99 99 99 99 99 ,,talks ,,on ,,manures4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,famili> & ,practical ,talks ,betwe5 ! ,au?or & ! ,deacon1 ! ,doctor1 & ,o!r ,neighbors1 on ! ,:ole ,subject ( ,manures & ,f]tiliz]s4 by ,,joseph ,,h>ris1 ,m4,s4 ,au?or ( 8,walks & ,talks on ! ,f>m10 8,h>ris on ! ,pig10 etc4 ,,new ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,edition1 ,includ+ a ,*apt] ,specially ,writt5 = ,x by ,sir ,john ,b5net ,lawes1 ( ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s ,logo ,new ,york3 ,orange ,judd ,company1 #aiai ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahhc1 by ! ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,f>m+ z a ,bus9ess4-- ,high ,f>m+ & ,good ,f>m+4-- ,summ]-fall[+ & ,pl[+ "u ,clov]4-- ,we mu/ raise l>g] ,crops p] ,acre4-- ,de/ruction ( ,we$s4-- ,f>m+ is ,sl[ ,"w4-- ,x requires ,p]sonal ,att5tion4 #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,:at is ,manure8-- ,! def9itions giv5 by ! ,deacon & ! ,doctor4 #ai ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,some?+ ab\t ,plant-food4-- ,all soils on :i* plants gr[ conta9 x4-- ,! ,season4-- ,wat]1 ,%ade1 ,light1 & ,mul*1 n ,manures4-- ,sev]al ,def9itions ( ,manure4 #ba ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,natural ,manure4-- ,accumulat$ ,plant-food 9 ! ,soil4-- ,exhau/ion ( ! ,soil4-- ,:y our ,crops are s ,poor4-- ,h[ to get ,l>g] ,crops4-- ,we mu/ ,dra91 ,cultivate ?or\ghly1 & ,make ,ri*] ,manure4 #bc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,swamp-muck & ,peat z ,manure4-- ,dra9+ ,swamp-l&4-- ,composition ( ,peat & ,muck4 #bi ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,:at is ,pot5tial ,ammonia4 #ca ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,tillage is ,manure4-- ,! ,doctor's ,lecture on ,manure4 #cb ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,summ]-fall[+4-- ,mr4 ,lawes' crop e o!r ye>4-- ,:eat aft] ,b>ley4-- ,= ,l>g] ,crops raise less frequ5tly1 & ,manure ,high]2 also keep bett] ,/ock1 & ,fe$ ,high]4 #cd ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,h[ to ,re/ore a ,worn-out ,f>m4-- ,! ,au?or's ,f>m4-- ,tillage r5d]s ! ,plant-food /or$ 9 ! soil available4-- ,cultivat$ ,l&s conta9 less ,plant-food1 b are m productive4-- ,grass alone w n make ri* l&4 #cg ,,*apt] ,x4 ,h[ to ,make ,manure4-- ,we mu/ get x out ( ! ,l&4 #da ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,! ,value ( ! ,manure dep5ds ^u ! ,food--n ^u ! ,animal4 #dc ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,foods :i* ,make ,ri* ,manure4-- ,table giv+ ! composition ( #ca k9ds ( ,food & ! value ( ! ,manure !y yield4-- ,cotton-se$ ,cake4-- ,engli% & ,g]man ,clov]4-- ,nitrog5\s matt] 9 ,ri* & ,poor ,foods4-- ,manure f ,corn comp>$ ) t f ,/raw4 #de ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,horse-manure & ,f>m-y>d ,manure4-- ,:y ! "o is ri*] ?an ! o!r4-- ,am\nt ( ,manure f a ,horse4-- ,composition ( ,f>m-y>d ,manure4-- ,we draw & spread a ton to get #cc lbs4 ( ,nitrog51 ,phosphoric ,acid1 & ,pota%4 #ej ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,f]m5t+ ,manure4-- ,composition ( ,manure :5 ,fre% & 9 its /ages ( ,f]m5tation4-- ,loss 9 ,f]m5tation & f ,lea*+4-- ,tables %[+ ! composition ( ,manure at diff]5t /ages4-- ,f]m5t+ makes ,manure m ,soluble4 #eb ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,keep+ ,manure "u ,cov]4-- ,dr4 ,vlck]'s ,exp]im5ts4-- ,manure ,f]m5t$ ,outside & ,"u ,cov]4-- ,loss f keep+ ,manure spread 9 ! ,b>n-y>d4-- ,keep+ well-rott$ ,manure 9 a ,heap4-- ,conclusions f ,dr4 ,vlck]'s ,exp]im5ts4 #ei ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,an ,engli% ,plan ( ,keep+ ,manure4-- ,box fe$+ ( ,cattle4-- ,spread+ ,manure at once4-- ,pil+ 9 ,heaps 9 ! ,field4-- ,old ,sods & ,a%es f ,*>r$ ,sods4 #fi ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,soluble ,phosphates 9 ,f>m-y>d ,manure4-- ,f]m5t$1 ! ,manure has ! mo/4-- ,ov] #dj p] c5t4 ( ! ,phosphoric ,acid is ,soluble4 #gb ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,h[ ! ,deacon makes ,manure4-- ,a good plan = mak+ poor ,manure4 #gd ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,h[ ,john ,john/on ,manages ,8 ,manure4 ,summ]-fall[s = ,:eat4-- ,does n pl[ "u ,clov]4-- ,value ( ,manure f diff]5t foods4-- ,pil+ ,manure4-- ,applies ,manure to ,grass-l& 9 ,fall1 & ,pl[s "u 9 ,spr+ = ,corn4-- ,8 success due to ! ,effect ( ,manure on ,grass4-- ,x br\ght 9 ,r$ ,clov]4 #gf ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,! ,au?or's ,plan ( ,manag+ ,manure4-- ,piles z fa/ z x is ,made4-- ,:at x is ,made (4-- ,horse & ,c[ ,manure ,toge!r4-- ,horse ,manure = ,b$d+ ,pigs4-- ,to ,prev5t ,freez+4-- ,liquid ,manure f ,pigs4-- ,b$d+ ,%eep4-- ,pil+ 9 ! ,field4-- ,:]e ! ,piles %\ld be ,made4-- ,manure 9 a ,bas94-- ,reasons = ,pil+4-- ,:at we ,ga9 by ,f]m5t+ ,manure4 #hc ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,managem5t ,cont9u$4-- ,:y ,we ,f]m5t ,manure4-- ,dr4 ,vlck]'s ,exp]im5ts %[+ ! ,loss :5 ,manure is spread 9 ,y>ds4-- ,f]m5t+ adds ,no?+ to ,manure1 b makes x m available4-- ,mr4 ,lawes' ,exp]im5ts on ,:eat & ,b>ley4-- ,dr4 ,vlck]'s ,results4-- ,ellw&] ,b>ry's ,exp]i5ce4-- ,loss ( ,ammonia by ,f]m5t+4-- ,wa/e f ,lea*+4-- ,h[ to ,save ! ,liquid ,manure f ,c[s4 #id ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,manure on ,dairy ,f>ms4-- ,:eat removes mu* m ,nitrog5 ?an ,*eese4-- ,manures = ,dairy ,f>ms4-- ,lett] f ,hon4 ,h>ris ,lewis4-- ,h[ to make m & bett] ,manure on ,dairy ,f>ms4-- ,h[ to save & apply x4-- ,lett] f ,t4 ,l4 ,h>ison1 ,esq4 #aja ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,managem5t ( ,manures on ,gra9 ,f>ms4-- ,lett] f ,hon4 ,geo4 ,g$des4-- ,gra9 on ,dairy ,f>ms4-- ,%eep on ,gra9 ,f>ms4-- ,visit to ,john ,john/on4-- ,mr4 ,lawes' ,:eat-field4-- ,mr4 ,g$des & ,clov]4-- ,gypsum & ,clov] z ,manures4 #aaa ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,! ,*eape/ ,manure a ,f>m] c use4-- ,clov] vs4 ,tillage4-- ,z ,plant-,food4-- ,con/itu5ts ( a ,crop ( ,clov]1 z comp>$ ) "o ( ,:eat4-- ,mak+ a ,f>m ,ri* by ,gr[+ ,clov]4 #abg ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,dr4 ,vlck]'s ,exp]im5ts on ,clov]4-- ,lawes & ,gilb]t's on ,:eat4-- ,clov] ,roots p] ,acre4-- ,manures = ,:eat4-- ,liebig's ,manure ,!ory4-- ,p]uvian ,guano on ,:eat4-- ,manures & ! ,quality ( ,:eat4-- ,ammonia4-- ,ov] #ej ,bu%els ( ,:eat to ! ,acre4 #ace ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,exp]im5ts on ,clov] ,soils f ,burcott ,lodge ,f>m1 ,leighton ,buzz>d4-- ,soil f ,"p ( #aa-;acre ,field twice ,m[n = ,hay4-- ,soil f d4 once ,m[n = ,hay & left = ,se$4-- ,am\nt ( ,roots left 9 ! ,soil by diff]5t ,crops4-- ,manures = ,:eat4 #adi ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on ,:eat4-- ,mo/ ,valuable & ,in/ructive ,tables n[ fir/ made accessible to ! ,am]ican ,f>m]4-- ,! gr[? ( ,:eat ,ye> aft] ,ye> on ! same ,l&1 unmanur$1 ) ,f>m-y>d ,manure1 & ) v>i\s ,organic & ,inorganic ,f]tiliz]s4 #agj ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,lime z a ,manure4-- ,pr(4 ,way's ,exp]im5ts4-- ,! uses ( ,lime 9 ! ,soil4-- ,lime 9 ?is ,c\ntry4-- ,compo/s ) ,lime4 #bae ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,manures = ,b>ley4-- ,composition ( ,b>ley1 gra9 & /raw4-- ,valuable ,tables giv+ ! ,results ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on ! gr[? ( ,b>ley1 ,ye> aft] ,ye>1 on ! same ,l&1 )\t ,manure1 & ) diff]5t k9ds ( ,manure4-- ,manure & ,rotation ( ,crops4 #bbg ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,manures = ,oats4-- ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$4-- ,exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,ba? ( ,virg9ia4-- ,at ,moreton ,f>m4 #beb ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,manures = ,potatoes4-- ,p]uvian ,guano = ,potatoes4-- ,manure f diff]5t ,foods4-- ,exp]im5ts at ,moreton ,f>m4-- ,mr4 ,hunt]'s ,exp]im5ts4 #bee ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,:at ,crops %\ld ,manure be ,appli$ to8-- ,h[1 & ,:58-- ,john ,j4 ,?omas' mann] ( ,apply+ ,manure4-- ,top ,dress+4-- ,doct4 ,vlck]'s ,exp]im5ts4 #bfe ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,manures on ,p]man5t ,mead[s & ,pa/ures4-- ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$4 #bga ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,manures = ,special ,crops4-- ,hops4-- ,indian ,corn4-- ,turnips4-- ,mangel-,wurzel or ,sug>-,beets4-- ,cabbages1 ,p>snips1 ,lettuce1 ,onions1 etc4 #bgd ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,manures = ,g>d5s & ,or*>ds4-- ,m>ket ,g>d5s4-- ,se$-gr[+ ,f>ms4-- ,private ,g>d5s4-- ,hot-b$s4-- ,manure = ,nurs]ym54-- ,fruit ,gr[]s4-- ,h5-,manure4 #bid ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,manures4-- ,c[ ,manure4-- ,%eep ,manure4-- ,buy+ ,manure4-- ,liquid ,manure4-- ,nightsoil & ,sewage4-- ,p]uvian ,guano4-- ,salts ( ,ammonia & ,nitrate ( ,soda4 #cjb ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,bone-,du/ & ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime4-- ,bone furni%es ,nitrog5 z well z ,phosphate ( ,lime4-- ,increas+ ! ,availability ( ,bone ) ,sulphuric ,acid4 #cad ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,special ,manures4-- ,liebig's ,views4-- ,special ,manure = ,:eat & ,turnips4-- ,ro?am/$ ,exp]im5ts4 #cbj ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,value ( ,f]tiliz]s4-- ,co/ p] p\nd ( ! ,ess5tial ,con/itu5ts ( ,f]tiliz]s4-- ,value ( ,guanos4-- ,pota% z a ,manure4 #cbd ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,re/or+ ,f]tility to ! ,soil1 a ,*apt] by ,sir ,john ,b5net ,lawes4-- ,! ,treatm5t ( a ,poor ,f>m1 to ,re/ore x mo/ ,pr(itably4-- ,meat-mak+ ! ,back-bone ( ! ,sy/em4-- ,! ,use ( ,%eep to ,manure ! ,soil4-- ,! ,fe$+ ( ,cotton-se$ ,cake4-- ,artificial ,manures n ,pr(itable on ,poor ,l&4-- ,! ,loss ( ,nitrog54-- ,! ,=mation ( ,nitric ,acid4 #cdb ,,app5dix4 ,lett] f ,edw>d ,jessop4-- ,f ,dr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,/urtevant4-- ,f ,m4 ,c4 ,weld4-- ,f ,pet] ,h5d]son4-- ,f ,j4 ,b4 ,m4 &]son4-- ,manure ,/ati/ics ( ,long ,isl&4-- ,lett] f ,j4 ,h4 ,ru%more4-- ,lett] f ,john ,e4 ,backus4-- ,manure 9 ,philadelphia4-- ,v>i\s o!r ,lett]s4 #ceb ,,introduction ,,to ,,new ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,edition4 ,sir ,john ,b5net ,lawes k9dly cons5t$ to write a ,*apt] = ! new edition ( ?is "w4 ,! ,deacon1 ! ,doctor1 ! ,squire1 ,*>lie & myself all felt flatt]$ & some:at ba%ful at f9d+ ourselves 9 su* di/+ui%$ company4 ,i ne$ n say t ?is new ,*apt] f ! p5 ( ! mo/ em95t ,engli% agricultural inve/igator is wor?y ( a v c>eful /udy4 ,i h read x aga9 & aga91 & ea* "t ) great & r5ew$ int]e/4 ,i c\ld wi% !re 0 m ( x4 ,b to ! intellig5t & well-in=m$ read] ?is ,*apt] w be valu$ n m]ely = :at x conta9s1 b = :at x omits4 ,a man :o knew less w\ld write m4 ,sir ,john goes /raight to ! m>k1 & we h "h 8 mature views on "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions 9 agricultural sci5ce & practice4 ,sir ,john describes a tract ( poor l&1 & tells u t ! *eape/ me?od ( improv+ & enri*+ x is1 to keep a l>ge bre$+ flock ( %eep1 & fe$ !m ,am]ican cotton-se$ cake4 ,we are pleas$ to f9d t ?is is 9 accordance ) ! g5]al tea*+ ( our 8,talks10 z giv5 9 ?is book sev]al ye>s ago4 ,:5 ?is "w 0 fir/ publi%$1 "s ( my fri5ds express$ surprise t ,i did n recomm5d ! m ext5d$ use ( artificial manures4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 s9ce t "t ! use ( sup]phosphate has be5 greatly on ! increase4 ,& x seems cle> t its use mu/ be pr(itable4 ,:]e ,i live1 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york1 x is s[n q g5]ally on w9t] :eat1 & also on b>ley & oats 9 ! spr+4 ,on corn & potatoes1 its use is n s common4 ,:e!r ?is is because its application to ^! crops is n s easy1 or because x does n produce s m>k$ an increase 9 ! yield p] acre1 ,i am unable to say4 ,our w9t] :eat is s[n "h ! fir/1 second1 or 7r>ely7 ! ?ird week 9 ,septemb]4 ,we s[ f "o & a half to two & a qu>t] bu%els p] acre4 ,x is almo/ inv>iably s[n ) a drill4 ,! drill has a f]tiliz] atta*m5t t di/ributes ! sup]phosphate at ! same "t ! :eat is s[n4 ,! sup]phosphate is n mix$ ) ! :eat1 b x drops into ! same tubes ) ! :eat1 & is s[n ) x 9 ! same drill m>k4 ,9 ?is way1 ! sup]phosphate is deposit$ :]e ! roots ( ! "y plants c imm$iately f9d x4 ,= b>ley & oats ! same me?od is adopt$4 ,x w be se5 t ! co/ ( s[+ sup]phosphate on ^! crops is m]ely nom9al4 ,b = corn & potatoes1 :5 plant$ 9 hills1 ! sup]phosphate mu/ be dropp$ 9 ! hill by h&1 &1 z we are almo/ always hurri$ at t season ( ! ye>1 we are impati5t at any?+ :i* w delay plant+ ev5 = a day4 ,! boys want to g fi%+6 ,?is is1 und\bt$ly1 "o reason :y sup]phosphate is n us$ s g5]ally ) u = corn z = :eat1 b>ley1 & oats4 ,ano!r reason may be1 t "o hundr$ p\nds ( corn w n sell = any?+ l z mu* z "o hundr$ p\nds ( :eat1 b>ley1 & oats4 ,we are n[ buy+ a v good sup]phosphate1 made f ,c>ol9a rock phosphate1 = ab\t "o & a half c5ts p] p\nd4 ,we usually drill 9 ab\t two hundr$ p\nds p] acre at a co/ ( ?ree doll>s4 ,n[1 if ?is gives u an increase ( five bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 wor? six doll>s1 we ?9k x pays4 ,x (t5 does f> bett] ?an ?is4 ,la/ ye> ! :eat crop ( ,we/]n ,new ,york 0 ! be/ 9 a ?ird ( a c5tury1 :i* is z f> back z ,i h _h any?+ to d ) f>m+ "h4 ,f all ,i c le>n1 x is d\btful if ! :eat crop ( ,we/]n ,new ,york has ev] av]ag$ a l>g] yield p] acre s9ce ! l& 0 fir/ cultivat$ aft] ! removal ( ! orig9al =e/4 ,some?+ ( ?is is due to bett] me?ods ( cultivation & tillage1 & some?+1 d\btless1 to ! g5]al use ( sup]phosphate1 b mu* m to ! favorable season4 ,! pres5t ye> our :eat crop turn$ out exce$+ly poor4 ,hundr$s ( acres ( :eat 7 pl[$ up1 & ! l& res[n1 & hundr$s m w\ld h be5 pl[$ up _h x n be5 = ! fact t ! l& 0 se$$ ) timo?y grass at ! "t ( s[+ ! :eat1 & ) clov] 9 ! spr+4 ,we d n l to lose our grass & clov]4 ,dry wea!r 9 ! autumn 0 ! real cause ( ! poor yield ( :eat ?is ye>4 ,true1 we _h a v try+ w9t]1 & a /ill m try+ spr+1 foll[$ by dry1 cold wea!r4 ,! season 0 v backw>d4 ,we 7 n able to s[ any?+ 9 ! fields be=e ! fir/ ( ,may1 & our :eat ought to h be5 ready to h>ve/ 9 ,july4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,may1 _m ( our :eat-fields1 especially on clay l&1 look$ z b>e z a nak$ fall[4 ,!re 0 "h & !re1 a good field ( :eat4 ,z a rule1 x 0 on naturally moi/ l&1 or aft] a good summ]-fall[1 s[n e>ly4 ,i "k ( b "o exception4 ,a neighbor+ nurs]y firm _h a v promis+ field ( :eat1 :i* 0 s[n late4 ,b _! l& is ri* & unusually well work$4 ,x is1 9 fact1 9 ! v highe/ condition1 &1 ?\gh s[n late1 ! "y plants 7 enabl$ to make a good /rong gr[? 9 ! autumn4 ,9 su* a dry season1 ! great po9t is1 to get ! se$ to g]m9ate1 & to furni% suffici5t moi/ure & food to enable ! "y plants to make a /rong1 vigor\s gr[? ( roots 9 ! autumn4 ,i d n say t two hundr$ p\nds ( sup]phosphate p] acre1 drill$ 9 ) ! se$1 w always accompli% ?is object4 ,b x is und\bt$ly a great help4 ,x does n furni% ! nitrog5 :i* ! :eat requires1 b if x w /imulate ! production ( roots 9 ! e>ly autumn1 ! plants w be mu* m likely to f9d a suffici5t supply ( nitrog5 9 ! soil ?an plants ) few] & small] roots4 ,9 a season l ! pa/1 !re=e1 an application ( two hundr$ p\nds ( sup]phosphate p] acre1 co/+ ?ree doll>s1 in/ead ( giv+ an increase ( five or six bu%els p] acre1 may give u an increase ( fifte5 or tw5ty bu%els p] acre4 ,t is to say1 ow+ to ! dry wea!r 9 ! autumn1 foll[$ by sev]e wea!r 9 ! w9t]1 ! weak plants on ! unmanur$ l& may ei!r be kill$ out altoge!r1 or injur$ to su* an ext5t t ! crop is h>dly wor? h>ve/+1 :ile ! :eat :]e ! phosphate 0 s[n may give u almo/ an av]age crop4 ,sir ,john ,b4 ,lawes has some:]e comp>$ ! own] ( l& to ! own] ( a coal m9e4 ,! own] ( ! coal digs x & gets x to m>ket 9 ! be/ way he c4 ,! f>m]'s coal m9e consi/s ( plant food1 & ! object ( ! f>m] is to get ?is food into su* plants1 or su* p>ts ( plants1 z 8 cu/om]s require4 ,x is h>dly wor? :ile = ! own] ( ! coal m9e to tr\ble 8 head ab\t ! exhau/ion ( ! supply ( coal4 ,8 true plan is to dig x z economically z he c1 & get x into m>ket4 ,!re is a good deal ( coal 9 ! _w1 & !re is a good deal ( plant food 9 ! e>?4 ,z long z ! plant food lies dormant 9 ! soil1 x is ( no value to man4 ,! object ( ! f>m] is to conv]t x into products :i* man & animals require4 ,m9+ = coal is a v simple matt]1 b h[ be/ to get ! greate/ quantity ( plant food out ( ! soil1 ) ! lea/ wa/e & ! greate/ pr(it1 is a mu* m complex & difficult task4 ,plant food consi/s ( a doz5 or m diff]5t sub/ances4 ,we h talk$ ab\t !m 9 ! pages ( ?is book1 & all ,i wi% to say "h is t "s ( !m are mu* m abundant1 & m readily obta9$1 ?an o!rs4 ,! ?ree sub/ances mo/ difficult to get at are3 nitric acid1 phosphoric acid & pota%4 ,all ^! sub/ances are 9 ! soil1 b "s soils conta9 mu* m ?an o!rs1 & _! relative proportion v>ies consid]ably4 ,! sub/ance :i* is ( ! greate/ importance1 is nitric acid4 ,z a rule1 ! f]tility ( a soil is 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( nitric acid :i* becomes available = ! use ( plants dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,_m ( our soils conta9 l>ge quantities ( nitrog51 unit$ ) c>bon1 b ! plants d n take x up 9 ?is =m4 ,x has to be conv]t$ into nitric acid4 ,nitric acid consi/s ( sev5 p\nds ( nitrog5 & tw5ty p\nds ( oxyg54 ,x is produc$ by ! combu/ion ( nitrog54 ,s9ce ^! 8,talks0 7 publi%$1 sev]al important facts h be5 discov]$ 9 reg>d to h[ plants take up nitrog51 & especially 9 reg>d to h[ organic nitrog5 is conv]t$ into nitric acid4 ,x is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! action ( a m9ute fungoid plant4 ,!re are sev]al ?+s necess>y = ! gr[? ( ?is plant4 ,we mu/ h "s nitrog5\s sub/ance1 a mod]ate degree ( heat1 say f sev5ty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty degrees1 a mod]ate am\nt ( moi/ure1 & pl5ty ( oxyg54 ,%ade is also favorable4 ,if too hot or too cold1 or too wet or too dry1 ! gr[? ( ! plant is *eck$1 & ! =mation ( nitric acid susp5d$4 ,! pres5ce ( lime1 or ( "s alkali1 is also necess>y = ! gr[? ( ?is fungus & ! production ( nitric acid4 ,! nitric acid unites ) ! lime1 & =ms nitrate ( lime1 or ) soda to =m nitrate ( soda1 or ) pota% to =m nitrate ( pota%1 or salt-petre4 ,a wat]-logg$ soil1 by exclud+ ! oxyg51 de/roys ?is plant1 h5ce "o ( ! advantages ( und]dra9+4 ,i h said t %ade is favorable to ! gr[? ( ?is fungus1 & ?is fact expla9s & confirms ! common idea t %ade is manure4 ,! great object ( agriculture is to conv]t ! nitrog5 ( our soils1 or ( gre5 crops pl[$ "u1 or ( manure1 into nitric acid1 & !n to conv]t ?is nitric acid into pr(itable products ) z little loss z possible4 ,nitrog51 or r nitric acid1 is ! mo/ co/ly +r$i5t 9 plant food1 & un=tunately x is v easily wa%$ out ( ! soil & lo/4 ,p]haps x is absolutely impossible to entirely prev5t all loss f lea*+2 b x is c]ta9ly well wor? our :ile to und]/& ! subject1 & to "k exactly :at we are do+4 ,9 a new c\ntry1 :]e l& is *eap1 x may be m pr(itable to raise z l>ge crops z possible )\t any reg>d to ! loss ( nitric acid4 ,b ?is condition ( ?+s does n la/ long1 & x v soon becomes desirable to adopt less wa/eful processes4 ,9 ,lawes & ,gilb]t's exp]im5ts1 !re is a great loss ( nitric acid f dra9age4 ,9 no case has z mu* nitrog5 be5 obta9$ 9 ! increas$ crop z 0 appli$ 9 ! manure4 ,!re is always a loss & probably always w be4 ,b we %\ld d all we c to make ?is loss z small z possible1 consi/5t ) ! production ( pr(itable crops4 ,!re are _m ways ( less5+ ?is loss ( nitric acid4 ,our f>m]s s[ sup]phosphate ) _! :eat 9 ! autumn1 & ?is /imulates1 we ?9k1 ! gr[? ( roots1 :i* ramify 9 all directions ?r\gh ! soil4 ,?is increas$ gr[? ( root br+s ! plant 9 contact ) a l>g] fe$+ surface1 & enables x to take up m nitric acid f its solution 9 ! soil4 ,su* is also ! case dur+ ! w9t] & e>ly spr+1 :5 a good deal ( wat] p]meates ?r\gh ! soil4 ,! application ( sup]phosphate1 unque/ionably 9 _m cases1 prev5ts mu* loss ( nitric acid4 ,x does ?is by giv+ u a mu* great] gr[? ( :eat4 ,i 0 at ,ro?am/$ 9 #ahgi1 & witness$ ! injuri\s effect ( an excessive ra9fall1 9 wa%+ out ( ! soil nitrate ( soda & salts ( ammonia1 :i* 7 s[n ) ! :eat 9 ! autumn4 ,x 0 an exce$+ly wet season1 & ! loss ( nitrates on all ! diff]5t plots 0 v great4 ,b :]e ! nitrates or salts ( ammonia 7 s[n 9 ! spr+1 :ile ! crops 7 gr[+1 ! loss 0 n ne>ly s great z :5 s[n 9 ! autumn4 ,! sight ( t :eat field impress$ me1 z no?+ else c\ld1 ) ! importance ( gu>d+ aga9/ ! loss ( available nitrog5 f lea*+1 & x has *ang$ my practice 9 two or ?ree important respects4 ,i realize1 z nev] be=e1 ! importance ( apply+ manure to crops1 r ?an to ! l&4 ,i mean by ?is1 t ! object ( apply+ manure is1 n simply to make l& ri*1 b to make crops gr[4 ,manure is a co/ly & valuable article1 & we want to conv]t x into plants1 ) z little delay z possible1 :i* w1 directly or indirectly1 br+ 9 "s money4 ,our climate is v diff]5t f t ( ,engl&4 ,z a rule1 we seldom h en\gh ra91 f ! "t corn is plant$ until x is h>ve/$1 to m ?an saturate ! gr\nd on our upl& soils4 ,?is ye> is an exception4 ,on ,sunday night1 ,may #bj1 #ahhc1 we _h a nor!a/ /orm :i* cont9u$ ?ree days4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree days1 f ?ree to five in*es ( ra9 fell1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 _m ye>s1 at ?is season1 my und]dra9s dis*>g$ wat] to _! full capacity4 ,_h nitrate ( soda be5 s[n on b>e l& previ\s to ?is ra91 mu* ( x w\ld1 d\btless1 h be5 lo/ by lea*+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an exceptional case4 ,my und]dra9s usually d n comm5ce to dis*>ge wat] be=e ! fir/ ( ,decemb]1 or cont9ue lat] ?an ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,to gu>d aga9/ loss ( nitrog5 by lea*+1 !re=e1 we %\ld aim to keep ri* l& occupi$ by "s crop1 dur+ ! w9t] & e>ly spr+1 & ! e>li] ! crop is s[n 9 ! autumn or late summ]1 ! bett]1 s t ! roots w ! m completely fill ! gr\nd & take up all ! available nitrog5 )9 _! rea*4 ,i h said t ?is idea _h modifi$ my own practice4 ,i gr[ a consid]able quantity ( g>d5 vegetables1 pr9cipally = se$4 ,x is necess>y to make ! l& v ri*4 ,! plan ,i h adopt$ to gu>d aga9/ ! loss ( nitrog5 is ?is3 ,z soon z ! l& is cle>$ ( any crop1 aft] x is too late to s[ turnips1 ,i s[ x ) rye at ! rate ( "o & a half to two bu%els p] acre4 ,on ?is ri* l&1 especially on ! moi/ l[ l&1 ! rye makes a great gr[? dur+ our w>m autumn wea!r4 ,! rye *ecks ! gr[? ( we$s1 & furni%es a consid]able am\nt ( succul5t food = %eep1 dur+ ! autumn or 9 ! spr+4 ,if n ne$$ = food1 x c be turn$ "u 9 ! spr+ = manure4 ,x unque/ionably prev5ts ! loss ( consid]able nitric acid f lea*+ dur+ ! w9t] & e>ly spr+4 ,buck:eat1 or millet1 is sometimes s[n on su* l& = pl[+ "u z manure1 b z ^! crops are kill$ out by ! w9t]1 !y _c prev5t ! loss ( nitric acid dur+ ! w9t] & spr+ mon?s4 ,x is only on unusually ri* l& t su* precautions are p>ticul>ly necess>y4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ^! exp]im5ts ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t af=d a /rong argum5t aga9/ ! use ( summ]-fall[s4 ,i d n ?9k s4 ,a summ]-fall[1 9 ?is c\ntry1 is usually a piece ( l& :i* has be5 se$$ d[n "o1 two1 & sometimes ?ree ye>s1 ) r$ clov]4 ,! l& is pl[$ 9 ,may or ,june1 & occasionally 9 ,july1 & is aft]w>ds s[n to w9t] :eat 9 ,septemb]4 ,! treatm5t ( ! summ]-fall[ v>ies 9 diff]5t localities & on diff]5t f>ms4 ,sometimes ! l& is only pl[$ once4 ,! clov]1 or sod1 is pl[$ "u deep & well1 & ! aft]-treatm5t consi/s 9 keep+ ! surface soil free f we$s1 by ! frequ5t use ( ! h>r[1 roll]1 cultivator or gang-pl[4 ,9 o!r cases1 especially on heavy clay l&1 ! fir/ pl[+ is done e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & :5 ! sod is suffici5tly rott$1 ! l& is cross-pl[$1 & aft]w>ds made f9e & mell[ by ! use ( ! roll]1 h>r[1 & cultivator4 ,j be=e s[+ ! :eat1 _m good1 old-fa%ion$ f>m]s1 pl[ ! l& aga94 ,b 9 ?is section1 a summ]-fall[1 pl[$ two or ?ree times dur+ ! summ]1 is becom+ m & m r>e e ye>4 ,^? f>m]s :o summ]-fall[ at all1 z a rule1 pl[ _! l& b once1 & cont5t !mselves ) m]e surface cultivation aft]w>ds4 ,x is und\bt$ly true1 also1 t summ] fall[s ( all k9ds are by no means z common z =m]ly4 ,?is fact may be consid]$ an argum5t aga9/ ! use ( summ]-fall[+2 b x is n conclusive 9 my m9d4 ,pati5t wait+ is n a *>act]i/ic ( ! age4 ,we are incl9$ to take risks4 ,we pref] to s[ our l& to oats1 or b>ley1 & run ! *ance ( gett+ a good :eat crop aft] x1 r ?an to sp5d sev]al mon?s 9 clean+ & mell[+ ! l&1 simply to gr[ "o crop ( :eat4 ,x has always seem$ to me entirely unnecess>y to urge f>m]s n to summ]-fall[4 ,we all naturally pref] to see ! l& occupi$ by a good pay+ crop1 r ?an to sp5d "t1 money1 & labor1 9 prep>+ x to produce a crop twelve or fifte5 mon?s aft]w>ds4 ,yet "s ( ! agricultural editors & _m ( ! agricultural writ]s1 seem to take delight 9 d]id+ ! old-fa%ion$ summ]-fall[4 ,! fact t ,lawes & ,gilb]t 9 ,engl& f9d t1 :5 l& conta9s consid]able nitric acid1 ! wat] :i* p]colates ?r\gh ! soil to ! und]dra9s b5ea?1 conta9s m nitrate ( lime :5 ! l& is n occupi$ by a crop1 ?an :5 ! roots ( gr[+ plants fill ! soil1 is deem$ positive pro( t summ]-fall[+ is a wa/eful practice4 ,if we summ]-fall[$ = a spr+ crop1 z ,i h sometimes done1 x is q probable t !re w\ld be a loss ( nitrog54 ,b1 z ,i h said be=e1 x is v seldom t any wat] passes ?r\gh ! soil f ! "t we comm5ce ! summ]-fall[ until ! :eat is s[n 9 ! autumn1 or = _m weeks aft]w>ds4 ,! nitrog51 :i* is conv]t$ into nitric acid by ! ag5cy ( a good summ]-fall[1 is no m liable to be wa%$ out ( ! soil aft] ! field is s[n to :eat 9 ! autumn1 ?an if we appli$ ! nitrog5 9 ! =m ( "s readily available manure4 ,i /ill believe 9 summ] fall[s4 ,if ,i _h my life to live ov] aga91 ,i w\ld c]ta9ly summ]-fall[ m ?an ,i h done4 ,i h be5 an agricultural writ] = "o-?ird ( a c5tury1 & h p]si/5tly advocat$ ! m ext5d$ use ( ! summ]-fall[4 ,i h no?+ to take back1 unless x is :at ,i h said 9 ref]5ce to 8fall-fall[+40 ,possibly ?is practice may result 9 loss1 ?\gh ,i d n ?9k s4 ,a good summ]-fall[1 on r heavy clay l&1 if ! conditions are o!rwise favorable1 is pretty sure to give u a good crop ( :eat1 & a good crop ( clov] & grass aft]w>ds4 ,( c\rse1 a f>m] :o has nice1 clean s&y soil1 w n ?9k ( summ]-fall[+ x4 ,su* soils are easily work$1 & x is n a difficult matt] to keep !m clean )\t summ]-fall[+4 ,su* soils1 h[ev]1 seldom conta9 a l>ge /ore ( unavailable plant food1 & in/ead ( summ]-fall[+1 we _h bett] manure4 ,on su* soils artificial manures are (t5 v pr(itable1 ?\gh b>n-y>d manure1 or ! dropp+s ( animals fe$+ on ! l&1 %\ld be ! prime basis ( all attempts to ma9ta91 or increase1 ! productiv5ess ( su* soils4 ,s9ce ?is book 0 fir/ publi%$1 ,i d n "k ( any new facts 9 reg>d to ! important "q (1 h[ be/ to manage & apply our b>n-y>d manure1 s z to make x m imm$iately active & available4 ,x is unque/ionably true1 t ! same am\nt ( nitrog5 9 b>n-y>d manure1 w n produce s great an effect z its !oretical value w\ld indicate4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! bett] we fe$ our animals1 & ! m c>efully we save ! liquids1 ! m valuable & active w be ! manure4 ,! conv]sion ( ! in]t nitrog5 ( manures & soils1 into nitric acid1 z already /at$1 is n[ kn[n to be produc$ by a m9ute fungus4 ,i hope x w be f\nd t we c introduce ?is bact]ium into our manure piles1 9 su* a way z to greatly aid ! conv]sion ( in]t nitrog5 into nitrates4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made1 & are /ill cont9u$1 at ,woburn1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 to asc]ta91 among o!r ?+s1 :e!r manure f %eep receiv+ an all[ance ( cotton-se$ cake is any ri*] ?an t f %eep1 o!rwise f$ alike1 b hav+1 in/ead ( cotton-se$ cake1 ! same am\nt ( corn meal4 ,we "k t su* manure conta9s m nitrog51 & o!r plant food1 ?an t f ! corn meal4 ,b ! exp]im5ts s f>1 ?\gh !y h be5 cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s1 d n %[ any /rik+ sup]iority ( ! manure f cotton-se$ cake ov] t f corn meal4 ,i saw ! :eat on ^! diff]5tly manur$ plots 9 #ahgi4 ,dr4 ,vlck] & ,dr4 ,gilb]t1 told me t1 "o ( two plots 0 dress$ ) ! cotton-se$ manure1 & ! o!r ) ! corn meal manure1 & !y want$ me to say :i* 0 ! mo/ promis+ crop4 ,i believe ! "o ,i said 0 ! bett]1 0 ! cotton-se$ plot4 ,b ! diff]5ce 0 v slight4 ,! tru? is t su* exp]im5ts mu/ be cont9u$ = _m ye>s be=e !y w prove any?+4 ,z ,i said be=e1 we "k t ! manure f ! cotton-se$ cake is ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an t f ! corn meal2 b we also "k t ?is nitrog5 w n produce s great an effect1 z a mu* small] am\nt ( nitrog5 9 salts ( ammonia1 or nitrate ( soda4 ,9 go+ ov] ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! heal?y & vigor\s appe>ance ( "o ( ! plots ( :eat1 & ask$ h[ x 0 manur$4 ,dr4 ,vlck] call$ out1 8clov]1 ,mr4 ,h>ris1 clov]40 ,9 ,engl&1 z 9 ,am]ica1 x requires v little obs]vation & exp]i5ce to conv9ce any "o ( ! value ( clov]4 ,aft] :at ,i h said1 & :at ! ,deacon1 ! ,doctor1 ,*>ley & ! ,squire h said1 9 ! pages ( ?is book1 ,i hope no "o w ?9k t ,i d n appreciate ! great value ( r$ clov] z a means ( enri*+ our l&4 ,dr4 ,vlck] evid5tly ?\ght ,i 0 skeptical on ?is po9t4 ,i am n4 ,i h great fai? 9 ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f ! gr[? ( clov]4 ,b ,i d n ?9k x orig9ates f]tility2 x does n get nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e4 ,or at any rate1 we h no evid5ce ( x4 ,! facts are all ! o!r way4 ,we h discuss$ ?is "q at consid]able l5g? 9 ! pages ( ?is book1 & x is n necess>y to say m on ! subject4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly urge f>m]s1 especially ^? :o are us+ phosphates freely1 to gr[ z mu* clov] z possible1 & fe$ x out on ! f>m1 or pl[ x "u = manure4 ,! "q is frequ5tly ask$1 :e!r ! use ( phosphates w ultimately impov]i% our f>ms4 ,x may1 or x may n4 ,x dep5ds on our g5]al managem5t4 ,!oretically1 ! use ( a manure furni%+ only "o elem5t ( plant food1 if x increases ! gr[? ( crops :i* are sold f ! f>m1 mu/ h a t5d5cy to impov]i% ! l& ( ! o!r elem5ts ( plant food4 ,9 o!r words1 ! use ( sup]phosphate furni%+ only1 or pr9cipally1 phosphoric acid1 lime & sulphuric acid1 mu/ h a t5d5cy to impov]i% ! soil ( nitrog5 & pota%4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 x ne$ d no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,if ! l& is well cultivat$1 & if our l[1 ri*1 alluvial portions ( ! f>m are dra9$1 & if ! hay1 grass1 clov]1 /raw & fodd] crops are reta9$1 ! m phosphates we use1 ! ri*] & m productive w ! f>m become4 ,& ,i ?9k x is a fact1 t ! f>m]s :o use ! mo/ phosphates1 are ! v m5 :o take ! greate/ pa9s to dra9 _! l&1 cultivate x ?or\ghly1 & make ! mo/ manure4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! use ( phosphates is a national b5efit4 ,"s ( our railroad manag]s take ?is view ( ! subject4 ,!y c>ry sup]phosphate at a l[ rate1 kn[+ t its use w increase ! freight ! o!r way4 ,9 o!r words1 !y br+ a ton ( sup]phosphate f ! seabo>d1 kn[+ t its use w give !m _m tons ( freight ( produce1 f ! int]ior to ! seabo>d4 ,x is n an uncommon ?+ = two hundr$ p\nds ( sup]phosphate1 to give an increase ( five tons ( turnips p] acre4 ,or1 s to speak1 ! railroad t br+s "o ton ( sup]phosphate f ! seabo>d1 might1 z ! result ( its use1 h fifty tons ( freight to c>ry back aga94 ,?is is p]haps an exceptionably favorable in/ance1 b x illu/rates ! pr9ciple4 ,ye>s ago1 be=e ! abolition ( tolls on ! ,engli% turnpike roads1 c>riages load$ ) lime1 & all o!r sub/ances int5d$ = manure1 7 all[$ to g free4 ,& our railroads w f9d x to _! int]e/ to transport manures ( all k9ds1 at a m]ely nom9al rate4 ,_m p w be surpris$ at ! recomm5dation ( ,sir ,john ,b4 ,lawes1 n to wa/e "t & money 9 clean+ poor l&1 be=e se$+ x d[n to grass4 ,he ?9ks t if ! l& is made ri*1 ! sup]ior grasses ov]gr[ ! bad grasses & we$s4 ,i h no d\bt he is "r 9 ?is1 ?\gh ! pr9ciple may be pu%$ to an extreme4 ,our climate1 9 ?is c\ntry1 is s favorable = kill+ we$s1 t ! pl[ & ! cultivator w probably be a m economical means ( mak+ our l& clean1 ?an ! lib]al use ( exp5sive manures4 ,x dep5ds1 d\btless1 on ! l& & on circum/ances4 ,x is well to "k t manure on grass l&1 w s increase ! gr[? ( ! good grasses1 z to smo!r ! we$s4 ,ne> my h\se 0 a piece ( l& t ,i want$ to make into a lawn4 ,i s[$ x ) grass se$1 b ! we$s smo!r$ x out4 ,i pl[$ x1 & ho$ x1 & re-se$$ x1 b /ill ! we$s grew4 ,mall[s came up by ! ?\s&1 ) o!r we$s too num]\s to m5tion4 ,x 0 an eye-sore4 ,we m[$ ! we$s1 b almo/ despair$ ( ev] mak+ a dec5t bit ( grass l& out ( x4 ,x s happ5$ t1 "o ye>1 we plac$ ! *ick5 coops on ?is mis]able we$y spot4 ,! h5s & *ick5s 7 kept !re = sev]al weeks4 ,! fe$ & ! dropp+s made x look m unsightly ?an ev]1 b ! next spr+1 z if by magic1 ! we$s 7 gone & ! l& 0 cov]$ ) d>k gre5 luxuriant grass4 ,9 reg>d to ! use ( pota% z a manure1 we h /ill mu* to le>n4 ,x w\ld seem t our gra9 crops w use soda1 if !y _c get pota%4 ,!y mu* pref] ! pota%1 & w gr[ mu* m luxuriantly :]e1 9 ! soil or manure1 9 addition to ! o!r elem5ts ( plant food1 pota% is abundant4 ,b ! increas$ gr[? caus$ by ! pota%1 is pr9cipally1 if n entirely1 /raw1 or leaves & /em4 ,nature makes a great ef=t to propagate ! species4 ,a plant ( :eat or b>ley1 w produce se$ if ?is is possible1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! plant4 ,= gra9 crops1 gr[n = se$1 !re=e1 x w\ld seem to be entirely unpr(itable to use pota% z a manure4 ,if ! soil conta9s ! o!r elem5ts ( plant food1 ! addition ( pota% may give u a mu* m luxuriant gr[? ( leaves & /em1 b no m gra9 or se$4 ,= hay1 or grass or fodd] crops1 ! case is v diff]5t1 & pota% may (t5 be us$ on ^! crops to great advantage4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t consid]able nitrate ( soda w yet be us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = manure4 ,i d n suppose x w pay z a rule1 on :eat1 corn & o!r /&>d gra9 crops4 ,b ! g>d5]1 se$ gr[]1 & nurs]yman1 w f9d out h[ to use x ) great pr(it4 ,our nurs]ym5 say t !y _c use artificial manures ) any advantage4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t a dress+ ( sup]phosphate1 s[n on a block ( nurs]y trees1 w d little good4 ,x nev] rea*es ! roots ( ! plants4 ,sup]phosphate c n be wa%$ d[n deep into ! soil4 ,nitrate ( soda is readily c>ri$ d[n1 z deep z ! wat] s9ks4 ,= trees1 !re=e1 x w\ld seem desirable to apply ! sup]phosphate be=e !y are plant$1 & pl[ x "u4 ,& ! same is true ( pota%2 b nitrate ( soda w\ld be bett] appli$ z a top-dress+ e ye>1 e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,! mo/ disc\rag+ fact1 9 ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's exp]im5ts1 is ! great loss ( nitrog54 ,x w\ld seem t1 on an av]age1 dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s1 ab\t "o-half ! nitrog5 is wa%$ out ( ! soil1 or o!rwise lo/4 ,i c n b hope & believe t1 at any rate 9 ?is c\ntry1 !re is no su* loss 9 practical agriculture4 ,9 ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's exp]im5ts on :eat1 ?is gra9 is gr[n ye> aft] ye>1 on ! same l&4 ,=ty annual crops h be5 remov$4 ,no clov] is s[n ) ! :eat1 & great pa9s are tak5 to keep ! l& clean4 ,! crop is ho$ :ile gr[+1 & ! we$s are pull$ out by h&4 ,! be/ :eat season dur+ ! =ty ye>s1 0 ! ye> #ahfc4 ,! poore/1 t ( #ahgi2 & x s happ5$1 t aft] an abs5ce ( ?irty ye>s1 ,i 0 at ,ro?am/$ dur+ ?is poor ye> ( #ahgi4 ,! fir/ ?+ t /ruck me1 9 look+ at ! exp]im5tal :eat1 0 ! ragg$ appe>ance ( ! crop4 ,my own :eat crop 0 be+ cut ! day ,i left home1 ,july #ae4 ,sev]al m5 & boys 7 pull+ we$s out ( ! exp]im5tal :eat1 two weeks lat]4 ,_h ! we$s be5 suff]$ to gr[1 ,sir ,john ,b5net ,lawes tells u1 !re w\ld be less loss ( nitrog54 ,! loss ( nitrog5 9 #ahfc1 0 ab\t tw5ty-f\r p\nds p] acre1 & 9 #ahgi fifty p\nds p] acre--! am\nt ( available nitrog51 appli$ 9 ea* ye>1 be+ eighty-sev5 p\nds p] acre4 ,z ,i said be=e1 ! :eat 9 #ahgi _h to me a ragg$ look4 ,x 0 ?9 on ! gr\nd4 ,!re 7 n plants en\gh to take up & evaporate ! l>ge am\nt ( wat] :i* fell dur+ ! wet season4 ,su* a condition ( ?+s r>ely occurs 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,we s[ timo?y ) our w9t] :eat1 9 ! autumn1 & r$ clov] 9 ! spr+4 ,aft] ! :eat is h>ve/$1 we frequ5tly h a heavy gr[? ( clov] 9 ! autumn4 ,9 su* circum/ances ,i believe !re w\ld be comp>atively little loss ( nitrog54 ,9 ! summ]-fall[ exp]im5ts1 :i* h n[ be5 cont9u$ = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 !re has be5 a great loss ( nitrog54 ,! same rem>ks apply to ?is case4 ,no "o ev] advocates summ]-fall[+ l& e o!r ye>1 & s[+ no?+ b :eat4 ,:5 we summ]-fall[ a piece ( l& = :eat1 we se$ x d[n ) grass & clov]4 ,!re is1 z a rule1 v little loss ( nitrog5 by dra9age :ile ! :eat is gr[+ on ! gr\nd1 b aft] ! :eat is cut1 ! grass & clov] are pretty sure to take up all ! available nitrog5 )9 ! range ( _! roots4 ,?is summ]-fall[ exp]im5t1 in/ead ( af=d+ an argum5t aga9/ ! use ( summ]-fall[+1 is an argum5t 9 its favor4 ,! summ]-fall[1 by expos+ ! soil to ! decompos+ influ5ces ( ! atmosph]e1 conv]ts m or less ( ! in]t nitrog5\s organic matt] into ammonia & nitric acid4 ,?is is precisely :at a f>m] wants4 ,x is j :at ! :eat crop ne$s4 ,b we mu/ be v c>eful1 :5 we r5d] ! nitrog5 soluble1 to h "s plant ready to take x up1 & n let x be wa%$ out ( ! soil dur+ ! w9t] & e>ly spr+4 ,we h mu* poor l& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & an imm5se area ( good l&4 ,! poor l& w be us$ to gr[ timb]1 or be improv$ by conv]t+ m or less ( x1 gradually1 into pa/ure1 & /ock+ x ) %eep & cattle4 ,! ma9 po9t is1 to fe$ ! %eep or cattle ) "s ri* nitrog5\s food1 su* z cotton-se$ cake1 malt-spr\ts1 bran1 %orts1 mill-fe$1 refuse beans1 or bean-meal made f beans injur$ by ! weevil1 or bug4 ,9 %ort1 ! own] ( su* l& mu/ buy su* food z w furni% ! mo/ nutrim5t & make ! ri*e/ manure at ! lea/ co/--tak+ bo? ( ^! objects into consid]ation4 ,he w also buy m or less artificial manures1 to be us$ = ! production ( fodd] crops1 su* z corn1 millet1 ,hung>ian grass1 etc4 &1 z soon z a portion ( ! l& c be made ri* en\gh1 he w gr[ m or less mangel wurzels1 sug> beets1 turnips1 & o!r root crops4 ,sup]phosphate w be f\nd admirably adapt$ = ?is purpose1 & two1 ?ree1 or f\r hundr$ p\nds ( *eap pota% salts1 p] acre1 c frequ5tly be us$ on fodd] crops1 9 connection ) two or ?ree hundr$ p\nds ( sup]phosphate1 ) consid]able pr(it4 ,! :ole subject is well wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has !re be5 a gr&] opportunity = ! application ( sci5ce to ! improvem5t ( agriculture ?an n[4 ,on ! ri*] l&s1 ! aim ( ! f>m] w be to conv]t ! plant food ly+ dormant 9 ! soil into pr(itable crops4 ,! ma9 po9t is good tillage4 ,9 _m cases we$s n[ run away ) half our crops & all our pr(its4 ,! we$s :i* spr+ up aft] ! gra9 crops are h>ve/$1 are n an unmix$ evil4 ,!y reta9 ! nitrog5 & o!r plant food1 & :5 turn$ "u make manure = ! succe$+ crops4 ,b we$s among ! gr[+ crop are evil1 & only an evil4 ,?or\gh pl[+ is ! rem$y1 accompani$ by dra9age :]e ne$$4 ,we h an imm5se numb] ( f>ms on :i* !re are bo? good & poor l&4 ,9 su* cases we mu/ adopt a comb9$ sy/em4 ,we mu/ gr[ l>ge crops on ! ri* l& & use !m1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to make manure = ! poor] portions ( ! f>m4 ,dra9age & good tillage w conv]t mu* ( our l[1 alluvial l&s into a p]fect m9e ( weal?4 ,& mu* ( our high1 roll+ l& consi/s ( /rong loam1 ab\nd+ 9 plant food4 ,su* l& requires little m ?an ?or\gh tillage1 ) p]haps two hundr$ p\nds ( sup]phosphate p] acre1 to enable x to produce good gra9 crops4 ,aft] all is said & done1 f>m+ is a bus9ess t requires n m]ely sci5ce1 b indu/ry1 economy1 & common s5se4 ,! real basis ( success is fai?1 accompani$ ) good works4 ,i _c illu/rate ?is bett] ?an by allud+ to "o ( my neighbors1 a /rong1 heal?y1 intellig5t1 obs]v+ & ent]pris+ ,g]man1 :o comm5c$ life z a f>m labor]1 & is to-day wor? at lea/ "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 t he has made1 n by ! advance ( suburban prop]ty1 b by f>m+1 pure & simple4 ,he fir/ r5t$ a f>m1 & !n b\ght x1 & 9 a few ye>s he b\ght ano!r f>m adjo9+ ! fir/ "o1 & w\ld to-day buy ano!r if he f\nd "o t suit$ him4 ,he has fai? 9 f>m+4 ,"s p ?9k he 8runs 8 l&10 &1 9 fact1 su* is ! case4 ,he keeps good teams1 & good pl[s1 & good h>r[s1 & good roll]s1 & good cultivators1 & good grade ,%or?orn c[s4 ,he acts z ?\gh he believ$1 z ,sir ,john ,b4 ,lawes says1 t 8! soil is a m9e10 out ( :i* he digs money4 ,he runs 8 l& = all x is wor?4 ,he raises :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 corn1 potatoes1 & hay1 & :5 he c get a good price = 8 timo?y hay1 he draws x to m>ket & sells x4 ,?or\gh tillage is ! basis ( 8 success4 ,he is n[ us+ phosphates = :eat1 & w probably increase 8 h]d ( c[s & make m manure4 ,he has great fai? 9 manure1 b acts z ?\gh he _h /ill great] fai? 9 good pl[+1 e>ly s[+1 & ?or\gh cultivation4 ,,preface ,,to ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! ,pr9t]s h got our 8,talks on ,manures0 9 type2 & ! publi%]s want a ,preface4 ,! ,deacon is busy hoe+ 8 corn2 ! ,doctor is gone to ,rice ,lake1 fi%+2 ,*>ley is cultivat+ mangels2 ! ,squire is hay+1 & ,i am "h alone1 ) a p5cil 9 h& & a %eet ( blank pap] be=e me4 ,i w\ld f> r be at "w4 ,9 fact1 ,i h only j come 9 f ! field4 ,n[1 :at %all ,i say8 ,x w d no good to apologize = ! defici5cies ( ! book4 ,if ! critics condesc5d to notice x at all1 no?+ ,i c say w propitiate _! favor1 or mod]ate _! c5sure4 ,!y are an indep5d5t set ( fell[s6 ,i "k !m well1 ,i am an old editor myself1 & no?+ w\ld please me bett] ?an to sit d[n & write a sla%+ criticism ( ^! 8,talks on ,manures40 ,b ,i am d5i$ t pleasure4 ,! critics h ! floor4 ,all ,i w say "h1 is1 t ! book is :at x pret5ds to be4 ,"s p seem to ?9k t ! 8,deacon0 is a fictiti\s "*4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,he is "o ( ! olde/ f>m]s 9 t[n1 & lives on ! f>m next to me4 ,i h ! v highe/ respect = him4 ,i h tri$ to report him fully & correctly4 ,( my own %>e 9 ! conv]sations ,i w say little1 & ( ! ,doctor's no?+4 ,my own views are hone/ly giv54 ,i hold myself responsible = !m4 ,i may contradict 9 "o *apt] :at ,i h ass]t$ 9 ano!r4 ,& s1 probably1 has ! ,deacon4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is is or is n ! case4 ,i "k v well t on _m que/ions 8mu* c be said on bo? sides0--& v likely ! ,deacon is sometimes on ! s\? side ( ! f5ce & ,i on ! nor? side2 & 9 ! next *apt] y may f9d ! ,deacon on ! nor? side1 & :]e w\ld y h me g1 except to ! s\? side8 ,we _c see bo? sides ( ! f5ce1 if bo? ( u walk on ! same side6 ,i fe> "s w be disappo9t$ at n f9d+ a p>ticul> subject discuss$4 ,i h talk$ ab\t ^? ?+s :i* occupy my own ?\ghts4 ,!re are "s ?+s n wor? ?9k+ ab\t4 ,!re are o!rs beyond my rea*4 ,i h said no?+ ab\t manures = cotton or = ! sug>-cane--n because ,i feel no int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 b because ,i h _h no exp]i5ce 9 ! cultivation ( ^! important crops4 ,i might h told :at ! crops conta91 & c\ld h giv5 m9ute directions = furni%+ 9 manure ! exact quantity ( plant-food :i* ! crops remove f ! soil4 ,b ,i h no fai? 9 su* a sy/em ( f>m+4 ,! few cotton-plant]s ,i h _h ! pleasure ( see+ 7 m5 ( education & r>e ability4 ,i _c und]take to (f] !m advice4 ,b ,i presume !y w f9d t1 if !y desire to increase ! gr[? ( ! cotton-plant1 9 n9e cases out ( t5 !y c d x1 provid$ ! soil is prop]ly work$1 by supply+ a manure conta9+ available nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,b ! prop] proportion ( ^! +r$i5ts ( plant-food mu/ be asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t1 & n f a m]e analysis ( ! cotton-plant4 ,i h mu* fai? 9 artificial manures4 ,!y w d great ?+s = ,am]ican agriculture--directly1 & indirectly4 ,_! g5]al use w lead to a high] sy/em ( f>m+--to bett] cultivation1 m root & fodd] crops1 improv$ /ock1 high] fe$+1 & ri*] manure4 ,b x has be5 no "p ( my object to unduly extol ! virtues ( comm]cial manures4 ,t may be left to ! manufactur]s4 ,my sympa?y is ) ! f>m]1 & especially ) ! f>m] ( mod]ate means1 :o f9ds t improv$ f>m+ calls = m & m capital4 ,i w\ld l to enc\rage su* a man4 ,& s1 9 po9t ( fact1 w\ld ! ,deacon1 ?\gh he (t5 talks z ?\gh a man :o tries to improve 8 f>m w c]ta9ly come to pov]ty4 ,su* m5 z ! ,deacon are useful neighbors if _! d\bts1 & head-%ak+s1 & %\ld]-%rugg+s lead a "y & en?usia/ic f>m] to put m en]gy1 indu/ry1 & economy into 8 bus9ess4 ,x is well to li/5 to ! ,deacon--to he> all 8 objections1 & !n to keep a %>p look-out = ! dang]s & difficulties1 & g-ahead4 ,,talks ,,on ,,manures4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,f>m+ ,,z ,a ,,bus9ess4 8,f>m+ is a poor bus9ess10 said ! ,deacon4 8,take ! corn crop4 ,?irty bu%els p] acre is a fair av]age1 wor?1 at #ge c5ts p] bu%el1 #bb4ej4 ,if we reckon t1 = ea* bu%el ( corn1 we get #ajj lbs4 ( /alks1 ?is w\ld be a ton & a half p] acre1 wor? at #e p] ton #g4ej40 ,total receipts p] acre = corn crop #cj #jj ,exp5ses4--,prep>+ ! l& = ! crop #e #jj ,plant+ & se$ #a #ej ,cultivat+1 ?ree times1 twice 9 a r[ bo? ways #e #jj ,hoe+ twice #c #jj ,cutt+ up ! corn #a #ej ,husk+ & draw+ 9 ! corn #d #jj ,draw+ 9 ! /alks1 etc4 #a #jj ,%ell+1 & draw+ to m>ket #b #jj ,total co/ ( ! crop ----- #bc #jj ------ ,pr(it p] acre #g #jj 8,& f ?is10 said ! ,deacon1 8we h to d$uct int]e/ on l& & taxes4 ,i tell y1 f>m+ is a poor bus9ess40 8,yes10 ,i repli$1 8poor f>m+ is a v poor bus9ess4 ,b good f>m+1 if we h good prices1 is z good a bus9ess z ,i want1 & )al z pleasant4 ,a good f>m] raises #ge bu%els ( corn p] acre1 in/ead ( #cj4 ,he w\ld get = 8 crop1 includ+ /alks #ge #jj ,exp5ses4--,prep>+ l& = ! crop #e #jj ,plant+ & se$ #a #ej ,cultivat+ #e #jj ,hoe+ #c #jj ,cutt+ up ! corn #a #ej ,husk+ & draw+ #aj #jj ,draw+ 9 ! /alks #c #jj ,%ell+1 etc4 #f #jj ----- #ce #jj ------ ,pr(it p] acre #dj #jj ,take ano!r case1 :i* actually occurr$ 9 ?is neighborhood4 ,! ,judge is a good f>m]1 & p>ticul>ly successful 9 rais+ potatoes & sell+ !m at a good price to hotels & private families4 ,he cultivates v ?or\ghly1 plants 9 hills1 & puts a h&ful ( a%es1 pla/]1 & h5-manure1 on ! hill4 ,9 #ahgc1 8 crop ( ,pea*bl[s 0 at ! rate ( #bjh bu%els p] acre4 ,( ^!1 #bjj bu%els 7 sold at #fj c5ts p] bu%el4 ,!re 7 #h bu%els ( small potatoes1 wor? say #ab c5ts p] bu%el1 to fe$ out to /ock4 ,mr4 ,sloe1 :o lives on an adjo9+ f>m1 _h ?ree acres ( ,pea*bl[ potatoes ! same ye>4 ,! yield 0 #ajj bu%els p] acre--( :i* #be bu%els 7 n l>ge en\gh = m>ket1 he got #ej c5ts p] bu%el = ! o!rs4 ,! acc\nt ( ! two crops /&s z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,exp5ses ,p] ,acre3 ,mr4 ,sloe ,judge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,pl[+1 h>r[+1 roll+1 m>k+1 plant+ & cov]+ #h #jj #h #jj ,se$ #e #jj #e #jj ,hoe+1 cultivat+1 etc4 #g #jj #aj #jj ,digg+ #aj #jj #aj #jj ------------------- #cj #jj #cc #jj ,receipts ,p] ,acre3 #ge bu%els1 #ej;c #cg #ej #be 0 #ab;c #c #ab ------------------- #dj #fb #bjj bu%els1 #fj;c #abj #jj #h 0 #ab;c #a #jj --------- #aba #jj ------------------- ,pr(it p] acre #aj #fb #ih #jj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,s9ce !n1 ,mr4 ,sloe has be5 mak+ & us+ m manure1 & ! ye> be=e la/ 7#ahge7 8 crop ( potatoes av]ag$ ov] #bjj bu%els p] acre1 & on ! s&y knolls1 :]e m manure 0 appli$1 ! yield 0 at lea/ #bej bu%els p] acre4 8,nev]!less10 said ! ,deacon1 8,i d n believe 9 #8high f>m+4' ,x w n pay40 8,possibly n10 ,i repli$4 8,x dep5ds on circum/ances2 & ^! we w talk ab\t pres5tly4 ,high f>m+ aims to get l>ge crops e ye>4 ,good f>m+ produces equally l>ge crops p] acre1 b n s _m ( !m4 ,?is is :at ,i am try+ to d on my own f>m4 ,i am aim+ to get #ce bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 #hj bu%els ( %ell$ corn1 #ej bu%els ( b>ley1 #ij bu%els ( oats1 #cjj bu%els ( potatoes1 & #a1bjj bu%els ( mangel-wurzel p] acre1 on ! av]age4 ,i c see no way ( pay+ high wages except by rais+ l>ge crops p] acre4 ,b if ,i get ^! l>ge crops x does n necess>ily foll[ t ,i am practis+ #8high f>m+4'0 ,to illu/rate3 ,suppose ,i %\ld succe$ 9 gett+ su* crops by adopt+ ! foll[+ plan4 ,i h a f>m ( ne>ly #cjj acres1 "o qu>t] ( x be+ l[1 alluvial l&1 too wet = cultivation1 b :5 dra9$ excell5t = pa/ur+ c[s or = timo?y mead[s4 ,i dra9 ?is l&1 & aft] x is dra9$ ,i dam up "s ( ! /reams t fl[ into x or ?r\gh x1 & irrigate :]ev] ,i c make ! wat] fl[4 ,s mu* = ! l[ l&4 ,! upl& portion ( ! f>m1 conta9+ say #bjj acres1 exclusive ( f5ces1 roads1 build+s1 g>d51 etc41 is a naturally f]tile loam1 z good z ! av]age :eat l& ( ,we/]n ,new ,york4 ,b x is1 or 01 badly 8run d[n40 ,x _h be5 :at p call 8work$ to dea?20 al?\gh1 9 po9t ( fact1 x _h n be5 half-work$4 ,"s said x 0 8:eat$ to dea?10 o!rs t x _h be5 8oat$ to dea?10 o!rs t x _h be5 8grass$ to dea?10 & "o man said to me1 8,t field has _h %eep on x until !y h gnaw$ e p>ticle ( vegetable matt] out ( ! soil1 & x w n n[ produce en\gh to pa/ure a flock ( geese40 ,& he 0 n f> f "r--not)/&+ ! fact t %eep are ?\ght to be1 & are1 ! be/ animals to enri* l&4 ,b let me say1 9 pass+1 t ,i h s9ce rais$ on t same field #ej bu%els ( b>ley p] acre1 #cc bu%els ( ,diehl :eat1 a great crop ( clov]1 & la/ ye>1 on a "p ( x1 ov] #a1jjj bu%els ( mangel-wurzel p] acre4 ,b ?is is a digression4 ,let u c>ry out ! illu/ration4 ,:at does ?is upl& portion ( ! f>m ne$8 ,x ne$s und]dra9+1 ?or\gh cultivation1 & pl5ty ( manure4 ,if ,i _h pl5ty ( manure1 ,i c\ld adopt high f>m+4 ,b :]e am ,i to get pl5ty ( manure = #bjj acres ( l&8 8,make x10 says ! ,deacon4 ,v good2 b :at %all ,i make x (8 8,make x out ( y\r /raw & /alks & hay40 ,s ,i d1 b all ! /raw & /alks & hay rais$ on ! f>m :5 ,i b\ght x w\ld n make z mu* manure z 8high f>m+0 requires = five acres ( l&4 ,& is ?is n true ( half ! f>ms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day8 ,:at !n1 %all we d8 ,! be/ ?+ to d1 !oretically1 is ?is3 ,any l& t is produc+ a fair crop ( grass or clov]1 let x lie4 ,pa/ure x or m[ x = hay4 ,if y h a field ( clayey or /iff loamy l&1 break x up 9 ! fall1 & summ]-fall[ x ! next ye>1 & s[ x to :eat & se$ x d[n ) clov]4 ,let x lie two or ?ree ye>s 9 clov]4 ,!n break x up 9 ,july or ,augu/1 8fall-fall[0 x1 & s[ x ) b>ley ! next spr+1 & se$ x d[n aga9 ) clov]4 ,s&y or light l&1 t x w n pay to summ]-fall[1 %\ld h all ! manure y c make1 & be pl[$ & plant$ ) corn4 ,cultivate ?or\ghly1 & ei!r se$ x d[n ) ! corn 9 ,augu/1 or s[ x to b>ley or oats next spr+1 & se$ x d[n ) clov]4 ,i say1 !oretically ?is is ! be/ plan to adopt4 ,b practically x may n be s1 because x may be absolutely necess>y t we %\ld raise some?+ t we c sell at once1 & get money to live ^u or pay int]e/ & taxes4 ,b ! g5tlem5 :o s /r5u\sly advocate high f>m+1 are n p]haps (t5 tr\bl$ ) consid]ations ( ?is k9d4 ,meet+ !m1 !re=e1 on _! own gr\nd1 ,i cont5d t 9 my case 8high f>m+0 w\ld n be z pr(itable z ! plan h9t$ at above4 ,! ri* alluvial l[ l& is to be pa/ur$ or m[n2 ! upl& to be brok5 up only :5 necess>y1 & :5 x is pl[$ to be pl[$ well & work$ ?or\ghly1 & got back aga9 into clov] z soon z possible4 ,! hay & pa/ure f ! l[ l&1 & ! clov] & /raw & /alks f ! upl&1 w\ld enable u to keep a good _m c[s & %eep1 ) m or less pigs1 & !re w\ld be a big pile ( manure 9 ! y>d e spr+4 ,& :5 ?is is once obta9$1 y c get along mu* m pleasantly & pr(itably4 8,b10 ,i may be ask$1 8:5 y h got ?is pile ( manure c n y adopt high f>m+80 ,no4 ,my manure pile w\ld conta9 say3 #fj tons ( clov]-hay2 #bj tons :eat-/raw2 #be tons oat1 b>ley1 & pea-/raw2 #dj tons mead[-hay2 #bj tons corn-/alks2 #bj tons corn1 oats1 & o!r gra92 #abj tons mangel-wurzel & turnips4 ,?is w\ld give me ab\t #ejj tons ( well-rott$ manure4 ,i %\ld want #bjj tons ( ?is = ! mangels & turnips1 & ! #cjj tons ,i %\ld want to top-dress #bj acres ( grass l& int5d$ = corn & potatoes ! next ye>4 ,my pile ( manure1 !re=e1 is all us$ up on #be to #cj acres ( l&4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i use ! unsold produce ( #aj acres to manure "o4 ,is ?is 8high f>m+80 ,i ?9k 9 my circum/ances x is good f>m+1 b x is n high f>m+4 ,x gives me l>ge crops p] acre1 b ,i h comp>atively few acres 9 crops t are sold f ! f>m4 8,high f>m+10 if ! t]m is to h any def9ite mean+ at all %\ld only be us$ to express ! idea ( a f>m s manag$ t ! soil is ri* en\gh to produce maximum crops e ye>4 ,if y adopt ! sy/em ( rotation q g5]al 9 ?is section--say1 #a/ ye>1 corn on sod2 #b;d1 b>ley or oats2 #c;d1 :eat2 #d?1 clov] = hay & aft]w>ds = se$2 #e?1 timo?y & clov] = hay2 & !n ! #f? ye> pl[$ up = corn aga9--x w\ld be necess>y to make ! l& ri* en\gh to produce say #ajj bu%els %ell$ corn1 #ej bu%els ( b>ley1 #dj bu%els ( :eat1 #c tons clov]-hay1 & #e bu%els ( clov]-se$1 & #c tons clov] & timo?y-hay p] acre4 ,?is w\ld be mod]ate high f>m+4 ,if we introduc$ luc]n1 ,italian rye-grass1 corn-fodd]1 & mangel-wurzel into ! rotation1 we %\ld ne$ /ill ri*] l& to produce a maximum gr[? ( ^! crops4 ,9 o!r words1 we %\ld ne$ m manure4 ,! po9t ,i am endeavor+ to get at1 is ?is3 ,:]e y want a f>m to be self-support+--:]e y dep5d solely on ! produce ( ! f>m to supply manure--x is a %e] impossibility to adopt high f>m+ on ! :ole ( y\r l&4 ,i want to raise j z l>ge crops p] acre z ! high f>m]s1 b !re is no way ( do+ ?is1 unless we g outside ! f>m = manure1 )\t rais+ a small] area ( su* crops z are sold f ! f>m4 ,i d n wi% any "o to suppose t ,i am oppos$ to high f>m+4 ,!re is occasionally a f>m :]e x may be practis$ ) advantage1 b x seems p]fectly cle> to my m9d t z long z !re is su* an unlimit$ supply ( l&1 & su* a limit$ supply ( f]tiliz]s1 mo/ ( u w f9d x m pr(itable to develop ! lat5t /ores ( plant-food ly+ dormant 9 ! soil r ?an to buy manures4 ,& x is c]ta9 t y c n adopt high f>m+ )\t ei!r buy+ manure directly1 or buy+ food to fe$ to animals t %all make manure on ! f>m4 ,& y mu/ recollect t high f>m+ requires an increas$ supply ( labor1 & hir$ help is a luxury almo/ z co/ly z artificial f]tiliz]s4 ,we h he>d sup]ficial ?9k]s object to agricultural pap]s on ! gr\nd t !y 7 urg+ f>m]s to improve _! l& & produce l>g] crops1 8:ile10 say !y1 8we are produc+ s mu* already t x w n sell = z mu* z x co/s to produce x40 ,my plan ( improv$ agriculture does n necess>ily imply ! production ( any m :eat or ( any m gra9 ( any k9d t we sell ?an we raise at pres5t4 ,i w\ld simply raise x on few] acres1 & ?us less5 ! exp5se = se$1 cultivation1 h>ve/+1 etc4 ,i w\ld raise #cj bu%els ( :eat p] acre e ?ird ye>1 in/ead ( #aj bu%els e ye>4 ,if we summ]-fall[$ & pl[$ "u clov] 9 ord] to produce ! #cj bu%els ( :eat once 9 ?ree ye>s1 in/ead ( #aj bu%els e ye>1 no m produce ( any k9d w\ld be rais$4 ,b my plan does n contemplate su* a result4 ,on my own f>m ,i seldom summ]-fall[1 & nev] pl[ "u clov]4 ,i ?9k ,i c enri* ! f>m ne>ly z mu* by fe$+ ! clov] to animals & return+ ! manure to ! l&4 ,! animals d n take out m ?an f five to t5 p] c5t ( ! m valuable elem5ts ( plant-food f ! clov]4 ,& s my plan1 :ile x produces z mu* & no m gra9 to sell1 adds greatly to ! f]tility ( ! l&1 & gives an increas$ production ( beef1 mutton1 wool1 butt]1 *eese1 & pork4 8,b :at is a man to d :o is poor & has poor l&80 ,if he has good heal?1 is indu/ri\s1 economical1 & is possess$ ( a fair %>e ( good common s5se1 he ne$ h no d\bt z to be+ able to r5ovate 8 f>m & improve 8 own =tune4 ,fai? 9 good f>m+ is ! fir/ requisite4 ,if ?is is weak1 x w be /r5g!n$ by ex]cise4 ,if y h n fai?1 act z ?\gh y _h4 ,"w h>d1 b d n be a drudge4 ,a few h\rs' vigor\s labor w accompli% a great deal1 & enc\rage y to cont9u$ ef=t4 ,be prompt1 sy/ematic1 *e]ful1 & en?usia/ic4 ,g to b$ e>ly & get up :5 y wake4 ,b take sleep en\gh4 ,a man _h bett] be 9 b$ ?an at ! tav]n or groc]y4 ,let n fri5ds1 ev51 keep y up late2 8mann]s is mann]s1 b /ill y\r el?'s y\r el?40 8,b :at has ?is to d ) good f>m+80 ,m ?an *emi/ry & all ! sci5ce ( ! s*ools4 ,agriculture is an art & mu/ be foll[$ z su*4 ,sci5ce w help--help enorm\sly--b x w nev] enable u to disp5se ) indu/ry4 ,*emi/ry ?r[s great light on ! art ( cook+1 b a f>m]'s wife w roa/ a turkey bett] ?an a ,liebig4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,james ,o4 ,%eldon1 ( ,g5eva4 ,n4,y41 b\ght 8 f>m1 8 entire crop ( hay ! fir/ ye> 0 #gf loads4 ,he kept /ock1 & b\ght m or less gra9 & bran1 & 9 elev5 ye>s f t "t 8 f>m produc$ #dcj loads ( hay1 af=d$ pa/ure = 8 l>ge h]d ( ,%or?orn cattle1 & produc$ q z mu* gra9 z :5 he fir/ took x4 ,except 9 ! neighborhood ( l>ge cities1 8high f>m+0 may n pay1 ow+ to ! fact t we h s mu* l&4 ,b :e!r ?is is s or n1 !re c be no d\bt t ! only pr(itable sy/em ( f>m+ is to raise l>ge crops on su* l& z we cultivate4 ,high f>m+ gives u l>ge crops1 & _m ( !m4 ,at pres5t1 :ile we h s mu* l& 9 proportion to population1 we mu/1 p]haps1 be cont5t ) l>ge crops ( gra91 & few ( !m4 ,we mu/ adopt ! sl[] b less exp5sive means ( enri*+ our l& f natural s\rces1 r ?an ! quick]1 m artificial1 & co/ly means adopt$ by _m f>m]s 9 ,engl&1 & by m>ket g>d5]s1 se$-gr[]s1 & nurs]ym5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,labor is s high t we c n af=d to raise a small crop4 ,if we s[ b half ! numb] ( acres1 & d\ble ! yield1 we %\ld quadruple our pr(its4 ,i h made up my m9d to let ! l& lie 9 clov] ?ree ye>s1 in/ead ( two4 ,?is w less5 ! numb] ( acres "u cultivation1 & enable u to be/[ m c>e 9 pl[+ & clean+ x4 ,& ! l& w be ri*]1 & produce bett] crops4 ,! atmosph]e is capable ( supply+ a c]ta9 quantity ( ammonia to ! soil 9 ra9s & dews e ye>1 & by giv+ ! :eat crop a ?ree ye>s supply in/ead ( two ye>s1 we ga9 s mu*4 ,pla/] ! clov]1 top-dress x 9 ! fall1 if y h ! manure1 & /imulate its gr[? 9 e way possible1 & consume all ! clov] on ! l&1 or 9 ! b>n-y>d4 ,d n sell a s+le ton2 let n a we$ gr[1 & ! l& w c]ta9ly improve4 ,! fir/ object %\ld be to de/roy we$s4 ,i d n "k h[ x is 9 o!r sections1 b ) u ! majority ( f>ms are completely ov]run ) we$s4 ,!y are eat+ out ! life ( ! l&1 & if some?+ is n done to de/roy !m1 ev5 exorbitantly high prices c n make f>m+ pr(itable4 ,a f>m] ye/]day 0 cont5d+ t x did n pay to summ]-fall[4 ,he has tak5 a run-d[n f>m1 & a ye> ago la/ spr+ he pl[$ up t5 acres ( a field1 & s[$ x to b>ley & oats4 ,! rema9d] ( ! field he summ]-fall[$1 pl[+ x f\r times1 roll+ & h>r[+ ?or\ghly aft] ea* pl[+4 ,aft] ! b>ley & oats 7 (f1 he pl[$ ! l& once1 h>r[$ x & s[$ ,m$it]ranean :eat4 ,on ! summ]-fall[ he drill$ 9 ,diehl :eat4 ,he has j ?re%$1 & got #bb bu%els p] acre ( ,m$it]ranean :eat aft] ! spr+ crop1 at "o pl[+1 & #bf bu%els p] acre ( ,diehl :eat on ! summ]-fall[4 ,?is1 he said1 w\ld n pay1 z x co/ him #bj p] acre to summ]-fall[1 & he lo/ ! use ( ! l& = "o season4 ,n[ ?is may be all true1 & yet x is no argum5t aga9/ summ]-fall[+4 ,wait a few ye>s4 ,f>m+ is sl[ "w4 ,mr4 ,george ,g$des rem>k$ to me1 :5 ,i told him ,i 0 try+ to r5ovate a run-d[n f>m1 8y w f9d x ! "w ( y\r life40 ,we ought n to expect a big crop on poor1 run-d[n l&1 simply by pl[+ x ?ree or f\r times 9 z _m mon?s4 ,"t is requir$ = ! *emical *anges to take place 9 ! soil4 ,b wat* ! effect on ! clov] = ! next two ye>s1 & :5 ! l& is pl[$ aga91 see if x is n 9 f> bett] condition ?an ! "p n summ]-fall[$4 ,i %\ld expect ! clov] on ! summ]-fall[ to be fully "o-?ird bett] 9 quantity1 & ( bett] quality ?an on ! o!r "p1 & ?is extra quantity ( clov] w make an extra quantity ( good manure1 & ?us we h ! means ( go+ on ) ! "w ( improv+ ! f>m4 8,yes10 said ! ,doctor1 8& !re w also be m clov]-roots 9 ! soil40 8,b ,i c n af=d to wait = clov]1 & summ]-fall[+10 writes an intellig5t ,new ,york g5tleman1 a de> lov] ( good /ock1 :o has b\ght an exhau/$ ,new ,engl& f>m1 8,i mu/ h a portion ( x produc+ good crops "r (f40 ,v well4 ,a f>m] ) pl5ty ( money c d wond]s 9 a %ort "t4 ,set a gang ( dit*]s to "w1 & put 9 und]dra9s :]e mo/ ne$$4 ,h teams & pl[s en\gh to d ! "w rapidly4 ,z soon z ! l& is dra9$ & pl[$1 put on a heavy roll]4 ,!n s[ #ejj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano p] acre broadca/1 or its equival5t 9 "s o!r f]tiliz]4 ,foll[ ) a ,%>es' h>r[4 ,?is w mell[ ! surface & cov] ! guano )\t di/urb+ ! sod4 ,foll[ ) a =ty-too!d h>r[1 & roll aga91 if ne$$1 work+ ! l& until !re is ?ree or f\r in*es ( f9e1 mell[ surface soil4 ,!n m>k (f ! l& 9 r[s z /raight z an arr[1 & plant corn4 ,cultivate ?or\ghly1 & kill e we$4 ,if ! dit*]s c n get ?r\gh until x is too late to plant corn1 drill 9 beans on ! la/ dra9$ "p ( ! field4 ,ano!r good crop to raise on a /ock f>m is corn-fodd]4 ,?is c be drill$ 9 f "t to "t z ! l& c be got ready4 ,put on half a ton ( guano p] acre & h>r[ 91 & !n m>k (f ! r[s ?ree feet ap>t1 & drill 9 f\r bu%els ( corn p] acre4 ,cultivate ?or\ghly1 & expect a great crop4 ,by ! la/ ( ,july1 ! ,ayr%ire c[s w take k9dly to ! succul5t corn-fodd]1 & ) ?ree or f\r qu>ts ( meal a day1 x w enable ea* ( !m to make #aj lbs4 ( butt] a week4 ,= ! pigs1 s[ a few acres ( peas4 ,^! w d well on sod-l&1 s[n e>ly or late1 or a "p e>ly & a "p late1 z mo/ conv5i5t4 ,s[ broadca/ & h>r[ 91 #ejj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano p] acre & #bjj lbs4 ( gypsum4 ,drill 9 ?ree bu%els ( peas p] acre1 or s[ broadca/1 & cov] !m ) a ,%>es' h>r[4 ,comm5ce to fe$ ! crop gre5 z soon z ! pods are =m$1 & cont9ue to fe$ out ! crop1 ?re%$ or un?re%$1 until ! middle ( ,novemb]4 ,up to ?is "t ! bugs d comp>atively little damage4 ,! pigs w ?rive wond]fully on ?is crop1 & make ! ri*e/ & be/ ( manure4 ,i h little fai? 9 any attempt to raise root crops on l& n previ\sly well prep>$4 ,b z x is necess>y to h "s mangel-wurzel & ,sw$e turnips = ! ,ayr%ire c[s & long-wool %eep next w9t] & spr+1 select ! cleane/ & ri*e/ l& t c be f\nd t 0 "u cultivation la/ season4 ,if fall pl[$1 ! *ances ( success w be d\bl$4 ,pl[ ! l& two or ?ree times1 & cultivate1 h>r[1 & roll until x is z mell[ z a g>d54 ,s[ #djj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano & #cjj lbs4 ( good sup]phosphate p] acre broadca/1 & h>r[ !m 94 ,ridge up ! l& into ridges #b to #c ft4 ap>t1 ) a d\ble m\ld-bo>d pl[4 ,roll d[n ! ridges ) a light roll]1 & drill 9 ! se$4 ,s[ ! mangel-wurzel 9 ,may--! e>li] ! bett]--& ! ,sw$es z soon aft]w>ds z ! l& c be ?or\ghly prep>$4 ,bett] delay until ,june r ?an s[ on r\gh l&4 ,! fir/ po9t on su* a f>m w be to att5d to ! grass l&4 ,?is af=ds ! mo/ hopeful *ance ( gett+ good returns ! fir/ ye>4 ,b no "t is to be lo/4 ,s[ #ejj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano p] acre on all ! grass l& & on ! clov]1 ) #bjj lbs4 ( gypsum 9 addition on ! latt]4 ,if ?is is s[n e>ly en\gh1 s t ! spr+ ra9s dissolve x & wa% x into ! soil1 great crops ( grass may be expect$4 8,b w x pay80 ,my fri5d 9 ,new ,york is a v en]getic & successful bus9ess man1 & he has a real love = f>m+1 & ,i h no sort ( d\bt t1 tak+ ! ,new ,york bus9ess & ! f>m toge!r1 !y w af=d a v h&some pr(it4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i h no d\bt t if1 aft] he has dra9$ x1 he w\ld cov] ! :ole f>m ) #ejj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano p] acre1 or its equival5t1 x w\ld pay him bett] ?an any o!r agricultural op]ation he is likely to engage 94 ,by ! "t x 0 on ! l& ! co/ w\ld am\nt to ab\t #bj p] acre4 ,if he sells no m grass or hay f ! f>m ?an he w\ld sell if he did n use ! guano1 ?is #bj may v prop]ly be add$ to ! p]man5t capital inve/$ 9 ! f>m4 ,& 9 ?is aspect ( ! case1 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ x w pay a high rate ( int]e/4 ,8 bill = labor w be z mu* 9 "o case z 9 ! o!r2 & if he uses ! guano he w probably d\ble 8 crops4 ,8 grass l&s w c>ry tw5ty c[s in/ead ( t51 & if he raises ! corn-fodd] & roots1 he c probably keep ?irty c[s bett] ?an he c\ld o!rwise keep a doz52 &1 hav+ to keep a h]dsman 9 ei!r case1 ! co/ ( labor w n be mu* increas$4 8,b y ?9k x w n pay80 ,x w probably n pay him4 ,i d n ?9k 8 bus9ess w\ld pay me if ,i liv$ on my f>m1 & w5t to ,new ,york only once or twice a week4 ,if !re is "o bus9ess above all o!rs t requires con/ant att5tion1 x is f>m+--& especially /ock-f>m+4 ,b my fri5d is "r 9 say+ t he _c af=d to wait to enri* 8 l& by clov] & summ]-fall[+4 ,8 l& co/s too mu*2 he has a l>ge b>n & ev]y?+ requisite to keep a l>ge /ock ( cattle & %eep4 ,! int]e/ on f>m & build+s1 & ! money exp5d$ 9 labor1 w\ld run on :ile ! dormant matt] 9 ! soil 0 sl[ly becom+ available "u ! influ5ce ( good tillage4 ,! l>ge b>n mu/ be fill$ at once1 & ! only way to d ?is is to apply manure ) an unsp>+ h&4 ,if he liv$ on ! f>m1 ,i %\ld h no d\bt t1 by adopt+ ?is c\rse1 & by keep+ improv$ /ock1 & fe$+ lib]ally1 he c\ld make money4 ,p]haps he c f9d a man :o w successfully manage ! f>m "u 8 direction1 b ! probabilities are t 8 pres5t pr(it & pleasure w come f ! gratification ( 8 e>ly love = c\ntry life4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,manure8 8,:at is ! good ( ask+ su* a "q z t80 said ! ,deacon2 8we all "k :at manure is40 8,well1 !n10 ,i repli$1 8tell u :at x is80 8,x is any?+ t w make crops gr[ bett] & bigg]10 repli$ ! ,deacon4 8,t is n a bad def9ition10 said ,i2 8b let u see if x is a true "o4 ,y h two r[s ( cabbage 9 ! g>d51 & y wat] "o r[1 & ! plants gr[ bigg] & bett]4 ,is wat] manure8 ,y cov] a plant ) a h&-glass1 & x gr[s bigg] & bett]4 ,is a h&-glass manure8 ,y %elt] a few plants1 & !y gr[ bigg] & bett]4 ,is %elt] manure8 ,y put "s pure s& r\nd a few plants1 & !y gr[ bigg] & bett]4 ,is pure s& manure8 ,i ?9k we %all h to reject ! ,deacon's def9ition40 ,let u he> :at ! ,doctor has to say on ! subject4 8,manure10 repli$ ! ,doctor1 8is ! food ( plants40 8,t is a bett] def9ition10 said ,i2 8b ?is is really n answ]+ ! "q4 ,y say manure is plant-food4 ,b :at is plant-food80 8,plant-food10 said ! ,doctor1 8is compos$ ( twelve elem5ts1 &1 possibly1 sometimes "o or two m1 :i* we ne$ n "h talk ab\t4 ,f\r ( ^! elem5ts are gases1 oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog54 ,:5 a plant or animal is burnt1 ^! gases are driv5 (f4 ,! a%es :i* rema9 are compos$ ( pota%1 soda1 lime1 & magnesia2 sulphuric acid1 phosphoric acid1 *lor9e1 & silica4 ,9 o!r words1 ! #8food ( plants' is compos$ ( f\r organic1 or gase\s elem5ts1 & eight inorganic1 or m9]al elem5ts1 ( :i* f\r h acid & f\r alkal9e prop]ties40 8,?ank y1 ,doctor10 said ! ,deacon1 8,i am glad to "k :at manure is4 ,x is ! food ( plants1 & ! food ( plants is compos$ ( f\r gases1 f\r acid & f\r alkal9e elem5ts4 ,i seem to "k all ab\t x4 ,all ,i h want$ to make my l& ri* 0 pl5ty ( manure1 & n[ ,i %all "k :]e to get x--oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog52 ^! f\r atmosph]ic elem5ts4 ,!n pota%1 soda1 magnesia1 & lime4 ,i "k :at ^! f\r are4 ,!n sulphur1 phosphor\s1 silica 7s&17 & *lor9e 7salt74 ,i %all soon h ri* l& & big crops40 ,*>ley1 :o has rec5tly come home f college1 :]e he has be5 /udy+ *emi/ry1 look$ at ! ,deacon1 & 0 evid5tly puzzl$ to und]/& him4 ,turn+ to ! ,doctor1 ,*>ley ask$ mode/ly if :at ! ,doctor _h said 9 reg>d to ! composition ( plant food c\ld n be said ( ! composition ( all our animals & plants4 8,c]ta9ly10 repli$ ! ,doctor1 8all our agricultural plants & all our animals1 man includ$1 are compos$ ( ^! twelve elem5ts1 oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog52 phosphorus1 sulphur1 silica1 *lor9e1 pota%1 soda1 magnesia1 & lime40 ,*>ley said some?+ ab\t lime1 pota%1 & soda1 n be+ 8elem5ts20 & some?+ ab\t silica & *lor9e n be+ f\nd 9 animals4 8,yes10 said ,i1 8& he has left out iron1 :i* is an important con/itu5t ( all our f>m crops & animals40 ,nei!r ! ,doctor nor ! ,deacon he>d our rem>ks4 ,! ,deacon1 :o loves an argum5t1 exclaim$3 8,i ?\ght ,i knew all ab\t x4 ,y told u t manure 0 ! food ( plants1 & t ! food ( plants 0 compos$ ( ! above twelve elem5ts2 & n[ y tell u t man & bea/1 fruit & fl[]1 gra9 & grass1 root1 /em1 & bran*1 all are compos$ or made up ( ^! same doz5 elem5ts4 ,if ,i ask y :at bread is made (1 y say x is compos$ ( ! doz5 elem5ts a=esaid4 ,if ,i ask :at :eat-/raw is made (1 y answ]1 ! doz54 ,if ,i ask :at a ?i/le is made (1 y say ! doz54 ,!re are a good _m milk-we$s 9 my /rawb]ry pat*1 & ,i am glad to "k t ! milk-we$ & ! /rawb]ry are bo? compos$ ( ! same doz5 elem5ts4 ,manure is ! food ( plants1 & ! food ( plants is compos$ ( ! above doz5 elem5ts1 & e plant & animal t we eat is also compos$ ( ^! same doz5 elem5ts1 & s ,i suppose !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 an onion & an omelet1 or betwe5 bread & milk1 or betwe5 mangel-wurzel & manure40 8,! diff]5ce10 repli$ ! ,doctor1 8is "o ( proportion4 ,mangels & manure are bo? compos$ ( ! same elem5ts4 ,9 fact1 mangels make good manure1 & good manure makes good mangels40 ,! ,deacon & ! ,doctor sat d[n to a game ( backgammon1 & ,*>ley & ,i cont9u$ ! conv]sation m s]i\sly4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,some?+ ,,ab\t ,,plant-,,food4 8,! ,doctor is 9 ! ma9 correct10 said ,i2 8b he does n fully answ] ! "q1 #8,:at is manure8' ,to say t manure is plant-food1 does n cov] ! :ole gr\nd4 ,all soils on :i* plants gr[1 conta9 m or less plant-food4 ,a plant c n create an atom ( pota%4 ,x c n get x f ! atmosph]e4 ,we f9d pota% 9 ! plant1 & we "k t x got x f ! soil & we are c]ta91 !re=e1 t ! soil conta9s pota%4 ,& s ( all ! o!r m9]al elem5ts ( plants4 ,a soil t w produce a ?i/le1 or a pig-we$1 conta9s plant-food4 ,& s ! def9ition ( ! ,doctor is defective1 inasmu* z x makes no di/9ction betwe5 soil & manure4 ,bo? conta9 plant-food40 8,:at is y\r def9ition ( manure80 ask$ ,*>ley2 8x w\ld seem z ?\gh we all knew :at manure 04 ,we h got a great heap ( x 9 ! y>d1 & x is f]m5t+ nicely40 8,yes10 ,i repli$1 8we are mak+ m manure on ! f>m ?is w9t] ?an ev] be=e4 ,two hundr$ pigs1 #abj l>ge %eep1 #h horses1 #aa c[s1 & a hundr$ head ( p\ltry make consid]able manure2 & x is a good deal ( "w to clean out ! p5s1 pile ! manure1 draw x to ! field1 & apply x to ! crops4 ,we ought to "k some?+ ab\t x2 b we might "w among manure all our lives1 & n "k :at manure is4 ,at any rate1 we might n be able to def9e x accurately4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 try my h& at a def9ition4 8,let u assume t we h a field t is free f /agnant wat] at all seasons ( ! ye>2 t ! soil is clean1 mell[1 & well work$ sev5 in*es deep1 & 9 good ord] = putt+ 9 a crop4 ,:at ! com+ #8season' w be we "k n4 ,x may be :at we call a hot1 dry summ]1 or x may be cool & moi/1 or x may be p>tly "o & p>tly ! o!r4 ,! #8season' is a great elem5t ( unc]ta9ty 9 all our f>m+ calculations2 b we "k t we %all h a season ( "s k9d4 ,we h ! promise ( se$-"t & h>ve/1 & we h nev] kn[n ! promise to fail u4 ,crops1 h[ev]1 v>y v mu*1 accord+ to ! season2 & x is necess>y to be> ?is fact 9 m9d4 ,let u say t ! sun & heat1 & ra9 & dews1 or :at we call #8! season1' is capable ( produc+ #ej bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 b t ! soil ,i h describ$ above1 does n produce ov] #bj bu%els p] acre4 ,!re is no me*anical defect 9 ! soil4 ,! se$ is good1 x is put 9 prop]ly1 & at ! "r "t1 & 9 ! be/ mann]4 ,no we$s *oke ! :eat plants or rob !m ( _! food2 b t field does n produce z mu* :eat by #cj bu%els p] acre z ! season is capable ( produc+4 ,:y8 ,! answ] is evid5t4 ,because ! :eat plants d n f9d food en\gh 9 ! soil4 ,n[1 any?+ t w furni% ?is food1 any?+ t w cause t field to produce :at ! climate or season is capable ( produc+1 is manure4 ,a g>d5] may increase 8 crops by artificial heat1 or by an increas$ supply ( wat]1 b ?is is n manure4 ,! effect is due to improv$ climatic conditions4 ,x has no?+ to d ) ! "q ( manure4 ,we (t5 read 9 ! agricultural pap]s ab\t #8%ade z manure4' ,we might j z well talk ab\t sunlight z #8manure4' ,! effects obs]v$ %\ld be ref]r$ to modifications ( ! climate or season2 & s 9 reg>d to mul*+4 ,a good mul* may (t5 produce a l>g] increase ( gr[? ?an an application ( manure4 ,b mul*1 prop]1 is n manure4 ,x is climate4 ,x *ecks evaporation ( moi/ure f ! soil4 ,we might z well speak ( ra9 z manure z to call a mul* manure4 ,9 fact1 an ord9>y %[] 9 summ] is little m ?an a mul*4 ,x does n rea* ! roots ( plants2 & yet we see ! effect ( ! %[] imm$iately 9 ! increas$ vigor ( ! plants4 ,!y are full ( sap1 & ! droop+ leaves look refre%$4 ,we say ! ra9 has reviv$ !m1 & s x has2 b probably n a p>ticle ( ! ra9 has ent]$ into ! circulation ( ! plant4 ,! ra9 *eck$ evaporation f ! soil & f ! leaves4 ,a cool night refre%es ! plants1 & fills ! leaves ) sap1 precisely 9 ! same way4 ,all ^! f]tiliz+ effects1 h[ev]1 belong to climate4 ,x is inaccurate to associate ei!r mul*+1 sun%9e1 %ade1 heat1 dews1 or ra91 ) ! "q ( manure1 ?\gh ! effect may 9 c]ta9 circum/ances be precisely ! same40 ,*>ley evid5tly ?\ght ,i 0 w&]+ f ! po9t4 8,y ?9k1 !n10 said he1 8manure is plant-food t ! soil ne$s80 8,yes10 said ,i1 8t is a v good def9ition--v good1 inde$1 ?\gh n absolutely accurate1 because manure is manure1 :e!r a p>ticul> soil ne$s x or n40 ,unobs]v$ by u1 ! ,deacon & ! ,doctor _h be5 li/5+ to our talk4 --8,i w\ld l10 said ! ,deacon1 8to he> y give a bett] def9ition ?an ,*>ley has giv540 --8,manure10 said ,i1 8is any?+ conta9+ an elem5t or elem5ts ( plant-food1 :i*1 if ! soil ne$$ x1 w\ld1 if suppli$ 9 suffici5t quantity1 & 9 an available condition1 produce1 accord+ to soil1 season1 climate1 & v>iety1 a maximum crop40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,natural ,,manure4 ,we (t5 he> ab\t 8natural0 manure4 ,i d n l ! t]m1 ?\gh ,i believe x orig9at$ ) me4 ,x is n accurate2 n def9ite en\gh4 8,i d n "k :at y mean by natural manure10 said ! ,deacon1 8unless x is ! dropp+s ( animals40 --8,to di/+ui% !m1 ,i suppose10 said ! ,doctor1 8f artificial manures1 su* z sup]phosphate1 sulphate ( ammonia1 & nitrate ( soda40 --8,no2 t is n h[ ,i us$ ! t]m4 ,a few ye>s ago1 we us$ to he> mu* 9 reg>d to ! #8exhau/ion ( soils4' ,i ?\ght ?is phrase convey$ a wrong idea4 ,:5 new l& produces l>ge crops1 & :51 aft] a few ye>s1 ! crops get less & less1 we 7 told t ! f>m]s 7 exhau/+ _! l&4 ,i said1 no2 ! f>m]s are n exhau/+ ! soil2 !y are m]ely exhau/+ ! accumulat$ plant-food 9 ! soil4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are us+ up ! natural manure4 8,take my own f>m4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 x 0 cov]$ ) a heavy gr[? ( maple1 bee*1 black walnut1 oak1 & o!r trees4 ,^! trees _h %$ annual crops ( leaves = c5turies4 ,! leaves rot on ! gr\nd2 ! trees also1 age aft] age4 ,^! leaves & o!r organic matt] =m :at ,i h call$ natural manure4 ,:5 ! l& is cle>$ up & pl[$1 ?is natural manure decays m rapidly ?an :5 ! l& lies undi/urb$2 precisely z a manure-pile w f]m5t & decay m rapidly if turn$ occasionally1 & expos$ to ! air4 ,! pl[+ & cultivat+ r5d]s ?is natural manure m readily available4 ,! leaves decompose1 & furni% food = ! gr[+ crop40 ,,exhau/ion ,,( ,,! ,,soil4 8,y ?9k1 !n10 said ! ,doctor1 8t :5 a piece ( l& is cle>$ ( ! =e/1 h>r[$1 & s[n to :eat2 pl[$ & plant$ to corn1 & ! process repeat$ aga9 & aga91 until ! l& no long] yields pr(itable crops1 t x is ! #8natural manure1' & n ! soil1 t is exhau/$80 8,i ?9k ! soil1 at any rate1 is n exhau/$1 & ,i c easily conceive ( a case :]e ev5 ! natural manure is v f> f be+ all us$ up40 8,:y1 !n10 ask$ ! ,deacon1 8is ! l& s poor t x w sc>cely support a %eep to ! acre80 8,simply because ! natural manure & o!r plant-food :i* ! soil conta9s is n 9 an available condition4 ,x lies dead & in]t4 ,x is n soluble1 & ! roots ( ! plants _c get en\gh ( x to enable !m to ?rive2 & 9 addition to ?is1 y w f9d z a matt] ( fact t ^! poor #8exhau/$' f>ms are infe/$ ) we$s1 :i* rob ! gr[+ crops ( a l>ge "p ( ! scanty supply ( available plant-food40 8,b ^! we$s10 said ! ,deacon1 8are n remov$ f ! f>m4 ,!y rot on ! l&2 no?+ is lo/40 8,true10 said ,i1 8b !y1 nev]!less1 rob ! gr[+ crops ( available plant-food4 ,! annual supply ( plant-food1 in/ead ( be+ us$ to gr[ useful plants1 is us$ to gr[ we$s40 8,i und]/& t10 said ! ,deacon1 8b if ! we$s are left on ! l&1 & ! useful plants are sold1 ! f>m] :o keeps 8 l& clean w\ld exhau/ 8 l& fa/] ?an ! c>eless f>m] :o lets 8 l& lie until x is ov]run ) ?i/les1 bri>s1 & pig-we$4 ,y agricultural writ]s1 :o are con/antly urg+ u to f>m bett] & gr[ l>g] crops1 seem to ov]look ?is po9t4 ,z y "k1 ,i d n take mu* /ock 9 *emical !ories z appli$ to agriculture1 b z y d1 "h is a little extract ,i cut f an agricultural pap]1 t seems to prove t ! bett] y "w y\r l&1 & ! l>g] crops y raise1 ! soon] y exhau/ y\r l&40 ,! ,deacon put on 8 spectacles1 drew 8 *air ne>] ! lamp on ! table1 & read ! foll[+3 8,!re is1 on an av]age1 ab\t "o-f\r? ( a p\nd ( pota% to e "o hundr$ p\nds ( soil1 & ab\t "o-eigh? ( a p\nd ( phosphoric acid1 & "o-sixte5? ( a p\nd ( sulphuric acid4 ,if ! potatoes & ! tops are cont9ually remov$ f ! soil1 x w soon exhau/ ! pota%4 ,if ! :eat & /raw are remov$1 x w soon exhau/ ! phosphate ( lime2 if corn & ! /alks1 x w soon exhau/ ! sulphuric acid4 ,unless !re is a rotation1 or ! mat]ial ! plant requires is suppli$ f abroad1 y\r crops w soon run out1 ?\gh ! soil w cont9ue ri* = o!r plants40 8,t extract10 said ,i1 8c>ries "o back tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,we us$ to h article aft] article 9 ?is /ra94 ,we 7 told t #8always tak+ meal out ( ! tub soon comes to ! bottom1' & always tak+ pota% & phosphoric acid f ! soil w soon exhau/ ! supply4 ,b1 practically1 !re is really little dang] ( our exhau/+ ! l&4 ,x does n pay4 ,! f>m]'s res\rces w be exhau/$ long be=e he c exhau/ 8 f>m40 8,assum+10 said ! ,doctor1 :o is fond ( an argum5t1 8t ! above /atem5t is true1 let u look at ! facts4 ,an acre ( soil1 #ab in*es deep1 w\ld weigh ab\t #a1fjj tons2 & if1 z ! writ] quot$ by ! ,deacon /ates1 ! soil conta9s #d ozs4 ( pota% 9 e #ajj lbs4 ( soil1 x foll[s t an acre ( soil1 #ab in*es deep1 conta9s #h1jjj lbs4 ( pota%4 ,n[1 potatoes conta9 ab\t #bj p] c5t ( dry matt]1 & ?is dry matt] conta9s say1 #d p] c5t ( a%1 half ( :i* is pota%4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t #bej bu%els ( potatoes conta9 ab\t #fj lbs4 ( pota%4 ,if we reckon t ! tops conta9 #bj lbs4 m1 or #hj lbs4 9 all1 x foll[s t ! acre ( soil conta9s pota% en\gh to gr[ an annual crop ( #bej bu%els ( potatoes p] acre = "o hundr$ ye>s40 8,i "k f>m]s10 said ,*>ley1 8:o d n get ov] #ej bu%els ( potatoes p] acre1 & 9 t case ! pota% w\ld la/ five hundr$ ye>s1 z ! we$s gr[n ) ! crop are left on ! l&1 & d n1 accord+ to ! ,deacon1 exhau/ ! soil40 8,good = y1 ,*>ley10 said ! ,doctor4 8,n[ let u see ab\t ! phosphoric acid1 ( :i* ! soil1 accord+ to ! above /atem5t1 conta9s only half z mu* z x conta9s ( pota%1 or #d1jjj lbs4 p] acre4 8,a crop ( :eat ( #cj bu%els p] acre10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8conta9s 9 ! gra9 ab\t #bf lbs4 ( a%1 & we w say t half ( ?is a% is phosphoric acid1 or #ac lbs4 ,all[+ t ! /raw1 *aff1 etc41 conta9 #g lbs4 m1 we remove f ! soil 9 a crop ( :eat ( #cj bu%els p] acre1 #bj lbs4 ( phosphoric acid1 & s1 accord+ to ! above e/imate1 an acre ( soil conta9s phosphoric acid to produce annually a crop ( :eat & /raw ( #cj bu%els p] acre = two hundr$ ye>s4 8,! writ] ( ! p>agraph quot$ by ! ,deacon10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8select$ ! crops & elem5ts be/ suit$ to 8 purpose1 & yet1 accord+ to 8 own e/imate1 !re is suffici5t pota% & phosphoric acid 9 ! fir/ #ab in*es ( ! soil to enable u to raise unusually l>ge crops until ! next ,c5t5nial 9 #aigf4 8,b let u take ano!r view ( ! subject10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor4 8,no intellig5t f>m] removes all ! potatoes & tops1 all ! :eat1 /raw1 & *aff1 or all ! corn & /alks f 8 f>m4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,salisbury1 a crop ( corn ( #ge bu%els p] acre removes f ! soil #fjj lbs4 ( a%1 b ! gra9 conta9s only #df lbs4 ,! o!r #eed lbs4 is conta9$ 9 ! /alks1 etc41 all ( :i* are usually reta9$ on ! f>m4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t :5 only ! gra9 is sold (f ! f>m1 x takes m ?an ?irte5 crops to remove z mu* m9]al matt] f ! soil z is conta9$ 9 ! :ole ( "o crop4 ,aga91 ! a% ( ! gra9 conta9s less ?an #c p] c5t ( sulphuric acid1 s t ! #df lbs4 ( a%1 9 #ge bu%els ( corn1 conta9s less ?an #a lbs4 ( sulphuric acid1 & ?us1 if an acre ( soil conta9s #b1jjj lbs4 ( sulphuric acid1 we h suffici5t = an annual crop ( #ge bu%els p] acre = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s6 8,z ,i said be=e10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8intellig5t f>m]s seldom sell _! /raw1 & !y frequ5tly pur*ase & consume on ! f>m ne>ly z mu* bran1 %orts1 etc41 z is s5t to m>ket ) ! gra9 !y sell4 ,9 ! #8,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york1' x is /at$ t an acre ( :eat 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york1 ( #cj bu%els p] acre1 includ+ /raw1 *aff1 etc41 removes f ! soil #add lbs4 ( m9]al matt]4 ,g5esee :eat usually yields ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ( fl\r4 ,?is fl\r conta9s only #j4g p] c5t ( m9]al matt]1 :ile f9e middl+s conta9 #d p] c5t2 co>se middl+s1 #e p] c5t2 %orts1 #h p] c5t1 & bran #h p] c5t ( m9]al matt] or a%4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t out ( ! #add lbs4 ( m9]al matt] 9 ! crop ( :eat1 less ?an #aj lbs4 is conta9$ 9 ! fl\r4 ,! rema9+ #acd lbs4 is f\nd 9 ! /raw1 *aff1 bran1 %orts1 etc41 :i* a good f>m] is almo/ sure to fe$ out on 8 f>m4 ,b ev5 if ! f>m] fe$s out none ( 8 :eat-bran1 b sells x all ) 8 :eat1 ! #cj bu%els ( :eat remove f ! soil only #bf lbs4 ( m9]al matt]2 & x w\ld take m ?an five crops to remove z mu* m9]al matt] z "o crop ( :eat & /raw conta9s4 ,all[+ t half ! a% ( :eat is phosphoric acid1 #cj bu%els remove only #ac lbs4 f ! soil1 & if ! soil conta9s #d1jjj lbs41 x w take ?ree hundr$ & sev5 crops1 ( #cj bu%els ea*1 to exhau/ x40 8,t is to say10 said ,*>ley1 8if all ! /raw & *aff is reta9$ on ! f>m1 & is return$ to ! l& )\t loss ( phosphoric acid40 8,yes10 said ! ,doctor1 8& if all ! bran & %orts1 etc41 7 reta9$ on ! f>m1 x w\ld take eight hundr$ crops to exhau/ ! soil ( phosphoric acid2 & x is admitt$ t ( all ! elem5ts ( plant-food1 phosphoric acid is ! "o fir/ to be exhau/$ f ! soil40 ,i h sold "s timo?y hay ?is w9t]1 & propose to d s :5ev] ! price suits4 ,b "s ( my neighbors1 :o d n hesitate to sell _! own hay1 ?9k ,i ought n to d s1 because ,i 8write = ! pap]s06 ,x ought to satisfy !m to "k t ,i br+ back #cj cwt4 ( bran = e ton ( hay ,i sell4 ,my rule is to sell no?+ b :eat1 b>ley1 beans1 potatoes1 clov]-se$1 apples1 wool1 mutton1 beef1 pork1 & butt]4 ,ev]y?+ else is consum$ on ! f>m--corn1 peas1 oats1 mu/>d1 rape1 mangels1 clov]1 /raw1 /alks1 etc4 ,let u make a r\gh e/imate ( h[ mu* is sold & h[ mu* reta9$ on a hundr$-acre f>m1 leav+ out ! potatoes1 beans1 & live-/ock4 ,we h say3 ,sold4 #ae acres :eat1 #dj bu%els p] acre #ah tons #e 0 b>ley1 #ej 0 0 #f 0 #ae 0 clov] se$1 #d 0 0 #a ton4 ------ ,total sold #be tons4 ,reta9$ on ! f>m4 #ae acres corn1 #hj bu%els p] acre #cc tons4 ,corn /alks f d4 #dj 0 #e acres b>ley /raw #h 0 #aj 0 oats & peas1 equal #hj bu%els ( oats #ab 0 ,/raw f d4 #bj 0 #ae acres :eat-/raw #be 0 #ae 0 clov]-hay #be 0 ,clov]-se$ /raw #aj 0 #ae acres pa/ure & mead[1 equal #dj tons hay #dj 0 #e 0 mu/>d1 equal #aj tons hay #aj 0 #e 0 rape1 equal #aj tons hay #aj 0 #e 0 mangels1 #be tons p] acre1 #ae 0 equal to #c tons dry ,leaves f d4 #c 0 ------- ,total reta9$ on ! f>m #beb tons4 ,x w\ld take a good _m ye>s to exhau/ any ord9>y soil by su* a c\rse ( cropp+4 ,except1 p]haps1 ! s&y knolls1 ,i ?9k !re is n an acre on my f>m t w\ld be exhau/$ 9 t5 ?\s& ye>s1 & z "s portions ( ! l[ alluvial soil w gr[ crops )\t manure1 !re w be an opportunity to give ! poor1 s&y knolls m ?an _! %>e ( plant-food4 ,9 ?is way1 not)/&+ ! fact t we sell produce & br+ no?+ back1 ,i believe ! :ole f>m w gradually increase 9 productiv5ess4 ,! plant-food annually r5d]$ available f ! decomposition & dis9tegration ( ! in]t organic & m9]al matt] 9 ! soil1 w be m ?an equal to t export$ f ! f>m4 ,if ! soil becomes defici5t 9 any?+1 x is likely t x w be 9 phosphates1 & a little sup]phosphate or bone-du/ might at any rate be pr(itably us$ on ! rape1 mu/>d1 & turnips4 ,! po9t 9 good f>m+ is to develop f ! lat5t /ores 9 ! soil1 & to accumulate en\gh available plant-food = ! production ( ! l>ge/ possible yield ( ^? crops :i* we sell4 ,9 o!r words1 we want en\gh available plant-food 9 ! soil to gr[ #dj bu%els ( :eat & #ej bu%els ( b>ley4 ,i ?9k ! f>m] :o raises #aj tons = e ton he sells1 w soon rea* ?is po9t1 & :5 once rea*$1 x is a comp>atively easy matt] to ma9ta9 ?is degree ( f]tility4 ,,:y ,,our ,,crops ,,are ,,s ,,poor4 8,if ! soil is s ri* 9 plant-food10 said ! ,deacon1 8,i aga9 ask1 :y are our crops s poor80 ,! ,deacon said ?is v quietly4 ,he did n seem to "k t he _h ask$ "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions 9 ! :ole range ( agricultural sci5ce4 ,x is a fact t a soil may conta9 en\gh plant-food to produce a ?\s& l>ge crops1 & yet ! crops we obta9 f x may be s poor z h>dly to pay ! co/ ( cultivation4 ,! plant-food is !re1 b ! plants _c get at x4 ,x is n 9 an available condition2 x is n soluble4 ,a case is quot$ by ,pr(4 ,johnson1 :]e a soil 0 analyz$1 & f\nd to conta9 to ! dep? ( "o foot #d1feb lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre1 b only #fc lbs4 ( ?is 0 9 an available condition4 ,& ?is is equally true ( phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & o!r elem5ts ( plant-food4 ,no matt] h[ mu* plant-food !re may be 9 ! soil1 ! only portion t is ( any imm$iate value is ! small am\nt t is annually available = ! gr[? ( crops4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,get ,,l>g] ,,crops4 8,i am tir$ ( s mu* talk ab\t plant-food10 said ! ,deacon2 8:at we want to "k is h[ to make our l& produce l>g] crops ( :eat1 corn1 oats1 b>ley1 potatoes1 clov]1 & grass40 ,?is is precisely :at ,i am try+ to %[4 ,on my own f>m1 ! ?ree lead+ objects are 7#a7 to get ! l& dra9$1 7#b7 to make x clean & mell[1 & 7#c7 to get available nitrog5 = ! c]eal crops4 ,aft] ! fir/ two objects are accompli%$1 ! measure ( productiv5ess w be det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( available nitrog5 9 ! soil4 ,h[ to get available nitrog51 !re=e1 is my *ief & ultimate object 9 all ! op]ations on ! f>m1 & x is "h t sci5ce c help me4 ,i "k h[ to get nitrog51 b ,i want to get x 9 ! *eape/ way1 & !n to be sure t ,i d n wa/e x4 ,!re is "o fact fully e/abli%$ by repeat$ exp]im5t & g5]al exp]i5ce--t #hj lbs4 ( available nitrog5 p] acre1 appli$ 9 manure1 w almo/ inv>iably give u a greatly increas$ yield ( gra9 crops4 ,i %\ld expect1 on my f>m1 t on l& :i*1 )\t manure1 w\ld give me #ae bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 su* a dress+ ( manure w\ld give me1 9 a favorable season1 #ce or #dj bu%els p] acre1 ) a proportional increase ( /raw2 &1 9 addition to ?is1 !re w\ld be consid]able nitrog5 left = ! foll[+ crop ( clov]4 ,is x n wor? :ile mak+ an e>ne/ ef=t to get ?is #hj lbs4 ( available nitrog58 ,i h on my f>m _m acres ( l[1 mucky l&1 bord]+ on ! creek1 t probably conta9 sev]al ?\s& p\nds ( nitrog5 p] acre4 ,s long z ! l& is sur*>g$ ) wat]1 ?is nitrog51 & o!r plant-food1 lies dormant4 ,b dra9 x1 & let 9 ! air1 & ! oxyg5 decomposes ! organic matt]1 & ammonia & nitric acid are produc$4 ,9 o!r words1 we get available nitrog5 & o!r plant-food1 & ! l& becomes capable ( produc+ l>ge crops ( corn & grass2 & ! crops obta9$ f ?is l[1 ri* l&1 w make manure = ! poor]1 upl& portions ( ! f>m4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,swamp-,,muck ,,or ,,peat ,,z ,,manure4 8,x w\ld pay y10 said ! ,deacon1 8to draw out #bjj or #cjj loads ( muck f ! swamp e ye>1 & compo/ x ) y\r manure40 ,?is may or may n be ! case4 ,x dep5ds on ! composition ( ! muck1 & h[ mu* labor x takes to h&le x4 8,:at y %\ld d10 said ! ,doctor1 8is to comm5ce at ! creek1 & /raight5 x4 ,take a gang ( m51 & be ) !m ) y\rself1 or get a good =eman to direct op]ations4 ,comm5ce at a1 & /raight5 ! creek to b1 & f b to c 7see map on next page74 ,?r[ all ! ri*1 black muck 9 a heap by itself1 sep>ate f ! s&4 ,y1 or y\r =eman1 mu/ be !re1 or y w n get ?is done4 ,a good dit*] w ?r[ out a great mass ( ?is loose muck & s& 9 a day2 & y want him to dig1 n ?9k4 ,y mu/ d ! ?9k+1 & tell him :i* is muck1 & :i* is only s& & dirt4 ,:5 ?r[n up1 ?is muck1 9 our dry1 hot climate1 w1 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s1 "p ) a l>ge am\nt ( wat]1 & x c !n be drawn to ! b>ns & /ables1 & us$ = b$d+1 or = compo/+ ) manure4 ,or if y d n want to draw x to ! b>n1 get "s refuse lime f ! lime-kiln1 & mix x ) ! muck aft] x has be5 ?r[n up a few weeks1 & is p>tially dry4 ,turn ov] ! heap1 & put a few bu%els ( lime to e cord ( ! muck1 mix+ ! lime & muck toge!r1 leav+ ! heap 9 a compact =m1 & 9 good %ape1 to %$ ! ra94 8,:5 y h /raight5$1 & clean$ out1 & deep5$ ! creek10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8comm5ce at z on ! new creek1 & cut a dit* ?r\gh ! swamp to y4 ,?r[ ! muck on "o side1 & ! s& on ! o!r4 ,?is w give y "s good1 ri* muck1 & at ! same "t dra9 y\r swamp4 ,!n cut "s "u-dra9s f y t[>ds ! high] l& at w1 v1 & h1 & f f to x4 ,^! w dra9 y\r l&1 & set free ! in]t plant-food1 & su* crops ( timo?y z y w get f ?is swamp w a/oni% ! natives1 & y\r bill = m$ical att5dance & qu99e w s9k to z]o40 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,creek4 ,! ,doctor is "r4 ,!re is money & heal? 9 ! plan4 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 z *emi/ to ! ,conn4 ,/ate ,ag4 ,society1 made accurate analyses ( #cc samples ( peat & muck s5t him by g5tlem5 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,! am\nt ( pot5tial ammonia 9 ! *emically dry peat 0 f\nd to v>y f #j4eh 9 ! poore/1 to #d4jf p] c5t 9 ! ri*e/ samples4 ,9 o!r words1 "o deposit ( muck may conta9 sev5 times z mu* nitrog5 z ano!r1 & x w\ld be well be=e sp5d+ mu* money 9 draw+ out muck = manure to s5d a sample ( x to "s good *emi/4 ,a b$ ( swamp-muck1 easily accessible1 & conta9+ #c p] c5t ( nitrog51 w\ld be a m9e ( weal? to any f>m]4 ,"o ton ( su* muck1 dry1 w\ld conta9 m nitrog5 ?an #g tons ( /raw4 8,x w\ld be capital /uff10 said ! ,deacon1 8to put 9 y\r pig-p5s to absorb ! ur9e4 ,x w\ld make ri* manure40 8,t is s10 said ,i1 8& ! weak po9t 9 my pig-bre$+ is ! want ( suffici5t /raw4 ,pigs use up m b$d+ ?an any o!r animals4 ,i h ov] #bjj pigs1 & ,i c\ld use a ton ( dry muck to ea* pig e w9t] to great advantage4 ,! p5s w\ld be dri]1 ! pigs heal?i]1 & ! manure ri*]40 ,! ,doctor "h int]rupt$ u4 8,i see10 said he1 8t ! av]age am\nt ( ammonia 9 ! #cc samples ( dry peat analyz$ by ,pr(essor ,johnson is #b4jg p] c5t4 ,i _h no idea t muck 0 s ri*4 ,b>n-y>d manure1 or ! manure f ! horse /ables 9 ! cities1 conta9s only half a p] c5t 7#j4e7 ( ammonia1 & x is an unusually ri* manure t conta9s "o p] c5t4 ,we are safe 9 say+ t a ton ( dry muck1 on ! av]age1 conta9s at lea/ twice z mu* pot5tial ammonia z ! av]age ( our be/ & ri*e/ /able-manure40 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,:at ,,is ,,pot5tial ,,ammonia8 8,y say10 said ! ,deacon1 8t dry muck conta9s twice z mu* #8pot5tial ammonia' z manure80 8,yes10 said ! ,doctor1 8x conta9s ?ree or f\r times z mu* z ! half-rott$ /raw & /alks y call manure40 8,b :at d y mean10 ask$ ! ,deacon1 8by #8pot5tial ammonia8'0 8,x is a t]m10 said ! ,doctor1 8we us$ to he> mu* m frequ5tly ?an we d n[4 ,ammonia is compos$ ( #ad lbs4 ( nitrog5 & #c lbs4 ( hydrog52 & if1 on analysis1 a guano or o!r manure 0 f\nd to conta91 9 :atev] =m1 #g p] c5t ( nitrog51 ! *emi/ report$ t he f\nd 9 x #h p] c5t ( #8pot5tial' ammonia4 ,dri$ blood conta9s no ammonia1 b if x conta9$ #ad p] c5t ( nitrog51 ! *emi/ w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ x conta9$ #ag p] c5t ( pot5tial ammonia1 f ! fact t ! dri$ blood1 by f]m5tation1 is capable ( yield+ ?is am\nt ( ammonia4 ,we say a ton ( common horse-manure conta9s #aj or #ab lbs4 ( pot5tial ammonia4 ,if p]fectly fre%1 x may n conta9 a p>ticle ( ammonia2 b x conta9s nitrog5 en\gh to produce1 by f]m5tation1 #aj or #ab lbs4 ( ammonia4 ,& :5 x is said t dry swamp-muck conta9s1 on ! av]age1 #b4jg p] c5t ( pot5tial ammonia1 x simply means t x conta9s nitrog5 en\gh to produce ?is am\nt ( ammonia4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,i suppose muck1 :5 dug fre% f ! swamp1 conta9s no ammonia4 ,ammonia is q soluble 9 wat]1 & if !re 0 any ammonia 9 ! swamp-muck1 x w\ld soon be wa%$ out4 ,! nitrog51 or #8pot5tial ammonia1' 9 ! muck exi/s 9 an in]t1 insoluble =m1 & be=e ! muck w yield up ?is nitrog5 to plants1 x is necess>y1 9 "s way1 to f]m5t or decompose x4 ,b ?is is a po9t we w discuss at a future meet+40 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,tillage ,,is ,,manure4 ,! ,doctor has be5 invit$ to deliv] a lecture on manure be=e our local ,f>m]s' ,club4 8,! etymological mean+ ( ! ^w manure10 he said1 8is h& labor1 f ma91 h&1 & ouvr]1 to "w4 ,to manure ! l& orig9ally meant to cultivate x1 to hoe1 to dig1 to pl[1 to h>r[1 or /ir x 9 any way s z to expose its p>ticles to ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 & ?us r5d] its lat5t elem5ts assimilable by plants4 8,:5 our fir/ p>5t10 he cont9u$1 80 s5t =? f ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 to till ! gr\nd f :5ce he 0 tak51 he probably did n "k t ! means necess>y to kill ! ?orns & ?i/les enhanc$ ! productiv5ess ( ! soil1 yet su* 0 und\bt$ly ! case4 8,! f>m] = c5turies 0 simply a #8till] ( ! gr\nd4' ,guano1 ?\gh =m$1 accord+ to "s em95t au?orities1 long ages be=e ! creation ( man1 0 n !n kn[n4 ,! coprolites lay undi/urb$ 9 c\ntless numb]s 9 ! lias1 ! gre5s&1 & ! ,suffolk crag4 ,*>le/on phosphates 7 unkn[n4 ,sup]phosphate1 sulphate ( ammonia1 nitrate ( soda1 & ka9it 7 n dream$ (4 ,no?+ 0 said ab\t ! m9]al manure !ory1 or ! exhau/ion ( ! soil4 ,!re 7 no frauds 9 artificial f]tiliz]s2 no ,exp]im5t ,/ations4 ,! e>?1 fre% f ! h&s ( its ,creator1 ne$$ only to be #8tickl$ ) a hoe to laugh ) a h>ve/4' ,no?+ 0 said ab\t ! value ( ! manure obta9$ f ! consumption ( a ton ( oil-cake1 or malt-combs1 or bran1 or clov]-hay4 ,= _m c5turies1 ! hoe1 ! spade1 & ! rake con/itut$ ,adam's :ole /ock 9 trade4 8,at l5g?10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8a great discov]y 0 made4 ,a ,roman f>m]--probably a prom95t ,grang]--/umbl$ on a mighty tru?4 ,manur+ ! l&--t is1 hoe+ & cultivat+ x--increas$ its f]tility4 ,?is 0 well kn[n--_h be5 kn[n = ages1 & act$ ^u2 b ?is ,roman f>m]1 ,/]cutius1 :o 0 a close obs]v]1 discov]$ t ! dropp+s ( animals _h ! same effect z hoe+4 ,no wond] ^! idolatr\s p vot$ him a god4 ,!y ?\ght !re w\ld be no m old-fa%ion$ manur+2 no m hoe+4 8,( c\rse !y 7 mi/ak510 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8our arable l& w always ne$ pl[+ & cultivat+ to kill we$s4 ,manure1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we n[ use ! t]m1 is only a p>tial sub/itute = tillage1 & tillage is only a p>tial sub/itute = manure2 b x is well to be> 9 m9d t ! words mean ! same ?+1 & ! effects ( bo? are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 id5tical4 ,tillage is manure1 & manure is tillage40 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,summ]-,,fall[+4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss ! m]its1 or dem]its1 ( fall[+4 ,b an intellig5t ,ohio f>m] writes me3 --8,i see t y recomm5d fall[ pl[+1 :at are y\r reasons8 ,grant+ t ! imm$iate result is an increas$ crop1 is n ! l& impov]i%$8 ,w n ! ?or\gh cultivation ( corn1 or potatoes1 answ] z well80 ,& a di/+ui%$ f>m]1 ( ?is ,/ate1 9 a rec5t communication express$ ! same idea--t summ]-fall[+ w\ld soon impov]i% ! l&4 ,b if ?is is ! case1 ! fault is n 9 ! practice ( summ]-fall[+1 b 9 gr[+ too _m gra9 crops1 & sell+ !m1 in/ead ( consum+ !m on ! f>m4 ,take two fields2 summ]-fall[ "o1 & s[ x to :eat4 ,plant ! o!r to corn1 & s[ :eat aft] x 9 ! fall4 ,y get1 say #ce bu%els ( :eat p] acre f ! summ]-fall[4 ,f ! o!r field y get1 say1 #cj bu%els ( %ell$ corn p] acre1 & #aj bu%els ( :eat aft]w>ds4 ,n[1 :]e a f>m] is 9 ! habit ( sell+ all 8 :eat1 & consum+ all 8 corn on ! f>m1 x is evid5t t ! practice ( summ]-fall[+ w impov]i% ! soil m rapidly ?an ! sy/em ( gr[+ corn foll[$ by :eat--& = ! simple reason t m :eat is sold f ! f>m4 ,if no m gra9 is sold 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r1 ! summ]-fall[+ w n impov]i% ! soil any m ?an corn gr[+4 ,my idea ( fall[+ is ?is3--,! soil & ! atmosph]e furni%1 on good1 well cultivat$ l&1 plant-food suffici5t1 say1 = #ae bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 e ye>4 ,x w be sometimes m1 & sometimes less1 accord+ to ! season & ! "* ( ! soil1 b on good1 /rong lime/one l& ?is may be tak5 z ab\t ! av]age4 ,to gr[ :eat e ye> 9 crops ( #ae bu%els p] acre1 w\ld impov]i% ! soil j z mu* z to summ]-fall[ & get #cj bu%els ( :eat e o!r ye>4 ,x is ! same ?+ 9 ei!r case4 ,b 9 summ]-fall[+1 we clean ! l&1 & ! pr(its f a crop ( #cj bu%els p] acre e o!r ye>1 are mu* m ?an f two crops ( #ae bu%els e ye>4 ,y "k t ,mr4 ,lawes has a field ( ab\t ?irte5 acres t he s[s ) :eat e ye>4 ,on ! plot t receives no manure ( any k9d1 ! crop1 = tw5ty ye>s1 av]ag$ #af bu%els p] acre4 ,x is pl[$ twice e ye>1 & ! :eat is h&-ho$ 9 ! spr+ to keep x clean4 ,a few ye>s ago1 9 a field adjo9+ ?is exp]im5tal :eat field1 & t is ( ! same "* ( l&1 he made ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,! l&1 aft] :eat1 0 fall[$1 & !n s[n to :eat2 !n fall[$ ! next ye>1 & aga9 s[n to :eat1 & ! next ye> x 0 s[n to :eat aft] :eat4 ,! foll[+ is ! result comp>$ ) ! yield ( ! cont9u\sly unmanur$ plot 9 ! exp]im5tal field t is s[n to :eat e ye>3 #a4 ,ye>--,no4 #a--;,fall[ ,no crop4 ,no4 #b--,:eat aft] :eat #ae bu%els #c pecks p] acre4 #b4 ,ye>--,no4 #a--,:eat aft] fall[ #cg 0 -- 0 0 ,no4 #b--,:eat aft] :eat #ac 0 #c 0 0 #c4 ,ye>--,no4 #a--;,fall[ aft] :eat ,no crop4 ,no4 #b--,:eat aft] :eat #ae bu%els #c pecks p] acre4 #d4 ,ye>--,no4 #a--,:eat aft] fall[ #db 0 -- 0 0 ,no4 #b--,:eat aft] :eat #ba 0 #j 0 0 #e4 ,ye>--,no4 #a--,:eat aft] :eat #ag 0 #a 0 0 ,no4 #b--,:eat aft] :eat #ag 0 -- 0 0 ,tak+ ! fir/ f\r ye>s1 we h a total yield f ! plot s[n e ye> ( #ff bu%els #b pecks1 & f ! two crops alt]nately fall[$1 a total yield ( #gi bu%els4 ,! next ye>1 :5 :eat 0 s[n aft] :eat on ! l& previ\sly fall[$1 ! yield 0 almo/ id5tical ) ! yield f ! plot t has gr[n :eat aft] :eat = s _m ye>s4 ,s f>1 ^! results d n indicate any exhau/ion f ! practice ( fall[+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y t5d to %[ t we c get m :eat by s[+ x e o!r ye>1 ?an by cropp+ x e ye> 9 succession4 ,! reason = ?is may be f\nd 9 ! fact t 9 a fall[ ! l& is m frequ5tly expos$ to ! atmosph]e by repeat$ pl[+s & h>r[+s2 & x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! effect ( /irr+ ! l& is n necess>ily 9 proportion to ! total am\nt ( /irr+1 b is accord+ to ! numb] ( times t fre% p>ticles ( soil are expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,two pl[+s & two h>r[+s 9 "o week1 w n d z mu* good z two pl[+s & two h>r[+s1 at diff]5t times 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree or f\r mon?s4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,i object1 !oretically1 to s[+ :eat aft] b>ley4 ,we (t5 pl[ ! b>ley /ubble twice1 & sp5d consid]able labor 9 gett+ ! l& into good condition2 b x is g5]ally all done 9 ! c\rse ( t5 days or two weeks4 ,we d n get any adequate b5efit = ?is labor4 ,we c kill we$s readily at ?is season1 7,augu/71 b ! /irr+ ( ! soil does n develope ! lat5t plant-food to ! ext5t x w\ld if ! "w 0 n necess>ily done 9 su* a limit$ p]iod4 ,i say !oretically1 = 9 po9t ( fact ,i d s[ :eat aft] b>ley4 ,i d s because x is v conv5i5t1 & because x is m imm$iately pr(itable4 ,i am satisfi$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! end x w\ld be m pr(itable to se$ d[n ! b>ley ) clov]4 ,we mu/ raise l>g] crops2 & to d ?is we mu/ raise !m less frequ5tly4 ,?is is ! key-note ( ! com+ improv$ sy/em ( ,am]ican agriculture1 9 all sections :]e good l& is wor? less ?an "o hundr$ doll>s p] acre4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( l>ge cities1 & :]ev] l& comm&s a high price1 we mu/ keep our f>ms 9 a high /ate ( f]tility by ! pur*ase ( manures or cattle foods4 ,^? ( u 9 ! int]ior1 :]e we c n buy manure1 mu/ raise few] gra9 crops1 & m clov]4 ,we mu/ aim to raise #dj bu%els ( :eat1 #ej bu%els ( b>ley1 #hj bu%els ( oats1 & #ajj bu%els ( %ell$ corn1 & #e bu%els ( clov]-se$ p] acre4 ,t ?is c be done on good1 well-dra9$ l&1 f ! unaid$ res\rces ( ! f>m1 ,i h no d\bt4 ,x may give u no m gra9 to sell ?an at pres5t1 b x w enable u to produce mu* m mutton1 wool1 beef1 *eese1 butt]1 & pork1 ?an at pres5t4 8,b1 !n1 w !re be a dem& = ! meat1 wool1 etc480 ,! pres5t indications are highly favorable4 ,b we mu/ aim to raise good meat4 ,! l[-pric$ beef & mutton sold 9 our m>kets are z unpr(itable to ! consum] z !y are to ! produc]4 ,we mu/ fe$ high]1 & to d ?is to advantage we mu/ h improv$ /ock4 ,!re is no pr(it 9 f>m+ )\t good tillage1 l>g] crops1 improv$ /ock1 & high] fe$+4 ,! details w be modifi$ by circum/ances1 b ! pr9ciples are ! same :]ev] agri-culture is practis$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,re/ore ,a ,,worn-,,out ,,f>m4 ,i h nev] yet se5 a 8worn-out0 or 8exhau/$ f>m40 ,i "k _m f>ms t are 8run d[n40 ,i b\ght j su* a f>m a doz5 or m ye>s ago1 & ,i h be5 try+ h>d1 ev] s9ce1 to br+ x up to a pr(itable /&>d ( productiv5ess--& am /ill try+1 & expect to h to keep on try+ s long z ,i keep on f>m+4 ,! tru? is1 !re nev] 0 a f>m s ri*1 t ! f>m] did n wi% x 0 ri*]4 ,i h succe$$ 9 mak+ ! l>g] "p ( my f>m mu* m productive ?an x ev] 0 be=e1 s9ce x 0 cle>$ f ! orig9al =e/4 ,b x is f> f be+ z ri* z ,i want x4 ,! tru? is1 ,god s5t u into ?is _w to "w1 & ,he has giv5 u pl5ty to d1 if we w only d x4 ,at any rate1 ?is is true ( f>m+4 ,he has n giv5 u l& ready to our h&4 ,! man :o fir/ cle>$ up my f>m1 _h no easy task4 ,he fairly e>n$ all ! good crops he ev] got f x4 ,i h nev] begrudg$ him "o p>ticle ( ! 8natural manure0 he took out ( ! l&1 9 ! =m ( :eat1 corn1 oats1 & hay4 ,on ! dry1 s&y knolls1 he probably got out a good portion ( ?is natural manure1 b on ! wett] & heavi] portions ( ! f>m1 he probably did n get out "o-hundr$? "p ( ! natural manure :i* ! l& conta9$4 ,n[1 :5 su* a f>m came into my possession1 :at 0 ,i to d ) x8 8,tell u :at y did10 said ! ,doctor1 8& !n1 p]haps1 we c tell y :at y ought to h done1 & :at y ought to h left undone40 8,i made _m mi/akes40 8,am510 said ! ,deacon2 8,i am glad to he> y ackn[l$ge x40 8,well10 said ! ,doctor1 8x is bett] to make mi/akes 9 try+ to d some?+1 ?an to hug our self-e/eem1 & fold our h&s 9 indol5ce4 ,x has be5 said t critics are m5 :o h fail$ 9 _! und]tak+s4 ,b ,i r ?9k ! mo/ disagreeable1 & self-satisfi$ critics1 are m5 :o h nev] done any?+1 or tri$ to d any?+1 !mselves40 ,! ,deacon1 :o1 ?\gh some?+ ( an old fogy1 is a good deal ( a man1 & possess$ ( good common s5se1 & mu* exp]i5ce1 took ^! rem>ks k9dly4 8,well10 said he to me1 8,i mu/ say t y\r f>m has c]ta9ly improv$1 b y did ?+s s diff]5tly f :at we expect$1 t we c\ld n see :at y 7 driv+ at40 8,i c tell y :at ,i h be5 aim+ at all along4 #a/4 ,to dra9 ! wet portions ( ! arable l&4 #b;d4 ,to kill we$s1 & make ! soil mell[ & clean4 #c;d4 ,to make m manure40 8,y h also b\ght "s bone-du/1 sup]phosphate1 & o!r artificial manures40 8,true2 & if ,i _h _h m money ,i w\ld h b\ght m manure4 ,x w\ld h paid well4 ,i c\ld h made my l& z ri* z x is n[ 9 half ! "t40 ,i _h to dep5d pr9cipally on ! natural res\rces ( ! l&4 ,i got out ( ! soil all ,i c\ld1 & kept z mu* ( x z possible on ! f>m4 ,"o ( ! mi/akes ,i made 01 9 break+ up too mu* l&1 & putt+ 9 too mu* :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 peas1 & corn4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] = my pocket1 ?\gh possibly n s good = ! f>m1 if ,i _h left m ( ! l& 9 grass1 & also1 if ,i _h summ]-fall[$ m1 & s[n less b>ley & oats1 & plant$ less corn4 8,i d n see h[ pl[+ up ! grass l&10 said ! ,deacon1 8c\ld possibly be any bett] = ! f>m4 ,y agricultural writ]s are always tell+ u t we pl[ too mu* l&1 & d n raise grass & clov] en\gh40 8,:at ,i meant by say+ t x w\ld h be5 bett] = my pocket1 ?\gh possibly n s good = ! f>m1 if ,i _h n pl[$ s mu* l&1 may ne$ explanation4 ,! l& _h be5 only half cultivat$1 & 0 v f\l4 ,! grass & clov] fields did n give m ?an half a crop ( hay1 & ! hay 0 poor 9 quality1 & mu* ( x half ?i/les1 & o!r we$s4 ,i pl[$ ?is l&1 plant$ x to corn1 & cultivat$ x ?or\ghly4 ,b ! labor ( keep+ ! corn clean 0 co/ly1 & absorb$ a v l>ge slice ( ! pr(its4 ,b ! corn yield$ a f> l>g] produce p] acre ?an ,i %\ld h got _h ! l& la9 9 grass4 ,& z all ?is produce 0 consum$ on ! f>m1 we made m manure ?an if we _h pl[$ less l&40 ,i h great fai? 9 ! b5efits ( ?or\gh tillage--or1 9 o!r words1 ( break+ up1 pulv]iz+1 & expos+ ! soil to ! decompos+ action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,i look ^u a good1 /rong soil z a k9d ( /oreh\se ( plant-food4 ,b x is n an easy matt] to r5d] ?is plant-food soluble4 ,if x 7 any less soluble ?an x is1 x w\ld h all lea*$ out ( ! l& c5turies ago4 ,turn+ ov]1 & f9+ a manure-heap1 if o!r conditions are favorable1 cause rapid f]m5tation ) ! =mation ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 & o!r soluble salts4 ,_m ( our soils1 to ! dep? ( eight or t5 in*es1 conta9 en\gh nitrog5\s matt] 9 an acre to produce two or ?ree ?\s& p\nds ( ammonia4 ,by /irr+ ! soil1 & expos+ x to ! atmosph]e1 a small portion ( ?is nitrog5 becomes annually available1 & is tak5 up by ! gr[+ crops4 ,& x is s ) ! o!r elem5ts ( plant-food4 ,/irr+ ! soil1 !n1 is ! basis ( agriculture4 ,x has be5 said t we mu/ return to ! soil z mu* plant-food z we take f x4 ,if ?is 7 true1 no?+ c\ld be sold f ! f>m4 ,:at we %\ld aim to d1 is to develop z mu* z possible ( ! plant-food t lies lat5t 9 ! soil1 & n to sell 9 ! =m ( crops1 *eese1 wool1 or animals1 any m ( ?is plant-food ?an we annually develop f ! soil4 ,9 ?is way ! 8condition0 ( ! soil w\ld rema9 ! same4 ,if we sell less ?an we develop1 ! condition ( ! soil w improve4 ,by 8condition10 ,i mean ! am\nt ( available plant-food 9 ! soil4 ,ne>ly all our f>ms are poor] 9 plant-food to-day ?an :5 fir/ cle>$ ( ! orig9al =e/1 or ?an !y 7 t51 fifte51 or tw5ty ye>s lat]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! plants & animals t h be5 sold f ! f>m1 h c>ri$ (f a consid]able am\nt ( plant-food4 ,we h tak5 f> m nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 pota%1 etc41 out ( ! soil1 ?an we h return$ to x 9 ! %ape ( manure4 ,consequ5tly1 ! soil mu/ conta9 less & less ( plant-food e ye>4 ,& yet1 :ile ?is is a self-evid5t fact1 x is1 nev]!less1 true t _m ( ^! self-same f>ms are m productive n[ ?an :5 fir/ cle>$1 or at any rate m productive ?an !y 7 tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s ago4 ,sometime ago1 ! ,deacon & ,i visit$ ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,dewey1 ( ,monroe ,co41 ,n4,y4 ,he is a good f>m]4 ,he does n practice 8high f>m+0 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i use t t]m4 ,8 is a good example ( :at ,i t]m sl[ f>m+4 ,he raises l>ge crops1 b comp>atively few ( !m4 ,on 8 f>m ( #cjj acres1 he raises #dj acres ( :eat1 #ag acres ( ,indian corn1 & #bc acres ( oats1 b>ley1 potatoes1 roots1 etc4 ,9 o!r words1 he has #hj acres 9 crops1 & #bbj acres 9 grass--n p]man5t grass4 ,he lets x lie 9 grass five1 six1 sev51 or eight ye>s1 z he deems be/1 & !n breaks x up1 & plants x to corn4 ,! l& he int5ds to plant to corn next ye>1 has be5 9 grass = sev5 ye>s4 ,he w put pretty mu* all 8 manure on ?is l&4 ,aft] corn1 x w be s[n to oats1 or b>ley2 !n s[n to :eat1 & se$$ d[n aga94 ,x w !n lie 9 grass ?ree1 f\r1 five1 six1 or sev5 ye>s1 until he ne$s x aga9 = corn1 etc4 ,?is is 8sl[ f>m+10 b x is also good f>m+--t is to say1 x gives l>ge yields p] acre1 & a good return = ! labor exp5d$4 ,! soil ( ?is f>m is ri*] to-day 9 available plant-food ?an :5 fir/ cle>$4 ,x produces l>g] crops p] acre4 ,mr4 ,d4 call$ our att5tion to a fact t e/abli%es ?is po9t4 ,an old f5ce t _h occupi$ ! gr\nd = _m ye>s 0 remov$ "s ye>s s9ce1 & ! two fields ?r[n into "o4 ,e "t ?is field is 9 crops1 x is easy to see :]e ! old f5ce 01 by ! %ort /raw & poor gr[? on ?is /rip1 z comp>$ ) ! l& on ea* side :i* _h be5 cultivat$ = ye>s4 ,?is is precisely ! result t ,i %\ld h expect$4 ,if ,mr4 ,d4 0 a poor f>m]--if he cropp$ 8 l& frequ5tly1 did n m ?an half-cultivate x1 sold ev]y?+ he rais$1 & drew back no manure--,i ?9k ! old f5ce-/rip w\ld h giv5 ! be/ crops4 ,! /rip ( l& on :i* ! old f5ce /ood 9 ,mr4 ,dewey's field1 conta9$ m plant-food ?an ! soil on ei!r side ( x4 ,b x 0 n available4 ,x 0 n develop$4 ,x 0 lat5t1 in]t1 insoluble1 crude1 & undecompos$4 ,x 0 s mu* dead capital4 ,! l& on ei!r side :i* _h be5 cultivat$ = ye>s1 produc$ bett] crops4 ,:y8 ,simply because ! /irr+ ( ! soil _h develop$ m plant-food ?an _h be5 remov$ by ! crops4 ,if ! /irr+ ( ! soil develop$ #ajj lbs4 ( plant-food a ye>1 & only #ge lbs4 7 c>ri$ (f 9 ! crops--#be lbs4 be+ left on ! l& 9 ! =m ( roots1 /ubble1 etc4--! l&1 at ! expiration ( #dj ye>s1 w\ld conta91 provid$ none ( x 0 lo/1 #a1jjj lbs4 m available plant-food ?an ! uncultivat$ /rip4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! latt] w\ld conta9 #c1jjj lbs4 m actual plant-food p] acre ?an ! l& :i* _h be5 cultivat$--b x is 9 an unavailable condition4 ,x is dead capital4 ,i d n "k t ,i make myself und]/ood1 ?\gh ,i w\ld l to d s1 because ,i am sure !re is no po9t 9 sci5tific f>m+ ( great] importance4 ,mr4 ,g$des calls grass ! 8pivotal crop0 ( ,am]ican agriculture4 ,he des]ves our ?anks = ! ^w & ! idea connect$ ) x4 ,b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! pivot on :i* our agriculture /&s & rotates1 lies deep] ?an ?is4 ,! grass crop creates no?+--developes no?+4 ,! untill$ & unmanur$ grass l&s ( ,h]kim] ,c\nty1 9 ?is ,/ate1 are no ri*] to-day ?an !y 7 #ej ye>s ago4 ,! pa/ures ( ,*e%ire1 ,engl&1 except ^? t h be5 top-dress$ ) bones1 or o!r manures1 are no m productive ?an !y 7 c5turies back4 ,grass alone w n make ri* l&4 ,x is a good 8sav+s bank40 ,x ga!rs up & saves plant-food f runn+ to wa/e4 ,x pays a good int]e/1 & is a capital in/itution4 ,b ! real s\rce ( f]tility mu/ be look$ = 9 ! /ores ( plant-food ly+ dormant 9 ! soil4 ,tillage1 und]dra9+1 & ?or\gh cultivation1 are ! means by :i* we develop & r5d] ?is plant-food available4 ,grass1 clov]1 peas1 or any o!r crop consum$ on ! f>m1 m]ely af=ds u ! means ( sav+ ?is plant-food & mak+ x pay a good int]e/4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,manure4 ,if we h ! necess>y mat]ials1 x is n a difficult matt] to make manure2 9 fact1 ! manure w make itself4 ,we sometimes ne$ to ha/5 ! process1 & to see t none ( ! f]tiliz+ matt] runs to wa/e4 ,?is is ab\t all t we c d4 ,we _c create an atom ( plant-food4 ,x is ready =m$ to our h&s2 b we mu/ "k :]e to look = x1 & h[ to get x 9 ! easie/1 *eape/1 & be/ way1 & h[ to save & use x4 ,! sci5ce ( manure-mak+ is a pr(\nd /udy4 ,x is intimately connect$ ) ne>ly e bran* ( agriculture4 ,if we$s gr[ & decay on ! l&1 !y make manure4 ,if we gr[ a crop ( buck:eat1 or spurry1 or mu/>d1 or rape1 or clov]1 & m[ x1 & let x lie on ! l&1 x makes manure2 or if we pl[ x "u1 x =ms manure2 or if1 aft] x is m[n1 we rake up ! gre5 crop1 & put x into a heap1 x w f]m5t1 heat w be produc$ by ! sl[ combu/ion ( a portion ( ! c>bonace\s & nitrog5\s matt]1 & ! result w be a mass ( mat]ial1 :i* we %\ld all recognize z 8manure40 ,if1 in/ead ( putt+ ! crop into a heap & lett+ x f]m5t1 we fe$ x to animals1 ! dige/ible c>bonace\s & nitrog5\s matt] w be consum$ to produce animal heat & to su/a9 ! vital functions1 & ! refuse1 or ! solid & liquid dropp+s ( ! animals1 w be manure4 ,if ! crop rots on ! gr\nd1 no?+ is add$ to x4 ,if x f]m5ts1 & gives out heat1 9 a heap1 no?+ is add$ to x4 ,if x is pass$ ?r\gh an animal1 & produces heat1 no?+ is add$ to x4 ,i h he>d p say a f>m] c\ld n make manure unless he kept animals4 ,we might ) z mu* tru? say a f>m] _c make a%es unless he keeps /oves2 & x w\ld be j z s5sible to take a lot ( /oves into ! woods to make a%es1 z x is to keep a lot ( animals m]ely to make manure4 ,y c make ! a%es by ?r[+ ! wood into a pile1 & burn+ x2 & y c make ! manure by ?r[+ ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! manure is to be made into a pile1 & lett+ x f]m5t4 ,on a f>m :]e nei!r food nor manure ( any k9d is pur*as$1 ! only way to make manure is to get x out ( ! l&4 8,f ! l& & f ! atmosph]e10 rem>k$ ! ,doctor4 8,plants get a l>ge portion ( ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are compos$ f ! atmosph]e40 8,yes10 ,i repli$1 8b x is pr9cipally c>bonace\s matt]1 :i* is ( little or no value z manure4 ,a small am\nt ( ammonia & nitric acid are also br\ght to ! soil by ra9s & dews1 & a fre%ly-/irr$ soil may also sometimes absorb m or less ammonia f ! atmosph]e2 b :ile ?is is true1 s f> z mak+ manure is conc]n$1 we mu/ look to ! plant-food exi/+ 9 ! soil itself4 8,take su* a f>m z ,mr4 ,dewey's1 t we h already ref]r$ to4 ,no manure or food has be5 pur*as$2 or at any rate1 n "o-t5? z mu* z has be5 sold1 & yet ! f>m is m productive to-day ?an :5 x 0 fir/ cle>$ ( ! =e/4 ,he has develop$ ! manure f ! /ores ( lat5t plant-food previ\sly exi/+ 9 ! soil & ?is is ! way f>m]s g5]ally make manure40 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,manure ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,! ,,food--,,n ,,on ,,! ,,animal4 8,if10 said ,i1 8y %\ld put a ton ( cut /raw 9 a heap1 wet x1 & let x rot d[n into manure2 & %\ld place 9 ano!r heap a ton ( cut corn-fodd]1 & 9 ano!r heap a ton ( cut clov]-hay1 wet !m1 & let !m also rot d[n into manure2 & 9 ano!r heap a ton ( pulp$-turnips1 & 9 ano!r heap a ton ( corn-meal1 & 9 ano!r heap a ton ( bran1 & 9 ano!r a ton ( malt-spr\ts1 & let !m be mix$ ) wat]1 & s treat$ t !y w f]m5t )\t loss ( ammonia or o!r valuable plant-food1 ,i ?9k no "o w say t all ^! diff]5t heaps ( manure w h ! same value4 ,& if n1 :y n80 8,because10 said ,*>ley1 8! ton ( /raw does n conta9 z mu* valuable plant-food z ! ton ( corn-fodd]1 nor ! ton ( corn-fodd] z mu* z ! ton ( clov]-hay40 8,n[ !n10 said ,i1 8in/ead ( putt+ a ton ( /raw 9 "o heap to rot1 & a ton ( corn-fodd] 9 ano!r heap1 & a ton ( clov] 9 ano!r heap1 we fe$ ! ton ( /raw to a c[1 & ! ton ( corn-fodd] to ano!r c[1 & ! ton ( clov] to ano!r c[1 & save all ! solid & liquid excrem5ts1 w ! manure made f ! ton ( /raw be wor? z mu* z ! manure made f ! ton ( corn-fodd] or clov]-hay80 8,no10 said ,*>ley4 --8,c]ta9ly n10 said ! ,doctor4 --8,i am n s sure ab\t x10 said ! ,deacon2 8,i ?9k y w get m manure f ! corn-fodd] ?an f ! /raw or clov]-hay40 8,we are n talk+ ab\t bulk10 said ! ,doctor1 8b value40 8,suppose1 ,deacon10 said he1 8y 7 to %ut up a lot ( y\r ,brahma h5s1 & fe$ !m a ton ( corn-meal1 & %\ld also fe$ a ton ( corn-meal made into slops to a lot ( pigs1 & %\ld save all ! liquid & solid excrem5ts f ! pigs1 & all ! manure f ! h5s1 :i* w\ld be wor? ! mo/80 --8,! h5-manure1 ( c\rse10 said ! ,deacon1 :o has great fai? 9 ?is k9d ( 8guano10 z he calls x4 8,& yet10 said ! ,doctor1 8y w\ld probably n get m ?an half a ton ( manure f ! h5s1 :ile ! liquid & solid excrem5ts f ! pigs1 if ! corn-meal 0 made into a ?9 slop1 w\ld weigh two or ?ree tons40 8,m1 too10 said ! ,deacon1 8! way y fe$ y\r /ore pigs40 8,v well2 & yet y say t ! half ton ( h5-manure made f a ton ( corn is wor? m ?an ! two or ?ree tons ( pig-manure made f a ton ( corn4 ,y d n seem to ?9k1 aft] all1 t m]e bulk or weight adds any?+ to ! value ( ! manure4 ,:y !n %\ld y say t ! manure f a ton ( corn-fodd] is wor? m ?an f a ton ( /raw1 because x is m bulky80 8,y1 y\rself10 said ! ,deacon1 8also say ! manure f ! ton ( corn-fodd] is wor? m ?an f ! ton ( /raw40 --8,true10 said ,i 8b n because x is m bulky4 ,x is wor? m because ! ton ( corn-fodd] conta9s a great] quantity ( valuable plant-food ?an ! ton ( /raw4 ,! clov] is /ill ri*] 9 ?is valuable plant-food1 & ! manure is mu* m valuable2 9 fact1 ! manure f ! ton ( clov] is wor? z mu* z ! manure f ! ton ( /raw & ! ton ( corn-fodd] toge!r40 8,i w\ld l to see y prove t10 said ! ,deacon1 8= if x is true1 ,i w sell no m clov]-hay4 ,i c't get z mu* = clov]-hay 9 ! m>ket z ,i c = rye-/raw40 8,i w n attempt to prove x at pres5t10 said ! ,doctor2 8b ! evid5ce is s /rong & s conclusive t no rational man1 :o w /udy ! subject1 c fail to be ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( its tru?40 8,! value ( manure10 said ,i1 8does n dep5d on ! quantity ( wat] :i* x conta9s1 or on ! quantity ( s&1 or silica1 or on ! am\nt ( woody fibre or c>bonace\s matt]4 ,^! ?+s add little or no?+ to its f]tiliz+ value1 except 9 r>e cases2 & ! sulphuric acid & lime are wor? no m ?an ! same quantity ( sulphate ( lime or gypsum1 & ! *lor9e & soda are probably wor? no m ?an s mu* common salt4 ,! real *emical value ( ! manure1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 is 9 proportion to ! nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 t ! manure conta9s4 8,& ! quantity ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% f\nd 9 ! manure is det]m9$1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 by ! quantity ( ! nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% conta9$ 9 ! food consum$ by ! animals mak+ ! manure40 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,foods ,,:i* ,,make ,,ri* ,,manure4 ,! am\nt ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 conta9$ 9 diff]5t foods1 has be5 accurately det]m9$ by _m able & reliable *emi/s4 ,! foll[+ table 0 prep>$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes1 ( ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&1 & 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! 8,g5esee ,f>m]10 = ,may1 #ahfj4 ,s9ce !n1 x has be5 repeat$ly publi%$ 9 ne>ly all ! lead+ agricultural j\rnals ( ! _w1 & has giv5 rise to mu* discussion4 ,! foll[+ is ! table1 ) "s rec5t additions3 ,,td3 ,total dry matt]4 ,,tm3 ,total m9]al matt] 7a%74 ,ph3 ,phosphoric acid reckon$ z phosphate ( lime4 ,p3 ,pota%4 ,n3 ,nitrog54 ,v3 ,value ( manure 9 doll>s & c5ts f #a ton 7#b1jjj lbs47 ( food4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,p] ,c5t4 ------------------------------ ,,td ,,tm ,ph ,p ,n ,v ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a4 ,l9se$ cake #hh4j #g4jj #d4ib #a4fe #d4ge #ai4gb #b4 ,cotton-se$ cake99 #hi4j #h4jj #g4jj #c4ab #f4ej #bg4hf #c4 ,rape-cake #hi4j #h4jj #e4ge #a4gf #e4jj #ba4ja #d4 ,l9se$ #ij4j #d4jj #c4ch #a4cg #c4hj #ae4fe #e4 ,beans #hd4j #c4jj #b4bj #a4bg #d4jj #ae4ge #f4 ,peas #hd4e #b4dj #a4hd #j4if #c4dj #ac4ch #g4 ,t>es #hd4j #b4jj #a4fc #j4ff #d4bj #af4ge #h4 ,l5tils #hh4j #c4jj #a4hi #j4if #d4cj #af4ea #i4 ,malt-du/ #id4j #h4ej #e4bc #b4ab #d4bj #ah4ba #aj4 ,locu/ beans #he4j #a4ge 4444 4444 #a4be #d4ha #aa4 ,indian-meal #hh4j #a4cj #a4ac #j4ce #a4hj #f4fe #ab4 ,:eat #he4j #a4gj #a4hg #j4ej #a4hj #g4jh #ac4 ,b>ley #hd4j #b4bj #a4ce #j4ee #a4fe #f4cb #ad4 ,malt #ie4j #b4fj #a4fj #j4fe #a4gj #f4fe #ae4 ,oats #hf4j #b4he #a4ag #j4ej #b4jj #g4gj #af4 ,f9e poll>d #hf4j #e4fj #f4dd #a4df #b4jj #ac4ec #ag4 ,co>se poll>d #hf4j #f4bj #g4eb #a4di #b4eh #ad4cf #ah4 ,:eat-bran #hf4j #f4fj #g4ie #a4de #b4ee #ad4ei #ai4 ,clov]-hay #hd4j #g4ej #a4be #a4cj #b4ej #i4fd #bj4 ,mead[-hay #hd4j #f4jj #j4hh #a4ej #a4ej #f4dc #ba4 ,bean-/raw #hb4e #e4ee #j4ij #a4aa #j4ij #c4hg #bb4 ,pea-/raw #hb4j #e4ie #j4he #j4hi 4444 #c4gd #bc4 ,:eat-/raw #hd4j #e4jj #j4ee #j4fe #j4fj #b4fh #bd4 ,b>ley-/raw #he4j #d4ej #j4cg #j4fc #j4ej #b4be #be4 ,oat-/raw #hc4j #e4ej #j4dh #j4ic #j4fj #b4ij #bf4 ,mangel-wurzel #ab4e #a4jj #j4ji #j4be #j4be #a4jg #bg4 ,sw$i% turnips #aa4j #j4fh #j4ac #j4ah #j4bb #j4ia #bh4 ,common turnips #h4j #j4fh #j4aa #j4bi #j4ah #j4hf #bi4 ,potatoes #bd4j #a4jj #j4cb #j4dc #j4ce #a4ej #cj4 ,c>rots #ac4e #j4gj #j4ac #j4bc #j4bj #j4hj #ca4 ,p>snips #ae4j #a4jj #j4db #j4cf #j4bb #a4ad ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 99 ,! manure f a ton ( undecorticat$ cotton-se$ cake is wor? #ae4gd2 t f a ton ( cotton-se$1 aft] be+ gr\nd & sift$1 is wor? #ac4be4 ,! gr9d+ & sift+ 9 ,mr4 ,lawes' exp]im5ts1 remov$ ab\t #h p] c5t ( husk & cotton4 ,cotton-se$1 s treat$1 prov$ to be a v ri* & economical food4 ,middl+s1 ,canielle4 ,%ip/uff4 ,( all vegetable sub/ances us$ = food1 x w be se5 t decorticat$ cotton-se$ cake is ! ri*e/ 9 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 & consequ5tly makes ! ri*e/ & mo/ valuable manure4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,lawes' e/imate1 ! manure f a ton ( decorticat$ cotton-se$ cake is wor? #bg4hf 9 gold4 ,rape-cake comes next4 ,tw5ty-five to ?irty ye>s ago1 rape-cake1 gr\nd z f9e z corn-meal1 0 us$ q ext5sively on _m ( ! light-l& f>ms ( ,engl& z a manure = turnips1 & n unfrequ5tly z a manure = :eat4 ,mr4 ,lawes us$ x = _m ye>s 9 8 exp]im5ts on turnips & on :eat4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 x has be5 f$ to %eep & cattle4 ,9 o!r words1 x has be5 us$1 n z =m]ly1 = manure alone1 b = food fir/1 & manure aft]w>ds4 ,! oil & o!r c>bonace\s matt] :i* ! cake conta9s is ( little value = manure1 :ile x is ( great value z food4 ,! animals take out ?is c>bonace\s matt]1 & leave ne>ly all ! nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% 9 ! manure4 ,f>m]s :o _h f\nd x pr(itable to use on :eat & turnips = manure alone1 f\nd x /ill m pr(itable to use x fir/ = food1 & !n = manure aft]w>ds4 ,mr4 ,lawes1 x w be se51 e/imates ! manure produc$ f ! consumption ( a ton ( rape-cake at #ba4ja4 ,l9se$-oil cake comes next4 ,pure l9se$-cake is exce$+ly valuable1 bo? = food & manure4 ,x is a favorite food ) all cattle & %eep bre$]s & fe$]s4 ,x has a wond]ful effect 9 improv+ ! appe>ance ( cattle & %eep4 ,an ,engli% f>m] ?9ks he _c get along )\t 8cake0 = 8 calves1 lambs1 cattle1 & %eep4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 x is n s ext5sively us$1 except by ! bre$]s ( improv$ /ock4 ,x is s popul> 9 ,engl& t ! price is fully up to its intr9sic value1 & n unfrequ5tly o!r foods1 9 proportion to ! nutritive & manurial value1 c be b\ght *eap]4 ,?is fact %[s ! value ( a good reputation4 ,l9se$-cake1 h[ev]1 is (t5 adult]at$1 & f>m]s ne$ to be cauti\s :o !y deal )4 ,:5 pure1 x w be se5 t ! manure made by ! consumption ( a ton ( l9se$-cake is wor? #ai4gb4 ,malt-du/ /&s next on ! li/4 ,?is article is kn[n by diff]5t names4 ,9 ,engl&1 x is (t5 call$ 8malt-combs20 "h x is kn[n z 8malt-spr\ts10 or 8malt-roots40 ,9 mak+ b>ley into malt1 ! b>ley is soak$ 9 wat]1 & aft]w>ds kept 9 a w>m room until x g]m9ates1 & ?r[s out spr\ts & roots4 ,x is !n dri$1 & be=e ! malt is us$1 ^! dri$ spr\ts & roots are sift$ out1 & are sold = cattle-food4 ,!y weigh f #bb to #be lbs4 p] bu%el ( #dj qu>ts4 ,!y are frequ5tly mix$ at ! brew]ies ) ! 8gra9s10 & are sold to milkm5 at ! same price--f #ab to #ae c5ts p] bu%el4 ,:]e _! value is n kn[n1 !y c1 d\btless1 be sometimes obta9$ at a m]e nom9al price4 ,milkm51 ,i believe1 pref] ! 8gra9s0 to ! malt-du/4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is a good food = %eep4 ,x has "o advantage ov] brew]'s 8gra9s40 ,! latt] conta9 #gf p] c5t ( wat]1 :ile ! malt-du/ conta9s only #f p] c5t ( wat]4 ,we c af=d1 !re=e1 to transport malt-du/ to a great] di/ance ?an ! gra9s4 ,we d n want to c>ry wat] _m miles4 ,!re is ano!r advantage3 brew]'s gra9s soon f]m5t1 & become s\r2 :ile ! malt-du/1 be+ dry1 w keep = any l5g? ( "t4 ,x w be se5 t ,mr4 ,lawes e/imates ! value ( ! manure left f ! consumption ( a ton ( malt-du/ at #ah4ba4 ,t>es or vet*es1 l5tils1 l9se$ or flaxse$1 beans1 :eat1 bran1 middl+s1 f9e mill-fe$1 undecorticat$ cotton-se$ cake1 peas1 & cotton-se$1 /& next on ! li/4 ,! value ( ^! = manure rang+ f #ac4be to #af4ge p] ton4 ,!n comes clov]-hay4 ,mr4 ,lawes e/imates ! value ( ! manure f ! consumption ( a ton ( clov]-hay at #i4fd4 ,?is is f e>ly cut clov]-hay4 ,:5 clov] is all[$ to gr[ until x is ne>ly out ( fl[]1 ! hay w\ld n conta9 s mu* nitrog51 & w\ld n be wor? q s mu* p] ton = manure4 ,:5 mix$ ) timo?y or o!r grasses1 or ) we$s1 x w\ld n be s valuable4 ,! above e/imate is = ! av]age quality ( good pure ,engli% clov]-hay4 ,our be/ f>m]s raise clov] equally z good2 b ,i h se5 mu* clov]-hay t c]ta9ly w\ld n come up to ?is /&>d4 ,/ill1 ev5 our common clov]-hay makes ri* manure4 ,9 ,wolff's ,table1 giv5 9 ! app5dix1 x w be se5 t clov]-hay conta9s only #a4ig p] c5t ( nitrog5 & #e4g p] c5t ( a%4 ,mr4 ,lawes' clov] conta9s m nitrog5 & a%4 ,?is means ri*] l& & a less mature condition ( ! crop4 ,! c]eal gra9s1 :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 & ,indian corn1 /& next on ! li/1 be+ wor? f #f4cb to #g4gj p] ton = manure4 8,mead[-hay10 :i* 9 ! table is e/imat$ z wor? #f4dc p] ton = manure1 is ! hay f p]man5t mead[s4 ,x is a q diff]5t article f ! 8,engli% ,mead[-hay0 ( ,new ,engl&4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! p]fection ( hay4 ,! mead[s are frequ5tly top-dress$ ) compo/$ manure or artificial f]tiliz]s1 & ! hay is compos$ ( a numb] ( ! be/ grasses1 cut e>ly & c>efully cur$4 ,x w be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ev5 ?is *oice mead[-hay is n z valuable = manure z clov]-hay4 ,engli% bean-/raw is e/imat$ z wor? #c4hg p] ton = manure4 ,! ,engli% 8horse bean10 :i* is ! k9d "h allud$ to1 has a v /iff1 co>se long /raw1 & looks z ?\gh x 0 mu* inf]ior z fodd]1 to ! /raw ( our ord9>y :ite beans4 ,see ,wolff's table 9 ! app5dix4 ,pea-/raw is e/imat$ at #c4gd p] ton4 ,:5 ! peas are n all[$ to gr[ until dead ripe1 & :5 ! /raw is c>efully cur$1 x makes capital food = %eep4 ,tak+ ! gra9 & /raw toge!r1 x w be se5 t peas are an unusually valuable crop to gr[ = ! purpose ( mak+ ri* manure4 ,! /raw ( oats1 :eat1 & b>ley1 is wor? f #b4be to #b4ij p] ton4 ,b>ley /raw be+ ! poore/ = manure1 & oat /raw ! ri*e/4 ,potatoes are wor? #a4ej p] ton1 or ne>ly #e c5ts a bu%el = manure4 ,! manurial value ( roots v>ies f #hj c5ts a ton = c>rots1 to #a4jg = mangel-wurzel1 & #a4ad = p>snips4 ,i am v anxi\s t !re %\ld be no misappreh5sion z to ! mean+ ( ^! figures4 ,i am sure !y are well wor? ! c>eful /udy ( e intellig5t f>m]4 ,mr4 ,lawes has be5 engag$ 9 mak+ exp]im5ts = ov] ?irty ye>s4 ,!re is no man m compet5t to speak ) au?ority on su* a subject4 ,! figures %[+ ! money value ( ! manure made f ! diff]5t foods1 are bas$ on ! am\nt ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 :i* !y conta94 ,mr4 ,lawes has be5 buy+ & us+ artificial manures = _m ye>s1 & is q compet5t to =m a correct conclusion z to ! *eape/ s\rces ( obta9+ nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,he has c]ta9ly n ov]e/imat$ _! co/4 ,!y c n be b\ght at l[] rates1 ei!r 9 ,engl& or ,am]ica4 ,b ( c\rse x does n foll[ f ?is t ^! manures are wor? to ! f>m] ! price *>g$ = !m2 t is a matt] dep5d+ on _m conditions4 ,all t c be said is1 t if y are go+ to buy comm]cial manures1 y w h to pay at lea/ z mu* = ! nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 z ! price fix$ ^u by ,mr4 ,lawes4 ,& y %\ld recollect t !re are o!r +r$i5ts 9 ! manure obta9$ f ! food ( animals1 :i* are n e/imat$ z ( any value 9 ! table4 ,= in/ance1 !re is a l>ge am\nt ( c>bonace\s matt] 9 ! manure ( animals1 :i*1 = "s crops1 is n )\t value1 b :i* is n "h tak5 into acc\nt4 ,view$ f a f>m]'s /&-po9t1 ! table ( money values mu/ be tak5 only 9 a comp>ative s5se4 ,x is n claim$ t ! manure f a ton ( :eat-/raw is wor? #b4fh4 ,?is may1 or may n1 be ! case4 ,b if ! manure f a ton ( :eat-/raw is wor? #b4jh1 !n ! manure f a ton ( pea-/raw is wor? #c4gd1 & ! manure f a ton ( corn-meal is wor? #f4fe1 & ! manure f a ton ( clov]-hay is wor? #i4fd1 & ! manure f a ton ( :eat-bran is wor? #ad4ei4 ,if ! manure f a ton ( corn meal is n wor? #f4fe1 !n ! manure f a ton ( bran is n wor? #ad4ei4 ,if ! manure f ! ton ( corn is wor? m ?an #f4fe1 !n ! manure f a ton ( bran is wor? m ?an #ad4ei4 ,!re ne$ be no d\bt on ?is po9t4 ,settle 9 y\r own m9d :at ! manure f a ton ( any "o ( ! foods m5tion$ is wor? on y\r f>m1 & y c easily calculate :at ! manure is wor? f all ! o!rs4 ,if y say t ! manure f a ton ( :eat-/raw is wor? #a4cd1 !n ! manure f a ton ( ,indian corn is wor? #c4cc1 & ! manure f a ton ( bran is wor? #g4cj1 & ! manure f a ton ( clov]-hay is wor? #d4hb4 ,9 ?is section1 h[ev]1 few good f>m]s are will+ to sell /raw1 ?\gh !y c get f #h4jj to #aj4jj p] ton = x4 ,!y ?9k x mu/ be consum$ on ! f>m1 or us$ = b$d+1 or _! l& w run d[n4 ,i d n say !y are wrong1 b ,i d say1 t if a ton ( /raw is wor? #b4fh = manure alone1 !n a ton ( clov]-hay is wor? #i4fd = manure alone4 ,?is may be accept$ z a g5]al tru?1 & "o :i* a f>m] c act ^u4 ,& s1 too1 9 reg>d to ! value ( corn-meal1 bran1 & all ! o!r articles giv5 9 ! table4 ,!re is ano!r po9t ( great importance :i* %\ld be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! nitrog5 9 ! bett] class ( foods is wor? m = manure ?an ! nitrog5 9 /raw1 corn-/alks1 & o!r co>se fodd]4 ,ne>ly all ! nitrog5 9 gra91 & o!r ri* foods1 is dige/$ by ! animals1 & is void$ 9 solution 9 ! ur9e4 ,9 o!r words1 ! nitrog5 9 ! manure is 9 an active & available condition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 only ab\t half ! nitrog5 9 ! co>se fodd]s & /raw is dige/ible4 ,! o!r half passes (f 9 a crude & comp>atively unavailable condition1 9 ! solid excrem5t4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( ! manure f a ton ( food1 ^! facts %\ld be rememb]$4 ,i h said t if ! manure f a ton ( /raw is wor? #b4fh1 ! manure f a ton ( corn is wor? #f4fe2 b ,i w n rev]se ! proposition1 & say t if ! manure f a ton ( corn is wor? #f4fe1 ! manure f a ton ( /raw is wor? #b4fh4 ,! manure f ! gra9 is ne>ly all 9 an available condition1 :ile t f ! /raw is n4 ,a p\nd ( nitrog5 9 ri* manure is wor? m ?an a p\nd ( nitrog5 9 poor manure4 ,?is is ano!r reason :y we %\ld try to make ri* manure4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,horse ,,manure ,,& ,,f>m-,,y>d ,,manure4 ,! manure f horses is g5]ally consid]$ ri*] & bett] ?an t f c[s4 ,?is is n always ! case1 ?\gh x is probably s z a rule4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal reasons = ?is4 #a/4 ,! horse is usually f$ m gra9 & hay ?an ! c[4 ,9 o!r words1 ! food ( ! horse is usually ri*] 9 ! valuable elem5ts ( plant-food ?an ! ord9>y food ( ! c[4 #b;d4 ,! milk ( ! c[ ab/racts consid]able nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 etc41 f ! food1 & to ?is ext5t !re is less ( ^! valuable sub/ances 9 ! excrem5ts4 #c;d4 ,! excrem5ts ( ! c[ conta9 mu* m wat] ?an ^? ( ! horse4 ,& consequ5tly a ton ( c[-dung1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 w\ld n conta9 z mu* actual manure z a ton ( horse-dung4 ,b\ss+ault1 :o is em95tly tru/wor?y1 gives u ! foll[+ int]e/+ facts3 ,a horse consum$ 9 #bd h\rs1 #bj lbs4 ( hay1 #f lbs4 ( oats1 & #dc lbs4 ( wat]1 & void$ dur+ ! same p]iod1 #c lbs4 #g ozs4 ( ur9e1 & #ch lbs4 #b ozs4 ( solid excrem5ts4 ,! solid excrem5ts conta9$ #bc lbs4 ( wat]1 & ! ur9e #b lbs4 #f ozs4 ( wat]4 ,accord+ to ?is1 a horse1 eat+ #bj lbs4 ( hay1 & #f lbs4 ( oats1 p] day1 voids 9 a ye> ne>ly sev5 tons ( solid excrem5ts1 & #a1bee lbs4 ( ur9e4 ,x w\ld seem t !re mu/ h be5 "s mi/ake 9 collect+ ! ur9e1 or :at 0 probably ! case1 t "s ( x mu/ h be5 absorb$ by ! dung2 = #c p9ts ( ur9e p] day is c]ta9ly mu* less ?an is usually void$ by a horse4 ,/ock>d gives ! am\nt ( ur9e void$ by a horse 9 a ye> at #c1jjj lbs42 a c[1 #h1jjj lbs42 %eep1 #chj lbs42 pig1 #a1bjj lbs4 ,dr4 ,vlck]1 at ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college1 at ,cir5ce/]1 ,engl&1 made "s valuable inve/igations 9 reg>d to ! composition ( f>m-y>d manure1 & ! *anges :i* take place dur+ f]m5tation4 ,! manure 0 compos$ ( horse1 c[1 & pig-dung1 mix$ ) ! /raw us$ = b$d+ 9 ! /alls1 pig-p5s1 %$s1 etc4 ,on ! #c;d ( ,novemb]1 #ahed1 a sample ( :at ,dr4 ,vlck] calls 8,fre% ,long ,dung10 0 tak5 f ! 8manure-pit0 = analysis4 ,x _h la9 9 ! pit or heap ab\t #ad days4 ,! foll[+ is ! result ( ! analysis3 ,fre% ,f>m-,y>d ,manure4 ,half ,a ,ton1 ,or #a1jjj ,lbs4 ,wat] #ffa4g lbs4 ,organic matt] #bhb4d 0 ,a% #ee4i 0 ------------- #a1jjj4j lbs4 ,nitrog5 #f4dc 0 8,be=e y g any f>!r10 said ! ,deacon1 8let me und]/& :at ^! figures mean8 ,d y mean t a ton ( manure conta9s only #ab lbs4 ( nitrog51 & #aaa lbs4 ( a%1 & t all ! re/ is c>bonace\s matt] & wat]1 ( little or no value80 --8,t is x precisely1 ,deacon10 said ,i1 8& fur!rmore1 a l>ge "p ( ! a% has v little f]tiliz+ value1 z se5 f ! foll[+3 ,detail$ ,composition ( ! ,a% ( ,fre% ,b>n-,y>d ,manure4 ,soluble silica #ba4ei ,insoluble silici\s matt] 7s&7 #aj4jd ,phosphate ( lime #e4ce ,oxide ( iron1 alum9a1 ) phosphate #h4dg ,conta9+ phosphoric acid #c4ah ,lime #ba4ca ,magnesia #b4gf ,pota% #ab4jd ,soda #a4cj ,*loride ( sodium #j4ed ,sulphuric acid #a4di ,c>bonic acid & loss #ae4aa ------ #ajj4jj ,nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 are ! mo/ valuable +r$i5ts 9 manure4 ,x w be se5 t a ton ( fre% b>n-y>d manure1 ( probably good av]age quality1 conta9s3 ,nitrog5 #ab lbs4 ,phosphoric acid #f 0 ,pota% #ac 0 ,i d n say t ^! are ! only +r$i5ts ( any value 9 a ton ( manure4 ,ne>ly all ! o!r +r$i5ts are indisp5sable to ! gr[? ( plants1 & if we %\ld use manures conta9+ no?+ b nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 ! "t w\ld come :5 ! crops w\ld fail1 f lack ( a suffici5t quantity (1 p]haps1 magnesia1 or lime1 sulphuric acid1 or soluble silica1 or iron4 ,b x is n necess>y to make provision = su* a cont+5cy4 ,x w\ld be a v exceptional case4 ,f>m]s :o dep5d ma9ly on b>n-y>d manure1 or on pl[+ "u gre5 crops = keep+ up ! f]tility ( ! l&1 may safely calculate t ! value ( ! manure is 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 x conta9s4 ,we draw out a ton ( fre% manure & spread x on ! l&1 !re=e1 9 ord] to furni% ! gr[+ crops ) #ab lbs4 ( nitrog51 #f lbs4 ( phosphoric acid1 & #ac lbs4 ( pota%4 ,less ?an #cc lbs4 9 all6 ,we _c disp5se ) f>m-y>d manure4 ,we c seldom buy nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 z *eaply z we c get !m 9 home-made manures4 ,b we %\ld cle>ly und]/& ! fact t we draw out #b1jjj lbs4 ( matt] 9 ord] to get #cc lbs4 ( ^! f]tiliz+ +r$i5ts4 ,we %\ld try to make ri*] manure4 ,a ton ( manure conta9+ #fj lbs4 ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 co/s no m to draw out & spread1 ?an a ton conta9+ only #cj lbs41 & x w\ld be wor? ne>ly or q d\ble ! money4 ,h[ to make ri*] manure we w n discuss at ?is "t4 ,x is a "q ( food4 ,b x is wor? :ile to enquire if we c n take su* manure z we h1 & r$uce its weight & bulk )\t los+ any ( its nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,f]m5t+ ,,manure4 ,dr4 ,vlck] plac$ #b1hch lbs4 ( fre% mix$ manure 9 a heap ,nov4 #c1 #ahed1 & ! next spr+1 ,april #cj1 x weigh$ #b1jbf lbs41 a %r9kage 9 weight ( #bh4f p] c5t4 ,9 o!r words #ajj tons ( su* manure w\ld be r$uc$ to less ?an #ga tons4 ,! heap 0 weigh$ aga91 ,augu/ #bc;d1 & conta9$ #a1iid lbs4 ,x 0 aga9 weigh$ ,nov4 #ae1 & conta9$ #a1igd lbs4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! composition ( ! heap :5 fir/ put up1 & also at ! ?ree subsequ5t p]iods3 ,table ,%[+ ,composition ( ! ,:ole ,heap2 ,fre% ,f>m-,y>d ,manure 7,no4 ,i47 ,expos$--,express$ 9 ,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,:5 put ,april #cj1;,aug4 #bc1 ,nov4 #ae1 up1 ,nov4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #c1 #ahed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,weight ( manure 9 lbs4 #b1hch #b1jbf #a1iid #a1igd ,amt4 ( wat] 9 ! manure #a1hgg4i #a1ccf4a #a1eje4c #a1dff4e ,amt4 ( dry matt] 9 ! manure #ifj4a #fhi4i #dhh4g #ejg4e ,consi/+ (-- ,soluble organic matt] #gj4ch #hf4ea #eh4hc #ed4jd ,soluble m9]al matt] #dc4ga #eg4hh #ci4af #cf4hi ,insoluble organic matt] #gca4jg #chi4gd #bdc4bb #bad4ib ,insoluble m9]al matt] #aad4ib #aee4gg #adg4di #bja4fe -------- -------- -------- -------- #ifj4a #fhi4i #dhh4g #ejg4e ,conta9+ nitrog5 #d4bb #f4jg #c4gf #c4fe ,equal to ammonia #e4ab #g4cg #d4ef #d4cf ,conta9+ nitrog5 #ad4ja #ab4jg #i4ch #i4ch ,equal to ammonia #ag4jb #ad4fe #aa4dj #aa4ci -------- -------- -------- -------- ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 9 manure #ah4bc #ah4ad #ac4ad #ac4jc ,equal to ammonia #bb4ad #bb4jb #ae4if #ae4ge ,! manure conta9s ammonia 9 free /ate 4#if 4#ae 4#bj 4#aa ,! manure conta9s ammonia 9 =m ( salts1 easily decompos$ by quicklime #b4di #a4ga 4#ge 4#hj ,total am\nt ( organic matt]s #hja4de #dgf4be #cjb4je #bfh4if ,total am\nt ( m9]al matt]s #aeh4ae #bac4fe #ahf4fe #bch4ed ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ 8,x w be rem>k$10 says ,dr4 ,vlck]1 8t 9 ! fir/ exp]im5tal p]iod1 ! f]m5tation ( ! dung1 z might h be5 expect$1 proce$$ mo/ rapidly1 b t1 not)/&+1 v little nitrog5 0 dissipat$ 9 ! =m ( volatile ammonia2 & t on ! :ole1 ! loss :i* ! manure su/a9$ 0 inconsid]able :5 comp>$ ) ! enorm\s wa/e to :i* x 0 subject 9 ! subsequ5t w>m] & m ra9y seasons ( ! ye>4 ,?us we f9d at ! end ( ,april v ne>ly ! same am\nt ( nitrog5 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! fre%2 :]eas1 at ! end ( ,augu/1 #bg4i p] c5t ( ! total nitrog51 or ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! nitrog5 9 ! manure1 has be5 wa/$ 9 "o way or ! o!r4 8,x is wor?y ( obs]vation10 cont9ues ,dr4 ,vlck]1 8t1 dur+ a well-regulat$ f]m5tation ( dung1 ! loss 9 intr9sically valuable con/itu5ts is inconsid]able1 & t 9 su* a prep>atory process ! efficacy ( ! manure becomes greatly enhanc$4 ,= c]ta9 purposes fre% dung c nev] take ! place ( well-rott$ dung4 99 99 ,! f>m] w1 !re=e1 always be compell$ to submit a portion ( home-made dung to f]m5tation1 & w f9d satisfaction 9 kn[+ t ?is process1 :5 well regulat$1 is n att5d$ ) any s]i\s depreciation ( ! value ( ! manure4 ,9 ! =ego+ analyses he w f9d ! direct pro( t z long z heavy %[]s ( ra9 are exclud$ f manure-heaps1 or ! manure is kept 9 wat]-pro( pits1 ! mo/ valuable f]tiliz+ matt]s are pres]v$40 ,?is exp]im5t ( ,dr4 ,vlck] proves conclusively t manure c be kept 9 a rapid /ate ( f]m5tation = six mon?s dur+ w9t]1 ) little loss ( nitrog5 or o!r f]tiliz+ matt]4 ,dur+ f]m5tation a portion ( ! insoluble matt] ( ! dung becomes soluble1 & if ! manure is !n kept 9 a heap expos$ to ra91 !re is a great loss ( f]tiliz+ matt]4 ,?is is precisely :at we %\ld expect4 ,we f]m5t manure to make x m readily available z plant-food1 & :5 we h atta9$ our object1 ! manure %\ld be appli$ to ! l&4 ,we keep w9t] apples 9 ! cell> until !y get ripe4 ,z soon z !y are ripe1 !y %\ld be eat51 or !y w rapidly decay4 ,?is is well und]/ood4 ,& x %\ld be equally well kn[n t manure1 aft] x has be5 f]m5t+ 9 a heap = six mon?s1 _c safely be kept = ano!r six mon?s expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! composition ( #ajj lbs4 ( ! f>m-y>d manure1 at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye>3 ,composition ( #ajj ,lbs4 ( ,fre% ,f>m-,y>d ,manure 7,no4 ,i47 ,expos$ 9 ,natural ,/ate1 at ,diff]5t ,p]iods ( ! ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,:5 put,feb4 #ad1;,apr4 #cj1;,aug4 #bc1,nov4 #ae1 up1 ,nov4#ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #c1 #ahed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,wat] #ff4ag #fi4hc #fe4ie #ge4di #gd4bi ,soluble organic matt] #b4dh #c4hf #d4bg #b4ie #b4gd ,soluble inorganic matt] #a4ed #b4ig #b4hf #a4ig #a4hg ,insoluble organic matt] #be4gf #ah4dd #ai4bc #ab4bj #aj4hi ,insoluble m9]al matt] #d4je #d4ij #g4fi #g4ci #aj4ba ---------------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#adi 4#bg 4#cj 4#ai 4#ah ,equal to ammonia 4#aha 4#cb 4#cf 4#bc 4#ba ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#did 4#dg 4#ei 4#dg 4#dg ,equal to ammonia 4#eii 4#eg 4#ga 4#fb 4#eg ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 4#fdc 4#gd 4#hi 4#ff 4#fe ,equal to ammonia 4#ghj 4#hi #a4jg 4#he 4#gh ,ammonia 9 a free /ate 4#jcd 4#jdi 4#jjh 4#jaj 4#jjf ,ammonia 9 =m ( salts easily decompos$ by quicklime 4#jhh 4#jfd 4#jhe 4#jch 4#jda ,total amt4 ( organic #bh4bd #bb4cj #bc4ej #ae4ae #ac4fc matt] ,total amt4 ( m9]al #e4ei #g4hg #aj4ee #i4cf #ab4jh sub/ances ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,x w be se5 t two-?irds ( ! fre% manure is wat]4 ,aft] f]m5t+ 9 an expos$ heap = six mon?s1 x /ill conta9s ab\t ! same p]c5tage ( wat]4 ,:5 kept 9 ! heap until ,augu/1 ! p]c5tage ( wat] is mu* great]4 ,( f\r tons ( su* manure1 ?ree tons are wat]4 ,( ,nitrog51 ! mo/ valuable +r$i5t ( ! manure1 ! fre% dung1 conta9$ #j4fd p] c5t2 aft] f]m5t+ six mon?s1 x conta9$ #j4hi p] c5t4 ,six mon?s lat]1 x conta9$ #j4fe p] c5t1 or ab\t ! same am\nt z ! fre% manure4 ,( m9]al matt]1 or a%1 ?is fre% f>m-y>d manure conta9$ #e4ei p] c5t2 ( :i* #a4ed 0 soluble 9 wat]1 & #d4je insoluble4 ,aft] f]m5t+ 9 ! heap = six mon?s1 ! manure conta9$ #aj4ee p] c5t ( a%1 ( :i* #b4hf 0 soluble1 & #g4fi insoluble4 ,six mon?s lat]1 ! soluble a% _h decreas$ to #a4ig p] c5t4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! composition ( ! manure1 at diff]5t p]iods1 9 ! dry /ate4 ,9 o!r words1 suppos+ all ! wat] to be remov$ f ! manure1 its composition w\ld be z foll[s3 ,composition ( ,fre% ,f>m-,y>d ,manure 7,no4 ,i47 ,expos$4 ,calculat$ ,dry4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,:5 put,feb4 #ad1;,apr4 #cj1;,aug4 #bc1,nov4 #ae1 up1 ,nov4#ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #c1 #ahed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,soluble organic matt] #g4cc #ab4gi #ab4ed #ab4jd #aj4fe ,soluble inorganic matt] #d4ee #i4hd #h4ci #h4jc #g4bg ,insoluble organic matt] #gf4ae #fa4ab #ef4di #di4gg #db4ce ,insoluble m9]al matt] #aa4ig #af4be #bb4eh #cj4af #ci4gc ---------------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#dd 4#ia 4#hh 4#gg 4#gb ,equal to ammonia 4#ec #a4aj #a4jf 4#ic 4#hh ,conta9+ nitrog5 #a4df #a4ee #a4ge #a4ib #a4he ,equal to ammonia #a4gg #a4hh #b4ab #b4cc #b4bd ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 #a4ij #b4df #b4fc #b4fi #b4eg ,equal to ammonia #b4cj #b4ih #c4ah #c4bf #c4ab ,ammonia 9 free /ate 4#aj 4#jfb 4#jbc 4#jda 4#jbc ,ammonia 9 =m ( salts easily decompos$ by quicklime 4#bf 4#bab 4#bdi 4#aed 4#aei ,total am\nt ( organic matt] #hc4dh #gc4ia #fi4jc #fa4ha #ec4jj ,total am\nt ( m9]al sub/ances #af4eb #bf4ji #cj4ig #ch4ai #dg4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 8,a comp>ison ( ^! diff]5t analyses10 says ,dr4 ,vlck]1 8po9ts out cle>ly ! *anges :i* fre% f>m-y>d manure und]goes on keep+ 9 a heap1 expos$ to ! influ5ce ( ! wea!r dur+ a p]iod ( twelve mon?s & twelve days4 8#a4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! proportion ( organic matt] /eadily dim9i%es f mon? to mon?1 until ! orig9al p]c5tage ( organic matt] 9 ! dry manure1 am\nt+ to #hc4dh p] c5t1 becomes r$uc$ to #ec p] c5t4 8#b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! total p]c5tage ( m9]al matt] rises z /eadily z t ( ! organic matt] falls4 8#c4 ,x w be se5 t ! loss 9 organic matt] affects ! p]c5tage ( insoluble organic matt]s m ?an ! p]c5tage ( soluble organic sub/ances4 8#d4 ,! p]c5tage ( soluble organic matt]s1 inde$1 increas$ consid]ably dur+ ! fir/ exp]im5tal p]iod2 x rose1 namely1 f #g4cc p] c5t to #ab4gi p] c5t4 ,exam9$ aga9 on ! #cj? ( ,april1 v ne>ly ! same p]c5tage ( soluble organic matt]1 z on ,febru>y ! #ad?1 0 f\nd4 ,! ,augu/ analysis %[s b a slight decrease 9 ! p]c5tage ( soluble organic matt]s1 :ile !re is a decrease ( #b p] c5t ( soluble organic matt]s :5 ! ,novemb] analysis is comp>$ ) ! ,febru>y analysis4 8#e4 ,! soluble m9]al matt]s 9 ?is manure rise or fall 9 ! diff]5t exp]im5tal p]iods 9 ! same ord] z ! soluble organic matt]s4 ,?us1 9 ,febru>y1 #i4hd p] c5t ( soluble m9]al matt]s 7 f\nd1 :il/ ! manure conta9$ only #d4ee p] c5t1 :5 put up into a heap 9 ,novemb]1 #ahed4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! proportion ( soluble m9]al matt]s aga9 dim9i%$1 & became r$uc$ to #g4bg p] c5t1 on ! exam9ation ( ! manure 9 ,novemb]1 #ahee4 8#f4 ,a simil> regul>ity w be obs]v$ 9 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! soluble organic matt]s4 8#g4 ,9 ! insoluble organic matt]s1 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 regul>ly increas$ f ,novemb]1 #ahed1 up to ! #bc;d ( ,augu/1 not)/&+ ! rapid dim9ution ( ! p]c5tage ( insoluble organic matt]4 ,= ! la/ exp]im5tal p]iod1 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 ! insoluble matt] is ne>ly ! same z on ,augu/ #bc;d4 8#h4 ,) respect to ! total p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 ! fre% manure1 exam9$ at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye>1 x w be se5 t ! ,febru>y manure conta9s ab\t "o-half p] c5t m ( nitrog5 ?an ! manure 9 a p]fectly fre% /ate4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,april1 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 aga9 slightly increas$2 on ,augu/ #bc;d1 x rema9$ /ation>y1 & _h sunk b v little :5 la/ exam9$ on ! #ae? ( ,novemb]1 #ahee4 8,?is s]ies ( analyses ?us %[s t fre% f>m-y>d manure rapidly becomes m soluble 9 wat]1 b t ?is desirable *ange is realiz$ at ! exp5se ( a l>ge proportion ( organic matt]s4 ,x likewise proves1 9 an unmi/akable mann]1 t !re is no advantage 9 keep+ f>m-y>d manure = too long a p]iod2 =1 aft] ,febru>y1 nei!r ! p]c5tage ( soluble organic1 nor t ( soluble m9]al matt]1 has become great]1 & ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 ! manure ( ,april & ,augu/ is only a v little high] ?an 9 ,febru>y40 8,be=e y g any fur!r10 said ! ,deacon1 8answ] me ?is "q3 ,suppose ,i take five tons ( f>m-y>d manure1 & put x 9 a heap on ! #c;d ( ,novemb]1 tell me1 #a/1 :at t heap w conta9 :5 fir/ made2 #b;d1 :at ! heap w conta9 ,april #cj?2 &1 #c;d1 :at ! heap w conta9 ,augu/ #bc;d40 ,"h is ! table3 ,cont5ts ( a ,heap ( ,manure at ,diff]5t ,p]iods1 ,expos$ to ,ra91 etc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,:5 ,apr4 #cj4 ,aug4 #bc4 ,nov4 #ae4 put up1 ,nov4 #c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total weight ( manure 9 heap #aj1jjj #g1ach #g1jbe #f1ied ,wat] 9 ! heap ( manure #f1fag #d1gjg #e1cjd #e1afg ,total organic matt] #b1hbd #a1fgh #a1jcd #idg ,total inorganic matt] #eei #gec #feg #hdj ,total nitrog5 9 heap #fd4c #fc4i #df4c #df4j ,total soluble organic matt] #bdh #cje #bjg #aij ,total insoluble organic matt] #b1egf #a1cgc #heg #geg ,soluble m9]al matt] #aed #bjd #ach #acj ,insoluble m9]al matt] #dje #edi #eai #gaj ,nitrog5 9 soluble matt] #ad4i #ba4d #ac4b #ab4i ,nitrog5 9 insoluble matt] #di4d #db4e #cc4a #cc4a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! ,deacon put on 8 spectacles & /udi$ ! above table c>efully = "s "t4 8,t tells ! :ole /ory10 said he1 8y put five tons ( fre% manure 9 a heap1 x f]m5ts & gets w>m1 & ne>ly "o ton ( wat] is driv5 (f by ! heat40 8,yes10 said ! ,doctor1 8y see t ov] half a ton 7#a1adf lbs47 ( dry organic matt] has be5 sl[ly burnt up 9 ! heap2 giv+ out z mu* heat z half a ton ( coal burnt 9 a /ove4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,! manure is cook$1 & /eam$1 & s(t5$ by ! process4 ,! organic matt] burnt up is ( no value4 ,!re is little or no loss ( nitrog54 ,! heap conta9$ #fd4c lbs4 ( nitrog5 :5 put up1 & #fc4i lbs4 aft] f]m5t+ six mon?s4 ,& x is evid5t t ! manure is 9 a mu* m active & available condition ?an if x _h be5 appli$ to ! l& 9 ! fre% /ate4 ,!re 0 #ad4i lbs4 ( nitrog5 9 a soluble condition 9 ! fre% manure1 & #ba4d lbs4 9 ! f]m5t$ manure4 ,& :at is equally important1 y w notice t !re is #aed lbs4 ( soluble a% 9 ! heap ( fre% manure1 & #bjd lbs4 9 ! heap ( f]m5t$ manure4 ,9 o!r words1 #ej lbs4 ( ! insoluble m9]al matt] _h1 by ! f]m5tation ( ! manure1 be5 r5d]$ soluble1 & consequ5tly imm$iately available z plant-food4 ,?is is a v important fact40 ,! ,doctor is "r4 ,!re is cle>ly a great advantage 9 f]m5t+ manure1 provid$ x is done 9 su* a mann] z to prev5t loss4 ,we h n only less manure to draw out & spread1 b ! plant-food :i* x conta9s1 is m soluble & active4 ,! table we h giv5 %[s t !re is little or no loss ( valuable con/itu5ts1 ev5 :5 manure is f]m5t$ 9 ! op5 air & expos$ to ord9>y ra9 & sn[s dur+ an ,engli% w9t]4 ,b x also %[s t :5 ! manure has be5 f]m5t$ = six mon?s1 & is !n turn$ & left expos$ to ! ra9 ( spr+ & summ]1 ! loss is v consid]able4 ,! five tons 7#aj1jjj lbs417 ( fre% manure plac$ 9 a heap on ! #c;d ( ,novemb]1 are r$uc$ to #g1ach lbs4 by ! #cj? ( ,april4 ,( ?is #d1gjg lbs4 is wat]4 ,by ! #bc;d ( ,augu/1 ! heap is r$uc$ to #g1jbe lbs41 ( :i* #e1cjd lbs4 is wat]4 ,!re is ne>ly #fjj lbs4 m wat] 9 ! heap 9 ,augu/ ?an 9 ,april4 ,( total nitrog5 9 ! heap1 !re is #fd4c lbs4 9 ! fre% manure1 #fc4i lbs4 9 ,april1 & only #df4c lbs4 9 ,augu/4 ,?is is a great loss1 & !re is no comp5sat+ ga94 ,we h se5 t1 :5 five tons ( manure is f]m5t$ = six mon?s1 9 w9t]1 ! nitrog5 9 ! soluble organic matt] is increas$ f #ad4i lbs4 to #ba4d lbs4 ,?is is a decid$ advantage4 ,b :5 ! manure is kept = ano!r six mon?s1 ?is soluble nitrog5 is decreas$ f #ba4d lbs4 to #ac4b lbs4 ,we lose ov] #h lbs4 ( ! mo/ active & available nitrog54 ,& ! same rem>ks w apply to ! valuable soluble m9]al matt]4 ,9 ! five tons ( fre% manure !re is #aed lbs4 ( soluble m9]al matt]4 ,by f]m5t+ ! heap six mon?s1 we get #bjd lbs41 b by keep+ ! manure six mon?s long]1 ! soluble m9]al matt] is r$uc$ to #ach lbs4 ,we lose #ff lbs4 ( valuable soluble m9]al matt]4 ,by f]m5t+ manure = six mon?s 9 w9t]1 we greatly improve its condition2 by keep+ x six mon?s long]1 we lose l>gely ( ! v be/ & mo/ active p>ts ( ! manure4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,keep+ ,,manure ,,"u ,,cov]4 ,dr4 ,vlck]1 at ! same "t he made ! exp]im5ts allud$ to 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 plac$ ano!r heap ( manure "u cov]1 9 a %$4 ,x 0 ! same k9d ( manure1 & 0 treat$ precisely z ! o!r--! only diff]5ce be+ t "o heap 0 expos$ to ! ra91 & ! o!r n4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! results ( ! weigh+s ( ! heap at diff]5t times1 & also ! p]c5tage ( loss3 ,manure ,f]m5t$ ,"u ,cov] 9 ,%$4 ,table ,%[+ ! ,actual ,weigh+s1 & ,p]c5tage ( ,loss 9 ,weight1 ( ,exp]im5tal ,heap 7,no4 ,,ii47 ,fre% ,f>m-,y>d ,manure ,"u ,%$1 at ,diff]5t ,p]iods ( ! ,ye>4 ,weight ,loss 9 ,p]c5tage ( orig9al ( ,loss4 ,manure weight 9 ,lbs4 9 ,lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,put up on ! #c;d ( ,novemb]1 #ahed #c1beh ,weigh$ on ! #cj? ( ,april1 #ahee1 or aft] a lapse ( #f mon?s #a1fac #a1fde #ej4d ,weigh$ on ! #bc;d ( ,augu/1 #ahee1 or aft] a lapse ( #i mon?s & #bj days #a1big #a1ifa #fj4j ,weigh$ on ! #ae? ( ,novemb]1 #ahee1 or aft] a lapse ( #ab mon?s & #ab days #a1bce #b1jbc #fb4a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,x w be se5 t #ajj tons ( manure1 kept 9 a heap "u cov] = six mon?s1 w\ld be r$uc$ to #di4f-aj tons4 ,:]eas1 :5 ! same manure 0 f]m5t$ = ! same l5g? ( "t 9 ! op5 air1 ! #ajj tons 0 r$uc$ to only #ga4d-aj tons4 ,! diff]5ce is due pr9cipally to ! fact t ! heap expos$ conta9$ m wat]1 d]iv$ f ra9 & sn[1 ?an ! heap kept "u cov]4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is :at we %\ld expect4 ,let u look at ! results ( ,dr4 ,vlck]'s analyses3 ,table ,%[+ ! ,composition ( ,exp]im5tal ,heap 7,no4 ,,ii47 ,fre% ,f>my>d ,manure ,"u ,%$1 9 ,natural ,/ate at ,diff]5t ,p]iods ( ! ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,:5 put,feb4 #ad1;,apr4 #cj1;,aug4 #bc1,nov4 #ae1 up1 ,nov4#ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #c1 #ahed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,wat] #ff4ag #fg4cb #ef4hi #dc4dc #da4ff 99 ,soluble organic matt] #b4dh #b4fc #d4fc #d4ac #e4cg ,soluble inorganic matt] #a4ed #b4ab #c4ch #c4je #d4dc ,insoluble organic matt] #be4gf #bj4df #be4dc #bf4ja #bg4fi ,insoluble m9]al matt] #d4je #g4dg #i4fg #bc4ch #bj4he ---------------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#adi 4#ag 4#bg 4#bf 4#db ,equal to ammonia 4#aha 4#bj 4#cb 4#ca 4#ea ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#did 4#eh 4#ib #a4ja #a4ji ,equal to ammonia 4#eii 4#gj #a4aa #a4bc #a4ca ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 4#fdc 4#ge #a4ai #a4bg #a4ea ,equal to ammonia 4#ghj 4#ij #a4dc #a4ed #a4hb ,ammonia 9 free /ate 4#jcd 4#jbb 4#jee 4#jae 4#jai ,ammonia 9 =m ( salts easily decompos$ by quicklime 4#jhh 4#jed 4#aja 4#ajc 4#adf ,total am\nt ( organic matt] #bh4bd #bc4ji #cj4jf #cj4ad #cc4jf ,total am\nt ( m9]al sub/ance #e4ei #i4ei #ac4je #bf4dc #be4bh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,table ,%[+ ! ,composition ( ,exp]im5tal ,heap 7,no4 ,,ii47 ,fre% ,f>my>d ,manure ,"u ,%$1 ,calculat$ ,dry1 at ,diff]5t ,p]iods ( ! ,ye>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,:5 put,feb4 #ad1;,apr4 #cj1;,aug4 #bc1,nov4 #ae1 up1 ,nov4#ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #c1 #ahed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 99 ,soluble organic matt] #g4cc #h4jd #aj4gd #g4cj #i4bj ,soluble inorganic matt] #d4ee #f4dh #g4hd #e4ci #g4ei ,insoluble organic matt] #gf4ae #fb4fj #eh4ii #de4ig #dg4df ,insoluble m9]al matt] #aa4ig #bb4hh #bb4dc #da4cd #ce4ge ---------------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#dd 4#ec 4#fc 4#df 4#gb ,equal to ammonia 4#ec 4#ff 4#ge 4#ef 4#hh ,conta9+ nitrog5 #a4df #a4gg #b4ad #a4gh #a4hh ,equal to ammonia #a4gg #b4ad #b4ei #b4af #b4bf ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 #a4ij #b4cj #b4gg #b4bd #b4fj ,equal to ammonia #b4cj #b4hj #c4ce #b4gb #c4jh ,ammonia 9 free /ate 4#aj 4#jfg 4#abg 4#jbf 4#jcc ,ammonia 9 =m ( salts1 easily decompos$ by quicklime 4#bf 4#afe 4#bcd 4#ahb 4#bej ,total am\nt ( organic matt] #hc4dh #gj4fd #fi4gc #ec4bg #ef4ff ,total am\nt ( m9]al sub/ance #af4eb #bi4cf #cj4bg #df4gc #dc4cd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! above analyses are ( value to ^? :o buy fre% & f]m5t$ manure4 ,!y c =m "s idea ( :at !y are gett+4 ,if !y buy a ton ( fre% manure 9 ,novemb]1 !y get #ab lbs4 ( nitrog51 & #cj lbs4 ( soluble m9]al matt]4 ,if !y buy a ton ( ! same manure t has be5 kept "u cov] until ,febru>y1 !y get1 nitrog51 #ae lbs42 soluble m9]als1 #db lbs4 ,9 ,april1 !y get1 nitrog51 #bc lbs42 soluble m9]als1 #fg lbs4 ,9 ,augu/1 !y get1 nitrog51 #be lbs42 soluble m9]als1 #fa lbs4 ,9 ,novemb]1 :5 ! manure is ov] "o ye> old1 !y get1 9 a ton1 nitrog51 #cj lbs42 soluble m9]als1 #hh lbs4 ,:5 manure has n be5 expos$1 x is cle> t a pur*as] c af=d to pay consid]ably m = a ton ( rott$ manure ?an = a ton ( fre% manure4 ,b waiv+ ?is po9t = ! pres5t1 let u see h[ ! matt] /&s ) ! f>m] :o makes & uses ! manure4 ,:at does he ga9 by keep+ & f]m5t+ ! manure "u cov]8 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! weight & composition ( ! entire heap ( manure1 kept "u cov]1 at diff]5t times3 ,table ,%[+ ,composition ( ,entire ,exp]im5tal ,heap 7,no4 ,,ii47 ,fre% ,f>m-,y>d ,manure1 ,"u ,%$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,:5 put ,april #cj1;,aug4 #bc1 ,nov4 #ae1 up1 ,nov4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #c1 #ahed4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,weight ( manure #c1beh4 #a1fac4 #a1big4 #a1bce4 ----------------------------------- ,am\nt ( wat] 9 ! manure #b1aef4 #iag4f #efc4b #ead4e ,am\nt ( dry matt] #a1ajb4 #fie4d #gcc4h #gbj4e 99 ,consi/+ ( soluble organic matt] #hj4gg #gd4fh #ec4ef #ff4bh ,soluble m9]al matt] #ej4ad #ed4ea #ci4ee #ed4fh ,insoluble organic matt] #hci4ag #daj4bd #ccg4cb #cda4ig ,insoluble m9]al matt] #aca4ib #aee4ig #cjc4cg #beg4eg ----------------------------------- #a1ajb4 #fie4d #gcc4h #gbj4e 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 #d4he #d4ch #c4df #e4be ,equal to ammonia #e4hh #e4cc #d4bj #f4cg ,conta9+ nitrog5 #af4jh #ad4hh #ac4jh #ac4ed ,equal to ammonia #ai4ei #ag4df #ae4hh #af4dd ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 9 manure #bj4ic #ai4bf #af4ed #ah4gi ,equal to ammonia #be4dj #bb4gi #bj4jh #bb4ha ,! manure conta9s ammonia 9 free /ate #a4aj 4#hh 4#ai 4#bc ,! manure conta9s ammonia 9 =m ( salts1 easily decompos$ by quicklime #b4hf #a4fb #a4cc #a4hj ,total am\nt ( organic matt] #iai4id #dhd4ib #cij4hh #djh4be ,total am\nt ( m9]al matt] #ahb4jf #baj4dh #cdb4ib #cab4ce ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,?is is ! table1 z giv5 by ,dr4 ,vlck]4 ,= ! sake ( comp>ison1 we w figure out :at ! *anges w\ld be 9 a heap ( five tons 7#aj1jjj lbs47 ( manure1 :5 f]m5t$ "u cov]1 precisely 9 ! same way z we did ) ! heap f]m5t$ 9 ! op5 air1 expos$ to ! ra94 ,! foll[+ is ! table3 ,cont5ts ( a ,heap ,( ,manure at ,diff]5t ,p]iods4 ,f]m5t$ ,"u ,cov]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,:5 put ,april #cj1;,aug4 #bc1 ,nov4 #ae1 up1 ,nov4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #c1 #ahed4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,total weight ( manure 9 heap #aj1jjj #d1ifj #d1jjj #c1gij ,wat] 9 ! heap ( manure #f1fag #b1hbb #a1gcg #a1egi ,total organic matt] #b1hbd #a1dij #a1bje #a1bec ,total inorganic matt] #eei #fdf #a1jeg #ieh ,total nitrog5 9 heap #fd4c #ei #ej4h #eg4b ,total soluble organic matt] #bdh #bcj #afe #bjc4e ,insoluble organic matt] #b1egf #a1bfj #a1jdj #a1jdi ,soluble m9]al matt] #aed #afg #abb #afh ,insoluble m9]al matt] #dje #dgi #ice #gij ,nitrog5 9 soluble matt] #ad4i #ac4d #aj4d #ae4i ,nitrog5 9 insoluble matt] #di4d #de4f #dj4d #da4c ,total dry matt] 9 heap #c1chc #b1jch #b1bfc #b1baa ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,x w be se5 t ! heap ( manure kept "u cov] conta9$1 on ! #cj? ( ,april1 less soluble organic matt]1 less soluble m9]al matt]1 less soluble nitrog5\s matt]1 & less total nitrog5 ?an ! heap ( manure expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,?is is precisely :at ,i %\ld h expect$4 ,! heap ( manure 9 ! %$ probably f]m5t$ m rapidly ?an ! heap out ( doors1 & !re 0 n wat] en\gh 9 ! manure to reta9 ! c>bonate ( ammonia1 or to favor ! production ( organic acids4 ,! heap 0 too dry4 ,if x c\ld h receiv$ en\gh ( ! liquid f ! /ables to h kept x mod]ately moi/1 ! result w\ld h be5 v diff]5t4 ,we w po/pone fur!r consid]ation ( ?is po9t at pres5t1 & look at ! results ( ano!r ( ,dr4 ,vlck]'s int]e/+ exp]im5ts4 ,dr4 ,vlck] wi%$ to asc]ta9 ! effect ( ?ree common me?ods ( manag+ manure3 #a/4 ,keep+ x 9 a heap 9 ! op5 air 9 ! b>n-y>d1 or field4 #b;d4 ,keep+ x 9 a heap "u cov] 9 a %$4 #c;d4 ,keep+ x spread out ov] ! b>n-y>d4 8,y say ^! are common me?ods ( manag+ manure10 rem>k$ ! ,deacon1 8b ,i nev] knew any "o 9 ?is c\ntry take ! tr\ble to spread manure ov] ! y>d40 8,p]haps n10 ,i repli$1 8b y h kn[n a good _m f>m]s :o adopt ?is v me?od ( keep+ _! manure4 ,!y d n spread x--b !y let x lie spread out ov] ! y>ds1 j :]ev] x happ5s to be40 ,let u see :at ! effect ( ?is treatm5t is on ! composition & value ( ! manure4 ,we h exam9$ ! effect ( keep+ manure 9 a heap 9 ! op5 air1 & also ( keep+ x 9 a heap "u cov]4 ,n[ let u see h[ ^! me?ods comp>e ) ! practice ( leav+ x expos$ to ! ra9s1 spread out 9 ! y>d4 ,on ! #crd ( ,novemb]1 #ahed1 ,dr4 ,vlck] weigh$ out #a1feb lbs4 ( manure simil> to t us$ 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 & spread x out 9 ! y>d4 ,x 0 weigh$ ,april #cj1 & aga9 ,augu/ #bc1 & ,novemb] #ae4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! actual weight ( ! manure at ! diff]5t p]iods1 also ! actual am\nt ( ! wat]1 organic matt]1 a%1 nitrog51 etc43 ,table ,%[+ ! ,weight & ,composition ( ,entire ,mass ( ,exp]im5tal ,manure 7,no4 ,iii471 ,fre% ,f>m-,y>d ,manure1 ,spread 9 ,op5 ,y>d at ,diff]5t ,p]iods ( ! ,ye>4 ,9 ,natural ,/ate4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,:5 put ,april #cj1;,aug4 #bc1 ,nov4 #ae1 up1 ,nov4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #c1 #ahed4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,weight ( manure #a1feb4 #a1dbi4 #a1jab4 #iej4 ----------------------------------- ,am\nt ( wat] 9 ! manure #a1jic4 #a1adc4 #gji4c #fbb4h ,am\nt ( dry matt] #eei4 #bhe4e #cjb4g #cbg4b 99 ,consi/+ ( soluble organic matt] #dj4ig #af4ee #d4if #c4ie ,soluble m9]al matt] #be4dc #ad4da #f4dg #e4eb ,insoluble organic matt] #dbe4fg #afc4gi #ajf4ha #id4de ,insoluble m9]al matt] #ff4ic #ij4ge #ahd4df #bbc4bh ----------------------------------- #eei4jj #bhe4ej #cjb4gj #cbg4bj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 #c4bh #a4ai 4#fj 4#cb ,equal to ammonia #c4ih #a4dd 4#gc 4#ci ,conta9+ nitrog5 #f4ba #f4ea #c4ed #c4ef ,equal to ammonia #g4ed #g4ij #d4bi #d4be ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 9 manure #i4ai #g4gj #d4ad #c4hh ,equal to ammonia #aa4eb #i4cd #e4jb #d4fd ,! manure conta9s ammonia 9 free /ate 4#ee 4#ad 4#ac 4#jjee ,! manure conta9s ammonia 9 =m ( salts1 easily decompos$ by quicklime #a4de 4#fb 4#ee 4#bh ,total am\nt ( organic matt] #dff4fd #ahj4cd #aaa4gg #ih4dj ,total am\nt ( m9]al matt] #ib4cf #aje4af #aij4ic #bbh4hj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 8,"o mom5t10 said ! ,deacon4 8,^! tables are a little confus+4 ,! table y h j giv5 %[s ! actual weight ( ! manure 9 ! heap1 & :at x conta9$ at diff]5t p]iods40 --8,yes10 said ,i1 8& ! table foll[+ %[s :at #ajj lbs4 ( ?is manure1 spread out 9 ! y>d1 conta9$ at ! diff]5t dates m5tion$4 ,x %[s h[ greatly manure det]iorates by be+ expos$ to ra91 spread out on ! surface ( ! y>d4 ,! table m]its c>eful /udy40 ,table ,%[+ ,composition ( ,exp]im5tal ,heap 7,no4 ,,iii474 ,fre% ,f>m ,y>d ,manure1 ,spread 9 ,op5 ,y>d1 at ,diff]5t ,p]iods ( ! ,ye>4 ,9 ,natural ,/ate4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,:5 put ,april #cj1;,aug4 #bc1,nov4 #ae1 up1 ,nov4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #c1 #ahed4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,wat] #ff4ag #hj4jb #gj4ji #fe4ef 99 ,soluble organic matt] #b4dh #a4af 4#di 4#db ,soluble inorganic matt] #a4ed #a4ja 4#fd 4#eg ,insoluble organic matt] #be4gf #aa4df #aj4ef #i4id ,insoluble m9]al matt] #d4je #f4ce #ah4bb #bc4ea ----------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#adi 4#jh 4#jf 4#jc ,equal to ammonia 4#aha 4#fi 4#jg 4#jcf ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#did 4#de 4#ce 4#cf ,equal to ammonia 4#eii 4#ed 4#db 4#df ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 4#fdc 4#ec 4#da 4#ci ,equal to ammonia 4#ghj 4#fc 4#di 4#dif ,ammonia 9 free /ate 4#jcd 4#jaj 4#jab 4#jjjf ,ammonia 9 =m ( salts1 easily decompos$ by quicklime 4#jhh 4#jde 4#jea 4#jcj ,total am\nt ( organic matt] #bh4bd #ab4fb #aa4je #aj4cf ,total am\nt ( m9]al sub/ance #e4ei #g4cf #ah4hf #bd4jh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! foll[+ table %[s ! composition ( ! manure1 calculat$ dry3 ,table ,%[+ ,composition ( ,exp]im5tal ,heap 7,no4 ,,iii471 ,fre% ,f>m ,y>d ,manure1 ,spread 9 ,op5 ,y>d1 at ,diff]5t ,p]iods ( ! ,ye>4 ,calculat$ ,dry4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,:5 put ,april #cj1;,aug4 #bc1,nov4 #ae1 up1 ,nov4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #c1 #ahed4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- 99 ,soluble organic matt] #g4cc #e4hj #a4fd #a4ba ,soluble inorganic matt] #d4ee #e4je #b4ad #a4fi ,insoluble organic matt] #gf4ae #eg4cg #ce4cj #bh4hf ,insoluble m9]al matt] #aa4ig #ca4gh #fj4ib #fh4bd ----------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#dd 4#db 4#bj 4#aj ,equal to ammonia 4#ec 4#ea 4#bd 4#ab ,conta9+ nitrog5 #a4df #b4bh #a4ag #a4ji ,equal to ammonia #a4gg #b4gf #a4da #a4cb ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 #a4ij #b4gj #a4cg #a4ai ,equal to ammonia #b4cj #c4bg #a4fe #a4dd ,ammonia 9 free /ate 4#aj 4#je 4#jdj 4#jjag ,ammonia 9 =m ( salts1 easily decompos$ by quicklime 4#bf 4#bbe 4#aga 4#jhg ,total am\nt ( organic matt] #hc4dh #fc4ag #cf4id #cj4jg ,total am\nt ( m9]al sub/ance #af4eb #cf4hc #fc4jf #fi4ic ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,i h made out ! foll[+ table1 %[+ :at w\ld be ! *anges 9 a heap ( #e tons 7#aj1jjj lbs47 ( manure1 spread out 9 ! y>d1 s t we c readily see ! effect ( ?is me?od ( managem5t z comp>$ ) ! o!r two me?ods ( keep+ ! manure 9 compact heaps1 "o expos$1 ! o!r "u cov]4 ,! foll[+ is ! table3 ,cont5ts ( ! ,mass ( ,manure1 ,spread ,out 9 ,f>m-,y>d1 & ,expos$ to ,ra91 ,etc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,:5 ,apr4 #cj4;,aug4 #bc4 ,nov4 #ae4 spread out1 ,nov4 #c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,total weight ( manure #aj1jjj #h1cej #f1acj #e1gej ,wat] 9 ! manure #f1fag #f1ibb #d1big #c1gga ,total organic matt] #b1hbd #a1jib #fgg #eie ,total inorganic matt] #eei #fcf #a1aee #a1chd ,total nitrog5 9 manure #fd4c #de4i #be #bb4d ,total soluble organic matt] #bdh #ajj #cj #bd ,insoluble organic matt] #b1egf #iib #fdg #ega ,soluble m9]al matt] #aed #hg #ci #cc ,insoluble m9]al matt] #dje #edi #a1aaf #a1cea ,nitrog5 9 soluble matt] #ad4i #f4i #c4f #a4g ,nitrog5 9 insoluble matt] #di4d #ci #ba4d #bj4g ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,x is n necess>y to make _m rem>ks on ?is table4 ,! facts speak = !mselves4 ,x w be se5 t !re is consid]able loss ev5 by lett+ ! manure lie spread out until spr+2 b1 s]i\s z ?is loss is1 x is small comp>$ to ! loss su/a9$ by all[+ ! manure to lie expos$ 9 ! y>d dur+ ! summ]4 ,9 ! five tons ( fre% manure1 we h1 ,novemb] #c1 #fd4c lbs4 ( nitrog52 ,april #cj1 we h #df lbs42 ,augu/ #bc1 only #be lbs4 ,?is is a great loss ( ! mo/ valuable con/itu5t ( ! manure4 ,( soluble m9]al matt]1 ! next mo/ valuable +r$i5t1 we h 9 ! five tons ( fre% manure1 ,novemb] #c1 #aed lbs42 ,april #cj1 #hg lbs42 & ,augu/ #bc1 only #ci lbs4 ,( soluble nitrog51 ! mo/ active & valuable "p ( ! manure1 we h1 ,novemb] #c1 ne>ly #ae lbs42 ,april #cj1 n q #g lbs42 ,augu/ #bc1 #c lbs42 & ,novemb] #ae1 n q #a lbs4 ,dr4 ,vlck] made /ill ano!r exp]im5t4 ,he took #a1fac lbs4 ( well-rott$ dung 7mix$ manure f horses1 c[s1 & pigs17 & kept x 9 a heap1 expos$ to ! wea!r1 f ,decemb] #e to ,april #cj1 ,augu/ #bc1 & ,novemb] #ae1 weigh+ x & analyz+ x at ^! diff]5t dates4 ,i ?9k x is n necess>y to give ! results 9 detail4 ,f ! #e? ( ,decemb] to ! #cj? ( ,april1 !re 0 no loss ( nitrog5 9 ! heap1 & comp>atively little loss ( soluble m9]al matt]s2 b f ,april #cj to ,augu/ #bc1 !re 0 consid]able loss 9 bo? ^! valuable +r$i5ts1 :i* 7 wa%$ out ( ! heap by ra94 ,dr4 ,vlck] draws ! foll[+ conclusions f 8 exp]im5ts3 8,hav+ describ$ at l5g? my exp]im5ts ) f>m-y>d manure10 he says1 8x may n be amiss to /ate briefly ! m prom95t & practically int]e/+ po9ts :i* h be5 develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inve/igation4 ,i w\ld1 !re=e1 obs]ve3 8#a4 ,p]fectly fre% f>m y>d manure conta9s b a small proportion ( free ammonia4 8#b4 ,! nitrog5 9 fre% dung exi/s pr9cipally 9 ! /ate ( insoluble nitrog5iz$ matt]s4 8#c4 ,! soluble organic & m9]al con/itu5ts ( dung are mu* m valuable f]tiliz]s ?an ! insoluble4 ,p>ticul> c>e1 !re=e1 %\ld be be/[$ ^u ! pres]vation ( ! liquid excrem5ts ( animals1 & = ! same reason ! manure %\ld be kept 9 p]fectly wat]-pro( pits ( suffici5t capacity to r5d] ! sett+ up ( dung-heaps 9 ! corn] ( fields1 z mu* z x is possible1 unnecess>y4 8#d4 ,f>m-y>d manure1 ev5 9 q a fre% /ate1 conta9s phosphate ( lime1 :i* is mu* m soluble ?an has hi!rto be5 suspect$4 8#e4 ,! ur9e ( ! horse1 c[1 & pig1 does n conta9 any appreciable quantity ( phosphate ( lime1 :il/ ! dra9+s ( dung-heaps conta9 consid]able quantities ( ?is valuable f]tiliz]4 ,! dra9+s ( dung-heaps1 p>tly = ?is reason1 are m valuable ?an ! ur9e ( our dome/ic animals1 &1 !re=e1 ought to be prev5t$ by all available means f runn+ to wa/e4 8#f4 ,! mo/ effectual means ( prev5t+ loss 9 f]tiliz+ matt]s is to c>t ! manure directly on ! field :5ev] circum/ances all[ ?is to be done4 8#g4 ,on all soils ) a mod]ate proportion ( clay1 no fe> ne$ to be ent]ta9$ ( valuable f]tiliz+ sub/ances becom+ wa/$ if ! manure _c be pl[$ 9 at once4 ,fre%1 & ev5 well-rott51 dung conta9s v little free ammonia2 & s9ce active f]m5tation1 & ) x ! fur!r evolution ( free ammonia1 is /opp$ by spread+ out ! manure on ! field1 valuable volatile manur+ matt]s c n escape into ! air by adopt+ ?is plan4 8,z all soils ) a mod]ate proportion ( clay possess 9 a rem>kable degree ! p[] ( absorb+ & reta9+ manur+ matt]s1 none ( ! sal9e & soluble organic con/itu5ts are wa/$ ev5 by a heavy fall ( ra94 ,x may1 inde$1 be que/ion$ :e!r x is m advisable to pl[ 9 ! manure at once1 or to let x lie = "s "t on ! surface1 & to give ! ra9 full opportunity to wa% x into ! soil4 8,x appe>s to me a matt] ( ! greate/ importance to regulate ! application ( manure to our fields1 s t its con/itu5ts may become prop]ly dilut$ & uni=mly di/ribut$ among/ a l>ge mass ( soil4 ,by pl[+ 9 ! manure at once1 x appe>s to me1 ?is desirable end c n be rea*$ s p]fectly z by all[+ ! ra9 to wa% 9 gradually ! manure ev5ly spread on ! surface ( ! field4 8,by adopt+ su* a c\rse1 9 case practical exp]i5ce %\ld confirm my !oretical reason+1 ! objection c\ld no long] be ma9ta9$ t ! l& is n ready = c>t+ manure ^u x4 ,i am incl9$ to recomm5d1 z a g5]al rule3 ,c>t ! manure on ! field1 spread x at once1 & wait = a favorable opportunity to pl[ x 94 ,9 ! case ( clay soils1 ,i h no hesitation to say ! manure may be spread ev5 six mon?s be=e x is pl[$ 91 )\t los+ any appreciable quantity 9 manur+ matt]4 8,i am p]fectly aw>e1 t on /iff clay l&1 f>m-y>d manure1 m especially long dung1 :5 pl[$ 9 be=e ! fro/ sets 91 ex]cises a mo/ b5eficial action by keep+ ! soil loose1 & admitt+ ! free access ( fro/1 :i* pulv]izes ! l&1 & w\ld1 !re=e1 by no means recomm5d to leave ! manure spread on ! surface )\t pl[+ x 94 ,all ,i wi% to en=ce is1 t :5 no o!r *oice is left b ei!r to set up ! manure 9 a heap 9 a corn] ( ! field1 or to spread x on ! field1 )\t pl[+ x 9 directly1 to adopt ! latt] plan4 ,9 ! case ( v light s&y soils1 x may p]haps n be advisable to spread out ! manure a long "t be=e x is pl[$ 91 s9ce su* soils d n possess ! p[] ( reta9+ manur+ matt]s 9 any m>k$ degree4 ,on light s&y soils1 ,i w\ld sugge/ to manure ) well-f]m5t$ dung1 %ortly be=e ! crop int5d$ to be gr[n is s[n4 8#h4 ,well-rott5 dung conta9s1 likewise1 little free ammonia1 b a v mu* l>g] proportion ( soluble organic & sal9e m9]al matt]s ?an fre% manure4 8#i4 ,rott5 dung is ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an fre%4 8#aj4 ,weight = weight1 rott5 dung is m valuable ?an fre%4 8#aa4 ,9 ! f]m5tation ( dung1 a v consid]able proportion ( ! organic matt]s 9 fre% manure is dissipat$ into ! air 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid & o!r gases4 8#ab4 ,prop]ly regulat$1 h[ev]1 ! f]m5tation ( dung is n att5d$ ) any great loss ( nitrog51 nor ( sal9e m9]al matt]s4 8#ac4 ,dur+ ! f]m5tation ( dung1 ulmic1 humic1 & o!r organic acids are =m$1 z well z gypsum1 :i* fix ! ammonia g5]at$ 9 ! decomposition ( ! nitrog5iz$ con/itu5ts ( dung4 8#ad4 ,dur+ ! f]m5tation ( dung1 ! phosphate ( lime :i* x conta9s is r5d]$ m soluble ?an 9 fre% manure4 8#ae4 ,9 ! int]ior & heat$ portions ( manure-heaps1 ammonia is giv5 (f2 b1 on pass+ into ! ext]nal & cold lay]s ( dung-heaps1 ! free ammonia is reta9$ 9 ! heap4 8#af4 ,ammonia is n giv5 (f f ! surface ( well-compress$ dung-heaps1 b on turn+ manure-heaps1 x is wa/$ 9 appreciable quantities4 ,dung-heaps1 = ?is reason1 %\ld n be turn$ m frequ5tly ?an absolutely necess>y4 8#ag4 ,no advantage appe>s to result f c>ry+ on ! f]m5tation ( dung too f>1 b e disadvantage4 8#ah4 ,f>m-y>d manure becomes det]iorat$ 9 value1 :5 kept 9 heaps expos$ to ! wea!r1 ! m ! long] x is kept4 8#ai4 ,! loss 9 manur+ matt]s1 :i* is incurr$ 9 keep+ manure-heaps expos$ to ! wea!r1 is n s mu* due to ! volatilization ( ammonia z to ! removal ( ammoniacal salts1 soluble nitrog5iz$ organic matt]s1 & valuable m9]al matt]s1 by ! ra9 :i* falls 9 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! manure is kept4 8#bj4 ,if ra9 is exclud$ f dung-heaps1 or little ra9 falls at a "t1 ! loss 9 ammonia is trifl+1 & no sal9e matt]s1 ( c\rse1 are remov$2 b1 if mu* ra9 falls1 especially if x desc5ds 9 heavy %[]s ^u ! dung-heap1 a s]i\s loss 9 ammonia1 soluble organic matt]1 phosphate ( lime1 & salts ( pota% is incurr$1 & ! manure becomes rapidly det]iorat$ 9 value1 :il/ at ! same "t x is dim9i%$ 9 weight4 8#ba4 ,well-rott5 dung is m readily affect$ by ! det]iorat+ influ5ce ( ra9 ?an fre% manure4 8#bb4 ,practically speak+1 all ! ess5tially valuable manur+ con/itu5ts are pres]v$ by keep+ f>m-y>d manure "u cov]4 8#bc4 ,if ! animals h be5 suppli$ ) pl5ty ( litt]1 fre% dung conta9s an insuffici5t quantity ( wat] to induce an active f]m5tation4 ,9 ?is case1 fre% dung c n be prop]ly f]m5t$ "u cov]1 except wat] or liquid manure is pump$ ov] ! heap f "t to "t4 8,:]e mu* /raw is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( dung1 & no provision is made to supply ! manure 9 ! pit at any "t ) ! requisite am\nt ( moi/ure1 x may n be advisable to put up a ro( ov] ! dung-pit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on f>ms :]e !re is a defici5cy ( /raw1 s t ! moi/ure ( ! excrem5ts ( our dome/ic animals is b>ely absorb$ by ! litt]1 ! advantage ( erect+ a ro( ov] ! dung-pit w be f\nd v great4 8#bd4 ,! wor/ me?od ( mak+ manure is to produce x by animals kept 9 op5 y>ds1 s9ce a l>ge proportion ( valuable f]tiliz+ matt]s is wa/$ 9 a %ort "t2 & aft] a lapse ( twelve mon?s1 at lea/ two-?irds ( ! sub/ance ( ! manure is wa/$1 & only "o-?ird1 inf]ior 9 quality to an equal weight ( fre% dung1 is left beh9d4 8#be4 ,! mo/ rational plan ( keep+ manure 9 heaps appe>s to me t adopt$ by ,mr4 ,lawr5ce1 ( ,cir5ce/]1 & describ$ by him at l5g? 9 ,morton's #8,cyclopdia ( ,agriculture1' "u ! head ( #8,manure4'0 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,an ,,engli% ,,plan ,,( ,,keep+ ,,manure4 8,i w\ld l to "k10 said ! ,deacon1 8h[ ,mr4 ,lawr5ce manages 8 manure1 especially z 8 me?od has receiv$ su* high comm5dation40 ,*>ley got ! second volume ( 8,morton's ,cyclopdia ( ,agriculture10 f ! book %elves1 & turn$ to ! article on 8,manure40 ,he f\nd t ,mr4 ,lawr5ce adopt$ ! 8,box ,sy/em0 ( fe$+ cattle1 & us$ cut or *aff$ /raw = b$d+4 ,& ,mr4 ,lawr5ce claims t by ?is plan 8manure w h be5 made "u ! mo/ p]fect conditions40 ,& 8:5 ! boxes are full at ^? p]iods ( ! ye> at :i* manure is requir$ = ! succe$+ crops1 x w be mo/ advantage\sly dispos$ ( by be+ transf]r$ at once to ! l&1 & cov]$ 940 8,good10 said ! ,deacon1 8,i ?9k he is "r !re40 ,*>ley cont9u$1 & read z foll[s3 8,b !re w be accumulations ( manure requir+ removal f ! home/ead at o!r seasons1 at :i* x _c be s appli$1 & :5 x mu/ be /or$ = future use4 ,! foll[+ has be5 f\nd an effectual & economical mode ( accompli%+ ?is2 m p>ticul>ly :5 cut litt] is us$1 x saves ! co/ ( repeat$ turn+s1 & effectually prev5ts ! decomposition & wa/e ( ! mo/ active & volatile pr9ciple4 8,"s ?ree or m spots are select$ accord+ to ! size ( ! f>m1 9 conv5i5t positions = access to ! l& "u tillage1 & by ! side ( ! f>m roads4 ,! sites fix$ on are !n excavat$ ab\t two feet "u ! surr\nd+ surface4 ,9 ! bottom is laid "s ?ree or f\r in*es ( e>? to absorb any moi/ure1 on :i* ! manure is empti$ f ! c>ts4 ,?is is ev5ly spread1 & well trodd5 z ! heap is =m+4 ,z soon z ?is is ab\t a foot above ! gr\nd level1 to all[ = s9k+1 ! heap is gradually ga!r$ 91 until x is complet$ 9 ! =m ( an ord9>y /eep ro(1 slightly r\nd$ at ! top by ! f9al tread+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( build+ ?is up1 ab\t a bu%el ( salt1 to two c>t-loads ( dung is spr9kl$ among/ x4 ,! base laid out at any "o "t %\ld n exce$ t requir$ by ! manure ready = ! complete =mation ( ! heap z f> z x goes2 & )9 a day or two aft] su* portion is built up1 & x has settl$ into %ape1 a ?9 coat ( e>? 9 a moi/ /ate is pla/]$ entirely ov] ! surface4 ,"u ^! conditions decomposition does n take place1 9 consequ5ce ( ! exclusion ( ! air2 or at any rate to s limit$ an ext5t1 t ! ammonia is absorb$ by ! e>?1 = !re is n a trace ( x p]ceptible ab\t ! heap2 ?\gh1 :5 put toge!r )\t su* cov]+1 ?is is p]ceptible en\gh to leew>d at a hundr$ y>ds' di/ance4 8,:5 heaps ?us =m$ are resort$ to 9 ! autumn1 ei!r = ! "y se$s1 or = pl[+ 9 on ! /ubbles aft] prep>+ = ! succe$+ root crop1 ! manure w be f\nd undim9i%$ 9 quantity & unimpair$ 9 quality2 9 fact1 simply consolidat$4 ,decomposition !n proce$s )9 ! soil1 :]e all its results are appropriat$1 & r5d]$ available = ! succe$+ c]eal z well z ! root crop4 8,x w\ld be inconv5i5t to pla/] ! heap1 7 ! ridge1 :5 settl$1 above six or sev5 feet f ! gr\nd level2 ! base may be =m$ ab\t t5 to twelve feet wide1 & ! ridge ab\t n9e feet f ! base1 :i* settles d[n to ab\t sev5 feet2 ?is may be ext5d$ to any l5g? z fur!r supplies ( manure require removal4 ,"o man is suffici5t to =m ! heap1 & x is exp$i5t to employ ! same man = ?is s]vice1 :o soon gets into ! way ( p]=m+ ! "w neatly & quickly4 ,x has be5 ask$ :]e a f>m] is to get ! e>? to cov] 8 heaps--x may be answ]$1 keep y\r roads scrap$ :5 !y get muddy on ! surface dur+ ra9y wea!r--9 itself good economy--& leave ?is 9 small heaps beyond ! m>g9 ( y\r roads4 ,?is1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 w be f\nd an ample provision = ! purpose1 = x is unnecess>y to lay on a coat m ?an "o or two in*es 9 ?ickness1 :i* %\ld be done :5 9 a moi/ /ate4 ,at any rate1 !re w always be f\nd an accumulation on headl&s t may be drawn ^u if ne$ be4 8,f>m]s :o h n be5 9 ! habit ( be/[+ c>e on ! manufacture & subsequ5t pres]vation ( _! manure1 & wat*+ results1 h no conception ( ! importance ( ?is4 ,a b>r[ful ( su* manure z has be5 describ$1 w\ld produce a great] weight ( roots & corn1 ?an t s graphically describ$ by ! mo/ tal5t$ & accompli%$ ( our agricultural au?ors--z ! cont5ts ( #8neighb\r ,dry*aff's dung-c>t1 t creak+ he>se1 t is c>ry+ to ! field ! dead body ^: _s has dep>t$4' 8,!re is a s\rce ( valuable & extremely useful manure on e f>m1 ( :i* v few f>m]s avail !mselves--! ga!r+ toge!r 9 "o spot ( all combu/ible wa/e & rubbi%1 ! clipp+s ( h$ges1 sc\r+ ( dit*es1 grassy accumulation on ! sides ( roads & f5ces1 etc41 comb9$ ) a good deal ( e>?4 ,if ^! are c>t$ at leisure times into a l>ge circle1 or 9 two r[s1 to supply ! fire k9dl$ 9 ! c5t]1 9 a spot :i* is frequ5t$ by ! labor]s on ! f>m1 ) a ?ree-prong$ =k & a %ovel att5dant1 & ea* pass]-by is enc\rag$ to add to ! pile :5ev] he sees ! smoke pass+ away s freely z to indicate rapid combu/ion1 a v l>ge quantity ( valuable a%es are collect$ betwe5 ,m>* & ,octob]4 ,9 ! latt] mon? ! fire %\ld be all[$ to g out2 ! a%es are !n ?r[n into a long ridge1 z high z !y w /&1 & ?at*$ :ile dry4 ,?is w be f\nd an invaluable /ore 9 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june1 capable ( supply+ f tw5ty to =ty bu%els ( a%es p] acre1 accord+ to ! c>e & indu/ry ( ! collector1 to drill ) ! se$s ( ! root crop40 ,! ,deacon got sleepy be=e ,*>ley f9i%$ read+4 8,we c n af=d to be at s mu* tr\ble 9 ?is c\ntry10 he said1 & took up 8 hat & left4 ,! ,deacon is n altoge!r wrong4 ,our climate is v diff]5t f t ( ,engl&1 & x is seldom t f>m]s ne$ to draw out manure1 & pile x 9 ! field1 except 9 w9t]1 & !n x is n necess>y1 ,i ?9k1 ei!r to dig a pit or to cov] ! heap4 ,^? :o draw manure f ! city 9 summ]1 may probably adopt "s ( ,mr4 ,lawr5ce's sugge/ions ) advantage4 ,! plan ( collect+ rubbi%1 bru%1 old wood1 & sods1 & conv]t+ !m into a%es or *>coal1 is "o :i* we c\ld (t5 adopt ) decid$ advantage4 ,our premises w\ld be clean]1 & we %\ld h less fungus to speck & crack our apples & pe>s1 &1 9 addition1 we %\ld h a quantity ( a%es or burnt e>?1 t is n only a manure itself1 b is specially useful to mix ) moi/ sup]phosphate & o!r artificial manures1 to make !m dry en\gh & bulky en\gh to be easily & ev5ly di/ribut$ by ! drill4 ,artificial manures1 s mix$ ) ^! a%es1 or dry1 *>r$ e>?1 are less likely to injure ! se$ ?an :5 s[n ) ! se$ 9 ! drill-r[s1 unmix$ ) "s su* mat]ial4 ,sift$ coal a%es are also v useful = ?is purpose4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,soluble ,,phosphates ,,9 ,,f>my>d ,,manure4 ,!re is "o ?+ 9 ^! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,vlck]'s :i* des]ves special att5tion1 & t is ! comp>atively l>ge am\nt ( soluble phosphate ( lime 9 ! a% ( f>m-y>d manure4 ,i d n ?9k ! fact is g5]ally kn[n4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( animal manures1 z comp>$ ) artificial manures1 x is usually assum$ t ! phosphates 9 ! =m] are insoluble1 &1 !re=e1 ( less value ?an ! soluble phosphates 9 sup]phosphate ( lime & o!r artificial manures4 ,dr4 ,vlck] f\nd 9 ! a% ( fre% f>m-y>d manure1 phosphoric acid equal to #ab4bc p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime1 & ( ?is #e4ce 0 soluble phosphate ( lime4 ,9 ! a% ( well-rott$ manure1 he f\nd phosphoric acid equal to #ab4aa p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime1 & ( ?is1 #d4ge 0 soluble phosphate ( lime4 8,t is1 inde$1 an important fact10 said ! ,doctor1 8b ,i ?\ght ,pr(essor ,vlck] claim$ t #8dur+ ! f]m5tation ( dung1 ! phosphate ( lime :i* x conta9s is r5d]$ m soluble ?an 9 fre% manure4'0 8,he did say s10 ,i repli$1 8& x may be true1 b ! above figures d n seem to prove x4 ,:5 he wrote ! s5t5ce y h quot$1 he probably _h ref]5ce to ! fact t he f\nd m soluble phosphate ( lime 9 rott$ manure ?an 9 fre% manure4 ,?us1 he f\nd 9 #e tons ( fre% & #e tons ( rott$1 manure1 ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3 ,,sp3 ,soluble ,phosphate ( ,lime4 ,,ip3 ,insoluble phosphates4 ,,tp3 ,total ,phosphates4 ,,tsa3 ,total ,soluble ,a%4 ,,tia3 ,total ,insoluble ,a%4 ,,ta3 ,total ,a%4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,pota% #e ,tons4 ,,sp ,,ip ,,tp ------------ ,,tsa ,,tia ,,ta 7#aj1jjj ,,lbs47 ,sol4 ,insol4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,fre% manure #bi4i #ch4f #fh4e #eg4c #i4i #aed #dje #eei ,rott$ manure #ch4beg4c #ie4e #dd4f #d4e #adg #feh #hje ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 8,x w be se5 f ! above figures t rott$ manure conta9s m soluble phosphate ( lime ?an fre% manure4 8,b x does n foll[ f ?is fact t any ( ! insoluble phosphates 9 fre% manure h be5 r5d]$ soluble dur+ ! f]m5tation ( ! manure4 8,!re are m insoluble phosphates 9 ! rott$ manure ?an 9 ! fre%1 b we d n conclude f ?is fact t any ( ! phosphates h be5 r5d]$ insoluble dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation--nei!r are we w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t any ( !m h be5 r5d]$ soluble1 simply because we f9d m soluble phosphates 9 ! rott$ manure40 8,v true10 said ! ,doctor1 8b x has be5 %[n t 9 ! heap ( manure1 dur+ f]m5tation1 !re 0 an actual increase ( soluble m9]al matt] dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s1 &1 to say ! lea/1 x is highly probable t "s ( ?is increase ( soluble m9]al matt] conta9$ m or less soluble phosphates1 & p]haps ,dr4 ,vlck] _h "s facts to %[ t su* 0 ! case1 al?\gh he may n h publi%$ !m4 ,at any rate1 he evid5tly ?9ks t ! phosphates 9 manure are r5d]$ m soluble by f]m5tation40 8,p]haps10 said ,i1 8we c n d bett] ?an to let ! matt] re/ 9 t =m4 ,i am m]ely anxi\s n to draw def9ite conclusions f ! facts :i* ! facts d n positively prove4 ,i am /rongly 9 favor ( f]m5t+ manure1 & %\ld be glad to h x %[n t f]m5tation does actually conv]t insoluble phosphates into a soluble =m40 ,!re is "o ?+1 h[ev]1 t ^! exp]im5ts cle>ly prove1 & t is1 t !re is a f> l>g] quantity ( soluble phosphates 9 manure ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,( ! total phosphoric acid 9 ! fre% manure1 #dc p] c5t is 9 a soluble condition2 & 9 ! rott$ manure1 #dj p] c5t is soluble4 ,?is is an important fact1 & "o :i* is g5]ally ov]look$4 ,x enhances ! value ( f>m-y>d or /able manure1 z comp>$ ) artificial manures4 ,b ( ?is we may h m to say :5 we come to t "p ( ! subject4 ,i want to make "o rem>k4 ,i ?9k !re c be little d\bt t ! proportion ( soluble phosphates is great] 9 ri* manure1 made f gra9-f$ animals1 ?an 9 poor manure made pr9cipally f /raw4 ,9 o!r words1 ( #ajj lbs4 ( total phosphoric acid1 m ( x w\ld be 9 a soluble condition 9 ! ri* ?an 9 ! poor manure4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,deacon ,,makes ,,manure4 8,i ?9k10 said ! ,deacon1 8y are talk+ too mu* ab\t ! sci5ce ( manure mak+4 ,sci5ce is all well en\gh1 b practice is bett]40 8,t dep5ds10 said ,i1 8on ! practice4 ,suppose y tell u h[ y manage y\r manure40 8,well10 said ! ,deacon1 8,i d n "k mu* ab\t plant-food1 & nitrog51 & phosphoric acid1 b ,i ?9k manure is a good ?+1 & ! m y h ( x ! bett]4 ,i d n believe 9 y\r practice ( spread+ manure on ! l& & lett+ x lie expos$ to ! sun & w9ds4 ,i want to draw x out 9 ! spr+ & pl[ x "u = corn4 ,i ?9k ?is long1 co>se manure loos5s ! soil & makes x light1 & w>m1 & por\s4 ,& !n my plan saves labor4 ,m ?an half ( my manure is h&l$ b once4 ,x is made 9 ! y>d & %$s1 & lies !re until x is drawn to ! field 9 ! spr+4 ,! manure f ! c[ & horse /ables1 & f ! pig-p5s1 is ?r[n into ! y>d1 & no?+ is done to x except to level x d[n occasionally4 ,9 proportion to ! /ock kept1 ,i ?9k ,i make twice z mu* manure z y d40 8,yes10 said ,i1 8twice z mu* 9 bulk1 b "o load ( my manure is wor? f\r loads ( y\r long1 co>se manure1 compos$ pr9cipally ( corn-/alks1 /raw1 & wat]4 ,i ?9k y are wise 9 n sp5d+ mu* "t 9 pil+ & work+ ov] su* manure40 ,! ,deacon & ,i h a /&+ qu>rel ab\t manure4 ,we diff] on all po9ts4 ,he is a good man1 b n :at we call a good f>m]4 ,he cle>$ up 8 f>m f ! orig9al =e/1 & he has always be5 cont5t to receive :at 8 l& w\ld give him4 ,if he gets good crops1 well1 if n1 8 exp5ses are mod]ate1 & he manages to make bo? ends meet4 ,i tell him he c\ld d\ble 8 crops1 & quadruple 8 pr(its1 by bett] f>m+--b ?\gh he _c disprove ! facts1 he is unwill+ to make any *ange 9 8 sy/em ( f>m+4 ,& s he cont9ues to make j z mu* manure z ! crops he is oblig$ to fe$ out leave 9 8 y>ds1 & no m4 ,he does n1 9 fact1 make any manure4 ,he takes :at comes1 & gets x on to 8 l& ) z little labor z possible4 ,x is no use argu+ ) su* a man4 ,& x c]ta9ly w n d to cont5d t 8 me?od ( manag+ manure is all wrong4 ,8 error is 9 mak+ su* poor manure4 ,b ) su* poor /uff z he has 9 8 y>d1 ,i believe he is "r to get rid ( x ) ! lea/ exp5se possible4 ,i presume1 too1 t ! ,deacon is n altoge!r wrong 9 reg>d to ! good me*anical effects ( manure on undra9$ & indiff]5tly cultivat$ l&4 ,i h no d\bt t he bases 8 op9ion on exp]i5ce4 ,! good effects ( su* manure z he makes mu/ be l>gely due to its me*anical action--x c d little t[>ds supply+ ! m important & valuable elem5ts ( plant-food4 ,i comm5d ! ,deacon's sy/em ( manag+ manure to all su* z make a simil> article4 ,b ,i ?9k !re is a m excell5t way4 ,fe$ ! /ock bett]1 make ri*] manure1 & !n x w pay to be/[ a little labor 9 tak+ c>e ( x4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,h[ ,,john ,,john/on ,,manages ,,8 ,,manure4 ,"o ( ! olde/ & mo/ successful f>m]s1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 is ,john ,john/on1 ( ,g5eva4 ,he has a f>m on ! bord]s ( ,s5eca ,lake4 ,x is high1 roll+ l&1 b ne$$ und]dra9+4 ,?is has be5 ?or\ghly done--& done ) great pr(it & advantage4 ,! soil is a heavy clay loam4 ,mr4 ,john/on has be5 9 ! habit ( summ]-fall[+ l>gely = :eat1 g5]ally pl[+ ?ree1 & sometimes f\r times4 ,he has be5 a v successful :eat-gr[]1 almo/ inv>iably obta9+ l>ge crops ( :eat1 bo? ( gra9 & /raw4 ,! /raw he fe$s to %eep 9 w9t]1 putt+ m /raw 9 ! racks ?an ! %eep c eat up clean1 & us+ :at !y leave = b$d+4 ,! %eep run 9 y>ds enclos$ ) tight bo>d f5ces1 & h %$s "u ! b>n to lie 9 at pleasure4 ,al?\gh ! soil is r heavy = ,indian corn1 ,mr4 ,john/on succe$s 9 gr[+ l>ge crops ( ?is great ,am]ican c]eal4 ,corn & /alks are bo? f$ out on ! f>m4 ,mr4 ,j4 has n yet practis$ cutt+ up 8 /raw & /alks into *aff4 ,! l& is admirably adapt$ to ! gr[? ( r$ clov]1 & great crops ( clov] & timo?y-hay are rais$1 & f$ out on ! f>m4 ,gypsum1 or pla/]1 is s[n q freely on ! clov] 9 ! spr+4 ,comp>atively few roots are rais$--n to exce$ an acre--& ^! only q rec5tly4 ,! ma9 crops are w9t] :eat1 spr+ b>ley1 ,indian corn1 clov]1 & timo?y-hay1 & clov]-se$4 ,! mat]ials = mak+ manure1 !n1 are :eat & b>ley /raw1 ,indian corn1 corn-/alks1 clov]1 & timo?y-hay4 ,^! are all rais$ on ! f>m4 ,b ,mr4 ,john/on has = _m ye>s pur*as$ l9se$-oil cake1 to fe$ to 8 %eep & cattle4 ,?is la/ fact mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,mr4 ,j4 comm5c$ to fe$ oil-cake :5 its value 0 little kn[n "h1 & :5 he b\ght x =1 ,i ?9k1 sev5 or eight doll>s a ton4 ,he cont9u$ to use x ev5 :5 he _h to pay fifty doll>s p] ton4 ,mr4 ,j4 has great fai? 9 manure--& x is a fai? re/+ on good evid5ce & long exp]i5ce4 ,if he _h n f$ out s mu* oil-cake & clov]-hay1 he w\ld n h f\nd 8 manure s valuable4 8,h[ mu* oil-cake does he use80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 8,he gives 8 %eep1 on ! av]age1 ab\t #a lb4 ea* p] day40 ,if he fe$s out a ton ( clov]-hay1 two tons ( /raw1 7= fe$ & b$d+17 & "o ton ( oil-cake1 ! manure obta9$ f ?is quantity ( food & litt]1 w\ld be wor?1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,lawes' table1 giv5 on page #de1 #cd4gb4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he f$ out "o ton ( corn1 "o ton ( clov]-hay1 & two tons ( /raw1 = fe$ & b$d+1 ! manure w\ld be wor? #ba4fe4 ,if he f$ "o ton ( corn1 & ?ree tons ( /raw1 ! manure w\ld be wor? only #ad4fi4 ,he w\ld get z mu* manure f ! ?ree tons ( /raw & "o ton ( corn1 z f ! two tons ( /raw1 "o ton ( clov]-hay1 & "o ton ( oil-cake1 :ile1 z be=e said1 ! manure 9 ! "o case w\ld be wor? #ad4fi1 & 9 ! o!r #cd4gb4 ,9 o!r words1 a load ( ! good manure w\ld be wor?1 :5 spread out on ! l& 9 ! field or g>d51 m ?an two loads ( ! /raw & corn manure4 ,to get ! same am\nt ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 y h to sp5d m ?an twice ! labor 9 clean+ out ! /ables or y>ds1 m ?an twice ! labor ( ?r[+ or :eel+ x to ! manure pile1 m ?an twice ! labor ( turn+ ! manure 9 ! pile1 m ?an twice ! labor ( load+ x on ! c>ts or wagons1 m ?an twice ! labor ( draw+ x to ! field1 m ?an twice ! labor ( unload+ x into heaps1 & m ?an twice ! labor ( spread+ x 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r1 &1 aft] all1 tw5ty tons ( ?is poor manure w\ld n produce z good an effect ! fir/ season z t5 tons ( ! ri*] manure4 8,:y s80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 8,simply because ! poor manure is n s active z ! ri*] manure4 ,x w n decompose s readily4 ,its nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 are n s available4 ,! tw5ty tons1 may1 9 ! long run1 d z mu* good z ! t5 tons1 b ,i v mu* d\bt x4 ,at any rate1 ,i w\ld greatly pref] ! t5 tons ( ! good manure to tw5ty tons ( ! poor--ev5 :5 spread out on ! l&1 ready to pl[ "u4 ,:at ! diff]5ce w\ld be 9 ! value ( ! manure 9 ! y>d1 y c figure = y\rself4 ,x w\ld dep5d on ! co/ ( h&l+1 draw+1 & spread+ ! extra t5 tons40 ,! ,deacon e/imates ! co/ ( load+1 draw+1 unload+1 & spread+1 at fifty c5ts a ton4 ,?is is probably n f> out ( ! way1 ?\gh mu* dep5ds on ! di/ance ! manure has to be drawn1 & also on ! condition ( ! manure1 etc4 ,! f\r tons ( fe$ & b$d+ w make1 at a r\gh e/imate ab\t t5 tons ( manure4 ,?is t5 tons ( /raw & corn manure1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,lawes' e/imate1 is wor?1 9 ! field1 #ad4fi4 ,& if x co/s fifty c5ts a load to get x on ! l&1 its value1 9 ! y>d1 w\ld be #i4fi--or ne>ly n9ety-sev5 c5ts a ton4 ,! t5 tons ( good manure1 accord+ to ! same e/imate1 is wor?1 9 ! field1 #cd4gb1 &1 consequ5tly1 w\ld be wor?1 9 ! y>d1 #bi4gb4 ,9 o!r words1 a ton ( poor manure is wor?1 9 ! y>d1 n9ety-sev5 c5ts a ton1 & ! good manure #b4ig4 ,& s 9 describ+ ,john ,john/on's me?od ( manag+ manure1 ?is fact mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,x might n pay ! ,deacon to sp5d mu* labor on manure wor? only n9ety-sev5 c5ts a ton1 :ile x might pay ,john ,john/on to be/[ "s consid]able "t & labor on manure wor? #b4ig p] ton4 8,b is x really wor? ?is sum80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 8,9 reply to t10 said ,i1 8all ,i claim is t ! figures are comp>ative4 ,if y\r manure1 made z above describ$1 is wor? n9ety-sev5 c5ts a ton 9 ! y>d1 !n ,john ,john/on's manure1 made z /at$1 is c]ta9ly wor?1 at lea/1 #b4ig p] ton 9 ! y>d40 ,( ?is !re c be no d\bt4 8,if y ?9k10 ,i cont9u$1 8y\r manure1 s made1 is wor? only half z mu* z ,mr4 ,lawes' e/imate2 9 o!r words1 if y\r t5 tons ( manure1 in/ead ( be+ wor? #ad4fi 9 ! field1 is wor? only #g4ce2 !n ,john ,john/on's t5 tons ( manure1 in/ead ( be+ wor? #cd4gb 9 ! field1 is wor? only #ag4cf40 8,t looks a little m reasonable10 said ! ,deacon1 8,john ,john/on's manure1 in/ead ( be+ wor? #b4ig p] ton 9 ! y>d1 is wor? only #a4dh p] ton1 & m9e1 in/ead ( be+ wor? n9ety-sev5 c5ts a ton1 is wor? =ty-eight & a half c5ts a ton40 ,! ,deacon sat = a few m9utes look+ at ^! figures4 8,!y d n seem s extravagantly high z ,i ?\ght !m at fir/10 he said1 8& if y w r$uce ! figures 9 ,mr4 ,lawes' table "o-half all ?r\gh1 x w be mu* ne>] ! tru?4 ,i ?9k my manure is wor? =ty-eight & a half c5ts a ton 9 ! y>d1 & if y\r figures are correct1 ,i suppose ,i mu/ admit t ,john ,john/on's manure is wor? #a4dh p] ton 9 ! y>d40 ,i 0 v glad to get su* an admission f ! ,deacon4 ,he did n see t he _h made a mi/ake 9 ! figures1 & s ,i got him to g ov] ! calculation aga94 8,y take a p5cil1 ,deacon10 said ,i1 8& write d[n ! figures3 ,manure f a ton ( oil-cake #ai4gb ,manure f a ton ( clov]-hay #i4fd ,manure f two tons ( /raw #e4cf -------- #cd4gb 8,?is w\ld make ab\t t5 tons ( manure4 ,we h agre$ to r$uce ! e/imate "o-half1 & consequ5tly we h #ag4cf z ! value ( ! t5 tons ( manure4 8,?is is ,john ,john/on's manure4 ,x is wor? #a4gc p] ton 9 ! field4 8,x co/s1 we h e/imat$1 #ej c5ts a ton to h&le ! manure1 & consequ5tly x is wor? 9 ! y>d #a4bc p] ton40 8,?is is less ?an we made x be=e10 said ! ,deacon4 8,nev] m9d t10 said ,i1 8! figures are correct4 ,n[ write d[n :at y\r manure is wor?3 ,manure f #a ton ( corn #f4fe ,manure f #c tons ( /raw #h4jd -------- #ad4fi 8,?is w make ab\t t5 tons ( manure4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!r1 we are to r$uce ! e/imate "o-half4 ,consequ5tly1 we h #g4ce z ! value ( ?is t5 tons ( manure 9 ! field1 or #gc c5ts a ton4 ,x co/s1 we h e/imat$1 #ej c5ts a ton to h&le ! manure1 &1 !re=e1 x is wor? 9 ! y>d1 #bc c5ts a ton40 8,john ,john/on's manure is wor? 9 ! y>d1 #a4bc p] ton4 ,! ,deacon's manure is wor? 9 ! y>d1 #bc c5ts p] ton40 8,!re is "s mi/ake10 exclaim$ ! ,deacon1 8y said1 at fir/1 t "o load ( ,john ,john/on's manure 0 wor? z mu* z two ( my loads4 ,n[ y make "o load ( 8 manure wor? m ?an five loads ( my manure4 ,?is is absurd40 8,n at all1 ,deacon10 said ,i1 8y made ! figures y\rself4 ,y ?\ght ,mr4 ,lawes' e/imate too high4 ,y r$uc$ x "o-half4 ,! figures are correct1 & y mu/ accept ! conclusion4 ,if ,john ,john/on's manure is only wor? #a4bc p] ton 9 ! y>d1 y\rs1 made f #a ton ( corn & #c tons ( /raw1 is only wor? #bc c5ts p] ton40 8,& n[1 ,deacon10 ,i cont9u$1 8:ile y h a p5cil 9 y\r h&1 ,i want y to make "o m calculation4 ,assum+ t ,mr4 ,lawes' e/imate is too high1 & we r$uce x "o-half1 figure up :at manure is wor? :5 made f /raw alone4 ,y take #d tons ( :eat /raw1 fe$ out "p1 & use "p = b$d+4 ,x w give y ab\t #aj tons ( manure4 ,& ?is #aj tons co/ y #ej c5ts a ton to load1 draw out1 & spread4 ,n[ figure3 8,f\r tons ( /raw is wor?1 = manure1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,lawes' table1 #b4fh p] ton4 ,we h agre$ to r$uce ! figures "o half1 & s ! #aj tons ( manure f ! #d tons ( /raw is wor? #e4cf ,draw+ out #aj tons ( manure at #ej c5ts #e4jj -------- ,value ( #aj tons ( /raw-manure 9 y>d #j4cf 8,9 o!r words1 if ,john ,john/on's manure is wor? only #a4bc p] ton 9 ! y>d1 ! /raw-made manure is wor? only a little ov] #c c5ts a ton 9 ! y>d40 8,t is too absurd10 said ! ,deacon4 8,v well10 ,i repli$1 8= once ,i am glad to agree ) y4 ,b if ?is is absurd1 !n x foll[s t ,mr4 ,lawes' e/imate ( ! value ( c]ta9 foods = manure is n s extravagant z y suppos$--:i* is precisely :at ,i wi%$ to prove40 8,y h n told u h[ ,mr4 ,john/on manages 8 manure10 said ! ,deacon4 8,!re is no?+ v rem>kable ab\t x10 ,i repli$4 8,!re are _m f>m]s 9 ?is neighborhood :o adopt ! same me?od4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 ,john ,john/on 0 ! fir/ to recomm5d x1 & subject$ himself to "s criticism f "s ( ! s-call$ sci5tific writ]s at ! "t4 8,8 g5]al plan is to leave ! manure 9 ! y>ds1 basem5ts1 & %$s1 "u ! %eep1 until spr+4 ,he usually sells 8 fat %eep 9 ,m>*4 ,z soon z ! %eep are remov$1 ! manure is ei!r ?r[n up into loose heaps 9 ! y>d1 or drawn directly to ! field1 :]e x is to be us$1 & made into a heap !re4 ,! manure is n spread on ! l& until ! autumn4 ,x rema9s 9 ! heaps or piles all summ]1 be+ usually turn$ once1 & sometimes twice4 ,! manure becomes ?or\ghly rott$40 ,mr4 ,john/on1 l ! ,deacon1 applies 8 manure to ! corn crop4 ,b ! ,deacon draws out 8 fre% gre5 manure 9 ! spr+1 on sod-l&1 & pl[s x "u4 ,mr4 ,john/on1 on ! o!r h&1 keeps 8 manure 9 a heap ?r\gh ! summ]1 spreads x on ! sod 9 ,septemb]1 or ! fir/ week 9 ,octob]4 ,"h x lies until next spr+4 ,! grass & clov] gr[ up ?r\gh manure1 & ! grass & manure are turn$ "u next spr+1 & ! l& plant$ to corn4 ,mr4 ,john/on is ?or\ghly conv9c$ t he gets f> m b5efit f ! manure :5 appli$ on ! surface1 & left expos$ = sev]al mon?s1 ?an if he pl[$ x "u at once4 ,i l to write & talk ab\t ,john ,john/on4 ,i l to visit him4 ,he is s delightfully en?usia/ic1 believes s ?or\ghly 9 good f>m+1 & has be5 s em95tly successful1 t a day sp5t 9 8 company c n fail to enc\rage any f>m] to r5ew$ ef=ts 9 improv+ 8 soil4 8,y mu/ dra910 he wrote to me2 8:5 ,i fir/ comm5c$ f>m+1 ,i nev] made any money until ,i began to und]dra940 ,b x is n und]dra9+ alone t is ! cause ( 8 em95t success4 ,:5 he b\ght 8 f>m1 8ne> ,g5eva10 ov] fifty ye>s ago1 !re 0 a pile ( manure 9 ! y>d t _h la9 !re ye> aft] ye>1 until x 01 z he said1 8z black z my hat40 ,! =m] own] reg>d$ x z a nuisance1 & a few mon?s be=e "y ,john/on b\ght ! f>m1 _h giv5 "s d>kies a c[ on condition t !y w\ld draw out ?is manure4 ,!y drew out six loads1 took ! c[--& t 0 ! la/ se5 ( !m4 ,john/on drew out ?is manure1 rais$ a good crop ( :eat1 & t gave him a />t4 ,he says he has be5 ask$ a great _m times to :at he owes 8 success z a f>m]1 & he has repli$ t he c\ld n tell :e!r x 0 8dung or cr$it40 ,x 0 probably nei!r4 ,x 0 ! man--8 intellig5ce1 indu/ry1 & good common s5se4 ,t heap ( black m\ld 0 m]ely an in/rum5t 9 8 h&s t he c\ld turn to good acc\nt4 ,8 fir/ crop ( :eat gave him 8cr$it0 & ?is also he us$ to advantage4 ,he believ$ t good f>m+ w\ld pay1 & x 0 ?is fai? 9 a g5]\s soil t made him will+ to sp5d ! money obta9$ f ! fir/ crop ( :eat 9 enri*+ ! l&1 & to avail himself ( 8 cr$it4 ,_h he lack$ ?is fai?--_h he ho>d$ e sixp5ce he c\ld h gr\nd out ( ! soil1 :o w\ld h ev] he>d ( ,john ,john/on8 ,he has be5 lib]al ) 8 crops & 8 animals1 & has ev] f\nd !m grateful4 ,?is is ! real lesson :i* 8 life tea*es4 ,he once wrote me he _h some?+ to %[ me4 ,he did n tell me :at x 01 & :5 ,i got !re1 he took me to a field ( grass t 0 to be m[n = hay4 ,! field _h be5 9 w9t] :eat ! ye> be=e4 ,at ! "t ( s[+ ! :eat1 ! :ole field 0 se$$ d[n ) timo?y4 ,no clov] 0 s[n1 ei!r !n or 9 ! spr+2 b aft] ! :eat 0 s[n1 he put on a slight dress+ ( manure on two portions ( ! field t he ?\ght 7 poor4 ,he told ! man to spread x out ( ! wagon j z ?9 z he c\ld di/ribute x ev5ly ov] ! l&4 ,x 0 a v light manur+1 b ! manure 0 ri*1 & ?or\ghly rott$4 ,i d n recollect :e!r ! effect ( ! manure 0 p>ticul>ly notic$ on ! :eat2 b on ! grass1 ! foll[+ spr+1 ! effect 0 suffici5tly /rik+4 ,^? two portions ( ! field :]e ! manure 0 spread 7 cov]$ ) a spl5did crop ( r$ clov]4 ,y c\ld see ! exact l9e1 9 bo? cases1 :]e ! manure rea*$4 ,x look$ q curi\s4 ,no clov]-se$ 0 s[n1 & yet !re 0 z f9e a crop ( clov] z "o c\ld desire4 ,on look+ into ! matt] m closely1 we f\nd t !re 0 m or less clov] all ov] ! field1 b :]e ! manure 0 n us$1 x c\ld h>dly be se54 ,! plants 7 small1 & ! timo?y hid !m f view4 ,b :]e ! manure 0 us$1 ^! plants ( clov] _h be5 /imulat$ 9 _! gr[? until !y cov]$ ! gr\nd4 ,! leaves 7 broad & vigor\s1 :ile 9 ! o!r case !y 7 small1 & almo/ dri$ up4 ,?is is probably ! "r explanation4 ,! manure did n 8br+ 9 ! clov]20 x simply increas$ ! gr[? ( t already 9 ! soil4 ,x %[s ! value ( manure = grass4 ,?is is :at ,mr4 ,john/on want$ to %[ me4 8,i might h writt5 & told y1 b y w\ld n h got a cle> idea ( ! matt]40 ,?is is true4 ,"o _h to see ! great luxuriance ( t piece ( clov] to fully appreciate ! effect ( ! manure4 ,mr4 ,j4 said ! manure on t grass 0 wor? #cj an acre--t is1 on ! ?ree crops ( grass1 be=e ! field is aga9 pl[$4 ,i h no d\bt t ?is is true1 & t ! future crops on ! l& w also be b5efit$--n directly f ! manure1 p]haps1 b f ! clov]-roots 9 ! soil4 ,& if ! field 7 pa/ur$1 ! effect on future crops w\ld be v decid$4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,my ,,own ,,plan ,,( ,,manag+ ,,manure4 ,"o ( ! *>ms & ! advantages ( agriculture is t a f>m] mu/ ?9k = himself4 ,he %\ld /udy pr9ciples1 & apply !m 9 practice1 z be/ suits 8 circum/ances4 ,my own me?od ( manag+ manure gives me _m ( ! advantages claim$ = ! ,deacon's me?od1 & ,john ,john/on's1 also4 8,i d n und]/& :at y mean10 said ! ,deacon2 8my me?od diff]s ess5tially f t ( ,john ,john/on40 8,true10 ,i repli$1 8y use y\r w9t]-made manure 9 ! spr+2 :ile ,mr4 ,john/on piles 81 & gets x ?or\ghly f]m5t$2 b to d ?is1 he has to keep x until ! autumn1 & x does n b5efit 8 corn-crop be=e ! next summ]4 ,he loses ! use ( 8 manure = a ye>40 ,i ?9k my me?od secures bo? ^! advantages4 ,i get my w9t]-made manure f]m5t$ & 9 good condition1 & yet h x ready = spr+ crops4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i %\ld rem>k t my usual plan is to cut up all ! fodd] = horses1 c[s1 & %eep4 ,= horses1 ,i sometimes use long /raw = b$d+1 b1 z a rule1 ,i pref] to run ev]y?+ ?r\gh a fe$-cutt]4 ,we d n /eam ! food1 & we let ! c[s & %eep h a lib]al supply ( cut corn-/alks & /raw1 & :at !y d n eat is ?r[n out ( ! mang]s & racks1 & us$ = b$d+4 ,i %\ld /ate1 too1 t ,i keep a good _m pigs1 seldom hav+ less ?an #ej bre$+ s[s4 ,my pigs are mo/ly sold at f two to f\r mon?s old1 b we probably av]age #aej head ! ye> r\nd4 ,a good deal ( my manure1 !re=e1 comes f ! pig-p5s1 & f two basem5t cell>s1 :]e my /ore hogs sleep 9 w9t]4 ,9 addition to ! pigs1 we h on ! f>m f #aej to #bjj ,cotswold & grade %eep2 #aj c[s1 & #h horses4 ,^! are our manure mak]s4 ,! raw mat]ial f :i* ! manure is manufactur$ consi/s ( :eat1 b>ley1 rye1 & oat-/raw1 corn-/alks1 corn-fodd]1 clov] & timo?y-hay1 clov] se$-hay1 bean-/raw1 pea-/raw1 potato-tops1 mangel-wurzel1 turnips1 rape1 & mu/>d4 ,^! are all rais$ on ! f>m2 &1 9 addition to ! home-gr[n oats1 peas1 & corn1 we buy & fe$ out consid]able quantities ( bran1 %orts1 f9e-middl+s1 malt-combs1 corn-meal1 & a little oil-cake4 ,i sell :eat1 rye1 b>ley1 & clov]-se$1 apples1 & potatoes1 & sometimes cabbages & turnips4 ,probably1 on ! av]age1 = ea* #ajj ,i receive f ! sale ( ^! crops1 ,i pur*ase #be wor? ( bran1 malt-combs1 corn-meal1 & o!r fe$ = animals4 ,my f>m is n[ rapidly increas+ 9 f]tility & productiv5ess4 ,! crops1 on ! av]age1 are c]ta9ly at lea/ d\ble :at !y 7 :5 ,i b\ght ! f>m ?irte5 ye>s ago2 & mu* ( ?is increase has tak5 place dur+ ! la/ five or six ye>s1 & ,i expect to see /ill great] improvem5t ye> by ye>4 8,nev] m9d all t10 said ! ,deacon2 8we all "k t manure w enri* l&1 & ,i w conc$e t y\r f>m has greatly improv$1 & c n help b improve if y cont9ue to make & use z mu* manure40 8,i expect to make m & m manure e ye>10 said ,i4 8,! l>g] ! crops1 ! m manure we c make2 & ! m manure we make1 ! l>g] ! crops40 ,! real po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 my plan ( manag+ manure1 & ! plan adopt$ by ! ,deacon1 is ess5tially ?is3 ,i aim to keep all my manure 9 a compact pile1 :]e x w sl[ly f]m5t all w9t]4 ,! ,deacon ?r[s 8 horse-manure into a heap1 j outside ! /able door1 & ! c[-manure into ano!r heap1 & ! pig-manure into ano!r heap4 ,^! heaps are m or less scatt]$1 & are expos$ to ! ra91 & sn[1 & fro/4 ,! horse-manure is q likely to f]m5t too rapidly1 & if 9 a l>ge heap1 & ! wea!r is w>m1 x n unlikely 8fire-fangs0 9 ! c5t] ( ! heap4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c[-manure lies cold & dead1 & dur+ ! w9t] freezes into solid lumps4 ,i :eel or c>t all my manure into "o c5tral heap4 ,! ma9 object is to keep x z compact z possible4 ,!re are two advantages 9 ?is3 #a/1 ! manure is less expos$ to ! ra91 & 7#b;d71 :5 freez+ wea!r sets 91 only a few in*es ( ! ext]nal portion ( ! heap is froz54 ,i h practis$ ?is plan = sev]al ye>s1 & c keep my heap ( manure sl[ly f]m5t+ dur+ ! :ole w9t]4 ,b 9 ord] to ensure ?is result1 x is necess>y to beg9 mak+ ! heap be=e w9t] sets 94 ,! plan is ?is3 ,hav+ select$ ! spot 9 ! y>d mo/ conv5i5t = mak+ ! heap1 collect all ! manure t c be f\nd 9 ! %eepy>ds1 %$s1 c[ & horse /ables1 pig-p5s1 & h5-h\se1 toge!r ) leaves1 we$s1 & refuse f ! g>d51 & :eel or c>t x to ! int5d$ heap4 ,if y set a f>m-man to d ! "w1 tell him y want to make a hot-b$ ab\t five feet high1 six feet wide1 & six feet long4 ,i d n ?9k ,i h ev] se5 a f>m :]e en\gh mat]ial c\ld n be f\nd1 say 9 ,novemb]1 to make su* a heap4 ,& ?is is all t is ne$$4 ,if ! manure is ri*1 if x is obta9$ f animals eat+ clov]-hay1 bran1 gra91 or o!r food ri* 9 nitrog51 x w soon f]m5t4 ,b if ! manure is poor1 consi/+ l>gely ( /raw1 x w be v desirable to make x ri*] by mix+ ) x bone-du/1 blood1 h5-dropp+s1 wooll5 rags1 *amb]-lye1 & animal matt] ( any k9d t y c f9d4 ,! ri*] y c make ! manure1 ! m readily w x f]m5t4 ,a good plan is to take ! horse or %eep manure1 a few weeks previ\s1 & use x = b$d+ ! pigs4 ,x w absorb ! liquid ( ! pigs1 & make ri* manure1 :i* w soon f]m5t :5 plac$ 9 a heap4 ,if ! manure 9 ! heap is too dry1 x is a good plan1 :5 y are kill+ hogs1 to ?r[ on to ! manure all ! w>m wat]1 hair1 blood1 inte/9es1 etc4 ,y may ?9k ,i am mak+ too mu* ( su* a simple matt]1 b ,i h _h lett]s f f>m]s :o h tri$ ?is plan ( manag+ manure1 & !y say t !y c n keep x f freez+4 ,"o reason = ?is is1 t !y d n />t ! heap e>ly en\gh1 & d n take pa9s to get ! manure into an active f]m5tation be=e w9t] sets 94 ,mu* dep5ds on ?is4 ,9 />t+ a fire1 y take pa9s to get a little f9e1 dry wood1 t w burn readily1 & :5 ! fire is fairly go+1 put on l>g] /icks1 & pres5tly y h su* a fire t y c burn wood1 coal1 /ubble1 sods1 or any?+ y wi%4 ,& s x is ) a manure-heap4 ,get ! fire1 or f]m5tation1 or1 m /rictly speak+1 putrefaction fairly />t$1 & !re w be little tr\ble1 if ! heap is l>ge en\gh1 & fre% mat]ial is add$ f "t to "t1 ( cont9u+ ! f]m5tation all w9t]4 ,ano!r po9t to be obs]v$1 & especially 9 cold wea!r1 is to keep ! sides ( ! heap /raight1 & ! top level4 ,y mu/ expose ! manure 9 ! heap z little z possible to fro/ & cold w9ds4 ,! rule %\ld be to spread e :eel-b>r[ful ( manure z soon z x is put on ! heap4 ,if left unspread on top ( ! heap1 x w freeze2 & if aft]w>ds cov]$ ) o!r manure1 x w require consid]able heat to melt x1 & ?us r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! :ole heap4 ,x is f> less "w to manage a heap ( manure 9 ?is way ?an may be suppos$ f my description ( ! plan4 ,! tru? is1 ,i f9d1 9 po9t ( fact1 t x is n an easy ?+ to manage manure 9 ?is way2 & ,i fe> n "o f>m] 9 t5 w succe$ ! fir/ w9t] he und]takes x1 unless he gives x 8 p]sonal att5tion4 ,x is well wor? try+1 h[ev]1 because if y\r heap %\ld freeze up1 x w be1 at any rate1 9 no worse condition ?an if manag$ 9 ! ord9>y way2 & if y d succe$1 ev5 9 "p1 y w h manure 9 good condition = imm$iate use 9 ! spr+4 ,z ,i h said be=e1 ,i keep a good _m pigs4 ,n[ pigs1 if f$ on slops1 void a l>ge quantity ( liquid manure1 & x is n always easy to furni% /raw en\gh to absorb x4 ,:5 /raw & /alks are cut into *aff1 !y w absorb mu* m liquid ?an :5 us$ :ole4 ,= ?is reason we usually cut all our /raw & /alks4 ,we also use ! litt] f ! horse-/able = b$d+ ! /ore hogs1 & also sometimes1 :5 comp>atively dry1 we use ! refuse %eep b$d+ = ! same purpose4 ,:]e ! %eep b>n is contigu\s to ! pig-p5s1 & :5 ! %eep b$d+ c be ?r[n at once into ! pig-p5s or cell>1 x is well to use b$d+ freely = ! %eep & lambs1 & remove x frequ5tly1 ?r[+ x into ! pig-p5s4 ,i d n want my %eep to be compell$ to eat up ! /raw & corn-/alks too close4 ,i want !m to pick out :at !y l1 & !n ?r[ away :at !y leave 9 ! tr\ghs = b$d+4 ,sometimes we take out a five-bu%el basketful ( ^! direct f ! tr\ghs1 = b$d+ "y pigs1 or s[s & pigs 9 ! p5s1 b z a rule1 we use !m fir/ = b$d+ ! %eep1 & !n aft]w>ds use ! %eep b$d+ 9 ! fatt5+ or /ore pig-p5s4 8,& sometimes10 rem>k$ ! ,deacon1 8y use a little long /raw = y\r "y pigs to sleep on1 s t !y c bury !mselves 9 ! /raw & keep w>m40 8,true10 ,i repli$1 8& x is n a bad plan1 b we are n n[ talk+ ab\t ! managem5t ( pigs1 b h[ we treat our manure1 & h[ we manage to h x f]m5t all w9t]40 ,a good deal ( our pig-manure is1 to borr[ a phrase f ! pomologi/s1 8d\ble-work$40 ,x is horse or %eep-manure1 us$ = b$d+ pigs & c[s4 ,x is saturat$ ) ur9e1 & is mu* ri*] 9 nitrog5\s mat]ial ?an ord9>y manure1 & consequ5tly w f]m5t or putrefy mu* m rapidly4 ,usually pig-manure is consid]$ 8cold10 or sluggi%1 b ?is d\blework$ pig-manure w f]m5t ev5 m rapidly ?an %eep or horse-manure alone4 ,unmix$ c[-manure is heavy & cold1 & :5 kept 9 a heap by itself out ( doors1 is almo/ c]ta9 to freeze up solid dur+ ! w9t]4 ,we usually :eel out our c[-dung e day1 & spread on ! manure heap4 ,?is is "o ( ! ?+s t ne$s att5tion4 ,!re w be a con/ant t5d5cy to put all ! c[-dung toge!r1 in/ead ( mix+ x ) ! light] & m active manure f ! horses1 %eep1 & pigs4 ,spread x out & cov] x ) "s ( ! m /rawy manure1 :i* is n s liable to freeze4 ,%\ld x s happ5--z w mo/ likely be ! case--t on look+ at y\r heap "s morn+ :5 ! !rmomet] is bel[ z]o1 y f9d t sev]al :eel-b>r[fuls ( manure t 7 put on ! heap ! day be=e1 7 n spread1 & are n[ cru/$ ov] ) ice1 x w be well to break up ! b>r[fuls1 ev5 if necess>y to use a cr[b>1 & place ! froz5 lumps ( manure on ! outside ( ! heap1 r ?an to let !m lie 9 ! c5t] ( ! pile4 ,y\r aim %\ld be always to keep ! c5t] ( ! heap w>m & 9 a /ate ( f]m5tation4 ,y d n want ! fire to g out1 & x w n g out if ! heap is prop]ly manag$1 ev5 %\ld all ! sides & top be cru/$ ov] ) a lay] ( froz5 manure4 ,dur+ v sev]e wea!r1 & :5 ! top is froz51 x is a good plan1 :5 y are ab\t to :eel "s fre% manure on to ! heap1 to remove a portion ( ! froz5 cru/ on top ( ! heap1 ne> ! c5t]1 & make a hole = ! fre% manure1 :i* %\ld be spread & cov]$ up4 ,:5 ! heap is high en\gh1 say five feet1 we comm5ce ano!r heap alongside4 ,9 do+ ?is1 our plan is to clean out "s ( ! %eep-%$s or pig-p5s1 :]e ! manure has accumulat$ = "s "t4 ,?is gives u mu* m ?an ! daily supply4 ,place ?is manure on ! outside ( ! new heap1 & !n take a quantity ( hot1 f]m5t+1 manure f ! middle ( ! old heap1 & ?r[ x into ! c5t] ( ! new heap1 & !n cov] x up ) ! fre% manure4 ,i w\ld put 9 eight or t5 bu%els1 or z mu* z w w>m up ! c5t] ( ! new heap1 & />t f]m5tation4 ,! cold] ! wea!r1 ! m ( ?is hot manure %\ld y take f ! old heap--! m ! bett]4 ,fre% manure %\ld be add$ to ! old heap to fill up ! hole made by ! removal ( ! hot manure4 8,y draw out a great _m loads ( manure dur+ ! w9t]10 said ! ,deacon1 8& pile x 9 ! field1 & ,i h always ?\ght x a good plan1 z y d ! "w :5 !re is little else to d1 & :5 ! gr\nd is froz540 ,yes1 ?is is an improvem5t on my old plan4 ,i =m]ly us$ to turn ov] ! heap ( manure 9 ! b>n-y>d 9 ,m>*1 or z soon z f]m5tation _h ceas$4 ,! object ( turn+ ! heap is 7#a/17 to mix ! manure & make x ( uni=m quality2 7#b;d17 to break ! lumps & make ! manure f9e2 & 7#c;d17 to light5 up ! manure & make x loose1 ?us lett+ 9 ! air & induc+ a second f]m5tation4 ,x is a good plan1 & well repays = ! labor4 ,9 do+ ! "w1 build up ! end & sides ( ! new heap /raight1 & keep ! top flat4 ,h an eye on ! man do+ ! "w1 & see t he breaks up ! manure & mixes x ?or\ghly1 & t he goes to ! bottom ( ! heap4 ,my new plan t ! ,deacon alludes to1 is1 in/ead ( turn+ ! heap 9 ! y>d1 to draw ! manure f ! heap 9 ! y>d1 & pile x up 9 ano!r heap 9 ! field :]e x is to be us$4 ,?is has all ! effects ( turn+1 & at ! same "t saves a good deal ( team-"w 9 ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,b1 ,manure ,heaps2 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,ridges1 #b ft4 ap>t4 ,! location ( ! manure-heap 9 ! field des]ves "s consid]ation4 ,if ! manure is to be us$ = root-crops or potatoes1 & if ! l& is to be ridg$1 & ! manure put 9 ! ridges1 !n x w be desirable to put ! heap on ! headl&1 or1 bett] /ill1 to make two heaps1 "o on ! headl& top ( ! field1 & ! o!r on ! headl& at ! bottom ( ! field1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ engrav+4 ,we draw ! manure ) a c>t1 ! horse walk+ betwe5 two ( ! ridges 7,d71 & ! :eels ( ! c>t go+ 9 ,c & ,e4 ,! manure is pull$ out at ! back end ( ! c>t into small heaps1 ab\t five paces ap>t4 8,t is :at ,i object to ) y agricultural writ]s10 said ! ,doctor2 8y say #8ab\t five paces1' & sometimes #8ab\t five paces' w\ld mean #d y>ds1 & sometimes #f y>ds2 & if y put #aj tons ( manure p] acre 9 ! "o case1 y w\ld put #ae tons 9 ! o!r--:i* makes q a diff]5ce 9 ! dose40 ,! ,doctor is "r4 ,let u figure a little4 ,if y\r c>t holds #bj bu%els1 & if ! manure weighs #ge lbs4 to ! bu%el1 & y wi% to put on #aj tons ( manure p] acre1 or #a1ejj bu%els1 or #ac c>t-loads1 !n1 z !re are #dc1efj squ>e feet 9 an acre1 y want a bu%el ( manure to #bi squ>e feet1 or say a space #b y>ds long1 by ne>ly #e feet wide4 ,n[1 z our ridges are #b feet ap>t1 & z our usual plan is to manure #e ridges at a "t1 or #ab feet wide1 a load ( #bj bu%els ( manure w g ov] a space #df feet long1 ne>ly1 or say #ae y>ds2 & s1 a load w\ld make #c heaps1 #ae feet ap>t1 & !re w\ld be #f bu%els 9 ea* heap4 ,if ! manure is to be spread on ! surface ( ! l&1 !re is no necessity = plac+ ! heap on ! headl&4 ,y c make ! heap or heaps4 --8,:]e mo/ conv5i5t10 broke 9 ! ,deacon4 --8,no1 n by any means10 ,i repli$2 8= if t 0 ! rule1 ! m5 w\ld c]ta9ly put ! heap j :]e x happ5$ to be ! lea/ tr\ble = !m to draw & ?r[ (f ! loads40 ,! aim %\ld be to put ! heap j :]e x w require ! lea/ labor to draw ! manure on to ! l& 9 ! spr+4 ,on :at we call 8roll+10 or hilly l&1 ,i w\ld put ! heap on ! highe/ l&1 s t 9 ! spr+ ! horses w\ld be go+ d[n hill ) ! full c>ts or wagons4 ,( c\rse1 x w\ld be v unwise to adopt ?is plan if ! manure 0 n drawn f ! y>ds until spr+1 :5 ! l& 0 s(t2 b ,i am n[ speak+ ( draw+ out ! manure 9 ! w9t]1 :5 !re is sleigh+1 or :5 ! gr\nd is froz54 ,no f>m] w object to a little extra labor = ! teams 9 ! w9t]1 if x w save "w & "t 9 ! spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,field1 #djbj ,rods1 %[+ ,position ( two ,heaps ( ,manure1 a1 a4 ,if ! l& is level1 !n ! heap or heaps %\ld be plac$ :]e ! lea/ di/ance w h to be travel$ 9 draw+ ! manure f ! heap to ! l&4 ,if !re is only "o heap1 ! be/ po9t w\ld be 9 ! c5t] ( ! field4 ,if two heaps1 & ! field is long] ?an x is broad1 say #bj rods wide1 & #dj rods long1 !n ! heaps %\ld be made z %[n on ! previ\s page4 ,if ! field is squ>e1 say #dj #dj rods1 & we c h f\r heaps ( manure1 !n1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! be/ po9ts = ! heaps are %[n 9 ! annex$ figure3 ,illu/ration3 ,field1 #djdj ,rods1 %[+ ,position ( f\r ,heaps ( ,manure1 a1 a1 a1 a4 ,hav+ det]m9$ :]e to make ! heaps1 ! next "q is 9 reg>d to size4 ,we make "o ab\t #h feet wide & #f feet high1 ! l5g? be+ det]m9$ by ! quantity ( ! manure we h to draw4 ,9 cold wea!r1 x is well to f9i% ! heap ea* day z f> z y g1 s t ! slop+ side at ! end ( ! heap w n be froz5 dur+ ! night4 ,build up ! sides squ>e1 s t ! top ( ! heap %all be z broad z ! bottom4 ,y w h to see t ?is is done1 = ! av]age f>m-man1 if left to himself1 w c]ta9ly n>r[ up ! heap l ! ro( ( a h\se4 ,! reason he does ?is is t he ?r[s ! manure f ! load into ! c5t] ( ! heap1 & he c n build up ! sides /raight & squ>e )\t gett+ on to ! heap occasionally1 & plac+ a lay] r\nd ! outsides4 ,he %\ld be in/ruct$1 too1 to break up ! lumps1 & mix ! manure1 work+ x ov] until x is loose & f9e4 ,x !re are any froz5 masses ( manure1 place !m on ! ea/ or s\? outside1 & n 9 ! middle ( ! heap4 ,if !re is any manure 9 ! %$s1 or basem5ts1 or cell>s1 or pig-p5s1 clean x out1 & draw x at once to ! pile 9 ! field1 & mix x ) ! manure y are draw+ f ! heap 9 ! y>d4 ,we g5]ally draw ) two teams & ?ree wagons4 ,we h "o man to fill ! wagon 9 ! y>d1 & two m5 to drive & unload4 ,:5 ! man comes back f ! field1 he places 8 empty wagon by ! side ( ! heap 9 ! y>d1 & takes (f ! horses & puts !m to ! load$ wagon1 & drives to ! heap 9 ! field4 ,if we h m5 & teams en\gh1 we draw ) ?ree teams & ?ree wagons4 ,9 ?is case1 we put a reliable man at ! heap1 :o helps ! driv] to unload1 & sees t ! heap is built prop]ly4 ,! driv] helps ! man 9 ! y>d to load up4 ,9 ! =m] plan1 we h two teams & ?ree m52 9 ! latt] case1 we h ?ree teams & five m51 & z we h two m5 load+ & unload+1 in/ead ( "o1 we ought to draw out d\ble ! quantity ( manure 9 a day4 ,if ! wea!r is cold & w9dy1 we put ! blankets on ! horses "u ! h>ness1 s t !y w n be *ill$ :ile /&+ at ! heap 9 ! y>d or field4 ,!y w trot back lively ) ! empty wagon or sleigh1 & ! "w w proce$ briskly1 & ! manure be less expos$ to ! cold4 8,y d n10 said ! ,doctor1 8draw ! manure on to ! heap ) a c>t1 & dump x1 z ,i h se5 x done 9 ,engl&80 ,i did s a few ye>s ago1 & might d s aga9 if ,i 0 pil+ manure 9 ! spr+1 to be kept ov] summ] = use 9 ! fall4 ,! compression caus$ by draw+ ! c>t ov] ! manure1 has a t5d5cy to exclude ! air & ?us ret>d f]m5tation4 ,9 ! w9t] !re is c]ta9ly no necessity = resort+ to any means = *eck+ f]m5tation4 ,9 ! spr+ or summ] x may be well to compress ! heap a little1 b n m1 ,i ?9k1 ?an c be done by ! trampl+ ( ! workman 9 spread+ ! manure on ! heap4 8,y d n10 said ! ,doctor1 8adopt ! old-fa%ion$ ,engli% plan ( keep+ y\r manure 9 a bas9 9 ! b>n-y>d1 & yet ,i %\ld ?9k x has "s advantages40 8,i practis$ x "h10 said ,i1 8= "s ye>s4 ,i pl[$ & scrap$ a l>ge hole or bas9 9 ! y>d f\r or five feet deep1 ) a gradual slope at "o end = conv5i5ce 9 draw+ out ! loads--! o!r sides be+ mu* /eep]4 ,i also made a tank at ! bottom to hold ! dra9age1 & _h a pump 9 x to pump ! liquid back on to ! heap 9 dry wea!r4 ,we ?rew or :eel$ ! manure f ! /ables & pig-p5s into ?is bas91 b ,i did n l ! plan1 = two reasons3 7#a17 ! manure be+ spread ov] s l>ge a surface froze dur+ w9t]1 & 7#b17 dur+ ! spr+ !re 0 s mu* wat] 9 ! bas9 t x *eck$ f]m5tation40 ,n[1 in/ead ( spread+ x all ov] ! bas91 we comm5c$ a small heap on "o ( ! slop+ sides ( ! bas92 ) a horse & c>t we drew to ?is heap1 j z w9t] set 91 e bit ( manure t c\ld be f\nd on ! premises1 & ev]y?+ t w\ld make manure4 ,:5 got all toge!r1 x made a heap sev5 or eight feet wide1 tw5ty feet long1 & ?ree or f\r feet high4 ,we !n laid planks on ! heap1 & e day1 z ! pig-p5s1 c[ & horse /ables 7 clean$ out1 ! manure 0 :eel$ on to ! heap & %ak5 out & spread ab\t4 ,! heap soon comm5c$ to f]m5t1 & :5 ! cold wea!r set 91 al?\gh ! sides & "s p>ts ( ! top froze a little1 ! inside kept q w>m4 ,little *imneys 7 =m$ 9 ! heap1 :]e ! heat & /eam escap$4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! heap w\ld be cov]$ ) a ?9 cru/ ( froz5 manure4 ,by tak+ a few =kfuls ( ! latt]1 & plac+ !m on ! top ( ! 8*imneys10 !y *eck$ ! escape ( /eam1 & _h a t5d5cy to di/ribute ! heat to o!r p>ts ( ! heap4 ,9 ?is way ! f]m5tation became m g5]al ?r\gh\t all ! mass1 & n s viol5t at any "o spot4 8,b :y be at all ?is tr\ble80--,= sev]al reasons4 ,fir/4 ,x saves labor 9 ! end4 ,two h\rs' "w1 9 w9t]1 w save ?ree h\rs' "w 9 ! spr+4 ,& ?ree h\rs' "w 9 ! spr+ is wor? m ?an f\r h\rs' "w 9 ! w9t]4 ,s t we save half ! exp5se ( h&l+ ! manure4 #b;d4 ,:5 manure is all[$ to lie scatt]$ ab\t ov] a l>ge surface1 x is liable to h mu* ( its value wa%$ out by ! ra94 ,9 a compact heap ( ?is k9d1 ! ra9 or sn[ t falls on x is n m ?an ! manure ne$s to keep x moi/ en\gh = f]m5tation4 #c;d4 ,!re is z mu* fasc9ation 9 ?is f]m5t+ heap ( manure z !re is 9 hav+ money 9 a sav+s bank4 ,"o is cont9ually try+ to add to x4 ,_m a c>t-load or :eel-b>r[ful ( mat]ial w be deposit$ t w\ld o!rwise be all[$ to run to wa/e4 #d?4 ,! manure1 if turn$ ov] 9 ,febru>y or ,m>*1 w be 9 capital ord] = apply+ to root crops2 or if y\r hay & /raw conta9s we$-se$s1 ! manure w be 9 good condition to spread z a top-dress+ on grass-l& e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 is bett] ?an keep+ x 9 ! y>ds all summ]1 & !n draw+ x out on ! grass l& 9 ,septemb]4 ,y ga9 six mon?s' or a ye>'s "t4 ,y get a spl5did gr[? ( ri* grass1 & ! r$-root se$s w g]m9ate next ,septemb] j z well z if ! manure 0 drawn out at t "t4 ,if ! manure is drawn out e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & spread out imm$iately1 & !n h>r[$ two or ?ree times ) a ,?omas' smoo?+-h>r[1 !re is no dang] ( its imp>t+ a rank flavor to ! grass4 ,i "k f repeat$ trials t :5 "p ( a pa/ure is top-dress$1 c[s & %eep w keep x mu* m closely cropp$ d[n ?an ! "p :i* has n be5 manur$4 ,! idea to ! contr>y orig9at$ f n spread+ ! manure ev5ly4 8,b :y f]m5t ! manure at all8 ,:y n draw x out fre% f ! y>ds8 ,does f]m5tation increase ! am\nt ( plant-food 9 ! manure80--,no4 ,b x r5d]s ! plant-food 9 ! manure m imm$iately available4 ,x makes x m soluble4 ,we f]m5t manure = ! same reason t we decompose bone-du/ or m9]al phosphates ) sulphuric acid1 & conv]t !m into sup]phosphate1 or = ! same reason t we gr9d our corn & cook ! meal4 ,^! processes add no?+ to ! am\nt ( plant-food 9 ! bones or ! nutrim5t 9 ! corn4 ,!y only increase its availability4 ,s 9 f]m5t+ manure4 ,:5 ! liquid & solid excrem5ts f well-f$ animals1 ) ! /raw necess>y to absorb ! liquid1 are plac$ 9 a heap1 f]m5tation sets 9 & soon effects v important *anges 9 ! nature & composition ( ! mat]ials4 ,! insoluble woody fibre ( ! /raw is decompos$ & conv]t$ into humic & ulmic acids4 ,^! are insoluble2 & :5 manure consi/s almo/ :olly ( /raw or corn /alks1 !re w\ld be little ga9$ by f]m5t+ x4 ,b :5 !re is a good proportion ( manure f well f$ animals 9 ! heap1 c>bonate ( ammonia is =m$ f ! nitrog5\s comp\nds 9 ! manure1 & ?is ammonia unites ) ! humic & ulmic acids & =ms humate & ulmate ( ammonia4 ,^! ammoniacal salts are soluble 9 wat]--z ! br[n color ( ! dra9+s ( a manure heap suffici5tly indicates4 ,prop]ly f]m5t$ manure1 !re=e1 ( good quality1 is a mu* m active & imm$iately useful f]tiliz] ?an fre%1 unf]m5t$ manure4 ,!re ne$ be no loss ( ammonia f evaporation1 & ! manure is f> less bulky1 & co/s f> less labor to draw out & spread4 ,! only loss t is likely to occur is f lea*+1 & ?is mu/ be specially gu>d$ aga9/4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,manures4--,cont9u$4 ,,:y ,,d ,,we ,,f]m5t ,,manure8 ,h[ev] mu* f>m]s may diff] 9 reg>d to ! advantages or disadvantages ( f]m5t+ manure1 ,i h nev] met ) "o :o cont5d$ t x 0 good1 ei!r 9 !ory or practice1 to leave manure = mon?s1 scatt]$ ov] a b>n-y>d1 expos$ to ! spr+ & autumn ra9s1 & to ! summ]'s sun & w9d4 ,all admit t1 if x is necess>y to leave manure 9 ! y>ds1 x %\ld be ei!r ?r[n into a bas91 or put into a pile or heap1 :]e x w be compact1 & n mu* expos$4 ,we did n ne$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,vlck] to conv9ce u t !re 0 great wa/e 9 leav+ manure expos$ to ! lea*+ action ( our heavy ra9s4 ,we did n "k exactly h[ mu* we lo/1 b we knew x mu/ be consid]able4 ,no "o advocates ! practice ( expos+ manure1 & x is ( no use to discuss ! matt]4 ,all w admit t x is unwise & wa/eful to all[ manure to lie scatt]$ & expos$ ov] ! b>n-y>ds any long] ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,we %\ld ei!r draw x directly to ! field & use x1 or we %\ld make x into a compact heap1 :]e x w n receive m ra9 ?an is ne$$ to keep x moi/4 ,"o reason = pil+ manure1 !re=e1 is to pres]ve x f loss1 until we wi% to use x on ! l&4 8,we all admit t10 said ! ,deacon1 8b is !re any?+ actually ga9$ by f]m5t+ x 9 ! heap80--,9 "o s5se1 no2 b 9 ano!r1 & v important s5se1 yes4 ,:5 we cook corn-meal = our little pigs1 we add no?+ to x4 ,we h no m meal aft] x is cook$ ?an be=e4 ,!re are no m />*1 or oil1 or nitrog5\s matt]s 9 ! meal1 b we ?9k ! pigs c dige/ ! food m readily4 ,& s1 9 f]m5t+ manure1 we add no?+ to x2 !re is no m actual nitrog51 or phosphoric acid1 or pota%1 or any o!r +r$i5t aft] f]m5tation ?an !re 0 be=e1 b ^! +r$i5ts are r5d]$ m soluble1 & c be m rapidly tak5 up by ! plants4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !re=e1 !re is a great ga94 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 we d n1 9 _m cases1 get any?+ l z mu* b5efit f our manure z ! +r$i5ts x conta9s w\ld lead u to expect4 ,mr4 ,lawes1 on 8 clayey soil at ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&1 has gr[n ov] ?irty crops ( :eat1 ye> aft] ye>1 on ! same l&4 ,"o plot has receiv$ #ad tons ( b>n-y>d manure p] acre e ye>1 & yet ! produce f ?is plot is no l>g]1 &1 9 fact1 is frequ5tly mu* less1 ?an f a few hundr$ p\nds ( artificial manure conta9+ f> less nitrog54 ,= n9ete5 ye>s1 #aheb to #ahgj1 "s ( ! plots h receiv$ ! same manure ye> aft] ye>4 ,! foll[+ %[s ! av]age yield = ! n9ete5 ye>s3 ,:eat ,/raw p] acre4 p] acre4 ,plot #e4--,mix$ m9]al manure1 alone #ag bus4 #ae cwt4 0 #f4--,mix$ m9]al manure1 & #bjj lbs4 ammoniacal salts #bg bus4 #be cwt4 0 #g4--,mix$ m9]al manure1 & #djj lbs4 ammoniacal salts #cf bus4 #cf cwt4 0 #i4--,mix$ m9]al manure1 & #eej lbs4 nitrate ( soda #cg bus4 #da cwt4 0 #b4--ad tons f>m-y>d dung #cf bus4 #cd cwt4 ,! #ad tons 7#ca1cfj lbs47 ( f>m-y>d manure conta9$ ab\t #h1edj lbs4 organic matt]1 #hfh lbs4 m9]al matt]1 & #bjj lbs4 nitrog54 ,! #djj lbs4 ( ammoniacal salts1 & ! #eej lbs4 nitrate ( soda1 ea* conta9$ #hb lbs4 ( nitrog52 & x w be se5 t ?is #hb lbs4 ( nitrog5 produc$ z great an effect z ! #bjj lbs4 ( nitrog5 9 b>n-y>d manure4 ,simil> exp]im5ts h be5 made on b>ley1 ) ev5 m /rik+ results4 ,! plot dress$ ) #cjj lbs4 sup]phosphate ( lime1 & #bjj lbs4 ammoniacal salts p] acre1 produc$ z l>ge a crop z #ad tons ( f>m-y>d manure4 ,! av]age yield ( b>ley = n9ete5 crops gr[n on ! same l& ea* ye> 0 #dh bus4 & #bh cwt4 ( /raw p] acre on bo? plots4 ,9 o!r words1 #da lbs4 ( nitrog51 9 ammoniacal salts1 produc$ z great an effect z #bjj lbs4 ( nitrog5 9 f>m-y>d manure6 ,dur+ ! n9ete5 ye>s1 "o plot _h receiv$ #afb1bfj lbs4 ( organic matt]1 #af1dib lbs4 ( m9]al matt]1 & #c1hjj lbs4 ( nitrog52 :ile ! o!r _h receiv$ only #e1gjj lbs4 m9]al matt]1 & #ggi lbs4 ( nitrog5--& yet "o has produc$ z l>ge a crop z ! o!r4 ,:y ?is diff]5ce8 ,x w n d to say t m nitrog5 0 appli$ 9 ! f>m-y>d manure ?an 0 ne$$4 ,mr4 ,lawes says3 8,= "s ye>s1 an am\nt ( ammonia-salts1 conta9+ #hb lbs4 ( nitrog51 0 appli$ to "o s]ies ( plots 7( b>ley71 b ?is 0 f\nd to be too mu*1 ! crop g5]ally be+ too heavy & laid4 ,yet probably ab\t #bjj lbs4 ( nitrog5 0 annually suppli$ 9 ! dung1 b ) x !re 0 no ov]-luxuriance1 & no m crop1 ?an :]e #da lbs4 ( nitrog5 0 suppli$ 9 ! =m ( ammonia or nitric acid40 ,x w\ld seem t !re c be b "o explanation ( ^! accurately-asc]ta9$ facts4 ,! nitrog5\s matt] 9 ! manure is n 9 an available condition4 ,x is 9 ! manure1 b ! plants c n take x up until x is decompos$ & r5d]$ soluble4 ,dr4 ,vlck] analyz$ 8p]fectly fre% horse-dung10 & f\nd t ( free ammonia !re 0 n m ?an "o p\nd 9 #ae tons6 ,& yet ^! #ae tons conta9$ nitrog5 en\gh to furni% #adj lbs4 ( ammonia4 8,b10 x may be ask$1 8w n ?is fre% manure decompose 9 ! soil1 & furni% ammonia80 ,9 light1 s&y soil1 ,i presume x w d s to a consid]able ext5t4 ,we "k t clay mix$ ) manure ret>ds f]m5tation1 b s& mix$ ) manure accel]ates f]m5tation4 ,?is1 at any rate1 is ! case :5 s& is add$ 9 small quantities to a heap ( f]m5t+ manure4 ,b ,i d n suppose x w\ld h ! same effect :5 a small quantity ( manure is mix$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( s&1 z is ! case :5 manure is appli$ to l&1 & pl[$ "u4 ,at any rate1 practical f>m]s1 ) almo/ entire unanimity1 ?9k well-rott$ manure is bett] = s&y l& ?an fre% manure4 ,z to h[ rapidly1 or r h[ sl[ly1 manure decomposes 9 a r heavy loamy soil1 ! above exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,lawes af=d v conclusive1 b at ! same "t v disc\rag+ evid5ce4 ,dur+ ! #ai ye>s1 #c1hjj lbs4 ( nitrog51 & #af1dib lbs4 ( m9]al matt]1 9 ! =m ( f>m-y>d manure1 7 appli$ to an acre ( l&1 & ! #ai crops ( b>ley 9 gra9 & /raw remov$ only #c1gbd lbs4 ( m9]al matt]1 & #a1jfd lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,! soil n[ conta9s1 unless x has dra9$ away1 #a1gcf lbs4 m nitrog5 p] acre ?an x did :5 ! exp]im5ts comm5c$4 ,& yet #da lbs4 ( nitrog5 9 an available condition is suffici5t to produce a good l>ge crop ( b>ley1 & #hb lbs4 p] acre furni%$ m ?an ! plants c\ld organize4 8,^? are v int]e/+ exp]im5ts10 said ! ,doctor1 8& %[ :y x is t our f>m]s c af=d to pay a high] price = nitrog5 & phosphoric acid 9 sup]phosphate1 & o!r artificial manures1 ?an = ! same am\nt ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid 9 /able-manure40 ,we w n discuss ?is po9t at pres5t4 ,:at ,i want to asc]ta9 is1 :e!r we c n f9d "s me?od ( mak+ our f>m-y>d manure m readily available4 ,pil+ x up1 & lett+ x f]m5t1 is "o me?od ( do+ ?is1 ?\gh ,i ?9k o!r me?ods w yet be discov]$4 ,possibly x w be f\nd t spread+ well-rott$ manure on ! surface ( ! l& w be "o ( ! mo/ practical & simple/ me?ods ( accompli%+ ?is object4 8,we pile ! manure1 !re=e10 said ,*>ley1 8fir/1 because we d n wi% x to lie expos$ to ! ra9 9 ! y>ds1 &1 second1 because f]m5t+ x 9 ! heap r5d]s x m soluble1 & o!rwise m available = ! crops1 :5 appli$ to ! l&40 ,t is x exactly1 & ano!r reason = pil+ manure is1 t ! f]m5tation greatly r$uces its bulk1 & we h less labor to p]=m 9 draw+ x out & spread+ x4 ,ellwang] ,b>ry1 :o draw sev]al ?\s& loads ( /able-manure e ye>1 & pile x up to f]m5t1 tell me t x takes ?ree loads ( fre% manure to make "o load ( rott$ manure4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 has ref]5ce to bulk1 & n weight4 ,?ree tons ( fre% b>n-y>d manure1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,vlck]1 w make ab\t two tons :5 well rott$4 ,ev5 ?is is a great sav+ ( labor1 & ! rott$ manure c be m easily spread1 & mix$ m ?or\ghly ) ! soil--a po9t ( great importance4 8,ano!r reason = f]m5t+ manure10 said ! ,squire1 8is ! de/ruction ( we$-se$s40 8,t is true10 said ,i1 8& a v important reason2 b ,i try n to ?9k ab\t ?is me?od ( kill+ we$-se$s4 ,x is a great deal bett] to kill ! we$s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t a f]m5t+ manure-heap w kill _m ( ! we$-se$s1 b en\gh w usually escape to re-se$ ! l&40 ,x is =tunate1 h[ev]1 t ! be/ means to kill we$-se$s 9 ! manure1 are also ! be/ = r5d]+ ! manure mo/ effici5t4 ,i 0 talk+ to ,john ,john/on on ?is subject a few days ago4 ,he told me h[ he pil$ manure 9 8 y>ds4 8,i comm5ce10 he said1 8:]e ! heap is int5d$ to be1 & ?r[ ! manure on "o side1 until ! b>e gr\nd is rea*$40 8,:at is ! use ( t80 ,i ask$4 8,if y d n d s10 he repli$1 8!re w be "s portion ( ! manure "u ! heap t w be s compact t x w n f]m5t1 & ! we$-se$s w n be kill$40 8,y ?9k10 said ,i1 8t we$-se$s c be kill$ 9 ?is way80 8,i "k !y c10 he repli$1 8b ! heap mu/ be c>efully made1 s t x w f]m5t ev5ly1 & :5 ! pile is turn$1 ! bottom & sides %\ld be ?r[n into ! c5t] ( ! heap40 ,,loss ,,( ,,ammonia ,,by ,,f]m5t+ ,,manure4 ,if y ?r[ a quantity ( fre% horse-manure into a loose heap1 f]m5tation proce$s ) great rapidity4 ,mu* heat is produc$1 & if ! manure is "u cov]1 or !re is n ra9 en\gh to keep ! heap moi/1 ! manure w 8fire-fang0 & a l>ge proportion ( ! c>bonate ( ammonia produc$ by ! f]m5tation w escape into ! atmosph]e & be lo/4 ,z ,i h said be=e1 we use our horse-manure = b$d+ ! /ore & fatt5+ pigs4 ,we ?r[ ! manure e morn+ & ev5+1 :5 ! /able is clean$ out1 into an empty /all ne> ! door ( ! /able1 & !re x rema9s until want$ to b$ ! pigs4 ,we f9d x is necess>y to remove x frequ5tly1 especially 9 ! summ]1 z f]m5tation soon sets 91 & ! escape ( ! ammonia is detect$ by its well kn[n pung5t smell4 ,?r[ ?is manure into ! pig-cell> & let ! pigs trample x d[n1 & !re is no long] any escape ( ammonia4 ,at any rate1 ,i h nev] p]ceiv$ any4 ,litmus pap] w detect ammonia 9 an atmosph]e conta9+ only "o sev5ty-five ?\s&? "p ( x2 &1 z ,pr(4 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson once rem>k$1 8,x is c]ta9 t a heal?y nose is n f> inf]ior 9 delicacy to litmus pap]40 ,i feel sure t no ammonia escapes f ?is horse-manure aft] x is trampl$ d[n by ! pigs1 al?\gh x conta9s an additional quantity ( 8pot5tial ammonia0 f ! liquid & solid dropp+s ( ^! animals4 ,wat] has a /rong attraction = ammonia4 ,"o gallon ( ice-cold wat] w absorb #a1aej gallons ( ammonia4 ,if ! manure1 !re=e1 is mod]ately moi/1 ! ammonia is n likely to escape4 ,fur!rmore1 z ,dr4 ,vlck] has %[n u1 dur+ ! f]m5tation ( ! manure 9 a heap1 ulmic & humic1 cr5ic & apocr5ic acids are produc$1 & ^! unite ) ! ammonia & 8fix0 x--9 o!r words1 !y *ange x f a volatile gas into a non-volatile salt4 ,if ! heap ( manure1 !re=e1 is moi/ en\gh & l>ge en\gh1 all ! evid5ce goes to %[1 t !re is little or no loss ( ammonia4 ,if ! c5tre ( ! heap gets s hot & s dry t ! ammonia is n reta9$1 !re is /ill no necessity = loss4 ,! sides ( ! heap are cool & moi/1 & w reta9 ! c>bonate ( ammonia1 ! acids m5tion$ also com+ into play4 ,! ammonia is mu* m likely to escape f ! top ( ! heap ?an f ! sides4 ,! heat & /eam =m little *imneys1 & :5 a f]m5t+ manure-heap is cov]$ ) sn[1 ^! little *imneys are readily se54 ,if y ?9k ! manure is f]m5t+ too rapidly1 & t ! ammonia is escap+1 trample ! manure d[n firmly ab\t ! *imneys1 ?us clos+ !m up1 & if ne$ be1 or if conv5i5t1 ?r[ m manure on top1 or ?r[ on a few pailfuls ( wat]4 ,x is a good plan1 too1 :]e conv5i5t1 to cov] ! heap ) soil4 ,i sometimes d ?is :5 pil+ manure 9 ! field1 n f fe> ( los+ ammonia1 b 9 ord] to reta9 moi/ure 9 ! heap4 ,) prop] precautions1 ,i ?9k we may safely dismiss ! idea ( any s]i\s loss ( ammonia f f]m5t+ manure4 ,,! ,,wa/e ,,( ,,manure ,,f ,,lea*+4 ,z we h endeavor$ to %[1 !re is little dang] ( los+ ammonia by keep+ & f]m5t+ manure4 ,b ?is is n ! only "q to be consid]$4 ,we h se5 t 9 #aj1jjj lbs4 ( fre% f>m-y>d manure1 !re is ab\t #fd lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,( ?is1 ab\t #ae lbs4 are soluble1 & #di lbs4 insoluble4 ,( m9]al matt]1 we h 9 ?is quantity ( manure1 #eei lbs41 ( :i* #aed lbs4 are soluble 9 wat]1 & #dje lbs4 insoluble4 ,if we _h a heap ( five tons ( f]m5t+ manure 9 a /able1 ! escape ( half an ounce ( c>bonate ( ammonia w\ld make a trem5d\s smell1 & we %\ld at once use means to *eck ! escape ( ?is preci\s sub/ance4 ,b x w be se5 t we h 9 ?is five tons ( fre% manure1 nitrog5\s matt]1 capable ( =m+ ov] #ahj lbs4 ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 ov] #db lbs4 ( :i* is 9 a soluble condition4 ,?is may be lea*$ day aft] day1 sl[ly & imp]ceptibly1 ) no heat1 or smell1 to attract att5tion4 ,h[ (t5 d we see manure ly+ "u ! eaves ( an unsp\t$ %$ or b>n1 :]e "o ( our heavy %[]s w saturate x 9 a few m9utes1 & yet :]e x w lie = h\rs1 & days1 & weeks1 until x w\ld seem t a l>ge proportion ( its soluble matt] w\ld be wa%$ out ( x6 ,! loss is unque/ionably v great1 & w\ld be great] if x 7 n = ! co>se nature ( ! mat]ial1 :i* all[s ! wat] to pass ?r\gh x rapidly & )\t com+ 9 direct contact ) only ! outside portions ( ! p>ticles ( hay1 /raw1 etc41 ( :i* ! manure is l>gely compos$4 ,if ! manure 0 gr\nd up v f9e1 z x w\ld be :5 prep>$ = analysis1 ! loss ( soluble matt] w\ld be /ill m s]i\s4 ,or1 if ! manure 0 fir/ f]m5t$1 s t ! p>ticles ( matt] w\ld be m or less decompos$ & brok5 up f9e1 ! ra9 w\ld wa% out a l>ge am\nt ( soluble matt]1 & prove mu* m injuri\s ?an if ! manure 0 fre% & unf]m5t$4 8,t is an argum5t10 said ! ,deacon1 8aga9/ y\r plan ( pil+ & f]m5t+ manure40 8,n at all10 ,i repli$2 8x is a /rong reason = n lett+ manure lie "u ! eaves ( an unsp\t$ build+--especially good manure1 t is made f ri* food4 ,! bett] ! manure1 ! m x w lose f bad managem5t4 ,i h nev] recomm5d$ any "o to pile _! manure :]e x w\ld receive f t5 to tw5ty times z mu* wat] z w\ld fall on ! surface ( ! heap40 8,b y d recomm5d pil+ manure & f]m5t+ x 9 ! op5 air & keep+ ! top flat1 s t x w cat* all ! ra91 & ,i ?9k y\r heaps mu/ sometimes get pretty well soak$40 8,soak+ ! heap ( manure10 ,i repli$1 8does n wa% out any ( its soluble matt]1 provid$ y c>ry ! matt] no fur!r ?an ! po9t ( saturation4 ,! wat] may1 & d\btless does1 wa% out ! soluble matt] f "s portions ( ! manure1 b if ! wat] does n filt] ?r\gh ! heap1 b is all absorb$ by ! manure1 !re is no loss4 ,x is :5 ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! heap t x runs away ) our soluble nitrog5\s & m9]al matt]1 & ) any ready =m$ ammonia x may f9d 9 ! manure40 ,h[ to keep c[s ti$ up 9 ! b>n1 & at ! same "t save all ! ur9e1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems ,i h to deal ) 9 ! managem5t ( manure on my f>m4 ,! be/ plan ,i h yet tri$ is1 to ?r[ horse-manure1 or %eep-manure1 back ( ! c[s1 :]e x w receive & absorb ! ur9e4 ,! plan works well1 b x is a "q ( labor1 & ! answ] w dep5d on ! arrangem5t ( ! build+s4 ,if ! horses are kept ne> ! c[s1 x w be little tr\ble to ?r[ ! horse-litt]1 e day1 "u or back ( ! c[s4 ,9 my own case1 my c[s are kept 9 a basem5t1 ) a tight b>n-floor ov]head4 ,:5 ?is b>n-floor is occupi$ ) %eep1 we keep !m well-b$d$ ) /raw1 & x is an easy matt] to ?r[ ?is soil$ b$d+ d[n to ! c[-/able bel[1 :]e x is us$ to absorb ! ur9e ( ! c[s1 & is !n :eel$ out to ! manure-heap 9 ! y>d4 ,at o!r times1 we use dry e>? z an absorb5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,manure ,,on ,,dairy-,,f>ms4 ,f>ms devot$ pr9cipally to dairy+ ought to be ri*] & m productive ?an f>ms l>gely devot$ to ! production ( gra94 ,ne>ly all ! produce ( ! f>m is us$ to fe$ ! c[s1 & little is sold b milk1 or *eese1 or butt]4 ,:5 butt] alone is sold1 !re ought to be no loss ( f]tiliz+ matt]--z pure butt] or oil conta9s no nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 or pota%4 ,x conta9s no?+ b c>bonace\s matt]1 :i* c be remov$ f ! f>m )\t detrim5t4 ,& ev5 9 ! case ( milk1 or *eese1 ! advantage is all on ! side ( ! dairyman1 z comp>$ ) ! gra9-gr[]4 ,a doll>'s wor? ( milk or *eese removes f> less nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 ?an a doll>'s wor? ( :eat or o!r gra94 ,five hundr$ lbs4 ( *eese conta9s ab\t #be lbs4 ( nitrog51 & #bj lbs4 ( m9]al matt]4 ,a c[ t w\ld make ?is am\nt ( *eese w\ld eat n less ?an six tons ( hay1 or its equival5t 9 grass or gra91 9 a ye>4 ,& ?is am\nt ( food1 suppos+ x to be half clov] & half ord9>y mead[-hay1 w\ld conta9 #bdj lbs4 ( nitrog5 & #haj lbs4 ( m9]al matt]4 ,9 o!r words1 a c[ eats #bdj lbs4 ( nitrog51 & #be lbs4 are remov$ 9 ! *eese1 or n q #aj p] c5t1 & ( m9]al matt] n q #b p] c5t is remov$4 ,if x takes ?ree acres to produce ?is am\nt ( food1 !re w be #h lbs4 ( nitrog5 remov$ by ! *eese1 p] acre1 :ile #cj bu%els ( :eat w\ld remove 9 ! gra9 #cb lbs4 ( nitrog51 & #aj to #ae lbs4 9 ! /raw4 ,s t a crop ( :eat removes f five to six times z mu* nitrog5 p] acre z a crop ( *eese2 & ! removal ( m9]al matt] 9 *eese is q insignificant z comp>$ ) ! am\nt remov$ 9 a crop ( :eat or corn4 ,if our gra9-gr[+ f>m]s c keep up ! f]tility ( _! l&1 z !y und\bt$ly c1 ! dairym5 ought to be mak+ !irs ri*] & m productive e ye>4 8,all t is q true10 said ! ,doctor1 8& yet f :at ,i h se5 & he>d1 ! f>ms 9 ! dairy di/ricts1 d n1 z a rule1 %[ any rapid improvem5t4 ,9 fact1 we he> x (t5 alleg$ t ! soil is becom+ exhau/$ ( phosphates1 & t ! quantity & quality ( ! grass is det]iorat+40 8,!re may be "s tru? 9 ?is10 said ,i1 8& yet ,i w haz>d ! pr$iction t 9 no o!r bran* ( agriculture %all we witness a m decid$ improvem5t dur+ ! next tw5ty-five ye>s ?an on f>ms l>gely devot$ to ! dairy4 ,gra9-gr[+ f>m]s1 l our fri5d ! ,deacon1 "h1 :o sells 8 gra9 & nev] br+s home a load ( manure1 & r>ely buys ev5 a ton ( bran to fe$ to /ock1 & :o sells m or less hay1 mu/ c]ta9ly be impov]i%+ _! soils ( phosphates mu* m rapidly ?an ! dairyman :o consumes ne>ly all 8 produce on ! f>m1 & sells little except milk1 butt]1 *eese1 "y calves1 & old c[s40 8,bones _h a wond]ful effect10 said ! ,doctor1 8on ! old pa/ures 9 ! dairy di/rict ( ,*e%ire 9 ,engl&40 8,und\bt$ly10 ,i repli$1 8& s !y w "h1 & s w\ld well-rott$ manure4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is fact to prove t dairy+ specially robs ! soil ( phosphates4 ,x is n phosphates t ! dairyman ne$s s mu* z ri*] manure40 8,:at w\ld y add to ! manure to make x ri*]80 ask$ ! ,doctor4 8,nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%10 ,i repli$4 8,b h[80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 8,i suppose10 said ! ,doctor1 8by buy+ guano & ! ,g]man pota% salts40 8,t w\ld be a good plan10 said ,i2 8b ,i w\ld d x by buy+ bran1 mill-fe$1 brew]'s-gra9s1 malt-combs1 corn-meal1 oil-cake1 or :atev] 0 be/ & *eape/ 9 proportion to value4 ,bran or mill-fe$ c (t5 be b\ght at a price at :i* x w pay to use x freely = manure4 ,a few tons ( bran work$ into a pile ( c[-dung w\ld w>m x up & add consid]ably to its value4 ,x w\ld supply ! nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 9 :i* ord9>y manure is defici5t4 ,9 %ort1 x w\ld conv]t poor manure into ri* manure40 8,well1 well10 exclaim$ ! ,deacon1 8,i knew y talk$ ( mix+ dri$-blood & bone-du/ ) y\r manure1 b ,i did n ?9k y w\ld advocate any?+ q s extravagant z tak+ good1 :olesome bran & sp\t-fe$ & ?r[+ x on to y\r manure-pile40 8,:y1 ,deacon10 said ,i1 8we d x e day4 ,i am putt+ ab\t a ton ( sp\t-fe$1 malt-combs & corn-meal ea* week into my manure-pile1 & t is ! reason :y x f]m5ts s readily ev5 9 ! w9t]4 ,x conv]ts my poor manure into good1 ri*1 well-decompos$ dung1 "o load ( :i* is wor? ?ree loads ( y\r long1 /rawy manure40 8,d y n wet x & let x f]m5t be=e putt+ x 9 ! pile80 8,no1 ,deacon10 said ,i1 8,i fe$ ! bran1 malt-combs & corn-meal to ! c[s1 pigs1 & %eep1 & let !m d ! mix+4 ,!y "w x up f9e1 moi/5 x1 break up ! p>ticles1 take out ! c>bonace\s matt]1 :i* we d n ne$ = manure1 & ! c[s & %eep & horses mix x up ?or\ghly ) ! hay1 /raw1 & corn-/alks1 leav+ ! :ole 9 j ! "r condition to put into a pile to f]m5t or to apply directly to ! l&40 8,oh6 ,i see10 said ! ,deacon1 8,i did n ?9k y us$ bran = manure40 8,yes1 ,i d1 ,deacon10 said ,i1 8b ,i use x = food fir/1 & ?is is precisely :at ,i w\ld urge y & all o!rs to d4 ,i feel sure t our dairym5 c well af=d to buy m mill-fe$1 corn-meal1 oil-cake1 etc41 & mix x ) _! c[-dung--or r1 let ! c[s d ! mix+40 ,,lett] ,,f ,,! ,,hon4 ,,h>ris ,,lewis4 ,i wrote to ! ,hon4 ,h>ris ,lewis1 ! well-kn[n dairyman ( ,h]kim] ,co41 ,n4,y41 ask+ him "s que/ions 9 reg>d to mak+ & manag+ manure on dairy f>ms4 ,! que/ions w be und]/ood f ! answ]s4 ,he writes z foll[s3 8,my ,fri5d ,h>ris4--,?is be+ ! fir/ leisure "t ,i h _h s9ce ! receipt ( y\r la/ lett]1 ,i devote x to answ]+ y\r que/ions3 8#a/4 ,i h no manure cell>4 8,i b$ my c[s ) dry basswood sawdu/1 sav+ all ! liquid manure1 keep+ ! c[s clean1 & ! /able odors d[n to a tol]able degree4 ,?is b$d+ breaks up ! t5acity ( ! c[-manure1 r5d]+ x z easy to pulv]ize & manage z cle> horse-manure4 ,i w\ld say x is j lovely to b$ c[s ) dry basswood sawdu/4 ,?is manure1 if left 9 a l>ge pile1 w f]m5t & burn l horse-manure 9 ab\t #aj days4 ,h5ce ,i draw x out z made :]e ,i desire to use x1 leav+ x 9 small heaps1 conv5i5t to spread4 8,my pigs & calves are b$d$ ) /raw1 & ?is is pil$ & rott$ be=e us+4 8,i use mo/ ( my manure on grass l&1 & mangels1 "s on corn & potatoes2 b x pays me be/1 :5 9 prop] condition1 to apply all ,i d n ne$ = mangels1 on mead[ & pa/ure4 8,=ty loads1 or ab\t #ah to #bj cords is a homopa?ic dose = an acre1 & ?is quantity1 or m1 appli$ once 9 ?ree ye>s to grass l&1 agrees ) x fir/ rate4 8,! l& :]e ,i gr[ mangels gets ab\t ?is dose e ye>4 8,i w\ld say t my up-l& mead[s h be5 m[n twice ea* ye> = a great _m ye>s4 8,i h be5 us+ refuse salt f ,syracuse1 on my mangels1 at ! rate ( ab\t six bu%els p] acre1 appli$ broadca/ 9 two applications4 ,my h5-manure is pulv]iz$1 & sift$ ?r\gh a common coal sieve4 ,! f9e ,i use = du/+ ! mangels aft] !y h be5 s+l$ out1 & ! lumps1 if any1 are us$ to w>m up ! r$ pepp]s4 8,i h sometimes mix$ my h5-manure ) dry muck1 9 ! proportion ( "o bu%el ( h5-manure to #aj ( muck1 & receiv$ a pr(it f x too big to tell (1 on corn1 & on mangels4 8,i h spr9kl$ ! refuse salt on my c[-/able floors sometimes1 b :]e all ! liquid is sav$1 ,i ?9k we h salt en\gh = mo/ crops4 8,i h ab&on$ ! use ( pla/] on my pa/ures = ! reason t milk produc$ on gre5-clov] is n s good z t produc$ on ! grasses prop]4 ,i use all ! wood a%es ,i c get1 on my mangels z a du/]1 & consid] _! value great] ?an ! burn]s d :o sell !m to me = #ae cts4 a bu%el4 ,i h nev] us$ mu* lime1 & h n receiv$ ! expect$ b5efits f its use s f>4 ,b wood a%es agree ) my l& z well z manure does4 ,! la/ "q y ask1 b "o1 is ?is3 #8,:at is ! usual plan ( manag+ manure 9 ! dairy di/ricts8' ,! usual me?od is to cut holes 9 ! sides ( ! /able1 ab\t e t5 feet along ! :ole l5g? ( ! b>n beh9d ! c[s1 & pit* ! manure out ?r\gh ^! holes1 "u ! eaves ( ! b>n1 :]e x rema9s until too mu* 9 ! way1 :5 x is drawn out & commonly appli$ to grass l& 9 lumps z big z y\r head4 ,?is practice is gett+ out ( fa%ion a little n[1 b ne>ly "o-half ( all ! c[-manure made 9 ,h]kim] ,co4 is lo/1 wa/$4 8,y\r la/ "q1 #8,:at improvem5t w\ld y sugge/1' ,i answ] by say+ x is ( no use to make any to ^! m51 x w\ld be wa/$ l _! manure4 8,! m>ket value ( manure 9 ?is c\nty is #ej cts4 p] big load1 or ab\t "o doll> p] cord40 8,t is a capital lett]10 said ! ,deacon4 8,x is "r to ! po9t1 & no nons5se ab\t x40 8,he mu/ make a good deal ( manure10 said ! ,doctor1 8to be able to use #dj loads to ! acre on 8 mead[s & pa/ures once 9 ?ree ye>s1 & ! same quantity e ye> on 8 field ( mangel-wurzel40 8,t is precisely :at ,i h be5 cont5d+ =10 ,i repli$2 8! dairym5 c make l>ge quantities ( manure if !y make an ef=t to d x1 & _! f>ms ought to be con/antly improv+4 ,two crops ( hay on ! same mead[1 ea* ye>1 w enable a f>m] to keep a l>ge h]d ( c[s1 & make a great quantity ( manure--& :5 y h once got ! manure1 !re is no difficulty 9 keep+ up & increas+ ! productiv5ess ( ! l&40 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,m ,,& ,,bett] ,,manure ,,on ,,dairy ,,f>ms4 8,y are "r10 said ! ,doctor1 89 say+ t !re is no difficulty 9 keep+ up & increas+ ! productiv5ess ( our dairy f>ms1 :5 y h once got pl5ty ( manure--b ! difficulty is to get a good supply ( manure to />t )40 ,?is is true1 & x is comp>atively sl[ "w to br+ up a f>m1 unless y h pl5ty ( capital & c buy all ! artificial manure y want4 ,by ! free use ( artificial manures1 y c\ld make a f>m v productive 9 "o or two ye>s4 ,b ! sl[] & *eap] me?od w be ! "o adopt$ by mo/ ( our "y & intellig5t dairym54 ,few ( u are born ) silv] spoons 9 our m\?s4 ,we h to e>n our money be=e we c sp5d x1 & we are none ! worse = ! discipl9e4 ,suppose a "y man has a f>m ( #ajj acres1 devot$ pr9cipally to dairy+4 ,"s ( ! l& lies on a creek or riv]1 :ile o!r portions are high] & dri]4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 a /ream ( wat] runs ?r\gh a "p ( ! f>m f ! adjo9+ hills d[n to ! creek or riv]4 ,! f>m n[ supports t5 head ( c[s1 ?ree horses1 half a doz5 %eep1 & a few pigs4 ,! l& is wor? #ge p] acre1 b does n pay ! int]e/ on half t sum4 ,x is gett+ worse in/ead ( bett]4 ,we$s are multiply+1 & ! m valuable grasses are dy+ out4 ,:at is to be done8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let x be di/9ctly und]/ood t ! l& is n exhau/$4 ,z ,i h be=e said1 ! productiv5ess ( a f>m does n dep5d s mu* on ! absolute am\nt ( plant-food :i* ! soil conta9s1 z on ! am\nt ( plant-food :i* is imm$iately available = ! use ( ! plants4 ,an acre ( l& t produces half a ton ( hay1 may conta9 z mu* plant-food z an acre t produces ?ree tons ( hay4 ,9 ! "o case ! plant-food is lock$ up 9 su* a =m t ! crops _c absorb x1 :ile 9 ! o!r x is 9 an available condition4 ,i h no d\bt !re are fields on ! f>m ,i am allud+ to1 t conta9 #c1jjj lbs4 ( nitrog51 & an equal am\nt ( phosphoric acid1 p] acre1 9 ! fir/ six in*es ( ! surface soil4 ,?is is z mu* nitrog5 z is conta9$ 9 #ajj tons ( mead[-hay1 & m phosphoric acid ?an is conta9$ 9 #cej tons ( mead[-hay4 ,^! are ! two +r$i5ts on :i* ! f]tility ( our f>ms ma9ly dep5d4 ,& yet !re are soils conta9+ ?is quantity ( plant-food t d n produce m ?an half a ton ( hay p] acre4 ,9 "s fields1 or p>ts ( fields1 ! l& is wet & ! plants _c take up ! food1 ev5 :ile an abundance ( x is )9 rea*4 ,! rem$y 9 ?is case is "u-dra9+4 ,on o!r fields1 ! plant-food is lock$ up 9 insoluble comb9ations4 ,9 ?is case we mu/ pl[ up ! soil1 pulv]ize x1 & expose x to ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,we mu/ treat ! soil z my "m us$ to tell me to treat my c(fee1 :5 ,i compla9$ t x 0 n sweet en\gh4 8,i put pl5ty ( sug> 910 %e said1 8& if y w /ir x up1 ! c(fee w be sweet]40 ,! sug> lay undissolv$ at ! bottom ( ! cup2 & s x is ) _m ( our soils4 ,!re is pl5ty ( plant-food 9 !m1 b x ne$s /irr+ up4 ,!y conta91 x may be1 #c1jjj lbs4 ( nitrog51 & o!r plant-food 9 /ill great] proportion1 & we are only gett+ a crop t conta9s #ah lbs4 ( nitrog5 a ye>1 & ( ?is probably ! ra9 supplies #i lbs4 ,let u /ir up ! soil & see if we _c set #ajj lbs4 ( ?is #c1jjj lbs4 ( nitrog5 free1 & get ?ree tons ( hay p] acre in/ead ( half a ton4 ,!re are m5 :o own a l>ge am\nt ( valuable prop]ty 9 vacant city lots1 :o d n get en\gh f !m to pay _! taxes4 ,if !y w\ld sell half ( !m1 & put build+s on ! o!r half1 !y might soon h a h&some income4 ,& s x is ) _m f>m]s4 ,!y h ! elem5ts ( #ajj tons ( hay ly+ dormant 9 e acre ( _! l&1 :ile !y are cont5t to receive half a ton a ye>4 ,!y h prop]ty en\gh1 b x is unproductive1 :ile !y pay high taxes = ! privilege ( hold+ x1 & high wages = ! pleasure ( bo>d+ two or ?ree hir$ m54 ,we h1 say1 #c1jjj lbs4 ( nitrog5 lock$ up 9 ea* acre ( our soil1 & we get #h or #aj lbs4 e ye> 9 ra9 & dew1 & yet1 practically1 all t we want1 to make our f>ms highly productive1 is #ajj lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre p] annum4 ,& fur!rmore1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 t to keep our f>ms ri*1 aft] we h once got !m ri*1 x is n necess>y to develope ?is am\nt ( nitrog5 f ! soil e ye>4 ,9 ! case ( clov]-hay1 ! entire loss ( nitrog5 9 ! animal & 9 ! milk w\ld n exce$ #ae p] c5t1 s t1 :5 we fe$ out #ajj lbs4 ( nitrog51 we h #he lbs4 left 9 ! manure4 ,we want to develope #ajj lbs4 ( nitrog5 9 ! soil1 to enable u to raise a good crop to />t )1 & :5 ?is is once done1 an annual developm5t ( #ae lbs4 p] acre 9 addition to ! manure1 w\ld keep up ! productiv5ess ( ! soil4 ,is x n wor? :ile1 !re=e1 to make an e>ne/ ef=t to get />t$8--to get #ajj lbs4 ( nitrog5 9 ! mo/ available condition 9 ! soil8 ,z ,i said be=e1 ?is is practically all t is ne$$ to give u l>ge crops4 ,?is am\nt ( nitrog5 repres5ts ab\t twelve tons ( av]age b>n-y>d manure--t is to say1 twelve tons conta9s #ajj lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,b 9 po9t ( fact x is n 9 an imm$iately available condition4 ,x w\ld probably take at lea/ two ye>s be=e all ! nitrog5 x conta9s w\ld be giv5 up to ! plants4 ,we want1 !re=e1 9 ord] to give u a good />t1 #bd tons ( b>n-y>d manure on e acre ( l&4 ,h[ to get ?is is ! great problem :i* our "y dairy f>m] has to solve4 ,9 ! gra9-gr[+ di/ricts we get x 9 "p by summ]-fall[+1 & ,i believe ! dairyman might (t5 d ! same ?+ ) advantage4 ,a ?or\gh summ]-fall[ w\ld n only clean ! l&1 b w\ld r5d] "s ( ! lat5t plant-food available4 ,?is w be organiz$ 9 ! next crop1 & :5 ! dairyman has once got ! plant-food1 he has decid$ly ! advantage ov] ! gra9-gr[+ f>m] 9 8 ability to reta9 x4 ,he ne$ n lose ov] #af p] c5t a ye> ( nitrog51 & n "o p] c5t ( ! o!r elem5ts ( plant-food4 ,! l& ly+ on ! bord]s ( ! creek c\ld be greatly b5efit$ by cutt+ surface dit*es to let (f ! wat]2 & lat]1 probably x w be f\nd t a few und]dra9s c be put 9 to advantage4 ,^! alluvial soils on ! bord]s ( creeks & riv]s are gr& s\rces ( nitrog5 & o!r plant-food4 ,i d n "k ! fact1 b x is q probable t ! mead[s :i* ,h>ris ,lewis m[s twice a ye>1 are on ! banks ( ! riv]1 & are p]haps flood$ 9 ! spr+4 ,b1 be ?is z x may1 !re is a field on ! f>m ,i am allud+ to1 ly+ on ! creek1 :i* n[ produces a b\ntiful gr[? ( we$s1 ru%es1 & co>se grasses1 :i* ,i am sure c\ld easily be made to produce great crops ( hay4 ,! creek ov]fl[s 9 ! spr+1 & ! wat] lies on "s ( ! l[] p>ts ( ! field until x is evaporat$4 ,a few dit*es w\ld all[ all ! wat] to pass (f1 & ?is alone w\ld be a great improvem5t4 ,if ! field 0 flood$ 9 ,may or ,june1 & ?or\ghly cultivat$ & h>r[$1 ! sod w\ld be suffici5tly rott$ to pl[ aga9 9 ,augu/4 ,!n a ?or\gh h>r[+1 roll+1 & cultivat+1 w\ld make x z mell[ z a g>d51 & x c\ld be se$$ d[n ) timo?y & o!r good grasses ! la/ ( ,augu/1 or beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 & produce a good crop ( hay ! next ye>4 ,or1 if ?\ght bett]1 x might be s[n to rye & se$$ d[n ) x4 ,9 ei!r case ! l& w\ld be greatly improv$1 & w\ld be a productive mead[ or pa/ure = ye>s to come--or until our "y dairyman c\ld af=d to give x "o ( ,h>ris ,lewis' 8homopa?ic0 doses ( #dj loads ( good manure p] acre4 ,he w\ld !n be able to cut two crops ( hay a ye>--& su* hay6 ,b we are anticipat+4 ,t /ream :i* runs ?r\gh ! f>m 9 ! spr+1 & !n dries up1 c\ld be made to irrigate sev]al acres ( ! l& adjo9+4 ,?is w\ld d\ble1 or treble1 or quadruple1 78hold on10 said ! ,deacon17 ! crops ( grass z f> z ! wat] rea*$4 ,! ,deacon does n seem to cr$it ?is /atem5t2 b ,i h se5 wond]ful effects produc$ by su* a plan4 ,:at ,i am endeavor+ to %[1 is1 t ^! & simil> means w give u l>g] crops ( hay & grass1 & ^! 9 turn w enable u to keep m c[s1 & make m manure1 & ! manure w enable u to gr[ l>g] crops on o!r portions ( ! f>m4 ,i am aw>e t _m w object to pl[+ up old grass l&1 & ,i d n wi% to be misund]/ood on ?is po9t4 ,if a f>m] has a mead[ t w produce two or ?ree tons ( hay1 or support a c[1 to ! acre1 x w\ld be folly to break x up4 ,x is already do+ all1 or ne>ly all1 t c be ask$ or desir$4 ,b suppose y h a piece ( naturally good l& t does n produce a ton ( hay p] acre1 or pa/ure a c[ on ?ree acres1 if su* l& c be pl[$ )\t great difficulty1 ,i w\ld break x up z e>ly 9 ! fall z possible1 & summ]-fall[ x ?or\ghly1 & se$ x d[n aga91 heavily1 ) grass se$s ! next ,augu/4 ,if ! l& does n ne$ dra9+1 x w n =get ?is treatm5t = _m ye>s1 & x w be ! f>m]'s own fault if x ev] runs d[n aga94 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e wages are s high1 we mu/ raise l>ge crops p] acre1 or n raise any4 ,:]e l& is *eap1 x may sometimes pay to compel a c[ to travel ov] ?ree or f\r acres to get h] food1 b we _c af=d to raise our hay 9 half ton crops2 x co/s too mu* to h>ve/ !m4 ,high wages1 high taxes1 & high-pric$ l&1 necessitate high f>m+2 & by high f>m+1 ,i mean gr[+ l>ge crops e ye>1 & on e portion ( ! f>m2 b high wages & l[-pric$ l& d n necess>ily dem& high f>m+4 ,if ! l& is *eap we c suff] x to lie idle )\t mu* loss4 ,b :5 we raise crops1 :e!r on high-pric$ l& or on l[-pric$ l&1 we mu/ raise good crops1 or ! exp5se ( cultivat+ & h>ve/+ !m w eat up all ! pr(its4 ,9 ! dairy di/ricts1 ,i believe l&1 9 proportion to its quality & ne>ness to m>ket1 comm&s a high] price ?an l& 9 ! gra9-gr[+ di/ricts4 ,h5ce x foll[s t high f>m+ %\ld be ! aim ( ! ,am]ican dairyman4 ,i am told t !re are f>ms 9 ! dairy di/ricts ( ?is ,/ate wor? f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s p] acre1 on :i* a c[ to f\r acres = ! ye> is consid]$ a good av]age4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,little ,falls ,f>m]s' ,club1 ! ,hon4 ,josiah ,%ull1 gave a /atem5t ( ! receipts & exp5ses ( 8 f>m ( #ha acres4 ,! f>m co/ #acj p] acre4 ,he kept tw5ty c[s1 & fatt$ "o = beef4 ,! receipts 7 z foll[s3 ,tw5ty c[s yield+ #h1ccg lbs4 ( *eese1 at ab\t #ad c5ts p] p\nd #a1ahf4cc ,increase on beef c[ #dj4jj ,calves #de4jj --------- ,total receipts #a1bga4cc ,exp5ses4 ,boy1 six mon?s & bo>d #ahj4jj ,man by ! ye>1 & bo>d #cfj4jj ,c>t+ milk & manufactur+ *eese #bae4jj ------- ,total co/ ( labor #gee4jj ,! ,o!r ,exp5ses ,73 ,f]tiliz]s1 plants1 etc4 #ah4jj ,horse-%oe+ & o!r repairs ( f>m+ implem5ts1 7:i* is c]ta9ly pretty *eap17 #ej4jj ,we> & te> ( implem5ts #fe4jj ,av]age repairs ( place & build+s #age4jj ,av]age depreciation & int]e/ on /ock #ahj4jj ,insurance #d4jj ,incid5tals1 7also pretty l[17 #ej4jj ------- #fbj4jj ,total receipts #a1bga4cc4 ,total exp5ses #a1cge4jj4 ,?is /atem5t1 x is said1 ! ,club consid]$ a v fair e/imate4 ,n[1 "h is a f>m co/+ #aj1eie1 ! receipts f :i*1 say+ no?+ ab\t int]e/1 are less ?an ! exp5ses4 ,& if y add two c5ts p] p\nd m to ! price ( ! *eese1 ! pr(it w\ld /ill be only ab\t #ej p] ye>4 ,! tr\ble is n s mu* 9 ! l[ price ( *eese1 z 9 ! l[ product p] acre4 ,i "k "s gra9-gr[+ f>m]s :o h done no bett] ?an ?is = a few ye>s pa/4 ,mr4 ,%ull places ! annual depreciation & int]e/ on /ock at #ahj1 equal to ne>ly "o-sev5? ( ! total receipts ( ! f>m4 ,x w\ld pay ! wages & bo>d ( ano!r man = six mon?s4 ,c n x be avoid$8 ,good beef is relatively mu* high] 9 ?is ,/ate ?an good *eese4 ,"s ( ! dairy au?orities tell u t *eese is ! *eape/ animal food 9 ! _w1 :ile beef is ! de>e/4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld our dairym5 conf9e _! att5tion to ! production ( ! *eape/ ( f>m products1 & neglect almo/ entirely ! production ( ! de>e/8 ,if beef is high & *eese l[1 :y n raise m beef8 ,on l[-pric$ l& x may be pr(itable to raise & keep c[s solely = ! production ( *eese1 & :5 ! c[s are no long] pr(itable = ?is purpose1 to sacrifice !m--to ?r[ !m aside z we d a worn-out ma*9e4 ,& 9 simil> circum/ances we may be able to keep %eep solely = _! wool1 b on high-pric$ l& we c n af=d to keep %eep m]ely = _! wool4 ,we mu/ adopt a high] sy/em ( f>m+ & fe$+1 & keep %eep t w give u wool1 lambs1 & mutton4 ,9 p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e l& co/s no?+1 cattle c be kept = _! bones1 tall[1 & hides1 b :]e food is co/ly we mu/ make bett] use ( x4 ,a c[ is a ma*9e = conv]t+ vegetable food into veal1 butt]1 *eese1 & beef4 ,! fir/ co/ ( ! ma*9e1 if a good "o1 is consid]able--say #ajj4 ,?is ma*9e has to be kept runn+ night & day1 summ] & w9t]1 week days & ,sundays4 ,if we 7 runn+ a /eam-fl\r+ mill t c\ld nev] be all[$ to /op1 we %\ld be c>eful to lay 9 a good supply ( coal & also h pl5ty ( gra9 on h& to gr9d1 s t ! mill w\ld nev] h to run empty4 ,no s5sible man w\ld keep up /eam m]ely to run ! mill4 ,he w\ld want to gr9d all ! "t1 & z mu* z possible2 & yet coal is a mu* *eap] s\rce ( p[] ?an ! hay & corn ) :i* we run our milk-produc+ ma*9e4 ,h[ (t5 is ! latt] all[$ to run empty8 ,! ma*9e is runn+ night & day--mu/ run1 b is x always runn+ to advantage8 ,d we furni% fuel en\gh to enable x to d full "w1 or only little m ?an en\gh to run ! ma*9]y8 8,:at has all ?is to d ) mak+ manure on dairy f>ms80 ask$ ! ,deacon2 8y are w&]+ f ! po9t40 8,i hope n2 ,i am try+ to %[ t good fe$+ w pay bett] ?an poor fe$+--& bett] food means bett] manure40 ,i e/imate t x takes f #ae to #ah lbs4 ( ord9>y hay p] day to run ?is c[-ma*9e1 :i* we h be5 talk+ ab\t1 ev5 :5 kept w>m & com=table2 & if expos$ to cold /orms1 probably n less ?an #bj lbs4 ( hay a day1 or its equival5t1 & ?is m]ely to keep ! ma*9e runn+1 )\t do+ any "w4 ,x requires ?is to keep ! c[ alive1 & to prev5t h] los+ fle%4 ,if n suppli$ ) ! requisite am\nt ( food = ?is purpose1 %e w take en\gh fat & fle% f h] own body to make up ! defici5cy2 & if %e _c get x1 ! ma*9e w /op--9 o!r words1 ! c[ w die4 ,we h1 !n1 a ma*9e t co/s say #ajj2 t w la/ on an av]age eight ye>s2 t requires c>eful managem5t2 t mu/ h con/ant wat*+1 or x w be liable to get out ( ord]1 & t requires1 m]ely to keep x runn+1 say #bj lbs4 ( hay p] day4 ,n[1 :at d we get 9 return8 ,if we furni% only #bj lbs4 ( hay p] day we get--no?+ except manure4 ,if we furni% #be lbs4 ( hay p] day1 or its equival5t1 we get1 say half a p\nd ( *eese p] day4 ,if we furni% #cj lbs4 we get "o p\nd ( *eese p] day1 or #cfe lbs4 a ye>4 ,we may n get ! "o p\nd ( *eese e day 9 ! ye>2 sometimes ! c[1 in/ead ( giv+ milk1 is furni%+ food = h] embryo calf1 or /or+ up fat & fle%2 & ?is fat & fle% w be us$ by & by to produce milk4 ,b x all comes f ! food eat5 by ! c[2 & is equal to "o p\nd ( *eese p] day = #cj lbs4 ( hay or its equival5t consum$2 #bj lbs4 ( hay gives u no?+2 #be lbs4 ( hay gives u half a p\nd ( *eese1 or #dj lbs4 ( *eese f "o ton ( hay2 #cj lbs4 gives u "o p\nd1 or #ff lbs4 ( *eese f "o ton ( hay2 #ce lbs4 gives u #a lbs41 or #he #e_/g lbs4 ( *eese to "o ton ( hay2 #dj lbs4 gives u #b lbs4 ( *eese1 or #ajj lbs4 ( *eese f "o ton ( hay2 #de lbs4 gives u #b lbs4 ( *eese1 or #aaa lbs4 ( *eese f "o ton ( hay2 #ej lbs4 gives u #c lbs4 ( *eese1 or #abj lbs4 ( *eese f "o ton ( hay4 ,on ?is basis1 "o ton ( hay1 9 excess ( ! am\nt requir$ to keep up ! animal heat & su/a9 ! vital functions1 gives u #bjj lbs4 ( *eese4 ,! po9t ,i wi% to illu/rate by ^! figures1 :i* are ( c\rse hypo!tical1 is1 t x is exce$+ly desirable to get animals t w eat1 dige/1 & assimilate a l>ge am\nt ( food1 ov] & above t requir$ to keep up ! heat ( ! body & su/a9 ! vital functions4 ,:5 a c[ eats only #be lbs4 ( hay a day1 x requires "o ton ( hay to produce #dj lbs4 ( *eese4 ,b if we c\ld induce h] to eat1 dige/1 & assimilate #ej lbs4 a day1 "o ton w\ld produce #abj lbs4 ( *eese4 ,if a c[ eats #cc lbs4 ( hay p] day1 or its equival5t 9 grass1 x w require f\r acres ( l&1 ) a productive capacity equal to #a tons ( hay p] acre1 to keep h] a ye>4 ,su* a c[1 accord+ to ! figures giv5 above1 w produce #dja lbs4 ( *eese a ye>1 or its equival5t 9 gr[?4 ,a f>m ( #hj acres1 on ?is basis1 w\ld support #bj c[s1 yield+1 say #h1jjj lbs4 ( *eese4 ,increase ! productive p[] ( ! f>m "o half1 7,i hope ! ,deacon has n gone to sleep71 & keep #bj c[s t w eat half z mu* aga9 food1 & we %\ld !n get #ba1fjj lbs4 ( *eese4 ,if *eese is wor? #ae c5ts p] lb41 a f>m ( #hj acres1 produc+ #a tons ( hay1 or its equival5t1 p] acre1 & support+ #bj c[s1 w\ld give u a gross return ( #a1bjd4ej4 ,! same f>m s improv$ z to produce #b tons ( hay or its equival5t1 p] acre--f$ to #bj c[s capable ( eat+1 dige/+1 & assimilat+ x--w\ld give a gross return ( #c1bdj4 ,9 pres5t+ ^! figures1 ,i hope y w n ?9k me a vision>y4 ,i d n ?9k x is possible to get a c[ to produce #c lbs4 ( *eese a day ?r\gh\t ! :ole ye>4 ,b ,i d ?9k x q possible to s bre$ & fe$ a c[ t %e w produce #c lbs4 ( *eese p] day1 or its equival5t 9 veal1 fle%1 or fat4 ,we frequ5tly h c[s t produce #c lbs4 ( *eese a day = sev]al weeks2 & a c[ c be s f$ t %e w produce #c lbs4 ( *eese a day )\t los+ weight4 ,& if %e c extract ?is am\nt ( matt] out ( ! food = a "p ( ! ye>1 :y c n %e d s = ! :ole ye>8 ,are ! p[]s ( dige/ion weak] 9 ! fall & w9t] ?an 9 spr+ & summ]8 ,if n1 we unque/ionably su/a9 great loss by all[+ ?is dige/ive p[] to run to wa/e4 ,?is dige/ive p[] co/s u #bj lbs4 ( hay a day4 ,we c ill af=d to let x lie dormant4 ,b ! ,deacon w tell me t ! c[s are all[$ all ! food !y w eat1 w9t] & summ]4 ,!n we mu/1 if !y h dige/ive p[] to sp>e1 endeavor to p]suade !m to eat m4 ,if !y eat z mu* hay or grass z _! /oma*s are capable ( hold+1 we mu/ endeavor to give !m ri*] hay or grass4 ,n "o f>m] 9 a ?\s& seems to appreciate ! advantage ( hav+ hay or grass conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( nutrim5t4 ,i h endeavor$ to %[ t a c[ eat+ six tons ( hay1 or its equival5t1 9 a ye>1 w\ld produce #djj lbs4 ( *eese1 wor? #fj4 ,:ile a c[ capable ( eat+1 dige/+1 & turn+ to good acc\nt1 n9e tons ( hay1 or its equival5t1 w\ld produce #a1jij lbs4 ( *eese1 or its equival5t 9 o!r products1 wor? #afb4 8,i am sorry to int]rupt ! g5tleman10 said ! ,deacon ) mock gravity4 8,!n pray don't10 said ,i2 8,i w n deta9 y long1 & ! subject is "o :i* ought to int]e/ y & e o!r f>m] :o keeps 8 c[s on poor grass 9 summ]1 & corn-/alks & /raw 9 w9t]40 ,i 0 go+ to say1 :5 ! ,deacon int]rupt$ me1 t ! /oma* ( a c[ may n all[ h] to eat n9e tons ( hay a ye>1 b x w all[ h] to eat six tons2 & if ^! six tons conta9 z mu* nutrim5t z ! n9e tons1 :at is ! real diff]5ce 9 its value8 ,ord9>ily we %\ld probably e/imate ! "o at #aj p] ton1 & ! o!r at #ae4 ,b accord+ to ! above figures1 "o is wor? #aj p] ton & ! o!r #bg4 ,to get ri* grass1 !re=e1 %\ld be ! aim ( ! ,am]ican dairyman4 ,i hope ! ,deacon beg9s to see :at connection ?is has ) a l>ge pile ( ri* manure4 ,i d n mean m]ely a heavy gr[? ( grass1 b grass conta9+ a high p]c5tage ( nutrim5t4 ,our long w9t]s & heavy sn[s are a great advantage to u 9 ?is respect4 ,our grass 9 ! spr+1 aft] its long re/1 ought to />t up l asp>agus1 &1 "u ! organiz+ influ5ce ( our cle> skies1 & p[]ful sun1 ought to be exce$+ly nutriti\s4 ,comp>atively few f>m]s1 h[ev]1 live up to _! privileges 9 ?is respect4 ,our climate is bett] ?an our f>m+1 ! sun ri*] ?an our neglect$ soil4 ,engl& may be able to produce m grass p] acre 9 a ye> ?an we c1 b we ought to produce ri*] grass1 &1 consequ5tly1 m *eese to a c[4 ,& ,i believe1 9 fact1 t su* is (t5 ! case4 ,! ,engli% dairyman has ! advantage ( a long] season ( gr[?4 ,we h a %ort] season b a bright] sun1 & if we d n h ri*] grass x is due to ! want ( dra9+1 clean culture1 & manur+4 ,! object ( ,am]ican dairym5 %\ld be1 n only to obta9 m grass p] acre1 b to increase its nutrim5t 9 a giv5 bulk4 ,if we c\ld increase x "o-half1 mak+ six tons equal to n9e tons1 we h %[n t x is ne>ly ?ree times z valuable4 ,:e!r ?is c be done1 ,i h n n[ "t to consid]2 b at any rate if y\r l& produces z _m we$s z d "s fields on my f>m1 n to say ! ,deacon's1 & if ! plant-food t ^! we$s absorb1 c\ld be organiz$ by nutriti\s grasses1 ?is alone w\ld d a good deal t[>ds accompli%+ ! object4 ,:e!r ?is c be done or n1 we want c[s t c eat & turn to good acc\nt z mu* food p] annum z is conta9$ 9 n9e tons ( ord9>y mead[-hay2 & we want ?is nutrim5t 9 a bulk n exce$+ six tons ( hay4 ,if possible1 we %\ld get ?is am\nt ( nutrim5t 9 grass or hay4 ,b if we c n d ?is1 we mu/ fe$ en\gh conc5trat$ food to br+ x up to ! desir$ /&>d4 8,b w x pay80 ask$ ! ,deacon2 8,i h n mu* fai? 9 buy+ fe$4 ,a f>m] ought to raise ev]y?+ he fe$s out40 8,z a rule1 ?is may be true10 ,i repli$1 8b !re are _m exceptions4 ,i am try+ to %[ t x w (t5 pay a dairyman well to buy fe$ ri* 9 nitrog5 & phosphates1 s z to make ri* manure1 & give him a />t4 ,aft] he gets 8 l& ri*1 !re is little difficulty 9 keep+ up its productiv5ess4 8,n[1 ,i h said--& ! figures1 if any?+1 are too l[--t if a c[1 eat+ six tons ( hay1 or its equival5t1 a ye>1 produces #djj lbs4 ( *eese1 a c[ capable ( eat+1 dige/+1 & turn+ to good acc\nt n9e tons ( hay1 or its equival5t1 a ye>1 w\ld produce #a1jij lbs4 ( *eese1 or its equival5t 9 o!r products40 ,i w\ld l to say mu* m on ?is subject1 b ,i hope en\gh has be5 said to %[ t !re is great advantage 9 fe$+ ri* food1 ev5 s f> z ! production ( milk or beef is conc]n$2 & if ?is is ! case1 !n !re is no difficulty 9 mak+ ri* manure on a dairy f>m4 ,& ,i am delight$ to "k t _m f>m]s 9 ! dairy di/ricts are pur*as+ m & m bran & meal e ye>4 ,tak+ milk1 & beef1 & manure all into ! acc\nt1 ,i feel sure t x w be f\nd highly pr(itable2 b y mu/ h good c[s--c[s t c turn _! extra food to good acc\nt4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss ! m]its ( ! diff]5t bre$s ( c[s4 ,all ,i wi% to %[ is1 t to make bett] manure1 we mu/ use ri*] food2 & to fe$ ?is to advantage1 we mu/ h animals t c turn a l>ge am\nt ( food1 ov] & above ! am\nt requir$ to su/a9 ! vital functions1 into milk1 fle%1 etc4 8,y d n ?9k10 said ! ,deacon1 8t a well-br$ c[ makes any ri*] manure ?an a common c[80 ,( c\rse n2 b to make ri* manure1 we mu/ fe$ well2 & we c n af=d to fe$ well unless we h good animals4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,save ,,& ,,apply ,,manure ,,on ,a ,,dairy-,,f>m4 ,we c n g into details on ?is subject4 ,! tru? is1 !re are sev]al good me?ods ( sav+ manure1 & :i* is be/ dep5ds entirely on circum/ances4 ,! real po9t is to save ! ur9e1 & keep ! c[-/able clean & sweet4 ,!re are ?ree prom95t me?ods adopt$3 #a/4 ,to ?r[ all ! liquid & solid excrem5ts into a manure-cell> und]nea? ! c[-/able4 ,9 ?is cell>1 dry swamp-muck1 dry e>?1 or o!r absorb5t mat]ial1 is mix$ ) ! manure 9 suffici5t quantity to keep d[n (f5sive odors4 ,a little dry e>? or muck is also us$ 9 ! /able1 scatt]+ x twice a day 9 ! gutt]s & "u ! h9d legs ( ! c[s4 ,:]e ?is is c>ri$ out1 x has _m & decid$ advantages4 #b;d4 ,to :eel or ?r[ out ! solid p>ts ( ! manure1 & to h a dra9 = c>ry+ ! liquid into a tank1 :]e x c be pump$ on to ! heap ( manure 9 ! y>d4 ,:]e _m horses or %eep are kept1 & only a few c[s1 ?is plan c (t5 be us$ to advantage1 z ! heap ( manure 9 ! y>d1 consi/+ ( horse-manure1 %eep-manure1 & a small portion ( c[-dung1 w be able to absorb all ! ur9e ( ! c[s4 #c;d4 ,to use suffici5t b$d+ to absorb all ! ur9e 9 ! /able4 ,9 my own case1 z ,i h said be=e1 we usually *aff all our /raw & /alks4 ,! orts are us$ = b$d+1 & we also use a little dry e>?--or1 to be m exact1 ,i use x :5 ,i att5d to ! matt] myself1 b h always f\nd m or less tr\ble 9 gett+ ! "w done prop]ly1 unless ,i give x p]sonal att5tion4 ,to use 8dirt0 to keep ! /able clean1 is n a popul> plan 9 ?is neighborhood4 ,:]e !re is an abundance ( /raw1 & especially if cut into *aff1 ! easie/ way to keep ! /able clean1 & ! c[s com=table1 is to use en\gh ( ?is *aff$ /raw to absorb all ! liquid4 ,clean out ! /able twice a day1 & :eel ! manure directly to ! heap1 & spread x4 ,9 reg>d to ! application ( manure on a dairy-f>m1 we h se5 :at ,h>ris ,lewis does ) 84 ,i also wrote to ,t4 ,l4 ,h>ison1 ,esq41 ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,co41 ,n4,y42 & kn[+ t he is n only a v intellig5t f>m] & bre$]1 b also "o ( our be/ agricultural writ]s1 ,i ask$ him if he _h writt5 any?+ on ! subject ( manures4 8,/4 ,lawr5ce ,co410 said ! ,deacon1 8produces capital grass1 oats1 & b>ley1 b is1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 too f> nor? = w9t] :eat2 b :at did ,mr ,h>ison say80--,"h is 8 lett]3 8,i nev] wrote any?+ ab\t manure4 ,cat* me at x6 ,nor d ,i "k any?+ ab\t ! managem5t ( b>n-y>d manure wor? tell+4 ,my own practice is dictat$ q z mu* by conv5i5ce z by consid]ations ( economy40 8,good10 said ! ,deacon2 8he writes l a s5sible man40 8,my rotation10 he cont9ues1 8is su* t ! bulk ( ! manure made is appli$ to "o crop2 t is1 to my ho$ crops1 corn1 potatoes1 & roots1 9 ! second ye>4 8,! manure f ! /ables is ?r[n or :eel$ out "u ! %$s adjo9+1 & z fa/ z x becomes s l>ge a quantity z to be 9 ! way1 or :5ev] !re is an opportunity1 x is haul$ out to ! field1 :]e x is to be us$1 & put 9 l>ge piles4 ,x is turn$ once1 if possible1 9 ! spr+1 & !n spread4 8,! quantity appli$1 is1 z ne> z may be1 #be loads p] acre2 b z we use a great deal ( /raw1 we haul out #cj loads1 & e/imate t 9 ! spr+ x w be ab\t #be loads4 8,if we h any m 7& occasionally we h #ajj loads ov]71 we pile x ne> ! b>n1 & turn x once or twice dur+ ! summ]1 & use x z seems mo/ pr(itable--sometimes to top-dress an old grass-field1 t = "s reason we pref] n to break = ano!r ye>4 ,sometimes x goes on a piece ( fall :eat1 & sometimes is kept ov] = a b>ley field ! foll[+ spr+1 & h>r[$ 9 j be=e s[+4 8,i %\ld spread ! manure z x comes f ! %$s1 in/ead ( pil+ x1 b ! great quantity ( sn[ we usually h1 has always seem$ to be an insup]able ob/acle4 ,x is an advantage to pile x1 & to give x "o turn+1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! piles made 9 cold wea!r freeze ?r\gh1 & !y take a provok+ly long "t to ?aw out 9 ! spr+4 ,i nev] f\nd manure pil$ out ( doors to get too mu* wat] f ra94 8,i h giv5 up us+ gypsum1 except a little 9 ! /ables1 because ! clov] gr[s too /rong )\t x1 & s long z ?is is ! case1 ,i d n ne$ gypsum4 ,b ,i sometimes h a piece ( oats or b>ley t /&s /ill1 & looks sick1 & a dose ( gypsum helps x v mu*40 8,t is a fact wor? rememb]+10 said ! ,deacon4 8,i use "s sup]phosphate10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,h>ison1 8& "s gr\nd bones on my turnips4 ,we also use sup]phosphate on oats1 b>ley1 & :eat 7ab\t #bjj lbs4 p] acre71 & f9d x pays4 ,la/ ye>1 our e/imate 01 on #aj acres ( oats1 comp>+ ) a /rip 9 ! middle1 left = ! purpose1 t ! #bjj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate increas$ ! crop #ae bu%els p] acre1 & gave a ga9 9 quality4 ,x 0 ! 8,manhattan10 :i* has ab\t ?ree p] c5t ammonia1 & sev5 to eight p] c5t soluble phosphoric acid4 8,my rotation1 :i* ,i /ick to z close z ,i c1 is3 #a1 oats2 #b1 corn1 & potatoes1 & roots2 #c1 b>ley or spr+ :eat2 #d1 #e1 & #f1 grass 7clov] or timo?y1 ) a little mixture occasionally74 8,i am try+ to get to #d1 fall :eat1 b x is mighty risky40 8,t is a v s5sible lett]10 said ! ,deacon2 8b x is evid5t t he raises m gra9 ?an ,i suppos$ 0 g5]ally ! case 9 ! dairy di/ricts2 & ! fact t 8 clov] is s heavy t he does n ne$ pla/]1 indicates t 8 l& is ri*40 ,x m]ely confirms :at ,i h said all along1 & t is1 t ! dairym51 if !y w fe$ _! animals lib]ally1 & cultivate _! soil ?or\ghly1 c soon h productive f>ms4 ,!re are v few ( u 9 ?is section :o c make manure en\gh to give all our corn1 potatoes1 & roots1 #be loads ( rott$ manure p] acre1 & h "s to sp>e4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahgg1 ,mr4 ,h>ison wrote3 8,i h be5 haul+ out manure all w9t] z fa/ z made1 & putt+ x on ! l&4 ,at fir/ we spread x2 b :5 deep sn[s came1 we put x 9 small heaps4 ,! field looks z if !re _h be5 a gra9 crop on x left uncut40 8,t la/ rem>k10 said ! ,doctor1 8indicates t ! manure looks m l /raw ?an well-rott$ dung1 & is an argum5t 9 favor ( y\r plan ( pil+ ! manure 9 ! y>d or field1 in/ead ( spread+ x on ! l&1 or putt+ x 9 small heaps40 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,manures ,,on ,,gra9-,,f>ms4 8,i am surpris$ to f9d10 said ! ,deacon1 8t ,mr4 ,h>ison1 liv+ z he does 9 ! great grass & dairy di/rict ( ?is ,/ate1 %\ld raise s mu* gra94 ,he has ne>ly z l>ge a proportion ( 8 l& "u ! pl[ z "s ( ! be/ :eat-gr[]s ( ,we/]n ,new ,york40 ,?is rem>k ( ! ,deacon is "r to ! po9t4 ,! tru? is1 t "s ( our be/ :eat-gr[]s are pl[+ less l&1 & are rais+ m grass1 & keep+ m /ock2 & "s ( ! dairym51 ?\gh n keep+ less /ock1 are pl[+ m l&4 ,! bett] f>m]s ( bo? sections are approa*+ ea* o!r4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is c]ta9 t ! :eat gr[]s w keep m /ock4 ,i wrote to ! ,hon4 ,geo4 ,g$des1 ( ,onondaga ,co41 ,n4,y41 well kn[n z a l>ge :eat-gr[]1 & z a life-long advocate ( keep+ up ! f]tility ( our f>ms by gr[+ clov]4 ,he replies z foll[s3 8,i regret t ,i h n "t to give y\r lett] ! consid]ation x des]ves4 ,! subject y h und]tak5 is truly a difficult "o4 ,! circum/ances ( a gra9-rais] & a dairyman are s unlike1 t _! views 9 reg>d to ! treatm5t ( ! manure produc$ on ! f>m w\ld v>y z greatly z ! l9es ( f>m+ !y foll[4 8,! gra9-gr[] has /raw 9 excess2 he tries h>d to get x into su* =m t he c draw x to 8 fields1 & get x at "w1 at ! lea/ co/ 9 labor4 ,s he cov]s 8 b>n-y>ds deep ) /raw1 aft] ea* sn[-/orm1 & gets 8 cattle1 %eep1 & horses1 to trample x "u foot2 & he makes 8 pigs conv]t all he c into su* =m t x w d to apply x to 8 pa/ures1 etc41 9 w9t] or e>ly spr+4 8,a load ( su* manure is l>ge1 p]haps1 b ( no v great value1 z comp>$ ) well-rott$ /able-manure f gra9-f$ horses2 b x is z good z mu* t ,i h se5 drawn f city /ables1 & c>ri$ f>1 to re/ore ! worn-out hay-fields on ! %ores ( ! ,nor? ,riv]--9 fact1 q l x4 8,! dairyman1 g5]ally1 has b little /raw1 & 8 manure is mo/ly dung ( c[s1 wor? mu* m1 p] cord1 ?an ! /raw-litt] ( ! gra9-gr[]s4 8,! gra9-gr[] w want no %$s = keep+ (f ! ra91 b1 r1 he w desire m wat] ?an w fall on an op5 y>d4 ,! milkman w wi% to protect 8 c[-dung f all ra9s1 or ev5 sn[s2 s he is a great advocate ( manure-%$s4 ,^! two classes ( f>m]s w adopt q unlike me?ods ( apply+ _! manure to crops4 8,i h cit$ ^! two classes ( f>m]s1 simply to %[ ! difficulty ( mak+ any univ]sal laws 9 reg>d to ! treatm5t & use ( b>n-y>d manure4 99 99 99 8,i ?9k y & ,i are fully agre$ 9 reg>d to ! f>m be+ ! true s\rce ( ! manure t is to make ! l& gr[ bett] ) use1 & /ill produce crops--p]haps y w g ) me s f> z to say1 ! great] ! crops1 ! m manure !y w make--& ! m manure1 ! l>g] ! crops4 8,n[1 ,i object to any special f>m+1 :5 appli$ to a :ole great division ( c\ntry1 su* z m]ely rais+ gra91 or devot$ entirely to dairy+4 8,i saw at ,rome1 ,n4,y41 ^! two lead+ bran*es ( ,new ,york f>m+ unit$ on ! ,hunt+ton tract ( #a1cjj acres4 ,?ree or f\r f>ms 7,i =get :i*7 _h sep>ate & di/9ct managem5t1 conduct$ by diff]5t families1 b ea* _h a dairy comb9$ ) ! rais+ ( l>ge crops ( gra91 su* z :eat1 corn1 oats1 etc4 ,^! gra9-crops1 ) suitable areas ( mead[ & pa/ure1 su/a9$ ! dairy1 & ! c[s conv]t$ mu* ( ! gra91 & all ( ! =age1 into manure4 ,?us 0 comb9$1 to mutual advantage1 ^! two important bran*es ( ,new ,york f>m+4 ,:eat & *eese to sell1 & con/ant improvem5t 9 crops4 8,9 our own case1 %eep h be5 comb9$ ) gra9-rais+4 ,s we h sold wool1 :eat1 & b>ley1 &1 9 all my life1 n five tons ( hay4 ,clov]1 y "k1 has be5 our great =age-crop4 ,we h w9t]$ our %eep mo/ly on clov]-hay1 hav+ "s timo?y mix$ ) x1 t 0 necess>ily cut 7to make into hay ) ! m$ium1 or e>ly clov]17 :5 x 0 b grass4 ,we h f$ su* hay to our c[s & horses1 & h usually work$ into manure ! corn-/alks ( ab\t #bj acres ( good corn1 ea* w9t]1 & we h work$ all ! /raw into %ape to apply z manure t we c\ld1 spread+ x ?ickly on pa/ures & su* o!r fields z 7 conv5i5t4 ,"s /raw we h sold1 mo/ly to pap]-mak]s40 8,t10 said ! ,deacon1 8is good1 old-fa%ion$ f>m+4 ,pl5ty ( /raw = b$d+1 & good clov] & timo?y-hay = fe$1 ) wool1 :eat1 & b>ley to sell4 ,no talk ab\t oil-cake1 malt-combs1 & mangels2 no?+ ab\t sup]phosphate1 guano1 or swamp-muck40 ,mr4 ,g$des & ,mr4 ,john/on are bo? repres5tative f>m]s2 bo? are l>ge :eat-gr[]s2 bo? keep _! l& clean & ?or\ghly cultivat$2 bo? use gypsum freely2 bo? raise l>ge crops ( clov] & timo?y2 bo? keep %eep1 & yet !y repres5t two entirely diff]5t sy/ems ( f>m+4 ,"o is ! great advocate ( clov]2 ! o!r is ! great advocate ( manure4 ,i once wrote to ,mr4 ,g$des1 ask+ 8 op9ion z to ! be/ "t to pl[ "u clov] = :eat4 ,he repli$ z foll[s3 8,pl[ "u ! clov] :5 x is at full gr[?4 ,b y\r "q c mu* bett] be answ]$ at ! end ( a long1 free talk1 :i* c be/ be _h "h4 ,i h _m times ask$ y to come "h1 n to see f9e f>m+1 = we h none to %[1 b to see l& t has be5 us$ to te/ ! effects ( clov] = ne>ly #gj ye>s4 ,on ! gr\nd1 ,i c\ld talk to a will+ auditor long1 if n wisely4 ,i am gett+ tir$ ( be+ misund]/ood1 & ( hav+ my /atem5ts d\bt$ :5 ,i talk ab\t clov] z ! great r5ovator ( l&4 ,y prea* agricultural tru?1 & ! facts y w\ld ga!r 9 ?is neighborhood are wor? y\r kn[+1 & wor? giv+ to ! _w4 ,s come "h & ga!r "s facts ab\t clov]4 ,all t ,i %all try to prove to y is1 t ! fact t clov] & pla/] are by f> ! *eape/ manures t c be _h = our l&s1 has be5 demon/rat$ by _m f>m]s beyond a d\bt--s mu* *eap] ?an b>n-y>d manure t ! m]e load+ ( & spread+ co/s m ?an ! pla/] & clov]4 ,d n quote me z say+ ?is1 b come & see ! f>ms h]eab\ts1 & talk ) our f>m]s40 ,( c\rse ,i w5t1 & _h a capital "t4 ,mr4 ,g$des has a magnific5t f>m ( ab\t #djj acres1 "s f\r miles f ,syracuse4 ,x is 9 high condition1 & is cont9ually improv+1 & ?is is due to gr[+ l>ge & frequ5t crops ( clov]1 & to good1 deep pl[+1 & clean & ?or\gh culture4 ,we drove r\nd among ! f>m]s4 8,"h is a man10 said ,mr4 ,g41 8:o run 9 debt #de p] acre = 8 f>m4 ,he has educat$ 8 family1 paid (f 8 debt1 & reports 8 net pr(its at f #b1jjj to #b1ejj a ye> on a f>m ( #ij acres2 & ?is is due to clov]4 ,y see he is build+ a new b>n1 & t does n look z ?\gh 8 l& 0 runn+ d[n "u ! sy/em40 ,! next f>m] we came to 0 also putt+ up a new b>n1 & ano!r f>m] 0 enl>g+ an old "o4 8,n[1 ^! f>m]s h nev] paid a doll> = manure ( any k9d except pla/]1 & _! l&s c]ta9ly d n det]iorate40 ,f ,syracuse1 ,i w5t to ,g5eva1 to see our old fri5d ,john ,john/on4 8,:y did y n tell me y 7 com+80 he said4 8,i w\ld h met y at ! c>s4 ,b ,i am "r glad to see y4 ,i want to %[ y my :eat1 :]e ,i put on #bej lbs4 ( guano p] acre la/ fall4 ,p "h don't "k t ,i us$ x1 & y mu/ n m5tion x4 ,x is gr&40 ,i d n "k t ,i ev] saw a f9] piece ( :eat4 ,x 0 ! ,diehl v>iety1 s[n #ad? ,septemb]1 at ! rate ( #a bu%els p] acre4 ,x 0 q ?ick en\gh4 ,"o bread? ( ! drill 0 s[n at ! rate ( two bu%els p] acre4 ,?is is e>li]4 8,b10 said ,mr4 ,j41 8! o!r w h l>g] heads1 & w yield m40 ,aft] exam9+ ! :eat1 we w5t to look at ! piles ( muck & manure 9 ! b>n-y>d1 & f ^! to a spl5did crop ( timo?y4 8,x w g #b tons ( hay p] acre10 said ,mr4 ,j41 8& n[ look at ?is adjo9+ field4 ,x is j z good l& naturally1 & !re is m]ely a f5ce betwe51 & yet ! grass & clov] are s poor z h>dly to be wor? cutt+40 8,:at makes ! diff]5ce80 ,i ask$4 ,mr4 ,john/on1 emphatically1 8,manure40 ,! poor field did n belong to him6 ,mr4 ,john/on's f>m 0 orig9ally a cold1 wet1 clayey soil4 ,mr4 ,g$des' l& did n ne$ dra9+1 or v little4 ,( c\rse1 l& t ne$s dra9+1 is ri*] aft] x is dra9$1 ?an l& t is naturally dra9$4 ,& ?\gh ,mr4 ,john/on 0 always a good f>m]1 yet he says he 8nev] made money until he comm5c$ to dra940 ,! accumulat$ f]tility 9 ! l& c\ld !n be made available by good tillage1 & f t day to ?is1 8 l& has be5 gr[+ ri*] & ri*]4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! same is true ( ,mr4 ,g$des' f>m4 ,x is ri*] l& to-day ?an :5 fir/ pl[$1 :ile !re is "o field t = sev5ty ye>s has _h no manure appli$ to x1 except pla/]4 ,h[ is ?is to be expla9$8 ,mr4 ,g$des w\ld say x 0 due to clov] & pla/]4 ,b ?is does n fully satisfy ^? :o claim1 7& truly71 t 8always tak+ out ( ! meal-tub & nev] putt+ 91 soon comes to ! bottom40 ,! clov] c add no?+ to ! l&1 t x did n get f ! soil1 except organic matt] obta9$ f ! atmosph]e1 & ! pla/] furni%es little or no?+ except lime & sulphuric acid4 ,!re are all ! o!r +r$i5ts ( plant-food to be acc\nt$ =--phosphoric acid1 pota%1 soda1 magnesia1 etc4 ,a crop ( clov]1 or corn1 or :eat1 or b>ley1 or oats1 w n come to p]fection unless e "o ( ^! elem5ts is pres5t 9 ! soil 9 an available condition4 ,mr4 ,g$des has n furni%$ a s+le ounce ( any "o ( !m4 8,:]e d !y come f80 ,i answ]1 f ! soil itself4 ,!re is probably en\gh ( ^! elem5ts 9 ! soil to la/ t5 ?\s& ye>s2 & if we return to ! soil all ! /raw1 *aff1 & bran1 & sell no?+ b f9e fl\r1 meat1 butt]1 etc41 !re is probably en\gh to la/ a million ye>s1 & y & ,i ne$ n tr\ble ourselves ) speculations z to :at w happ5 aft] t "t4 ,ne>ly all our soils are practically inexhau/ible4 ,b ( c\rse ^! elem5ts are n 9 an available condition4 ,if !y 71 ! ra9s w\ld wa% !m all into ! ocean4 ,!y are r5d]$ available by a k9d ( f]m5tation4 ,a manure-heap pack$ z h>d & solid z a rock w\ld n decay2 b break x up1 make x f9e1 turn x occasionally s z to expose x to ! atmosph]e1 & ) ! prop] degree ( moi/ure & heat x w f]m5t rapidly1 & all its elem5ts w soon become available food = plants4 ,no?+ has be5 creat$ by ! process4 ,x 0 all !re4 ,we h simply made x available4 ,s x is ) ! soil4 ,break x up1 make x f9e1 turn x occasionally1 expose x to ! atmosph]e1 & ! elem5ts x conta9s become available4 ,i d n ?9k t ,mr4 ,g$des' l& is any bett]1 naturally1 ?an y\rs or m9e4 ,we c all raise fair crops by cultivat+ ! l& ?or\ghly1 & by nev] all[+ a we$ to gr[4 ,on ,mr4 ,lawes' exp]im5tal :eat-field1 ! plot t has nev] receiv$ a p>ticle ( manure1 produces e ye> an av]age ( ab\t #ae bu%els p] acre4 ,& ! :ole crop is remov$--gra91 /raw1 & *aff4 ,no?+ is return$4 ,& t ! l& is n rem>kably ri*1 is evid5t f ! fact t "s ( ! f>ms 9 ! neighborhood1 produce1 "u ! ord9>y sy/em ( managem5t1 b little m :eat1 once 9 f\r or five ye>s ?an is rais$ e ye> on ?is exp]im5tal plot )\t any manure4 ,:y8 ,because ^! f>m]s d n half "w _! l&1 & ! manure !y make is little bett] ?an rott5 /raw4 ,mr4 ,lawes' :eat-field is pl[$ twice e ye>1 & :5 ,i 0 !re1 ! crop 0 h&-ho$ two or ?ree times 9 ! spr+4 ,n a we$ is suff]$ to gr[4 ,& ?is is all !re is to x4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 in/ead ( rais+ #ae bu%els ( :eat e ye>1 x is a good deal bett] to raise a crop ( #cj bu%els e o!r ye>1 & /ill bett] to raise #de bu%els e ?ird ye>4 ,& x is "h t clov] comes to our aid4 ,x w enable u to d ?is v ?+1 & ! l& runs no great] risk ( exhau/ion ?an ,mr4 ,lawes' unmanur$ :eat crop4 ,mr4 ,g$des & ,i d n diff] z mu* z y suppose4 ,9 fact1 ,i d n believe t we diff] at all4 ,he has = ye>s be5 an e>ne/ advocate = gr[+ clov] z a r5ovat+ crop4 ,he ?9ks x by f> ! *eape/ manure t c be obta9$ 9 ?is section4 ,i agree ) him mo/ fully 9 all ^! p>ticul>s4 ,he =m$ 8 op9ion f exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,i d]iv$ m9e f ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts4 ,& ! m ,i see ( practical f>m+1 ! m am ,i satisfi$ ( _! tru?4 ,clov] is1 unque/ionably1 ! great r5ovat+ crop ( ,am]ican agriculture4 ,a crop ( clov]1 equal to two tons ( hay1 :5 pl[$ "u1 w furni% m ammonia to ! soil ?an tw5ty tons ( /raw-made manure1 drawn out fre% & wet 9 ! spr+1 or ?an twelve tons ( our ord9>y b>n-y>d manure4 ,no wond] ,mr4 ,g$des & o!r intellig5t f>m]s recomm5d pl[+ "u clov] z manure4 ,i diff] f !m 9 no respect except ?is3 t x is n absolutely ess5tial to pl[ clov] "u 9 ! gre5 /ate 9 ord] to get its f]tiliz+ effect2 b1 if made into hay1 & ?is hay is f$ to animals1 & all ! manure c>efully sav$1 & return$ to ! l&1 !re ne$ be comp>atively little loss4 ,! animals w seldom take out m ?an f five to t5 p] c5t ( all ! nitrog5 furni%$ 9 ! food--& less /ill ( m9]al matt]4 ,i advocate gr[+ all ! clov] y possibly c--s does ,mr4 ,g$des4 ,he says1 pl[ x "u = manure4 ,s say ,i--unless y c make m f fe$+ out ! clov]-hay1 ?an w pay y = wait+ a ye>1 & = cutt+ & cur+ ! clov] & draw+ back ! manure4 ,if y pl[ x "u1 y are sure ( x4 ,!re is no loss4 ,9 fe$+ x out1 y may lose m or less f lea*+1 & injuri\s f]m5tation4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 y ne$ n lose any?+1 except ! little t is reta9$ 9 ! fle%1 or wool1 or milk1 ( ! animals4 ,z ?+s are on _m f>ms1 x is p]haps be/ to pl[ "u ! clov] = manure at once4 ,z ?+s ought to be1 x is a mo/ wa/eful practice4 ,if y "k h[ to fe$ out ! hay to advantage1 & take pa9s to save ! manure 7& to add to its value by fe$+ oil-cake1 bran1 etc41 ) x71 x is f> bett] to m[ y\r clov]1 once = hay1 & once = se$1 ?an to pl[ x "u4 ,buy oil-cake & bran ) ! money got f ! se$1 & gr[+ clov]-se$ w n injure ! l&4 ,i am glad to he> t ,mr4 ,g$des occasionally sells /raw4 ,i once sold #ae tons ( /raw to ! pap]-mak]s = #aej1 !y draw+ x !mselves1 & "s ( my neighbors criticis$ me sev]ely = do+ s4 ,x is n consid]$ an or?odox practice4 ,i d n advocate sell+ /raw z a rule2 b1 if y h m ?an y c use to advantage1 & x is br++ a good price1 sell "p ( ! /raw & buy bran1 oil-cake1 etc41 ) ! money4 ,to fe$ no?+ b /raw to /ock is poor economy2 & to rot x d[n = manure is no bett]4 ,/raw itself is n wor? #c4jj a ton = manure2 & z "o ton ( /raw1 spread 9 an op5 y>d to rot1 w make1 9 spr+1 ab\t f\r tons ( s-call$ manure1 & if x co/s #ej c5ts a ton to draw out & spread x1 ! /raw1 ev5 at ?is comp>atively high e/imate ( its value1 nets y1 :5 f$ out alone1 or rott$ d[n1 only #a4jj a ton4 ,i _h ab\t #cj tons ( /raw4 ,f$ out alone or rott$ d[n x w\ld make #abj tons ( manure4 ,aft] d$uct+ ! exp5se ( haul+1 & spread+1 x nets me on ! l&1 #cj4 ,n[ sell half ! /raw = #aej1 & buy ?ree tons ( oil-cake to fe$ out ) ! o!r half1 & y w\ld h ab\t sev5ty tons ( manure4 ,! manure f ! fifte5 tons ( /raw is wor?1 say #de1 & f ! ?ree tons ( oil-cake1 #fj1 or #aje4 ,x w co/ #ce to draw & spread x1 & w ?us net on ! l&1 #gj4 ,s f> z ! manure "q is conc]n$1 !re=e1 x is f> bett] to sell half y\r /raw1 & buy oil-cake ) ! money1 ?an to fe$ x out alone--& ,i ?9k x is also f> bett] = ! /ock4 ,( c\rse1 x w\ld be bett] = ! f>m1 n to sell any ( ! /raw1 & to buy six tons ( oil-cake to fe$ out ) x2 b ^? ( u :o are %ort ( capital1 mu/ be cont5t to br+ up our l& by sl[ degrees4 8,i am at a loss to und]/&10 wrote ,mr4 ,g$des1 8:at y mean1 :5 y say t a ton ( /raw w make1 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 f\r tons ( s-call$ manure4 ,if y _h said t f\r tons ( /raw w\ld make "o ton ( manure1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght no?+ ( x4 ,b h[ y c turn "o ton ( /raw into f\r tons ( any?+ t anybody w call manure1 ,i d n see4 ,9 a conv]sation ,i _h ) ,hon4 ,lewis ,f4 ,all51 ( ,black ,rock1 m ?an a ye> ago1 he told me t he _h enquir$ ( ! man :o furni%$ hay = fe$+ cattle at ! ,c5tral ,y>ds1 9 ,buffalo1 z to ! loads ( manure he sold1 & ?\gh ,i c n n[ say ! exact quantity to a ton ( hay1 ,i rememb] t x 0 v little--f> less ?an ,i _h be=e suppos$4 ,please expla9 ?is /raw-manure matt]40 ,b\ss+ault1 ! great ,fr5* *emi/-f>m]1 repeat$ly analyz$ ! manure f 8 b>n-y>d4 8,! animals :i* _h produc$ ?is dung1 7 #cj horses1 #cj ox51 & f #aj to #bj pigs4 ,! absolute quantity ( moi/ure 0 asc]ta9$1 by fir/ dry+ 9 ! air a consid]able weight ( dung1 & aft] p\nd+1 cont9u+ & complet+1 ! dry+ ( a giv5 quantity40 ,no "o c d\bt ! accuracy ( ! results4 ,! dung made 9 ! ,w9t] ( #ahcg-h1 conta9$ #gi4f p] c5t ( wat]4 0 0 #ahch-i1 0 #gg4h 0 0 0 0 ,autumn 0 #ahci1 0 #hj4d 0 0 0 0 ,fre% solid c[-dung conta9s1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 #ij p] c5t ( wat]4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 manure drawn out 9 ! spr+1 t _h n be5 decompos$ at all1 & ) m or less sn[ among x1 & ) wat] dripp+ f ! wagon1 :ile x 0 be+ load$4 ,x 01 9 fact1 /raw saturat$ ) wat]1 & discolor$ by ! dropp+s ( animals4 ,n[1 h[ mu* ( su* manure w\ld a ton ( dry /raw make8 ,if we %\ld take #bj lbs4 ( /raw1 trample x d[n1 & f "t to "t spr9kle x ) wat] & sn[1 until we _h got on #hj lbs41 & !n put on #bj lbs4 m /raw1 & #hj lbs4 m wat]1 & keep on until we _h us$ up a ton ( /raw1 h[ mu* 8s-call$ manure10 %\ld we h to draw out8 #b1jjj lbs4 ( /raw1 & #h1jjj lbs4 wat] #aj1jjj lbs4 s-call$ manure4 ,9 o!r words1 we get five tons ( su* manure f "o ton ( /raw4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 an extreme case1 b !re c be little d\bt1 t a ton ( /raw1 trampl$ d[n by cattle1 & %eep1 9 an op5 b>n-y>d1 expos$ to sn[ & ra91 w\ld weigh f\r tons :5 drawn out wet 9 ! spr+4 ,yes1 x is q an argum5t 9 favor ( manure cell>s4 ,i h always _h a prejudice aga9/ !m--probably1 because ! fir/ "o ,i saw 0 badly manag$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no necessity1 ev5 9 an ord9>y op5 b>n-y>d1 ) m or less %$s & /ables1 ( hav+ s mu* wat] 9 ! manure :5 drawn out4 ,! real po9t ( my rem>ks1 :i* s surpris$ ,mr4 ,g$des1 0 ?is3 ,we h to draw out s mu* wat] ) our manure1 "u any circum/ances1 t we %\ld try to h x z ri* z possible4 ,x is c]ta9ly true1 t1 if ! manure f a ton ( /raw is wor? #c1 t f a ton ( clov]-hay1 is wor? #aj4 ,& x co/s no m to draw out & spread ! "o ?an ! o!r4 ,i h nev] yet f\nd a f>m] :o w\ld believe t a ton ( clov]-hay1 rott$ d[n 9 ! b>n-y>d1 w\ld make ?ree or f\r tons ( manure2 b he w\ld readily ass5t to ! proposition1 t x took f\r or five tons ( gre5 clov] to make a ton ( hay2 & t if ^! f\r or five tons ( gre5-clov] 7 rott$ 9 ! y>d1 x w\ld make ?ree or f\r tons ( manure4 ,& yet1 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! gre5-clov] & ! hay1 is1 t ! latt] has lo/ "s #fj or #gj p] c5t ( wat] 9 cur+4 ,add t am\nt ( wat] to ! hay1 & x w make z mu* manure z ! gre5-clov] f :i* ! hay 0 made4 ,,gypsum ,,& ,,clov] ,,z ,,manure4 ,a good f>m] came 9 :ile we 7 talk+4 8,no?+ l pla/] & clov]10 he said1 8= keep+ up a :eat-f>m40 ,& y w f9d ?is ! g5]al op9ion ( ne>ly all ,am]ican :eat-gr[]s4 ,x mu/ be accept$ z a fact4 ,b ! d$uctions drawn f ! fact are z v>i\s z !y are num]\s4 ,let u look fir/ at ! fact4 ,&1 if y l1 we w take my own f>m z an example4 ,ab\t #fj ye>s ago1 x 0 cov]$ ) ! primeval =e/4 ,! trees1 on ! high] & dri] l&1 7 fir/ cut d[n1 & _m ( !m burnt on ! l&4 ,:eat 0 s[n among ! /umps4 ,! crop v>i$ 9 diff]5t ye>s1 f #aj to #cj bu%els p] acre4 ,:5 #cj bu%els 7 gr[n1 ! fact 0 rememb]$4 ,:5 #aj bu%els only 7 gr[n1 little 0 said ab\t x 9 aft] ye>s1 until n[ !re is a g5]al impression t our :eat crops 7 =m]ly mu* l>g] p] acre ?an n[4 ,i d\bt x2 b we w n discuss ! po9t4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 ! l& w\ld produce good crops ( clov]2 & :5 ?is clov] 0 pl[$ "u = manure1 we got bett] crops ( :eat aft]w>ds4 ,?is 0 ! rule4 ,lat]1 we comm5c$ to use gypsum z a top-dress+ on clov]4 ,! effect 0 (t5 wond]ful4 ,f>m]s w tell y t !y s[$ #bjj lbs4 ( pla/] p] acre1 on _! "y clov]1 9 ! spr+1 & x d\bl$ ! crop4 ,?is /atem5t expresses an agricultural1 & n an ari?metical fact4 ,we d n "k t ! crop on ! pla/]$ portion 0 twice z heavy z on ! unpla/]$4 ,we "k t x 0 l>g]1 & m luxuriant4 ,!re 0 a great]1 & m vigor\s gr[?4 ,& ?is extra gr[? 0 caus$ by ! small top-dress+ ( p[d]$ gypsum rock4 ,x 0 a great fact 9 agriculture4 ,i w call x fact1 ,no4 #a4 ,!n1 :5 ! clov] 0 turn$ "u1 we usually got good :eat4 ,?is is fact1 ,no4 #b4 ,on ^! two facts1 hang _m ( our agricultural !ories4 ,we may /ate ^! facts 9 _m ways4 ,/ill1 x all comes to ?is3 ,clov] is good = :eat2 pla/] is good = clov]4 ,!re is ano!r fact1 :i* is a matt] ( g5]al obs]vation & rem>k4 ,y r>ely f9d a good f>m] :o does n pay special att5tion to 8 clov]-crop4 ,:5 ,i 0 rid+ ) ,mr4 ,g$des1 among ! f>m]s ( ,onondaga ,c\nty1 on pass+ a f>m :]e ev]y?+ look$ ?rifty--good f5ces1 good build+s1 good g>d51 good /ock1 & ! l& clean & 9 good condition--,i w\ld ask :o liv$ !re1 or "s o!r "q4 ,no matt] :at4 ,! answ] 0 always ! same4 8,oh6 he is ano!r ( our clov] m540 ,we w call ?is fact1 ,no4 #c4 ,& :51 a ye> aft]w>ds1 ,mr4 ,g$des return$ my visit1 & ,i drove him ar\nd among ! f>m]s ( ,monroe ,c\nty1 he f\nd precisely ! same /ate ( facts4 ,all our good f>m]s 7 clov] m54 ,among ! good :eat-gr[]s 9 ,mi*igan1 y w f9d ! same /ate ( ?+s4 ,^! are ! facts4 ,let u n qu>rel ov] !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,*eape/ ,,manure ,a ,,f>m] ,,c ,,use4 ,i d n "k :o fir/ said1 8,! *eape/ manure a f>m] c use is--clov]-se$10 b ! say+ has become "p ( our agricultural lit]ature1 & des]ves a pass+ rem>k4 ,i h he>d good f>m]s 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york say1 t if !y _h a field s[n ) :eat t !y 7 go+ to pl[ ! spr+ aft] ! crop 0 h>ve/$1 !y w\ld s[ #aj lbs4 ( clov]-se$ on ! :eat 9 ! spr+4 ,!y ?\ght t ! gr[? ( ! clov] 9 ! fall1 aft] ! :eat 0 cut1 & ! gr[? ! next spr+1 be=e ! l& 0 pl[$1 w\ld af=d manure wor? mu* m ?an ! co/ ( ! clov]-se$4 8,i d n d\bt x10 said ! ,deacon2 8b w\ld x n be bett] to let ! crop gr[ a few mon?s long]1 & !n pl[ x "u80 8,b t is n ! po9t10 ,i rem>k$2 8we sometimes adopt a rotation :5 ,indian-corn foll[s a crop ( :eat4 ,9 su* a case1 good f>m]s sometimes pl[ ! l& 9 ! fall1 & aga9 ! next spr+1 & !n plant corn4 ,?is is "o me?od4 ,b ,i h kn[n1 z ,i said be=e1 good f>m]s to se$ d[n ! :eat ) clov]2 & ! foll[+ spr+1 say ! ?ird week 9 ,may1 pl[ "u ! "y clov]1 & plant imm$iately on ! furr[4 ,if ! l& is w>m1 & 9 good condition1 y w frequ5tly get clov]1 by ?is "t1 a foot high1 & w h two or ?ree tons ( succul5t vegetation to turn "u2 & ! f>m] :o fir/ recomm5d$ ! practice to me1 said t ! cut-worms 7 s fond ( ?is gre5-clov] t !y did n mole/ ! "y corn-plants4 ,i once tri$ ! plan myself1 & f\nd x to "w well2 b s9ce !n1 ,i h kept s _m pigs & %eep1 t clov] has be5 too useful to pl[ "u4 ,b we w n discuss ?is po9t at pres5t4 8,:at ,i want$ to say is ?is3 ,"h we h a field 9 :eat4 ,half ( x 7,a7 we se$ d[n ) #ab lbs4 ( clov]-se$ p] acre2 ! o!r half 7,b7 n4 ,! clov]-se$ & s[+ on ,a1 co/1 say1 #b p] acre4 ,we pl[ ,b 9 ! fall2 ?is w co/ u ab\t z mu* z ! clov] se$ s[n on ,a4 ,9 ! spr+1 ,a & ,b are bo? pl[$ & plant$ to corn4 ,n[1 :i* half ( ! field w be 9 ! cleane/ & be/ condition1 & :i* w produce ! be/ corn1 & ! be/ b>ley1 or oats1 aft]w>ds80 8,i vote = ,a10 said ! ,deacon4 8,i vote = ,a10 said ! ,doctor4 8,i vote = ,a10 said ! ,squire4 8,i %\ld ?9k10 mode/ly sugge/$ ,*>ley1 8t x w\ld dep5d some:at on ! soil10 & ,*>ley is "r4 ,on a clean1 mod]ately ri* piece ( light1 s&y soil1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly expect mu* bett] corn1 & bett] b>ley or oats1 on ,a1 :]e ! clov] 0 gr[n1 ?an on ,b4 ,b if ! field 0 a /rong loam1 t ne$$ ?or\gh cultivation to get x mell[ en\gh = corn1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ,b w\ld come out ahead4 ,at any rate1 ,i am sure t on my own f>m1 mod]ately /iff l&1 if ,i 0 go+ to plant corn aft] :eat1 ,i %\ld n se$ x d[n ) clov]4 ,i w\ld pl[ ! :eat /ubble imm$iately aft] h>ve/1 & h>r[ & cultivate x to kill ! we$s1 & !n1 six weeks or two mon?s lat]1 ,i w\ld pl[ x aga94 ,i w\ld draw out manure 9 ! w9t]1 pile x up 9 ! field to f]m5t1 & ! next spr+ spread x1 & pl[ x "u1 & !n-- 8,& !n :at80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 --8,:y ! tru? is10 said ,i1 8!n ,i w\ld n plant corn at all4 ,i %\ld ei!r s[ ! field to b>ley1 or drill 9 mangel-wurzel or ,sw$e-turnips4 ,b if ,i did plant corn1 ,i %\ld expect bett] corn ?an if ,i _h s[n clov] ) ! :eat2 & ! l&1 if ! corn 0 well cultivat$1 w\ld be rem>kably clean1 & 9 f9e condition2 & ! next "t ! l& 0 se$$ d[n ) clov]1 we c\ld reasonably expect a great crop40 ,! tru? is1 t clov]-se$ is sometimes a v *eap manure1 & f>m]s are 9 no dang] ( s[+ too mu* ( x4 ,i d n mean s[+ too mu* se$ p] acre1 b !y are 9 no dang] ( s[+ too _m acres ) clov]4 ,on ?is po9t1 !re is no diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,x is only :5 we come to expla9 ! action ( clov]--:5 we draw d$uctions f ! facts ( ! case--t we ent] a field bri/l+ all ov] ) controv]sy4 8,y h j f9i%$ ?re%+10 said ! ,deacon1 8& = my "p1 ,i w\ld r he> h[ y\r :eat turn$ out1 ?an to li/5 to any ( y\r *emical talk ab\t nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%40 8,! :eat10 said ,i1 8turn$ out full z well z ,i expect$4 ,f\rte5 acres ( x 0 aft] :eat1 & eight acres ( x aft] oats4 ,bo? ^! fields 7 se$$ d[n ) clov] la/ ye>1 b ! clov] fail$1 & !re 0 no?+ to be done b to risk !m aga9 ) :eat4 ,! rema9d] 0 aft] b>ley4 ,9 all1 !re 0 n q #dj acres1 & we _h #ied bu%els ( ,diehl :eat4 ,?is is n bad 9 ! circum/ances2 b ,i %all n be cont5t until ,i c av]age1 tak+ "o ye> ) ano!r1 #ce to #dj bu%els p] acre4 ,if ! l& _h be5 ri* en\gh1 !re w\ld unque/ionably h be5 #dj bu%els p] acre ?is ye>4 ,t is to say1 ! season 0 q capable ( produc+ ?is am\nt2 & ,i ?9k ! me*anical condition ( ! l& 0 also equal to x2 all t 0 ne$$ 0 suffici5t available plant-food 9 ! soil40 8,i c see no reason10 said ! ,doctor1 8:y y may n av]age #dj bu%els ( :eat p] acre 9 a good season40 8,! field ( #ad acres10 said ,i1 8:]e :eat foll[$ :eat1 yield$ #bc bu%els p] acre4 ,la/ ye> x yield$ #bb bu%els p] acre2 & s we got 9 ! two ye>s #de bu%els p] acre40 ,?is field has _h no manure ( any k9d = ye>s4 ,9 fact1 s9ce ! l& 0 cle>$1 #dj or #ej ye>s ago1 ,i presume t all ! manure t has be5 appli$ w\ld n1 9 ! aggregate1 be equal to m ?an a good crop ( clov]-hay4 ,! available plant-food requir$ to produce ^! two crops ( :eat came f ! soil itself1 & f ! ra91 dews1 & atmosph]e4 ,! l& is n[ se$$ d[n ) clov]1 & ) ! aid ( a bu%el or two ( pla/] p] acre1 next spr+1 x is n improbable t1 if m[n twice = hay next ye>1 x w yield 9 ! two crops ?ree tons ( hay p] acre4 ,n[1 ?ree tons ( clov]-hay conta9 ab\t #cc lbs4 ( phosphoric acid1 #ij lbs4 ( pota%1 & #aej lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,! la/ crop ( :eat1 ( #bb bu%els p] acre1 & say #a1ejj lbs4 ( /raw1 w\ld conta93 ,9 ! gra94 ,9 ! /raw4 ,9 total crop4 ,phosphoric acid #aa lbs4 #c lbs4 #ae lbs4 ,pota% #f 0 #i 0 #af 0 ,nitrog5 #bc 0 #i 0 #cb 0 ,x seems v unk9d 9 ! :eat-plants n to give me m ?an #bb bu%els p] acre1 :5 ! clov]-plants com+ aft] w f9d phosphoric acid en\gh = #dj bu%els ( :eat1 & pota% & nitrog5 en\gh = ne>ly #ajj bu%els ( :eat p] acre4 ,& ^! are ! ?ree important con/itu5ts ( plant-food4 ,:y1 !n1 did ,i get only #bb bu%els ( :eat p] acre8 ,i got #bc bu%els on ! same l& ! ye> previ\s1 & x is n improbable t if ,i _h s[n ! same l& to :eat aga9 ?is fall1 ,i %\ld get #ab or #ae bu%els p] acre aga9 next ye>4 ,b ! clov] w f9d plant-food en\gh = #dj bu%els ( :eat4 8,!re is n mu* d\bt10 said ! ,deacon1 8t y w get a good crop ( clov]1 if y w keep ! %eep (f ( ! l& ?is fall4 ,b ,i d n see :at y mean by ! clov]-plants f9d+ food en\gh = #dj bu%els ( :eat1 :ile 9 po9t ( fact1 if y _h s[n ! field aga9 to :eat ?is fall1 y w\ld n1 z y say1 probably get m ?an #ab or #ae bu%els ( :eat40 8,he means ?is10 said ! ,doctor4 8,if he _h s[n ! l& to :eat ?is fall1 )\t manure1 he w\ld probably n get ov] #ae bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 & yet y bo? agree t ! l& w1 9 all probability1 produce next ye>1 if m[n twice1 ?ree tons ( clov]-hay p] acre1 )\t any manure4 8,n[1 if we admit t ! clov] gets no m nitrog5 f ! ra9 & dews1 & f ! atmosph]e1 ?an ! :eat w get1 !n x foll[s t ?is soil1 :i* w only produce #ae bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 does1 9 po9t ( fact1 conta9 plant-food en\gh = #dj bu%els ( :eat1 & ! usual proportion ( /raw4 8,! two crops take up f ! soil z foll[s3 ,phosphoric acid4 ,pota%4 ,nitrog54 #ae bu%els :eat & /raw #aj lbs4 #aa lbs4 #bb lbs4 #c tons clov]-hay #cc 0 #ij 0 #aej 0 8,^! facts & figures10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8are wor? look+ at & ?9k+ ab\t4 ,:y c n ! :eat get z mu* phosphoric acid out ( ! soil z ! clov]80 8,because10 said ! ,deacon1 8! roots ( ! clov] g d[n deep] into ! subsoil ?an ! roots ( :eat40 8,t is a v good reason1 s f> z x goes10 said ,i1 8b does n include all ! facts4 ,i h no sort ( d\bt1 t if ,i _h s[n ?is l& to :eat1 & put on #ge lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre1 ,i %\ld h got a :eat-crop conta9+1 9 gra9 & /raw1 #cj lbs4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,& s ! reason ,i got #ae bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 in/ead ( #dj bu%els1 is n because ! roots ( :eat d n g deep en\gh to f9d suffici5t soluble phosphoric acid40 8,possibly10 said ! ,doctor1 8! nitrog5 y apply may r5d] ! phosphoric acid 9 ! soil m soluble40 8,t is true10 said ,i2 8& ?is 0 ! answ] ,liebig gave to ,mr4 ,lawes4 ,( :i* m at "s future "t4 ,b ?is answ]1 l ! ,deacon's1 does n cov] all ! facts ( ! case2 = a supply ( soluble phosphoric acid w\ld n1 9 all probability1 give me a l>ge crop ( :eat4 ,i w give y "s facts pres5tly be>+ on ?is po9t4 8,:at we want to f9d out is1 :y ! clov] c get s mu* m phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & nitrog51 ?an ! :eat1 f ! same soil80 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,clov]4 ,! ,deacon seem$ to ?9k ! ,doctor 0 go+ to give a sci5tific answ] to ! "q4 8,if ! clov] c get m nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 f ! same soil ?an :eat10 said he1 8:y n accept ! fact1 & act accord+ly8 ,y sci5tific g5tlem5 want to expla9 ev]y?+1 & sometimes make confusion worse conf\nd$4 ,we "k t a %eep w gr[ fat 9 a pa/ure :]e a c[ w\ld />ve40 8,true10 said ! ,doctor1 8& t is because ! c[ ga!rs food ) h] tongue1 & mu/ h ! grass long en\gh = h] to get hold ( x2 :ile a %eep picks up ! grass ) h] tee? & gums1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! %eep c eat ! grass d[n into ! v gr\nd40 8,v well10 said ! ,deacon2 8& h[ d y "k b t ! roots ( ! clov] ga!r up _! food %eep-fa%ion1 :ile ! :eat-roots eat l a c[80 8,t is n a v sci5tific way ( putt+ x10 said ! ,doctor2 8b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! ,deacon has ! "r idea40 8,p]haps1 !n10 said ,i1 8we _h bett] let x g at t until we get m light on ! subject4 ,we mu/ conclude t ! :eat c n get food en\gh f ! soil to yield a maximum crop1 n because !re is n food en\gh 9 ! field1 b ! roots ( ! :eat are s con/itut$ t !y c n ga!r x up2 :ile clov]-roots1 =ag+ 9 ! same soil1 c f9d all !y want40 8,clov]10 said ! ,deacon1 8is ! scav5g] ( ! f>m2 l a pig1 x ga!rs up :at w\ld o!rwise be wa/$40 8,( c\rse1 ^! illu/rations10 said ! ,doctor1 8d n give u any cle> idea ( h[ ! clov]-plants take up food4 ,we mu/ recollect t ! roots ( plants take up _! food 9 solution2 & x has j occurr$ to me t1 possibly1 ,mr4 ,lawes' exp]im5ts on ! am\nt ( wat] giv5 (f by plants dur+ _! gr[?1 may ?r[ "s light on ! subject we are discuss+40 8,mr4 ,lawes f\nd10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8t a :eat-plant1 f ,m>* #ai to ,june #bh1 or #aja days1 evaporat$ ?r\gh its leaves1 etc41 #de1gac gra9s ( wat]2 :ile a clov]-plant1 /&+ alongside1 & 9 precisely simil> condition1 evaporat$ #ee1jic gra9s4 ,! clov] 0 cut ,june #bh1 :5 9 full bloom4 ,! :eat-plant 0 all[$ to gr[ until ripe1 ,sept4 #g4 ,f ,june #bh to ,sept4 #g1 or #gb days1 ! :eat-plant evaporat$ #fg1had gra9s40 8,"o mom5t10 said ! ,deacon2 8z ,i und]/&1 ! clov]-plant evaporat$ m wat] ?an ! :eat-plant1 until ! #bh? ( ,june1 b t dur+ ! next #ga days1 ! :eat-plant evaporat$ m wat] ?an x _h dur+ ! previ\s #aja days40 8,yes10 said ,i1 8& if ^! facts prove no?+ else1 !y at lea/ %[ t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 :eat & clov]4 ,i 0 at ,ro?am/$ :5 ^! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,dur+ ! fir/ n9e days ( ! exp]im5t1 ! clov]-plant evaporat$ #cii4f gra9s ( wat]2 :ile ! :eat-plant1 /&+ alongside1 evaporat$ only #abh4g gra9s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! clov]-plant evaporat$ ?ree times z mu* wat] z ! :eat-plant4 ,dur+ ! next #ca days1 ! :eat-plant evaporat$ #a1bfg4h gra9s1 & ! clov]-plant #a1fdc4j gra9s2 b dur+ ! next #bg days1 f ,april #bh to ,may #be1 ! :eat-plant evaporat$ #afb4d gra9s ( wat] p] day1 :ile ! clov]-plant only evaporat$ #aji4b gra9s p] day4 ,dur+ ! next #cd days1 f ,may #be to ,june #bh1 ! :eat-plant evaporat$ #a1agg4d gra9s p] day1 & ! clov]-plant #a1dgc4e gra9s p] day40 8,9 ,june10 said ! ,deacon1 8! clov] evaporates t5 times z mu* wat] p] day z x did 9 ,may4 ,h[ mu* wat] w\ld an acre ( clov] evaporate80 8,let ,*>ley figure x out10 said ! ,doctor4 8,suppose ea* plant occupies #aj squ>e in*es ( l&2 !re are #f1bgb1fdj squ>e in*es 9 an acre1 &1 consequ5tly1 !re w\ld be #fbg1bfd clov]-plants on an acre4 ,ea* plant evaporat$ #a1dgc4e gra9s p] day1 & !re are #g1jjj gra9s 9 a p\nd40 ,*>ley made ! calculation1 & f\nd t an acre ( clov]1 f ,may #be to ,june #bh1 evaporat$ #ebh1eih lbs4 ( wat]1 or #ae1edg lbs4 p] day4 ,a mu* m accurate way ( asc]ta9+ h[ mu* wat] an acre ( clov] evaporates is af=d$ u by ^! exp]im5ts4 ,aft] ! plants 7 cut1 !y 7 weigh$ & analyz$2 & x be+ kn[n exactly h[ mu* wat] ea* plant _h giv5 (f dur+ its gr[?1 we h all ! facts necess>y to tell u j h[ mu* a crop ( a giv5 weight w\ld evaporate4 ,9 brief1 x 0 f\nd t = ea* p\nd ( dry sub/ance 9 ! :eat-plant1 #bdg4d lbs4 ( wat] _h be5 evaporat$2 & = ea* p\nd 9 ! clov]-plant1 #bfi4a lbs4 ,an acre ( :eat ( #ae bu%els p] acre ( gra91 & an equal weight ( /raw1 w\ld exhale dur+ ! spr+ & summ] #agg tons ( wat]1 or calculat$ on #agb days1 ! duration ( ! exp]im5t1 #b1jee lbs4 p] day4 ,an acre ( clov] t w\ld make two tons ( hay1 w\ld pass (f ?r\gh its leaves1 9 #aja days1 #dcj tons ( wat]1 or #h1fjj lbs4 p] day--m ?an f\r times z mu* z ! :eat4 ,^! figures %[ t1 f an agricultural po9t ( view1 !re is a great diff]5ce betwe51 :eat & clov]2 & yet ,i ?9k ! figures d n %[ ! :ole ( ! diff]5ce4 ,! clov] 0 cut j at ! "t :5 ! :eat-plant 0 ent]+ on its p]iod ( mo/ rapid gr[? & exhalation1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! figures giv5 above probably exagg]ate ! am\nt ( wat] giv5 (f by ! :eat dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! season4 ,x is1 at any rate1 q cle>1 & ?is is all ,i want to %[1 t an acre ( good clov] exhales a mu* l>g] am\nt ( wat] f spr+ to hay-h>ve/ ?an an acre ( :eat4 8,& :at10 said ! ,deacon1 :o 0 evid5tly gett+ tir$ ( ! figures1 8does all ?is prove80 ,! figures prove t clov] c dr9k a mu* great] quantity ( wat] dur+ ,m>*1 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june1 ?an :eat2 &1 consequ5tly1 to get ! same am\nt ( food1 x is n necess>y t ! clov] %\ld h z mu* nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 pota%1 etc41 9 ! wat] z ! :eat-plant requires4 ,i d n "k t ,i make myself und]/ood4 8,y want to %[10 said ! ,deacon1 8t ! :eat-plant requires ri*] food ?an clov]40 ,yes1 ,i want to %[ t1 ?\gh clov] requires m food p] day ?an :eat1 yet ! clov] c dr9k su* a l>ge am\nt ( wat]1 t x is n necess>y to make ! 8sap ( ! soil0 s ri* 9 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 = clov]1 z x is = :eat4 ,i ?9k ?is tells ! :ole /ory4 ,clov] is1 or may be1 ! gr&e/ r5ovat+ & enri*+ crop commonly gr[n on our f>ms4 ,x owes its great value1 n to any p[] x may or may n possess ( gett+ nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e1 or phosphoric acid & pota% f ! subsoil1 b pr9cipally1 if n entirely1 to ! fact t ! roots c dr9k up su* a l>ge am\nt ( wat]1 & live & ?rive on v weak food4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,f>m ,,ri* ,,by ,,gr[+ ,,clov]4 ,n by gr[+ ! clov]1 & sell+ x4 ,no?+ w\ld exhau/ ! l& s rapidly z su* a practice4 ,we mu/ ei!r pl[ "u ! clov]1 let x rot on ! surface1 or pa/ure x1 or use x = soil+1 or make x into hay1 fe$ x out to /ock1 & return ! manure to ! l&4 ,if clov] got its nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e1 we might sell ! clov]1 & dep5d on ! roots left 9 ! gr\nd1 to enri* ! soil = ! next crop4 ,b if1 z ,i h endeavor$ to %[1 clov] gets its nitrog5 f a weak solution 9 ! soil1 x is cle>1 t ?\gh = a ye> or two we might raise good crops f ! plant-food left 9 ! clov]-roots1 yet we %\ld soon f9d t gr[+ a crop ( clov]1 & leav+ only ! roots 9 ! soil1 is no way to p]man5tly enri* l&4 ,i d n say t su* a practice w 8exhau/0 ! l&4 ,=tunately1 :ile x is an easy matt] to impov]i% l&1 we %\ld h to call 9 ! aid ( ! mo/ advanc$ agricultural sci5ce1 be=e we c\ld 8exhau/0 l& ( its plant-food4 ,! free use ( ,nitrate ( ,soda1 or ,sulphate ( ,ammonia1 might enable u to d some?+ 9 ! way ( exhau/+ our f>ms1 b x w\ld r$uce our balance at a bank1 or s5d u to ! poor-h\se1 be=e we _h fully robb$ ! l& ( its plant-food4 ,to exhau/ l&1 by gr[+ & sell+ clov]1 is an agricultural impossibility1 = ! simple reason t1 long be=e ! soil is exhau/$1 ! clov] w\ld produce su* a pov]ty-/rick5 crop1 t we %\ld give up ! attempt4 ,we c make our l& poor1 by gr[+ clov]1 & sell+ x2 or1 we c make our l& ri*1 by gr[+ clov]1 & fe$+ x out on ! f>m4 ,or1 r1 we c make our l& ri*1 by dra9+ x :]e ne$$1 cultivat+ x ?or\ghly1 s z to develope ! lat5t plant-food exi/+ 9 ! soil1 & !n by gr[+ clov] to take up & organize ?is plant-food4 ,?is is h[ to make l& ri* by gr[+ clov]4 ,x is n1 9 "o s5se1 ! clov] t makes ! l& ri*2 x is ! dra9+ & cultivation1 t furni%es ! food = ! clov]4 ,! clov] takes up ?is food & conc5trates x4 ,! clov] does n create ! plant-food2 x m]ely saves x4 ,x is ! ?or\gh cultivation t enri*es ! l&1 n ! clov]4 8,i wi%10 writes a di/+ui%$ ,new ,york g5tleman1 :o has a f>m ( b>r5 s&1 8y w\ld tell u :e!r x is be/ to let clov] rip5 & rot on ! surface1 or pl[ x "u :5 9 blossom8 ,i h he>d t x gave m nitrog5 to ! l& to let x rip5 & rot on x1 b z ,i am no *emi/1 ,i d n "k40 ,if1 in/ead ( pl[+ "u ! clov]--say ! la/ ( ,june1 x 0 left to gr[ a mon? long]1 x is q possible t ! clov]-roots & se$ w\ld conta9 m nitrog5 ?an !y did a mon? e>li]4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t !re 0 a loss ( nitrog5 dur+ ! rip5+ process1 b ! evid5ce is n altoge!r conclusive on ! po9t4 ,/ill1 if ,i _h a piece ( s&y l& t ,i wi%$ to enri* by clov]1 ,i d n ?9k ,i %\ld pl[ x "u 9 ,june1 on ! "o h&1 or let x gr[ until maturity1 & rot d[n1 on ! o!r4 ,i %\ld r pref] to m[ ! crop j z x comm5c$ to blossom1 & let ! clov] lie1 spread out on ! l&1 z left by ! ma*9e4 ,!re w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be no loss ( f]tiliz+ elem5ts by evaporation1 :ile ! clov]-hay w\ld act z a mul*1 & ! second gr[? ( clov] w\ld be enc\rag$ by x4 ,m[ ?is second crop aga91 ab\t ! fir/ week 9 ,augu/4 ,!n1 unless x 0 desirable to cont9ue ! process ano!r ye>1 ! l& might be pl[$ up 9 two or ?ree weeks1 turn+ "u ! two previ\s crops ( clov] t are on ! surface1 toge!r ) ! gre5-clov] /ill gr[+4 ,i believe ?is w\ld be bett] ?an to let ! clov] exhau/ itself by runn+ to se$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,dr4 ,v,,lck]',s ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,clov]4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 = #ahfh1 ,dr4 ,vlck]1 ! able *emi/ ( ! ,society1 & =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 at ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college at ,cir5ce/]1 ,engl&1 has giv5 u a pap] 8,on ! ,causes ( ! ,b5efits ( ,clov]1 z a prep>atory ,crop = ,:eat40 ,! pap] has be5 repeat$ly & ext5sively quot$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b has n be5 z critically /udi$ z ! importance ( ! subject dem&s4 8,nev] m9d all t10 said ! ,deacon1 8tell u :at ,dr4 ,vlck] says40 8,"h is ! pap]10 said ,i1 8& ,*>ley w read x to u40 ,*>ley read z foll[s3 8,agricultural *emi/s in=m u1 t 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! productive p[]s ( ! l& unimpair$1 we mu/ re/ore to x ! phosphoric acid1 pota%1 nitrog51 & o!r sub/ances1 :i* ent] into ! composition ( our f>m crops2 ! con/ant removal ( organic & inorganic soil con/itu5ts1 by ! crops usually sold (f ! f>m1 lead+1 z is well kn[n1 to m or less rapid det]ioration & gradual exhau/ion ( ! l&4 ,ev5 ! be/ :eat soils ( ?is & o!r c\ntries1 become m & m impov]i%$1 & su/a9 a loss ( :eat-yield+ p[]1 :5 corn-crops are gr[n 9 too rapid succession )\t manure4 ,h5ce1 ! univ]sal practice ( manur+1 & t also ( consum+ oil-cake1 corn1 & simil> pur*as$ food on l& naturally poor1 or p>tially exhau/$ by previ\s cropp+4 8,:il/1 h[ev]1 x holds good z a g5]al rule1 t no soil c be cropp$ = any l5g? ( "t1 )\t gradually becom+ m & m inf]tile1 if no manure be appli$ to x1 or if ! f]tiliz+ elem5ts remov$ by ! crops gr[n !reon1 be n by "s means or o!r re/or$1 x is1 nev]!less1 a fact1 t aft] a heavy crop ( clov] c>ri$ (f z hay1 ! l&1 f> f be+ less f]tile ?an be=e1 is peculi>ly well adapt$1 ev5 )\t ! addition ( manure1 to be> a good crop ( :eat 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 provid$ ! season be favorable to its gr[?4 ,?is fact1 inde$1 is s well kn[n1 t _m f>m]s ju/ly reg>d ! gr[? ( clov] z "o ( ! be/ prep>atory op]ations :i* ! l& c und]go1 9 ord] to its produc+ an abundant crop ( :eat 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,x has fur!r be5 notic$1 t clov] m[n twice1 leaves ! l& 9 a bett] condition1 z reg>ds its :eat-produc+ capabilities1 ?an :5 m[n once only = hay1 & ! second crop f$ (f on ! l& by %eep2 =1 not)/&+ t 9 ! latt] in/ance ! f]tiliz+ elem5ts 9 ! clov]-crop are 9 "p re/or$ 9 ! %eep excrem5ts1 yet1 contr>y to expectation1 ?is p>tial re/oration ( ! elem5ts ( f]tility to ! l& has n ! effect ( produc+ m or bett] :eat 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ?an is reap$ on l& f (f :i* ! :ole clov]-crop has be5 c>ri$1 & to :i* no manure :atev] has be5 appli$4 8,aga91 9 ! op9ion ( sev]al good1 practical agriculturi/s1 ) :om ,i h conv]s$ on ! subject1 l& :]eon clov] has be5 gr[n = se$ 9 ! prec$+ ye>1 yields a bett] crop ( :eat ?an x does :5 ! clov] is m[n twice = hay1 or ev5 only once1 & aft]w>ds f$ (f by %eep40 8,i d n ?9k10 said ! ,deacon1 8t ?is agrees ) our exp]i5ce "h4 ,a good crop ( clov]-se$ is pr(itable1 b x is ?\ght to be r h>d on l&40 8,su*10 said ,i1 8is ! op9ion ( ,john ,john/on4 ,he ?9ks all[+ clov] to g to se$1 impov]i%es ! soil40 ,*>ley1 cont9u$ to read3 8,:atev] may be ! true explanation ( ! app>5t anomalies connect$ ) ! gr[? & *emical hi/ory ( ! clov]-plant1 ! facts j m5tion$1 hav+ be5 notic$1 n once or twice only1 or by a solit>y obs]v]1 b repeat$ly1 & by numb]s ( intellig5t f>m]s1 are c]ta9ly entitl$ to cr$it2 & little wisdom1 z x /rikes me1 is display$ by call+ !m into "q1 because !y happ5 to contradict ! prevail+ !ory1 accord+ to :i* a soil is said to become m or less impov]i%$1 9 proportion to ! l>ge or small am\nt ( organic & m9]al soil con/itu5ts c>ri$ (f 9 ! produce40 8,t is well said10 ,i rem>k$1 8& v truly2 b ,i w n int]rupt ! read+40 8,9 ! c\rse ( a long resid5ce10 cont9ues ,dr4 ,vlck]1 89 a purely agricultural di/rict1 ,i h (t5 be5 /ruck ) ! rem>kably heal?y appe>ance & good yield ( :eat1 on l& f :i* a heavy crop ( clov]-hay 0 obta9$ 9 ! prec$+ ye>4 ,i h likewise _h frequ5t opportunities ( obs]v+1 t1 z a rule1 :eat gr[n on "p ( a field :]eon clov] has be5 twice m[n = hay1 is bett] ?an ! produce ( t on ! "p ( ! same field on :i* ! clov] has be5 m[n only once = hay1 & aft]w>ds f$ (f by %eep4 ,^! obs]vations1 ext5d+ ov] a numb] ( ye>s1 l$ me to inquire into ! reasons :y clov] is specially well fitt$ to prep>e l& = :eat2 & 9 ?is pap]1 ,i %all endeavor1 z ! result ( my exp]im5ts on ! subject1 to give an intelligible explanation ( ! fact1 t clov] is s excell5t a prep>atory crop = :eat1 z x is practically kn[n to be4 8,by ^? tak+ a sup]ficial view ( ! subject1 x may be sugge/$ t any injury likely to be caus$ by ! removal ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( f]tiliz+ matt]1 is altoge!r insignificant1 & m ?an comp5sat$ =1 by ! b5efit :i* results f ! abundant gr[? ( clov]-roots1 & ! physical improvem5t 9 ! soil1 :i* takes place 9 _! decomposition4 ,look+1 h[ev]1 m closely into ! matt]1 x w be f\nd t 9 a good crop ( clov]-hay1 a v consid]able am\nt ( bo? m9]al & organic sub/ances is c>ri$ (f ! l&1 & t1 if ! total am\nt ( su* con/itu5ts 9 a crop _h to be reg>d$ exclusively z a measure = det]m9+ ! relative degrees 9 :i* diff]5t f>m crops exhau/ ! soil1 clov] w\ld h to be describ$ z ab\t ! mo/ exhau/+ crop 9 ! entire rotation4 8,clov]-hay1 on an av]age1 & 9 r\nd numb]s1 conta9s 9 #ajj p>ts3 ,wat] #ag4j ,nitrog5\s sub/ances1 7fle%-=m+ matt]s799 #ae4f ,non-nitrog5\s comp\nds #ei4i ,m9]al matt]1 7a%7 #g4e ----- #ajj4j 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 #b4e 8,! m9]al portion1 or a%1 9 #ajj p>ts ( clov]-hay1 consi/s (3 ,phosphoric acid #g4e ,sulphuric acid #d4c ,c>bonic acid #ah4j ,silica #c4j ,lime #cj4j ,magnesia #h4e ,pota% #bj4j ,soda1 *loride ( sodium1 oxide ( iron1 s&1 loss1 etc4 #h4g ----- #ajj4j 8,let u suppose ! l& to h yield$ f\r tons ( clov]-hay p] acre4 ,accord+ to ! prec$+ data1 we f9d t su* a crop includes #bbd lbs4 ( nitrog51 equal to #bgb lbs4 ( ammonia1 & #fgb lbs4 ( m9]al matt] or a% con/itu5ts4 0,9 #fgb lbs4 ( clov]-a%1 we f9d3 ,phosphoric acid #ea lbs4 ,sulphuric acid #bi 0 ,c>bonic acid #aba 0 ,silica #bj 0 ,lime #bja 0 ,magnesia #eg 0 ,pota% #acd 0 ,soda1 *loride ( sodium1 oxide ( iron1 s&1 etc4 #eh 0 ------------ #fgb lbs4 8,f\r tons ( clov]-hay1 ! produce ( "o acre1 ?us conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( nitrog51 & remove f ! soil an enorm\s quantity ( m9]al matt]s1 ab\nd+ 9 lime & pota%1 & conta9+ also a good deal ( phosphoric acid4 8,leav+ = a mom5t ! "q unt\*$1 :e!r ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! clov]1 is d]iv$ f ! soil1 or f ! atmosph]e1 or p>tly f ! "o1 & p>tly f ! o!r1 no "q c arise z to ! orig9al s\rce f :i* ! m9]al matt]s 9 ! clov] produce are d]iv$4 ,9 relation1 !re=e1 to ! a%-con/itu5ts1 clov] mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ exhau/+ crops usually cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is appe>s /rik+ly to be ! case1 :5 we comp>e ! prec$+ figures ) ! quantity ( m9]al matt]s :i* an av]age crop ( :eat removes f an acre ( l&4 8,! gra9 & /raw ( :eat conta91 9 r\nd numb]s1 9 #ajj p>ts3 ,gra9s ( ,:eat4 ,/raw4 ,wat] #ae4j #af4j ,nitrog5\s sub/ances1 7fle%-=m+ matt]799 #aa4a #d4j ,non-nitrog5\s sub/ances #gb4b #gd4i ,m9]al matt]1 7a%7 #a4g #e4a ----- ------ #ajj4j #ajj4j 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 #a4gh 4#fd 8,! a% ( :eat conta9s1 9 #ajj p>ts3 ,gra94 ,/raw4 ,phosphoric acid #ej4j #e4j ,sulphuric acid #j4e #b4g ,c>bonic acid ,silica #b4e #fg4j ,lime #c4e #e4e ,magnesia #aa4e #b4i ,pota% #cj4j #ac4j ,soda1 *loride ( sodium1 oxide ( iron1 s&1 etc4 #b4j #d4h ----- ----- ,total #ajj4j #ajj4j 8,! mean produce ( :eat1 p] acre1 may be e/imat$ at #be bu%els1 :i*1 at #fj lbs4 p] bu%el1 gives #a1ejj lbs42 & z ! weight ( ! /raw is g5]ally twice t ( ! gra91 its produce w be #c1jjj lbs4 ,accord+1 !re=e1 to ! prec$+ data1 !re w be c>ri$ away f ! soil3 ,9 #a1ejj lbs4 ( ! gra9 #be lbs4 ( m9]al food1 79 r\nd numb]s74 ,9 #c1jjj lbs4 ( ! /raw #aej lbs4 ( m9]al food1 79 r\nd numb]s74 --- ,total #age lbs4 8,on ! av]age ( ! analyses1 x w be f\nd t ! composition ( ^! #age lbs4 is z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,9 ! ,9 ! gra94 /raw4 ,total4 -------------------------------- ,phosphoric acid #ab4e lbs4 #g4e lbs4 #bj4j lbs4 ,sulphuric acid #j4a 0 #d4j 0 #d4a 0 ,c>bonic acid ,silica #j4f 0 #ajj4e 0 #aja4a 0 ,lime #j4i 0 #h4b 0 #i4a 0 ,magnesia #b4i 0 #c4j 0 #e4i 0 ,pota% #g4e 0 #ai4e 0 #bg4j 0 ,soda1 *loride ( sodium1 oxide ( iron1 s&1 etc4 #j4e 0 #g4c 0 #g4h 0 -------------------------------- #be4 lbs4 #aej4 lbs4 #age4 lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 8,! total quantity ( a% con/itu5ts c>ri$ (f ! l&1 9 an av]age crop ( :eat1 ?us am\nts to only #age lbs4 p] acre1 :il/ a good crop ( clov] removes z mu* z #fgb lbs4 8,ne>ly two-?irds ( ! total am\nt ( m9]al 9 ! gra9 & /raw ( "o acre ( :eat1 consi/s ( silica1 ( :i* !re is an ample supply 9 almo/ e soil4 ,! re/oration ( silica1 !re=e1 ne$ n tr\ble u 9 any way1 especially z !re is n a s+le in/ance on record1 prov+ t silica1 ev5 9 a soluble condition1 has ev] be5 appli$ to l&1 ) ! slighte/ advantage to corn1 or grass-crops1 :i* are ri* 9 silica1 & :i*1 = ?is reason1 may be assum$ to be p>ticul>ly grateful = x 9 a soluble /ate4 ,silica1 inde$1 if at all capable ( produc+ a b5eficial effect1 ought to be useful to ^! crops1 ei!r by /r5g!n+ ! /raw1 or /ems ( gram9ace\s plants1 or o!rwise b5efit+ !m2 b1 aft] d$uct+ ! am\nt ( silica f ! total am\nt ( m9]al matt]s 9 ! :eat produc$ f "o acre1 only a trifl+ quantity ( o!r & m valuable f]tiliz+ a% con/itu5ts ( plants w be left4 ,on comp>+ ! relative am\nts ( phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 9 an av]age crop ( :eat1 & a good crop ( clov]-hay1 x w be se5 t "o acre ( clov]-hay conta9s z mu* phosphoric acid1 z two & "o-half acres ( :eat1 & z mu* pota% z ! produce f five acres ( ! same crop4 ,clov] ?us unque/ionably removes f ! l& v mu* m m9]al matt] ?an does :eat2 :eat1 not)/&+1 succe$s rem>kably well aft] clov]4 8,f\r tons ( clov]-hay1 or ! produce ( an acre1 conta9s1 z already /at$1 #bbd lbs4 ( nitrog51 or calculat$ z ammonia1 #bgb lbs4 8,assum+ ! gra9 ( :eat to furni% #a4gh p] c5t ( nitrog51 & :eat-/raw1 4#fd p] c5t1 & assum+ also t #a1ejj lbs4 ( corn1 & #c1jjj lbs4 ( /raw1 repres5t ! av]age produce p] acre1 !re w be 9 ! gra9 ( :eat1 p] acre1 #bf4g lbs4 ( nitrog51 & 9 ! /raw1 #ai4b lbs41 or 9 bo? toge!r1 #df lbs4 ( nitrog52 9 r\nd numb]s1 equal to ab\t #ee lbs4 ( ammonia1 :i* is only ab\t "o-fif? ! quantity ( nitrog5 9 ! produce ( an acre ( clov]4 ,:eat1 x is well kn[n1 is specially b5efit$ by ! application ( nitrog5\s manures1 & z clov] c>ries (f s l>ge a quantity ( nitrog51 x is natural to expect ! yield ( :eat1 aft] clov]1 to fall %ort ( :at ! l& might be presum$ to produce )\t manure1 be=e a crop ( clov] 0 tak5 f x4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has prov$ ! fallacy ( ?is presumption1 = ! result is exactly ! opposite1 inasmu* z a bett] & heavi] crop ( :eat is produc$ ?an )\t ! int]calation ( clov]4 ,:at1 x may be ask$1 is ! explanation ( ?is app>5t anomaly8 8,9 tak+ up ?is inquiry1 ,i 0 l$ to pass 9 review ! celebrat$ & highly important exp]im5ts1 und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,lawes & ,dr4 ,gilb]t1 on ! cont9u$ gr[? ( :eat on ! same soil1 = a long succession ( ye>s1 & to exam9e1 likewise c>efully1 _m po9ts1 to :i* att5tion is drawn1 by ! same au?ors 9 _! memoirs on ! gr[? ( r$ clov] by diff]5t manures1 & on ! ,lois ,we$on plan ( gr[+ :eat4 ,abundant & mo/ conv9c+ evid5ce is suppli$ by ^! indefatigable exp]im5t]s1 t ! :eat-produc+ p[]s ( a soil are n increas$ 9 any s5sible degree by ! lib]al supply ( all ! m9]al matt]s1 :i* ent] into ! composition ( ! a% ( :eat1 & t ! ab/raction ( ^! m9]al matt]s f ! soil1 9 any mu* l>g] proportions ?an c possibly take place "u ord9>y cultivation1 9 no wise affects ! yield ( :eat1 provid$ !re be at ! same "t a lib]al supply ( available nitrog5 )9 ! soil itself4 ,! am\nt ( ! latt]1 !re=e1 is reg>d$ by ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 z ! measure ( ! increas$ produce ( gra9 :i* a soil furni%es4 8,9 con=mity ) ^! views1 ! f>m]1 :5 he wi%es to increase ! yield ( 8 :eat1 f9ds x to 8 advantage to h rec\rse to ammoniacal1 or o!r nitrog5\s manures1 & dep5ds m or less entirely ^u ! soil1 = ! supply ( ! necess>y m9]al or a%-con/itu5ts ( :eat1 hav+ f\nd su* a supply to be amply suffici5t = 8 requirem5ts4 ,z f>1 !re=e1 z ! removal f ! soil ( a l>ge am\nt ( m9]al soil-con/itu5ts1 by ! clov]-crop1 is conc]n$1 ! fact view$ 9 ! light ( ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts1 becomes at once intelligible2 =1 not)/&+ ! ab/raction ( ov] #fjj lbs4 ( m9]al matt] by a crop ( clov]1 ! succe$+ :eat-crop does n suff]4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z we h se51 t n only mu* m9]al matt] is c>ri$ (f ! l& 9 a crop ( clov]1 b also mu* nitrog51 we might1 9 ! abs5ce ( direct evid5ce to ! contr>y1 be l$ to suspect t :eat1 aft] clov]1 w\ld n be a good crop2 :]eas1 ! fact is exactly ! rev]se4 8,x is wor?y ( notice1 t nitrog5\s manures1 :i* h su* a m>k$ & b5eficial effect ^u :eat1 d no good1 b 9 c]ta9 comb9ations1 9 "s seasons1 d positive h>m to clov]4 ,?us1 ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! gr[? ( r$-clov]1 by diff]5t manures1 obta9$ #ad tons ( fre% gre5 produce1 equal to ab\t ?ree & ?ree-f\r?s tons ( clov] hay1 f ! unmanur$ portion ( ! exp]im5tal field2 & :]e sulphates ( pota%1 soda1 & magnesia1 or sulphate ( pota% & sup]phosphate ( lime 7 employ$1 #ag to #ah tons1 7equal to f ab\t f\r & "o-half to ne>ly five tons ( hay71 7 obta9$4 ,:5 salts ( ammonia 7 add$ to ! m9]al manures1 ! produce ( clov]-hay 01 ^u ! :ole1 less ?an :]e ! m9]al manures 7 us$ alone4 ,! :eat1 gr[n aft] ! clov]1 on ! unmanur$ plot1 gave1 h[ev]1 #bi bu%els ( corn1 :il/ 9 ! adjo9+ field1 :]e :eat 0 gr[n aft] :eat1 )\t manure1 only #ae bu%els ( corn p] acre 7 obta9$4 ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t notice especially1 t 9 ! clov]-crop ( ! prec$+ ye>1 v mu* l>g] quantities1 bo? ( m9]al matt]s & ( nitrog51 7 tak5 f ! l&1 ?an 7 remov$ 9 ! unmanur$ :eat-crop 9 ! same ye>1 9 ! adjo9+ field4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! soil f :i* ! clov] _h be5 tak51 0 9 a condition to yield #ad bu%els m :eat1 p] acre1 ?an t ^u :i* :eat _h be5 previ\sly gr[n2 ! yield ( :eat1 aft] clov]1 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 be+ fully equal to t 9 ano!r field1 :]e l>ge quantities ( manure 7 us$4 8,tak+ all ^! circum/ances into acc\nt1 is !re n presumptive evid5ce1 t1 not)/&+ ! removal ( a l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! clov]-hay1 an abundant /ore ( available nitrog5 is left 9 ! soil1 & also t 9 its relations t[>ds nitrog5 9 ! soil1 clov] diff]s ess5tially f :eat8 ,! results ( our exp]i5ce 9 ! gr[? ( ! two crops1 appe> to indicate t1 :]eas ! gr[? ( ! :eat rapidly exhau/s ! l& ( its available nitrog51 t ( clov]1 on ! contr>y1 t5ds someh[ or o!r to accumulate nitrog5 )9 ! soil itself4 ,if ?is c be %[n to be ! case1 an intelligible explanation ( ! fact t clov] is s useful z a prep>atory crop = :eat1 w be f\nd 9 ! circum/ance1 t1 dur+ ! gr[? ( clov]1 nitrog5\s food1 = :i* :eat is p>ticul>ly grateful1 is ei!r /or$ up or r5d]$ available 9 ! soil4 8,an explanation1 h[ev] plausible1 c h>dly be accept$ z correct1 if bas$ ma9ly on data1 :i*1 al?\gh highly probable1 are n prov$ to be bas$ on fact4 ,9 *emical inquiries1 especially1 no?+ mu/ be tak5 = grant$1 t has n be5 prov$ by direct exp]im5t4 ,! foll[+ que/ions naturally sugge/ !mselves 9 ref]5ce to ?is subject3 ,:at is ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 soils ( diff]5t *>act]s8 ,:at is ! am\nt m p>ticul>ly aft] a good1 & aft] an indiff]5t crop ( clov]8 ,:y is ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 soils1 l>g] aft] clov]1 ?an aft] :eat & o!r crops8 ,is ! nitrog5 pres5t 9 a condition 9 :i* x is available & useful to :eat8 ,& la/ly1 are !re any o!r circum/ances1 ap>t f ! supply ( nitrog5\s matt] 9 ! soil1 :i* help to acc\nt = ! b5eficial effects ( clov] z a prep>atory crop = :eat8 8,9 ord] to ?r[ "s light on ^! que/ions1 &1 if possible1 to give di/9ct answ]s to at lea/ "s ( !m1 ,i1 ye>s ago1 :5 resid+ at ,cir5ce/]1 began a s]ies ( exp]im5ts2 & m rec5tly1 ,i h be5 =tunate en\gh to obta9 ! co-op]ation ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,val5t9e1 ( ,leighton ,buzz>d1 :o k9dly und]took to supply me ) mat]ials = my analysis4 8,my fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made on a ?91 calc>e\s1 clay soil1 re/+ on oolitic lime/one1 & produc+ g5]ally a fair crop ( r$-clov]4 ,! clov]-field =m$ ! slope ( a r /eep hillock1 & v>i$ mu* 9 dep?4 ,at ! top ( ! hill1 ! soil became v /ony at a dep? ( f\r in*es1 s t x c\ld only ) difficulty be excavat$ to a dep? ( six in*es1 :5 ! b>e lime/one-rock made its appe>ance4 ,at ! bottom ( ! field ! soil 0 mu* deep]1 & ! clov] /rong]1 ?an at ! upp] "p4 ,on ! br[ ( ! hill1 :]e ! clov] appe>$ to be /rong1 a squ>e y>d 0 measur$ out2 & at a little di/ance (f1 :]e ! clov] 0 v bad1 a second squ>e y>d 0 measur$2 9 bo? plots1 ! soil be+ tak5 up to a dep? ( six in*es4 ,! soil1 :]e ! clov] 0 good1 may be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r1 by be+ m>k$ z ,no4 #a1 & t :]e x 0 bad1 z ,no4 #b4 ,,clov]-,,soil ,,no4 #a4 7,,good ,,clov]74 8,! roots hav+ fir/ be5 %ak5 out to free !m z mu* z possible f ! soil1 7 !n wa%$ once or twice ) cold di/ill$ wat]1 &1 aft] hav+ be5 dri$ = a little :ile 9 ! sun1 7 weigh$1 :5 ! squ>e y>d produc$ #a lb4 #aj oz4 ( clean$ clov]-roots1 9 an air-dry /ate2 an acre ( l&1 or #d1hdj squ>e y>ds1 accord+ly yield$1 9 a dep? ( six in*es1 #c4dd tons1 or #c tons 9 r\nd numb]s1 ( clov]-roots4 8,fully dri$ 9 a wat]-ba?1 ! roots 7 f\nd to conta9 altoge!r #dd4fg p] c5t ( wat]1 & on be+ burnt 9 a plat9um capsule1 yield$ #f4jhi ( a%4 ,a portion ( ! dri$1 f9ely p[d]$ & well mix$ roots1 0 burn$ ) soda lime1 9 a combu/ion tube1 & ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! roots o!rwise det]m9$ 9 ! usual way4 ,accord+ly1 ! foll[+ is ! g5]al composition ( ! roots f ! soil ,no4 #a3 ,wat] #dd4fge ,organic matt]99 #di4bcf ,m9]al matt] #f4jhi ------- #ajj4jjj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 #a4big ,equal to ammonia #a4ege 8,assum+ ! :ole field to h produc$ #c tons ( clov]-roots1 p] acre1 !re w be #ii4fcf lbs41 or 9 r\nd numb]s1 #ajj lbs4 ( nitrog5 9 ! clov]-roots f "o acre2 or1 ab\t twice z mu* nitrog5 z is pres5t 9 ! av]age produce ( an acre ( :eat40 8,t is a rem>kable fact10 said ! ,deacon1 8z ,i und]/& nitrog5 is ! great ?+ ne$$ by :eat1 & yet ! roots alone ( ! clov]1 conta9 twice z mu* nitrog5 z an av]age crop ( :eat4 ,g on ,*>ley1 x is q int]e/+40 8,! soil10 cont9ues ,dr4 ,vlck]1 8:i* _h be5 sep>at$ f ! roots1 0 pass$ ?r\gh a sieve to deprive x ( any /ones x might conta94 ,x 0 !n p>tially dri$1 & ! nitrog5 9 x det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]1 by combu/ion ) soda-lime1 :5 x yield$ 4#cac p] c5t ( nitrog51 equal to 4#ch ( ammonia1 9 "o combu/ion2 & 4#cgc p] c5t ( nitrog51 equal to 4#df ( ammonia1 9 a second det]m9ation4 8,t ! read] may h "s idea ( ! "* ( ?is soil1 x may be /at$1 t x 0 fur!r submitt$ to a g5]al analysis1 accord+ to :i*1 x 0 f\nd to h ! foll[+ composition3 ,g5]al ,composition ( ,soil1 ,no4 #a4 7,good ,clov]74 ,moi/ure #ah4gc ,organic matt]99 #i4gb ,oxide ( iron & alum9a #ac4bd ,c>bonate ( lime #h4hb ,magnesia1 alkalies1 etc4 #a4gb ,insoluble silici\s matt]1 7*iefly clay7 #dg4gg ------- #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#cac ,equal to ammonia 4#chj 8,! second squ>e y>d f ! br[ ( ! hill1 :]e ! clov] 0 bad1 produc$ #ac ounces ( air-dry1 & p>tially clean roots1 or #a4ge tons p] acre4 ,on analysis1 !y 7 f\nd to h ! foll[+ composition3 ,clov]-,roots1 ,no4 #b4 7,bad ,clov]74 ,wat] #ee4gcb ,organic matt]99 #ci4djh ,m9]al matt]1 7a%7 #d4hfj ------- #ajj4jjj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#gib ,equal to ammonia 4#ija 8,! roots on ! spot :]e ! clov] 0 v bad1 yield$ only #ca lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre1 or sc>cely "o-?ird ( ! quantity :i* 0 obta9$ f ! roots :]e ! clov] 0 good4 8,! soil f ! second squ>e y>d1 on analysis1 0 f\nd1 :5 fre$ f /ones by sift+1 to conta9 9 #ajj p>ts3 ,composition ( ,soil1 ,no4 #b4 7,bad ,clov]74 ,wat] #ag4bd ,organic matt]99 #i4fd ,oxide ( iron & alum9a #aa4hi ,c>bonate ( lime #ad4ej ,magnesia1 alkalies1 etc4 #a4ec ,insoluble silici\s matt] #de4bj ------- #ajj4jj #b;d det]m9ation4 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#cjf 4#chj ,equal to ammonia 4#cgj 4#dgj 8,bo? portions ( ! clov]-soil ?us conta9$ ab\t ! same p]c5tage ( organic matt]1 & yield$ ne>ly ! same am\nt ( nitrog54 8,9 addition1 h[ev]1 to ! nitrog5 9 ! clov]-roots1 a good deal ( nitrog51 9 ! %ape ( root-fibres1 decay$ leaves1 & simil> organic matt]s1 0 dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t ! f9e soil 9 :i* x occurr$1 & f :i* x c\ld n be sep>at$2 b un=tunately1 ,i neglect$ to weigh ! soil f a squ>e y>d1 & am1 !re=e1 unable to /ate h[ mu* nitrog5 p] acre 0 pres5t 9 ! %ape ( small root-fibres & o!r organic matt]s4 8,be=e m5tion+ ! details ( ! exp]im5ts made 9 ! next season1 ,i w "h give ! composition ( ! a% ( ! p>tially clean$ clov]-roots3 ,composition ,( ,a% ,( ,clov]-,roots1 7,p>tially ,clean$74 ,oxide ( iron & alum9a #aa4gc ,lime #ah4di ,magnesia #c4jc ,pota% #f4hh ,soda #a4ic ,phosphoric acid #c4fa ,sulphuric acid #b4bd ,soluble silica #ai4ja ,insoluble silici\s matt] #bd4hc ,c>bonic acid1 *lor9e1 & loss #h4be ------ #ajj4jj 8,?is a% 0 obta9$ f clov]-roots1 :i* yield$1 :5 p]fectly dry1 9 r\nd numb]s1 eight p] c5t ( a%4 ,clov]-roots1 wa%$ q clean1 & sep>at$ f all soil1 yield ab\t five p] c5t ( a%2 b x is extremely difficult to clean a l>ge quantity ( fibr\s roots f all dirt1 & ! prec$+ analysis di/9ctly %[s1 t ! a% ( ! clov]-roots1 analyz$ by me1 0 me*anically mix$ ) a good deal ( f9e soil1 = oxide ( iron1 & alum9a1 & insoluble silici\s matt] 9 any quantity1 are n normal con/itu5ts ( plant-a%es4 ,mak+ all[ance = soil contam9ation1 ! a% ( clov]-roots1 x w be notic$1 conta9s mu* lime & pota%1 z well z an appreciable am\nt ( phosphoric & sulphuric acid4 ,on ! decay ( ! clov]-roots1 ^! & o!r m9]al f]tiliz+ matt]s are left 9 ! surface-soil 9 a readily available condition1 & 9 consid]able proportions1 :5 ! clov] /&s well4 ,al?\gh a crop ( clov] removes mu* m9]al matt] f ! soil1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t its roots extract f ! l&1 soluble m9]al f]tiliz+ matt]s1 :i*1 on ! decay ( ! roots1 rema9 9 ! l& 9 a prep>$ & m readily available =m1 ?an t 9 :i* !y orig9ally occur4 ,! b5efits aris+ to :eat1 f ! gr[? ( clov]1 may ?us be due p>tly to ?is prep>ation & conc5tration ( m9]al food 9 ! surface-soil4 8,! clov] on ! hillside field1 on ! :ole1 turn$ out a v good crop2 &1 z ! plant /ood ! w9t] well1 & ?is field 0 left ano!r season 9 clov]1 )\t be+ pl[$ up1 ,i avail$ myself ( ! opportunity ( mak+1 dur+ ! foll[+ season1 a numb] ( exp]im5ts simil> to ^? ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,?is "t1 h[ev]1 ,i select$ = exam9ation1 a squ>e y>d ( soil1 f a spot on ! br[ ( ! hill1 :]e ! clov] 0 ?91 & ! soil itself /ony at a dep? ( f\r in*es2 & ano!r plot ( "o squ>e y>d at ! bottom ( ! hill1 f a place :]e ! clov] 0 /rong] ?an t on ! br[ ( ! hill1 & ! soil at a dep? ( six in*es conta9$ no l>ge /ones4 ,,soil ,,no4 #a4 7,,clov] ,,?971 ,,on ,,! ,,br[ ,,( ,,! ,,hill4 8,! roots 9 a squ>e y>d1 six in*es deep1 :5 pick$ out by h&1 & clean$ z mu* z possible1 weigh$1 9 _! natural /ate1 #b lbs4 #aa oz42 & :5 dri$ on ! top ( a wat]-ba?1 = ! purpose ( gett+ !m brittle & fit = r$uction into f9e p[d]1 #a lb4 #ab oz4 #ca gra9s4 ,9 ?is /ate !y 7 submitt$ z be=e to analysis1 :5 !y yield$ 9 #ajj p>ts3 ,composition ,( ,clov]-,roots1 ,no4 #a1 7,f ,br[ ,( ,hill74 ,moi/ure #d4cd ,organic matt]99 #bf4ec ,m9]al matt] #fi4ac ------- #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#haf ,equal to ammonia 4#iia 8,accord+ to ^! data1 an acre ( l& w yield ?ree tons #ab cwts4 ( ne>ly dry clov]-roots1 & 9 ?is quantity !re w be ab\t #ff lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,! :ole ( ! soil f :i* ! roots h be5 pick$ out1 0 pass$ ?r\gh a half-in* sieve4 ,! /ones left 9 ! sieve weigh$ #ada lbs42 ! soil :i* pass$ ?r\gh weigh+ #bah lbs4 8,! soil 0 next dri$ by artificial heat1 :5 ! #bah lbs4 became r$uc$ to #ahe4dhg lbs4 8,9 ?is p>tially dri$ /ate x conta9$3 ,moi/ure #d4ba ,organic matt]99 #i4gh ,m9]al matt] #hf4ja ------- #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#cia ,equal to ammonia 4#dge ,includ+ phosphoric acid 4#bfd 8,i also det]m9$ ! phosphoric acid 9 ! a% ( ! clov]-roots4 ,calculat$ = ! roots 9 a ne>ly dry /ate1 ! phosphoric acid am\nts to 4#bhg p] c5t4 8,an acre ( soil1 accord+ to ! data1 furni%$ by ! six in*es on ! spot :]e ! clov] 0 ?91 produc$ ! foll[+ quantity ( nitrog53 ,ton4 ,cwts4 ,lbs4 ,9 ! f9e soil #a #aa #cc ,9 ! clov]-roots #j #j #ff -- -- -- ,total quantity ( nitrog5 p] acre #a #aa #ii 8,! organic matt] 9 an acre ( ?is soil1 :i* c n be pick$ out by h&1 x w be se51 conta9s an enorm\s quantity ( nitrog52 & al?\gh1 probably1 ! great] "p ( ! roots & o!r rema9s f ! clov]-crop may n be decompos$ s ?or\ghly z to yield nitrog5\s food to ! succe$+ :eat-crop1 x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t a consid]able quantity ( nitrog5 w become available by ! "t ! :eat is s[n1 & t "o ( ! *ief reasons :y clov] b5efits ! succe$+ :eat-crop1 is to be f\nd 9 ! abundant supply ( available nitrog5\s food furni%$ by ! decay+ clov]-roots & leaves4 ,,clov]-,,soil ,,no4 #b1 ,,f ,,! ,,bottom ,,( ,,! ,,hill4 7,,good ,,clov]47 8,a squ>e y>d ( ! soil f ! bottom ( ! hill1 :]e ! clov] 0 /rong] ?an on ! br[ ( ! hill1 produc$ #b lbs4 #h oz4 ( fre% clov]-roots2 or #a lb4 #aa oz4 #dg gra9s ( p>tially dri$ roots2 #fa lbs4 #i oz4 ( lime/ones1 & #bci4if lbs4 ( ne>ly dry soil4 8,! p>tially dri$ roots conta9$3 ,moi/ure #e4jf ,organic matt]99 #ca4id ,m9]al matt] #fc4jj ------- #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#hjd 8,an acre ( ?is soil1 six in*es deep1 produc$ #c tons1 #g cwts4 #fe lbs4 ( clov]-roots1 conta9+ #fa lbs4 ( nitrog52 t is1 !re 0 v ne>ly ! same quantity ( roots & nitrog5 9 !m1 z t furni%$ 9 ! soil f ! br[ ( ! hill4 8,! roots1 moreov]1 yield$ 4#cfe p] c5t ( phosphoric acid2 or1 calculat$ p] acre1 #bg lbs4 8,9 ! p>tially dri$ soil1 ,i f\nd3 ,moi/ure #d4gj ,organic matt]99 #aj4hg ,m9]al matt] #hd4dc ------- #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 4#dje ,equal to ammonia 4#dia ,includ+ phosphoric acid 4#cba 8,accord+ to ^! det]m9ations1 an acre ( soil f ! bottom ( ! hill1 conta9s3 ,tons ,cwts4 ,lbs4 ,nitrog5 9 ! organic matt] ( ! soil #b #b #j ,nitrog5 9 clov]-roots ( ! soil #j #j #fa --- --- --- ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 p] acre #b #b #fa 8,comp>$ ) ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! soil f ! br[ ( ! hill1 ab\t #aa cwt4 m nitrog5 0 obta9$ 9 ! soil & roots f ! bottom ( ! hill1 :]e ! clov] 0 m luxuriant4 8,! increas$ am\nt ( nitrog5 occurr$ 9 f9e root-fibres & o!r organic matt]s ( ! soil1 & n 9 ! co>s] bits ( roots :i* 7 pick$ out by ! h&4 ,x may be assum$ t ! f9] p>ticles ( organic matt] are m readily decompos$ ?an ! co>s] roots2 & z !re 0 a l>g] am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ?is ?an 9 ! prec$+ soil1 x may be expect$ t ! l& at ! bottom ( ! hill1 aft] removal ( ! clov]1 0 9 a bett] agricultural condition = :eat1 ?an t on ! br[ ( ! hill40 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,clov]-,,soils ,,f ,,burcott ,,lodge ,,f>m1 ,,leighton ,,buzz>d4 8,! soils = ! next exp]im5ts1 7 k9dly suppli$ to me1 9 #ahff1 by ,rob]t ,val5t9e1 ( ,burcott ,lodge1 :o also s5t me "s notes respect+ ! gr[? & yield ( clov]-hay & se$ on ?is soil4 8,=eign se$1 at ! rate ( #ab lbs4 p] acre1 0 s[n ) a crop ( :eat1 :i* yield$ five qu>t]s p] acre ! previ\s ye>4 8,! fir/ crop ( clov] 0 cut d[n on ! #be? ( ,june1 #ahff1 & c>ri$ on ,june #cj?4 ,! wea!r 0 v w>m1 f ! "t ( cutt+ until ! clov] 0 c>t$1 ! !rmomet] /&+ at #hj ,fahr4 e day4 ,! clov] 0 turn$ 9 ! swa?1 on ! second day aft] x 0 cut2 on ! f\r? day1 x 0 turn$ ov] & put into small heaps ( ab\t #aj lbs4 ea*2 & on ! fif? day1 ^! 7 collect$ into l>g] cocks1 & !n /ack$4 8,! be/ "p ( an #aa-;acre field1 produc$ ne>ly ?ree tons ( clov]-hay1 sun-dri$1 p] acre2 ! :ole field yield+ on an av]age1 #b tons p] acre4 ,?is result 0 obta9$ by weigh+ ! /ack ?ree mon?s aft] ! clov] 0 c>t$4 ,! second crop 0 cut on ! #ba/ ( ,augu/1 & c>ri$ on ! #bg?1 ! weight be+ ne>ly #cj cwt4 ( hay p] acre4 ,?us ! two cutt+s produc$ j ab\t f\r tons ( clov]-hay p] acre4 8,! #aa acres 7 divid$ into two p>ts4 ,ab\t "o-half 0 m[n = hay a second "t1 & ! o!r "p left = se$4 ,! produce ( ! second half ( ! #aa-;acre field1 0 cut on ! #h? ( ,octob]1 & c>ri$ on ! #aj?4 ,x yield$ 9 r\nd numb]s1 #c cwt4 ( clov]-se$ p] acre1 ! season be+ v unfavorable = clov]-se$4 ,! second crop ( clov]1 m[n = hay1 0 r too ripe1 & j beg9n+ to %[ se$4 8,a squ>e foot ( soil1 #ah in*es deep1 0 dug f ! second portion ( ! l& :i* produc$ ! clov]-hay & clov]-se$4 ,,soil ,,f ,,"p ,,( #aa-;,,acre ,,field ,,twice ,,m[n ,,= ,,hay4 8,! upp] six in*es ( soil1 "o foot squ>e1 conta9$ all ! ma9 roots ( #ah /rong plants2 ! next six in*es1 only small root fibres1 & 9 ! ?ird section1 a six-in* slice cut d[n at a dep? ( #ab in*es f ! surface1 no di/9ct fibres c\ld be f\nd4 ,! soil 0 almo/ completely saturat$ ) ra9 :5 x 0 dug up on ! #ac? ( ,septemb]1 #ahff3 ,lbs4 ,! upp] six in*es ( soil1 "o foot squ>e1 weigh$ #fj ,! second 0 0 0 #fa ,! ?ird 0 0 0 #fc 8,^! ?ree portions ( "o foot ( soil1 #ah in*es deep1 7 dri$ ne>ly completely1 & weigh$ aga92 :5 ! fir/ six in*es weigh$ #ea lbs42 ! second six in*es1 #ea lbs4 #e oz42 & ! ?ird section1 #ed lbs4 #b oz4 8,! fir/ six in*es conta9$ #c lbs4 ( silici\s /ones1 7fl9ts71 :i* 7 reject$ 9 prep>+ a sample = analysis2 9 ! two rema9+ sections !re 7 no l>ge siz$ /ones4 ,! soils 7 p\nd$ d[n1 & pass$ ?r\gh a wire sieve4 8,! ?ree lay]s ( soil1 dri$ & r$uc$ to p[d]1 7 mix$ toge!r1 & a prep>$ av]age sample1 :5 submitt$ to analysis1 yield$ ! foll[+ results3 ,composition ( ,clov]-,soil1 #ah ,in*es ,deep1 ,f ,"p ( #aa-;,acre ,field1 ,twice ,m[n = ,hay4 ,organic matt] #e4hf ,oxides ( iron #f4hc ,alum9a #g4ab ,c>bonate ( lime #b4ac ,soluble 9 ,magnesia #b4ja hydro*loric acid4 ,pota% 4#fg ,soda 4#jh ,*loride ( sodium 4#jb ,phosphoric acid 4#ah ,sulphuric acid 4#ag ,insoluble silici\s matt]1 #gd4fa4 ,consi/+ (3 ,alum9a #d4cg ,lime1 79 a /ate ( silicate7 #d4jg ,insoluble 9 acid ,magnesia 4#df ,pota% 4#ai ,soda 4#bc ,silica #fe4bi ----- #ii4fh 8,?is soil1 x w be se51 conta9$1 9 appreciable quantities1 n only pota% & phosphoric acid1 b all ! elem5ts ( f]tility :i* ent] into ! composition ( good arable l&4 ,x may be briefly describ$ z a /iff clay soil1 conta9+ a suffici5cy ( lime1 pota%1 & phosphoric acid1 to meet all ! requirem5ts ( ! clov]-crop4 ,orig9ally1 r unproductive1 x has be5 mu*1 improv$ by deep culture2 by be+ sma%$ up into r\gh clods1 e>ly 9 autumn1 & by be+ expos$ 9 ?is /ate to ! crumbl+ effects ( ! air1 x n[ yields good corn & =age crops4 8,9 sep>ate portions ( ! ?ree lay]s ( soil1 ! proportions ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 ea* lay] ( six in*es1 7 det]m9$ & f\nd to be z foll[s3 ,soil dri$ at #bab deg4 ,fahr4 #a/ six #b;d six #c;d six in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 ,p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid 4#bdi 4#acd 4#agb ,nitrog5 #a4fb 4#jib 4#jfd ,equal to ammonia 4#aih 4#aab 4#jgh 8,9 ! upp] six in*es1 z w be se51 ! p]c5tage ( bo? phosphoric acid & nitrog51 0 l>g] ?an 9 ! two foll[+ lay]s1 :ile ! proportion ( nitrog5 9 ! six in*es ( surface soil1 0 mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! next six in*es2 & 9 ! ?ird section1 conta9+ no visible p>ticles ( root-fibres1 only v little nitrog5 occurr$4 8,9 _! natural /ate1 ! ?ree lay]s ( soil conta9$3 #a/ six #b;d six #c;d six in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 ,moi/ure #ag4af #ah4bd #af4fb ,phosphoric acid 4#aih 4#aji 4#adc ,nitrog5 4#acd 4#jge 4#jec ,equal to ammonia 4#afb 4#jia 4#jfd ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,weight ( "o foot squ>e ( soil #fj #fa #fc 8,calculat$ p] acre1 ! absolute weight ( "o acre ( ?is l&1 six in*es deep1 weighs3 ,lbs4 #a/ six in*es #b1fac1fjj #b;d six in*es #b1feg1afj #c;d six in*es #b1gdf1bhj 8,no great error1 !re=e1 w be made1 if we assume 9 ! subsequ5t calculations1 t six in*es ( ?is soil weighs two & "o-half millions ( p\nds p] acre4 8,an acre ( l&1 accord+ to ! prec$+ det]m9ations1 conta9s3 #a/ six #b;d six #c;d six in*es1 in*es1 in*es1 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,phosphoric acid #d1iej #b1gbe #c1ege ,nitrog5 #c1cej #a1hge #a1cbe ,equal to ammonia #d1jej #b1bge #a1fjj 8,! proportion ( phosphoric acid 9 six in*es ( surface soil1 x w be se51 am\nt$ to ab\t two-t5?s p] c5t2 a proportion ( ! :ole soil1 s small t x may appe> insuffici5t = ! production ( a good corn-crop4 ,h[ev]1 :5 calculat$ to ! acre1 we f9d t six in*es ( surface soil 9 an acre ( l&1 actually conta9 ov] two tons ( phosphoric acid4 ,an av]age crop ( :eat1 assum$ to be #be bu%els ( gra91 at #fj lbs4 p] bu%el1 & #c1jjj lbs4 ( /raw1 removes f ! l& on :i* x is gr[n1 #bj lbs4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,! clov]-soil analyz$ by me1 consequ5tly conta9s an am\nt ( phosphoric acid 9 a dep? ( only six in*es1 :i* is equal to t pres5t 9 #bdg av]age crops ( :eat2 or suppos+ t1 by good cultivation & 9 favorable seasons1 ! av]age yield ( :eat c\ld be d\bl$1 & #ej bu%els ( gra91 at #fj lbs4 a bu%el1 & #f1jjj lbs4 ( /raw c\ld be rais$1 #abd ( su* heavy :eat-crops w\ld conta9 no m phosphoric acid ?an actually occurr$ 9 six in*es ( ?is clov]-soil p] acre4 8,! m]e pres5ce ( su* an am\nt ( phosphoric acid 9 a soil1 h[ev]1 by no means proves its suffici5cy = ! production ( s _m crops ( :eat2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 x c n be %[n t ! :ole ( ! phosphoric acid f\nd by analysis1 occurs 9 ! soil 9 a readily available comb9ation2 &1 9 ! second place1 x is q c]ta9 t ! root-fibres ( ! :eat-plant c n rea* & pick up1 s to speak1 e p>ticle ( phosphoric acid1 ev5 suppos+ x to occur 9 ! soil 9 a =m mo/ conducive to #8ready assimilation by ! plant4' 8,! calculation is n giv5 9 pro( ( a conclusion :i* w\ld be manife/ly absurd1 b simply z an illu/ration ( ! enorm\s quantity 9 an acre ( soil six in*es deep1 ( a con/itu5t =m+ ! small] proportions ( ! :ole weight ( an acre ( soil ( t limit$ dep?4 ,x %[s ! exi/5ce ( a practically unlimit$ am\nt ( ! mo/ important m9]al con/itu5ts ( plants1 & cle>ly po9ts out ! propriety ( r5d]+ available to plants1 ! natural res\rces ( ! soil 9 plant-food2 to draw1 9 fact1 up ! m9]al weal? ( ! soil1 by ?or\ghly work+ ! l&1 & n leav+ x unutiliz$ z s mu* dead capital40 8,good10 said ! ,deacon1 8t is ! "r doctr9e40 8,! roots10 cont9ues ,dr4 ,vlck]1 8f "o squ>e foot ( soil 7 clean$ z mu* z possible1 dri$ completely at #bab1 & 9 t /ate weigh$ #bdj gra9s4 ,an acre consequ5tly conta9$ #a1dic lbs4 ( dri$ clov]-roots4 8,! clov]-roots conta9$1 dri$ at #bab ,fahr41 ,organic matt]99 #ha4cc ,m9]al matt]1 7a%7 #ah4fg ------ #ajj4jj 99 ,yield+ nitrog5 #a4fce ,equal to ammonia #a4ihe ,includ+ insoluble silici\s matt]1 7clay & s&7 #aa4fg 8,accord+ly ! clov]-roots 9 an acre ( l& furni%$ #bd lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,we h ?us3 ,lbs4 ( nitrog5 ,9 ! six in*es ( surface soil #c1cej ,9 l>ge clov]-roots #bd ,9 second six in*es ( soil #a1hge --------- ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 9 "o acre ( soil #ab in*es deep #e1bdi ,equal to ammonia #f1cgd ,or 9 r\nd numb]s1 two tons six cwt4 ( nitrog5 p] acre2 an enorm\s quantity1 :i* mu/ h a p[]ful influ5ce 9 enc\rag+ ! luxuriant developm5t ( ! succe$+ :eat-crop1 al?\gh only a fraction ( ! total am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! clov] rema9s may become suffici5tly decompos$ 9 "t to be available to ! "y :eat-plants4 ,,clov]-,,soil ,,f ,,"p ,,( #aa-;,,acre ,,field ,,( ,,burcott ,,lodge ,,f>m1 ,,leighton ,,buzz>d1 ,,once ,,m[n ,,= ,,hay1 ,,& ,,left ,,aft]w>ds ,,= ,,se$4 8,produce #b tons ( clov]-hay1 & #c cwt4 ( se$ p] acre4 8,?is soil 0 obta9$ )9 a di/ance ( five y>ds f ! "p ( ! field :]e ! soil 0 dug up aft] ! two cutt+s ( hay4 ,aft] ! se$ !re 0 "s difficulty 9 f9d+ a squ>e foot conta9+ ! same numb] ( l>ge clov]-roots1 z t on ! field twice m[n2 h[ev]1 at la/1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 a squ>e foot conta9+ exactly #ah /rong roots1 0 f\nd & dug up to a dep? ( #ah in*es4 ,! soil dug aft] ! se$ 0 mu* dri] ?an t dug aft] ! two cutt+s ( hay3 ,! upp] six in*es deep1 "o foot squ>e1 weigh$ #ef lbs4 ,! next 0 0 0 #eh 0 ,! ?ird 0 0 0 #fj 0 8,aft] dry+ by exposure to hot air1 ! ?ree lay]s ( soil weigh$3 ,! upp] six in*es1 "o foot squ>e #di lbs4 ,! next 0 0 #ej 0 ,! ?ird 0 0 #ea 0 8,equal portions ( ! dri$ soil f ea* six-in* section 7 mix$ toge!r & r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4 ,an av]age sample ?us prep>$1 on analysis1 0 f\nd to h ! foll[+ composition3 ,composition ( ,clov]-,soil ,once ,m[n = ,hay1 & ,aft]w>ds ,left = ,se$4 ,dri$ at #bab ,fahr4 ,organic matt] #e4cd ,oxides ( iron #f4jg ,alum9a #d4ea ,c>bonate ( lime #g4ea ,soluble 9 ,magnesia #a4bg hydro*loric ,acid ,pota% 4#eb ,soda 4#af ,*loride ( sodium 4#jc ,phosphoric acid 4#ae ,sulphuric acid 4#ai ,insoluble silici\s matt]1 #gc4hd4 ,consi/+ (3 ,alum9a #d4ad ,lime 79 a /ate ( silicate7 #b4fi ,insoluble 9 acid ,magnesia 4#fh ,pota% 4#bd ,soda 4#ba ,silica #fe4hh ----- #ii4ei 8,! soil1 x w be se51 9 g5]al "*1 resembles ! prec$+ sample2 x conta9s a good deal ( pota% & phosphoric acid1 & may be presum$ to be well suit$ to ! gr[? ( clov]4 ,x conta9s m c>bonate ( lime1 & is some:at light] ?an ! sample f ! "p ( ! field twice m[n = hay1 & may be t]m$ heavy calc>e\s clay4 8,an acre ( ?is l&1 #ah in*es deep1 weigh$1 :5 v ne>ly dry3 ,lbs4 ,surface1 six in*es #b1djg1ijj ,next 0 #b1ddd1bjj ,?ird 0 #b1dhj1ejj 8,or 9 r\nd numb]s1 e six in*es ( soil weigh$ p] acre #b millions ( p\nds1 :i* agrees tol]ably well ) ! actual weight p] acre ( ! prec$+ soil4 8,! am\nt ( phosphoric acid & nitrog5 9 ea* six-in* lay] 0 det]m9$ sep>ately1 z be=e1 :5 ! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3 ,9 ,dri$ ,soil4 ,fir/ six ,second ,?ird six in*es4 six in*es4 in*es4 ,p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid 4#aei 4#aff 4#adj ,nitrog5 4#ahi 4#acd 4#jhi ,equal to ammonia 4#bbi 4#afb 4#ajh 8,an acre1 accord+ to ^! det]m9ations1 conta9s 9 ! ?ree sep>ate sections3 ,fir/ six ,second ,?ird six in*es4 six in*es4 in*es4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,phosphoric acid #c1ige #d1aej #c1ejj ,nitrog5 #d1gbe #c1cej #b1bbe ,equal to ammonia #e1gbe #d1jej #b1gjj 8,"h1 aga91 z might naturally be expect$1 ! proportion ( nitrog5 is l>ge/ 9 ! surface1 :]e all ! decay+ leaves dropp$ dur+ ! gr[? ( ! clov] = se$ are f\nd1 & :]e9 root-fibres are m abundant ?an 9 ! l[] /rata4 ,! fir/ six in*es ( soil1 x w be se51 conta9$ 9 r\nd numb]s1 #b tons ( nitrog5 p] acre1 t is1 consid]ably m ?an 0 f\nd 9 ! same section ( ! soil :]e ! clov] 0 m[n twice = hay2 %[+ pla9ly1 t dur+ ! rip5+ ( ! clov] se$1 ! surface is mu* enri*$ by ! nitrog5\s matt] 9 ! dropp+ leaves ( ! clov]-plant4 8,clov]-roots4--,! roots f "o squ>e foot ( ?is soil1 fre$ z mu* z possible f adh]+ soil1 7 dri$ at #bab1 & :5 weigh$ & r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 gave1 on analysis1 ! foll[+ results3 ,organic matt]99 #fd4gf ,m9]al matt] #ce4bd ------- #ajj4jj 99 ,conta9+ nitrog5 #a4gjb ,equal to ammonia #b4jff ,includ+ clay & s& 7insoluble silici\s matt]7 #bf4jd 8,a squ>e foot ( ?is soil produc$ #ehb gra9s ( dri$ clov]-roots1 consequ5tly an acre yield$ #c1fbb lbs4 ( roots1 or m ?an twice ! weight ( roots obta9$ f ! soil ( ! same field :]e ! clov] 0 twice m[n = hay4 8,9 r\nd numb]s1 ! #c1fbb lbs4 ( clov]-roots f ! l& m[n once1 & aft]w>ds left = se$1 conta9$ #ea lbs4 ( nitrog54 8,! roots f ! soil aft] clov]-se$1 x w be notic$1 7 n s clean z ! prec$+ sample1 nev]!less1 !y yield$ m nitrog54 ,9 #fd4gf ( organic matt]1 we h "h #a4gjb ( nitrog51 :]eas1 9 ! case ( ! roots f ! "p ( ! field :]e ! clov] 0 twice m[n = hay1 we h 9 #ha4cc p>ts1 t is1 mu* m organic matt]1 & #a4fce1 or r less ( nitrog54 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! organic matt] 9 ! soil aft] clov]-se$1 occurs 9 a m advanc$ /age ( decomposition1 ?an f\nd 9 ! clov]-roots f ! "p ( ! field twice m[n4 ,9 ! manure1 9 :i* ! decay ( su* & simil> organic rema9s proce$s1 mu* ( ! non-nitrog5\s1 or c>bonace\s matt]s1 ( :i* ^! rema9s *iefly1 ?\gh n entirely1 consi/1 is trans=m$ into gase\s c>bonic acid1 & :at rema9s beh9d1 becomes ri*] 9 nitrog5 & m9]al matt]s4 ,a p>allel case1 %[+ ! dissipation ( c>bonace\s matt]1 & ! increase 9 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 & m9]al matt] 9 :at is left beh9d1 is pres5t$ to u 9 fre% & rott5 dung2 9 long or fre% dung1 ! p]c5tage ( organic matt]1 consi/+ *iefly ( v imp]fectly decompos$ /raw1 be+ l>g]1 & t ( nitrog5 & m9]al matt] small]1 ?an 9 well-rott$ dung4 8,! roots f ! field aft] clov]-se$1 x w be borne 9 m9d1 7 dug up 9 ,novemb]1 :il/ ^? obta9$ f ! l& twice m[n1 7 dug up 9 ,septemb]2 ! =m]1 !re=e1 may be expect$ to be 9 a m advanc$ /ate ( decay ?an ! latt]1 & ri*] 9 nitrog54 8,9 an acre ( soil1 aft] clov]-se$1 we h3 ,lbs4 ,nitrog5 9 fir/ six in*es ( soil #d1gbe ,nitrog5 9 roots #ea ,nitrog5 9 second six in*es ( soil #c1cej ------- ,total am\nt ( nitrog51 p] acre1 9 twelve in*es ( soil #h1abf 8,equal to ammonia1 #i1hfg lbs43 or1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #c tons & #ab cwts4 ( nitrog5 p] acre2 equal to #d tons #h cwts4 ( ammonia4 8,?is is a v mu* l>g] am\nt ( nitrog5 ?an occurr$ 9 ! o!r soil1 & %[s pla9ly t ! total am\nt ( nitrog5 accumulates especially 9 ! surface-soil1 :5 clov] is gr[n = se$2 ?us expla9+ intelligibly1 z x appe>s to me1 :y :eat1 z /at$ by _m practical m51 succe$s bett] on l& :]e clov] is gr[n = se$1 ?an :]e x is m[n = hay4 8,all ! ?ree lay]s ( ! soil1 aft] clov]-se$1 are ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an ! same sections ( ! soil :]e ! clov] 0 twice m[n1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ comp>ative /atem5t ( results3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,clov]-,soil twice ,clov]-,soil once m[n m[n4 & !n left = se$4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,upp] ,second ,?ird ,upp] ,next ,l[e/ #f in*es#f in*es#f in*es#f in*es#f in*es#f in*es ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 4#afh 4#jib 4#jfd 4#ahi 4#acd 4#jhi dri$ soil ,equal to ammonia 4#aih 4#aab 4#jgh 4#bbi 4#afb 4#ajh ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 8,?is diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( accumulat$ nitrog5 9 clov]-l&1 appe>s /ill m /rik+ly on comp>+ ! total am\nts ( nitrog5 p] acre 9 ! diff]5t sections ( ! two portions ( ! #aa-;acre field4 ,p]c5tage ( ,nitrog5 ,p] ,acre4 ,fir/ six ,second ,?ird six in*es4 six in*es4 in*es4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,i4 ,9 soil1 clov] twice m[n99 #c1cej #a1hge #a1cbe ,,ii4 ,9 soil1 clov] once m[n & se$$ aft]w>ds #d1gbe #c1cej #b1bbe ,equal to ammonia3 99 ,i4 ,clov] twice m[n #d1jej #b1bge #a1fjj ,,ii4 ,clov] se$$ #e1gbe #d1jej #b1gjj ,lbs4 ,i4 ,nitrog5 9 roots ( clov] twice m[n #bd ,,ii4 ,nitrog5 9 clov]1 once m[n1 & gr[n = se$ aft]w>ds #ea ,i4 ,weight ( dry roots p] acre f ,soil ,i #a1dic ,,ii4 ,weight ( dry roots p] acre f ,soil ,,ii #c1fbb ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 9 #a acre1 #ab in*es deep ( ,soil ,i99 #e1bdi ,total am\nt ( nitrog5 9 #a acre1 #ab in*es deep ( ,soil ,,ii #h1abf ,excess ( nitrog5 9 an acre ( soil #ab in*es deep1 calculat$ z ammonia 9 "p ( field1 m[n once & !n se$$ #c1eib --------- 99 ,equal to ammonia #f1cgd ,equal to ammonia #i1hfg 8,x w be se5 t n only 0 ! am\nt ( l>ge clov]-roots great] 9 ! "p :]e clov] 0 gr[n = se$1 b t likewise ! diff]5t lay]s ( soil 7 9 e in/ance ri*] 9 nitrog5 aft] clov]-se$1 ?an aft] clov] m[n twice = hay4 8,reasons are giv5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap] :i* x is hop$ w h conv9c$ ! read]1 t ! f]tility ( l& is n s mu* measur$ by ! am\nt ( a% con/itu5ts ( plants :i* x conta9s1 z by ! am\nt ( nitrog51 :i*1 toge!r ) an excess ( su* a% con/itu5ts1 x conta9s 9 an available =m4 ,x has be5 %[n likewise1 t ! removal f ! soil ( a l>ge am\nt ( m9]al matt] 9 a good clov]-crop1 9 con=mity ) _m direct field exp]im5ts1 is n likely 9 any degree to affect ! :eat-crop1 & t ! yield ( :eat on soils "u ord9>y cultivation1 accord+ to ! exp]i5ce ( _m f>m]s1 & ! direct & num]\s exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 rises or falls1 o!r circum/ances be+ equal1 ) ! supply ( available nitrog5\s food :i* is giv5 to ! :eat4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we c n d\bt t ! b5efits aris+ f ! gr[? ( clov] to ! succe$+ :eat1 are ma9ly due to ! fact t an imm5se am\nt ( nitrog5\s food accumulates 9 ! soil dur+ ! gr[? ( clov]4 8,?is accumulation ( nitrog5\s plant-food1 specially useful to c]eal crops1 is1 z %[n 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 mu* great] :5 clov] is gr[n = se$1 ?an :5 x is made into hay4 ,?is af=ds an intelligible explanation ( a fact long obs]v$ by good practical m51 al?\gh d5i$ by o!rs :o decl9e to accept _! exp]i5ce z re/+ ^u tru/wor?y evid5ce1 because1 z !y say1 l& _c become m f]tile :5 a crop is gr[n ^u x = se$1 :i* is c>ri$ (f1 ?an :5 t crop is cut d[n & ! produce consum$ on ! l&4 ,! *emical po9ts br\ght =w>d 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inquiry1 %[ pla9ly t m]e speculation z to :at c take place 9 a soil1 & :at n1 d n mu* advance ! true !ory ( c]ta9 agricultural practices4 ,x is only by c>efully inve/igat+ subjects l ! "o "u consid]ation1 t positive pro(s are giv51 %[+ ! correctness ( intellig5t obs]v]s 9 ! fields4 ,_m ye>s ago1 ,i made a great _m exp]im5ts relative to ! *emi/ry ( f>m-y>d manure1 & !n %[$1 among/ o!r p>ticul>s1 t manure1 spread at once on ! l&1 ne$ n !re & !n be pl[$ 91 inasmu* z nei!r a broil+ sun1 nor a sweep+ & dry+ w9d w cause ! slighte/ loss ( ammonia2 & t1 !re=e1 ! old-fa%ion$ f>m] :o c>ts 8 manure on ! l& z soon z he c1 & spreads x at once1 b :o pl[s x 9 at 8 conv5i5ce1 acts 9 p]fect accordance ) correct *emical pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! managem5t ( f>m-y>d manure4 ,on ! pres5t occasion1 my ma9 object has be5 to %[1 n m]ely by reason+ on ! subject1 b by actual exp]im5ts1 t ! l>g] ! am\nts ( nitrog51 pota%1 soda1 lime1 phosphoric acid1 etc41 :i* are remov$ f ! l& 9 a clov]-crop1 ! bett] x is1 nev]!less1 made !reby = produc+ 9 ! succe$+ ye> an abundant crop ( :eat1 o!r circum/ances be+ favorable to its gr[?4 8,inde$1 no k9d ( manure c be comp>$ 9 po9t ( efficacy = :eat1 to ! manur+ :i* ! l& gets 9 a really good crop ( clov]4 ,! f>m] :o wi%es to d]ive ! full b5efit f 8 clov]-lay1 %\ld pl[ x up = :eat z soon z possible 9 ! autumn1 & leave x 9 a r\gh /ate z long z is admissible1 9 ord] t ! air may f9d free access into ! l&1 & ! organic rema9s left 9 s mu* abundance 9 a good crop ( clov] be *ang$ into plant-food2 m especially1 9 o!r words1 9 ord] t ! crude nitrog5\s organic matt] 9 ! clov]-roots & decay+ leaves1 may h "t to become trans=m$ into ammoniacal comp\nds1 & ^!1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 into nitrates1 :i* ,i am /rongly incl9$ to ?9k is ! =m 9 :i* nitrog5 is assimilat$1 p> excell5ce by c]eal crops1 & 9 :i*1 at all ev5ts1 x is m efficaci\s ?an 9 any o!r /ate ( comb9ation :]e9 x may be us$ z a f]tiliz]4 8,:5 ! clov]-lay is pl[$ up e>ly1 ! decay ( ! clov] is suffici5tly advanc$ by ! "t ! "y :eat-plant /&s 9 ne$ ( readily available nitrog5\s food1 & ?is be+ uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! cultivat$ soil1 is ready to b5efit e s+le plant4 ,?is equal & abundant di/ribution ( food1 peculi>ly valuable to c]eals1 is a great advantage1 & speaks /rongly 9 favor ( clov] z a prep>atory crop = :eat4 8,nitrate ( soda1 an excell5t spr+ top-dress+ = :eat & c]eals 9 g5]al1 9 "s seasons fails to produce z good an effect z 9 o!rs4 ,9 v dry spr+s1 ! ra9fall is n suffici5t to wa% x prop]ly into ! soil & to di/ribute x equally1 & 9 v wet seasons x is apt to be wa%$ ei!r into ! dra9s or into a /ratum ( ! soil n accessible to ! roots ( ! "y :eat4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! "* ( ! approa*+ season c n usually be pr$ict$1 ! application ( nitrate ( soda to :eat is always att5d$ ) m or less unc]ta9ty4 8,! case is diff]5t1 :5 a good crop ( clov]-hay has be5 obta9$ f ! l& on :i* :eat is int5d$ to be gr[n aft]w>ds4 ,an enorm\s quantity ( nitrog5\s organic matt]1 z we h se51 is left 9 ! l& aft] ! removal ( ! clov]-crop2 & ^! rema9s gradually decay & furni% ammonia1 :i* at fir/ & dur+ ! cold] mon?s ( ! ye>1 is reta9$ by ! well kn[n absorb+ prop]ties :i* all good :eat-soils possess4 ,9 spr+1 :5 w>m] wea!r sets 91 & ! :eat beg9s to make a pu%1 ^! ammonia comp\nds 9 ! soil are by degrees oxidiz$ into nitrates2 & z ?is *ange into food peculi>ly favorable to "y c]eal plants1 proce$s sl[ly b /eadily1 we h 9 ! soil itself1 aft] clov]1 a s\rce f :i* nitrates are cont9u\sly produc$2 s t x does n mu* affect ! f9al yield ( :eat1 :e!r heavy ra9s remove "s or all ( ! nitrate pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,! clov] rema9s ?us af=d a m cont9u\s s\rce f :i* nitrates are produc$1 & great] c]ta9ty = a good crop ( :eat ?an :5 rec\rse is _h to nitrog5\s top-dress+s 9 ! spr+4 ,,summ>y4 8,! foll[+ are "s ( ! *ief po9ts ( int]e/ :i* ,i h endeavor$ fully to develope 9 ! prec$+ pages3 8#a4 ,a good crop ( clov] removes f ! soil m pota%1 phosphoric acid1 lime1 & o!r m9]al matt]s1 :i* ent] into ! composition ( ! a%es ( our cultivat$ crops1 ?an any o!r crop usually gr[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 8#b4 ,!re is fully ?ree times z mu* nitrog5 9 a crop ( clov] z 9 ! av]age produce ( ! gra9 & /raw ( :eat p] acre4 8#c4 ,not)/&+ ! l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5\s matt] & ( a%-con/itu5ts ( plants1 9 ! produce ( an acre1 clov] is an excell5t prep>atory crop = :eat4 8#d4 ,dur+ ! gr[? ( clov]1 a l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5\s matt] accumulates 9 ! soil4 8#e4 ,?is accumulation1 :i* is greate/ 9 ! surface soil1 is due to decay+ leaves dropp$ dur+ ! gr[? ( clov]1 & to an abundance ( roots1 conta9+1 :5 dry1 f "o & ?ree-f\r?s to two p] c5t ( nitrog54 8#f4 ,! clov]-roots are /rong] & m num]\s1 & m leaves fall on ! gr\nd :5 clov] is gr[n = se$1 ?an :5 x is m[n = hay2 9 consequ5ce1 m nitrog5 is left aft] clov]-se$1 ?an aft] hay1 :i* acc\nts = :eat yield+ a bett] crop aft] clov]-se$ ?an aft] hay4 8#g4 ,! developm5t ( roots be+ *eck$1 :5 ! produce1 9 a gre5 condition1 is f$ (f by %eep1 9 all probability1 leaves /ill less nitrog5\s matt] 9 ! soil ?an :5 clov] is all[$ to get rip] & is m[n = hay2 ?us1 no d\bt1 acc\nt+ = ! obs]vation made by practical m51 t1 not)/&+ ! return ( ! produce 9 ! %eep excrem5ts1 :eat is g5]ally /rong]1 & yields bett]1 aft] clov] m[n = hay1 ?an :5 ! clov] is f$ (f gre5 by %eep4 8#h4 ,! nitrog5\s matt]s 9 ! clov] rema9s1 on _! gradual decay1 are f9ally trans=m$ into nitrates1 ?us af=d+ a cont9u\s s\rce ( food on :i* c]eal crops specially delight to gr[4 8#i4 ,!re is /rong presumptive evid5ce t ! nitrog5 :i* exi/s 9 ! air1 9 %ape ( ammonia & nitric acid1 & desc5ds1 9 ^! comb9ations1 ) ! ra9 :i* falls on ! gr\nd1 satisfies1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! requirem5ts ( ! clov]-crop4 ,?is crop causes a l>ge accumulation ( nitrog5\s matt]s1 :i* are gradually *ang$ 9 ! soil into nitrates4 ,! atmosph]e ?us furni%es nitrog5\s food to ! succe$+ :eat indirectly1 &1 s to say1 gratis4 8#aj4 ,clov] n only provides abundance ( nitrog5\s food1 b deliv]s ?is food 9 a readily available =m 7z nitrates71 m gradually & cont9u\sly1 &1 consequ5tly1 ) m c]ta9ty ( a good result1 ?an su* food c be appli$ to ! l& 9 ! %ape ( nitrog5\s spr+ top-dress+s40 8,?ank y ,*>ley10 said ! ,doctor1 8t is ! mo/ rem>kable pap] ,i ev] li/5$ to4 ,i d n q "k :at to ?9k ( x4 ,we %all h to exam9e x c>efully40 8,! fir/ ?ree propositions 9 ! ,summ>y10 said ,i1 8are unque/ionably true4 ,proposition ,no4 #d1 is equally true1 b we mu/ be c>eful :at mean+ we atta* to ! ^w #8accumulate4' ,! idea is1 t clov] ga!rs up ! nitrog5 9 ! soil4 ,x does n increase ! absolute am\nt ( nitrog54 ,x accumulates x--br+s x toge!r4 8,proposition ,no4 #e1 w n be disput$2 & ,i ?9k we may accept ,no4 #f1 also1 ?\gh we c n be sure t all[+ clov] to g to se$1 _h any?+ to d ) ! increas$ quantity ( clov]-roots4 8,proposition ,no4 #g1 may or may n be true4 ,we h no pro(1 only a #8probability2' & ! same may be said 9 reg>d to propositions ,nos4 #h1 #i1 & #aj40 ,! ,deacon seem$ uneasy4 ,he did n l ^! rem>ks4 ,he _h got ! impression1 :ile ,*>ley 0 read+1 t mu* m 0 prov$ ?an ,dr4 ,vlck] claims 9 8 ,summ>y4 8,i ?\ght10 said he1 8t on ! "p ( ! field :]e ! clov] 0 all[$ to g to se$1 ,dr4 ,vlck] f\nd a great increase 9 ! am\nt ( nitrog540 8,t seems to be ! g5]al impression10 said ! ,doctor1 8b 9 po9t ( fact1 we h no pro( t ! gr[? ( clov]1 ei!r = hay or = se$1 _h any?+ to d ) ! quantity ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid f\nd 9 ! soil4 ,! facts giv5 by ,dr4 ,vlck]1 are exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,let u look at !m3 8,a field ( #aa acres 0 s[n to w9t]-:eat1 & se$$ d[n 9 ! spr+1 ) #ac lbs4 p] acre ( clov]4 ,! :eat yield$ #dj bu%els p] acre4 ,! next ye>1 on ! #be? ( ,june1 ! clov] 0 m[n = hay4 ,we are told t #8! be/ "p ( ! field yield$ ?ree tons 7#f1gbj lbs47 ( clov]-hay p] acre2 ! :ole field av]ag+ #b tons 7#e1fjj lbs47 p] acre4' 8,we are n in=m$ h[ mu* l& !re 0 ( ! #8be/ "p1' b assum+ t x 0 half ! field1 ! poor] "p mu/ h yield$ only #d1dhj lbs4 ( hay p] acre1 or only two-?irds z mu* z ! o!r4 ,?is %[s t !re 0 consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! quality or condition ( ! l&4 8,aft] ! field 0 m[n = hay1 x 0 divid$ into two p>ts3 "o "p 0 m[n aga9 = hay1 ,augu/ #ba/1 & yield$ ab\t #cj cwt4 7#c1cfj lbs47 ( hay p] acre2 ! o!r half 0 all[$ to gr[ six or sev5 weeks long]1 & 0 !n 7,octob] #h?71 cut = se$4 ,! yield 0 a little ov] #e bu%els ( se$ p] acre4 ,:e!r ! clov] all[$ to gr[ = se$1 0 on ! ri*] or poor] half ( ! field1 we are n in=m$4 8,dr4 ,vlck] !n analyz$ ! soil4 ,t f ! "p ( ! field m[n twice = hay1 conta9$ p] acre3 ,fir/ six ,second six ,?ird six ,total1 #ah in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 in*es deep4 ,phosphoric acid #d1iej #b1gbe #c1ege #aa1bej ,nitrog5 #c1cej #a1hge #a1cbe #f1eej 8,! soil f ! "p m[n once = hay1 & !n = se$1 conta9$ p] acre3 ,fir/ six ,second six ,?ird six ,total1 #ah in*es4 in*es4 in*es4 in*es deep4 ,phosphoric acid #c1ige #d1aej #c1ejj #aa1fbe ,nitrog5 #d1gbe #c1cej #b1bbe #aj1cjj 8,dr4 ,vlck] also asc]ta9$ ! am\nt & composition ( ! clov]-roots gr[+ 9 ! soil on ! two p>ts ( ! field4 ,on ! "p m[n twice = hay1 ! roots conta9$ p] acre #bd lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,on ! "p m[n once = hay1 & !n = se$1 ! roots conta9$ #ea lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre40 8,n[10 said ! ,doctor1 8^! facts are v int]e/+1 b !re is no sort ( evid5ce t5d+ to %[ t ! clov] has any?+ to d ) increas+ or decreas+ ! quantity ( nitrog5 or phosphoric acid f\nd 9 ! soil40 8,!re 0 m clov]-roots p] acre1 :]e ! clov] 0 all[$ to g to se$4 ,b t may be because ! soil happ5$ to be ri*] on ?is "p ( ! field4 ,!re 01 9 ! fir/ six in*es ( ! soil1 #c1cej lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre1 on "o-half ( ! field1 & #d1gbe lbs4 on ! o!r half2 & x is n at all surpris+ t on ! latt] half !re %\ld be a great] gr[? ( clov] & clov]-roots4 ,to suppose t dur+ ! six or sev5 weeks :ile ! clov] 0 matur+ its se$1 ! clov]-plants c\ld accumulate #a1cge lbs4 ( nitrog51 is absurd40 8,b ,dr4 ,vlck]10 said ! ,deacon1 8/ates1 & /ates truly1 t #8m leaves fall on ! gr\nd :5 clov] is gr[n = se$1 ?an :5 x is m[n = hay2 &1 consequ5tly1 m nitrog5 is left aft] clov]-se$ ?an aft] hay1 :i* acc\nts = :eat yield+ a bett] crop aft] clov]-se$ ?an aft] hay4'0 8,?is is all true10 said ! ,doctor1 8b we c n accept ,dr4 ,vlck]'s analyses z prov+ x4 ,to acc\nt 9 ?is way = ! #a1cge lbs4 ( nitrog51 we %\ld h to suppose t ! clov]-plants1 9 go+ to se$1 %$ "o hundr$ tons ( dry clov]-leaves p] acre6 ,! tru? ( ! matt] seems to be1 t ! "p ( ! field on :i* ! clov] 0 all[$ to g to se$1 0 naturally mu* ri*] ?an ! o!r "p1 & consequ5tly produc$ a great] gr[? ( clov] & clov]-roots40 ,we c n f9d any?+ 9 ^! exp]im5ts t5d+ to %[ t we c make l& ri* by gr[+ clov] & sell+ ! crop4 ,! analyses ( ! soil %[ t 9 ! fir/ eighte5 in*es ( ! surface-soil1 !re 0 #f1eej lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre1 on "o "p ( ! field1 & #aj1cjj lbs4 on ! o!r "p4 ,! clov] did n create ?is nitrog51 or br+ x f ! atmosph]e4 ,! :eat ) :i* ! clov] 0 se$$ d[n1 yield$ #dj bu%els p] acre4 ,if ! field _h be5 s[n to :eat aga91 x probably w\ld n h yield$ ov] #be bu%els p] acre--& t = want ( available nitrog54 ,& yet ! clov] got nitrog5 en\gh = ov] f\r tons ( clov]-hay2 or z mu* nitrog5 z a crop ( :eat ( #abe bu%els p] acre1 & #g tons ( /raw w\ld remove f ! l&4 ,n[ :at does ?is prove8 ,!re 01 9 #ah in*es ( ! soil on ! poore/ "p ( ! field1 #f1eej lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre4 ,a crop ( :eat ( #ej bu%els p] acre1 & twice t weight ( /raw1 w\ld require ab\t #ib lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,b ! :eat c n get ?is am\nt f ! soil1 :ile ! clov] c get d\ble ! quantity4 ,& ! only explanation ,i c give1 is1 t ! clov]-roots c take up nitrog5 f a weak] solution 9 ! soil ?an :eat-roots c4 8,^! exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,vlck]10 said ,i1 8give me great enc\ragem5t4 ,"h is a soil1 #8orig9ally r unproductive1 b mu* improv$ by deep culture2 by be+ sma%$ up into r\gh clods e>ly 9 autumn1 & by be+ expos$ 9 ?is /ate to ! crumbl+ effects ( ! air4' ,x n[ produces #dj bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 & "p ( ! field yield$ ?ree tons ( clov]-hay1 p] acre1 ! fir/ cutt+1 & #e bu%els ( clov]-se$ aft]w>ds--& t 9 a v unfavorable season = clov]-se$40 ,y w f9d t ! f>m]s 9 ,engl& d n expect to make _! l& ri*1 by gr[+ clov] & sell+ ! produce4 ,aft] !y h got _! l& ri*1 by good cultivation1 & ! lib]al use ( animal & artificial manures1 !y may expect a good crop ( :eat f ! roots ( ! clov]4 ,b !y take good c>e to fe$ out ! clov] itself on ! f>m1 9 connection ) turnips & oil-cake1 & ?us make ri* manure4 ,& s x is 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,mu* z we he> ab\t ! value ( clov] = manure1 ev5 ^? :o extol x ! highe/ d n dep5d ^u x alone = br++ up & ma9ta9+ ! f]tility ( _! f>ms4 ,! m5 :o raise ! l>ge/ crops & make ! mo/ money by f>m+1 d n sell clov]-hay4 ,!y d n look to ! roots ( ! clov] = mak+ a poor soil ri*4 ,!y are1 to a man1 good cultivators4 ,!y "w _! l& ?or\ghly & kill ! we$s4 ,!y keep good /ock1 & fe$ lib]ally1 & make good manure4 ,!y use lime1 a%es1 & pla/]1 & are glad to draw manure f ! cities & villages1 & muck f ! swamps1 & n a few ( !m buy artificial manures4 ,9 ! h&s ( su* f>m]s1 clov] is a gr& r5ovat+ crop4 ,x ga!rs up ! f]tility ( ! soil1 & ! roots alone ( a l>ge crop1 (t5 furni% food en\gh = a good crop ( corn1 potatoes1 or :eat4 ,b if y\r l& 0 n 9 good he>t to />t )1 y w\ld n get ! l>ge crop ( clov]2 & if y dep5d on ! clov]-roots alone1 ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 y\r l>ge crops ( clov] w be ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,roots ,,left ,,9 ,,! ,,soil ,,by ,,diff]5t ,,crops4 8,we h se5 t ,dr4 ,vlck] made f\r sep>ate det]m9ations ( ! am\nt ( clov]-roots left 9 ! soil to ! dep? ( six in*es4 ,x may be well to tabulate ! figures obta9$3 ,clov]-,roots1 9 ,six ,in*es ( ,soil1 ,p] ,acre4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,air-dry ,nitrog5 ,phosphoric roots1 9 roots1acid 9 p] acre4p] acre4roots1 p] acre4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #a/ ,ye>4 ,no4 #a4 ,good ,clov] f br[ #ggje #ajj ( ! hill 0 #b4 ,bad 0 0 0 #cibj #ca 0 0 0 #b;d ,ye>4 0 #c4 ,good ,clov] f bottom #gefi #fa #bg ( ! field 0 #d4 ,?9 0 0 br[ #hjfd #ff 0 0 hill 0 #e4;,heavy crop ( fir/-ye> clov] m[n twice = hay #bd 0 #f4;,heavy crop ( fir/-ye> clov] m[n once = hay1 #ea & !n = se$ 0 #g4;,g]man exp]im5t1 #aj in*es deep #hiba #aia #gd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,i h n mu* confid5ce 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,x is s easy to make a little mi/ake2 & :5 y take only a squ>e foot ( l&1 z 0 ! case ) ,nos4 #e & #f1 ! mi/ake is multipli$ by #dc1efj4 ,/ill1 ,i give ! table = :at x is wor?4 ,nos4 #a & #b are f a "o-ye>-old crop ( clov]4 ,! field 0 a calc>e\s clay soil4 ,x 0 some:at hilly2 or1 p]haps1 :at we "h1 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york1 %\ld call 8roll+ l&40 ,! soil on ! br[ ( ! hill1 80 v /ony at a dep? ( f\r in*es1 s t x c\ld only ) difficulty be excavat$ to six in*es1 :5 ! b>e lime/one-rock made its appe>ance40 ,a squ>e y>d 0 select$ on ?is %all[ soil1 :]e ! clov] 0 good2 & ! roots1 air-dri$1 weigh$ at ! rate ( #g1gje lbs4 p] acre1 & conta9$ #ajj lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,a few y>ds di/ance1 on ! same soil1 :]e ! clov] 0 bad1 ! acre ( roots conta9$ only #ca lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre4 ,s f>1 s good4 ,we c well und]/& ?is result4 ,*emi/ry has little to d ) x4 ,!re 0 a good /& ( clov] on ! "o plot1 & a poor "o on ! o!r4 ,& ! conclusion to be drawn f x is1 t x is well wor? our :ile to try to secure a good cat* ( clov]4 8,b1 suppose10 said ! ,doctor1 8,no4 #b _h happ5$ to h be5 pa/ur$ by %eep1 & ,no4 #a all[$ to g to se$1 :at magic !re w\ld h be5 9 ! above figures60 ,nos4 #c & #d are f ! same field1 ! second ye>4 ,no4 #d is f a squ>e y>d ( ?9 clov] on ! br[ ( ! hill1 & ,no4 #c1 f ! ri*]1 deep] l& t[>ds ! bottom ( ! hill4 ,!re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,! roots ( ?9 clov] f ! br[ ( ! hill1 conta9 five lbs4 m nitrog5 p] acre1 ?an ! roots on ! deep] soil4 ,if we c dep5d on ! figures1 we may conclude t on our poor /ony 8knolls10 ! clov] has l>g] & long] roots ?an on ! ri*] p>ts ( ! field4 ,we "k t roots w run long di/ances & great dep?s 9 se>* ( food & wat]4 ,nos4 #e & #f are f a heavy crop ( "o-ye>-old clov]4 ,no4 #e 0 m[n twice = hay1 produc+1 9 ! two cutt+s1 ov] f\r tons ( hay p] acre4 ,no4 #f 0 9 ! same field1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! clov]1 in/ead ( be+ cut ! second "t = hay1 0 all[$ to /& a few weeks long] to rip5 its se$4 ,y w see t ! latt] has m roots ?an ! =m]4 ,!re are #bd lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre 9 ! "o case1 & #ea lbs4 9 ! o!r4 ,h[ f> ?is is due to diff]5ce 9 ! condition ( ! l&1 or to ! difficulties 9 ! way ( gett+ out all ! roots f ! squ>e y>d1 is a matt] ( conjecture4 ,tru? to tell1 ,i h v little confid5ce 9 any ( ^! figures4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i h put at ! bottom ( ! table1 ! result ( an exam9ation made 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ?is case1 ! nitrog5 9 ! roots ( an acre ( clov]1 am\nt$ to #aia lbs4 p] acre4 ,if we c dep5d on ! figures1 we mu/ conclude t !re 7 ne>ly eight times z mu* clov]-roots p] acre 9 ! ,g]man field1 z 9 ! rem>kably heavy crop ( clov] 9 ! ,engli% field ,no4 #e4 8,yes10 said ! ,deacon1 8b ! "o 0 #aj in*es deep1 & ! o!r only six in*es deep2 & besides1 ! ,g]man exp]im5t includes ! #8/ubble' ) ! roots40 ,! ,deacon is "r2 & x w be well to give ! complete table1 z publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,agriculturi/3 ,table ,%[+ ! ,am\nt ( ,roots & ,/ubble ,left ,p] ,acre by ,diff]5t ,crops1 & ! ,am\nt ( ,+r$i5ts ,:i* ,!y ,conta9 ,p] ,acre4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no4 ( lbs4 ( /ubble roots ,no4 ( lbs4 7dry7 p] acre ,no4 ( lbs4 ( a%1 free to a dep? ( ( ,nitrog5 f c>bonic #aj in*es4 p] acre4 acid1 p] acre4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,luc]n 7#d ye>s old7 #i1fgh4a #acf4d #a1bja4f ,r$-,clov] 7#a ye> old17 #h1iba4f #aia4f #a1iai4i ,esp>sette 7#c ye>s old7 #e1icj4i #abc4b #a1jbc4d ,rye #e1bfd4f #fe4c #a1gdg4h ,sw$i% ,clov] #e1jjd4c #ajb4c #igd4f ,rape #d1dgg4 #ef4e #fbb4c ,oats #c1cca4i #bf4f #a1ddd4g ,lup9e #c1ebj4i #fb4b #eej4 ,:eat #c1dgf4 #bc4e #a1jhi4h ,peas #c1bbb4e #ee4f #fgj4g ,s]radella #c1abj4a #fd4h #ede4f ,buck:eat #b1aie4f #dg4i #dfe4e ,b>ley #a1iia4d #bb4h #cia4a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,cont5ts ( ! ,a%es1 9 ,p\nds1 ,p] ,acre4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,lime4 ,magnesia4,pota%4 ,soda4 ,sulphuric,phosphoric ,acid4 ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,luc]n #aig4g #bd4b #cf4g #bf4d #ah4g #ch4e ,r$-,clov] #bfb4i #dh4d #eh4c #bj4j #bf4a #gd4h ,esp>sette #acb4h #bh4g #db4f #ac4h #bj4f #bi4g ,rye #gc4b #ad4c #ca4b #dc4c #aa4h #bd4d ,sw$i% ,clov] #acf4a #ag4f #be4i #e4g #ac4b #bd4b ,rape #afc4i #ab4i #cd4g #bj4i #cj4h #ca4i ,oats #he4e #aa4b #bd4h #ah4 #h4h #bi4 ,lup9e #hj4e #aa4b #af4e #c4e #g4 #ac4h ,:eat #gf4g #aj4a #bh4d #aa4 #g4d #aa4h ,peas #ga4g #aa4 #aa4b #g4 #i4d #ad4c ,s]radella #gi4h #ac4d #h4h #d4h #i4 #ah4d ,buck:eat #hj4 #g4b #h4h #d4b #f4f #aa4 ,b>ley #db4b #e4e #i4e #c4e #e4e #aa4b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,x may be presum$1 t1 :ile ^! figures are n absolutely1 !y are relatively1 correct4 ,9 o!r words1 we may conclude1 t r$-clov] leaves m nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 9 ! roots & /ubble p] acre1 ?an any o!r ( ! crops nam$4 ,! gross am\nt ( dry sub/ance 9 ! roots1 & ! gross am\nt ( a% p] acre1 are consid]ably exagg]at$1 ow+ to ! evid5tly l>ge quantity ( dirt atta*$ to ! roots & /ubble4 ,= in/ance1 ! gross am\nt ( a% 9 ,luc]n is giv5 z #a1bja4f lbs4 p] acre2 :ile ! total am\nt ( lime1 magnesia1 pota%1 soda1 sulphuric & phosphoric acids1 is only #cdb4b lbs4 p] acre1 leav+ #hei4d lbs4 z s&1 clay1 iron1 etc4 ,( ! #a1iai4i lbs4 ( a% 9 ! acre ( clov]-roots & /ubble1 !re are #a1dbi4d lbs4 ( s&1 clay1 etc4 ,b ev5 aft] d$uct+ ?is am\nt ( impurities f a gross total ( dry matt] p] acre1 we /ill h #g1dib4b lbs4 ( dry roots & /ubble p] acre1 or ne>ly #c tons ( dry roots p] acre4 ,?is is a v l>ge quantity4 ,x is z mu* dry matt] z is conta9$ 9 #ac tons ( ord9>y f>m-y>d1 or /able-manure4 ,& ^! #c tons ( dry clov]-roots conta9 #aia lbs4 ( nitrog51 :i* is z mu* z is conta9$ 9 #ai tons ( ord9>y /able-manure4 ,! clov]-roots also conta9 #gd lbs4 ( phosphoric acid p] acre1 or z mu* z is conta9$ 9 f #ejj to #fjj lbs4 ( ,no4 #a rectifi$ ,p]uvian guano4 8,b ! phosphoric acid10 said ! ,doctor1 8is n soluble 9 ! roots40 ,true1 b x 0 soluble :5 ! roots ga!r$ x up out ( ! soil4 8,^! figures10 said ! ,deacon1 8h a v pleasant look4 ,^? ( u :o h ne>ly "o-qu>t] ( our l& 9 clov] e ye>1 ought to be mak+ our f>ms v ri*40 8,x w\ld seem1 at any rate10 said ,i1 8t ^? ( u :o h good1 clean1 well-dra9$1 & well-work$ l&1 t is n[ produc+ a good gr[? ( clov]1 may reasonably expect a fair crop ( :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 corn1 or potatoes1 :5 we break x up & pl[ "u all ! roots1 :i* are equal to #ac or #ai tons ( /able-manure p] acre4 ,:e!r we c or c n dep5d on ^! figures1 "o ?+ is cle>ly prov51 bo? by ! *emi/ & ! f>m]1 t a good clov]-sod1 on well-work$ soil1 is a good prep>ation = corn & potatoes40 ,,manures ,,= ,,:eat4 ,probably n9e-t5?s ( all ! :eat gr[n 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york1 or ! 8,g5esee c\ntry10 f ! "t ! l& 0 fir/ cle>$ until #ahgj1 0 rais$ )\t any manure be+ directly appli$ to ! l& = ?is crop4 ,tillage & clov] 7 :at ! f>m]s dep5d$ on4 ,!re c]ta9ly has be5 no sy/ematic manur+4 ,! manure made dur+ ! w9t]1 0 drawn out 9 ! spr+1 & pl[$ "u = corn4 ,any manure made dur+ ! summ]1 9 ! y>ds1 01 by ! be/ f>m]s1 scrap$ up & spread on portions ( ! l& s[n1 or to be s[n1 ) :eat4 ,ev5 s good a f>m] & :eat-gr[] z ,john ,john/on1 r>ely us$ manure1 7except lime1 & latt]ly1 a little guano71 directly = :eat4 ,clov] & summ]-fall[+ 7 = _m ye>s ! dep5d5ce ( ! ,we/]n ,new ,york :eat-gr[]s4 8,"o ( ! olde/ & mo/ exp]i5c$ mill]s ( ,we/]n ,new ,york10 rem>k$ ! ,doctor1 8once told me t #8ev] s9ce our f>m]s began to manure _! l&1 ! :eat-crop _h det]iorat$1 n only 9 ! yield p] acre1 b 9 ! quality & quantity ( ! fl\r obta9$ f x4' ,x seem$ a /range rem>k to make2 b :5 he expla9$ t ! f>m]s _h giv5 up summ]-fall[+ & pl[+ 9 clov]1 & n[ s[ spr+ crops1 to be foll[$ by w9t] :eat ) an occasional dress+ ( poor manure1 x is easy to see h[ x may be true40 8,yes10 said ,i1 8x is n ! manure t hurts ! :eat1 b ! gr[? ( spr+ crops & we$s t rob ! soil ( f> m plant-food ?an ! poor1 /rawy manure c supply4 ,we d n n[1 really1 furni% ! :eat-crop z mu* manure or plant-food z we =m]ly did :5 little or no manure 0 us$1 & :5 we dep5d$ on summ]-fall[+ & pl[+ 9 clov]40 ,we mu/ ei!r give up ! practice ( s[+ a spr+ crop1 be=e :eat1 or we mu/ make m & ri*] manure1 or we mu/ pl[ 9 m clov]4 ,! rotation1 :i* _m ( u n[ adopt--corn1 b>ley1 :eat--is pr(itable1 provid$ we c make our l& ri* en\gh to produce #ge bu%els ( %ell$ corn1 #ej bu%els ( b>ley1 & #ce bu%els ( :eat1 p] acre1 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,?is c be done1 b we %all ei!r require a numb] ( acres ( ri* l[ l&1 or irrigat$ mead[1 ! produce ( :i* w make manure = ! upl&1 or we %all h to pur*ase oil-cake1 bran1 malt-combs1 or refuse beans1 to fe$ out ) our /raw & clov]-hay1 or we mu/ pur*ase artificial manures4 ,unless ?is is done1 we mu/ summ]-fall[ m1 on ! heavi] clay soils1 s[ less oats & b>ley2 or we mu/1 on ! light] soils1 raise & pl[ "u m clov]1 or fe$ x out on ! f>m1 be+ c>eful to save & apply ! manure4 8,bett] d bo?10 said ! ,doctor4 8,h[80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 8,y _h bett] make all ! manure y c10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8& buy artificial manures besides40 8,! ,doctor is "r10 said ,i1 8& 9 po9t ( fact1 our be/ f>m]s are do+ ?is v ?+4 ,!y are mak+ m manure & buy+ m manure ?an ev] be=e2 or1 to /ate ! matt] correctly1 !y are buy+ artificial manures2 & ^! increase ! crops1 & ! extra quantity ( /raw1 corn1 & clov]1 s obta9$1 enables !m to make m manure4 ,!y get *eat$ sometimes 9 _! pur*ases2 b1 on ! :ole1 ! movem5t is a good "o1 & w result 9 a high] & bett] sy/em ( f>m+40 ,i am amus$ at ! int]e/ & en?usiasm manife/$ by "s ( our f>m]s :o h us$ artificial manures = a ye> or two4 ,!y seem to reg>d me z a sad old fogy1 because ,i am n[ dep5d+ almo/ entirely on ! manures made on ! f>m4 ,ye>s ago1 ,i 0 laugh$ at because ,i us$ guano & sup]phosphate4 ,x 0 only ye/]day1 t a "y f>m]1 :o is ! local ag5t ( ?is neighborhood1 = a manure manufactur]1 rem>k$ to me1 8,y h nev] us$ sup]phosphate4 ,we s[$ x on our :eat la/ ye>1 & c\ld see to ! v drill m>k h[ f> x w5t4 ,i w\ld l to take y\r ord] = a ton4 ,i am sure x w\ld pay40 8,we are mak+ manure *eap] ?an y c sell x to me10 ,i repli$1 8& besides1 ,i d n ?9k sup]phosphate is a good manure = :eat40 --8,oh10 he exclaim$1 8y w\ld n say s if y _h ev] us$ x40 --8,:y1 my de> sir10 said ,i1 8,i made tons ( sup]phosphate1 & us$ l>ge quantities ( guano be=e y 7 born2 & if y w come into ! h\se1 ,i w %[ y a silv] goblet ,i got = a prize essay on ! use ( sup]phosphate ( lime1 t ,i wrote m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,i s5t to ,new ,york = two tons ( guano1 & publi%$ ! result ( its use on ?is f>m1 be=e y 7 out ( y\r cradle4 ,& ,i _h a ton or m ( sup]phosphate made = me 9 #ahef1 & "s be=e t4 ,i h also us$ on ?is f>m1 _m tons ( sup]phosphate & o!r artificial manures f diff]5t manufactur]s1 & "o ye> ,i us$ #ae tons ( bone-du/40 ,) ready tact1 he turn$ ! tables on me by say+3 8,n[ ,i c und]/& :y y\r l& is improv+4 ,x is because y h us$ sup]phosphate & bone-du/4 ,ord] a few tons40 ,by employ+ ag5ts ( ?is k9d1 ! manufactur]s h succe$$ 9 sell+ ! f>m]s ( ,we/]n ,new ,york ?\s&s ( tons ( sup]phosphate4 ,"s f>m]s ?9k x pays1 & "s t x does n4 ,we are m likely to he> ( ! successes ?an ( failures4 ,/ill !re c be no d\bt t sup]phosphate has1 9 _m in/ances1 prov$ a valuable & pr(itable manure = :eat 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york4 ,f #bjj to #cjj lbs4 are us$ p] acre1 & ! evid5ce seems to %[ t x is f> bett] to drill 9 ! manure ) ! se$ ?an to s[ x broadca/4 ,my own op9ion is1 t ^! sup]phosphates are n ! mo/ economical artificial manures t c\ld be us$ = :eat4 ,!y conta9 too little nitrog54 ,p]uvian guano conta9+ nitrog5 equal to #aj p] c5t ( ammonia1 w\ld be1 ,i ?9k1 a mu* m effective & pr(itable manure4 ,b be=e we discuss ?is "q1 x w be necess>y to /udy ! results ( actual exp]im5ts 9 ! use ( v>i\s f]tiliz]s = :eat4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,lawes ,,& ,,gilb]t',s ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,:eat4 ,i h>dly "k h[ to comm5ce an acc\nt ( ! wond]ful exp]im5ts made at ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&1 by ,john ,b5nett ,lawes1 ,esq41 & ,dr4 ,joseph ,h4 ,gilb]t4 ,mr4 ,lawes' fir/ sy/ematic exp]im5t on :eat1 comm5c$ 9 ! autumn ( #ahdc4 ,a field ( #ad acres ( r heavy clay soil1 re/+ on *alk1 0 select$ = ! purpose4 ,n9ete5 plots 7 accurately measur$ & /ak$ (f4 ,! plots ran ! long way ( ! field1 & up a slight asc5t4 ,on ea* side ( ! field1 alongside ! plots1 !re 0 "s l& n includ$1 ! fir/ ye>1 9 ! exp]im5t prop]4 ,?is l& 0 ei!r left )\t manure1 or a mixture ( ! manures us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts 0 s[n on x4 ,i h he>d x said t ,mr4 ,lawes1 at ?is "t1 0 a believ] 9 :at 0 call$ 8,liebig's ,m9]al ,manure ,!ory40 ,liebig _h said t 8,! crops on a field1 dim9i% or increase 9 exact proportion to ! dim9ution or increase ( ! m9]al sub/ances convey$ to x 9 manure40 ,& en?usia/ic g5tlem5 h be5 kn[n to tell f>m]s :o 7 engag$ 9 draw+ out f>m-y>d manure to _! l&1 t !y 7 wa/+ _! /r5g?2 all !y ne$$ 0 ! m9]al elem5ts ( ! manure4 8,& y might10 !y said1 8burn y\r manure1 & s[ ! a%es1 & ?us save mu* "t & labor4 ,! a%es w d j z mu* good z ! manure itself40 ,:e!r ,mr4 ,lawes did1 or did n ent]ta9 su* an op9ion1 ,i d n "k4 ,x looks z ?\gh ! exp]im5ts ! fir/ ye> or two1 7 made ) ! expectation t m9]al manures1 or ! a%es ( plants1 7 :at ! :eat ne$$4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! k9d & quantities ( manures us$ p] acre1 & ! yield ( :eat p] acre1 z c>efully clean$ = m>ket4 ,also ! total weight ( gra9 p] acre1 & ! weight ( /raw & *aff p] acre4 ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ on ! ,gr[? ( ,:eat1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&4 ,table #a4--,manures ,& ,produce2 #a/ ,season1 #ahdc-d4 ,manures & ,se$ 7,old ,r$ ,lammas7 ,s[n ,autumn #ahdc4 ,manures3 ,,fm ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,,fma ,f>my>d ,manure ,a%es4#a ,si,p ,silicate ( ,potass4#b ,ph,p ,phosphate ( ,potass4#c ,ph,s ,phosphate ( ,soda4#c ,ph,m ,phosphate ( ,magnesia4#c ,,spl ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime4#c ,s,am ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,,rc ,rape ,cake4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p ,manures p] ,acre4 l ---------------------------------------- ----------- o t s ,,fm ,,fma ,si,p ,ph,p ,ph,s ,ph,m ,,spl ,,sa ,,rc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,tons4,cwts4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #j ,mixture ( ! residue ( mo/ ( ! o!r manures4 #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #gjj 44 #aed #b #ad 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d 44 #cba 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e 44 44 44 44 44 44 #gjj 44 44 #f 44 44 44 44 44 #dbj #cej 44 44 #g 44 44 44 44 #cbe 44 #cej 44 44 #h 44 44 44 #cge 44 44 #cej 44 44 #i 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fcj #fe 44 #aj 44 44 #bbj 44 44 44 #efj 44 44 #aa 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cej 44 #cjh #ab 44 44 44 44 #afb #baj #cej 44 44 #ac 44 44 44 #ahg 44 #baj #cej 44 44 #ad 44 44 #bge 44 44 #baj #cej 44 44 #ae 44 44 #aaj #aej 44 #afh #cej 44 44 #af 44 44 #aaj #ge #fe #hd #cej #fe 44 #ag 44 44 #aaj #ge #fe #hd #cejd #fe 44 #ah 44 44 #aaj #ge #fe #hd #cej #fe #aed #ai 44 44 #aaj 44 #ha #aje #cej #ha 44 #bj ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba ,mixture ( ! residue ( mo/ ( ! 44 44 44 #bb o!r manures4 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,produce3 ,wt_/,bu ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,oc ,(fal ,corn4#e ,c ,corn4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,s,c ,/raw & ,*aff4 ,,tp ,total ,produce4 ,,tp ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw74 ,c#ajj ,corn to #ajj ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,increase p] ,produce p] ,acre1 etc4 ,acre by ,manure4 ,p ---------------------------------------- -------------- l ,dress$ corn4 o -------------- t ,qty4#e ,wt_/,bu ,,oc ,,tc ,s,c ,,tp ,c ,s,c ,,tp ,c#ajj s ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,bu4 ,pks4lbs4 lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4lbs4 #ai #c #eh4e #fa #abbh #adcf #bffd #cje #caf #fba #he4e #j #af #c #ei4j #eb #ajdj #abjc #bbdc #aag #hc #bjj #hf4d #a #bj #a #ei4c #fd #abgf #adgf #bgeb #cec #cef #gji #hf4d #b #ae #j #eh4e #df #ibc #aabj #bjdc 44 44 44 #hb4d #c #ad #b #eh4j #dd #hhh #aajd #aiib -#ce -#af -#ea #hj4d #d #ae #b #eh4c #dh #ief #aaaf #bjgb #cc -#d #bi #he4f #e #ae #a #fj4j #dh #ifd #aajj #bjfd #da -#bj #ba #hg4f #f #ae #b #fj4c #di #ihd #aagb #baef #fa #eb #aac #hd4j #g #ae #j #fa4c #di #ihj #aafj #badj #eg #dj #ig #hd4e #h #ai #b #fb4c #ed #abhj #acfh #bjdh #ceg #bdh #fje #ic4e #i #ae #a #fb4j #ej #ajjh #aaab #babj #he -#h #gg #ij4f #aj #ag #j #fa4h #ef #aaaf #abjj #bcaf #aic #hj #bgc #ic4j #aa #ae #b #fa4e #ej #ajjd #aaaf #babj #ha -#d #gg #ij4j #ab #af #a #fb4e #ed #ajgb #abjd #bbgf #adi #hd #bcc #hi4j #ac #ae #c #fa4c #ea #ajaf #aagf #baib #ic #ef #adi #hf4d #ad #af #c #fb4j #eh #ajif #abdj #bccf #agc #abj #bic #hh4d #ae #ai #c #fb4e #fe #acjd #adhj #bghd #cha #cfj #gda #hh4a #af #ah #c #fb4c #fb #abdj #adbb #bffb #cag #cjb #fai #hg4b #ag #bj #c #fb4j #fc #acfh #agfh #cacf #dae #fah #ajic #gg4d #ah #bd #a #fa4h #gi #aehj #aggb #cceb #feg #feb #acji #hi4b #ai 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,note #a3 ,! f>my>d dung 0 burnt sl[ly 9 a heap 9 ! op5 air to an imp]fect or coaly a%1 & #cb cwts4 ( a% repres5t #ad tons ( dung4 ,note #b3 ,! silicate ( potass 0 manufactur$ at a glass-h\se1 by fus+ equal p>ts ( pe>l-a% & s&4 ,! product 0 a transp>5t glass1 slightly deliquesc5t 9 ! air1 :i* 0 gr\nd to a p[d] "u edge-/ones4 ,note #c3 ,! manures t]m$ sup]phosphate ( lime1 phosphate ( potass1 phosphate ( soda1 & phosphate ( magnesia1 7 made by act+ ^u bone-a% by means ( sulphuric acid 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & 9 ! case-( ! alkali salts & ! magnesian "o neutraliz+ ! comp\nd ?us obta9$ by means ( *eap prep>ations ( ! respective bases4 ,= ! sup]phosphate ( lime1 ! proportions 7 #e p>ts bone-a%1 #c p>ts wat]1 & #c p>ts sulphuric acid ( sp4 gr4 #a4hd2 & = ! phosphates ( potass1 soda1 & magnesia1 !y 7 #d p>ts bone-a%1 wat] z ne$$1 #c p>ts sulphuric acid ( sp4 gr4 #a4hd1 & equival5t am\nts1 respectively1 ( pe>l-a%1 soda-a%1 or a mixture ( #a "p m$ic9al c>bonate ( magnesia1 & #d p>ts magnesian lime/one4 ,! mixtures1 ( c\rse1 all lo/ weight consid]ably by ! evolution ( wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,note #d3 ,made ) unburnt bones4 ,note #e3 ,9 ?is fir/ season1 nei!r ! weight nor ! measure ( ! (fal corn 0 record$ sep>ately2 & 9 =m] pap]s1 ! bu%els & pecks ( total corn 7includ+ (fal7 h errone\sly be5 giv5 z dress$ corn4 ,to br+ ! records m 9 con=mity ) ^? relat+ to ! o!r ye>s1 #e p] c5t1 by weight1 has be5 d$uct$ f ! total corn previ\sly /at$ z dress$ corn1 & is record$ z (fal corn2 ?is be+ ab\t ! probable proportion1 judg+ f ! "* ( ! season1 ! bulk ( ! crop1 & ! weight p] bu%el ( ! dress$ corn4 ,al?\gh n /rictly correct1 ! /atem5ts ( dress$ corn1 z am5d$ 9 ?is some:at arbitr>y way1 w approximate m ne>ly to ! tru?1 & be m comp>able ) ^? relat+ to o!r seasons1 ?an ^? hi!rto record$4 ,^! 7 ! results ( ! h>ve/ ( #ahdd4 ,! fir/ ye> ( ^! s9ce celebrat$ exp]im5ts4 ,if ,mr4 ,lawes expect$ t ! crops w\ld be 9 proportion to ! m9]als suppli$ 9 ! manure1 he mu/ h be5 greatly disappo9t$4 ,! plot )\t manure ( any k9d1 gave #ae bu%els ( :eat p] acre2 #gjj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate ( lime1 made f burnt bones1 produc$ only #ch lbs4 or ab\t half a bu%el m gra9 p] acre1 & #d lbs4 less /raw ?an 0 obta9$ )\t manure4 #fdj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate1 & #fe lbs4 ( comm]cial sulphate ( ammonia 7equal to ab\t #ad lbs4 ( ammonia71 gave a little ov] #ai bu%els ( dress$ :eat p] acre4 ,z comp>$ ) ! plot hav+ #gjj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate p] acre1 ?is #ad lbs4 ( available ammonia p] acre1 or1 say #aa lbs4 nitrog51 gave an increase ( #cbd lbs4 ( gra91 & #beb lbs4 ( /raw1 or a total increase ( #egf lbs4 ( gra9 & /raw4 ,on plot ,no4 #ai1 #ha lbs4 ( sulphate ammonia1 ) m9]als1 produces #bd bu%els p] acre4 ,?is yield is cle>ly due to ! ammonia4 ,! rape-cake conta9s ab\t #e p] c5t ( nitrog51 & is also ri* 9 m9]als & c>bonace\s matt]4 ,x gives an increase1 b n z l>ge 9 proportion to ! nitrog5 furni%$1 z ! sulphate ( ammonia4 ,& ! same rem>ks apply to ! #ad tons ( f>m-y>d manure4 ,we %\ld h expect$ a great] increase f su* a lib]al dress+ ( b>n-y>d manure4 ,i ?9k ! explanation is ?is3 ,! manure _h n be5 pil$4 ,x 0 probably tak5 out fre% f ! y>d 7?is1 at any rate1 0 ! case :5 ,i 0 at ,ro?am/$71 & pl[$ "u late 9 ! season4 ,& on ?is heavy l&1 manure w lie buri$ 9 ! soil = mon?s1 or1 if undi/urb$1 = ye>s1 )\t decomposition4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ?is #ad tons ( b>n-y>d manure1 conta9$ at lea/ #aej lbs4 ( nitrog51 & a l>ge quantity ( m9]als & c>bonace\s matt]1 x did n produce a bu%el p] acre m ?an a manure conta9+ less ?an #ab lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,& on plot #ai1 a manure conta9+ less ?an #ae lbs4 ( available nitrog51 produc$ ne>ly #d bu%els p] acre m :eat ?an ! b>n-y>d manure conta9+ at lea/ t5 times z mu* nitrog54 ,!re c be b "o explanation ( ?is fact4 ,! nitrog5 9 ! manure lay dormant 9 ?is heavy soil4 ,_h x be5 a light s&y soil1 x w\ld h decompos$ m rapidly & produc$ a bett] effect4 ,z we h be=e /at$1 ,john ,john/on f9ds1 on 8 clay-l&1 a f> great] effect f manure spread on ! surface1 :]e x decomposes rapidly1 ?an :5 ! manure is pl[$ "u4 ,! ,deacon 0 look+ at ! figures 9 ! table1 & n pay+ mu* att5tion to our talk4 8,:at c\ld a man be ?9k+ ab\t10 he said1 8to burn #ad tons ( good manure6 ,x 0 a great wa/e1 & ,i am glad ! a%es did no sort ( good40 ,aft] ! :eat 0 h>ve/$ 9 #ahdd1 ! l& 0 imm$iately pl[$1 h>r[$1 etc42 & 9 a few weeks 0 pl[$ aga9 & s[n to :eat1 ! diff]5t plots be+ kept sep>ate1 z be=e4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! manures us$ ?is second ye>1 & ! yield p] acre3 ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ on ! ,gr[? ( ,:eat1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ,! ,same ,l&4 ,table ,,ii4--,manures & ,produce2 #bnd ,season1 #ahde4 ,manures & ,se$ 7,old ,r$ ,lammas7 ,s[n ,m>* #ahde4 ,manures3 ,,fm ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,si,p ,silicate ( ,potass4#a ,ph,p ,phosphate ( ,potass4#b ,,spl ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime4#b ,b-,a ,bone-a%4 ,m,ac ,muriatic ,acid4 ,g ,guano4 ,s,am ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,m,am ,muriate ( ,ammonia4 ,c,am ,c>bonate ( ,ammonia4 ,,rc ,rape ,cake4 ,t ,tapioca4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,p ,manures p] ,acre4 l ---------------------------------------- ----------------- o t s ,,fm ,si,p,ph,p ,,spl ,b-,a ,m,ac ,g ,s,am ,m,am ,c,am ,,rc ,t ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,tons4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4lbs4 #j ,mixture ( ! residue ( mo/ ( ! o!r manures4 #a 44 #aab 44 44 44 44 44 #bbd 44 44 #efj 44 #b #ad 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d 44 44 44 44 #aab #aab 44 #aab 44 44 44 44 #eda ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bebc 44 44 #f 44 44 44 #aab 44 44 44 #aab 44 44 #efj 44 #g 44 44 44 #aab 44 44 44 #aab 44 44 44 #efj #h 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aab 44 44 #efj 44 #i 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #afheaffe 44 44 44 #aj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #afhfafhf 44 44 44 #aa 44 44 44 #bhj 44 44 44 #bbd 44 44 #efj 44 #ab 44 44 #bhj 44 44 44 44 #bbd 44 44 44 44 #ac 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ccfg 44 44 44 44 44 #ad 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fgbh 44 44 44 44 44 #ae 44 44 44 44 #bbd #bbd 44 #bbd 44 44 44 44 #af 44 44 44 #bbd 44 44 44 #ef #ef 44 #efj 44 #ag 44 44 44 #bbd 44 44 44 #aab #aab 44 #bhj 44 #ah 44 44 44 #ccf 44 44 44 #aab #aab 44 44 44 #ai 44 44 44 44 #aab #aab 44 #aab 44 44 #cij 44 #bj ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba,mixture ( ! residue ( mo/ ( ! 44 44 44 44 44 #bb o!r manures4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,produce3 ,wt_/,bu ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,oc ,(fal ,corn4#e ,c ,corn4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,s,c ,/raw & ,*aff4 ,,tp ,total ,produce4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw74 ,,ocd ,(fal ,corn to #ajj ,dress$4 ,c#ajj ,corn to #ajj ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,increase p] ,produce p] ,acre1 etc4 ,acre by ,manure4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ----- l ,dress$ corn4 o ------------- ,,tp t ,qty4#e ,wt_/,bu ,,oc ,,tc ,s,c ,,tp ,c ,s,c ,c,s ,,ocd ,c#ajj s ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,bu4 ,pks4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs lbs4lbs4 #cb #j #ef4e #aei #aifgciggeidd #ebf #abfeagiaaj4i #di4e #j #bf #a #ed4h #bdh #afhicfiiechh #bdh #ihgabceag4c #de4g #a #cb #j #ef4h #aea #aifgciaeehhb #ebf #abjcagbi #h4i #ej4b #b #bc #j #ef4e #aca #addabgabdaec 44 44 44 #h4g #ec4a #c #bi #b #eh4j #afa #ahgicffceedb #dch #ieaachi #i4d #ea4c #d #bb #b #eg4e #acd #adcabfhddaae -#aj -#bh -#chaj4a #ec4cae #bf #c #eg4c #aij #agcbceiiecca #bia #hhgaaghad4b #dh4ab #bh #b #eg4h #bad #ahgacfddeeae #dcj #icbacfbad4a #eg4c #f #bf #b #eg4j #afa #afhbcbdcdibe #bda #eca #ggbaa4c #ea4i #g #bg #j #ef4c #afd #agafcffcecgi #bge #ieaabbfad4j #df4i #h #cc #a #eh4c #ahg #bacadjehfahi #fij #acdfbjcfaj4b #eb4e #i #ca #c #ef4c #aia #aihjdbfffbaf #eci #aeedbjicab4c #df4d #aj #cj #c #ef4j #aeh #ahhjdajaeiha #dci #acibahcaaa4c #de4h #aa #bh #b #ee4h #bfd #ahdbdacdeigf #dja #adbbahbcag4h #dd4e #ab #be #j #ef4c #aeb #aeehcceediac #aag #fdc #gfjab4j #df4d #ac #bg #a #eg4e #agf #agdccfifedci #cjb #ihaabhfaf4b #dg4a #ad #cb #c #eg4c #bji #bajcdjddfadg #ffb #accbaiidaa4h #eb4j #ae #cb #b #ef4c #ahb #bjbhdaiafbai #ehg #adgibjffaa4a #dh4d #af #cb #j #ee4h #bii #bjicchbfeiai #feb #aaadagffae4b #ed4g #ag #cc #a #ef4e #ahj #bidhchaichfg #fjg #aajgagadaa4b #ec4f #ah #cd #c #eg4j #acc #baaddbaefcbi #fgc #aejcbagf #i4a #ej4b #ai #bd #b #ef4j #aac #adiecajddeii #ed #cib #ddf #i4g #dh4b #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bb ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,note #a3 ,! silicate ( potass 0 manufactur$ at a glass-h\se1 by fus+ equal p>ts ( pe>l-a% & s&4 ,! product 0 a transp>5t glass1 slightly deliquesc5t 9 ! air2 x 0 gr\nd to p[d] "u edge-/ones4 ,note #b3 ,! manures t]m$ sup]phosphate ( lime & phosphate ( potass1 7 made by act+ ^u bone-a% by means ( sulphuric acid1 & 9 ! case ( ! potass salt neutraliz+ ! comp\nd ?us obta9$1 by means ( pe>l-a%4 ,= ! sup]phosphate ( lime1 ! proportions 71 #e p>ts bone-a%1 #c p>ts wat]1 & #c p>ts sulphuric acid ( sp4 gr4 #a4hd2 & = ! phosphate ( potass1 #d p>ts bone a%1 wat] z ne$$1 #c p>ts sulphuric acid ( sp4 gr4 #a4hd2 & an equival5t am\nt ( pe>l-a%4 ,! mixtures1 ( c\rse1 lo/ weight consid]ably by ! evolution ( wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,note #c3 ,! m$ic9al c>bonate ( ammonia2 x 0 dissolv$ 9 wat] & top-dress$4 ,note #d3 ,plot #e1 0 #b l&s wide 79 aft] ye>s1 respectively1 #e;a & #e;b72 #e4a consi/+ ( #b alt]nate "o-f\r? l5g?s across bo? l&s1 & #e4b ( ! #b rema9+ "o-f\r? l5g?s4 ,note #e3 ,top-dress$ at once4 ,note #f3 ,top-dress$ at #d int]vals4 ,note #g3 ,p]uvian4 ,note #h3 ,i*aboe4 ,! season ( #ahde 0 m favorable = :eat1 ?an t ( #ahdd1 & ! crops on all ! plots 7 bett]4 ,on plot ,no4 #c1 :i* _h no manure la/ ye>1 or ?is1 ! yield is #bc bu%els p] acre1 aga9/ #ae bu%els la/ ye>4 ,la/ ye>1 ! #ad tons ( b>n-y>d manure gave an increase ( only #e bu%els p] acre4 ,?is ye> x gives an increase ( ne>ly #i bu%els p] acre4 8,d y mean10 said ! ,deacon1 8t ?is plot1 ,no4 #b1 _h #ad tons ( manure 9 #ahdd1 & #ad tons ( manure aga9 9 #ahde80 8,precisely t1 ,deacon10 said ,i1 8& ?is same plot has receiv$ ?is am\nt ( manure e ye> s9ce1 up to ! pres5t "t--= ^! same exp]im5ts are /ill cont9u$ f ye> to ye> at ,ro?am/$40 8,x is poor f>m+10 said ! ,deacon1 8& ,i %\ld ?9k ! l& w\ld get too ri* to gr[ :eat40 8,x is n s10 said ,i1 8& ! fact is an int]e/+ "o1 & tea*es a mo/ important lesson1 ( :i*1 m h]eaft]40 ,plot #e1 la/ ye>1 receiv$ #gjj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate p] acre4 ,?is ye>1 ?is plot 0 divid$2 "o half 0 left )\t manure1 & ! o!r dress$ ) #beb lbs4 ( pure c>bonate ( ammonia p] acre4 ,! half )\t manure1 7#e;a71 did n produce q z mu* gra9 & /raw z ! plot :i* _h receiv$ no manure = two ye>s 9 succession4 ,b ! :eat 0 ( bett] quality1 weigh+ #a lb4 m p] bu%el ?an ! o!r4 ,/ill x is suffici5tly evid5t t sup]phosphate ( lime did no good s f> z increas+ ! gr[? 0 conc]n$1 ei!r ! fir/ ye> x 0 appli$1 or ! ye> foll[+4 ,! c>bonate ( ammonia 0 dissolv$ 9 wat] & spr9kl$ ov] ! gr[+ :eat at ?ree diff]5t times dur+ ! spr+4 ,y see ?is manure1 :i* conta9s no m9]al matt] at all1 gives an increase ( ne>ly #d bu%els ( gra9 p] acre1 & an increase ( #hhg lbs4 ( /raw4 8,wait a mom5t10 said ! ,deacon1 8is n #hhg lbs4 ( /raw to #d bu%els ( gra9 an unusually l>ge proportion ( /raw to gra98 ,i h he>d y say t #ajj lbs4 ( /raw to ea* bu%el ( :eat is ab\t ! av]age4 ,& accord+ to ?is exp]im5t1 ! c>bonate ( ammonia produc$ ov] #bjj lbs4 ( /raw to a bu%el ( gra94 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ?is40 8,x is a g5]al rule10 said ,i1 8t ! heavi] ! crop1 ! great] is ! proportion ( /raw to gra94 ,on ! no-manure plot1 we h1 ?is ye>1 #aah lbs4 ( /raw to a bu%el ( dress$ gra94 ,tak+ ?is z ! /&>d1 y w f9d t ! increase f manures is proportionally great] 9 /raw ?an 9 gra94 ,?us 9 ! increase ( b>n-y>d manure1 ?is ye>1 we h ab\t #acc lbs4 ( /raw to a bu%el ( gra94 ,i d n believe !re is any manure t w give u a l>ge crop ( gra9 )\t a /ill l>g] crop ( /raw4 ,!re is consid]able diff]5ce1 9 ?is respect1 betwe5 diff]5t v>ieties ( :eat4 ,/ill1 ,i l to see a good gr[? ( /raw40 8,x is curi\s10 said ! ,doctor1 8t #c cwt4 ( ammonia-salts alone on plots #i & #aj %\ld produce z mu* :eat z 0 obta9$ f plot #b1 :]e #ad tons ( b>n-y>d manure _h be5 appli$ two ye>s 9 succession4 ,i notice t on "o plot1 ! ammonia-salts 7 appli$ at once1 9 ! spr+1 :ile on ! o!r plot !y 7 s[n at f\r diff]5t times--& t ! =m] gave ! be/ results40 ,! only conclusion to be drawn f ?is1 is1 t x is desirable to apply ! manure e>ly 9 ! spr+--or bett] /ill1 9 ! autumn4 8,y are a great advocate ( ,p]uvian guano10 said ! ,deacon1 8& yet #c cwt4 ( ,p]uvian guano on ,plot #ac1 only produc$ an increase ( two bu%els & #fdc lbs4 ( /raw p] acre4 ,! guano at #fj p] ton1 w\ld co/ #i4jj p] acre4 ,?is w n pay40 ,?is is an unusually small increase4 ,! reason1 probably1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! manure & se$ 7 n s[n until ,m>*1 in/ead ( 9 ! autumn4 ,! salts ( ammonia are q soluble & act quickly2 :ile ! ,p]uvian guano has to decompose 9 ! soil1 & consequ5tly ne$s to be appli$ e>li]1 especially on clay l&4 8,i d n want y10 said ! ,deacon1 8to dodge ! "q :y an application ( #ad tons ( f>my>d-manure p] acre1 e ye> = ov] ?irty ye>s1 does n make ! l& too ri* = :eat40 8,possibly10 said ,i1 8on light1 s&y soil1 su* an annual dress+ ( manure w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s make ! l& too ri* = :eat4 ,b on a clayey soil1 su* is evid5tly n ! case4 ,& ! fact is a v important "o4 ,:5 we apply manure1 our object %\ld be to make x z available z possible4 ,nature pres]ves or cons]ves ! food ( plants4 ,! object ( agriculture is to use ! food ( plants = our own advantage40 8,please be a little m def9ite10 said ! ,deacon1 8= ,i mu/ confess ,i d n q see ! significance ( y\r rem>ks40 8,:at he means10 said ! ,doctor1 8is ?is3 ,if y put a quantity ( soluble & available manure on l&1 & d n s[ any crop1 ! manure w n be wa/$4 ,! soil w reta9 x4 ,x w *ange x f a soluble into a comp>atively insoluble =m4 ,_h a crop be5 s[n ! fir/ ye>1 ! manure w\ld d f> m good ?an x w ! next ye>1 & yet x may be t none ( ! manure is lo/4 ,x is m]ely lock$ up 9 ! soil 9 su* a =m z w prev5t x f runn+ to wa/e4 ,if x 0 n = ?is pr9ciple1 our l&s w\ld h be5 long ago exhau/$ ( all _! available plant-food40 8,i ?9k ,i und]/&10 said ! ,deacon2 8b if :at y say is true1 x upsets _m ( our old notions4 ,we h ?\ght x desirable to pl[ "u manure1 9 ord] to prev5t ! ammonia f escap+4 ,y claim1 ,i believe1 t !re is little dang] ( any loss f spread+ manure on ! surface1 & ,i suppose y w\ld h u conclude t we make a mi/ake 9 pl[+ x "u1 z ! soil r5d]s x insoluble40 8,x dep5ds a good deal10 said ,i1 8on ! "* ( ! soil4 ,a light1 s&y soil w n pres]ve manure l a clay soil4 ,b x is und\bt$ly true t our aim 9 all cases %\ld be to apply manure 9 su* a =m & to su* a crop z w give u ! greate/ imm$iate b5efit4 ,pl[+ "u fre% manure e ye> = :eat is evid5tly n ! be/ way to get ! greate/ b5efit f x4 ,b ?is is n ! place to discuss ?is matt]4 ,let u look at ! result ( ,mr4 ,lawes' exp]im5ts on :eat ! ?ird ye>30 ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ on ! ,gr[? ( ,:eat1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&4 ,table ,,iii4--,manures & ,produce2 #crd ,season1 #ahde-f4 ,manures & ,se$ 7,old ,r$ ,lammas71 ,s[n ,autumn1 #ahde4 ,manures ,,fm ,f>my>d ,manure4 ,a#c,w ,a% f #c loads 7#c1hhh lbs47 ,:eat-/raw4 ,,lwm ,liebig's ,:eat-manure4 ,,pg ,p]uvian ,guano4 ,,spl ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime4 ,si,p ,silicate ( ,potass4#a ,p-,a ,pe>l-a%4 ,s-,a ,soda-a%4 ,,mls ,magnesian ,lime-/one4 ,b-,a ,bone-a%4 ,s,ac ,sulphuric ,acid 7,sp4 gr4 #a-g47 ,m,ac ,muriatic ,acid4 ,s,am ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,m,am ,muriate ( ,ammonia4 ,,rc ,rape-,cake4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,manures p] ,acre4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ----------- l o ,,spl t ----------- s ,,fm ,a#c,w ,,lwm,,pg ,si,p,p-,a,s-,a,,mls,b-,a,s,ac,m,ac ,s,am ,m,am,,rc ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,tons4lbs4 lbslbsbs4lbslbslbslbslbslbslbs4 lbslbs #j 44 44 44#ccf 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#bbd 44 44 44 44 44 #b #ad 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#bbd 44#bbd #bbd 44 44 #e;a#a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b 44,/raw44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#bbda 44 44 #e;b#a 44 ,a% 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#ddh #b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#bbda 44#ddh #f;a 44 44 #ddh 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #f;b 44 44 #ddh 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aab #aab 44 #g;a 44 44 #ddh 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#ddh #g;b 44 44 #ddh 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aab #aabddh #h;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#bbd 44 44 44 44#ddh #h;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#bbd 44 44 #aab #aab 44 #i;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#ddh #i;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bbd 44#ddh #aj;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bbd 44 44 #aj;b ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aa;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#bbdbbd 44 44 44#ddh #aa;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#bbdbbd 44 #aab #aab 44 #ab;a 44 44 44 44 44 44#ahj 44#bbdbbd 44 44 44#ddh #ab;b 44 44 44 44 44 44#ahj 44#bbdbbd 44 #aab #aab 44 #ac;a 44 44 44 44 44#bjj 44 44#bbdbbd 44 44 44#ddh #ac;b 44 44 44 44 44#bjj 44 44#bbdbbd 44 #aab #aab 44 #ad;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #hdbbdbbd 44 44 44#ddh #ad;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #hdbbdbbd 44 #aab #aab 44 #ae;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#bbd 44#bbd #bbd 44#ddh #ae;b 44 44 44 44#bbd 44 44 44#bbd 44#bbd #bbd 44#ddh #af;a 44 44 44 44 44 #fg #fj #hdbbdbbd 44 44 44#ddh #af;b 44 44 44 44 44 #fg #fj #hdbbdbbd 44 #bbd 44#ddh #ag;a 44 44 44 44 44 #fg #fj #hdbbdbbd 44 #aab #aaddh #ag;b 44 44 44 44 44 #fg #fj #hdbbdbbd 44 #bbd 44 44 #ah;a 44 44 44 44 44 #fg #fj #hdbbdbbd 44 #aab #aa 44 #ah;b 44 44 44 44 44 #fg #fj #hdbbdbbd 44 44 44 44 #ai 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44#aab 44#aab #aab 44#ddh #bj #ba ,mixture ( ! residue ( 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bb mo/ ( ! o!r manures4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,produce3 ,wt_/,bu ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,oc ,(fal ,corn4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,s,c ,/raw & ,*aff4 ,,tp ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw74 ,c ,corn4 ,,tp ,total ,produce4 ,,ocd ,(fal ,corn to #ajj ,dress$4 ,c#ajj ,corn to #ajj ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,increase p] ,produce p] ,acre1 etc4 ,acre by ,manure4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ------ l ,dress$ ,corn4 o ------------- t ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu ,,oc ,,tc ,s,c ,,tp ,c ,s,c ,,tp ,,ocd ,c#ajj s ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,bu4 ,pks4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #bh #a #fb4c #acd #aijfbefaddfg #fii #ajdh #agdg #g4c #gd4d #j #bb #j #fb4f #abj #aejiaieccdfb #cjb #ddj #gdb #h4a #gg4c #a #bg #j #fc4j #aac #ahbfbdeddbhj #fai #ida #aefj #f4f #gd4d #b #ag #c #fc4h #fd #abjgaeacbgbj 44 44 44 #g4d #gi4g #c #be #c #fc4e #acj #agggbcijdafg #egj #hgg #addg #g4h #gd4c #d #ai #j #fc4g #hg #acjeaedabhdf #ih #bh #abf 44 #hd4f #ae;a #bg #j #fc4j #abf #ahbgbcjidacf #fbj #gif #adaf 44 #gi4a #b #bc #b #fc4d #ajj #aeihagbaccai #cia #bjh #eii 44 #ib4h #ae;b #cj #j #fc4c #afe #bjgfbijadigg #hfi #achh #bbeg 44 #ga4f #b #bj #a #fc4g #ajb #adjjafgfcjgf #aic #afc #cef #g4j #hc4f #f;a #bi #j #fc4e #aad #aifgbegadech #gfj #ajeh #ahah #e4c #gf4e #f;b #bb #c #fc4j #ig #aecdaifhcejb #cbg #dje #gcb #f4h #gg4i #g;a #ca #c #fc4d #aej #bafccjjgeagj #ief #adid #bdej #g4e #gb4f #g;b #bb #c #fc4e #aja #aediaifcceab #cdb #dej #gib #g4a #gh4i #h;a #bi #j #fc4f #acb #aihhbegedefc #gha #ajfb #ahdc #g4b #gg4b #h;b #bc #b #fc4j #abb #afadbjcccfdg #djg #ebj #ibg #g4i #gi4d #i;a #bh #c #fc4c #aad #aidbbfjcdede #gce #ajij #ahbe #g4j #gd4f #i;b #bg #a #fc4f #aji #ahejbbdddjid #fdc #gca #acgd #f4d #hb4d #aj;a #ag #b #fc4h #ib #abafadeebfga #i -#eh -#di #g4h #hc4f #aj;b #bc #a #fc4c #ade #afbhbacccgfa #dba #fbj #ajda #i4h #gf4c #aa;a #cj #j #fc4b #aee #bjeebgaedggj #hdh #abjb #bjej #f4a #ge4g #aa;b #bd #a #fc4j #abe #affabafcchbd #ded #fej #aajd #g4i #gf4h #ab;a #bh #b #fc4d #acf #aieebeeddeji #gdh #ajda #aghi #g4d #gf4e #ab;b #bd #j #fc4e #acf #affjbcbgcihg #dec #had #abfg #i4a #ga4c #ac;a #bi #a #fc4b #ach #aiihbgeedgec #gia #abdb #bjcc #g4c #gb4e #ac;b #bc #b #fc4j #aag #afjebjcacfcf #cih #eah #iaf #g4g #gi4j #ad;a #bf #b #fc4d #abd #ahabbecddcef #fje #ajba #afbf #g4d #ga4e #ad;b #ca #a #fb4e #adg #baabbicfejdh #ije #adbc #bcbh #g4e #ga4i #ae;a #bg #b #fc4j #aag #ahfabeacdcgd #fed #ajjj #afed #e4i #gd4j #ae;b #bc #c #fb4e #ajh #aeibbifgcfei #che #eed #ici #g4j #gg4j #af;a #cj #a #fb4g #abb #bjaibhcfdhee #hab #acbc #bace #f4f #ga4b #af;b #cc #b #fb4h #abi #bbdacbgheeaiajcd #agfe #bgii #e4h #fh4c #ag;a #cj #b #fc4j #aac #bjcdbghddhah #hbg #abga #bjih #e4i #gc4j #ag;b #ca #j #fb4h #ajc #bjdhbhchdhhf #hda #acbe #baff #e4a #gb4b #ah;a #ba #a #fb4j #aeg #adgdahicccfg #bfg #chj #fdg #f4f #gg4a #ah;b #bh #c #fb4j #ajg #ahhibdbedcad #fhb #iab #aeid #e4h #gg4i #ai #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba #bb ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,note #a3 ,top-dress$ 9 ! ,spr+4 ,?is ye>1 ! se$ & manures 7 s[n 9 ! autumn4 ,& ,i want ! ,deacon to look at plot #j4 #c cwt4 ( ,p]uvian guano "h gives an increase ( #aj bu%els ( :eat1 & #a1idh lbs4 ( /raw p] acre4 ,?is w pay well1 ev5 on ! :eat alone4 ,b 9 addition to ?is1 we may expect1 9 our ord9>y rotation ( crops1 a f> bett] crop ( clov] :]e ! guano 0 us$4 ,9 reg>d to "s ( ! results ?is ye>1 ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t h ! foll[+ concise & int]e/+ rem>ks3 8,at ?is ?ird exp]im5tal h>ve/1 we h on ! cont9u\sly unmanur$ plot1 namely1 ,no4 #c1 n q #ah bu%els ( dress$ corn1 z ! normal produce ( ! season2 & by its side we h on plot #aj;b--compris+ "o-half ( ! plot #aj ( ! previ\s ye>s1 & s highly manur$ by ammoniacal salts 9 #ahde1 b n[ unmanur$--r m ?an #ag bu%els4 ,! ne> approa*1 aga91 to id5tity ( result f ! two unmanur$ plots1 at once gives confid5ce 9 ! accuracy ( ! exp]im5ts1 & %[s u h[ effectually ! prec$+ crop _h1 9 a practical po9t ( view1 r$uc$ ! plots1 previ\sly s diff]5tly circum/anc$ bo? z to manure & produce1 to some?+ l an uni=m /&>d z reg>ds _! gra9-produc+ qualities4 8,plot #b has1 z be=e1 #ad tons ( f>m-y>d manure1 & ! produce is #bg bu%els1 or betwe5 #i & #aj bu%els m ?an )\t manure ( any k9d4 8,on plot #aj;a1 :i* 9 ! previ\s ye> gave by ammoniacal salts alone1 a produce equal to t ( ! f>m-y>d manure1 we h aga9 a simil> result3 = two cwts4 ( sulphate ( ammonia has n[ giv5 #a1hej lbs4 ( total corn1 in/ead ( #a1hbf lbs41 :i* is ! produce on plot #b4 ,! /raw ( ! latt]1 is1 h[ev]1 slightly heavi] ?an t by ! ammoniacal salt4 8,aga91 plot #e;a1 :i* 0 9 ! previ\s season unmanur$1 0 n[ subdivid$3 on "o-half ( x 7namely1 #e;a#a7 we h ! a%es ( :eat-/raw alone1 by :i* !re is an increase ( r m ?an "o bu%el p] acre ( dress$ corn2 on ! o!r half 7or #e;a#b7 we h1 besides ! /raw-a%es1 two cwts4 ( sulphate ( ammonia put on z a top-dress+3 two cwts4 ( sulphate ( ammonia h1 9 ?is case1 only increas$ ! produce beyond t ( #e;a#a by #g bu%els ( corn & #gfh lbs4 ( /raw1 in/ead ( by #i bu%els ( corn & #ghi lbs4 ( /raw1 :i* 0 ! increase obta9$ by ! same am\nt ( ammoniacal salt on #aj;a1 z comp>$ ) #aj;b4 8,x w be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! =m] case ! ammoniacal salts 7 top-dress$1 b 9 ! latt] !y 7 drill$ at ! "t ( s[+ ! se$2 & x w be rememb]$ t 9 #ahde ! result 0 bett] z to corn on plot #i1 :]e ! salts 7 s[n e>li]1 ?an on plot #aj1 :]e ! top-dress+ ext5d$ f> into ! spr+4 ,we h _h sev]al direct in/ances ( ?is k9d 9 our exp]i5ce1 & we w\ld give x z a sugge/ion1 9 mo/ cases applicable1 t manures = :eat1 & especially ammoniacal ones1 %\ld be appli$ be=e or at ! "t ! se$ is s[n2 =1 al?\gh ! app>5t luxuriance ( ! crop is great]1 & ! produce ( /raw really heavi]1 by spr+ r ?an autumn s[+s ( ,p]uvian guano & o!r ammoniacal manures1 yet we believe t t ( ! corn w n be increas$ 9 an equival5t degree4 ,inde$1 ! success ( ! crop und\bt$ly dep5ds v mat]ially on ! progress ( ! und]gr\nd gr[? dur+ ! w9t] mon?s2 & ?is aga91 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ^u ! quantity ( available nitrog5\s con/itu5ts )9 ! soil1 )\t a lib]al provision ( :i*1 ! range ( ! fibr\s fe$]s ( ! plant w n be su*1 z to take up ! m9]als :i* ! soil is compet5t to supply1 & 9 su* quantity z w be requir$ dur+ ! aft] progress ( ! plant = its heal?y & favorable gr[?40 ,^! rem>ks are v sugge/ive & des]ve special att5tion4 8,! next result to be notic$10 cont9ue ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 8is t obta9$ on plot #f1 n[ also divid$ into two equal portions designat$ respectively #f;a & #f;b4 ,plot ,no4 #f _h = ! crop ( #ahdd1 sup]phosphate ( lime & ! phosphate ( magnesia manure1 & = t ( #ahde1 sup]phosphate ( lime1 rape-cake1 & ammoniacal salts4 ,= ?is1 ! ?ird season1 x 0 devot$ to ! trial ( ! :eat-manure manufactur$ "u ! sanction ( ,pr(essor ,liebig1 & pat5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 8,^u plots #f;a1 f\r cwts4 p] acre ( ! pat5t :eat-manure 7 us$1 :i* gave #bj bu%els1 or r m ?an two bu%els beyond ! produce ( ! unmanur$ plot2 b z ! manure conta9$1 besides ! m9]als peculi> to x1 "s nitrog5\s comp\nds1 giv+ (f a v p]ceptible odor ( ammonia1 "s1 at lea/1 ( ! increase w\ld be due to t sub/ance4 ,on plot #f;b1 h[ev]1 ! fur!r addition ( "o cwt4 ea* ( sulphate & muriate ( ammonia to ?is s-call$ #8,m9]al ,manure1' gives a produce ( #bi bu%els4 ,9 o!r words1 ! addition ( ammoniacal salt1 to ,liebig's m9]al manure has increas$ ! produce by v ne>ly #i bu%els p] acre beyond t ( ! m9]al manure alone1 :il/ ! increase obta9$ ov] ! unmanur$ plot1 by #ad tons ( f>m-y>d manure1 0 only #i bu%els6 ,! foll[+ table gives ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ! f\r? ye>1 #ahdf-g4 ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ on ! ,gr[? ( ,:eat1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&4 ,table ,,iv4--,manures & ,produce2 #d? ,season1 #ahdf-g4 ,manures & ,se$ 7,old ,r$ ,lammas71 ,s[n ,end ( ,octob]1 #ahdf4 ,manures ,,fm ,f>m-y>d ,manure4 ,,pg ,p]uvian ,guano4 ,b-,a ,bone-a%4 ,s,ac ,sulphuric ,acid 7,sp4 gr4 #a-g47 ,m,ac ,muriatic ,acid4 ,s,am ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,m,am ,muriate ( ,ammonia4 ,r ,rice4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,manures p] ,acre4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ----------- l ,sup]phosphate o ( ,lime t ------------------ s ,,fm ,,pg ,b-,a ,s,ac ,m,ac ,s,am ,m,am ,r ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,tons4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #j 44 #ejj 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cej #ej 44 #b #ad 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 44 #e;a 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aej #aej 44 #e;b 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aej #aej #ejj #f;a 44 44 44 44 44 #aej #aej 44 #f;b 44 44 44 44 44 #aej #aej 44 #g;a 44 44 44 44 44 #aej #aej 44 #g;b 44 44 44 44 44 #aej #aej 44 #h;a 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aej #aej #ejj #h;b 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #i;a#a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bbdj #b 44 44 44 44 44 #aej #aej 44 #i;b 44 44 44 44 44 #aej #aej 44 #aj;a 44 44 44 44 44 #aej #aej 44 #aj;b 44 44 44 44 44 #aej #aej 44 #aa;a 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #aa;b 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #ab;a 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #ab;b 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #ac;a 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #ac;b 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #ad;a 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #ad;b 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #ae;a 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 #ejj #ae;b 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 #ejj #af;a 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #af;b 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #ag;a 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #ag;b 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ah;a 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #ah;b 44 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #aej #aej 44 #ai 44 44 #ajj 44 #ajj #cjj 44 #ejj #bj ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba ,mixture ( ! residue ( mo/ ( ! 44 44 #bb o!r manures4 44 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,produce ,wt_/,bu ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,oc ,(fal ,corn4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,s,c ,/raw & ,*aff4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw47 ,c ,corn4 ,,tp ,total ,produce4 ,,ocd ,(fal ,corn to #ajj ,dress$4 ,c#ajj ,corn to #ajj ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,increase p] ,produce p] ,acre1 c4 ,acre ,by ,manure4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ------ l ,dress$ ,corn4 o ------------- ,,tp t ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu ,,oc ,,tc ,s,c ,c,s ,c ,s,c ,,tp ,,ocd ,c#ajj s ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,bu4 ,pks4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #cj #b #fa4a #aefbjcacbgg #ecjh #ijh #acge #bbhc #h4b #fa4i #j #cb #a #fa4b #adgbaaicgce #ehed #iif #ahcc #bhbi #g4b #ef4g #a #bi #c #fb4c #aagaihacfbh #efji #heh #agbf #behd #f4b #ed4f #b #af #c #fa4j #ieaabcaijb #cjbe 44 44 44 #h4i #ei4j #c #bg #a #fa4i #hbaghjbidh #dgbh #feg #ajdf #agjc #d4g #fj4c #d #bi #j #fa4h #acjaibacdab #eccc #gih #aeaj #bcji #g4a #ef4c #e;a #cb #b #fa4d #acfbacbcgba #ehecajji #ahai #bhbg #f4f #eg4b #e;b #bd #c #fb4a #abbaffcbghf #dddi #edj #hhd #aabd #g4h #ei4f #f;a #bd #a #fa4f #abgafcbbhjc #ddce #eji #ija #adaj #h4b #eh4b #f;b #bg #c #fa4g #aahahcdcaea #dihe #gaa #abdi #aifj #f4h #eh4b #g;a #be #a #fa4e #abeafhbbiec #dfce #eei #ajea #afaj #g4i #ef4i #g;b #cb #a #fb4a #ajbbaaecfhc #egih #iib #agha #bggc #e4e #eg4d #h;a #cj #c #fa4g #abcbjbjcgbj #egdj #hig #ahah #bgae #f4e #ed4c #h;b #bb #c #fb4e 44 #adggbejf #cihc #bbh #fjd 44 44 #ec4i #ai;a #bf #b #fa4j 44 #ageecjeb #dhjg #fcb #aaej 44 44 #eg4e #b #bf #j #fa4c #abcagagbheh #dege #eid #ief #aeej 44 #fj4a #i;b #be #c #fa4e #aahagjbbhia #deic #egi #ihi #aefh #g4c #eh4h #aj;a #be #b #fa4b #accagjebhgd #degi #ehb #igb #aeed #h4b #ei4c #aj;b #cj #c #fa4f #adbbjddceag #eefa #iba #afae #becf #f4c #ei4e #aa;a #bi #a #fa4h #abcaidacbjc #eadd #hah #acja #baai #f4g #fj4f #aa;b #bi #b #fb4j #abdaieccdeb #edje #hcj #aeej #bchj #f4f #eg4a #ab;a #bg #j #fa4h #abaagifcabd #dibj #fgc #abbb #ahie #g4a #eg4d #ab;b #bj #b #fb4e #ajhaieiccjf #ebfe #hcf #adjd #bbdj #e4e #eg4c #ac;a #bg #a #fb4c #ifahjacaga #digb #fgh #abfi #aidg #e4c #ef4g #ac;b #bh #j #fb4h #ageaiddccfb #ecjf #hba #adfj #bbha #i4g #ei4e #ad;a #bf #c #fb4h #affahefcjjf #dhfb #gcc #aajd #ahcg #i4h #fa4g #ad;b #cb #c #fc4j #aeabbadchgf #fjijajia #aigd #cjfe #g4b #eg4a #ae;a #cb #j #fb4f #acgbadjcfag #egegajag #agae #bgcb #f4f #ei4a #ae;b #bi #a #fb4c #acbaieicdag #ecgf #hcf #aeae #bcea #f4i #eg4c #af;a #cd #b #fb4f #aaibbhcdjab #fbieaafj #baaj #cbgj #e4b #ef4i #af;b #cc #c #fb4c #aaibbbbdjbg #fbdiajii #babe #cbbd #e4f #ee4a #ag;a #ce #a #fb4j #aagbcaddbfa #fegeaaia #bcei #ceej #f4d #ed4c #ag;b #cb #j #fb4g #adbbafjcheb #fjabajcg #aiej #bihg #f4i #ef4j #ah;a #bi #a #fb4i #ahabjbidafd #faic #ijf #bbfb #cafh #i4g #dh4g #ah;b #cb #c #fb4h #adjbaiedbjb #fcigajgb #bcjj #ccgb #f4g #eb4b #ai #bj #j #fb4e #gjaccbbjgd #cdjf #bji #agb #cha #d4i #fd4b #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba #bb ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,"h aga91 ,i want ! ,deacon to look at plot #j1 :]e #ejj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano1 s[n 9 ,octob]1 gives an increase ( ne>ly #ad bu%els ( dress$ :eat & #a1cge lbs4 ( /raw p] acre4 ,on plot #b1 :]e #ad tons ( b>n-y>d manure h n[ be5 appli$ f\r ye>s 9 succession 7#ef tons 9 all71 !re is a little m /raw1 b n q s mu* gra91 z f ! #ejj lbs4 ( guano4 8,b w ! guano10 said ! ,deacon1 8be z la/+ z ! manure80 8,n = :eat10 said ,i4 8,b if y se$ ! :eat d[n ) clov]1 z w\ld be ! case 9 ?is section1 we %\ld get consid]able b5efit1 probably1 f ! guano4 ,if :eat 0 s[n aft] ! :eat1 ! guano appli$ ! previ\s season w\ld d little good on ! second crop ( :eat4 ,& yet x is a matt] ( fact t !re w\ld be a consid]able proportion ( ! guano left 9 ! soil4 ,! :eat _c take x up4 ,b ! clov] c4 ,& we all "k t if we c gr[ good crops ( clov]1 pl[+ x "u1 or fe$+ x out on ! l&1 or mak+ x into hay & sav+ ! manure obta9$ f x1 we %all ?us be enabl$ to raise good crops ( :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 potatoes1 & corn1 & 9 ?is s5se guano is a #8la/+' manure40 8,b>ny>d-manure10 said ! ,doctor1 8is altoge!r too #8la/+4' ,"h we h _h #ef tons ( manure on an acre ( l& 9 f\r ye>s1 & yet an acre dress$ ) #ejj lbs4 ( guano produces j z good a crop4 ,! manure conta9s f> m plant-food1 ( all k9ds1 ?an ! guano1 b x is s #8la/+' t x does n d half z mu* good z its composition w\ld lead u to expect4 ,its #8la/+' prop]ties are a decid$ objection1 r ?an an advantage4 ,if we c\ld make x less la/+--9 o!r words1 if we c\ld make x act quick]1 x w\ld produce a great] effect1 & possess a great] value4 ,9 proportion to its con/itu5ts1 ! b>n-y>d manure is f> *eap] ?an ! guano1 b x has a less b5eficial effect1 because ^! con/itu5ts are n m completely decompos$ & r5d]$ available40 8,t10 said ,i1 8op5s up a v important "q4 ,we h m real value 9 manure ?an mo/ ( u are z yet able to br+ out & turn to good acc\nt4 ,! s&y-l& f>m] has an advantage ov] ! clay-l& f>m] 9 ?is respect4 ,! latt] has a naturally ri*] soil1 b x co/s him m to "w x1 & manure does n act s rapidly4 ,! clay-l& f>m] %\ld use 8 be/ endeavors to decompose 8 manure40 8,yes10 said ! ,doctor1 8&1 l ,john ,john/on1 he w probably f9d x to 8 advantage to use x l>gely z a top-dress+ on ! surface4 ,expos+ manure to ! atmosph]e1 spread out on ! l& = sev]al mon?s1 & h>r[+ x occasionally1 w d mu* to r5d] its con/itu5ts available4 ,b let u return to ,mr4 ,lawes' wond]ful exp]im5ts40 8,on eight plots10 said ,i1 8#cjj lbs4 ( ammonia-salts 7 us$ )\t any o!r manures1 & ! av]age yield on ^! eight plots 0 ne>ly #bf bu%els p] acre1 or an av]age increase ( #i bu%els p] acre4 ,! same am\nt ( ammonia-salts1 ) ! addition ( sup]phosphate ( lime1 gave an increase ( #ac bu%els p] acre4 #djj lbs4 ammonia salts1 ) sup]phosphate ( lime1 gave an increase ( ne>ly #af bu%els p] acre1 or ?ree bu%els p] acre m ?an :]e #ad tons ( b>n-y>d manure _h be5 us$ f\r ye>s 9 succession4 8,i hope1 aft] ?is1 ! ,deacon w =give me = dwell+ on ! value ( available nitrog5 or ammonia z a manure = :eat40 8,i see10 said ! ,deacon1 8t gr\nd rice 0 us$ ?is ye> = manure2 & 9 #ahde1 tapioca 0 also us$ z a manure4 ,! ,connecticut ,tobacco gr[]s a few ye>s s9ce us$ corn-meal = manure1 & y ?\ght x a great wa/e ( good food40 ,i ?9k s /ill4 ,b we w n discuss ! matt] n[4 ,mr4 ,lawes want$ to asc]ta9 :e!r c>bonace\s matt] 0 ne$$ by ! gr[+ :eat-plants1 or :e!r !y c\ld get all !y ne$$ f ! soil & ! atmosph]e4 ,! enorm\s quantities ( c>bonace\s matt] suppli$ by ! b>n-y>d manure1 x is q evid5t1 are ( little value z a manure = :eat4 ,& ! rice seems to h done v little m good ?an we %\ld expect f ! #bb lbs4 ( nitrog5 :i* x conta9$4 ,! l>ge quantity ( c>bonace\s matt] evid5tly did little good4 ,available c>bonace\s matt]1 su* z />*1 sug>1 & oil1 0 int5d$ z food = man & bea/--n z food = :eat or tobacco4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ! fif? ye>1 #ahdg-h4 ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ on ! ,gr[? ( ,:eat1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&4 ,table ,v4--,manures & ,produce2 #e? ,season1 #ahdg-h4 ,manures & ,se$ 7,old ,r$ ,lammas71 ,s[n ,autumn1 #ahdg4 ,manures ,,fm ,f>m-y>d ,manure4 ,p-,a ,pe>l-a%4 ,s-,a ,soda-a%4 ,s,mg ,sulphate ( ,magnesia4 ,,spl ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime4 ,b-,a ,bone-a%4 ,s,ac ,sulphuric ,acid 7,sp4 gr4 #a4g47 ,m,ac ,muriatic ,acid4 ,s,am ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,m,am ,muriate ( ,ammonia4 ,,rc ,rape-,cake4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,manure p] ,acre1 etc4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ------------------ l ,sup]phosphate o ( ,lime4 t -------------------- s ,,fm ,p-,a ,s-,a ,s,mg ,,spl ,b-,a ,s,ac ,m,ac ,s,am ,m,am ,,rc ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,tonslbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #j 44 44 44 44 #bbdj 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b #ad 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 44 #e 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bej #bej 44 #e 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj #ejj #f 44 44 44 44 44 #djj #cjj 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #f 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #g 44 44 44 44 44 #djj #cjj 44 #aej #aej #ejj #g 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #aej #aej #ejj #h 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 44 44 44 #h 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 44 44 44 #i 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 44 44 44 #i 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #aej #aej 44 #aj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aej #aej 44 #aj 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 #aej #aej 44 44 #aa 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #aej #aej #ejj #aa 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ab 44 #cjj 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #aej #aej #ejj #ab 44 #cjj 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ac 44 #cjj 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #aej #aej #ejj #ac 44 #cjj 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ad 44 #cjj 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #aej #aej #ejj #ad 44 #cjj 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ae 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 44 #ae 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 44 #af 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 #aej #aej #ejj #af 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 #aej #aej #ejj #ag 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ag 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ah 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 #aej #aej 44 #ah 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 #aej #aej 44 #ai 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 #ejj #bj ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bb ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,produce ,wt_/,bu ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,oc ,(fal ,corn4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,s,c ,/raw & ,*aff4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw47 ,c ,corn4 ,,tp ,total ,produce4 ,,ocd ,(fal ,corn to #ajj ,dress$4 ,c#ajj ,corn to #ajj ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,increase p] ,produce p] ,acre1 c4 ,acre ,by ,manure4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ----- l ,dress$ ,corn4 o ------------- ,,tp t ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu,,oc ,,tc ,s,c ,c,s ,c ,s,c ,,tp ,,ocd ,c#ajj s ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,bu4 ,pks4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #ai #j #ec4d #ach #abeibjgdcccc #cjg #cfb #ffiac4d #fj4g #j #af #j #ei4f #afj #aabdagcebhei #agb #bc #aieaf4c #fd4g #a #bc #b #eh4b #baj #agjecjdadgdf #gec #acbi #bjhbac4h #ef4j #b #ad #c #eg4c #ajf #iebagabbffd 44 44 44 #ab4a #ee4f #c #bd #j #eh4e #agb #aehcbgacdbif #fca #ajja #afcbab4j #eh4c #d #bi #c #ei4b #add #aiaacbffeagg #iei #aeed #beac #g4i #eh4e #e;a #ci #c #ei4a #ajg #aicbceccedfe #ihj #ahba #bhja #e4h #eg4e #e;b #bd #c #eh4h #bad #afgbbhghdeej #gbj #aaff #ahhfad4f #eh4j #f;a #bf #c #ef4i #baf #agcgbifhdgje #ghe #abef #bjdaad4j #eh4e #f;b #cj #c #ei4d #ajf #aicfcjhhejbd #ihd #acgf #bcfj #e4g #fb4f #g;a #bi #c #ei4f #ahg #aifccdacecgfajaa #agja #bgabaj4c #eg4e #g;b #ai #c #ef4b #aed #abfcbcagcehj #caa #fje #iafac4f #ed4e #h;a #ai #j #ei4d #abg #abfgbadhcdae #cae #dcf #geaaa4a #eh4h #h;b #ah #b #ef4g #abe #aahaaidecabf #bbi #bcc #dfbaa4f #fj4g #i;a #be #j #ec4c #bjh #affibiahdehg #gag #abjf #aibcac4i #eg4a #i;b #ai #a #eh4a #bae #accdbcfgcgja #chb #fee #ajcgai4j #ef4c #aj;a #be #j #eg4h #aee #afjdbibfdecj #feb #abad #ahffaj4f #ed4h #aj;b #bi #a #ei4f #bcc #aihdcbgdebehajcb #aefb #beidac4a #fj4f #aa;a #bd #c #eg4i #bjg #afdabhihdeci #fhi #aahf #ahgead4a #ef4d #aa;b #bi #c #ei4c #agd #aichccijecbh #ihf #afgh #bffd #i4c #eg4b #ab;a #bf #j #ei4b #afg #agagbhhjdeig #gfe #aafh #aiccaj4g #ei4f #ab;b #bi #a #eg4i #bec #aieecbijebdeajjc #aegh #behaad4g #ei4d #ac;a #be #c #eh4d #bbd #agcjcjgbdhjb #ggh #acfj #bachad4f #ef4c #ac;b #bh #j #eh4h #ahd #ahcdcbegejia #hhb #aede #bdbgaa4a #ef4c #ad;a #be #b #eh4e #bbg #agbfbhigdfbc #ggd #aahe #aieiae4a #ei4e #ad;b #bb #c #eh4a #bdb #aegabicgdejh #fai #abbe #ahddah4a #ec4d #ae;a #bd #b #ef4i #bjb #afjgcjafdfbc #fee #acjd #aieiad4a #ec4b #ae;b #bi #c #fj4j #ahd #aigccaaeejhhajba #adjc #bdbdaj4b #fc4c #af;a #cj #a #eh4d #aga #aidhcchjecbh #iif #affh #bffd #i4d #eg4f #af;b #bg #b #ei4g #bhe #aicccbifebbi #iha #aehd #befeag4j #eh4f #ag;a #bh #c #ei4g #bbb #aidfccbdebgj #iid #afab #bfjfab4f #eh4e #ag;b #bf #c #ei4b #aej #agcdbicedffi #ghb #abbc #bjje #i4b #ei4j #ah;a #bf #b #ei4f #bae #ahjdcjefdhfj #heb #acdd #baifac4c #eh4g #ah;b #bi #a #ef4b #ahe #ahchcbieeacc #hhf #aehc #bdfiaj4d #ee4g #ai #af #j #eh4c #aaa #ajejagbabgga #ih #i #ajgaa4c #fa4j #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba #bb ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,?is season 0 consid]$ unfavorable = :eat4 ,! cont9u\sly unmanur$ plot produc$ #ad bu%els1 & ! plot receiv+ #ad tons ( b>n y>d manure1 #be bu%els p] acre ne>ly4 #cjj lbs4 ( ammonia-salts alone on plot #aj;a1 gave #ai bu%els p] acre1 :ile ! same quantity ( ammonia1 ) sup]phosphate 9 addition1 gave1 on plot #i;b1 #be bu%els p] acre4 ,! addition to ! above manures ( #cjj lbs4 ( pota%1 #bjj lbs4 soda1 & #ajj lbs4 sulphate ( magnesia1 on plot #aj;b1 gave precisely ! same yield p] acre z ! ammonia & ! sup]phosphate alone4 ,! pota%1 soda1 & magnesia1 !re=e1 did no good4 #djj lbs4 ( ammonia-salts1 ) sup]phosphate1 pota%1 etc41 gave1 on plot #ag;b1 ne>ly #bi bu%els p] acre1 or #c bu%els m ?an ! plot :i* has n[ receiv$ #gj tons ( b>n-y>d manure 9 five successive ye>s4 8,i see t1 on plot #j10 said ! ,deacon1 8"o ton ( sup]phosphate 0 us$ p] acre1 & x gave only half a bu%el p] acre m ?an #cej lbs4 on #i;a40 8,?is proves10 said ,i1 8t an excessive dose ( sup]phosphate w d no h>m4 ,i am n sure t #ajj lbs4 ( a good sup]phosphate drill$ 9 ) ! se$1 w\ld n h done z mu* good z a ton p] acre40 8,y say10 rem>k$ ! ,deacon1 8t ! season 0 unfavorable = :eat4 ,& yet ! no-manure plot produc$ ne>ly #ae bu%els ( :eat p] acre40 8,t is all true10 said ,i1 8& yet ! season 0 und\bt$ly an unfavorable "o4 ,?is is %[n n only 9 ! less yield1 b 9 ! inf]ior quality ( ! gra94 ,! #8dress$ corn' on ! no-manure plot ?is ye> only weigh$ #eg lbs4 p] bu%el1 :ile la/ ye> x weigh$ #fa lbs4 p] bu%el40 8,by ! way10 said ! ,doctor1 8:at d ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t mean by #8dress$ corn'80 8,by #8corn1'0 said ,i1 8!y mean :eat2 & by #8dress$ corn' !y mean :eat t has be5 run ?r\gh a fann+-mill until all ! light & %runk5 gra9 is bl[n or siev$ out4 ,9 o!r words1 #8dress$ corn' is :eat c>efully clean$ = m>ket4 ,! ,engli% f>m]s take m pa9s 9 clean+ _! gra9 ?an we d4 ,& ?is #8dress$ corn' 0 z clean z a good fann+-mill c\ld make x4 ,y w obs]ve t !re 0 m #8(fal corn' ?is ye> ?an la/4 ,?is also indicates an unfavorable season40 8,x w\ld h be5 v int]e/+10 said ! ,doctor1 8if ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t _h analyz$ ! :eat produc$ by ! diff]5t manures1 s t we might h kn[n some?+ 9 reg>d to ! quality ( ! fl\r z influ5c$ by ! use ( diff]5t f]tiliz]s40 8,!y did t v ?+10 said ,i1 8& n only t1 b !y made ! :eat gr[n on diff]5t plots1 into fl\r1 & asc]ta9$ ! yield ( fl\r f a giv5 weight ( :eat1 & ! am\nt ( bran1 middl+s1 etc41 etc4 ,!y obta9$ "s v int]e/+ & important results4 ,i 0 !re at ! "t4 ,b ?is is n ! place to discuss ! "q4 ,i am (t5 amus$1 h[ev]1 at ! rem>ks we (t5 he> 9 reg>d to ! inf]ior quality ( our :eat z comp>$ to :at x 0 :5 ! c\ntry 0 new4 ,_m seem to ?9k t #8!re is some?+ lack+ 9 ! soil'--"s say pota%1 & "s phosphates1 & "s ?is1 & "s t4 ,i believe no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,dep5d ^u x1 ! v>iety ( ! :eat & ! soil & season h mu* m to d ) ! quality or /r5g? ( ! fl\r1 ?an ! *emical composition ( ! manures appli$ to ! l&40 8,at any rate10 said ! ,doctor1 8we may be satisfi$ t any?+ t w produce a vigor\s1 heal?y gr[? ( :eat is favorable to quality4 ,we may use manures 9 excess1 & ?us produce ov]-luxuriance & an unheal?y gr[?1 & h poor1 %runk5 gra94 ,9 ?is case1 x is n ! use1 b ! abuse ( ! manure t does ! mis*ief4 ,we mu/ n manure high] ?an ! season w be>4 ,z yet1 ?is "q r>ely tr\bles u4 ,hi!rto1 z a rule1 our seasons are bett] ?an our f>m+4 ,x may n always be s4 ,we may f9d ! lib]al use ( manure s pr(itable t we %all occasionally use x 9 excess4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! t5d5cy is all ! o!r way4 ,we h m gra9 ( inf]ior quality f lack ( f]tility ?an f an excess ( plant-food40 8,t may be true10 said ,i1 8b we h m poor1 inf]ior :eat f lack ( dra9+ & good culture1 ?an f lack ( plant-food4 ,r$-root1 ?i/les1 cockle1 & *ess1 h done m to injure ! reputation ( #8,g5esee ,fl\r1' ?an any o!r "o ?+1 & ,i %\ld l to he> m said ab\t ?or\gh cultivation1 & ! de/ruction ( we$s1 & less ab\t soil exhau/ion40 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ! six? ye>1 #ahdh-i4 ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ on ! ,gr[? ( ,:eat1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&4 ,table ,,vi4--,manures & ,produce2 #f? ,season1 #ahdh-i4 ,manures & ,se$ 7,r$ ,clu/]71 ,s[n ,autumn1 #ahdh4 ,manures ,,fm ,f>m-y>d ,manure4 ,p-,a ,pe>l-a%4 ,s-,a ,soda-a%4 ,s,mg ,sulphate ( ,magnesia4 ,b-,a ,bone-a%4 ,s,ac ,sulphuric ,acid4 7,sp4 gr4 #a4g7 ,m,ac ,muriatic ,acid4 ,s,am ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,m,am ,muriate ( ,ammonia4 ,,rc ,rape-cake4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,manures p] ,acre4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ----------- l ,sup]phosphate o ( ,lime4 t --------------- s ,,fm ,p-,a ,s-,a ,s,mg ,b-,a ,s,ac ,m,ac ,s,am ,m,am ,,rc ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,tons4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #j 44 44 44 44 #fjj #dej 44 44 44 44 #a 44 #fjj #djj #bjj 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b #ad 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d 44 44 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 44 #e;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bej #bej 44 #e;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj #ejj #f;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #f;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #g;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #g;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #h;a ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #h;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjjj #i;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjjj #i;b ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #aj;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aj;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aa;a 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aa;b 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ab;a 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ab;b 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ac;a 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ac;b 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ad;a 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ad;b 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ae;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 44 #ae;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 #ejj #af;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #af;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ag;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ag;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ah;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ah;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ai 44 44 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 #ejj #bj ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba ,mixture ( ! residue ( mo/ ( ! o!r 44 44 #bb manures4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,produce ,wt_/,bu ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,oc ,(fal ,corn4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,s,c ,/raw & ,*aff4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw47 ,c ,corn4 ,,tp ,total ,produce4 ,,ocd ,(fal ,corn to #ajj ,dress$4 ,c#ajj ,corn to #ajj ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,increase p] ,produce p] ,acre1 c4 ,acre ,by ,manure4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ----- l ,dress$ ,corn4 o ------------- ,,tp t ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu ,,oc ,,tc ,s,c ,c,s ,c ,s,c ,,tp ,,ocd ,c#ajj s ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,bu ,pks4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #j 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a #ca #j #fc4h #ajg #bjfhcjbiejig #hciadae #bbedd4g #fh4c #b #ai #a #fa4d #dg #abbiafadbhdc 44 44 44 #c4i #gf4a #c #cj #j #fc4j #aaj #bjfcbfdedgjh #hcdajca #ahfee4f #gh4j #d #cg #a #fc4a #hi #bddfcehifjce #abagaige #caibc4g #fh4a #e;a #ci #c #fc4d #ig #bfeachbdfdge #adbbbbaj #cfcbe4j #fi4c #e;b #cf #a #fc4j #aag #bdajcjgbedhb #aahaadeh #bfcie4a #gh4d #f;a #cg #c #fc4j #id #bdhdceaffjjj #abeeaijb #caegc4i #gj4f #f;b #ch #b #fc4a #acg #begfcehdfafj #acdgaigj #ccage4f #ga4i #g;a #cg #c #fb4i #ada #becaccifeibg #acjbaghb #cjhde4i #gd4e #g;b #bb #c #fa4g #gf #adhaahaecbif #beb #bja #dece4c #ha4f #h;a #ca #b #fc4j #he #bjhjcaffebdf #heaaeeb #bdjcd4c #fe4g #h;b #cj #b #fb4h #aaa #bjcebfhcdgah #hjfajfi #ahgee4h #ge4h #i;a #bb #a #fb4c #hj #adgeahajcbhe #bdf #aif #dcbe4g #ha4e #i;b #cb #b #fb4c #aab #badabheadiib #iababcg #badie4e #ge4a #aj;a #cb #a #fc4c #aaj #baegbifjeaag #ibhacdf #bbgde4c #gb4i #aj;b #ce #j #fb4f #aba #bcagbhibebji #ajhhabgh #bcffe4f #hj4a #aa;a #cb #a #fc4j #aab #badibidbejia #ibjacbh #bbdhe4e #gc4j #aa;b #ce #c #fd4c #ic #bcifccgaegfg #aafgageg #bibdd4a #ga4a #ab;a #cd #a #fd4c #ga #bbggccjjeegg #ajdhafhg #bgcec4b #fi4j #ab;b #cd #c #fd4a #aja #bcdjcbcfeegf #aaaaafbb #bgccd4e #gb4c #ac;a #cd #b #fd4a #abi #bcdfcbdfeeib #aaagafcb #bgdie4h #gb4c #ac;b #cd #a #fd4c #ef #bbffcbaaedgg #ajcgaeig #bfcdb4e #gj4f #ad;a #ca #a #fd4c #aab #babccbahecda #hidafjd #bdihe4e #ff4j #ad;b #ca #c #fd4b #fe #bajicjcheadg #hhjadbd #bcjdc4b #fi4d #ae;a #cj #j #fd4a #fh #bjjecbfbebfg #ggfafdh #bdbdc4e #fa4e #ae;b #cc #a #fd4e #aja #bbedcchdefch #ajbeaggj #bgied4g #ff4f #af;a #cc #c #fd4f #ge #bbfhceeiehbg #ajciaide #bihdc4d #fc4g #af;b #cd #a #fd4c #aaa #bcafchiafbjg #ajhgbbgg #ccfde4a #ei4d #ag;a #cc #a #fd4d #aab #bbeichehfaag #ajcjbbdd #cbgde4b #eh4e #ag;b #cb #a #fd4j #ic #bafcceibegee #icdaigh #biabd4e #fj4b #ah;a #cc #b #fd4j #ie #bbdccggifjbb #ajadbafe #cagid4d #ei4c #ah;b #bi #b #fc4i #ajb #aiidcbgjebfd #gfeafef #bdbae4d #fa4j #ai 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba #bb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 8,?is 0 my la/ ye> at ,ro?am/$10 said ,i1 8& ,i feel a peculi> int]e/ 9 look+ ov] ! results aft] su* a lapse ( "t4 ,:5 ?is crop 0 gr[+1 my fa!r1 a good practical f>m]1 b ) little fai? 9 *emical manures1 paid me a visit4 ,we w5t to ! exp]im5tal :eat-field4 ,! fir/ two plots1 #j & #a1 _h be5 dress$1 ! "o ) sup]phosphate1 ! o!r ) pota%1 soda1 & magnesia4 ,my fa!r did n seem mu* impress$ ) ?is k9d ( *emical manur+4 ,/epp+ to ! next plot1 :]e #ad tons ( b>n-y>d manure _h be5 us$1 he rem>k$1 8?is is good1 :at h y "h80 8,nev] m9d10 said ,i1 8we h bett] crops f>!r on40 ,! next plot1 ,no4 #c1 0 ! "o cont9u\sly unmanur$4 8,i c beat ?is myself10 said he1 & pass$ on to ! next4 8,?is is bett]10 said he1 8:at h y "h80 8,sup]phosphate & sulphate ( ammonia40 8,well1 x is a good crop1 & ! /raw is bright & /iff40--,x turn$ out #cj bu%els p] acre1 #fc lbs4 to ! bu%el4 ,! next six plots _h receiv$ v heavy dress+s ( ammonia-salts1 ) sup]phosphate1 pota%1 soda1 & magnesia4 ,he exam9$ !m ) ! greate/ int]e/4 8,:at h y "h80 he ask$1 :ile he 0 exam9+ #e;a1 :i* aft]w>ds turn$ out #cg bu%els p] acre4 --8,pota%1 soda1 epsom-salts1 sup]phosphate1 & ammonia--b x is ! ammonia t does ! good40 ,he pass$ to ! next plot1 & 0 v en?usia/ic ov] x4 8,:at h y "h80 --8,rape-cake & ammonia10 said ,i4 --8,x is a gr& crop10 said he1 & aft] exam9+ x ) great int]e/1 he pass$ to ! next1 #f;a4 --8,:at h y "h80 --8,ammonia10 said ,i2 & at #f;b he ask$ ! same "q1 & ,i repli$ 8ammonia40 ,at #g;a1 ! same "q & ! same answ]4 ,/&+ betwe5 #g;b & #h;a1 he 0 ( c\rse /ruck ) ! diff]5ce 9 ! crop2 #h;a 0 left ?is ye> )\t any manure1 & ?\gh x _h receiv$ a lib]al supply ( m9]al manures ! ye> be=e1 & m9]als & ammonia-salts1 & rape-cake1 ! ye> previ\s1 x only produc$ ?is ye>1 #c bu%els m ?an ! plot cont9u\sly unmanur$4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! :eat on ?is plot & ! next "o might well int]e/ a practical f>m]4 ,!re 0 ov] #ae bu%els p] acre m :eat on ! "o plot ?an on ! o!r1 & #a1eha lbs4 m /raw4 ,pass+ to ! next plot1 he exclaim$ 8?is is bett]1 b n s good z "s t we h pass$40 --8,x has _h a heavy dress+ ( rape-cake10 said ,i1 8equal to ab\t #ajj lbs4 ( ammonia p] acre1 & ! next plot 0 manur$ ?is ye> 9 ! same way4 ,! only diff]5ce be+ t "o _h sup]phosphate & pota%1 soda1 & magnesia1 ! ye> be=e1 :ile ! o!r _h sup]phosphate alone40 ,x turn$ out1 z y see f ! table1 t ! pota%1 etc41 only gave half a bu%el m :eat p] acre ! ye> x 0 us$1 & ?is ye>1 ) #b1jjj lbs4 ( rape-cake on ea* plot1 !re is only a bu%el p] acre 9 favor ( ! pota%1 soda1 & magnesia4 ,! next plot1 #i;b1 0 also unmanur$ & 0 pass$ by my fa!r )\t comm5t4 8,ah10 said he1 on com+ to ! two next plots1 #aj;a & #aj;b1 8?is is bett]1 :at h y "h80 --8,no?+ b ammonia10 said ,i1 8& ,i wi% y w\ld tell me :i* is ! be/ ( ! two8 ,la/ ye> #aj;b _h a heavy dress+ ( m9]als & sup]phosphate ) ammonia1 & #aj;a ! same quantity ( ammonia alone1 )\t sup]phosphate or o!r m9]al manures4 ,& ?is ye> bo? plots h _h a dress+ ( #djj lbs4 ea* ( ammonia-salts4 ,n[1 :i* is ! be/--! plot t _h sup]phosphate & m9]als la/ ye>1 or ! "o )\t80 --8,well10 said he1 8,i c't see any diff]5ce4 ,bo? are good crops40 ,y w see f ! table1 t ! plot :i* _h ! sup]phosphate1 pota%1 etc41 ! ye> be=e1 gives a peck less :eat ?is ye> ?an ! o!r plot :i* _h none4 ,practically1 ! yield is ! same4 ,!re is an increase ( #ac bu%els ( :eat p] acre--& ?is increase is cle>ly due to ! ammonia-salts alone4 ,! next plot 0 also a spl5did crop4 8,:at h y "h80 8,sup]phosphate & ammonia40 ,?is plot 7#aa;a71 turn$ out #ce bu%els p] acre4 ,! next plot1 ) phosphates & ammonia1 0 ne>ly z good4 ,! next plot1 ) pota%1 phosphates1 & ammonia1 equally good1 b no bett] ?an #aa;a4 ,!re 0 little or no b5efit f ! pota%1 except a little m /raw4 ,! next plot 0 good & ,i did n wait = ! "q1 b simply said1 8ammonia10 & ! next 8ammonia10 & ! next 8ammonia40 --,/&+ /ill & look+ at ! :eat1 my fa!r ask$1 8,joe1 :]e c ,i get ?is ammonia80 ,he _h previ\sly be5 a little skeptical z to ! value ( *emi/ry1 & _h n a high op9ion ( 8book f>m]s10 b t :eat-crop compell$ him to admit 8t p]haps1 aft] all1 !re might be "s good 9 x40 ,at any rate1 he want$ to "k :]e he c\ld get ammonia4 ,&1 n[1 z !n1 e good f>m] asks ! same "q3 8,:]e c ,i get ammonia80 ,be=e we attempt to answ] ! "q1 let u look at ! next ye>'s exp]im5ts4--,! foll[+ is ! results ( ! exp]im5ts ! sev5? ye>1 #ahdi-ej4 ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ on ! ,gr[? ( ,:eat1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&4 ,table ,,vii4--,manures & ,produce2 #g? ,season1 #ahdi-ej4 ,aft] ! ,h>ve/ ( #ahdi ! ,field ,0 ,tile-,dra9$ 9 ,e ,alt]nate ,furr[1 #b to #c ,feet ,deep4 ,manures & ,se$ 7,r$ ,clu/]71 ,s[n ,autumn1 #ahdi4 ,manures ,,fm ,f>m-y>d ,manure4 ,p-,a ,pe>l-a%4 ,s-,a ,soda-a%4 ,s,mg ,sulphate ( ,magnesia4 ,b-,a ,bone-a%4 ,s,ac ,sulphuric ,acid4 7,sp4 gr4 #a4g7 ,m,ac ,muriatic ,acid4 ,s,am ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,m,am ,muriate ( ,ammonia4 ,,rc ,rape-cake4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,manures p] ,acre4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ----------- l ,sup]phosphate o ( ,lime4 t --------------- s ,,fm ,p-,a ,s-,a ,s,mg ,b-,a ,s,ac ,m,ac ,s,am ,m,am ,,rc ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,tons4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #j 44 44 44 44 #fjj #dej 44 44 44 44 #a 44 #fjj #djj #bjj 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b #ad 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d 44 44 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 44 #e;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bej #bej 44 #e;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bej #bej 44 #f;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #f;b 44 99#jj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #g;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj #ejj #g;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj #ejj #h;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #h;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #i;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #i;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aj;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aj;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 44 44 44 #aa;a 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aa;b 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ab;a 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ab;b 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ac;a 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ac;b 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ad;a 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ad;b 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ae;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 44 #ae;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 #ejj #af;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #af;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ag;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ag;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ah;a 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ah;b 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ai 44 44 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 #ejj #bj ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba #bb ,mixture ( ! residue ( mo/ ( ! o!r manures4 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,produce ,wt_/,bu ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,oc ,(fal ,corn4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,s,c ,/raw & ,*aff4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw47 ,c ,corn4 ,,tp ,total ,produce4 ,,ocd ,(fal ,corn to #ajj ,dress$4 ,c#ajj ,corn to #ajj ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,increase p] ,produce p] ,acre1 c4 ,acre ,by ,manure4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ----- l ,dress$ ,corn4 o ------------- ,,tp t ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu ,,oc ,,tc ,s,c ,c,s ,c ,s,c ,,tp ,,ocd ,c#ajj s ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,bu4 ,pks4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #ai #a #fj4h #db #abbjbjcgcbeg #bah #cah #ecfc4e #ei4i #j 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #a #bh #b #fa4i #ih #ahfacbdeeajf #heiaebf #bchee4d #eg4c #b #ae #c #fj4f #dd #ajjbagaibgba 44 44 44 #d4e #eh4b #c #bg #c #fa4b #hg #agheccabejig #ghcaeic #bcgfe4a #ec4i #d #bi #c #fj4d #aga #aigddejdfdgh #igbbghe #cgegi4e #dc4h #e;a #cj #c #fj4d #afj #bjahdcgifcig #ajafbffj #cfgfh4f #df4a #e;b #cj #j #fa4a #aai #aifjcibgehhg #iehbbjh #cafff4c #di4i #f;a #bi #c #fa4c #adh #aihjcieieici #ighbbdj #cbahh4j #ej4j #f;b #cb #a #fa4j #afg #bacdddheffai #aacbbgff #chihh4d #dg4i #g;a #cb #j #fa4b #aej #baabdbhjfcib #aaajbefa #cfgag4f #di4d #g;b #bh #c #fa4a #aja #ahefcdjgebfc #hedafhh #bedbe4e #ed4e #h;a #cj #a #fa4j #ajc #aidhceiaeeci #idfahgb #bhahe4f #ed4b #h;b #cj #a #fj4d #aah #aieaceejeeja #idiahca #bghjf4c #ee4j #i;a #bg #b #fj4h #hj #agfbcafedibg #gfjaddf #bbjfd4g #ee4g #i;b #bf #c #fj4b #ajj #agbacjhidhaj #gaiacgj #bjhif4a #ee4g #aj;a #ag #c #fa4a #gf #aagaaidicabj #afi #bcj #ciif4h #fj4a #aj;b #cj #c #fa4j #aba #bjjachjfehjg #iiibjhg #cjhff4d #eb4f #aa;a #bi #a #fa4a #ade #aidjcgdaefha #ichbjbb #bifjh4j #ea4i #aa;b #bi #c #fa4e #id #aicecibaehef #iccbbjb #cacee4a #di4d #ab;a #cj #c #fa4d #aae #bjaccijeeiah #ajaabahf #caige4i #ea4e #ab;b #ca #c #fj4b #aje #bjbgdjbffjec #ajbebcjg #cccbe4d #ej4c #ac;a #cj #a #fa4j #aaa #aifddjjheigb #ifbbbhi #cbeaf4j #di4j #ac;b #ca #a #fa4a #ajb #bjbcdjebfjge #ajbabccc #ccede4c #di4i #ad;a #ca #a #fa4e #fe #aiiedjaefjaj #iicbbif #cbhic4b #di4g #ad;b #bf #j #fa4e #ij #aficccbaejad #fiaafjb #bbice4g #ea4j #ae;a #cj #c #fa4j #ei #aidbcibfehfh #idjbbjg #cadgc4j #di4e #ae;b #cc #b #fj4c #ajh #bacdeajcgbcg #aacbcchd #deafe4c #da4h #af;a #cc #c #fj4d #abb #baeidfaefggd #aaegbhif #djecf4j #df4h #af;b #ca #a #fa4b #gc #aihedabffaaa #ihcbdjg #ccijc4h #dh4a #ag;a #bi #b #fa4e #aci #aifadjcdeiie #ieibcae #cbgdg4g #dh4f #ag;b #bi #c #fa4b #aaj #aicdcibgehfa #icbbbjh #cadjf4a #di4c #ah;a #bh #b #fj4i #ajc #ahdechddefhi #hdcbabe #bifhe4g #dh4j #ah;b #bi #j #fj4h #hh #ahejcebgecgg #hdhahjh #bfefd4i #eb4d #ai #ad #j #ei4a #dj #hfhafcibejg -#acd -#hj -#badd4e #ec4j #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba #bb ------------ ---------------------------------------- --- ,! summ] ( #ahej 0 unusually cool & unfavorable = :eat4 ,x w be se5 t on all ! plots ! yield ( gra9 is consid]ably l[] ?an la/ ye>1 ) a great] gr[? ( /raw4 ,y w notice t #aj;b1 :i* la/ ye> gave1 ) ammonia-salts alone1 #cb bu%els1 ?is ye>1 ) sup]phosphate1 pota%1 soda1 & sulphate ( magnesia1 gives less ?an #ah bu%els1 :ile ! adjo9+ plot1 dress$ ) ammonia1 gives ne>ly #bg bu%els4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ammonia alone gives #i bu%els p] acre m ?an ?is l>ge dress+ ( sup]phosphate1 pota%1 etc4 ,on ! ?ree plots1 #h;a1 #h;b & #i;a1 a dress+ ( ammonia-salts alone gives 9 ea* case1 a l>g] yield1 bo? ( gra9 & /raw1 ?an ! #ad tons ( b>n-y>d manure on plot #b4 ,& recollect t ?is plot has n[ receiv$ #ih tons ( manure 9 sev5 ye>s4 8,t10 said ! ,doctor1 8is c]ta9ly a v rem>kable fact40 8,x is s10 said ! ,deacon4 8,b :at ( x80 ask$ ! ,squire1 8ev5 ! ,pr(essor1 "h1 does n advise ! use ( ammonia-salts = :eat40 8,t is s10 said ,i1 8b p]haps ,i am mi/ak54 ,su* facts z ^? j giv51 ?\gh ,i h be5 acqua9t$ ) !m = _m ye>s1 sometimes incl9e me to d\bt ! s\ndness ( my conclusions4 ,/ill1 on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k ,i am "r40 8,we all "k10 said ! ,deacon1 8t y h great respect = y\r own op9ions40 8,nev] m9d all t10 said ! ,doctor1 8b tell u j :at y ?9k on ?is subject40 8,9 brief10 said ,i1 8my op9ion is ?is4 ,we ne$ ammonia = :eat4 ,b ?\gh ammonia-salts & nitrate ( soda c (t5 be us$ ) decid$ pr(it1 yet ,i feel sure t we c get ammonia or nitrog5 at a less co/ p] lb4 by buy+ bran1 malt-roots1 cotton-se$ cake1 & o!r foods1 & us+ !m = ! d\ble purpose ( fe$+ /ock & mak+ manure40 8,i admit t su* is ! case10 said ! ,doctor1 8b "h is a plot ( l& t has n[ _h #ad tons ( manure e ye> = sev5 ye>s1 & yet !re is a plot along side1 dress$ ) ammonia-salts furni%+ less ?an half ! ammonia conta9$ 9 ! #ad tons ( manure1 t produces a bett] yield ( :eat40 8,t10 said ,i1 8is simply because ! nitrog5 9 ! manure is n 9 an available condition4 ,& ! practical "q is1 h[ to make ! nitrog5 9 our manure m imm$iately available4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ important que/ions :i* agricultural sci5ce is call$ ^u to answ]4 ,until we get m light1 ,i feel sure 9 say+ t "o ( ! be/ me?ods is1 to fe$ our animals on ri*] & m easily dige/$ food40 ,! foll[+ table gives ! results ( ! eigh? season ( #ahej-ea4 ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ on ! ,gr[? ( ,:eat1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&4 ,table ,,viii4--,manures & ,produce2 #h? ,season1 #ahej-ea4 ,manures & ,se$ 7,r$ ,clu/]71 ,s[n ,autumn1 #ahej4 ,manures ,,fm ,f>m-y>d ,manure4 ,,wsc ,cut ,:eat-/raw & ,*aff4 ,,cs ,common ,salt4 ,,sp ,sulphate ( ,potass4 ,s-,a ,soda-a%4 ,s,mg ,sulphate ( ,magnesia4 ,b-,a ,bone-a%4 ,s,ac ,sulphuric ,acid4 7,sp4 gr4 #a4g7 ,m,ac ,muriatic ,acid4 ,s,am ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,m,am ,muriate ( ,ammonia4 ,,rc ,rape-cake4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,manures p] ,acre4 ,p ---------------------------------------- -------------- l ,sup]phosphate o ( ,lime4 t ------------- s ,,fm ,,wsc ,,cs ,,sp ,s-,a ,s,mg ,b-,a ,s,ac ,m,ac ,s,am ,m,am ,,rc ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,tons4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4 #j 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fjj #dej 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 44 #fjj #djj #bjj 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b #ad 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c ,unmanur$4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #djj 44 44 #e;a 44 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #cjj #cjj 44 #e;b 44 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #cjj #cjj 44 #f;a 44 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #f;b 44 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #g;a 44 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj #ajjj #g;b 44 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj #ajjj #h;a 44 #ejjj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #h;b 44 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #ajj #ajj 44 #i;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #i;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aj;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aj;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aa;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #aa;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ab;a 44 44 44 #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ab;b 44 44 44 #bjj #ajj 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ac;a 44 44 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ac;b 44 44 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ad;a 44 44 44 #bjj 44 #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ad;b 44 44 44 #bjj 44 #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ae;a 44 44 44 #bjj #ajj #ajj #bjj 44 #bjj #djj 44 44 #ae;b 44 44 44 #bjj #ajj #ajj #bjj 44 #bjj #djj 44 #ejj #af;a 44 44 #ccfabjj #ajj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #cjj #cjj 44 #af;b 44 44 44 #bjj #ajj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #cjj #cjj 44 #ag;a 44 44 44 #bjj #ajj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ag;b 44 44 44 #bjj #ajj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ah;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ah;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 #ai 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 #ejj #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba ,unmanur$ 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bb 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,note #a3 ,top-dress$ 9 ,m>*1 #ahea4 ,produce ,wt_/,bu ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,oc ,(fal ,corn4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,s,c ,/raw & ,*aff4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw74 ,c ,corn4 ,s,c ,/raw & ,*aff4 ,,tp ,total ,produce4 ,,ocd ,(fal ,corn to #ajj ,dress$4 ,c#ajj ,corn to #ajj ,/raw4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,increase p] ,produce p] ,acre1 etc4 ,acre ,by ,manure ,p ---------------------------------------- ------- l ,dress$ ,corn4 o ------------- ,,tp t ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu ,,oc ,,tc ,s,c,c,s ,c ,s,c ,,tp ,,ocd ,c#ajj s ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,bu4 ,pks4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #ah #c #fa4i #abe #abifahfbcaeh #bac #bce #ddh #aj4gfi4f #j #ah #a #fa4g #abd #abeaahdecjif #afh #bah #chf #aa4jfg4h #a #bi #b #fc4f #aff #bjdicjideadc #iff #adfg #bdcc #h4hff4b #b #ae #c #fa4a #aad #ajhcafbgbgaj 44 44 44 #aa4hff4f #c #bh #j #fb4f #aei #aiaibididhfh #hcf #acbb #baeh #i4jfe4a #d #cf #j #fc4c #aid #bdgcdacaffjd #acij #bejd #chid #h4fei4i #e;a #cg #c #fc4c #bac #bfaadbidfije #aebh #bffg #daie #h4ifj4h #e;b #cc #a #fc4c #aed #bbgacfbdehie #aahh #aiig #cahe #g4bfb4f #f;a #ca #j #fb4c #ahi #baaicejgefbf #ajcf #ahhj #biaf #i4hfj4d #f;b #cf #c #fc4j #bja #bebddehggaaa #adda #bifj #ddja #h4gee4j #g;a #cg #a #fc4j #agh #becbdcjbfhcd #addi #bfge #dabd #g4feh4h #g;b #bf #j #fb4h #ada #aghebgfideed #gjb #aadb #ahdd #h4ffd4e #h;a #bg #b #fb4f #acg #ahfcbhcjdfic #ghj #abjc #aihc #g4ife4h #h;b #ca #a #fb4d #ahb #badbcbebecid #ajei #afbe #bfhd #i4cfe4i #i;a #bi #j #fb4j #agj #aigjbidbdiab #hhg #acae #bbjb #i4efg4j #i;b #bh #c #fa4i #agi #aiffcjgjejcf #hhc #addc #bcbf #aj4jfd4jaj;a #bh #b #fb4e #adi #aicgcjdhdihe #hed #adba #bbge #h4cfc4eaj;b #cb #b #fb4c #aha #bbafcchfefjb #aacc #agei #bhib #h4ife4daa;a #ca #b #fb4e #aha #bafcccjbedfe #ajhj #afge #bgee #i4afe4eaa;b #cb #c #fc4a #afe #bbcdcfjjehcd #aaea #aigc #cabd #h4jfb4jab;a #cb #b #fb4e #aff #bbjccehaeghd #aabj #aied #cjgd #h4bfa4eab;b #cj #b #fb4f #ahj #bajbceddefdf #ajai #aiag #bicf #i4dei4cac;a #cj #c #fb4c #afj #bjhccddjeebc #ajjj #ahac #bhac #h4cfj4eac;b #ca #j #fb4i #afh #babjcfjeegbe #ajcg #aigh #cjae #h4feh4had;a #ca #j #fb4h #afe #babacecgefeh #ajch #aiaj #bidh #h4dei4iad;b #bg #j #fb4g #ach #ahcicjdadhhj #gef #adad #bagj #h4afj4eae;a #cj #b #fb4i #adh #bjggcdcbeeji #iid #ahje #bgii #g4ffj4eae;b #cf #c #fc4e #afa #bdiidbcdfgcc #adaf #bfjg #djbc #f4iei4jaf;a #cf #b #fc4d #agf #bejadccbfhcc #adah #bgje #dabc #g4feg4gaf;b #ca #c #fc4c #aca #badiceigegdf #ajff #aigj #cjcf #f4eei4gag;a #cj #b #fc4a #aeb #bjgicdjfedhe #iif #aggi #bgge #g4ifa4jag;b #cj #c #fc4j #aci #bjhcccijedgc #ajjj #agfc #bgfc #g4bfd4aah;a #ca #j #fb4d #adc #bjijcehfefgf #ajjg #aiei #biff #g4ceh4cah;b #cj #a #fb4d #add #bjcaccdhecgi #idh #agba #bffi #g4gfj4gai #ad #a #fj4h #hi #iefafjibefe -#abg -#ah -#ade #aj4bei4dbj #ba #ag #c #fa4i #abg #abcbagfcbiie #adi #acf #bhe #aa4efi4ibb ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,! plot cont9u\sly unmanur$1 gives ab\t #af bu%els ( :eat p] acre4 ,! plot ) b>n-y>d manure1 ne>ly #cj bu%els p] acre4 #djj lbs4 ( ammonia-salts alone1 on plot #i;a1 #ca bu%els2 on #i;b1 #bi bu%els2 on #aj;a & #aj;b1 ne>ly #bi bu%els ea*4 ,?is is rem>kable uni=mity4 #djj lbs4 ammonia-salts & a l>ge quantity ( m9]al manures 9 addition1 on twelve diff]5t plots1 av]age n q #cb bu%els p] acre4 8,! sup]phosphate & m9]als10 said ! ,deacon1 8d n seem to d mu* good1 t is a fact40 ,y w notice t #ccf lbs4 ( common salt 0 s[n on plot #af;a4 ,x does n seem to h done ! slighte/ good4 ,:]e ! salt 0 us$1 !re is #b lbs4 less gra9 & #ih lbs4 less /raw ?an on ! adjo9+ plot #af;b1 :]e no salt 0 us$1 b o!rwise manur$ alike4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ! quality ( ! gra9 0 slightly improv$ by ! salt4 ,! salt 0 s[n 9 ,m>* z a top-dress+4 8,x w\ld h be5 bett]10 said ! ,deacon4 8to h s[n x 9 autumn ) ! o!r manures40 8,! ,deacon is "r10 said ,i1 8b x s happ5s t ! next ye> & ! ye> aft]1 ! salt 0 appli$ at ! same "t z ! o!r manures4 ,x gave an increase ( #id lbs4 ( gra9 & #fa lbs4 ( /raw 9 #ahea1 b ! foll[+ ye> ! same quantity ( salt us$ on ! same plot did m h>m ?an good40 ,be=e we leave ! results ( ?is ye>1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t on #h;a1 #e1jjj lbs4 ( cut /raw & *aff 7 us$ p] acre4 ,i d n recollect see+ any?+ 9 reg>d to x4 ,& yet ! result 0 v rem>kable--s mu* s inde$1 t x is a matt] ( regret t ! exp]im5t 0 n repeat$4 ,?is #e1jjj lbs4 ( /raw & *aff gave an increase ( m ?an #aj bu%els p] acre ov] ! cont9u\sly unmanur$ plot4 8,good10 said ! ,deacon1 8,i h always told y t y "u-e/imat$ ! value ( /raw1 especially 9 reg>d to its me*anical action40 ,i did n reply to ?is rem>k ( ! good ,deacon4 ,i h nev] d\bt$ ! good effects ( any?+ t light5s up a clay soil & r5d]s x w>m] & m por\s4 ,i suppose ! great b5efit d]iv$ f ?is application ( /raw mu/ be attribut$ to its ameliorat+ action on ! soil4 ,! #e1jjj lbs4 ( /raw & *aff produc$ a crop )9 ne>ly #c bu%els p] acre ( ! plot manur$ e ye> ) #ad tons ( b>n-y>d manure4 8,i am surpris$10 said ! ,doctor1 8t salt did no good4 ,i h se5 _m in/ances 9 :i* x has _h a wond]ful effect on :eat40 8,yes10 said ,i1 8& our exp]i5c$ fri5d1 ,john ,john/on1 is v decid$ly ( ! op9ion t its use is highly pr(itable4 ,he s[s a b>rel ( salt p] acre broadca/ on ! l& at ! "t he s[s 8 :eat1 & ,i h myself se5 x produce a decid$ improvem5t 9 ! crop40 ,we h n[ giv5 ! results ( ! fir/ eight ye>s ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,f ?is "t =w>d1 ! same manures 7 us$ ye> aft] ye> on ! same plot4 ,! results are giv5 9 ! accompany+ tables = ! foll[+ twelve ye>s--h>ve/s = #aheb-ec-ed-ee-ef-eg-eh-ei-fj-fa-fb & #ahfc4 ,su* ano!r set ( exp]im5ts are n to be f\nd 9 ! _w1 & !y des]ve & w receive ! c>eful /udy ( e intellig5t ,am]ican f>m]4 8,i am ) y !re10 said ! ,deacon4 8,y seem to ?9k t ,i d n appreciate ! labors ( sci5tific m54 ,i d4 ,su* exp]im5ts z ^! we are exam9+ comm& ! respect ( e intellig5t f>m]4 ,i may n fully und]/& !m1 b ,i c see cle>ly en\gh t !y are ( great value40 ,exp]im5ts at ,ro?am/$ on ! ,gr[? ( ,:eat1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&4 ,table ,,ix4--,manures p] ,acre p] ,annum 7) ! exceptions expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on p4 #bjc71 = #ab ,ye>s 9 succession--namely1 = ! #i?1 #aj?1 #aa?1 #ab?1 #ac?1 #ad?1 #ae?1 #af?1 #ag?1 #ah?1 #ai?1 & #bj? ,seasons3 t is1 = ! crops ( ,h>ve/s #aheb- #ec- #ed- #ee- #ef- #eg- #eh- #ei- #fj- #fa- #fb & #ahfc499 ,manures ,,fm ,f>m-y>d ,manure4 ,,cs ,common ,salt4 ,,sp ,sulphate ( ,potass4#a ,,ss ,sulphate ( ,soda4#a ,s,mg ,sulphate ( ,magnesia4#a ,b-,a ,bone-a%4 ,s,ac ,sulphuric ,acid4 7,sp4 gr4 #a4g7 ,m,ac ,muriatic ,acid4 ,s,am ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4 ,m,am ,muriate ( ,ammonia4 ,,ns ,nitrate ( ,soda4 ,,rc ,rape-cake4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,manures p] ,acre p] ,annum = #ab ,ye>s1 #ahea-b to #ahfb-c inclusive1 except 9 ! cases expla9$ 9 ! ,notes on p4 #bjc4 ,p ---------------------------------------- ------------- l ,sup]phosphate o ( ,lime4 t ------------- s ,,fm ,,cs ,,sp ,,ss ,s,mg ,b-,a ,s,ac ,m,ac ,s,am ,m,am ,,ns ,,rc ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,tons4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4 #j 44 44 44 44 44 #fjj #dej 44 44 44 44 44 #a 44 44 #fjj #djj #bjj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b #ad 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c ,unmanur$ 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #d ,unmanur$ 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #e;a 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 44 44 44 44 #e;b 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 44 44 44 44 #f;a 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #ajj #ajj 44 44 #f;b 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #ajj #ajj 44 44 #g;a 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #g;b 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #h;a 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #cjj #cjj 44 44 #h;b 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #cjj #cjj 44 44 #b #i;a 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 44 44 #eej 44 #c #i;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #eej 44 #aj;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #aj;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #aa;a 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #aa;b 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #ab;a 44 44 44 #eej 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #ab;b 44 44 44 #eej 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #ac;a 44 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #ac;b 44 44 #cjj 44 44 #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #ad;a 44 44 44 44 #dbj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #ad;b 44 44 44 44 #dbj #bjj #aej 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #ae;a 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj 44 #bjj #djj 44 44 44 #ae;b 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 44 #ejj #af;a 44 #ccfdcjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #djj #djj 44 44 #af;b 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 #djj #djj 44 44 #eag;a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #ag;b 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #bjj 44 44 #eah;a 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 44 44 44 44 #ah;b 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj #bjj #aej 44 44 44 44 44 #ai 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj 44 #bjj #cjj 44 44 #ejj #bj ,unmanur$ 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ba 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 44 44 44 #ajj 44 44 #bb 44 44 #cjj #bjj #ajj 44 44 44 #ajj 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 ,= ! p>ticul>s ( ! produce ( ea* sep>ate season1 see ,tables ,x4-,,xxi4 inclusive4 ,note #a3 ,= ! #af? & succe$+ seasons--! sulphate ( potass 0 r$uc$ f #fjj to #djj lbs4 p] acre p] annum on ,plot #a1 & f #cjj to #bjj lbs4 on all ! o!r ,plots :]e x 0 us$2 ! sulphate ( soda f #djj to #bjj lbs4 on ,plot #a1 to #ajj lbs4 on all ! ,plots on :i* #bjj lbs4 _h previ\sly be5 appli$1 & f #eej to #ccf lbs4 7two-?irds ! am\nt7 on ,plots #ab;a & #ab;b2 & ! sulphate ( magnesia f #dbj to #bhj lbs4 7two-?irds ! am\nt7 on ,plots #ad;a & #ad;b4 ,note #b3 ,plot #i;a--! sulphates ( potass1 soda1 & magnesia1 & ! sup]phosphate ( lime1 7 appli$ 9 ! #ab? & succe$+ seasons1 b n 9 ! #i?1 #aj?1 & #aa?2 & ! am\nt ( nitrate ( soda 0 = ! #i? season only #dge lbs4 p] acre1 & = ! #aj? & #aa? seasons only #bge lbs4 ,note #c3 ,plot #i;b--9 ! #i? season only #dge lbs4 ( nitrate ( soda 7 appli$4 ,note #d3 ,common salt--n appli$ aft] ! #aj? season4 ,note #e3 ,plots #ag;a & #ag;b1 & #ah;a & #ah;b--! manures on ^! plots alt]nate3 t is1 ,plots #ag 7 manur$ ) ammonia-salts 9 ! #i? season2 ) ! sulphates ( potass1 soda1 & magnesia1 & sup]phosphate ( lime1 9 ! #aj?2 ammonia-salts aga9 9 ! #aa?2 ! sulphates ( potass1 soda1 & magnesia1 & sup]phosphate ( lime1 aga9 9 ! #ab?1 & s on4 ,plots #ah1 on ! o!r h&1 _h ! sulphates ( potass1 soda1 & magnesia1 & sup]phosphate ( lime1 9 ! #i? season2 ammonia-salts 9 ! #aj?1 & s on1 alt]nately4 ,table ,x4--,produce ( ! #i? ,season1 #ahea-b4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,clu/]7 s[n ,novemb] #g1 #ahea2 ,crop cut ,augu/ #bd1 #aheb4 ,table ,,xi4--,produce ( ! #aj? ,season1 #ahec4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,ro/ock7 s[n ,m>* #af2 ,crop cut ,septemb] #aj1 & c>t$ ,septemb] #bj1 #ahec4 ,qty4 ,quantity4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,produce p] ,acre1 ,produce p] ,acre1 etc4 7,= ! ,manures etc4 7,= ! ,manures ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 l -------------------------- l -------------------------- o ,dress$ ,corn4 o ,dress$ ,corn4 t --------------- ,,tp t --------------- ,,tp s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #j #ae #j #ee4h #iai #bfbe #j #i #j #di4a #eii #bdjf #a #ac #a #ef4i #hbe #bcbb #a #f #a #df4a #djd #bjcf #b #bg #b #eh4b #agaf #eagc #b #ai #j #ea4a #aabj #ddib #c #ac #c #ef4f #hfj #bdeg #c #e #c #de4a #cei #aggb #d #ac #a #eg4c #hgj #bdda #d #g #a #df4a #ddf #baaf #e;a #af #c #eg4e #ajch #bida #e;a #aj #j #dh4i #ehg #bech #e;b #ag #j #eg4c #ajfe #cjig #e;b #aj #a #dh4i #faa #bgda #f;a #bj #c #eg4f #abhh #chfi #f;a #af #c #ea4h #igh #cgee #f;b #bj #c #eg4e #acjj #cijd #f;b #ai #a #ea4h #ajgb #chgj #g;a #bf #b #ef4j #afae #edfe #g;a #bc #b #eb4b #acfi #eaaj #g;b #bf #c #ee4h #afac #edae #g;b #bc #b #ea4a #aceg #ejia #h;a #bg #c #ee4i #afii #eeje #h;a #bb #a #ea4a #acdf #ecab #h;b #bg #j #ee4i #afea #edbc #h;b #bd #b #ea4a #adbe #eceb #i;a #be #b #ee4f #aeia #ecje #i;a #aa #a #dg4g #fia #cjij #i;b #bd #a #ee4c #aeji #dhhc #i;b #aj #a #df4a #fdi #bijb #aj;a #ba #c #ee4i #acbj #dajg #aj;a #i #c #dh4i #fdb #bfia #aj;b #bb #j #eg4c #acdc #dafb #aj;b #ae #b #di4h #hif #cegh #aa;a #bd #j #ee4f #adgb #deec #aa;a #ag #b #ej4a #ajae #ceci #aa;b #bb #a #ee4i #achg #dbii #aa;b #ah #b #ea4a #ajgc #cghj #ab;a #bd #a #eg4d #aejc #dgfj #ab;a #bb #j #eb4j #abhc #didh #ab;b #bd #a #eg4c #adib #dgba #ab;b #bc #c #ea4a #acge #ejgi #ac;a #bd #j #eg4e #adhj #dgjb #ac;a #bb #a #eb4a #acda #ejde #ac;b #bc #c #eg4a #adgf #dgfe #ac;b #bc #b #ea4a #acif #ecjh #ad;a #bd #a #ef4i #aejg #ejed #ad;a #ba #b #ea4b #acbb #dgic #ad;b #be #j #ef4g #aecj #eacg #ad;b #bc #j #eb4f #acdg #eajh #ae;a #bc #a #eg4d #adea #dffc #ae;a #ai #j #ea4a #aadc #dejd #ae;b #be #j #ef4h #aebj #dida #ae;b #bc #b #ea4a #acea #eajg #af;a #bh #c #ee4j #agid #fdga #af;a #bd #a #eb4e #adif #fdjj #af;b #bh #j #ed4e #agjj #fcaf #af;b #be #c #eb4e #aecg #feef #ag;a #be #b #ef4e #aegg #ecaa #ag;a #h #a #di4h #ebj #beaf #ag;b #bd #a #ef4i #aebj #dihf #ag;b #h #c #dh4i #eci #beea #ah;a #ac #c #eg4j #hfi #beef #ah;a #ag #c #eb4i #aaaa #ddif #ah;b #ad #c #ef4g #iba #bfhe #ah;b #bj #c #eb4a #abef #ejeb #ai #bd #c #ef4a #aehb #digi #ai #ai #a #eb4f #aafj #dcgc #bj #ad #j #ef4f #hge #bdeb #bj #e #c #dg4h #dbe #bjhd #ba #ai #a #ef4i #aagg #cbhe #ba #ab #c #ej4d #gec #bicd #bb #ai #b #ee4i #aagf #ccee #bb #aj #a #di4d #eib #bdeb ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,table ,,xii4--,produce ( ! #aa? ,season1 #ahec-d4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,ro/ock7 s[n ,novemb] #ab1 #ahec2 ,crop cut ,augu/ #ba1 & c>t$ ,augu/ #ca1 #ahed4 ,table ,,xiii4--,produce ( ! #ab? ,season1 #ahed-e4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,ro/ock7 s[n ,novemb] #i1 #ahed2 ,crop cut ,augu/ #bf1 & c>t$ ,septemb] #b1 #ahee4 ,qty4 ,quantity4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,produce p] ,acre1 ,produce p] ,acre1 etc4 7,= ! ,manures etc4 7,= ! ,manures ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 l -------------------------- l -------------------------- o ,dress$ ,corn4 o ,dress$ ,corn4 t --------------- ,,tp t --------------- ,,tp s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #j #bf #a #fa4j #afgb #cghf #j #ag #j #fj4g #ajif #bhbb #a #bd #a #fj4b #aebi #djfj #a #ah #b #fj4e #aagi #cjfi #b #da #j #fb4e #bfge #gabe #b #cd #b #fb4j #bbcg #fjhb #c #ba #j #fj4f #acei #cdif #c #ag #j #ei4b #ajgb #bhei #d #bc #c #fa4a #aeba #chei #d #ah #b #ei4e #aafh #cjjj #e;a #bd #a #fa4j #aegh #djih #e;a #ah #b #ei4i #aaeg #bigf #e;b #bd #j #fa4f #aecb #djce #e;b #ah #j #fj4a #aadc #bidc #f;a #cc #b #fa4h #bahf #fjca #f;a #bg #c #fj4c #agec #deij #f;b #cd #b #fa4h #bbci #fbid #f;b #bh #a #fj4i #ahaa #dhdh #g;a #de #b #fa4i #biej #heec #g;a #cb #b #ei4d #bjhd #eiie #g;b #de #a #fa4h #bidd #hddj #g;b #cc #a #ei4e #bach #fbif #h;a #dg #a #fa4d #cjfe #ibjj #h;a #bi #c #eh4h #aiji #egdg #h;b #di #b #fa4h #cbjh #icbe #h;b #cc #j #eh4g #baec #fdie #i;a #ch #c #fj4g #bdef #feih #i;a #bi #b #eh4c #aicb #ehgh #i;b #ch #c #fj4g #bdhj #fgbc #i;b #be #a #eg4c #afje #dhag #aj;a #cd #a #fj4e #bbaa #ehjh #aj;a #ai #c #eg4a #abhe #cgig #aj;b #ci #j #fa4f #bece #gjjc #aj;b #bh #j #eh4i #ahje #ejgc #aa;a #dd #b #fa4a #bhei #hjjf #aa;a #ah #c #ee4c #abaj #cfid #aa;b #dc #j #fa4b #bgef #gggf #aa;b #bd #b #ef4c #aehj #dgcc #ab;a #de #c #fb4b #biff #hdfi #ab;a #cj #j #ei4e #aidj #edgh #ab;b #de #a #fb4b #bici #hdab #ab;b #cc #b #fj4b #bagb #fahb #ac;a #de #j #fb4b #biac #hcaa #ac;a #bi #j #ei4i #aibd #edbg #ac;b #dc #c #fb4b #bheh #hdjc #ac;b #cb #b #fj4d #baaj #eihj #ad;a #de #a #fb4b #bidf #hdih #ad;a #bi #c #fj4j #aied #eeca #ad;b #dd #j #fb4b #bhfc #hbha #ad;b #cc #a #fj4j #baeh #eafa #ae;a #dc #a #fb4a #bhja #gfii #ae;a #ca #c #fj4j #bjcj #ehee #ae;b #dc #a #fb4d #bhaj #hjhc #ae;b #cc #c #fj4f #baic #fdae #af;a #di #b #fa4g #cbcj #iicb #af;a #cc #a #eh4b #bajj #ffcd #af;b #ej #j #fa4g #cbic #iibh #af #cb #b #eh4b #baae #gajf #ag;a #de #c #fb4a #bidh #hbah #ag;a #ah #c #fj4h #abbg #cbjc #ag;b #db #b #fb4b #bgcb #gfbi #ag;b #ag #j #fj4c #aaaj #biad #ah;a #bd #j #fa4b #aebf #cidd #ah;a #cb #c #fj4i #babg #fadd #ah;b #bc #b #fa4j #aeaa #chhh #ah;b #cc #a #fj4h #bagj #fche #ai #da #j #fa4g #bfff #gcdc #ai #cj #j #eh4g #aifg #ehah #bj #bb #c #fj4h #adde #cffb #bj #ag #b #fa4a #aaee #bihf #ba #cb #j #fa4b #bjcj #edgj #ba #bd #a #fj4h #aecc #cieb #bb #ca #c #fa4j #aiid #eccd #bb #bd #b #fj4a #aeec #djaj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,table ,,xiv4--,produce ( ! #ac? ,season1 #ahee-f4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,ro/ock7 s[n ,novemb] #ac1 #ahee2 ,crop cut ,augu/ #bf1 & c>t$ ,septemb] #c1 #ahef4 ,table ,,xv4--,produce ( ! #ad? ,season1 #ahef-g4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,ro/ock7 s[n ,novemb] #f1 #ahef2 ,crop cut ,augu/ #ac1 & c>t$ ,augu/ #bb1 #aheg4 ,qty4 ,quantity4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,produce p] ,acre1 ,produce p] ,acre1 etc4 7,= ! ,manures etc4 7,= ! ,manures ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 l -------------------------- l -------------------------- o ,dress$ ,corn4 o ,dress$ ,corn4 t --------------- ,,tp t --------------- ,,tp s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #j #ah #a #ef4h #aagi #cadh #j #ah #b #ei4j #aaha #bgbf #a #ag #j #ef4c #aajb #cjce #a #ag #b #ei4j #aaah #bfej #b #cf #a #eh4f #bbgg #feid #b #da #j #fj4d #behg #eiaj #c #ad #b #ed4c #hib #bdej #c #ai #c #eh4c #abcf #bhac #d #af #a #ee4e #ajbf #bgeg #d #bb #a #eh4h #achf #bieh #e;a #ah #c #ef4e #aafg #cagi #e;a #bb #c #ei4j #adji #cjbf #e;b #bj #a #ef4b #abdg #ccfi #e;b #bd #b #eh4h #aeab #cbdg #f;a #bg #a #eh4b #agag #dgfg #f;a #ce #a #ei4i #bbaa #difh #f;b #bh #j #eh4e #agee #dhdh #f;b #ce #a #ei4h #baic #diej #g;a #cg #a #eh4j #bcab #fhgb #g;a #dc #a #fj4e #bghb #fdfb #g;b #cf #b #eg4f #bbdd #ffdb #g;b #df #a #fj4c #bijb #fgic #h;a #dj #j #ef4h #bejg #gfhi #h;a #dg #c #fj4h #cjeh #gcee #h;b #cg #c #eg4a #bdjj #gdhi #h;b #dh #c #fj4f #cabi #gegi #i;a #cb #a #eg4b #bjai #ehid #i;a #dc #c #fj4a #bgfg #ffcd #i;b #bf #j #ef4c #afgi #dhca #i;b #cf #j #eh4j #bbbj #ebjc #aj;a #bd #j #ee4f #aeje #dcbc #aj;a #bi #j #eh4j #ahaf #dbjh #aj;b #bg #b #eg4b #agbg #dhie #aj;b #cd #b #eh4f #bahe #ejfj #aa;a #ca #c #eg4c #bjja #eeah #aa;a #ci #j #eh4e #bdcb #ecge #aa;b #cj #b #eg4e #aidf #echi #aa;b #ci #j #eh4j #bcig #ecag #ab;a #cc #c #eh4g #bajb #eidi #ab;a #dc #c #fj4d #bgdg #fcid #ab;b #cb #c #eh4h #bjgi #ehjd #ab;b #dc #b #fj4d #bgbi #fcab #ac;a #cb #a #eh4f #bjcf #eggi #ac;a #db #c #fj4f #bgad #fdba #ac;b #cj #c #eh4i #bjjh #efei #ac;b #dc #b #fj4e #bgci #fchf #ad;a #ce #j #eh4f #baie #fcig #ad;a #dc #c #fj4e #bgha #fdci #ad;b #cd #j #ei4j #bafb #fbgi #ad;b #db #c #fj4c #bfii #fcea #ae;a #cj #j #ei4a #aibc #eddd #ae;a #db #a #fj4d #bfha #fcfh #ae;b #cb #j #ei4d #bjde #egig #ae;b #dd #a #fj4j #bgfe #fedc #af;a #ch #j #eh4e #bdbf #giee #af;a #dh #c #fj4e #caca #ghad #af;b #cg #c #eh4g #bdej #giag #af;b #ej #j #fj4e #caid #ghig #ag;a #ca #b #ei4j #aihc #eeda #ag;a #bf #b #ei4a #afdb #cgjj #ag;b #cj #a #ei4a #aice #edjj #ag;b #be #c #eh4h #aehc #cebc #ah;a #ag #c #eg4h #aadj #caeb #ah;a #da #j #ei4g #beff #fjji #ah;b #ah #j #eg4g #aaca #cjfi #ah;b #dj #j #ei4h #beai #ehhd #ai #cb #a #eh4i #bjei #efba #ai #da #b #ei4e #bfjj #egic #bj #ag #j #eg4g #ajge #bifc #bj #ai #b #eh4d #abac #bggg #ba #bb #a #eh4j #acih #cibg #ba #bd #j #fj4f #aech #ccec #bb #ba #a #eg4h #acea #chdi #bb #bc #j #fj4f #adia #cbih ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,table ,,xvi4--,produce ( ! #ae? ,season1 #aheg-h4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,ro/ock7 s[n ,novemb] #c & #aa1 #aheg2 ,crop cut ,augu/ #i1 & c>t$ ,augu/ #bj1 #aheh4 ,table ,,xvii4--,produce ( ! #af? ,season1 #aheh-i4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,ro/ock7 s[n ,novemb] #d1 #aheh2 ,crop cut ,augu/ #d1 & c>t$ ,augu/ #bj1 #ahei4 ,qty4 ,quantity4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,produce p] ,acre1 ,produce p] ,acre1 etc4 7,= ! ,manures etc4 7,= ! ,manures ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 l -------------------------- l -------------------------- o ,dress$ ,corn4 o ,dress$ ,corn4 t --------------- ,,tp t --------------- ,,tp s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #j #bj #c #fa4b #accb #cbcd #j #ba #b #ed4j #abed #cefd #a #af #a #fj4g #ajee #bfhe #a #ai #c #ee4j #aahi #cdhi #b #ch #c #fb4f #beab #fcdi #b #cf #j #ef4e #bbfc #gjgc #c #ah #j #fj4d #aada #bhaa #c #ah #a #eb4e #ajea #cbbf #d #ai #j #fa4a #abjf #bhgi #d #ai #j #ee4j #aahh #cdah #e;a #ah #b #fa4e #aahg #bgai #e;a #bj #b #ef4j #abgg #cfjj #e;b #ai #a #fa4d #abbg #bhgj #e;b #bj #b #ef4j #abgc #cfff #f;a #bh #b #fb4a #ahah #dcie #f;a #bi #b #ef4e #ahjh #eeee #f;b #bi #j #fb4a #ahej #defc #f;b #cj #j #ef4e #ahee #egjh #g;a #ch #b #fa4i #bdej #fdae #g;a #cd #b #ee4i #bjig #fggd #g;b #ci #b #fb4c #becj #ffbb #g;b #cd #b #ee4i #bjhi #fhib #h;a #da #c #fa4h #bfhj #gcdg #h;a #cd #c #ed4j #bjfh #gdba #h;b #da #c #fa4g #bfge #gcdb #h;b #cd #j #ec4d #bjjg #gfjd #i;a #cg #b #fj4h #bchd #fgja #i;a #cj #j #ed4e #ahjf #gjgf #i;b #bc #b #eh4h #adgj #daeh #i;b #bd #b #ej4e #adab #ejjb #aj;a #bb #c #ei4f #adci #cefi #aj;a #ah #c #ea4e #abjg #cicg #aj;b #bg #c #fa4d #agge #dcij #aj;b #be #b #eb4e #aejj #dibj #aa;a #cj #c #fj4e #aigg #dggd #aa;a #bf #c #ea4d #afbh #eaee #aa;b #cc #j #fj4d #bjii #eaag #aa;b #bg #c #ea4c #afih #ebge #ab;a #cg #c #fb4a #bdcg #fajj #ab;a #cd #b #ed4e #bjfj #ffaj #ab;b #cg #j #fb4a #bchg #fjfj #ab;b #cd #c #ed4h #baae #fheh #ac;a #cg #j #fb4a #bchd #fjgg #ac;a #cd #j #ee4j #bjcg #fggd #ac;b #cg #j #fb4g #bcig #fjgd #ac;b #cd #c #ee4j #bjhg #fhid #ad;a #cg #c #fb4a #bdac #faej #ad;a #cd #a #ed4e #bjed #fhag #ad;b #ch #a #fb4j #bdcf #fadf #ad;b #cd #b #ed4e #bjgd #fggd #ae;a #ce #a #fb4f #bbhe #ehjj #ae;a #cd #j #ee4j #bjec #fhbf #ae;b #cg #b #fb4h #bdcf #facd #ae;a #ce #j #ee4j #bjie #gjhh #af;a #da #c #fb4a #bgjb #gdii #af;a #cd #c #eb4f #bjbf #giec #af;b #db #j #fb4a #bgag #gecj #af;b #cd #a #eb4f #bjje #ggih #ag;a #cc #a #fb4e #baej #ecec #ag;a #ba #a #ee4j #abdg #cgcj #ag;b #cc #c #fb4e #baha #edee #ag;b #ai #c #ed4e #aafh #ceda #ah;a #bb #c #fb4c #adgb #cdhj #ah;a #cb #c #ee4e #aigc #fejf #ah;b #bj #b #fb4d #acch #ccje #ah;b #cb #b #ef4j #aihj #ffcj #ai #cc #a #fb4e #bagg #ecfb #ai #cj #b #ee4e #aijc #eibf #bj #ag #j #fj4c #ajhi #bhai #bj #ag #c #eb4e #ajci #cbef #ba #bd #a #fa4e #aegd #cidg #ba #bf #a #ed4j #aech #dgbc #bb #bb #j #fa4e #adab #ceib #bb #bd #j #ee4j #adfj #dddj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,table ,,xviii4--,produce ( ! #ag? ,season1 #ahei-fj4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,ro/ock7 s[n ,novemb] #ag1 #ahei2 ,crop cut ,septemb] #ag & #ai1 & c>t$ ,octob] #e1 #aheh4 ,table ,,xix4--,produce ( ! #ah? ,season1 #ahfj-a4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,ro/ock7 s[n ,novemb] #e1 #ahfj2 ,crop cut ,augu/ #bj1 & c>t$ ,augu/ #bg1 #ahfa4 ,qty4 ,quantity4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,produce p] ,acre1 ,produce p] ,acre1 etc4 7,= ! ,manures etc4 7,= ! ,manures ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 l -------------------------- l -------------------------- o ,dress$ ,corn4 o ,dress$ ,corn4 t --------------- ,,tp t --------------- ,,tp s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #j #ad #a #ec4e #hbf #bbga #j #ae #a #eg4f #ajja #bgfi #a #ab #a #eb4h #gag #bjig #a #ab #c #eg4f #hbh #bbae #b #cb #a #ee4e #ahfd #ecjd #b #cd #c #fj4e #bbjb #ecjc #c #ab #c #eb4f #gch #baig #c #aa #a #eg4d #gcf #aiij #d #ad #b #ec4j #hcb #bceb #d #aa #c #eh4j #hfc #baic #e;a #ae #b #ed4j #ijc #bdhc #e;a #ae #a #ei4a #ajdg #bedj #e;b #af #j #ec4a #ice #beie #e;b #ae #a #ei4j #ajhb #bfib #f;a #ba #j #ec4g #abaj #ccic #f;a #bg #a #ei4e #agee #dcbh #f;b #bb #c #ed4b #acbf #cgai #f;b #bg #c #ei4d #ahah #deja #g;a #bg #c #ed4c #afab #dfae #g;a #ce #b #ei4j #bbfc #egfd #g;b #bg #b #ed4c #aeig #dgcd #g;b #cd #a #ei4j #bahc #egch #h;a #cj #c #eb4h #agei #efci #h;a #cf #j #eh4c #bbij #fbjc #h;b #ca #b #eb4c #aghg #efjj #h;b #cd #j #eh4e #baij #eihe #i;a #cb #b #ea4e #aheh #ffce #i;a #cc #c #ef4h #bafb #ffjg #i;b #ai #b #dh4e #aaee #dbhe #i;b #ac #c #ec4i #iji #cjgi #aj;a #ae #j #di4e #ije #caah #aj;a #ab #c #ee4j #hed #bghd #aj;b #ah #b #ea4j #ajfj #cdbj #aj;b #ae #c #ee4e #ajcc #caif #aa;a #bb #a #ea4j #abgj #cggc #aa;a #bc #a #ee4c #adee #djcb #aa;b #bb #a #ea4b #acjg #djjj #aa;b #be #j #ee4h #aegh #dbbc #ab;a #bh #j #ec4d #afdh #dhgh #ab;a #cb #a #eh4a #bjji #ebja #ab;b #bf #b #ec4e #aegg #dffd #ab;b #cc #a #eh4g #badd #edha #ac;a #bf #j #ed4c #aege #defh #ac;a #cc #a #ei4i #bafh #edhf #ac;b #bg #j #ec4h #afjj #dfcg #ac;b #ce #j #fj4j #bcjd #egid #ad;a #bg #a #ec4g #aehc #dfcf #ad;a #cc #j #ei4a #babe #eejb #ad;b #bg #j #ec4b #aefc #dfff #ad;b #cc #c #ei4c #bagc #edgf #ae;a #be #a #ec4h #aeaj #dchg #ae;a #cd #a #fj4j #bahh #eejf #ae;b #bh #j #ed4j #afad #dgjd #ae;b #cd #c #fj4b #bbdi #egbg #af;a #cb #b #eb4j #ahef #eigc #af;a #cf #a #eh4j #bcch #fgfa #af;b #cb #c #ea4g #ahhi #fjif #af;b #cg #b #eh4f #bdcb #fgge #ag;a #bd #j #ed4a #adji #daji #ag;a #ai #a #ei4c #abbi #bihb #ag;b #bf #a #ed4c #aedh #deah #ag;b #ah #j #ei4a #aaff #bhbi #ah;a #ae #a #ed4e #ibi #bfdi #ah;a #cb #a #ei4f #bfej #eadd #ah;b #af #a #ed4f #ifc #bgjf #ah;b #cc #a #ei4e #babb #eddf #ai #bd #j #ec4j #adce #dagh #ai #cb #b #eh4h #bajg #ecde #bj #ab #j #ea4e #gbb #baee #bj #ac #j #eg4i #hgb #bcdj #ba #ae #b #eb4e #hic #bfci #ba #af #a #eh4b #aaji #bgdi #bb #ac #c #ec4h #hdg #bdad #bb #ai #b #eh4e #acjf #cbfc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,table ,,xx4--,produce ( ! #ai? ,season1 #ahfa-b4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,ro/ock7 s[n ,octob] #be1 #ahfa2 ,crop cut ,augu/ #bi1 & c>t$ ,septemb] #ab1 #ahfb4 ,table ,,xxi4--,produce ( ! #bj? ,season1 #ahfb-c4 ,se$ 7,r$ ,ro/ock7 s[n ,novemb] #ag1 #ahfb2 ,crop cut ,augu/ #aj1 & c>t$ ,augu/ #ah1 #ahfc4 ,qty4 ,quantity4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,weight p] ,bu%el4 ,,tc ,total ,corn4 ,,tp_/,c,s ,total ,produce 7,corn & ,/raw74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,produce p] ,acre1 ,produce p] ,acre1 etc4 7,= ! ,manures etc4 7,= ! ,manures ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 ,p see pp4 #bjb & #bjc47 l -------------------------- l -------------------------- o ,dress$ ,corn4 o ,dress$ ,corn4 t --------------- ,,tp t --------------- ,,tp s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s s ,qty4 ,wt_/,bu4 ,,tc ,c,s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,bu4 ,pks4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #j #ai #c #eh4e #abbh #cbeh #j #bb #j #fb4f #adbi #cbed #a #af #b #eh4j #ajbd #bggb #a #bj #c #fb4h #accd #cjgi #b #ch #a #fa4j #bddg #ffdb #b #dd #j #fc4a #bhhf #gafe #c #af #j #eg4h #iif #bgji #c #ag #a #fb4g #aabg #bgbg #d #af #b #eh4e #ajdi #bgaa #d #bj #a #fb4c #acjc #bieg #e;a #ag #c #ei4j #aaai #biei #e;a #ai #b #fc4j #abhc #bigj #e;b #ag #b #ei4j #aaja #bifa #e;b #ai #c #fc4j #abif #cjfd #f;a #bg #b #ei4e #agae #deed #f;a #ci #a #fb4c #bebb #fbcf #f;b #bh #c #ei4h #agig #dhig #f;b #ci #c #fb4c #becd #fbej #g;a #ce #b #ei4c #bbjj #fajf #g;a #ec #a #fb4f #cdgg #iccj #g;b #cf #j #ei4e #bbfe #fagh #g;b #ed #j #fb4e #cejg #iche #h;a #ci #c #ei4b #bdgg #gbjj #h;a #ef #b #fb4c #cffhajchc #h;b #ci #j #ei4j #bdeb #gjhg #h;b #ed #c #fb4c #ceeiajjdh #i;a #dc #a #ei4e #bfhh #hgch #i;a #ee #b #fb4a #cegf #ihhh #i;b #be #c #ef4c #afda #dhig #i;b #da #a #fb4e #bgbc #fibj #aj;a #bc #j #ef4e #adeg #djej #aj;a #ci #j #fb4f #behg #fjfh #aj;b #bd #c #eg4e #afjj #dddc #aj;b #dc #b #fb4h #bheh #fiad #aa;a #bf #b #eh4j #agjf #dedh #aa;a #de #j #fb4e #bigi #gbab #aa;b #bg #j #eh4j #agcd #dfjg #aa;b #df #b #fb4a #cjfj #geai #ab;a #cd #a #eh4j #bjif #egde #ab;a #ed #b #fb4a #cecc #higf #ab;b #cc #j #eh4j #bjbe #efcd #ab;b #ec #a #fb4b #cded #hhai #ac;a #ca #c #eh4j #aiec #eedb #ac;a #ec #a #fb4f #cdec #iaib #ac;b #cb #b #eh4j #bjai #efia #ac;b #ec #a #fb4e #cdci #ibch #ad;a #cj #a #eh4j #ahhf #ebhc #ad;a #ed #a #fb4e #cebg #hihf #ad;b #cb #j #eh4a #bjjh #eeeh #ad;b #ec #a #fb4e #cdej #hgdi #ae;a #cj #a #eh4c #ahgb #ebfh #ae;a #dh #a #fb4e #caad #hbgf #ae;b #cb #b #eh4c #bjbi #eghg #ae;b #dh #j #fb4i #cabg #hbdj #af;a #cf #a #eh4j #bbbe #fgeb #af;a #ef #b #fb4d #cgajajgag #af;b #cf #j #eg4e #bbcc #fgcj #af;b #ee #j #fb4c #cfjgajccb #ag;a #bg #c #eh4a #agdg #dhbg #ag;a #ba #j #fb4h #acgj #cbhh #ag;b #bg #b #eh4a #afhe #dgfb #ag;b #ba #a #fb4h #achi #cbib #ah;a #ah #a #eh4e #aafh #cafa #ah;a #df #a #fb4f #cjjf #ghhi #ah;b #ah #b #eh4e #aaie #ccce #ah;b #df #j #fb4h #cjji #ggcg #ai #bc #a #eg4b #adgi #dacb #ai #df #b #fb4i #cjed #gegg #bj #ab #a #eg4c #hah #bcce #bj #ag #b #fb4e #aacg #bfji #ba #bj #a #eh4a #abgc #cdfe #ba #bg #b #fb4e #agif #dbgi #bb #bj #j #eh4j #abej #cdcj #bb #bi #c #fb4d #aijg #deii ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! n9? season 7#ahea-b71 0 unusually cold 9 ,june & wet 9 ,augu/4 ,x w be se5 t ! :eat1 bo? 9 quantity & quality1 is ! poore/ s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,! unmanur$ plot gave less ?an #ad bu%els ( dress$ gra9 p] acre2 ! plot ) b>n-y>d manure1 less ?an #bh bu%els1 & ! be/ yield 9 ! :ole s]ies 0 n q #bi bu%els p] acre1 & only weigh$ #ee lbs4 p] bu%el4 ,on ! same plot1 ! ye> be=e1 ) precisely ! same manure1 ! yield 0 ne>ly #cg bu%els p] acre1 & ! weight p] bu%el1 #fc lbs4 ,s mu* = a favorable & an unfavorable season4 ,! t5? season 7#aheb-c71 0 /ill m unfavorable4 ,! autumn ( #aheb 0 s wet t x 0 impossible to "w ! l& & s[ ! :eat until ! #af? ( ,m>* #ahec4 ,y w see t ! produce on ! unmanur$ plot 0 less ?an #f bu%els p] acre4 ,) b>n-y>d manure1 #ai bu%els1 & ) a heavy dress+ ( ammonia-salts & m9]als1 n q #bf bu%els p] acre4 ,) a heavy dress+ ( sup]phosphate1 n q #i bu%els p] acre1 & ) a full dress+ ( mix$ m9]al manures & sup]phosphate1 #aj bu%els p] acre4 ,! weight p] bu%el on ! unmanur$ plot 0 #de lbs42 ) mix$ m9]al manures1 #dh lbs42 ) ammonia-salts alone1 #dh lbs42 ) b>n-y>d manure1 #ea lbs42 & ) ammonia-salts & mix$ m9]al manures1 #eb lbs4 ,f>m]s are greatly dep5d5t on ! season1 b ! good f>m]1 :o keeps up ! f]tility ( 8 l& /&s a bett] *ance ( mak+ money 7or ( los+ less71 ?an ! f>m] :o dep5ds on ! unaid$ products ( ! soil4 ,! "o gets #f bu%els p] acre1 & #a1dac lbs4 ( /raw ( v inf]ior quality2 ! o!r gets #bj to #bf bu%els p] acre1 & #e1jjj lbs4 ( /raw4 ,& y mu/ recollect t 9 an unfavorable season we are pretty c]ta9 to get high prices4 ,! elev5? season 7#ahec-d17 gives u mu* m attractive-look+ figures6 ,we h ov] #ba bu%els p] acre on ! plot :i* has gr[n elev5 crops ( :eat 9 elev5 ye>s )\t any manure4 ,) b>n-y>d manure1 ov] #da bu%els p] acre4 ,) ammonia-salts alone 7#ag;a71 #de bu%els4 ,) ammonia-salts & mix$ m9]als1 7#af;b71 ov] #ej bu%els p] acre1 & #f1fce lbs4 ( /raw4 ,a total produce ( ne>ly #e tons p] acre4 ,! twelf? season 7#ahed-e71 gives u #ag bu%els ( :eat p] acre on ! cont9u\sly unmanur$ plot4 ,ov] #cd bu%els on ! plot manur$ ) b>n-y>d manure4 ,& ,i ?9k1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5ts1 ?is plot produces ! l>ge/ yield ( any plot 9 ! field4 ,& well x may1 = x has n[ _h1 9 twelve ye>s1 #afh tons ( b>n-y>d manure p] acre6 ,sev]al ( ! plots ) ammonia-salts & mix$ m9]als1 are ne>ly up to x 9 gra91 & ahead ( x 9 /raw4 ,! ?irte5? season 7#ahee-f71 gives #ad bu%els on ! unmanur$ plot2 ov] #cf bu%els on ! plot manur$ ) b>n-y>d manure2 & ov] #dj bu%els on #h;a1 dress$ ) #fjj lbs4 ammonia-salts & mix$ m9]al manures4 ,x w be notic$ t #hjj lbs4 ammonia-salts does n give q z l>ge a yield ?is ye> z #fjj lbs4 ,i suppose #dj bu%els p] acre 0 all t ! season 0 capable ( produc+1 & an extra quantity ( ammonia did no good4 #djj lbs4 ( ammonia-salts1 on #g;a1 produc$ #cg bu%els p] acre1 & #hjj lbs4 on #af;b1 only #cg bu%els4 ,t extra half bu%el ( :eat 0 produc$ at consid]able co/4 ,! f\rte5? season 7#ahef-g71 gives #bj bu%els p] acre on ! unmanur$ plot1 & #da bu%els on ! plot ) b>n-y>d manure4 ,mix$ m9]al manures alone on #e;a gives ne>ly #bc bu%els p] acre4 ,mix$ m9]al manures & #bjj lbs4 ammonia-salts1 on #f;a1 give #ce bu%els4 ,9 o!r words ! ammonia gives u ov] #ab extra bu%els ( :eat1 & #a1adj lbs4 ( /raw4 ,m9]al manures & #djj lbs4 ammonia-salts1 on #g;b1 give #df bu%els p] acre4 ,m9]al manures & #fjj lbs4 ammonia-salts1 on #h;b1 give ne>ly #di bu%els p] acre4 ,m9]al manures & #hjj lbs4 ( ammonia-salts1 on #af;b1 give #ej bu%els p] acre1 & #d1gjc lbs4 ( /raw4 8,?is exce$+ly heavy manur+10 said ! ,deacon1 8does n pay4 ,= in/ance1 8#bjj lbs4 ammonia-salts give an increase ( #ab bu%els p] acre4 #djj 0 0 0 0 #bc 0 0 #fjj 0 0 0 0 #bf 0 0 #hjj 0 0 0 0 #bg 0 0 ,! ,deacon is "r1 & ,mr4 ,lawes & ,dr4 ,gilb]t call especial att5tion to ?is po9t4 ,! #bjj lbs4 ( ammonia-salts conta9 ab\t #ej lbs4 ( ammonia1 & ! #djj lbs41 #ajj lbs4 ( ammonia4 ,& z ,i h said1 #ajj lbs4 ( ammonia p] acre is an unusually heavy dress+4 ,x is z mu* ammonia z is conta9$ 9 #a1jjj lbs4 ( av]age ,p]uvian guano4 ,we w recur to ?is subject4 ,! fifte5? season 7#aheg-h17 gives a yield ( #ah bu%els ( :eat p] acre on ! cont9u\sly unmanur$ plot1 & ne>ly #ci bu%els on ! plot cont9u\sly manur$ ) #ad tons ( b>ny>d manure4 ,mix$ m9]al manures on #e;a & #e;b1 give a mean yield ( less ?an #ai bu%els p] acre4 ,mix$ m9]al manures & #ajj lbs4 ammonia-salts1 on plots #ba & #bb1 give #bc bu%els p] acre4 ,9 o!r words3 #be lbs4 ammonia1 gives an increase ( #d bu%4 7#ajj lbs4 ammonia-salts7 #ej 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 #aj 0 7#bjj 0 0 0 7 #ajj 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 #bj 0 7#djj 0 0 0 7 #aej 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 #bc 0 7#fjj 0 0 0 7 #bjj 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 #bc 0 7#hjj 0 0 0 7 8,x takes10 said ! ,deacon1 8ab\t #e lbs4 ( ammonia to produce a bu%el ( :eat4 ,& accord+ to ?is1 #ejj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano1 gu>ante$ to conta9 #aj p] c5t ( ammonia1 w\ld give an increase ( #aj bu%els ( :eat40 8,?is is a v int]e/+ matt]10 said ,i1 8b we w n discuss x at pres5t4 ,let u cont9ue ! exam9ation ( ! subject4 ,i d n propose to make _m rem>ks on ! tables4 ,y mu/ /udy !m = y\rself4 ,i h sp5t h\rs & days & weeks mak+ & pond]+ ov] ^! tables4 ,! m y /udy !m ! m int]e/+ & in/ructive !y become40 ,! sixte5? season 7#aheh-i71 gives u a little ov] #ah bu%els on ! unmanur$ plot4 ,on ! plot manur$ ) #ad tons f>my>d manure1 #cf bu%els2 & ?is is ! highe/ yield ?is season 9 ! :eat-field4 ,mix$ m9]al manures alone1 7mean ( plot #e;a & #e;b71 give #bj bu%els4 #be lbs4 ammonia 7#ajj lbs4 ammonia-salts71 & mix$ m9]als1 give #be bu%els1 or an increase ov] m9]als alone ( #d bu%els4 #ej lbs4 ammonia1 an increase ( #i bu%els4 #ajj 0 0 0 0 0 #ad 0 #aej 0 0 0 0 0 #ad 0 #bjj 0 0 0 0 0 #ad 0 ,! season 0 an unfavorable "o = excessive manur+4 ,x 0 too wet & ! crops ( :eat :5 highly manur$ 7 mu* laid4 ,! quality ( ! gra9 0 inf]ior1 z w be se5 f ! light weight p] bu%el4 ,! sev5te5? season 7#ahei-fj17 gives less ?an #ac bu%els p] acre on ! unmanur$ plot2 & #cb bu%els on ! plot manur$ ) #ad tons f>m-y>d manure4 ,?is season 7#ahfj71 0 a mis]able ye> = :eat 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 bo? cold & wet4 ,mix$ m9]al manures1 on plots #e;a & #e;b1 gave ne>ly #af bu%els p] acre4 #be lbs4 ammonia1 9 addition to ! above1 gave less ?an #ae bu%els4 ,9 o!r words x gave no increase at all4 #ej lbs4 ammonia1 gave an increase ( #f bu%els4 #ajj 0 0 0 0 0 0 #aa 0 #aej 0 0 0 0 0 0 #ae 0 #bjj 0 0 0 0 0 0 #af 0 ,x 0 a poor ye> = ! :eat-gr[]1 & t1 :e!r he manur$ excessively1 lib]ally1 mod]ately1 or n at all4 8,i d n q see t10 said ! ,deacon1 8! f>m-y>d manure gave an increase ( ne>ly #bj bu%els p] acre4 ,& ! quality ( ! gra9 mu/ h be5 mu* bett]1 z x weigh$ #c lbs4 p] bu%el m ?an ! plot unmanur$4 ,if ! :eat d\bl$ 9 price1 z x ought to d 9 su* a poor ye>1 ,i d n see b t ! good f>m] :o _h 9 previ\s ye>s made 8 l& ri*1 w\ld come out ahead40 8,good = ! ,deacon10 said ,i4 8#8,is ,saul also among ! prophets8'0 ,if ! ,deacon cont9ues to /udy ^! exp]im5ts mu* long]1 we %all h him advocat+ *emical manures & high f>m+6 ,! eighte5? season 7#ahfj-a17 gave less ?an #aa bu%els p] acre on ! unmanur$ plot2 & ne>ly #ce bu%els on ! manur$ plot4 ,! mix$ m9]al manures1 gave ne>ly #ae bu%els4 0 0 0 & #be lbs4 ammonia #ah 0 0 0 0 0 #ej 0 0 #bg 0 0 0 0 0 #ajj 0 0 #ce 0 0 0 0 0 #aej 0 0 #ce 0 0 0 0 0 #bjj 0 0 #cg 0 ,! n9ete5? season 7#ahfa-b17 gave #af bu%els p] acre on ! unmanur$ plot1 & ov] #ch bu%els on ! plot manur$ ) f>m-y>d manure4 ,mix$ m9]al manures1 gave ne>ly #ah bu%els p] acre4 0 0 0 & #be lbs4 ammonia #bj 0 0 0 0 0 0 #ej 0 0 #bh 0 0 0 0 0 0 #ajj 0 0 #cf 0 0 0 0 0 0 #aej 0 0 #ci 0 0 0 0 0 0 #bjj 0 0 #cf 0 0 ,! tw5tie? season 7#ahfb-c71 gave #ag bu%els on ! unmanur$ plot1 & #dd bu%els p] acre on ! manur$ plot4 ,mix$ m9]al manures alone gave #ai bu%els p] acre4 0 0 0 & #be lbs4 ammonia #bh 0 0 0 0 0 0 #ej 0 0 #ci 0 0 0 0 0 0 #ajj 0 0 #ec 0 0 0 0 0 0 #aej 0 0 #ee 0 0 0 0 0 0 #bjj 0 0 #ef 0 0 ,:5 we consid] t ?is is ! tw5tie? :eat-crop 9 succession on ! same l&1 ^! figures are c]ta9ly rem>kable4 8,!y are s10 said ! ,deacon1 8& :at to me is ! mo/ surpris+ ?+ ab\t ! :ole matt] is1 t ! plot :i* has _h no manure ( any k9d = #be ye>s1 & has gr[n #bj :eat-crops 9 #bj successive ye>s1 %\ld /ill produce a crop ( :eat ( #ag bu%els p] acre4 ,_m ( our f>m]s d n av]age #aj bu%els p] acre4 ,mr4 ,lawes mu/ ei!r h v good l&1 or else ! climate ( ,engl& is bett] adapt$ = :eat-gr[+ ?an ,we/]n ,new ,york40 8,i d n ?9k10 said ,i1 8t ,mr4 ,lawes' l& is any bett] ?an y\rs or m9e2 & ,i d n ?9k ! climate ( ,engl& is any m favorable = gr[+ :eat )\t manure ?an our climate4 ,if !re is any diff]5ce x is 9 our favor40 8,:y1 !n10 ask$ ! ,doctor1 8d we n gr[ z mu* :eat p] acre z ,mr4 ,lawes gets f 8 cont9u\sly unmanur$ plot80 ,?is is a "q n difficult to answ]4 #a/4 ,we gr[ too _m we$s4 ,mr4 ,lawes pl[$ ! l& twice e ye>2 & ! crop 0 ho$ once or twice 9 ! spr+ to kill ! we$s4 #b;d4 ,we d n half "w our heavy l&4 ,we d n pl[ x en\gh--d n cultivate1 h>r[1 & roll en\gh4 ,i h put :eat 9 on my own f>m1 & h se5 o!rs d ! same ?+1 :5 ! drill on ! clay-spots c\ld n deposit ! se$ an in* deep4 ,!re is 8plant-food0 en\gh 9 ^! 8clay-spots0 to give #ag bu%els ( :eat p] acre--or p]haps #dj bu%els--b we %all n get t5 bu%els4 ,! :eat w n come up until late 9 ! autumn--! plants w be weak & ?9 on ! gr\nd2 & if !y escape ! w9t] !y w n get a fair hold ( ! gr\nd until ,april or ,may4 ,y "k ! result4 ,! /raw is full ( sap1 & is almo/ sure to ru/2 ! gra9 %r9ks up1 & we h>ve/ ! crop1 n because x is wor? ! labor1 b because we _c cut ! :eat ) a ma*9e on ! bett] p>ts ( ! field )\t cutt+ ^! poor spots also4 ,an acre or two ( poor spots pull d[n ! av]age yield ( ! field bel[ ! av]age ( ,mr4 ,lawes' well-work$ b unmanur$ l&4 #c;d4 ,mu* ( our :eat is s]i\sly injur$ by /agnant wat] 9 ! soil1 & /&+ wat] on ! surface4 ,i ?9k we may safely say t "o-?ird ! :eat-crop ( ?is c\nty 7,monroe ,co41 ,n4,y471 is lo/ = want ( bett] tillage & bett] dra9+--& yet we ?9k we h z good :eat-l& & are z good f>m]s z c be f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry or any o!r6 ,unless we dra9 l&1 :]e dra9age is ne$$1 & unless we "w l& ?or\ghly t ne$s work+1 & unless we kill ! we$s or *eck _! excessive gr[?1 x is poor economy to s[ exp5sive manures on our :eat-crops4 ,b ,i d n ?9k !re is mu* dang] ( our fall+ into ?is error4 ,! f>m]s :o try artificial manures are ! m5 :o usually take ! greate/ pa9s to make ! be/ & mo/ manure f ! animals kept on ! f>m4 ,!y "k :at manures co/ & :at !y are wor?4 ,z a rule1 too1 su* m5 are good f>m]s1 & endeavor to "w _! l& ?or\ghly & keep x clean4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 !re c be little d\bt t we c (t5 use artificial manures to great advantage4 8,y say10 said ! ,deacon1 :o _h be5 look+ ov] ! tables :ile ,i 0 talk+1 8t mix$ m9]al manures & #ej lbs4 ( ammonia give #ci bu%els p] acre4 ,n[ ^! mix$ m9]al manures conta9 pota%1 soda1 magnesia1 & sup]phosphate4 ,& ,i see :]e sup]phosphate 0 us$ )\t any pota%1 soda1 & magnesia1 b ) ! same am\nt ( ammonia1 ! yield is ne>ly #df bu%els p] acre4 ,?is does n say mu* 9 favor ( pota%1 soda1 & magnesia1 z manures1 = :eat4 ,aga91 ,i see1 on plot #aj;b1 #ej lbs4 ( ammonia1 alone1 gives ov] #dc bu%els p] acre4 ,on plot #aa;b1 #ej lbs4 ammonia & sup]phosphate1 give #df bu%els4 ,l y\r fa!r1 ,i am incl9$ to ask1 #8,:]e c ,i get ?is ammonia8'0 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,lime ,,z ,a ,,manure4 ,^! c>eful1 sy/ematic1 & long-cont9u$ exp]im5ts ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t seem to prove t if y h a piece ( l& well prep>$ = :eat1 :i* w produce1 )\t manure1 say #ae bu%els p] acre1 !re is no way ( mak+ t l& produce #cj bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 )\t directly or indirectly furni%+ ! soil ) a lib]al supply ( available nitrog5 or ammonia4 8,:at d y mean by directly or indirectly80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 8,:at ,i _h 9 my m9d10 said ,i1 80 ! fact t ,i h se5 a good dress+ ( lime d\ble ! yield ( :eat4 ,9 su* a case ,i suppose ! lime decomposes ! organic matt] 9 ! soil1 or 9 "s o!r way sets free ! nitrog5 or ammonia already 9 ! soil2 or ! lime =ms comp\nds 9 ! soil :i* attract ammonia f ! atmosph]e4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! facts br\ght out by ,mr4 ,lawes' exp]im5ts w>rant u 9 conclud+ t ! increas$ gr[? ( :eat 0 connect$ 9 "s way ) an increas$ supply ( available nitrog5 or ammonia40 ,my fa!r us$ great quantities ( lime z manure4 ,he drew x a di/ance ( #ac miles1 & usually appli$ x on l& int5d$ = :eat1 spread+ x broad-ca/1 aft] ! l& _h receiv$ its la/ pl[+1 & h>r[+ x 91 a few days or weeks be=e s[+ ! :eat4 ,he r>ely appli$ less ?an #ajj bu%els ( /one-lime to ! acre--g5]ally #aej bu%els4 ,he us$ to say t a small dose ( lime did little or no good4 ,he want$ to use en\gh to *ange ! g5]al "* ( ! l&--to make ! light l& firm] & ! heavy l& light]4 ,:ile ,i 0 ) ,mr4 ,lawes & ,dr4 ,gilb]t at ,ro?am/$1 ,i w5t home on a visit4 ,my fa!r _h a f\r-horse team draw+ lime e day1 & putt+ x 9 l>ge heaps 9 ! field to slake1 be=e spread+ x on ! l& = :eat4 8,i d n believe x pays y to draw s mu* lime10 said ,i1 ) ! confid5ce :i* a "y man :o has le>n$ a little ( agricultural *emi/ry1 is apt to feel 9 8 newly acquir$ k4 8,p]haps n10 said my fa!r1 8b we h got to d some?+ = ! l&1 or ! crops w be poor1 & poor crops d n pay ^! times4 ,:at w\ld y use in/ead ( lime80 --8,lime is n a manure1 /rictly speak+10 said ,i2 8a bu%el to ! acre w\ld furni% all ! lime ! crops require1 ev5 if !re 0 n an abundant supply already 9 ! soil4 ,if y mix lime ) guano1 x sets free ! ammonia2 & :5 y mix lime ) ! soil x probably decomposes "s comp\nds conta9+ ammonia or ! elem5ts ( ammonia1 & ?us furni%es a supply ( ammonia = ! plants4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be *eap] to buy ammonia 9 ! %ape ( ,p]uvian guano40 ,aft] d9n]1 my fa!r ask$ me to take a walk ov] ! f>m4 ,we came to a field ( b>ley4 ,/&+ at "o end ( ! field1 ab\t ! middle1 he ask$ me if ,i c\ld see any diff]5ce 9 ! crop4 8,oh1 yes10 ,i repli$1 8! b>ley on ! "r-h& is f> bett] ?an on ! left h&4 ,! /raw is /iff] & bright]1 & ! heads l>g] & heavi]4 ,i %\ld ?9k ! "r half ( ! field w be t5 bu%els p] acre bett] ?an ! o!r40 8,s ,i ?9k10 he said1 8& n[ c y tell me :y80 --8,probably y manur$ "o half ! field = turnips1 & n ! o!r half40 --8,no40 --8,y may h drawn (f ! turnips f half ! field1 & f$ !m (f by %eep on ! o!r half40 --8,no1 bo? sides 7 treat$ precisely alike40 --,i gave x up --8,well10 said he1 8?is half ! field on ! "r-h& 0 lim$1 ?irty ye>s ago1 & t is ! only reason ,i "k = ! diff]5ce4 ,& n[ y ne$ n tell me t lime does n pay40 ,i c well und]/& h[ ?is might happ54 ,! sy/em ( rotation adopt$ 01 #a/ clov]1 #b;d :eat1 #c;d turnips1 #d? b>ley1 se$$ ) clov]4 ,n[1 y put on1 say #aej bu%els ( lime = :eat4 ,aft] ! :eat ! l& is manur$ & s[n ) turnips4 ,! turnips are eat5 (f on ! l& by %eep2 & x is reasonable to suppose t on ! half ( ! field dress$ ) lime !re w\ld be a mu* heavi] crop ( turnips4 ,^! turnips be+ eat5 (f by ! %eep w\ld furni% m manure = ?is half ?an ! o!r half4 ,!n aga91 :5 ! l& 0 9 grass or clov]1 ! lim$ half w\ld af=d m & sweet] grass & clov] ?an ! o!r half1 & ! %eep w\ld rema9 on x long]4 ,!y w\ld eat x close into ! gr\nd1 go+ only on to ! o!r half :5 !y c\ld n get en\gh to eat on ! lim$ half4 ,m ( _! dropp+s w\ld be left on ! lim$ half ( ! field4 ,! lime1 too1 w\ld cont9ue to act = sev]al ye>s2 b ev5 aft] all direct b5efit f ! lime _h ceas$1 x is easy to und]/& :y ! crops might be bett] = a long p]iod ( "t4 8,d y ?9k lime w\ld d any good10 ask$ ! ,deacon1 8on our lime/one l&80--,i c]ta9ly d4 ,s f> z ,i h se51 x does j z mu* good "h 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york1 z x did on my fa!r's f>m4 ,i %\ld use x v freely if we c\ld get x *eap en\gh--b we are *>g$ f #be to #cj cts4 a bu%el = x1 & ,i d n ?9k at ^! rates x w pay to use x4 ,ev5 gold may be b\ght too de>4 8,y %\ld burn y\r own lime10 said ! ,deacon1 8y h pl5ty ( lime/one on ! f>m1 & c\ld use up y\r d[n wood40--,i believe x w\ld pay me to d s1 b "o man _c d ev]y?+4 ,i ?9k if f>m]s w\ld use m lime = manure we %\ld get x *eap]4 ,! dem& w\ld increase ) competition1 & we %\ld soon get x at its real value4 ,at #aj to #ae c5ts a bu%el1 ,i feel sure t we c\ld use lime z a manure ) v great b5efit4 8,i 0 mu* int]e/$ "s ye>s ago10 said ! ,doctor1 89 ! results ( ,pr(4 ,way's inve/igations 9 reg>d to ! absorptive p[]s ( soils40 ,8 exp]im5ts1 s9ce repeat$ & confirm$ by o!r *emi/s1 =m$ a new epo* 9 agricultural *emi/ry4 ,!y af=d$ "s new sugge/ions 9 reg>d to h[ lime may b5efit l&4 ,pr(4 ,way f\nd t ord9>y soils possess$ ! p[] ( sep>at+1 f solution 9 wat]1 ! diff]5t e>?y & alkal9e sub/ances pres5t$ to !m 9 manure2 ?us1 :5 solutions ( salts ( ammonia1 ( pota%1 magnesia1 etc41 7 made to filt] sl[ly ?r\gh a b$ ( dry soil1 five or six in*es deep1 arrang$ 9 a fl[]-pot1 or o!r suitable vessel1 x 0 obs]v$ t ! liquid :i* ran ?r\gh1 no long] conta9$ any ( ! ammonia or o!r salt employ$4 ,! soil _h1 9 "s =m or o!r1 reta9$ ! alkal9e sub/ance1 :ile ! wat] 9 :i* x 0 previ\sly dissolv$ pass$ ?r\gh4 ,fur!r1 ?is p[] ( ! soil 0 f\nd n to ext5d to ! :ole salt ( ammonia or pota%1 b only to ! alkali itself4 ,if1 = in/ance1 sulphate ( ammonia 7 ! comp\nd us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts1 ! ammonia w\ld be remov$ f solution1 b ! filt]$ liquid w\ld conta9 sulphuric acid 9 abundance--n 9 ! free or uncomb9$ =m1 b unit$ to lime2 in/ead ( sulphate ( ammonia we %\ld f9d sulphate ( lime 9 ! solution2 & ?is result 0 obta9$1 :atev] ! acid ( ! salt exp]im5t$ ^u might be4 ,x 0 f\nd1 moreov]1 t ! process ( filtration 0 by no means necess>y2 by ! m]e mix+ ( an alkal9e solution ) a prop] quantity ( soil1 z by %ak+ !m toge!r 9 a bottle1 & all[+ ! soil to subside1 ! same result 0 obta9$4 ,! action1 !re=e1 0 9 no way ref]able to any physical law br\ght into op]ation by ! process ( filtration4 ,x 0 also f\nd t ! comb9ation betwe5 ! soil & ! alkal9e sub/ance 0 rapid1 if n in/antane\s1 p>tak+ ( ! nature ( ! ord9>y union betwe5 an acid & an alkali4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts1 sev]al diff]5t soils 7 op]at$ ^u1 & x 0 f\nd t all soils capable ( pr(itable cultivation possess$ ?is prop]ty 9 a great] or less degree4 ,pure s&1 x 0 f\nd1 did n possess ?is prop]ty4 ,! organic matt] ( ! soil1 x 0 prov$1 _h no?+ to d ) x4 ,! addition ( c>bonate ( lime to a soil did n increase its absorptive p[]1 & inde$ x 0 f\nd t a soil 9 :i* c>bonate ( lime did n exi/1 possess$ 9 a high degree ! p[] ( remov+ ammonia or pota% f solution4 ,to :at1 !n1 is ! p[] ( soils to arre/ ammonia1 pota%1 magnesia1 phosphoric acid1 etc41 ow+8 ,! above exp]im5ts lead to ! conclusion t x is due to ! clay :i* !y conta94 ,9 ! language ( ,pr(4 ,way1 h[ev]1 8,x /ill rema9$ to be consid]$1 :e!r ! :ole clay took any active "p 9 ^! *anges1 or :e!r !re exi/$ 9 clay "s *emical comp\nd 9 small quantity to :i* ! action 0 due4 ,?is "q 0 to be decid$ by ! ext5t to :i* clay 0 able to unite ) ammonia1 or o!r alkal9e bases2 & x soon became evid5t t ! idea ( ! clay z a :ole1 be+ ! cause ( ! absorptive prop]ty1 0 inconsi/5t ) all ! asc]ta9$ laws ( *emical comb9ation40 ,aft] a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ,pr(4 ,way came to ! conclusion t !re is 9 clays a peculi> class ( d\ble silicates to :i* ! absorptive prop]ties ( soil are due4 ,he f\nd t ! d\ble silicate ( alum9a & lime1 or soda1 :e!r f\nd naturally 9 soils or produc$ artificially1 w\ld be decompos$ :5 a salt ( ammonia1 or pota%1 etc41 0 mix$ ) x1 ! ammonia1 or pota%1 tak+ ! place ( ! lime or soda4 ,pr(4 ,way's discov]y1 !n1 is n t soils h 8absorptive prop]ties0--t has be5 long kn[n--b t !y absorb ammonia1 pota%1 phosphoric acid1 etc41 by virtue ( ! d\ble silicate ( alum9a & soda1 or lime1 etc41 :i* !y conta94 ,soils are also f\nd to h ! p[] ( absorb+ ammonia1 or r c>bonate ( ammonia1 f ! air4 8,x has long be5 kn[n10 says ,pr(4 ,way1 8t soils acquire f]tility by exposure to ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e--h5ce "o ( ! uses ( fall[s4 99 99 ,i f9d t clay is s gre$y ( ammonia1 t if air1 *>g$ ) c>bonate ( ammonia1 s z to be highly pung5t1 is pass$ ?r\gh a tube fill$ ) small fragm5ts ( dry clay1 e p>ticle ( ! gas is arre/$40 ,?is p[] ( ! soil to absorb ammonia1 is also due to ! d\ble silicates4 ,b !re is ?is rem>kable diff]5ce1 t :ile ei!r ! lime1 soda1 or pota% silicate is capable ( remov+ ! ammonia f solution1 ! lime silicate alone has ! p[] ( absorb+ x f ! air4 ,?is is an important fact4 ,lime may act b5eficially on _m or mo/ soils by conv]t+ ! soda silicate into a lime silicate1 or1 9 o!r words1 conv]t+ a salt t w n absorb c>bonate ( ammonia f ! air1 into a salt t has ?is important prop]ty4 ,!re is no manure t has be5 s ext5sively us$1 & ) su* g5]al success z lime1 & yet1 8:o among u10 rem>ks ,pr(4 ,way1 8c say t he p]fectly und]/&s ! mode 9 :i* lime acts80 ,we are told t lime sweet5s ! soil1 by neutraliz+ any acid "* t x may possess2 t x assi/s ! decomposition ( in]t organic matt]s1 & !re=e increases ! supply ( vegetable food to plants3 t x decomposes ! rema9s ( anci5t rocks conta9+ pota%1 soda1 magnesia1 etc41 occurr+ 9 mo/ soils1 & t at ! same "t x lib]ates silica f ^! rocks2 & la/ly1 t lime is "o ( ! sub/ances f\nd uni=mly & 9 consid]able quantity 9 ! a%es ( plants1 t !re=e its application may be b5eficial simply z furni%+ a mat]ial indisp5sable to ! sub/ance ( a plant4 ,^! explanations are no d\bt good z f> z !y g1 b exp]i5ce furni%es _m facts :i* _c be expla9$ by any "o1 or all1 ( ^! suppositions4 ,lime1 we all "k1 does mu* good on soils ab\nd+ 9 organic matt]1 & s x frequ5tly does on soils almo/ de/itute ( x4 ,x may lib]ate pota%1 soda1 silica1 etc41 f clay soils1 b ! application ( pota%1 soda1 & silica has little b5eficial effect on ! soil1 & !re=e we _c acc\nt = ! action ( lime on ! supposition t x r5d]s ! pota%1 soda1 etc41 ( ! soil available to plants4 ,fur!rmore1 lime effects great good on soils ab\nd+ 9 salts ( lime1 & !re=e x _c be t x op]ates z a s\rce ( lime = ! /ructure ( ! plant4 ,none ( ! exi/+ !ories1 !re=e1 satisfactorily acc\nt = ! action ( lime4 ,pr(4 ,way's views are mo/ consi/5t ) ! facts ( practical exp]i5ce2 b !y are confess$ly hypo!tical2 & 8 m rec5t inve/igations d n confirm ! idea t lime acts b5eficially by conv]t+ ! soda silicate into ! lime silicate4 ,?us1 six soils 7 treat$ ) lime wat] until !y _h absorb$ f "o & a half to two p] c5t ( _! weight ( lime4 ,?is1 suppos+ ! soil to be six in*es deep1 w\ld be at ! rate ( ab\t #cjj bu%els ( lime p] acre4 ,! am\nt ( ammonia 9 ! soil 0 det]m9$ be=e lim+1 aft] lim+1 & !n aft] be+ expos$ to ! fumes ( c>bonate ammonia until x _h absorb$ z mu* z x w\ld4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! results3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #a4,no4 #b4,no4 #c4,no4 #d4,no4 #e4,no4 #f4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ammonia 9 #a1jjj gra9s ( natural soil #j4bic #j4aha #j4jhe #j4aji #j4abg #j4jhc ,ammonia 9 #a1jjj gra9s ( soil aft] lim+ #j4afi #j4ajb #j4jdj #j4jej 444 #j4jea ,ammonia 9 #a1jjj gra9s ( soil aft] lim+ & exposure to ! vapor ( ammonia #b4bbf #b4jff #c4big #a4jgf #c4bfe #a4hbg ,ammonia 9 #a1jjj gra9s ( soil aft] exposure to ammonia )\t lim+4 #a4ijf #b4eeg #c4bhf #a4jig #b4fae #b4jbh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 #a4 ,surface soil ( ,london clay4 ,no4 #b4 ,same soil f #a to #b feet bel[ ! surface4 ,no4 #c4 ,same soil #c feet bel[ ! surface4 ,no4 #d4 ,loam ( t]ti>y drift #d feet bel[ ! surface4 ,no4 #e4 ,gault clay--surface soil4 ,no4 #f4 ,gault clay #d feet bel[ ! surface4 ,x is evid5t t lime nei!r assi/$ nor int]f]$ ) ! absorption ( ammonia1 & h5ce ! b5eficial effect ( lim+ on su* soils mu/ be acc\nt$ = on "s o!r supposition4 ,?is negative result1 h[ev]1 does n disprove ! tru? ( ,pr(4 ,way's hypo!sis1 = x may be t ! silicate salt 9 ! natural soils 0 t ( lime & n t ( soda4 ,inde$1 ! ext5t to :i* ! natural soils absorb$ ammonia--equal1 9 ,no4 #c1 to ab\t #g1jjj lbs4 ( ammonia p] acre1 equival5t to ! quantity conta9$ 9 #gjj tons ( b>n-y>d manure--%[s ?is to h be5 ! case4 ,! lime lib]at$ "o-half ! ammonia conta9$ 9 ! soil4 8,?is result10 says ,pr(4 ,way1 8is s ne>ly ! same 9 all cases1 t we are ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ x to be due to "s special cause1 & probably x arises f ! exi/5ce ( "s comp\nd silicates conta9+ ammonia1 ( :i* lime "u ! circum/ances c replace "o-half--=m+1 = in/ance1 a d\ble silicate ( alum9a1 ) half lime & half ammonia--su* comp\nds are n unusual or new to ! *emi/40 ,?is loss ( ammonia f a heavy dress+ ( lime is v great4 ,a soil five in*es deep1 weighs1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #ejj tons1 or #a1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,! soil1 ,no4 #a1 conta9$ 4#jbic p] c5t ( ammonia1 or 9 an acre1 five in*es deep1 #bic lbs4 ,aft] lim+1 x conta9$ 4#jafi p] c5t1 or 9 an acre1 five in*es deep1 #afi lbs4 ,! loss by lim+ is #abd lbs4 ( ammonia p] acre4 ,?is is equal to ! quantity conta9$ 9 #abjj lbs4 ( good ,p]uvian guano1 or #ab tons ( b>n-y>d manure4 ,9 comm5t+ on ?is great loss ( ammonia f lim+1 ,pr(4 ,way obs]ves3 8,is x n possible1 t = ! pr(itable agricultural use1 ! ammonia ( ! soil is too tightly lock$ up 9 x8 ,c we suppose t ! v p[]s ( ! soil to unite ) & pres]ve ! elem5ts ( manure are1 h[ev] excell5t a provision ( nature1 yet 9 "s degree oppos$ to ! gr[? ( ! abnormal crops :i* x is ! bus9ess ( ! f>m] to cultivate8 ,!re is no absolute reason :y su* %\ld n be ! case4 ,a provision ( nature mu/ relate to natural circum/ances2 = in/ance1 comp\nds ( ammonia may be f\nd 9 ! soil1 capable ( giv+ out to ! ag5cies ( wat] & air q en\gh ( ammonia = ! gr[? ( ord9>y plants & ! pres]vation ( _! species2 b ?is supply may be totally inadequate to ! necessities ( man4 99 99 99 ,n[ x is n impossible t ! laws :i* pres]ve ! supply ( vegetable nutrition 9 ! soil1 are too /r+5t = ! requirem5ts ( an unusual & excessive vegetation1 su* z ! cultivator mu/ promote4 8,9 ! case ( ammonia lock$ up 9 ! soil1 lime may be ! rem$y at ! comm& ( ! f>m]--8 means ( r5d]+ imm$iately available /ores ( weal?1 :i* c o!rwise only sl[ly be br\ght into use4 8,9 ?is view1 lime w\ld well des]ve ! some:at vague "n t has be5 giv5 x1 namely1 t ( a #8/imulant'2 = its application w\ld be 9 "s sort an application ( ammonia1 :ile its excessive application1 by driv+ (f ammonia1 w\ld lead to all ! disa/r\s effects :i* are s ju/ly attribut$ to x4 8,i d n wi% to pu% ?is assumption too f>10 says ,pr(4 ,way1 9 conclusion1 8b if !re be any tru? 9 x1 x po9ts out ! importance ( employ+ lime 9 small quantities at %ort int]vals1 r ?an 9 l>ge doses once 9 _m ye>s40 8,! ,squire1 la/ ye>10 said ! ,deacon1 8drew sev]al hundr$ bu%els ( refuse lime f ! kiln1 & mix$ x ) 8 manure4 ,x made a p[]ful smell1 & n an agreeable "o1 to ! pass]s by4 ,he put ! mixture on a tw5ty-acre field ( :eat1 & he said he 0 go+ to beat y40 8,yes10 said ,i1 8s ,i und]/ood--b he did n d x4 ,if he _h appli$ ! lime & ! manure sep>ately1 he w\ld h /ood a bett] *ance2 /ill1 !re are two sides to ! "q4 ,i %\ld n ?9k ( mix+ lime ) good1 ri* f>m-y>d manure2 b ) long1 co>se1 /rawy manure1 !re w\ld be less injury1 & possibly "s advantage40 8,! ,squire10 said ! ,deacon1 8got "o advantage4 ,he _h n mu* tr\ble 9 draw+ ! manure ab\t ! l&4 ,!re 0 n mu* ( x left40 ,lime does n always decompose organic matt]4 ,9 c]ta9 conditions1 x w pres]ve vegetable sub/ances4 ,we d n want to mix lime ) manure 9 ord] to pres]ve x2 & if our object is to increase f]m5tation1 we mu/ be c>eful to mix suffici5t soil ) ! manure to keep x moi/ en\gh to reta9 ! lib]at$ ammonia4 ,_m f>m]s :o use lime = ! fir/ "t on :eat1 are apt to feel a little disc\rag$ 9 ! spr+4 ,i h frequ5tly se5 lim$ :eat 9 ! spr+ look worse ?an :]e no lime 0 us$4 ,b wait a little1 & y w see a *ange = ! bett]1 & at h>ve/1 ! lime w g5]ally give a good acc\nt ( itself4 ,!re is "o ?+ ab\t lime :i*1 if g5]ally true1 is an important matt] to our :eat-gr[]s4 ,lime is believ$ to ha/5 ! maturity ( ! crop4 8,x is true ( ne>ly all our cultivat$ crops10 says ! late ,pr(essor ,john/on1 8b especially ( ^? ( :eat1 t _! full gr[? is atta9$ m spe$ily :5 ! l& is lim$1 & t !y are ready = ! h>ve/ f t5 to f\rte5 days e>li]4 ,?is is ! case ev5 ) buck:eat1 :i* becomes soon] ripe1 ?\gh x yields no l>g] a return :5 lime is appli$ to ! l& on :i* x is gr[n40 ,9 di/ricts :]e ! midge affects ! :eat1 x is exce$+ly important to get a v>iety ( :eat t rip5s e>ly2 & if lime w favor e>ly maturity1 )\t *eck+ ! gr[?1 x w be ( great value4 ,a correspond5t 9 ,delaw>e writes3 8,i h us$ lime z a manure 9 v>i\s ways4 ,= l[ l&1 ! be/ way is1 to s[ x broadca/ :ile ! vegetation is 9 a gre5 /ate1 at ! rate ( #dj or #ej bu%els to ! acre2 b if ,i c n use x be=e ! fro/ kills ! vegetation1 ,i wait until ! l& is pl[$ 9 ! spr+1 :5 ,i spread x on ! pl[$ gr\nd 9 ab\t ! same quantity z be=e4 ,la/ ye>1 ,i tri$ x bo? ways1 & ! result 01 my crop 0 increas$ at lea/ f\rfold 9 ea* in/ance1 b t us$ on ! vegetation 0 be/4 ,! soil is a l[1 black s&40 ,a f>m] writes f ,new ,j]sey1 t he has us$ ov] #f1jjj bu%els ( lime on 8 f>m1 & also consid]able guano & phosphates1 b consid]s t ! lime has paid ! be/4 ,8 f>m has m ?an d\bl$ 9 real value1 & he attributes ?is pr9cipally to ! use ( lime4 8,we lime10 he says1 8:5ev] x is conv5i5t1 b pref] to put x on at lea/ "o ye> be=e pl[+ ! l&4 ,we spread f #be to #dj bu%els ( lime on ! sod 9 ! fall2 plant ) corn ! foll[+ summ]2 next spr+1 s[ ) oats & clov]2 & ! next summ]1 pl[ "u ! clov]1 & s[ ) :eat & timo?y4 ,we h a v>iety ( soils1 f a s&y loam to a /iff clay1 & are c]ta9 t lime w pay on all or any ( !m4 ,"s ( ! be/ f>m]s 9 our ,c\nty comm5c$ lim+ :5 ! lime co/ #be cts4 a bu%el1 & _! f>ms are ahead yet1 m 9 value1 ,i judge1 ?an ! lime co/4 ,! man :o fir/ comm5ces us+ lime1 w get s f> ahead1 :ile 8 neighbors are look+ on1 t !y w nev] cat* up40 ,ano!r correspond5t 9 ,hunt]don ,co41 ,n4,j41 writes3 8,exp]i5ce has taught me t ! be/ & mo/ pr(itable mode ( apply+ lime is on grass l&4 ,if ! grass se$ is s[n 9 ! fall ) ! :eat or rye1 :i* is ! common practice ) u 9 ,new ,j]sey1 z soon z ! h>ve/ comes (f ! next ye>1 we apply ! lime ) ! lea/ delay1 & :ile fre% slack$ & 9 a dry & mealy /ate4 ,x c be spread m ev5ly on ! gr\nd1 & is 9 a /ate to be m readily tak5 up by ! f9e roots ( ! plants1 ?an if all[$ to get wet & clammy4 ,x is f\nd mo/ b5eficial to keep x z ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd z practicable1 z ! specific gravity or weight ( ?is m9]al manure is s great1 t we soon f9d x too deep 9 ! gr\nd = ! fibr\s roots ( plants to d]ive ! greate/ possible b5efit f its use4 ,) ?is me?od ( application are connect$ sev]al advantages4 ,! lime c be haul$ 9 ! fall1 aft] ! busy season is ov]1 & :5 spread on ! sod 9 ?is way1 comes 9 m imm$iate contact ) ! grass & grass-roots ?an :5 ! l& is fir/ pl[$4 ,9 fields t h be5 lim$ 9 "p 9 ?is mann]1 & !n pl[$1 & lime appli$ to ! rema9d] at ! "t ( plant+ ) corn1 ,i always obs]ve a great diff]5ce 9 ! corn-crop2 & 9 pl[+ up ! /ubble ! next season1 ! "p lim$ on ! sod is mu* mell[] ?an t lim$ aft] ! sod 0 brok51 pres5t+ a ri* vegetable m\ld n obs]v$ 9 ! o!r "p ( ! field40 ,a f>m] 9 ,*e/] ,co41 ,pa41 also pref]s to apply lime to newly-se$$ grass or clov]4 ,he puts on #ajj bu%els ( slak$ lime p] acre1 ei!r 9 ! fall or 9 ! spr+1 z mo/ conv5i5t4 ,he limes "o field e ye>1 & z ! f>m is laid (f into elev5 fields1 all ! l& receives a dress+ ( lime once 9 elev5 ye>s4 ,9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry1 :]e lime has be5 us$ = _m ye>s1 x is possible t "p ( ! money might bett] be us$ 9 ! pur*ase ( guano1 phosphates1 fi%-manure1 etc42 :ile 9 ?is section1 :]e we seldom use lime1 we might f9d x greatly to our int]e/ to give our l& an occasional dress+ ( lime4 ,! value ( quick-lime z a manure is n m]ely 9 supply+ an actual con/itu5t ( ! plant4 ,if x 01 a few p\nds p] acre w\ld be suffici5t4 ,its value consi/s 9 *ang+ ! *emical & physical "* ( ! soil--9 develop+ ! lat5t m9]al plant-food1 & 9 decompos+ & r5d]+ available organic matt]1 & 9 =m+ comp\nds :i* attract ammonia f ! atmosph]e4 ,x may be t we c pur*ase ?is ammonia & o!r plant-food *eap] ?an we c get x by us+ lime4 ,x dep5ds a good deal on ! nature & composition ( ! soil4 ,at pres5t1 ?is "q c n be def9itely settl$1 except by actual trial on ! f>m4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e lime 0 =m]ly us$ 9 l>ge quantities1 ! t5d5cy = "s "t has be5 t[>ds a m lib]al & direct use ( ammonia & phosphates 9 manures1 r ?an to develop !m out ( ! soil by ! use ( lime4 ,a judici\s comb9ation ( ! two sy/ems w probably be f\nd ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,mak+ compo/s ) old sods1 lime1 & b>n-y>d manure1 is a "t-honor$ practice 9 ,europe4 ,i h se5 excell5t results f ! application ( su* a compo/ on mead[-l&4 ,! usual plan is1 to select an old h$ge-r[ or headl&1 :i* has la9 wa/e = _m ye>s4 ,pl[ x up1 & c>t ! soil1 sods1 etc41 into a long1 n>r[ heap4 ,mix lime ) x1 & let x lie six mon?s or a ye>4 ,!n turn x1 & z soon z x is f9e & mell[1 draw x on to ! l&4 ,i h assi/$ at mak+ _m a heap ( ?is k9d1 b d n recollect ! proportion ( lime us$2 9 fact1 ,i "q if we _h any def9ite rule4 ,if we want$ to use lime on ! l&1 we put m 9 ! heap2 if n1 less4 ,! manure 0 usually put 9 :5 ! heap 0 turn$4 ,dr4 ,vlck] analyz$ ! dry e>? us$ 9 ! closets at ! prison 9 ,wakefield1 ,engl&4 ,he f\nd t3 ,phosphoric ,nitrog54 ,acid4 #aj tons ( dry e>? be=e us+ conta9$ #fc lbs4 #cf lbs4 #aj tons ( dry e>? aft] be+ us$ once conta9$ #gd 0 #ej 0 #aj tons ( dry e>? aft] be+ us$ twice conta9$ #hd 0 #hh 0 #aj tons ( dry e>? aft] be+ us$ ?rice conta9$ #ajb 0 #ajb 0 ,aft] look+ at ! above figures1 ! ,deacon rem>k$3 8,y say #aj tons ( dry e>? be=e be+ us$ 9 ! closet conta9$ #fb lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,h[ mu* nitrog5 does #aj tons ( b>n-y>d manure conta980 8,t dep5ds a good deal on :at food ! animals eat4 ,t5 tons ( av]age fre% manure w\ld conta9 ab\t #hj lbs4 ( nitrog540 8,great are ! my/]ies ( *emi/ry60 exclaim$ ! ,deacon4 8,t5 tons ( dry e>? conta9 almo/ z mu* nitrog5 z #aj tons ( b>n-y>d manure1 & yet y ?9k t nitrog5 is ! mo/ valuable ?+ 9 manure4 ,:at %all we be told next80 8,y w be told1 ,deacon1 t ! nitrog5 9 ! soil is 9 su* a =m t ! plants c take up only a small portion ( x4 ,b if y w pl[ su* l& 9 ! fall1 & expose x to ! dis9tegrat+ effects ( ! fro/1 & pl[ x aga9 9 ! spr+1 & let ! sun & air act ^u x1 m or less ( ! organic matt] 9 ! soil w be decompos$1 & ! nitrog5 r5d]$ soluble4 ,& !n if y s[ ?is l& to :eat aft] a good summ]-fall[1 y w /& a *ance ( hav+ a great crop40 ,?is dry e>? :i* ,dr4 ,vlck] analyz$ appe>$1 he says1 8to be ord9>y g>d5 soil1 conta9+ a consid]able portion ( clay40 ,aft] x _h be5 pass$ once ?r\gh ! closet1 "o ton ( x 0 spread on an acre ( grass-l&1 :i* produc$ #b tons #h cwt4 ( hay4 ,9 a second exp]im5t1 "o ton1 once pass$ ?r\gh ! closet1 produc$ #b tons #g cwt4 ( hay p] acre4 ,we are n told h[ mu* hay ! l& produc$ )\t any dress+ at all4 ,/ill we may inf] t ?is top-dress+ did consid]able good4 ,( "o ?+1 h[ev]1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,?is "o ton ( e>? manure conta9$ only #a lb4 m nitrog5 & #a lb4 m phosphoric acid ?an a ton ( ! dry e>? itself4 ,:y !n did x prove s valuable z a top-dress+ = grass8 ,i w n say t x 0 due solely to ! decomposition ( ! nitrog5\s matt] & o!r plant-food 9 ! e>?1 caus$ by ! work+ ov] & sift+ & exposure to ! air1 & to ! action ( ! night-soil4 ,/ill x w\ld seem t1 s f> z ! b5eficial effect 0 due to ! supply ( plant-food1 we mu/ attribute x to ! e>? itself r ?an to ! small am\nt ( night-soil :i* x conta9$4 ,x is a v common ?+ 9 ,engl&1 z ,i h said be=e1 = f>m]s to make a compo/ ( ! sods & e>? f an old h$ge-r[1 dit*1 or f5ce1 & mix ) x "s lime or b>n-y>d manure4 ,!n1 aft] turn+ x once or twice1 & all[+ x to rema9 9 ! heap = a few mon?s1 to spread x on mead[-l&4 ,i h se5 great b5efit app>5tly d]iv$ f su* a top-dress+4 ,! "y grass 9 ! spr+ assum$ a ri*1 d>k gre5 color4 ,i h obs]v$ ! same effect :]e coal-a%es 7 spread on grass-l&2 & ,i h ?\ght t ! app>5t b5efit 0 due l>gely to ! mat]ial act+ z a k9d ( mul*1 r ?an to its supply+ plant-food to ! grass4 ,i d\bt v mu* :e!r we c af=d to make su* a compo/ ( e>? ) lime1 a%es1 or manure 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b ,i feel sure t ^? ( u hav+ ri* clay l& conta9+1 9 an in]t =m1 z mu* nitrog5 & phosphoric acid z ,dr4 ,vlck] f\nd 9 ! soil to be us$ 9 ! e>?-closet at ,wakefield1 c well af=d to /ir x freely1 & expose x to ! dis9tegrat+ & decompos+ action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,an acre ( dry soil six in*es deep weighs ab\t #a1jjj tons2 & consequ5tly an acre ( su* soil z we are talk+ ab\t w\ld conta9 #f1bjj lbs4 ( nitrog51 & #c1fjj lbs4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,9 o!r words1 x conta9s to ! dep? ( only six in*es z mu* nitrog5 z w\ld be furni%$ by #gge tons ( common b>n-y>d manure1 & z mu* phosphoric acid z #ijj tons ( manure4 ,) su* facts z ^! be=e u1 am ,i to blame = urg+ f>m]s to cultivate _! l& m ?or\ghly8 ,i d n "k t my l& or ! ,deacon's is z ri* z ?is ,engli% soil2 b1 at any rate1 ,i see no reason :y su* %\ld n be ! case4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,manures ,,= ,,b>ley4 ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t h publi%$ ! results ( exp]im5ts ) diff]5t manures on b>ley gr[n annually on ! same l& = tw5ty ye>s 9 succession4 ,! exp]im5ts comm5c$ 9 #aheb4 ,! soil is ( ! same g5]al "* z t 9 ! field on ! same f>m :]e :eat 0 gr[n annually = s _m ye>s1 & ( :i* we h giv5 su* a full acc\nt4 ,x is :at we %\ld call a calc>e\s clay loam4 ,on my f>m1 we h :at ! m5 us$ to call 8clay spots40 ,^! spots v>y 9 size f two acres d[n to ! t5? ( an acre4 ,!y r>ely produc$ ev5 a fair crop ( corn or potatoes1 & ! b>ley 0 seldom wor? h>ve/+4 ,s9ce ,i h dra9$ ! l& & tak5 special pa9s to be/[ extra c>e 9 pl[+ & work+ ^! h>d & intractable portions ( ! fields1 ! 8clay spots0 h disappe>$1 & are n[ no?+ m ?an good1 r /iff1 clay loam1 admirably adapt$ = :eat1 b>ley1 & oats1 & capable ( produc+ good crops ( corn1 potatoes1 & mangel-wurzels4 ,! l& on :i* ,mr4 ,lawes' :eat & b>ley exp]im5ts 7 made is n dissimil> 9 g5]al "* f ^! 8clay spots40 ,if ! l& 0 only half-work$1 we %\ld call x clay2 b be+ ?or\ghly cultivat$1 x is a good clay loam4 ,mr4 ,lawes describes x z 8a some:at heavy loam1 ) a subsoil ( raw1 yell[i% r$ clay1 b re/+ 9 its turn ^u *alk1 :i* provides good natural dra9age40 ,! "p ( ! field devot$ to ! exp]im5ts 0 divid$ into #bd plots1 ab\t ! fif? ( an acre ea*4 ,two plots 7 left )\t manure ( any k9d4 ,"o plot 0 manur$ e ye> ) #ad tons p] acre ( f>m-y>d manure1 & ! o!r plots 8) manures10 to quote ,dr4 ,gilb]t 8:i* respectively suppli$ c]ta9 con/itu5ts ( f>m-y>d manure1 sep>ately or 9 comb9ation40 ,9 ,engl&1 ! be/ b>ley soils are usually light] ?an ! be/ :eat soils4 ,?is is probably due to ! fact t b>ley usually foll[s a crop ( turnips--m or less ( :i* are eat5 (f on ! l& by %eep4 ,! trampl+ ( ! %eep compresses ! soil1 & makes ev5 a light1 s&y "o firm] 9 texture4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 our be/ :eat l& is also our be/ b>ley l&1 provid$ x is 9 good he>t1 & is v ?or\ghly work$4 ,x is no use s[+ b>ley on heavy l& half work$4 ,x w d bett] on light soils2 b if ! clayey soils are made f9e & mell[1 !y produce ) u ! be/ b>ley4 ,9 *emical composition1 b>ley is q simil> to :eat4 ,mr4 ,lawes & ,dr4 ,gilb]t give ! composition ( a :eat-crop ( #cj bu%els p] acre1 #a1hjj lbs4 ( gra91 & #c1jjj lbs4 ( /raw2 & ( a crop ( b>ley1 #dj bu%els p] acre1 #b1jhj lbs4 gra91 & #b1ejj lbs4 ( /raw1 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,9 ,gra94 ,9 ,/raw4 ,9 ,total ,produce4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,:eat ,b>ley ,:eat ,b>ley ,:eat ,b>ley lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,nitrog5 #cb4 #cc4 #ac4 #ab4 #de4 #de4 ,phosphoric acid #af4 #ag4 #g4 #e4 #bc4 #bb4 ,pota% #i4e #aa4e #bj4e #ah4e #cj4 #cj4 ,lime #a4 #a4e #i4 #aj4e #aj4 #ab4 ,magnesia #c4e #d4 #c4 #b4e #f4e #f4e ,silica #j4e #ab4 #ii4e #fc4 #ajj4 #ge4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,a few ye>s ago1 :5 ! midge de/roy$ our :eat1 _m f>m]s 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york rais$ 8w9t] b>ley10 in/ead ( 8w9t] :eat10 & ,i h se5 rem>kably heavy crops ( ?is w9t] b>ley4 ,x is n n[ gr[n ) u4 ,! malt/]s w\ld n pay z mu* = x z = spr+ b>ley1 & z ! midge tr\bles u less1 our f>m]s are rais+ w9t] :eat aga94 ,:]e1 z ) u1 we raise w9t] :eat & spr+ b>ley1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two crops1 tak+ ! above e/imate ( yield & proportion ( gra9 to /raw1 w\ld be3 #a/4 ,almo/ id5tical composition 9 reg>d to nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 pota%1 lime1 & magnesia2 b z x has m /raw1 ! :eat-crop removes a l>g] am\nt ( silica ?an b>ley4 #b;d4 ,! greate/ diff]5ce is 9 ! l5g? ( "t ! two crops are 9 ! gr\nd4 ,we s[ our w9t] :eat ! la/ ( ,augu/1 or ! fir/ & second week 9 ,septemb]4 ,be=e w9t] sets 91 ! :eat-plant (t5 ?r[s out a bun* ( roots a foot 9 l5g?4 ,dur+ ! w9t]1 ?\gh ! !rmomet] goes d[n frequ5tly to z]o1 & sometimes #aj to #ae bel[ z]o1 yet if ! l& is well cov]$ ) sn[1 x is n improbable t ! roots cont9ue to absorb m or less food f ! gr\nd1 & /ore x up = future use4 ,9 ! spr+1 ! :eat comm5ces to gr[ be=e we c get ! b>ley into ! gr\nd1 ?\gh n to any consid]able ext5t4 ,i h sev]al times s[n b>ley z soon z ! surface-soil 0 ?aw$ out five or six in*es deep1 b ) a b$ ( solid froz5 e>? b5ea?4 #c;d4 ,two-r[$ b>ley does n rip5 z e>ly z w9t] :eat1 b our ord9>y six-r[$ b>ley is ready to h>ve/ ! same "t z our w9t] :eat4 #d?4 ,we s[ our b>ley usually 9 ,may1 & h>ve/ x 9 ,july4 ,! b>ley1 !re=e1 has to take up its food rapidly4 ,if we expect a good gr[?1 we mu/ provide a good supply ( food1 & h x 9 ! prop] condition = ! roots to rea* x & absorb x2 9 o!r words1 ! l& mu/ be n only ri*1 b x mu/ be s well work$ t ! roots c spread out easily & rapidly 9 se>* ( food & wat]4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 y w f9d t5 good :eat-gr[]s to "o good b>ley gr[]4 8,t is s10 said ! ,deacon2 8b tell u ab\t ,mr4 ,lawes' exp]im5ts4 ,i h m confid5ce 9 !m ?an 9 y\r speculations4 ,& fir/ ( all :at k9d ( l& 0 ! b>ley gr[n on80 8,x is10 said ,i1 8r heavy l&--z heavy z :at ! m5 call #8clay-spots1' on my f>m40 8,& on ^? clay-spots10 said ! ,deacon1 8y ei!r get v good b>ley1 or a crop n wor? h>ve/+40 8,y h hit x exactly1 ,deacon10 said ,i4 8,! be/ b>ley ,i h ?is ye> 7#ahgh7 is on ^! clay-spots4 ,& ! reason is1 t we gave !m an extra pl[+ la/ fall ) a ?ree-horse pl[4 ,t extra pl[+ has probably giv5 me an extra #cj bu%els ( b>ley p] acre4 ,! b>ley on "s ( ! light] portions ( ! field w n yield ov] #be bu%els p] acre4 ,on ! clay-spots1 x looks n[ 7,june #ac7 z ?\gh !re w\ld be ov] #ej bu%els p] acre4 ,x is all head$ out h&somely on ! clay-spots1 & has a /rong1 d>k1 luxuriant appe>ance1 :ile on ! s&1 ! crop is lat] & has a yell[1 sickly look40 8,y ought10 said ! ,doctor1 8to h top-dress$ ^! poor1 s&y p>ts ( ! field ) a little sup]phosphate & nitrate ( soda40 8,x w\ld h paid wond]fully well10 said ,i1 8or1 p]haps1 m correctly speak+1 ! loss w\ld h be5 consid]ably less4 ,we h rec5tly be5 advis$ by a di/+ui%$ writ]1 to apply manure to our be/ l&1 & let ! poor l& take c>e ( itself4 ,b :]e ! poor l& is 9 ! same field ) ! good1 we are oblig$ to pl[1 h>r[1 cultivate1 s[1 & h>ve/ ! poor spots1 & ! "q is1 :e!r we %all make !m capable ( produc+ a good crop by ! application ( manure1 or be at all ! labor & exp5se ( putt+ 9 & h>ve/+ a crop ( *ick5-fe$ & we$s4 ,artificial manures give u a gr& *ance to make our crops m uni=m40 8,y are c]ta9ly "r !re10 said ! ,doctor1 8b let u exam9e ! ,ro?am/$ exp]im5ts on b>ley40 ,y w f9d ! results 9 ! foll[+ tables4 ,! manures us$1 are 9 _m respects ! same z 7 adopt$ 9 ! :eat exp]im5ts already giv54 ,! m9]al or a% con/itu5ts 7 suppli$ z foll[s3 ,pota%--z sulphate ( pota%4 ,soda--z sulphate ( soda4 ,magnesia--z sulphate ( magnesia4 ,lime--z sulphate1 phosphate1 & sup]phosphate4 ,phosphoric acid--z bone-a%1 mix$ ) suffici5t sulphuric acid to conv]t mo/ ( ! insoluble e>?y phosphate ( lime into sulphate & soluble sup]phosphate ( lime4 ,sulphuric acid--9 ! phosphatic mixture j m5tion$2 9 sulphates ( pota%1 soda1 & magnesia2 9 sulphate ( ammonia1 etc4 ,*lor9e--9 muriate ( ammonia4 ,silica--z artificial silicate ( soda4 ,o!r con/itu5ts 7 suppli$ z "u3 ,nitrog5--z sulphate & muriate ( ammonia2 z nitrate ( soda2 9 f>m-y>d manure2 9 rape-cake4 ,non-nitrog5\s organic matt]1 yield+ by decomposition1 c>bonic acid1 & o!r products--9 y>d manure1 9 rape-cake4 ,! artificial manure or mixture = ea* plot 0 gr\nd up1 or o!rwise mix$1 ) a suffici5t quantity ( soil & turf-a%es to make x up to a conv5i5t measure = equal di/ribution ov] ! l&4 ,! mixtures s prep>$ 71 ) prop] precautions1 s[n broadca/ by h&2 z x has be5 f\nd t ! application ( an exact am\nt ( manure1 to a limit$ area ( l&1 c be be/ accompli%$ 9 t way4 ,! same manures 7 us$ on ! same plot ea* ye>4 ,any exceptions to ?is rule are m5tion$ 9 foot-notes4 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,gr[? ( ,b>ley1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&1 ,)\t ,manure1 & ,) ,diff]5t ,descriptions ( ,manure1 ,hoos ,field1 ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&4 ,table ,i4--,%[+1 tak5 toge!r ) ! foot-notes1 ! description & quantities ( ! manures appli$ p] acre on ea* plot1 9 ea* ye> ( ! tw5ty1 #aheb-ahga inclusive4 ,n4,b4 ,?is table has ref]5ce to all ! succe$+ ,tables4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,manures p] ,acre1 p] ,annum 7unless o!rwise ,plots /at$ 9 ! foot-notes74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,o4 ,unmanur$ cont9u\sly #b ,o4 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime99 #c ,o4 #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ( ,potass1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,soda1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,magnesia #d ,o4 #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass4 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,soda1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,magnesia1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate #a ,a4 #bjj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts #b ,a4 #bjj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate #c ,a4 #bjj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts1 #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,soda1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,magnesia #d ,a4 #bjj lbs4 ,ammonia salts #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,soda1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,magnesia1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate #a ,,aa4 #bge lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda #b ,,aa4 #bge lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate #c ,,aa4 #bge lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda1 #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,soda1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,magnesia #d ,,aa4 #bge lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda1 #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,soda1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,magnesia1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate #a ,,aas4#bge lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda1 #djj lbs4 ,silicate ,soda #b ,,aas4#bge lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda1 #djj lbs4 ,silicate ,soda1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate #c ,,aas4#bge lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda1 #djj lbs4 ,silicate ,soda1 #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,soda1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,magnesia #d ,,aas4#bge lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda1 #djj lbs4 ,silicate ,soda1 #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,soda #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,magnesia1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate #a ,c4 #ajjj lbs4 ,rape-cake #b ,c4 #ajjj lbs4 ,rape-cake1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate 9999#c ,c4 #ajjj lbs4 ,rape-cake1 #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,soda1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,magnesia1 #d ,c4 #ajjj lbs4 ,rape-cake1 #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,soda1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,magnesia1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate #a ,n4 #bge lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda #b ,n4 #bge lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda 7#eej lbs4 ,nitrate = #e ye>s1 #ahec1 #d1 #e1 #f1 & #g7 ,m4 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,soda1 #ajj lbs4 ,sulphate ,magnesia1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate 7comm5c+ #ahee2 #aheb1 #c1 & #d1 unmanur$ #e ,o4 #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate 7#bjj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts also1 = ! fir/ ye>1 #aheb1 only7 #e ,a4 #bjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass1 #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate1 #bjj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts #f #a ,unmanur$ cont9u\sly #b ,a%es 7burnt-soil & turf7 #g #ad ,tons ,f>my>d-,manure ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 993 8#c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime0--9 all cases1 made f #bjj lbs4 ,bone a%1 #aej lbs4 ,sulphuric acid sp4 gr4 #a4g 7& wat]74 3 ,sulphate ,potass--#cjj lbs4 p] annum = ! fir/ #f ye>s1 #aheb-g4 3 ,sulphate ,soda--#bjj lbs4 p] annum = ! fir/ #f ye>s1 #aheb-g4 3 ,! 8,ammonia-salts0--9 all cases equal p>ts ( ,sulphate & ,muriate ( ,ammonia ( ,comm]ce4 3 ,plots 8,,aa0 & 8,,aas0--fir/ #f ye>s1 #aheb-g1 in/ead ( ,nitrate ( ,soda1 #djj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts p] annum2 next #aj ye>s1 #aheh-fg1 #bjj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts p] annum2 #ahfh1 & s9ce1 #bge lbs4 ,nitrate ( ,soda p] annum4 #bge lbs4 ,nitrate ( ,soda is reckon$ to conta9 ! same am\nt ( ,nitrog5 z #bjj lbs4 8,ammonia-salts40 3 ,plots 8,,aas0--! application ( ,silicates did n comm5ce until #ahfd2 9 #8#fd-e-f1 & #g1 #bjj lbs4 ,silicate ( ,soda & #bjj lbs4 ,silicate ( ,lime 7 appli$ p] acre1 b 9 #ahfh1 & s9ce1 #djj lbs4 ,silicate ( ,soda1 & no ,silicate ( ,lime4 ,^! plots comprise1 respectively1 "o half ( ! orig9al 8,,aa0 plots1 &1 except+ ! addition ( ! ,silicates1 h be51 & are1 9 o!r respects1 manur$ 9 ! same way z ! 8,,aa0 plots4 99993 #bjjj lbs4 ,rape-cake p] annum = ! fir/ #f ye>s1 & #ajjj lbs4 only1 ea* ye> s9ce4 3 #cjj lbs4 ,sulphate ,potass1 & #c cwts4 ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime1 )\t ,nitrate ( ,soda1 ! fir/ ye> 7#aheb72 ,nitrate alone ea* ye> s9ce4 3 ,sulphate ,soda--#bjj lbs4 p] annum #ahee1 #f1 & #g4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ is an alt]native v]sion ( ! same table1 giv+ ! in=mation 9 ! =m us$ 9 all e>li] tables4 ,,fm ,f>m-y>d ,manure4 ,,abt ,a%es 7burnt-soil & turf74 ,si,s ,silicate ( ,soda4 ,s,ph ,sup]phosphate4 ,s,mg ,sulphate ( ,magnesia4 ,,sp ,sulphate ( ,potass4 ,,ss ,sulphate ( ,soda4 ,,ns ,nitrate ( ,soda4 ,,rc ,rape-,cake4 ,a-,s ,ammonia-salts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,plots ,,fm ,,abt ,si,s ,s,ph,s,mg ,,sp ,,ss ,,ns ,,rc ,a-,s ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,tons4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 #a ,o4 44 44 -- unmanur$ cont9u\sly-- 44 #b ,o4 44 44 44 #cej 44 44 44 44 44 44 #c ,o4 44 44 44 44 #ajj #bjj #ajj 44 44 44 #d ,o4 44 44 44 #cej #ajj #bjj #ajj 44 44 44 #a ,a4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #b ,a4 44 44 44 #cej 44 44 44 44 44 #bjj #c ,a4 44 44 44 44 #ajj #bjj #ajj 44 44 #bjj #d ,a4 44 44 44 #cej #ajj #bjj #ajj 44 44 #bjj #a ,,aa4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bge 44 44 #b ,,aa4 44 44 44 #cej 44 44 44 #bge 44 44 #c ,,aa4 44 44 44 44 #ajj #bjj #ajj #bge 44 44 #d ,,aa4 44 44 44 #cej #ajj #bjj #ajj #bge 44 44 #a ,,aas4 44 44 #djj 44 44 44 44 #bge 44 44 #b ,,aas4 44 44 #djj #cej 44 44 44 #bge 44 44 #c ,,aas4 44 44 #djj 44 #ajj #bjj #ajj #bge 44 44 #d ,,aas4 44 44 #djj #cej #ajj #bjj #ajj #bge 44 44 #a ,c4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #ajjj 44 #b ,c4 44 44 44 #cej 44 44 44 44 #ajjj 44 #c ,c4 44 44 44 44 #ajj #bjj #ajj 44 #ajjj 44 #d ,c4 44 44 44 #cej #ajj #bjj #ajj 44 #ajjj 44 #a ,n4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bge 44 44 #b ,n4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bge 44 44 ,m4 44 44 44 #cej #ajj 44 #ajj 44 44 44 #e ,o4 44 44 44 #cej 44 #bjj 44 44 44 44 #e ,a4 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #fa 44 44 -- unmanur$ cont9u\sly-- 44 #b99 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #g #ad 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ---------- 99 #f4b3 ,no am\nt giv5 = a%es ,exp]im5ts on ! ,gr[? ( ,b>ley1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&1 ,)\t ,manure1 & ,) ,diff]5t ,descriptions ( ,manure1 ,hoos ,field1 ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&4 ,table ,,ii4--,dress$ ,corn ,p] ,acre--bu%els4 ,n4,b4 ,! d\ble v]tical l9es %[ t !re 0 a *ange 9 ! description1 or quantity1 ( ,manure1 at ! p]iod indicat$1 = p>ticul>s ( :i* see ,table ,i41 & foot-notes !reto1 p4 #bca4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,h>ve/s ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,plots #aheb #ahecahedaheeahefahegahehaheiahfjahfaahf bahfc ---------------------------------------- ---------------- bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 #a ,o4 #bg #be #ce #ca #ac #bf #ba #ac #ac #af #af #bb #b ,o4 #bh #cc #dj #cf #ag #cc #bh #ai #ae #be #ba #cb #c ,o4 #bf #bg #cf #cd #af #cb #bd #ae #ae #ah #ai #bg #d ,o4 #cb #ce #db #cg #ai #ci #cj #ai #ah #bi #be #cc ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,means #bh #cj #ch #cd #ag #cb #bf #ag #ae #bb #bj #bh ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a ,a4 #cf #ch #dg #dd #be #ch #ca #ae #bf #cj #ca #db #b ,a4 #ch #dj #fj #dg #bi #ef #ea #cd #dc #ee #dh #fa #c ,a4 #cf #cf #ej #dd #bh #db #cd #af #bh #cb #ce #dh #d ,a4 #dj #ch #fj #dh #ca #eg #ea #cd #dc #ed #dg #ee ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,means #ch #ch #ed #df #bh #dh #db #be #ce #dc #dj #eb ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a ,,aa4 #dd #dj #ef #dh #cf #di #ci #ba #be #ce #ca #di #b ,,aa4 #dc #db #fc #ej #ca #ff #ef #ce #dc #ee #ea #fj #c ,,aa4 #da #da #ea #dg #be #didj #bj #cj #cf #cf #ed #d ,,aa4 #de #dd #fb #di #cg #fdef #ce #df #ee #dh #ei ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,means #dc #db #eh #dh #cb #eg #dh #bh #cf #de #da #ee ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a ,,aas4 #b ,,aas4 #c ,,aas4 #d ,,aas4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,means ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a ,c4 #ci #ci #fj #dh #cf #fd #ec #ch #ca #ef #da #ea #b ,c4 #cf #cf #fj #ec #cg #fb #eg #da #cf #ef #de #ee #c ,c4 #cc #ce #ef #dh #cb #fjeb #cd #ce #ea #cf #ec #d ,c4 #ch #dj #fj #ea #ce #fbeg #ce #dj #ec #de #ed ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,means #cf #cg #ei #ej #ce #fb #ee #cg #cf #ed #da #ec ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a ,n4 7#be7 #cd #di #ej #bh #dg #cg #bd #bg #ch #ce #ea #b ,n4 #cg #ec #di #db #eh #dc #bf #bi #da #ch #ec ,m4 #cb #ah #bd #be #ai #aj #bg #bc #bh #e ,o4 7#cf7 #bg #cj #cb #ai #ca #be #af #aj #bh #ag #bi #e ,a4 #cf #dj #ea #dg #cc #ed #dh #cc #ci #di #df #ea #fa #bi #bf #ce #cg #ae #cd #bf #ag #ab #af #ah #bg #b #be #bg #cc #cf #ae #ca #be #ad #ab #ag #ai #bh #g #cc #cf #ef #ej #cb #ea #ee #dj #da #ed #di #ei ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a/ t53 ,fir/ t5 ,ye>s1 #aheb-'fa4 #bnd t53 ,second t5 ,ye>s1 #ahfb-'ga4 ,total ,p]iod3 ,total ,p]iod #bj ,ye>s1 #aheb-'ga4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,h>ve/s ,av]age ,annual4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a/ #bnd ,total #ahfdahfeahffahfgahfhahfiahgjahga t5 t5 ,p]iod ,plots ---------------------------------------- ----------------- bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu4 bu%4 bu4bu%els #bd #ah #ae #ag #ae #ae #ac #af #bb #agbj #a ,o4 #cj #bb #bb #bd #ah #ah #ah #bc #bg #bcbe #b ,o4 #bf #bb #ai #ag #ad #ah #af #ai #bd #bjbb #c ,o4 #cc #bd #bd #bj #ag #bb #ah #be #cj #bdbg #d ,o4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #bh #ba #bj #ai #af #ah #af #ba #bf #babc ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ch #bi #bg #cj #bj #bg #bg #cf #cc #cacb #a ,a4 #eh #dh #ej #dd #cg #dh #da #de #de #dhdg #b ,a4 #dc #cc #bg #cc #be #cd #cj #ch #ce #ce #ce #c ,a4 #ee #df #dg #dc #cd #di #ch #df #df #dfdf #d ,a4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #di #ci #ch #cg #bi #ci #cd #da #dj #djdj ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #da #cc #bi #bi #bg #cb #bi #ci #ci #cdcg #a ,,aa4 #ef #dg #ej #dd #dd #dh #df #df #dh #didi #b ,,aa4 #dd #cd #bi #cb #bg #cc #cb #cf #ch #cfcg #c ,,aa4 #ef #dh #ej #de #de #di #dd #df #di #didi #d ,,aa4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #di #da #dj #ch #cf #da #ch #db #dd #dbdc ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #dd #cd #cg #cb #bi #cd #ce #dh #cg #cfcg #a ,,aas4 #ed #dg #ea #dd #dd #di #dd #diadi #dgdha #b ,,aas4 #ej #da #da #ci #cf #dj #db #dh #dc #db #db #c ,,aas4 #ei #ej #ej #de #df #ea #dg #dh #ea #dhej #d ,,aas4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #eb #dc #de #dj #ci #dd #db #dh #de #dcdd ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #dh #de #de #ch #cg #db #da #dd #dg #dcde #a ,c4 #ea #df #dg #de #ce #dh #da #da #dg #dedf #b ,c4 #di #dh #dc #ch #ce #dc #ch #de #dd #dcdc #c ,c4 #ec #dh #dh #db #cf #eb #dc #dg #dg #dgdg #d ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #ej #dg #df #da #ce #df #da #dd #df #de #de ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #dj #cg #cd #cc #be #ce #cd #dcbcg #cgcgb #a ,n4 #df #ci #da #cf #be #ch #dj #de #db #djda #b ,n4 #be #ai #ai #bj #ad #af #af #bbc7bb #bjba7c ,m4 #bf #bc #bb #ai #ae #bc #ad #bj #d7bd #babb7d #e ,o4 #ej #dh #dc #cd #cf #di #da #dd #dc #dddd #e ,a4 #be #ba #af #af #ae #ad #ae #ah #be #ahbb #af #be #ai #ag #ai #ae #ae #ae #bd #bc #bj #ba #b #fb #eb #ec #de #dc #df #dg #ed #de #eadh #g ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,note #a3 ,av]ages ( #d ye>s1 #d ye>s1 & #h ye>s4 ,note #b3 ,av]ages ( #i ye>s1 7#ahec-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ai ye>s4 ,note #c3 ,av]ages ( #g ye>s 7#ahee-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ag ye>s4 ,note #d3 ,av]ages ( #i ye>s 7#ahec-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ai ye>s4 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,gr[? ( ,b>ley1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&1 ,)\t ,manure1 & ,) ,diff]5t ,descriptions ( ,manure1 ,hoos ,field1 ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&4 ,table ,,iii4--,weight p] ,bu%el ( ,dress$ ,corn--lbs4 ,n4,b4 ,! d\ble v]tical l9es %[ t !re 0 a *ange 9 ! description1 or quantity1 ( ,manure1 at ! p]iod indicat$1 = p>ticul>s ( :i* see ,table ,i41 & foot-notes !reto1 p4 #bca4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,h>ve/s ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,plots #aheb #ahecahedaheeahefaheg #ahehaheiahfjahfaahfbahfc ---------------------------------------- ------------------- lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 #a ,o4 #eb4a #ea4dec4feb4ddi4aeb4j #ec4jdi4jej4heb4cej4cec4f #b ,o4 #eb4f #eb4fed4jeb4edf4eeb4h #ed4jeb4jej4eec4heb4jed4b #c ,o4 #eb4e #ea4iec4feb4idh4eeb4e #ec4edi4eej4ceb4hea4hed4e #d ,o4 #ea4e #eb4aed4jec4adg4jec4g #ed4jeb4eea4ced4jeb4jed4h ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,means #eb4b #eb4jec4heb4gdg4heb4h #ec4fej4hej4gec4aea4eed4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a ,a4 #ej4g #eb4dec4fea4hdh4eea4i #ec4jdg4eej4hea4edi4dec4f #b ,a4 #ej4e #eb4eed4cea4cdf4ced4c #ec4hea4jea4jec4eec4eee4c #c ,a4 #ej4i #eb4fed4jeb4bdi4aeb4a #ed4jdg4eej4hea4eej4eed4c #d ,a4 #ea4d #ec4aed4ceb4jdf4ded4h #ed4jea4jea4aed4jed4jef4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,means #ej4i #eb4ged4aea4hdg4fec4c #ec4gdi4cej4ieb4fea4ied4i ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a ,,aa4 #di4a #ea4ceb4hej4fdh4ceb4j #ec4edg4eej4gea4hej4jec4i #b ,,aa4 #di4e #ea4geb4dej4adf4aec4e #ec4cej4gea4cec4eed4dee4g #c ,,aa4 #ej4f #ea4cec4aej4bdg4ceb4aec4idg4eej4dea4eea4 eed4e #d ,,aa4 #ej4f #ea4deb4adh4ide4dec4iec4eej4eea4jec4eed4 jef4d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,means #ej4j #ea4deb4fej4jdf4heb4i #ec4fdi4aej4ieb4feb4eee4a ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a ,,aas4 #b ,,aas4 #c ,,aas4 #d ,,aas4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,means ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a ,c4 #ea4g #ea4ceb4iej4edf4aec4b #ec4eeb4jeb4jed4jed4eef4c #b ,c4 #ea4h #ea4feb4hej4jdg4cec4h #eb4hea4eea4eed4aee4cef4d #c ,c4 #ea4c #ea4eeb4fej4fdf4fed4aec4eea4gea4hec4eec4 eef4h #d ,c4 #ea4d #ej4deb4hdi4edf4ced4aec4aea4jea4aed4ced4 jef4g ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,means #ea4f #ea4beb4hej4bdf4fec4h #ec4bea4fea4fed4jed4cef4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a ,n4 #ea4gea4cec4ceb4jej4jeb4i #ec4edh4jea4jeb4jea4eec4d #b ,n4 #di4gec4aej4adh4dec4j #ed4jdh4eea4aea4hea4cec4i ,m4 #eb4fdi4ceb4f #ec4fdi4eea4jec4heb4hec4h #e ,o4 7#ea4j7 #ea4hec4aeb4fdg4eec4d #ed4jea4jea4jec4cea4eed4a #e ,a4 #ea4j #eb4cec4hea4edf4fed4e #ed4jea4jea4bec4jeb4jee4f #fa #eb4j #ej4ceb4heb4eej4jeb4c #ec4adh4eea4ceb4jea4hed4j #b #ec4j #ej4iec4feb4fej4jeb4c #ec4adg4eea4jeb4jeb4jed4a #g #eb4h #ea4fec4ieb4idg4aed4b #ed4eeb4eeb4aed4hed4heg4b ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a/ t53 ,fir/ t5 ,ye>s1 #aheb-'fa4 #bnd t53 ,second t5 ,ye>s1 #ahfb-'ga4 ,total ,p]iod3 ,total ,p]iod #bj ,ye>s1 #aheb-'ga4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,h>ve/s ,av]age ,annual4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a/ #bnd ,total #ahfdahfeahffahfgahfhahfiahgjahga t5 t5 ,p]iod,plots ---------------------------------------- ---------------- lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #ee4gec4iea4aea4hed4ceb4deb4iee4j #ea4f #ec4a #eb4c #a ,o4 #ef4hec4hec4bec4iee4hed4cec4fef4j #eb4j #ed4d #ec4b #b ,o4 #ef4ied4eeb4ceb4iee4ged4ged4cee4d #ea4h #ed4c #ec4j #c ,o4 #eg4ced4jeb4gec4fee4ced4fee4fee4f #eb4c #ed4f #ec4d #d ,o4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ef4ged4aeb4cec4aee4ced4jed4aee4e #eb4j #ed4a #ec4j ,means ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ee4dec4hej4iea4cec4ceb4ded4fee4f #ea4b #ec4j #eb4a #a ,a4 #eg4jeb4ged4ded4aed4feg4jeg4bee4j #ea4h #ee4a #ec4e #b ,a4 #ef4ded4geb4aea4ied4hed4fee4def4a #ea4e #ed4a #eb4h #c ,a4 #eg4fec4eed4ged4cee4feg4deg4aef4e #eb4b #ee4g #ed4j #d ,a4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ef4fec4gec4jeb4ied4fee4def4aee4h #ea4f #ed4e #ec4a ,means ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ee4eec4eej4ieb4dec4gec4aed4eed4a #ej4h #ec4b #eb4j #a ,,aa4 #eg4beb4cee4jed4aee4feg4bef4iee4i #ea4b #ee4d #ec4c #b ,,aa4 #ef4eed4hea4dea4iee4aec4ged4fed4c #ej4h #ec4h #eb4c #c ,,aa4 #eg4fec4cee4ded4fef4jeg4aeg4aef4c #ea4a #ee4h #ec4d #d ,,aa4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ef4gec4eec4bec4cee4aee4cee4hee4b #ea4j #ed4f #eb4h ,means ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ef4aed4bea4hec4eed4bed4hee4jed4f #ec4i #ed4f #ed4ca ,,aas4 #eg4beb4dee4fee4aef4beg4deg4dee4faee4a #ef4g #ee4ib ,,aas4 #eg4bed4heb4eec4jee4eef4fee4iec4h #ed4d #ee4e #ee4jc ,,aas4 #eg4jec4aee4ced4aef4beg4heg4hee4d #ed4i #ef4h #ee4hd ,,aas4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ef4iec4fec4hec4iee4eef4gef4eed4i #ed4f #ee4i #ee4b ,means ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #eg4aec4hee4aed4def4bef4geg4eef4c #ea4g #ee4h #ec4h #a ,c4 #eg4jec4cee4gee4jef4aeg4aeg4hef4d #ea4g #ef4j #ec4i #b ,c4 #eg4cec4cee4ced4gee4heg4aeg4fef4c #ea4g #ee4h #ec4g #c ,c4 #eg4bec4eee4fed4hee4deg4deh4jef4d #ea4d #ee4i #ec4f #d ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #eg4aec4eee4ded4gee4ieg4aeg4gef4d #ea4f #ee4i #ec4h ,means ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ef4jed4aeb4jeb4ieb4hed4cee4fed4fbea4f #ec4g #eb4ga ,n4 #ef4eec4heb4heb4gee4eed4hee4hed4f #ea4a #ed4b #eb4gb ,n4 #ef4ced4deb4iec4ied4jed4jee4cee4jc7ea4h #ed4b #ec4b7 ,m4 #eg4fed4eec4ded4jef4dee4fee4iee4ad7eb4j #ed4h #ec4d7e ,o4 #eg4eed4aed4hee4beg4eeg4eeg4cee4e #ea4i #ee4g #ec4h #e ,a4 #ef4jec4iea4ceb4jec4eeb4hed4jee4d #ea4e #ec4e #eb4e #af #ee4hec4iea4heb4eec4heb4ied4fed4i #ea4f #ec4f #eb4f #b #eg4ded4ded4ied4heg4aef4deg4aef4f #eb4f #ef4j #ed4c #g ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,note #a3 ,av]ages ( #d ye>s1 #d ye>s1 & #h ye>s4 ,note #b3 ,av]ages ( #i ye>s1 7#ahec-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ai ye>s4 ,note #c3 ,av]ages ( #g ye>s 7#ahee-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ag ye>s4 ,note #d3 ,av]ages ( #i ye>s 7#ahec-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ai ye>s4 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,gr[? ( ,b>ley1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&1 ,)\t ,manure1 & ,) ,diff]5t ,descriptions ( ,manure1 ,hoos ,field1 ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&4 ,table ,,iv4--,(fal ,corn p] ,acre--lbs4 ,n4,b4 ,! d\ble v]tical l9es %[ t !re 0 a *ange 9 ! description1 or quantity1 ( ,manure1 at ! p]iod indicat$1 = p>ticul>s ( :i* see ,table ,i41 & foot-notes !reto1 p4 #bca4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,h>ve/s ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,plots #aheb #ahecahedaheeahefaheg #ahehaheiahfjahfaahfbahfc ---------------------------------------- ----------------- lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 #a ,o4 #afd #bbe #hd #add #aca #ic #hf #aaj #gh #hh #fd #di #b ,o4 #ajj #aja #aja #fi #eh #ajf #ajc #aei #hd #gh #aad #eh #c ,o4 #ahc #aea #fd #gf #abi #fa #if #hc #gh #hh #gc #ed #d ,o4 #acf #afj #aje #id #hh #ec #ajh #afj #gd #eh #aag #eg ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,means #adf #aei #hi #if #ajb #gh #ih #abi #gh #gh #ib #ee ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,a4 #bah #bec #bja #ach #bai #aac #ih #ahd #aej #agj #bfi #aaf #b ,a4 #bfj #bad #aej #ahd #aba #hh #aad #bgd #aei #acj #aia #ii #c ,a4 #beb #ccf #aig #agg #ahj #ia #if #age #aae #aji #bfi #ajh #d ,a4 #bgc #bgd #ach #adb #abe #gj #aag #bec #aej #aaj #aej #ha ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,means #bea #bgg #agb #afj #afa #ia #ajf #bbb #adc #acj #bbj #aja ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,,aa4 #bii #cjc #cbf #bjd #caj #ace #hh #bae #aji #agc #bif #aaj #b ,,aa4 #cae #bea #cbi #aha #bcc #acc #acd #cbj #aah #aij #acc #adc #c ,,aa4 #cah #bcf #ccd #bab #bij #ajh #aah #bfe #abb #ach #cfd #ie #d ,,aa4 #bdf #cja #bgc #aej #agf #ahc #adc #bhe #ada #agi #aia #ff ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,means #bid #bgc #caf #ahg #beb #adj #aba #bga #abc #agj #bdf #ajc ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,,aas4 #b ,,aas4 #c ,,aas4 #d ,,aas4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,c4 #agj #bfh #agh #bai #agc #ace #ajc #bbe #abj #aed #aed #he #b ,c4 #afd #caf #bch #aie #afa #afi #adh #aga #aef #aej #abh #aji #c ,c4 #aij #bif #bdh #ahc #ahi #aef #aje #bcf #aae #bjd #aij #ga #d ,c4 #add #bgg #bbg #bbb #bje #afh #abe #cej #aec #bjd #agd #ff ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,means #afg #cjd #bbc #bje #ahb #aeg #abj #bdf #acf #agh #afa #hc ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a ,n4 7#id7bhc #aji #abh #bde #ii #aai #bje #adf #bbe #bde #abj #b ,n4 #bbh #bhf #bbd #aic #aea #aaj #bce #agi #aij #baf #aad ,m4 #cf #id #ij #hd #he #ge #gh #aih #df #e ,o4 7#agc7 #fh #aac #ej #if #aja #ga #aaj #gc #gc #aic #da #e ,a4 #agc #baj #agj #abf #aea #fh #aed #afh #aic #ahh #baj #ha #f #a #abj #bjj #add #aaf #aeb #gb #hd #aba #hh #gc #ge #ea #b #aah #afa #aai #gc #abe #aje #ha #abg #ie #fg #aid #fe #g #aja #bfi #hf #aji #ada #acd #aba #bfj #adg #aij #bjh #ff ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a/ t53 ,fir/ t5 ,ye>s1 #aheb-'fa4 #bnd t53 ,second t5 ,ye>s1 #ahfb-'ga4 ,total ,p]iod3 ,total ,p]iod #bj ,ye>s1 #aheb-'ga4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,h>ve/s ,av]age ,annual4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a/ #bnd ,total #ahfdahfeahffahfgahfhahfiahgjahga t5 t5 ,p]iod ,plots ---------------------------------------- ---------------- lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4lbs4 lbs4 lbs lbs4 #db #dg #da #ij #ba #dd #ca #dh #abj #dh #hd #a ,o4 #fi #ch #ba #ec #bi #hi #ah #cc #if #eb #gd #b ,o4 #dc #ch #ch #fd #bg #gj #ah #ce #aja #df #gd #c ,o4 #da #bh #ee #fj #be #fi #bf #dh #ajd #ec #gh #d ,o4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #di #ch #ci #fg #be #fh #bc #da #aje #ej #gh ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ii #eh #id #aae #di #aci #bc #aje #agd #ajg #ada #a ,a4 #fc #hd #fd #gf #ch #aac #bf #ahi #agd #ajg #ada #b ,a4 #hc #ea #ajf #id #cd #ie #bd #hi #agc #ie #acd #c ,a4 #aaj #fj #fc #ga #ej #ba #bg #adf #afe #gh #abb #d ,a4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #hi #fc #hb #hi #dc #ib #be #acb #aga #id #acc ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aaj #fd #adh #aaj #df #fd #cc #acc #baf #aaa #afd #a ,,aa4 #ej #aac #aaa #fi #df #hi #bd #afh #bbj #ie #aeh #b ,,aa4 #gf #dh #ajc #ajf #ei #aaa #cf #acc #bad #aac #afd #c ,,aa4 #df #gf #acc #aai #dc #gh #cj #ij #bjh #hg #adh #d ,,aa4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ga #ge #abd #aja #dh #hf #ca #aca #bae #ajb #aei ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------- #id #ee #hh #he #di #aba #cc #id #ha #gd #gg #a ,,aas4 #ec #hf #if #ff #fd #fj #bc #aec #age #ge #gea #b ,,aas4 #gj #ej #ada #gi #ci #acf #bi #acj #he #hd #he #c ,,aas4 #ic #gj #hj #ic #df #abe #bf #age #hd #ic #hi #d ,,aas4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #gg #fe #aja #ha #ej #aaa #bh #ach #ha #hb #hb ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------- #gh #hc #ajd #aji #dc #fi #be #gh #age #hc #abi #a ,c4 #ib #dd #hi #hi #fd #aaa #bd #hh #aic #hd #ach #b ,c4 #ij #ff #id #ia #ci #ia #cg #ada #aib #ia #adb #c ,c4 #abc #fi #abh #gb #db #fg #bh #abd #bjh #hi #adi #d ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #if #ff #ajd #ij #dg #he #bh #ajh #aib #hg #aci ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------- #gd #ih #abd #aai #fa #aej #cc #ii #agc #aab #ada #a ,n4 #ie #hd #ajd #hh #ce #ih #cc #aga #baii #ajd #adib #b ,n4 #eh #fi #dd #ef #bf #fa #be #eh #c7gg #fd #fi7c ,m4 #gh #ce #dh #ef #bj #ge #bc #da #d7hd #fa #gb7d #e ,o4 #ia #id #ec #gd #cc #fc #cj #add #afj #hg #abd #e ,a4 #ea #de #gb #ajc #bg #ga #bf #ej #aag #eg #hg #a #ed #dg #ea #hc #ba #eg #bc #da #ajg #fd #he #bf #aag #ef #adh #aaa #dh #ajj #bf #aga #aef #aje #acj #g ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,note #a3 ,av]ages ( #d ye>s1 #d ye>s1 & #h ye>s4 ,note #b3 ,av]ages ( #i ye>s1 7#ahec-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ai ye>s4 ,note #c3 ,av]ages ( #g ye>s 7#ahee-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ag ye>s4 ,note #d3 ,av]ages ( #i ye>s 7#ahec-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ai ye>s4 ,exp]im5ts on ! ,gr[? ( ,b>ley1 ,ye> ,aft] ,ye>1 on ! ,same ,l&1 ,)\t ,manure1 & ,) ,diff]5t ,descriptions ( ,manure1 ,hoos ,field1 ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&4 ,table ,v4--,/raw 7& *aff7 p] ,acre--cwts4 ,n4,b4 ,! d\ble v]tical l9es %[ t !re 0 a *ange 9 ! description1 or quantity1 ( ,manure1 at ! p]iod indicat$1 = p>ticul>s ( :i* see ,table ,i41 & foot-notes !reto1 p4 #bca4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,h>ve/s ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,plots #aheb #ahecahedaheeahefahegahehaheiahfjahfaahf bahfc ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,cwts4 cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4 cwt4 #a ,o4 #af #ah #ba #ag #h #ab #aj #i #g #aa #i #aa #b ,o4 #af #ag #bc #ag #h #ae #ad #ab #h #ac #ab #ae #c ,o4 #af #ag #bj #ag #i #ae #ab #i #h #aa #aj #ac #d ,o4 #ai #bj #bc #ah #i #ag #af #ab #i #ae #ac #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,means #ag #ah #bb #ag #i #ae #ac #aj #h #ab #aa #ac ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a ,a4 #bb #bc #cj #bd #ag #ag #ae #aa #ad #ai #bj #ba #b ,a4 #bf #be #dj #bi #ba #bf #bh #bd #be #bi #cb #cd #c ,a4 #bc #be #cc #bg #ag #ba #ag #ac #af #ba #bc #bf #d ,a4 #bg #bf #dj #ca #ba #bg #bi #bg #bf #cj #ca #cb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,means #be #be #cf #bh #ai #bc #bb #ai #bj #be #bf #bh ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a ,,aa4 #bf #bf #cg #cb #bd #bc #ai #ad #ac #bb #ba #be #b ,,aa4 #bh #bh #dd #ch #ca #cb #cb #bf #bd #ca #ca #cb #c ,,aa4 #bf #bg #cg #cd #bf #bf #bb #af #ah #bd #bd #bg #d ,,aa4 #bh #ca #di #ci #cc #cfce #cj #bi #cc #cc #cd ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,means #bg #bh #db #cf #bh #bi #bg #ba #ba #bg #bg #cj ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a ,,aas4 #b ,,aas4 #c ,,aas4 #d ,,aas4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a ,c4 #bd #bf #dc #cf #bf #cc #cj #bf #ag #bg #bf #bh #b ,c4 #bc #be #dd #cf #ca #cc #cc #bh #bj #cj #bg #cj #c ,c4 #ba #be #da #ce #bf #cj #cj #be #bj #cj #bc #bi #d ,c4 #bd #bg #db #cg #cj #cc #ce #bi #bb #ca #bh #cj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,means #bc #bf #db #cf #bh #cb #cb #bg #bj #cj #bf #bi ---------------------------------------- ----------- #a ,n4 7#ae7 #bc #cc #bg #ai #bd #bj #ah #af #bg #bd #cj #b ,n4 #be #ch #cc #bh #cb #bc #ba #ah #bi #bd #bi ,m4 #ae #aj #aj #ab #aj #g #ae #ad #ai #e ,o4 7#be7 #ae #bj #ad #aj #ac #ab #aj #f #ag #aj #ae #e ,a4 #be #bd #ce #ca #bb #bg #bh #bf #be #ca #ca #cd #fa #ag #af #bb #ah #i #af #ab #aa #g #i #aj #ac #b #ad #ae #bj #af #i #ad #aa #aj #g #aj #aa #ad #g #ah #bb #cg #bg #ai #bc #ca #bh #be #ca #cd #cc ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a/ t53 ,fir/ t5 ,ye>s1 #aheb-'fa4 #bnd t53 ,second t5 ,ye>s1 #ahfb-'ga4 ,total ,p]iod3 ,total ,p]iod #bj ,ye>s1 #aheb-'ga4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,h>ve/s ,av]age ,annual4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a/ #bnd ,total #ahfdahfeahffahfgahfhahfiahgjahga t5 t5 ,p]iod ,plots ---------------------------------------- ------------------ cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4cwt4 cwts4 cwts4 cwts4 #ab #h #i #aj #aa #aa #f #aa #ac #aj #aa #a ,o4 #ae #i #ab #ab #i #aj #h #ab #ad #aa #ac #b ,o4 #ac #i #aj #aj #h #aa #h #aa #ac #aj #ab #c ,o4 #af #aj #ab #ab #aj #ab #i #ad #af #ab #ad #d ,o4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ad #i #aa #aa #i #aa #h #ab #ad #aa #ab ,means ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #bj #ac #ae #ag #ab #ah #ab #bc #ai #ag #ah #a ,a4 #cb #ba #bh #bh #ai #cb #ag #bh #bg #bg #bg #b ,a4 #ai #af #af #ai #ad #bj #ae #be #ba #ai #bj #c ,a4 #cd #bb #bg #be #bj #cd #ah #cb #bh #bh #bh #d ,a4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #bf #ah #ba #bb #af #bf #af #bg #bd #bc #bc ,means ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #bc #af #ag #ag #ad #ba #ag #bf #bd #bj #bb #a ,,aa4 #cc #bc #bh #cj #ba #cd #bc #cb #ca #bi #cj #b ,,aa4 #bf #ag #ah #bj #af #bb #bj #be #be #bb #bd #c ,,aa4 #cg #bd #bh #bh #be #ch #ah #cb #cd #cj #cb #d ,,aa4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #cj #bj #bc #bd #ai #bi #bj #bi #bi #be #bg ,means ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #bf #bb #bj #ah #af #bc #ag #bi #ba #ba #ba #a ,,aas4 #cc #bc #cj #bi #be #cg #bj #cfabi #bi #biab ,,aas4 #cj #bj #be #bc #bb #cj #bj #ca #bd #bf #be #c ,,aas4 #dj #be #bi #bh #bf #db #bj #ch #ca #cb #ca #d ,,aas4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #cb #bb #bf #bd #bb #cc #ai #cc #bf #bg #bg ,means ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #bf #ba #bd #be #ai #bg #ag #bg #bi #bd #bf #a ,c4 #ca #ba #bd #be #ai #cc #ag #bg #cj #bf #bh #b ,c4 #ca #bb #bd #bb #aj #cj #ah #cj #bh #be #bg #c ,c4 #cd #bb #bg #bd #ba #ce #bj #cb #ca #bg #bi #d ,c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #ca #ba #be #bd #ai #ca #ah #bi #cj #be #bh ,means ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #bd #ah #ba #ba #ah #bd #ac #bibbc #bb #bbba ,n4 #bg #ba #bc #ba #ag #bg #ai #ca #bg #bd #bf #b ,n4 #ac #i #ab #ab #aj #aa #h #adc7aa #ab #ab7c ,m4 #ad #aj #aj #aj #h #ae #d #acd7ac #aa #ab7de ,o4 #cc #bd #bh #bb #bj #cf #ba #bi #bg #bh #bh #e ,a4 #ac #h #aj #i #aj #i #g #ac #ad #aj #ab #af #ac #h #i #aj #aj #aj #g #ac #ac #aa #ab #b #cg #be #ca #bg #bd #bh #ai #cg #bf #bi #bh #g ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,note #a3 ,av]ages ( #d ye>s1 #d ye>s1 & #h ye>s4 ,note #b3 ,av]ages ( #i ye>s1 7#ahec-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ai ye>s4 ,note #c3 ,av]ages ( #g ye>s 7#ahee-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ag ye>s4 ,note #d3 ,av]ages ( #i ye>s 7#ahec-'fa71 la/ #aj ye>s1 & total #ai ye>s4 ,! produce ( b>ley ! fir/ season 7#aheb71 01 p] acre3 ,on ! unmanur$ plot #bg bu%els ,) sup]phosphate ( lime #bh 0 0 pota%1 soda1 & magnesia #bf 0 0 0 0 0 & sup]phosphate #cb 0 0 #ad tons b>n-y>d manure #cc 0 0 #bjj lbs4 ammonia-salts alone #cf 0 0 0 0 & sup]phosphate #ch 0 0 0 0 & pota%1 soda1 & magnesia #cf 0 0 0 0 & sup]phosphate1 pota%1 soda1 & magnesia #dj 0 0 #djj lbs4 ammonia-salts alone #dd 0 ,! #bjj lbs4 ( ammonia-salts conta9 #ej lbs4 ( ammonia #da lbs4 nitrog54 ,x w be se5 t ?is #ej lbs4 ( ammonia alone1 on plot #a;a1 gives an increase ( ne>ly #aj bu%els p] acre1 or to be m accurate1 x gives an increase ov] ! unmanur$ plot ( #ejc lbs4 ( gra91 & #cbi lbs4 ( /raw1 :ile d\ble ! quantity ( ammonia on plot #a;a4a41 gives an increase ( #ag bu%els p] acre--or an increase ( #ija lbs4 ( gra91 & #a1add lbs4 ( /raw4 8,put t fact 9 sep>ate l9es1 side by side10 said ! ,deacon1 8s t we c see x40 ,total ,gra9 ,/raw ,produce4 #ej lbs4 ( ammonia gives an increase ( #ejc lbs4 #gjd lbs4 #abjg lbs4 #ajj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 #ija 0 #aadd 0 #bjde 0 ,! fir/ #ej lbs4 ( ammonia gives an increase ( #ejc 0 #gjd 0 #abjg 0 ,! second #ej lbs4 ( ammonia gives an increase ( #cih 0 #edj 0 #gch 0 8,t %[s10 said ! ,deacon1 8t a dress+ ( #ej lbs4 p] acre pays bett] ?an a dress+ ( #ajj lbs4 p] acre4 ,i wi% ,mr4 ,lawes _h s[n #ge lbs4 on "o plot40 ,i wi% s1 too1 b x is q probable t 9 our climate1 #ej lbs4 ( available ammonia p] acre is all t x w usually be pr(itable to apply p] acre to ! b>ley crop4 ,x is equal to a dress+ ( #ejj lbs4 gu>ante$ ,p]uvian guano1 or #bge lbs4 nitrate ( soda4 --8,or to h[ mu* manure80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 ,to ab\t #e tons ( av]age /able-manure1 or say ?ree tons ( good1 well-rott$ manure f gra9-f$ animals4 8,& yet10 said ! ,deacon1 8,mr4 ,lawes put on #ad tons ( y>d manure p] acre1 & ! yield ( b>ley 0 n z mu* z f ! #ej lbs4 ( ammonia alone4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = t80 ,simply because ! ammonia 9 ! manure is n ammonia4 ,x is :at ! *emi/s us$ to call 8pot5tial ammonia40 ,a good deal ( x is 9 ! =m ( undige/$ /raw & hay4 ,! nitrog5\s matt] ( ! food :i* has be5 dige/$ by ! animal & ?r[n (f 9 ! liquid excrem5ts1 is 9 su* a =m t x w readily f]m5t & produce ammonia1 :ile ! nitrog5\s matt] 9 ! undige/$ food & 9 ! /raw us$ = b$d+1 decomposes sl[ly ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions2 & if buri$ :ile fre% 9 a clay soil1 x probably w\ld n all decompose 9 _m ye>s4 ,b we w n discuss ?is at pres5t4 8,! sup]phosphate does n seem to h done mu* good10 said ! ,deacon2 8#c cwt4 p] acre gives an increase ( less ?an two bu%els p] acre4 ,& ,i suppose x 0 good sup]phosphate40 ,!re ne$ be no d\bt on t po9t4 ,bett] sup]phosphate ( lime _c be made4 ,b y mu/ recollect t ?is is pure sup]phosphate made f burnt bones4 ,x conta9s no ammonia or organic matt]4 ,comm]cial sup]phosphates conta9 m or less ammonia1 & _h !y be5 us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 !y w\ld h %[n a bett] result ?an ! pure article4 ,!y w\ld h done good 9 proportion to ! available nitrog5 !y conta9$4 ,if ^! exp]im5ts prove any?+1 !y cle>ly indicate t sup]phosphate alone is a v poor manure = ei!r :eat or b>ley4 ,! second ye>1 ! unmanur$ plot gave #be bu%els p] acre4 ,pota%1 soda1 & magnesia1 7or :at ! ,deacon calls 8a%es107 #bg bu%els2 sup]phosphate #cc1 & 8a%es0 & sup]phosphate1 ne>ly #cf bu%els p] acre4 #ej lbs4 ( ammonia1 alone1 gives ne>ly #ci bu%els1 & ammonia & sup]phosphate toge!r1 #dj bu%els4 ,! sup]phosphate & 8a%es0 give a bett] acc\nt ( !mselves ?is ye>2 b x is rem>kable t ! ammonia alone1 gives almo/ z good a crop z ! ammonia & sup]phosphate1 & a bett] crop ?an ! ammonia & 8a%es10 or ! ammonia1 sup]phosphate1 & a%es1 toge!r4 ,! #ad tons f>m-y>d manure gives ov] #cf bu%els p] acre4 ,?is plot has n[ _h #bh tons ( manure p] acre1 yet ! #ej lbs4 ( ammonia alone1 /ill gives a bett] yield ?an ?is heavy dress+ ( manure4 ,! ?ird season 7#ahed71 0 q favorable = ! rip5+ ( :eat & b>ley4 ,! se$ on ! exp]im5tal b>ley-field1 0 s[n ,feb4 #bd1 & ! h>ve/ 0 late2 s t ! crop _h an unusually long season = gr[?4 ,x 0 "o ( ! ye>s :5 ev5 poor l&1 if clean1 gives a good crop4 ,! unmanur$ plot1 x w be se51 yield$ ov] #ce bu%els p] acre ( dress$ gra91 weigh+ ov] #ec lbs4 p] bu%el4 ,! total weight ( gra91 0 #a1ifc lbs4 ,?is is ov] #dj bu%els p] acre1 ( #dh lbs4 p] bu%el1 :i* is ! /&>d ) u4 ,! #ad tons ( f>m-y>d manure produce ne>ly #ef bu%els p] acre4 #ej lbs4 ( ammonia1 on plot #a;a4 #dg bu%els p] acre4 #ajj 0 0 0 0 0 #a;a4a4 #ef 0 0 ,y w see1 t ?\gh ! plot :i* has receiv$ #db tons ( manure p] acre1 produc$ a spl5did crop2 ! plot hav+ no?+ except #ajj lbs4 ( ammonia p] acre1 produc$ a crop equally good4 8,h[ mu* increase d y get f #ej lbs4 ( ammonia10 ask$ ! ,deacon1 8& h[ mu* f #ajj lbs480 ,equal ,am]4 ,gra94 ,/raw4 ,bu%els4 #ej lbs4 ( ammonia1 gives an increase ( #hjj lbs4 #ieb lbs4 #af bu%4 #ajj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 #a1cej 0 #b1ajj 0 #bh 0 ,if y buy nitrate ( soda at #c c5ts a lb41 ! ammonia w co/ #bj c5ts a lb4 ,9 ! above exp]im5t1 #ej lbs4 ( ammonia1 co/+ #aj1 gives an increase ( #af bu%els ( b>ley1 & ne>ly half a ton ( /raw4 ,if ! /raw is wor? #d4jj p] ton1 ! b>ley w co/ #dh c5ts a bu%el4 ,d\ble ! quantity ( manure1 co/+ #bj1 gives an increase ( #bh bu%els ( b>ley1 & ov] "o ton ( /raw4 ,9 ?is case ! extra b>ley co/s #eg c5ts a bu%el4 ,on plot #b;a41 #ej lbs4 ( ammonia & #c cwt4 ( sup]phosphate1 give #c1dcg lbs4 ( gra91 equal to #ga ( our bu%els p] acre4 ,on plot #b;a4a41 #ajj lbs4 ( ammonia & #c cwt4 ( sup]phosphate1 give #c1fdc lbs4 ( gra91 :i* lacks only #e lbs4 ( #gf bu%els p] acre1 & ne>ly #b tons ( /raw4 8,t w d10 said ! ,deacon1 8b ,i see t 9 #aheg1 ?is same plot1 ) ! same manure1 produc$ #ff bu%els ( dress$ gra9 p] acre1 weigh+ #ec lbs4 to ! bu%el1 or a total weight ( #c1fif lbs41 equal to j #gg ( our bu%els p] acre40 8,& yet10 said ! ,doctor1 8?is same ye>1 ! plot :i* _h #hd tons ( f>m-y>d manure p] acre1 produc$ only #b1iae lbs4 ( gra91 or less ?an #fa ( our bu%els ( b>ley p] acre40 ,! ,squire happ5$ 9 at ?is "t1 & he>d ! la/ rem>k4 8,:at are y say+10 he rem>k$1 8ab\t only #fa bu%els ( b>ley p] acre4 ,i %\ld l to see su* a crop4 ,la/ ye>1 9 ?is neighborhood1 !re 7 hundr$s ( acres ( b>ley t did n yield #bj bu%els p] acre1 & v little ( x w\ld weigh #dd lbs4 to ! bu%el40 ,?is is true4 ,& ! malt/]s f9d x almo/ impossible to get six-r[$ b>ley weigh+ #dh lbs4 p] bu%el4 ,!y told me1 t !y w\ld pay #a4aj p] bu%el = good bright b>ley weigh+ #dh lbs4 p] bu%el1 & = ea* p\nd x weigh$ less ?an ?is1 !y d$uct$ #aj c5ts a bu%el f ! price4 ,9 o!r words1 !y w\ld pay #a4jj a bu%el = b>ley weigh+ #dg lbs4 to ! bu%el2 #ij c5ts = b>ley weigh+ #df lbs42 #hj c5ts = b>ley weigh+ #de lbs41 & #gj c5ts = b>ley weigh+ #dd lbs4--& at ^! figures !y mu* pref]r$ ! heavie/ b>ley4 ,x is c]ta9ly well wor? our :ile1 if we raise b>ley at all1 to see if we _c manage n only to raise l>g] crops p] acre1 b to produce b>ley ( bett] quality4 ,& ^! wond]ful exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,lawes are well wor? c>eful exam9ation & /udy4 ,! ,squire put on 8 spectacles & look$ at ! tables ( figures4 8,l ev]ybody else10 said he1 8y pick out ! big figures1 & to he> y talk1 "o w\ld ?9k y sci5tific g5tlem5 nev] h any poor crops1 & yet ,i see t 9 #ahfj1 !re are ?ree diff]5t crops ( only #ab1 #ab1 & #ac bu%els p] acre40 8,^?10 said ,i1 8are ! ?ree plots :i* h gr[n b>ley e ye> )\t any manure1 & y h select$ ! wor/ ye> ( ! :ole tw5ty40 8,p]haps s10 said ! ,squire1 8b we h got to take ! bad ) ! good1 & ,i h (t5 he>d y say t a good f>m] :o has 8 l& ri* & clean makes m money 9 an unfavorable ?an 9 a favorable season4 ,n[1 ?is ye> #ahfj1 seems to h be5 an unfavorable "o1 & yet y\r pet manure1 sup]phosphate1 only gives an increase ( #adh lbs4 ( b>ley--or ?ree bu%els & #d lbs4 ,yet ?is plot has _h a trem5d\s dress+ ( #c cwt4 ( sup]phosphate ye>ly s9ce #aheb4 ,i always told y y lo/ money 9 buy+ sup]phosphate40 8,t dep5ds on :at y d ) x4 ,i use x = turnips1 & tomatoes1 cabbages1 lettuce1 melons1 cucumb]s1 etc41 & w\ld n l to be )\t x2 b ,i h nev] recomm5d$ any "o to use x on :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 ,indian corn1 or potatoes1 except z an exp]im5t4 ,:at ,i h recomm5d$ y to get = b>ley is1 nitrate ( soda1 & sup]phosphate1 or ,p]uvian guano4 ,& y w see t ev5 9 ?is decid$ly unfavorable season1 ! plot #b;a4a41 dress$ ) sup]phosphate & #bge lbs4 ( nitrate ( soda1 produc$ #b1cch lbs4 ( b>ley1 or #dh bu%els p] acre4 ,?is is an increase ov] ! unmanur$ plots ( #cc bu%els p] acre1 & an increase ( #a1hgb lbs4 ( /raw4 ,& ! plot dress$ ) sup]phosphate & #bjj lbs4 ( salts ( ammonia1 gave equally z good results40 ,& ?is1 m>k y1 is ! ye> :i* ! ,squire select$ z ! "o mo/ likely to %[ t artificial manures did n pay4 8,i nev] knew a man except y10 said ! ,squire1 8:o want$ unfavorable seasons40 ,i h nev] said ,i want$ unfavorable seasons4 ,i %\ld n d>e to say s1 or ev5 to *]i% ! wi% = "o mom5t4 ,b ,i d say1 t :5 we h a season s favorable t ev5 poorly work$ l& w produce a fair crop1 we are almo/ c]ta9 to h prices bel[ ! av]age co/ ( production4 ,b :5 we h an unfavorable season1 su* crops z b>ley1 potatoes1 & beans1 (t5 advance to extravagantly high prices1 & ! f>m] :o has good crops 9 su* a season1 gets some?+ l adequate pay = 8 pati5t wait+1 & = 8 ef=ts to improve 8 l&4 8,t s\nds all v well10 said ! ,squire1 8b w x pay to use ^! artificial manures80 ,i d n wi% to w&] too mu* f ! po9t1 b w\ld l to rem>k be=e ,i answ] t "q1 t ,i am n a special advocate ( artificial manures4 ,i ?9k we c (t5 make manures on our f>ms f> *eap] ?an we c buy !m4 ,b z ! ,squire has ask$ ! "q1 & z he has select$ f ,mr4 ,lawes' results1 ! ye> #ahfj1 ,i w meet him on 8 own gr\nd4 ,he has select$ a season specially unfavorable = ! gr[? ( b>ley4 ,n[1 9 su* an unfavorable ye> 9 ?is c\ntry1 b>ley w\ld be likely to br+1 at lea/1 #a4be p] bu%el1 & 9 a favorable season n ov] #ge c5ts a bu%el4 ,mr4 ,lawes keeps 8 l& clean1 :i* is m ?an c be said ( _m b>ley-gr[]s4 ,& 9 ?is unfavorable season ( #ahfj1 he gets on 8 ?ree unmanur$ plots an av]age ( #gcj lbs4 ( b>ley1 equal to #ae bu%els p] acre1 & n q #hjj lbs4 ( /raw4 ,_m ( our f>m]s frequ5tly d no bett] ?an ?is4 ,& y mu/ recollect t 9 su* c>eful exp]im5ts z ^? ( ,mr4 ,lawes & ,dr4 ,gilb]t1 great pa9s w\ld be tak5 to get all ! b>ley t grew on ! l&4 ,) u1 b>ley is cut ) a reap]1 & admirable z our ma*9es are1 x is n an easy matt] to cut a light1 sp9dl+ crop ( b>ley p]fectly clean4 ,!n1 9 pit*+ ! crop & draw+ x 91 m or less b>ley is scatt]$1 & ev5 aft] we h be5 ov] ! field two or ?ree times ) a /eel-too? rake1 !re is /ill consid]able b>ley left on ! gr\nd4 ,i ?9k we may safely assume t at lea/ z mu* b>ley is left on ! gr\nd z we usually s[--say two bu%els p] acre4 ,& s1 in/ead ( hav+ #ae bu%els p] acre1 z ,mr4 ,lawes _h1 we %\ld only h>ve/ #ac bu%els4 ,( all our ord9>y f>m crops1 b>ley is att5d$ ) ! lea/ labor & exp5se4 ,we usually s[ x aft] corn or potatoes4 ,on su* /rong l& z t ( ,mr4 ,lawes1 we ought to pl[ ! l& 9 ! autumn & aga9 9 ! spr+1 or at lea/ /ir up ! l& ?or\ghly ) a two or ?ree-horse cultivator or gang-pl[4 ,let u say t ! co/ ( pl[+1 h>r[+1 drill+1 & roll+1 is #e4jj p] acre4 ,se$1 #b4jj4 ,h>ve/+1 #b4jj4 ,?re%+1 #f c5ts a bu%el4 ,receipts3 #ac bu%els b>ley #a4be #af4eg #hjj lbs4 ( /raw #d4 p] ton #a4fj ------ ,putt+ 9 & h>ve/+ ! crop #i4jj ,?re%+ #ac bu%els #f;c 4#hj #i4hj ------ ,r5t & pr(it p] acre #h4cg 8,t is a bett] %[+ ?an ,i expect$10 said ! ,squire1 8& z b>ley occupies ! l& only a few mon?s1 & z we s[ :eat aft] x1 we _c expect l>ge pr(its40 8,v well10 said ,i1 8,n[ let u take ! crop1 ?is same unfavorable ye>1 on plot #b;a4a41 dress$ ) sup]phosphate & nitrate ( soda40 ,! exp5se ( pl[+1 h>r[+1 drill+1 roll+1 se$1 & h>ve/+1 w\ld be ab\t ! same1 or we w say #b4jj an acre m = extra labor 9 h>ve/+4 ,& we w all[ two bu%els p] acre = scatt]+s--?\gh !re is no?+ l z mu* b>ley left on ! gr\nd :5 we h a good crop1 z :5 we h a poor crop4 ,b ,i want to be lib]al4 ,! yield on plot #b;a4a41 0 #dh bu%els p] acre1 & #b1gae lbs4 ( /raw4 ,receipts3 #df bu%els #a4be #eh4dc #b1gae lbs4 /raw #d4 p] ton #e4dc ------ #fc4hf ,putt+ 9 ! crop & h>ve/+ #aa4jj ,?re%+ #df bu%els #f c #b4hj #bge lbs4 nitrate ( soda #d c #aa4jj #cib lbs4 sup]phosphate #b c #g4hd ------ #cb4fd ------ ,r5t & pr(it #ca4bb ,9 ord9>y f>m practice1 ,i feel sure we c d bett] ?an ?is4 ,gr[+ b>ley ye> aft] ye> on ! same l&1 is n ! mo/ economical way ( gett+ ! full value ( ! manure4 ,!re is mu* nitrog5 & phosphoric acid left 9 ! l&1 :i* b>ley or ev5 :eat does n seem capable ( tak+ up1 b :i* w\ld probably be ( great b5efit to ! clov]4 ,,manure ,,& ,,rotation ,,( ,,crops4 ,! old notion t !re is any real *emical necessity = a rotation ( crops is unf\nd$4 ,:eat c be gr[n aft] :eat1 & b>ley aft] b>ley1 & corn aft] corn1 provid$ we use ! necess>y manures & get ! soil clean & 9 ! "r me*anical condition4 8,:at1 !n1 d we ga9 by a rotation80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 ,mu* e way4 ,a good rotation enables u to clean ! l&4 ,we c put 9 diff]5t crops at diff]5t seasons4 8,s we c\ld10 broke 9 ! ,deacon1 8if we s[$ :eat aft] :eat1 b>ley aft] b>ley1 & corn aft] corn40 ,true1 b if we s[$ w9t]-:eat aft] w9t]-:eat1 !re w\ld n be "t en\gh to clean ! l&4 8,j z mu* z :5 we s[ :eat aft] oats1 or peas1 or b>ley40 8,true aga91 ,deacon10 ,i repli$1 8b we are suppos$ to h clean$ ! l& :ile x 0 9 corn ! previ\s ye>4 ,i say suppos$1 because 9 po9t ( fact1 _m ( our f>m]s d n half clean _! l& :ile x is 9 corn4 ,x is ! weak spot 9 our agriculture4 ,if our l& 0 z clean z x %\ld be to />t )1 !re is no rotation s conv5i5t 9 ?is section1 z corn ! fir/ ye>1 b>ley1 peas1 or oats ! second ye>1 foll[$ by w9t]-:eat se$$ d[n4 ,b to c>ry out ?is rotation to ! be/ advantage we ne$ artificial manures40 8,b w !y pay80 asks ! ,deacon4 8,!y w pay well1 provid$ we c get !m at a fair price & get fair prices = our produce4 ,if we c\ld get a good sup]phosphate made f ,*>le/on phosphates = #a c5t p] lb41 & nitrate ( soda = #c or #d c5ts p] lb41 & ! ,g]man pota%-salts = c5t p] lb41 & c\ld get on ! av]age #a4be p] bu%el = b>ley1 & #a4ge = good :ite :eat1 we c\ld use ^! manures to great advantage40 8,no?+ l b>n-y>d manure10 says ! ,deacon4 ,no d\bt on t po9t1 provid$ x is good manure4 ,b>n-y>d manure1 :e!r ri* or poor1 conta9s all ! elem5ts ( plant-food1 b !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ri* & poor manure4 ,! ri* manure conta9s twice or ?ree times z mu* nitrog5 & phosphoric acid z ord9>y or poor manure4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y artificial manures are valuable 9 proportion to ! nitrog5 & phosphoric acid t !y conta9 9 an available condition4 ,:5 we use two or ?ree hundr$ p\nds p] acre ( a good artificial manure we 9 effect1 directly or indirectly1 conv]t poor manure into ri* manure4 ,!re is manure 9 our soil1 b x is poor4 ,!re is manure 9 our b>n-y>d1 b x is poor also4 ,nitrog5 & phosphoric acid w make ^! manures ri*4 ,?is is ! reason :y a few p\nds ( a good artificial manure w produce z great an effect z tons ( common manure4 ,dep5d ^u x1 ! com+ f>m] w avail himself ( ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 & w use m artificial f]tiliz]s4 ,b :e!r we use artificial f]tiliz]s or f>m-y>d manure1 we %all n get ! full effect ( ! manures unless we adopt a judici\s rotation ( crops4 ,:5 we s[ :eat aft] :eat1 or b>ley aft] b>ley1 or oats aft] oats1 we c]ta9ly d n get ! full effect ( ! manures us$4 ,mr4 ,lawes' exp]im5ts af=d conclusive evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,y w recollect t 9 #ahdf1 "o ( ! plots ( :eat 7#aj;b71 :i* _h receiv$ a lib]al dress+ ( salts ( ammonia ! ye> previ\s1 0 left )\t manure1 & ! yield ( :eat on ?is plot 0 no great] ?an on ! plot :i* 0 cont9u\sly unmanur$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ammonia :i* 0 left 9 ! soil f ! previ\s ye>1 _h no effect on ! :eat4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! am\nt ( nitrog5 furni%$ by ! manure1 & ! am\nt recov]$ 9 ! crop1 :5 :eat is gr[n aft] :eat = a s]ies ( ye>s1 & also :5 b>ley is gr[n aft] b>ley1 & oats aft] oats4 ,table ,%[+ ! ,am\nt ( ,nitrog5 ,recov]$1 & ,n ,recov]$1 9 ,increase ( ,produce1 = #ajj ,suppli$ 9 ,manure4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,= #ajj ,nitrog5 ,p 9 ,manure l ,manures ,p] ,acre1 ,p] ,annum4 -------------------- o ,recov]$ ,n ,rec'd t 9 9 s ,increase4 ,increase4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,:eat--#bj ,ye>s1 #aheb-ahga4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #f ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #bjj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts 7 #da lbs4 ,nitrog57 #cb4d #fg4f #g ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #djj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts 7 #hb lbs4 ,nitrog57 #cb4i #fg4a #h ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #fjj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts 7 #abc lbs4 ,nitrog57 #ca4e #fh4e #af ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #hjj lbs4#a ,ammonia-salts 7 #afd lbs4 ,nitrog57 #bh4e #ga4e #i;,a ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #eej lbs4#b ,nitrate ,soda 7 #hb lbs4 ,nitrog57 #de4c #ed4g #b #ad tons ,f>my>d-,manure e ye>4 #ad4f #he4d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,b>ley--#bj ,ye>s1 #aheb-ahga4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #d;,a ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #bjj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts 7 #da lbs4 ,nitrog57 #dh4a #ea4i #d;,,aa,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #djj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts 7 #hb lbs4 ,nitrog57 #di4h #ej4b #f ye>s1 #aheb-'eg ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #bjj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts 7 #da lbs4 ,nitrog57 #aj ye>s1 #aheh-'fg ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #bge lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda 7 #da lbs4 ,nitrog57 #d ye>s1 #ahfh-'ga #d;,c ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #bjjj lbs4 ,rape-cake 7 #ie lbs4 ,nitrog57 #cf4c #fc4g #f ye>s1 #aheb-'eg ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #ajjj lbs4 ,rape-cake 7 #dg4e lbs4 ,nitrog57 #ad ye>s1 #aheh-'ga #g #ad tons ,f>my>d-,manure e ye>4 #aj4g #hi4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,oats--#c ,ye>s1 #ahfi-ahga4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #d ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #djj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts 7 #hb lbs4 ,nitrog57 #ea4i #dh4a #f ,mix$ ,m9]al ,manure & #eej lbs4 ,nitrate ,soda 7 #hb lbs4 ,nitrog57 #ej4d #di4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,note #a3 #ac ye>s only1 #aheb-ahfd4 ,note #b3 #dge lbs4 ,nitrate #ga lbs4 ,nitrog5 9 #aheb2 #bge lbs4 #da lbs4 ,nitrog5 9 #ahec & #ahed2 #eej lbs4 #hb lbs4 ,nitrog5 ea* ye> aft]w>ds4 ,x is n necess>y to make any comm5ts on ?is table4 ,x speaks = itself2 b x does n tell half ! /ory4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case ( :eat & b>ley1 x gives ! av]age result = #bj ye>s4 ,x %[s t :5 #ajj lbs4 ( nitrog5 9 a soluble & available =m1 are appli$ to :eat1 ab\t #fh lbs4 are left 9 ! soil4 ,b y mu/ recollect t #ajj lbs4 0 appli$ aga9 ! next ye>1 & no acc\nt is tak5 ( ! #fh lbs4 left 9 ! soil--& s on = #bj ye>s4 ,9 o!r words1 on plot #h1 = in/ance1 #b1dfj lbs4 ( nitrog5 h be5 appli$1 & only #gge lbs4 h be5 recov]$ 9 ! total produce ( gra91 /raw1 & *aff1 & #a1fhe lbs4 h be5 left 9 ! soil4 ,mr4 ,lawes e/imates1 f sev]al analyses1 t 8 f>m-y>d manure conta9s #j4fcg p] c5t ( nitrog51 #b4gf p] c5t ( m9]al matt]1 & #bg4bd p] c5t ( organic matt]1 & #gj p] c5t ( wat]4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! plot dress$ ) #ad tons ( manure e ye>1 = #bj ye>s1 has receiv$ #c1iie lbs4 ( nitrog51 ( :i* #ehc lbs4 7 recov]$ 9 ! produce1 & #c1daa lbs4 7 left 9 ! soil4 ,9 ! case ( b>ley1 #c1iie lbs4 ( nitrog5 0 appli$ dur+ ! #bj ye>s to ! plot dress$ ) f>m-y>d manure1 ( :i* #dbg lbs4 7 recov]$ 9 ! crop1 & #c1efg lbs4 left 9 ! soil4 8,i see10 said ! ,deacon1 8t b>ley gets less ( ! goodness out ( f>m-y>d manure ?an :eat1 b t x gets m out ( ! salts ( ammonia & nitrate ( soda4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = t80 8,i suppose1 because ! manure = :eat 0 appli$ 9 ! autumn1 & ! ra9s ( w9t] & spr+ dissolv$ m ( ! plant-food ?an w\ld be ! case if ! manure 0 appli$ 9 ! spr+4 ,if ! manure _h be5 appli$ on ! surface1 in/ead ( pl[+ x "u1 ,i believe ! effect w\ld h be5 /ill m 9 favor ( ! autumn-manur+40 ,:5 ! nitrog5 is 9 an available condition1 spr+ b>ley c take up & utilize a l>g] proportion ( ! nitrog5 ?an w9t] :eat4 ,nei!r ! :eat nor ! b>ley c get at & take up half :at is appli$1 & ?is1 not)/&+ ! fact t a heavy dew or a slight ra9 furni%es wat] en\gh on an acre to dissolve a lib]al dress+ ( nitrate ( soda or sulphate & muriate ( ammonia4 ,! tru? is1 ! soil is v cons]vative4 ,x does n1 =tunately = u1 yield up all its plant-food 9 a ye>4 ,we h se5 t :5 :eat or b>ley is dress$ ) soluble ammonia-salts or nitrate ( soda1 a consid]able am\nt ( ! nitrog5 is left 9 ! soil--& yet ?is nitrog5 is ( comp>atively little b5efit to ! succe$+ crops ( :eat or b>ley1 :ile a fre% dress+ ( ammonia-salts or nitrate ( soda is ( great b5efit to ! crop4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 :eat is s[n aft] :eat1 or b>ley aft] b>ley1 we d n get half ! b5efit f ! manure :i* x is !oretically capable ( produc+4 ,n[1 ! "q is1 :e!r by a judici\s rotation ( crops1 we c avoid ?is great loss ( manure8 ,!re 0 a "t :5 x 0 ?\ght t ! gr[? ( turnips enri*$ ! soil4 ,i h he>d x said1 aga9 & aga91 t ! reason ,engli% f>m]s gr[ l>g] crops ( :eat & b>ley ?an we d1 is because !y gr[ s _m acres ( turnips4 8,s ,i h (t5 he>d10 said ! ,deacon1 8& ,i suppos$ ! broad turnip leaves absorb$ nitrog5 f ! atmosph]e40 ,!re is no evid5ce t leaves h any su* p[]2 :ile !re are _m facts :i* po9t 9 an opposite direction4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t seem to %[ t ! m]e gr[? ( turnips does n enri* l& = gra9 crops4 ,turnips 7 gr[n on ! same l&1 ye> aft] ye>1 = t5 ye>s4 ,! l& 0 !n pl[$ & s[n to b>ley = ?ree ye>s4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! results3 ,?ree ,ye>s ( ,b>ley ,aft] ,t5 ,ye>s ( ,turnips4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,produce ( ,b>ley p] ,acre4 ,p>ticul>s ( ,manures1 etc4 ------------------------- #ahec4 #ahed4 #ahee4;,av]age #c ye>s ---------------------------------------- --------------------- bu%4 bu%4 bu%4 bu%4 ,hoos-,field-- ,b>ley1 )\t manure1 aft] #c #bf #ce #cd #ca corn-crops ,b>n-,field-- ,b>ley1 aft] #aj yrs4 ,turnips manur$ z "u-- #a4--,m9]al manures 7la/ #h ye>s7 #bj #ai #bj #bj #b4--,m9]al manures 7#h yrs472 ,ammonia-salts 7#f yrs474 #bc #ba #ba #bb #c4--,m9]al manures 7#h yrs472 ,rape-cake 7#f yrs47 #bh #bd #bc #be #d4--,m9]al manures 7#h yrs472 ,ammonia-salts & ,rape-cake 7#f yrs47 #bi #bc #bc #be #e4--,m9]al manures 7#h yrs472 ,ammonia-salts1 = ,b>ley1 #ahed 7#bj7 #eb #bf #ci #f4--,m9]al manures 7#h yrs472 ,ammonia-salts1 = ,b>ley1 '#ed & '#ee 7#bj7 #ed #di #dg ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! yield ( b>ley aft] turnips is less ?an x is aft] gra9 crops1 & x is evid5t t ?is is due to a lack ( available nitrog5 9 ! soil4 ,9 o!r words1 ! turnips leave less available nitrog5 9 ! soil ?an gra9 crops4 ,aft] allud+ to ! facts giv5 9 ! =ego+ table1 ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t say3 8,!re is evid5ce ( ano!r k9d t may be cit$ z %[+ t x 0 ( available nitrog5 t ! turnips _h r5d]$ ! soil s defici5t = ! aft]-gr[? ( b>ley4 ,x may be assum$ t1 on ! av]age1 betwe5 #be & #cj lbs4 ( nitrog5 w\ld be annually remov$ f ! ,ro?am/$ soil by :eat or b>ley gr[n ye> aft] ye> )\t nitrog5\s manure4 ,b x is e/imat$ t f ! m9]al-manur$ turnip-plots !re 71 ov] ! #aj ye>s1 m ?an #ej lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre p] annum remov$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 on "s ( ! plots1 small quantities ( ammonia-salts or rape-cake 7 appli$ 9 ! fir/ two ye>s ( ! t5 ( turnips1 x is1 p]haps1 m to ! purpose to take ! av]age ov] ! la/ #h ye>s ( turnips only2 & ?is w\ld %[ ab\t #de lbs4 ( nitrog5 remov$ p] acre p] annum4 ,an immat]ial proportion ( ?is might be due to ! small am\nts ( nitrog5\s manures appli$ 9 ! fir/ two ye>s4 ,/ill1 x may be assum$ t ab\t #a "t z mu* nitrog5 0 remov$ f ! l& = #h1 if n = #aj ye>s1 9 succession1 z w\ld h be5 tak5 9 an equal numb] ( crops ( :eat or b>ley gr[n )\t nitrog5\s manure4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t consid]ably less b>ley has be5 gr[n 9 #c ye>s aft] a s]ies ( m9]al-manur$ turnip-crops1 ?an 0 obta9$ 9 ano!r field aft] a less numb] ( corn-crops4 8,! results obta9$ 9 ,b>n-field af=d a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! turnip-plant on a supply ( available nitrog5 )9 ! soil1 & ( its comp>atively great p[] ( exhau/+ x4 ,!y are also p]fectly consi/5t ) ^? 9 ,hoos-field1 9 %[+ t m9]al manures w n yield fair crops ( b>ley1 unless !re be1 )9 ! soil1 a lib]al supply ( available nitrog54 ,! results obta9$ "u su* v diff]5t conditions 9 ! two fields are1 9 fact1 /rik+ly mutually confirmatory40 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,manures ,,= ,,oats4 8,:at is ! use ( talk+ ab\t manure = oats10 said ! ,deacon1 8if l& is n ri* en\gh to produce oats )\t manure1 x c]ta9ly w n pay to manure !m4 ,we c use our manure on "s crop t w pay bett]40 8,t is precisely :at we want to "k10 said ,i4 8,v likely y are "r1 b h y any evid5ce80 8,evid5ce ( :at80 8,h y any facts t %[1 = in/ance1 t x w pay bett] to use manure = :eat or b>ley ?an = oats80 8,c't say t ,i h1 b ,i ?9k manure w pay bett] on :eat ?an on oats40 ,mr4 ,lawes is mak+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on oats4 ,let u take a ha/y glance at ! results ( ! fir/ two seasons3 ,exp]im5ts on ,oats at ,ro?am/$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,gra91 9 ,/raw1 ,weight p] bu%els4 cwts4 bu%el1 lbs4 ,manures p] ,acre4 ------------------------------- #ahfi #ahgj #ahfi #ahgj #ahfi #ahgj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a4--,no manure #cf #af #ai #i #cf #ce #b4--,mix$ ,alkalies & ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime #de #ai #bd #i #ch #ce #c4--djj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts #ef #cg #cf #ag #cg #cd #d4--,mix$ ,alkalies & ,sup]phosphate1 & #djj lbs4 ,ammonia-salts #ge #ej #ed #bh #ci #cf #e4--eej lbs4 ,nitrate ( ,soda #fb #cf #db #bc #ch #ce #f4--,mix$ ,alkalies1 ,sup]phosphate1 & #eej lbs4 ,nitrate ( ,soda #fi #ej #di #bh #ch #ce ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,x seems cle> t1 = oats1 z = b>ley & :eat1 :at we mo/ ne$ 9 manure1 is available nitrog54 ,! fir/ ye>1 ! no-manure plot produc$ #cf bu%els ( oats p] acre1 weigh+ #cf lbs4 p] bu%el1 & plot #c1 ) ammonia-salts alone1 #ef bu%els1 & ) nitrate ( soda alone1 on plot #e1 #fb bu%els p] acre1 bo? weigh+ #ch lbs4 p] bu%el4 ,9 o!r words1 #hb lbs4 ( available nitrog5 9 ! salts ( ammonia gave an increase ( ab\t #bj bu%els p] acre1 & ! same quantity ( nitrog5 9 nitrate ( soda an increase ( #bf bu%els p] acre4 ,! next ye>1 ! season seems to h be5 a v unfavorable "o = oats4 ,! no-manure plot produc$ less ?an #ag bu%els p] acre2 & ! 8a%es0 & sup]phosphate on plot #b1 give an increase ( less ?an #c bu%els p] acre4 ,b x w be se5 t on plot #c ! ammonia-salts d z mu* good 9 ?is unfavorable season z 9 ! favorable "o4 ,!y give an increase ( ov] #bj bu%els p] acre4 8,a few su* facts z ?is10 said ! ,deacon1 8w\ld almo/ p]suade me t y are "r 9 cont5d+ t x is 9 ! unfavorable seasons1 :5 prices are sure to be high 9 ?is c\ntry1 t a good f>m] /&s ! be/ *ance to make money40 8,:]e mix$ alkalies & sup]phosphate10 said ! ,doctor1 8are add$ to ! ammonia1 ! increase f ! ammonia is f> great] ?an :]e ammonia is us$ alone4 ,9 o!r words1 by comp>+ plot #b & plot #d1 y w see t ! ammonia gives an increase ( #cj bu%els p] acre 9 #ahfi1 & #ca bu%els 9 #ahgj40 ,! tru? ( ! matt] probably is ?is3 #ajj lbs4 ( available ammonia p] acre is an excessive supply1 :5 us$ alone4 ,& 9 fact ,mr4 ,lawes himself only recomm5ds ab\t half ?is quantity4 ,:e!r x w pay u to use artificial manures on oats dep5ds on ! price we are likely to get = ! oats4 ,:5 ! price ( oats p] lb4 & oat-/raw is z high z b>ley & b>ley-/raw p] lb41 !n x w pay a little bett] to use manure on oats ?an on b>ley4 ,z a rule 9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 good b>ley is wor? m p] lb4 ?an good oats2 & x w usually pay bett] to use artificial manures on b>ley ?an on oats4 ,"s ye>s ago ,mr4 ,ba?1 ( ,virg9ia1 made "s exp]im5ts on oats ) ! foll[+ results3 ,bu%els ( oats p] acre4 ,no4 #a--bjj lbs4 ,sup]phosphate #bb ,no4 #b--bjj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano #dh ,no4 #c--ajj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano #cb ,! oats 7 s[n ,m>* #ac1 & ! crop h>ve/$ ,july #d4 ,9 #ahfj1 ,i made "s exp]im5ts ) gypsum1 sup]phosphate1 & sulphate ( ammonia z a top-dress+ on oats4 ,! l& 0 a clov]-sod1 pl[$ ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 & ! oats s[n ,may #bj4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,may1 j z ! oats 7 com+ up1 ! manures 7 s[n broadca/4 ,! oats 7 s[n too late to obta9 ! be/ results4 ,on ano!r field1 :]e ! oats 7 s[n two weeks e>li]1 ! crop 0 decid$ly bett]4 ,! oats 7 cut ,augu/ #bh4 ,! foll[+ is ! result3 ,exp]im5ts on ,oats at ,moreton ,f>m1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,bu%els ,weight_/ ,/raw ,plots4 ,manures p] ,acre4 ( ,oats_/,bu%el p] acre acre4 9 lbs4 9 lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,no4 #a ,no manure #cf #bb #a1ieh #b #fjj lbs4 ,gypsum 7,sulphate ( ,lime7 #dg #bf #b1dge #c #cjj lbs4 ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime #ej #ba #b1dge #d #cjj lbs4 ,sulphate ( ,ammonia #ej #bb #b1gcj #e #cjj lbs4 ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime1 & #cjj lbs4 ,sulphate ( ,ammonia #ea #bb #b1ege ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made :5 my l& 0 n z clean z x is n[4 ,i presume ! we$s got m b5efit f ! ammonia ?an ! oats4 ,to top-dress f\l l& ) exp5sive artificial manures is money ?r[n away4 ,if ! l& _h be5 pl[$ 9 ! autumn1 & ! se$ & manures c\ld h be5 put 9 e>ly 9 ! spr+1 ,i presume we %\ld h _h m favorable results4 8,are y n a%am$ to ackn[l$ge10 said ! ,deacon1 8t y h ev] rais$ oats weigh+ only #bb lbs4 p] bu%el40 ,no4 ,i h rais$ ev5 worse crops ?an ?is--& s has ! ,deacon4 ,b ,i made up my m9d t su* f>m+ did n pay1 & ,i h be5 try+ h>d s9ce !n to clean my l& & get x into bett] condition4 ,& until ?is is done1 x is useless to talk mu* ( artificial manures4 ,! mo/ /rik+ result is ! effect ( ! gypsum4 ,x n only gave an increas$ yield ( #aa bu%els p] acre1 b ! oats 7 ( decid$ly bett] quality1 & !re 0 ne>ly half a ton m /raw p] acre ?an on ! plot alongside1 :]e no manure 0 us$4 ,! sup]phosphate 0 a good article1 simil> to t us$ 9 ,mr4 ,lawes' exp]im5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,manures ,,= ,,potatoes4 ,"s "t ago1 a f>m] 9 ,p5nsylvania wrote me t he want$ 8to raise a fir/-rate crop ( potatoes40 ,i answ]$ him z foll[s ?r\gh ! ,am]ican ,agriculturi/3 8,!re are _m ways ( do+ ?is4 ,b z y only ent] on ! f>m ?is spr+1 y w "w to disadvantage4 ,to obta9 ! be/ results1 x is necess>y to prep>e = ! crop two or ?ree ye>s be=eh&4 ,all t y c d ?is ye> is to select ! be/ l& on ! f>m1 put on #djj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano1 cultivate ?or\ghly1 & suff] n a we$ to gr[4 ,a two or ?ree-ye>-old clov]-sod1 on w>m1 ri*1 s&y loam1 gives a good *ance = potatoes4 ,d n pl[ until y are ready to plant4 ,s[ ! guano broadca/ aft] pl[+1 & h>r[ x 91 or apply a tablespoonful 9 ea* hill1 & mix x ) ! soil4 ,m>k out ! r[s1 bo? ways1 ?ree feet ap>t1 & drop a fair-siz$ potato 9 ea* hill4 ,/>t ! cultivator z soon z ! r[s c be di/+ui%$1 & repeat e week or t5 days until !re is dang] ( di/urb+ ! roots4 ,we usually hill up a little1 mak+ a broad1 flat hill4 ,a tablespoonful ( pla/]1 du/$ on ! "y plants soon aft] !y come up1 w usually d good4 ,we recomm5d guano1 because 9 our exp]i5ce x does n increase ! rot4 ,b x is only fair to add1 t we h n f\nd ev5 b>n-y>d manure1 if ?or\ghly rott$ & well mix$ ) ! soil ! fall previ\s1 half s injuri\s z "s p w\ld h u suppose4 ,if any "o w put #be loads p] acre on our potato l&1 we w agree to plant & run ! risk ( ! rot4 ,b we w\ld use "s guano z well4 ,! tru? is1 t x is useless to expect a l>ge crop ( potatoes1 say #cej bu%els p] acre1 )\t pl5ty ( manure40 ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! potato-beetle made its appe>ance4 ,b ,i ?9k ,i %\ld say ! same ?+ n[--only put x a little /rong]4 ,! tru? is1 x w n pay to 8fight ! bugs0 on a poor crop ( potatoes4 ,we mu/ select ! be/ l& we h & make x z ri* z possible4 8,b :y d y recomm5d ,p]uvian guano10 ask$ ! ,doctor1 8r ?an sup]phosphate or a%es8 ,potatoes conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( pota%1 & "o w\ld expect consid]able b5efit f an application ( a%es40 8,a%es1 pla/]1 & h5-dung10 said ! ,judge1 8w at any rate pay well on potatoes4 ,i h tri$ ?is mixture aga9 & aga91 & always ) good effect40 8,i believe 9 ! h5-dung10 said ,i1 8& possibly 9 ! pla/]1 b on my l&1 a%es d n seem to be specially b5eficial on potatoes1 :ile ,i h r>ely us$ ,p]uvian guano )\t good effect2 & sometimes x has prov$ wond]fully pr(itable1 ow+ to ! high price ( potatoes40 ,sometime ago1 ,i _h a visit f "o ( ! mo/ ent]pris+ & successful f>m]s 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york4 8,:at ,i want to le>n10 he said1 8is h[ to make manure en\gh to keep my l& 9 good condition4 ,i sell no?+ b beans1 potatoes1 :eat1 & apples4 ,i fe$ out all my corn1 oats1 /alks1 /raw1 & hay on ! f>m1 & draw into ! b>n-y>d ! potato-v9es & ev]y?+ else t w rot into manure4 ,i make a big pile ( x4 ,b ! po9t ) me is to f9d out :at is ! be/ /ock to fe$ ?is /raw1 /alks1 hay1 oats1 & corn to1 s z to make ! be/ manure & return ! l>ge/ pr(it4 ,la/ ye> ,i b\ght a lot ( /e]s to fe$ 9 w9t]1 & lo/ money4 ,?is fall ,i b\ght #fh head ( c[s to w9t]1 int5d+ to sell !m 9 ! spr+40 8,:at did !y co/ y80 8,i w5t into ,wyom+ & ,catt>augus ,c\nties1 & pick$ !m up among ! dairy f>m]s1 & select$ a v fair lot ( c[s at an av]age ( #bb p] head4 ,i expect to sell !m z new mil* c[s 9 ! spr+4 ,su* c[s la/ spr+ w\ld h be5 wor? #fj to #gj ea*40 8,t w pay4 ,b x is n (t5 ! gra9-gr[] gets su* a *ance to fe$ out 8 /raw1 /alks1 & o!r fodd] to advantage4 ,x _c be adopt$ z a p]man5t sy/em4 ,x is bad = ! dairyman1 & no real help to ! gra9-gr[]4 ,! manure is n ri* en\gh4 ,/raw & /alks alone c n be f$ to advantage4 ,& :5 y w9t] c[s to sell aga9 9 ! spr+1 x w n pay to fe$ gra94 ,if y 7 go+ to keep ! c[s x w\ld pay well4 ,! fat & fle% y put on 9 ! w9t] w\ld be return$ 9 ! =m ( butt] & *eese next summ]40 8,:y is n ! manure good8 ,i am c>eful to save ev]y?+1 & expect sev5 or eight hundr$ loads ( manure 9 ! spr+40 8,y _h #fj acres ( :eat t yield$ #be bu%els p] acre1 & h probably ab\t #ej tons ( :eat /raw4 ,y _h also #cj acres oats1 t yield$ #ej bu%els p] acre1 say #ce tons ( /raw4 ,y\r #bj acres ( corn produc$ #dj bu%els ( %ell$ corn p] acre2 say ! /alks weigh #cj tons4 ,& y h #fj tons ( hay1 half clov] & half timo?y4 ,let u see :at y\r manure f ?is am\nt ( gra9 & fodd] is wor?4 ,manures f #ej tons :eat-/raw1 #b4fh #acd4jj #ce tons oat-/raw1 #b4ij #aja4ej #cj tons corn-/alks1 #c4eh #ajg4dj #cj tons timo?y-hay1 #f4dc #aib4ij #cj tons clov]-hay1 #i4fd #bhi4bj #ad tons oats 7#a1ejj bu%471 #g4gj #ajg4hj #bd tons corn 7#hjj bu%els71 #f4fe #aei4fj --------- ,total #bac tons #a1jib4dj 8,?is is ! value ( ! manure on ! l&4 ,assum+ t !re are #fjj loads1 & t ! labor ( clean+ out ! /ables1 pil+1 c>t+1 & spread+ ! manure is wor? #cj c5ts p] load1 or #ahj1 we h #iab4dj z ! net value ( ! manure4 8,n[1 y\r #bej-;acre f>m might be s manag$ t ?is am\nt ( manure annually appli$ w\ld soon greatly increase its f]tility4 ,b y d n ?9k y c af=d to summ]-fall[1 & y want to raise ?irty or =ty acres ( potatoes e ye>40 8,i propose to d s10 he repli$4 8,situat$ z ,i am1 close to a good %ipp+ /ation1 no crop pays me bett]4 ,my potatoes ?is ye> h av]ag$ me ov] #ajj p] acre40 8,v good4 ,b x is p]fectly cle> to my m9d t soon] or lat]1 y mu/ ei!r f>m sl[] or fe$ high]4 ,& 9 y\r case1 situat$ close to a village :]e y c get pl5ty ( help1 & ) a good %ipp+ /ation ne> by1 y _h bett] adopt ! latt] plan4 ,y mu/ fe$ high]1 & make ri*] manure4 ,y n[ fe$ out #bac tons ( /uff1 & make #fjj loads ( manure1 wor? #iab4dj4 ,by fe$+ out "o ?ird1 or #ga tons m1 y c m ?an d\ble ! value ( ! manure4 #ej tons ( bran or mill-fe$ w\ld give manure wor? #gbi4ej #ba tons decorticat$ cotton-se$ cake #ehe4jf --------- #a1cad4ef 8,buy & fe$ out ?is am\nt ( bran & cake1 & y w\ld h #hjj loads ( manure1 wor? on ! l& #b1bbf4if1 or1 e/imat+ z be=e t x co/ #cj c5ts a load to h&le x1 its net value w\ld be #a1ihf4if40 ,i am well aw>e t comp>atively few f>m]s 9 ?is section c af=d to adopt ?is plan ( enri*+ _! l&4 ,we want bett] /ock4 ,i d n "k :]e ,i c\ld buy a lot ( /e]s t x w\ld pay to fatt5 9 ! w9t]4 ,^? f>m]s :o raise good grade ,%or?orn or ,devon cattle are n ! m5 to sell !m half-fat at l[ rates4 ,!y c fatt5 !m z well z ,i c4 ,= "s "t to come1 ! f>m] :o proposes to fe$ lib]ally1 w h to raise 8 own /ock4 ,he c r>ely buy well-br$ animals to fatt54 ,a good f>m] mu/ be a good f>m] ?r\gh\t4 ,he c n be good 9 spots4 ,8 l& mu/ be dra9$1 well-work$1 & free f we$s4 ,if he crops heavily he mu/ manure heavily1 & to d ?is he mu/ fe$ lib]ally--& he c n af=d to fe$ lib]ally unless he has good /ock4 8,i h1 myself1 no d\bt b y are "r on ?is po9t10 said ! ,doctor1 8b all ?is takes "t4 ,suppose a f>m] becomes satisfi$ t ! manure he makes is n ri* en\gh4 ,to tell him1 :5 he is anxi\s to raise a good crop ( potatoes next ye>1 t he mu/ g to "w & improve 8 /ock ( cattle1 %eep1 & sw9e1 & !n buy bran & oil-cake to make ri*] manure1 is some:at tantaliz+40 ,?is is true1 & 9 su* a case1 in/ead ( add+ nitrog5 & phosphoric acid to 8 manure 9 ! %ape ( bran1 oil-cake1 etc41 he c buy nitrog5 & phosphoric acid 9 guano or 9 nitrate ( soda & sup]phosphate4 ,?is gives him ri*] manure2 :i* is precisely :at he wants = 8 potatoes4 ,8 poor manure is n s mu* defici5t 9 pota% z 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 & consequ5tly x is nitrog5 & phosphoric acid t he w probably ne$ to make 8 soil capable ( produc+ a l>ge crop ( potatoes4 ,i h se5 ,p]uvian guano ext5sively us$ on potatoes1 & almo/ always ) good effect4 ,my fir/ exp]i5ce ) x 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 9 #aheb4 ,f\r acres ( potatoes 7 plant$ on a two-ye>-old clov]-sod1 pl[$ 9 ! spr+4 ,on two acres1 ,p]uvian guano 0 s[n broadca/ at ! rate ( #cjj lbs4 p] acre & h>r[$ 94 ,! potatoes 7 plant$ ,may #aj4 ,on ! o!r two acres no manure ( any k9d 0 us$1 ?\gh treat$ exactly alike 9 e o!r respect4 ,! result 0 z foll[s3 ,no manure #aai bu%els p] acre4 #cjj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano #bje 0 0 ,! guano co/1 "h1 ab\t #c c5ts a lb41 & consequ5tly n9e doll>s' wor? ( guano gave #hd bu%els ( potatoes4 ,! potatoes 7 all s\nd & good1 b :]e ! guano 0 us$1 !y 7 l>g]1 ) sc>cely a small "o among/ !m4 ,9 #aheg1 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts on potatoes1 9 ! same field on :i* ! prec$+ exp]im5t 0 made 9 #aheb4 ,9 ?is case1 z be=e1 ! l& 0 a two-ye>-old clov]-sod4 ,x 0 pl[$ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,may1 & h>r[$ until x 0 9 a good mell[ condition4 ,! potatoes 7 plant$ 9 hills #c feet ap>t ea* way4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! manures us$ & ! yield ( potatoes p] acre4 ,exp]im5ts on ,potatoes at ,moreton ,f>m4 ,p4 ,numb] ( ,plot4 ,y_/,a ,yield ( ,potatoes p] acre1 9 bu%els4 ,i_/,a ,increase ( ,potatoes p] acre1 9 bu%els1 caus$ by manure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,description ( ,manures ,us$1 & ,quantities ,p4 ,appli$ p] ,acre4 ,y_/,a ,i_/,a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4 ,no manure #ie #b4 #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia #adj #de #c4 #cjj lbs4 sup]phosphate ( lime #acb #cg #d4 #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia1 & #cjj lbs4 sup]phosphate ( lime #agi #hd #e4 #djj lbs4 ( unlea*$ wood-a%es #ajj #e #f4 #ajj lbs4 pla/]1 7gypsum1 or sulphate ( lime17 #aja #f #g4 #djj lbs4 unlea*$ wood-a%es & #ajj lbs4 pla/] #aaj #ae #h4 #djj lbs4 unlea*$ wood-a%es1 #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia & #ajj lbs4 pla/] #aji #ad #i4 #cjj lbs4 sup]phosphate ( lime1 #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia & #djj lbs4 unlea*$ wood-a%es #ach #dc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! sup]phosphate ( lime 0 made expressly = exp]im5tal purposes1 f calc9$ bones1 gr\nd f9e1 & mix$ ) sulphuric acid 9 ! prop] proportions to conv]t all ! phosphate ( lime ( ! bones into ! soluble sup]phosphate4 ,x 0 a purely m9]al article1 free f ammonia & o!r organic matt]4 ,x co/ ab\t two & a half c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! manures 7 deposit$ 9 ! hill1 cov]$ ) an in* or two ( soil1 & ! se$ !n plant$ on ! top4 ,:]e sup]phosphate ( lime or sulphate ( ammonia 0 us$ 9 conjunction ) a%es1 ! a%es 7 fir/ deposit$ 9 ! hill & cov]$ ) a little soil1 & !n ! sup]phosphate or sulphate ( ammonia plac$ on ! top & cov]$ ) soil be=e ! se$ 0 plant$4 ,not)/&+ ?is precaution1 ! ra9 wa%$ ! sulphate ( ammonia into ! a%es1 & decomposition1 ) loss ( ammonia1 0 ! result4 ,?is w acc\nt = ! less yield on plot #h ?an on plot #b4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] to h s[n ! a%es broadca/1 b "s previ\s exp]im5ts ) ,p]uvian guano on potatoes indicat$ t x 0 be/ to apply guano 9 ! hill1 c>efully cov]+ x ) soil to prev5t x injur+ ! se$1 ?an to s[ x broadca/4 ,x 0 = ?is reason1 & = ! great] conv5i5ce 9 s[+1 t ! manures 7 appli$ 9 ! hill4 ,! a% ( potatoes consi/s ( ab\t #ej p] c5t ( pota%1 & ?is fact has induc$ _m writ]s to recomm5d a%es z a manure = ?is crop4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is in/ance1 at lea/1 !y h v little effect1 #djj lbs4 giv+ an increase ( only five bu%els p] acre4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( pla/] p] acre gave an increase ( six bu%els4 ,pla/] & a%es comb9$1 an increase p] acre ( #ae bu%els4 ,"o fact is cle>ly br\ght out by ^! exp]im5ts3 t ?is soil1 :i* has be5 "u cultivation )\t manure = _m ye>s1 is n1 relatively to o!r con/itu5ts ( crops1 defici5t 9 pota%4 ,_h su* be5 ! case1 ! sulphate ( ammonia & sup]phosphate ( lime--manures :i* conta9 no pota%--w\ld n h give a an increase ( #hd bu%els ( potatoes p] acre4 ,!re 0 suffici5t pota% 9 ! soil1 9 an available condition1 = #agi bu%els ( potatoes p] acre2 & ! reason :y ! soil )\t manure produc$ only #ie bu%els p] acre1 0 ow+ to a defici5cy ( ammonia & phosphates4 ,s9ce ^! exp]im5ts 7 made1 ,dr4 ,vlck] & o!rs h made simil> ones 9 ,engl&4 ,! results on ! :ole all po9t 9 "o direction4 ,!y %[ t ! manures mo/ valuable = potatoes are ^? ri* 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 & t occasionally pota% is also a useful addition4 8,!re is "o ?+ ,i %\ld l to "k10 said ! ,doctor4 8,admitt+ t nitrog5 & phosphoric acid & pota% are ! mo/ important elem5ts ( plant-food1 h[ _m bu%els ( potatoes %\ld we be likely to get f a judici\s application ( ^! manures80 8,!re is no way10 said ,i1 8( gett+ at ?is ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,! num]\s exp]im5ts t h be5 made 9 ,engl& seem to %[ t a giv5 quantity ( manure w produce a l>g] increase on poor l& ?an on l& 9 bett] condition40 ,9 ,engl& potatoes are r>ely if ev] plant$ )\t manure1 & ! l& select$ = ?is crop1 ev5 )\t manure1 w\ld usually be 9 bett] condition ?an ! av]age potato l& ( ?is section1 & consequ5tly a giv5 am\nt ( manure1 appli$ to potatoes "h1 w\ld be likely to d m good1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 ?an ! same am\nt w\ld 9 ,engl&4 ,let u look at "s ( ! exp]im5ts t h be5 made 9 ,engl&3-- ,9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society ( ,scotl& = #ahgc is a prize essay on 8,exp]im5ts ^u ,potatoes1 ) ,pota% ,salts1 on ,light ,l&10 by ,*>les ,d4 ,hunt]1 ,f4,c4,s41 made on ! f>m ( ,william ,lawson1 9 ,cumb]l&4 ,mr4 ,hunt] 80 *>g$ ) ! manur+ ( ! f>m & ! pur*as+ ( *emical manures to ! annual value ( #b1jjj10 or say #aj1jjj4 8,potatoes10 says ,mr4 ,hunt]1 87 l>gely gr[n on ! f>m1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( a suffici5cy ( f>m-y>d manure1 pota% naturally sugge/$ itself z a necess>y con/itu5t ( a *emical potato-manure4 ,! soil 0 light & gravelly1 ) an op5 subsoil1 & ! ra9fall f #bi to #ch in*es a ye>40 ,! fir/ s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 made 9 #ahfg4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results3-- ,bu%els p] acre4 ,no manure #bba #d cwt4 m9]al sup]phosphate #bbe #d cwt4 m9]al sup]phosphate & #bdj #d cwt4 ( muriate ( pota% #ae tons f>m-y>d manure #bic 8,t does n say mu* = pota% & sup]phosphate10 said ! ,deacon4 8,! sup]phosphate only produc$ f\r bu%els m ?an ! no manure1 & ! pota% & sup]phosphate only fifte5 bu%els m ?an ! sup]phosphate alone40 ,x may be wor? :ile m5tion+ t "o ( ! exp]im5tal plots ?is ye> 0 on a head-l&1 8:]e ! cattle frequ5tly /& = %elt]40 ,?is plot 0 dress$ ) only eight & a half tons ( manure1 & ! crop 0 ov] #dbg bu%els p] acre1 :ile a plot alongside1 )\t manure1 produc$ only #afc bu%els p] acre4 8,t %[s ! importance10 said ! ,deacon1 8( plant+ potatoes on ri* l&1 r ?an to plant on poor l& & try to make x ri* by apply+ manure directly to ! crop40 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results 9 #ahfh3 ,bu%els p] acre4 #a4 ,no manure #bcb #d cwt4 sup]phosphate #b4 #b 0 muriate ( pota% #cdj #b 0 sulphate ( ammonia #c4 #bj tons f>m-y>d manure #cdb #d4 #d cwt4 sup]phosphate #bgd #d 0 muriate ( pota% 8,"h aga910 said ! ,doctor1 8sup]phosphate & pota% alone give an increase ( only =ty-two bu%els p] acre1 :ile on plot #b1 :]e two hundr$ weight ( muriate ( pota% is sub/itut$ by two hundr$ weight ( sulphate ( ammonia1 ! increase is #ajh bu%els p] acre4 ,x c]ta9ly looks z ?\gh a manure = potatoes1 s f> z yield is conc]n$1 %\ld be ri* 9 available nitrog540 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results 9 #ahfi3 ,bu%els p] acre4 #a4 ,no manure #agf #b4 #d cwt4 sup]phosphate 0 sulphate ( magnesia #cjf #b 0 muriate ( pota% #b 0 sulphate ( ammonia #c4 #d cwt4 sup]phosphate #ahi #d4 #d cwt4 sup]phosphate #bja #b 0 sulphate ( ammonia #e4 #d cwt4 sup]phosphate #b 0 muriate ( pota% #cdj #b 0 sulphate ( ammonia4 #f4 #d cwt4 sup]phosphate #bdi #b 0 muriate ( pota% 8,?is is a v int]e/+ exp]im5t10 said ! ,doctor4 8,sup]phosphate alone gives an increase ( ?irte5 bu%els4 ,sup]phosphate & pota% an increase ( sev5ty-?ree bu%els4 ,! pota%1 !re=e1 gives an increase ( sixty bu%els4 ,sup]phosphate & ammonia give twelve bu%els m ?an sup]phosphate alone1 & ! reason x does n produce a bett] crop is ow+ to a defici5cy ( pota%4 ,:5 ?is is suppli$ ! ammonia gives an increase 7plots #e & #f7 ( n9ety-"o bu%els p] acre40 ,9 #ahgj ! above exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ on ! same l&1 ) ! same g5]al results4 ,9 #ahga "s exp]im5ts 7 made on a %>p1 gravelly soil1 :i* _h be5 ov]-cropp$1 & 0 9 poor condition4 ,! foll[+ are ! results3-- ,bu%els p] acre4 #a4 #i cwt4 sup]phosphate #ahf #c 0 sulphate ( ammonia #b4 #i cwt4 sup]phosphate #c 0 muriate ( pota% #bjd #c 0 sulphate ( ammonia #c4 ,no manure #gj #d4 #i cwt4 sup]phosphate #c 0 muriate ( pota% #bje #c 0 sulphate ( ammonia #e4 #bj tons f>m-y>d manure #aig 8,on ?is poor soil10 said ! ,doctor1 8! ammonia & sup]phosphate gave an increase ( #aaf bu%els p] acre2 & #c hundr$ weight ( muriate ( pota% an increase1 on "o plot1 ( eighte5 bu%els1 & on ! o!r n9ete5 bu%els p] acre40 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahga1 ano!r set ( exp]im5ts 0 made on a bett] & m loamy soil1 :i* _h be5 9 grass = sev]al ye>s4 ,9 #ahfi x 0 s[n = hay1 & 9 #ahgj 0 brok5 up & s[n to oats1 & ! next spr+ plant$ ) potatoes4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! results3 ,bu%els p] acre4 #f cwt4 sup]phosphate #a4 #b 0 muriate ( pota% #cba #b 0 sulphate ( ammonia #b4 #f cwt4 sup]phosphate #bif #b 0 sulphate ( ammonia #c4 ,no manure #beb #d4 #f cwt4 sup]phosphate #caa #b 0 muriate ( pota% #e4 #b cwt4 sulphate ( ammonia #bch #f4 #ae tons f>m-y>d manure #cfe 8,x is curi\s10 said ! ,doctor1 8t ! plot ) sulphate ( ammonia alone %\ld produce less ?an ! no-manure plot40 8,! sulphate ( ammonia10 said ,i1 8may h injur$ ! se$1 or x may h produc$ too luxuriant a gr[? ( v9e40 ,ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 made on ano!r portion ( ! same field 9 #ahga4 ,! 8no-manure0 plot produc$ #ccg bu%els p] acre4 ,manures ( v>i\s k9ds 7 us$1 b ! l>ge/ yield1 #cea bu%els p] acre1 0 f sup]phosphate & sulphate ( ammonia2 f\rte5 tons b>n-y>d manure produce #cdj bu%els p] acre2 & ,mr4 ,hunt] rem>ks3 8,x is evid5t t1 :5 ! produce ( ! unmanur$ soil rea*es n9e tons #ccf bu%els p] acre1 !re is b little scope = manure ( any k9d40 8,i d n see10 said ! ,doctor1 8t y h answ]$ my "q1 b ,i suppose t1 ) potatoes at fifty c5ts a bu%el1 & :eat at #a4ej p] bu%el1 artificial manures c be m pr(itably us$ on potatoes ?an on :eat1 & ! same is probably true ( oats1 b>ley1 corn1 etc40 ,i h long be5 ( ! op9ion t artificial manures c be appli$ to potatoes ) m pr(it ?an to any o!r ord9>y f>m-crop1 = ! simple reason t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 potatoes1 on ! av]age1 comm& relatively high prices4 ,= in/ance1 if av]age l&1 )\t manure1 w produce fifte5 bu%els ( :eat p] acre & #ajj bu%els ( potatoes1 & a giv5 quantity ( manure co/+1 say #be1 w d\ble ! crop1 we h1 9 ! "o case1 an increase (3-- #ae bu%els ( :eat at #a4ej #bb4ej #ae cwt4 ( /raw #c4ej ------ #bf4jj ,co/ ( manure #be4jj ------ ,pr(it f us+ manure #a4jj ,& 9 ! o!r3-- #ajj bu%els ( potatoes at #ej c5ts #ej4jj ,co/ ( manure #be4jj ------ ,pr(it f us+ manure #be4jj ,! only "q is1 :e!r ! same quantity ( ! "r k9d ( manure is z likely to d\ble ! potato crop z to d\ble ! :eat crop1 :5 bo? are rais$ on av]age l&4 8,x is n an easy matt]10 said ! ,deacon1 8to d\ble ! yield ( potatoes40 8,nei!r is x10 said ,i1 8to d\ble ! yield ( :eat1 b bo? c be done1 provid$ y />t l[ en\gh4 ,if y\r l& is clean1 & well work$1 & dry1 & only produces t5 bu%els ( :eat p] acre1 !re is no difficulty 9 mak+ x produce tw5ty bu%els2 & s ( potatoes4 ,if ! l& be dry & well cultivat$1 &1 b>r+ ! bugs1 produces )\t manure #ge bu%els p] acre1 !re ought to be no difficulty 9 mak+ x produce #aej bu%els4 8,b if y\r l& produces1 )\t manure1 #aej bu%els1 x is n always easy to make x produce #cjj bu%els4 ,=tunately1 or un=tunately1 our l& is1 9 mo/ cases1 poor en\gh to />t )1 & we ought to be able to use manure on potatoes to great advantage40 8,b w n ! manure10 ask$ ! ,deacon1 8injure ! quality ( ! potatoes80 ,i ?9k n4 ,s f> z my exp]im5ts & exp]i5ce g1 ! judici\s use ( good manure1 on dry l&1 favors ! p]fect maturity ( ! tub]s & ! =mation ( />*4 ,i nev] manur$ potatoes s highly z ,i did la/ ye> 7#ahgg71 & nev] _h potatoes ( su* high quality4 ,!y cook :ite1 dry1 & mealy4 ,we made furr[s two & a half feet ap>t1 & spread ri*1 well-rott$ manure 9 ! furr[s1 & plant$ ! potatoes on top ( ! manure1 & cov]$ !m ) a pl[4 ,9 our climate1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 x w\ld be bett] to apply ! manure to ! l& = potatoes ! autumn previ\s4 ,if sod l&1 spread ! manure on ! surface1 & let x lie expos$ all w9t]4 ,if /ubble l&1 pl[ x 9 ! fall1 & !n spread ! manure 9 ! fall or w9t]1 & pl[ x "u 9 ! spr+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,:at ,,crops ,,%\ld ,,manure ,,be ,,appli$ ,,to4 8,x w n d any h>m on any crop10 said ! ,deacon1 8b on my f>m x seems to be mo/ conv5i5t to draw x out 9 ! w9t] or spr+1 & pl[ x "u = corn4 ,i d n "k any f>m] except y :o uses x on potatoes40 ,my own rule is to apply manure to ^? crops :i* require ! mo/ labor p] acre4 ,b ,i am well aw>e t ?is rule w h _m exceptions4 ,= in/ance1 x w (t5 pay well to use manure on b>ley1 & yet b>ley requires f> less labor ?an corn or potatoes4 ,p :o let out1 & ^? :o "w f>ms 8on %>es0 seldom und]/& ?is matt] cle>ly4 ,i knew a f>m]1 :o la/ ye> let out a field ( good l&1 t _h be5 9 corn ! previ\s ye>1 to a man to s[ to b>ley1 & aft]w>ds to :eat on 8! halves40 ,ano!r "p ( ! f>m 0 tak5 by a man to plant corn & potatoes on simil> t]ms1 & ano!r man put 9 sev]al acres ( cabbage1 beets1 c>rots1 & onions on halves4 ,x nev] seem$ to occur to ei!r ( !m t ! conditions 7 unequal4 ,! exp5se ( digg+ & h>ve/+ ! potato-crop alone 0 great] ?an ! :ole co/ ( ! b>ley-crop2 :ile1 aft] ! b>ley 0 (f1 ! l& 0 pl[$ once1 h>r[$1 & s[$ to w9t] :eat2 & no?+ m has to be done to x until ! next h>ve/4 ,) ! g>d5 crops1 ! diff]5ce is ev5 /ill m /rik+4 ,! labor exp5d$ on "o acre ( onions or c>rots w\ld put 9 & h>ve/ a t5-acre field ( b>ley4 ,if ! t5ant gets pay = 8 labor1 ! l&lord w\ld get say #e an acre = 8 b>ley l&1 & #ej = 8 c>rot & onion l&4 ,i am pretty sure ! t5ants did n see ! matt] 9 ?is light1 nor ! f>m] ei!r4 ,crops :i* require a l>ge am\nt ( labor c only be gr[n on v ri* l&4 ,our successful m>ket-g>d5]s1 se$-gr[]s1 & nurs]ym5 und]/& ?is matt]4 ,!y mu/ get great crops or !y _c pay _! labor bill4 ,& ! pr9ciple is applicable to ord9>y f>m crops4 ,"s ( !m require mu* m labor ?an o!rs1 & %\ld nev] be gr[n unless ! l& is capable ( produc+ a maximum yield p] acre1 or a close approximation to x4 ,z a rule1 ! lea/-pay+ crops are ^? :i* require ! lea/ labor p] acre4 ,f>m]s are afraid to exp5d mu* money = labor4 ,!y are wise 9 ?is1 unless all ! conditions are favorable4 ,b :5 !y h l& 9 a high /ate ( cultivation--dra9$1 clean1 mell[1 & ri*--x w\ld usually pay !m well to gr[ crops :i* require ! mo/ labor4 ,& x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t1 z comp>$ ) ne>ly all o!r c\ntries1 our labor is exp5sive4 ,no matt] h[ *eap our l& may be1 we c n af=d to wa/e our labor4 ,x is too co/ly4 ,if m5 w\ld "w = no?+1 & bo>d !mselves1 !re are localities :]e we c\ld p]haps af=d to keep %eep t %e> two p\nds ( wool a ye>2 or c[s t make #ge lbs4 ( butt]4 ,we might make a pr(it out ( a :eat crop ( #h bu%els p] acre1 or a corn-crop ( #ae bu%els1 or a potato-crop ( #ej bu%els4 ,b x _c be done ) labor co/+ f #a4jj to #a4be p] day4 ,& ,i d n believe labor w co/ mu* less 9 our "t4 ,! only ?+ we c d is to employ x to ! be/ advantage4 ,ma*9]y w help u to "s ext5t1 b ,i c see no real escape f our difficulties 9 ?is matt]1 except to raise l>g] crops p] acre4 ,9 ord9>y f>m+1 8l>g] crops p] acre0 means few] acres plant$ or s[n ) gra94 ,x means m summ] fall[1 m grass1 clov]1 peas1 mu/>d1 colese$1 roots1 & o!r crops t are consum$ on ! f>m4 ,x means m ?or\gh cultivation4 ,x means clean & ri* l&4 ,x means husb&+ ! ammonia & nitric acid1 :i* is br\ght to ! soil1 z well z t :i* is develop$ f ! soil1 or :i* ! soil attracts f ! atmosph]e1 & us+ x to gr[ a crop e second1 ?ird1 or f\r? ye>1 in/ead ( e ye>4 ,if a piece ( l& w gr[ #be bu%els ( corn e ye>1 we %\ld aim to s manage x1 t x w gr[ #ej e o!r ye>1 or #ge e ?ird ye>1 or1 if ! climate is capable ( do+ x1 ( rais+ #ajj bu%els p] acre e f\r? ye>4 ,!oretically ?is c be done1 & 9 "o ( ,mr4 ,lawes' exp]im5ts he did x practically 9 ! case ( a summ]-fall[ = :eat1 ! "o crop 9 two ye>s giv+ a little m ?an two crops s[n 9 succession4 ,b on s&y l& we %\ld probably lose a portion ( ! lib]at$ plant-food1 unless we grew a crop ( "s k9d e ye>4 ,& ! matt] organiz$ 9 ! r5ovat+ crop c\ld n be r5d]$ completely available = ! next crop4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 we ought to be able to get x ) little or no loss4 ,h[ be/ to accompli% ?is result1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important fields = sci5tific inve/igation & practical exp]im5t4 ,we "k en\gh1 h[ev]1 to be sure t !re is a great advantage 9 wait+ until !re is a suffici5t accumulation ( available plant-food 9 ! soil to produce a l>ge yield1 be=e s[+ a crop t requires mu* labor4 ,if we d n want to wait1 we mu/ apply manure4 ,if we h no b>n-y>d or /able-manure1 we mu/ buy artificials4 ,,h[ ,,& ,,:5 ,,manure ,,%\ld ,,be ,,appli$4 ,?is is n a m]ely !oretical or *emical "q4 ,we mu/ take into consid]ation ! co/ ( application4 ,also1 :e!r we apply x at a busy or a leisure season4 ,i h se5 x recomm5d$1 = in/ance1 to spread manure on mead[-l& imm$iately aft] ! hay-crop 0 remov$4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k ?is may be !oretically v good advice4 ,b1 on my f>m1 x w\ld ?r[ ! "w "r into ! mid/ ( :eat & b>ley h>ve/s2 & ,i %\ld make ! !ory b5d a little to my conv5i5ce4 ,! mead[s w\ld h to wait until we _h got 9 ! crops--or until h>ve/ op]ations 7 /opp$ by ra94 ,i m5tion ?is m]ely to %[ ! complex "* ( ?is "q4 ,on my own f>m1 ! mo/ leisure season ( ! ye>1 except ! w9t]1 is imm$iately aft] :eat h>ve/4 ,&1 z already /at$1 x is at ?is "t t ,john ,john/on draws out 8 manure & spreads x on grass-l& int5d$ to be pl[$ up ! foll[+ spr+ = corn4 ,if ! manure 0 free f we$-se$s1 _m ( our be/ f>m]s1 if !y _h "s well-rott$ manure l ?is ( ,john ,john/on's1 w\ld draw x out & spread x on _! fields prep>$ = w9t]-:eat4 ,9 ?is case1 ,i %\ld draw out ! manure 9 heaps & !n spread x c>efully4 ,!n h>r[ x1 & if ! h>r[ pulls ! manure into heaps1 spread !m & h>r[ aga94 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance to spread manure ev5ly & mix x ?or\ghly ) ! soil4 ,if ?is "w is well done1 & ! manure is well-rott$1 x w n int]f]e ) ! drill4 ,& ! manure w be ne> ! surface1 :]e ! "y roots ( ! :eat c get hold ( x4 8,y mu/ recollect10 said ! ,doctor1 8t ! roots c only take up ! manure :5 9 solution40 8,x mu/ also be rememb]$10 said ,i1 8t a light ra9 (1 say1 only half an in*1 p\rs d[n on to ! manures spread on an acre ( l& ab\t #ad1jjj gallons ( wat]1 or ab\t #ef tons4 ,if y h put on #h tons ( manure1 half an in* ( ra9 w\ld furni% a gallon ( wat] to ea* p\nd ( manure4 ,x is n difficult to und]/&1 !re=e1 h[ manure appli$ on ! surface1 or ne> ! surface1 c be tak5 up by ! "y roots40 8,t puts ! matt] 9 a new light to me10 said ! ,deacon4 8,if ! manure 0 pl[$ "u1 five or six in*es deep1 x w\ld require an abundant ra9 to rea* ! manure4 ,& x is n "o ye> 9 five t we get ra9 en\gh to ?or\ghly soak ! soil = sev]al weeks aft] s[+ ! :eat 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]4 ,& :5 x does come1 ! season is s f> advanc$ t ! :eat plants make little gr[?40 ,my own op9ion is1 t on clayey l&1 manure w act mu* quick] if appli$ on1 or ne> ! surface1 ?an if pl[$ "u4 ,clay mix$ ) manure arre/s or *ecks decomposition4 ,s& has no su* effect4 ,if any?+1 x favors a m active decomposition1 & h5ce1 manure acts mu* m rapidly on s&y l& ?an on clay l&4 ,& ,i ?9k1 z a rule1 :]e a f>m] advocates ! application ( manure on ! surface1 x w be f\nd t he occupies clay l& or a heavy loam2 :ile ^? :o oppose ! practice1 & ?9k manure %\ld be pl[$ "u1 occupy s&y l& or s&y loam4 8,j4 ,j4 ,?omas10 said ,i1 8once gave me a new idea40 8,is t any?+ /range10 rem>k$ ! ,deacon4 8,are ideas s sc>ce among y agricultural writ]s1 t y c recollect :o fir/ sugge/$ !m80 8,be t z x may10 said ,i1 8?is idea has _h a decid$ influ5ce on my f>m practice4 ,i w n say t ! idea orig9at$ ) ,mr4 ,?omas1 b at any rate1 x 0 new to me4 ,i _h always be5 9 ! habit1 :5 spad+ 9 manure 9 ! g>d51 ( putt+ ! manure 9 ! tr5* & cov]+ x up2 & 9 pl[+ x 91 ,i ?\ght x 0 desirable to put x at ! bottom ( ! furr[ :]e ! next furr[ w\ld cov] x up40 8,well10 said ! ,deacon1 8& :at objection is !re to ! practice80 8,i am n object+ to ! practice4 ,i d n say t x is n a good plan4 ,x may (t5 be ! only practicable me?od ( apply+ manure4 ,b x is well to "k t !re is sometimes a bett] plan4 ,! idea t ,mr4 ,?omas gave me1 01 t x 0 v desirable to break up ! manure f9e1 spread x ev5ly1 & ?or\ghly mix x ) ! soil4 8,aft] ! manure is spread on ! soil10 said ,mr4 ,?omas1 8& be=e pl[+ x 91 great b5efit is d]iv$ by ?or\ghly h>r[+ ! top-soil1 ?us break+ f9ely bo? ! manure & ! soil1 & mix+ !m well toge!r4 ,ano!r way = ! p]fect diffusion ( ! manure among ! p>ticles ( e>?1 is1 to spread ! manure 9 autumn1 s t1 all ! ra9s ( ?is season may dissolve ! soluble portions & c>ry !m d[n among ! p>ticles1 :]e !y are absorb$ & reta9$ = ! gr[+ crop4 8,9 exp]im5ts10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,?omas1 8:5 ! manure = corn 0 ?us appli$ 9 autumn1 has af=d$ a yield ( ab\t #gj bu%els p] acre1 :5 ! same am\nt appli$ 9 spr+1 gave only #ej bu%els4 ,a ?9 coat+ ( manure appli$ to w9t]-:eat at ! "t ( s[+1 & 0 h>r[$ 91 has increas$ ! crop f #g to #aj bu%els p] acre--& 9 addition to ?is1 by ! /rong] gr[? x has caus$1 z well z by ! protection x has af=d$ to ! surface1 x has n unfrequ5tly sav$ ! crop f p>tial or total w9t]-kill+4 8,9 cases :]e x is necess>y to apply co>se manures at once1 mu* may be done 9 less5+ ! evils ( co>s5ess by artificially gr9d+ x into ! soil4 ,! in/rum5t call$ ! drag-roll]--:i* is l ! common roll] set /iff s z n to revolve--has be5 us$ to great advantage = ?is purpose1 by pass+ x ov] ! surface 9 connection ) ! h>r[4 ,we h kn[n ?is treatm5t to effect a ?or\gh int]mixture1 & to m ?an d\ble ! crop obta9$ by common managem5t ) common manure40 ,,top-,,dress+ ,,) ,,manure4 ,! t]m 8top-dress+0 usually ref]s to s[+ or spread+ manures on ! gr[+ crop4 ,= in/ance1 we top-dress pa/ures or mead[s by spread+ manure on ! surface4 ,if we s[ nitrate ( soda1 or guano1 on our w9t]-:eat 9 ! spr+1 t w\ld be top-dress+4 ,we (t5 s[ gypsum on clov]1 & on b>ley1 & peas1 :ile ! plants are gr[+ 9 ! spr+1 & ?is is top-dress+4 8,if ! gypsum 0 s[n broadca/ on ! l& be=e s[+ ! se$10 said ! ,deacon1 8w\ld n t be top-dress+ also80 ,/rictly speak+1 ,i suppose t w\ld n be top-dress+4 ,top-dress+ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i und]/& ! t]m1 is seldom adopt$1 except on mead[s & pa/ures z a regul> sy/em4 ,x is an aft]-?\ght4 ,we h s[n :eat on a poor1 s&y knoll1 & we draw out "s manure & spread on x 9 ! w9t] or e>ly spr+2 or we top-dress x ) h5-manure1 or guano1 or nitrate ( soda & sup]phosphate4 ,i d n say t ?is is bett] ?an to apply ! manure at ! "t ( s[+ ! :eat1 b if we neglect to d s1 !n top-dress+ is a comm5dable practice4 ,dr4 ,vlck] reports ! result ( "s exp]im5ts 9 top-dress+ w9t]-:eat on ! f>m ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college at ,cir5ce/]1 ,engl&4 ,! manures 7 f9ely sift$ & mix$ ) ab\t t5 times _! weight ( f9e soil1 & s[n broadca/ on ! gr[+ :eat1 ,m>* #bb4 ,a f9e ra9 occurr$ ! foll[+ day1 & wa%$ ! manure into ! soil4 ,! foll[+ is ! yield p] acre3-- ,no manure #bg bu%els & #aihd lbs4 ( /raw4 #bhj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano #dj 0 0 #begf 0 0 #aie 0 nitrate ( soda #ch 0 0 #bfie 0 0 #ahj 0 nitrate ( soda1 & #afh lbs4 ( common salt #dj 0 0 #bgcf 0 0 #ddh lbs4 ,proctor's :eat-manure #ci 0 0 #bffh 0 0 #fgb 0 0 0 0 #dd 0 0 #cjcb 0 0 #d tons *alk-m>l #bg 0 0 #ahgb 0 0 ,! manures 9 ea* case co/ #g4hj p] acre1 except ! l>ge dose ( ,proctor's :eat-manure1 :i* co/ #aa4gj p] acre4 ,! :eat 0 wor? #a4bf p] bu%el4 ,leav+ ! value ( ! /raw out ( ! "q1 ! pr(it f ! use ( ! top dress+ 03 ,) guano #h4gj p] acre4 0 nitrate ( soda #f4jj 0 nitrate ( soda & common salt #i4cc 0 #ddh lbs4 :eat-manure #g4id 0 #fgb 0 0 0 #aj4af ,! m>l did no good4 ,! nitrate ( soda & common salt conta9$ no phosphoric acid1 & yet produc$ an excell5t effect4 ,! guano & ! :eat-manure conta9$ phosphoric acid z well z nitrog51 & ! foll[+ crop ( clov] w\ld be likely to get "s b5efit f x4 ,john ,john/on wrote 9 #ahfh1 8,i h us$ manure only z a top-dress+ = ! la/ #bf ye>s1 & ,i d ?9k "o load1 us$ 9 t way1 is wor? f> m ?an two loads pl[$ "u on our /iff l&40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,manures ,,on ,,p]man5t ,,mead[s ,,& ,,pa/ures4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e labor is comp>atively high1 & hay (t5 comm&s a good price1 a good1 p]man5t mead[ frequ5tly af=ds z mu* real pr(it z any o!r portion ( ! f>m4 ,n[ t we h good m[+-ma*9es1 t$d]s1 rakes1 & load+ & unload+ app>atus1 ! labor ( hay-mak+ is greatly less5$4 ,! only difficulty is to keep up & increase ! annual gr[? ( good grass4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts on top-dress+ mead[s are report$ f ye> to ye>4 ,! results1 ( c\rse1 diff] consid]ably1 be+ influ5c$ by ! soil & season4 ,! pr(it ( ! practice dep5ds v mu* on ! price ( hay4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 hay g5]ally comm&s a high] relative price ?an gra91 & x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t we c use manure on grass to decid$ advantage4 ,! celebrat$ exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,lawes ,gilb]t ) 8,manures on ,p]man5t ,mead[-l&0 7 comm5c$ 9 #ahef1 & h be5 cont9u$ on ! same plots e ye> s9ce t "t4 8,y ne$ n be afraid1 ,deacon10 said ,i1 z ! old g5tleman comm5c$ to button up 8 coat1 8,i am n go+ into ! details ( ^! wond]ful exp]im5ts2 b ,i am sure y w be int]e/$ 9 ! results ( ! fir/ six or sev5 ye>s40 ,! foll[+ table expla9s itself3 ,exp]im5ts ) ,manures on ,p]man5t ,mead[ l& at ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&4 ,hay_/,acre #bj? 7#ahge73 ,hay p] ,acre ! #bj? ,season1 #ahge4 ,total_/,acre3 ,total ,hay 7p]7 ,acre4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,annual ,produce ( ,hay p] ,acre 9 ,lbs4 ---------------------------- ,description & ,am\nt ( #ahefahegahehaheiahfjahfaahfb ,manures p] ,acre4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,no manure #bdccbgbdcaafbeehbhbbcjgdcbch #bdjj lbs4 ammonia-salts #hb lbs4 ( nitrog5 #djbhcggdcihbcfddbidjchjhched #c ,sup]phosphate ( lime #bhbhcagfcdjjcbeb #ddjj lbs4 ammonia-salts & sup]phosphate ( lime #diifdghhdifhdgef #e ,mix$ m9]al manures #cdbicfffdjhbcdafcibhddhhddbd #f #djj lbs4 ammonia-salts & mix$ m9]al manures #fcfcfdbbgagbfaihefbdfcaffdjb #g #hjj lbs4 ammonia-salts & mix$ m9]al manures #gjedfidjgejhgaejegddfgajgajh #h #hjj lbs4 ammonia-salts & mix$ m9]al manures1 includ+ #bjj lbs4 ea* silicates1 soda1 & lime #gabj #i #bge lbs4 nitrate ( soda #biebcehhcidhdjibdddf #aj #eej lbs4 nitrate ( soda #hb lbs4 ( nitrog5 #cefddaafddajddebdjhf #aa ,mix$ m9]al manures & #bge lbs4 nitrate ( soda #dbcfdiefdhabeeadeagh #ab ,mix$ m9]al manures & #eej lbs4 nitrate ( soda #efcffjgbeehfehibegah #ac #ad tons f>my>d-manure #djcjecbhdafddehdebjhejebejfj #ad #ad tons f>my>d-manure & #bjj lbs4 ammonia-salts #ejjifjjhecbjecefegjdecbjeeef ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,av]age ,hay p] ,hay_/,acre ,acre4 #bj? 7#ahge7 --------------------------------- #a/ #g ,yrs #bj ,ye>s4#a/ #bnd ,total #ahef-fb4 ,crop,crop _/,acre ------------------------------------- #bhbd #becd #bdcfadia #cibg #a #cgai #bidj #bgjbbjaf #dgah #b 7#d yrs477#ag yrs47 #cafd #bdib #bcebagbb #djgd #c 7#d yrs477#ag yrs47 #dhgg #cfab #dajbafaj #egab #d #ciai #cidh #defdbfhh #gbeb #e #fceg #egab #ehbdbgdd #hejh #f #fhgf #fded #fbbbefhdaj1ijf #g #gjjj #fgbjdeibaa1cab #h #aheh-fb7ah yrs47 #chje #cgid #ccfjadef #dhaf #i 7#ah yrs47 #dabf #cifb #cbgfadgj #dgdf #aj 7#ah yrs47 #dici #ebjh #ejdjahfb #fijb #aa 7#ah yrs47 #eghc #fchd #gjbhaigd #ijjb #ab #dgge #dacj #biifacaf #dcab #ac #edfh #dhaf #cgffaifj #egbf #ad ------------------------------------- ,^! are all ! figures ,i w tr\ble y )4 ,! 8mix$ m9]al manures0 consi/$ ( sup]phosphate ( lime 7compos$ ( #aej lbs4 bone-a% & #aej lbs4 sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #a4g71 #cjj lbs4 sulphate ( pota%1 #bjj lbs4 sulphate ( soda1 & #ajj lbs4 sulphate ( magnesia4 ,! ammonia-salts consi/$ ( equal p>ts sulphate & muriate ( ammonia1 conta9+ ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 ,! manures 7 s[n z e>ly z possible 9 ! spr+1 &1 if ! wea!r 0 suitable1 sometimes 9 ,febru>y4 ,! f>my>d-manure 0 spread on ! l&1 9 ! fir/ ye>1 9 ! spr+1 aft]w>ds 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb]4 ,! hay 0 cut f ! middle to ! la/ ( ,june2 & ! aft]ma? 0 pa/ur$ (f by %eep 9 ,octob]4 8,x is curi\s10 said ! ,deacon1 8t #djj lbs4 ( ammonia-salts %\ld give z great an increase 9 ! yield ( hay ! fir/ ye> z #ad tons ( f>my>d-manure1 b ! second ye> ! f>my>d-manure comes out decid$ly ahead40 8,! f>my>d-manure10 said ,i1 80 appli$ e ye>1 at ! rate ( #ad gross tons p] acre1 = eight ye>s--#ahef to #ahfc4 ,aft] #ahfc1 ?is plot 0 left )\t manure ( any k9d4 ,! av]age yield ( ?is plot1 dur+ ! fir/ #h ye>s 0 #d1hjj lbs4 ( hay p] acre40 ,on ! plot dress$ ) #ad tons ( f>my>d-manure & #bjj lbs4 ammonia-salts1 ! av]age yield ( hay = #h ye>s 0 #e1edd lbs4 p] acre4 ,aft] ! eigh? ye> ! f>my>d-manure 0 discont9u$1 & dur+ ! next twelve ye>s ! yield ( hay av]ag$ #c1fhc lbs41 or #a1adi lbs4 m ?an ! cont9u\sly unmanur$ plot4 ,9 #ahei1 sup]phosphate ( lime 0 us$ alone on plot #c1 & has be5 cont9u$ ev] s9ce4 ,x seems cle> t ?is l&1 :i* _h be5 9 pa/ure or mead[ = a hundr$ ye>s or m1 0 n defici5t 9 phosphates4 8,x does n seem10 said ! ,deacon1 8to h be5 defici5t 9 any?+4 ,! tw5tie? crop1 on ! cont9u\sly unmanur$ plot 0 ne>ly #a ton p] acre1 ! fir/ cutt+1 & ne>ly -ton ! second cutt+4 ,& app>5tly ! l& 0 j z ri* 9 #ahge1 z x 0 9 #ahef1 & yet ov] #be tons ( hay _h be5 cut & remov$ f ! l&1 )\t any manure be+ return$4 ,& yet we are told t hay is a v exhau/+ crop40 8,sup]phosphate alone10 said ! ,doctor1 8did v little to increase ! yield ( hay1 b sup]phosphate & ammonia produc$ ! fir/ ye>1 #ahei1 ov] a ton m hay p] acre ?an ! sup]phosphate alone1 & :5 pota% is add$ to ! manure1 ! yield is /ill fur!r increas$40 8,answ] me "o "q10 said ! ,deacon1 8& let u leave ! subject4 ,9 ! light ( ^! & o!r exp]im5ts1 :at d y consid] ! *eape/ & be/ manure to apply to a p]man5t mead[ or pa/ure80 8,ri*1 well-decompos$ f>my>d or /able manure10 said ,i1 8& if x is n ri*1 apply #bjj lbs4 ( nitrate ( soda p] acre1 9 addition4 ,?is w make x ri*4 ,poor manure1 made f /raw1 corn-/alks1 hay1 etc41 is poor 9 nitrog51 & comp>atively ri* 9 pota%4 ,! nitrate ( soda w supply ! defici5cy ( nitrog54 ,on ! sea-%ore fi%-scrap is a *eap] s\rce ( nitrog51 & may be us$ in/ead ( ! nitrate ( soda40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,manures ,,= ,,special ,,crops4 ,,manures ,,= ,,hops4 8,= hops10 said ! ,doctor1 8!re is no?+ bett] ?an ri*1 well-decompos$ f>my>d-manure--su* manure z y are n[ mak+ f y\r pigs t are b$d$ ) /able-manure40 8,t is s10 said ,i1 8& ! bett] y fe$ y\r horses & pigs1 ! bett] w ! manure be = hops4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,mr4 ,pa9e1 ( ,surrey1 made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) diff]5t manures = hops1 &1 z ! result ( f\r ye>s trial1 report$ t rape-cake1 s+ly1 or 9 comb9ation1 inv>iably prov$ ! be/ manure = hops4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 cotton-se$1 or cotton-se$-cake1 w\ld be a good sub/itute = ! rape-cake4 ,:atev] manure is us$ %\ld be us$ lib]ally4 ,hops require a l>ge am\nt ( labor p] acre1 & x is1 !re=e1 specially desirable to obta9 a l>ge yield p] acre4 ,?is c be accompli%$ only by ! mo/ lavi% exp5diture ( manure4 ,& all exp]i5ce seems to %[ t x mu/ be manure ri* 9 nitrog54 ,9 ! hop di/ricts ( ,engl&1 #be tons ( ri* f>my>d-manure are appli$ p] acre2 & 9 addition to ?is1 soot & rags1 bo? ri* 9 nitrog51 h long be5 popul> auxili>ies4 ,! value ( soot is due to ! fact t x conta9s f #ab to #ae p] c5t ( sulphate ( ammonia1 & ! fact t x has be5 s long us$ ) success z a manure = hops1 seems to prove t sulphate ( ammonia1 :i* c n[ be readily obta9$1 c\ld be us$ to advantage by our hop-gr[]s--say at ! rate1 9 addition to f>m-y>d manure1 ( #ejj lbs4 p] acre1 s[n broadca/ e>ly 9 ! spr+40 ,,manures ,,= ,,tobacco4 ,:5 tobacco is gr[n = wrapp]s1 x is desirable to get a l>ge1 /rong leaf4 ,! ri*e/ l& is select$ = ! crop1 & l>ge quantities ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ /imulat+ manures are us$4 ,l cabbages1 ?is crop requires a l>ge am\nt ( plant-food p] acre2 &1 l !m1 x c only be gr[n by con/ant & high manur+4 ,m manure mu/ be us$ ?an ! plants c take up out ( ! soil1 & h5ce x is1 t l& :i* has be5 us$ = gr[+ tobacco = "s ye>s1 w be 9 high condition = o!r crops )\t fur!r manur+4 ,f>m-y>d or /able-manure1 mu/ be ! ma9/ay ( ! tobacco-plant]4 ,) ?is1 he c use artificial f]tiliz]s to advantage--su* z fi%-scrap1 wooll5-rags1 ,p]uvian guano1 dri$ blood1 slaught]-h\se (fal1 sulphate ( ammonia1 nitrate ( soda1 etc4 ,= *oice1 high-flavor$ smok+-tobacco1 ! gr[] aims to get quality r ?an quantity4 ,?is seems to dep5d m on ! l& & ! climate ?an on ! manures us$4 ,sup]phosphate ( lime w\ld be likely to prove advantage\s 9 favor+ ! e>ly gr[? & maturity ( ! crop4 ,& 9 rais+ tobacco-plants 9 ! se$-b$1 ,i %\ld expect good results f ! use ( sup]phosphate1 rak$ into ! soil at ! rate ( ?ree or f\r lbs4 p] squ>e rod4 ,,manures ,,= ,,indian ,,corn4 ,we "k less ab\t ! manurial requirem5ts ( ,indian corn1 ?an ( almo/ any o!r crop we cultivate4 ,we "k t :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 & grasses1 require = _! maximum gr[? a lib]al supply ( available nitrog5 9 ! soil4 ,& su* facts & exp]im5ts z we h1 seem to indicate t ! same is also true ( ,indian corn4 ,x is1 at any rate1 reasonable to suppose t1 z ,indian corn belongs to ! same botanical ord] z :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 rye1 timo?y1 & o!r grasses1 ! g5]al manurial requirem5ts w\ld be ! same4 ,su*1 ,i presume1 is ! case2 & yet !re seem to be "s facts t w\ld incl9e u to place ,indian corn ) ! legum9\s plants1 su* z clov]1 peas1 & beans1 r ?an ) ! c]eals1 :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 etc4 8,:y s10 ask$ ! ,deacon1 8,indian corn does n h mu* 9 common ) beans1 peas1 & clov]80 ,z we h %[n1 clov] c get m nitrog5 out ( ! soil1 ?an :eat1 b>ley1 & oats4 ,& ! same is true ( beans & peas1 ?\gh probably n to s great an ext5t4 ,n[1 x w\ld seem t ,indian corn c get m nitrog5 out ( a soil1 ?an :eat1 b>ley1 or oats--& to ?is ext5t1 at lea/1 we may consid] ,indian corn z a r5ovat+ crop4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,indian corn c get m nitrog5 out ( ! soil1 ?an :eat1 b>ley1 & oats--& :5 we fe$ out ! corn & /alks on ! f>m1 we h m food & m manure ?an if we rais$ & f$ out a crop ( oats1 b>ley1 or :eat4 ,if ?is idea is correct1 !n ,indian corn1 :5 consum$ on ! f>m1 %\ld n be class$ ) :at ! ,engli% f>m]s t]m 8:ite crops10 b r ) ! 8gre5 crops40 ,9 o!r words1 ,indian corn is :at old writ]s us$ to call a 8fall[ crop0--or :at we call a r5ovat+ crop4 ,if ?is is s1 !n ! gr[? & consumption ( ,indian corn on ! f>m1 z is ! case ) clov]1 %\ld leave ! f>m ri*] = :eat1 r ?an poor]4 ,i d n mean ri*] absolutely1 b ri*] s f> z ! available supply ( plant-food is conc]n$4 8,x may be t y are "r10 said ! ,doctor1 8:5 corn is gr[n = fodd]1 b n :5 gr[n = ! gra94 ,x is ! =mation ( ! se$ :i* exhau/s ! soil40 ,if ,i c\ld be sure t x 0 true ( corn-fodd]1 ,i %\ld h little d\bt t x is true also ( corn z ord9>ily gr[n = gra9 & /alks4 ,=1 ,i ?9k1 x is cle> t ! gra9 is =m$ at ! exp5se ( ! /alks1 & n directly f ! soil4 ,! corn-fodd] w take f ! soil z mu* nitrog5 & phosphoric acid z ! crop ( corn1 & ! m x w take1 ! m x approximates 9 "* to clov] & o!r r5ovat+ crops4 ,if corn-fodd] is a r5ovat+ crop1 s is ! ord9>y corn-crop1 also1 provid$ x is consum$ on ! f>m4 8,b :at makes y ?9k10 said ! ,deacon1 8t corn c get m nitrog5 f ! soil1 ?an :eat80 8,t is ! real po9t1 ,deacon10 said ,i1 8& ,i w ask y ?is "q4 ,suppose y _h a field ( :eat se$$ d[n to clov]1 & ! clov] fail$4 ,aft] h>ve/1 y pl[ up half ( ! field & s[ x to :eat aga91 ! o!r half ( ! field y pl[ 9 ! spr+1 & plant ) ,indian corn4 ,n[1 suppose y get #ae bu%els ( :eat to ! acre1 h[ mu* corn d y ?9k y w\ld be likely to get80 8,well1 t dep5ds10 said ! ,deacon1 8b ,i %\ld expect at lea/ #cj bu%els ( %ell$ corn p] acre40 8,exactly1 & ,i ?9k mo/ f>m]s w\ld tell y ! same2 y get twice z mu* corn & /alks to ! acre z y w\ld ( :eat & /raw4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! :eat _c f9d m nitrog5 ?an is necess>y to produce #ae bu%els ( :eat & /raw1 ! corn c f9d1 & does f9d1 take up1 & organize1 at lea/ twice z mu* nitrog5 z ! :eat40 ,if ^! are facts1 !n ! rem>ks we h made 9 reg>d to ! value ( clov] z a f]tiliz+ crop1 are applicable 9 "s degree to ,indian corn4 ,to gr[ clov] & sell x1 w 9 ! end impov]i% ! soil2 to gr[ clov] & fe$ x out1 w enri* ! l&4 ,& ! same w be true ( ,indian corn4 ,x w ga!r up nitrog5 t ! :eat-crop c n appropriate2 & :5 ! corn & /alks are f$ out1 "s #ij p] c5t ( ! nitrog5 w be left 9 ! manure4 8,y d n ?9k1 !n10 said ! ,doctor1 8t nitrog5 is su* an important elem5t 9 manure = corn1 z x is 9 a manure = :eat40 ,i h n said t4 ,if we want a l>ge crop ( corn1 we %all usually ne$ a lib]al supply ( available nitrog54 ,b ?is is because a l>g] crop ( corn means a mu* l>g] produce p] acre1 ?an a l>ge crop ( :eat4 ,=ty bu%els ( :eat p] acre is an unusually l>ge crop ) u2 b #hj bu%els ( %ell$ corn c be gr[n 9 a favorable season1 & on ri*1 well-cultivat$ l&4 ,z ! ,deacon has said1 #cj bu%els ( corn p] acre c be gr[n z easily z #ae bu%els ( :eat2 & x is q probable1 9 _m cases1 t a manure conta9+ no nitrog51 might give u a crop ( #ce or #dj bu%els p] acre4 ,9 o!r words1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 manures conta9+ m9]al1 or c>bonace\s matt]1 might frequ5tly1 9 ord9>y agriculture1 increase ! yield ( ,indian corn2 :ile on simil> l&1 su* manures w\ld h little effect on :eat4 8,t is s10 said ! ,deacon1 8we all "k t pla/] frequ5tly increases ! gr[? ( corn1 :ile x seldom does mu* good on :eat40 ,b1 aft] y h got z l>ge a crop z ! l& w produce1 aid$ by pla/]1 a%es1 & sup]phosphate1 say #dj bu%els ( %ell$ corn p] acre1 !n if y want to raise #gj bu%els p] acre1 y mu/ furni% ! soil ) manures conta9+ suffici5t available nitrog54 ,"s ye>s ago1 ,i made "s c>eful exp]im5ts ) artificial manures on ,indian corn4 8,oh1 yes10 said ! ,deacon1 8!y 7 made on ! s\? lot1 9 front ( my h\se1 & ,i recollect t ! ,n4,y4 ,/ate ,ag4 ,society aw>d$ y a prize ( #ge = !m40 8,& ,i recollect10 said ,i1 8h[ y & "s o!r neighbors laugh$ at me = sp5d+ s mu* "t 9 measur+ ! l& & apply+ ! manures1 & measur+ ! crop4 ,b ,i wi% ,i c\ld h af=d$ to cont9ue !m4 ,a s+le exp]im5t1 h[ev] c>efully made1 c n be dep5d$ on4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w give ! results = :at !y are wor?1 ) "s rem>ks made at ! "t3 8,! soil on :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made1 is a light1 s&y loam4 ,x has be5 "u cultivation = upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s1 & s f> z ,i c asc]ta9 has nev] be5 manur$4 ,x has be5 some:at impov]i%$ by ! gr[? ( c]eal crops1 & x 0 ?\ght t = ?is reason1 & on acc\nt ( its light texture & active "*1 :i* w\ld cause ! manures to act imm$iately1 x 0 well adapt$ = ! purpose ( %[+ ! effect ( diff]5t manurial sub/ances on ! corn-crop4 8,! l& 0 clov]-sod1 two ye>s old1 pa/ur$ ! previ\s summ]4 ,x 0 pl[$ e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & h>r[$ until 9 excell5t condition4 ,! corn 0 plant$ ,may #bc1 9 hills #c feet ap>t ea* way4 8,! manures 7 appli$ 9 ! hill imm$iately be=e ! se$ 0 plant$4 8,) sup]phosphate ( lime1 & ) pla/] 7gypsum1 or sulphate ( lime71 ! se$ 0 plac$ directly on top ( ! manure1 z x is well kn[n t ^! manures d n injure ! g]m9at+ pr9ciple ( ev5 ! smalle/ se$s4 8,! a%es 7 dropp$ 9 ! hill1 & !n cov]$ ) soil1 & ! se$ plant$ on ! top1 s t x %\ld n come 9 contact ) ! a%es4 8,guano & sulphate ( ammonia 7 treat$ 9 ! same way4 8,on ! plots :]e a%es & guano1 or a%es & sulphate ( ammonia 7 bo? us$1 ! a%es 7 fir/ put 9 ! hill1 & cov]$ ) soil1 & ! guano or sulphate ( ammonia plac$ on ! top1 & also cov]$ ) soil be=e ! se$ 0 plant$4 ,! a%es & sup]phosphate ( lime 0 also treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,x is well kn[n t unlea*$ a%es1 mix$ ei!r ) guano1 sulphate ( ammonia1 or sup]phosphate1 mutually decompose ea* o!r1 sett+ free ! ammonia ( ! guano & sulphate ( ammonia1 & conv]t+ ! soluble phosphate ( ! sup]phosphate ( lime into ! insoluble =m 9 :i* x exi/$ be=e treatm5t ) sulphuric acid4 ,all ! plots 7 plant$ on ! same day1 & ! manures weigh$ & appli$ "u my own imm$iate sup]vision4 ,ev]y?+ 0 done t 0 deem$ necess>y to secure accuracy4 8,! foll[+ table gives ! results ( ! exp]im5ts3 ,table ,%[+ ! ,results ( ,exp]im5ts on ,indian ,corn4 ,sd,c ,bu%els ( e>s ( s\nd corn p] acre4 ,sf,c ,bu%els ( e>s ( s(t corn p] acre4 ,,tc ,total ,no4 ( bu%els ( e>s ( corn p] acre4 ,i,sd,c ,increase p] acre ( e>s s\nd corn4 ,i,sf,c ,increase p] acre ( e>s ( s(t corn4 ,,tic ,total increase p] acre ( e>s ( corn4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,descriptions ( manures & ,plots quantities appli$ p] acre ,sd,c ,sf,c ,,tc ,i,sd,c,i,sf,c,,tic ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4 ,no manure #fj #g #fg 44 44 44 #b4 #ajj lbs4 pla/] 7gypsum or sulphate ( lime7 #gj #h #gh #aj #a #aa #c4 #djj lbs4 unlea*$ wood-a%es & #ajj lbs4 pla/] 7mix$7 #fh #aj #gh #h #c #aa #d4 #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia #ij #ae #aje #cj #h #ch #e4 #cjj lbs4 sup]phosphate ( lime #gj #h #gh #aj #a #aa #f4 #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia & #cjj lbs4 sup]phosphate ( lime 7mix$7 #he #e #ij #be 44 #bc #g4 #djj lbs4 unlea*$ wood-a%es1 7unc]ta97 #fj #ab #gb 44 #e #e #h4 #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia & #djj lbs4 unlea*$ wood-a%es 7s[n sep>ately7 #hg #aj #ig #bg #c #cj #i4 #cjj lbs4 sup]phosphate ( lime1 #aej lbs4 sulph4 ammonia1 & #djj lbs4 unlea*$ wood-a%es #ajj #h #ajh #dj #a #da #aj4 #djj lbs4 unlea*$ wood-a%es #fj #h #fh 44 #a #a #aa4 #ajj lbs4 pla/]4 #djj lbs4 unlea*$ wood-a%es1 #cjj lbs4 sup]phosphate ( lime1 & #bjj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano #ie #aj #aje #ce #c #ch #ab4 #ge lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia #gh #aj #hh #ah #c #ba #ac4 #bjj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano #hh #ac #aja #bh #f #cd #ad4 #djj lbs4 unlea*$ wood-a%es1 #ajj lbs4 pla/]1 & #ejj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano #aaa #ad #abe #ea #g #eh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 8,! sup]phosphate ( lime 0 made on purpose = ^! exp]im5ts1 & 0 a pure m9]al manure ( sup]ior quality1 made f calc9$ bones2 x co/ ab\t #b c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! sulphate ( ammonia 0 a good1 comm]cial article1 obta9$ f ,london1 at a co/ ( ab\t sev5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! a%es 7 made f bee* & h>d maple 7,ac] sac*>9um7 wood1 & 7 sift$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve be=e be+ weigh$4 ,! guano 0 ! be/ ,p]uvian1 co/+ ab\t ?ree c5ts p] p\nd4 ,x 0 cru%$ & sift$ be=e us+4 ,9 s[+ ! a%es on plot #g1 an error occurr$ 9 _! application1 & = ! purpose ( *eck+ ! result1 x 0 deem$ advisable to repeat ! exp]im5t on plot #aj4 8,on plot #e1 ) #cjj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate ( lime p] acre1 ! plants came up fir/1 & exhibit$ a heal?y1 d>k-gre5 appe>ance1 :i* !y reta9$ = "s "t4 ,?is result 0 n anticipat$1 ?\gh x is well kn[n t sup]phosphate ( lime has ! effect ( /imulat+ ! g]m9ation ( turnip-se$1 & ! e>ly gr[? ( ! plants to an a/oni%+ degree2 yet1 z x has no su* effect on :eat1 x appe>$ probable t x w\ld n produce ?is effect on ,indian corn1 :i*1 9 *emical composition1 is v simil> to :eat4 ,! result %[s h[ unc]ta9 are all speculations 9 reg>d to ! manurial requirem5ts ( plants4 ,?is imm$iate effect ( sup]phosphate ( lime on corn 0 s m>k$1 t ! m5 7:o 71 at ! "t ( plant+1 some:at incl9$ to be skeptical1 9 reg>d to ! value ( su* small doses ( manure71 decl>$ t #8sup]phosphate beats all creation = corn4' ,! diff]5ce 9 favor ( sup]phosphate1 at ! "t ( hoe+1 0 v p]ceptible1 ev5 at "s di/ance4 8,al?\gh e precaution 0 tak5 t 0 deem$ necess>y1 to prev5t ! manures f mix+ 9 ! hill1 or f injur+ ! se$1 yet1 x 0 f\nd1 t ^? plots dress$ ) a%es & guano1 or ) a%es & sulphate ( ammonia1 7 injur$ to "s ext5t4 ,%ortly aft] ! corn 0 plant$1 heavy ra9 set 91 & wa%$ ! sulphate ( ammonia & guano1 d[n into ! a%es1 & mutual decomposition took place1 ) m or less loss ( ammonia4 ,9 addition to ?is loss ( ammonia1 ^! manures came up to ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 ! =m ( an excresc5ce1 s h>d t ! plants c\ld ) difficulty p5etrate ?r\gh x4 8,x w be se51 by exam9+ ! table1 t al?\gh ! sup]phosphate ( lime _h a good effect dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! gr[? ( ! plants1 yet ! increase ( e>s ( corn 9 ! end did n come up to ^! e>ly indications4 ,on plot #e1 ) #cjj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate ( lime p] acre1 ! yield is precisely ! same z on plot #b1 ) #ajj lbs4 ( pla/] 7sulphate ( lime71 p] acre4 ,n[1 sup]phosphate ( lime is compos$ necess>ily ( soluble phosphate ( lime & pla/]1 or sulphate ( lime1 =m$ f a comb9ation ( ! sulphuric acid1 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( sup]phosphate1 ) ! lime ( ! bones4 ,9 ! #cjj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate ( lime1 s[n on plot #e1 !re w\ld be ab\t #ajj lbs4 ( pla/]2 & z ! effect ( ?is dress+ is no great] ?an 0 obta9$ f ! #ajj lbs4 ( pla/]1 s[n on plot #b1 x foll[s1 t ! good effect ( ! sup]phosphate ( lime 0 due to ! pla/] t x conta9$4 8,aga91 on plot #d1 ) #aej lbs4 ( sulphate ( ammonia p] acre1 we h #ij bu%els ( e>s ( s\nd corn1 & #ae bu%els ( e>s ( s(t corn1 7#8nubb9s1'7 p] acre2 or a total increase ov] ! plot )\t manure1 ( #ch bu%els4 ,n[1 ! sulphate ( ammonia conta9s no phosphate ( lime1 & ! fact t su* a manure gives a consid]able increase ( crop1 confirms ! conclusion we h arriv$ at1 f a comp>ison ( ! results on plots #b & #e2 t ! increase f ! sup]phosphate ( lime1 is n due to ! phosphate ( lime :i* x conta9s1 unless we are to conclude t ! sulphate ( ammonia r5d]$ ! phosphate ( lime 9 ! soil m readily soluble1 & ?us furni%$ an increas$ quantity 9 an available =m = assimilation by ! plants--a conclusion1 :i* ! results ) sup]phosphate alone1 on plot #e1 & ) sup]phosphate & sulphate ( ammonia1 comb9$1 on plot #f1 d n su/a94 8,on plot #ab1 half ! quantity ( sulphate ( ammonia1 0 us$ z on plot #d1 & ! increase is a little m ?an half :at x is :]e d\ble ! quantity 0 us$4 ,aga91 on plot #ac1 #bjj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano p] acre1 gives ne>ly z great an increase ( s\nd corn1 z ! #aej lbs4 ( sulphate ( ammonia4 ,n[1 #bjj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano conta9s ne>ly z mu* ammonia z #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia1 & ! increase 9 bo? cases is evid5tly due to ! ammonia ( ^! manures4 ,! #bjj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano1 conta9$ ab\t #ej lbs4 ( phosphate ( lime2 b z ! sulphate ( ammonia1 :i* conta9s no phosphate ( lime1 gives z great an increase z ! guano1 x foll[s1 t ! phosphate ( lime 9 ! guano1 _h little1 if any effect2 a result precisely simil> to t obta9$ ) sup]phosphate ( lime4 8,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t on ?is soil1 :i* has nev] be5 manur$1 & :i* has be5 cultivat$ = _m ye>s ) ! ,c]alia--or1 9 o!r words1 ) crops :i* remove a l>ge quantity ( phosphate ( lime f ! soil--! phosphate ( lime1 relatively to ! ammonia1 is n defici5t4 ,if su* 0 n ! case1 an application ( soluble phosphate ( lime w\ld h giv5 an increase ( crop1 :i* we h %[n 0 n ! case 9 any "o ( ^! exp]im5ts4 8,plot #aj1 ) #djj lbs4 ( unlea*$ wood-a%es p] acre1 produces ! same quantity ( s\nd corn1 ) an extra bu%el ( #8nubb9s' p] acre1 z plot #a1 )\t any manure at all2 a%es1 !re=e1 appli$ alone1 may be said to h _h no effect :atev]4 ,on plot #c1 #djj lbs4 ( a%es1 & #ajj lbs4 ( pla/]1 give ! same total numb] ( bu%els p] acre1 z plot #b1 ) #ajj lbs4 ( pla/] alone4 ,plot #h1 ) #djj lbs4 a%es1 & #aej lbs4 ( sulphate ( ammonia1 yields ?ree bu%els ( s\nd corn1 & five bu%els ( #8nubb9s' p] acre1 less ?an plot #d1 ) #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia alone4 ,?is result may be ascrib$ to ! fact previ\sly allud$ to--! a%es dissipat$ "s ( ! ammonia4 8,plot #aa1 ) #ajj lbs4 ( pla/]1 #djj lbs4 a%es1 #cjj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate ( lime1 & #bjj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano 7:i* conta9s ab\t z mu* ammonia z #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia71 produc$ precisely ! same numb] ( total bu%els p] acre1 z plot #d1 ) #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia alone1 & b #d bu%els m p] acre1 ?an plot #ac1 ) #bjj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano alone4 ,x is evid5t1 f ^! results1 t nei!r a%es nor phosphates _h mu* effect on ,indian corn1 on ?is impov]i%$ soil4 ,plot #ad receiv$ ! l>ge/ dress+ ( ammonia 7#ejj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano71 & produc$ mu* ! l>ge/ crop2 ?\gh ! increase is n s great 9 proportion to ! guano1 z :]e small] quantities 7 us$4 8,! manure :i* produc$ ! mo/ pr(itable result1 0 ! #ajj lbs4 ( pla/]1 on plot #b4 ,! #bjj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano1 on plot #ac1 & :i* co/ ab\t #f1 gave an increase ( #ad bu%els ( %ell$ corn1 & #f bu%els ( #8nubb9s4' ,?is w pay at ! pres5t price ( corn 9 ,ro*e/]1 al?\gh ! pr(it is n v great4 ,! sup]phosphate ( lime1 al?\gh a v sup]ior article1 & e/imat$ at co/ price1 9 no case paid = itself4 ,! same is true ( ! a%es4 8,b ! object ( ! exp]im5t 0 n s mu* to asc]ta9 :at manures w pay1 b to asc]ta91 if possible1 :at con/itu5ts ( manures are requir$1 9 greate/ quantity1 = ! maximum gr[? ( corn4 99 99 ,hi!rto1 no exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry1 on ,indian corn1 t af=d$ any c]ta9 in=mation on ?is po9t4 ,inde$1 we believe no satisfactory exp]im5ts h be5 made on ,indian corn1 9 any c\ntry1 t ?r[ any def9ite light on ?is int]e/+ & important "q4 ,a few ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,lawes made simil> exp]im5ts to ^? giv5 above1 on 8 f>m1 at ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&2 b ow+ to ! coolness ( ! ,engli% climate1 ! crop did n arrive at maturity4 8,num]\s exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ?is c\ntry1 ) guano & sup]phosphate ( lime2 b ! sup]phosphates us$ 7 comm]cial articles1 conta9+ m or less ammonia1 & if !y are ( any b5efit to ^? crops to :i* !y are appli$1 x is a matt] ( unc]ta9ty :e!r ! b5eficial effect ( ! application is due to ! soluble phosphate ( lime1 or to ! ammonia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 guano conta9s bo? ammonia & phosphate2 & we are equally at a loss to det]m9e1 :e!r ! effect is attributable to ! ammonia or phosphate1 or bo?4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to det]m9e satisfactorily1 :i* ( ! sev]al +r$i5ts ( plants is requir$ 9 greate/ proportion1 = ! maximum gr[? ( any p>ticul> crop1 we mu/ apply ^! +r$i5ts sep>ately1 or 9 su* def9ite comp\nds1 z w enable u to det]m9e to :at p>ticul> elem5t or comp\nds ! b5eficial effect is to be ascrib$4 ,x 0 = ?is reason1 t sulphate ( ammonia1 & a purely m9]al sup]phosphate ( lime1 7 us$ 9 ! above exp]im5ts4 ,no "o w\ld ?9k ( us+ sulphate ( ammonia at its price1 sulphate ( ammonia is n[ *eap]1 :ile ,p]uvian guano is m co/ly & less ri* 9 ammonia1 z an ord9>y manure1 = ! reason1 t ! same quantity ( ammonia c be obta9$ 9 o!r sub/ances1 su* z b>ny>d-manure1 ,p]uvian guano1 etc41 at a mu* *eap] rate4 ,b ^! manures conta9 all ! elem5ts ( plants1 & we c n "k :e!r ! effect produc$ by !m is due to ! ammonia1 phosphates1 or any o!r +r$i5ts4 ,= ! purpose ( exp]im5t1 !re=e1 we mu/ use a manure t furni%es ammonia )\t any admixture ( phosphates1 pota%1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 etc41 ev5 ?\gh x co/ mu* m ?an we c\ld obta9 ! same am\nt ( ammonia 9 o!r manures4 ,i make ^! rem>ks 9 ord] to correct a v common op9ion1 t if exp]im5ts d n pay1 !y are useless4 ,! ultimate object1 inde$1 is to asc]ta9 ! mo/ pr(itable me?od ( manur+2 b ! means ( obta9+ ?is in=mation1 c n 9 all cases be pr(itable4 8,simil> exp]im5ts to ^? made on ,indian corn1 7 made on soil ( a simil> "*1 on ab\t an acre ( ,*9ese sug>-cane4 ,i d n propose to give ! results 9 detail1 at ?is "t1 & allude to !m m]ely to m5tion "o v important fact1 ! sup]phosphate ( lime _h a v m>k$ effect4 ,?is manure 0 appli$ 9 ! hill on "o plot 7! tw5tie? ( an acre17 at ! rate ( #djj lbs4 p] acre1 & ! plants on ?is plot came up fir/1 & outgrew all ! o!rs f ! />t1 & ultimately atta9$ ! height ( ab\t t5 feet2 :ile on ! plot receiv+ no manure1 ! plants 7 n five feet high4 ,?is is a result entirely diff]5t f :at ,i %\ld h expect$4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 f ! fact t sup]phosphate ( lime _h no effect on :eat1 t x w\ld probably h little effect on corn1 or on ! sug>-cane1 or o!r c]alia2 & t1 z ammonia is s b5eficial = :eat1 x w\ld probably be b5eficial = corn & sug>-cane4 ,! above exp]im5ts indicate t su* is ! case1 9 reg>d to ,indian corn1 s f> z ! production ( gra9 is conc]n$1 ?\gh1 z we h /at$1 x is n true 9 ref]5ce to ! e>ly gr[? ( ! plants4 ,! sup]phosphate ( lime on ,indian corn1 /imulat$ ! gr[? ( ! plants1 9 a v decid$ mann] at fir/1 s mu* s1 t we 7 l$ to suppose1 = "s "t1 t x w\ld give ! l>ge/ crop2 b at h>ve/1 x 0 f\nd t x produc$ no m corn ?an pla/]4 ,^! results seem to indicate1 t sup]phosphate ( lime /imulates ! gr[? ( /alks & leaves1 & has little effect 9 increas+ ! production ( se$4 ,9 rais+ ,indian corn1 = fodd] or = soil+ purposes1 sup]phosphate ( lime may be b5eficial1 z well z 9 gr[+ ! sorghum = sug>-mak+ purposes1 or = fodd]--?\gh1 p]haps1 n = se$40 8,9 addition to ! exp]im5ts giv5 above1 ,i also made ! same season1 on an adjo9+ field1 ano!r set ( exp]im5ts on ,indian corn1 ! results ( :i* are giv5 bel[4 8,! l& on :i* ^! exp]im5ts 7 made1 is ( a some:at firm] texture ?an t on :i* ! o!r set ( exp]im5ts 0 made4 ,x is situat$ ab\t a mile f ! b>n-y>d1 & on ?is acc\nt1 has seldom1 if ev] be5 manur$4 ,x has be5 cultivat$ = _m ye>s ) ord9>y f>m crops4 ,x 0 pl[$ e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & x 0 h>r[$ until q mell[4 ,! corn 0 plant$ ,may #cj1 #aheg4 ,ea* exp]im5t occupi$ "o-t5? ( an acre1 consi/+ ( #d r[s #c feet ap>t1 & ! same di/ance betwe5 ! hills 9 ! r[s1 ) "o r[ )\t manure betwe5 ea* exp]im5tal plot4 8,! manure 0 appli$ 9 ! hill1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! fir/ set ( exp]im5ts4 8,! b>ny>d-manure 0 well-rott$1 & consi/$ pr9cipally ( c[-dung ) a little horse-dung4 ,tw5ty two-horse wagon loads ( ?is 0 appli$ p] acre1 & ea* load w\ld probably weigh ab\t "o ton4 ,x 0 put 9 ! hill & cov]$ ) soil1 & ! se$ !n plant$ on ! top4 8,! foll[+ table gives ! results ( ! exp]im5ts3 ,table ,%[+ ! ,results ( ,exp]im5ts on ,indian ,corn1 ,made ,ne> ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y41 9 ! ,ye> #aheg4 ,sd,c ,bu%els ( e>s ( s\nd corn p] acre4 ,sf,c ,bu%els ( e>s ( s(t corn p] acre4 ,,tc ,total ,no4 ( bu%els ( e>s ( corn p] acre4 ,i,sd,c ,increase p] acre ( e>s s\nd corn4 ,i,sf,c ,increase p] acre ( e>s ( s(t corn4 ,,tic ,total increase p] acre ( e>s ( corn4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,descriptions ( manures & ,plots quantities appli$ p] acre ,sd,c ,sf,c ,,tc ,i,sd,c,i,sf,c,,tic ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4 ,no manure #ge #ab #hg 44 44 44 #b4 #bj loads b>n-y>d manure #hb #aj #ib #e 44 #e #c4 #aej lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia #he #cj #aae #aj #ah #bh #d4 #cjj lbs4 sup]phosphate ( lime #hh #aj #ih #aa 44 #aa #e4 #djj lbs4 ,p]uvian guano #ij #cj #abj #ae #ah #cc #f4 #djj lbs4 ( 8,canc]9e10 or fi% #he #bj #aje #aj #h #ah manure ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 8,z be=e /at$1 ! l& 0 ( a /rong] nature ?an t on :i* ! fir/ set ( exp]im5ts 0 made1 & x 0 evid5tly 9 bett] condition1 z ! plot hav+ no manure produc$ #bj bu%els ( e>s ( corn p] acre m ?an ! plot )\t manure 9 ! o!r field4 8,on plot #d1 #cjj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate ( lime gives a total increase ( #aa bu%els ( e>s ( corn p] acre ov] ! unmanur$ plot1 agree+ exactly ) ! increase obta9$ f ! same quantity ( ! same manure on plot #e1 9 ! fir/ set ( exp]im5ts4 8,plot #c1 dress$ ) #aej lbs4 ( sulphate ( ammonia p] acre1 gives a total increase ( #bh bu%els ( e>s ( corn p] acre1 ov] ! unmanur$ plot2 & an increase ( #bb bu%els ( e>s p] acre ov] plot #b1 :i* receiv$ #bj loads ( good1 well-rott$ b>ny>d-dung p] acre4 8,plot #e1 ) #djj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano p] acre gives ! be/ crop ( ?is s]ies viz3 an increase ( #cc bu%els ( corn p] acre ov] ! unmanur$ plot1 & #bg ov] ! plot manur$ ) #bj loads ( b>ny>d-dung4 ,! #djj lbs4 ( #8,canc]9e'--an artificial manure made 9 ,new ,j]sey f fi%--gives a total increase ( #ah bu%els ( e>s p] acre ov] ! unmanur$ plot1 & #ab bu%els m ?an t manur$ ) b>n-y>d dung1 ?\gh #e bu%els ( e>s ( s\nd corn & #aj bu%els ( #8nubb9s' p] acre less ?an ! same quantity ( ,p]uvian guano40 ,,manures ,,= ,,turnips4 ,to raise a l>ge crop ( turnips1 especially ( ruta-bagas1 !re is no?+ bett] ?an a lib]al application ( ri*1 well-rott$ f>m-y>d-manure1 & #bej to #cjj lbs4 ( good sup]phosphate ( lime p] acre1 drill$ 9 ) ! se$4 ,i h se5 capital crops ( common turnips gr[n ) no o!r manure except #cjj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate p] acre1 drill$ ) ! se$4 ,sup]phosphate has a wond]ful effect on ! developm5t ( ! roots ( ! turnip4 ,& ?is is ! secret ( its great value = ?is crop4 ,x increases ! gr[? ( ! "y plant1 develop+ ! =mation ( ! roots1 & :5 ! turnip once gets full possession ( ! soil1 x appropriates all ! plant-food x c f9d4 ,a turnip-crop gr[n ) sup]phosphate1 c get f ! soil mu* m nitrog5 ?an a crop ( :eat4 ,! turnip-crop1 :5 suppli$ ) sup]phosphate1 is a good 8scav5g]40 ,x w ga!r up & organize into good food ! refuse plant-food left 9 ! soil4 ,x is to ! surface soil1 :at clov] is to ! subsoil4 ,to ! m>ket g>d5]1 or to a f>m] :o manures heavily common turnips drill$ 9 ) sup]phosphate w prove a valuable crop4 ,on su* l& no o!r manure w be ne$$4 ,i _c too e>ne/ly recomm5d ! use ( sup]phosphate z a manure = turnips4 ,= ,sw$e turnips or ruta-bagas1 x w usually be necess>y1 9 ord] to secure a maximum crop1 to use a manure :i*1 9 addition to sup]phosphate1 conta9s available nitrog54 ,a good dress+ ( ri*1 well-rott$ manure1 spread on ! l&1 & pl[$ "u1 & !n #cjj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate drill$ 9 ) ! se$1 w\ld be likely to give a good crop4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( manure1 !re is probably no?+ bett] = ! ruta-bagas ?an #cjj lbs4 ( s-call$ 8rectifi$0 ,p]uvian guano1 t is1 guano treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 to r5d] ! phosphates soluble4 ,su* a guano is gu>ante$ to conta9 #aj p] c5t ( ammonia1 & #aj p] c5t ( soluble phosphoric acid1 & w\ld be a good dress+ = ,sw$e turnips4 ,! be/ way to use guano = turnips is to s[ x broadca/ on ! l&1 & h>r[ x 91 & !n ei!r drill 9 ! turnip-se$ on ! flat1 or on ridges4 ,! latt] is decid$ly ! bett] plan1 provid$ y h ! necess>y implem5ts to d ! "w exp$iti\sly4 ,a d\ble m\ld-bo>d pl[ w ridge up f\r acres a day1 & ! guano be+ previ\sly s[n on ! surface1 w be turn$ up ) ! mell[ surface-soil into ! ridge1 :]e ! se$ is to be s[n4 ,! "y plants get hold ( x & gr[ s rapidly z to be soon out ( dang] f ! turnip-beetle4 ,,manures ,,= ,,mangel-,,wurzel ,,or ,,sug>-,,beets4 ,:5 sug>-beets are gr[n = fe$+ to /ock1 !re is probably little or no diff]5ce 9 ! manurial requirem5ts ( sug>-beets & mangel-wurzel4 ,our object is to get z l>ge a gr[? z possible consi/5t ) quality4 8,l>ge roots10 said ! ,deacon1 8h be5 prov$ to conta9 less nutrim5t ?an small roots40 ,true1 b x does n foll[ f ?is t ri* l&1 or heavy manur+ is ! *ief cause ( ?is diff]5ce4 ,x is mu* m likely to be due to ! v>iety select$4 ,! se$-gr[]s h be5 bre$+ solely = size & %ape4 ,!y h succe$$ to su* an ext5t t #hd gross tons ( roots h be5 gr[n on an acre4 ,?is is equal to ov] #id ( our tons p] acre4 8,t is an enorm\s crop10 said ! ,deacon2 8& x w\ld require "s labor to put #aj acres ( !m 9 a cell>40 8,if !y 7 z nutriti\s z ord9>y mangels10 said ,i1 8t w\ld be no argum5t aga9/ !m4 ,b su* is n ! case4 ,9 a lett] j receiv$ f ,mr4 ,lawes1 7,may1 #ahgh17 he *>act]izes !m z #8bladd]s ( wat] & salts4'0 ,_h ! se$-gr[]s br$ = quality1 ! roots w\ld h be5 ( less size1 b !y w\ld conta9 m nutrim5t4 ,:at we want is a v>iety t has be5 br$ ) ref]5ce to quality2 & :5 ?is is secur$1 we ne$ n fe> to make ! l& ri* & o!rwise aim to secure great gr[? & l>ge-siz$ roots4 ,x c]ta9ly is n good economy to select a v>iety :i* has be5 br$ = ye>s to produce l>ge-siz$ roots1 & !n s[ ?is se$ on poor l& = ! purpose ( obta9+ small-siz$ roots4 ,bett] take a v>iety br$ = quality1 & !n make ! l& ri* en\gh to produce a good crop4 ,we are n likely to err 9 mak+ ! l& too ri* = mangel-wurzel or = sug>-beets gr[n = /ock4 ,:5 sug>-beets are gr[n = sug>1 we mu/ aim to use manures favorable = ! production ( sug>1 or r to avoid us+ ^? :i* are unfavorable4 ,b :]e sug>-beets are gr[n = food1 our aim is to get a l>ge am\nt ( nutrim5t to ! acre4 ,& x is by no means cle> to my m9d t !re is mu* to be ga9$ by select+ ! sug>-beet in/ead ( a good v>iety ( mangel-wurzel4 ,x is n a difficult matt]1 by select+ ! l>ge/ roots = se$1 & by lib]al manur+1 & cont9u\sly select+ ! l>ge/ roots1 to conv]t ! sug>-beet into a mangel-wurzel4 ,:5 sug>-beets are gr[n = food1 we may safely manure !m z we w\ld mangel-wurzel1 & treat ! two crops precisely alike4 ,i usually raise f t5 to fifte5 acres ( mangel-wurzel e ye>4 ,i gr[ !m 9 rotation ) o!r crops1 & n z ! ,hon4 ,h>ris ,lewis & "s o!rs d1 cont9u\sly on ! same l&4 ,we manure lib]ally1 b n extravagantly1 & get a fair yield1 & ! l& is left 9 admirable condition = future crops4 ,i mean by ?is1 n t ! l& is specially ri*1 b t x is v clean & mell[4 8,9 #ahgg10 said ! ,deacon1 8y _h potatoes on ! l& :]e y grew mangels ! previ\s ye>1 & _h ! be/ crop 9 ! neighborhood40 ,?is is true1 b /ill ,i d n ?9k x a good rotation4 ,a b>ley crop se$$ ) clov] w\ld be bett]1 especially if ! mangels 7 heavily manur$4 ,! clov] w\ld get ! manure :i* _h be5 wa%$ into ! subsoil1 or left 9 su* a condition t potatoes or gra9 c\ld n take x up4 ,!re is "o ?+ 9 relation to my mangels ( #ahgf :i* has escap$ ! ,deacon4 ,! :ole piece 0 manur$ & well prep>$1 & dibbl$ 9 ) mangels1 ! r[s be+ #b feet ap>t1 & ! se$ dropp$ #ae in*es ap>t 9 ! r[s4 ,ow+ to poor se$1 ! mangels fail$ on ab\t ?ree acres1 & we pl[$ up ! l& & drill$ 9 corn = fodd]1 9 r[s #b feet ap>t1 & at ! rate ( ov] ?ree bu%els ( se$ p] acre4 ,we _h a great crop ( corn-fodd]4 ,! next ye>1 z ,i said be=e1 ! :ole piece 0 plant$ ) potatoes1 & if x 0 true t mangels are an 8enri*+ crop10 :ile corn is an 8exhau/+0 crop1 we ought to h _h mu* bett] potatoes aft] ! mangels ?an aft] corn4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly n ! case2 if !re 0 any diff]5ce1 x 0 9 favor ( ! corn4 ,b ,i d n place any confid5ce 9 an exp]im5t ( ?is k9d1 :]e ! crops 7 n weigh$ & ! results c>efully asc]ta9$4 ,mr4 ,lawes has made "s mo/ ?or\gh exp]im5ts ) diff]5t manures on sug>-beets1 & 9 #ahgf he comm5c$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) mangel-wurzel4 ,! l& is a r /iff clay loam1 simil> to t on :i* ! :eat & b>ley exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,x is bett] suit$ to ! gr[? ( beets ?an ( turnips4 8,:y s10 ask$ ! ,deacon1 8,i ?\ght t black1 bottom l& 0 be/ = mangels40 8,n s1 ,deacon10 said ,i1 8we c1 x is true1 gr[ l>ge crops ( mangels on well-dra9$ & well-manur$ swampy or bottom l&1 b ! be/ soil = mangels1 especially 9 reg>d to quality1 is a good1 /iff1 well-work$1 & well-manur$ loam40 8,& yet10 said ! ,deacon1 8y _h a bett] crop la/ ye> on ! l[] & black] portions ( ! field ?an on ! heavy1 clayey l&40 ,9 "o s5se1 ?is is true4 ,we _h dry wea!r 9 ! spr+1 & ! mangel se$ on ! dry1 clayey l& did n come up z well z on ! cool] & moi/] bottom-l&4 ,we _h m plants to ! acre1 b ! roots on ! clayey l&1 :5 !y once got fair hold ( ! soil & ! manure1 grew l>g] & bett] ?an on ! light] & moi/] l&4 ,! great po9t is to get ?is heavy l& into a f9e1 mell[ condition4 ,b to ,mr4 ,lawes' exp]im5ts4 ,!y are rem>kably int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,b x is n necess>y to g into all ! details4 ,suffice x to say t ! exp]im5ts seem to prove1 v conclusively1 t beets require a lib]al supply ( available nitrog54 ,?us1 )\t manure1 ! yield ( beets 0 ab\t #g tons ( bulbs p] acre4 ,) #eej lbs4 nitrate ( soda p] acre1 ! yield 0 a little ov] #bb tons p] acre4 ,) #ad tons ( f>my>d-manure1 #ah tons p] acre4 ,) #ad tons ( f>my>d manure & #eej lbs4 nitrate ( soda1 ov] #bg tons p] acre4 ,sup]phosphate ( lime1 sulphates ( pota%1 soda1 & magnesia1 & common salt1 alone1 or ) o!r manures1 _h comp>atively little effect4 ,practically1 :5 we want to gr[ a good crop ( beets or mangels1 ^! exp]im5ts prove t :at we ne$ is ! ri*e/ k9d ( b>ny>d-manure4 ,if our manure is n ri*1 !n we %\ld use1 9 addition to ! manure1 a dress+ ( nitrate ( soda--say #djj or #ejj lbs4 p] acre4 ,if ! l& is 9 pretty good condition1 & we h no b>ny>d-manure1 we may look = a fair crop f a dress+ ( nitrate ( soda alone4 8,i see10 said ! ,deacon1 8t #eej lbs4 ( nitrate ( soda alone1 gave an increase ( #ad tons p] acre4 ,& ! foll[+ ye>1 on ! same l&1 x gave an increase ( #ac tons2 & ! next ye>1 on ! same l&1 ov] #i tons40 8,yes10 said ,i1 8! fir/ ?ree ye>s ( ! exp]im5ts 7#ahga-b-c71 #eej lbs4 ( nitrate ( soda alone1 appli$ e ye>1 gave an av]age yield ( #ai tons ( bulbs p] acre4 ,dur+ ! same ?ree ye>s1 ! plot dress$ ) #ad tons ( b>ny>d-manure1 gave an av]age yield ( #af tons4 ,b n[ m>k4 ,! next ye> 7#ahgd7 all ! plots 7 left )\t any manure1 & ! plot :i* _h be5 previ\sly dress$ ) nitrate ( soda1 alone1 fell (f to #c tons p] acre1 :ile ! plot :i* _h be5 previ\sly manur$ ) b>ny>d-manure1 produc$ #aj tons p] acre40 8,good10 said ! ,deacon1 8!re is no?+ l manure40 ,,manures ,,= ,,cabbage1 ,,p>snips1 ,,c>rots1 ,,lettuce1 ,,onions1 ,,etc4 ,i class ^! plants toge!r1 because1 ?\gh diff]+ widely 9 _m respects1 !y h "o feature 9 common4 ,!y are all artificial productions4 ,a di/+ui%$ amateur horticulturi/ once said to me1 8,i d n see :y x is ,i h s mu* tr\ble ) lettuce4 ,my l& is ri*1 & ! lettuce gr[ well1 b d n head4 ,!y h a t5d5cy to run up to se$1 & soon get t\gh & bitt]40 ,i advis$ him to raise 8 own se$ f ! be/ plants--& especially to reject all plants t %[$ any t5d5cy to g prematurely to se$4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i told him ,i ?\ght if he w\ld s[ a little sup]phosphate ( lime ) ! se$1 x w\ld greatly /imulate ! e>ly gr[? ( ! lettuce4 ,z ,i h said be=e1 sup]phosphate1 :5 drill$ 9 ) ! se$1 has a wond]ful effect 9 develop+ ! root-gr[? ( ! "y plants ( turnips1 & ,i ?\ght x w\ld h ! same effect on lettuce1 cabbage1 caulifl[]s1 etc4 8,b10 said he1 8x is n roots t ,i want1 b heads40 8,exactly10 said ,i1 8y d n want ! plants to foll[ out _! natural disposition & run up to se$4 ,y want to induce !m to ?r[ out a great abundance ( t5d] leaves4 ,9 o!r words1 y want !m to #8head4' ,j z 9 ! turnip1 y d n want !m to run up to se$1 b to produce an unnatural developm5t ( #8bulb4'0 ,?irty ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,gilb]t ?rew out ! sugge/ion1 t :ile x 0 evid5t t turnips requir$ a l>g] proportion ( soluble phosphates 9 ! soil ?an :eat2 :ile :eat requir$ a l>g] proportion ( available nitrog5 9 ! soil1 ?an turnips1 x 0 q probable1 if we 7 gr[+ turnips = se$1 t !n1 turnips w\ld require ! same k9d ( manures z :eat4 ,we want exce$+ly ri* l& = cabbage1 especially = an e>ly crop4 ,?is is n m]ely because a l>ge crop ( cabbage takes a l>ge am\nt ( plant-food out ( ! soil1 b because ! cultivat$ cabbage is an artificial plant1 t requires its food 9 a conc5trat$ %ape4 ,9 popul> language1 ! plants h to be 8=c$40 ,accord+ to ! analyses ( ,dr4 ,&]son1 ! outside leaves ( cabbage1 conta91 9 r\nd numb]s1 #ia p] c5t ( wat]2 & ! he>t leaves1 #id p] c5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! gre5 leaves conta9 #c p] c5t m dry matt] ?an ! he>t leaves4 ,dr4 ,vlck]1 :o analyz$ m rec5tly "s 8cattle-cabbage10 f\nd #hi p] c5t ( wat] 9 ! gre5 leaves1 & #hc p] c5t 9 ! he>t & inn] leaves--?us confirm+ previ\s analyses1 & %[+ also t ! composition ( cabbages v>ies consid]ably4 ,dr4 ,vlck] f\nd mu* less wat] 9 ! cabbage ?an ,dr4 ,&]son4 ,! specim5 analyz$ by ,dr4 ,v41 0 gr[n on ! f>m ( ! ,royal ,ag4 ,college ( ,engl&1 & ,i inf] f "s incid5tal rem>ks1 t ! crop 0 gr[n on r poor l&4 ,& x is probably true t a l>ge crop ( cabbage gr[n on ri* l&1 conta9s a high] p]c5tage ( wat] ?an cabbage gr[n on poor] l&4 ,on ! poor l&1 ! cabbage w\ld n be likely to head s well z on ! ri* l&1 & ! gre5 leaves ( cabbage conta9 m ?an half z mu* aga9 real dry sub/ance z ! he>t leaves4 ,! dry matt] ( ! he>t leaves1 h[ev]1 conta9s m actual nutrim5t ?an ! dry matt] ( ! gre5 leaves4 ,x w\ld seem v desirable1 !re=e1 :e!r we are rais+ cabbage = m>ket or = home consumption1 to make ! l& ri* en\gh to gr[ good heads4 ,dr4 ,vlck] says1 8,9 ord9>y seasons1 ! av]age produce ( ,sw$es on our poor] fields is ab\t #ae tons p] acre4 ,on weigh+ ! produce ( an acre ( cabbage1 gr[n "u simil> circum/ances1 ,i f\nd t x am\nt$ to #ag tons p] acre4 ,on good1 well-manur$ fields1 h[ev]1 we h _h a mu* l>g] produce40 ,9 a report on ! 8,cultivation ( ,cabbage1 & its comp>ative ,value = ,fe$+ purposes10 by ,j4 ,m4 ,m',l>51 ( ,scotl&1 ! yield ( ,sw$e turnips1 0 #bi tons p] acre1 & ! yield ( cabbage1 #dg tons p] acre4 8,x is v evid5t10 said ! ,deacon1 8t if y gr[ cabbage y %\ld make ! l& ri* en\gh to produce a good crop--& ,i take x t is all y want to %[40 8,i want to %[10 ,i repli$1 8t our m>ket g>d5]s h reason = apply+ su* app>5tly excessive dress+s ( ri* manure to ! cabbage-crop4 ,!y f9d x saf] to put f> m manure into ! l& ?an ! crop c possibly use1 r ?an run any risk ( gett+ an inf]ior crop4 ,an important practical "q is1 :e!r !y c n gr[ "s crop or crops aft] ! cabbage1 t c pr(itably take up ! manure left 9 ! soil40 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,wolff1 9 ! la/ edition ( 8,praktis*e ,dng]lehre10 gives ! composition ( cabbage4 ,= ! details ( :i*1 see ,app5dix1 page #cde4 ,f ?is x appe>s t #ej tons ( cabbage conta9 #bdj lbs4 ( nitrog51 & #a1fjj lbs4 ( a%4 ,includ$ 9 ! a% is #fcj lbs4 ( pota%2 #ij lbs4 ( soda2 #caj lbs4 ( lime2 #fj lbs4 ( magnesia2 #adj lbs4 ( phosphoric acid2 #bdj lbs4 ( sulphuric acid1 & #bj lbs4 ( silica4 ,h5d]son1 9 8,g>d5+ = ,pr(it10 advises ! application ( #ge tons ( /able or b>n-y>d manure p] acre1 = e>ly cabbage4 ,= late cabbage1 aft] peas or e>ly potatoes1 he says ab\t #aj tons p] acre are us$4 ,brill1 9 8,f>m ,g>d5+ & ,se$ ,gr[+10 also makes ! same di/9ction 9 reg>d to ! quantity ( manure us$ = e>ly & late cabbage4 ,he speaks ( #gj to #hj tons or m1 p] acre1 ( well-rott$ /able-manure z n an unusual or excessive dress+ e ye>4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,wolff's table1 #ge tons ( fre% /able-manure1 ) /raw1 conta9s #hbj lbs4 ( nitrog52 #gie lbs4 ( pota%2 #aej lbs4 soda2 #cae lbs4 ( lime2 #baj lbs4 ( magnesia2 #dbj lbs4 ( phosphoric acid2 #aje lbs4 sulphuric acid2 #b1fee lbs4 ( silica1 & #fj lbs4 ( *lor9e4 8,put ! figures side by side10 said ! ,deacon1 8s t we c comp>e !m40 ,"h !y are3 ---------------------------------------- --- #ge tons ,fre% ,horse #ej tons ,manure4 ,cabbage4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,nitrog5 #hbj lbs4 #bdj lbs4 ,pota% #gie 0 #fcj 0 ,phosphoric acid #dbj 0 #adj 0 ,soda #aej 0 #ij 0 ,lime #cae 0 #caj 0 ,magnesia #baj 0 #fj 0 ---------------------------------------- --- 8,t is r an int]e/+ table10 said ! ,doctor4 8,9 ! case ( lime1 ! crop takes ab\t all t ?is heavy dress+ ( manure supplies--b ,i suppose ! soil is usually capable ( furni%+ a consid]able quantity40 8,t may be s10 said ! ,deacon1 8b all ! au?orities on m>ket g>d5+ speak ( ! importance ( ei!r gr[+ cabbage on l& conta9+ lime1 or else ( apply+ lime z a manure4 ,qu9n1 :o writes l a s5sible man1 says 9 8 book1 #8,money 9 ! ,g>d51' #8,a top-dress+ ( lime e ?ird ye>1 ?irty or =ty bu%els p] acre1 spread broadca/1 & h>r[$ 91 j be=e plant+1 pays h&somely4'0 ,h5d]son ?9ks cabbage c only be gr[n successfully on l& conta9+ abundance ( lime4 ,he has us$ heavy dress+s ( lime on l& :i* did n conta9 %ells1 & ! result 0 satisfactory = a "t1 b he f\nd x too exp5sive4 ,exp]i5ce seems to %[ t to gr[ l>ge crops ( p]fect cabbage1 ! soil mu/ be lib]ally furni%$ ) manures ri* 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i d n ov]look ! fact t cabbage require a l>ge quantity ( pota%4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t :5 l>ge quantities ( /able or b>n-y>d manure is us$1 x w r>ely be f\nd t ! soil lacks pota%4 ,:at we ne$ to gr[ a l>ge crop ( cabbage1 is manure f well-f$ animals4 ,su* manure c r>ely be pur*as$4 ,n[1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ri* manure & ord9>y /able or b>ny>d-manure1 consi/s pr9cipally 9 ?is3 ,! ri* manure conta9s m nitrog5 & phosphoric acid ?an ! ord9>y /able-manure--& x is 9 a m available condition4 ,to conv]t common manure into ri* manure1 !re=e1 we mu/ add nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ use ,p]uvian guano1 or nitrate ( soda & sup]phosphate1 or bone-du/1 or "s o!r sub/ance t w furni% available nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4 ,or x may well be1 :]e /able-manure c be b\ght = #a4jj p] two-horse load1 t x w be *eap] to use x 9 l>g] quantity r ?an to try to make x ri*4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 we mu/ endeavor to foll[ ! cabbage by "s crop t has ! p[] ( tak+ up ! l>ge quantity ( nitrog5 & o!r plant-food t w be left 9 ! soil4 ,! cabbage ne$s a l>ge supply ( nitrog5 9 ! soil1 b removes comp>atively little ( x4 ,we see t :5 #ge tons ( manure is us$1 a crop ( #ej tons ( cabbage takes out ( ! soil less ?an #cj p] c5t ( ! nitrog54 ,& yet1 if y plant cabbage on ?is l&1 ! next ye>1 )\t manure1 y w\ld get a small crop4 8,x _c be = want ( nitrog510 said ! ,deacon4 8,yes x c10 said ,i4 8,! cabbage1 especially ! e>ly k9ds1 mu/ h 9 ! soil a mu* l>g] quantity ( available nitrog5 ?an ! plants c use40 ,i d n mean by ?is t a l>ge crop ( cabbage c\ld be rais$1 ye> aft] ye>1 if furni%$ only ) a l>ge supply ( available nitrog54 ,9 su* a case1 ! soil w\ld soon lack ! necess>y inorganic +r$i5ts4 ,b1 :at ,i mean1 is ?is3 ,:]e l& has be5 heavily manur$ = "s ye>s1 we c\ld (t5 raise a good crop ( cabbage by a lib]al dress+ ( available nitrog51 & /ill m frequ5tly1 if nitrog5 & phosphoric acid 7 bo? us$4 ,y may use :at w\ld be consid]$ an excessive quantity ( ord9>y /able-manure1 & gr[ a l>ge crop ( cabbage2 b /ill1 if y plant cabbage ! next ye>1 )\t manure ( any k9d1 y w get a small crop2 b dress x ) a manure conta9+ ! necess>y am\nt ( nitrog51 & y w1 s f> z ! supply ( plant-food is conc]n$1 be likely to get a good crop4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ,i ?9k an application ( #hjj lbs4 ( nitrate ( soda p] acre1 co/+1 say #cb1 w\ld be likely to af=d a v h&some pr(it4 ,= lettuce1 9 addition to well prep>$ ri* l&1 ,i %\ld s[ #c lbs4 ( sup]phosphate to ea* squ>e rod1 scatt]$ 9 ! r[s be=e drill+ 9 ! se$4 ,x w favor ! =mation ( fibr\s roots & /imulate ! gr[? ( ! "y plants4 ,9 rais+ onions f se$1 we require an abundance ( ri*1 well-rott$ manure1 clean l&1 & e>ly s[+4 ,onions are (t5 rais$ ye> aft] ye> on ! same l&4 ,t ?is entails a great wa/e ( manure1 is highly probable1 b x is n an easy matt] to get ord9>y f>m-l& prop]ly prep>$ = onions4 ,x ne$s to be clean & free f /ones & rubbi% ( all k9ds1 & :5 once x is 9 good condition1 x is ?\ght bett] to cont9ue x 9 onions1 ev5 ?\gh x may entail m or less loss ( f]tility4 8,:at d y mean10 ask$ ! ,deacon1 8by loss ( manure80 8,simply ?is10 said ,i4 8,we use a f> great] am\nt ( plant-food 9 ! %ape ( manure ?an is remov$ by ! crop ( onions4 ,& yet1 not)/&+ ?is fact1 x is f\nd1 z a matt] ( exp]i5ce1 t x is absolutely necess>y1 if we w\ld raise a l>ge & pr(itable crop1 to manure x e ye>40 ,a few exp]im5ts w\ld ?r[ mu* light on ?is matt]4 ,i %\ld expect1 :5 l& _h be5 heavily dress$ e ye> = a few ye>s1 ) /able-manure1 & annually s[n to onions1 t #hjj lbs4 ( sulphate ( ammonia1 or ( nitrate ( soda1 or #a1bjj lbs4 ( ,p]uvian guano w\ld give z good a crop z #be or #cj tons ( manure4 ,or p]haps a bett] plan w\ld be to apply #aj or #ae loads ( manure1 & #fjj lbs4 ( guano1 or #djj lbs4 sulphate ( ammonia4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,manures ,,= ,,g>d5s ,,& ,,or*>ds4 ,,manure ,,= ,,m>ket-,,g>d5s4 ,! *ief dep5d5ce ( ! m>ket g>d5] mu/ be on ! /able-manure :i* he c obta9 f ! city or village4 ,! *ief defect ( ?is manure is t x is n ri* en\gh 9 available nitrog54 ,! active nitrog5 exi/s pr9cipally 9 ! ur9e1 & ?is 9 our city /ables is l>gely lo/4 ,a ton ( fre%1 unmix$ horse-dung conta9s ab\t #i lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,a ton ( horse-ur9e1 #ca lbs4 ,b ?is does n tell ! :ole /ory4 ,! nitrog5 9 ! dung is conta9$ 9 ! crude1 undige/$ portions ( ! food4 ,x is to a l>ge ext5t insoluble & unavailable1 :ile ! nitrog5 9 ! ur9e is soluble & active4 ,! m>ket-g>d5]1 ( c\rse1 has to take su* manure z he c get1 & ! only po9ts to be consid]$ are 7#a71 :e!r he _h bett] cont9ue to use an excessive quantity ( ! manure1 or 7#b71 to buy sub/ances ri* 9 available nitrog51 & ei!r mix !m ) ! manure1 or apply !m sep>ately to ! soil1 or 7#c71 :e!r he c use ?is horse-manure z b$d+ = pigs to be f$ on ri* nitrog5\s food4 ,! latt] plan ,i adopt on my own f>m1 & 9 ?is way ,i get a v ri* & active manure4 ,i get available nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 at f> *eap] rates ?an !y c be pur*as$ 9 ! be/ comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,pigs void a l>ge am\nt ( ur9e1 & z pigs are ord9>ily kept1 mu* ( ?is liquid is lo/ = want ( suffici5t b$d+ to absorb x4 ,) ! m>ket-g>d5] or nurs]yman1 :o draws l>ge quantities ( horse-manure f ! city1 ?is ne$ n be ! case4 ,! necess>y build+s c be con/ruct$ at little co/1 & ! horse-manure c be us$ freely4 ,! pigs %\ld be f$ on food ri* 9 nitrog51 su* z bran1 malt-combs1 brew]s' gra9s1 ! refuse animal matt] f ! slaught]-h\ses or but*]s' /ores1 fi% scrap1 pea or l5til-meal1 palm-nut cake1 or su* food z w furni% ! mo/ nitrog5\s food1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 at ! *eape/ rate4 ,! m>ket-g>d5] n only requires l>ge quantities ( ri* manure1 b he wants !m to act quickly4 ,! nurs]yman :o sets out a block ( trees :i* w occupy ! gr\nd = ?ree1 f\r1 or five ye>s1 may want a 8la/+ manure10 b su* is n ! case ) ! g>d5] :o gr[s crops :i* he takes (f ! l& 9 a few mon?s4 ,z long z he cont9ues to use horse or c[-manure freely1 he ne$ n tr\ble himself to get a sl[ or la/+ manure4 ,8 great aim %\ld be to make ! manure z active & available z possible4 ,& ?is is especially ! case if he occupies clayey or loamy l&4 ,on s&y l& ! manure w decompose m rapidly & act quick]4 8,!re are _m facts10 said ! ,doctor1 8t %[ t an artificial application ( wat] is equival5t to an application ( manure4 ,x has be5 %[n t m>ket-g>d5]s f9d x necess>y to apply a mu* l>g] am\nt ( plant-food to ! soil ?an ! crops c take up4 ,?is !y h to d ye> aft] ye>4 ,& x may well be t1 :5 a supply ( wat] c be _h at slight co/1 x w be *eap] to irrigate ! l&1 or wat] ! plants1 r ?an to furni% su* an excess ( manure1 z is n[ f\nd necess>y4 ,ev5 ) ord9>y f>m-crops1 we "k t !y feel ! effects ( dr\? f> less on ri* l& ?an on poor l&4 ,9 o!r words1 a lib]al supply ( plant-food enables ! crops to fl\ri% ) less wat]2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a great] supply ( wat] w enable ! crops to fl\ri% ) a less supply ( plant-food4 ,! m>ket-g>d5]s %\ld look into ?is "q ( irrigation40 ,,manures ,,= ,,se$-,,gr[+ ,,f>ms4 ,9 gr[+ g>d5 & vegetable se$s1 mu* labor is necess>ily employ$ p] acre1 & consequ5tly x is ( great importance to produce a good yield4 ,! be/ & cleane/ l& is necess>y to />t )1 & !n manures mu/ be appropriately & freely us$4 8,b n too freely10 said ! ,doctor1 8= ,i am told x is q possible to h l& too ri* = se$-gr[+40 ,x is n (t5 t ! l& is too ri*4 ,/ill1 x may well be t = "s crops too mu* /able-manure is us$4 ,b 9 n9e cases out ( t51 :5 su* manure gives too mu* gr[? & too little or too poor se$1 ! tr\ble is 9 ! quality ( ! manure4 ,x conta9s too mu* c>bonace\s matt]4 ,9 o!r words1 x is s poor 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 t an excessive quantity has to be us$4 ,! rem$y consi/s 9 mak+ ri*] manures & us+ a less quantity1 or use half ! quantity ( /able-manure1 & apply ! rectifi$ or prep>$ ,p]uvian guano1 at ! rate ( #cjj lbs4 or #djj lbs4 p] acre1 or say #bjj lbs4 sup]phosphate & #bjj lbs4 nitrate ( soda p] acre4 ,:]e x is v important to h ! se$s rip5 e>ly1 a lib]al dress+1 say #djj lbs4 p] acre1 ( sup]phosphate ( lime1 w be likely to prove b5eficial4 ,,manure ,,= ,,private ,,g>d5s4 ,i once _h a small g>d5 9 ! city1 & hav+ no manure1 ,i dep5d$ entirely on ?or\gh cultivation & artificial f]tiliz]s1 su* z sup]phosphate & sulphate ( ammonia4 ,x 0 cultivat$ n = pr(it1 b = pleasure1 b ,i nev] saw a m productive piece ( l&4 ,i _h 9 almo/ e case two crops a ye> on ! same l&1 & on "s plots ?ree crops4 ,no manure 0 us$1 except ! sup]phosphate & sulphate ( ammonia1 & coal & wood a%es f ! h\se4 ,ab\t #e lbs4 ( sulphate ( ammonia 0 s[n broadca/ to ! squ>e rod1 or work$ into ! soil v ?or\ghly 9 ! r[s :]e ! se$ 0 to be s[n4 ,sup]phosphate 0 appli$ at ! same rate1 b in/ead ( s[+ x broadca/1 ,i aim$ to get x z ne> ! se$ or ! roots ( plants z possible4 ,half a teaspoonful ( ! mixture1 consi/+ ( equal p>ts ( sup]phosphate & sulphate ( ammonia1 /irr$ into a l>ge ?ree gallon c ( wat]1 & spr9kl$ on to a b$ ( v]b5as1 seem$ to h a rem>kable effect on ! size & brilliancy ( ! fl[]s4 ,ev5 to ?is day1 al?\gh ,i h a good supply ( ri* b>ny>d-manure1 ,i d n l to be )\t "s good artificial manure = ! g>d54 ,,manure ,,= ,,hot-,,b$s4 ,! be/ manure = hot-b$s is horse or %eep-dung t has be5 us$ z b$d+ = pigs4 ,:5 fre% /able-manure is us$1 great pa9s %\ld be tak5 to save all ! ur9e4 ,9 o!r words1 y want ! horse-dung ?or\ghly saturat$ ) ur9e4 ,! heat is produc$ pr9cipally f ! c>bon 9 ! manure & /raw1 b y ne$ active nitrog5\s matt] to />t ! fire4 ,& ! ri*] ! manure is 9 nitrog5\s matt]1 & ! m ?or\ghly ?is is di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! manure1 ! m readily w x f]m5t4 ,!re is also ano!r advantage 9 hav+ ri* manure1 or manure well saturat$ ) ur9e4 ,y c make ! heap m compact4 ,poor manure has to be made 9 a loose heap1 or x w n f]m5t2 b su* manure z we are talk+ ab\t c be trodd5 d[n q firm1 & /ill f]m5t rapid en\gh to give out ! necess>y heat1 & ?is compact heap w cont9ue to f]m5t long] & give out a /eadi] heat1 ?an ! loose heap ( poor manure4 ,,manure ,,= ,,nurs]ym54 ,our successful nurs]ym5 pur*ase l>ge quantities ( /able & o!r manures f ! cities1 draw+ x z fa/ z x is made1 & putt+ x 9 piles until want$4 ,!y usually turn ! piles once or twice1 & (t5 ?ree times4 ,?is favors f]m5tation1 greatly r$uc+ x 9 bulk1 & r5d]+ ! manure mu* m soluble & active4 ,x also makes ! manure 9 ! heap m uni=m 9 quality4 ,messrs4 ,ellwang] ,b>ry tell me t !y (t5 f]m5t ! manure t !y draw f ! /ables 9 ! city1 & make x s f9e & ri*1 t !y get b "o load ( rott$ manure f ?ree loads z drawn f ! /ables4 ,= "s crops1 !y use at lea/ #bj loads ( ?is rott$ manure p] acre1 & !y e/imate t ea* load ( ?is rott$ manure co/s at lea/ #e4jj4 ,h4 ,e4 ,hook] places ! co/ ( manure equally high1 b seems will+ to use all he c get1 & does n ?9k we c pr(itably employ artificial manures z a sub/itute4 ,9 ?is ,i agree ) him4 ,b :ile ,i %\ld n expect artificial manures1 :5 us$ alone1 to prove z *eap or z valuable z /able-manure at pres5t prices1 ,i ?9k x may well be t a little nitrate ( soda1 sulphate ( ammonia1 & sup]phosphate ( lime1 or dissolv$ ,p]uvian guano1 might be us$ z an auxili>y manure to great advantage4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,hook]1 once s[$1 at my sugge/ion1 "s sulphate ( ammonia & sup]phosphate on "p ( a block ( nurs]y trees1 & he c\ld n p]ceive t ^! manures did any good4 ,ellwang] ,b>ry also tri$ !m1 & report$ ! same negative result4 ,?is 0 sev]al ye>s ago1 & ,i d n ?9k any simil> exp]im5ts h be5 made s9ce4 8,& yet10 said ! ,deacon1 8y us$ ^! self same manures on f>m-crops1 & !y greatly increas$ ! gr[?40 8,!re are sev]al reasons10 said ! ,doctor1 8:y ^! manures may h fail$ to produce any m>k$ effect on ! nurs]y trees4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re 0 consid]able prejudice aga9/ !m1 & ! nurs]ym5 w\ld h>dly feel l rely+ on ^! manures alone4 ,!y probably s[$ !m on l& already well manur$2 & ,i ?9k !y s[$ !m too late 9 ! season4 ,i %\ld l to see !m fairly tri$40 ,s w\ld ,i4 ,x seems to me t nitrate ( soda1 & sup]phosphate1 or dissolv$ ,p]uvian guano1 c\ld be us$ ) v great advantage & pr(it by ! nurs]ym54 ,( c\rse1 x w\ld h>dly be safe to dep5d ^u !m alone4 ,!y %\ld be us$ ei!r 9 connection ) /able-manure1 or on l& t _h previ\sly be5 frequ5tly dress$ ) /able-manure4 ,,manure ,,= ,,fruit-,,gr[]s4 ,h[ to keep up ! f]tility ( our apple-or*>ds1 is becom+ an important "q1 & is attract+ consid]able att5tion4 ,!re are two me?ods g5]ally recomm5d$--,i d>e n say g5]ally practis$4 ,! "o1 is to keep ! or*>d 9 b>e-fall[2 ! o!r1 to keep x 9 grass1 & top-dress ) manure1 & ei!r eat ! grass (f on ! l& ) %eep & pigs1 or else m[ x frequ5tly1 & let ! grass rot on ! surface1 = mul* & manure4 8,y are speak+ n[10 said ! ,deacon1 8( be>+ apple-or*>ds4 ,no "o recomm5ds keep+ a "y or*>d 9 grass4 ,we all "k t "y apple trees d f> bett] :5 ! l& is occupi$ ) corn1 potatoes1 beans1 or "s o!r crop1 :i* c be cultivat$1 ?an !y d on l& occupi$ ) :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 rye1 buck:eat1 or grass & clov]4 ,& ev5 ) be>+ pea* trees1 ,i h se5 a wond]ful diff]5ce 9 an or*>d1 half ( :i* 0 cultivat$ ) corn1 & ! o!r half s[n ) :eat4 ,! trees 9 ! :eat 7 sickly-look+1 & bore a small crop ( inf]ior fruit1 :ile ! trees 9 ! corn1 grew vigor\sly & bore a f9e crop ( fruit4 ,& ! increas$ value ( ! crop ( pea*es on ! cultivat$ l& 0 f> m ?an we c ev] hope to get f a crop ( :eat40 8,& yet10 said ! ,doctor1 8! crop ( corn on ! cultivat$ half ( ! pea*-or*>d remov$ f> m plant-food f ! soil1 ?an ! crop ( :eat4 ,& s x is evid5t t ! diff]5ce is n due :olly to ! supply ( manure 9 ! surface-soil4 ,x may well be t ! cultivation :i* ! corn receiv$ favor$ ! decomposition ( organic matt] 9 ! soil1 & ! =mation ( nitrates1 & :5 ! ra9 came1 x w\ld p5etrate deep] into ! loose soil ?an on ! adjo9+ l& occupi$ ) :eat4 ,! ra9 w\ld c>ry ! nitrog5 d[n to ! roots ( ! pea* trees1 & ?is w acc\nt = ! d>k gre5 color ( ! leaves on ! cultivat$ l&1 & ! yell[1 sickly-look+ leaves on ! trees among ! :eat40 ,,h5-,,manure1 ,,& ,,:at ,,to ,,d ,,) ,,x4 ,a bu%el ( corn f$ to a h5 w\ld give no m nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 9 ! %ape ( manure1 ?an a bu%el ( corn f$ to a pig4 ,! manure f ! pig1 h[ev]1 tak+ ! ur9e & solid excrem5t toge!r1 conta9 #hb p] c5t ( wat]1 :ile t f ! h5 conta9s only #ef p] c5t ( wat]4 ,moreov]1 h5s pick up worms & insects1 & _! food 9 su* case w\ld conta9 m nitrog5 ?an ! usual food ( pigs1 & ! manure w\ld be correspond+ly ri*] 9 nitrog54 ,h5ce x happ5s t #ajj lbs4 ( dry h5-manure w\ld usually be ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an #ajj lbs4 ( dry pig-manure4 ,b fe$ pigs on peas1 & h5s on corn1 & ! dry pig-manure w\ld be mu* ri*] 9 nitrog5 ?an ! dry h5-manure4 ,! value ( ! manure1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 dep5ds on ! food & n on ! animal4 ,let no man ?9k he is go+ to make 8 f>m any ri*] by keep+ h5s1 ducks1 & geese1 ?an he w by keep+ %eep1 pigs1 & horses4 8,:y is x1 !n10 ask$ ! ,deacon1 8t h5-dung proves su* a valuable manure4 ,i w\ld r h a hundr$ lbs4 ( h5-dung ?an half a ton ( b>ny>d-manure80 8,& ,i presume y are "r10 said ,i1 8b y mu/ recollect t y\r h5-manure is kept until x is almo/ *emically dry4 ,let u figure up :at ! half ton ( manure & ! #ajj lbs4 ( h5-manure w\ld conta94 ,"h are ! figures1 side by side3 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ajj lbs4 dry ,half ton ,h5-,manure4 ,c[-,dung ) /raw4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,wat] 7e/imat$7 #ab lbs4 #gge lbs4 ,organic ,matt] #ea 0 #bjc 0 ,a% #cg 0 #bb 0 ---------------------------- ,nitrog5 #c 0 #c 0 ,pota% #a 0 #d 0 ,lime #d 0 #c 0 ,phosphoric acid #c 0 #a 0 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,i w\ld1 myself1 f> r h #ajj lbs4 ( y\r dry h5-manure ?an half a ton ( y\r f>my>d-manure4 ,y\r h5s are f$ on ri*] food ?an y\r c[s4 ,! #ajj lbs4 ( h5-manure1 too1 w\ld act mu* m rapidly ?an ! half ton ( c[-manure4 ,x w\ld probably d twice z mu* good--possibly ?ree or f\r times z mu* good1 on ! fir/ crop1 z ! c[-manure4 ,! nitrog51 be+ obta9$ f ri*] & m dige/ible food1 is 9 a mu* m active & available condition ?an ! nitrog5 9 ! c[-dung4 8,if y g on10 said ! ,deacon1 8,i ?9k y w prove t ,i am "r40 8,i h nev] d\bt$10 said ,i1 8! great value ( h5-dung1 z comp>$ ) b>ny>d-manure4 ,& all ,i wi% to %[ is1 t1 not)/&+ its ackn[l$g$ value1 ! fact rema9s t a giv5 quantity ( ! same k9d ( food w give no great] am\nt ( f]tiliz+ matt] :5 f$ to a h5 ?an if f$ to a pig40 ,i want ^? f>m]s :o f9d s mu* b5efit f an application ( h5-manure1 a%es1 & pla/]1 to _! corn & potatoes1 to feel t if !y w\ld keep bett] c[s1 %eep1 & pigs1 & fe$ !m bett]1 !y w\ld get good pay = _! fe$1 & ! manure w\ld enable !m to gr[ l>g] crops4 ,:ile we h be5 talk+1 ! ,deacon 0 look+ ov] ! tables4 7,see ,app5dix47 8,i see10 said he1 8t :eat & rye conta9 m nitrog5 ?an h5-manure1 b less pota% & phosphoric acid40 8,?is is true10 said ,i1 8b ! way to comp>e !m1 9 ord] to see ! effect ( pass+ ! :eat ?r\gh ! h51 is to look at ! composition ( ! air-dri$ h5-dung4 ,! fre% h5-dung1 accord+ to ! table1 conta9s #ef p] c5t ( wat]1 :ile :eat conta9s less ?an #ad p] c5t40 ,let u comp>e ! composition ( #a1jjj lbs4 air-dri$ h5-dung ) #a1jjj lbs4 ( air-dri$ :eat & rye1 & also ) bran1 malt-combs1 etc4 ,phosphoric ,nitrog54 ,pota%4 ,acid4 ,:eat #bj4h #e4c #g4i ,:eat ,bran #bb4d #ad4c #bg4c ,rye #ag4f #e4f #h4d ,rye ,bran #bc4b #ai4c #cd4c ,buck:eat #ad4d #b4g #e4g ,buck:eat ,bran #bg4b #aa4b #ab4e ,malt-roots #cf4h #bj4f #ah4j ,air-dry ,h5-dung4 #cb4f #ag4j #cj4h 8,t table10 said ! ,doctor1 8is well wor? /udy+4 ,y see1 t :5 :eat is put ?r\gh ! process ( mill+1 ! mill] takes out z mu* ( ! />* & glut5 z he wants1 & leaves y a product 7bran71 ri*] 9 phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & nitrog51 ?an y gave him40 8,& ! same is true10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8( ! h54 ,y gave h] #b1jjj gra9s ( :eat1 conta9+ #da4f gra9s ( nitrog54 ,%e puts ?is ?r\gh ! mill1 toge!r ) "s a%es1 & bones1 t %e picks up1 & %e takes out all ! />* & fat1 & nitrog51 & phosphate ( lime1 t %e ne$s to su/a9 life1 & to produce fle%1 bones1 fea!rs1 & eggs1 & leaves y #a1jjj gra9s ( manure conta9+ #cb4f gra9s ( nitrog51 #ag4j gra9s ( pota%1 & #cj4h gra9s ( phosphoric acid4 ,i d n say10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8t x takes exactly #b1jjj gra9s ( :eat to make #a1jjj gra9s ( dry manure4 ,i m]ely give ^! figures to enable ! ,deacon to und]/& :y #a1jjj lbs4 ( h5-dung is wor? m = manure ?an #a1jjj lbs4 ( :eat40 8,i mu/ admit10 said ! ,deacon1 8t ,i always h be5 tr\bl$ to und]/& :y :eat-bran 0 wor? m = manure ?an ! :eat itself1 ,i see n[--x is because !re is less ( x4 ,x is = ! same reason t boil$ cid] is ri*] ?an ! cid] f :i* x is made4 ,! cid] has lo/ wat]1 & ! bran has lo/ />*4 ,:at is left is ri*] 9 nitrog51 & pota%1 & phosphoric acid4 ,& s x is ) manure4 ,! animals take out ( ! food ! />* & fat1 & leave ! manure ri*] 9 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%40 8,exactly10 said ,i1 8,mr4 ,lawes f\nd by actual exp]im5t1 t if y fe$ #ejj lbs4 ( b>ley-meal to a pig1 conta9+ #dbj lbs4 ( dry sub/ance1 y get only #gj lbs4 ( dry sub/ance 9 ! manure4 ,( ! #dbj lbs4 ( dry sub/ance1 #bgf4b lbs4 are us$ to support respiration1 etc42 #gc4h lbs4 are f\nd 9 ! increase ( ! pig1 & #gj lbs4 9 ! manure40 ,! food conta9s #eb lbs4 ( nitrog5\s matt]2 ! increase ( pig conta9s #g lbs41 & consequ5tly1 if !re is no loss1 ! manure %\ld conta9 #de lbs4 ( nitrog5\s sub/ance to #g4ad lbs4 ( nitrog54 8,9 o!r words10 said ! ,doctor1 8! #gj lbs4 ( dry liquid & solid pig-manure conta9s #g4ad lbs4 ( nitrog51 or #ajj lbs4 w\ld conta9 #aj4b lbs4 ( nitrog51 :i* is m nitrog5 ?an we n[ get 9 ! v be/ samples ( ,p]uvian guano40 8,& ?us x w be se510 said ,i1 8t ?\gh corn-f$ pigs1 leav+ out ! b$d+ & wat]1 produce a v small quantity ( manure1 x is exce$+ly ri*40 ,! table f :i* ^! facts 7 obta9$1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix--pages #cdb-c4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,manure4 ,,c[-,,manure1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,x4 8,x w d m good if f]m5t$10 said a ,g]man f>m] 9 ! neighborhood1 :o is not$ = rais+ good crops ( cabbage1 8b ,i l hog-manure bett] ?an c[-dung4 ,! "r way is to mix ! hog-manure1 c[-dung1 & horse-manure toge!r40 8,no d\bt ab\t t10 said ,i1 8b :5 y h a good _m c[s1 & few o!r animals1 h[ w\ld y manage ! manure80 8,i w\ld ga!r leaves & swamp-muck1 & use !m = b$d+ ! c[s & pigs4 ,leaves make spl5did b$d+1 & !y make ri* manure1 & ! c[-dung & leaves1 :5 made into a pile1 w f]m5t readily1 & make gr& manure =--any?+4 ,i only wi% ,i _h all ,i c\ld use40 ,!re is no "q b :at c[-manure is bett] if f]m5t$1 b x is n always conv5i5t to pile x dur+ ! w9t] 9 su* a way t x w n freeze4 ,& 9 ?is case x may be ! bett] plan to draw x out on to ! l&1 z opportunity (f]s4 8,i h he>d10 said ,*>ley1 8t pig-manure 0 n good = cabbage1 x produces #8f+]s & toes1' or club-foot40 ,possibly su* is ! case :5 !re is a pr$isposition to ! disease1 b our ,g]man fri5d says he has nev] f\nd any ill-effects f its use4 8,c[s10 said ! ,doctor1 8:5 giv+ a l>ge quantity ( milk1 make r poor manure4 ,! manure loses :at ! milk takes f ! food40 8,we h %[n :at t loss is10 said ,i4 8,x am\nts to less ?an ,i ?9k is g5]ally suppos$4 ,& 9 ! w9t]1 :5 ! c[s are dry1 ! manure w\ld be z ri* z f ox51 provid$ bo? 7 f$ alike4 ,see ,app5dix1 page #cdb4 ,x w !re be se5 t ox5 take out only #d4a lbs4 ( nitrog5 f #ajj lbs4 ( nitrog5 consum$ 9 ! food4 ,9 o!r words1 provid$ !re is no loss1 we %\ld get 9 ! liquid & solid excrem5ts ( ! ox & dry c[ #ie4i p] c5t ( ! nitrog5 furni%$ 9 ! food1 & a /ill high] p] c5t ( ! m9]al matt]40 ,,%eep-,,manure4 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,wolff's table ( analyses1 %eep-manure1 bo? solid & liquid1 conta9 less wat] ?an ! manure f horses1 c[s1 or sw9e4 ,) ! exception ( sw9e1 ! solid dung is also ! ri*e/ 9 nitrog51 :ile ! ur9e ( %eep is pre-em95tly ri* 9 nitrog5 & pota%4 ,^! facts are 9 accordance ) ! g5]al op9ions ( f>m]s4 ,%eep-manure is consid]$1 next to h5-manure1 ! mo/ valuable manure made on ! f>m4 ,i d n ?9k we h any satisfactory evid5ce to prove t #c tons ( clov]-hay & a ton ( corn f$ to a lot ( fatt5+-%eep w af=d a quantity ( manure conta9+ any m plant-food ?an ! same k9d & am\nt ( food f$ to a lot ( fatt5+-cattle4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,lawes ,gilb]t indicate t if !re is any diff]5ce x is 9 favor ( ! ox4 ,see ,app5dix1 page #cdc4 ,b x may well be t x is mu* easi] to save ! manure f ! %eep ?an f ! cattle4 ,& s1 practically1 %eep may be bett] manure-mak]s ?an cattle--= ! simple reason t less ( ! ur9e is lo/4 8,z a rule10 said ! ,doctor1 8! dung ( %eep conta9s f> less wat] ?an ! dung ( cattle1 ?\gh :5 y slop y\r bre$+ ewes to make !m give m milk1 ! dung diff]s b little 9 appe>ance f t ( c[s4 ,ord9>ily1 h[ev]1 %eep-dung is light & dry1 &1 l horse-dung1 w f]m5t mu* m rapidly ?an c[ or pig-dung4 ,9 pil+ manure 9 ! w9t] or spr+1 special pa9s %\ld be us$ to mix ! %eep & horse-manure ) ! c[ & pig-manure4 ,& x may be rem>k$ t = any crop or = any purpose :]e /able-manure is deem$ desirable1 %eep-manure w\ld be a bett] sub/itute ?an c[ or pig-manure40 ,,manure ,,f ,,sw9e4 ,! dry matt] ( hog-manure1 especially ! ur9e1 is ri* 9 nitrog51 b x is mix$ ) su* a l>ge quantity ( wat] t a ton ( hog-manure1 z x is usually f\nd 9 ! p51 is less valuable ?an a ton ( horse or %eep-manure1 & only a little m valuable ?an a ton ( c[-manure4 ,z ,i h be=e said1 my own plan is to let ! /ore-hogs sleep 9 a basem5t-cell>1 & b$ !m ) horse & %eep-manure4 ,i h ?is w9t] ov] #ej s[s "u ! horse-/able1 & ! manure f #h horses keeps !m dry & com=table1 & we are n specially lavi% ) /raw 9 b$d+ ! horses4 ,dur+ ! summ] we aim to keep ! hogs out 9 ! pa/ures & or*>ds z mu* z possible4 ,?is is n only good = ! heal? ( ! pigs1 b saves labor & /raw 9 ! managem5t ( ! manure4 ,x goes directly to ! l&4 ,! pigs are good graz]s & di/ribute ! manure z ev5ly ov] ! l& z %eep--9 fact1 dur+ hot wea!r1 %eep are ev5 m incl9$ to huddle toge!r "u ! trees1 & by ! side ( ! f5ce1 ?an pigs4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! l>g] bre$s ( %eep4 ,9 ! w9t] x is n a difficult matt] to save all ! liquid & solid excrem5ts f pigs1 provid$ ! p5s are dry & no wat] comes 9 f ! ra9 & sn[4 ,z pigs are (t5 manag$1 ?is is ! real difficulty4 ,pigs void an enorm\s quantity ( wat]1 especially :5 f$ on slops f ! h\se1 :ey1 etc4 ,if !y are kept 9 a p5 ) a sep>ate fe$+ & sleep+ ap>tm5t1 bo? %\ld be "u cov]1 & ! fe$+ ap>tm5t may be kept cov]$ a foot or s ?ick ) ! soil$ b$d+ f ! sleep+ ap>tm5t4 ,:5 ! pigs get up 9 a morn+1 !y w g into ! fe$+ ap>tm5t1 & ! liquid w be dis*>g$ on ! mass ( manure1 /raw1 etc4 8,dri$ muck10 said ! ,deacon1 8comes 9 v h&y ab\t a pig-p51 = absorb+ ! liquid40 8,yes10 said ,i1 8& ev5 dry e>? c be us$ to great advantage1 n m]ely to absorb ! liquid1 b to keep ! p5s sweet & heal?y4 ,! ?ree *ief po9ts 9 sav+ manure f pigs are3 #a1 ,to h ! p5s "u cov]2 #b1 to keep ! fe$+ ap>tm5t or y>d cov]$ ) a ?ick mass ( /rawy manure & refuse ( any k9d1 & #c1 to scatt] pl5ty ( dry e>? or dry muck on ! floor ( ! sleep+ ap>tm5t1 & on top ( ! manure 9 ! fe$+ ap>tm5t40 8,y fe$ mo/ ( y\r pigs10 said ! ,deacon1 8out ( doors 9 ! y>d1 & !y sleep 9 ! p5s or basem5t cell>s1 & x seems to me to be a good plan1 z !y get m fre% air & ex]cise ?an if conf9$40 8,we d n lose mu* manure10 said ,i1 8by fe$+ 9 ! y>ds4 ,y let a doz5 pigs sleep 9 a p5 all night1 & z soon z !y he> y putt+ ! food 9 ! tr\ghs outside1 !y come to ! door ( ! p51 & !re dis*>ge ! liquid & solid excrem5ts on ! mass ( manure left !re on purpose to receive & absorb !m4 ,i am well aw>e t z pigs are (t5 manag$1 we lose at lea/ half ! value ( _! manure1 b !re is no necessity = ?is4 ,a little c>e & ?\ght w save ne>ly ! :ole ( x40 ,,buy+ ,,manure ,,by ,,measure ,,or ,,weight4 ,! ,deacon & ,i h j be5 weigh+ a bu%el ( diff]5t k9ds ( manure made on ! f>m4 ,we made two weigh+s ( ea* k9d1 "o ?r[n 9 loose1 & ! o!r press$ d[n firm4 ,! foll[+ is ! result3 ,weight ( ,manure p] ,bu%el1 & p] ,load ( #ej ,bu%els4 ,wt_/,bu ,weight p] ,bu%el 9 lbs4 ,wt_/,load ,weight p] ,load ( #ej bu%els4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,no4 ,k9d ,& ,condition ,( ,manures4 ,wt_/,bu ,wt_/,load ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- lbs4 lbs4 #a4;,fre% horse-manure free f /raw #cg #ahge #b4 0 0 0 0 0 0 press$ #ee #bgej #c4;,fre% horse-manure1 z us$ = b$d+ pigs #bh #adjj #d4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 press$ #df #bcjj #e4;,horse-manure f pig cell> #ej #bejj #f4 0 0 0 0 0 press$ #gb #cfjj #g4,pig-manure #eg #bhej #h4 0 0 press$ #ge #cgej #i4,pig-manure & dry e>? #ih #dijj #aj4,%eep-manure f op5 %$ #db #bajj #aa4 0 0 0 0 0 press$ #fe #cbej #ab4,%eep-manure f clos$ %$ #bh #adjj #ac4 0 0 0 0 0 press$ #ch #aijj #ad4;,fre% c[-dung1 free f /raw #hg #dcej #ae4;,h5-manure #cd #agjj #af4 0 0 press$ #dh #bdjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 8,9 buy+ manure10 said ! ,deacon1 8x makes q a diff]5ce :e!r ! load is trod d[n solid or ?r[n loosely into ! box4 ,a load ( fre% horse-manure1 :5 trod d[n1 weighs half z mu* aga9 z :5 ?r[n 9 loose40 8,a load ( horse-manure10 said ,*>ley1 8aft] x has be5 us$ = b$d+ pigs1 weighs #c1fjj lbs41 & only #b1cjj lbs4 :5 x is ?r[n into ! p5s1 & ,i suppose a ton ( ! #8d\ble-work$' manure is fully z valuable z a ton ( ! fre% horse-manure4 ,if s1 #ae #8loads' ( ! pig-p5 manure is equal to #bd #8loads' ( ! /able-manure40 8,a ton ( fre% horse-manure10 said ! ,doctor1 8conta9s ab\t #i lbs4 ( nitrog52 a ton ( fre% c[-dung ab\t #f lbs42 a ton ( fre% %eep-dung1 #aa lbs41 & a ton ( fre% pig-manure1 #ab lbs4 ,b if ! ,deacon & y weigh$ correctly1 a #8load' or cord ( c[-manure w\ld conta9 m nitrog5 ?an a load ( press$ horse-manure4 ,! figures are z foll[s3 ,a load ( #ej bu%els ( fre% horse-dung1 press$ & free f /raw conta9s #ab4cg lbs4 nitrog54 ,a load ( fre% c[-dung #ac4je 0 0 0 0 %eep 0 #aj4de 0 0 0 0 pig 0 #bb4ej 0 0 8,^! figures10 said ,i1 8%[ h[ necess>y x is to look at ?is subject 9 all its aspects4 ,if ,i 0 buy+ manures by weight1 ,i w\ld mu* pref] a ton ( %eep-manure1 if x _h be5 made "u cov]1 to any o!r manure except h5-dung1 especially if x conta9$ all ! ur9e f ! %eep4 ,b if buy+ manure by ! load or cord1 t f a cov]$ pig-p5 w\ld be pref]able to any o!r40 ,,liquid ,,manure ,,on ,,! ,,f>m4 ,i h nev] _h any p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( liquid manure to any crop except grass4 ,at ,ro?am/$1 ,mr4 ,lawes us$ to draw out ! liquid manure 9 a wat]-c>t1 & di/ribute x on grass l&4 8,:at we want to "k10 said ! ,deacon1 8is :e!r ! liquid f our b>n-y>ds w pay to draw out4 ,if x w1 ! prop] me?od ( us+ x c be left to our +5uity40 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,wolff1 a ton ( ur9e f horses1 c[s1 %eep1 & sw9e1 conta9s ! foll[+ am\nts ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 &1 = ! sake ( comp>ison1 ,i give ! composition ( dra9age f ! b>n-y>d1 & also ( fre% dung ( ! diff]5t animals3 ,table ,%[+ ! ,am\nt ( ,nitrog51 ,phosphoric ,acid1 & ,pota%1 9 ,"o ,ton ( ! ,fre% ,dung & ,fre% ,ur9e ( ,diff]5t ,animals1 & ,also ( ! ,dra9age ( ! ,b>n-,y>d4 ,nitro7g574 ,phos7phoric7 ,acid4 ,pot7a%74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a ,ton ,fre% ,dung4 #a ,ton ,fre% ,ur9e4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,nitro4 ,phos4 ,pot4 ,nitro4 ,phos4 ,pot4 acid4 acid4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,horse #h4h #g4j #g4j #ca4j #cj4j ,c[ #e4h #c4d #b4j #aa4f #i4h ,%eep #aa4j #f4b #c4j #ci4j #j4b #de4b ,sw9e #ab4j #h4b #e4b #h4f #a4d #af4f ,mean #i4d #f4b #d4c #bb4e #j4d #be4d ,dra9age ( b>n-y>d #c4j #j4b #i4h ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,! dra9age f a b>n-y>d1 x w be se51 conta9s a little m ?an half z mu* nitrog5 z c[-dung2 & x is probable t ! nitrog5 9 ! liquid is 9 a mu* m available condition ?an t 9 ! dung4 ,x conta9s1 also1 ne>ly five times z mu* pota% z ! dung4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ) prop] arrangem5ts = pump+ & di/ribut+1 ?is liquid c\ld be drawn a %ort di/ance ) pr(it4 ,b :e!r x w or w n pay to c>t away ! dra9age1 x is obvi\sly to our int]e/ to prev5t1 z f> z possible1 any ( ! liquid f runn+ to wa/e4 ,x is ( /ill great] importance to gu>d aga9/ any loss ( ur9e4 ,x w be se5 t1 on ! av]age1 a ton ( ! ur9e ( our dome/ic animals conta9s m ?an twice z mu* nitrog5 z a ton ( ! dung4 ,:]e /raw1 leaves1 swamp-muck1 or o!r absorb5t mat]ials are n suffici5tly abundant to prev5t any loss ( ur9e1 means %\ld be us$ to dra9 x into a tank s locat$ t ! liquid c ei!r be pump$ back on to ! manure :5 ne$$1 or drawn away to ! l&4 8,i d n see10 said ! ,deacon1 8:y horse & %eep-ur9e %\ld conta9 s mu* m nitrog5 & pota% ?an t f ! c[ & pig40 8,! figures giv5 by ,pr(4 ,wolff10 said ,i1 8are g5]al av]ages4 ,! composition ( ! ur9e v>ies greatly4 ,! ri*] ! food 9 dige/ible nitrog5\s matt]1 ! m nitrog5 w !re be 9 ! dry matt] ( ! ur9e4 ,&1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! less wat] ! animal dr9ks1 ! ri*] w ! ur9e be 9 nitrog54 ,! ur9e f a %eep f$ solely on turnips w\ld conta9 little or no m nitrog5 ?an ! ur9e ( a c[ f$ on turnips4 ,an ox or a dry c[ f$ on grass w\ld probably void no m nor no poor] ur9e ?an a horse f$ on grass4 ,! ur9e t ,mr4 ,lawes drew out 9 a c>t on to 8 grass-l& 0 made by %eep t _h "o lb4 ea* ( oil-cake p] day1 & "o lb4 ( *aff$ clov]-hay1 & all ! turnips !y w\ld eat4 ,!y void$ a l>ge quantity ( ur9e1 b z ! food 0 ri* 9 nitrog51 ! ur9e 0 d\btless ne>ly or q z ri* z t analyz$ by ,pr(4 ,wolff1 ?\gh t probably conta9$ less wat]40 ,if ,i 0 go+ to draw out liquid manure1 ,i %\ld be v c>eful to sp\t all ! build+s1 & keep ! animals & manure z mu* "u cov] z possible1 & also fe$ food ri* 9 nitrog54 ,9 su* circum/ances1 x w\ld d\btless pay to draw ! ur9e full z well z to draw ! solid manure4 ,,nightsoil ,,& ,,sewage4 ,! composition ( human excrem5ts1 z comp>$ ) ! mean composition ( ! excrem5ts f horses1 c[s1 %eep1 & sw9e1 s f> z ! nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% are conc]n$1 is z foll[s3 ,table ,%[+ ! ,am\nt ( ,nitrog51 ,phosphoric ,acid1 & ,pota%1 9 ,"o ,ton ( ,fre% ,human ,excrem5ts1 & 9 ,"o ,ton ( ,fre% ,excrem5ts ,f ,horses1 ,c[s1 ,%eep1 & ,sw9e4 ,phos7phoric7 ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,solids ,ur9e ,"o ton ---------------------------------------- ------------ 7#bjjj lbs74 ,phos4 ,phos4 ,nitrog54 acid4 ,pota%4 ,nitrog54 acid4 ,pota%4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,human #bj4j lbs4#ba4h lbs4#e4j lbs4#ab4j lbs4#c4g lbs4 #d4j lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,mean ( horse1 c[1 %eep1 & sw9e #i4d 0 #f4b 0 #d4c 0 #bb4e 0 #j4d 0 #be4d 0 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"o ton ( fre% fces conta9s m ?an twice z mu* nitrog51 & m ?an ?ree times z mu* phosphoric acid1 z a ton ( fre% mix$ animal-dung4 ,! nitrog51 too1 is probably 9 a m available condition ?an t 9 common b>ny>d-dung2 & we %\ld n be f> wrong 9 e/imat+ #a ton ( fces equal to #b tons ( ord9>y dung1 or ab\t equal 9 value to c>efully pres]v$ manure f lib]ally-f$ %eep1 sw9e1 & fatt5+ cattle4 8,x is an unpleasant job10 said ! ,deacon1 8b x pays well to empty ! vaults at lea/ twice a ye>40 8,if f>m]s10 said ! ,doctor1 8w\ld only ?r[ into ! vaults f "t to "t "s dry e>? or coal a%es1 ! cont5ts ( ! vaults c\ld be remov$ )\t any disagreeable smell40 8,t is s10 said ,i1 8& ev5 :]e a vault has be5 %amefully neglect$1 & is full ( (f5sive matt]1 x c be clean$ out )\t difficulty & )\t smell4 ,i h clean$ out a l>ge vault 9 an h\r4 ,we 7 draw+ manure f ! y>ds ) ?ree teams & pil+ x 9 ! field4 ,we br\ght back a load ( s& & ?rew half ( x into ! vault1 & put ! o!r half on "o side1 to be us$ z requir$4 ,! s& & fces 7 !n1 ) a long-h&l$ %ovel1 ?r[n into ! wagon1 & drawn to ! pile ( manure 9 ! field1 & ?r[n on to ! pile1 n m ?an two or ?ree in*es ?ick4 ,! team br\ght back a load ( s&1 & s we cont9u$ until ! "w 0 done4 ,s& or dry e>? is *eap1 & we us$ all t 0 necess>y to prev5t ! escape ( any unpleasant gases1 & to keep ! mat]ial f adh]+ to ! %ovels or ! wagon40 8,human ur9e10 said ! ,doctor1 8is ri*] 9 phosphoric acid1 b mu* poor] 9 nitrog5 & pota% ?an ! ur9e f horses1 c[s1 %eep1 & sw9e40 8,"s ye>s ago10 said ! ,deacon1 8,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,hook]1 ( ,ro*e/]1 us$ to draw consid]able quantities ( ur9e f ! city to 8 f>m4 ,x w\ld pay bett] to draw out ! ur9e f f>m animals40 8,! figures giv5 above10 said ,i1 8%[+ ! composition ( human excrem5ts1 are f ,pr(4 ,wolff1 & probably are g5]ally correct4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! composition ( ! excrem5ts w\ld v>y greatly1 accord+ to ! food40 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ by ,lawes & ,gilb]t t ! am\nt ( matt] void$ by an adult male 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> is--fces1 #ie lbs42 ur9e1 #a1jdi lbs42 total liquid & solid excrem5ts 9 ! pure /ate1 #a1add lbs4 ,^! conta93 ,dry sub/ance--fces1 #bc lbs42 ur9e1 #cd2 total1 #eh lbs4 ,m9]al matt]--fces1 #b lbs42 ur9e1 #ab2 total1 #ad lbs4 ,c>bon--fces1 #aj lbs42 ur9e1 #ab2 total #bb lbs4 ,nitrog5--fces1 #a4b lbs42 ur9e1 #aj4h2 total1 #ab lbs4 ,phosphoric acid--fces1 #j4g lbs42 ur9e1 #a4ic2 total1 #b4fc lbs4 ,pota%--fces1 #j4bd lbs42 ur9e1 #b4ja2 total1 #b4be lbs4 ,! am\nt ( pota% is giv5 by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,wolff1 n by ,lawes & ,gilb]t4 ,! mix$ solid & liquid excrem5ts1 9 ! condition !y leave ! body1 conta9 ab\t #ie p] c5t ( wat]4 ,x w\ld require1 !re=e1 #bj tons ( fre% mix$ excrem5ts1 to make "o ton ( dry nightsoil1 or ! entire am\nt void$ by a mix$ family ( #dc p]sons 9 a ye>4 ,"o hundr$ lbs4 ( fre% fces conta9 #ge lbs4 ( wat]1 & #be lbs4 ( dry sub/ance4 ,"o hundr$ lbs4 ( fre% ur9e conta9 #if lbs4 ( wat]1 & #c lbs4 ( dry sub/ance4 ,"o hundr$ lbs4 ( ! dry sub/ance ( ! fces conta9 #e lbs4 ( nitrog51 & #e lbs4 ( phosphates4 ,"o hundr$ lbs4 ( ! dry sub/ance ( ! ur9e conta9 #bg lbs4 ( nitrog51 & #aj lbs4 ( phosphates4 ,^! figures are f ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 & may be tak5 z repres5t+ ! composition ( excrem5ts f mod]ately well-f$ p]sons4 ,accord+ to ,wolff1 a ton ( fre% human ur9e conta9s #ab lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,accord+ to ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 #ah lbs4 ,! liquid c>t$ f ! city by ,mr4 ,hook] 0 f well-f$ adult males1 & w\ld d\btless be fully equal to ! figures giv5 by ,lawes & ,gilb]t4 ,if we call ! nitrog5 wor? #bj c5ts a lb41 & ! phosphoric acid 7soluble7 wor? #ab c5ts1 a ton ( su* ur9e w\ld be wor?1 on ! l&1 #a4jf4 8,a ton ( ! fre% fces10 said ! ,deacon1 8at ! same e/imate1 w\ld be wor? 7#bj lbs4 nitrog51 at #bj c5ts1 #d2 #ba lbs4 phosphoric acid1 at #ab c5ts1 #b4gj71 #f4gj40 8,n by a good deal10 said ! ,doctor4 8,! nitrog5 & phosphoric acid 9 ! ur9e are bo? soluble1 & w\ld be imm$iately available4 ,b ! nitrog5 & phosphoric acid 9 ! fces w\ld be mo/ly insoluble4 ,we _c e/imate ! nitrog5 9 ! fces at ov] #ae c5ts a lb41 & ! phosphoric acid at #e c5ts4 ,?is w\ld make ! value ( a ton ( fre% fces1 on ! l&1 #d4ji40 8,?is makes ! ton ( fces wor? ab\t ! same z a ton ( ur9e4 ,b ,i w\ld l to "k10 said ! ,deacon1 8if y really believe we c\ld af=d to pay #d p] ton = ! /uff deliv]$ on ! f>m80 8,if we c\ld get ! g5u9e article10 said ! ,doctor1 8x w\ld be wor? #d a ton4 ,b1 z a rule1 x is mix$ ) wat]1 & dirt1 & /ones1 & bricks1 & rubbi% ( all k9ds4 ,/ill1 x is unque/ionably a valuable f]tiliz]40 8,9 ! dry-e>? closets10 said ,i1 8su* a l>ge quantity ( e>? has to be us$ to absorb ! liquid1 t ! mat]ial1 ev5 if us$ sev]al times1 is n wor? c>t+ any consid]able di/ance4 ,dr4 ,gilb]t f\nd t #e tons ( absolutely dry e>?1 be=e us+1 conta9$ #af4g lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,aft] be+ us$ once1 #e tons ( ! dry e>? conta9$ #bd4j lbs4 0 0 0 twice1 0 0 0 0 0 #cf4c 0 0 0 0 ?ree times1 0 0 0 0 0 #dd4f 0 0 0 0 f\r times1 0 0 0 0 0 #ed4j 0 0 0 0 five times1 0 0 0 0 0 #fa4d 0 0 0 0 six times1 0 0 0 0 0 #ga4f 0 ,dr4 ,vlck] f\nd t five tons ( dry e>? ga9$ ab\t #g lbs4 ( nitrog51 & #aa lbs4 ( phosphoric acid1 ea* "t x 0 us$ 9 ! closets4 ,if we consid] ea* lb4 ( nitrog5 ) ! phosphoric acid wor? #bj c5ts a lb41 #e tons ( ! dry e>?1 aft] be+ us$ once1 w\ld be wor? #a4df1 or less ?an #cj c5ts a ton1 & aft] x _h be5 us$ six times1 five tons ( ! mat]ial w\ld be wor? #aa4ih1 or ab\t #b4dj p] ton4 ,9 ?is calculation ,i h n reckon$ 9 ! value ( ! nitrog5 ! soil conta9$ be=e us+4 ,soil1 on a f>m1 is *eap4 ,x is cle> f ^! facts t any e>?-closet manure a f>m] w\ld be likely to pur*ase 9 ! city has n a v high value4 ,x is absurd to talk ( mak+ 8guano0 or any conc5trat$ f]tiliz] out ( ! mat]ial f e>?-closets4 8,x is r a reflection on our sci5ce & practical skill10 said ! ,doctor1 8b x looks at pres5t z ?\gh ! only plan to adopt 9 l>ge cities is to use enorm\s quantities ( wat] & wa% ! /uff into ! riv]s & oceans = ! use ( aquatic plants & fi%es4 ,! nitrog5 is n all lo/4 ,"s ( x comes back to u 9 ra9s & dews4 ,( c\rse1 !re are places :]e ! sewage ( our cities & villages c be us$ = irrigat+ purposes4 ,b :5 wat] is us$ z freely z x ought to be us$ = heal?1 ! sewage is s extremely poor 9 f]tiliz+ matt]1 t x mu/ be us$ 9 enorm\s quantities1 to furni% a dress+ equal to an application ( #bj tons ( /able-manure p] acre40 8,if10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8! sewage is us$ m]ely z wat] = irrigat+ purposes1 t is ano!r "q4 ,! wat] itself may (t5 be ( great b5efit4 ,?is aspect ( ! "q has n receiv$ ! att5tion x m]its40 ,,p]uvian ,,guano4 ,guano is ! manure ( birds t live pr9cipally on fi%4 ,fi% conta9 a high p]c5tage ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 & consequ5tly :5 fi% are dige/$ & ! c>bon is burnt out ( !m1 ! manure t is left conta9s a /ill high] p]c5tage ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid ?an ! fi% f :i* x 0 d]iv$4 ,guano is dige/$ fi%4 ,if ! guano1 or ! manure f ! birds liv+ on fi%1 has be5 pres]v$ )\t loss1 x w\ld conta9 n only a f> high] p]c5tage ( nitrog51 b ! nitrog5 w\ld be 9 a mu* m available condition1 & consequ5tly be m valuable ?an ! fi% f :i* ! guano is made4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! value ( guano is l>gely due to a diff]5ce 9 ! climate & locality 9 :i* x is deposit$ by ! birds4 ,9 a ra9less & hot climate1 :]e ! bird-dropp+s w\ld dry rapidly1 little or no putrefaction or f]m5tation w\ld take place1 & !re w\ld be no loss ( nitrog5 f ! =mation & escape ( ammonia4 ,9 a damp] climate1 or :]e !re 0 m or less ra91 ! bird-dropp+s w\ld putrefy1 & ! ammonia w\ld be liable to evaporate1 or to be lea*$ out by ! ra94 ,?irty ye>s ago ,i saw a quantity ( ,p]uvian guano t conta9$ m ?an #ah p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,x 0 rem>kably light color$4 ,y "k t ! :ite "p ( h5-dropp+s consi/s pr9cipally ( uric acid1 :i* conta9s ab\t #cc p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,= _m ye>s x 0 n difficult to f9d guano conta9+ #ac p] c5t ( nitrog51 & g5u9e ,p]uvian guano 0 ! *eape/ & be/ s\rce ( available nitrog54 ,b latt]ly1 n only has ! price be5 advanc$1 b ! quality ( ! guano has det]iorat$4 ,x has conta9$ less nitrog5 & m phosphoric acid4 ,see ! ,*apt] on 8,value ( ,f]tiliz]s10 ,page #cbd4 ,,salts ,,( ,,ammonia ,,& ,,nitrate ,,( ,,soda4 8,i wi%10 said ! ,deacon1 8y w\ld tell u some?+ ab\t ! #8ammonia-salts' & nitrate ( soda s long us$ 9 ,lawes & ,gilb]t's exp]im5ts4 ,i h nev] se5 any ( !m40 8,y c\ld n inve/ a little money to bett] advantage ?an to s5d = a few bags ( sulphate ( ammonia & nitrate ( soda4 ,y w\ld !n see :at !y are1 & w\ld le>n m by us+ !m1 ?an ,i c tell y 9 a mon?4 ,y use !m j z y w\ld common salt4 ,z a rule1 ! bett] plan is to s[ !m broadca/1 & x is important to di/ribute !m ev5ly4 ,9 s[+ common salt1 if y drop a h&ful 9 a place1 x w kill ! plants4 ,& s x is ) nitrate ( soda or sulphate ( ammonia4 ,two or ?ree p\nds on a squ>e rod w d good1 b if y put half ( x on a squ>e y>d1 x w burn up ! crop1 & ! o!r half w be appli$ 9 su* a small quantity t y w see b little effect1 & w conclude t x is a humbug4 ,judg+ f ov] ?irty ye>s' exp]i5ce1 ,i am safe 9 say+ t n "o man 9 t5 c be tru/$ to s[ ^! manures4 ,!y %\ld be s[n ) z mu* c>e z y s[ grass or clov]-se$40 8,! be/ plan10 said ! ,doctor1 8is to mix !m ) sift$ coal-a%es1 or ) gypsum1 or sift$ e>?40 8,p]haps s10 said ,i1 8?\gh !re is no?+ ga9$ by mix+ e>? or a%es ) !m1 except 9 secur+ a m ev5 di/ribution4 ,& if ,i 0 go+ to s[ !m myself1 ,i w\ld mu* pref] s[+ !m unmix$4 ,any man :o c s[ :eat or b>ley c s[ sulphate ( ammonia or nitrate ( soda40 8,lawes & ,gilb]t10 said ! ,deacon1 8us$ sulphate & muriate ( ammonia1 & 9 "o or two in/ances ! c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,:i* is ! be/80 8,! "o t w furni% ammonia or nitrog5 at ! *eape/ rate10 said ! ,doctor1 8is ! be/ to use4 ,! muriate ( ammonia conta9s ! mo/ ammonia1 b ! sulphate1 9 proportion to ! ammonia1 is *eap] ?an ! muriate1 & f> *eap] ?an ! c>bonate40 ,c>bonate ( ammonia conta9s #ba p] c5t ( ammonia4 ,sulphate ( ammonia conta9s #be p] c5t ( ammonia #ba ( nitrog54 ,muriate ( ammonia conta9s #ca p] c5t ( ammonia #be ( nitrog54 ,nitrate ( soda conta9s #af p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,nitrate ( pota%1 #ac p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,f ^! figures y c asc]ta91 :5 y "k ! price ( ea*1 :i* is ! *eape/ s\rce ( nitrog54 8,true10 said ,i1 8b x mu/ be und]/ood t ^! figures repres5t ! composition ( a pure article4 ,! comm]cial sulphate ( ammonia1 & nitrate ( soda1 w\ld usually conta9 #aj p] c5t ( impurities4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 :o h c]ta9ly _h mu* exp]i5ce1 & d\btless get ! be/ comm]cial articles1 /ate t a mixture ( equal p>ts sulphate & muriate ( ammonia conta9s ab\t #be p] c5t ( ammonia4 ,accord+ to ! figures giv5 by ! ,doctor1 ! mixture w\ld conta91 if pure1 ov] #bh p] c5t ( ammonia4 ,9 o!r words1 #ij lbs4 ( ! pure article conta9s z mu* z #ajj lbs4 ( ! comm]cial article40 ,z to :e!r x is bett]1 :5 y c buy nitrog5 at ! same price 9 nitrate ( soda z y c 9 sulphate ( ammonia1 to use ! "o or ! o!r w dep5d on circum/ances4 ,! nitrog5 exi/s z nitric acid 9 ! nitrate ( soda1 & z ammonia 9 ! sulphate ( ammonia4 ,b !re are good reasons to believe t be=e ammonia is us$ by ! plants x is conv]t$ into nitric acid4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c\ld apply ! nitrate j :]e x is want$ by ! gr[+ crop1 & :5 !re is ra9 en\gh to ?or\ghly di/ribute x ?r\gh ! soil to ! dep? ( six or eight in*es1 !re c be little d\bt t ! nitrate1 9 proportion to ! nitrog51 w\ld h a quick] & bett] effect ?an ! sulphate ( ammonia4 8,!re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$10 said ! ,doctor4 8,nitric acid is mu* m easily wa%$ out ( ! soil ?an ammonia4 ,m or less ( ! ammonia ent]s into *emical comb9ation ) portions ( ! soil1 & may be reta9$ = mon?s or ye>s40 ,:5 we use nitrate ( soda1 we run ! risk ( los+ m or less ( x f lea*+1 :ile if we use ammonia1 we lose1 = ! "t be+1 m or less ( x f its becom+ lock$ up 9 insoluble comb9ations 9 ! soil4 ,= spr+ crops1 su* z b>ley or oats1 or spr+ :eat1 or = a mead[ or lawn1 or = top-dress+ w9t]-:eat 9 ! spr+1 ! nitrate ( soda1 provid$ x is s[n e>ly en\gh1 or at any "t 9 ! spr+1 j previ\s to a heavy ra91 is likely to produce a bett] effect ?an ! sulphate ( ammonia4 ,b = s[+ 9 ! autumn on w9t]-:eat ! ammonia is to be pref]r$4 8,saltpetre1 or nitrate ( pota%10 said ! ,deacon1 8does n conta9 z mu* nitrog5 z nitrate ( soda40 8,& yet10 said ! ,doctor1 8if x c\ld be pur*as$ at ! same price1 x w\ld be ! *eap] manure4 ,x conta9s #df p] c5t ( pota%1 & on soils1 or = crops :]e pota% is ne$$1 we may sometimes be able to pur*ase saltpetre to advantage40 8,if ,i c\ld come across a lot ( damag$ saltpetre10 said ,i1 8t c\ld be got = :at x is wor? z manure1 ,i %\ld l to try x on my apple trees--"o r[ ) nitrate ( soda1 & "o r[ ) nitrate ( pota%4 ,:5 we apply manure to apple trees1 ! ammonia1 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 are l>gely reta9$ 9 ! fir/ few in*es ( surface soil1 & ! deep] roots get hold ( only ^? portions :i* lea* ?r\gh ! upp] lay] ( e>?4 ,nitric acid1 h[ev]1 is easily wa%$ d[n into ! subsoil1 & w\ld soon rea* all ! roots ( ! trees40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,bone-,,du/ ,,& ,,sup]phosphate ,,( ,,lime4 ,bone-du/ is (t5 spok5 ( z a phosphatic manure1 & x has be5 suppos$ t ! a/oni%+ effect bone-du/ sometimes produces on old pa/ure-l&1 is due to its furni%+ phosphoric acid to ! soil4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t bone-du/ furni%es nitrog5 z well z phosphoric acid1 & we are n w>rant$ 9 ascrib+ ! good effect ( bones to phosphoric acid alone4 ,bones diff] consid]ably 9 composition4 ,!y consi/ ess5tially ( gelat9e & phosphate ( lime4 ,bones f "y animals1 & ! s(t por\s p>ts ( all bones1 conta9 m gelat9e ?an ! solid p>ts1 or ! bones f old] animals4 ,on ! av]age1 #a1jjj lbs4 ( good comm]cial bone-du/ conta9s #ch lbs4 ( nitrog54 ,on ! old dairy f>ms ( ,*e%ire1 :]e bone-du/ produc$ su* m>k$ improvem5t 9 ! quantity & quality ( ! pa/ures & mead[s1 x 0 usual to apply f #d1jjj to #e1jjj lbs4 p] acre1 & (t5 m4 ,9 o!r words1 a dress+ ( bone-du/ frequ5tly conta9$ #bjj lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre--equal to #bj or #be tons ( b>n-y>d manure4 8,x has be5 suppos$10 said ! ,doctor1 8t ow+ to ! removal ( s mu* phosphoric acid 9 ! *eese sold f ! f>m1 t ! dairy pa/ures ( ,*e%ire _h be5 exhau/$ ( phosphoric acid1 & t ! wond]ful b5efits foll[+ an application ( bone-du/ to ^! pa/ures1 0 due to its supply+ phosphoric acid40 8,i d n d\bt10 said ,i1 8! value ( phosphoric acid :5 appli$ 9 connection ) nitrog5 to old pa/ure l&s1 b ,i cont5d t ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,*e%ire dairym5 ) bone-du/ is no positive pro( t _! soils 7 p>ticul>ly defici5t 9 phosphoric acid4 ,!re are _m in/ances giv5 :]e ! gelat9e ( ! bones1 alone1 prov$ ( great value to ! grass4 ,& ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t ! ,*e%ire dairym5 d n f9d z mu* b5efit f sup]phosphate z !y did f bone-du/4 ,& ! reason is1 t ! latt]1 9 addition to ! phosphoric acid1 furni%$ a lib]al dress+ ( nitrog54 ,fur!rmore1 x is n true t dairy+ specially robs ! soil ( phosphoric acid4 ,take "o ( ^! old dairy f>ms 9 ,*e%ire1 :]e a dress+ ( bone-du/1 accord+ to a writ] 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society1 has caus$ #8a mis]able cov]+ ( p9k grass1 ru%es1 & a v>iety ( o!r noxi\s we$s1 to give place to ! mo/ luxuriant h]bage ( wild clov]1 trefoil1 & o!r succul5t & nutriti\s grasses4' ,x is evid5t f ?is description ( ! pa/ures be=e ! bones 7 us$1 t x w\ld take at lea/ ?ree acres to keep a c[ = a ye>40 8,i h kn[n10 says ! same writ] quot$ above1 8_m a poor1 hone/1 b half brok5-he>t$ man rais$ f pov]ty to comp>ative indep5d5ce1 & _m a s9k+ family sav$ f inevitable ru9 by ! help ( ?is wond]ful manure40 ,& ?is writ] n only spoke f obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 b he %[$ 8 fai? by 8 works1 = he tells u t he _h paid ne>ly #ej1jjj = ?is manure4 ,n[1 on "o ( ^! poor dairy f>ms1 :]e x requir$ #c acres to keep a c[1 & :]e ! grass 0 ( poor quality1 x is n probable t ! c[s produc$ ov] #bej lbs4 ( *eese 9 a ye>4 ,"o ?\s& p\nds ( *eese conta9s1 on ! av]age1 ab\t #de lbs4 ( nitrog52 #b lbs4 ( pota%1 & #aa lbs4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,f ?is x foll[s1 if #bej lbs4 ( *eese are sold annually f ?ree acres ( pa/ure1 less ?an "o lb4 ( phosphoric acid p] acre is export$ f ! f>m 9 ! *eese4 ,"o ton ( timo?y-hay conta9s ne>ly #ad lbs4 ( phosphoric acid4 ,& s a f>m] :o raises a ton ( timo?y-hay p] acre1 & sells x1 s5ds (f z mu* phosphoric acid 9 "o ye> z su* a ,*e%ire dairyman z ,i h allud$ to did 9 f\rte5 ye>s4 ,:at ! dairym5 want1 & :at f>m]s g5]ally want1 is nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4 ,bone-du/ furni%es bo?1 & ?is 0 ! reason ( its wond]ful effects4 ,x does n foll[ f ?is1 t bone-du/ is ! *eape/ & be/ manure we c use4 ,x is an old & popul> manure1 & usually comm&s a good price4 ,x sells = all x is wor?4 ,a doz5 ye>s ago1 ,i b\ght t5 tons ( bone-du/ at #ah p] ton4 ,i h (f]$ #be p] ton s9ce = a simil> lot1 b ! manufactur]s f9d a m>ket 9 ,new ,york = all !y c make4 ,bone-du/1 besides nitrog51 conta9s ab\t #bc p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 8,t does n give me10 said ! ,deacon1 8any idea ( its value40 8,let u put x 9 ano!r %ape1 !n10 said ,i4 8,"o ton ( good bone-du/ conta9s ab\t z mu* nitrog5 z #h tons ( fre% /able-manure1 & z mu* phosphoric acid z #aaj tons ( fre% /able-manure4 ,b "o ton ( manure conta9s m pota% ?an #e tons ( bone-du/40 ,bone-du/1 l b>ny>d-manure1 does n imm$iately yield up its nitrog5 & phosphoric acid to plants4 ,! bone phosphate ( lime is insoluble 9 wat]1 & b v slightly soluble 9 wat] conta9+ c>bonic acid4 ,! gelat9e ( ! bones w\ld soon decompose 9 a moi/1 por\s1 w>m soil1 provid$ x 0 n protect$ by ! oil & by ! h>d matt] ( ! bones4 ,/eam+1 by remov+ ! oil1 removes "o ( ! h9drances to decomposition4 ,r$uc+ ! bones z f9e z possible is ano!r means ( increas+ _! availability4 ,ano!r good me?od ( increas+ ! availability ( bone-du/ is to mix x ) b>ny>d-manure1 & let bo? f]m5t toge!r 9 a heap4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ?is ! be/1 simple/1 & mo/ economical me?od ( r5d]+ bone-du/ available4 ,! bone-du/ causes ! heap ( manure to f]m5t m readily1 & ! f]m5tation ( ! manure s(t5s ! bones4 ,bo? ! manure & ! bones are improv$ & r5d]$ ri*] & m available by ! process4 ,ano!r me?od ( increas+ ! availability ( bone-du/ is by mix+ x ) sulphuric acid4 ,! phosphate ( lime 9 bones is insoluble 9 wat]1 ?\gh ra9 wat] conta9+ c>bonic acid1 & ! wat] 9 soils1 sl[ly dissolve x4 ,by treat+ ! bones ) sulphuric acid1 ! phosphate ( lime is decompos$ & r5d]$ soluble4 ,consequ5tly1 bone-du/ treat$ ) sulphuric acid w act mu* m rapidly ?an ord9>y bone-du/4 ,! sulphuric acid does n make x any ri*] 9 phosphoric acid or nitrog54 ,x simply r5d]s !m m available4 8,& yet10 said ! ,doctor1 8! use ( sulphuric acid = #8dissolv+' bones1 or r phosphate ( lime1 introduc$ a new era 9 agriculture4 ,x is ! gr& agricultural fact ( ! n9ete5? c5tury40 8,x is p]haps n necess>y10 said ,i1 8to give any direction = treat+ bones ) sulphuric acid4 ,we h got beyond t4 ,we c n[ buy sup]phosphate *eap] ?an we c make x f bones40 8,b is x z good80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 8,soluble phosphate ( lime10 said ,i1 8is soluble phosphate ( lime1 & x makes no diff]5ce :e!r x is made f burnt bones1 or f phosphatic guano1 or m9]al phosphate4 ,t "q has be5 fully decid$ by ! mo/ satisfactory exp]im5ts40 8,be=e y & ! ,deacon discuss t subject10 said ! ,doctor1 8x w\ld be well to tell ,*>ley :at sup]phosphate is40 8,i wi% y w\ld tell me10 said ,*>ley4 8,well10 said ! ,doctor1 8phosphate ( lime1 z x exi/s 9 bones1 is compos$ ( ?ree atoms ( lime & "o atom ( phosphoric acid4 ,*emi/s call x ! tricalcic phosphate4 ,x is also call$ ! basic phosphate ( lime1 & n unfrequ5tly ! #8bone-e>? phosphate4' ,x is ! ord9>y or common =m ( phosphate ( lime1 z x exi/s 9 animals1 & plants1 & 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( m9]al phosphates4 8,!n !re is ano!r phosphate ( lime1 call$ ! dicalcic phosphate1 or neutral phosphate ( lime1 or rev]t$ phosphate ( lime4 ,x is compos$ ( "o atom ( wat]1 two atoms ( lime1 & "o atom ( phosphoric acid4 8,!n we h :at we call sup]phosphate1 or acid phosphate ( lime1 or m prop]ly monocalcic phosphate4 ,x is compos$ ( two atoms ( wat]1 "o atom ( lime1 & "o atom ( phosphoric acid4 ,?is acid phosphate ( lime is soluble 9 wat]4 8,! manufacture ( sup]phosphate ( lime is bas$ on ^! facts4 ,! "o-lime phosphate is soluble1 ! ?ree-lime phosphate is insoluble4 ,to conv]t ! latt] into ! =m]1 all we h to d is to take away two atoms ( lime4 8,sulphuric acid has a /rong] aff9ity = lime ?an phosphoric acid4 ,& :5 y mix en\gh sulphuric acid ) f9ely gr\nd ?ree-lime phosphate1 to take away two atoms ( lime1 y get ! phosphoric acid unit$ ) "o atom ( lime & two atoms ( wat]40 8,& :at10 ask$ ! ,deacon1 8becomes ( ! two atoms ( lime80 8,!y unite ) ! sulphuric acid10 said ! ,doctor1 8& =m pla/]1 gypsum1 or sulphate ( lime40 8,! molecul> weight ( wat]10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8is #ah2 ( lime1 #ef2 ( sulphuric acid1 #hj2 ( phosphoric acid1 #adb4 8,an av]age sample ( comm]cial bone du/10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8conta9s ab\t #ej p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime4 ,if we take #fbj lbs4 ( f9ely-gr\nd bone-du/1 conta9+ #caj lbs4 ( ?ree-lime phosphate1 & mix ) x #afj lbs4 ( sulphuric acid 7say #bdj lbs4 common oil ( vitriol1 sp4 gr4 #a4g71 ! sulphuric acid w unite ) #aab lbs4 ( lime1 & leave ! #adb lbs4 ( phosphoric acid unit$ ) ! rema9+ #ef lbs4 ( lime40 8,& t w give y10 said ! ,deacon1 8#ghj lbs4 ( #8dissolv$ bones1' or sup]phosphate ( lime40 8,x w give y m ?an t10 said ! ,doctor1 8because1 z ,i said be=e1 ! two atoms ( lime 7#aab lbs47 are replac$ by two atoms 7#cf lbs47 ( wat]4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 ! two atoms ( sulphate ( lime produc$1 conta9$ two atoms 7#cf lbs47 ( wat]4 ,! mixture1 !re=e1 conta9s1 ev5 :5 p]fectly dry1 #gb lbs4 ( wat]40 8,:]e does ?is wat] come f80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 8,:5 ,i 0 at ,ro?am/$10 said ,i1 8! sup]phosphate :i* ,mr4 ,lawes us$ 9 8 exp]im5ts 0 made on ! f>m f animal *>coal1 or burnt bones1 gr\nd z f9e z possible--! f9] ! bett]4 ,we took #dj lbs4 ( ! meal1 & mix$ x ) #bj lbs4 ( wat]1 & !n p\r$ on #cj lbs4 ( common sulphuric acid 7sp4g4 #a4g71 & /irr$ x up rapidly & ?or\ghly1 & !n ?rew x out ( ! vessel into a heap1 on ! e>?-floor 9 ! b>n4 ,!n mix$ ano!r portion1 & s on1 until we _h ! desir$ quantity1 say two or ?ree tons4 ,! la/ ye> ,i 0 at ,ro?am/$1 we mix$ #dj lbs4 bone-meal1 #cj lbs4 wat]1 & #cj lbs4 acid2 & we ?\ght ! additional wat] enabl$ u to mix ! acid & meal toge!r easi] & bett]40 8,dr4 ,habir%aw tells me10 said ! ,doctor1 8t 9 mak+ ! #8,rectifi$ ,p]uvian ,guano' no wat] is necess>y1 & none is us$4 ,! wat] 9 ! guano & 9 ! acid is suffici5t to furni% ! two atoms ( wat] = ! phosphate1 & ! two atoms = ! sulphate ( lime40 8,su* is und\bt$ly ! case10 said ,i1 8& :5 l>ge quantities ( sup]phosphate are made1 & ! mix+ is done by ma*9]y1 x is n necess>y to use wat]4 ,! advantage ( us+ wat] is 9 ! great] ease ( mix+40 8,bone-du/10 said ! ,doctor1 8conta9s ab\t #f p] c5t ( wat]1 & ! sulphuric acid 7sp4g4 #a4g7 conta9s ab\t "o-?ird its weight ( wat]4 ,s t1 if y take #fbj lbs4 ( bone-du/1 & mix ) x #bdj lbs4 ( common sulphuric acid1 y h 9 ! mixture #aag lbs4 ( wat]1 :i* is #de lbs4 m ?an is ne$$ to furni% ! wat] ( comb9ation40 8,! sup]phosphate produc$ f #fbj lbs4 ( bones1 !re=e10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8w\ld conta93 ,phosphoric acid #adb lbs4 ,lime acid phosphate #ef 0 ,wat] #cf 0 ,sulphuric acid #afj lbs4 ,lime sulphate ( lime #aab 0 ,wat] #cf 0 ,organic matt]1 a%1 etc41 ( ! bones99 #cce 0 -------- ,total dry sup]phosphate #hgg 0 ,moi/ure1 or loss #de 0 -------- ,total mixture #ibb lbs4 99 ,conta9+ nitrog51 #bc lbs4 8,!re is a small quantity ( c>bonate ( lime 9 ! bones10 said ,i1 8:i* w\ld take up a little ( ! acid1 & y w h a rem>kably good article if y calculate t ! #fbj lbs4 ( bone-du/ furni% y half a ton 7#a1jjj lbs47 ( sup]phosphate4 ,x w be a bett] article ?an x is practically possible to make40 8,assum+ t x made half a ton10 said ! ,doctor1 8x w\ld conta9 #ad p] c5t ( soluble phosphoric acid1 & #b p] c5t ( nitrog540 8,) nitrog5 at #bj c5ts p] lb41 & soluble phosphoric acid at #ab c4 p] lb41 ?is half ton ( sup]phosphate1 made f #fbj lbs4 ( good bone-du/1 w\ld be wor? #bb4ej1 or #de p] ton40 8,or1 to look at x 9 ano!r light10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8a ton ( bone-du/1 made into su* a sup]phosphate z we are talk+ ab\t1 w\ld be wor? #gb4eh40 8,h[ mu*10 ask$ ! ,deacon1 8w\ld a ton ( ! bone-du/ be consid]$ wor? be=e x 0 conv]t$ into sup]phosphate80 8,a ton ( bone-du/10 repli$ ! ,doctor1 8conta9s #gf lbs4 ( nitrog51 wor?1 at #ah c5ts p] lb41 #ac4fh1 & #dfd lbs4 phosphoric acid1 wor? #g c5ts p] lb41 #cb4dh4 ,9 o!r words1 a ton ( bone-du/1 at ! usual e/imate1 is wor? #df4af40 8,&10 said ! ,deacon1 8aft] x is conv]t$ into sup]phosphate1 ! same ton ( bones is wor? #gb4eh4 ,x ?us appe>s t y pay #bf4db p] ton = simply mak+ ! phosphoric acid 9 a ton ( bones soluble4 ,isn't x pay+ a little too mu* = ! :i/le80 8,possibly su* is ! case10 said ,i1 8& 9 po9t ( fact1 ,i ?9k bone-du/1 especially f /eam$ or boil$ bones1 c be us$ ) m economy 9 its natural /ate ?an 9 ! =m ( sup]phosphate40 ,sup]phosphate c be made m economically f m9]al phosphates ?an f bones--! nitrog51 if desir$1 be+ suppli$ f fi%-scrap or f "s o!r *eap s\rce ( nitrog54 ,b = my own use ,i w\ld pref] to buy a good article ( sup]phosphate ( lime1 conta9+ no nitrog51 provid$ x c be obta9$ *eap en\gh4 ,i w\ld buy ! ammoniacal1 or nitrog5\s manure sep>ately1 & d my own mix+--unless ! mixture c\ld be b\ght at a less co/ ?an ! same weight ( soluble phosphoric acid1 & available nitrog5 c\ld be obta9$ sep>ately4 ,a pure sup]phosphate--& by pure ,i mean a sup]phosphate conta9+ no nitrog5--c be drill$ 9 ) ! se$ )\t injury1 b ,i %\ld be a little afraid ( drill+ 9 "s ( ! ammoniacal or nitrog5\s sup]phosphates ) small se$s4 ,& !n1 aga91 ! 8nitrog50 9 a sup]phosphate mixture may be 9 ! =m ( nitric acid1 or sulphate ( ammonia1 9 "o case1 or1 9 ano!r case1 9 ! =m ( hair1 wooll5 rags1 hide1 or lea!r4 ,x is f> m valuable z nitric acid or ammonia1 because x w act quick]1 & if ,i want$ hair1 wooll5 rags1 horn-%av+s1 etc41 ,i w\ld pref] to h !m sep>ate f ! sup]phosphate4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii4 ,,special ,,manures4 ,tw5ty five to ?irty ye>s ago1 mu* 0 said 9 reg>d to special manures4 ,f]tiliz]s 7 prep>$ = ! diff]5t crops ) special ref]5ce to ! composition ( ! plants4 8,b x 0 kn[n !n1 z n[10 said ! ,doctor1 8t all our agricultural plants 7 compos$ ( ! same elem5ts40 8,true1 b :at 0 claim$ 0 ?is3 ,"s crops conta91 = in/ance1 m phosphoric acid ?an o!r crops1 & = ^! a manure ri* 9 phosphoric acid 0 provid$4 ,o!rs conta9$ a l>ge proportion ( pota%1 & ^! 7 call$ #8pota% crops1' & ! manure prescrib$ = !m 0 ri* 9 pota%4 ,& s ) ! o!r +r$i5ts ( plants40 8,i recollect x well10 said ! ,doctor1 8&1 9 tru?1 = sev]al ye>s ,i _h mu* fai? 9 ! idea4 ,x 0 advocat$ ) consummate ability by ! lam5t$ ,liebig1 & 9 fact a pat5t 0 tak5 out by ! ,musgraves1 ( ,liv]pool1 = ! manufacture ( ,liebig's ,special ,manures1 bas$ on ?is !ory4 ,b ! manures1 ?\gh ext5sively us$ by ! lead+ f>m]s ( ,engl&1 & endors$ by ! highe/ au?orities1 did n 9 ! end /& ! te/ ( actual f>m practice1 & _! manufacture 0 ab&on$4 ,& ,i d n "k ( any exp]i5c$ agricultural *emi/ :o n[ advocates ?is doctr9e ( special manures4 8,dr4 ,vlck] says3 #8,! a%-analyses ( plants d n af=d a suffici5tly tru/wor?y guide to ! practical f>m] 9 select+ ! k9d ( manure :i* is be/ appli$ to ea* crop4'0 8,nev] m9d ! au?orities10 said ! ,deacon2 8:at we want are facts40 8,well10 repli$ ! ,doctor1 8take ! :eat & turnip crop z an illu/ration4 8,we w suppose t !re is twice ! weight ( :eat-/raw z ( gra92 & t to #aj tons ( bulbs !re is #c tons ( turnip-tops4 ,n[1 #ajj lbs4 ea* ( ! a% ( ^! two crops conta93 ,:eat crop4 ,turnip crop4 ,phosphoric acid #aa4dd #g4cc ,pota% #ae4dd #cb4ge ,sulphuric acid #b4dd #aa4be ,lime #e4ji #ai4bh ,magnesia #c4cc #a4ef 8,!re are o!r +r$i5ts10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8b ^! are ! mo/ important4 8,n[1 if y 7 go+ to comp\nd a manure = :eat1 say #ajj lbs41 consi/+ ( pota% & phosphoric acid1 :at w\ld be ! proportions80 ,! ,deacon figur$ = a few mom5ts1 & !n produc$ ! foll[+ table3 #ajj ,lbs4 ,special ,manure = ,:eat & ,turnips4 ,:eat manure4 ,turnip manure4 ,phosphoric acid #db lbs4 #ah lbs4 ,pota% #eg 0 #ha 0 ------------ ------------ #ajj lbs4 #ajj lbs4 8,exactly10 said ! ,doctor1 8& yet ! exp]im5ts ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t cle>ly prove t a soil ne$s to be ri*] 9 available phosphoric acid1 to produce ev5 a fair crop ( turnips1 ?an to produce a l>ge crop ( :eat4 ,& ! exp]i5ce ( f>m]s ev]y:]e t5ds 9 ! same direction4 ,engl& is ! greate/ turnip-gr[+ c\ntry 9 ! _w1 & y w f9d t :]e "o f>m] applies pota% to turnips1 or sup]phosphate to :eat1 a hundr$ f>m]s use sup]phosphate z a special manure = ! turnip crop40 8,& we are c]ta9ly w>rant$ 9 say+10 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8t ! composition ( a plant af=ds1 9 practical agriculture1 & on ord9>y cultivat$ soils1 no sort ( indication z to ! composition ( ! manure x is be/ to apply to ! crop40 8,aga910 cont9u$ ! ,doctor1 8if ! !ory 0 a correct "o1 x w\ld foll[ t ^? crops :i* conta9$ ! mo/ nitrog51 w\ld require ! mo/ nitrog5 9 ! manure4 ,beans1 peas1 & clov] w\ld require a soil or a manure ri*] 9 available nitrog5 ?an :eat1 b>ley1 or oats4 ,we "k t ! v rev]se is true--"k x f actual1 & repeat$1 & long-cont9u$ exp]im5ts l ^? ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 & f ! common exp]i5ce ( f>m]s ev]y:]e40 8,y ne$ n get excit$10 said ! ,deacon1 8! !ory is a v plausible "o1 & :ile ,i _c dispute y\r facts1 ,i mu/ confess ,i _c see :y x is n reasonable to suppose t a plant :i* conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5 %\ld n want a manure specially ri* 9 nitrog52 or :y turnips :i* conta9 s mu* pota% %\ld n want a soil or manure specially ri* 9 pota%40 8,d y recollect10 said ,i1 8t crop ( turnips ,i rais$ on a poor bl[+-s&80 8,yes10 said ! ,deacon1 8x 0 ! be/ crop ( turnips ,i ev] saw gr[40 8,t crop ( turnips10 said ,i1 80 due to a dress+ ( sup]phosphate ( lime1 ) little or no pota% 9 x40 8,i "k all t10 said ! ,deacon4 8,i admit ! fact t sup]phosphate is a good manure = turnips4 ,:at ,i want to "k is ! reason :y sup]phosphate is bett] = turnips ?an = :eat80 8,_m reasons might be giv510 said ! ,doctor2 8,pr(4 ,vlck] attributes x to ! limit$ fe$+ range ( ! roots ( turnips1 z comp>$ to :eat4 #8,! roots ( :eat1' says ,pr(4 ,vlck]1 #8z is well kn[n1 p5etrate ! soil to a mu* great] dep? ?an ! m delicate fe$+ fibres ( ! roots ( turnips4 ,:eat1 rema9+ on ! gr\nd two or ?ree mon?s long] ?an turnips1 c avail itself = a long] p]iod ( ! res\rces ( ! soil2 !re=e 9 mo/ cases ! phosphoric acid dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! soil is amply suffici5t to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! :eat crop2 :il/ turnips1 dep5d+ on a ?9n] dep? ( soil dur+ _! %ort] p]iod ( gr[?1 _c assimilate suffici5t phosphoric acid1 to come to p]fection4' ,?is is1 ,i believe1 ! ma9 reason :y ! direct supply ( readily available phosphates is s b5eficial to root-crops1 & n to :eat40 8,?is reason10 said ,i1 8has nev] be5 entirely satisfactory to me4 ,if ! roots ( ! turnip h su* a limit$ range1 h[ are !y able to get su* a l>ge am\nt ( pota%8 8,x is probable t ! turnip1 conta9+ su* a l>ge relative am\nt ( pota% & s little phosphoric acid1 has roots capable ( absorb+ pota% f a v weak solution1 b n s 9 reg>d to phosphoric acid40 8,!re is ano!r way ( look+ at ?is matt]10 said ! ,doctor4 8,y mu/ recollect t1 if turnips & :eat 7 gr[+ 9 ! same field1 bo? plants get _! food f ! same solution4 ,& in/ead ( suppos+ t ! :eat-plant has ! p[] ( tak+ up m phosphoric acid ?an ! turnip-plant1 we may suppose t ! turnip has ! p[] ( reject+ or exclud+ a portion ( phosphoric acid4 ,x takes up no m pota% ?an ! :eat-plant1 b x takes less phosphoric acid40 ,b x is n necess>y to speculate on ?is matt]4 ,= ! pres5t we may accept ! fact1 t ! proportion ( pota%1 phosphoric acid1 & nitrog5 9 ! crop is no indication ( ! prop] proportion 9 :i* ^! +r$i5ts %\ld be appli$ to ! soil = ^! crops 9 manure4 ,x may well be t we %\ld use special manures = special crops2 b we mu/ asc]ta9 :at ^! manures %\ld be1 n f analyses ( ! crops to be gr[n1 b f exp]im5t & exp]i5ce4 ,s f> z pres5t facts ?r[ light on ?is subject1 we %\ld conclude t ^? crops :i* conta9 ! lea/ nitrog5 are ! mo/ likely to be b5efit$ by its artificial application2 & ! crops conta9+ ! mo/ phosphoric acid1 are ! crops to :i*1 9 ord9>y practical agriculture1 x w be unpr(itable to apply sup]phosphate ( lime4 8,t10 said ! ,doctor1 8may be /at+ ! case a little too /rong40 8,p]haps s10 said ,i1 8b y mu/ recollect ,i am n[ speak+ ( practical agriculture4 ,if ,i want$ to raise a good crop ( cabbage1 ,i %\ld n ?9k ( consult+ a *emical analysis ( ! cabbage4 ,if ,i set out cabbage on an acre ( l&1 :i*1 )\t manure1 w\ld produce #af tons ( cabbage1 does any "o mean to tell me t if ,i put ! am\nt ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid & pota% :i* #aj tons ( cabbage conta91 on an adjo9+ acre1 t x w\ld produce an extra gr[? ( #aj tons ( cabbage4 ,i c n believe x4 ,! facts are all ! o!r way4 ,plant gr[? is n su* a simple matt] z ! advocates ( ?is !ory1 if !re be any at ?is late day1 w\ld h u believe40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxix4 ,,value ,,( ,,f]tiliz]s4 ,9 #aheg1 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 9 8 ,report to ! ,connecticut ,agricultural ,society1 adopt$ ! foll[+ valuation3 ,pota% #d c5ts p] lb4 ,phosphoric acid1 insoluble 9 wat] #d 0 0 0 0 0 soluble 0 0 #ab 0 0 0 ,nitrog5 #ag 0 0 0 ,analyses ( _m ( ! lead+ comm]cial f]tiliz]s at t "t %[$ t1 :5 judg$ by ?is /&>d1 ! price *>g$ 0 f> above _! actual value4 ,9 "s cases1 manures sell+ = #fj p] ton1 conta9$ nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% wor? only f #bj to #be p] ton4 ,& "o well-kn[n manure1 :i* sold = #bh p] ton1 0 f\nd to be wor? only #b4cc p] ton4 ,a ,bone ,f]tiliz] sell+ at #ej p] ton1 0 wor? less ?an #ad p] ton4 8,9 #aheb10 said ! ,doctor1 8sup]phosphate ( lime 0 manufactur$ by ! ,new ,j]sey ,z9c ,co41 & sold 9 ,new ,york at #ej p] ton ( #b1jjj lbs4 ,at ! same "t1 sup]phosphate ( lime made f ,coprolites1 0 sell+ 9 ,engl& = #bd p] ton ( #b1bdj lbs4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,mapes comm5c$ mak+ 8,improv$ ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime10 at ,new>k1 ,n4,j41 9 #aheb1 & ,mr4 ,de ,burg1 ! same ye>1 made a pla9 sup]phosphate ( lime 9 ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y4 ,! price1 9 proportion to value1 0 high1 &1 9 fact1 ! same may be said ( _m ( our sup]phosphate manures1 until )9 ! la/ few ye>s40 ,not)/&+ ! comp>atively high price1 & ! unc]ta9 quality ( ^! comm]cial manures1 ! dem& has be5 /eadily on ! increase4 ,we h n[ _m honorable & intellig5t m5 engag$ 9 ! manufacture & sale ( ^! artificial manures1 & ow+ to m def9ite k on ! "p ( ! manufactur]s & ( ! pur*as]s1 x is n a difficult matt] to f9d manures well wor? ! money ask$ = !m4 8,a correct analysis10 said ,i1 8furni%es ! only sure te/ ( value4 #8,te/imonials' f f>m]s & o!rs are pre-em95tly unreliable4 ,) ov] ?irty ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( ^! f]tiliz]s1 ,i w\ld place f> m confid5ce on a good & reliable analysis ?an on any actual trial ,i c\ld make 9 ! field4 ,te/imonials to a pat5t f]tiliz] are ab\t z reliable z te/imonials to a pat5t-m$ic9e4 ,9 buy+ a manure1 we want to "k :at x conta9s1 & ! condition ( ! con/itu5ts40 ,9 #ahgg1 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson gives ! foll[+ figures1 %[+ 8! trade-values1 or co/ 9 m>ket1 p] p\nd1 ( ! ord9>y occurr+ =ms ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 z rec5tly f\nd 9 ! ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& m>kets3 ,c5ts p] p\nd4 ,nitrog5 9 ammonia & nitrates #bd 0 9 ,p]uvian ,guano1 f9e /eam$ bone1 dri$ & f9e gr\nd blood1 meat1 & fi% #bj 0 9 f9e gr\nd bone1 horn1 & wool-du/ #ah 0 9 co>se bone1 horn-%av+s1 & fi%-scrap #ae ,phosphoric acid soluble 9 wat] #ab 0 0 8rev]t$10 & 9 ,p]uvian ,guano #i 0 0 insoluble1 9 f9e bone & fi% guano #g 0 0 0 9 co>se bone1 bone-a%1 & bone-black #e 0 0 0 9 f9e gr\nd rock phosphate #c ,pota% 9 high-grade sulphate #i 0 9 ka9it1 z sulphate #g 0 9 muriate1 or potassium *loride #f 8,^! #8e/imat$ values1'0 says ,pr(4 ,johnson1 8are n fix$1 b v>y ) ! /ate ( ! m>ket1 & are f "t to "t subject to revision4 ,!y are n exact to ! c5t or its fractions1 because ! same article sells *eap] at comm]cial or manufactur+ c5t]s ?an 9 c\ntry t[ns1 *eap] 9 l>ge lots ?an 9 small1 *eap] = ca% ?an on "t4 ,^! values are high en\gh to d no inju/ice to ! deal]1 & accurate en\gh to s]ve ! object ( ! consum]4 8,by multiply+ ! p] c5t ( ,nitrog51 etc41 by ! trade-value p] p\nd1 & !n by #bj1 we get ! value p] ton ( ! sev]al +r$i5ts1 & add+ ! latt] toge!r1 we obta9 ! total e/imat$ value p] ton4 8,! uses ( ! #8,valuation' are1 #a/1 to %[ :e!r a giv5 lot or br& ( f]tiliz] is wor? z a commodity ( trade :at x co/s4 ,if ! sell+ price is no high] ?an ! e/imat$ value1 ! pur*as] may he q sure t ! price is reasonable4 ,if ! sell+ price is b #b to #c p] ton m ?an ! e/imat$ value1 x may /ill be a fair price1 b if ! co/ p] ton is #e or m ov] ! e/imat$ value1 x w\ld be well to look fur!r4 #b;d1 ,comp>isons ( ! e/imat$ values1 & sell+ prices ( a numb] ( f]tiliz]s w g5]ally indicate fairly :i* is ! be/ = ! money4 ,b ! #8e/imat$ value' is n to be too lit]ally con/ru$1 = analysis _c always decide accurately :at is ! =m ( nitrog51 etc41 :ile ! me*anical condition ( a f]tiliz] is an item ^: influ5ce _c always be rightly express$ or appreciat$4 8,! ,agricultural value ( a f]tiliz] is measur$ by ! b5efit receiv$ f its use1 & dep5ds ^u its f]tiliz+ effect1 or crop-produc+ p[]4 ,z a broad g5]al rule x is true t ,p]uvian guano1 sup]phosphates1 fi%-scraps1 dri$ blood1 pota% salts1 pla/]1 etc41 h a high agricultural value :i* is relat$ to _! trade-value1 & to a degree det]m9es ! latt] value4 ,b ! rule has _m exceptions1 & 9 p>ticul> in/ances ! trade-value _c always be expect$ to fix or ev5 to indicate ! agricultural value4 ,f]tiliz+ effect dep5ds l>gely ^u soil1 crop1 & wea!r1 & z ^! v>y f place to place1 & f ye> to ye>1 x _c be =etold or e/imat$ except by ! results ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 & !n only 9 a g5]al & probable mann]40 8,x w be se510 said ! ,doctor1 8t ,pr(4 ,johnson places a high] value on pota% n[ ?an he did #bj ye>s ago4 ,he reta9s ! same figures = soluble phosphoric acid1 & makes a v j & prop] discrim9ation betwe5 ! diff]5t values ( diff]5t =ms ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid40 8,! prices10 said ,i1 8are full z high z f>m]s c af=d to pay4 ,b !re is n mu* probability t we %all see !m p]man5tly r$uc$4 ,! t5d5cy is 9 ! o!r direction4 ,9 a public address ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes has rec5tly rem>k$3 #8,a future g5]ation ( ,briti% f>m]s w d\btless he> ) "s surprise t1 at ! close ( ! manure season ( #ahgf1 !re 7 #dj1jjj tons ( nitrate ( soda 9 our docks1 :i* c\ld n f9d pur*as]s1 al?\gh ! price did n exce$ #ab or #ac p] ton4'0 8,he evid5tly ?9ks10 said ! ,doctor1 8t available nitrog5 is *eap] n[ ?an x w be 9 ye>s to come40 8,nitrate ( soda10 said ,i1 8at ! prices nam$1 is only #b to #b c5ts p] lb41 & ! nitrog5 x conta9s w\ld co/ less ?an #ah c5ts p] lb41 in/ead ( #bd c5ts1 z giv5 by ,pr(4 ,johnson40 8,no4 #a ,p]uvian ,guano1 #8gu>ante$1' is n[ sold10 said ! ,doctor1 8at a price p] ton1 to be det]m9$ by its composition1 at ! foll[+ rates3 ,value p] p\nd4 ,nitrog5 7ammonia1 #ag c47 #ba c4 ,soluble phosphoric acid #aj c4 ,rev]t$ 0 0 #h c4 ,insoluble 0 0 #b c4 ,pota%1 z sulphate & phosphate #g c4 8,! fir/ c>go ( ,p]uvian guano1 sold "u ?is gu>antee1 conta9$3 ,value p] ton4 ,ammonia #f4h p] c5t #bc4hj ,soluble phosphoric acid #c4h 0 0 #g4fj ,rev]t$ 0 0 #aa4e 0 0 #ah4dj ,insoluble 0 0 #c4j 0 0 #a4bj ,pota% #c4g 0 0 #e4ee ------ ,e/imat$ retail price p] ton ( #b1jjj lbs4 #ef4ee ,m>k$ on bags = sale #ef4jj ,! second c>go1 sold "u ?is gu>antee1 conta9$3 ,value p] ton4 ,ammonia #aa4e p] c5t #dj4ej ,soluble phosphoric acid #e4d 0 0 #aj4hj ,rev]t$ 0 0 #aj4j 0 0 #af4jj ,insoluble 0 0 #a4g 0 0 4#fh ,pota% #b4c 0 0 #c4de ------ #ga4dc ,sell+ price m>k$ on bags #gj4jj 8,x is int]e/+10 said ,i1 8to comp>e ^! analyses ( ,p]uvian guano ( to-day1 ) ,p]uvian guano br\ght to ,engl& tw5ty-n9e or ?irty ye>s ago4 ,i saw at ,ro?am/$ ?irty ye>s ago a bag ( guano t conta9$ #bb p] c5t ( ammonia4 ,& f>m]s c\ld !n buy guano gu>ante$ by ! deal]s 7n by ! ag5ts ( ! ,p]uvian ,gov]nm5t71 to conta9 #af p] c5t ( ammonia1 & #aj p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,price1 #i #es4 p] ton ( #b1bdj lbs4--say #dj p] ton ( #b1jjj lbs4 ,! av]age composition ( ?irty-two c>goes ( guano import$ into ,engl& 9 #ahdi 0 z foll[s3 ,ammonia #ag4da p] c5t4 ,phosphoric acid #i4ge 0 0 ,alkal9e salts #h4ge 0 0 ,at ! pres5t valuation1 adopt$ by ! ,ag5ts ( ! ,p]uvian guano 9 ,new ,york1 & e/imat+ t #e p] c5t ( ! phosphoric acid 0 soluble1 & #d p] c5t rev]t$1 & t !re 0 #b lbs4 ( pota% 9 ! alkal9e salts1 ?is guano w\ld be wor?3 ,value p] ton ( #b1jjj lbs4 ,ammonia #ag4da p] c5t #fj4ic ,soluble phosphoric acid #e4jj 0 0 #aj4jj ,rev]t$ 0 0 #d4jj 0 0 #f4dj ,insoluble 0 0 4#ge 0 0 4#cj ,pota% #b4jj 0 0 #c4jj ------- #hj4fc ,sell+ price p] ton ( #b1jjj lbs4 #dj4jj ,i*aboe guano1 :i* 0 l>gely import$ into ,engl& 9 #ahdd-e1 & us$ ext5sively z a manure = turnips1 conta9$1 on ! av]age1 #g p] c5t ( ammonia1 & #ad p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,its value at ! pres5t rates we may e/imate z foll[s3 ,ammonia1 #g p] c5t #bf4be ,soluble ,phosphoric acid1 #d p] c5t #h4jj ,rev]t$ 0 0 #aj 0 #af4jj ------ #ej4be ,sell+ price p] ton ( #b1jjj lbs4 #ba4hj ,! pota% is n giv51 or ?is w\ld probably add f\r or five doll>s to its e/imat$ value4 8,all ( :i* goes to %[10 said ! ,deacon1 8t ! ,p]uvian ,gov]nm5t is ask+1 9 proportion to value1 f two to two & a half times z mu* = guano z 0 *>g$ tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s ago4 ,t fir/ c>go ( guano1 sold 9 ,new ,york "u ! new gu>antee1 9 #ahgg1 = #ef p] ton1 is wor? no m ?an ! ,i*aboe guano sold 9 ,engl& 9 #ahde1 = less ?an #bb p] ton6 8,& fur!rmore10 cont9u$ ! ,deacon1 8f all t ,i c le>n1 ! guano ( ! pres5t day is n only f> poor] 9 nitrog5 ?an x 0 =m]ly1 b ! nitrog5 is n z soluble1 & consequ5tly n s valuable1 p\nd = p\nd4 ,mu* ( ! guano ( ! pres5t day be>s ab\t ! same relation to g5u9e old-fa%ion$ guano1 z lea*$ a%es d to unlea*$1 or z a ton ( manure t has be5 lea*$ 9 ! b>n-y>d does to a ton t has be5 kept "u cov]40 8,true1 to a c]ta9 ext5t10 said ! ,doctor1 8b y mu/ recollect t ?is #8gu>ante$' guano is n[ sold by analysis4 ,y pay = :at y get & no m40 8,exactly10 said ! ,deacon1 8b :at y get is n s good4 ,a p\nd ( nitrog5 9 ! lea*$ guano is n z available or z valuable z a p\nd ( nitrog5 9 ! unlea*$ guano4 ,& ?is fact ought to be und]/ood40 8,"o ?+10 said ,i1 8seems cle>4 ,! ,p]uvian ,gov]nm5t is *>g+ a consid]ably high] price = guano1 9 proportion to its actual value1 ?an 0 *>g$ #bj or #be ye>s ago4 ,x may be1 t ! guano is /ill ! *eape/ manure 9 ! m>ket1 b at any rate ! price is high] ?an =m]ly--:ile !re has be5 no correspond+ advance 9 ! price ( produce 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w40 ,,pota% ,,z ,a ,,manure4 ,on l& :]e fi%1 fi%-scrap1 or guano1 has be5 us$ freely = "s ye>s1 & ! crops export$ f ! f>m1 we may expect a relative defici5cy ( pota% 9 ! soil4 ,9 su* a case1 an application ( unlea*$ a%es or pota%-salts w be likely to produce a decid$ b5efit4 ,clay or loamy l& is usually ri*] 9 pota% ?an soils ( a m s&y or gravelly "*4 ,& on poor s&y l&1 ! use ( fi% or ( guano1 if ! crops are all sold1 w be soon likely to prove ( little b5efit ow+ to a defici5cy ( pota% 9 ! soil4 ,!y may produce good crops = a few ye>s1 b ! l>g] ! crops produc$ & sold1 ! m w\ld ! soil become defici5t 9 pota%4 ,we h giv5 ! p>ticul>s ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t's exp]im5ts on b>ley4 ,mr4 ,lawes at a late meet+ 9 ,london1 /at$ t 8he _h gr[n #be crops ( b>ley "o aft] ! o!r ) nitrog51 ei!r z ammonia or nitrate ( soda1 b )\t pota%1 & t by ! use ( pota% !y _h produc$ practically no bett] result4 ,?is ye> 7#ahgg71 = ! fir/ "t1 ! pota% _h fail$ a little1 & !y _h n[ produc$ #aj or #ab bu%els m p] acre ) pota% ?an )\t1 %[+ t !y 7 com+ to ! end ( ! available pota% 9 ! soil4 ,?is ye> 7#ahgg71 !y obta9$ #ed bu%els ( b>ley ) pota%1 & #db bu%els )\t x4 ,( c\rse1 ?is 0 to be expect$1 & !y _h expect$ x mu* soon]4 ,! same ) :eat2 he expect$ ! end w\ld come 9 a few ye>s1 b !y _h n[ gone on betwe5 #cj & #dj ye>s4 ,:5 ! end came !y w\ld n be sorry1 because !n !y w\ld h ! k !y 7 seek+ =40 ,dr4 ,vlck]1 at ! same meet+ rem>k$3 8,_m soils conta9$ f #a to #b p] c5t ( available pota%1 & a /ill l>g] quantity lock$ up1 9 ! %ape ( m9]als1 :i* only gradually came into play2 b ! quantity ( pota% c>ri$ (f 9 crops did n exce$ #b cwt4 p] acre1 if s mu*4 ,n[ #j4a p] c5t ( any con/itu5t1 calculat$ on a dep? ( six in*es1 0 equival5t to "o ton p] acre4 ,!re=e1 if a soil conta9$ only #j4a p] c5t ( pota%1 a ton ( pota% might be c>ri$ (f f a dep? ( #f in*es4 ,b y _h n only #j4a p] c5t1 b some?+ l #a p] c5t & upw>ds 9 _m soils4 ,x is q true !re 7 _m soils f :i* y c\ld n cont9u\sly take crops )\t re/or+ ! pota%40 8,9 all ( :i*10 said ! ,doctor1 8!re is no?+ new4 ,x does n help u to det]m9e :e!r pota% is or is n defici5t 9 our soil40 8,t10 said ,i1 8c be asc]ta9$ only by actual exp]im5t4 ,put a little h5-manure on a r[ ( corn1 & on ano!r r[ a little h5-manure & a%es1 & on ano!r r[1 a%es alone1 & leave "o r[ )\t any?+4 ,on my f>m ,i am satisfi$ t we ne$ n buy pota%-salts = manure4 ,i d n say !y w\ld d no good1 = !y may d good on l& n defici5t 9 available pota%1 j z lime w d good on l& conta9+ l>ge quantities ( lime4 ,b pota% is n :at my l& ne$s to make x produce maximum crops4 ,x ne$s available nitrog51 & possibly soluble phosphoric acid40 ,! sy/em ( f>m+ adopt$ 9 ?is section1 is mu* m likely to impov]i% ! soil ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid ?an ( pota%4 ,if a soil is defici5t 9 pota%1 ! crop :i* w fir/ indicate ! defici5cy1 w probably be clov]1 or beans4 ,f>m]s :o c gr[ l>ge crops ( r$-clov]1 ne$ n buy pota% = manure4 ,on f>ms :]e gra9 is l>gely rais$ & sold1 & :]e ! /raw1 & corn-/alks1 & hay1 & ! hay f clov]-se$ are reta9$ on ! f>m1 & ?is /rawy manure return$ to ! l&1 ! soil w become poor f ! lack ( nitrog5 & phosphoric acid long be=e !re w\ld be any ne$ ( an artificial supply ( pota%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if f>m]s %\ld use fi%1 or guano1 or sup]phosphate1 or nitrate ( soda1 & sell all ! hay1 & /raw1 & potatoes1 & root-crops1 !y c\ld raise1 _m ( our s&y soils w\ld soon become poor 9 available pota%4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case ! clov] & beans w\ld %[ ! defici5cy soon] ?an :eat or ev5 potatoes4 8,& yet we are told10 said ! ,deacon1 8t potatoes conta9 no end ( pota%40 8,& ! same is true10 said ,i1 8( root-crops1 su* z mangel-wurzel1 turnips1 etc41 b ! fact has no o!r significance ?an ?is3 ,if y gr[ potatoes = _m ye>s on ! same l& & manure !m ) nitrog5\s manures1 ! soil is likely to be spe$ily impov]i%$ ( pota%40 8,b suppose10 said ! ,deacon1 8t y gr[ potatoes on ! same l& )\t manure ( any k9d1 w\ld n ! soil become equally poor 9 pota%80 8,no10 said ,i1 8because y w\ld1 9 su* a case1 get v small crops--small1 n f lack ( pota%1 b f lack ( nitrog54 ,if ,i _h l& :i* _h gr[n corn1 potatoes1 :eat1 oats1 & hay1 = _m ye>s )\t manure1 or an occasional dress+ ( our common b>ny>d-manure1 & want$ x to produce a good crop ( potatoes1 ,i %\ld n expect to get x by simply apply+ pota%4 ,! soil might be poor 9 pota%1 b x is almo/ c]ta9 to be /ill poor] 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid40 ,l& t has be5 manur$ ) f>m-y>d or /able-manure = ye>s1 no matt] h[ x has be5 cropp$1 is n likely to ne$ pota%4 ,! manure is ri*] 9 pota% ?an 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4 ,& ! same may be said ( ! soil4 ,if a f>m] uses nitrog5\s & phosphatic manures on 8 clayey or loamy l& t is usually relatively ri* 9 pota%1 & w apply 8 common manure to ! s&y p>ts ( ! f>m1 he w r>ely ne$ to pur*ase manures conta9+ pota%4 ,,*apt] ,,xl4 ,,re/or+ ,,f]tility ,,to ,,! ,,soil4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes1 ,b>t41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,ro?am/$1 ,eng4 ,a relation ( m9e1 :o already possess$ a v consid]able e/ate1 consi/+ ( light l&1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago pur*as$ a l>ge prop]ty adjo9+ x at a v high price4 ,^! 7 days :5 f>m]s 7 fl\ri%+1 & !y no m anticipat$ :at 0 9 /ore = !m 9 ! future1 ?an ! inhabitants ( ! e>? 9 ! days ( ,noah4 ,times h *ang$ s9ce !n1 & bad seasons1 l[ prices ( :eat1 & cattle-disease1 h swept (f ! t5ants f ^! two e/ates1 s t my relation f9ds himself n[ 9 ! position ( be+ ! unhappy own] & occupi] ( five or six f>ms1 ext5d+ ov] sev]al ?\s& acres--"o f>m alone occupy+ an area ( two ?\s& f\r hundr$ acres4 ,=tunately = ! own]1 he possesses t[n prop]ty 9 addition to 8 l&$ e/ates1 s t ! "q ) him is n1 z x is ) _m l& own]s1 h[ to f9d ! necess>y capital to cultivate ! l&1 b1 hav+ f\nd ! capital1 h[ to exp5d x 9 f>m+1 s z to produce a prop] return4 ,x is n v surpris+ t1 "u ^! circum/ances1 my op9ion %\ld h be5 ask$4 ,:at1 inde$1 w\ld h be5 ! use ( a relation1 :o n only sp5t all 8 "t 9 agricultural exp]im5ts1 b also pret5d$ to tea* our neighbors h[ to f>m on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic1 if he c\ld n br+ 8 sci5ce to be> on ! l& ( an adjo9+ c\nty6 ,"h is ! l&--my relation might naturally say--"h is ! money1 & ,i h s mu* confid5ce 9 y\r capacity t ,i w give y c>te-blan*e to sp5d z mu* z y please--:at am ,i to d8 ,an inspection ( ! prop]ty br\ght out ! foll[+ facts--t all ! l& 0 v light1 & t y might walk ov] ! fre% pl[$ surface 9 ! wette/ wea!r )\t any clay /ick+ to y\r boots3 /ill a portion ( ! soil 0 d>k 9 color1 & !re=e probably conta9$ a suffici5t am\nt ( f]tility to make cultivation pr(itable1 provid$ ! managem5t c\ld be conduct$ ) t c>e & economy :i* are absolute ess5tials 9 a bus9ess :]e ! exp5diture is always press+ closely ^u ! income4 ,^u l& ( ?is description meat-mak+ is ! backbone ( ! sy/em1 :i* mu/ be adopt$1 & a l>ge bre$+ flock ( %eep ! fir/ ess5tial t[>ds success4 ,sci5ce c make v little improvem5t ^u ! f\r-c\rse rotation--roots1 b>ley1 clov]1 & :eat1 unless1 p]haps1 x may be by keep+ ! l& 9 clov]1 or mix$ grass & clov]1 = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,a good deal ( ! l& ,i 0 inspect+ 0 s light1 t1 9 fact1 x 0 h>dly m ?an s&1 & = "s ye>s x _h be5 left to gr[ any?+ t came up1 undi/urb$ by ! pl[4 ,to a practis$ eye1 ! "* ( ! natural vegetation is a sure indication ( ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,:]e h]ds ( buffaloes are to be se5--_! sides %ak+ ) fat--x is q evid5t t ! pa/ures ^u :i* !y fe$ _c be v bad2 & 9 ! same way1 :]e a rank gr[? ( we$s is f\nd spr++ up ^u l& t has be5 ab&on$1 x may be tak5 = c]ta9 t ! elem5ts ( food exi/ 9 ! soil4 ,?is gr\nd 0 cov]$ ) vegetation1 b ( ! mo/ impov]i%$ description1 ev5 ! 8,quack0 or 8,c\*-grass0 c\ld n =m a regul> c>pet1 b grew 9 small1 deta*$ bun*es2 ev]y?+1 9 fact1 bore evid5ce ( pov]ty4 ,possibly1 ! fir/ idea :i* might occur to any "o1 on see+ l& 9 ?is /ate1 might be3 ,:y n gr[ ! crops by ! aid ( artificial manures8 ,let u look at ! "q f two po9ts ( view3 fir/1 9 reg>d to ! co/ ( ! +r$i5ts2 &1 secondly1 9 reg>d to ! gr[? ( ! crop4 ,we w beg9 ) :eat4 ,a crop ( :eat1 ma*9e-reap$1 conta9s1 z c>t$ to ! /ack1 ab\t six p\nds ( soil +r$i5ts 9 e "o hundr$ p\nds2 t is to say1 ea* five p\nds ( m9]al matt]1 & r less ?an "o p\nd ( nitrog51 :i* ! plant takes f ! soil1 w enable x to obta9 n9ety-f\r p\nds ( o!r sub/ances f ! atmosph]e4 ,to gr[ a crop ( tw5ty bu%els ( gra9 & two ?\s& p\nds ( /raw1 w\ld require "o hundr$ & sixty p\nds ( m9]als1 & ab\t ?irty-two p\nds ( nitrog52 ( ! "o hundr$ & sixty p\nds ( m9]als1 "o-half w\ld be silica1 ( :i* ! soil possesses already m ?an en\gh2 ! rema9d]1 consi/+ ( ab\t eighty p\nds ( pota% & phosphate1 c\ld be furni%$ = f ?ree to f\r doll>s1 & ! ?irty-two p\nds ( nitrog5 c\ld be pur*as$ 9 nitrate ( soda = six or eight doll>s4 ,! actual co/ ( ! +r$i5ts1 !re=e1 9 ! crop ( tw5ty bu%els ( :eat1 w\ld be ab\t t5 to twelve doll>s4 ,b z ?is manure w\ld furni% ! +r$i5ts = ! gr[? ( bo? /raw & gra91 & x is cu/om>y to return ! /raw to ! l&1 aft] ! fir/ crop1 fully "o-?ird ( ! co/ ( ! manure might1 9 consequ5ce1 be d$uct$1 :i* w\ld make ! +r$i5ts ( ! tw5ty bu%els am\nt to six doll>s4 ,tw5ty bu%els ( :eat 9 ,engl& w\ld sell = tw5ty-eight doll>s2 !re=e1 !re w\ld be tw5ty-two doll>s left = ! co/ ( cultivation & pr(it4 ,a ,fr5* writ] on sci5tific agriculture has employ$ figures v simil> to ! above1 to %[ h[ ,fr5* f>m]s may gr[ :eat at less ?an "o doll> p] bu%el4 ,at ?is price !y might c]ta9ly defy ! competition ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is "o ?+1 h[ev]1 to gr[ crops 9 a lecture room1 & q ano!r to gr[ !m 9 a field4 ,9 deal+ ) artificial manures1 furni%+ phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & nitrog51 we h sub/ances :i* act ^u ! soil 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,phosphate ( lime is a v insoluble sub/ance1 & requires an enorm\s am\nt ( wat] to dissolve x4 ,salts ( pota%1 on ! o!r h&1 are v soluble 9 wat]1 b =m v insoluble comp\nds ) ! soil4 ,salts ( ammonia & nitrate ( soda are p]fectly soluble 9 wat]4 ,:5 appli$ to ! l&1 ! ammonia ( ! =m] sub/ance =ms an insoluble comp\nd ) ! soil1 b 9 a v %ort "t is conv]t$ into nitrate ( lime2 & ) ?is salt & nitrate ( soda1 rema9s 9 solution 9 ! soil wat] until !y are ei!r tak5 up by ! plant or are wa%$ away into ! dra9s or riv]s4 ,crops evaporate a v l>ge am\nt ( wat]1 & ) ?is wat] !y attract ! soluble nitrate f all p>ts ( ! soil4 ,v favorable seasons are !re=e ^? 9 :i* ! soil is nei!r too dry nor too wet2 z 9 "o case ! solution ( nitrate becomes dri$ up 9 ! soil1 9 ! o!r x is ei!r wa%$ away1 or ! soil rema9s s wet t ! plant _c evaporate ! wat] suffici5tly to draw up ! nitrates :i* x conta9s4 ,! am\nt ( pota% & phosphoric acid dissolv$ 9 ! wat] is f> too small to supply ! requirem5ts ( ! plant1 & x is probable t :at is requir$ = ?is purpose is dissolv$ by "s direct action ( ! roots ( ! plant on com+ 9 contact ) ! insoluble phosphoric acid & pota% 9 ! soil4 ,9 support ( ?is view1 ,i may m5tion t we h cle> evid5ce 9 "s ( our exp]im5ts ( ! :eat crop tak+ up bo? phosphates & pota% t 7 appli$ to ! l& ?irty ye>s ago4 ,to suppose1 !re=e1 t1 if ! +r$i5ts :i* exi/ 9 tw5ty bu%els ( :eat & its /raw1 are simply appli$ to a b>r5 soil1 ! crop w be able to come 9 contact )1 & take up ^! sub/ances1 is to assume :at c]ta9ly w n take place4 ,i h (t5 express$ an op9ion t arable l&1 c\ld n be cultivat$ pr(itably by means ( artificial manures1 unless ! soil 0 capable ( produc+1 f its own res\rces1 a consid]able am\nt ( produce2 /ill ! "q _h nev] up to ?is "t come be=e me 9 a di/9ct =m z "o ^u :i* ,i _h to decide "o way or ! o!r4 ,i _h1 h[ev]1 no hesitation 9 com+ to ! conclusion1 t gra9 crops c\ld nev] be gr[n at a pr(it ^u my relation's l&1 & t consequ5tly1 = "s ye>s1 x w\ld be bett] to give up ! attempt1 & try to improve ! pa/ure4 ,aft] :at ,i h said ab\t ! insolubility ( pota% & phosphoric acid1 x may possibly be ask$--:y n give a good dose ( ^! sub/ances at once1 z !y d n wa% out ( ! soil--say en\gh to gr[ sixty crops ( gra91 & apply ! nitrate1 or ammonia e ye> 9 j suffici5t am\nts to supply ! wants ( ! crop8 ,! objections to ?is plan are z foll[s3 assum+ ! mo/ favorable conditions ( climate1 & ! l>ge/ possible produce1 ! :eat c\ld c]ta9ly n take up ! :ole ( ! ?irty-two p\nds ( nitrog5 appli$1 & ! crop :i* requires ne>ly "o p\nd ( nitrog5 9 e "o hundr$ p\nds ( gross produce1 w\ld be c]ta9ly less ?an ?ree ?\s& two hundr$ p\nds1 if suppli$ ) only ?irty-two p\nds ( nitrog54 ,if we take ! total produce ( ! be/ & wor/ :eat crop1 gr[n dur+ ! =ty ye>s ( our exp]im5ts1 we %all arrive at a bett] und]/&+ 9 ! matt]4 ,! foll[+ are ! figures3 ,weight ( ,dry ,produce ( ,:eat ,p] ,acre4 ,/raw & ,gra94 #ahfc #iccj lbs4 #ahgi #chei 0 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! increase due to ! nitrog5 ( ! salts ( ammonia or nitrate ( soda1 we mu/ d$uct f ! crop ! produce obta9$1 :]e m9]al manures )\t nitrog5 7 us$4 ,9 #ahfc ?is am\nt 0 ?ree ?\s& p\nds1 & 9 #ahgi x 0 "o ?\s& two hundr$ p\nds4 ,d$uct+ ^! am\nts f ! gross produce 9 ea* case1 leaves six ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & ?irty z ! produce due to ! nitrog5 9 ! season ( #ahfc1 & two ?\s& six hundr$ & fifty-n9e z ! produce due to ! nitrog5 9 #ahgi4 ,b 9 ea* case we appli$ ! same am\nt ( nitrog51 eighty-sev5 p\nds2 & z ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 a :eat crop1 z c>t$ f ! field1 conta9s less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 x is evid5t t if all t 0 conta9$ 9 ! manure _h be5 tak5 up by ! plant1 ! increas$ crop %\ld h weigh$ eight ?\s& sev5 hundr$ p\nds in/ead ( six ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & ?irty4 ,?us ev5 9 our be/ ye>1 "s ( ! nitrog5 appli$ fail$ to produce gr[?2 & :5 we come to ! bad ye> we f9d t only tw5ty-six & a half p\nds 7 tak5 up out ( ! eighty-sev5 p\nds appli$1 ?us leav+ m ?an two-?irds ( ! :ole unacc\nt$ =4 ,seasons are only occasionally ei!r v bad or v good4 ,:at we call an av]age season does n diff] v mu* f ! mean ( ! be/ & wor/ ye>s1 :i* 9 ?is case w\ld be repres5t$ by a crop ( f\r ?\s& f\r hundr$ & n9ety-f\r p\nds1 conta9+ ne>ly =ty-five p\nds ( nitrog54 ,i may say t1 al?\gh ,i h employ$ "o p] c5t4 to avoid fractions 9 my calculations1 /rictly speak+ ?ree-qu>t]s ( a p] c5t4 w\ld m ne>ly repres5t ! real quantity4 ,if1 h[ev]1 on ! av]age1 we only obta9 ab\t =ty-five p\nds f an application ( ab\t eighty-sev5 p\nds ( nitrog51 x is evid5t t n m ?an "o-half ( ! am\nt appli$ ent]s into ! crop4 ,n[ 9 deal+ ) a sub/ance ( s co/ly a nature z ammonia1 or nitrate ( soda--! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 :i* sub/ances _c co/ mu* less ?an tw5ty-five c5ts p] p\nd by ! "t x is spread ^u ! l&1 x becomes a "q ( importance to "k :at becomes ( ! o!r half1 or ! residue :atev] x may be1 :i* has n be5 tak5 up by ! crop4 ,"p is und\bt$ly tak5 up by ! we$s :i* gr[ ) ! :eat1 & aft] ! :eat has be5 cut4 ,"p s9ks into ! sub-soil & is wa%$ completely away dur+ ! w9t]4 ,i1 myself1 am dispos$ to ?9k t ! v great diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! ,indian corn crops1 z comp>$ ) ! :eat crops 9 ! ,/ates1 is p>tly acc\nt$ = by _! great] fre$om f we$s1 :i* are l>ge consum]s ( nitric acid1 &1 9 ! case ( ! :eat crop1 frequ5tly r$uce ! yield by sev]al bu%els p] acre4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t1 ?\gh ! :eat is robb$ ( its food :]e !re are we$s1 /ill if !re 7 no we$s1 ! am\nt ( nitric acid :i* ! crop c\ld n get hold (1 w\ld1 9 all probability1 be wa%$ out ( ! soil dur+ ! ensu+ w9t]4 ,i come to ! conclusion1 !re=e1 t ! nitrog5 alone1 :i* w\ld be requir$ to produce "o bu%el ( :eat1 w\ld co/ n mu* less ?an fifty c5ts2 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 :eat-gr[+ by means ( artificial manures1 w n pay ^u v poor l&4 ,i h said t ! l&1 ab\t :i* ,i 0 consult$1 _h n be5 pl[$ = sev]al ye>s1 & t al?\gh nature _h done all %e c\ld to clo! ! soil ) vegetation1 ! mo/ di%e>t5+ feature 9 ! case 01 ! pov]ty ( ! we$s4 ,a ?i/le may be a giant or a dw>f1 accord+ to circum/ances2 "h !y 7 all dw>fs4 ,! pla9ta91 :i* ,i believe is sometimes s[n 9 ^! di/ricts = food1 has a v deep root2 "h ! plants 7 abundant1 b ! leaves 7 v small & lay s close to ! gr\nd1 t1 z ! manag] in=m$ me1 8! %eep 7 (t5 injur$ f ! am\nt ( s& :i* !y swall[$ ) ! leaves :5 fe$+40 ,at ,ro?am/$1 ! analyses ( ! ra9 wat] pass+ ?r\gh ! ord9>y soil ( "o ( my fields1 :i* has be5 kept free f vegetation1 h %[n t ! am\nt ( nitric acid lib]at$ 9 a soil1 & wa%$ out ea* ye>1 is v l>ge4 ,tak+ ! t5 ye>s dur+ :i* ^! special exp]im5ts h be5 9 progress1 ,i %\ld ?9k t ! loss ( nitrog5 w\ld be equal to1 or possibly exce$1 ! am\nt ( t sub/ance remov$ by ! av]age crops gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! results obta9$ by ! ra9 gauges1 are fur!r completely confirm$ by ^? 9 an adjo9+ field1 :]e :eat & fall[ h be5 gr[n alt]nately = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,! lib]ation ( nitric acid1 dur+ ! ye> ( re/1 produc$ = a "t a l>ge gr[? ( :eat1 b x 0 done at a v great wa/e ( ! f]tility ( ! soil1 & ! produce is n[1 9 proportion1 consid]ably l[] ?an t gr[n on ! cont9u\sly unmanur$ l&4 ,^! results1 if !y are to be accept$ z correct1 mu/ br+ ab\t a v consid]able *ange 9 ! g5]ally receiv$ views 9 reg>d to f]tility4 ,we n only see m cle>ly ! connection betwe5 a =m] vegetation & ! /or$ up f]tility 9 our soil1 b we also see ! importance ( vegetation at ! pres5t day1 z ! only means by :i* ! loss ( nitric acid is prev5t$4 ,! m completely ! l& is cov]$ ) vegetation1 & ! m gr[? !re is1 ! great] w be ! evaporation ( wat]1 & ! less w be ! loss ( nitric acid by dra9age4 ,i 0 n at all surpris$ to f9d1 t ! surface soil ( a wood on my f>m1 0 poor] 9 nitrog5 ?an ! soil ( an old p]man5t pa/ure1 to :i* no manure _h be5 appli$ = tw5ty-five ye>s1 ?\gh dur+ ! :ole p]iod1 ! crop ( hay _h be5 remov$ e ye> f ! l&4 ,! wood to :i* ,i ref] is cov]$ ) oak1 c5turies old1 & ! foliage is s d5se t b little und]wood or o!r vegetation c gr[ b5ea? x4 ,if bo? ! wood & ! pa/ure 7 put into arable cultivation1 ,i h no d\bt t ! pa/ure w\ld prove mu* m f]tile ?an ! wood l&4 ,9 our exp]im5ts on p]man5t pa/ure1 x has be5 obs]v$ t ! "* ( ! h]bage is ma9ly dep5d5t on ! food suppli$4 ,we$s1 & inf]ior grasses1 c hold _! own z long z pov]ty exi/s1 b ) a lib]al supply ( manure1 ! sup]ior grasses ov]gr[ & drive out ! bad grasses & we$s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! l[ price ( :eat a good deal ( l& 9 ,engl& has be5 laid d[n to p]man5t pa/ure1 & mu* money has be5 sp5t 9 clean+ ! l& prep>atory to s[+ ! grass-se$s4 ,i h on m occasions ?an "o1 sugge/$ t ! money employ$ 9 ?is process w\ld be bett] exp5d$ 9 manure1 by :i* ! we$s w\ld be 8improv$0 (f ! face ( ! l&4 ,:ile walk+ ov] ! ab&on$ portion ( ^! e/ates ,i expla9$ my views ^u ?is po9t to ! manag]4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 receiv$ ) ! usual skepticism1 & ! rejo9d] t 8!re 0 only "o way ( gett+ rid ( ! we$s1 :i* 0 by ! pl[ & fire40 ,!re is no?+ t speaks to me s =cibly z color 9 vegetation2 :5 travell+ by rail1 ,i d n require to be told t su* a f>m is1 or is n1 9 high condition1 or t we are pass+ ?r\gh a f]tile or inf]tile di/rict4 ,!re is a peculi> gre5 color 9 vegetation :i* is an unmi/akable sign t x is liv+ ^u ! fat ( ! l&4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t1 9 ?is case1 ! color ( ! vegetation gave unmi/akable signs ( ! pov]ty ( ! soil2 b 9 ! mid/ ( ! d+y yell[i%-gre5 ( ! h]bage1 ,i came ^u "o squ>e ( bright gre5 grass4 ,9 answ] to my enquiry ,i 0 told t1 a 8lamb+-fold _h be5 !re la/ ye>10 & my in=mant add$ 8 op9ion1 8t ! manure w\ld be s /rong t x w\ld kill any?+60 ,x _h c]ta9ly kill$ ! we$s1 b 9 _! place1 "s good grasses _h tak5 possession ( ! soil4 ,! plan ,i propos$ to adopt 01 to sp5d no m money on tillage op]ations1 b to endeavor to improve ! pa/ure by giv+ to x ! food necess>y to gr[ good grasses1 s[+ at ! same "t a small quantity ( ! be/ se$s4 ,i fur!r sugge/$ t a flock ( %eep %\ld be all[$ to run ov] ! :ole ( ! l& by day1 & be fold$ !re e night--ab\t "o p\nd ( cotton-se$ cake p] head be+ all[$ daily4 ,by ?is means1 z ! fold w\ld be mov$ e day1 ! am\nt ( manure deposit$ on ! soil c\ld be e/imat$4 ,if !re 7 a hundr$ %eep1 receiv+ "o p\nd ( decorticat$ cotton-se$ cake p] head1 daily1 & ! hurdles 7 arrang$ to enclose a space ( tw5ty-five by tw5ty y>ds1 9 ! c\rse ( t5 days an acre ( l& w\ld h receiv$ manure f "o ?\s& p\nds ( cake2 :i* am\nt w\ld supply sev5ty-sev5 p\nds ( nitrog51 sixty-eight p\nds ( phosphate ( lime1 & ?irty-two p\nds ( pota%4 ,?is am\nt ( cake w\ld co/ ab\t sixte5 doll>s4 ,z reg>ds ! value ( ! cake z a food1 x is some:at difficult to =m an e/imate2 b x takes n9e or t5 p\nds ( dry food--say roots1 cake1 & hay--to produce an increase ( "o p\nd ( live weight 9 %eep4 ,! cake has c]ta9ly a high] fe$+ value1 ?an ei!r hay or roots1 b ,i w "h give x only ! same value1 & consid] t "o hundr$ & t5 p\nds ( increase ( ! animal 0 obta9$ by ! consumption ( ! "o ?\s& p\nds ( cake4 ,! value ( ! increase ( ! live weight w\ld be 9 ,engl& fully elev5 doll>s1 leav+ five doll>s z ! co/ ( ! manure4 ,n[ ! cake furni%$ sev5ty-sev5 p\nds ( nitrog5 alone1 :i*1 if pur*as$ 9 an artificial manure1 w\ld h co/ n9ete5 doll>s2 & ! o!r sub/ances suppli$ by ! cake1 w\ld h co/ f f\r to five doll>s m4 ,! manures requir$1 !re=e1 w\ld be obta9$ mu* m *eaply by ?is ?an by any o!r process4 ,labor w\ld be sav$ by n cultivat+ ! l&4 ,manure w\ld be sav$ by sub/itut+ vegetation :i* gr[s "u or above gr\nd1 almo/ all ! ye> r\nd4 ,&1 by fe$+ ! /ock ) cake1 ! necess>y f]tility w\ld be obta9$ at ! l[e/ possible co/4 ,x is probable t ! l& w\ld require ?is treatm5t to be repeat$ = sev]al ye>s1 be=e !re w\ld be a fair gr[? ( grass4 ,! l& might !n be brok5 up & "o gra9 crop be tak51 !n x might aga9 be laid d[n to grass4 ,hi!rto1 ,i h consid]$ a case :]e f]tility is almo/ abs5t f ! l&1 ?is1 h[ev]1 is an exception1 z agriculture g5]ally is c>ri$ on ^u soils :i* conta9 l>ge /ores ( f]tility1 ?\gh !y may be v unequally di/ribut$4 ,by analysis ( ! soil we c measure ! total am\nt ( f]tility :i* x conta9s1 b we are left 9 ignorance 9 reg>d to ! am\nt ( ! +r$i5ts :i* are 9 su* a =m t ! crops we cultivate c make use ( !m4 ,at ,ro?am/$1 among my exp]im5ts on ! gr[? ( cont9u\s :eat1 at ! end ( =ty ye>s1 ! soil suppli$ ) salts ( ammonia has yield$1 dur+ ! :ole "t1 & /ill cont9ues to yield1 a l>g] produce ?an is obta9$ by a lib]al supply ( phosphates & alkal9e salts )\t ammonia4 ,:5 we consid] t e "o hundr$ p\nds ( :eat crop1 z c>t$ to ! /ack1 conta9s ab\t five p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt]1 & "o p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 x is impossible to avoid ! conclusion t my soil has a l>ge available balance ( m9]al sub/ances :i* ! crop c\ld n make use ( = want ( nitrog54 ,! crop :i* has receiv$ ^! m9]al manures n[ am\nts to f twelve to ?irte5 bu%els p] acre1 & removes f ! l& ab\t sixte5 p\nds ( nitrog5 e ye>4 ,analyses ( ! soil %[ t1 ev5 aft] ! removal ( m ?an ?irty crops 9 succession1 )\t any application ( manure conta9+ ammonia1 ! soil /ill conta9s "s ?\s&s ( p\nds ( nitrog54 ,?is nitrog5 is 9 comb9ation ) c>bon2 x is v insoluble 9 wat]1 & until x becomes sep>at$ f ! c>bon1 & ent]s into comb9ation ) oxyg51 does n appe> to be ( any use to ! crop4 ,! comb9ation ( nitrog5 ) oxyg51 is kn[n z nitric acid4 ,! nitric acid ent]s into comb9ation ) ! lime ( ! soil1 & 9 ?is =m becomes ! food ( plants4 ,f its great importance 9 reg>d to ! gr[? ( plants1 nitric acid might be call$ ! ma9 spr+ ( agriculture1 b be+ p]fectly soluble 9 wat]1 x is con/antly liable to be wa%$ out ( ! soil4 ,9 ! exp]im5t to :i* ,i h ref]r$ above--:]e :eat is gr[n by m9]al manures alone--we e/imate t1 ( ! am\nt ( nitric acid lib]at$ ea* ye>1 n mu* m ?an "o-half is tak5 up by ! crop4 ,! :eat is ripe 9 ,july1 at :i* "t ! l& is tol]ably free f we$s2 sev]al mon?s1 !re=e1 occur dur+ :i* !re is no vegetation to take up ! nitric acid2 & ev5 :5 ! :eat is s[n at ! end ( ,octob]1 mu* nitric acid is liable to be wa%$ away1 z ! p[] ( ! plant to take up food f ! soil is v limit$ until ! spr+4 ,! =mation ( nitric acid1 f ! organic nitrog5 9 ! soil1 is due to ! action ( a m9ute plant1 & goes on q indep5d5t ( ! gr[? ( our crops4 ,we get1 h[ev]1 9 ! fact an explanation ( ! extremely diff]5t results obta9$ by ! use ( diff]5t manures4 ,"o f>m] applies lime1 or ev5 gr\nd lime/one to a soil1 & obta9s an increase 9 8 crops2 probably he has suppli$ ! v sub/ance :i* has enabl$ ! nitrification ( ! organic nitrog5 to increase2 ano!r applies pota%1 a ?ird phosphates2 if ei!r ( ^! are abs5t1 ! crops _c make use ( ! nitric acid1 h[ev] great may be ! am\nt diffus$ ?r\gh ! soil4 ,x may possibly be said t ! use ( m9]al manures t5ds to exhau/ ! soil ( its nitrog52 ?is may1 or may n1 be true2 b ev5 if ! m9]als enable ! crop to take up a l>g] am\nt ( ! nitric acid f\nd 9 ! soil ye> by ye>1 ?is does n increase ! exhau/ion1 z ! m9]als only t5d to arre/ t :i* o!rwise might be wa%$ away4 ,we mu/ look ^u ! organic nitrog5 9 ! soil1 z ! ma9 s\rce ( ! nitrog5 :i* gr[s our crops4 ,:atev] may be ! am\nt d]iv$ f ! atmosph]e1 :e!r 9 ra91 or dew2 or f cond5sation by ! soil1 or plants1 x is probable t1 :]e ! l& is 9 arable cultivation1 ! nitrog5 s obta9$1 is less ?an ! am\nt wa%$ out ( ! soil 9 nitric acid4 ,^u l& :i* is nev] /irr$ by ! pl[1 !re is mu* less wa/e & mu* less activity4 ,! l>ge increase 9 ! area ( l& laid d[n to p]man5t pa/ure 9 ,engl&1 is n due alone to ! fall 9 ! price ( gra94 ,! r$uction ( f]tility 9 _m ( ! soils1 :i* h be5 long "u ! pl[1 is beg9n+ to be app>5t4 ,"u ^! circum/ances a less exhau/+ c\rse ( treatm5t becomes necess>y1 & pa/ure1 ) ! production ( meat1 milk1 & butt]1 takes ! place ( gra9 fields4 ,,app5dix4 ,lett] f ,edw>d ,jessop1 ,york1 ,pa4 ,,york1 ,,pa41 ,m>* #af1 #ahgf4 ,joseph ,h>ris1 ,esq41 ,moreton ,f>m1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y43 ,,de> ,,sir--,y\r favor ( ! #bb;d ( la/ mon? came safely to h&1 & ,i am truly oblig$ to y = ! reply to my "q4--,y ask1 c ,i help y ) facts or sugge/ions1 on ! subject ( manure8 ,i fe> n mu*2 b x may be useful to y to "k :at o!rs ne$ to "k4 ,i w look =w>d to ! adv5t ( 8,talks on ,manures0 ) mu* int]e/1 hop+ to get new light on a subject second to none 9 importance to ! f>m]4 ,i h done a little at compo/+ = "s ye>s1 & am n[ hav+ a pile ( ab\t =ty cords1 made up ( /able-manure & e>? tak5 f ! wa% ( high] l&s1 turn$ & f9$4 ,! labor ( digg+ & haul+ ! e>?1 compo/+ 9 ?9 lay]s ) manure1 turn+1 & f9+1 is s great1 ,i d\bt :e!r x pays = mo/ f>m crops--?is to be us$ = mangel-wurzel & m>ket-g>d54 ,! usual plan 9 ?is c\nty is to keep ! /able-manure made dur+ w9t]1 & ! accumulation ( ! summ] 9 ! b>n-y>d1 :]e x is soak$ by ra91 & trampl$ f9e by cattle1 & 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] is haul$ ^u gr\nd to be se$$ ) :eat & grass-se$s4 ,i d n ?9k !re is mu* pil+ & turn+ done4 ,my own conclusions1 n bas$ on accurate exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 are1 t ! be/ manure ,i h ev] appli$ 0 prep>$ 9 a cov]$ pit on :i* cattle 7 all[$ to run1 & s kept well tramp$--"s dra9age into a well1 secur$ by p\r+ wat] ^u x1 :5 necess>y1 & ! dra9age pump$ & di/ribut$ ov] ! surface1 at %ort int]vals1 p>ticul>ly ! p>ts n well tramp$1 & all[$ to rema9 until x became a homog5e\s mass1 :i* x w d )\t hav+ und]gone s active a f]m5tation z to h ?r[n (f a consid]able am\nt ( gas4 ,! next be/1 compo/+ x ) e>?1 z above describ$1 pil$ ab\t five or six feet high1 turn$ z (t5 z conv5i5t1 & kept moi/ en\gh to secure f]m5tation4 ,or1 to ?r[ all ! manure z made into a cov]$ pit1 until x is ?or\ghly mix$ & made f9e1 by all[+ hogs to run ^u x & root at w2 & :5 prep>$ = ev5 spread+1 apply x z a top-dress+ on grass-l&--at any conv5i5t "t4 ,z to h[ _m loads ( fre% manure x takes to make "o ( well-rott$ manure1 x may be answ]$ approximately1 ?ree to "o1 b t w\ld dep5d a good deal on ! mann] ( do+ x1 & ! am\nt ( r\gh mat]ial 9 x4 ,if well trodd5 by cattle "u cov]1 & suffici5t dra9age p\r$ ov] x1 to prev5t any viol5t f]m5tation1 ! loss ( weight1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld n be v great1 nor ! bulk less5$ ov] "o-half4 ,_m ye>s ago an old & successful f>m] said to me1 8if y want to get ! full b5efit ( manure1 spread x z a top-dress+ on "s gr[+ crop10 & all my exp]i5ce & obs]vation s9ce t5d to confirm ! correctness ( 8 advice4 ,:ile on ?is subject1 all[ me to prote/ aga9/ ! practice ( nam+ ! quantity ( manure appli$ to a giv5 space1 z s _m loads1 z altoge!r too indef9ite4 ,! bu%el or cord is a def9ite quantity1 :i* all c und]/&4 ,! av]age price ( good liv]y /able horse-manure at ?is place has be5 = sev]al ye>s f\r doll>s a cord4 ,) two & a half miles to haul1 ,i am try+ :e!r keep+ a flock ( #ej bre$+ ewes1 & fe$+ lib]ally ) :eat bran1 9 addition to hay & pa/ure1 w n produce ! ne$$ manure m *eaply4 ,respectfully y\rs1 ,,edw>d ,,jessop4 ,p4,s4--,y ask = ! av]age weight ( a cord ( manure1 su* z we pay f\r doll>s =4 ,i _h a cord ( horse-/able manure f a liv]y /able 9 ,york :i* _h be5 all ! "t "u cov]1 ) sev]al pigs runn+ ^u x1 & 0 moi/1 )\t any excess ( wet1 load$ into a wagon-box hold+ an entire cord1 or #abh cubic feet1 tramp$ by ! wagon] ?ree times :ile load+4 ,! wagon 0 weigh$ at our hay-scales be=e load+1 & !n ! wagon & load toge!r1 ) a net result = ! manure ( #d1djj lbs4 ,i consid]$ ?is manure r bett] ?an ! av]age4 ,i _h ano!r load1 f a diff]5t place1 :i* weigh$ ov] #e1jjj lbs41 b on exam9ation x 0 f\nd to conta9 a good deal ( coal a%es4 ,we nev] buy by ! ton4 ,h>rison ,bros4 ,co41 ,manufactur+ ,*emi/s1 ,philadelphia1 rate b>ny>d-manure z wor? #e4gg p] ton1 & say t w\ld be ab\t #g4ba p] cord1 :i* w\ld be less ?an #a tons to ! cord4 ,if ?r[n 9 loosely1 & x happ5$ to be v dry1 t might be possible4 ,w>+1 9 8 8,h&y ,book ( ,husb&ry10 page #bja1 says1 he caus$ a cord ( well-trodd5 liv]y /able manure conta9+ ! usual proportion ( /raw1 to be c>efully weigh$1 & t ! cord weigh$ #g1jhj lbs4 ,! load ,i _h weigh$1 weigh+ #d1djj lbs41 0 consid]$ by ! wagon] & by myself z a fair sample ( good manure4 ,9 view ( ^! wide diff]5ces1 fur!r trials w\ld be desirable4 ,dana1 9 8 8,muck ,manual10 says a cord ( gre5 c[-dung1 pure1 z dropp$1 weighs #i1bhi lbs4 ,f>m]s "h seldom draw manure ) less ?an ?ree1 m g5]ally ) f\r horses or mules2 load+ is done by ! pur*as]4 ,f ! b>n-y>d1 put on loose bo>ds1 f #dj to #fj bu%els are ab\t an av]age load4 ,9 haul+ f t[n to a di/ance ( ?ree to five miles1 f>m]s g5]ally make two loads ( a cord ea*1 a day's "w4 ,f ! b>n-y>d1 a v v>iable numb]1 p] day4 ,9 my own case1 two m5 ) ?ree horses h be5 haul+ six & sev5 loads ( sixty bu%els1 f9e compo/1 a di/ance ( f "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s ( a mile1 up a long & r /eep hill1 & spread+ f ! wagon1 z haul$1 ^u grass-sod4 ,our l>g] f>m]s (t5 h "o driv] & 8 team1 two wagons1 "o load+1 :ile ! o!r is drawn to ! field2 ! driv] slips (f "o ( ! side-bo>ds1 & ) 8 dung-hook draws (f piles at ne>ly equal di/ances1 to be spread z conv5i5t4 ,,edw>d ,,jessop4 ,lett] f ,dr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,/urtevant1 ,s\? ,fram+ham1 ,mass4 ,,s\? ,,fram+ham1 ,,mass41 ,april #b1 #ahgf4 ,,fri5d ,,h>ris--,manure ab\t ,bo/on is sold 9 v>i\s ways4 ,fir/1 accord+ to ! numb] ( animals kept2 price v>y+ s mu*1 t ,i d n v5ture to "n ! figures4 ,by ! cord1 to be trodd5 ov] :ile load+2 nev] by weight1 s f> z ,i c le>n--price f #j to #ab4jj p] cord1 accord+ to season1 & v>i\s accid5tal circum/ances4 ,dur+ ! pa/ w9t]1 manure has be5 giv5 away 9 ,bo/on4 ,h&l+1 haul+ to ! railroad1 & freight co/+ #d p] cord = c>ry+ #cj miles out4 ,m>ket-g>d5]s usually haul manure z a return freight on _! j\rneys to & f m>ket4 ,ab\t ,s\? ,fram+ham1 price /iff at #h a cord 9 ! cell>1 & ?is may be consid]$ ! rul+ suburban price4 ,v fri5dly y\rs1 ,e4 ,,lewis ,,/urtevant4 ,lett] f ,m4 ,c4 ,weld4 ,,new ,,york1 ,nov4 #i1 #ahgf4 ,,my ,,de> ,,h>ris--,i don't "k :at ,i c write ab\t manures1 t w\ld be ( use4 ,i h /rong fai? 9 humus1 9 a%es1 lea*$ & unlea*$1 9 lime1 gas-lime1 pla/]1 bones1 ammonia ready =m$1 nitrates ready =m$1 n mu* 9 meat & blood1 unless !y are *eap4 ,nev]!less1 !y (t5 are *eap1 & produce spl5did effects4 ,i believe 9 sulphuric acid1 ) organic nitrog5\s manures2 ! compo/+ ( meat1 blood1 hair1 etc41 ) peat & muck1 & wett+ x d[n ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,i believe 9 gre5-manur+1 he>tily1 & 9 tillage1 tillage1 tillage4 ,little fai? 9 sup]phosphates & comp\nd$ manures1 at sell+ prices4 ,habir%aw's guano is good en\gh4 ,s mu* = my cre$4 ,truly y\rs1 ,m4 ,c4 ,,weld4 ,lett] f ,pet] ,h5d]son4 ,,new ,,york1 ,oct4 #bf1 #ahgf4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,h>ris3 ,,de> ,,sir--,if y w ref] to my "w 8,g>d5+ = ,pr(it10 ,new ,edition1 page #cd1 y w get ab\t all ! in=mation ,i possess on ,manures1 except t ,i d n say any?+ ab\t price4 ,9 a g5]al way x might be safe to advise t :5ev] a ton 7x is always be/ to speak ( manures by weight7 ( ei!r c[1 horse1 hog1 or o!r /able-manure c be laid on ! gr\nd = #c1 x is *eap] ?an comm]cial f]tiliz]s ( any k9d at _! usual m>ket rates4 ,?is #c p] ton1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld be ab\t ! av]age co/ 9 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1 or ,philadelphia4 ,we nev] haul x on ! gr\nd until we are ready to pl[ x 94 ,if x has to be tak5 f ! hog or cattle y>ds1 we draw x out into l>ge heaps1 conv5i5t to :]e x is to be put on ! l&1 turn+ x1 to keep x f burn+ or 8fire-fang+10 if necess>y4 ,none ( our f>m]s or m>ket-g>d5]s "h keep x "u cov]4 ,! exp5se ( su* cov]+ & ! great] difficulties 9 gett+ at x1 = ! imm5se quantities we use1 w\ld be great] ?an ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f keep+ x "u cov]--b5efits1 9 fact1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 may be greatly ov]rat$4 ,v truly y\rs1 ,,pet] ,,h5d]son4 ,lett] f ,j4 ,m4 ,b4 ,&]son1 ,ed4 8,canada ,f>m]10 ,toronto4 8,,canada ,,f>m]0 ,,(fice1 ,,toronto1 ,m>* #bi1 #ahgf4 ,j4 ,h>ris1 ,esq43 ,,de> ,,sir--,y\rs ( ! #be? in/4 is to h&1 & ,i %all be mo/ happy to r5d] y any assi/ance 9 my p[]4 ,! "w y und]take is 9 able h&s1 & ,i h e confid5ce t1 :5 complet$1 x w =m an invaluable acquisition to ! agricultural lit]ature ( ! day4 ,manure 9 ?is city is usually sold by ! two-horse load--ab\t #a tons--at ! rate ( #a p] load1 or #ff c5ts p] ton4 ,! load conta9s j ab\t a cord ( manure1 consequ5tly a cord w weigh ab\t #a tons4 ,) ref]5ce to ! g5]al managem5t ( manure 9 ,canada1 ,i may say t ! sy/em foll[$ diff]s 9 no mat]ial respect f t ( ,new ,york & ! o!r ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,x is usually kept ov] w9t] 9 ! op5 b>n y>d 7r>ely "u cov]1 ,i am sorry to say71 laid out on ! l& ab\t ! "t ( disappe>ance ( la/ sn[1 & pl[$ 94 ,9 "s cases x is n c>t$ out until ! l& is ready = imm$iate pl[+4 ,) "s ( our m advanc$ f>m]s1 ! sy/em has lately be5 adopt$ ( keep+ manure "u cov] & spr9kl+ x ?or\ghly at int]vals ) pla/] & o!r sub/ances4 ,tanks are also becom+ m common ?an =m]ly1 = ! pres]vation ( liquid manure1 :i* is usually appli$ by means ( l>ge1 p]=at$ hogs-heads1 aft] ! mann] ( /reet-wat]+4 ,y ask1 h[ ! manure is manag$ at ,b[ ,p>k1 ,brant=d4 ,t made dur+ fall & w9t] is c>efully kept 9 z small bulk z possible1 to prev5t exposure to ! wea!r4 ,9 ,febru>y & ,m>* x is drawn out & put 9 heaps #h feet squ>e1 & well pack$1 to prev5t ! escape ( ammonia4 ,9 spr+1 z soon z practicable1 x is spread1 & pl[$ "u imm$iately4 ,manure made 9 spr+ & summ] is spread on ! field at once1 & pl[$ "u ) a good1 deep furr[4 ,v truly y\rs1 ,j4 ,m4 ,b4 ,,&]son1 ,ed4 ,canada ,f>m]4 ,,manure ,,/ati/ics ,,( ,,long ,,isl&4 ,! ,manure ,trade ( ,long ,isl&--,lett] f ,j4 ,h4 ,ru%more4 ,,old ,,we/bury1 ,long ,isl&1 ,april #f1 #ahgf4 ,joseph ,h>ris1 ,esq43 ,,de> ,,sir--,! great numb] ( deal]s 9 manure 9 ,new ,york precludes accuracy1 yet ,mr4 ,skidmore 7:o has be5 te/ify+ volum9\sly be=e ! ,new ,york ,bo>d ( ,heal? 9 relation to manure & /reet dirt71 assures me t ! accompany+ figures are ne>ly correct4 ,i enclose /atem5t1 f two roads1 tak5 f _! books1 & ! am\nt %ipp$ ov] ! o!r road ,i obta9$ v]bally f ! ,g5]al ,freight ,ag5t1 & embody x 9 ! %eet ( /ati/ics4 ,! ,a% report ,i "k is correct1 z ,i _h access to ! books %[+ ! bus9ess1 = ov] t5 ye>s4 ,i h made num]\s applications1 v]bally1 & by lett]1 to our l>ge/ m>ket g>d5]s1 b !re seems to exi/ a g5]al & /rong dis9cl9ation to communicate any?+ wor? kn[+4 ,i enclose ! be/ ( ! replies receiv$4 ,speak+ = "s ( our l>ge/ g>d5]s1 ,i may say t !y cultivate ov] "o hundr$ acres1 & use l& suffici5tly ne> to ! city to enable !m to disp5se ) railroad transportation 9 br++ manure to _! places & m>ket+ crops4 ,i h notic$ t "o ( ! %rewde/ g>d5]s inv>iably compo/s horn-%av+s & bone-meal ) horse-manure sev]al mon?s be=e expect+ to use x4 ,a safe av]age ( manure us$ p] acre by g>d5]s1 may be /at$ at n9ety 7#ij7 tubs1 & f two hundr$ to tw5ty hundr$ p\nds ( f]tiliz] 9 addition1 accord+ to its /r5g?1 & ! k9d ( crop4 ,! foll[+ railroad manure /ati/ics w give a g5]ally correct idea ( ! age ( manure1 :5 us$3 ,/atem5t ( ,manure ,s5t f ,jan4 #a to ,dec4 #ca1 #ahge4 ,ov] ,f4,n4,s4,c4,r4,r4 ,ov] ,s\!rn ,r4,r4 ,janu>y #a1eca tubs4 #e1hae tubs4 ,febru>y #d1ceg 0 ,m>* #gdj 0 #ab1bag 0 ,april #ab1abb 0 #g1jee 0 ,may #g1chc 0 #c1jdi 0 ,june #e1gbe 0 #a1cfe 0 ,july #f1dgc 0 #fhe 0 ,augu/ #f1cgj 0 #b1iaa 0 ,septemb] #c1aig 0 #ad1gjb 0 ,octob] #hhj 0 #ffj 0 ,novemb] #eab 0 #hdj 0 ,decemb] #a1djf 0 #d1ibc 0 -------------- ------------ #df1cdj tubs4 #eg1fgi tubs4 ,a tub is equal to #ad bu%els4 ,hobson1 ,hurtado ,co4 report ! am\nt ( ,p]uvian guano sold 9 ?is c\ntry la/ ye> at ?irty ?\s& tons4 ,e/imat$ numb] ( horses 9 ,new ,york city1 #ajj1jjj4 ,e/imat$ product ( manure p] horse4 ,f\r cords4 ,e/imat$ proportion ( /raw to pure excrem5t4 ,"o-half4 ,am\nt %ipp$ direct f /ables4 ,ne>ly all4 ,am\nt %ipp$ on vessels4 ,"o-half4 ,l5g? ( "t ! un%ipp$ manure rema9s 9 heaps4 ,f ?ree to f\r mon?s4 ,av]age co/ p] horse1 annually4 #c4 ,greate/ di/ance ( %ipm5t4 ,virg9ia4 ,av]age am\nt %ipp$ via ,l4,i4,r4,r4 #fj1jjj tubs4 ,price ( manure p] tub deliv]$ on c>s or vessel4 #hj c5ts4 ,av]age am\nt put on c>4 #dj tubs4 ,/ati/ics ( ,a% ,trade4--,"t :5 a%es are deliv]$4 ,f middle ( ,june to middle ( ,octob]4 ,places f :i* !y are mo/ly %ipp$4 ,montreal1 ,belleville1 & ,toronto 7,canada74 ,me?od ( transportation4 ,canal boats4 ,av]age load p] boat4 ,ab\t #h1jjj bu%els4 ,av]age am\nt annually sold4 #cfj1jjj bu%els4 ,av]age co/ deliv]$ to f>m]s4 #bj c5ts p] bu%el4 ,p] ,acre1 ab\t4 ,am\nt us$ by f>m]s = potatoes #fj tubs4 0 0 0 0 0 cabbage 7late7 #ej 0 0 0 0 0 0 corn #ab 0 ,am\nt ( guano us$ on ,long ,isl&1 z repres5t$ by ! books ( ,*apman ,vanwyck1 & _! e/imate ( sales by o!r firms1 #e1jjj tons4 ,! f]tiliz]s us$ on ! ,isl& are b\ght almo/ exclusively by m>ket g>d5]s or f>m]s1 :o d a little m>ket g>d5+1 z x is ! g5]al conviction t ord9>y f>m-crops w n give a comp5sat+ return = _! application4 ,mo/ m>ket g>d5]s keep s little /ock t ! manure made on ! place is v inconsid]able4 ,our dairy f>m]s ei!r compo/ home-made manures ) t f ! city1 spread x on ! l& = corn 9 ! spr+1 or rot x sep>ate1 to use 9 ! fall = :eat1 on l& t has be5 cropp$ ) oats ! same ye>4 ,! manure put on = potatoes is g5]ally e/imat$ to enri* ! l& suffici5t = x to produce "o crop ( w9t] gra91 & f five to sev5 crops ( grass1 :5 x is aga9 pl[$ & cultivat$ 9 rotation )1 fir/1 corn1 second1 potatoes or oats1 & is rese$$ 9 autumn ( ! same ye>4 ,fi% & fi% guano are l>gely us$ on l& bord]+ ! wat]1 & adjac5t to ! oil-works4 ,! av]age price = guano 9 bulk at oil-works is #ab p] ton4 ,! av]age price = fi% on :>f is #a4ej p] ?\s&1 & x is e/imat$ t1 z a g5]al av]age1 #f1jjj fi% make a ton ( guano4 ,! fi%1 :5 appli$ to corn1 are plac$ two at ea* hill1 & pl[$ "u at any "t aft] ! corn is l>ge en\gh to cultivate4 ,seawe$ is highly priz$ by all :o use x1 & x w produce a good crop ( corn :5 spread ?ickly on ! l& previ\s to pl[+4 ,v respectfully1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,ru%more4 ,lett] f ,john ,e4 ,backus4 ,,newt[n1 ,long ,isl&1 ,n4,y41 ,m>* #bnd1 #ahgf4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,ru%more3 ,,de> ,,sir4--,"s f>m]s & m>ket-g>d5]s use m1 & "s less1 manure1 accord+ to crops to be rais$4 ,i use ab\t #cj good two-horse wagon-loads to ! acre1 to be appli$ 9 r[s or broad-ca/$1 z be/ = c]ta9 crops4 ,i pref] old horse-dung = mo/ all purposes4 ,guano1 z a f]tiliz]1 phosphate ( bone & blood are v good2 !y act z a /imulant on plants & vegetation1 & are highly b5eficial to "s vegetation--m valuable on poor soil ?an else:]e1 except to produce a ?rifty gr[? 9 plants1 & to insure a l>ge crop4 ,by giv+ y ^! few items !y v>y consid]ably on diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,isl&2 judgm5t mu/ be us$ 9 all cases & all bus9ess4 ,hop+ ^! few l9es may be ( "s avail to ,mr4 ,h>ris & y\rself1 ,i rema91 y\rs1 etc41 ,,john ,e4 ,,backus4 ,,manure ,,9 ,,philadelphia4 ,lett] f ,joseph ,heacock4 ,,j5k9t[n1 ,montgom]y ,co41 ,pa41 ,april #ah?1 #ahgf4 ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d ,,h>ris4--,/able-manure 9 ,philadelphia1 co/s by ! s+le f\r-horse-load1 ab\t #i or #aj4 ,mo/ly1 ! f>m]s :o haul mu* ( x1 h x engag$ by ! ye>1 & !n x c be _h = f #g to #h p] load4 ,mo/ly1 f\r horses are us$1 ?\gh we frequ5tly see two & ?ree-horse teams1 & occasionally1 five or six horses are us$4 ,i h nev] se5 any k9d ( dung haul$ b t ( horses4 ,c[-manure w\ld be ?\ght too heavy to haul s long a di/ance4 ,sug>-h\se wa/e1 sp5t hops1 glue wa/e1 etc1 are haul$ to a small ext5t4 ,we live ab\t #i miles f ! c5t] ( ! city1 & ! road is v hilly1 ?\gh o!rwise a good "o1 be+ made ( /one4 ,! loads v>y f #b to #c or #d tons = f\r horses1 accord+ to ! dryness ( ! manure4 ,! wagons are made v /rong1 & weigh f #a1fjj lbs4 to #b1cjj or #b1djj lbs41 accord+ to ! numb] ( horses t are to be us$ to !m4 ,i _c say h[ _m cords !re are 9 an av]age load1 b probably n less ?an two cords to f\r horses4 ,"o ( my neighbors has a /able engag$ by ! ye>4 ,he pays #b4ej p] ton1 & av]ages ab\t ?ree tons p] load1 & ! di/ance f ! /able 9 ! city to 8 place1 c n be less ?an #ab miles4 ,8 team goes empty "o way & ( c\rse c n haul m ?an a load a day4 ,9 fact1 c n av]age t1 z x w\ld be too h>d on 8 horses4 ,! horses us$ = ! purpose are l>ge & /rong4 ,fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s ago1 !re 0 kept on mo/ f>ms ( #ge to #ajj acres1 a team purposely = haul+ manure f ! city4 ,b x is diff]5t n[1 _m ( ! f>m]s us+ artificial manures1 z x co/s s mu* less2 & o!rs are keep+ m /ock1 & s mak+ _! own manure4 ,/ill1 !re is a great deal haul$ yet4 ,& "s ( x to a di/ance ( #bj miles4 ,?\gh :5 haul$ to ?is di/ance1 ! teams are load$ bo? ways4 ,= in/ance1 !y w />t to ! city ) a load ( hay 7#ce to #ej cwt471 on ,monday aft]noon 7,tuesday is ! day ( ! ,hay ,m>ket72 & :5 !y h _! load ( hay (f on ,tuesday1 !y load _! manure & drive out five or six miles & put up = ! night4 ,next morn+ !y />t ab\t #c o'clock1 arriv+ home be=e noon1 hav+ be5 away two days4 ,on ,?ursday aft]noon1 !y />t aga94 ,y c see t manur+ 9 ?is way is v exp5sive4 ,b f>m]s ab\t "h well "k t if !y d n manure well !y raise b little4 ,probably ab\t f\r loads are us$ p] acre on ! av]age4 ,ea* load is g5]ally ?r[n (f ! wagon 9 "o l>ge heap ne> :]e want$1 & is all[$ to lie until !y use x4 ,i c n tell h[ mu* x loses 9 bulk by ly+ 9 ! heap4 ,z to :at crops x is us$ on1 f>m]s d n ?9k t !y c\ld g amiss 9 apply+ x to any?+ except oats4 ,b x is probably us$ m = top-dress+ m[+ l&1 & = potatoes1 ?an = any?+ else4 ,! usual rotation is corn1 potatoes1 or oats1 :eat se$$ to clov] & timo?y1 & !n kept 9 grass f two to f\r ye>s4 ,^? :o haul /able-manure1 usually use bone-du/ or sup]phosphate to a great] or less ext5t4 ,la/ ,decemb] ,i built a pig-p51 #bj ft4 #dj ft41 #a /ories high4 ,! upp] /ory to be us$ = litt]1 etc4 ,!re is a f\r feet entry on ! nor? side1 runn+ ! l5g? ( ! build+4 ,! rema9d] is divid$ into five p5s1 ea* #h ft4 #af ft4 ,x is made s t 9 cold wea!r x c be clos$ up tight1 :ile 9 w>m] wea!r x c be made z op5 z an out-%$4 ,i am v mu* pleas$ ) x4 ,! pigs make a great deal ( manure1 & ,i believe t x c be made mu* *eap] ?an x c be b\ght & haul$ f ,philadelphia4 ,,joseph ,,heacock1 ,jr4 ,lett] f ,h]man ,l4 ,r\tzahn4 ,,middlet[n1 ,md41 ,may #aa?1 #ahgf4 ,joseph ,h>ris1 ,esq43 ,i h]e) proce$ to answ] que/ions ask$4 ,:eat & corn are pr9cipal crops4 ,corn is f$ n[ altoge!r to /ock = ! manure4 ,!re is b little soil+ done4 ,! pr9cipal me?od ( mak+ manure is3 ,fe$+ all ! corn rais$1 z well z hay1 oats1 & roots1 to cattle2 us+ :eat /raw1 we$s1 etc41 z b$d+1 ?r[+ ! manure 9 ! y>d 7uncov]$71 & to cov] ! pile ) pla/] 7by s[+ broadca/71 at lea/ once a week4 ,to ?is pile is add$ ! manure f ! hog-p5s1 h5-h\se1 etc41 & work$ ov] ?or\ghly at lea/ twice be=e us+4 ,x is !n appli$ to corn by pl[+ "u2 to :eat1 z a top-dress+4 ,= corn x is usually haul$ to ! field1 ?r[n (f 9 heaps #be feet ea* way1 a c>t-load mak+ two heaps4 ,spread j be=e ! pl[4 ,= :eat1 spread on directly aft] pl[+1 & ?or\ghly h>r[$ 94 ,appli$ broadca/ = potatoes4 ,compo/s ( diff]5t k9ds are made & us$ same z 9 o!r localities1 ,i presume4 ,artificial manures are go+ into disrepute 7ju/ly too74 ,?is is ! plan n[ adopt$ by ! f>m]s 9 ?is c\nty 7,fr$]ick74 ,:]e woods are accessible1 leaves & m\ld are haul$ 9 & add$ to ! manure-heap2 9 fact1 e sub/ance t c be work$ into ! manure-heap is freely us$4 ,well-rott$ /able-manure is wor? f #a4ej to #b4ej p] cord1 accord+ to condition & locality4 ,v ,respectfully ,y\rs1 ,,h]man ,l4 ,,r\tzahn4 ,lett] f ,pr(4 ,e4 ,m4 ,%elton1 ,pr(4 ( ,agriculture1 ,kansas ,/ate ,agricultural ,college4 ,,kansas ,,/ate ,,agricultural ,,college1 ,,manhattan1 ,kansas1 ,may #e1 #ahgf4 ,,de> ,,sir4--,9 reply to y\r fir/ "q1 ,i w\ld say t /able-manure 9 ?is vic9ity1 is held 9 v light e/imation4 ,inde$1 by ! h\sehold]s ( ?is city1 & q g5]ally by ! f>m]s1 manure is reg>d$ z "o ( ^? ?+s--l dr\? & gras%opp]s--) :i* a my/]i\s ,provid5ce sees fit to clog ! op]ations ( ! husb&-man4 ,! great bulk ( ! /able-manure made 9 ?is city is1 e spr+1 c>t$ into rav9es & vacant lots--:]ev]1 9 %ort1 ) lea/ exp5se x c be put out ( rea* ( ! s5ses4 ,x mu/ n be und]/ood by ?is t manure has little influ5ce on ! gr[+ crops 9 ,kansas4 ,n[h]e h ,i se5 su* excell5t results f application ( home-made f]tiliz]s1 z 9 ,kansas4 ,= ^? /]ile wa/es kn[n z 8,alkali l&s10 & 8,buffalo wall[s10 manure is a spe$y & c]ta9 cure4 ,dur+ two ye>s ( sev]e dr\?1 ,i h notic$ t :]ev] manure _h be5 suppli$1 ! crop )/ood ! effects ( dry wea!r mu* bett] ?an :]e no application _h be5 made4 ,f\r ye>s ago1 a /rip across "o ( our fields 0 heavily manur$2 ?is ye> ?is field is into :eat1 & a d>k b& t may be se5 half a mile %[s :]e ?is application 0 made4 ,^! facts ! bett] class ( our f>m]s are beg9n+ to appreciate4 ,a few days ago1 a neighbor1 a v intellig5t f>m]1 assur$ me t f manur+ eight to t5 acres e ye>1 8 f>m 0 n[ 9 bett] condition ?an :5 be broke up ! prairie fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,i "k ( no analysis ( /able or f>my>d-manure made 9 ,kansas4 ,conc]n+ ! weight ( manures1 ,i c give y a few facts1 hav+ _h occasion dur+ ! pa/ w9t] to weigh sev]al loads us$ = exp]im5tal purposes4 ,?is manure 0 :eel$ into ! b>ny>d1 *iefly f ! cattle /alls1 dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahgd-e4 ,x lay 9 ! op5 y>d until ,febru>y la/1 :5 x 0 weigh$ & haul$ to ! fields4 ,i f\nd t a wagon-box1 #a #c #i feet1 into :i* ! manure 0 pit*$1 )\t tread+1 held ) slight v>iations1 :5 level full1 "o ton4 ,at ?is rate a cord w\ld weigh v close to ?ree tons4 ,! greate/ difficulty t we h to enc\nt] 9 ! managem5t ( manure gr[s out ( our dry summ]s4 ,dur+ our summ] mon?s1 unless suffici5t moi/ure is obta9$1 ! manure dries out rapidly1 becomes fire-fang$ & practically wor?less4 ,my practice ^u ! ,college f>m has be5 to give ! bottom ( ! b>n-y>d a 8di%+0 =m1 s t x holds all ! wat] t falls ^u x4 ,! manure ,i keep z flat z possible1 tak+ pa9s to place x :]e ! animals w keep x trod d[n solid4 ,i h adopt$ ?is plan aft] hav+ tri$ compo/+ & pil+ ! manure 9 ! y>ds1 & am satisfi$ t x is ! only practical way to manage manures 9 ?is climate4 ,!re is no p>ticul> crop to :i* manure is g5]ally appli$ 9 ?is ,/ate1 unless1 p]haps1 :eat4 ,! practice ( apply+ manure z a top-dress+ to w9t]-:eat1 is rapidly ga9+ gr\nd "h4 ,x is f\nd t ! manure ?us appli$1 act+ z a mul*1 mitigates ! effects ( dr\?1 besides improv+ ! quality ( ! gra94 ,v ,respectfully ,y\rs1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,%elton4 ,lett] f ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,brew]1 ,pr(essor ( ,agriculture 9 ,%effield ,sci5tific ,s*ool ( ,yale ,college4 ,,%effield ,,sci5tific ,,s*ool ,,( ,,yale ,,college1 ,,new ,,hav51 ,conn41 ,april #ad?1 #ahgf4 ,joseph ,h>ris1 ,esq41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y43 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir4--,i h made inquiries relat+ to 8! price ( /able-manure 9 ,new ,hav51 & h[ f> ! f>m]s & g>d5]s haul x1 etc40 ,i h n be5 to ! horse-c> /ables1 b ,i h to sev]al liv]y /ables1 & !y are all ess5tially ! same4 ,!y say t b little is sold by ! cord or ton1 or by any weight or measure4 ,x is sold ei!r 89 ! lump10 8by ! mon?10 8by ! ye>10 or 8p] horse40 ,"s sell x at a giv5 sum p] mon? = all _! horses1 on a g5]al e/imate ( _! horses--?us1 "o man says1 8,i get1 ?is ye>1 #be p] mon? = all my manure1 he to remove x z fa/ z x accumulates2 say "o1 two1 or ?ree times p] week4 ,he hauls x ab\t five miles & compo/s x all be=e us+40 ,ano!r says1 he sells p] horse4 8,i get1 ?is ye>1 #ac p] horse1 !y to haul x40 ,! price p] horse ranges f #aj to #ae p] ye>1 ! latt] sum be+ high4 ,f ! small or private /ables1 ! manure is g5]ally 8lump$0 by private contract1 & is l>gely us$ ab\t ! city4 ,x is haul$ sometimes z mu* z #aj miles1 b usually mu* less4 ,b ! l>g] /ables (t5 sell p] %ipm5t--x is s5t by c>s up ! ,connecticut ,valley to ,we/field1 etc41 :]e x is (t5 haul$ sev]al miles f ! railroad or riv]4 ,mu* manure is s5t by boat f ,new ,york to ! ,connecticut ,valley tobacco l&s4 ,boats 78b>ges07 are ev5 load$ 9 ,albany1 g d[n ! ,hudson1 up ! ,s\nd to ,connecticut1 to v>i\s places ne> ,h>t=d1 ,i am told4 ,two or ?ree ye>s ago1 a man came "h & exhibit$ to u press$ masses ( manure--a pat5t _h be5 tak5 out = press+ x1 to s5d by ,r4,r4 7/able manure74 ,i nev] he>d any?+ m ab\t x--& he 0 confid5t & en?usia/ic ab\t x4 ,y\rs truly1 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,brew]4 ,,food1 ,,increase1 ,,manure1 ,,etc41 ,,( ,,fatt5+ ,,animals4 ,! foll[+ table is giv5 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,lawes1 ( ,ro?am/$1 ,engl&1 %[+ ! relation ( ! increase1 manure1 & loss by respiration1 to ! food consum$ by diff]5t animals3 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! table head]s z pr9t$ are difficult to int]pret4 ,i h giv5 my be/ guess ab\t :at ! au?or int5d$4 #bej_/fjj_/cejj 7,ox573 #bej lbs4 ,oil-cake #fjj lbs4 ,clov]-*aff #cejj lbs4 ,sw$e turnips ,produce #ajj lbs4 ,increase & supply3 #bej_/cjj_/djjj 7,%eep7 #bej lbs4 ,oil-cake #cjj lbs4 ,clov]-*aff #djjj lbs4 ,sw$e turnips ,produce #ajj lbs4 ,increase & supply3 #ejj lbs4 ,b>ley meal 7,pigs7 produce #ajj lbs4 increase & supply3 7,97 ,food4 #ajj ,i3 ,9 #ajj lbs4 ,increase4 7,97 ,man7ure74 7,97 ,resp7iration1 etc74 #ajj ,total ,dry 7,sub/ance ( ,food supply47 7,97 ,inc7rease74 ,am\nt 7( ea* con/itu5t7 /or$ 7up = #ajj ( x consum$74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,ox54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #bej_/fjj_/cejj #ajj ,total ,dry ,a ,s ---------------------------------- m t ,food#ajj ,i ,man4,resp4 ,inc4,man4,resp4 t d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,nitrog5\s sub/ance #bah #i4j #j4h #d4a ,non-,nitrog5\s #cbc4j #fcf #bi4aeg4c sub/ance #hjheh4j #e4b #g4b ,m9]al ,matt] #hc #a4f #ha4d 44 #j4b #g4d 44 #a4i ,total dry sub/ance #aajifh4f #djd4d #fcf #f4b #cf4eeg4c 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,%eep4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #bej_/cjj_/djjj #ajj ,total ,dry ,a ,s ---------------------------------- m t ,food#ajj ,i ,man4,resp4 ,inc4,man4,resp4 t d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,nitrog5\s sub/ance#agg #g4e #j4h #d4b ,non-,nitrog5\s #bbiedh4e #be4afj4a sub/ance #fga #fc4j #g4j #i4d ,m9]al ,matt] #fd #b4j #fb 44 #j4b #f4h 44 #c4a ,total dry sub/ance #iab #gb4e #bia #edh4e #h4j #ca4ifj4a 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,pigs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ejj lbs4 ,b>ley meal #ajj ,total ,dry ,a ,s ---------------------------------- m t ,food#ajj ,i ,man4,resp4 ,inc4,man4,resp4 t d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,nitrog5\s sub/ance #eb #g4j #a4g #ac4e ,non-,nitrog5\s #ei4hbgf4b #ad4cfe4g sub/ance #cegff4j #ae4g #ah4e ,m9]al ,matt] #aa #j4h #aj4b 44 #j4b #b4d 44 #g4c ,total dry sub/ance #dbjgc4h #gj4j #bgf4b #ag4f #af4gfe4g 44 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,9 ! la/ edition ( 8 book on ,manure1 8,praktis*e ,dng]lehre10 ,dr4 ,emil ,wolff1 gives ! foll[+ tables3 ,( #ajj lbs4 ( dry sub/ance 9 ! food1 !re is f\nd 9 ! excrem5ts3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,dry ,sub/ance4 ,c[ ,ox ,%eep ,horse ,mean ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 ! ,dung #ch4j lbs4#de4f lbs4#df4i lbs4#db4j lbs4#dc4a lbs4 ,9 ! ,ur9e #i4a 0 #e4h 0 #f4f 0 #c4f 0 #f4c 0 ,total dry sub/ance 9 ! ,manure #dg4a 0 #ea4d 0 #ec4e 0 #de4f 0 #di4d 0 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,( #ajj lbs4 ( organic sub/ance 9 ! food1 !re is f\nd 9 ! excrem5ts3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,organic ,c[ ,ox ,%eep ,horse ,mean ,sub/ance4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,9 ! ,dung #cf4e lbs4#dc4i lbs4#de4f lbs4#ch4b lbs4#da4j lbs4 ,9 ! ,ur9e #f4j 0 #c4b 0 #c4i 0 #b4e 0 #c4i 0 ,total organic sub/ance 9 ,manure #db4e 0 #dg4a 0 #di4e 0 #dj4g 0 #dd4i 0 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,( #ajj lbs4 ( nitrog5 9 ! food1 !re is f\nd 9 ! excrem5ts3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,nitrog54 ,c[ ,ox ,%eep ,horse ,mean ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,9 ! ,dung #de4e lbs4#ea4j lbs4#dc4g lbs4#ef4a lbs4#di4a lbs4 ,9 ! ,ur9e #ah4c 0 #ch4f 0 #ea4h 0 #bg4c 0 #cd4j 0 ,total ,nitrog5 9 ,manure #fc4h 0 #hi4f 0 #ie4e 0 #hc4d 0 #hc4a 0 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,( #ajj lbs4 m9]al matt] 9 ! food1 !re is f\nd 9 ! excrem5ts3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,m9]al ,matt]4 ,c[ ,ox ,%eep ,horse ,mean ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 ! ,dung #ec4i lbs4#gj4h lbs4#fc4b lbs4#he4f lbs4#fh4d lbs4 ,9 ! ,ur9e #dc4a 0 #df4g 0 #dj4c 0 #af4c 0 #ce4a 0 ,total m9]al matt] 9 ,manure #ig4j 0 #aag4 #e 0 #ajc4 #e 0 #aja4i 0 #ajc4 #e 0 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! excess ( m9]al matt] is due to ! m9]al matt] 9 ! wat] drank by ! animals4 ,! foll[+ tables ( analyses are copi$ 9 full f ! la/ edition 7#ahge71 ( ,dr4 ,emil ,wolff's ,praktis*e ,dng]lehre4 ,! figures diff] mat]ially 9 _m cases f ^? previ\sly publi%$4 ,!y repres5t ! av]age results ( num]\s reliable analyses1 & are suffici5tly accurate = all practical purposes connect$ ) ! subject ( manures4 ,9 special cases1 x w be well to consult actual analyses ( ! articles to be us$4 ,i4--,,tables ,,= ,,calculat+ ,,! ,,exhau/ion ,,& ,,enri*+ ,,( ,,soils4 ,a4--,,h>ve/ ,,products ,,& ,,v>i\s ,,manufactur$ ,,articles4 ,av]age quantity ( wat]1 nitrog51 & total a%1 & ! diff]5t +r$i5ts ( ! a% 9 #ajjj lbs4 ( fre% or air-dri$ sub/ance4 ,w ,wat]4 ,n ,nitrog54 ,a ,a%4 ,p ,pota%4 ,s ,soda4 ,l ,lime4 ,m ,magnesia4 ,ph,a ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,,sa ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,s,s ,silica & ,s&4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,sub/ance4 ,w ,n ,a ,p ,s ,l ,m ,ph,a ,,sa ,s,s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,i4--,,hay4 ,mead[ ,hay #adc #ae4e #ea4eac4b #b4c #h4f #c4c #d4a #b4d #ac4i ,rye ,grass #adc #af4c #eh4bbj4b #b4j #d4c #a4c #f4b #b4c #ah4e ,timo?y #adc #ae4e #fb4abj4d #a4e #d4e #a4i #g4b #a4h #bb4a ,moh>hay #acd #ag4c #eh4dba4b #a4b #f4a #e4d #c4d #b4a #af4c ,r$ ,clov] #afj #ai4g #ef4iah4c #a4bbj4j #f4a #e4f #a4g #a4d ,r$ ,clov]1 ripe #aej #ab4e #dd4j #i4h #a4dae4f #f4h #d4c #a4c #c4j ,:ite ,clov] #afe #bc4b #ei4haj4a #d4eai4c #f4j #h4d #d4i #b4e ,alsike ,clov] #afj #bd4j #ci4gaa4j #a4bac4e #e4j #d4j #a4f #a4f ,crimson ,clov] #afg #ai4e #ej4gaa4g #d4caf4j #c4a #c4f #a4c #h4b ,luc]n #afj #bc4j #fb4aae4c #a4cbf4b #c4c #e4e #c4g #c4h ,esp>sette #afg #ba4c #de4hac4j #a4eaf4h #c4j #d4f #a4d #c4g ,yell[ ,clov] #afg #bb4a #ee4gaa4i #a4ccb4f #b4a #d4c #a4j #a4e ,gre5 ,vet* ,hay #afg #bb4g #hc4gbh4c #e4fbb4h #e4daj4g #b4h #d4i ,gre5 ,pea ,hay #afg #bb4i #fb4dbc4b #b4cae4f #f4c #f4h #e4a #j4i ,spurry #afg #ai4b #ef4hai4i #d4faj4i #f4i #h4d #b4j #j4h ,,ii4--,,gre5 ,,fodd]4 ,mead[ ,grass #gjj #e4d #ah4a #d4f #j4h #c4j #a4a #a4e #j4h #d4i 9 bloom ,"y ,grass #hjj #e4f #bj4gaa4f #j4d #b4b #j4f #b4b #j4h #b4a ,rye ,grass #gcd #e4g #bj4d #g4b #j4g #a4e #j4d #b4b #j4h #f4e ,timo?y ,grass #gjj #e4d #ba4f #g4d #j4e #a4f #j4g #b4e #j4f #g4g ,rye-,fodd] #gfj #e4c #af4c #f4c #j4a #a4b #j4e #b4d #j4b #e4b ,gre5 ,oats #haj #c4g #ah4h #g4e #j4f #a4b #j4f #a4g #j4f #e4g ,gre5 ,corn-,fodd] #hbb #a4i #ab4j #d4c #j4e #a4f #a4d #a4c #j4d #a4g ,sorghum #ggc #d4j #ac4j #c4f #a4h #a4b #j4e #j4h #j4d #c4g ,moh>hay #gjj #e4i #ac4i #e4j #j4c #a4d #a4c #j4h #j4e #c4i ,r$ ,clov] #ghj #e4a #ac4g #d4d #j4c #d4h #a4e #a4d #j4d #j4c 9 blossom 0 0 be=e 0 #hcj #e4c #ad4e #e4c #j4c #d4b #a4e #a4g #j4c #j4d ,:ite ,clov] #hje #e4f #ac4f #b4c #a4j #d4d #a4d #a4i #a4a #j4f ,alsike ,clov] #hbj #e4c #h4h #b4d #j4c #c4j #a4a #j4i #j4d #j4d ,crimson ,clov] #hae #d4c #ab4b #b4h #a4j #c4h #j4g #j4i #j4c #b4j ,luc]n #gdj #g4b #ah4g #d4f #j4d #g4i #a4j #a4f #a4a #a4a ,esp>sette #hjj #e4a #ab4a #c4d #j4d #d4d #j4h #a4b #j4d #a4j ,yell[ ,clov] #hcj #d4e #ad4g #c4b #j4c #h4f #j4f #a4a #j4c #j4d ,gre5 ,vet* #hbj #e4f #ah4a #f4a #a4b #d4i #a4b #b4c #j4f #a4a ,gre5 ,peas #hae #e4a #ac4i #e4a #j4e #c4e #a4d #a4e #a4a #j4b ,gre5 ,rape #hgj #d4f #ab4b #d4j #j4d #b4g #j4e #a4d #a4g #j4f ,spurry #hjj #c4g #ab4b #d4c #a4j #b4c #a4e #a4h #j4d #j4b ,,iii4--,,root ,,crops4 ,potatoes #gej #c4d #i4d #e4g #j4b #j4b #j4d #a4f #j4f #j4b ,j]usalem #hjj #c4b #i4h #d4g #a4j #j4c #j4c #a4d #j4e #a4j ,arti*oke ,mangel-wurzel #hhj #a4h #g4e #d4a #a4b #j4c #j4c #j4f #j4b #j4b ,sug> ,beets #hae #a4f #g4a #c4i #j4g #j4d #j4e #j4h #j4c #j4a ,turnips #ibj #a4h #g4c #c4c #j4g #j4h #j4c #j4i #j4h #j4a ,c>rots #hej #b4b #g4h #b4h #a4g #j4i #j4d #a4j #j4e #j4b ,russia ,turnips #hgj #b4a #aa4f #d4g #a4b #a4c #j4c #a4g #a4e #j4a ,succory #hjj #b4e #f4g #b4f #a4a #j4e #j4c #j4h #j4e #j4c ,sug> ,beet1 upp] "p ( root #hdj #b4j #i4f #b4h #b4c #j4i #a4a #a4b #j4g #j4b ,,iv4--,,leaves ,,/ems ,,( ,,root ,,crops4 ,potato ,v9es1 #ggj #d4i #ai4g #d4c #j4d #f4d #c4c #a4f #a4c #j4i ne>ly ripe ,potato ,v9es1 unripe #hbe #f4c #af4e #d4d #j4c #e4a #b4d #a4b #j4h #a4b ,j]usalem ,arti*oke #hjj #e4c #ad4e #c4a #j4b #e4j #a4c #j4g #j4b #c4f ,mangel-wurzel #ije #c4j #ad4a #d4a #b4i #a4f #a4c #j4h #j4h #j4e ,sug> ,beets #hig #c4j #h4a #f4e #b4g #b4g #b4g #a4c #j4i #j4g ,turnips #hih #c4j #aa4i #b4h #a4a #c4i #j4e #j4i #a4a #j4e ,c>rots #hbb #e4a #bf4j #b4i #e4b #h4e #j4i #a4b #b4j #b4i ,succory #hej #c4e #af4e #d4c #b4i #c4b #j4d #a4j #a4d #j4f ,russia ,turnips #hej #d4f #be4c #c4g #a4j #h4d #a4j #b4f #c4j #b4f ,cabbage1 :ite #hij #b4d #af4j #f4c #j4i #c4a #j4f #a4d #b4d #j4b ,cabbage ,/ems #hbj #a4h #aa4f #e4a #j4f #a4c #j4e #b4d #j4i #j4b ,v4--,,manufactur$ ,,products ,,refuse4 ,:eat ,bran #aca #bb4d #ec4ead4c #j4b #a4g #h4hbg4c #j4a #j4e ,rye ,bran #abe #bc4b #ga4dai4c #a4j #b4eaa4ccd4c 44 #a4d ,b>ley ,bran #abj #bc4g #dh4d #h4a #j4g #a4h #c4j #h4i #j4i #bc4f ,oat ,hulls #adj 44 #cd4g #d4i #j4c #a4d #a4j #a4f #a4c #bc4c ,pea ,bran #adj 44 #bb4gaj4c #j4b #d4a #b4b #c4a #j4i #j4i ,buck:eat ,bran #adj #bg4b #cd4faa4b #j4g #c4d #d4fab4e #a4j #j4g ,:eat ,fl\r #acf #ah4i #g4b #b4f #j4a #j4b #j4d #c4g 44 44 ,rye ,fl\r #adb #af4h #af4i #f4e #j4c #j4b #a4d #h4e 44 44 ,b>ley ,meal #adj #af4j #bj4j #e4h #j4e #j4f #b4g #i4e #j4f 44 ,corn ,meal #adj #af4j #e4i #a4g #j4b #j4d #j4i #b4f 44 44 ,gre5 ,malt #dge #aj4d #ad4f #b4e 44 #i4e #a4b #e4c 44 #d4h ,dry ,malt #ge #af4j #bf4f #d4f 44 #a4j #b4b #i4g 44 #h4h ,brew]'s ,gra9s #gff #g4h #aa4g #j4e #j4a #a4c #a4j #d4a 44 #d4f ,be] #ijj 44 #f4b #b4a #j4f #j4b #j4d #b4j #j4b #j4f ,malt-spr\ts #hj #cf4h #ff4gbj4f #a4b #a4i #a4hah4j #b4i #ad4g ,potato ,fibre #hej #a4c #a4h #j4c 44 #j4i #j4a #j4d 44 #j4a ,potato ,slump #idh #a4f #e4j #b4b #j4d #j4c #j4d #a4j #j4d #j4b ,sug>-beet ,pomace #gjj #b4i #aa4d #c4i #j4i #b4f #j4g #a4a #j4d #j4i ,cl>ify+ ,refuse #idh #j4h #c4c #j4c #j4a #a4a #j4b #j4b #j4a #j4g ,sug>-beet ,molasses #agb #ab4h #hb4ceg4eaj4j #d4g #j4c #j4e #a4g #j4c ,molasses ,slump #ibj #c4b #ad4jaa4j #a4e #j4b 44 #j4a #j4b 44 ,rape-cake #aej #dh4e #ed4fab4d #a4h #f4h #g4jai4b #c4b #b4h ,l9se$ ,oil-cake #aae #de4c #ej4hab4d #j4g #d4c #h4aaf4a #a4f #f4d ,poppy-cake #ajj #eb4j #gf4i #b4c #b4cbg4j #f4bca4b #a4i #d4e ,bee*-nut-cake #ajj #ch4a #dc4c #f4e #d4fac4b #c4f #i4g #j4f #j4h ,walnut-cake #acg #ee4c #df4bad4c 44 #c4a #e4fbj4b #j4f #j4g ,cotton-se$-cake #aae #ci4j #eh4dad4f 44 #b4g #h4ibh4a #j4g #b4c ,cocoanut-cake #abg #cg4d #ee4abb4d #a4c #b4f #a4fad4i #b4a #a4i ,palm-oil-cake #ajj #be4i #bf4a #e4j #j4b #c4a #d4eaa4j #j4e #j4h ,,vi4 ,,/raw4 ,w9t] ,:eat #adc #d4h #df4a #f4c #j4f #b4g #a4a #b4b #a4a #ca4b ,w9t] ,spelt #adc #d4j #ej4a #e4b #j4c #b4i #a4b #b4f #a4b #cf4j ,w9t] ,rye #adc #d4j #dj4e #g4h #j4i #c4e #a4a #b4a #a4a #bb4i ,spr+ ,:eat #adc #e4f #ch4aaa4j #a4j #b4f #j4i #b4j #a4b #ah4b ,spr+ ,rye #adc #e4f #df4faa4b 44 #d4b #a4h #c4j #a4b #bf4a ,b>ley #adc #f4d #da4c #i4d #a4g #c4b #a4a #a4i #a4e #ba4e ,oats #adc #e4f #dj4d #h4i #a4b #c4f #a4f #a4i #a4c #ai4f ,indian ,corn-/alks#aej #d4h #da4i #i4f #f4a #d4j #b4f #e4c #a4b #aa4g ,buck:eat ,/raw #afj #ac4j #ea4gbd4b #a4a #i4e #a4i #f4a #b4g #b4i ,pea ,/raw #afj #aj4d #dd4jaj4a #a4haf4b #c4e #c4e #b4g #c4j ,field ,bean #afj #af4c #dc4iah4e #a4a #i4h #c4c #c4b #a4f #c4b ,g>d5 ,bean #afj 44 #dj4jab4h #c4baa4a #b4e #c4i #a4g #a4i ,common ,vet* #afj #ab4j #dd4a #f4c #f4iae4f #c4g #b4g #c4c #c4f ,lup9e #afj #i4d #da4d #h4j #b4fad4h #c4f #c4g #c4j #b4a ,rape #afj #e4f #dj4haa4a #c4haa4f #b4e #b4d #c4a #b4f ,poppy #afj 44 #dh4gah4d #j4fad4g #c4a #a4f #b4e #e4e ,,vii4 ,,*aff4 ,w9t] ,:eat #adc #g4b #ib4e #h4e #a4g #a4h #a4b #d4j 44 #ge4a ,spr+ ,:eat #adc #g4eaba4d #d4h #a4j #d4j #a4e #c4a #j4gaje4c ,w9t] ,spelt #adc #e4f #hb4g #g4i #j4b #b4j #b4a #f4a #a4i #fa4c ,w9t] ,rye #adc #e4h #hd4j #e4c #j4c #c4e #a4b #e4f #j4a #fi4b ,b>ley ,awns #adc #d4habj4j #i4d #a4bab4g #a4f #b4d #c4g #hf4f ,oats #adc #f4d #ga4b #d4f #b4i #d4j #a4e #a4c #c4e #ej4d ,indian ,corn-cobs #adj #b4c #d4f #b4d #j4a #j4b #j4b #j4b #j4a #a4c ,field ,beans #aej #af4h #ed4ece4c #a4c #f4h #e4i #b4g #a4b #j4c ,lup9e #adc #g4b #ah4a #h4g #j4g #c4f #a4e #a4a #j4e #j4i ,rape #adj #f4d #gc4baa4h #d4dcf4c #d4b #c4d #g4c #a4j ,flax-se$ hulls #abj 44 #ed4gae4d #c4jae4d #c4c #d4e #c4d #e4j ,,viii4 ,,comm]cial ,,plants1 ,,etc4 ,flax ,/ems #adj 44 #cj4d #i4d #b4e #f4h #b4j #d4j #b4j #a4g ,rott$ ,flax ,/ems #ajj 44 #g4j #j4c #j4b #c4f #j4b #j4h #j4b #a4c ,flax ,fibre #ajj 44 #f4h #j4c #j4c #c4f #j4c #j4g #j4c #j4h ,hemp ,/ems #aej 44 #cc4b #d4f #j4gbj4c #b4d #b4c #j4g #c4e ,hops1 entire plant#adj 44 #ha4dbj4a #b4hah4a #f4d #g4e #c4g #af4d ,hops #abj 44 #ff4hbc4j #a4daa4a #c4gaa4b #b4d #aa4a ,hop ,/ems #afj 44 #dj4gaa4d #a4gab4f #b4g #d4d #a4c #c4d ,tobacco ,leaves #ahj 44 #aea4jcj4c #e4afb4hag4g #d4h #e4h #ac4e ,w9e & ,mu/ #hff 44 #b4a #a4c 44 #j4a #j4a #j4d #j4a 44 ,w9e-gr\nds #fej 44 #ac4i #f4a #j4b #b4i #j4g #b4e #j4f #j4b ,grape ,/ems1 etc4 #eej 44 #ac4j #d4j #a4d #d4e #j4g #a4f #j4c #j4b ,mulb]ry ,leaves #hej 44 #af4c #c4i #j4b #e4d #a4j #a4c #j4c #d4a ,,ix4 ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,b$d+4 ,re$ #ahj 44 #cf4g #f4h #j4b #c4c #a4a #b4c #j4f #bj4j ,s$ge ,grass #adj 44 #fa4bag4g #d4i #d4b #b4i #d4f #b4c #bj4c ,ru% #adj 44 #dh4aai4j #c4a #c4f #c4a #d4c #a4c #f4h ,bee* ,leaves1 ,augu/ #efj 44 #ai4j #c4g #j4d #f4d #a4d #a4h #j4d #c4h 0 0 ,autumn #aej #h4j #eh4e #b4c #j4dbf4d #c4e #b4d #b4a #ai4g ,oak ,leaves1 ,augu/ #eej 44 #ae4h #e4d 44 #d4a #b4a #a4i #j4d #j4g 0 0 ,autumn #aej #h4j #da4g #a4d #j4cbj4c #a4g #c4e #a4h #ab4i ,fir ,ne$les #dge #e4j #ah4d #a4j #j4c #f4a #a4a #a4j #j4d #f4c ,p9e 0 #dej 44 #cb4j #j4f #j4a #d4c #j4e #a4d #j4f #bb4f ,moss #bej 44 #ai4b #b4f #a4f #b4b #a4a #j4i #a4j #e4e ,f]n #bej 44 #ej4gah4j #b4a #f4b #c4e #d4b #a4h #aj4c ,hea? #bjj #aj4j #af4f #b4a #a4a #c4f #a4f #a4a #j4g #d4i ,broom #bej 44 #ac4f #d4h #j4c #b4b #a4f #a4a #j4d #a4c ,sea-,we$ #aej #ad4jabb4cae4ibh4aaf4gaj4j #c4hbf4c #b4e ,x4 ,,gra9s ,,& ,,se$s4 ,w9t] ,:eat #add #bj4h #af4i #e4c #j4d #j4f #b4j #g4i #j4a #j4d ,spr+ ,:eat #adc #bj4e #ah4c #e4e #j4d #j4e #b4b #h4i #j4c #j4c ,spelt1 )\t husk #adc #bb4j #ad4b #e4a #j4e #j4d #a4g #f4j 44 #j4b ,spelt1 ) husk #adh #af4j #cf4f #e4g #j4d #a4j #b4d #g4f #a4a #ag4a ,w9t] ,rye #adc #ag4f #ag4i #e4f #j4c #j4e #b4a #h4d #j4b #j4d ,w9t] ,b>ley #ade #af4j #ag4j #b4f #j4g #j4b #b4a #e4f #j4e #d4i ,spr+ ,b>ley #adc #af4j #bb4b #d4e #j4f #j4f #a4i #g4g #j4d #f4a ,oats #adc #ai4b #bg4j #d4d #j4f #a4j #a4i #f4b #j4d #ab4h ,millet #adj #bj4c #bi4h #c4d #j4d #j4b #b4i #e4i #j4a #ae4h ,indian ,corn #add #af4j #ac4j #c4g #j4b #j4c #b4j #e4i #j4b #j4b ,sorghum #adj 44 #af4j #c4c #j4e #j4b #b4d #h4a 44 #a4b ,buck:eat #adj #ad4d #aa4h #b4g #j4g #j4e #a4e #e4g #j4b #j4a ,peas #adc #ce4h #bc4e #i4h #j4b #a4b #a4i #h4f #j4h #j4b ,field ,beans #ade #dj4h #cj4gac4a #j4d #a4e #b4baa4i #j4h #j4b ,g>d5 ,beans #aej #ci4j #bg4dab4j #j4d #a4h #b4j #i4g #a4a #j4b ,vet* #adc #dd4j #bf4h #h4a #b4a #b4a #b4daj4j #a4j #j4c ,lup9e #acj #ef4f #cd4aaj4b #j4a #c4j #d4jad4c #a4e #j4b ,r$ ,clov] #aej #cj4e #ch4cac4e #j4d #b4e #d4iad4e #j4i #j4e ,:ite ,clov] #aej 44 #cc4hab4c #j4b #b4e #c4iaa4f #a4f #j4h ,esp>sette #afj 44 #ch4daa4j #a4aab4c #b4f #i4b #a4b #j4c ,ruta-bagas #adj 44 #dh4h #i4a #h4e #g4f #h4f #g4f #b4a #a4a ,sug>-,beet #adf 44 #de4caa4a #d4baj4b #g4c #g4e #b4j #j4h ,c>rots #abj 44 #gd4had4c #c4ebi4a #e4jaa4h #d4b #d4j ,succory #acj 44 #ed4f #f4e #d4fag4c #e4iaf4e #b4d #j4f ,turnips #abe 44 #cd4f #g4f #j4d #f4a #c4aad4j #b4e #j4b ,rape #aah #ca4b #ci4a #i4f #j4f #e4e #d4faf4e #j4i #j4e ,summ]-,rape #abj 44 #cd4i #g4g 44 #e4b #d4gad4i #b4c 44 ,mu/>d #acj 44 #cf4e #e4i #b4j #g4j #c4gad4f #a4h #j4i ,poppy #adg #bh4j #eb4i #g4b #j4eah4g #e4jaf4f #a4j #a4g ,l9se$ #aah #cb4h #cb4faj4j #j4g #b4f #d4gac4e #j4h #j4d ,hemp #abb #bf4a #de4c #i4d #j4daj4i #b4faf4i #j4a #e4e ,grape-,se$s #aaj 44 #be4j #g4b 44 #h4d #b4a #f4j #j4f #j4c ,horse-*e/nuts1 #dib #aj4b #ab4j #g4a 44 #a4d #j4a #b4g #j4c #j4c fre% ,acorns1 fre% #efj 44 #i4f #f4b #j4a #j4g #j4e #a4d #j4d #j4a ,,xi4 ,,v>i\s ,,animal ,,products ,c[s' ,milk #hge #e4a #f4b #a4e #j4f #a4c #j4b #a4g 44 44 ,%eep #hfj #e4e #h4d #a4h #j4c #b4e #j4a #c4j #j4a #j4b ,*eese #dej #de4c #fg4d #b4ebf4f #f4i #j4baa4e 44 44 ,ox-blood #gij #cb4j #g4e #j4f #c4d #j4a #j4a #j4d #j4b #j4a ,calf-blood #hjj #bi4j #g4a #j4h #b4i #j4a #j4a #j4f #j4a 44 ,%eep-blood #gij #cb4j #g4e #j4e #c4c #j4a #j4a #j4d #j4a 44 ,sw9e-blood #hjj #bi4j #g4a #a4e #b4b #j4a #j4a #j4i #j4a 44 ,ox-fle% #ggj #cf4j #ab4f #e4b 44 #j4b #j4d #d4c #j4d #j4c ,calf fle% #ghj #cd4i #ab4j #d4a #a4j #j4b #j4b #e4h 44 #j4a ,sw9e-fle% #gdj #cd4g #aj4d #c4i #j4e #j4h #j4e #d4f 44 44 ,liv+ ,ox #eig #bf4f #df4f #a4g #a4dbj4h #j4fah4f 44 #j4a ,liv+ ,calf #ffb #be4j #ch4j #b4d #j4faf4c #j4eac4h 44 #j4a ,liv+ ,%eep #eia #bb4d #ca4g #a4e #a4dac4b #j4dab4h 44 #j4b ,liv+ ,sw9e #ebh #bj4j #ba4f #a4h #j4b #i4b #j4d #h4h 44 44 ,eggs #fgb #ba4h #fa4h #a4e #a4ded4j #a4j #c4g #j4a #j4a ,wool1 wa%$ #abj #id4d #i4g #a4h #j4c #b4d #j4f #j4c 44 #b4e ,wool1 unwa%$ #aej #ed4j #ih4hgd4f #a4i #d4b #a4f #a4a #d4j #c4j ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,b4--,,av]age ,,composition ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,manures4 ,w ,wat]4 ,,os ,organic ,sub/ance4 ,a ,a%4 ,n ,nitrog54 ,p ,pota%4 ,s ,soda4 ,l ,lime4 ,m ,magnesia4 ,ph,a ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,,sa ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,s,s ,silica & ,s&4 ,c,f ,*lor9e & ,flor9e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,"n ( ,f]tiliz]4 ,w ,,os ,a ,n ,p ,s ,l ,m ,ph,a ,,sa ,s,s ,c,f ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,i4--,animal ,excrem5ts4 7,9 #ajjj p>ts ( ,manure47 ,fre% ,fces3 ,horse #geg #baa #ca4f #d4d #c4e #j4f #a4ea4b #c4e #j4fai4f #j4b ,cattle #hch #ade #ag4b #b4i #a4j #j4b #c4da4c #a4g #j4d #g4b #j4b ,%eep #fee #cad #ca4a #e4e #a4e #a4j #d4fa4e #c4a #a4dag4e #j4c ,sw9e #hbj #aej #cj4j #f4j #b4f #b4e #j4ia4j #d4a #j4dae4j #j4c ,fre% ,ur9e3 ,horse #ija #ga #bh4jae4eae4j #b4e #d4eb4d 44 #j4f #j4h #a4e ,cattle #ich #ce #bg4d #e4h #d4i #f4d #j4aj4d 44 #a4c #j4c #c4h ,%eep #hgb #hc #de4bai4ebb4f #e4d #a4fc4d #j4a #c4j #j4a #f4e ,sw9e #ifg #bh #ae4j #d4c #h4c #b4a 44 #j4h #j4g #j4h 44 #b4c ,fre% ,dung 7) /raw3799 ,horse #gac #bed #cb4f #e4h #e4c #a4j #b4aa4d #b4h #j4gag4g #j4d ,cattle #gge #bjc #ba4h #c4d #d4j #a4d #c4aa4a #a4f #j4f #h4e #a4j ,%eep #fdf #cah #ce4f #h4c #f4g #b4b #c4ca4h #b4c #a4ead4g #a4g ,sw9e #gbd #bej #be4f #d4e #f4j #b4j #j4hj4i #a4i #j4haj4h #a4g ,common ,b>n-y>d ,manure3 ,fre% #gaj #bdf #dd4a #d4e #e4b #a4e #e4ga4d #b4a #a4bab4e #a4e ,mod]ately rott$ #gej #aib #eh4j #e4j #f4c #a4i #g4ja4h #b4f #a4faf4h #a4i ,?or\ghly rott$ #gij #ade #fe4j #e4h #e4j #a4c #h4ha4h #c4j #a4cag4j #a4f ,dra9age f ,b>n-y>d ,manure #ihb #g #aj4g #a4e #d4i #a4j #j4cj4d #j4a #j4g #j4b #a4b ,human ,fces1 fre% #ggb #aih #bi4iaj4j #b4e #a4f #f4bc4faj4i #j4h #a4i #j4d 0 ,ur9e1 0 #ifc #bd #ac4e #f4j #b4j #d4f #j4bj4b #a4g #j4d 44 #e4j ,mix$ human excrem5ts1 fre% #icc #ea #af4j #g4j #b4a #c4h #j4ij4f #b4f #j4e #j4b #d4j ,mix$ human excrem5ts1 mo/ly liquid #iee #cj #ae4j #c4e #b4j #c4j #a4jj4f #b4h #j4d #j4b #d4c ,dove ,manure1 fre% #eai #cjh #agc4jag4faj4j #j4gaf4je4jag4h #c4cbj4b 44 ,h5 0 0 #efj #bee #ahe4jaf4c #h4e #a4jbd4jg4dae4d #d4ece4b 44 ,duck 0 0 #eff #bfb #agb4jaj4j #f4b #j4eag4jc4ead4j #c4ebh4j 44 ,geese 0 0 #gga #acd #ie4j #e4e #i4e #a4c #h4db4j #e4d #a4dad4j 44 ,,ii4--,comm]cial ,manures4 7,9 #ajj p>ts ( ,f]tiliz]47 ,p]uvian ,guano #ad4hea4d #cc4hac4j #b4c #a4daa4ja4bac4j #a4j #a4g #a4c ,norway ,fi%-,guano#ab4fec4d #cd4j #i4j #j4c #j4iae4dj4fac4e #j4c #a4f #a4a ,p\drette #bd4jbg4j #di4j #b4j #j4i #a4jah4fj4e #b4a #a4j #e4d #a4e ,pulv]iz$ ,dead ,animals #e4gef4i #cg4d #f4e #j4c #j4hah4bj4dac4i #a4j #a4g #j4b ,fle%-,meal #bg4hef4f #ae4f #i4g 44 44 #g4jj4c #f4c #j4a #a4a 44 ,dri$ ,blood #ad4jgi4j #g4jaa4g #j4g #j4f #j4gj4a #a4j #j4d #b4a #j4d ,horn-,meal & ,%av+s #h4efh4e #be4jaj4b 44 44 #f4fj4c #e4e #j4iaa4j 44 ,bone-,meal #f4jcc4c #fj4g #c4h #j4b #j4cca4ca4jbc4b #j4a #c4e #j4c ,bone-,meal f solid p>ts #e4jca4e #fc4e #c4e #j4a #j4bcc4ja4jbe4b #j4a #c4j #j4b ,bone-,meal f s(t p>ts #g4jcg4c #ee4g #d4j #j4b #j4cbi4ja4jbj4j #j4a #c4e #j4b ,bone-black1 be=e us$ #f4jaj4j #hd4j #a4j #j4a #j4cdc4ja4acb4j #j4d #e4j 44 ,bone-black1 sp5t #aj4j #f4j #hd4j #j4e #j4a #j4bcg4ja4abf4j #j4dae4j 44 ,bone a% #f4j #c4j #ia4j 44 #j4c #j4fdf4ja4bce4d #j4d #f4e 44 ,bak] ,guano #aj4j #i4b #ha4j #j4e #j4b #a4bda4ea4ecd4h #a4e #j4h #j4c ,j>vis ,guano#aa4h #h4b #hj4j #j4d #j4d #j4cci4aj4ebj4fah4j #j4e #j4b ,e/remadura ,apatite #j4f 44 44 44 #j4g #j4cdh4aj4acg4f #j4b #i4j #a4e ,sombr]o ,phosphate #h4e 44 #ia4e #j4a 44 #j4hdc4ej4fce4j #j4e #a4j #j4f ,navassa ,phosphate #b4f #e4d #ib4j #j4a 44 44 #cg4ej4fcc4b #j4e #e4j #j4a ,nassau ,phosphorite1 ri* #b4f 44 #ig4d 44 #j4h #j4dde4aj4bcc4j #j4c #e4e #c4a ,nassau ,phosphorite1 m$ium #b4e 44 #ig4e 44 #j4g #j4ddj4aj4bbd4a 44 #bj4h #a4e ,we/phalian ,phos- phorite #f4e #a4f #ia4h 44 44 44 #ba4hj4iai4g #a4jbb4j #a4f ,hanov] ,phos- phorite #b4j #c4e #id4e 44 44 44 #cg4bj4bbi4b #j4e #c4c #a4e ,coprolites #d4c 44 #ie4g 44 #a4j #j4ede4da4jbf4d #j4h #g4e #j4a ,sulphate ( ,ammonia #d4j 44 44 #bj4j 44 44 #j4e 44 44 #eh4j #c4j #a4d ,nitrate ( ,soda #b4f 44 44 #ae4e 44 #ce4j #j4b 44 44 #j4g #a4e #a4g ,wool-du/ & (fal #aj4jef4j #cd4j #e4b #j4c #j4a #a4dj4c #a4c #j4ebi4j #j4b ,lime-cake #f4edg4j #df4e #c4a 44 44 #bj4eb4d #c4j 44 #h4j 44 ,:ale-oil refuse #bc4jfh4d #h4f #e4g 44 44 #c4jj4b #b4c 44 #c4j 44 ,common ,salt #e4j 44 #ie4j 44 44 #dd4c #a4bj4b 44 #a4d #b4jdh4b ,gypsum or ,pla/] #bj4j 44 #hj4h 44 44 44 #ca4jj4a 44 #dd4j #d4j 44 ,gas-lime #g4j #a4c #ia4g #j4d #j4b 44 #fd4ea4e 44 #ab4e #c4j 44 ,sug>-,h\se ,scum #cd4ebd4e #da4j #a4b #j4b #j4fbj4gj4c #a4e #j4c #i4a #j4a ,lea*$ wood a%es #bj4j #e4j #ge4j 44 #b4e #a4cbd4eb4e #f4j #j4cbj4j 44 ,wood-soot #e4jga4h #bc4b #a4c #b4d #j4eaj4ja4e #j4d #j4c #d4j 44 ,coal-soot #e4jgj4b #bd4h #b4e #j4a 44 #d4ja4e 44 #a4gaf4j 44 ,a%es f ,decidu\s trees #e4j #e4j #ij4j 44 #aj4j #b4ecj4je4j #f4e #a4fah4j #j4c ,a%es f ,ev]gre5 trees #e4j #e4j #ij4j 44 #f4j #b4jce4jf4j #d4e #a4fah4j #j4c ,peat-a%es #e4j 44 #ie4j 44 #a4e #j4h 8 #a4e #j4f #a4c 8 #j4b ,bitum9\s coal-a%es #e4j 44 #ie4j 44 #j4e #j4d 8 #c4b #j4b #c4e 8 44 ,an?racite coal-a%es #e4j #e4j #ij4j 44 #j4a #j4a 8 #c4j #j4a #e4j 8 44 ,,iii4 ,sup]phosphate1 f ,p]uvian ,guano #af4jda4i #db4aaj4j #b4j #a4b #i4ea4jaj4eae4j #a4e #a4a ,bak] ,guano #ae4j #f4b #gh4h #j4c #j4a #j4hbe4ij4iba4hbh4e #j4i #j4b ,e/remadura ,apatite #ae4j 44 #he4j 44 #j4d #j4bbh4bj4abb4abh4e #e4c #j4i ,sombr]o ,phosphate #ae4j 44 #he4j 44 44 #j4ebf4dj4dbj4bbe4e #j4f #j4d ,navassa ,phosphate #ae4j #b4e #hb4e 44 44 8 #ag4jj4cae4dai4e #b4c 8 ,nassau ,phosphorite1 ri* #ae4j 44 #he4j 44 #j4e #j4bbf4ej4aai4dbe4e #c4b #a4h ,nassau ,phosphorite1 m$ium #ab4j 44 #hh4j 44 #j4c #j4abd4bj4aaf4fai4eac4e #a4c ,bone-black #ae4j #h4jgg4j #j4c 44 #j4abe4jj4gaf4bba4j #i4c 44 ,bone-,meal #ac4jbc4hfc4b #b4j #j4a #j4bbb4dj4gaf4fai4e #b4e #j4b ,phospho-guano 7manu- factur$47#ae4eac4jhj4c #c4c #j4c #j4dbd4j 44#bj4ebh4h #c4j #j4i ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 99 ,x is e/imat$ t 9 ! case ( horses1 cattle1 & sw9e1 "o-?ird ( ! ur9e dra9s away4 ,! foll[+ is ! am\nt ( :eat-/raw us$ daily z b$d+ = ea* animal4 ,horse1 #f lbs42 ,cattle1 #h lbs42 ,sw9e1 #d lbs41 & %eep1 #j4f lbs4 #b4--,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,+r$i5ts ,,9 ,,"s ,,manufactur+ ,,processes4 ,,ds ,dry ,sub/ance4 ,n ,nitrog54 ,a ,a%4 ,p ,pota%4 ,l ,lime4 ,m ,magnesia4 ,ph,a ,phosphoric ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"n ( ,mat]ial4 ,,ds ,n ,a ,p ,l ,m ,ph,a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a4--;,brew+4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 #ajjj lbs4 ,b>ley1 conta9 #hee #ae4bbb4bcd4dh #j4eh #a4ib #g4ga #ae 0 ,hops 0 #ac4b 44 #a4jjj4cdej4afgj4jefj4afh ,di/ribution ( ! ,+r$i5ts3 ,wat] 44 44 #a4bcj4hebj4jcij4jdej4bcd ,malt-,spr\ts #cc #a4ch #b4dcj4gdij4jfij4jffj4fec ,brew]s' ,gra9s #bfi #h4gdac4jhj4ehja4dgda4acdc4fca ,sp5t ,hops #i 44 #j4edj4jcbj4afjj4jeej4jfb ,yea/ #cj #b4id #b4bgj4fdcj4jigj4ahea4cdi ,be] 44 #b4ad #c4fea4iih 44 #j4dhdj4ici #b4--;,di/ill]y4 a4 #ajjj lbs4 ,potatoes1 conta9 #bej #c4b #i4dce4fi #j4bdj4dd #a4fc #dj 0 ,kiln-,malt #cg #j4ef #a4jfj4ahdj4jdjj4jhhj4chh #bj 0 ,yea/-,malt #ah4e #j4bh #j4ecj4jibj4jbjj4jddj4aid ,! ,slump1 conta9s #abe #d4jdaa4jbe4iffj4cjjj4egbb4bab 7b47 ,gra9 ,spirits4 #hjj lbs4 ,rye1 conta9 #fhd #ad4jhad4cbd4ejaj4cgfa4fdhf4gaj #bjj 0 ,kiln-,malt1 conta9 #ahd #b4hb #e4abj4hhcj4aiej4dbia4ebf #ej 0 ,yea/-,malt1 0 #df #j4ga #a4bhj4bbaj4jdij4ajgj4chb ,! ,slump1 conta9s #ddc #ag4fabj4gbe4fjej4fbjb4ahdh4fah #c4--,yea/ ,manufacture4 #gjj lbs4 bruis$ ,rye1 conta9 #eii #ab4cbab4ecc4idaj4cbia4ddde4hgf #cjj 0 ,b>ley-,malt1 0 #bgf #d4bc #g4fga4cbej4bicj4fdcb4hja ,di/ribution ( ! ,+r$i5ts3 ,yea/ #de #d4fj #c4daa4bgcj4aibj4cfgb4fgb ,gra9s & ,slump #cbe #aa4ieaf4gic4iicj4dcja4gbjf4jje #d4--,/>* ,manufacture4 #ajjj lbs4 ,potatoes1 conta9 #bej #c4bj #i4dce4fi #j4bd #j4dd #a4fc ,! rema9s 9 ! ,fibre #ge #j4fj #j4eaj4jhfj4bffj4jdbj4acc 0 0 0 ,wat] #de #b4fj #h4hie4fjd 44 #j4ciha4dig #e4--,mill+4 #ajjj lbs4 ,:eat1 conta9 #heg #bj4hjaf4hhe4bf #j4eg #b4jb #g4id ,di/ribution ( ! ,+r$i5ts3 ,fl\r 7#gg4e p] c5t7 #ffd #ad4fe #e4eja4ihjj4aedj4dehb4hfb ,mill-fe$ 7 #f4e 0 7 #eh #a4fd #a4hjj4fdhj4jejj4adhj4icf ,bran 7#af4j 0 7 #ace #d4ea #i4fjb4gfbj4cifa4cidd4ajb #f4--;,*eese-,mak+4 #ajjj lbs4 ,milk1 conta9 #abe #d4hj #f4aja4ejea4cccj4ahfa4gce ,di/ribution ( ! ,+r$i5ts3 ,*eese #fe #d4ec #b4hdj4bdgj4fhgj4jbha4eae ,:ey #fj #j4bg #c4bfa4behj4fdfj4aehj4ehd #g4--;,beet-,sug> ,manufacture4 #ajjj lbs4 ,roots1 conta9 #ahd #a4fj #g4ajc4iadj4cgij4ecfj4ghj ,di/ribution ( ! ,+r$i5ts3 ,tops & ,tails 7#ab p] c5t ( roots7 #ai #j4bd #a4aej4ccfj4ajhj4acbj4add ,pomace 7#ae p] c5t ( roots7 #df #j4dd #a4gaj4ehej4cijj4ajej4afe ,skimm+s 7#d p] c5t ( roots7 #bd #j4fj #a4bjj4chjh4fdjj4bdjj4chd ,molasses 7#c p] c5t ( roots7 #be #j4cb #b4dga4gdaj4adaj4jjij4jae ,sug> & loss #he 44 #j4egj4hgb 44 #j4jdjj4jgb #h4 ,flax ,dress+4 #ajjj lbs4 ,flax-,/alks1 conta9 #hfj 44 #cj4cfi4dbff4geaa4iiec4iij ,di/ribution ( ! ,+r$i5ts3 ,9 ! ,wat] #bae 44 #be4aei4aged4ajja4hejc4djj ,/ems or ,husks #dfj 44 #d4jcj4agab4jebj4jifj4dgd ,flax & ,t[ #aee 44 #a4bbj4jedj4fdhj4jedj4abf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,index4 ,absorptive ,p[]s ( ,soils1 #bag ,ammonia ,absorb$ by ,soil f ! ,atmosph]e1 #bai ,ammonia & ,sup]phosphate1 #bdb 0 & ,we$s1 #bed 0 ,conv]t$ into ,nitric ,acid 9 ! ,soil1 #cac 0 = ,oats1 #bec-bed 0 = ,potatoes1 #bfa 0 = ,:eat1 #aib-bac 0 9 ,fre% ,horse-dung1 #if 0 9 ,lim$ & ,unlim$ ,soils1 #bbj 0 9 ! ,soil ,lib]at$ by ,lime1 #bba 0 ,lock$ ,up 9 ! ,soil1 #bba 0 ,loss ( by ,f]m5t+ ,manure1 #ih 0 on ,grass ,l&1 #bgc 0 ,pot5tial1 #ca 0 ,quantity ( to ,produce ,"o ,bu%el ( ,:eat1 #baa-bab 0 ,requir$ to ,produce a ,bu%el ( ,b>ley1 #bdj-bdb 0 ,reta9$ by ! ,soil1 #bah 0 ,salts1 ,composition (1 #cab 0 0 ,h[ to ,apply1 #bhf-cab 0 0 = ,private ,g>d5s1 #big ,&]son1 ,j4 ,m4 ,b41 ,lett] f1 #cde ,animals1 ,composition ( ,manure f ,diff]5t1 #cjf 0 ,:at ,!y ,remove f ! ,food1 #cja ,apple ,trees1 ,nitrate ( ,soda =1 #cad ,artificial ,manures1 ,w ,!y ,pay1 #bad ,a%es1 ,burnt ,e>?1 #gb 0 ,coal1 #gb 0 = ,b>ley1 #bda 0 = ,indian ,corn1 #bgi 0 = ,oats1 #bec 0 = ,potatoes1 #bei 0 ( ,manure = ,:eat1 #agc 0 on ,long ,isl&1 #cdf 0 ,pla/] & ,h5-dung = ,potatoes1 #bee 0 ,wood1 #ajd ,b>ley ,aft] ,t5 ,crops ( ,turnips1 #bej 0 a ,l>ge ,yield (1 #bdb 0 & ,clov] aft] a heavily-manur$ ,root-crop1 #bhg 0 ,be/ ,soil =1 #bbg 0 ,co/ ( ,rais+ ,) & ,)\t ,manure1 #bde 0 ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on1 #bbg 0 ,pota% ,increases ! ,crop ( at ,ro?am/$1 #cbi 0 ,pr(its ( ,rais+ 9 ,poor ,seasons1 #bdc 0 ,quality & ,price (1 #bdb 0 ,yield ,p] ,acre1 #aa ,b>n-y>d ,manure1 ,diff]5ce 9 ,quality (1 #bdf ,bean-/raw = ,manure1 #dh ,beets1 ,sug>1 ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on1 #bhh 0 0 ,manure =1 #bhf ,blood1 #cb ,bone-du/1 #cad 0 0 ,composition ( ,comp>$ ) ,/able ,manure1 #caf 0 0 ,f]m5t$ ) ,manure1 #caf 0 0 ,made into ,sup]phosphate1 #cai 0 0 on ,dairy ,f>ms1 #cae ,bones z ,manure1 #ajb ,bran1 #bf 0 = ,manure1 #ajb 0 ,ri*] 9 ,plant-food ?an ,:eat1 #cja ,brew]1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h41 ,lett] f1 #cda ,cabbage & ,b>n-y>d ,manure1 ,composition (1 #bib 0 ,composition (1 #bij-bib 0 ,hog & ,c[ ,manure =1 #cjb 0 ,lime =1 #bib 0 ,manure =1 #bge-bij 0 ,manure = ,e>ly & ,late1 #bia 0 ,ne$s a ,l>ge ,supply ( ,nitrog5 9 ! ,soil4 ,?\gh x ,removes b ,little1 #bic 0 ,pota% =1 #bib 0 ,special ,manure =1 #cbc 0 ,yield ( p] ,acre1 #bia ,cattle vs4 ,%eep z ,manure-mak]s1 #cjc ,*eese1 f a ,ton ( ,hay1 #aaa 0 ,plant-food 91 #aja 0 v]sus ,beef1 #aaj ,clay ,reta9s ,ammonia1 #bai ,clov] & ,indian ,corn1 #bge 0 z a ,r5ovat+ & ,exhau/+ ,crop1 #bgg 0 z ,manure1 #aai-abb 0 z ,manure = ,:eat1 #aeh 0 ,does x ,get ,nitrog5 f ! ,atmosph]e1 #acc-ach 0 ,dr4 ,vlck]'s ,exp]im5ts on1 #ace 0 = ,:eat1 #abf 0 ,ga!rs ,up ,manure f ! ,sub-soil1 #bhg 0 ,hay1 ,composition (1 #abi-acg 0 ,hay1 ,engli% & ,g]man1 = ,manure1 #dg 0 ,h[ to ,make a ,f>m ,ri* by ,gr[+1 #acc-afc 0 ,lett+ x ,rot on ! ,surface z ,manure1 #acd 0 ,nitrog5 z a ,manure =1 #ada 0 ,pa/ur+ by ,%eep v]sus ,m[+ = ,hay1 #acg 0 ,pl[+ ,"u v]sus ,fe$+ ,out1 #abc 0 ,roots1 ,am\nt ( p] ,acre1 #adc-add-aee 0 ,roots1 ,composition (1 #ade-adg 0 ,se$1 ,am\nt ( ,roots p] ,acre1 #afb 0 ,wat] ,evaporat$ by1 #acb 0 ,:y x ,enri*es ,l&1 #aca ,coal-a%es to ,mix ) ,artificial ,manures1 #cab ,compo/+ ,c[-manure ) ,muck1 ,leaves1 etc1 #cjb ,compo/ ( ,/able-manure & ,e>?1 #cdb ,corn1 z a ,r5ovat+ ,crop1 #bge 0 ,a%es =1 #bgi 0 ,b>n-y>d ,manure =1 #bhd 0 ,co/ ( ,rais+1 #i 0 ,crop1 ,composition (1 #be 0 ,exp]im5ts on1 #bgi 0 ,guano =1 #bgi-bhd 0 ,manure =1 #bge 0 ,meal = ,manure1 #ahe 0 ,sup]phosphate =1 #bgi-bhd 0 ,fodd]1 #bge 0 0 vs4 ,mangel-wurzels1 #bhh 0 0 ,pla/] =1 #bgg 0 0 vs4 ,:eat1 ,yield p] acre1 #bgf ,cotton-se$ ,cake1 #df-cci ,c[-manure1 #hf-ajj 0 0 & ,h[ to ,use x1 #cjb 0 0 ,composition (1 #cjf ,c[s1 ,fe$+ ,gra9 to1 #aaj-aac 0 ,fe$+ 9 ,w9t] = ,manure1 #bef ,crops ,be/ to ,apply ,manure to1 #bfe 0 ,h[ to ,get ,l>g]1 #bh-cf 0 ,rais$ & ,sold f ! ,f>m1 #bg 0 ,rotation (1 #aaf-afh 0 ,we ,mu/ ,raise ,l>g] p] ,acre1 #bff 0 ,:y s ,poor1 #bh ,dairy ,f>ms1 ,bone-du/ on1 #cae ,dra9age f ,b>n-y>d1 #cjf ,dry ,e>? = ,pig ,p5s1 #cjd ,e>?-closet ,manure1 #caj 0 0 0 on ,grass1 #bbe ,fall[1 ,fall1 #ab 0 = ,:eat1 ,h[ to--,mr4 ,lawes' ,exp]im5ts1 #ce 0 ,summ]1 = ,:eat1 #ae-cd ,f>m ,dairy1 ,receipts & ,exp5ses (1 #aji 0 ,hon4 ,george ,g$des'1 #aai 0 ,hon4 ,joseph ,%ull's1 #aji 0 ,john ,john/on's1 #gf-ha-abj 0 ,mr4 ,dewey's1 #ci 0 ,mr4 ,joseph ,o4 ,%eldon's1 #ae 0 to ,re/ore a ,worn ,out1 #cg ,f>m+1 a ,poor ,bus9ess1 #i 0 ,diff]5ce ,betwe5 ,high & ,good1 #aa 0 ,fai? 9 ,good1 #ad 0 ,good ,does ,n ,lead to ,ov] ,production1 #ad 0 ,sl[ ,"w1 #ag ,f]m5t+ ,manure to ,kill ,we$-,se$s1 #ig ,fi% z ,manure1 #cdg ,food1 ,no?+ ,add$ to x by ! ,animal1 #db ,g>d5s1 ,manure = ,private1 #bif ,g$des1 ,hon4 ,george1 #ag-aag ,gra9s1 ,malt1 ,engli% & ,g]man1 #dg ,grass a ,sav+'s ,bank1 #da 0 ,importance ( ,ri*1 #aac 0 ,manure =1 #abj ,guano z a ,top-dress+ = ,:eat1 #bgj 0 = ,b>ley1 #bdj 0 = ,oats1 #bec 0 = ,peas1 #ag 0 = ,potatoes1 #bee-beh 0 on ,:eat1 #abj-ahj-ahd 0 ,p]uvian1 ,composition (1 #caa 0 0 = ,onions1 #bid 0 0 ,price & ,composition ( ,n[ & #cj ,y'rs ,ago1 #cbg 0 0 ,rectifi$ = ,turnips1 #bhf 0 0 ,:at x is1 #caa ,gypsum1 #ajd-aaf-abf 0 = ,oats1 #bed 0 = ,peas1 #ag 0 = ,potatoes1 #bee-bei ,h>ison1 ,t4 ,l41 ,lett] f1 #aae ,hay1 ,be/ ,manure =1 #bgd 0 ,plant-food 91 #aja ,heacock1 ,joseph1 ,lett] f1 #cdh ,h5d]son1 ,pet]1 ,lett] f1 #cdd ,h5 ,manure1 #dc-ajd-cja 0 0 = ,potatoes1 #bee ,high ,f>m+1 #ab 0 0 v]sus ,good ,f>m+1 #aa ,hops1 ,manure =1 #bgd ,horse-manure1 ,composition (1 #cjf ,hot-b$s1 ,manure =1 #big ,human ,excrem5ts1 ,composition (1 #cjh ,indian ,corn4 ,see ,corn4 ,irrigation on ,m>ket ,g>d5s1 #bie ,jessup1 ,edw>d1 ,lett] f1 #cdb ,johnson1 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,w41 on ! ,value ( ,f]tiliz]s1 #cbd ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on ,b>ley1 #bbg ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on ,oats1 #beb ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on ,p]man5t ,mead[s1 #bga ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on ! ,am\nt ( ,excrem5ts ,void$ by ,man1 #cji ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on ,sug> beets & ,mangel-wurzels1 #bhh ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on ,:eat1 #agj ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts1 ,pota% ,b5eficial = ,b>ley1 #cbi ,lawes' ,table1 ,%[+ ,composition & ,value ( ,foods1 #de ,lettuce1 ,manure =1 #bhi 0 ,sup]phosphate =1 #bij-bic ,lewis1 ,hon4 ,h>ris1 ,lett] f1 #ajc ,liebig's ,special ,manures1 #cba ,lime z ,manure1 #bae 0 ,b5eficial ,effect ( = ,?irty ,ye>s1 #baf 0 ,*anges ! ,*emical & ,physical ,"* ( ! ,soil1 #bbd 0 ,compo/+ ) ,old ,sods1 #bbd 0 = ,cabbage1 #bib 0 ,ha/5s ! ,maturity ( ! ,crop1 #bbb 0 ,impov]i%es ! ,soil1 #bbb 0 9 ,connecticut1 #bbd 0 9 ,delaw>e1 #bbc 0 9 ,new ,j]sey1 #bbc 0 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #bbd 0 ,mix$ ) ,b>n-y>d ,manure1 #bbb 0 on ,grass ,l&1 #bbc 0 on ,lime-/one ,l&1 #bag 0 ,quantity p] ,acre1 #baf 0 ,sets ,free ,ammonia 9 ! ,soil1 #bba 0 ,silicate ,absorbs ,ammonia f ,atmosph]e1 #bai 0 ,:5 to ,apply1 #bbc 0 ,:y ,b5eficial1 #bbj ,liquid ,manure1 #cjf ,l[l&1 ,dra9+1 #cj ,malt-combs1 #df ,mangel-wurzels = ,manure1 #dh 0 0 ,manure =1 #ajc-bhf-bhh 0 0 ,yield p] ,acre1 #aa ,manure ,absorb+ ,liquid1 #aae 0 ,am\nt f ,fe$ & ,b$d+1 #gh 0 ,am\nt ,made by a ,horse1 #ej-cdf 0 0 ,made by ,horses1 ,c[s1 ,%eep1 & ,pigs1 #ea 0 ,am\nt ,made on a #bej-;acre ,f>m1 #beg 0 ,am\nt ( ,ra9 ,requir$ to ,dissolve1 #bfg 0 ,am\nt ( ,/raw 9 ,horse1 #cdf 0 & ,rotation ( ,crops1 #bdf 0 ,apply+ ,artificial1 #cab 0 ,apply+ ,ne> ! ,surface1 #bfg 0 ,apply+ on ! ,surface1 #agc 0 z ,top-dress+1 #bfi 0 ,b>n-y>d = ,b>ley1 #bdj 0 ,b>n-y>d vs4 ,artificial = ,indian ,corn1 #bhd 0 ,bas9 =1 #ib 0 ,be/ = ,hay1 #bgd 0 ,bone-du/1 #cad-caf 0 ,br+s 9 ,r$ ,clov]1 #hb 0 ,buy+1 #cjf 0 ,buy+ by ,measure or ,weight1 #cje 0 ,buy+ by ! ,load or ,ton1 #cjf 0 ,cell>1 #aad 0 ,*eape/ a ,f>m] ,c ,use1 #abg 0 ,clov] z1 #aai-abb 0 ,clov]-se$ z1 #abg 0 ,comes f ! ,l&1 #db 0 ,common ,salt z1 #bjj 0 ,composition ( ,fre% ,b>ny>d1 #ea 0 ,composition ( f ,diff]5t ,animals1 #cjf 0 ,composition ( ,heap at ,diff]5t ,p]iods1 #eg 0 ,corn-meal =1 #ahe 0 ,co/ ( ,haul+1 #cdb 0 ,co/ ( ,load+ & ,draw+1 #gg 0 ,c[1 #hg-ajj 0 ,dairy-f>m1 ,h[ to ,save & ,apply1 #aad 0 ,dr4 ,vlck]'s ,exp]im5ts on1 #ea 0 ,draw+ ,out to ! ,field1 #hi 0 ,engli% ,plan ( ,keep+1 #fi 0 ,equival5t to ,wat]1 #bif 0 ,f>m-y>d = ,potatoes1 #bfa 0 ,f]m5t+ 9 ,w9t]1 #he-ib-ic 0 ,f]m5t+1 ,%r9kage 91 #aaf 0 ,fire-fang1 #hd-ih 0 ,fi%1 z1 on ,long ,isl&1 #cdg 0 ,foods :i* ,make ,ri*1 #de 0 = ,cabbage1 ,p>snips1 ,onions1 ,c>rots1 ,lettuce1 etc1 #bhi 0 = ,corn1 #hj 0 = ,grass1 #hb 0 = ,hops1 #bgd 0 = ,hot-b$s1 #big 0 = ,indian ,corn1 #bge 0 = ,mangel-wurzels & ,sug>-beets1 #bhg 0 = ,m>ket ,g>d5s1 #bid 0 = ,oats1 #beb 0 = ,potatoes1 #bee 0 = ,se$-gr[+ ,f>ms1 #bif 0 = ,sorghum or ,*9ese ,sug>-cane1 #bhc 0 = ,tobacco1 #bge 0 = ,turnips1 #bhe-cbb 0 = ,:eat1 #afg 0 f ,c[s1 #cjb 0 f ,e>?-closet1 #caj 0 f ,ox51 #cjc 0 f ,pigs1 ,mr4 ,lawes' ,exp]im5ts1 #cja 0 f ,%eep1 #cjc 0 ,gra9 ,f>ms1 ,managem5t (1 #aag 0 ,guano1 ,price ( ,n[ & ,?irty ,ye>s ,ago1 #cbh 0 ,guano1 ,rectifi$ ,p]uvian1 #cai 0 ,gypsum & ,clov] z1 #abe 0 ,heap1 ,*anges 91 #fg 0 0 ,f]m5t+1 #ch 0 0 9 ,w9t]1 #hd 0 0 ,pil+ 9 ,field1 #hh-hi-ij 0 0 ,turn+1 #hh 0 ,h51 #dc-ajd-cja 0 ,horse1 #cb-hf 0 ,horse & ,f>m-y>d1 #ej 0 ,h[ & ,:5 x ,%\ld be ,appli$1 #bfg 0 ,h[ ,john ,john/on ,manages x1 #gf 0 ,h[ ,made & ,us$ 9 ,m>yl&1 #cdi 0 ,h[ ! ,deacon ,makes x1 #gd 0 ,h[ to ,make1 #da 0 ,h[ to ,make ,m1 #bef 0 ,h[ to ,make ,m & ,bett] on ,dairy ,f>ms1 #aje 0 ,h[ to ,make ,poor1 ,ri*1 #bgd-bic 0 ,h[ to ,make ,ri*]1 #beg 0 ,h[ ,mu* x ,%r9ks by ,f]m5tation1 #cdb 0 ,h[ ,mu* ,nitrog5 9 a ,load (1 #cjf 0 9 ,kansas1 #cdj 0 9 ,philadelphia1 ,int]e/+ ,facts1 #cch 0 ,keep+ ,"u ,cov]1 #ei 0 ,lime z1 #bae 0 ,liquid1 #cjf 0 ,managem5t ( 9 ,canada1 #cce 0 ,mr4 ,lawes' ,exp]im5ts )1 #ie 0 ,loss f ,lea*+1 #ii 0 ,managem5t (1 #id 0 ,m>ket ,value (1 #ajd 0 ,mix$ ) ,lime1 #bbb 0 ,natural1 #bc 0 ,night soil z1 #cjh 0 ,nitrate ( ,soda z1 #acd 0 ,n ,available1 #ie 0 on ,dairy ,f>m1 #aja 0 on ,p]man5t ,mead[s & ,pa/ures1 #bga 0 ,pres]v$ by ! ,soil1 #agg 0 ,pigs'1 #hf 0 ,pil+1 #aaf 0 ,pota% z1 #cbi 0 ,price ( 9 ,bo/on1 #cdd 0 0 0 ,m>yl&1 #cci 0 0 0 ,new ,hav51 #cda 0 0 0 ,new ,york1 #ccd 0 0 p] ,horse 9 ,new ,york1 #ccf 0 ,quantity ,made on a ,f>m1 #ab 0 ,quantity ( ,us$ on ,long ,isl&4 ,int]e/+ ,/ati/ics1 #ccf 0 ,r$uc$ by ,f]m5tation1 #big 0 ,ri*] 9 ,plant-food ?an ! ,food f :i* x is ,d]iv$1 #cja 0 ,sea-we$ z1 #ccg 0 ,%eep1 #hf 0 ,%\ld be ,brok5 ,up ,f9e1 #bfh 0 ,soluble ,phosphates 91 #gb 0 ,special1 #adj-cbj 0 ,specific ,gravity ( f ,diff]5t ,animals1 #cje 0 ,spread 9 ,op5 ,y>d1 #fc 0 ,/able1 ,managem5t1 #ccc 0 ,/raw & ,*aff z1 #bjj 0 ,sup]phosphate1 ,h[ ,made1 #cag 0 ,swamp-,muck z1 #bi 0 ,tank1 #aae 0 ! ,au?or's ,plan ( ,manag+1 #hc 0 ,tillage z1 #cb-aba-bbe 0 ,top-dress+ = ,:eat 9 ,kansas1 #cej 0 0 0 on ,gr[+ ,crops1 #cdc 0 to ,:at ,crops ,%\ld x be ,appli$1 #bfe 0 ,value (1 #gh 0 ,value ( ,dep5ds on ! ,food1 ,n on ! ,animal1 #dc 0 ,value ( ,/raw z1 #abc 0 ,wat] 91 #abd 0 ,we$s z1 #bd 0 ,weight (1 #cdc-cej 0 ,well-rott$1 ,composition (1 #fe 0 ,well-rott$1 ,loss f ,lea*+1 #fe 0 ,:at is x81 #ai-bb 0 ,:y ,d ,we ,f]m5t81 #id ,m>ket ,g>d5s1 ,irrigation 91 #bie 0 0 ,manure =1 #bid 0 0 ,pig-manure on1 #bie ,mead[s1 ,manure =1 #bga ,night soil1 #bbe-cjh ,nitrate ( ,pota%1 #cab ,nitrate ( ,soda1 #acd 0 0 ,acts ,quick] ?an ,ammonia1 #cac 0 0 z a ,top-dress+ = ,:eat1 #bgj 0 0 ,composition (1 #cab 0 0 = ,apple ,trees1 #cad 0 0 = ,b>ley1 #bdc 0 0 = ,oats1 #beb 0 0 = ,onions1 #bid 0 0 = ,sug>-,beets1 #bhi 0 0 = ,:eat1 #aei 0 0 ,h[ to ,apply1 #cab ,nitric ,acid1 #cda ,nitrog51 ,am\nt p] ,acre 9 ! ,soil1 #bh-afb 0 z ,manure1 #bh 0 9 ,soils1 #ajf-bbf-ccf-cda 0 ,makes ,poor ,manure ,ri*1 #bdf ,nurs]ym51 ,manure =1 #big ,oats1 ,exp]im5ts on 9 ,virg9ia1 #bec 0 ,exp]im5ts on at ,moreton ,f>m1 #bed 0 ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on1 #beb 0 ,manures =1 #beb ,oil-cake = ,%eep1 #gf ,onions1 ,manure =1 #bid ,peas = ,pigs1 #ag ,pea-/raw = ,manure1 #dh ,peat1 ,composition (1 #ca ,phosphates1 #bg 0 ,exhau/ion ( on ,dairy ,f>ms1 #aja 0 ,soluble 9 ,b>n-y>d ,manure1 #gb ,phosphoric ,acid 9 ,soils1 #ajf-bbf 0 0 p] ,acre 9 ,soils1 #afb 0 0 ,reta9$ by ! ,soil1 #bai 0 0 ,remov$ f ! ,f>m by ,hay1 & by ,mil* ,c[s1 #caf ,pig ,manure1 #dc-hf 0 0 ,composition (1 #cjf 0 0 = ,cabbage1 #cjb ,pigs z ,manure-,mak]s = ,m>ket ,g>d5]s1 #bie ,pigs' ,b$d+1 #ca 0 = ,enri*+ ,pa/ure-,l&1 #cjd 0 ,h[ to ,save ,manure f1 #cjd 0 ,manure f1 #cja-cjd ,pil+ ,manure1 #ig ,plant-food1 #ba-aje 0 0 ,am\nt ( 9 an ,acre1 #bd-ci 0 0 9 ,new & ,cultivat$ ,l&1 #ci ,pla/] = ,indian ,corn1 #bgg ,pl[+ 9 ! ,fall1 #ag ,pota%1 ,am\nt ( 9 ! ,soil1 #be-cbi 0 z ,manure1 #cbi 0 z ,manure = ,:eat1 #bae 0 = ,cabbages1 #bib 0 = ,potatoes1 #bee-bfj 0 = ,potatoes & ,root-,crops1 #ccj 0 ,h[ to ,asc]ta9 :5 ! ,soil ,ne$s1 #ccj 0 9 ,nitrate ( ,pota%1 #cad 0 ,n a ,special ,manure = ,turnips1 #cbb 0 on ,grass ,l&1 #bgc 0 our ,soils n s likely to be ,defici5t 91 z ( ,nitrog5 & ,phosphoric ,acid1 #ccj 0 ,reta9$ by ! ,soil1 #bai 0 ,value ( 9 ,artificial ,manures1 #cbf ,potatoes1 aft] ,root-,crops1 #bhg 0 ,ammonia =1 #bfa 0 ,co/ ( ,rais+1 #aj 0 ,exp]im5ts on at ,moreton ,f>m1 #bei 0 = ,manure1 #dh 0 ,h[ to ,raise a ,l>ge ,crop1 #bee 0 ,manures =1 #bee 0 ,mr4 ,hunt]'s ,exp]im5ts on 9 ,engl&1 #bfj 0 on ,ri* ,l&1 #bfc 0 ,pr(its ( ,us+ ,artificial ,manures on1 #bfc 0 ,w ,manure ,injure1 ,quality (1 #bfd ,rape-cake1 #df 0 0 z ,manure = ,hops1 #bgd ,roots1 ,am\nt ( ,left 9 ,soil by ,diff]5t ,crops1 #afd ,root-crops1 #ag ,rotation ( ,crops & ,manures1 #bdf ,ru%more1 ,j4 ,h41 ,lett] f1 #cde ,r\tzahn1 ,h4 ,l41 ,lett] f1 #cdi ,salt z a ,manure = ,:eat1 #bgj 0 ,common z ,manure = ,:eat1 #bjj 0 = ,mangel-wurzels1 #ajd ,saw-du/ = ,b$d+1 #ajc ,season1 a ,poor1 ,pr(itable = ,good ,f>m]s1 #bac 0 & ,manure = ,oats1 #bec 0 ,influ5ce ( on ! ,gr[? ( ,:eat1 #baj 0 ,pr(it 9 ,rais+ ,oats 9 a ,poor1 #bec 0 ,pr(it 9 ,rais+ ,b>ley 9 a ,poor1 #bdc ,seasons1 ,influ5ce on ,crops1 #ba ,se$ ,gr[]s1 ,manures =1 #bif ,sewage1 #cjh ,%eep-,manure1 #cjc-ccc-cci 0 0 ,composition (1 #cjf 0 vs4 ,ox5 z ,manure ,mak]s1 #cjc ,%elton1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,m41 ,lett] f1 #cej ,soil1 ,composition (1 #add-aej 0 ,exhau/ion (1 #bc-bg-ccb 0 f ,e>?-closet1 #bbe 0 ,nitrog5 & ,phosphoric ,acid 91 #bbf 0 ,plant-food 91 #aje 0 ,weight ( p] ,acre1 #bba ,soils ,absorb ,ammonia f ,atmosph]e1 #bai 0 ,absorptive ,p[]s (1 #bag ,sorghum1 ,manures =1 #bhc ,special ,manures1 #cbj ,/raw1 #bf 0 ,am\nt ( ,manure f1 #abd 0 & ,*aff = ,manure1 #bjj 0 = ,manures1 #dh 0 on ,gra9 ,f>ms1 #aah 0 ,sell+1 #abc ,/urtevant1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,l41 ,lett] f1 #cdd ,sup]phosphate1 #aaf 0 = ,b>ley1 #bda 0 = ,indian ,corn1 #bgi 0 = ,potatoes1 #bei 0 = ,private ,g>d5s1 #bif 0 = ,turnips1 #bhe-cbb 0 = ,:eat1 #afh-afi 0 f ,bones1 ,composition (1 #cai 0 f ,m9]al ,phosphates1 #cbj 0 ,h[ ,appli$1 #cbj 0 on ,dairy ,f>ms1 #cae 0 on ,grass ,l&1 #bgc 0 ,value ( z ,comp>$ ) ,bone-,du/1 #cai 0 ,:at ,crops ,be/ =1 #bdc ,sup]phospate ( ,lime1 ,doctor ,tells ,h[ x is ,made1 #cag ,sup]phosphate ( ,lime1 ,:5 ,fir/ ,made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cbd ,surface ,application ( ,manure1 #gj-bfh ,swamp-muck1 #bi 0 0 ,composition (1 #ca ,sw9e1 see ,pigs4 ,?omas1 ,j4 ,j41 ,rem>ks on ! ,application ( ,manures1 #bfi ,tillage is ,manure1 #cb-aba-afc-bbe ,tobacco1 ,manure =1 #bge ,top dress+ ) ,manure1 #bfi ,turnips1 ,d ,!y ,absorb ,nitrog5 f ! ,atmosph]e1 #bej 0 ,impov]i% ! ,soil ,m ?an ,gra91 #bej 0 ,manure =1 #bhe 0 & ,:eat1 ,special ,manures =1 #cba ,ur9e f ,f>m ,animals ,ri*] ?an ,human1 #cji 0 vs4 ,solid ,manure1 #bid ,valuation ( ,f]tiliz]s1 #cbd ,wat]1 ,am\nt ,giv5 ,(f by ,plants ,dur+ ,_! ,gr[?1 #aca ,wat] ,equival5t to ,manure1 #bif ,we$s1 #ae-da-ahi ,we$-se$s 9 ,manure1 #ig ,weld1 ,col4 ,m4 ,c41 ,lett] f1 #cdd ,:eat1 ,ammonia =1 #aib 0 ,artificial ,manures = ,%\ld be ,drill$ 9 ) ,se$1 #afh-afi 0 ,common ,salt z ,manure =1 #bjj 0 ,crop1 ,composition (1 #bf-abi-ach-cdj 0 ,effect ( ,manure on1 9 ,poor ,season1 #bac 0 ,influ5ce ( ,season on1 #baj 0 is x ,det]iorat+8 #ahi 0 ,l>g] ,crops p] ,acre1 #abb 0 ,lawes' & ,gilb]t's ,exp]im5ts on1 #adj-agj-ccc 0 ,manures =1 #afg 0 ,mr4 ,lawes' ,exp]im5ts on1 #abb 0 ,nitrog5 z ,manure =1 #ada 0 ,plant-food 91 #aja 0 ,pota% z ,manure =1 #bae 0 ,/raw & ,*aff z a ,manure =1 #bjj 0 ,summ] ,fall[+ =1 #ce-afh 0 ! #bj? ,crop on ,same ,l&1 #bac 0 ,top-dress+ =1 #bgj 0 vs4 ,corn1 ,comp>ative ,yield (1 #bgf 0 ,well-rott$ ,manure =1 #bfg 0 ,:y ,our ,crops are s ,poor1 #bad 0 ,yield p] ,acre1 #aa 99 99 99 99 99 ,s5t ,free on ,application ,descriptive ,catalog ( ,rural ,books ,conta9+ #abh #hvo ,pages1 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$1 & ,giv+ ,full ,descriptions ( ! ,be/ ,works on ! ,foll[+ ,subjects 3 3 3 3 ,f>m & ,g>d5 ,fruits1 ,fl[]s1 etc4 ,cattle1 ,%eep & ,sw9e ,dogs1 ,horses1 ,rid+1 etc4 ,p\ltry1 ,pigeons & ,bees ,angl+ & ,fi%+ ,boat+1 ,canoe+ & ,sail+ ,field ,sports & ,natural ,hi/ory ,hunt+1 ,%oot+1 etc4 ,ar*itecture & ,build+ ,l&scape ,g>d5+ ,h\sehold & ,miscellane\s ,publi%]s & ,import]s ,orange ,judd ,company #cae-cba ,f\r? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,books w be ,=w>d$1 ,po/paid1 on ,receipt ( ,price ,fe$+ ,f>m ,animals ,by ,pr(essor ,,?omas ,,%aw4 ,?is book is int5d$ alike = ! /ud5t & ! f>m]4 ,! au?or has succe$$ 9 giv+ 9 regul> & ord]ly sequ5ce1 & 9 language s simple t a *ild c und]/& x1 ! pr9ciples t gov]n ! sci5ce & practice ( fe$+ f>m animals4 ,pr(essor ,%aw is c]ta9ly to be congratulat$ on ! successful mann] 9 :i* he has accompli%$ a mo/ difficult task4 ,8 book is unque/ionably ! mo/ practical "w :i* has appe>$ on ! subject ( fe$+ f>m animals4 ,illu/rat$4 #e #h in*es4 ,upw>d ( #ejj pages4 ,clo?4 #b4jj ,pr(itable ,dairy+ ,by ,c4 ,l4 ,,peck4 ,a practical guide to successful dairy managem5t4 ,! treatm5t ( ! entire subject is ?or\ghly practical1 be+ pr9cipally a description ( ! me?ods practic$ by ! au?or4 ,a specially valuable "p ( ?is book consi/s ( a m9ute description ( ! f>-fam$ model dairy f>m ( ,rev4 ,j4 ,d4 ,detri*1 ne> ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,on ! f>m ( fifte5 acres1 :i* tw5ty ye>s ago c\ld n ma9ta9 "o horse & two c[s1 !re are n[ kept tw5ty-sev5 dairy cattle1 9 addition to two horses4 ,all ! r\ghage1 litt]1 b$d+1 etc41 necess>y = ^! animals are gr[n on ^! fifte5 acres1 m ?an mo/ f>m]s c\ld accompli% on "o hundr$ acres4 ,illu/rat$4 #e #g in*es4 #bjj pages4 ,clo?4 #j4ge ,practical ,dairy ,bact]iology ,by ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,,conn1 ( ,wesleyan ,univ]sity4 ,a complete exposition ( important facts conc]n+ ! relation ( bact]ia to v>i\s problems relat$ to milk4 ,a book = ! classroom1 laboratory1 factory & f>m4 ,equally useful to ! tea*]1 /ud5t1 factory man & practical dairyman4 ,fully illu/rat$ ) #hc orig9al pictures4 #cdj pages4 ,clo?4 #e #h in*es4 #a4be ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,te/+ ,milk & ,milk ,products ,by ,l4 ,l4 ,van,s,l,y,k,e4 ,?is is a cle> & concise discussion ( ! approv$ me?ods ( te/+ milk & milk products4 ,all ! que/ions involv$ 9 ! v>i\s me?ods ( te/+ milk & cream are h&l$ ) r>e skill & yet 9 s pla9 a mann] t !y c be fully und]/ood by all4 ,! book %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e dairyman1 tea*] or /ud5t4 ,illu/rat$4 #bad pages4 #e #g in*es4 #j4ge ,animal ,bre$+ ,by ,,?omas ,,%aw4 ,?is book is ! mo/ complete & compreh5sive "w ev] publi%$ on ! subject ( :i* x treats4 ,x is ! fir/ book :i* has sy/ematiz$ ! subject ( animal bre$+4 ,! lead+ laws :i* gov]n ?is mo/ intricate "q ! au?or has boldly def9$ & au?oritatively arrang$4 ,! *apt]s :i* he has writt5 on ! m involv$ features ( ! subject1 z sex & ! relative influ5ce ( p>5ts1 %\ld g f> t[>d sett+ at re/ ! wildly speculative views *]i%$ ) ref]5ce to ^! que/ions4 ,! /rik+ orig9ality 9 ! treatm5t ( ! subject is no less conspicu\s ?an ! sup]b ord] & regul> sequ5ce ( ?\ght f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! book4 ,! book is int5d$ to meet ! ne$s ( all p]sons int]e/$ 9 ! bre$+ & re>+ ( live /ock4 ,illu/rat$4 #dje pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4ej ,=age ,crops ,o!r ,?an ,grasses ,by ,,?omas ,,%aw4 ,h[ to cultivate1 h>ve/ & use !m4 ,indian corn1 sorghum1 clov]1 legum9\s plants1 crops ( ! brassica g5us1 ! c]eals1 millet1 field roots1 etc4 ,int5sely practical & reliable4 ,illu/rat$4 #bhg pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4jj ,soil+ ,crops & ! ,silo ,by ,,?omas ,,%aw4 ,! gr[+ & fe$+ ( all k9ds ( soil+ crops1 conditions to :i* !y are adapt$1 _! plan 9 ! rotation1 etc4 ,n a l9e is repeat$ f ! ,=age ,crops book4 ,be/ me?ods ( build+ ! silo1 fill+ x & fe$+ ensilage4 ,illu/rat$4 #cfd pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4ej ,! ,/udy ( ,bre$s ,by ,,?omas ,,%aw4 ,orig91 hi/ory1 di/ribution1 *>act]i/ics1 adaptability1 uses1 & /&>ds ( excell5ce ( all p$igre$ bre$s ( cattle1 %eep & sw9e 9 ,am]ica4 ,! accept$ text book 9 colleges1 & ! au?ority = f>m]s & bre$]s4 ,illu/rat$4 #cga pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4ej ,clov]s & ,h[ to ,gr[ ,!m ,by ,,?omas ,,%aw4 ,?is is ! fir/ book publi%$ :i* treats on ! gr[?1 cultivation & treatm5t ( clov]s z applicable to all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & :i* takes up ! entire subject 9 a sy/ematic way & consecutive sequ5ce4 ,! importance ( clov] 9 ! economy ( ! f>m is s great t an exhau/ive "w on ?is subject w no d\bt be welcom$ by /ud5ts 9 agriculture1 z well z by all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! till+ ( ! soil4 ,illu/rat$4 #e #g in*es4 #ccg pages4 ,clo?4 ,net4 #a4jj ,l& ,dra9+ ,a h&book = f>m]s on ! pr9ciples & practice ( dra9+1 by ,,manly ,,miles1 giv+ ! results ( 8 ext5d$ exp]i5ce 9 lay+ tile dra9s4 ,! directions = ! lay+ out & ! con/ruction ( tile dra9s w enable ! f>m] to avoid ! errors ( imp]fect con/ruction1 & ! disappo9tm5t t mu/ necess>ily foll[4 ,?is manual = practical f>m]s w also be f\nd conv5i5t = ref]5ce 9 reg>d to _m que/ions t may arise 9 crop gr[+1 aside f ! special subjects ( dra9age ( :i* x treats4 ,illu/rat$4 #bjj pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4jj ,b>n ,plans & ,outbuild+s ,two hundr$ & fifty-sev5 illu/rations4 ,a mo/ valuable "w1 full ( ideas1 h9ts1 sugge/ions1 plans1 etc41 = ! con/ruction ( b>ns & outbuild+s1 by practical writ]s4 ,*apt]s are devot$ to ! economic erection & use ( b>ns1 gra9 b>ns1 horse b>ns1 cattle b>ns1 %eep b>ns1 cornh\ses1 smokeh\ses1 iceh\ses1 pig p5s1 gran>ies1 etc4 ,!re are likewise *apt]s on birdh\ses1 dogh\ses1 tool %$s1 v5tilators1 ro(s & ro(+1 doors & fa/5+s1 work%ops1 p\ltry h\ses1 manure %$s1 b>ny>ds1 root pits1 etc4 #bce pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4jj ,irrigation ,f>m+ ,by ,,lute ,,wilcox4 ,a h&book = ! practical application ( wat] 9 ! production ( crops4 ,a complete treatise on wat] supply1 canal con/ruction1 res]voirs & ponds1 pipes = irrigation purposes1 flumes & _! /ructure1 me?ods ( apply+ wat]1 irrigation ( field crops1 ! g>d51 ! or*>d & v9ey>d1 w9dmills & pumps1 appliances & contrivances4 ,new edition1 revis$1 enl>g$ & rewritt54 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,ov] #ejj pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #b4jj ,=e/ ,plant+ ,by ,h4 ,,ni*olas ,,j>*[1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,a treatise on ! c>e ( woodl&s & ! re/oration ( ! d5ud$ timb]l&s on pla9s & m\nta9s4 ,! au?or has fully describ$ ^? ,european me?ods :i* h prov$ to be mo/ useful 9 ma9ta9+ ! sup]b =e/s ( ! old _w4 ,?is exp]i5ce has be5 adapt$ to ! diff]5t climates & trees ( ,am]ica1 full in/ructions be+ giv5 = =e/ plant+ ( our v>i\s k9ds ( soil & subsoil1 :e!r on m\nta9 or valley4 ,illu/rat$4 #bej pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4ej 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errors & ,anomalies not$ by transcrib]3 ,close quotes h be5 suppli$ or delet$ :]e unambigu\s1 & p>agraph-end+ full /ops 7p]iods7 h be5 sil5tly suppli$4 ,no o!r attempt 0 made to regul>ize quotation =mat or punctuation4 ,! ,deacon1 ! ,doctor1 ! ,squire1 ,*>lie ! "n is spell$ 8,*>ley0 ev]y:]e else x w\ld seem desirable to apply ! sup]phosphate text reads 8sup]hosphate0 :]ev] agri-culture is practis$4 s 9 orig9al ,turn+ ov]1 & f9+ a manure-heap ^w 8f9+0 probably te*nical t]m1 n error said ! ,doctor1 8b value40 8,suppose1 ,deacon10 said he quotation m>ks z 9 orig9al 7same speak]7 c>bonace\s matt] & wat]1 ( little or no value80 text has "q m>k aft] close quote ,x w\ld be a v exceptional case4 ^w 8,x0 illegible 8#g4 ,9 ! insoluble organic matt]s numb] #g miss+ f orig9al2 adjac5t p>agraphs h #f & #h w\ld be r$uc$ to #di4f-aj tons num]al =mat z 9 orig9al3 #di-f_/aj or #di4f1 ?\gh comput$ total is #di4ejh ,dr4 ,vlck] draws ! foll[+ conclusions text reads 8,voelck]0 ) sep>ate v[els ,x is high1 roll+ l&1 b ne$$ und]dra9+4 text reads 8"u _/ dra9+0 at l9e break )\t hyph5 8,:y s80 ask$ ! ,deacon4 text has "q m>k aft] close quote & consequ5tly w f]m5t or putrefy mu* m rapidly text reads 8putrify0 cr5ic & apocr5ic acids are produc$ text reads 8aprocr5ic0 #ajj tons ( hay ly+ dormant text reads 8dorm5t0 endeavor to p]suade !m to eat m text reads 8p]saude0 :5 we draw d$uctions f ! facts ( ! case text reads 8! ! case0 & ,i ?9k ! me*anical condition ( ! l& text reads 8me*ancial0 0,9 #fgb lbs4 ( clov]-a%1 we f9d3 op5 quote miss+ ,organic matt]99 444 #fd4gf text reads 8,oganic0 8,n[10 said ! ,doctor1 8444 9 ! soil40 8,!re 0 m clov]-roots p] acre444 uncle> :e!r speak] is ! same = bo? p>agraphs 7delete close quote7 or *anges 7f ! ,doctor to ,h>ris7 ,= ! sup]phosphate ( lime1 text reads 8sup]pho%ate0 ,table ,,vii4--,manures & ,produce2 #g? ,season1 #ahdi-ej4 #f;b 44 99#jj #bjj fir/ digit ( numb] is miss+3 probably 8#cjj0 ,ev5 gold may be b\ght too de>4 text reads 8to de>0 ,! value ( quick-lime z a manure anomal\s hyph5 9 orig9al ,table ,,iv4--,(fal ,corn p] ,acre--lbs4 #a ,n4 7#id7bhc #aji 444 #b ,n4 #bbh #bhf 444 d\ble l9es z pr9t$3 %\ld be "o ye> e>li]8 cotton-se$-cake hyph5ation z 9 orig9al 7two occurr5ces72 simil>ly 8,bee*-nut-cake01 8,palm-oil-cake0 etc4 fi%-scrap1 wooll5-rags1 ,p]uvian guano hyph5s z 9 orig9al ! plants _/ came up fir/1 & exhibit$ a heal?y1 d>k-gre5 text reads 8exhibt$0 = sug>-mak+ purposes1 or = fodd] text reads 8foddd]0 ruta-bagas hyph5ation is /&>d = ?is text ,isn't x pay+ a little too mu* = ! :i/le8 text reads 8,is'nt0 ,& ?is fact ought to be und]/ood text reads 8,an ?is fact0 ) invisible 8d0 ,! pla9ta91 :i* ,i believe is sometimes s[n spell+ 8pla9ta90 z 9 orig9al 444 8 book on ,manure1 8,praktis*e ,dng]lehre10 ,dr4 ,emil ,wolff text reads 8,wollf0 ,index ,note t ! ,index uses %ort da%es :]e commas w\ld be expect$ ,crops ,be/ to ,apply ,manure to 8,crops0 entries pr9t$ out ( sequ5ce1 betwe5 8,corn0 & 8,cotton0 ,f>m ,dairy _/_/ ,mr4 ,joseph ,o4 ,%eldon's "n 9 body text is ,james ,o4 ,%eldon