm& or prohibition4 ,pr9ciple is likewise su* a law = action1 except t x has n ! =mal def9ite mean+1 b is only ! _s & s5se ( law 9 ord] to leave ! judgm5t m fre$om ( application :5 ! div]sity ( ! real _w _c be laid hold ( "u ! def9ite =m ( a law4 ,z ! judgm5t mu/ ( itself sugge/ ! cases 9 :i* ! pr9ciple is n applicable1 ! latt] !re=e becomes 9 t way a real aid or guid+ /> = ! p]son act+4 ,pr9ciple is objective :5 x is ! result ( objective tru?1 & consequ5tly ( equal value = all m52 x is subjective1 & !n g5]ally call$ maxim if !re are subjective relations 9 x1 & if x !re=e has a c]ta9 value only = ! p]son himself :o makes x4 ,rule is frequ5tly tak5 9 ! s5se ( ,law1 & !n means ! same z ,pr9ciple1 = we say 8no rule )\t exceptions10 b we d n say 8no law )\t exceptions10 a sign t ) ,rule we reta9 to ourselves m fre$om ( application4 ,9 ano!r mean+ ,rule is ! means us$ ( disc]n+ a recondite tru? 9 a p>ticul> sign ly+ close at h&1 9 ord] to atta* to ?is p>ticul> sign ! law ( action direct$ ^u ! :ole tru?4 ,( ?is k9d are all ! rules ( games ( play1 all abridg$ processes 9 ma!matics1 c4 ,directions & in/ructions are det]m9ations ( action :i* h an influ5ce ^u a numb] ( m9or circum/ances too num]\s & unimportant = g5]al laws4 ,la/ly1 ,me?od1 mode ( act+1 is an always recurr+ proce$+ select$ out ( sev]al possible ones2 & ,me?odicism 7,,me?odismus7 is t :i* is det]m9$ by me?ods in/ead ( by g5]al pr9ciples or p>ticul> prescriptions4 ,by ?is ! cases :i* are plac$ "u su* me?ods mu/ necess>ily be suppos$ alike 9 _! ess5tial p>ts4 ,z !y _c all be ?is1 !n ! po9t is t at lea/ z _m z possible %\ld be2 9 o!r words1 t ,me?od %\ld be calculat$ on ! mo/ probable cases4 ,me?odicism is !re=e n f\nd$ on det]m9$ p>ticul> premises1 b on ! av]age probability ( cases "o ) ano!r2 & its ultimate t5d5cy is to set up an av]age tru?1 ! con/ant & uni=m1 application ( :i* soon acquires some?+ ( ! nature ( a me*anical appliance1 :i* 9 ! end does t :i* is "r almo/ unwitt+ly4 ,! conception ( law 9 relation to p]ception is n necess>y = ! conduct ( ,w>1 because ! complex ph5om5a ( ,w> are n s regul>1 & ! regul> are n s complex1 t we %\ld ga9 any?+ m by ?is conception ?an by ! simple tru?4 ,& :]e a simple conception & language is suffici5t1 to resort to ! complex becomes affect$ & p$antic4 ,! conception ( law 9 relation to action _c be us$ 9 ! !ory ( ! conduct ( ,w>1 because ow+ to ! v>iabl5ess & div]sity ( ! ph5om5a !re is 9 x no det]m9ation ( su* a g5]al nature z to des]ve ! "n ( law4 ,b pr9ciples1 rules1 prescriptions1 & me?ods are conceptions indisp5sable to a !ory ( ! conduct ( ,w>1 9 s f> z t !ory leads to positive doctr9es1 because 9 doctr9es ! tru? c only cry/allise itself 9 su* =ms4 ,z tactics is ! bran* ( ! conduct ( ,w> 9 :i* !ory c atta9 ! ne>e/ to positive doctr9e1 !re=e ^! conceptions w appe> 9 x mo/ frequ5tly4 ,n to use cavalry aga9/ unbrok5 infantry except 9 "s case ( special em]g5cy1 only to use fire>ms )9 effective range 9 ! combat1 to sp>e ! =ces z mu* z possible = ! f9al /ruggle--^! are tactical pr9ciples4 ,none ( !m c be appli$ absolutely 9 e case1 b !y mu/ always be pres5t to ! m9d ( ! ,*ief1 9 ord] t ! b5efit ( ! tru? conta9$ 9 !m may n be lo/ 9 cases :]e t tru? c be ( advantage4 ,if f ! unusual cook+ by an enemy's camp 8 movem5t is inf]r$1 if ! int5tional exposure ( troops 9 a combat indicates a false attack1 !n ?is way ( disc]n+ ! tru? is call$ rule1 because f a s+le visible circum/ance t conclusion is drawn :i* corresponds ) ! same4 ,if x is a rule to attack ! enemy ) r5ew$ vig\r1 z soon z he beg9s to limb] up 8 artill]y 9 ! combat1 !n on ?is p>ticul> fact dep5ds a c\rse ( action :i* is aim$ at ! g5]al situation ( ! enemy z inf]r$ f ! above fact1 namely1 t he is ab\t to give up ! fight1 t he is comm5c+ to draw (f 8 troops1 & is nei!r capable ( mak+ a s]i\s /& :ile ?us draw+ (f nor ( mak+ 8 retreat gradually 9 good ord]4 ,regulations & me?ods br+ prep>atory !ories into ! conduct ( ,w>1 9 s f> z discipl9$ troops are inoculat$ ) !m z active pr9ciples4 ,! :ole body ( in/ructions = =mations1 drill1 & field s]vice are regulations & me?ods3 9 ! drill in/ructions ! fir/ pr$om9ate1 9 ! field s]vice in/ructions ! latt]4 ,to ^! ?+s ! real conduct ( ,w> atta*es itself2 x takes !m ov]1 !re=e1 z giv5 modes ( proce$+1 & z su* !y mu/ appe> 9 ! !ory ( ! conduct ( ,w>4 ,b = ^? activities reta9+ fre$om 9 ! employm5t ( ^! =ces !re _c be regulations1 t is1 def9ite in/ructions1 because !y w\ld d away ) fre$om ( action4 ,me?ods1 on ! o!r h&1 z a g5]al way ( execut+ duties z !y arise1 calculat$1 z we h said1 on an av]age ( probability1 or z a dom9at+ influ5ce ( pr9ciples & rules c>ri$ ?r\gh to application1 may c]ta9ly appe> 9 ! !ory ( ! conduct ( ,w>1 provid$ only !y are n repres5t$ z some?+ diff]5t f :at !y are1 n z ! absolute & necess>y modes ( action 7sy/ems71 b z ! be/ ( g5]al =ms :i* may be us$ z %ort] ways 9 place ( a p>ticul> disposition = ! occasion1 at discretion4 ,b ! frequ5t application ( me?ods w be se5 to be mo/ ess5tial & unavoidable 9 ! conduct ( ,w>1 if we reflect h[ mu* action proce$s on m]e conjecture1 or 9 complete unc]ta9ty1 because "o side is prev5t$ f le>n+ all ! circum/ances :i* influ5ce ! dispositions ( ! o!r1 or because1 ev5 if ^! circum/ances :i* influ5ce ! decisions ( ! "o 7 really kn[n1 !re is n1 ow+ to _! ext5t & ! dispositions !y w\ld entail1 suffici5t "t = ! o!r to c>ry out all necess>y c\nt]act+ measures--t !re=e measures 9 ,w> mu/ always be calculat$ on a c]ta9 numb] ( possibilities2 if we reflect h[ numb]less are ! trifl+ ?+s belong+ to any s+le ev5t1 & :i* !re=e %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt along ) x1 & t !re=e !re is no o!r means to suppose ! "o c\nt]act$ by ! o!r1 & to base our arrangem5ts only ^u :at is ( a g5]al nature & probable2 if we reflect la/ly t1 ow+ to ! increas+ numb] ( (fic]s z we desc5d ! scale ( rank1 less mu/ be left to ! true disc]nm5t & ripe judgm5t ( individuals ! l[] ! sph]e ( action1 & t :5 we rea* ^? ranks :]e we c look = no o!r notions b ^? :i* ! regulations ( ! s]vice & exp]i5ce af=d1 we mu/ help !m ) ! me?odic =ms bord]+ on ^? regulations4 ,?is w s]ve bo? z a support to _! judgm5t & a b>ri] aga9/ ^? extravagant & errone\s views :i* are s especially to be dread$ 9 a sph]e :]e exp]i5ce is s co/ly4 ,besides ?is absolute ne$ ( me?od 9 action1 we mu/ also ackn[l$ge t x has a positive advantage1 :i* is t1 ?r\gh ! con/ant repetition ( a =mal ex]cise1 a read9ess1 precision1 & firmness is atta9$ 9 ! movem5t ( troops :i* dim9i%es ! natural friction1 & makes ! ma*9e move easi]4 ,me?od w !re=e be ! m g5]ally us$1 become ! m indisp5sable1 ! f>!r d[n ! scale ( rank ! position ( ! active ag5t2 & on ! o!r h&1 its use w dim9i% upw>ds1 until 9 ! highe/ position x q disappe>s4 ,= ?is reason x is m 9 its place 9 tactics ?an 9 /rategy4 ,w> 9 its highe/ aspects consi/s n ( an inf9ite numb] ( little ev5ts1 ! div]sities 9 :i* comp5sate ea* o!r1 & :i* !re=e by a bett] or worse me?od are bett] or worse gov]n$1 b ( sep>ate great decisive ev5ts :i* mu/ be dealt ) sep>ately4 ,x is n l a field ( /alks1 :i*1 )\t any reg>d to ! p>ticul> =m ( ea* /alk1 w be m[$ bett] or worse1 accord+ z ! m[+ in/rum5t is good or bad1 b r z a gr\p ( l>ge trees1 to :i* ! axe mu/ be laid ) judgm5t1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> =m & incl9ation ( ea* sep>ate trunk4 ,h[ high up 9 milit>y activity ! admissibility ( me?od 9 action rea*es naturally det]m9es itself1 n accord+ to actual rank1 b accord+ to ?+s2 & x affects ! highe/ positions 9 a less degree1 only because ^! positions h ! mo/ compreh5sive subjects ( activity4 ,a con/ant ord] ( battle1 a con/ant =mation ( advance gu>ds & outpo/s1 are me?ods by :i* a ,g5]al ties n only 8 subord9ates' h&s1 b also 8 own 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,c]ta9ly !y may h be5 devis$ by himself1 & may be appli$ by him accord+ to circum/ances1 b !y may also be a subject ( !ory1 9 s f> z !y are bas$ on ! g5]al prop]ties ( troops & weapons4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any me?od by :i* def9ite plans = w>s or campaigns are to be giv5 out all ready made z if f a ma*9e are absolutely wor?less4 ,z long z !re exi/s no !ory :i* c be su/a9$1 t is1 no enlight5$ treatise on ! conduct ( ,w>1 me?od 9 action _c b encroa* beyond its prop] limits 9 high places1 = m5 employ$ 9 ^! sph]es ( activity h n always _h ! opportunity ( educat+ !mselves1 ?r\gh /udy & ?r\gh contact ) ! high] int]e/s4 ,9 ! impracticable & inconsi/5t disquisitions ( !ori/s & critics !y _c f9d _! way1 _! s\nd common s5se rejects !m1 & z !y br+ ) !m no k b t d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 !re=e 9 ^? cases :i* admit (1 & require1 a free individual treatm5t !y readily make use ( ! means :i* exp]i5ce gives !m--t is1 an imitation ( ! p>ticul> me?ods practis$ by great ,g5]als1 by :i* a me?od ( action !n arises ( itself4 ,if we see ,fr$]ick ! ,great's ,g5]als always mak+ _! appe>ance 9 ! s-call$ oblique ord] ( battle1 ! ,g5]als ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution always us+ turn+ movem5ts ) a long1 ext5d$ l9e ( battle1 & ,buonap>te's lieut5ants ru%+ to ! attack ) ! bloody en]gy ( conc5trat$ masses1 !n we recognise 9 ! recurr5ce ( ! mode ( proce$+ evid5tly an adopt$ me?od1 & see !re=e t me?od ( action c rea* up to regions bord]+ on ! highe/4 ,%\ld an improv$ !ory facilitate ! /udy ( ! conduct ( ,w>1 =m ! m9d & judgm5t ( m5 :o are ris+ to ! highe/ comm&s1 !n also me?od 9 action w no long] rea* s f>1 & s mu* ( x z is to be consid]$ indisp5sable w !n at lea/ be =m$ f !ory itself1 & n take place out ( m]e imitation4 ,h[ev] pre-em95tly a great ,comm&] does ?+s1 !re is always some?+ subjective 9 ! way he does !m2 & if he has a c]ta9 mann]1 a l>ge %>e ( 8 individuality is conta9$ 9 x :i* does n always accord ) ! individuality ( ! p]son :o copies 8 mann]4 ,at ! same "t1 x w\ld nei!r be possible nor "r to bani% subjective me?odicism or mann] completely f ! conduct ( ,w>3 x is r to be reg>d$ z a manife/ation ( t influ5ce :i* ! g5]al "* ( a ,w> has ^u its sep>ate ev5ts1 & to :i* satisfaction c only be done 9 t way if !ory is n able to =esee ?is g5]al "* & include x 9 its consid]ations4 ,:at is m natural ?an t ! ,w> ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution _h its own way ( do+ ?+s8 & :at !ory c\ld ev] h includ$ t peculi> me?od8 ,! evil is only t su* a mann] orig9at+ 9 a special case easily outlives itself1 because x cont9ues :il/ circum/ances imp]ceptibly *ange4 ,?is is :at !ory %\ld prev5t by lucid & rational criticism4 ,:5 9 ! ye> #ahjf ! ,prussian ,g5]als1 ,pr9ce ,l\is at ,saalfeld1 ,tau5tzi5 on ! ,dornb]g ne> ,j5a1 ,graw]t be=e & ,rue*el beh9d ,kappell5dorf1 all ?rew !mselves into ! op5 jaws ( de/ruction 9 ! oblique ord] ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & manag$ to ru9 ,hoh5lohe's ,army 9 a way t no ,army 0 ev] ru9$1 ev5 on ! field ( battle1 all ?is 0 done ?r\gh a mann] :i* _h outliv$ its day1 toge!r ) ! mo/ d[nright /upidity to :i* me?odicism ev] l$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,criticism ,! influ5ce ( !oretical pr9ciples ^u real life is produc$ m ?r\gh criticism ?an ?r\gh doctr9e1 = z criticism is an application ( ab/ract tru? to real ev5ts1 !re=e x n only br+s tru? ( ?is description ne>] to life1 b also accu/oms ! und]/&+ m to su* tru?s by ! con/ant repetition ( _! application4 ,we !re=e ?9k x necess>y to fix ! po9t ( view = criticism next to t = !ory4 ,f ! simple n>ration ( an hi/orical occurr5ce :i* places ev5ts 9 *ronological ord]1 or at mo/ only t\*es on _! m imm$iate causes1 we sep>ate ! ,,critical4 ,9 ?is ,,critical ?ree diff]5t op]ations ( ! m9d may be obs]v$4 ,fir/1 ! hi/orical inve/igation & det]m9+ ( d\btful facts4 ,?is is prop]ly hi/orical rese>*1 & has no?+ 9 common ) !ory4 ,secondly1 ! trac+ ( effects to causes4 ,?is is ! ,,real ,,critical ,,inquiry2 x is indisp5sable to !ory1 = ev]y?+ :i* 9 !ory is to be e/abli%$1 support$1 or ev5 m]ely expla9$1 by exp]i5ce c only be settl$ 9 ?is way4 ,?irdly1 ! te/+ ( ! means employ$4 ,?is is criticism1 prop]ly speak+1 9 :i* praise & c5sure is conta9$4 ,?is is :]e !ory helps hi/ory1 or r1 ! tea*+ to be d]iv$ f x4 ,9 ^! two la/ /rictly critical p>ts ( hi/orical /udy1 all dep5ds on trac+ ?+s to _! prim>y elem5ts1 t is to say1 up to und\bt$ tru?s1 & n1 z is s (t5 done1 re/+ half-way1 t is1 on "s arbitr>y assumption or supposition4 ,z respects ! trac+ ( effect to cause1 t is (t5 att5d$ ) ! insup]able difficulty t ! real causes are n kn[n4 ,9 none ( ! relations ( life does ?is s frequ5tly happ5 z 9 ,w>1 :]e ev5ts are seldom fully kn[n1 & /ill less motives1 z ! latt] h be51 p]haps purposely1 conceal$ by ! *ief actor1 or h be5 ( su* a transi5t & accid5tal "* t !y h be5 lo/ = hi/ory4 ,= ?is reason critical n>ration mu/ g5]ally proce$ h& 9 h& ) hi/orical inve/igation1 & /ill su* a want ( connection betwe5 cause & effect w (t5 pres5t itself1 t x does n seem ju/ifiable to consid] effects z ! necess>y results ( kn[n causes4 ,"h1 !re=e mu/ occur1 t is1 hi/orical results :i* _c be made use ( = tea*+4 ,all t !ory c dem& is t ! inve/igation %\ld be rigidly conduct$ up to t po9t1 & !re leave (f )\t draw+ conclusions4 ,a real evil spr+s up only if ! kn[n is made p]=ce to suffice z an explanation ( effects1 & ?us a false importance is ascrib$ to x4 ,besides ?is difficulty1 critical inquiry also meets ) ano!r great & intr9sic "o1 :i* is t ! progress ( ev5ts 9 ,w> seldom proce$s f "o simple cause1 b f sev]al 9 common1 & t x !re=e is n suffici5t to foll[ up a s]ies ( ev5ts to _! orig9 9 a c&id & imp>tial _s1 b t x is !n also necess>y to apportion to ea* contribut+ cause its due weight4 ,?is leads1 !re=e1 to a clos] inve/igation ( _! nature1 & ?us a critical inve/igation may lead into :at is ! prop] field ( !ory4 ,! critical ,,consid]ation1 t is1 ! te/+ ( ! means1 leads to ! "q1 ,:i* are ! effects peculi> to ! means appli$1 & :e!r ^! effects 7 compreh5d$ 9 ! plans ( ! p]son direct+8 ,! effects peculi> to ! means lead to ! inve/igation ( _! nature1 & ?us aga9 into ! field ( !ory4 ,we h already se5 t 9 criticism all dep5ds ^u atta9+ to positive tru?2 !re=e1 t we mu/ n /op at arbitr>y propositions :i* are n all[$ by o!rs1 & to :i* o!r p]haps equally arbitr>y ass]tions may aga9 be oppos$1 s t !re is no end to pros & cons2 ! :ole is )\t result1 & !re=e )\t in/ruction4 ,we h se5 t bo? ! se>* = causes & ! exam9ation ( means lead into ! field ( !ory2 t is1 into ! field ( univ]sal tru?1 :i* does n proce$ solely f ! case imm$iately "u exam9ation4 ,if !re is a !ory :i* c be us$1 !n ! critical consid]ation w appeal to ! pro(s !re af=d$1 & ! exam9ation may !re /op4 ,b :]e no su* !oretical tru? is to be f\nd1 ! inquiry mu/ be pu%$ up to ! orig9al elem5ts4 ,if ?is necessity occurs (t51 x mu/ lead ! hi/orian 7accord+ to a common expression7 into a labyr9? ( details4 ,he !n has 8 h&s full1 & x is impossible = him to /op to give ! requisite att5tion ev]y:]e2 ! consequ5ce is1 t 9 ord] to set b\nds to 8 inve/igation1 he adopts "s arbitr>y assumptions :i*1 if !y d n appe> s to him1 d s to o!rs1 z !y are n evid5t 9 !mselves or capable ( pro(4 ,a s\nd !ory is !re=e an ess5tial f\ndation = criticism1 & x is impossible = x1 )\t ! assi/ance ( a s5sible !ory1 to atta9 to t po9t at :i* x comm5ces *iefly to be in/ructive1 t is1 :]e x becomes demon/ration1 bo? conv9c+ & sans rplique4 ,b x w\ld be a vision>y hope to believe 9 ! possibility ( a !ory applicable to e ab/ract tru?1 leav+ no?+ = criticism to d b to place ! case "u its appropriate law3 x w\ld be ridicul\s p$antry to lay d[n z a rule = criticism t x mu/ always halt & turn r\nd on rea*+ ! b\nd>ies ( sacr$ !ory4 ,! same _s ( analytical inquiry :i* is ! orig9 ( !ory mu/ also guide ! critic 9 8 "w2 & x c & mu/ !re=e happ5 t he /rays beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! prov9ce ( !ory & elucidates ^? po9ts ) :i* he is m p>ticul>ly conc]n$4 ,x is m likely1 on ! contr>y1 t criticism w\ld completely fail 9 its object if x deg5]at$ into a me*anical application ( !ory4 ,all positive results ( !oretical inquiry1 all pr9ciples1 rules1 & me?ods1 are ! m want+ 9 g5]ality & positive tru? ! m !y become positive doctr9e4 ,!y exi/ to (f] !mselves = use z requir$1 & x mu/ always be left = judgm5t to decide :e!r !y are suitable or n4 ,su* results ( !ory mu/ nev] be us$ 9 criticism z rules or norms = a /&>d1 b 9 ! same way z ! p]son act+ %\ld use !m1 t is1 m]ely z aids to judgm5t4 ,if x is an ackn[l$g$ pr9ciple 9 tactics t 9 ! usual ord] ( battle cavalry %\ld be plac$ beh9d infantry1 n 9 l9e ) x1 /ill x w\ld be folly on ?is acc\nt to condemn e deviation f ?is pr9ciple4 ,criticism mu/ inve/igate ! gr\nds ( ! deviation1 & x is only 9 case ^! are insuffici5t t x has a "r to appeal to pr9ciples laid d[n 9 !ory4 ,if x is fur!r e/abli%$ 9 !ory t a divid$ attack dim9i%es ! probability ( success1 /ill x w\ld be j z unreasonable1 :5ev] !re is a divid$ attack & an unsuccessful issue1 to reg>d ! latt] z ! result ( ! =m]1 )\t fur!r inve/igation into ! connection betwe5 ! two1 z :]e a divid$ attack is successful to inf] f x ! fallacy ( t !oretical pr9ciple4 ,! _s ( inve/igation :i* belongs to criticism _c all[ ei!r4 ,criticism !re=e supports itself *iefly on ! results ( ! analytical inve/igation ( !ory2 :at has be5 made out & det]m9$ by !ory does n require to be demon/rat$ ov] aga9 by criticism1 & x is s det]m9$ by !ory t criticism may f9d x ready demon/rat$4 ,?is (fice ( criticism1 ( exam9+ ! effect produc$ by c]ta9 causes1 & :e!r a means appli$ has answ]$ its object1 w be easy en\gh if cause & effect1 means & end1 are all ne> toge!r4 ,if an ,army is surpris$1 & !re=e _c make a regul> & intellig5t use ( its p[]s & res\rces1 !n ! effect ( ! surprise is n d\btful4--,if !ory has det]m9$ t 9 a battle ! conv]g5t =m ( attack is calculat$ to produce great] b less c]ta9 results1 !n ! "q is :e!r he :o employs t conv]g5t =m _h 9 view *iefly t greatness ( result z 8 object2 if s1 ! prop] means 7 *os54 ,b if by ?is =m he int5d$ to make ! result m c]ta91 & t expectation 0 f\nd$ n on "s exceptional circum/ances 79 ?is case71 b on ! g5]al nature ( ! conv]g5t =m1 z has happ5$ a hundr$ times1 !n he mi/ook ! nature ( ! means & committ$ an error4 ,"h ! "w ( milit>y inve/igation & criticism is easy1 & x w always be s :5 conf9$ to ! imm$iate effects & objects4 ,?is c be done q at option1 if we ab/ract ! connection ( ! p>ts ) ! :ole1 & only look at ?+s 9 t relation4 ,b 9 ,w>1 z g5]ally 9 ! _w1 !re is a connection betwe5 ev]y?+ :i* belongs to a :ole2 & !re=e1 h[ev] small a cause may be 9 itself1 its effects rea* to ! end ( ! act ( w>f>e1 & modify or influ5ce ! f9al result 9 "s degree1 let t degree be ev] s small4 ,9 ! same mann] e means mu/ be felt up to ! ultimate object4 ,we c !re=e trace ! effects ( a cause z long z ev5ts are wor? notic+1 & 9 ! same way we mu/ n /op at ! te/+ ( a means = ! imm$iate object1 b te/ also ?is object z a means to a high] "o1 & ?us asc5d ! s]ies ( facts 9 succession1 until we come to "o s absolutely necess>y 9 its nature z to require no exam9ation or pro(4 ,9 _m cases1 p>ticul>ly 9 :at conc]ns great & decisive measures1 ! inve/igation mu/ be c>ri$ to ! f9al aim1 to t :i* leads imm$iately to peace4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?us asc5d+1 at e new /ation :i* we rea* a new po9t ( view = ! judgm5t is atta9$1 s t ! same means :i* appe>$ advisable at "o /ation1 :5 look$ at f ! next above x may h to be reject$4 ,! se>* = ! causes ( ev5ts & ! comp>ison ( means ) ends mu/ always g h& 9 h& 9 ! critical review ( an act1 = ! inve/igation ( causes leads u fir/ to ! discov]y ( ^? ?+s :i* are wor? exam9+4 ,?is foll[+ ( ! clue up & d[n is att5d$ ) consid]able difficulty1 = ! f>!r f an ev5t ! cause lies :i* we are look+ =1 ! great] mu/ be ! numb] ( o!r causes :i* mu/ at ! same "t be kept 9 view & all[$ = 9 ref]5ce to ! %>e :i* !y h 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & !n elim9at$1 because ! high] ! importance ( a fact ! great] w be ! numb] ( sep>ate =ces & circum/ances by :i* x is condition$4 ,if we h unravell$ ! causes ( a battle be+ lo/1 we h c]ta9ly also asc]ta9$ a "p ( ! causes ( ! consequ5ces :i* ?is defeat has ^u ! :ole ,w>1 b only a "p1 because ! effects ( o!r causes1 m or less accord+ to circum/ances1 w fl[ into ! f9al result4 ,! same multiplicity ( circum/ances is pres5t$ also 9 ! exam9ation ( ! means ! high] our po9t ( view1 = ! high] ! object is situat$1 ! great] mu/ be ! numb] ( means employ$ to rea* x4 ,! ultimate object ( ! ,w> is ! object aim$ at by all ! ,armies simultane\sly1 & x is !re=e necess>y t ! consid]ation %\ld embrace all t ea* has done or c\ld h done4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is may sometimes lead to a wide field ( inquiry1 9 :i* x is easy to w&] & lose ! way1 & 9 :i* ?is difficulty prevails--t a numb] ( assumptions or suppositions mu/ be made ab\t a v>iety ( ?+s :i* d n actually appe>1 b :i* 9 all probability did take place1 & !re=e _c possibly be left out ( consid]ation4 ,:5 ,buonap>te1 9 #agig17997 at ! head ( ! ,army ( ,italy1 advanc$ f ! ,tagliam5to aga9/ ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 he did s ) a view to =ce t ,g5]al to a decisive action be=e ! re9=cem5ts expect$ f ! ,rh9e _h rea*$ him4 ,if we look1 only at ! imm$iate object1 ! means 7 well *os5 & ju/ifi$ by ! result1 = ! ,ar*duke 0 s inf]ior 9 numb]s t he only made a %[ ( resi/ance on ! ,tagliam5to1 & :5 he saw 8 adv]s>y s /rong & resolute1 yield$ gr\nd1 & left op5 ! passages1 ( ! ,norican ,alps4 ,n[ to :at use c\ld ,buonap>te turn ?is =tunate ev5t8 ,to p5etrate into ! he>t ( ! ,au/rian empire itself1 to facilitate ! advance ( ! ,rh9e ,armies "u ,moreau & ,ho*e1 & op5 communication ) !m8 ,?is 0 ! view tak5 by ,buonap>te1 & f ?is po9t ( view he 0 "r4 ,b n[1 if criticism places itself at a high] po9t ( view--namely1 t ( ! ,fr5* ,directory1 :i* body c\ld see & "k t ! ,armies on ! ,rh9e c\ld n comm5ce ! campaign = six weeks1 !n ! advance ( ,buonap>te ov] ! ,norican ,alps c only be reg>d$ z an extremely haz>d\s measure2 = if ! ,au/rians _h drawn l>gely on _! ,rh9e ,armies to re9=ce _! ,army 9 ,/yria1 s z to enable ! ,ar*duke to fall ^u ! ,army ( ,italy1 n only w\ld t ,army h be5 r\t$1 b ! :ole campaign lo/4 ,?is consid]ation1 :i* attract$ ! s]i\s att5tion ( ,buonap>te at ,villa*1 no d\bt induc$ him to sign ! armi/ice ( ,leob5 ) s mu* read9ess4 7997 ,comp>e ,h9t]lass5e ,w]ke1 #bnd edition1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bgf et seq4 ,if criticism takes a /ill high] position1 & if x kn[s t ! ,au/rians _h no res]ves betwe5 ! ,army ( ! ,ar*duke ,*>les & ,vi5na1 !n we see t ,vi5na became ?reat5$ by ! advance ( ! ,army ( ,italy4 ,suppos+ t ,buonap>te knew t ! capital 0 ?us uncov]$1 & knew t he /ill reta9$ ! same sup]iority 9 numb]s ov] ! ,ar*duke z he _h 9 ,/yria1 !n 8 advance aga9/ ! he>t ( ! ,au/rian ,/ates 0 no long] )\t purpose1 & its value dep5d$ on ! value :i* ! ,au/rians might place on pres]v+ _! capital4 ,if t 0 s great t1 r ?an lose x1 !y w\ld accept ! conditions ( peace :i* ,buonap>te 0 ready to (f] !m1 x became an object ( ! fir/ importance to ?reat5 ,vi5na4 ,if ,buonap>te _h any reason to "k ?is1 !n criticism may /op !re1 b if ?is po9t 0 only problematical1 !n criticism mu/ take a /ill high] position1 & ask :at w\ld h foll[$ if ! ,au/rians _h resolv$ to ab&on ,vi5na & retire f>!r into ! va/ dom9ions /ill left to !m4 ,b x is easy to see t ?is "q _c be answ]$ )\t br++ into ! consid]ation ! probable movem5ts ( ! ,rh9e ,armies on bo? sides4 ,?r\gh ! decid$ sup]iority ( numb]s on ! side ( ! ,fr5*--#acj1jjj to #hj1jjj--!re c\ld be little d\bt ( ! result2 b !n next arises ! "q1 ,:at use w\ld ! ,directory make ( a victory2 :e!r !y w\ld foll[ up _! success to ! opposite fronti]s ( ! ,au/rian mon>*y1 !re=e to ! complete break+ up or ov]?r[ ( t p[]1 or :e!r !y w\ld be satisfi$ ) ! conque/ ( a consid]able portion to s]ve z a security = peace8 ,! probable result 9 ea* case mu/ be e/imat$1 9 ord] to come to a conclusion z to ! probable det]m9ation ( ! ,directory4 ,suppos+ ! result ( ^! consid]ations to be t ! ,fr5* =ces 7 mu* too weak = ! complete subjugation ( ! ,au/rian mon>*y1 s t ! attempt might completely rev]se ! respective positions ( ! cont5d+ ,armies1 & t ev5 ! conque/ & occupation ( a consid]able di/rict ( c\ntry w\ld place ! ,fr5* ,army 9 /rategic relations to :i* !y 7 n equal1 !n t result mu/ naturally influ5ce ! e/imate ( ! position ( ! ,army ( ,italy1 & compel x to l[] its expectations4 ,& ?is1 x 0 no d\bt :i* influ5c$ ,buonap>te1 al?\gh fully aw>e ( ! helpless condition ( ! ,ar*duke1 /ill to sign ! peace ( ,campo ,=mio1 :i* impos$ no great] sacrifices on ! ,au/rians ?an ! loss ( prov9ces :i*1 ev5 if ! campaign took ! mo/ fav\rable turn = !m1 !y c\ld n h reconqu]$4 ,b ! ,fr5* c\ld n h reckon$ on ev5 ! mod]ate treaty ( ,campo ,=mio1 & !re=e x c\ld n h be5 _! object 9 mak+ _! bold advance if two consid]ations _h n pres5t$ !mselves to _! view1 ! fir/ ( :i* consi/$ 9 ! "q1 :at degree ( value ! ,au/rians w\ld atta* to ea* ( ! above-m5tion$ results2 :e!r1 not)/&+ ! probability ( a satisfactory result 9 ei!r ( ^! cases1 w\ld x be wor? :ile to make ! sacrifices insep>able f a cont9uance ( ! ,w>1 :5 !y c\ld be sp>$ ^? sacrifices by a peace on t]ms n too humiliat+8 ,! second consid]ation is ! "q :e!r ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t1 in/ead ( s]i\sly weigh+ ! possible results ( a resi/ance pu%$ to extremities1 w\ld n prove completely di%e>t5$ by ! impression ( _! pres5t rev]ses4 ,! consid]ation :i* =ms ! subject ( ! fir/ is no idle piece ( subtle argum5t1 b a consid]ation ( su* decid$ly practical importance t x comes up :5ev] ! plan ( pu%+ ,w> to ! utmo/ extremity is moot$1 & by its weight 9 mo/ cases re/ra9s ! execution ( su* plans4 ,! second consid]ation is ( equal importance1 = we d n make ,w> ) an ab/raction b ) a reality1 :i* we mu/ always keep 9 view1 & we may be sure t x 0 n ov]look$ by ! bold ,buonap>te--t is1 t he 0 ke5ly alive to ! t]ror :i* ! appe>ance ( 8 sword inspir$4 ,x 0 reliance on t :i* l$ him to ,mosc[4 ,!re x l$ him into a scrape4 ,! t]ror ( him _h be5 weak5$ by ! gigantic /ruggles 9 :i* he _h be5 engag$2 9 ! ye> #agig x 0 /ill fre%1 & ! secret ( a resi/ance pu%$ to extremities _h n be5 discov]$2 nev]!less ev5 9 #agig 8 boldness might h l$ to a negative result if1 z already said1 he _h n ) a sort ( pres5tim5t avoid$ x by sign+ ! mod]ate peace ( ,campo ,=mio4 ,we mu/ n[ br+ ^! consid]ations to a close--!y w suffice to %[ ! wide sph]e1 ! div]sity & emb>rass+ nature ( ! subjects embrac$ 9 a critical exam9ation c>ri$ to ! fulle/ ext5t1 t is1 to ^? measures ( a great & decisive class :i* mu/ necess>ily be includ$4 ,x foll[s f !m t besides a !oretical acqua9tance ) ! subject1 natural tal5t mu/ also h a great influ5ce on ! value ( critical exam9ations1 = x re/s *iefly ) ! latt] to ?r[ ! requisite light on ! int]relations ( ?+s1 & to di/+ui% f among/ ! endless connections ( ev5ts ^? :i* are really ess5tial4 ,b tal5t is also call$ into requisition 9 ano!r way4 ,critical exam9ation is n m]ely ! appreciation ( ^? means :i* h be5 actually employ$1 b also ( all possible means1 :i* !re=e mu/ be sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ place--t is1 mu/ be discov]$2 & ! use ( any p>ticul> means is n fairly op5 to c5sure until a bett] is po9t$ out4 ,n[1 h[ev] small ! numb] ( possible comb9ations may be 9 mo/ cases1 /ill x mu/ be admitt$ t to po9t out ^? :i* h n be5 us$ is n a m]e analysis ( actual ?+s1 b a spontane\s creation :i* _c be prescrib$1 & dep5ds on ! f]tility ( g5ius4 ,we are f> f see+ a field = great g5ius 9 a case :i* admits only ( ! application ( a few simple comb9ations1 & we ?9k x exce$+ly ridicul\s to hold up1 z is (t5 done1 ! turn+ ( a position z an inv5tion %[+ ! highe/ g5ius2 /ill nev]!less ?is creative self-activity on ! "p ( ! critic is necess>y1 & x is "o ( ! po9ts :i* ess5tially det]m9e ! value ( critical exam9ation4 ,:5 ,buonap>te on #cj? ,july1 #agif17997 det]m9$ to raise ! siege ( ,mantua1 9 ord] to m>* ) 8 :ole =ce aga9/ ! enemy1 advanc+ 9 sep>ate columns to ! relief ( ! place1 & to beat !m 9 detail1 ?is appe>$ ! sure/ way to ! atta9m5t ( brilliant victories4 ,^! victories actually foll[$1 & 7 aft]w>ds aga9 repeat$ on a /ill m brilliant scale on ! attempt to relieve ! =tress be+ aga9 r5ew$4 ,we he> only "o op9ion on ^! a*ievem5ts1 t ( unmix$ admiration4 7997 ,comp>e ,h9t]lass5e ,w]ke1 #bnd edition1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ajg et seq4 ,at ! same "t1 ,buonap>te c\ld n h adopt$ ?is c\rse on ! #cj? ,july )\t q giv+ up ! idea ( ! siege ( ,mantua1 because x 0 impossible to save ! siege tra91 & x c\ld n be replac$ by ano!r 9 ?is campaign4 ,9 fact1 ! siege 0 conv]t$ into a blockade1 & ! t[n1 :i* if ! siege _h cont9u$ mu/ h v %ortly fall51 held out = six mon?s 9 spite ( ,buonap>te's victories 9 ! op5 field4 ,criticism has g5]ally reg>d$ ?is z an evil t 0 unavoidable1 because critics h n be5 able to sugge/ any bett] c\rse4 ,resi/ance to a reliev+ ,army )9 l9es ( circumvallation _h fall5 into su* disrepute & contempt t x appe>s to h entirely escap$ consid]ation z a means4 ,& yet 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 t measure 0 s (t5 us$ ) success t we c only attribute to ! =ce ( fa%ion ! fact t a hundr$ ye>s lat] x nev] occurr$ to any "o ev5 to propose su* a measure4 ,if ! practicability ( su* a plan _h ev] be5 ent]ta9$ = a mom5t1 a clos] consid]ation ( circum/ances w\ld h %[n t #dj1jjj ( ! be/ infantry 9 ! _w "u ,buonap>te1 beh9d /rong l9es ( circumvallation r\nd ,mantua1 _h s little to fe> f ! #ej1jjj m5 com+ to ! relief "u ,wurms]1 t x 0 v unlikely t any attempt ev5 w\ld be made ^u _! l9es4 ,we %all n seek "h to e/abli% ?is po9t1 b we believe en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ?is means 0 "o :i* _h a "r to a %>e ( consid]ation4 ,:e!r ,buonap>te himself ev] ?\ght ( su* a plan we leave undecid$2 nei!r 9 8 memoirs nor 9 o!r s\rces is !re any trace to be f\nd ( 8 hav+ done s2 9 no critical works has x be5 t\*$ ^u1 ! measure be+ "o :i* ! m9d _h lo/ sight (4 ,! m]it ( resuscitat+ ! idea ( ?is means is n great1 = x sugge/s itself at once to any "o :o breaks loose f ! trammels ( fa%ion4 ,/ill x is necess>y t x %\ld sugge/ itself = u to br+ x into consid]ation & comp>e x ) ! means :i* ,buonap>te employ$4 ,:atev] may be ! result ( ! comp>ison1 x is "o :i* %\ld n be omitt$ by criticism4 ,:5 ,buonap>te1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahad17997 aft] ga9+ ! battles at ,etoges1 ,*amp-,aub]t1 & ,montmirail1 left ,bl*]'s ,army1 & turn+ ^u ,s*w>tz5b]g1 beat 8 troops at ,mont]eau & ,mormant1 e "o 0 fill$ ) admiration1 because ,buonap>te1 by ?us ?r[+ 8 conc5trat$ =ce fir/ ^u "o oppon5t1 !n ^u ano!r1 made a brilliant use ( ! mi/akes :i* 8 adv]s>ies _h committ$ 9 divid+ _! =ces4 ,if ^! brilliant /rokes 9 diff]5t directions fail$ to save him1 x 0 g5]ally consid]$ to be no fault ( 81 at lea/4 ,no "o has yet ask$ ! "q1 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! result if1 in/ead ( turn+ f ,bl*] ^u ,s*w>tz5b]g1 he _h tri$ ano!r bl[ at ,bl*]1 & pursu$ him to ! ,rh9e8 ,we are conv9c$ t x w\ld h completely *ang$ ! c\rse ( ! campaign1 & t ! ,army ( ! ,allies1 in/ead ( m>*+ to ,p>is1 w\ld h retir$ beh9d ! ,rh9e4 ,we d n ask o!rs to %>e our conviction1 b no "o :o und]/&s ! ?+ w d\bt1 at ! m]e m5tion ( ?is alt]native c\rse1 t x is "o :i* %\ld n be ov]look$ 9 criticism4 7997 ,comp>e ,h9t]lass5e ,w]ke1 #bnd edition4 vol4 vii4 p4 #aic et seq4 ,9 ?is case ! means ( comp>ison lie mu* m on ! surface ?an 9 ! =ego+1 b !y h be5 equally ov]look$1 because "o-sid$ views h prevail$1 & !re has be5 no fre$om ( judgm5t4 ,f ! necessity ( po9t+ out a bett] means :i* might h be5 us$ 9 place ( ^? :i* are condemn$ has aris5 ! =m ( criticism almo/ exclusively 9 use1 :i* cont5ts itself ) po9t+ out ! bett] means )\t demon/rat+ 9 :at ! sup]iority consi/s4 ,! consequ5ce is t "s are n conv9c$1 t o!rs />t up & d ! same ?+1 & t ?us discussion arises :i* is )\t any fix$ basis = ! argum5t4 ,milit>y lit]ature ab\nds ) matt] ( ?is sort4 ,! demon/ration we require is always necess>y :5 ! sup]iority ( ! means prop\nd$ is n s evid5t z to leave no room = d\bt1 & x consi/s 9 ! exam9ation ( ea* ( ! means on its own m]its1 & !n ( its comp>ison ) ! object desir$4 ,:5 once ! ?+ is trac$ back to a simple tru?1 controv]sy mu/ cease1 or at all ev5ts a new result is obta9$1 :il/ by ! o!r plan ! pros & cons g on = ev] consum+ ea* o!r4 ,%\ld we1 = example1 n re/ cont5t ) ass]tion 9 ! case be=e m5tion$1 & wi% to prove t ! p]si/5t pursuit ( ,bl*] w\ld h be5 m advantage\s ?an ! turn+ on ,s*w>tz5b]g1 we %\ld support ! argum5ts on ! foll[+ simple tru?s3 #a4 ,9 g5]al x is m advantage\s to cont9ue our bl[s 9 "o & ! same direction1 because !re is a loss ( "t 9 /rik+ 9 diff]5t directions2 & at a po9t :]e ! moral p[] is already %ak5 by consid]able losses !re is ! m reason to expect fre% successes1 !re=e 9 t way no "p ( ! prepond]ance already ga9$ is left idle4 #b4 ,because ,bl*]1 al?\gh weak] ?an ,s*w>tz5b]g1 01 on acc\nt ( 8 ent]pris+ _s1 ! m important adv]s>y2 9 him1 !re=e1 lay ! c5tre ( attraction :i* drew ! o!rs along 9 ! same direction4 #c4 ,because ! losses :i* ,bl*] _h su/a9$ almo/ am\nt$ to a defeat1 :i* gave ,buonap>te su* a prepond]ance ov] him z to make 8 retreat to ! ,rh9e almo/ c]ta91 & at ! same "t no res]ves ( any consequ5ce await$ him !re4 #d4 ,because !re 0 no o!r result :i* w\ld be s t]rific 9 its aspects1 w\ld appe> to ! imag9ation 9 su* gigantic proportions1 an imm5se advantage 9 deal+ ) a ,/aff s weak & irresolute z t ( ,s*w>tz5b]g notori\sly 0 at ?is "t4 ,:at _h happ5$ to ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,w>temb]g at ,mont]eau1 & to ,c\nt ,wittg5/e9 at ,mormant1 ,pr9ce ,s*w>tz5b]g mu/ h kn[n well en\gh2 b all ! unt[>d ev5ts on ,bl*]'s di/ant & sep>ate l9e f ! ,m>ne to ! ,rh9e w\ld only rea* him by ! avalan*e ( rum\r4 ,! desp]ate movem5ts :i* ,buonap>te made ^u ,vitry at ! end ( ,m>*1 to see :at ! ,allies w\ld d if he ?reat5$ to turn !m /rategically1 7 evid5tly done on ! pr9ciple ( work+ on _! fe>s2 b x 0 done "u f> diff]5t circum/ances1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 defeat at ,laon & ,arcis1 & because ,bl*]1 ) #ajj1jjj m51 0 !n 9 communication ) ,s*w>tz5b]g4 ,!re are p1 no d\bt1 :o w n be conv9c$ on ^! argum5ts1 b at all ev5ts !y _c retort by say+1 t 8:il/ ,buonap>te ?reat5$ ,s*w>tz5b]g's base by advanc+ to ! ,rh9e1 ,s*w>tz5b]g at ! same "t ?reat5$ ,buonap>te's communications ) ,p>is10 because we h %[n by ! reasons above giv5 t ,s*w>tz5b]g w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( m>*+ on ,p>is4 ,) respect to ! example quot$ by u f ! campaign ( #agif1 we %\ld say3 ,buonap>te look$ ^u ! plan he adopt$ z ! sure/ means ( beat+ ! ,au/rians2 b admitt+ t x 0 s1 /ill ! object to be atta9$ 0 only an empty victory1 :i* c\ld h h>dly any s5sible influ5ce on ! fall ( ,mantua4 ,! way :i* we %\ld h *os5 w\ld1 9 our op9ion1 h be5 mu* m c]ta9 to prev5t ! relief ( ,mantua2 b ev5 if we place ourselves 9 ! position ( ! ,fr5* ,g5]al & assume t x 0 n s1 & look ^u ! c]ta9ty ( success to h be5 less1 ! "q !n am\nts to a *oice betwe5 a m c]ta9 b less useful1 & !re=e less important1 victory on ! "o h&1 & a some:at less probable b f> m decisive & important victory1 on ! o!r h&4 ,pres5t$ 9 ?is =m1 boldness mu/ h decl>$ = ! second solution1 :i* is ! rev]se ( :at took place1 :5 ! ?+ 0 only sup]ficially view$4 ,buonap>te c]ta9ly 0 any?+ b defici5t 9 boldness1 & we may be sure t he did n see ! :ole case & its consequ5ces z fully & cle>ly z we c at ! pres5t "t4 ,naturally ! critic1 9 treat+ ( ! means1 mu/ (t5 appeal to milit>y hi/ory1 z exp]i5ce is ( m value 9 ! ,art ( ,w> ?an all philosophical tru?4 ,b ?is exemplification f hi/ory is subject to c]ta9 conditions1 ( :i* we %all treat 9 a special *apt] & un=tunately ^! conditions are s seldom reg>d$ t ref]5ce to hi/ory g5]ally only s]ves to increase ! confusion ( ideas4 ,we h /ill a mo/ important subject to consid]1 :i* is1 ,h[ f> criticism 9 pass+ judgm5ts on p>ticul> ev5ts is p]mitt$1 or 9 duty b\nd1 to make use ( its wid] view ( ?+s1 & !re=e also ( t :i* is %[n by results2 or :5 & :]e x %\ld leave out ( sight ^! ?+s 9 ord] to place itself1 z f> z possible1 9 ! exact position ( ! *ief actor8 ,if criticism disp5ses praise or c5sure1 x %\ld seek to place itself z ne>ly z possible at ! same po9t ( view z ! p]son act+1 t is to say1 to collect all he knew & all ! motives on :i* he act$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 to leave out ( ! consid]ation all t ! p]son act+ c\ld n or did n "k1 & above all1 ! result4 ,b ?is is only an object to aim at1 :i* c nev] be rea*$ because ! /ate ( circum/ances f :i* an ev5t proce$$ c nev] be plac$ be=e ! eye ( ! critic exactly z x lay be=e ! eye ( ! p]son act+4 ,a numb] ( inf]ior circum/ances1 :i* mu/ h influ5c$ ! result1 are completely lo/ to sight1 & _m a subjective motive has nev] come to light4 ,! latt] c only be le>nt f ! memoirs ( ! *ief actor1 or f 8 intimate fri5ds2 & 9 su* ?+s ( ?is k9d are (t5 treat$ ( 9 a v desultory mann]1 or purposely misrepres5t$4 ,criticism mu/1 !re=e1 always =ego mu* :i* 0 pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( ^? ^: acts are criticis$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is mu* m difficult to leave out ( sight t :i* criticism kn[s 9 excess4 ,?is is only easy z reg>ds accid5tal circum/ances1 t is1 circum/ances :i* h be5 mix$ up1 b are 9 no way necess>ily relat$4 ,b x is v difficult1 &1 9 fact1 c nev] be completely done ) reg>d to ?+s really ess5tial4 ,let u take fir/1 ! result4 ,if x has n proce$$ f accid5tal circum/ances1 x is almo/ impossible t ! k ( x %\ld n h an effect on ! judgm5t pass$ on ev5ts :i* h prec$$ x1 = we see ^! ?+s 9 ! light ( ?is result1 & x is to a c]ta9 ext5t by x t we fir/ become acqua9t$ ) !m & appreciate !m4 ,milit>y hi/ory1 ) all its ev5ts1 is a s\rce ( in/ruction = criticism itself1 & x is only natural t criticism %\ld ?r[ t light on ?+s :i* x has itself obta9$ f ! consid]ation ( ! :ole4 ,if !re=e x might wi% 9 "s cases to leave ! result out ( ! consid]ation1 x w\ld be impossible to d s completely4 ,b x is n only 9 relation to ! result1 t is1 ) :at takes place at ! la/1 t ?is emb>rassm5t arises2 ! same occurs 9 relation to prec$+ ev5ts1 !re=e ) ! data :i* furni%$ ! motives to action4 ,criticism has be=e x1 9 mo/ cases1 m in=mation on ?is po9t ?an ! pr9cipal 9 ! transaction4 ,n[ x may seem easy to dismiss f ! consid]ation ev]y?+ ( ?is nature1 b x is n s easy z we may ?9k4 ,! k ( prec$+ & concurr5t ev5ts is f\nd$ n only on c]ta9 in=mation1 b on a numb] ( conjectures & suppositions2 inde$1 !re is h>dly any ( ! in=mation respect+ ?+s n purely accid5tal :i* has n be5 prec$$ by suppositions or conjectures de/9$ to take ! place ( c]ta9 in=mation 9 case su* %\ld nev] be suppli$4 ,n[ is x conceivable t criticism 9 aft] times1 :i* has be=e x z facts all ! prec$+ & concurr5t circum/ances1 %\ld n all[ itself to be !reby influ5c$ :5 x asks itself ! "q1 ,:at portion ( ! circum/ances1 :i* at ! mom5t ( action 7 unkn[n1 w\ld x h held to be probable8 ,we ma9ta9 t 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! case ( ! results1 & = ! same reason1 x is impossible to disreg>d all ^! ?+s completely4 ,if !re=e ! critic wi%es to be/[ praise or blame ^u any s+le act1 he c only succe$ to a c]ta9 degree 9 plac+ himself 9 ! position ( ! p]son ^: act he has "u review4 ,9 _m cases he c d s suffici5tly ne> = any practical purpose1 b 9 _m in/ances x is ! v rev]se1 & ?is fact %\ld nev] be ov]look$4 ,b x is nei!r necess>y nor desirable t criticism %\ld completely id5tify itself ) ! p]son act+4 ,9 ,w>1 z 9 all matt]s ( skill1 !re is a c]ta9 natural aptitude requir$ :i* is call$ tal5t4 ,?is may be great or small4 ,9 ! fir/ case x may easily be sup]ior to t ( ! critic1 = :at critic c pret5d to ! skill ( a ,fr$]ick or a ,buonap>te8 ,!re=e1 if criticism is n to ab/a9 altoge!r f (f]+ an op9ion :]e em95t tal5t is conc]n$1 x mu/ be all[$ to make use ( ! advantage :i* its enl>g$ horizon af=ds4 ,criticism mu/ n1 !re=e1 treat ! solution ( a problem by a great ,g5]al l a sum 9 ari?metic2 x is only ?r\gh ! results & ?r\gh ! exact co9cid5ces ( ev5ts t x c recognise ) admiration h[ mu* is due to ! ex]cise ( g5ius1 & t x fir/ le>ns ! ess5tial comb9ation :i* ! glance ( t g5ius devis$4 ,b = e1 ev5 ! smalle/1 act ( g5ius x is necess>y t criticism %\ld take a high] po9t ( view1 s t1 hav+ at comm& _m objective gr\nds ( decision1 x may be z little subjective z possible1 & t ! critic may n take ! limit$ scope ( 8 own m9d z a /&>d4 ,?is elevat$ position ( criticism1 its praise & blame pron\nc$ ) a full k ( all ! circum/ances1 has 9 itself no?+ :i* hurts our feel+s2 x only does s if ! critic pu%es himself =w>d1 & speaks 9 a tone z if all ! wisdom :i* he has obta9$ by an exhau/ive exam9ation ( ! ev5t "u consid]ation 7 really 8 own tal5t4 ,palpable z is ?is deception1 x is "o :i* p may easily fall into ?r\gh vanity1 & "o :i* is naturally di/a/eful to o!rs4 ,x v (t5 happ5s t al?\gh ! critic has no su* arrogant pret5sions1 !y are imput$ to him by ! read] because he has n expressly disclaim$ !m1 & !n foll[s imm$iately a *>ge ( a want ( ! p[] ( critical judgm5t4 ,if !re=e a critic po9ts out an error made by a ,fr$]ick or a ,buonap>te1 t does n mean t he :o makes ! criticism w\ld n h committ$ ! same error2 he may ev5 be ready to grant t _h he be5 9 ! place ( ^! great ,g5]als he might h made mu* great] mi/akes2 he m]ely sees ?is error f ! *a9 ( ev5ts1 & he ?9ks t x %\ld n h escap$ ! sagacity ( ! ,g5]al4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 an op9ion =m$ ?r\gh ! connection ( ev5ts1 & !re=e ?r\gh ! ,,result4 ,b !re is ano!r q diff]5t effect ( ! result itself ^u ! judgm5t1 t is if x is us$ q alone z an example = or aga9/ ! s\ndness ( a measure4 ,?is may be call$ ,,judgm5t ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,result4 ,su* a judgm5t appe>s at fir/ sight inadmissible1 & yet x is n4 ,:5 ,buonap>te m>*$ to ,mosc[ 9 #ahab1 all dep5d$ ^u :e!r ! tak+ ( ! capital1 & ! ev5ts :i* prec$$ ! capture1 w\ld =ce ! ,emp]or ,alex&] to make peace1 z he _h be5 compell$ to d aft] ! battle ( ,fri$l& 9 #ahjg1 & ! ,emp]or ,francis 9 #ahje & #ahji aft] ,au/]litz & ,wagram2 = if ,buonap>te did n obta9 a peace at ,mosc[1 !re 0 no alt]native b to return--t is1 !re 0 no?+ = him b a /rategic defeat4 ,we %all leave out ( ! "q :at he did to get to ,mosc[1 & :e!r 9 8 advance he did n miss _m opportunities ( br++ ! ,emp]or ,alex&] to peace2 we %all also exclude all consid]ation ( ! disa/r\s circum/ances :i* att5d$ 8 retreat1 & :i* p]haps _h _! orig9 9 ! g5]al conduct ( ! campaign4 ,/ill ! "q rema9s ! same1 = h[ev] mu* m brilliant ! c\rse ( ! campaign up to ,mosc[ might h be51 /ill !re 0 always an unc]ta9ty :e!r ! ,emp]or ,alex&] w\ld be intimidat$ into mak+ peace2 & !n1 ev5 if a retreat did n conta9 9 itself ! se$s ( su* disa/]s z did 9 fact occur1 /ill x c\ld nev] be any?+ else ?an a great /rategic defeat4 ,if ! ,emp]or ,alex&] agre$ to a peace :i* 0 disadvantage\s to him1 ! campaign ( #ahab w\ld h rank$ ) ^? ( ,au/]litz1 ,fri$l&1 & ,wagram4 ,b ^! campaigns also1 if !y _h n l$ to peace1 w\ld 9 all probability h end$ 9 simil> cata/rophes4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 ( g5ius1 skill1 & en]gy ! ,conqu]or ( ! ,_w appli$ to ! task1 ?is la/ "q address$ to fate7997 rema9$ always ! same4 ,%all we !n disc>d ! campaigns ( #ahje1 #ahjg1 #ahji1 & say on acc\nt ( ! campaign ( #ahab t !y 7 acts ( imprud5ce2 t ! results 7 aga9/ ! nature ( ?+s1 & t 9 #ahab /rategic ju/ice at la/ f\nd v5t = itself 9 opposition to bl9d *ance8 ,t w\ld be an unw>rantable conclusion1 a mo/ arbitr>y judgm5t1 a case only half prov$1 because no human1 eye c trace ! ?read ( ! necess>y connection ( ev5ts up to ! det]m9ation ( ! conqu]$ ,pr9ces4 7997 8,frage an d] ,s*icksal10 a famili> quotation f ,s*ill]4--,,tr4 ,/ill less c we say ! campaign ( #ahab m]it$ ! same success z ! o!rs1 & t ! reason :y x turn$ out o!rwise lies 9 some?+ unnatural1 = we _c reg>d ! firmness ( ,alex&] z some?+ unpr$ictable4 ,:at c be m natural ?an to say t 9 ! ye>s #ahje1 #ahjg1 #ahji1 ,buonap>te judg$ 8 oppon5ts correctly1 & t 9 #ahab he err$ 9 t po9t8 ,on ! =m] occasions1 !re=e1 he 0 "r1 9 ! latt] wrong1 & 9 bo? cases we judge by ! result4 ,all action 9 ,w>1 z we h already said1 is direct$ on probable1 n on c]ta91 results4 ,:atev] is want+ 9 c]ta9ty mu/ always be left to fate1 or *ance1 call x :i* y w4 ,we may dem& t :at is s left %\ld be z little z possible1 b only 9 relation to ! p>ticul> case--t is1 z little z is possible 9 ?is "o case1 b n t ! case 9 :i* ! lea/ is left to *ance is always to be pref]r$4 ,t w\ld be an enorm\s error1 z foll[s f all our !oretical views4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* ! greate/ d>+ is ! greate/ wisdom4 ,n[ 9 ev]y?+ :i* is left to *ance by ! *ief actor1 8 p]sonal m]it1 & !re=e 8 responsibility z well1 seems to be completely set aside2 nev]!less we _c suppress an inw>d feel+ ( satisfaction :5ev] expectation realises itself1 & if x disappo9ts u our m9d is dissatisfi$2 & m ?an ?is ( "r & wrong %\ld n be meant by ! judgm5t :i* we =m f ! m]e result1 or r t we f9d !re4 ,nev]!less1 x _c be d5i$ t ! satisfaction :i* our m9d exp]i5ces at success1 ! pa9 caus$ by failure1 proce$ f a sort ( my/]i\s feel+2 we suppose betwe5 t success ascrib$ to good =tune & ! g5ius ( ! *ief a f9e connect+ ?read1 invisible to ! m9d's eye1 & ! supposition gives pleasure4 ,:at t5ds to confirm ?is idea is t our sympa?y increases1 becomes m decid$1 if ! successes & defeats ( ! pr9cipal actor are (t5 repeat$4 ,?us x becomes intelligible h[ good luck 9 ,w> assumes a mu* nobl] nature ?an good luck at play4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 a =tunate w>rior does n o!rwise less5 our int]e/ 9 8 behalf1 we h a pleasure 9 accompany+ him 9 8 c>e]4 ,criticism1 !re=e1 aft] hav+ weigh$ all t comes )9 ! sph]e ( human reason & conviction1 w let ! result speak = t "p :]e ! deep my/]i\s relations are n disclos$ 9 any visible =m1 & w protect ?is sil5t s5t5ce ( a high] au?ority f ! noise ( crude op9ions on ! "o h&1 :ile on ! o!r x prev5ts ! gross abuse :i* might be made ( ?is la/ tribunal4 ,?is v]dict ( ! result mu/ !re=e always br+ =? t :i* human sagacity _c discov]2 & x w be *iefly z reg>ds ! intellectual p[]s & op]ations t x w be call$ into requisition1 p>tly because !y c be e/imat$ ) ! lea/ c]ta9ty1 p>tly because _! close connection ) ! w is fav\rable to _! ex]cis+ ov] x an important influ5ce4 ,:5 fe> or brav]y precipitates ! decision1 !re is no?+ objective int]v5+ betwe5 !m = our consid]ation1 & consequ5tly no?+ by :i* sagacity & calculation might h met ! probable result4 ,we mu/ n[ be all[$ to make a few obs]vations on ! in/rum5t ( criticism1 t is1 ! language :i* x uses1 because t is to a c]ta9 ext5t connect$ ) ! action 9 ,w>2 = ! critical exam9ation is no?+ m ?an ! delib]ation :i* %\ld prec$e action 9 ,w>4 ,we !re=e ?9k x v ess5tial t ! language us$ 9 criticism %\ld h ! same "* z t :i* delib]ation 9 ,w> mu/ h1 = o!rwise x w\ld cease to be practical1 & criticism c\ld ga9 no admittance 9 actual life4 ,we h said 9 our obs]vations on ! !ory ( ! conduct ( ,w> t x %\ld educate ! m9d ( ! ,comm&] = ,w>1 or t its tea*+ %\ld guide 8 education2 also t x is n int5d$ to furni% him ) positive doctr9es & sy/ems :i* he c use l m5tal appliances4 ,b if ! con/ruction ( sci5tific =mulae is nev] requir$1 or ev5 all[able1 9 ,w> to aid ! decision on ! case pres5t$1 if tru? does n appe> !re 9 a sy/ematic %ape1 if x is n f\nd 9 an indirect way1 b directly by ! natural p]ception ( ! m9d1 !n x mu/ be ! same also 9 a critical review4 ,x is true z we h se5 t1 :]ev] complete demon/ration ( ! nature ( ?+s w\ld be too t$i\s1 criticism mu/ support itself on ^? tru?s :i* !ory has e/abli%$ on ! po9t4 ,b1 j z 9 ,w> ! actor obeys ^! !oretical tru?s r because 8 m9d is imbu$ ) !m ?an because he reg>ds !m z objective inflexible laws1 s criticism mu/ also make use ( !m1 n z an ext]nal law or an algebraic =mula1 ( :i* fre% pro( is n requir$ ea* "t !y are appli$1 b x mu/ always ?r[ a light on ?is pro( itself1 leav+ only to !ory ! m m9ute & circum/antial pro(4 ,?us x avoids a my/]i\s1 un9telligible phraseology1 & makes its progress 9 pla9 language1 t is1 ) a cle> & always visible *a9 ( ideas4 ,c]ta9ly ?is _c always be completely atta9$1 b x mu/ always be ! aim 9 critical expositions4 ,su* expositions mu/ use complicat$ =ms ( sci5ce z sp>+ly z possible1 & nev] resort to ! con/ruction ( sci5tific aids z ( a tru? app>atus ( its own1 b always be guid$ by ! natural & unbiass$ impressions ( ! m9d4 ,b ?is pi\s endeav\r1 if we may use ! expression1 has un=tunately seldom hi!rto presid$ ov] critical exam9ations3 ! mo/ ( !m h r be5 emanations ( a species ( vanity--a wi% to make a display ( ideas4 ,! fir/ evil :i* we con/antly /umble ^u is a lame1 totally inadmissible application ( c]ta9 "o-sid$ sy/ems z ( a =mal code ( laws4 ,b x is nev] difficult to %[ ! "o-sid$ness ( su* sy/ems1 & ?is only requires to be done once to ?r[ discr$it = ev] on critical judgm5ts :i* are bas$ on !m4 ,we h "h to deal ) a def9ite subject1 & z ! numb] ( possible sy/ems aft] all c be b small1 !re=e also !y are !mselves ! less] evil4 ,mu* great] is ! evil :i* lies 9 ! pomp\s ret9ue ( te*nical t]ms--sci5tific expressions & metaphors1 :i* ^! sy/ems c>ry 9 _! tra91 & :i* l a rabble-l ! baggage ( an ,army brok5 away f its ,*ief--hang ab\t 9 all directions4 ,any critic :o has n adopt$ a sy/em1 ei!r because he has n f\nd "o to please him1 or because he has n yet be5 able to make himself ma/] ( "o1 w at lea/ occasionally make use ( a piece ( "o1 z "o w\ld use a rul]1 to %[ ! blund]s committ$ by a ,g5]al4 ,! mo/ ( !m are incapable ( reason+ )\t us+ z a help "h & !re "s %r$s ( sci5tific milit>y !ory4 ,! smalle/ ( ^! fragm5ts1 consi/+ 9 m]e sci5tific words & metaphors1 are (t5 no?+ m ?an ornam5tal fl\ri%es ( critical n>ration4 ,n[ x is 9 ! nature ( ?+s t all te*nical & sci5tific expressions :i* belong to a sy/em lose _! propriety1 if !y ev] _h any1 z soon z !y are di/ort$1 & us$ z g5]al axioms1 or z small cry/all9e talismans1 :i* h m p[] ( demon/ration ?an simple spee*4 ,?us x has come to pass t our !oretical & critical books1 in/ead ( be+ /raight=w>d1 intelligible diss]tations1 9 :i* ! au?or always kn[s at lea/ :at he says & ! read] :at he reads1 are brimful ( ^! te*nical t]ms1 :i* =m d>k po9ts ( int]f]5ce :]e au?or & read] "p company4 ,b frequ5tly !y are some?+ worse1 be+ no?+ b holl[ %ells )\t any k]nel4 ,! au?or himself has no cle> p]ception ( :at he means1 cont5ts himself ) vague ideas1 :i* if express$ 9 pla9 language w\ld be unsatisfactory ev5 to himself4 ,a ?ird fault 9 criticism is ! misuse ( hi/orical examples1 & a display ( great read+ or le>n+4 ,:at ! hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,w> is we h already said1 & we %all fur!r expla9 our views on examples & on milit>y hi/ory 9 g5]al 9 special *apt]s4 ,"o fact m]ely t\*$ ^u 9 a v cursory mann] may be us$ to support ! mo/ opposite views1 & ?ree or f\r su* facts ( ! mo/ het]og5e\s description1 br\ght toge!r out ( ! mo/ di/ant l&s & remote times & heap$ up1 g5]ally di/ract & bewild] ! judgm5t & und]/&+ )\t demon/rat+ any?+2 = :5 expos$ to ! light !y turn out to be only trump]y rubbi%1 made use ( to %[ (f ! au?or's le>n+4 ,b :at c be ga9$ = practical life by su* obscure1 p>tly false1 confus$ arbitr>y conceptions8 ,s little is ga9$ t !ory on acc\nt ( !m has always be5 a true anti!sis ( practice1 & frequ5tly a subject ( ridicule to ^? ^: soldi]ly qualities 9 ! field are above "q4 ,b x is impossible t ?is c\ld h be5 ! case1 if !ory 9 simple language1 & by natural treatm5t ( ^? ?+s :i* con/itute ! ,art ( mak+ ,w>1 _h m]ely s\ght to e/abli% j s mu* z admits ( be+ e/abli%$2 if1 avoid+ all false pret5sions & irrelevant display ( sci5tific =ms & hi/orical p>allels1 x _h kept close to ! subject1 & gone h& 9 h& ) ^? :o mu/ conduct affairs 9 ! field by _! own natural g5ius4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,on ,examples ,examples f hi/ory make ev]y?+ cle>1 & furni% ! be/ description ( pro( 9 ! empirical sci5ces4 ,?is applies ) m =ce to ! ,art ( ,w> ?an to any o!r4 ,g5]al ,s*>nhor/1 ^: h&book is ! be/ ev] writt5 on actual ,w>1 pron\nces hi/orical examples to be ( ! fir/ importance1 & makes an admirable use ( !m himself4 ,_h he surviv$ ! ,w> 9 :i* he fell17997 ! f\r? "p ( 8 revis$ treatise on artill]y w\ld h giv5 a /ill great] pro( ( ! obs]v+ & enlight5$ _s 9 :i* he sift$ matt]s ( exp]i5ce4 ,b su* use ( hi/orical examples is r>ely made by !oretical writ]s2 ! way 9 :i* !y m commonly make use ( !m is r calculat$ to leave ! m9d unsatisfi$1 z well z to (f5d ! und]/&+4 ,we !re=e ?9k x important to br+ specially into view ! use & abuse ( hi/orical examples4 7997 ,g5]al ,s*>nhor/ di$ 9 #ahac1 ( a w\nd receiv$ 9 ! battle ( ,bautz5 or ,grosz ,gor*5--,,editor4 ,unque/ionably ! bran*es ( k :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( ! ,art ( ,w> come "u ! d5om9ation ( empirical sci5ces2 = al?\gh !y are d]iv$ 9 a great measure f ! nature ( ?+s1 /ill we c only le>n ?is v nature itself = ! mo/ "p f exp]i5ce2 & besides t1 ! practical application is modifi$ by s _m circum/ances t ! effects c nev] be completely le>nt f ! m]e nature ( ! means4 ,! effects ( gunp[d]1 t great ag5t 9 our milit>y activity1 7 only le>nt by exp]i5ce1 & up to ?is h\r exp]im5ts are cont9ually 9 progress 9 ord] to inve/igate !m m fully4 ,t an iron ball to :i* p[d] has giv5 a velocity ( #ajjj feet 9 a second1 sma%es e liv+ ?+ :i* x t\*es 9 its c\rse is intelligible 9 itself2 exp]i5ce is n requir$ to tell u t2 b 9 produc+ ?is effect h[ _m hundr$ circum/ances are conc]n$1 "s ( :i* c only be le>nt by exp]i5ce6 ,& ! physical is n ! only effect :i* we h to /udy1 x is ! moral :i* we are 9 se>* (1 & t c only be asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce2 & !re is no o!r way ( le>n+ & appreciat+ x b by exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! middle ages1 :5 fire>ms 7 fir/ inv5t$1 _! effect1 ow+ to _! rude make1 0 mat]ially b trifl+ comp>$ to :at x n[ is1 b _! effect morally 0 mu* great]4 ,"o mu/ h witness$ ! firmness ( "o ( ^? masses taught & l$ by ,buonap>te1 "u ! heavie/ & mo/ un9t]mitt5t cannonade1 9 ord] to und]/& :at troops1 h>d5$ by long practice 9 ! field ( dang]1 c d1 :5 by a c>e] ( victory !y h rea*$ ! noble pr9ciple ( dem&+ f !mselves _! utmo/ ef=ts4 ,9 pure conception no "o w\ld believe x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is well kn[n t !re are troops 9 ! s]vice ( ,european ,p[]s at ! pres5t mom5t :o w\ld easily be disp]s$ by a few cannon %ots4 ,b no empirical sci5ce1 consequ5tly also no !ory ( ! ,art ( ,w>1 c always corroborate its tru?s by hi/orical pro(2 x w\ld also be1 9 "s measure1 difficult to support exp]i5ce by s+le facts4 ,if any means is once f\nd efficaci\s 9 ,w>1 x is repeat$2 "o nation copies ano!r1 ! ?+ becomes ! fa%ion1 & 9 ?is mann] x comes into use1 support$ by exp]i5ce1 & takes its place 9 !ory1 :i* cont5ts itself ) appeal+ to exp]i5ce 9 g5]al 9 ord] to %[ its orig91 b n z a v]ification ( its tru?4 ,b x is q o!rwise if exp]i5ce is to be us$ 9 ord] to ov]?r[ "s means 9 use1 to confirm :at is d\btful1 or introduce some?+ new2 !n p>ticul> examples f hi/ory mu/ be quot$ z pro(s4 ,n[1 if we consid] closely ! use ( hi/orical pro(s1 f\r po9ts ( view readily pres5t !mselves = ! purpose4 ,fir/1 !y may be us$ m]ely z an explanation ( an idea4 ,9 e ab/ract consid]ation x is v easy to be misund]/ood1 or n to be intelligible at all3 :5 an au?or is afraid ( ?is1 an exemplification f hi/ory s]ves to ?r[ ! light :i* is want$ on 8 idea1 & to ensure 8 be+ intelligible to 8 read]4 ,secondly1 x may s]ve z an application ( an idea1 because by means ( an example !re is an opportunity ( %[+ ! action ( ^? m9or circum/ances :i* _c all be compreh5d$ & expla9$ 9 any g5]al expression ( an idea2 = 9 t consi/s1 inde$1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !ory & exp]i5ce4 ,bo? ^! cases belong to examples prop]ly speak+1 ! two foll[+ belong to hi/orical pro(s4 ,?irdly1 a hi/orical fact may be ref]r$ to p>ticul>ly1 9 ord] to support :at "o has advanc$4 ,?is is 9 all cases suffici5t1 if we h only to prove ! possibility ( a fact or effect4 ,la/ly1 9 ! f\r? place1 f ! circum/antial detail ( a hi/orical ev5t1 & by collect+ toge!r sev]al ( !m1 we may d$uce "s !ory1 :i* !re=e has its true pro( 9 ?is te/imony itself4 ,= ! fir/ ( ^! purposes all t is g5]ally requir$ is a cursory notice ( ! case1 z x is only us$ p>tially4 ,hi/orical correctness is a second>y consid]ation2 a case inv5t$ might also s]ve ! purpose z well1 only hi/orical ones are always to be pref]r$1 because !y br+ ! idea :i* !y illu/rate ne>] to practical life4 ,! second use supposes a m circum/antial relation ( ev5ts1 b hi/orical au!nticity is aga9 ( second>y importance1 & 9 respect to ?is po9t ! same is to be said z 9 ! fir/ case4 ,= ! ?ird purpose ! m]e quotation ( an und\bt$ fact is g5]ally suffici5t4 ,if x is ass]t$ t =tifi$ positions may fulfil _! object "u c]ta9 conditions1 x is only necess>y to m5tion ! position ( ,bunzelwitz7997 9 support ( ! ass]tion4 7997 ,fr$]ick ! ,great's celebrat$ entr5*$ camp 9 #agfa4 ,b if1 ?r\gh ! n>rative ( a case 9 hi/ory1 an ab/ract tru? is to be demon/rat$1 !n ev]y?+ 9 ! case be>+ on ! demon/ration mu/ be analys$ 9 ! mo/ se>*+ & complete mann]2 x mu/1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 develop itself c>efully be=e ! eyes ( ! read]4 ,! less effectually ?is is done ! weak] w be ! pro(1 & ! m necess>y x w be to supply ! demon/rative pro( :i* is want+ 9 ! s+le case by a numb] ( cases1 because we h a "r to suppose t ! m m9ute details :i* we are unable to give neutralise ea* o!r 9 _! effects 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( cases4 ,if we want to %[ by example d]iv$ f exp]i5ce t cavalry are bett] plac$ beh9d ?an 9 a l9e ) infantry2 t x is v haz>d\s )\t a decid$ prepond]ance ( numb]s to attempt an envelop+ movem5t1 ) widely sep>at$ columns1 ei!r on a field ( battle or 9 ! !atre ( w>--t is1 ei!r tactically or /rategically--!n 9 ! fir/ ( ^! cases x w\ld n be suffici5t to specify "s lo/ battles 9 :i* ! cavalry 0 on ! flanks & "s ga9$ 9 :i* ! cavalry 0 9 re> ( ! infantry2 & 9 ! tatt] ( ^! cases x is n suffici5t to ref] to ! battles ( ,rivoli & ,wagram1 to ! attack ( ! ,au/rians on ! !atre ( w> 9 ,italy1 9 #agif1 or ( ! ,fr5* ^u ! ,g]man !atre ( w> 9 ! same ye>4 ,! way 9 :i* ^! ord]s ( battle or plans ( attack ess5tially contribut$ to disa/r\s issues 9 ^? p>ticul> cases mu/ be %[n by closely trac+ out circum/ances & occurr5ces4 ,!n x w appe> h[ f> su* =ms or measures are to be condemn$1 a po9t :i* x is v necess>y to %[1 = a total condemnation w\ld be inconsi/5t ) tru?4 ,x has be5 already said t :5 a circum/antial detail ( facts is impossible1 ! demon/rative p[] :i* is defici5t may to a c]ta9 ext5t be suppli$ by ! numb] ( cases quot$2 b ?is is a v dang]\s me?od ( gett+ out ( ! difficulty1 & "o :i* has be5 mu* abus$4 ,in/ead ( "o well-expla9$ example1 ?ree or f\r are j t\*$ ^u1 & ?us a %[ is made ( /rong evid5ce4 ,b !re are matt]s :]e a :ole doz5 ( cases br\ght =w>d w\ld prove no?+1 if1 = in/ance1 !y are facts ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & !re=e a doz5 o!r cases ) an opposite result might j z easily be br\ght =w>d4 ,if any "o w in/ance a doz5 lo/ battles 9 :i* ! side beat5 attack$ 9 sep>ate conv]g+ columns1 we c in/ance a doz5 t h be5 ga9$ 9 :i* ! same ord] 0 adopt$4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is way no result is to be obta9$4 ,^u c>efully consid]+ ^! diff]5t po9ts1 x w be se5 h[ easily examples may be misappli$4 ,an occurr5ce :i*1 in/ead ( be+ c>efully analys$ 9 all its p>ts1 is sup]ficially notic$1 is l an object se5 at a great di/ance1 pres5t+ ! same appe>ance on ea* side1 & 9 :i* ! details ( its p>ts _c be di/+ui%$4 ,su* examples h1 9 reality1 s]v$ to support ! mo/ contradictory op9ions4 ,to "s ,daun's campaigns are models ( prud5ce & skill4 ,to o!rs1 !y are no?+ b examples ( timidity & want ( resolution4 ,buonap>te's passage across ! ,noric ,alps 9 #agig may be made to appe> ! noble/ resolution1 b also z an act ( %e] tem]ity4 ,8 /rategic defeat 9 #ahab may be repres5t$ z ! consequ5ce ei!r ( an excess1 or ( a defici5cy1 ( en]gy4 ,all ^! op9ions h be5 broa*$1 & x is easy to see t !y might v well arise1 because ea* p]son takes a diff]5t view ( ! connection ( ev5ts4 ,at ! same "t ^! antagoni/ic op9ions _c be reconcil$ ) ea* o!r1 & !re=e "o ( ! two mu/ be wrong4 ,mu* z we are oblig$ to ! wor?y ,feuqui]es = ! num]\s examples introduc$ 9 8 memoirs--p>tly because a numb] ( hi/orical incid5ts h ?us be5 pres]v$ :i* might o!rwise h be5 lo/1 & p>tly because he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to br+ !oretical1 t is1 ab/ract1 ideas into connection ) ! practical 9 w>1 9 s f> t ! cases br\ght =w>d may be reg>d$ z int5d$ to exemplify & confirm :at is !oretically ass]t$--yet1 9 ! op9ion ( an imp>tial read]1 he w h>dly be all[$ to h atta9$ ! object he propos$ to himself1 t ( prov+ !oretical pr9ciples by hi/orical examples4 ,= al?\gh he sometimes relates occurr5ces ) great m9ut5ess1 /ill he falls %ort v (t5 ( %[+ t ! d$uctions drawn necess>ily proce$ f ! inn] relations ( ^! ev5ts4 ,ano!r evil :i* comes f ! sup]ficial notice ( hi/orical ev5ts1 is t "s read]s are ei!r :olly ignorant ( ! ev5ts1 or _c call !m to remembrance suffici5tly to be able to grasp ! au?or's mean+1 s t !re is no alt]native betwe5 ei!r accept+ bl9dly :at is said1 or rema9+ unconv9c$4 ,x is extremely difficult to put toge!r or unfold hi/orical ev5ts be=e ! eyes ( a read] 9 su* a way z is necess>y1 9 ord] to be able to use !m z pro(s2 = ! writ] v (t5 wants ! means1 & c nei!r af=d ! "t nor ! requisite space2 b we ma9ta9 t1 :5 ! object is to e/abli% a new or d\btful op9ion1 "o s+le example1 ?or\ghly analys$1 is f> m in/ructive ?an t5 :i* are sup]ficially treat$4 ,! great mis*ief ( ^! sup]ficial repres5tations is n t ! writ] puts 8 /ory =w>d z a pro( :5 x has only a false title1 b t he has n made himself prop]ly acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 & t f ?is sort ( slov5ly1 %all[ treatm5t ( hi/ory1 a hundr$ false views & attempts at ! con/ruction ( !ories arise1 :i* w\ld nev] h made _! appe>ance if ! writ] _h look$ ^u x z 8 duty to d$uce f ! /rict connection ( ev5ts ev]y?+ new :i* he br\ght to m>ket1 & s\ght to prove f hi/ory4 ,:5 we are conv9c$ ( ^! difficulties 9 ! use ( hi/orical examples1 & at ! same "t ( ! necessity 7( mak+ use ( su* examples71 !n we %all also come to ! conclusion t ! late/ milit>y hi/ory is naturally ! be/ field f :i* to draw !m1 inasmu* z x alone is suffici5tly au!ntic & detail$4 ,9 anci5t times1 circum/ances connect$ ) ,w>1 z well z ! me?od ( c>ry+ x on1 7 diff]5t2 !re=e its ev5ts are ( less use to u ei!r !oretically or practically2 9 addition to :i*1 milit>y hi/ory1 l e o!r1 naturally loses 9 ! c\rse ( "t a numb] ( small traits & l9eam5ts orig9ally to be se51 loses 9 col\r & life1 l a worn-out or d>k5$ picture2 s t p]haps at la/ only ! l>ge masses & lead+ features rema91 :i* ?us acquire undue proportions4 ,if we look at ! pres5t /ate ( w>f>e1 we %\ld say t ! ,w>s s9ce t ( ! ,au/rian succession are almo/ ! only ones :i*1 at lea/ z f> z armam5t1 h /ill a consid]able simil>ity to ! pres5t1 & :i*1 not)/&+ ! _m important *anges :i* h tak5 place bo? great & small1 are /ill capable ( af=d+ mu* in/ruction4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ! ,w> ( ! ,spani% succession1 z ! use ( fire-arms _h n !n s f> advanc$ t[>ds p]fection1 & cavalry /ill cont9u$ ! mo/ important arm4 ,! f>!r we g back1 ! less useful becomes milit>y hi/ory1 z x gets s mu* ! m meagre & b>r5 ( detail4 ,! mo/ useless ( all is t ( ! old _w4 ,b ?is uselessness is n altoge!r absolute1 x relates only to ^? subjects :i* dep5d on a k ( m9ute details1 or on ^? ?+s 9 :i* ! me?od ( conduct+ w> has *ang$4 ,al?\gh we "k v little ab\t ! tactics 9 ! battles betwe5 ! ,swiss & ! ,au/rians1 ! ,burgundians & ,fr5*1 /ill we f9d 9 !m unmi/akable evid5ce t !y 7 ! fir/ 9 :i* ! sup]iority ( a good infantry ov] ! be/ cavalry 01 display$4 ,a g5]al glance at ! "t ( ! ,condotti]i tea*es u h[ ! :ole me?od ( conduct+ ,w> is dep5d5t on ! in/rum5t us$2 = at no p]iod h ! =ces us$ 9 ,w> _h s mu* ! *>act]i/ics ( a special in/rum5t1 & be5 a class s totally di/9ct f ! re/ ( ! national community4 ,! memorable way 9 :i* ! ,romans 9 ! second ,punic ,w> attack$ ! ,c>?ag9an possessions 9 ,spa9 & ,africa1 :ile ,hannibal /ill ma9ta9$ himself 9 ,italy1 is a mo/ in/ructive subject to /udy1 z ! g5]al relations ( ! ,/ates & ,armies conc]n$ 9 ?is indirect act ( def5ce are suffici5tly well kn[n4 ,b ! m ?+s desc5d into p>ticul>s & deviate 9 "* f ! mo/ g5]al relations1 ! less we c look = examples & lessons ( exp]i5ce f v remote p]iods1 = we h nei!r ! means ( judg+ prop]ly ( correspond+ ev5ts1 nor c we apply !m to our completely diff]5t me?od ( ,w>4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 x has always be5 ! fa%ion ) hi/orical writ]s to talk ab\t anci5t times4 ,we %all n say h[ f> vanity & *>latanism may h _h a %>e 9 ?is1 b 9 g5]al we fail to discov] any hone/ int5tion & e>ne/ endeav\r to in/ruct & conv9ce1 & we c !re=e only look ^u su* quotations & ref]5ces z embelli%m5ts to fill up gaps & hide defects4 ,x w\ld be an imm5se s]vice to tea* ! ,art ( ,w> entirely by hi/orical examples1 z ,feuqui]es propos$ to d2 b x w\ld be full "w = ! :ole life ( a man1 if we reflect t he :o und]takes x mu/ fir/ qualify himself = ! task by a long p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 actual ,w>4 ,:oev]1 /irr$ by ambition1 und]takes su* a task1 let him prep>e himself = 8 pi\s und]tak+ z = a long pilgrimage2 let him give up 8 "t1 sp>e no sacrifice1 fe> no temporal rank or p[]1 & rise above all feel+s ( p]sonal vanity1 ( false %ame1 9 ord]1 accord+ to ! ,fr5* code1 to speak ! ,tru?1 ! :ole ,tru?1 & no?+ b ! ,tru?4 ,,book ,,iii4 ,,( ,,/rategy ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,*apt] ,i4 ,/rategy ,9 ! second *apt] ( ! second book1 ,/rategy has be5 def9$ z 8! employm5t ( ! battle z ! means t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ! object ( ! ,w>40 ,prop]ly speak+ x has to d ) no?+ b ! battle1 b its !ory mu/ include 9 ?is consid]ation ! in/rum5t ( ?is real activity--! arm$ =ce--9 itself & 9 its pr9cipal relations1 = ! battle is f\ght by x1 & %[s its effects ^u x 9 turn4 ,x mu/ be well acqua9t$ ) ! battle itself z f> z relates to its possible results1 & ^? m5tal & moral p[]s :i* are ! mo/ important 9 ! use ( ! same4 ,/rategy is ! employm5t ( ! battle to ga9 ! end ( ! ,w>2 x mu/ !re=e give an aim to ! :ole milit>y action1 :i* mu/ be 9 accordance ) ! object ( ! ,w>2 9 o!r words1 ,/rategy =ms ! plan ( ! ,w>1 & to ?is end x l9ks toge!r ! s]ies ( acts :i* are to lead to ! f9al decision1 t1 is to say1 x makes ! plans = ! sep>ate campaigns & regulates ! combats to be f\ght 9 ea*4 ,z ^! are all ?+s :i* to a great ext5t c only be det]m9$ on conjectures "s ( :i* turn out incorrect1 :ile a numb] ( o!r arrangem5ts p]ta9+ to details _c be made at all be=eh&1 x foll[s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ,/rategy mu/ g ) ! ,army to ! field 9 ord] to arrange p>ticul>s on ! spot1 & to make ! modifications 9 ! g5]al plan1 :i* incessantly become necess>y 9 ,w>4 ,/rategy c !re=e nev] take its h& f ! "w = a mom5t4 ,t ?is1 h[ev]1 has n always be5 ! view tak5 is evid5t f ! =m] cu/om ( keep+ ,/rategy 9 ! cab9et & n ) ! ,army1 a ?+ only all[able if ! cab9et is s ne> to ! ,army t x c be tak5 = ! *ief head-qu>t]s ( ! ,army4 ,!ory w !re=e att5d on ,/rategy 9 ! det]m9ation ( its plans1 or1 z we may m prop]ly say1 x w ?r[ a light on ?+s 9 !mselves1 & on _! relations to ea* o!r1 & br+ out prom95tly ! little t !re is ( pr9ciple or rule4 ,if we recall to m9d f ! fir/ *apt] h[ _m ?+s ( ! highe/ importance ,w> t\*es ^u1 we may conceive t a consid]ation ( all requires a r>e grasp ( m9d4 ,a ,pr9ce or ,g5]al :o kn[s exactly h[ to organise 8 ,w> accord+ to 8 object & means1 :o does nei!r too little nor too mu*1 gives by t ! greate/ pro( ( 8 g5ius4 ,b ! effects ( ?is tal5t are exhibit$ n s mu* by ! inv5tion ( new modes ( action1 :i* might /rike ! eye imm$iately1 z 9 ! successful f9al result ( ! :ole4 ,x is ! exact fulfilm5t ( sil5t suppositions1 x is ! noiseless h>mony ( ! :ole action :i* we %\ld admire1 & :i* only makes itself kn[n 9 ! total result4 ,inquir] :o1 trac+ back f ! f9al result1 does n p]ceive ! signs ( t h>mony is "o :o is apt to seek = g5ius :]e x is n1 & :]e x _c be f\nd4 ,! means & =ms :i* ,/rategy uses are 9 fact s extremely simple1 s well kn[n by _! con/ant repetition1 t x only appe>s ridicul\s to s\nd common s5se :5 x he>s critics s frequ5tly speak+ ( !m ) high-fl[n emphasis4 ,turn+ a flank1 :i* has be5 done a ?\s& times1 is reg>d$ "h z a pro( ( ! mo/ brilliant g5ius1 !re z a pro( ( ! mo/ pr(\nd p5etration1 inde$ ev5 ( ! mo/ compreh5sive k4 ,c !re be 9 ! book-_w m absurd productions87997 7997 ,?is p>agraph ref]s to ! works ( ,lloyd1 ,bl[1 inde$ to all ! eighte5?-c5tury writ]s1 f ^: influ5ce we 9 ,engl& are n ev5 yet free4--,,ed4 ,x is /ill m ridicul\s if1 9 addition to ?is1 we reflect t ! same critic1 9 accordance ) preval5t op9ion1 excludes all moral =ces f !ory1 & w n all[ x to be conc]n$ ) any?+ b ! mat]ial =ces1 s t all mu/ be conf9$ to a few ma!matical relations ( equilibrium & prepond]ance1 ( "t & space1 & a few l9es & angles4 ,if x 7 no?+ m ?an ?is1 !n out ( su* a mis]able bus9ess !re w\ld n be a sci5tific problem = ev5 a s*oolboy4 ,b let u admit3 !re is no "q "h ab\t sci5tific =mulas & problems2 ! relations ( mat]ial ?+s are all v simple2 ! "r compreh5sion ( ! moral =ces :i* come into play is m difficult4 ,/ill1 ev5 9 respect to !m1 x is only 9 ! highe/ bran*es ( ,/rategy t moral complications & a great div]sity ( quantities & relations are to be look$ =1 only at t po9t :]e ,/rategy bord]s on political sci5ce1 or r :]e ! two become "o1 & !re1 z we h be=e obs]v$1 !y h m influ5ce on ! 8h[ mu*0 & 8h[ little0 is to be done ?an on ! =m ( execution4 ,:]e ! latt] is ! pr9cipal "q1 z 9 ! s+le acts bo? great & small 9 ,w>1 ! moral quantities are already r$uc$ to a v small numb]4 ,?us1 !n1 9 ,/rategy ev]y?+ is v simple1 b n on t acc\nt v easy4 ,once x is det]m9$ f ! relations ( ! ,/ate :at %\ld & may be done by ,w>1 !n ! way to x is easy to f9d2 b to foll[ t way /raight=w>d1 to c>ry out ! plan )\t be+ oblig$ to deviate f x a ?\s& times by a ?\s& v>y+ influ5ces1 requires1 besides great /r5g? ( "*1 great cle>ness & /ead9ess ( m9d1 & out ( a ?\s& m5 :o are rem>kable1 "s = m9d1 o!rs = p5etration1 o!rs aga9 = boldness or /r5g? ( w1 p]haps n "o w comb9e 9 himself all ^? qualities :i* are requir$ to raise a man above m$iocrity 9 ! c>e] ( a g5]al4 ,x may s\nd /range1 b = all :o "k ,w> 9 ?is respect x is a fact beyond d\bt1 t mu* m /r5g? ( w is requir$ to make an important decision 9 ,/rategy ?an 9 tactics4 ,9 ! latt] we are hurri$ on ) ! mom5t2 a ,comm&] feels himself borne along 9 a /rong curr5t1 aga9/ :i* he dur/ n cont5d )\t ! mo/ de/ructive consequ5ces1 he suppresses ! ris+ fe>s1 & boldly v5tures fur!r4 ,9 ,/rategy1 :]e all goes on at a sl[] rate1 !re is m room all[$ = our own appreh5sions & ^? ( o!rs1 = objections & remon/rances1 consequ5tly also = unseasonable regrets2 & z we d n see ?+s 9 ,/rategy z we d at lea/ half ( !m 9 tactics1 ) ! liv+ eye1 b ev]y?+ mu/ be conjectur$ & assum$1 ! convictions produc$ are less p[]ful4 ,! consequ5ce is t mo/ ,g5]als1 :5 !y %\ld act1 rema9 /uck fa/ 9 bewild]+ d\bts4 ,n[ let u ca/ a glance at hi/ory--^u ,fr$]ick ! ,great's campaign ( #agfj1 celebrat$ = its f9e m>*es & manuvres3 a p]fect ma/]piece ( ,/rategic skill z critics tell u4 ,is !re really any?+ to drive u out ( our wits ) admiration 9 ! ,k+'s fir/ try+ to turn ,daun's "r flank1 !n 8 left1 !n aga9 8 "r1 c48 ,are we to see pr(\nd wisdom 9 ?is8 ,no1 t we _c1 if we are to decide naturally & )\t affectation4 ,:at we r admire above all is ! sagacity ( ! ,k+ 9 ?is respect1 t :ile pursu+ a great object ) v limit$ means1 he und]took no?+ beyond 8 p[]s1 & j en\gh to ga9 8 object4 ,?is sagacity ( ! ,g5]al is visible n only 9 ?is campaign1 b ?r\gh\t all ! ?ree ,w>s ( ! ,great ,k+6 ,to br+ ,silesia into ! safe h>b\r ( a well-gu>ante$ peace 0 8 object4 ,at ! head ( a small ,/ate1 :i* 0 l o!r ,/ates 9 mo/ ?+s1 & only ahead ( !m 9 "s bran*es ( adm9i/ration2 he c\ld n be an ,alex&]1 &1 z ,*>les ,,xii1 he w\ld only1 l him1 h brok5 8 head4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 9 ! :ole ( 8 conduct ( ,w>1 a controll$ p[]1 always well balanc$1 & nev] want+ 9 en]gy1 :i* 9 ! mo/ critical mom5ts rises to a/oni%+ de$s1 & ! next mom5t oscillates quietly on aga9 9 subord9ation to ! play ( ! mo/ subtle political influ5ces4 ,nei!r vanity1 ?ir/ = glory1 nor v5geance c\ld make him deviate f 8 c\rse1 & ?is c\rse alone x is :i* br\ght him to a =tunate t]m9ation ( ! conte/4 ,^! few words d b scant ju/ice to ?is phase ( ! g5ius ( ! great ,g5]al2 ! eyes mu/ be fix$ c>efully on ! extraord9>y issue ( ! /ruggle1 & ! causes :i* br\ght ab\t t issue mu/ be trac$ out1 9 ord] ?or\ghly to und]/& t no?+ b ! ,k+'s p5etrat+ eye br\ght him safely out ( all 8 dang]s4 ,?is is "o feature 9 ?is great ,comm&] :i* we admire 9 ! campaign ( #agfj--;& 9 all o!rs1 b 9 ?is especially--because 9 none did he keep ! balance ev5 aga9/ su* a sup]ior ho/ile =ce1 ) su* a small sacrifice4 ,ano!r feature relates to ! difficulty ( execution4 ,m>*es to turn a flank1 "r or left1 are easily comb9$2 ! idea ( keep+ a small =ce always well conc5trat$ to be able to meet ! enemy on equal t]ms at any po9t1 to multiply a =ce by rapid movem5t1 is z easily conceiv$ z express$2 ! m]e contrivance 9 ^! po9ts1 !re=e1 _c excite our admiration1 & ) respect to su* simple ?+s1 !re is no?+ fur!r ?an to admit t !y are simple4 ,b let a ,g5]al try to d ^! ?+s l ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,long aft]w>ds au?ors1 :o 7 eyewitnesses1 h spok5 ( ! dang]1 inde$ ( ! imprud5ce1 ( ! ,k+'s camps1 & d\btless1 at ! "t he pit*$ !m1 ! dang] appe>$ ?ree times z great z aft]w>ds4 ,x 0 ! same ) 8 m>*es1 "u ! eyes1 nay1 (t5 "u ! cannon ( ! enemy's ,army2 ^! camps 7 tak5 up1 ^! m>*es made1 n f want ( prud5ce1 b because 9 ,daun's sy/em1 9 8 mode ( draw+ up 8 ,army1 9 ! responsibility :i* press$ ^u him1 & 9 8 "*1 ,fr$]ick f\nd t security :i* ju/ifi$ 8 camps & m>*es4 ,b x requir$ ! ,k+'s boldness1 det]m9ation1 & /r5g? ( w to see ?+s 9 ?is light1 & n to be l$ a/ray & intimidat$ by ! dang] ( :i* ?irty ye>s aft] p /ill wrote & spoke4 ,few ,g5]als 9 ?is situation w\ld h believ$ ^! simple /rategic means to be practicable4 ,aga91 ano!r difficulty 9 execution lay 9 ?is1 t ! ,k+'s ,army 9 ?is campaign 0 con/antly 9 motion4 ,twice x m>*$ by wret*$ cross-roads1 f ! ,elbe into ,silesia1 9 re> ( ,daun & pursu$ by ,lascy 7beg9n+ ( ,july1 beg9n+ ( ,augu/74 ,x requir$ to be always ready = battle1 & its m>*es _h to be organis$ ) a degree ( skill :i* necess>ily call$ =? a proportionate am\nt ( ex]tion4 ,al?\gh att5d$ & delay$ by ?\s&s ( waggons1 /ill its subsi/5ce 0 extremely difficult4 ,9 ,silesia1 = eight days be=e ! battle ( ,leignitz1 x _h con/antly to m>*1 defil+ alt]nately "r & left 9 front ( ! enemy3--?is co/s great fatigue1 & entails great privations4 ,is x to be suppos$ t all ?is c\ld h be5 done )\t produc+ great friction 9 ! ma*9e8 ,c ! m9d ( a ,comm&] elaborate su* movem5ts ) ! same ease z ! h& ( a l& surveyor uses ! a/rolabe8 ,does n ! sight ( ! suff]+s ( _! hungry1 ?ir/y comrades pi]ce ! he>ts ( ! ,comm&] & 8 ,g5]als a ?\s& times8 ,mu/ n ! murmurs & d\bts :i* ^! cause rea* 8 e>8 ,has an ord9>y man ! c\rage to dem& su* sacrifices1 & w\ld n su* ef=ts mo/ c]ta9ly demoralise ! ,army1 break up ! b&s ( discipl9e1 &1 9 %ort1 und]m9e its milit>y virtue1 if firm reliance on ! greatness & infallibility ( ! ,comm&] did n comp5sate = all8 ,"h1 !re=e1 x is t we %\ld pay respect2 x is ^! miracles ( execution :i* we %\ld admire4 ,b x is impossible to realise all ?is 9 its full =ce )\t a =eta/e ( x by exp]i5ce4 ,he :o only kn[s ,w> f books or ! drill-gr\nd _c realise ! :ole effect ( ?is c\nt]poise 9 action2 we beg him1 !re=e1 to accept f u on fai? & tru/ all t he is unable to supply f any p]sonal exp]i5ces ( 8 own4 ,?is illu/ration is int5d$ to give m cle>ness to ! c\rse ( our ideas1 & 9 clos+ ?is *apt] we w only briefly obs]ve t 9 our exposition ( ,/rategy we %all describe ^? sep>ate subjects :i* appe> to u ! mo/ important1 :e!r ( a moral or mat]ial nature2 !n proce$ f ! simple to ! complex1 & conclude ) ! inn] connection ( ! :ole act ( ,w>1 9 o!r words1 ) ! plan = a ,w> or campaign4 ,,obs]vation4 ,9 an e>li] manuscript ( ! second book are ! foll[+ passages endors$ by ! au?or himself to be us$ = ! fir/ ,*apt] ( ! second ,book3 ! project$ revision ( t *apt] n hav+ be5 made1 ! passages ref]r$ to are introduc$ "h 9 full4 ,by ! m]e assemblage ( arm$ =ces at a p>ticul> po9t1 a battle !re becomes possible1 b does n always take place4 ,is t possibility n[ to be reg>d$ z a reality & !re=e an effective ?+8 ,c]ta9ly1 x is s by its results1 & ^! effects1 :atev] !y may be1 c nev] fail4 #a4 ,,possible ,,combats ,,are ,,on ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,_! ,,results ,,to ,,be ,,look$ ,,^u ,,z ,,real ,,ones4 ,if a deta*m5t is s5t away to cut (f ! retreat ( a fly+ enemy1 & ! enemy surr5d]s 9 consequ5ce )\t fur!r resi/ance1 /ill x is ?r\gh ! combat :i* is (f]$ to him by ?is deta*m5t s5t aft] him t he is br\ght to 8 decision4 ,if a "p ( our ,army occupies an enemy's prov9ce :i* 0 undef5d$1 & ?us deprives ! enemy ( v consid]able means ( keep+ up ! /r5g? ( 8 ,army1 x is entirely ?r\gh ! battle :i* our deta*$ body gives ! enemy to expect1 9 case he seeks to recov] ! lo/ prov9ce1 t we rema9 9 possession ( ! same4 ,9 bo? cases1 !re=e1 ! m]e possibility ( a battle has produc$ results1 & is !re=e to be class$ among/ actual ev5ts4 ,suppose t 9 ^! cases ! enemy has oppos$ our troops ) o!rs sup]ior 9 =ce1 & ?us =c$ ours to give up _! object )\t a combat1 !n c]ta9ly our plan has fail$1 b ! battle :i* we (f]$ at 7ei!r (7 ^? po9ts has n on t acc\nt be5 )\t effect1 = x attract$ ! enemy's =ces to t po9t4 ,& 9 case our :ole und]tak+ has done u h>m1 x _c be said t ^! positions1 ^! possible battles1 h be5 att5d$ ) no results2 _! effects1 !n1 are simil> to ^? ( a lo/ battle4 ,9 ?is mann] we see t ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ces1 ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy's p[]1 is only to be done ?r\gh ! effect ( a battle1 :e!r x be t x actually takes place1 or t x is m]ely (f]$1 & n accept$4 #b4 ,,tw(old ,,object ,,( ,,! ,,combat4 ,b ^! effects are ( two k9ds1 direct & indirect !y are ( ! latt]1 if o!r ?+s intrude !mselves & become ! object ( ! combat--?+s :i* _c be reg>d$ z ! de/ruction ( enemy's =ce1 b only lead+ up to x1 c]ta9ly by a circuit\s road1 b ) s mu* ! great] effect4 ,! possession ( prov9ces1 t[ns1 =tresses1 roads1 bridges1 magaz9es1 c41 may be ! imm$iate object ( a battle1 b nev] ! ultimate "o4 ,?+s ( ?is description c nev] be1 look$ ^u o!rwise ?an z means ( ga9+ great] sup]iority1 s z at la/ to (f] battle to ! enemy 9 su* a way t x w be impossible = him to accept x4 ,!re=e all ^! ?+s mu/ only be reg>d$ z int]m$iate l9ks1 /eps1 z x 71 lead+ up to ! effectual pr9ciple1 b nev] z t pr9ciple itself4 #c4 ,,example4 ,9 #ahad1 by ! capture ( ,buonap>te's capital ! object ( ! ,w> 0 atta9$4 ,! political divisions :i* _h _! roots 9 ,p>is came into active op]ation1 & an enorm\s split left ! p[] ( ! ,emp]or to collapse ( itself4 ,nev]!less ! po9t ( view f :i* we mu/ look at all ?is is1 t ?r\gh ^! causes ! =ces & def5sive means ( ,buonap>te 7 sudd5ly v mu* dim9i%$1 ! sup]iority ( ! ,allies1 !re=e1 j 9 ! same measure increas$1 & any fur!r resi/ance !n became impossible4 ,x 0 ?is impossibility :i* produc$ ! peace ) ,france4 ,if we suppose ! =ces ( ! ,allies at t mom5t dim9i%$ to a l ext5t ?r\gh ext]nal causes2--if ! sup]iority vani%es1 !n at ! same "t vani%es also all ! effect & importance ( ! tak+ ( ,p>is4 ,we h gone ?r\gh ?is *a9 ( argum5t 9 ord] to %[ t ?is is ! natural & only true view ( ! ?+ f :i* x d]ives its importance4 ,x leads always back to ! "q1 ,:at at any giv5 mom5t ( ! ,w> or campaign w be ! probable result ( ! great or small combats :i* ! two sides might (f] to ea* o!r8 ,9 ! consid]ation ( a plan = a campaign1 ?is "q only is decisive z to ! measures :i* are to be tak5 all ?r\gh f ! v comm5cem5t4 #d4 ,,:5 ,,?is ,,view ,,is ,,n ,,tak51 ,,!n ,a ,,false ,,value ,,is ,,giv5 ,,to ,,o!r ,,?+s4 ,if we d n accu/om ourselves to look ^u ,w>1 & ! s+le campaigns 9 a ,w>1 z a *a9 :i* is all compos$ ( battles /rung toge!r1 "o ( :i* always br+s on ano!r2 if we adopt ! idea t ! tak+ ( a c]ta9 geographical po9t1 ! occupation ( an undef5d$ prov9ce1 is 9 itself any?+2 !n we are v likely to reg>d x z an acquisition :i* we may reta92 & if we look at x s1 & n z a t]m 9 ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts1 we d n ask ourselves :e!r ?is possession may n lead to great] disadvantages h]eaft]4 ,h[ (t5 we f9d ?is mi/ake recurr+ 9 milit>y hi/ory4 ,we might say t1 j z 9 comm]ce ! m]*ant _c set ap>t & place 9 security ga9s f "o s+le transaction by itself1 s 9 ,w> a s+le advantage _c be sep>at$ f ! result ( ! :ole4 ,j z ! =m] mu/ always op]ate ) ! :ole bulk ( 8 means1 j s 9 ,w>1 only ! sum total w decide on ! advantage or disadvantage ( ea* item4 ,if ! m9d's eye is always direct$ ^u ! s]ies ( combats1 s f> z !y c be se5 be=eh&1 !n x is always look+ 9 ! "r direction1 & !reby ! motion ( ! =ce acquires t rapidity1 t is to say1 will+ & do+ acquire t en]gy :i* is suitable to ! matt]1 & :i* is n to be ?w>t$ or turn$ aside by extrane\s influ5ces47997 7997 ,! :ole ( ?is *apt] is direct$ aga9/ ! !ories ( ! ,au/rian ,/aff 9 #ahad4 ,x may be tak5 z ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n tea*+ ( ! ,prussian ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,see especially von ,kmm]4--,,ed4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,elem5ts ( ,/rategy ,! causes :i* condition ! use ( ! combat 9 ,/rategy may be easily divid$ into elem5ts ( diff]5t k9ds1 su* z ! moral1 physical1 ma!matical1 geographical & /ati/ical elem5ts4 ,! fir/ class includes all t c be call$ =? by moral qualities & effects2 to ! second belong ! :ole mass ( ! milit>y =ce1 its organisation1 ! proportion ( ! ?ree arms1 c4 c42 to ! ?ird1 ! angle ( ! l9es ( op]ation1 ! conc5tric & ecc5tric movem5ts 9 z f> z _! geometrical nature has any value 9 ! calculation2 to ! f\r?1 ! influ5ces ( c\ntry1 su* z comm&+ po9ts1 hills1 riv]s1 woods1 roads1 c4 c42 la/ly1 to ! fif?1 all ! means ( supply4 ,! sep>ation ( ^! ?+s once = all 9 ! m9d does good 9 giv+ cle>ness & help+ u to e/imate at once1 at a high] or l[] value1 ! diff]5t classes z we pass onw>ds4 ,=1 9 consid]+ !m sep>ately1 _m lose ( !mselves _! borr[$ importance2 "o feels1 = in/ance1 q pla9ly t ! value ( a base ( op]ations1 ev5 if we look at no?+ 9 x b its relative position to ! l9e ( op]ations1 dep5ds mu* less 9 t simple =m on ! geometrical elem5t ( ! angle :i* !y =m ) "o ano!r1 ?an on ! nature ( ! roads & ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,b to treat ^u ,/rategy accord+ to ^! elem5ts w\ld be ! mo/ un=tunate idea t c\ld be conceiv$1 = ^! elem5ts are g5]ally manifold1 & intimately connect$ ) ea* o!r 9 e s+le op]ation ( ,w>4 ,we %\ld lose ourselves 9 ! mo/ s\lless analysis1 & z if 9 a horrid dream1 we %\ld be = ev] try+ 9 va9 to build up an ar* to connect ?is base ( ab/ractions ) facts belong+ to ! real _w4 ,heav5 pres]ve e !ori/ f su* an und]tak+6 ,we %all keep to ! _w ( ?+s 9 _! totality1 & n pursue our analysis fur!r ?an is necess>y f "t to "t to give di/9ctness to ! idea :i* we wi% to imp>t1 & :i* has come to u1 n by a speculative inve/igation1 b ?r\gh ! impression made by ! realities ( ,w> 9 _! entirety4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,moral ,=ces ,we mu/ return aga9 to ?is subject1 :i* is t\*$ ^u 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ! second book1 because ! moral =ces are among/ ! mo/ important subjects 9 ,w>4 ,!y =m ! _s :i* p]meates ! :ole be+ ( ,w>4 ,^! =ces fa/5 !mselves soone/ & ) ! greate/ aff9ity on to ! ,w :i* puts 9 motion & guides ! :ole mass ( p[]s1 unit+ ) x z x 7 9 "o /ream1 because ?is is a moral =ce itself4 ,un=tunately !y w escape f all book-analysis1 = !y w nei!r be br\ght into numb]s nor into classes1 & require to be bo? se5 & felt4 ,! _s & o!r moral qualities :i* animate an ,army1 a ,g5]al1 or ,gov]nm5ts1 public op9ion 9 prov9ces 9 :i* a ,w> is rag+1 ! moral effect ( a victory or ( a defeat1 are ?+s :i* 9 !mselves v>y v mu* 9 _! nature1 & :i* also1 accord+ z !y /& ) reg>d to our object & our relations1 may h an influ5ce 9 diff]5t ways4 ,al?\gh little or no?+ c be said ab\t ^! ?+s 9 books1 /ill !y belong to ! !ory ( ! ,art ( ,w>1 z mu* z ev]y?+ else :i* con/itutes ,w>4 ,= ,i mu/ "h once m repeat t x is a mis]able philosophy if1 accord+ to ! old plan1 we e/abli% rules & pr9ciples :olly reg>dless ( all moral =ces1 & !n1 z soon z ^! =ces make _! appe>ance1 we beg9 to c\nt exceptions :i* we !reby e/abli% z x 7 !oretically1 t is1 make into rules2 or if we resort to an appeal to g5ius1 :i* is above all rules1 ?us giv+ out by implication1 n only t rules 7 only made = fools1 b also t !y !mselves are no bett] ?an folly4 ,ev5 if ! !ory ( ! ,art ( ,w> does no m 9 reality ?an recall ^! ?+s to remembrance1 %[+ ! necessity ( all[+ to ! moral =ces _! full value1 & ( always tak+ !m into consid]ation1 by s do+ x ext5ds its bord]s ov] ! region ( immat]ial =ces1 & by e/abli%+ t po9t ( view1 condemns be=eh& e "o :o w\ld endeav\r to ju/ify himself be=e its judgm5t seat by ! m]e physical relations ( =ces4 ,fur!r out ( reg>d to all o!r s-call$ rules1 !ory _c bani% ! moral =ces beyond its fronti]1 because ! effects ( ! physical =ces & ! moral are completely fus$1 & are n to be decompos$ l a metal alloy by a *emical process4 ,9 e rule relat+ to ! physical =ces1 !ory mu/ pres5t to ! m9d at ! same "t ! %>e :i* ! moral p[]s w h 9 x1 if x w\ld n be l$ to categorical propositions1 at "o "t too timid & contract$1 at ano!r too dogmatical & wide4 ,ev5 ! mo/ matt]-(-fact !ories h1 )\t kn[+ x1 /ray$ ov] into ?is moral k+dom2 =1 z an example1 ! effects ( a victory _c 9 any way be expla9$ )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! moral impressions4 ,& !re=e ! mo/ ( ! subjects :i* we %all g ?r\gh 9 ?is book are compos$ half ( physical1 half ( moral causes & effects1 & we might say ! physical are almo/ no m ?an ! wood5 h&le1 :il/ ! moral are ! noble metal1 ! real bright-poli%$ weapon4 ,! value ( ! moral p[]s1 & _! frequ5tly incr$ible influ5ce1 are be/ exemplifi$ by hi/ory1 & ?is is ! mo/ g5]\s & ! pure/ n\ri%m5t :i* ! m9d ( ! ,g5]al c extract f x4--,at ! same "t x is to be obs]v$1 t x is less demon/rations1 critical exam9ations1 & le>n$ treatises1 ?an s5tim5ts1 g5]al impressions1 & s+le fla%+ sp>ks ( tru?1 :i* yield ! se$s ( k t are to f]tilise ! m9d4 ,we might g ?r\gh ! mo/ important moral ph5om5a 9 ,w>1 & ) all ! c>e ( a dilig5t pr(essor try :at we c\ld imp>t ab\t ea*1 ei!r good or bad4 ,b z 9 su* a me?od "o slides too mu* into ! commonplace & trite1 :il/ real m9d quickly makes its escape 9 analysis1 ! end is t "o gets imp]ceptibly to ! relation ( ?+s :i* ev]ybody kn[s4 ,we pref]1 !re=e1 to rema9 "h m ?an usually incomplete & rhapsodical1 cont5t to h drawn att5tion to ! importance ( ! subject 9 a g5]al way1 & to h po9t$ out ! _s 9 :i* ! views giv5 9 ?is book h be5 conceiv$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,*ief ,moral ,p[]s ,^! are ,! ,tal5ts ( ! ,comm&]2 ,! ,milit>y ,virtue ( ! ,army2 ,its ,national feel+4 ,:i* ( ^! is ! mo/ important no "o c tell 9 a g5]al way1 = x is v difficult to say any?+ 9 g5]al ( _! /r5g?1 & /ill m difficult to comp>e ! /r5g? ( "o ) t ( ano!r4 ,! be/ plan is n to und]value any ( !m1 a fault :i* human judgm5t is prone to1 sometimes on "o side1 sometimes on ano!r1 9 its :imsical oscillations4 ,x is bett] to satisfy ourselves ( ! und5iable efficacy ( ^! ?ree ?+s by suffici5t evid5ce f hi/ory4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t 9 mod]n times ! ,armies ( ,european /ates h arriv$ v mu* at a p> z reg>ds discipl9e & fitness = s]vice1 & t ! conduct ( ,w> has--z philosoph]s w\ld say--naturally develop$ itself1 !reby become a me?od1 common z x 7 to all ,armies1 s t ev5 f ,comm&]s !re is no?+ fur!r to be expect$ 9 ! way ( application ( special means ( ,art1 9 ! limit$ s5se 7su* z ,fr$]ick ! ,second's oblique ord]74 ,h5ce x _c be d5i$ t1 z matt]s n[ /&1 great] scope is af=d$ = ! influ5ce ( ,national _s & habituation ( an army to ,w>4 ,a long peace may aga9 alt] all ?is47997 7997 ,writt5 %ortly aft] ! ,great ,napoleonic campaigns4 ,! national _s ( an ,army 7en?usiasm1 fanatical zeal1 fai?1 op9ion7 displays itself mo/ 9 m\nta9 w>f>e1 :]e e "o d[n to ! common soldi] is left to himself4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 a m\nta9\s c\ntry is ! be/ campaign+ gr\nd = popul> levies4 ,exp]tness ( an ,army ?r\gh tra9+1 & t well-temp]$ c\rage :i* holds ! ranks toge!r z if !y _h be5 ca/ 9 a m\ld1 %[ _! sup]iority 9 an op5 c\ntry4 ,! tal5t ( a ,g5]al has mo/ room to display itself 9 a closely int]sect$1 undulat+ c\ntry4 ,9 m\nta9s he has too little comm& ov] ! sep>ate p>ts1 & ! direction ( all is beyond 8 p[]s2 9 op5 pla9s x is simple & does n exce$ ^? p[]s4 ,accord+ to ^! und5iable elective aff9ities1 plans %\ld be regulat$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,milit>y ,virtue ( an ,army ,?is is di/+ui%$ f m]e brav]y1 & /ill m f en?usiasm = ! bus9ess ( ,w>4 ,! fir/ is c]ta9ly a necess>y con/itu5t "p ( x1 b 9 ! same way z brav]y1 :i* is a natural gift 9 "s m51 may arise 9 a soldi] z a "p ( an ,army f habit & cu/om1 s ) him x mu/ also h a diff]5t direction f t :i* x has ) o!rs4 ,x mu/ lose t impulse to unbridl$ activity & ex]cise ( =ce :i* is its *>act]i/ic 9 ! individual1 & submit itself to dem&s ( a high] k9d1 to ob$i5ce1 ord]1 rule1 & me?od4 ,en?usiasm = ! pr(ession gives life & great] fire to ! milit>y virtue ( an ,army1 b does n necess>ily con/itute a "p ( x4 ,w> is a special bus9ess1 & h[ev] g5]al its relations may be1 & ev5 if all ! male population ( a c\ntry1 capable ( be>+ arms1 ex]cise ?is call+1 /ill x always cont9ues to be diff]5t & sep>ate f ! o!r pursuits :i* occupy ! life ( man4--,to be imbu$ ) a s5se ( ! _s & nature ( ?is bus9ess1 to make use (1 to r\se1 to assimilate into ! sy/em ! p[]s :i* %\ld be active 9 x1 to p5etrate completely into ! nature ( ! bus9ess ) ! und]/&+1 ?r\gh ex]cise to ga9 confid5ce & exp]tness 9 x1 to be completely giv5 up to x1 to pass out ( ! man into ! "p :i* x is assign$ to u to play 9 ,w>1 t is ! milit>y virtue ( an ,army 9 ! individual4 ,h[ev] mu* pa9s may be tak5 to comb9e ! soldi] & ! citiz5 9 "o & ! same individual1 :atev] may be done to nationalise ,w>s1 & h[ev] mu* we may imag9e times h *ang$ s9ce ! days ( ! old ,condotti]i1 nev] w x be possible to d away ) ! individuality ( ! bus9ess2 & if t _c be done1 !n ^? :o belong to x1 z long z !y belong to x1 w always look ^u !mselves z a k9d ( guild1 9 ! regulations1 laws & cu/oms 9 :i* ! 8,_s ( ,w>0 by pref]5ce f9ds its expression4 ,& s x is 9 fact4 ,ev5 ) ! mo/ decid$ incl9ation to look at ,w> f ! highe/ po9t ( view1 x w\ld be v wrong to look d[n ^u ?is corporate _s 7esprit de corps7 :i* may & %\ld exi/ m or less 9 e ,army4 ,?is corporate _s =ms ! bond ( union betwe5 ! natural =ces :i* are active 9 t :i* we h call$ milit>y virtue4 ,! cry/als ( milit>y virtue h a great] aff9ity = ! _s ( a corporate body ?an = any?+ else4 ,an ,army :i* pres]ves its usual =mations "u ! heavie/ fire1 :i* is nev] %ak5 by imag9>y fe>s1 & 9 ! face ( real dang] disputes ! gr\nd in* by in*1 :i*1 pr\d 9 ! feel+ ( its victories1 nev] loses its s5se ( ob$i5ce1 its respect = & confid5ce 9 its lead]s1 ev5 "u ! depress+ effects ( defeat2 an ,army ) all its physical p[]s1 inur$ to privations & fatigue by ex]cise1 l ! muscles ( an a?lete2 an ,army :i* looks ^u all its toils z ! means to victory1 n z a curse :i* hov]s ov] its /&>ds1 & :i* is always rem9d$ ( its duties & virtues by ! %ort cate*ism ( "o idea1 namely ! hon\r ( its arms2--,su* an ,army is imbu$ ) ! true milit>y _s4 ,soldi]s may fight bravely l ! ,v5dans1 & d great ?+s l ! ,swiss1 ! ,am]icans1 or ,spani>ds1 )\t display+ ?is milit>y virtue4 ,a ,comm&] may also be successful at ! head ( /&+ ,armies1 l ,eug5e & ,m>lbor\gh1 )\t enjoy+ ! b5efit ( its assi/ance2 we mu/ n1 !re=e1 say t a successful ,w> )\t x _c be imag9$2 & we draw especial att5tion to t po9t1 9 ord] ! m to individualise ! conception :i* is "h br\ght =w>d1 t ! idea may n dissolve into a g5]alisation & t x may n be ?\ght t milit>y virtue is 9 ! end ev]y?+4 ,x is n s4 ,milit>y virtue 9 an ,army is a def9ite moral p[] :i* may be suppos$ want+1 & ! influ5ce ( :i* may !re=e be e/imat$--l any in/rum5t ! p[] ( :i* may be calculat$4 ,hav+ ?us *>act]is$ x1 we proce$ to consid] :at c be pr$icat$ ( its influ5ce1 & :at are ! means ( ga9+ its assi/ance4 ,milit>y virtue is = ! p>ts1 :at ! g5ius ( ! ,comm&] is = ! :ole4 ,! ,g5]al c only guide ! :ole1 n ea* sep>ate "p1 & :]e he _c guide ! "p1 !re milit>y virtue mu/ be its lead]4 ,a ,g5]al is *os5 by ! reputation ( 8 sup]ior tal5ts1 ! *ief lead]s ( l>ge masses aft] c>eful probation2 b ?is probation dim9i%es z we desc5d ! scale ( rank1 & 9 j ! same measure we may reckon less & less ^u individual tal5ts2 b :at is want+ 9 ?is respect milit>y virtue %\ld supply4 ,! natural qualities ( a w>like p play j ?is "p3 brav]y1 aptitude1 p[]s ( endurance & en?usiasm4 ,^! prop]ties may !re=e supply ! place ( milit>y virtue1 & vice v]sa1 f :i* ! foll[+ may be d$uc$3 #a4 ,milit>y virtue is a quality ( /&+ ,armies only1 b !y require x ! mo/4 ,9 national ris+s its place is suppli$ by natural qualities1 :i* develop !mselves !re m rapidly4 #b4 ,/&+ ,armies oppos$ to /&+ ,armies1 c m easily disp5se ) x1 ?an a /&+ ,army oppos$ to a national insurrection1 = 9 t case1 ! troops are m scatt]$1 & ! divisions left m to !mselves4 ,b :]e an ,army c be kept conc5trat$1 ! g5ius ( ! ,g5]al takes a great] place1 & supplies :at is want+ 9 ! _s ( ! ,army4 ,!re=e g5]ally milit>y virtue becomes m necess>y ! m ! !atre ( op]ations & o!r circum/ances make ! ,w> complicat$1 & cause ! =ces to be scatt]$4 ,f ^! tru?s ! only lesson to be d]iv$ is ?is1 t if an ,army is defici5t 9 ?is quality1 e endeav\r %\ld be made to simplify ! op]ations ( ! ,w> z mu* z possible1 or to introduce d\ble effici5cy 9 ! organisation ( ! ,army 9 "s o!r respect1 & n to expect f ! m]e "n ( a /&+ ,army1 t :i* only ! v]itable ?+ itself c give4 ,! milit>y virtue ( an ,army is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! mo/ important moral p[]s 9 ,w>1 & :]e x is want+1 we ei!r see its place suppli$ by "o ( ! o!rs1 su* z ! great sup]iority ( g5]al%ip or popul> en?usiasm1 or we f9d ! results n comm5surate ) ! ex]tions made4--,h[ mu* t is great1 ?is _s1 ?is /]l+ wor? ( an army1 ?is ref9+ ( ore into ! poli%$ metal1 has already done1 we see 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,mac$onians "u ,alex&]1 ! ,roman legions "u ,ces>1 ! ,spani% infantry "u ,alex&] ,f>nese1 ! ,sw$es "u ,gu/avus ,adolphus & ,*>les ,,xii1 ! ,prussians "u ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & ! ,fr5* "u ,buonap>te4 ,we mu/ purposely %ut our eyes aga9/ all hi/orical pro(1 if we d n admit1 t ! a/oni%+ successes ( ^! ,g5]als & _! greatness 9 situations ( extreme difficulty1 7 only possible ) ,armies possess+ ?is virtue4 ,?is _s c only be g5]at$ f two s\rces1 & only by ^! two conjo9tly2 ! fir/ is a succession ( campaigns & great victories2 ! o!r is1 an activity ( ! ,army c>ri$ sometimes to ! highe/ pit*4 ,only by ^!1 does ! soldi] le>n to "k 8 p[]s4 ,! m a ,g5]al is 9 ! habit ( dem&+ f 8 troops1 ! sur] he w be t 8 dem&s w be answ]$4 ,! soldi] is z pr\d ( ov]com+ toil1 z he is ( surm\nt+ dang]4 ,!re=e x is only 9 ! soil ( incessant activity & ex]tion t ! g]m w ?rive1 b also only 9 ! sun%9e ( victory4 ,once x becomes a /rong tree1 x w /& aga9/ ! fi]ce/ /orms ( mis=tune & defeat1 & ev5 aga9/ ! indol5t inactivity ( peace1 at lea/ = a "t4 ,x c !re=e only be creat$ 9 ,w>1 & "u great ,g5]als1 b no d\bt x may la/ at lea/ = sev]al g5]ations1 ev5 "u ,g5]als ( mod]ate capacity1 & ?r\gh consid]able p]iods ( peace4 ,) ?is g5]\s & noble _s ( union 9 a l9e ( vet]an troops1 cov]$ ) sc>s & ?or\ghly inur$ to ,w>1 we mu/ n comp>e ! self-e/eem & vanity ( a /&+ ,army17997 held toge!r m]ely by ! glue ( s]vice-regulations & a drill book2 a c]ta9 plodd+ e>ne/ness & /rict discipl9e may keep up milit>y virtue = a long "t1 b c nev] create x2 ^! ?+s !re=e h a c]ta9 value1 b mu/ n be ov]-rat$4 ,ord]1 sm>tness1 good w1 also a c]ta9 degree ( pride & high feel+1 are qualities ( an ,army =m$ 9 "t ( peace :i* are to be priz$1 b _c /& alone4 ,! :ole reta9s ! :ole1 & z ) glass too quickly cool$1 a s+le crack breaks ! :ole mass4 ,above all1 ! highe/ _s 9 ! _w *anges only too easily at ! fir/ *eck into depression1 & "o might say into a k9d ( rhodomontade ( al>m1 ! ,fr5* sauve que peut4--,su* an ,army c only a*ieve some?+ ?r\gh its lead]1 nev] by itself4 ,x mu/ be l$ ) d\ble caution1 until by degrees1 9 victory & h>d%ips1 ! /r5g? gr[s into ! full arm\r4 ,bew>e !n ( confus+ ! ,,_s ( an ,army ) its temp]4 7997 ,clausewitz is1 ( c\rse1 ?9k+ ( ! long-s]vice /&+ armies ( 8 own y\?4 ,n ( ! %ort-s]vice /&+ armies ( to-day 7,,editor74 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,boldness ,! place & "p :i* boldness takes 9 ! dynamic sy/em ( p[]s1 :]e x /&s oppos$ to ,=esight & prud5ce1 has be5 /at$ 9 ! *apt] on ! c]ta9ty ( ! result 9 ord] !reby to %[1 t !ory has no "r to re/rict x by virtue ( its legislative p[]4 ,b ?is noble impulse1 ) :i* ! human s\l raises itself above ! mo/ =midable dang]s1 is to be reg>d$ z an active pr9ciple peculi>ly belong+ to ,w>4 ,9 fact1 9 :at bran* ( human activity %\ld boldness h a "r ( citiz5%ip if n 9 ,w>8 ,f ! transport-driv] & ! drumm] up to ! ,g5]al1 x is ! noble/ ( virtues1 ! true /eel :i* gives ! weapon its edge & brilliancy4 ,let u admit 9 fact x has 9 ,w> ev5 its own pr]ogatives4 ,ov] & above ! result ( ! calculation ( space1 "t1 & quantity1 we mu/ all[ a c]ta9 p]c5tage :i* boldness d]ives f ! weakness ( o!rs1 :5ev] x ga9s ! ma/]y4 ,x is !re=e1 virtually1 a creative p[]4 ,?is is n difficult to demon/rate philosophically4 ,z (t5 z boldness enc\nt]s hesitation1 ! probability ( ! result is ( necessity 9 its fav\r1 because ! v /ate ( hesitation implies a loss ( equilibrium already4 ,x is only :5 x enc\nt]s cauti\s =esight--:i* we may say is j z bold1 at all ev5ts j z /rong & p[]ful z itself--t x is at a disadvantage2 su* cases1 h[ev]1 r>ely occur4 ,out ( ! :ole multitude ( prud5t m5 9 ! _w1 ! great majority are s f timidity4 ,among/ l>ge masses1 boldness is a =ce1 ! special cultivation ( :i* c nev] be to ! detrim5t ( o!r =ces1 because ! great mass is b\nd to a high] w by ! frame-"w & jo9ts ( ! ord] ( battle & ( ! s]vice1 & !re=e is guid$ by an intellig5t p[] :i* is extrane\s4 ,boldness is !re=e "h only l a spr+ held d[n until its action is requir$4 ,! high] ! rank ! m necess>y x is t boldness %\ld be accompani$ by a reflective m9d1 t x may n be a m]e bl9d outbur/ ( passion to no purpose2 = ) increase ( rank x becomes always less a matt] ( self-sacrifice & m a matt] ( ! pres]vation ( o!rs1 & ! good ( ! :ole4 ,:]e regulations ( ! s]vice1 z a k9d ( second nature1 prescribe = ! masses1 reflection mu/ be ! guide ( ! ,g5]al1 & 9 8 case individual boldness 9 action may easily become a fault4 ,/ill1 at ! same "t1 x is a f9e fail+1 & mu/ n be look$ at 9 ! same light z any o!r4 ,happy ! ,army 9 :i* an untimely boldness frequ5tly manife/s itself2 x is an exub]ant gr[? :i* %[s a ri* soil4 ,ev5 foolh>d9ess1 t is boldness )\t an object1 is n to be despis$2 9 po9t ( fact x is ! same en]gy ( feel+1 only ex]cis$ z a k9d ( passion )\t any co-op]ation ( ! intellig5t faculties4 ,x is only :5 x /rikes at ! root ( ob$i5ce1 :5 x treats ) contempt ! ord]s ( sup]ior au?ority1 t x mu/ be repress$ z a dang]\s evil1 n on its own acc\nt b on acc\nt ( ! act ( disob$i5ce1 = !re is no?+ 9 ,w> :i* is ( great] importance ?an ob$i5ce4 ,! read] w readily agree ) u t1 suppos+ an equal degree ( disc]nm5t to be =?com+ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( cases1 a ?\s& times z _m ( !m w end 9 disa/] ?r\gh ov]-anxiety z ?r\gh boldness4 ,"o w\ld suppose x natural t ! int]position ( a reasonable object %\ld /imulate boldness1 & !re=e less5 its intr9sic m]it1 & yet ! rev]se is ! case 9 reality4 ,! int]v5tion ( lucid ?\ght or ! g5]al supremacy ( m9d deprives ! emotional =ces ( a great "p ( _! p[]4 ,on t acc\nt boldness becomes ( r>] occurr5ce ! high] we asc5d ! scale ( rank1 = :e!r ! disc]nm5t & ! und]/&+ d or d n increase ) ^! ranks /ill ! ,comm&]s1 9 _! sev]al /ations z !y rise1 are press$ ^u m & m sev]ely by objective ?+s1 by relations & claims f )\t1 s t !y become ! m p]plex$ ! l[] ! degree ( _! individual intellig5ce4 ,?is s f> z reg>ds ,w> is ! *ief f\ndation ( ! tru? ( ! ,fr5* prov]b3-- 8,tel brille au second qui s'clipse au premi]40 ,almo/ all ! ,g5]als :o are repres5t$ 9 hi/ory z m]ely hav+ atta9$ to m$iocrity1 & z want+ 9 decision :5 9 supreme comm&1 are m5 celebrat$ 9 _! antec$5t c>e] = _! boldness & decision47997 7997 ,beaulieu1 ,b5$ek1 ,baza9e1 ,bull]1 ,melas1 ,mack4 c4 c4 ,9 ^? motives to bold action :i* arise f ! pressure ( necessity we mu/ make a di/9ction4 ,necessity has its degrees ( int5sity4 ,if x lies ne> at h&1 if ! p]son act+ is 9 ! pursuit ( 8 object driv5 into great dang]s 9 ord] to escape o!rs equally great1 !n we c only admire 8 resolution1 :i* /ill has also its value4 ,if a "y man to %[ 8 skill 9 horseman%ip leaps across a deep cleft1 !n he is bold2 if he makes ! same leap pursu$ by a troop ( head-*opp+ ,janiss>ies he is only resolute4 ,b ! f>!r (f ! necessity f ! po9t ( action1 ! great] ! numb] ( relations int]v5+ :i* ! m9d has to trav]se2 9 ord] to realise !m1 by s mu* ! less does necessity take f boldness 9 action4 ,if ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 9 ! ye> #agef1 saw t ,w> 0 inevitable1 & t he c\ld only escape de/ruction by be+ be=eh& ) 8 enemies1 x became necess>y = him to comm5ce ! ,w> himself1 b at ! same "t x 0 c]ta9ly v bold3 = few m5 9 8 position w\ld h made up _! m9ds to d s4 ,al?\gh ,/rategy is only ! prov9ce ( ,g5]als-9-,*ief or ,comm&]s 9 ! high] positions1 /ill boldness 9 all ! o!r bran*es ( an ,army is z little a matt] ( indiff]5ce to x z _! o!r milit>y virtues4 ,) an ,army belong+ to a bold race1 & 9 :i* ! _s ( boldness has be5 always n\ri%$1 v diff]5t ?+s may be und]tak5 ?an ) "o 9 :i* ?is virtue1 is unkn[n2 = t reason we h consid]$ x 9 connection ) an ,army4 ,b our subject is specially ! boldness ( ! ,g5]al1 & yet we h n mu* to say ab\t x aft] hav+ describ$ ?is milit>y virtue 9 a g5]al way to ! be/ ( our ability4 ,! high] we rise 9 a position ( comm&1 ! m ( ! m9d1 und]/&+1 & p5etration pr$om9ate 9 activity1 ! m !re=e is boldness1 :i* is a prop]ty ( ! feel+s1 kept 9 subjection1 & = t reason we f9d x s r>ely 9 ! highe/ positions1 b !n1 s mu* ! m %\ld x be admir$4 ,boldness1 direct$ by an ov]rul+ intellig5ce1 is ! /amp ( ! h]o3 ?is boldness does n consi/ 9 v5tur+ directly aga9/ ! nature ( ?+s1 9 a d[nright contempt ( ! laws ( probability1 b1 if a *oice is once made1 9 ! rigor\s adh]5ce to t high] calculation :i* g5ius1 ! tact ( judgm5t1 has gone ov] ) ! spe$ ( lightn+4 ,! m boldness l5ds w+s to ! m9d & ! disc]nm5t1 s mu* ! f>!r !y w rea* 9 _! flight1 s mu* ! m compreh5sive w be ! view1 ! m exact ! result1 b c]ta9ly always only 9 ! s5se t ) great] objects great] dang]s are connect$4 ,! ord9>y man1 n to speak ( ! weak & irresolute1 arrives at an exact result s f> z su* is possible )\t ocul> demon/ration1 at mo/ aft] dilig5t reflection 9 8 *amb]1 at a di/ance f dang] & responsibility4 ,let dang] & responsibility draw close r\nd him 9 e direction1 !n he loses ! p[] ( compreh5sive vision1 & if he reta9s ?is 9 any measure by ! influ5ce ( o!rs1 /ill he w lose 8 p[] ( decision1 because 9 t po9t no "o c help him4 ,we ?9k !n t x is impossible to imag9e a di/+ui%$ ,g5]al )\t boldness1 t is to say1 t no man c become "o :o is n born ) ?is p[] ( ! s\l1 & we !re=e look ^u x z ! fir/ requisite = su* a c>e]4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is inborn p[]1 develop$ & mod]at$ ?r\gh education & ! circum/ances ( life1 is left :5 ! man has atta9$ a high position1 is ! second "q4 ,! great] ?is p[] /ill is1 ! /rong] w g5ius be on ! w+1 ! high] w be its flight4 ,! risks become always great]1 b ! purpose gr[s ) !m4 ,:e!r its l9es proce$ out ( & get _! direction f a di/ant necessity1 or :e!r !y conv]ge to ! key/one ( a build+ :i* ambition has plann$1 :e!r ,fr$]ick or ,alex&] acts1 is mu* ! same z reg>ds ! critical view4 ,if ! "o excites ! imag9ation m because x is bold]1 ! o!r pleases ! und]/&+ mo/1 because x has 9 x m absolute necessity4 ,we h /ill to adv]t to "o v important circum/ance4 ,! _s ( boldness c exi/ 9 an ,army1 ei!r because x is 9 ! p1 or because x has be5 g5]at$ 9 a successful ,w> conduct$ by able ,g5]als4 ,9 ! latt] case x mu/ ( c\rse be disp5s$ ) at ! comm5cem5t4 ,n[ 9 our days !re is h>dly any o!r means ( educat+ ! _s ( a p 9 ?is respect1 except by ,w>1 & t too "u bold ,g5]als4 ,by x alone c t effem9acy ( feel+ be c\nt]act$1 t prop5sity to seek = ! enjoym5t ( com=t1 :i* cause deg5]acy 9 a p ris+ 9 prosp]ity & imm]s$ 9 an extremely busy comm]ce4 ,a ,nation c hope to h a /rong position 9 ! political _w only if its "* & practice 9 actual ,w> mutually support ea* o!r 9 con/ant reciprocal action4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,p]sev]ance ,! read] expects to he> ( angles & l9es1 & f9ds1 in/ead ( ^! citiz5s ( ! sci5tific _w1 only p out ( common life1 su* z he meets ) e day 9 ! /reet4 ,& yet ! au?or _c make up 8 m9d to become a hair's bread? m ma!matical ?an ! subject seems to him to require1 & he is n al>m$ at ! surprise :i* ! read] may %[4 ,9 ,w> m ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w ?+s happ5 diff]5tly to :at we _h expect$1 & look diff]5tly :5 ne>1 to :at !y did at a di/ance4 ,) :at s]5ity ! ar*itect c wat* 8 "w gradually ris+ & gr[+ into 8 plan4 ,! doctor al?\gh mu* m at ! m]cy ( my/]i\s ag5cies & *ances ?an ! ar*itect1 /ill kn[s en\gh ( ! =ms & effects ( 8 means4 ,9 ,w>1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,comm&] ( an imm5se :ole f9ds himself 9 a con/ant :irlpool ( false & true in=mation1 ( mi/akes committ$ ?r\gh fe>1 ?r\gh neglig5ce1 ?r\gh precipitation1 ( contrav5tions ( 8 au?ority1 ei!r f mi/ak5 or correct motives1 f ill w1 true or false s5se ( duty1 indol5ce or exhau/ion1 ( accid5ts :i* no mortal c\ld h =ese54 ,9 %ort1 he is ! victim ( a hundr$ ?\s& impressions1 ( :i* ! mo/ h an intimidat+1 ! fewe/ an enc\rag+ t5d5cy4 ,by long exp]i5ce 9 ,w>1 ! tact is acquir$ ( readily appreciat+ ! value ( ^! incid5ts2 high c\rage & /ability ( "* /& pro( aga9/ !m1 z ! rock resi/s ! beat+ ( ! waves4 ,he :o w\ld yield to ^! impressions w\ld nev] c>ry out an und]tak+1 & on t acc\nt p]sev]ance 9 ! propos$ object1 z long z !re is no decid$ reason aga9/ x1 is a mo/ necess>y c\nt]poise4 ,fur!r1 !re is h>dly any celebrat$ ent]prise 9 ,w> :i* 0 n a*iev$ by endless ex]tion1 pa9s1 & privations2 & z "h ! weakness ( ! physical & moral man is ev] dispos$ to yield1 only an imm5se =ce ( w1 :i* manife/s itself 9 p]sev]ance admir$ by pres5t & future g5]ations1 c conduct to our goal4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,sup]iority ( ,numb]s ,?is is 9 tactics1 z well z 9 ,/rategy1 ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciple ( victory1 & %all be exam9$ by u fir/ 9 its g5]ality1 = :i* we may be p]mitt$ ! foll[+ exposition3 ,/rategy fixes ! po9t :]e1 ! "t :51 & ! num]ical =ce ) :i* ! battle is to be f\ght4 ,by ?is triple det]m9ation x has !re=e a v ess5tial influ5ce on ! issue ( ! combat4 ,if tactics has f\ght ! battle1 if ! result is ov]1 let x be victory or defeat1 ,/rategy makes su* use ( x z c be made 9 accordance ) ! great object ( ! ,w>4 ,?is object is naturally (t5 a v di/ant "o1 seldom does x lie q close at h&4 ,a s]ies ( o!r objects subord9ate !mselves to x z means4 ,^! objects1 :i* are at ! same "t means to a high] purpose1 may be practically ( v>i\s k9ds2 ev5 ! ultimate aim ( ! :ole ,w> may be a diff]5t "o 9 e case4 ,we %all make ourselves acqua9t$ ) ^! ?+s accord+ z we come to "k ! sep>ate objects :i* !y come1 9 contact )2 & x is n our int5tion "h to embrace ! :ole subject by a complete enum]ation ( !m1 ev5 if t 7 possible4 ,we !re=e let ! employm5t ( ! battle /& ov] = ! pres5t4 ,ev5 ^? ?+s ?r\gh :i* ,/rategy has an influ5ce on ! issue ( ! combat1 inasmu* z x e/abli%es ! same1 to a c]ta9 ext5t decrees !m1 are n s simple t !y c be embrac$ 9 "o s+le view4 ,= z ,/rategy appo9ts "t1 place & =ce1 x c d s 9 practice 9 _m ways1 ea* ( :i* influ5ces 9 a diff]5t mann] ! result ( ! combat z well z its consequ5ces4 ,!re=e we %all only get acqua9t$ ) ?is also by degrees1 t is1 ?r\gh ! subjects :i* m closely det]m9e ! application4 ,if we /rip ! combat ( all modifications :i* x may und]go accord+ to its imm$iate purpose & ! circum/ances f :i* x proce$s1 la/ly if we set aside ! val\r ( ! troops1 because t is a giv5 quantity1 !n !re rema9s only ! b>e conception ( ! combat1 t is a combat )\t =m1 9 :i* we di/+ui% no?+ b ! numb] ( ! combatants4 ,?is numb] w !re=e det]m9e victory4 ,n[ f ! numb] ( ?+s above d$uct$ to get to ?is po9t1 x is %[n t ! sup]iority 9 numb]s 9 a battle is only "o ( ! factors employ$ to produce victory t !re=e s f> f hav+ ) ! sup]iority 9 numb] obta9$ all1 or ev5 only ! pr9cipal ?+1 we h p]haps got v little by x1 accord+ z ! o!r circum/ances :i* co-op]ate happ5 to v>y4 ,b ?is sup]iority has degrees1 x may be imag9$ z tw(old1 ?reefold or f\rfold1 & e "o sees1 t by increas+ 9 ?is way1 x mu/ 7at la/7 ov]p[] ev]y?+ else4 ,9 su* an aspect we grant1 t ! sup]iority 9 numb]s is ! mo/ important factor 9 ! result ( a combat1 only x mu/ be suffici5tly great to be a c\nt]poise to all ! o!r co-op]at+ circum/ances4 ,! direct result ( ?is is1 t ! greate/ possible numb] ( troops %\ld be br\ght into action at ! decisive po9t4 ,:e!r ! troops ?us br\ght are suffici5t or n1 we h !n done 9 ?is respect all t our means all[$4 ,?is is ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 ,/rategy1 !re=e 9 g5]al z n[ /at$1 x is j z well suit$ = ,greeks & ,p]sians1 or = ,engli%m5 & ,mahrattas1 z = ,fr5* & ,g]mans4 ,b we %all take a glance at our relations 9 ,europe1 z respects ,w>1 9 ord] to arrive at "s m def9ite idea on ?is subject4 ,"h we f9d ,armies mu* m alike 9 equipm5t1 organisation1 & practical skill ( e k9d4 ,!re only rema9s a diff]5ce 9 ! milit>y virtue ( ,armies1 & 9 ! tal5t ( ,g5]als :i* may fluctuate ) "t f side to side4 ,if we g ?r\gh ! milit>y hi/ory ( mod]n ,europe1 we f9d no example ( a ,m>a?on4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great beat #hj1jjj ,au/rians at ,leu!n ) ab\t #cj1jjj m51 & at ,rosba* ) #be1jjj "s #ej1jjj allies2 ^! are h[ev] ! only in/ances ( victories ga9$ aga9/ an enemy d\ble1 or m ?an d\ble 9 numb]s4 ,*>les ,,xii1 9 ! battle ( ,n>va1 we _c well quote1 = ! ,russians 7 at t "t h>dly to be reg>d$ z ,europeans1 also ! pr9cipal circum/ances1 ev5 ( ! battle1 are too little kn[n4 ,buonap>te _h at ,dresd5 #abj1jjj aga9/ #bbj1jjj1 !re=e n ! d\ble4 ,at ,koll91 ,fr$]ick ! ,great did n succe$1 ) #cj1jjj aga9/ #ej1jjj ,au/rians1 nei!r did ,buonap>te 9 ! desp]ate battle ( ,leipsic1 :]e he 0 #afj1jjj /rong1 aga9/ #bhj1jjj4 ,f ?is we may inf]1 t x is v difficult 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,europe1 = ! mo/ tal5t$ ,g5]al to ga9 a victory ov] an enemy d\ble 8 /r5g?4 ,n[ if we see d\ble numb]s prove su* a weight 9 ! scale aga9/ ! greate/ ,g5]als1 we may be sure1 t 9 ord9>y cases1 9 small z well z great combats1 an important sup]iority ( numb]s1 b :i* ne$ n be ov] two to "o1 w be suffici5t to ensure ! victory1 h[ev] disadvantage\s o!r circum/ances may be4 ,c]ta9ly1 we may imag9e a defile :i* ev5 t5fold w\ld n suffice to =ce1 b 9 su* a case x c be no "q ( a battle at all4 ,we ?9k1 !re=e1 t "u our conditions1 z well z 9 all simil> ones1 ! sup]iority at ! decisive po9t is a matt] ( capital importance1 & t ?is subject1 9 ! g5]ality ( cases1 is decid$ly ! mo/ important ( all4 ,! /r5g? at ! decisive po9t dep5ds on ! absolute /r5g? ( ! ,army1 & on skill 9 mak+ use ( x4 ,! fir/ rule is !re=e to ent] ! field ) an ,army z /rong z possible4 ,?is s\nds v l a commonplace1 b /ill x is really n s4 ,9 ord] to %[ t = a long "t ! /r5g? ( =ces 0 by no means reg>d$ z a *ief po9t1 we ne$ only obs]ve1 t 9 mo/1 & ev5 9 ! mo/ detail$ hi/ories ( ! ,w>s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! /r5g? ( ! ,armies is ei!r n giv5 at all1 or only incid5tally1 & 9 no case is any special value laid ^u x4 ,tempelh( 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> is ! e>lie/ writ] :o gives x regul>ly1 b at ! same "t he does x only v sup]ficially4 ,ev5 ,mass5ba*1 9 8 manifold critical obs]vations on ! ,prussian campaigns ( #agic-id 9 ! ,vosges1 talks a great deal ab\t hills & valleys1 roads & footpa?s1 b does n say a syllable ab\t mutual /r5g?4 ,ano!r pro( lies 9 a wond]ful notion :i* haunt$ ! heads ( _m critical hi/orians1 accord+ to :i* !re 0 a c]ta9 size ( an ,army :i* 0 ! be/1 a normal /r5g?1 beyond :i* ! =ces 9 excess 7 burd5some r ?an s]viceable47997 7997 ,tempelh( & ,montalemb]t are ! fir/ we recollect z examples--! fir/ 9 a passage ( 8 fir/ "p1 page #adh2 ! o!r 9 8 correspond5ce relative to ! plan ( op]ations ( ! ,russians 9 #agei4 ,la/ly1 !re are a numb] ( in/ances to be f\nd1 9 :i* all ! available =ces 7 n really br\ght into ! battle17997 or into ! ,w>1 because ! sup]iority ( numb]s 0 n consid]$ to h t importance :i* 9 ! nature ( ?+s belongs to x4 7997 ,! ,prussians at ,j5a1 #ahjf4 ,well+ton at ,wat]loo4 ,if we are ?or\ghly p5etrat$ ) ! conviction t ) a consid]able sup]iority ( numb]s ev]y?+ possible is to be effect$1 !n x _c fail t ?is cle> conviction reacts on ! prep>ations = ! ,w>1 s z to make u appe> 9 ! field ) z _m troops z possible1 & ei!r to give u ourselves ! sup]iority1 or at lea/ to gu>d aga9/ ! enemy obta9+ x4 ,s mu* = :at conc]ns ! absolute =ce ) :i* ! ,w> is to be conduct$4 ,! measure ( ?is absolute =ce is det]m9$ by ! ,gov]nm5t2 & al?\gh ) ?is det]m9ation ! real action ( ,w> comm5ces1 & x =ms an ess5tial "p ( ! ,/rategy ( ! ,w>1 /ill 9 mo/ cases ! ,g5]al :o is to comm& ^! =ces 9 ! ,w> mu/ reg>d _! absolute /r5g? z a giv5 quantity1 :e!r x be t he has _h no voice 9 fix+ x1 or t circum/ances prev5t$ a suffici5t expansion be+ giv5 to x4 ,!re rema9s no?+1 !re=e1 :]e an absolute sup]iority is n atta9able1 b to produce a relative "o at ! decisive po9t1 by mak+ skilful use ( :at we h4 ,! calculation ( space & "t appe>s z ! mo/ ess5tial ?+ to ?is end--& ?is has caus$ t subject to be reg>d$ z "o :i* embraces ne>ly ! :ole art ( us+ milit>y =ces4 ,inde$1 "s h gone s f> z to ascribe to great /rategi/s & tacticians a m5tal organ peculi>ly adapt$ to ?is po9t4 ,b ! calculation ( "t & space1 al?\gh x lies univ]sally at ! f\ndation ( ,/rategy1 & is to a c]ta9 ext5t its daily bread1 is /ill nei!r ! mo/ difficult1 nor ! mo/ decisive "o4 ,if we take an unprejudic$ glance at milit>y hi/ory1 we %all f9d t ! in/ances 9 :i* mi/akes 9 su* a calculation h prov$ ! cause ( s]i\s losses are v r>e1 at lea/ 9 ,/rategy4 ,b if ! conception ( a skilful comb9ation ( "t & space is fully to acc\nt = e in/ance ( a resolute & active ,comm&] beat+ sev]al sep>ate oppon5ts ) "o & ! same army 7,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,buonap>te71 !n we p]plex ourselves unnecess>ily ) conv5tional language4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness & ! pr(itable use ( conceptions1 x is necess>y t ?+s %\ld always be call$ by _! "r names4 ,! "r appreciation ( _! oppon5ts 7,daun1 ,s*w>tz5b]g71 ! audacity to leave = a %ort space ( "t a small =ce only be=e !m1 en]gy 9 =c$ m>*es1 boldness 9 sudd5 attacks1 ! int5sifi$ activity :i* great s\ls acquire 9 ! mom5t ( dang]1 ^! are ! gr\nds ( su* victories2 & :at h ^! to d ) ! ability to make an exact calculation ( two su* simple ?+s z "t & space8 ,b ev5 ?is rico*ett+ play ( =ces1 8:5 ! victories at ,rosba* & ,montmirail give ! impulse to victories at ,leu!n & ,mont]eau10 to :i* great ,g5]als on ! def5sive h (t5 tru/$1 is /ill1 if we w\ld be cle> & exact1 only a r>e occurr5ce 9 hi/ory4 ,mu* m frequ5tly ! relative sup]iority--t is1 ! skilful assemblage ( sup]ior =ces at ! decisive po9t--has its f\ndation 9 ! "r appreciation ( ^? po9ts1 9 ! judici\s direction :i* by t means has be5 giv5 to ! =ces f ! v fir/1 & 9 ! resolution requir$ to sacrifice ! unimportant to ! advantage ( ! important--t is1 to keep ! =ces conc5trat$ 9 an ov]p[]+ mass4 ,9 ?is1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ,buonap>te are p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic4 ,we ?9k we h n[ allott$ to ! sup]iority 9 numb]s ! importance :i* belongs to x2 x is to be reg>d$ z ! fundam5tal idea1 always to be aim$ at be=e all & z f> z possible4 ,b to reg>d x on ?is acc\nt z a necess>y condition ( victory w\ld be a complete misconception ( our exposition2 9 ! conclusion to be drawn f x !re lies no?+ m ?an ! value :i* %\ld atta* to num]ical /r5g? 9 ! combat4 ,if t /r5g? is made z great z possible1 !n ! maxim is satisfi$2 a review ( ! total relations mu/ !n decide :e!r or n ! combat is to be avoid$ = want ( suffici5t =ce47997 7997 ,ow+ to our fre$om f invasion1 & to ! condition :i* arise 9 our ,colonial ,w>s1 we h n yet1 9 ,engl&1 arriv$ at a correct appreciation ( ! value ( sup]ior numb]s 9 ,w>1 & /ill adh]e to ! idea ( an ,army j 8big en\gh10 :i* ,clausewitz has s unsp>+ly ridicul$4 7,,editor47 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,surprise ,f ! subject ( ! =ego+ *apt]1 ! g5]al endeav\r to atta9 a relative sup]iority1 !re foll[s ano!r endeav\r :i* mu/ consequ5tly be j z g5]al 9 its nature3 ?is is ! surprise ( ! enemy4 ,x lies m or less at ! f\ndation ( all und]tak+s1 = )\t x ! prepond]ance at ! decisive po9t is n prop]ly conceivable4 ,! surprise is1 !re=e1 n only ! means to ! atta9m5t ( num]ical sup]iority2 b x is also to be reg>d$ z a sub/antive pr9ciple 9 itself1 on acc\nt ( its moral effect4 ,:5 x is successful 9 a high degree1 confusion & brok5 c\rage 9 ! enemy's ranks are ! consequ5ces2 & ( ! degree to :i* ^! multiply a success1 !re are examples en\gh1 great & small4 ,we are n n[ speak+ ( ! p>ticul> surprise :i* belongs to ! attack1 b ( ! endeav\r by measures g5]ally1 & especially by ! di/ribution ( =ces1 to surprise ! enemy1 :i* c be imag9$ j z well 9 ! def5sive1 & :i* 9 ! tactical def5ce p>ticul>ly is a *ief po9t4 ,we say1 surprise lies at ! f\ndation ( all und]tak+s )\t exception1 only 9 v diff]5t degrees accord+ to ! nature ( ! und]tak+ & o!r circum/ances4 ,?is diff]5ce1 inde$1 orig9ates 9 ! prop]ties or peculi>ities ( ! ,army & its ,comm&]1 9 ^? ev5 ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,secrecy & rapidity are ! two factors 9 ?is product & ^! suppose 9 ! ,gov]nm5t & ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief great en]gy1 & on ! "p ( ! ,army a high s5se ( milit>y duty4 ,) effem9acy & loose pr9ciples x is 9 va9 to calculate ^u a surprise4 ,b s g5]al1 inde$ s indisp5sable1 z is ?is endeav\r1 & true z x is t x is nev] :olly unproductive ( effect1 /ill x is n ! less true t x seldom succe$s to a rem>kable degree1 & ?is foll[s f ! nature ( ! idea itself4 ,we %\ld =m an errone\s conception if we believ$ t by ?is means *iefly !re is mu* to be atta9$ 9 ,w>4 ,9 idea x promises a great deal2 9 ! execution x g5]ally /icks fa/ by ! friction ( ! :ole ma*9e4 ,9 tactics ! surprise is mu* m at home1 = ! v natural reason t all times & spaces are on a small] scale4 ,x w1 !re=e1 9 ,/rategy be ! m feasible 9 proportion z ! measures lie ne>] to ! prov9ce ( tactics1 & m difficult ! high] up !y lie t[>ds ! prov9ce ( policy4 ,! prep>ations = a ,w> usually occupy sev]al mon?s2 ! assembly ( an ,army at its pr9cipal positions requires g5]ally ! =mation ( depts & magaz9es1 & long m>*es1 ! object ( :i* c be guess$ soon en\gh4 ,x !re=e r>ely happ5s t "o ,/ate surprises ano!r by a ,w>1 or by ! direction :i* x gives ! mass ( its =ces4 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 :5 ,w> turn$ v mu* ^u sieges1 x 0 a frequ5t aim1 & q a peculi> & important *apt] 9 ! ,art ( ,w>1 to inve/ a /rong place unexpect$ly1 b ev5 t only r>ely succe$$47997 7997 ,railways1 /eam%ips1 & telegraphs h1 h[ev]1 enorm\sly modifi$ ! relative importance & practicability ( surprise4 7,,editor47 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) ?+s :i* c be done 9 a day or two1 a surprise is mu* m conceivable1 &1 !re=e1 also x is (t5 n difficult ?us to ga9 a m>* ^u ! enemy1 & !reby a position1 a po9t ( c\ntry1 a road1 c4 ,b x is evid5t t :at surprise ga9s 9 ?is way 9 easy execution1 x loses 9 ! efficacy1 z ! great] ! efficacy ! great] always ! difficulty ( execution4 ,:oev] ?9ks t ) su* surprises on a small scale1 he may connect great results--z1 = example1 ! ga9 ( a battle1 ! capture ( an important magaz9e--believes 9 some?+ :i* x is c]ta9ly v possible to imag9e1 b = :i* !re is no w>rant 9 hi/ory2 = !re are ^u ! :ole v few in/ances :]e any?+ great has result$ f su* surprises2 f :i* we may ju/ly conclude t inh]5t difficulties lie 9 ! way ( _! success4 ,c]ta9ly1 :oev] w\ld consult hi/ory on su* po9ts mu/ n dep5d on sundry battle /e$s ( hi/orical critics1 on _! wise dicta & self-complac5t t]m9ology1 b look at facts ) 8 own eyes4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 a c]ta9 day 9 ! campaign 9 ,silesia1 #agfa1 :i*1 9 ?is respect1 has atta9$ a k9d ( notoriety4 ,x is ! #bbnd ,july1 on :i* ,fr$]ick ! ,great ga9$ on ,laudon ! m>* to ,noss51 ne> ,neisse1 by :i*1 z is said1 ! junction ( ! ,au/rian & ,russian armies 9 ,upp] ,silesia became impossible1 &1 !re=e1 a p]iod ( f\r weeks 0 ga9$ by ! ,k+4 ,:oev] reads ov] ?is occurr5ce c>efully 9 ! pr9cipal hi/ories17997 & consid]s x imp>tially1 w1 9 ! m>* ( ! #bbnd ,july1 nev] f9d ?is importance2 & g5]ally 9 ! :ole ( ! fa%ionable logic on ?is subject1 he w see no?+ b contradictions2 b 9 ! proce$+s ( ,laudon1 9 ?is r5[n$ p]iod ( manuvres1 mu* t is unacc\ntable4 ,h[ c\ld "o1 ) a ?ir/ = tru?1 & cle> conviction1 accept su* hi/orical evid5ce8 7997 ,tempelh(1 ,! ,vet]an1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,comp>e also 7,clausewitz7 8,h9t]lass5e ,w]ke10 vol4 x41 p4 #aeh4 ,:5 we promise ourselves great effects 9 a campaign f ! pr9ciple ( surpris+1 we ?9k ^u great activity1 rapid resolutions1 & =c$ m>*es1 z ! means ( produc+ !m2 b t ^! ?+s1 ev5 :5 =?com+ 9 a v high degree1 w n always produce ! desir$ effect1 we see 9 examples giv5 by ,g5]als1 :o may be all[$ to h _h ! greate/ tal5t 9 ! use ( ^! means1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ,buonap>te4 ,! fir/ :5 he left ,dresd5 s sudd5ly 9 ,july #agfj1 & fall+ ^u ,lascy1 !n turn$ aga9/ ,dresd51 ga9$ no?+ by ! :ole ( t int]mezzo1 b r plac$ 8 affairs 9 a condition notably worse1 z ! =tress ,glatz fell 9 ! meantime4 ,9 #ahac1 ,buonap>te turn$ sudd5ly f ,dresd5 twice aga9/ ,bl*]1 to say no?+ ( 8 incursion into ,bohemia f ,upp] ,lusatia1 & bo? times )\t 9 ! lea/ atta9+ 8 object4 ,!y 7 bl[s 9 ! air :i* only co/ him "t & =ce1 & might h plac$ him 9 a dang]\s position 9 ,dresd54 ,!re=e1 ev5 9 ?is field1 a surprise does n necess>ily meet ) great success ?r\gh ! m]e activity1 en]gy1 & resolution ( ! ,comm&]2 x mu/ be fav\r$ by o!r circum/ances4 ,b we by no means d5y t !re c be success2 we only connect ) x a necessity ( fav\rable circum/ances1 :i*1 c]ta9ly d n occur v frequ5tly1 & :i* ! ,comm&] c seldom br+ ab\t himself4 ,j ^? two ,g5]als af=d ea* a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is4 ,we take fir/ ,buonap>te 9 8 fam\s ent]prise aga9/ ,bl*]'s ,army 9 ,febru>y #ahad1 :5 x 0 sep>at$ f ! ,gr& ,army1 & desc5d+ ! ,m>ne4 ,x w\ld n be easy to f9d a two days' m>* to surprise ! enemy productive ( great] results ?an ?is2 ,bl*]'s ,army1 ext5d$ ov] a di/ance ( ?ree days' m>*1 0 beat5 9 detail1 & suff]$ a loss ne>ly equal to t ( defeat 9 a great battle4 ,?is 0 completely ! effect ( a surprise1 = if ,bl*] _h ?\ght ( su* a ne> possibility ( an attack f ,buonap>te7997 he w\ld h organis$ 8 m>* q diff]5tly4 ,to ?is mi/ake ( ,bl*]'s ! result is to be attribut$4 ,buonap>te did n "k all ^! circum/ances1 & s !re 0 a piece ( good =tune t mix$ itself up 9 8 fav\r4 7997 ,bl*] believ$ 8 m>* to be cov]$ by ,pahl5's ,cossacks1 b ^! _h be5 )drawn )\t w>n+ to him by ! ,gr& ,army ,headqu>t]s "u ,s*w>tz5b]g4 ,x is ! same ) ! battle ( ,liegnitz1 #agfj4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great ga9$ ?is f9e victory ?r\gh alt]+ dur+ ! night a position :i* he _h j be=e tak5 up4 ,laudon 0 ?r\gh ?is completely surpris$1 & lo/ #gj pieces ( artill]y & #aj1jjj m54 ,al?\gh ,fr$]ick ! ,great _h at ?is "t adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( mov+ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ord] to make a battle impossible1 or at lea/ to disconc]t ! enemy's plans1 /ill ! alt]ation ( position on ! night ( ! #ad-ae 0 n made exactly ) t int5tion1 b z ! ,k+ himself says1 because ! position ( ! #ad? did n please him4 ,"h1 !re=e1 also *ance 0 h>d at "w2 )\t ?is happy conjunction ( ! attack & ! *ange ( position 9 ! night1 & ! difficult nature ( ! c\ntry1 ! result w\ld n h be5 ! same4 ,also 9 ! high] & highe/ prov9ce ( ,/rategy !re are "s in/ances ( surprises fruitful 9 results4 ,we %all only cite ! brilliant m>*es ( ! ,great ,elector aga9/ ! ,sw$es f ,franconia to ,pom]ania & f ! ,m>k 7,br&5burg7 to ! ,pregel 9 #ageg1 & ! celebrat$ passage ( ! ,alps by ,buonap>te1 #ahjj4 ,9 ! latt] case an ,army gave up its :ole !atre ( w> by a capitulation1 & 9 #ageg ano!r ,army 0 v ne> giv+ up its !atre ( w> & itself z well4 ,la/ly1 z an in/ance ( a ,w> :olly unexpect$1 we may br+ =w>d ! invasion ( ,silesia by ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,great & p[]ful are "h ! results ev]y:]e1 b su* ev5ts are n common 9 hi/ory if we d n confuse ) !m cases 9 :i* a ,/ate1 = want ( activity & en]gy 7,saxony #agef1 & ,russia1 #ahab71 has n complet$ its prep>ations 9 "t4 ,n[ !re /ill rema9s an obs]vation :i* conc]ns ! ess5ce ( ! ?+4 ,a surprise c only be effect$ by t p>ty :i* gives ! law to ! o!r2 & he :o is 9 ! "r gives ! law4 ,if we surprise ! adv]s>y by a wrong measure1 !n in/ead ( reap+ good results1 we may h to be> a s\nd bl[ 9 return2 9 any case ! adv]s>y ne$ n tr\ble himself mu* ab\t our surprise1 he has 9 our mi/ake ! means ( turn+ (f ! evil4 ,z ! (f5sive includes 9 itself mu* m positive action ?an ! def5sive1 s ! surprise is c]ta9ly m 9 its place ) ! assailant1 b by no means inv>iably1 z we %all h]eaft] see4 ,mutual surprises by ! (f5sive & def5sive may !re=e meet1 & !n t "o w h ! advantage :o has hit ! nail on ! head ! be/4 ,s %\ld x be1 b practical life does n keep to ?is l9e s exactly1 & t = a v simple reason4 ,! moral effects :i* att5d a surprise (t5 conv]t ! wor/ case into a good "o = ! side !y fav\r1 & d n all[ ! o!r to make any regul> det]m9ation4 ,we h "h 9 view m ?an any:]e else n only ! *ief ,comm&]1 b ea* s+le "o1 because a surprise has ! effect 9 p>ticul> ( greatly loos5+ unity1 s t ! individuality ( ea* sep>ate lead] easily comes to light4 ,mu* dep5ds "h on ! g5]al relation 9 :i* ! two p>ties /& to ea* o!r4 ,if ! "o side ?r\gh a g5]al moral sup]iority c intimidate & outdo ! o!r1 !n he c make use ( ! surprise ) m success1 & ev5 reap good fruit :]e prop]ly he %\ld come to ru94 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,/ratagem ,/ratagem implies a conceal$ int5tion1 & !re=e is oppos$ to /raight=w>d deal+1 9 ! same way z wit is ! opposite ( direct pro(4 ,x has !re=e no?+ 9 common ) means ( p]suasion1 ( self-int]e/1 ( =ce1 b a great deal to d ) deceit1 because t likewise conceals its object4 ,x is itself a deceit z well :5 x is done1 b /ill x diff]s f :at is commonly call$ deceit1 9 ?is respect t !re is no direct brea* ( ^w4 ,! deceiv] by /ratagem leaves x to ! p]son himself :om he is deceiv+ to commit ! errors ( und]/&+ :i* at la/1 fl[+ into "o result1 sudd5ly *ange ! nature ( ?+s 9 8 eyes4 ,we may !re=e say1 z nit is a sleight ( h& ) ideas & conceptions1 s /ratagem is a sleight ( h& ) actions4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s z if ,/rategy _h n improp]ly d]iv$ its "n f /ratagem2 & t1 ) all ! real & app>5t *anges :i* ! :ole "* ( ,w> has und]gone s9ce ! "t ( ! ,greeks1 ?is t]m /ill po9ts to its real nature4 ,if we leave to tactics ! actual deliv]y ( ! bl[1 ! battle itself1 & look ^u ,/rategy z ! art ( us+ ?is means ) skill1 !n besides ! =ces ( ! "*1 su* z burn+ ambition :i* always presses l a spr+1 a /rong w :i* h>dly b5ds c4 c41 !re seems no subjective quality s suit$ to guide & inspire /rategic activity z /ratagem4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy to surprise1 treat$ ( 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 po9ts to ?is conclusion1 = !re is a degree ( /ratagem1 be x ev] s small1 :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( e attempt to surprise4 ,b h[ev] mu* we feel a desire to see ! actors 9 ,w> outdo ea* o!r 9 hidd5 activity1 read9ess1 & /ratagem1 /ill we mu/ admit t ^! qualities %[ !mselves b little 9 hi/ory1 & h r>ely be5 able to "w _! way to ! surface f among/ ! mass ( relations & circum/ances4 ,! explanation ( ?is is obvi\s1 & x is almo/ id5tical ) ! subject matt] ( ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,/rategy kn[s no o!r activity ?an ! regulat+ ( combat ) ! measures :i* relate to x4 ,x has no conc]n1 l ord9>y life1 ) transactions :i* consi/ m]ely ( words--t is1 9 expressions1 decl>ations1 c4 ,b ^!1 :i* are v inexp5sive1 are *iefly ! means ) :i* ! wily "o takes 9 ^? he practises ^u4 ,t :i* !re is l x 9 ,w>1 plans & ord]s giv5 m]ely z make-believ]s1 false reports s5t on purpose to ! enemy--is usually ( s little effect 9 ! /rategic field t x is only resort$ to 9 p>ticul> cases :i* (f] ( !mselves1 !re=e _c be reg>d$ z spontane\s action :i* emanates f ! lead]4 ,b su* measures z c>ry+ out ! arrangem5ts = a battle1 s f> z to impose ^u ! enemy1 require a consid]able exp5diture ( "t & p[]2 ( c\rse1 ! great] ! impression to be made1 ! great] ! exp5diture 9 ^! respects4 ,& z ?is is usually n giv5 = ! purpose1 v few demon/rations1 s-call$1 9 ,/rategy1 effect ! object = :i* !y are design$4 ,9 fact1 x is dang]\s to deta* l>ge =ces = any l5g? ( "t m]ely = a trick1 because !re is always ! risk ( its be+ done 9 va91 & !n ^! =ces are want$ at ! decisive po9t4 ,! *ief actor 9 ,w> is always ?or\ghly s5sible ( ?is sob] tru?1 & !re=e he has no desire to play at tricks ( agility4 ,! bitt] e>ne/ness ( necessity presses s fully into direct action t !re is no room = t game4 ,9 a ^w1 ! pieces on ! /rategical *ess-bo>d want t mobility :i* is ! elem5t ( /ratagem & subtility4 ,! conclusion :i* we draw1 is t a correct & p5etrat+ eye is a m necess>y & m useful quality = a ,g5]al ?an craft9ess1 al?\gh t also does no h>m if x does n exi/ at ! exp5se ( necess>y qualities ( ! he>t1 :i* is only too (t5 ! case4 ,b ! weak] ! =ces become :i* are "u ! comm& ( ,/rategy1 s mu* ! m !y become adapt$ = /ratagem1 s t to ! q feeble & little1 = :om no prud5ce1 no sagacity is any long] suffici5t at ! po9t :]e all art seems to =sake him1 /ratagem (f]s itself z a la/ res\rce4 ,! m helpless 8 situation1 ! m ev]y?+ presses t[>ds "o s+le1 desp]ate bl[1 ! m readily /ratagem comes to ! aid ( 8 boldness4 ,let loose f all fur!r calculations1 fre$ f all conc]n = ! future1 boldness & /ratagem int5sify ea* o!r1 & ?us collect at "o po9t an inf9itesimal glimm]+ ( hope into a s+le ray1 :i* may likewise s]ve to k9dle a flame4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,assembly ( ,=ces 9 ,space ,! be/ ,/rategy is always to be v /rong1 fir/ g5]ally !n at ! decisive po9t4 ,!re=e1 ap>t f ! en]gy :i* creates ! ,army1 a "w :i* is n always done by ! ,g5]al1 !re is no m imp]ative & no simpl] law = ,/rategy ?an to keep ! =ces conc5trat$4--,no portion is to be sep>at$ f ! ma9 body unless call$ away by "s urg5t necessity4 ,on ?is maxim we /& firm1 & look ^u x z a guide to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,:at are ! reasonable gr\nds on :i* a deta*m5t ( =ces may be made we %all le>n by degrees4 ,!n we %all also see t ?is pr9ciple _c h ! same g5]al effects 9 e ,w>1 b t ^! are diff]5t accord+ to ! means & end4 ,x seems incr$ible1 & yet x has happ5$ a hundr$ times1 t troops h be5 divid$ & sep>at$ m]ely ?r\gh a my/]i\s feel+ ( conv5tional mann]1 )\t any cle> p]ception ( ! reason4 ,if ! conc5tration ( ! :ole =ce is ackn[l$g$ z ! norm1 & e division & sep>ation z an exception :i* mu/ be ju/ifi$1 !n n only w t folly be completely avoid$1 b also _m an errone\s gr\nd = sep>at+ troops w be b>r$ admission4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,assembly ( ,=ces 9 ,"t ,we h "h to deal ) a conception :i* 9 real life diffuses _m k9ds ( illusory light4 ,a cle> def9ition & developm5t ( ! idea is !re=e necess>y1 & we hope to be all[$ a %ort analysis4 ,w> is ! %ock ( two oppos+ =ces 9 collision ) ea* o!r1 f :i* x foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse t ! /rong] n only de/roys ! o!r1 b c>ries x =w>d ) x 9 its movem5t4 ,?is fundam5tally admits ( no successive action ( p[]s1 b makes ! simultane\s application ( all =ces int5d$ = ! %ock appe> z a primordial law ( ,w>4 ,s x is 9 reality1 b only s f> z ! /ruggle resembles also 9 practice a me*anical %ock1 b :5 x consi/s 9 a la/+1 mutual action ( de/ructive =ces1 !n we c c]ta9ly imag9e a successive action ( =ces4 ,?is is ! case 9 tactics1 pr9cipally because fire>ms =m ! basis ( all tactics1 b also = o!r reasons z well4 ,if 9 a fire combat #ajjj m5 are oppos$ to #ejj1 !n ! gross loss is calculat$ f ! am\nt ( ! enemy's =ce & our own2 #ajjj m5 fire twice z _m %ots z #ejj1 b m %ots w take effect on ! #ajjj ?an on ! #ejj because x is assum$ t !y /& 9 clos] ord] ?an ! o!r4 ,if we 7 to suppose ! numb] ( hits to be d\ble1 !n ! losses on ea* side w\ld be equal4 ,f ! #ejj !re w\ld be = example #bjj disabl$1 & out ( ! body ( #ajjj likewise ! same2 n[ if ! #ejj _h kept ano!r body ( equal numb] q out ( fire1 !n bo? sides w\ld h #hjj effective m52 b ( ^!1 on ! "o side !re w\ld be #ejj m5 q fre%1 fully suppli$ ) ammunition1 & 9 _! full vig\r2 on ! o!r side only #hjj all alike %ak5 9 _! ord]1 9 want ( suffici5t ammunition & weak5$ 9 physical =ce4 ,! assumption t ! #ajjj m5 m]ely on acc\nt ( _! great] numb] w\ld lose twice z _m z #ejj w\ld h lo/ 9 _! place1 is c]ta9ly n correct2 !re=e ! great] loss :i* ! side suff]s t has plac$ ! half ( its =ce 9 res]ve1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a disadvantage 9 t orig9al =mation2 fur!r x mu/ be admitt$1 t 9 ! g5]ality ( cases ! #ajjj m5 w\ld h ! advantage at ! fir/ comm5cem5t ( be+ able to drive _! oppon5t out ( 8 position & =ce him to a retrograde movem5t2 n[1 :e!r ^! two advantages are a c\nt]poise to ! disadvantage ( f9d+ ourselves ) #hjj m5 to a c]ta9 ext5t disorganis$ by ! combat1 oppos$ to an enemy :o is n mat]ially weak] 9 numb]s & :o has #ejj q fre% troops1 is "o t _c be decid$ by pursu+ an analysis fur!r1 we mu/ "h rely ^u exp]i5ce1 & !re w sc>cely be an (fic] exp]i5c$ 9 ,w> :o w n 9 ! g5]ality ( cases assign ! advantage to t side :i* has ! fre% troops4 ,9 ?is way x becomes evid5t h[ ! employm5t ( too _m =ces 9 combat may be disadvantage\s2 = :atev] advantages ! sup]iority may give 9 ! fir/ mom5t1 we may h to pay de>ly = 9 ! next4 ,b ?is dang] only endures z long z ! disord]1 ! /ate ( confusion & weakness la/s1 9 a ^w1 up to ! crisis :i* e combat br+s ) x ev5 = ! conqu]or4 ,)9 ! duration ( ?is relax$ /ate ( exhau/ion1 ! appe>ance ( a proportionate numb] ( fre% troops is decisive4 ,b :5 ?is disord]+ effect ( victory /ops1 & !re=e only ! moral sup]iority rema9s :i* e victory gives1 !n x is no long] possible = fre% troops to re/ore ! combat1 !y w\ld only be c>ri$ along 9 ! g5]al movem5t2 a beat5 ,army _c be br\ght back to victory a day aft] by means ( a /rong res]ve4 ,"h we f9d ourselves at ! s\rce ( a highly mat]ial diff]5ce betwe5 tactics & /rategy4 ,! tactical results1 ! results )9 ! f\r corn]s ( ! battle1 & be=e its close1 lie = ! mo/ "p )9 ! limits ( t p]iod ( disord] & weakness4 ,b ! /rategic result1 t is to say1 ! result ( ! total combat1 ( ! victories realis$1 let !m be small or great1 lies completely 7beyond7 outside ( t p]iod4 ,x is only :5 ! results ( p>tial combats h b\nd !mselves toge!r into an indep5d5t :ole1 t ! /rategic result appe>s1 b !n1 ! /ate ( crisis is ov]1 ! =ces h resum$ _! orig9al =m1 & are n[ only weak5$ to ! ext5t ( ^? actually de/roy$ 7plac$ hors de combat74 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is diff]5ce is1 t tactics c make a cont9u$ use ( =ces1 ,/rategy only a simultane\s "o47997 7997 ,see *aps4 xiii41 & xiv41 ,book ,,iii & *ap4 xxix4 ,book ,v4--,,tr4 ,if ,i _c1 9 tactics1 decide all by ! fir/ success1 if ,i h to fe> ! next mom5t1 x foll[s ( itself t ,i employ only s mu* ( my =ce = ! success ( ! fir/ mom5t z appe>s suffici5t = t object1 & keep ! re/ beyond ! rea* ( fire or conflict ( any k9d1 9 ord] to be able to oppose fre% troops to fre%1 or ) su* to ov]come ^? t are exhau/$4 ,b x is n s 9 ,/rategy4 ,p>tly1 z we h j %[n1 x has n s mu* reason to fe> a reaction aft] a success realis$1 because ) t success ! crisis /ops2 p>tly all ! =ces /rategically employ$ are n necess>ily weak5$4 ,only s mu* ( !m z h be5 tactically 9 conflict ) ! enemy's =ce1 t is1 engag$ 9 p>tial combat1 are weak5$ by x2 consequ5tly1 only s mu* z 0 unavoidably necess>y1 b by no means all :i* 0 /rategically 9 conflict ) ! enemy1 unless tactics has exp5d$ !m unnecess>ily4 ,corps :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! g5]al sup]iority 9 numb]s1 h ei!r be5 little or n at all engag$1 ^: pres5ce alone has assi/$ 9 ! result1 are aft] ! decision ! same z !y 7 be=e1 & = new ent]prises z effici5t z if !y _h be5 entirely inactive4 ,h[ greatly su* corps :i* ?us con/itute our excess may contribute to ! total success is evid5t 9 itself2 inde$1 x is n difficult to see h[ !y may ev5 dim9i% consid]ably ! loss ( ! =ces engag$ 9 tactical1 conflict on our side4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ,/rategy ! loss does n increase ) ! numb] ( ! troops employ$1 b is (t5 dim9i%$ by x1 & if1 z a natural consequ5ce1 ! decision 9 our favor is1 by t means1 ! m c]ta91 !n x foll[s naturally t 9 ,/rategy we c nev] employ too _m =ces1 & consequ5tly also t !y mu/ be appli$ simultane\sly to ! imm$iate purpose4 ,b we mu/ v9dicate ?is proposition ^u ano!r gr\nd4 ,we h hi!rto only spok5 ( ! combat itself2 x is ! real activity 9 ,w>1 b m51 "t1 & space1 :i* appe> z ! elem5ts ( ?is activity1 mu/1 at ! same "t1 be kept 9 view1 & ! results ( _! influ5ce br\ght into consid]ation also4 ,fatigue1 ex]tion1 & privation con/itute 9 ,w> a special pr9ciple ( de/ruction1 n ess5tially belong+ to conte/1 b m or less insep>ably b\nd up ) x1 & c]ta9ly "o :i* especially belongs to ,/rategy4 ,!y no d\bt exi/ 9 tactics z well1 & p]haps !re 9 ! highe/ degree2 b z ! duration ( ! tactical acts is %ort]1 !re=e ! small effects ( ex]tion & privation on !m c come b little into consid]ation4 ,b 9 ,/rategy on ! o!r h&1 :]e "t & space1 are on a l>g] scale1 _! influ5ce is n only always v consid]able1 b (t5 q decisive4 ,x is n at all uncommon = a victori\s ,army to lose _m m by sickness ?an on ! field ( battle4 ,if1 !re=e1 we look at ?is sph]e ( de/ruction 9 ,/rategy 9 ! same mann] z we h consid]$ t ( fire & close combat 9 tactics1 !n we may well imag9e t ev]y?+ :i* comes )9 its vortex w1 at ! end ( ! campaign or ( any o!r /rategic p]iod1 be r$uc$ to a /ate ( weakness1 :i* makes ! arrival ( a fre% =ce decisive4 ,we might !re=e conclude t !re is a motive 9 ! "o case z well z ! o!r to /rive = ! fir/ success ) z few =ces z possible1 9 ord] to keep up ?is fre% =ce = ! la/4 ,9 ord] to e/imate exactly ?is conclusion1 :i*1 9 _m cases 9 practice1 w h a great appe>ance ( tru?1 we mu/ direct our att5tion to ! sep>ate ideas :i* x conta9s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ n confuse ! notion ( re9=cem5t ) t ( fre% unus$ troops4 ,!re are few campaigns at ! end ( :i* an increase ( =ce is n e>ne/ly desir$ by ! conqu]or z well z ! conqu]$1 & inde$ %\ld appe> decisive2 b t is n ! po9t "h1 = t increase ( =ce c\ld n be necess>y if ! =ce _h be5 s mu* l>g] at ! fir/4 ,b x w\ld be contr>y to all exp]i5ce to suppose t an ,army com+ fre% into ! field is to be e/eem$ high] 9 po9t ( moral value ?an an ,army already 9 ! field1 j z a tactical res]ve is m to be e/eem$ ?an a body ( troops :i* has be5 already sev]ely h&l$ 9 ! fight4 ,j z mu* z an un=tunate campaign l[]s ! c\rage & moral p[]s ( an ,army1 a successful "o raises ^! elem5ts 9 _! value4 ,9 ! g5]ality ( cases1 !re=e1 ^! influ5ces are comp5sat$1 & !n !re rema9s ov] & above z cle> ga9 ! habituation to ,w>4 ,we %\ld besides look m "h to successful ?an to unsuccessful campaigns1 because :5 ! great] probability ( ! latt] may be se5 be=eh&1 )\t d\bt =ces are want$1 &1 !re=e1 ! res]v+ a portion = future use is out ( ! "q4 ,?is po9t be+ settl$1 !n ! "q is1 ,d ! losses :i* a =ce su/a9s ?r\gh fatigues & privations increase 9 proportion to ! size ( ! =ce1 z is ! case 9 a combat8 ,& to t we answ] 8,no40 ,! fatigues ( ,w> result 9 a great measure f ! dang]s ) :i* e mom5t ( ! act ( ,w> is m or less impregnat$4 ,to enc\nt] ^! dang]s at all po9ts1 to proce$ onw>ds ) security 9 ! execution ( "o's plans1 gives employm5t to a multitude ( ag5cies :i* make up ! tactical & /rategic s]vice ( ! ,army4 ,?is s]vice is m difficult ! weak] an ,army is1 & easi] z its num]ical sup]iority ov] t ( ! enemy increases4 ,:o c d\bt ?is8 ,a campaign aga9/ a mu* weak] enemy w !re=e co/ small] ef=ts ?an aga9/ "o j z /rong or /rong]4 ,s mu* = ! fatigues4 ,x is some:at diff]5t ) ! privations2 !y consi/ *iefly ( two ?+s1 ! want ( food1 & ! want ( %elt] = ! troops1 ei!r 9 qu>t]s or 9 suitable camps4 ,bo? ^! wants w no d\bt be great] 9 proportion z ! numb] ( m5 on "o spot is great]4 ,b does n ! sup]iority 9 =ce af=d also ! be/ means ( spread+ out & f9d+ m room1 & !re=e m means ( subsi/5ce & %elt]8 ,if ,buonap>te1 9 8 invasion ( ,russia 9 #ahab1 conc5trat$ 8 ,army 9 great masses ^u "o s+le road 9 a mann] nev] he>d ( be=e1 & ?us caus$ privations equally unp>allel$1 we mu/ ascribe x to 8 maxim t x is impossible to be too /rong at ! decisive po9t4 ,:e!r 9 ?is in/ance he did n /ra9 ! pr9ciple too f> is a "q :i* w\ld be out ( place "h2 b x is c]ta9 t1 if he _h made a po9t ( avoid+ ! di/ress :i* 0 by t means br\ght ab\t1 he _h only to advance on a great] bread? ( front4 ,room 0 n want$ = ! purpose 9 ,russia1 & 9 v few cases c x be want$4 ,!re=e1 f ?is no gr\nd c be d$uc$ to prove t ! simultane\s employm5t ( v sup]ior =ces mu/ produce great] weak5+4 ,b n[1 suppos+ t 9 spite ( ! g5]al relief af=d$ by sett+ ap>t a portion ( ! ,army1 w9d & wea!r & ! toils ( ,w> _h produc$ a dim9ution ev5 on ! "p :i* z a sp>e =ce _h be5 res]v$ = lat] use1 /ill we mu/ take a compreh5sive g5]al view ( ! :ole1 & !re=e ask1 ,w ?is dim9ution ( =ce suffice to c\nt]balance ! ga9 9 =ces1 :i* we1 ?r\gh our sup]iority 9 numb]s1 may be able to make 9 m ways ?an "o8 ,b !re /ill rema9s a mo/ important po9t to be notic$4 ,9 a p>tial combat1 ! =ce requir$ to obta9 a great result c be approximately e/imat$ )\t mu* difficulty1 &1 consequ5tly1 we c =m an idea ( :at is sup]flu\s4 ,9 ,/rategy ?is may be said to be impossible1 because ! /rategic result has no su* well-def9$ object & no su* circumscrib$ limits z ! tactical4 ,?us :at c be look$ ^u 9 tactics z an excess ( p[]1 mu/ be reg>d$ 9 ,/rategy z a means to give expansion to success1 if opportunity (f]s = x2 ) ! magnitude ( ! success ! ga9 9 =ce increases at ! same "t1 & 9 ?is way ! sup]iority ( numb]s may soon rea* a po9t :i* ! mo/ c>eful economy ( =ces c\ld nev] h atta9$4 ,by means ( 8 enorm\s num]ical sup]iority1 ,buonap>te 0 enabl$ to rea* ,mosc[ 9 #ahab1 & to take t c5tral capital4 ,_h he by means ( ?is sup]iority succe$$ 9 completely defeat+ ! ,russian ,army1 he w\ld1 9 all probability1 h conclud$ a peace 9 ,mosc[ :i* 9 any o!r way 0 mu* less atta9able4 ,?is example is us$ to expla9 ! idea1 n to prove x1 :i* w\ld require a circum/antial demon/ration1 = :i* ?is is n ! place47997 7997 ,comp>e ,book ,,vii41 second edition1 p4 #ef4 ,all ^! reflections be> m]ely ^u ! idea ( a successive employm5t ( =ces1 & n ^u ! conception ( a res]ve prop]ly s call$1 :i* !y1 no d\bt1 come 9 contact ) ?r\gh\t1 b :i*1 z we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 is connect$ ) "s o!r consid]ations4 ,:at we desire to e/abli% "h is1 t if 9 tactics ! milit>y =ce ?r\gh ! m]e duration ( actual employm5t suff]s a dim9ution ( p[]1 if "t1 !re=e1 appe>s z a factor 9 ! result1 ?is is n ! case 9 ,/rategy 9 a mat]ial degree4 ,! de/ructive effects :i* are also produc$ ^u ! =ces 9 ,/rategy by "t1 are p>tly dim9i%$ ?r\gh _! mass1 p>tly made good 9 o!r ways1 &1 !re=e1 9 ,/rategy x _c be an object to make "t an ally on its own acc\nt by br++ troops successively into action4 ,we say on 8its own acc\nt10 = ! influ5ce :i* "t1 on acc\nt ( o!r circum/ances :i* x br+s ab\t b :i* are diff]5t f itself c h1 inde$ mu/ necess>ily h1 = "o ( ! two p>ties1 is q ano!r ?+1 is any?+ b indiff]5t or unimportant1 & w be ! subject ( consid]ation h]eaft]4 ,! rule :i* we h be5 seek+ to set =? is1 !re=e1 t all =ces :i* are available & de/9$ = a /rategic object %\ld be simultane\sly appli$ to x2 & ?is application w be s mu* ! m complete ! m ev]y?+ is compress$ into "o act & into "o movem5t4 ,b /ill !re is 9 ,/rategy a r5ewal ( ef=t & a p]si/5t action :i*1 z a *ief means t[>ds ! ultimate success1 is m p>ticul>ly n to be ov]look$1 x is ! cont9ual developm5t ( new =ces4 ,?is is also ! subject ( ano!r *apt]1 & we only ref] to x "h 9 ord] to prev5t ! read] f hav+ some?+ 9 view ( :i* we h n be5 speak+4 ,we n[ turn to a subject v closely connect$ ) our pres5t consid]ations1 :i* mu/ be settl$ be=e full light c be ?r[n on ! :ole1 we mean ! /rategic res]ve4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,/rategic ,res]ve ,a res]ve has two objects :i* are v di/9ct f ea* o!r1 namely1 fir/1 ! prolongation & r5ewal ( ! combat1 & secondly1 = use 9 case ( un=ese5 ev5ts4 ,! fir/ object implies ! utility ( a successive application ( =ces1 & on t acc\nt _c occur 9 ,/rategy4 ,cases 9 :i* a corps is s5t to succ\r a po9t :i* is suppos$ to be ab\t to fall are pla9ly to be plac$ 9 ! category ( ! second object1 z ! resi/ance :i* has to be (f]$ "h c\ld n h be5 suffici5tly =ese54 ,b a corps :i* is de/9$ expressly to prolong ! combat1 & ) t object 9 view is plac$ 9 re>1 w\ld be only a corps plac$ out ( rea* ( fire1 b "u ! comm& & at ! disposition ( ! ,g5]al ,comm&+ 9 ! action1 & accord+ly w\ld be a tactical & n a /rategic res]ve4 ,b ! necessity = a =ce ready = un=ese5 ev5ts may also take place 9 ,/rategy1 & consequ5tly !re may also be a /rategic res]ve1 b only :]e un=ese5 ev5ts are imag9able4 ,9 tactics1 :]e ! enemy's measures are g5]ally fir/ asc]ta9$ by direct sight1 & :]e !y may be conceal$ by e wood1 e fold ( undulat+ gr\nd1 we mu/ naturally always be alive1 m or less1 to ! possibility ( un=ese5 ev5ts1 9 ord] to /r5g!n1 subsequ5tly1 ^? po9ts :i* appe> too weak1 &1 9 fact1 to modify g5]ally ! disposition ( our troops1 s z to make x correspond bett] to t ( ! enemy4 ,su* cases mu/ also happ5 9 ,/rategy1 because ! /rategic act is directly l9k$ to ! tactical4 ,9 ,/rategy also _m a measure is fir/ adopt$ 9 consequ5ce ( :at is actually se51 or 9 consequ5ce ( unc]ta9 reports arriv+ f day to day1 or ev5 f h\r to h\r1 & la/ly1 f ! actual results ( ! combats x is1 !re=e1 an ess5tial condition ( /rategic comm& t1 accord+ to ! degree ( unc]ta9ty1 =ces mu/ be kept 9 res]ve aga9/ future cont+5cies4 ,9 ! def5sive g5]ally1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ! def5ce ( c]ta9 ob/acles ( gr\nd1 l riv]s1 hills1 c41 su* cont+5cies1 z is well kn[n1 happ5 con/antly4 ,b ?is unc]ta9ty dim9i%es 9 proportion z ! /rategic activity has less ( ! tactical "*1 & ceases almo/ altoge!r 9 ^? regions :]e x bord]s on politics4 ,! direction 9 :i* ! enemy leads 8 columns to ! combat c be p]ceiv$ by actual sight only2 :]e he int5ds to pass a riv] is le>nt f a few prep>ations :i* are made %ortly be=e2 ! l9e by :i* he proposes to invade our c\ntry is usually ann\nc$ by all ! newspap]s be=e a pi/ol %ot has be5 fir$4 ,! great] ! nature ( ! measure ! less x w take ! enemy by surprise4 ,"t & space are s consid]able1 ! circum/ances out ( :i* ! action proce$s s public & little susceptible ( alt]ation1 t ! com+ ev5t is ei!r made kn[n 9 good "t1 or c be discov]$ ) reasonable c]ta9ty4 ,on ! o!r h& ! use ( a res]ve 9 ?is prov9ce ( ,/rategy1 ev5 if "o 7 available1 w always be less efficaci\s ! m ! measure has a t5d5cy t[>ds be+ "o ( a g5]al nature4 ,we h se5 t ! decision ( a p>tial combat is no?+ 9 itself1 b t all p>tial combats only f9d _! complete solution 9 ! decision ( ! total combat4 ,b ev5 ?is decision ( ! total combat has only a relative mean+ ( _m diff]5t gradations1 accord+ z ! =ce ov] :i* ! victory has be5 ga9$ =ms a m or less great & important "p ( ! :ole4 ,! lo/ battle ( a corps may be repair$ by ! victory ( ! ,army4 ,ev5 ! lo/ battle ( an ,army may n only be c\nt]balanc$ by ! ga9 ( a m important "o1 b conv]t$ into a =tunate ev5t 7! two days ( ,kulm1 ,augu/ #bi & #cj1 #ahac799774 ,no "o c d\bt ?is2 b x is j z cle> t ! weight ( ea* victory 7! successful issue ( ea* total combat7 is s mu* ! m sub/antial ! m important ! "p conqu]$1 & t !re=e ! possibility ( repair+ ! loss by subsequ5t ev5ts dim9i%es 9 ! same proportion4 ,9 ano!r place we %all h to exam9e ?is m 9 detail2 x suffices = ! pres5t to h drawn att5tion to ! indubitable exi/5ce ( ?is progression4 7997 ,ref]s to ! de/ruction ( ,v&amme's column1 :i* _h be5 s5t unsupport$ to int]cept ! retreat ( ! ,au/rians & ,prussians f ,dresd5--b 0 =gott5 by ,napoleon4--,,editor4 ,if we n[ add la/ly to ^! two consid]ations ! ?ird1 :i* is1 t if ! p]si/5t use ( =ces 9 tactics always %ifts ! great result to ! end ( ! :ole act1 law ( ! simultane\s use ( ! =ces 9 ,/rategy1 on ! contr>y1 lets ! pr9cipal result 7:i* ne$ n be ! f9al "o7 take place almo/ always at ! comm5cem5t ( ! great 7or :ole7 act1 !n 9 ^! ?ree results we h gr\nds suffici5t to f9d /rategic res]ves always m sup]flu\s1 always m useless1 always m dang]\s1 ! m g5]al _! de/9ation4 ,! po9t :]e ! idea ( a /rategic res]ve beg9s to become inconsi/5t is n difficult to det]m9e3 x lies 9 ! ,,supreme ,,decision4 ,employm5t mu/ be giv5 to all ! =ces )9 ! space ( ! supreme decision1 & e res]ve 7active =ce available7 :i* is only int5d$ = use aft] t decision is oppos$ to common s5se4 ,if1 !re=e1 tactics has 9 its res]ves ! means ( n only meet+ un=ese5 dispositions on ! "p ( ! enemy1 b also ( repair+ t :i* nev] c be =ese51 ! result ( ! combat1 %\ld t be un=tunate2 ,/rategy on ! o!r h& mu/1 at lea/ z f> z relates to ! capital result1 r5\nce ! use ( ^! means4 ,z ,a rule1 x c only repair ! losses su/a9$ at "o po9t by advantages ga9$ at ano!r1 9 a few cases by mov+ troops f "o po9t to ano!r2 ! idea ( prep>+ = su* rev]ses by plac+ =ces 9 res]ve be=eh&1 c nev] be ent]ta9$ 9 ,/rategy4 ,we h po9t$ out z an absurdity ! idea ( a /rategic res]ve :i* is n to co-op]ate 9 ! capital result1 & z x is s beyond a d\bt1 we %\ld n h be5 l$ into su* an analysis z we h made 9 ^! two *apt]s1 7 x n t1 9 ! disguise ( o!r ideas1 x looks l some?+ bett]1 & frequ5tly makes its appe>ance4 ,"o p]son sees 9 x ! acme ( /rategic sagacity & =esight2 ano!r rejects x1 & ) x ! idea ( any res]ve1 consequ5tly ev5 ( a tactical "o4 ,?is confusion ( ideas is transf]r$ to real life1 & if we w\ld see a memorable in/ance ( x we h only to call to m9d t ,prussia 9 #ahjf left a res]ve ( #bj1jjj m5 canton$ 9 ! ,m>k1 "u ,pr9ce ,eug5e ( ,wurtemb]g1 :i* c\ld n possibly rea* ! ,saale 9 "t to be ( any use1 & t ano!r =ce ,( #be1jjj m5 belong+ to ?is p[] rema9$ 9 ,ea/ & ,s\? ,prussia1 de/9$ only to be put on a w>-foot+ aft]w>ds z a res]ve4 ,aft] ^! examples we _c be accus$ ( hav+ be5 fight+ ) w9dmills4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,economy ( ,=ces ,! road ( reason1 z we h said1 seldom all[s itself to be r$uc$ to a ma!matical l9e by pr9ciples & op9ions4 ,!re rema9s always a c]ta9 m>g94 ,b x is ! same 9 all ! practical arts ( life4 ,= ! l9es ( beauty !re are no abscissae & ord9ates2 circles & ellipses are n describ$ by means ( _! algebraical =mulae4 ,! actor 9 ,w> !re=e soon f9ds he mu/ tru/ himself to ! delicate tact ( judgm5t :i*1 f\nd$ on natural quickness ( p]ception1 & educat$ by reflection1 almo/ unconsci\sly seizes ^u ! "r2 he soon f9ds t at "o "t he mu/ simplify ! law 7by r$uc+ x7 to "s prom95t *>act]i/ic po9ts :i* =m 8 rules2 t at ano!r ! adopt$ me?od mu/ become ! /aff on :i* he leans4 ,z "o ( ^! simplifi$ *>act]i/ic po9ts z a m5tal appliance1 we look ^u ! pr9ciple ( wat*+ cont9ually ov] ! co-op]ation ( all =ces1 or 9 o!r words1 ( keep+ con/antly 9 view t no "p ( !m %\ld ev] be idle4 ,:oev] has =ces :]e ! enemy does n give !m suffici5t employm5t1 :oev] has "p ( 8 =ces on ! m>*--t is1 all[s !m to lie dead--:ile ! enemy's are fight+1 he is a bad manag] ( 8 =ces4 ,9 ?is s5se !re is a wa/e ( =ces1 :i* is ev5 worse ?an _! employm5t to no purpose4 ,if !re mu/ be action1 !n ! fir/ po9t is t all p>ts act1 because ! mo/ purposeless activity /ill keeps employ$ & de/roys a portion ( ! enemy's =ce1 :il/ troops completely inactive are = ! mom5t q neutralis$4 ,unmi/akably ?is idea is b\nd up ) ! pr9ciples conta9$ 9 ! la/ ?ree *apt]s1 x is ! same tru?1 b se5 f a some:at m compreh5sive po9t ( view & cond5s$ into a s+le conception4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,geometrical ,elem5t ,! l5g? to :i* ! geometrical elem5t or =m 9 ! disposition ( milit>y =ce 9 ,w> c become a pr$om9ant pr9ciple1 we see 9 ! art ( =tification1 :]e geometry looks aft] ! great & ! little4 ,also 9 tactics x plays a great "p4 ,x is ! basis ( elem5t>y tactics1 or ( ! !ory ( mov+ troops2 b 9 field =tification1 z well z 9 ! !ory ( positions1 & ( _! attack1 its angles & l9es rule l law giv]s :o h to decide ! conte/4 ,_m ?+s "h 7 at "o "t misappli$1 & o!rs 7 m]e fribbles2 /ill1 h[ev]1 9 ! tactics ( ! pres5t day1 9 :i* 9 e combat ! aim is to surr\nd ! enemy1 ! geometrical elem5t has atta9$ anew a great importance 9 a v simple1 b con/antly recurr+ application4 ,nev]!less1 9 tactics1 :]e all is m movable1 :]e ! moral =ces1 individual traits1 & *ance are m influ5tial ?an 9 a w> ( sieges1 ! geometrical elem5t c nev] atta9 to ! same degree ( supremacy z 9 ! latt]4 ,b less /ill is its influ5ce 9 ,/rategy2 c]ta9ly "h1 also1 =m 9 ! disposition ( troops1 ! %ape ( c\ntries & /ates is ( great importance2 b ! geometrical elem5t is n decisive1 z 9 =tification1 & n ne>ly s important z 9 tactics4--,! mann] 9 :i* ?is influ5ce exhibits itself1 c only be %[n by degrees at ^? places :]e x makes its appe>ance1 & des]ves notice4 ,"h we wi% m to direct att5tion to ! diff]5ce :i* !re is betwe5 tactics & ,/rategy 9 relation to x4 ,9 tactics "t & space quickly dw9dle to _! absolute m9imum4 ,if a body ( troops is attack$ 9 flank & re> by ! enemy1 x soon gets to a po9t :]e retreat no long] rema9s2 su* a position is v close to an absolute impossibility ( cont9u+ ! fight2 x mu/ !re=e extricate itself f x1 or avoid gett+ into x4 ,?is gives to all comb9ations aim+ at ?is f ! fir/ comm5cem5t a great effici5cy1 :i* *iefly consi/s 9 ! disquietude :i* x causes ! enemy z to consequ5ces4 ,?is is :y ! geometrical disposition ( ! =ces is su* an important factor 9 ! tactical product4 ,9 ,/rategy ?is is only fa9tly reflect$1 on acc\nt ( ! great] space & "t4 ,we d n fire f "o !atre ( w> ^u ano!r2 & (t5 weeks & mon?s mu/ pass be=e a /rategic movem5t design$ to surr\nd ! enemy c be execut$4 ,fur!r1 ! di/ances are s great t ! probability ( hitt+ ! "r po9t at la/1 ev5 ) ! be/ arrangem5ts1 is b small4 ,9 ,/rategy !re=e ! scope = su* comb9ations1 t is = ^? re/+ on ! geometrical elem5t1 is mu* small]1 & = ! same reason ! effect ( an advantage once actually ga9$ at any po9t is mu* great]4 ,su* advantage has "t to br+ all its effects to maturity be=e x is di/urb$1 or q neutralis$ !re91 by any c\nt]act+ appreh5sions4 ,we !re=e d n hesitate to reg>d z an e/abli%$ tru?1 t 9 ,/rategy m dep5ds on ! numb] & ! magnitude ( ! victori\s combats1 ?an on ! =m ( ! great l9es by :i* !y are connect$4 ,a view j ! rev]se has be5 a fav\rite !me ( mod]n !ory1 because a great] importance 0 suppos$ to be ?us giv5 to ,/rategy1 &1 z ! high] functions ( ! m9d 7 se5 9 ,/rategy1 x 0 ?\ght by t means to ennoble ,w>1 &1 z x 0 said--?r\gh a new sub/itution ( ideas--to make x m sci5tific4 ,we hold x to be "o ( ! pr9cipal uses ( a complete !ory op5ly to expose su* vag>ies1 & z ! geometrical elem5t is ! fundam5tal idea f :i* !ory usually proce$s1 !re=e we h expressly br\ght out ?is po9t 9 /rong relief4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,on ! ,susp5sion ( ! ,act 9 ,w> ,if "o consid]s ,w> z an act ( mutual de/ruction1 we mu/ ( necessity imag9e bo? p>ties z mak+ "s progress2 b at ! same "t1 z reg>ds ! exi/+ mom5t1 we mu/ almo/ z necess>ily suppose ! "o p>ty 9 a /ate ( expectation1 & only ! o!r actually advanc+1 = circum/ances c nev] be actually ! same on bo? sides1 or cont9ue s4 ,9 "t a *ange mu/ ensue1 f :i* x foll[s t ! pres5t mom5t is m fav\rable to "o side ?an ! o!r4 ,n[ if we suppose t bo? comm&]s h a full k ( ?is circum/ance1 !n ! "o has a motive = action1 :i* at ! same "t is a motive = ! o!r to wait2 !re=e1 accord+ to ?is x _c be = ! int]e/ ( bo? at ! same "t to advance1 nor c wait+ be = ! int]e/ ( bo? at ! same "t4 ,?is opposition ( int]e/ z reg>ds ! object is n d$uc$ "h f ! pr9ciple ( g5]al pol>ity1 & !re=e is n 9 opposition to ! argum5t 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ! second book2 x dep5ds on ! fact t "h 9 reality ! same ?+ is at once an inc5tive or motive to bo? comm&]s1 namely ! probability ( improv+ or impair+ _! position by future action4 ,b ev5 if we suppose ! possibility ( a p]fect equality ( circum/ances 9 ?is respect1 or if we take into acc\nt t ?r\gh imp]fect k ( _! mutual position su* an equality may appe> to ! two ,comm&]s to subsi/1 /ill ! diff]5ce ( political objects does away ) ?is possibility ( susp5sion4 ,"o ( ! p>ties mu/ ( necessity be assum$ politically to be ! aggressor1 because no ,w> c\ld take place f def5sive int5tions on bo? sides4 ,b ! aggressor has ! positive object1 ! def5d] m]ely a negative "o4 ,to ! fir/ !n belongs ! positive action1 = x is only by t means t he c atta9 ! positive object2 !re=e1 9 cases :]e bo? p>ties are 9 precisely simil> circum/ances1 ! aggressor is call$ ^u to act by virtue ( 8 positive object4 ,!re=e1 f ?is po9t ( view1 a susp5sion 9 ! act ( ,w>f>e1 /rictly speak+1 is 9 contradiction ) ! nature ( ! ?+2 because two ,armies1 be+ two incompatible elem5ts1 %\ld de/roy "o ano!r unremitt+ly1 j z fire & wat] c nev] put !mselves 9 equilibrium1 b act & react ^u "o ano!r1 until "o q disappe>s4 ,:at w\ld be said ( two wre/l]s :o rema9$ clasp$ r\nd ea* o!r = h\rs )\t mak+ a movem5t4 ,action 9 ,w>1 !re=e1 l t ( a clock :i* is w\nd up1 %\ld g on runn+ d[n 9 regul> motion4--,b wild z is ! nature ( ,w> x /ill we>s ! *a9s ( human weakness1 & ! contradiction we see "h1 viz41 t man seeks & creates dang]s :i* he fe>s at ! same "t w a/oni% no "o4 ,if we ca/ a glance at milit>y hi/ory 9 g5]al1 we f9d s mu* ! opposite ( an incessant advance t[>ds ! aim1 t /&+ /ill & do+ no?+ is q pla9ly ! normal condition ( an ,army 9 ! mid/ ( ,w>1 act+1 ! exception4 ,?is mu/ almo/ raise a d\bt z to ! correctness ( our conception4 ,b if milit>y hi/ory leads to ?is conclusion :5 view$ 9 ! mass ! late/ s]ies ( campaigns r$eems our position4 ,! ,w> ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution %[s too pla9ly its reality1 & only proves too cle>ly its necessity4 ,9 ^! op]ations1 & especially 9 ! campaigns ( ,buonap>te1 ! conduct ( ,w> atta9$ to t unlimit$ degree ( en]gy :i* we h repres5t$ z ! natural law ( ! elem5t4 ,?is degree is !re=e possible1 & if x is possible !n x is necess>y4 ,h[ c\ld any "o 9 fact ju/ify 9 ! eyes ( reason ! exp5diture ( =ces 9 ,w>1 if act+ 0 n ! object8 ,! bak] only heats 8 ov5 if he has bread to put into x2 ! horse is only yok$ to ! c>riage if we mean to drive2 :y !n make ! enorm\s ef=t ( a ,w> if we look = no?+ else by x b l ef=ts on ! "p ( ! enemy8 ,s mu* 9 ju/ification ( ! g5]al pr9ciple2 n[ z to its modifications1 z f> z !y lie 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ & are indep5d5t ( special cases4 ,!re are ?ree causes to be notic$ "h1 :i* appe> z innate c\nt]poises & prev5t ! ov]-rapid or uncontrollable movem5t ( ! :eel-"w4 ,! fir/1 :i* produces a con/ant t5d5cy to delay1 & is !reby a ret>d+ pr9ciple1 is ! natural timidity & want ( resolution 9 ! human m9d1 a k9d ( in]tia 9 ! moral _w1 b :i* is produc$ n by attractive1 b by repell5t =ces1 t is to say1 by dread ( dang] & responsibility4 ,9 ! burn+ elem5t ( ,w>1 ord9>y natures appe> to become heavi]2 ! impulsion giv5 mu/ !re=e be /rong] & m frequ5tly repeat$ if ! motion is to be a cont9u\s "o4 ,! m]e idea ( ! object = :i* arms h be5 tak5 up is seldom suffici5t to ov]come ?is resi/ant =ce1 & if a w>like ent]pris+ _s is n at ! head1 :o feels himself 9 ,w> 9 8 natural elem5t1 z mu* z a fi% 9 ! ocean1 or if !re is n ! pressure f above ( "s great responsibility1 !n /&+ /ill w be ! ord] ( ! day1 & progress w be ! exception4 ,! second cause is ! imp]fection ( human p]ception & judgm5t1 :i* is great] 9 ,w> ?an any:]e1 because a p]son h>dly kn[s exactly 8 own position f "o mom5t to ano!r1 & c only conjecture on slight gr\nds t ( ! enemy1 :i* is purposely conceal$2 ?is (t5 gives rise to ! case ( bo? p>ties look+ ^u "o & ! same object z advantage\s = !m1 :ile 9 reality ! int]e/ ( "o mu/ prepond]ate2 ?us !n ea* may ?9k he acts wisely by wait+ ano!r mom5t1 z we h already said 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ! second book4 ,! ?ird cause :i* cat*es hold1 l a rat*et :eel 9 ma*9]y1 f "t to "t produc+ a complete /&/ill1 is ! great] /r5g? ( ! def5sive =m4 ,a may feel too weak to attack ,b1 f :i* x does n foll[ t ,b is /rong en\gh = an attack on ,a4 ,! addition ( /r5g?1 :i* ! def5sive gives is n m]ely lo/ by assum+ ! (f5sive1 b also passes to ! enemy j z1 figuratively express$1 ! diff]5ce ( a b & a - b is equal to #b;b4 ,!re=e x may s happ5 t bo? p>ties1 at "o & ! same "t1 n only feel !mselves too weak to attack1 b also are s 9 reality4 ,?us ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ! act ( ,w> itself1 anxi\s sagacity & ! appreh5sion ( too great dang] f9d vantage gr\nd1 by means ( :i* !y c ex]t _! p[]1 & tame ! elem5t>y impetuosity ( ,w>4 ,h[ev]1 at ! same "t ^! causes )\t an exagg]ation ( _! effect1 w\ld h>dly expla9 ! long /ates ( inactivity :i* took place 9 milit>y op]ations1 9 =m] times1 9 ,w>s und]tak5 ab\t int]e/s ( no great importance1 & 9 :i* inactivity consum$ n9e-t5?s ( ! "t t ! troops rema9$ "u arms4 ,?is feature 9 ^! ,w>s1 is to be trac$ pr9cipally to ! influ5ce :i* ! dem&s ( ! "o p>ty1 & ! condition1 & feel+ ( ! o!r1 ex]cis$ ov] ! conduct ( ! op]ations1 z has be5 already obs]v$ 9 ! *apt] on ! ess5ce & object ( ,w>4 ,^! ?+s may obta9 su* a prepond]at+ influ5ce z to make ( ,w> a half-&-half affair4 ,a ,w> is (t5 no?+ m ?an an arm$ neutrality1 or a m5ac+ attitude to support negotiations or an attempt to ga9 "s small advantage by small ex]tions1 & !n to wait ! tide ( circum/ances1 or a disagreeable treaty obligation1 :i* is fulfill$ 9 ! mo/ nigg>dly way possible4 ,9 all ^! cases 9 :i* ! impulse giv5 by int]e/ is slight1 & ! pr9ciple ( ho/ility feeble1 9 :i* !re is no desire to d mu*1 & also n mu* to dread f ! enemy2 9 %ort1 :]e no p[]ful motives press & drive1 cab9ets w n risk mu* 9 ! game2 h5ce ?is tame mode ( c>ry+ on ,w>1 9 :i* ! ho/ile _s ( real ,w> is laid 9 irons4 ,! m ,w> becomes 9 ?is mann] devitalis$ s mu* ! m its !ory becomes de/itute ( ! necess>y firm pivots & buttresses = its reason+2 ! necess>y is con/antly dim9i%+1 ! accid5tal con/antly increas+4 ,nev]!less 9 ?is k9d ( ,w>f>e1 !re is also a c]ta9 %rewdness1 inde$1 its action is p]haps m div]sifi$1 & m ext5sive ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,haz>d play$ ) realeaux ( gold seems *ang$ into a game ( comm]ce ) gros*54 ,& on ?is field1 :]e ! conduct ( ,w> sp9s out ! "t ) a numb] ( small fl\ri%es1 ) skirmi%es at outpo/s1 half 9 e>ne/ half 9 je/1 ) long dispositions :i* end 9 no?+ ) positions & m>*es1 :i* aft]w>ds are designat$ z skilful only because _! inf9itesimally small causes are lo/1 & common s5se c make no?+ ( !m1 "h on ?is v field _m !ori/s f9d ! real ,art ( ,w> at home3 9 ^! fe9ts1 p>ades1 half & qu>t] ?ru/s ( =m] ,w>s1 !y f9d ! aim ( all !ory1 ! supremacy ( m9d ov] matt]1 & mod]n ,w>s appe> to !m m]e savage fi/icuffs1 f :i* no?+ is to be le>nt1 & :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z m]e retrograde /eps t[>ds b>b>ism4 ,?is op9ion is z frivol\s z ! objects to :i* x relates4 ,:]e great =ces & great passions are want+1 x is c]ta9ly easi] = a practis$ dext]ity to %[ its game2 b is !n ! comm& ( great =ces1 n 9 itself a high] ex]cise ( ! intellig5t faculties8 ,is !n t k9d ( conv5tional sword-ex]cise n compris$ 9 & belong+ to ! o!r mode ( conduct+ ,w>8 ,does x n be> ! same relation to x z ! motions ^u a %ip to ! motion ( ! %ip itself8 ,truly x c take place only "u ! tacit condition t ! adv]s>y does no bett]4 ,& c we tell1 h[ long he may *oose to respect ^? conditions8 ,has n !n ! ,fr5* ,revolution fall5 ^u u 9 ! mid/ ( ! fanci$ security ( our old sy/em ( ,w>1 & driv5 u f ,*alons to ,mosc[8 ,& did n ,fr$]ick ! ,great 9 l mann] surprise ! ,au/rians repos+ 9 _! anci5t habits ( ,w>1 & make _! mon>*y tremble8 ,woe to ! cab9et :i*1 ) a %illy-%ally policy1 & a r\t9e-ridd5 milit>y sy/em1 meets ) an adv]s>y :o1 l ! rude elem5t1 kn[s no o!r law ?an t ( 8 intr9sic =ce4 ,e defici5cy 9 en]gy & ex]tion is !n a weight 9 ! scales 9 fav\r ( ! enemy2 x is n s easy !n to *ange f ! f5c+ po/ure into t ( an a?lete1 & a slight bl[ is (t5 suffici5t to knock d[n ! :ole4 ,! result ( all ! causes n[ adduc$ is1 t ! ho/ile action ( a campaign does n progress by a cont9u\s1 b by an int]mitt5t movem5t1 & t1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! sep>ate bloody acts1 !re is a p]iod ( wat*+1 dur+ :i* bo? p>ties fall into ! def5sive1 & also t usually a high] object causes ! pr9ciple ( aggression to pr$om9ate on "o side1 & ?us leaves x 9 g5]al 9 an advanc+ position1 by :i* !n its proce$+s become modifi$ 9 "s degree4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,on ! ,"* ( ,mod]n ,w> ,! att5tion :i* mu/ be paid to ! "* ( ,w> z x is n[ made1 has a great influ5ce ^u all plans1 especially on /rategic ones4 ,s9ce all me?ods =m]ly usual 7 upset by ,buonap>te's luck & boldness1 & fir/-rate ,p[]s almo/ wip$ out at a bl[2 s9ce ! ,spani>ds by _! /ubborn resi/ance h %[n :at ! g5]al arm+ ( a nation & insurg5t measures on a great scale c effect1 9 spite ( weakness & por\sness ( individual p>ts2 s9ce ,russia1 by ! campaign ( #ahab has taught u1 fir/1 t an ,empire ( great dim5sions is n to be conqu]$ 7:i* might h be5 easily kn[n be=e71 secondly1 t ! probability ( f9al success does n 9 all cases dim9i% 9 ! same measure z battles1 capitals1 & prov9ces are lo/ 7:i* 0 =m]ly an incontrov]tible pr9ciple ) all diplomati/s1 & !re=e made !m always ready to ent] at once into "s bad tempor>y peace71 b t a nation is (t5 /ronge/ 9 ! he>t ( its c\ntry1 if ! enemy's (f5sive p[] has exhau/$ itself1 & ) :at enorm\s =ce ! def5sive !n spr+s ov] to ! (f5sive2 fur!r1 s9ce ,prussia 7#ahac7 has %[n t sudd5 ef=ts may add to an ,army sixfold by means ( ! militia1 & t ?is militia is j z fit = s]vice abroad z 9 its own c\ntry2--s9ce all ^! ev5ts h %[n :at an enorm\s factor ! he>t & s5tim5ts ( a ,nation may be 9 ! product ( its political & milit>y /r5g?1 9 f9e1 s9ce gov]nm5ts h f\nd out all ^! additional aids1 x is n to be expect$ t !y w let !m lie idle 9 future ,w>s1 :e!r x be t dang] ?reat5s _! own exi/5ce1 or t re/less ambition drives !m on4 ,t a ,w> :i* is wag$ ) ! :ole weight ( ! national p[] on ea* side mu/ be organis$ diff]5tly 9 pr9ciple to ^? :]e ev]y?+ is calculat$ accord+ to ! relations ( /&+ ,armies to ea* o!r1 x is easy to p]ceive4 ,/&+ ,armies once resembl$ fleets1 ! l& =ce ! sea =ce 9 _! relations to ! rema9d] ( ! ,/ate1 & f t ! ,art ( ,w> on %ore _h 9 x some?+ ( naval tactics1 :i* x has n[ q lo/4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,t5sion & ,re/ ,! ,dynamic ,law ( ,w> ,we h se5 9 ! sixte5? *apt] ( ?is book1 h[1 9 mo/ campaigns1 mu* m "t us$ to be sp5t 9 /&+ /ill & inaction ?an 9 activity4 ,n[1 al?\gh1 z obs]v$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] we see q a diff]5t "* 9 ! pres5t =m ( ,w>1 /ill x is c]ta9 t real action w always be int]rupt$ m or less by long pauses2 & ?is leads to ! necessity ( our exam9+ m closely ! nature ( ^! two phases ( ,w>4 ,if !re is a susp5sion ( action 9 ,w>1 t is1 if nei!r p>ty wills some?+ positive1 !re is re/1 & consequ5tly equilibrium1 b c]ta9ly an equilibrium 9 ! l>ge/ signification1 9 :i* n only ! moral & physical w>-=ces1 b all relations & int]e/s1 come into calculation4 ,z soon z ev] "o ( ! two p>ties proposes to himself a new positive object1 & comm5ces active /eps t[>ds x1 ev5 if x is only by prep>ations1 & z soon z ! adv]s>y opposes ?is1 !re is a t5sion ( p[]s2 ?is la/s until ! decision takes place--t is1 until "o p>ty ei!r gives up 8 object or ! o!r has conc$$ x to him4 ,?is decision--! f\ndation ( :i* lies always 9 ! combat--comb9ations :i* are made on ea* side--is foll[$ by a movem5t 9 "o or o!r direction4 ,:5 ?is movem5t has exhau/$ itself1 ei!r 9 ! difficulties :i* _h to be ma/]$1 9 ov]com+ its own int]nal friction1 or ?r\gh new resi/ant =ces prep>$ by ! acts ( ! enemy1 !n ei!r a /ate ( re/ takes place or a new t5sion ) a decision1 & !n a new movem5t1 9 mo/ cases 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is speculative di/9ction betwe5 equilibrium1 t5sion1 & motion is m ess5tial = practical action ?an may at fir/ sight appe>4 ,9 a /ate ( re/ & ( equilibrium a v>i$ k9d ( activity may prevail on "o side t results f opportunity1 & does n aim at a great alt]ation4 ,su* an activity may conta9 important combats--ev5 pit*$ battles--b yet x is /ill ( q a diff]5t nature1 & on t acc\nt g5]ally diff]5t 9 its effects4 ,if a /ate ( t5sion exi/s1 ! effects ( ! decision are always great] p>tly because a great] =ce ( w & a great] pressure ( circum/ances manife/ !mselves !re92 p>tly because ev]y?+ has be5 prep>$ & arrang$ = a great movem5t4 ,! decision 9 su* cases resembles ! effect ( a m9e well clos$ & tamp$1 :il/ an ev5t 9 itself p]haps j z great1 9 a /ate ( re/1 is m or less l a mass ( p[d] puff$ away 9 ! op5 air4 ,at ! same "t1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! /ate ( t5sion mu/ be imag9$ 9 diff]5t degrees ( int5sity1 & x may !re=e approa* gradually by _m /eps t[>ds ! /ate ( re/1 s t at ! la/ !re is a v slight diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,n[ ! real use :i* we d]ive f ^! reflections is ! conclusion t e measure :i* is tak5 dur+ a /ate ( t5sion is m important & m prolific 9 results ?an ! same measure c\ld be 9 a /ate ( equilibrium1 & t ?is importance increases imm5sely 9 ! highe/ degrees ( t5sion4 ,! cannonade ( ,valmy1 ,septemb] #bj1 #agib1 decid$ m ?an ! battle ( ,ho*kir*1 ,octob] #ad1 #ageh4 ,9 a tract ( c\ntry :i* ! enemy ab&ons to u because he _c def5d x1 we c settle ourselves diff]5tly f :at we %\ld d if ! retreat ( ! enemy 0 only made ) ! view to a decision "u m fav\rable circum/ances4 ,aga91 a /rategic attack 9 c\rse ( execution1 a faulty position1 a s+le false m>*1 may be decisive 9 its consequ5ce2 :il/ 9 a /ate ( equilibrium su* errors mu/ be ( a v gl>+ k9d1 ev5 to excite ! activity ( ! enemy 9 a g5]al way4 ,mo/ bygone ,w>s1 z we h already said1 consi/$1 s f> z reg>ds ! great] "p ( ! "t1 9 ?is /ate ( equilibrium1 or at lea/ 9 su* %ort t5sions ) long int]vals betwe5 !m1 & weak 9 _! effects1 t ! ev5ts to :i* !y gave rise 7 seldom great successes1 (t5 !y 7 !atrical exhibitions1 got up 9 hon\r ( a royal bir?day 7,ho*kir*71 (t5 a m]e satisfy+ ( ! hon\r ( ! arms 7,kun]sdorf71 or ! p]sonal vanity ( ! comm&] 7,freib]g74 ,t a ,comm&] %\ld ?or\ghly und]/& ^! /ates1 t he %\ld h ! tact to act 9 ! _s ( !m1 we hold to be a great requisite1 & we h _h exp]i5ce 9 ! campaign ( #ahjf h[ f> x is sometimes want+4 ,9 t trem5d\s t5sion1 :5 ev]y?+ press$ on t[>ds a supreme decision1 & t alone ) all its consequ5ces %\ld h occupi$ ! :ole s\l ( ! ,comm&]1 measures 7 propos$ & ev5 p>tly c>ri$ out 7su* z ! reconnaissance t[>ds ,franconia71 :i* at ! mo/ might h giv5 a k9d ( g5tle play ( oscillation )9 a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,ov] ^! blund]+ s*emes & views1 absorb+ ! activity ( ! ,army1 ! really necess>y means1 :i* c\ld alone save1 7 lo/ sight (4 ,b ?is speculative di/9ction :i* we h made is also necess>y = our fur!r progress 9 ! con/ruction ( our !ory1 because all t we h to say on ! relation ( attack & def5ce1 & on ! completion ( ?is d\ble-sid$ act1 conc]ns ! /ate ( ! crisis 9 :i* ! =ces are plac$ dur+ ! t5sion & motion1 & because all ! activity :i* c take place dur+ ! condition ( equilibrium c only be reg>d$ & treat$ z a coroll>y2 = t crisis is ! real ,w> & ?is /ate ( equilibrium only its reflection4 ,,book ,,iv ,,! ,,combat ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introductory ,hav+ 9 ! =ego+ book exam9$ ! subjects :i* may be reg>d$ z ! effici5t elem5ts ( ,w>1 we %all n[ turn our att5tion to ! combat z ! real activity 9 ,w>f>e1 :i*1 by its physical & moral effects1 embraces sometimes m simply1 sometimes 9 a m complex mann]1 ! object ( ! :ole campaign4 ,9 ?is activity & 9 its effects ^! elem5ts mu/ !re=e1 reappe>4 ,! =mation ( ! combat is tactical 9 its nature2 we only glance at x "h 9 a g5]al way 9 ord] to get acqua9t$ ) x 9 its aspect z a :ole4 ,9 practice ! m9or or m imm$iate objects give e combat a *>act]i/ic =m2 ^! m9or objects we %all n discuss until h]eaft]4 ,b ^! peculi>ities are 9 comp>ison to ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( a combat mo/ly only insignificant1 s t mo/ combats are v l "o ano!r1 &1 !re=e1 9 ord] to avoid repeat+ t :i* is g5]al at e /age1 we are compell$ to look into x "h1 be=e tak+ up ! subject ( its m special application4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 we %all give 9 ! next *apt]1 9 a few words1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! mod]n battle 9 its tactical c\rse1 because t lies at ! f\ndation ( our conceptions ( :at ! battle really is4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,"* ( a ,mod]n ,battle ,accord+ to ! notion we h =m$ ( tactics & /rategy1 x foll[s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t if ! nature ( ! =m] is *ang$1 t *ange mu/ h an influ5ce on ! latt]4 ,if tactical facts 9 "o case are entirely diff]5t f ^? 9 ano!r1 !n ! /rategic1 mu/ be s also1 if !y are to cont9ue consi/5t & reasonable4 ,x is !re=e important to *>act]ise a g5]al action 9 its mod]n =m be=e we advance ) ! /udy ( its employm5t 9 /rategy4 ,:at d we d n[ usually 9 a great battle8 ,we place ourselves quietly 9 great masses arrang$ contigu\s to & beh9d "o ano!r4 ,we deploy relatively only a small portion ( ! :ole1 & let x wr+ itself out 9 a fire-combat :i* la/s = sev]al h\rs1 only int]rupt$ n[ & aga91 & remov$ hi!r & ?i!r by sep>ate small %ocks f *>ges ) ! bayonet & cavalry attacks4 ,:5 ?is l9e has gradually exhau/$ "p ( its w>like ard\r 9 ?is mann] & !re rema9s no?+ m ?an ! c9d]s1 x is )drawn7997 & replac$ by ano!r4 7997 ,! relief ( ! fight+ l9e play$ a great "p 9 ! battles ( ! ,smoo?-,bore era2 x 0 necessitat$ by ! f\l+ ( ! muskets1 physical fatigue ( ! m5 & consumption ( ammunition1 & 0 recognis$ z bo? necess>y & advisable by ,napoleon himself4--,,editor4 ,9 ?is mann] ! battle on a modifi$ pr9ciple burns sl[ly away l wet p[d]1 & if ! veil ( night comm&s x to /op1 because nei!r p>ty c any long] see1 & nei!r *ooses to run ! risk ( bl9d *ance1 !n an acc\nt is tak5 by ea* side respectively ( ! masses rema9+1 :i* c be call$ /ill effective1 t is1 :i* h n yet q collaps$ l ext9ct volcanoes2 acc\nt is tak5 ( ! gr\nd ga9$ or lo/1 & ( h[ /&s ! security ( ! re>2 ^! results ) ! special impressions z to brav]y & c[>dice1 ability & /upidity1 :i* are ?\ght to h be5 obs]v$ 9 ourselves & 9 ! enemy are collect$ into "o s+le total impression1 out ( :i* !re spr+s ! resolution to quit ! field or to r5ew ! combat on ! morr[4 ,?is description1 :i* is n int5d$ z a f9i%$ picture ( a mod]n battle1 b only to give its g5]al tone1 suits = ! (f5sive & def5sive1 & ! special traits :i* are giv51 by ! object propos$1 ! c\ntry1 c4 c41 may be introduc$ into x1 )\t mat]ially alt]+ ! conception4 ,b mod]n battles are n s by accid5t2 !y are s because ! p>ties f9d !mselves ne>ly on a level z reg>ds milit>y organisation & ! k ( ! ,art ( ,w>1 & because ! w>like elem5t inflam$ by great national int]e/s has brok5 ?r\gh artificial limits & n[ fl[s 9 its natural *annel4 ,"u ^! two conditions1 battles w always pres]ve ?is "*4 ,?is g5]al idea ( ! mod]n battle w be useful to u 9 ! sequel 9 m places ?an "o1 if we want to e/imate ! value ( ! p>ticul> co-effici5ts ( /r5g?1 c\ntry1 c4 c4 ,x is only = g5]al1 great1 & decisive combats1 & su* z come ne> to !m t ?is description /&s good2 inf]ior ones h *ang$ _! "* also 9 ! same direction b less ?an great ones4 ,! pro( ( ?is belongs to tactics2 we %all1 h[ev]1 h an opportunity h]eaft] ( mak+ ?is subject pla9] by giv+ a few p>ticul>s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,combat 9 ,g5]al ,! ,combat is ! real w>like activity1 ev]y?+ else is only its auxili>y2 let u !re=e take an att5tive look at its nature4 ,combat means fight+1 & 9 ?is ! de/ruction or conque/ ( ! enemy is ! object1 & ! enemy1 9 ! p>ticul> combat1 is ! arm$ =ce :i* /&s oppos$ to u4 ,?is is ! simple idea2 we %all return to x1 b be=e we c d t we mu/ ins]t a s]ies ( o!rs4 ,if we suppose ! ,/ate & its milit>y =ce z a unit1 !n ! mo/ natural idea is to imag9e ! ,w> also z "o great combat1 & 9 ! simple relations ( savage nations x is also n mu* o!rwise4 ,b our ,w>s are made up ( a numb] ( great & small simultane\s or consecutive combats1 & ?is sev]ance ( ! activity into s _m sep>ate actions is ow+ to ! great multiplicity ( ! relations out ( :i* ,w> arises ) u4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! ultimate object ( our ,w>s1 ! political "o1 is n always q a simple "o2 & ev5 7 x s1 /ill ! action is b\nd up ) su* a numb] ( conditions & consid]ations to be tak5 into acc\nt1 t ! object c no long] be atta9$ by "o s+le great act b only ?r\gh a numb] ( great] or small] acts :i* are b\nd up into a :ole2 ea* ( ^! sep>ate acts is !re=e a "p ( a :ole1 & has consequ5tly a special object by :i* x is b\nd to ?is :ole4 ,we h already said t e /rategic act c be ref]r$ to ! idea ( a combat1 because x is an employm5t ( ! milit>y =ce1 & at ! root ( t !re always lies ! idea ( fight+4 ,we may !re=e r$uce e milit>y activity 9 ! prov9ce ( ,/rategy to ! unit ( s+le combats1 & occupy ourselves ) ! object ( ^! only2 we %all get acqua9t$ ) ^! special objects by degrees z we come to speak ( ! causes :i* produce !m2 "h we cont5t ourselves ) say+ t e combat1 great or small1 has its own peculi> object 9 subord9ation to ! ma9 object4 ,if ?is is ! case !n1 ! de/ruction & conque/ ( ! enemy is only to be reg>d$ z ! means ( ga9+ ?is object2 z x unque/ionably is4 ,b ?is result is true only 9 its =m1 & important only on acc\nt ( ! connection :i* ! ideas h betwe5 !mselves1 & we h only s\ght x out to get rid ( x at once4 ,:at is ov]com+ ! enemy8 ,inv>iably ! de/ruction ( 8 milit>y =ce1 :e!r x be by dea?1 or w\nds1 or any means2 :e!r x be completely or only to su* a degree t he c no long] cont9ue ! conte/2 !re=e z long z we set aside all special objects ( combats1 we may look ^u ! complete or p>tial de/ruction ( ! enemy z ! only object ( all combats4 ,n[ we ma9ta9 t 9 ! majority ( cases1 & especially 9 great battles1 ! special object by :i* ! battle is individualis$ & b\nd up ) ! great :ole is only a weak modification ( t g5]al object1 or an ancill>y object b\nd up ) x1 important en\gh to individualise ! battle1 b always insignificant 9 comp>ison ) t g5]al object2 s t if t ancill>y object alone %\ld be obta9$1 only an unimportant "p ( ! purpose ( ! combat is fulfill$4 ,if ?is ass]tion is correct1 !n we see t ! idea1 accord+ to :i* ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce is only ! means1 & some?+ else always ! object1 c only be true 9 =m1 b1 t x w\ld lead to false conclusions if we did n recollect t ?is de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce is compris$ 9 t object1 & t ?is object is only a weak modification ( x4 ,=getfulness ( ?is l$ to completely false views be=e ! ,w>s ( ! la/ p]iod1 & creat$ t5d5cies z well z fragm5ts ( sy/ems1 9 :i* !ory ?\ght x rais$ itself s mu* ! m above h&icraft1 ! less x suppos$ itself to /& 9 ne$ ( ! use ( ! real in/rum5t1 t is ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce4 ,c]ta9ly su* a sy/em c\ld n h aris5 unless support$ by o!r false suppositions1 & unless 9 place ( ! de/ruction ( ! enemy1 o!r ?+s _h be5 sub/itut$ to :i* an efficacy 0 ascrib$ :i* did n rightly belong to !m4 ,we %all attack ^! falsehoods :5ev] occasion requires1 b we c\ld n treat ( ! combat )\t claim+ = x ! real importance & value :i* belong to x1 & giv+ w>n+ aga9/ ! errors to :i* m]ely =mal tru? might lead4 ,b n[ h[ %all we manage to %[ t 9 mo/ cases1 & 9 ^? ( mo/ importance1 ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's ,army is ! *ief ?+8 ,h[ %all we manage to combat t extremely subtle idea1 :i* supposes x possible1 ?r\gh ! use ( a special artificial =m1 to effect by a small direct de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ces a mu* great] de/ruction indirectly1 or by means ( small b extremely well-direct$ bl[s to produce su* p>alysation ( ! enemy's =ces1 su* a comm& ov] ! enemy's w1 t ?is mode ( proce$+ is to be view$ z a great %ort5+ ( ! road8 ,und\bt$ly a victory at "o po9t may be ( m value ?an at ano!r4 ,und\bt$ly !re is a sci5tific arrangem5t ( battles among/ !mselves1 ev5 9 ,/rategy1 :i* is 9 fact no?+ b ! ,art ( ?us arrang+ !m4 ,to d5y t is n our int5tion1 b we ass]t t ! direct de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ces is ev]y:]e pr$om9ant2 we cont5d "h = ! ov]rul+ importance ( ?is de/ructive pr9ciple & no?+ else4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 call to m9d t we are n[ engag$ ) ,/rategy1 n ) tactics1 !re=e we d n speak ( ! means :i* ! =m] may h ( de/roy+ at a small exp5se a l>ge body ( ! enemy's =ces1 b "u direct de/ruction we und]/& ! tactical results1 & t1 !re=e1 our ass]tion is t only great tactical results c lead to great /rategical ones1 or1 z we h already once be=e m di/9ctly express$ x1 ! tactical successes are ( p>am\nt importance 9 ! conduct ( ,w>4 ,! pro( ( ?is ass]tion seems to u simple en\gh1 x lies 9 ! "t :i* e complicat$ 7artificial7 comb9ation requires4 ,! "q :e!r a simple attack1 or "o m c>efully prep>$1 i4e41 m artificial1 w produce great] effects1 may und\bt$ly be decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! latt] z long z ! enemy is assum$ to rema9 q passive4 ,b e c>efully comb9$ attack requires "t = its prep>ation1 & if a c\nt]-/roke by ! enemy int]v5es1 our :ole design may be upset4 ,n[ if ! enemy %\ld decide ^u "s simple attack1 :i* c be execut$ 9 a %ort] "t1 !n he ga9s ! initiative1 & de/roys ! effect ( ! great plan4 ,!re=e1 toge!r ) ! exp$i5cy ( a complicat$ attack we mu/ consid] all ! dang]s :i* we run dur+ its prep>ation1 & %\ld only adopt x if !re is no reason to fe> t ! enemy w disconc]t our s*eme4 ,:5ev] ?is is ! case we mu/ ourselves *oose ! simpl]1 i4e41 quick] way1 & l[] our views 9 ?is s5se z f> z ! "*1 ! relations ( ! enemy1 & o!r circum/ances may r5d] necess>y4 ,if we quit ! weak impressions ( ab/ract ideas & desc5d to ! region ( practical life1 !n x is evid5t t a bold1 c\rage\s1 resolute enemy w n let u h "t = wide-rea*+ skilful comb9ations1 & x is j aga9/ su* a "o we %\ld require skill ! mo/4 ,by ?is x appe>s to u t ! advantage ( simple & direct results ov] ^? t are complicat$ is conclusively %[n4 ,our op9ion is n on t acc\nt t ! simple bl[ is ! be/1 b t we mu/ n lift ! arm too f> = ! "t giv5 to /rike1 & t ?is condition w always lead m to direct conflict ! m w>like our oppon5t is4 ,!re=e1 f> f mak+ x our aim to ga9 ^u ! enemy by complicat$ plans1 we mu/ r seek to be be=eh& ) him by great] simplicity 9 our designs4 ,if we seek = ! l[e/ f\ndation-/ones ( ^! conv]se propositions we f9d t 9 ! "o x is ability1 9 ! o!r1 c\rage4 ,n[1 !re is some?+ v attractive 9 ! notion t a mod]ate degree ( c\rage jo9$ to great ability w produce great] effects ?an mod]ate ability ) great c\rage4 ,b unless we suppose ^! elem5ts 9 a disproportionate relation1 n logical1 we h no "r to assign to ability ?is advantage ov] c\rage 9 a field :i* is call$ dang]1 & :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z ! true doma9 ( c\rage4 ,aft] ?is ab/ract view we %all only add t exp]i5ce1 v f> f lead+ to a diff]5t conclusion1 is r ! sole cause :i* has impell$ u 9 ?is direction1 & giv5 rise to su* reflections4 ,:oev] reads hi/ory ) a m9d free f prejudice _c fail to arrive at a conviction t ( all milit>y virtues1 en]gy 9 ! conduct ( op]ations has always contribut$ ! mo/ to ! glory & success ( arms4 ,h[ we make good our pr9ciple ( reg>d+ ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce z ! pr9cipal object1 n only 9 ! ,w> z a :ole b also 9 ea* sep>ate combat1 & h[ t pr9ciple suits all ! =ms & conditions necess>ily dem&$ by ! relations out ( :i* ,w> spr+s1 ! sequel w %[4 ,= ! pres5t all t we desire is to uphold its g5]al importance1 & ) ?is result we return aga9 to ! combat4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,combat 9 ,g5]al 7cont9uation7 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we %[$ ! de/ruction ( ! enemy z ! true object ( ! combat1 & we h s\ght to prove by a special consid]ation ( ! po9t1 t ?is is true 9 ! majority ( cases1 & 9 respect to ! mo/ important battles1 because ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's ,army is always ! prepond]at+ object 9 ,w>4 ,! o!r objects :i* may be mix$ up ) ?is de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce1 & may h m or less influ5ce1 we %all describe g5]ally 9 ! next *apt]1 & become bett] acqua9t$ ) by degrees aft]w>ds2 "h we dive/ ! combat ( !m entirely1 & look ^u ! de/ruction ( ! enemy z ! complete & suffici5t object ( any combat4 ,:at are we n[ to und]/& by de/ruction ( ! enemy's ,army8 ,a dim9ution ( x relatively great] ?an t on our own side4 ,if we h a great sup]iority 9 numb]s ov] ! enemy1 !n naturally ! same absolute am\nt ( loss on bo? sides is = u a small] "o ?an = him1 & consequ5tly may be reg>d$ 9 itself z an advantage4 ,z we are "h consid]+ ! combat z dive/$ ( all 7o!r7 objects1 we mu/ also exclude f our consid]ation ! case 9 :i* ! combat is us$ only indirectly = a great] de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce2 consequ5tly also1 only t direct ga9 :i* has be5 made 9 ! mutual process ( de/ruction1 is to be reg>d$ z ! object1 = ?is is an absolute ga91 :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole campaign1 & at ! end ( x w always appe> z pure pr(it4 ,b e o!r k9d ( victory ov] our oppon5t w ei!r h its motive 9 o!r objects1 :i* we h completely exclud$ "h1 or x w only yield a tempor>y relative advantage4 ,an example w make ?is pla94 ,if by a skilful disposition we h r$uc$ our oppon5t to su* a dilemma1 t he _c cont9ue ! combat )\t dang]1 & aft] "s resi/ance he retires1 !n we may say1 t we h conqu]$ him at t po9t2 b if 9 ?is victory we h exp5d$ j z _m =ces z ! enemy1 !n 9 clos+ ! acc\nt ( ! campaign1 !re is no ga9 rema9+ f ?is victory1 if su* a result c be call$ a victory4 ,!re=e ! ov]com+ ! enemy1 t is1 plac+ him 9 su* a position t he mu/ give up ! fight1 c\nts = no?+ 9 itself1 & = t reason _c come "u ! def9ition ( object4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 z we h said1 no?+ ov] except ! direct ga9 :i* we h made 9 ! process ( de/ruction2 b to ?is belong n only ! losses :i* h tak5 place 9 ! c\rse ( ! combat1 b also ^? :i*1 aft] ! )drawal ( ! conqu]$ "p1 take place z direct consequ5ces ( ! same4 ,n[ x is kn[n by exp]i5ce1 t ! losses 9 physical =ces 9 ! c\rse ( a battle seldom pres5t a great diff]5ce betwe5 victor & vanqui%$ respectively1 (t5 none at all1 sometimes ev5 "o be>+ an inv]se relation to ! result1 & t ! mo/ decisive losses on ! side ( ! vanqui%$ only comm5ce ) ! retreat1 t is1 ^? :i* ! conqu]or does n %>e ) him4 ,! weak rema9s ( battalions already 9 disord] are cut d[n by cavalry1 exhau/$ m5 /rew ! gr\nd1 disabl$ guns & brok5 caissons are ab&on$1 o!rs 9 ! bad /ate ( ! roads _c be remov$ quickly en\gh1 & are captur$ by ! enemy's troops1 dur+ ! night numb]s lose _! way1 & fall def5celess into ! enemy's h&s1 & ?us ! victory mo/ly ga9s bodily sub/ance aft] x is already decid$4 ,"h w\ld be a p>adox1 if x did n solve itself 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! loss 9 physical =ce is n ! only "o :i* ! two sides suff] 9 ! c\rse ( ! combat2 ! moral =ces also are %ak51 brok51 & g to ru94 ,x is n only ! loss 9 m51 horses & guns1 b 9 ord]1 c\rage1 confid5ce1 cohesion & plan1 :i* come into consid]ation :5 x is a "q :e!r ! fight c be /ill cont9u$ or n4 ,x is pr9cipally ! moral =ces :i* decide "h1 & 9 all cases 9 :i* ! conqu]or has lo/ z heavily z ! conqu]$1 x is ^! alone4 ,! comp>ative relation ( ! physical losses is difficult to e/imate 9 a battle1 b n s ! relation ( ! moral ones4 ,two ?+s pr9cipally make x kn[n4 ,! "o is ! loss ( ! gr\nd on :i* ! fight has tak5 place1 ! o!r ! sup]iority ( ! enemy's4 ,! m our res]ves h dim9i%$ z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! enemy1 ! m =ce we h us$ to ma9ta9 ! equilibrium2 9 ?is at once1 an evid5t pro( ( ! moral sup]iority ( ! enemy is giv5 :i* seldom fails to /ir up 9 ! s\l ( ! ,comm&] a c]ta9 bitt]ness ( feel+1 & a sort ( contempt = 8 own troops4 ,b ! pr9cipal ?+ is1 t m5 :o h be5 engag$ = a long cont9uance ( "t are m or less l burnt-out c9d]s2 _! ammunition is consum$2 !y h melt$ away to a c]ta9 ext5t2 physical & moral en]gies are exhau/$1 p]haps _! c\rage is brok5 z well4 ,su* a =ce1 irrespective ( ! dim9ution 9 its numb]1 if view$ z an organic :ole1 is v diff]5t f :at x 0 be=e ! combat2 & ?us x is t ! loss ( moral =ce may be measur$ by ! res]ves t h be5 us$ z if x 7 on a foot-rule4 ,lo/ gr\nd & want ( fre% res]ves1 are1 !re=e1 usually ! pr9cipal causes :i* det]m9e a retreat2 b at ! same "t we by no means exclude or desire to ?r[ 9 ! %ade o!r reasons1 :i* may lie 9 ! int]dep5d5ce ( p>ts ( ! ,army1 9 ! g5]al plan1 c4 ,e combat is !re=e ! bloody & de/ructive measur+ ( ! /r5g? ( =ces1 physical & moral2 :oev] at ! close has ! greate/ am\nt ( bo? left is ! conqu]or4 ,9 ! combat ! loss ( moral =ce is ! *ief cause ( ! decision2 aft] t is giv51 ?is loss cont9ues to increase until x rea*es its culm9at+-po9t at ! close ( ! :ole act4 ,?is !n is ! opportunity ! victor %\ld seize to reap 8 h>ve/ by ! utmo/ possible re/rictions ( 8 enemy's =ces1 ! real object ( engag+ 9 ! combat4 ,on ! beat5 side1 ! loss ( all ord] & control (t5 makes ! prolongation ( resi/ance by individual units1 by ! fur!r puni%m5t !y are c]ta9 to suff]1 m injuri\s ?an useful to ! :ole4 ,! _s ( ! mass is brok52 ! orig9al excitem5t ab\t los+ or w9n+1 ?r\gh :i* dang] 0 =gott51 is sp5t1 & to ! majority dang] n[ appe>s no long] an appeal to _! c\rage1 b r ! endurance ( a cruel puni%m5t4 ,?us ! in/rum5t 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( ! enemy's victory is weak5$ & blunt$1 & !re=e no long] fit to repay dang] by dang]4 ,?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 passes2 ! moral =ces ( ! conqu]$ w recov] by degrees1 ord] w be re/or$1 c\rage w revive1 & 9 ! majority ( cases !re rema9s only a small "p ( ! sup]iority obta9$1 (t5 none at all4 ,9 "s cases1 ev51 al?\gh r>ely1 ! _s ( rev5ge & int5sifi$ ho/ility may br+ ab\t an opposite result4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :atev] is ga9$ 9 kill$1 w\nd$1 prison]s1 & guns captur$ c nev] disappe> f ! acc\nt4 ,! losses 9 a battle consi/ m 9 kill$ & w\nd$2 ^? aft] ! battle1 m 9 artill]y tak5 & prison]s4 ,! fir/ ! conqu]or %>es ) ! conqu]$1 m or less1 b ! second n2 & = t reason !y usually only take place on "o side ( ! conflict1 at lea/1 !y are consid]ably 9 excess on "o side4 ,artill]y & prison]s are !re=e at all times reg>d$ z ! true trophies ( victory1 z well z its measure1 because ?r\gh ^! ?+s its ext5t is decl>$ beyond a d\bt4 ,ev5 ! degree ( moral sup]iority may be bett] judg$ ( by !m ?an by any o!r relation1 especially if ! numb] ( kill$ & w\nd$ is comp>$ !re)2 & "h arises a new p[] increas+ ! moral effects4 ,we h said t ! moral =ces1 beat5 to ! gr\nd 9 ! battle & 9 ! imm$iately succe$+ movem5ts1 recov] !mselves gradually1 & (t5 be> no traces ( injury2 ?is is ! case ) small divisions ( ! :ole1 less frequ5tly ) l>ge divisions2 x may1 h[ev]1 also be ! case ) ! ma9 ,army1 b seldom or nev] 9 ! ,/ate or ,gov]nm5t to :i* ! ,army belongs4 ,^! e/imate ! situation m imp>tially1 & f a m elevat$ po9t ( view1 & recognise 9 ! numb] ( trophies tak5 by ! enemy1 & _! relation to ! numb] ( kill$ & w\nd$1 only too easily & well1 ! measure ( _! own weakness & ineffici5cy4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! lo/ balance ( moral p[] mu/ n be treat$ lightly because x has no absolute value1 & because x does n ( necessity appe> 9 all cases 9 ! am\nt ( ! results at ! f9al close2 x may become ( su* excessive weight z to br+ d[n ev]y?+ ) an irresi/ible =ce4 ,on t acc\nt x may (t5 become a great aim ( ! op]ations ( :i* we %all speak else:]e4 ,"h we h /ill to exam9e "s ( its fundam5tal relations4 ,! moral effect ( a victory increases1 n m]ely 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( ! =ces engag$1 b 9 a progressive ratio--t is to say1 n only 9 ext5t1 b also 9 its int5sity4 ,9 a beat5 deta*m5t ord] is easily re/or$4 ,z a s+le froz5 limb is easily reviv$ by ! re/ ( ! body1 s ! c\rage ( a defeat$ deta*m5t is easily rais$ aga9 by ! c\rage ( ! re/ ( ! ,army z soon z x rejo9s x4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! effects ( a small victory are n completely done away )1 /ill !y are p>tly lo/ to ! enemy4 ,?is is n ! case if ! ,army itself su/a9s a great defeat2 !n "o ) ! o!r fall toge!r4 ,a great fire atta9s q a diff]5t heat f sev]al small ones4 ,ano!r relation :i* det]m9es ! moral value ( a victory is ! num]ical relation ( ! =ces :i* h be5 9 conflict ) ea* o!r4 ,to beat _m ) few is n only a d\ble success1 b %[s also a great]1 especially a m g5]al sup]iority1 :i* ! conqu]$ mu/ always be fe>ful ( enc\nt]+ aga94 ,at ! same "t ?is influ5ce is 9 reality h>dly obs]vable 9 su* a case4 ,9 ! mom5t ( real action1 ! notions ( ! actual /r5g? ( ! enemy are g5]ally s unc]ta91 ! e/imate ( our own commonly s incorrect1 t ! p>ty sup]ior 9 numb]s ei!r does n admit ! disproportion1 or is v f> f admitt+ ! full tru?1 ow+ to :i*1 he evades almo/ entirely ! moral disadvantages :i* w\ld spr+ f x4 ,x is only h]eaft] 9 hi/ory t ! tru?1 long suppress$ ?r\gh ignorance1 vanity1 or a wise discretion1 makes its appe>ance1 & !n x c]ta9ly ca/s a lu/re on ! ,army & its ,lead]1 b x c !n d no?+ m by its moral influ5ce = ev5ts long pa/4 ,if prison]s & captur$ guns are ^? ?+s by :i* ! victory pr9cipally ga9s sub/ance1 its true cry/allisations1 !n ! plan ( ! battle %\ld h ^? ?+s specially 9 view2 ! de/ruction ( ! enemy by dea? & w\nds appe>s "h m]ely z a means to an end4 ,h[ f> ?is may influ5ce ! dispositions 9 ! battle is n an affair ( ,/rategy1 b ! decision to fight ! battle is 9 intimate connection ) x1 z is %[n by ! direction giv5 to our =ces1 & _! g5]al gr\p+1 :e!r we ?reat5 ! enemy's flank or re>1 or he ?reat5s ours4 ,on ?is po9t1 ! numb] ( prison]s & captur$ guns dep5ds v mu*1 & x is a po9t :i*1 9 _m cases1 tactics alone _c satisfy1 p>ticul>ly if ! /rategic relations are too mu* 9 opposition to x4 ,! risk ( hav+ to fight on two sides1 & ! /ill m dang]\s position ( hav+ no l9e ( retreat left op51 p>alyse ! movem5ts & ! p[] ( resi/ance2 fur!r1 9 case ( defeat1 !y increase ! loss1 (t5 rais+ x to its extreme po9t1 t is1 to de/ruction4 ,!re=e1 ! re> be+ endang]$ makes defeat m probable1 &1 at ! same "t1 m decisive4 ,f ?is arises1 9 ! :ole conduct ( ! ,w>1 especially 9 great & small combats1 a p]fect in/9ct to secure our own l9e ( retreat & to seize t ( ! enemy2 ?is foll[s f ! conception ( victory1 :i*1 z we h se51 is some?+ beyond m]e slaught]4 ,9 ?is ef=t we see1 !re=e1 ! fir/ imm$iate purpose 9 ! combat1 & "o :i* is q univ]sal4 ,no combat is imag9able 9 :i* ?is ef=t1 ei!r 9 its d\ble or s+le =m1 does n g h& 9 h& ) ! pla9 & simple /roke ( =ce4 ,ev5 ! smalle/ troop w n ?r[ itself ^u its enemy )\t ?9k+ ( its l9e ( retreat1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 x w h an eye ^u t ( ! enemy also4 ,we %\ld h to digress to %[ h[ (t5 ?is in/9ct is prev5t$ f go+ ! direct road1 h[ (t5 x mu/ yield to ! difficulties aris+ f m important consid]ations3 we %all1 !re=e1 re/ cont5t$ ) affirm+ x to be a g5]al natural law ( ! combat4 ,x is1 !re=e1 active2 presses ev]y:]e ) its natural weight1 & s becomes ! pivot on :i* almo/ all tactical & /rategic manuvres turn4 ,if we n[ take a look at ! conception ( victory z a :ole1 we f9d 9 x ?ree elem5ts3-- #a4 ,! great] loss ( ! enemy 9 physical p[]4 #b4 ,9 moral p[]4 #c4 ,8 op5 av[al ( ?is by ! rel9qui%m5t ( 8 int5tions4 ,! returns made up on ea* side ( losses 9 kill$ & w\nd$1 are nev] exact1 seldom tru?ful1 & 9 mo/ cases1 full ( int5tional misrepres5tations4 ,ev5 ! /atem5t ( ! numb] ( trophies is seldom to be q dep5d$ on2 consequ5tly1 :5 x is n consid]able x may also ca/ a d\bt ev5 on ! reality ( ! victory4 ,( ! loss 9 moral =ces !re is no reliable measure1 except 9 ! trophies3 !re=e1 9 _m cases1 ! giv+ up ! conte/ is ! only real evid5ce ( ! victory4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$ z a confession ( inf]iority--z ! l[]+ ( ! flag1 by :i*1 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance1 "r & sup]iority are conc$$ to ! enemy1 & ?is degree ( humiliation & disgrace1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f all ! o!r moral consequ5ces ( ! loss ( equilibrium1 is an ess5tial "p ( ! victory4 ,x is ?is "p alone :i* acts ^u ! public op9ion outside ! ,army1 ^u ! p & ! ,gov]nm5t 9 bo? bellig]5t ,/ates1 & ^u all o!rs 9 any way conc]n$4 ,b r5\ncem5t ( ! g5]al object is n q id5tical ) quitt+ ! field ( battle1 ev5 :5 ! battle has be5 v ob/9ate & long kept up2 no "o says ( advanc$ po/s1 :5 !y retire aft] an ob/9ate combat1 t !y h giv5 up _! object2 ev5 9 combats aim$ at ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's ,army1 ! retreat f ! battlefield is n always to be reg>d$ z a rel9qui%m5t ( ?is aim1 z = in/ance1 9 retreats plann$ be=eh&1 9 :i* ! gr\nd is disput$ foot by foot2 all ?is belongs to t "p ( our subject :]e we %all speak ( ! sep>ate object ( ! combat2 "h we only wi% to draw att5tion to ! fact t 9 mo/ cases ! giv+ up ( ! object is v difficult to di/+ui% f ! retirem5t f ! battlefield1 & t ! impression produc$ by ! latt]1 bo? 9 & out ( ! ,army1 is n to be treat$ lightly4 ,= ,g5]als & ,armies ^: reputation is n made1 ?is is 9 itself "o ( ! difficulties 9 _m op]ations1 ju/ifi$ by circum/ances :5 a succession ( combats1 ea* end+ 9 retreat1 may appe> z a succession ( defeats1 )\t be+ s 9 reality1 & :5 t appe>ance may ex]cise a v depress+ influ5ce4 ,x is impossible = ! retreat+ ,g5]al by mak+ kn[n 8 real int5tions to prev5t ! moral effect spread+ to ! public & 8 troops1 = to d t ) effect he mu/ disclose 8 plans completely1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld run c\nt] to 8 pr9cipal int]e/s to too great a degree4 ,9 ord] to draw att5tion to ! special importance ( ?is conception ( victory we %all only ref] to ! battle ( ,soor17997 ! trophies f :i* 7 n important 7a few ?\s& prison]s & tw5ty guns71 & :]e ,fr$]ick proclaim$ 8 victory by rema9+ = five days aft] on ! field ( battle1 al?\gh 8 retreat into ,silesia _h be5 previ\sly det]m9$ on1 & 0 a measure natural to 8 :ole situation4 ,accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 he ?\ght he w\ld ha/5 a peace by ! moral effect ( 8 victory4 ,n[ al?\gh a c\ple ( o!r successes 7 likewise requir$1 namely1 ! battle at ,ka?olis* ,h5n]sdorf1 9 ,lusatia1 & ! battle ( ,kesseldorf1 be=e ?is peace took place1 /ill we _c say t ! moral effect ( ! battle ( ,soor 0 nil4 7997 ,soor1 or ,sohr1 ,sept4 #cj1 #agde2 ,h5n]sdorf1 ,nov4 #bc1 #agde2 ,kealteldorf1 ,dec4 #ae1 #agde1 all 9 ! ,second ,silesian ,w>4 ,if x is *iefly ! moral =ce :i* is %ak5 by defeat1 & if ! numb] ( trophies reap$ by ! enemy m\nts up to an unusual height1 !n ! lo/ combat becomes a r\t1 b ?is is n ! necess>y consequ5ce ( e victory4 ,a r\t only sets 9 :5 ! moral =ce ( ! defeat$ is v sev]ely %ak5 !n !re (t5 ensues a complete incapability ( fur!r resi/ance1 & ! :ole action consi/s ( giv+ way1 t is ( flight4 ,j5a & ,belle ,alliance 7 r\ts1 b n s ,borod9o4 ,al?\gh )\t p$antry we c "h give no s+le l9e ( sep>ation1 because ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?+s is "o ( degrees1 yet /ill ! ret5tion ( ! conception is ess5tial z a c5tral po9t to give cle>ness to our !oretical ideas & x is a want 9 our t]m9ology t = a victory ov] ! enemy tantam\nt to a r\t1 & a conque/ ( ! enemy only tantam\nt to a simple victory1 !re is only "o & ! same ^w to use4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,on ! ,signification ( ! ,combat ,hav+ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] exam9$ ! combat 9 its absolute =m1 z ! m9iature picture ( ! :ole ,w>1 we n[ turn to ! relations :i* x be>s to ! o!r p>ts ( ! great :ole4 ,fir/ we inquire :at is m precisely ! signification ( a combat4 ,z ,w> is no?+ else b a mutual process ( de/ruction1 !n ! mo/ natural answ] 9 conception1 & p]haps also 9 reality1 appe>s to be t all ! p[]s ( ea* p>ty unite 9 "o great volume & all results 9 "o great %ock ( ^! masses4 ,!re is c]ta9ly mu* tru? 9 ?is idea1 & x seems to be v advisable t we %\ld adh]e to x & %\ld on t acc\nt look ^u small combats at fir/ only z necess>y loss1 l ! %av+s f a c>p5t]'s plane4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! ?+ _c be settl$ s easily4 ,t a multiplication ( combats %\ld arise f a fraction+ ( =ces is a matt] ( c\rse1 & ! m imm$iate objects ( sep>ate combats w !re=e come be=e u 9 ! subject ( a fraction+ ( =ces2 b ^! objects1 & toge!r ) !m1 ! :ole mass ( combats may 9 a g5]al way be br\ght "u c]ta9 classes1 & ! k ( ^! classes w contribute to make our obs]vations m intelligible4 ,de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ces is 9 reality ! object ( all combats2 b o!r objects may be jo9$ !reto1 & ^! o!r objects may be at ! same "t pr$om9ant2 we mu/ !re=e draw a di/9ction betwe5 ^? 9 :i* ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ces is ! pr9cipal object1 & ^? 9 :i* x is m ! means4 ,! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce1 ! possession ( a place or ! possession ( "s object may be ! g5]al motive = a combat1 & x may be ei!r "o ( ^! alone or sev]al toge!r1 9 :i* case h[ev] usually "o is ! pr9cipal motive4 ,n[ ! two pr9cipal =ms ( ,w>1 ! (f5sive & def5sive1 ( :i* we %all %ortly speak1 d n modify ! fir/ ( ^! motives1 b !y c]ta9ly d modify ! o!r two1 & !re=e if we arrange !m 9 a s*eme !y w\ld appe> ?us3-- ,,(f5sive4 ,,def5sive4 #a4 ,de/ruction ( enemy's =ce #a4 ,de/ruction ( enemy's =ce4 #b4 ,conque/ ( a place4 #b4 ,def5ce ( a place4 #c4 ,conque/ ( "s object4 #c4 ,def5ce ( "s object4 ,^! motives1 h[ev]1 d n seem to embrace completely ! :ole ( ! subject1 if we recollect t !re are reconnaissances & demon/rations1 9 :i* pla9ly none ( ^! ?ree po9ts is ! object ( ! combat4 ,9 reality we mu/1 !re=e1 on ?is acc\nt be all[$ a f\r? class4 ,/rictly speak+1 9 reconnaissances 9 :i* we wi% ! enemy to %[ himself1 9 al>ms by :i* we wi% to we> him out1 9 demon/rations by :i* we wi% to prev5t 8 leav+ "s po9t or to draw him (f to ano!r1 ! objects are all su* z c only be atta9$ indirectly & "u ! pretext ( "o ( ! ?ree objects specifi$ 9 ! table1 usually ( ! second2 = ! enemy ^: aim is to reconnoitre mu/ draw up 8 =ce z if he really int5d$ to attack & defeat u1 or drive u (f1 c4 c4 ,b ?is pret5d$ object is n ! real "o1 & our pres5t "q is only z to ! latt]2 !re=e1 we mu/ to ! above ?ree objects ( ! (f5sive fur!r add a f\r?1 :i* is to lead ! enemy to make a false conclusion4 ,t (f5sive means are conceivable 9 connection ) ?is object1 lies 9 ! nature ( ! ?+4 ,on ! o!r h& we mu/ obs]ve t ! def5ce ( a place may be ( two k9ds1 ei!r absolute1 if z a g5]al "q ! po9t is n to be giv5 up1 or relative if x is only requir$ = a c]ta9 "t4 ,! latt] happ5s p]petually 9 ! combats ( advanc$ po/s & re> gu>ds4 ,t ! nature ( ^! diff]5t int5tions ( a combat mu/ h an ess5tial influ5ce on ! dispositions :i* are its prelim9>ies1 is a ?+ cle> 9 itself4 ,we act diff]5tly if our object is m]ely to drive an enemy's po/ out ( its place f :at we %\ld if our object 0 to beat him completely2 diff]5tly1 if we mean to def5d a place to ! la/ extremity f :at we %\ld d if our design is only to deta9 ! enemy = a c]ta9 "t4 ,9 ! fir/ case we tr\ble ourselves little ab\t ! l9e ( retreat1 9 ! latt] x is ! pr9cipal po9t1 c4 ,b ^! reflections belong prop]ly to tactics1 & are only introduc$ "h by way ( example = ! sake ( great] cle>ness4 ,:at ,/rategy has to say on ! diff]5t objects ( ! combat w appe> 9 ! *apt]s :i* t\* ^u ^! objects4 ,"h we h only a few g5]al obs]vations to make1 fir/1 t ! importance ( ! object decreases ne>ly 9 ! ord] z !y /& above1 !re=e1 t ! fir/ ( ^! objects mu/ always pr$om9ate 9 ! great battle2 la/ly1 t ! two la/ 9 a def5sive battle are 9 reality su* z yield no fruit1 !y are1 t is to say1 purely negative1 & c1 !re=e1 only be s]viceable1 indirectly1 by facilitat+ some?+ else :i* is positive4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a bad sign ( ! /rategic situation if battles ( ?is k9d become too frequ5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,duration ( ,combat ,if we consid] ! combat no long] 9 itself b 9 relation to ! o!r =ces ( ,w>1 !n its duration acquires a special importance4 ,?is duration is to be reg>d$ to a c]ta9 ext5t z a second subord9ate success4 ,= ! conqu]or ! combat c nev] be f9i%$ too quickly1 = ! vanqui%$ x c nev] la/ too long4 ,a spe$y victory indicates a high] p[] ( victory1 a t>dy decision is1 on ! side ( ! defeat$1 "s comp5sation = ! loss4 ,?is is 9 g5]al true1 b x acquires a practical importance 9 its application to ^? combats1 ! object ( :i* is a relative def5ce4 ,"h ! :ole success (t5 lies 9 ! m]e duration4 ,?is is ! reason :y we h includ$ x among/ ! /rategic elem5ts4 ,! duration ( a combat is necess>ily b\nd up ) its ess5tial relations4 ,^! relations are1 absolute magnitude ( =ce1 relation ( =ce & ( ! diff]5t arms mutually1 & nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,tw5ty ?\s& m5 d n we> !mselves out ^u "o ano!r z quickly z two ?\s&3 we _c resi/ an enemy d\ble or ?ree times our /r5g? z long z "o ( ! same /r5g?2 a cavalry combat is decid$ soon] ?an an infantry combat2 & a combat betwe5 infantry only1 quick] ?an if !re is artill]y7997 z well2 9 hills & =e/s we _c advance z quickly z on a level c\ntry2 all ?is is cle> en\gh4 7997 ,! increase 9 ! relative range ( artill]y & ! introduction ( %rapnel has altoge!r modifi$ ?is conclusion4 ,f ?is x foll[s1 !re=e1 t /r5g?1 relation ( ! ?ree arms1 & position1 mu/ be consid]$ if ! combat is to fulfil an object by its duration2 b to set up ?is rule 0 ( less importance to u 9 our pres5t consid]ations ?an to connect ) x at once ! *ief results :i* exp]i5ce gives u on ! subject4 ,ev5 ! resi/ance ( an ord9>y ,division ( #hjjj to #aj1jjj m5 ( all arms ev5 oppos$ to an enemy consid]ably sup]ior 9 numb]s1 w la/ sev]al h\rs1 if ! advantages ( c\ntry are n too prepond]at+1 & if ! enemy is only a little1 or n at all1 sup]ior 9 numb]s1 ! combat w la/ half a day4 ,a ,corps ( ?ree or f\r ,divisions w prolong x to d\ble ! "t2 an ,army ( #hj1jjj or #ajj1jjj to ?ree or f\r times4 ,!re=e ! masses may be left to !mselves = t l5g? ( "t1 & no sep>ate combat takes place if )9 t "t o!r =ces c be br\ght up1 ^: co-op]ation m+les !n at once into "o /ream ) ! results ( ! combat :i* has tak5 place4 ,^! calculations are ! result ( exp]i5ce2 b x is important to u at ! same "t to *>act]ise m p>ticul>ly ! mom5t ( ! decision1 & consequ5tly ! t]m9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,decision ( ! ,combat ,no battle is decid$ 9 a s+le mom5t1 al?\gh 9 e battle !re arise mom5ts ( crisis1 on :i* ! result dep5ds4 ,! loss ( a battle is1 !re=e1 a gradual fall+ ( ! scale4 ,b !re is 9 e combat a po9t ( "t 7997 7997 ,"u ! !n exi/+ conditions ( armam5t und]/ood4 ,?is po9t is ( supreme importance1 z practically ! :ole conduct ( a great battle dep5ds on a correct solution ( ?is "q--viz41 ,h[ long c a giv5 comm& prolong its resi/ance8 ,if ?is is incorrectly answ]$ 9 practice--! :ole manuvre dep5d+ on x may collapse--e4g41 ,k\r\patk9 at ,liao-,yang1 ,septemb] #aijd4 :5 x may be reg>d$ z decid$1 9 su* a way t ! r5ewal ( ! fight w\ld be a new battle1 n a cont9uation ( ! old "o4 ,to h a cle> notion on ?is po9t ( "t1 is v important1 9 ord] to be able to decide :e!r1 ) ! prompt assi/ance ( re9=cem5ts1 ! combat c aga9 be resum$ ) advantage4 ,(t5 9 combats :i* are beyond re/oration new =ces are sacrific$ 9 va92 (t5 ?r\gh neglect ! decision has n be5 seiz$ :5 x might easily h be5 secur$4 ,"h are two examples1 :i* c\ld n be m to ! po9t3 ,:5 ! ,pr9ce ( ,hoh5lohe1 9 #ahjf1 at ,j5a17997 ) #ce1jjj m5 oppos$ to f #fj1jjj to #gj1jjj1 "u ,buonap>te1 _h accept$ battle1 & lo/ x--b lo/ x 9 su* a way t ! #ce1jjj might be reg>d$ z dissolv$--,g5]al ,r*el und]took to r5ew ! fight ) ab\t #ab1jjj2 ! consequ5ce 0 t 9 a mom5t 8 =ce 0 scatt]$ 9 l mann]4 7997 ,octob] #ad1 #ahjf4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on ! same day at ,au]/adt1 ! ,prussians ma9ta9$ a combat ) #be1jjj1 aga9/ ,dav\/1 :o _h #bh1jjj1 until mid-day1 )\t success1 x is true1 b /ill )\t ! =ce be+ r$uc$ to a /ate ( dissolution )\t ev5 great] loss ?an ! enemy1 :o 0 v defici5t 9 cavalry2--b !y neglect$ to use ! res]ve ( #ah1jjj1 "u ,g5]al ,kalkreu?1 to re/ore ! battle :i*1 "u ^! circum/ances1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to lose4 ,ea* combat is a :ole 9 :i* ! p>tial combats comb9e !mselves into "o total result4 ,9 ?is total result lies ! decision ( ! combat4 ,?is success ne$ n be exactly a victory su* z we h d5ot$ 9 ! six? *apt]1 = (t5 ! prep>ations = t h n be5 made1 (t5 !re is no opportunity if ! enemy gives way too soon1 & 9 mo/ cases ! decision1 ev5 :5 ! resi/ance has be5 ob/9ate1 takes place be=e su* a degree ( success is atta9$ z w\ld completely satisfy ! idea ( a victory4 ,we !re=e ask1 ,:i* is commonly ! mom5t ( ! decision1 t is to say1 t mom5t :5 a fre%1 effective1 ( c\rse n disproportionate1 =ce1 c no long] turn a disadvantage\s battle8 ,if we pass ov] false attacks1 :i* 9 accordance ) _! nature are prop]ly )\t decision1 !n1 #a4 ,if ! possession ( a movable object 0 ! object ( ! combat1 ! loss ( ! same is always ! decision4 #b4 ,if ! possession ( gr\nd 0 ! object ( ! combat1 !n ! decision g5]ally lies 9 its loss4 ,/ill n always1 only if ?is gr\nd is ( peculi> /r5g?1 gr\nd :i* is easy to pass ov]1 h[ev] important x may be 9 o!r respects1 c be re-tak5 )\t mu* dang]4 #c4 ,b 9 all o!r cases1 :5 ^! two circum/ances h n already decid$ ! combat1 !re=e1 p>ticul>ly 9 case ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce is ! pr9cipal object1 ! decision is rea*$ at t mom5t :5 ! conqu]or ceases to feel himself 9 a /ate ( dis9tegration1 t is1 ( uns]viceabl5ess to a c]ta9 ext5t1 :5 !re=e1 !re is no fur!r advantage 9 us+ ! successive ef=ts spok5 ( 9 ! twelf? *apt] ( ! ?ird book4 ,on ?is gr\nd we h giv5 ! /rategic unity ( ! battle its place "h4 ,a battle1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! assailant has n lo/ 8 condition ( ord] & p]fect effici5cy at all1 or1 at lea/1 only 9 a small "p ( 8 =ce1 :il/ ! oppos+ =ces are1 m or less1 disorganis$ ?r\gh\t1 is also n to be retriev$2 & j z little if ! enemy has recov]$ 8 effici5cy4 ,! small]1 !re=e1 t "p ( a =ce is :i* has really be5 engag$1 ! great] t portion :i* z res]ve has contribut$ to ! result only by its pres5ce4 ,s mu* ! less w any new =ce ( ! enemy wre/ aga9 ! victory f our h&s1 & t ,comm&] :o c>ries out to ! fur!/ ) 8 ,army ! pr9ciple ( conduct+ ! combat ) ! greate/ economy ( =ces1 & mak+ ! mo/ ( ! moral effect ( /rong res]ves1 goes ! sure/ way to victory4 ,we mu/ all[ t ! ,fr5*1 9 mod]n times1 especially :5 l$ by ,buonap>te1 h %[n a ?or\gh ma/]y 9 ?is4 ,fur!r1 ! mom5t :5 ! crisis-/age ( ! combat ceases ) ! conqu]or1 & 8 orig9al /ate ( ord] is re/or$1 takes place soon] ! small] ! unit he controls4 ,a picket ( cavalry pursu+ an enemy at full gallop w 9 a few m9utes resume its prop] ord]1 & ! crisis ceases4 ,a :ole regim5t ( cavalry requires a long] "t4 ,x la/s /ill long] ) infantry1 if ext5d$ 9 s+le l9es ( skirmi%]s1 & long] aga9 ) ,divisions ( all arms1 :5 x happ5s by *ance t "o "p has tak5 "o direction & ano!r "p ano!r direction1 & ! combat has !re=e caus$ a loss ( ! ord] ( =mation1 :i* usually becomes /ill worse f no "p kn[+ exactly :]e ! o!r is4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ! po9t ( "t :5 ! conqu]or has collect$ ! in/rum5ts he has be5 us+1 & :i* are mix$ up & p>tly out ( ord]1 ! mom5t :5 he has 9 "s measure re>rang$ !m & put !m 9 _! prop] places1 & ?us br\ght ! battle-work%op into a little ord]1 ?is mom5t1 we say1 is always lat]1 ! great] ! total =ce4 ,aga91 ?is mom5t comes lat] if night ov]takes ! conqu]or 9 ! crisis1 &1 la/ly1 x comes lat] /ill if ! c\ntry is brok5 & ?ickly wood$4 ,b ) reg>d to ^! two po9ts1 we mu/ obs]ve t night is also a great means ( protection1 & x is only seldom t circum/ances fav\r ! expectation ( a successful result f a night attack1 z on ,m>* #aj1 #ahad1 at ,laon17997 :]e ,york aga9/ ,m>mont gives u an example completely 9 place "h4 ,9 ! same way a wood$ & brok5 c\ntry w af=d protection aga9/ a reaction to ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! long crisis ( victory4 ,bo?1 !re=e1 ! night z well z ! wood$ & brok5 c\ntry are ob/acles :i* make ! r5ewal ( ! same battle m difficult in/ead ( facilitat+ x4 7997 ,! celebrat$ *>ge at night ^u ,m>mont's ,corps4 ,hi!rto1 we h consid]$ assi/ance arriv+ = ! los+ side z a m]e increase ( =ce1 !re=e1 z a re9=cem5t com+ up directly f ! re>1 :i* is ! mo/ usual case4 ,b ! case is q diff]5t if ^! fre% =ces come ^u ! enemy 9 flank or re>4 ,on ! effect ( flank or re> attacks s f> z !y belong to ,/rategy1 we %all speak 9 ano!r place3 su* a "o z we h "h 9 view1 int5d$ = ! re/oration ( ! combat1 belongs *iefly to tactics1 & is only m5tion$ because we are "h speak+ ( tactical results1 our ideas1 !re=e1 mu/ tr5* ^u ! prov9ce ( tactics4 ,by direct+ a =ce aga9/ ! enemy's flank & re> its efficacy may be mu* int5sifi$2 b ?is is s f> f be+ a necess>y result always t ! efficacy may1 on ! o!r h&1 be j z mu* weak5$4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ! combat has tak5 place decide ^u ?is "p ( ! plan z well z ^u e o!r1 )\t our be+ able to ent] !reupon "h4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 !re are 9 x two ?+s ( importance = our subject3 fir/1 flank & re> attacks h1 z a rule1 a m fav\rable effect on ! consequ5ces ( ! decision ?an ^u ! decision itself4 ,n[ z conc]ns ! retriev+ a battle1 ! fir/ ?+ to be arriv$ at above all is a fav\rable decision & n magnitude ( success4 ,9 ?is view "o w\ld !re=e ?9k t a =ce :i* comes to re-e/abli% our combat is ( less assi/ance if x falls ^u ! enemy 9 flank & re>1 !re=e sep>at$ f u1 ?an if x jo9s itself to u directly2 c]ta9ly1 cases are n want+ :]e x is s1 b we mu/ say t ! majority are on ! o!r side1 & !y are s on acc\nt ( ! second po9t :i* is "h important to u4 ,?is second po9t is ! moral effect ( ! surprise1 :i*1 z a rule1 a re9=cem5t com+ up to re-e/abli% a combat has g5]ally 9 its fav\r4 ,n[ ! effect ( a surprise is always height5$ if x takes place 9 ! flank or re>1 & an enemy completely engag$ 9 ! crisis ( victory 9 8 ext5d$ & scatt]$ ord]1 is less 9 a /ate to c\nt]act x4 ,:o does n feel t an attack 9 flank or re>1 :i* at ! comm5cem5t ( ! battle1 :5 ! =ces are conc5trat$ & prep>$ = su* an ev5t w\ld be ( little importance1 ga9s q ano!r weight 9 ! la/ mom5t ( ! combat4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 at once admit t 9 mo/ cases a re9=cem5t com+ up on ! flank or re> ( ! enemy w be m efficaci\s1 w be l ! same weight at ! end ( a long] lev]1 & !re=e t "u ^! circum/ances1 we may und]take to re/ore ! battle ) ! same =ce :i* employ$ 9 a direct attack w\ld be q insuffici5t4 ,"h results almo/ defy calculation1 because ! moral =ces ga9 completely ! asc5d5cy4 ,?is is !re=e ! "r field = boldness & d>+4 ,! eye mu/1 !re=e1 be direct$ on all ^! objects1 all ^! mom5ts ( co-op]at+ =ces mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation1 :5 we h to decide 9 d\btful cases :e!r or n x is /ill possible to re/ore a combat :i* has tak5 an unfav\rable turn4 ,if ! combat is to be reg>d$ z n yet end$1 !n ! new conte/ :i* is op5$ by ! arrival ( assi/ance fuses into ! =m]2 !re=e !y fl[ toge!r into "o common result1 & ! fir/ disadvantage vani%es completely out ( ! calculation4 ,b ?is is n ! case if ! combat 0 already decid$2 !n !re are two results sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,n[ if ! assi/ance :i* arrives is only ( a relative /r5g?1 t is1 if x is n 9 itself alone a mat* = ! enemy1 !n a fav\rable result is h>dly to be expect$ f ?is second combat3 b if x is s /rong t x c und]take ! second combat )\t reg>d to ! fir/1 !n x may be able by a fav\rable issue to comp5sate or ev5 ov]balance ! fir/ combat1 b nev] to make x disappe> altoge!r f ! acc\nt4 ,at ! battle ( ,kun]sdorf17997 ,fr$]ick ! ,great at ! fir/ onset c>ri$ ! left ( ! ,russian position1 & took sev5ty pieces ( artill]y2 at ! end ( ! battle bo? 7 lo/ aga91 & ! :ole result ( ! fir/ combat 0 wip$ out ( ! acc\nt4 ,_h x be5 possible to /op at ! fir/ success1 & to put (f ! second "p ( ! battle to ! com+ day1 !n1 ev5 if ! ,k+ _h lo/ x1 ! advantages ( ! fir/ w\ld always h be5 a set (f to ! second4 7997 ,augu/ #ab1 #agei4 ,b :5 a battle proce$+ disadvantage\sly is arre/$ & turn$ be=e its conclusion1 its m9us result on our side n only disappe>s f ! acc\nt1 b also becomes ! f\ndation ( a great] victory4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we picture to ourselves exactly ! tactical c\rse ( ! battle1 we may easily see t until x is f9ally conclud$ all successes 9 p>tial combats are only decisions 9 susp5se1 :i* by ! capital decision may n only be de/roy$1 b *ang$ into ! opposite4 ,! m our =ces h suff]$1 ! m ! enemy w h exp5d$ on 8 side2 ! great]1 !re=e1 w be ! crisis = ! enemy1 & ! m ! sup]iority ( our fre% troops w tell4 ,if n[ ! total result turns 9 our fav\r1 if we wre/ f ! enemy ! field ( battle & recov] all ! trophies aga91 !n all ! =ces :i* he has sacrific$ 9 obta9+ !m become %e] ga9 = u1 & our =m] defeat becomes a /epp+-/one to a great] triumph4 ,! mo/ brilliant feats :i* ) victory ! enemy w\ld h s highly priz$ t ! loss ( =ces :i* !y co/ w\ld h be5 disreg>d$1 leave no?+ n[ beh9d b regret at ! sacrifice entail$4 ,su* is ! alt]ation :i* ! magic ( victory & ! curse ( defeat produces 9 ! specific weight ( ! same elem5ts4 ,!re=e1 ev5 if we are decid$ly sup]ior 9 /r5g?1 & are able to repay ! enemy 8 victory by a great] /ill1 x is always bett] to =e/all ! conclusion ( a disadvantage\s combat1 if x is ( proportionate importance1 s z to turn its c\rse r ?an to deliv] a second battle4 ,field-,m>%al ,daun attempt$ 9 ! ye> #agfj to come to ! assi/ance ( ,g5]al ,laudon at ,leignitz1 :il/ ! battle la/$2 b :5 he fail$1 he did n attack ! ,k+ next day1 al?\gh he did n want = means to d s4 ,= ^! reasons s]i\s combats ( advance gu>ds :i* prec$e a battle are to be look$ ^u only z necess>y evils1 & :5 n necess>y !y are to be avoid$47997 7997 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ,napoleon's view4 ,a vigor\s attack ( 8 advance gu>d he held to be necess>y always1 to fix ! enemy's att5tion & 8p>alyse 8 indep5d5t w-p[]40 ,x 0 ! failure to make ?is po9t :i*1 9 ,augu/ #ahgj1 l$ von ,moltke repeat$ly into ! v jaws ( defeat1 f :i* only ! le?>gy ( ,baza9e on ! "o h& & ! initiative ( 8 subord9ates1 notably ( von ,alv5sleb51 rescu$ him4 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( ! new ,/rategic ,doctr9e ( ! ,fr5* ,g5]al ,/aff4 ,see ! works ( ,bonnal1 ,fo*1 ,c4--,,editor ,we h /ill ano!r conclusion to exam9e4 ,if on a regul> pit*$ battle1 ! decision has gone aga9/ "o1 ?is does n con/itute a motive = det]m9+ on a new "o4 ,! det]m9ation = ?is new "o mu/ proce$ f o!r relations4 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 is oppos$ by a moral =ce1 :i* we mu/ take into acc\nt3 x is ! feel+ ( rage & rev5ge4 ,f ! olde/ ,field-,m>%al to ! y\nge/ drumm]-boy ?is feel+ is g5]al1 &1 !re=e1 troops are nev] 9 bett] spirits = fight+ ?an :5 !y h to wipe out a /a94 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only on ! supposition t ! beat5 portion is n too great 9 proportion to ! :ole1 because o!rwise ! above feel+ is lo/ 9 t ( p[]lessness4 ,!re is !re=e a v natural t5d5cy to use ?is moral =ce to repair ! disa/] on ! spot1 & on t acc\nt *iefly to seek ano!r battle if o!r circum/ances p]mit4 ,x !n lies 9 ! nature ( ! case t ?is second battle mu/ be an (f5sive "o4 ,9 ! catalogue ( battles ( second-rate importance !re are _m examples to be f\nd ( su* retaliatory battles2 b great battles h g5]ally too _m o!r det]m9+ causes to be br\ght on by ?is weak] motive4 ,su* a feel+ mu/ und\bt$ly h l$ ! noble ,bl*] ) 8 ?ird ,corps to ! field ( battle on ,febru>y #ad1 #ahad1 :5 ! o!r two _h be5 beat5 ?ree days be=e at ,montmirail4 ,_h he kn[n t he w\ld h come ^u ,buonap>te 9 p]son1 !n1 naturally1 prepond]at+ reasons w\ld h det]m9$ him to put (f 8 rev5ge to ano!r day3 b he hop$ to rev5ge himself on ,m>mont1 & in/ead ( ga9+ ! rew>d ( 8 desire = hon\rable satisfaction1 he suff]$ ! p5alty ( 8 errone\s calculation4 ,on ! duration ( ! combat & ! mom5t ( its decision dep5d ! di/ances f ea* o!r at :i* ^? masses %\ld be plac$ :i* are int5d$ to fight 9 conjunction ) ea* o!r4 ,?is disposition w\ld be a tactical arrangem5t 9 s f> z x relates to "o & ! same battle2 x c1 h[ev]1 only be reg>d$ z su*1 provid$ ! position ( ! troops is s compact t two sep>ate combats _c be imag9$1 & consequ5tly t ! space :i* ! :ole occupies c be reg>d$ /rategically z a m]e po9t4 ,b 9 ,w>1 cases frequ5tly occur :]e ev5 ^? =ces int5d$ to fight 9 unison mu/ be s f> sep>at$ f ea* o!r t :ile _! union = "o common combat c]ta9ly rema9s ! pr9cipal object1 /ill ! occurr5ce ( sep>ate combats rema9s possible4 ,su* a disposition is !re=e /rategic4 ,dispositions ( ?is k9d are3 m>*es 9 sep>ate masses & columns1 ! =mation ( advance gu>ds1 & flank+ columns1 also ! gr\p+ ( res]ves int5d$ to s]ve z supports = m ?an "o /rategic po9t2 ! conc5tration ( sev]al ,corps f widely ext5d$ cantonm5ts1 c4 c4 ,we c see t ! necessity = ^! arrangem5ts may con/antly arise1 & may consid] !m some?+ l ! small *ange 9 ! /rategic economy1 :il/ ! capital battles1 & all t rank ) !m are ! gold & silv] pieces4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,mutual ,und]/&+ z to a ,battle ,no battle c take place unless by mutual cons5t2 & 9 ?is idea1 :i* con/itutes ! :ole basis ( a duel1 is ! root ( a c]ta9 phraseology us$ by hi/orical writ]s1 :i* leads to _m indef9ite & false conceptions4 ,accord+ to ! view ( ! writ]s to :om we ref]1 x has frequ5tly happ5$ t "o ,comm&] has (f]$ battle to ! o!r1 & ! latt] has n accept$ x4 ,b ! battle is a v modifi$ duel1 & its f\ndation is n m]ely 9 ! mutual wi% to fight1 t is 9 cons5t1 b 9 ! objects :i* are b\nd up ) ! battle3 ^! belong always to a great] :ole1 & t s mu* ! m1 z ev5 ! :ole w> consid]$ z a 8combat-unit0 has political objects & conditions :i* belong to a high] /&po9t4 ,! m]e desire to conqu] ea* o!r !re=e falls into q a subord9ate relation1 or r x ceases completely to be any?+ ( itself1 & only becomes ! n]ve :i* conveys ! impulse ( action f ! high] w4 ,among/ ! anci5ts1 & !n aga9 dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( /&+ ,armies1 ! expression t we _h (f]$ battle to ! enemy 9 va91 _h m s5se 9 x ?an x has n[4 ,by ! anci5ts ev]y?+ 0 con/itut$ ) a view to measur+ ea* o!r's /r5g? 9 ! op5 field free f any?+ 9 ! nature ( a h9drance17997 & ! :ole ,art ( ,w> consi/$ 9 ! organisation1 & =mation ( ! ,army1 t is 9 ! ord] ( battle4 7997 ,note ! cu/om ( s5d+ =mal *all5ges1 fix "t & place = action1 & 8enhazelug0 ! battlefield 9 ,anglo-,saxon times4--,,ed4 ,n[ z _! ,armies regul>ly entr5*$ !mselves 9 _! camps1 !re=e ! position 9 a camp 0 reg>d$ z some?+ unassailable1 & a battle did n become possible until ! enemy left 8 camp1 & plac$ himself 9 a practicable c\ntry1 z x 7 ent]$ ! li/s4 ,if !re=e we he> ab\t ,hannibal hav+ (f]$ battle to ,fabius 9 va91 t tells u no?+ m z reg>ds ! latt] ?an t a battle 0 n "p ( 8 plan1 & 9 itself nei!r proves ! physical nor moral sup]iority ( ,hannibal2 b ) respect to him ! expression is /ill correct en\gh 9 ! s5se t ,hannibal really wi%$ a battle4 ,9 ! e>ly p]iod ( mod]n ,armies1 ! relations 7 simil> 9 great combats & battles4 ,t is to say1 great masses 7 br\ght into action1 & manag$ ?r\gh\t x by means ( an ord] ( battle1 :i* l a great helpless :ole requir$ a m or less level pla9 & 0 nei!r suit$ to attack1 nor yet to def5ce 9 a brok51 close or ev5 m\nta9\s c\ntry4 ,! def5d] !re=e _h "h also to "s ext5t ! means ( avoid+ battle4 ,^! relations al?\gh gradually becom+ modifi$1 cont9u$ until ! fir/ ,silesian ,w>1 & x 0 n until ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> t attacks on an enemy po/$ 9 a difficult c\ntry gradually became feasible1 & ( ord9>y occurr5ce3 gr\nd did n c]ta9ly cease to be a pr9ciple ( /r5g? to ^? mak+ use ( its aid1 b x 0 no long] a *>m$ circle1 :i* %ut out ! natural =ces ( ,w>4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s ,w> has p]fect$ itself mu* m 9 ?is respect1 & !re is no long] any?+ :i* /&s 9 ! way ( a ,g5]al :o is 9 e>ne/ ab\t a decision by means ( battle2 he c seek out 8 enemy1 & attack him3 if he does n d s he _c take cr$it = hav+ wi%$ to fight1 & ! expression he (f]$ a battle :i* 8 oppon5t did n accept1 !re=e n[ means no?+ m ?an t he did n f9d circum/ances advantage\s en\gh = a battle1 an admission :i* ! above expression does n suit1 b :i* x only /rives to ?r[ a veil ov]4 ,x is true ! def5sive side c no long] refuse a battle1 yet he may /ill avoid x by giv+ up 8 position1 & ! rle ) :i* t position 0 connect$3 ?is is h[ev] half a victory = ! (f5sive side1 & an ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 sup]iority = ! pres5t4 ,?is idea 9 connection ) ! c>tel ( defiance c !re=e no long] be made use ( 9 ord] by su* rhodomontade to qualify ! inaction ( him ^: "p x is to advance1 t is1 ! (f5sive4 ,! def5d] :o z long z he does n give way1 mu/ h ! cr$it ( will+ ! battle1 may c]ta9ly say1 he has (f]$ x if he is n attack$1 if t is n und]/ood ( itself4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 he :o n[ wi%es to1 & c retreat _c easily be =c$ to give battle4 ,n[ z ! advantages to ! aggressor f ?is retreat are (t5 n suffici5t1 & a sub/antial victory is a matt] ( urg5t necessity = him1 9 t way ! few means :i* !re are to compel su* an oppon5t also to give battle are (t5 s\ght = & appli$ ) p>ticul> skill4 ,! pr9cipal means = ?is are--fir/ surr\nd+ ! enemy s z to make 8 retreat impossible1 or at lea/ s difficult t x is bett] = him to accept battle2 &1 secondly1 surpris+ him4 ,?is la/ way1 = :i* !re 0 a motive =m]ly 9 ! extreme difficulty ( all movem5ts1 has become 9 mod]n times v inefficaci\s4 ,f ! pliability & manoeuvr+ capabilities ( troops 9 ! pres5t day1 "o does n hesitate to comm5ce a retreat ev5 9 sight ( ! enemy1 & only "s special ob/acles 9 ! nature ( ! c\ntry c cause s]i\s difficulties 9 ! op]ation4 ,z an example ( ?is k9d ! battle ( ,n]e%eim may be giv51 f\ght by ! ,ar*duke ,*>les ) ,moreau 9 ! ,rauhe ,alp1 ,augu/ #aa1 #agif1 m]ely ) a view to facilitate 8 retreat1 al?\gh we freely confess we h nev] be5 able q to und]/& ! argum5t ( ! r5[n$ g5]al & au?or himself 9 ?is case4 ,! battle ( ,rosba*7997 is ano!r example1 if we suppose ! comm&] ( ! alli$ army _h n really ! int5tion ( attack+ ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 7997 ,novemb] #e1 #ageg4 ,( ! battle ( ,soor17997 ! ,k+ himself says t x 0 only f\ght because a retreat 9 ! pres5ce ( ! enemy appe>$ to him a critical op]ation2 at ! same "t ! ,k+ has also giv5 o!r reasons = ! battle4 7997 ,or ,sohr1 ,septemb] #cj1 #agde4 ,on ! :ole1 regul> night surprises except$1 su* cases w always be ( r>e occurr5ce1 & ^? 9 :i* an enemy is compell$ to fight by be+ practically surr\nd$1 w happ5 mo/ly to s+le corps only1 l ,morti]'s at ,drr5/e9 #ahji1 & ,v&amme at ,kulm1 #ahac4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,battle7997 7997 ,clausewitz /ill uses ! ^w 8die ,haupts*la*t0 b mod]n usage employs only ! ^w 8die ,s*la*t0 to designate ! decisive act ( a :ole campaign--enc\nt]s aris+ f ! collision or troops m>*+ t[>ds ! /rategic culm9ation ( ea* portion or ! campaign are spok5 ( ei!r z 8,treff510 i4e41 8engagem5ts0 or 8,gefe*t10 i4e41 8combat0 or 8action40 ,?us te*nically1 ,gravelotte 0 a 8,s*la*t10 i4e41 8battle10 b ,spi*]51 ,wo]?1 ,borny1 ev5 ,vionville 7 only 8,treff540 ,,its ,,decision ,:at is a battle8 ,a conflict ( ! ma9 body1 b n an unimportant "o ab\t a second>y object1 n a m]e attempt :i* is giv5 up :5 we see betimes t our object is h>dly )9 our rea*3 x is a conflict wag$ ) all our =ces = ! atta9m5t ( a decisive victory4 ,m9or objects may also be mix$ up ) ! pr9cipal object1 & x w take _m diff]5t tones ( col\r f ! circum/ances out ( :i* x orig9ates1 = a battle belongs also to a great] :ole ( :i* x is only a "p1 b because ! ess5ce ( ,w> is conflict1 & ! battle is ! conflict ( ! ma9 ,armies1 x is always to be reg>d$ z ! real c5tre ( gravity ( ! ,w>1 & !re=e its di/+ui%+ "* is1 t unlike all o!r enc\nt]s1 x is arrang$ =1 & und]tak5 ) ! sole purpose ( obta9+ a decisive victory4 ,?is has an influ5ce on ! mann] ( its decision1 on ! effect ( ! victory conta9$ 9 x1 & det]m9es ! value :i* !ory is to assign to x z a means to an end4 ,on t acc\nt we make x ! subject ( our special consid]ation1 & at ?is /age be=e we ent] ^u ! special ends :i* may be b\nd up ) x1 b :i* d n ess5tially alt] its "* if x really des]ves to be t]m$ a battle4 ,if a battle takes place pr9cipally on its own acc\nt1 ! elem5ts ( its decision mu/ be conta9$ 9 itself2 9 o!r words1 victory mu/ be /riv5 = z long z a possibility or hope rema9s4 ,x mu/ n1 !re=e1 be giv5 up on acc\nt ( second>y circum/ances1 b only & alone 9 ! ev5t ( ! =ces appe>+ completely insuffici5t4 ,n[ h[ is t precise mom5t to be describ$8 ,if a c]ta9 artificial =mation & cohesion ( an ,army is ! pr9cipal condition "u :i* ! brav]y ( ! troops c ga9 a victory1 z 0 ! case dur+ a great "p ( ! p]iod ( ! mod]n ,art ( ,w>1 !n ! break+ up ( ?is =mation is ! decision4 ,a beat5 w+ :i* is put out ( jo9t decides ! fate ( all t 0 connect$ ) x4 ,if z 0 ! case at ano!r "t ! ess5ce ( ! def5ce consi/s 9 an intimate alliance ( ! ,army ) ! gr\nd on :i* x fights & its ob/acles1 s t ,army & position are only "o1 !n ! conque/ ( an ess5tial po9t 9 ?is position is ! decision4 ,x is said ! key ( ! position is lo/1 x _c !re=e be def5d$ any fur!r2 ! battle _c be cont9u$4 ,9 bo? cases ! beat5 ,armies are v mu* l ! brok5 /r+s ( an in/rum5t :i* _c d _! "w4 ,t geometrical z well z ?is geographical pr9ciple :i* _h a t5d5cy to place an ,army 9 a /ate ( cry/allis+ t5sion :i* did n all[ ( ! available p[]s be+ made use ( up to ! la/ man1 h at lea/ s f> lo/ _! influ5ce t !y no long] pr$om9ate4 ,armies are /ill l$ into battle 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 b t ord] is no long] ( decisive importance2 ob/acles ( gr\nd are also /ill turn$ to acc\nt to /r5g!n a position1 b !y are no long] ! only support4 ,we attempt$ 9 ! second *apt] ( ?is book to take a g5]al view ( ! nature ( ! mod]n battle4 ,accord+ to our conception ( x1 ! ord] ( battle is only a disposition ( ! =ces suitable to ! conv5i5t use ( !m1 & ! c\rse ( ! battle a mutual sl[ we>+ away ( ^! =ces ^u "o ano!r1 to see :i* w h soone/ exhau/$ 8 adv]s>y4 ,! resolution !re=e to give up ! fight arises1 9 a battle m ?an 9 any o!r combat1 f ! relation ( ! fre% res]ves rema9+ available2 = only ^! /ill reta9 all _! moral vig\r1 & ! c9d]s ( ! batt]$1 knock$-ab\t battalions1 already burnt out 9 ! de/roy+ elem5t1 mu/ n be plac$ on a level ) !m2 also lo/ gr\nd z we h else:]e said1 is a /&>d ( lo/ moral =ce2 x !re=e comes also into acc\nt1 b m z a sign ( loss suff]$ ?an = ! loss itself1 & ! numb] ( fre% res]ves is always ! *ief po9t to be look$ at by bo? ,comm&]s4 ,9 g5]al1 an action incl9es 9 "o direction f ! v comm5cem5t1 b 9 a mann] little obs]vable4 ,?is direction is also frequ5tly giv5 9 a v decid$ mann] by ! arrangem5ts :i* h be5 made previ\sly1 & !n x %[s a want ( disc]nm5t 9 t ,g5]al :o comm5ces battle "u ^! unfav\rable circum/ances )\t be+ aw>e ( !m4 ,ev5 :5 ?is does n occur x lies 9 ! nature ( ?+s t ! c\rse ( a battle resembles r a sl[ di/urbance ( equilibrium :i* comm5ces soon1 b z we h said almo/ imp]ceptibly at fir/1 & !n ) ea* mom5t ( "t becomes /rong] & m visible1 ?an an oscillat+ to & fro1 z ^? :o are misl$ by m5daci\s descriptions usually suppose4 ,b :e!r x happ5s t ! balance is = a long "t little di/urb$1 or t ev5 aft] x has be5 lo/ on "o side x rights itself aga91 & is !n lo/ on ! o!r side1 x is c]ta9 at all ev5ts t 9 mo/ in/ances ! defeat$ ,g5]al =esees 8 fate long be=e he retreats1 & t cases 9 :i* "s critical ev5t acts ) unexpect$ =ce ^u ! c\rse ( ! :ole h _! exi/5ce mo/ly 9 ! col\r+ ) :i* e "o depicts 8 lo/ battle4 ,we c only "h appeal to ! decision ( unprejudic$ m5 ( exp]i5ce1 :o w1 we are sure1 ass5t to :at we h said1 & answ] = u to su* ( our read]s z d n "k ,w> f _! own exp]i5ce4 ,to develop ! necessity ( ?is c\rse f ! nature ( ! ?+ w\ld lead u too f> into ! prov9ce ( tactics1 to :i* ?is bran* ( ! subject belongs2 we are "h only conc]n$ ) its results4 ,if we say t ! defeat$ ,g5]al =esees ! unfav\rable result usually "s "t be=e he makes up 8 m9d to give up ! battle1 we admit t !re are also in/ances to ! contr>y1 because o!rwise we %\ld ma9ta9 a proposition contradictory 9 itself4 ,if at ! mom5t ( ea* decisive t5d5cy ( a battle x %\ld be consid]$ z lo/1 !n also no fur!r =ces %\ld be us$ to give x a turn1 & consequ5tly ?is decisive t5d5cy c\ld n prec$e ! retreat by any l5g? ( "t4 ,c]ta9ly !re are in/ances ( battles :i* aft] hav+ tak5 a decid$ turn to "o side h /ill end$ 9 fav\r ( ! o!r2 b !y are r>e1 n usual2 ^! exceptional cases1 h[ev]1 are reckon$ ^u by e ,g5]al aga9/ :om =tune decl>es itself1 & he mu/ reckon ^u !m z long z !re rema9s a possibility ( a turn ( =tune4 ,he hopes by /rong] ef=ts1 by rais+ ! rema9+ moral =ces1 by surpass+ himself1 or also by "s =tunate *ance t ! next mom5t w br+ a *ange1 & pursues ?is z f> z 8 c\rage & 8 judgm5t c agree4 ,we %all h some?+ m to say on ?is subject1 b be=e t we mu/ %[ :at are ! signs ( ! scales turn+4 ,! result ( ! :ole combat consi/s 9 ! sum total ( ! results ( all p>tial combats2 b ^! results ( sep>ate combats are settl$ by diff]5t consid]ations4 ,fir/ by ! pure moral p[] 9 ! m9d ( ! lead+ (fic]s4 ,if a ,g5]al ( ,division has se5 8 battalions =c$ to succumb1 x w h an influ5ce on 8 demean\r & 8 reports1 & ^! aga9 w h an influ5ce on ! measures ( ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief2 !re=e ev5 ^? unsuccessful p>tial combats :i* to all appe>ance are retriev$1 are n lo/ 9 _! results1 & ! impressions f !m sum !mselves up 9 ! m9d ( ! ,comm&] )\t mu* tr\ble1 & ev5 aga9/ 8 w4 ,secondly1 by ! quick] melt+ away ( our troops1 :i* c be easily e/imat$ 9 ! sl[ & relatively7997 little tumultu>y c\rse ( our battles4 7997 ,relatively1 t is say to ! %ock ( =m] days4 ,?irdly1 by lo/ gr\nd4 ,all ^! ?+s s]ve = ! eye ( ! ,g5]al z a compass to tell ! c\rse ( ! battle 9 :i* he is emb>k$4 ,if :ole batt]ies h be5 lo/ & none ( ! enemy's tak52 if battalions h be5 ov]?r[n by ! enemy's cavalry1 :il/ ^? ( ! enemy ev]y:]e pres5t imp5etrable masses2 if ! l9e ( fire f 8 ord] ( battle wav]s involunt>ily f "o po9t to ano!r2 if fruitless ef=ts h be5 made to ga9 c]ta9 po9ts1 & ! assault+ battalions ea*1 "t be5 scatt]$ by well-direct$ volleys ( grape & case2--if our artill]y beg9s to reply feebly to t ( ! enemy--if ! battalions "u fire dim9i% unusually1 fa/1 because ) ! w\nd$ cr[ds ( unw\nd$ m5 g to ! re>2--if s+le ,divisions h be5 cut (f & made prison]s ?r\gh ! disruption ( ! plan ( ! battle2--if ! l9e ( retreat beg9s to be endang]$3 ! ,comm&] may tell v well 9 :i* direction he is go+ ) 8 battle4 ,! long] ?is direction cont9ues1 ! m decid$ x becomes1 s mu* ! m difficult w be ! turn+1 s mu* ! ne>] ! mom5t :5 he mu/ give up ! battle4 ,we %all n[ make "s obs]vations on ?is mom5t4 ,we h already said m ?an once t ! f9al decision is rul$ mo/ly by ! relative numb] ( ! fre% res]ves rema9+ at ! la/2 t ,comm&] :o sees 8 adv]s>y is decid$ly sup]ior to him 9 ?is respect makes up 8 m9d to retreat4 ,x is ! *>act]i/ic ( mod]n battles t all mis*ances & losses :i* take place 9 ! c\rse ( ! same c be retriev$ by fre% =ces1 because ! arrangem5t ( ! mod]n ord] ( battle1 & ! way 9 :i* troops are br\ght into action1 all[ ( _! use almo/ g5]ally1 & 9 ea* position4 ,s long1 !re=e1 z t ,comm&] aga9/ :om ! issue seems to decl>e itself /ill reta9s a sup]iority 9 res]ve =ce1 he w n give up ! day4 ,b f ! mom5t t 8 res]ves beg9 to become weak] ?an 8 enemy's1 ! decision may be reg>d$ z settl$1 & :at he n[ does dep5ds p>tly on special circum/ances1 p>tly on ! degree ( c\rage & p]sev]ance :i* he p]sonally possesses1 & :i* may deg5]ate into fooli% ob/9acy4 ,h[ a ,comm&] c atta9 to ! p[] ( e/imat+ correctly ! /ill rema9+ res]ves on bo? sides is an affair ( skilful practical g5ius1 :i* does n 9 any way belong to ?is place2 we keep ourselves to ! result z x =ms itself 9 8 m9d4 ,b ?is conclusion is /ill n ! mom5t ( decision prop]ly1 = a motive :i* only arises gradually does n answ] to t1 b is only a g5]al motive t[>ds resolution1 & ! resolution itself requires /ill "s special imm$iate causes4 ,( ^! !re are two *ief ones :i* con/antly recur1 t is1 ! dang] ( retreat1 & ! arrival ( night4 ,if ! retreat ) e new /ep :i* ! battle takes 9 its c\rse becomes con/antly 9 great] dang]1 & if ! res]ves are s mu* dim9i%$ t !y are no long] adequate to get brea?+ room1 !n !re is no?+ left b to submit to fate1 & by a well-conduct$ retreat to save :at1 by a long] delay end+ 9 flight & disa/]1 w\ld be lo/4 ,b night z a rule puts an end to all battles1 because a night combat holds out no hope ( advantage except "u p>ticul> circum/ances2 & z night is bett] suit$ = a retreat ?an ! day1 s1 !re=e1 ! ,comm&] :o mu/ look at ! retreat z a ?+ inevitable1 or z mo/ probable1 w pref] to make use ( ! night = 8 purpose4 ,t !re are1 besides ! above two usual & *ief causes1 yet _m o!rs also1 :i* are less or m individual & n to be ov]look$1 is a matt] ( c\rse2 = ! m a battle t5ds t[>ds a complete upset ( equilibrium ! m s5sible is ! influ5ce ( ea* p>tial result 9 ha/5+ ! turn4 ,?us ! loss ( a batt]y1 a successful *>ge ( a c\ple ( regim5ts ( cavalry1 may call into life ! resolution to retreat already rip5+4 ,z a conclusion to ?is subject1 we mu/ dwell = a mom5t on ! po9t at :i* ! c\rage ( ! ,comm&] engages 9 a sort ( conflict ) 8 reason4 ,if1 on ! "o h& ! ov]be>+ pride ( a victori\s conqu]or1 if ! inflexible w ( a naturally ob/9ate _s1 if ! /r5u\s resi/ance ( noble feel+s w n yield ! battlefield1 :]e !y mu/ leave _! hon\r1 yet on ! o!r h&1 reason c\nsels n to give up ev]y?+1 n to risk ! la/ ^u ! game1 b to reta9 z mu* ov] z is necess>y = an ord]ly retreat4 ,h[ev] highly we mu/ e/eem c\rage & firmness 9 ,w>1 & h[ev] little prospect !re is ( victory to him :o _c resolve to seek x by ! ex]tion ( all 8 p[]1 /ill !re is a po9t beyond :i* p]sev]ance c only be t]m$ desp]ate folly1 & !re=e c meet ) no approbation f any critic4 ,9 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all battles1 t ( ,belle-,alliance1 ,buonap>te us$ 8 la/ res]ve 9 an ef=t to retrieve a battle :i* 0 pa/ be+ retriev$4 ,he sp5t 8 la/ f>?+1 & !n1 z a begg>1 ab&on$ bo? ! battle-field & 8 cr[n4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,effects ( ,victory ,accord+ to ! po9t f :i* our view is tak51 we may feel z mu* a/oni%$ at ! extraord9>y results ( "s great battles z at ! want ( results 9 o!rs4 ,we %all dwell = a mom5t on ! nature ( ! effect ( a great victory4 ,?ree ?+s may easily be di/+ui%$ "h3 ! effect ^u ! in/rum5t itself1 t is1 ^u ! ,g5]als & _! ,armies2 ! effect ^u ! ,/ates int]e/$ 9 ! ,w>2 & ! p>ticul> result ( ^! effects z manife/$ 9 ! subsequ5t c\rse ( ! campaign4 ,if we only ?9k ( ! trifl+ diff]5ce :i* !re usually is betwe5 victor & vanqui%$ 9 kill$1 w\nd$1 prison]s1 & artill]y lo/ on ! field ( battle itself1 ! consequ5ces :i* are develop$ out ( ?is insignificant po9t seem (t5 q incompreh5sible1 & yet1 usually1 ev]y?+ only happ5s q naturally4 ,we h already said 9 ! sev5? *apt] t ! magnitude ( a victory increases n m]ely 9 ! same measure z ! vanqui%$ =ces increase 9 numb]1 b 9 a high] ratio4 ,! moral effects result+ f ! issue ( a great battle are great] on ! side ( ! conqu]$ ?an on t ( ! conqu]or3 !y lead to great] losses 9 physical =ce1 :i* !n 9 turn react on ! moral elem5t1 & s !y g on mutually support+ & int5sify+ ea* o!r4 ,on ?is moral effect we mu/ !re=e lay special weight4 ,x takes an opposite direction on ! "o side f t on ! o!r2 z x und]m9es ! en]gies ( ! conqu]$ s x elevates ! p[]s & en]gy ( ! conqu]or4 ,b its *ief effect is ^u ! vanqui%$1 because "h x is ! direct cause ( fre% losses1 & besides x is homog5e\s 9 nature ) dang]1 ) ! fatigues1 ! h>d%ips1 & g5]ally ) all ^? emb>rass+ circum/ances by :i* ,w> is surr\nd$1 !re=e ent]s into league ) !m & increases by _! help1 :il/ ) ! conqu]or all ^! ?+s are l weights :i* give a high] sw+ to 8 c\rage4 ,x is !re=e f\nd1 t ! vanqui%$ s9ks mu* fur!r bel[ ! orig9al l9e ( equilibrium ?an ! conqu]or raises himself above x2 on ?is acc\nt1 if we speak ( ! effects ( victory we allude m p>ticul>ly to ^? :i* manife/ !mselves 9 ! army4 ,if ?is effect is m p[]ful 9 an important combat ?an 9 a small] "o1 s aga9 x is mu* m p[]ful 9 a great battle ?an 9 a m9or "o4 ,! great battle takes place = ! sake ( itself1 = ! sake ( ! victory :i* x is to give1 & :i* is s\ght = ) ! utmo/ ef=t4 ,"h on ?is spot1 9 ?is v h\r1 to conqu] ! enemy is ! purpose 9 :i* ! plan ( ! ,w> ) all its ?reads conv]ges1 9 :i* all di/ant hopes1 all dim glimm]+s ( ! future meet1 fate /eps 9 be=e u to give an answ] to ! bold "q4--,?is is ! /ate ( m5tal t5sion n only ( ! ,comm&] b ( 8 :ole ,army d[n to ! l[e/ waggon-driv]1 no d\bt 9 decreas+ /r5g? b also 9 decreas+ importance4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?+1 a great battle has nev] at any "t be5 an unprep>$1 unexpect$1 bl9d r\t9e s]vice1 b a gr& act1 :i*1 p>tly ( itself & p>tly f ! aim ( ! ,comm&]1 /&s out f among/ ! mass ( ord9>y ef=ts1 suffici5tly to raise ! t5sion ( all m9ds to a high] degree4 ,b ! high] ?is t5sion ) respect to ! issue1 ! m p[]ful mu/ be ! effect ( t issue4 ,aga91 ! moral effect ( victory 9 our battles is great] ?an x 0 9 ! e>li] ones ( mod]n milit>y hi/ory4 ,if ! =m] are z we h depict$ !m1 a real /ruggle ( =ces to ! utmo/1 !n ! sum total ( all ^! =ces1 ( ! physical z well z ! moral1 mu/ decide m ?an c]ta9 special dispositions or m]e *ance4 ,a s+le fault committ$ may be repair$ next "t2 f good =tune & *ance we c hope = m fav\r on ano!r occasion2 b ! sum total ( moral & physical p[]s _c be s quickly alt]$1 &1 !re=e1 :at ! aw>d ( a victory has decid$ appe>s ( mu* great] importance = all futurity4 ,v probably1 ( all conc]n$ 9 battles1 :e!r 9 or out ( ! ,army1 v few h giv5 a ?\ght to ?is diff]5ce1 b ! c\rse ( ! battle itself impresses on ! m9ds ( all pres5t 9 x su* a conviction1 & ! relation ( ?is c\rse 9 public docum5ts1 h[ev] mu* x may be col\r$ by twi/+ p>ticul> circum/ances1 %[s also1 m or less1 to ! _w at l>ge t ! causes 7 m ( a g5]al ?an ( a p>ticul> nature4 ,he :o has n be5 pres5t at ! loss ( a great battle w h difficulty 9 =m+ = himself a liv+ or q true idea ( x1 & ! ab/ract notions ( ?is or t small unt[>d affair w nev] come up to ! p]fect conception ( a lo/ battle4 ,let u /op a mom5t at ! picture4 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* ov]p[]s ! imag9ation--& we may inde$ say1 also ! und]/&+--is ! dim9ution ( ! masses2 !n ! loss ( gr\nd1 :i* takes place always1 m or less1 &1 !re=e1 on ! side ( ! assailant also1 if he is n =tunate2 !n ! rupture ( ! orig9al =mation1 ! jumbl+ toge!r ( troops1 ! risks ( retreat1 :i*1 ) few exceptions may always be se5 sometimes 9 a less sometimes 9 a great] degree2 next ! retreat1 ! mo/ "p ( :i* comm5ces at night1 or1 at lea/1 goes on ?r\gh\t ! night4 ,on ?is fir/ m>* we mu/ at once leave beh9d1 a numb] ( m5 completely worn out & scatt]$ ab\t1 (t5 j ! brave/1 :o h be5 =emo/ 9 ! fight :o held out ! longe/3 ! feel+ ( be+ conqu]$1 :i* only seiz$ ! sup]ior (fic]s on ! battlefield1 n[ spreads ?r\gh all ranks1 ev5 d[n to ! common soldi]s1 aggravat$ by ! horrible idea ( be+ oblig$ to leave 9 ! enemy's h&s s _m brave comrades1 :o b a mom5t s9ce 7 ( su* value to u 9 ! battle1 & aggravat$ by a ris+ di/ru/ ( ! *ief1 to :om1 m or less1 e subord9ate attributes z a fault ! fruitless ef=ts he has made2 & ?is feel+ ( be+ conqu]$ is no ideal picture ov] :i* "o might become ma/]2 x is an evid5t tru? t ! enemy is sup]ior to u2 a tru? ( :i* ! causes might h be5 s lat5t be=e t !y 7 n to be discov]$1 b :i*1 9 ! issue1 comes out cle> & palpable1 or :i* 0 also1 p]haps1 be=e suspect$1 b :i* 9 ! want ( any c]ta9ty1 we _h to oppose by ! hope ( *ance1 reliance on good =tune1 ,provid5ce or a bold attitude4 ,n[1 all ?is has prov$ insuffici5t1 & ! bitt] tru? meets u h>% & imp]i\s4 ,all ^! feel+s are widely diff]5t f a panic1 :i* 9 an army =tifi$ by milit>y virtue nev]1 & 9 any o!r1 only exceptionally1 foll[s ! loss ( a battle4 ,!y mu/ arise ev5 9 ! be/ ( ,armies1 & al?\gh long habituation to ,w> & victory toge!r ) great confid5ce 9 a ,comm&] may modify !m a little "h & !re1 !y are nev] entirely want+ 9 ! fir/ mom5t4 ,!y are n ! pure consequ5ces ( lo/ trophies2 ^! are usually lo/ at a lat] p]iod1 & ! loss ( !m does n become g5]ally kn[n s quickly2 !y w !re=e n fail to appe> ev5 :5 ! scale turns 9 ! sl[e/ & mo/ gradual mann]1 & !y con/itute t effect ( a victory ^u :i* we c always c\nt 9 e case4 ,we h already said t ! numb] ( trophies int5sifies ?is effect4 ,x is evid5t t an ,army 9 ?is condition1 look$ at z an in/rum5t1 is weak5$6 ,h[ c we expect t :5 r$uc$ to su* a degree t1 z we said be=e1 x f9ds new enemies 9 all ! ord9>y difficulties ( mak+ ,w>1 x w be able to recov] by fre% ef=ts :at has be5 lo/6 ,be=e ! battle !re 0 a real or assum$ equilibrium betwe5 ! two sides2 ?is is lo/1 &1 !re=e1 "s ext]nal assi/ance is requisite to re/ore x2 e new ef=t )\t su* ext]nal support c only lead to fre% losses4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ! mo/ mod]ate victory ( ! *ief ,army mu/ t5d to cause a con/ant s9k+ ( ! scale on ! oppon5t's side1 until new ext]nal circum/ances br+ ab\t a *ange4 ,if ^! are n ne>1 if ! conqu]or is an eag] oppon5t1 :o1 ?ir/+ = glory1 pursues great aims1 !n a fir/-rate ,comm&]1 & 9 ! beat5 ,army a true milit>y _s1 h>d5$ by _m campaigns are requir$1 9 ord] to /op ! swoll5 /ream ( prosp]ity f bur/+ all b\nds1 & to mod]ate its c\rse by small b reit]at$ acts ( resi/ance1 until ! =ce ( victory has sp5t itself at ! goal ( its c>e]4 ,& n[ z to ! effect ( defeat beyond ! ,army1 ^u ! ,nation & ,gov]nm5t6 ,x is ! sudd5 collapse ( hopes /ret*$ to ! utmo/1 ! d[nfall ( all self-reliance4 ,9 place ( ^! ext9ct =ces1 fe>1 ) its de/ructive prop]ties ( expansion1 ru%es into ! vacuum left1 & completes ! pro/ration4 ,x is a real %ock ^u ! n]ves1 :i* "o ( ! two a?letes receives f ! electric sp>k ( victory4 ,& t effect1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 its degrees1 is nev] completely want+4 ,in/ead ( e "o ha/5+ ) a _s ( det]m9ation to aid 9 repair+ ! disa/]1 e "o fe>s t 8 ef=ts w only be 9 va91 & /ops1 hesitat+ ) himself1 :5 he %\ld ru% =w>d2 or 9 despond5cy he lets 8 arm drop1 leav+ ev]y?+ to fate4 ,! consequ5ce :i* ?is effect ( victory br+s =? 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,w> itself dep5d 9 "p on ! "* & tal5t ( ! victori\s ,g5]al1 b m on ! circum/ances f :i* ! victory proce$s1 & to :i* x leads4 ,)\t boldness & an ent]pris+ _s on ! "p ( ! lead]1 ! mo/ brilliant victory w lead to no great success1 & its =ce exhau/s itself all ! soon] on circum/ances1 if ^! (f] a /rong & /ubborn opposition to x4 ,h[ v diff]5tly f ,daun1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great w\ld h us$ ! victory at ,koll92 & :at diff]5t consequ5ces ,france1 9 place ( ,prussia1 might h giv5 a battle ( ,leu!n6 ,! conditions :i* all[ u to expect great results f a great victory we %all le>n :5 we come to ! subjects ) :i* !y are connect$2 !n x w be possible to expla9 ! disproportion :i* appe>s at fir/ sight betwe5 ! magnitude ( a victory & its results1 & :i* is only too readily attribut$ to a want ( en]gy on ! "p ( ! conqu]or4 ,"h1 :]e we h to d ) ! great battle 9 itself1 we %all m]ely say t ! effects n[ depict$ nev] fail to att5d a victory1 t !y m\nt up ) ! int5sive /r5g? ( ! victory--m\nt up m ! m ! :ole /r5g? ( ! ,army has be5 conc5trat$ 9 x1 ! m ! :ole milit>y p[] ( ! ,nation is conta9$ 9 t ,army1 & ! ,/ate 9 t milit>y p[]4 ,b !n ! "q may be ask$1 ,c !ory accept ?is effect ( victory z absolutely necess>y8--mu/ x n r endeav\r to f9d out c\nt]act+ means capable ( neutralis+ ^! effects8 ,x seems q natural to answ] ?is "q 9 ! affirmative2 b heav5 def5d u f tak+ t wrong c\rse ( mo/ !ories1 out ( :i* is begott5 a mutually dev\r+ ,pro et ,contra4 ,c]ta9ly t effect is p]fectly necess>y1 = x has its f\ndation 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 & x exi/s1 ev5 if we f9d means to /ruggle aga9/ x2 j z ! motion ( a cannon ball is always 9 ! direction ( ! t]re/rial1 al?\gh :5 fir$ f ea/ to we/ "p ( ! g5]al velocity is de/roy$ by ?is opposite motion4 ,all ,w> supposes human weakness1 & aga9/ t x is direct$4 ,!re=e1 if h]eaft] 9 ano!r place we exam9e :at is to be done aft] ! loss ( a great battle1 if we br+ "u review ! res\rces :i* /ill rema91 ev5 9 ! mo/ desp]ate cases1 if we %\ld express a belief 9 ! possibility ( retriev+ all1 ev5 9 su* a case2 x mu/ n be suppos$ we mean !reby t ! effects ( su* a defeat c by degrees be completely wip$ out1 = ! =ces & means us$ to repair ! disa/] might h be5 appli$ to ! realisation ( "s positive object2 & ?is applies bo? to ! moral & physical =ces4 ,ano!r "q is1 :e!r1 ?r\gh ! loss ( a great battle1 =ces are n p]haps r\s$ into exi/5ce1 :i* o!rwise w\ld nev] h come to life4 ,?is case is c]ta9ly conceivable1 & x is :at has actually occurr$ ) _m ,nations4 ,b to produce ?is int5sifi$ reaction is beyond ! prov9ce ( milit>y art1 :i* c only take acc\nt ( x :]e x might be assum$ z a possibility4 ,if !re are cases 9 :i* ! fruits ( a victory appe> r ( a de/ructive nature 9 consequ5ce ( ! reaction ( ! =ces :i* x _h ! effect ( r\s+ into activity--cases :i* c]ta9ly are v exceptional--!n x mu/ ! m surely be grant$1 t !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! effects :i* "o & ! same victory may produce accord+ to ! "* ( ! p or /ate1 :i* has be5 conqu]$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,use ( ! ,battle ,:atev] =m ! conduct ( ,w> may take 9 p>ticul> cases1 & :atev] we may h to admit 9 ! sequel z necess>y respect+ x3 we h only to ref] to ! conception ( ,w> to be conv9c$ ( :at foll[s3 #a4 ,! de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ce1 is ! lead+ pr9ciple ( ,w>1 & = ! :ole *apt] ( positive action ! direct way to ! object4 #b4 ,?is de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce1 mu/ be pr9cipally effect$ by means ( battle4 #c4 ,only great & g5]al battles c produce great results4 #d4 ,! results w be greate/ :5 combats unite !mselves 9 "o great battle4 #e4 ,x is only 9 a great battle t ! ,g5]al-9-,*ief comm&s 9 p]son1 & x is 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t he %\ld place m confid5ce 9 himself ?an 9 8 subord9ates4 ,f ^! tru?s a d\ble law foll[s1 ! p>ts ( :i* mutually support ea* o!r2 namely1 t ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ce is to be s\ght = pr9cipally by great battles1 & _! results2 & t ! *ief object ( great battles mu/ be ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ce4 ,no d\bt ! annihilation-pr9ciple is to be f\nd m or less 9 o!r means--grant$ !re are in/ances 9 :i* ?r\gh fav\rable circum/ances 9 a m9or combat1 ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ces has be5 disproportionately great 7,max571 & on ! o!r h& 9 a battle1 ! tak+ or hold+ a s+le po/ may be pr$om9ant 9 importance z an object--b z a g5]al rule x rema9s a p>am\nt tru?1 t battles are only f\ght ) a view to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's ,army1 & t ?is de/ruction c only be effect$ by _! means4 ,! battle may !re=e be reg>d$ z ,w> conc5trat$1 z ! c5tre ( ef=t ( ! :ole ,w> or campaign4 ,z ! sun's rays unite 9 ! focus ( ! concave mirror 9 a p]fect image1 & 9 ! fulness ( _! heat2 to ! =ces & circum/ances ( ,w>1 unite 9 a focus 9 ! great battle = "o conc5trat$ utmo/ ef=t4 ,! v assemblage ( =ces 9 "o great :ole1 :i* takes place m or less 9 all ,w>s1 indicates an int5tion to /rike a decisive bl[ ) ?is :ole1 ei!r volunt>ily z assailant1 or con/ra9$ by ! opposite p>ty z def5d]4 ,:5 ?is great bl[ does n foll[1 !n "s modify+1 & ret>d+ motives h atta*$ !mselves to ! orig9al motive ( ho/ility1 & h weak5$1 alt]$ or completely *eck$ ! movem5t4 ,b also1 ev5 9 ?is condition ( mutual inaction :i* has be5 ! key-note 9 s _m ,w>s1 ! idea ( a possible battle s]ves always = bo? p>ties z a po9t ( direction1 a di/ant focus 9 ! con/ruction ( _! plans4 ,! m ,w> is ,w> 9 e>ne/1 ! m x is a v5t+ ( animosity & ho/ility1 a mutual /ruggle to ov]p[]1 s mu* ! m w all activities jo9 deadly conte/1 & also ! m prom95t 9 importance becomes ! battle4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 ! object aim$ at is ( a great & positive nature1 "o !re=e 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( ! enemy are deeply conc]n$1 ! battle (f]s itself z ! mo/ natural means2 x is1 !re=e1 also ! be/ z we %all %[ m pla9ly h]eaft]3 &1 z a rule1 :5 x is evad$ f av]sion to ! great decision1 puni%m5t foll[s4 ,! positive object belong to ! (f5sive1 & !re=e ! battle is also m p>ticul>ly 8 means4 ,b )\t exam9+ ! conception ( (f5sive & def5sive m m9utely "h1 we mu/ /ill obs]ve t1 ev5 = ! def5d] 9 mo/ cases1 !re is no o!r effectual means ) :i* to meet ! exig5cies ( 8 situation1 to solve ! problem pres5t$ to him4 ,! battle is ! bloodie/ way ( solution4 ,true1 x is n m]ely reciprocal slaught]1 & its effect is m a kill+ ( ! enemy's c\rage ?an ( ! enemy's soldi]s1 z we %all see m pla9ly 9 ! next *apt]--b /ill blood is always its price1 & slaught] its "* z well z "n27997 f ?is ! humanity 9 ! ,g5]al's m9d recoils ) horror4 7997 8,s*la*t01 f s*la*t5 to slaught]4 ,b ! s\l ( ! man trembles /ill m at ! ?\ght ( ! decision to be giv5 ) "o s+le bl[4 9 "o po9t ( space & "t all action is "h press$ toge!r1 & at su* a mom5t !re is /irr$ up )9 u a dim feel+ z if 9 ?is n>r[ space all our =ces c\ld n develop !mselves & come into activity1 z if we _h already ga9$ mu* by m]e "t1 al?\gh ?is "t owes u no?+ at all4 ,?is is all m]e illusion1 b ev5 z illusion x is some?+1 & ! same weakness :i* seizes ^u ! man 9 e o!r mom5t\s decision may well be felt m p[]fully by ! ,g5]al1 :5 he mu/ /ake int]e/s ( su* enorm\s weight ^u "o v5ture4 ,?us1 !n1 ,/atesm5 & ,g5]als h at all times endeav\r$ to avoid ! decisive battle1 seek+ ei!r to atta9 _! aim )\t x1 or dropp+ t aim unp]ceiv$4 ,writ]s on hi/ory & !ory h !n busi$ !mselves to discov] 9 "s o!r feature 9 ^! campaigns n only an equival5t = ! decision by battle :i* has be5 avoid$1 b ev5 a high] art4 ,9 ?is way1 9 ! pres5t age1 x came v ne> to ?is1 t a battle 9 ! economy ( ,w> 0 look$ ^u z an evil1 r5d]$ necess>y ?r\gh "s error committ$1 a morbid p>oxysm to :i* a regul> prud5t sy/em ( ,w> w\ld nev] lead3 only ^? ,g5]als 7 to des]ve laurels :o knew h[ to c>ry on ,w> )\t spill+ blood1 & ! !ory ( ,w>--a real bus9ess = ,brahm9s--0 to be specially direct$ to tea*+ ?is4 ,contempor>y hi/ory has de/roy$ ?is illusion17997 b no "o c gu>antee t x w n soon] or lat] reproduce itself1 & lead ^? at ! head ( affairs to p]v]sities :i* please man's weakness1 & !re=e h ! great] aff9ity = 8 nature4 ,p]haps1 by-&-by1 ,buonap>te's campaigns & battles w be look$ ^u z m]e acts ( b>b>ism & /upidity1 & we %all once m turn ) satisfaction & confid5ce to ! dress-sword ( obsolete & mu/y in/itutions & =ms4 ,if !ory gives a caution aga9/ ?is1 !n x r5d]s a real s]vice to ^? :o li/5 to its w>n+ voice4 ,may we succe$ 9 l5d+ a h& to ^? :o 9 our de> native l& are call$ ^u to speak ) au?ority on ^! matt]s1 t we may be _! guide into ?is field ( inquiry1 & excite !m to make a c&id exam9ation ( ! subject4799997 7997 ,on ! ,cont95t only1 x /ill pres]ves full vitality 9 ! m9ds ( ,briti% politicians & pressm54--,,editor4 799997 ,?is pray] 0 abundantly grant$--vide ! ,g]man victories ( #ahgj4--;,,editor4 ,n only ! conception ( ,w> b exp]i5ce also leads u to look = a great decision only 9 a great battle4 ,f "t immemorial1 only great victories h l$ to great successes on ! (f5sive side 9 ! absolute =m1 on ! def5sive side 9 a mann] m or less satisfactory4 ,ev5 ,buonap>te w\ld n h se5 ! day ( ,ulm1 unique 9 its k9d1 if he _h %runk f %$d+ blood2 x is r to be reg>d$ z only a second crop f ! victori\s ev5ts 9 8 prec$+ campaigns4 ,x is n only bold1 ra%1 & presumptu\s ,g5]als :o h s\ght to complete _! "w by ! great v5ture ( a decisive battle1 b also =tunate ones z well2 & we may re/ satisfi$ ) ! answ] :i* !y h ?us giv5 to ?is va/ "q4 ,let u n he> ( ,g5]als :o conqu] )\t blood%$4 ,if a bloody slaught] is a horrible sight1 !n t is a gr\nd = pay+ m respect to ,w>1 b n = mak+ ! sword we we> blunt] & blunt] by degrees f feel+s ( humanity1 until "s "o /eps 9 ) "o t is %>p & lops (f ! arm f our body4 ,we look ^u a great battle z a pr9cipal decision1 b c]ta9ly n z ! only "o necess>y = a ,w> or a campaign4 ,in/ances ( a great battle decid+ a :ole campaign1 h be5 frequ5t only 9 mod]n times1 ^? :i* h decid$ a :ole ,w>1 belong to ! class ( r>e exceptions4 ,a decision :i* is br\ght ab\t by a great battle dep5ds naturally n on ! battle itself1 t is on ! mass ( combatants engag$ 9 x1 & on ! int5sity ( ! victory1 b also on a numb] ( o!r relations betwe5 ! milit>y =ces oppos$ to ea* o!r1 & betwe5 ! ,/ates to :i* ^! =ces belong4 ,b at ! same "t t ! pr9cipal mass ( ! =ce available is br\ght to ! great duel1 a great decision is also br\ght on1 ! ext5t ( :i* may p]haps be =ese5 9 _m respects1 ?\gh n 9 all1 & :i* al?\gh n ! only "o1 /ill is ! fir/ decision1 & z su*1 has an influ5ce on ^? :i* succe$4 ,!re=e a delib]ately plann$ great battle1 accord+ to its relations1 is m or less1 b always 9 "s degree1 to be reg>d$ z ! lead+ means & c5tral po9t ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,! m a ,g5]al takes ! field 9 ! true _s ( ,w> z well z ( e conte/1 ) ! feel+ & ! idea1 t is ! conviction1 t he mu/ & w conqu]1 ! m he w /rive to ?r[ e weight into ! scale 9 ! fir/ battle1 hope & /rive to w9 ev]y?+ by x4 ,buonap>te h>dly ev] ent]$ ^u a ,w> )\t ?9k+ ( conqu]+ 8 enemy at once 9 ! fir/ battle17997 & ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 al?\gh 9 a m limit$ sph]e1 & ) int]e/s ( less magnitude at /ake1 ?\ght ! same :51 at ! head ( a small ,army1 he s\ght to dis5gage 8 re> f ! ,russians or ! ,f$]al ,imp]ial ,army4 7997 ,?is 0 ,moltke's ess5tial idea 9 8 prep>ations = ! ,w> ( #ahgj4 ,see 8 secret memor&um issu$ to ,g4,o4,c4s on ,may #g4 #ahgj1 po9t+ to a battle on ! ,upp] ,sa> z 8 prim>y purpose4--,,editor4 ,! decision :i* is giv5 by ! great battle1 dep5ds1 we h said1 p>tly on ! battle itself1 t is on ! numb] ( troops engag$1 & p>tly on ! magnitude ( ! success4 ,h[ ! ,g5]al may increase its importance 9 respect to ! fir/ po9t is evid5t 9 itself & we %all m]ely obs]ve t accord+ to ! importance ( ! great battle1 ! numb] ( cases :i* are decid$ along ) x increases1 & t !re=e ,g5]als :o1 confid5t 9 !mselves h be5 lov]s ( great decisions1 h always manag$ to make use ( ! great] "p ( _! troops 9 x )\t neglect+ on t acc\nt ess5tial po9ts else:]e4 ,z reg>ds ! consequ5ces or speak+ m correctly ! effectiv5ess ( a victory1 t dep5ds *iefly on f\r po9ts3 #a4 ,on ! tactical =m adopt$ z ! ord] ( battle4 #b4 ,on ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 #c4 ,on ! relative proportions ( ! ?ree arms4 #d4 ,on ! relative /r5g? ( ! two ,armies4 ,a battle ) p>allel fronts & )\t any action aga9/ a flank w seldom yield z great success z "o 9 :i* ! defeat$ ,army has be5 turn$1 or compell$ to *ange front m or less4 ,9 a brok5 or hilly c\ntry ! successes are likewise small]1 because ! p[] ( ! bl[ is ev]y:]e less4 ,if ! cavalry ( ! vanqui%$ is equal or sup]ior to t ( ! victor1 !n ! effects ( ! pursuit are dim9i%$1 & by t great "p ( ! results ( victory are lo/4 ,f9ally x is easy to und]/& t if sup]ior numb]s are on ! side ( ! conqu]or1 & he uses 8 advantage 9 t respect to turn ! flank ( 8 adv]s>y1 or compel him to *ange front1 great] results w foll[ ?an if ! conqu]or _h be5 weak] 9 numb]s ?an ! vanqui%$4 ,! battle ( ,leu!n may c]ta9ly be quot$ z a practical refutation ( ?is pr9ciple1 b we beg p]mission = once to say :at we o!rwise d n l1 no rule )\t an exception4 ,9 all ^! ways1 !re=e1 ! ,comm&] has ! means ( giv+ 8 battle a decisive "*2 c]ta9ly he ?us exposes himself to an increas$ am\nt ( dang]1 b 8 :ole l9e ( action is subject to t dynamic law ( ! moral _w4 ,!re is !n no?+ 9 ,w> :i* c be put 9 comp>ison ) ! great battle 9 po9t ( importance1 & ! acme ( /rategic ability is display$ 9 ! provision ( means = ?is great ev5t1 9 ! skilful det]m9ation ( place & "t1 & direction ( troops1 & 9 ! good use made ( success4 ,b x does n foll[ f ! importance ( ^! ?+s t !y mu/ be ( a v complicat$ & recondite nature2 all is "h r simple1 ! art ( comb9ation by no means great2 b !re is great ne$ ( quickness 9 judg+ ( circum/ances1 ne$ ( en]gy1 /eady resolution1 a y\?ful _s ( ent]prise--h]oic qualities1 to :i* we %all (t5 h to ref]4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 b little want$ "h ( t :i* c be taught by books & !re is mu* t1 if x c be taught at all1 mu/ come to ! ,g5]al ?r\gh "s o!r m$ium ?an pr9t]'s type4 ,! impulse t[>ds a great battle1 ! volunt>y1 sure progress to x1 mu/ proce$ f a feel+ ( innate p[] & a cle> s5se ( ! necessity2 9 o!r words1 x mu/ proce$ f inborn c\rage & f p]ceptions %>p5$ by contact ) ! high] int]e/s ( life4 ,great examples are ! be/ tea*]s1 b x is c]ta9ly a mis=tune if a cl\d ( !oretical prejudices comes betwe51 = ev5 ! sunbeam is refract$ & t9t$ by ! cl\ds4 ,to de/roy su* prejudices1 :i* _m a "t rise & spread !mselves l a miasma1 is an imp]ative duty ( !ory1 = ! misbegott5 (fspr+ ( human reason c also be 9 turn de/roy$ by pure reason4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,/rategic ,means ( ,utilis+ ,victory ,! m difficult "p1 viz41 t ( p]fectly prep>+ ! victory1 is a sil5t s]vice ( :i* ! m]it belongs to ,/rategy & yet = :i* x is h>dly suffici5tly comm5d$4 ,x appe>s brilliant & full ( r5[n by turn+ to good acc\nt a victory ga9$4 ,:at may be ! special object ( a battle1 h[ x is connect$ ) ! :ole sy/em ( a ,w>1 :i!r ! c>e] ( victory may lead accord+ to ! nature ( circum/ances1 :]e its culm9at+-po9t lies--all ^! are ?+s :i* we %all n ent] ^u until h]eaft]4 ,b "u any conceivable circum/ances ! fact holds good1 t )\t a pursuit no victory c h a great effect1 & t1 h[ev] %ort ! c>e] ( victory may be1 x mu/ always lead beyond ! fir/ /eps 9 pursuit2 & 9 ord] to avoid ! frequ5t repetition ( ?is1 we %all n[ dwell = a mom5t on ?is necess>y supplem5t ( victory 9 g5]al4 ,! pursuit ( a beat5 ,army comm5ces at ! mom5t t ,army1 giv+ up ! combat1 leaves its position2 all previ\s movem5ts 9 "o direction & ano!r belong n to t b to ! progress ( ! battle itself4 ,usually victory at ! mom5t "h describ$1 ev5 if x is c]ta91 is /ill z yet small & weak 9 its proportions1 & w\ld n rank z an ev5t ( any great positive advantage if n complet$ by a pursuit on ! fir/ day4 ,!n x is mo/ly1 z we h be=e said1 t ! trophies :i* give sub/ance to ! victory beg9 to be ga!r$ up4 ,( ?is pursuit we %all speak 9 ! next place4 ,usually bo? sides come into action ) _! physical p[]s consid]ably det]iorat$1 = ! movem5ts imm$iately prec$+ h g5]ally ! "* ( v urg5t circum/ances4 ,! ef=ts :i* ! =g+ out ( a great combat co/s1 complete ! exhau/ion2 f ?is x foll[s t ! victori\s p>ty is v little less disorganis$ & out ( 8 orig9al =mation ?an ! vanqui%$1 & !re=e requires "t to re=m1 to collect /raggl]s1 & issue fre% ammunition to ^? :o are )\t4 ,all ^! ?+s place ! conqu]or himself 9 ! /ate ( crisis ( :i* we h already spok54 ,if n[ ! defeat$ =ce is only a deta*$ portion ( ! enemy's ,army1 or if x has o!rwise to expect a consid]able re9=cem5t1 !n ! conqu]or may easily run into ! obvi\s dang] ( hav+ to pay de> = 8 victory1 & ?is consid]ation1 9 su* a case1 v soon puts an end to pursuit1 or at lea/ re/ricts x mat]ially4 ,ev5 :5 a /rong accession ( =ce by ! enemy is n to be fe>$1 ! conqu]or f9ds 9 ! above circum/ances a p[]ful *eck to ! vivacity ( 8 pursuit4 ,!re is no reason to fe> t ! victory w be snat*$ away1 b adv]se combats are /ill possible1 & may dim9i% ! advantages :i* up to ! pres5t h be5 ga9$4 ,moreov]1 at ?is mom5t ! :ole weight ( all t is s5su\s 9 an ,army1 its wants & weaknesses1 are dep5d5t on ! w ( ! ,comm&]4 ,all ! ?\s&s "u 8 comm& require re/ & refre%m5t1 & long to see a /op put to toil & dang] = ! pres5t2 only a few1 =m+ an exception1 c see & feel beyond ! pres5t mom5t1 x is only among/ ?is little numb] t !re is suffici5t m5tal vig\r to ?9k1 aft] :at is absolutely necess>y at ! mom5t has be5 done1 ^u ^? results :i* at su* a mom5t only appe> to ! re/ z m]e embelli%m5ts ( victory--z a luxury ( triumph4 ,b all ^! ?\s&s h a voice 9 ! c\ncil ( ! ,g5]al1 = ?r\gh ! v>i\s /eps ( ! milit>y hi]>*y ^! int]e/s ( ! s5su\s creature h _! sure conductor into ! he>t ( ! ,comm&]4 ,he himself1 ?r\gh m5tal & bodily fatigue1 is m or less weak5$ 9 8 natural activity1 & ?us x happ5s !n t1 mo/ly f ^! causes1 purely incid5tal to human nature1 less is done ?an might h be5 done1 & t g5]ally :at is done is to be ascrib$ entirely to ! ?ir/ = glory1 ! en]gy1 inde$ also ! h>d-he>t$ness ( ! ,g5]al-9-,*ief4 ,x is only ?us we c expla9 ! hesitat+ mann] 9 :i* _m ,g5]als foll[ up a victory :i* sup]ior numb]s h giv5 !m4 ,! fir/ pursuit ( ! enemy we limit 9 g5]al to ! ext5t ( ! fir/ day1 includ+ ! night foll[+ ! victory4 ,at ! end ( t p]iod ! necessity ( re/ ourselves prescribes a halt 9 any case4 ,?is fir/ pursuit has diff]5t natural degrees4 ,! fir/ is1 if cavalry alone are employ$2 9 t case x am\nts usually m to al>m+ & wat*+ ?an to press+ ! enemy 9 reality1 because ! smalle/ ob/acle ( gr\nd is g5]ally suffici5t to *eck ! pursuit4 ,useful z cavalry may be aga9/ s+le bodies ( brok5 demoralis$ troops1 /ill :5 oppos$ to ! bulk ( ! beat5 ,army x becomes aga9 only ! auxili>y arm1 because ! troops 9 retreat c employ fre% res]ves to cov] ! movem5t1 &1 !re=e1 at ! next trifl+ ob/acle ( gr\nd1 by comb9+ all arms !y c make a /& ) success4 ,! only exception to ?is is 9 ! case ( an army 9 actual flight 9 a complete /ate ( dissolution4 ,! second degree is1 if ! pursuit is made by a /rong advance-gu>d compos$ ( all arms1 ! great] "p consi/+ naturally ( cavalry4 ,su* a pursuit g5]ally drives ! enemy z f> z ! ne>e/ /rong position = 8 re>-gu>d1 or ! next position af=d+ space = 8 ,army4 ,nei!r c usually be f\nd at once1 &1 !re=e1 ! pursuit c be c>ri$ fur!r2 g5]ally1 h[ev]1 x does n ext5d beyond ! di/ance ( "o or at mo/ a c\ple ( leagues1 because o!rwise ! advance-gu>d w\ld n feel itself suffici5tly support$4 ,! ?ird & mo/ vigor\s degree is :5 ! victori\s ,army itself cont9ues to advance z f> z its physical p[]s c endure4 ,9 ?is case ! beat5 ,army w g5]ally quit su* ord9>y positions z a c\ntry usually (f]s on ! m]e %[ ( an attack1 or ( an int5tion to turn its flank2 & ! re>-gu>d w be /ill less likely to engage 9 an ob/9ate resi/ance4 ,9 all ?ree cases ! night1 if x sets 9 be=e ! conclusion ( ! :ole act1 usually puts an end to x1 & ! few in/ances 9 :i* ?is has n tak5 place1 & ! pursuit has be5 cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! night1 mu/ be reg>d$ z pursuits 9 an exceptionally vigor\s =m4 ,if we reflect t 9 fight+ by night ev]y?+ mu/ be1 m or less1 ab&on$ to *ance1 & t at ! conclusion ( a battle ! regul> cohesion & ord] ( ?+s 9 an army mu/ inevitably be di/urb$1 we may easily conceive ! reluctance ( bo? ,g5]als to c>ry+ on _! bus9ess "u su* disadvantage\s conditions4 ,if a complete dissolution ( ! vanqui%$ ,army1 or a r>e sup]iority ( ! victori\s ,army 9 milit>y virtue does n ensure success1 ev]y?+ w\ld 9 a mann] be giv5 up to fate1 :i* c nev] be = ! int]e/ ( any "o1 ev5 ( ! mo/ fool-h>dy ,g5]al4 ,z a rule1 !re=e1 night puts an end to pursuit1 ev5 :5 ! battle has only be5 decid$ %ortly be=e d>kness sets 94 ,?is all[s ! conqu]$ ei!r "t = re/ & to rally imm$iately1 or1 if he retreats dur+ ! night x gives him a m>* 9 advance4 ,aft] ?is break ! conqu]$ is decid$ly 9 a bett] condition2 mu* ( t :i* _h be5 ?r[n into confusion has be5 br\ght aga9 into ord]1 ammunition has be5 r5ew$1 ! :ole has be5 put into a fre% =mation4 ,:atev] fur!r enc\nt] n[ takes place ) ! enemy is a new battle n a cont9uation ( ! old1 & al?\gh x may be f> f promis+ absolute success1 /ill x is a fre% combat1 & n m]ely a ga!r+ up ( ! dbris by ! victor4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! conqu]or c cont9ue ! pursuit itself ?r\gh\t ! night1 if only ) a /rong advance-gu>d compos$ ( all arms ( ! s]vice1 ! effect ( ! victory is imm5sely increas$1 ( ?is ! battles ( ,leu!n & ,la ,belle ,alliance7997 are examples4 7997 ,wat]loo4 ,! :ole action ( ?is pursuit is ma9ly tactical1 & we only dwell ^u x "h 9 ord] to make pla9 ! diff]5ce :i* ?r\gh x may be produc$ 9 ! effect ( a victory4 ,?is fir/ pursuit1 z f> z ! ne>e/ /opp+-po9t1 belongs z a "r to e conqu]or1 & is h>dly 9 any way connect$ ) 8 fur!r plans & comb9ations4 ,^! may consid]ably dim9i% ! positive results ( a victory ga9$ ) ! ma9 body ( ! ,army1 b !y _c make ?is fir/ use ( x impossible2 at lea/ cases ( t k9d1 if conceivable at all1 mu/ be s uncommon t !y %\ld h no appreciable influ5ce on !ory4 ,& "h c]ta9ly we mu/ say t ! example af=d$ by mod]n ,w>s op5s up q a new field = en]gy4 ,9 prec$+ ,w>s1 re/+ on a n>r[] basis1 & altoge!r m circumscrib$ 9 _! scope1 !re 7 _m unnecess>y conv5tional re/rictions 9 v>i\s ways1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ?is po9t4 ,! conception1 ,hon\r ( ,victory seem$ to ,g5]als s mu* by f> ! *ief ?+ t !y ?\ght ! less ( ! complete de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ce1 z 9 po9t ( fact t de/ruction ( =ce appe>$ to !m only z "o ( ! _m means 9 ,w>1 n by any means z ! pr9cipal1 mu* less z ! only means2 s t !y ! m readily put ! sword 9 its %ea? ! mom5t ! enemy _h l[]$ 84 ,no?+ seem$ m natural to !m ?an to /op ! combat z soon z ! decision 0 obta9$1 & to reg>d all fur!r c>nage z unnecess>y cruelty4 ,ev5 if ?is false philosophy did n det]m9e _! resolutions entirely1 /ill x 0 a po9t ( view by :i* repres5tations ( ! exhau/ion ( all p[]s1 & physical impossibility ( cont9u+ ! /ruggle1 obta9$ readi] evid5ce & great] weight4 ,c]ta9ly ! sp>+ "o's own in/rum5t ( victory is a vital "q if we only possess ?is "o1 & =esee t soon ! "t may arrive :5 x w n be suffici5t = all t rema9s to be done1 = e cont9uation ( ! (f5sive mu/ lead ultimately to complete exhau/ion4 ,b ?is calculation 0 /ill s f> false1 z ! fur!r loss ( =ces by a cont9uance ( ! pursuit c\ld be> no proportion to t :i* ! enemy mu/ suff]4 ,t view1 !re=e1 aga9 c\ld only exi/ because ! milit>y =ces 7 n consid]$ ! vital factor4 ,& s we f9d t 9 =m] ,w>s real h]oes only--su* z ,*>les ,,xii41 ,m>lbor\gh1 ,eug5e1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great--add$ a vigor\s pursuit to _! victories :5 !y 7 decisive en\gh1 & t o!r ,g5]als usually cont5t$ !mselves ) ! possession ( ! field ( battle4 ,9 mod]n times ! great] en]gy infus$ into ! conduct ( ,w>s ?r\gh ! great] importance ( ! circum/ances f :i* !y h proce$$ has ?r[n d[n ^! conv5tional b>ri]s2 ! pursuit has become an all-important bus9ess = ! conqu]or2 trophies h on t acc\nt multipli$ 9 ext5t1 & if !re are cases also 9 mod]n ,w>f>e 9 :i* ?is has n be5 ! case1 /ill !y belong to ! li/ ( exceptions1 & are to be acc\nt$ = by peculi> circum/ances4 ,at ,gors*57997 & ,bautz5 no?+ b ! sup]iority ( ! alli$ cavalry prev5t$ a complete r\t1 at ,gross ,be]5 & ,d5newitz ! ill-w ( ,b]nadotte1 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,sw$52 at ,laon ! enfeebl$ p]sonal condition ( ,bl*]1 :o 0 !n sev5ty ye>s old & at ! mom5t conf9$ to a d>k room ow+ to an injury to 8 eyes4 7997 ,gors*5 or ,lutz51 ,may #b1 #ahac2 ,gross ,be]5 & ,d5newitz1 ,augu/ #bb1 #ahac2 ,bautz54 ,may #bb1 #aiac2 ,laon1 ,m>* #aj #ahac4 ,b ,borod9o is also an illu/ration to ! po9t "h1 & we _c resi/ say+ a few m words ab\t x1 p>tly because we d n consid] ! circum/ances are expla9$ simply by atta*+ blame to ,buonap>te1 p>tly because x might appe> z if ?is1 & ) x a great numb] ( simil> cases1 belong$ to t class :i* we h designat$ z s extremely r>e1 cases 9 :i* ! g5]al relations seize & fett] ! ,g5]al at ! v beg9n+ ( ! battle4 ,fr5* au?ors 9 p>ticul>1 & great admir]s ( ,buonap>te 7,vaudanc\rt1 ,*ambray1 ,sgur71 h blam$ him decid$ly because he did n drive ! ,russian ,army completely (f ! field1 & use 8 la/ res]ves to scatt] x1 because !n :at 0 only a lo/ battle w\ld h be5 a complete r\t4 ,we %\ld be oblig$ to div]ge too f> to describe circum/antially ! mutual situation ( ! two ,armies2 b ?is mu* is evid5t1 t :5 ,buonap>te pass$ ! ,niem5 ) 8 ,army ! same corps :i* aft]w>ds f\ght at ,borod9o numb]$ #cjj1jjj m51 ( :om n[ only #abj1jjj rema9$1 he might !re=e well be appreh5sive t he w\ld n h en\gh left to m>* ^u ,mosc[1 ! po9t on :i* ev]y?+ seem$ to dep5d4 ,! victory :i* he _h j ga9$ gave him ne>ly a c]ta9ty ( tak+ t capital1 = t ! ,russians w\ld be 9 a condition to fight a second battle )9 eight days seem$ 9 ! highe/ degree improbable2 & 9 ,mosc[ he hop$ to f9d peace4 ,no d\bt ! complete disp]sion ( ! ,russian ,army w\ld h made ?is peace mu* m c]ta92 b /ill ! fir/ consid]ation 0 to get to ,mosc[1 t is1 to get !re ) a =ce ) :i* he %\ld appe> dictator ov] ! capital1 & ?r\gh t ov] ! ,empire & ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! =ce :i* he br\ght ) him to ,mosc[ 0 no long] suffici5t = t1 z %[n 9 ! sequel1 b x w\ld h be5 /ill less s if1 9 scatt]+ ! ,russian ,army1 he _h scatt]$ 8 own at ! same "t4 ,buonap>te 0 ?or\ghly alive to all ?is1 & 9 our eyes he /&s completely ju/ifi$4 ,b on t acc\nt ?is case is /ill n to be reckon$ among/ ^? 9 :i*1 ?r\gh ! g5]al relations1 ! ,g5]al is int]dict$ f foll[+ up 8 victory1 = !re nev] 0 9 8 case any "q ( m]e pursuit4 ,! victory 0 decid$ at f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 b ! ,russians /ill occupi$ ! great] "p ( ! field ( battle2 !y 7 n yet dispos$ to give up ! gr\nd1 & if ! attack _h be5 r5ew$1 !y w\ld /ill h (f]$ a mo/ det]m9$ resi/ance1 :i* w\ld h und\bt$ly end$ 9 _! complete defeat1 b w\ld h co/ ! conqu]or mu* fur!r blood%$4 ,we mu/ !re=e reckon ! ,battle ( ,borod9o z among/ battles1 l ,bautz51 left unf9i%$4 ,at ,bautz5 ! vanqui%$ pref]r$ to quit ! field soon]2 at ,borod9o ! conqu]or pref]r$ to cont5t himself ) a half victory1 n because ! decision appe>$ d\btful1 b because he 0 n ri* en\gh to pay = ! :ole4 ,return+ n[ to our subject1 ! d$uction f our reflections 9 relation to ! fir/ /age ( pursuit is1 t ! en]gy ?r[n into x *iefly det]m9es ! value ( ! victory2 t ?is pursuit is a second act ( ! victory1 9 _m cases m important also ?an ! fir/1 & t /rategy1 :il/ "h approa*+ tactics to receive f x ! h>ve/ ( success1 ex]cises ! fir/ act ( h] au?ority by dem&+ ?is completion ( ! victory4 ,b fur!r1 ! effects ( victory are v seldom f\nd to /op ) ?is fir/ pursuit2 n[ fir/ beg9s ! real c>e] to :i* victory l5t velocity4 ,?is c\rse is condition$ z we h already said1 by o!r relations ( :i* x is n yet "t to speak4 ,b we mu/ "h m5tion1 :at !re is ( a g5]al "* 9 ! pursuit 9 ord] to avoid repetition :5 ! subject occurs aga94 ,9 ! fur!r /ages ( pursuit1 aga91 we c di/+ui% ?ree degrees3 ! simple pursuit1 a h>d pursuit1 & a p>allel m>* to int]cept4 ,! simple foll[+ or pursu+ causes ! enemy to cont9ue 8 retreat1 until he ?9ks he c risk ano!r battle4 ,x w !re=e 9 its effect suffice to exhau/ ! advantages ga9$1 & besides t1 all t ! enemy _c c>ry ) him1 sick1 w\nd$1 & disabl$ f fatigue1 quantities ( baggage1 & c>riages ( all k9ds1 w fall into our h&s1 b ?is m]e foll[+ does n t5d to height5 ! disord] 9 ! enemy's ,army1 an effect :i* is produc$ by ! two foll[+ causes4 ,if1 = in/ance1 in/ead ( cont5t+ ourselves ) tak+ up e day ! camp ! enemy has j vacat$1 occupy+ j z mu* ( ! c\ntry z he *ooses to ab&on1 we make our arrangem5ts s z e day to encroa* fur!r1 & accord+ly ) our advance-gu>d organis$ = ! purpose1 attack 8 re>-gu>d e "t x attempts to halt1 !n su* a c\rse w ha/5 8 retreat1 & consequ5tly t5d to increase 8 disorganisation4--,?is x w pr9cipally effect by ! "* ( cont9u\s flight1 :i* 8 retreat w ?us assume4 ,no?+ has su* a depress+ influ5ce on ! soldi]1 z ! s\nd ( ! enemy's cannon afre% at ! mom5t :51 aft] a =c$ m>* he seeks "s re/2 if ?is excitem5t is cont9u$ f day to day = "s "t1 x may lead to a complete r\t4 ,!re lies 9 x a con/ant admission ( be+ oblig$ to obey ! law ( ! enemy1 & ( be+ unfit = any resi/ance1 & ! consci\sness ( ?is _c d o!rwise ?an weak5 ! moral ( an ,army 9 a high degree4 ,! effect ( press+ ! enemy 9 ?is way atta9s a maximum :5 x drives ! enemy to make night m>*es4 ,if ! conqu]or sc>es away ! discomfit$ oppon5t at sunset f a camp :i* has j be5 tak5 up ei!r = ! ma9 body ( ! ,army1 or = ! re>-gu>d1 ! conqu]$ mu/ ei!r make a night m>*1 or alt] 8 position 9 ! night1 retir+ fur!r away1 :i* is mu* ! same ?+2 ! victori\s p>ty c on ! o!r h& pass ! night 9 quiet4 ,! arrangem5t ( m>*es1 & ! *oice ( positions dep5d 9 ?is case also ^u s _m o!r ?+s1 especially on ! supply ( ! ,army1 on /rong natural ob/acles 9 ! c\ntry1 on l>ge t[ns1 c4 c41 t x w\ld be ridicul\s p$antry to attempt to %[ by a geometrical analysis h[ ! pursu]1 be+ able to impose 8 laws on ! retreat+ enemy1 c compel him to m>* at night :ile he takes 8 re/4 ,b nev]!less x is true & practicable t m>*es 9 pursuit may be s plann$ z to h ?is t5d5cy1 & t ! efficacy ( ! pursuit is v mu* en*anc$ !reby4 ,if ?is is seldom att5d$ to 9 ! execution1 x is because su* a proc$ure is m difficult = ! pursu+ ,army1 ?an a regul> adh]5ce to ord9>y m>*es 9 ! daytime4 ,to />t 9 good "t 9 ! morn+1 to encamp at mid-day1 to occupy ! re/ ( ! day 9 provid+ = ! ord9>y wants ( ! ,army1 & to use ! night = repose1 is a mu* m conv5i5t me?od ?an to regulate "o's movem5ts exactly accord+ to ^? ( ! enemy1 !re=e to det]m9e no?+ till ! la/ mom5t1 to />t on ! m>*1 sometimes 9 ! morn+1 sometimes 9 ! ev5+1 to be always = sev]al h\rs 9 ! pres5ce ( ! enemy1 & ex*ang+ cannon %ots ) him1 & keep+ up skirmi%+ fire1 to plan manuvres to turn him1 9 %ort1 to make ! :ole outlay ( tactical means :i* su* a c\rse r5d]s necess>y4 ,all t naturally be>s ) a heavy weight on ! pursu+ ,army1 & 9 ,w>1 :]e !re are s _m burd5s to be borne1 m5 are always incl9$ to /rip (f ^? :i* d n seem absolutely necess>y4 ,^! obs]vations are true1 :e!r appli$ to a :ole ,army or z 9 ! m usual case1 to a /rong advance-gu>d4 ,= ! reasons j m5tion$1 ?is second me?od ( pursuit1 ?is cont9u$ press+ ( ! enemy pursu$ is r a r>e occurr5ce2 ev5 ,buonap>te 9 8 ,russian campaign1 #ahab1 practis$ x b little1 = ! reasons "h app>5t1 t ! difficulties & h>d%ips ( ?is campaign1 already ?reat5$ 8 ,army ) de/ruction be=e x c\ld rea* its object2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,fr5* 9 _! o!r campaigns h di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! en]gy 9 ?is po9t also4 ,la/ly1 ! ?ird & mo/ effectual =m ( pursuit is1 ! p>allel m>* to ! imm$iate object ( ! retreat4 ,e defeat$ ,army w naturally h beh9d x1 at a great] or less di/ance1 "s po9t1 ! atta9m5t ( :i* is ! fir/ purpose 9 view1 :e!r x be t fail+ 9 ?is its fur!r retreat might be compromis$1 z 9 ! case ( a defile1 or t x is important = ! po9t itself to rea* x be=e ! enemy1 z 9 ! case ( a great city1 magaz9es1 c41 or1 la/ly1 t ! ,army at ?is po9t w ga9 new p[]s ( def5ce1 su* z a /rong position1 or junction ) o!r corps4 ,n[ if ! conqu]or directs 8 m>* on ?is po9t by a lat]al road1 x is evid5t h[ t may quick5 ! retreat ( ! beat5 ,army 9 a de/ructive mann]1 conv]t x into hurry1 p]haps into flight47997 ,! conqu]$ has only ?ree ways to c\nt]act ?is3 ! fir/ is to ?r[ himself 9 front ( ! enemy1 9 ord] by an unexpect$ attack to ga9 t probability ( success :i* is lo/ to him 9 g5]al f 8 position2 ?is pla9ly supposes an ent]pris+ bold ,g5]al1 & an excell5t ,army1 beat5 b n utt]ly defeat$2 !re=e1 x c only be employ$ by a beat5 ,army 9 v few cases4 7997 ,?is po9t is exceptionally well treat$ by von ,b]nh>di 9 8 8,cavalry 9 ,future ,w>s40 ,london3 ,murray1 #aijf4 ,! second way is ha/5+ ! retreat2 b ?is is j :at ! conqu]or wants1 & x easily leads to immod]ate ef=ts on ! "p ( ! troops1 by :i* enorm\s losses are su/a9$1 9 /raggl]s1 brok5 guns1 & c>riages ( all k9ds4 ,! ?ird way is to make a dt\r1 & get r\nd ! ne>e/ po9t ( int]ception1 to m>* ) m ease at a great] di/ance f ! enemy1 & ?us to r5d] ! ha/e requir$ less damag+4 ,?is la/ way is ! wor/ ( all1 x g5]ally turns out l a new debt contract$ by an insolv5t debtor1 & leads to great] emb>rassm5t4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* ?is c\rse is advisable2 o!rs :]e !re is no?+ else left2 also in/ances 9 :i* x has be5 successful2 b ^u ! :ole x is c]ta9ly true t its adoption is usually influ5c$ less by a cle> p]suasion ( its be+ ! sure/ way ( atta9+ ! aim ?an by ano!r inadmissible motive--?is motive is ! dread ( enc\nt]+ ! enemy4 ,woe to ! ,comm&] :o gives 9 to ?is6 ,h[ev] mu* ! moral ( 8 ,army may h det]iorat$1 & h[ev] well f\nd$ may be 8 appreh5sions ( be+ at a disadvantage 9 any conflict ) ! enemy1 ! evil w only be made worse by too anxi\sly avoid+ e possible risk ( collision4 ,buonap>te 9 #ahac w\ld nev] h br\ght ov] ! ,rh9e ) him ! #cj1jjj or #dj1jjj m5 :o rema9$ aft] ! battle ( ,hanau17997 if he _h avoid$ t battle & tri$ to pass ! ,rh9e at ,mannheim or ,cobl5z4 ,x is j by means ( small combats c>efully prep>$ & execut$1 & 9 :i* ! defeat$ army be+ on ! def5sive1 has always ! assi/ance ( ! gr\nd--x is j by ^! t ! moral /r5g? ( ! ,army c fir/ be resuscitat$4 7997 ,at ,hanau 7,octob] #cj1 #ahac71 ! ,bav>ians "s #ej1jjj /rong ?rew !mselves across ! l9e ( ,napoleon's retreat f ,leipsic4 ,by a ma/]ly use ( its artill]y ! ,fr5* tore ! ,bav>ians asund] & m>*$ on ov] _! bodies4--,,editor4 ,! b5eficial effect ( ! smalle/ successes is incr$ible2 b ) mo/ ,g5]als ! adoption ( ?is plan implies great self-comm&4 ,! o!r way1 t ( evad+ all enc\nt]1 appe>s at fir/ s mu* easi]1 t !re is a natural pref]5ce = its adoption4 ,x is !re=e usually j ?is sy/em ( evasion :i* be/1 promotes ! view ( ! pursu]1 & (t5 ends ) ! complete d[nfall ( ! pursu$2 we mu/1 h[ev]1 recollect "h t we are speak+ ( a :ole ,army1 n ( a s+le ,division1 :i*1 hav+ be5 cut (f1 is seek+ to jo9 ! ma9 ,army by mak+ a dt\r2 9 su* a case circum/ances are diff]5t1 & success is n uncommon4 ,b !re is "o condition requisite to ! success ( ?is race ( two ,corps = an object1 :i* is t a ,division ( ! pursu+ army %\ld foll[ by ! same road :i* ! pursu$ has tak51 9 ord] to pick up /raggl]s1 & keep up ! impression :i* ! pres5ce ( ! enemy nev] fails to make4 ,bl*] neglect$ ?is 9 81 9 o!r respects unexceptionable1 pursuit aft] ,la ,belle ,alliance4 ,su* m>*es tell ^u ! pursu] z well z ! pursu$1 & !y are n advisable if ! enemy's ,army rallies itself ^u ano!r consid]able "o2 if x has a di/+ui%$ ,g5]al at its head1 & if its de/ruction is n already well prep>$4 ,b :5 ?is means c be adopt$1 x acts also l a great me*anical p[]4 ,! losses ( ! beat5 ,army f sickness & fatigue are on su* a disproportionate scale1 ! _s ( ! ,army is s weak5$ & l[]$ by ! con/ant solicitude ab\t imp5d+ ru91 t at la/ any?+ l a well organis$ /& is out ( ! "q2 e day ?\s&s ( prison]s fall into ! enemy's h&s )\t /rik+ a bl[4 ,9 su* a season ( complete good =tune1 ! conqu]or ne$ n hesitate ab\t divid+ 8 =ces 9 ord] to draw into ! vortex ( de/ruction ev]y?+ )9 rea* ( 8 ,army1 to cut (f deta*m5ts1 to take =tresses unprep>$ = def5ce1 to occupy l>ge t[ns1 c4 c4 ,he may d any?+ until a new /ate ( ?+s arises1 & ! m he v5tures 9 ?is way ! long] w x be be=e t *ange w take place4 ,!re is no want ( examples ( brilliant results f gr& decisive victories1 & ( great & vigor\s pursuits 9 ! w>s ( ,buonap>te4 ,we ne$ only quote ,j5a #ahjf1 ,ratisbonne #ahji1 ,leipsic #ahac1 & ,belle- ,alliance #ahae4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,retreat ,aft] a ,lo/ ,battle ,9 a lo/ battle ! p[] ( an ,army is brok51 ! moral to a great] degree ?an ! physical4 ,a second battle unless fre% fav\rable circum/ances come into play1 w\ld lead to a complete defeat1 p]haps1 to de/ruction4 ,?is is a milit>y axiom4 ,accord+ to ! usual c\rse ! retreat is cont9u$ up to t po9t :]e ! equilibrium ( =ces is re/or$1 ei!r by re9=cem5ts1 or by ! protection ( /rong =tresses1 or by great def5sive positions af=d$ by ! c\ntry1 or by a sep>ation ( ! enemy's =ce4 ,! magnitude ( ! losses su/a9$1 ! ext5t ( ! defeat1 b /ill m ! "* ( ! enemy1 w br+ ne>] or put (f ! in/ant ( ?is equilibrium4 ,h[ _m in/ances may be f\nd ( a beat5 ,army ralli$ aga9 at a %ort di/ance1 )\t its circum/ances hav+ alt]$ 9 any way s9ce ! battle4 ,! cause ( ?is may be trac$ to ! moral weakness ( ! adv]s>y1 or to ! prepond]ance ga9$ 9 ! battle n hav+ be5 suffici5t to make la/+ impression4 ,to pr(it by ?is weakness or mi/ake ( ! enemy1 n to yield "o in* bread? m ?an ! pressure ( circum/ances dem&s1 b above all ?+s1 9 ord] to keep up ! moral =ces to z advantage\s a po9t z possible1 a sl[ retreat1 (f]+ incessant resi/ance1 & bold c\rage\s c\nt]/rokes1 :5ev] ! enemy seeks to ga9 any excessive advantages1 are absolutely necess>y4 ,retreats ( great ,g5]als & ( ,armies inur$ to ,w> h always resembl$ ! retreat ( a w\nd$ lion1 su* is1 und\bt$ly1 also ! be/ !ory4 ,x is true t at ! mom5t ( quitt+ a dang]\s position we h (t5 se5 trifl+ =malities obs]v$ :i* caus$ a wa/e ( "t1 & 71 !re=e1 att5d$ ) dang]1 :il/ 9 su* cases ev]y?+ dep5ds on gett+ out ( ! place spe$ily4 ,practis$ ,g5]als reckon ?is maxim a v important "o4 ,b su* cases mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) a g5]al retreat aft] a lo/ battle4 ,:oev] !n ?9ks by a few rapid m>*es to ga9 a />t1 & m easily to recov] a firm /&+1 commits a great error4 ,! fir/ movem5ts %\ld be z small z possible1 & x is a maxim 9 g5]al n to suff] ourselves to be dictat$ to by ! enemy4 ,?is maxim _c be foll[$ )\t bloody fight+ ) ! enemy at our heels1 b ! ga9 is wor? ! sacrifice2 )\t x we get into an accel]at$ pace :i* soon turns into a headlong ru%1 & co/s m]ely 9 /raggl]s m m5 ?an re>-gu>d combats1 & besides t ext+ui%es ! la/ remnants ( ! _s ( resi/ance4 ,a /rong re>-gu>d compos$ ( pick$ troops1 comm&$ by ! brave/ ,g5]al1 & support$ by ! :ole ,army at critical mom5ts1 a c>eful utilisation ( gr\nd1 /rong ambuscades :]ev] ! boldness ( ! enemy's advance-gu>d1 & ! gr\nd1 af=d opportunity2 9 %ort1 ! prep>ation & ! sy/em ( regul> small battles1--^! are ! means ( foll[+ ?is pr9ciple4 ,! difficulties ( a retreat are naturally great] or less accord+ z ! battle has be5 f\ght "u m or less fav\rable circum/ances1 & accord+ z x has be5 m or less ob/9ately conte/$4 ,! battle ( ,j5a & ,la ,belle-,alliance %[ h[ impossible any?+ l a regul> retreat may become1 if ! la/ man is us$ up aga9/ a p[]ful enemy4 ,n[ & aga9 x has be5 sugge/$7997 to divide = ! purpose ( retreat+1 !re=e to retreat 9 sep>ate divisions or ev5 ecc5trically4 ,su* a sep>ation z is made m]ely = conv5i5ce1 & along ) :i* conc5trat$ action cont9ues possible & is kept 9 view1 is n :at we n[ ref] to2 any o!r k9d is extremely dang]\s1 contr>y to ! nature ( ! ?+1 & !re=e a great error4 ,e lo/ battle is a pr9ciple ( weakness & disorganisation2 & ! fir/ & imm$iate desid]atum is to conc5trate1 & 9 conc5tration to recov] ord]1 c\rage1 & confid5ce4 ,! idea ( h>ass+ ! enemy by sep>ate corps on bo? flanks at ! mom5t :5 he is foll[+ up 8 victory1 is a p]fect anomaly2 a fa9t-he>t$ p$ant might be ov]aw$ by 8 enemy 9 t mann]1 & = su* a case x may answ]2 b :]e we are n sure ( ?is fail+ 9 our oppon5t x is bett] let alone4 ,if ! /rategic relations aft] a battle require t we %\ld cov] ourselves "r & left by deta*m5ts1 s mu* mu/ be done1 z f circum/ances is unavoidable1 b ?is fraction+ mu/ always be reg>d$ z an evil1 & we are seldom 9 a /ate to comm5ce x ! day aft] ! battle itself4 7997 ,allusion is "h made to ! works ( ,lloyd ,bl[ & o!rs4 ,if ,fr$]ick ! ,great aft] ! battle ( ,koll917997 & ! rais+ ( ! siege ( ,prague retreat$ 9 ?ree columns t 0 done n out ( *oice1 b because ! position ( 8 =ces1 & ! necessity ( cov]+ ,saxony1 left him no alt]native1 ,buonap>te aft] ! battle ( ,bri5ne1799997 s5t ,m>mont back to ! ,aube1 :il/ he himself pass$ ! ,se9e1 & turn$ t[>ds ,troyes2 b t ?is did n end 9 disa/]1 0 solely ow+ to ! circum/ance t ! ,allies1 in/ead ( pursu+ divid$ _! =ces 9 l mann]1 turn+ ) ! "o "p 7,bl*]7 t[>ds ! ,m>ne1 :ile ) ! o!r 7,s*w>tz5b]g71 f fe> ( be+ too weak1 !y advanc$ ) exagg]at$ caution4 7997 ,june #ai1 #ageg4 799997 ,janu>y #cj1 #ahad4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,night ,fight+ ,! mann] ( conduct+ a combat at night1 & :at conc]ns ! details ( its c\rse1 is a tactical subject2 we only exam9e x "h s f> z 9 its totality x appe>s z a special /rategic means4 ,fundam5tally e night attack is only a m vehem5t =m ( surprise4 ,n[ at ! fir/ look ( ! ?+ su* an attack appe>s q pre-em95tly advantage\s1 = we suppose ! enemy to be tak5 by surprise1 ! assailant naturally to be prep>$ = ev]y?+ :i* c happ54 ,:at an inequality6 ,imag9ation pa9ts to itself a picture ( ! mo/ complete confusion on ! "o side1 & on ! o!r side ! assailant only occupi$ 9 reap+ ! fruits ( 8 advantage4 ,h5ce ! con/ant creation ( s*emes = night attacks by ^? :o h n to lead !m1 & h no responsibility1 :il/ ^! attacks seldom take place 9 reality4 ,^! ideal s*emes are all bas$ on ! hypo!sis t ! assailant kn[s ! arrangem5ts ( ! def5d] because !y h be5 made & ann\nc$ be=eh&1 & c\ld n escape notice 9 8 reconnaissances1 & inquiries2 t on ! o!r h&1 ! measures ( ! assailant1 be+ only tak5 at ! mom5t ( execution1 _c be kn[n to ! enemy4 ,b ! la/ ( ^! is n always q ! case1 & /ill less is ! fir/4 ,if we are n s ne> ! enemy z to h him completely "u our eye1 z ! ,au/rians _h ,fr$]ick ! ,great be=e ! battle ( ,ho*kir* 7#ageh71 !n all t we "k ( 8 position mu/ always be imp]fect1 z x is obta9$ by reconnaissances1 patrols1 in=mation f prison]s1 & spies1 s\rces on :i* no firm reliance c be plac$ because intellig5ce ?us obta9$ is always m or less ( an old date1 & ! position ( ! enemy may h be5 alt]$ 9 ! meantime4 ,moreov]1 ) ! tactics & mode ( encampm5t ( =m] times x 0 mu* easi] ?an x is n[ to exam9e ! position ( ! enemy4 ,a l9e ( t5ts is mu* easi] to di/+ui% ?an a l9e ( huts or a biv\ac2 & an encampm5t on a l9e ( front1 fully & regul>ly drawn out1 also easi] ?an "o ( ,divisions =m$ 9 columns1 ! mode (t5 us$ at pres5t4 ,we may h ! gr\nd on :i* a ,division biv\acs 9 t mann] completely "u our eye1 & yet n be able to arrive at any accurate idea4 ,b ! position aga9 is n all t we want to "k ! measures :i* ! def5d] may take 9 ! c\rse ( ! combat are j z important1 & d n by any means consi/ 9 m]e r&om %ots4 ,^! measures also make night attacks m difficult 9 mod]n ,w>s ?an =m]ly1 because !y h 9 ^! campaigns an advantage ov] ^? already tak54 ,9 our combats ! position ( ! def5d] is m tempor>y ?an def9itive1 & on t acc\nt ! def5d] is bett] able to surprise 8 adv]s>y ) unexpect$ bl[s1 ?an he c\ld =m]ly47997 7997 ,all ^! difficulties obvi\sly become increas$ z ! p[] ( ! weapons 9 use t5ds to keep ! combatants fur!r ap>t4--,,editor4 ,!re=e :at ! assailant kn[s ( ! def5sive previ\s to a night attack1 is seldom or nev] suffici5t to supply ! want ( direct obs]vation4 ,b ! def5d] has on 8 side ano!r small advantage z well1 :i* is t he is m at home ?an ! assailant1 on ! gr\nd :i* =ms 8 position1 & !re=e1 l ! inhabitant ( a room1 w f9d 8 way ab\t x 9 ! d>k ) m ease ?an a /rang]4 ,he kn[s bett] :]e to f9d ea* "p ( 8 =ce1 & !re=e c m readily get at x ?an is ! case ) 8 adv]s>y4 ,f ?is x foll[s1 t ! assailant 9 a combat at night feels ! want ( 8 eyes j z mu* z ! def5d]1 & t !re=e1 only p>ticul> reasons c make a night attack advisable4 ,n[ ^! reasons arise mo/ly 9 connection ) subord9ate p>ts ( an ,army1 r>ely ) ! ,army itself2 x foll[s t a night attack also z a rule c only take place ) second>y combats1 & seldom ) great battles4 ,we may attack a portion ( ! enemy's ,army ) a v sup]ior =ce1 consequ5tly envelop+ x ) a view ei!r to take ! :ole1 or to inflict v sev]e loss on x by an unequal combat1 provid$ t o!r circum/ances are 9 our fav\r4 ,b su* a s*eme c nev] succe$ except by a great surprise1 because no fractional "p ( ! enemy's ,army w\ld engage 9 su* an unequal combat1 b w\ld retire in/ead4 ,b a surprise on an important scale except 9 r>e in/ances 9 a v close c\ntry1 c only be effect$ at night4 ,if !re=e we wi% to ga9 su* an advantage z ?is f ! faulty disposition ( a portion ( ! enemy's ,army1 !n we mu/ make use ( ! night1 at all ev5ts1 to f9i% ! prelim9>y "p ev5 if ! combat itself %\ld n op5 till t[>ds daybreak4 ,?is is !re=e :at takes place 9 all ! little ent]prises by night aga9/ outpo/s1 & o!r small bodies1 ! ma9 po9t be+ inv>iably ?r\gh sup]ior numb]s1 & gett+ r\nd 8 position1 to entangle him unexpect$ly 9 su* a disadvantage\s combat1 t he _c dis5gage himself )\t great loss4 ,! l>g] ! body attack$ ! m difficult ! und]tak+1 because a /rong =ce has great] res\rces )9 itself to ma9ta9 ! fight long en\gh = help to arrive4 ,on t acc\nt ! :ole ( ! enemy's ,army c nev] 9 ord9>y cases be ! object ( su* an attack = al?\gh x has no assi/ance to expect f any qu>t] outside itself1 /ill1 x conta9s )9 itself suffici5t means ( repell+ attacks f sev]al sides p>ticul>ly 9 our day1 :5 e "o f ! comm5cem5t is prep>$ = ?is v usual =m ( attack4 ,:e!r ! enemy c attack u on sev]al sides ) success dep5ds g5]ally on conditions q diff]5t f t ( its be+ done unexpect$ly2 )\t ent]+ "h into ! nature ( ^! conditions1 we conf9e ourselves to obs]v+1 t ) turn+ an enemy1 great results1 z well z great dang]s are connect$2 t !re=e1 if we set aside special circum/ances1 no?+ ju/ifies x b a great sup]iority1 j su* z we %\ld use aga9/ a fractional "p ( ! enemy's ,army4 ,b ! turn+ & surr\nd+ a small fraction ( ! enemy1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! d>kness ( night1 is also m practicable = ?is reason1 t :atev] we /ake ^u x1 & h[ev] sup]ior ! =ce us$ may be1 /ill probably x con/itutes only a limit$ portion ( our ,army1 & we c soon] /ake t ?an ! :ole on ! risk ( a great v5ture4 ,besides1 ! great] "p or p]haps ! :ole s]ves z a support & rally+-po9t = ! portion risk$1 :i* aga9 v mu* dim9i%es ! dang] ( ! ent]prise4 ,n only ! risk1 b ! difficulty ( execution z well conf9es night ent]prises to small bodies4 ,z surprise is ! real ess5ce ( !m s also /eal?y approa* is ! *ief condition ( execution3 b ?is is m easily done ) small bodies ?an ) l>ge1 & = ! columns ( a :ole ,army is seldom practicable4 ,= ?is reason su* ent]prises are 9 g5]al only direct$ aga9/ s+le outpo/s1 & c only be feasible aga9/ great] bodies if !y are )\t suffici5t outpo/s1 l ,fr$]ick ! ,great at ,ho*kir*47997 ,?is w happ5 seldom] 9 future to ,armies !mselves ?an to m9or divisions4 7997 ,octob] #ad1 #ageh4 ,9 rec5t times1 :5 ,w> has be5 c>ri$ on ) s mu* m rapidity & vig\r1 x has 9 consequ5ce (t5 happ5$ t ,armies h encamp$ v close to ea* o!r1 )\t hav+ a v /rong sy/em ( outpo/s1 because ^? circum/ances h g5]ally occurr$ j at ! crisis :i* prec$es a great decision4 ,b !n at su* times ! read9ess = battle on bo? sides is also m p]fect2 on ! o!r h&1 9 =m] ,w>s x 0 a frequ5t practice = armies to take up camps 9 sight ( ea* o!r1 :5 !y _h no o!r object b t ( mutually hold+ ea* o!r 9 *eck1 consequ5tly = a long] p]iod4 ,h[ (t5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great /ood = weeks s ne> to ! ,au/rians1 t ! two might h ex*ang$ cannon %ots ) ea* o!r4 ,b ^! practices1 c]ta9ly m fav\rable to night attacks1 h be5 discont9u$ 9 lat] days2 & armies be+ n[ no long] 9 reg>d to subsi/5ce & requirem5ts = encampm5t1 su* indep5d5t bodies complete 9 !mselves1 f9d x necess>y to keep usually a day's m>* betwe5 !mselves & ! enemy4 ,if we n[ keep 9 view especially ! night attack ( an army1 x foll[s t suffici5t motives = x c seldom occur1 & t !y fall "u "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ classes4 #a4 ,an unusual degree ( c>elessness or audacity :i* v r>ely occurs1 & :5 x does is comp5sat$ = by a great sup]iority 9 moral =ce4 #b4 ,a panic 9 ! enemy's army1 or g5]ally su* a degree ( sup]iority 9 moral =ce on our side1 t ?is is suffici5t to supply ! place ( guidance 9 action4 #c4 ,cutt+ ?r\gh an enemy's army ( sup]ior =ce1 :i* keeps u envelop$1 because 9 ?is all dep5ds on surprise1 & ! object ( m]ely mak+ a passage by =ce1 all[s a mu* great] conc5tration ( =ces4 #d4 ,f9ally1 9 desp]ate cases1 :5 our =ces h su* a disproportion to ! enemy's1 t we see no possibility ( success1 except ?r\gh extraord9>y d>+4 ,b 9 all ^! cases !re is /ill ! condition t ! enemy's army is "u our eyes1 & protect$ by no advance-gu>d4 ,z = ! re/1 mo/ night combats are s conduct$ z to end ) daylight1 s t only ! approa* & ! fir/ attack are made "u cov] ( d>kness1 because ! assailant 9 t mann] c bett] pr(it by ! consequ5ces ( ! /ate ( confusion into :i* he ?r[s 8 adv]s>y2 & combats ( ?is description :i* d n comm5ce until daybreak1 9 :i* ! night !re=e is only made use ( to approa*1 are n to be c\nt$ z night combats4 ,,book ,v ,,milit>y ,,=ces ,,*apt] ,i4 ,g5]al ,s*eme ,we %all consid] milit>y =ces3 #a4 ,z reg>ds _! num]ical /r5g? & organisation4 #b4 ,9 _! /ate indep5d5t ( fight+4 #c4 ,9 respect ( _! ma9t5ance2 &1 la/ly1 #d4 ,9 _! g5]al relations to c\ntry & gr\nd4 ,?us we %all devote ?is book to ! consid]ation ( ?+s app]ta9+ to an army1 :i* only come "u ! head ( necess>y conditions ( fight+1 b d n con/itute ! fight itself4 ,!y /& 9 m or less close connection ) & react ^u ! fight+1 & !re=e1 9 consid]+ ! application ( ! combat !y mu/ (t5 appe>2 b we mu/ fir/ consid] ea* by itself1 z a :ole1 9 its ess5ce & peculi>ities4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,!atre ( ,w>1 ,army1 ,campaign ,! nature ( ! ?+s does n all[ ( a completely satisfactory def9ition ( ^! ?ree factors1 d5ot+ respectively1 space1 mass1 & "t 9 w>2 b t we may n sometimes be q misund]/ood1 we mu/ try to make some:at pla9] ! usual mean+ ( ^! t]ms1 to :i* we %all 9 mo/ cases adh]e4 #a4--,!atre ( ,w>4 ,?is t]m d5otes prop]ly su* a portion ( ! space ov] :i* w> prevails z has its b\nd>ies protect$1 & ?us possesses a k9d ( indep5d5ce4 ,?is protection may consi/ 9 =tresses1 or important natural ob/acles pres5t$ by ! c\ntry1 or ev5 9 its be+ sep>at$ by a consid]able di/ance f ! re/ ( ! space embrac$ 9 ! w>4--,su* a portion is n a m]e piece ( ! :ole1 b a small :ole complete 9 itself2 & consequ5tly x is m or less 9 su* a condition t *anges :i* take place at o!r po9ts 9 ! seat ( w> h only an indirect & no direct influ5ce ^u x4 ,to give an adequate idea ( ?is1 we may suppose t on ?is portion an advance is made1 :il/ 9 ano!r qu>t] a retreat is tak+ place1 or t ^u ! "o an army is act+ def5sively1 :il/ an (f5sive is be+ c>ri$ on ^u ! o!r4 ,su* a cle>ly def9$ idea z ?is is n capable ( univ]sal application2 x is "h us$ m]ely to indicate ! l9e ( di/9ction4 #b4--;,army4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ! conception ( a ,!atre ( ,w>1 x is v easy to say :at an ,army is3 x is1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! mass ( troops 9 ! same ,!atre ( ,w>4 ,b ?is pla9ly does n include all t is meant by ! t]m 9 its common usage4 ,bl*] & ,well+ton comm&$ ea* a sep>ate army 9 #ahae1 al?\gh ! two 7 9 ! same ,!atre ( ,w>4 ,! *ief comm& is1 !re=e1 ano!r di/+ui%+ sign = ! conception ( an ,army4 ,at ! same "t ?is sign is v ne>ly alli$ to ! prec$+1 = :]e ?+s are well organis$1 !re %\ld only exi/ "o supreme comm& 9 a ,!atre ( ,w>1 & ! comm&]-9-*ief 9 a p>ticul> ,!atre ( ,w> %\ld always h a proportionate degree ( indep5d5ce4 ,! m]e absolute num]ical /r5g? ( a body ( troops is less decisive on ! subject ?an might at fir/ appe>4 ,= :]e sev]al ,armies are act+ "u "o comm&1 & ^u "o & ! same ,!atre ( ,w>1 !y are call$ ,armies1 n by reason ( _! /r5g?1 b f ! relations antec$5t to ! w> 7#ahac1 ! ,silesian ,army1 ! ,army ( ! ,nor?1 etc71 & al?\gh we %\ld divide a great mass ( troops int5d$ to rema9 9 ! same ,!atre into corps1 we %\ld nev] divide !m into ,armies1 at lea/1 su* a division w\ld be contr>y to :at seems to be ! mean+ :i* is univ]sally atta*$ to ! t]m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be p$antry to apply ! t]m ,army to ea* b& ( irregul> troops act+ indep5d5tly 9 a remote prov9ce3 /ill we mu/ n leave unnotic$ t x surprises no "o :5 ! ,army ( ! ,v5deans 9 ! ,revolution>y ,w> is spok5 (1 & yet x 0 n mu* /rong]4 ,! conceptions ( ,army & ,!atre ( ,w> !re=e1 z a rule1 g toge!r1 & mutually include ea* o!r4 #c4--;,campaign4 ,al?\gh ! sum ( all milit>y ev5ts :i* happ5 9 all ! ,!atres ( ,w> 9 "o ye> is (t5 call$ a ,campaign1 /ill1 h[ev]1 x is m usual & m exact to und]/& by ! t]m ! ev5ts 9 "o s+le ,!atre ( ,w>4 ,b x is worse /ill to connect ! notion ( a ,campaign ) ! p]iod ( "o ye>1 = w>s no long] divide !mselves naturally into ,campaigns ( a ye>'s duration by fix$ & long p]iods 9 w9t] qu>t]s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! ev5ts 9 a ,!atre ( ,w> ( !mselves =m c]ta9 great *apt]s--if1 = in/ance1 ! direct effects ( "s m or less great cata/rophe cease1 & new comb9ations beg9 to develop !mselves--!re=e ^! natural subdivisions mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ord] to allot to ea* ye> 7,campaign7 its complete %>e ( ev5ts4 ,no "o w\ld make ! ,campaign ( #ahab t]m9ate at ,memel1 :]e ! armies 7 on ! #a/ ,janu>y1 & transf] ! fur!r retreat ( ! ,fr5* until !y recross$ ! ,elbe to ! campaign ( #ahac1 z t fur!r retreat 0 pla9ly only a "p ( ! :ole retreat f ,mosc[4 ,t we _c give ^! conceptions any great] degree ( di/9ctness is ( no consequ5ce1 because !y _c be us$ z philosophical def9itions = ! basis ( any k9d ( propositions4 ,!y only s]ve to give a little m cle>ness & precision to ! language we use4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,relation ( ,p[] ,9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ! ?ird book we h spok5 ( ! value ( sup]ior numb]s 9 battles1 f :i* foll[s z a consequ5ce ! sup]iority ( numb]s 9 g5]al 9 /rategy4 ,s f> ! importance ( ! relations ( p[] is e/abli%$3 we %all n[ add a few m detail$ consid]ations on ! subject4 ,an unbiass$ exam9ation ( mod]n milit>y hi/ory leads to ! conviction t ! sup]iority 9 numb]s becomes e day m decisive2 ! pr9ciple ( assembl+ ! greate/ possible numb]s = a decisive battle may !re=e be reg>d$ z m important ?an ev]4 ,c\rage & ! _s ( an army h1 9 all ages1 multipli$ its physical p[]s1 & w cont9ue to d s equally 9 future2 b we f9d also t at c]ta9 p]iods 9 hi/ory a sup]iority 9 ! organisation & equipm5t ( an army has giv5 a great moral prepond]ance2 we f9d t at o!r p]iods a great sup]iority 9 mobility _h a l effect2 at "o "t we see a new sy/em ( tactics br\ght to light2 at ano!r we see ! art ( w> develop+ itself 9 an ef=t to make a skilful use ( gr\nd on great g5]al pr9ciples1 & by su* means "h & !re we f9d "o g5]al ga9+ great advantages ov] ano!r2 b ev5 ?is t5d5cy has disappe>$1 & w>s n[ g on 9 a simpl] & m natural mann]4--,if1 dive/+ ourselves ( any preconceiv$ notions1 we look at ! exp]i5ces ( rec5t w>s1 we mu/ admit t !re are b little traces ( any ( ! above influ5ces1 ei!r ?r\gh\t any :ole campaign1 or 9 engagem5ts ( a decisive "*--t is1 ! great battle1 respect+ :i* t]m we ref] to ! second *apt] ( ! prec$+ book4 ,armies are 9 our days s mu* on a p> 9 reg>d to arms1 equipm5t1 & drill1 t !re is no v notable diff]5ce betwe5 ! be/ & ! wor/ 9 ^! ?+s4 ,a diff]5ce may /ill be obs]v$1 result+ f ! sup]ior in/ruction ( ! sci5tific corps1 b 9 g5]al x only am\nts to ?is1 t "o is ! inv5tor & introduc] ( improv$ appliances1 :i* ! o!r imm$iately imitates4 ,ev5 ! subord9ate g5]als1 lead]s ( corps & divisions1 9 all t comes )9 ! scope ( _! sph]e1 h 9 g5]al ev]y:]e ! same ideas & me?ods1 s t1 except ! tal5t ( ! comm&]-9-*ief--a ?+ entirely dep5d5t on *ance1 & n be>+ a con/ant relation to ! /&>d ( education among/ ! p & ! army--!re is no?+ n[ b habituation to w> :i* c give "o army a decid$ sup]iority ov] ano!r4 ,! ne>] we approa* to a /ate ( equality 9 all ^! ?+s1 ! m decisive becomes ! relation 9 po9t ( numb]s4 ,! "* ( mod]n battles is ! result ( ?is /ate ( equality4 ,take = in/ance ! battle ( ,borod9o1 :]e ! fir/ army 9 ! _w1 ! ,fr5*1 measur$ its /r5g? ) ! ,russian1 :i*1 9 _m p>ts ( its organisation1 & 9 ! education ( its special bran*es1 might be consid]$ ! fur!/ beh9dh&4 ,9 ! :ole battle !re is n "o s+le trace ( sup]ior art or intellig5ce1 x is a m]e trial ( /r5g? betwe5 ! respective armies ?r\gh\t2 & z !y 7 ne>ly equal 9 t respect1 ! result c\ld n be o!rwise ?an a gradual turn ( ! scale 9 fav\r ( t side :]e !re 0 ! greate/ en]gy on ! "p ( ! comm&]1 & ! mo/ exp]i5ce 9 w> on ! "p ( ! troops4 ,we h tak5 ?is battle z an illu/ration1 because 9 x !re 0 an equality 9 ! numb]s on ea* side su* z is r>ely to be f\nd4 ,we d n ma9ta9 t all battles exactly resemble ?is1 b x %[s ! dom9ant tone ( mo/ ( !m4 ,9 a battle 9 :i* ! =ces try _! /r5g? on ea* o!r s leisurely & me?odically1 an excess ( =ce on "o side mu/ make ! result 9 its fav\r mu* m c]ta94 ,& x is a fact t we may se>* mod]n milit>y hi/ory 9 va9 = a battle 9 :i* an army has beat5 ano!r d\ble its own /r5g?1 an occurr5ce by no means uncommon 9 =m] times4 ,buonap>te1 ! greate/ g5]al ( mod]n times1 9 all 8 great victori\s battles--) "o exception1 t ( ,dresd51 #ahac--;_h manag$ to assemble an army sup]ior 9 numb]s1 or at lea/ v little inf]ior1 to t ( 8 oppon5t1 & :5 x 0 impossible = him to d s1 z at ,leipsic1 ,bri5ne1 ,laon1 & ,belle-,alliance1 he 0 beat54 ,! absolute /r5g? is 9 /rategy g5]ally a giv5 quantity1 :i* ! comm&] _c alt]4 ,b f ?is x by no means foll[s t x is impossible to c>ry on a w> ) a decid$ly inf]ior =ce4 ,w> is n always a volunt>y act ( /ate policy1 & lea/ ( all is x s :5 ! =ces are v unequal3 consequ5tly1 any relation ( =ces is imag9able 9 w>1 & x w\ld be a /range !ory ( w> :i* w\ld wi% to give up its (fice j :]e x is mo/ want$4 ,h[ev] desirable !ory may consid] a proportionate =ce1 /ill x _c say t no use c be made ( ! mo/ disproportionate4 ,no limits c be prescrib$ 9 ?is respect4 ,! weak] ! =ce ! m mod]ate mu/ be ! object x proposes to itself1 & ! weak] ! =ce ! %ort] "t x w la/4 ,9 ^! two directions !re is a field = weakness to give way1 if we may use ?is expression4 ,( ! *anges :i* ! measure ( ! =ce produces 9 ! conduct ( w>1 we c only speak by degrees1 z ^! ?+s pres5t !mselves2 at pres5t x is suffici5t to h indicat$ ! g5]al po9t ( view1 b to complete t we %all add "o m obs]vation4 ,! m t an army involv$ 9 an unequal combat falls %ort ( ! numb] ( its oppon5ts1 ! great] mu/ be ! t5sion ( its p[]s1 ! great] its en]gy :5 dang] presses4 ,if ! rev]se takes place1 & in/ead ( h]oic desp]ation a _s ( despond5cy ensues1 !n c]ta9ly !re is an end to e art ( w>4 ,if ) ?is en]gy ( p[]s is comb9$ a wise mod]ation 9 ! object propos$1 !n !re is t play ( brilliant actions & prud5t =be>ance :i* we admire 9 ! w>s ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,b ! less t ?is mod]ation & caution c effect1 ! m mu/ ! t5sion & en]gy ( ! =ces become pr$om9ant4 ,:5 ! disproportion ( =ces is s great t no modification ( our own object c ensure u safety f a cata/rophe1 or :]e ! probable cont9uance ( ! dang] is s great t ! greate/ economy ( our p[]s c no long] suffice to br+ u to our object1 !n ! t5sion ( our p[]s %\ld be conc5trat$ = "o desp]ate bl[2 he :o is press$ on all sides expect+ little help f ?+s :i* promise none1 w place 8 la/ & only reliance 9 ! moral asc5dancy :i* despair gives to c\rage1 & look ^u ! greate/ d>+ z ! greate/ wisdom1--at ! same "t employ ! assi/ance ( subtle /ratagem1 & if he does n succe$1 w f9d 9 an hon\rable d[nfall ! "r to rise h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,relation ( ! ,?ree ,arms ,we %all only speak ( ! ?ree pr9cipal arms3 ,infantry1 ,cavalry1 & ,artill]y4 ,we mu/ be excus$ = mak+ ! foll[+ analysis :i* belongs m to tactics1 b is necess>y to give di/9ctness to our ideas4 ,! combat is ( two k9ds1 :i* are ess5tially diff]5t3 ! de/ructive pr9ciple ( fire1 & ! h& to h& or p]sonal combat4 ,?is latt]1 aga91 is ei!r attack or def5ce4 7,z we "h speak ( elem5ts1 attack & def5ce are to be und]/ood 9 a p]fectly absolute s5se47 ,artill]y1 obvi\sly1 acts only ) ! de/ructive pr9ciple ( fire4 ,cavalry only ) p]sonal combat4 ,infantry ) bo?4 ,9 close combat ! ess5ce ( def5ce consi/s 9 /&+ firm1 z if root$ to ! gr\nd2 ! ess5ce ( ! attack is movem5t4 ,cavalry is entirely defici5t 9 ! fir/ quality2 on ! o!r h&1 x possesses ! latt] 9 an especial mann]4 ,x is !re=e only suit$ = attack4 ,infantry has especially ! prop]ty ( /&+ firm1 b is n altoge!r )\t mobility4 ,f ?is division ( ! elem5t>y =ces ( w> into diff]5t arms1 we h z a result1 ! sup]iority & g5]al utility ( ,infantry z comp>$ ) ! o!r two arms1 f its be+ ! only arm :i* unites 9 itself all ! ?ree elem5t>y =ces4 ,a fur!r d$uction to be drawn is1 t ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree arms leads to a m p]fect use ( ! =ces1 by af=d+ ! means ( /r5g!n+ at pleasure ei!r ! "o or ! o!r ( ! pr9ciples :i* are unit$ 9 an unalt]able mann] 9 ,infantry4 ,! de/ructive pr9ciple ( fire is 9 ! w>s ( ! pres5t "t pla9ly beyond measure ! mo/ effective2 nev]!less1 ! close combat1 man to man1 is j z pla9ly to be reg>d$ z ! real basis ( combat4 ,= t reason1 !re=e1 an army ( artill]y only w\ld be an absurdity 9 w>1 b an army ( cavalry is conceivable1 only x w\ld possess v little int5sity ( =ce ,an army ( infantry alone is n only conceivable b also mu* ! /ronge/ ( ! ?ree4 ,! ?ree arms1 !re=e1 /& 9 ?is ord] 9 ref]5ce to indep5d5t value--,infantry1 ,cavalry1 ,artill]y4 ,b ?is ord] does n hold good if appli$ to ! relative importance ( ea* arm :5 !y are all ?ree act+ 9 conjunction4 ,z ! de/ructive pr9ciple is mu* m effective ?an ! pr9ciple ( motion1 !re=e ! complete want ( cavalry w\ld weak5 an army less ?an ! total want ( artill]y4 ,an army consi/+ ( infantry & artill]y alone1 w\ld c]ta9ly f9d itself 9 a disagreeable position if oppos$ to an army compos$ ( all ?ree arms2 b if :at x lack$ 9 cavalry 0 comp5sat$ = by a proportionate increase ( infantry1 x w\ld /ill1 by a some:at diff]5t mode ( act+1 be able to d v well ) its tactical economy4 ,its outpo/ s]vice w\ld cause "s emb>rassm5t2 x w\ld nev] be able to pursue a beat5 enemy ) great vivacity1 & x mu/ make a retreat ) great] h>d%ips & ef=ts2 b ^! inconv5i5ces w\ld /ill nev] be suffici5t 9 !mselves to drive x completely out ( ! field4--,on ! o!r h&1 su* an army oppos$ to "o compos$ ( infantry & cavalry only w\ld be able to play a v good "p1 :ile x is h>dly conceivable t ! latt] c\ld keep ! field at all aga9/ an army made up ( all ?ree arms4 ,( c\rse ^! reflections on ! relative importance ( ea* s+le arm result only f a consid]ation ( ! g5]ality ( ev5ts 9 w>1 :]e "o case comp5sates ano!r2 & !re=e x is n our int5tion to apply ! tru? ?us asc]ta9$ to ea* individual case ( a p>ticul> combat4 ,a battalion on outpo/ s]vice or on a retreat may1 p]haps1 *oose to h ) x a squadron 9 pref]5ce to a c\ple ( guns4 ,a body ( cavalry ) horse artill]y1 s5t 9 rapid pursuit (1 or to cut (f1 a fly+ enemy wants no infantry1 etc41 etc4 ,if we summ>ise ! results ( ^! consid]ations !y am\nt to ?is4 #a4 ,t infantry is ! mo/ indep5d5t ( ! ?ree arms4 #b4 ,artill]y is q want+ 9 indep5d5ce4 #c4 ,infantry is ! mo/ important 9 ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree arms4 #d4 ,cavalry c ! mo/ easily be disp5s$ )4 #e4 ,a comb9ation ( ! ?ree arms gives ! greate/ /r5g?4 ,n[1 if ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree gives ! greate/ /r5g?1 x is natural to inquire :at is ! be/ absolute proportion ( ea*1 b t is a "q :i* x is almo/ impossible to answ]4 ,if we c\ld =m a comp>ative e/imate ( ! co/ ( organis+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & !n provision+ & ma9ta9+ ea* ( ! ?ree arms1 & !n aga9 ( ! relative am\nt ( s]vice r5d]$ by ea* 9 w>1 we %\ld obta9 a def9ite result :i* w\ld give ! be/ proportion 9 ! ab/ract4 ,b ?is is little m ?an a play ( ! imag9ation4 ,! v fir/ t]m 9 ! comp>ison is difficult to det]m9e1 t is to say1 "o ( ! factors1 ! co/ 9 money1 is n difficult to f9d2 b ano!r1 ! value ( m5's lives1 is a computation :i* no "o w\ld readily try to solve by figures4 ,also ! circum/ance t ea* ( ! ?ree arms *iefly dep5ds on a diff]5t elem5t ( /r5g? 9 ! /ate--,infantry on ! numb] ( ! male population1 cavalry on ! numb] ( horses1 artill]y on available f9ancial means--introduces into ! calculation "s het]og5e\s conditions1 ! ov]rul+ influ5ce ( :i* may be pla9ly obs]v$ 9 ! great outl9es ( ! hi/ory ( diff]5t p at v>i\s p]iods4 ,z1 h[ev]1 = o!r reasons we _c altoge!r disp5se ) "s /&>d ( comp>ison1 !re=e1 9 place ( ! :ole ( ! fir/ t]m ( ! comp>ison we mu/ take only t "o ( its factors :i* c be asc]ta9$1 namely1 ! co/ 9 money4 ,n[ on ?is po9t x is suffici5t = our purpose to assume t1 9 g5]al1 a squadron ( #aej horsem51 a battalion ( infantry #hjj /rong1 a batt]y ( artill]y consi/+ ( #h six-p\nd]s1 co/ ne>ly ! same1 bo? z respects ! exp5se ( =mation & ( ma9t5ance4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r memb] ( ! comp>ison1 t is1 h[ mu* s]vice ! "o arm is capable ( r5d]+ z comp>$ ) ! o!rs1 x is mu* less easy to f9d any di/9ct quantity4 ,! ?+ might p]haps be possible if x dep5d$ m]ely on ! de/roy+ pr9ciple2 b ea* arm is de/9$ to its own p>ticul> use1 !re=e has its own p>ticul> sph]e ( action1 :i*1 aga91 is n s di/9ctly def9$ t x might n be great] or less ?r\gh modifications only 9 ! mode ( conduct+ ! w>1 )\t caus+ any decid$ disadvantage4 ,we are (t5 told ( :at exp]i5ce tea*es on ?is subject1 & x is suppos$ t milit>y hi/ory af=ds ! in=mation necess>y = a settlem5t ( ! "q1 b e "o mu/ look ^u all t z no?+ m ?an a way ( talk+1 :i*1 z x is n d]iv$ f any?+ ( a prim>y & necess>y nature1 does n des]ve att5tion 9 an analytical exam9ation4 ,n[ al?\gh a fix$ ratio z repres5t+ ! be/ proportion betwe5 ! ?ree arms is conceivable1 b is an x :i* x is impossible to f9d1 a m]e imag9>y quantity1 /ill x is possible to appreciate ! effects ( hav+ a great sup]iority or a great inf]iority 9 "o p>ticul> arm z comp>$ ) ! same arm 9 ! enemy's army4 ,artill]y increases ! de/ructive pr9ciple ( fire2 x is ! mo/ r$\btable ( arms1 & its want1 !re=e1 dim9i%es v consid]ably ! int5sive =ce ( an army4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ! lea/ moveable1 consequ5tly1 makes an army m unwieldy2 fur!r1 x always requires a =ce = its support1 because x is incapable ( close combat2 if x is too num]\s1 s t ! troops appo9t$ = its protection are n able to resi/ ! attacks ( ! enemy at e po9t1 x is (t5 lo/1 & f t foll[s a fre% disadvantage1 because ( ! ?ree arms x is ! only "o :i* 9 its pr9cipal p>ts1 t is guns & c>riages1 ! enemy c soon use aga9/ u4 ,cavalry increases ! pr9ciple ( mobility 9 an army4 ,if too few 9 numb] ! brisk flame ( ! elem5ts ( w> is !reby weak5$1 because ev]y?+ mu/ be done sl[] 7on foot71 ev]y?+ mu/ be organis$ ) m c>e2 ! ri* h>ve/ ( victory1 in/ead ( be+ cut ) a scy!1 c only be reap$ ) a sickle4 ,an excess ( cavalry c c]ta9ly nev] be look$ ^u z a direct dim9ution ( ! combatant =ce1 z an organic disproportion1 b x may c]ta9ly be s indirectly1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( fe$+ t arm1 & also if we reflect t in/ead ( a surplus ( #aj1jjj horsem5 n requir$ we might h #ej1jjj infantry4 ,^! peculi>ities aris+ f ! prepond]ance ( "o arm are ! m important to ! art ( w> 9 its limit$ s5se1 z t art tea*es ! use ( :atev] =ces are =?com+2 & :5 =ces are plac$ "u ! comm& ( a g5]al1 ! proportion ( ! ?ree arms is also commonly already settl$ )\t 8 hav+ _h mu* voice 9 ! matt]4 ,if we w\ld =m an idea ( ! "* ( w>f>e modifi$ by ! prepond]ance ( "o or o!r ( ! ?ree arms x is to be done 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,an excess ( artill]y leads to a m def5sive & passive "* 9 our measures2 our int]e/ w be to seek security 9 /rong positions1 great natural ob/acles ( gr\nd1 ev5 9 m\nta9 positions1 9 ord] t ! natural imp$im5ts we f9d 9 ! gr\nd may und]take ! def5ce & protection ( our num]\s artill]y1 & t ! enemy's =ces may come !mselves & seek _! own de/ruction4 ,! :ole w> w be c>ri$ on 9 a s]i\s =mal m9uet /ep4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a want ( artill]y w make u pref] ! (f5sive1 ! active1 ! mobile pr9ciple2 m>*+1 fatigue1 ex]tion1 become our special weapons1 ?us ! w> w become m div]sifi$1 m lively1 r\gh]2 small *ange is sub/itut$ = great ev5ts4 ,) a v num]\s cavalry we seek wide pla9s1 & take to great movem5ts4 ,at a great] di/ance f ! enemy we enjoy m re/ & great] conv5i5ces )\t conf]r+ ! same advantages on our adv]s>y4 ,we may v5ture on bold] measures to outflank him1 & on m d>+ movem5ts g5]ally1 z we h comm& ov] space4 ,9 z f> z div]sions & invasions are true auxili>y means ( w> we %all be able to make use ( !m ) great] facility4 ,a decid$ want ( cavalry dim9i%es ! =ce ( mobility 9 an army )\t increas+ its de/ructive p[] z an excess ( artill]y does4 ,prud5ce & me?od become !n ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! w>4 ,always to rema9 ne> ! enemy 9 ord] to keep him con/antly 9 view--no rapid1 /ill less hurri$ movem5ts1 ev]y:]e a sl[ pu%+ on ( well conc5trat$ masses--a pref]5ce = ! def5sive & = brok5 c\ntry1 &1 :5 ! (f5sive mu/ be resort$ to1 ! %orte/ road direct to ! c5tre ( =ce 9 ! enemy's army--^! are ! natural t5d5cies or pr9ciples 9 su* cases4 ,^! diff]5t =ms :i* w>f>e takes accord+ z "o or o!r ( ! ?ree arms prepond]ates1 seldom h an influ5ce s complete & decid$ z alone1 or *iefly to det]m9e ! direction ( a :ole und]tak+4 ,:e!r we %all act /rategically on ! (f5sive or def5sive1 ! *oice ( a !atre ( w>1 ! det]m9ation to fight a great battle1 or adopt "s o!r means ( de/ruction1 are po9ts :i* mu/ be det]m9$ by o!r & m ess5tial consid]ations1 at lea/1 if ?is is n ! case1 x is mu* to be fe>$ t we h mi/ak5 m9or details = ! *ief consid]ation4 ,b al?\gh ?is is s1 al?\gh ! great que/ions mu/ be decid$ be=e on o!r gr\nds1 !re /ill always rema9s a c]ta9 m>g9 = ! influ5ce ( ! prepond]at+ arm1 = 9 ! (f5sive we c always be prud5t & me?odical1 9 ! def5sive bold & ent]pris+1 etc41 etc41 ?r\gh all ! diff]5t /ages & gradations ( ! milit>y life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! nature ( a w> may h a notable influ5ce on ! proportions ( ! ?ree arms4 ,fir/1 a national w>1 kept up by militia & a g5]al levy 7,l&/urm71 mu/ naturally br+ into ! field a v num]\s infantry2 = 9 su* w>s !re is a great] want ( ! means ( equipm5t ?an ( m51 & z ! equipm5t consequ5tly is conf9$ to :at is indisputably necess>y1 we may easily imag9e1 t = e batt]y ( eight pieces1 n only "o1 b two or ?ree battalions might be rais$4 ,second1 if a weak /ate oppos$ to a p[]ful "o _c take refuge 9 a g5]al call ( ! male population to regul> milit>y s]vice1 or 9 a militia sy/em resembl+ x1 !n ! increase ( its artill]y is c]ta9ly ! %orte/ way ( br++ up its weak army ne>] to an equality ) t ( ! enemy1 = x saves m51 & int5sifies ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( milit>y =ce1 t is1 ! de/ructive pr9ciple4 ,any way1 su* a /ate w mo/ly be conf9$ to a limit$ !atre1 & !re=e ?is arm w be bett] suit$ to x4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great adopt$ ?is means 9 ! lat] p]iod ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,?ird1 cavalry is ! arm = movem5t & great decisions2 its increase beyond ! ord9>y proportions is !re=e important if ! w> ext5ds ov] a great space1 if exp$itions are to be made 9 v>i\s directions1 & great & decisive bl[s are int5d$4 ,buonap>te is an example ( ?is4 ,t ! (f5sive & def5sive d n prop]ly 9 !mselves ex]cise an influ5ce on ! proportion ( cavalry w only appe> pla9ly :5 we come to speak ( ^! two me?ods ( act+ 9 w>2 9 ! meantime1 we %all only rem>k t bo? assailant & def5d] z a rule trav]se ! same spaces 9 w>1 & may h also1 at lea/ 9 _m cases1 ! same decisive int5tions4 ,we rem9d our read]s ( ! campaign ( #ahab4 ,x is commonly believ$ t1 9 ! middle ages1 cavalry 0 mu* m num]\s 9 proportion to infantry1 & t ! diff]5ce has be5 gradually on ! decrease ev] s9ce4 ,yet ?is is a mi/ake1 at lea/ p>tly4 ,! proportion ( cavalry 01 accord+ to numb]s1 on ! av]age p]haps1 n mu* great]2 ( ?is we may conv9ce ourselves by trac+1 ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! middle ages1 ! detail$ /atem5ts ( ! arm$ =ces !n employ$4 ,let u only ?9k ( ! masses ( m5 on foot :o compos$ ! armies ( ! ,crusad]s1 or ! masses :o foll[$ ! ,emp]ors ( ,g]many on _! ,roman exp$itions4 ,x 0 9 reality ! importance ( ! cavalry :i* 0 s mu* great] 9 ^? days2 x 0 ! /rong] arm1 compos$ ( ! fl[] ( ! p1 s mu* s t1 al?\gh always v mu* weak] actually 9 numb]s1 x 0 /ill always look$ ^u z ! *ief ?+1 infantry 0 little valu$1 h>dly spok5 (2 h5ce has aris5 ! belief t its numb]s 7 few4 ,no d\bt x happ5$ (t5] ?an x does n[1 t 9 incursions ( small importance 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,italy1 a small army 0 compos$ entirely ( cavalry2 z x 0 ! *ief arm1 !re is no?+ inconsi/5t 9 t2 b ^! cases decide no?+ if we take a g5]al view1 z !y are greatly outnumb]$ by cases ( great] armies ( ! p]iod con/itut$ diff]5tly4 ,x 0 only :5 ! obligations to milit>y s]vice impos$ by ! feudal laws _h ceas$1 & w>s 7 c>ri$ on by soldi]s enli/$1 hir$1 & paid--:51 !re=e1 w>s dep5d$ on money & enli/m5t1 t is1 at ! "t ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 & ! w>s ( ,l\is ,,xiv4--t ?is employm5t ( great masses ( almo/ useless infantry 0 *eck$1 & p]haps 9 ^? days !y might h fall5 into ! exclusive use ( cavalry1 if infantry _h n j !n ris5 9 importance ?r\gh ! improvem5ts 9 fire-arms1 by :i* means x ma9ta9$ its num]ical sup]iority 9 proportion to cavalry2 at ?is p]iod1 if infantry 0 weak1 ! proportion 0 z "o to "o1 if num]\s z ?ree to "o4 ,s9ce !n cavalry has always decreas$ 9 importance accord+ z improvem5ts 9 ! use ( fire-arms h advanc$4 ,?is is intelligible en\gh 9 itself1 b ! improvem5t we speak ( does n relate solely to ! weapon itself & ! skill 9 h&l+ x2 we adv]t also to great] ability 9 us+ troops arm$ ) ?is weapon4 ,at ! battle ( ,mollwitz ! ,prussian army _h br\ght ! fire ( _! infantry to su* a /ate ( p]fection1 t !re has be5 no improvem5t s9ce !n 9 t s5se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! use ( infantry 9 brok5 gr\nd & z skirmi%]s has be5 introduc$ m rec5tly1 & is to be look$ ^u z a v great advance 9 ! art ( de/ruction4 ,our op9ion is1 !re=e1 t ! relation ( cavalry has n mu* *ang$ z f> z reg>ds numb]s1 b z reg>ds its importance1 !re has be5 a great alt]ation4 ,?is seems to be a contradiction1 b is n s 9 reality4 ,! infantry ( ! middle ages1 al?\gh =m+ ! great] proportion ( an army1 did n atta9 to t proportion by its value z comp>$ to cavalry1 b because all t c\ld n be appo9t$ to ! v co/ly cavalry 7 h&$ ov] to ! infantry2 ?is infantry 01 !re=e1 m]ely a la/ res\rce2 & if ! numb] ( cavalry _h dep5d$ m]ely on ! value set on t arm1 x c\ld nev] h be5 too great4 ,?us we c und]/& h[ cavalry1 9 spite ( its con/antly decreas+ importance1 may /ill1 p]haps1 h importance en\gh to keep its num]ical relation at t po9t :i* x has hi!rto s con/antly ma9ta9$4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t1 at lea/ s9ce ! w>s ( ! ,au/rian succession1 ! proportion ( cavalry to infantry has *ang$ v little1 ! v>iation be+ con/antly betwe5 a f\r?1 a fif? or a six?2 ?is seems to indicate t ^? proportions meet ! natural requirem5ts ( an army1 & t ^! numb]s give ! solution :i* x is impossible to f9d 9 a direct mann]4 ,we d\bt1 h[ev]1 if ?is is ! case1 & we f9d ! pr9cipal in/ances ( ! employm5t ( a num]\s cavalry suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by o!r causes4 ,au/ria & ,russia are /ates :i* h kept up a num]\s cavalry1 because !y reta9 9 _! political condition ! fragm5ts ( a ,t>t> organisation4 ,buonap>te = 8 purposes c\ld nev] be /rong en\gh 9 cavalry2 :5 he _h made use ( ! conscription z f> z possible1 he _h no ways ( /r5g!n+ 8 armies1 b by increas+ ! auxili>y arms1 z !y co/ him m 9 money ?an 9 m54 ,besides ?is1 x /&s to reason t 9 milit>y ent]prises ( su* enorm\s ext5t z 81 cavalry mu/ h a great] value ?an 9 ord9>y cases4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great x is well kn[n reckon$ c>efully e recruit t c\ld be sav$ to 8 c\ntry2 x 0 8 great bus9ess to keep up ! /r5g? ( 8 army1 z f> z possible at ! exp5se ( o!r c\ntries4 ,8 reasons = ?is are easy to conceive1 if we rememb] t 8 small dom9ions did n !n include ,prussia & ! ,we/phalian prov9ces4 ,cavalry 0 kept complete by recruitm5t m easily ?an infantry1 irrespective ( few] m5 be+ requir$2 9 addition to :i*1 8 sy/em ( w> 0 completely f\nd$ on ! mobility ( 8 army1 & ?us x 01 t :ile 8 infantry dim9i%$ 9 numb]1 8 cavalry 0 always increas+ itself till ! end ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,/ill at ! end ( t w> x 0 h>dly m ?an a f\r? ( ! numb] ( infantry t he _h 9 ! field4 ,at ! p]iod ref]r$ to !re is no want ( in/ances1 also ( armies ent]+ ! field unusually weak 9 cavalry1 & yet c>ry+ (f ! victory4 ,! mo/ rem>kable is ! battle ( ,gross-gors*54 ,if we only c\nt ! ,fr5* divisions :i* took "p 9 ! battle1 ,buonap>te 0 #ajj1jjj /rong1 ( :i* #e1jjj 7 cavalry1 #ij1jjj infantry2 ! ,allies _h #gj1jjj1 ( :i* #be1jjj 7 cavalry & #dj1jjj infantry4 ,?us1 9 place ( ! #bj1jjj cavalry on ! side ( ! ,allies 9 excess ( ! total ( ! ,fr5* cavalry1 ,buonap>te _h only #ej1jjj additional infantry :5 he ought to h _h #ajj1jjj4 ,z he ga9$ ! battle ) t sup]iority 9 infantry1 we may ask :e!r x 0 at all likely t he w\ld h lo/ x if ! proportions _h be5 #adj1jjj to #dj1jjj4 ,c]ta9ly ! great advantage ( our sup]iority 9 cavalry 0 %[n imm$iately aft] ! battle1 = ,buonap>te ga9$ h>dly any trophies by 8 victory4 ,! ga9 ( a battle is !re=e n ev]y?+1--b is x n always ! *ief ?+8 ,if we put toge!r ^! consid]ations1 we c h>dly believe t ! num]ical proportion betwe5 cavalry & infantry :i* has exi/$ = ! la/ eighty ye>s is ! natural "o1 f\nd$ solely on _! absolute value2 we are mu* r incl9$ to ?9k1 t aft] _m fluctuations1 ! relative proportions ( ^! arms w *ange fur!r 9 ! same direction z hi!rto1 & t ! fix$ numb] ( cavalry at la/ w be consid]ably less4 ,) respect to artill]y1 ! numb] ( guns has naturally increas$ s9ce its fir/ inv5tion1 & accord+ z x has be5 made light] & o!rwise improv$2 /ill s9ce ! "t ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 x has also kept v mu* to ! same proportion ( two or ?ree guns p] #a1jjj m51 we mean at ! comm5cem5t ( a campaign2 = dur+ its c\rse artill]y does n melt away z fa/ z infantry1 !re=e at ! end ( a campaign ! proportion is g5]ally notably great]1 p]haps ?ree1 f\r1 or five guns p] #a1jjj m54 ,:e!r ?is is ! natural proportion1 or t ! increase ( artill]y may be c>ri$ /ill fur!r1 )\t prejudice to ! :ole conduct ( w>1 mu/ be left = exp]i5ce to decide4 ,! pr9cipal results we obta9 f ! :ole ( ^! consid]ations1 are-- #a4 ,t infantry is ! *ief arm1 to :i* ! o!r two are subord9ate4 #b4 ,t by ! ex]cise ( great skill & en]gy 9 comm&1 ! want ( ! two subord9ate arms may 9 "s measure be comp5sat$ =1 provid$ t we are mu* /rong] 9 infantry2 & ! bett] ! infantry ! easi] ?is may be done4 #c4 ,t x is m difficult to disp5se ) artill]y ?an ) cavalry1 because x is ! *ief pr9ciple ( de/ruction1 & its mode ( fight+ is m amalgamat$ ) t ( infantry4 #d4 ,t artill]y be+ ! /ronge/ arm1 z reg>ds de/ructive action1 & cavalry ! weake/ 9 t respect1 ! "q mu/ 9 g5]al arise1 h[ mu* artill]y c we h )\t inconv5i5ce1 & :at is ! lea/ proportion ( cavalry we require8 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,ord] ( ,battle ( an ,army ,! ord] ( battle is t division & =mation ( ! diff]5t arms into sep>ate p>ts or sections ( ! :ole ,army1 & t =m ( g5]al position or disposition ( ^? p>ts :i* is to be ! norm ?r\gh\t ! :ole campaign or w>4 ,x consi/s1 !re=e1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 ( an ari?metical & a geometrical elem5t1 ! division & ! =m ( disposition4 ,! fir/ proce$s f ! p]man5t peace organisation ( ! army2 adopts z units c]ta9 p>ts1 su* z battalions1 squadrons1 & batt]ies1 & ) !m =ms units ( a high] ord] up to ! highe/ ( all1 ! :ole army1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( pr$om9at+ circum/ances4 ,9 l mann]1 ! =m ( disposition comes f ! elem5t>y tactics1 9 :i* ! army is in/ruct$ & ex]cis$ 9 "t ( peace1 :i* mu/ be look$ ^u z a prop]ty 9 ! troops t _c be ess5tially modifi$ at ! mom5t w> breaks out1 ! disposition connects ^! tactics ) ! conditions :i* ! use ( ! troops 9 w> & 9 l>ge masses dem&s1 & ?us x settles 9 a g5]al way ! rule or norm 9 con=mity ) :i* ! troops are to be drawn up = battle4 ,?is has be5 inv>iably ! case :5 great armies h tak5 ! field1 & !re h be5 times :5 ?is =m 0 consid]$ z ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ! battle4 ,9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 :5 ! improvem5ts 9 ! fire>ms ( infantry occasion$ a great increase ( t arm1 & all[$ ( its be+ deploy$ 9 su* long ?9 l9es1 ! ord] ( battle 0 !reby simplifi$1 b1 at ! same "t x became m difficult & m artificial 9 ! c>ry+ out1 & z no o!r way ( dispos+ ( cavalry at ! comm5cem5t ( a battle 0 kn[n b t ( po/+ !m on ! w+s1 :]e !y 7 out ( ! fire & _h room to move1 !re=e 9 ! ord] ( battle ! army always became a clos$ insep>able :ole4 ,if su* an army 0 divid$ 9 ! middle1 x 0 l an e>?worm cut 9 two3 ! w+s _h /ill life & ! p[] ( motion1 b !y _h lo/ _! natural functions4 ,! army lay1 !re=e1 9 a mann] "u a spell ( unity1 & :5ev] any p>ts ( x _h to be plac$ 9 a sep>ate position1 a small organisation & disorganisation became necess>y4 ,! m>*es :i* ! :ole army _h to make 7 a condition 9 :i*1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 x f\nd itself out ( rule4 ,if ! enemy 0 at h&1 ! m>* _h to be arrang$ 9 ! mo/ artificial mann]1 & 9 ord] t "o l9e or "o w+ might be always at ! prescrib$ di/ance f ! o!r1 ! troops _h to scramble ov] ev]y?+3 m>*es _h also con/antly to be /ol5 f ! enemy1 & ?is p]petual !ft only escap$ sev]e puni%m5t ?r\gh "o circum/ance1 :i* 01 t ! enemy lay "u ! same ban4 ,h5ce1 :51 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x 0 discov]$ t cavalry w\ld s]ve j z well to protect a w+ if x /ood 9 re> ( ! army z if x 7 plac$ on ! prolongation ( ! l9e1 & t1 besides ?is1 x might be appli$ to o!r purposes ?an m]ely fight+ a duel ) ! enemy's cavalry1 a great /ep 9 advance 0 made1 because n[ ! army 9 its pr9cipal ext5sion or front1 :i* is always ! bread? ( its ord] ( battle 7position71 consi/$ entirely ( homog5e\s memb]s1 s t x c\ld be =m$ ( any numb] ( p>ts at pleasure1 ea* "p l ano!r & l ! :ole4 ,9 ?is way x ceas$ to be "o s+le piece & became an articulat$ :ole1 consequ5tly pliable & manageable3 ! p>ts might be sep>at$ f ! :ole & !n jo9$ on aga9 )\t difficulty1 ! ord] ( battle always rema9$ ! same4--,?us arose ! corps consi/+ ( all arms1 t is1 ?us su* an organisation became possible1 = ! want ( x _h be5 felt long be=e4 ,t all ?is relates to ! combat is v natural4 ,! battle 0 =m]ly ! :ole w>1 & w always cont9ue to be ! pr9cipal "p ( x2 b1 ! ord] ( battle belongs g5]ally m to tactics ?an /rategy1 & x is only introduc$ "h to %[ h[ tactics 9 organis+ ! :ole into small] :oles made prep>ations = /rategy4 ,! great] armies become1 ! m !y are di/ribut$ ov] wide spaces & ! m div]sifi$ ! action & reaction ( ! diff]5t p>ts among/ !mselves1 ! wid] becomes ! field ( /rategy1 &1 !re=e1 !n ! ord] ( battle1 9 ! s5se ( our def9ition1 mu/ also come into a k9d ( reciprocal action ) /rategy1 :i* manife/s itself *iefly at ! extreme po9ts :]e tactics & /rategy meet1 t is1 at ^? mom5ts :5 ! g5]al di/ribution ( ! combatant =ces passes into ! special dispositions = ! combat4 ,we n[ turn to ^? ?ree po9ts1 ! division1 comb9ation ( arms1 & ord] ( battle 7disposition7 9 a /rategic po9t ( view4 #a4--;,division4 ,9 /rategy we mu/ nev] ask :at is to be ! /r5g? ( a division or a corps1 b h[ _m corps or division an army %\ld h4 ,!re is no?+ m unmanageable ?an an army divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 except x be "o divid$ into only two1 9 :i* case ! *ief comm& mu/ be almo/ neutralis$4 ,to fix ! /r5g? ( great & small corps1 ei!r on ! gr\nds ( elem5t>y tactics or on high] gr\nds1 leaves an incr$ibly wide field = arbitr>y judgm5t1 & heav5 kn[s :at /range modes ( reason+ h sport$ 9 ?is wide field4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! necessity ( =m+ an indep5d5t :ole 7army7 into a c]ta9 numb] ( p>ts is a ?+ z obvi\s z x is positive1 & ?is idea furni%es real /rategic motives = det]m9+ ! numb] ( ! great] divisions ( an army1 consequ5tly _! /r5g?1 :il/ ! /r5g? ( ! small] divisions1 su* z companies1 battalions1 etc41 is left to be det]m9$ by tactics4 ,we c h>dly imag9e ! smalle/ indep5d5t body 9 :i* !re are n at lea/ ?ree p>ts to be di/+ui%$1 t "o "p may be ?r[n out 9 advance1 & ano!r "p be left 9 re>3 t f\r is /ill m conv5i5t foll[s ( itself1 if we keep 9 view t ! middle "p1 be+ ! pr9cipal division1 ought to be /rong] ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs2 9 ?is way1 we may proce$ to make out eight1 :i* appe>s to u to be ! mo/ suitable numb] = an army if we take "o "p = an advanc$ gu>d z a con/ant necessity1 ?ree = ! ma9 body1 t is a "r w+1 c5tre & left w+1 two divisions = res]ve1 & "o to deta* to ! "r1 "o to ! left4 ,)\t p$antically ascrib+ a great importance to ^! numb]s & figures1 we c]ta9ly believe t !y repres5t ! mo/ usual & frequ5tly recurr+ /rategic disposition1 & on t acc\nt "o t is conv5i5t4 ,c]ta9ly x seems t ! supreme direction ( an army 7& ! direction ( e :ole7 mu/ be greatly facilitat$ if !re are only ?ree or f\r subord9ates to comm&1 b ! comm&]-9-*ief mu/ pay de>ly = ?is conv5i5ce 9 a tw(old mann]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 an ord] loses 9 rapidity1 =ce1 & exactness if ! gradation ladd] d[n :i* x has to desc5d is long1 & ?is mu/ be ! case if !re are corps-comm&]s betwe5 ! division lead]s & ! *ief2 secondly1 ! *ief loses g5]ally 9 8 own prop] p[] & effici5cy ! wid] ! sph]es ( action ( 8 imm$iate subord9ates become4 ,a g5]al comm&+ #ajj1jjj m5 9 eight divisions ex]cises a p[] :i* is great] 9 int5sity ?an if ! #ajj1jjj m5 7 divid$ into only ?ree corps4 ,!re are _m reasons = ?is1 b ! mo/ important is t ea* comm&] looks ^u himself z hav+ a k9d ( propriet>y "r 9 8 own corps1 & always opposes ! )drawal f him ( any portion ( x = a long] or %ort] "t4 ,a little exp]i5ce ( w> w make ?is evid5t to any "o4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! numb] ( divisions mu/ n be too great1 o!rwise disord] w ensue4 ,x is difficult en\gh to manage eight divisions f "o head qu>t]1 & ! numb] %\ld nev] be all[$ to exce$ t54 ,b 9 a division 9 :i* ! means ( circulat+ ord]s are mu* less1 ! small] normal numb] f\r1 or at mo/ five1 may be reg>d$ z ! m suitable4 ,if ^! factors1 five & t51 w n answ]1 t is1 if ! brigades are too /rong1 !n corps d'arme mu/ be introduc$2 b we mu/ rememb] t by s do+1 a new p[] is creat$1 :i* at once v mu* l[]s all o!r factors4 ,b n[1 :at is too /rong a brigade8 ,! cu/om is to make !m f #b1jjj to #e1jjj m5 /rong1 & !re appe> to be two reasons = mak+ ! latt] numb] ! limit2 ! fir/ is t a brigade is suppos$ to be a subdivision :i* c be comm&$ by "o man directly1 t is1 ?r\gh ! compass ( 8 voice3 ! second is t any l>g] body ( infantry %\ld n be left )\t artill]y1 & ?r\gh ?is fir/ comb9ation ( arms a special division ( itself is =m$4 ,we d n wi% to involve ourselves 9 ^! tactical subtilties1 nei!r %all we ent] ^u ! disput$ po9t1 :]e & 9 :at proportions ! comb9ation ( all ?ree arms %\ld take place1 :e!r ) divisions ( #h1jjj to #ab1jjj m51 or ) corps :i* are #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj m5 /rong4 ,! mo/ decid$ oppon5t ( ^! comb9ations w sc>cely take exception at ! m]e ass]tion1 t no?+ b ?is comb9ation ( ! ?ree arms c make a division indep5d5t1 & t !re=e1 = su* z are int5d$ to be frequ5tly deta*$ sep>ately1 x is at lea/ v desirable4 ,an army ( #bjj1jjj m5 9 t5 divisions1 ! divisions compos$ ( five brigades ea*1 w\ld give brigades #d1jjj /rong4 ,we see "h no disproportion4 ,c]ta9ly ?is army might also be divid$ into five corps1 ! corps into f\r divisions1 & ! division into f\r brigades1 :i* makes ! brigade #b1ejj m5 /rong2 b ! fir/ di/ribution1 look$ at 9 ! ab/ract1 appe>s to u pref]able1 = besides t1 9 ! o!r1 !re is "o m gradation ( rank1 five p>ts are too few to make an army manageable2 f\r divisions1 9 l mann]1 are too few = a corps1 & #b1ejj m5 is a weak brigade1 ( :i*1 9 ?is mann]1 !re are eighty1 :]eas ! fir/ =mation has only fifty1 & is !re=e simpl]4 ,all ^! advantages are giv5 up m]ely = ! sake ( hav+ only to s5d ord]s to half z _m g5]als4 ,( c\rse ! di/ribution into corps is /ill m unsuitable = small] armies4 ,?is is ! ab/ract view ( ! case4 ,! p>ticul> case may pres5t good reasons = decid+ o!rwise4 ,likewise1 we mu/ admit t1 al?\gh eight or t5 divisions may be direct$ :5 unit$ 9 a level c\ntry1 9 widely ext5d$ m\nta9 positions ! ?+ might p]haps be impossible4 ,a great riv] :i* divides an army into halves1 makes a comm&] = ea* half indisp5sable2 9 %ort1 !re are a hundr$ local & p>ticul> objects ( ! mo/ decisive "*1 be=e :i* all rules mu/ give way4 ,b /ill1 exp]i5ce tea*es u1 t ^! ab/ract gr\nds come mo/ frequ5tly into use & are seldom] ov]rul$ by o!rs ?an we %\ld p]haps suppose4 ,we wi% fur!r to expla9 cle>ly ! scope ( ! =ego+ consid]ations by a simple outl9e1 = :i* purpose we n[ place ! diff]5t po9ts ( mo/ importance next to ea* o!r4 ,z we mean by ! t]m numb]s1 or p>ts ( a :ole1 only ^? :i* are made by ! prim>y1 !re=e ! imm$iate division1 we say4 #a4 ,if a :ole has too few memb]s x is unwieldy4 #b4 ,if ! p>ts ( a :ole body are too l>ge1 ! p[] ( ! sup]ior w is !reby weak5$4 #c4 ,) e additional /ep ?r\gh :i* an ord] has to pass1 x is weak5$ 9 two ways3 9 "o way by ! loss ( =ce1 :i* x suff]s 9 its passage ?r\gh an additional /ep2 9 ano!r way by ! long] "t 9 its transmission4 ,! t5d5cy ( all ?is is to %[ t ! numb] ( co-ord9ate divisions %\ld be z great1 & ! gradational /eps z few z possible2 & ! only limitation to ?is conclusion is1 t 9 armies no m ?an f eight to t51 & 9 subord9ate corps no m ?an f f\r or at mo/ six1 subdivisions c be conv5i5tly direct$4 #b4--;,comb9ation ( ,arms4 ,= /rategy ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree arms 9 ! ord] ( battle is only important 9 reg>d to ^? p>ts ( ! army :i*1 accord+ to ! usual ord] ( ?+s1 are likely to be frequ5tly employ$ 9 a deta*$ position1 :]e !y may be oblig$ to engage 9 an indep5d5t combat4 ,n[ x is 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t ! memb]s ( ! fir/ class1 & = ! mo/ "p only ^!1 are de/9$ = deta*$ positions1 because1 z we %all see else:]e1 deta*$ positions are mo/ g5]ally adopt$ ^u ! supposition & ! necessity ( a body indep5d5t 9 itself4 ,9 a /rict s5se /rategy w\ld !re=e only require a p]man5t comb9ation ( arms 9 army corps1 or :]e ^! d n exi/1 9 divisions1 leav+ x to circum/ances to det]m9e :5 a provisional comb9ation ( ! ?ree arms %all be made 9 subdivisions ( an inf]ior ord]4 ,b x is easy to see t1 :5 corps are ( consid]able size1 su* z #cj1jjj or #dj1jjj m51 !y c seldom f9d !mselves 9 a situation to take up a completely connect$ position 9 mass4 ,) corps ( su* /r5g?1 a comb9ation ( ! arms 9 ! divisions is !re=e necess>y4 ,no "o :o has _h any exp]i5ce 9 w>1 w treat lightly ! delay :i* occurs :5 press+ messages h to be s5t to "s o!r p]haps di/ant po9t be=e cavalry c be br\ght to ! support ( infantry--to say no?+ ( ! confusion :i* takes place4 ,! details ( ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree arms1 h[ f> x %\ld ext5d1 h[ l[ d[n x %\ld be c>ri$1 :at proportions %\ld be obs]v$1 ! /r5g? ( ! res]ves ( ea* to be set ap>t--^! are all purely tactical consid]ations4 #c4--,! ,disposition4 ,! det]m9ation z to ! relations 9 space1 accord+ to :i* ! p>ts ( an army among/ !mselves are to be drawn up 9 ord] ( battle1 is likewise completely a tactical subject1 ref]r+ solely to ! battle4 ,no d\bt !re is also a /rategic disposition ( ! p>ts2 b x dep5ds almo/ entirely on det]m9ations & requirem5ts ( ! mom5t1 & :at !re is 9 x ( ! rational1 does n come )9 ! mean+ ( ! t]m 8ord] ( battle40 ,we %all !re=e treat ( x 9 ! foll[+ *apt] "u ! head ( ,disposition ( an ,army4 ,! ord] ( battle ( an army is !re=e ! organisation & disposition ( x 9 mass ready prep>$ = battle4 ,its p>ts are unit$ 9 su* a mann] t bo? ! tactical & /rategical requirem5ts ( ! mom5t c be easily satisfi$ by ! employm5t ( s+le p>ts drawn f ! g5]al mass4 ,:5 su* mom5t>y exig5cy has pass$ ov]1 ^! p>ts resume _! orig9al place1 & ?us ! ord] ( battle becomes ! fir/ /ep to1 & pr9cipal f\ndation (1 t :olesome me?odicism :i*1 l ! beat ( a p5dulum1 regulates ! "w 9 w>1 & ( :i* we h already spok5 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ! ,second ,book4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,g5]al ,disposition ( an ,army ,betwe5 ! mom5t ( ! fir/ assembl+ ( milit>y =ces1 & t ( ! solution arriv$ at maturity :5 /rategy has br\ght ! army to ! decisive po9t1 & ea* p>ticul> "p has _h its position & rle po9t$ out by tactics1 !re is 9 mo/ cases a long int]val2 x is ! same betwe5 "o decisive cata/rophe & ano!r4 ,=m]ly ^! int]vals 9 a c]ta9 measure did n belong to w> at all4 ,take = example ! mann] 9 :i* ,luxemburg encamp$ & m>*$4 ,we s+le out ?is g5]al because he is celebrat$ = 8 camps & m>*es1 & !re=e may be consid]$ a repres5tative g5]al ( 8 p]iod1 & f ! ,hi/oire de la ,fl&re militaire1 we "k m ab\t him ?an ab\t o!r g5]als ( ! "t4 ,! camp 0 regul>ly pit*$ ) its re> close to a riv]1 or morass1 or a deep valley1 :i* 9 ! pres5t day w\ld be consid]$ madness4 ,! direction 9 :i* ! enemy lay _h s little to d ) det]m9+ ! front ( ! army1 t cases are v common 9 :i* ! re> 0 t[>ds ! enemy & ! front t[>ds _! own c\ntry4 ,?is n[ unhe>d ( mode ( proce$+ is p]fectly un9telligible1 unless we suppose t 9 ! *oice ( camps ! conv5i5ce ( ! troops 0 ! *ief1 inde$ almo/ ! only consid]ation1 & !re=e look ^u ! /ate ( be+ 9 camp z a /ate outside ( ! action ( w>1 a k9d ( )drawal beh9d ! sc5es1 :]e "o is q at ease4 ,! practice ( always re/+ ! re> ^u "s ob/acle may be reckon$ ! only measure ( security :i* 0 !n tak51 ( c\rse1 9 ! s5se ( ! mode ( conduct+ w> 9 t day1 = su* a measure 0 q inconsi/5t ) ! possibility ( be+ compell$ to fight 9 t position4 ,b !re 0 little reason = appreh5sion on t score1 because ! battles g5]ally dep5d$ on a k9d ( mutual und]/&+1 l a duel1 9 :i* ! p>ties repair to a conv5i5t r5dezv\s4 ,z armies1 p>tly on acc\nt ( _! num]\s cavalry1 :i* 9 ! decl9e ( its spl5d\r 0 /ill reg>d$1 p>ticul>ly by ! ,fr5*1 z ! pr9cipal arm1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! unwieldy organisation ( _! ord] ( battle1 c\ld n fight 9 e description ( c\ntry1 an army 9 a close brok5 c\ntry 0 z x 7 "u ! protection ( a neutral t]ritory1 & z x c\ld itself make b little use ( brok5 gr\nd1 !re=e1 x 0 deem$ pref]able to g to meet an enemy seek+ battle4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t ,luxemburg's battles at ,fleurus1 ,/i5kirk1 & ,ne]w9d51 7 conceiv$ 9 a diff]5t _s2 b ?is _s _h only j !n "u ?is great g5]al fre$ itself f ! old me?od1 & x _h n yet react$ on ! me?od ( encampm5t4 ,alt]ations 9 ! art ( w> orig9ate always 9 matt]s ( a decisive nature1 & !n lead by degrees to modifications 9 o!r ?+s4 ,! expression il va la gu]re1 us$ 9 ref]5ce to a p>tizan sett+ out to wat* ! enemy1 %[s h[ little ! /ate ( an army 9 camp 0 consid]$ to be a /ate ( real w>f>e4 ,x 0 n mu* o!rwise ) ! m>*es1 = ! artill]y !n sep>at$ itself completely f ! re/ ( ! army1 9 ord] to take advantage ( bett] & m secure roads1 & ! cavalry on ! w+s g5]ally took ! "r alt]nately1 t ea* might h 9 turn its %>e ( ! hon\r ( m>*+ on ! "r4 ,at pres5t 7t is1 *iefly s9ce ! ,silesian w>s7 ! situation out ( battle is s ?or\ghly influ5c$ by its connection ) battle t ! two /ates are 9 intimate correlation1 & ! "o c no long] be completely imag9$ )\t ! o!r4 ,=m]ly 9 a campaign ! battle 0 ! real weapon1 ! situation at o!r times only ! h&le--! =m] ! /eel blade1 ! o!r ! wood5 haft glu$ to x1 ! :ole !re=e compos$ ( het]og5e\s p>ts1--n[ ! battle is ! edge1 ! situation out ( ! battle ! back ( ! blade1 ! :ole to be look$ ^u z metal completely weld$ toge!r1 9 :i* x is impossible any long] to di/+ui% :]e ! /eel ends & ! iron beg9s4 ,?is /ate 9 w> outside ( ! battle is n[ p>tly regulat$ by ! organisation & regulations ) :i* ! army comes prep>$ f a /ate ( peace1 p>tly by ! tactical & /rategic arrangem5ts ( ! mom5t4 ,! ?ree situations 9 :i* an army may be plac$ are 9 qu>t]s1 on a m>*1 or 9 camp4 ,all ?ree belong z mu* to tactics z to /rategy1 & ^! two bran*es1 bord]+ on ea* o!r "h 9 _m ways1 (t5 seem to1 or actually d1 incorporate !mselves ) ea* o!r1 s t _m dispositions may be look$ ^u at ! same "t z bo? tactical & /rategic4 ,we %all treat ( ^! ?ree situations ( an army outside ( ! combat 9 a g5]al way1 be=e any special objects come into connection ) !m2 b we mu/1 fir/ ( all1 consid] ! g5]al disposition ( ! =ces1 because t is a sup]ior & m compreh5sive measure1 det]m9+ z respects camps1 cantonm5ts1 & m>*es4 ,if we look at ! disposition ( ! =ces 9 a g5]al way1 t is1 leav+ out ( sight any special object1 we c only imag9e x z a unit1 t is1 z a :ole1 int5d$ to fight all toge!r1 = any deviation f ?is simple/ =m w\ld imply a special object4 ,?us arises1 !re=e1 ! conception ( an army1 let x be small or l>ge4 ,fur!r1 :5 !re is an abs5ce ( any special end1 !re only rema9s z ! sole object ! pres]vation ( ! army itself1 :i* ( c\rse includes its security4 ,t ! army %all be able to exi/ )\t inconv5i5ce1 & t x %all be able to conc5trate )\t difficulty = ! purpose ( fight+1 are1 !re=e1 ! two requisite conditions4 ,f ^! result1 z desirable1 ! foll[+ po9ts m imm$iately apply+ to subjects conc]n+ ! exi/5ce & security ( ! army4 #a4 ,facility ( subsi/5ce4 #b4 ,facility ( provid+ %elt] = ! troops4 #c4 ,security ( ! re>4 #d4 ,an op5 c\ntry 9 front4 #e4 ,! position itself 9 a brok5 c\ntry4 #f4 ,/rategic po9ts d'appui4 #g4 ,a suitable di/ribution ( ! troops4 ,our elucidation ( ^! sev]al po9ts is z foll[s3 ,! fir/ two lead u to seek out cultivat$ di/ricts1 & great t[ns & roads4 ,!y det]m9e measures 9 g5]al r ?an 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 ! *apt] on l9es ( communication w be f\nd :at we mean by security ( ! re>4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important po9t 9 ?is respect is t ! c5tre ( ! position %\ld be at a "r angle ) ! pr9cipal l9e ( retreat adjo9+ ! position4 ,respect+ ! f\r? po9t1 an army c]ta9ly _c look ov] an expanse ( c\ntry 9 its front z x ov]looks ! space directly be=e x :5 9 a tactical position = battle4 ,b ! /rategic eyes are ! advanc$ gu>d1 sc\ts & patrols s5t =w>d1 spies1 etc41 etc41 & ! s]vice w naturally be easi] = ^! 9 an op5 ?an 9 an int]sect$ c\ntry4 ,! fif? po9t is m]ely ! rev]se ( ! f\r?4 ,/rategical po9ts d'appui diff] f tactical 9 ^! two respects1 t ! army ne$ n be 9 imm$iate contact ) !m1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 !y mu/ be ( great] ext5t4 ,! cause ( ?is is t1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?+1 ! relations to "t & space 9 :i* /rategy moves are g5]ally on a great] scale ?an ^? ( tactics4 ,if1 !re=e1 an army po/s itself at a di/ance ( a mile f ! sea coa/ or ! banks ( a great riv]1 x leans /rategically on ^! ob/acles1 = ! enemy _c make use ( su* a space z ?is to effect a /rategic turn+ movem5t4 ,)9 its n>r[ limits he _c adv5ture on m>*es miles 9 l5g?1 occupy+ days & weeks4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 /rategy1 a lake ( sev]al miles 9 circumf]5ce is h>dly to be look$ ^u z an ob/acle2 9 its proce$+s1 a few miles to ! "r or left are n ( mu* consequ5ce4 ,=tresses w become /rategic po9ts d'appui1 accord+ z !y are l>ge1 & af=d a wide sph]e ( action = (f5sive comb9ations4 ,! disposition ( ! army 9 sep>ate masses may be done ) a view ei!r to special objects & requirem5ts1 or to ^? ( a g5]al nature2 "h we c only speak ( ! latt]4 ,! fir/ g5]al necessity is to pu% =w>d ! advanc$ gu>d & ! o!r troops requir$ to wat* ! enemy4 ,! second is t1 ) v l>ge armies1 ! res]ves are usually plac$ sev]al miles 9 re>1 & consequ5tly occupy a sep>ate position4 ,la/ly1 ! cov]+ ( bo? w+s ( an army usually requires a sep>ate disposition ( p>ticul> corps4 ,by ?is cov]+ x is n at all meant t a portion ( ! army is to be deta*$ to def5d ! space r\nd its w+s1 9 ord] to prev5t ! enemy f approa*+ ^! weak po9ts1 z !y are call$3 :o w\ld !n def5d ! w+s ( ^! flank+ corps8 ,?is k9d ( idea1 :i* is s common1 is complete nons5se4 ,! w+s ( an army are 9 !mselves n weak po9ts ( an army = ?is reason1 t ! enemy also has w+s1 & _c m5ace ours )\t plac+ 8 own 9 jeop>dy4 ,x is only if circum/ances are unequal1 if ! enemy's army is l>g] ?an ours1 if 8 l9es ( communication are m secure 7see ,l9es ( ,communication71 x is only !n t ! w+s become weak p>ts2 b ( ^! special cases we are n n[ speak+1 !re=e1 nei!r ( a case 9 :i* a flank+ corps is appo9t$ 9 connection ) o!r comb9ations to def5d effectually ! space on our w+s1 = t no long] belongs to ! category ( g5]al dispositions4 ,b al?\gh ! w+s are n p>ticul>ly weak p>ts /ill !y are p>ticul>ly important1 because "h1 on acc\nt ( flank+ movem5ts ! def5ce is n s simple z 9 front1 measures are m complicat$ & require m "t & prep>ation4 ,= ?is reason x is necess>y 9 ! majority ( cases to protect ! w+s specially aga9/ un=ese5 ent]prises on ! "p ( ! enemy1 & ?is is done by plac+ /rong] masses on ! w+s ?an w\ld be requir$ = m]e purposes ( obs]vation4 ,to press heavily ^! masses1 ev5 if !y oppose no v s]i\s resi/ance1 m "t is requir$1 & ! /rong] !y are ! m ! enemy mu/ develop 8 =ces & 8 int5tions1 & by t means ! object ( ! measure is atta9$2 :at is to be done fur!r dep5ds on ! p>ticul> plans ( ! mom5t4 ,we may !re=e reg>d corps plac$ on ! w+s z lat]al advanc$ gu>ds1 int5d$ to ret>d ! advance ( ! enemy ?r\gh ! space beyond our w+s & give u "t to make dispositions to c\nt]act 8 movem5t4 ,if ^! corps are to fall back on ! ma9 body & ! latt] is n to make a backw>d movem5t at ! same "t1 !n x foll[s ( itself t !y mu/ n be 9 ! same l9e ) ! front ( ! ma9 body1 b ?r[n out some:at =w>ds1 because :5 a retreat is to be made1 ev5 )\t be+ prec$$ by a s]i\s engagem5t1 !y %\ld n retreat directly on ! side ( ! position4 ,f ^! reasons ( a subjective nature1 z !y relate to ! inn] organisation ( an army1 !re arises a natural sy/em ( disposition1 compos$ ( f\r or five p>ts accord+ z ! res]ve rema9s ) ! ma9 body or n4 ,z ! subsi/5ce & %elt] ( ! troops p>tly decide ! *oice ( a position 9 g5]al1 s also !y contribute to a disposition 9 sep>ate divisions4 ,! att5tion :i* !y dem& comes into consid]ation along ) ! o!r consid]ations above m5tion$2 & we seek to satisfy ! "o )\t prejudice to ! o!r4 ,9 mo/ cases1 by ! division ( an army into five sep>ate corps1 ! difficulties ( subsi/5ce & qu>t]+ w be ov]come1 & no great alt]ation w aft]w>ds be requir$ on _! acc\nt4 ,we h /ill to ca/ a glance at ! di/ances at :i* ^! sep>at$ corps may be all[$ to be plac$1 if we are to reta9 9 view ! advantage ( mutual support1 &1 !re=e1 ( conc5trat+ = battle4 ,on ?is subject we rem9d our read]s ( :at is said 9 ! *apt]s on ! duration & decision ( ! combat1 accord+ to :i* no absolute di/ance1 b only ! mo/ g5]al1 z x 71 av]age rules c be giv51 because absolute & relative /r5g? ( arms & c\ntry h a great influ5ce4 ,! di/ance ( ! advanc$ gu>d is ! easie/ to fix1 z 9 retreat+ x falls back on ! ma9 body ( ! army1 &1 !re=e1 may be at all ev5ts at a di/ance ( a long day's m>* )\t incurr+ ! risk ( be+ oblig$ to fight an indep5d5t battle4 ,b x %\ld n be s5t fur!r 9 advance ?an ! security ( ! army requires1 because ! fur!r x has to fall back ! m x suff]s4 ,respect+ corps on ! flanks1 z we h already said1 ! combat ( an ord9>y division ( #hjjj to #aj1jjj m5 usually la/s = sev]al h\rs1 ev5 = half a day be=e x is decid$2 on t acc\nt1 !re=e1 !re ne$ be no hesitation 9 plac+ su* a division at a di/ance ( "s leagues or "o or two miles1 & = ! same reason1 corps ( ?ree or f\r divisions may be deta*$ a day's m>* or a di/ance ( ?ree or f\r miles4 ,f ?is natural & g5]al disposition ( ! ma9 body1 9 f\r or five divisions at p>ticul> di/ances1 a c]ta9 me?od has aris5 ( divid+ an army 9 a me*anical mann] :5ev] !re are no /rong special reasons aga9/ ?is ord9>y me?od4 ,b al?\gh we assume t ea* ( ^! di/9ct p>ts ( an army %all be compet5t to und]take an indep5d5t combat1 & x may be oblig$ to engage 9 "o1 x does n !re=e by any means foll[ t ! real object ( fraction+ an army is t ! p>ts %\ld fight sep>ately2 ! necessity = ?is di/ribution ( ! army is mo/ly only a condition ( exi/5ce impos$ by "t4 ,if ! enemy approa*es our position to try ! fate ( a g5]al action1 ! /rategic p]iod is ov]1 ev]y?+ conc5trates itself into ! "o mom5t ( ! battle1 & !re) t]m9ates & vani%es ! object ( ! di/ribution ( ! army4 ,z soon z ! battle comm5ces1 consid]ations ab\t qu>t]s & subsi/5ce are susp5d$2 ! obs]vation ( ! enemy be=e our front & on our flanks has fulfill$ ! purpose ( *eck+ 8 advance by a p>tial resi/ance1 & n[ all resolves itself into ! "o great unit--! great battle4 ,! be/ crit]ion ( skill 9 ! disposition ( an army lies 9 ! pro( t ! di/ribution has be5 consid]$ m]ely z a condition1 z a necess>y evil1 b t unit$ action 9 battle has be5 consid]$ ! object ( ! disposition4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,advanc$ ,gu>d & ,out-,po/s ,^! two bodies belong to t class ( subjects into :i* bo? ! tactical & /rategic ?reads run simultane\sly4 ,on ! "o h& we mu/ reckon !m among/ ^? provisions :i* give =m to ! battle & ensure ! execution ( tactical plans2 on ! o!r h&1 !y frequ5tly lead to indep5d5t combats1 & on acc\nt ( _! position1 m or less di/ant f ! ma9 body1 !y are to be reg>d$ z l9ks 9 ! /rategic *a91 & x is ?is v feature :i* obliges u to supplem5t ! prec$+ *apt] by devot+ a few mom5ts to _! consid]ation4 ,e body ( troops1 :5 n completely 9 read9ess = battle1 requires an advanc$ gu>d to le>n ! approa* ( ! enemy1 & to ga9 fur!r p>ticul>s respect+ 8 =ce be=e he comes 9 sight1 = ! range ( vision1 z a rule1 does n g mu* beyond ! range ( fire>ms4 ,b :at sort ( man w\ld he be :o c\ld n see f>!r ?an 8 arms c rea*6 ,! =epo/s are ! eyes ( ! army1 z we h already said4 ,! want ( !m1 h[ev]1 is n always equally great2 x has its degrees4 ,! /r5g? ( armies & ! ext5t ( gr\nd !y cov]1 "t1 place1 cont+5cies1 ! me?od ( mak+ w>1 ev5 *ance1 are all po9ts :i* h an influ5ce 9 ! matt]2 &1 !re=e1 we _c wond] t milit>y hi/ory1 in/ead ( furni%+ any def9ite & simple outl9es ( ! me?od ( us+ advanc$ gu>ds & outpo/s1 only pres5ts ! subject 9 a k9d ( *aos ( examples ( ! mo/ div]sifi$ nature4 ,sometimes we see ! security ( an army intru/$ to a corps regul>ly appo9t$ to ! duty ( advanc$ gu>d2 at ano!r "t a long l9e ( sep>ate outpo/s2 sometimes bo? ^! arrangem5ts co-exi/1 sometimes nei!r "o nor ! o!r2 at "o "t !re is only "o advanc$ gu>d 9 common = ! :ole ( ! advanc+ columns2 at ano!r "t1 ea* column has its own advanc$ gu>d4 ,we %all endeav\r to get a cle> idea ( :at ! subject really is1 & !n see :e!r we c arrive at "s pr9ciples capable ( application4 ,if ! troops are on ! m>*1 a deta*m5t ( m or less /r5g? =ms its van or advanc$ gu>d1 & 9 case ( ! movem5t ( ! army be+ rev]s$1 ?is same deta*m5t w =m ! re>gu>d4 ,if ! troops are 9 cantonm5ts or camp1 an ext5d$ l9e ( weak po/s1 =ms ! vangu>d1 ! outpo/s4 ,x is ess5tially 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t1 :5 ! army is halt$1 a great] ext5t ( space c & mu/ be wat*$ ?an :5 ! army is 9 motion1 & !re=e 9 ! "o case ! conception ( a *a9 ( po/s1 9 ! o!r t ( a conc5trat$ corps arises ( itself4 ,! actual /r5g? ( an advanc$ gu>d1 z well z ( outpo/s1 ranges f a consid]able corps1 compos$ ( an organisation ( all ?ree arms1 to a regim5t ( huss>s1 & f a /rongly entr5*$ def5sive l9e1 occupi$ by portions ( troops f ea* arm ( ! s]vice1 to m]e outly+ pickets1 & _! supports deta*$ f ! camp4 ,! s]vices assign$ to su* vangu>ds range also f ^? ( m]e obs]vation to an (f] ( opposition or resi/ance to ! enemy1 & ?is opposition may n only be to give ! ma9 body ( ! army ! "t :i* x requires to prep>e = battle1 b also to make ! enemy develop 8 plans1 & int5tions1 :i* consequ5tly makes ! obs]vation f> m important4 ,accord+ z m or less "t is requir$ to be ga9$1 accord+ z ! opposition to be (f]$ is calculat$ ^u & int5d$ to meet ! special measures ( ! enemy1 s accord+ly mu/ ! /r5g? ( ! advanc$ gu>d & outpo/s be proportion$4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 a g5]al above all o!rs ev] ready = battle1 & :o almo/ direct$ 8 army 9 battle by ^w ( comm&1 nev] requir$ /rong outpo/s4 ,we see him !re=e con/antly encamp+ close "u ! eyes ( ! enemy1 )\t any great app>atus ( outpo/s1 rely+ = 8 security1 at "o place on a huss> regim5t1 at ano!r on a light battalion1 or p]haps on ! pickets1 & supports furni%$ f ! camp4 ,on ! m>*1 a few ?\s& horse1 g5]ally furni%$ by ! cavalry on ! flanks ( ! fir/ l9e1 =m$ 8 advanc$ gu>d1 & at ! end ( ! m>* rejo9$ ! ma9 body4 ,he v seldom _h any corps p]man5tly employ$ z advanc$ gu>d4 ,:5 x is ! int5tion ( a small army1 by us+ ! :ole weight ( its mass ) great vig\r & activity1 to make ! enemy feel ! effect ( its sup]ior discipl9e & ! great] resolution ( its comm&]1 !n almo/ e ?+ mu/ be done s\s la b>be de l'ennemi1 9 ! same way z ,fr$]ick ! ,great did :5 oppos$ to ,daun4 ,a sy/em ( hold+ back f ! enemy1 & a v =mal1 & ext5sive sy/em ( outpo/s w\ld neutralise all ! advantages ( ! above k9d ( sup]iority4 ,! circum/ance t an error ( ano!r k9d1 & ! c>ry+ out ,fr$]ick's sy/em too f>1 may lead to a battle ( ,ho*kir*1 is no argum5t aga9/ ?is me?od ( act+2 we %\ld r say1 t z !re 0 only "o battle ( ,ho*kir* 9 all ! ,silesian w>1 we ought to recognise 9 ?is sy/em a pro( ( ! ,k+'s consummate ability4 ,napoleon1 h[ev]1 :o comm&$ an army n defici5t 9 discipl9e & firmness1 & :o did n want = resolution himself1 nev] mov$ )\t a /rong advanc$ gu>d4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is4 ,! fir/ is to be f\nd 9 ! alt]ation 9 tactics4 ,a :ole army is no long] l$ into battle z "o body by m]e ^w ( comm&1 to settle ! affair l a great duel by m or less skill & brav]y2 ! combatants on ea* side n[ range _! =ces m to suit ! peculi>ities ( ! gr\nd & circum/ances1 s t ! ord] ( battle1 & consequ5tly ! battle itself1 is a :ole made up ( _m p>ts1 f :i* !re foll[s1 t ! simple det]m9ation to fight becomes a regul>ly =m$ plan1 & ! ^w ( comm& a m or less long prep>atory arrangem5t4 ,= ?is "t & data are requir$4 ,! second cause lies 9 ! great size ( mod]n armies4 ,fr$]ick br\ght ?irty or =ty ?\s& m5 into battle2 ,napoleon f "o to two hundr$ ?\s&4 ,we h select$ ^! examples because e "o w admit1 t two su* g5]als w\ld nev] h adopt$ any sy/ematic mode ( proce$+ )\t "s good reason4 ,^u ! :ole1 !re has be5 a g5]al improvem5t 9 ! use ( advanc$ gu>ds & outpo/s 9 mod]n w>s2 n t e "o act$ z ,fr$]ick1 ev5 9 ! ,silesian w>s1 = at t "t ! ,au/rians _h a sy/em ( /rong outpo/s1 & frequ5tly s5t =w>d a corps z advanc$ gu>d1 = :i* !y _h suffici5t reason f ! situation 9 :i* !y 7 plac$4 ,j 9 ! same way we f9d diff]5ces en\gh 9 ! mode ( c>ry+ on w> 9 m mod]n times4 ,ev5 ! ,fr5* ,m>%als ,macdonald 9 ,silesia1 ,oud9ot & ,ney 9 ! ,m>k 7,br&5burg71 advanc$ ) armies ( sixty or sev5ty ?\s& m51 )\t our read+ ( _! hav+ _h any advanc$ gu>d4--,we h hi!rto be5 discuss+ advanc$ gu>ds & outpo/s 9 relation to _! num]ical /r5g?2 b !re is ano!r diff]5ce :i* we mu/ settle4 ,x is t1 :5 an army advances or retires on a c]ta9 bread? ( gr\nd1 x may h a van & re> gu>d 9 common = all ! columns :i* are m>*+ side by side1 or ea* column may h "o = itself4 ,9 ord] to =m a cle> idea on ?is subject1 we mu/ look at x 9 ?is way4 ,! fundam5tal conception ( an advanc$ gu>d1 :5 a corps is s specially designat$1 is t its mission is ! security ( ! ma9 body or c5tre ( ! army4 ,if ?is ma9 body is m>*+ ^u sev]al contigu\s roads s close toge!r t !y c also easily s]ve = ! advanc$ gu>d1 & !re=e be cov]$ by x1 !n ! flank columns naturally require no special cov]+4 ,b ^? corps :i* are mov+ at great di/ances1 9 reality z deta*$ corps1 mu/ provide _! own van-gu>ds4 ,! same applies also to any ( ^? corps :i* belong to ! c5tral mass1 & ow+ to ! direction t ! roads may happ5 to take1 are too f> f ! c5tre column4 ,!re=e !re w be z _m advanc$ gu>ds1 z !re are columns virtually sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 if ea* ( ^! advanc$ gu>ds is mu* weak] ?an "o g5]al "o w\ld be1 !n !y fall m into ! class ( o!r tactical dispositions1 & !re is no advanc$ gu>d 9 ! /rategic tableau4 ,b if ! ma9 body or c5tre has a mu* l>g] corps = its advanc$ gu>d1 !n t corps w appe> z ! advanc$ gu>d ( ! :ole1 & w be s 9 _m respects4 ,b :at c be ! reason = giv+ ! c5tre a van-gu>d s mu* /rong] ?an ! w+s8 ,! foll[+ ?ree reasons4 #a4 ,because ! mass ( troops compos+ ! c5tre is usually mu* m consid]able4 #b4 ,because pla9ly ! c5tral po9t ( a /rip ( c\ntry along :i* ! front ( an army is ext5d$ mu/ always be ! mo/ important po9t1 z all ! comb9ations ( ! campaign relate mo/ly to x1 & !re=e ! field ( battle is also usually ne>] to x ?an to ! w+s4 #c4 ,because1 al?\gh a corps ?r[n =w>d 9 front ( ! c5tre does n directly protect ! w+s z a real vangu>d1 x /ill contributes greatly to _! security indirectly4 ,= in/ance1 ! enemy _c 9 ord9>y cases pass by su* a corps )9 a c]ta9 di/ance 9 ord] to effect any ent]prise ( importance aga9/ "o ( ! w+s1 because he has to fe> an attack 9 flank & re>4 ,ev5 if ?is *eck :i* a corps ?r[n =w>d 9 ! c5tre imposes on ! enemy is n suffici5t to con/itute complete security = ! w+s1 x is at all ev5ts suffici5t to relieve ! flanks f all appreh5sion 9 a great _m cases4 ,! van-gu>d ( ! c5tre1 if mu* /rong] ?an t ( a w+1 t is to say1 if x consi/s ( a special corps z advanc$ gu>d1 has !n n m]ely ! mission ( a van-gu>d int5d$ to protect ! troops 9 its re> f sudd5 surprise2 x also op]ates 9 m g5]al /rategic relations z an army corps ?r[n =w>d 9 advance4 ,! foll[+ are ! purposes = :i* su* a corps may be us$1 & !re=e ^? :i* det]m9e its duties 9 practice4 #a4 ,to insure a /\t] resi/ance1 & make ! enemy advance ) m caution2 consequ5tly to d ! duties ( a van-gu>d on a great] scale1 :5ev] our arrangem5ts are su* z to require "t be=e !y c be c>ri$ into effect4 #b4 ,if ! c5tral mass ( ! army is v l>ge1 to be able to keep ?is unwieldy body at "s di/ance f ! enemy1 :ile we /ill rema9 close to him ) a m moveable body ( troops4 #c4 ,t we may h a corps ( obs]vation close to ! enemy1 if !re are any o!r reasons :i* require u to keep ! pr9cipal mass ( ! army at a consid]able di/ance4 ,! idea t weak] look-out po/s1 m]e p>tisan corps1 might answ] j z well = ?is obs]vation is set aside at once if we reflect h[ easily a weak corps might be disp]s$1 & h[ v limit$ also are its means ( obs]vation z comp>$ ) ^? ( a consid]able corps4 #d4 ,9 ! pursuit ( ! enemy4 ,a s+le corps z advanc$ gu>d1 ) ! great] "p ( ! cavalry atta*$ to x1 c move quick]1 arriv+ lat] at its biv\ac1 & mov+ e>li] 9 ! morn+ ?an ! :ole mass4 #e4 ,la/ly1 on a retreat1 z re>gu>d1 to be us$ 9 def5d+ ! pr9cipal natural ob/acles ( gr\nd4 ,9 ?is respect also ! c5tre is exce$+ly important4 ,at fir/ sight x c]ta9ly appe>s z if su* a re>gu>d w\ld be con/antly 9 dang] ( hav+ its flanks turn$4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t1 ev5 if ! enemy succe$s 9 ov]lapp+ ! flanks to "s ext5t1 he has /ill to m>* ! :ole way f !re to ! c5tre be=e he c s]i\sly ?reat5 ! c5tral mass1 :i* gives "t to ! re>gu>d ( ! c5tre to prolong its resi/ance1 & rema9 9 re> some:at long]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! situation becomes at once critical if ! c5tre falls back quick] ?an ! w+s2 !re is imm$iately an appe>ance z if ! l9e _h be5 brok5 ?r\gh1 & ev5 ! v idea or appe>ance ( t is to be dread$4 ,at no "t is !re a great] necessity = conc5tration & hold+ toge!r1 & at no "t is ?is m s5sibly felt by e "o ?an on a retreat4 ,! int5tion always is1 t ! w+s 9 case ( extremity %\ld close ^u ! c5tre2 & if1 on acc\nt ( subsi/5ce & roads1 ! retreat has to be made on a consid]able wid? 7( c\ntry71 /ill ! movem5t g5]ally ends by a conc5tration on ! c5tre4 ,if we add to ^! consid]ations also ?is "o1 t ! enemy usually advances ) 8 pr9cipal =ce 9 ! c5tre & ) ! greate/ en]gy aga9/ ! c5tre1 we mu/ p]ceive t ! re> gu>d ( ! c5tre is ( special importance4 ,accord+ly1 !re=e1 a special corps %\ld always be ?r[n =w>d z an advanc$ gu>d 9 e case :]e "o ( ! above relations occurs4 ,^! relations almo/ fall to ! gr\nd if ! c5tre is n /rong] ?an ! w+s1 z1 = example1 ,macdonald :5 he advanc$ aga9/ ,bl*]1 9 ,silesia1 9 #ahac1 & ! latt]1 :5 he made 8 movem5t t[>ds ! ,elbe4 ,bo? ( !m _h ?ree corps1 :i* usually mov$ 9 ?ree columns by diff]5t roads1 ! heads ( ! columns 9 l9e4 ,on ?is acc\nt no m5tion is made ( _! hav+ _h advanc$ gu>ds4 ,b ?is disposition 9 ?ree columns ( equal /r5g? is "o :i* is by no means to be recomm5d$1 p>tly on t acc\nt1 & also because ! division ( a :ole army into ?ree p>ts makes x v unmanageable1 z /at$ 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ! ?ird book4 ,:5 ! :ole is =m$ into a c5tre ) two w+s sep>ate f x1 :i* we h repres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] z ! mo/ natural =mation z long z !re is no p>ticul> object = any o!r1 ! corps =m+ ! advanc$ gu>d1 accord+ to ! simple/ notion ( ! case1 w h its place 9 front ( ! c5tre1 & !re=e be=e ! l9e :i* =ms ! front ( ! w+s2 b z ! fir/ object ( corps ?r[n out on ! flanks is to p]=m ! same (fice = ! sides z ! advanc$ gu>d = ! front1 x w v (t5 happ5 t ^! corps w be 9 l9e ) ! advanc$ gu>d1 or ev5 /ill fur!r ?r[n =w>d1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,) respect to ! /r5g? ( an advanc$ gu>d we h little to say1 z n[ v prop]ly x is ! g5]al cu/om to detail = t duty "o or m compon5t p>ts ( ! army ( ! fir/ class1 re9=c$ by "p ( ! cavalry3 s t x consi/s ( a corps1 if ! army is =m$ 9 corps2 ( a division1 if ! organisation is 9 divisions4 ,x is easy to p]ceive t 9 ?is respect also ! great numb] ( high] memb]s or divisions is an advantage4 ,h[ f> ! advanc$ gu>d %\ld be pu%$ to ! front mu/ entirely dep5d on circum/ances2 !re are cases 9 :i* x may be m ?an a day's m>* 9 advance1 & o!rs 9 :i* x %\ld be imm$iately be=e ! front ( ! army4 ,if we f9d t 9 mo/ cases betwe5 "o & ?ree miles is ! di/ance *os51 t %[s c]ta9ly t circum/ances h usually po9t$ out ?is di/ance z ! be/2 b we _c make ( x a rule by :i* we are to be always guid$4 ,9 ! =ego+ obs]vations we h lo/ sight altoge!r ( outpo/s1 & !re=e we mu/ n[ return to !m aga94 ,9 say+1 at ! comm5cem5t1 t ! relations betwe5 outpo/s & /ation>y troops is simil> to t betwe5 advanc$ gu>ds & troops 9 motion1 our object 0 to ref] ! conceptions back to _! orig91 & keep !m di/9ct 9 future2 b x is cle> t if we conf9e ourselves /rictly to ! words we %\ld get little m ?an a p$antic di/9ction4 ,if an army on ! m>* halts at night to resume ! m>* next morn+1 ! advanc$ gu>d mu/ naturally d ! same1 & always organise ! outpo/ duty1 requir$ bo? = its own security & t ( ! ma9 body1 )\t on t acc\nt be+ *ang$ f an advanc$ gu>d into a l9e ( outpo/s4 ,to satisfy ! notion ( t trans=mation1 ! advanc$ gu>d w\ld h to be completely brok5 up into a *a9 ( small po/s1 hav+ ei!r only a v small =ce1 or none at all 9 a =m approa*+ to a mass4 ,9 o!r words1 ! idea ( a l9e ( outpo/s mu/ pr$om9ate ov] t ( a conc5trat$ corps4 ,! %ort] ! "t ( re/ ( ! army1 ! less complete does ! cov]+ ( ! army require to be1 = ! enemy has h>dly "t to le>n f day to day :at is cov]$ & :at is n4 ,! long] ! halt is to be ! m complete mu/ be ! obs]vation & cov]+ ( all po9ts ( approa*4 ,z a rule1 !re=e1 :5 ! halt is long1 ! vangu>d becomes always m & m ext5d$ into a l9e ( po/s4 ,:e!r ! *ange becomes complete1 or :e!r ! idea ( a conc5trat$ corps %all cont9ue upp]mo/1 dep5ds *iefly on two circum/ances4 ,! fir/ is ! proximity ( ! cont5d+ armies1 ! second is ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,if ! armies are v close 9 comp>ison to ! wid? ( _! front1 !n x w (t5 be impossible to po/ a vangu>d betwe5 !m1 & ! armies are oblig$ to place _! dep5d5ce on a *a9 ( outpo/s4 ,a conc5trat$ corps1 z x cov]s ! approa*es to ! army less directly1 g5]ally requires m "t & space to act effici5tly2 & !re=e1 if ! army cov]s a great ext5t ( front1 z 9 cantonm5ts1 & a corps /&+ 9 mass is to cov] all ! av5ues ( approa*1 x is necess>y t we %\ld be at a consid]able di/ance f ! enemy2 on ?is acc\nt w9t] qu>t]s1 = in/ance1 are g5]ally cov]$ by a cordon ( po/s4 ,! second circum/ance is ! nature ( ! c\ntry2 :]e1 = example1 any =midable ob/acle ( gr\nd af=ds ! means ( =m+ a /rong l9e ( po/s ) b few troops1 we %\ld n neglect to take advantage ( x4 ,la/ly1 9 w9t] qu>t]s1 ! rig\r ( ! season may also be a reason = break+ up ! advanc$ gu>d into a l9e ( po/s1 because x is easi] to f9d %elt] = x 9 t way4 ,! use ( a re9=c$ l9e ( outpo/s 0 br\ght to great p]fection by ! ,anglo-,dut* army1 dur+ ! campaign ( #agid & #agie1 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :5 ! l9e ( def5ce 0 =m$ by brigades compos$ ( all arms1 9 s+le po/s1 & support$ by a res]ve4 ,s*>nhor/1 :o 0 ) t army1 introduc$ ?is sy/em into ! ,prussian army on ! ,pass>ge 9 #ahjg4 ,else:]e 9 mod]n times1 x has be5 little adopt$1 *iefly because ! w>s h be5 too ri* 9 movem5t4 ,b ev5 :5 !re has be5 occasion = its use x has be5 neglect$1 z = in/ance1 by ,murat1 at ,t>ut9o4 ,a wid] ext5sion ( 8 def5sive l9e w\ld h sp>$ him ! loss ( ?irty pieces ( artill]y 9 a combat ( out-po/s4 ,x _c be disput$ t 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 great advantages may be d]iv$ f ?is sy/em4 ,we propose to return to ! subject on ano!r occasion4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,mode ( ,action ( ,advanc$ ,corps ,we h j se5 h[ ! security ( ! army is expect$1 f ! effect :i* an advanc$ gu>d & flank corps produce on an advanc+ enemy4 ,su* corps are always to be consid]$ z v weak :5ev] we imag9e !m 9 conflict ) ! ma9 body ( ! enemy1 & !re=e a peculi> mode ( us+ !m is requir$1 t !y may fulfil ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$1 )\t incurr+ ! risk ( ! s]i\s loss :i* is to be fe>$ f ?is disproportion 9 /r5g?4 ,! object ( a corps ( ?is description1 is to obs]ve ! enemy1 & to delay 8 progress4 ,= ! fir/ ( ^! purposes a small] body w\ld nev] be suffici5t1 p>tly because x w\ld be m easily driv5 back1 p>tly because its means ( obs]vation t is its eyes c\ld n rea* z f>4 ,b ! obs]vation mu/ be c>ri$ to a high po9t2 ! enemy mu/ be made to develop 8 :ole /r5g? be=e su* a corps1 & !reby reveal to a c]ta9 ext5t1 n only 8 =ce1 b also 8 plans4 ,= ?is its m]e pres5ce w\ld be suffici5t1 & x w\ld only be necess>y to wait & see ! measures by :i* ! enemy seeks to drive x back1 & !n comm5ce its retreat at once4 ,b fur!r1 x mu/ also delay ! advance ( ! enemy1 & t implies actual resi/ance4 ,n[ h[ c we conceive ?is wait+ until ! la/ mom5t1 z well z ?is resi/ance1 )\t su* a corps be+ 9 con/ant dang] ( s]i\s loss8 ,*iefly 9 ?is way1 t ! enemy himself is prec$$ by an advanc$ gu>d1 & !re=e does n advance at once ) all ! outflank+ & ov]p[]+ weight ( 8 :ole =ce4 ,n[1 if ?is advance gu>d is also f ! comm5cem5t sup]ior to our advanc$ corps1 z we may naturally suppose x is int5d$ x %\ld be1 & if ! enemy's ma9 body is also ne>] to 8 advanc$ gu>d ?an we are to ours1 & if t ma9 body1 be+ already on ! m>*1 w soon be on ! spot to support ! attack ( 8 advanc$ gu>d ) all 8 /r5g?1 /ill ?is fir/ act1 9 :i* our advanc$ corps has to cont5d ) ! enemy's advanc$ gu>d1 t is ) a =ce n mu* exce$+ its own1 ensures at once a c]ta9 ga9 ( "t1 & ?us all[s ( our wat*+ ! adv]s>y's movem5ts = "s "t )\t endang]+ our own retreat4 ,b ev5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( resi/ance :i* su* a corps c (f] 9 a suitable position is n att5d$ ) su* disadvantage z we might anticipate 9 o!r cases ?r\gh ! disproportion 9 ! /r5g? ( ! =ces engag$4 ,! *ief dang] 9 a conte/ ) a sup]ior enemy consi/s always 9 ! possibility ( be+ turn$ & plac$ 9 a critical situation by ! enemy envelop+ our position2 b 9 ! case to :i* our att5tion is n[ direct$1 a risk ( ?is description is v mu* less1 ow+ to ! advanc+ enemy nev] kn[+ exactly h[ ne> !re may be support f ! ma9 body ( 8 oppon5t's army itself1 :i* may place 8 advanc$ column betwe5 two fires4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ! enemy 9 advanc+ keeps ! heads ( 8 s+le columns z ne>ly z possible 9 l9e1 & only beg9s v cauti\sly to attempt to turn "o or o!r w+ aft] he has suffici5tly reconnoitr$ our position4 ,:ile ! enemy is ?us feel+ ab\t & mov+ gu>d$ly1 ! corps we h ?r[n =w>d has "t to fall back be=e x is 9 any s]i\s dang]4 ,z = ! l5g? ( ! resi/ance :i* su* a corps %\ld (f] aga9/ ! attack 9 front1 or aga9/ ! comm5cem5t ( any turn+ movem5t1 t dep5ds *iefly on ! nature ( ! gr\nd & ! proximity ( ! enemy's supports4 ,if ?is resi/ance is cont9u$ beyond its natural measure1 ei!r f want ( judgm5t or f a sacrifice be+ necess>y 9 ord] to give ! ma9 body ! "t x requires1 ! consequ5ce mu/ always be a v consid]able loss4 ,x is only 9 r>e in/ances1 & m especially :5 "s local ob/acle is fav\rable1 t ! resi/ance actually made 9 su* a combat c be ( importance1 & ! duration ( ! little battle ( su* a corps w\ld 9 itself be h>dly suffici5t to ga9 ! "t requir$2 t "t is really ga9$ 9 a ?reefold mann]1 :i* lies 9 ! nature ( ! ?+1 viz43 #a4 ,by ! m cauti\s1 & consequ5tly sl[] advance ( ! enemy4 #b4 ,by ! duration ( ! actual resi/ance (f]$4 #c4 ,by ! retreat itself4 ,?is retreat mu/ be made z sl[ly z is consi/5t ) safety4 ,if ! c\ntry af=ds good positions !y %\ld be made use (1 z t obliges ! enemy to organise fre% attacks & plans = turn+ movem5ts1 & by t means m "t is ga9$4 ,p]haps 9 a new position a real combat ev5 may aga9 be f\ght4 ,we see t ! opposition to ! enemy's progress by actual fight+ & ! retreat are completely comb9$ ) "o ano!r1 & t ! %ortness ( ! duration ( ! fights mu/ be made up = by _! frequ5t repetition4 ,?is is ! k9d ( resi/ance :i* an advanc$ corps %\ld (f]4 ,! degree ( effect dep5ds *iefly on ! /r5g? ( ! corps1 & ! configuration ( ! c\ntry2 next on ! l5g? ( ! road :i* ! corps has to m>* ov]1 & ! support :i* x receives4 ,a small body1 ev5 :5 ! =ces on bo? sides are equal c nev] make z long a /& z a consid]able corps2 = ! l>g] ! masses ! m "t !y require to complete _! action1 ( :atev] k9d x may be4 ,9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry ! m]e m>*+ is ( itself sl[]1 ! resi/ance 9 ! diff]5t positions long]1 & att5d$ ) less dang]1 & at e /ep fav\rable positions may be f\nd4 ,z ! di/ance to :i* a corps is pu%$ =w>d increases s w ! l5g? ( its retreat1 & !re=e also ! absolute ga9 ( "t by its resi/ance2 b z su* a corps by its position has less p[] ( resi/ance 9 itself1 & is less easily re9=c$1 its retreat mu/ be made m rapidly 9 proportion ?an if x /ood ne>] ! ma9 body1 & _h a %ort] di/ance to trav]se4 ,! support & means ( rally+ af=d$ to an advanc$ corps mu/ naturally h an influ5ce on ! duration ( ! resi/ance1 z all ! "t t prud5ce requires = ! security ( ! retreat is s mu* tak5 f ! resi/ance1 & !re=e dim9i%es its am\nt4 ,!re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! "t ga9$ by ! resi/ance ( an advanc$ corps :5 ! enemy makes 8 fir/ appe>ance aft] midday2 9 su* a case ! l5g? ( ! night is s mu* additional "t ga9$1 z ! advance is seldom cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! night4 ,?us x 0 t1 9 #ahae1 on ! %ort di/ance f ,*>l]oi to ,ligny1 n m ?an two miles17997 ! fir/ ,prussian corps "u ,g5]al ,zie!n1 ab\t #cj1jjj /rong1 aga9/ ,buonap>te at ! head ( #abj1jjj m51 0 enabl$ to ga9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs = ! ,prussian army !n engag$ 9 conc5trat+4 ,! fir/ attack 0 made on ,g5]al ,zie!n ab\t n9e o'clock on ! morn+ ( #ae? ,june1 & ! battle ( ,ligny did n comm5ce until ab\t two on ! aft]noon ( #af?4 ,g5]al ,zie!n suff]$1 x is true1 v consid]able loss1 am\nt+ to five or six ?\s& m5 kill$1 w\nd$ or prison]s4 7997 ,"h1 z well z else:]e1 by ! ^w mile1 ! ,g]man mile is meant4--,tr4 ,if we ref] to exp]i5ce ! foll[+ are ! results1 :i* may s]ve z a basis 9 any calculations ( ?is k9d4 ,a division ( t5 or twelve ?\s& m51 ) a proportion ( cavalry1 a day's m>* ( ?ree or f\r miles 9 advance 9 an ord9>y c\ntry1 n p>ticul>ly /rong1 w be able to deta9 ! enemy 7includ+ "t occupi$ 9 ! retreat7 ab\t half z long aga9 z he w\ld o!rwise require to m>* ov] ! same gr\nd1 b if ! division is only a mile 9 advance1 !n ! enemy ought to be deta9$ ab\t twice or ?ree times z long z he o!rwise w\ld be on ! m>*4 ,!re=e suppos+ ! di/ance to be a m>* ( f\r miles1 = :i* usually t5 h\rs are requir$1 !n f ! mom5t t ! enemy appe>s 9 =ce 9 front ( ! advanc$ corps1 we may reckon ^u fifte5 h\rs be=e he is 9 a condition to attack our ma9 body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! advanc$ gu>d is po/$ only a mile 9 advance1 !n ! "t :i* w elapse be=e our army c be attack$ w be m ?an ?ree or f\r h\rs1 & may v easily come up to d\ble t1 = ! enemy /ill requires j z mu* "t to mature 8 fir/ measures aga9/ our advanc$ gu>d1 & ! resi/ance (f]$ by t gu>d 9 its orig9al position w be great] ?an x w\ld be 9 a position fur!r =w>d4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t 9 ! fir/ ( ^! suppos$ cases ! enemy _c easily make an attack on our ma9 body on ! same day t he presses back ! advanc$ corps1 & ?is exactly co9cides ) ! results ( exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! second case ! enemy mu/ succe$ 9 driv+ our advanc$ gu>d f its gr\nd 9 ! fir/ half ( ! day to h ! requisite "t = a g5]al action4 ,z ! night comes to our help 9 ! fir/ ( ^! suppos$ cases1 we see h[ mu* "t may be ga9$ by an advanc$ gu>d ?r[n fur!r =w>d4 ,) ref]5ce to corps plac$ on ! sides or flanks1 ! object ( :i* we h be=e expla9$1 ! mode ( action is 9 mo/ cases m or less connect$ ) circum/ances :i* belong to ! prov9ce ( imm$iate application4 ,! simple/ way is to look ^u !m z advanc$ gu>ds plac$ on ! sides1 :i* be+ at ! same "t ?r[n out some:at 9 advance1 retreat 9 an oblique direction ^u ! army4 ,z ^! corps are n imm$iately 9 ! front ( ! army1 & _c be s easily support$ z a regul> advanc$ gu>d1 !y w\ld1 !re=e1 be expos$ to great] dang] if x 0 n t ! enemy's (f5sive p[] 9 mo/ cases is some:at less at ! out] extremities ( 8 l9e1 & 9 ! wor/ cases su* corps h suffici5t room to give way )\t expos+ ! army s directly to dang] z a fly+ advanc$ gu>d w\ld 9 its rapid retreat4 ,! mo/ usual & be/ means ( support+ an advanc$ corps is by a consid]able body ( cavalry1 = :i* reason1 :5 necess>y f ! di/ance at :i* ! corps is advanc$1 ! res]ve cavalry is po/$ betwe5 ! ma9 body & ! advanc$ corps4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f ! prec$+ reflections is1 t an advanc$ corps effects m by its pres5ce ?an by its ef=ts1 less by ! combats 9 :i* x engages ?an by ! possibility ( ^? 9 :i* x might engage3 t x %\ld nev] attempt to /op ! enemy's movem5ts1 b only s]ve l a p5dulum to mod]ate & regulate !m1 s t !y may be made matt] ( calculation4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,camps ,we are n[ consid]+ ! ?ree situations ( an army outside ( ! combat only /rategically1 t is1 s f> z !y are condition$ by place1 "t1 & ! numb] ( ! effective =ce4 ,all ^? subjects :i* relate to ! int]nal arrangem5t ( ! combat & ! transition into ! /ate ( combat belong to tactics4 ,! disposition 9 camps1 "u :i* we mean e disposition ( an army except 9 qu>t]s1 :e!r x be 9 t5ts1 huts1 or biv\ac1 is /rategically completely id5tical ) ! combat :i* is cont+5t ^u su* disposition4 ,tactically1 x is n s always1 = we c1 = _m reasons1 *oose a site = encamp+ :i* is n precisely id5tical ) ! propos$ field ( battle4 ,hav+ already said all t is necess>y on ! disposition ( an army1 t is1 on ! position ( ! diff]5t p>ts1 we h only to make "s obs]vations on camps 9 connection ) _! hi/ory4 ,9 =m] times1 t is1 be=e armies grew once m to consid]able dim5sions1 be=e w>s became ( great] duration1 & _! p>tial acts br\ght into connection ) a :ole or g5]al plan1 & up to ! "t ( ! w> ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 armies always us$ t5ts4 ,?is 0 _! normal /ate4 ,) ! comm5cem5t ( ! mild season ( ! ye> !y left _! qu>t]s1 & did n aga9 take !m up until w9t] set 94 ,w9t] qu>t]s at t "t mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t be look$ ^u z a /ate ( no w>1 = 9 !m ! =ces 7 neutralis$1 ! :ole clockwork /opp$1 qu>t]s to refre% an army :i* prec$$ ! real w9t] qu>t]s1 & o!r tempor>y cantonm5ts1 = a %ort "t )9 contract$ limits 7 transitional & exceptional conditions4 ,?is is n ! place to enquire h[ su* a p]iodical volunt>y neutralisation ( p[] consi/$ )1 or is n[ consi/5t ) ! object & be+ ( w>2 we %all come to t subject h]eaft]4 ,en\gh t x 0 s4 ,s9ce ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 armies h completely done away ) ! t5ts on acc\nt ( ! encumbrance !y cause4 ,p>tly x is f\nd bett] = an army ( #ajj1jjj m5 to h1 9 place ( #f1jjj t5t horses1 #e1jjj additional cavalry1 or a c\ple ( hundr$ extra guns1 p>tly x has be5 f\nd t 9 great & rapid op]ations a load ( t5ts is a h9drance1 & ( little use4 ,b ?is *ange is att5d$ ) two drawbacks1 viz41 an increase ( casualties 9 ! =ce1 & great] wa/+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,h[ev] slight ! protection af=d$ by a ro( ( common t5t clo?1--x _c be d5i$ t on a long cont9uance x is great relief to ! troops4 ,= a s+le day ! diff]5ce is small1 because a t5t is little protection aga9/ w9d & cold1 & does n completely exclude wet2 b ?is small diff]5ce1 if repeat$ two or ?ree hundr$ times 9 a ye>1 becomes important4 ,a great] loss ?r\gh sickness is j a natural result4 ,h[ ! deva/ation ( ! c\ntry is increas$ ?r\gh ! want ( t5ts = ! troops requires no explanation4 ,"o w\ld suppose t on acc\nt ( ^! two reaction>y influ5ces ! do+ away ) t5ts mu/ h dim9i%$ aga9 ! en]gy ( w> 9 ano!r way1 t troops mu/ rema9 long] 9 qu>t]s1 & f want ( ! requisites = encampm5t mu/ =ego _m positions :i* w\ld h be5 possible _h t5ts be5 =?com+4 ,?is w\ld inde$ h be5 ! case _h !re n be51 9 ! same epo* ( "t1 an enorm\s revolution 9 w> g5]ally1 :i* swall[$ up 9 itself all ^! small] subord9ate influ5ces4 ,! elem5t>y fire ( w> has become s ov]p[]+1 its en]gy s extraord9>y1 t ^! regul> p]iods ( re/ also h disappe>$1 & e p[] presses =w>d ) p]si/5t =ce t[>ds ! great decision1 :i* w be treat$ ( m fully 9 ! n9? book4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !re=e1 any "q ab\t effects on an army f ! discont9uance ( ! use ( t5ts 9 ! field is q ?r[n into ! %ade4 ,troops n[ occupy huts1 or biv\ac "u ! canopy ( heav51 )\t reg>d to season ( ! ye>1 wea!r1 or locality1 j accord+ z ! g5]al plan & object ( ! campaign require4 ,:e!r w> w 9 ! future cont9ue to ma9ta91 "u all circum/ances & at all times1 ?is en]gy1 is a "q we %all consid] h]eaft]2 :]e ?is en]gy is want+1 ! want ( t5ts is calculat$ to ex]cise "s influ5ce on ! conduct ( w>2 b t ?is reaction w ev] be /rong en\gh to br+ back ! use ( t5ts is v d\btful1 because n[ t mu* wid] limits h be5 op5$ = ! elem5ts ( w> x w nev] return )9 its old n>r[ b\nds1 except occasionally = a c]ta9 "t & "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 only to break out aga9 ) ! all-p[]ful =ce ( its nature4 ,p]man5t arrangem5ts = an army mu/1 !re=e1 be bas$ only ^u t nature4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,m>*es ,m>*es are a m]e passage f "o position to ano!r "u two prim>y conditions4 ,! fir/ is ! due c>e ( ! troops1 s t no =ces %all be squ&]$ uselessly :5 !y might be usefully employ$2 ! second1 is precision 9 ! movem5ts1 s t !y may fit exactly4 ,if we m>*$ #ajj1jjj m5 9 "o s+le column1 t is1 ^u "o road )\t int]vals ( "t1 ! re> ( ! column w\ld nev] arrive at ! propos$ de/9ation on ! same day ) ! head ( ! column2 we mu/ ei!r advance at an unusually sl[ pace1 or ! mass w\ld1 l a ?read ( wat]1 disp]se itself 9 drops2 & ?is disp]sion1 toge!r ) ! excessive ex]tion laid ^u ^? 9 re> ow+ to ! l5g? ( ! column1 w\ld soon ?r[ ev]y?+ into confusion4 ,if f ?is extreme we take ! opposite direction1 we f9d t ! small] ! mass ( troops 9 "o column ! great] ! ease & precision ) :i* ! m>* c be p]=m$4 ,! result ( ?is is ! ne$ ( a division q irrespective ( t division ( an army 9 sep>ate p>ts :i* belongs to its position2 !re=e1 al?\gh ! division into columns ( m>* orig9ates 9 ! /rategic disposition 9 g5]al1 x does n d s 9 e p>ticul> case4 ,a great mass :i* is to be conc5trat$ at any "o po9t mu/ necess>ily be divid$ = ! m>*4 ,b ev5 if a disposition ( ! army 9 sep>ate p>ts causes a m>* 9 sep>ate divisions1 sometimes ! conditions ( ! primitive disposition1 sometimes ^? ( ! m>*1 are p>am\nt4 ,= in/ance1 if ! disposition ( ! troops is "o made m]ely = re/1 "o 9 :i* a battle is n expect$1 !n ! conditions ( ! m>* pr$om9ate1 & ^! conditions are *iefly ! *oice ( good1 well-frequ5t$ roads4 ,keep+ 9 view ?is diff]5ce1 we *oose a road 9 ! "o case on acc\nt ( ! qu>t]s & camp+ gr\nd1 9 ! o!r we take ! qu>t]s & camps su* z !y are1 on acc\nt ( ! road4 ,:5 a battle is expect$1 & ev]y?+ dep5ds on our rea*+ a p>ticul> po9t ) a mass ( troops1 !n we %\ld ?9k no?+ ( gett+ to t po9t by ev5 ! wor/ by-roads1 if necess>y2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 we are /ill on ! j\rney to ! !atre ( w>1 !n ! ne>e/ great roads are select$ = ! columns1 & we look out = ! be/ qu>t]s & camps t c be got ne> !m4 ,:e!r ! m>* is ( ! "o k9d or ! o!r1 if !re is a possibility ( a combat1 t is )9 ! :ole region ( actual w>1 x is an inv>iable rule 9 ! mod]n art ( w> to organise ! columns s t ! mass ( troops compos+ ea* column is fit ( itself to engage 9 an indep5d5t combat4 ,?is condition is satisfi$ by ! comb9ation ( ! ?ree arms1 by an organis$ subdivision ( ! :ole1 & by ! appo9tm5t ( a compet5t comm&]4 ,m>*es1 !re=e1 h be5 ! *ief cause ( ! new ord] ( battle1 & !y pr(it mo/ by x4 ,:5 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 especially 9 ! !atre ( w> 9 :i* ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 0 engag$1 g5]als began to look ^u movem5t z a pr9ciple belong+ to fight+1 & to ?9k ( ga9+ ! victory by ! effect ( unexpect$ movem5ts1 ! want ( an organis$ ord] ( battle caus$ ! mo/ complicat$ & labori\s evolutions on a m>*4 ,9 c>ry+ out a movem5t ne> ! enemy1 an army ought to be always ready to fight2 b at t "t !y 7 nev] ready to fight unless ! :ole army 0 collectively pres5t1 because no?+ less ?an ! army con/itut$ a complete :ole4 ,9 a m>* to a flank1 ! second l9e1 9 ord] to be always at ! regulat$ di/ance1 t is ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ! fir/1 _h to m>* up hill & d[n dale1 :i* dem&$ imm5se ex]tion1 z well z a great /ock ( local k2 = :]e c "o f9d two good roads runn+ p>allel at a di/ance ( a qu>t] ( a mile f ea* o!r8 ,! cavalry on ! w+s _h to enc\nt] ! same difficulties :5 ! m>* 0 direct to ! front4 ,!re 0 o!r difficulty ) ! artill]y1 :i* requir$ a road = itself1 protect$ by infantry2 = ! l9es ( infantry requir$ to be cont9u\s l9es1 & ! artill]y increas$ ! l5g? ( _! already long trail+ columns /ill m1 & ?rew all _! regulat$ di/ances into disord]4 ,x is only necess>y to read ! dispositions = m>*es 9 ,tempelh('s ,hi/ory ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 to be satisfi$ ( all ^! incid5ts & ( ! re/ra9ts ?us impos$ on ! action ( w>4 ,b s9ce !n ! mod]n art ( w> has subdivid$ armies on a regul> pr9ciple1 s t ea* ( ! pr9cipal p>ts =ms 9 itself a complete :ole1 ( small proportions1 b capable ( act+ 9 battle precisely l ! great :ole1 except 9 "o respect1 :i* is1 t ! duration ( its action mu/ be %ort]4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is *ange is1 t ev5 :5 x is int5d$ t ! :ole =ce %\ld take "p 9 a battle1 x is no long] necess>y to h ! columns s close to ea* o!r t !y may unite be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! combat2 x is suffici5t n[ if ! conc5tration takes place 9 ! c\rse ( ! action4 ,! small] a body ( troops ! m easily x c be mov$1 & !re=e ! less x requires t subdivision :i* is n a result ( ! sep>ate disposition1 b ( ! unwield9ess ( ! mass4 ,a small body1 !re=e1 c m>* ^u "o road1 & if x is to advance on sev]al l9es x easily f9ds roads ne> ea* o!r :i* are z good z x requires4 ,! great] ! mass ! great] becomes ! necessity = subdivid+1 ! great] becomes ! numb] ( columns1 & ! want ( made roads1 or ev5 great high roads1 consequ5tly also ! di/ance ( ! columns f ea* o!r4 ,n[ ! dang] ( ?is subdivision is ari?metically express$ 9 an inv]se ratio to ! necessity = x4 ,! small] ! p>ts are1 ! m readily mu/ !y be able to r5d] assi/ance to ea* o!r2 ! l>g] !y are1 ! long] !y c be left to dep5d on !mselves4 ,if we only call to m9d :at has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ book on ?is subject1 & also consid] t 9 cultivat$ c\ntries at a few miles di/ance f ! ma9 road !re are always o!r tol]ably good roads runn+ 9 a p>allel direction1 x is easy to see t1 9 regulat+ a m>*1 !re are no great difficulties :i* make rapidity & precision 9 ! advance incompatible ) ! prop] conc5tration ( =ce4 ,9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry p>allel roads are bo? sc>ce1 & ! difficulties ( communication betwe5 !m great2 b ! def5sive p[]s ( a s+le column are v mu* great]4 ,9 ord] to make ?is idea cle>] let u look at x = a mom5t 9 a concrete =m4 ,a division ( #h1jjj m51 ) its artill]y & o!r c>riages1 takes up1 z we "k by exp]i5ce 9 ord9>y cases1 a space ( "o league2 if1 !re=e1 two divisions m>* "o aft] ! o!r on ! same road1 ! second arrives "o h\r aft] ! fir/2 b n[1 z said 9 ! six? *apt] ( ! f\r? book1 a division ( ?is /r5g? is q capable ( ma9ta9+ a combat = sev]al h\rs1 ev5 aga9/ a sup]ior =ce1 &1 !re=e1 suppos+ ! wor/1 t is1 suppos+ ! fir/ _h to comm5ce a fight in/antane\sly1 /ill ! second division w\ld n arrive too late4 ,fur!r1 )9 a league "r & left ( ! road on :i* we m>*1 9 ! cultivat$ c\ntries ( c5tral ,europe !re are1 g5]ally1 lat]al roads :i* c be us$ = a m>*1 s t !re is no necessity to g across c\ntry1 z 0 s (t5 done 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,aga91 x is kn[n by exp]i5ce t ! head ( a column compos$ ( f\r divisions & a res]ve ( cavalry1 ev5 on indiff]5t roads1 g5]ally gets ov] a m>* ( ?ree miles 9 eight h\rs2 n[1 if we reckon = ea* division "o league 9 dep?1 & ! same = ! res]ve cavalry & artill]y1 !n ! :ole m>* w la/ ?irte5 h\rs4 ,?is is no great l5g? ( "t1 & yet 9 ?is case =ty ?\s& m5 w\ld h m>*$ ov] ! same road4 ,b ) su* a mass z ?is we c make use ( lat]al roads1 :i* are to be f\nd at a great] di/ance1 & !re=e easily %ort5 ! m>*4 ,if ! mass ( troops m>*+ on ! same road is /ill great] ?an above suppos$1 !n x is a case 9 :i* ! arrival ( ! :ole on ! same day is no long] indisp5sable1 = su* masses nev] give battle n[ ! mom5t !y meet1 usually n until ! next day4 ,we h introduc$ ^! concrete cases1 n z exhau/+ consid]ations ( ?is k9d1 b to make ourselves m intelligible1 & by means ( ?is glance at ! results ( exp]i5ce to %[ t 9 ! pres5t mode ( conduct+ w> ! organisation ( m>*es no long] (f]s su* great difficulties2 t ! mo/ rapid m>*es1 execut$ ) ! greate/ precision1 no long] require ei!r t peculi> skill or t exact k ( ! c\ntry :i* 0 ne$$ = ,fr$]ick's rapid & exact m>*es 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,?r\gh ! exi/+ organisation ( armies1 !y r g on n[ almo/ ( !mselves1 at lea/ )\t any great prep>atory plans4 ,9 times pa/1 battles 7 conduct$ by m]e ^w ( comm&1 b m>*es requir$ a regul> plan1 n[ ! ord] ( battle requires ! latt]1 & = a m>* ! ^w ( comm& almo/ suffices4 ,z is well kn[n1 all m>*es are ei!r p]p5dicul> to ! front or p>allel4 ,! latt]1 also call$ flank m>*es1 alt] ! geometrical position ( ! divisions2 ^? p>ts :i*1 9 position1 7 9 l9e1 w foll[ "o ano!r1 & vice v]sa4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! l9e ( m>* may be at any angle ) ! front1 /ill ! ord] ( ! m>* mu/ decid$ly be ( "o or o!r ( ^! classes4 ,?is geometrical alt]ation c\ld only be completely c>ri$ out by tactics1 & by x only ?r\gh ! file-m>* z x is call$1 :i*1 ) great masses1 is impossible4 ,f> less is x possible = /rategy to d x4 ,! p>ts :i* *ang$ _! geometrical relation 9 ! old ord] ( battle 7 only ! c5tre & w+s2 9 ! new !y are ! divisions ( ! fir/ rank corps1 divisions1 or ev5 brigades1 accord+ to ! organisation ( ! army4 ,n[1 ! consequ5ces above d$uc$ f ! new ord] ( battle h an influ5ce "h also1 = z x is no long] s necess>y1 z =m]ly1 t ! :ole army %\ld be assembl$ be=e action comm5ces1 !re=e ! great] c>e is tak5 t ^? troops :i* m>* toge!r =m "o :ole 7a unit74 ,if two divisions 7 s plac$ t "o =m$ ! res]ve to ! o!r1 & t !y 7 to advance aga9/ ! enemy ^u two roads1 no "o w\ld ?9k ( s5d+ a portion ( ea* division by ea* ( ! roads1 b a road w\ld at once be assign$ to ea* division2 !y w\ld !re=e m>* side by side1 & ea* g5]al ( division w\ld be left to provide a res]ve = himself 9 case ( a combat4 ,unity ( comm& is mu* m important ?an ! orig9al geometrical relation2 if ! divisions rea* _! new position )\t a combat1 !y c resume _! previ\s relations4 ,mu* less if two divisions1 /&+ toge!r1 are to make a p>allel 7flank7 m>* ^u two roads %\ld we ?9k ( plac+ ! second l9e or res]ve ( ea* division on ! re> road2 in/ead ( t1 we %\ld allot to ea* ( ! divisions "o ( ! roads1 & !re=e dur+ ! m>* consid] "o division z =m+ ! res]ve to ! o!r4 ,if an army 9 f\r divisions1 ( :i* ?ree =m ! front l9e & ! f\r? ! res]ve1 is to m>* aga9/ ! enemy 9 t ord]1 !n x is natural to assign a road to ea* ( ! divisions 9 front1 & cause ! res]ve to foll[ ! c5tre4 ,if !re are n ?ree roads at a suitable di/ance ap>t1 !n we ne$ n hesitate at once to m>* ^u two roads1 z no s]i\s inconv5i5ce c arise f s do+4 ,x is ! same 9 ! opposite case1 ! flank m>*4 ,ano!r po9t is ! m>* (f ( columns f ! "r flank or left4 ,9 p>allel m>*es 7m>*es to a flank7 ! ?+ is pla9 9 itself4 ,no "o w\ld m>* (f f ! "r to make a movem5t to ! left flank4 ,9 a m>* to ! front or re>1 ! ord] ( m>* %\ld prop]ly be *os5 accord+ to ! direction ( ! l9es ( roads 9 respect to ! future l9e ( deploym5t4 ,?is may also be done frequ5tly 9 tactics1 z its spaces are small]1 & !re=e a survey ( ! geometrical relations c be m easily tak54 ,9 /rategy x is q impossible1 & !re=e al?\gh we h se5 "h & !re a c]ta9 analogy br\ght ov] into /rategy f tactics1 x 0 m]e p$antry4 ,=m]ly ! :ole ord] ( m>* 0 a purely tactical affair1 because ! army on a m>* rema9$ always an indivisible :ole1 & look$ to no?+ b a combat ( ! :ole2 yet nev]!less ,s*w]91 = example1 :5 he m>*$ (f f 8 position ne> ,br&eis1 on ! #e? ( ,may1 c\ld n tell :e!r 8 future field ( battle w\ld be on 8 "r or left1 & on ?is acc\nt he 0 oblig$ to make 8 fam\s c\nt]m>*4 ,if an army 9 ! old ord] ( battle advanc$ aga9/ ! enemy 9 f\r columns1 ! cavalry 9 ! fir/ & second l9es on ea* w+ =m$ ! two ext]ior columns1 ! two l9es ( infantry compos+ ! w+s =m$ ! two c5tral columns4 ,n[ ^! columns c\ld m>* (f all f ! "r or all f ! left1 or ! "r w+ f ! "r1 ! left w+ f ! left1 or ! left f ! "r1 & ! "r f ! left4 ,9 ! latt] case x w\ld h be5 call$ 8d\ble column f ! c5tre40 ,b all ^! =ms1 al?\gh !y ought to h _h a relation directly to ! future deploym5t1 7 really all q indiff]5t 9 t respect4 ,:5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great ent]$ on ! battle ( ,leu!n1 8 army _h be5 m>*$ (f by w+s f ! "r 9 f\r columns1 !re=e ! wond]ful transition to a m>* (f 9 ord] ( battle1 z describ$ by all writ]s ( hi/ory1 0 done ) ! greate/ ease1 because x happ5$ t ! k+ *ose to attack ! left w+ ( ! ,au/rians2 _h he want$ to turn _! "r1 he mu/ h c\nt]m>*$ 8 army1 z he did at ,prague4 ,if ^! =ms did n meet t object 9 ^? days1 !y w\ld be m]e trifl+ z reg>ds x n[4 ,we "k n[ j z little z =m]ly ! situation ( ! future battle-field 9 ref]5ce to ! road we take2 & ! little loss ( "t occasion$ by m>*+ (f 9 inv]t$ ord] is n[ inf9itely less important ?an =m]ly4 ,! new ord] ( battle has fur!r a b5eficial influ5ce 9 ?is respect1 t x is n[ immat]ial :i* division arrives fir/ or :i* brigade is br\ght "u fire fir/4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! m>* (f f ! "r or left is ( no consequ5ce n[1 o!rwise ?an t :5 x is done alt]nately x t5ds to equalise ! fatigue :i* ! troops und]go4 ,?is1 :i* is ! only object1 is c]ta9ly an important "o = reta9+ bo? modes ( m>*+ (f ) l>ge bodies4 ,! advance f ! c5tre z a def9ite evolution naturally comes to an end on acc\nt ( :at has j be5 /at$1 & c only take place accid5tally4 ,an advance f ! c5tre by "o & ! same column 9 /rategy is1 9 po9t ( fact1 nons5se1 = x supposes a d\ble road4 ,! ord] ( m>* belongs1 moreov]1 m to ! prov9ce ( tactics ?an to t ( /rategy1 = x is ! division ( a :ole into p>ts1 :i*1 aft] ! m>*1 are once m to resume ! /ate ( a :ole4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 mod]n w>f>e ! =mal connection ( ! p>ts is n requir$ to be con/antly kept up dur+ a m>*1 b on ! contr>y1 ! p>ts dur+ ! m>* may become fur!r sep>at$1 & !re=e be left m to _! own res\rces1 !re=e x is mu* easi] n[ = indep5d5t combats to happ5 9 :i* ! p>ts h to su/a9 !mselves1 & :i*1 !re=e mu/ be reckon$ z complete combats 9 !mselves1 & on t acc\nt we h ?\ght x necess>y to say s mu* on ! subject4 ,fur!r1 an ord] ( battle 9 ?ree p>ts 9 juxtaposition be+1 z we h se5 9 ! second #a *apt] ( ?is book1 ! mo/ natural :]e no special object pr$om9ates1 f t results also t ! ord] ( m>* 9 ?ree columns is ! mo/ natural4 ,x only rema9s to obs]ve t ! notion ( a column 9 /rategy does n f\nd itself ma9ly on ! l9e ( m>* ( "o body ( troops4 ,! t]m is us$ 9 /rategy to designate masses ( troops m>*+ on ! same road on diff]5t days z well4 ,= ! division into columns is made *iefly to %ort5 & facilitate ! m>*1 z a small numb] m>*es quick] & m conv5i5tly ?an l>ge bodies4 ,b ?is end may1 be atta9$ by m>*+ troops on diff]5t days1 z well z by m>*+ !m on diff]5t roads4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,m>*es 7,cont9u$7 ,respect+ ! l5g? ( a m>* & ! "t x requires1 x is natural = u to dep5d on ! g5]al results ( exp]i5ce4 ,= our mod]n armies x has long be5 settl$ t a m>* ( ?ree miles %\ld be ! usual day's "w :i*1 on long di/ances1 may be set d[n z an av]age di/ance ( two miles p] day1 all[+ = ! necess>y re/ days1 to make su* repairs ( all k9ds z may be requir$4 ,su* a m>* 9 a level c\ntry1 & on tol]able roads w occupy a division ( #h1jjj m5 f eight to t5 h\rs2 9 a hilly c\ntry f t5 to twelve h\rs4 ,if sev]al divisions are unit$ 9 "o column1 ! m>* w occupy a c\ple ( h\rs long]1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! int]vals :i* mu/ elapse betwe5 ! dep>ture ( ! fir/ & succe$+ divisions4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! day is pretty well occupi$ ) su* a m>*2 t ! fatigue endur$ by a soldi] load$ ) 8 pack = t5 or twelve h\rs is n to be judg$ ( by t ( an ord9>y j\rney ( ?ree miles on foot :i* a p]son1 on tol]able roads1 might easily get ov] 9 five h\rs4 ,! longe/ m>*es to be f\nd 9 exceptional in/ances are ( five1 or at mo/ six miles a day2 = a cont9uance f\r4 ,a m>* ( five miles requires a halt = sev]al h\rs2 & a division ( #h1jjj m5 w n d x1 ev5 on a good road1 9 less ?an sixte5 h\rs4 ,if ! m>* is "o ( six miles1 & t !re are sev]al divisions 9 ! column1 we may reckon ^u at lea/ tw5ty h\rs4 ,we "h mean ! m>* ( a numb] ( :ole divisions at once1 f "o camp to ano!r1 = t is ! usual =m ( m>*es made on a !atre ( w>4 ,:5 sev]al divisions are to m>* 9 "o column1 ! fir/ division to move is assembl$ & m>*$ (f e>li] ?an ! re/1 & !re=e arrives at its camp+ gr\nd s mu* ! soon]4 ,at ! same "t ?is diff]5ce c /ill nev] am\nt to ! :ole "t1 :i* corresponds to ! dep? ( a division on ! l9e ( m>*1 & :i* is s well express$ 9 ,fr5*1 z ! "t x requires = its dc\lem5t 7runn+ d[n74 ,! soldi] is1 !re=e1 sav$ v little fatigue 9 ?is way1 & e m>* is v mu* l5g!n$ 9 duration 9 proportion z ! numb] ( troops to be mov$ increases4 ,to assemble & m>* (f ! diff]5t brigades ( a division1 9 l mann] at diff]5t times1 is seldom practicable1 & = t reason we h tak5 ! division itself z ! unit4 ,9 long di/ances1 :5 troops m>* f "o cantonm5t into ano!r1 & g ov] ! road 9 small bodies1 & )\t po9ts ( assembly1 ! di/ance !y g ov] daily may c]ta9ly be increas$1 & 9 po9t ( fact x is s1 f ! necess>y det\rs 9 gett+ to qu>t]s4 ,b ^? m>*es1 on :i* troops h to assemble daily 9 divisions1 or p]haps 9 corps1 & h an additional move to get into qu>t]s1 take up ! mo/ "t1 & are only advisable 9 ri* c\ntries1 & :]e ! masses ( troops are n too l>ge1 z 9 su* cases ! great] facilility ( subsi/5ce & ! advantage ( ! %elt] :i* ! troops obta9 comp5sate suffici5tly = ! fatigue ( a long] m>*4 ,! ,prussian army und\bt$ly pursu$ a wrong sy/em 9 _! retreat 9 #ahjf 9 tak+ up qu>t]s = ! troops e night on acc\nt ( subsi/5ce4 ,!y c\ld h procur$ subsi/5ce 9 biv\acs1 & ! army w\ld n h be5 oblig$ to sp5d f\rte5 days 9 gett+ ov] fifty miles ( gr\nd1 :i*1 aft] all1 !y only accompli%$ by extreme ef=ts4 ,if a bad road or a hilly c\ntry has to be m>*$ ov]1 all ^! calculations z to "t & di/ance und]go su* modifications t x is difficult to e/imate1 ) any c]ta9ty1 9 any p>ticul> case1 ! "t requir$ = a m>*2 mu* less1 !n1 c any g5]al !ory be e/abli%$4 ,all t !ory c d is to direct att5tion to ! liability to error ) :i* we are "h beset4 ,to avoid x ! mo/ c>eful calculation is necess>y1 & a l>ge m>g9 = un=ese5 delays4 ,! influ5ce ( wea!r & condition ( ! troops also come into consid]ation4 ,s9ce ! do+ away ) t5ts & ! introduction ( ! sy/em ( subsi/+ troops by compulsory dem&s = provisions on ! spot1 ! baggage ( an army has be5 v s5sibly dim9i%$1 & z a natural & mo/ important consequ5ce we look fir/ = an accel]ation 9 ! movem5ts ( an army1 &1 !re=e1 ( c\rse1 an increase 9 ! l5g? ( ! day's m>*4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only realiz$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,m>*es )9 ! !atre ( w> h be5 v little accel]at$ by ?is means1 = x is well kn[n t = _m ye>s :5ev] ! object requir$ m>*es ( unusual l5g? x has always be5 ! practice to leave ! baggage beh9d or s5d x on be=eh&1 &1 g5]ally1 to keep x sep>ate f ! troops dur+ ! cont9uance ( su* movem5ts1 & x _h 9 g5]al no influ5ce on ! movem5t1 because z soon z x 0 out ( ! way1 & ceas$ to be a direct imp$im5t1 no fur!r tr\ble 0 tak5 ab\t x1 :atev] damage x might suff] 9 t way4 ,m>*es1 !re=e1 took place 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 :i* ev5 n[ _c be surpass$2 z an in/ance we cite ,lascy's m>* 9 #agfj1 :5 he _h to support ! div]sion ( ! ,russians on ,b]l91 on t occasion he got ov] ! road f ,s*weidnitz to ,b]l9 ?r\gh ,lusatia1 a di/ance ( #bbe miles1 9 t5 days1 av]ag+1 !re=e1 tw5ty-two miles a day1 :i*1 = a ,corps ( #ae1jjj1 w\ld be an extraord9>y m>* ev5 9 ^! days4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?r\gh ! new me?od ( supply+ troops ! movem5ts ( armies h acquir$ a new ret>d+ pr9ciple4 ,if troops h p>tly to procure supplies = !mselves1 :i* (t5 happ5s1 !n !y require m "t = ! s]vice ( supply ?an w\ld be necess>y m]ely to receive rations f provision wagons4 ,besides ?is1 on m>*es ( consid]able duration troops _c be encamp$ 9 su* l>ge numb]s at any "o po9t2 ! divisions mu/ be sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 9 ord] ! m easily to manage = !m4 ,la/ly1 x almo/ always happ5s t x is necess>y to place "p ( ! army1 p>ticul>ly ! cavalry1 9 qu>t]s4 ,all ?is occasions on ! :ole a s5sible delay4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 t ,buonap>te 9 pursuit ( ! ,prussians 9 #ahjf1 ) a view to cut (f _! retreat1 & ,bl*] 9 #ahae1 9 pursuit ( ! ,fr5*1 ) a l object1 only accompli%$ ?irty miles 9 t5 days1 a rate :i* ,fr$]ick ! ,great 0 able to atta9 9 8 m>*es f ,saxony to ,silesia & back1 not)/&+ all ! tra9 t he _h to c>ry ) him4 ,at ! same "t ! mobility & h&9ess1 if we may use su* an expression1 ( ! p>ts ( an army1 bo? great & small1 on ! !atre ( w> h v p]ceptibly ga9$ by ! dim9ution ( baggage4 ,p>tly1 inasmu* z :ile ! numb] ( cavalry & guns is ! same1 !re are few] horses1 & !re=e1 !re is less =age requir$2 p>tly1 inasmu* z we are no long] s mu* ti$ to any "o position1 because we h n to be = ev] look+ aft] a long tra9 ( baggage dragg+ aft] u4 ,m>*es su* z t1 :i*1 aft] rais+ ! siege ( ,olmtz1 #ageh1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great made ) #d1jjj c>riages1 ! escort ( :i* employ$ half 8 army brok5 up into s+le battalions & companies1 c\ld n be effect$ n[ 9 pres5ce ( ev5 ! mo/ timid adv]s>y4 ,on long m>*es1 z f ! ,tagus to ! ,niem51 t light5+ ( ! army is m s5sibly felt1 = al?\gh ! usual measure ( ! day's m>* rema9s ! same on acc\nt ( ! c>riages /ill rema9+1 yet1 9 cases ( great urg5cy1 we c exce$ t usual measure at a less sacrifice4 ,g5]ally ! dim9ution ( baggage t5ds m to a sav+ ( p[] ?an to ! accel]ation ( movem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,m>*es 7cont9u$7 ,we h n[ to consid] ! de/ructive influ5ce :i* m>*es h ^u an army4 ,x is s great t x may be reg>d$ z an active pr9ciple ( de/ruction1 j z mu* z ! combat4 ,"o s+le mod]ate m>* does n we> d[n ! in/rum5t1 b a succession ( ev5 mod]ate m>*es is c]ta9 to tell ^u x1 & a succession ( sev]e ones w1 ( c\rse1 d s mu* soon]4 ,at ! actual sc5e ( w>1 want ( food & %elt]1 bad brok5-up roads1 & ! necessity ( be+ 9 a p]petual /ate ( read9ess = battle1 are causes ( an excessive /ra9 ^u our means1 by :i* m51 cattle1 c>riages ( e description z well z clo?+ are ru9$4 ,x is commonly said t a long re/ does n suit ! physical heal? ( an army2 t at su* a "t !re is m sickness ?an dur+ mod]ate activity4 ,no d\bt sickness w & does occur if soldi]s are pack$ too close 9 conf9$ qu>t]s2 b ! same ?+ w\ld occur if ^! 7 qu>t]s tak5 up on ! m>*1 & ! want ( air & ex]cise c nev] be ! cause ( su* sicknesses1 z x is s easy to give ! soldi] bo? by means ( 8 ex]cises4 ,only ?9k = a mom5t1 :5 ! organism ( a human be+ is 9 a disord]$ & fa9t+ /ate1 :at a diff]5ce x mu/ make to him :e!r he falls sick 9 a h\se or is seiz$ 9 ! middle ( a high road1 up to 8 knees 9 mud1 "u torr5ts ( ra91 & load$ ) a knapsack on 8 back2 ev5 if he is 9 a camp he c soon be s5t to ! next village1 & w n be entirely )\t m$ical assi/ance1 :il/ on a m>* he mu/ be = h\rs )\t any assi/ance1 & !n be made to drag himself along = miles z a /raggl]4 ,h[ _m trifl+ illnesses by t means become s]i\s1 h[ _m s]i\s ones become mortal4 ,let u consid] h[ an ord9>y m>* 9 ! du/1 & "u ! burn+ rays ( a summ] sun may produce ! mo/ excessive heat1 9 :i* /ate1 suff]+ f intol]able ?ir/1 ! soldi] !n ru%es to ! fre% spr+ ( wat]1 to br+ back = himself sickness & dea?4 ,x is n our object by ^! reflections to recomm5d less activity 9 w>2 ! in/rum5t is !re = use1 & if ! use we>s away ! in/rum5t t is only 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s2 we only wi% to see e ?+ put 9 its "r place1 & to oppose t !oretical bomba/ accord+ to :i* ! mo/ a/oni%+ surprises ! mo/ rapid movem5ts1 ! mo/ incessant activity co/ no?+1 & are pa9t$ z ri* m9es :i* ! indol5ce ( ! g5]al leaves unwork$4 ,x is v mu* ! same ) ^! m9es z ) ^? f :i* gold & silv] are obta9$2 no?+ is se5 b ! produce1 & no "o asks ab\t ! value ( ! "w :i* has br\ght ?is produce to light4 ,on long m>*es outside a !atre ( w>1 ! conditions "u :i* ! m>* is made are no d\bt usually easi]1 & ! daily losses small]1 b on t acc\nt m5 ) ! slighte/ sickness are g5]ally lo/ to ! army = "s "t1 z x is difficult = convalesc5ts to ov]take an army con/antly advanc+4 ,among/ ! cavalry ! numb] ( lame horses & horses ) sore backs rises 9 an increas+ ratio1 & among/ ! c>riages _m break d[n or require repair4 ,x nev] fails1 !re=e1 t at ! end ( a m>* ( #ajj miles or m1 an army arrives mu* weak5$1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds its cavalry & tra94 ,if su* m>*es are necess>y on ! !atre ( w>1 t is "u ! eyes ( ! enemy1 !n t disadvantage is add$ to ! o!r1 & f ! two comb9$ ! losses ) l>ge masses ( troops1 & "u conditions o!rwise unfav\rable may am\nt to some?+ incr$ible4 ,only a c\ple ( examples 9 ord] to illu/rate our ideas4 ,:5 ,buonap>te cross$ ! ,niem5 on #bd? ,june1 #ahab1 ! enorm\s c5tre ( 8 army ) :i* he subsequ5tly m>*$ aga9/ ,mosc[ numb]$ #cja1jjj m54 ,at ,smol5sk1 on ! #ae? ,augu/1 he deta*$ #ac1ejj1 leav+1 x is to be suppos$1 #bhg1ejj4 ,! actual /ate ( 8 army h[ev] at t date 0 only #ahb1jjj2 he _h !re=e lo/ #aje1jjj47997 ,be>+ 9 m9d t up to t "t only two engagem5ts to speak ( _h tak5 place1 "o betwe5 ,dav\/ & ,braga?ion1 ! o!r betwe5 ,murat & ,tol/oy-,o/]man1 we may put d[n ! losses ( ! ,fr5* army 9 action at #aj1jjj m5 at mo/1 & !re=e ! losses 9 sick & /raggl]s )9 fifty-two days on a m>* ( ab\t sev5ty miles direct to 8 front1 am\nt$ to #ie1jjj1 t is a ?ird "p ( ! :ole army4 7997 ,all ^! figures are tak5 f ,*ambray4 ,v]gl4 ,bd4 vii4 #bte ,auflage1 #hj1 ff4 ,?ree weeks lat]1 at ! "t ( ! battle ( ,borod9o1 ! loss am\nt$ to #add1jjj 7includ+ ! casualties 9 ! battle71 & eight days aft] t aga91 at ,mosc[1 ! numb] 0 #aih1jjj4 ,! losses ( ?is army 9 g5]al 7 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! campaign at ! rate ( #a_/aej;daily1 subsequ5tly !y rose to #a_/abj1 & 9 ! la/ p]iod !y increas$ to #a_/ai ( ! orig9al /r5g?4 ,! movem5t ( ,napoleon f ! passage ( ! ,niem5 up to ,mosc[ c]ta9ly may be call$ a p]si/5t "o2 /ill1 we mu/ n =get t x la/$ eighty-two days1 9 :i* "t he only accompli%$ #abj miles1 & t ! ,fr5* army ^u two occasions made regul> halts1 once at ,wilna = ab\t f\rte5 days1 & ! o!r "t at ,witebsk = ab\t elev5 days1 dur+ :i* p]iods _m /raggl]s _h "t to rejo94 ,?is f\rte5 weeks' advance 0 n made at ! wor/ season ( ! ye>1 nor ov] ! wor/ ( roads1 = x 0 summ]1 & ! roads along :i* !y m>*$ 7 mo/ly s&4 ,x 0 ! imm5se mass ( troops collect$ on "o road1 ! want ( suffici5t subsi/5ce1 & an enemy :o 0 on ! retreat1 b by no means 9 flight1 :i* 7 ! adv]se conditions4 ,( ! retreat ( ! ,fr5* army f ,mosc[ to ! ,niem51 we %all say no?+1 b ?is we may m5tion1 t ! ,russian army foll[+ !m left ,kaluga #abj1jjj /rong1 & rea*$ ,wilna ) #cj1jjj4 ,e "o kn[s h[ few m5 7 lo/ 9 actual combats dur+ t p]iod4 ,"o m example f ,bl*]'s campaign ( #ahac 9 ,silesia & ,saxony1 a campaign v rem>kable n = any long m>* b = ! am\nt ( m>*+ to & fro4 ,york's corps ( ,bl*]'s army began ?is campaign #af? ,augu/ ab\t #dj1jjj /rong1 & 0 r$uc$ to #ab1jjj at ! battle ( ,leipsic1 #ai? ,octob]4 ,! pr9cipal combats :i* ?is corps f\ght at ,goldb]g1 ,l[5b]g1 on ! ,katsba*1 at ,w>t5burg1 & ,mock]n 7,leipsic7 co/ x1 on ! au?ority ( ! be/ writ]s1 #ab1jjj m54 ,accord+ to t _! losses f o!r causes 9 eight weeks am\nt$ to #af1jjj1 or two-fif?s ( ! :ole4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 make up our m9ds to great we> & te> ( our own =ces1 if we are to c>ry on a w> ri* 9 movem5ts1 we mu/ arrange ! re/ ( our plan accord+ly1 & above all ?+s ! re9=cem5ts :i* are to foll[4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,cantonm5ts ,9 ! mod]n sy/em ( w> cantonm5ts h become aga9 indisp5sable1 because nei!r t5ts nor a complete milit>y tra9 make an army indep5d5t ( !m4 ,huts & op5-air camps 7biv\acs z !y are call$71 h[ev] f> su* arrangem5ts may be c>ri$1 c /ill nev] become ! usual way ( locat+ troops )\t sickness ga9+ ! upp] h&1 & prematurely exhau/+ _! /r5g?1 soon] or lat]1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r or climate4 ,! campaign 9 ,russia 9 #ahab is "o ( ! few 9 :i*1 9 a v sev]e climate1 ! troops1 dur+ ! six mon?s t x la/$ h>dly ev] lay 9 cantonm5ts4 ,b :at 0 ! consequ5ce ( ?is extreme ef=t1 :i* %\ld be call$ an extravagance1 if t t]m 0 n mu* m applicable to ! political conception ( ! ent]prise6 ,two ?+s int]f]e ) ! occupation ( cantonm5ts ! proximity ( ! enemy1 & ! rapidity ( movem5t4 ,= ^! reasons !y are quitt$ z soon z ! decision approa*es1 & _c be aga9 tak5 up until ! decision is ov]4 ,9 mod]n w>s1 t's1 9 all campaigns dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s :i* occur to u at ?is mom5t1 ! milit>y elem5t has act$ ) full en]gy4 ,ne>ly all t 0 possible has g5]ally be5 done 9 !m1 z f> z reg>ds activity & ! utmo/ ef=t ( =ce2 b all ^! campaigns h be5 ( %ort duration1 !y h seldom exce$$ half a ye>2 9 mo/ ( !m a few mon?s suffic$ to br+ matt]s to a crisis1 t is1 to a po9t :]e ! vanqui%$ enemy saw himself compell$ to sue = an armi/ice or at once = peace1 or to a po9t :]e1 on ! conqu]or's "p1 ! impetus ( victory _h exhau/$ itself4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( extreme ef=t !re c\ld be little "q ( cantonm5ts1 = ev5 9 ! victori\s m>* ( ! pursu]1 if !re 0 no long] any dang]1 ! rapidity ( movem5t made t k9d ( relief impossible4 ,b :5 f any cause ! c\rse ( ev5ts is less impetu\s1 :5 a m ev5 oscillation & balanc+ ( =ces takes place1 !n ! h\s+ ( troops mu/ aga9 become a =emo/ subject = att5tion4 ,?is want has "s influ5ce ev5 on ! conduct ( w> itself1 p>tly 9 ?is way1 t we seek to ga9 m "t & security by a /rong] sy/em ( outpo/s1 by a m consid]able advanc$ gu>d ?r[n fur!r =w>d2 & p>tly 9 ?is way1 t our measures are gov]n$ m by ! ri*ness & f]tility ( ! c\ntry ?an by ! tactical advantages :i* ! gr\nd af=ds 9 ! geometrical relations ( l9es & po9ts4 ,a comm]cial t[n ( tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& inhabitants1 a road ?ickly /udd$ ) l>ge villages or fl\ri%+ t[ns give su* facilities = ! assembl+ 9 "o position l>ge bodies ( troops1 & ?is conc5tration gives su* a fre$om & su* a latitude = movem5t z fully comp5sate = ! advantages :i* ! bett] situation ( "s po9t may o!rwise pres5t4 ,on ! =m to be foll[$ 9 arrang+ cantonm5ts we h only a few obs]vations to make1 z ?is subject belongs = ! mo/ "p to tactics4 ,! h\s+ ( troops comes "u two heads1 inasmu* z x c ei!r be ! ma9 po9t or only a second>y consid]ation4 ,if ! disposition ( ! troops 9 ! c\rse ( a campaign is regulat$ by gr\nds purely tactical & /rategical1 & if1 z is done m especially ) cavalry1 !y are direct$ = _! com=t to occupy ! qu>t]s available 9 ! vic9ity ( ! po9t ( conc5tration ( ! army1 !n ! qu>t]s are subord9ate consid]ations & sub/itutes = camps2 !y mu/1 !re=e1 be *os5 )9 su* a radius t ! troops c rea* ! po9t ( assembly 9 good "t4 ,b if an army takes up qu>t]s to re/ & refre%1 !n ! h\s+ ( ! troops is ! ma9 po9t1 & o!r measures1 consequ5tly also ! selection ( ! p>ticul> po9t ( assembly1 w be influ5c$ by t object4 ,! fir/ "q = exam9ation "h is z to ! g5]al =m ( ! cantonm5ts z a :ole4 ,! usual =m is t ( a v long oval1 a m]e wid5+ z x 7 ( ! tactical ord] ( battle4 ,! po9t ( assembly = ! army is 9 front1 ! head-qu>t]s 9 re>4 ,n[ ^! ?ree arrangem5ts are1 9 po9t ( fact1 adv]se1 inde$ almo/ oppos$1 to ! safe assembly ( ! army on ! approa* ( ! enemy4 ,! m ! cantonm5ts =m a squ>e1 or r a circle1 ! quick] ! troops c conc5trate at "o po9t1 t is ! c5tre4 ,! fur!r ! place ( assembly is plac$ 9 re>1 ! long] ! enemy w be 9 rea*+ x1 &1 !re=e1 ! m "t is left u to assemble4 ,a po9t ( assembly 9 re> ( ! cantonm5ts c nev] be 9 dang]4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! f>!r ! head-qu>t]s are 9 advance1 s mu* ! soon] reports arrive1 !re=e s mu* ! bett] is ! comm&] in=m$ ( ev]y?+4 ,at ! same "t1 ! fir/ nam$ arrangem5ts are n devoid ( po9ts :i* des]ve "s att5tion4 ,by ! ext5sion ( cantonm5ts 9 wid?1 we h 9 view ! protection ( ! c\ntry :i* w\ld o!rwise be laid "u contributions by ! enemy4 ,b ?is motive is nei!r ?or\ghly s\nd1 nor is x v important4 ,x is only s\nd z f> z reg>ds ! c\ntry on ! extremity ( ! w+s1 b does n apply at all to int]m$iate spaces exi/+ betwe5 sep>ate divisions ( ! army1 if ! qu>t]s ( ^? divisions are drawn clos] r\nd _! po9t ( assembly1 = no enemy w !n v5ture into ^? int]vals ( space4 ,& x is n v important1 because !re are simpl] means ( %ield+ ! di/ricts 9 our vic9ity f ! enemy's requisitions ?an scatt]+ ! army itself4 ,! plac+ ( ! po9t ( assembly 9 front is ) a view to cov]+ ! qu>t]s1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a body ( troops1 sudd5ly call$ to arms1 always leaves beh9d x 9 cantonm5ts a tail ( /raggl]s sick1 baggage1 provisions1 etc41 etc4 :i* may easily fall into ! enemy's h&s if ! po9t ( assembly is plac$ 9 re>4 ,9 ! second place1 we h to appreh5d t if ! enemy ) "s bodies ( cavalry passes by ! advanc$ gu>d1 or if x is defeat$ 9 any way1 he may fall ^u scatt]$ regim5ts or battalions4 ,if he enc\nt]s a =ce drawn up 9 good ord]1 al?\gh x is weak1 & 9 ! end mu/ be ov]p[]$1 /ill he is br\ght to a /op1 & 9 t way "t is ga9$4 ,z respects ! position ( ! head-qu>t]s1 x is g5]ally suppos$ t x _c be made too secure4 ,accord+ to ^! diff]5t consid]ations1 we may conclude t ! be/ arrangem5t = di/ricts ( cantonm5ts is :]e !y take an oblong =m1 approa*+ ! squ>e or circle1 h ! po9t ( assembly 9 ! c5tre1 & ! head-qu>t]s plac$ on ! front l9e1 well protect$ by consid]able masses ( troops4 ,:at we h said z to cov]+ ( ! w+s 9 treat+ ( ! disposition ( ! army 9 g5]al1 applies "h also2 !re=e corps deta*$ f ! ma9 body1 "r & left1 al?\gh int5d$ to fight 9 conjunction ) ! re/1 w h p>ticul> po9ts ( assembly ( _! own 9 ! same l9e ) ! ma9 body4 ,n[1 if we reflect t ! nature ( a c\ntry1 on ! "o h&1 by fav\rable features 9 ! gr\nd det]m9es ! mo/ natural po9t ( assembly1 & on ! o!r h&1 by ! positions ( t[ns & villages det]m9es ! mo/ suitable situation = cantonm5ts1 !n we mu/ p]ceive h[ v r>ely any geometrical =m c be decisive 9 our pres5t subject4 ,b yet x 0 necess>y to direct att5tion to x1 because1 l all g5]al laws1 x affects ! g5]ality ( cases 9 a great] or less degree4 ,:at n[ rema9s to be said z to an advantage\s position = cantonm5ts is t !y %\ld be tak5 up beh9d "s natural ob/acle ( gr\nd af=d+ cov]1 :il/ ! sides next ! enemy c be wat*$ by small b num]\s deta*$ p>ties2 or !y may be tak5 up beh9d =tresses1 :i*1 :5 circum/ances prev5t any e/imate be+ =m$ ( ! /r5g? ( _! g>risons1 impose ^u ! enemy a great] feel+ ( respect & & caution4 ,we res]ve ! subject ( w9t] qu>t]s1 cov]$ by def5sive works = a sep>ate article4 ,! qu>t]s tak5 up by troops on a m>* diff] f ^? call$ /&+ cantonm5ts 9 ?is way1 t1 9 ord] to save ! troops f unnecess>y m>*+1 cantonm5ts on a m>* are tak5 up z mu* z possible along ! l9es ( m>*1 & are n at any consid]able di/ance on ei!r side ( ^! roads2 if _! ext5sion 9 ?is s5se does n exce$ a %ort day's m>*1 ! arrangem5t is n "o at all unfav\rable to ! quick conc5tration ( ! army4 ,9 all cases 9 pres5ce ( ! enemy1 accord+ to ! te*nical phrase 9 use1 t is 9 all cases :]e !re is no consid]able int]val betwe5 ! advance gu>ds ( ! two armies respectively1 ! ext5t ( ! cantonm5ts & ! "t requir$ to assemble ! army det]m9e ! /r5g? & position ( ! advanc$ gu>d & outpo/s2 b :5 ^! mu/ be suit$ to ! enemy & circum/ances1 !n1 on ! contr>y1 ! ext5t ( ! cantonm5ts mu/ dep5d on ! "t :i* we c c\nt ^u by ! resi/ance ( ! advance gu>d4 ,9 ! ?ird7997 *apt] ( ?is book1 we h /at$ h[ ?is resi/ance1 9 ! case ( an advanc$ corps1 may be e/imat$4 ,f ! "t ( t resi/ance we mu/ d$uct ! "t requir$ = transmission ( reports & gett+ ! m5 "u arms1 & ! rema9d] only is ! "t available = assembl+ at ! po9t ( conc5tration4 7997 #h? ,*apt]4--,tr4 ,we %all conclude "h also by e/abli%+ our ideas 9 ! =m ( a result1 su* z is usual "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,if ! di/ance at :i* ! advanc$ gu>d is deta*$ is ! same z ! radius ( ! cantonm5ts1 & ! po9t ( assembly is fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! cantonm5ts1 ! "t :i* is ga9$ by *eck+ ! enemy's advance w\ld be available = ! transmission ( intellig5ce & gett+ "u arms1 & w\ld 9 mo/ cases be suffici5t1 ev5 al?\gh ! communication is n made by means ( signals1 cannon-%ots1 etc41 b simply by relays ( ord]lies1 ! only really sure me?od4 ,) an advanc$ gu>d pu%$ =w>d ?ree miles 9 front1 our cantonm5ts might !re=e cov] a space ( ?irty squ>e miles4 ,9 a mod]ately-peopl$ c\ntry !re w\ld be #aj1jjj h\ses 9 ?is space1 :i* = an army ( #ej1jjj1 aft] d$uct+ ! advanc$ gu>d1 w\ld be f\r m5 to a billet1 !re=e v com=table qu>t]s2 & = an army ( twice ! /r5g? n9e m5 to a billet1 !re=e /ill n v close qu>t]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! advanc$ gu>d is only "o mile 9 front1 we c\ld only occupy a space ( f\r squ>e miles2 = al?\gh ! "t ga9$ does n dim9i% exactly 9 proportion z ! di/ance ( ! advanc$ gu>d dim9i%es1 & ev5 ) a di/ance ( "o mile we may /ill calculate on a ga9 ( six h\rs1 yet ! necessity = caution increases :5 ! enemy is s close4 ,b 9 su* a space an army ( #ej1jjj m5 c\ld only f9d p>tial accommodation1 ev5 9 a v ?ickly populat$ c\ntry4 ,f all ?is we see :at an important "p is play$ "h by great or at lea/ consid]able t[ns1 :i* af=d conv5i5ce = %elt]+ #aj1jjj or ev5 #bj1jjj m5 almo/ at "o po9t4 ,f ?is result x foll[s t1 if we are n v close to ! enemy1 & h a suitable advanc$ gu>d we might rema9 9 cantonm5ts1 ev5 if ! enemy is conc5trat$1 z ,fr$]ick ! ,great did at ,breslau 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #agfb1 & ,buonap>te at ,witebsk 9 #ahab4 ,b al?\gh by pres]v+ a "r di/ance & by suitable arrangem5ts we h no reason to fe> n be+ able to assemble 9 "t1 ev5 opposite an enemy :o is conc5trat$1 yet we mu/ n =get t an army engag$ 9 assembl+ itself 9 all ha/e c d no?+ else 9 t "t2 t x is !re=e1 = a "t at lea/1 n 9 a condition to avail itself 9 an in/ant ( =tuit\s opportunities1 :i* deprives x ( ! great] "p ( its really effici5t p[]4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t an army %\ld only break itself up completely 9 cantonm5ts "u "s "o or o!r ( ! ?ree foll[+ cases3 #a4 ,if ! enemy does ! same4 #b4 ,if ! condition ( ! troops makes x unavoidable4 #c4 ,if ! m imm$iate object ) ! army is completely limit$ to ! ma9t5ance ( a /rong position1 & !re=e ! only po9t ( importance is conc5trat+ ! troops at t po9t 9 good "t4 ,! campaign ( #ahae gives a v rem>kable example ( ! assembly ( an army f cantonm5ts4 ,g5]al ,zie!n1 ) ,bl*]'s advanc$ gu>d1 #cj1jjj m51 0 po/$ at ,*>l]oi1 only two miles f ,sombreff1 ! place appo9t$ = ! assembly ( ! army4 ,! f>!/ cantonm5ts ( ! army 7 ab\t eight miles f ,sombreff1 t is1 on ! "o side beyond ,c9ey1 & on ! o!r ne> ,lige4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! troops canton$ ab\t ,c9ey 7 assembl$ at ,ligny sev]al h\rs be=e ! battle began1 & ^? ne> ,lige 7,bul['s ,corps7 w\ld h be5 also1 _h x n be5 = accid5t & faulty arrangem5ts 9 ! communication ( ord]s & intellig5ce4 ,unque/ionably1 prop] c>e = ! security ( ! ,prussian army 0 n tak52 b 9 explanation we mu/ say t ! arrangem5ts 7 made at a "t :5 ! ,fr5* army 0 /ill disp]s$ ov] widely ext5d$ cantonm5ts1 & t ! real fault consi/$ 9 n alt]+ !m ! mom5t ! fir/ news 0 receiv$ t ! enemy's troops 7 9 movem5t1 & t ,buonap>te _h jo9$ ! army4 ,/ill x rema9s notewor?y t ! ,prussian army 0 able 9 any way to conc5trate at ,sombreff be=e ! attack ( ! enemy4 ,c]ta9ly1 on ! night ( ! #ad?1 t is1 twelve h\rs be=e ,zie!n 0 actually attack$1 ,bl*] receiv$ in=mation ( ! advance ( ! enemy1 & began to assemble 8 army2 b on ! #ae? at n9e 9 ! morn+1 ,zie!n 0 already hotly engag$1 & x 0 n until ! same mom5t t ,g5]al ,?ielman at ,c9ey fir/ receiv$ ord]s to m>* to ,namur4 ,he _h !re=e !n to assemble 8 divisions1 & to m>* six & a half miles to ,sombreff1 :i* he did 9 #bd h\rs4 ,g5]al ,bul[ w\ld also h be5 able to arrive ab\t ! same "t1 if ! ord] _h rea*$ him z x %\ld h done4 ,b ,buonap>te did n resolve to make 8 attack on ,ligny until two 9 ! aft]noon ( ! #af?4 ,! appreh5sion ( hav+ ,well+ton on ! "o side ( him1 & ,bl*] on ! o!r1 9 o!r words1 ! disproportion 9 ! relative =ces1 contribut$ to ?is sl[ness2 /ill we see h[ ! mo/ resolute comm&] may be deta9$ by ! cauti\s feel+ ( ! way :i* is always unavoidable 9 cases :i* are to a c]ta9 degree complicat$4 ,"s ( ! consid]ations "h rais$ are pla9ly m tactical ?an /rategic 9 _! nature2 b we h pref]r$ r to encroa* a little ?an to run ! risk ( n be+ suffici5tly explicit4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,subsi/5ce ,?is subject has acquir$ mu* great] importance 9 mod]n w>f>e f two causes 9 p>ticul>4 ,fir/1 because ! armies 9 g5]al are n[ mu* great] ?an ^? ( ! middle ages1 & ev5 ^? ( ! old _w2 =1 al?\gh =m]ly armies did appe> "h & !re :i* equall$ or ev5 surpass$ mod]n ones 9 size1 /ill ^! 7 only r>e & transi5t occurr5ces1 :il/ 9 mod]n milit>y hi/ory1 s9ce ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 armies h always be5 v /rong 9 numb]4 ,b ! second cause is /ill m important1 & belongs entirely to mod]n times4 ,x is ! v mu* clos] inn] connection :i* our w>s h 9 !mselves1 ! con/ant /ate ( read9ess = battle ( ! bellig]5ts engag$ 9 c>ry+ !m on4 ,almo/ all old w>s consi/ ( s+le unconnect$ ent]prises1 :i* are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by int]vals dur+ :i* ! w> 9 reality ei!r completely re/$1 & only /ill exi/$ 9 a political s5se1 or :5 ! armies at lea/ _h remov$ s f> f ea* o!r t ea*1 )\t any c>e ab\t ! army opposite1 only occupi$ itself ) its own wants4 ,mod]n w>s1 t is1 ! w>s :i* h tak5 place s9ce ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia1 h1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( respective gov]nm5ts1 tak5 a m sy/ematic connect$ =m2 ! milit>y object1 9 g5]al1 pr$om9ates ev]y:]e1 & dem&s also t arrangem5ts = subsi/5ce %all be on an adequate scale4 ,c]ta9ly !re 7 long p]iods ( inaction 9 ! w>s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 almo/ am\nt+ to a cessation ( w>2 ^! are ! regul> p]iods pass$ 9 cantonm5ts2 /ill ev5 ^? p]iods 7 subord9ate to ! milit>y object2 !y 7 caus$ by ! inclem5cy ( ! season1 n by any necessity aris+ out ( ! subsi/5ce ( ! troops1 & z !y regul>ly t]m9at$ ) ! return ( summ]1 !re=e we may say at all ev5ts un9t]rupt$ action 0 ! rule ( w> dur+ ! f9e season ( ! ye>4 ,z ! transition f "o situation or me?od ( action to ano!r always takes place gradually s x 0 9 ! case be=e u4 ,9 ! w>s aga9/ ,l\is ,,xiv4 ! allies us$ /ill to s5d _! troops into w9t] cantonm5ts 9 di/ant prov9ces 9 ord] to subsi/ !m ! m easily2 9 ! ,silesian w> t 0 no long] done4 ,?is sy/ematic & connect$ =m ( c>ry+ on w> only became possible :5 /ates took regul> troops into _! s]vice 9 place ( ! feudal armies4 ,! obligation ( ! feudal law 0 !n commut$ into a f9e or contribution3 p]sonal s]vice ei!r came to an end1 enli/m5t be+ sub/itut$1 or x 0 only cont9u$ among/ ! l[e/ classes1 z ! nobility reg>d$ ! furni%+ a quota ( m5 7z is /ill done 9 ,russia & ,hung>y7 z a k9d ( tribute1 a tax 9 m54 ,9 e case1 z we h else:]e obs]v$1 armies became h5ce=w>d1 an in/rum5t ( ! cab9et1 _! pr9cipal basis be+ ! treasury or ! rev5ue ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,j ! same k9d ( ?+ :i* took place 9 ! mode ( rais+ & keep+ up an e/abli%m5t ( troops c\ld n b foll[ 9 ! mode ( subsi/+ !m4 ,! privileg$ classes hav+ be5 releas$ f ! fir/ ( ^! s]vices on paym5t ( a contribution 9 money1 ! exp5se ( ! latt] c\ld n be aga9 impos$ on !m q s easily4 ,! cab9et & ! treasury _h !re=e to provide = ! subsi/5ce ( ! army1 & c\ld n all[ x to be ma9ta9$ 9 its own c\ntry at ! exp5se ( ! p4 ,adm9i/rations 7 !re=e oblig$ to look ^u ! subsi/5ce ( ! army z an affair = :i* !y 7 specially responsible4 ,! subsi/5ce ?us became m difficult 9 two ways3 fir/1 because x 0 an affair belong+ to gov]nm5t1 & next1 because ! =ces requir$ to be p]man5tly embodi$ to confront ^? kept up 9 o!r /ates4 ,?us arose a sep>ate milit>y class 9 ! population1 ) an indep5d5t organisation provid$ = its subsi/5ce1 & c>ri$ out to ! utmo/ possible p]fection4 ,n only 7 /ores ( provisions collect$1 ei!r by pur*ase or by deliv]ies 9 k9d f ! l&$ e/ates 7,dom9iallief]ung571 consequ5tly f di/ant po9ts1 & lodg$ 9 magaz9es1 b !y 7 also =w>d$ f ^! by means ( special wagons1 bak$ ne> ! qu>t]s ( ! troops 9 ov5s tempor>ily e/abli%$1 & f !nce aga9 c>ri$ away at la/ by ! troops1 by means ( ano!r sy/em ( transport atta*$ to ! army itself4 ,we take a glance at ?is sy/em n m]ely f its be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! milit>y arrangem5ts ( ! p]iod1 b also because x is a sy/em :i* c nev] be entirely done away2 "s p>ts ( x mu/ cont9ually reappe>4 ,?us milit>y organisation /rove p]petually t[>ds becom+ m indep5d5t ( p & c\ntry4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t 9 ?is mann] w> became c]ta9ly a m sy/ematic & m regul> affair1 & m subord9at$ to ! milit>y1 t is ! political object2 b x 0 at ! same "t also mu* /rait5$ & imp$$ 9 its movem5t1 & inf9itely weak5$ 9 en]gy4 ,= n[ an army 0 ti$ to its magaz9es1 limit$ to ! work+ p[]s ( its transport s]vice1 & x naturally foll[$ t ! t5d5cy ( ev]y?+ 0 to economise ! subsi/5ce ( ! troops4 ,! soldi] f$ on a wret*$ pittance ( bread1 mov$ ab\t l a %ad[1 & no prospect ( a *ange = ! bett] com=t$ him "u 8 privations4 ,:oev] treats ?is mis]able way ( fe$+ soldi]s z a matt] ( no mom5t1 & po9ts to :at ,fr$]ick ! ,great did ) soldi]s subsi/$ 9 ?is mann]1 only takes a p>tial view ( ! matt]4 ,! p[] ( endur+ privations is "o ( ! f9e/ virtues 9 a soldi]1 & )\t x no army is animat$ ) ! true milit>y _s2 b su* privation mu/ be ( a tempor>y k9d1 comm&$ by ! =ce ( circum/ances1 & n ! consequ5ce ( a wret*$ly bad sy/em1 or ( a p>simoni\s ab/ract calculation ( ! smalle/ ration t a man c exi/ ^u4 ,:5 su* is ! case ! p[]s ( ! m5 individually w always det]iorate physically & morally4 ,:at ,fr$]ick ! ,great manag$ to d ) 8 soldi]s _c be tak5 z a /&>d = u1 p>tly because he 0 oppos$ to ^? :o pursu$ a simil> sy/em1 p>tly because we d n "k h[ mu* m he might h effect$ if he _h be5 able to let 8 troops live z ,buonap>te all[$ 8 :5ev] circum/ances p]mitt$4 ,! fe$+ ( horses by an artificial sy/em ( supply is1 h[ev]1 an exp]im5t :i* has n be5 tri$1 because =age is mu* m difficult to provide on acc\nt ( its bulk4 ,a ration = a horse weighs ab\t t5 times z mu* z "o = a man1 & ! numb] ( horses ) an army is m ?an "o-t5? ! numb] ( m51 at pres5t x is "o-f\r? to "o-?ird1 & =m]ly x 0 "o-?ird to "o-half1 !re=e ! weight ( ! =age requir$ is ?ree1 f\r1 or five times z mu* z t ( ! soldi]'s rations requir$ = ! same p]iod ( "t2 on ?is acc\nt ! %orte/ & mo/ direct means 7 tak5 to meet ! wants ( an army 9 ?is respect1 t is by =ag+ exp$itions4 ,n[ ^! exp$itions occasion$ great inconv5i5ce 9 ! conduct ( w> 9 o!r ways1 fir/ by mak+ x a pr9cipal object to keep ! w> 9 ! enemy's c\ntry2 & next because !y made x impossible to rema9 v long 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 at ! "t ( ! ,silesian w>1 =ag+ exp$itions 7 mu* less frequ5t1 !y 7 f\nd to occasion a mu* great] dra9 ^u ! c\ntry1 & mu* great] wa/e ?an if ! requirem5ts 7 satisfi$ by means ( requisitions & impo/s4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution sudd5ly br\ght aga9 ^u ! w> /age a national army1 ! means :i* gov]nm5ts c\ld comm& 7 f\nd insuffici5t1 & ! :ole sy/em ( w>1 :i* _h its orig9 9 ! limit$ ext5t ( ^! means1 & f\nd aga9 its security 9 ?is limitation1 fell to pieces1 & ( c\rse 9 ! d[nfall ( ! :ole 0 includ$ t ( ! bran* ( :i* we are n[ speak+1 ! sy/em ( subsi/5ce4 ,)\t tr\bl+ !mselves ab\t magaz9es1 & /ill less ab\t su* an organisation z ! artificial clockwork ( :i* we h spok51 by :i* ! diff]5t divisions ( ! transport s]vice w5t r\nd l a :eel1 ! lead+ spirits ( ! revolution s5t _! soldi]s into ! field1 =c$ _! g5]als to fight1 subsi/$1 re9=c$ _! armies1 & kept alive ! w> by a sy/em ( exaction1 & ( help+ !mselves to all !y requir$ by robb]y & plund]4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes ! w> "u ,buonap>te1 & aga9/ him1 pres]v$ a sort ( m$ium1 t is to say1 x j made use ( su* means z suit$ x be/ among/ all t 7 available2 & s x w be also 9 future4 ,! mod]n me?od ( subsi/+ troops1 t is1 seiz+ e ?+ :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry )\t reg>d to meum et tuum may be c>ri$ out 9 f\r diff]5t ways3 t is1 subsi/+ on ! inhabitant1 contributions :i* ! troops !mselves look aft]1 g5]al contributions & magaz9es4 ,all f\r are g5]ally appli$ toge!r1 "o g5]ally prevail+ m ?an ! o!rs3 /ill x sometimes happ5s t only "o is appli$ entirely by itself4 #a4--,liv+ on ! inhabitants1 or on ! community1 :i* is ! same ?+4 ,if we be> 9 m9d t 9 a community consi/+ ev5 z x does 9 great t[ns1 ( consum]s only1 !re mu/ always be provisions en\gh to la/ = sev]al days1 we may easily see t ! mo/ d5sely populat$ place c furni% food & qu>t]s = a day = ab\t z _m troops z !re are inhabitants1 & = a less numb] ( troops = sev]al days )\t ! necessity ( any p>ticul> previ\s prep>ation4 ,9 t[ns ( consid]able size ?is gives a v satisfactory result1 because x enables u to subsi/ a l>ge =ce at "o po9t4 ,b 9 small] t[ns1 or ev5 9 villages1 ! supply w\ld be f> f suffici5t2 = a population ( #c1jjj or #d1jjj 9 a squ>e mile :i* w\ld be l>ge 9 su* a space1 w\ld only suffice to fe$ #c1jjj or #d1jjj soldi]s1 & if ! :ole mass ( troops is great !y w\ld h to be spread ov] su* an ext5t ( c\ntry at ?is rate z w\ld h>dly be consi/5t ) o!r ess5tial po9ts4 ,b 9 level c\ntries1 & ev5 9 small t[ns1 ! quantity ( ^? k9ds ( provisions :i* are ess5tial 9 w> is g5]ally mu* great]2 ! supply ( bread :i* a peasant has is g5]ally adequate to ! consumption ( 8 family = sev]al1 p]haps f eight to f\rte5 days2 meat c be obta9$ daily1 vegetable productions are g5]ally =?com+ 9 suffici5t quantity to la/ till ! foll[+ crop4 ,!re=e 9 qu>t]s :i* h nev] be5 occupi$ !re is no difficulty 9 subsi/+ troops ?ree or f\r times ! numb] ( ! inhabitants = sev]al days1 :i* aga9 is a v satisfactory result4 ,accord+ to ?is1 :]e ! population is ab\t #b1jjj or #c1jjj p] squ>e mile1 & if no l>ge t[n is includ$1 a column ( #cj1jjj w\ld require ab\t f\r squ>e miles1 :i* w\ld be a l5g? ( side ( two miles4 ,!re=e = an army ( #ij1jjj1 :i* we may reckon at ab\t #ge1jjj combatants1 if m>*+ 9 ?ree columns contigu\s to ea* o!r1 we %\ld require to take up a front six miles 9 bread? 9 case ?ree roads c\ld be f\nd )9 t bread?4 ,if sev]al columns foll[ "o ano!r into ^! cantonm5ts1 !n special measures mu/ be adopt$ by ! civil au?orities1 & 9 t way !re c be no great difficulty 9 obta9+ all t is requir$ = a day or two m4 ,!re=e if ! above #ij1jjj are foll[$ ! day aft] by a l numb]1 ev5 ^! la/ w\ld suff] no want2 ?is makes up ! l>ge numb] ( #aej1jjj combatants4 ,=age = ! horses occasions /ill less difficulty1 z x nei!r requires gr9d+ nor bak+1 & z !re mu/ be =age =?com+ 9 suffici5t quantity to la/ ! horses 9 ! c\ntry until next h>ve/1 !re=e ev5 :]e !re is little /all-fe$+1 /ill !re %\ld be no want1 only ! deliv]ies ( =age %\ld c]ta9ly be dem&$ f ! community at l>ge1 n f ! inhabitants individually4 ,besides1 x is suppos$ t "s att5tion is1 ( c\rse1 paid to ! nature ( ! c\ntry 9 mak+ arrangem5ts = a m>*1 s z n to s5d cavalry mo/ly into places ( comm]ce & manufactures1 & into di/ricts :]e !re is no =age4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f ?is ha/y glance is1 !re=e1 t 9 a mod]ately populat$ c\ntry1 t is1 a c\ntry ( f #b1jjj to #c1jjj s\ls p] squ>e mile1 an army ( #aej1jjj combatants may be subsi/$ by ! inhabitants & community = "o or two days )9 su* a n>r[ space z w n int]f]e ) its conc5tration = battle1 t is1 !re=e1 t su* an army c be subsi/$ on a cont9u\s m>* )\t magaz9es or o!r prep>ation4 ,on ?is result 7 bas$ ! ent]prises ( ! ,fr5* army 9 ! revolution>y w>1 & "u ,buonap>te4 ,!y m>*$ f ! ,adige to ! ,l[] ,danube1 & f ! ,rh9e to ! ,vi/ula1 ) little means ( subsi/5ce except ^u ! inhabitants1 & )\t ev] suff]+ want4 ,z _! und]tak+s dep5d$ on moral & physical sup]iority1 z !y 7 att5d$ ) c]ta9 results1 & 7 nev] delay$ by indecision or caution1 !re=e _! progress 9 ! c>e] ( victory 0 g5]ally t ( an un9t]rupt$ m>*4 ,if circum/ances are less fav\rable1 if ! population is n s great1 or if x consi/s m ( artisans ?an agriculturi/s1 if ! soil is bad1 ! c\ntry already sev]al times ov]run--!n ( c\rse ! results w fall %ort ( :at we h suppos$4 ,/ill1 we mu/ rememb] t if ! bread? ( ! front ( a column is ext5d$ f two miles to ?ree1 we get a sup]ficial ext5t ( c\ntry m ?an d\ble 9 size1 t is1 in/ead ( f\r we comm& n9e squ>e miles1 & t ?is is /ill an ext5t :i* 9 ord9>y cases w always admit ( conc5tration = action2 we see !re=e t ev5 "u unfav\rable circum/ances ?is me?od ( subsi/5ce w /ill be always compatible ) a cont9u\s m>*4 ,b if a halt ( sev]al days takes place1 !n great di/ress mu/ ensue if prep>ations h n be5 made be=eh& = su* an ev5t 9 o!r ways4 ,n[ ^! prep>atory measures are ( two k9ds1 & )\t !m a consid]able army ev5 n[ _c exi/4 ,! fir/ is equipp+ ! troops ) a wagon tra91 by means ( :i* bread or fl\r1 z ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( _! subsi/5ce1 c be c>ri$ ) !m = a few1 t is1 = ?ree or f\r days2 if to ?is we add ?ree or f\r days' rations :i* ! soldi] himself c c>ry1 !n we h provid$ :at is mo/ indisp5sable 9 ! way ( subsi/5ce = eight days4 ,! second arrangem5t is t ( a regul> commiss>iat1 :i* :5ev] !re is a mom5t's halt ga!rs provisions f di/ant localities1 s t at any mom5t we c pass ov] f ! sy/em ( qu>t]+ on ! inhabitants to a diff]5t sy/em4 ,subsi/+ 9 cantonm5ts has ! imm5se advantage t h>dly any transport is requir$1 & t x is done 9 ! %orte/ "t1 b c]ta9ly x supposes z a prior condition t cantonm5ts c be provid$ = all ! troops4 #b4--,subsi/5ce ?r\gh exactions en=c$ by ! troops !mselves4 ,if a s+le battalion occupies a camp1 ?is camp may be plac$ 9 ! vic9ity ( "s villages1 & ^! may receive notice to furni% subsi/5ce2 !n ! me?od ( subsi/5ce w\ld n diff] ess5tially f ! prec$+ mode4 ,b1 z is mo/ usual1 if ! mass ( troops to be encamp$ at "s "o po9t is mu* l>g]1 !re is no alt]native b to make a collection 9 common )9 ! circle ( di/ricts m>k$ out = ! purpose1 collect+ suffici5t = ! supply ( "o ( ! p>ts ( ! army1 a brigade or division1 & aft]w>ds to make a di/ribution f ! common /ock ?us collect$4 ,! fir/ glance %[s t by su* a mode ( proce$+ ! subsi/5ce ( a l>ge army w\ld be a matt] ( impossibility4 ,! collection made f ! /ores 9 any giv5 di/rict 9 ! c\ntry w be mu* less ?an if ! troops _h tak5 up _! qu>t]s 9 ! same di/rict1 = :5 ?irty or =ty m5 take possession ( a f>m]'s h\se !y c if necess>y collect ! la/ m\?ful1 b "o (fic] s5t ) a few m5 to collect provisions has nei!r "t nor means to hunt out all ! provisions t may be /or$ 9 a h\se1 (t5 also he has n ! means ( transport2 he w !re=e only be able to collect a small proportion ( :at is actually =?com+4 ,besides1 9 camps ! troops are cr[d$ toge!r 9 su* a mann] at "o po9t1 t ! range ( c\ntry f :i* provisions c be collect$ 9 a hurry is n ( suffici5t ext5t to furni% ! :ole ( :at is requir$4 ,:at c\ld be done 9 ! way ( supply+ #cj1jjj m51 )9 a circle ( a mile 9 diamet]1 or f an area ( ?ree or f\r squ>e miles8 ,moreov] x w\ld seldom be possible to collect ev5 :at !re is1 = ! mo/ ( ! ne>e/ adjac5t villages w\ld be occupi$ by small bodies ( troops1 :o w\ld n all[ any?+ to be remov$4 ,la/ly1 by su* a measure !re w\ld be ! greate/ wa/e1 because "s m5 w\ld get m ?an !y requir$1 :il/ a great deal w\ld be lo/1 & ( no b5efit to any "o4 ,! result is1 !re=e1 t ! subsi/5ce ( troops by =c$ contributions 9 ?is mann] c only be adopt$ ) success :5 ! bodies ( troops are n too l>ge1 n exce$+ a division ( #h1jjj or #aj1jjj m51 & ev5 !n x is only to be resort$ to z an unavoidable evil4 ,x _c 9 g5]al be avoid$ 9 ! case ( troops directly 9 front ( ! enemy1 su* z advanc$ gu>ds & outpo/s1 :5 ! army is advanc+1 because ^! bodies mu/ arrive at po9ts :]e no prep>ations c\ld h be5 made1 & !y are usually too f> f ! /ores collect$ = ! re/ ( ! army2 fur!r1 9 ! case ( moveable columns act+ indep5d5tly2 & la/ly1 9 all cases :]e by *ance !re is nei!r "t nor means to procure subsi/5ce 9 any o!r way4 ,! m troops are accu/om$ to live by regul> requisitions1 ! m "t & circum/ances p]mit ! adoption ( t way ( subsi/+1 !n ! m satisfactory w be ! result4 ,b "t is g5]ally want+1 = :at ! troops get = !mselves directly is got mu* quick]4 #c4--;,by regul> requisitions4 ,?is is unque/ionably ! simple/ & mo/ efficaci\s means ( subsi/+ troops1 & x has be5 ! basis ( all mod]n w>s4 ,x diff]s f ! prec$+ way *iefly by its hav+ ! co-op]ation ( ! local au?orities4 ,! supply 9 ?is case mu/ n be c>ri$ (f =cibly j f ! spot :]e x is f\nd1 b be regul>ly deliv]$ accord+ to an equitable division ( ! burd54 ,?is division c only be made by ! recognis$ (ficial au?orities ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ?is all dep5ds on "t4 ,! m "t !re is1 ! m g5]al c ! division be made1 ! less w x press on individuals1 & ! m regul> w be ! result4 ,ev5 pur*ases may be made ) ready money to assi/1 9 :i* way x w approa* ! mode :i* foll[s next 9 ord] 7,magaz9es74 ,9 all assemblages ( troops 9 _! own c\ntry !re is no difficulty 9 subsi/+ by regul> requisitions2 nei!r1 z a rule1 is !re any 9 retrograde movem5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 all movem5ts into a c\ntry ( :i* we are n 9 possession1 !re is v little "t = su* arrangem5ts1 seldom m ?an ! "o day :i* ! advanc$ gu>d is 9 ! habit ( prec$+ ! army4 ,) ! advanc$ gu>d ! requisitions are s5t to ! local (ficials1 specify+ h[ _m rations !y are to h ready at su* & su* places4 ,z ^! c only be furni%$ f ! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 t is1 )9 a circuit ( a c\ple ( miles r\nd ea* po9t1 ! collections s made 9 ha/e w nev] be ne>ly suffici5t = an army ( consid]able /r5g?1 & consequ5tly1 if ! troops d n c>ry ) !m en\gh = sev]al days1 !y w run %ort4 ,x is !re=e ! duty ( ! commiss>iat to economise :at is receiv$1 & only to issue to ^? troops :o h no?+4 ,) ea* succe$+ day1 h[ev]1 ! emb>rassm5t dim9i%es2 t is to say1 if ! di/ances f :i* provisions c be procur$ increase 9 proportion to ! numb] ( days1 !n ! sup]ficial area ov] :i* ! contributions c be levi$ increases z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances ga9$4 ,if on ! fir/ day only f\r squ>e miles h be5 drawn ^u1 on ! next day we %all h sixte51 on ! ?ird1 ?irty-six2 !re=e on ! second day twelve m ?an on ! fir/1 & on ! ?ird day tw5ty m ?an on ! second4 ,( c\rse ?is is a m]e r\gh e/imate ( :at may take place1 subject to _m modify+ circum/ances :i* may int]v5e1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal is1 t "o di/rict may n be capable ( contribut+ l ano!r4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ also rememb] t ! radius )9 :i* we c levy may increase m ?an two miles a day 9 wid?1 p]haps ?ree or f\r1 or 9 _m places /ill m4 ,! due execution ( ^! requisitions is en=c$ by deta*m5ts plac$ "u ! ord]s ( ! (ficial function>ies1 b /ill m by ! fe> ( responsibility1 puni%m5t1 & ill-treatm5t :i*1 9 su* cases1 l a g5]al weight1 presses on ! :ole population4 ,h[ev]1 x is n our int5tion to ent] into details--into ! :ole ma*9]y ( commiss>iat & army subsi/5ce2 we h only results 9 view4 ,! result to be d]iv$ f a common-s5se view ( all ! circum/ances 9 g5]al1 & ! view :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ! w>s s9ce ! ,fr5* revolution t5ds to confirm is1--t ev5 ! l>ge/ army1 if x c>ries ) x provisions = a few days1 may und\bt$ly be subsi/$ by contributions :i*1 comm5c+ at ! mom5t ( ent]+ a c\ntry1 affect at fir/ only ! di/ricts 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! army1 b aft]w>ds1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 are levi$ on a great] scale1 ov] a range ( c\ntry always increas+1 & ) an ev] increas+ weight ( au?ority4 ,?is res\rce has no limits except ^? ( ! exhau/ion1 impov]i%m5t1 & deva/ation ( ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! /ay ( an invad+ army is ( "s duration1 ! adm9i/ration ( ?is sy/em at la/ is h&$ ov] to ^? 9 ! highe/ (ficial capacity2 & !y naturally d all !y c to equalise its pressure z mu* z possible1 & to alleviate ! weight ( ! tax by pur*ases2 at ! same "t1 ev5 an invad]1 :5 8 /ay is prolong$ 9 8 enemy's c\ntry1 is n usually s b>b>\s & reckless z to lay ^u t c\ntry ! entire burd5 ( 8 support2 ?us ! sy/em ( contributions ( itself gradually approa*es to t ( magaz9es1 at ! same "t )\t ev] ceas+ altoge!r1 or s5sibly los+ any ( t influ5ce :i* x ex]cises on ! op]ations ( ! w>2 = !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 a case 9 :i* "s ( ! res\rces :i* h be5 drawn f a c\ntry are replac$ by supplies br\ght f m di/ant p>ts 7! c\ntry1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9+ sub/antially ! s\rce on :i* ! army dep5ds = its supplies71 & ! case ( an army :i*--z 9 ! eighte5? c5tury--provides = all its wants f its own res\rces1 ! c\ntry 9 :i* x is op]at+ contribut+1 z a rule1 no?+ t[>ds its support4 ,! great diff]5ce consi/s 9 two ?+s1--namely1 ! employm5t ( ! transport ( ! c\ntry1 & its ov5s4 ,9 ?is way1 t enorm\s burd5 ( any army1 t incubus :i* is always de/roy+ its own "w1 a milit>y transport tra91 is almo/ got rid (4 ,x is true t ev5 n[ no army c d entirely )\t "s subsi/5ce wagons1 b ! numb] is imm5sely dim9i%$1 & little m is requir$ ?an suffici5t to c>ry ! surplus ( "o day on till ! next4 ,peculi> circum/ances1 z 9 ,russia 9 #ahab1 may ev5 aga9 compel an army to c>ry an enorm\s tra91 & also field-ov5s2 b 9 ! fir/ place ^! are exceptional cases2 = h[ seldom w x happ5 t #cjj1jjj m5 make a ho/ile advance ( #acj miles ^u almo/ a s+le road1 & t ?r\gh c\ntries su* z ,pol& & ,russia1 & %ortly be=e ! season ( h>ve/2 & 9 ! next place1 any means ( supply atta*$ to an army 9 su* cases1 may be look$ ^u z only an assi/ance 9 case ( ne$1 ! contributions ( ! c\ntry be+ always reg>d$ z ! gr\ndwork ( ! :ole sy/em ( supply4 ,s9ce ! fir/ campaigns ( ! ,fr5* revolution>y w>1 ! requisition sy/em has =m$ con/antly ! ma9/ay ( _! armies1 ! armies oppos$ to !m 7 also oblig$ to adopt ! same sy/em1 & x is n at all likely t x w ev] be ab&on$4 ,!re is no o!r :i* c be sub/itut$ = x ) ! same results1 bo? z reg>ds its simplicity & fre$om f re/ra9t1 & also z respects en]gy 9 ! prosecution ( ! w>4 ,z an army is seldom di/ress$ = provisions dur+ ! fir/ ?ree or f\r weeks ( a campaign :atev] direction x takes1 & aft]w>ds c be assi/$ by magaz9es1 we may v well say t by ?is me?od w> has acquir$ ! mo/ p]fect fre$om ( action4 ,c]ta9ly difficulties may be great] 9 "o direction ?an 9 ano!r1 & t may c>ry weight 9 prelim9>y delib]ation2 b we c nev] enc\nt] an absolute impossibility1 & ! att5tion :i* is due to ! subject ( subsi/5ce c nev] decide a "q imp]atively4 ,to ?is !re is only "o exception1 :i* is a retreat ?r\gh an enemy's c\ntry4 ,9 su* a case _m ( ! inconv5i5ces connect$ ) subsi/5ce meet toge!r4 ,! op]ation is "o ( a cont9u\s nature1 g5]ally c>ri$ on )\t a halt wor? speak+ (2 !re is1 !re=e1 no "t to procure provisions2 ! circum/ances "u :i* ! op]ation comm5ces are g5]ally unfav\rable1 x is !re=e necess>y to keep ! troops 9 masses1 & a disp]sion 9 cantonm5ts1 or ev5 any consid]able ext5sion 9 ! wid? ( ! column _c be all[$2 ! ho/ile feel+ ( ! c\ntry precludes ! *ance ( any collection ( contributions by m]e ord]s issu$ )\t ! support ( a =ce capable ( execut+ ! ord]2 &1 la/ly1 ! mom5t is mo/ auspici\s = ! inhabitants to give v5t to _! feel+s by acts ( ho/ility4 ,on acc\nt ( all ?is1 an army s situat$ is g5]ally oblig$ to conf9e itself /rictly to its previ\sly prep>$ l9es ( communication & retreat4 ,:5 ,buonap>te _h to retreat 9 #ahab1 x 0 impossible = him to d s by any o!r l9e b ! "o ^u :i* he _h advanc$1 on acc\nt ( ! subsi/5ce ( 8 army2 & if he _h attempt$ any o!r he w\ld only h plung$ into m spe$y & c]ta9 de/ruction2 all ! c5sure !re=e pass$ on him by ev5 ,fr5* writ]s z well z by o!rs ) reg>d to ?is po9t is %e] nons5se4 #d4--,subsi/5ce f ,magaz9es4 ,if we are to make a g5]ic di/9ction betwe5 ?is me?od ( subsi/+ troops & ! prec$+1 x mu/ be by an organisation su* z exi/$ = ab\t ?irty ye>s at ! close ( ! sev5te5? & dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,c ?is organisation ev] reappe>8 ,c]ta9ly we _c conceive h[ x c be disp5s$ ) if great armies are to be b\nd d[n = sev51 t51 or twelve ye>s long to "o spot1 z !y h be5 =m]ly 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 on ! ,rh9e1 9 ,upp] ,italy1 ,silesia1 & ,saxony2 = :at c\ntry c cont9ue = su* a l5g? ( "t to endure ! burd5 ( two great armies1 mak+ x ! entire s\rce ( _! supplies1 )\t be+ utt]ly ru9$ 9 ! end1 & !re=e gradually becom+ unable to meet ! dem&s8 ,b "h naturally arises ! "q3 %all ! w> prescribe ! sy/em ( subsi/5ce1 or %all ! latt] dictate ! nature ( ! w>8 ,to ?is we answ]3 ! sy/em ( subsi/5ce w control ! w>1 9 ! fir/ place1 z f> z ! o!r conditions on :i* x dep5ds p]mit2 b :5 ! latt] are encroa*$ ^u1 ! w> w react on ! subsi/5ce sy/em1 & 9 su* case det]m9e ! same4 ,a w> c>ri$ on by means ( ! sy/em ( requisitions & local supplies furni%$ on ! spot has su* an advantage ov] "o c>ri$ on 9 dep5d5ce on issues f magaz9es1 t ! latt] does n look at all l ! same in/rum5t4 ,no /ate w !re=e v5ture to enc\nt] ! =m] ) ! latt]2 & if any w> m9i/] %\ld be s n>r[-m9d$ & bl9d to circum/ances z to ignore ! real relation :i* ! two sy/ems be> to ea* o!r1 by s5d+ an army into ! field to live ^u ! old sy/em1 ! =ce ( circum/ances w\ld c>ry ! comm&] ( t army along ) x 9 its c\rse1 & ! requisition sy/em w\ld bur/ =? ( itself4 ,if we consid] besides1 t ! great exp5se att5d+ su* an organisation mu/ necess>ily r$uce ! ext5t ( ! armam5t 9 o!r respects1 includ+ ( c\rse ! actual numb] ( combatant soldi]s1 z no /ate has a sup]abundance ( weal?1 !n !re seems no probability ( any su* organisation be+ aga9 resort$ to unless x %\ld be adopt$ by ! bellig]5ts by mutual agreem5t1 an idea :i* is a m]e play ( ! imag9ation4 ,w>s !re=e may be expect$ h5ce=w>d always to comm5ce ) ! requisition sy/em2 h[ mu* "o or o!r gov]nm5t w d to supplem5t ! same by an artificial organisation to sp>e _! own c\ntry1 etc41 etc41 rema9s to be se52 t x w n be ov]mu* we may be c]ta91 = at su* mom5ts ! t5d5cy is to look to ! mo/ urg5t wants1 & an artificial sy/em ( subsi/+ troops does n come "u t category4 ,b n[1 if a w> is n s decisive 9 its results1 if its op]ations are n s compreh5sive z is consi/5t ) its real nature1 !n ! requisition sy/em w beg9 to exhau/ ! c\ntry 9 :i* x is c>ri$ on to t degree t ei!r peace mu/ be made1 or means mu/ be f\nd to light5 ! burd5 on ! c\ntry1 & to become indep5d5t ( x = ! supplies ( ! army4 ,! latt] 0 ! case ( ! ,fr5* army "u ,buonap>te 9 ,spa91 b ! fir/ happ5s mu* m frequ5tly4 ,9 mo/ w>s ! exhau/ion ( ! /ate increases to t degree t1 in/ead ( ?9k+ ( prosecut+ ! w> at a /ill great] exp5se1 ! necessity = peace becomes s urg5t z to be imp]ative4 ,?us f ?is po9t ( view ! mod]n me?od ( c>ry+ on w> has a t5d5cy to %ort5 ! duration ( w>s4 ,at ! same "t we %all n positively d5y ! possibility ( ! old sy/em ( subsi/5ce reappe>+ 9 future w>s2 x w p]haps be resort$ to by bellig]5ts h]eaft]1 :]e ! nature ( _! mutual relations urge !m to x1 & circum/ances are fav\rable to its adoption2 b we c nev] p]ceive 9 t sy/em a natural organisation2 x is mu* r an abnormal gr[? p]mitt$ by circum/ances1 b :i* c nev] spr+ f w> 9 its true s5se4 ,/ill less c we consid] t =m or sy/em z any improvem5t 9 w> on ! gr\nd ( its be+ m humane1 = w> itself is n a humane proce$+4 ,:atev] me?od ( provid+ subsi/5ce may be *os51 x is b natural t x %\ld be m easily c>ri$ out 9 ri* & well-peopl$ c\ntries1 ?an 9 ! mid/ ( a poor & scanty population4 ,t ! population %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation1 lies 9 ! d\ble relation :i* t elem5t be>s to ! quantity ( provisions to be f\nd 9 a c\ntry3 fir/ because1 :]e ! consumption is l>ge1 ! provision to meet t consumption is also l>ge2 & 9 ! next place1 because z a rule a l>ge population produces also l>gely4 ,f ?is we mu/ c]ta9ly except di/ricts peopl$ *iefly by manufactur]s1 p>ticul>ly :51 z is (t5 ! case1 su* di/ricts lie 9 m\nta9 valleys surr\nd$ by unproductive l&2 b 9 ! g5]ality ( cases x is always v mu* easi] to fe$ troops 9 a well populat$ ?an 9 a ?9ly inhabit$ c\ntry4 ,an army ( #ajj1jjj m5 _c be support$ on f\r hundr$ squ>e miles inhabit$ by #djj1jjj p1 z well z x w\ld be on f\r hundr$ squ>e miles ) a population ( #b1jjj1jjj inhabitants1 ev5 suppos+ ! soil equally good 9 ! two cases4 ,besides1 ! roads & means ( wat]-c>riage are mu* bett] 9 ri* c\ntries & af=d a great] *oice1 be+ m num]\s1 ! means ( transport are m abundant1 ! comm]cial relations easi] & m c]ta94 ,9 a ^w1 !re is inf9itely less difficulty 9 support+ an army 9 ,fl&]s ?an 9 ,pol&4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t w> ) its manifold suck]s fixes itself by pref]5ce along high roads1 ne> popul\s t[ns1 9 ! f]tile valleys ( l>ge riv]s1 or along su* sea-coa/s z are well frequ5t$4 ,?is %[s cle>ly h[ ! subsi/5ce ( troops may h a g5]al influ5ce ^u ! direction & =m ( milit>y und]tak+s1 & ^u ! *oice ( a !atre ( w> & l9es ( communication4 ,! ext5t ( ?is influ5ce1 :at weight %all atta* to ! facility or difficulty ( provision+ ! troops1 all t 9 ! calculation dep5ds v mu* on ! way 9 :i* ! w> is to be conduct$4 ,if x is to be c>ri$ on 9 its real _s1 t is1 ) ! unbridl$ =ce :i* belongs to its elem5t1 ) a con/ant press+ =w>d to1 or seek+ = ! combat & decisive solution1 !n ! su/5ance ( ! troops al?\gh an important1 is b a subord9ate1 affair2 b if !re is to be a /ate ( equilibrium dur+ :i* ! armies move ab\t "h & !re 9 ! same prov9ce = sev]al ye>s1 !n ! subsi/5ce mu/ (t5 become ! pr9cipal ?+1 ! int5dant ! comm&]-9-*ief1 & ! conduct ( ! w> an adm9i/ration ( wagons4 ,!re are numb]less campaigns ( ?is k9d 9 :i* no?+ took place2 ! plans misc>ri$1 ! =ces 7 us$ to no purpose1 ! only excuse be+ ! plea ( a want ( subsi/5ce2 on ! o!r h& ,buonap>te us$ to say 8,qu'on ne me p>le pas des vivres60 ,c]ta9ly t g5]al 9 ! ,russian campaign prov$ t su* recklessness may be c>ri$ too f>1 = n to say t p]haps 8 :ole campaign 0 ru9$ ?r\gh t cause alone1 :i* at be/ w\ld be only a supposition1 /ill x is beyond d\bt t to 8 want ( reg>d to ! subsi/5ce ( 8 troops he 0 indebt$ = ! extraord9>y melt+ away ( 8 army on 8 advance1 & = its utt] ru9 on ! retreat4 ,b :ile fully recognis+ 9 ,buonap>te ! eag] gambl] :o v5tures on _m a mad extreme1 we may ju/ly say t he & ! revolution>y g5]als :o prec$$ him dispell$ a p[]ful prejudice 9 respect to ! subsi/5ce ( troops1 & %[$ t x %\ld nev] be look$ ^u 9 any o!r light ?an z a condition ( w>1 nev] z an object4 ,besides1 x is ) privation 9 w> j z ) physical ex]tion & dang]2 ! dem&s :i* ! g5]al c make on 8 army are )\t any def9$ b\nds2 an iron "* dem&s m ?an a feeble s5sitive man2 also ! endurance ( an army diff]s 9 degree1 accord+ z habit1 milit>y _s1 confid5ce 9 & affection t[>ds ! comm&]1 or en?usiasm = ! cause ( fa!rl&1 su/a9 ! w & en]gy ( ! soldi]4 ,b ?is we may look ^u z an e/abli%$ pr9ciple1 t privation & want1 h[ev] f> !y may be c>ri$1 %\ld nev] be o!rwise reg>d$ ?an z transition-/ates :i* %\ld be succe$$ by a /ate ( abundance1 inde$ ev5 by sup]fluity4 ,c !re be any ?+ m t\*+ ?an ! ?\ght ( s _m ?\s& soldi]s1 badly clo!d1 ) packs on _! backs weigh+ ?irty or =ty p\nds1 toil+ ov] e k9d ( road1 9 e description ( wea!r1 = days & days cont9ually on ! m>*1 heal? & life = ev] 9 p]il1 & = all t unable to get a suffici5cy ( dry bread4 ,any "o :o kn[s h[ (t5 ?is happ5s 9 w>1 is at a loss to "k h[ x does n (t5] lead to a refusal ( ! w & p[]s to submit any long] to su* exactions1 & h[ ! m]e b5t con/antly giv5 to ! imag9ation ( human be+s 9 "o direction1 is capable ( fir/ call+ =?1 & !n support+ su* incr$ible ef=ts4 ,let any "o !n1 :o imposes great privations on 8 m5 because great objects dem& su* a trial ( endurance1 always be> 9 m9d z a matt] ( prud5ce1 if n prompt$ to x by 8 own feel+s1 t !re is a recomp5ce = su* sacrifices :i* he is b\nd to pay at "s o!r "t4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! diff]5ce :i* takes place 9 respect to ! "q ( subsi/5ce 9 w>1 accord+ z ! action is (f5sive or def5sive4 ,! def5sive is 9 a position to make un9t]rupt$ use ( ! subsi/5ce :i* he has be5 able to lay 9 be=eh&1 z long z 8 def5sive act cont9ues4 ,! def5sive side !re=e c h>dly be 9 want ( ! necess>ies ( life1 p>ticul>ly if he is 9 8 own c\ntry2 b ev5 9 ! enemy's ?is holds good4 ,! (f5sive on ! o!r h& is mov+ away f 8 res\rces1 & z long z he is advanc+1 & ev5 dur+ ! fir/ weeks aft] he /ops1 mu/ procure f day to day :at he requires1 & ?is c v r>ely be done )\t want & inconv5i5ce be+ felt4 ,?is difficulty is felt 9 its fulle/ =ce at two p>ticul> p]iods1 fir/ 9 ! advance1 be=e ! decision takes place2 !n ! supplies ( ! def5sive side are all at h&1 :il/ ! assailant has be5 oblig$ to leave 8 beh9d2 he is oblig$ to keep 8 masses conc5trat$1 & !re=e _c spread 8 army ov] any consid]able space2 ev5 8 transport _c keep close to him :5 he comm5ces 8 movem5ts prelim9>y to a battle4 ,if 8 prep>ations h n be5 v well made1 x may easily happ5 at ?is mom5t t 8 army may be 9 want ( supplies = sev]al days be=e ! decisive battle1 :i* c]ta9ly is n a means ( br++ !m into ! fight 9 ! highe/ /ate ( effici5cy4 ,! second "t a /ate ( want arises is at ! end ( a victori\s c>e]1 if ! l9es ( communication beg9 to be too long1 especially if ! w> is c>ri$ on 9 a poor1 sp>sely-populat$ c\ntry1 & p]haps also 9 ! mid/ ( a p ^: feel+s are ho/ile4 ,:at an enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 a l9e ( communication f ,wilna to ,mosc[1 on :i* e c>riage mu/ be =cibly seiz$1 & a l9e f ,cologne by ,lige1 ,l\va91 ,brussels1 ,mons1 & ,val5ci5nes to ,p>is1 :]e a m]cantile contract or a bill ( ex*ange w\ld suffice to procure millions ( rations4 ,frequ5tly has ! difficulty we are n[ speak+ ( result$ 9 obscur+ ! spl5d\r ( ! mo/ brilliant victories1 r$uc$ ! p[]s ( ! victori\s army1 r5d]$ retreat necess>y1 & !n by degrees end$ 9 produc+ all ! symptoms ( a real defeat4 ,=age1 ( :i*1 z we h be=e said1 !re is usually at fir/ ! lea/ defici5cy1 w run %ort soone/ if a c\ntry beg9s to become exhau/$1 = x is ! mo/ difficult supply to procure f a di/ance1 on acc\nt ( its bulk1 & ! horse feels ! effect ( l[ fe$+ mu* soon] ?an ! man4 ,= ?is reason1 an ov]-num]\s cavalry & artill]y may become a real burd51 & an elem5t ( weakness to an army4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,base ( ,op]ations ,if an army sets out on any exp$ition1 :e!r x be to attack ! enemy & 8 !atre ( w>1 or to take po/ on its own fronti]1 x cont9ues 9 a /ate ( necess>y dep5d5ce on ! s\rces f :i* x draws its subsi/5ce & re9=cem5ts1 & mu/ ma9ta9 its communication ) !m1 z !y are ! conditions ( its exi/5ce & pres]vation4 ,?is dep5d5ce increases 9 int5sity & ext5t 9 proportion to ! size ( ! army4 ,b n[ x is nei!r always possible nor requisite t ! army %\ld cont9ue 9 direct communication ) ! :ole ( its own c\ntry2 x is suffici5t if x does s ) t portion imm$iately 9 its re>1 & :i* is consequ5tly cov]$ by its position4 ,9 ?is portion ( ! c\ntry !n1 z f> z necess>y1 special depts ( provisions are =m$1 & arrangem5ts are made = regul>ly =w>d+ re9=cem5ts & supplies4 ,?is /rip ( t]ritory is !re=e ! f\ndation ( ! army & ( all its und]tak+s1 & ! two mu/ be reg>d$ z =m+ 9 connection only "o :ole4 ,if ! supplies = _! great] security are lodg$ 9 =tifi$ places1 ! idea ( a base becomes m di/9ct2 b ! idea does n orig9ate 9 any arrangem5t ( t k9d1 & 9 a numb] ( cases no su* arrangem5t is made4 ,b a portion ( ! enemy's t]ritory may also become a base = our army1 or1 at lea/1 =m "p ( x2 = :5 an army p5etrates into an enemy's l&1 a numb] ( its wants are suppli$ f t "p ( ! c\ntry :i* is tak5 possession (2 b x is !n a necess>y condition t we are completely ma/]s ( ?is portion ( t]ritory1 t is1 c]ta9 ( our ord]s be+ obey$ )9 its limits4 ,?is c]ta9ty1 h[ev]1 seldom ext5ds beyond ! rea* ( our ability to keep ! inhabitants 9 awe by small g>risons1 & deta*m5ts mov+ ab\t f place to place1 & t is n v f> 9 g5]al4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t 9 ! enemy's c\ntry1 ! "p ( t]ritory f :i* we c draw supplies is seldom ( suffici5t ext5t to furni% all ! supplies we require1 & we mu/ !re=e /ill dep5d on our own l& = mu*1 & ?is br+s u back aga9 to ! importance ( t "p ( our t]ritory imm$iately 9 re> ( our army z an indisp5sable portion ( our base4 ,! wants ( an army may be divid$ into two classes1 fir/ ^? :i* e cultivat$ c\ntry c furni%2 & next ^? :i* c only be obta9$ f ^? localities :]e !y are produc$4 ,! fir/ are *iefly provisions1 ! second ! means ( keep+ an army complete 9 e way4 ,! fir/ c !re=e be obta9$ 9 ! enemy's c\ntry2 ! second1 z a rule1 c only be furni%$ by our own c\ntry1 = example m51 arms1 & almo/ all munitions ( w>4 ,al?\gh !re are exceptions to ?is classification 9 c]ta9 cases1 /ill !y are few & trifl+1 & ! di/9ction we h drawn is ( /&+ importance1 & proves aga9 t ! communication ) our own c\ntry is indisp5sable4 ,depts ( provisions & =age are g5]ally =m$ 9 op5 t[ns1 bo? 9 ! enemy's & 9 our own c\ntry1 because !re are n z _m =tresses z w\ld be requir$ = ^! bulky /ores cont9ually be+ consum$1 & want$ sometimes "h1 sometimes !re1 & also because _! loss is mu* easi] to replace2 on ! o!r h&1 /ores to keep ! army complete1 su* z arms1 munition ( w>1 & articles ( equipm5t are nev] lodg$ 9 op5 places 9 ! vic9ity ( ! !atre ( w> if x c be avoid$1 b are r br\ght f a di/ance1 & 9 ! enemy's c\ntry nev] /or$ any:]e b 9 =tresses4 ,f ?is po9t1 aga91 x may be inf]r$ t ! base is ( m importance 9 relation to supplies int5d$ to refit an army ?an 9 relation to provisions = food4 ,n[1 ! m means ( ea* k9d are collect$ toge!r 9 great magaz9es be=e be+ br\ght into use1 ! m1 !re=e1 all sep>ate /reams unite 9 great res]voirs1 s mu* ! m may ^! be reg>d$ z tak+ ! place ( ! :ole c\ntry1 & s mu* ! m w ! conception ( a base fix itself ^u ^! great depts ( supply2 b ?is mu/ nev] g s f> t any su* place becomes look$ ^u z con/itut+ a base 9 itself alone4 ,if ^! s\rces ( supply & refitm5t are abundant1 t is1 if ! tracts ( t]ritory are wide & ri*1 if ! /ores are collect$ 9 great depts to be m spe$ily br\ght into use1 if ^! depts are cov]$ 9 a milit>y s5se 9 "o way or ano!r1 if !y are 9 close proximity to ! army & accessible by good roads1 if !y ext5d along a consid]able wid? 9 ! re> ( ! army or surr\nd x 9 "p z well--!n foll[s a great] vitality = ! army1 z well z a great] fre$om 9 its movem5ts4 ,attempts h be5 made to sum up all ! advantages :i* an army d]ives f be+ s situat$ 9 "o s+le conception1 t is1 ! ext5t ( ! base ( op]ations4 ,by ! relation :i* ?is base be>s to ! object ( ! und]tak+s1 by ! angle :i* its extremities make ) ?is object 7suppos$ z a po9t71 x has be5 attempt$ to express ! :ole sum ( ! advantages & disadvantages :i* accrue to an army f ! position & nature ( its s\rces ( supply & equipm5t2 b x is pla9 ?is elegant piece ( geometrical ref9em5t is m]ely a play ( fancy1 z x is f\nd$ on a s]ies ( sub/itutions :i* mu/ all be made at ! exp5se ( tru?4 ,z we h se51 ! base ( an army is a triple =mation 9 connection ) ! situation 9 :i* an army is plac$3 ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry adjac5t to ! position ( ! army1 ! depts ( /ores :i* h be5 made at p>ticul> po9ts1 & ! prov9ce f :i* ^! /ores are d]iv$ or collect$4 ,^! ?ree ?+s are sep>at$ 9 space1 & _c be collect$ into "o :ole1 & lea/ ( all c we sub/itute = !m a l9e :i* is to repres5t ! wid? ( ! base1 a l9e :i* is g5]ally imag9$ 9 a mann] p]fectly arbitr>y1 ei!r f "o =tress to ano!r or f "o capital ( a prov9ce to ano!r1 or along a political b\nd>y ( a c\ntry4 ,nei!r c we det]m9e precisely ! mutual relation ( ^! ?ree /eps 9 ! =mation ( a base1 = 9 reality !y bl5d !mselves ) ea* o!r always m or less4 ,9 "o case ! surr\nd+ c\ntry af=ds l>gely ! means ( refitt+ an army ) ?+s :i* o!rwise c\ld only be obta9$ f a long di/ance2 9 ano!r case we are oblig$ to get ev5 food f a long di/ance4 ,sometimes ! ne>e/ =tresses are great ars5als1 ports1 or comm]cial cities1 :i* conta9 all ! milit>y res\rces ( a :ole /ate1 sometimes !y are no?+ b old1 feeble ramp>ts1 h>dly suffici5t = _! own def5ce4 ,! consequ5ce is t all d$uctions f ! l5g? ( ! base ( op]ations & its angles1 & ! :ole !ory ( w> f\nd$ on ^! data1 z f> z its geometrical phase1 h nev] met ) any att5tion 9 real w>1 & 9 !ory !y h only caus$ wrong t5d5cies4 ,b z ! basis ( ?is *a9 ( reason+ is a tru?1 & only ! conclusions drawn are false1 ?is same view w easily & frequ5tly ?ru/ itself =w>d aga94 ,we ?9k1 !re=e1 t we _c g beyond ackn[l$g+ g5]ally ! influ5ce ( a base on milit>y ent]prises1 t at ! same "t !re are no means ( fram+ out ( ?is maxim any s]viceable rules by a few ab/ract ideas2 b t 9 ea* sep>ate case ! :ole ( ! ?+s :i* we h specifi$ mu/ be kept 9 view toge!r4 ,:5 once arrangem5ts are made )9 a c]ta9 radius to provide ! means ( subsi/+ an army & keep+ x complete 9 e respect1 & ) a view to op]ations 9 a c]ta9 direction1 !n1 ev5 9 our own c\ntry1 ?is di/rict only is to be reg>d$ z ! base ( ! army2 & z any alt]ation ( a base requires "t & lab\r1 !re=e an army _c *ange its base e day1 ev5 9 its own c\ntry1 & ?is aga9 limits x always m or less 9 ! direction ( its op]ations4 ,if1 !n1 9 op]at+ aga9/ an enemy's c\ntry we take ! :ole l9e ( our own fronti]1 :]e x =ms a b\nd>y betwe5 ! two c\ntries z our base1 we may d s 9 a g5]al s5se1 9 s f> t we might make ^? prep>ations :i* con/itute a base any:]e on t fronti]2 b x w n be a base at any mom5t if prep>ations h n be5 already made ev]y:]e4 ,:5 ! ,russian army retreat$ be=e ! ,fr5* 9 #ahab1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! campaign ! :ole ( ,russia might h be5 consid]$ z its base1 ! m s because ! va/ ext5t ( ! c\ntry (f]$ ! army abundance ( space 9 any direction x might select4 ,?is is no illusory notion1 z x 0 actually realis$ at a subsequ5t "t1 :5 o!r ,russian armies f diff]5t qu>t]s ent]$ ! field2 b /ill at e p]iod ?r\gh\t ! campaign ! base ( ! ,russian army 0 n s ext5sive2 x 0 pr9cipally conf9$ to ! road on :i* ! :ole tra9 ( transport to & f _! army 0 organis$4 ,?is limitation prev5t$ ! ,russian army1 = in/ance1 f mak+ ! fur!r retreat :i* became necess>y aft] ! ?ree days' fight+ at ,smol5sk 9 any direction b t ( ,mosc[1 & s h9d]$ _! turn+ sudd5ly 9 ! direction ( ,kaluga1 z 0 propos$ 9 ord] to draw ! enemy away f ,mosc[4 ,su* a *ange ( direction c\ld only h be5 possible by hav+ be5 prep>$ = long be=eh&4 ,we h said t ! dep5d5ce on ! base increases 9 int5sity & ext5t ) ! size ( ! army1 :i* is easy to und]/&4 ,an army is l a tree4 ,f ! gr\nd out ( :i* x gr[s x draws its n\ri%m5t2 if x is small x c easily be transplant$1 b ?is becomes m difficult z x increases 9 size4 ,a small body ( troops has also its *annels1 f :i* x draws ! su/5ance ( life1 b x /rikes root easily :]e x happ5s to be2 n s a l>ge army4 ,:51 !re=e1 we talk ( ! influ5ce ( ! base on ! op]ations ( an army1 ! dim5sions ( ! army mu/ always s]ve z ! scale by :i* to measure ! magnitude ( t influ5ce4 ,fur!r x is consi/5t ) ! nature ( ?+s t = ! imm$iate wants ( ! pres5t h\r ! subsi/5ce is ! ma9 po9t1 b = ! g5]al effici5cy ( ! army ?r\gh a long p]iod ( "t ! refitm5t & recruitm5t are ! m important1 because ! latt] c only be done f p>ticul> s\rces :ile ! =m] may be obta9$ 9 _m ways2 ?is aga9 def9es /ill m di/9ctly ! influ5ce ( ! base on ! op]ations ( ! army4 ,h[ev] great t influ5ce may be1 we mu/ nev] =get t x belongs to ^? ?+s :i* c only %[ a decisive effect aft] "s consid]able "t1 & t !re=e ! "q always rema9s :at may happ5 9 t "t4 ,! value ( a base ( op]ations w seldom det]m9e ! *oice ( an und]tak+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,m]e difficulties :i* may pres5t !mselves 9 ?is respect mu/ be put side by side & comp>$ ) o!r means actually at our comm&2 ob/acles ( ?is nature (t5 vani% be=e ! =ce ( decisive victories4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,l9es ( ,communication ,! roads :i* lead f ! position ( an army to ^? po9ts 9 its re> :]e its depts ( supply & means ( recruit+ & refitt+ its =ces are pr9cipally unit$1 & :i* x also 9 all ord9>y cases *ooses = its retreat1 h a d\ble signification2 9 ! fir/ place1 !y are its l9es ( communication = ! con/ant n\ri%m5t ( ! combatant =ce1 & next !y are roads ( retreat4 ,we h said 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t1 al?\gh accord+ to ! pres5t sy/em ( subsi/5ce1 an army is *iefly f$ f ! di/rict 9 :i* x is op]at+1 x mu/ /ill be look$ ^u z =m+ a :ole ) its base4 ,! l9es ( communication belong to ?is :ole2 !y =m ! connection betwe5 ! army & its base1 & are to be consid]$ z s _m great vital art]ies4 ,supplies ( e k9d1 convoys ( munitions1 deta*m5ts mov+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 po/s1 ord]lies1 hospitals1 depts1 res]ves ( /ores1 ag5ts ( adm9i/ration1 all ^! objects are con/antly mak+ use ( ^! roads1 & ! total value ( ^! s]vices is ( ! utmo/ importance to ! army4 ,^! great *annels ( life mu/ !re=e nei!r be p]man5tly sev]$1 nor mu/ !y be ( too great l5g?1 or beset ) difficulties1 because !re is always a loss ( /r5g? on a long road1 :i* t5ds to weak5 ! condition ( an army4 ,by _! second purpose1 t is z l9es ( retreat1 !y con/itute 9 a real s5se ! /rategic re> ( ! army4 ,= bo? purposes ! value ( ^! roads dep5ds on _! l5g?1 _! numb]1 _! situation1 t is _! g5]al direction1 & _! direction specially z reg>ds ! army1 _! nature z roads1 difficulties ( gr\nd1 ! political relations & feel+ ( local population1 & la/ly1 on ! protection !y d]ive f =tresses or natural ob/acles 9 ! c\ntry4 ,b all ! roads :i* lead f ! po9t occupi$ by an army to its s\rces ( exi/5ce & p[]1 are n on t acc\nt necess>ily l9es ( communication = t army4 ,!y may no d\bt be us$ = t purpose1 & may be consid]$ z supplem5t>y ( ! sy/em ( communication1 b t sy/em is conf9$ to ! l9es regul>ly prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,only ^? roads on :i* magaz9es1 hospitals1 /ations1 po/s = despat*es & lett]s are organis$ "u comm&ants ) police & g>risons1 c be look$ ^u z real l9es ( communication4 ,b "h a v important diff]5ce betwe5 our own & ! enemy's army makes its appe>ance1 "o :i* is (t5 ov]look$4 ,an army1 ev5 9 its own c\ntry1 has its prep>$ l9es ( communication1 b x is n completely limit$ to !m1 & c 9 case ( ne$ *ange its l9e1 tak+ "s o!r :i* pres5ts itself1 = x is e :]e at home1 has (ficials 9 au?ority1 & ! fri5dly feel+ ( ! p4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh o!r roads may n be z good z ^? at fir/ select$ !re is no?+ to prev5t _! be+ us$1 & ! use ( !m is n to be reg>d$ z impossible 9 case ! army is turn$ & oblig$ to *ange its front4 ,an army 9 an enemy's c\ntry on ! contr>y c z a rule only look ^u ^? roads z l9es ( communication ^u :i* x has advanc$2 & h5ce arises ?r\gh small & almo/ invisible causes a great diff]5ce 9 op]at+4 ,! army 9 ! enemy's c\ntry takes "u its protection ! organisation :i*1 z x advances1 x necess>ily introduces to =m its l9es ( communication2 & 9 g5]al1 inasmu* z t]ror1 & ! pres5ce ( an enemy's army 9 ! c\ntry inve/s ^! measures 9 ! eyes ( ! inhabitants ) all ! weight ( unalt]able necessity1 ! inhabitants may ev5 be br\ght to reg>d !m z an alleviation ( ! evils insep>able f w>4 ,small g>risons left beh9d 9 diff]5t places support & ma9ta9 ?is sy/em4 ,b if ^! commiss>ies1 comm&ants ( /ations1 police1 fieldpo/s1 & ! re/ ( ! app>atus ( adm9i/ration1 7 s5t to "s di/ant road ^u :i* ! army _h n be5 se51 ! inhabitants !n w\ld look ^u su* measures z a burd5 :i* !y w\ld gladly get rid (1 & if ! mo/ complete defeats & cata/rophes _h n previ\sly spread t]ror ?r\gh\t ! l&1 ! probability is t ^! function>ies w\ld be treat$ z enemies1 & driv5 away ) v r\gh usage4 ,!re=e 9 ! fir/ place x w\ld be necess>y to e/abli% g>risons to subjugate ! new l9e1 & ^! g>risons w\ld require to be ( m ?an ord9>y /r5g?1 & /ill !re w\ld always be a dang] ( ! inhabitants ris+ & attempt+ to ov]p[] !m4 ,9 %ort1 an army m>*+ into an enemy's c\ntry is de/itute ( ! me*anism ?r\gh :i* ob$i5ce is r5d]$2 x has to in/itute its (ficials into _! places1 :i* c only be done by a /rong h&1 & ?is _c be effect$ ?or\ghly )\t sacrifices & difficulties1 nor is x ! "w ( a mom5t--,f ?is x foll[s t a *ange ( ! sy/em ( communication is mu* less easy ( accompli%m5t 9 an enemy's c\ntry ?an 9 our own1 :]e x is at lea/ possible2 & x also foll[s t ! army is m re/rict$ 9 its movem5ts1 & mu/ be mu* m s5sitive ab\t any demon/rations aga9/ its communications4 ,b ! *oice & organisation ( l9es ( communication is f ! v comm5cem5t subject also to a numb] ( conditions by :i* x is re/rict$4 ,n only mu/ !y be 9 a g5]al s5se good high roads1 b !y w be ! m s]viceable ! wid] !y are1 ! m popul\s & weal?y t[ns !y pass ?r\gh1 ! m /rong places !re are :i* af=d !m protection4 ,riv]s1 also1 z means ( wat] communication1 & bridges z po9ts ( passage1 h a decisive weight 9 ! *oice4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! situation ( a l9e ( communication1 & consequ5tly ! road by :i* an army proce$s to comm5ce ! (f5sive1 is only a matt] ( free *oice up to a c]ta9 po9t1 its situation be+ dep5d5t on c]ta9 geographical relations4 ,all ! =ego+ circum/ances tak5 toge!r det]m9e ! /r5g? or weakness ( ! communication ( an army ) its base1 & ?is result1 comp>$ ) "o simil>ly obta9$ ) reg>d to ! enemy's communications1 decides :i* ( ! two oppon5ts is 9 a position to op]ate aga9/ ! o!r's l9es ( communication1 or to cut (f 8 retreat1 t is1 9 te*nical language to turn him4 ,sett+ aside all consid]ations ( moral or physical sup]iority1 t p>ty c only effectually accompli% ?is ^: communications are ! /ronge/ ( ! two1 = o!rwise ! enemy saves himself 9 ! %orte/ mode1 by a c\nt]/roke4 ,n[ ?is turn+ c1 by reason ( ! d\ble signification ( ^! l9es1 h also two purposes4 ,ei!r ! communications may be int]f]$ ) & int]rupt$1 t ! enemy may melt away by degrees f want1 & ?us be compell$ to retreat1 or ! object may be directly to cut (f ! retreat4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/1 we h to obs]ve t a m]e mom5t>y int]ruption w seldom h any effect :ile armies are subsi/$ z !y n[ are2 a c]ta9 "t is requisite to produce an effect 9 ?is way 9 ord] t ! losses ( ! enemy by frequ5t repetition may comp5sate 9 numb] = ! small am\nt he suff]s 9 ea* case4 ,"o s+le ent]prise aga9/ ! enemy's flank1 :i* might h be5 a decisive /roke 9 ^? days :5 ?\s&s ( bread-waggons trav]s$ ! l9es ( communication1 c>ry+ out ! sy/ematis$ me?od !n 9 =ce = subsi/+ troops1 w\ld h>dly produce any effect n[1 if ev] s successful2 "o convoy at mo/ might be seiz$1 :i* w\ld cause ! enemy "s p>tial damage1 b nev] compel him to retreat4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ent]prises ( ?is description on a flank1 :i* h always be5 m 9 fa%ion 9 books ?an 9 real w>f>e1 n[ appe> less ( a practical nature ?an ev]1 & we may safely say t !re is no dang] 9 ?is respect to any l9es ( communication b su* z are v long1 & o!rwise unfav\rably circum/anc$1 m especially by be+ expos$ ev]y:]e & at any mom5t to attacks f an insurg5t population4 ,) respect to ! cutt+ (f an enemy's retreat1 we mu/ n be ov]confid5t 9 ?is respect ei!r ( ! consequ5ces ( ?reat5+ or clos+ ! enemy's l9es ( retreat1 z rec5t exp]i5ce has %[n t1 :5 troops are good & _! lead] resolute1 x is m difficult to make !m prison]s1 ?an x is = !m to cut _! way ?r\gh ! =ce oppos$ to !m4 ,! means ( %ort5+ & protect+ long l9es ( communication are v limit$4 ,! seizure ( "s =tresses adjac5t to ! position tak5 up by ! army1 & on ! roads lead+ to ! re>--or 9 ! ev5t ( !re be+ no =tresses 9 ! c\ntry1 ! con/ruction ( tempor>y def5ces at suitable po9ts--! k9d treatm5t ( ! p ( ! c\ntry1 /rict discipl9e on ! milit>y roads1 good police1 & active measures to improve ! roads1 are ! only means by :i* ! evil may be dim9i%$1 b x is "o :i* c nev] be entirely remov$4 ,fur!rmore1 :at we said :5 treat+ ( ! "q ( subsi/5ce ) respect to ! roads :i* ! army %\ld *ose by pref]5ce1 applies also p>ticul>ly to l9es ( communication4 ,! be/ l9es ( communication are roads lead+ ?r\gh ! mo/ fl\ri%+ t[ns & ! mo/ important prov9ces2 !y ought to be pref]r$1 ev5 if consid]ably long]1 & 9 mo/ cases !y ex]cise an important influ5ce on ! def9itive disposition ( ! army4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,on ,c\ntry & ,gr\nd ,q irrespective ( _! influ5ce z reg>ds ! means ( subsi/5ce ( an army1 c\ntry & gr\nd be> ano!r mo/ intimate & nev]-fail+ relation to ! bus9ess ( w>1 :i* is _! decisive influ5ce on ! battle1 bo? ^u :at conc]ns its c\rse1 z well z ^u ! prep>ation = x1 & ! use to be made ( x4 ,we n[ proce$ to consid] c\ntry & gr\nd 9 ?is phase1 t is1 9 ! full mean+ ( ! ,fr5* expression 8,t]ra940 ,! way to make use ( !m is a subject :i* lies mo/ly )9 ! prov9ce ( tactics1 b ! effects result+ f !m appe> 9 /rategy2 a battle 9 ! m\nta9s is1 9 its consequ5ces z well z 9 itself1 q a diff]5t ?+ f a battle on a level pla94 ,b until we h /udi$ ! di/9ction betwe5 (f5sive & def5sive1 & exam9$ ! nature ( ea* sep>ately & fully1 we _c ent] ^u ! consid]ation ( ! pr9cipal features ( ! gr\nd 9 _! effects2 we mu/ !re=e = ! pres5t conf9e ourselves to an inve/igation ( its g5]al prop]ties4 ,!re are ?ree prop]ties ?r\gh :i* ! gr\nd has an influ5ce on action 9 w>2 t is1 z pres5t+ an ob/acle to approa*1 z an ob/acle to an ext5sive view1 & z protection aga9/ ! effect ( fire-arms2 all o!r effects may be trac$ back to ^! ?ree4 ,unque/ionably ?is ?reefold influ5ce ( gr\nd has a t5d5cy to make w>f>e m div]sifi$1 m complicat$1 & m sci5tific1 = !y are pla9ly ?ree m quantities :i* ent] into milit>y comb9ations4 ,a completely level pla91 q op5 at ! same "t1 t is1 a tract ( c\ntry :i* _c influ5ce w> at all1 has no exi/5ce except 9 relation to small bodies ( troops1 & ) respect to !m only = ! duration ( "s giv5 mom5t ( "t4 ,:5 l>g] bodies are conc]n$1 & a long] duration ( "t1 accid5ts ( gr\nd mix !mselves up ) ! action ( su* bodies1 & x is h>dly possible 9 ! case ( a :ole army to imag9e any p>ticul> mom5t1 su* z a battle1 :5 ! gr\nd w\ld n make its influ5ce felt4 ,?is influ5ce is !re=e nev] 9 abeyance1 b x is c]ta9ly /rong] or weak] accord+ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,if we keep 9 view ! great mass ( topographical ph5om5a we f9d t c\ntries deviate f ! idea ( p]fectly op5 level pla9s pr9cipally 9 ?ree ways3 fir/ by ! =m ( ! gr\nd1 t is1 hills & valleys2 !n by woods1 m>%es1 & lakes z natural features2 & la/ly1 by su* *anges z h be5 introduc$ by ! h& ( man4 ,?r\gh ea* ( ^! ?ree circum/ances !re is an increase 9 ! influ5ce ( gr\nd on ! op]ations ( w>4 ,if we trace !m up to a c]ta9 di/ance we h m\nta9\s c\ntry1 a c\ntry little cultivat$ & cov]$ ) woods & m>%es1 & ! well cultivat$4 ,! t5d5cy 9 ea* case is to r5d] w> m complicat$ & connect$ ) art4 ,! degree ( influ5ce :i* cultivation ex]cises is great] or less accord+ to ! nature ( ! cultivation2 ! sy/em pursu$ 9 ,fl&]s1 ,hol/e91 & "s o!r c\ntries1 :]e ! l& is int]sect$ 9 e direction ) dit*es1 dykes1 h$ges1 & walls1 int]sp]s$ ) _m s+le dwell+s & small woods has ! greate/ effect on w>4 ,! conduct ( w> is !re=e ( ! easie/ k9d 9 a level mod]ately-cultivat$ c\ntry4 ,?is h[ev] only holds good 9 q a g5]al s5se1 leav+ entirely out ( consid]ation ! use :i* ! def5sive c make ( ob/acles ( gr\nd4 ,ea* ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( gr\nd has an effect 9 its own way on movem5t1 on ! range ( sight1 & 9 ! cov] x af=ds4 ,9 a ?ickly-wood$ c\ntry ! ob/acle to sight prepond]ates2 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 ! difficulty ( movem5t pres5ts ! greate/ ob/acle to an enemy2 9 c\ntries v mu* cultivat$ bo? ^! ob/acles exi/ 9 a m$ium degree4 ,z ?ick woods r5d] great portions ( gr\nd 9 a c]ta9 mann] impracticable = milit>y movem5ts1 & z1 besides ! difficulty :i* !y oppose to movem5t !y also ob/ruct ! view1 !reby prev5t+ ! use ( means to cle> a passage1 ! result is t !y simplify ! measures to be adopt$ on "o side 9 proportion z !y increase ! difficulties ) :i* ! o!r side has to cont5d4 ,al?\gh x is difficult practically to conc5trate =ces = action 9 a wood$ c\ntry1 /ill a p>tition ( =ces does n take place to ! same ext5t z x usually does 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 or 9 a c\ntry v mu* int]sect$ ) canals1 riv]s1 c43 9 o!r words1 ! p>tition ( =ces 9 su* a c\ntry is m unavoidable b n s great4 ,9 m\nta9s1 ! ob/acles to movem5t prepond]ate & take effect 9 two ways1 because 9 "s p>ts ! c\ntry is q impassable1 & :]e x is practicable we mu/ move sl[] & ) great] difficulty4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! rapidity ( all movem5ts is mu* dim9i%$ 9 m\nta9s1 & all op]ations are mix$ up ) a l>g] quantity ( ! elem5t ( "t4 ,b ! gr\nd 9 m\nta9s has also ! special prop]ty peculi> to itself1 t "o po9t comm&s ano!r4 ,we %all devote ! foll[+ *apt] to ! discussion ( ! subject ( comm&+ heights g5]ally1 & %all only "h rem>k t x is ?is peculi>ity :i* causes ! great p>tition ( =ces 9 op]ations c>ri$ on among/ m\nta9s1 = p>ticul> po9ts ?us acquire importance f ! influ5ce !y h ^u o!r po9ts 9 addition to any intr9sic value :i* !y h 9 !mselves4 ,z we h else:]e obs]v$1 ea* ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( gr\nd 9 proportion z its own special peculi>ity has a t5d5cy to an extreme1 has 9 ! same degree a t5d5cy to l[] ! influ5ce ( ! supreme comm&1 increas+ 9 l mann] ! indep5d5t action ( subord9ates d[n to ! private soldi]4 ,! great] ! p>tition ( any =ce1 ! less an undivid$ control is possible1 s mu* ! m are subord9ates left to !mselves2 t is self-evid5t4 ,c]ta9ly :5 ! p>tition ( a =ce is great]1 !n ?r\gh ! div]sity ( action & great] scope 9 ! use ( means ! influ5ce ( intellig5ce mu/ increase1 & ev5 ! comm&]-9-*ief may %[ 8 tal5ts to advantage "u su* circum/ances2 b we mu/ "h repeat :at has be5 said be=e1 t 9 w> ! sum total ( s+le results decides m ?an ! =m or me?od 9 :i* !y are connect$1 & !re=e1 if we pu% our pres5t consid]ations to an extreme case1 & suppose a :ole army ext5d$ 9 a l9e ( skirmi%]s s t ea* private soldi] fights 8 own little battle1 m w dep5d on ! sum ( s+le victories ga9$ ?an on ! =m 9 :i* !y are connect$2 = ! b5efit ( good comb9ations c only foll[ f positive results1 n f negative4 ,!re=e 9 su* a case ! c\rage1 ! dext]ity1 & ! _s ( individuals w prove decisive4 ,x is only :5 two oppos+ armies are on a p> z reg>ds milit>y qualities1 or t _! peculi> prop]ties hold ! balance ev51 t ! tal5t & judgm5t ( ! comm&] become aga9 decisive4 ,! consequ5ce is t national armies & insurg5t levies1 etc41 etc41 9 :i*1 at lea/ 9 ! individual1 ! w>like _s is highly excit$1 al?\gh !y are n sup]ior 9 skill & brav]y1 are /ill able to ma9ta9 a sup]iority by a great disp]sion ( _! =ces fav\r$ by a difficult c\ntry1 & t !y c only ma9ta9 !mselves = a cont9uance ^u t k9d ( sy/em1 because troops ( ?is description are g5]ally de/itute ( all ! qualities & virtues :i* are indisp5sable :5 tol]ably l>ge numb]s are requir$ to act z a unit$ body4 ,also 9 ! nature ( =ces !re are _m gradations betwe5 "o ( ^! extremes & ! o!r1 = ! v circum/ance ( be+ engag$ 9 ! def5ce ( its own c\ntry gives to ev5 a regul> /&+ army some?+ ( ! "* ( a national army1 & makes x m suit$ = a w> wag$ by an army brok5 up into deta*m5ts4 ,n[ ! m ^! qualifications & influ5ces are want+ 9 an army1 ! great] !y are on ! side ( its oppon5t1 s mu* ! m w x dread be+ split into fractions1 ! m x w avoid a brok5 c\ntry2 b to avoid fight+ 9 su* a description ( c\ntry is seldom a matt] ( *oice2 we _c *oose a !atre ( w> l a piece ( m]*&ise f among/ sev]al patt]ns1 & ?us we f9d g5]ally t armies :i* f _! nature fight ) advantage 9 conc5trat$ masses1 exhau/ all _! +5uity 9 try+ to c>ry out _! sy/em z f> z possible 9 direct opposition to ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y mu/ 9 consequ5ce submit to o!r disadvantages1 su* z scanty & difficult subsi/5ce = ! troops1 bad qu>t]s1 & 9 ! combat num]\s attacks f all sides2 b ! disadvantage ( giv+ up _! own special advantage w\ld be great]4 ,^! two t5d5cies 9 opposite directions1 ! "o to conc5tration ! o!r to disp]sion ( =ces1 prevail m or less accord+ z ! nature ( ! troops engag$ incl9e !m m to "o side or ! o!r1 b h[ev] decid$ ! t5d5cy1 ! "o side _c always rema9 ) 8 =ces conc5trat$1 nei!r c ! o!r expect success by foll[+ 8 sy/em ( w>f>e 9 scatt]$ bodies on all occasions4 ,! ,fr5* 7 oblig$ to resort to p>tition+ _! =ces 9 ,spa91 & ! ,spani>ds1 :il/ def5d+ _! c\ntry by means ( an insurg5t population1 7 oblig$ to try ! fate ( great battles 9 ! op5 field ) "p ( _! =ces4 ,next to ! connection :i* c\ntry & gr\nd h ) ! g5]al1 & especially ) ! political1 composition ( ! =ces engag$1 ! mo/ important po9t is ! relative proportion ( ! ?ree arms4 ,9 all c\ntries :i* are difficult to trav]se1 :e!r ! ob/acles are m\nta9s1 =e/s1 or a peculi> cultivation1 a num]\s cavalry is useless3 t is pla9 9 itself2 x is j ! same ) artill]y 9 wood$ c\ntries2 !re w probably be a want ( room to use x ) effect1 ( roads to transport x1 & ( =age = ! horses4 ,= ?is arm highly cultivat$ c\ntries are less disadvantage\s1 & lea/ ( all a m\nta9\s c\ntry4 ,bo?1 no d\bt1 af=d cov] aga9/ its fire1 & 9 t respect !y are unfav\rable to an arm :i* dep5ds entirely on its fire3 bo? also (t5 furni% means = ! enemy's infantry to place ! heavy artill]y 9 jeop>dy1 z infantry c pass any:]e2 b /ill 9 nei!r is !re 9 g5]al any want ( space = ! use ( a num]\s artill]y1 & 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries x has ?is great advantage1 t its effects are prolong$ & increas$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! movem5ts ( ! enemy be+ sl[]4 ,b x is und5iable t infantry has a decid$ advantage ov] e o!r arm 9 difficult c\ntry1 & t1 !re=e1 9 su* a c\ntry its numb] may consid]ably exce$ ! usual proportion4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,comm& ( ,gr\nd ,! ^w 8comm&0 has a *>m 9 ! art ( w> peculi> to itself1 & 9 fact to ?is elem5t belongs a great "p1 p]haps half ! influ5ce :i* gr\nd ex]cises on ! use ( troops4 ,"h _m ( ! sacr$ relics ( milit>y erudition h _! root1 z1 = in/ance1 comm&+ positions1 key positions1 /rategic manuvres1 etc4 ,we %all take z cle> a view ( ! subject z we c )\t prolixity1 & pass 9 review ! true & ! false1 reality & exagg]ation4 ,e ex]tion ( physical =ce if made upw>ds is m difficult ?an if x is made 9 ! contr>y direction 7d[nw>ds72 consequ5tly x mu/ be s 9 fight+2 & !re are ?ree evid5t reasons :y x is s4 ,fir/1 e height may be reg>d$ z an ob/acle to approa*2 secondly1 al?\gh ! range is n p]ceptibly great] 9 %oot+ d[n f a height1 yet1 all geometrical relations be+ tak5 into consid]ation1 we h a bett] *ance ( hitt+ ?an 9 ! opposite case2 ?irdly1 an elevation gives a bett] comm& ( view4 ,h[ all ^! advantages unite !mselves toge!r 9 battle we are n conc]n$ ) "h2 we collect ! sum total ( ! advantages :i* tactics d]ives f elevation ( position & comb9e !m 9 "o :ole :i* we reg>d z ! fir/ /rategic advantage4 ,b ! fir/ & la/ ( ^! advantages t h be5 enum]at$ mu/ appe> once m z advantages ( /rategy itself1 = we m>* & reconnoitre 9 /rategy z well z 9 tactics2 if1 !re=e1 an elevat$ position is an ob/acle to ! approa* ( ^? on l[] gr\nd1 t is ! second2 & ! bett] comm& ( view :i* ?is elevat$ position af=ds is ! ?ird advantage :i* /rategy may d]ive 9 ?is way4 ,( ^! elem5ts is compos$ ! p[] ( dom9at+1 ov]look+1 comm&+2 f ^! s\rces spr+s ! s5se ( sup]iority & security :i* is felt 9 /&+ on ! br[ ( a hill & look+ at ! enemy bel[1 & ! feel+ ( weakness & appreh5sion :i* p]vades ! m9ds ( ^? bel[4 ,p]haps ! total impression made is at ! same "t /rong] ?an x ought to be1 because ! advantage ( ! high] gr\nd /rikes ! s5ses m ?an ! circum/ances :i* modify t advantage4 ,p]haps ! impression made surpasses t :i* ! tru? w>rants1 9 :i* case ! effect ( imag9ation mu/ be reg>d$ z a new elem5t1 :i* exagg]ates ! effect produc$ by an elevation ( gr\nd4 ,at ! same "t ! advantage ( great] facility ( movem5t is n absolute1 & n always 9 fav\r ( ! side occupy+ ! high] position2 x is only s :5 8 oppon5t wi%es to attack him2 x is n if ! combatants are sep>at$ by a great valley1 & x is actually 9 fav\r ( ! army on ! l[] gr\nd if bo? wi% to fight 9 ! pla9 7battle ( ,hoh5fri$b]g74 ,also ! p[] ( ov]look+1 or comm& ( view1 has likewise great limitations4 ,a wood$ c\ntry 9 ! valley bel[1 & (t5 ! v masses ( ! m\nta9s !mselves on :i* we /&1 ob/ruct ! vision4 ,c\ntless are ! cases 9 :i* we might seek 9 va9 on ! spot = ^? advantages ( an elevat$ position :i* a map w\ld lead u to expect2 & we might (t5 be l$ to ?9k we _h only involv$ ourselves 9 all k9ds ( disadvantages1 ! v opposite ( ! advantages we c\nt$ ^u4 ,b ^! limitations & conditions d n abrogate or de/roy ! sup]iority :i* ! m elevat$ position conf]s1 bo? on ! def5sive & (f5sive4 ,we %all po9t out1 9 a few words1 h[ ?is is ! case ) ea*4 ,out ( ! ?ree /rategic advantages ( ! m elevat$ gr\nd1 ! great] tactical /r5g?1 ! m difficult approa*1 & ! bett] view1 ! fir/ two are ( su* a nature t !y belong really to ! def5sive only2 = x is only 9 hold+ firmly to a position t we c make use ( !m1 :il/ ! o!r side 7(f5sive7 9 mov+ _c remove !m & take !m ) him2 b ! ?ird advantage c be made use ( by ! (f5sive j z well z by ! def5sive4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! m elevat$ gr\nd is highly important to ! def5sive1 & z x c only be ma9ta9$ 9 a decisive way 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries1 !re=e x w\ld seem to foll[1 z a consequ5ce1 t ! def5sive has an important advantage 9 m\nta9 positions4 ,h[ x is t1 ?r\gh o!r circum/ances1 ?is is n s 9 reality1 we %all %[ 9 ! *apt] on ! def5ce ( m\nta9s4 ,we mu/ fir/ ( all make a di/9ction if ! "q relates m]ely to comm&+ gr\nd at "o s+le po9t1 z1 = example1 a position = an army2 9 su* case ! /rategic advantages r m]ge 9 ! tactical "o ( a battle f\ght "u advantage\s circum/ances2 b if n[ we imag9e a consid]able tract ( c\ntry--suppose a :ole prov9ce--z a regul> slope1 l ! declivity at a g5]al wat]%$1 s t we c make sev]al m>*es1 & always hold ! upp] gr\nd1 !n ! /rategic advantages become great]1 because we c n[ use ! advantages ( ! m elevat$ gr\nd n only 9 ! comb9ation ( our =ces ) ea* o!r = "o p>ticul> combat1 b also 9 ! comb9ation ( sev]al combats ) "o ano!r4 ,?us x is ) ! def5sive4 ,z reg>ds ! (f5sive1 x enjoys to a c]ta9 ext5t ! same advantages z ! def5sive f ! m elevat$ gr\nd2 = ?is reason t ! /ragetic attack is n conf9$ to "o act l ! tactical4 ,! /rategic advance is n ! cont9u\s movem5t ( a piece ( :eelwork2 x is made 9 s+le m>*es ) a long] or %ort] int]val betwe5 !m1 & at ea* halt+ po9t ! assailant is j z mu* act+ on ! def5sive z 8 adv]s>y4 ,?r\gh ! advantage ( a bett] view ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 an elevat$ position conf]s1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 on ! (f5sive z well z ! def5sive1 a p[] ( action :i* we mu/ n omit to notice2 x is ! facility ( op]at+ ) sep>ate masses4 ,= ea* portion ( a =ce sep>ately d]ives ! same advantages :i* ! :ole d]ives f ?is m elevat$ position2 by ?is--a sep>ate corps1 let x be /rong or weak 9 numb]s1 is /rong] ?an x w\ld o!rwise be1 & we c v5ture to take up a position ) less dang] ?an we c\ld if x _h n t p>ticul> prop]ty ( be+ on an elevation4 ,! advantages :i* are to be d]iv$ f su* sep>ate bodies ( troops is a subject = ano!r place4 ,if ! possession ( m elevat$ gr\nd is comb9$ ) o!r geographical advantages :i* are 9 our fav\r1 if ! enemy f9ds himself cramp$ 9 8 movem5ts f o!r causes1 z1 = in/ance1 by ! proximity ( a l>ge riv]1 su* disadvantages ( 8 position may prove q decisive1 & he may feel t he _c too soon relieve himself f su* a position4 ,no army c ma9ta9 itself 9 ! valley ( a great riv] if x is n 9 possession ( ! heights on ea* side by :i* ! valley is =m$4 ,! possession ( elevat$ gr\nd may !re=e become virtually comm&1 & we c by no means d5y t ?is idea repres5ts a reality4 ,b nev]!less ! expressions 8comm&+ gr\nd10 8%elt]+ position10 8key ( ! c\ntry10 9 s f> z !y are f\nd$ on ! nature ( heights & desc5ts1 are holl[ %ells )\t any s\nd k]nel4 ,^! impos+ elem5ts ( !ory h be5 *iefly resort$ to 9 ord] to give a flav\r to ! seem+ commonplace ( milit>y comb9ations2 !y h become ! d>l+ !mes ( le>n$ soldi]s1 ! magical w&s ( adepts 9 /rategy1 & nei!r ! empt9ess ( ^! fanciful conceits1 nor ! frequ5t contradictions :i* h be5 giv5 to !m by ! results ( exp]i5ce h suffic$ to conv9ce au?ors1 & ^? :o read _! books1 t ) su* phraseology !y are draw+ wat] 9 ! leaky vessel ( ! ,danaides4 ,! conditions h be5 mi/ak5 = ! ?+ itself1 ! in/rum5t = ! h&4 ,! occupation ( su* & su* a position or space ( gr\nd1 has be5 look$ ^u z an ex]cise ( p[] l a ?ru/ or a cut1 ! gr\nd or position itself z a sub/antive quantity2 :]eas ! "o is l ! lift+ ( ! arm1 ! o!r is no?+ b ! lifeless in/rum5t1 a m]e prop]ty :i* c only realise itself ^u an object1 a m]e sign ( plus or m9us :i* wants ! figures or quantities4 ,?is cut & ?ru/1 ?is object1 ?is quantity1 is a victori\s battle2 x alone really c\nts2 ) x only c we reckon2 & we mu/ always h x 9 view1 z well 9 giv+ a critical judgm5t 9 lit]ature z 9 real action 9 ! field4 ,consequ5tly1 if no?+ b ! numb] & value ( victori\s combats decides 9 w>1 x is pla9 t ! comp>ative value ( ! oppos+ armies & ability ( _! respective lead]s aga9 rank z ! fir/ po9ts = consid]ation1 & t ! "p :i* ! influ5ce ( gr\nd plays c only be "o ( an inf]ior grade4 ,,book ,,vi ,,def5ce ,,*apt] ,i4 ,(f5ce & ,def5ce #a4--;,conception ( ,def5ce4 ,:at is def5ce 9 conception8 ,! w>d+ (f a bl[4 ,:at is !n its *>act]i/ic sign8 ,! /ate ( expectancy 7or ( wait+ = ?is bl[74 ,?is is ! sign by :i* we always recognise an act z ( a def5sive "*1 & by ?is sign alone c ! def5sive be di/+ui%$ f ! (f5sive 9 w>4 ,b inasmu* z an absolute def5ce completely contradicts ! idea ( w>1 because !re w\ld !n be w> c>ri$ on by "o side only1 x foll[s t ! def5ce 9 w> c only be relative & ! above di/+ui%+ signs mu/ !re=e only be appli$ to ! ess5tial idea or g5]al conception3 x does n apply to all ! sep>ate acts :i* compose ! w>4 ,a p>tial combat is def5sive if we receive ! onset1 ! *>ge ( ! enemy2 a battle is s if we receive ! attack1 t is1 wait = ! appe>ance ( ! enemy be=e our position & )9 range ( our fire2 a campaign is def5sive if we wait = ! entry ( ! enemy into our !atre ( w>4 ,9 all ^! cases ! sign ( wait+ = & w>d+ (f belongs to ! g5]al conception1 )\t any contradiction aris+ ) ! conception ( w>1 = x may be to our advantage to wait = ! *>ge aga9/ our bayonets1 or ! attack on our position or our !atre ( w>4 ,b z we mu/ return ! enemy's bl[s if we are really to c>ry on w> on our side1 !re=e ?is (f5sive act 9 def5sive w> takes place m or less "u ! g5]al title def5sive--t is to say1 ! (f5sive ( :i* we make use falls "u ! conception ( position or !atre ( w>4 ,we c1 !re=e1 9 a def5sive campaign fight (f5sively1 9 a def5sive battle we may use "s divisions = (f5sive purposes1 & la/ly1 :ile rema9+ 9 position await+ ! enemy's onslaught1 we /ill make use ( ! (f5sive by s5d+ at ! same "t balls into ! enemy's ranks4 ,! def5sive =m 9 w> is !re=e no m]e %ield b a %ield =m$ ( bl[s deliv]$ ) skill4 #b4--;,advantages ( ! ,def5sive4 ,:at is ! object ( def5ce8 ,to pres]ve4 ,to pres]ve is easi] ?an to acquire2 f :i* foll[s at once t ! means on bo? sides be+ suppos$ equal1 ! def5sive is easi] ?an ! (f5sive4 ,b 9 :at consi/s ! great] facility ( pres]v+ or keep+ possession8 ,9 ?is1 t all "t :i* is n turn$ to any acc\nt falls into ! scale 9 fav\r ( ! def5ce4 ,he reaps :]e he has n s[$4 ,e susp5sion ( (f5sive action1 ei!r f errone\s views1 f fe> or f indol5ce1 is 9 fav\r ( ! side act+ def5sively4 ,?is advantage sav$ ! ,/ate ( ,prussia f ru9 m ?an once 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,x is "o :i* d]ives itself f ! conception & object ( ! def5sive1 lies 9 ! nature ( all def5ce1 & 9 ord9>y life1 p>ticul>ly 9 legal bus9ess :i* be>s s mu* resemblance to w>1 x is express$ by ! ,lat9 prov]b1 ,beati sunt possid5tes4 ,ano!r advantage aris+ f ! nature ( w> & belong+ to x exclusively1 is ! aid af=d$ by locality or gr\nd2 ?is is "o ( :i* ! def5sive =m has a pref]5tial use4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ ^! g5]al ideas we n[ turn m directly to ! subject4 ,9 tactics e combat1 great or small1 is def5sive if we leave ! initiative to ! enemy1 & wait = 8 appe>ance 9 our front4 ,f t mom5t =w>d we c make use ( all (f5sive means )\t los+ ! said two advantages ( ! def5ce1 namely1 t ( wait+ =1 & t ( gr\nd4 ,9 /rategy1 at fir/1 ! campaign repres5ts ! battle1 & ! !atre ( w> ! position2 b aft]w>ds ! :ole w> takes ! place ( ! campaign1 & ! :ole c\ntry t ( ! !atre ( w>1 & 9 bo? cases ! def5sive rema9s t :i* x 0 9 tactics4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$ 9 a g5]al way t ! def5sive is easi] ?an ! (f5sive2 b z ! def5sive has a negative object1 t ( pres]v+1 & ! (f5sive a positive object t ( conqu]+1 & z ! latt] increases our own means ( c>ry+ on w>1 b ! pres]v+ does n1 !re=e 9 ord] to express ourselves di/9ctly1 we mu/ say1 t ! def5sive =m ( w> is 9 itself /rong] ?an ! (f5sive4 ,?is is ! result we h be5 desir\s ( arriv+ at2 = al?\gh x lies completely 9 ! nature ( ! ?+1 & has be5 confirm$ by exp]i5ce a ?\s& times1 /ill x is completely contr>y to preval5t op9ion--a pro( h[ ideas may be confus$ by sup]ficial writ]s4 ,if ! def5sive is ! /rong] =m ( conduct+ w>1 b has a negative object1 x foll[s ( itself t we mu/ only make use ( x s long z our weakness compels u to d s1 & t we mu/ give up t =m z soon z we feel /rong en\gh to aim at ! positive object4 ,n[ z ! /ate ( our circum/ances is usually improv$ 9 ! ev5t ( our ga9+ a victory ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( ! def5sive1 x is !re=e1 also1 ! natural c\rse 9 w> to beg9 ) ! def5sive1 & to end ) ! (f5sive4 ,x is !re=e j z mu* 9 contradiction ) ! conception ( w> to suppose ! def5sive ! ultimate object ( ! w> z x 0 a contradiction to und]/& passivity to belong to all ! p>ts ( ! def5sive1 z well z to ! def5sive z a :ole4 ,9 o!r words3 a w> 9 :i* victories are m]ely us$ to w>d (f bl[s1 & :]e !re is no attempt to return ! bl[1 w\ld be j z absurd z a battle 9 :i* ! mo/ absolute def5ce 7passivity7 %\ld ev]y:]e prevail 9 all measures4 ,aga9/ ! ju/ice ( ?is g5]al view _m examples might be quot$ 9 :i* ! def5sive cont9u$ def5sive to ! la/1 & ! assumption ( ! (f5sive 0 nev] contemplat$2 b su* an objection c\ld only be urg$ if we lo/ sight ( ! fact t "h ! "q is only ab\t g5]al ideas 7ab/ract ideas71 & t examples 9 opposition to ! g5]al conception we are discuss+ are all ( !m to be look$ ^u z cases 9 :i* ! "t = ! possibility ( (f5sive reaction _h n yet arriv$4 ,9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 at lea/ 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s ( x1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great did n ?9k ( an (f5sive2 inde$ we believe fur!r1 t g5]ally speak+1 he only act$ on ! (f5sive at any "t 9 ?is w> z ! be/ means ( def5d+ himself2 8 :ole situation compell$ him to ?is c\rse1 & x is natural t a g5]al %\ld aim m imm$iately at t :i* is mo/ 9 accordance ) ! situation 9 :i* he is plac$ = ! "t be+4 ,nev]!less1 we _c look at ?is example ( a def5ce ^u a great scale )\t suppos+ t ! idea ( a possible c\nt]/roke aga9/ ,au/ria lay at ! bottom ( ! :ole ( x1 & say+ to ourselves1 ! mom5t = t c\nt]/roke _h n arriv$ be=e ! w> came to a close4 ,! conclusion ( peace %[s t ?is idea is n )\t f\ndation ev5 9 ?is in/ance2 = :at c\ld h actuat$ ! ,au/rians to make peace except ! ?\ght t !y 7 n 9 a condition ) _! own =ces alone to make head aga9/ ! tal5t ( ! k+2 t to ma9ta9 an equilibrium _! ex]tions mu/ be great] ?an h]et(ore1 & t ! slighte/ relaxation ( _! ef=ts w\ld probably lead to fre% losses ( t]ritory4 ,&1 9 fact1 :o c d\bt t if ,russia1 ,sw$51 & ! army ( ! ,g]man ,empire _h ceas$ to act toge!r aga9/ ,fr$]ick ! ,great he w\ld h tri$ to conqu] ! ,au/rians aga9 9 ,bohemia & ,moravia8 ,hav+ ?us def9$ ! true mean+ ( ! def5sive1 hav+ def9$ its b\nd>ies1 we return aga9 to ! ass]tion t ! def5sive is ! /rong] =m ( mak+ w>4 ,^u a clos] exam9ation1 & comp>ison ( ! (f5sive & def5sive1 ?is w appe> p]fectly pla92 b = ! pres5t we %all conf9e ourselves to notic+ ! contradiction 9 :i* we %\ld be involv$ ) ourselves1 & ) ! results ( exp]i5ce by ma9ta9+ ! contr>y to be ! fact4 ,if ! (f5sive =m 0 ! /rong] !re w\ld be no fur!r occasion ev] to use ! def5sive1 z x has m]ely a negative object1 e "o w\ld be = attack+1 & ! def5sive w\ld be an absurdity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is v natural t ! high] object %\ld be pur*as$ by great] sacrifices4 ,:oev] feels himself /rong en\gh to make use ( ! weak] =m has x 9 8 p[] to aim at ! great] object2 :oev] sets be=e himself ! small] object c only d s 9 ord] to h ! b5efit ( ! /rong] =m--,if we look to exp]i5ce1 su* a ?+ is unhe>d ( z any "o c>ry+ on a w> ^u two diff]5t !atres--(f5sively on "o ) ! weak] army1 & def5sively on ! o!r ) 8 /ronge/ =ce ,b if ! rev]se ( ?is has ev]y:]e & at all times tak5 place t %[s pla9ly t g5]als al?\gh _! own incl9ation prompts !m to ! (f5sive1 /ill hold ! def5sive to be ! /rong] =m4 ,we h /ill 9 ! next *apt]s to expla9 "s prelim9>y po9ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,relations ( ! ,(f5sive & ,def5sive to ,ea* ,o!r 9 ,tactics ,fir/ ( all we mu/ inquire into ! circum/ances :i* give ! victory 9 a battle4 ,( sup]iority ( numb]s1 & brav]y1 discipl9e1 or o!r qualities ( an army1 we say no?+ "h1 because1 z a rule1 !y dep5d on ?+s :i* lie out ( ! prov9ce ( ! art ( w> 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we are n[ consid]+ x2 besides :i* !y ex]cise ! same effect 9 ! (f5sive z ! def5sive2 &1 moreov] also1 ! sup]iority 9 numb]s 9 g5]al _c come "u consid]ation "h1 z ! numb] ( troops is likewise a giv5 quantity or condition1 & does n dep5d on ! w or pleasure ( ! g5]al4 ,fur!r1 ^! ?+s h no p>ticul> connection ) attack & def5ce4 ,b1 irrespective ( ^! ?+s1 !re are o!r ?ree :i* appe> to u ( decisive importance1 ^! are3 surprise1 advantage ( gr\nd1 & ! attack f sev]al qu>t]s4 ,! surprise produces an effect by oppos+ to ! enemy a great _m m troops ?an he expect$ at "s p>ticul> po9t4 ,! sup]iority 9 numb]s 9 ?is case is v diff]5t to a g5]al sup]iority ( numb]s2 x is ! mo/ p[]ful ag5t 9 ! art ( w>4--,! way 9 :i* ! advantage ( gr\nd contributes to ! victory is intelligible en\gh ( itself1 & we h only "o obs]vation to make :i* is1 t we d n conf9e our rem>ks to ob/acles :i* ob/ruct ! advance ( an enemy1 su* z sc>p$ gr\nds1 high hills1 m>%y /reams1 h$ges1 inclosures1 etc42 we also allude to ! advantage :i* gr\nd af=ds z cov]1 "u :i* troops are conceal$ f view4 ,inde$ we may say t ev5 f gr\nd :i* is q unimportant a p]son acqua9t$ ) ! locality may d]ive assi/ance4 ,! attack f sev]al qu>t]s includes 9 itself all tactical turn+ movem5ts great & small1 & its effects are d]iv$ p>tly f ! d\ble execution obta9$ 9 ?is way f fire-arms1 & p>tly f ! enemy's dread ( 8 retreat be+ cut (f4 ,n[ h[ d ! (f5sive & def5sive /& respectively 9 relation to ^! ?+s8 ,hav+ 9 view ! ?ree pr9ciples ( victory j describ$1 ! answ] to ?is "q is1 t only a small portion ( ! fir/ & la/ ( ^! pr9ciples is 9 fav\r ( ! (f5sive1 :il/ ! great] "p ( !m1 & ! :ole ( ! second pr9ciple1 are at ! comm& ( ! p>ty act+ def5sively4 ,! (f5sive side c only h ! advantage ( "o complete surprise ( ! :ole mass ) ! :ole1 :il/ ! def5sive is 9 a condition to surprise incessantly1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ! combat1 by ! =ce & =m :i* he gives to 8 p>tial attacks4 ,! (f5sive has great] facilities ?an ! def5sive = surr\nd+ & cutt+ (f ! :ole1 z ! latt] is 9 a mann] 9 a fix$ position :ile ! =m] is 9 a /ate ( movem5t hav+ ref]5ce to t position4 ,b ! sup]ior advantage = an envelop+ movem5t1 :i* ! (f5sive possesses1 z n[ /at$1 is aga9 limit$ to a movem5t aga9/ ! :ole mass2 = dur+ ! c\rse ( ! combat1 & ) sep>ate divisions ( ! =ce1 x is easi] = ! def5sive ?an = ! (f5sive to make attacks f sev]al qu>t]s1 because1 z we h already said1 ! =m] is 9 a bett] situation to surprise by ! =ce & =m ( 8 attacks4 ,t ! def5sive 9 an especial mann] enjoys ! assi/ance :i* gr\nd af=ds is pla9 9 itself2 z to :at conc]ns ! advantage :i* ! def5sive has 9 surpris+ by ! =ce & =m ( 8 attacks1 t results f ! (f5sive be+ oblig$ to approa* by roads & pa?s :]e he may be easily obs]v$1 :il/ ! def5sive conceals 8 position1 &1 until almo/ ! decisive mom5t1 rema9s invisible to 8 oppon5t4--,s9ce ! true me?od ( def5ce has be5 adopt$1 reconnaissances h gone q out ( fa%ion1 t is to say1 !y h become impossible4 ,c]ta9ly reconnaissances are /ill made at times1 b !y seldom br+ home mu* ) !m4 ,imm5se z is ! advantage ( be+ able to exam9e well a position1 & become p]fectly acqua9t$ ) x be=e a battle1 pla9 z x is t he 7! def5sive7 :o lies 9 wait ne> su* a *os5 position c mu* m easily effect a surprise ?an 8 adv]s>y1 yet /ill to ?is v h\r ! old notion is n explod$ t a battle :i* is accept$ is half lo/4 ,?is comes f ! old k9d ( def5sive practis$ tw5ty ye>s ago1 & p>tly also 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 :5 ! only assi/ance expect$ f ! gr\nd 0 t x %\ld be difficult ( approa* 9 front 7by /eep m\nta9 slopes1 etc41 etc471 :5 ! little dep? ( ! positions & ! difficulty ( mov+ ! flanks produc$ su* weakness t ! armies dodg$ "o ano!r f "o hill to ano!r1 :i* increas$ ! evil4 ,if "s k9d ( support 7 f\nd on :i* to re/ ! w+s1 !n all dep5d$ on prev5t+ ! army /ret*$ along betwe5 ^! po9ts1 l a piece ( "w on an embroid]y frame1 f be+ brok5 ?r\gh at any po9t4 ,! gr\nd occupi$ possess$ a direct value at e po9t1 & !re=e a direct def5ce 0 requir$ ev]y:]e4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! idea ( mak+ a movem5t or attempt+ a surprise dur+ ! battle c\ld n be ent]ta9$2 x 0 ! exact rev]se ( :at con/itutes a good def5ce1 & ( t :i* ! def5ce has actually become 9 mod]n w>f>e4 ,9 reality1 contempt = ! def5sive has always be5 ! result ( "s p>ticul> me?od ( def5ce hav+ become worn out 7outliv$ its p]iod72 & ?is 0 j ! case ) ! me?od we h n[ m5tion$1 = 9 times antec$5t to ! p]iod we ref] to1 t v me?od 0 sup]ior to ! (f5sive4 ,if we g ?r\gh ! progressive developm5t ( ! mod]n art ( w>1 we f9d t at ! comm5cem5t--t is ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> & ! w> ( ! ,spani% ,succession--! deploym5t & draw+ up ( ! army 9 array1 0 "o ( ! great lead+ po9ts connect$ ) ! battle4 ,x 0 ! mo/ important "p ( ! plan ( ! battle4 ,?is gave ! def5sive1 z a rule1 a great advantage1 z he 0 already drawn up & deploy$4 ,z soon z ! troops acquir$ great] capability ( manuvr+1 ?is advantage ceas$1 & ! sup]iority pass$ ov] to ! side ( ! (f5sive = a "t4 ,!n ! def5sive s\ght %elt] beh9d riv]s or deep valleys1 or on high l&4 ,! def5sive ?us recov]$ ! advantage1 & cont9u$ to ma9ta9 x until ! (f5sive acquir$ su* increas$ mobility & exp]tness 9 manuvr+ t he himself c\ld v5ture into brok5 gr\nd & attack 9 sep>ate columns1 & !re=e became able to turn 8 adv]s>y4 ,?is l$ to a gradual increase 9 ! l5g? ( positions1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 no d\bt1 x occurr$ to ! (f5sive to conc5trate at a few po9ts1 & break ?r\gh ! enemy's ?9 l9e4 ,! (f5sive ?us1 = a ?ird "t1 ga9$ ! asc5dancy1 & ! def5ce 0 aga9 oblig$ to alt] its sy/em4 ,?is x has done 9 rec5t w>s by keep+ its =ces conc5trat$ 9 l>ge masses1 ! great] "p n deploy$1 &1 :]e possible1 conceal$1 ?us m]ely tak+ up a position 9 read9ess to act accord+ to ! measures ( ! enemy z soon z !y are suffici5tly reveal$4 ,?is does n preclude a p>tially passive def5ce ( ! gr\nd2 its advantage is too great = x n to be us$ a hundr$ times 9 a campaign4 ,b t k9d ( passive def5ce ( ! gr\nd is usually no long] ! pr9cipal affair3 t is :at we h to d ) "h4 ,if ! (f5sive %\ld discov] "s new & p[]ful elem5t :i* x c br+ to its assi/ance--an ev5t n v probable1 see+ ! po9t ( simplicity & natural ord] to :i* all is n[ br\ght--!n ! def5ce mu/ aga9 alt] its me?od4 ,b ! def5sive is always c]ta9 ( ! assi/ance ( gr\nd1 :i* insures to x 9 g5]al its natural sup]iority1 z ! special prop]ties ( c\ntry & gr\nd ex]cise a great] influ5ce ?an ev] on actual w>f>e4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,relations ( ! ,(f5sive & ,def5sive to ,ea* ,o!r 9 ,/rategy ,let u ask aga91 fir/ ( all1 :at are ! circum/ances :i* insure a successful result 9 /rategy8 ,9 /rategy !re is no victory1 z we h be=e said4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! /rategic success is ! successful prep>ation ( ! tactical victory2 ! great] ?is /rategic success1 ! m probable becomes ! victory 9 ! battle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 /rategic success lies 9 ! mak+ use ( ! victory ga9$4 ,! m ev5ts ! /rategic comb9ations c 9 ! sequel include 9 ! consequ5ces ( a battle ga9$1 ! m /rategy c lay h&s on among/ ! wreck ( all t has be5 %ak5 to ! f\ndation by ! battle1 ! m x sweeps up 9 great masses :at ( necessity has be5 ga9$ ) great lab\r by _m s+le h&s 9 ! battle1 ! gr&] w be its success4--,^? ?+s :i* *iefly lead to ?is success1 or at lea/ facilitate x1 consequ5tly ! lead+ pr9ciples ( effici5t action 9 /rategy1 are z foll[3-- #a4 ,! advantage ( gr\nd4 #b4 ,! surprise1 let x be ei!r 9 ! =m ( an actual attack by surprise or by ! unexpect$ display ( l>ge =ces at c]ta9 po9ts4 #c4 ,! attack f sev]al qu>t]s 7all ?ree1 z 9 tactics74 #d4 ,! assi/ance ( ! !atre ( w> by =tresses1 & ev]y?+ belong+ to !m4 #e4 ,! support ( ! p4 #f4 ,! utilisation ( great moral =ces4 ,n[1 :at are ! relations ( (f5sive & def5sive ) respect to ^! ?+s8 ,! p>ty on ! def5sive has ! advantage ( gr\nd2 ! (f5sive side t ( ! attack by surprise 9 /rategy1 z 9 tactics ,b respect+ ! surprise1 we mu/ obs]ve t x is inf9itely m efficaci\s & important 9 /rategy ?an 9 tactics4 ,9 ! latt]1 a surprise seldom rises to ! level ( a great victory1 :ile 9 /rategy x (t5 f9i%es ! w> at "o /roke4 ,b at ! same "t we mu/ obs]ve t ! advantage\s use ( ?is means supposes "s great & uncommon1 z well z decisive error committ$ by ! adv]s>y1 !re=e x does n alt] ! balance mu* 9 fav\r ( ! (f5sive4 ,! surprise ( ! enemy1 by plac+ sup]ior =ces 9 position at c]ta9 po9ts1 has aga9 a great resemblance to ! analog\s case 9 tactics4 ,7 ! def5sive compell$ to di/ribute 8 =ces ^u sev]al po9ts ( approa* to 8 !atre ( w>1 !n ! (f5sive w\ld h pla9ly ! advantage ( be+ able to fall ^u "o po9t ) all 8 weight4 ,b "h also1 ! new art ( act+ on ! def5sive by a diff]5t mode ( proce$+ has imp]ceptibly br\ght ab\t new pr9ciples4 ,if ! def5sive side does n appreh5d t ! enemy1 by mak+ use ( an undef5d$ road1 w ?r[ himself ^u "s important magaz9e or dept1 or on "s unprep>$ =tification1 or on ! capital itself4--& if he is n r$uc$ to ! alt]native ( oppos+ ! enemy on ! road he has *os51 or ( hav+ 8 retreat cut (f1 !n !re are no p]emptory gr\nds = divid+ 8 =ces2 = if ! (f5sive *ooses a diff]5t road f t on :i* ! def5sive is to be f\nd1 !n "s days lat] ! latt] c m>* aga9/ 8 oppon5t ) 8 :ole =ce ^u ! road he has *os52 besides1 he may at ! same "t1 9 mo/ cases1 re/ satisfi$ t ! (f5sive w d him ! hon\r to seek him out4--,if ! (f5sive is oblig$ to advance ) 8 =ces divid$1 :i* is (t5 unavoidable on acc\nt ( subsi/5ce1 !n pla9ly ! def5sive has ! advantage on 8 side ( be+ able to fall 9 =ce ^u a fraction ( ! enemy4 ,attacks 9 flank & re>1 :i* 9 /rategy mean on ! sides & rev]se ( ! !atre ( w>1 are ( a v diff]5t nature to attacks s call$ 9 tactics4 #a/4 ,!re is no br++ ! enemy "u two fires1 because we _c fire f "o end ( a !atre ( w> to ! o!r4 #bnd4 ,! appreh5sion ( los+ ! l9e ( retreat is v mu* less1 = ! spaces 9 /rategy are s great t !y _c be b>r$ z 9 tactics4 #crd4 ,9 /rategy1 on acc\nt ( ! ext5t ( space embrac$1 ! efficacy ( int]ior1 t is ( %ort] l9es1 is mu* great]1 & ?is =ms a great safegu>d aga9/ attacks f sev]al directions4 #d?4 ,a new pr9ciple makes its appe>ance 9 ! s5sibility1 :i* is felt z to l9es ( communication1 t is 9 ! effect :i* is produc$ by m]ely int]rupt+ !m4 ,n[ x confess$ly lies 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t on acc\nt ( ! great] spaces 9 /rategy1 ! envelop+ attack1 or ! attack f sev]al sides1 z a rule is only possible = ! side :i* has ! initiative1 t is ! (f5sive1 & t ! def5sive is n 9 a condition1 z he is 9 tactics1 9 ! c\rse ( ! action1 to turn ! tables on ! enemy by surr\nd+ him1 because he has x n 9 8 p[] ei!r to draw up 8 =ces ) ! necess>y dep? relatively1 or to conceal !m suffici5tly3 b !n1 ( :at use is ! facility ( envelop+ to ! (f5sive1 if its advantages are n =?com+8 ,we c\ld n !re=e br+ =w>d ! envelop+ attack 9 /rategy z a pr9ciple ( victory 9 g5]al1 if its influ5ce on ! l9es ( communication did n come into consid]ation4 ,b ?is factor is seldom great at ! fir/ mom5t1 :5 attack & def5ce fir/ meet1 & :ile !y are /ill oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 _! orig9al position2 x only becomes great z a campaign advances1 :5 ! (f5sive 9 ! enemy's c\ntry is by degrees br\ght into ! condition ( def5sive2 !n ! l9es ( communication ( ?is new p>ty act+ on ! def5sive1 become weak1 & ! p>ty orig9ally on ! def5sive1 9 assum+ ! (f5sive c d]ive advantage f ?is weakness4 ,b :o does n see t ?is casual sup]iority ( ! attack is n to be c>ri$ to ! cr$it ( ! (f5sive 9 g5]al1 = x is 9 reality creat$ out ( ! sup]ior relations ( ! def5sive4 ,! f\r? pr9ciple1 ! ,assi/ance ( ! ,!atre ( ,w>1 is naturally an advantage on ! side ( ! def5sive4 ,if ! attack+ army op5s ! campaign1 x breaks away f its own !atre1 & is ?us weak5$1 t is1 x leaves =tresses & depts ( all k9ds beh9d x4 ,! great] ! sph]e ( op]ations :i* mu/ be trav]s$1 ! m x w be weak5$ 7by m>*es & g>risons72 ! army on ! def5sive cont9ues to keep up its connection ) ev]y?+1 t is1 x enjoys ! support ( its =tresses1 is n weak5$ 9 any way1 & is ne> to its s\rces ( supply4 ,! support ( ! population z a fif? pr9ciple is n realis$ 9 e def5ce1 = a def5sive campaign may be c>ri$ on 9 ! enemy's c\ntry1 b /ill ?is pr9ciple is only d]iv$ f ! idea ( ! def5sive1 & applies to x 9 ! majority ( cases4 ,besides by ?is is meant *iefly1 al?\gh n exclusively1 ! effect ( call+ out ! la/ ,res]ves1 & ev5 ( a national armam5t1 ! result ( :i* is t all friction is dim9i%$1 & t all res\rces are soon] =?com+ & fl[ 9 m abundantly4 ,! campaign ( #ahab1 gives z x 7 9 a magnify+ glass a v cle> illu/ration ( ! effect ( ! means specifi$ "u pr9ciples #c & #d4 #ejj1jjj m5 pass$ ! ,niem51 #abj1jjj f\ght at ,borod9o1 & mu* few] arriv$ at ,mosc[4 ,we may say t ! effect itself ( ?is /up5d\s attempt 0 s disa/r\s t ev5 if ! ,russians _h n assum$ any (f5sive at all1 !y w\ld /ill h be5 secure f any fre% attempt at invasion = a consid]able "t4 ,x is true t ) ! exception ( ,sw$5 !re is no c\ntry 9 ,europe :i* is situat$ l ,russia1 b ! effici5t pr9ciple is always ! same1 ! only di/9ction be+ 9 ! great] or less degree ( its /r5g?4 ,if we add to ! f\r? & fif? pr9ciples1 ! consid]ation t ^! =ces ( ! def5sive belong to ! orig9al def5sive1 t is ! def5sive c>ri$ on 9 our own soil1 & t !y are mu* weak] if ! def5ce takes place 9 an enemy's c\ntry & is mix$ up ) an (f5sive und]tak+1 !n f t !re is a new disadvantage = ! (f5sive1 mu* ! same z above1 9 respect to ! ?ird pr9ciple2 = ! (f5sive is j z little compos$ entirely ( active elem5ts1 z ! def5sive ( m]e w>d+ (f bl[s2 inde$ e attack :i* does n lead directly to peace mu/ inevitably end 9 ! def5sive4 ,n[1 if all def5sive elem5ts :i* are br\ght into use 9 ! attack are weak5$ by its nature1 t is by belong+ to ! attack1 !n ?is mu/ also be consid]$ z a g5]al disadvantage ( ! (f5sive4 ,?is is f> f be+ an idle piece ( logical ref9em5t1 on ! contr>y we %\ld r say t 9 x lies ! *ief disadvantage ( ! (f5sive 9 g5]al1 & !re=e f ! v comm5cem5t (1 z well z ?r\gh\t e comb9ation = a /rategic attack1 mo/ p>ticul> att5tion ought to be direct$ to ?is po9t1 t is to ! def5sive1 :i* may foll[1 z we %all see m pla9ly :5 we come to ! book on plans ( campaigns4 ,! great moral =ces :i* at times saturate ! elem5t ( w>1 z x 7 ) a leav5 ( _! own1 :i* !re=e ! comm&] 9 c]ta9 cases c use to assi/ ! o!r means at 8 comm&1 are to be suppos$ j z well on ! side ( ! def5sive z ( ! (f5sive2 at lea/ ^? :i* are m especially 9 fav\r ( ! attack1 su* z confusion & disord] 9 ! enemy's ranks--d n g5]ally appe> until aft] ! decisive /roke is giv51 & consequ5tly seldom contribute be=eh& to produce t result4 ,we ?9k we h n[ suffici5tly e/abli%$ our proposition1 t ! def5sive is a /rong] =m ( w> ?an ! (f5sive2 b !re /ill rema9s to be m5tion$ "o small factor hi!rto unnotic$4 ,x is ! high _s1 ! feel+ ( sup]iority 9 an army :i* spr+s f a consci\sness ( belong+ to ! attack+ p>ty4 ,! ?+ is 9 itself a fact1 b ! feel+ soon m]ges into ! m g5]al & m p[]ful "o :i* is imp>t$ by victory or defeat1 by ! tal5t or incapacity ( ! g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,conv]g5ce ( ,attack & ,div]g5ce ( ,def5ce ,^! two conceptions1 ^! =ms 9 ! use ( (f5sive & def5sive1 appe> s frequ5tly 9 !ory & reality1 t ! imag9ation is involunt>ily dispos$ to look ^u !m z intr9sic =ms1 necess>y to attack & def5ce1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n really ! case1 z ! smalle/ reflection w %[4 ,we take ! e>lie/ opportunity ( exam9+ !m1 t we may obta9 once = all cle> ideas respect+ !m1 & t1 9 proce$+ ) our consid]ation ( ! relations ( attack & def5ce1 we may be able to set ^! conceptions aside altoge!r1 & n h our att5tion = ev] di/ract$ by ! appe>ance ( advantage & ! rev]se :i* !y ca/ ^u ?+s4 ,we treat !m "h z pure ab/ractions1 extract ! conception ( !m l an ess5ce1 & res]ve our rem>ks on ! "p :i* x has 9 actual ?+s = a future "t4 ,! def5d+ p>ty1 bo? 9 tactics & 9 /rategy1 is suppos$ to be wait+ 9 expectation1 !re=e /&+1 :il/ ! assailant is imag9$ to be 9 movem5t1 & 9 movem5t expressly direct$ aga9/ t /&+ adv]s>y4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 necess>ily1 t turn+ & envelop+ is at ! option ( ! assailant only1 t is to say1 z long z 8 movem5t & ! immobility ( ! def5sive cont9ue4 ,?is fre$om ( *oice ( ! mode ( attack1 :e!r x %all be conv]g5t or n1 accord+ z x %all appe> advantage\s or o!rwise1 ought to be reckon$ z an advantage to ! (f5sive 9 g5]al4 ,b ?is *oice is free only 9 tactics2 x is n always all[$ 9 /rategy4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! po9ts on :i* ! w+s re/ are h>dly ev] absolutely secure2 b !y are v frequ5tly s 9 /rategy1 z :5 ! front to be def5d$ /ret*es 9 a /raight l9e f "o sea to ano!r1 or f "o neutral t]ritory to ano!r4 ,9 su* cases1 ! attack _c be made 9 a conv]g5t =m1 & ! lib]ty ( *oice is limit$4 ,x is limit$ 9 a /ill m emb>rass+ mann] if ! assailant is oblig$ to op]ate by conv]g+ l9es4 ,russia & ,france _c attack ,g]many 9 any o!r way ?an by conv]g+ l9es2 !re=e !y _c attack ) _! =ces unit$4 ,n[ if we assume z grant$ t ! conc5tric =m 9 ! action ( =ces 9 ! majority ( cases is ! weak] =m1 !n ! advantage :i* ! assailant possesses 9 ! great] fre$om ( *oice may probably be completely outweigh$ by ! disadvantage1 9 o!r cases1 ( be+ compell$ to make use ( ! weak] =m4 ,we proce$ to exam9e m closely ! action ( ^! =ms1 bo? 9 tactics & 9 /rategy4 ,x has be5 consid]$ "o ( ! *ief advantages ( giv+ a conc5tric direction to =ces1 t is1 op]at+ f ! circumf]5ce ( a circle t[>ds ! c5tre1 t ! fur!r ! =ces advance1 ! ne>] !y approa* to ea* o!r2 ! fact is true1 b ! suppos$ advantage is n2 = ! t5d5cy to union is go+ on equally on bo? sides2 consequ5tly1 ! equilibrium is n di/urb$4 ,x is ! same 9 ! disp]sion ( =ce by ecc5tric movem5ts4 ,b ano!r & a real advantage is1 t =ces op]at+ on conv]g+ l9es direct _! action t[>ds a common po9t1 ^? op]at+ on div]g+ l9es d n4--,n[ :at are ! effects ( ! action 9 ! two cases8 ,"h we mu/ sep>ate tactics f /rategy4 ,we %all n pu% ! analysis too f>1 & !re=e conf9e ourselves to ! foll[+ po9ts z ! advantages ( ! action 9 tactics4 #a4 ,a cross fire1 or1 at lea/1 an increas$ effect ( fire1 z soon z all is br\ght )9 a c]ta9 range4 #b4 ,attack ( "o & ! same po9t f sev]al sides4 #c4 ,! cutt+ (f ! retreat4 ,! int]ception ( a retreat may be also conceiv$ /rategically1 b !n x is pla9ly mu* m difficult1 because great spaces are n easily block$4 ,! attack ^u "o & ! same body f sev]al qu>t]s is g5]ally m effectual & decisive1 ! small] ?is body is1 ! ne>] x approa*es to ! l[e/ limit--t ( a s+le combatant4 ,an army c easily give battle on sev]al sides1 a division less easily1 a battalion only :5 =m$ 9 mass1 a s+le man n at all4 ,n[ /rategy1 9 its prov9ce1 deals ) l>ge masses ( m51 ext5sive spaces1 & consid]able duration ( "t2 ) tactics1 x is ! rev]se4 ,f ?is foll[s t ! attack f sev]al sides 9 /rategy _c h ! same results z 9 tactics4 ,! effect ( fire does n come )9 ! scope ( /rategy2 b 9 its place !re is some?+ else4 ,x is t tott]+ ( ! base :i* e army feels :5 !re is a victori\s enemy 9 its re>1 :e!r ne> or f> (f4 ,x is1 !re=e1 c]ta9 t ! conc5tric action ( =ces has an advantage 9 ?is way1 t ! action or effect aga9/ a is at ! same "t "o aga9/ b1 )\t its =ce aga9/ a be+ dim9i%$1 & t ! action aga9/ b is likewise action aga9/ a4 ,! :ole1 !re=e1 is n a b1 b some?+ m2 & ?is advantage is produc$ bo? 9 tactics & /rategy1 al?\gh some:at diff]5tly 9 ea*4 ,n[ :at is !re 9 ! ecc5tric or div]g5t action ( =ces to oppose to ?is advantage8 ,pla9ly ! advantage ( hav+ ! =ces 9 great] proximity to ea* o!r1 & ! mov+ on int]ior l9es4 ,x is unnecess>y to demon/rate h[ ?is c become su* a multipli] ( =ces t ! assailant _c enc\nt] ! advantage x gives 8 oppon5t unless he has a great sup]iority ( =ce4--,:5 once ! def5sive has adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( movem5t 7movem5t :i* c]ta9ly comm5ces lat] ?an t ( ! assailant1 b /ill "t en\gh to break ! *a9s ( p>alys+ inaction71 !n ?is advantage ( great] conc5tration & ! int]ior l9es t5ds mu* m decisively1 & 9 mo/ cases m effectually1 t[>ds victory ?an ! conc5tric =m ( ! attack4 ,b victory mu/ prec$e ! realisation ( ?is sup]iority2 we mu/ conqu] be=e we c ?9k ( cutt+ (f an enemy's retreat4 ,9 %ort1 we see t !re is "h a relation simil> to t :i* exi/s betwe5 attack & def5ce g5]ally2 ! conc5tric =m leads to brilliant results1 ! advantages ( ! ecc5tric are m secure3 ! =m] is ! weak] =m ) ! positive object2 ! latt]1 ! /rong] =m ) ! negative object4 ,9 ?is way ^! two =ms seem to u to be br\ght ne>ly to an ev5 balance4 ,n[ if we add to ?is t ! def5ce1 n be+ always absolute1 is also n always preclud$ f us+ its =ces on conv]g+ l9es1 we h no long] a "r to believe t ?is conv]g+ =m is alone suffici5t to ensure to ! (f5sive a sup]iority ov] ! def5sive univ]sally1 & ?us we set ourselves free f ! influ5ce :i* t op9ion usually ex]cises ov] ! judgm5t1 :5ev] !re is an opportunity4 ,:at has be5 said up to ! pres5t1 relates to bo? tactics & /rategy2 we h /ill a mo/ important po9t to br+ =w>d1 :i* applies to /rategy only4 ,! advantage ( int]ior l9es increases ) ! di/ances to :i* ^! l9es relate4 ,9 di/ances ( a few ?\s& y>ds1 or a half mile1 ! "t :i* is ga9$1 _c ( c\rse be z mu* z 9 di/ances ( sev]al days' m>*1 or inde$1 ( tw5ty or ?irty miles2 ! fir/1 t is1 ! small di/ances1 conc]ns tactics1 ! great] ones belong to /rategy4 ,b1 al?\gh we c]ta9ly require m "t1 to rea* an object 9 /rategy1 ?an 9 tactics1 & an army is n s quickly defeat$ z a battalion1 /ill1 ^! p]iods ( "t 9 /rategy c only increase up to a c]ta9 po9t2 t is1 !y c only la/ until a battle takes place1 or1 p]haps1 ov] & above t1 = ! few days dur+ :i* a battle may be avoid$ )\t s]i\s loss4 ,fur!r1 !re is a mu* great] diff]5ce 9 ! real />t 9 advance1 :i* is ga9$ 9 "o case1 z comp>$ ) ! o!r4 ,ow+ to ! insignificance ( ! di/ances 9 tactics1 ! movem5ts ( "o army 9 a battle1 take place almo/ 9 sight ( ! o!r2 ! army1 !re=e1 on ! ext]ior l9e1 w g5]ally v soon be made aw>e ( :at 8 adv]s>y is do+4 ,f ! long di/ances1 ) :i* /rategy has to deal1 x v seldom happ5s1 t ! movem5t ( "o army1 is n conceal$ f ! o!r = at lea/ a day1 & !re are num]\s in/ances1 9 :i* especially if ! movem5t is only p>tial1 su* z a consid]able deta*m5t1 t x rema9s secret = weeks4--,x is easy to see1 :at a great advantage ?is p[] ( conceal+ movem5ts mu/ be to t p>ty1 :o ?r\gh ! nature ( 8 position has reason to desire x mo/4 ,we "h close our consid]ations on ! conv]g5t & div]g5t use ( =ces1 & ! relation ( ^? =ms to attack & def5ce1 propos+ to return to ! subject at ano!r "t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,"* ( ! ,/rategic ,def5sive ,we h already expla9$ :at ! def5sive is g5]ally1 namely1 no?+ m ?an a /rong] =m ( c>ry+ on w>1 by means ( :i* we endeav\r to wre/ a victory1 9 ord]1 aft] hav+ ga9$ a sup]iority1 to pass ov] to ! (f5sive1 t is to ! positive object ( w>4 ,ev5 if ! int5tion ( a w> is only ! ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+ situation ( ?+s1 ! /atus quo1 /ill a m]e p>ry+ ( a bl[ is some?+ q contradictory to ! conception ( ! t]m w>1 because ! conduct ( w> is unque/ionably no m]e /ate ( endurance4 ,if ! def5d] has obta9$ an important advantage1 !n ! def5sive =m has done its "p1 & "u ! protection ( ?is success he mu/ give back ! bl[1 o!rwise he exposes himself to c]ta9 de/ruction2 common s5se po9ts out t iron %\ld be /ruck :ile x is hot1 t we %\ld use ! advantage ga9$ to gu>d aga9/ a second attack4 ,h[1 :5 & :]e ?is reaction %all comm5ce is subject c]ta9ly to a numb] ( o!r conditions1 :i* we c only expla9 h]eaft]4 ,= ! pres5t we keep to ?is1 t we mu/ always consid] ?is transition to an (f5sive return z a natural t5d5cy ( ! def5sive1 !re=e z an ess5tial elem5t ( ! same1 & always conclude t !re is some?+ wrong 9 ! managem5t ( a w> :5 a victory ga9$ ?r\gh ! def5sive =m is n turn$ to good acc\nt 9 any mann]1 b all[$ to )] away4 ,a swift & vigor\s assumption ( ! (f5sive--! fla%+ sword ( v5geance--is ! mo/ brilliant po9t 9 ! def5sive2 he :o does n at once ?9k ( x at ! "r mom5t1 or r he :o does n f ! fir/ include ?is transition 9 8 idea ( ! def5sive w nev] und]/& ! sup]iority ( ! def5sive z a =m ( w>2 he w be = ev] ?9k+ only ( ! means :i* w be consum$ by ! enemy & ga9$ by ourselves ?r\gh ! (f5sive1 :i* means h[ev] dep5d n on ty+ ! knot1 b on unty+ x4 ,fur!r1 x is a /upid confusion ( ideas if1 "u ! t]m (f5sive1 we always und]/& sudd5 attack or surprise1 & consequ5tly "u def5sive imag9e no?+ b emb>rassm5t & confusion4 ,x is true t a conqu]or makes 8 det]m9ation to g to w> soon] ?an ! unconsci\s def5d]1 & if he kn[s h[ to keep 8 measures prop]ly secret1 he may also p]haps take ! def5d] unaw>es2 b t is a ?+ q =eign to w> itself1 = x %\ld n be s4 ,w> actually takes place m = ! def5sive ?an = ! conqu]or1 = invasion only calls =? resi/ance1 & x is n until !re is resi/ance t !re is w>4 ,a conqu]or is always a lov] ( peace 7z ,buonap>te always ass]t$ ( himself72 he w\ld l to make 8 entry into our /ate unoppos$2 9 ord] to prev5t ?is1 we mu/ *oose w>1 & !re=e also make prep>ations1 t is 9 o!r words1 x is j ! weak1 or t side :i* mu/ def5d itself1 :i* %\ld be always arm$ 9 ord] n to be tak5 by surprise2 s x is will$ by ! art ( w>4 ,! appe>ance ( "o side soon] ?an ! o!r 9 ! !atre ( w> dep5ds1 besides1 9 mo/ cases on ?+s q diff]5t f a view to (f5sive or def5sive4 ,b al?\gh a view to "o or o!r ( ^! =ms is n ! cause1 x is (t5 ! result ( ?is priority ( appe>ance4 ,:oev] is fir/ ready w on t acc\nt g to "w (f5sively1 if ! advantage ( surprise is suffici5tly great to make x exp$i5t2 & ! p>ty :o is ! la/ to be ready c only !n 9 "s measure comp5sate = ! disadvantage :i* ?reat5s him by ! advantages ( ! def5sive4 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be look$ ^u 9 g5]al z an advantage = ! (f5sive1 t he c make t good use ( be+ ! fir/ 9 ! field :i* has be5 notic$ 9 ! ?ird book2 only ?is g5]al advantage is n an absolute necessity 9 e case4 ,if1 !re=e1 we imag9e to ourselves a def5sive1 su* z x %\ld be1 we mu/ suppose x ) e possible prep>ation ( all means1 ) an army fit =1 & inur$ to1 w>1 ) a g5]al :o does n wait = 8 adv]s>y ) anxiety f an emb>rass+ feel+ ( unc]ta9ty1 b f 8 own free *oice1 ) cool pres5ce ( m9d1 ) =tresses :i* d n dread a siege1 & la/ly1 ) a loyal p :o fe> ! enemy z little z he fe>s !m4 ,) su* attributes ! def5sive w act no su* contemptible "p 9 opposition to ! (f5sive1 & ! latt] w n appe> su* an easy & c]ta9 =m ( w>1 z x does 9 ! gloomy imag9ations ( ^? :o c only see 9 ! (f5sive c\rage1 /r5g? ( w1 & en]gy2 9 ! def5sive1 helplessness & apa?y4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,ext5t ( ! ,means ( ,def5ce ,we h %[n 9 ! second & ?ird *apt]s ( ?is book h[ ! def5ce has a natural advantage 9 ! employm5t ( ^? ?+s1 :i*1--irrespective ( ! absolute /r5g? & qualities ( ! combatant =ce1--influ5ce ! tactical z well z ! /rategic result1 namely1 ! advantage ( gr\nd1 sudd5 attack1 attack f sev]al directions 7conv]g+ =m ( attack71 ! assi/ance ( ! !atre ( w>1 support ( ! p1 & ! utilis+ great moral =ces4 ,we ?9k x useful n[ to ca/ aga9 a glance ov] ! ext5t ( ! means :i* are at comm& ( ! def5sive 9 p>ticul>1 & :i* are to be reg>d$ z ! columns ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( ar*itecture 9 8 edifice4 #a4--,l&wehr 7,militia74 ,?is =ce has be5 us$ 9 mod]n times to combat ! enemy on =eign soil2 & x is n to be d5i$ t its organisation 9 _m /ates1 = in/ance 9 ,prussia1 is ( su* a k9d1 t x may almo/ be reg>d$ z "p ( ! /&+ army1 !re=e x does n belong to ! def5sive exclusively4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ n ov]look ! fact1 t ! v great use made ( x 9 #ahac-ad-ae 0 ! result ( def5sive w>2 t x is organis$ 9 v few places to ! same degree z 9 ,prussia1 & t always :5 its organisation falls bel[ ! level ( complete effici5cy1 x is bett] suit$ = ! def5sive ?an = ! (f5sive4 ,b besides t1 !re always lies 9 ! idea ( a militia ! notion ( a v ext5sive m or less volunt>y co-op]ation ( ! :ole mass ( ! p 9 support ( ! w>1 ) all _! physical p[]s1 z well z ) _! feel+s1 & a ready sacrifice ( all !y possess4 ,! m its organisation deviates f ?is1 s mu* ! m ! =ce ?us creat$ w become a /&+ army "u ano!r "n1 & ! m x w h ! advantages ( su* a =ce2 b x w also lose 9 proportion ! advantages :i* belong prop]ly to ! militia1 ^? ( be+ a =ce1 ! limits ( :i* are undef9$1 & capable ( be+ easily increas$ by appeal+ to ! feel+s & patriotism ( ! p4 ,9 ^! ?+s lies ! ess5ce ( a militia2 9 its organisation1 latitude mu/ be all[$ = ?is co-op]ation ( ! :ole p2 if we seek to obta9 some?+ extraord9>y f a militia1 we are only foll[+ a %ad[4 ,b n[ ! close relation%ip betwe5 ?is ess5ce ( a militia sy/em1 & ! conception ( ! def5sive1 is n to be d5i$1 nei!r c x be d5i$ t su* a militia w always belong m to ! def5sive =m ?an to ! (f5sive1 & t x w manife/ *iefly 9 ! def5sive1 ^? effects ?r\gh :i* x surpasses ! attack4 #b4--;,=tresses4 ,! assi/ance af=d$ by =tresses to ! (f5sive does n ext5d beyond :at is giv5 by ^? close ^u ! fronti]s1 & is only feeble 9 influ5ce2 ! assi/ance :i* ! def5sive c d]ive f ?is rea*es fur!r into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 & !re=e m ( !m c be br\ght into use1 & _! utility itself diff]s 9 ! degree ( its int5sity4 ,a =tress :i* is made ! object ( a regul> siege1 & holds out1 is naturally ( m consid]able weight 9 ! scales ( w>1 ?an "o :i* by ! /r5g? ( its works m]ely =bids ! idea ( its capture1 & !re=e nei!r occupies nor consumes any ( ! enemy's =ces4 #c4--,! ,p4 ,al?\gh ! influ5ce ( a s+le inhabitant ( ! !atre ( w> on ! c\rse ( ! w> 9 mo/ cases is n m p]ceptible ?an ! co-op]ation ( a drop ( wat] 9 a :ole riv]1 /ill ev5 9 cases :]e !re is no su* ?+ z a g5]al ris+ ( ! p1 ! total influ5ce ( ! inhabitants ( a c\ntry 9 w> is any?+ b imp]ceptible4 ,e ?+ goes on easi] 9 our own c\ntry1 provid$ x is n oppos$ by ! g5]al feel+ ( ! population4 ,all contributions great & small1 are only yield$ to ! enemy "u ! compulsion ( direct =ce2 t op]ation mu/ be und]tak5 by ! troops1 & co/ ! employm5t ( _m m5 z well z great ex]tions4 ,! def5sive receives all he wants1 if n always volunt>ily1 z 9 cases ( en?usia/ic devotion1 /ill ?r\gh ! long-us$ *annels ( submission to ! /ate on ! "p ( ! citiz5s1 :i* has become second nature1 & :i* besides t1 is en=c$ by ! t]rors ( ! law ) :i* ! army has no?+ to d4 ,b ! spontane\s co-op]ation ( ! p proce$+ f true atta*m5t is 9 all cases mo/ important1 z x nev] fails 9 all ^? po9ts :]e s]vice c be r5d]$ )\t any sacrifice4 ,we %all only notice "o po9t1 :i* is ( ! highe/ importance 9 w>1 t is intellig5ce1 n s mu* special1 great & important in=mation ?r\gh p]sons employ$1 z t respect+ ! innum]able little matt]s 9 connection ) :i* ! daily s]vice ( an army is c>ri$ on 9 unc]ta9ty1 & ) reg>d to :i* a good und]/&+ ) ! inhabitants gives ! def5sive a g5]al advantage4 ,if we asc5d f ?is q g5]al & nev] fail+ b5eficial influ5ce1 up to special cases 9 :i* ! populace beg9s to take "p 9 ! w>1 & !n fur!r up to ! highe/ degree1 :]e z 9 ,spa91 ! w>1 z reg>ds its lead+ ev5ts is *iefly a w> c>ri$ on by ! p !mselves1 we may see t we h "h virtually a new p[] r ?an a manife/ation ( increas$ coop]ation on ! "p ( ! p1 & !re=e t-- #d4--,! ,national ,armam5t1 or g5]al call to arms1 may be consid]$ z a p>ticul> means ( def5ce4 #e4--;,allies4 ,f9ally1 we may fur!r reckon allies z ! la/ support ( ! def5sive4 ,naturally we d n mean ord9>y allies1 :i* ! assailant may likewise h2 we speak ( ^? ess5tially int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! integrity ( ! c\ntry4 ,if = in/ance we look at ! v>i\s /ates compos+ ,europe at ! pres5t "t1 we f9d 7)\t speak+ ( a sy/ematically regulat$ balance ( p[] & int]e/s1 z t does n exi/1 & !re=e is (t5 ) ju/ice disput$1 /ill1 unque/ionably7 t ! great & small /ates & int]e/s ( nations are int]wov5 ) ea* o!r 9 a mo/ div]sifi$ & *angeable mann]1 ea* ( ^! po9ts ( int]section =ms a b9d+ knot1 = 9 x ! direction ( ! "o gives equilibrium to ! direction ( ! o!r2 by all ^! knots !re=e1 evid5tly a m or less compact connection ( ! :ole w be =m$1 & ?is g5]al connection mu/ be p>tially ov]turn$ by e *ange4 ,9 ?is mann] ! :ole relations ( all /ates to ea* o!r s]ve r to pres]ve ! /ability ( ! :ole ?an to produce *anges1 t is to say1 ?is t5d5cy to /ability exi/s 9 g5]al4 ,?is we conceive to be ! true notion ( a balance ( p[]1 & 9 ?is s5se x w always ( itself come into exi/5ce1 :]ev] !re are ext5sive connections betwe5 civilis$ /ates4 ,h[ f> ?is t5d5cy ( ! g5]al int]e/s to ! ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s is effici5t is ano!r "q2 at all ev5ts we c conceive "s *anges 9 ! relations ( s+le /ates to ea* o!r1 :i* promote ?is effici5cy ( ! :ole1 & o!rs :i* ob/ruct x4 ,9 ! fir/ case !y are ef=ts to p]fect ! political balance1 & z ^! h ! same t5d5cy z ! univ]sal int]e/s1 !y w also be support$ by ! majority ( ^! int]e/s4 ,b 9 ! o!r case1 !y are ( an abnormal nature1 undue activity on ! "p ( "s s+le /ates1 real maladies2 /ill t ^! %\ld make _! appe>ance 9 a :ole ) s little cohesion z an assemblage ( great & little /ates is n to be wond]$ at1 = we see ! same 9 t m>vell\sly organis$ :ole1 ! natural _w4 ,if 9 answ] we are rem9d$ ( in/ances 9 hi/ory :]e s+le /ates h effect$ important *anges1 solely = _! own b5efit1 )\t any ef=t on ! "p ( ! :ole to prev5t ! same1 or cases :]e a s+le /ate has be5 able to raise itself s mu* above o!rs z to become almo/ ! arbit] ( ! :ole1--!n our answ] is t ^! examples by no means prove t a t5d5cy ( ! int]e/s ( ! :ole 9 fav\r ( /ability does n exi/1 !y only %[ t its action 0 n p[]ful en\gh at ! mom5t4 ,! ef=t t[>ds an object is a diff]5t ?+ f ! motion t[>ds x4 ,at ! same "t x is any?+ b a nullity1 ( :i* we h ! be/ exemplification 9 ! dynamics ( ! heav5s4 ,we say1 ! t5d5cy ( equilibrium is to ! ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+ /ate1 :]eby we c]ta9ly assume t re/1 t is equilibrium1 exi/$ 9 ?is /ate2 = :]e t has be5 already di/urb$1 t5sion has already comm5c$1 & !re ! equilibrium may c]ta9ly also t5d to a *ange4 ,b if we look to ! nature ( ! ?+1 ?is *ange c only affect "s few sep>ate /ates1 nev] ! majority1 & !re=e x is c]ta9 t ! pres]vation ( ! latt] is support$ & secur$ ?r\gh ! collective int]e/s ( ! :ole--c]ta9 also t ea* s+le /ate :i* has n aga9/ x a t5sion ( ! :ole w h m int]e/ 9 fav\r ( its def5ce ?an opposition to x4 ,:oev] laughs at ^! reflections z utopian dreams1 does s at ! exp5se ( philosophical tru?4 ,al?\gh we may le>n f x ! relations :i* ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ?+s be> to ea* o!r1 x w\ld be ra% to attempt to d$uce laws f ! same by :i* ea* individual case %\ld be gov]n$ )\t reg>d to any accid5tal di/urb+ influ5ces4 ,b :5 a p]son1 9 ! words ( a great writ]1 8nev] rises above anecdote10 builds all hi/ory on x1 beg9s always ) ! mo/ individual po9ts1 ) ! climaxes ( ev5ts1 & only goes d[n j s deep z he f9ds a motive = do+1 & !re=e nev] rea*es to ! l[e/ f\ndation ( ! pr$om9ant g5]al relations1 8 op9ion w nev] h any value beyond ! "o case1 & to him1 t :i* philosophy proves to be applicable to cases 9 g5]al1 w only appe> a dream4 ,)\t t g5]al /riv+ = re/ & ! ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+ condition ( ?+s1 a numb] ( civilis$ /ates c\ld n long live quietly side by side2 !y mu/ necess>ily become fus$ into "o4 ,!re=e1 z ,europe has exi/$ 9 its pres5t /ate = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 we c only reg>d ! fact z a result ( t t5d5cy ( ! collective int]e/s2 & if ! protection af=d$ by ! :ole has n 9 e in/ance prov$ /rong en\gh to pres]ve ! indep5d5ce ( ea* individual /ate1 su* exceptions are to be reg>d$ z irregul>ities 9 ! life ( ! :ole1 :i* h n de/roy$ t life1 b h !mselves be5 ma/]$ by x4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to g ov] ! mass ( ev5ts 9 :i* *anges :i* w\ld h di/urb$ ! balance too mu* h be5 prev5t$ or rev]s$ by ! opposition m or less op5ly decl>$ ( o!r /ates4 ,!y w be se5 by ! mo/ cursory glance at hi/ory4 ,we only wi% to say a few words ab\t a case :i* is always on ! lips ( ^? :o ridicule ! idea ( a political balance1 & because x appe>s specially applicable "h z a case 9 :i* an un(f5d+ /ate1 act+ on ! def5sive1 succumb$ )\t receiv+ any =eign aid4 ,we allude to ,pol&4 ,t a /ate ( eight millions ( inhabitants %\ld disappe>1 %\ld be divid$ among/ ?ree o!rs )\t a sword be+ drawn by any ( ! re/ ( ! ,european /ates1 appe>s1 at fir/ sight1 a fact :i* ei!r proves conclusively ! g5]al ineffici5cy ( ! political balance1 or at lea/ %[s t x is ineffici5t to a v great ext5t 9 "s in/ances4 ,t a /ate ( su* ext5t %\ld disappe>1 a prey to o!rs1 & ^? already ! mo/ p[]ful 7,russia & ,au/ria71 appe>s su* a v extreme case t x w be said1 if an ev5t ( ?is description c\ld n r\se ! collective int]e/s ( all free /ates1 !n ! effici5t action :i* ?is collective int]e/ %\ld display = ! b5efit ( individual /ates is imag9>y4 ,b we /ill ma9ta9 t a s+le case1 h[ev] /rik+1 does n negative ! g5]al tru?1 & we ass]t next t ! d[nfall ( ,pol& is also n s unacc\ntable z may at fir/ sight appe>4 ,0 ,pol& really to be reg>d$ z a ,european /ate1 z a homog5e\s memb] ( ! community ( nations 9 ,europe8 ,no6 ,x 0 a ,t>t> /ate1 :i* in/ead ( be+ locat$1 l ! ,t>t>s ( ! ,crimea1 on ! ,black ,sea1 on ! conf9es ( ! t]ritory inhabit$ by ! ,european community1 _h its habitation 9 ! mid/ ( t community on ! ,vi/ula4 ,we nei!r desire by ?is to speak disrespectfully ( ! ,poles1 nor to ju/ify ! p>tition ( _! c\ntry1 b only to look at ?+s z !y really are4 ,= a hundr$ ye>s ?is c\ntry _h ceas$ to play any indep5d5t "p 9 ,european politics1 & _h be5 only an apple ( discord = ! o!rs4 ,x 0 impossible t = a cont9uance x c\ld ma9ta9 itself among/ ! o!rs ) its /ate & con/itution unalt]$3 an ess5tial alt]ation 9 its ,t>t> nature w\ld h be5 ! "w ( n less ?an half1 p]haps a :ole c5tury1 suppos+ ! *ief m5 ( t nation _h be5 9 fav\r ( x4 ,b ^! m5 7 f> too ?or\gh ,t>t>s to wi% any su* *ange4 ,_! turbul5t political condition1 & _! unb\nd$ levity w5t h& 9 h&1 & s !y tumbl$ into ! abyss4 ,long be=e ! p>tition ( ,pol& ! ,russians _h become q at home !re1 ! idea ( its be+ an indep5d5t /ate1 ) b\nd>ies ( its own1 _h ceas$1 & no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t ,pol&1 if x _h n be5 p>tition$1 mu/ h become a ,russian prov9ce4 ,if ?is _h n be5 s1 & if ,pol& _h be5 a /ate capable ( mak+ a def5ce1 ! ?ree p[]s w\ld n s readily h proce$$ to its p>tition1 & ^? p[]s mo/ int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ its integrity1 l ,france1 ,sw$5 & ,turkey1 w\ld h be5 able to co-op]ate 9 a v diff]5t mann] t[>ds its pres]vation4 ,b if ! ma9t5ance ( a /ate is entirely dep5d5t on ext]nal support1 !n c]ta9ly too mu* is ask$4 ,! p>tition ( ,pol& _h be5 talk$ ( frequ5tly = a hundr$ ye>s1 & = t "t ! c\ntry _h be5 n l a private h\se1 b l a public road1 on :i* =eign armies 7 con/antly jo/l+ "o ano!r4 ,0 x ! bus9ess ( o!r /ates to put a /op to ?is2 7 !y con/antly to keep ! sword drawn to pres]ve ! political inviolability ( ! ,poli% fronti]8 ,t w\ld h be5 to dem& a moral impossibility4 ,pol& 0 at ?is "t politically little bett] ?an an un9habit$ /eppe2 & z x is impossible t def5celess /eppes1 ly+ 9 ! mid/ ( o!r c\ntries %\ld be gu>d$ = ev] f invasion1 !re=e x 0 impossible to pres]ve ! integrity ( ?is /ate1 z x 0 call$4 ,= all ^! reasons !re is z little to cause wond] 9 ! noiseless d[nfall ( ,pol& z 9 ! sil5t conque/ ( ! ,crimean ,t>t>s2 ! ,turks _h a great] int]e/ 9 uphold+ ! latt] ?an any ,european /ate _h 9 pres]v+ ! indep5d5ce ( ,pol&1 b !y saw t x w\ld be a va9 ef=t to try to protect a def5celess /eppe4-- ,we return to our subject1 & ?9k we h prov$ t ! def5sive 9 g5]al may c\nt m on =eign aid ?an ! (f5sive2 he may reckon ! m c]ta9ly on x 9 proportion z 8 exi/5ce is ( importance to o!rs1 t is to say1 ! s\nd] & m vigor\s 8 political & milit>y condition4 ,( c\rse ! subjects :i* h be5 "h enum]at$ z means prop]ly belong+ to ! def5sive w n be at ! comm& ( ea* p>ticul> def5sive4 ,sometimes "o1 sometimes ano!r1 may be want+2 b !y all belong to ! idea ( ! def5sive z a :ole4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,mutual ,action & ,reaction ( ,attack & ,def5ce ,we %all n[ consid] attack & def5ce sep>ately1 z f> z !y c be sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,we comm5ce ) ! def5sive = ! foll[+ reasons3--,x is c]ta9ly v natural & necess>y to base ! rules = ! def5ce ^u ^? ( ! (f5sive1 & vice v]s2 b "o ( ! two mu/ /ill h a ?ird po9t ( dep>ture1 if ! :ole *a9 ( ideas is to h a beg9n+1 t is1 to be possible4 ,! fir/ "q conc]ns ?is po9t4 ,if we reflect ^u ! comm5cem5t ( w> philosophically1 ! conception ( w> prop]ly does n orig9ate ) ! (f5sive1 z t =m has = its absolute object1 n s mu* fight+ z ! tak+ possession ( some?+4 ,! idea ( w> arises fir/ by ! def5sive1 = t =m has ! battle = its direct object1 z w>d+ (f & fight+ pla9ly are "o & ! same4 ,! w>d+ (f is direct$ entirely aga9/ ! attack2 !re=e supposes x1 necess>ily2 b ! attack is n direct$ aga9/ ! w>d+ (f2 x is direct$ ^u some?+ else--! tak+ possession2 consequ5tly does n presuppose ! w>d+ (f4 ,x lies1 !re=e1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t ! p>ty :o fir/ br+s ! elem5t ( w> into action1 ! p>ty f ^: po9t ( view two opposite p>ties are fir/ conceiv$1 also e/abli%es ! fir/ laws ( w>1 & t p>ty is ! def5d]4 ,we are n speak+ ( any individual case2 we are only deal+ ) a g5]al1 an ab/ract case1 :i* !ory imag9es 9 ord] to det]m9e ! c\rse x is to take4 ,by ?is we n[ "k :]e to look = ?is fix$ po9t1 outside & indep5d5t ( ! reciprocal effect ( attack & def5ce1 & t x is 9 ! def5sive4 ,if ?is is a logical consequ5ce1 ! def5sive mu/ h motives ( action1 ev5 :5 z yet he kn[s no?+ ( ! int5tions ( ! (f5sive2 & ^! motives ( action mu/ det]m9e ! organisation ( ! means ( fight+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z long z ! (f5sive kn[s no?+ ( ! plans ( 8 adv]s>y1 !re are no motives ( action = him1 no gr\nds = ! application ( 8 milit>y means4 ,he c d no?+ m ?an take ^! means along ) him1 t is1 take possession by means ( 8 army4 ,& ?us x is also 9 po9t ( fact2 = to c>ry ab\t ! app>atus ( w> is n to use x2 & ! (f5sive :o takes su* ?+s ) him1 on ! q g5]al supposition t he may require to use !m1 & :o1 in/ead ( tak+ possession ( a c\ntry by (ficial function>ies & proclamations1 does s ) an army1 has n z yet committ$1 prop]ly speak+1 any act ( w>f>e2 b ! def5sive :o bo? collects 8 app>atus ( w>1 & disposes ( x ) a view to fight+1 is ! fir/ to ex]cise an act :i* really accords ) ! conception ( w>4 ,! second "q is n[3 :at is !oretically ! nature ( ! motives :i* mu/ arise 9 ! m9d ( ! def5sive fir/1 be=e ! attack itself is ?\ght (8 ,pla9ly ! advance made ) a view to tak+ possession1 :i* we h imag9$ extrane\s to ! w>1 b :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! op5+ *apt]4 ,! def5ce is to oppose ?is advance2 !re=e 9 idea we mu/ connect ?is advance ) ! l& 7c\ntry72 & ?us arise ! fir/ mo/ g5]al measures ( ! def5sive4 ,:5 ^! are once e/abli%$1 !n ^u !m ! application ( ! (f5sive is f\nd$1 & f a consid]ation ( ! means :i* ! (f5sive !n applies1 new pr9ciples aga9 ( def5ce are d]iv$4 ,n[ "h is ! reciprocal effect :i* !ory c foll[ 9 its inquiry1 z long z x f9ds ! fre% results :i* are produc$ are wor? exam9ation4 ,?is little analysis 0 necess>y 9 ord] to give m cle>ness & /ability to :at foll[s1 su* z x is2 x is n made = ! field ( battle1 nei!r is x = ! g5]als ( ! future2 x is only = ! army ( !ori/s1 :o h made a great deal too light ( ! subject hi!rto4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,me?ods ( ,resi/ance ,! conception ( ! def5ce is w>d+ (f2 9 ?is w>d+ (f lies ! /ate ( expectance1 & ?is /ate ( expectance we h tak5 z ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! def5ce1 & at ! same "t z its pr9cipal advantage4 ,b z ! def5sive 9 w> _c be a /ate ( endurance1 !re=e ?is /ate ( expectation is only a relative1 n an absolute /ate2 ! subjects ) :i* ?is wait+ = is connect$ are1 z reg>ds space1 ei!r ! c\ntry1 or ! !atre ( w>1 or ! position1 &1 z reg>ds "t1 ! w>1 ! campaign1 or ! battle4 ,t ^! subjects are no immutable units1 b only ! c5tres ( c]ta9 limit$ regions1 :i* run into "o ano!r & are bl5d$ toge!r1 we "k2 b 9 practical life we mu/ (t5 be cont5t$ only to gr\p ?+s toge!r1 n rigidly to sep>ate !m2 & ^! conceptions h1 9 ! real _w itself1 suffici5t di/9ctness to be made use ( z c5tres r\nd :i* we may gr\p o!r ideas4 ,a def5ce ( ! c\ntry1 !re=e1 only waits = attack on ! c\ntry2 a def5ce ( a !atre ( w> an attack on ! !atre ( w>2 & ! def5ce ( a position ! attack ( t position4 ,e positive1 & consequ5tly m or less (f5sive1 k9d ( action :i* ! def5sive uses aft] ! above p]iod ( wait+ =1 does n negative ! idea ( ! cont9uance ( ! def5sive2 = ! /ate ( expectation1 :i* is ! *ief sign ( ! same1 & its *ief advantage1 has be5 realis$4 ,! conception ( w>1 campaign1 & battle1 9 relation to "t1 are c\pl$ respectively ) ! ideas ( c\ntry1 !atre ( w>1 & position1 & on t acc\nt !y h ! same relations to ! pres5t subject4 ,! def5sive consi/s1 !re=e1 ( two het]og5e\s p>ts1 ! /ate ( expectancy & t ( action4 ,by hav+ ref]r$ ! fir/ to a def9ite subject1 & !re=e giv5 x prec$5ce ( action1 we h made x possible to connect ! two into "o :ole4 ,b an act ( ! def5sive1 especially a consid]able "o1 su* z a campaign or a :ole w>1 does n1 z reg>ds "t1 consi/ ( two great halves1 ! fir/ ! /ate ( m]e expectation1 ! second entirely ( a /ate ( action2 x is a /ate ( alt]nation betwe5 ! two1 9 :i* ! /ate ( expectation c be trac$ ?r\gh ! :ole act ( ! def5sive l a cont9u\s ?read4 ,we give to ?is /ate ( expectation s mu* importance simply because x is dem&$ by ! nature ( ! ?+4 ,9 prec$+ !ories ( w> x has c]ta9ly nev] be5 br\ght =w>d z an indep5d5t conception1 b 9 reality x has always s]v$ z a guide1 al?\gh (t5 unobs]v$4 ,x is su* a fundam5tal "p ( ! :ole act ( w>1 t ! "o )\t ! o!r appe>s almo/ impossible2 & we %all !re=e (t5 h occasion to recur to x h]eaft] by call+ att5tion to its effects 9 ! dynamic action ( ! p[]s call$ into play4 ,= ! pres5t we %all employ ourselves 9 expla9+ h[ ! pr9ciple ( ! /ate ( expectation runs ?r\gh ! act ( def5ce1 & :at are ! successive /ages 9 ! def5ce itself :i* h _! orig9 9 ?is /ate4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% our ideas on subjects ( a m simple k9d1 we %all def] ! def5ce ( a c\ntry1 a subject on :i* a v great div]sity ( political influ5ces ex]cises a p[]ful effect1 until we come to ! ,book on ! ,plan ( ,w>2 & z on ! o!r h&1 ! def5sive act 9 a position or 9 a battle is matt] ( tactics1 :i* only =ms a />t+ po9t = /rategic action z a :ole1 we %all take ! def5ce ( a !atre1 ( w> z be+ ! subject1 9 :i* we c be/ %[ ! relations ( ! def5sive4 ,we h said1 t ! /ate ( expectation & ( action--:i* la/ is always a c\nt]/roke1 !re=e a reaction--are bo? ess5tial p>ts ( ! def5sive2 = )\t ! fir/1 !re w\ld be no def5sive1 )\t ! second no w>4 ,?is view l$ u be=e to ! idea ( ! def5sive be+ no?+ b ! /rong] =m ( w>1 9 ord] ! m c]ta9ly to conqu] ! enemy2 ?is idea we mu/ adh]e to ?r\gh\t1 p>tly because x alone saves u 9 ! end f absurdity1 p>tly1 because ! m vividly x is impress$ on ! m9d1 s mu* ! great] is ! en]gy x imp>ts to ! :ole act ( ! def5sive4 ,if !re=e we %\ld make a di/9ction betwe5 ! reaction1 con/itut+ ! second elem5t ( ! def5sive1 & ! o!r elem5t :i* consi/s 9 reality 9 ! repulse only ( ! enemy2--if we %\ld look at expulsion f ! c\ntry1 f ! !atre ( w>1 9 su* a light z to see 9 x alone ! necess>y ?+ by itself1 ! ultimate object beyond ! atta9m5t ( :i* our ef=ts %\ld n be c>ri$1 & on ! o!r h&1 reg>d ! possibility ( a reaction c>ri$ /ill fur!r1 & pass+ into ! real /rategic attack1 z a subject =eign to & ( no consequ5ce to ! def5ce1--su* a view w\ld be 9 opposition to ! nature ( ! idea above repres5t$1 & !re=e we _c look ^u ?is di/9ction z really exi/+1 & we mu/ adh]e to our ass]tion1 t ! idea ( rev5ge mu/ always be at ! bottom ( e def5sive2 = o!rwise1 h[ev] mu* damage might be occasion$ to ! enemy1 by a successful issue ( ! fir/ reaction1 !re w\ld always be a defici5cy 9 ! necess>y balance ( ! dynamic relations ( ! attack & def5ce4 ,we say1 !n1 ! def5sive is ! m p[]ful =m ( mak+ w>1 9 ord] to ov]come ! enemy m easily1 & we leave to circum/ances to det]m9e :e!r ?is victory ov] ! object aga9/ :i* ! def5ce 0 comm5c$ is suffici5t or n4 ,b z ! def5sive is insep>able f ! idea ( ! /ate ( expectation1 t object1 ! defeat ( ! enemy1 only exi/s conditionally1 t is1 only if ! (f5sive takes place2 & o!rwise 7t is1 if ! (f5sive /roke does n foll[7 ( c\rse ! def5sive is cont5t$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( its possessions2 ?is ma9t5ance is !re=e its object 9 ! /ate ( expectation1 t is1 its imm$iate object2 & x is only z long z x cont5ts itself ) ?is m mode/ end1 t x pres]ves ! advantages ( ! /rong] =m ( w>4 ,if we suppose an army ) its !atre ( w> int5d$ = def5ce1 ! def5ce may be made z foll[s3 #a4 ,by attack+ ! enemy ! mom5t he ent]s ! !atre ( w>4 7,mollwitz1 ,hoh5fri$b]g74 #b4 ,by tak+ up a position close on ! fronti]1 & wait+ till ! enemy appe>s ) ! int5tion ( attack+ x1 9 ord] !n to attack him 7,czaslau1 ,soor1 ,rosba*74 ,pla9ly ?is second mode ( proce$+1 p>takes m ( endurance1 we 8wait =0 long]2 & al?\gh ! "t ga9$ by x z comp>$ ) t ga9$ 9 ! fir/1 may be v little1 or none at all if ! enemy's attack actually takes place1 /ill1 ! battle :i* 9 ! fir/ case 0 c]ta91 is 9 ! second mu* less c]ta91 p]haps ! enemy may n be able to make up 8 m9d to attack2 ! advantage ( ! 8wait+ =10 is !n at once great]4 #c4 ,by ! army 9 su* position n only await+ ! decision ( ! enemy to fight a battle1 t is 8 appe>ance 9 front ( ! position1 b also wait+ to be actually assault$ 79 ord] to keep to ! same g5]al1 ,bunzelwitz74 ,9 su* case1 we fight a regul> def5sive battle1 :i* h[ev]1 z we h be=e said1 may include (f5sive movem5ts ) "o or m p>ts ( ! army4 ,"h also1 z be=e1 ! ga9 ( "t does n come into consid]ation1 b ! det]m9ation ( ! enemy is put to a new pro(2 _m a "o has advanc$ to ! attack1 & at ! la/ mom5t1 or aft] "o attempt giv5 x up1 f9d+ ! position ( ! enemy too /rong4 #d4 ,by ! army transf]r+ its def5ce to ! he>t ( ! c\ntry4 ,! object ( retreat+ into ! int]ior is to cause a dim9ution 9 ! enemy's /r5g?1 & to wait until its effects are su* t 8 =w>d m>* is ( itself discont9u$1 or at lea/ until ! resi/ance :i* we c (f] him at ! end ( 8 c>e] is su* z he c no long] ov]come4 ,?is case is exhibit$ 9 ! simple/ & pla9e/ mann]1 :5 ! def5sive c leave "o or m ( 8 =tresses beh9d him1 :i* ! (f5sive is oblig$ to besiege or blockade4 ,x is cle> 9 itself1 h[ mu* 8 =ces mu/ be weak5$ 9 ?is way1 & :at a *ance !re is ( an opportunity = ! def5sive to attack at "s po9t ) sup]ior =ces4 ,b ev5 :5 !re are no =tresses1 a retreat into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry may procure by degrees = ! def5d] t necess>y equilibrium or t sup]iority :i* 0 want+ to him on ! fronti]2 = e =w>d movem5t 9 ! /rategic attack less5s its =ce1 p>tly absolutely1 p>tly ?r\gh ! sep>ation ( =ces :i* becomes necess>y1 ( :i* we %all say m "u ! head ( ! 8,attack40 ,we anticipate ?is tru? "h z we consid] x z a fact suffici5tly exemplifi$ 9 all w>s4 ,n[ 9 ?is f\r? case ! ga9 ( "t is to be look$ ^u z ! pr9cipal po9t ( all4 ,if ! assailant lays siege to our =tresses1 we h "t till _! probable fall1 7:i* may be "s weeks or 9 "s cases mon?s72 b if ! weak5+1 t is ! exp5diture1 ( ! =ce ( ! attack is caus$ by ! advance1 & ! g>rison+ or occupation ( c]ta9 po9ts1 !re=e m]ely ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! assailant's m>*1 !n ! "t ga9$ 9 mo/ cases becomes great]1 & our action is n s mu* re/rict$ 9 po9t ( "t4 ,besides ! alt]$ relations betwe5 (f5sive & def5sive 9 reg>d to p[] :i* is br\ght ab\t at ! end ( ?is m>*1 we mu/ br+ into acc\nt 9 fav\r ( ! def5sive an increas$ am\nt ( ! advantage ( ! /ate ( 8wait+ =40 ,al?\gh ! assailant by ?is advance may n 9 reality be weak5$ to su* a degree t he is unfit to attack our ma9 body :]e he halts1 /ill he w probably want resolution to d s1 = t is an act requir+ m resolution 9 ! position 9 :i* he is n[ plac$1 ?an w\ld h suffic$ :5 op]ations _h n ext5d$ beyond ! fronti]3 p>tly1 because ! p[]s are weak5$1 & no long] 9 fre% vig\r1 :ile ! dang] is increas$2 p>tly1 because ) an irresolute comm&] ! possession ( t portion ( ! c\ntry :i* has be5 obta9$ is (t5 suffici5t to d away ) all idea ( a battle1 because he ei!r really believes or assumes z a pretext1 t x is no long] necess>y4 ,by ! (f5sive ?us decl9+ to attack1 ! def5sive c]ta9ly does n acquire1 z he w\ld on ! fronti]1 a suffici5t result ( a negative k9d1 b /ill !re is a great ga9 ( "t4 ,x is pla9 t1 9 all ! f\r me?ods indicat$1 ! def5sive has ! b5efit ( ! gr\nd or c\ntry1 & likewise t he c by t means br+ into coop]ation 8 =tresses & ! p2 moreov] ^! effici5t pr9ciples increase at ea* fre% /age ( ! def5ce1 = !y are a *ief means ( br++ ab\t ! weak5+ ( ! enemy's =ce 9 ! f\r? /age4 ,n[ z ! advantages ( ! 8/ate ( expectation0 increase 9 ! same direction1 !re=e x foll[s ( itself t ^! /ages are to be reg>d$ z a real int5sify+ ( ! def5ce1 & t ?is =m ( w> always ga9s 9 /r5g? ! m x diff]s f ! (f5sive4 ,we are n afraid on ?is acc\nt ( any "o accus+ u ( hold+ ! op9ion t ! mo/ passive def5ce w\ld !re=e be ! be/4 ,! action ( resi/ance is n weak5$ at ea* new /age1 x is only delay$1 po/pon$4 ,b ! ass]tion t a /\t] resi/ance c be (f]$ 9 a /rong judici\sly entr5*$ position1 & also t :5 ! enemy has exhau/$ 8 /r5g? 9 fruitless ef=ts aga9/ su* a position a m effective c\nt]/roke may be levell$ at him1 is surely n unreasonable4 ,)\t ! advantage ( position ,daun w\ld n h ga9$ ! victory at ,koll91 & z ,fr$]ick ! ,great only br\ght (f #ah1jjj m5 f ! field ( battle1 if ,daun _h pursu$ him ) m en]gy ! victory might h be5 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant 9 milit>y hi/ory4 ,we !re=e ma9ta91 t at ea* new /age ( ! def5sive ! prepond]ance1 or m correctly speak+1 ! c\nt]poise increases 9 fav\r ( ! def5sive1 & consequ5tly !re is also a ga9 9 p[] = ! c\nt]/roke4 ,n[ are ^! advantages ( ! increas+ =ce ( ! def5sive to be _h = no?+8 ,by no means1 = ! sacrifice ) :i* !y are pur*as$ increases 9 ! same proportion4 ,if we wait = ! enemy )9 our own !atre ( w>1 h[ev] ne> ! bord] ( our t]ritory ! decision takes place1 /ill ?is !atre ( w> is ent]$ by ! enemy1 :i* mu/ entail a sacrifice on our "p2 :]eas1 _h we made ! attack1 ?is disadvantage w\ld h fall5 on ! enemy4 ,if we d n proce$ at once to meet ! enemy & attack him1 our loss w be ! great]1 & ! ext5t ( ! c\ntry :i* ! enemy w ov]run1 z well z ! "t :i* he requires to rea* our position1 w cont9ually increase4 ,if we wi% to give battle on ! def5sive1 & we !re=e leave its det]m9ation & ! *oice ( "t = x to ! enemy1 !n p]haps he may rema9 = "s "t 9 occupation ( ! t]ritory :i* he has tak51 & ! "t :i* ?r\gh 8 def]r$ decision we are all[$ to ga9 w 9 t mann] be paid = by u4 ,! sacrifices :i* mu/ be made become /ill m burd5some if a retreat into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry takes place4 ,b all ^! sacrifices on ! "p ( ! def5sive1 at mo/ only occasion him 9 g5]al a loss ( p[] :i* m]ely dim9i%es 8 milit>y =ce indirectly1 !re=e1 at a lat] p]iod1 & n directly1 & (t5 s indirectly t its effect is h>dly felt at all4 ,! def5sive1 !re=e1 /r5g!ns himself = ! pres5t mom5t at ! exp5se ( ! future1 t is to say1 he borr[s1 z e "o mu/ :o is too poor = ! circum/ances 9 :i* he is plac$4 ,n[1 if we w\ld exam9e ! result ( ^! diff]5t =ms ( resi/ance1 we mu/ look to ! object ( ! aggression4 ,?is is1 to obta9 possession ( our !atre ( w>1 or1 at lea/1 ( an important "p ( x1 = "u ! conception ( ! :ole1 at lea/ ! great] "p mu/ be und]/ood1 z ! possession ( a /rip ( t]ritory few miles 9 ext5t is1 z a rule1 ( no real consequ5ce 9 /rategy4 ,z long1 !re=e1 z ! aggressor is n 9 possession ( ?is1 t is1 z long z f fe> ( our =ce he has ei!r n yet advanc$ to ! attack ( ! !atre ( w>1 or has n s\ght to f9d u 9 our position1 or has decl9$ ! combat we (f]1 ! object ( ! def5ce is fulfill$1 & ! effects ( ! measures tak5 = ! def5sive h !re=e be5 successful4 ,at ! same "t ?is result is only a negative "o1 :i* c]ta9ly _c directly give ! =ce = a real c\nt]/roke4 ,b x may give x indirectly1 t is to say1 x is on ! way to d s2 = ! "t :i* elapses ! aggression loses1 & e loss ( "t is a disadvantage1 & mu/ weak5 9 "s way ! p>ty :o suff]s ! loss4 ,!re=e 9 ! fir/ ?ree /ages ( ! def5sive1 t is1 if x takes place on ! fronti]1 ! non-decision is already a result 9 fav\r ( ! def5sive4 ,b x is n s ) ! f\r?4 ,if ! enemy lays siege to our =tresses we mu/ relieve !m 9 "t1 to d ?is we mu/ !re=e br+ ab\t ! decision by positive action4 ,?is is likewise ! case if ! enemy foll[s u into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry )\t besieg+ any ( our places4 ,c]ta9ly 9 ?is case we h m "t2 we c wait until ! enemy's weakness is extreme1 b /ill x is always an indisp5sable condition t we are at la/ to act4 ,! enemy is n[1 p]haps1 9 possession ( ! :ole t]ritory :i* 0 ! object ( 8 aggression1 b x is only l5t to him2 ! t5sion cont9ues1 & ! decision is yet p5d+4 ,z long z ! def5sive is ga9+ /r5g? & ! aggressor daily becom+ weak]1 ! po/ponem5t ( ! decision is 9 ! int]e/ ( ! =m]3 b z soon z ! culm9at+ po9t ( ?is progressive advantage has arriv$1 z x mu/ d1 7 x only by ! ultimate influ5ce ( ! g5]al loss to :i* ! (f5sive has expos$ himself1 x is "t = ! def5d] to proce$ to action1 & br+ on a solution1 & ! advantage ( ! 8wait+ =0 may be consid]$ z completely exhau/$4 ,!re c naturally be no po9t ( "t fix$ g5]ally at :i* ?is happ5s1 = x is det]m9$ by a multitude ( circum/ances & relations2 b x may be obs]v$ t ! w9t] is usually a natural turn+ po9t4 ,if we _c prev5t ! enemy f w9t]+ 9 ! t]ritory :i* he has seiz$1 !n1 z a rule1 x mu/ be look$ ^u z giv5 up4 ,we h only1 h[ev]1 to call to m9d ,torres ,v$ras1 to see t ?is is no g5]al rule4 ,:at is n[ ! solution g5]ally8 ,we h always suppos$ x 9 our obs]vations 9 ! =m ( a battle2 b 9 reality1 ?is is n necess>y1 = a numb] ( comb9ations ( battles ) sep>ate corps may be imag9$1 :i* may br+ ab\t a *ange ( affairs1 ei!r because !y h really end$ ) blood%$1 or because _! probable result makes ! retreat ( ! enemy necess>y4 ,^u ! !atre ( w> itself !re c be no o!r solution2 t is a necess>y consequ5ce ( our view ( w>2 =1 9 fact1 ev5 if an enemy's army1 m]ely f want ( provisions1 comm5ces 8 retreat1 /ill x takes place f ! /ate ( re/ra9t 9 :i* our sword holds him2 if our army 0 n 9 ! way he w\ld soon be able to provision 8 =ces4 ,!re=e1 ev5 at ! end ( 8 aggressive c\rse1 :5 ! enemy is suff]+ ! heavy p5alty ( 8 attack1 :5 deta*m5ts1 hung]1 & sickness h weak5$ & worn him out1 x is /ill always ! dread ( our sword :i* causes him to turn ab\t1 & all[ ev]y?+ to g on aga9 z usual4 ,b nev]!less1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 su* a solution & "o :i* takes place on ! fronti]4 ,9 ! latt] case our arms only 7 oppos$ to 8 to keep him 9 *eck1 or c>ry de/ruction into 8 ranks2 b at ! end ( ! aggressive c>e] ! enemy's =ces1 by _! own ex]tions1 are half de/roy$1 by :i* our arms acquire a totally diff]5t value1 & !re=e1 al?\gh !y are ! f9al !y are n ! only means :i* h produc$ ! solution4 ,?is de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ces 9 ! advance prep>es ! solution1 & may d s to ?is ext5t1 t ! m]e possibility ( a reaction on our "p may cause ! retreat1 consequ5tly a rev]sal ( ! situation ( affairs4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 we c practically ascribe ! solution to no?+ else ?an ! ef=ts made 9 ! advance4 ,n[1 9 po9t ( fact we %all f9d no case 9 :i* ! sword ( ! def5sive has n co-op]at$2 b1 = ! practical view1 x is important to di/+ui% :i* ( ! two pr9ciples is ! pr$om9at+ "o4 ,9 ?is s5se we ?9k we may say t !re is a d\ble solution 9 ! def5sive1 consequ5tly a d\ble k9d ( reaction1 accord+ z ! aggressor is ru9$ by ! sword ( ! def5sive1 or by 8 own ef=ts4 ,t ! fir/ k9d ( solution pr$om9ates 9 ! fir/ ?ree /eps ( ! def5ce1 ! second 9 ! f\r?1 is evid5t 9 itself2 & ! latt] w1 9 mo/ cases1 only come to pass by ! retreat be+ c>ri$ deep into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 & no?+ b ! prospect ( t result c be a suffici5t motive = su* a retreat1 consid]+ ! great sacrifices :i* x mu/ co/4 ,we h1 !re=e1 asc]ta9$ t !re are two diff]5t pr9ciples ( def5ce2 !re are cases 9 milit>y hi/ory :]e !y ea* appe> z sep>ate & di/9ct z x is possible = an elem5t>y conception to appe> 9 practical life4 ,:5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great attack$ ! ,au/rians at ,hoh5fri$b]g1 j z !y 7 desc5d+ f ! ,silesian m\nta9s1 _! =ce c\ld n h be5 weak5$ 9 any s5sible mann] by deta*m5ts or fatigue2 :51 on ! o!r h&1 ,well+ton1 9 8 entr5*$ camp at ,torres ,v$ras1 wait$ till hung]1 & ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r1 _h r$uc$ ,mass5a's army to su* extremities t !y comm5c$ to retreat ( !mselves1 ! sword ( ! def5sive p>ty _h no %>e 9 ! weak5+ ( ! enemy's army4 ,9 o!r cases1 9 :i* !y are comb9$ ) ea* o!r 9 a v>iety ( ways1 /ill1 "o ( !m di/9ctly pr$om9ates4 ,?is 0 ! case 9 ! ye> #ahab4 ,9 t celebrat$ campaign su* a numb] ( bloody enc\nt]s took place z might1 "u o!r circum/ances1 h suffic$ = a mo/ complete decision by ! sword2 nev]!less1 !re is h>dly any campaign 9 :i* we c s pla9ly see h[ ! aggressor may be ru9$ by 8 own ef=ts4 ,( ! #cjj1jjj m5 compos+ ! ,fr5* c5tre only ab\t #ij1jjj rea*$ ,mosc[2 n m ?an #ac1jjj 7 deta*$2 consequ5tly !re _h be5 a loss ( #aig1jjj m51 & c]ta9ly n a ?ird ( t loss c be put to acc\nt ( battles4 ,all campaigns :i* are rem>kable = temporis+1 z x is call$1 l ^? ( ! fam\s ,fabius ,cunctator1 h be5 calculat$ *iefly on ! de/ruction ( ! enemy by 8 own ef=ts4 ,?is pr9ciple has be5 ! lead+ "o 9 _m campaigns )\t t po9t be+ almo/ ev] m5tion$2 & x is only :5 we disreg>d ! speci\s reason+ ( hi/orians1 & look at ?+s cle>ly ) our own eyes1 t we are l$ to ?is real cause ( _m a solution4 ,by ?is we believe we h unravell$ suffici5tly ^? ideas :i* lie at ! root ( ! def5sive1 & t 9 ! two great k9ds ( def5ce we h %[n pla9ly & made intelligible h[ ! pr9ciple ( ! wait+ = runs ?r\gh ! :ole sy/em & connects itself ) positive action 9 su* a mann] t1 soon] or lat]1 action does take place1 & t !n ! advantage ( ! attitude ( wait+ = appe>s to be exhau/$4 ,we ?9k1 n[1 t 9 ?is way we h gone ov] & br\ght into view ev]y?+ compris$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ! def5sive4 ,at ! same "t1 !re are subjects ( suffici5t importance 9 !mselves to =m sep>ate *apt]s1 t is1 po9ts = consid]ation 9 !mselves1 & ^! we mu/ also /udy2 = example1 ! nature & influ5ce ( =tifi$ places1 entr5*$ camps1 def5ce ( m\nta9s & riv]s1 op]ations aga9/ ! flank1 etc41 etc4 ,we %all treat ( !m 9 subsequ5t *apt]s1 b none ( ^! ?+s lie outside ( ! prec$+ sequ5ce ( ideas2 !y are only to be reg>d$ z a clos] application ( x to locality & circum/ances4 ,t ord] ( ideas has be5 d$uc$ f ! conception ( ! def5sive1 & f its relation to ! (f5sive2 we h connect$ ^! simple ideas ) reality1 & !re=e %[n ! way by :i* we may return aga9 f ! reality to ^? simple ideas1 & obta9 firm gr\nd1 & n be =c$ 9 reason+ to take refuge on po9ts ( support :i* !mselves vani% 9 ! air4 ,b resi/ance by ! sword may we> su* an alt]$ appe>ance1 assume su* a diff]5t "*1 ?r\gh ! multiplicity ( ways ( comb9+ battles1 especially 9 cases :]e ^! are n actually realis$1 b become effectual m]ely ?r\gh _! possibility1 t we might incl9e to ! op9ion t !re mu/ be "s o!r effici5t active pr9ciple /ill to be discov]$2 betwe5 ! sangu9>y defeat 9 a simple battle1 & ! effects ( /rategic comb9ations :i* d n br+ ! ?+ ne>ly s f> z actual combat1 !re seems su* a diff]5ce1 t x is necess>y to suppose "s fre% =ce1 some?+ 9 ! same way z a/ronom]s h decid$ on ! exi/5ce ( o!r planets f ! great space betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]4 ,if ! assailant f9ds ! def5d] 9 a /rong position :i* he ?9ks he _c take1 or beh9d a l>ge riv] :i* he ?9ks he _c cross1 or ev5 if he fe>s t by advanc+ fur!r he w n be able to subsi/ 8 army1 9 all ^! cases x is no?+ b ! sword ( ! def5sive :i* produces ! effect2 = x is ! fe> ( be+ conqu]$ by ?is sword1 ei!r 9 a great battle or at "s specially important po9ts1 :i* compels ! aggressor to /op1 only he w ei!r n admit t at all1 or does n admit x 9 a /raight=w>d way4 ,n[ ev5 if x is grant$ t1 :]e !re has be5 a decision )\t blood%$1 ! combat m]ely (f]$1 b n accept$1 has be5 ! ultimate cause ( ! decision1 x w /ill be ?\ght t 9 su* cases ! really effectual pr9ciple is ! /rategic comb9ation ( ^! combats & n _! tactical decision1 & t ?is sup]iority ( ! /rategic comb9ation c\ld only h be5 ?\ght ( because !re are o!r def5sive means :i* may be consid]$ besides an actual appeal to ! sword4 ,we admit ?is1 & x br+s u j to ! po9t we wi%$ to arrive at1 :i* is z foll[s3 if ! tactical result ( a battle mu/ be ! f\ndation ( all /rategic comb9ations1 !n x is always possible & to be fe>$ t ! assailant may lay hold ( ?is pr9ciple1 & above all ?+s direct 8 ef=ts to be sup]ior 9 ! h\r ( decision1 9 ord] to baffle ! /rategic comb9ation2 & t !re=e ?is /rategic comb9ation c nev] be reg>d$ z some?+ all-suffici5t 9 itself2 t x only has a value :5 ei!r on "o gr\nd or ano!r we c look =w>d to ! tactical solution )\t any misgiv+s4 ,9 ord] to make ourselves intelligible 9 a few words1 we %all m]ely call to our read]s' recollection h[ su* a g5]al z ,buonap>te m>*$ )\t hesitation ?r\gh ! :ole web ( 8 oppon5ts' /rategic plans1 to seek = ! battle itself1 because he _h no d\bts z to its issue4 ,:]e1 !re=e1 /rategy _h n direct$ its :ole ef=t to ensure a prepond]ance ov] him 9 ?is battle1 :]e x engag$ 9 f9] 7feebl]7 plans1 !re x 0 r5t asund] l a cobweb4 ,b a g5]al l ,daun might be *eck$ by su* measures2 x w\ld !re=e be folly to (f] ,buonap>te & 8 army :at ! ,prussian army ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> d>$ to (f] ,daun & 8 contempor>ies4 ,:y8--,because ,buonap>te knew "r well t all dep5d$ on ! tactical issue1 & made c]ta9 ( ga9+ x2 :]eas ) ,daun x 0 v diff]5t 9 bo? respects4 ,on ?is acc\nt we hold x !re=e to be s]viceable to %[ t e /rategic comb9ation re/s only ^u ! tactical results1 & t ^! are ev]y:]e1 9 ! bloody z well z 9 ! bloodless solution1 ! real fundam5tal gr\nds ( ! ultimate decision4 ,x is only if we h no reason to fe> t decision1 :e!r on acc\nt ( ! "* or ! situation ( ! enemy1 or on acc\nt ( ! moral & physical equality ( ! two armies1 or on acc\nt ( our own sup]iority--x is only !n t we c expect some?+ f /rategic comb9ations 9 !mselves )\t battles4 ,n[ if a great _m campaigns are to be f\nd )9 ! compass ( milit>y hi/ory 9 :i* ! assailant gives up ! (f5sive )\t any blood be+ spilt 9 fight1 9 :i*1 !re=e1 /rategic comb9ations %[ !mselves effectual to t degree1 ?is may lead to ! idea t ^! comb9ations h at lea/ great inh]5t =ce 9 !mselves1 & might 9 g5]al decide ! affair alone1 :]e too great a prepond]ance 9 ! tactical results is n suppos$ on ! side ( ! aggressor4 ,to ?is we answ] t1 if ! "q is ab\t ?+s :i* h _! orig9 9 ! !atre ( w>1 & consequ5tly belong to ! w> itself1 ?is idea is also equally false2 & we add t ! cause ( ! failure ( mo/ attacks is to be f\nd 9 ! high]1 ! political relations ( w>4 ,! g5]al relations out ( :i* a w> spr+s1 & :i* naturally con/itute its f\ndation1 det]m9e also its "*2 on ?is subject we %all h m to say h]eaft]1 9 treat+ ( ! plan ( a w>4 ,b ^! g5]al relations h conv]t$ mo/ w>s into half-&-half ?+s1 into :i* real ho/ility has to =ce its way ?r\gh su* a conflict ( int]e/s1 t x is only a v weak elem5t at ! la/4 ,?is effect mu/ naturally %[ itself *iefly & ) mo/ =ce on ! side ( ! (f5sive1 ! side ( positive action4 ,"o _c !re=e wond] if su* a %ort-w9d$1 consumptive attack is br\ght to a /&/ill by ! t\* ( a f+]4 ,aga9/ a weak resolution s fett]$ by a ?\s& consid]ations1 t x has h>dly any exi/5ce1 a m]e %[ ( resi/ance is (t5 en\gh4 ,x is n ! numb] ( unassailable positions 9 all directions1 n ! =midable look ( ! d>k m\nta9 masses encamp$ r\nd ! !atre ( w>1 or ! broad riv] :i* passes ?r\gh x1 n ! ease ) :i* c]ta9 comb9ations ( battles c effectually p>alyse ! muscle :i* %\ld /rike ! bl[ aga9/ u--none ( ^! ?+s are ! true causes ( ! num]\s successes :i* ! def5sive ga9s on bloodless fields2 ! cause lies 9 ! weakness ( ! w ) :i* ! assailant puts =w>d 8 hesitat+ feet4 ,^! c\nt]act+ influ5ces may & ought to be tak5 into consid]ation1 b !y %\ld only be look$ ^u 9 _! true light1 & _! effects %\ld n be ascrib$ to o!r ?+s1 namely ! ?+s ( :i* alone we are n[ treat+4 ,we mu/ n omit to po9t out 9 an emphatic mann] h[ easily milit>y hi/ory 9 ?is respect may become a p]petual li> & deceiv] if criticism is n c>eful ab\t tak+ a correct po9t ( view4 ,let u n[ consid]1 9 :at we may call _! ord9>y =m1 ! _m (f5sive campaigns :i* h misc>ri$ )\t a bloody solution4 ,! assailant advances into ! enemy's c\ntry1 drives back 8 oppon5t a little way1 b f9ds x too s]i\s a matt] to br+ on a decisive battle4 ,he !re=e rema9s /&+ opposite to him2 acts z if he _h made a conque/1 & _h no?+ else to d b to protect x2 z if x 0 ! enemy's bus9ess to seek ! battle1 z if he (f]$ x to him daily1 etc41 etc4 ,^! are ! repres5tations ) :i* ! comm&] deludes 8 army1 8 gov]nm5t1 ! _w1 ev5 himself4 ,b ! tru? is1 t he f9ds ! enemy 9 a position too /rong = him4 ,we d n n[ speak ( a case :]e an aggressor does n proce$ ) 8 attack because he c make no use ( a victory1 because at ! end ( 8 fir/ b\nd he has n en\gh impulsive =ce left to beg9 ano!r4 ,su* a case supposes an attack :i* has be5 successful1 a real conque/2 b we h "h 9 view ! case :]e an assailant /icks fa/ half way to 8 int5d$ conque/4 ,he is n[ wait+ to take advantage ( fav\rable circum/ances1 ( :i* fav\rable circum/ances !re is 9 g5]al no prospect1 = ! aggression n[ int5d$ %[s at once t !re is no bett] prospect f ! future ?an f ! pres5t2 x is1 !re=e1 a fur!r illusion4 ,if n[1 z is commonly ! case1 ! und]tak+ is 9 connection ) o!r simultane\s op]ations1 !n :at !y d n want to d !mselves is transf]r$ to o!r %\ld]s1 & _! own inactivity is ascrib$ to want ( support & prop] co-op]ation4 ,insurm\ntable ob/acles are talk$ (1 & motives 9 ju/ification are discov]$ 9 ! mo/ confus$ & subtil consid]ations4 ,?us ! =ces ( ! assailant are wa/$ away 9 inactivity1 or r 9 a p>tial activity1 de/itute ( any utility4 ,! def5sive ga9s "t1 ! greate/ ga9 to him2 bad wea!r arrives1 & ! aggression ends by ! return ( ! aggressor to w9t] qu>t]s 9 8 own !atre ( w>4 ,a tissue ( false repres5tations ?us passes into hi/ory 9 place ( ! simple real gr\nd ( abs5ce ( any result1 namely fe> ( ! enemy's sword4 ,:5 criticism takes up su* a campaign1 x we>ies itself 9 ! discussion ( a numb] ( motives & c\nt]-motives1 :i* give no satisfactory result1 because !y all dw9dle into vap\r1 & we h n desc5d$ to ! real f\ndation ( ! tru?4 ,! opposition ?r\gh :i* ! elem5t>y en]gy ( w>1 & !re=e ( ! (f5sive 9 p>ticul>1 becomes weak5$1 lies = ! mo/ "p 9 ! relations & views ( /ates1 & ^! are always conceal$ f ! _w1 f ! mass ( ! p belong+ to ! /ate1 z well z f ! army1 & v (t5 f ! g5]al-9-*ief4 ,no "o w acc\nt = 8 fa9t-he>t$ness by ! admission t he fe>$ he c\ld n atta9 ! desir$ object ) ! =ce at 8 disposal1 or t new enemies w\ld be r\s$1 or t he did n wi% to make 8 allies too p[]ful1 etc4 ,su* ?+s are hu%$ up2 b z occurr5ces h to be plac$ be=e ! _w 9 a pres5table =m1 !re=e ! comm&] is oblig$1 ei!r on 8 own acc\nt or on t ( 8 gov]nm5t to pass (f a tissue ( fictiti\s motives4 ,?is ev]-recurr+ deception 9 milit>y dialectics has ossifi$ into sy/ems 9 !ory1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 are equally devoid ( tru?4 ,!ory c nev] be d$uc$ f ! ess5ce ( ?+s except by foll[+ ! simple ?read ( cause & effect1 z we h tri$ to d4 ,if we look at milit>y hi/ory ) ?is feel+ ( suspicion1 !n a great p>ade ( m]e words ab\t (f5sive & def5sive collapses1 & ! simple idea ( x1 :i* we h giv51 comes =w>d ( itself4 ,we believe x !re=e to be applicable to ! :ole doma9 ( ! def5sive1 & t we mu/ adh]e closely to x 9 ord] to obta9 t cle> view ( ! mass ( ev5ts by :i* alone we c =m correct judgm5ts4 ,we h /ill to inquire into ! "q ( ! employm5t ( ^! diff]5t =ms ( def5ce4 ,z !y are m]ely gradations ( ! same :i* mu/ be pur*as$ by a high] sacrifice1 correspond+ to ! increas$ int5sity ( ! =m1 !re w\ld seem to be suffici5t 9 t view to indicate always to ! g5]al :i* he %\ld *oose1 provid$ !re are no o!r circum/ances :i* int]f]e4 ,he w\ld1 9 fact1 *oose t =m :i* appe>$ suffici5t to give 8 =ce ! requisite degree ( def5sive p[] & no m1 t !re might be no unnecess>y wa/e ( 8 =ce4 ,b we mu/ n ov]look ! circum/ance t ! room giv5 = *oice among/ ^! diff]5t =ms is g5]ally v circumscrib$1 because o!r circum/ances :i* mu/ be att5d$ to necess>ily urge a pref]5ce = "o or o!r ( !m4 ,= a retreat into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry a consid]able sup]ficial space is requir$1 or su* a condition ( ?+s z exi/$ 9 ,portugal 7#ahaj71 :]e "o ally 7,engl&7 gave support 9 re>1 & ano!r 7,spa97 ) its wide t]ritory1 consid]ably dim9i%$ ! impulsive =ce ( ! enemy4 ,! position ( ! =tresses m on ! fronti] or m 9 ! int]ior may likewise decide = or aga9/ su* a plan2 b /ill m ! nature ( ! c\ntry & gr\nd1 ! "*1 habits1 & feel+s ( ! inhabitants4 ,! *oice betwe5 an (f5sive or def5sive battle may be decid$ by ! plans ( ! enemy1 by ! peculi> qualities ( bo? armies & _! g5]als2 la/ly1 ! possession ( an excell5t position or l9e ( def5ce1 or ! want ( !m may det]m9e = "o or ! o!r2--9 %ort1 at ! b>e m5tion ( ^! ?+s1 we c p]ceive t ! *oice ( ! =m ( def5sive mu/ 9 _m cases be det]m9$ m by !m ?an by ! m]e relative /r5g? ( ! armies4 ,z we %all h]eaft] ent] m into detail on ! m important subjects :i* h j be5 t\*$ ^u1 ! influ5ce :i* !y mu/ h ^u ! *oice w !n develop itself m di/9ctly1 & 9 ! end ! :ole w be me?odis$ 9 ! ,book on ,plans ( ,w>s & ,campaigns4 ,b ?is influ5ce w n1 9 g5]al1 be decisive unless ! inequality 9 ! /r5g? ( ! oppos+ armies is trifl+2 9 ! opposite case 7z 9 ! g5]ality ( cases71 ! relation ( ! num]ical /r5g? w be decisive4 ,!re is ample pro(1 9 milit>y hi/ory1 t x has done s h]et(ore1 & t )\t ! *a9 ( reason+ by :i* x has be5 br\ght out "h2 !re=e 9 a mann] intuitively by m]e tact ( judgm5t1 l mo/ ?+s t happ5 9 w>4 ,x 0 ! same g5]al :o at ! head ( ! same army1 & on ! same !atre ( w>1 f\ght ! battle ( ,hoh5fri$b]g1 & at ano!r "t took up ! camp ( ,bunzelwitz4 ,!re=e ev5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 a g5]al above all incl9$ to ! (f5sive z reg>ds ! battle1 saw himself compell$ at la/1 by a great disproportion ( =ce1 to resort to a real def5sive position2 & ,buonap>te1 :o 0 once 9 ! habit ( fall+ on 8 enemy l a wild bo>1 h we n se5 him1 :5 ! proportion ( =ce turn$ aga9/ him1 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #ahac1 turn himself hi!r & ?i!r z if he _h be5 p5t up 9 a cage1 in/ead ( ru%+ =w>d recklessly ^u "s "o ( 8 adv]s>ies8 ,& 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye>1 :5 ! disproportion rea*$ its climax1 h we n se5 him at ,leipsic1 seek+ %elt] 9 ! angle =m$ by ! ,p>?1 ! ,el/]1 & ,pleiss1 z x 7 wait+ = 8 enemy 9 ! corn] ( a room1 ) 8 back aga9/ ! wall8 ,we _c omit to obs]ve1 t f ?is *apt]1 m ?an f any o!r 9 our book1 x is pla9ly %[n t our object is n to lay d[n new pr9ciples & me?ods ( conduct+ w>1 b m]ely to inve/igate :at has long exi/$ 9 its inn]mo/ relations1 & to r$uce x to its simple/ elem5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,def5sive ,battle ,we h said1 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 t ! def5d]1 9 8 def5sive1 w\ld make use ( a battle1 te*nically speak+1 ( a purely (f5sive "*1 if1 at ! mom5t ! enemy invades 8 !atre ( w>1 he m>*es aga9/ him & attacks him2 b t he might also wait = ! appe>ance ( ! enemy 9 8 front1 & !n pass ov] to ! attack2 9 :i* case also ! battle tactically w\ld be aga9 an (f5sive battle1 al?\gh 9 a modifi$ =m2 & la/ly1 t he might wait till ! enemy attack$ 8 position1 & !n oppose him bo? by hold+ a p>ticul> spot1 & by (f5sive action ) portions ( 8 =ce4 ,9 all ?is we may imag9e sev]al diff]5t gradations & %ades1 deviat+ always m f ! pr9ciple ( a positive c\nt]/roke1 & pass+ into t ( ! def5ce ( a spot ( gr\nd4 ,we _c "h ent] on ! subject ( h[ f> ?is %\ld be c>ri$1 & :i* is ! mo/ advantage\s proportion ( ! two elem5ts ( (f5sive & def5sive1 z reg>ds ! w9n+ a decisive victory4 ,b we ma9ta9 t :5 su* a result is desir$1 ! (f5sive "p ( ! battle %\ld nev] be completely omitt$1 & we are conv9c$ t all ! effects ( a decisive victory may & mu/ be produc$ by ?is (f5sive "p1 j z well z 9 a purely tactical (f5sive battle4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! field ( battle is only a po9t 9 /rategy1 ! duration ( a battle is only1 /rategically1 an in/ant ( "t1 & ! end & result1 n ! c\rse ( a battle1 con/itutes a /rategic quantity4 ,n[1 if x is true t a complete victory may result f ! (f5sive elem5ts :i* lie 9 e def5sive battle1 !n !re w\ld be no fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 an (f5sive & a def5sive battle1 z f> z reg>ds /rategic comb9ations2 we are inde$ conv9c$ t ?is is s1 b ! ?+ we>s a diff]5t appe>ance4 ,9 ord] to fix ! subject m di/9ctly 9 ! eye1 to make our view cle> & !reby remove ! appe>ance n[ ref]r$ to1 we %all sket*1 ha/ily1 ! picture ( a def5sive battle1 su* z we imag9e x4 ,! def5sive waits ! attack 9 a position2 = ?is he has select$ prop] gr\nd1 & turn$ x to ! be/ acc\nt1 t is1 he has made himself well acqua9t$ ) ! locality1 ?r[n up /rong entr5*m5ts at "s ( ! mo/ important po9ts1 op5$ & levell$ communications1 con/ruct$ batt]ies1 =tifi$ villages1 & look$ out places :]e he c draw up 8 masses "u cov]1 etc41 etc41 etc4 ,:il/ ! =ces on bo? sides are consum+ ea* o!r at ! diff]5t po9ts :]e !y come into contact1 ! advantage ( a front m or less /rong1 ! approa* to :i* is made difficult by "o or m p>allel tr5*es or o!r ob/acles1 or also by ! influ5ce ( "s /rong comm&+ po9ts1 enables him ) a small "p ( 8 =ce to de/roy great numb]s ( ! enemy at e /age ( ! def5ce up to ! he>t ( ! position4 ,! po9ts ( support :i* he has giv5 8 w+s secure him f any sudd5 attack f sev]al qu>t]s2 ! cov]$ gr\nd :i* he has *os5 = 8 masses makes ! enemy cauti\s1 inde$ timid1 & af=ds ! def5sive ! means ( dim9i%+ by p>tial & successful attacks ! g5]al backw>d movem5t :i* goes on z ! combat becomes gradually conc5trat$ )9 n>r[] limits4 ,! def5d] !re=e ca/s a cont5t$ look at ! battle z x burns 9 a mod]ate blaze be=e him2--b he does n reckon t 8 resi/ance 9 front c la/ = ev]2--he does n ?9k 8 flanks impregnable2--he does n expect t ! :ole c\rse ( ! battle w be *ang$ by ! successful *>ge ( a few battalions or squadrons4 ,8 position is deep1 = ea* "p 9 ! scale ( gradation ( ! ord] ( battle1 f ! division d[n to ! battalion1 has its res]ve = un=ese5 ev5ts1 & = a r5ewal ( ! fight2 & at ! same "t an important mass1 "o fif? to a qu>t] ( ! :ole1 is kept q 9 ! re> out ( ! battle1 s f> back z to be q out ( fire1 & if possible s f> z to be beyond ! circuit\s l9e by :i* ! enemy might attempt to turn ei!r flank4 ,) ?is corps he int5ds to cov] 8 flanks f wid] & great] turn+ movem5ts1 secure himself aga9/ un=ese5 ev5ts1 & 9 ! latt] /age ( ! battle1 :5 ! assailant's plan is fully develop$1 :5 ! mo/ ( 8 troops h be5 br\ght into action1 he w ?r[ ?is mass on a "p ( ! enemy's army1 & op5 at t "p ( ! field a small] (f5sive battle on 8 own "p1 us+ all ! elem5ts ( attack1 su* z *>ges1 surprise1 turn+ movem5ts1 & by means ( ?is pressure aga9/ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! battle1 n[ only re/+ on a po9t1 make ! :ole recoil4 ,?is is ! normal idea :i* we h =m$ ( a def5sive battle1 bas$ on ! tactics ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 ?is battle ! g5]al turn+ movem5t made by ! assailant 9 ord] to assi/ 8 attack1 & at ! same "t ) a view to make ! results ( victory m complete1 is repli$ to by a p>tial turn+ movem5t on ! "p ( ! def5sive1 t is1 by ! turn+ ( t "p ( ! assailant's =ce us$ by him 9 ! attempt to turn4 ,?is p>tial movem5t may be suppos$ suffici5t to de/roy ! effect ( ! enemy's attempt1 b x _c lead to a l g5]al envelop+ ( ! assailant's army2 & !re w always be a di/9ction 9 ! features ( a victory on ?is acc\nt1 t ! side fight+ an (f5sive battle encircles ! enemy's army1 & acts t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! same1 :ile ! side fight+ on ! def5sive acts m or less f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 9 ! direction ( ! radii4 ,on ! field ( battle itself1 & 9 ! fir/ /ages ( ! pursuit1 ! envelop+ =m mu/ always be consid]$ ! mo/ effectual2 we d n mean on acc\nt ( its =m g5]ally1 we only mean 9 ! ev5t ( its be+ c>ri$ out to su* an extreme z to limit v mu* ! enemy's means ( retreat dur+ ! battle4 ,b x is j aga9/ ?is extreme po9t t ! enemy's positive c\nt]-ef=t is direct$1 & 9 _m cases :]e ?is ef=t is n suffici5t to obta9 a victory1 x w at lea/ suffice to protect him f su* an extreme z we allude to4 ,b we mu/ always admit t ?is dang]1 namely1 ( hav+ ! l9e ( retreat s]i\sly contract$1 is p>ticul>ly great 9 def5sive battles1 & if x _c be gu>d$ aga9/1 ! results 9 ! battle itself1 & 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! retreat are !reby v mu* enhanc$ 9 fav\r ( ! enemy4 ,b z a rule ?is dang] does n ext5d beyond ! fir/ /age ( ! retreat1 t is1 until night-fall2 on ! foll[+ day envelop+ is at an end1 & bo? p>ties are aga9 on an equality 9 ?is respect4 ,c]ta9ly ! def5d] may h lo/ 8 pr9cipal l9e ( retreat1 & !re=e be plac$ 9 a disadvantage\s /rategic situation = ! future2 b 9 mo/ cases ! turn+ movem5t itself w be at an end1 because x 0 only plann$ to suit ! field ( battle1 & !re=e _c apply mu* fur!r4 ,b :at w take place1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! def5d] is victori\s8 ,a division ( ! defeat$ =ce4 ,?is may facilitate ! retreat at ! fir/ mom5t1 b next day a conc5tration ( all p>ts is ! "o ?+ mo/ ne$ful4 ,n[ if ! victory is a mo/ decisive "o1 if ! def5d] pursues ) great en]gy1 ?is conc5tration w (t5 become impossible1 & f ?is sep>ation ( ! beat5 =ce ! wor/ consequ5ces may foll[1 :i* may g on /ep by /ep to a complete r\t4 ,if ,buonap>te _h conqu]$ at ,leipsic1 ! alli$ army w\ld h be5 completely cut 9 two1 :i* w\ld h consid]ably l[]$ _! relative /rategic position4 ,at ,dresd51 al?\gh ,buonap>te c]ta9ly did n fight a regul> def5sive battle1 ! attack _h ! geometrical =m ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 t is1 f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce2 ! emb>rassm5t ( ! ,allies 9 consequ5ce ( _! sep>ation1 is well kn[n1 an emb>rassm5t f :i* !y 7 only reliev$ by ! victory on ! ,katzba*1 ! tid+s ( :i* caus$ ,buonap>te to return to ,dresd5 ) ! ,gu>d4 ,?is battle on ! ,katzba* itself is a simil> example4 ,9 x ! def5d]1 at ! la/ mom5t passes ov] to ! (f5sive1 & consequ5tly op]ates on div]g+ l9es2 ! ,fr5* corps 7 ?us w$g$ asund]1 & sev]al days aft]1 z ! fruits ( ! victory1 ,pu?od's division fell into ! h&s ( ! ,allies4 ,! conclusion we draw f ?is is1 t if ! assailant1 by ! conc5tric =m :i* is homog5e\s to him1 has ! means ( giv+ expansion to 8 victory1 on ! o!r h& ! def5d] also1 by ! div]g5t =m :i* is homog5e\s to ! def5ce1 acquires a a means ( giv+ great] results to 8 victory ?an w\ld be ! case by a m]ely p>allel position & p]p5dicul> attack1 & we ?9k t "o means is at lea/ z good z ! o!r4 ,if 9 milit>y hi/ory we r>ely f9d su* great victories result+ f ! def5sive battle z f ! (f5sive1 t proves no?+ aga9/ our ass]tion t ! "o is z well suit$ to produce victory z ! o!r2 ! real cause is 9 ! v diff]5t relations ( ! def5d]4 ,! army act+ on ! def5sive is g5]ally ! weak] ( ! two1 n only 9 ! am\nt ( 8 =ces1 b also 9 e o!r respect2 he ei!r is1 or ?9ks he is1 n 9 a condition to foll[ up 8 victory ) great results1 & cont5ts himself ) m]ely f5d+ (f ! dang] & sav+ ! hon\r ( 8 arms4 ,t ! def5d] by inf]iority ( =ce & o!r circum/ances may be ti$ d[n to t degree we d n dispute1 b !re is no d\bt t ?is1 :i* is only ! consequ5ce ( a cont+5t necessity1 has (t5 be5 assum$ to be ! consequ5ce ( t "p :i* e def5d] has to play3 & ?us 9 an absurd mann] x has become a preval5t view ( ! def5sive t its battles %\ld really be conf9$ to w>d+ (f ! attacks ( ! enemy1 & n direct$ to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy4 ,we hold ?is to be a prejudicial error1 a regul> sub/itution ( ! =m = ! ?+ itself2 & we ma9ta9 unres]v$ly t 9 ! =m ( w> :i* we call def5ce1 ! victory may n only be m probable1 b may also atta9 ! same magnitude & efficacy z 9 ! attack1 & t ?is may be ! case n only 9 ! total result ( all ! combats :i* con/itute campaign1 b also 9 any p>ticul> battle1 if ! necess>y degree ( =ce & en]gy is n want+4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,=tresses ,=m]ly1 & up to ! "t ( great /&+ armies1 =tresses1 t is ca/les & =tifi$ t[ns1 7 only built = ! def5ce & protection ( ! inhabitants4 ,! b>on1 if he saw himself press$ on all sides1 took refuge 9 8 ca/le to ga9 "t & wait a m fav\rable mom5t2 & t[ns s\ght by _! walls to keep (f ! pass+ hurricane ( w>4 ,?is simple/ & mo/ natural object ( =tresses did n cont9ue to be ! only "o2 ! relation :i* su* a place acquir$ ) reg>d to ! :ole c\ntry & to troops act+ "h & !re 9 ! c\ntry soon gave ^! =tifi$ po9ts a wid] importance1 a signification :i* made itself felt beyond _! walls1 & contribut$ ess5tially to ! conque/ or occupation ( ! c\ntry1 to ! successful or unsuccessful issue ( ! :ole conte/1 & 9 ?is mann] !y ev5 became a means ( mak+ w> m ( a connect$ :ole4 ,?us =tresses acquir$ t /rategic significance :i* = a "t 0 reg>d$ z s important t x dictat$ ! lead+ features ( ! plans ( campaigns1 :i* 7 m direct$ to ! tak+ ( "o or m =tresses ?an ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's army 9 ! field4 ,m5 rev]t$ to ! cause ( ! importance ( ^! places1 t is to ! connection betwe5 a =tifi$ po9t1 & ! c\ntry1 & ! armies2 & !n ?\ght t !y c\ld n be suffici5tly p>ticul> or too philosophical 9 *oos+ ! po9ts to be =tifi$4 ,9 ^! ab/ract objects ! orig9al "o 0 almo/ lo/ sight (1 & at l5g? !y came to ! idea ( =tresses )\t ei!r t[ns or inhabitants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! times are pa/ 9 :i* ! m]e enclosure ( a place ) walls1 )\t any milit>y prep>ations1 c\ld keep a place dry dur+ an inundation ( w> sweep+ ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,su* a possibility re/$ p>tly on ! division ( nations =m]ly into small /ates1 p>tly on ! p]iodical "* ( ! incursions !n 9 vogue1 :i* _h fix$ & v limit$ duration1 almo/ 9 accordance ) ! seasons1 z ei!r ! feudal =ces ha/5$ home1 or ! pay = ! condotti]i us$ regul>ly to run %ort4 ,s9ce l>ge /&+ armies1 ) p[]ful tra9s ( artill]y m[ d[n ! opposition ( walls or ramp>ts z x 7 ) a ma*9e1 nei!r t[n nor o!r small corporation has any long] an incl9ation to haz>d all _! means only to be tak5 a few weeks or mon?s lat]1 & !n to be treat$ s mu* ! worse4 ,/ill less c x be ! int]e/ ( an army to break itself up into g>risons = a numb] ( /rong places1 :i* may = a "t ret>d ! progress ( ! enemy1 b mu/ 9 ! end submit4 ,we mu/ always keep en\gh =ces1 ov] & above ^? 9 g>rison1 to make u equal to ! enemy 9 ! op5 field1 unless we c dep5d on ! arrival ( an ally1 :o w relieve our /rong places & set our army free4 ,consequ5tly ! numb] ( =tresses has necess>ily mu* dim9i%$1 & ?is has aga9 l$ to ! ab&onm5t ( ! idea ( directly protect+ ! population & prop]ty 9 t[ns by =tifications1 & promot$ ! o!r idea ( reg>d+ ! =tresses z an indirect protection to ! c\ntry1 :i* !y secure by _! /rategic importance z knots :i* hold toge!r ! /rategic web4 ,su* has be5 ! c\rse ( ideas1 n only 9 books b also 9 actual exp]i5ce1 at ! same "t1 z usually happ5s1 x has be5 mu* m spun out 9 books4 ,natural z 0 ?is t5d5cy ( ?+s1 /ill ^! ideas 7 c>ri$ out to an extreme1 & m]e crot*ets & fancies displac$ ! s\nd core ( a natural & urg5t want4 ,we %all look into ^! simple & important wants :5 we enum]ate ! objects & conditions ( =tresses all toge!r2 we %all !reby advance f ! simple to ! m complicat$1 & 9 ! succe$+ *apt] we %all see :at is to be d$uc$ !refrom z to ! det]m9ation ( ! position & numb] ( =tresses4 ,! efficacy ( a =tress is pla9ly compos$ ( two diff]5t elem5ts1 ! passive & ! active4 ,by ! fir/ x %elt]s ! place1 & all t x conta9s2 by ! o!r x possesses a c]ta9 influ5ce ov] ! adjac5t c\ntry1 ev5 beyond ! range ( its guns4 ,?is active elem5t consi/s 9 ! attacks :i* ! g>rison may und]take ^u e enemy :o approa*es )9 a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,! l>g] ! g>rison1 s mu* ! /rong] num]ically w be ! deta*m5ts t may be employ$ on su* exp$itions1 & ! /rong] su* deta*m5ts ! wid] z a rule w be ! range ( _! op]ations2 f :i* x foll[s t ! sph]e ( ! active influ5ce ( a great =tress is n only great] 9 int5sity b also m ext5sive ?an t ( a small "o4 ,b ! active elem5t itself is aga91 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( two k9ds1 consi/+ namely ( ent]prises ( ! g>rison prop]1 & ( ent]prises :i* o!r bodies ( troops1 great & small1 n belong+ to ! g>rison b 9 co-op]ation ) x1 may be able to c>ry out4 ,= in/ance1 corps :i* indep5d5tly w\ld be too weak to face ! enemy1 may1 ?r\gh ! %elt] :i*1 9 case ( necessity1 ! walls ( a =tress af=d !m1 be able to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! c\ntry1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t to comm& x4 ,! ent]prises :i* ! g>rison ( a =tress c v5ture to und]take are always some:at re/rict$4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( l>ge places & /rong g>risons1 ! bodies ( troops :i* c be employ$ on su* op]ations are mo/ly inconsid]able z comp>$ ) ! =ces 9 ! field1 & _! av]age sph]e ( action seldom exce$s a c\ple ( days' m>*es4 ,if ! =tress is small1 ! deta*m5ts x c s5d out are q insignificant & ! range ( _! activity w g5]ally be conf9$ to ! ne>e/ villages4 ,b corps :i* d n belong to ! g>rison1 & !re=e are n "u ! necessity ( return+ to ! place1 are !reby mu* m at lib]ty 9 _! movem5ts1 & by _! means1 if o!r circum/ances are fav\rable1 ! ext]nal zone ( action ( a =tress may be imm5sely ext5d$4 ,!re=e if we speak ( ! active influ5ce ( =tresses 9 g5]al t]ms1 we mu/ always keep ?is feature ( ! same pr9cipally 9 view4 ,b ev5 ! smalle/ active elem5t ( ! weake/ g>rison1 is /ill ess5tial = ! diff]5t objects :i* =tresses are de/9$ to fulfil1 = /rictly speak+ ev5 ! mo/ passive ( all ! functions ( a =tress 7def5ce aga9/ attack7 _c be imag9$ exclusive ( t active ag5cy4 ,at ! same "t x is evid5t t among/ ! diff]5t purposes :i* a =tress may h to answ] g5]ally1 or 9 ?is or t mom5t1 ! passive elem5t w be mo/ requir$ at "o "t1 ! active at ano!r4 ,! role :i* a =tress is to fulfil may be p]fectly simple1 & ! action ( ! place w 9 su* case be to a c]ta9 ext5t direct2 x may be p>tly complicat$1 & ! action !n becomes m or less indirect4 ,we %all exam9e ^! subjects sep>ately1 comm5c+ ) ! fir/2 b at ! outset we mu/ /ate t a =tress may be int5d$ to answ] sev]al ( ^! purposes1 p]haps all ( !m1 ei!r at once1 or at lea/ at diff]5t /ages ( ! w>4 ,we say1 !re=e1 t =tresses are great & mo/ important supports ( ! def5sive4 #a4 ,z secure depots ( /ores ( all k9ds4 ,! assailant dur+ 8 aggression subsi/s 8 army f day to day2 ! def5sive usually mu/ h made prep>ations long be=eh&1 he ne$ n !re=e draw provisions exclusively f ! di/rict he occupies1 & :i* he no d\bt desires to sp>e4 ,/oreh\ses are !re=e = him a great necessity4 ,! provisions ( all k9ds :i* ! aggressor possesses are 9 8 re> z he advances1 & are !re=e exempt f ! dang]s ( ! !atre ( w>1 :ile ^? ( ! def5sive are expos$ to !m4 ,if ^! provisions ( all k9ds are n 9 =tifi$ places1 !n a mo/ injuri\s effect on ! op]ations 9 ! field is ! consequ5ce1 & ! mo/ ext5d$ & compulsory positions (t5 become necess>y 9 ord] to cov] depots or s\rces ( supply4 ,an army on ! def5sive )\t =tresses has a hundr$ vuln]able spots2 x is a body )\t arm\r4 #b4 ,z a protection to great & weal?y t[ns4 ,?is purpose is closely alli$ to ! fir/1 = great & weal?y t[ns1 especially comm]cial ones1 are ! natural /oreh\ses ( an army2 z su* _! possession & loss affects ! army directly4 ,besides ?is1 x is also always wor? :ile to pres]ve ?is portion ( ! national weal?1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! res\rces :i* !y furni% directly1 p>tly because1 9 negotiations = peace1 an important place is 9 itself a valuable weight ?r[n into ! scale4 ,?is use ( =tresses has be5 too little reg>d$ 9 mod]n times1 & yet x is "o ( ! mo/ natural1 & "o :i* has a mo/ p[]ful effect1 & is ! lea/ liable to mi/akes4 ,if !re 0 a c\ntry 9 :i* n only all great & ri* cities1 b all popul\s places z well 7 =tifi$1 & def5d$ by ! inhabitants & ! p belong+ to ! adjac5t di/ricts1 !n by t means ! exp$ition ( milit>y op]ation w\ld be s mu* r$uc$1 & ! p attack$ w\ld press ) s great a "p ( _! :ole weight 9 ! scales1 t ! tal5t z well z ! =ce ( w ( ! enemy's g5]al w\ld s9k to no?+4 ,we j m5tion ?is ideal application ( =tification to a c\ntry to d ju/ice to :at we h j suppos$ to be ! prop] use ( =tresses1 & t ! importance ( ! direct protection :i* !y af=d may n be ov]look$ = a mom5t2 b 9 any o!r respect ?is idea w n aga9 int]rupt our consid]ations1 = among/ ! :ole numb] ( =tresses !re mu/ always be "s :i* mu/ be m /rongly =tifi$ ?an o!rs1 to s]ve z ! real supports ( ! active army4 ,! purposes specifi$ "u #a & #b h>dly call =? any o!r b ! passive action ( =tresses4 #c4 ,z real b>ri]s1 !y close ! roads1 & 9 mo/ cases ! riv]s1 on :i* !y are situat$4 ,x is n z easy z is g5]ally suppos$ to f9d a practicable lat]al road :i* passes r\nd a =tress1 = ?is turn+ mu/ be made1 n only out ( rea* ( ! guns ( ?is place1 b also by a det\r great] or less1 to avoid sorties ( ! g>rison4 ,if ! c\ntry is 9 ! lea/ degree difficult1 !re are (t5 delays connect$ ) ! slighte/ deviation ( ! road :i* may cause ! loss ( a :ole day's m>*1 &1 if ! road is mu* us$1 may become ( great importance4 ,h[ !y may h an influ5ce on ent]prises by clos+ ! navigation ( a riv] is cle> 9 itself4 #d4 ,z tactical po9ts d'appui4 ,z ! diamet] ( ! zone cov]$ by ! fire ( ev5 a v inf]ior class ( =tifications is usually "s leagues1 =tresses may be consid]$ always z ! be/ po9ts d'appui = ! flanks ( a position4 ,a lake ( sev]al miles long is c]ta9ly an excell5t support = ! w+ ( an army1 & yet a =tress ( mod]ate size is bett]4 ,! flank does n require to re/ close ^u x1 z ! assailant1 = ! sake ( 8 retreat1 w\ld n ?r[ himself betwe5 our flank & t ob/acle4 #e4 ,z a /ation 7or /age74 ,if =tresses are on ! l9e ( communication ( ! def5sive1 z is g5]ally ! case1 !y s]ve z halt+ places = all t passes up & d[n ^! l9es4 ,! *ief dang] to l9es ( communication is f irregul> b&s1 ^: action is always ( ! nature ( a %ock4 ,if a valuable convoy1 on ! approa* ( su* a comet1 c rea* a =tress by ha/5+ ! m>* or quickly turn+1 x is sav$1 & may wait !re till ! dang] is pa/4 ,fur!r1 all troops m>*+ to or f ! army1 aft] halt+ "h = a a few days1 are bett] able to ha/5 ! rema9d] ( ! m>*1 & a halt+ day is j ! "t ( greate/ dang]4 ,9 ?is way a =tress situat$ half way on a l9e ( communication ( #cj miles %ort5s ! l9e 9 a mann] "o half4 #f4 ,z places ( refuge = weak or defeat$ corps4 ,"u ! guns ( a mod]ate siz$ =tress e corps is safe f ! enemy's bl[s1 ev5 if no entr5*$ camp is specially prep>$ = !m4 ,no d\bt su* a corps mu/ give up its fur!r retreat if x waits too long2 b ?is is no great sacrifice 9 cases :]e a fur!r retreat w\ld only end 9 complete de/ruction4 ,9 _m cases a =tress c ensure a few days' halt )\t ! retreat be+ altoge!r /opp$4 ,= ! slightly w\nd$ & fugitives :o prec$e a beat5 army1 x is especially suit$ z a place ( refuge1 :]e !y c wait to rejo9 _! corps4 ,if ,magdeburg _h la9 on ! direct l9e ( ! ,prussian retreat 9 #ahjf1 & if t l9e _h n be5 already lo/ at ,au]/adt1 ! army c\ld easily h halt$ = ?ree or f\r days ne> t great =tress1 & ralli$ & reorganis$ itself4 ,b ev5 z x 0 x s]v$ z a rally+ po9t = ! rema9s ( ,hoh5lohe's corps1 :i* !re fir/ resum$ ! appe>ance ( an army4 ,x is only by actual exp]i5ce 9 w> itself t ! b5eficial influ5ce ( =tresses close at h& 9 disa/r\s times c be rightly und]/ood4 ,!y conta9 p[d] & arms1 =age & bread1 give cov]+ to ! sick1 security to ! s\nd1 & recov]y ( s5se to ! panic-/rick54 ,!y are l an ho/elry 9 ! des]t4 ,9 ! f\r la/ nam$ purposes x is evid5t t ! active ag5cy ( =tresses is call$ m into requisition4 #g4 ,z a real %ield aga9/ ! enemy's aggression4 ,=tresses :i* ! def5d] leaves 9 8 front break ! /ream ( ! enemy's attack l blocks ( ice4 ,! enemy mu/ at lea/ inve/ !m1 & requires = t1 if ! g>risons are brave & ent]pris+1 p]haps d\ble _! /r5g?4 ,b1 besides1 ^! g>risons may & d mo/ly consi/ 9 "p ( troops1 :o1 al?\gh compet5t to duty 9 a g>rison1 are n fit = ! field--half tra9$ militia1 invalids1 convalesc5ts1 arm$ citiz5s1 l&/urm1 etc4 ,! enemy1 !re=e1 9 su* case is p]haps weak5$ f\r times m ?an we are4 ,?is disproportionate weak5+ ( ! enemy's p[] is ! fir/ & mo/ important b n ! only advantage :i* a besieg$ =tress af=ds by its resi/ance4 ,f ! mom5t t ! enemy crosses our l9e ( =tresses1 all 8 movem5ts become mu* m con/ra9$2 he is limit$ 9 8 l9es ( retreat1 & mu/ con/antly att5d to ! direct cov]+ ( ! sieges :i* he und]takes4 ,"h1 !re=e1 =tresses co-op]ate ) ! def5sive act 9 a mo/ ext5sive & decisive mann]1 & ( all ! objects t !y c h1 ?is may be reg>d$ z ! mo/ important4 ,if ?is use ( =tresses--f> f be+ se5 regul>ly repeat+ itself--seldom comp>atively occurs 9 milit>y hi/ory1 ! cause is to be f\nd 9 ! "* ( mo/ w>s1 ?is means be+ to a c]ta9 ext5t f> too decisive & too ?or\ghly effectual = !m1 ! explanation ( :i* we leave till h]eaft]4 ,9 ?is use ( =tresses x is *iefly _! (f5sive p[] t is call$ =1 at lea/ x is t by :i* _! effectual action is *iefly produc$4 ,if a =tress 0 no m to an aggressor ?an a po9t :i* c\ld n be occupi$ by him1 x might be an ob/acle to him1 b n to su* a degree z to compel him to lay siege to x ,b z he _c leave six1 eight1 or t5 ?\s& m5 to d z !y l 9 8 re>1 he is oblig$ to inve/ ! place ) a suffici5t =ce1 & if he desires t ?is inve/m5t %\ld n cont9ue to employ s l>ge a deta*m5t1 he mu/ conv]t ! inve/m5t into a siege1 & take ! place4 ,f ! mom5t ! siege comm5ces1 x is !n *iefly ! passive efficacy ( ! =tress :i* comes into action4 ,all ! de/9ations ( =tresses :i* we h be5 hi!rto consid]+ are fulfill$ 9 a simple & ma9ly 9 a direct mann]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! next two objects ! me?od ( action is m complicat$4 #h4 ,z a protection to ext5d$ cantonm5ts4 ,t a mod]ate-siz$ =tress closes ! approa* to cantonm5ts ly+ beh9d x = a wid? ( ?ree or f\r milesis a simple result ( its exi/5ce2 b h[ su* a place comes to h ! hon\r ( cov]+ a l9e ( cantonm5ts fifte5 or tw5ty miles 9 l5g?1 :i* we f9d frequ5tly spok5 ( 9 milit>y hi/ory z a fact--t requires inve/igation z f> z x has really tak5 place1 & refutation s f> z x may be m]e illusion4 ,! foll[+ po9ts (f] !mselves = consid]ation3-- 7#a47 ,t ! place 9 itself blocks "o ( ! ma9 roads1 & really cov]s a bread? ( ?ree or f\r miles ( c\ntry4 7#b47 ,t x may be reg>d$ z an exceptionally /rong advanc$ po/1 or t x af=ds a m complete obs]vation ( ! c\ntry1 to :i* may be add$ facilities 9 ! way ( secret in=mation ?r\gh ! ord9>y relations ( civil life :i* exi/ betwe5 a great t[n & ! adjac5t di/ricts ,x is natural t 9 a place ( six1 eight or t5 ?\s& inhabitants1 "o %\ld be able to le>n m ( :at is go+ on 9 ! neighb\rhood ?an 9 a m]e village1 ! qu>t]s ( an ord9>y outpo/4 7#c47 ,t small] corps are appuy$ on x1 d]ive f x protection & security1 & f "t to "t c advance t[>ds ! enemy1 x may be to br+ 9 intellig5ce1 or1 9 case he attempts to turn ! =tress1 to und]d]take some?+ aga9/ 8 re>2 t !re=e al?\gh a =tress1 _c quit its place1 /ill x may h ! efficacy ( an advanc$ corps 7,fif? ,book1 eigh? ,*apt]74 7#d47 ,t ! def5d]1 aft] assembl+ 8 corps1 c take up 8 position at a po9t directly beh9d ?is =tress1 :i* ! assailant _c rea* )\t becom+ expos$ to dang] f ! =tress 9 8 re>4 ,no d\bt e attack on a l9e ( cantonm5ts z su* is to be tak5 9 ! s5se ( a surprise1 or r1 we are only speak+ "h ( t k9d ( attack2 n[ x is evid5t 9 itself t an attack by surprise accompli%es its effect 9 a mu* %ort] space ( "t ?an a regul> attack on a !atre ( w>4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh 9 ! latt] case1 a =tress :i* is to be pass$ by mu/ necess>ily be inve/$ & kept 9 *eck1 ?is inve/m5t w n be s indisp5sable 9 ! case ( a m]e sudd5 attack on cantonm5ts1 & !re=e 9 ! same proportion ! =tress w be less an ob/acle to ! attack ( ! cantonm5ts4 ,t is true en\gh2 also ! cantonm5ts ly+ at a di/ance ( six to eight miles f ! =tress _c be directly protect$ by x2 b ! object ( su* a sudd5 attack does n consi/ alone 9 ! attack ( a few cantonm5ts4 ,until we rea* ! book on attack we _c describe circum/antially ! real object ( su* a sudd5 attack & :at may be expect$ f x2 b ?is mu* we may say at pres5t1 t its pr9cipal results are obta9$1 n by ! actual attack on "s isolat$ qu>t]s1 b by ! s]ies ( combats :i* ! aggressor =ces on s+le corps n 9 prop] ord]1 & m b5t ^u hurry+ to c]ta9 po9ts ?an ^u fight+4 ,b ?is attack & pursuit w always be 9 a direction m or less t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! enemy's cantonm5ts1 &1 !re=e1 an important =tress ly+ be=e ?is c5tre w c]ta9ly prove a v great imp$im5t to ! attack4 ,if we reflect on ^! f\r po9ts 9 ! :ole ( _! effects1 we see t an important =tress 9 a direct & 9 an indirect way c]ta9ly gives "s security to a mu* great] ext5t ( cantonm5ts ?an we %\ld ?9k at fir/ sight4 8,"s security0 we say1 = all ^! indirect ag5cies d n r5d] ! advance ( ! enemy impossible2 !y only make x m difficult1 & a m s]i\s consid]ation2 consequ5tly less probable & less ( a dang] = ! def5sive4 ,b t is also all t 0 requir$1 & all t %\ld be und]/ood 9 ?is case "u ! t]m cov]+4 ,! real direct security mu/ be atta9$ by means ( outpo/s & ! arrangem5t ( ! cantonm5ts !mselves4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 "s tru? 9 ascrib+ to a great =tress ! capability ( cov]+ a wide ext5t ( cantonm5ts ly+ 9 re> ( x2 b x is also n to be d5i$ t (t5 9 plans ( real campaigns1 b /ill (t5] 9 hi/orical works1 we meet ) vague & empty expressions1 or illusory views 9 connection ) ?is subject4 ,= if t cov]+ is only realis$ by ! co-op]ation ( sev]al circum/ances1 if x !n also only produces a dim9ution ( ! dang]1 we c easily see t1 9 p>ticul> cases1 ?r\gh special circum/ances1 above all1 ?r\gh ! boldness ( ! enemy1 ?is :ole cov]+ may prove an illusion1 & !re=e 9 actual w> we mu/ n cont5t ourselves ) assum+ ha/ily at once ! efficacy ( su* & su* a =tress1 b c>efully exam9e & /udy ea* s+le case on its own m]its4 #i4 ,z cov]+ a prov9ce n occupi$4 ,if dur+ w> prov9ce is ei!r n occupi$ at all1 or only occupi$ by an insuffici5t =ce1 & likewise expos$ m or less to incursions f fly+ columns1 !n a =tress1 if n too unimportant 9 size1 may be look$ ^u z a cov]+1 or1 if we pref]1 z a security = ?is prov9ce4 ,z a security x may at all ev5ts be reg>d$1 = an enemy _c become ma/] ( ! prov9ce until he has tak5 x1 & t gives u "t to ha/5 to its def5ce4 ,b ! actual cov]+ c c]ta9ly only be suppos$ v indirect1 or z n prep]ly belong+ to x4 ,t is1 ! =tress by its active opposition c only 9 "s measure *eck ! incursions ( ho/ile b&s4 ,if ?is opposition is limit$ to m]ely :at ! g>rison c effect1 !n ! result mu/ be little inde$1 = ! g>risons ( su* places are g5]ally weak & usually consi/ ( infantry only1 & t n ( ! be/ quality4 ,! idea ga9s a little m reality if small columns keep !mselves 9 communication ) ! place1 mak+ x _! base & place ( retreat 9 case ( necessity4 #aj4 ,z ! focus ( a g5]al arm+ ( ! nation4 ,provisions1 arms1 & munitions c nev] be suppli$ 9 a regul> mann] 9 a ,p's ,w>2 on ! o!r h&1 x is j 9 ! v nature ( su* a w> to d ! be/ we c2 9 t way a ?\s& small s\rces furni%+ means ( resi/ance are op5$ :i* o!rwise might h rema9$ unus$2 & x is easy to see t a /rong commodi\s =tress1 z a great magaz9e ( ^! ?+s1 c well give to ! :ole def5ce m =ce & int5sity1 m cohesion1 & great] results4 ,besides1 a =tress is a place ( refuge = w\nd$1 ! seat ( ! civil function>ies1 ! treasury1 ! po9t ( assembly = ! great] ent]prises1 etc41 etc42 la/ly1 a nucleus ( resi/ance :i* dur+ ! siege places ! enemy's =ce 9 a condition :i* facilitates & fav\rs ! attacks ( national levies act+ 9 conjunction4 #aa4 ,= ! def5ce ( riv]s & m\nta9s4 ,n[h]e c a =tress answ] s _m purposes1 und]take to play s _m p>ts1 z :5 x is situat$ on a great riv]4 ,x secures ! passage at any "t at t spot1 & h9d]s t ( ! enemy = sev]al miles ea* way1 x comm&s ! use ( ! riv] = comm]cial purposes1 receives all %ips )9 its walls1 blocks bridges & roads1 & helps ! indirect def5ce ( ! riv]1 t is1 ! def5ce by a position on ! enemy's side4 ,x is evid5t t1 by its influ5ce 9 s _m ways1 x v greatly facilitates ! def5ce ( ! riv]1 & may be reg>d$ z an ess5tial "p ( t def5ce4 ,=tresses 9 m\nta9s are important 9 a simil> mann]4 ,!y !re =m ! knots ( :ole sy/ems ( roads1 :i* h _! comm5cem5t & t]m9ation at t spot2 !y ?us comm& ! :ole c\ntry :i* is trav]s$ by ^! roads1 & !y may be reg>d$ z ! true buttresses ( ! :ole def5sive sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,=tresses 7,cont9u$7 ,we h discuss$ ! object ( =tresses3 n[ = _! situation4 ,at fir/ ! subject seems v complicat$1 :5 we ?9k ( ! div]sity ( objects1 ea* ( :i* may aga9 be modifi$ by ! locality2 b su* a view has v little f\ndation if we keep to ! ess5ce ( ! ?+1 & gu>d aga9/ unnecess>y subtilties4 ,x is evid5t t all ^! dem&s are at once satisfi$1 if1 9 ^? di/ricts ( c\ntry :i* are to be reg>d$ z ! !atre ( w>1 all ! l>ge/ & ri*e/ t[ns on ! great high roads connect+ ! two c\ntries ) ea* o!r are =tifi$1 m p>ticul>ly ^? adjac5t to h>b\rs & bays ( ! sea1 or situat$ on l>ge riv]s & 9 m\nta9s4 ,great t[ns & great roads always g h& 9 h&1 & bo? h also a natural connection ) great riv]s & ! coa/s ( ! sea1 all ^! f\r conditions1 !re=e1 agree v well ) ea* o!r1 & give rise to no incongruity2 on ! o!r h&1 x is n ! same ) m\nta9s1 = l>ge t[ns are seldom f\nd !re4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! position & direction ( a m\nta9 *a9 makes x fav\rable to a def5sive l9e1 x is necess>y to close its roads & passes by small =ts1 built = ?is purpose only1 & at ! lea/ possible co/1 ! great outlay on works ( =tification be+ res]v$ = ! important places ( arms 9 ! level c\ntry4 ,we h n yet notic$ ! fronti]s ( ! /ate1 nor said any?+ ( ! geometrical =m ( ! :ole sy/em ( =tresses1 nor ( ! o!r geographical po9ts 9 connection ) _! situation1 because we reg>d ! objects above m5tion$ z ! mo/ ess5tial1 & are ( op9ion t 9 _m cases !y alone are suffici5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 small /ates4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 o!r consid]ations may be admitt$1 & may be imp]ative 9 c\ntries ( a great] sup]ficial ext5t1 :i* ei!r h a great _m important t[ns & roads1 or1 on ! contr>y1 are almo/ )\t any1 :i* are ei!r v ri*1 &1 possess+ already _m =tresses1 /ill want new ones1 or ^? :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 are v poor1 & "u ! necessity ( mak+ a few answ]1 9 %ort1 9 cases :]e ! numb] ( =tresses does n correspond ) ! numb] ( important t[ns & roads :i* pres5t !mselves1 be+ ei!r consid]ably great] or less4 ,we %all n[ ca/ a glance at ! nature ( su* o!r consid]ations4 ,! *ief que/ions :i* rema9 relate to #a4 ,! *oice ( ! pr9cipal roads1 if ! two c\ntries are connect$ by m roads ?an we wi% to =tify4 #b4 ,:e!r ! =tresses are to be plac$ on ! fronti] only1 or spread ov] ! c\ntry4 ,or1 #c4 ,:e!r !y %all be di/ribut$ uni=mly1 or 9 gr\ps4 #d4 ,circum/ances relat+ to ! geography ( ! c\ntry to :i* x is necess>y to pay att5tion4 ,a numb] ( o!r po9ts ) respect to ! geometrical =m ( ! l9e ( =tifications1 su* z :e!r !y %\ld be plac$ 9 a s+le l9e or 9 sev]al l9es1 t is1 :e!r !y d m s]vice :5 plac$ "o beh9d ano!r1 or side by side 9 l9e ) ea* o!r2 :e!r !y %\ld be *equ]-wise1 or 9 a /raight l9e2 or :e!r !y %\ld take ! =m ( a =tification itself1 ) sali5ts & re-ent]+ angles all ^! we look ^u z empty subtilties1 t is1 consid]ations s insignificant1 t1 comp>$ ) ! really important po9ts1 !y are n wor? notice2 & we only m5tion !m "h because !y are n m]ely treat$ ( 9 _m books1 b also a great deal m is made ( ?is rubbi% ?an x is wor?4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ "q1 9 ord] to place x 9 a cle>] light we %all m]ely in/ance ! relation ( ! s\? ( ,g]many to ,france1 t is1 to ! upp] ,rh9e4 ,if1 )\t ref]5ce to ! numb] ( sep>ate /ates compos+ ?is di/rict ( c\ntry1 we suppose x a :ole :i* is to be =tifi$ /rategically1 mu* d\bt w arise1 = a great numb] ( v f9e roads lead f ! ,rh9e into ! int]ior ( ,franconia1 ,bav>ia & ,au/ria4 ,c]ta9ly1 t[ns are n want+ :i* surpass o!rs 9 size & importance1 z ,nuremburg1 ,wurzburg1 ,ulm1 ,augsburg1 & ,muni*2 b if we are n dispos$ to =tify all1 !re is no alt]native b to make a selection4 ,if1 fur!r1 9 accordance ) our view1 ! =tification ( ! greate/ & weal?ie/ is held to be ! pr9cipal ?+1 /ill x is n to be d5i$ t1 ow+ to ! di/ance betwe5 ,nuremburg & ,muni*1 ! fir/ has a v diff]5t /rategic signification f ! second2 & !re=e x always rema9s to be consid]$ :e!r x w\ld n be bett]1 9 place ( ,nuremburg1 to =tify "s o!r place 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,muni*1 ev5 if ! place is "o ( less importance 9 itself4 ,z conc]ns ! decision 9 su* cases1 t is1 answ]+ ! fir/ "q1 we mu/ ref] to :at has be5 said 9 ! *apt]s on ! g5]al plan ( def5ce1 & on ! *oice ( po9ts ( attack4 ,:]ev] ! mo/ natural po9t ( attack is situat$1 !re ! def5sive arrangem5ts %\ld be made by pref]5ce4 ,!re=e1 among/ a numb] ( great roads lead+ f ! enemy's c\ntry into ours1 we %\ld fir/ ( all =tify t :i* leads mo/ directly to ! he>t ( our dom9ions1 or t :i*1 trav]s+ f]tile prov9ces1 or runn+ p>allel to navigable riv]s1 facilitates ! enemy's und]tak+1 & !n we may re/ secure4 ,! assailant !n enc\nt]s ^! works1 or %\ld he resolve to pass !m by1 he w naturally (f] a fav\rable opportunity = op]ations aga9/ 8 flank4 ,vi5na is ! he>t ( ,s\? ,g]many1 & pla9ly ,muni* or ,augsburg1 9 relation to ,france alone 7,switz]l& & ,italy be+ !re=e suppos$ neutral7 w\ld be m effici5t z a pr9cipal =tress ?an ,nuremburg or ,wurzburg4 ,b if1 at ! same "t1 we look at ! roads lead+ f ,italy into ,g]many by ,switz]l& & ! ,tyrol1 ?is w become /ill m evid5t1 because1 9 relation to ^!1 ,muni* & ,augsburg w always be places ( importance1 :]eas ,wurzburg & ,nuremburg are mu* ! same1 9 ?is respect1 z if !y did n exi/4 ,we turn n[ to ! second "q ,:e!r ! =tresses %\ld be plac$ on ! fronti]1 or di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ obs]ve1 t1 z reg>ds small /ates1 ?is "q is sup]flu\s1 = :at are call$ /rategic fronti]s co9cide1 9 _! case1 ne>ly ) ! :ole c\ntry4 ,! l>g] ! /ate is suppos$ to be 9 ! consid]ation ( ?is "q1 ! pla9] appe>s ! necessity = its be+ answ]$4 ,! mo/ natural answ] is1 t =tresses belong to ! fronti]s1 = !y are to def5d ! /ate1 & ! /ate is def5d$ z long z ! fronti]s are def5d$4 ,?is argum5t may be valid 9 ! ab/ract1 b ! foll[+ consid]ations w %[ t x is subject to v _m modifications4 ,e def5ce :i* is calculat$ *iefly on =eign assi/ance lays great value on ga9+ "t2 x is n a vigor\s c\nt]/roke1 b a sl[ proce$+1 9 :i* ! *ief ga9 consi/s m 9 delay ?an 9 any weak5+ ( ! enemy :i* is effect$4 ,b n[ x lies 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ t1 suppos+ all o!r circum/ances alike1 =tresses :i* are spread ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 & include betwe5 !m a v consid]able area ( t]ritory1 w take long] to capture ?an ^? squeez$ toge!r 9 a close l9e on ! fronti]4 ,fur!r1 9 all cases 9 :i* ! object is to ov]come ! enemy ?r\gh ! l5g? ( 8 communications1 & ! difficulty ( 8 exi/5ce !re=e 9 c\ntries :i* c *iefly reckon on ?is k9d ( reaction1 x w\ld be a complete contradiction to h ! def5sive prep>ations ( ?is k9d only on ! fronti]4 ,la/ly1 let u also rememb] t1 if circum/ances w 9 any way all[ ( x1 ! =tification ( ! capital is a ma9 po9t2 t accord+ to our pr9ciples ! *ief t[ns & places ( comm]ce 9 ! prov9ces dem& x likewise2 t riv]s pass+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 m\nta9s1 & o!r irregul> features ( gr\nd1 af=d advantages = new l9es ( def5ce2 t _m t[ns1 ?r\gh _! /rong natural situation1 invite =tification2 moreov]1 t c]ta9 accessories ( w>1 su* z manufactories ( arms1 c41 are bett] plac$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry ?an on ! fronti]1 & _! value well entitles !m to ! protection ( works ( =tification2 !n we see t !re is always m or less occasion = ! con/ruction ( =tresses 9 ! int]ior ( a c\ntry2 on ?is acc\nt we are ( op9ion1 t al?\gh /ates :i* possess a great numb] ( =tresses are "r 9 plac+ ! great] numb] on ! fronti]1 /ill x w\ld be a great mi/ake if ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry 0 left entirely de/itute ( !m4 ,we ?9k t ?is mi/ake has be5 made 9 a rem>kable degree 9 ,france4 ,a great d\bt may ) reason arise if ! bord] prov9ces ( a c\ntry conta9 no consid]able t[ns1 su* t[ns ly+ fur!r back t[>ds ! int]ior1 z is ! case 9 ,s\? ,g]many 9 p>ticul>1 :]e ,swabia is almo/ de/itute ( great t[ns1 :il/ ,bav>ia conta9s a l>ge numb]4 ,we d n hold x to be necess>y to remove ^! d\bts once = all on g5]al gr\nds1 believ+ t 9 su* cases1 9 ord] to arrive at a solution1 reasons d]iv$ f ! p>ticul> situation mu/ come into consid]ation4 ,/ill we mu/ call att5tion to ! clos+ rem>ks 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! ?ird "q ,:e!r =tresses %\ld be dispos$ 9 gr\ps1 or m equally di/ribut$8 w1 if we reflect ^u x1 seldom arise2 /ill we mu/ n1 = t reason1 set x d[n z a useless subtilty1 because c]ta9ly a gr\p ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r =tresses1 :i* are only a few days' m>* f a common c5tre1 give t po9t & ! army plac$ !re su* /r5g?1 t1 if o!r conditions all[$ ( x1 9 "s measure "o w\ld be v mu* tempt$ to =m su* a /rategic ba/ion4 ,! la/ po9t conc]ns ! o!r geographical prop]ties ( ! po9ts to be *os54 ,t =tresses on ! sea1 on /reams & great riv]s1 & 9 m\nta9s1 are d\bly effective1 has be5 already /at$ to be "o ( ! pr9cipal consid]ations2 b !re are a numb] ( o!r po9ts 9 connection ) =tresses to :i* reg>d mu/ be paid4 ,if a =tress _c lie on ! riv] itself1 x is bett] n to place x ne>1 b at a di/ance ( t5 or twelve miles f x2 o!rwise1 ! riv] int]sects1 & l[]s ! value ( ! sph]e ( action ( ! =tress 9 all ^? po9ts above m5tion$47997 7997 ,philippsburg 0 ! patt]n ( a badly-plac$ =tress2 x resembl$ a fool /&+ ) 8 nose close to a wall4 ,?is is n ! same 9 m\nta9s1 because !re ! movem5t ( l>ge or small masses ^u p>ticul> po9ts is n re/rict$ 9 ! same degree z x is by a riv]4 ,b =tresses on ! enemy's side ( a m\nta9 are n well plac$1 because !y are difficult to succ\r4 ,if !y are on our side1 ! difficulty ( lay+ siege to !m is v great1 z ! m\nta9s cut across ! enemy's l9e ( communication4 ,we give ,olmtz1 #ageh1 z an example4 ,x is easily se5 t impassable =e/s & m>%es h a simil> effect to t ( riv]s4 ,! "q has be5 (t5 rais$ z to :e!r t[ns situat$ 9 a v difficult c\ntry are well or ill suit$ = =tresses4 ,z !y c be =tifi$ & def5d$ at a small exp5se1 or be made mu* /rong]1 (t5 impregnable1 at an equal exp5diture1 & ! s]vices ( a =tress are always m passive ?an active1 x does n seem necess>y to atta* mu* importance to ! objection t !y c easily be blockad$4 ,if we n[1 9 conclusion1 ca/ a retrospective glance ov] our simple sy/em ( =tification = a c\ntry1 we may ass]t t x re/s on compreh5sive data1 la/+ 9 _! nature1 & directly connect$ ) ! f\ndations ( ! /ate itself1 n on transi5t views on w>1 fa%ionable = a day2 n on imag9>y /rategic niceties1 nor on requirem5ts completely s+ul> 9 "* an error :i* might be att5d$ ) irrep>able consequ5ces if all[$ to influ5ce ! con/ruction ( =tresses int5d$ to la/ five hundr$1 p]haps a ?\s&1 ye>s4 ,silb]b]g1 9 ,silesia1 built by ,fr$]ick ! ,great on "o ( ! ridges ( ! ,sudetics1 has1 f ! complete alt]ation 9 circum/ances :i* has s9ce tak5 place1 lo/ almo/ entirely its importance & object1 :il/ ,breslau1 if x _h be5 made a /rong place ( arms1 & cont9u$ to be s1 w\ld h always ma9ta9$ its value aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 z well z aga9/ ! ,russians1 ,poles1 & ,au/rians4 ,our read] w n ov]look ! fact t ^! consid]ations are n rais$ on ! suppos$ case ( a /ate provid+ itself ) a set ( new =tifications2 !y w\ld be useless if su* 0 _! object1 z su* a case seldom1 if ev]1 happ5s2 b !y may all arise at ! design+ ( ea* s+le =tification4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,def5sive ,position ,e position 9 :i* we accept battle1 at ! same "t mak+ use ( ! gr\nd z a means ( protection1 is a def5sive position1 & x makes no diff]5ce 9 ?is respect :e!r we act m passively or m (f5sively 9 ! action4 ,?is foll[s f ! g5]al view ( ! def5sive :i* we h giv54 ,n[ we may also apply ! t]m to e position 9 :i* an army :il/ m>*+ to enc\nt] ! enemy w\ld c]ta9ly accept battle if ! latt] s\ght = x4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 mo/ battles take place 9 ?is way1 & 9 all ! middle ages no o!r 0 ev] ?\ght (4 ,t is1 h[ev]1 n ! k9d ( position ( :i* we are n[ speak+2 by f> ! great] numb] ( positions are ( ?is k9d1 & ! conception ( a position 9 contradi/9ction to a camp tak5 up on ! m>* w\ld suffice = t4 ,a position :i* is specially call$ a def5sive position mu/ !re=e h "s o!r di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics4 ,9 ! decisions :i* take place 9 an ord9>y position1 ! idea ( "t evid5tly pr$om9ates2 ! armies m>* aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ord] to come to an engagem5t3 ! place is a subord9ate po9t1 all t is requir$ f x is t x %\ld n be unsuitable4 ,b 9 a real def5sive position ! idea ( place pr$om9ates2 ! decision is to be realis$ on ?is spot1 or r1 *iefly ?r\gh ?is spot4 ,t is ! only k9d ( position we h "h 9 view4 ,n[ ! connection ( place is a d\ble "o2 t is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 inasmu* z a =ce po/$ at ?is po9t ex]cises a c]ta9 influ5ce ^u ! w> 9 g5]al2 & next1 inasmu* z ! local features ( ! gr\nd contribute to ! /r5g? ( ! army & af=d protection3 9 a ^w1 a /rategic & a tactical connection4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! t]m def5sive position has its orig9 only 9 connection ) tactics1 = its connection ) /rategy1 namely1 t an army po/$ at ?is po9t by its pres5ce s]ves to def5d ! c\ntry1 w also suit ! case ( an army act+ (f5sively4 ,! /rategic effect to be d]iv$ f a position _c be %[n completely until h]eaft]1 :5 we discuss ! def5ce ( a !atre ( w>2 we %all !re=e only consid] x "h z f> z c be done at pres5t1 & = t end we mu/ exam9e m closely ! nature ( two ideas :i* h a simil>ity & are (t5 mi/ak5 = "o ano!r1 t is1 ! turn+ a position1 & ! pass+ by x4 ,! turn+ a position relates to its front1 & is done ei!r by an attack ^u ! side ( ! position or on its re>1 or by act+ aga9/ its l9es ( retreat & communication4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 t is1 an attack on flank or re> is tactical 9 its nature4 ,9 our days 9 :i* ! mobility ( troops is s great1 & all plans ( battles h m or less 9 view ! turn+ or envelop+ ! enemy1 e position mu/ accord+ly be adapt$ to meet su* measures1 & "o to des]ve ! "n ( /rong mu/1 ) a /rong front1 all[ at lea/ ( good comb9ations = battle on ! sides & re> z well1 9 case ( _! be+ m5ac$4 ,9 ?is way a position w n become unt5able by ! enemy turn+ x ) a view to an attack on ! flank or re>1 z ! battle :i* !n takes place 0 provid$ = 9 ! *oice ( ! position1 & %\ld ensure ! def5d] all ! advantages :i* he c\ld expect f ?is position g5]ally4 ,if ! position is turn$ by ! enemy ) a view to act+ aga9/ ! l9es ( retreat & communication1 ?is is a /rategic relation1 & ! "q is h[ long ! position c be ma9ta9$1 & :e!r we _c outbid ! enemy by a s*eme l 8 own1 bo? ^! que/ions dep5d on ! situation ( ! po9t 7/rategically71 t is1 *iefly on ! relations ( ! l9es ( communication ( bo? combatants4 ,a good position %\ld secure to ! army on ! def5sive ! advantage 9 ?is po9t4 ,9 any case ! position w n be r5d]$ ( no effect 9 ?is way1 z ! enemy is neutralis$ by ! position :5 he is occupi$ by x 9 ! mann] suppos$4 ,b if ! assailant1 )\t tr\bl+ himself ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ! army await+ 8 attack 9 a def5sive position1 advances ) 8 ma9 body by ano!r l9e 9 pursuit ( 8 object1 !n he passes by ! position2 & if he c d ?is ) impunity1 & really does x1 he w imm$iately en=ce ! ab&onm5t ( ! position1 consequ5tly put an end to its usefulness4 ,!re is h>dly any position 9 ! _w :i*1 9 ! simple s5se ( ! words1 _c be pass$ by1 = cases su* z ! i/hmus ( ,p]ekop are s r>e t !y are h>dly wor? att5tion4 ,! impossibility ( pass+ by mu/ !re=e be und]/ood z m]ely apply+ to ! disadvantages 9 :i* ! assailant w\ld become involv$ if he set ab\t su* an op]ation4 ,we %all h a m fitt+ opportunity to /ate ^! disadvantages 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? *apt]2 :e!r small or great1 9 e case !y are ! equival5t ( ! tactical effect :i* ! position is capable ( produc+ b :i* has n be5 realis$1 & 9 common ) x con/itute ! object ( ! position4 ,f ! prec$+ obs]vations1 !re=e1 two /rategic prop]ties ( ! def5sive position h result$3 #a4 ,t x _c be pass$ r\nd4 #b4 ,t 9 ! /ruggle = ! l9es ( communication x gives ! def5d] advantages4 ,"h we h to add two o!r /rategic prop]ties1 namely-- #c4 ,t ! relation ( ! l9es ( communication may also h a fav\rable influ5ce on ! =m ( combat2 & #d4 ,t ! g5]al influ5ce ( ! c\ntry is advantage\s4 ,= ! relation ( ! l9es ( communication has an influ5ce n only ^u ! possibility or impossibility ( pass+ by a position or ( cutt+ (f ! enemy's supplies1 b also on ! :ole c\rse ( ! battle4 ,an oblique l9e ( retreat facilitates a tactical turn+ movem5t on ! "p ( ! assailant1 & p>alyses our own tactical movem5ts dur+ ! battle4 ,b an oblique position 9 relation to ! l9es ( communication is (t5 n ! fault ( tactics b a consequ5ce ( a defective /rategic po9t2 x is1 = example1 n to be avoid$ :5 ! road *anges direction 9 ! vic9ity ( ! position 7,borod9o1 #ahab72 ! assailant is !n 9 su* a position t he c turn our l9e )\t deviat+ f1 8 own p]p5dicul> disposition4 ,fur!r1 ! aggressor has mu* great] fre$om = tactical movem5t if he comm&s sev]al roads = 8 retreat :il/ we are limit$ to "o4 ,9 su* cases ! tactical skill ( ! def5sive w be ex]t$ 9 va9 to ov]come ! disadvantage\s influ5ce result+ f ! /rategic relations4 ,la/ly z reg>ds ! f\r? po9t1 su* a disadvantage\s g5]al influ5ce may pr$om9ate 9 ! o!r *>act]i/ics ( gr\nd1 t ! mo/ c>eful *oice1 & ! be/ use ( tactical means1 c d no?+ to combat !m4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! *ief po9ts are z foll[s3 #a4 ,! def5sive mu/ p>ticul>ly seek = ! advantage ( be+ able to ov]look 8 adv]s>y1 s t he may be able swiftly to ?r[ himself ^u him inside ! limits ( 8 position4 ,x is only :5 ! local difficulties ( approa* comb9e ) ^! two conditions t ! gr\nd is really fav\rable to ! def5sive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? po9ts :i* are "u ! influ5ce ( comm&+ gr\nd are disadvantage\s to him2 also mo/ positions 9 m\nta9s 7( :i* we %all speak m p>ticul>ly 9 ! *apt]s on m\nta9 w>f>e74 ,fur!r1 positions :i* re/ "o flank on m\nta9s1 = su* a position c]ta9ly makes ! pass+ by m difficult1 b facilitates a turn+ movem5t4 ,( ! same k9d are all positions :i* h a m\nta9 imm$iately 9 _! front1 & g5]ally all ^? :i* be> relation to ! description ( gr\nd above specifi$4 ,z an example ( ! opposite ( ^! disadvantage\s prop]ties1 we %all only in/ance ! case ( a position :i* has a m\nta9 9 re>2 f ?is s _m advantages result t x may be assum$ 9 g5]al to be "o ( ! mo/ fav\rable ( all positions = ! def5sive4 #b4 ,a c\ntry may correspond m or less to ! "* & composition ( an army4 ,a v num]\s cavalry is a prop] reason = seek+ an op5 c\ntry4 ,want ( ?is arm1 p]haps also ( artill]y1 :ile we h at comm& a c\rage\s infantry inur$ to w>1 & acqua9t$ ) ! c\ntry1 make x advisable to take advantage ( a difficult1 close c\ntry4 ,we d n "h ent] into p>ticul>s respect+ ! tactical relation :i* ! local features ( a def5sive position be> to ! =ce :i* is to occupy x4 ,we only speak ( ! total result1 z t only is a /rategic quantity4 ,und\bt$ly a position 9 :i* an army is to await ! full =ce ( ! ho/ile attack1 %\ld give ! troops su* an important advantage ( gr\nd z may be consid]$ a multipli] ( its =ce4 ,:]e nature does mu*1 b n to ! full z mu* z we want1 ! art ( entr5*m5t comes to our help4 ,9 ?is way x happ5s n unfrequ5tly t "s p>ts become unassailable1 & n unusually ! :ole is made s3 pla9ly 9 ?is la/ case1 ! :ole nature ( ! measure is *ang$4 ,x is !n no long] a battle "u advantage\s conditions :i* we seek1 & 9 ?is battle ! issue ( ! campaign1 b an issue )\t a battle4 ,:il/ we occupy ) our =ce an unassailable position1 we directly refuse ! battle1 & oblige our enemy to seek = a solution 9 "s o!r way4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 completely sep>ate ^! two cases1 & %all speak ( ! latt] 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 "u ! title ( a /rong position4 ,b ! def5sive position ) :i* we h n[ to d is no?+ m ?an a field ( battle ) ! addition ( advantages 9 our fav\r2 & t x %\ld become a field ( battle1 ! advantages 9 our fav\r mu/ n be too great4 ,b n[ :at degree ( /r5g? may su* a position h8 ,pla9ly m 9 proportion z our enemy is m det]m9$ on ! attack1 & t dep5ds on ! nature ( ! individual case4 ,oppos$ to a ,buonap>te1 we may & %\ld )draw beh9d /rong] ramp>ts ?an be=e a ,daun or a ,s*w>tz5burg4 ,if c]ta9 portions ( a position are unattackable1 say ! front1 !n t is to be tak5 z a sep>ate factor ( its :ole /r5g?1 = ! =ces n requir$ at t po9t are available = employm5t else:]e2 b we mu/ n omit to obs]ve t :il/ ! enemy is kept completely (f su* impregnable po9ts1 ! =m ( 8 attack assumes q a diff]5t "*1 & we mu/ asc]ta91 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 h[ ?is alt]ation w suit our situation4 ,= in/ance1 to take up a position1 z has (t5 be5 done1 s close beh9d a great riv] t x is to be look$ ^u z cov]+ ! front1 is no?+ else b to make ! riv] a po9t ( support = ! "r or left flank2 = ! enemy is naturally oblig$ to cross fur!r to ! "r or left1 & _c attack )\t *ang+ 8 front3 ! *ief "q1 !re=e1 is :at advantages or disadvantages does t br+ to u8 ,accord+ to our op9ion1 a def5sive position w come ! ne>] to ! true ideal ( su* a position ! m its /r5g? is hid f obs]vation1 & ! m x is fav\rable to our surpris+ ! enemy by our comb9ations 9 ! battle4 ,j z we advisably endeav\r to conceal f ! enemy ! :ole /r5g? ( our =ces & our real int5tions1 s 9 ! same way we %\ld seek to conceal f ! enemy ! advantages :i* we expect to d]ive f ! =m ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is ( c\rse c only be done to a c]ta9 degree1 & requires1 p]haps1 a peculi> mode ( proce$+1 hi!rto b little attempt$4 ,! vic9ity ( a consid]able =tress1 9 :atev] direction x may be1 conf]s on e position a great advantage ov] ! enemy 9 ! movem5t & use ( ! =ces belong+ to x4 ,by suitable field-works1 ! want ( natural /r5g? at p>ticul> po9ts may be rem$i$1 & 9 t mann] ! great features ( ! battle may be settl$ be=eh& at w2 ^! are ! means ( /r5g!n+ by art2 if ) ^! we comb9e a good selection ( ^? natural ob/acles ( gr\nd :i* imp$e ! effective action ( ! enemy's =ces )\t mak+ action absolutely impossible1 if we turn to ! be/ acc\nt ! advantage we h ov] ! enemy 9 kn[+ ! gr\nd1 :i* he does n1 s t we succe$ 9 conceal+ our movem5ts bett] ?an he does 81 & t we h a g5]al sup]iority ov] him 9 unexpect$ movem5ts 9 ! c\rse ( ! battle1 !n f ^! advantages unit$1 !re may result 9 our fav\r an ov]p[]+ & decisive influ5ce 9 connection ) ! gr\nd1 "u ! p[] ( :i* ! enemy w succumb1 )\t kn[+ ! real cause ( 8 defeat4 ,?is is :at we und]/& "u def5sive position1 & we consid] x "o ( ! greate/ advantages ( def5sive w>4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation p>ticul> circum/ances1 we may assume t an undulat+1 n too well1 b /ill n too little1 cultivat$ c\ntry af=ds ! mo/ positions ( ?is k9d4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,/rong ,positions & ,entr5*$ ,camps ,we h said 9 ! prec$+ *apt] t a position s /rong ?r\gh nature1 assi/$ by art1 t x is unassailable1 does n come "u ! mean+ ( an advantage\s field ( battle1 b belongs to a peculi> class ( ?+s4 ,we %all 9 ?is *apt] take a review ( :at con/itutes ! nature ( ?is peculi>ity1 & on acc\nt ( ! analogy betwe5 su* positions & =tresses1 call !m /rong positions4 ,m]ely by entr5*m5ts alone !y c h>dly be =m$1 except z entr5*$ camps re/+ on =tresses2 b /ill less are !y to be f\nd ready =m$ entirely by natural ob/acles4 ,art usually l5ds a h& to assi/ nature1 & !re=e !y are frequ5tly designat$ z entr5*$ camps or positions4 ,at ! same "t1 t t]m may really be appli$ to any position /r5g!n$ m or less by field works1 :i* ne$ h no?+ 9 common ) ! nature ( ! position we are n[ consid]+4 ,! object ( a /rong position is to make ! =ce !re /ation$ 9 po9t ( fact unattackable1 & by t means1 ei!r really to cov] a c]ta9 space directly1 or only ! troops :i* occupy t space 9 ord] !n1 ?r\gh !m1 9 ano!r way to effect ! cov]+ ( ! c\ntry indirectly4 ,! fir/ 0 ! signification ( ! l9es ( =m] times1 = in/ance1 ^? on ! ,fr5* fronti]2 ! latt]1 is t ( entr5*$ camps laid out ne> =tresses1 & %[+ a front 9 e direction4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! front ( a position is s /rong by works & h9drances to approa* t an attack is impossible1 !n ! enemy is compell$ to turn x1 to make 8 attack on a side ( x or 9 re>4 ,n[ to prev5t ?is be+ easily done1 po9ts d'appui 7 s\ght = ^! l9es1 :i* %\ld give !m a c]ta9 degree ( support on ! side1 su* z ! ,rh9e & ! ,vosges give ! l9es 9 ,alsace4 ,! long] ! front ( su* a l9e ! m easily x c be protect$ f be+ turn$1 because e movem5t to turn x is att5d$ ) dang] to ! side attempt+ ! movem5t1 ! dang] increas+ 9 proportion z ! requir$ movem5t causes a great] deviation f ! normal direction ( ! attack+ =ce4 ,!re=e1 a consid]able l5g? ( front1 :i* c be made unassailable1 & good flank-supports1 ensure ! possibility ( protect+ a l>ge space ( t]ritory directly f ho/ile invasion3 at lea/1 t 0 ! view 9 :i* works ( ?is class orig9at$2 t 0 ! object ( ! l9es 9 ,alsace1 ) _! "r flank on ! ,rh9e & ! left on ! ,vosges2 & ! l9es 9 ,fl&]s1 fifte5 miles long1 re/+ _! "r on ! ,s*eldt & ! =tress ( ,t\rnay1 _! left on ! sea4 ,b :5 we h n ! advantages ( su* a long well-def5d$ front1 & good flank-supports1 if ! c\ntry is to be held g5]ally by a =ce well entr5*$1 !n t =ce 7& its position7 mu/ be protect$ aga9/ be+ turn$ by su* an arrangem5t t x c %[ a front 9 e direction4 ,b !n ! idea ( a ?or\ghly cov]$ tract ( c\ntry vani%es1 = su* a position is only /rategically a po9t :i* cov]s ! =ce occupy+ x1 & ?us secures to t =ce ! p[] ( keep+ ! field1 t is to say1 ma9ta9+ itself 9 ! c\ntry4 ,su* a camp _c be turn$1 t is1 _c be attack$ 9 flank or re> by reason ( ^? p>ts be+ weak] ?an its front1 = x c %[ front 9 all directions1 & is equally /rong ev]y:]e4 ,b su* a camp c be pass$ by1 & t mu* easi] ?an a =tifi$ l9e1 because its ext5t am\nts to no?+4 ,entr5*$ camps connect$ ) =tresses are 9 reality ( ?is second k9d1 = ! object ( !m is to protect ! troops assembl$ 9 !m2 b _! fur!r /rategic mean+1 t is1 ! application ( ?is protect$ =ce1 is some:at diff]5t f t ( o!r =tifi$ camps4 ,hav+ giv5 ?is explanation ( ! orig9 ( ^! ?ree diff]5t def5sive means1 we %all n[ proce$ to consid] ! value ( ea* ( !m sep>ately1 "u ! heads ( /rong l9es1 /rong positions1 & entr5*$ camps re/+ on =tresses4 #a4 ,l9es4--,!y are ! wor/ k9d ( cordon w>3 ! ob/acle :i* !y pres5t to ! aggressor is ( no value at all unless !y are def5d$ by a p[]ful fire2 9 !mselves !y are simply wor?less4 ,b n[ ! ext5t to :i* an army c furni% an effective fire is g5]ally v small 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( c\ntry to be def5d$2 ! l9es c1 !re=e1 only be %ort1 & consequ5tly cov] only a small ext5t ( c\ntry1 or ! army w n be able really to def5d ! l9es at all po9ts4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! idea 0 />t$ ( n occupy+ all po9ts 9 ! l9e1 b only wat*+ !m1 & def5d+ !m by means ( /rong res]ves1 9 ! same way z a small riv] may be def5d$2 b ?is proc$ure is 9 opposition to ! nature ( ! means4 ,if ! natural ob/acles ( ! gr\nd are s great t su* a me?od ( def5ce c\ld be appli$1 !n ! entr5*m5ts 7 ne$less1 & entail dang]1 = t me?od ( def5ce is n local1 & entr5*m5ts are only suit$ to a /rictly local def5ce2 b if ! entr5*m5ts !mselves are to be consid]$ ! *ief imp$im5ts to approa*1 !n we may easily conceive t an undef5d$ l9e w n h mu* to say z an ob/acle to approa*4 ,:at is a twelve or fifte5 feet dit*1 & a ramp>t t5 or twelve feet high1 aga9/ ! unit$ ef=ts ( _m ?\s&s1 if ^! ef=ts are n h9d]$ by ! fire ( an enemy8 ,! consequ5ce1 !re=e1 is1 t if su* l9es are %ort & tol]ably well def5d$ by troops1 !y c be turn$2 b if !y are ext5sive1 & n suffici5tly occupi$1 !y c be attack$ 9 front1 & tak5 )\t mu* difficulty4 ,n[ z l9es ( ?is description tie ! troops d[n to a local def5ce1 & take away f !m all mobility1 !y are a bad & s5seless means to use aga9/ an ent]pris+ enemy4 ,if we f9d !m long reta9$ 9 mod]n w>s 9 spite ( ^! objections1 ! cause lies entirely 9 ! l[ degree ( en]gy impress$ on ! conduct ( w>1 "o consequ5ce ( :i* 01 t seem+ difficulties (t5 effect$ q z mu* z real ones4 ,besides1 9 mo/ campaigns ^! l9es 7 us$ m]ely = a second>y def5ce aga9/ irregul> incursions2 if !y h be5 f\nd n :olly inefficaci\s = t purpose1 we mu/ only keep 9 view1 at ! same "t1 h[ mu* m usefully ! troops requir$ = _! def5ce might h be5 employ$ at o!r po9ts4 ,9 ! late/ w>s su* l9es h be5 out ( ! "q1 nei!r d we f9d any trace ( !m2 & x is d\btful if !y w ev] re-appe>4 #b4 ,positions4--,! def5ce ( a tract ( c\ntry cont9ues 7z we %all %[ m pla9ly 9 ! #bg? *apt]7 z long z ! =ce designat$ = x ma9ta9s itself !re1 & only ceases if t =ce removes & ab&ons x4 ,if a =ce is to ma9ta9 itself 9 any di/rict ( c\ntry :i* is attack$ by v sup]ior =ces1 ! means ( protect+ ?is =ce aga9/ ! p[] ( ! sword by a position :i* is unassailable is a fir/ consid]ation4 ,n[ su* a position1 z be=e said1 mu/ be able to %[ a front 9 all directions2 & 9 con=mity ) ! usual ext5t ( tactical positions1 if ! =ce is n v l>ge 7& a l>ge =ce w\ld be contr>y to ! nature ( ! suppos$ case7 x w\ld take up a v small space1 :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ! combat1 w\ld be expos$ to s _m disadvantages t1 ev5 if /r5g!n$ 9 e possible way by entr5*m5ts1 we c\ld h>dly expect to make a successful def5ce4 ,su* a camp1 %[+ front 9 e direction1 mu/ !re=e necess>ily h an ext5t ( sides proportionably great2 b ^! sides mu/ likewise be z good z unassailable2 to give ?is requisite /r5g?1 not)/&+ ! requir$ ext5sion1 is n )9 ! compass ( ! art ( field =tification2 x is !re=e a fundam5tal condition t su* a camp mu/ d]ive "p ( its /r5g? f natural imp$im5ts ( gr\nd :i* r5d] _m places impassable & o!rs difficult to pass4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to be able to apply ?is def5sive means1 x is necess>y to f9d su* a spot1 & :5 t is want+1 ! object _c be atta9$ m]ely by field works4 ,^! consid]ations relate m imm$iately to tactical results 9 ord] t we may fir/ e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( ?is /rategic means2 we m5tion z examples = illu/ration1 ,pirna1 ,bunzelwitz1 ,colb]g1 ,torres ,v$ras1 & ,drissa4 ,n[1 z respects ! /rategic prop]ties & effects4 ,! fir/ condition is naturally t ! =ce :i* occupies ?is camp %all h its subsi/5ce secur$ = "s "t1 t is1 = z long z we ?9k ! camp w be requir$1 & ?is is only possible :5 ! position has beh9d x a port1 l ,colb]g & ,torres ,v$ras1 or /&s 9 connection ) a =tress l ,bunzelwitz & ,pirna1 or has l>ge depts )9 itself or 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 l ,drissa4 ,x is only 9 ! fir/ case t ! provision+ c be ensur$ = any "t we please2 9 ! second & ?ird cases1 x c only be s = a m or less limit$ "t1 s t 9 ?is po9t !re is always dang]4 ,f ?is appe>s h[ ! difficulty ( subsi/5ce deb>s ! use ( _m /rong po9ts :i* o!rwise w\ld be suitable = entr5*$ positions1 &1 !re=e1 makes ^? t are eligible sc>ce4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! eligibility ( a position ( ?is description1 its advantages & defects1 we mu/ ask ourselves :at ! aggressor c d aga9/ x4 a4 ,! assailant c pass by ?is /rong position1 pursue 8 ent]prise1 & wat* ! position ) a great] or less =ce4 ,we mu/ "h make a di/9ction betwe5 ! cases ( a position :i* is occupi$ by ! ma9 body1 & "o only occupi$ by an inf]ior =ce4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! pass+ by ! position c only b5efit ! assailant1 if1 besides ! pr9cipal =ce ( ! def5dant1 !re is also "s o!r atta9able & decisive object ( attack1 z1 = in/ance1 ! capture ( a =tress or a capital city1 etc4 ,b ev5 if !re is su* an object1 he c only foll[ x if ! /r5g? ( 8 base & ! direction ( 8 l9es ( communication are su* t he has no cause to fe> op]ations aga9/ 8 /rategic flanks4 ,! conclusions to be drawn f ?is ) respect to ! admissibility & eligibility ( a /rong position = ! ma9 body ( ! def5d]'s army are1 t x is only an advisable position :5 ei!r ! possibility ( op]at+ aga9/ ! /rategic flank ( ! aggressor is s decisive t we may be sure be=eh& ( be+ able 9 t way to keep him at a po9t :]e 8 army c effect no?+1 or 9 a case :]e !re is no object atta9able by ! aggressor = :i* ! def5ce ne$ be uneasy4 ,if !re is su* an object1 & ! /rategic flank ( ! assailant _c be s]i\sly m5ac$1 !n su* position %\ld n be tak5 up1 or if x is x %\ld only be z a fe9t to see :e!r ! assailant c be impos$ ^u respect+ its value2 ?is is always att5d$ ) ! dang]1 9 case ( failure1 ( be+ too late to rea* ! po9t :i* is ?reat5$4 ,if ! /rong position is only held by an inf]ior =ce1 !n ! aggressor c nev] be at a loss = a fur!r object ( attack1 because he has x 9 ! ma9 body itself ( ! enemy's army2 9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! value ( ! position is entirely limit$ to ! means :i* x af=ds ( op]at+ aga9/ ! enemy's /rategic flank1 & dep5ds ^u t condition4 b4 ,if ! assailant does n v5ture to pass by a position1 he c inve/ x & r$uce x by fam9e4 ,b ?is supposes two conditions be=eh&3 fir/1 t ! position is n op5 9 re>1 & secondly1 t ! assailant is suffici5tly /rong to be able to make su* an inve/m5t4 ,if ^! two conditions are unit$ !n ! assailant's army c]ta9ly w\ld be neutralis$ = a "t by ?is /rong position1 b at ! same "t1 ! def5sive pays ! price ( ?is advantage by a loss ( 8 def5sive =ce4 ,f ?is1 !re=e1 we d$uce t ! occupation ( su* a /rong position ) ! ma9 body is a measure only to be tak51-- aa4 ,:5 ! re> is p]fectly safe 7,torres ,v$ras74 bb4 ,:5 we =esee t ! enemy's =ce is n /rong en\gh =mally to inve/ u 9 our camp4 ,%\ld ! enemy attempt ! inve/m5t ) insuffici5t means1 !n we %\ld be able to sally out ( ! camp & beat him 9 detail4 cc4 ,:5 we c c\nt ^u relief l ! ,saxons at ,pirna1 #agef1 & z took place 9 ! ma9 at ,prague1 because ,prague c\ld only be reg>d$ z an entr5*$ camp 9 :i* ,pr9ce ,*>les w\ld n h all[$ himself to be %ut up if he _h n kn[n t ! ,moravian army c\ld lib]ate him4 ,"o ( ^! ?ree conditions is !re=e absolutely necess>y to ju/ify ! *oice ( a /rong position = ! ma9 body ( an army2 at ! same "t we mu/ add t ! two la/ are bord]+ on a great dang] = ! def5sive4 ,b if x is a "q ( expos+ an inf]ior corps to ! risk ( be+ sacrific$ = ! b5efit ( ! :ole1 !n ^! conditions disappe>1 & ! only po9t to decide is :e!r by su* a sacrifice a great] evil may be avoid$4 ,?is w seldom happ52 at ! same "t x is c]ta9ly n inconceivable4 ,! entr5*$ camp at ,pirna prev5t$ ,fr$]ick ! ,great f attack+ ,bohemia1 z he w\ld h done1 9 ! ye> #agef4 ,! ,au/rians 7 at t "t s little prep>$1 t ! loss ( t k+dom appe>s beyond d\bt2 & p]haps1 a great] loss ( m5 w\ld h be5 connect$ ) x ?an ! #ag1jjj alli$ troops :o capitulat$ 9 ! ,pirna camp4 c4 ,if none ( ^? possibilities specifi$ "u a & b are 9 fav\r ( ! aggressor2 if1 !re=e1 ! conditions :i* we h !re laid d[n = ! def5sive are fulfill$1 !n !re rema9s c]ta9ly no?+ to be done by ! assailant b to fix himself be=e ! position1 l a sett] be=e a covey ( birds1 to spread himself1 p]haps1 z mu* z possible by deta*m5ts ov] ! c\ntry1 & cont5t+ himself ) ^! small & indecisive advantages to leave ! real decision z to ! possession ( t]ritory to ! future4 ,9 ?is case ! position has fulfill$ its object4 #c4 ,entr5*$ camps ne> =tresses4--,!y belong1 z already said1 to ! class ( entr5*$ positions g5]ally1 9 s f>1 z !y h = _! object to cov] n a tract ( t]ritory1 b an arm$ =ce aga9/ a ho/ile attack1 & only diff] 9 reality f ! o!r 9 ?is1 t ) ! =tress !y make up an insep>able :ole1 by :i* !y naturally acquire mu* great] /r5g?4 ,b !re foll[s fur!r f ! above ! und]m5tion$ special po9ts4 a4 ,t !y may also h ! p>ticul> object ( r5d]+ ! siege ( ! =tress ei!r impossible or extremely difficult4 ,?is object may be wor? a great sacrifice ( troops if ! place is a port :i* _c be blockad$1 b 9 any o!r case we h to take c>e le/ ! place is "o :i* may be r$uc$ by hung] s soon t ! sacrifice ( any consid]able numb] ( troops is n ju/ifiable4 b4 ,entr5*$ camps c be =m$ ne> =tresses = small] bodies ( troops ?an ^? 9 ! op5 field4 ,f\r or five ?\s& m5 may be inv9cible "u ! walls ( a =tress1 :51 on ! contr>y1 9 ! /ronge/ camp 9 ! _w1 =m$ 9 ! op5 field1 !y w\ld be lo/4 c4 ,!y may be us$ = ! assembly & organisation ( =ces :i* h /ill too little solidity to be tru/$ 9 contact ) ! enemy1 )\t ! support af=d$ by ! works ( ! place1 z = example1 recruits1 militia1 national levies1 etc4 ,!y might1 !re=e1 be recomm5d$ z a v useful measure1 9 _m ways1 if !y _h n ! imm5se disadvantage ( injur+ ! =tress1 m or less1 :5 !y _c be occupi$2 & to provide ! =tress always ) a g>rison1 9 "s measure suffici5t to occupy ! camp also1 w\ld be mu* too on]\s a condition4 ,we are1 !re=e1 v mu* incl9$ to consid] !m only advisable = places on a sea coa/1 & z m injuri\s ?an useful 9 all o!r cases4 ,if1 9 conclusion1 we %\ld summ>ise our op9ion 9 a g5]al view1 !n /rong & entr5*$ positions are-- #a4 ,! m requisite ! small] ! c\ntry1 ! less ! space af=d$ = a retreat4 #b4 ,! less dang]\s ! m surely we c reckon on succ\r+ or reliev+ !m by o!r =ces1 or by ! inclem5cy ( season1 or by a ris+ ( ! nation1 or by want1 c4 #c4 ,! m efficaci\s1 ! weak] ! elem5t>y =ce ( ! enemy's attack4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,flank ,positions ,we h only allott$ to ?is prom95t conception1 9 ! _w ( ord9>y milit>y !ory1 a special *apt] 9 diction>y fa%ion1 t x may ! m easily be f\nd2 = we d n believe t any?+ indep5d5t 9 itself is d5ot$ by ! t]m4 ,e position :i* is to be held1 ev5 if ! enemy passes by x1 is a flank position2 = f ! mom5t t he does s x c h no o!r efficacy b t :i* x ex]cises on ! enemy's /rategic flank4 ,!re=e1 necess>ily1 all /rong positions are flank positions z well2 = z !y _c be attack$1 ! enemy accord+ly is driv5 to pass !m by1 !re=e !y c only h a value by _! influ5ce on 8 /rategic flank4 ,! direction ( ! prop] front ( a /rong position is q immat]ial1 :e!r x runs p>allel ) ! enemy's /rategic flank1 z ,colb]g1 or at "r angles z ,bunzelwitz & ,drissa1 = a /rong position mu/ front e way4 ,b x may also be desirable /ill to ma9ta9 a position :i* is n unassailable1 ev5 if ! enemy passes by x1 %\ld its situation1 = in/ance1 give u su* a prepond]at+ advantage 9 ! comp>ative relations ( ! l9es ( retreat & communication1 t we c n only make an efficaci\s attack on ! /rategic flank ( ! advanc+ enemy1 b also t ! enemy al>m$ = 8 own retreat is unable to seize ours entirely2 = if t la/ is n ! case1 !n because our position is n a /rong1 t is n an unassailable "o1 we %\ld run ! risk ( be+ oblig$ to fight )\t hav+ ! comm& ( any retreat4 ,! ye> #ahjf af=ds an example :i* ?r[s a light on ?is4 ,! disposition ( ! ,prussian army1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,saal1 might 9 respect to ,buonap>te's advance by ,h(1 h become 9 e s5se a flank position1 if ! army _h be5 drawn up ) its front p>allel to ! ,saal1 & !re1 9 t position1 wait$ ! progress ( ev5ts4 ,if !re _h n be5 "h su* a disproportion ( moral & physical p[]s1 if !re _h only be5 a ,daun at ! head ( ! ,fr5* army1 !n ! ,prussian position might h %[n its efficacy by a mo/ brilliant result4 ,to pass x by 0 q impossible2 t 0 ackn[l$g$ by ,buonap>te1 by 8 resolution to attack x2 9 sev]+ f x ! l9e ( retreat ev5 ,buonap>te himself did n completely succe$1 & if ! disproportion 9 physical & moral relations _h n be5 q s great1 t w\ld h be5 j z little practicable z ! pass+ x by1 = ! ,prussian army 0 9 mu* less dang] f its left w+ be+ ov]p[]$ ?an ! ,fr5* army w\ld h be5 by ! defeat ( _! left w+4 ,ev5 ) ! disproportion ( physical & moral p[] z x exi/$1 a resolute & sagaci\s ex]cise ( ! comm& w\ld /ill h giv5 great hopes ( a victory4 ,!re 0 no?+ to prev5t ! ,duke ( ,brunswick f mak+ arrangem5ts on ! #ac?1 s t on ! morn+ ( ! #ad?1 at day-break1 he might h oppos$ #hj1jjj m5 to ! #fj1jjj ) :i* ,buonap>te pass$ ! ,saal1 ne> ,j5a & ,dornburg4 ,_h ev5 ?is sup]iority 9 numb]s1 & ! /eep valley ( ! ,saal beh9d ! ,fr5* n be5 suffici5t to procure a decisive victory1 /ill x 0 a =tunate concurr5ce ( circum/ances1 & if ) su* advantages no successful decision c\ld be ga9$1 no decision 0 to be expect$ 9 t di/rict ( c\ntry2 & we %\ld1 !re=e1 h retreat$ fur!r1 9 ord] to ga9 re9=cem5ts & weak5 ! enemy4 ,! ,prussian position on ! ,saal1 !re=e1 al?\gh assailable1 might h be5 reg>d$ z a flank position 9 respect to ! great road ?r\gh ,h(2 b l e position :i* c be attack$1 t prop]ty is n to be attribut$ to x absolutely1 because x w\ld only h become s if ! enemy _h n attempt$ to attack x4 ,/ill less w\ld x bespeak a cle> idea if ^? positions :i* _c be ma9ta9$ aft] ! enemy has pass$ by !m1 & f :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( t1 ! def5sive seeks to attack ! assailant's flank1 7 call$ flank positions m]ely because 8 attack is direct$ aga9/ a flank2 = ?is flank attack has h>dly any?+ to d ) ! position itself1 or1 at lea/1 is n ma9ly produc$ by its prop]ties1 z is ! case 9 ! action aga9/ a /rategic flank4 ,x appe>s f ?is t !re is no?+ new to e/abli% ) reg>d to ! prop]ties ( a flank position4 ,a few words only on ! "* ( ! measure may prop]ly be introduc$ "h2 we set aside1 h[ev]1 completely /rong positions 9 ! true s5se1 z we h said en\gh ab\t !m already4 ,a flank position :i* is n assailable is an extremely efficaci\s in/rum5t1 b c]ta9ly j on t acc\nt a dang]\s "o4 ,if ! assailant is *eck$ by x1 !n we h obta9$ a great effect by a small exp5diture ( =ce2 x is ! pressure ( ! f+] on ! long lev] ( a %>p bit4 ,b if ! effect is too insignificant1 if ! assailant is n /opp$1 !n ! def5sive has m or less imp]ill$ 8 retreat1 & mu/ seek to escape ei!r 9 ha/e & by a det\r--consequ5tly "u v unfav\rable circum/ances1 or he is 9 dang] ( be+ compell$ to fight )\t any l9e ( retreat be+ op5 to him4 ,aga9/ a bold adv]s>y1 hav+ ! moral sup]iority1 & seek+ a decisive solution1 ?is means is !re=e extremely haz>d\s & entirely out ( place1 z %[n by ! example ( #ahjf above quot$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 us$ aga9/ a cauti\s oppon5t 9 a w> ( m]e obs]vation1 x may be reckon$ "o ( ! be/ means :i* ! def5sive c adopt4 ,! ,duke ,f]d9&'s def5ce ( ! ,wes] by 8 position on ! left bank1 & ! well-kn[n positions ( ,s*motseif5 & ,l&%ut are examples ( ?is2 only ! latt]1 x is true1 by ! cata/rophe :i* befell ,f\qu's corps 9 #agfj1 also %[s ! dang] ( a false application4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,def5ce ( ,m\nta9s ,! influ5ce ( m\nta9s on ! conduct ( w> is v great2 ! subject1 !re=e1 is v important = !ory4 ,z ?is influ5ce introduces into action a ret>d+ pr9ciple1 x belongs *iefly to ! def5sive4 ,we %all !re=e discuss x "h 9 a wid] s5se ?an t convey$ by ! simple conception1 def5ce ( m\nta9s4 ,z we h discov]$ 9 our consid]ation ( ! subject results :i* run c\nt] to g5]al op9ion 9 _m po9ts1 we %all !re=e be oblig$ to ent] into r an elaborate analysis ( x4 ,we %all fir/ exam9e ! tactical nature ( ! subject1 9 ord] to ga9 ! po9t :]e x connects itself ) /rategy4 ,! endless difficulty att5d+ ! m>* ( l>ge columns on m\nta9 roads1 ! extraord9>y /r5g? :i* a small po/ obta9s by a /eep sc>p cov]+ its front1 & by rav9es "r & left support+ its flanks1 are unque/ionably ! pr9cipal causes :y su* efficacy & /r5g? are univ]sally attribut$ to ! def5ce ( m\nta9s1 s t no?+ b ! peculi>ities 9 armam5t & tactics at c]ta9 p]iods has prev5t$ l>ge masses ( combatants f engag+ 9 x4 ,:5 a column1 w9d+ l a s]p5t1 toils its way ?r\gh n>r[ rav9es up to ! top ( a m\nta91 & passes ov] x at a snail's pace1 artill]y & tra9-driv]s1 ) oa?s & %\ts1 flogg+ _! ov]-driv5 cattle ?r\gh ! n>r[ rugg$ roads1 ea* brok5 waggon has to be got out ( ! way ) indescribable tr\ble1 :il/ all beh9d are deta9$1 curs+ & blasphem+1 e "o !n ?9ks to himself1 ,n[ if ! enemy %\ld appe> ) only a few hundr$ m51 he might disp]se ! :ole4 ,f ?is has orig9at$ ! expression us$ by hi/orical writ]s1 :5 !y describe a n>r[ pass z a place :]e 8a h&ful ( m5 might keep an army 9 *eck40 ,at ! same "t1 e "o :o has _h any exp]i5ce 9 w> kn[s1 or ought to "k1 t su* a m>* ?r\gh m\nta9s has little or no?+ 9 common ) ! attack ( ^! same m\nta9s1 & t !re=e to inf] f ! difficulty ( m>*+ ?r\gh m\nta9s t ! difficulty ( attack+ !m mu/ be mu* great] is a false conclusion4 ,x is natural en\gh t an inexp]i5c$ p]son %\ld ?us argue1 & x is almo/ z natural t ! art ( w> itself = a c]ta9 "t %\ld h be5 entangl$ 9 ! same error1 = ! fact :i* x relat$ to 0 almo/ z new at t "t to ^? accu/om$ to w> z to ! un9itiat$4 ,be=e ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 ow+ to ! deep ord] ( battle1 ! num]\s cavalry1 ! rude fire-arms1 & o!r peculi>ities1 x 0 q unusual to make use ( =midable ob/acles ( gr\nd 9 w>1 & a =mal def5ce ( m\nta9s1 at lea/ by regul> troops1 0 almo/ impossible4 ,x 0 n until a m ext5d$ ord] ( battle 0 introduc$1 & t infantry & _! arms became ! *ief "p ( an army1 t ! use :i* might be made ( hills & valleys occurr$ to m5's m9ds4 ,b x 0 n until a hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds1 or ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t ! idea became fully develop$4 ,! second circum/ance1 namely1 ! great def5sive capability :i* might be giv5 to a small po/ plant$ on a po9t difficult ( access1 0 /ill m suit$ to lead to an exagg]at$ idea ( ! /r5g? ( m\nta9 def5ces4 ,! op9ion arose t x 0 only necess>y to multiply su* a po/ by a c]ta9 numb] to make an army out ( a battalion1 a *a9 ( m\nta9s out ( a m\nta94 ,x is und5iable t a small po/ acquires an extraord9>y /r5g? by select+ a good position 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry4 ,a small detat*m5t1 :i* w\ld be driv5 (f 9 ! level c\ntry by a c\ple ( squadrons1 & ?9k itself lucky to save itself f r\t or capture by a ha/y retreat1 c 9 ! m\nta9s /& up be=e a :ole army1 &1 z "o might say1 ) a k9d ( tactical effront]y exact ! milit>y hon\r ( a regul> attack1 ( hav+ its flank turn$1 etc41 etc4 ,h[ x obta9s ?is def5sive p[]1 by ob/acles to approa*1 po9ts d'appui = its flanks1 & new positions :i* x f9ds on its retreat1 is a subject = tactics to expla92 we accept x z an e/abli%$ fact4 ,x 0 v natural to believe t a numb] ( su* po/s plac$ 9 a l9e w\ld give a v /rong1 almo/ unassailable front1 & all t rema9$ to be done 0 to prev5t ! position f be+ turn$ by ext5d+ x "r & left until ei!r flank-supports 7 met ) comm5surate ) ! importance ( ! :ole1 or until ! ext5t ( ! position itself gave security aga9/ turn+ movem5ts4 ,a m\nta9\s c\ntry specially invites su* a c\rse by pres5t+ su* a succession ( def5sive positions1 ea* "o app>5tly bett] ?an ano!r1 t "o does n "k :]e to /op2 & !re=e x end$ 9 all & e approa* to ! m\nta9s )9 a c]ta9 di/ance be+ gu>d$1 ) a view to def5ce1 & t5 or fifte5 s+le po/s1 ?us spread ov] a space ( ab\t t5 miles or m1 7 suppos$ to bid defiance to t odi\s turn+ movem5t4 ,n[ z ! connection betwe5 ^! po/s 0 consid]$ suffici5tly secure by ! int]v5+ spaces1 be+ gr\nd ( an impassable nature 7columns at t "t n be+ able to quit ! regul> roads71 x 0 ?\ght a wall ( brass 0 ?us pres5t$ to ! enemy4 ,z an extra precaution1 a few battalions1 "s horse artill]y1 & a doz5 squadrons ( cavalry1 =m$ a res]ve to provide aga9/ ! ev5t ( ! l9e be+ unexpect$ly bur/ ?r\gh at any po9t4 ,no "o w d5y t ! preval5ce ( ?is idea is %[n by hi/ory1 & x is n c]ta9 t at ?is day we are completely emancipat$ f ^! errors4 ,! c\rse ( improvem5t 9 tactics s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 ) ! ev] increas+ /r5g? ( armies1 likewise contribut$ to br+ m\nta9\s di/ricts 9 ?is s5se m )9 ! scope ( milit>y action4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( m\nta9 def5ce is its complete passivity2 9 ?is light ! t5d5cy t[>ds ! def5ce ( m\nta9s 0 v natural be=e armies atta9$ to _! pres5t capability ( movem5t4 ,b armies 7 con/antly becom+ great]1 & on acc\nt ( ! effect ( fire-arms began to ext5d m & m into long ?9 l9es connect$ ) a great deal ( art1 & on t acc\nt v difficult1 (t5 almo/ impossible1 to move4 ,to dispose1 9 ord] ( battle1 su* an arti/ic ma*9e1 0 (t5 half a day's "w1 & half ! battle2 & almo/ all :i* is n[ att5d$ to 9 ! prelim9>y plan ( ! battle 0 includ$ 9 ?is fir/ disposition or draw+ up4 ,aft] ?is "w 0 done x 0 !re=e difficult to make any modifications to suit new circum/ances :i* might spr+ up2 f ?is x foll[$ t ! assailant1 be+ ! la/ to =m 8 l9e ( battle1 naturally adapt$ x to ! ord] ( battle adopt$ by ! enemy1 )\t ! latt] be+ able 9 turn to modify 8 9 accordance4 ,! attack ?us acquir$ a g5]al sup]iority1 & ! def5sive _h no o!r means ( re9/at+ ! balance ?an t ( seek+ protection f ! imp$im5ts ( gr\nd1 & = ?is no?+ 0 s fav\rable 9 g5]al z m\nta9\s gr\nd4 ,?us x became an object to c\ple1 z x 71 ! army ) a =midable ob/acle ( gr\nd1 & ! two unit$ !n made common cause4 ,! battalion def5d$ ! m\nta91 & ! m\nta9 ! battalion2 s ! passive def5ce ?r\gh ! aid ( m\nta9\s gr\nd became highly efficaci\s1 & !re 0 no o!r evil 9 ! ?+ itself except t x entail$ a great] loss ( fre$om ( movem5t1 b ( t quality !y did n und]/& ! p>ticul> use at t "t4 ,:5 two antagoni/ic sy/ems act ^u ea* o!r1 ! expos$1 t is1 ! weak po9t on ! "o side always draws ^u itself ! bl[s f ! o!r side4 ,if ! def5sive becomes fix$1 & z x 71 spell-b\nd 9 po/s1 :i* are 9 !mselves /rong1 & c n be tak51 ! aggressor !n becomes bold 9 turn+ movem5ts1 because he has no appreh5sion ab\t 8 own flanks4 ,?is is :at took place--,! turn+1 z x 0 call$1 soon became ! ord] ( ! day3 to c\nt]act ?is1 positions 7 ext5d$ m & m2 !y 7 ?us weak5$ 9 front1 & ! (f5sive sudd5ly turn$ ^u t "p3 in/ead ( try+ to outflank by ext5d+1 ! assailant n[ conc5trat$ 8 masses = attack at "s "o po9t1 & ! l9e 0 brok54 ,?is is ne>ly :at took place 9 reg>d to m\nta9 def5ces accord+ to ! late/ mod]n hi/ory4 ,! (f5sive _h ?us aga9 ga9$ a prepond]ance ?r\gh ! great] mobility ( troops2 & x 0 only ?r\gh ! same means t ! def5ce c\ld seek = help4 ,b m\nta9\s gr\nd by its nature is oppos$ to mobility1 & ?us ! :ole !ory ( m\nta9 def5ce exp]i5c$1 if we may use ! expression1 a defeat l t :i* ! armies engag$ 9 x 9 ! ,revolution>y w> s (t5 suff]$4 ,b t we may n reject ! good ) ! bad1 & all[ ourselves to be c>ri$ along by ! /ream ( commonplace to ass]tions :i*1 9 actual exp]i5ce1 w\ld be refut$ a ?\s& times by ! =ce ( circum/ances1 we mu/ di/+ui% ! effects ( m\nta9 def5ce accord+ to ! nature ( ! cases4 ,! pr9cipal "q to be decid$ "h1 & t :i* ?r[s ! greate/ light ov] ! :ole subject is1 :e!r ! resi/ance :i* is int5d$ by ! def5ce ( m\nta9s is to be relative or absolute--:e!r x is only int5d$ to la/ = a "t1 or is meant to end 9 a decisive victory4 ,= a resi/ance ( ! fir/ k9d m\nta9\s gr\nd is 9 a high degree suitable1 & introduces into x a v p[]ful elem5t ( /r5g?2 = "o ( ! latt] k9d1 on ! contr>y1 x is 9 g5]al n at all suitable1 or only s 9 "s special cases4 ,9 m\nta9s e movem5t is sl[] & m difficult1 co/s also m "t1 & m m5 z well1 if )9 ! sph]e ( dang]4 ,b ! loss ( ! assailant 9 "t & m5 is ! /&>d by :i* ! def5sive resi/ance is measur$4 ,z long z ! movem5t is all on ! side ( ! (f5sive s long ! def5sive has a m>k$ advantage2 b z soon z ! def5sive resorts to ?is pr9ciple ( movem5t also1 t advantage ceases4 ,n[ f ! nature ( ! ?+1 t is to say1 on tactical gr\nds1 a relative resi/ance all[s ( a mu* great] degree ( passivity ?an "o :i* is int5d$ to lead to a decisive result1 & x all[s ?is passivity to be c>ri$ to an extreme1 t is1 to ! end ( ! combat1 :i* 9 ! o!r case c nev] happ54 ,! imp$+ elem5t ( m\nta9 gr\nd1 :i* z a m$ium ( great] d5sity weak5s all positive activity1 is1 !re=e1 completely suit$ to ! passive def5ce4 ,we h already said t a small po/ acquires an extraord9>y /r5g? by ! nature ( ! gr\nd2 b al?\gh ?is tactical result 9 g5]al requires no fur!r pro(1 we mu/ add to :at we h said "s explanation4 ,we mu/ be c>eful "h to draw a di/9ction betwe5 :at is relatively & :at is absolutely small4 ,if a body ( troops1 let its size be :at x may1 isolates a portion ( itself 9 a position1 ?is portion may possibly be expos$ to ! attack ( ! :ole body ( ! enemy's troops1 !re=e ( a sup]ior =ce1 9 opposition to :i* x is itself small4 ,!re1 z a rule1 no absolute b only a relative def5ce c be ! object4 ,! small] ! po/ 9 relation to ! :ole body f :i* x is deta*$ & 9 relation to ! :ole body ( ! enemy1 ! m ?is applies4 ,b a po/ also :i* is small 9 an absolute s5se1 t is1 "o :i* is n oppos$ by an enemy sup]ior to itself1 & :i*1 !re=e1 may aspire to an absolute def5ce1 a real victory1 w be inf9itely bett] (f 9 m\nta9s ?an a l>ge army1 & c d]ive m advantage f ! gr\nd z we %all %[ fur!r on4 ,our conclusion1 !re=e1 is1 t a small po/ 9 m\nta9s possesses great /r5g?4 ,h[ ?is may be ( decisive utility 9 all cases :i* dep5d entirely on a relative def5ce is pla9 ( itself2 b w x be ( ! same decisive utility = ! absolute def5ce by a :ole army8 ,?is is ! "q :i* we n[ propose to exam9e4 ,fir/ ( all we ask :e!r a front l9e compos$ ( sev]al po/s has1 z has hi!rto be5 assum$1 ! same /r5g? proportionally z ea* po/ s+ly4 ,?is is c]ta9ly n ! case1 & to suppose s w\ld involve "o ( two errors4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a c\ntry )\t roads is (t5 conf\nd$ ) "o :i* is q impassable4 ,:]e a column1 or :]e artill]y & cavalry _c m>*1 infantry may /ill1 9 g5]al1 be able to pass1 & ev5 artill]y may (t5 be br\ght !re z well1 = ! movem5ts made 9 a battle by excessive ef=ts ( %ort duration are n to be judg$ ( by ! same scale z m>*es4 ,! secure connection ( ! s+le po/s ) "o ano!r re/s !re=e on an illusion1 & ! flanks are 9 reality 9 dang]4 ,or next x is suppos$1 a l9e ( small po/s1 :i* are v /rong 9 front1 are also equally /rong on _! flanks1 because a rav9e1 a precipice1 etc41 etc41 =m excell5t supports = a small po/4 ,b :y are !y s8--n because !y make x impossible to turn ! po/1 b because !y cause ! enemy an exp5diture ( "t & ( =ce1 :i* gives scope = ! effectual action ( ! po/4 ,! enemy :o1 9 spite ( ! difficulty ( ! gr\nd1 wi%es1 & 9 fact is oblig$1 to turn su* a po/1 because ! front is unassailable requires1 p]haps1 half-a-day to execute 8 purpose1 & _c aft] all accompli% x )\t "s loss ( m54 ,n[ if su* a po/ c be succ\r$1 or if x is only design$ to resi/ = a c]ta9 space ( "t1 or la/ly1 if x is able to cope ) ! enemy1 !n ! flank supports h done _! "p1 & we may say ! position _h n only a /rong front1 b /rong flanks z well4 ,b x is n ! same if x is a "q ( a l9e ( po/s1 =m+ "p ( an ext5d$ m\nta9 position4 ,none ( ^! ?ree conditions are realis$ 9 t case4 ,! enemy attacks "o po9t ) an ov]:elm+ =ce1 ! support 9 re> is p]haps slight1 & yet x is a "q ( absolute resi/ance4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! flank supports ( su* po/s are wor? no?+4 ,^u a weak po9t l ?is ! attack usually directs its bl[s4 ,! assault ) conc5trat$1 & !re=e v sup]ior =ces1 ^u a po9t 9 front1 may c]ta9ly be met by a resi/ance1 :i* is v viol5t z reg>ds t po9t1 b :i* is unimportant z reg>ds ! :ole4 ,aft] x is ov]come1 ! l9e is pi]c$1 & ! object ( ! attack atta9$4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! relative resi/ance 9 m\nta9 w>f>e is1 9 g5]al1 great] ?an 9 a level c\ntry1 t x is comp>atively greate/ 9 small po/s1 & does n increase 9 ! same measure z ! masses increase4 ,let u n[ turn to ! real object ( great battles g5]ally--to ! positive victory :i* may also be ! object 9 ! def5ce ( m\nta9s4 ,if ! :ole mass1 or ! pr9cipal "p ( ! =ce1 is employ$ = t purpose1 !n ! def5ce ( m\nta9s *anges itself eo ipso into a def5sive battle 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,a battle1 t is ! application ( all our p[]s to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy is n[ ! =m1 a victory ! object ( ! combat4 ,! def5ce ( m\nta9s :i* takes place 9 ?is combat1 appe>s n[ a subord9ate consid]ation1 = x is no long] ! object1 x is only ! means4 ,n[ 9 ?is view1 h[ does ! gr\nd 9 m\nta9s answ] to ! object8 ,! "* ( a def5sive battle is a passive reaction 9 front1 & an increas$ active reaction 9 re>2 b = ?is ! gr\nd 9 m\nta9s is a p>alys+ pr9ciple4 ,!re are two reasons = ?is3 fir/1 want ( roads af=d+ means ( rapidly mov+ 9 all directions1 f ! re> t[>ds ! front1 & ev5 ! sudd5 tactical attack is hamp]$ by ! unev5ness ( gr\nd2 secondly1 a free view ov] ! c\ntry1 & ! enemy's movem5ts is n to be _h4 ,! gr\nd 9 m\nta9s1 !re=e1 ensures 9 ?is case to ! enemy ! same advantages :i* x gave to u 9 ! front1 & dead5s all ! bett] half ( ! resi/ance4 ,to ?is is to be add$ a ?ird objection1 namely ! dang] ( be+ cut (f4 ,mu* z a m\nta9\s c\ntry is fav\rable to a retreat1 made "u a pressure ex]t$ along ! :ole front1 & great z may be ! loss ( "t to an enemy :o makes a turn+ movem5t 9 su* a c\ntry1 /ill ^! aga9 are only advantages 9 ! case ( a relative def5ce1 advantages :i* h no connection ) ! decisive battle1 ! resi/ance to ! la/ extremity4 ,! resi/ance w la/ c]ta9ly some:at long]1 t is until ! enemy has rea*$ a po9t ) 8 flank-columns :i* m5aces or completely b>s our retreat4 ,once he has ga9$ su* a po9t !n relief is a ?+ h>dly possible4 ,no act ( ! (f5sive :i* we c make f ! re> c drive him out aga9 f ! po9ts :i* ?reat5 u2 no desp]ate assault ) our :ole mass c cle> ! passage :i* he blocks4 ,:oev] ?9ks he discov]s 9 ?is a contradiction1 & believes t ! advantages :i* ! assailant has 9 m\nta9 w>f>e1 mu/ also accrue to ! def5sive 9 an attempt to cut 8 way ?r\gh1 =gets ! diff]5ce ( circum/ances4 ,! corps :i* opposes ! passage is n engag$ 9 an absolute def5ce1 a few h\rs' resi/ance w probably be suffici5t2 x is1 !re=e1 9 ! situation ( a small po/4 ,besides ?is1 its oppon5t is no long] 9 full possession ( all 8 fight+ p[]s2 he is ?r[n into disord]1 wants ammunition1 etc4 ,!re=e1 9 any view1 ! *ance ( cutt+ ?r\gh is small1 & ?is is ! dang] t ! def5sive fe>s above all2 ?is fe> is at "w ev5 dur+ ! battle1 & en]vates e fibre ( ! /ruggl+ a?lete4 ,a n]v\s s5sibility spr+s up on ! flanks1 & e small deta*m5t :i* ! aggressor makes a display ( on any wood$ em95ce 9 our re>1 is = him a new lev]1 help+ on ! victory4 ,^! disadvantages w1 = ! mo/ "p1 disappe>1 leav+ all ! advantages1 if ! def5ce ( a m\nta9 di/rict consi/s 9 ! conc5trat$ disposition ( ! army on an ext5sive m\nta9 plateau4 ,!re we may imag9e a v /rong front2 flanks v difficult ( approa*1 & yet ! mo/ p]fect fre$om ( movem5t1 bo? )9 & 9 re> ( ! position4 ,su* a position w\ld be "o ( ! /ronge/ t !re c be1 b x is little m ?an an illusion1 = al?\gh mo/ m\nta9s are m easily trav]s$ along _! cre/s ?an on _! declivities1 yet mo/ plateaux ( m\nta9s are ei!r too small = su* a purpose1 or !y h no prop] "r to be call$ plateaux1 & are s t]m$ m 9 a geological1 ?an 9 a geometrical s5se4 ,= small] bodies ( troops1 ! disadvantages ( a def5sive position 9 m\nta9s dim9i% z we h already rem>k$4 ,! cause ( ?is is1 t su* bodies take up less space1 & require few] roads = retreat1 etc41 etc4 ,a s+le hill is n a m\nta9 sy/em1 & has n ! same disadvantages4 ,! small] ! =ce1 ! m easily x c e/abli% itself on a s+le ridge or hill1 & ! less w be ! necessity = x to get entangl$ 9 ! intricacies ( c\ntless /eep m\nta9 gorges4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,def5ce ( ,m\nta9s 7,cont9u$7 ,we n[ proce$ to ! /rategic use ( ! tactical results develop$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,we make a di/9ction betwe5 ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,a m\nta9\s di/rict z a battle-field4 #b4 ,! influ5ce :i* ! possession ( x ex]cises on o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 #c4 ,its effect z a /rategic b>ri]4 #d4 ,! att5tion :i* x dem&s 9 respect to ! supply ( ! troops4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important ( ^! heads1 we mu/ aga9 subdivide z foll[s3 a4 ,a g5]al action4 b4 ,inf]ior combats4 #a4 ,a m\nta9 sy/em z a battle-field4 ,we h %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt] h[ unfav\rable m\nta9 gr\nd is to ! def5sive 9 a decisive battle1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ mu* x fav\rs ! assailant4 ,?is runs exactly c\nt] to ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion2 b !n h[ _m o!r ?+s !re are :i* g5]al op9ion confuses2 h[ little does x draw di/9ctions betwe5 ?+s :i* are ( ! mo/ opposite nature6 ,f ! p[]ful resi/ance :i* small bodies ( troops may (f] 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 common op9ion becomes impress$ ) an idea t all m\nta9 def5ce is extremely /rong1 & is a/oni%$ :5 any "o d5ies t ?is great /r5g? is communicat$ to ! greate/ act ( all def5ce1 ! def5sive battle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is in/antly ready1 :5ev] a battle is lo/ by ! def5sive 9 m\nta9 w>f>e1 to po9t out ! inconceivable error ( a sy/em ( cordon w>1 )\t any reg>d to ! fact t 9 ! nature ( ?+s su* a sy/em is unavoidable 9 m\nta9 w>f>e4 ,we d n hesitate to put ourselves 9 direct opposition to su* an op9ion1 & at ! same "t we mu/ m5tion1 t to our great satisfaction1 we h f\nd our views support$ 9 ! works ( an au?or ^: op9ion ought to h great weight 9 ?is matt]2 we allude to ! hi/ory ( ! campaigns ( #agif & #agig1 by ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 himself a good hi/orical writ]1 a good critic1 & above all1 a good g5]al4 ,we c only *>act]ise x z a lam5table position :5 ! weak] def5d]1 :o has labori\sly1 by ! greate/ ef=t1 assembl$ all 8 =ces1 9 ord] to make ! assailant feel ! effect ( 8 love ( ,fa!rl&1 ( 8 en?usiasm & 8 ability1 9 a decisive battle :5 he on :om e eye is fix$ 9 anxi\s expectation1 hav+ betak5 himself to ! obscurity ( ?ickly veil$ m\nta9s1 & hamp]$ 9 e movem5t by ! ob/9ate gr\nd1 /&s expos$ to ! ?\s& possible =ms ( attack :i* 8 p[]ful adv]s>y c use aga9/ him4 ,only t[>ds "o s+le side is !re /ill left an op5 field = 8 intellig5ce1 & t is 9 mak+ all possible use ( e ob/acle ( gr\nd2 b ?is leads close to ! bord]s ( ! disa/r\s w> ( cordons1 :i*1 "u all circum/ances1 is to be avoid$4 ,v f> !re=e f see+ a refuge = ! def5sive1 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 :5 a decisive battle is s\ght1 we %\ld r advise a g5]al 9 su* a case to avoid su* a field by e possible means4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t ?is is sometimes impossible2 b ! battle w !n necess>ily h a v diff]5t "* f "o 9 a level c\ntry3 ! disposition ( ! troops w be mu* m ext5d$ 9 mo/ cases twice or ?ree times ! l5g?2 ! resi/ance m passive1 ! c\nt] bl[ mu* less effective4 ,^! are influ5ces ( m\nta9 gr\nd :i* are inevitable2 /ill1 9 su* a battle ! def5sive is n to be conv]t$ into a m]e def5ce ( m\nta9s2 ! pr$om9at+ "* mu/ be a conc5trat$ ord] ( battle 9 ! m\nta9s1 9 :i* ev]y?+ unites into "o battle1 & passes z mu* z possible "u ! eye ( "o comm&]1 & 9 :i* !re are suffici5t res]ves to make ! decision some?+ m ?an a m]e w>d+ (f1 a m]e hold+ up ( ! %ield4 ,?is condition is indisp5sable1 b difficult to realise2 & ! drift+ into ! pure def5ce ( m\nta9s comes s naturally1 t we _c be surpris$ at its (t5 happ5+2 ! dang] 9 ?is is s great t !ory _c too urg5tly raise a w>n+ voice4 ,?us mu* z to a decisive battle ) ! ma9 body ( ! army4 ,= combats ( m9or significance & importance1 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 on ! o!r h&1 may be v fav\rable1 because ! ma9 po9t 9 !m is n absolute def5ce1 & because no decisive results are c\pl$ ) !m4 ,we may make ?is pla9] by enum]at+ ! objects ( ?is reaction4 a4 ,m]ely to ga9 "t4 ,?is motive occurs a hundr$ times3 always 9 ! case ( a def5sive l9e =m$ ) ! view ( obs]vation2 besides t1 9 all cases 9 :i* a re9=cem5t is expect$4 b4 ,! repulse ( a m]e demon/ration or m9or ent]prise ( ! enemy4 ,if a prov9ce is gu>d$ by m\nta9s :i* are def5d$ by troops1 !n ?is def5ce1 h[ev] weak1 w always suffice to prev5t p>tisan attacks & exp$itions int5d$ to plund] ! c\ntry4 ,)\t ! m\nta9s1 su* a weak *a9 ( po/s w\ld be useless4 c4 ,to make demon/rations on our own "p4 ,x w be "s "t yet be=e g5]al op9ion ) respect to m\nta9s w be br\ght to ! "r po9t2 until !n an enemy may at any "t be met ) :o is afraid ( !m1 & %r9ks back f !m 9 8 und]tak+s4 ,9 su* a case1 !re=e1 ! pr9cipal body may also be us$ = ! def5ce ( a m\nta9 sy/em4 ,9 w>s c>ri$ on ) little en]gy or movem5t1 ?is /ate ( ?+s w (t5 happ52 b x mu/ always be a condition !n t we nei!r design to accept a g5]al action 9 ?is m\nta9 position1 nor c be compell$ to d s4 d4 ,9 g5]al1 a m\nta9\s c\ntry is suit$ = all positions 9 :i* we d n int5d to accept any great battle1 = ea* ( ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! army is /rong] !re1 & x is only ! :ole t is weak]2 besides1 9 su* a position1 x is n s easy to be sudd5ly attack$ & =c$ into a decisive battle4 e4 ,la/ly1 a m\nta9\s c\ntry is ! true region = ! ef=ts ( a p 9 arms4 ,b :ile national ris+s %\ld always be support$ by small bodies ( regul> troops1 on ! o!r h&1 ! proximity ( a great army seems to h an unfav\rable effect ^u movem5ts ( ?is k9d2 ?is motive1 !re=e1 z a rule1 w nev] give occasion = transf]r+ ! :ole army to ! m\nta9s4 ,?us mu* = m\nta9s 9 connection ) ! positions :i* may be tak5 up !re = battle4 #b4 ,! influ5ce ( m\nta9s on o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,because1 z we h se51 x is s easy 9 m\nta9\s gr\nd to secure a consid]able tract ( t]ritory by small po/s1 s weak 9 numb]s t 9 a di/rict easily trav]s$ !y c\ld n ma9ta9 !mselves1 & w\ld be cont9ually expos$ to dang]2 because e /ep =w>d 9 m\nta9s :i* h be5 occupi$ by ! enemy mu/ be made mu* m sl[ly ?an 9 a level c\ntry1 & !re=e _c be made at ! same rate ) him !re=e ! "q1 ,:o is 9 possession8 is also mu* m important 9 ref]5ce to m\nta9s ?an to any o!r tract ( c\ntry ( equal ext5t4 ,9 an op5 c\ntry1 ! possession may *ange f day to day4 ,! m]e advance ( /rong deta*m5ts compels ! enemy to give up ! c\ntry we want to occupy4 ,b x is n s 9 m\nta9s2 !re a v /\t resi/ance is possible by mu* inf]ior =ces1 & = t reason1 if we require a portion ( c\ntry :i* includes m\nta9s1 ent]prises ( a special nature1 =m$ = ! purpose1 & (t5 necessitat+ a consid]able exp5diture ( "t z well z ( m51 are always requir$ 9 ord] to obta9 possession4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! m\nta9s ( a c\ntry are n ! !atre ( ! pr9cipal op]ations ( a w>1 we _c1 z we %\ld 7 x ! case ( a di/rict ( level c\ntry1 look ^u ! possession ( ! m\nta9s z dep5d5t on & a necess>y consequ5ce ( our success at o!r p>ts4 ,a m\nta9\s di/rict has !re=e mu* m indep5d5ce1 & ! possession ( x is mu* firm] & less liable to *ange4 ,if we add to ?is t a ridge ( m\nta9s f its cre/s af=ds a good view ov] ! adjac5t op5 c\ntry1 :il/ x rema9s itself veil$ 9 obscurity1 we may !re=e conceive t :5 we are close to m\nta9s1 )\t be+ 9 actual possession ( !m1 !y are to be reg>d$ z a con/ant s\rce ( disadvantage a sort ( laboratory ( ho/ile =ces2 & ?is w be ! case 9 a /ill great] degree if ! m\nta9s are n only occupi$ by ! enemy1 b also =m "p ( 8 t]ritory4 ,! smalle/ bodies ( adv5tur\s p>tisans always f9d %elt] !re if pursu$1 & c !n sally =? aga9 ) impunity at o!r po9ts2 ! l>ge/ bodies1 "u _! cov]1 c approa* unp]ceiv$1 & our =ces mu/1 !re=e1 always keep at a suffici5t di/ance if !y w\ld avoid gett+ )9 rea* ( _! dom9at+ influ5ce if !y w\ld n be expos$ to disadvantage\s combats & sudd5 attacks :i* !y _c return4 ,9 ?is mann] e m\nta9 sy/em1 z f> z a c]ta9 di/ance1 ex]cises a v great influ5ce ov] ! l[] & m level c\ntry adjac5t to x4 ,:e!r ?is influ5ce %all take effect mom5t>ily1 = in/ance 9 a battle 7z at ,malts* on ! ,rh9e1 #agif7 or only aft] "s "t ^u ! l9es ( communication1 dep5ds on ! local relations2 :e!r or n x %all be ov]come ?r\gh "s decisive ev5t happ5+ 9 ! valley or level c\ntry1 dep5ds on ! relations ( ! arm$ =ces to ea* o!r respectively4 ,buonap>te1 9 #ahje & #ahji1 advanc$ ^u ,vi5na )\t tr\bl+ himself mu* ab\t ! ,tyrol2 b ,moreau _h to leave ,swabia 9 #agif1 *iefly because he 0 n ma/] ( ! m elevat$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & too _m troops 7 requir$ to wat* !m4 ,9 campaigns1 9 :i* !re is an ev5ly balanc$ s]ies ( alt]nate successes on ea* side1 we %all n expose ourselves to ! con/ant disadvantage ( ! m\nta9s rema9+ 9 possession ( ! enemy3 we ne$1 !re=e1 only endeav\r to seize & reta9 possession ( t portion ( !m :i* is requir$ on acc\nt ( ! direction ( ! pr9cipal l9es ( our attack2 ?is g5]ally leads to ! m\nta9s be+ ! ar5a ( ! sep>ate m9or combats :i* take place betwe5 =ces on ea* side4 ,b we mu/ be c>eful ( ov]rat+ ! importance ( ?is circum/ance1 & be+ l$ to consid] a m\nta9-*a9 z ! key to ! :ole 9 all cases1 & its possession z ! ma9 po9t4 ,:5 a victory is ! object s\ght2 !n x is ! pr9cipal1 object2 & if ! victory is ga9$1 o!r ?+s c be regulat$ accord+ to ! p>am\nt requirem5t ( ! situation4 #c4 ,m\nta9s consid]$ 9 _! aspect ( a /rategic b>ri]4 ,we mu/ divide ?is subject "u two heads4 ,! fir/ is aga9 t ( a decisive battle4 ,we c1 = in/ance1 consid] ! m\nta9 *a9 z a riv]1 t is1 z a b>ri] ) c]ta9 po9ts ( passage1 :i* may af=d u an opportunity ( ga9+ a victory1 because ! enemy w be compell$ by x to divide 8 =ces 9 advanc+1 & is ti$ d[n to c]ta9 roads1 :i* w enable u ) our =ces conc5trat$ beh9d ! m\nta9s to fall ^u fractions ( 8 =ce4 ,z ! assailant on 8 m>* ?r\gh ! m\nta9s1 irrespective ( all o!r consid]ations1 _c m>* 9 a s+le column because he w\ld ?us expose himself to ! dang] ( gett+ engag$ 9 a decisive battle ) only "o l9e ( retreat1 !re=e1 ! def5sive me?od recomm5ds itself c]ta9ly on sub/antial gr\nds4 ,b z ! conception ( m\nta9s & _! outlets is v undef9$1 ! "q ( adopt+ ?is plan dep5ds entirely on ! nature ( ! c\ntry itself1 & x c only be po9t$ out z possible :il/ x mu/ also be consid]$ z att5d$ ) two disadvantages1 ! fir/ is1 t if ! enemy receives a sev]e bl[1 he soon f9ds %elt] 9 ! m\nta9s2 ! second is1 t he is 9 possession ( ! high] gr\nd1 :i*1 al?\gh n decisive1 mu/ /ill always be reg>d$ z a disadvantage = ! pursu]4 ,we "k ( no battle giv5 "u su* circum/ances unless ! battle ) ,alv9zi 9 #agif c be s class$4 ,b t ! case may occur is pla9 f ,buonap>te's passage ( ! ,alps 9 ! ye> #ahjj1 :5 ,melas might & %\ld h fall5 on him ) 8 :ole =ce be=e he _h unit$ 8 columns4 ,! second influ5ce :i* m\nta9s may h z a b>ri] is t :i* !y h ^u ! l9es ( communication if !y cross ^? l9es4 ,)\t tak+ into acc\nt :at may be done by erect+ =ts at ! po9ts ( passage & by arm+ ! p1 ! bad roads 9 m\nta9s at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> may ( !mselves alone prove at once de/ructive to an army2 !y h frequ5tly compell$ a retreat aft] hav+ fir/ suck$ all ! m>r[ & blood out ( ! army4 ,if1 9 addition1 troops ( active p>tisans hov] r\nd1 or !re is a national ris+ to add to ! difficulties1 !n ! enemy's army is oblig$ to make l>ge deta*m5ts1 & at la/ driv5 to =m /rong po/s 9 ! m\nta9s & ?us gets engag$ 9 "o ( ! mo/ disadvantage\s situations t c be 9 an (f5sive w>4 #d4 ,m\nta9s 9 _! relation to ! provision+ ( an army4 ,?is is a v simple subject1 easy to und]/&4 ,! opportunity to make ! be/ use ( !m 9 ?is respect is :5 ! assailant is ei!r oblig$ to rema9 9 ! m\nta9s1 or at lea/ to leave !m close 9 8 re>4 ,^! consid]ations on ! def5ce ( m\nta9s1 :i*1 9 ! ma91 embrace all m\nta9 w>f>e1 &1 by _! reflection1 ?r[ also ! necess>y light on (f5sive w>1 mu/ n be deem$ incorrect or impracticable because we c nei!r make pla9s out ( m\nta9s1 nor hills out ( pla9s1 & ! *oice ( a !atre ( w> is det]m9$ by s _m o!r ?+s t x appe>s z if !re 0 little m>g9 left = consid]ations ( ?is k9d4 ,9 affairs ( magnitude x w be f\nd t ?is m>g9 is n s small4 ,if x is a "q ( ! disposition & effective employm5t ( ! pr9cipal =ce1 & t1 ev5 9 ! mom5t ( a decisive battle1 by a few m>*es m to ! front or re> an army c be br\ght out ( m\nta9 gr\nd into ! level c\ntry1 !n a resolute conc5tration ( ! *ief masses 9 ! pla9 w neutralise ! adjo9+ m\nta9s4 ,we %all n[ once m collect ! light :i* has be5 ?r[n on ! subject1 & br+ x to a focus 9 "o di/9ct picture4 ,we ma9ta9 & believe we h %[n1 t m\nta9s1 bo? tactically & /rategically1 are 9 g5]al unfav\rable to ! def5sive1 mean+ !reby1 t k9d ( def5sive :i* is decisive1 on ! result ( :i* ! "q ( ! possession or loss ( ! c\ntry dep5ds4 ,!y limit ! view & prev5t movem5ts 9 e direction2 !y =ce a /ate ( passivity1 & make x necess>y to /op e av5ue or passage1 :i* always leads m or less to a w> ( cordons4 ,we %\ld !re=e1 if possible1 avoid m\nta9s ) ! pr9cipal mass ( our =ce1 & leave !m on "o side1 or keep !m be=e or beh9d u4 ,at ! same "t1 we ?9k t1 = m9or op]ations & objects1 !re is an elem5t ( increas$ /r5g? to be f\nd 9 m\nta9 gr\nd2 & aft] :at has be5 said1 we %all n be accus$ ( inconsi/5cy 9 ma9ta9+ t su* a c\ntry is ! real place ( refuge = ! weak1 t is1 = ^? :o d>e n any long] seek an absolute decision4 ,on ! o!r h& aga91 ! advantages d]iv$ f a m\nta9\s c\ntry by troops act+ an inf]ior rle _c be p>ticipat$ 9 by l>ge masses ( troops4 ,/ill all ^! consid]ations w h>dly c\nt]act ! impressions made on ! s5ses4 ,! imag9ation n only ( ! inexp]i5c$ b also ( all ^? accu/om$ to bad me?ods ( w> w /ill feel 9 ! concrete case su* an ov]p[]+ dread ( ! difficulties :i* ! inflexible & ret>d+ nature ( m\nta9\s gr\nd opposes to all ! movem5ts ( an assailant1 t !y w h>dly be able to look ^u our op9ion z any?+ b a mo/ s+ul> p>adox4 ,!n aga91 ) ^? :o take a g5]al view1 ! hi/ory ( ! la/ c5tury 7) its peculi> =m ( w>7 w take ! place ( ! impressions ( ! s5ses1 & !re=e !re w be b few :o w n /ill adh]e to ! belief t ,au/ria1 = example1 %\ld be bett] able to def5d h] /ates on ! ,italian side ?an on ! side ( ! ,rh9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,fr5* :o c>ri$ on w> = tw5ty ye>s "u a lead] bo? en]getic & indiff]5t to m9or consid]ations1 & h con/antly be=e _! eyes ! successful results ?us obta9$1 w1 = "s "t to come1 di/+ui% !mselves 9 ?is z well z 9 o!r cases by ! tact ( a practis$ judgm5t4 ,does x foll[ f ?is t a /ate w\ld be bett] protect$ by an op5 c\ntry ?an by m\nta9s1 t ,spa9 w\ld be /rong] )\t ! ,pyr5ees2 ,lomb>dy m difficult ( access )\t ! ,alps1 & a level c\ntry su* z ,nor? ,g]many m difficult to conqu] ?an a m\nta9\s c\ntry8 ,to ^! false d$uctions we %all devote our conclud+ rem>ks4 ,we d n ass]t t ,spa9 w\ld be /rong] )\t ! ,pyr5ees ?an ) !m1 b we say t a ,spani% army1 feel+ itself /rong en\gh to engage 9 a decisive battle1 w\ld d bett] by conc5trat+ itself 9 a position beh9d ! ,ebro1 ?an by fraction+ itself among/ ! fifte5 passes ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ! ,pyr5ees on w> is v f> f be+ set aside on t acc\nt4 ,we say ! same respect+ an ,italian army4 ,if x divid$ itself 9 ! ,high ,alps x w\ld be vanqui%$ by ea* resolute comm&] x enc\nt]$1 )\t ev5 ! alt]native ( victory or defeat2 :il/ 9 ! pla9s ( ,tur9 x w\ld h ! same *ance z e o!r army4 ,b /ill no "o c on t acc\nt suppose t x is desirable = an aggressor to h to m>* ov] masses ( m\nta9s su* z ! ,alps1 & to leave !m beh9d4 ,besides1 a det]m9ation to accept a great battle 9 ! pla9s1 by no means excludes a prelim9>y def5ce ( ! m\nta9s by subord9ate =ces1 an arrangem5t v advisable 9 respect to su* masses z ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees4 ,la/ly1 x is f> f our int5tion to argue t ! conque/ ( a m\nta9\s c\ntry is easi] ?an t ( a level7997 "o1 unless a s+le victory suffic$ to pro/rate ! enemy completely4 ,aft] ?is victory ensues a /ate ( def5ce = ! conqu]or1 dur+ :i* ! m\nta9\s gr\nd mu/ be z disadvantage\s to ! assailant z x 0 to ! def5sive1 & ev5 m s4 ,if ! w> cont9ues1 if =eign assi/ance arrives1 if ! p take up arms1 ?is reaction w ga9 /r5g? f a m\nta9\s c\ntry4 7997 ,z x is conceiv$ t ! words 8eb550 & 8gebirgig50 9 ?is passage 9 ! orig9al h by "s means become transpos$1 _! equival5ts--level & m\nta9\s--are "h plac$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* x is presum$ ! au?or int5d$ ! words to /&4--,tr4 ,x is "h z 9 dioptrics1 ! image repres5t$ becomes m lum9\s :5 mov$ 9 a c]ta9 direction1 n1 h[ev]1 z f> z "o pleases1 b only until ! focus is rea*$1 beyond t ! effect is rev]s$4 ,if ! def5sive is weak] 9 ! m\nta9s1 t w\ld seem to be a reason = ! assailant to pref] a l9e ( op]ations 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,b ?is w seldom occur1 because ! difficulties ( support+ an army1 & ^? aris+ f ! roads1 ! unc]ta9ty z to :e!r ! enemy w accept battle 9 ! m\nta9s1 & ev5 :e!r he w take up a position !re ) 8 pr9cipal =ce1 t5d to neutralise t possible advantage4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,def5ce ( ,m\nta9s 7cont9u$7 ,9 ! fifte5? *apt] we spoke ( ! nature ( combats 9 m\nta9s1 & 9 ! sixte5? ( ! use to be made ( !m by /rategy1 & 9 s do+ we (t5 came ^u ! idea ( m\nta9 def5ce1 )\t /opp+ to consid] ! =m & details ( su* a measure4 ,we %all n[ exam9e x m closely4 ,z m\nta9 sy/ems frequ5tly ext5d l /reaks or belts ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 & =m ! division betwe5 /reams fl[+ 9 diff]5t directions1 consequ5tly ! sep>ation betwe5 :ole wat] sy/ems1 & z ?is g5]al =m repeats itself 9 ! p>ts compos+ t :ole1 inasmu* z ^! p>ts div]ge f ! ma9 *a9 9 bran*es or ridges1 & !n =m ! sep>ation betwe5 less] wat] sy/ems2 h5ce ! idea ( a sy/em ( m\nta9 def5ce has naturally f\nd$ itself 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & aft]w>ds develop$ itself1 ^u ! conception ( ! g5]al =m ( m\nta9s1 t ( an ob/acle1 l a great b>ri]1 hav+ great] l5g? ?an bread?4 ,al?\gh geologi/s are n yet agre$ z to ! orig9 ( m\nta9s & ! laws ( _! =mation1 /ill 9 e case ! c\rse ( ! wat]s indicates 9 ! %orte/ & sure/ mann] ! g5]al =m ( ! sy/em1 :e!r ! action ( ! wat] has contribut$ to give t g5]al =m 7accord+ to ! aque\s !ory71 or t ! c\rse ( ! wat] is a consequ5ce ( ! =m ( ! sy/em itself4 ,x 01 !re=e1 v natural aga91 9 devis+ a sy/em ( m\nta9 def5ce1 to take ! c\rse ( ! wat]s z a guide1 z ^? c\rses =m a natural s]ies ( levels1 f :i* we c obta9 bo? ! g5]al height & ! g5]al pr(ile ( ! m\nta91 :ile ! valleys =m$ by ! /reams pres5t also ! be/ means ( access to ! heights1 because s mu* ( ! effect ( ! erosive & alluvial action ( ! wat] is p]man5t1 t ! inequalities ( ! slopes ( ! m\nta9 are smoo!d d[n by x to "o regul> slope4 ,h5ce1 !re=e1 ! idea ( m\nta9 def5ce w\ld assume t1 :5 a m\nta9 ran ab\t p>allel ) ! front to be def5d$1 x 0 to be reg>d$ z a great ob/acle to approa*1 z a k9d ( ramp>t1 ! gates ( :i* 7 =m$ by ! valleys4 ,! real def5ce 0 !n to be made on ! cre/ ( ?is ramp>t1 7t is1 on ! edge ( ! plateau :i* cr[n$ ! m\nta97 & cut ! valleys transv]sely4 ,if ! l9e ( ! pr9cipal m\nta9-*a9 =m$ some:at ( a "r angle ) ! front ( def5ce1 !n "o ( ! pr9cipal bran*es w\ld be select$ to be us$ in/ead2 ?us ! l9e *os5 w\ld be p>allel to "o ( ! pr9cipal valleys1 & run up to ! pr9cipal ridge1 :i* might be reg>d$ z ! extremity4 ,we h notic$ ?is s*eme = m\nta9 def5ce f\nd$ on ! geological /ructure ( ! e>?1 because x really pres5t$ itself 9 !ory = "s "t1 & 9 ! s-call$ 8!ory ( gr\nd0 ! laws ( ! process ( aque\s action h be5 mix$ up ) ! conduct ( w>4 ,b all ?is is s full ( false hypo!ses & incorrect sub/itutions1 t :5 ^! are ab/ract$1 no?+ 9 reality rema9s to s]ve z ! basis ( any k9d ( a sy/em4 ,! pr9cipal ridges ( real m\nta9s are f> too impracticable & inhospitable to place l>ge masses ( troops ^u !m2 x is (t5 ! same ) ! adjac5t ridges1 !y are (t5 too %ort & irregul>4 ,plateaux d n exi/ on all m\nta9 ridges1 & :]e !y are to be f\nd !y are mo/ly n>r[1 & !re=e unfit to accommodate _m troops2 inde$1 !re are few m\nta9s :i*1 closely exam9$1 w be f\nd surm\nt$ by an un9t]rupt$ ridge1 or :i* h _! sides at su* an angle t !y =m 9 "s measure practicable slopes1 or1 at lea/1 a succession ( t]races4 ,! pr9cipal ridge w9ds1 b5ds1 & splits itself2 imm5se bran*es laun* into ! adjac5t c\ntry 9 curv$ l9es1 & lift !mselves (t5 j at _! t]m9ation to a great] height ?an ! ma9 ridge itself2 promontories !n jo9 on1 & =m deep valleys :i* d n correspond ) ! g5]al sy/em4 ,?us x is t1 :5 sev]al l9es ( m\nta9s cross ea* o!r1 or at ^? po9ts f :i* !y bran* out1 ! conception ( a small b& or belt is completely at an end1 & gives place to m\nta9 & wat] l9es radiat+ f a c5tre 9 ! =m ( a />4 ,f ?is x foll[s1 & x w /rike ^? :o h exam9$ m\nta9-masses 9 ?is mann] ! m =cibly1 t ! idea ( a sy/ematic disposition is out ( ! "q1 & t to adh]e to su* an idea z a fundam5tal pr9ciple = our measures w\ld be :olly impracticable4 ,!re is /ill "o important po9t to notice belong+ to ! prov9ce ( practical application4 ,if we look closely at m\nta9 w>f>e 9 its tactical aspects1 x is evid5t t ^! are ( two pr9cipal k9ds1 ! fir/ ( :i* is ! def5ce ( /eep slopes1 ! second is t ( n>r[ valleys4 ,n[ ?is la/1 :i* is (t51 inde$ almo/ g5]ally1 highly fav\rable to ! action ( ! def5ce1 is n v compatible ) ! disposition on ! pr9cipal ridge1 = ! occupation ( ! valley itself is (t5 requir$ & t at its out] extremity ne>e/ to ! op5 c\ntry1 n at its comm5cem5t1 because !re its sides are /eep]4 ,besides1 ?is def5ce ( valleys (f]s a means ( def5d+ m\nta9\s di/ricts1 ev5 :5 ! ridge itself af=ds no position :i* c be occupi$2 ! rle :i* x p]=ms is1 !re=e1 g5]ally great] 9 proportion z ! masses ( ! m\nta9s are high] & m inaccessible4 ,! result ( all ^! consid]ations is1 t we mu/ entirely give up ! idea ( a def5sible l9e m or less regul>1 & co9cid5t ) "o ( ! geological l9es1 & mu/ look ^u a m\nta9 range z m]ely a surface int]sect$ & brok5 ) inequalities & ob/acles /rew$ ov] x 9 ! mo/ div]sifi$ mann]1 ! features ( :i* we mu/ try to make ! be/ use ( :i* circum/ances p]mit2 t !re=e1 al?\gh a k ( ! geological features ( ! gr\nd is indisp5sable to a cle> conception ( ! =m ( m\nta9 masses1 x is ( little value 9 ! organisation ( def5sive measures4 ,nei!r 9 ! w> ( ! ,au/rian ,succession1 nor 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 nor 9 ^? ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 d we f9d milit>y dispositions :i* compreh5d$ a :ole m\nta9 sy/em1 & 9 :i* ! def5ce 0 sy/ematis$ 9 accordance ) ! lead+ features ( t sy/em4 ,n[h]e d we f9d armies on ! pr9cipal ridges always 9 position on ! slopes4 ,sometimes at a great]1 sometimes at a l[] elevation2 sometimes 9 "o direction1 sometimes 9 ano!r2 p>allel1 at "r angles1 & obliquely2 ) & aga9/ ! wat]c\rse2 9 l(ty m\nta9s1 su* z ! ,alps1 frequ5tly ext5d$ along ! valleys2 among/ m\nta9s ( a inf]ior class1 l ! ,sudetics 7& ?is is ! /range/ anomaly71 at ! middle ( ! declivity1 z x slop$ t[>ds ! def5d]1 !re=e ) ! pr9cipal ridge 9 front1 l ! position 9 :i* ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 9 #agfb1 cov]$ ! siege ( ,s*w$nitz1 ) ! 8hohe ,eule0 be=e ! front ( 8 camp4 ,! celebrat$ positions1 ,s*motseif5 & ,l&%ut1 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 are = ! mo/ "p 9 ! bottoms ( valleys4 ,x is ! same ) ! position ( ,feldkir*1 9 ! ,vor>lsb]g4 ,9 ! campaigns ( #agii & #ahjj1 ! *ief po/s1 bo? ( ! ,fr5* & ,au/rians1 7 always q 9 ! valleys1 n m]ely across !m s z to close !m1 b also p>allel ) !m1 :il/ ! ridges 7 ei!r n occupi$ at all1 or m]ely by a few s+le po/s4 ,! cre/s ( ! high] ,alps 9 p>ticul> are s difficult ( access1 & af=d s little space = ! accommodation ( troops1 t x w\ld be impossible to place any consid]able bodies ( m5 !re4 ,n[ if we mu/ positively h armies 9 m\nta9s to keep possession ( !m1 !re is no?+ to be done b to place !m 9 ! valleys4 ,at fir/ sight ?is appe>s errone\s1 because1 9 accordance ) ! preval5t !oretical ideas1 x w be said1 ! heights comm& ! valleys4 ,b t is really n ! case4 ,m\nta9 ridges are only accessible by a few pa?s & rude tracks1 ) a few exceptions only passable = infantry1 :il/ ! c>riage roads are 9 ! valleys4 ,! enemy c only appe> !re at c]ta9 po9ts ) infantry2 b 9 ^! m\nta9 masses ! di/ances are too great = any effective fire ( small arms1 & !re=e a position 9 ! valleys is less dang]\s ?an x appe>s4 ,at ! same "t1 ! valley def5ce is expos$ to ano!r great dang]1 t ( be+ cut (f4 ,! enemy c1 x is true1 only desc5d into ! valley ) infantry1 at c]ta9 po9ts1 sl[ly & ) great ex]tion2 he _c1 !re=e1 take u by surprise2 b none ( ! positions we h 9 ! valley def5d ! outlets ( su* pa?s into ! valley4 ,! enemy c1 !re=e1 br+ d[n l>ge masses gradually1 !n spread out1 & bur/ ?r\gh ! ?9 & f t mom5t weak l9e1 :i*1 p]haps1 has no?+ m = its protection ?an ! rocky b$ ( a %all[ m\nta9-/ream4 ,b n[ retreat1 :i* mu/ always be made piecemeal 9 a valley1 until ! outlet f ! m\nta9s is rea*$1 is impossible = _m p>ts ( ! l9e ( troops2 & t 0 ! reason t ! ,au/rians 9 ,switz]l& almo/ always lo/ a ?ird1 or a half ( _! troops tak5 prison]s4-- ,n[ a few words on ! usual way ( divid+ troops 9 su* a me?od ( def5ce4 ,ea* ( ! subord9ate positions is 9 relation ) a position tak5 up by ! pr9cipal body ( troops1 m or less 9 ! c5tre ( ! :ole l9e1 on ! pr9cipal road ( approa*4 ,f ?is c5tral position1 o!r corps are deta*$ "r & left to occupy ! mo/ important po9ts ( approa*1 & ?us ! :ole is dispos$ 9 a l9e1 z x 71 ( ?ree1 f\r1 five1 six po/s1 c4 ,h[ f> ?is fraction+ & ext5sion ( ! l9e %all be c>ri$1 mu/ dep5d on ! requirem5ts ( ea* individual case4 ,an ext5t ( a c\ple ( m>*es1 t is1 six to eight miles is ( mod]ate l5g?1 & we h se5 x c>ri$ z f> z tw5ty or ?irty miles4 ,betwe5 ea* ( ^! sep>ate po/s1 :i* are "o or two leagues f ea* o!r1 !re w probably be "s approa*es ( inf]ior importance1 to :i* aft]w>ds att5tion mu/ be direct$4 ,"s v good po/s = a c\ple ( battalions ea* are select$1 :i* =m a good connection betwe5 ! *ief po/s1 & !y are occupi$4 ,x is easy to see t ! di/ribution ( ! =ce may be c>ri$ /ill fur!r1 & g d[n to po/s occupi$ only by s+le companies & squadrons2 & ?is has (t5 happ5$4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 9 ?is no g5]al limits to ! ext5t ( fraction+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! /r5g? ( ea* po/ mu/ dep5d on ! /r5g? ( ! :ole2 & !re=e we c say no?+ z to ! possible or natural degree :i* %\ld be obs]v$ ) reg>d to ! /r5g? ( ! pr9cipal po/s4 ,we %all only app5d1 z a guide1 "s maxims :i* are drawn f exp]i5ce & ! nature ( ! case4 #a4 ,! m l(ty & inaccessible ! m\nta9s are1 s mu* ! fur!r ?is sep>ation ( divisions ( ! =ce n only may be1 b also mu/ be1 c>ri$2 = ! less any portion ( a c\ntry c be kept secure by comb9ations dep5d5t on ! movem5t ( troops1 s mu* ! m mu/ ! security be obta9$ by direct cov]+4 ,! def5ce ( ! ,alps requires a mu* great] division ( =ce1 & !re=e approa*es ne>] to ! cordon sy/em1 ?an ! def5ce ( ! ,vosges or ! ,giant m\nta9s4 #b4 ,hi!rto1 :]ev] def5ce ( m\nta9s has tak5 place1 su* a division ( ! =ce employ$ has be5 made t ! *ief po/s h g5]ally consi/$ ( only "o l9e ( infantry1 & 9 a second l9e1 "s squadrons ( cavalry2 at all ev5ts1 only ! *ief po/ e/abli%$ 9 ! c5tre has p]haps _h "s battalions 9 a second l9e4 #c4 ,a /rategic res]ve1 to re9=ce any po9t attack$1 has v seldom be5 kept 9 re>1 because ! ext5sion ( front made ! l9e feel too weak already 9 all p>ts4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! support :i* a po/ attack$ has receiv$1 has g5]ally be5 furni%$ f o!r po/s 9 ! l9e n !mselves attack$4 #d4 ,ev5 :5 ! division ( ! =ces has be5 relatively mod]ate1 & ! /r5g? ( ea* s+le po/ consid]able1 ! pr9cipal resi/ance has be5 always conf9$ to a local def5ce2 & if once ! enemy succe$$ 9 wre/+ a po/1 x has be5 impossible to recov] x by any supports aft]w>ds arriv+4 ,h[ mu*1 accord+ to ?is1 may be expect$ f m\nta9 def5ce1 9 :at cases ?is means may be us$1 h[ f> we c & may g 9 ! ext5sion & fraction+ ( ! =ces--^! are all que/ions :i* !ory mu/ leave to ! tact ( ! g5]al4 ,x is en\gh if x tells him :at ^! means really are1 & :at rle !y c p]=m 9 ! active op]ations ( ! army4 ,a g5]al :o all[s himself to be beat5 9 an ext5d$ m\nta9 position des]ves to be br\ght be=e a c\rt m>tial4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,def5ce ( ,/reams & ,riv]s ,/reams & l>ge riv]s1 9 s f> z we speak ( _! def5ce1 belong1 l m\nta9s1 to ! category ( /rategic b>ri]s4 ,b !y diff] f m\nta9s 9 two respects4 ,! "o conc]ns _! relative1 ! o!r _! absolute def5ce4 ,l m\nta9s1 !y /r5g!n ! relative def5ce2 b "o ( _! peculi>ities is1 t !y are l implem5ts ( h>d & brittle metal1 !y ei!r /& e bl[ )\t b5d+1 or _! def5ce breaks & !n ends altoge!r4 ,if ! riv] is v l>ge1 & ! o!r conditions are fav\rable1 !n ! passage may be absolutely impossible4 ,b if ! def5ce ( any riv] is =c$ at "o po9t1 !n !re _c be1 z 9 m\nta9 w>f>e1 a p]si/5t def5ce aft]w>ds2 ! affair is f9i%$ ) t "o act1 unless t ! riv] itself runs betwe5 m\nta9s4 ,! o!r peculi>ity ( riv]s 9 relation to w> is1 t 9 _m cases !y admit ( v good1 & 9 g5]al ( bett] comb9ations ?an m\nta9s = a decisive battle4 ,bo? aga9 h ?is prop]ty 9 common1 t !y are dang]\s & s$uctive objects :i* h (t5 l$ to false measures1 & plac$ g5]als 9 awkw>d situations4 ,we %all notice ^! results 9 exam9+ m closely ! def5ce ( riv]s4 ,al?\gh hi/ory is r b>e 9 examples ( riv]s def5d$ ) success1 & !re=e ! op9ion is ju/ifi$ t riv]s & /reams are no su* =midable b>ri]s z 0 once suppos$1 :5 an absolute def5sive sy/em seiz$ all means ( /r5g!n+ itself :i* ! c\ntry (f]$1 /ill ! influ5ce :i* !y ex]cise to ! advantage ( ! battle1 z well z ( ! def5ce ( a c\ntry1 _c be d5i$4 ,9 ord] to look ov] ! subject 9 a connect$ =m1 we %all specify ! diff]5t po9ts ( view f :i* we propose to exam9e x4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 ! /rategic results :i* /reams & riv]s produce ?r\gh _! def5ce1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! influ5ce :i* !y h on ! def5ce ( a c\ntry1 ev5 :5 n !mselves specially def5d$4 ,fur!r1 ! def5ce itself may take ?ree diff]5t =ms3-- #a4 ,an absolute def5ce ) ! ma9 body4 #b4 ,a m]e demon/ration ( resi/ance4 #c4 ,a relative resi/ance by subord9ate bodies ( troops1 su* z outpo/s1 cov]+ l9es1 flank+ corps1 etc4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ di/+ui% ?ree diff]5t degrees or k9ds ( def5ce1 9 ea* ( its =ms1 namely-- #a4 ,a direct def5ce by oppos+ ! passage4 #b4 ,a r indirect "o1 by :i* ! riv] & its valley are only us$ z a means t[>ds a bett] comb9ation = ! battle4 #c4 ,a completely direct "o1 by hold+ an unassailable position on ! enemy's side ( ! riv]4 ,we %all subdivide our obs]vations1 9 con=mity ) ^! ?ree degrees1 & aft] we h made ourselves acqua9t$ ) ea* ( !m 9 its relation to ! fir/1 :i* is ! mo/ important ( ! =ms1 we %all !n proce$ to d ! same 9 respect to _! relations to ! o!r two4 ,!re=e1 fir/1 ! direct def5ce1 t is1 su* a def5ce z is to prev5t ! passage ( ! enemy's army itself4 ,?is c only come into ! "q 9 relation to l>ge riv]s1 t is1 great bodies ( wat]4 ,! comb9ations ( space1 "t1 & =ce1 :i* require to be look$ into z elem5ts ( ?is !ory ( def5ce1 make ! subject some:at complicat$1 s t x is n easy to ga9 a sure po9t f :i* to comm5ce4 ,! foll[+ is ! result at :i* e "o w arrive on full consid]ation4 ,! "t requir$ to build a bridge det]m9es ! di/ance f ea* o!r at :i* ! corps *>g$ ) ! def5ce ( ! riv] %\ld be po/$4 ,if we divide ! :ole l5g? ( ! l9e ( def5ce by ?is di/ance1 we get ! numb] ( corps requir$ = ! def5ce2 if ) t numb] we divide ! mass ( troops disposable1 we %all get ! /r5g? ( ea* corps4 ,if we n[ comp>e ! /r5g? ( ea* s+le corps ) ! numb] ( troops :i* ! enemy1 by us+ all ! means 9 8 p[]1 c pass ov] dur+ ! con/ruction ( 8 bridge1 we %all be able to judge h[ f> we c expect a successful resi/ance4 ,= we c only assume ! =c+ ( ! passage to be impossible :5 ! def5d] is able to attack ! troops pass$ ov] ) a consid]able num]ical sup]iority1 say ! d\ble1 be=e ! bridge is complet$4 ,an illu/ration w make ?is pla94 ,if ! enemy requires tw5ty-f\r h\rs = ! con/ruction ( a bridge1 & if he c by o!r means only pass ov] #bj1jjj m5 9 ^? tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :il/ ! def5d] )9 twelve h\rs c appe> at any po9t :atev] ) #bj1jjj m51 9 su* case ! passage _c be =c$2 = ! def5d] w arrive :5 ! enemy engag$ 9 cross+ has only pass$ ov] ! half ( #bj1jjj4 ,n[ z 9 twelve h\rs1 ! "t = convey+ intellig5ce includ$1 we c m>* f\r miles1 !re=e e eight miles #bj1jjj m5 w\ld be requir$1 :i* w\ld make #fj1jjj = ! def5ce ( a l5g? ( tw5ty-f\r miles ( riv]4 ,^! w\ld be suffici5t = ! appe>ance ( #bj1jjj m5 at any po9t1 ev5 if ! enemy attempt$ ! passage at two po9ts at ! same "t2 if at only "o po9t twice #bj1jjj c\ld be br\ght to oppose him at t s+le po9t4 ,"h1 !n1 !re are ?ree circum/ances ex]cis+ a decisive influ5ce3 7#a7 ! bread? ( ! riv]2 7#b7 ! means ( passage1 = ! two det]m9e bo? ! "t requir$ to con/ruct ! bridge1 & ! numb] ( troops t c cross dur+ ! "t ! bridge is be+ built2 7#c7 ! /r5g? ( ! def5d]'s army4 ,! /r5g? ( ! enemy's =ce itself does n z yet come into consid]ation4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory we may say t !re is a po9t at :i* ! possibility ( cross+ completely /ops1 & t no num]ical sup]iority on ! "p ( ! enemy w\ld enable him to =ce a passage4 ,?is is ! simple !ory ( ! direct def5ce ( a riv]1 t is1 ( a def5ce int5d$ to prev5t ! enemy f f9i%+ 8 bridge & f mak+ ! passage itself2 9 ?is !re is z yet no notice tak5 ( ! effect ( demon/rations :i* ! enemy may use4 ,we %all n[ br+ into consid]ation p>ticul>s 9 detail1 & measures requisite = su* a def5ce4 ,sett+ aside1 9 ! fir/ place1 geographical peculi>ities1 we h only to say t ! corps z propos$ by ! pres5t !ory1 mu/ be po/$ close to ! riv]1 & ea* corps 9 itself conc5trat$4 ,x mu/ be close to ! riv]1 because e position fur!r back l5g!ns unnecess>ily & uselessly ! di/ance to be gone ov] to any po9t m5ac$2 = z ! wat]s ( ! riv] give security aga9/ any important movem5t on ! "p ( ! enemy1 a res]ve 9 re> is n requir$1 z x is = an ord9>y l9e ( def5ce1 :]e !re is no riv] 9 front4 ,besides1 ! roads runn+ p>allel to & ne> a riv] up & d[n1 are g5]ally bett] ?an transv]se roads f ! int]ior lead+ to any p>ticul> po9ts on ! riv]4 ,la/ly1 ! riv] is unque/ionably bett] wat*$ by corps ?us plac$ ?an by a m]e *a9 ( po/s1 m p>ticul>ly z ! comm&]s are all close at h&4--,ea* ( ^! corps mu/ be conc5trat$ 9 itself1 because o!rwise all ! calculation z to "t w\ld require alt]ation4 ,he :o kn[s ! loss ( "t 9 effect+ a conc5tration1 w easily compreh5d t j 9 ?is conc5trat$ position lies ! great efficacy ( ! def5ce4 ,no d\bt1 at fir/ sight1 x is v tempt+ to make ! cross+1 ev5 9 boats1 impossible = ! enemy by a l9e ( po/s2 b ) a few exceptions ( po9ts1 specially fav\rable = cross+1 su* a measure w\ld be extremely prejudicial4 ,to say no?+ ( ! objection t ! enemy c g5]ally drive (f su* a po/ by br++ a sup]ior =ce to be> on x f ! opposite side1 x is1 z a rule1 a wa/e ( /r5g?1 t is to say1 ! mo/ t c be obta9$ by any su* po/1 is to compel ! enemy to *oose ano!r po9t ( passage4 ,if1 !re=e1 we are n s /rong t we c treat & def5d ! riv] l a dit* ( a =tress1 a case = :i* no new precept is requir$1 su* a me?od ( directly def5d+ ! bank ( a riv] leads necess>ily away f ! propos$ object4 ,besides ^! g5]al pr9ciples = positions1 we h to consid]--fir/1 ! exam9ation ( ! special peculi>ities ( ! riv]2 second1 ! removal ( all means ( passage2 ?ird1 ! influ5ce ( any =tresses situat$ on ! riv]4 ,a riv]1 consid]$ z a l9e ( def5ce1 mu/ h at ! extremities ( ! l9e1 "r & left1 po9ts d'appui1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! sea1 or a neutral t]ritory2 or !re mu/ be o!r causes :i* make x impracticable = ! enemy to turn ! l9e ( def5ce by cross+ beyond its extremities4 ,n[1 z nei!r su* flank supports nor su* imp$im5ts are to be f\nd1 unless at consid]able di/ances1 we see at once t ! def5ce ( a riv] mu/ embrace a consid]able portion ( its l5g?1 & t1 !re=e1 ! possibility ( a def5ce by plac+ a l>ge body ( troops beh9d a relatively %ort l5g? ( ! riv] vani%es f ! class ( possible facts 7to :i* we mu/ always conf9e ourselves74 ,we say a relatively %ort l5g? ( ! riv]1 by :i* we mean a l5g? :i* does n v mu* exce$ t :i* ! same numb] ( troops w\ld usually occupy on an ord9>y position 9 l9e )\t a riv]4 ,su* cases1 we say1 d n occur1 & e direct def5ce ( a riv] always becomes a k9d ( cordon sy/em1 at lea/ z f> z reg>ds ! ext5sion ( ! troops1 & !re=e is n at all adapt$ to oppose a turn+ movem5t on ! "p ( ! enemy 9 ! same mann] :i* is natural to an army 9 a conc5trat$ position4 ,:]e1 !re=e1 su* turn+ movem5t is possible1 ! direct def5ce ( ! riv]1 h[ev] promis+ its results 9 o!r respects1 is a measure 9 ! highe/ degree dang]\s4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! portion ( ! riv] betwe5 its extreme po9ts1 ( c\rse we may suppose t all po9ts )9 t portion are n equally well suit$ = cross+4 ,?is subject admits ( be+ some:at m precisely det]m9$ 9 ! ab/ract1 b n positively fix$1 = ! v smalle/ local peculi>ity (t5 decides m ?an all :i* looks great & important 9 books4 ,besides1 x is :olly unnecess>y to lay d[n any rules on ?is subject1 = ! appe>ance ( ! riv]1 & ! in=mation to be obta9$ f ^? resid+ ne> x1 w always amply suffice1 )\t ref]r+ back to books4 ,z matt]s ( detail1 we may obs]ve t roads lead+ d[n ^u a riv]1 its afflu5ts1 ! great t[ns ?r\gh :i* x passes1 & la/ly above all1 its isl&s1 g5]ally fav\r a passage ! mo/2 t on ! o!r h&1 ! elevation ( "o bank ov] ano!r1 & ! b5d 9 ! c\rse ( ! riv] at ! po9t ( passage1 :i* usually act su* a prom95t rle 9 books1 are seldom ( any consequ5ce4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! presum$ influ5ce ( ^! two ?+s re/s on ! limit$ idea ( an absolute def5ce ( ! riv] bank--a case :i* seldom or nev] happ5s 9 connection ) great riv]s4 ,n[1 :atev] may be ! nature ( ! circum/ances :i* make x easi] to cross a riv] at p>ticul> po9ts1 !y mu/ h an influ5ce on ! position ( ! troops1 & modify ! g5]al geometrical law2 b x is n advisable to deviate too f> f t law1 rely+ on ! difficulties ( ! passage at _m po9ts4 ,! enemy w\ld *oose exactly ^? spots :i* are ! lea/ fav\rable by nature = cross+1 if he knew t ^! are ! po9ts :]e !re is ! lea/ likelihood ( meet+ u4 ,9 any case ! /ronge/ possible occupation ( isl&s is a measure to be recomm5d$1 because a s]i\s attack on an isl& indicates 9 ! sure/ way ! int5d$ po9t ( passage4 ,z ! corps /ation$ close to a riv] mu/ be able to move ei!r up or d[n along its banks accord+ z circum/ances require1 !re=e if !re is no road p>allel to ! riv]1 "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial prep>atory measures = ! def5ce ( ! riv] is to put ! ne>e/ small roads runn+ 9 a p>allel direction into suitable ord]1 & to con/ruct su* %ort roads ( connection z may be necess>y4 ,! second po9t on :i* we h to speak1 is ! removal ( ! means ( cross+4--,on ! riv] itself ! ?+ is no easy matt]1 at lea/ requires consid]able "t2 b on ! afflu5ts :i* fall into ! riv]1 p>ticul>ly ^? on ! enemy's side1 ! difficulties are almo/ insurm\ntable1 z ^! bran* riv]s are g5]ally already 9 ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,= t reason x is important to close ! m\?s ( su* riv]s by =tifications4 ,z ! equipm5t = cross+ riv]s :i* an enemy br+s ) him1 t is 8 pontoons1 are r>ely suffici5t = ! passage ( great riv]s1 mu* dep5ds on ! means to be f\nd on ! riv] itself1 its afflu5ts1 & 9 ! great t[ns adjac5t1 & la/ly1 on ! timb] = build+ boats & rafts 9 =e/s ne> ! riv]4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* all ^! circum/ances are s unfav\rable1 t ! cross+ ( a riv] is by t means almo/ an impossibility4 ,la/ly1 ! =tresses1 :i* lie on bo? sides1 or on ! enemy's side ( ! riv]1 s]ve bo? to prev5t any cross+ at any po9ts ne> !m1 up or d[n ! riv]1 & z a means ( clos+ ! m\?s ( afflu5ts1 z well z to receive imm$iately all craft or boats :i* may be seiz$4 ,s mu* z to ! direct def5ce ( a riv]1 on ! supposition t x is "o conta9+ a great volume ( wat]4 ,if a deep valley ) precipit\s sides or m>%y banks1 are add$ to ! b>ri] ( ! riv] itself1 !n ! difficulty ( pass+ & ! /r5g? ( ! def5ce are c]ta9ly increas$2 b ! volume ( wat] is n made up = by su* ob/acles1 = !y con/itute no absolute sev]ance ( ! c\ntry1 :i* is an indisp5sable condition ( direct def5ce4 ,if we are ask$ :at rle su* a direct riv] def5ce c play 9 ! /rategic plan ( ! campaign1 we mu/ admit t x c nev] lead to a decisive victory1 p>tly because ! object is n to let ! enemy pass ov] to our side at all1 or to cru% ! fir/ mass ( any size :i* passes2 p>tly because ! riv] prev5ts our be+ able to conv]t ! advantages ga9$ into a decisive victory by sally+ =? 9 =ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! def5ce ( a riv] 9 ?is way may produce a great ga9 ( "t1 :i* is g5]ally all important = ! def5sive4 ,! collect+ ! means ( cross+1 takes up (t5 mu* "t2 if sev]al attempts fail a good deal m "t is ga9$4 ,if ! enemy1 on acc\nt ( ! riv]1 gives 8 =ces an entirely diff]5t direction1 !n /ill fur!r advantages may be ga9$ by t means4 ,la/ly1 :5ev] ! enemy is n 9 d[nright e>ne/ ab\t advanc+1 a riv] w occasion a /oppage 9 8 movem5ts & !reby af=d a durable protection to ! c\ntry4 ,a direct def5ce ( a riv]1 !re=e1 :5 ! masses ( troops engag$ are consid]able1 ! riv] l>ge1 & o!r circum/ances fav\rable1 may be reg>d$ z a v good def5sive means1 & may yield results to :i* comm&]s 9 mod]n times 7influ5c$ only by ! ?\ght ( un=tunate attempts to def5d riv]s1 :i* fail$ f insuffici5t means71 h paid too little att5tion4 ,= if1 9 accordance ) ! supposition j made 7:i* may easily be realiz$ 9 connection ) su* riv]s z ! ,rh9e or ! ,danube71 an effici5t def5ce ( #bd miles ( riv] is possible by #fj1jjj m5 9 face ( a v consid]ably sup]ior =ce1 we may well say t su* a result des]ves consid]ation4 ,we say1 9 opposition to a consid]ably sup]ior =ce1 & mu/ aga9 recur to t po9t4 ,accord+ to ! !ory we h prop\nd$1 all dep5ds on ! means ( cross+1 & no?+ on ! num]ical /r5g? ( ! =ce seek+ to cross1 always suppos+ x is n less ?an ! =ce :i* def5ds ! riv]4 ,?is appe>s v extraord9>y1 & yet x is true4 ,b we mu/ take c>e n to =get t mo/ def5ces ( riv]s1 or1 m prop]ly speak+1 ! :ole1 h no absolute po9ts d'appui1 !re=e1 may be turn$1 & ?is turn+ movem5t w be v mu* easi] if ! enemy has v sup]ior numb]s4 ,if n[ we reflect t su* a direct def5ce ( a riv]1 ev5 if ov]come by ! enemy1 is by no means to be comp>$ to a lo/ battle1 & c /ill less lead to a complete defeat1 s9ce only a "p ( our =ce has be5 engag$1 & ! enemy1 deta9$ by ! t$i\s cross+ ov] ( 8 troops on a s+le bridge1 _c imm$iately foll[ up 8 victory1 we %all be ! less dispos$ to despise ?is means ( def5ce4 ,9 all ! practical affairs ( human life x is important to hit ! "r po9t2 & s also1 9 ! def5ce ( a riv]1 x makes a great diff]5ce :e!r we rightly appreciate our situation 9 all its relations2 an app>5tly insignificant circum/ance may ess5tially alt] ! case1 & make a measure :i* is wise & effective 9 "o in/ance1 a disa/r\s mi/ake 9 ano!r4 ,?is difficulty ( =m+ a "r judgm5t & ( avoid+ ! notion t 8a riv] is a riv]0 is p]haps great] "h ?an any:]e else1 !re=e we mu/ especially gu>d aga9/ false applications & int]pretations2 b hav+ done s1 we h also no hesitation 9 pla9ly decl>+ t we d n ?9k x wor? :ile to li/5 to ! cry ( ^? :o1 "u ! influ5ce ( "s vague feel+1 & )\t any fix$ idea1 expect ev]y?+ f attack & movem5t1 & ?9k !y see ! mo/ true picture ( w> 9 a huss> at full gallop br&i%+ 8 sword ov] 8 head4 ,su* ideas & feel+s are n always all t is requir$ 7we %all only in/ance "h ! once fam\s dictator ,w$el1 at ,zlli*au1 9 #agei72 b ! wor/ ( all is t !y are seldom durable1 & !y =sake ! g5]al at ! la/ mom5t if great complex cases bran*+ out into a ?\s& relations be> heavily ^u him4 ,we !re=e believe t a direct def5ce ( a riv] ) l>ge bodies ( troops1 "u fav\rable conditions1 c lead to successful results if we cont5t ourselves ) a mod]ate negative3 b ?is does n hold good 9 ! case ( small] masses4 ,al?\gh #fj1jjj m5 on a c]ta9 l5g? ( riv] c\ld prev5t an army ( #ajj1jjj or m f pass+1 a corps ( #aj1jjj on ! same l5g? w\ld n be able to oppose ! passage ( a corps ( #aj1jjj m51 inde$1 probably1 n ( "o half t /r5g? if su* a body *ose to run ! risk ( plac+ itself on ! same side ( ! riv] ) an enemy s mu* sup]ior 9 numb]s4 ,! case is cle>1 z ! means ( pass+ d n alt]4 ,we h z yet said little ab\t fe9ts or demon/rations ( cross+1 z !y d n ess5tially come into consid]ation 9 ! direct def5ce ( a riv]1 = p>tly su* def5ce is n a "q ( conc5tration ( ! army at "o po9t1 b ea* corps has ! def5ce ( a portion ( ! riv] di/9ctly allott$ to x2 p>tly su* simulat$ int5tions ( cross+ are also v difficult "u ! circum/ances we h suppos$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! means ( cross+ 9 !mselves are already limit$1 t is1 n 9 su* abundance z ! assailant mu/ desire to ensure ! success ( 8 und]tak+1 he w !n h>dly be able or will+ to apply a l>ge %>e to a m]e demon/ration3 at all ev5ts ! mass ( troops to be pass$ ov] at ! true po9t ( cross+ mu/ be s mu* ! less1 & ! def5d] ga9s aga9 9 "t :at ?r\gh unc]ta9ty he may h lo/4 ,?is direct def5ce1 z a rule1 seems only suitable to l>ge riv]s1 & on ! la/ half ( _! c\rse4 ,! second =m ( def5ce is suitable = small] riv]s ) deep valleys1 (t5 also = v unimportant ones4 ,x consi/s 9 a position tak5 up fur!r back f ! riv] at su* a di/ance t ! enemy's army may ei!r be caught 9 detail aft] ! passage 7if x passes at sev]al po9ts at ! same "t7 or if ! passage is made by ! :ole at "o po9t1 !n ne> ! riv]1 hemm$ 9 ^u "o bridge & road4 ,an army ) ! re> press$ close aga9/ a riv] or a deep valley1 & conf9$ to "o l9e ( retreat1 is 9 a mo/ disadvantage\s position = battle2 9 ! mak+ prop] use ( ?is circum/ance1 consi/s precisely ! mo/ efficaci\s def5ce ( riv]s ( mod]ate size1 & runn+ 9 deep valleys4 ,! disposition ( an army 9 l>ge corps close to a riv] :i* we consid] ! be/ 9 a direct def5ce1 supposes t ! enemy _c pass ! riv] unexpect$ly & 9 great =ce1 because o!rwise1 by mak+ su* a disposition1 !re w\ld be great dang] ( be+ beat5 9 detail4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! circum/ances :i* fav\r ! def5ce are n suffici5tly advantage\s1 if ! enemy has already 9 h& ample means ( cross+1 if ! riv] has _m isl&s or =ds1 if x is n broad en\gh1 if we are too weak1 etc41 etc41 !n ! idea ( t me?od may be dismiss$3 ! troops = ! m secure connection ) ea* o!r mu/ be drawn back a little f ! riv]1 & all t !n rema9s to d is to ensure ! mo/ rapid conc5tration possible ^u t po9t :]e ! enemy attempts to cross1 s z to be able to attack him be=e he has ga9$ s mu* gr\nd t he has ! comm& ( sev]al passages4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! riv] or its valley mu/ be wat*$ & p>tially def5d$ by a *a9 ( outpo/s :il/ ! army is dispos$ 9 sev]al corps at suitable po9ts & at a c]ta9 di/ance 7usually a few leagues7 f ! riv]4 ,! mo/ difficult po9t lies "h 9 ! passage ?r\gh ! n>r[ way =m$ by ! riv] & its valley4 ,x is n n[ only ! volume ( wat] 9 ! riv] ) :i* we are conc]n$1 b ! :ole ( ! defile1 &1 z a rule1 a deep rocky valley is a great] imp$im5t to pass ?an a riv] ( consid]able bread?4 ,! difficulty ( ! m>* ( a l>ge body ( troops ?r\gh a long defile is 9 reality mu* great] ?an appe>s at fir/ consid]ation4 ,! "t requir$ is v consid]able2 & ! dang] t ! enemy dur+ ! m>* may make himself ma/] ( ! surr\nd+ heights mu/ cause disquietude4 ,if ! troops 9 front advance too f>1 !y enc\nt] ! enemy too soon1 & are 9 dang] ( be+ ov]p[]$2 if !y rema9 ne> ! po9t ( passage !n !y fight 9 ! wor/ situation4 ,! passage across su* an ob/acle ( gr\nd ) a view to measure /r5g? ) ! enemy on ! opposite side is1 !re=e1 a bold und]tak+1 or x implies v sup]ior numb]s & great confid5ce 9 ! comm&]4 ,su* a def5sive l9e _c c]ta9ly be ext5d$ to su* a l5g? z 9 ! direct def5ce ( a great riv]1 = x is int5d$ to fight ) ! :ole =ce unit$1 & ! passages1 h[ev] difficult1 _c be comp>$ 9 t respect ) ^? ov] a l>ge riv]2 x is1 !re=e1 mu* easi] = ! enemy to make a turn+ movem5t aga9/ u4 ,b at ! same "t1 su* a movem5t c>ries him out ( 8 natural direction 7= we suppose1 z is pla9 9 itself1 t ! valley crosses t direction at ab\t "r angles71 & ! disadvantage\s effect ( a conf9$ l9e ( retreat only disappe>s gradually1 n at once1 s t ! def5d] w /ill always h "s advantage ov] ! advanc+ foe1 al?\gh ! latt] is n caught exactly at ! crisis ( ! passage1 b by ! det\r he makes is enabl$ to get a little m room to move4 ,z we are n speak+ ( riv]s 9 connection only ) ! mass ( _! wat]s1 b h r m 9 view ! deep cleft or *annel =m$ by _! valleys1 we mu/ expla9 t "u ! t]m we d n mean any regul> m\nta9 gorge1 because !n all t has be5 said ab\t m\nta9s w\ld be applicable4 ,b1 z e "o kn[s1 !re are _m level di/ricts :]e ! *annels ( ev5 ! smalle/ /reams h deep & precipit\s sides2 &1 besides ^!1 su* z h m>%y banks1 or ^: banks are o!rwise difficult ( approa*1 belong to ! same class4 ,"u ^! conditions1 !re=e1 an army on ! def5sive1 po/$ beh9d a l>ge riv] or deep valley ) /eep sides1 is 9 a v excell5t position1 & ?is sort ( riv] def5ce is a /rategic measure ( ! be/ k9d4 ,its defect 7! po9t on :i* ! def5d] is v apt to err7 is ! ov]-ext5sion ( ! def5d+ =ce4 ,x is s natural 9 su* a case to be drawn on f "o po9t ( passage to ano!r1 & to miss ! "r po9t :]e we ought to /op2 b !n1 if we d n succe$ 9 fight+ ) ! :ole army unit$1 we miss ! int5d$ effect2 a defeat 9 battle1 ! necessity ( retreat1 confusion 9 _m ways & losses r$uce ! army ne>ly to ru91 ev5 al?\gh ! resi/ance has n be5 pu%$ to an extremity4 ,9 say+ t ! def5sive1 "u ! above conditions1 %\ld n ext5d 8 =ces widely1 t he %\ld be 9 any case able to assemble all 8 =ces on ! ev5+ ( ! day on :i* ! enemy passes1 en\gh is said1 & x may /& 9 place ( all comb9ations ( "t1 p[]1 & space1 ?+s :i*1 9 ?is case1 mu/ dep5d on _m local po9ts4 ,! battle to :i* ^! circum/ances lead mu/ h a special "*--t ( ! greate/ impetuosity on ! side ( ! def5d]4 ,! feign$ passages by :i* ! enemy w keep him = "s "t 9 unc]ta9ty--w1 9 g5]al prev5t 8 discov]+ ! real po9t ( cross+ a mom5t too soon4 ,! peculi> advantages ( ! situation ( ! def5d] consi/ 9 ! disadvantage\s situation ( ! enemy's corps j imm$iately 9 8 front2 if o!r corps1 hav+ pass$ at o!r po9ts1 m5ace 8 flank1 he _c1 z 9 a def5sive battle1 c\nt]act su* movem5ts by vigor\s bl[s f 8 re>1 = t w\ld be to sacrifice ! above-m5tion$ advantage ( 8 situation2 he mu/1 !re=e1 decide ! affair 9 8 front be=e su* o!r corps c arrive & become dang]\s1 t is1 he mu/ attack :at he has be=e him z swiftly & vigor\sly z possible1 & decide all by its defeat4 ,b ! object ( ?is =m ( riv] def5ce c nev] be ! repulse ( a v greatly sup]ior =ce1 z is conceivable 9 ! direct def5ce ( a l>ge riv]2 = z a rule we h really to deal ) ! bulk ( ! enemy's =ce1 & al?\gh we d s "u fav\rable circum/ances1 /ill x is easy to see ! relation betwe5 ! =ces mu/ soon be felt4 ,?is is ! nature ( ! def5ce ( riv]s ( a mod]ate size & deep valleys :5 ! pr9cipal masses ( ! armies are conc]n$1 = 9 respect to !m ! consid]able resi/ance :i* c be (f]$ on ! ridges or sc>ps ( ! valley /&s no comp>ison ) ! disadvantages ( a scatt]$ position1 & to !m a decisive victory is a matt] ( necessity4 ,b if no?+ m is want$ b ! re9=cem5t ( a second>y l9e ( def5ce :i* is int5d$ to hold out = a %ort "t1 & :i* c calculate on support1 !n c]ta9ly a direct def5ce ( ! sc>ps ( ! valley1 or ev5 ( ! riv] bank1 may be made2 & al?\gh ! same advantages are n to be expect$ "h z 9 m\nta9 positions1 /ill ! resi/ance w always la/ long] ?an 9 an ord9>y c\ntry4 ,only "o circum/ance makes ?is measure v dang]\s1 if n impossible3 x is :5 ! riv] has _m w9d+s & %>p turn+s1 :i* is j :at is (t5 ! case :5 a riv] runs 9 a deep valley1 ,only look at ! c\rse ( ! ,mosel4 ,9 a case ( its def5ce1 ! corps 9 advance on ! sali5ts ( ! b5ds w\ld almo/ inevitably be lo/ 9 ! ev5t ( a retreat4 ,t a great riv] all[s ! same def5sive means1 ! same =m ( def5ce1 :i* we h po9t$ out z be/ suit$ = riv]s ( a mod]ate size1 9 connection ) ! mass ( an army1 & also "u mu* m fav\rable circum/ances1 is pla9 ( itself4 ,x w come into use m especially :5 ! po9t ) ! def5d] is to ga9 a decisive victory 7,asp]n74 ,! case ( an army drawn up ) its front close on a riv]1 or /ream1 or deep valley1 9 ord] by t means to comm& a tactical ob/acle to ! approa* to its position1 or to /r5g!n its front1 is q a diff]5t "o1 ! detail$ exam9ation ( :i* belongs to tactics4 ,( ! effect ( ?is we %all only say ?is mu*1 t x is f\nd$ on a delusion4--,if ! cleft 9 ! gr\nd is v consid]able1 ! front ( ! position becomes absolutely unassailable4 ,n[1 z !re is no m difficulty 9 pass+ r\nd su* a position ?an any o!r1 x is j ! same z if ! def5d] _h himself gone out ( ! way ( ! assailant1 yet t c\ld h>dly be ! object ( ! position4 ,a position ( ?is k9d c1 !re=e1 only be advisable :51 z a consequ5ce ( its position1 x ?reat5s ! communications ( ! assailant1 s t e deviation by him f ! direct road is fraught ) consequ5ces altoge!r too s]i\s to be risk$4 ,9 ?is second =m ( def5ce1 feign$ passages are mu* m dang]\s1 = ! assailant c make !m m easily1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! proposition = ! def5d] is1 to assemble 8 :ole army at ! "r po9t4 ,b ! def5d] is c]ta9ly n q s mu* limit$ = "t "h1 because ! advantage ( 8 situation la/s until ! assailant has mass$ 8 :ole =ce1 & made himself ma/] ( sev]al cross+s2 moreov]1 also1 ! simulat$ attack has n ! same degree ( effect "h z 9 ! def5ce ( a cordon1 :]e all mu/ be held1 & :]e1 !re=e1 9 ! application ( ! res]ve1 x is n m]ely a "q1 z 9 our proposition1 :]e ! enemy has 8 pr9cipal =ce1 b ! mu* m difficult "o1 ,:i* is ! po9t he w fir/ seek to =ce8 ,) respect to bo? =ms ( def5ce ( l>ge & small riv]s1 we mu/ obs]ve g5]ally1 t if !y are und]tak5 9 ! ha/e & confusion ( a retreat1 )\t prep>ation1 )\t ! removal ( all means ( passage1 & )\t an exact k ( ! c\ntry1 !y _c c]ta9ly fulfil :at has be5 "h suppos$2 9 mo/ su* cases1 no?+ ( ! k9d is to be calculat$ ^u2 & !re=e x w be always a great error = an army to divide itself ov] ext5d$ positions4 ,z ev]y?+ usually misc>ries 9 w>1 if x is n done ^u cle> convictions & ) ! :ole w & en]gy1 s a riv] def5ce w g5]ally end badly :5 x is only resort$ to because we h n ! he>t to meet ! enemy 9 ! op5 field1 & hope t ! broad riv] or ! deep valley w /op him4 ,:5 t is ! case1 !re is s little confid5ce 9 ! actual situation t bo? ! g5]al & 8 army are usually fill$ ) anxi\s =ebod+s1 :i* are almo/ sure to be realiz$ quick en\gh4 ,a battle 9 ! op5 field does n suppose a p]fectly equal /ate ( circum/ances be=eh&1 l a duel2 & ! def5d] :o does n "k h[ to ga9 = himself any advantages1 ei!r ?r\gh ! special nature ( ! def5ce1 ?r\gh rapid m>*es1 or by k ( ! c\ntry & fre$om ( movem5t1 is "o :om no?+ c save1 & lea/ ( all w a riv] or its valley be able to help him4 ,! ?ird =m ( def5ce--by a /rong position tak5 up on ! enemy's side ( ! riv]--f\nds its efficacy on ! dang] 9 :i* x places ! enemy ( hav+ 8 communications cut by ! riv]1 & be+ ?us limit$ to "s bridges4 ,x foll[s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t we are only speak+ ( great riv]s ) a great volume ( wat]1 z ^! alone c lead to su* results1 :il/ a riv] :i* is m]ely 9 a deep rav9e usually af=ds su* a numb] ( passages t all dang] ( ! above disappe>s4 ,b ! position ( ! def5sive mu/ be v /rong1 almo/ unassailable2 o!rwise he w\ld j meet ! enemy half way1 & give up 8 advantages4 ,b if x is ( su* /r5g? t ! enemy resolves n to attack x1 he w1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 be conf9$ !reby to ! same bank ) ! def5d]4 ,if ! assailant crosses1 he exposes 8 communications2 b c]ta9ly1 at ! same "t1 he ?reat5s ours4 ,"h1 z 9 all cases 9 :i* "o army passes by ano!r1 ! great po9t is1 ^: communications1 by _! numb]1 situation1 & o!r circum/ances1 are ! be/ secur$1 & :i* has also1 9 o!r respects1 mo/ to lose1 !re=e c be outbid by 8 oppon5t2 la/ly1 :i* possesses /ill 9 8 army ! mo/ p[] ( victory ^u :i* he c dep5d 9 an extreme case4 ,! influ5ce ( ! riv] m]ely am\nts to ?is1 t x augm5ts ! dang] ( su* a movem5t = bo? p>ties1 z bo? are dep5d5t on bridges4 ,n[1 9 s f> z we c assume t1 accord+ to ! usual c\rse ( ?+s1 ! passage ( ! def5d]1 z well z ( 8 depts ( all k9ds1 are bett] secur$ by =tresses ?an ^? ( ! (f5sive1 9 s f> is su* a def5ce conceivable1 & "o :i* might be sub/itut$ = ! direct def5ce :5 circum/ances are n fav\rable to t =m4 ,c]ta9ly !n ! riv] is n def5d$ by ! army1 nor ! army by ! riv]1 b by ! connection betwe5 ! two ! c\ntry is def5d$1 :i* is ! ma9 po9t4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be grant$ t ?is mode ( def5ce1 )\t a decisive bl[1 & resembl+ ! /ate ( t5sion ( two electric curr5ts1 ( :i* ! atmosph]es only are z yet 9 contact1 _c /op any v p[]ful impulsive =ce4 ,x might be applicable aga9/ ev5 a great sup]iority ( =ce on ! side ( ! enemy1 if _! army is comm&$ by a cauti\s g5]al1 want+ 9 decision1 & nev] dispos$ to pu% =w>d ) en]gy2 x might also answ] :5 a k9d ( oscillation t[>ds equality betwe5 ! cont5d+ =ces has previ\sly aris51 & no?+ b small advantages are look$ = on ei!r side4 ,b if we h to deal ) sup]ior =ces1 l$ by a bold g5]al1 we are ^u a dang]\s c\rse1 v close to an abyss4 ,?is =m ( def5ce looks s bold1 & at ! same "t s sci5tific1 t x might be call$ ! elegant2 b z elegance easily m]ges into folly1 & z x is n s easily excus$ 9 w> z 9 society1 !re=e we h _h z yet few in/ances ( ?is elegant art4 ,f ?is ?ird mode a special means ( assi/ance = ! fir/ two =ms is develop$1 t is1 by ! p]man5t occupation ( a bridge & a tte du pont to keep up a con/ant ?reat ( cross+4 ,besides ! object ( an absolute def5ce ) ! ma9 body1 ea* ( ! ?ree modes ( def5ce may also h t ( a feign$ def5ce4 ,?is %[ ( a resi/ance1 :i* x is n int5d$ really to (f]1 is an act :i* is comb9$ ) _m o!r measures1 & fundam5tally ) e position :i* is any?+ m ?an a camp ( r\te2 b ! feign$ def5ce ( a great riv] becomes a complete /ratagem 9 ?is way1 t x is necess>y to adopt actually m or less a numb] ( measures ( detail1 & t its action is usually on a great] scale & ( long] duration ?an t ( any o!r2 = ! act ( pass+ a great riv] 9 sight ( an army is always an important /ep = ! assailant1 "o ov] :i* he (t5 pond]s long1 or :i* he po/pones to a m fav\rable mom5t4 ,= su* a feign$ def5ce x is !re=e requisite t ! ma9 army %\ld divide & po/ itself along ! riv]1 7mu* 9 ! same mann] z = a real def5ce72 b z ! int5tion ( a m]e demon/ration %[s t circum/ances are n fav\rable en\gh = a real def5ce1 !re=e1 f t measure z x always occasions a m or less ext5d$ & scatt]$ disposition1 ! dang] ( s]i\s loss may v easily arise if ! corps %\ld get engag$ 9 a real resi/ance1 ev5 if n c>ri$ to an extremity2 x w\ld !n be 9 ! true s5se a half measure4 ,9 a demon/ration ( def5ce1 !re=e1 arrangem5t mu/ be made = a sure conc5tration ( ! army at a po9t consid]ably 7p]haps sev]al days' m>*7 9 re>1 & ! def5ce %\ld n be c>ri$ beyond :at is consi/5t ) ?is arrangem5t4 ,9 ord] to make our views pla9]1 & to %[ ! importance ( su* a def5sive demon/ration1 let u ref] to ! end ( ! campaign ( #ahac4 ,buonap>te repass$ ! ,rh9e ) =ty or fifty ?\s& m54 ,to attempt to def5d ?is riv] ) su* a =ce at all po9ts :]e ! ,allies1 accord+ to ! direction ( _! =ces1 might easily pass1 t is1 betwe5 ,manheim & ,nimegu51 w\ld h be5 to attempt an impossibility4 ,! only idea :i* ,buonap>te c\ld !re=e ent]ta9 0 to (f] 8 fir/ real resi/ance some:]e on ! ,fr5* ,meuse1 :]e he c\ld make 8 appe>ance ) 8 army 9 "s measure re9=c$4 ,_h he at once )drawn 8 =ces to t po9t1 ! ,allies w\ld h foll[$ close at 8 heels2 _h he plac$ 8 army 9 cantonm5ts = re/ beh9d ! ,rh9e1 ! same ?+ mu/ h tak5 place almo/ z soon1 = at ! lea/ %[ ( despond+ caution on 8 "p1 ! ,allies w\ld h s5t ov] sw>ms ( ,cossacks & o!r light troops 9 pursuit1 &1 if t measure produc$ good results1 o!r corps w\ld h foll[$4 ,! ,fr5* corps _h !re=e no?+ = x b to take /eps to def5d ! ,rh9e 9 e>ne/4 ,z ,buonap>te c\ld =esee t ?is def5ce mu/ end 9 no?+ :5ev]1 ! ,allies s]i\sly und]took to cross ! riv]1 x may !re=e be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a m]e demon/ration1 9 :i* ! ,fr5* corps incurr$ h>dly any dang]1 z _! po9t ( conc5tration lay on ! ,upp] ,moselle4 ,only ,macdonald1 :o1 z is kn[n1 0 at ,nimegu5 ) tw5ty ?\s& m51 committ$ a mi/ake 9 def]r+ 8 retreat till fairly compell$ to retire1 = ?is delay prev5t$ 8 jo9+ ,buonap>te be=e ! battle ( ,bri5ne1 z ! retreat 0 n =c$ on him until aft] ! arrival ( ,w9zurg]ode's corps 9 ,janu>y4 ,?is def5sive demon/ration on ! ,rh9e1 !re=e1 produc$ ! result ( *eck+ ! ,allies 9 _! advance1 & induc$ !m to po/pone ! cross+ ( ! riv] until _! re9=cem5ts arriv$1 :i* did n take place = six weeks4 ,^! six weeks 7 ( inf9ite value to ,buonap>te4 ,)\t ?is def5sive demon/ration on ! ,rh9e1 ,p>is w\ld h become ! next imm$iate object aft] ! victory ( ,leipsic1 & x w\ld h be5 impossible = ! ,fr5* to h giv5 battle on t side ( _! capital4 ,9 a riv] def5ce ( ! second class1 !re=e1 9 t ( riv]s ( a small] size1 su* demon/rations may also be us$1 b !y w g5]ally be less effectual1 because m]e attempts to cross are 9 su* a case easi]1 & !re=e ! spell is soon] brok54 ,9 ! ?ird k9d ( riv] def5ce1 a demon/ration w\ld 9 all probability be /ill less effectual1 & produce no m result ?an t ( ! occupation ( any o!r tempor>y position4 ,la/ly1 ! two fir/ =ms ( def5ce are v well suit$ to give a *a9 ( outpo/s1 or any o!r def5sive l9e 7cordon7 e/abli%$ = a second>y object1 or to a corps ( obs]vation1 mu* great] & m reliable /r5g? ?an x w\ld h )\t ! riv]4 ,9 all ^! cases ! "q is limit$ to a relative resi/ance1 & t mu/ naturally be consid]ably /r5g!n$ by su* a great natural ob/acle4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ n ?9k only ( ! relative quantity ( "t ga9$ by ! resi/ance 9 fight 9 a case ( ?is sort1 b also ( ! _m anxieties :i* su* und]tak+s usually excite 9 ! m9d ( ! enemy1 & :i* 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ lead to 8 giv+ up 8 plans if n urg$ or press$ by necessity4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,def5ce ( ,/reams & ,riv]s 7cont9u$7 ,we h /ill to add some?+ respect+ ! influ5ce ( /reams & riv]s on ! def5ce ( a c\ntry1 ev5 :5 !y are n !mselves def5d$4 ,e important riv]1 ) its ma9 valley & its adjac5t valleys1 =ms a v consid]able ob/acle 9 a c\ntry1 & 9 t way x is1 !re=e1 advantage\s to def5ce 9 g5]al2 b its peculi> influ5ce admits ( be+ m p>ticul>ly specifi$ 9 its pr9cipal effects4 ,fir/ we mu/ di/+ui% :e!r x fl[s p>allel to ! fronti]1 t is1 ! g5]al /rategic front1 or at an oblique or a "r angle to x4 ,9 ! case ( ! p>allel direction we mu/ obs]ve ! diff]5ce betwe5 hav+ our own army or t ( ! enemy beh9d x1 & 9 bo? cases aga9 ! di/ance betwe5 x & ! army4 ,an army on ! def5sive1 hav+ beh9d x a l>ge riv] )9 easy rea* 7b n less ?an a day's m>*71 & on t riv] an adequate numb] ( secure cross+s1 is unque/ionably 9 a mu* /rong] situation ?an x w\ld be )\t ! riv]2 = if x loses a little 9 fre$om ( movem5t by ! requisite c>e = ! security ( ! cross+s1 /ill x ga9s mu* m by ! security ( its /rategic re>1 t means *iefly ( its l9es ( communication4 ,9 all ?is we allude to a def5ce 9 our own c\ntry2 = 9 ! enemy's c\ntry1 al?\gh 8 army might be be=e u1 we %\ld /ill h always m or less to appreh5d 8 appe>ance beh9d u on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 & !n ! riv]1 involv+ z x does n>r[ defiles 9 roads1 w\ld be m disadvantage\s ?an o!rwise 9 its effect on our situation4 ,! fur!r ! riv] is beh9d ! army1 ! less useful x w be1 & at c]ta9 di/ances its influ5ce disappe>s altoge!r4 ,if an advanc+ army has to leave a riv] 9 its re>1 ! riv] _c be o!rwise ?an prejudicial to its movem5ts1 = x re/ricts ! communications ( ! army to a few s+le passages4 ,:5 ,pr9ce ,h5ry m>*$ aga9/ ! ,russians on ! "r bank ( ! ,od] ne> ,breslau1 he _h pla9ly a po9t d'appui 9 ! ,od] fl[+ beh9d him at a day's m>*2 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! ,russians "u ,czn]nits*ef pass$ ! ,od] subsequ5tly1 !y 7 9 a v emb>rass+ situation1 j ?r\gh ! risk ( los+ _! l9e ( retreat1 :i* 0 limit$ to "o bridge4 ,if a riv] crosses ! !atre ( w> m or less at a "r angle ) ! /rategic front1 !n ! advantage is aga9 on ! side ( ! def5sive2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re are g5]ally a numb] ( good positions lean+ on ! riv]1 & cov]$ 9 front by ! transv]se valleys connect$ ) ! pr9cipal valley 7l ! ,elbe = ! ,prussians 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>72 secondly1 ! assailant mu/ leave "o side ( ! riv] or ! o!r unoccupi$1 or he mu/ divide 8 =ces2 & su* division _c fail to be 9 fav\r aga9 ( ! def5sive1 because he w be 9 possession ( m well secur$ passages ?an ! assailant4 ,we ne$ only ca/ a glance ov] ! :ole ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 to be conv9c$ t ! ,od] & ,elbe 7 v useful to ,fr$]ick ! ,great 9 ! def5ce ( 8 !atre ( w> 7namely ,silesia1 ,saxony & ! ,m>k71 & consequ5tly a great imp$im5t to ! conque/ ( ^! prov9ces by ! ,au/rians & ,russians1 al?\gh !re 0 no real def5ce ( ^? riv]s 9 ! :ole ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 & _! c\rse is mo/ly1 z connect$ ) ! enemy1 at an oblique or a "r angle r ?an p>allel ) ! front4 ,x is only ! conv5i5ce ( a riv] z a means ( transport1 :5 its c\rse is m or less 9 a p]p5dicul> direction1 :i* c1 9 g5]al1 be advantage\s to ! assailant2 9 t respect x may be s = ?is reason1 t z he has ! long] l9e ( communication1 &1 !re=e1 ! great] difficulty 9 ! transport ( all he requires1 wat] c>riage may relieve him ( a great deal ( tr\ble & prove v useful4 ,! def5d]1 on 8 side1 c]ta9ly has x 9 8 p[] to close ! navigation )9 8 own fronti] by =tresses2 /ill ev5 by t means ! advantages :i* ! riv] af=ds ! assailant w n be lo/ s f> z reg>ds its c\rse up to t fronti]4 ,b if we reflect ^u ! fact t _m riv]s are (t5 n navigable1 ev5 :]e !y are ( no unimportant bread? z respects o!r milit>y relations1 t o!rs are n navigable at all seasons1 t ! asc5t aga9/ ! /ream is t$i\s1 t ! w9d+ ( a riv] (t5 d\bles its l5g?1 t ! *ief communications betwe5 c\ntries n[ are high roads1 & t n[ m ?an ev] ! wants ( an army are suppli$ f ! c\ntry adjac5t to ! sc5e ( its op]ations1 & n by c>riage f di/ant p>ts1--we c well see t ! use ( a riv] does n g5]ally play su* a prom95t "p 9 ! subsi/5ce ( troops z is usually repres5t$ 9 books1 & t its influ5ce on ! m>* ( ev5ts is !re=e v remote & unc]ta94 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,a4 ,def5ce ( ,swamps ,v l>ge wide swamps1 su* z ! ,b\rtang ,moor 9 ,nor? ,g]many1 are s uncommon t x is n wor? :ile to lose "t ov] !m2 b we mu/ n =get t c]ta9 l[l&s & m>%y banks ( small riv]s are m common1 & =m v consid]able ob/acles ( gr\nd :i* may be1 & (t5 h be51 us$ = def5sive purposes4 ,measures = _! def5ce are c]ta9ly v l ^? = ! def5ce ( riv]s1 at ! same "t !re are "s peculi>ties to be specially notic$4 ,! fir/ & pr9cipal "o is1 t a m>% :i* except on ! causeway is impracticable = infantry is mu* m difficult to cross ?an any riv]2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 a causeway is n s soon built z a bridge2 secondly1 !re are no means at h& by :i* ! troops to cov] ! con/ruction ( ! dyke or causeway c be s5t across4 ,no "o w\ld beg9 to build a bridge )\t us+ "s ( ! boats to s5d ov] an advanc$ gu>d 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 b 9 ! case ( a morass no simil> assi/ance c be employ$2 ! easie/ way to make a cross+ = infantry ov] a morass is by means ( planks1 b :5 ! morass is ( "s wid?1 ?is is a mu* m t$i\s process ?an ! cross+ ( ! fir/ boats on a riv]4 ,if n[1 besides1 !re is 9 ! middle ( ! morass a riv] :i* _c be pass$ )\t a bridge1 ! cross+ ( ! fir/ deta*m5t ( troops becomes a /ill m difficult affair1 = al?\gh s+le pass5g]s may get across on bo>ds1 ! heavy mat]ial requir$ = bridge build+ _c be s transport$4 ,?is difficulty on _m occasions may be insurm\ntable4 ,a second peculi>ity ( a swamp is1 t ! means us$ to cross _c be completely remov$ l ^?1 us$ = pass+ a riv]2 bridges may be brok51 or s completely de/roy$ t !y c nev] be us$ aga92 ! mo/ t c be done ) dykes is to cut !m1 :i* is n do+ mu*4 ,if !re is a riv] 9 ! middle1 ! bridge c ( c\rse be tak5 away1 b ! :ole passage w n by t means be de/roy$ 9 ! same degree z t ( a l>ge riv] by ! de/ruction ( a bridge4 ,! natural consequ5ce is t dykes :i* exi/ mu/ always be occupi$ 9 =ce & /r5u\sly def5d$ if we desire to d]ive any g5]al advantage f ! morass4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re=e1 we are compell$ to adopt a local def5ce1 & on ! o!r1 su* a def5ce is fav\r$ by ! difficulty ( pass+ at o!r p>ts4 ,f ^! two peculi>ities ! result is1 t ! def5ce ( a swamp mu/ be m local & passive ?an t ( a riv]4 ,x foll[s f ?is t we mu/ be /rong] 9 a relative degree ?an 9 ! direct def5ce ( a riv]1 consequ5tly t ! l9e ( def5ce mu/ n be ( great l5g?1 especially 9 cultivat$ c\ntries1 :]e ! numb] ( passages1 ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances = def5ce1 is /ill v great4 ,9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 swamps are inf]ior to great riv]s1 & ?is is a po9t ( great importance1 = all local def5ce is illusory & dang]\s to an extreme4 ,b if we reflect t su* swamps & l[ gr\nds g5]ally h a bread? ) :i* t ( ! l>ge/ riv]s 9 ,europe be>s no comp>ison1 & t consequ5tly a po/ /ation$ = ! def5ce ( a passage is nev] 9 dang] ( be+ ov]p[]$ by ! fire f ! o!r side1 t ! effects ( its own fire ov] a long n>r[ dyke is greatly increas$1 & t ! "t requir$ to pass su* a defile1 p]haps a qu>t] or half a mile long1 is mu* long] ?an w\ld suffice to pass an ord9>y bridge3 if we consid] all ?is1 we mu/ admit t su* l[ l&s & morasses1 if means ( cross+ are n too num]\s1 belong to ! /ronge/ l9es ( def5ce :i* c be =m$4 ,an indirect def5ce1 su* z we made ourselves acqua9t$ ) 9 ! case ( /reams & riv]s1 9 :i* ob/acles ( gr\nd are made use ( to br+ on a great battle "u advantage\s circum/ances1 is g5]ally q z applicable to morasses4 ,! ?ird me?od ( a riv]-def5ce by means ( a position on ! enemy's side w\ld be too haz>d\s on acc\nt ( ! toilsome nature ( ! cross+4 ,x is extremely dang]\s to v5ture on ! def5ce ( su* morasses1 s(t mead[s1 bogs1 etc41 z are n q impassable beyond ! dykes4 ,"o s+le l9e ( cross+ discov]$ by ! enemy is suffici5t to pi]ce ! :ole l9e ( def5ce :i*1 9 case ( a s]i\s resi/ance1 is always att5d$ ) great loss to ! def5d]4 ,b4 ,inundations ,n[ we h /ill to consid] inundations4 ,z def5sive means & also z ph5om5a 9 ! natural _w !y h unque/ionably ! ne>e/ resemblance to morasses4 ,!y are n common c]ta9ly2 p]haps ,holl& is ! only c\ntry 9 ,europe :]e !y con/itute a ph5om5on :i* makes !m wor? notice 9 connection ) our object2 b j t c\ntry1 on acc\nt ( ! rem>kable campaigns ( #afgb & #aghg1 z well z on acc\nt ( its important relation 9 itself to bo? ,france & ,g]many1 obliges u to devote "s consid]ation to ?is matt]4 ,! "* ( ^! ,dut* inundations diff]s f ord9>y swampy & impassable wet l[ l&s 9 ! foll[+ respects3 #a4 ,! soil itself is dry & consi/s ei!r ( dry mead[s or ( cultivat$ fields4 #b4 ,= purposes ( irrigation or ( dra9age1 a numb] ( small dit*es ( great] or loss dep? & bread? int]sect ! c\ntry 9 su* a way t !y may be se5 runn+ 9 l9es 9 p>allel directions4 #c4 ,l>g] canals1 inclos$ by dykes & int5d$ = irrigation1 dra9age1 & transit ( vessels1 run ?r\gh ! c\ntry 9 all possible directions & are ( su* a size t !y c only be pass$ on bridges4 #d4 ,! level ( ! gr\nd ?r\gh\t ! :ole di/rict subject to inundation1 lies p]ceptibly "u ! level ( ! sea1 !re=e1 ( c\rse1 "u t ( ! canals4 #e4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t by means ( cutt+ ! dams1 clos+ & op5+ ! sluices1 ! :ole c\ntry c be laid "u wat]1 s t !re are no dry roads except on ! tops ( ! dykes1 all o!rs be+ ei!r entirely "u wat] or1 at lea/1 s soak$ t !y become no long] fit = use4 ,n[1 if ev5 ! inundation is only ?ree or f\r feet deep1 s t1 p]haps1 = %ort di/ances x might be wad$ ?r\gh1 /ill ev5 t is made impossible on acc\nt ( ! small] dit*es m5tion$ "u ,no4 #b1 :i* are n visible4 ,x is only :]e ^! dit*es h a correspond+ direction1 s t we c move betwe5 two ( !m )\t cross+ ei!r1 t ! inundation does n con/itute 9 effect an absolute b> to all communication4 ,x is easy to conceive t ?is exception to ! g5]al ob/ruction c only be = %ort di/ances1 &1 !re=e1 c only be us$ = tactical purposes ( an entirely special "*4 ,f all ?is we d$uce #a4 ,t ! assailant's means ( mov+ are limit$ to a m or less small numb] ( practicable l9es1 :i* run along v n>r[ dykes1 & usually h a wet dit* on ! "r & left1 consequ5tly =m v long defiles4 #b4 ,t e def5sive prep>ation ^u su* a dam may be easily /r5g!n$ to su* a degree z to become impregnable4 #c4 ,b t1 because ! def5sive is s hemm$ 91 he mu/ conf9e himself to ! mo/ passive resi/ance z respects ea* isolat$ po9t1 & consequ5tly mu/ look = 8 safety entirely f passive resi/ance4 #d4 ,t 9 su* a c\ntry x is n a sy/em ( a s+le def5sive l9e1 clos+ ! c\ntry l a simple b>ri]1 b t z 9 e direction ! same ob/acle to movem5t exi/s1 & ! same security = flanks may be f\nd1 new po/s may incessantly be =m$1 & 9 ?is mann] any portion ( ! fir/ def5sive l9e1 if lo/1 may be replac$ by a new piece4 ,we may say t ! numb] ( comb9ations "h1 l ^? on a *essbo>d1 are inf9ite4 #e4 ,b :ile ?is g5]al condition ( a c\ntry is only conceivable along ) ! supposition ( a high degree ( cultivation & a d5se population1 x foll[s ( itself t ! numb] ( passages1 & !re=e ! numb] ( po/s requir$ or _! def5ce1 mu/ be v great 9 comp>ison to o!r /rategetic dispositions2 f :i* aga9 we h1 z a consequ5ce1 t su* a def5sive l9e mu/ n be long4 ,! pr9cipal l9e ( def5ce 9 ,holl& is f ,na>d5 on ! ,zuyd] ,zee 7! great] "p ( ! way beh9d ! ,ve*t71 to ,gorcum on ! ,waal1 t is prop]ly to ! ,biesbos*1 its ext5t be+ ab\t eight miles4 ,= ! def5ce ( ?is l9e a =ce ( #be1jjj to #cj1jjj 0 employ$ 9 #afgb1 & aga9 9 #aghg4 ,if we c\ld reckon ) c]ta9ty ^u an inv9cible resi/ance1 ! results w\ld c]ta9ly be v great1 at lea/ = ! prov9ces ( ,holl& ly+ beh9d t l9e4 ,9 #afgb ! l9e actually )/ood v sup]ior =ces l$ by great g5]als1 fir/ ,cond1 & aft]w>ds ,luxemb\rg1 :o _h "u _! comm& #dj1jjj to #ej1jjj m51 & yet w\ld n assault1 pref]r+ to wait = ! w9t]1 :i* did n prove sev]e en\gh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! resi/ance :i* 0 made on ?is fir/ l9e 9 #aghg am\nt$ to no?+1 & ev5 t :i* 0 made by a second l9e mu* %ort]1 betwe5 ! ,zuyd] ,zee & ! lake ( ,ha>lem1 al?\gh some:at m effective1 0 ov]come by ! ,duke ( ,brunswick 9 "o day1 ?r\gh a v skilful tactical disposition well adapt$ to ! locality1 & ?is al?\gh ! ,prussian =ce actually engag$ 9 ! attack 0 little1 if at all1 sup]ior 9 numb]s to ! troops gu>d+ ! l9es4 ,! diff]5t result 9 ! two cases is to be attribut$ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! supreme comm&4 ,9 ! ye> #afgb ! ,dut* 7 surpris$ by ,l\is ,,xiv41 :ile ev]y?+ 0 on a peace e/abli%m5t1 9 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 !re brea!d v little milit>y _s z f> z conc]n$ l& =ces4 ,= t reason ! great] numb] ( ! =tresses 7 defici5t 9 all articles ( mat]ial & equipm5t1 g>rison$ only by weak bodies ( hir$ troops1 & def5d$ by gov]nors :o 7 ei!r native-born incapables1 or trea*]\s =eign]s4 ,?us all ! ,br&5burg =tresses on ! ,rh9e1 g>rison$ by ,dut*1 z well z all _! own places situat$ to ! ea/ ( ! l9e ( def5ce above describ$1 except ,gron+51 v soon fell into ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*1 & = ! mo/ "p )\t any real def5ce4 ,& 9 ! conque/ ( ?is great numb] ( places consi/$ ! *ief ex]tions ( ! ,fr5* army1 #aej1jjj /rong1 at t "t4 ,b :51 aft] ! murd] ( ! bro!rs ,de ,witt1 9 ,augu/ #afgb1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange came to ! head ( affairs1 br++ unity to ! measures = national def5ce1 !re 0 /ill "t to close ! def5sive l9e above-m5tion$1 & all ! measures !n adopt$ h>monis$ s well ) ea* o!r t nei!r ,cond nor ,luxemb\rg1 :o comm&$ ! ,fr5* armies left 9 ,holl& aft] ! dep>ture ( ! two armies "u ,tur5ne & ,l\is 9 p]son1 w\ld v5ture to attempt any?+ aga9/ ! sep>ate po/s4 ,9 ! ye> #aghg all 0 diff]5t4 ,x 0 n ! ,republic ( sev5 unit$ prov9ces1 b only ! prov9ce ( ,holl& :i* _h to resi/ ! invasion4 ,! conque/ ( all ! =tresses1 :i* _h be5 ! pr9cipal object 9 #afgb1 0 !re=e n ! "q2 ! def5ce 0 conf9$ at once to ! l9e we h describ$4 ,b ! assailant ?is "t1 in/ead ( #aej1jjj m51 _h only #be1jjj1 & 0 no mighty sov]eign ( a great c\ntry adjo9+ ,holl&1 b ! subord9ate g5]al ( a di/ant pr9ce1 himself by no means indep5d5t 9 _m respects4 ,! p 9 ,holl&1 l ^? ev]y:]e else at t "t1 7 divid$ into two p>ties1 b ! republican _s 9 ,holl& 0 decid$ly pr$om9ant1 & _h at ! same "t atta9$ ev5 to a k9d ( en?usia/ic excitem5t4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! resi/ance 9 ! ye> #aghg ought to h ensur$ at lea/ z great results z t ( #afgb4 ,b !re 0 "o important diff]5ce1 :i* is1 t 9 ! ye> #aghg unity ( comm& 0 entirely want+4 ,:at 9 #afgb _h be5 left to ! wise1 skilful1 & en]getic guidance ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 0 entru/$ to a s call$ ,def5ce ,commission 9 #aghg1 :i* al?\gh x includ$ 9 its numb] m5 ( en]gy1 0 n 9 a position to infuse into its "w ! requisite unity ( measures1 & to inspire o!rs ) t confid5ce :i* 0 want$ to prev5t ! :ole in/rum5t f prov+ imp]fect & ineffici5t 9 use4 ,we h dwelt = a mom5t on ?is example1 9 ord] to give m di/9ctness to ! conception ( ?is def5sive measure1 & at ! same "t to %[ ! diff]5ce 9 ! effects produc$1 accord+ z m or less unity & sequ5ce prevail 9 ! direction ( ! :ole4 ,al?\gh ! organisation & me?od ( def5ce ( su* a def5sive l9e are tactical subjects1 /ill1 9 connection ) ! latt]1 :i* is ! ne>e/ alli$ to /rategy1 we _c omit to make an obs]vation to :i* ! campaign ( #aghg gives occasion4 ,we ?9k1 namely1 t h[ev] passive ! def5ce mu/ naturally be at ea* po9t 9 a l9e ( ?is k9d1 /ill an (f5sive action f "s "o po9t ( ! l9e is n impossible1 & may n be unproductive ( good results if ! enemy1 z 0 ! case 9 #aghg1 is n decid$ly v sup]ior4 ,= al?\gh su* an attack mu/ be execut$ by means ( dykes1 & on t acc\nt _c c]ta9ly h ! advantage ( mu* fre$om ( movem5t or ( any great impulsive =ce1 nev]!less1 x is impossible = ! (f5sive side to occupy all ! dykes & roads :i* he does n require = 8 own purposes1 & !re=e ! def5sive ) 8 bett] k ( ! c\ntry1 & be+ 9 possession ( ! /rong po9ts1 %\ld be able by "s ( ! unoccupi$ dykes to effect a real flank attack aga9/ ! columns ( ! assailant1 or to cut !m (f f _! s\rces ( supply4 ,if n[1 on ! o!r h&1 we reflect = a mom5t on ! con/ra9$ position 9 :i* ! assailant is plac$1 h[ mu* m dep5d5t he is on 8 communications ?an 9 almo/ any o!r conceivable case1 we may well imag9e t e sally on ! "p ( ! def5sive side :i* has ! remote/ possibility ( success mu/ at once z a demon/ration be mo/ effective4 ,we d\bt v mu* if ! prud5t & cauti\s duke ( ,brunswick w\ld h v5tur$ to approa* ,am/]dam if ! ,dut* _h only made su* a demon/ration1 f ,utre*t = in/ance4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,def5ce ( ,=e/s ,above all ?+s we mu/ di/+ui% ?ick tangl$ & impassable =e/s f ext5sive woods "u a c]ta9 degree ( culture1 :i* are p>tly q cle>1 p>tly int]sect$ by num]\s roads4 ,:5ev] ! object is to =m a def5sive l9e1 ! latt] %\ld be left 9 re> or avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,! def5sive requires m ?an ! assailant to see cle>ly r\nd him1 p>tly because1 z a rule1 he is ! weak]1 p>tly because ! natural advantages ( 8 position cause him to develop 8 plans lat] ?an ! assailant4 ,if he %\ld place a woody di/rict be=e him he w\ld be fight+ l a bl9d man aga9/ "o ) 8 eyesight4 ,if he %\ld place himself 9 ! middle ( ! wood !n bo? w\ld be bl9d1 b t equality ( condition is j :at w\ld n answ] ! natural requirem5ts ( ! def5d]4 ,su* a wood$ c\ntry c !re=e n be br\ght into any fav\rable connection ) ! def5sive except x is kept 9 re> ( ! def5d]'s army1 s z to conceal f ! enemy all t takes place beh9d t army1 & at ! same "t to be available z an assi/ance to cov] & facilitate ! retreat4 ,at pres5t we only speak ( =e/s 9 level c\ntry1 = :]e ! decid$ m\nta9 "* ent]s into comb9ation1 its influ5ce becomes pr$om9ant ov] tactical & /rategic measures1 & we h already treat$ ( ^? subjects else:]e4 ,b impassable =e/s1 t is1 su* z c only be trav]s$ on c]ta9 roads1 af=d advantages 9 an indirect def5ce simil> to ^? :i* ! def5ce d]ives f m\nta9s = br++ on a battle "u fav\rable circum/ances2 ! army c await ! enemy beh9d ! wood 9 a m or less conc5trat$ position ) a view to fall+ on him ! mom5t he deb\*es f ! road defiles4 ,su* a =e/ resembles m\nta9 9 its effects m ?an a riv]3 = x af=ds1 x is true1 only "o v long & difficult defile1 b x is 9 respect to ! retreat r advantage\s ?an o!rwise4 ,b a direct def5ce ( =e/s1 let !m be ev] s impracticable1 is a v haz>d\s piece ( "w = ev5 ! ?9ne/ *a9 ( outpo/s2 = abattis are only imag9>y b>ri]s1 & no wood is s completely impassable t x _c be p5etrat$ 9 a hundr$ places by small deta*m5ts1 & ^!1 9 _! relation to a *a9 ( def5sive po/s1 may be lik5$ to ! fir/ drops ( wat] :i* ooze ?r\gh a ro( & are soon foll[$ by a g5]al ru% ( wat]4 ,mu* m important is ! influ5ce ( great =e/s ( e k9d 9 connection ) ! arm+ ( a nation2 !y are und\bt$ly ! true elem5t = su* levies2 if1 !re=e1 ! /rategic plan ( def5ce c be s arrang$ t ! enemy's communications pass ?r\gh great =e/s1 !n1 by t means1 ano!r mighty lev] is br\ght into use 9 support ( ! "w ( def5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,! ,cordon ,! t]m cordon is us$ to d5ote e def5sive plan :i* is int5d$ directly to cov] a :ole di/rict ( c\ntry by a l9e ( po/s 9 connection ) ea* o!r4 ,we say directly1 = sev]al corps ( a great army po/$ 9 l9e ) ea* o!r might protect a l>ge di/rict ( c\ntry f invasion )\t =m+ a cordon2 b !n ?is protection w\ld n be direct1 b ?r\gh ! effect ( comb9ations & movem5ts4 ,x is evid5t at a glance t su* a long def5sive l9e z t mu/ be1 :i* is to cov] an ext5sive di/rict ( c\ntry directly1 c only h a v small degree ( def5sive /am9a4 ,ev5 :5 v l>ge bodies ( troops occupy ! l9es ?is w\ld be ! case if !y 7 attack$ by correspond+ masses4 ,! object ( a cordon c !re=e only be to resi/ a weak bl[1 :e!r t ! weakness proce$s f a feeble w or ! smallness ( ! =ce employ$4 ,) ?is view ! wall ( ,*9a 0 built3 a protection aga9/ ! inroads ( ,t>t>s4 ,?is is ! int5tion ( all l9es & fronti] def5ces ( ! ,european ,/ates bord]+ on ,asia & ,turkey4 ,appli$ 9 ?is way ! cordon sy/em is nei!r absurd nor does x appe> unsuitable to its purpose4 ,c]ta9ly x is n suffici5t to /op all inroads1 b x w make !m m difficult & !re=e ( less frequ5t occurr5ce1 & ?is is a po9t ( consid]able importance :]e relations subsi/ ) p l ^? ( ,asia1 ^: passions & habits h a p]petual t5d5cy to w>4 ,next to ?is class ( cordons come ! l9es1 :i*1 9 ! w>s ( mod]n times h be5 =m$ betwe5 ,european ,/ates1 su* z ! ,fr5* l9es on ! ,rh9e & 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,^! 7 orig9ally =m$ only ) a view to protect a c\ntry aga9/ inroads made = ! purpose ( levy+ contributions or liv+ at ! exp5se ( ! enemy4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 only int5d$ to *eck m9or op]ations1 & consequ5tly x is also meant t !y %\ld be def5d$ by small bodies ( troops4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 9 ! ev5t ( ! enemy's pr9cipal =ce tak+ its direction aga9/ ^! l9es1 ! def5d] mu/ also use 8 pr9cipal =ce 9 _! def5ce1 an ev5t by no means conducive to ! be/ def5sive arrangem5ts4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is disadvantage & because ! protection aga9/ incursions 9 tempor>y w> is q a m9or object1 by :i* ?r\gh ! v exi/5ce ( ^! l9es an excessive exp5diture ( troops may easily be caus$1 _! =mation is look$ ^u 9 our day z a p]nici\s measure4 ,! m p[] & en]gy ?r[n into ! prosecution ( ! w> ! m useless & dang]\s ?is means becomes4 ,la/ly1 all v ext5d$ l9es ( outpo/s cov]+ ! qu>t]s ( an army & int5d$ to (f] a c]ta9 am\nt ( resi/ance come "u ! head ( cordons4 ,?is def5sive measure is *iefly design$ z an imp$im5t to raids1 & o!r su* m9or exp$itions direct$ aga9/ s+le cantonm5ts1 & = ?is purpose x may be q suffici5t if fav\r$ by ! c\ntry4 ,aga9/ an advance ( ! ma9 body ( ! enemy ! opposition (f]$ c be only relative1 t is1 int5d$ to ga9 "t3 b z ?is ga9 ( "t w be b inconsid]able 9 mo/ cases1 ?is object may be reg>d$ z a v m9or consid]ation 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! l9es4 ,! assembl+ & advance ( ! enemy's army itself c nev] take place s unobs]v$ly t ! def5d] gets 8 fir/ in=mation ( x ?r\gh 8 outpo/s2 :5 su* is ! case he is mu* to be piti$4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ?is case also1 ! cordon is only int5d$ to resi/ ! attack ( a weak =ce1 & ! object1 !re=e1 9 ?is & 9 ! o!r two cases is n at v>iance ) ! means4 ,b t an army =m$ = ! def5ce ( a c\ntry %\ld spread itself out 9 a long l9e ( def5sive po/s opposite to ! enemy1 t x %\ld disp]se itself 9 a cordon =m1 seems to be s absurd t we mu/ seek to discov] ! circum/ances & motives :i* lead to & accompany su* a proce$+4 ,e position 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 ev5 if tak5 up ) ! view ( a battle ) ! :ole =ce unit$1 is & mu/ necess>ily be m ext5d$ ?an a position 9 a level c\ntry4 ,x may be because ! aid ( ! gr\nd augm5ts v mu* ! =ce ( ! resi/ance2 x mu/ be because a wid] basis ( retreat is requir$1 z we h %[n 9 ! *apt] on m\nta9 def5ces4 ,b if !re is no ne> prospect ( a battle1 if x is probable t ! enemy w rema9 9 8 position opposite to u = "s "t )\t und]tak+ any?+ unless tempt$ by "s v fav\rable opportunity :i* may pres5t itself 7! usual /ate ( ?+s 9 mo/ w>s =m]ly71 !n x is also natural n to limit ourselves m]ely to ! occupation ( s mu* c\ntry z is absolutely necess>y1 b to hold z mu* "r or left z is consi/5t ) ! security ( ! army1 by :i* we obta9 _m advantages1 z we %all pres5tly %[4 ,9 op5 c\ntries ) pl5ty ( communications1 ?is object may be effect$ to a great] ext5t ?an 9 m\nta9s1 ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( movem5t1 & = t reason ! ext5sion & disp]sion ( ! troops is less necess>y 9 an op5 c\ntry2 x w\ld also be mu* m dang]\s !re on acc\nt ( ! inf]ior capability ( resi/ance ( ea* "p4 ,b 9 m\nta9s :]e all occupation ( gr\nd is m dep5d5t on local def5ce1 :]e relief _c s soon be af=d$ to a po9t m5ac$1 & :]e1 :5 once ! enemy has got possession ( a po9t1 x is m difficult to dislodge him by a =ce slightly sup]ior--9 m\nta9s1 "u ^! circum/ances1 we %all always come to a =m ( position :i*1 if n /rictly speak+ a cordon1 /ill approa*es v ne> to x1 be+ a l9e ( def5sive po/s4 ,f su* a disposition1 consi/+ ( sev]al deta*$ po/s1 to ! cordon sy/em1 !re is /ill c]ta9ly a consid]able /ep1 b x is "o :i* g5]als1 nev]!less1 (t5 take )\t be+ aw>e ( x1 be+ drawn on f "o /ep to ano!r4 ,fir/1 ! cov]+ & ! possession ( ! c\ntry is ! object ( ! disp]sion2 aft]w>ds x is ! security ( ! army itself4 ,e comm&] ( a po/ calculates ! advantage :i* may be d]iv$ f ?is or t po9t connect$ ) ! approa* to 8 position on ! "r or ! left1 & ?us ! :ole progresses ins5sibly f "o degree ( subdivision to ano!r4 ,a cordon w>1 !re=e1 c>ri$ on by ! pr9cipal =ce ( an army1 is n to be consid]$ a =m ( w> design$ly *os5 ) a view to /opp+ e bl[ :i* ! enemy's =ces might attempt1 b a situation :i* ! army is drawn into 9 ! pursuit ( a v diff]5t object1 namely1 ! hold+ & cov]+ ! c\ntry aga9/ an enemy :o has no decisive und]tak+ 9 view4 ,su* a situation mu/ always be look$ ^u z a mi/ake2 & ! motives ?r\gh :i* g5]als h be5 lur$ by degrees into all[+ "o small po/ aft] ano!r1 are contemptible 9 connection ) ! object ( a l>ge army2 ?is po9t ( view %[s1 at all ev5ts1 ! possibility ( su* a mi/ake4 ,t x is really an error1 namely1 a mi/ak5 appreciation ( our own position1 & t ( ! enemy is sometimes n obs]v$1 & x is spok5 ( z an errone\s sy/em4 ,b ?is same sy/em1 :5 x is pursu$ ) advantage1 or1 at all ev5ts1 )\t caus+ damage1 is quietly approv$4 ,e "o praises ! faultless campaigns ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 because !y h be5 pron\nc$ s by ! k+1 al?\gh ^! campaigns exhibit ! mo/ decid$ & mo/ incompreh5sible examples ( *a9s ( po/s s ext5d$ t !y may j ) z mu* propriety be call$ cordons z any t ev] 74 ,we may completely ju/ify ^! positions by say+1 ! pr9ce knew 8 oppon5t2 he knew t he _h no ent]prises ( a decisive "* to appreh5d f t qu>t]1 & z ! object ( 8 position besides 0 to occupy always z mu* t]ritory z possible1 he !re=e c>ri$ out t object z f> z circum/ances 9 any way p]mitt$4 ,if ! pr9ce _h once be5 un=tunate ) "o ( ^! cobwebs1 & _h met ) a sev]e loss1 we %\ld n say t he _h pursu$ a faulty sy/em ( w>f>e1 b t he _h be5 mi/ak5 ab\t a measure & _h appli$ x to a case to :i* x 0 n suit$4 ,:ile we ?us seek to expla9 h[ ! cordon sy/em1 z x is call$1 may be resort$ to by ! pr9cipal =ce 9 a !atre 9 w>1 & h[ x may ev5 be a judici\s & useful measure1 &1 !re=e1 f> f be+ an absurdity1 we mu/1 at ! same "t1 ackn[l$ge t !re appe> to h be5 in/ances :]e g5]als or _! /aff h ov]look$ ! real mean+ or object ( a cordon sy/em1 & assum$ its relative value to be a g5]al "o2 conceiv+ x to be really suit$ to af=d protection aga9/ e k9d ( attack1 in/ances1 !re=e1 :]e !re 0 no mi/ak5 application ( ! measure b a complete misund]/&+ ( its nature2 we %all fur!r all[ t ?is v absurdity among/ o!rs seems to h tak5 place 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,vosges by ! ,au/rian & ,prussian armies 9 #agic & #agid4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,key to ! ,c\ntry ,!re is no !oretical idea 9 ! art ( w> :i* has play$ su* a "p 9 criticism z t we are n[ ent]+ ^u4 ,x is ! 8great w> /e$0 9 all acc\nts ( battles & campaigns2 ! mo/ frequ5t po9t ( view 9 all argum5ts1 & "o ( ^? fragm5ts ( sci5tific =m ) :i* critics make a %[ ( le>n+4 ,& yet ! conception embodi$ 9 x has nev] yet be5 e/abli%$1 nor has x ev] be5 cle>ly expla9$4 ,we %all try to asc]ta9 its real mean+1 & !n see h[ f> x c be made available = practical use4 ,we treat ( x "h because ! def5ce ( m\nta9s1 riv] def5ces1 z well z ! conceptions ( /rong & entr5*$ camps ) :i* x closely connects itself1 requir$ to h prec$5ce4 ,! indef9ite confus$ conception :i* is conceal$ beh9d ?is anci5t milit>y metaphor has sometimes signifi$ ! mo/ expos$ "p ( a c\ntry at o!r times ! /ronge/4 ,if !re is any spot )\t ! possession ( :i* no "o d>e v5ture to p5etrate into an enemy's c\ntry t may1 ) propriety1 be call$ ! key ( t c\ntry4 ,b ?is simple1 ?\gh c]ta9ly at ! same "t also1 b>r5 notion has n satisfi$ !ori/s1 & !y h amplifi$ x1 & "u ! t]m key ( a c\ntry imag9$ po9ts :i* decide ^u ! possession ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,:5 ! ,russians want$ to advance into ! ,crimean p59sula1 !y 7 oblig$ to make !mselves ma/]s ( ! i/hmus ( ,p]ekop & its l9es1 n s mu* to ga9 an entrance g5]ally--= ,lascy turn$ x twice 7#agcg & #agch7--;b to be able to e/abli% !mselves ) tol]able security 9 ! ,crimea4 ,t is v simple1 b we ga9 v little 9 ?is ?r\gh ! conception ( a key-po9t4 ,b if x might be said1 ,:oev] has possession ( ! di/rict ( ,langres comm&s all ,france z f> z ,p>is--t is to say1 x only re/s ) himself to take possession--t is pla9ly a v diff]5t ?+1 some?+ ( mu* high] importance4 ,accord+ to ! fir/ k9d ( conception ! possession ( ! c\ntry _c be ?\ght ( )\t ! possession ( ! po9t :i* we h call$ key2 t is a ?+ :i* is intelligible to ! mo/ ord9>y capacity3 b accord+ to ! second k9d ( conception1 ! possession ( ! po9t :i* we h call$ key1 _c be imag9$ )\t ! possession ( ! c\ntry foll[+ z a necess>y consequ5ce2 t is pla9ly1 some?+ m>vell\s1 common s5se is no long] suffici5t to grasp ?is1 ! magic ( ! occult sci5ces mu/ be call$ into requisition4 ,?is cabala came into exi/5ce 9 works publi%$ fifty ye>s ago1 & rea*$ its z5i? at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury2 & not)/&+ ! irresi/ible =ce1 c]ta9ty & di/9ctness ) :i* ,buonap>te's me?od ( conduct+ w> c>ri$ conviction g5]ally1 ?is cabala has1 nev]!less1 /ill manag$1 we say1 to sp9 out ! ?read ( its t5aci\s exi/5ce ?r\gh ! m$ium ( books4 7,sett+ aside = a mom5t our conception ( ! key-po9t7 x is self-evid5t t 9 e c\ntry !re are po9ts ( comm&+ importance1 :]e sev]al roads meet1 :]e our means ( subsi/5ce may be conv5i5tly collect$1 :i* h ! advantage ( be+ c5trally situat$ ) ref]5ce to o!r important po9ts1 ! possession ( :i* 9 %ort meets _m requirem5ts & af=ds _m advantages4 ,n[1 if g5]als wi%+ to express ! importance ( su* a po9t by "o ^w h call$ x ! key ( ! l&1 x w\ld be p$antic affectation to take (f5ce at _! us+ t t]m2 on ! contr>y we %\ld r say ! t]m is v expressive & pleas+4 ,b if we try to conv]t ?is m]e fl[] ( spee* into ! g]m ( a sy/em bran*+ out l a tree into _m ramifications1 common s5se rises 9 opposition1 & dem&s t ! expression %\ld be re/rict$ to its true value4 ,9 ord] to develop a sy/em out ( ! expression1 x 0 necess>y to resort to some?+ m di/9ct & absolute ?an ! practical1 b c]ta9ly v indef9ite1 mean+ atta*+ to ! t]m 9 ! n>rations ( g5]als :5 speak+ ( _! milit>y ent]prises4 ,& f among/ all its v>i\s relations1 t ( high gr\nd 0 *os54 ,:]e a road trav]ses a m\nta9 ridge1 we ?ank heav5 :5 we get to ! top & h only to desc5d4 ,?is feel+ s natural to a s+le travell] is /ill m s 9 ! case ( an army ,all difficulties seem to be ov]come1 & s !y are inde$ 9 mo/ in/ances2 we f9d t ! desc5t is easy1 & we are consci\s ( a k9d ( feel+ ( sup]iority ov] any "o :o w\ld /op u2 we h an ext5sive view ov] ! c\ntry1 & comm& x ) a look be=eh&4 ,?us ! highe/ po9t on a road ov] a m\nta9 is always consid]$ to possess a decisive importance1 & x does 9 fact 9 ! majority ( cases1 b by no means 9 all4 ,su* po9ts are v (t5 describ$ 9 ! despat*es ( g5]als by ! "n ( key-po9ts2 b c]ta9ly aga9 9 a some:at diff]5t & g5]ally 9 a m re/rict$ s5se4 ,?is idea has be5 ! />t+ po9t ( a false !ory 7( :i*1 p]haps1 ,lloyd may be reg>d$ z ! f\nd]72 & on ?is acc\nt1 elevat$ po9ts f :i* sev]al roads desc5d into ! adjac5t c\ntry1 came to be reg>d$ z ! keypo9ts ( ! c\ntry--z po9ts :i* comm& ! c\ntry4 ,x 0 natural t ?is view %\ld amalgamate itself ) "o v ne>ly connect$ ) x1 t ( a sy/ematic def5ce ( m\nta9s1 & t ! matt] %\ld ?us be driv5 /ill fur!r into ! regions ( ! illusory2 add$ to :i* _m tactical elem5ts connect$ ) ! def5ce ( m\nta9s came into play1 & ?us ! idea ( ! highe/ po9t 9 ! road 0 soon ab&on$1 & ! highe/ po9t g5]ally ( ! :ole m\nta9 sy/em1 t is ! po9t ( ! wat]%$1 0 sub/itut$ = x z ! key ( ! c\ntry4 ,n[ j at t "t1 t is ! latt] half ( ! prec$+ c5tury1 m def9ite ideas on ! =ms giv5 to ! surface ( ! e>? ?r\gh aque\s action became curr5t2 ?us natural sci5ce l5t a h& to ! !ory ( w> by ?is geological sy/em1 & !n e b>ri] ( practical tru? 0 brok5 ?r\gh1 & reason+ float$ 9 ! illusory sy/em ( a geological analogy4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury we he>d1 or r we read1 ( no?+ b ! s\rces ( ! ,rh9e & ,danube4 ,x is true t ?is nuisance prevail$ mo/ly 9 books1 = only a small portion ( book wisdom ev] rea*es ! real _w1 & ! m fooli% a !ory ! less x w atta9 to practice2 b ?is ( :i* we are n[ speak+ has n be5 unproductive ( injury to ,g]many by its practical effects1 !re=e we are n fight+ ) a w9dmill1 9 pro( ( :i* we %all quote two examples2 fir/1 ! important b v sci5tific campaigns ( ! ,prussian army1 #agic & #agid 9 ! ,vosges1 ! !oretical key to :i* w be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,grav]t & ,mass5ba*2 secondly1 ! campaign ( #ahad1 :51 on ! pr9ciple ( ! same !ory1 an army ( #bjj1jjj m5 0 l$ by ! nose ?r\gh ,switz]l& on to ! plateau ( ,langres z x is call$4 ,b a high po9t 9 a c\ntry f :i* all its wat]s fl[1 is g5]ally no?+ m ?an a high po9t2 & all t 9 exagg]ation & false application ( ideas1 true 9 !mselves1 0 writt5 at ! end ( ! eighte5? & comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5turies1 ab\t its influ5ce on milit>y ev5ts1 is completely imag9>y4 ,if ! ,rh9e & ,danube & all ! six riv]s ( ,g]many _h _! common s\rce on ! top ( "o m\nta91 t m\nta9 w\ld n on t acc\nt h any claim to any great] milit>y value ?an be+ suit$ = ! position ( a trigonometrical po9t4 ,= a signal t[] x w\ld be less useful1 /ill less s = a vidette1 & = a :ole army wor? j no?+ at all4 ,to seek = a key-position !re=e 9 ! s call$ key c\ntry1 t is :]e ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! m\nta9s div]ge f a common po9t1 & at ! highe/ s\rce ( its wat]s1 is m]ely an idea 9 books1 :i* is ov]?r[n by nature itself1 because nature does n make ! ridges & valleys s easy to desc5d z is assum$ by ! hi!rto s call$ !ory ( gr\nd1 b di/ributes peaks & gorges1 9 ! mo/ irregul> mann]1 & n unfrequ5tly ! l[e/ wat] level is surr\nd$ by ! l(tie/ masses ( m\nta94 ,if any "o que/ions milit>y hi/ory on ! subject1 he w soon conv9ce himself t ! lead+ geological po9ts ( a c\ntry ex]cise v little regul> influ5ce on ! use ( ! c\ntry = ! purposes ( w>1 & t little is s ov]-balanc$ by o!r local circum/ances1 & o!r requirem5ts1 t a l9e ( positions may (t5 run q close to "o ( ! po9ts we are discuss+ )\t hav+ be5 9 any way attract$ !re by t po9t4 ,we h only dwelt s long ^u ?is false idea because a :ole--& v pret5ti\s--sy/em has built itself ^u x4 ,we n[ leave x1 & turn back to our own views4 ,we say1 !n1 t if ! expression1 key-position1 is to repres5t an indep5d5t conception 9 /rategy1 x mu/ only be t ( a locality ! possession ( :i* is indisp5sable be=e d>+ to ent] ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,b if we *oose to designate by t t]m e conv5i5t po9t ( entrance to a c\ntry1 or e advantage\s c5tral po9t 9 ! c\ntry1 !n ! t]m loses its real mean+ 7t is1 its value71 & d5otes some?+ :i* may be f\nd any:]e m or less4 ,x !n becomes a m]e pleas+ figure ( spee*4 ,b positions su* z ! t]m conveys to our m9d are v r>ely inde$ to be f\nd4 ,9 g5]al1 ! be/ key to ! c\ntry lies 9 ! enemy's army2 & :5 ! idea ( c\ntry pr$om9ates ov] t ( ! arm$ =ce1 "s v specially advantage\s circum/ances mu/ prevail4 ,^!1 accord+ to our op9ion1 may be recognis$ by _! t5d+ to two pr9cipal results3 fir/1 t ! =ce occupy+ ! position1 ?r\gh ! help ( ! gr\nd1 obta9s extraord9>y capability ( tactical resi/ance2 second1 t ! enemy's l9es ( communication c be soon] effectively ?reat5$ f ?is position ?an he c ?reat5 ours4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,op]at+ ,aga9/ a ,flank ,we ne$ h>dly obs]ve t we speak ( ! /rategic flank1 t is1 a side ( ! !atre ( w>1 & t ! attack f "o side 9 battle1 or ! tactical movem5t aga9/ a flank1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) x2 & ev5 9 cases 9 :i* ! /rategic op]ation aga9/ a flank1 9 its la/ /age1 ends 9 ! tactical op]ation1 !y c q easily be kept sep>ate1 because ! "o nev] foll[s necess>ily out ( ! o!r4 ,^! flank+ movem5ts1 & ! flank+ positions connect$ ) !m1 belong also to ! m]e useless pageantry ( !ory1 :i* is seldom met ) 9 actual w>4 ,n t ! means itself is ei!r ineffectual or illusory1 b because bo? sides g5]ally seek to gu>d !mselves aga9/ its effects2 & cases 9 :i* ?is is impossible are r>e4 ,n[ 9 ^! uncommon cases ?is means has (t5 also prov$ highly efficaci\s1 & = ?is reason1 z well z on acc\nt ( ! con/ant wat*+ aga9/ x :i* is requir$ 9 w>1 x is important t x %\ld be cle>ly expla9$ 9 !ory4 ,al?\gh ! /rategic op]ation aga9/ a flank c naturally be imag9$1 n only on ! "p ( ! def5sive1 b also on t ( ! (f5sive1 /ill x has mu* m aff9ity ) ! fir/1 & !re=e f9ds its place "u ! head ( def5sive means4 ,be=e we ent] into ! subject1 we mu/ e/abli% ! simple pr9ciple1 :i* mu/ nev] be lo/ sight ( aft]w>ds 9 ! consid]ation ( ! subject1 t troops :i* are to act aga9/ ! re> or flank ( ! enemy _c be employ$ aga9/ 8 front1 & t1 !re=e1 :e!r x be 9 tactics or /rategy1 x is a completely false k9d ( notion to consid] t com+ on ! re> ( ! enemy is at once an advantage 9 itself4 ,9 itself1 x is z yet no?+2 b x w become some?+ 9 connection ) o!r ?+s1 & some?+ ei!r advantage\s or ! rev]se1 accord+ to ! nature ( ^! ?+s1 ! exam9ation ( :i* n[ claims our att5tion4 ,fir/1 9 ! action aga9/ ! /rategic flank1 we mu/ make a di/9ction betwe5 two objects ( t measure--betwe5 ! action m]ely aga9/ ! communications1 & t aga9/ ! l9e ( retreat1 ) :i*1 at ! same "t1 an effect ^u ! communications may also be comb9$4 ,:5 ,daun1 9 #ageh1 s5t a deta*m5t to seize ! convoys on _! way to ! siege ( ,olmtz1 he _h pla9ly no int5tion ( imp$+ ! k+'s retreat into ,silesia2 he r wi%$ to br+ ab\t t retreat1 & w\ld will+ly h op5$ ! l9e to him4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahab1 ! object ( all ! exp$ition>y corps t 7 deta*$ f ! ,russian army 9 ! mon?s ( ,septemb] & ,octob]1 0 only to int]cept ! communications1 n to /op ! retreat2 b ! latt] 0 q pla9ly ! design ( ! ,moldavian army :i*1 "u ,ts*its*ag(1 m>*$ aga9/ ! ,b]es9a1 z well z ( ! attack :i* ,g5]al ,wittg5/e9 0 commission$ to make on ! ,fr5* corps /ation$ on ! ,dw9a4 ,^! examples are m]ely to make ! exposition cle>]4 ,! action aga9/ ! l9es ( communication is direct$ aga9/ ! enemy's convoys1 aga9/ small deta*m5ts foll[+ 9 re> ( ! army1 aga9/ c\ri]s & travell]s1 small depts1 etc42 9 fact1 aga9/ all ! means :i* ! enemy requires to keep 8 army 9 a vigor\s & heal?y condition2 its object is1 !re=e1 to weak5 ! condition ( ! enemy 9 ?is respect1 & by ?is means to cause him to retreat4 ,! action aga9/ ! enemy's l9e ( retreat is to cut 8 army (f f t l9e4 ,x _c effect ?is object unless ! enemy really det]m9es to retreat2 b x may c]ta9ly cause him to d s by ?reat5+ 8 l9e ( retreat1 &1 !re=e1 x may h ! same effect z ! action aga9/ ! l9e ( communication1 by work+ z a demon/ration4 ,b z already said1 none ( ^! effects are to be expect$ f ! m]e turn+ :i* has be5 effect$1 f ! m]e geometrical =m giv5 to ! disposition ( ! troops1 !y only result f ! conditions suitable to ! same4 ,9 ord] to le>n m di/9ctly ^! conditions1 we %all sep>ate completely ! two actions aga9/ ! flank1 & fir/ consid] t :i* is direct$ aga9/ ! communications4 ,"h we mu/ fir/ e/abli% two pr9cipal conditions1 "o or o!r ( :i* mu/ always be =?com+4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! =ces us$ = ?is action aga9/ ! flank ( ! enemy mu/ be s insignificant 9 numb]s t _! abs5ce is n obs]v$ 9 front4 ,! second1 t ! enemy's army has run its c>e]1 & !re=e c nei!r make use ( a fre% victory ov] our army1 nor c he pursue u if we evade a combat by mov+ out ( ! way4 ,?is la/ case1 :i* is by no means s uncommon z might be suppos$1 we %all lay aside = ! mom5t1 & occupy ourselves ) ! accessory conditions ( ! fir/4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is1 t ! communications h a c]ta9 l5g?1 & _c be protect$ by a few good po/s2 ! second po9t is1 t ! situation ( ! l9e is su* z exposes x to our action4 ,?is weakness ( ! l9e may arise 9 two ways--ei!r by its direction1 if x is n p]p5dicul> to ! /rategic front ( ! enemy's army1 or because 8 l9es ( communication pass ?r\gh our t]ritory2 if bo? ^! circum/ances exi/1 ! l9e is s mu* ! m expos$4 ,^! two relations require a clos] exam9ation4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t :5 x is a "q ( cov]+ a l9e ( communication =ty or fifty miles long1 x is ( little consequ5ce :e!r ! position occupi$ by an army /&+ at "o extremity ( ?is l9e =ms an oblique angle or a "r angle 9 ref]5ce to x1 z ! bread? ( ! position is little m ?an a m]e po9t 9 comp>ison to ! l9e2 & yet x is n s unimportant z x may seem4 ,:5 an army is po/$ at a "r angle ) its communications1 x is difficult1 ev5 ) a consid]able sup]iority1 to int]rupt ! communications by any deta*m5ts or p>tisans s5t out = ! purpose4 ,if we ?9k only ( ! difficulty ( cov]+ absolutely a c]ta9 space1 we %\ld n believe ?is1 b r suppose1 on ! contr>y1 t x mu/ be v difficult = an army to protect its re> 7t is1 ! c\ntry beh9d x7 aga9/ all exp$itions :i* an enemy sup]ior 9 numb]s may und]take4 ,c]ta9ly1 if we c\ld look at ev]y?+ 9 w> z x is on a %eet ( pap]6 ,!n ! p>ty cov]+ ! l9e1 9 8 unc]ta9ty z to ! po9t :]e light troops or p>tisans may appe>1 w\ld be 9 a c]ta9 measure bl9d1 & only ! p>tisans w\ld see4 ,b if we ?9k ( ! unc]ta9ty & insuffici5cy ( intellig5ce ga9$ 9 w>1 & "k t bo? p>ties are incessantly grop+ 9 ! d>k1 !n we easily p]ceive t a deta*$ corps s5t r\nd ! enemy's flank to ga9 8 re> is 9 ! position ( a man engag$ 9 a fray ) numb]s 9 a d>k room4 ,9 ! end he mu/ fall2 & s mu/ x also be ) b&s :o get r\nd an army occupy+ a p]p5dicul> position1 & :o !re=e place !mselves ne> to ! enemy1 b widely sep>at$ f _! own p4 ,n only is !re dang] ( los+ numb]s 9 ?is way2 !re is also a risk ( ! :ole in/rum5t itself be+ blunt$ imm$iately2 = ! v fir/ mis=tune :i* happ5s to "o su* p>ty w make all ! o!rs timid1 & in/ead ( bold attacks & insol5t dodg+1 ! only play w be con/ant runn+ away4 ,?r\gh ?is difficulty1 !re=e1 an army occupy+ a p]p5dicul> position cov]s ! ne>e/ po9ts on its l9e ( communications = a di/ance ( two or ?ree m>*es1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! army2 b ^? ne>e/ po9ts are j ^? :i* are mo/ 9 dang]1 z !y are ! ne>e/ to ! enemy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( a decid$ly oblique position1 no su* "p ( ! l9e ( communication is cov]$2 ! smalle/ pressure1 ! mo/ insignificant attempt on ! "p ( ! enemy1 leads at once to a vuln]able po9t4 ,b n[1 :at is x :i* det]m9es ! front ( a position1 if x is n j ! direction p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( communication8 ,! front ( ! enemy2 b !n1 aga91 ?is may be equally z well suppos$ z dep5d5t on our front4 ,"h !re is a reciprocal effect1 = ! orig9 ( :i* we mu/ se>*4 ,illu/ration3 l9es ( communication ,if we suppose ! l9es ( communication ( ! assailant1 a b1 s situat$ ) respect to ^? ( ! enemy1 c d1 t ! two l9es =m a consid]able angle ) ea* o!r1 x is evid5t t if ! def5sive wi%es to take up a position at e1 :]e ! two l9es int]sect1 ! assailant f b1 by ! m]e geometrical relation1 c\ld compel him to =m front opposite to him1 & ?us to lay b>e 8 communications4 ,! case w\ld be rev]s$ if ! def5sive took up 8 position on ?is side ( ! po9t ( junction1 ab\t d2 !n ! assailant mu/ make front t[>ds him1 if s be t 8 l9e ( op]ations1 :i* closely dep5ds on geographical conditions1 _c be arbitr>ily *ang$1 & mov$1 = in/ance1 to ! direction a d4 ,f ?is x w\ld seem to foll[ t ! def5d] has an advantage 9 ?is sy/em ( reciprocal action1 because he only requires to take a position on ?is side ( ! int]section ( ! two l9es4 ,b v f> f atta*+ any importance to ?is geometrical elem5t1 we only br\ght x into consid]ation to make ourselves ! bett] und]/ood2 & we are r ( op9ion t local & g5]ally individual relations h mu* m to d ) det]m9+ ! position ( ! def5d]2 t1 !re=e1 x is q impossible to lay d[n 9 g5]al :i* ( two bellig]5ts w be oblig$ soone/ to expose 8 communications4 ,if ! l9es ( communication ( bo? sides lie 9 "o & ! same direction1 !n :i*ev] ( ! two p>ties takes up an oblique position w c]ta9ly compel 8 adv]s>y to d ! same4 ,b !n !re is no?+ ga9$ geometrically by ?is1 & bo? p>ties atta9 ! same advantages & disadvantages4 ,9 ! cont9uation ( our consid]ations we %all1 !re=e1 conf9e ourselves to ! case ( ! l9e ( communication ( "o side only be+ expos$4 ,n[ z reg>ds ! second disadvantage\s relation ( a l9e ( communication1 t is to say1 :5 x runs ?r\gh an enemy's c\ntry1 x is cle> 9 itself h[ mu* ! l9e is compromis$ by t circum/ance1 if ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry h tak5 up arms2 & consequ5tly ! case mu/ be look$ at z if a body ( ! enemy 0 po/$ all along ! l9e2 ?is body1 x is true1 is 9 itself weak )\t solidity or int5sive =ce2 b we mu/ also take into consid]ation :at ! close contact & influ5ce ( su* a ho/ile =ce may nev]!less effect ?r\gh ! numb] ( po9ts :i* (f] !mselves "o aft] ano!r on long l9es ( communication4 ,t requires no fur!r explanation4 ,b ev5 if ! enemy's subjects h n tak5 up arms1 & ev5 if !re is no militia 9 ! c\ntry1 or o!r milit>y organisation1 inde$ if ! p are ev5 v unw>like 9 _s1 /ill ! m]e relation ( ! p z subjects to a ho/ile gov]nm5t is a disadvantage = ! l9es ( communication ( ! o!r side :i* is always felt4 ,! assi/ance :i* exp$ition>y =ces & p>tisans d]ive m]ely ?r\gh a bett] und]/&+ ) ! p1 ?r\gh a k ( ! c\ntry & its inhabitants1 ?r\gh good in=mation1 ?r\gh ! support ( (ficial function>ies1 is1 = !m1 ( decid$ value2 & ?is support e su* body w enjoy )\t any special ef=t on its own "p4 ,add$ to ?is1 )9 a c]ta9 di/ance !re w n be want+ =tresses1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 or o!r places ( refuge1 :i* ( ord9>y "r belong to ! enemy1 if !y h n be5 =mally tak5 possession ( & occupi$ by our troops4 ,n[ 9 su* a case z is "h suppos$1 especially if att5d$ ) o!r fav\rable circum/ances1 x is possible to act aga9/ ! communications ( an army1 al?\gh _! direction is p]p5dicul> to ! position ( t army2 = ! deta*m5ts employ$ = ! purpose d n !n require to fall back always on _! own army1 because be+ 9 _! own c\ntry !y are safe en\gh if !y only make _! escape4 ,we h1 !re=e1 n[ asc]ta9$ t-- #a4 ,a consid]able l5g?1 #b4 ,an oblique direction1 #c4 ,an enemy's prov9ce1 are ! pr9cipal circum/ances "u :i* ! l9es ( communication ( an army may be int]rupt$ by a relatively small proportion ( arm$ =ces on ! side ( ! enemy2 9 ord] to make ?is int]ruption effectual1 a f\r? condition is /ill requisite1 :i* is a c]ta9 duration ( "t4 ,respect+ ?is po9t1 we beg att5tion to :at has be5 said 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ! fif? book4 ,b ^! f\r conditions are only ! *ief po9ts :i* relate to ! subject2 a numb] ( local & special circum/ances atta* !mselves to ^!1 & (t5 atta9 to an influ5ce m decisive & important ?an t ( ! pr9cipal ones !mselves4 ,select+ only ! mo/ ess5tial1 we m5tion ! /ate ( ! roads1 ! nature ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* !y pass1 ! means ( cov] :i* are af=d$ by riv]s1 m\nta9s1 & morasses1 ! seasons & wea!r1 ! importance ( p>ticul> convoys1 su* z siege tra9s1 ! numb] ( light troops1 etc41 etc4 ,on all ^! circum/ances1 !re=e1 w dep5d ! effect ) :i* a g5]al c act on 8 oppon5t's communications2 & by comp>+ ! result ( ! :ole ( ^! circum/ances on ! "o side ) ! result ( ! :ole on ! o!r1 we obta9 a j e/imate ( ! relative advantages ( bo? sy/ems ( communication1 on :i* w dep5d :i* ( ! two g5]als c play ! highe/ game4 ,:at "h seems s prolix 9 ! explanation is (t5 decid$ 9 ! concrete case at fir/ sight2 b /ill1 ! tact ( a practis$ judgm5t is requir$ = t1 & p]son mu/ h ?\ght ov] e "o ( ! cases n[ develop$ 9 ord] to see 9 its true light ! absurdity ( ^? critical writ]s :o ?9k !y h settl$ some?+ by ! m]e words 8turn+0 & 8act+ on a flank10 )\t giv+ _! reasons4 ,we n[ come to ! second *ief condition1 "u :i* ! /rategic action aga9/ ! enemy's flank may take place4 ,if ! enemy is h9d]$ f advanc+ by any o!r cause b ! resi/ance :i* our army opposes1 let t cause be :at x may1 !n our army has no reason to be appreh5sive ab\t weak5+ itself by s5d+ out deta*m5ts to h>ass ! enemy2 = if ! enemy %\ld attempt to *a/ise u by an attack1 we h only to yield "s gr\nd & decl9e ! combat4 ,?is is :at 0 done by ! *ief ,russian army at ,mosc[ 9 #ahab4 ,b x is n at all necess>y t ev]y?+ %\ld be aga9 on ! same great scale z 9 t campaign = su* a case to happ5 aga94 ,9 ! fir/ ,silesian w>1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great 0 ea* "t 9 ?is situation1 on ! fronti]s ( ,bohemia & ,moravia1 & 9 ! complex affairs relat+ to g5]als & _! armies1 _m causes ( diff]5t k9ds1 p>ticul>ly political ones1 may be imag9$1 :i* make fur!r advance an impossibility4 ,z 9 ! case n[ suppos$ m =ces may be sp>$ to act aga9/ ! enemy's flank1 ! o!r conditions ne$ n be q s fav\rable3 ev5 ! nature ( our communications 9 relation to ^? ( ! enemy ne$ n give u ! advantage 9 t respect1 z an enemy :o is n 9 a condition to make any p>ticul> use ( our fur!r retreat is n likely to use 8 "r to retaliate1 b w r be anxi\s ab\t ! direct cov]+ ( 8 own l9e ( retreat4 ,su* a situation is !re=e v well suit$ to obta9 = u1 by means less brilliant & complete b less dang]\s ?an a victory1 ^? results :i* x w\ld be too great a risk to seek to obta9 by a battle4 ,z 9 su* a case we feel little anxiety ab\t expos+ our own l9e ( communications1 by tak+ up a position on "o or o!r flank1 & z ! enemy by t means may always be comspell$ to =m front obliquely to 8 l9e ( communications1 !re=e ?is "o ( ! conditions above nam$ w seldom fail to occur4 ,! m ! re/ ( ! conditions1 z well z o!r circum/ances1 co-op]ate1 s mu* ! m c]ta9 are we ( success f ! means n[ 9 "q2 b ! few] fav\rable circum/ances exi/1 ! m w all dep5d on sup]ior skill 9 comb9ation1 & promptitude & precision 9 ! execution4 ,"h is ! prop] field = /rategic manuvres1 su* z are to be f\nd s frequ5tly 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 9 ,silesia & ,saxony1 & 9 ! campaigns ( #agfj & #agfb4 ,if1 9 _m w>s 9 :i* only a mod]ate am\nt ( elem5t>y =ce is display$1 su* /rategic manuvr+ v (t5 appe>s1 ?is is n because ! comm&] on ea* occasion f\nd himself at ! end ( 8 c>e]1 b because want ( resolution & c\rage1 & ( an ent]pris+ _s1 & dread ( responsibility1 h (t5 suppli$ ! place ( real imp$im5ts2 = a case 9 po9t1 we h only to call to m9d ,field ,m>%al ,daun4 ,z a summ>y ( ! results ( our consid]ations1 we may say1 t ! action aga9/ a flank is mo/ effectual-- #a4 ,9 ! def5sive2 #b4 ,t[>ds ! end ( a campaign2 #c4 ,above all1 9 a retreat into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry2 & #d4 ,9 connection ) a g5]al arm+ ( ! p4 ,on ! mode ( execut+ ?is action aga9/ ! communications1 we h only a few words to say4 ,! ent]prises mu/ be conduct$ by skilful deta*m5t lead]s1 :o1 at ! head ( small bodies1 by bold m>*es & attacks1 fall ^u ! enemy's weak g>risons1 convoys1 & small deta*m5ts on ! m>* "h & !re1 enc\rage ! national levies 7l&/urm71 & sometimes jo9 ) !m 9 p>ticul> und]tak+s4 ,^! p>ties mu/ be m num]\s ?an /rong individually1 & s organis$ t x may be possible to unite sev]al ( !m = any great] und]tak+ )\t any ob/acle f ! vanity or caprice ( any ( ! s+le lead]s4 ,we h n[ to speak ( ! action aga9/ ! enemy's l9e ( retreat4 ,"h we mu/ keep 9 view1 above all ?+s1 ! pr9ciple ) :i* we comm5c$1 t =ces de/9$ to op]ate 9 re> _c be us$ 9 front2 t1 !re=e1 ! action aga9/ ! re> or flanks is n an increase ( =ce 9 itself2 x is only to be reg>d$ z a m p[]ful application 7or employm5t7 ( ! same2 increas+ ! degree ( success 9 prospect1 b also increas+ ! degree ( risk4 ,e opposition (f]$ ) ! sword :i* is n ( a direct & simple nature1 has a t5d5cy to raise ! result at ! co/ ( its c]ta9ty4 ,an op]ation aga9/ ! enemy's flank1 :e!r ) "o compact =ce1 or ) sep>ate bodies conv]g+ f sev]al qu>t]s1 belongs to ?is category4 ,b n[1 if cutt+ (f ! enemy's retreat is n to be a m]e demon/ration1 b is s]i\sly int5d$1 ! real solution is a decisive battle1 or1 at lea/1 ! conjunction ( all ! conditions = ! same2 & j 9 ?is solution we f9d aga9 ! two elem5ts above-m5tion$--! great] result & ! great] dang]4 ,!re=e1 if a g5]al is to /& ju/ifi$ 9 adopt+ ?is me?od ( action1 8 reasons mu/ be fav\rable conditions4 ,9 ?is me?od ( resi/ance we mu/ di/+ui% ! two =ms already m5tion$4 ,! fir/ is1 if a g5]al ) 8 :ole =ce int5ds to attack ! enemy 9 re>1 ei!r f a position tak5 up on ! flank = t purpose1 or by a =mal turn+ movem5t2 ! second is1 if he divides 8 =ces1 &1 by an envelop+ position ) "o "p1 ?reat5s ! enemy's re>1 ) ! o!r "p 8 front4 ,! result is int5sifi$ 9 bo? cases alike1 t is--ei!r !re is a real int]ception ( ! retreat1 & consequ5tly ! enemy's army tak5 prison]s1 or ! great] "p scatt]$1 or !re may be a long & ha/y retreat ( ! enemy's =ce to escape ! dang]4 ,b ! int5sifi$ risk is diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,if we turn ! enemy ) our :ole =ce1 ! dang] lies 9 ! lay+ op5 our own re>2 & h5ce ! "q aga9 dep5ds on ! relation ( ! mutual l9es ( retreat1 j z 9 ! action aga9/ ! l9es ( communication1 x dep5d$ on ! relation ( ^? l9es4 ,n[ c]ta9ly ! def5d]1 if he is 9 8 own c\ntry1 is less re/rict$ ?an ! assailant1 bo? z to 8 l9es ( retreat & communication1 & 9 s f> is !re=e 9 a bett] position to turn 8 adv]s>y /rategically2 b ?is g5]al relation is n ( a suffici5tly decisive "* to be us$ z ! f\ndation ( a practical me?od2 !re=e1 no?+ b ! :ole ( ! relations 9 ea* individual case c decide4 ,only s mu* we may add1 t fav\rable conditions are naturally m common 9 wide sph]es ( action ?an 9 small2 m common1 also1 on ! side ( indep5d5t /ates ?an on t ( weak ones1 dep5d5t on =eign aid1 & ^: armies mu/1 !re=e1 con/antly h _! att5tion b5t on ! po9t ( junction ) ! auxili>y army2 la/ly1 !y become mo/ favorable = ! def5d] t[>ds ! close ( ! campaign1 :5 ! impulsive =ce ( ! assailant is some:at sp5t2 v mu*1 aga91 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! case ( ! l9es ( communication4 ,su* a flank position z ! ,russians took up ) su* advantage on ! road f ,mosc[ to ,kaluga1 :5 ,buonap>te's aggressive =ce 0 sp5t1 w\ld h br\ght !m into a scrape at ! comm5cem5t ( ! campaign at ! camp ( ,drissa1 if !y _h n be5 wise en\gh to *ange _! plan 9 good "t4 ,! o!r me?od ( turn+ ! enemy1 & cutt+ (f 8 retreat by divid+ our =ce1 entails ! risk att5d+ a division ( our own =ce1 :il/ ! enemy1 hav+ ! advantage ( int]ior l9es1 reta9s 8 =ces unit$1 & !re=e has ! p[] ( act+ ) sup]ior numb]s aga9/ "o ( our divisions4 ,?is is a disadvantage :i* no?+ c remove1 & 9 expos+ ourselves to x1 we c only be ju/ifi$ by "o ( ?ree pr9cipal reasons3-- #a4 ,! orig9al division ( ! =ce :i* makes su* a me?od ( action necess>y1 unless we incur a great loss ( "t4 #b4 ,a great moral & physical sup]iority1 :i* ju/ifies ! adoption ( a decisive me?od4 #c4 ,! want ( impulsive =ce 9 ! enemy z soon z he has arriv$ at ! culm9at+ po9t ( 8 c>e]4 ,:5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great invad$ ,bohemia1 #ageg1 on conv]g+ l9es1 he _h n 9 view to comb9e an attack 9 front ) "o on ! /rategic re>1 at all ev5ts1 ?is 0 by no means 8 pr9cipal object1 z we %all m fully expla9 else:]e1 b 9 any case x is evid5t t !re nev] c\ld h be5 any "q ( a conc5tration ( =ces 9 ,silesia or ,saxony be=e ! invasion1 z he w\ld !reby h sacrific$ all ! advantages ( a surprise4 ,:5 ! allies =m$ _! plan = ! second "p ( ! campaign ( #ahac1 look+ to _! great sup]iority 9 numb]s1 !y might v well at t "t ent]ta9 ! idea ( attack+ ,buonap>te's "r on ! ,elbe ) _! ma9 =ce1 & ( ?us %ift+ ! !atre ( w> f ! ,od] to ! ,elbe4 ,_! ill-success at ,dresd5 is to be ascrib$ n to ?is g5]al plan b to _! faulty dispositions bo? /rategic & tactical4 ,!y c\ld h conc5trat$ #bbj1jjj m5 at ,dresd5 aga9/ ,buonap>te's #acj1jjj1 a proportion ( numb]s em95tly fav\rable 7at ,leipsic1 at lea/1 ! proportion 0 z #bhe 3 #aeg74 ,x is true t ,buonap>te _h di/ribut$ 8 =ces too ev5ly = ! p>ticul> sy/em ( a def5ce ^u "o l9e 79 ,silesia #gj1jjj aga9/ #ij1jjj1 9 ! ,m>k--,br&5burg--#gj1jjj aga9/ #aaj1jjj71 b at all ev5ts x w\ld h be5 difficult = him1 )\t completely ab&on+ ,silesia1 to assemble on ! ,elbe a =ce :i* c\ld h cont5d$ ) ! pr9cipal army ( ! allies 9 a decisive battle4 ,! allies c\ld also h easily call$ up ! army ( ,wr$e to ! ,ma9e1 & employ$ x to try to cut ,buonap>te (f f ! road to ,may5ce4 ,la/ly1 9 #ahab1 ! ,russians might h direct$ _! army ( ,moldavia ^u ,volhynia & ,li?uania 9 ord] to move x =w>d aft]w>ds aga9/ ! re> ( ! pr9cipal ,fr5* army1 because x 0 q c]ta9 t ,mosc[ mu/ be ! extreme po9t ( ! ,fr5* l9e ( op]ations4 ,= any "p ( ,russia beyond ,mosc[ !re 0 no?+ to fe> 9 t campaign1 !re=e ! ,russian ma9 army _h no cause to consid] itself too weak4 ,?is same s*eme =m$ "p ( ! disposition ( ! =ces laid d[n 9 ! fir/ def5sive plan propos$ by ,g5]al ,phul1 accord+ to :i* ! army ( ,b>clay 0 to occupy ! camp at ,drissa1 :il/ t "u ,braga?ion 0 to press =w>d aga9/ ! re> ( ! ma9 ,fr5* army4 ,b :at a diff]5ce ( circum/ances 9 ! two cases6 ,9 ! fir/ ( !m ! ,fr5* 7 ?ree times z /rong z ! ,russians2 9 ! second1 ! ,russians 7 decid$ly sup]ior4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,buonap>te's great army _h 9 x an impulsive =ce :i* c>ri$ x to ,mosc[ #hj miles beyond ,drissa3 9 ! second1 x is unfit to make a day's m>* beyond ,mosc[2 9 ! fir/1 ! l9e ( retreat on ! ,niem5 did n exce$ #cj miles3 9 ! second x 0 #aab4 ,! same action aga9/ ! enemy's retreat !re=e1 :i* 0 s successful 9 ! second case1 w\ld1 9 ! fir/1 h be5 ! wilde/ folly4 ,z ! action aga9/ ! enemy's l9e ( retreat1 if x is m ?an a demon/ration1 becomes a =mal attack f ! re>1 !re rema9s !re=e /ill a good deal to be said on ! subject1 b x w come 9 m appropriately 9 ! book ^u ! attack2 we %all !re=e break (f "h & cont5t ourselves ) hav+ giv5 ! conditions "u :i* ?is k9d ( reaction may take place4 ,v commonly ! design ( caus+ ! enemy to retreat by m5ac+ 8 l9e ( retreat1 is und]/ood to imply r a m]e demon/ration ?an ! actual execution ( ! ?reat4 ,if x 0 necess>y t e efficaci\s demon/ration %\ld be f\nd$ on ! actual practicability ( real action1 :i* seems a matt] ( c\rse at fir/ sight1 !n x w\ld accord ) ! same 9 all respects4 ,b ?is is n ! case3 on ! contr>y1 9 ! *apt] on demon/rations we %all see t !y are connect$ ) conditions some:at diff]5t1 at all ev5ts 9 "s respects1 we !re=e ref] our read]s to t *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,retreat into ! ,int]ior ( ! ,c\ntry ,we h consid]$ ! volunt>y retreat into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry z a p>ticul> indirect =m ( def5ce ?r\gh :i* x is expect$ ! enemy w be de/roy$1 n s mu* by ! sword z by exhau/ion f 8 own ef=ts4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 a great battle is ei!r n suppos$1 or x is assum$ to take place :5 ! enemy's =ces are consid]ably r$uc$4 ,e assailant 9 advanc+ dim9i%es 8 milit>y /r5g? by ! advance2 we %all consid] ?is m 9 detail 9 ! sev5? book2 "h we mu/ assume t result :i* we may ! m readily d z x is cle>ly %[n by milit>y hi/ory 9 e campaign 9 :i* !re has be5 a consid]able advance4 ,?is loss 9 ! advance is increas$ if ! enemy has n be5 beat51 b )draws ( 8 own accord ) 8 =ces intact1 & (f]+ a /eady cont9u\s resi/ance1 sells e /ep ( gr\nd at a bloody price1 s t ! advance is a cont9u\s combat = gr\nd & n a m]e pursuit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! losses :i* a p>ty on ! def5sive suff]s on a retreat1 are mu* great] if 8 retreat has be5 prec$$ by a defeat 9 battle ?an if 8 retreat is volunt>y4 ,= if he is able to (f] ! pursu] ! daily resi/ance :i* we expect on a volunt>y retreat1 8 losses w\ld be at lea/ ! same 9 t way1 ov] & above :i* ^? su/a9$ 9 ! battle h /ill to be add$4 ,b h[ contr>y to ! nature ( ! ?+ su* a supposition z ?is w\ld be6 ,! be/ army 9 ! _w if oblig$ to retire f> into ! c\ntry aft] ! loss ( a battle1 w suff] losses on ! retreat1 beyond measure out ( proportion2 & if ! enemy is consid]ably sup]ior1 z we suppose him1 9 ! case ( :i* we are n[ speak+1 if he pursues ) great en]gy z has almo/ always be5 done 9 mod]n w>s1 !n !re is ! highe/ probability t a regul> flight takes place by :i* ! army is usually completely ru9$4 ,a regul>ly measur$ daily resi/ance1 t is1 "o :i* ea* "t only la/s z long z ! balance ( success 9 ! combat c be kept wav]+1 & 9 :i* we secure ourselves f defeat by giv+ up ! gr\nd :i* has be5 conte/$ at ! "r mom5t1 w co/ ! assailant at lea/ z _m m5 z ! def5d] 9 ^! combats1 = ! loss :i* ! latt] by retir+ n[ & aga9 mu/ unavoidably suff] 9 prison]s1 w be balanc$ by ! losses ( ! o!r "u fire1 z ! assailant mu/ always fight aga9/ ! advantages ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is true t ! retreat+ side loses entirely all ^? m5 :o are badly w\nd$1 b ! assailant likewise loses all 8 9 ! same case = ! pres5t1 z !y usually rema9 sev]al mon?s 9 ! hospitals4 ,! result w be t ! two armies w we> ea* o!r away 9 ne>ly equal proportions 9 ^! p]petual collisions4 ,x is q diff]5t 9 ! pursuit ( a beat5 army4 ,"h ! troops lo/ 9 battle1 ! g5]al disorganisation1 ! brok5 c\rage1 ! anxiety ab\t ! retreat1 make su* a resi/ance on ! "p ( ! retreat+ army v difficult1 9 _m cases impossible2 & ! pursu] :o1 9 ! =m] case1 advances extremely cauti\sly1 ev5 hesitat+ly1 l a bl9d man1 always grop+ ab\t1 presses =w>d 9 ! latt] case ) ! firm tread ( ! conqu]or1 ) ! ov]we5+ _s :i* good =tune imp>ts1 ) ! confid5ce ( a demigod1 & ! m d>+ly he urges ! pursuit s mu* ! m he ha/5s on ?+s 9 ! direction :i* !y h already tak51 because "h is ! true field = ! moral =ces :i* int5sify & multiply !mselves )\t be+ re/rict$ to ! rigid numb]s & measures ( ! physical _w4 ,x is !re=e v pla9 h[ diff]5t w be ! relations ( two armies accord+ z x is by ! fir/ or ! second ( ! above ways1 t !y arrive at t po9t :i* may be reg>d$ z ! end ( ! assailant's c\rse4 ,?is is m]ely ! result ( ! mutual de/ruction2 to ?is mu/ n[ be add$ ! r$uctions :i* ! advanc+ p>ty suff]s o!rwise 9 addition1 & respect+ :i*1 z already said1 we ref] to ! sev5? book2 fur!r1 on ! o!r h&1 we h to take into acc\nt re9=cem5ts :i* ! retreat+ p>ty receives 9 ! great majority ( cases1 by =ces subsequ5tly jo9+ him ei!r 9 ! =m ( help f abroad or ?r\gh p]si/5t ef=ts at home4 ,la/ly1 !re is1 9 ! means ( subsi/5ce1 su* a disproportion betwe5 ! retreat+ side & ! advanc+1 t ! fir/ n uncommonly lives 9 sup]fluity :5 ! o!r is r$uc$ to want4 ,! army 9 retreat has ! means ( collect+ provisions ev]y:]e1 & he m>*es t[>ds !m1 :il/ ! pursu] mu/ h ev]y?+ br\ght aft] him1 :i*1 z long z he is 9 motion1 ev5 ) ! %orte/ l9es ( communication1 is difficult1 & on t acc\nt begets sc>city f ! v fir/4 ,all t ! c\ntry yields w be tak5 = ! b5efit ( ! retreat+ army fir/1 & w be mo/ly consum$4 ,no?+ rema9s b wa/$ villages & t[ns1 fields f :i* ! crops h be5 ga!r$1 or :i* are trampl$ d[n1 empty wells1 & muddy brooks4 ,! pursu+ army1 !re=e1 f ! v fir/ day1 has frequ5tly to cont5d ) ! mo/ press+ wants4 ,on tak+ ! enemy's supplies he _c reckon2 x is only ?r\gh accid5t1 or "s unp>donable blund] on ! "p ( ! enemy1 t "h & !re "s little falls into 8 h&s4 ,?us !re c be no d\bt t 9 c\ntries ( va/ dim5sions1 & :5 !re is no extraord9>y disproportion betwe5 ! bellig]5t p[]s1 a relation may be produc$ 9 ?is way betwe5 ! milit>y =ces1 :i* holds out to ! def5sive an immeasurably great] *ance ( a f9al result 9 8 fav\r ?an he w\ld h _h if !re _h be5 a great battle on ! fronti]4 ,n only does ! probability ( ga9+ a victory become great] ?r\gh ?is alt]ation 9 ! proportions ( ! cont5d+ armies1 b ! prospects ( great results f ! victory are increas$ z well1 ?r\gh ! *ange ( position4 ,:at a diff]5ce betwe5 a battle lo/ close to ! fronti] ( our c\ntry & "o 9 ! middle ( ! enemy's c\ntry6 ,inde$1 ! situation ( ! assailant is (t5 su* at ! end ( 8 fir/ />t1 t ev5 a battle ga9$ may =ce him to retreat1 because he has nei!r en\gh impulsive p[] left to complete & make use ( a victory1 nor is he 9 a condition to replace ! =ces he has lo/4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 an imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 a decisive bl[ at ! comm5cem5t & at ! end ( ! attack4 ,to ! great advantage ( ?is mode ( def5ce are oppos$ two drawbacks4 ,! fir/ is ! loss :i* ! c\ntry suff]s ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ! enemy 9 8 advance1 ! o!r is ! moral impression4 ,to protect ! c\ntry f loss c c]ta9ly nev] be look$ ^u z ! object ( ! :ole def5ce4 ,t object is an advantage\s peace4 ,to obta9 t z surely z possible is ! endeav\r1 & = x no mom5t>y sacrifice mu/ he consid]$ too great4 ,at ! same "t1 ! above loss1 al?\gh x may n be decisive1 mu/ /ill be laid 9 ! balance1 = x always affects our int]e/s4 ,?is loss does n affect our army directly2 x only acts ^u x 9 a m or less r\ndab\t way1 :il/ ! retreat itself directly re9=ces our army4 ,x is1 !re=e1 difficult to draw a comp>ison betwe5 ! advantage & disadvantage 9 ?is case2 !y are ?+s ( a diff]5t k9d1 ! action ( :i* is n direct$ t[>ds any common po9t4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 cont5t ourselves ) say+ t ! loss is great] :5 we h to sacrifice fruitful prov9ces well populat$1 & l>ge comm]cial t[ns2 b x arrives at a maximum :5 at ! same "t we lose w>-means ei!r ready = use or 9 c\rse ( prep>ation4 ,! second c\nt]poise is ! moral impression4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* ! comm&] mu/ be above reg>d+ su* a ?+1 9 :i* he mu/ quietly foll[ out 8 plans1 & run ! risk ( ! objections :i* %ort-sight$ despond5cy may (f]2 b nev]!less1 ?is impression is no phantom :i* %\ld be despis$4 ,x is n l a =ce :i* acts ^u "o po9t3 b l a =ce :i*1 ) ! spe$ ( lightn+1 p5etrates e fibre1 & p>alyses all ! p[]s :i* %\ld be 9 full activity1 bo? 9 a nation & 9 its army4 ,!re are inde$ cases 9 :i* ! cause ( ! retreat into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry is quickly und]/ood by bo? nation & army1 & tru/1 z well z hope1 are elevat$ by ! /ep2 b su* cases are r>e4 ,m usually1 ! p & ! army _c di/+ui% :e!r x is a volunt>y movem5t or a precipitate retreat1 & /ill less :e!r ! plan is "o wisely adopt$1 ) a view to ensure ult]ior advantages1 or ! result ( fe> ( ! enemy's sword4 ,! p h a m+l$ feel+ ( sympa?y & dissatisfaction at see+ ! fate ( ! prov9ces sacrific$2 ! army easily loses confid5ce 9 its lead]s1 or ev5 9 itself1 & ! con/ant combats ( ! re>-gu>d dur+ ! retreat1 t5d always to give new /r5g? to its fe>s4 ,^! are consequ5ces ( ! retreat ab\t :i* we mu/ nev] deceive ourselves4 ,& x c]ta9ly is--consid]$ 9 itself--m natural1 simpl]1 nobl]1 & m 9 accordance ) ! moral exi/5ce ( a nation1 to ent] ! li/s at once1 t ! enemy may out cross ! fronti]s ( its p )\t be+ oppos$ by its g5ius1 & be+ call$ to a bloody acc\nt4 ,^! are ! advantages & disadvantages ( ?is k9d ( def5ce2 n[ a few words on its conditions & ! circum/ances :i* are 9 its fav\r4 ,a c\ntry ( great ext5t1 or at all ev5ts1 a long l9e ( retreat1 is ! fir/ & fundam5tal condition2 = an advance ( a few m>*es w naturally n weak5 ! enemy s]i\sly4 ,buonap>te's c5tre1 9 ! ye> #ahab1 at ,witepsk1 0 #bej1jjj /rong1 at ,smol5sk1 #ahb1jjj1 at ,borod9o x _h only dim9i%$ to #acj1jjj1 t is to say1 _h fall5 to ab\t an equality ) ! ,russian c5tre4 ,borod9o is n9ety miles f ! fronti]2 b x 0 n until !y came ne> ,mosc[ t ! ,russians rea*$ t decid$ sup]iority 9 numb]s1 :i* ( itself rev]s$ ! situation ( ! combatants s assur$ly1 t ! ,fr5* victory at ,malo ,j>oslewetz c\ld n ess5tially alt] x aga94 ,no o!r ,european /ate has ! dim5sions ( ,russia1 & 9 v few c a l9e ( retreat #ajj miles long be imag9$4 ,b nei!r w a p[] su* z t ( ! ,fr5* 9 #ahab1 easily appe> "u diff]5t circum/ances1 /ill less su* a sup]iority 9 numb]s z exi/$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! campaign1 :5 ! ,fr5* army _h m ?an d\ble ! numb]s ( its adv]s>y1 besides its und\bt$ moral sup]iority4 ,!re=e1 :at 0 "h only effect$ at ! end ( #ajj miles1 may p]haps1 9 o!r cases1 be atta9$ at ! end ( #ej or #cj miles4 ,! circum/ances :i* fav\r ?is mode ( def5ce are-- #a4 ,a c\ntry only little cultivat$4 #b4 ,a loyal & w>like p4 #c4 ,an inclem5t season4 ,all ^! ?+s increase ! difficulty ( ma9ta9+ an army1 r5d] great convoys necess>y1 _m deta*m5ts1 h>ass+ duties1 cause ! spread ( sickness1 & make op]ations aga9/ ! flanks easi] = ! def5d]4 ,la/ly1 we h yet to speak ( ! absolute mass alone ( ! arm$ =ce1 z influ5c+ ! result4 ,x lies 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ itself t1 irrespective ( ! mutual relation ( ! =ces oppos$ to ea* o!r1 a small =ce is soon] exhau/$ ?an a l>g]1 &1 !re=e1 t its c>e] _c be s long1 nor its !atre ( w> s wide4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a con/ant relation betwe5 ! absolute size ( an army & ! space :i* t army c occupy4 ,x is out ( ! "q to try to express ?is relation by any figures1 & besides1 x w always be modifi$ by o!r circum/ances2 x is suffici5t = our purpose to say t ^! ?+s necess>ily h ?is relation f _! v nature4 ,we may be able to m>* ^u ,mosc[ ) #ejj1jjj b n ) #ej1jjj1 ev5 if ! relation ( ! invad]'s army to t ( ! def5d] 9 po9t ( numb]s 7 mu* m fav\rable 9 ! latt] case4 ,n[ if we assume t !re is ?is relation ( absolute p[] to space 9 two diff]5t cases1 !n x is c]ta9 t ! effect ( our retreat into ! int]ior 9 weak5+ ! enemy w increase ) ! masses4 #a4 ,subsi/5ce & lodg+ ( ! troops become m difficult--=1 suppos+ ! space :i* an army cov]s to increase 9 proportion to ! size ( ! army1 /ill ! subsi/5ce = ! army w nev] be obta9able f ?is space alone1 & ev]y?+ :i* has to be br\ght aft] an army is subject to great] loss also2 ! :ole space occupi$ is nev] us$ = cov]+ = ! troops1 only a small "p ( x is requir$1 & ?is does n increase 9 ! same proportion z ! masses4 #b4 ,! advance is 9 ! same mann] m t$i\s 9 proportion z ! masses increase1 consequ5tly1 ! "t is long] be=e ! c>e] ( aggression is run out1 & ! sum total ( ! daily losses is great]4 ,?ree ?\s& m5 driv+ two ?\s& be=e !m 9 an ord9>y c\ntry1 w n all[ !m to m>* at ! rate ( #a1 #b1 or at mo/ #c miles a day1 & f "t to "t to make a few days' halt4 ,to come up ) !m1 to attack !m1 & =ce !m to make a fur!r retreat is ! "w ( a few h\rs2 b if we multiply ^! masses by #ajj1 ! case is alt]$4 ,op]ations = :i* a few h\rs suffic$ 9 ! fir/ case1 require n[ a :ole day1 p]haps two4 ,! cont5d+ =ces _c rema9 toge!r ne> "o po9t2 !reby1 !re=e1 ! div]sity ( movem5ts & comb9ations increases1 &1 consequ5tly1 also ! "t requir$4 ,b ?is places ! assailant at a disadvantage1 because 8 difficulty ) subsi/5ce be+ great]1 he is oblig$ to ext5d 8 =ce m ?an ! pursu$1 &1 !re=e1 is always 9 dang] ( be+ ov]p[]$ by ! latt] at "s p>ticul> po9t1 z ! ,russians tri$ to d at ,witepsk4 #c4 ,! great] ! masses are1 ! m sev]e are ! ex]tions dem&$ f ea* individual = ! daily duties requir$ /rategically & tactically4 ,a hundr$ ?\s& m5 :o h to m>* to & f ! po9t ( assembly e day1 halt$ at "o "t1 & !n set 9 movem5t aga91 n[ call$ to arms1 !n cook+ or receiv+ _! rations--a hundr$ ?\s& :o mu/ n g into _! biv\ac until ! necess>y reports are deliv]$ 9 f all qu>t]s--^! m51 z a rule1 require = all ^! ex]tions connect$ ) ! actual m>*1 twice z mu* "t z #ej1jjj w\ld require1 b !re are only tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! day = bo?4 ,h[ mu* ! "t & fatigue ( ! m>* itself diff]s accord+ to ! size ( ! body ( troops to be mov$1 has be5 %[n 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ! prec$+ book4 ,n[1 ! retreat+ army1 x is true1 p>takes ( ^! fatigues z well z ! advanc+1 b !y are mu* great] = ! latt]3-- #a4 because ! mass ( 8 troops is great] on acc\nt ( ! sup]iority :i* we suppos$1 #b4 because ! def5d]1 by be+ always ! p>ty to yield gr\nd1 pur*ases by ?is sacrifice ! "r ( ! initiative1 &1 !re=e1 ! "r always to give ! law to ! o!r4 ,he =ms 8 plan be=eh&1 :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 he c c>ry out unalt]$1 b ! aggressor1 on ! o!r h&1 c only make 8 plans con=mably to ^? ( 8 adv]s>y1 :i* he mu/ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f9d out4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rem9d our read]s t we are speak+ ( ! pursuit ( an enemy :o has n suff]$ a defeat1 :o has n ev5 lo/ a battle4 ,x is necess>y to m5tion ?is1 9 ord] t we may n be suppos$ to contradict :at 0 said 9 ! twelf? *apt] ( our f\r? book4 ,b ?is privilege ( giv+ ! law to ! enemy makes a diff]5ce 9 sav+ ( "t1 exp5diture ( =ce1 z well z 9 respect ( o!r m9or advantages :i*1 9 ! long run1 becomes v important4 #c4 because ! retreat+ =ce on ! "o h& does all he c to make 8 own retreat easy1 repairs roads1 & bridges1 *ooses ! mo/ conv5i5t places = encampm5t1 etc41 &1 on ! o!r h& aga91 does all he c to ?r[ imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( ! pursu]1 z he de/roys bridges1 by ! m]e act ( m>*+ makes bad roads worse1 deprives ! enemy ( good places = encampm5t by occupy+ !m himself1 etc4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ add /ill1 z a specially fav\rable circum/ance1 ! w> made by ! p4 ,?is does n require fur!r exam9ation "h1 z we %all allot a *apt] to ! subject itself4 ,hi!rto1 we h be5 engag$ ^u ! advantages :i* su* a retreat ensures1 ! sacrifices :i* x requires1 & ! conditions :i* mu/ exi/2 we %all n[ say some?+ ( ! mode ( execut+ x4 ,! fir/ "q :i* we h to propose to ourselves is ) ref]5ce to ! direction ( ! retreat4 ,x %\ld be made into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 !re=e1 if possible1 t[>ds a po9t :]e ! enemy w be surr\nd$ on all sides by our prov9ces2 !re he w be expos$ to _! influ5ce1 & we %all n be 9 dang] ( be+ sep>at$ f ! pr9cipal mass ( our t]ritory1 :i* might happ5 if we *ose a l9e too ne> ! fronti]1 z w\ld h happ5$ to ! ,russians 9 #ahab if !y _h retreat$ to ! s\? in/ead ( ! ea/4 ,?is is ! condition :i* lies 9 ! object ( ! measure itself4 ,:i* po9t 9 ! c\ntry is ! be/1 h[ f> ! *oice ( t po9t w accord ) ! design ( cov]+ ! capital or any o!r important po9t directly1 or draw+ ! enemy away f ! direction ( su* important places dep5ds on circum/ances4 ,if ! ,russians _h well consid]$ _! retreat 9 #ahab be=eh&1 &1 !re=e1 made x completely 9 con=mity ) a regul> plan1 !y might easily1 f ,smol5sk1 h tak5 ! road to ,kaluga1 :i* !y only took on leav+ ,mosc[2 x is v possible t "u ^! circum/ances ,mosc[ w\ld h be5 entirely sav$4 ,t is to say1 ! ,fr5* 7 ab\t #acj1jjj /rong at ,borod9o1 & !re is no gr\nd = assum+ t !y w\ld h be5 any /rong] if ?is battle _h be5 f\ght by ! ,russians half way to ,kaluga in/ead2 n[1 h[ _m ( ^! m5 c\ld !y h sp>$ to deta* to ,mosc[8 ,pla9ly1 v few2 b x is n ) a few troops t an exp$ition c be s5t a di/ance ( fifty miles 7! di/ance f ,smol5sk to ,mosc[7 aga9/ su* a place z ,mosc[4 ,suppos+ ,buonap>te :5 at ,smol5sk1 :]e he 0 #afj1jjj /rong1 _h ?\ght he c\ld v5ture to deta* aga9/ ,mosc[ be=e engag+ 9 a great battle1 & _h us$ #dj1jjj m5 = t purpose1 leav+ #abj1jjj opposite ! pr9cipal ,russian army1 9 t case1 ^! #abj1jjj m5 w\ld n h be5 m ?an #ij1jjj 9 ! battle1 t is #dj1jjj less ?an ! numb] :i* f\ght at ,borod9o2 ! ,russians1 !re=e1 w\ld h _h a sup]iority 9 numb]s ( #cj1jjj m54 ,tak+ ! c\rse ( ! battle ( ,borod9o z a /&>d1 we may v well assume t ) su* a sup]iority !y w\ld h be5 victori\s4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! relative situation ( ! p>ties w\ld h be5 m fav\rable = ! ,russians ?an x 0 at ,borod9o4 ,b ! retreat ( ! ,russians 0 n ! result ( a well-matur$ plan2 !y retreat$ z f> z !y did because ea* "t t !y 7 on ! po9t ( giv+ battle !y did n consid] !mselves /rong en\gh yet = a great action2 all _! supplies & re9=cem5ts 7 on ! road f ,mosc[ to ,smol5sk1 & x c\ld n ent] ! head ( anyone at ,smol5sk to leave t road4 ,b1 besides1 a victory betwe5 ,smol5sk & ,kaluga w\ld nev] h excus$1 9 ! eyes ( ! ,russians1 ! (f5ce ( hav+ left ,mosc[ uncov]$1 & expos$ x to ! possibility ( be+ captur$4 ,buonap>te1 9 #ahac1 w\ld h secur$ ,p>is ) m c]ta9ty f an attack if he _h tak5 up a position at "s di/ance 9 a lat]al direction1 some:]e beh9d ! canal ( ,burgundy1 leav+ only ) ! l>ge =ce ( ,national ,gu>d 9 ,p>is a few ?\s& regul> troops4 ,! allies w\ld nev] h _h ! c\rage to m>* a corps ( #ej1jjj or #fj1jjj aga9/ ,p>is :il/ ,buonap>te 0 9 ! field at ,aux]re ) #ajj1jjj m54 ,if ! case is suppos$ rev]s$1 & ! allies 9 ,buonap>te's place1 !n no "o1 inde$1 w\ld h advis$ !m to leave ! road op5 to _! own capital ) ,buonap>te = _! oppon5t4 ,) su* a prepond]ance he w\ld n h hesitat$ a mom5t ab\t m>*+ on ! capital4 ,s diff]5t is ! effect "u ! same circum/ances b "u diff]5t moral relations4 ,z we %all h h]eaft] to return to ?is subject :5 treat+ ( ! plan ( a w>1 we %all only at pres5t add t1 :5 su* a lat]al position is tak51 ! capital or place :i* x is ! object to protect1 mu/1 9 e case1 be capable ( mak+ "s resi/ance t x may n be occupi$ & laid "u contribution by e fly+ column or irregul> b&4 ,b we h /ill to consid] ano!r peculi>ity 9 ! direction ( su* a l9e ( retreat1 t is1 a sudd5 *ange ( direction4 ,aft] ! ,russians _h kept ! same direction z f> z ,mosc[ !y left t direction :i* w\ld h tak5 !m to ,wladimir1 & aft] fir/ tak+ ! road to ,riazan = "s di/ance1 !y !n transf]r$ _! army to ! ,kaluga road4 ,if !y _h be5 oblig$ to cont9ue _! retreat !y c\ld easily h done s 9 ?is new direction :i* w\ld h l$ !m to ,kiew1 !re=e mu* ne>] aga9 to ! enemy's fronti]4 ,t ! ,fr5*1 ev5 if !y _h /ill pres]v$ a l>ge num]ical sup]iority ov] ! ,russians1 c\ld n h ma9ta9$ _! l9e ( communication by ,mosc[ "u su* circum/ances is cle> 9 itself2 !y mu/ h giv5 up n only ,mosc[ b1 9 all probability1 ,smol5sk also1 !re=e h aga9 ab&on$ ! conque/s obta9$ ) s mu* toil1 & cont5t$ !mselves ) a !atre ( w> on ?is side ! ,b]es9a4 ,n[1 c]ta9ly1 ! ,russian army w\ld ?us h got into ! same difficulty to :i* x w\ld h expos$ itself by tak+ ! direction ( ,kiew at fir/1 namely1 t ( be+ sep>at$ f ! mass ( its own t]ritory2 b ?is disadvantage w\ld n[ h become almo/ insignificant1 = h[ diff]5t w\ld h be5 ! condition ( ! ,fr5* army if x _h m>*$ /raight ^u ,kiew )\t mak+ ! det\r by ,mosc[4 ,x is evid5t t su* a sudd5 *ange ( direction ( a l9e ( retreat1 :i* is v practicable 9 a spaci\s c\ntry1 ensures rem>kable advantages4 #a4 ,x makes x impossible = ! enemy 7! advanc+ =ce7 to ma9ta9 8 old l9e ( communication3 b ! organisation ( a new "o is always a difficult matt]1 9 addition to :i* ! *ange is made gradually1 !re=e1 probably1 he has to try m ?an "o new l9e4 #b4 ,if bo? p>ties 9 ?is mann] approa* ! fronti] aga92 ! position ( ! aggressor no long] cov]s 8 conque/s1 & he mu/ 9 all probability give !m up4 ,russia ) its enorm\s dim5sions1 is a c\ntry 9 :i* two armies might 9 ?is mann] regul>ly play at prison]s' base 7,zeck jag574 ,b su* a *ange ( ! l9e ( retreat is also possible 9 small] c\ntries1 :5 o!r circum/ances are fav\rable1 :i* c only be judg$ ( 9 ea* individual case1 accord+ to its diff]5t relations4 ,:5 ! direction 9 :i* ! enemy is to be drawn into ! c\ntry is once fix$ ^u1 !n x foll[s ( itself t our pr9cipal army %\ld take t direction1 = o!rwise ! enemy w\ld n advance 9 t direction1 & if he ev5 did we %\ld n !n be able to impose ^u him all ! conditions above suppos$4 ,! "q !n only rema9s :e!r we %all take ?is direction ) our =ces undivid$1 or :e!r consid]able portions %\ld spread out lat]ally & !re=e give ! retreat a div]g5t 7ecc5tric7 =m4 ,to ?is we answ] t ?is latt] =m 9 itself is to be reject$4 #a4 ,because x divides our =ces1 :il/ _! conc5tration on "o po9t is j "o ( ! *ief difficulties = ! enemy4 #b4 ,because ! enemy gets ! advantage ( op]at+ on int]ior l9es1 c rema9 m conc5trat$ ?an we are1 consequ5tly c appe> 9 s mu* ! great] =ce at any "o po9t4 ,n[ c]ta9ly ?is sup]iority is less to be dread$ :5 we are foll[+ a sy/em ( con/antly giv+ way2 b ! v condition ( ?is con/antly yield+1 is always to cont9ue =midable to ! enemy & n to all[ him to beat u 9 detail1 :i* might easily happ54 ,a fur!r object ( su* a retreat1 is to br+ our pr9cipal =ce by degrees to a sup]iority ( numb]s1 & ) ?is sup]iority to give a decisive bl[1 b t by a p>tition ( =ces w\ld become an unc]ta9ty4 #c4 ,because z a g5]al rule ! conc5tric 7conv]g5t7 action aga9/ ! enemy is n adapt$ to ! weak] =ces4 #d4 ,because _m disadvantages ( ! weak po9ts ( ! aggression disappe> :5 ! def5d]'s army is divid$ into sep>ate p>ts4 ,! weake/ features 9 a long advance on ! "p ( ! aggressor are = in/ance2--! l5g? ( ! l9es ( communication1 & ! exposure ( ! /rategic flanks4 ,by ! div]g5t =m ( retreat1 ! aggressor is compell$ to cause a portion ( 8 =ce to %[ a front to ! flank1 & ?is portion prop]ly de/9$ only to neutralise our =ce imm$iately 9 8 front1 n[ effects to a c]ta9 ext5t some?+ else 9 addition1 by cov]+ a portion ( ! l9es ( communication4 ,= ! m]e /rategic effect ( ! retreat1 ! div]g5t =m is !re=e n fav\rable2 b if x is to prep>e an action h]eaft] aga9/ ! enemy's l9e ( retreat1 !n we mu/ ref] to :at has be5 said ab\t t 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,!re is only "o object :i* c give occasion to a div]g5t retreat1 t is :5 we c by t means protect prov9ces :i* o!rwise ! enemy w\ld occupy4 ,:at sections ( t]ritory ! advanc+ foe w occupy "r & left ( 8 c\rse1 c ) tol]able accuracy be disc]n$ by ! po9t ( assembly (1 & directions giv5 to1 8 =ces1 by ! situation ( 8 own prov9ces1 =tresses1 etc41 9 respect to our own4 ,to place troops 9 ^? di/ricts ( t]ritory :i* he w 9 all probability leave unoccupi$1 w\ld be dang]\s wa/e ( our =ces4 ,b n[ :e!r by any disposition ( our =ces we %all be able to h9d] him f occupy+ ^? di/ricts :i* 9 all probability he w desire to occupy1 is m difficult to decide1 & x is !re=e a po9t1 ! solution ( :i* dep5ds mu* on tact ( judgm5t4 ,:5 ! ,russians retreat$ 9 #ahab1 !y left #cj1jjj m5 "u ,tormass[ 9 ,volhynia1 to oppose ! ,au/rian =ce :i* 0 expect$ to invade t prov9ce4 ,! size ( ! prov9ce1 ! num]\s ob/acles ( gr\nd :i* ! c\ntry pres5ts1 ! ne> proportion betwe5 ! =ces likely to come into conflict ju/ifi$ ! ,russians 9 _! expectations1 t !y w\ld be able to keep ! upp] h& 9 t qu>t]1 or at lea/ to ma9ta9 !mselves ne> to _! fronti]4 ,by ?is1 v important advantages might h result$ 9 ! sequel1 :i* we %all n /op "h to discuss2 besides ?is1 x 0 almo/ impossible = ^! troops to h jo9$ ! ma9 army 9 "t if !y _h wi%$4 ,= ^! reasons1 ! det]m9ation to leave ^! troops 9 ,volhynia to c>ry on !re a di/9ct w> ( _! own1 0 "r4 ,n[ on ! o!r h&1 if accord+ to ! propos$ plan ( campaign submitt$ by ,g5]al ,phul1 only ! army ( ,b>clay 7#hj1jjj m571 0 to retire to ,drissa1 & ,braga?ion's army 7#dj1jjj m57 0 to rema9 on ! "r flank ( ! ,fr5*1 ) a view to subsequ5tly fall+ on _! re>1 x is evid5t at once t ?is corps c\ld n possibly ma9ta9 itself 9 ,s\? ,li?uania s ne> to ! re> ( ! ma9 body ( ! ,fr5* army1 & w\ld soon h be5 de/roy$ by _! ov]:elm+ masses4 ,t ! def5d]'s int]e/ 9 itself is to give up z few prov9ces z possible to ! assailant is intelligible en\gh1 b ?is is always a second>y consid]ation2 t ! attack is also made m difficult ! small] or r n>r[] ! !atre ( w> is to :i* we c conf9e ! enemy1 is likewise cle> 9 itself2 b all ?is is subord9ate to ! condition t 9 s do+ we h ! probability ( a result 9 our fav\r1 & t ! ma9 body ( ! =ce on ! def5sive w n be too mu* weak5$2 = ^u t =ce we mu/ *iefly dep5d = ! f9al solution1 because ! difficulties & di/ress suff]$ by ! ma9 body ( ! enemy1 fir/ call =? 8 det]m9ation to retreat1 & increase 9 ! greate/ degree ! loss ( physical & moral p[] !re) connect$4 ,! retreat into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry %\ld !re=e z a rule be made directly be=e ! enemy1 & z sl[ly z possible1 ) an army :i* has n suff]$ defeat & is undivid$2 & by its incessant resi/ance x %\ld =ce ! enemy to a con/ant /ate ( read9ess = battle1 & to a ru9\s exp5diture ( =ces 9 tactical & /rategical measures ( precaution4 ,:5 bo? sides h 9 ?is mann] rea*$ ! end ( ! aggressor's fir/ />t1 ! def5d] %\ld !n dispose 8 army 9 a position1 if su* c be f\nd1 =m+ an oblique angle ) ! r\te ( 8 oppon5t1 & op]ate aga9/ ! enemy's re> ) all ! means at 8 comm&4 ,! campaign ( #ahab 9 ,russia %[s all ^! measures on a great scale1 & _! effects1 z x 71 9 a magnify+ glass4 ,al?\gh x 0 n a volunt>y retreat1 we may easily consid] x f t po9t ( view4 ,if ! ,russians ) ! exp]i5ce !y n[ h ( ! results to be ?us produc$1 _h to und]take ! def5ce ( _! c\ntry ov] aga91 exactly "u ! same circum/ances1 !y w\ld d volunt>ily & sy/ematically :at 9 great "p 0 done )\t a def9ite plan 9 #ahab2 b x w\ld be a great mi/ake to suppose t !re nei!r is nor c be any in/ance else:]e ( ! same mode ( action :]e ! dim5sions ( ! ,russian empire are want+4 ,:5ev] a /rategic attack1 )\t com+ to ! issue ( a battle1 is wreck$ m]ely on ! difficulties enc\nt]$1 & ! aggressor is compell$ to make a m or less disa/r\s retreat1 !re ! *ief conditions & pr9cipal effects ( ?is mode ( def5ce w be f\nd to h tak5 place1 :atev] may be ! modify+ circum/ances o!rwise ) :i* x is accompani$4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great's campaign ( #agdb 9 ,moravia1 ( #agdd 9 ,bohemia1 ! ,fr5* campaign ( #agdc 9 ,au/ria & ,bohemia1 ! ,duke ( ,brunswick's campaign ( #agib 9 ,france1 ,mass5a's w9t] campaign ( #ahaj--aa 9 ,portugal1 are all cases 9 :i* ?is is exemplifi$1 al?\gh 9 small] proportions & relations2 !re are besides innum]able fragm5t>y op]ations ( ?is k9d1 ! results ( :i*1 al?\gh n :olly1 are /ill p>tly to be ascrib$ to ! pr9ciple :i* we "h uphold2 ^! we d n br+ =w>d1 because x w\ld necessitate a developm5t ( circum/ances :i* w\ld lead u into too wide a field4 ,9 ,russia1 & 9 ! o!r cases cit$1 ! crisis or turn ( affairs took place )\t any successful battle1 hav+ giv5 ! decision at ! culm9at+ po9t2 b ev5 :5 su* an effect is n to be expect$1 x is always a matt] ( imm5se importance 9 ?is mode ( def5ce to br+ ab\t su* a relation ( =ces z makes victory possible1 & ?r\gh t victory1 z ?r\gh a fir/ bl[1 to cause a movem5t :i* usually goes on increas+ 9 its disa/r\s effects accord+ to ! laws applicable to fall+ bodies4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,arm+ ! ,nation ,a p's w> 9 civilis$ ,europe is a ph5om5on ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x has its advocates & its oppon5ts3 ! latt] ei!r consid]+ x 9 a political s5se z a revolution>y means1 a /ate ( an>*y decl>$ lawful1 :i* is z dang]\s z a =eign enemy to social ord] at home2 or on milit>y gr\nds1 conceiv+ t ! result is n comm5surate ) ! exp5diture ( ! nation's /r5g?4 ,! fir/ po9t does n conc]n u "h1 = we look ^u a p's w> m]ely z a means ( fight+1 !re=e1 9 its connection ) ! enemy2 b ) reg>d to ! latt] po9t1 we mu/ obs]ve t a p's w> 9 g5]al is to be reg>d$ z a consequ5ce ( ! outbur/ :i* ! milit>y elem5t 9 our day has made ?r\gh its old =mal limits2 z an expansion & /r5g!n+ ( ! :ole f]m5tation-process :i* we call w>4 ,! requisition sy/em1 ! imm5se increase 9 ! size ( armies by means ( t sy/em1 & ! g5]al liability to milit>y s]vice1 ! utiliz+ militia1 are all ?+s :i* lie 9 ! same direction1 if we make ! limit$ milit>y sy/em ( =m] days our />t+ po9t2 & ! leve en masse1 or arm+ ( ! p1 n[ lies also 9 ! same direction4 ,if ! fir/ nam$ ( ^! new aids to w> are ! natural & necess>y consequ5ces ( b>ri]s ?r[n d[n2 & if !y h s enorm\sly increas$ ! p[] ( ^? :o fir/ us$ !m1 t ! enemy has be5 c>ri$ along 9 ! curr5t1 & oblig$ to adopt !m likewise1 ?is w be ! case also ) p-w>s4 ,9 ! g5]ality ( cases1 ! p :o make judici\s use ( ?is means1 w ga9 a proportionate sup]iority ov] ^? :o despise its use4 ,if ?is be s1 !n ! only "q is :e!r ?is mod]n int5sification ( ! milit>y elem5t is1 ^u ! :ole1 salut>y = ! int]e/s ( humanity or o!rwise1--a "q :i* x w\ld be ab\t z easy to answ] z ! "q ( w> itself--we leave bo? to philosoph]s4 ,b ! op9ion may be advanc$1 t ! res\rces swall[$ up 9 p's w>s might be m pr(itably employ$1 if us$ 9 provid+ o!r milit>y means2 no v deep inve/igation1 h[ev]1 is necess>y to be conv9c$ t ^! res\rces are = ! mo/ "p n disposable1 & _c be utiliz$ 9 an arbitr>y mann] at pleasure4 ,"o ess5tial "p t is ! moral elem5t1 is n call$ into exi/5ce until ?is k9d ( employm5t = x arises4 ,we !re=e d n ask aga93 h[ mu* does ! resi/ance :i* ! :ole nation 9 arms is capable ( mak+1 co/ t nation8 b we ask3 :at is ! effect :i* su* a resi/ance c produce8 ,:at are its conditions1 & h[ is x to be us$8 ,x foll[s f ! v nature ( ! ?+ t def5sive means ?us widely disp]s$1 are n suit$ to great bl[s requir+ conc5trat$ action 9 "t & space4 ,its op]ation1 l ! process ( evaporation 9 physical nature1 is accord+ to ! surface4 ,! great] t surface & ! great] ! contact ) ! enemy's army1 consequ5tly ! m t army spreads itself out1 s mu* ! great] w be ! effects ( arm+ ! nation4 ,l a sl[ gradual heat1 x de/roys ! f\ndations ( ! enemy's army4 ,z x requires "t to produce its effects1 !re=e :il/ ! ho/ile elem5ts are work+ on ea* o!r1 !re is a /ate ( t5sion :i* ei!r gradually we>s out if ! p's w> is ext+ui%$ at "s po9ts1 & burns sl[ly away at o!rs1 or leads to a crisis1 if ! flames ( ?is g5]al conflagration envelop ! enemy's army1 & compel x to evacuate ! c\ntry to save itself f utt] de/ruction4 ,9 ord] t ?is result %\ld be produc$ by a national w> alone1 we mu/ suppose ei!r a surface-ext5t ( ! dom9ions invad$1 exce$+ t ( any c\ntry 9 ,europe1 except ,russia1 or suppose a disproportion betwe5 ! /r5g? ( ! invad+ army & ! ext5t ( ! c\ntry1 su* z nev] occurs 9 reality4 ,!re=e1 to avoid foll[+ a phantom1 we mu/ imag9e a p-w> always 9 comb9ation1 ) a w> c>ri$ on by a regul> army1 & bo? c>ri$ on accord+ to a plan embrac+ ! op]ations ( ! :ole4 ,! conditions "u :i* alone ! p's w> c become effective are ! foll[+-- #a4 ,t ! w> is c>ri$ on 9 ! he>t ( ! c\ntry4 #b4 ,t x _c be decid$ by a s+le cata/rophe4 #c4 ,t ! !atre ( w> embraces a consid]able ext5t ( c\ntry4 #d4 ,t ! national "* is fav\rable to ! measure4 #e4 ,t ! c\ntry is ( a brok5 & difficult nature1 ei!r f be+ m\nta9\s1 or by reason ( woods & m>%es1 or f ! peculi> mode ( cultivation 9 use4 ,:e!r ! population is d5se or o!rwise1 is ( little consequ5ce1 z !re is less likelihood ( a want ( m5 ?an ( any?+ else4 ,:e!r ! inhabitants are ri* or poor is also a po9t by no means decisive1 at lea/ x %\ld n be2 b x mu/ be admitt$ t a poor population accu/om$ to h>d "w & privations usually %[s itself m vigor\s & bett] suit$ = w>4 ,"o peculi>ity ( c\ntry :i* greatly favors ! action ( w> c>ri$ on by ! p1 is ! scatt]$ sites ( ! dwell+s ( ! c\ntry p1 su* z is to be f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,! c\ntry is ?us m int]sect$ an dcov]$2 ! roads are worse1 al?\gh m num]\s2 ! lodgem5t ( troops is att5d$ ) endless difficulties1 b especially t peculi>ity repeats itself on a small scale1 :i* a p-w> possesses on a great scale1 namely t ! pr9ciple ( resi/ance exi/s ev]y:]e1 b is n[h]e tangible4 ,if ! inhabitants are collect$ 9 villages1 ! mo/ tr\blesome h troops qu>t]$ on !m1 or !y are plund]$ z a puni%m5t1 & _! h\ses burnt1 etc1 a sy/em :i* c\ld n be v easily c>ri$ out ) a peasant community ( ,we/phalia4 ,national levies & arm$ peasantry _c & %\ld n be employ$ aga9/ ! ma9 body ( ! enemy's army1 or ev5 aga9/ any consid]able corps ( ! same1 !y mu/ n attempt to crack ! nut1 !y mu/ only gnaw on ! surface & ! bord]s4 ,!y %\ld rise 9 ! prov9ces situat$ at "o ( ! sides ( ! !atre ( w>1 & 9 :i* ! assailant does n appe> 9 =ce1 9 ord] to )draw ^! prov9ces entirely f 8 influ5ce4 ,:]e no enemy is to be f\nd1 !re is no want ( c\rage to oppose him1 & at ! example ?us giv51 ! mass ( ! neighbor+ population gradually takes fire4 ,?us ! fire spreads z x does 9 hea!r1 & rea*+ at la/ t "p ( ! surface ( ! soil on :i* ! aggressor is bas$1 x seizes 8 l9es ( communication & preys ^u ! vital ?read by :i* 8 exi/5ce is support$4 ,= al?\gh we ent]ta9 no exagg]at$ ideas ( ! omnipot5ce ( a p's w>1 su* z t x is an inexhau/ible1 unconqu]able elem5t1 ov] :i* ! m]e =ce ( an army has z little control z ! human w has ov] ! w9d or ! ra92 9 %ort1 al?\gh our op9ion is n f\nd$ on fl[]y ephem]al lit]ature1 /ill we mu/ admit t arm$ peasants are n to be driv5 be=e u 9 ! same way z a body ( soldi]s :o keep toge!r l a h]d ( cattle1 & usually foll[ _! noses4 ,arm$ peasants1 on ! contr>y1 :5 brok51 disp]se 9 all directions1 = :i* no =mal plan is requir$2 ?r\gh ?is circum/ance1 ! m>* ( e small body ( troops 9 a m\nta9\s1 ?ickly wood$1 or ev5 brok5 c\ntry1 becomes a s]vice ( a v dang]\s "*1 = at any mom5t a combat may arise on ! m>*2 if 9 po9t ( fact no arm$ bodies h ev5 be5 se5 = "s "t1 yet ! same peasants already driv5 (f by ! head ( a column1 may at any h\r make _! appe>ance 9 its re>4 ,if x is an object to de/roy roads or to block up a defile2 ! means :i* outpo/s or deta*m5ts f an army c apply to t purpose1 be> ab\t ! same relation to ^? furni%$ by a body ( insurg5t peasants1 z ! action ( an automaton does to t ( a human be+4 ,! enemy has no o!r means to oppose to ! action ( national levies except t ( deta*+ num]\s p>ties to furni% escorts = convoys to occupy milit>y /ations1 defiles1 bridges1 etc4 ,9 proportion z ! fir/ ef=ts ( ! national levies are small1 s ! deta*m5ts s5t out w be weak 9 numb]s1 f ! repugnance to a great disp]sion ( =ces2 x is on ^! weak bodies t ! fire ( ! national w> usually fir/ prop]ly k9dles itself1 !y are ov]p[]$ by numb]s at "s po9ts1 c\rage rises1 ! love ( fight+ ga9s /r5g?1 & ! int5sity ( ?is /ruggle increases until ! crisis approa*es :i* is to decide ! issue4 ,accord+ to our idea ( a p's w>1 x %\ld1 l a k9d ( nebul\s vap\ry ess5ce1 nev] cond5se into a solid body2 o!rwise ! enemy s5ds an adequate =ce aga9/ ?is core1 cru%es x1 & makes a great _m prison]s2 _! c\rage s9ks2 e "o ?9ks ! ma9 "q is decid$1 any fur!r ef=t useless1 & ! arms fall f ! h&s ( ! p4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 on ! o!r h&1 x is necess>y t ?is mi/ %\ld collect at "s po9ts into d5s] masses1 & =m ?reat5+ cl\ds f :i* n[ & aga9 a =midable fla% ( lightn+ may bur/ =?4 ,^! po9ts are *iefly on ! flanks ( ! enemy's !atre ( w>1 z already obs]v$4 ,!re ! armam5t ( ! p %\ld be organis$ into great] & m sy/ematic bodies1 support$ by a small =ce ( regul> troops1 s z to give x ! appe>ance ( a regul> =ce & fit x to v5ture ^u ent]prises on a l>g] scale4 ,f ^! po9ts1 ! irregul> "* 9 ! organisation ( ^! bodies %\ld dim9i% 9 proportion z !y are to be employ$ m 9 ! direction ( ! re> ( ! enemy1 :]e he is expos$ to _! h>de/ bl[s4 ,^! bett] organis$ masses1 are = ! purpose ( fall+ ^u ! l>g] g>risons :i* ! enemy leaves beh9d him4 ,besides1 !y s]ve to create a feel+ ( uneas9ess & dread1 & increase ! moral impression ( ! :ole1 )\t !m ! total action w\ld be want+ 9 =ce1 & ! situation ( ! enemy ^u ! :ole w\ld n be made suffici5tly uncom=table4 ,! easie/ way = a g5]al to produce ?is m effective =m ( a national armam5t1 is to support ! movem5t by small deta*m5ts s5t f ! army4 ,)\t ! support ( a few regul> troops z an enc\ragem5t1 ! inhabitants g5]ally want an impulse1 & ! confid5ce to take up arms4 ,! /rong] ^! deta*m5ts are1 ! great] w be _! p[] ( attraction1 ! great] w be ! avalan*e :i* is to fall d[n4 ,b ?is has its limits2 p>tly1 fir/1 because x w\ld be detrim5tal to ! army to cut x up into deta*m5ts1 = ?is second>y object to dissolve x1 z x 71 into a body ( irregul>s1 & =m ) x 9 all directions a weak def5sive l9e1 by :i* we may be sure bo? ! regul> army & national levies alike w\ld become completely ru9$2 p>tly1 secondly1 because exp]i5ce seems to tell u t :5 !re are too _m regul> troops 9 a di/rict1 ! p-w> loses 9 vig\r & efficacy2 ! causes ( ?is are 9 ! fir/ place1 t too _m ( ! enemy's troops are ?us drawn into ! di/rict1 &1 9 ! second place1 t ! inhabitants !n rely on _! own regul> troops1 &1 ?irdly1 because ! pres5ce ( su* l>ge bodies ( troops makes too great dem&s on ! p[]s ( ! p 9 o!r ways1 t is1 9 provid+ qu>t]s1 transport1 contributions1 etc41 etc4 ,ano!r means ( prev5t+ any s]i\s reaction on ! "p ( ! enemy aga9/ ?is popul> movem5t con/itutes1 at ! same "t1 a lead+ pr9ciple 9 ! me?od ( us+ su* levies2 ?is is1 t z a rule1 ) ?is great /rategic means ( def5ce1 a tactical def5ce %\ld seldom or ev] take place4 ,! "* ( a combat ) national levies is ! same z t ( all combats ( masses ( troops ( an inf]ior quality1 great impetuosity & fi]y ard\r at ! comm5cem5t1 b little coolness or t5acity if ! combat is prolong$4 ,fur!r1 ! defeat & disp]sion ( a body ( national levies is ( no mat]ial consequ5ce1 z !y lay _! acc\nt ) t1 b a body ( ?is description mu/ n be brok5 up by losses 9 kill$1 w\nd$1 & prison]s2 a defeat ( t k9d w\ld soon cool _! ard\r4 ,b bo? ^! peculi>ities are entirely oppos$ to ! nature ( a tactical def5sive4 ,9 ! def5sive combat a p]si/5t sl[ sy/ematic action is requir$1 & great risks mu/ be run2 a m]e attempt1 f :i* we c desi/ z soon z we please1 c nev] lead to results 9 ! def5sive4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! national levies are entru/$ ) ! def5ce ( any p>ticul> portion ( t]ritory1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! measure does n lead to a regul> great def5sive combat2 = if ! circum/ances 7 ev] s fav\rable to !m1 !y w\ld be sure to be defeat$4 ,!y may1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 def5d ! approa*es to m\nta9s1 dykes1 ov] m>%es1 riv]-passages1 z long z possible2 b :5 once !y are brok51 !y %\ld r disp]se1 & cont9ue _! def5ce by sudd5 attacks1 ?an conc5trate & all[ !mselves to be %ut up 9 "s n>r[ la/ refuge 9 a regul> def5sive position4--,h[ev] brave a nation may be1 h[ev] w>like its habits1 h[ev] int5se its hatr$ ( ! enemy1 h[ev] fav\rable ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 x is an und5iable fact t a p's w> _c be kept up 9 an atmosph]e too full ( dang]4 ,if1 !re=e1 its combu/ible mat]ial is to be fann$ by any means into a consid]able flame x mu/ be at remote po9ts :]e !re is m air1 & :]e x _c be ext+ui%$ by "o great bl[4 ,aft] ^! reflections1 :i* are m ( ! nature ( subjective impressions ?an an objective analysis1 because ! subject is "o z yet ( r>e occurr5ce g5]ally1 & has be5 b imp]fectly treat$ ( by ^? :o h _h actual exp]i5ce = any l5g? ( "t1 we h only to add t ! /rategic plan ( def5ce c include 9 itself ! coop]ation ( a g5]al arm+ ( ! p 9 two diff]5t ways1 t is1 ei!r z a la/ res\rce aft] a lo/ battle1 or z a natural assi/ance be=e a decisive battle has be5 f\ght4 ,! latt] case supposes a retreat into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 & t indirect k9d ( reaction ( :i* we h treat$ 9 ! eigh? & tw5ty-f\r? *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,we h1 !re=e1 "h only to say a few words on ! mission ( ! national levies aft] a battle has be5 lo/4 ,no ,/ate %\ld believe its fate1 t is1 its entire exi/5ce1 to be dep5d5t ^u "o battle1 let x be ev5 ! mo/ decisive4 ,if x is beat51 ! call+ =? fre% p[]1 & ! natural weak5+ :i* e (f5sive und]goes ) "t1 may br+ ab\t a turn ( =tune1 or assi/ance may come f abroad4 ,no su* urg5t ha/e to die is ne$$ yet2 & z by in/9ct ! dr[n+ man cat*es at a /raw1 s 9 ! natural c\rse ( ! moral _w a p %\ld try ! la/ means ( deliv]ance :5 x sees itself hurri$ along to ! br9k ( an abyss4 ,h[ev] small & weak a ,/ate may be 9 comp>ison to its enemy1 if x =egoes a la/ supreme ef=t1 we mu/ say !re is no long] any s\l left 9 x4 ,?is does n exclude ! possibility ( sav+ itself f complete de/ruction by ! pur*ase ( peace at a sacrifice2 b nei!r does su* an aim on its "p d away ) ! utility ( fre% measures = def5ce2 !y w nei!r make peace m difficult nor m on]\s1 b easi] & bett]4 ,!y are /ill m necess>y if !re is an expectation ( assi/ance f ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ our political exi/5ce4 ,any gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 :i*1 aft] ! loss ( a great battle1 only ?9ks h[ x may spe$ily place ! nation 9 ! lap ( peace1 & unmann$ by ! feel+ ( great hopes disappo9t$1 no long] feels 9 itself ! c\rage or ! desire to /imulate to ! utmo/ e elem5t ( =ce1 completely /ultifies itself 9 su* case ?r\gh weakness1 & %[s itself unwor?y ( victory1 &1 p]haps1 j on t acc\nt1 0 incapable ( ga9+ "o4 ,h[ev] decisive1 !re=e1 ! ov]?r[ may be :i* is exp]i5c$ by a ,/ate1 /ill by a retreat ( ! army into ! int]ior1 ! efficacy ( its =tresses & an arm+ ( ! p may be br\ght into use4 ,9 connection ) ?is x is advantage\s if ! flank ( ! pr9cipal !atre ( w> is f5c$ 9 by m\nta9s1 or o!rwise v difficult tracts ( c\ntry1 :i* /& =? z ba/ions1 ! /rategic enfilade ( :i* is to *eck ! enemy's progress4 ,if ! victori\s enemy is engag$ 9 siege works1 if he has left /rong g>risons beh9d him ev]y:]e to secure 8 communications1 or deta*$ corps to make himself elb[-room1 & to keep ! adjac5t prov9ces 9 subjection1 if he is already weak5$ by 8 v>i\s losses 9 active means & mat]ial ( w>1 !n ! mom5t is arriv$ :5 ! def5sive army %\ld aga9 ent] ! li/s1 & by a well-direct$ bl[ make ! assailant /agg] 9 8 disadvantage\s position4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,def5ce ( a ,!atre ( ,w> ,hav+ treat$ ( ! mo/ important def5sive means1 we might p]haps be cont5t$ to leave ! mann] 9 :i* ^! means atta* !mselves to ! plan ( def5ce z a :ole to be discuss$ 9 ! la/ ,book1 :i* w be devot$ to ! ,plan ( a ,w>2 = f ?is e second>y s*eme1 ei!r ( attack or def5ce1 emanates & is det]m9$ 9 its lead+ features2 & moreov] 9 _m cases ! plan ( ! w> itself is no?+ m ?an ! plan ( ! attack or def5ce ( ! pr9cipal !atre ( w>4 ,b we h n be5 able to comm5ce ) w> z a :ole1 al?\gh 9 w> m ?an 9 any o!r phase ( human activity1 ! p>ts are %ap$ by ! :ole1 imbu$ ) & ess5tially alt]$ by its "*2 in/ead ( t1 we h be5 oblig$ to make ourselves ?or\ghly acqua9t$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ) ea* s+le subject z a sep>ate "p4 ,)\t ?is progress f ! simple to ! complex1 a numb] ( undef9$ ideas w\ld h ov]p[]$ u1 & ! manifold phases ( reciprocal action 9 p>ticul> w\ld h con/antly confus$ our conceptions4 ,we %all !re=e /ill cont9ue to advance t[>ds ! :ole by "o /ep at a "t2 t is1 we %all consid] ! def5ce ( a !atre 9 itself1 & look = ! ?read by :i* ! subjects already treat$ ( connect !mselves ) x4 ,! def5sive1 accord+ to our conception1 is no?+ b ! /rong] =m ( combat4 ,! pres]vation ( our own =ces & ! de/ruction ( ^? ( ! enemy--9 a ^w1 ! victory--is ! aim ( ?is conte/1 b at ! same "t n its ultimate object4 ,t object is ! pres]vation ( our own political /ate & ! subjugation ( t ( ! enemy2 or aga91 9 "o ^w1 ! desir$ peace1 because x is only by x t ?is conflict adju/s itself1 & ends 9 a common result4 ,b :at is ! enemy's /ate 9 connection ) w>8 ,above all ?+s its milit>y =ce is important1 !n its t]ritory2 b c]ta9ly !re are also /ill _m o!r ?+s :i*1 ?r\gh p>ticul> circum/ances1 may obta9 a pr$om9ant importance2 to ^! belong1 be=e all1 =eign & dome/ic political relations1 :i* sometimes decide m ?an all ! re/4 ,b al?\gh ! milit>y =ce & ! t]ritory ( ! enemy alone are /ill n ! /ate itself1 nor are !y ! only connections :i* ! /ate may h ) ! w>1 /ill ^! two ?+s are always prepond]at+1 mo/ly immeasurably surpass+ all o!r connections 9 importance4 ,milit>y =ce is to protect ! t]ritory ( ! /ate1 or to conqu] t ( an enemy2 ! t]ritory on ! o!r h&1 con/antly n\ri%es & r5ovates ! milit>y =ce4 ,! two1 !re=e1 dep5d on ea* o!r1 mutually support ea* o!r1 are equal 9 importance "o to ! o!r4 ,b /ill !re is a diff]5ce 9 _! mutual relations4 ,if ! milit>y =ce is de/roy$1 t is completely defeat$1 r5d]$ incapable ( fur!r resi/ance1 !n ! loss ( ! t]ritory foll[s ( itself2 b on ! o!r h&1 ! de/ruction ( ! milit>y =ce by no means foll[s f ! conque/ ( ! c\ntry1 because t =ce may ( its own accord evacuate ! t]ritory1 9 ord] aft]w>ds to reconqu] x ! m easily4 ,inde$1 n only does ! complete de/ruction ( its army decide ! fate ( a c\ntry1 b ev5 e consid]able weak5+ ( its milit>y =ce leads regul>ly to a loss ( t]ritory2 on ! o!r h&1 e consid]able loss ( t]ritory does n cause a proportionate dim9ution ( milit>y p[]2 9 ! long run x w d s1 b n always )9 ! space ( "t 9 :i* a w> is br\ght to a close4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! pres]vation ( our own milit>y p[]1 & ! dim9ution or de/ruction ( t ( ! enemy1 take prec$5ce 9 importance ov] ! occupation ( t]ritory1 &1 !re=e1 is ! fir/ object :i* a g5]al %\ld /rive =4 ,! possession ( t]ritory only presses = consid]ation z an object if t means 7dim9ution or de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ce7 has n effect$ x4 ,if ! :ole ( ! enemy's milit>y p[] 0 unit$ 9 "o army1 & if ! :ole w> consi/$ ( "o battle1 !n ! possession ( ! c\ntry w\ld dep5d on ! issue ( t battle2 de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ces1 conque/ ( 8 c\ntry & security ( our own1 w\ld foll[ f t result1 &1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 be id5tical ) x4 ,n[ ! "q is1 :at c induce ! def5sive to deviate f ?is simple/ =m ( ! act ( w>f>e1 & di/ribute 8 p[] 9 space8 ,! answ] is1 ! insuffici5cy ( ! victory :i* he might ga9 ) all 8 =ces unit$4 ,e victory has its sph]e ( influ5ce4 ,if ?is ext5ds ov] ! :ole ( ! enemy's /ate1 consequ5tly ov] ! :ole ( 8 milit>y =ce & 8 t]ritory1 t is1 if all ! p>ts are c>ri$ along 9 ! same movem5t1 :i* we h impress$ ^u ! core ( 8 p[]1 !n su* a victory is all t we require1 & a division ( our =ces w\ld n be ju/ifi$ by suffici5t gr\nds4 ,b if !re are portions ( ! enemy's milit>y =ce1 & ( c\ntry belong+ to ei!r p>ty1 ov] :i* our victory w\ld h no effect1 !n we mu/ give p>ticul> att5tion to ^? p>ts2 & z we _c unite t]ritory l a milit>y =ce 9 "o po9t1 !re=e we mu/ divide our =ces = ! purpose ( attack+ or def5d+ ^? portions4 ,x is only 9 small1 compactly %ap$ /ates t x is possible to h su* a unity ( milit>y =ce1 & t probably all dep5ds ^u a victory ov] t =ce4 ,su* a unity is practically impossible :5 l>g] tracts ( c\ntry1 hav+ = a great ext5t b\nd>ies cont]m9i\s ) our own1 are conc]n$1 or 9 ! case ( an alliance ( sev]al surr\nd+ /ates aga9/ u4 ,9 su* cases1 divisions ( =ce mu/ necess>ily take place1 giv+ occasion to diff]5t !atres ( w>4 ,! effect ( a victory w naturally dep5d on its greatness1 & t on ! mass ( ! conqu]$ troops4 ,!re=e ! bl[ :i*1 if successful1 w produce ! greate/ effect1 mu/ be made aga9/ t "p ( ! c\ntry :]e ! greate/ numb] ( ! enemy's =ces are collect$ toge!r2 & ! great] ! mass ( our own =ces :i* we use = ?is bl[1 s mu* ! sur] %all we be ( ?is success4 ,?is natural sequ5ce ( ideas leads u to an illu/ration by :i* we %all see ?is tru? m cle>ly2 x is ! nature & effect ( ! c5tre ( gravity 9 me*anics4 ,z ! c5tre ( gravity is always situat$ :]e ! greate/ mass ( matt] is collect$1 & z a %ock aga9/ ! c5tre ( gravity ( a body always produces ! greate/ effect1 & fur!r1 z ! mo/ effective bl[ is /ruck ) ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! p[] us$1 s x is also 9 w>4 ,! arm$ =ces ( e bellig]5t1 :e!r ( a s+le /ate or ( an alliance ( /ates1 h a c]ta9 unity1 & 9 t way1 connection2 b :]e connection is !re come 9 analogies ( ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 9 ^! arm$ =ces c]ta9 c5tres ( gravity1 ! movem5t & direction ( :i* decide ^u o!r po9ts1 & ^! c5tres ( gravity are situat$ :]e ! greate/ bodies ( troops are assembl$4 ,b j z1 9 ! _w ( in]t matt]1 ! action aga9/ ! c5tre ( gravity has its measure & limits 9 ! connection ( ! p>ts1 s x is 9 w>1 & "h z well z !re ! =ce ex]t$ may easily be great] ?an ! resi/ance requires1 & !n !re is a bl[ 9 ! air1 a wa/e ( =ce4 ,:at a diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! solidity ( an army "u "o /&>d1 l$ into battle "u ! p]sonal comm& ( "o g5]al1 & t ( an alli$ army ext5d$ ov] #ej or #ajj miles1 or x may be ev5 bas$ ^u q diff]5t sides 7( ! !atre ( w>74 ,!re we see coh]5ce 9 ! /ronge/ degree1 unity mo/ complete2 "h unity 9 a v remote degree (t5 only exi/+ 9 ! political view held 9 common1 & 9 t also 9 a mis]able & insuffici5t degree1 ! cohesion ( p>ts mo/ly v weak1 (t5 q an illusion4 ,!re=e1 if on ! "o h&1 ! viol5ce ) :i* we wi% to /rike ! bl[ prescribes ! greate/ conc5tration ( =ce1 s 9 l mann]1 on ! o!r h&1 we h to fe> e undue excess z a real evil1 because x entails a wa/e ( p[]1 & t 9 turn a defici5cy ( p[] at o!r po9ts4 ,to di/+ui% ^! 8c5tra gravitatis0 9 ! enemy's milit>y p[]1 to disc]n _! sph]es ( action is1 !re=e1 a supreme act ( /rategic judgm5t4 ,we mu/ con/antly ask ourselves1 :at effect ! advance or retreat ( "p ( ! =ces on ei!r side w produce on ! re/4 ,we d n by ?is lay claim 9 any way to ! discov]y ( a new me?od1 we h only s\ght to expla9 ! f\ndation ( ! me?od ( all g5]als1 9 e age1 9 a mann] :i* may place its connection ) ! nature ( ?+s 9 a cle>] light4 ,h[ ?is conception ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! enemy's =ce affects ! :ole plan ( ! w>1 we %all consid] 9 ! la/ book1 = t is ! prop] place = ! subject1 & we h only borr[$ x f !re to avoid leav+ any break 9 ! sequ5ce ( ideas4 ,by ! introduction ( ?is view we h se5 ! motives :i* occasion a p>tition ( =ces 9 g5]al4 ,^! consi/ fundam5tally ( two int]e/s :i* are 9 opposition to ea* o!r2 ! "o1 ! possession ( t]ritory /rives to divide ! =ces2 ! o!r1 ! ef=t ( =ce aga9/ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! enemy's milit>y p[]1 comb9es !m aga9 up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,?us x is t !atres ( w> or p>ticul> army regions orig9ate4 ,^! are ^? b\nd>ies ( ! area ( ! c\ntry & ( ! =ces !reon di/ribut$1 )9 :i* e decision giv5 by ! pr9cipal =ce ( su* a region ext5ds itself directly ov] ! :ole1 & c>ries on ! :ole ) x 9 its own direction4 ,we say directly1 because a decision on "o !atre ( w> mu/ naturally h also an influ5ce m or less ov] ^? adjo9+ x4 ,al?\gh x lies q 9 ! nature ( ! ?+1 we mu/ aga9 rem9d our read]s expressly t "h z well z ev]y:]e else our def9itions are only direct$ at ! c5tres ( c]ta9 speculative regions1 ! limits ( :i* we nei!r desire to1 nor c we1 def9e by %>p l9es4 ,we ?9k1 !re=e1 a !atre ( w>1 :e!r l>ge or small1 ) its milit>y =ce1 :atev] may be ! size ( t1 repres5ts a unity :i* maybe r$uc$ to "o c5tre ( gravity4 ,at ?is c5tre ( gravity ! decision mu/ take place1 & to be conqu]or "h means to def5d ! !atre ( w> 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,def5ce ( a ,!atre ( ,w>--7cont9u$7 ,def5ce1 h[ev]1 consi/s ( two diff]5t elem5ts1 ^! are ! decision & ! /ate ( expectation4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! two elem5ts =ms ! subject ( ?is *apt]4 ,fir/ we mu/ obs]ve t ! /ate ( expectation is n1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! complete def5ce2 x is only t prov9ce ( ! same 9 :i* x proce$s to its aim4 ,z long z a milit>y =ce has n ab&on$ ! portion ( t]ritory plac$ "u its gu>dian%ip1 ! t5sion ( =ces on bo? sides creat$ by ! attack cont9ues1 & ?is la/s until !re is a decision4 ,! decision itself c only be reg>d$ z hav+ actually tak5 place :5 ei!r ! assailant or def5d] has left ! !atre ( w>4 ,z long z an arm$ =ce ma9ta9s itself )9 its !atre1 ! def5ce ( ! same cont9ues1 & 9 ?is s5se ! def5ce ( ! !atre ( w> is id5tical ) ! def5ce 9 ! same4 ,:e!r ! enemy 9 ! meantime has obta9$ possession ( mu* or little ( t section ( c\ntry is n ess5tial1 = x is only l5t to him until ! decision4 ,b ?is k9d ( idea by :i* we wi% to settle ! prop] relation ( ! /ate ( expectation to ! :ole is only correct :5 a decision is really to take place1 & is reg>d$ by bo? p>ties z inevitable4 ,= x is only by t decision t ! c5tres ( gravity ( ! respective =ces1 & ! !atre ( w> det]m9$ ?r\gh !m are effectually hit4 ,:5ev] ! idea ( a decisive solution disappe>s1 !n ! c5tres ( gravity are neutralis$1 inde$1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! :ole ( ! arm$ =ces become s also1 & n[ ! possession ( t]ritory1 :i* =ms ! second pr9cipal bran* ( ! :ole !atre ( w>1 comes =w>d z ! direct object4 ,9 o!r words1 ! less a decisive bl[ is s\ght = by bo? sides 9 a w>1 & ! m x is m]ely a mutual obs]vation ( "o ano!r1 s mu* ! m important becomes ! possession ( t]ritory1 s mu* ! m ! def5sive seeks to cov] all directly1 & ! assailant seeks to ext5d 8 =ces 9 8 advance4 ,n[ we _c conceal f ourselves ! fact t ! majority ( w>s & campaigns approa* mu* m to a /ate ( obs]vation ?an to a /ruggle = life or dea?1 t is1 a conte/ 9 :i* "o at lea/ ( ! combatants uses e ef=t to br+ ab\t a complete decision4 ,?is la/ "* is only to be f\nd 9 ! w>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to su* a degree t a !ory f\nd$ on ?is po9t ( view c be made use ( 9 relation to !m4 ,b z all future w>s w h>dly h ?is "*1 & x is r to be expect$ t !y w aga9 %[ a t5d5cy to ! obs]vation "*1 !re=e any !ory to be practically useful mu/ pay att5tion to t4 ,h5ce we %all comm5ce ) ! case 9 :i* ! desire ( a decision p]meates & guides ! :ole1 !re=e ) real1 or if we may use ! expression1 absolute w>2 !n 9 ano!r *apt] we %all exam9e ^? modifications :i* arise ?r\gh ! approa*1 9 a great] or less degree1 to ! /ate ( a w> ( obs]vation4 ,9 ! fir/ case 7:e!r ! decision is s\ght by ! aggressor or ! def5d]7 ! def5ce ( ! !atre ( w> mu/ consi/ 9 ! def5d] e/abli%+ himself !re 9 su* a mann]1 t 9 a decision he w h an advantage on 8 side at any mom5t4 ,?is decision may be ei!r a battle1 or a s]ies ( great combats1 b x may also consi/ 9 ! resultant ( m]e relations1 :i* arise f ! situation ( ! oppos+ =ces1 t is1 possible combats4 ,if ! battle 7 n also ! mo/ p[]ful1 ! mo/ usual & mo/ effectual means ( a decision 9 w>1 z we ?9k we h already %[n on sev]al occasions1 /ill ! m]e fact ( its be+ 9 a g5]al way "o ( ! means ( rea*+ ?is solution1 w\ld be suffici5t to enjo9 ! greate/ conc5tration ( our =ces :i* circum/ances w 9 any way p]mit4 ,a great battle ^u ! !atre ( w> is ! bl[ ( ! c5tre ( =ce aga9/ ! c5tre ( =ce2 ! m =ces c be collect$ 9 ! "o or ! o!r1 ! sur] & great] w be ! effect4 ,!re=e e sep>ation ( =ces :i* is n call$ = by an object 7:i* ei!r _c itself be atta9$ by ! successful issue ( a battle1 or :i* itself is necess>y to ! successful issue ( ! battle7 is blameable4 ,b ! greate/ conc5tration ( =ces is n ! only fundam5tal condition2 x is also requisite t !y %\ld h su* a position & place t ! battle may be f\ght "u fav\rable circum/ances4 ,! diff]5t /eps 9 ! def5ce :i* we h become acqua9t$ ) 9 ! *apt] on ! me?ods ( def5ce1 are completely homog5e\s ) ^! fundam5tal conditions2 !re w !re=e be no difficulty 9 connect+ !m ) ! same1 accord+ to ! special requirem5ts ( ea* case4 ,b !re is "o po9t :i* seems at fir/ sight to involve a contradiction 9 itself1 & :i*1 z "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! def5ce1 requires explanation s mu* ! m4 ,x is ! hitt+ ^u ! exact c5tre ( gravity ( ! enemy's =ce4 ,if ! def5d] asc]ta9s 9 "t ! roads by :i* ! enemy w advance1 & ^u :i* 9 p>ticul> ! great mass ( 8 =ce w be f\nd = a c]ta9ty1 he may m>* aga9/ him on t road4 ,?is w be ! mo/ usual case1 = al?\gh ! def5ce prec$es ! attack 9 measures ( a g5]al nature1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( /rong places1 great ars5als1 & depts1 & 9 ! peace e/abli%m5t ( 8 army1 & ?us gives a l9e ( direction to ! assailant 9 8 prep>ations1 /ill1 :5 ! campaign really op5s1 ! def5d]1 9 relation to ! aggressor1 has ! peculi> advantage 9 g5]al ( play+ ! la/ h&4 ,to attack a =eign c\ntry ) a l>ge army1 v consid]able prep>ations are requir$4 ,provisions1 /ores1 & articles ( equipm5t ( all k9ds mu/ be collect$1 :i* is a "w ( "t4 ,:ile ^! prep>ations are go+ on1 ! def5d] has "t to prep>e accord+ly1 9 reg>d to :i* we mu/ n =get t ! def5sive requires less "t1 g5]ally speak+1 because 9 e /ate ?+s are prep>$ r = ! def5sive ?an ! (f5sive4 ,b al?\gh ?is may hold good 9 ! majority ( cases1 !re is always a possibility t1 9 p>ticul> cases1 ! def5sive may rema9 9 unc]ta9ty z to ! pr9cipal l9e by :i* ! enemy int5ds to advance2 & ?is case is m likely to occur :5 ! def5ce is dep5d5t on measures :i* ( !mselves take a good deal ( "t1 z = example1 ! prep>ation ( a /rong position4 ,fur!r1 suppos+ ! def5d] places himself on ! l9e by :i* ! aggressor is advanc+1 !n1 unless ! def5d] is prep>$ to take ! initiative by attack+ ! aggressor1 ! latt] may avoid ! position :i* ! def5d] has tak5 up1 by only alt]+ a little 8 l9e ( advance1 = 9 ! cultivat$ p>ts ( ,europe we c nev] be s situat$ t !re are n roads to ! "r or left by :i* any position may be avoid$4 ,pla9ly1 9 su* a case ! def5d] c\ld n wait = 8 enemy 9 a position1 or at lea/ c\ld n wait !re 9 ! expectation ( giv+ battle4 ,b be=e ent]+ on ! means available to ! def5sive 9 ?is case1 we mu/ inquire m p>ticul>ly into ! nature ( su* a case1 & ! probability ( its occurr5ce4 ,naturally !re are 9 e ,/ate1 & also 9 e !atre ( w> 7( :i* alone we are at pres5t speak+71 objects & po9ts ^u :i* an attack is likely to be m efficaci\s ?an any:]e else4 ,^u ?is we ?9k x w be bett] to speak :5 we come to ! attack4 ,"h we %all conf9e ourselves to obs]v+ t1 if ! mo/ advantage\s object & po9t ( attack is ! motive = ! assailant 9 ! direction ( 8 bl[1 ?is motive reacts on ! def5sive1 & mu/ be 8 guide 9 cases 9 :i* he kn[s no?+ ( ! int5tions ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,if ! assailant does n take ?is direction :i* is fav\rable to him1 he =egoes "p ( 8 natural advantages4 ,x is evid5t t1 if ! def5d] has tak5 up a position 9 t direction1 ! evad+ 8 position1 or pass+ r\nd1 is n to be done = no?+2 x co/s a sacrifice4 ,f ?is x foll[s t !re is n on ! side ( ! def5d] su* a risk ( miss+ ! direction ( 8 enemy2 nei!r on ! o!r h&1 is x s easy = ! assailant to pass r\nd 8 adv]s>y z appe>s at fir/ sight1 because !re exi/s be=eh& a v di/9ct1 & 9 mo/ cases prepond]at+1 motive 9 fav\r ( "o or ! o!r direction1 & t consequ5tly ! def5d]1 al?\gh 8 prep>ations are fix$ to "o spot1 w n fail 9 mo/ cases to come 9 contact ) ! mass ( ! enemy's =ces4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! def5d] has put himself 9 ! "r position1 he may be almo/ sure t ! assailant w come to meet him4 ,b by ?is we %all n & _c d5y ! possibility ( ! def5d] sometimes n meet+ ) ! assailant aft] all ^! arrangem5ts1 & !re=e ! "q arises1 :at he %\ld !n d1 & h[ mu* ( ! real advantages ( 8 position /ill rema9 available to him4 ,if we ask ourselves :at means /ill rema9 g5]ally to ! def5d] :5 ! assailant passes by 8 position1 !y are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,to divide 8 =ces in/antly1 s z to be c]ta9 to f9d ! assailant ) "o portion1 & !n to support t portion ) ! o!r4 #b4 ,to take up a position ) 8 =ce unit$1 & 9 case ! assailant passes by him1 to pu% on rapidly 9 front ( him by a lat]al movem5t4 ,9 mo/ cases !re w n be "t to make su* a movem5t directly to a flank1 x w !re=e be necess>y to take up ! new position some:at fur!r back4 #c4 ,) 8 :ole =ce to attack ! enemy 9 flank4 #d4 ,to op]ate aga9/ 8 communications4 #e4 ,by a c\nt] attack on 8 !atre ( w>1 to d exactly :at ! enemy has done 9 pass+ by u4 ,we introduce ?is la/ measure1 because x is possible to imag9e a case 9 :i* x may be efficaci\s2 b z x is 9 contradiction to ! object ( ! def5ce1 t is1 ! gr\nds on :i* t =m has be5 *os51 !re=e x c only be reg>d$ z an abnormity1 :i* c only take place because ! enemy has made "s great mi/ake1 or because !re are o!r special features 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,op]at+ aga9/ ! enemy's communications implies t our own are sup]ior1 :i* is also "o ( ! fundam5tal requisites ( a good def5sive position4 ,b al?\gh on t gr\nd ?is action may promise ! def5d] a c]ta9 am\nt ( advantage1 /ill1 9 ! def5ce ( a !atre ( w>1 x is seldom an op]ation suit$ to lead to a decision1 :i* we h suppos$ to be ! object ( ! campaign4 ,! dim5sions ( a s+le !atre ( w> are seldom s l>ge t ! l9e ( communications is expos$ to mu* dang] by _! l5g?1 & ev5 if !y 7 9 dang]1 /ill ! "t :i* ! assailant requires = ! execution ( 8 bl[ is usually too %ort = 8 progress to be arre/$ by ! sl[ effects ( ! action aga9/ 8 communications4 ,!re=e ?is means 7t is ! action aga9/ ! communications7 w prove q inefficaci\s 9 mo/ cases aga9/ an enemy det]m9$ ^u a decision1 & also 9 case ! def5d] seeks su* a solution4 ,! object ( ! ?ree o!r means :i* rema9 = ! def5d]1 is a direct decision--a meet+ ( c5tre ( =ce ) c5tre ( =ce2 !y correspond bett]1 !re=e1 ) ! ?+ requir$4 ,b we %all at once say t we decid$ly pref] ! ?ird to ! o!r two1 & )\t q reject+ ! latt]1 we hold ! =m] to be 9 ! majority ( cases ! true means ( def5ce4 ,9 a position :]e our =ces are divid$1 !re is always a dang] ( gett+ involv$ 9 a w> ( po/s1 f :i*1 if our adv]s>y is resolute1 c foll[1 "u ! be/ ( circum/ances1 only a relative def5ce on a l>ge scale1 nev] a decision su* z we desire2 & ev5 if by sup]ior tact we %\ld be able to avoid ?is mi/ake1 /ill1 by ! prelim9>y resi/ance be+ ) divid$ =ces1 ! fir/ %ock is s5sibly weak5$1 & we c nev] be sure t ! advanc$ corps fir/ engag$ w n suff] disproportionate losses4 ,to ?is is to be add$ t ! resi/ance ( ?is corps :i* usually ends 9 its fall+ back on ! ma9 body1 appe>s to ! troops 9 ! light ( a lo/ combat1 or misc>riage ( plans1 & ! moral =ce suff]s accord+ly4 ,! second means1 t ( plac+ our :ole =ce 9 front ( ! enemy1 9 :i*ev] direction he may b5d 8 m>*1 involves a risk ( our arriv+ too late1 & ?us betwe5 two measures1 fall+ %ort ( bo?4 ,besides ?is1 a def5sive battle requires coolness & consid]ation1 a k1 inde$ intimate k ( ! c\ntry1 :i* _c be expect$ 9 a ha/y oblique movem5t to a flank4 ,la/ly1 positions suitable = a good def5sive battle-field are too r>ely to be met ) to reckon ^u !m at e po9t ( e road4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?ird means1 namely to attack ! enemy 9 flank1 !re=e to give battle ) a *ange ( front1 is att5d$ ) great advantages4 ,fir/ly1 !re is always 9 ?is case1 z we "k1 an exposure ( ! l9es ( communication1 "h ! l9es ( retreat1 & 9 ?is respect ! def5d] has "o advantage 9 8 g5]al relations z def5d]1 & next & *iefly1 ! advantage :i* we h claim$ = ! /rategic prop]ties ( 8 position at pres5t4 ,secondly1--& ?is is ! pr9cipal ?+1--e assailant :o attempts to pass by 8 oppon5t is plac$ betwe5 two opposite t5d5cies4 ,8 fir/ desire is to advance to atta9 ! object ( 8 attack2 b ! possibility ( be+ attack$ 9 flank at any mom5t1 creates a necessity = be+ prep>$1 at any mom5t1 to deliv] a bl[ 9 t direction1 & t too a bl[ ) ! mass ( 8 =ces4 ,^! two t5d5cies are contradictory1 & beget su* a complication 9 ! int]nal relations 7( 8 army71 su* a difficulty 9 ! *oice ( measures1 if !y are to suit e ev5t1 t !re c h>dly be a m disagreeable position /rategically4 ,if ! assailant knew ) c]ta9ty ! mom5t :5 he w\ld be attack$1 he might prep>e to receive ! enemy ) skill & ability2 b 9 8 unc]ta9ty on ?is po9t1 & press$ by ! necessity ( advanc+1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t :5 ! mom5t = battle arrives1 x f9ds him 9 ! mid/ ( hurri$ & half-f9i%$ prep>ations1 & !re=e by no means 9 an advantage\s relation to 8 enemy4 ,if !n !re are fav\rable mom5ts = ! def5d] to deliv] an (f5sive battle1 x is surely at su* a mom5t z ?is1 above all o!rs1 t we may look = success4 ,if we consid]1 fur!r1 t ! k ( ! c\ntry & *oice ( gr\nd are on ! side ( ! def5d]1 t he c prep>e 8 movem5ts1 & c "t !m1 no "o c d\bt t he possesses 9 su* a situation a decid$ sup]iority1 /rategically1 ov] 8 adv]s>y4 ,we ?9k1 !re=e1 t a def5d] occupy+ a well *os5 position1 ) 8 =ces unit$1 may quietly wait = ! enemy pass+ by 8 army2 %\ld ! enemy n attack him 9 8 position1 & t an op]ation aga9/ ! enemy's communications does n suit ! circum/ances1 !re /ill rema9s = him an excell5t means ( br++ ab\t a decision by resort+ to a flank attack4 ,if cases ( ?is k9d are h>dly to be f\nd 9 milit>y hi/ory1 ! reason is1 p>tly1 t ! def5d] has seldom _h ! c\rage to rema9 firm 9 su* a position1 b has ei!r divid$ 8 =ces1 or ra%ly ?r[n himself 9 front ( 8 enemy by a cross or diagonal m>*1 or t no assailant d>es to v5ture pa/ ! def5d] "u su* circum/ances1 & 9 t way 8 movem5t usually comes to a /& /ill4 ,! def5d] is 9 ?is case compell$ to resort to an (f5sive battle3 ! fur!r advantages ( ! /ate ( expectation ( a /rong position1 ( good entr5*m5ts1 etc41 etc41 he mu/ give up2 9 mo/ cases ! situation 9 :i* he f9ds ! advanc+ enemy w n q make up = ^! advantages1 = x is j to evade _! influ5ce t ! assailant has plac$ himself 9 8 pres5t situation2 /ill x always (f]s him a c]ta9 comp5sation1 & !ory is !re=e n j oblig$ to see a quantity disappe> at once f ! calculation1 to see ! pro & contra mutually cancel ea* o!r1 z s (t5 happ5s :5 critical writ]s ( hi/ory introduce a little bit ( !ory4 ,x mu/ n1 9 fact1 be suppos$ t we are n[ deal+ ) logical subtilties2 ! subject is r "o :i* ! m x is practically consid]$1 ! m x appe>s z an idea embrac+ ! :ole ess5ce ( def5sive w>1 ev]y:]e dom9at+ & regulat+ x4 ,x is only by ! det]m9ation on ! "p ( ! def5d] to assail 8 oppon5t ) all 8 =ce1 ! mom5t he passes by him1 t he avoids two pitfalls1 close to :i* he is l$ by ! def5sive =m2 t is a division ( 8 =ce1 & a ha/y flank m>* to int]cept ! assailant 9 front4 ,9 bo? he accepts ! law ( ! assailant2 9 bo? he seeks to aid himself ?r\gh measures ( a v critical nature1 & ) a mo/ dang]\s degree ( ha/e2 & :]ev] a resolute adv]s>y1 ?ir/+ = victory & a decision1 has enc\nt]$ su* a sy/em ( def5ce1 he has knock$ x on ! head4 ,b :5 ! def5d] has assembl$ 8 =ces at ! "r po9t to fight a g5]al action1 if he is det]m9$ ) ?is =ce1 come :at w1 to attack 8 enemy 9 flank1 he has done "r1 & is 9 ! "r c\rse1 & he is support$ by all ! advantages :i* ! def5ce c give 9 8 situation2 8 actions w !n be> ! /amp ( good prep>ation1 coolness1 security1 unity & simplicity4 ,we _c "h avoid m5tion+ a rem>kable ev5t 9 hi/ory1 :i* has a close analogy ) ! ideas n[ develop$2 we d s to anticipate its be+ us$ 9 a wrong application4 ,:5 ! ,prussian army 01 9 ,octob]1 #ahjf1 wait+ 9 ,?ur+ia = ! ,fr5* "u ,buonap>te1 ! =m] 0 po/$ betwe5 ! two great roads on :i* ! latt] might be expect$ to advance1 t is1 ! road to ,b]l9 by ,erfur?1 & t by ,h( & ,leipsic4 ,! fir/ int5tion ( break+ into ,franconia /raight ?r\gh ! ,?ur+ian ,=e/1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 t plan 0 ab&on$1 ! unc]ta9ty z to :i* ( ! roads ! ,fr5* w\ld *oose = _! advance1 caus$ ?is int]m$iate position4 ,z su*1 x mu/ !re=e h l$ to ! adoption ( ! measure we h be5 discuss+1 a ha/y int]ception ( ! enemy 9 front by a lat]al movem5t4 ,?is 0 9 fact ! idea 9 case ! enemy m>*$ by ,erfur?1 = ! roads 9 t direction 7 good2 on ! o!r h&1 ! idea ( a movem5t ( ?is description on ! road by ,h( c\ld n be ent]ta9$1 p>tly because ! army 0 two or ?ree m>*es away f t road1 p>tly because ! deep valley ( ! ,saale int]pos$2 nei!r did ?is plan ev] ent] into ! views ( ! ,duke ( ,brunswick1 s t !re 0 no k9d ( prep>ation made = c>ry+ x into effect1 b x 0 always contemplat$ by ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe1 t is1 by ,colonel ,mass5ba*1 :o ex]t$ all 8 influ5ce to draw ! ,duke into ?is plan4 ,/ill less c\ld ! idea be ent]ta9$ ( leav+ ! position :i* _h be5 tak5 on ! left bank ( ! ,saale to try an (f5sive battle aga9/ ,buonap>te on 8 advance1 t is1 to su* an attack 9 flank z we h be5 consid]+2 = if ! ,saale 0 an ob/acle to int]cept+ ! enemy 9 ! la/ mom5t 7 =tiori7 x w\ld be a /ill great] ob/acle to assum+ ! (f5sive at a mom5t :5 ! enemy w\ld be 9 possession ( ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 at lea/ p>tially4 ,! ,duke1 !re=e1 det]m9$ to wait beh9d ! ,saale to see :at w\ld happ51 t is to say1 if we c call any?+ a det]m9ation :i* emanat$ f ?is _m-head$ ,headqu>t]s' ,/aff1 & 9 ?is "t ( confusion & utt] indecision4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! true condition ( affairs dur+ ?is /ate ( expectation1 ! consequ5t situation ( ! army 0 ?is3-- #a4 ,t ! enemy might be attack$ if he cross$ ! ,saale to attack ! ,prussian army4 #b4 ,t if he did n m>* aga9/ t army1 op]ations might be comm5c$ aga9/ 8 communications4 #c4 ,if x %\ld be f\nd practicable & advisable1 he might be int]cept$ ne> ,leipsic by a rapid flank m>*4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! ,prussian army possess$ a great /rategic & tactical advantage 9 ! deep valley ( ! ,saale4 ,9 ! second1 ! /rategic advantage 0 j z great1 = ! enemy _h only a v n>r[ base betwe5 our position & ! neutral t]ritory ( ,bohemia1 :il/ ours 0 extremely broad2 ev5 9 ! ?ird case1 our army1 cov]$ by ! ,saale1 0 /ill by no means 9 a disadvantage\s situation4 ,all ^! ?ree measures1 9 spite ( ! confusion & want ( any cle> p]ception at head-qu>t]s1 7 really discuss$2 b c]ta9ly we _c wond] t1 al?\gh a "r idea may h be5 ent]ta9$1 x %\ld h entirely fail$ 9 ! execution by ! complete want ( resolution & ! confusion g5]ally prevail+4 ,9 ! two fir/ cases1 ! position on ! left bank ( ! ,saale is to be reg>d$ z a real flank position1 & x _h und\bt$ly z su* v great qualities2 b 9 tru?1 aga9/ a v sup]ior enemy1 aga9/ a ,buonap>te1 a flank position ) an army t is n v sure ab\t :at x is do+1 is a v bold measure4 ,aft] long hesitation1 ! ,duke on ! #ac? adopt$ ! la/ ( ! plans propos$1 b x 0 too late1 ,buonap>te _h already comm5c$ to pass ! ,saale1 & ! battles ( ,j5a & ,au]/adt 7 inevitable4 ,! ,duke1 ?r\gh 8 indecision1 _h set himself betwe5 two /ools2 he quitt$ 8 fir/ position too late to pu% 8 army 9 be=e ! enemy1 & too soon = a battle suit$ to ! object4 ,nev]!less1 ! natural /r5g? ( ?is position prov$ itself s f> t ! ,duke 0 able to de/roy ! "r w+ ( ! enemy's army at ,au]/adt1 :il/ ,pr9ce ,hoh5lohe1 by a bloody retreat1 0 /ill able to back out ( ! scrape2 b at ,au]/adt !y did n v5ture to realise ! victory1 :i* 0 q c]ta92 & at ,j5a !y ?\ght !y might reckon ^u "o :i* 0 q impossible4 ,9 any case1 ,buonap>te felt ! /rategic importance ( ! position on ! ,saale s mu*1 t he did n v5ture to pass x by1 b det]m9$ on a passage ( ! ,saale 9 sight ( ! enemy4 ,by :at we h n[ said we ?9k we h suffici5tly specifi$ ! relations betwe5 ! def5ce & ! attack :5 a decisive c\rse ( action is int5d$1 & we believe we h %[n also ! ?reads to :i*1 accord+ to _! situation & connection1 ! diff]5t subjects ( ! plan ( def5ce atta* !mselves4 ,to g ?r\gh ! diff]5t arrangem5ts m 9 detail does n come )9 our views1 = t w\ld lead u into a b\ndless field ( p>ticul> cases4 ,:5 a g5]al has laid d[n = 8 direction a di/9ct po9t1 he w see h[ f> x agrees ) geographical1 /ati/ical1 & political circum/ances1 ! mat]ial & p]sonal relations ( 8 own army & t ( ! enemy1 & h[ ! "o or ! o!r may require t 8 plans %\ld be modifi$ 9 c>ry+ !m into effect4 ,b 9 ord] m di/9ctly to connect & look clos] at ! gradations 9 ! def5ce specifi$ 9 ! *apt] on ! diff]5t k9ds ( def5ce1 we %all "h lay be=e our read]s :at seems to u mo/ important1 9 relation to ! same g5]ally4 #a4 ,reasons = m>*+ aga9/ ! enemy ) a view to an (f5sive battle1 may be z foll[s3-- 7a7 ,if we "k t ! enemy is advanc+ ) 8 =ces v mu* divid$1 & !re=e we h reason to expect a victory1 al?\gh we are1 ^u ! :ole1 mu* weak]4 ,b su* an advance on ! "p ( ! assailant is 9 itself v improbable1 & consequ5tly1 unless we "k ( x ^u c]ta9 in=mation1 ! plan is n good2 = to reckon ^u x1 & re/ all our hopes on x ?r\gh a m]e supposition1 & )\t suffici5t motive1 leads g5]ally to a v dang]\s situation4 ,we d n1 !n1 f9d ?+s z we expect$2 we are oblig$ to give up ! (f5sive battle1 we are n prep>$ to fight on ! def5sive1 we are oblig$ to comm5ce ) a retreat aga9/ our w1 & leave almo/ ev]y?+ to *ance4 ,?is is v mu* :at occurr$ 9 ! def5ce1 conduct$ by ! army "u ,dohna aga9/ ! ,russians1 9 ! campaign ( #agei1 & :i*1 "u ,g5]al ,w$el1 end$ 9 ! un=tunate battle ( ,zlli*au4 ,?is measure %ort5s matt]s s mu* t plan-mak]s are only too ready to propose x1 )\t tak+ mu* tr\ble to inquire h[ f> ! hypo!sis on :i* x re/s is well f\nd$4 7b7 ,if we are g5]ally 9 suffici5t /r5g? = battle1 &-- 7c7 ,if a blund]+1 irresolute adv]s>y specially invites an attack4 ,9 ?is case ! effect ( surprise may be wor? m ?an any assi/ance furni%$ by ! gr\nd ?r\gh a good position4 ,x is ! real ess5ce ( good g5]al%ip ?us to br+ into play ! p[] ( ! moral =ces2--b !ory c nev] say l\d en\gh nor (t5 en\gh !re mu/ be an objective f\ndation = ^! suppositions2 )\t su* f\ndation to be always talk+ ( surprises & ! sup]iority ( novel or unusual modes ( attack1 & !reon to f\nd plans1 consid]ations1 criticisms1 is act+ )\t any gr\nds1 & is altoge!r objectionable4 7d7 ,:5 ! nature ( our army makes x specially suit$ = ! (f5sive4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n a vision>y or false idea :5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great conceiv$ t 9 8 mobile1 c\rage\s army1 full ( confid5ce 9 him1 ob$i5t by habit1 tra9$ to precision1 animat$ & elevat$ by pride1 & ) its p]fection 9 ! oblique attack1 he possess$ an in/rum5t :i*1 9 8 firm & d>+ h&1 0 mu* m suit$ to attack ?an def5ce2 all ^! qualities 7 want+ 9 8 oppon5ts1 & 9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 he _h ! mo/ decid$ sup]iority2 to make use ( ?is 0 wor? m to him1 9 mo/ cases1 ?an to take to 8 assi/ance entr5*m5ts & ob/acles ( gr\nd4--,b su* a sup]iority w always be r>e2 a well-tra9$ army1 ?or\ghly practis$ 9 great movem5ts1 has only "p ( ! above advantages4 ,if ,fr$]ick ! ,great ma9ta9$ t ! ,prussian army 0 p>ticul>ly adapt$ = attack--& ?is has be5 incessantly repeat$ s9ce 8 "t--/ill we %\ld n atta* too mu* weight to any su* say+2 9 mo/ cases 9 w> we feel m exhil>at$1 m c\rage\s :5 act+ (f5sively ?an def5sively3 b ?is is a feel+ :i* all troops h 9 common1 & !re is h>dly an army respect+ :i* its g5]als & lead]s h n made ! same ass]tion 7z ,fr$]ick74 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 n too readily rely on an appe>ance ( sup]iority1 & ?r\gh t neglect real advantages4 ,a v natural & weighty reason = resort+ to an (f5sive battle may be ! composition ( ! army z reg>ds ! ?ree arms1 = in/ance1 a num]\s cavalry & little artill]y4 ,we cont9ue ! enum]ation ( reasons4 7e7 ,:5 we c n[h]e f9d a good position4 7f7 ,:5 we mu/ ha/5 ) ! decision4 7g7 ,la/ly1 ! comb9$ influ5ce ( sev]al or all ( ^! reasons4 #b4 ,! wait+ = ! enemy 9 a locality :]e x is int5d$ to attack him 7,m9d51 #agei7 naturally proce$s f-- a1 !re be+ no su* disproportion ( =ce to our disadvantage z to make x necess>y to seek a /rong position & /r5g!n x by entr5*m5ts4 b1 a locality hav+ be5 f\nd p>ticul>ly adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,! prop]ties :i* det]m9e ?is belong to tactics2 we %all only obs]ve t ^! prop]ties *iefly consi/ 9 an easy approa* = ! def5d] f 8 side1 & 9 all k9ds ( ob/acles on ! side next to ! enemy4 #c4 ,a position w be tak5 ) ! express int5tion ( !re wait+ ! attack ( ! enemy-- a4 ,if ! disproportion ( =ces compels u to seek cov] f natural ob/acles or beh9d field-works4 b4 ,:5 ! c\ntry af=ds an excell5t position = our purpose4 ,! two modes ( def5ce1 #b & #c1 w come m into consid]ation accord+ z we d n seek ! decision itself1 b cont5t ourselves ) a negative result1 & h reason to ?9k t our oppon5t is wav]+ & irresolute1 & t he w 9 ! end fail to c>ry out 8 plans4 #d4 ,an entr5*$ unassailable camp only fulfils ! object-- a4 ,if x is situat$ at an extremely important /rategic po9t4 ,! "* ( su* a position consi/s 9 ?is1 t we _c be driv5 out ( x2 ! enemy is !re=e oblig$ to try "s o!r means1 t is1 to pursue 8 object )\t t\*+ ?is camp1 or to blockade x & r$uce x by />vation3 if x is impossible = him to d ?is1 !n ! /rategic qualities ( ! position mu/ be v great4 b4 ,if we h reason to expect aid f abroad4 ,su* 0 ! case ) ! ,saxon army 9 its position at ,pirna4 ,not)/&+ all t has be5 said aga9/ ! measure on acc\nt ( ! ill-success :i* att5d$ x 9 ?is in/ance1 x is p]fectly c]ta9 t #ag1jjj ,saxons c\ld nev] h be5 able to neutralise #dj1jjj ,prussians 9 any o!r way4 ,if ! ,au/rians 7 unable to make bett] use ( ! sup]iority obta9$ at ,l[ositz1 t only %[s ! badness ( _! :ole me?od ( w>1 z well z ( _! :ole milit>y organisation2 & !re _c be a d\bt t if ! ,saxons in/ead ( tak+ po/ 9 ! camp at ,pirna _h retir$ into ,bohemia1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great w\ld h driv5 bo? ,au/rians & ,saxons beyond ,prague1 & tak5 t place 9 ! same campaign4 ,:oev] does n admit ! value ( ?is advantage1 & limits 8 consid]ation to ! capture ( ! :ole ,saxon army1 %[s himself incapable ( mak+ a calculation ( all ! circum/ances 9 a case ( ?is k9d1 & )\t calculation no c]ta9 d$uction c be obta9$4 ,b z ! cases a & b v r>ely occur1 !re=e1 ! entr5*$ camp is a measure :i* requires to be well consid]$1 & :i* is v seldom suitable 9 practice4 ,! hope ( inspir+ ! enemy ) respect by su* a camp1 & ?us r$uc+ him to a /ate ( complete inactivity1 is att5d$ ) too mu* dang]1 namely1 ) ! dang] ( be+ oblig$ to fight )\t ! possibility ( retreat4 ,if ,fr$]ick ! ,great ga9$ 8 object 9 ?is way at ,bunzelwitz1 we mu/ admire ! correct judgm5t he =m$ ( 8 adv]s>y1 b we mu/ c]ta9ly also lay m /ress ?an usual on ! res\rces :i* he w\ld h f\nd at ! la/ mom5t to cle> a road = ! remnants ( 8 army1 & also on ! irresponsibility ( a k+4 #e4 ,if !re is "o or if !re are sev]al =tresses ne> ! fronti]1 !n ! great "q arises1 :e!r ! def5d] %\ld seek an action be=e or beh9d !m4 ,! latt] recomm5ds itself-- a1 by ! sup]iority ( ! enemy 9 numb]s1 :i* =ces u to break 8 p[] be=e com+ to a f9al /ruggle4 b1 by ^! =tresses be+ ne>1 s t ! sacrifice ( t]ritory is n great] ?an we are compell$ to make4 c1 by ! fitness ( ! =tresses = def5ce4 ,"o pr9cipal use ( =tresses is unque/ionably1 or %\ld be1 to break ! enemy's =ce 9 8 advance & to weak5 consid]ably t portion :i* we int5d to br+ to an engagem5t4 ,if we s seldom see ?is use made ( =tresses1 t proce$s f ! cases 9 :i* a decisive battle is s\ght = by "o ( ! oppos+ p>ties be+ v r>e4 ,b t is ! only k9d ( case :i* we treat ( "h4 ,we !re=e look ^u x z a pr9ciple equally simple & important 9 all cases 9 :i* ! def5d] has "o or m =tresses ne> him1 t he %\ld keep !m be=e him1 & give ! decisive battle beh9d !m4 ,we admit t a battle lo/ )9 ! l9e ( our =tresses w compel u to retreat fur!r into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry ?an "o lo/ on ! o!r side1 tactical results 9 bo? cases be+ ! same1 al?\gh ! causes ( ! diff]5ce h _! orig9 r 9 ! imag9ation ?an 9 real ?+s2 nei!r d we =get t a battle may be giv5 beyond ! =tresses 9 a well *os5 position1 :il/ inside !m ! battle 9 mo/ cases mu/ be an (f5sive "o1 p>ticul>ly if ! enemy is lay+ siege to a =tress :i* is 9 dang] ( be+ lo/2 b :at signify ^! nice %ades ( di/9ction1 z comp>$ to ! advantage t1 9 ! decisive battle1 we meet ! enemy weak5$ by a f\r? or a ?ird ( 8 =ce1 p]haps "o half if !re are _m =tresses8 ,we ?9k1 !re=e1 t 9 all cases ( an inevitable decision1 :e!r s\ght = by ! (f5sive or ! def5sive1 & t ! latt] is n tol]ably sure ( a victory1 or if ! nature ( ! c\ntry does n (f] "s mo/ decisive reason to give battle 9 a position fur!r =w>d--9 all ^! cases we say :5 a =tress is situat$ ne> at h& & capable ( def5ce1 ! def5d] %\ld by all means )draw at once beh9d x1 & let ! decision take place on ?is side1 consequ5tly ) its co-op]ation4 ,if he takes up 8 position s close to ! =tress t ! assailant c nei!r =m ! siege ( nor blockade ! place )\t fir/ driv+ him (f1 he places ! assailant "u ! necessity ( attack+ him1 ! def5d]1 9 8 position4 ,to u1 !re=e1 ( all def5sive measures 9 a critical situation1 none appe>s s simple & efficaci\s z ! *oice ( a good position ne> to & beh9d a /rong =tress4 ,at ! same "t1 ! "q w\ld we> a diff]5t aspect if ! =tress 0 situat$ f> back2 = !n x w\ld be necess>y to ab&on a consid]able "p ( our !atre ( w>1 a sacrifice :i*1 z we "k1 %\ld n be made unless 9 a case ( great urg5cy4 ,9 su* a case ! measure w\ld be> m resemblance to a retreat into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,ano!r condition is1 ! fitness ( ! place = def5ce4 ,x is well kn[n t !re are =tifi$ places1 especially l>ge ones1 :i* are n fit to be br\ght into contact ) an enemy's army1 because !y c\ld n resi/ ! sudd5 assault ( a p[]ful =ce4 ,9 ?is case1 our position mu/ at all ev5ts be s close beh9d t we c\ld support ! g>rison4 ,la/ly1 ! retreat into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry is only a natural res\rce "u ! foll[+ circum/ances3-- a1 :5 ow+ to ! physical & moral relation 9 :i* we /& z respects ! enemy1 ! idea ( a successful resi/ance on ! fronti] or ne> x _c be ent]ta9$4 b1 :5 x is a pr9cipal object to ga9 "t4 c1 :5 !re are peculi>ities 9 ! c\ntry :i* are fav\rable to ! measure1 a subject on :i* we h already treat$ 9 ! tw5ty-fif? *apt]4 ,we ?us close ! *apt] on ! def5ce ( a !atre ( w> if a decisive solution is s\ght = by "o or o!r p>ty1 & is !re=e inevitable4 ,b x mu/ be p>ticul>ly borne 9 m9d1 t ev5ts 9 w> d n exhibit !mselves 9 su* a pure ab/ract =m1 & t !re=e1 if our maxims & argum5ts %\ld be us$ 9 reason+ on actual w>1 our ?irtie? *apt] %\ld also be kept 9 view1 & we mu/ suppose ! g5]al1 9 ! majority ( cases1 z plac$ betwe5 two t5d5cies1 urg$ m t[>ds "o or ! o!r1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,def5ce ( a ,!atre ( ,w> 7cont9u$7 ,successive ,resi/ance4 ,we h prov$1 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? *apt]s1 t 9 /rategy a successive resi/ance is inconsi/5t ) ! nature ( ! ?+1 & t all =ces available %\ld be us$ simultane\sly4 ,z reg>ds =ces :i* are moveable1 ?is requires no fur!r demon/ration2 b :5 we look at ! seat ( w> itself1 ) its =tresses1 ! natural divisions ( ! gr\nd1 & ev5 ! ext5t ( its surface z be+ also elem5ts ( w>1 !n1 ^! be+ immovable1 we c only ei!r br+ !m gradually into use1 or we mu/ at once place ourselves s f> back1 t all ag5cies ( ?is k9d :i* are to be br\ght into activity are 9 our front4 ,!n ev]y?+ :i* c contribute to weak5 ! enemy 9 ! t]ritory :i* he has occupi$1 comes at once into activity1 = ! assailant mu/ at lea/ blockade ! def5d]'s =tresses1 he mu/ keep ! c\ntry 9 subjection by g>risons & o!r po/s1 he has long m>*es to make1 & ev]y?+ he requires mu/ be br\ght f a di/ance1 etc4 ,all ^! ag5cies comm5ce to "w1 :e!r ! assailant makes 8 advance be=e or aft] a decision1 b 9 ! =m] case _! influ5ce is some:at great]4 ,f ?is1 !re=e1 x foll[s1 t if ! def5d] *ooses to transf] 8 decision to a po9t fur!r back1 he has ?us ! means ( br++ at once into play all ^! immovable elem5ts ( milit>y =ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is cle> t ?is transf] ( ! solution 7on ! "p ( ! def5d]7 does n alt] ! ext5t ( ! influ5ce ( a victory :i* ! assailant ga9s4 ,9 treat+ ( ! attack1 we %all exam9e m closely ! ext5t ( ! influ5ce ( a victory2 "h we %all only obs]ve t x rea*es to ! exhau/ion ( ! sup]iority1 t is1 ! resultant ( ! physical & moral relations4 ,n[ ?is sup]iority exhau/s itself 9 ! fir/ place by ! duties requir$ f ! =ces on ! !atre ( w>1 & secondly by losses 9 combats2 ! dim9ution ( =ce aris+ f ^! two causes _c be ess5tially alt]$1 :e!r ! combats take place at ! comm5cem5t or at ! end1 ne> ! fronti]1 or fur!r t[>ds ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry 7vom od] h9t574 ,we ?9k1 = example1 t a victory ga9$ by ,buonap>te ov] ! ,russians at ,wilna1 #ahab1 w\ld h c>ri$ him j z f> z t ( ,borod9o--assum+ t x 0 equally great--& t a victory at ,mosc[ w\ld n h c>ri$ him any fur!r2 ,mosc[ 01 9 ei!r case1 ! limit ( ?is sph]e ( victory4 ,inde$1 x _c be d\bt$ = a mom5t t a decisive battle on ! fronti] 7= o!r reasons7 w\ld h produc$ mu* great] results ?r\gh victory1 & !n1 p]haps1 ! sph]e ( its influ5ce w\ld h be5 wid]4 ,!re=e1 9 ?is view1 also1 ! transf] ( ! decision to a po9t fur!r back is n necess>y = ! def5ce4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! v>i\s means ( resi/ance1 t me?od ( delay+ ! decision1 :i* may be reg>d$ z an extreme =m1 0 br\ght be=e u "u ! "n ( retreat into ! int]ior1 & z a p>ticul> me?od ( def5ce1 9 :i* ! object is r t ! assailant %\ld we> himself out1 ?an t he %\ld be de/roy$ by ! sword on ! field ( battle4 ,b x is only :5 su* an int5tion pr$om9ates t ! delay+ ( ! decisive battle c be reg>d$ z a peculi> me?od ( resi/ance2 = o!rwise x is evid5t t an inf9ite numb] ( gradations may be conceiv$ 9 ?is me?od1 & t ^! may be comb9$ ) all o!r means ( def5ce4 ,we !re=e look ^u ! great] or less co-op]ation ( ! !atre ( w>1 n z a special =m ( def5ce1 b z no?+ m ?an a discretion>y introduction into ! def5ce ( ! immovable means ( resi/ance1 j accord+ z circum/ances & ! nature ( ! situation may appe> to require4 ,b n[1 if ! def5d] does n ?9k he requires any assi/ance f ^! immovable =ces = 8 purpos$ decision1 or if ! fur!r sacrifice connect$ ) ! use ( !m is too great1 !n !y are kept 9 res]ve = ! future1 & =m a sort ( succession ( re9=cem5ts1 :i* p]haps ensure ! possibility ( keep+ ! moveable =ces 9 su* a condition t !y w be able to foll[ up ! fir/ fav\rable decision ) a second1 or p]haps 9 ! same mann] ev5 ) a ?ird1 t is to say1 9 ?is mann] a successive application ( 8 =ces becomes possible4 ,if ! def5d] loses a battle on ! fronti]1 :i* does n am\nt to a complete defeat1 we may v well imag9e t1 by plac+ himself beh9d ! ne>e/ =tress1 he w !n be 9 a condition to accept battle aga92 inde$1 if he is only deal+ ) an oppon5t :o has n mu* resolution1 !n1 p]haps1 "s consid]able ob/acle ( gr\nd w be q suffici5t z a means ( /opp+ ! enemy4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 9 /rategy1 9 ! use ( ! !atre ( w> z well z 9 ev]y?+ else1 an economy ( =ce2 ! less "o c make suffice ! bett]3 b !re mu/ be suffici5t1 & "h1 z well z 9 comm]ce1 !re is some?+ to be ?\ght ( besides m]e nigg>dl9ess4 ,b 9 ord] to prev5t a great misconception1 we mu/ draw att5tion to ?is1 t ! subject ( our pres5t consid]ation is n h[ mu* resi/ance an army c (f]1 or ! ent]prises :i* x c und]take aft] a lo/ battle1 b only ! result :i* we c promise ourselves be=eh& f ?is second act 9 our def5ce2 consequ5tly1 h[ high we c e/imate x 9 our plan4 ,"h !re is only "o po9t almo/ :i* ! def5d] has to look to1 :i* is ! "* & ! situation ( 8 oppon5t4 ,an adv]s>y weak 9 "*1 ) little self-confid5ce1 )\t noble ambition1 plac$ "u great re/rictions1 w cont5t himself1 9 case he is successful1 ) a mod]ate advantage1 & timidly hold back at e fre% (f] ( a decision :i* ! def5d] v5tures to make4 ,9 ?is case ! def5d] may c\nt ^u ! b5eficial use ( all ! means ( resi/ance ( 8 !atre ( w> 9 succession1 9 con/antly fre%1 al?\gh 9 !mselves small1 combats1 9 :i* ! prospect always bright5s ( an ultimate decision 9 8 fav\r4 ,b :o does n feel t we are n[ on ! road to campaigns devoid ( decision1 :i* are mu* m ! field ( a successive application ( =ce4 ,( ^! we %all speak 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,def5ce ( a ,!atre ( ,w> 7cont9u$7 ,:5 no ,decision is ,s\ght =4 ,:e!r & h[ f> a w> is possible 9 :i* nei!r p>ty acts on ! (f5sive1 !re=e 9 :i* nei!r combatant has a positive aim1 we %all consid] 9 ! la/ book2 "h x is n necess>y = u to occupy ourselves ) ! contradiction :i* ?is pres5ts1 because on a s+le !atre ( w> we c easily suppose reasons = su* a def5sive on bo? sides1 consequ5t on ! relations ( ea* ( ^! p>ts to a :ole4 ,b 9 addition to ! examples :i* hi/ory furni%es ( p>ticul> campaigns t h tak5 place )\t ! focus ( a necess>y solution1 hi/ory also tells u ( _m o!rs 9 :i* !re 0 no want ( an assailant1 consequ5tly no want ( a positive w on "o side1 b 9 :i* t w 0 s weak t in/ead ( /riv+ to atta9 ! object at any price1 & =c+ ! necess>y decision1 x cont5t$ itself ) su* advantages z arose 9 a mann] spontane\sly out ( circum/ances4 ,or ! assailant pursu$ no self-select$ end at all1 b made 8 object dep5d on circum/ances1 9 ! mean:ile ga!r+ su* fruits z pres5t$ !mselves f "t to "t4 ,al?\gh su* an (f5sive :i* deviates v mu* f ! /rict logical necessity ( a direct m>* t[>ds ! object1 & :i*1 almo/ l a l\ng] saunt]+ ?r\gh ! campaign1 look+ out "r & left = ! *eap fruits ( opportunity1 diff]s v little f ! def5sive itself1 :i* all[s ! g5]al to pick up :at he c 9 ?is way1 /ill we %all give ! clos] philosophical consid]ation ( ?is k9d ( w>f>e a place 9 ! book on ! attack4 ,"h we %all conf9e ourselves to ! conclusion t 9 su* a campaign ! settlem5t ( ! :ole "q is n look$ = by ei!r assailant or def5d] ?r\gh a decisive battle1 t1 !re=e1 ! great battle is no long] ! key-/one ( ! ar*1 t[>ds :i* all ! l9es ( ! /rategic sup]/ructure are direct$4 ,campaigns ( ?is k9d 7z ! hi/ory ( all times & all c\ntries %[s u7 are n only num]\s1 b =m su* an ov]:elm+ majority1 t ! rema9d] only appe> z exceptions4 ,ev5 if ?is proportion %\ld alt] 9 ! future1 /ill x is c]ta9 t !re w always be _m su* campaigns2 &1 !re=e1 9 /udy+ ! !ory ( ! def5ce ( a !atre ( w>1 !y mu/ be br\ght into consid]ation4 ,we %all endeav\r to describe ! peculi>ities by :i* !y are *>act]is$4 ,real w> w g5]ally be 9 a m$ium betwe5 ! two diff]5t t5d5cies1 sometimes approa*+ ne>] to "o1 sometimes to ! o!r1 & we c1 !re=e1 only see ! practical effect ( ^! peculi>ities 9 ! modification :i* is produc$1 9 ! absolute =m ( w> by _! c\nt]action4 ,we h already said 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ?is book1 t ! /ate ( expectation is "o ( ! greate/ advantages :i* ! def5sive has ov] ! (f5sive2 z a g5]al rule1 x seldom happ5s 9 life1 & lea/ ( all 9 w>1 t all t circum/ances w\ld lead u to expect does actually take place4 ,! imp]fection ( human insight1 ! fe> ( evil results1 accid5ts :i* d]ange ! developm5t ( designs 9 _! execution1 are causes ?r\gh :i* _m ( ! transactions enjo9$ by circum/ances are nev] realis$ 9 ! execution4 ,9 w> :]e insuffici5cy ( k1 ! dang] ( a cata/rophe1 ! numb] ( accid5ts are incomp>ably great] ?an 9 any o!r bran* ( human activity1 ! numb] ( %ortcom+s1 if we may s call !m1 mu/ necess>ily also be mu* great]4 ,?is is !n ! ri* field :]e ! def5sive ga!rs fruits :i* gr[ = x spontane\sly4 ,if we add to ?is result ( exp]i5ce ! sub/antial importance ( ! possession ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 w>1 !n t maxim :i* has become a prov]b1 beati sunt possid5tes1 holds good "h z well z 9 peace4 ,x is ?is maxim :i* "h takes ! place ( ! decision1 t focus ( all action 9 e w> direct$ to mutual de/ruction4 ,x is fruitful beyond measure1 n 9 actions :i* x calls =?1 b 9 motives = n act+1 & = all t action :i* is done 9 ! int]e/ ( inaction4 ,:5 no decision is to be s\ght = or expect$1 !re is no reason = giv+ up any?+1 = t c\ld only be done to ga9 !reby "s advantage 9 ! decision4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! def5d] keeps all1 or at lea/ z mu* z he c 7t is z mu* z he c cov]71 & ! assailant takes possession ( s mu* z he c )\t involv+ himself 9 a decision1 7t is1 he w ext5d himself lat]ally z mu* z possible74 ,we h only to deal ) ! fir/ 9 ?is place4 ,:]ev] ! def5d] is n pres5t ) 8 milit>y =ces1 ! assailant c take possession1 & !n ! advantage ( ! /ate ( expectation is on 8 side2 h5ce ! endeav\r to cov] ! c\ntry ev]y:]e directly1 & to take ! *ance ( ! assailant attack+ ! troops po/$ = ?is purpose4 ,be=e we g fur!r into ! special prop]ties ( ! def5ce1 we mu/ extract f ! book on ! attack ^? objects :i* ! assailant usually aims at :5 ! decision 7by battle7 is n s\ght4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! seizure ( a consid]able /rip ( t]ritory1 z f> z t c be done )\t a decisive engagem5t4 #b4 ,! capture ( an important magaz9e "u ! same condition4 #c4 ,! capture ( a =tress n cov]$4 ,no d\bt a siege is m or less a great op]ation1 (t5 requir+ great lab\r2 b x is an und]tak+ :i* does n conta9 ! elem5ts ( a cata/rophe4 ,if x comes to ! wor/1 ! siege c be rais$ )\t !reby suff]+ a great positive loss4 #d4 ,la/ly1 a successful combat ( "s importance1 b 9 :i* !re is n mu* risk$1 & consequ5tly n mu* to be ga9$2 a combat :i* takes place n z ! c>d9al knot ( a :ole /rategic bond1 b on its own acc\nt = ! sake ( trophies or hon\r ( ! troops4 ,= su* an object1 ( c\rse1 a combat is n f\ght at any price2 we ei!r wait = ! *ance ( a fav\rable opportunity1 or seek to br+ "o ab\t by skill4 ,^! f\r objects ( attack give rise to ! foll[+ ef=ts on ! "p ( ! def5ce3-- #a4 ,to cov] ! =tresses by keep+ !m beh9d u4 #b4 ,to cov] ! c\ntry by ext5d+ ! troops ov] x4 #c4 ,:]e ! ext5sion is n suffici5t1 to ?r[ ! army rapidly 9 front ( ! enemy by a flank m>*4 #d4 ,to gu>d aga9/ disadvantage\s combats4 ,x is cle> t ! object ( ! fir/ ?ree measures is to =ce on ! enemy ! initiative1 & to d]ive ! utmo/ advantage f ! /ate ( expectation1 & ?is object is s deeply root$ 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ t x w\ld be great folly to despise x prima facie4 ,x mu/ necess>ily occupy a high] place ! less a decision is expect$1 & x is ! rul+ pr9ciple 9 all su* campaigns1 ev5 al?\gh1 app>5tly1 a consid]able degree ( activity may be manife/$ 9 small actions ( an indecisive "*4 ,hannibal z well z ,fabius1 & bo? ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ,daun1 h done homage to ?is pr9ciple :5ev] !y did n ei!r seek = or expect a decision4 ,! f\r? ef=t s]ves z a corrective to ! ?ree o!rs1 x is _! conditio s9e qu non4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to exam9e ^! subjects a little m closely4 ,at fir/ sight x appe>s some:at prepo/]\s to protect a =tress f ! enemy's attack by plac+ an army 9 front ( x2 su* a measure looks l a k9d ( pleonasm1 z =tifications are built to resi/ a ho/ile attack ( !mselves4 ,yet x is a measure :i* we see resort$ to ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( times4 ,b ?us x is 9 ! conduct ( w>2 ! mo/ common ?+s (t5 seem ! mo/ incompreh5sible4 ,:o w\ld presume to pron\nce ^! ?\s&s ( in/ances to be s _m blund]s on ! gr\nd ( ?is seem+ inconsi/5cy8 ,! con/ant repetition ( ! measure %[s t x mu/ proce$ f "s deep-seat$ motive4 ,?is reason is1 h[ev]1 no o!r ?an t po9t$ out above1 emanat+ f moral sluggi%ness & inactivity4 ,if ! def5d] places himself 9 front ( 8 =tress1 ! enemy _c attack x unless he fir/ beats ! army 9 front ( x2 b a battle is a decision2 if t is n ! enemy's object !n !re w be no battle1 & ! def5d] w rema9 9 possession ( 8 =tress )\t /rik+ a bl[2 consequ5tly1 :5ev] we d n believe ! enemy int5ds to fight a battle1 we %\ld v5ture on ! *ance ( 8 n mak+ up 8 m9d to d s1 especially z 9 mo/ cases we /ill reta9 ! p[] ( )draw+ beh9d ! =tress 9 a mom5t1 if1 contr>y to our expectation1 ! enemy %\ld m>* to attack u2 ! position be=e ! =tress is 9 ?is way free f dang]1 & ! probability ( ma9ta9+ ! /atus quo )\t any sacrifice1 is n ev5 att5d$ ) ! slighte/ risk4 ,if ! def5d] places himself beh9d ! =tress1 he (f]s ! assailant an object :i* is exactly suit$ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! latt] is plac$4 ,if ! =tress is n ( great /r5g?1 & he is n q unprep>$1 he w comm5ce ! siege3 9 ord] t ?is may n end 9 ! fall ( ! place1 ! def5d] mu/ m>* to its relief4 ,! positive action1 ! initiative1 is n[ laid on him1 & ! adv]s>y :o by 8 siege is to be reg>d$ z advanc+ t[>ds 8 object1 is 9 ! situation ( occupi]4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t ! matt] always takes ?is turn1 & x does s naturally4 ,a cata/rophe1 z we h be=e said1 is n necess>ily b\nd up ) a siege4 ,ev5 a g5]al1 devoid ( ei!r ! _s ( ent]prise or en]gy1 :o w\ld nev] make up 8 m9d to a battle1 w proce$ to und]take a siege ) p]haps no?+ b field artill]y1 :5 he c approa* a =tress )\t risk4 ,at ! wor/ he c ab&on 8 und]tak+ )\t any positive loss4 ,!re always rema9s to be consid]$ ! dang] to :i* mo/ =tresses are m or less expos$1 t ( be+ tak5 by assault1 or 9 "s o!r irregul> mann]1 & ?is circum/ance %\ld c]ta9ly n be ov]look$ by ! def5d] 9 8 calculation ( probabilities4 ,9 weigh+ & consid]+ ! diff]5t *ances1 x seems natural t ! def5d] %\ld look ^u ! probability ( n hav+ to fight at all z m = 8 advantage ?an ! probability ( fight+ ev5 "u fav\rable circum/ances4 ,& ?us x appe>s to u t ! practice ( plac+ an army 9 ! field be=e its =tress1 is bo? natural & fully expla9$4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 = in/ance1 at ,glogau1 aga9/ ! ,russians1 at ,s*w$nitz1 ,neiss1 & ,dresd51 aga9/ ! ,au/rians1 almo/ always adopt$ x4 ,?is measure1 h[ev]1 br\ght mis=tune on ! ,duke ( ,bev]n at ,breslau2 beh9d ,breslau he c\ld n h be5 attack$2 ! sup]iority ( ! ,au/rians 9 ! k+'s abs5ce w\ld soon cease1 z he 0 approa*+2 & !re=e1 by a position beh9d ,breslau1 a battle might h be5 avoid$ until ,fr$]ick's arrival4 ,no d\bt ! ,duke w\ld h pref]r$ t c\rse if x _h n be5 t x w\ld h expos$ t important place to a bomb>dm5t1 at :i* ! k+1 :o 0 any?+ b tol]ant on su* occasions1 w\ld h be5 highly displeas$4 ,! attempt made by ! ,duke to protect ,breslau by an entr5*$ position tak5 up = ! purpose1 _c aft] all be disapprov$1 = x 0 v possible t ,pr9ce ,*>les ( ,lorra9e1 cont5t$ ) ! capture ( ,s*w$nitz1 & ?reat5$ by ! m>* ( ! k+1 w\ld1 by t position1 h be5 prev5t$ f advanc+ f>!r4 ,! be/ ?+ he c\ld h done w\ld h be5 to refuse ! battle at ! la/ by )draw+ ?r\gh ,breslau at ! mom5t t ! ,au/rians advanc$ to ! attack2 9 ?is way he w\ld h got all ! advantages ( ! /ate ( expectation )\t pay+ = !m by a great dang]4 ,if we h "h trac$ ! position be=e a =tress to reasons ( a sup]ior & absolute ord]1 & def5d$ its adoption on ^? gr\nds1 we h /ill to obs]ve t !re is a motive ( a second>y class :i*1 ?\gh a m obvi\s "o1 is n suffici5t ( itself alone1 n be+ absolute2 we ref] to ! use :i* is made by armies ( ! ne>e/ =tress z a dept ( provisions & munitions ( w>4 ,?is is s conv5i5t1 & pres5ts s _m advantages1 t a g5]al w n easily make up 8 m9d to draw 8 supplies ( all k9ds f m di/ant places1 or to lodge !m 9 op5 t[ns4 ,b if a =tress is ! great magaz9e ( an army1 !n ! position be=e x is frequ5tly a matt] ( absolute necessity1 & 9 mo/ cases is v natural4 ,b x is easy to see t ?is obvi\s motive1 :i* is easily ov]-valu$ by ^? :o are n 9 ! habit ( look+ f> be=e !m1 is nei!r suffici5t to expla9 all cases1 nor are ! circum/ances connect$ ) x ( suffici5t importance to entitle x to give a f9al decision4 ,! capture ( "o or m =tresses )\t risk+ a battle1 is su* a v natural object ( all attacks :i* d n aim at a decision on ! field ( battle1 t ! def5d] makes x 8 pr9cipal bus9ess to ?w>t ?is design4 ,?us x is t on !atres ( w>1 conta9+ a numb] ( =tresses1 we f9d ^! places made ! pivots ( almo/ all ! movem5ts2 we f9d ! assailant seek+ to approa* "o ( !m unexpect$ly1 & employ+ v>i\s fe9ts to aid 8 purpose1 & ! def5d] imm$iately seek+ to /op him by well-prep>$ movem5ts4 ,su* is ! g5]al "* ( almo/ all ! campaigns ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 ! ,ne!rl&s up to ! "t ( ,m>%al ,saxe4 ,s mu* = ! cov]+ ( =tresses4 ,! cov]+ ( a c\ntry by an ext5d$ disposition ( =ces1 is only conceivable 9 comb9ation ) v consid]able ob/acles ( gr\nd4 ,! great & small po/s :i* mu/ be =m$ = ! purpose1 c only get a c]ta9 capability ( resi/ance ?r\gh /r5g? ( position2 & z natural ob/acles are seldom f\nd suffici5t1 !re=e field =tification is made use ( z an assi/ance4 ,b n[ x is to be obs]v$ t1 ! p[] ( resi/ance :i* is ?us obta9$ at any "o po9t1 is always only relative 7see ! *apt] on ! signification ( ! combat71 & nev] to be reg>d$ z absolute4 ,x may c]ta9ly happ5 t "o su* po/ may rema9 pro( aga9/ all attacks made ^u x1 & t !re=e 9 a s+le in/ance !re may be an absolute result2 b f ! great numb] ( po/s1 any s+le "o1 9 comp>ison to ! :ole1 appe>s weak1 & expos$ to ! possible attack ( an ov]:elm+ =ce1 & consequ5tly x w\ld be unreasonable to place "o's dep5d5ce = safety on ! resi/ance ( any "o s+le po/4 ,9 su* an ext5d$ position1 we c !re=e only c\nt on a resi/ance ( relative l5g?1 & n ^u a victory1 prop]ly speak+4 ,?is value ( s+le po/s1 at ! same "t1 is also suffici5t = ! object1 & = a g5]al calculation4 ,9 campaigns 9 :i* no great decision1 no irresi/ible m>*1 t[>ds ! complete subjugation ( ! :ole =ce is to be fe>$1 !re is little risk 9 a combat ( po/s1 ev5 if x ends 9 ! loss ( a po/4 ,!re is seldom any fur!r result 9 connection ) x ?an ! loss ( ! po/ & a few trophies2 ! influ5ce ( victory p5etrates no fur!r into ! situation ( affairs1 x does n te> d[n any "p ( ! f\ndation to be foll[$ by a mass ( build+ 9 ru94 ,9 ! wor/ case1 if1 = in/ance1 ! :ole def5sive sy/em is disorganis$ by ! loss ( a s+le po/1 ! def5d] has always "t to conc5trate 8 corps1 & ) 8 :ole =ce to (f] battle1 :i* ! assailant1 accord+ to our supposition1 does n desire4 ,!re=e also x usually happ5s t ) ?is conc5tration ( =ce ! act closes1 & ! fur!r advance ( ! assailant is /opp$4 ,a /rip ( l&1 a few m5 & guns1 are ! losses ( ! def5d]1 & ) ^! results ! assailant is satisfi$4 ,to su* a risk we say ! def5d] may v well expose himself1 if he has1 on ! o!r h&1 ! possibility1 or r ! probability1 9 8 fav\r1 t ! assailant f excessive caution w halt be=e 8 po/s )\t attack+ !m4 ,only 9 reg>d to ?is we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact1 t we are n[ suppos+ an assailant :o w n v5ture ^u any great /roke1 a mod]ate siz$1 b /rong po/ w v well s]ve to /op su* an adv]s>y1 = al?\gh he c und\bt$ly make himself ma/] ( x1 /ill ! "q arises z to ! price x w co/1 & :e!r t price is n too high = any use t he c make ( ! victory4 ,9 ?is way we may see h[ ! p[]ful relative resi/ance :i* ! def5d] c obta9 f an ext5d$ disposition1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( po/s 9 juxtaposition ) ea* o!r1 may con/itute a satisfactory result 9 ! calculation ( 8 :ole campaign4 ,9 ord] to direct at once to ! "r po9t ! glance :i* ! read]1 ) 8 m9d's eye1 w "h ca/ ^u milit>y hi/ory1 we mu/ obs]ve t ^! ext5d$ positions appe> mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! latt] half ( a campaign1 because by t "t ! def5d] has become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) 8 adv]s>y1 ) 8 projects1 & 8 situation2 & ! little quantity ( ! _s ( ent]prise ) :i* ! assailant />t$1 is usually exhau/$4 ,9 ?is def5sive1 9 an ext5d$ position by :i* ! c\ntry1 ! supplies1 ! =tresses are to be cov]$1 all great natural ob/acles1 su* z /reams1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 woods1 morasses1 mu/ naturally play a great "p1 & acquire a pr$om9ant importance4 ,^u _! use we ref] to :at has be5 already said on ^! subjects4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is pr$om9ant importance ( ! topographical elem5t t ! k & activity :i* are look$ ^u z ! speciality ( ! g5]al /aff ( an army are m p>ticul>ly call$ into requisition4 ,n[1 z ! /aff ( ! army is usually t bran* :i* writes & publi%es mo/1 x foll[s t ^! p>ts ( campaigns are record$ m fully 9 hi/ory2 & !n aga9 f t !re foll[s a n unnatural t5d5cy to sy/ematise !m1 & to frame out ( ! hi/orical solution ( "o case a g5]al solution = all succe$+ cases4 ,b ?is endeav\r is futile1 & !re=e errone\s4 ,besides1 9 ?is m passive k9d ( w>1 9 ?is =m ( x :i* is ti$ to localities1 ea* case is diff]5t to ano!r1 & mu/ be diff]5tly treat$4 ,! able/ memoirs ( a critical "* respect+ ^! subjects are !re=e only suit$ to make "o acqua9t$ ) facts1 b nev] to s]ve z dictates4 ,natural1 & at ! same "t m]itori\s1 z is ?is indu/ry :i*1 accord+ to ! g5]al view1 we h attribut$ to ! /aff 9 p>ticul>1 /ill we mu/ raise a w>n+ voice aga9/ usurpations :i* (t5 spr+ f x to ! prejudice ( ! :ole4 ,! au?ority acquir$ by ^? :o are at ! head (1 & be/ acqua9t$ )1 ?is bran* ( milit>y s]vice1 gives !m (t5 a sort ( g5]al dom9ion ov] p's m9ds1 beg9n+ ) ! g5]al himself1 & f ?is !n spr+s a r\t9e ( ideas :i* causes an undue bias ( ! m9d4 ,at la/ ! g5]al sees no?+ b m\nta9s & passes1 & t :i* %\ld be a measure ( free *oice guid$ by circum/ances becomes mann]ism1 becomes second nature4 ,?us 9 ! ye> #agic & #agid1 ,colonel ,graw]t ( ! ,prussian army1 :o 0 ! animat+ _s ( ! /aff at t "t1 & well kn[n z a regul> man = m\nta9s & passes1 p]suad$ two g5]als ( ! mo/ opposite p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 ! ,duke ( ,brunswick & ,g5]al ,moll5dorf1 into exactly ! same me?od ( c>ry+ on w>4 ,t a def5sive l9e p>allel to ! c\rse ( a =midable natural ob/acle may lead to a cordon w> is q pla94 ,x mu/1 9 mo/ cases1 necess>ily lead to t if really ! :ole ext5t ( ! !atre ( w> c\ld be directly cov]$ 9 t mann]4 ,b mo/ !atres ( w> h su* an ext5t1 t ! normal tactical disposition ( ! troops de/9$ = its def5ce w\ld be by no means comm5surate ) t object2 at ! same "t z ! assailant1 by 8 own dispositions & o!r circum/ances1 is conf9$ to c]ta9 pr9cipal directions & great roads1 & any great deviations f ^! directions1 ev5 if he is only oppos$ to a v inactive def5d]1 w\ld be att5d$ ) great emb>rassm5t & disadvantage1 !re=e g5]ally all t ! def5d] has to d is to cov] ! c\ntry = a c]ta9 numb] ( miles or m>*es "r & left ( ^! pr9cipal l9es ( direction ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,b aga9 to effect ?is cov]+1 we may be cont5t$ ) def5sive po/s on ! pr9cipal roads & means ( approa*1 & m]ely wat* ! c\ntry betwe5 by small po/s ( obs]vation4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is c]ta9ly t ! assailant may !n pass a column betwe5 two ( ^! po/s1 & ?us make ! attack1 :i* he has 9 view1 ^u "o po/ f sev]al qu>t]s at once4 ,n[1 ^! po/s are 9 "s measure arrang$ to meet ?is1 p>tly by _! hav+ supports = _! flanks1 p>tly by ! =mation ( flank def5ces 7call$ cro*ets71 p>tly by _! be+ able to receive assi/ance f a res]ve po/$ 9 re>1 or by troops deta*$ f adjo9+ po/s4 ,9 ?is mann] ! numb] ( po/s is r$uc$ /ill m1 & ! result is t an army engag$ 9 a def5ce ( ?is k9d1 usually divides itself into f\r or five pr9cipal po/s4 ,= important po9ts ( approa*1 beyond a c]ta9 di/ance1 & yet 9 "s measure ?reat5$1 special c5tral po9ts are e/abli%$ :i*1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 =m small !atres ( w> )9 ! pr9cipal "o4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,au/rians1 dur+ ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 g5]ally plac$ ! ma9 body ( _! army1 9 f\r or five po/s 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,l[] ,silesia2 :il/ a small almo/ indep5d5t corps organis$ = itself a simil> sy/em ( def5ce 9 ,upp] ,silesia4 ,n[1 ! fur!r su* a def5sive sy/em div]ges f direct cov]+1 ! m x mu/ call to its assi/ance--mobility 7active def5ce71 & ev5 (f5sive means4 ,c]ta9 corps are consid]$ res]ves2 besides :i*1 "o po/ ha/5s to s5d to ! help ( ano!r all ! troops x c sp>e4 ,?is assi/ance may be r5d]$ ei!r by ha/5+ up directly f ! re> to re9=ce & re-e/abli% ! passive def5ce1 or by attack+ ! enemy 9 flank1 or ev5 by m5ac+ 8 l9e ( retreat4 ,if ! assailant ?reat5s ! flank ( a po/ n ) direct attack1 b only by a position ?r\gh :i* he c act ^u ! communications ( ?is po/1 !n ei!r ! corps :i* has be5 advanc$ = ?is purpose mu/ be attack$ 9 e>ne/1 or ! way ( reprisal mu/ be resort$ to by act+ 9 turn on ! enemy's communications4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t h[ev] passive ?is def5ce is 9 ! lead+ ideas on :i* x is bas$1 /ill x mu/ comprise _m active means1 & 9 its organisation may be =e>m$ 9 _m ways aga9/ complicat$ ev5ts4 ,usually ^? def5ces pass = ! be/ :i* make ! mo/ use ( active or ev5 (f5sive means2 b ?is dep5ds 9 great "p on ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! troops1 & ev5 on ! tal5t ( ! g5]al2 p>tly we are also v prone 9 g5]al to expect too mu* f movem5t1 & o!r auxili>y measures ( an active nature1 & to place too little reliance on ! local def5ce ( a =midable natural ob/acle4 ,we ?9k we h ?us suffici5tly expla9$ :at we und]/& by an ext5d$ l9e ( def5ce1 & we n[ turn to ! ?ird auxili>y means1 ! plac+ ourselves 9 front ( ! enemy by a rapid m>* to a flank4 ,?is means is necess>ily "o ( ^? provid$ = t def5ce ( a c\ntry :i* we are n[ consid]+4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! def5d]1 ev5 ) ! mo/ ext5d$ position1 (t5 _c gu>d all ! approa*es to 8 c\ntry :i* are m5ac$2 next1 9 _m cases1 he mu/ be ready to repair ) ! bulk ( 8 =ces to any po/s ^u :i* ! bulk ( ! enemy's =ce is ab\t to be ?r[n1 z o!rwise ^? po/s w\ld be too easily ov]p[]$2 la/ly1 a g5]al :o has an av]sion to conf9+ 8 army to a passive resi/ance 9 an ext5d$ position1 mu/ seek to atta9 8 object1 ! protection ( ! c\ntry1 by rapid1 well-plann$1 & well-conduct$ movem5ts4 ,! great] ! spaces :i* he leaves expos$1 ! great] ! tal5t requir$ 9 plann+ ! movem5ts1 9 ord] to arrive any:]e at ! "r mom5t ( "t4 ,! natural consequ5ce ( /riv+ to d ?is is1 t 9 su* a case1 positions :i* af=d suffici5t advantages to make an enemy give up all idea ( an attack z soon z our army1 or only a portion ( x1 rea*es !m1 are s\ght = & prep>$ 9 all directions4 ,z ^! positions are aga9 & aga9 occupi$1 & all dep5ds on rea*+ ! same 9 "r "t1 !y are 9 a c]ta9 measure ! v[els ( all ?is me?od ( c>ry+ on w>1 :i* on t acc\nt has be5 t]m$ a w> ( po/s4 ,j z an ext5d$ position1 & ! relative resi/ance 9 a w> )\t great decisions1 d n pres5t ! dang]s :i* are inh]5t 9 its orig9al nature1 s 9 ! same mann] ! int]cept+ ! enemy 9 front by a m>* to a flank is n s haz>d\s z x w\ld be 9 ! imm$iate expectation ( a great decision4 ,to attempt at ! la/ mom5t 9 greate/ ha/e 7by a lat]al movem5t7 to ?ru/ 9 an army 9 front ( an adv]s>y ( det]m9$ "*1 :o is bo? able & will+ to deal heavy bl[s1 & has no scruples ab\t an exp5diture ( =ces1 w\ld be half way to a mo/ decisive disa/]2 = aga9/ an unhesitat+ bl[ deliv]$ ) ! enemy's :ole /r5g?1 su* runn+ & /umbl+ into a position w\ld n d4 ,b aga9/ an oppon5t :o1 in/ead ( tak+ up 8 "w ) 8 :ole h&1 uses only ! tips ( 8 f+]s1 :o does n "k h[ to make use ( a great result1 or r ( ! op5+ = "o1 :o only seeks a trifl+ advantage b at small exp5se1 aga9/ su* an oppon5t ?is k9d ( resi/ance c]ta9ly may be appli$ ) effect4 ,a natural consequ5ce is1 t ?is means also 9 g5]al occurs (t5] 9 ! la/ half ( a campaign ?an at its comm5cem5t4 ,"h1 also1 ! g5]al /aff has an opportunity ( display+ its topographical k 9 fram+ a sy/em ( comb9$ measures1 connect$ ) ! *oice & prep>ation ( ! positions & ! roads lead+ to !m4 ,:5 ! :ole object ( "o p>ty is to ga9 9 ! end a c]ta9 po9t1 & ! :ole object ( 8 adv]s>y1 on ! o!r h&1 is to prev5t 8 do+ s1 !n bo? p>ties are (t5 oblig$ to make _! movem5ts "u ! eyes ( ea* o!r2 = ?is reason1 ^! movem5ts mu/ be made ) a degree ( precaution & precision n o!rwise requir$4 ,=m]ly1 be=e ! mass ( an army 0 =m$ ( indep5d5t divisions1 & ev5 on ! m>* 0 always reg>d$ z an indivisible :ole1 ?is precaution & precision 0 att5d$ ) mu* m =mality1 & ) ! copi\s use ( tactical skill4 ,on ^! occasions1 c]ta9ly1 s+le brigades 7 (t5 oblig$ to leave ! g5]al l9e ( battle to secure p>ticul> po9ts1 & act an indep5d5t "p until ! army arriv$3 b ^! 71 & cont9u$1 anomal\s proce$+s2 & ! aim 9 ! ord] ( m>* g5]ally 0 to move ! army f "o po9t to ano!r z a :ole1 pres]v+ its normal =mation1 & avoid+ su* exceptional proce$+s z ! above z f> z possible4 ,n[ t ! p>ts ( ! ma9 body ( an army are subdivid$ aga9 into indep5d5t bodies1 & ^? bodies c v5ture to ent] into an engagem5t ) ! mass ( ! enemy's army1 provid$ ! re/ ( ! =ce ( :i* x is a memb] is suffici5tly ne> to c>ry x on & f9i% x1--n[ su* a flank m>* is att5d$ ) less difficulty ev5 "u ! eye ( ! enemy4 ,:at =m]ly c\ld only be effect$ ?r\gh ! actual me*anism ( ! ord] ( m>*1 c n[ be done by />t+ s+le divisions at an e>li] h\r1 by ha/5+ ! m>* ( o!rs1 & by ! great] fre$om 9 ! employm5t ( ! :ole4 ,by ! means ( def5ce j consid]$1 ! assailant c be prev5t$ f tak+ any =tress1 f occupy+ any important ext5t ( c\ntry1 or captur+ magaz9es2 & he w be prev5t$1 if 9 e direction combats are (f]$ to him 9 :i* he c see little probability ( success1 or too great dang] ( a reaction 9 case ( failure1 or 9 g5]al1 an exp5diture ( =ce too great = 8 object & exi/+ relations4 ,if n[ ! def5d] succe$s 9 ?is triumph ( 8 art & skill1 & ! assailant1 :]ev] he turns 8 eyes1 sees prud5t prep>ations ?r\gh :i* he is cut (f f any prospect ( atta9+ 8 mode/ wi%es3 !n ! (f5sive pr9ciple (t5 seeks to escape f ! difficulty 9 ! satisfaction ( ! m]e hon\r ( its arms4 ,! ga9 ( "s combat ( respectable importance1 gives ! arms ( ! victor a semblance ( sup]iority1 appeases ! vanity ( ! g5]al1 ( ! c\rt1 ( ! army1 & ! p1 & ?us satisfies1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! expectations :i* are naturally always rais$ :5 ! (f5sive is assum$4 ,an advantage\s combat ( "s importance m]ely = ! sake ( ! victory & "s trophies1 becomes1 !re=e1 ! la/ hope ( ! assailant4 ,no "o mu/ suppose t we "h involve ourselves 9 a contradiction1 = we cont5d t we /ill cont9ue )9 our own supposition1 t ! good measures ( ! def5d] h depriv$ ! assailant ( all expectation ( atta9+ any "o ( ^? o!r objects by means ( a successful combat6 ,to w>rant t expectation1 two conditions are requir$1 t is1 a fav\rable t]m9ation to ! combat1 & next1 t ! result %all lead really to ! atta9m5t ( "o ( ^? objects4 ,! fir/ may v well take place )\t ! second1 & !re=e ! def5d]s' corps & po/s s+ly are mu* m frequ5tly 9 dang] ( gett+ involv$ 9 disadvantage\s combats if ! assailant m]ely aims at ! hon\r ( ! battle field1 ?an if he connects ) t a view to fur!r advantages z well4 ,if we place ourselves 9 ,daun's situation1 & ) 8 way ( ?9k+1 !n 8 v5tur+ on ! surprise ( ,ho*kir* does n appe> inconsi/5t ) 8 "*1 z long z we suppose him aim+ at no?+ m ?an ! trophies ( ! day4 ,b a victory ri* 9 results1 :i* w\ld h compell$ ! k+ to ab&on ,dresd5 & ,neisse1 appe>s an entirely diff]5t problem1 "o ) :i* he w\ld n h be5 incl9$ to m$dle4 ,let x n be imag9$ t ^! are trifl+ or idle di/9ctions2 we h1 on ! contr>y1 n[ be=e u "o ( ! deepe/-root$1 lead+ pr9ciples ( w>4 ,! signification ( a combat is its v s\l 9 /rategy1 & we _c too (t5 repeat1 t 9 /rategy ! lead+ ev5ts always proce$ f ! ultimate views ( ! two p>ties1 z x 71 f a conclusion ( ! :ole tra9 ( ideas4 ,?is is :y !re may be su* a diff]5ce /rategically betwe5 "o battle & ano!r1 t !y c h>dly be look$ ^u z ! same means4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! fruitless victory ( ! assailant c h>dly be consid]$ any s]i\s injury to ! def5ce1 /ill z ! def5d] w n will+ly conc$e ev5 ?is advantage1 p>ticul>ly z we nev] "k :at accid5t may also be connect$ ) x1 !re=e ! def5d] requires to keep an incessant wat* ^u ! situation ( all 8 corps & po/s4 ,no d\bt "h all greatly dep5ds on ! lead]s ( ^? corps mak+ suitable dispositions2 b any "o ( !m may be l$ into an unavoidable cata/rophe by injudici\s ord]s impos$ on him by ! g5]al-9-*ief4 ,:o is n rem9d$ "h ( ,f\qu's corps at ,l&%ut & ( ,f9k's at ,max58 ,9 bo? cases ,fr$]ick ! ,great reckon$ too mu* on cu/om>y ideas4 ,x 0 impossible t he c\ld suppose #aj1jjj m5 capable ( successfully resi/+ #cj1jjj 9 ! position ( ,l&%ut1 or t ,f9k c\ld resi/ a sup]ior =ce p\r+ 9 & ov]:elm+ him on all sides2 b he ?\ght ! /r5g? ( ! position ( ,l&%ut w\ld be accept$1 l a bill ( ex*ange1 z h]et(ore1 & t ,daun w\ld see 9 ! demon/ration aga9/ 8 flank suffici5t reason to ex*ange 8 uncom=table position 9 ,saxony = ! m com=table "o 9 ,bohemia4 ,he misjudg$ ,laudon 9 "o case & ,daun 9 ! o!r1 & !re9 lies ! error 9 ^! measures4 ,b irrespective ( su* errors1 into :i* ev5 g5]als may fall :o are n s pr\d1 d>+1 & ob/9ate z ,fr$]ick ! ,great 9 "s ( 8 proce$+s may c]ta9ly be t]m$1 !re is always1 9 respect to ! subject we are n[ consid]+1 a great difficulty 9 ?is way1 t ! g5]al-9-*ief _c always expect all he desires f ! sagacity1 good-w1 c\rage & firmness ( "* ( 8 corps-comm&]s4 ,he _c1 !re=e1 leave ev]y?+ to _! good judgm5t2 he mu/ prescribe rules on _m po9ts by :i* _! c\rse ( action1 be+ re/rict$1 may easily become inconsi/5t ) ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 an unavoidable inconv5i5ce4 ,)\t an imp]i\s comm&+ w1 ! influ5ce ( :i* p5etrates ?r\gh ! :ole army1 w> _c be well conduct$2 & :oev] w\ld foll[ ! practice ( always expect+ ! be/ f 8 subord9ates1 w\ld f t v reason be q unfit = a good ,comm&] ( an army4 ,!re=e ! situation ( e corps & po/ mu/ be = ev] kept cle>ly 9 view1 to prev5t any ( !m be+ unexpect$ly drawn into a cata/rophe4 ,! aim ( all ^! ef=ts is to pres]ve ! /atus quo4 ,! m =tunate & successful ^! ef=ts are1 ! long] w ! w> la/ at ! same po9t2 b ! long] w> cont9ues at "o po9t1 ! great] become ! c>es = subsi/5ce4 ,9 place ( collections & contributions f ! c\ntry1 a sy/em ( subsi/5ce f magaz9es comm5ces at once1 or 9 a v %ort "t2 9 place ( c\ntry waggons be+ collect$ ^u ea* occasion1 ! =mation1 m or less1 ( a regul> transport takes place1 compos$ ei!r ( c>riages ( ! c\ntry1 or ( ^? belong+ to ! army2 9 %ort1 !re arises an approa* to t regul> sy/em ( fe$+ troops f magaz9es1 ( :i* we h already treat$ 9 ! f\rte5? *apt] 7,on ,subsi/5ce74 ,at ! same "t1 x is n ?is :i* ex]cises a great influ5ce on ?is mode ( conduct+ w>1 = z ?is mode1 by its object & "*1 is 9 fact already ti$ d[n to a limit$ space1 !re=e ! "q ( subsi/5ce may v well h a "p 9 det]m9+ its action--& w d s 9 mo/ cases--)\t alt]+ ! g5]al "* ( ! w>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! action ( ! bellig]5ts mutually aga9/ ! l9es ( communications ga9s a mu* great] importance = two reasons4 ,fir/ly1 because 9 su* campaigns1 !re be+ no measures ( a great & compreh5sive k9d1 g5]als mu/ apply _! en]gies to ^? ( an inf]ior ord]2 & secondly1 because "h !re is "t en\gh to wait = ! effect ( ?is means4 ,! security ( 8 l9e ( communications is !re=e specially important to ! def5d]1 = al?\gh x is true t its int]ruption _c be an object ( ! ho/ile op]ations :i* take place1 yet x might compel him to retreat1 & ?us to leave o!r objects op5 to attack4 ,all ! measures hav+ = _! object ! protection ( ! area ( ! !atre ( w> itself1 mu/ naturally also h ! effect ( cov]+ ! l9es ( communication2 _! security is !re=e 9 "p provid$ = 9 t way1 & we h only to obs]ve t x is a pr9cipal condition 9 fix+ ^u a position4 ,a special means ( security consi/s 9 ! bodies ( troops1 bo? small & l>ge1 escort+ convoys4 ,fir/1 ! mo/ ext5d$ positions are n suffici5t to secure ! l9es ( communication1 & next1 su* an escort is p>ticul>ly necess>y :5 ! g5]al wi%es to avoid a v ext5d$ position4 ,!re=e1 we f9d1 9 ,tempelh('s ,hi/ory ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 in/ances )\t end 9 :i* ,fr$]ick ! ,great caus$ 8 bread & fl\r waggons to be escort$ by s+le regim5ts ( infantry or cavalry1 sometimes also by :ole brigades4 ,on ! ,au/rian side we n[h]e f9d m5tion ( ! same ?+1 :i* c]ta9ly may be p>tly acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way1 t !y _h no su* circum/antial hi/orian on _! side1 b 9 "p x is also to be ascrib$ j to ?is1 t !y always took up mu* m ext5d$ positions4 ,hav+ n[ t\*$ ^u ! f\r ef=ts :i* =m ! f\ndation ( a def5sive t does n aim at a decision1 & :i* are at ! same "t1 altoge!r free ^u ! :ole f all (f5sive elem5ts1 we mu/ n[ say some?+ ( ! (f5sive means ) :i* !y may become m or less mix$ up1 9 a c]ta9 measure flav\r$4 ,^! (f5sive means are *iefly3-- #a4 ,op]at+ aga9/ ! enemy's communications1 "u :i* we likewise include ent]prises aga9/ 8 places ( supply4 #b4 ,div]sions & incursions )9 ! enemy's t]ritory4 #c4 ,attacks on ! enemy's corps & po/s1 & ev5 ^u 8 ma9 body1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 or ! ?reat only ( su* int5tion4 ,! fir/ ( ^! means is incessantly 9 action 9 all campaigns ( ?is k9d1 b 9 a c]ta9 measure q quietly )\t actually mak+ its appe>ance4 ,e suitable position = ! def5d] d]ives a great "p ( its efficacy f ! disquietude :i* x causes ! assailant 9 connection ) 8 communications2 & z ! "q ( subsi/5ce 9 su* w>f>e becomes1 z we h already obs]v$1 "o ( vital importance1 affect+ ! assailant equally1 !re=e1 ?r\gh ?is appreh5sion ( (f5sive action1 possibly result+ f ! enemy's position1 a great "p ( ! /rategic web is det]m9$1 z we %all aga9 f9d 9 treat+ ( ! attack4 ,n only ?is g5]al influ5ce1 proce$+ f ! *oice ( positions1 :i*1 l pressure 9 me*anics1 produces an effect invisibly1 b also an actual (f5sive movem5t ) "p ( ! army aga9/ ! enemy's l9es ( communication1 comes )9 ! compass ( su* a def5sive4 ,b t x may be done ) effect1 ! situation ( ! l9es ( communication1 ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 & ! peculi> qualities ( ! troops mu/ be specially propiti\s to ! und]tak+4 ,incursions into ! enemy's c\ntry :i* h z _! object reprisals or levy+ contributions1 _c prop]ly be reg>d$ z def5sive means1 !y are r true (f5sive means2 b !y are usually comb9$ ) ! object ( a real div]sion1 :i* may be reg>d$ z a real def5sive measure1 z x is int5d$ to weak5 ! enemy's =ce oppos$ to u4 ,b z ! above means may be us$ j z well by ! assailant1 & 9 itself is a real attack1 we !re=e ?9k m suitable to leave its fur!r exam9ation = ! next book4 ,accord+ly we %all only c\nt x 9 "h1 9 ord] to r5d] a full acc\nt ( ! ars5al ( small (f5sive arms belong+ to ! def5d] ( a !atre ( w>1 & = ! pres5t m]ely add t 9 ext5t & importance x may atta9 to su* a po9t1 z to give ! :ole w> ! appe>ance1 & along ) t ! hon\r1 ( ! (f5sive4 ,( ?is nature are ,fr$]ick ! ,great's ent]prises 9 ,pol&1 ,bohemia & ,franconia1 be=e ! campaign ( #agei4 ,8 campaign itself is pla9ly a pure def5ce2 ^! incursions into ! enemy's t]ritory1 h[ev]1 gave x ! appe>ance ( an aggression1 :i* p]haps _h a special value on acc\nt ( ! moral effect4 ,an attack on "o ( ! enemy's corps or on 8 ma9 body mu/ always be kept 9 view z a necess>y complem5t ( ! :ole def5ce :5ev] ! aggressor takes ! matt] too easily1 & on t acc\nt %[s himself v def5celess at p>ticul> po9ts4 ,"u ?is sil5t condition ! :ole action takes place4 ,b "h also ! def5d]1 9 ! same way z 9 op]at+ aga9/ ! communications ( ! enemy1 may g a /ep fur!r 9 ! prov9ce ( ! (f5sive1 & j z well z 8 adv]s>y may make x 8 bus9ess to lie 9 wait = a fav\rable /roke4 ,9 ord] to ensure a result 9 ?is field1 he mu/ ei!r be v decid$ly sup]ior 9 =ce to 8 oppon5t--:i* c]ta9ly is inconsi/5t ) ! def5sive 9 g5]al1 b /ill may happ5--or he mu/ h a me?od & ! tal5t ( keep+ 8 =ces m conc5trat$1 & make up by activity & mobility = ! dang] :i* he incurs 9 o!r respects4 ,! fir/ 0 ,daun's case 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>2 ! latt]1 ! case ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,/ill we h>dly ev] see ,daun's (f5sive make its appe>ance except :5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great invit$ x by excessive boldness & a display ( contempt = him 7,ho*kir*1 ,max51 ,l&%ut74 ,on ! o!r h&1 we see ,fr$]ick ! ,great almo/ con/antly on ! move 9 ord] to beat "o or o!r ( ,daun's corps ) 8 ma9 body4 ,he c]ta9ly seldom succe$$1 at lea/1 ! results 7 nev] great1 because ,daun1 9 addition to 8 great sup]iority 9 numb]s1 _h also a r>e degree ( prud5ce & caution2 b we mu/ n suppose t1 !re=e1 ! k+'s attempts 7 altoge!r fruitless4 ,9 ^! attempts lay r a v effectual resi/ance2 = ! c>e & fatigue1 :i* 8 adv]s>y _h to und]go 9 ord] to avoid fight+ at a disadvantage1 neutralis$ ^? =ces :i* w\ld o!rwise h aid$ 9 advanc+ ! (f5sive action4 ,let u only call to m9d ! campaign ( #agfj1 9 ,silesia1 :]e ,daun & ! ,russians1 out ( %e] appreh5sion ( be+ attack$ & beat5 by ! k+1 fir/ "h & !n !re1 nev] c\ld succe$ 9 mak+ "o /ep 9 advance4 ,we believe we h n[ gone ?r\gh all ! subjects :i* =m ! pr$om9ant ideas1 ! pr9cipal aims1 & !re=e ! ma9 /ay1 ( ! :ole action 9 ! def5ce ( a !atre ( w> :5 no idea ( decision is ent]ta9$4 ,our *ief1 &1 inde$1 sole object 9 br++ !m all close toge!r1 0 to let ! organism ( ! :ole /rategic action be se5 9 "o view2 ! p>ticul> measures by means ( :i* ^? subjects come to life1 m>*es1 positions1 etc41 etc41 we h already consid]$ 9 detail4 ,by n[ ca/+ a glance once m at ! :ole ( our subject1 ! idea mu/ /rike u =cibly1 t ) su* a weak (f5sive pr9ciple1 ) s little desire = a decision on ei!r side1 ) s little positive motive1 ) s _m c\nt]act+ influ5ces ( a subjective nature1 :i* /op u & hold u back1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 attack & def5ce mu/ always t5d m to disappe>4 ,at ! op5+ ( a campaign1 c]ta9ly "o p>ty w ent] ! o!r's !atre ( w>1 & 9 t mann]1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 su* p>ty puts on ! =m ( (f5sive4 ,b x may v well take place1 & happ5s frequ5tly t he mu/ soon en\gh apply all 8 p[]s to def5d 8 own c\ntry on ! enemy's t]ritory4 ,!n bo? /&1 9 reality1 opposite "o ano!r 9 a /ate ( mutual obs]vation4 ,bo? int5t on los+ no?+1 p]haps bo? alike int5t also on obta9+ a positive advantage4 ,inde$ x may happ51 z ) ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 t ! real def5d] aims high] 9 t way ?an 8 adv]s>y4 ,n[ ! m ! assailant gives up ! position ( an enemy mak+ progress1 ! less ! def5d] is m5ac$ by him1 & conf9$ to a /rictly def5sive attitude by ! press+ claims ( a reg>d = m]e safety1 s mu* ! m a simil>ity 9 ! relations ( ! p>ties is produc$ 9 :i* !n ! activity ( bo? w be direct$ t[>ds ga9+ an advantage ov] 8 oppon5t1 & protect+ himself aga9/ any disadvantage1 !re=e to a true /rategic manuvr+2 & inde$ ?is is ! "* into :i* all campaigns resolve !mselves m or less1 :5 ! situation ( ! combatants or political views d n all[ ( any great decision4 ,9 ! foll[+ book we h allott$ a *apt] specially to ! subject ( /rategic manuvres2 b z ?is equipois$ play ( =ces has frequ5tly be5 inve/$ 9 !ory ) an importance to :i* x is n entitl$1 we f9d ourselves "u ! necessity ( exam9+ ! subject m closely :ile we are treat+ ( ! def5ce1 z x is 9 t =m ( w>f>e m p>ticul>ly t ?is false importance is ascrib$ to /rategic manuvres4 ,we call x an equipois$ play ( =ces1 = :5 !re is no movem5t ( ! :ole body !re is a /ate ( equilibrium2 :]e no great object impels1 !re is no movem5t ( ! :ole2 !re=e1 9 su* a case1 ! two p>ties1 h[ev] unequal !y may be1 are /ill to be reg>d$ z 9 a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,f ?is /ate ( equilibrium ( ! :ole n[ come =? ! p>ticul> motives to actions ( a m9or class & second>y objects4 ,!y c "h develop !mselves1 because !y are no long] kept d[n by ! pressure ( a great decision & great dang]4 ,!re=e1 :at c be lo/ or won ^u ! :ole is *ang$ into small c\nt]s1 & ! action ( ! w>1 z a :ole1 is brok5 up into small] transactions4 ,) ^! small] op]ations = small] ga9s1 a conte/ ( skill n[ takes place betwe5 ! two g5]als2 b z x is impossible 9 w> to %ut out *ance1 & consequ5tly good luck1 !re=e ?is conte/ w nev] be o!rwise ?an a game4 ,9 ! meantime1 "h arise two o!r que/ions1 t is1 :e!r 9 ?is manuvr+1 *ance w n h a small]1 & sup]ior intellig5ce a great]1 %>e 9 ! decision1 ?an :]e all conc5trates itself into "o s+le great act4 ,! la/ ( ^! que/ions we mu/ answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,! m complete ! organisation ( ! :ole1 ! (t5] "t & space come into consid]ation--! =m] by s+le mom5ts1 ! latt] at p>ticul> po9ts--s mu* ! great]1 pla9ly1 w be ! field = calculation1 !re=e ! great] ! sway ex]cis$ by sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,:at ! sup]ior und]/&+ ga9s is ab/ract$ 9 "p f *ance1 b n necess>ily altoge!r1 & !re=e we are n oblig$ to answ] ! fir/ "q affirmatively4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ n =get t a sup]ior und]/&+ is n ! only m5tal quality ( a g5]al2 c\rage1 en]gy1 resolution1 pres5ce ( m9d1 etc41 are qualities :i* rise aga9 to a high] value :5 all dep5ds on "o s+le great decision2 !y w1 !re=e1 h some:at less weight :5 !re is an equipois$ play ( =ces1 & ! pr$om9at+ asc5dancy ( sagaci\s calculation increases n only at ! exp5se ( *ance1 b also at ! exp5se ( ^! qualities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! brilliant qualities1 at ! mom5t ( a great decision1 may rob *ance ( a great "p ( its p[]1 & !re=e1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 secure t :i* calculat+ intellig5ce 9 su* cases w\ld be oblig$ to leave to *ance4 ,we see by ?is t "h a conflict takes place betwe5 sev]al =ces1 & t we _c positively ass]t t !re is a great] field left op5 to *ance 9 ! case ( a great decision1 ?an 9 ! total result :5 t equipois$ play ( =ces takes place4 ,if we1 !re=e1 see m p>ticul>ly 9 ?is play ( =ces a conte/ ( mutual skill1 t mu/ only be tak5 to ref] to skill 9 sagaci\s calculation1 & n to ! sum total ( milit>y g5ius4 ,n[ x is j f ?is aspect ( /rategic manuvr+ t ! :ole has obta9$ t false importance ( :i* we h spok5 above4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ?is skilfulness ! :ole g5ius ( a g5]al has be5 suppos$ to consi/2 b ?is is a great mi/ake1 = x is1 z already said1 n to be d5i$ t 9 mom5ts ( great decisions o!r moral qualities ( a g5]al may h p[] to control ! =ce ( ev5ts4 ,if ?is p[] proce$s m f ! impulse ( noble feel+s & ^? sp>ks ( g5ius :i* />t up almo/ unconsci\sly1 & !re=e does n proce$ f long *a9s ( ?\ght1 /ill x is n ! less a free citiz5 ( ! art ( w>1 = t art is nei!r a m]e act ( ! und]/&+1 nor are ! activities ( ! intellectual faculties its pr9cipal ones4 ,fur!r1 x has be5 suppos$ t e active campaign )\t results mu/ be ow+ to t sort ( skill on ! "p ( "o1 or ev5 ( bo? g5]als1 :ile 9 reality x has always _h its g5]al & pr9cipal f\ndation j 9 ! g5]al relations :i* h turn$ w> into su* a game4 ,z mo/ w>s betwe5 civilis$ /ates h _h = _! object r ! obs]vation ( ! enemy ?an 8 de/ruction1 !re=e x 0 only natural t ! great] numb] ( ! campaigns %\ld be> ! "* ( /rategic manuvr+4 ,^? among/ !m :i* did n br+ into notice any r5[n$ g5]als1 attract$ no att5tion2 b :]e !re 0 a great comm&] on :om all eyes 7 fix$1 or two oppos$ to ea* o!r1 l ,tur5ne & ,montecuculi1 !re ! seal ( p]fection has be5 /amp$ ^u ?is :ole art ( manuvr+ ?r\gh ! names ( ^! g5]als4 ,a fur!r consequ5ce has !n be5 t ?is game has be5 look$ ^u z ! summit ( ! art1 z ! manife/ation ( its highe/ p]fection1 & consequ5tly also z ! s\rce at :i* ! art ( w> mu/ *iefly be /udi$4 ,?is view prevail$ almo/ univ]sally 9 ! !oretical _w be=e ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,b :5 ^! w>s at "o /roke op5$ to view a q diff]5t _w ( ph5om5a 9 w>1 at fir/ some:at r\gh & wild1 b :i* aft]w>ds1 "u ,buonap>te sy/ematis$ into a me?od on a gr& scale1 produc$ results :i* creat$ a/oni%m5t among/ old & "y1 !n p set !mselves free f ! old models1 & believ$ t all ! *anges !y saw result$ f mod]n discov]ies1 magnific5t ideas1 etc42 b also at ! same "t1 c]ta9ly f ! *anges 9 ! /ate ( society4 ,x 0 n[ ?\ght t :at 0 old w\ld nev] m be requir$1 & w\ld nev] ev5 reappe>4 ,b z 9 su* revolutions 9 op9ions two p>ties are always =m$1 s x 0 also 9 ?is in/ance1 & ! old views f\nd _! *ampions1 :o look$ ^u ! new ph5om5a z rude bl[s ( brute =ce1 z a g5]al decad5ce ( ! art2 & held ! op9ion t1 9 ! ev5ly-balanc$1 nugatory1 fruitless w> game1 ! p]fection ( ! art is realis$4 ,!re lies at ! bottom ( ?is la/ view su* a want ( logic & philosophy1 t x c only be t]m$ a hopeless1 di/ress+ confusion ( ideas4 ,b at ! same "t ! opposite op9ion1 t no?+ l ! pa/ w ev] reappe>1 is v irrational4 ,( ! novel appe>ances manife/$ 9 ! doma9 ( ! art ( w>1 v few inde$ are to be ascrib$ to new discov]ies1 or to a *ange 9 ! direction ( ideas2 !y are *iefly attributable to ! alt]ations 9 ! social /ate & its relations4 ,b z ^! took place j at ! crisis ( a /ate ( f]m5tation1 !y mu/ n be tak5 z a norm2 & we _c1 !re=e1 d\bt t a great "p ( ! =m] manife/ations ( w>1 w aga9 make _! appe>ance4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] fur!r into ^! matt]s2 x is en\gh = u t by direct+ att5tion to ! relation :i* ?is ev5-balanc$ play ( =ces occupies 9 ! :ole conduct ( a w>1 & to its signification & connection ) o!r objects1 we h %[n t x is always produc$ by con/ra9t laid on bo? p>ties engag$ 9 ! conte/1 & by a milit>y elem5t greatly att5uat$4 ,9 ?is game "o g5]al may %[ himself m skilful ?an 8 oppon5t2 & !re=e1 if ! /r5g? ( 8 army is equal1 he may also ga9 _m advantages ov] him2 or if 8 =ce is inf]ior1 he may1 by 8 sup]ior tal5t1 keep ! conte/ ev5ly balanc$2 b x is completely contradictory to ! nature ( ! ?+ to look "h = ! highe/ hon\r & glory ( a g5]al2 su* a campaign is always r a c]ta9 sign t nei!r ( ! g5]als has any great milit>y tal5t1 or t he :o has tal5t is prev5t$ by ! =ce ( circum/ances f v5tur+ on a great decision2 b :5 ?is is ! case1 !re is no scope af=d$ = ! display ( ! highe/ milit>y g5ius4 ,we h hi!rto be5 engag$ ) ! g5]al "* ( /rategic manuvr+2 we mu/ n[ proce$ to a special influ5ce :i* x has on ! conduct ( w>1 namely ?is1 t x frequ5tly leads ! combatants away f ! pr9cipal roads & places into unfrequ5t$1 or at lea/ unimportant localities4 ,:5 trifl+ int]e/s1 :i* exi/ = a mom5t & !n disappe>1 are p>am\nt1 ! great features ( a c\ntry h less influ5ce on ! conduct ( ! w>4 ,we !re=e (t5 f9d t bodies ( troops move to po9ts :]e we %\ld nev] look = !m1 judg+ only by ! great & simple requirem5ts ( ! w>2 & t consequ5tly1 also1 ! *angefulness & div]sity 9 ! details ( ! conte/ z x progresses1 are mu* great] "h ?an 9 w>s direct$ to a great decision4 ,let u only look h[ 9 ! la/ five campaigns ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 9 spite ( ! relations 9 g5]al rema9+ un*ang$ 9 !mselves1 ea* ( ^! campaigns took a diff]5t =m1 &1 closely exam9$1 no s+le measure ev] appe>s twice2 & yet 9 ^! campaigns ! (f5sive pr9ciple manife/s itself on ! side ( ! alli$ army mu* m decid$ly ?an 9 mo/ o!r e>li] w>s4 ,9 ?is *apt] on ! def5ce ( a !atre ( w>1 if no great decision is propos$1 we h only %[n ! t5d5cies ( ! action1 toge!r ) its comb9ation1 & ! relations & "* ( ! same2 ! p>ticul> measures ( :i* x is compos$ h be5 describ$ 9 detail 9 a =m] "p ( our "w4 ,n[ ! "q arises :e!r = ^! diff]5t t5d5cies ( action no ?or\ghly g5]al compreh5sive pr9ciples1 rules1 or me?ods c be giv54 ,to ?is we reply t1 z f> z hi/ory is conc]n$1 we h decid$ly n be5 l$ to any d$uctions ( t k9d ?r\gh con/antly recurr+ =ms2 & at ! same "t1 = a subject s div]sifi$ & *angeful 9 its g5]al nature1 we c\ld h>dly admit any !oretical rule1 except "o f\nd$ on exp]i5ce4 ,a w> direct$ to great decisions is n only mu* simpl]1 b also mu* m 9 accordance ) nature2 is m free f inconsi/5cies1 m objective1 m re/rict$ by a law ( inh]5t necessity2 h5ce ! m9d c prescribe =ms & laws = x2 b = a w> )\t a decision = its object1 ?is appe>s to u to be mu* m difficult4 ,ev5 ! two fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! e>lie/ !ories ( /rategy publi%$ 9 our times1 ! ,bread? ( ! ,base1 9 ,bul[1 & ! ,position on ,int]ior ,l9es1 9 ,jom9i1 if appli$ to ! def5ce ( a !atre ( w>1 h 9 no in/ance %[n !mselves absolute & effective4 ,b be+ m]e =ms1 ?is is j :]e !y %\ld %[ !mselves mo/ efficaci\s1 because =ms are always m efficaci\s1 always acquire a prepond]ance ov] o!r factors ( ! product1 ! m ! action ext5ds ov] "t & space4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 we f9d t !y are no?+ m ?an p>ticul> p>ts ( ! subject1 & c]ta9ly any?+ b decisive advantages4 ,x is v cle> t ! peculi> nature ( ! means & ! relations mu/ always f ! fir/ h a great influ5ce adv]se to all g5]al pr9ciples4 ,:at ,daun did by ! ext5t & provid5t *oice ( positions1 ! k+ did by keep+ 8 army always conc5trat$1 always hugg+ ! enemy close1 & by be+ always ready to act extemporally ) 8 :ole army4 ,! me?od ( ea* g5]al proce$$ n only f ! nature ( ! army he comm&$1 b also f ! circum/ances 9 :i* he 0 plac$4 ,to extemporise movem5ts is always mu* easi] = a k+ ?an = any comm&] :o acts "u responsibility4 ,we %all "h once m po9t out p>ticul>ly t ! critic has no "r to look ^u ! diff]5t mann]s & me?ods :i* may make _! appe>ance z diff]5t degrees on ! road to p]fection1 ! "o inf]ior to ! o!r2 !y are entitl$ to be treat$ z on an equality1 & x mu/ re/ ) ! judgm5t to e/imate _! relative fitness = use 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,to enum]ate ^! diff]5t mann]s :i* may spr+ f ! p>ticul> nature ( an army1 ( a c\ntry1 or ( circum/ances1 is n our object "h2 ! influ5ce ( ^! ?+s g5]ally we h already notic$4 ,we ackn[l$ge1 !re=e1 t 9 ?is *apt] we are unable to give any maxims1 rules1 or me?ods1 because hi/ory does n furni% ! means2 & on ! contr>y1 at almo/ e mom5t1 we !re meet ) peculi>ities su* z are (t5 q inexplicable1 & (t5 also surprise u by _! s+ul>ity4 ,b x is n on t acc\nt unpr(itable to /udy hi/ory 9 connection ) ?is subject also4 ,:]e nei!r sy/em nor any dogmatic app>atus c be f\nd1 !re may /ill be tru?1 & ?is tru? w !n1 9 mo/ cases1 only be discov]$ by a practis$ judgm5t & ! tact ( long exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e1 ev5 if hi/ory does n "h furni% any =mula1 we may be c]ta9 t "h z well z ev]y:]e else1 x w give u ex]cise = ! judgm5t4 ,we %all only set up "o compreh5sive g5]al pr9ciple1 or r we %all reproduce1 & pres5t to view m vividly1 9 ! =m ( a sep>ate pr9ciple1 ! natural presupposition ( all t has n[ be5 said4 ,all ! means :i* h be5 "h set =? h only a relative value2 !y are all plac$ "u ! legal ban ( a c]ta9 disability on bo? sides2 above ?is region a high] law prevails1 & !re is a totally diff]5t _w ( ph5om5a4 ,! g5]al mu/ nev] =get ?is2 he mu/ nev] move 9 imag9>y security )9 ! n>r[] sph]e1 z if he 7 9 an absolute m$ium2 nev] look ^u ! means :i* he employs "h z ! necess>y or z ! only means1 & /ill adh]e to !m1 ev5 :5 he himself already trembles at _! insuffici5cy4 ,f ! po9t ( view at :i* we h "h plac$ ourselves1 su* an error may appe> to be almo/ impossible2 b x is n impossible 9 ! real _w1 because !re ?+s d n appe> 9 su* %>p contra/4 ,we mu/ j aga9 rem9d our read]s t1 = ! sake ( giv+ cle>ness1 di/9ctness1 & =ce to our ideas1 we h always tak5 z ! subject ( our consid]ation only ! complete anti!sis1 t is ! two extremes ( ! "q1 b t ! concrete case 9 w> g5]ally lies betwe5 ^! two extremes1 & is only influ5c$ by ei!r ( ^! extremes accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* x approa*es ne>] t[>ds x4 ,!re=e1 q commonly1 ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! g5]al mak+ up 8 own m9d be=e all ?+s z to :e!r 8 adv]s>y has ! incl9ation & ! means ( outbidd+ him by ! use ( great] & m decisive measures4 ,z soon z he has reason to appreh5d ?is1 he mu/ give up small measures int5d$ to w>d (f small disadvantages2 & ! c\rse :i* rema9s = him !n is to put himself 9 a bett] situation1 by a volunt>y sacrifice1 9 ord] to make himself equal to a great] solution4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fir/ requisite is t ! g5]al %\ld take ! "r scale 9 lay+ out 8 "w4 ,9 ord] to give ^! ideas /ill m di/9ctness ?r\gh ! help ( real exp]i5ce1 we %all briefly notice a /r+ ( cases 9 :i*1 accord+ to our op9ion1 a false crit]ion 0 made use (1 t is1 9 :i* "o ( ! g5]als 9 ! calculation ( 8 op]ations v mu* und]e/imat$ ! decisive action int5d$ by 8 adv]s>y4 ,we beg9 ) ! op5+ ( ! campaign ( #ageg1 9 :i* ! ,au/rians %[$ by ! disposition ( _! =ces t !y _h n c\nt$ ^u s ?or\gh an (f5sive z t adopt$ by ,fr$]ick ! ,great2 ev5 ! delay ( ,piccolom9i's corps on ! ,silesian fronti] :ile ,duke ,*>les ( ,lorra9e 0 9 dang] ( hav+ to surr5d] ) 8 :ole army1 is a simil> case ( complete misconception ( ! situation4 ,9 #ageh1 ! ,fr5* 7 9 ! fir/ place completely tak5 9 z to ! effects ( ! conv5tion ( ,klo/] ,seev5 7a fact1 c]ta9ly1 ) :i* we h no?+ to d "h71 & two mon?s aft]w>ds !y 7 completely mi/ak5 9 _! judgm5t ( :at _! oppon5t might und]take1 :i*1 v %ortly aft]1 co/ !m ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,wes] & ! ,rh9e4 ,t ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 9 #agei1 at ,max51 & 9 #agfj1 at ,l&%ut1 completely misjudg$ 8 enemies 9 n suppos+ !m capable ( su* decisive measures has be5 already m5tion$4 ,b 9 all hi/ory we c h>dly f9d a great] error 9 ! crit]ion ?an t 9 #agib4 ,x 0 !n imag9$ possible to turn ! tide 9 a national w> by a mod]ate siz$ auxili>y army1 :i* br\ght d[n on ^? :o attempt$ x ! enorm\s weight ( ! :ole ,fr5* p1 at t "t completely unh+$ by political fanaticism4 ,we only call ?is error a great "o because x has prov$ s s9ce1 & n because x w\ld h be5 easy to avoid x4 ,z f> z reg>ds ! conduct ( ! w> itself1 x _c be d5i$ t ! f\ndation ( all ! disa/r\s ye>s :i* foll[$ 0 laid 9 ! campaign ( #agid4 ,on ! side ( ! allies 9 t campaign1 ev5 ! p[]ful nature ( ! enemy's sy/em ( attack 0 q misund]/ood1 by oppos+ to x a pitiful sy/em ( ext5d$ positions & /rategic manuvres2 & fur!r 9 ! want ( unanimity betwe5 ,prussia & ,au/ria politically1 & ! fooli% ab&onm5t ( ,belgium & ! ,ne!rl&s1 we may also see h[ little pres5tim5t ! cab9ets ( t day _h ( ! =ce ( ! torr5t :i* _h j brok5 loose4 ,9 ! ye> #agif1 ! p>tial acts ( resi/ance (f]$ at ,mont5otte1 ,lodi1 etc41 etc41 %[ suffici5tly h[ little ! ,au/rians und]/ood ! ma9 po9t :5 confront$ by a ,buonap>te4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjj x 0 n by ! direct effect ( ! surprise1 b by ! false view :i* ,melas took ( ! possible consequ5ces ( ?is surprise1 t 8 cata/rophe 0 br\ght ab\t4 ,ulm1 9 ! ye> #ahje1 0 ! la/ knot ( a loose network ( sci5tific b extremely feeble /rategic comb9ations1 good en\gh to /op a ,daun or a ,lascy b n a ,buonap>te1 ! ,revolution's ,emp]or4 ,! indecision & emb>rassm5t ( ! ,prussians 9 #ahjf1 proce$$ f antiquat$1 pitiful1 impracticable views & measures be+ mix$ up ) "s lucid ideas & a true feel+ ( ! imm5se importance ( ! mom5t4 ,if !re _h be5 a di/9ct consci\sness & a complete appreciation ( ! position ( ! c\ntry1 h[ c\ld !y h left #cj1jjj m5 9 ,prussia1 & !n ent]ta9$ ! idea ( =m+ a special !atre ( w> 9 ,we/phalia1 & ( ga9+ any results f a trivial (f5sive su* z t = :i* ,ru*el's & ! ,weim> corps 7 int5d$8 & h[ c\ld !y h talk$ ( dang] to magaz9es & loss ( ?is or t /rip ( t]ritory 9 ! la/ mom5ts left = delib]ation8 ,ev5 9 #ahab1 9 t gr&e/ ( all campaigns1 !re 0 no want at fir/ ( uns\nd purposes proce$+ f ! use ( an errone\s /&>d ,scale4 ,9 ! head qu>t]s at ,wilna !re 0 a p>ty ( m5 ( high m>k :o insi/$ on a battle on ! fronti]1 9 ord] t no ho/ile foot %\ld tread on ,russian gr\nd ) impunity4 ,t ?is battle on ! fronti] might be lo/1 nay1 t x w\ld be lo/1 ^! m5 c]ta9ly admitt$2 = al?\gh !y did n "k t !re w\ld be #cjj1jjj ,fr5* to meet #hj1jjj ,russians1 /ill !y knew t ! enemy 0 consid]ably sup]ior 9 numb]s4 ,! *ief error 0 9 ! value :i* !y ascrib$ to ?is battle2 !y ?\ght x w\ld be a lo/ battle1 l _m o!r lo/ battles1 :]eas x may ) c]ta9ty be ass]t$ t ?is great battle on ! fronti] w\ld h produc$ a succession ( ev5ts completely diff]5t to ^? :i* actually took place4 ,ev5 ! camp at ,drissa 0 a measure at ! root ( :i* !re lay a completely errone\s /&>d ) reg>d to ! enemy4 ,if ! ,russian army _h be5 oblig$ to rema9 !re !y w\ld h be5 completely isolat$ & cut (f f e qu>t]1 & !n ! ,fr5* army w\ld n h be5 at a loss = means to compel ! ,russians to lay d[n _! arms4 ,! design] ( t camp nev] ?\ght ( p[] & w on su* a scale z t4 ,b ev5 ,buonap>te sometimes us$ a false /&>d4 ,aft] ! armi/ice ( #ahac he ?\ght to hold 9 *eck ! subord9ate armies ( ! allies "u ,bl*] & ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,sw$5 by corps :i* 7 c]ta9ly n able to (f] any effectual resi/ance1 b :i* might impose suffici5tly on ! cauti\s to prev5t _! risk+ any?+1 z _h s (t5 be5 done 9 prec$+ w>s4 ,he did n reflect suffici5tly on ! reaction proce$+ f ! deep-root$ res5tm5t ) :i* bo? ,bl*] & ,bul[ 7 animat$1 & f ! imm95t dang] 9 :i* !y 7 plac$4 ,9 g5]al1 he "u-e/imat$ ! ent]pris+ _s ( old ,bl*]4 ,at ,leipsic ,bl*] alone wre/$ f him ! victory2 at ,laon ,bl*] might h entirely ru9$ him1 & if he did n d s ! cause lay 9 circum/ances completely out ( ! calculation ( ,buonap>te2 la/ly1 at ,belle-,alliance1 ! p5alty ( ?is mi/ake rea*$ him l a ?und]bolt4 ,,sket*es ,,= ,,book ,,vii ,,! ,,attack ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,attack 9 ,relation to ! ,def5ce ,if two ideas =m an exact logical anti!sis1 t is to say if ! "o is ! complem5t ( ! o!r1 !n1 9 fact1 ea* "o is impli$ 9 ! o!r2 & :5 ! limit$ p[] ( our m9d is insuffici5t to appreh5d bo? at once1 &1 by ! m]e anti!sis1 to recognise 9 ! "o p]fect conception ! totality ( ! o!r also1 /ill1 at all ev5ts1 ! "o always ?r[s on ! o!r a /rong1 & 9 _m p>ts a suffici5t light ,?us we ?9k ! fir/ *apt] on ! def5ce ?r[s a suffici5t light on all ! po9ts ( ! attack :i* x t\*es ^u4 ,b x is n s ?r\gh\t 9 respect ( e po9t2 ! tra9 ( ?\ght c\ld n[h]e be c>ri$ to a f9ality2 x is1 !re=e1 natural t :]e ! opposition ( ideas does n lie s imm$iately at ! root ( ! conception z 9 ! fir/ *apt]s1 all t c be said ab\t ! attack does n foll[ directly f :at has be5 said on ! def5ce4 ,an alt]ation ( our po9t ( view br+s u ne>] to ! subject1 & x is natural = u to obs]ve1 at ?is clos] po9t ( view1 t :i* escap$ obs]vation at our =m] /&po9t4 ,:at is ?us p]ceiv$ w1 !re=e1 be ! complem5t ( our =m] tra9 ( ?\ght2 & x w n unfrequ5tly happ5 t :at is said on ! attack w ?r[ a new light on ! def5ce4 ,9 treat+ ( ! attack we %all1 ( c\rse1 v frequ5tly h ! same subjects be=e u ) :i* our att5tion has be5 occupi$ 9 ! def5ce4 ,b we h no int5tion1 nor w\ld x be consi/5t ) ! nature ( ! ?+1 to adopt ! usual plan ( works on eng9e]+1 & 9 treat+ ( ! attack1 to circumv5t or upset all t we h f\nd ( positive value 9 ! def5ce1 by %[+ t aga9/ e means ( def5ce1 !re is an infallible me?od ( attack4 ,! def5ce has its /rong po9ts & weak ones2 if ! fir/ are ev5 n unsurm\ntable1 /ill !y c only be ov]come at a disproportionate price1 & t mu/ rema9 true f :atev] po9t ( view we look at x1 or we get involv$ 9 a contradiction4 ,fur!r1 x is n our int5tion ?or\ghly to review ! reciprocal action ( ! means2 ea* means ( def5ce sugge/s a means ( attack2 b ?is is (t5 s evid5t1 t !re is no occasion to transf] oneself f our /&po9t 9 treat+ ( ! def5ce to a fre% "o = ! attack1 9 ord] to p]ceive x2 ! "o issues f ! o!r ( itself4 ,our object is1 9 ea* subject1 to set =? ! peculi> relations ( ! attack1 s f> z !y d n directly come out ( ! def5ce1 & ?is mode ( treatm5t mu/ necess>ily lead u to _m *apt]s to :i* !re are no correspond+ ones 9 ! def5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,nature ( ! ,/rategical ,attack ,we h se5 t ! def5sive 9 w> g5]ally--!re=e1 also1 ! /rategic def5sive--is no absolute /ate ( expectancy & w>d+ (f1 !re=e no completely passive /ate1 b t x is a relative /ate1 & consequ5tly impregnat$ m or less ) (f5sive pr9ciples4 ,9 ! same way ! (f5sive is no homog5e\s :ole1 b incessantly mix$ up ) ! def5sive4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 t a def5sive1 )\t an (f5sive return bl[1 _c be conceiv$2 t ?is return bl[ is a necess>y con/itu5t "p ( ! def5sive1 :il/ 9 ! attack1 ! bl[ or act is 9 itself "o complete idea4 ,! def5ce 9 itself is n necess>ily a "p ( ! attack2 b "t & space1 to :i* x is insep>ably b\nd1 import into x ! def5sive z a necess>y evil4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 ! attack _c be cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ly up to its conclusion1 x mu/ h /ages ( re/1 & 9 ^! /ages1 :5 its action is neutralis$1 ! /ate ( def5ce /eps 9 ( itself2 9 ! second place1 ! space :i* a milit>y =ce1 9 its advance1 leaves beh9d x1 & :i* is ess5tial to its exi/5ce1 _c always be cov]$ by ! attack itself1 b mu/ be specially protect$4 ,! act ( attack 9 w>1 b p>ticul>ly 9 t bran* :i* is call$ /rategy1 is !re=e a p]petual alt]nat+ & comb9+ ( attack & def5ce2 b ! latt] is n to be reg>d$ z an effectual prep>ation = attack1 z a means by :i* its =ce is height5$1 t is to say1 n z an active pr9ciple1 b purely z a necess>y evil2 z ! ret>d+ weight aris+ f ! specific gravity ( ! mass2 x is its orig9al s91 its se$ ( mortality4 ,we say3 a ret>d+ weight1 because if ! def5ce does n contribute to /r5g!n ! attack1 x mu/ t5d to dim9i% its effect by ! v loss ( "t :i* x repres5ts4 ,b n[1 may n ?is def5sive elem5t1 :i* is conta9$ 9 e attack1 h ov] x a positively disadvantage\s influ5ce8 ,if we suppose ! attack is ! weak]1 ! def5ce ! /rong] =m ( w>1 x seems to foll[ t ! latt] c n act 9 a positive s5se prejudicially on ! =m]2 = z long z we h suffici5t =ce = ! weak] =m1 we %\ld h m ?an en\gh = ! /rong]4 ,9 g5]al--t is1 z reg>ds ! *ief "p--?is is true3 9 its detail we %all analyse x m precisely 9 ! *apt] on ! culm9at+ po9t ( victory2 b we mu/ n =get t t sup]iority ( ! /rategic def5ce is p>tly f\nd$ 9 ?is1 t ! attack itself _c take place )\t a mixture ( def5ce1 & ( a def5sive ( a v weak k9d2 :at ! assailant has to c>ry ab\t ) him ( ?is k9d are its wor/ elem5ts2 ) respect to ^!1 t :i* holds good ( ! :ole1 9 a g5]al s5se1 _c be ma9ta9$2 & !re=e x is conceivable t ! def5sive may act ^u ! attack positively z a weak5+ pr9ciple4 ,x is j 9 ^! mom5ts ( weak def5sive 9 ! attack1 t ! positive action ( ! (f5sive pr9ciple 9 ! def5sive %\ld be introduc$4 ,dur+ ! twelve h\rs re/ :i* usually succe$s a day's "w1 :at a diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! situation ( ! def5d] 9 8 *os51 well-kn[n1 & prep>$ position1 & t ( ! assailant occupy+ a biv\ac1 into :i*--l a bl9d man--he has grop$ 8 way1 or dur+ a long] p]iod ( re/1 requir$ to obta9 provisions & to await re9=cem5ts1 etc41 :5 ! def5d] is close to 8 =tresses & supplies1 :il/ ! situation ( ! assailant1 on ! o!r h&1 is l t ( a bird on a tree4 ,e attack mu/ lead to a def5ce2 :at is to be ! result ( t def5ce1 dep5ds on circum/ances2 ^! circum/ances may be v fav\rable if ! enemy's =ces are de/roy$2 b !y may be v unfav\rable if su* is n ! case4 ,al?\gh ?is def5sive does n belong to ! attack itself1 its nature & effects mu/ re-act on ! attack1 & mu/ take "p 9 det]m9+ its value4 ,! d$uction f ?is view is1 t 9 e attack ! def5sive1 :i* is necess>ily an inh]5t feature 9 ! same1 mu/ come into consid]ation1 9 ord] to see cle>ly ! disadvantages to :i* x is subject1 & to be prep>$ = !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ano!r respect1 ! attack is always 9 itself "o & ! same4 ,b ! def5sive has its gradations accord+ z ! pr9ciple ( expectancy approa*es to an end4 ,?is begets =ms :i* diff] ess5tially f ea* o!r1 z has be5 develop$ 9 ! *apt] on ! =ms ( def5ce4 ,z ! pr9ciple ( ! attack is /rictly active1 & ! def5sive1 :i* connects itself ) x1 is only a dead weight2 !re is1 !re=e1 n ! same k9d ( diff]5ce 9 x4 ,no d\bt1 9 ! en]gy employ$ 9 ! attack1 9 ! rapidity & =ce ( ! bl[1 !re may be a great diff]5ce1 b only a diff]5ce 9 degree1 n 9 =m4--,x is q possible to conceive ev5 t ! assailant may *oose a def5sive =m1 ! bett] to atta9 8 object2 = in/ance1 t he may *oose a /rong position1 t he may be attack$ !re2 b su* in/ances are s r>e t we d n ?9k x necess>y to dwell ^u !m 9 our gr\p+ ( ideas & facts1 :i* are always f\nd$ on ! practical4 ,we may1 !re=e1 say t !re are no su* gradations 9 ! attack z ^? :i* pres5t !mselves 9 ! def5ce4 ,la/ly1 z a rule1 ! ext5t ( ! means ( attack consi/s ( ! arm$ =ce only2 ( c\rse1 we mu/ add to ^! ! =tresses1 = if 9 ! vic9ity ( ! !atre ( w>1 !y h a decid$ influ5ce on ! attack4 ,b ?is influ5ce gradually dim9i%es z ! attack advances2 & x is conceivable t1 9 ! attack1 its own =tresses nev] c play su* an important "p z 9 ! def5ce1 9 :i* !y (t5 become objects ( prim>y importance4 ,! assi/ance ( ! p may be suppos$ 9 co-op]ation ) ! attack1 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry are bett] dispos$ t[>ds ! invad] ( ! c\ntry ?an !y are to _! own army2 f9ally1 ! assailant may also h allies1 b !n !y are only ! result ( special or accid5tal relations1 n an assi/ance proce$+ f ! nature ( ! aggressive4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 9 speak+ ( ! def5ce we h reckon$ =tresses1 popul> insurrections1 & allies z available means ( resi/ance2 we _c d ! same 9 ! attack2 !re !y belong to ! nature ( ! ?+2 "h !y only appe> r>ely1 & = ! mo/ "p accid5tally4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,( ! ,objects ( ,/rategical ,attack ,! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy is ! aim 9 w>2 de/ruction ( ! ho/ile milit>y =ces1 ! means bo? 9 attack & def5ce4 ,by ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's milit>y =ce1 ! def5sive is l$ on to ! (f5sive1 ! (f5sive is l$ by x to ! conque/ ( t]ritory4 ,t]ritory is1 !re=e1 ! object ( ! attack2 b t ne$ n be a :ole c\ntry1 x may be conf9$ to a "p1 a prov9ce1 a /rip ( c\ntry1 a =tress4 ,all ^! ?+s may h a sub/antial value f _! political importance1 9 treat+ = peace1 :e!r !y are reta9$ or ex*ang$4 ,! object ( ! /rategic attack is1 !re=e1 conceivable 9 an inf9ite numb] ( gradations1 f ! conque/ ( ! :ole c\ntry d[n to t ( "s insignificant place4 ,z soon z ?is object is atta9$1 & ! attack ceases1 ! def5sive comm5ces4 ,we may1 !re=e1 repres5t to ourselves ! /rategic attack z a di/9ctly limit$ unit4 ,b x is n s if we consid] ! matt] practically1 t is 9 accordance ) actual ph5om5a4 ,practically ! mom5ts ( ! attack1 t is1 its views & measures1 (t5 glide j z imp]ceptibly into ! def5ce z ! plans ( ! def5ce into ! (f5sive4 ,x is seldom1 or at all ev5ts n always1 t a g5]al lays d[n positively = himself :at he w conqu]1 he leaves t dep5d5t on ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,8 attack (t5 leads him fur!r ?an he _h int5d$2 aft] re/ m or less1 he (t5 gets r5ew$ /r5g?1 )\t our be+ oblig$ to make out ( ?is two q diff]5t acts2 at ano!r "t he is br\ght to a /&/ill soon] ?an he expect$1 )\t1 h[ev]1 giv+ up 8 int5tions1 & *ang+ to a real def5sive4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t if ! successful def5ce may *ange imp]ceptibly into ! (f5sive2 s on ! o!r h& an attack may1 9 l mann]1 *ange into a def5ce4 ,^! gradations mu/ be kept 9 view1 9 ord] to avoid mak+ a wrong application ( :at we h to say ( ! attack 9 g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,decreas+ ,=ce ( ! ,attack ,?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal po9ts 9 /rategy3 on its "r valuation 9 ! concrete1 dep5ds our be+ able to judge correctly :at we are able to d4 ,! decrease ( absolute p[] arises-- #a4 ,?r\gh ! object ( ! attack1 ! occupation ( ! enemy's c\ntry2 ?is g5]ally comm5ces fir/ aft] ! fir/ decision1 b ! attack does n cease ^u ! fir/ decision4 #b4 ,?r\gh ! necessity impos$ on ! attack+ army to gu>d ! c\ntry 9 its re>1 9 ord] to pres]ve its l9e ( communication & means ( subsi/5ce4 #c4 ,?r\gh losses 9 action & ?r\gh sickness4 #d4 ,di/ance ( ! v>i\s depts ( supplies & re9=cem5ts4 #e4 ,sieges & blockades ( =tresses4 #f4 ,relaxation ( ef=ts4 #g4 ,secession ( allies4 ,b frequ5tly1 9 opposition to ^! weak5+ causes1 !re may be _m o!rs :i* contribute to /r5g!n ! attack4 ,x is cle>1 at all ev5ts1 t a net result c only be obta9$ by comp>+ ^! diff]5t quantities2 ?us1 = example1 ! weak5+ ( ! attack may be p>tly or completely comp5sat$1 or ev5 surpass$ by ! weak5+ ( ! def5sive4 ,?is la/ is a case :i* r>ely happ5s2 we _c always br+ into ! comp>ison any m =ces ?an ^? 9 ! imm$iate front or at decisive po9ts1 n ! :ole ( ! =ces 9 ! field4--,diff]5t examples3 ,! ,fr5* 9 ,au/ria & ,prussia1 9 ,russia2 ! allies 9 ,france1 ! ,fr5* 9 ,spa94 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,culm9at+ ,po9t ( ! ,attack ,! success ( ! attack is ! result ( a pres5t sup]iority ( =ce1 x be+ und]/ood t ! moral z well z physical =ces are includ$4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h %[n t ! p[] ( ! attack gradually exhau/s itself2 possibly at ! same "t ! sup]iority may increase1 b 9 mo/ cases x dim9i%es4 ,! assailant buys up prospective advantages :i* are to be turn$ to acc\nt h]eaft] 9 negotiations = peace2 b1 9 ! meantime1 he has to pay d[n on ! spot = !m a c]ta9 am\nt ( 8 milit>y =ce4 ,if a prepond]ance on ! side ( ! attack1 al?\gh ?us daily dim9i%+1 is /ill ma9ta9$ until peace is conclud$1 ! object is atta9$4 ,!re are /rategic attacks :i* h l$ to an imm$iate peace b su* in/ances are r>e2 ! majority1 on ! contr>y1 lead only to a po9t at :i* ! =ces rema9+ are j suffici5t to ma9ta9 a def5sive1 & to wait = peace4 ,beyond t po9t ! scale turns1 !re is a reaction2 ! viol5ce ( su* a reaction is commonly mu* great] ?an ! =ce ( ! bl[4 ,?is we call ! culm9at+ po9t ( ! attack4 ,z ! object ( ! attack is ! possession ( ! enemy's t]ritory1 x foll[s t ! advance mu/ cont9ue till ! sup]iority is exhau/$2 ?is cause1 !re=e1 impels u t[>ds ! ultimate object1 & may easily lead u beyond x4 ,if we reflect ^u ! numb] ( ! elem5ts ( :i* an equation ( ! =ces 9 action is compos$1 we may conceive h[ difficult x is 9 _m cases to det]m9e :i* ( two oppon5ts has ! sup]iority on 8 side4 ,(t5 all hangs on ! silk5 ?read ( imag9ation4 ,ev]y?+ !n dep5ds on discov]+ ! culm9at+ po9t by ! f9e tact ( judgm5t4 ,"h we come ^u a seem+ contradiction4 ,! def5ce is /rong] ?an ! attack2 !re=e we %\ld ?9k t ! latt] c nev] lead u too f>1 = z long z ! weak] =m rema9s /rong en\gh = :at is requir$1 ! /rong] =m ought to be /ill m s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,de/ruction ( ! ,enemy's ,armies ,! de/ruction ( ! enemy's arm$ =ces is ! means to ! end--,:at is meant by ?is--,! price x co/s--,diff]5t po9ts ( view :i* are possible 9 respect to ! subject4 #a1 only to de/roy z _m z ! object ( ! attack requires4 #b1 or z _m on ! :ole z is possible4 #c1 ! sp>+ ( our own =ces z ! pr9cipal po9t ( view4 #d1 ?is may aga9 be c>ri$ s f>1 t ! assailant does no?+ t[>ds ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce except :5 a fav\rable opportunity (f]s1 :i* may also be ! case ) reg>d to ! object ( ! attack1 z already m5tion$ 9 ! ?ird *apt]4 ,! only means ( de/roy+ ! enemy's arm$ =ce is by combat1 b ?is may be done 9 two ways3 #a1 directly1 #b1 indirectly1 ?r\gh a comb9ation ( combats4--,if1 !re=e1 ! battle is ! *ief means1 /ill x is n ! only means4 ,! capture ( a =tress or ( a portion ( t]ritory1 is 9 itself really a de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce1 & x may also lead to a /ill great] de/ruction1 & !re=e1 also1 be an indirect means4 ,! occupation ( an undef5d$ /rip ( t]ritory1 !re=e1 9 addition to ! value :i* x has z a direct fulfilm5t ( ! end1 may also reckon z a de/ruction ( ! enemy's =ce z well4 ,! manuvr+1 s z to draw an enemy out ( a di/rict ( c\ntry :i* he has occupi$1 is some:at simil>1 & mu/1 !re=e1 only be look$ at f ! same po9t ( view1 & n z a success ( arms1 prop]ly speak+--,^! means are g5]ally e/imat$ at m ?an !y are wor?--!y h seldom ! value ( a battle2 besides :i* x is always to be fe>$ t ! disadvantage\s position to :i* !y lead1 w be ov]look$2 !y are s$uctive ?r\gh ! l[ price :i* !y co/4 ,we mu/ always consid] means ( ?is description z small inve/m5ts1 f :i* only small pr(its are to be expect$2 z means suit$ only to v limit$ ,/ate relations & weak motives4 ,!n !y are c]ta9ly bett] ?an battles )\t a purpose--?an victories1 ! results ( :i* _c be realis$ to ! full4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! ,(f5sive ,battle ,:at we h said ab\t ! def5sive battle ?r[s a /rong light ^u ! (f5sive also4 ,we !re _h 9 view t class ( battle 9 :i* ! def5sive appe>s mo/ decid$ly pron\nc$1 9 ord] t we might convey a m vivid impression ( its nature2--b only ! few] numb] are ( t k9d2 mo/ battles are demir5contres 9 :i* ! def5sive "* disappe>s to a great ext5t4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! (f5sive battle3 x pres]ves its "* "u all circum/ances1 & c keep up t "* ! m boldly1 z ! def5d] is out ( 8 prop] esse4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ! battle :i* is n purely def5sive & 9 ! real r5contres1 !re always rema9s also some?+ ( ! diff]5ce ( ! "* ( ! battle on ! "o side & on ! o!r4 ,! *ief di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ! (f5sive battle is ! manuvre to turn or surr\nd1 !re=e1 ! initiative z well4 ,a combat 9 l9es1 =m$ to envelope1 has evid5tly 9 itself great advantages2 x is1 h[ev]1 a subject ( tactics4 ,! attack mu/ n give up ^! advantages because ! def5ce has a means ( c\nt]act+ !m2 = ! attack itself _c make use ( t means1 inasmu* z x is "o t is too closely dep5d5t ^u o!r ?+s connect$ ) ! def5ce4 ,to be able 9 turn to op]ate ) success aga9/ ! flanks ( an enemy1 ^: aim is to turn our l9e1 x is necess>y to h a well *os5 & well prep>$ position4 ,b :at is mu* m important is1 t all ! advantages :i* ! def5sive possesses1 _c be made use (2 mo/ def5ces are poor make%ifts2 ! great] numb] ( def5d]s f9d !mselves 9 a v h>ass+ & critical position1 9 :i*1 expect+ ! wor/1 !y meet ! attack half way4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t battles =m$ ) envelop+ l9es1 or ev5 ) an oblique front1 :i* %\ld prop]ly result f an advantage\s relation ( ! l9es ( communication1 are commonly ! result ( a moral & physical prepond]ance 7,m>5go1 ,au/]litz1 ,j5a74 ,besides1 9 ! fir/ battle f\ght1 ! base ( ! assailant1 if n sup]ior to t ( ! def5d]1 is /ill mo/ly v wide 9 ext5t1 on acc\nt ( ! proximity ( ! fronti]2 he c1 !re=e1 af=d to v5ture a little4--,! flank-attack1 t is1 ! battle ) oblique front1 is moreov] g5]ally m efficaci\s ?an ! envelop+ =m4 ,x is an errone\s idea t an envelop+ /rategic advance f ! v comm5cem5t mu/ be connect$ ) x1 z at ,prague4 7,t /rategic measure has seldom any?+ 9 common ) x1 & is v haz>d\s2 ( :i* we %all speak fur!r 9 ! attack ( a !atre ( w>47 ,z x is an object ) ! comm&] 9 ! def5sive battle to delay ! decision z long z possible1 & ga9 "t1 because a def5sive battle undecid$ at sunset is commonly "o ga9$3 !re=e ! comm&]1 9 ! (f5sive battle1 requires to ha/5 ! decision2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a great risk 9 too mu* ha/e1 because x leads to a wa/e ( =ces4 ,"o peculi>ity 9 ! (f5sive battle is ! unc]ta9ty1 9 mo/ cases1 z to ! position ( ! enemy2 x is a complete grop+ ab\t among/ ?+s t are unkn[n 7,au/]litz1 ,wagram1 ,hoh5l9d51 ,j5a1 ,katzba*74 ,! m ?is is ! case1 s mu* ! m conc5tration ( =ces becomes p>am\nt1 & turn+ a flank to be pref]r$ to surr\nd+4 ,t ! pr9cipal fruits ( victory are fir/ ga!r$ 9 ! pursuit1 we h already le>nt 9 ! twelf? *apt] ( ! #d? ,book4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?+1 ! pursuit is m an integral "p ( ! :ole action 9 ! (f5sive ?an 9 ! def5sive battle4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,passage ( ,riv]s #a4 ,a l>ge riv] :i* crosses ! direction ( ! attack is always v inconv5i5t = ! assailant3 = :5 he has cross$ x he is g5]ally limit$ to "o po9t ( passage1 &1 !re=e1 unless he rema9s close to ! riv] he becomes v mu* hamp]$ 9 8 movem5ts4 ,:e!r he m$itates br++ on a decisive battle aft] cross+1 or may expect ! enemy to attack him1 he exposes himself to great dang]2 !re=e1 )\t a decid$ sup]iority1 bo? 9 moral & physical =ce1 a g5]al w n place himself 9 su* a position4 #b4 ,f ?is m]e disadvantage ( plac+ a riv] beh9d an army1 a riv] is mu* (t5] capable ( def5ce ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,if we suppose t ?is def5ce is n consid]$ ! only means ( safety1 b is s plann$ t ev5 if x fails1 /ill a /& c be made ne> ! riv]1 !n ! assailant 9 8 calculations mu/ add to ! resi/ance :i* he may exp]i5ce 9 ! def5ce ( ! riv]1 all ! advantages m5tion$ 9 ,no4 #a1 z be+ on ! side ( ! def5d] ( a riv]1 & ! effect ( ! two toge!r is1 t we usually see g5]als %[ great respect to a riv] be=e !y attack x if x is def5d$4 #c4 ,b 9 ! prec$+ book we h se51 t "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! real def5ce ( a riv] promises "r good results2 & if we ref] to exp]i5ce1 we mu/ all[ t su* results foll[ 9 reality mu* m frequ5tly ?an !ory promises1 because 9 !ory we only calculate ) real circum/ances z we f9d !m take place1 :ile 9 ! execution1 ?+s commonly appe> to ! assailant mu* m difficult ?an !y really are1 & !y become !re=e a great] clog on 8 action4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 an attack :i* is n int5d$ to end 9 a great solution1 & :i* is n conduct$ ) ?or\gh en]gy1 we may be sure t 9 c>ry+ x out a numb] ( little ob/acles & accid5ts1 :i* no !ory c\ld calculate ^u1 w />t up to ! disadvantage ( ! assailant1 because he is ! act+ p>ty1 & mu/1 !re=e1 come fir/ into collision ) su* imp$im5ts4 ,let u j ?9k = a mom5t h[ (t5 "s ( ! insignificant riv]s ( ,lomb>dy h be5 successfully def5d$6--,if1 on ! o!r h&1 cases may also be f\nd 9 milit>y hi/ory1 9 :i* ! def5ce ( riv]s has fail$ to realise :at 0 expect$ ( !m1 t lies 9 ! extravagant results sometimes look$ = f ?is means2 results n f\nd$ 9 any k9d ( way on its tactical nature1 b m]ely on its well-kn[n efficacy1 to :i* p h ?\ght !re 7 no b\nds4 #d4 ,x is only :5 ! def5d] commits ! mi/ake ( plac+ 8 entire dep5d5ce on ! def5ce ( a riv]1 s t 9 case x is =c$ he becomes involv$ 9 great difficulty1 9 a k9d ( cata/rophe1 x is only !n t ! def5ce ( a riv] c be look$ ^u z a =m ( def5ce fav\rable to ! attack1 = x is c]ta9ly easi] to =ce ! passage ( a riv] ?an to ga9 an ord9>y battle4 #e4 ,x foll[s ( itself f :at has j be5 said t ! def5ce ( a riv] may become ( great value if no great solution is desir$1 b :]e t is to be expect$1 ei!r f ! sup]ior numb]s or en]gy ( ! enemy1 !n ?is means1 if wrongly us$1 may turn to ! positive advantage ( ! assailant4 #f4 ,!re are v few riv]-l9es ( def5ce :i* _c be turn$ ei!r on ! :ole l5g? or at "s p>ticul> po9t4 ,!re=e ! assailant1 sup]ior 9 numb]s & b5t ^u s]i\s bl[s1 has ! means ( mak+ a demon/ration at "o po9t & pass+ at ano!r1 & !n by sup]ior numb]s1 & advanc+1 reg>dless ( all opposition1 he c repair any disadvantage\s relations 9 :i* he may h be5 plac$ by ! issue ( ! fir/ enc\nt]s3 = 8 g5]al sup]iority w enable him to d s4 ,x v r>ely happ5s t ! passage ( a riv] is actually tactically =c$ by ov]p[]+ ! enemy's pr9cipal po/ by ! effect ( sup]ior fire & great] val\r on ! "p ( ! troops1 & ! expression1 =c+ a passage is only to be tak5 9 a /rategic s5se1 9 s f> t ! assailant by 8 passage at an undef5d$ or only slightly def5d$ po9t )9 ! l9e ( def5ce1 braves all ! dang]s :i*1 9 ! def5d]'s view1 %\ld result to him ?r\gh ! cross+4--,b ! wor/ :i* an assailant c d1 is to attempt a real passage at sev]al po9ts1 unless !y lie close to ea* o!r & admit ( all ! troops jo9+ 9 ! combat2 = z ! def5d] mu/ necess>ily h 8 =ces sep>at$1 !re=e1 if ! assailant fractions 8 9 l mann]1 he ?r[s away 8 natural advantage4 ,9 t way ,belleg>de lo/ ! battle on ! ,m9cio1 #ahad1 :]e by *ance bo? armies pass$ at diff]5t po9ts at ! same "t1 & ! ,au/rians 7 m divid$ ?an ! ,fr5*4 #g4 ,if ! def5d] rema9s on ?is side ( ! riv]1 x necess>ily foll[s t !re are two ways to ga9 a /rategic advantage ov] him3 ei!r to pass at "s po9t1 reg>dless ( 8 position1 & s to outbid him 9 ! same means1 or to give battle4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! relations ( ! base & l9es ( communications %\ld *iefly decide1 b x (t5 happ5s t special circum/ances ex]cise m influ5ce ?an g5]al relations2 he :o c *oose ! be/ positions1 :o kn[s be/ h[ to make 8 dispositions1 :o is bett] obey$1 ^: army m>*es fa/e/1 etc41 may cont5d ) advantage aga9/ g5]al circum/ances4 ,z reg>ds ! second means1 x presupposes on ! "p ( ! assailant ! means1 suitable relations1 & ! det]m9ation to fight2 b :5 ^! conditions may be presuppos$1 ! def5d] w n readily v5ture ^u ?is mode ( def5d+ a riv]4 #h4 ,z a f9al result1 we mu/ !re=e give z our op9ion t1 al?\gh ! passage ( a riv] 9 itself r>ely pres5ts great difficulties1 yet 9 all cases n imm$iately connect$ ) a great decision1 s _m appreh5sions ( ! consequ5ces & ( future complications are b\nd up ) x1 t at all ev5ts ! progress ( ! assailant may easily be s f> arre/$ t he ei!r leaves ! def5d] on ?is side ! riv]1 or he passes1 & !n rema9s close to ! riv]4 ,= x r>ely happ5s t two armies rema9 any l5g? ( "t confront+ "o ano!r on diff]5t sides ( a riv]4 ,b also 9 cases ( a great solution1 a riv] is an important object2 x always weak5s & d]anges ! (f5sive2 & ! mo/ =tunate ?+1 9 ?is case is1 if ! def5d] is induc$ ?r\gh t to look ^u ! riv] z a tactical b>ri]1 & to make ! p>ticul> def5ce ( t b>ri] ! pr9cipal act ( 8 resi/ance1 s t ! assailant at once obta9s ! advantage ( be+ able to /rike a decisive bl[ 9 a v easy mann]4--,c]ta9ly1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ?is bl[ w nev] am\nt to a complete defeat ( ! enemy1 b x w consi/ ( sev]al advantage\s combats1 & ^! br+ ab\t a /ate ( g5]al relations v adv]se to ! enemy1 z happ5$ to ! ,au/rians on ! ,l[] ,rh9e1 #agif4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,attack on ,def5sive ,positions ,9 ! book on ! def5ce1 x has be5 suffici5tly expla9$ h[ f> def5sive positions c compel ! assailant ei!r to attack !m1 or to give up 8 advance4 ,only ^? :i* c effect ?is are subs]vi5t to our object1 & suit$ to we> out or neutralise ! =ces ( ! aggressor1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 & 9 s f> ! attack c d no?+ aga9/ su* positions1 t is to say1 !re are no means at its disposal by :i* to c\nt]-balance ?is advantage4 ,b def5sive positions are n all really ( ?is k9d4 ,if ! assailant sees he c pursue 8 object )\t attack+ su* a position1 x w\ld be an error to make ! attack2 if he _c foll[ out 8 object1 !n x is a "q :e!r he _c manuvre ! enemy out ( 8 position by ?reat5+ 8 flank4 ,x is only if su* means are ineffectual1 t a comm&] det]m9es on ! attack ( a good position1 & !n an attack direct$ aga9/ "o side1 always 9 g5]al pres5ts ! less difficulty2 b ! *oice ( ! side mu/ dep5d on ! position & direction ( ! mutual l9es ( retreat1 consequ5tly1 on ! ?reat5+ ! enemy's retreat1 & cov]+ our own4 ,betwe5 ^! two objects a competition may arise1 9 :i* case ! fir/ is entitl$ to ! pref]5ce1 z x is ( an (f5sive nature2 !re=e homog5e\s ) ! attack1 :il/ ! o!r is ( a def5sive "*4 ,b x is c]ta91 & may be reg>d$ z a tru? ( ! fir/ importance1 t to attack an enemy ?or\ghly inur$ to w>1 9 a good position1 is a critical ?+4 ,no d\bt in/ances are n want+ ( su* battles1 & ( successful ones too1 z ,torgau1 ,wagram 7we d n say ,dresd51 because we _c call ! enemy !re q agu]ri$72 b ^u ! :ole1 ! dang] is small1 & x vani%es altoge!r1 oppos$ to ! inf9ite numb] ( cases 9 :i* we h se5 ! mo/ resolute comm&]s make _! b[ be=e su* positions4 7,torres ,v$ras47 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 confuse ! subject n[ be=e u ) ord9>y battles4 ,mo/ battles are real 8r5contres10 9 :i* "o p>ty c]ta9ly occupies a position1 b "o :i* has n be5 prep>$4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,attack on an ,entr5*$ ,camp ,x 0 = a "t ! fa%ion to speak ) contempt ( entr5*m5ts & _! utility4 ,! cordon l9es ( ! ,fr5* fronti]1 :i* _h be5 (t5 bur/ ?r\gh2 ! entr5*$ camp at ,breslau 9 :i* ! ,duke ( ,bev]n 0 defeat$1 ! battle ( ,torgau1 & sev]al o!r cases1 l$ to ?is op9ion ( _! value2 & ! victories ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ga9$ by ! pr9ciple ( movem5t & ! use ( ! (f5sive1 ?rew a fre% light on all k9d ( def5sive action1 all fight+ 9 a fix$ position1 p>ticul>ly 9 intr5*m5ts1 & br\ght !m /ill m into contempt4 ,c]ta9ly1 :5 a few ?\s& m5 are to def5d sev]al miles ( c\ntry1 & :5 entr5*m5ts are no?+ m ?an dit*es rev]s$1 !y are wor? no?+1 & !y con/itute a dang]\s sn>e ?r\gh ! confid5ce :i* is plac$ 9 !m4 ,b is x n inconsi/5t1 or r nons5sical1 to ext5d ?is view ev5 to ! idea ( field =tification1 9 a m]e swagg]+ _s 7z ,templeh( does78 ,:at w\ld be ! object ( entr5*m5ts g5]ally1 if n to /r5g!n ! def5ce8 ,no1 n only reason b exp]i5ce1 9 hundr$s & ?\s&s ( in/ances1 %[ t a well-trac$1 suffici5tly mann$1 & well def5d$ entr5*m5t is1 z a rule1 to be look$ ^u z an impregnable po9t1 & is also s reg>d$ by ! attack4 ,/>t+ f ?is po9t ( ! effici5cy ( a s+le entr5*m5t1 we argue t !re c be no d\bt z to ! attack ( an entr5*$ camp be+ a mo/ difficult und]tak+1 & "o 9 :i* g5]ally x w be impossible = ! assailant to succe$4 ,x is consi/5t ) ! nature ( an entr5*$ camp t x %\ld be weakly g>rison$2 b ) good1 natural ob/acles ( gr\nd & /rong field works1 x is possible to bid defiance to sup]ior numb]s4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great consid]$ ! attack ( ! camp ( ,pirna z impracticable1 al?\gh he _h at 8 comm& d\ble ! =ce ( ! g>rison2 & al?\gh x has be5 s9ce ass]t$1 "h & !re1 t x 0 q possible to h tak5 x2 ! only pro( 9 fav\r ( ?is ass]tion is f\nd$ on ! bad condition ( ! ,saxon troops2 an argum5t :i* does n at all detract 9 any way f ! value ( entr5*m5ts4 ,b x is a "q1 :e!r ^? :o h s9ce cont5d$ n only = ! feasibility b also = ! facility ( ! attack1 w\ld h made up _! m9ds to execute x at ! "t4 ,we1 !re=e1 ?9k t ! attack ( an entr5*$ camp belongs to ! category ( q exceptional means on ! "p ( ! (f5sive4 ,x is only if ! entr5*m5ts h be5 ?r[n up 9 ha/e are n complet$1 /ill less /r5g!d by ob/acles to prev5t _! be+ approa*$1 or :51 z is (t5 ! case tak5 altoge!r1 ! :ole camp is only an outl9e ( :at x 0 int5d$ to be1 a half-f9i%$ ru91 t !n an attack on x may be advisable1 & at ! same "t become ! road to ga9 an easy conque/ ov] ! enemy4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,attack on a ,m\nta9 ,f ! fif? & foll[+ *apt]s ( ! six? book1 may be d$uc$ suffici5tly ! /rategic relations ( a m\nta9 g5]ally1 bo? z reg>ds ! def5ce & ! attack4 ,we h also !re endeav\r$ to expla9 ! "p :i* a m\nta9 plays z a l9e ( def5ce1 prop]ly s call$1 & f t naturally foll[s h[ x is to be look$ ^u 9 ?is signification f ! side ( ! assailant4 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 little = u to say "h on ?is important subject4 ,our *ief result 0 !re t ! def5ce mu/ *oose z 8 po9t ( view a second>y combat1 or ! entirely diff]5t "o ( a great g5]al action2 t 9 ! fir/ case ! attack ( a m\nta9 c only be reg>d$ z a necess>y evil1 because all ! circum/ances are unfav\rable to x2 b 9 ! second case ! advantages are on ! side ( ! attack4 ,an attack1 !re=e1 arm$ ) ! means & ! resolution = a battle1 w give ! enemy a meet+ 9 ! m\nta9s1 & c]ta9ly f9d 8 acc\nt 9 s do+4 ,b we mu/ "h once m repeat t x w be difficult to obta9 respect = ?is conclusion1 because x runs c\nt] to appe>ances1 & is also1 at fir/ sight1 contr>y to ! exp]i5ce ( w>4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 9 mo/ cases hi!rto1 t an army press+ =w>d to ! attack 7:e!r seek+ a great g5]al action or n71 has consid]$ x an unusual piece ( good =tune if ! enemy has n occupi$ ! int]v5+ m\nta9s1 & has itself !n ha/5$ to be be=eh& 9 ! occupation ( !m4 ,no "o w f9d ?is =e/all+ ( ! enemy 9 any way inconsi/5t ) ! int]e/s ( ! assailant2 9 our view ?is is also q admissible1 only we mu/ po9t out cle>ly a f9e di/9ction "h betwe5 circum/ances4 ,an army advanc+ aga9/ ! enemy1 ) ! design ( br++ him to a g5]al action1 if x has to pass ov] an unoccupi$ range ( m\nta91 has naturally to appreh5d t ! enemy may1 at ! la/ mom5t1 block up ^? v passes :i* x proposes to use on its m>*3 9 su* a case1 ! assailant w by no means h ! same advantages z if ! enemy occupi$ m]ely an ord9>y m\nta9 position4 ,! latt] is1 = in/ance1 n !n 9 a position ext5d$ beyond measure1 nor is he 9 unc]ta9ty z to ! road :i* ! assailant w take2 ! assailant has n be5 able to *oose 8 road ) ref]5ce to ! enemy's position1 & !re=e ?is battle 9 ! m\nta9s is n !n unit$ ) all ^? advantages on 8 side ( :i* we h spok5 9 ! six? book2 "u su* circum/ances1 ! def5d] might be f\nd 9 an impregnable position--,accord+ to ?is1 ! def5d] might ev5 h means at 8 comm& ( mak+ advantage\s use ( ! m\nta9s = a great battle4--,?is is1 at any rate1 possible2 b if we reflect on ! difficulties :i* ! def5d] w\ld h to enc\nt] 9 e/abli%+ himself 9 a /rong position 9 ! m\nta9s j at ! la/ mom5t1 p>ticul>ly if he has left x entirely unoccupi$ be=e1 we may put d[n ?is means ( def5ce z "o ^u :i* no dep5d5ce c be plac$1 & !re=e z "o1 ! probability ( :i* ! assailant has little reason to dread4 ,b ev5 if x is a v improbable case1 yet /ill x is natural to fe> x2 = 9 w>1 _m a ?+ is v natural1 & yet 9 a c]ta9 measure sup]flu\s4 ,b ano!r measure :i* ! assailant has to appreh5d "h is1 a prelim9>y def5ce ( ! m\nta9s by an advanc$ gu>d or *a9 ( outpo/s4 ,?is means1 also1 w seldom accord ) ! int]e/s ( ! def5d]2 b ! assailant has n ! means ( disc]n+ h[ f> x may be b5eficial to ! def5d] or o!rwise1 & !re=e he has only to provide aga9/ ! wor/4 ,fur!r1 our view by no means excludes ! possibility ( a position be+ q unassailable f ! m\nta9\s "* ( ! gr\nd3 !re are su* positions :i* are n1 on t acc\nt1 9 ! m\nta9s 7,pirna1 ,s*motseif51 ,meiss51 ,feldkir*71 & x is j because !y are n 9 ! m\nta9s1 t !y are s well suit$ = def5ce4 ,we may also v well conceive t positions may be f\nd 9 m\nta9s !mselves :]e ! def5d] might avoid ! ord9>y disadvantages ( m\nta9-positions1 z1 = in/ance1 on l(ty plateaux2 b !y are n common1 & we c only take into our view ! g5]ality ( cases4 ,x is j 9 milit>y hi/ory t we see h[ little m\nta9-positions are suit$ to decisive def5sive battles1 = great g5]als h always pref]r$ a position 9 ! pla9s1 :5 x 0 _! object to fight a battle ( ! fir/ ord]2 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( milit>y hi/ory1 !re are no examples ( decisive battles 9 ! m\nta9s1 except 9 ! ,revolution>y ,w>s1 & ev5 !re x 0 pla9ly a false application & analogy :i* l$ to ! use ( m\nta9-positions1 :]e ( necessity a decisive battle _h to be f\ght 7#agic & #agid 9 ! ,vosges1 & #agie1 #agif1 & #agig 9 ,italy74 ,melas has be5 g5]ally blam$ = n hav+ occupi$ ! ,alp9e passes 9 #ahjj2 b su* criticisms are no?+ m ?an 8e>ly notions0--we might say--*ildlike judgm5ts f\nd$ on appe>ances4 ,buonap>te1 9 ,mela's place1 w\ld j z little h ?\ght ( occupy+ ! passes4 ,! dispositions = ! attack ( m\nta9-positions are mo/ly ( a tactical nature2 b we ?9k x necess>y to ins]t "h ! foll[+ rem>ks z to ! g5]al outl9e1 consequ5tly z to ^? p>ts :i* come into imm$iate contact )1 & are co9cid5t )1 /rategy4 #a4 ,z we _c move wide ( ! roads 9 m\nta9s z we c 9 o!r di/ricts1 & =m two or ?ree columns out ( "o1 :5 ! exig5cy ( ! mom5t requires t ! mass ( ! troops %\ld be divid$2 b1 on ! contr>y1 we are g5]ally conf9$ to long defiles2 ! advance 9 m\nta9s mu/ g5]ally be made on sev]al roads1 or r ^u a some:at broad] front4 #b4 ,aga9/ a m\nta9 l9e ( def5ce ( wide ext5t1 ! attack mu/ naturally be made ) conc5trat$ =ces2 to surr\nd ! :ole _c be ?\ght ( !re1 & if an important result is to be ga9$ f victory1 x mu/ be obta9$ r by bur/+ ?r\gh ! enemy's l9e1 & sep>at+ ! w+s1 ?an by surr\nd+ ! =ce1 & s cutt+ x (f4 ,a rapid1 cont9u\s advance ^u ! enemy's pr9cipal l9e ( retreat is !re ! natural endeav\r ( ! assailant4 #c4 ,b if ! enemy to be attack$ occupies a position some:at conc5trat$1 turn+ movem5ts are an ess5tial "p ( ! s*eme ( attack1 z ! front attacks fall ^u ! mass ( ! def5d]'s =ces2 b ! turn+ movem5ts aga9 mu/ be made m ) a view to cutt+ (f ! enemy's retreat1 ?an z a tactical roll+ up ( ! flank or attack on ! re>2 = m\nta9 positions are capable ( a prolong$ resi/ance ev5 9 re> if =ces are n want+1 & ! quicke/ result is inv>iably to be expect$ only f ! enemy's appreh5sion ( los+ 8 l9e ( retreat2 ?is sort ( uneas9ess arises soon]1 & acts m p[]fully 9 m\nta9s1 because1 :5 x comes to ! wor/1 x is n s easy to make room sword 9 h&4 ,a m]e demon/ration is no suffici5t means "h2 x might c]ta9ly manuvre ! enemy out ( 8 position1 b w\ld n ensure any special result2 ! aim mu/ !re=e be to cut him (f1 9 reality1 f 8 l9e ( retreat4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,attack on ,cordon ,l9es ,if a supreme decision %\ld lie 9 _! def5ce & _! attack1 !y place ! assailant 9 an advantage\s situation1 = _! wide ext5t is /ill m 9 opposition to all ! requirem5ts ( a decisive battle ?an ! direct def5ce ( a riv] or a m\nta9 range4 ,eug5e's l9es ( ,d5a91 #agab1 are an illu/ration to ! po9t "h1 = _! loss 0 q equal to a complete defeat1 b ,vill>s w\ld h>dly h ga9$ su* a victory aga9/ ,eug5e 9 a conc5trat$ position4 ,if ! (f5sive side does n possess ! means requir$ = a decisive battle1 !n ev5 l9es are treat$ ) respect1 t is1 if !y are occupi$ by ! ma9 body ( an army2 = in/ance1 ^? ( ,/ollh(51 held by ,l\is ( ,bad5 9 ! ye> #agjc1 7 respect$ ev5 by ,vill>s4 ,b if !y are only held by a second>y =ce1 !n x is m]ely a "q ( ! /r5g? ( ! corps :i* we c sp>e = _! attack4 ,! resi/ance 9 su* cases is seldom great1 b at ! same "t ! result ( ! victory is seldom wor? mu*4 ,! circumvallation l9es ( a besieg] h a peculi> "*1 ( :i* we %all speak 9 ! *apt] on ! attack ( a !atre ( w>4 ,all positions ( ! cordon k9d1 z1 = in/ance1 entr5*$ l9es ( outpo/s1 etc41 etc41 h always ?is prop]ty1 t !y c be easily brok5 ?r\gh2 b :5 !y are n =c$ ) a view ( go+ fur!r & br++ on a decision1 !re is s little to be ga9$ 9 g5]al by ! attack1 t x h>dly repays ! tr\ble exp5d$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,manuvr+ #a4 ,we h already t\*$ ^u ?is subject 9 ! ?irtie? *apt] ( ! six? book4 ,x is "o :i* conc]ns ! def5ce & ! attack 9 common2 nev]!less x has always 9 x some?+ m ( ! nature ( ! (f5sive ?an ! def5sive4 ,we %all !re=e n[ exam9e x m ?or\ghly4 #b4 ,manuvr+ is n only ! opposite ( execut+ ! (f5sive by =ce1 by means ( great battles2 x /&s also oppos$ to e su* execution ( ! (f5sive z proce$s directly f (f5sive means1 let x be ei!r an op]ation aga9/ ! enemy's communications1 or l9e ( retreat1 a div]sion1 etc41 etc4 #c4 ,if we adh]e to ! ord9>y use ( ! ^w1 !re is 9 ! conception ( manuvr+ an effect :i* is fir/ produc$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 f no?+1 t is1 f a /ate ( re/ or equilibrium ?r\gh ! mi/akes into :i* ! enemy is entic$4 ,x is l ! fir/ moves 9 a game ( *ess4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a game ( ev5ly-balanc$ p[]s1 to obta9 results f fav\rable opportunity1 & !n to use ^! z an advantage ov] ! enemy4 #d4 ,b ^? int]e/s :i*1 p>tly z ! f9al object1 p>tly z ! pr9cipal supports 7pivot7 ( action1 mu/ be consid]$ 9 ?is matt]1 are *iefly3-- 7a47 ,! subsi/5ce f :i* x is our object to cut (f ! enemy1 or to imp$e 8 obta9+4 7b47 ,! junction ) o!r corps4 7c47 ,! ?reat5+ o!r communications ) ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 or ) o!r armies or corps4 7d47 ,?reat5+ ! retreat4 7e47 ,attack ( isolat$ po9ts ) sup]ior =ces ,^! five int]e/s may e/abli% !mselves 9 ! smalle/ features ( detail belong+ to any p>ticul> situation2 & any su* object !n becomes1 on t acc\nt1 a po9t r\nd :i* ev]y?+ = a "t revolves4 ,a bridge1 a road1 or an entr5*m5t1 (t5 ?us plays ! pr9cipal "p4 ,x is easy to %[ 9 ea* case t x is only ! relation :i* any su* object has to "o ( ! above int]e/s :i* gives x importance4 7f47 ,! result ( a successful manuvre1 !n1 is = ! (f5sive1 or r = ! active p>ty 7:i* may c]ta9ly be j z well ! def5sive71 a piece ( l&1 a magaz9e1 etc4 7g47 ,9 a /rategic manuvre two conv]se propositions appe>1 :i* look l diff]5t manuvres1 & h sometimes s]v$ = ! d]ivation ( false maxims & rules1 & h f\r bran*es1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 9 reality1 all necess>y con/itu5ts ( ! same ?+1 & are to be reg>d$ z su*4 ,! fir/ anti!sis is ! surr\nd+ ! enemy1 & ! op]at+ on int]ior l9es2 ! second is ! conc5tration ( =ces1 & _! ext5sion ov] sev]al po/s4 7h47 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ anti!sis1 we c]ta9ly _c say t "o ( its memb]s des]ves a g5]al pref]5ce ov] ! o!r2 = p>tly x is natural t action ( "o k9d calls =? ! o!r z its natural c\nt]poise1 its true rem$y2 p>tly ! envelop+ =m is homog5e\s to ! attack1 b ! use ( int]ior l9es to ! def5ce2 & !re=e1 9 mo/ cases1 ! fir/ is m suitable to ! (f5sive side1 ! latt] to ! def5sive4 ,t =m w ga9 ! upp] h& :i* is us$ ) ! greate/ skill4 7i47 ,! bran*es ( ! o!r anti!sis c j z little be class$ ! "o above ! o!r4 ,! /rong] =ce has ! *oice ( ext5d+ itself ov] sev]al po/s2 by t means he w obta9 = himself a conv5i5t /rategic situation1 & lib]ty ( action 9 _m respects1 & sp>e ! physical p[]s ( 8 troops4 ,! weak]1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ keep himself m conc5trat$1 & seek by rapidity ( movem5t to c\nt]act ! disadvantage ( 8 inf]ior numb]s4 ,?is great] mobility supposes great] read9ess 9 m>*+4 ,! weak] mu/ !re=e put a great] /ra9 on 8 physical & moral =ces1--a f9al result :i* we mu/ naturally come ^u ev]y:]e if we w\ld always be consi/5t1 & :i*1 !re=e1 we reg>d1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 z ! logical te/ ( ! reason+4 ,! campaigns ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great aga9/ ,daun1 9 ! ye>s #agei & #agfj1 & aga9/ ,laudon1 #agfa1 & ,montecuculis aga9/ ,tur5ne 9 #afgc1 #afge1 h always be5 reckon$ ! mo/ sci5tific comb9ations ( ?is k9d1 & f !m we h *iefly d]iv$ our view4 7j47 ,j z ! f\r p>ts ( ! two anti!ses above suppos$ mu/ n be abus$ by be+ made ! f\ndation ( false maxims & rules1 s we mu/ also give a caution aga9/ atta*+ to o!r g5]al relations1 su* z base1 gr\nd1 etc41 an importance & a decisive influ5ce :i* !y d n 9 reality possess4 ,! small] ! int]e/s at /ake1 s mu* ! m important ! details ( "t & place become1 s mu* ! m t :i* is g5]al & great falls into ! backgr\nd1 hav+1 9 a c]ta9 measure no place 9 small calculations4 ,is !re to be f\nd1 view$ g5]ally1 a m absurd situation ?an t ( ,tur5ne 9 #afge1 :5 he /ood ) 8 back close to ! ,rh9e1 8 army along a l9e ( ?ree miles 9 ext5t1 & ) 8 bridge ( retreat at ! extremity ( 8 "r w+8 ,b 8 measures answ]$ _! object1 & x is n )\t reason t !y are ackn[l$g$ to %[ a high degree ( skill & intellig5ce4 ,we c only und]/& ?is result & ?is skill :5 we look m closely into details1 & judge ( !m accord+ to ! value :i* !y mu/ h _h 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,we are conv9c$ t !re are no rules ( any k9d = /rategic manuvr+2 t no me?od1 no g5]al pr9ciple c det]m9e ! mode ( action2 b t sup]ior en]gy1 precision1 ord]1 ob$i5ce1 intrepidity 9 ! mo/ special & trifl+ circum/ances may f9d means to obta9 = !mselves signal advantages1 & t1 !re=e1 *iefly on ^? qualities w dep5d ! victory 9 ?is sort ( conte/4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,attack on ,morasses1 ,inundations1 ,woods ,morasses1 t is1 impassable swamps1 :i* are only trav]s$ by a few embankm5ts1 pres5t peculi> difficulties to ! tactical attack1 z we h /at$ 9 treat+ ( ! def5ce4 ,_! bread? h>dly ev] admits ( ! enemy be+ driv5 f ! opposite bank by artill]y1 & ( ! con/ruction ( a roadway across4 ,! /rategic consequ5ce is t endeav\rs are made to avoid attack+ !m by pass+ r\nd !m4 ,:]e ! /ate ( culture1 z 9 _m l[ c\ntries1 is s great t ! means ( pass+ are innum]able1 ! resi/ance ( ! def5d] is /ill /rong en\gh relatively1 b x is proportionably weak5$ = an absolute decision1 &1 !re=e1 :olly unsuitable = x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! l[ l& 7z 9 ,holl&7 is aid$ by inundations1 ! resi/ance may become absolute1 & defy e attack4 ,?is 0 %[n 9 ,holl& 9 ! ye> #afgb1 :51 aft] ! conque/ & occupation ( all ! =tresses outside ! m>g9 ( ! inundation1 #ej1jjj ,fr5* troops became available1 :o1--fir/ "u ,cond & !n "u ,luxemburg1--7 unable to =ce ! l9e ( inundation1 al?\gh x 0 only def5d$ by ab\t #bj1jjj m54 ,! campaign ( ! ,prussians1 9 #aghg1 "u ! ,duke ( ,brunswick1 aga9/ ! ,dut*1 end$1 x is true1 9 a q contr>y way1 z ^! l9es 7 !n c>ri$ by a =ce v little sup]ior to ! def5d]s1 & ) trifl+ loss2 b ! reason ( t is to be f\nd 9 ! diss5sions among/ ! def5d]s f political animosities1 & a want ( unity 9 ! comm&1 & yet no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t ! success ( ! campaign1 t is1 ! advance ?r\gh ! la/ l9e ( inundation up to ! walls ( ,am/]dam dep5d$ on a po9t ( su* extreme nicety t x is impossible to draw any g5]al d$uction f ?is case4 ,! po9t allud$ to 0 ! leav+ ungu>d$ ! ,sea ( ,ha>lem4 ,by means ( ?is1 ! ,duke turn$ ! inundation l9e1 & got 9 re> ( ! po/ ( ,amselvo54 ,if ! ,dut* _h _h a c\ple ( arm$ vessels on ?is lake ! duke w\ld nev] h got to ,am/]dam1 = he 0 8au b\t de son lat940 ,:at influ5ce t might h _h on ! conclusion ( peace does n conc]n u "h1 b x is c]ta9 t any fur!r "q ( c>ry+ ! la/ l9e ( inundation w\ld h be5 put an end to completely4 ,! w9t] is1 no d\bt1 ! natural enemy ( ?is means ( def5ce1 z ! ,fr5* h %[n 9 #agid & #agie1 b x mu/ be a sev]e w9t]4 ,woods1 :i* are sc>cely passable1 we h also includ$ among/ ! means :i* af=d ! def5ce p[]ful assi/ance4 ,if !y are ( no great dep? !n ! assailant may =ce 8 way ?r\gh by sev]al roads runn+ ne> "o ano!r1 & ?us rea* bett] gr\nd1 = no "o po9t c h any great tactical /r5g?1 z we c nev] suppose a wood z absolutely impassable z a riv] or a morass4--,b :51 z 9 ,russia & ,pol&1 a v l>ge tract ( c\ntry is ne>ly ev]y:]e cov]$ ) wood1 & ! assailant has n ! p[] ( gett+ beyond x1 !n1 c]ta9ly1 8 situation becomes v emb>rass+4 ,we h only to ?9k ( ! difficulties he mu/ cont5d ) to subsi/ 8 army1 & h[ little he c d 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/ to make 8 ubiquit\s adv]s>y feel 8 sup]iority 9 numb]s4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is "o ( ! wor/ situations 9 :i* ! (f5sive c be plac$4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,attack on a ,!atre ( ,w> ) ! ,view to a ,decision ,mo/ ( ! subjects h be5 already t\*$ ^u 9 ! six? book1 & by _! m]e reflection1 ?r[ suffici5t light on ! attack4 ,moreov]1 ! conception ( an enclos$ !atre ( w>1 has a ne>] relation to ! def5ce ?an to ! attack4 ,_m ( ! lead+ po9ts1 ! object ( attack1 ! sph]e ( action ( victory1 etc41 h be5 already treat$ ( 9 t book1 & t :i* is mo/ decisive & ess5tial on ! nature ( ! attack1 _c be made to appe> until we get to ! plan ( w>3 /ill !re rema9s a good deal to say "h1 & we %all aga9 comm5ce ) ! campaign1 9 :i* a great decision is positively int5d$4 #a4 ,! fir/ aim ( ! attack is a victory4 ,to all ! advantages :i* ! def5d] f9ds 9 ! nature ( 8 situation1 ! assailant c only oppose sup]ior numb]s2 &1 p]haps1 9 addition1 ! slight advantage :i* ! feel+ ( be+ ! (f5sive & advanc+ side gives an army4 ,! importance ( ?is feel+1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally ov]rat$2 = x does n la/ long1 & w n hold out aga9/ real difficulties4 ,( c\rse1 we assume t ! def5d] is z faultless & judici\s 9 all he does z ! aggressor4 ,our object 9 ?is obs]vation is to set aside ^? vague ideas ( sudd5 attack & surprise1 :i*1 9 ! attack1 are g5]ally assum$ to be f]tile s\rces ( victory1 & :i* yet1 9 reality1 nev] occur except "u special circum/ances4 ,! nature ( ! real /rategic surprise1 we h already spok5 ( else:]e4--,if1 !n1 ! attack is inf]ior 9 physical p[]1 x mu/ h ! asc5dancy 9 moral p[]1 9 ord] to make up = ! disadvantages :i* are inh]5t 9 ! (f5sive =m2 if ! sup]iority 9 t way is also want+1 !n !re are no good gr\nds = ! attack1 & x w n succe$4 #b4 ,z prud5ce is ! real g5ius ( ! def5d]1 s boldness & self-confid5ce mu/ animate ! assailant4 ,we d n mean t ! opposite qualities 9 ea* case may be altoge!r want+1 b t ! qualities nam$ h ! greate/ aff9ity to ! attack & def5ce respectively4 ,^! qualities are only 9 reality necess>y because action 9 w> is no m]e ma!matical calculation2 x is activity :i* is c>ri$ on if n 9 ! d>k1 at all ev5ts 9 a feeble twilight1 9 :i* we mu/ tru/ ourselves to ! lead] :o is be/ suit$ to c>ry out ! aim we h 9 view4--,! weak] ! def5d] %[s himself morally1 ! bold] ! assailant %\ld become4 #c4 ,= victory1 x is necess>y t !re %\ld be a battle betwe5 ! enemy's pr9cipal =ce & our own4 ,?is is less d\btful z reg>ds ! attack ?an 9 reg>d to ! def5ce1 = ! assailant goes 9 se>* ( ! def5d] 9 8 position4 ,b we h ma9ta9$ 79 treat+ ( ! def5sive7 t ! (f5sive %\ld n seek ! def5d] out if he has plac$ himself 9 a false position1 because he may be sure t ! def5d] w seek him out1 & !n he w h ! advantage ( fight+ :]e ! def5d] has n prep>$ ! gr\nd4 ,"h all dep5ds on ! road & direction :i* h ! greate/ importance2 ?is is a po9t :i* 0 n exam9$ 9 ! def5ce1 be+ res]v$ = ! pres5t *apt]4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 say :at is necess>y ab\t x "h4 #d4 ,we h already po9t$ out ^? objects to :i* ! attack %\ld be m imm$iately direct$1 & :i*1 !re=e1 are ! ends to be obta9$ by victory2 n[1 if ^! are )9 ! !atre ( w> :i* is attack$1 & )9 ! probable sph]e ( victory1 !n ! road to !m is ! natural direction ( ! bl[ to be /ruck4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ! object ( ! attack does n g5]ally obta9 its signification until victory has be5 ga9$1 & !re=e ! m9d mu/ always embrace ! idea ( victory ) x2 ! pr9cipal consid]ation = ! assailant is1 !re=e1 n s mu* m]ely to rea* ! object z to rea* x a conqu]or2 !re=e ! direction ( 8 bl[ %\ld be n s mu* on ! object itself z on ! way :i* ! enemy's army mu/ take to rea* x4 ,?is way is ! imm$iate object ( ! attack4 ,to fall 9 ) ! enemy be=e he has rea*$ ?is object1 to cut him (f f x1 & 9 t position to beat him--to d ?is is to ga9 an int5sifi$ victory4--,if1 = example1 ! enemy's capital is ! object ( ! attack1 & ! def5d] has n plac$ himself betwe5 x & ! assailant1 ! latt] w\ld be wrong 9 m>*+ direct ^u ! capital1 he w\ld d mu* bett] by tak+ 8 direction ^u ! l9e connect+ ! def5d]'s army ) ! capital1 & seek+ !re ! victory :i* %all place ! capital 9 8 h&s4 ,if !re is no great object )9 ! assailant's sph]e ( victory1 !n ! enemy's l9e ( communication ) ! ne>e/ great object to him is ! po9t ( p>am\nt importance4 ,! "q1 !n1 = e assailant to ask himself is1 ,if ,i am successful 9 ! battle1 :at is ! fir/ use ,i %all make ( ! victory8 ,! object to be ga9$1 z indicat$ by ! answ] to ?is "q1 %[s ! natural direction = 8 bl[4 ,if ! def5d] has plac$ himself 9 t direction1 he has done "r1 & !re is no?+ to d b to g & look = him !re4 ,if 8 position is too /rong1 !n ! assailant mu/ seek to turn x1 t is1 make a virtue ( necessity4 ,b if ! def5d] has n plac$ himself on ?is "r spot1 !n ! assailant *ooses t direction1 & z soon z he comes 9 l9e ) ! def5d]1 if ! latt] has n 9 ! mean "t made a lat]al movem5t1 & plac$ himself across 8 pa?1 he %\ld turn himself 9 ! direction ( ! def5d]'s l9e ( communication 9 ord] to seek an action !re2 if ! def5d] rema9s q /ation>y1 !n ! assailant mu/ :eel r\nd t[>ds him & attack him 9 re>4 ,( all ! roads among/ :i* ! assailant has a *oice1 ! great roads :i* s]ve ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry are always ! be/ & ! mo/ natural to *oose4 ,to avoid any v great b5ds1 m direct roads1 ev5 if small]1 mu/ be *os51 = a l9e ( retreat :i* deviates mu* f a direct l9e is always p]il\s4 #e4 ,! assailant1 :5 he sets out ) a view to a great decision1 has seldom any reason = divid+ 8 =ces1 & if1 not)/&+ ?is1 he does s1 x g5]ally proce$s f a want ( cle> views4 ,he %\ld !re=e only advance ) 8 columns on su* a wid? ( front z w admit ( _! all com+ into action toge!r4 ,if ! enemy himself has divid$ 8 =ces1 s mu* ! bett] = ! assailant1 & to pres]ve ?is fur!r advantage small demon/rations %\ld be made aga9/ ! enemy's corps :i* h sep>at$ f ! ma9 body2 ^! are ! /rategic fausses attaques2 a deta*m5t ( =ces = ?is purpose w\ld !n be ju/ifiable4 ,su* sep>ation into sev]al columns z is indisp5sably necess>y mu/ be made use ( = ! disposition ( ! tactical attack 9 ! envelop+ =m1 = t =m is natural to ! attack1 & mu/ n be disreg>d$ )\t good reason4 ,b x mu/ be only ( a tactical nature1 = a /rategic envelopm5t :5 a great bl[ takes place1 is a complete wa/e ( p[]4 ,x c only be excus$ :5 ! assailant is s /rong t !re c be no d\bt at all ab\t ! result4 #f4 ,b ! attack requires also prud5ce1 = ! assailant has also a re>1 & has communications :i* mu/ be protect$4 ,?is s]vice ( protection mu/ be p]=m$ z f> z possible by ! mann] 9 :i* ! army advances1 t is1 eo ipso by ! army itself4 ,if a =ce mu/ be specially detail$ = ?is duty1 & !re=e a p>tition ( =ces is requir$1 ?is _c b naturally weak5 ! =ce ( ! bl[ itself4--,z a l>ge army is always 9 ! habit ( advanc+ ) a front ( a day's m>* at lea/ 9 bread?1 !re=e1 if ! l9es ( retreat & communication d n deviate mu* f ! p]p5dicul>1 ! cov]+ ( ^? l9es is 9 mo/ cases atta9$ by ! front ( ! army4 ,dang]s ( ?is description1 to :i* ! assailant is expos$1 mu/ be measur$ *iefly by ! situation & "* ( ! adv]s>y4 ,:5 ev]y?+ lies "u ! pressure ( an imm95t great decision1 !re is little room = ! def5d] to engage 9 und]tak+s ( ?is description2 ! assailant has1 !re=e1 9 ord9>y circum/ances n mu* to fe>4 ,b if ! advance is ov]1 if ! assailant himself is gradually pass+ into ! def5sive1 !n ! cov]+ ( ! re> becomes e mom5t m necess>y1 becomes m a ?+ ( ! fir/ importance4 ,= ! re> ( ! assailant be+ naturally weak] ?an t ( ! def5d]1 !re=e ! latt]1 long be=e he passes ov] to ! real (f5sive1 & ev5 at ! same "t t he is yield+ gr\nd1 may h comm5c$ to op]ate aga9/ ! communications ( ! assailant4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,attack on a ,!atre ( ,w> )\t ! ,view to a ,great ,decision #a4 ,al?\gh !re is nei!r ! w nor ! p[] suffici5t = a great decision1 !re may /ill exi/ a decid$ view 9 a /rategic attack1 b x is direct$ aga9/ "s second>y object4 ,if ! attack succe$s1 !n1 ) ! atta9m5t ( ?is object ! :ole falls aga9 into a /ate ( re/ & equilibrium4 ,if difficulties to a c]ta9 ext5t pres5t !mselves1 ! g5]al progress ( ! attack comes to a /&/ill be=e ! object is ga9$4 ,!n 9 its place comm5ces a m]e occasional (f5sive or /rategic manuvr+4 ,?is is ! "* ( mo/ campaigns4 #b4 ,! objects :i* may be ! aim ( an (f5sive ( ?is description are3-- 7a47 ,a /rip ( t]ritory2 ga9 9 means ( subsi/5ce1 p]haps contributions1 sp>+ our own t]ritory1 equival5ts 9 negotiations = peace--su* are ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ?is proc$ure4 ,sometimes an idea ( ! cr$it ( ! army is atta*$ to x1 z 0 p]petually ! case 9 ! w>s ( ! ,fr5* ,m>%als 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,x makes a v important diff]5ce :e!r a portion ( t]ritory c be kept or n4 ,9 g5]al1 ! fir/ is ! case only :5 ! t]ritory is on ! edge ( our own !atre ( w>1 & =ms a natural complem5t ( x4 ,only su* portions come into consid]ation z an equival5t 9 negotiat+ a peace1 o!rs are usually only tak5 possession ( = ! duration ( a campaign1 & to be evacuat$ :5 w9t] beg9s4 7b47 ,"o ( ! enemy's pr9cipal magaz9es4 ,if x is n "o ( consid]able importance1 x c h>dly be look$ ^u z ! object ( an (f5sive det]m9+ a :ole campaign4 ,x c]ta9ly 9 itself is a loss to ! def5d]1 & a ga9 to ! assailant2 ! great advantage1 h[ev]1 f x = ! latt]1 is t ! loss may compel ! def5d] to retire a little & give up a /rip ( t]ritory :i* he w\ld o!rwise h kept4 ,! capture ( a magaz9e is !re=e 9 reality m a means1 & is only spok5 ( "h z an object1 because1 until captur$1 x becomes1 = ! "t be+1 ! imm$iate def9ite aim ( action4 7c47 ,! capture ( a =tress4--,we h made ! siege ( =tresses ! subject ( a sep>ate *apt]1 to :i* we ref] our read]s4 ,= ! reasons !re expla9$1 x is easy to conceive h[ x is t =tresses always con/itute ! be/ & mo/ desirable objects 9 ^? (f5sive w>s & campaigns 9 :i* views _c be direct$ to ! complete ov]?r[ ( ! enemy or ! conque/ ( an important "p ( 8 t]ritory4 ,we may also easily und]/& h[ x is t 9 ! w>s 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 :]e =tresses are s abundant1 ev]y?+ has always turn$ on ! possession ( "o or o!r ( ^! =tresses1 s mu* s1 t ! successive conque/s ( :ole prov9ces nev] once appe> z lead+ features2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ea* ( ^! /rong places us$ to be reg>d$ z a sep>ate ?+1 :i* _h an intr9sic value 9 itself1 & m att5tion 0 paid to ! conv5i5ce & facility ) :i* x c\ld be attack$ ?an to ! value ( ! place itself4 ,at ! same "t1 ! attack ( a place ( "s importance is always a great und]tak+1 because x causes a v l>ge exp5diture2 &1 9 w>s 9 :i* ! :ole is n /ak$ at once on ! game1 ?is is a matt] :i* ought to be v mu* consid]$4 ,!re=e1 su* a siege takes its place "h z "o ( ! mo/ important objects ( a /rategic attack4 ,! m unimportant a place is1 or ! less e>ne/ness !re is ab\t ! siege1 ! small] ! prep>ations = x1 ! m x is done z a ?+ en passant1 s mu* ! small] also w be ! /rategic object1 & ! m x w be a s]vice fit = small =ces & limit$ views2 & ! :ole ?+ !n (t5 s9ks into a k9d ( %am fight1 9 ord] to close ! campaign ) hon\r1 because z assailant x is incumb5t to d some?+4 7d47 ,a successful combat1 enc\nt]1 or ev5 battle1 = ! sake ( trophies1 or m]ely = ! hon\r ( ! arms1 sometimes ev5 = ! m]e ambition ( ! comm&]s4 ,t ?is does happ5 no "o c d\bt1 unless he kn[s no?+ at all ( milit>y hi/ory4 ,9 ! campaigns ( ! ,fr5* dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! mo/ ( ! (f5sive battles 7 ( ?is k9d4 ,b :at is ( m importance = u is to obs]ve t ^! ?+s are n )\t objective value1 !y are n ! m]e pa/ime ( vanity2 !y h a v di/9ct influ5ce on peace1 & !re=e lead z x 7 direct to ! object4 ,! milit>y fame1 ! moral sup]iority ( ! army & ( ! g5]al1 are ?+s1 ! influ5ce ( :i*1 al?\gh unse51 nev] ceases to be> ^u ! :ole action 9 w>4 ,! aim ( su* a combat ( c\rse presupposes2 7a7 t !re is an adequate prospect ( victory1 7b7 t !re is n a v heavy /ake dep5d5t on ! issue4--,su* a battle f\ght 9 /rait5$ relations1 & ) a limit$ object1 mu/ naturally n be conf\nd$ ) a victory :i* is n turn$ to pr(itable acc\nt m]ely f moral weakness4 #c4 ,) ! exception ( ! la/ ( ^! objects 7d7 !y may all be atta9$ )\t a combat ( importance1 & g5]ally !y are s obta9$ by ! (f5sive4 ,n[1 ! means :i* ! assailant has at comm& )\t resort+ to a decisive battle1 are d]iv$ f ! int]e/s :i* ! def5sive has to protect 9 8 !atre ( w>2 !y consi/1 !re=e1 9 ?reat5+ 8 l9es ( communications1 ei!r ?r\gh objects connect$ ) subsi/5ce1 z magaz9es1 f]tile prov9ces1 wat] communications1 etc41 or important po9ts 7bridges1 defiles1 & su* l17 or also by plac+ o!r corps 9 ! occupation ( /rong positions situat$ inconv5i5tly ne> to him & f :i* he _c aga9 drive u out2 ! seizure ( important t[ns1 f]tile di/ricts1 di/urb$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :i* may be excit$ to rebellion1 ! ?reat5+ ( weak allies1 etc41 etc4 ,%\ld ! attack effectually int]rupt ! communications1 & 9 su* a mann] t ! def5d] _c re-e/abli% !m b at a great sacrifice1 x compels ! def5d] to take up ano!r position m to ! re> or to a flank to cov] ! objects1 at ! same "t giv+ up objects ( second>y importance4 ,?us a /rip ( t]ritory is left op52 a magaz9e or a =tress uncov]$3 ! "o expos$ to be ov]run1 ! o!r to be inve/$4 ,out ( ?is1 combats great] or less may arise1 b 9 su* case !y are n s\ght = & treat$ z an object ( ! w> b z a necess>y evil1 & c nev] exce$ a c]ta9 degree ( greatness & importance4 #d4 ,! op]ation ( ! def5sive on ! communications ( ! (f5sive1 is a k9d ( reaction :i* 9 w>s wag$ = ! great solution1 c only take place :5 ! l9es ( op]ation are v long2 on ! o!r h&1 ?is k9d ( reaction lies m 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ?+s 9 w>s :i* are n aim$ at ! great solution4 ,! enemy's l9es ( communication are seldom v long 9 su* a case2 b !n1 nei!r is x "h s mu* a "q ( inflict+ great losses ( ?is description on ! enemy1 a m]e imp$+ & cutt+ %ort 8 means ( subsi/5ce (t5 produces an effect1 & :at ! l9es want 9 l5g? is made up = 9 "s degree by ! l5g? ( "t :i* c be exp5d$ 9 ?is k9d ( conte/ ) ! enemy3 = ?is reason1 ! cov]+ 8 /rategic flanks becomes an important object = ! assailant4 ,if1 !re=e1 a conte/ 7or rivalry7 ( ?is description takes place betwe5 ! assailant & def5d]1 !n ! assailant mu/ seek to comp5sate by numb]s = 8 natural disadvantages4 ,if he reta9s suffici5t p[] & resolution /ill to v5ture a decisive /roke aga9/ "o ( ! enemy's corps1 or aga9/ ! enemy's ma9 body itself1 ! dang] :i* he ?us holds ov] ! head ( 8 oppon5t is 8 be/ means ( cov]+ himself4 #e4 ,9 conclusion1 we mu/ notice ano!r great advantage :i* ! assailant c]ta9ly has ov] ! def5d] 9 w>s ( ?is k9d1 :i* is t ( be+ bett] able to judge ( ! int5tions & =ce ( 8 adv]s>y ?an ! latt] c 9 turn ( 84 ,x is mu* m difficult to discov] 9 :at degree an assailant is ent]pris+ & bold ?an :5 ! def5d] has some?+ ( consequ5ce 9 8 m9d4 ,practically view$1 !re usually lies already 9 ! *oice ( ! def5sive =m ( w> a sort ( gu>antee t no?+ positive is int5d$2 besides ?is1 ! prep>ations = a great reaction diff] mu* m f ! ord9>y prep>ations = def5ce ?an ! prep>ations = a great attack diff] f ^? direct$ aga9/ m9or objects4 ,f9ally1 ! def5d] is oblig$ to take 8 measures soone/ ( ! two1 :i* gives ! assailant ! advantage ( play+ ! la/ h&4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,attack on ,=tresses ,! attack on =tresses _c ( c\rse come be=e u "h 9 its aspect z a bran* ( ! sci5ce ( =tification or milit>y works2 we h only to consid] ! subject1 fir/1 9 its relation to ! /rategic object ) :i* x is connect$2 secondly1 z reg>ds ! *oice among sev]al =tresses2 & ?irdly1 z reg>ds ! mann] 9 :i* a siege %\ld be cov]$4 ,t ! loss ( a =tress weak5s ! def5ce1 especially 9 case x =ms an ess5tial "p ( t def5ce2 t _m conv5i5ces accrue to ! assailant by ga9+ possession ( "o1 inasmu* z he c use x = magaz9es & depts1 & by means ( x c cov] di/ricts ( c\ntry cantonm5ts1 etc42 t if 8 (f5sive at la/ %\ld h to be *ang$ into ! def5sive1 x =ms ! v be/ support = t def5sive--all ^! relations :i* =tresses be> to !atres ( w>1 9 ! c\rse ( a w>1 make !mselves suffici5tly evid5t by :at has be5 said ab\t =tresses 9 ! book on ! ,def5ce1 ! reflection f :i* ?r[s all ! light requir$ on ^! relations ) ! attack4 ,9 relation to ! tak+ ( /rong places1 !re is also a great diff]5ce betwe5 campaigns :i* t5d to a great decision & o!rs4 ,9 ! fir/1 a conque/ ( ?is description is always to be reg>d$ z an evil :i* is unavoidable4 ,z long z !re is yet a decision to be made1 we und]take no sieges b su* z are positively unavoidable4 ,:5 ! decision has be5 already giv5--! crisis1 ! utmo/ t5sion ( =ces1 "s "t pass$--& :51 !re=e1 a /ate ( re/ has comm5c$1 !n ! capture ( /rong places s]ves z a consolidation ( ! conque/s made1 & !n !y c g5]ally be c>ri$ out1 if n )\t ef=t & exp5diture ( =ce1 at lea/ )\t dang]4 ,9 ! crisis itself ! siege ( a =tress height5s ! int5sity ( ! crisis to ! prejudice ( ! (f5sive2 x is evid5t t no?+ s mu* weak5s ! =ce ( ! (f5sive1 & !re=e !re is no?+ s c]ta9 to rob x ( its prepond]ance = a season4 ,b !re are cases 9 :i* ! capture ( ?is or t =tress is q unavoidable1 if ! (f5sive is to be cont9u$1 & 9 su* case a siege is to be consid]$ z an int5sifi$ progress ( ! attack2 ! crisis w be s mu* great] ! less !re has be5 decid$ previ\sly4 ,all t rema9s n[ = consid]ation on ?is subject belongs to ! book on ! plan ( ! w>4 ,9 campaigns ) a limit$ object1 a =tress is g5]ally n ! means b ! end itself2 x is reg>d$ z a small indep5d5t conque/1 & z su* has ! foll[+ advantages ov] e o!r3-- #a4 ,t a =tress is a small1 di/9ctly-def9$ conque/1 :i* does n require a fur!r exp5diture ( =ce1 & !re=e gives no cause to fe> a reaction4 #b4 ,t 9 negotiat+ = peace1 its value z an equival5t may be turn$ to acc\nt4 #c4 ,t a siege is a real progress ( ! attack1 or at lea/ seems s1 )\t con/antly dim9i%+ ! =ce l e o!r advance ( ! (f5sive4 #d4 ,t ! siege is an ent]prise )\t a cata/rophe4 ,! result ( ^! ?+s is t ! capture ( "o or m ( ! enemy's /rong places1 is v frequ5tly ! object ( ^? /rategic attacks :i* _c aim at any high] object4 ,! gr\nds :i* decide ! *oice ( ! =tress :i* %\ld be attack$1 9 case t may be d\btful1 g5]ally are-- 7a7 ,t x is "o :i* c be easily kept1 !re=e /&s high 9 value z an equival5t 9 case ( negotiations = peace4 7b7 ,t ! means ( tak+ x are at h&4 ,small means are only suffici5t to take small places2 b x is bett] to take a small "o ?an to fail be=e a l>ge "o4 7c7 ,its /r5g? 9 eng9e]+ respects1 :i* obvi\sly is n always 9 proportion to its importance 9 o!r respects4 ,no?+ is m absurd ?an to wa/e =ces be=e a v /rong place ( little importance1 if a place ( less /r5g? may be made ! object ( attack4 7d7 ,! /r5g? ( ! armam5t & ( ! g>rison z well4 ,if a =tress is weakly arm$ & insuffici5tly g>rison$1 its capture mu/ naturally be easi]2 b "h we mu/ obs]ve t ! /r5g? ( ! g>rison & armam5t1 are to be reckon$ among/ ^? ?+s :i* make up ! total importance ( ! place1 because g>rison & armam5ts are directly p>ts ( ! enemy's milit>y /r5g?1 :i* _c be said 9 ! same measure ( works ( =tification4 ,! conque/ ( a =tress ) a /rong g>rison c1 !re=e1 mu* m readily repay ! sacrifice x co/s ?an "o ) v /rong works4 7e7 ,! facility ( mov+ ! siege tra94 ,mo/ sieges fail = want ( means1 & ! means are g5]ally want+ f ! difficulty att5d+ _! transport4 ,eug5e's siege ( ,l&reci1 #agab1 & ,fr$]ick ! ,great's siege ( ,olmtz1 #ageh1 are v rem>kable in/ances 9 po9t4 7f7 ,la/ly1 !re rema9s ! facility ( cov]+ ! siege z a po9t n[ to be consid]$4 ,!re are two ess5tially diff]5t ways by :i* a siege may be cov]$3 by entr5*+ ! besieg+ =ce1 t is1 by a l9e ( circumvallation1 & by :at is call$ l9es ( obs]vation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! me?ods has gone q out ( fa%ion1 al?\gh evid5tly "o important po9t speaks 9 its fav\r1 namely1 t by ?is me?od ! =ce ( ! assailant does n suff] by division exactly t weak5+ :i* is s g5]ally f\nd a great disadvantage at sieges4 ,b we grant !re is /ill a weak5+ 9 ano!r way1 to a v consid]able degree1 because-- #a4 ,! position r\nd ! =tress1 z a rule1 is ( too great ext5t = ! /r5g? ( ! army4 #b4 ,! g>rison1 ! /r5g? ( :i*1 add$ to t ( ! reliev+ army1 w\ld only make up ! =ce orig9ally oppos$ to u1 "u ^! circum/ances is to be look$ ^u z an enemy's corps 9 ! middle ( our camp1 :i*1 protect$ by its walls1 is invuln]able1 or at lea/ n to be ov]p[]$1 by :i* its p[] is imm5sely increas$4 #c4 ,! def5ce ( a l9e ( circumvallation admits ( no?+ b ! mo/ absolute def5sive1 because ! circul> ord]1 fac+ outw>ds1 is ! weake/ & mo/ disadvantage\s ( all possible ord]s ( battle1 & is p>ticul>ly unfav\rable to any advantage\s c\nt]-attacks4 ,!re is no alt]native1 9 fact1 b to def5d ourselves to ! la/ extremity )9 ! entr5*m5ts4 ,t ^! circum/ances may cause a great] dim9ution ( ! army ?an "o-?ird :i*1 p]haps1 w\ld be occasion$ by =m+ an army ( obs]vation1 is easy to conceive4 ,if1 add$ to t1 we n[ ?9k ( ! g5]al pref]5ce :i* has exi/$ s9ce ! "t ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great = ! (f5sive1 z x is call$1 7b :i*1 9 reality1 is n always s7 = movem5ts & manuvres1 & ! av]sion to entr5*m5ts1 we %all n wond] at l9es ( circumvallation hav+ gone q out ( fa%ion4 ,b ?is weak5+ ( ! tactical resi/ance is by no means its only disadvantage2 & we h only reckon$ up ! prejudices :i* =c$ !mselves into ! judgm5t on ! l9es ( circumvallation next 9 ord] aft] t disadvantage1 because !y are ne>ly ak9 to ea* o!r4 ,a l9e ( circumvallation only 9 reality cov]s t portion ( ! !atre ( w> :i* x actually encloses2 all ! re/ is m or less giv5 up to ! enemy if special deta*m5ts are n made use ( to cov] x1 9 :i* way ! v p>tition ( =ce :i* x 0 int5d$ to obviate takes place4 ,?us ! besieg+ army w be always 9 anxiety & emb>rassm5t on acc\nt ( ! convoys :i* x requires1 & ! cov]+ ! same by l9es ( circumvallation1 is n to be ?\ght ( if ! army & ! siege supplies requir$ are consid]able1 & ! enemy is 9 ! field 9 /rong =ce1 unless "u su* conditions z are f\nd 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e !re is a :ole sy/em ( =tresses ly+ close to ea* o!r1 & int]m$iate l9es connect+ !m1 :i* cov] ! re/ ( ! !atre ( w>1 & consid]ably %ort5 ! l9es by :i* transport c be affect$4 ,9 ! "t ( ,l\is ! ,f\rte5? ! conception ( a !atre ( w> _h n yet b\nd itself up ) ! position ( an army4 ,9 ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> p>ticul>ly1 ! armies mov$ "h & !re sporadically be=e ?is or t =tress1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( :i* !re 0 no enemy's corps at all1 & besieg$ x z long z ! siege equipm5t !y _h br\ght ) !m la/$1 & until an enemy's army approa*$ to relieve ! place4 ,!n l9es ( circumvallation _h _! f\ndation 9 ! nature ( circum/ances4 ,9 future x is n likely !y w be (t5 us$ aga91 unless :]e ! enemy 9 ! field is v weak1 or ! conception ( ! !atre ( w> vani%es be=e t ( ! siege4 ,!n x w be natural to keep all ! =ces unit$ 9 ! siege1 z a siege by t means unque/ionably ga9s 9 en]gy 9 a high degree4 ,! l9es ( circumvallation 9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 at ,cambray & ,val5ci5nes1 7 ( little use1 z ! =m] 7 /orm$ by ,tur5ne1 oppos$ to ,cond1 ! latt] by ,cond oppos$ to ,tur5ne2 b we mu/ n ov]look ! endless numb] ( o!r cases 9 :i* !y 7 respect$1 ev5 :5 !re exi/$ 9 ! place ! mo/ urg5t ne$ = relief2 & :5 ! comm&] on ! def5sive side 0 a man ( great ent]prise1 z 9 #agjh1 :5 ,vill>s did n v5ture to attack ! allies 9 _! l9es at ,lille4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great at ,olmtz1 #ageh1 & at ,dresd51 #agfj1 al?\gh he _h no regul> l9es ( circumvallation1 _h a sy/em :i* 9 all ess5tials 0 id5tical2 he us$ ! same army to c>ry on ! siege1 & also z a cov]+ army4 ,! di/ance ( ! ,au/rian army induc$ him to adopt ?is plan at ,olmtz1 b ! loss ( 8 convoy at ,dom/dtel made him rep5t x2 at ,dresd5 9 #agfj ! motives :i* l$ him to ?is mode ( proce$+1 7 8 contempt = ! ,g]man ,/ates' imp]ial army1 & 8 desire to take ,dresd5 z soon z possible4 ,la/ly1 x is a disadvantage 9 l9es ( circumvallation1 t 9 case ( a rev]se x is m difficult to save ! siege tra94 ,if a defeat is su/a9$ at a di/ance ( "o or m days' m>* f ! place besieg$1 ! siege may be rais$ be=e ! enemy c arrive1 & ! heavy tra9s may1 9 ! mean "t1 ga9 also a day's m>*4 ,9 tak+ up a position = an army ( obs]vation1 an important "q to be consid]$ is ! di/ance at :i* x %\ld be plac$ f ! besieg$ place4 ,?is "q w1 9 mo/ cases1 be decid$ by ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 or by ! position ( o!r armies or corps ) :i* ! besieg]s h to rema9 9 communication4 ,9 o!r respects1 x is easy to see t1 ) a great] di/ance1 ! siege is bett] cov]$1 b t by a small] di/ance1 n exce$+ a few miles1 ! two armies are bett] able to af=d ea* o!r mutual support4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,attack on ,convoys ,! attack & def5ce ( a convoy =m a subject ( tactics3 we %\ld1 !re=e1 h no?+ to say ^u ! subject "h if x 0 n necess>y1 fir/1 to demon/rate g5]ally1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! possibility ( ! ?+1 :i* c only be done f /rategic motives & relations4 ,we %\ld h _h to speak ( x 9 ?is respect be=e :5 treat+ ( ! def5ce1 _h x n be5 t ! little :i* c be said ab\t x c easily be fram$ to suit = bo? attack & def5ce1 :ile at ! same "t ! fir/ plays ! high] "p 9 connection ) x4 ,a mod]ate convoy ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ wagons1 let ! load be :at x may1 takes up half a mile1 a l>ge convoy is sev]al miles 9 l5g?4 ,n[1 h[ is x possible to expect t ! few troops usually allott$ to a convoy w suffice = its def5ce8 ,if to ?is difficulty we add ! unwieldy nature ( ?is mass1 :i* c only advance at ! sl[e/ pace1 & :i*1 besides1 is always liable to be ?r[n into disord]1 & la/ly1 t e "p ( a convoy mu/ be equally protect$1 because ! mom5t t "o "p is attack$ by ! enemy1 ! :ole is br\ght to a /op1 & ?r[n into a /ate ( confusion1 we may well ask1--h[ c ! cov]+ & def5ce ( su* a tra9 be possible at all8 ,or1 9 o!r words1 :y are n all convoys tak5 :5 !y are attack$1 & :y are n all attack$ :i* require an escort1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 all t come )9 rea* ( ! enemy8 ,x is pla9 t all tactical exp$i5ts1 su* z ,templeh('s mo/ impracticable s*eme ( con/antly halt+ & assembl+ ! convoy at %ort di/ances1 & !n mov+ (f afre%3 & ! mu* bett] plan ( ,s*>nhor/1 ( break+ up ! convoy into sev]al columns1 are only slight correctives ( a radical evil4 ,! explanation consi/s 9 ?is1 t by f> ! great] numb] ( convoys d]ive m security f ! /rategic situation 9 g5]al1 ?an any o!r p>ts expos$ to ! attacks ( ! enemy1 :i* be/[s on _! limit$ means ( def5ce a v mu* increas$ efficacy4 ,convoys g5]ally move m or less 9 re> ( _! own army1 or1 at lea/1 at a great di/ance f t ( ! enemy4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t only weak deta*m5ts c be s5t to attack !m1 & ^! are oblig$ to cov] !mselves by /rong res]ves4 ,add$ to ?is ! unwield9ess itself ( ! c>riages us$1 makes x v difficult to c>ry !m (f2 ! assailant mu/ !re=e1 9 g5]al1 cont5t himself ) cutt+ ! traces1 tak+ away ! horses1 & bl[+ up p[d]-wagons1 by :i* ! :ole is c]ta9ly deta9$ & ?r[n into disord]1 b n completely lo/2 by all ?is we may p]ceive1 t ! security ( su* tra9s lies m 9 ^! g5]al relations ?an 9 ! def5sive p[] ( its escort4 ,if n[ to all ?is we add ! def5ce ( ! escort1 :i*1 al?\gh x _c by m>*+ resolutely aga9/ ! enemy directly cov] ! convoy1 is /ill able to d]ange ! plan ( ! enemy's attack2 !n1 at la/1 ! attack ( a convoy1 in/ead ( appe>+ easy & sure ( success1 w appe> r difficult1 & v unc]ta9 9 its result4 ,b !re rema9s /ill a *ief po9t1 :i* is ! dang] ( ! enemy's army1 or "o ( its corps1 retaliat+ on ! assailants ( its convoy1 & puni%+ x ultimately = ! und]tak+ by defeat+ x4 ,! appreh5sion ( ?is1 puts a /op to _m und]tak+s1 )\t ! real cause ev] appe>+2 s t ! safety ( ! convoy is attribut$ to ! escort1 & p wond] h[ a mis]able arrangem5t1 su* z an escort1 %\ld meet ) su* respect4 ,9 ord] to feel ! tru? ( ?is obs]vation1 we h only to ?9k ( ! fam\s retreat :i* ,fr$]ick ! ,great made ?r\gh ,bohemia aft] ! siege ( ,olmtz1 #ageh1 :5 ! half ( 8 army 0 brok5 into a column ( companies to cov] a convoy ( #d1jjj c>riages4 ,:at prev5t$ ,daun f fall+ on ?is mon/rosity8 ,! fe> t ,fr$]ick w\ld ?r[ himself ^u him ) ! o!r half ( 8 army1 & entangle him 9 a battle :i* ,daun did n desire2 :at prev5t$ ,laudon1 :o 0 con/antly at ! side ( t convoy1 f fall+ ^u x at ,zis*b[itz soon] & m boldly ?an he did8 ,! fe> t he w\ld get a rap ov] ! knuckles4 ,t5 miles f 8 ma9 army1 & completely sep>at$ f x by ! ,prussian army1 he ?\ght himself 9 dang] ( a s]i\s defeat if ! k+1 :o _h no reason at t "t to be conc]n$ ab\t ,daun1 %\ld fall ^u him ) ! bulk ( 8 =ces4 ,x is only if ! /rategic situation ( an army involves x 9 ! unnatural necessity ( connect+ itself ) its convoys by ! flank or by its front t !n ^! convoys are really 9 great dang]1 & become an advantage\s object ( attack = ! enemy1 if 8 position all[s him to deta* troops = t purpose4 ,! same campaign ( #ageh af=ds an in/ance ( ! mo/ complete success ( an und]tak+ ( ?is description1 9 ! capture ( ! convoy at ,dom/dtel4 ,! road to ,neiss lay on ! left flank ( ! ,prussian position1 & ! k+'s =ces 7 s neutralis$ by ! siege & by ! corps wat*+ ,daun1 t ! p>tizans _h no reason to be uneasy ab\t !mselves1 & 7 able to make _! attack completely at _! ease4 ,:5 ,eug5e besieg$ ,l&recy 9 #agab1 he drew 8 supplies = ! siege f ,b\*a9 by ,d5a92 !re=e1 9 reality1 f ! front ( ! /rategic position4 ,x is well kn[n :at means he 0 oblig$ to use to ov]come ! difficulty ( protect+ 8 convoys on t occasion1 & 9 :at emb>rassm5ts he involv$ himself1 end+ 9 a complete *ange ( circum/ances4 ,! conclusion we draw1 !re=e1 is t h[ev] easy an attack on a convoy may appe> 9 its tactical aspect1 /ill x has n mu* 9 its fav\r on /rategic gr\nds1 & only promises important results 9 ! exceptional in/ances ( l9es ( communication v mu* expos$4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,attack on ! ,enemy's ,army 9 its ,cantonm5ts ,we h n treat$ ( ?is subject 9 ! def5ce1 because a l9e ( cantonm5ts is n to be reg>d$ z a def5sive means1 b z a m]e exi/5ce ( ! army 9 a /ate :i* implies little read9ess = battle4 ,9 respect to ?is read9ess = battle1 we !re=e did n g beyond :at we requir$ to say 9 connection ) ?is condition ( an army 9 ! #ac? *apt] ( ! #e? book4 ,b "h1 9 consid]+ ! attack1 we h to ?9k ( an enemy's army 9 cantonm5ts 9 all respects z a special object2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 su* an attack is ( a v peculi> k9d 9 itself2 &1 9 ! next place1 x may be consid]$ z a /rategic means ( p>ticul> efficacy4 ,"h we h be=e u1 !re=e1 n ! "q ( an onslaught on a s+le cantonm5t or a small corps disp]s$ among/ a few villages1 z ! arrangem5ts = t are entirely ( a tactical nature1 b ( ! attack ( a l>ge army1 di/ribut$ 9 cantonm5ts m or less ext5sive2 an attack 9 :i* ! object is n ! m]e surprise ( a s+le cantonm5t1 b to prev5t ! assembly ( ! army4 ,! attack on an enemy's army 9 cantonm5ts is !re=e ! surprise ( an army n assembl$4 ,if ?is surprise succe$s fully1 !n ! enemy's army is prev5t$ f rea*+ its appo9t$ place ( assembly1 &1 !re=e1 compell$ to *oose ano!r m to ! re>2 z ?is *ange ( ! po9t ( assembly to ! re> 9 a /ate ( su* em]g5cy c seldom be effect$ 9 less ?an a day's m>*1 b g5]ally w require sev]al days1 ! loss ( gr\nd :i* ?is occasions is by no means an insignificant loss2 & ?is is ! fir/ advantage ga9$ by ! assailant4 ,b n[1 ?is surprise :i* is 9 connection ) ! g5]al relations1 may c]ta9ly at ! same "t1 9 its comm5cem5t1 be an onslaught on "s ( ! enemy's s+le cantonm5ts1 n c]ta9ly ^u all1 or ^u a great _m1 because t w\ld suppose a scatt]+ ( ! attack+ army to an ext5t :i* c\ld nev] be advisable4 ,!re=e1 only ! mo/ advanc$ qu>t]s1 only ^? :i* lie 9 ! direction ( ! attack+ columns1 c be surpris$1 & ev5 ?is w seldom happ5 to _m ( !m1 z l>ge =ces _c easily approa* unobs]v$4 ,h[ev]1 ?is elem5t ( ! attack is by no means to be disreg>d$2 & we reckon ! advantages :i* may be ?us obta9$1 z ! second advantage ( ! surprise4 ,a ?ird advantage consi/s 9 ! m9or combats =c$ ^u ! enemy 9 :i* 8 losses w be consid]able4 ,a great body ( troops does n assemble itself at once by s+le battalions at ! spot appo9t$ = ! g5]al conc5tration ( ! army1 b usually =ms itself by brigades1 divisions1 or corps1 9 ! fir/ place1 & ^! masses _c !n ha/5 at full spe$ to ! r5dezv\s2 9 case ( meet+ ) an enemy's column 9 _! c\rse1 !y are oblig$ to engage 9 a combat2 n[1 !y may c]ta9ly come (f victori\s 9 ! same1 p>ticul>ly if ! enemy's attack+ column is n ( suffici5t /r5g?1 b 9 conqu]+1 !y lose "t1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 z may be easily conceiv$1 a corps1 "u su* circum/ances1 & 9 ! g5]al t5d5cy to ga9 a po9t :i* lies to ! re>1 w n make any b5eficial use ( its victory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y may be beat51 & t is ! mo/ probable issue 9 itself1 because !y h n "t to organise a good resi/ance4 ,we may1 !re=e1 v well suppose t 9 an attack well plann$ & execut$1 ! assailant ?r\gh ^! p>tial combats w ga!r up a consid]able numb] ( trophies1 :i* become a pr9cipal po9t 9 ! g5]al result4 ,la/ly1 ! f\r? advantage1 & ! key/one ( ! :ole1 is a c]ta9 mom5t>y disorganisation & disc\ragem5t on ! side ( ! enemy1 :i*1 :5 ! =ce is at la/ assembl$1 seldom all[s ( its be+ imm$iately br\ght into action1 & g5]ally obliges ! p>ty attack$ to ab&on /ill m gr\nd to 8 assailant1 & to make a *ange g5]ally 9 8 plan ( op]ations4 ,su* are ! prop] results ( a successful surprise ( ! enemy 9 cantonm5ts1 t is1 ( "o 9 :i* ! enemy is prev5t$ f assembl+ 8 army )\t loss at ! po9t fix$ 9 8 plan4 ,b by ! nature ( ! case1 success has _m degrees2 &1 !re=e1 ! results may be v great 9 "o case1 & h>dly wor? m5tion+ 9 ano!r4 ,b ev5 :51 ?r\gh ! complete success ( ! ent]prise1 ^! results are consid]able1 !y w seldom be> comp>ison ) ! ga9 ( a great battle1 p>tly because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! trophies are seldom z great1 & 9 ! next1 ! moral impression nev] /rikes s deep4 ,?is g5]al result mu/ always be kept 9 view1 t we may n promise ourselves m f an ent]prise ( ?is k9d ?an x c give4 ,_m hold x to be ! non plus ultra ( (f5sive activity2 b x is n s by any means1 z we may see f ?is analysis1 z well z f milit>y hi/ory4 ,"o ( ! mo/ brilliant surprises 9 hi/ory1 is t made by ! ,duke ( ,lorra9e 9 #afdc1 on ! cantonm5ts ( ! ,fr5*1 "u ,g5]al ,ranzan1 at ,duttl+54 ,! corps 0 #af1jjj m51 & !y lo/ ! ,g5]al comm&+1 & #g1jjj m52 x 0 a complete defeat4 ,! want ( outpo/s 0 ! cause ( ! disa/]4 ,! surprise ( ,tur5ne at ,m]g5!im 7,m>i5dal1 z ! ,fr5* call x17 9 #afdd1 is 9 l mann] to be reg>d$ z equal to a defeat 9 its effects1 = he lo/ #c1jjj m5 out ( #h1jjj1 :i* 0 pr9cipally ow+ to 8 hav+ be5 l$ into mak+ an untimely /& aft] he got 8 m5 assembl$4 ,su* results we _c1 !re=e1 (t5 reckon ^u2 x 0 r ! result ( an ill-judg$ action ?an ( ! surprise1 prop]ly speak+1 = ,tur5ne might easily h avoid$ ! action1 & h ralli$ 8 troops ^u ^? 9 m di/ant qu>t]s4 ,a ?ird not$ surprise is t :i* ,tur5ne made on ! ,allies "u ! great ,elector1 ! ,imp]ial ,g5]al ,b\rnonville & ! ,duke ( ,lorra9e1 9 ,alsace1 9 ! ye> #afgd4 ,! trophies 7 v small1 ! loss ( ! ,allies did n exce$ #b1jjj or #c1jjj m51 :i* c\ld n decide ! fate ( a =ce ( #ej1jjj2 b ! ,allies consid]$ t !y c\ld n v5ture to make any fur!r resi/ance 9 ,alsace1 & retir$ across ! ,rh9e aga94 ,?is /rategic result 0 all t ,tur5ne want$1 b we mu/ n look = ! causes ( x entirely 9 ! surprise4 ,tur5ne surpris$ ! plans ( 8 oppon5ts m ?an ! troops !mselves2 ! want ( unanimity among/ ! alli$ g5]als & ! proximity ( ! ,rh9e did ! re/4 ,?is ev5t altoge!r des]ves a clos] exam9ation1 z x is g5]ally view$ 9 a wrong light4 ,9 #agda1 ,neipp]g surpris$ ,fr$]ick ! ,great 9 8 qu>t]s2 ! :ole ( ! result 0 t ! k+ 0 oblig$ to fight ! battle ( ,mollwitz be=e he _h collect$ all 8 =ces1 & ) a *ange ( front4 ,9 #agde1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great surpris$ ! ,duke ( ,lorra9e 9 8 cantonm5ts 9 ,lusatia2 ! *ief success 0 ?r\gh ! real surprise ( "o ( ! mo/ important qu>t]s1 t ( ,h5n]sdorf1 by :i* ! ,au/rians suff]$ a loss ( #b1jjj m52 ! g5]al result 0 t ! ,duke ( ,lorra9e retreat$ to ,bohemia by ,upp] ,lusatia1 b t did n at all prev5t 8 return+ into ,saxony by ! left bank ( ! ,elbe1 s t )\t ! battle ( ,kesselsdorf1 !re w\ld h be5 no important result4 #ageh4 ,! ,duke ,f]d9& surpris$ ! ,fr5* qu>t]s2 ! imm$iate result 0 t ! ,fr5* lo/ "s ?\s&s ( m51 & 7 oblig$ to take up a position beh9d ! ,all]4 ,! moral effect may h be5 ( m importance1 & may h _h "s influ5ce on ! subsequ5t evacuation ( ,we/phalia4 ,if f ^! diff]5t examples we seek = a conclusion z to ! efficacy ( ?is k9d ( attack1 !n only ! two fir/ c be put 9 comp>ison ) a battle ga9$4 ,b ! corps 7 only small1 & ! want ( outpo/s 9 ! sy/em ( w> 9 ^? days 0 a circum/ance greatly 9 fav\r ( ^! ent]prises4 ,al?\gh ! f\r o!r cases mu/ be reckon$ completely successful ent]prises1 x is pla9 t n "o ( !m is to be comp>$ ) a battle ga9$ z respects its result4 ,! g5]al result c\ld n h tak5 place 9 any ( !m except ) an adv]s>y weak 9 w & "*1 & !re=e x did n take place at all 9 ! case ( #agda4 ,9 #ahjf ! ,prussian army contemplat$ surpris+ ! ,fr5* 9 ?is mann] 9 ,franconia4 ,! case promis$ well = a satisfactory result4 ,buonap>te 0 n pres5t1 ! ,fr5* corps 7 9 widely ext5d$ cantonm5ts2 "u ^! circum/ances1 ! ,prussian army1 act+ ) great resolution & activity1 might v well reckon on driv+ ! ,fr5* back across ! ,rh9e1 ) m or less loss4 ,b ?is 0 also all2 if !y reckon$ ^u m1 = in/ance1 on foll[+ up _! advantages beyond ! ,rh9e1 or on ga9+ su* a moral asc5dancy1 t ! ,fr5* w\ld n aga9 v5ture to appe> on ! "r bank ( ! riv] 9 ! same campaign1 su* an expectation _h no suffici5t gr\nds :atev]4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/1 #ahab1 ! ,russians f ,smol5sk m$itat$ fall+ ^u ! cantonm5ts ( ! ,fr5* :5 ,napoleon halt$ 8 army 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,witepsk4 ,b !y want$ c\rage to c>ry out ! ent]prise2 & x 0 =tunate = !m !y did2 = z ! ,fr5* comm&] ) 8 c5tre 0 n only m ?an twice ! /r5g? ( _! c5tre1 b also 9 himself ! mo/ resolute comm&] t ev] liv$1 z fur!r1 ! loss ( a few miles ( gr\nd w\ld h decid$ no?+1 & !re 0 no natural ob/acle 9 any feature ( ! c\ntry ne> en\gh up to :i* !y might pursue _! success1 & by t means1 9 "s measure make x c]ta91 & la/ly1 z ! w> ( ! ye> #ahab 0 n 9 any way a campaign ( t k9d1 :i* draws itself 9 a languid way to a conclusion1 b ! s]i\s plan ( an assailant :o _h made up 8 m9d to conqu] 8 oppon5t completely1--!re=e ! trifl+ results to be expect$ f a surprise ( ! enemy 9 8 qu>t]s1 appe> no?+ else ?an utt]ly disproportionate to ! solution ( ! problem1 !y c\ld n ju/ify a hope ( mak+ good by _! means ! great inequality ( =ces & o!r relations4 ,b ?is s*eme s]ves to %[ h[ a confus$ idea ( ! effect ( ?is means may lead to an entirely false application ( ! same4 ,:at has be5 hi!rto said1 places ! subject 9 ! light ( a /rategic means4 ,b x lies 9 its nature t its execution also is n purely tactical1 b 9 "p belongs aga9 to /rategy s f>1 p>ticul>ly t su* an attack is g5]ally made on a front ( consid]able wid?1 & ! army :i* c>ries x out c1 & g5]ally w1 come to bl[s be=e x is conc5trat$1 s t ! :ole is an agglom]ation ( p>tial combats4 ,we mu/ n[ add a few words on ! mo/ natural organisation ( su* an attack4 ,! fir/ condition is3-- 7#a47 ,to attack ! front ( ! enemy's qu>t]s 9 a c]ta9 wid? ( front1 = t is ! only means by :i* we c really surprise sev]al cantonm5ts1 cut (f o!rs1 & create g5]ally t disorganisation 9 ! enemy's army :i* is int5d$4--,! numb] (1 & ! int]vals betwe51 ! columns mu/ dep5d on circum/ances4 7#b47 ,! direction ( ! diff]5t columns mu/ conv]ge ^u a po9t :]e x is int5d$ !y %\ld unite2 = ! enemy ends m or less ) a conc5tration ( 8 =ce1 & !re=e we mu/ d ! same4 ,?is po9t ( conc5tration %\ld1 if possible1 be ! enemy's po9t ( assembly1 or lie on 8 l9e ( retreat1 x w naturally be be/ :]e t l9e crosses an important ob/acle 9 ! c\ntry4 7#c47 ,! sep>ate columns :5 !y come 9 contact ) ! enemy's =ces mu/ attack !m ) great det]m9ation1 ) da% & boldness1 z !y h g5]al relations 9 _! fav\r1 & d>+ is always !re 9 its "r place4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! comm&]s ( ! sep>ate columns mu/ be all[$ fre$om ( action & full p[] 9 ?is respect4 7#d47 ,! tactical plan ( attack aga9/ ^? ( ! enemy's corps t are ! fir/ to place !mselves 9 position1 mu/ always be direct$ to turn a flank1 = ! greate/ result is always to be expect$ by sep>at+ ! corps1 & cutt+ !m (f4 7#e47 ,ea* ( ! columns mu/ be compos$ ( portions ( ! ?ree arms1 & mu/ n be /9t$ 9 cavalry1 x may ev5 sometimes be well to divide among/ !m ! :ole ( ! res]ve cavalry2 = x w\ld be a great mi/ake to suppose t ?is body ( cavalry c\ld play any great "p 9 a mass 9 an ent]prise ( ?is sort4 ,! fir/ village1 ! smalle/ bridge1 ! mo/ insignificant ?icket w\ld br+ x to a halt4 7#f47 ,al?\gh x lies 9 ! nature ( a surprise t ! assailant %\ld n s5d 8 advanc$ gu>d v f> 9 front1 t pr9ciple only applies to ! fir/ approa* to ! enemy's qu>t]s4 ,:5 ! fight has comm5c$ 9 ! enemy's qu>t]s1 & !re=e all t 0 to be expect$ f actual surprise has be5 ga9$1 !n ! columns ( ! advanc$ gu>d ( all arms %\ld pu% on z f> z possible1 = !y may greatly increase ! confusion on ! side ( ! enemy by m rapid movem5t4 ,x is only by ?is means t x becomes possible to c>ry (f "h & !re ! mass ( baggage1 artill]y1 non-effectives1 & camp-foll[]s1 :i* h to be dragg$ aft] a cantonm5t sudd5ly brok5 up1 & ^! advanc$ gu>ds mu/ also be ! *ief in/rum5ts 9 turn+ & cutt+ (f ! enemy4 7#g47 ,f9ally1 ! retreat 9 case ( ill-success mu/ be ?\ght (1 & a rally+ po9t be fix$ ^u be=eh&4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,div]sion ,accord+ to ! ord9>y use ( language1 "u ! t]m div]sion is und]/ood su* an incursion into ! enemy's c\ntry z draws (f a portion ( 8 =ce f ! pr9cipal po9t4 ,x is only :5 ?is is ! *ief end 9 view1 & n ! ga9 ( ! object :i* is select$ z ! po9t ( attack1 t x is an ent]prise ( a special "*1 o!rwise x is only an ord9>y attack4 ,naturally ! div]sion mu/ at ! same "t always h an object ( attack1 = x is only ! value ( ?is object t w induce ! enemy to s5d troops = its protection2 besides1 9 case ! und]tak+ does n succe$ z a div]sion1 ?is object is a comp5sation = ! =ces exp5d$ 9 ! attempt4 ,^! objects ( attack may be =tresses1 or important magaz9es1 or ri* & l>ge t[ns1 especially capital cities1 contributions ( all k9ds2 la/ly1 assi/ance may be af=d$ 9 ?is way to discont5t$ subjects ( ! enemy4 ,x is easy to conceive t div]sions may be useful1 b !y c]ta9ly are n s always2 on ! contr>y1 !y are j z (t5 injuri\s4 ,! *ief condition is t !y %\ld )draw f ! pr9cipal !atre ( ! w> m ( ! enemy's troops ?an we employ on ! div]sion2 = if !y only succe$ 9 draw+ (f j ! same numb]1 !n _! efficacy z div]sions1 prop]ly call$1 ceases1 & ! und]tak+ becomes a m]e subord9ate attack4 ,ev5 :]e1 on acc\nt ( circum/ances1 we h 9 view to atta9 a v great end ) a v small =ce1 z1 = in/ance1 to make an easy capture ( an important =tress1 & ano!r attack is made adjo9+ to ! pr9cipal attack1 to assi/ ! latt]1 t is no long] a div]sion4 ,:5 two /ates are at w>1 & a ?ird falls ^u "o ( !m1 su* an ev5t is v commonly call$ a div]sion--b su* an attack diff]s 9 no?+ f an ord9>y attack except 9 its direction2 !re is1 !re=e1 no occasion to give x a p>ticul> "n1 = 9 !ory x %\ld be a rule only to d5ote by p>ticul> names su* ?+s z are 9 _! nature di/9ct4 ,b if small =ces are to attract l>ge ones1 !re mu/ obvi\sly be "s special cause1 &1 !re=e1 = ! object ( a div]sion x is n suffici5t m]ely to deta* "s troops to a po9t n hi!rto occupi$4 ,if ! assailant ) a small corps ( #ajjj m5 ov]runs "o ( 8 enemy's prov9ces1 n belong+ to ! !atre ( w>1 & levies contribution1 etc41 x is easy to see be=eh& t ! enemy _c put a /op to ?is by deta*+ #ajjj m51 b t if he means to protect ! prov9ce f invad]s1 he mu/ at all ev5ts s5d a consid]ably l>g] =ce4 ,b x may be ask$ _c a def5d]1 in/ead ( protect+ 8 own prov9ce1 re/ore ! balance by s5d+ a simil> deta*m5t to plund] a prov9ce 9 our c\ntry8 ,!re=e1 if an advantage is to be obta9$ by an aggressor 9 ?is way1 x mu/ fir/ be asc]ta9$ t !re is m to be got or to be ?reat5$ 9 ! def5d]'s prov9ces ?an 9 8 own4 ,if ?is is ! case1 !n no d\bt a weak div]sion w occupy a =ce on ! enemy's side great] ?an t compos+ ! ent]prise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is advantage naturally dim9i%es z ! masses increase1 = #ej1jjj m5 c def5d a prov9ce ( mod]ate ext5t n only aga9/ equal b ev5 aga9/ some:at sup]ior numb]s4 ,! advantage ( l>ge div]sions is1 !re=e1 v d\btful1 & ! great] !y become ! m decisive mu/ be ! o!r circum/ances :i* fav\r a div]sion if any good is to come out ( su* an ent]prise ^u ! :ole4 ,n[ ^! fav\rable circum/ances may be3-- a4 ,=ces :i* ! assailant holds available = a div]sion )\t weak5+ ! great mass ( 8 =ce4 b4 ,po9ts belong+ to ! def5d] :i* are ( vital importance to him & c be ?reat5$ by a div]sion4 c4 ,discont5t$ subjects ( ! same4 d4 ,a ri* prov9ce :i* c supply a consid]able quantity ( munitions ( w>4 ,if only ^! div]sions are und]tak51 :i*1 :5 te/$ by ^! diff]5t consid]ations1 promise results1 x w be f\nd t an opportunity ( mak+ a div]sion does n (f] frequ5tly4 ,b n[ comes ano!r important po9t4 ,e div]sion br+s w> into a di/rict into :i* ! w> w\ld n o!rwise h p5etrat$3 = t reason x w always be ! means1 m or less1 ( call+ =? milit>y =ces :i* w\ld o!rwise h cont9u$ 9 abeyance1 ?is w be done 9 a way :i* w be v s5sibly felt if ! enemy has any organis$ militia1 & means ( arm+ ! nation at l>ge4 ,x is q 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 & amply %[n by exp]i5ce1 t if a di/rict is sudd5ly ?reat5$ by an enemy's =ce1 & no?+ has be5 prep>$ be=eh& = its def5ce1 all ! mo/ effici5t (ficial function>ies imm$iately lay hold ( & set 9 motion e extraord9>y means t c be imag9$1 9 ord] to w>d (f ! imp5d+ dang]4 ,?us1 new p[]s ( resi/ance spr+ up1 su* z are next to a p's w>1 & may easily excite "o4 ,?is is a po9t :i* %\ld be kept well 9 view 9 e div]sion1 9 ord] t we may n dig our own graves4 ,! exp$itions to ,nor? ,holl& 9 #agii1 & to ,wal*]5 9 #ahji1 reg>d$ z div]sions1 are only to be ju/ifi$ 9 s f> t !re 0 no o!r way ( employ+ ! ,engli% troops2 b !re is no d\bt t ! sum total ( ! means ( resi/ance ( ! ,fr5* 0 !reby increas$1 & e l&+ 9 ,france1 w\ld h j ! same effect4 ,to ?reat5 ! ,fr5* coa/ c]ta9ly (f]s great advantages1 because by t means an important body ( troops becomes neutralis$ 9 wat*+ ! coa/1 b a l&+ ) a l>ge =ce c nev] be ju/ifiable unless we c c\nt on ! assi/ance ( a prov9ce 9 opposition to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! less a great decision is look$ =w>d to 9 w> ! m w div]sions be all[able1 b s mu* ! small] w also c]ta9ly be ! ga9 to be d]iv$ f !m4 ,!y are only a means ( br++ ! /agnant masses into motion4 ,execution4 #a4 ,a div]sion may include 9 itself a real attack1 !n ! execution has no special "* 9 itself except boldness & exp$ition4 #b4 ,x may also h z an object to appe> m ?an x really is1 be+1 9 fact1 a demon/ration z well4 ,! special means to be employ$ 9 su* a case c only sugge/ !mselves to a subtil m9d well v]s$ 9 m5 & 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( circum/ances4 ,x foll[s f ! nature ( ! ?+ t !re mu/ be a great fraction+ ( =ces on su* occasions4 #c4 ,if ! =ces employ$ are n q inconsid]able1 & ! retreat is re/rict$ to c]ta9 po9ts1 !n a res]ve on :i* ! :ole may rally is an ess5tial condition4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,invasion ,almo/ all t we h to say on ?is subject consi/s 9 an explanation ( ! t]m4 ,we f9d ! expression v frequ5tly us$ by mod]n au?ors & also t !y pret5d to d5ote by x some?+ p>ticul>4 ,gu]re d'invasion occurs p]petually 9 ,fr5* au?ors4 ,!y use x z a t]m = e attack :i* ent]s deep into ! enemy's c\ntry1 & p]haps sometimes mean to apply x z ! anti!sis to me?odical attack1 t is1 "o :i* only nibbles at ! fronti]4 ,b ?is is a v unphilosophical confusion ( language4 ,:e!r an attack is to be conf9$ to ! fronti] or to be c>ri$ into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 :e!r x %all make ! seizure ( ! enemy's /rong places ! *ief object1 or seek out ! core ( ! enemy's p[]1 & pursue x unremitt+ly1 is ! result ( circum/ances1 & n dep5d5t on a sy/em4 ,9 "s cases1 to pu% =w>d may be m me?odical1 & at ! same "t m prud5t ?an to t>ry on ! fronti]1 b 9 mo/ cases x is no?+ else ?an j ! =tunate result ( a vigor\s attack1 & consequ5tly does n diff] f x 9 any respect4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,on ! ,culm9at+ ,po9t ( ,victory7997 7997 ,see ,*apt]s ,,iv4 & ,v4 ,! conqu]or 9 a w> is n always 9 a condition to subdue 8 adv]s>y completely4 ,(t51 9 fact1 almo/ univ]sally1 !re is a culm9at+ po9t ( victory4 ,exp]i5ce %[s ?is suffici5tly2 b z ! subject is "o especially important = ! !ory ( w>1 & ! pivot ( almo/ all plans ( campaigns1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 on its surface "s app>5t contradictions glitt]1 z 9 ev]-*ang+ col\rs1 we !re=e wi% to exam9e x m closely1 & look = its ess5tial causes4 ,victory1 z a rule1 spr+s f a prepond]ance ( ! sum ( all ! physical & moral p[]s comb9$2 und\bt$ly x increases ?is prepond]ance1 or x w\ld n be s\ght = & pur*as$ at a great sacrifice4 ,victory itself does ?is unque/ionably2 also its consequ5ces h ! same effect1 b n to ! utmo/ po9t g5]ally only up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,?is po9t may be v ne> at h&1 & is sometimes s ne> t ! :ole ( ! results ( a victori\s battle are conf9$ to an increase ( ! moral sup]iority4 ,h[ ?is comes ab\t we h n[ to exam9e4 ,9 ! progress ( action 9 w>1 ! combatant =ce is incessantly meet+ ) elem5ts :i* /r5g!n x1 & o!rs :i* weak5 x4 ,h5ce x is a "q ( sup]iority on "o side or ! o!r4 ,z e dim9ution ( p[] on "o side is to be reg>d$ z an increase on ! opposite1 x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t ?is d\ble curr5t1 ?is ebb & fl[1 takes place :e!r troops are advanc+ or retir+4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to f9d out ! pr9cipal cause ( ?is alt]ation 9 ! "o case to det]m9e ! o!r along ) x4 ,9 advanc+1 ! mo/ important causes ( ! increase ( /r5g? :i* ! assailant ga9s1 are3 #a4 ,! loss :i* ! enemy's army suff]s1 because x is usually great] ?an t ( ! assailant4 #b4 ,! loss :i* ! enemy suff]s 9 in]t milit>y means1 su* z magaz9es1 depts1 bridges1 etc41 & :i* ! assailant does n %>e ) him4 #c4 ,t f ! mom5t ! assailant ent]s ! enemy's t]ritory1 !re is a loss ( prov9ces to ! def5ce1 consequ5tly ( ! s\rces ( new milit>y =ces4 #d4 ,t ! advanc+ army ga9s a portion ( ^? res\rces1 9 o!r words1 ga9s ! advantage ( liv+ at ! exp5se ( ! enemy4 #e4 ,! loss ( int]nal organisation & ( ! regul> action ( ev]y?+ on ! side ( ! enemy4 #f4 ,t ! allies ( ! enemy sec$e f him1 & o!rs jo9 ! conqu]or4 #g4 ,la/ly1 ! disc\ragem5t ( ! enemy :o lets ! arms1 9 "s measure1 drop out ( 8 h&s4 ,! causes ( decrease ( /r5g? 9 an army advanc+1 are3 #a4 ,t x is compell$ to lay siege to ! enemy's =tresses1 to blockade !m or obs]ve !m2 or t ! enemy1 :o did ! same be=e ! victory1 9 8 retreat draws 9 ^! corps on 8 ma9 body4 #b4 ,t f ! mom5t ! assailant ent]s ! enemy's t]ritory1 ! nature ( ! !atre ( w> is *ang$2 x becomes ho/ile2 we mu/ occupy x1 = we _c call any portion our own beyond :at is 9 actual occupation1 & yet x ev]y:]e pres5ts difficulties to ! :ole ma*9e1 :i* mu/ necess>ily t5d to weak5 its effects4 #c4 ,t we are remov+ fur!r away f our res\rces1 :il/ ! enemy is draw+ ne>] to 82 ?is causes a delay 9 ! replacem5t ( exp5d$ p[]4 #d4 ,t ! dang] :i* ?reat5s ! /ate1 r\ses o!r p[]s to its protection4 #e4 ,la/ly1 ! great] ef=ts ( ! adv]s>y1 9 consequ5ce ( ! increas$ dang]1 on ! o!r h&1 a relaxation ( ef=t on ! side ( ! victori\s /ate4 ,all ^! advantages & disadvantages c exi/ toge!r1 meet ea* o!r 9 a c]ta9 measure1 & pursue _! way 9 opposite directions1 except t ! la/ meet z real opposites1 _c pass1 !re=e mutually exclude ea* o!r4 ,?is alone %[s h[ inf9itely diff]5t may be ! effect ( a victory accord+ z x /uns ! vanqui%$ or /imulates him to great] ex]tions4 ,we %all n[ try to *>act]ise1 9 a few words1 ea* ( ^! po9ts s+ly4 #a4 ,! loss ( ! enemy :5 defeat$1 may be at ! greate/ 9 ! fir/ mom5t ( defeat1 & !n daily dim9i% 9 am\nt until x arrives at a po9t :]e ! balance is re/or$ z reg>ds our =ce2 b x may g on increas+ e day 9 an asc5d+ ratio4 ,! diff]5ce ( situation & relations det]m9es ?is4 ,we c only say t1 9 g5]al1 ) a good army ! fir/ w be ! case1 ) an indiff]5t army ! second2 next to ! _s ( ! army1 ! _s ( ! ,gov]nm5t is "h ! mo/ important ?+4 ,x is ( great consequ5ce 9 w> to di/+ui% betwe5 ! two cases 9 practice1 9 ord] n to /op j at ! po9t :]e we ought to beg9 9 good e>ne/1 & vice v]s4 #b4 ,! loss :i* ! enemy su/a9s 9 t "p ( ! app>atus ( w> :i* is in]t1 may ebb & fl[ j 9 ! same mann]1 & ?is w dep5d on ! accid5tal position & nature ( ! depts f :i* supplies are drawn4 ,?is subject1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t day1 _c be comp>$ ) ! o!rs 9 po9t ( importance4 #c4 ,! ?ird advantage mu/ necess>ily increase z ! army advances2 inde$1 x may be said t x does n come into consid]ation until an army has p5etrat$ f> into ! enemy's c\ntry2 t is to say1 until a ?ird or a f\r? ( ! c\ntry has be5 left 9 re>4 ,9 addition1 ! intr9sic value :i* a prov9ce has 9 connection ) ! w> comes also into consid]ation4 ,9 ! same way ! f\r? advantage %\ld increase ) ! advance4 ,b ) respect to ^! two la/1 x is also to be obs]v$ t _! influ5ce on ! combatant p[]s actually engag$ 9 ! /ruggle1 is seldom felt s imm$iately2 !y only "w sl[ly & by a circuit\s c\rse2 !re=e we %\ld n b5d ! b[ too mu* on _! acc\nt1 t is to say1 n place ourselves 9 any dang]\s position4 ,! fif? advantage1 aga91 only comes into consid]ation if we h made a consid]able advance1 & if by ! =m ( ! enemy's c\ntry "s prov9ces c be deta*$ f ! pr9cipal mass1 z ^!1 l limbs compress$ by ligatures1 usually soon die (f4 ,z to six & sev51 x is at lea/ probable t !y increase ) ! advance2 fur!rmore1 we %all return to !m h]eaft]4 ,let u n[ pass on to ! causes ( weakness4 #a4 ,! besieg+1 blockade1 & inve/m5t ( =tresses1 g5]ally increase z ! army advances4 ,?is weak5+ influ5ce alone acts s p[]fully on ! condition ( ! combatant =ce1 t x may soon outweigh all ! advantages ga9$4 ,no d\bt1 9 mod]n times1 a sy/em has be5 introduc$ ( blockad+ places ) a small numb] ( troops1 or ( wat*+ !m ) a /ill small] numb]2 & also ! enemy mu/ keep g>risons 9 !m4 ,nev]!less1 !y rema9 a great elem5t ( security4 ,! g>risons consi/ v (t5 9 half ( p1 :o h tak5 no "p 9 ! w> previ\sly4 ,be=e ^? places :i* are situat$ ne> ! l9e ( communication1 x is necess>y = ! assailant to leave a =ce at lea/ d\ble ! /r5g? ( ! g>rison2 & if x is desirable to lay =mal siege to1 or to />ve out1 "o s+le consid]able place1 a small army is requir$ = ! purpose4 #b4 ,! second cause1 ! tak+ up a !atre ( w> 9 ! enemy's c\ntry1 increases necess>ily ) ! advance1 & if x does n fur!r weak5 ! condition ( ! combatant =ce at ! mom5t1 x does s at all ev5ts 9 ! long run4 ,we c only reg>d z our !atre ( w>1 s mu* ( ! enemy's c\ntry z we actually possess2 t is to say1 :]e we ei!r h small corps 9 ! field1 or :]e we h left "h & !re /rong g>risons 9 l>ge t[ns1 or /ations along ! roads1 etc42 n[1 h[ev] small ! g>risons may be :i* are deta*$1 /ill !y weak5 ! combatant =ce consid]ably4 ,b ?is is ! smalle/ evil4 ,e army has /rategic flanks1 t is1 ! c\ntry :i* bord]s bo? sides ( its l9es ( communications2 ! weakness ( ^! p>ts is n s5sibly felt z long z ! enemy is simil>ly situat$ ) respect to 84 ,b t c only be ! case z long z we are 9 our own c\ntry2 z soon z we get into ! enemy's c\ntry1 ! weakness ( ^! p>ts is felt v mu*1 because ! smalle/ ent]prise promises "s result :5 direct$ aga9/ a long l9e only feebly1 or n all1 cov]$2 & ^! attacks may be made f any qu>t] 9 an enemy's c\ntry4 ,! fur!r we advance1 ! long] ^! flanks become1 & ! dang] aris+ f !m is enhanc$ 9 an increas$ ratio1 = n only are !y difficult to cov]1 b ! _s ( ent]prise is also fir/ r\s$ 9 ! enemy1 *iefly by long insecure l9es ( communication1 & ! consequ5ces :i* _! loss may entail 9 case ( a retreat are matt] ( grave consid]ation4 ,all ?is contributes to place a fre% load on an advanc+ army at e /ep ( its progress2 s t if x has n comm5c$ ) a m ?an ord9>y sup]iority1 x w feel itself always m & m cramp$ 9 its plans1 gradually weak5$ 9 its impulsive =ce1 & at la/ 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty & anxiety z to its situation4 #c4 ,! ?ird cause1 ! di/ance f ! s\rce f :i* ! incessantly dim9i%+ combatant =ce is to be j z incessantly fill$ up1 increases ) ! advance4 ,a conqu]+ army is l ! light ( a lamp 9 ?is respect2 ! m ! oil :i* fe$s x s9ks 9 ! res]voir & rec$es f ! focus ( light1 ! small] ! light becomes1 until at l5g? x is q ext+ui%$4 ,! ri*ness ( ! conqu]$ prov9ces may c]ta9ly dim9i% ?is evil v mu*1 b c nev] entirely remove x1 because !re are always a numb] ( ?+s :i* c only be suppli$ to ! army f its own c\ntry1 m5 9 p>ticul>2 because ! subsidies furni%$ by ! enemy's c\ntry are1 9 mo/ cases1 nei!r s promptly nor s surely =?com+ z 9 our own c\ntry2 because ! means ( meet+ any unexpect$ requirem5t _c be s quickly procur$2 because misund]/&+s & mi/akes ( all k9ds _c s soon be discov]$ & rem$i$4 ,if a pr9ce does n lead 8 army 9 p]son1 z became ! cu/om 9 ! la/ w>s1 if he is n any:]e ne> x1 !n ano!r & v great inconv5i5ce arises 9 ! loss ( "t occasion$ by communications backw>ds & =w>ds2 = ! fulle/ p[]s conf]r$ on a comm&] ( an army1 are nev] suffici5t to meet e case 9 ! wide expanse ( 8 activity4 #d4 ,! *ange 9 political alliances4 ,if ^! *anges1 produc$ by a victory1 %\ld be su* z are disadvantage\s to ! conqu]or1 !y w probably be s 9 a direct relation to 8 progress1 j z is ! case if !y are ( an advantage\s nature4 ,?is all dep5ds on ! exi/+ political alliances1 int]e/s1 cu/oms1 & t5d5cies1 on pr9ces1 m9i/]s1 etc4 ,9 g5]al1 we c only say t :5 a great /ate :i* has small] allies is conqu]$1 ^! usually sec$e v soon f _! alliance1 s t ! victor1 9 ?is respect1 ) e bl[ becomes /rong]2 b if ! conqu]$ /ate is small1 protectors mu* soon] pres5t !mselves :5 8 v exi/5ce is ?reat5$1 & o!rs1 :o h help$ to place him 9 8 pres5t emb>rassm5t1 w turn r\nd to prev5t 8 complete d[nfall4 #e4 ,! increas$ resi/ance on ! "p ( ! enemy :i* is call$ =?4 ,sometimes ! enemy drops 8 weapon out ( 8 h&s f t]ror & /upefaction2 sometimes an en?usia/ic p>oxysm seizes him1 e "o runs to arms1 & ! resi/ance is mu* /rong] aft] ! fir/ defeat ?an x 0 be=e4 ,! "* ( ! p & ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! nature ( ! c\ntry & its political alliances1 are "h ! data f :i* ! probable effect mu/ be conjectur$4 ,:at c\ntless diff]5ces ^! two la/ po9ts alone make 9 ! plans :i* may & %\ld be made 9 w> 9 "o case & ano!r8 ,:il/ "o1 ?r\gh an excess ( caution1 & :at is call$ me?odical proce$+s1 fritt]s away 8 good =tune1 ano!r1 f a want ( rational reflection1 tumbles into de/ruction4 ,9 addition1 we mu/ "h call to m9d ! sup95ess1 :i* n unfrequ5tly comes ov] ! victori\s side1 :5 dang] is remov$2 :il/1 on ! contr>y1 r5ew$ ef=ts are !n requir$ 9 ord] to foll[ up ! success4 ,if we ca/ a g5]al glance ov] ^! diff]5t & antagoni/ic pr9ciples1 ! d$uction1 d\btless is1 t ! pr(itable use ( ! onw>d m>* 9 a w> ( aggression1 9 ! g5]ality ( cases1 dim9i%es ! prepond]ance ) :i* ! assailant set out1 or :i* has be5 ga9$ by victory4 ,"h ! "q mu/ naturally /rike u2 if ?is be s1 :at is x :i* impels ! conqu]or to foll[ up ! c>e] ( victory to cont9ue ! (f5sive8 ,& c ?is really be call$ mak+ fur!r use ( ! victory8 ,w\ld x n be bett] to /op :]e z yet !re is h>dly any dim9ution ( ! prepond]ance ga9$8 ,to ?is we mu/ naturally answ]3 ! prepond]ance ( combatant =ces is only ! means1 n ! end4 ,! end or object is to subdue ! enemy1 or at lea/ to take f him "p ( 8 t]ritory1 9 ord] ?us to put ourselves 9 a condition to realize ! value ( ! advantages we h ga9$ :5 we conclude a peace4 ,ev5 if our aim is to conqu] ! enemy completely1 we mu/ be cont5t t1 p]haps1 e /ep we advance1 r$uces our prepond]ance1 b x does n necess>ily foll[ f ?is t x w be nil be=e ! fall ( ! enemy3 ! fall ( ! enemy may take place be=e t1 & if x is to be obta9$ by ! la/ m9imum ( prepond]ance1 x w\ld be an error n to exp5d x = t purpose4 ,! prepond]ance :i* we h or acquire 9 w> is1 !re=e1 ! means1 n ! end1 & x mu/ be /ak$ to ga9 ! latt]4 ,b x is necess>y to "k h[ f> x w rea*1 9 ord] n to g beyond t po9t1 & in/ead ( fre% advantages1 to reap disa/]4 ,x is n necess>y to introduce special examples f exp]i5ce 9 ord] to prove t ?is is ! way 9 :i* ! /rategic prepond]ance exhau/s itself 9 ! /rategic attack2 x is r ! multitude ( in/ances :i* has =c$ u to inve/igate ! causes ( x4 ,x is only s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,buonap>te t we h kn[n campaigns betwe5 civiliz$ nations1 9 :i* ! prepond]ance has l$1 )\t int]ruption1 to ! fall ( ! enemy2 be=e 8 "t1 e campaign end$ ) ! victori\s army seek+ to w9 a po9t :]e x c\ld simply ma9ta9 itself 9 a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! movem5t ( victory /opp$1 ev5 if a retreat did n become necess>y4 ,n[1 ?is culm9at+ po9t ( victory w also appe> 9 ! future1 9 all w>s 9 :i* ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy is n ! milit>y object ( ! w>2 & ! g5]ality ( w>s w /ill be ( ?is k9d4 ,! natural aim ( all s+le plans ( campaigns is ! po9t at :i* ! (f5sive *anges into ! def5sive4 ,b n[1 to ov]/ep ?is po9t1 is m ?an simply a useless exp5diture ( p[]1 yield+ no fur!r result1 x is a de/ructive /ep :i* causes reaction2 & ?is re-action is1 accord+ to all g5]al exp]i5ce1 productive ( mo/ disproportionate effects4 ,?is la/ fact is s common1 & appe>s s natural & easy to und]/& t we ne$ n ent] circum/antially into ! causes4 ,want ( organisation 9 ! conqu]$ l&1 & ! v opposite effect :i* a s]i\s loss in/ead ( ! look$-= fre% victory makes on ! feel+s1 are ! *ief causes 9 e case4 ,! moral =ces1 c\rage on ! "o side ris+ (t5 to audacity1 & extreme depression on ! o!r1 n[ beg9 g5]ally _! active play4 ,! losses on ! retreat are increas$ !reby1 & ! hi!rto successful p>ty n[ g5]ally ?anks provid5ce if he c escape ) only ! surr5d] ( all 8 ga9s1 )\t los+ "s ( 8 own t]ritory4 ,we mu/ n[ cle> up an app>5t contradiction4 ,x may be g5]ally suppos$ t z long z progress 9 ! attack cont9ues1 !re mu/ /ill be a prepond]ance2 &1 t z ! def5sive1 :i* w comm5ce at ! end ( ! victori\s c>e]1 is a /rong] =m ( w> ?an ! (f5sive1 !re=e1 !re is s mu* ! less dang] ( becom+ unexpect$ly ! weak] p>ty4 ,b yet !re is1 & keep+ hi/ory 9 view1 we mu/ admit t ! greate/ dang] ( a rev]se is (t5 j at ! mom5t :5 ! (f5sive ceases & passes into ! def5sive4 ,we %all try to f9d ! cause ( ?is4 ,! sup]iority :i* we h attribut$ to ! def5sive =m ( w> consi/s3 #a4 ,9 ! use ( gr\nd4 #b4 ,9 ! possession ( a prep>$ !atre ( w>4 #c4 ,9 ! support ( ! p4 #d4 ,9 ! advantage ( ! /ate ( expectancy4 ,x mu/ be evid5t t ^! pr9ciples _c always be =?com+ & active 9 a l degree2 t1 consequ5tly1 "o def5ce is n always l ano!r2 & !re=e1 also1 t ! def5ce w n always h ?is same sup]iority ov] ! (f5sive4 ,?is mu/ be p>ticul>ly ! case 9 a def5sive1 :i* comm5ces aft] ! exhau/ion ( an (f5sive1 & has its !atre ( w> usually situat$ at ! apex ( an (f5sive triangle ?ru/ f> =w>d into ! c\ntry4 ,( ! f\r pr9ciples above nam$1 ?is def5sive only enjoys ! fir/ ! use ( ! gr\nd undim9i%$1 ! second g5]ally vani%es altoge!r1 ! ?ird becomes negative1 & ! f\r? is v mu* r$uc$4 ,a few m words1 only by way ( explanation1 respect+ ! la/4 ,if ! imag9$ equilibrium1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* :ole campaigns h (t5 pass$ )\t any results1 because ! side :i* %\ld assume ! initiative is want+ 9 ! necess>y resolution1 & j !re9 lies1 z we conceive1 ! advantage ( ! /ate ( expectancy if ?is equilibrium is di/urb$ by an (f5sive act1 ! enemy's int]e/s damag$1 & 8 w /irr$ up to action1 !n ! probability ( 8 rema9+ 9 a /ate ( indol5t irresolution is mu* dim9i%$4 ,a def5ce1 :i* is organis$ on conqu]$ t]ritory1 has a mu* m irritat+ "* ?an "o ^u our own soil2 ! (f5sive pr9ciple is engraft$ on x 9 a c]ta9 measure1 & its nature is !reby weak5$4 ,! quiet :i* ,daun all[$ ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 9 ,silesia & ,saxony1 he w\ld nev] h grant$ him 9 ,bohemia4 ,?us x is cle> t ! def5sive1 :i* is int]wov5 or mix$ up ) an (f5sive und]tak+1 is weak5$ 9 all its *ief pr9ciples2 &1 !re=e1 w no long] h ! prepond]ance :i* belongs to x orig9ally4 ,z no def5sive campaign is compos$ ( purely def5sive elem5ts1 s likewise no (f5sive campaign is made up entirely ( (f5sive elem5ts2 because1 besides ! %ort int]vals 9 e campaign1 9 :i* bo? armies are on ! def5sive1 e attack :i* does n lead to a peace1 mu/ necess>ily end 9 a def5sive4 ,9 ?is mann] x is ! def5sive itself :i* contributes to ! weak5+ ( ! (f5sive4 ,?is is s f> f be+ an idle subtlety1 t on ! contr>y1 we consid] x a *ief disadvantage ( ! attack t we are aft]w>ds r$uc$ ?r\gh x to a v disadvantage\s def5sive4 ,& ?is expla9s h[ ! diff]5ce :i* orig9ally exi/s betwe5 ! /r5g? ( ! (f5sive & def5sive =ms 9 w> is gradually r$uc$4 ,we %all n[ %[ h[ x may completely disappe>1 & ! advantage = a %ort "t may *ange into ! rev]se4 ,if we may be all[$ to make use ( an idea f nature1 we %all be able soon] to expla9 ourselves4 ,x is ! "t :i* e =ce 9 ! mat]ial _w requires to %[ its effect4 ,a p[]1 :i* if appli$ sl[ly by degrees1 w\ld be suffici5t to *eck a body 9 motion1 w be ov]come by x if "t fails4 ,?is law ( ! mat]ial _w is a /rik+ illu/ration ( _m ( ! ph5om5a 9 our inn] life4 ,if we are once r\s$ to a c]ta9 tra9 ( ?\ght1 x is n e motive suffici5t 9 itself :i* c *ange or /op t curr5t ( ?\ght4 ,"t1 tranquillity & durable impressions on our s5ses are requir$4 ,s x is also 9 w>4 ,:5 once ! m9d has tak5 a decid$ direction t[>ds an object1 or turn$ back t[>ds a h>b\r ( refuge1 x may easily happ5 t ! motives :i* 9 ! "o base naturally s]ve to re/ra91 & ^? :i* 9 ! o!r z naturally excite to ent]prise1 are n felt at once 9 _! full =ce2 & z ! progress ( action 9 ! mean "t cont9ues1 "o is c>ri$ along by ! /ream ( movem5t beyond ! l9e ( equilibrium1 beyond ! culm9at+ po9t1 )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 ,inde$1 x may ev5 happ5 t1 9 spite ( ! exhau/ion ( =ce1 ! assailant1 support$ by ! moral =ces :i* specially lie 9 ! (f5sive1 l a horse draw+ a load uphill1 f9ds x less difficult to advance ?an to /op4 ,by ?is1 we believe1 we h n[ %[n1 )\t contradiction 9 itself1 h[ ! assailant may pass t po9t1 :]e1 if he _h /opp$ at ! "r mom5t1 he might /ill1 ?r\gh ! def5sive1 h _h a result1 t is equilibrium4 ,rightly to det]m9e ?is po9t is1 !re=e1 important 9 fram+ a plan ( a campaign1 z well = ! (f5sive1 t he may n und]take :at is beyond 8 p[]s 7to a c]ta9 ext5t contract debts71 z = ! def5sive1 t he may p]ceive & pr(it by ?is error if committ$ by ! assailant4 ,if n[ we look back at all ! po9ts :i* ! comm&] %\ld be> 9 m9d 9 mak+ 8 det]m9ation1 & rememb] t he c only e/imate ! t5d5cy & value ( ! mo/ important ( !m ?r\gh ! consid]ation ( _m o!r ne> & di/ant relations1 t he mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t guess at !m guess :e!r ! enemy's army1 aft] ! fir/ bl[1 w %[ a /rong] core & increas+ solidity1 or l a ,bologna phial1 w turn into du/ z soon z ! surface is injur$2 guess ! ext5t ( weakness & pro/ration :i* ! dry+ up ( c]ta9 s\rces1 ! int]ruption ( c]ta9 communications w produce on ! milit>y /ate ( ! enemy2 guess :e!r ! enemy1 f ! burn+ pa9 ( ! bl[ :i* has be5 dealt him1 w collapse p[]less1 or :e!r1 l a w\nd$ bull1 he w rise to a /ate ( fury2 la/ly1 guess :e!r o!r p[]s w be dismay$ or r\s$1 :at political alliances are likely to be dissolv$1 & :at are likely to be =m$4 ,:5 we say t he mu/ hit all ?is1 & mu* m1 ) ! tact ( 8 judgm5t1 z ! rifleman hits a m>k1 x mu/ be admitt$ t su* an act ( ! human m9d is no trifle4 ,a ?\s& wrong roads runn+ "h & !re1 pres5t !mselves to ! judgm5t2 & :atev] ! numb]1 ! confusion & complexity ( objects leaves undone1 is complet$ by ! s5se ( dang] & responsibility4 ,?us x happ5s t ! majority ( g5]als pref] to fall %ort ( ! m>k r ?an to approa* too close2 & ?us x happ5s t a f9e c\rage & great _s ( ent]prise (t5 g beyond ! po9t1 & !re=e also fail to hit ! m>k4 ,only he t does great ?+s ) small means has made a successful hit4 ,,sket*es ,,= ,,book ,,viii ,,plan ,,( ,,w> ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introduction ,9 ! *apt] on ! ess5ce & object ( w>1 we sket*$1 9 a c]ta9 measure1 its g5]al conception1 & po9t$ out its relations to surr\nd+ circum/ances1 9 ord] to comm5ce ) a s\nd fundam5tal idea4 ,we !re ca/ a glance at ! manifold difficulties :i* ! m9d enc\nt]s 9 ! consid]ation ( ?is subject1 :il/ we po/pon$ ! clos] exam9ation ( !m1 & /opp$ at ! conclusion1 t ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy1 consequ5tly ! de/ruction ( 8 combatant =ce1 is ! *ief object ( ! :ole ( ! action ( w>4 ,?is put u 9 a position to %[ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 t ! means :i* ! act ( w> employs is ! combat alone4 ,9 ?is mann]1 we ?9k1 we h obta9$ at ! outset a correct po9t ( view4 ,hav+ n[ gone ?r\gh s+ly all ! pr9cipal relations & =ms :i* appe> 9 milit>y action1 b are extrane\s to1 or outside (1 ! combat1 9 ord] t we might fix m di/9ctly _! value1 p>tly ?r\gh ! nature ( ! ?+1 p>tly f ! lessons ( exp]i5ce :i* milit>y hi/ory af=ds1 purify !m f1 & root out1 ^? vague ambigu\s ideas :i* are g5]ally mix$ up ) !m1 & also to put prom95tly =w>d ! real object ( ! act ( w>1 ! de/ruction ( ! enemy's combatant =ce z ! prim>y object univ]sally belong+ to x2 we n[ return to ,w> z a :ole1 z we propose to speak ( ! ,plan ( ,w>1 & ( campaigns2 & t obliges u to rev]t to ! ideas 9 our fir/ book ,9 ^! *apt]s1 :i* are to deal ) ! :ole "q1 is conta9$ /rategy1 prop]ly speak+1 9 its mo/ compreh5sive & important features4 ,we ent] ?is inn]mo/ "p ( its doma91 :]e all o!r ?reads meet1 n )\t a degree ( diffid5ce1 :i*1 inde$1 is amply ju/ifi$ ,if1 on ! "o h&1 we see h[ extremely simple ! op]ations ( w> appe>2 if we he> & read h[ ! greate/ g5]als speak ( x1 j 9 ! pla9e/ & briefe/ mann]1 h[ ! gov]nm5t & managem5t ( ?is pond]\s ma*9e1 ) its hundr$ ?\s& limbs1 is made no m ( 9 _! lips ?an if !y 7 only speak+ ( _! own p]sons1 s t ! :ole trem5d\s act ( w> is individualis$ into a k9d ( duel2 if we f9d ! motives also ( _! action br\ght into connection sometimes ) a few simple ideas1 sometimes ) "s excitem5t ( feel+2 if we see ! easy1 sure1 we might almo/ say light mann]1 9 :i* !y treat ! subject & n[ see1 on ! o!r h&1 ! imm5se numb] ( circum/ances :i* pres5t !mselves = ! consid]ation ( ! m9d2 ! long1 (t5 indef9ite1 di/ances to :i* ! ?reads ( ! subject run out1 & ! numb] ( comb9ations :i* lie be=e u2 if we reflect t x is ! duty ( !ory to embrace all ?is sy/ematically1 t is ) cle>ness & fullness1 & always to ref] ! action to ! necessity ( a suffici5t cause1 !n comes ^u u an ov]p[]+ dread ( be+ dragg$ d[n to a p$antic dogmatism1 to crawl ab\t 9 ! l[] regions ( heavy ab/ruse conceptions1 :]e we %all nev] meet any great capta91 ) 8 natural c\p d'il4 ,if ! result ( an attempt at !ory is to be ( ?is k9d1 x w\ld h be5 z well1 or r1 x w\ld h be5 bett]1 n to h made ! attempt2 x c\ld only br+ d[n on !ory ! contempt ( g5ius1 & ! attempt itself w\ld soon be =gott54 ,& on ! o!r h&1 ?is facile c\p d'il ( ! g5]al1 ?is simple art ( =m+ notions1 ?is p]sonification ( ! :ole action ( w>1 is s entirely & completely ! s\l ( ! "r me?od ( conduct+ w>1 t 9 no o!r b ?is broad way is x possible to conceive t fre$om ( ! m9d :i* is indisp5sable if x is to dom9ate ev5ts1 n to be ov]p[]$ by !m ,) "s fe> we proce$ aga92 we c only d s by pursu+ ! way :i* we h prescrib$ = ourselves f ! fir/4 ,!ory ought to ?r[ a cle> light on ! mass ( objects1 t ! m9d may ! easi] f9d its be>+s2 !ory ought to pull up ! we$s :i* error has s[n broadca/2 x %\ld %[ ! relations ( ?+s to ea* o!r1 sep>ate ! important f ! trifl+4 ,:]e ideas resolve !mselves spontane\sly into su* a core ( ,tru? z is call$ ,pr9ciple1 :5 !y ( !mselves keep su* a l9e z =ms a rule1 ,!ory %\ld indicate ! same ,:atev] ! m9d seizes1 ! rays ( light :i* are awak5$ 9 x by ?is exploration among/ ! fundam5tal notions ( ?+s1 t is ! assi/ance :i* ,!ory af=ds ! m9d4 ,!ory c give no =mulas ) :i* to solve problems2 x _c conf9e ! m9d's c\rse to ! n>r[ l9e ( necessity by ,pr9ciples set up on bo? sides4 ,x lets ! m9d take a look at ! mass ( objects & _! relations1 & !n all[s x to g free to ! high] regions ( action1 !re to act accord+ to ! measure ( its natural =ces1 ) ! en]gy ( ! :ole ( ^? =ces comb9$1 & to grasp ! ,true & ! ,"r1 z "o s+le cle> idea1 :i* %oot+ =? f "u ! unit$ pressure ( all ^! =ces1 w\ld seem to be r a product ( feel+ ?an ( reflection4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,absolute & ,real ,w> ,! ,plan ( ! ,w> compreh5ds ! :ole ,milit>y ,act2 ?r\gh x t ,act becomes a :ole1 :i* mu/ h "o f9al det]m9ate object1 9 :i* all p>ticul> objects mu/ become absorb$4 ,no w> is comm5c$1 or1 at lea/1 no w> %\ld be comm5c$1 if p act$ wisely1 )\t say+ to !mselves1 ,:at is to be atta9$ by & 9 ! same2 ! fir/ is ! f9al object2 ! o!r is ! int]m$iate aim4 ,by ?is *ief consid]ation ! :ole c\rse ( ! w> is prescrib$1 ! ext5t ( ! means & ! measure ( en]gy are det]m9$2 its influ5ce manife/s itself d[n to ! smalle/ organ ( action4 ,we said1 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 t ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy is ! natural end ( ! act ( ,w>2 & t if we w\ld keep )9 ! /rictly philosophical limits ( ! idea1 !re c be no o!r 9 reality4 ,z ?is idea mu/ apply to bo? ! bellig]5t p>ties1 x mu/ foll[1 t !re c be no susp5sion 9 ! ,milit>y ,act1 & peace _c take place until "o or o!r ( ! p>ties conc]n$ is ov]?r[n4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! susp5sion ( ! ,bellig]5t ,act1 we h %[n h[ ! simple pr9ciple ( ho/ility appli$ to its embodim5t1 man1 & all circum/ances out ( :i* x makes a w>1 is subject to *ecks & modifications f causes :i* are inh]5t 9 ! app>atus ( w>4 ,b ?is modification is n ne>ly suffici5t to c>ry u f ! orig9al conception ( ,w> to ! concrete =m 9 :i* x almo/ ev]y:]e appe>s4 ,mo/ w>s appe> only z an angry feel+ on bo? sides1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i*1 ea* side takes up arms to protect himself1 & to put 8 adv]s>y 9 fe>1 &--:5 opportunity (f]s1 to /rike a bl[4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 n l mutually de/ructive elem5ts br\ght into collision1 b l t5sions ( two elem5ts /ill ap>t :i* dis*>ge !mselves 9 small p>tial %ocks4 ,b :at is n[ ! non-conduct+ m$ium :i* h9d]s ! complete dis*>ge8 ,:y is ! philosophical conception n satisfi$8 ,t m$ium consi/s 9 ! numb] ( int]e/s1 =ces1 & circum/ances ( v>i\s k9ds1 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,/ate1 :i* are affect$ by ! w>1 & ?r\gh ! inf9ite ramifications ( :i* ! logical consequ5ce _c be c>ri$ out z x w\ld on ! simple ?reads ( a few conclusions2 9 ?is labyr9? x /icks fa/1 & man1 :o 9 great ?+s z well z 9 small1 usually acts m on ! impulse ( ideas & feel+s1 ?an accord+ to /rictly logical conclusions1 is h>dly consci\s ( 8 confusion1 un/ead9ess ( purpose1 & inconsi/5cy4 ,b if ! intellig5ce by :i* ! w> is decre$1 c\ld ev5 g ov] all ^! ?+s relat+ to ! w>1 )\t = a mom5t los+ sight ( its aim1 /ill all ! o!r intellig5ces 9 ! ,/ate :i* are conc]n$ may n be able to d ! same2 ?us an opposition arises1 & ) t comes ! necessity = a =ce capable ( ov]com+ ! in]tia ( ! :ole mass--a =ce :i* is seldom =?com+ to ! full4 ,?is inconsi/5cy takes place on "o or o!r ( ! two sides1 or x may be on bo? sides1 & becomes ! cause ( ! w> be+ some?+ q diff]5t to :at x %\ld be1 accord+ to ! conception ( x--a half & half production1 a ?+ )\t a p]fect inn] cohesion4 ,?is is h[ we f9d x almo/ ev]y:]e1 & we might d\bt :e!r our notion ( its absolute "* or nature 0 f\nd$ 9 reality1 if we _h n se5 real w>f>e make its appe>5ce 9 ?is absolute complet5ess j 9 our own times4 ,aft] a %ort introduction p]=m$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! impetu\s ,buonap>te quickly br\ght x to ?is po9t ,"u him x 0 c>ri$ on )\t slack5+ = a mom5t until ! enemy 0 pro/rat$1 & ! c\nt] /roke foll[$ almo/ ) z little remission4 ,is x n natural & necess>y t ?is ph5om5on %\ld lead u back to ! orig9al conception ( w> ) all its rigor\s d$uctions8 ,%all we n[ re/ satisfi$ ) ?is idea1 & judge ( all w>s accord+ to x1 h[ev] mu* !y may diff] f x1--d$uce f x all ! requirem5ts ( !ory8 ,we mu/ decide ^u ?is po9t1 = we c say no?+ tru/wor?y on ! ,plan ( ,w> until we h made up our m9ds :e!r w> %\ld only be ( ?is k9d1 or :e!r x may be ( ano!r k9d4 ,if we give an affirmative to ! fir/1 !n our ,!ory w be1 9 all respects1 ne>] to ! necess>y1 x w be a cle>] & m settl$ ?+4 ,b :at %\ld we say !n ( all w>s s9ce ^? ( ,alex&] up to ! "t ( ,buonap>te1 if we except "s campaigns ( ! ,romans8 ,we %\ld h to reject !m 9 a lump1 & yet we _c1 p]haps1 d s )\t be+ a%am$ ( our presumption4 ,b an additional evil is1 t we mu/ say to ourselves1 t 9 ! next t5 ye>s !re may p]haps be a w> ( t same k9d aga91 9 spite ( our ,!ory2 & t ?is ,!ory1 ) a rigor\s logic1 is /ill q p[]less aga9/ ! =ce ( circum/ances4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 decide to con/rue w> z x is to be1 & n f pure conception1 b by all[+ room = ev]y?+ ( a =eign nature :i* mixes up ) x & fa/5s itself ^u x--all ! natural in]tia & friction ( its p>ts1 ! :ole ( ! inconsi/5cy1 ! vagu5ess & hesitation 7or timidity7 ( ! human m9d3 we %all h to grasp ! idea t w>1 & ! =m :i* we give x1 proce$s f ideas1 feel+s1 & circum/ances1 :i* dom9ate = ! mom5t2 inde$1 if we w\ld be p]fectly c&id we mu/ admit t ?is has ev5 be5 ! case :]e x has tak5 its absolute "*1 t is1 "u ,buonap>te4 ,if we mu/ d s1 if we mu/ grant t w> orig9ates & takes its =m n f a f9al adju/m5t ( ! innum]able relations ) :i* x is connect$1 b f "s among/ !m :i* happ5 to pr$om9ate2 !n x foll[s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t x re/s ^u a play ( possibilities1 probabilities1 good =tune & bad1 9 :i* rigor\s logical d$uction (t5 gets lo/1 & 9 :i* x is 9 g5]al a useless1 inconv5i5t in/rum5t = ! head2 !n x also foll[s t w> may be a ?+ :i* is sometimes w> 9 a great]1 sometimes 9 a less] degree4 ,all ?is1 !ory mu/ admit1 b x is its duty to give ! =emo/ place to ! absolute =m ( w>1 & to use t =m z a g5]al po9t ( direction1 t :oev] wi%es to le>n some?+ f !ory1 may accu/om himself nev] to lose sight ( x1 to reg>d x z ! natural measure ( all 8 hopes & fe>s1 9 ord] to approa* x :]e he c1 or :]e he mu/4 ,t a lead+ idea1 :i* lies at ! root ( our ?\ghts & actions1 gives !m a c]ta9 tone & "*1 ev5 :5 ! imm$iately det]m9+ gr\nds come f totally diff]5t regions1 is j z c]ta9 z t ! pa9t] c give ?is or t tone to 8 picture by ! col\rs ) :i* he lays on 8 gr\nd4 ,!ory is indebt$ to ! la/ w>s = be+ able to d ?is effectually n[4 ,)\t ^! w>n+ examples ( ! de/ructive =ce ( ! elem5t set free1 %e might h talk$ h]self ho>se to no purpose2 no "o w\ld h believ$ possible :at all h n[ liv$ to see realis$4 ,w\ld ,prussia h v5tur$ to p5etrate into ,france 9 ! ye> #agih ) #gj1jjj m51 if %e _h =ese5 t ! reaction 9 case ( failure w\ld be s /rong z to ov]?r[ ! old balance ( p[] 9 ,europe8 ,w\ld ,prussia1 9 #ahjf1 h made w> ) #ajj1jjj aga9/ ,france1 if %e _h suppos$ t ! fir/ pi/ol %ot w\ld be a sp>k 9 ! he>t ( ! m9e1 :i* w\ld bl[ x into ! air8 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,a4 ,int]dep5d5ce ( ! ,p>ts 9 ,w> ,accord+ z we h 9 view ! absolute =m ( w>1 or "o ( ! real =ms deviat+ m or less f x1 s likewise diff]5t notions ( its result w arise4 ,9 ! absolute =m1 :]e ev]y?+ is ! effect ( its natural & necess>y cause1 "o ?+ foll[s ano!r 9 rapid succession2 !re is1 if we may use ! expression1 no neutral space2 !re is on acc\nt ( ! manifold reaction>y effects :i* w> conta9s 9 itself1799#a7 on acc\nt ( ! connection 9 :i*1 /rictly speak+1 ! :ole s]ies ( combats1799#b7 foll[ "o aft] ano!r1 on acc\nt ( ! culm9at+ po9t :i* e victory has1 beyond :i* losses & defeats comm5ce799#c7 on acc\nt ( all ^! natural relations ( w> !re is1 ,i say1 only "o result1 to wit1 ! f9al result4 ,until x takes place no?+ is decid$1 no?+ won1 no?+ lo/4 ,"h we may say inde$3 ! end cr[ns ! "w4 ,9 ?is view1 !re=e1 w> is an indivisible :ole1 ! p>ts ( :i* 7! subord9ate results7 h no value except 9 _! relation to ?is :ole4 ,! conque/ ( ,mosc[1 & ( half ,russia 9 #ahab1 0 ( no value to ,buonap>te unless x obta9$ = him ! peace :i* he desir$4 ,b x 0 only a "p ( 8 ,plan ( campaign2 to complete t ,plan1 "o "p 0 /ill want$1 ! de/ruction ( ! ,russian army2 if we suppose ?is1 add$ to ! o!r success1 !n ! peace 0 z c]ta9 z x is possible = ?+s ( ?is k9d to be4 ,?is second "p ,buonap>te miss$ at ! "r "t1 & he c\ld nev] aft]w>ds atta9 x1 & s ! :ole ( ! fir/ "p 0 n only useless1 b fatal to him4 799#a47 ,book ,i41 ,*apt] ,i4 799#b47 ,book ,i41 ,*apt] ,i4 799#c47 ,book ,,vii41 ,*apt]s ,,iv4 & ,v4 7,culm9at+ ,po9t ( ,victory74 ,to ?is view ( ! relative connection ( results 9 w>1 :i* may be reg>d$ z extreme1 /&s oppos$ ano!r extreme1 accord+ to :i* w> is compos$ ( s+le indep5d5t results1 9 :i*1 z 9 any numb] ( games play$1 ! prec$+ has no influ5ce on ! next foll[+2 ev]y?+ "h1 !re=e1 dep5ds only on ! sum total ( ! results1 & we c lay up ea* s+le "o l a c\nt] at play4 ,j z ! fir/ k9d ( view d]ives its tru? f ! nature ( ?+s1 s we f9d t ( ! second 9 hi/ory4 ,!re are cases )\t numb] 9 :i* a small mod]ate advantage might h be5 ga9$ )\t any v on]\s condition be+ atta*$ to x4 ,! m ! elem5t ( w> is modifi$ ! m common ^! cases become2 b z little z ! fir/ ( ! views n[ imag9$ 0 ev] completely realis$ 9 any w>1 j z little is !re any w> 9 :i* ! la/ suits 9 all respects1 & ! fir/ c be disp5s$ )4 ,if we keep to ! fir/ ( ^! suppos$ views1 we mu/ p]ceive ! necessity ( e w> be+ look$ ^u z a :ole f ! v comm5cem5t1 & t at ! v fir/ /ep =w>ds1 ! comm&] %\ld h 9 8 eye ! object to :i* e l9e mu/ conv]ge4 ,if we admit ! second view1 !n subord9ate advantages may be pursu$ on _! own acc\nt1 & ! re/ left to subsequ5t ev5ts4 ,z nei!r ( ^! =ms ( conception is entirely )\t result1 !re=e !ory _c disp5se ) ei!r4 ,b x makes ?is diff]5ce 9 ! use ( !m1 t x requires ! fir/ to be laid z a fundam5tal idea at ! root ( ev]y?+1 & t ! latt] %all only be us$ z a modification :i* is ju/ifi$ by circum/ances4 ,if ,fr$]ick ! ,great 9 ! ye>s #agdb1 #agdd1 #ageg1 & #ageh1 ?ru/ out f ,silesia & ,saxony a fre% (f5sive po9t into ! ,au/rian ,empire1 :i* he knew v well c\ld n lead to a new & durable conque/ l t ( ,silesia & ,saxony1 x 0 done n ) a view to ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,au/rian ,empire1 b f a less] motive1 namely1 to ga9 "t & /r5g?2 & x 0 optional ) him to pursue t subord9ate object )\t be+ afraid t he %\ld !reby risk 8 :ole exi/5ce47997 ,b if ,prussia 9 #ahjf1 & ,au/ria 9 #ahje1 #ahji1 propos$ to !mselves a /ill m mod]ate object1 t ( driv+ ! ,fr5* ov] ! ,rh9e1 !y w\ld n h act$ 9 a reasonable mann] if !y _h n fir/ scann$ 9 _! m9ds ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts :i* ei!r1 9 ! case ( success1 or ( ! rev]se1 w\ld probably foll[ ! fir/ /ep1 & lead up to peace4 ,?is 0 q indisp5sable1 z well to enable !m to det]m9e ) !mselves h[ f> victory might be foll[$ up )\t dang]1 & h[ & :]e !y w\ld be 9 a condition to arre/ ! c\rse ( victory on ! enemy's side4 7997 ,_h ,fr$]ick ! ,great ga9$ ! ,battle ( ,koll51 & tak5 prison]s ! *ief ,au/rian army ) _! two field m>%als 9 ,prague1 x w\ld h be5 su* a trem5d\s bl[ t he might !n h ent]ta9$ ! idea ( m>*+ to ,vi5na to make ! ,au/rian ,c\rt tremble1 & ga9 a peace directly4 ,?is1 9 ^! times1 unp>allel$ result1 :i* w\ld h be5 q l :at we h se5 9 our day1 only /ill m wond]ful & brilliant f ! conte/ be+ betwe5 a little ,david & a great ,golia?1 might v probably h tak5 place aft] ! ga9 ( ?is "o battle2 b t does n contradict ! ass]tion above ma9ta9$1 = x only ref]s to :at ! k+ orig9ally look$ =w>d to f 8 (f5sive4 ,! surr\nd+ & tak+ prison]s ! enemy's army 0 an ev5t :i* 0 beyond all calculation1 & :i* ! k+ nev] ?\ght (1 at lea/ n until ! ,au/rians laid !mselves op5 to x by ! unskilful position 9 :i* !y plac$ !mselves at ,prague4 ,an att5tive consid]ation ( hi/ory %[s :]e9 ! diff]5ce ( ! two cases consi/s4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,silesian ,w> 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 w> 0 /ill a m]e ,cab9et affair1 9 :i* ! p only took "p z a bl9d in/rum5t2 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! p on ea* side weigh$ 9 ! scale4 ,! comm&]s oppos$ to ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7 m5 :o act$ on commission1 & j on t acc\nt m5 9 :om caution 0 a pr$om9ant *>act]i/ic2 ! oppon5t ( ! ,au/rians & ,prussians may be describ$ 9 a few words z ! v god ( w> himself4 ,mu/ n ^! diff]5t circum/ances give rise to q diff]5t consid]ations8 ,%\ld !y n 9 ! ye> #ahje1 #ahjf1 & #ahji h po9t$ to ! extremity ( disa/] z a v close possibility1 nay1 ev5 a v great probability1 & %\ld !y n at ! same "t h l$ to widely diff]5t plans & measures f any m]ely aim$ at ! conque/ ( a c\ple ( =tresses or a paltry prov9ce8 ,!y did n d s 9 a degree comm5surate ) _! importance1 al?\gh bo? ,au/ria & ,prussia1 judg+ by _! armam5ts1 felt t /orms 7 brew+ 9 ! political atmosph]e4 ,!y c\ld n d s because ^? relations at t "t 7 n yet s pla9ly develop$ z !y h be5 s9ce f hi/ory4 ,x is j ^? v campaigns ( #ahje1 #ahjf1 #ahji1 & foll[+ ones1 :i* h made x easi] = u to =m a conception ( mod]n absolute w> 9 its de/roy+ en]gy4 ,!ory dem&s1 !re=e1 t at ! comm5cem5t ( e w> its "* & ma9 outl9e %all be def9$ accord+ to :at ! political conditions & relations lead u to anticipate z probable4 ,! m1 t accord+ to ?is probability its "* approa*es ! =m ( absolute w>1 ! m its outl9e embraces ! mass ( ! bellig]5t /ates & draws !m into ! vortex1 s mu* ! m complete w be ! relation ( ev5ts to "o ano!r & ! :ole1 b s mu* ! m necess>y x w also be n to take ! fir/ /ep )\t ?9k+ :at may be ! la/4 ,b4 ,on ! ,magnitude ( ! ,object ( ! ,w>1 & ! ,ef=ts to be ,made4 ,! compulsion :i* we mu/ use t[>ds our enemy w be regulat$ by ! proportions ( our own & 8 political dem&s4 ,9 s f> z ^! are mutually kn[n !y w give ! measure ( ! mutual ef=ts2 b !y are n always q s evid5t1 & ?is may be a fir/ gr\nd ( a diff]5ce 9 ! means adopt$ by ea*4 ,! situation & relations ( ! /ates are n l ea* o!r2 ?is may become a second cause4 ,! /r5g? ( w1 ! "* & capabilities ( ! gov]nm5ts are z little l2 ?is is a ?ird cause4 ,^! ?ree elem5ts cause an unc]ta9ty 9 ! calculation ( ! am\nt ( resi/ance to be expect$1 consequ5tly an unc]ta9ty z to ! am\nt ( means to be appli$ & ! object to be *os54 ,z 9 w> ! want ( suffici5t ex]tion may result n only 9 failure b 9 positive h>m1 !re=e1 ! two sides respectively seek to out/rip ea* o!r1 :i* produces a reciprocal action4 ,?is might lead to ! utmo/ extremity ( ex]tion1 if x 0 possible to def9e su* a po9t4 ,b !n reg>d = ! am\nt ( ! political dem&s w\ld be lo/1 ! means w\ld lose all relation to ! end1 & 9 mo/ cases ?is aim at an extreme ef=t w\ld be wreck$ by ! oppos+ weight ( =ces )9 itself4 ,9 ?is mann]1 he :o und]takes w> is br\ght back aga9 into a middle c\rse1 9 :i* he acts to a c]ta9 ext5t ^u ! pr9ciple ( only apply+ s mu* =ce & aim+ at su* an object 9 w> z are j suffici5t = ! atta9m5t ( its political object4 ,to make ?is pr9ciple practicable he mu/ r5\nce e absolute necessity ( a result1 & ?r[ out ( ! calculation remote cont+5cies4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! action ( ! m9d leaves ! prov9ce ( sci5ce1 /rictly speak+1 ( logic & ma!matics1 & becomes1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! t]m1 an art1 t is1 skill 9 discrim9at+1 by ! tact ( judgm5t among an inf9ite multitude ( objects & relations1 t :i* is ! mo/ important & decisive4 ,?is tact ( judgm5t consi/s unque/ionably m or less 9 "s intuitive comp>ison ( ?+s & relations by :i* ! remote & unimportant are m quickly set aside1 & ! m imm$iate & important are soon] discov]$ ?an !y c\ld be by /rictly logical d$uction4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! real scale ( ! means :i* we mu/ put =? = w>1 we mu/ ?9k ov] ! political object bo? on our own side & on ! enemy's side2 we mu/ consid] ! p[] & position ( ! enemy's /ate z well z ( our own1 ! "* ( 8 gov]nm5t & ( 8 p1 & ! capacities ( bo?1 & all t aga9 on our own side1 & ! political connections ( o!r /ates1 & ! effect :i* ! w> w produce on ^? ,/ates4 ,t ! det]m9ation ( ^! div]se circum/ances & _! div]se connections ) ea* o!r is an imm5se problem1 t x is ! true fla% ( g5ius :i* discov]s "h 9 a mom5t :at is "r1 & t x w\ld be q out ( ! "q to become ma/] ( ! complexity m]ely by a me?odical /udy1 ?is x is easy to conceive4 ,9 ?is s5se ,buonap>te 0 q "r :5 he said t x w\ld be a problem 9 algebra be=e :i* a ,newton might /& agha/4 ,if ! div]sity & magnitude ( ! circum/ances & ! unc]ta9ty z to ! "r measure augm5t 9 a high degree ! difficulty ( obta9+ a "r result1 we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t al?\gh ! incomp>able importance ( ! matt] does n increase ! complexity & difficulty ( ! problem1 /ill x v mu* increases ! m]it ( its solution4 ,9 m5 ( an ord9>y /amp fre$om & activity ( m9d are depress$ n increas$ by ! s5se ( dang] & responsibility3 b :]e ^! ?+s give w+s to /r5g!n ! judgm5t1 !re und\bt$ly mu/ be unusual greatness ( s\l4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re=e1 we mu/ admit t ! judgm5t on an approa*+ w>1 on ! end to :i* x %\ld be direct$1 & on ! means :i* are requir$1 c only be =m$ aft] a full consid]ation ( ! :ole ( ! circum/ances 9 connection ) x3 ) :i* !re=e mu/ also be comb9$ ! mo/ individual traits ( ! mom5t2 next1 t ?is decision1 l all 9 milit>y life1 _c be purely objective b mu/ be det]m9$ by ! m5tal & moral qualities ( pr9ces1 /atesm51 & g5]als1 :e!r !y are unit$ 9 ! p]son ( "o man or n4 ,! subject becomes g5]al & m fit to be treat$ ( 9 ! ab/ract if we look at ! g5]al relations 9 :i* ,/ates h be5 plac$ by circum/ances at diff]5t times4 ,we mu/ all[ ourselves "h a pass+ glance at hi/ory4 ,half-civilis$ ,t>t>s1 ! ,republics ( anci5t times1 ! feudal lords & comm]cial cities ( ! ,middle ,ages1 k+s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 &1 la/ly1 pr9ces & p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 all c>ry on w> 9 _! own way1 c>ry x on diff]5tly1 ) diff]5t means1 & = a diff]5t object4 ,! ,t>t>s seek new abodes4 ,!y m>* out z a nation ) _! wives & *ildr51 !y are1 !re=e1 great] ?an any o!r army 9 po9t ( numb]s1 & _! object is to make ! enemy submit or expel him altoge!r4 ,by ^! means !y w\ld soon ov]?r[ ev]y?+ be=e !m if a high degree ( civilisation c\ld be made compatible ) su* a condition4 ,! old ,republics ) ! exception ( ,rome 7 ( small ext5t2 /ill small] _! armies1 = !y exclud$ ! great mass ( ! populace3 !y 7 too num]\s & lay too close toge!r n to f9d an ob/acle to great ent]prises 9 ! natural equilibrium 9 :i* small sep>ate p>ts always place !mselves accord+ to ! g5]al law ( nature3 !re=e _! w>s 7 conf9$ to deva/at+ ! op5 c\ntry & tak+ "s t[ns 9 ord] to ensure to !mselves 9 ^! a c]ta9 degree ( influ5ce = ! future4 ,rome alone =ms an exception1 b n until ! lat] p]iod ( its hi/ory4 ,= a long "t1 by means ( small b&s1 x c>ri$ on ! usual w>f>e ) its neighb\rs = booty & alliances4 ,x became great m ?r\gh ! alliances :i* x =m$1 & ?r\gh :i* neighb\r+ peoples by degrees became amalgamat$ ) x into "o :ole1 ?an ?r\gh actual conque/s4 ,x 0 only aft] hav+ spread itself 9 ?is mann] all ov] ,s\!rn ,italy1 t x began to advance z a really conqu]+ p[]4 ,c>?age fell1 ,spa9 & ,gaul 7 conqu]$1 ,greece subdu$1 & its dom9ion ext5d$ to ,egypt & ,asia4 ,at ?is p]iod its milit>y p[] 0 imm5se1 )\t its ef=ts be+ 9 ! same proportion4 ,^! =ces 7 kept up by its ri*es2 x no long] resembl$ ! anci5t republics1 nor itself z x _h be52 x /&s alone4 ,j z peculi> 9 _! way are ! w>s ( ,alex&]4 ,) a small army1 b di/+ui%$ = its intr9sic p]fection1 he ov]?rew ! decay$ fabric ( ! ,asiatic ,/ates2 )\t re/1 & reg>dless ( risks1 he trav]ses ! bread? ( ,asia1 & p5etrates into ,india4 ,no republics c\ld d ?is4 ,only a k+1 9 a c]ta9 measure 8 own condotti]e1 c\ld get ?r\gh s mu* s quickly4 ,! great & small mon>*ies ( ! middle ages c>ri$ on _! w>s ) feudal armies4 ,ev]y?+ 0 !n re/rict$ to a %ort p]iod ( "t2 :atev] c\ld n be done 9 t "t 0 held to be impracticable4 ,! feudal =ce itself 0 rais$ ?r\gh an organisation ( vassaldom2 ! bond :i* held x toge!r 0 p>tly legal obligation1 p>tly a volunt>y contract2 ! :ole =m$ a real conf$]ation4 ,! armam5t & tactics 7 bas$ on ! "r ( might1 on s+le combat1 & !re=e little suit$ to l>ge bodies4 ,9 fact1 at no p]iod has ! union ( ,/ates be5 s weak1 & ! individual citiz5 s indep5d5t4 ,all ?is influ5c$ ! "* ( ! w>s at t p]iod 9 ! mo/ di/9ct mann]4 ,!y 7 comp>atively rapidly c>ri$ out1 !re 0 little "t sp5t idly 9 camps1 b ! object 0 g5]ally only puni%+1 n subdu+1 ! enemy4 ,!y c>ri$ (f 8 cattle1 burnt 8 t[ns1 & !n return$ home aga94 ,! great comm]cial t[ns & small republics br\ght =w>d ! condotti]i4 ,t 0 an exp5sive1 & !re=e1 z f> z visible /r5g?1 a v limit$ milit>y =ce2 z = its int5sive /r5g?1 x 0 ( /ill less value 9 t respect2 s f> f _! %[+ any?+ l extreme en]gy or impetuosity 9 ! field1 _! combats 7 g5]ally only %am fights4 ,9 a ^w1 hatr$ & enmity no long] r\s$ a /ate to p]sonal activity1 b _h become articles ( trade2 w> lo/ great "p ( its dang]1 alt]$ completely its nature1 & no?+ we c say ( ! "* x !n assum$1 w\ld be applicable to x 9 its reality4 ,! feudal sy/em cond5s$ itself by degrees into a decid$ t]ritorial supremacy2 ! ties b9d+ ! ,/ate toge!r became clos]2 obligations :i* conc]n$ ! p]son 7 made subject ( composition2 by degrees gold became ! sub/itute 9 mo/ cases1 & ! feudal armies 7 turn$ into m]c5>ies4 ,! condotti]i =m$ ! connect+ l9k 9 ! *ange1 & 7 !re=e1 = a "t1 ! in/rum5t ( ! m p[]ful ,/ates2 b ?is _h n la/$ long1 :5 ! soldi]1 hir$ = a limit$ t]m1 0 turn$ into a /&+ m]c5>y1 & ! milit>y =ce ( ,/ates n[ became an army1 hav+ its base 9 ! public treasury4 ,x is only natural t ! sl[ advance to ?is /age caus$ a div]sifi$ int]weav+ ( all ?ree k9ds ( milit>y =ce4 ,"u ,h5ry ,,iv4 we f9d ! feudal cont+5ts1 condotti]i1 & /&+ army all employ$ toge!r4 ,! condotti]i c>ri$ on _! exi/5ce up to ! p]iod ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 inde$ !re are slight traces ( !m ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! o!r relations ( ! ,/ates ( ,europe at ^! diff]5t p]iods 7 q z peculi> z _! milit>y =ces4 ,^u ! :ole1 ?is "p ( ! _w _h split up into a mass ( petty ,/ates1 p>tly republics 9 a /ate ( int]nal diss5sion1 p>tly small mon>*ies 9 :i* ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t 0 v limit$ & insecure4 ,a ,/ate 9 ei!r ( ^! cases c\ld n be consid]$ z a real unity2 x 0 r an agglom]ation ( loosely connect$ =ces4 ,nei!r1 !re=e1 c\ld su* a ,/ate be consid]$ an intellig5t be+1 act+ 9 accordance ) simple logical rules4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view we mu/ look at ! =eign politics & w>s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,let u only ?9k ( ! cont9ual exp$itions ( ! ,emp]ors ( ,g]many into ,italy = five c5turies1 )\t any sub/antial conque/ ( t c\ntry result+ f !m1 or ev5 hav+ be5 s mu* z 9 view4 ,x is easy to look ^u ?is z a fault repeat$ ov] & ov] aga9 z a false view :i* _h its root 9 ! nature ( ! times1 b x is m 9 accordance ) reason to reg>d x z ! consequ5ce ( a hundr$ important causes :i* we c p>tially realise 9 idea1 b ! vital en]gy ( :i* x is impossible = u to und]/& s vividly z ^? :o 7 br\ght into actual conflict ) !m4 ,z long z ! great ,/ates :i* h ris5 out ( ?is *aos requir$ "t to consolidate & organise !mselves1 _! :ole p[] & en]gy is *iefly direct$ to t po9t2 _! =eign w>s are few1 & ^? t took place be> ! /amp ( a ,/ate-unity n yet well cem5t$4 ,! w>s betwe5 ,france & ,engl& are ! fir/ t appe>1 & yet at t "t ,france is n to be consid]$ z really a mon>*y1 b z an agglom]ation ( duk$oms & c\nt%ips2 ,engl&1 al?\gh be>+ m ! semblance ( a unity1 /ill f\ght ) ! feudal organisation1 & 0 hamp]$ by s]i\s dome/ic tr\bles4 ,"u ,l\is ,,xi41 ,france made its greate/ /ep t[>ds int]nal unity2 "u ,*>les ,,viii4 x appe>s 9 ,italy z a p[] b5t on conque/2 & "u ,l\is ,,xiv4 x _h br\ght its political /ate & its /&+ army to ! highe/ p]fection4 ,spa9 atta9s to unity "u ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic2 ?r\gh accid5tal m>riage connections1 "u ,*>les ,v41 sudd5ly arose ! great ,spani% mon>*y1 compos$ ( ,spa91 ,burgundy1 ,g]many1 & ,italy unit$4 ,:at ?is colossus want$ 9 unity & int]nal political cohesion1 x made up = by gold1 & its /&+ army came = ! fir/ "t into collision ) ! /&+ army ( ,france4 ,aft] ,*>les's abdication1 ! great ,spani% colossus split into two p>ts1 ,spa9 & ,au/ria4 ,! latt]1 /r5g!n$ by ! acquisition ( ,bohemia & ,hung>y1 n[ appe>s on ! sc5e z a great p[]1 t[+ ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation l a small vessel beh9d h]4 ,! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 is to be reg>d$ z ! po9t 9 hi/ory at :i* ! /&+ milit>y p[]1 su* z x exi/$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 rea*$ its z5i?4 ,t milit>y =ce 0 bas$ on enli/m5t & money4 ,/ates _h organis$ !mselves into complete unities2 & ! gov]nm5ts1 by commut+ ! p]sonal obligations ( _! subjects into a money paym5t1 _h conc5trat$ _! :ole p[] 9 _! treasuries4 ,?r\gh ! rapid /rides 9 social improvem5ts1 & a m enlight5$ sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 ?is p[] _h become v great 9 comp>ison to :at x _h be54 ,france appe>$ 9 ! field ) a /&+ army ( a c\ple ( hundr$ ?\s& m51 & ! o!r p[]s 9 proportion4 ,! o!r relations ( ,/ates _h likewise alt]$4 ,europe 0 divid$ into a doz5 k+doms & two republics2 x 0 n[ conceivable t two ( ^! p[]s might fight ) ea* o!r )\t t5 times z _m o!rs be+ mix$ up 9 ! qu>rel1 z w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 ! case =m]ly4 ,! possible comb9ations 9 political relations 7 /ill manifold1 b !y c\ld be disc]n$ & det]m9$ f "t to "t accord+ to probability4 ,int]nal relations _h almo/ ev]y:]e settle d[n into a pure mon>*ical =m2 ! rights & influ5ce ( privileg$ bodies or e/ates _h gradually di$ away1 & ! cab9et _h become a complete unity1 act+ = ! ,/ate 9 all its ext]nal relations4 ,! "t _h !re=e come t a suitable in/rum5t & a despotic w c\ld give w> a =m 9 accordance ) ! !oretical conception4 ,& at ?is epo* appe>$ ?ree new ,alex&]s ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ,*>les ,,xii41 & ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ^: aim 0 by small b highly-discipl9$ armies1 to raise little ,/ates to ! rank ( great mon>*ies1 & to ?r[ d[n ev]y?+ t oppos$ !m4 ,if !y _h _h only to deal ) ,asiatic ,/ates1 !y w\ld h m closely resembl$ ,alex&] 9 ! p>ts !y act$4 ,9 any case1 we may look ^u !m z ! precursors ( ,buonap>te z respects t :i* may be risk$ 9 w>4 ,b :at w> ga9$ on ! "o side 9 =ce & consi/5cy 0 lo/ aga9 on ! o!r side4 ,armies 7 support$ out ( ! treasury1 :i* ! sov]eign reg>d$ p>tly z 8 private purse1 or at lea/ z a res\rce belong+ to ! gov]nm5t1 & n to ! p4 ,relations ) o!r /ates1 except ) respect to a few comm]cial subjects1 mo/ly conc]n$ only ! int]e/s ( ! treasury or ( ! gov]nm5t1 n ^? ( ! p2 at lea/ ideas t5d$ ev]y:]e 9 t way4 ,! cab9ets1 !re=e1 look$ ^u !mselves z ! own]s & adm9i/rators ( l>ge e/ates1 :i* !y 7 cont9ually seek+ to increase )\t ! t5ants on ^! e/ates be+ p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ?is improvem5t4 ,! p1 !re=e1 :o 9 ! ,t>t> invasions 7 ev]y?+ 9 w>1 :o1 9 ! old republics1 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 7if we re/rict ! idea to ^? possess+ ! rights ( citiz5s17 7 ( great consequ5ce1 7 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 absolutely no?+ directly1 hav+ only /ill an indirect influ5ce on ! w> ?r\gh _! virtues & faults4 ,9 ?is mann]1 9 proportion z ! gov]nm5t sep>at$ itself f ! p1 & reg>d$ itself z ! /ate1 w> became m exclusively a bus9ess ( ! gov]nm5t1 :i* x c>ri$ on by means ( ! money 9 its c(f]s & ! idle vagabonds x c\ld pick up 9 its own & neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is 01 t ! means :i* ! gov]nm5t c\ld comm& _h tol]ably well def9$ limits1 :i* c\ld be mutually e/imat$1 bo? z to _! ext5t & duration2 ?is robb$ w> ( its mo/ dang]\s feature3 namely ! ef=t t[>ds ! extreme1 & ! hidd5 s]ies ( possibilities connect$ !re)4 ,! f9ancial means1 ! cont5ts ( ! treasury1 ! /ate ( cr$it ( ! enemy1 7 approximately kn[n z well z ! size ( 8 army4 ,any l>ge increase ( ^! at ! outbreak ( a w> 0 impossible4 ,inasmu* z ! limits ( ! enemy's p[] c\ld ?us be judg$ (1 a ,/ate felt tol]ably secure f complete subjugation1 & z ! ,/ate 0 consci\s at ! same "t ( ! limits ( its own means1 x saw itself re/rict$ to a mod]ate aim4 ,protect$ f an extreme1 !re 0 no necessity to v5ture on an extreme4 ,necessity no long] giv+ an impulse 9 t direction1 t impulse c\ld only n[ be giv5 by c\rage & ambition4 ,b ^! f\nd a p[]ful c\nt]poise 9 ! political relations4 ,ev5 k+s 9 comm& 7 oblig$ to use ! in/rum5t ( w> ) caution4 ,if ! army 0 disp]s$1 no new "o c\ld be got1 & except ! army !re 0 no?+4 ,?is impos$ z a necessity great prud5ce 9 all und]tak+s4 ,x 0 only :5 a decid$ advantage seem$ to pres5t itself t !y made use ( ! co/ly in/rum5t2 to br+ ab\t su* an opportunity 0 a g5]al's art2 b until x 0 br\ght ab\t !y float$ to a c]ta9 degree 9 an absolute vacuum1 !re 0 no gr\nd ( action1 & all =ces1 t is all designs1 seem$ to re/4 ,! orig9al motive ( ! aggressor fad$ away 9 prud5ce & circumspection4 ,?us w>1 9 reality1 became a regul> game1 9 :i* ,"t & ,*ance %uffl$ ! c>ds2 b 9 its signification x 0 only diplomacy some:at int5sifi$1 a m vigor\s way ( negotiat+1 9 :i* battles & sieges 7 sub/itut$ = diplomatic notes4 ,to obta9 "s mod]ate advantage 9 ord] to make use ( x 9 negotiations = peace1 0 ! aim ev5 ( ! mo/ ambiti\s4 ,?is re/rict$1 %rivell$-up =m ( w> proce$$1 z we h said1 f ! n>r[ basis on :i* x 0 support$4 ,b t excell5t g5]als & k+s1 l ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ,*>les ,,xii41 & ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 at ! head ( armies j z excell5t1 c\ld n ga9 m prom95ce 9 ! g5]al mass ( ph5om5a t ev5 ^! m5 7 oblig$ to be cont5t$ to rema9 at ! ord9>y level ( mod]ate results1 is to be attribut$ to ! balance ( p[] 9 ,europe4 ,n[ t ,/ates _h become great]1 & _! c5tres fur!r ap>t f ea* o!r1 :at _h =m]ly be5 done ?r\gh direct p]fectly natural int]e/s1 proximity1 contact1 family connections1 p]sonal fri5d%ip1 to prev5t any "o s+le ,/ate among ! numb] f becom+ sudd5ly great 0 effect$ by a high] cultivation ( ! art ( diplomacy4 ,political int]e/s1 attractions & repulsions develop$ into a v ref9$ sy/em1 s t a cannon %ot c\ld n be fir$ 9 ,europe )\t all ! cab9ets hav+ "s int]e/ 9 ! occurr5ce4 ,a new ,alex&] mu/ !re=e try ! use ( a good p5 z well z 8 good sword2 & yet he nev] w5t v f> ) 8 conque/s4 ,b al?\gh ,l\is ,,xiv4 _h 9 view to ov]?r[ ! balance ( p[] 9 ,europe1 & at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _h already got to su* a po9t z to tr\ble himself little ab\t ! g5]al feel+ ( animosity1 he c>ri$ on w> j z x _h h]et(ore be5 conduct$2 = :ile 8 army 0 c]ta9ly t ( ! greate/ & ri*e/ mon>* 9 ,europe1 9 its nature x 0 j l o!rs4 ,plund]+ & deva/at+ ! enemy's c\ntry1 :i* play su* an important "p ) ,t>t>s1 ) anci5t nations1 & ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 7 no long] 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! age4 ,!y 7 ju/ly look$ ^u z unnecess>y b>b>ity1 :i* might easily be retaliat$1 & :i* did m injury to ! enemy's subjects ?an ! enemy's gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 produc$ no effect beyond ?r[+ ! nation back _m /ages 9 all t relates to peaceful arts & civilisation4 ,w>1 !re=e1 conf9$ itself m & m bo? z reg>ds means & end1 to ! army itself4 ,! army ) its =tresses1 & "s prep>$ positions1 con/itut$ a ,/ate 9 a ,/ate1 )9 :i* ! elem5t ( w> sl[ly consum$ itself4 ,all ,europe rejoic$ at its tak+ ?is direction1 & held x to be ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! _s ( progress4 ,al?\gh !re lay 9 ?is an error1 inasmu* z ! progress ( ! human m9d c nev] lead to :at is absurd1 c nev] make five out ( twice two1 z we h already said1 & mu/ aga9 repeat1 /ill ^u ! :ole ?is *ange _h a b5eficial effect = ! p2 only x is n to be d5i$ t x _h a t5d5cy to make w> /ill m an affair ( ! ,/ate1 & to sep>ate x /ill m f ! int]e/s ( ! p4 ,! plan ( a w> on ! "p ( ! /ate assum+ ! (f5sive 9 ^? times consi/$ g5]ally 9 ! conque/ ( "o or o!r ( ! enemy's prov9ces2 ! plan ( ! def5d] 0 to prev5t ?is2 ! p>ticul> plan ( campaign 0 to take "o or o!r ( ! enemy's =tresses1 or to prev5t "o ( our own f be+ tak52 x 0 only :5 a battle became unavoidable = ?is purpose t x 0 s\ght = & f\ght4 ,:oev] f\ght a battle )\t ?is unavoidable necessity1 f m]e innate desire ( ga9+ a victory1 0 reckon$ a g5]al ) too mu* d>+4 ,g5]ally ! campaign pass$ ov] ) "o siege1 or if x 0 a v active "o1 ) two sieges1 & w9t] qu>t]s1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z a necessity1 & dur+ :i*1 ! faulty arrangem5ts ( ! "o c\ld nev] be tak5 advantage ( by ! o!r1 & 9 :i* ! mutual relations ( ! two p>ties almo/ entirely ceas$1 =m$ a di/9ct limit to ! activity :i* 0 consid]$ to belong to "o campaign4 ,if ! =ces oppos$ 7 too mu* on an equality1 or if ! aggressor 0 decid$ly ! weak] ( ! two1 !n nei!r battle nor siege took place1 & ! :ole ( ! op]ations ( ! campaign pivot$ on ! ma9t5ance ( c]ta9 positions & magaz9es1 & ! regul> exhau/ion ( p>ticul> di/ricts ( c\ntry4 ,z long z w> 0 univ]sally conduct$ 9 ?is mann]1 & ! natural limits ( its =ce 7 s close & obvi\s1 s f> f any?+ absurd be+ p]ceiv$ 9 x1 all 0 consid]$ to be 9 ! mo/ regul> ord]2 & criticism1 :i* 9 ! eighte5? c5tury began to turn its att5tion to ! field ( art 9 w>1 address$ itself to details )\t tr\bl+ itself mu* ab\t ! beg9n+ & ! end4 ,?us !re 0 em95ce & p]fection ( e k9d1 & ev5 ,field ,m>%al ,daun1 to :om x 0 *iefly ow+ t ,fr$]ick ! ,great completely atta9$ 8 object1 & t ,m>ia ,!resa completely fail$ 9 h]s1 not)/&+ t c\ld /ill pass = a great ,g5]al4 ,only n[ & aga9 a m p5etrat+ judgm5t made its appe>ance1 t is1 s\nd common s5se ackn[l$g$ t ) sup]ior numb]s some?+ positive %\ld be atta9$ or w> is badly conduct$1 :atev] art may be display$4 ,?us matt]s /ood :5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution broke out2 ,au/ria & ,prussia tri$ _! diplomatic art ( w>2 ?is v soon prov$ insuffici5t4 ,:il/1 accord+ to ! usual way ( see+ ?+s1 all hopes 7 plac$ on a v limit$ milit>y =ce 9 #agic1 su* a =ce z no "o _h any conception (1 made its appe>ance4 ,w> _h sudd5ly become aga9 an affair ( ! p1 & t ( a p numb]+ ?irty millions1 e "o ( :om reg>d$ himself z a citiz5 ( ! ,/ate4 ,)\t ent]+ "h into ! details ( circum/ances ) :i* ?is great ph5om5on 0 att5d$1 we %all conf9e ourselves to ! results :i* int]e/ u at pres5t4 ,by ?is p>ticipation ( ! p 9 ! w> in/ead ( a cab9et & an army1 a :ole nation ) its natural weight came into ! scale4 ,h5ce=w>d1 ! means available ! ef=ts :i* might be call$ =? _h no long] any def9ite limits2 ! en]gy ) :i* ! w> itself might be conduct$ _h no long] any c\nt]poise1 & consequ5tly ! dang] = ! adv]s>y _h ris5 to ! extreme4 ,if ! :ole w> ( ! revolution pass$ ov] )\t all ?is mak+ itself felt 9 its full =ce & becom+ q evid5t2 if ! g5]als ( ! revolution did n p]si/5tly press on to ! f9al extreme1 & did n ov]?r[ ! mon>*ies 9 ,europe2 if ! ,g]man armies n[ & aga9 _h ! opportunity ( resi/+ ) success1 & *eck+ = a "t ! torr5t ( victory1 ! cause lay 9 reality 9 t te*nical incomplet5ess ) :i* ! ,fr5* _h to cont5d1 :i* %[$ itself fir/ among/ ! common soldi]s1 !n 9 ! g5]als1 la/ly1 at ! "t ( ! ,directory1 9 ! ,gov]nm5t itself4 ,aft] all ?is 0 p]fect$ by ! h& ( ,buonap>te1 ?is milit>y p[]1 bas$ on ! /r5g? ( ! :ole nation1 m>*$ ov] ,europe1 sma%+ ev]y?+ 9 pieces s surely & c]ta9ly1 t :]e x only enc\nt]$ ! old fa%ion$ armies ! result 0 n d\btful = a mom5t4 ,a re-action1 h[ev]1 awoke 9 due "t4 ,9 ,spa91 ! w> became ( itself an affair ( ! p4 ,9 ,au/ria1 9 ! ye> #ahji1 ! ,gov]nm5t comm5c$ extraord9>y ef=ts1 by means ( ,res]ves & ,l&wehr1 :i* 7 ne>] to ! true object1 & f> surpass$ 9 degree :at ?is ,/ate _h hi!rto conceiv$ possible1 ,9 ,russia1 9 #ahab1 ! example ( ,spa9 & ,au/ria 0 tak5 z a patt]n1 ! enorm\s dim5sions ( t empire on ! "o h& all[$ ! prep>ations1 al?\gh too long def]r$1 /ill to produce effect2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 int5sifi$ ! effect produc$4 ,! result 0 brilliant4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,prussia rose up ! fir/1 made ! w> a national cause1 & )\t ei!r money or cr$it1 & ) a population r$uc$ "o half1 took ! field ) an army twice z /rong z t ( #ahjf4 ,! re/ ( ,g]many foll[$ ! example ( ,prussia soon] or lat]1 & ,au/ria1 al?\gh less en]getic ?an 9 #ahji1 /ill also came =w>d ) m ?an its usual /r5g?4 ,?us x 0 t ,g]many & ,russia 9 ! ye>s #ahac & #ahad1 includ+ all :o took an active "p 91 or 7 absorb$ 9 ^! two campaigns1 appe>$ aga9/ ,france ) ab\t a million ( m54 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! en]gy ?r[n into ! conduct ( ! w> 0 q diff]5t2 &1 al?\gh n q on a level ) t ( ! ,fr5*1 al?\gh at "s po9ts timidity 0 /ill to be obs]v$1 ! c\rse ( ! campaigns1 ^u ! :ole1 may be said to h be5 9 ! new1 n 9 ! old1 /yle4 ,9 eight mon?s ! !atre ( w> 0 remov$ f ! ,od] to ! ,se9e4 ,pr\d ,p>is _h to b[ its head = ! fir/ "t2 & ! r$\btable ,buonap>te lay fett]$ on ! gr\nd4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! "t ( ,buonap>te1 w>1 ?r\gh be+ fir/ on "o side1 !n aga9 on ! o!r1 an affair ( ! :ole nation1 has assum$ q a new nature1 or r x has approa*$ mu* ne>] to its real nature1 to its absolute p]fection4 ,! means !n call$ =? _h no visible limit1 ! limit los+ itself 9 ! en]gy & en?usiasm ( ! ,gov]nm5t & its subjects4 ,by ! ext5t ( ! means1 & ! wide field ( possible results1 z well z by ! p[]ful excitem5t ( feel+ :i* prevail$1 en]gy 9 ! conduct ( w> 0 imm5sely increas$2 ! object ( its action 0 ! d[nfall ( ! foe2 & n until ! enemy lay p[]less on ! gr\nd 0 x suppos$ to be possible to /op or to come to any und]/&+ ) respect to ! mutual objects ( ! conte/4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ! elem5t ( w>1 fre$ f all conv5tional re/rictions1 broke loose1 ) all its natural =ce4 ,! cause 0 ! p>ticipation ( ! p 9 ?is great affair ( ,/ate1 & ?is p>ticipation arose p>tly f ! effects ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution on ! int]nal affairs ( c\ntries1 p>tly f ! ?reat5+ attitude ( ! ,fr5* t[>ds all nations4 ,n[1 :e!r ?is w be ! case always 9 future1 :e!r all w>s h]eaft] 9 ,europe w be c>ri$ on ) ! :ole p[] ( ! ,/ates1 &1 consequ5tly1 w only take place on acc\nt ( great int]e/s closely affect+ ! p1 or :e!r a sep>ation ( ! int]e/s ( ! ,gov]nm5t f ^? ( ! p w gradually aga9 arise1 w\ld be a difficult po9t to settle2 &1 lea/ ( all1 %all we take ^u u to settle x4 ,b e "o w agree ) u1 t b\nds1 :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t exi/$ only 9 an unconsci\sness ( :at is possible1 :5 once ?r[n d[n1 are n easily built up aga92 & t1 at lea/1 :5ev] great int]e/s are 9 dispute1 mutual ho/ility w dis*>ge itself 9 ! same mann] z x has done 9 our times4 ,we "h br+ our hi/orical survey to a close1 = x 0 n our design to give at a gallop "s ( ! pr9ciples on :i* w> has be5 c>ri$ on 9 ea* age1 b only to %[ h[ ea* p]iod has _h its own peculi> =ms ( w>1 its own re/rictive conditions1 & its own prejudices4 ,ea* p]iod w\ld1 !re=e1 also keep its own !ory ( w>1 ev5 if e :]e1 9 e>ly times1 z well z 9 lat]1 ! task _h be5 und]tak5 ( work+ out a !ory on philosophical pr9ciples4 ,! ev5ts 9 ea* age mu/1 !re=e1 be judg$ ( 9 connection ) ! peculi>ities ( ! "t1 & only he :o1 less ?r\gh an anxi\s /udy ( m9ute details ?an ?r\gh an accurate glance at ! :ole1 c transf] himself into ea* p>ticul> age1 is fit to und]/& & appreciate its g5]als4 ,b ?is conduct ( w>1 condition$ by ! peculi> relations ( ,/ates1 & ( ! milit>y =ce employ$1 mu/ /ill always conta9 9 itself some?+ m g5]al1 or r some?+ q g5]al1 ) :i*1 above ev]y?+1 !ory is conc]n$4 ,! late/ p]iod ( pa/ "t1 9 :i* w> rea*$ its absolute /r5g?1 conta9s mo/ ( :at is ( g5]al application & necess>y4 ,b x is j z improbable t w>s h5ce=? w all h ?is gr& "* z t ! wide b>ri]s :i* h be5 op5$ to !m w ev] be completely clos$ aga94 ,!re=e1 by a !ory :i* only dwells ^u ?is absolute w>1 all cases 9 :i* ext]nal influ5ces alt] ! nature ( w> w\ld be exclud$ or condemn$ z false4 ,?is _c be ! object ( !ory1 :i* ought to be ! sci5ce ( w>1 n "u ideal b "u real circum/ances4 ,!ory1 !re=e1 :il/ ca/+ a se>*+1 discrim9at+ & classify+ glance at objects1 %\ld always h 9 view ! manifold div]sity ( causes f :i* w> may proce$1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 s trace out its great features z to leave room = :at is requir$ by ! exig5cies ( "t & ! mom5t4 ,accord+ly1 we mu/ add t ! object :i* e "o :o und]takes w> proposes to himself1 & ! means :i* he calls =?1 are det]m9$ entirely accord+ to ! p>ticul> details ( 8 position2 & on t v acc\nt !y w also be> 9 !mselves ! "* ( ! "t & ( ! g5]al relations2 la/ly1 t !y are always subject to ! g5]al conclusions to be d$uc$ f ! nature ( w>4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,ends 9 ,w> ,m ,precisely ,def9$ ,ov]?r[ ( ! ,enemy ,! aim ( w> 9 conception mu/ always be ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy2 ?is is ! fundam5tal idea f :i* we set out4 ,n[1 :at is ?is ov]?r[8 ,x does n always imply z necess>y ! complete conque/ ( ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,if ! ,g]mans _h rea*$ ,p>is1 9 #agib1 !re--9 all human probability--! w> ) ! ,revolution>y p>ty w\ld h be5 br\ght to an end at once = a season2 x 0 n at all necess>y at t "t to beat _! armies be=eh&1 = ^? armies 7 n yet to be look$ ^u z pot5t p[]s 9 !mselves s+ly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 #ahad1 ! allies w\ld n h ga9$ ev]y?+ by tak+ ,p>is if ,buonap>te _h /ill rema9$ at ! head ( a consid]able army2 b z 8 army _h ne>ly melt$ away1 !re=e1 also 9 ! ye> #ahad & #ahae ! tak+ ( ,p>is decid$ all4 ,if ,buonap>te 9 ! ye> #ahab1 ei!r be=e or aft] tak+ ,mosc[1 _h be5 able to give ! ,russian army ( #abj1jjj on ! ,kaluga road1 a complete defeat1 su* z he gave ! ,au/rians 9 #ahje1 & ! ,prussian army1 #ahjf1 !n ! possession ( t capital w\ld mo/ probably h br\ght ab\t a peace1 al?\gh an enorm\s tract ( c\ntry /ill rema9$ to be conqu]$4 ,9 ! ye> #ahje x 0 ! battle ( ,au/]litz t 0 decisive2 &1 !re=e1 ! previ\s possession ( ,vi5na & two-?irds ( ! ,au/rian ,/ates1 0 n ( suffici5t weight to ga9 = ,buonap>te a peace2 b1 on ! o!r h& also1 aft] t battle ( ,au/]litz1 ! integrity ( ,hung>y1 /ill intact1 0 n ( suffici5t weight to prev5t ! conclusion ( peace4 ,9 ! ,russian campaign1 ! complete defeat ( ! ,russian army 0 ! la/ bl[ requir$3 ! ,emp]or ,alex&] _h no o!r army at h&1 &1 !re=e1 peace 0 ! c]ta9 consequ5ce ( victory4 ,if ! ,russian army _h be5 on ! ,danube along ) ! ,au/rian1 & _h %>$ 9 its defeat1 !n probably ! conque/ ( ,vi5na w\ld n h be5 necess>y1 & peace w\ld h be5 conclud$ 9 ,l9z4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! complete conque/ ( a c\ntry has n be5 suffici5t1 z 9 ! ye> #ahjg1 9 ,prussia1 :5 ! bl[ levell$ aga9/ ! ,russian auxili>y army1 9 ! d\btful battle ( ,eylau1 0 n decisive en\gh1 & ! und\bt$ victory ( ,fri$l& 0 requir$ z a f9i%+ bl[1 l ! victory ( ,au/]litz 9 ! prec$+ ye>4 ,we see t "h1 also1 ! result _c be det]m9$ f g5]al gr\nds2 ! individual causes1 :i* no "o kn[s :o is n on ! spot1 & _m ( a moral nature :i* are nev] he>d (1 ev5 ! smalle/ traits & accid5ts1 :i* only appe> 9 hi/ory z anecdotes1 are (t5 decisive4 ,all t !ory c "h say is z foll[s3--,t ! great po9t is to keep ! ov]rul+ relations ( bo? p>ties 9 view4 ,out ( !m a c]ta9 c5tre ( gravity1 a c5tre ( p[] & movem5t1 w =m itself1 on :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds2 & aga9/ ?is c5tre ( gravity ( ! enemy1 ! conc5trat$ bl[ ( all ! =ces mu/ be direct$4 ,! little always dep5ds on ! great1 ! unimportant on ! important1 & ! accid5tal on ! ess5tial4 ,?is mu/ guide our view4 ,alex&] _h 8 c5tre ( gravity 9 8 army1 s _h ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ,*>les ,,xii41 & ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & ! c>e] ( any "o ( !m w\ld soon h be5 br\ght to a close by ! de/ruction ( 8 army3 9 ,/ates torn by int]nal diss5sions1 ?is c5tre g5]ally lies 9 ! capital2 9 small /ates dep5d5t on great] ones1 x lies g5]ally 9 ! army ( ^! allies2 9 a conf$]acy1 x lies 9 ! unity ( int]e/s2 9 a national insurrection1 9 ! p]son ( ! *ief lead]1 & 9 public op9ion2 aga9/ ^! po9ts ! bl[ mu/ be direct$4 ,if ! enemy by ?is loses 8 balance1 no "t mu/ be all[$ = him to recov] x2 ! bl[ mu/ be p]si/5tly repeat$ 9 ! same direction1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! conqu]or mu/ always direct 8 bl[s ^u ! mass1 b n aga9/ a fraction ( ! enemy4 ,x is n by conqu]+ "o ( ! enemy's prov9ces1 ) little tr\ble & sup]ior numb]s1 & pref]r+ ! m secure possession ( ?is unimportant conque/ to great results1 b by seek+ out con/antly ! he>t ( ! ho/ile p[]1 & /ak+ ev]y?+ 9 ord] to ga9 all1 t we c effectually /rike ! enemy to ! gr\nd4 ,b :atev] may be ! c5tral po9t ( ! enemy's p[] aga9/ :i* we are to direct our op]ations1 /ill ! conque/ & de/ruction ( 8 army is ! sure/ comm5cem5t1 & 9 all cases1 ! mo/ ess5tial4 ,h5ce we ?9k t1 accord+ to ! majority ( asc]ta9$ facts1 ! foll[+ circum/ances *iefly br+ ab\t ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy4 #a4 ,disp]sion ( 8 army if x =ms1 9 "s degree1 a pot5tial =ce4 #b4 ,capture ( ! enemy's capital city1 if x is bo? ! c5tre ( ! p[] ( ! ,/ate & ! seat ( political assemblies & actions4 #c4 ,an effectual bl[ aga9/ ! pr9cipal ally1 if he is m p[]ful ?an ! enemy himself4 ,we h always hi!rto suppos$ ! enemy 9 w> z a unity1 :i* is all[able = consid]ations ( a v g5]al nature4 ,b hav+ said t ! subjugation ( ! enemy lies 9 ! ov]com+ 8 resi/ance1 conc5trat$ 9 ! c5tre ( gravity1 we mu/ lay aside ?is supposition & introduce ! case1 9 :i* we h to deal ) m ?an "o oppon5t4 ,if two or m ,/ates comb9e aga9/ a ?ird1 t comb9ation con/itutes1 9 a political aspect1 only "o w>1 at ! same "t ?is political union has also its degrees4 ,! "q is :e!r ea* ,/ate 9 ! coalition possesses an indep5d5t int]e/ 91 & an indep5d5t =ce ) :i* to prosecute1 ! w>2 or :e!r !re is "o among/ !m on ^: int]e/s & =ces ^? ( ! o!rs lean = support4 ,! m t ! la/ is ! case1 ! easi] x is to look ^u ! diff]5t enemies z "o alone1 & ! m readily we c simplify our pr9cipal ent]prise to "o great bl[2 & z long z ?is is 9 any way possible1 x is ! mo/ ?or\gh & complete means ( success4 ,we may1 !re=e1 e/abli% x z a pr9ciple1 t if we c conqu] all our enemies by conqu]+ "o ( !m1 ! defeat ( t "o mu/ be ! aim ( ! w>1 because 9 t "o we hit ! common c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole w>4 ,!re are v few cases 9 :i* ?is k9d ( conception is n admissible1 & :]e ?is r$uction ( sev]al c5tres ( gravity to "o _c be made4 ,b if ?is _c be done1 !n inde$ !re is no alt]native b to look ^u ! w> z two or m sep>ate w>s1 ea* ( :i* has its own aim4 ,z ?is case supposes ! sub/antive indep5d5ce ( sev]al enemies1 consequ5tly a great sup]iority ( ! :ole1 !re=e 9 ?is case ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy _c1 9 g5]al1 come into "q4 ,we n[ turn m p>ticul>ly to ! "q1 ,:5 is su* an object possible & advisable8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 our =ces mu/ be suffici5t1-- #a4 ,to ga9 a decisive victory ov] ^? ( ! enemy4 #b4 ,to make ! exp5diture ( =ce :i* may be necess>y to foll[ up ! victory to a po9t at :i* x w no long] be possible = ! enemy to rega9 8 balance4 ,next1 we mu/ feel sure t 9 our political situation1 su* a result w n excite aga9/ u new enemies1 :o may compel u on ! spot to set free our fir/ enemy4 ,france1 9 ! ye> #ahjf1 0 able completely to conqu] ,prussia1 al?\gh 9 do+ s x br\ght d[n ^u itself ! :ole milit>y p[] ( ,russia1 because x 0 9 a condition to cope ) ! ,russians 9 ,prussia4 ,france might h done ! same 9 ,spa9 9 #ahjh z f> z reg>ds ,engl&1 b n z reg>ds ,au/ria4 ,x 0 compell$ to weak5 itself mat]ially 9 ,spa9 9 #ahji1 & mu/ h q giv5 up ! conte/ 9 t c\ntry if x _h n _h o!rwise great sup]iority bo? physically & morally1 ov] ,au/ria4 ,^! ?ree cases %\ld !re=e be c>efully /udi$1 t we may n lose 9 ! la/ ! cause :i* we h ga9$ 9 ! =m] ones1 & be condemn$ 9 co/s4 ,9 e/imat+ ! /r5g? ( =ces1 & t :i* may be effect$ by !m1 ! idea v (t5 sugge/s itself to look ^u "t by a dynamic analogy z a factor ( =ces1 & to assume accord+ly t half ef=ts1 or half ! numb] ( =ces w\ld accompli% 9 two ye>s :at c\ld only be effect$ 9 "o ye> by ! :ole =ce unit$4 ,?is view :i* lies at ! bottom ( milit>y s*emes1 sometimes cle>ly1 sometimes less pla9ly1 is completely wrong4 ,an op]ation 9 w>1 l ev]y?+ else ^u e>?1 requires its "t2 z a matt] ( c\rse we _c walk f ,wilna to ,mosc[ 9 eight days2 b !re is no trace to be f\nd 9 w> ( any reciprocal action betwe5 "t & =ce1 su* z takes place 9 dynamics4 ,"t is necess>y to bo? bellig]5ts1 & ! only "q is3 :i* ( ! two1 judg+ by 8 position1 has mo/ reason to expect special advantages f "t8 ,n[ 7exclusive ( peculi>ities 9 ! situation on "o side or ! o!r7 ! vanqui%$ has pla9ly ! mo/ reason1 at ! same "t c]ta9ly n by dynamic1 b by psy*ological laws4 ,envy1 jeal\sy1 anxiety = self1 z well z n[ & aga9 magnanimity1 are ! natural int]cessors = ! un=tunate2 !y raise up = him on ! "o h& fri5ds1 & on ! o!r h& weak5 & dissolve ! coalition among/ 8 enemies4 ,!re=e1 by delay some?+ advantage\s is m likely to happ5 = ! conqu]$ ?an = ! conqu]or4 ,fur!r1 we mu/ recollect t to make "r use ( a fir/ victory1 z we h already %[n1 a great exp5diture ( =ce is necess>y2 ?is is n a m]e outlay once = all1 b has to be kept up l h\sekeep+1 on a great scale2 ! =ces :i* h be5 suffici5t to give u possession ( a prov9ce1 are n always suffici5t to meet ?is additional outlay2 by degrees ! /ra9 ^u our res\rces becomes great]1 until at la/ x becomes insupportable2 "t1 !re=e1 ( itself may br+ ab\t a *ange4 ,c\ld ! contributions :i* ,buonap>te levi$ f ! ,russians & ,poles1 9 money & 9 o!r ways1 9 #ahab1 h procur$ ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m5 t he mu/ h s5t to ,mosc[ 9 ord] to reta9 8 position !re8 ,b if ! conqu]$ prov9ces are suffici5tly important1 if !re are 9 !m po9ts :i* are ess5tial to ! well-be+ ( ^? p>ts :i* are n conqu]$1 s t ! evil1 l a canc]1 is p]petually ( itself gnaw+ fur!r into ! sy/em1 !n x is possible t ! conqu]or1 al?\gh no?+ fur!r is done1 may ga9 m ?an he loses4 ,n[ 9 ?is /ate ( circum/ances1 if no help comes f )\t1 !n "t may complete ! "w ?us comm5c$2 :at /ill rema9s unconqu]$ w1 p]haps1 fall ( itself4 ,!re=e1 ?us "t may also become a factor ( 8 =ces1 b ?is c only take place if a return bl[ f ! conqu]$ is no long] possible1 a *ange ( =tune 9 8 fav\r no long] conceivable1 :5 !re=e ?is factor ( 8 =ces is no long] ( any value to ! conqu]or2 = he has accompli%$ ! *ief object1 ! dang] ( ! culm9at+ po9t is pa/1 9 %ort1 ! enemy is already subdu$4 ,our object 9 ! above reason+ has be5 to %[ cle>ly t no conque/ c be f9i%$ too soon1 t spread+ x ov] a great] space ( "t ?an is absolutely necess>y = its completion1 in/ead ( facilitat+ x1 makes x m difficult4 ,if ?is ass]tion is true1 x is fur!r true also t if we are /rong en\gh to effect a c]ta9 conque/1 we mu/ also be /rong en\gh to d x 9 "o m>* )\t int]m$iate /ations4 ,( c\rse we d n mean by ?is )\t %ort halts1 9 ord] to conc5trate ! =ces1 & make o!r indisp5sable arrangem5ts4 ,by ?is view1 :i* makes ! "* ( a spe$y & p]si/5t ef=t t[>ds a decision ess5tial to (f5sive w>1 we ?9k we h completely set aside all gr\nds = t !ory :i* 9 place ( ! irresi/ible cont9u$ foll[+ up ( victory1 w\ld sub/itute a sl[ me?odical sy/em z be+ m sure & prud5t4 ,b ev5 = ^? :o h readily foll[$ u s f>1 our ass]tion has1 p]haps aft] all1 s mu* ! appe>ance ( a p>adox1 is at fir/ sight s mu* oppos$ & (f5sive to an op9ion :i*1 l an old prejudice1 has tak5 deep root1 & has be5 repeat$ a ?\s& times 9 books1 t we consid]$ x advisable to exam9e m closely ! f\ndation ( ^? plausible argum5ts :i* may be advanc$4 ,x is c]ta9ly easi] to rea* an object ne> u ?an "o at a di/ance1 b :5 ! ne>e/ "o does n suit our purpose x does n foll[ t divid+ ! "w1 t a re/+ po9t1 w enable u to get ov] ! second half ( ! road easi]4 ,a small jump is easi] ?an a l>ge "o1 b no "o on t acc\nt1 wi%+ to cross a wide dit*1 w\ld jump half ( x fir/4 ,if we look closely into ! f\ndation ( ! conception ( ! s-call$ me?odical (f5sive w>1 we %all f9d x g5]ally consi/s ( ! foll[+ ?+s3-- #a4 ,conque/ ( ^? =tresses belong+ to ! enemy :i* we meet )4 #b4 ,lay+ 9 ! necess>y supplies4 #c4 ,=tify+ important po9ts1 z1 magaz9es1 bridges1 positions1 etc4 #d4 ,re/+ ! troops 9 qu>t]s dur+ w9t]1 or :5 !y require to be recruit$ 9 heal? & refre%$4 #e4 ,wait+ = ! re9=cem5ts ( ! ensu+ ye>4 ,if = ! atta9m5t ( all ^! objects we make a =mal division 9 ! c\rse ( ! (f5sive action1 a re/+ po9t 9 ! movem5t1 x is suppos$ t we ga9 a new base & r5ew$ =ce1 z if our own ,/ate 0 foll[+ up 9 ! re> ( ! army1 & t ! latt] laid 9 r5ew$ vig\r = e fre% campaign4 ,all ^! praisewor?y motives may make ! (f5sive w> m conv5i5t1 b !y d n make its results sur]1 & are g5]ally only make-believes to cov] c]ta9 c\nt]act+ =ces1 su* z ! feel+s ( ! comm&] or irresolution 9 ! cab9et4 ,we %all try to roll !m up f ! left flank4 #a4 ,! wait+ = re9=cem5ts suits ! enemy j z well1 & is1 we may say1 m to 8 advantage4 ,besides1 x lies 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ t a ,/ate c place 9 l9e ne>ly z _m combatant =ces 9 "o ye> z 9 two2 = all ! actual increase ( combatant =ce 9 ! second ye> is b trifl+ 9 relation to ! :ole4 #b4 ,! enemy re/s himself at ! same "t t we d4 #c4 ,! =tification ( t[ns & positions is n ! "w ( ! army1 & !re=e no gr\nd = any delay4 #d4 ,accord+ to ! pres5t sy/em ( subsi/+ armies1 magaz9es are m necess>y :5 ! army is 9 cantonm5ts1 ?an :5 x is advanc+4 ,z long z we advance ) success1 we cont9ually fall into possession ( "s ( ! enemy's provision depots1 :i* assi/ u :5 ! c\ntry itself is poor4 #e4 ,! tak+ ( ! enemy's =tresses _c be reg>d$ z a susp5sion ( ! attack3 x is an int5sifi$ progress1 & !re=e ! seem+ susp5sion :i* is caus$ !reby is n prop]ly a case su* z we allude to1 x is nei!r a susp5sion nor a modify+ ( ! use ( =ce4 ,b :e!r a regul> siege1 a blockade1 or a m]e obs]vation ( "o or o!r is mo/ to ! purpose1 is a "q :i* c only be decid$ accord+ to p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,we c only say ?is 9 g5]al1 t 9 answ]+ ?is "q ano!r mu/ be cle>ly decid$1 :i* is1 :e!r ! risk w n be too great if1 :ile only blockad+1 we at ! same "t make a fur!r advance4 ,:]e ?is is n ! case1 & :5 !re is ample room to ext5d our =ces1 x is bett] to po/pone ! =mal siege till ! t]m9ation ( ! :ole (f5sive movem5t4 ,we mu/ !re=e take c>e n to be l$ into ! error ( neglect+ ! ess5tial1 ?r\gh ! idea ( imm$iately mak+ secure t :i* is conqu]$4 ,no d\bt x seems z if1 by ?us advanc+1 we at once haz>d ! loss ( :at has be5 already ga9$4 ,our op9ion1 h[ev]1 is t no division ( action1 no re/+ po9t1 no int]m$iate /ations are 9 accordance ) ! nature ( (f5sive w>1 & t :5 ! same are unavoidable1 !y are to be reg>d$ z an evil :i* makes ! result n m c]ta91 b1 on ! contr>y1 m unc]ta92 & fur!r1 t1 /rictly speak+1 if f weakness or any cause we h be5 oblig$ to /op1 a second spr+ at ! object we h 9 view is1 z a rule1 impossible2 b if su* a second spr+ is possible1 !n ! /oppage at ! int]m$iate /ation 0 unnecess>y1 & t :5 an object at ! v comm5cem5t is beyond our /r5g?1 x w always rema9 s4 ,we say1 ?is appe>s to be ! g5]al tru?1 by :i* we only wi% to set aside ! idea t "t ( itself c d some?+ = ! advantage ( ! assailant4 ,b z ! political relations may *ange f ye> to ye>1 !re=e1 on t acc\nt alone1 _m cases may happ5 :i* are exceptions to ?is g5]al tru?4 ,x may appe> p]haps z if we _h left our g5]al po9t ( view1 & _h no?+ 9 our eye except (f5sive w>2 b x is n s by any means4 ,c]ta9ly1 he :o c set be=e himself ! complete ov]?r[ ( ! enemy z 8 object1 w n easily be r$uc$ to take refuge 9 ! def5sive1 ! imm$iate object ( :i* is only to keep possession2 b z we /& by ! decl>ation ?r\gh\t1 t a def5sive )\t any positive pr9ciple is a contradiction 9 /rategy z well z 9 tactics1 & !re=e always come back to ! fact t e def5sive1 accord+ to its /r5g?1 w seek to *ange to ! attack z soon z x has exhau/$ ! advantages ( ! def5sive1 s !re=e1 h[ev] great or small ! def5ce may be1 we /ill also include 9 x cont+5tly ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy z an object :i* ?is attack may h1 & :i* is to be consid]$ z ! prop] object ( ! def5sive1 & we say t !re may be cases 9 :i* ! assailant1 not)/&+ he has 9 view su* a great object1 may /ill pref] at fir/ to make use ( ! def5sive =m4 ,t ?is idea is f\nd$ 9 reality is easily %[n by ! campaign ( #ahab4 ,! ,emp]or ,alex&] 9 engag+ 9 ! w> did n p]haps ?9k ( ru9+ 8 enemy completely1 z 0 done 9 ! sequel2 b is !re any?+ :i* makes su* an idea impossible8 ,& yet1 if s1 w\ld x n /ill rema9 v natural t ! ,russians began ! w> on ! def5sive8 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,ends 9 ,w> ,m ,precisely ,def9$ 7cont9u$7 ,limit$ ,object ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h said t1 "u ! expression 8ov]?r[ ( ! enemy10 we und]/& ! real absolute aim ( ! 8act ( w>20 n[ we %all see :at rema9s to be done :5 ! conditions "u :i* ?is object might be atta9$ d n exi/4 ,^! conditions presuppose a great physical or moral sup]iority1 or a great _s ( ent]prise1 an innate prop5sity to extreme haz>ds4 ,n[ :]e all ?is is n =?com+1 ! aim 9 ! act ( w> c only be ( two k9ds2 ei!r ! conque/ ( "s small or mod]ate portion ( ! enemy's c\ntry1 or ! def5ce ( our own until bett] times2 ?is la/ is ! usual case 9 def5sive w>4 ,:e!r ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! aims is ( ! "r k9d1 c always be settl$ by call+ to m9d ! expression us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! la/4 ,! wait+ till m fav\rable times implies t we h reason to expect su* times h]eaft]1 & ?is wait+ =1 t is1 def5sive w>1 is always bas$ on ?is prospect2 on ! o!r h&1 (f5sive w>1 t is1 ! tak+ advantage ( ! pres5t mom5t1 is always comm&$ :5 ! future holds out a bett] prospect1 n to ourselves1 b to our adv]s>y4 ,! ?ird case1 :i* is probably ! mo/ common1 is :5 nei!r p>ty has any?+ def9ite to look = f ! future1 :5 !re=e x furni%es no motive = decision4 ,9 ?is case1 ! (f5sive w> is pla9ly imp]ative ^u him :o is politically ! aggressor1 t is1 :o has ! positive motive2 = he has tak5 up arms ) t object1 & e mom5t ( "t :i* is lo/ )\t any good reason1 is s mu* lo/ "t = him4 ,we h "h decid$ = (f5sive or def5sive w> on gr\nds :i* h no?+ to d ) ! relative =ces ( ! combatants respectively1 & yet x may appe> t x w\ld be ne>] "r to make ! *oice ( ! (f5sive or def5sive *iefly dep5d5t on ! mutual relations ( combatants 9 po9t ( milit>y /r5g?2 our op9ion is1 t 9 do+ s we %\ld j leave ! "r road4 ,! logical correctness ( our simple argum5t no "o w dispute2 we %all n[ see :e!r 9 ! concrete case x leads to ! contr>y4 ,let u suppose a small ,/ate :i* is involv$ 9 a conte/ ) a v sup]ior p[]1 & =esees t ) ea* ye> its position w become worse3 %\ld x n1 if w> is inevitable1 make use ( ! "t :5 its situation is fur!/ f ! wor/8 ,!n x mu/ attack1 n because ! attack 9 itself ensures any advantages--x w r increase ! disp>ity ( =ces--b because ?is ,/ate is "u ! necessity ( ei!r br++ ! matt] completely to an issue be=e ! wor/ "t arrives1 or ( ga9+1 at lea/1 9 ! mean "t1 "s advantages :i* x may h]eaft] turn to acc\nt4 ,?is !ory _c appe> absurd4 ,b if ?is small ,/ate is q c]ta9 t ! enemy w advance aga9/ x1 !n1 c]ta9ly1 x c & may make use ( ! def5sive aga9/ its enemy to procure a fir/ advantage2 !re is !n at any rate no dang] ( los+ "t4 ,if1 aga91 we suppose a small ,/ate engag$ 9 w> ) a great]1 & t ! future has no influ5ce on _! decisions1 /ill1 if ! small ,/ate is politically ! assailant1 we dem& ( x also t x %\ld g =w>d to its object4 ,if x has _h ! audacity to propose to itself a positive end 9 ! face ( sup]ior numb]s1 !n x mu/ also act1 t is1 attack ! foe1 if ! latt] does n save x ! tr\ble4 ,wait+ w\ld be an absurdity2 unless at ! mom5t ( execution x has alt]$ its political resolution1 a case :i* v frequ5tly occurs1 & contributes 9 no small degree to give w>s an indef9ite "*4 ,^! consid]ations on ! limit$ object apply to its connection bo? ) (f5sive w> & def5sive w>2 we %all consid] bo? 9 sep>ate *apt]s4 ,b we %all fir/ turn our att5tion to ano!r phase4 ,hi!rto we h d$uc$ ! modifications 9 ! object ( w> solely f intr9sic reasons4 ,! nature ( ! political view 7or design7 we h only tak5 into consid]ation 9 s f> z x is or is n direct$ at some?+ positive4 ,ev]y?+ else 9 ! political design is 9 reality some?+ extrane\s to w>2 b 9 ! second *apt] ( ! fir/ book 7,end & ,means 9 ,w>7 we h already admitt$ t ! nature ( ! political object1 ! ext5t ( our own or ! enemy's dem&1 & our :ole political relation practically h a mo/ decisive influ5ce on ! conduct ( ! w>1 & we %all !re=e devote ! foll[+ *apt] to t subject specially4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,a4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,political ,object on ! ,milit>y ,object ,we nev] f9d t a ,/ate jo9+ 9 ! cause ( ano!r ,/ate1 takes x up ) ! same e>ne/ness z its own4 ,an auxili>y army ( mod]ate /r5g? is s5t2 if x is n successful1 !n ! ally looks ^u ! affair z 9 a mann] end$1 & tries to get out ( x on ! *eape/ t]ms possible4 ,9 ,european politics x has be5 usual = ,/ates to pl$ge !mselves to mutual assi/ance by an alliance (f5sive & def5sive1 n s f> t ! "o takes "p 9 ! int]e/s & qu>rels ( ! o!r1 b only s f> z to promise "o ano!r be=eh& ! assi/ance ( a fix$1 g5]ally v mod]ate1 cont+5t ( troops1 )\t reg>d to ! object ( ! w>1 or ! scale on :i* x is ab\t to be c>ri$ on by ! pr9cipals4 ,9 a treaty ( alliance ( ?is k9d1 ! ally does n look ^u himself z engag$ ) ! enemy 9 a w> prop]ly speak+1 :i* %\ld necess>ily beg9 ) a decl>ation ( w>1 & end ) a treaty ( peace4 ,/ill1 ?is idea also is n[h]e fix$ ) any di/9ctness1 & usage v>ies "o way & ano!r4 ,! ?+ w\ld h a k9d ( consi/5cy1 & x w\ld be less emb>rass+ to ! !ory ( w> if ?is promis$ cont+5t ( t51 tw5ty1 or ?irty ?\s& m5 0 h&$ ov] entirely to ! /ate engag$ 9 w>1 s t x c\ld be us$ z requir$2 x might !n be reg>d$ z a subsidis$ =ce4 ,b ! usual practice is widely diff]5t4 ,g5]ally ! auxili>y =ce has its own comm&]1 :o dep5ds only on 8 own gov]nm5t1 & to :om !y prescribe an object su* z be/ suits ! %illy-%ally measures !y h 9 view4 ,b ev5 if two ,/ates g to w> ) a ?ird1 !y d n always bo? look 9 l measure ^u ?is common enemy z "o t !y mu/ de/roy or be de/roy$ by !mselves1 ! bus9ess is (t5 settl$ l a comm]cial transaction2 ea*1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( ! risk he incurs or ! advantage to be expect$1 takes %>es 9 ! conc]n to ! ext5t ( #cj1jjj or #dj1jjj m51 & acts z if he c\ld n lose m ?an ! am\nt ( 8 inve/m5t4 ,n only is ?is ! po9t ( view tak5 :5 a ,/ate comes to ! assi/ance ( ano!r 9 a cause 9 :i* x has 9 a mann]1 little conc]n1 b ev5 :5 bo? allies h a common & v consid]able int]e/ at /ake1 no?+ c be done except "u diplomatic res]vation1 & ! contract+ p>ties usually only agree to furni% a small /ipulat$ cont+5t1 9 ord] to employ ! re/ ( ! =ces accord+ to ! special ends to :i* policy may happ5 to lead !m4 ,?is way ( reg>d+ w>s ent]$ into by reason ( alliances 0 q g5]al1 & 0 only oblig$ to give place to ! natural way 9 q mod]n times1 :5 ! extremity ( dang] drove m5's m9ds into ! natural direction 7z 9 ! w>s aga9/ ,buonap>te71 & :5 ! mo/ b\ndless p[] compell$ !m to x 7z "u ,buonap>te74 ,x 0 an abnormal ?+1 an anomaly1 = w> & peace are ideas :i* 9 _! f\ndation c h no gradations2 nev]!less x 0 no m]e diplomatic (fspr+ :i* ! reason c\ld look d[n ^u1 b deeply root$ 9 ! natural limit$ness & weakness ( human nature4 ,la/ly1 ev5 9 w>s c>ri$ on )\t allies1 ! political cause ( a w> has a great influ5ce on ! me?od 9 :i* x is conduct$4 ,if we only require f ! enemy a small sacrifice1 !n we cont5t ourselves ) aim+ at a small equival5t by ! w>1 & we expect to atta9 t by mod]ate ef=ts4 ,! enemy reasons 9 v mu* ! same way4 ,n[1 if "o or ! o!r f9ds t he has err$ 9 8 reckon+ t 9 place ( be+ slightly sup]ior to ! enemy1 z he suppos$1 he is1 if any?+1 r weak]1 /ill1 at t mom5t1 money & all o!r means1 z well z suffici5t moral impulse = great] ex]tions are v (t5 defici5t3 9 su* a case he j does :at is call$ 8! be/ he c20 hopes bett] ?+s 9 ! future1 al?\gh he has n ! slighte/ f\ndation = su* hope1 & ! w>1 9 ! mean "t drags itself feebly along1 l a body worn out ) sickness4 ,?us x comes to pass t ! reciprocal action1 ! rivalry1 ! viol5ce & impetuosity ( w> lose !mselves 9 ! /agnation ( weak motives1 & t bo? p>ties move ) a c]ta9 k9d ( security 9 v circumscrib$ sph]es4 ,if ?is influ5ce ( ! political object is once p]mitt$1 z x !n mu/ be1 !re is no long] any limit1 & we mu/ be pleas$ to come d[n to su* w>f>e z consi/s 9 a m]e ?reat5+ ( ! enemy & 9 negotiat+4 ,t ! !ory ( w>1 if x is to be & to cont9ue a philosophical /udy1 f9ds itself "h 9 a difficulty is cle>4 ,all t is ess5tially inh]5t 9 ! conception ( w> seems to fly f x1 & x is 9 dang] ( be+ left )\t any po9t ( support4 ,b ! natural outlet soon %[s itself4 ,accord+ z a modify+ pr9ciple ga9s influ5ce ov] ! act ( w>1 or r1 ! weak] ! motives to action become1 ! m ! action w glide into a passive resi/ance1 ! less ev5tful x w become1 & ! less x w require guid+ pr9ciples4 ,all milit>y art !n *anges itself into m]e prud5ce1 ! pr9cipal object ( :i* w be to prev5t ! trembl+ balance f sudd5ly turn+ to our disadvantage1 & ! half w> f *ang+ into a complete "o4 ,b4 ,w> z an ,in/rum5t ( ,policy ,hav+ made ! requisite exam9ation on bo? sides ( t /ate ( antagonism 9 :i* ! nature ( w> /&s ) relation to o!r int]e/s ( m5 individually & ( ! bond ( society1 9 ord] n to neglect any ( ! oppos+ elem5ts1 an antagonism :i* is f\nd$ 9 our own nature1 & :i*1 !re=e1 no philosophy c unravel1 we %all n[ look = t unity into :i*1 9 practical life1 ^! antagoni/ic elem5ts comb9e !mselves by p>tly neutralis+ ea* o!r4 ,we %\ld h br\ght =w>d ?is unity at ! v comm5cem5t1 if x _h n be5 necess>y to br+ out ?is contradiction v pla9ly1 & also to look at ! diff]5t elem5ts sep>ately4 ,n[1 ?is unity is ! conception t w> is only a "p ( political int]c\rse1 !re=e by no means an indep5d5t ?+ 9 itself4 ,we "k1 c]ta9ly1 t w> is only call$ =? ?r\gh ! political int]c\rse ( ,gov]nm5ts & nations2 b 9 g5]al x is suppos$ t su* int]c\rse is brok5 (f by w>1 & t a totally diff]5t /ate ( ?+s ensues1 subject to no laws b its own4 ,we ma9ta91 on ! contr>y3 t w> is no?+ b a cont9uation ( political int]c\rse1 ) a mixture ( o!r means4 ,we say1 mix$ ) o!r means1 9 ord] !reby to ma9ta9 at ! same "t t ?is political int]c\rse does n cease by ! w> itself1 is n *ang$ into some?+ q diff]5t1 b t1 9 its ess5ce1 x cont9ues to exi/1 :atev] may be ! =m ( ! means :i* x uses1 & t ! *ief l9es on :i* ! ev5ts ( ! w> progress1 & to :i* !y are atta*$1 are only ! g5]al features ( policy :i* run all ?r\gh ! w> until peace takes place4 ,& h[ c we conceive x to be o!rwise8 ,does ! cessation ( diplomatic notes /op ! political relations betwe5 diff]5t nations & ,gov]nm5ts8 ,is n w> m]ely ano!r k9d ( writ+ & language = political ?\ghts8 ,x has c]ta9ly a gramm> ( its own1 b its logic is n peculi> to itself4 ,accord+ly1 w> c nev] be sep>at$ f political int]c\rse1 & if1 9 ! consid]ation ( ! matt]1 ?is is done 9 any way1 all ! ?reads ( ! diff]5t relations are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 brok51 & we h be=e u a s5seless ?+ )\t an object4 ,?is k9d ( idea w\ld be indisp5sable ev5 if w> 0 p]fect w>1 ! p]fectly unbridl$ elem5t ( ho/ility1 = all ! circum/ances on :i* x re/s1 & :i* det]m9e its lead+ features1 viz41 our own p[]1 ! enemy's p[]1 allies on bo? sides1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p & _! ,gov]nm5ts respectively1 etc41 z enum]at$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! fir/ book1 are !y n ( a political nature1 & are !y n s intimately connect$ ) ! :ole political int]c\rse t x is impossible to sep>ate !m8 ,b ?is view is d\bly indisp5sable if we reflect t real w> is no su* consi/5t ef=t t5d+ to an extreme1 z x %\ld be accord+ to ! ab/ract idea1 b a half & half ?+1 a contradiction 9 itself2 t1 z su*1 x _c foll[ its own laws1 b mu/ be look$ ^u z a "p ( ano!r :ole1 & ?is :ole is policy4 ,policy 9 mak+ use ( w> avoids all ^? rigor\s conclusions :i* proce$ f its nature2 x tr\bles itself little ab\t f9al possibilities1 conf9+ its att5tion to imm$iate probabilities4 ,if mu* unc]ta9ty 9 ! :ole action ensues !refrom1 if x !reby becomes a sort ( game1 ! policy ( ea* cab9et places its confid5ce 9 ! belief t 9 ?is game x w surpass its neighb\r 9 skill & %>psight$ness4 ,?us policy makes out ( ! all-ov]p[]+ elem5t ( w> a m]e in/rum5t1 *anges ! trem5d\s battle-sword1 :i* %\ld be lift$ ) bo? h&s & ! :ole p[] ( ! body to /rike once = all1 into a light h&y weapon1 :i* is ev5 sometimes no?+ m ?an a rapi] to ex*ange ?ru/s & fe9ts & p>ries4 ,?us ! contradictions 9 :i* man1 naturally timid1 becomes involv$ by w>1 may be solv$1 if we *oose to accept ?is z a solution4 ,if w> belongs to policy1 x w naturally take its "* f !nce4 ,if policy is gr& & p[]ful1 s w also be ! w>1 & ?is may be c>ri$ to ! po9t at :i* w> atta9s to its absolute =m4 ,9 ?is way ( view+ ! subject1 !re=e1 we ne$ n %ut out ( sight ! absolute =m ( w>1 we r keep x cont9ually 9 view 9 ! back gr\nd4 ,only ?r\gh ?is k9d ( view1 w> recov]s unity2 only by x c we see all w>s z ?+s ( "o k9d2 & x is only ?r\gh x t ! judgm5t c obta9 ! true & p]fect basis & po9t ( view f :i* great plans may be trac$ out & det]m9$ ^u4 ,x is true ! political elem5t does n s9k deep into ! details ( w>1 ,v$ettes are n plant$1 patrols d n make _! r\nds f political consid]ations1 b small z is its influ5ce 9 ?is respect1 x is great 9 ! =mation ( a plan = a :ole w>1 or a campaign1 & (t5 ev5 = a battle4 ,= ?is reason we 7 9 no hurry to e/abli% ?is view at ! comm5cem5t4 ,:ile engag$ ) p>ticul>s1 x w\ld h giv5 u little help2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld h di/ract$ our att5tion to a c]ta9 ext5t2 9 ! plan ( a w> or campaign x is indisp5sable4 ,!re is1 ^u ! :ole1 no?+ m important 9 life ?an to f9d out ! "r po9t ( view f :i* ?+s %\ld be look$ at & judg$ (1 & !n to keep to t po9t2 = we c only appreh5d ! mass ( ev5ts 9 _! unity f "o /&po9t2 & x is only ! keep+ to "o po9t ( view t gu>ds u f inconsi/5cy4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 draw+ up a plan ( a w> x is n all[able to h a two-fold or ?ree-fold po9t ( view1 f :i* ?+s may be look$ at1 n[ ) ! eye ( a soldi]1 !n ) t ( an adm9i/rator1 & !n aga9 ) t ( a politician1 etc41 !n ! next "q is1 :e!r policy is necess>ily p>am\nt1 & ev]y?+ else subord9ate to x4 ,t policy unites 9 itself1 & reconciles all ! int]e/s ( int]nal adm9i/rations1 ev5 ^? ( humanity1 & :atev] else are rational subjects ( consid]ation1 is presuppos$1 = x is no?+ 9 itself1 except a m]e repres5tative & expon5t ( all ^! int]e/s t[>ds o!r ,/ates4 ,t policy may take a false direction1 & may promote unfairly ! ambiti\s ends1 ! private int]e/s1 ! vanity ( rul]s1 does n conc]n u "h2 =1 "u no circum/ances c ! art ( w> be reg>d$ z its preceptor1 & we c only look at policy "h z ! repres5tative ( ! int]e/s g5]ally ( ! :ole community4 ,! only "q1 !re=e1 is1 :e!r 9 fram+ plans = a w> ! political po9t ( view %\ld give way to ! purely milit>y 7if su* a po9t is conceivable71 t is to say1 %\ld disappe> altoge!r1 or subord9ate itself to x1 or :e!r ! political is to rema9 ! rul+ po9t ( view1 & ! milit>y to be consid]$ subord9ate to x4 ,t ! political po9t ( view %\ld end completely :5 w> beg9s1 is only conceivable 9 conte/s :i* are w>s ( life & dea?1 f pure hatr$3 z w>s are 9 reality1 !y are z we be=e said1 only ! expressions or manife/ations ( policy itself4 ,! subord9ation ( ! political po9t ( view to ! milit>y w\ld be contr>y to common s5se1 = policy has decl>$ ! w>2 x is ! intellig5t faculty1 w> only ! in/rum5t1 & n ! rev]se4 ,! subord9ation ( ! milit>y po9t ( view to ! political is1 !re=e1 ! only ?+ :i* is possible4 ,if we reflect on ! nature ( real w>1 & call to m9d :at has be5 said 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ?is book1 t e w> %\ld be view$ above all ?+s accord+ to ! probability ( its "*1 & its lead+ features z !y are to be d$uc$ f ! political =ces & proportions1 & t (t5--inde$ we may safely affirm1 9 our days1 almo/ always--w> is to be reg>d$ z an organic :ole1 f :i* ! s+le bran*es are n to be sep>at$1 9 :i* !re=e e individual activity fl[s into ! :ole1 & also has its orig9 9 ! idea ( ?is :ole1 !n x becomes c]ta9 & palpable to u t ! sup]ior /&-po9t = ! conduct ( ! w>1 f :i* its lead+ l9es mu/ proce$1 c be no o!r ?an t ( policy4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! plans come1 z x 71 out ( a ca/2 ! appreh5sion ( !m & ! judgm5t ^u !m become easi] & m natural1 our convictions respect+ !m ga9 9 =ce1 motives are m satisfy+1 & hi/ory m intelligible4 ,at all ev5ts1 f ?is po9t ( view1 !re is no long] 9 ! nature ( ?+s a necess>y conflict betwe5 ! political & milit>y int]e/s1 & :]e x appe>s x is !re=e to be reg>d$ z imp]fect k only4 ,t policy makes dem&s on ! w> :i* x _c respond to1 w\ld be contr>y to ! supposition t x kn[s ! in/rum5t :i* x is go+ to use1 !re=e1 contr>y to a natural & indisp5sable supposition4 ,b if x judges correctly ( ! m>* ( milit>y ev5ts1 x is entirely its affair1 & c be its only to det]m9e :at are ! ev5ts & :at ! direction ( ev5ts mo/ fav\rable to ! ultimate & great end ( ! w>4 ,9 "o ^w1 ! art ( w> 9 its highe/ po9t ( view is policy1 b1 no d\bt1 a policy :i* fights battles1 in/ead ( writ+ notes4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 to leave a great milit>y ent]prise1 or ! plan = "o1 to a purely milit>y judgm5t & decision1 is a di/9ction :i* _c be all[$1 & is ev5 prejudicial2 inde$1 x is an irrational proce$+ to consult pr(essional soldi]s on ! plan ( a w>1 t !y may give a purely milit>y op9ion ^u :at ! cab9et %\ld d2 b /ill m absurd is ! dem& ( ,!ori/s t a /atem5t ( ! available means ( w> %\ld be laid be=e ! g5]al1 t he may draw out a purely milit>y plan = ! w> or = a campaign1 9 accordance ) ^? means4 ,exp]i5ce 9 g5]al also tea*es u t not)/&+ ! multif>i\s bran*es & sci5tific "* ( milit>y art 9 ! pres5t day1 /ill ! lead+ outl9es ( a w> are always det]m9$ by ! cab9et1 t is1 if we w\ld use te*nical language1 by a political n a milit>y function>y4 ,?is is p]fectly natural4 ,none ( ! pr9cipal plans :i* are requir$ = a w> c be made )\t an insight into ! political relations2 &1 9 reality1 :5 p speak1 z !y (t5 d1 ( ! prejudicial influ5ce ( policy on ! conduct ( a w>1 !y say 9 reality some?+ v diff]5t to :at !y int5d4 ,x is n ?is influ5ce b ! policy itself :i* %\ld be f\nd fault )4 ,if policy is "r1 t is1 if x succe$s 9 hitt+ ! object1 !n x c only act on ! w> 9 its s5se1 ) advantage also2 & if ?is influ5ce ( policy causes a div]g5ce f ! object1 ! cause is only to be look$ = 9 a mi/ak5 policy4 ,x is only :5 policy promises itself a wrong effect f c]ta9 milit>y means & measures1 an effect oppos$ to _! nature1 t x c ex]cise a prejudicial effect on w> by ! c\rse x prescribes4 ,j z a p]son 9 a language ) :i* he is n conv]sant sometimes says :at he does n int5d1 s policy1 :5 int5d+ "r1 may (t5 ord] ?+s :i* d n tally ) its own views4 ,?is has happ5$ times )\t end1 & x %[s t a c]ta9 k ( ! nature ( w> is ess5tial to ! managem5t ( political comm]ce4 ,b be=e go+ fur!r1 we mu/ gu>d ourselves aga9/ a false int]pretation ( :i* ?is is v susceptible4 ,we are f> f hold+ ! op9ion t a w> m9i/]1 smo!r$ 9 (ficial pap]s1 a sci5tific eng9e]1 or ev5 a soldi] :o has be5 well tri$ 9 ! field1 w\ld1 any ( !m1 necess>ily make ! be/ m9i/] ( ,/ate :]e ! sov]eign does n act = himself2 or 9 o!r words1 we d n mean to say t ?is acqua9tance ) ! nature ( w> is ! pr9cipal qualification = a w> m9i/]2 elevation1 sup]iority ( m9d1 /r5g? ( "*1 ^! are ! pr9cipal qualifications :i* he mu/ possess2 a k ( w> may be suppli$ 9 "o way or ! o!r4 ,france 0 nev] worse advis$ 9 its milit>y & political affairs ?an by ! two ,bro!rs ,belleisle & ! ,duke ( ,*oiseul1 al?\gh all ?ree 7 good soldi]s4 ,if w> is to h>monise entirely ) ! political views & policy1 to accommodate itself to ! means available = w>1 !re is only "o alt]native to be recomm5d$ :5 ! /atesman & soldi] are n comb9$ 9 "o p]son1 :i* is1 to make ! *ief comm&] a memb] ( ! cab9et1 t he may take "p 9 its c\ncils & decisions on important occasions4 ,b !n aga91 ?is is only possible :5 ! cab9et1 t is ! gov]nm5t itself1 is ne> ! !atre ( w>1 s t ?+s c be settl$ )\t a s]i\s wa/e ( "t4 ,?is is :at ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria did 9 #ahji1 & ! alli$ sov]eigns 9 #ahac1 #ahad1 #ahae1 & ! arrangem5t prov$ completely satisfactory4 ,! influ5ce ( any milit>y man except ! ,g5]al-9 ,*ief 9 ! cab9et1 is extremely dang]\s2 x v seldom leads to able vigor\s action4 ,! example ( ,france 9 #agic1 #agid1 #agie1 :5 ,c>not1 :ile resid+ 9 ,p>is1 manag$ ! conduct ( ! w>1 is to be avoid$1 z a sy/em ( t]ror is n at ! comm& ( any b a revolution>y gov]nm5t4 ,we %all n[ conclude ) "s reflections d]iv$ f hi/ory4 ,9 ! la/ dec5n>y ( ! pa/ c5tury1 :5 t rem>kable *ange 9 ! art ( w> 9 ,europe took place by :i* ! be/ armies f\nd t a "p ( _! me?od ( w> _h become utt]ly uns]viceable1 & ev5ts 7 br\ght ab\t ( a magnitude f> beyond :at any "o _h any previ\s conception (1 x c]ta9ly appe>$ t a false calculation ( ev]y?+ 0 to be laid to ! *>ge ( ! art ( w>4 ,x 0 pla9 t :ile conf9$ by habit )9 a n>r[ circle ( conceptions1 %e _h be5 surpris$ by ! =ce ( a new /ate ( relations1 ly+1 no d\bt1 outside t circle1 b /ill n outside ! nature ( ?+s4 ,^? obs]v]s :o took ! mo/ compreh5sive view1 ascrib$ ! circum/ance to ! g5]al influ5ce :i* policy _h ex]cis$ = c5turies on ! art ( w>1 & und\bt$ly to its v great disadvantage1 & by :i* x _h sunk into a half-measure1 (t5 into m]e %am fight+4 ,!y 7 "r z to fact1 b !y 7 wrong 9 attribut+ x to some?+ accid5tal1 or :i* might h be5 avoid$4 ,o!rs ?\ght t ev]y?+ 0 to be expla9$ by ! mom5t>y influ5ce ( ! p>ticul> policy ( ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 ,engl&1 etc41 ) reg>d to _! own int]e/s respectively4 ,b is x true t ! real surprise by :i* m5's m9ds 7 seiz$1 0 conf9$ to ! conduct ( w>1 & did n r relate to policy itself8 ,t is1 z we %\ld say3 did ! ill success proce$ f ! influ5ce ( policy on ! w>1 or f a wrong policy itself8 ,! prodigi\s effects ( ! ,fr5* revolution abroad 7 evid5tly br\ght ab\t mu* less ?r\gh new me?ods & views introduc$ by ! ,fr5* 9 ! conduct ( w> ?an ?r\gh ! *anges :i* x wr\ght 9 /ate-craft & civil adm9i/ration1 9 ! "* ( gov]nm5ts1 9 ! condition ( ! p1 etc4 ,t o!r gov]nm5ts took a mi/ak5 view ( all ^! ?+s2 t !y endeav\r$1 ) _! ord9>y means1 to hold _! own aga9/ =ces ( a novel k9d1 & ov]:elm+ 9 /r5g?2 all t 0 a blund] 9 policy4 ,w\ld x h be5 possible to p]ceive & m5d ?is error by a s*eme = ! w> f a purely milit>y po9t ( view8 ,impossible4 ,= if !re _h be51 ev5 9 reality1 a philosophical /rategi/1 :o m]ely f ! nature ( ! ho/ile elem5ts1 _h =ese5 all ! consequ5ces1 & prophesi$ remote possibilities1 /ill x w\ld h be5 purely impossible to h turn$ su* wisdom to acc\nt4 ,if policy _h ris5 to a j appreciation ( ! =ces :i* _h sprung up 9 ,france1 & ( ! new relations 9 ! political /ate ( ,europe1 x might h =ese5 ! consequ5ces1 :i* mu/ foll[ 9 respect to ! great features ( w>1 & x 0 only 9 ?is way t x c\ld arrive at a correct view ( ! ext5t ( ! means requir$ z well z ( ! be/ use to make ( ^? means4 ,we may !re=e say1 t ! tw5ty ye>s' victories ( ! revolution are *iefly to be ascrib$ to ! errone\s policy ( ! gov]nm5ts by :i* x 0 oppos$4 ,x is true ^! errors fir/ display$ !mselves 9 ! w>1 & ! ev5ts ( ! w> completely disappo9t$ ! expectations :i* policy ent]ta9$4 ,b ?is did n take place because policy neglect$ to consult its milit>y advis]s4 ,t art ( w> 9 :i* ! politician ( ! day c\ld believe1 namely1 t d]iv$ f ! reality ( w> at t "t1 t :i* belong$ to ! policy ( ! day1 t famili> in/rum5t :i* policy _h hi!rto us$--t art ( w>1 ,i say1 0 naturally involv$ 9 ! error ( policy1 & !re=e c\ld n tea* x any?+ bett]4 ,x is true t w> itself und]w5t important alt]ations bo? 9 its nature & =ms1 :i* br\ght x ne>] to its absolute =m2 b ^! *anges 7 n br\ght ab\t because ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t _h1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 deliv]$ itself f ! lead+-/r+s ( policy2 !y arose f an alt]$ policy1 produc$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 n only 9 ,france1 b ov] ! re/ ( ,europe z well4 ,?is policy _h call$ =? o!r means & o!r p[]s1 by :i* x became possible to conduct w> ) a degree ( en]gy :i* c\ld n h be5 ?\ght ( o!rwise4 ,!re=e1 ! actual *anges 9 ! art ( w> are a consequ5ce ( alt]ations 9 policy2 &1 s f> f be+ an argum5t = ! possible sep>ation ( ! two1 !y are1 on ! contr>y1 v /rong evid5ce ( ! intimacy ( _! connexion4 ,!re=e1 once m3 w> is an in/rum5t ( policy2 x mu/ necess>ily be> its "*1 x mu/ measure ) its scale3 ! conduct ( w>1 9 its great features1 is !re=e policy itself1 :i* takes up ! sword 9 place ( ! p51 b does n on t acc\nt cease to ?9k accord+ to its own laws4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,limit$ ,object--,(f5sive ,w> ,ev5 if ! complete ov]?r[ ( ! enemy _c be ! object1 !re may /ill be "o :i* is directly positive1 & ?is positive object c be no?+ else ?an ! conque/ ( a "p ( ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,! use ( su* a conque/ is ?is1 t we weak5 ! enemy's res\rces g5]ally1 !re=e1 ( c\rse1 8 milit>y p[]1 :ile we increase our own2 t we !re=e c>ry on ! w>1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 at 8 exp5se2 fur!r 9 ?is way1 t 9 negotiations = peace1 ! possession ( ! enemy's prov9ces may be reg>d$ z net ga91 because we c ei!r keep !m or ex*ange !m = o!r advantages4 ,?is view ( a conque/ ( ! enemy's prov9ces is v natural1 & w\ld be op5 to no objection if x 7 n t ! def5sive attitude1 :i* mu/ succe$ ! (f5sive1 may (t5 cause uneas9ess4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! culm9at+ po9t ( victory we h suffici5tly expla9$ ! mann] 9 :i* su* an (f5sive weak5s ! combatant =ce1 & t x may be succe$$ by a situation caus+ anxiety z to ! future4 ,?is weak5+ ( our combatant =ce by ! conque/ ( "p ( ! enemy's t]ritory has its degrees1 & ^! dep5d *iefly on ! geographical position ( ?is portion ( t]ritory4 ,! m x is an annex ( our own c\ntry1 be+ contigu\s to or embrac$ by x1 ! m x is 9 ! direction ( our pr9cipal =ce1 by s mu* ! less w x weak5 our combatant =ce4 ,9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 ,saxony 0 a natural complem5t ( ! ,prussian !atre ( w>1 & ,fr$]ick ! ,great's army1 in/ead ( be+ weak5$1 0 /r5g!n$ by ! possession ( t prov9ce1 because x lies ne>] to ,silesia ?an to ! ,m>k1 & at ! same "t cov]s ! latt]4 ,ev5 9 #agdj & #agda1 aft] ,fr$]ick ! ,great _h once conqu]$ ,silesia1 x did n weak5 8 army 9 ! field1 because1 ow+ to its =m & situation z well z ! cont\r ( its fronti] l9e1 x only pres5t$ a n>r[ po9t to ! ,au/rians1 z long z !y 7 n ma/]s ( ,saxony1 & besides t1 ?is small po9t ( contact also lay 9 ! direction ( ! *ief op]ations ( ! cont5d+ =ces4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! conqu]$ t]ritory is a /rip runn+ up betwe5 ho/ile prov9ces1 has an ecc5tric position & unfav\rable configuration ( gr\nd1 !n ! weak5+ increases s visibly t a victori\s battle becomes n only mu* easi] = ! enemy1 b x may ev5 become unnecess>y z well4 ,! ,au/rians h always be5 oblig$ to evacuate ,prov5ce )\t a battle :5 !y h made attempts on x f ,italy4 ,9 ! ye> #agdd ! ,fr5* 7 v well pleas$ ev5 to get out ( ,bohemia )\t hav+ lo/ a battle4 ,9 #ageh ,fr$]ick ! ,great c\ld n hold 8 position 9 ,bohemia & ,moravia ) ! same =ce ) :i* he _h obta9$ su* brilliant successes 9 ,silesia & ,saxony 9 #ageg4 ,examples ( armies n be+ able to keep possession ( conqu]$ t]ritory solely because _! combatant =ce 0 s mu* weak5$ !reby1 are s common t x does n appe> necess>y to quote any m ( !m4 ,!re=e1 ! "q :e!r we %\ld aim at su* an object dep5ds on :e!r we c expect to hold possession ( ! conque/ or :e!r a tempor>y occupation 7invasion1 div]sion7 w\ld repay ! exp5diture ( =ce requir$3 especially1 :e!r we h n to appreh5d su* a vigor\s c\nt]/roke z w completely de/roy ! balance ( =ces4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! culm9ation po9t we h treat$ ( ! consid]ation due to ?is "q 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,!re is j "o po9t :i* we h /ill to add4 ,an (f5sive ( ?is k9d w n always comp5sate u = :at we lose ^u o!r po9ts4 ,:il/ we are engag$ 9 mak+ a p>tial conque/1 ! enemy may be do+ ! same at o!r po9ts1 & if our ent]prise does n greatly prepond]ate 9 importance !n x w n compel ! enemy to give up 84 ,x is1 !re=e1 a "q = s]i\s consid]ation :e!r we may n lose m ?an we ga9 9 a case ( ?is description4 ,ev5 if we suppose two prov9ces 7"o on ea* side7 to be ( equal value1 we %all always lose m by ! "o :i* ! enemy takes f u ?an we c ga9 by ! "o we take1 because a numb] ( our =ces become to a c]ta9 ext5t l faux frais1 non-effective4 ,b z ! same takes place on ! enemy's side also1 "o w\ld suppose t 9 reality !re is no gr\nd to atta* m importance to ! ma9t5ance ( :at is our own ?an to ! conque/4 ,b yet !re is4 ,! ma9t5ance ( our own t]ritory is always a matt] :i* m deeply conc]ns u1 & ! suff]+ inflict$ on our own /ate c n be outweigh$1 nor1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 neutralis$ by :at we ga9 9 return1 unless ! latt] promises a high p]c5tage1 t is1 is mu* great]4 ,! consequ5ce ( all ?is is t a /rategic attack direct$ aga9/ only a mod]ate object involves a great] necessity = /eps to def5d o!r po9ts :i* x does n directly cov] ?an "o :i* is direct$ aga9/ ! c5tre ( ! enemy's =ce2 consequ5tly1 9 su* an attack ! conc5tration ( =ces 9 "t & space _c be c>ri$ out to ! same ext5t4 ,9 ord] t x may take place1 at lea/ z reg>ds "t1 x becomes necess>y = ! advance to be made (f5sively f e po9t possible1 & at ! same mom5t exactly3 & !re=e ?is attack loses ! o!r advantage ( be+ able to make %ift ) a mu* small] =ce by act+ on ! def5sive at p>ticul> po9ts4 ,9 ?is way ! effect ( aim+ at a m9or object is to br+ all ?+s m to a level3 ! :ole act ( ! w> _c n[ be conc5trat$ into "o pr9cipal affair :i* c be gov]n$ accord+ to lead+ po9ts ( view2 x is m disp]s$2 ! friction becomes great] ev]y:]e1 & !re is ev]y:]e m room = *ance4 ,?is is ! natural t5d5cy ( ! ?+4 ,! comm&]s weigh$ d[n by x1 f9ds himself m & m neutralis$4 ,! m he is consci\s ( 8 own p[]s1 ! great] 8 res\rces subjectively1 & 8 p[] objectively1 s mu* ! m he w seek to lib]ate himself f ?is t5d5cy 9 ord] to give to "s "o po9t a prepond]at+ importance1 ev5 if t %\ld only be possible by runn+ great] risks4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,limit$ ,object--,def5ce ,! ultimate aim ( def5sive w> c nev] be an absolute negation1 z we h be=e obs]v$4 ,ev5 = ! weake/ !re mu/ be "s po9t 9 :i* ! enemy may be made to feel1 & :i* may be ?reat5$4 ,c]ta9ly we may say t ?is object is ! exhau/ion ( ! adv]s>y1 = z he has a positive object1 e "o ( 8 bl[s :i* fails1 if x has no o!r result ?an ! loss ( ! =ce appli$1 /ill may be consid]$ a retrograde /ep 9 reality1 :il/ ! loss :i* ! def5sive suff]s is n 9 va91 because 8 object 0 keep+ possession1 & t he has effect$4 ,?is w\ld be tantam\nt to say+ t ! def5sive has 8 positive object 9 m]ely keep+ possession4 ,su* reason+ might be good if x 0 c]ta9 t ! assailant aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( fruitless attempts mu/ be worn out1 & desi/ f fur!r ef=ts4 ,b j ?is necess>y consequ5ce is want+4 ,if we look at ! exhau/ion ( =ces1 ! def5d] is "u a disadvantage4 ,! assailant becomes weak]1 b only 9 ! s5se t x may rea* a turn+ po9t2 if we set aside t supposition1 ! weak5+ goes on c]ta9ly m rapidly on ! def5sive side ?an on t ( ! assailant3 = 9 ! fir/ place1 he is ! weak]1 &1 !re=e1 if ! losses on bo? sides are equal1 he loses m actually ?an ! o!r2 9 ! next place1 he is depriv$ g5]ally ( a portion ( t]ritory & ( 8 res\rces4 ,we h1 !re=e1 "h no gr\nd on :i* to build ! expectation t ! (f5sive w cease1 & no?+ rema9s b ! idea t if ! assailant repeats 8 bl[s1 :ile ! def5sive does no?+ b wait to w>d !m (f1 !n ! def5d] has no c\nt]poise z a set (f to ! risk he runs ( "o ( ^! attacks succe$+ soon] or lat]4 ,al?\gh 9 reality ! exhau/ion1 or r ! weak5+ ( ! /rong]1 has br\ght ab\t a peace 9 _m in/ances t is to be attribut$ to ! indecision :i* is s g5]al 9 w>1 b _c be imag9$ philosophically z ! g5]al & ultimate object ( any def5sive w> :atev]1 !re is1 !re=e1 no alt]native b t ! def5ce %\ld f9d its object 9 ! idea ( ! 8wait+ =10 :i* is besides its real "*4 ,?is idea 9 itself includes t ( an alt]ation ( circum/ances1 ( an improvem5t ( ! situation1 :i*1 !re=e1 :5 x _c be br\ght ab\t by int]nal means1 t is1 by def5sive pure 9 itself1 c only be expect$ ?r\gh assi/ance com+ f )\t4 ,n[1 ?is improvem5t f )\t c proce$ f no?+ else ?an a *ange 9 political relations2 ei!r new alliances spr+ up 9 fav\r ( ! def5d]1 or old ones direct$ aga9/ him fall to pieces4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! object = ! def5d]1 9 case 8 weakness does n p]mit him to ?9k ( any important c\nt]/roke4 ,b ?is is n ! nature ( e def5sive w>1 accord+ to ! conception :i* we h giv5 ( its =m4 ,accord+ to t conception x is ! /rong] =m ( w>1 & on acc\nt ( t /r5g? x c also be appli$ :5 a c\nt]/roke m or less important is design$4 ,^! two cases mu/ be kept di/9ct f ! v fir/1 z !y h an influ5ce on ! def5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! def5d]'s object is to keep possession ( 8 own c\ntry intact z long z possible1 because 9 t way he ga9s mo/ "t2 & ga9+ "t is ! only way to atta9 8 object4 ,! positive object :i* he c 9 mo/ cases atta91 & :i* w give him an opportunity ( c>ry+ out 8 object 9 ! negotiations = peace1 he _c yet include 9 8 plan = ! w>4 ,9 ?is /ate ( /rategic passiv5ess1 ! advantages :i* ! def5d] c ga9 at c]ta9 po9ts consi/ 9 m]ely repell+ p>tial attacks2 ! prepond]ance ga9$ at ^? po9ts he tries to make ( s]vice to him at o!rs1 = he is g5]ally h>d press$ at all po9ts4 ,if he has n ! opportunity ( do+ ?is1 !n !re (t5 only accrues to him ! small advantage t ! enemy w leave him at re/ = a "t4 ,if ! def5d] is n altoge!r too weak1 small (f5sive op]ations direct$ less t[>ds p]man5t possession ?an a tempor>y advantage to cov] losses1 :i* may be su/a9$ aft]w>ds1 invasions1 div]sions1 or ent]prises aga9/ a s+le =tress1 may h a place 9 ?is def5sive sy/em )\t alt]+ its object or ess5ce4 ,b 9 ! second case1 9 :i* a positive object is already graft$ ^u ! def5sive1 ! great] ! c\nt]/roke t is w>rant$ by circum/ances ! m ! def5sive imports into itself ( positive "*4 ,9 o!r words1 ! m ! def5ce has be5 adopt$ volunt>ily1 9 ord] to make ! fir/ bl[ sur]1 ! bold] may be ! sn>es :i* ! def5d] lays = 8 oppon5t4 ,! bolde/1 & if x succe$s1 ! mo/ effectual1 is ! retreat into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry2 & ?is means is !n at ! same "t t :i* diff]s mo/ widely f ! o!r sy/em4 ,let u only ?9k ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! position 9 :i* ,fr$]ick ! ,great 0 plac$ 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 & t ( ,russia 9 #ahab4 ,:5 ! w> began1 ,fr$]ick1 ?r\gh 8 advanc$ /ate ( prep>ation = w>1 _h a k9d ( sup]iority1 ?is gave him ! advantage ( be+ able to make himself ma/] ( ,saxony1 :i* 0 besides su* a natural complem5t ( 8 !atre ( w>1 t ! possession ( x did n dim9i%1 b increas$1 8 combatant =ce4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! campaign ( #ageg1 ! ,k+ endeav\r$ to proce$ ) 8 /rategic attack1 :i* seem$ n impossible z long z ! ,russians & ,fr5* _h n yet rea*$ ! !atre ( w> 9 ,silesia1 ! ,m>k & ,saxony4 ,b ! attack misc>ri$1 & ,fr$]ick 0 ?r[n back on ! def5sive = ! re/ ( ! campaign1 0 oblig$ to evacuate ,bohemia & to rescue 8 own !atre f ! enemy1 9 :i* he only succe$$ by turn+ himself ) "o & ! same army1 fir/ ^u ! ,fr5*1 & !n ^u ! ,au/rians4 ,?is advantage he ow$ entirely to ! def5sive4 ,9 ! ye> #ageh :5 8 enemies _h drawn r\nd him 9 a clos] circle1 & 8 =ces 7 dw9dl+ d[n to a v disproportionate relation1 he det]m9$ on an (f5sive on a small scale 9 ,moravia3 8 plan 0 to take ,olmtz be=e 8 enemies 7 prep>$2 n 9 ! expectation ( keep+ possession (1 or ( mak+ x a base = fur!r advance1 b to use x z a sort ( advanc$ "w1 a c\nt]-approa* aga9/ ! ,au/rians1 :o w\ld be oblig$ to devote ! re/ ( ! pres5t campaign1 & p]haps ev5 a second1 to recov] possession ( x4 ,?is attack also misc>ri$4 ,fr$]ick !n gave up all idea ( a real (f5sive1 z he saw t x only increas$ ! disproportion ( 8 army4 ,a compact position 9 ! he>t ( 8 own c\ntry 9 ,saxony & ,silesia1 ! use ( %ort l9es1 t he might be able rapidly to increase 8 =ces at any po9t :i* might be m5ac$1 a battle :5 unavoidable1 small incursions :5 opportunity (f]$1 & along ) ?is a pati5t /ate ( wait+-= 7expectation71 a sav+ ( 8 means = bett] times became n[ 8 g5]al plan4 ,by degrees ! execution ( x became m & m passive4 ,z he saw t ev5 a victory co/ him too mu*1 !re=e he tri$ to manage at /ill less exp5se2 ev]y?+ dep5d$ on ga9+ "t1 & on keep+ :at he _h got2 he !re=e became m t5aci\s ( yield+ any gr\nd1 & did n hesitate to adopt a p]fect cordon sy/em4 ,! positions ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry 9 ,saxony1 z well z ^? ( ! ,k+ 9 ! ,silesian m\nta9s1 may be s t]m$4 ,9 8 lett]s to ! ,m>quis d',arg5s1 he manife/s ! impati5ce ) :i* he looks =w>d to w9t] qu>t]s1 & ! satisfaction he felt at be+ able to take !m up aga9 )\t hav+ suff]$ any s]i\s loss4 ,:oev] blames ,fr$]ick = ?is1 & looks ^u x z a sign t 8 _s _h sunk1 w\ld1 we ?9k1 pass judgm5t )\t mu* reflection4 ,if ! entr5*$ camp at ,bunzelwitz1 ! positions tak5 up by ,pr9ce ,h5ry 9 ,saxony1 & by ! ,k+ 9 ! ,silesian m\nta9s1 d n appe> to u n[ z measures on :i* a ,g5]al %\ld place 8 dep5d5ce 9 a la/ extremity because a ,buonap>te w\ld soon h ?ru/ 8 sword ?r\gh su* tactical cobwebs1 we mu/ n =get t times h *ang$1 t w> has become a totally diff]5t ?+1 is quick5$ ) new en]gies1 & t !re=e positions might h be5 excell5t at t "t1 al?\gh !y are n s n[1 & t 9 addition to all1 ! "* ( ! enemy des]ves att5tion4 ,aga9/ ! army ( ! ,g]man ,/ates1 aga9/ ,daun & ,butturl91 x might h be5 ! height ( wisdom to employ means :i* ,fr$]ick w\ld h despis$ if us$ aga9/ himself4 ,! result ju/ifi$ ?is view3 9 ! /ate ( pati5t expectation1 ,fr$]ick atta9$ 8 object1 & got r\nd difficulties 9 a collision ) :i* 8 =ces w\ld h be5 da%$ to pieces4 ,! relation 9 po9t ( numb]s betwe5 ! ,russian & ,fr5* armies oppos$ to ea* o!r at ! op5+ ( ! campaign 9 #ahab 0 /ill m unfav\rable to ! =m] ?an t betwe5 ,fr$]ick & 8 enemies 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,b ! ,russians look$ =w>d to be+ jo9$ by l>ge re9=cem5ts 9 ! c\rse ( ! campaign4 ,all ,europe 0 9 secret ho/ility to ,buonap>te1 8 p[] _h be5 screw$ up to ! highe/ po9t1 a dev\r+ w> occupi$ him 9 ,spa91 & ! va/ ext5t ( ,russia all[$ ( pu%+ ! exhau/ion ( ! enemy's milit>y means to ! utmo/ extremity by a retreat ov] a hundr$ miles ( c\ntry4 ,"u circum/ances on ?is gr& scale1 a trem5d\s c\nt]/roke 0 n only to be expect$ if ! ,fr5* ent]prise fail$ 7& h[ c\ld x succe$ if ! ,russian ,emp]or w\ld n make peace1 or 8 subjects did n rise 9 insurrection87 b ?is c\nt]/roke might also end 9 ! complete de/ruction ( ! enemy4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd sagacity c\ld1 !re=e1 n h devis$ a bett] plan ( campaign ?an t :i* ! ,russians foll[$ on ! spur ( ! mom5t4 ,t ?is 0 n ! op9ion at ! "t1 & t su* a view w\ld !n h be5 look$ ^u z prepo/]\s1 is no reason = our n[ d5y+ x to be ! "r "o4 ,if we are to le>n f hi/ory1 we mu/ look ^u ?+s :i* h actually happ5$ z also possible 9 ! future1 & t ! s]ies ( great ev5ts :i* succe$$ ! m>* ^u ,mosc[ is n a succession ( m]e accid5ts e "o w grant :o c claim to give an op9ion on su* subjects4 ,if x _h be5 possible = ! ,russians1 ) great ef=ts1 to def5d _! fronti]1 x is c]ta9ly probable t 9 su* case also ! ,fr5* p[] w\ld h sunk1 & t !y w\ld h at la/ suff]$ a rev]se ( =tune2 b ! reaction !n w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 s viol5t & decisive4 ,by suff]+s & sacrifices 7:i* c]ta9ly 9 any o!r c\ntry w\ld h be5 great]1 & 9 mo/ w\ld h be5 impossible7 ,russia pur*as$ ?is enorm\s success4 ,?us a great positive success c nev] be obta9$ except ?r\gh positive measures1 plann$ n ) a view to a m]e /ate ( 8wait+-=10 b ) a view to a decision1 9 %ort1 ev5 on ! def5sive1 !re is no great ga9 to be won except by a great /ake4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,plan ( ,w> :5 ! ,de/ruction ( ! ,enemy is ! ,object ,hav+ *>act]is$ 9 detail ! diff]5t aims to :i* w> may be direct$1 we %all g ?r\gh ! organisation ( w> z a :ole = ea* ( ! ?ree sep>ate gradations correspond+ to ^! aims4 ,9 con=mity ) all t has be5 said on ! subject up to ! pres5t1 two fundam5tal pr9ciples reign ?r\gh\t ! :ole plan ( ! w>1 & s]ve z a guide = ev]y?+ else4 ,! fir/ is3 to r$uce ! weight ( ! enemy's p[] into z few c5tres ( gravity z possible1 into "o if x c be done2 aga91 to conf9e ! attack aga9/ ^! c5tres ( =ce to z few pr9cipal und]tak+s z possible1 to "o if possible2 la/ly1 to keep all second>y und]tak+s z subord9ate z possible4 ,9 a ^w1 ! fir/ pr9ciple is1 to act conc5trat$ z mu* z possible4 ,! second pr9ciple runs ?us to act z swiftly z possible2 !re=e1 to all[ ( no delay or det\r )\t suffici5t reason4 ,! r$uc+ ! enemy's p[] to "o c5tral po9t dep5ds #a4 ,on ! nature ( its political connection4 ,if x consi/s ( armies ( "o ,p[]1 !re is g5]ally no difficulty2 if ( alli$ armies1 ( :i* "o is act+ simply z an ally )\t any int]e/ ( its own1 !n ! difficulty is n mu* great]2 if ( a coalition = a common object1 !n x dep5ds on ! cordiality ( ! alliance2 we h already treat$ ( ?is subject4 #b4 ,on ! situation ( ! !atre ( w> ^u :i* ! diff]5t ho/ile armies make _! appe>ance4 ,if ! enemy's =ces are collect$ 9 "o army ^u "o !atre ( w>1 !y con/itute 9 reality a unity1 & we ne$ n inquire fur!r2 if !y are ^u "o !atre ( w>1 b 9 sep>ate armies1 :i* belong to diff]5t ,p[]s1 !re is no long] absolute unity2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a suffici5t int]dep5d5ce ( p>ts = a decisive bl[ ^u "o "p to ?r[ d[n ! o!r 9 ! concussion4 ,if ! armies are po/$ 9 !atres ( w> adjo9+ ea* o!r1 & n sep>at$ by any great natural ob/acles1 !n !re is 9 su* case also a decid$ influ5ce ( ! "o ^u ! o!r2 b if ! !atres ( w> are wide ap>t1 if !re is neutral t]ritory1 great m\nta9s1 etc41 int]v5+ betwe5 !m1 !n ! influ5ce is v d\btful & improbable z well2 if !y are on q opposite sides ( ! ,/ate aga9/ :i* ! w> is made1 s t op]ations direct$ aga9/ !m mu/ div]ge on ecc5tric l9es1 !n almo/ e trace ( connection is at an end4 ,if ,prussia 0 attack$ by ,france & ,russia at ! same "t1 x w\ld be z respects ! conduct ( ! w> mu* ! same z if !re 7 two sep>ate w>s2 at ! same "t ! unity w\ld appe> 9 ! negotiations4 ,saxony & ,au/ria1 on ! contr>y1 z milit>y p[]s 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 7 to be reg>d$ z "o2 :at ! "o suff]$ ! o!r felt also1 p>tly because ! !atres ( w> lay 9 ! same direction = ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 p>tly because ,saxony _h no political indep5d5ce4 ,num]\s z 7 ! enemies ( ,buonap>te 9 ,g]many 9 #ahac1 /ill !y all /ood v mu* 9 "o direction 9 respect to him1 & ! !atres ( w> = _! armies 7 9 close connection1 & reciprocally influ5c$ ea* o!r v p[]fully4 ,if by a conc5tration ( all 8 =ces he _h be5 able to ov]p[] ! ma9 army1 su* a defeat w\ld h _h a decisive effect on all ! p>ts4 ,if he _h beat5 ! ,bohema9 gr& army1 & m>*$ ^u ,vi5na by ,prague1 ,bl*]1 h[ev] will+1 c\ld n h rema9$ 9 ,saxony1 because he w\ld h be5 call$ ^u to co-op]ate 9 ,bohemia1 & ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,sw$5 z well w\ld h be5 unwill+ to rema9 9 ! ,m>k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,au/ria1 if c>ry+ on w> aga9/ ! ,fr5* on ! ,rh9e & ,italy at ! same "t1 w always f9d x difficult to give a decision ^u "o ( ^? !atres by means ( a successful /roke on ! o!r4 ,p>tly because ,switz]l&1 ) its m\nta9s1 =ms too /rong a b>ri] betwe5 ! two !atres1 & p>tly because ! direction ( ! roads on ea* side is div]g5t4 ,france1 aga91 c mu* soon] decide 9 ! "o by a successful result 9 ! o!r1 because ! direction ( its =ces 9 bo? conv]ges ^u ,vi5na1 ! c5tre ( ! p[] ( ! :ole ,au/rian empire2 we may add fur!r1 t a decisive bl[ 9 ,italy w h m effect on ! ,rh9e !atre ?an a success on ! ,rh9e w\ld h 9 ,italy1 because ! bl[ f ,italy /rikes ne>] to ! c5tre1 & t f ! ,rh9e m ^u ! flank1 ( ! ,au/rian dom9ions4 ,x proce$s f :at we h said t ! conception ( sep>at$ or connect$ ho/ile p[] ext5ds ?r\gh all degrees ( relation%ip1 & t !re=e1 9 ea* case1 ! fir/ ?+ is to discov] ! influ5ce :i* ev5ts 9 "o !atre may h ^u ! o!r1 accord+ to :i* we may !n aft]w>ds settle h[ f> ! diff]5t =ces ( ! enemy may be r$uc$ into "o c5tre ( =ce4 ,!re is only "o exception to ! pr9ciple ( direct+ all our /r5g? aga9/ ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! enemy's p[]1 t is1 if ancill>y exp$itions promise extraord9>y advantages1 & /ill1 9 ?is case1 x is a condition assum$1 t we h su* a decisive sup]iority z enables u to und]take su* ent]prises )\t incurr+ too great risk at ! po9t :i* =ms our great object4 ,:5 ,g5]al ,bul[ m>*$ into ,holl& 9 #ahad1 x 0 to be =ese5 t ! ?irty ?\s& m5 compos+ 8 corps w\ld n only neutralise ! same numb] ( ,fr5*m51 b w\ld1 besides1 give ! ,engli% & ! ,dut* an opportunity ( ent]+ ! field ) =ces :i* o!rwise w\ld nev] h be5 br\ght into activity4 ,?us1 !re=e1 ! fir/ consid]ation 9 ! comb9ation ( a plan = a w>1 is to det]m9e ! c5tres ( gravity ( ! enemy's p[]1 &1 if possible1 to r$uce !m to "o4 ,! second is to unite ! =ces :i* are to be employ$ aga9/ ! c5tre ( =ce into "o great action4 ,"h n[ ! foll[+ gr\nds = divid+ our =ces may pres5t !mselves3 #a4 ,! orig9al position ( ! milit>y =ces1 !re=e also ! situation ( ! ,/ates engag$ 9 ! (f5sive4 ,if ! conc5tration ( ! =ces w\ld occasion det\rs & loss ( "t1 & ! dang] ( advanc+ by sep>ate l9es is n too great1 !n ! same may be ju/ifiable on ^? gr\nds2 = to effect an unnecess>y conc5tration ( =ces1 ) great loss ( "t1 by :i* ! fre%ness & rapidity ( ! fir/ bl[ is dim9i%$1 w\ld be contr>y to ! second lead+ pr9ciple we h laid d[n4 ,9 all cases 9 :i* !re is a hope ( surpris+ ! enemy 9 "s measure1 ?is des]ves p>ticul> att5tion4 ,b ! case becomes /ill m important if ! attack is und]tak5 by alli$ ,/ates :i* are n situat$ on a l9e direct$ t[>ds ! ,/ate attack$ n "o beh9d ! o!r b situat$ side by side4 ,if ,prussia & ,au/ria und]took a w> aga9/ ,france1 x w\ld be a v errone\s measure1 a squ&]+ ( "t & =ce if ! armies ( ! two p[]s 7 oblig$ to set out f ! same po9t1 z ! natural l9e = an army op]at+ f ,prussia aga9/ ! he>t ( ,france is f ! ,l[] ,rh9e1 & t ( ! ,au/rians is f ! ,upp] ,rh9e4 ,conc5tration1 !re=e1 9 ?is case1 c\ld only be effect$ by a sacrifice2 consequ5tly 9 any p>ticul> in/ance1 ! "q to be decid$ w\ld be1 ,is ! necessity = conc5tration s great t ?is sacrifice mu/ be made8 #b4 ,! attack by sep>ate l9es may (f] great] results4 ,z we are n[ speak+ ( advanc+ by sep>ate l9es aga9/ "o c5tre ( =ce1 we are1 !re=e1 suppos+ an advance by conv]g+ l9es4 ,a sep>ate advance on p>allel or ecc5tric l9es belongs to ! rubric ( accessory und]tak+s1 ( :i* we h already spok54 ,n[1 e conv]g5t attack 9 /rategy1 z well z 9 tactics1 holds out ! prospect ( great results2 = if x succe$s1 ! consequ5ce is n simply a defeat1 b m or less ! cutt+ (f ( ! enemy4 ,! conc5tric attack is1 !re=e1 always t :i* may lead to ! greate/ results2 b on acc\nt ( ! sep>ation ( ! p>ts ( ! =ce1 & ! enl>gem5t ( ! !atre ( w>1 x involves also ! mo/ risk2 x is ! same "h z ) attack & def5ce1 ! weak] =m holds out ! great] results 9 prospect4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 is1 :e!r ! assailant feels /rong en\gh to try = ?is great result4 ,:5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great advanc$ ^u ,bohemia1 9 ! ye> #ageg1 he set out f ,saxony & ,silesia ) 8 =ces divid$4 ,! two pr9cipal reasons = 8 do+ s 71 fir/1 t 8 =ces 7 s canton$ 9 ! w9t] t a conc5tration ( !m at "o po9t w\ld h dive/$ ! attack ( all ! advantages ( a surprise2 & next1 t by ?is conc5tric advance1 ea* ( ! two ,au/rian !atres ( w> 0 ?reat5$ 9 ! flanks & ! re>4 ,! dang] to :i* ,fr$]ick ! ,great expos$ himself on t occasion 0 t "o ( 8 two armies might h be5 completely defeat$ by sup]ior =ces2 %\ld ! ,au/rians n see ?is1 !n !y w\ld h to give battle ) _! c5tre only1 or run ! risk ( be+ ?r[n (f _! l9e ( communication1 ei!r on "o side or ! o!r1 & meet+ ) a cata/rophe2 ?is 0 ! great result :i* ! k+ hop$ = by ?is advance4 ,! ,au/rians pref]r$ ! battle 9 ! c5tre1 b ,prague1 :]e !y took up _! position1 0 9 a situation too mu* "u ! influ5ce ( ! conv]g5t attack1 :i*1 z !y rema9$ p]fectly passive 9 _! position1 _h "t to develop its efficacy to ! utmo/4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is 0 t :5 !y lo/ ! battle1 x 0 a complete cata/rophe2 z is manife/ f ! fact t two-?irds ( ! army ) ! comm&]-9-*ief 7 oblig$ to %ut !mselves up 9 ,prague4 ,?is brilliant success at ! op5+ ( ! campaign 0 atta9$ by ! bold /roke ) a conc5tric attack4 ,if ,fr$]ick consid]$ ! precision ( 8 own movem5ts1 ! en]gy ( 8 g5]als1 ! moral sup]iority ( 8 troops1 on ! "o side1 & ! sluggi%ness ( ! ,au/rians on ! o!r1 z suffici5t to ensure ! success ( 8 plan1 :o c blame him8 ,b z we _c leave ^! moral advantages out ( consid]ation1 nei!r c we ascribe ! success solely to ! m]e geometrical =m ( ! attack4 ,let u only ?9k ( ! n less brilliant campaign ( ,buonap>te's1 9 ! ye> #agif1 :5 ! ,au/rians 7 s sev]ely puni%$ = _! conc5tric m>* into ,italy4 ,! means :i* ! ,fr5* g5]al _h at comm& on t occasion1 ! ,au/rian g5]al _h also at 8 disposal 9 #ageg 7) ! exception ( ! moral71 inde$1 he _h r m1 = he 0 n1 l ,buonap>te1 weak] ?an 8 adv]s>y4 ,!re=e1 :5 x is to be appreh5d$ t ! advance on sep>ate conv]g+ l9es may af=d ! enemy ! means ( c\nt]act+ ! inequality ( num]ical =ces by us+ int]ior l9es1 su* a =m ( attack is n advisable2 & if on acc\nt ( ! situation ( ! bellig]5ts1 x mu/ be resort$ to1 x c only be reg>d$ z a necess>y evil4 ,if1 f ?is po9t ( view1 we ca/ our eyes on ! plan :i* 0 adopt$ = ! invasion ( ,france 9 #ahad1 x is impossible to give x approval4 ,! ,russian1 ,au/rian1 & ,prussian armies 7 conc5trat$ at a po9t ne> ,frank=t on ! ,ma9e1 on ! mo/ natural & mo/ direct l9e to ! c5tre ( ! =ce ( ! ,fr5* mon>*y4 ,^! armies 7 !n sep>at$1 t "o might p5etrate into ,france f ,may5ce1 ! o!r f ,switz]l&4 ,z ! enemy's =ce 0 s r$uc$ t a def5ce ( ! fronti] 0 out ( ! "q1 ! :ole advantage to be expect$ f ?is conc5tric advance1 if x succe$$1 0 t :ile ,lorra9e & ,alsace 7 conqu]$ by "o army1 ,fran*e-,comte w\ld be tak5 by ! o!r4 ,0 ?is trifl+ advantage wor? ! tr\ble ( m>*+ into ,switz]l&8 ,we "k v well t !re 7 o!r 7b j z insuffici5t7 gr\nds :i* caus$ ?is m>*2 b we conf9e ourselves "h to ! po9t :i* we are consid]+4 ,on ! o!r side1 ,buonap>te 0 a man :o ?or\ghly und]/ood ! def5sive to oppose to a conc5tric attack1 z he _h already %[n 9 8 ma/]ly campaign ( #agif2 & al?\gh ! ,allies 7 v consid]ably sup]ior 9 numb]s1 yet ! prepond]ance due to 8 sup]iority z a g5]al 0 on all occasions ackn[l$g$4 ,he jo9$ 8 army too late ne> ,*alons1 & look$ d[n r too mu*1 g5]ally1 on 8 oppon5ts1 /ill he 0 v ne> hitt+ ! two armies sep>ately2 & :at 0 ! /ate he f\nd !m 9 at ,bri5ne8 ,bl*] _h only #bg1jjj ( 8 #fe1jjj m5 ) him1 & ! great army1 out ( #bjj1jjj1 _h only #ajj1jjj pres5t4 ,x 0 impossible to make a bett] game = ! adv]s>y4 ,& f ! mom5t t active "w began1 no great] want 0 felt ?an t ( re-union4 ,aft] all ^! reflections1 we ?9k t al?\gh ! conc5tric attack is 9 itself a means ( obta9+ great] results1 /ill x %\ld g5]ally only proce$ f a previ\s sep>ation ( ! p>ts compos+ ! :ole =ce1 & t !re are few cases 9 :i* we %\ld d "r 9 giv+ up ! %orte/ & mo/ direct l9e ( op]ation = ! sake ( adopt+ t =m4 #c4 ,! bread? ( a !atre ( w> c be a motive = attack+ on sep>ate l9es4 ,if an army on ! (f5sive 9 its advance f any po9t1 p5etrates ) success to "s di/ance into ! int]ior ( ! enemy's c\ntry1 !n1 c]ta9ly1 ! space :i* x comm&s is n re/rict$ exactly to ! l9e ( road by :i* x m>*es1 x w comm& a m>g9 on ea* side2 /ill t w dep5d v mu*1 if we may use ! figure1 on ! solidity & cohesion ( ! oppos+ ,/ate4 ,if ! ,/ate only hangs loosely toge!r1 if its p are an effem9ate race unaccu/om$ to w>1 !n1 )\t our tak+ mu* tr\ble1 a consid]able ext5t ( c\ntry w op5 beh9d our victori\s army2 b if we h to deal ) a brave & loyal population1 ! space beh9d our army w =m a triangle1 m or less acute4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is evil1 ! attack+ =ce requires to regulate its advance on a c]ta9 wid? ( front4 ,if ! enemy's =ce is conc5trat$ at a p>ticul> po9t1 ?is bread? ( front c only be pres]v$ s long z we are n 9 contact ) ! enemy1 & mu/ be contract$ z we approa* 8 position3 t is easy to und]/&4 ,b if ! enemy himself has tak5 up a position ) a c]ta9 ext5t ( front1 !n !re is no?+ absurd 9 a correspond+ ext5sion on our "p4 ,we speak "h ( "o !atre ( w>1 or ( sev]al1 if !y are q close to ea* o!r4 ,obvi\sly ?is is1 !re=e1 ! case :51 accord+ to our view1 ! *ief op]ation is1 at ! same "t1 to be decisive on subord9ate po9ts ,b n[ c we always run ! *ance ( ?is8 ,& may we expose ourselves to ! dang] :i* mu/ arise if ! influ5ce ( ! *ief op]ation is n suffici5t to decide at ! m9or po9ts8 ,does n ! want ( a c]ta9 bread? = a !atre ( w> des]ve special consid]ation8 ,"h z well z ev]y:]e else x is impossible to exhau/ ! numb] ( comb9ations :i* may take place2 b we ma9ta9 t1 ) few exceptions1 ! decision on ! capital po9t w c>ry ) x ! decision on all m9or po9ts4 ,!re=e1 ! action %\ld be regulat$ 9 con=mity ) ?is pr9ciple1 9 all cases 9 :i* ! contr>y is n evid5t4 ,:5 ,buonap>te invad$ ,russia1 he _h good reason to believe t by conqu]+ ! ma9 body ( ! ,russian army he w\ld compel _! =ces on ! ,upp] ,dw9a to succumb4 ,he left at fir/ only ! corps ( ,oud9ot to oppose !m1 b ,wittg5/e9 assum$ ! (f5sive1 & ,buonap>te 0 !n oblig$ to s5d also ! six? corps to t qu>t]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! campaign1 he direct$ a "p ( 8 =ces aga9/ ,bagration2 b t g5]al 0 c>ri$ along by ! influ5ce ( ! backw>d movem5t 9 ! c5tre1 & ,buonap>te 0 enabl$ !n to recall t "p ( 8 =ces4 ,if ,wittg5/e9 _h n _h to cov] ! second capital1 he w\ld also h foll[$ ! retreat ( ! great army "u ,b>clay4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahje & #ahji1 ,buonap>te's victories at ,ulm & ,ratisbon decid$ matt]s 9 ,italy & also 9 ! ,tyrol1 al?\gh ! fir/ 0 r a di/ant !atre1 & an indep5d5t "o 9 itself4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjf1 8 victories at ,j5a & ,au]/adt 7 decisive 9 respect to ev]y?+ t might h be5 attempt$ aga9/ him 9 ,we/phalia & ,hesse1 or on ! ,frank=t road4 ,among/ ! numb] ( circum/ances :i* may h an influ5ce on ! resi/ance at second>y po9ts1 !re are two :i* are ! mo/ prom95t4 ,! fir/ is3 t 9 a c\ntry ( va/ ext5t1 & also relatively ( great p[]1 l ,russia1 we c put (f ! decisive bl[ at ! *ief po9t = "s "t1 & are n oblig$ to d all 9 a hurry4 ,! second is3 :5 a m9or po9t 7l ,silesia 9 ! ye> #ahjf71 ?r\gh a great numb] ( =tresses1 possesses an extraord9>y degree ( indep5d5t /r5g?4 ,& yet ,buonap>te treat$ t po9t ) great contempt1 inasmu* z1 :5 he _h to leave su* a po9t completely 9 8 re> on ! m>* to ,w>saw1 he only deta*$ #bj1jjj m5 "u 8 bro!r ,j]ome to t qu>t]4 ,if x happ5s t ! bl[ at ! capital po9t1 9 all probability1 w n %ake su* a second>y po9t1 or has n done s1 & if ! enemy has /ill =ces at t po9t1 !n to ^!1 z a necess>y evil1 an adequate =ce mu/ be oppos$1 because no "o c absolutely lay op5 8 l9e ( communication f ! v comm5cem5t4 ,b prud5ce may g a /ep fur!r2 x may require t ! advance ^u ! *ief po9t %all keep pace ) t on ! second>y po9ts1 & consequ5tly ! pr9cipal und]tak+ mu/ be delay$ :5ev] ! second>y po9ts w n succumb4 ,?is pr9ciple does n directly contradict ours z to unit+ all action z f> z possible 9 "o great und]tak+1 b ! _s f :i* x spr+s is diametrically oppos$ to ! _s 9 :i* ours is conceiv$4 ,by foll[+ su* a pr9ciple !re w\ld be su* a measur$ pace 9 ! movem5ts1 su* a p>alysation ( ! impulsive =ce1 su* room = ! freak ( *ance1 & su* a loss ( "t1 z w\ld be practically p]fectly inconsi/5t ) an (f5sive direct$ to ! complete ov]?r[ ( ! enemy4 ,! difficulty becomes /ill great] if ! =ces /ation$ at ^! m9or po9ts c retire on div]g5t l9es4 ,:at w\ld !n become ( ! unity ( our attack8 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 decl>e ourselves completely oppos$ 9 pr9ciple to ! dep5d5ce ( ! *ief attack on m9or attacks1 & we ma9ta9 t an attack direct$ to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy :i* has n ! boldness to %oot1 l ! po9t ( an arr[1 direct at ! he>t ( ! enemy's p[]1 c nev] hit ! m>k4 #d4 ,la/ly1 !re is /ill a f\r? gr\nd = a sep>ate advance 9 ! facility :i* x may af=d = subsi/5ce4 ,x is c]ta9ly mu* pleasant] to m>* ) a small army ?r\gh an opul5t c\ntry1 ?an ) a l>ge army ?r\gh a poor "o2 b by suitable measures1 & ) an army accu/om$ to privations1 ! latt] is n impossible1 &1 !re=e1 ! fir/ %\ld nev] h su* an influ5ce on our plans z to lead u into a great dang]4 ,we h n[ done ju/ice to ! gr\nds = a sep>ation ( =ces :i* divides ! *ief op]ation into sev]al1 & if ! sep>ation takes place on any ( ^! gr\nds1 ) a di/9ct conception ( ! object1 & aft] due consid]ation ( ! advantages & disadvantages1 we %all n v5ture to f9d fault4 ,b if1 z usually happ5s1 a plan is drawn out by a le>n$ g5]al /aff1 m]ely accord+ to r\t9e2 if diff]5t !atres ( w>1 l ! squ>es on a *ess bo>d1 mu/ ea* h its piece fir/ plac$ on x be=e ! moves beg91 if ^! moves approa* ! aim 9 complicat$ l9es & relations by d9t ( an imag9>y pr(undity 9 ! art ( comb9ation1 if ! armies are to sep>ate to-day 9 ord] to apply all _! skill 9 reunit+ at ! greate/ risk 9 f\rte5 days !n we h a p]fect horror ( ?is ab&onm5t ( ! direct simple common-s5se road to ru% int5tionally into absolute confusion4 ,?is folly happ5s m easily ! less ! g5]al-9-*ief directs ! w>1 & conducts x 9 ! s5se :i* we h po9t$ out 9 ! fir/ *apt] z an act ( 8 individuality inve/$ ) extraord9>y p[]s2 ! m1 !re=e1 ! :ole plan is manufactur$ by an inexp]i5c$ /aff1 & f ! ideas ( a doz5 smatt]]s4 ,we h /ill n[ to consid] ! ?ird "p ( our fir/ pr9ciple2 t is1 to keep ! subord9ate p>ts z mu* z possible 9 subord9ation4 ,:il/ we endeav\r to ref] ! :ole ( ! op]ations ( a w> to "o s+le aim1 & try to atta9 ?is z f> z possible by "o great ef=t1 we deprive ! o!r po9ts ( contact ( ! ,/ates at w> ) ea* o!r ( a "p ( _! indep5d5ce2 !y become subord9ate actions4 ,if we c\ld conc5trate ev]y?+ absolutely into "o action1 !n ^? po9ts ( contact w\ld be completely neutralis$2 b ?is is seldom possible1 &1 !re=e1 :at we h to d is to keep !m s f> )9 b\nds1 t !y %all n cause ! ab/raction ( too _m =ces f ! ma9 action4 ,next1 we ma9ta9 t ! plan ( ! w> itself %\ld h ?is t5d5cy1 ev5 if x is n possible to r$uce ! :ole ( ! enemy's resi/ance to "o po9t2 consequ5tly1 9 case we are plac$ 9 ! position already m5tion$1 ( c>ry+ on two almo/ q sep>ate w>s at ! same "t1 ! "o mu/ always be look$ ^u z ! pr9cipal affair to :i* our =ces & activity are to be *iefly devot$4 ,9 ?is view1 x is advisable only to proce$ (f5sively aga9/ t "o pr9cipal po9t1 & to pres]ve ! def5sive ^u all ! o!rs4 ,! attack !re be+ only ju/ifiable :5 invit$ by v exceptional circum/ances4 ,fur!r we are to c>ry on ?is def5sive1 :i* takes place at m9or po9ts1 ) z few troops z possible1 & to seek to avail ourselves ( e advantage :i* ! def5sive =m c give4 ,?is view applies ) /ill m =ce to all !atres ( w> on :i* armies come =w>d belong+ to diff]5t p[]s really1 b /ill su* z w be /ruck :5 ! g5]al c5tre ( =ce is /ruck4 ,b aga9/ ! enemy at :om ! great bl[ is aim$1 !re mu/ be1 accord+ to ?is1 no def5sive on m9or !atres ( w>4 ,! *ief attack itself1 & ! second>y attacks1 :i* = o!r reasons are comb9$ ) x1 make up ?is bl[1 & make e def5sive1 on po9ts n directly cov]$ by x1 sup]flu\s4 ,all dep5ds on ?is pr9cipal attack2 by x e loss w be comp5sat$4 ,if ! =ces are suffici5t to make x reasonable to seek = t great decision1 !n ! possibility ( failure c be no gr\nd = gu>d+ oneself aga9/ injury at o!r po9ts 9 any ev5t2 = j by su* a c\rse ?is failure w become m probable1 & x !re=e con/itutes "h a contradiction 9 our action4 ,?is same pr$om9ance ( ! pr9cipal action ov] ! m9or1 mu/ be ! pr9ciple obs]v$ 9 ea* ( ! sep>ate bran*es ( ! attack4 ,b z !re are g5]ally ult]ior motives :i* det]m9e :at =ces %all advance f "o !atre ( w>1 & :at f ano!r aga9/ ! common c5tre ( ! enemy's p[]1 we only mean "h t !re mu/ be an ef=t to make ! *ief action ov]-rul+1 = ev]y?+ w become simpl] & less subject to ! influ5ce ( *ance ev5ts ! ne>] ?is /ate ( prepond]ance c be atta9$4 ,! second pr9ciple conc]ns ! rapid use ( ! =ces4 ,e unnecess>y exp5diture ( "t1 e unnecess>y det\r1 is a wa/e ( p[]1 & !re=e contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( /rategy4 ,x is mo/ important to be> always 9 m9d t almo/ ! only advantage :i* ! (f5sive possesses1 is ! effect ( surprise at ! op5+ ( ! sc5e4 ,sudd5ness & irresi/ible impetuosity are its /ronge/ p9ions2 & :5 ! object is ! complete ov]?r[ ( ! enemy1 x c r>ely disp5se ) !m4 ,by ?is1 !re=e1 !ory dem&s ! %orte/ way to ! object1 & completely excludes f consid]ation endless discussions ab\t "r & left "h & !re4 ,if we call to m9d :at 0 said 9 ! *apt] on ! subject ( ! /rategic attack respect+ ! pit ( ! /oma* 9 a /ate1 & fur!r1 :at appe>s 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ?is book1 on ! influ5ce ( "t1 we believe no fur!r argum5t is requir$ to prove t ! influ5ce :i* we claim = t pr9ciple really belongs to x4 ,buonap>te nev] act$ o!rwise4 ,! %orte/ high road f army to army1 f "o capital to ano!r1 0 always ! way he lov$ be/4 ,& 9 :at w n[ consi/ ! pr9cipal action to :i* we h ref]r$ ev]y?+1 & = :i* we h dem&$ a swift & /raight=w>d execution8 ,9 ! f\r? *apt] we h expla9$ z f> z x is possible 9 a g5]al way :at ! total ov]?r[ ( ! enemy means1 & x is unnecess>y to repeat x4 ,:atev] t may dep5d on at la/ 9 p>ticul> cases1 /ill ! fir/ /ep is always ! same 9 all cases1 namely3 ,! de/ruction ( ! enemy's combatant =ce1 t is1 a great victory ov] ! same & its disp]sion4 ,! soon]1 :i* means ! ne>] our own fronti]s1 ?is victory is s\ght =1 ! easi] x is2 ! lat]1 t is1 ! fur!r 9 ! he>t ( ! enemy's c\ntry x is ga9$1 ! m decisive x is4 ,"h1 z well z ev]y:]e1 ! facility ( success & its magnitude balance ea* o!r4 ,if we are n s sup]ior to ! enemy t ! victory is beyond d\bt1 !n we %\ld1 :5 possible1 seek him out1 t is 8 pr9cipal =ce4 ,we say :5 possible1 = if ?is endeav\r to f9d him l$ to great det\rs1 false directions1 & a loss ( "t1 x might v likely turn out a mi/ake4 ,if ! enemy's pr9cipal =ce is n on our road1 & our int]e/s o!rwise prev5t our go+ 9 que/ ( him1 we may be sure we %all meet ) him h]eaft]1 = he w n fail to place himself 9 our way4 ,we %all !n1 z we h j said1 fight "u less advantage\s circum/ances an evil to :i* we mu/ submit4 ,h[ev]1 if we ga9 ! battle1 x w be s mu* ! m decisive4 ,f ?is x foll[s t1 9 ! case n[ assum$1 x w\ld be an error to pass by ! enemy's pr9cipal =ce design$ly1 if x places itself 9 our way1 at lea/ if we expect !reby to facilitate a victory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x foll[s f :at prec$es1 t if we h a decid$ sup]iority ov] ! enemy's pr9cipal =ce1 we may design$ly pass x by 9 ord] at a future "t to deliv] a m decisive battle4 ,we h be5 speak+ ( a complete victory1 !re=e ( a ?or\gh defeat ( ! enemy1 & n ( a m]e battle ga9$4 ,b su* a victory requires an envelop+ attack1 or a battle ) an oblique front1 = ^! two =ms always give ! result a decisive "*4 ,x is !re=e an ess5tial "p ( a plan ( a w> to make arrangem5ts = ?is movem5t1 bo? z reg>ds ! mass ( =ces requir$ & ! direction to be giv5 !m1 ( :i* m w be said 9 ! *apt] on ! plan ( campaign4 ,x is c]ta9ly n impossible1 t ev5 ,battles f\ght ) p>allel fronts may lead to complete defeats1 & cases 9 po9t are n want+ 9 milit>y hi/ory2 b su* an ev5t is uncommon1 & w be /ill m s ! m armies become on a p> z reg>ds discipl9e & h&9ess 9 ! field4 ,we no long] take tw5ty-"o battalions 9 a village1 z !y did at ,bl5heim4 ,once ! great victory is ga9$1 ! next "q is n ab\t re/1 n ab\t tak+ brea?1 n ab\t consid]+1 n ab\t reorganis+1 etc41 etc41 b only ( pursuit ( fre% bl[s :]ev] necess>y1 ( ! capture ( ! enemy's capital1 ( ! attack ( ! armies ( 8 allies1 or ( :atev] else appe>s to be a rally+ po9t = ! enemy4 ,if ! tide ( victory c>ries u ne> ! enemy's =tresses1 ! lay+ siege to !m or n w dep5d on our means4 ,if we h a great sup]iority ( =ce1 x w\ld be a loss ( "t n to take !m z soon z possible2 b if we are n c]ta9 ( ! fur!r ev5ts be=e u1 we mu/ keep ! =tresses 9 *eck ) z few troops z possible1 :i* precludes any regul> =mal sieges4 ,! mom5t t ! siege ( a =tress compels u to susp5d our /rategic advance1 t advance1 z a rule1 has rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t4 ,we dem&1 !re=e1 t ! ma9 body %\ld press =w>d rapidly 9 pursuit )\t any re/2 we h already condemn$ ! idea ( all[+ ! advance t[>ds ! pr9cipal po9t be+ made dep5d5t on success at second>y po9ts2 ! consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t 9 all ord9>y cases1 our *ief army only keeps beh9d x a n>r[ /rip ( t]ritory :i* x c call its own1 & :i* !re=e con/itutes its !atre ( w>4 ,h[ ?is weak5s ! mom5tum at ! head1 & ! dang]s = ! (f5sive aris+ !refrom1 we h %[n already4 ,w n ?is difficulty1 w n ?is intr9sic c\nt]poise come to a po9t :i* imp$es fur!r advance8 ,c]ta9ly t may occur2 b j z we h already insi/$ t x w\ld be a mi/ake to try to avoid ?is contract$ !atre ( w> at ! comm5cem5t1 & = ! sake ( t object to rob ! advance ( its ela/icity1 s we also n[ ma9ta91 t z long z ! comm&] has n yet ov]?r[n 8 oppon5t1 z long z he consid]s himself /rong en\gh to effect t object1 s long mu/ he also pursue x4 ,he does s p]haps at an increas$ risk1 b also ) ! prospect ( a great] success4 ,if he rea*es a po9t :i* he _c v5ture to g beyond1 :]e1 9 ord] to protect 8 re>1 he mu/ ext5d himself "r & left well1 !n1 ?is is mo/ probably 8 culm9at+ po9t4 ,! p[] ( flight is sp5t1 & if ! enemy is n subdu$1 mo/ probably he w n be n[4 ,all t ! assailant n[ does to int5sify 8 attack by conque/ ( =tresses1 defiles1 prov9ces1 is no d\bt /ill a sl[ advance1 b x is only ( a relative k9d1 x is no long] absolute4 ,! enemy is no long] 9 flight1 he is p]haps prep>+ a r5ew$ resi/ance1 & x is !re=e already possible t1 al?\gh ! assailant /ill advances int5sively1 ! position ( ! def5ce is e day improv+4 ,9 %ort1 we come back to ?is1 t1 z a rule1 !re is no second spr+ aft] a halt has once be5 necess>y4 ,!ory1 !re=e1 only requires t1 z long z !re is an int5tion ( de/roy+ ! enemy1 !re mu/ be no cessation 9 ! advance ( ! attack2 if ! comm&] gives up ?is object because x is att5d$ ) too great a risk1 he does "r to /op & ext5d 8 =ce4 ,!ory only objects to ?is :5 he does x ) a view to m readily defeat+ ! enemy4 ,we are n s fooli% z to ma9ta9 t no in/ance c be f\nd ( ,/ates hav+ be5 gradually r$uc$ to ! utmo/ extremity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! pr9ciple we n[ ma9ta9 is no absolute tru?1 to :i* an exception is impossible1 b "o f\nd$ only on ! ord9>y & probable result2 next1 we mu/ make a di/9ction betwe5 cases 9 :i* ! d[nfall ( a ,/ate has be5 effect$ by a sl[ gradual process1 & ^? 9 :i* ! ev5t 0 ! result ( a fir/ campaign4 ,we are "h only treat+ ( ! latt] case1 = x is only 9 su* t !re is t t5sion ( =ces :i* ei!r ov]comes ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! weight1 or is 9 dang] ( be+ ov]come by x4 ,if 9 ! fir/ ye> we ga9 a mod]ate advantage1 to :i* 9 ! foll[+ we add ano!r1 & ?us gradually advance t[>ds our object1 !re is n[h]e v imm95t dang]1 b x is di/ribut$ ov] _m po9ts4 ,ea* pause betwe5 "o result & ano!r gives ! enemy fre% *ances3 ! effects ( ! fir/ results h v little influ5ce on ^? :i* foll[1 (t5 none1 (t5 a negative only1 because ! enemy recov]s himself1 or is p]haps excit$ to increas$ resi/ance1 or obta9s =eign aid2 :]eas1 :5 all is done 9 "o m>*1 ! success ( ye/]day br+s on ) itself t ( to-day1 "o br& lights itself f ano!r4 ,if !re are cases 9 :i* ,/ates h be5 ov]come by successive bl[s 9 :i*1 consequ5tly1 ,"t1 g5]ally ! patron ( ! def5sive1 has prov$ adv]se h[ inf9itely m num]\s are ! in/ances 9 :i* ! designs ( ! aggressor h by t means utt]ly fail$4 ,let u only ?9k ( ! result ( ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 9 :i* ! ,au/rians s\ght to atta9 _! object s com=tably1 cauti\sly1 & prud5tly1 t !y completely miss$ x4 ,9 ?is view1 !re=e1 we _c at all jo9 9 ! op9ion t ! c>e :i* belongs to ! prep>ation ( a !atre ( w>1 & ! impulse :i* urges u onw>ds1 are on a level 9 importance1 & t ! =m] mu/1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be a c\nt]poise to ! latt]2 b we look ^u any evil :i* spr+s out ( ! =w>d movem5t1 z an unavoidable evil :i* only des]ves att5tion :5 !re is no long] hope = u a-head by ! =w>d movem5t4 ,buonap>te's case 9 #ahab1 v f> f %ak+ our op9ion1 has r confirm$ u 9 x4 ,8 campaign did n misc>ry because he advanc$ too swiftly1 or too f>1 z is commonly believ$1 b because ! only means ( success fail$4 ,! ,russian ,empire is no c\ntry :i* c be regul>ly conqu]$1 t is to say1 :i* c be held 9 possession1 at lea/ n by ! =ces ( ! pres5t ,/ates ( ,europe1 nor by ! #ejj1jjj m5 ) :i* ,buonap>te invad$ ! c\ntry4 ,su* a c\ntry c only be subdu$ by its own weakness1 & by ! effects ( int]nal diss5sion4 ,9 ord] to /rike ^! vuln]able po9ts 9 its political exi/5ce1 ! c\ntry mu/ be agitat$ to its v c5tre4 ,x 0 only by rea*+ ,mosc[ ) ! =ce ( 8 bl[ t ,buonap>te c\ld hope to %ake ! c\rage ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! loyalty & /eadfa/ness ( ! p4 ,9 ,mosc[ he expect$ to f9d peace1 & ?is 0 ! only rational object :i* he c\ld set be=e himself 9 und]tak+ su* a w>4 ,he !re=e l$ 8 ma9 body aga9/ t ( ! ,russians1 :i* fell back be=e him1 trudg$ pa/ ! camp at ,drissa1 & did n /op until x rea*$ ,smol5sk4 ,he c>ri$ ,bagration along 9 8 movem5t1 beat ! pr9cipal ,russia army1 & took ,mosc[4 ,he act$ on ?is occasion z he _h always done3 x 0 only 9 t way t he made himself ! arbit] ( ,europe1 & only 9 t way 0 x possible = him to d s4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o admires ,buonap>te 9 all 8 e>li] campaigns z ! greate/ ( g5]als1 ought n to c5sure him 9 ?is in/ance4 ,x is q all[able to judge an ev5t accord+ to ! result1 z t is ! be/ criticism ^u x 7see fif? *apt]1 #bnd book71 b ?is judgm5t d]iv$ m]ely f ! result1 mu/ n !n be pass$ (f z evid5ce ( sup]ior und]/&+4 ,to seek out ! causes ( ! failure ( a campaign1 is n go+ ! l5g? ( mak+ a criticism ^u x2 x is only if we %[ t ^! causes %\ld nei!r h be5 ov]look$ nor disreg>d$ t we make a criticism & place ourselves above ! ,g5]al4 ,n[ we ma9ta9 t any "o :o pron\nces ! campaign ( #ahab an absurdity m]ely on acc\nt ( ! trem5d\s reaction 9 x1 & :o1 if x _h be5 successful1 w\ld look ^u x z a mo/ spl5did comb9ation1 %[s an utt] incapacity ( judgm5t4 ,if ,buonap>te _h rema9$ 9 ,li?uania1 z mo/ ( 8 critics ?9k he %\ld1 9 ord] fir/ to get possession ( ! =tresses1 ( :i*1 moreov]1 except ,riga1 situat$ q at "o side1 !re is h>dly "o1 because ,bobruisk is a small insignificant place ( arms1 he w\ld h involv$ himself = ! w9t] 9 a mis]able def5sive sy/em3 !n ! same p w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to exclaim1 ,?is is n ! old ,buonap>te6 ,h[ is x1 he has n got ev5 z f> z a fir/ great battle8 he :o us$ to put ! f9al seal to 8 conque/s on ! la/ ramp>ts ( ! enemy's /ates1 by victories su* z ,au/]litz & ,fri$l&4 ,has 8 he>t fail$ him t he has n tak5 ! enemy's capital1 ! def5celess ,mosc[1 ready to op5 its gates1 & ?us left a nucleus r\nd :i* new elem5ts ( resi/ance may ga!r !mselves8 ,he _h ! s+ul> luck to take ?is f>-(f & enorm\s colossus by surprise1 z easily z "o w\ld surprise a neighb\r+ t[n1 or z ,fr$]ick ! ,great ent]$ ! little /ate ( ,silesia1 ly+ at 8 door1 & he makes no use ( 8 good =tune1 halts 9 ! middle ( 8 victori\s c>e]1 z if "s evil _s laid at 8 heels6 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* he w\ld h be5 judg$ ( aft] ! result1 = ?is is ! fa%ion ( critics' judgm5ts 9 g5]al4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 we say1 ! campaign ( #ahab did n succe$ because ! gov]nm5t rema9$ firm1 ! p loyal & /eadfa/1 because x !re=e c\ld n succe$4 ,buonap>te may h made a mi/ake 9 und]tak+ su* an exp$ition2 at all ev5ts1 ! result has %[n t he deceiv$ himself 9 8 calculations1 b we ma9ta9 t1 suppos+ x necess>y to seek ! atta9m5t ( ?is object1 x c\ld n h be5 done 9 any o!r way ^u ! :ole4 ,in/ead ( bur!n+ himself ) an int]m9able co/ly def5sive w> 9 ! ea/1 su* z he _h on 8 h&s 9 ! we/1 ,buonap>te attempt$ ! only means to ga9 8 object3 by "o bold /roke to extort a peace f 8 a/oni%$ adv]s>y4 ,! de/ruction ( 8 army 0 ! dang] to :i* he expos$ himself 9 ! v5ture2 x 0 ! /ake 9 ! game1 ! price ( great expectations4 ,if ?is de/ruction ( 8 army 0 m complete ?an x ne$ h be5 ?r\gh 8 own fault1 ?is fault 0 n 9 8 hav+ p5etrat$ too f> into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry1 = t 0 8 object1 & unavoidable2 b 9 ! late p]iod at :i* ! campaign op5$1 ! sacrifice ( life occasion$ by 8 tactics1 ! want ( due c>e = ! supply ( 8 army1 & = 8 l9e ( retreat1 & la/ly1 9 8 hav+ too long delay$ 8 m>* f ,mosc[4 ,t ! ,russians 7 able to rea* ! ,b]es9a be=e him1 int5d+ regul>ly to cut (f 8 retreat1 is no /rong argum5t aga9/ u4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 ! failure ( t attempt j %[s h[ difficult x is really to cut (f an army1 z ! army :i* 0 int]cept$ 9 ?is case "u ! mo/ unfav\rable circum/ances t c be conceiv$1 /ill manag$ at la/ to cut its way ?r\gh2 & al?\gh ?is act ^u ! :ole contribut$ c]ta9ly to increase its cata/rophe1 /ill x 0 n ess5tially ! cause ( x4 ,secondly1 x 0 only ! v peculi> nature ( ! c\ntry :i* af=d$ ! means to c>ry ?+s z f> z ! ,russians did2 = if x _h n be5 = ! m>%es ( ! ,b]es9a1 ) its wood$ impassable bord]s ly+ across ! great road1 ! cutt+ (f w\ld h be5 /ill less possible4 ,?irdly1 !re is g5]ally no means ( gu>d+ aga9/ su* an ev5tuality except by mak+ ! =w>d movem5t ) ! front ( ! army ( su* a wid? z we h already disapprov$2 = if we proce$ on ! plan ( pu%+ on 9 advance ) ! c5tre & cov]+ ! w+s by armies deta*$ "r & left1 !n if ei!r ( ^! deta*$ armies meets ) a *eck1 we mu/ fall back ) ! c5tre1 & !n v little c be ga9$ by ! attack4 ,moreov]1 x _c be said t ,buonap>te neglect$ 8 w+s4 ,a sup]ior =ce rema9$ front+ ,wittg5/e91 a proportionate siege-corps /ood be=e ,riga :i* at ! same "t 0 n ne$$ !re1 & 9 ! s\? ,s*w>z5b]g _h #ej1jjj m5 ) :i* he 0 sup]ior to ,tormas(f & almo/ equal to ,ts*its*ag[3 9 addition1 !re 7 #cj1jjj m5 "u ,victor1 cov]+ ! re> ( ! c5tre4 ,ev5 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 !re=e1 at ! decisive mom5t :5 ! ,russian armies _h be5 re9=c$1 & ! ,fr5* 7 v mu* r$uc$1 ! sup]iority ( ! ,russians 9 re> ( ! ,mosc[ army 0 n s v extraord9>y4 ,wittg5/e91 ,ts*its*ag[1 & ,sack51 made up toge!r a =ce ( #ajj1jjj4 ,s*w>tz5b]g1 ,regm]1 ,victor1 ,oud9ot1 & ,/4 ,cyr1 _h /ill #hj1jjj effective4 ,! mo/ cauti\s g5]al 9 advanc+ w\ld h>dly devote a great] proportion ( 8 =ce to ! protection ( 8 flanks4 ,if out ( ! #fjj1jjj m5 :o cross$ ! ,niem5 9 #ahab1 ,buonap>te _h br\ght back #bej1jjj in/ead ( ! #ej1jjj :o repass$ x "u ,s*w>tz5b]g1 ,regm]1 & ,macdonald1 :i* 0 possible1 by avoid+ ! mi/akes ) :i* he has be5 reproa*$1 ! campaign w\ld /ill h be5 an un=tunate "o1 b !ory w\ld h _h no?+ to object to x1 = ! loss ( half an army 9 su* a case is n at all unusual1 & only appe>s s to u 9 ?is in/ance on acc\nt ( ! enorm\s scale ( ! :ole ent]prize4 ,s mu* = ! pr9cipal op]ation1 its necess>y t5d5cy1 & ! unavoidable risks4 ,z reg>ds ! subord9ate op]ations1 !re mu/ be1 above all ?+s1 a common aim = all2 b ?is aim mu/ be s situat$ z n to p>alyse ! action ( any ( ! individual p>ts4 ,if we invade ,france f ! upp] & middle ,rh9e & ,holl&1 ) ! int5tion ( unit+ at ,p>is1 nei!r ( ! armies employ$ to risk any?+ on ! advance1 b to keep itself intact until ! conc5tration is effect$1 t is :at we call a ru9\s plan4 ,!re mu/ be necess>ily a con/ant comp>ison ( ! /ate ( ?is ?reefold movem5t caus+ delay1 indecision1 & timidity 9 ! =w>d movem5t ( ea* ( ! armies4 ,x is bett] to assign to ea* "p its mission1 & only to place ! po9t ( union :]ev] ^! sev]al activities become unity ( !mselves4 ,!re=e1 :5 a milit>y =ce advances to ! attack on sep>ate !atres ( w>1 to ea* army %\ld be assign$ an object aga9/ :i* ! =ce ( its %ock is to be direct$4 ,"h ! po9t is t ^! %ocks %\ld be giv5 f all sides simultane\sly1 b n t proportional advantages %\ld result f all ( !m4 ,if ! task assign$ to "o army is f\nd too difficult because ! enemy has made a disposition ( 8 =ce diff]5t to t :i* 0 expect$1 if x su/a9s a defeat1 ?is nei!r %\ld1 nor mu/ h1 any influ5ce on ! action ( ! o!rs1 or we %\ld turn ! probability ( ! g5]al success aga9/ ourselves at ! v outset4 ,x is only ! unsuccessful issue ( ! majority ( ent]prises or ( ! pr9cipal "o1 :i* c & mu/ h an influ5ce ^u ! o!rs3 = !n x comes "u ! head ( a plan :i* has misc>ri$4 ,?is same rule applies to ^? armies & portions ( !m :i* h orig9ally act$ on ! def5sive1 &1 ow+ to ! successes ga9$1 h assum$ ! (f5sive1 unless we pref] to atta* su* sp>e =ces to ! pr9cipal (f5sive1 a po9t :i* w *iefly dep5d on ! geographical situation ( ! !atre ( w>4 ,b "u ^! circum/ances1 :at becomes ( ! geometrical =m & unity ( ! :ole attack1 :at ( ! flanks & re> ( corps :5 ^? corps next to !m are beat54 ,t is precisely :at we wi% *iefly to combat4 ,?is glue+ d[n ( a great (f5sive plan ( attack on a geometrical squ>e1 is los+ "o's way 9 ! regions ( fallacy4 ,9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ! ,?ird ,book we h %[n t ! geometrical elem5t has less influ5ce 9 /rategy ?an 9 tactics2 & we %all only "h repeat ! d$uction !re obta9$1 t 9 ! attack especially1 ! actual results at ! v>i\s po9ts ?r\gh\t des]ve m att5tion ?an ! geometrical figure1 :i* may gradually be =m$ ?r\gh ! div]sity ( results4 ,b 9 any case1 x is q c]ta91 t look+ to ! va/ spaces ) :i* /rategy has to deal1 ! views & resolutions :i* ! geometrical situation ( ! p>ts may create1 %\ld be left to ! g5]al-9-*ief2 t1 !re=e1 no subord9ate g5]al has a "r to ask :at 8 neighb\r is do+ or leav+ undone1 b ea* is to be direct$ p]emptorily to foll[ out 8 object4 ,if any s]i\s incongruity really arises f ?is1 a rem$y c always be appli$ 9 "t by ! supreme au?ority4 ,?us1 !n1 may be obviat$ ! *ief evil ( ?is sep>ate mode ( action1 :i* is1 t 9 ! place ( realities1 a cl\d ( appreh5sions & suppositions mix !mselves up 9 ! progress ( an op]ation1 t e accid5t affects n only ! "p x comes imm$iately 9 contact )1 b also ! :ole1 by ! communication ( impressions1 & t a wide field ( action is op5$ = ! p]sonal fail+s & p]sonal animosities ( subord9ate comm&]s4 ,we ?9k t ^! views w only appe> p>adoxical to ^? :o h n /udi$ milit>y hi/ory long en\gh or ) suffici5t att5tion1 :o d n di/+ui% ! important f ! unimportant1 nor make prop] all[ance = ! influ5ce ( human weaknesses 9 g5]al4 ,if ev5 9 tactics !re is a difficulty1 :i* all exp]i5c$ soldi]s admit !re is1 9 succe$+ 9 an attack 9 sep>ate columns :]e x dep5ds on ! p]fect connection ( ! sev]al columns1 h[ mu* m difficult1 or r h[ impossible1 mu/ ?is be 9 /rategy1 :]e ! sep>ation is s mu* wid]4 ,!re=e1 if a con/ant connection ( all p>ts 0 a necess>y condition ( success1 a /rategic plan ( attack ( t nature mu/ be at once giv5 up4 ,b on ! "o h&1 x is n left to our option to disc>d x completely1 because circum/ances1 :i* we _c control1 may det]m9e 9 fav\r ( x2 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 9 tactics1 ?is con/ant close conjunction ( all p>ts at e mom5t ( ! execution1 is n at all necess>y1 & x is /ill less s 9 /rategy4 ,!re=e 9 /rategy we %\ld pay ! less att5tion to ?is po9t1 & insi/ ! m ^u a di/9ct piece ( "w be+ assign$ to ea* "p4 ,we h /ill to add "o important obs]vation3 x relates to ! prop] allotm5t ( p>ts4 ,9 ! ye> #agic & #agid ! pr9cipal ,au/rian army 0 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 t ( ! ,prussians1 on ! upp] ,rh9e4 ,! ,au/rians m>*$ f ,vi5na to ,cond & ,val5ci5nes1 cross+ ! l9e ( m>* ( ! ,prussians f ,b]l9 to ,l&au4 ,! ,au/rians _h c]ta9ly to def5d _! ,belgian prov9ces 9 t qu>t]1 & any conque/s made 9 ,fr5* ,fl&]s w\ld h be5 acquisitions conv5i5tly situat$ = !m1 b t int]e/ 0 n /rong en\gh4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,pr9ce ,kaunitz1 ! ,m9i/] ,?ugut c>ri$ a measure = giv+ up ! ,ne!rl&s entirely1 = ! bett] conc5tration ( ! ,au/rian =ces4 ,9 fact1 ,au/ria is ab\t twice z f> f ,fl&]s z f ,alsace2 & at a "t :5 milit>y res\rces 7 v limit$1 & ev]y?+ _h to be paid = 9 ready money1 t 0 no trifl+ consid]ation4 ,/ill1 ! ,m9i/] ,?ugut _h pla9ly some?+ else 9 view2 8 object 01 ?r\gh ! urg5cy ( ! dang] to compel ,holl&1 ,engl&1 & ,prussia1 ! p[]s int]e/$ 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,ne!rl&s & ,l[] ,rh9e1 to make great] ef=ts4 ,he c]ta9ly deceiv$ himself 9 8 calculations1 because no?+ c\ld be done ) ! ,prussian cab9et at t "t1 b ?is occurr5ce always %[s ! influ5ce ( political int]e/s on ! c\rse ( a w>4 ,prussia _h nei!r any?+ to conqu] nor to def5d 9 ,alsace4 ,9 ! ye> #agib x _h und]tak5 ! m>* ?r\gh ,lorra9e into ,*ampagne 9 a sort ( *ivalr\s _s4 ,b z t ent]prise end$ 9 no?+1 ?r\gh ! unfav\rable c\rse ( circum/ances1 x cont9u$ ! w> ) a feel+ ( v little int]e/4 ,if ! ,prussian troops _h be5 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 !y w\ld h be5 9 direct communication ) ,holl&1 :i* !y might look ^u almo/ z _! own c\ntry1 hav+ conqu]$ x 9 ! ye> #aghg2 !y w\ld !n h cov]$ ! ,l[] ,rh9e1 & consequ5tly t "p ( ! ,prussian mon>*y :i* lay next to ! !atre ( w>4 ,prussia on acc\nt ( subsidies w\ld also h _h a clos] alliance ) ,engl&1 :i*1 "u ^! circum/ances1 w\ld n s easily h deg5]at$ into ! crook$ policy ( :i* ! ,prussian cab9et 0 guilty at t "t4 ,a mu* bett] result1 !re=e1 might h be5 expect$ if ! ,au/rians _h appe>$ ) _! pr9cipal =ce on ! ,upp] ,rh9e1 ! ,prussians ) _! :ole =ce 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ! ,au/rians _h left !re only a corps ( proportionate /r5g?4 ,if1 in/ead ( ! ent]pris+ ,bl*]1 ,g5]al ,b>clay _h be5 plac$ at ! head ( ! ,silesian army 9 #ahad1 & ,bl*] & ,s*w>tz5b]g _h be5 kept ) ! gr& army1 ! campaign w\ld p]haps h turn$ out a complete failure4 ,if ! ent]pris+ ,laudon1 in/ead ( hav+ 8 !atre ( w> at ! /ronge/ po9t ( ! ,prussian dom9ions1 namely1 9 ,silesia1 _h be5 9 ! position ( ! ,g]man ,/ates' army1 p]haps ! :ole ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> w\ld h _h q a diff]5t turn4 ,9 ord] to exam9e ?is subject m n>r[ly1 we mu/ look at ! cases accord+ to _! *ief di/9ctions4 ,! fir/ is1 if we c>ry on w> 9 conjunction ) o!r p[]s1 :o n only take "p z our allies1 b also h an indep5d5t int]e/ z well4 ,! second is1 if ! army ( ! ally has come to our assi/ance4 ,! ?ird is1 :5 x is only a "q ) reg>d to ! p]sonal *>act]i/ics ( ! ,g5]al4 ,9 ! two fir/ cases1 ! po9t may be rais$1 :e!r x is bett] to mix up ! troops ( ! diff]5t p[]s completely1 s t ea* sep>ate army is compos$ ( corps ( diff]5t p[]s1 z 0 done 9 ! w>s #ahac & #ahad1 or to keep !m sep>ate z mu* z possible1 s t ! army ( ea* p[] may cont9ue di/9ct & act indep5d5tly4 ,pla9ly1 ! fir/ is ! mo/ salut>y plan2 b x supposes a degree ( fri5dly feel+ & community ( int]e/s :i* is seldom f\nd4 ,:5 !re is ?is close good fell[%ip betwe5 ! troops1 x is mu* m difficult = ! cab9ets to sep>ate _! int]e/s2 & z reg>ds ! prejudicial influ5ce ( ! egoti/ical views ( comm&]s1 x c only %[ itself "u ^! circum/ances among/ ! subord9ate ,g5]als1 !re=e1 only 9 ! prov9ce ( tactics1 & ev5 !re n s freely or ) su* impunity z :5 !re is a complete sep>ation4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x affects ! /rategy1 & !re=e1 makes decid$ m>ks4 ,b1 z already obs]v$1 = ! fir/ case !re mu/ be a r>e _s ( conciliation on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ! ye> #ahac1 ! exig5cies ( ! "t impell$ all ,gov]nm5ts 9 t direction2 & yet we _c suffici5tly praise ?is 9 ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 t al?\gh he ent]$ ! field ) ! /ronge/ army1 & ! *ange ( =tune 0 *iefly br\ght ab\t by him1 yet he set aside all pride ab\t appe>+ at ! head ( a sep>ate & an indep5d5t ,russian army1 & plac$ 8 troops "u ! ,prussian & ,au/rian ,comm&]s4 ,if su* a fusion ( armies _c be effect$1 a complete sep>ation ( !m is c]ta9ly bett] ?an a half-&-half /ate ( ?+s2 ! wor/ ( all is :5 two indep5d5t ,comm&]s ( armies ( diff]5t p[]s f9d !mselves on ! same !atre ( w>1 z frequ5tly happ5$ 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> ) ! armies ( ,russia1 ,au/ria1 & ! ,g]man ,/ates4 ,:5 !re is a complete sep>ation ( =ces1 ! burd5s :i* mu/ be borne are also bett] divid$1 & ea* suff]s only f :at is 8 own1 consequ5tly is m impell$ to activity by ! =ce ( circum/ances2 b if !y f9d !mselves 9 close connection1 or q on ! same !atre ( w>1 ?is is n ! case1 & besides t ! ill w ( "o p>alyses also ! p[]s ( ! o!r z well4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ! ?ree suppos$ cases1 !re w be no difficulty 9 ! complete sep>ation1 z ! natural int]e/ ( ea* ,/ate g5]ally indicates to x a sep>ate mode ( employ+ its =ce2 ?is may n be s 9 ! second case1 & !n1 z a rule1 !re is no?+ to be done b to place oneself completely "u ! auxili>y army1 if its /r5g? is 9 any way proportionate to t measure1 z ! ,au/rians did 9 ! latt] "p ( ! campaign ( #ahae1 & ! ,prussians 9 ! campaign ( #ahjg4 ,) reg>d to ! p]sonal qualifications ( ! ,g5]al1 ev]y?+ 9 ?is passes into :at is p>ticul> & individual2 b we mu/ n omit to make "o g5]al rem>k1 :i* is1 t we %\ld n1 z is g5]ally done1 place at ! head ( subord9ate armies ! mo/ prud5t & cauti\s ,comm&]s1 b ! mo/ ent]pris+2 = we repeat t 9 /rategic op]ations conduct$ sep>ately1 !re is no?+ m important ?an t e "p %\ld develop its p[]s to ! full1 9 t way faults committ$ at "o "p may be comp5sat$ = by successes at o!rs4 ,?is complete activity at all po9ts1 h[ev]1 is only to be expect$ :5 ! ,comm&]s are spirit$1 ent]pris+ m51 :o are urg$ =w>ds by natural impulsiv5ess by _! own he>ts1 because a m]e objective1 coolly reason$ out1 conviction ( ! necessity ( action seldom suffices4 ,la/ly1 we h to rem>k t1 if circum/ances 9 o!r respects p]mit1 ! troops & _! comm&]s1 z reg>ds _! de/9ation1 %\ld be employ$ 9 accordance ) _! qualities & ! nature ( ! c\ntry t is regul> armies2 good troops2 num]\s cavalry2 old1 prud5t1 intellig5t g5]als 9 an op5 c\ntry2 ,militia2 national levies2 "y ent]pris+ comm&]s 9 wood$ c\ntry1 m\nta9s & defiles2 auxili>y armies 9 ri* prov9ces :]e !y c make !mselves com=table4 ,:at we h n[ said ^u a plan ( a w> 9 g5]al1 & 9 ?is *apt] ^u ^? 9 p>ticul> :i* are direct$ to ! de/ruction ( ! enemy1 is int5d$ to give special prom95ce to ! object ( ! same1 & next to indicate pr9ciples :i* may s]ve z guides 9 ! prep>ation ( ways & means4 ,our desire has be5 9 ?is way to give a cle> p]ception ( :at is to be1 & %\ld be1 done 9 su* a w>4 ,we h tri$ to emphasise ! necess>y & g5]al1 & to leave a m>g9 = ! play ( ! p>ticul> & accid5tal2 b to exclude all t is arbitr>y1 unf\nd$1 trifl+1 fanta/ical2 or sophi/ical4 ,if we h succe$$ 9 ?is object1 we look ^u our problem z solv$4 ,n[1 if any "o wond]s at f9d+ no?+ "h ab\t turn+ riv]s1 ab\t comm&+ m\nta9s f _! highe/ po9ts1 ab\t avoid+ /rong positions1 & f9d+ ! keys ( a c\ntry1 he has n und]/ood u1 nei!r does he z yet und]/& w> 9 its g5]al relations accord+ to our views4 ,9 prec$+ books we h *>act]is$ ^! subjects 9 g5]al1 & we !re arriv$ at ! conclusion1 !y are mu* m insignificant 9 _! nature ?an we %\ld ?9k f _! high repute4 ,!re=e1 s mu* ! less c or ought !y to play a great "p1 t is1 s f> z to influ5ce ! :ole plan ( a w>1 :5 x is a w> :i* has = its object ! de/ruction ( ! enemy4 ,at ! end ( ! book we %all devote a *apt] specially to ! consid]ation ( ! *ief comm&2 ! pres5t *apt] we %all close ) an example4 ,if ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 ! ,g]man ,con-f$]ation1 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,engl&1 det]m9e on a w> ) ,france1 b ,russia rema9s neutral a case :i* has frequ5tly happ5$ dur+ ! la/ "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s !y are able to c>ry on an (f5sive w>1 hav+ = its object ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy4 ,= p[]ful & great z ,france is1 x is /ill possible = x to see m ?an half its t]ritory ov]run by ! enemy1 its capital occupi$1 & itself r$uc$ 9 its means to a /ate ( complete ineffici5cy1 )\t !re be+ any p[]1 except ,russia1 :i* c give x effectual support4 ,spa9 is too di/ant & too disadvantage\sly situat$2 ! ,italian ,/ates are at pres5t too brittle & p[]less4 ,! c\ntries we h nam$ h1 exclusive ( _! possessions out ( ,europe1 above #ge1jjj1jjj inhabitants17997 :il/ ,france has only #cj1jjj1jjj2 & ! army :i* !y c\ld call out = a w> aga9/ ,france really meant 9 e>ne/1 w\ld be z foll[s1 )\t exagg]ation3-- ,au/ria 4444444444444#bej1jjj ,prussia 4444444444444#bjj1jjj ,! re/ ( ,g]many4 #aej1jjj ,ne!rl&s 4444444444#ge1jjj ,engl& 44444444444444#ej1jjj ---------- ,total3 444444#gbe1jjj 7997 ,?is *apt] 0 probably writt5 9 #ahbh1 s9ce :i* "t ! num]ical relations h consid]ably *ang$4 ,a4 d4 ,h4 ,%\ld ?is =ce be plac$ on a w>foot+ x w\ld1 9 all probability1 v mu* exce$ t :i* ,france c\ld oppose2 = "u ,buonap>te ! c\ntry nev] _h an army ( ! l /r5g?4 ,n[1 if we take into acc\nt ! d$uctions requir$ z g>risons = =tresses & depts1 to wat* ! coa/s1 etc41 !re c be no d\bt ! allies w\ld h a great sup]iority 9 ! pr9cipal !atre ( w>1 & ^u t ! object or plan ( ov]?r[+ ! enemy is *iefly f\nd$4 ,! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ,fr5* p[] lies 9 its milit>y =ce & 9 ,p>is4 ,to defeat ! =m] 9 "o or m battles1 to take ,p>is & drive ! wreck ( ! ,fr5* across ! ,loire1 mu/ be ! object ( ! allies4 ,! pit ( ! /oma* ( ! ,fr5* mon>*y is betwe5 ,p>is & ,brussels1 on t side ! fronti] is only ?irty miles f ! capital4 ,"p ( ! allies2 ! ,engli%1 ,ne!rl&]s1 ,prussian1 & ,nor? ,g]man ,/ates h _! natural po9t ( assembly 9 t direction1 z ^! ,/ates lie p>tly 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 p>tly 9 a direct l9e beh9d x4 ,au/ria & ,s\? ,g]many c only c>ry on _! w> conv5i5tly f ! upp] ,rh9e4 ,_! natural direction is ^u ,troyes & ,p>is1 or x may be ,orleans4 ,bo? %ocks1 !re=e1 t f ! ,ne!rl&s & ! o!r f ! upp] ,rh9e1 are q direct & natural1 %ort & p[]ful2 & bo? fall ^u ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! enemy's p[]4 ,betwe5 ^! two po9ts1 !re=e1 ! :ole invad+ army %\ld be divid$4 ,b !re are two consid]ations :i* int]f]e ) ! simplicity ( ?is plan4 ,! ,au/rians w\ld n lay b>e _! ,italian dom9ions1 !y w\ld wi% to reta9 ! ma/]y ov] ev5ts !re1 9 any case1 & !re=e w\ld n incur ! risk ( mak+ an attack on ! he>t ( ,france1 by :i* !y w\ld leave ,italy only indirectly cov]$4 ,look+ to ! political /ate ( ! c\ntry1 ?is collat]al consid]ation is n to be treat$ ) contempt2 b x w\ld be a decid$ mi/ake if ! old & (t-tri$ plan ( an attack f ,italy1 direct$ aga9/ ! ,s\? ( ,france1 0 b\nd up ) x1 & if on t acc\nt ! =ce 9 ,italy 0 increas$ to a size n requir$ = m]e security aga9/ cont+5cies 9 ! fir/ campaign4 ,only ! numb] ne$$ = t security %\ld rema9 9 ,italy1 only t numb] %\ld be )drawn f ! great und]tak+1 if we w\ld n be unfai?ful to t fir/ maxim1 ,unity ( plan1 conc5tration ( =ce4 ,to ?9k ( conqu]+ ,france by ! ,rhone1 w\ld be l try+ to lift a musket by ! po9t ( its bayonet2 b also z an auxili>y ent]prise1 an attack on ! ,s\? ( ,france is to be condemn$1 = x only raises new =ces aga9/ u4 ,:5ev] an attack is made on di/ant prov9ces1 int]e/s & activities are r\s$1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h la9 dormant4 ,x w\ld only be 9 case t ! =ces left = ! security ( ,italy 7 9 excess ( ! numb] requir$1 &1 !re=e1 to avoid leav+ !m unemploy$1 t !re w\ld be any ju/ification = an attack on ! ,s\? ( ,france f t qu>t]4 ,we !re=e repeat t ! =ce left 9 ,italy mu/ be kept d[n z l[ z circum/ances w p]mit2 & x w be q l>ge en\gh if x w suffice to prev5t ! ,au/rians f los+ ! :ole c\ntry 9 "o campaign4 ,let u suppose t numb] to be #ej1jjj m5 = ! purpose ( our illu/ration4 ,ano!r consid]ation des]v+ att5tion1 is ! relation ( ,france 9 respect to its sea-coa/4 ,z ,engl& has ! upp] h& at sea1 x foll[s t ,france mu/1 on t acc\nt1 be v susceptible ) reg>d to ! :ole ( h] ,atlantic coa/2 &1 consequ5tly1 mu/ protect x ) g>risons ( great] or less /r5g?4 ,n[1 h[ev] weak ?is coa/-def5ce may be1 /ill ! ,fr5* fronti]s are tripl$ by x2 & l>ge drafts1 on t acc\nt1 _c fail to be )drawn f ! ,fr5* army on ! !atre ( w>4 ,tw5ty or ?irty ?\s& troops disposable to effect a l&+1 ) :i* ! ,engli% ?reat5 ,france1 w\ld probably absorb twice or ?ree times ! numb] ( ,fr5* troops2 &1 fur!r1 we mu/ ?9k n only ( troops1 b also ( money1 artill]y1 etc41 etc41 requir$ = %ips & coa/ batt]ies4 ,let u suppose t ! ,engli% devote #be1jjj to ?is object4 ,our plan ( w> w\ld !n consi/ simply 9 ?is3 #a4 ,t 9 ! ,ne!rl&s3-- #bjj1jjj ,prussians1 #ge1jjj ,ne!rl&]s1 #be1jjj ,engli%1 #ej1jjj ,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation1 ---------- ,total3 #cej1jjj be assembl$1 ( :om ab\t #ej1jjj %\ld be set aside to g>rison fronti] =tresses1 & ! rema9+ #cjj1jjj %\ld advance aga9/ ,p>is1 & engage ! ,fr5* ,army 9 a decisive battle4 #b4 ,t #bjj1jjj ,au/rians & #ajj1jjj ,s\? ,g]man troops %\ld assemble on ! ,upp] ,rh9e to advance at ! same "t z ! army ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 _! direction be+ t[>ds ! ,upp] ,se9e1 & f !nce t[>ds ! ,loire1 ) a view1 likewise1 to a great battle4 ,^! two attacks w\ld1 p]haps1 unite 9 "o on ! ,loire4 ,by ?is ! *ief po9t is det]m9$4 ,:at we h to add is *iefly int5d$ to root out false conceptions1 & is z foll[s3-- #a4 ,to seek = ! great battle1 z prescrib$1 & deliv] x ) su* a relation1 9 po9t ( num]ical /r5g? & "u su* circum/ances1 z promise a decisive victory1 is ! c\rse = ! *ief comm&]s to foll[2 to ?is object ev]y?+ mu/ be sacrific$2 & z few m5 z possible %\ld be employ$ 9 sieges1 blockades1 g>risons1 etc4 ,if1 l ,s*w>tz5b]g 9 #ahad1 z soon z !y ent] ! enemy's prov9ces !y spread out 9 ecc5tric rays all is lo/4 ,t ?is did n take place 9 #ahad ! ,allies may ?ank ! p[]less /ate ( ,france alone4 ,! attack %\ld be l a w$ge well driv5 home1 n l a soap bubble1 :i* di/5ds itself till x bur/s4 #b4 ,switz]l& mu/ be left to its own =ces4 ,if x rema9s neutral x =ms a good po9t d'appui on ! ,upp] ,rh9e2 if x is attack$ by ,france1 let h] /& up = h]self1 :i* 9 m ?an "o respect %e is v well able to d4 ,no?+ is m absurd ?an to attribute to ,switz]l& a pr$om9ant geographical influ5ce ^u ev5ts 9 w> because x is ! highe/ l& 9 ,europe4 ,su* an influ5ce only exi/s "u c]ta9 v re/rict$ conditions1 :i* are n to be f\nd "h4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* are attack$ 9 ! he>t ( _! c\ntry !y c und]take no (f5sive f ,switz]l&1 ei!r aga9/ ,italy or ,swabia1 &1 lea/ ( all1 c ! elevat$ situation ( ! c\ntry come into consid]ation z a decisive circum/ance4 ,! advantage ( a c\ntry :i* is dom9at+ 9 a /rategic s5se1 is1 9 ! fir/ place1 *iefly important 9 ! def5sive1 & any importance :i* x has 9 ! (f5sive may manife/ itself 9 a s+le enc\nt]4 ,:oev] does n "k ?is has n ?\ght ov] ! ?+ & arriv$ at a cle> p]ception ( x1 & 9 case t at any future c\ncil ( pot5tates & g5]als1 "s le>n$ (fic] ( ! g5]al /aff %\ld be f\nd1 :o1 ) an anxi\s br[1 displays su* wisdom1 we n[ decl>e x be=eh& to be m]e folly1 & wi% t 9 ! same c\ncil "s true ,blade1 "s *ild ( s\nd common-s5se may be pres5t :o w /op 8 m\?4 #c4 ,! space betwe5 two attacks we ?9k ( v little consequ5ce4 ,:5 #fjj1jjj assemble ?irty or =ty miles f ,p>is to m>* aga9/ ! he>t ( ,france1 w\ld any "o ?9k ( cov]+ ! middle ,rh9e z well z ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,vi5na1 & ,muni*8 ,!re w\ld be no s5se 9 su* a ?+4 ,are we to cov] ! communications8 ,t w\ld n be unimportant2 b !n we might soon be l$ into giv+ ?is cov]+ ! importance ( an attack1 & !n1 in/ead ( advanc+ on two l9es1 z ! situation ( ! ,/ates positively requires1 we %\ld be l$ to advance ^u ?ree1 :i* is n requir$4 ,^! ?ree w\ld !n1 p]haps1 become five1 or p]haps sev51 & 9 t way ! old rigm>ole w\ld once m become ! ord] ( ! day4 ,our two attacks h ea* _! object2 ! =ces employ$ on !m are probably v sup]ior to ! enemy 9 numb]s4 ,if ea* pursues 8 m>* ) vig\r1 !y _c fail to react advantage\sly ^u ea* o!r4 ,if "o ( ! two attacks is un=tunate because ! enemy has n divid$ 8 =ce equally1 we may fairly expect t ! result ( ! o!r w ( itself repair ?is disa/]1 & ?is is ! true int]dep5d5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,an int]dep5d5ce ext5d+ to 7s z to be affect$ by7 ! ev5ts ( ea* day is impossible on acc\nt ( ! di/ance2 nei!r is x necess>y1 & !re=e ! imm$iate1 or1 r ! direct connection1 is ( no su* great value4 ,besides1 ! enemy attack$ 9 ! v c5tre ( 8 dom9ions w h no =ces wor? speak+ ( to employ 9 int]rupt+ ?is connection2 all t is to be appreh5d$ is t ?is int]ruption may be attempt$ by a co-op]ation ( ! inhabitants ) ! p>tisans1 s t ?is object does n actually co/ ! enemy any troops4 ,to prev5t t1 x is suffici5t to s5d a corps ( #aj1jjj or #ae1jjj m51 p>ticul>ly /rong 9 cavalry1 9 ! direction f ,trves to ,rheims4 ,x w be able to drive e p>tisan be=e x1 & keep 9 l9e ) ! gr& army4 ,?is corps %\ld nei!r inve/ nor wat* =tresses1 b m>* betwe5 !m1 dep5d on no fix$ basis1 b give way be=e sup]ior =ces 9 any direction1 no great mis=tune c\ld happ5 to x1 & if su* did happ51 x w\ld aga9 be no s]i\s mis=tune = ! :ole4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 su* a corps might probably s]ve z an int]m$iate l9k betwe5 ! two attacks4 #d4 ,! two subord9ate und]tak+s1 t is1 ! ,au/rian army 9 ,italy1 & ! ,engli% army = l&+ on ! coa/1 might foll[ _! object z appe>$ be/4 ,if !y d n rema9 idle1 _! mission is fulfill$ z reg>ds ! *ief po9t1 & on no acc\nt %\ld ei!r ( ! two great attacks be made dep5d5t 9 any way on ^! m9or ones4 ,we are q conv9c$ t 9 ?is way ,france may be ov]?r[n & *a/is$ :5ev] x ?9ks fit to put on t insol5t air ) :i* x has oppress$ ,europe = a hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,x is only on ! o!r side ( ,p>is1 on ! ,loire1 t ^? conditions c be obta9$ f x :i* are necess>y = ! peace ( ,europe4 ,9 ?is way alone ! natural relation betwe5 #cj millions ( m5 & #ge millions w quickly make itself kn[n1 b n if ! c\ntry f ,dunkirk to ,g5oa is to be surr\nd$ 9 ! way x has be5 = #aej ye>s by a girdle ( armies1 :il/ fifty diff]5t small objects are aim$ at1 n "o ( :i* is p[]ful en\gh to ov]come ! in]tia1 friction1 & extrane\s influ5ces :i* spr+ up & reproduce !mselves ev]y:]e1 b m especially 9 alli$ armies4 ,h[ little ! provisional organisation ( ! ,g]man f$]al armies is adapt$ to su* a disposition1 w /rike ! read]4 ,by t organisation ! f$]ative "p ( ,g]many =ms ! nucleus ( ! ,g]man p[]1 & ,prussia & ,au/ria ?us weak5$1 lose _! natural influ5ce4 ,b a f$]ative /ate is a v brittle nucleus 9 w>4 ,!re is 9 x no unity1 no en]gy1 no rational *oice ( a comm&]1 no au?ority1 no responsibility4 ,au/ria & ,prussia are ! two natural c5tres ( =ce ( ! ,g]man empire2 !y =m ! pivot 7or fulcrum71 ! =te ( ! sword2 !y are mon>*ical /ates1 us$ to w>2 !y h well-def9$ int]e/s1 indep5d5ce ( p[]2 !y are pr$om9ant ov] ! o!rs4 ,! organisation %\ld foll[ ^! natural l9eam5ts1 & n a false notion ab\t unity1 :i* is an impossibility 9 su* a case2 & he :o neglects ! possible 9 que/ ( ! impossible is a fool4