,,church ,,of ,,exeter999999 file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #aidbd-;h4htm or #aidbd-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ i_/d_/b_/aidbd_/aidbd-;h_/#aidbd-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ i_/d_/b_/aidbd_/aidbd-;h4zip7 ,transcriber's notes3 #a7 ,words and phrases which were italicized in the original have been surrounded by underscores7''7 in this version4 ,words or phrases which were in bold face have been surrounded by pound signs7''74 #b7 ,obvious printer's errors have been corrected without note4 ,,the ,,cathedral ,,church ,,of ,,exeter ,a ,description of ,its ,fabric and a ,brief ,history of the ,episcopal ,see by ,,percy ,,addleshaw1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,with ,,xxxvii ,illustration ,illustrations ,illustration3 ,,exeter ,,cathedral--,,from ,,the ,,south-,,west4 ,the ,photochrom4 ,co4 ,ld4 ,photo4 ,london ,g4 ,bell and ,sons1 ,ltd4 #aiba ,first ,published1 ,january #ahih ,second ,edition1 ,revised1 #ahii ,third ,impression1 #aijg ,fourth ,impression1 #aiab ,new and ,revised ,edition1 #aiba4 ,,author',s ,,preface ,among various books consulted the author specially owes his acknowledgments to ,the ,fabric ,rolls2 ,leland's ,itinerary2 ,holler's ,history2 ,izacke's ,antiquities of ,exeter2 ,britton's ,history and ,antiquities of ,exeter2 ,transactions of ,exeter ,architectural ,society2 ,oliver's ,lives of the ,bishops of ,exeter2 ,murray's ,handbook of ,exeter2 ,archdeacon ,freeman's ,architectural ,history of ,exeter ,cathedral2 ,professor ,freeman's ,exeter 7,historic ,towns ,series72 ,prince's ,worthies of ,devon2 ,worth's ,history of ,devonshire2 ,fuller's ,worthies of ,devon2 ,macaulay's ,history of ,england2 and ,green's ,short ,history of the ,english ,people4 ,the author would also express his special thanks to the late ,canon ,hingeston-,randolph1 the learned editor of the ,episcopal ,registers of the ,diocese1 for information which contributed largely to the improvement of the second edition of this book4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,third ,,edition ,in reissuing this handbook1 which during the lapse of twenty-three years had become out of date in many ways1 the editor has introduced considerable alterations in the arrangement of the matter1 with a view to facilitating its use as a guide to the various parts of the ,cathedral4 ,for suggestions as to this1 and for numerous improvements and corrections in detail he is particularly indebted to ,miss ,beatrix ,f4 ,cresswell1 whose published works ,exeter ,churches1 ,notes on the ,churches of the ,deanery of ,ken1 and ,edwardian ,inventories for the ,city and ,county of ,exeter have made her an authority on the ecclesiology of the ,diocese4 ,e4,b4 ,june1 #aiba4 ,,contents ,,page ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,mary ,,and ,,st4 ,,peter ,,in ,,exeter #a ,,the ,,fabric ,,of ,,the ,,cathedral4 ,,exterior #ai ,the ,towers #bc ,the ,roof #bd ,the ,north ,porch #bd ,the ,west ,front #bg ,,the ,,fabric ,,of ,,the ,,cathedral4 ,,interior #ca ,the ,nave #ca ,the ,minstrels' ,gallery #cf ,st4 ,radegunde's ,chapel #cf ,st4 ,edmund's ,chapel #ci ,monuments in the ,nave #ci ,the ,north ,transept #dc ,sylke ,chantry #dd ,st4 ,paul's ,chapel #dd ,the ,south ,transept #dd ,monuments in the ,south ,transept #dg ,the ,choir ,screen #dh ,the ,organ #eb ,the ,choir #eb ,the ,choir ,stalls #ee ,the ,reredos #ef ,the ,bishop's ,throne #ef ,the ,sedilia #ef ,st4 ,james' ,chapel #ei ,st4 ,andrew's ,chapel #fa ,the ,ambulatory #fa ,speke's ,chantry #fc ,bishop ,oldham's ,chantry #fc ,the ,lady ,chapel #fe ,bronscombe's ,tomb #ff ,stafford's ,tomb #ff ,tomb of ,sir ,john and ,lady ,doddridge #fg ,st4 ,gabriel's ,chapel #fi ,quivil's ,tomb #fi ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen ,chapel #fi ,,tombs ,,in ,,the ,,choir ,,and ,,choir ,,aisles #ga ,,the ,,chapter ,,house ,,and ,,cloister #gc ,,the ,,close ,,and ,,cathedral ,,library #gh ,,the ,,bishop',s ,,palace #gi ,,the ,,diocese ,,of ,,exeter #hc ,,rougemont ,,castle ,,and ,,the ,,guildhall #ia ,,dimensions #if ,,index #ig ,,illustrations ,,page ,exeter ,cathedral--from the ,south-west ,frontispiece ,arms of the ,diocese ,title ,view of the ,cathedral from the ,south xii ,interior--,chapter ,house #ac ,exeter ,cathedral1 from an old print #ba ,the ,cathedral--from the ,south-east #bb ,the ,northern ,tower #be ,the ,west ,front #bf ,portals of the ,west ,front #bi ,the ,nave--from the ,south ,transept #cj ,the ,nave--looking ,west #cc ,corbels and ,bosses #cd ,the ,minstrels' ,gallery #ce ,bays of ,nave #cg ,the ,patteson ,pulpit #ch ,the ,nave--looking ,east #da ,the ,transept--looking ,north #de ,interior in the last century #di ,the ,choir ,screen #ea ,the ,choir--looking ,west #ec ,the ,choir before ,restoration #ed ,the ,choir--looking ,east #eg ,the ,sedilia #eh ,pulpit in the ,choir #fj ,st4 ,james' ,chapel #fa ,st4 ,george's ,chapel #fb ,the ,lady ,chapel #fd ,bishop ,bronscombe's ,monument #ff ,screen of ,st4 ,gabriel's ,chapel #fh ,tomb of ,bishop ,stapledon #gb ,monument of ,bishop ,marshall #gc ,the ,east ,gate 7pulled down in #aghd7 #gg ,the ,bishop's ,palace #ha ,old ,houses in ,fore ,street #ij ,rougemont ,castle #ic ,the ,guildhall1 ,exeter #id ,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,cathedral at end ,illustration3 ,,exeter ,,cathedral1 ,,from ,,the ,,south4 ,,exeter ,,cathedral4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,st4 ,,mary ,,and ,,st4 ,,peter ,,in ,,exeter4 ,the history of any ancient cathedral must always be interesting1 and that of ,exeter is no exception1 though it supplies less of architectural history than those churches whose whole character has been altered over and over again4 ,a cathedral represents not only the spiritual1 but the active1 laborious1 and artistic life of past generations4 ,the bishop1 too1 was in many ways the head man of the province1 and combined1 not seldom1 the varied qualities of priest1 warrior1 and statesman4 ,the acts of such ecclesiastics were full of importance1 not for their own city only1 but often also for the whole nation4 ,as men who had frequently travelled much and studied deeply1 they summoned to their aid in the building and beautifying of their churches the most skilled artists end artificers of their time2 so1 with the story of the lives of the bishops of a diocese1 the history of a cathedral's building is inextricably woven4 ,to be elevated to a bishopric generally meant to be put into possession of great wealth--when ,veysey became bishop the revenues of the see of ,exeter have1 by some authors1 been computed at ,l#ajj1jjj2 ,canon ,hingeston-,randolph puts them1 with more reason and authority1 at the sum of ,l#cj1jjj--;and a large portion of this money was spent on works connected with the chief church of the diocese4 ,it is not wonderful1 therefore1 this generosity being joined to marvellous skill and taste1 that our old cathedrals are at once the despair and envy of the modern architect4 ,and it is with a feeling of reverence that one recalls the history of those who built in the heart of each populous city grey cliffs of lonely stone into the midst of sailing birds and silent air4 ,the story of ,exeter has an unique interest1 and its church1 as we shall see1 is in many respects without a rival4 ,the fact that a building of such great beauty should adorn a city so situated is remarkable2 for long after--as we read in ,macaulay--weekly posts left ,london for various parts of ,england1 ,exeter was still1 as it were1 on the borders of territories scarcely explored1 and was the furthest western point to which letters were conveyed from the metropolis4 ,fuller thus describes the county of ,devonshire in his day 7#afdf73 ,devonshire hath the narrow seas on the ,south1 the ,severn on the ,north1 ,cornwall on the ,west1 ,dorset and ,somersetshire on the ,east4 ,a goodly province1 the second in ,england for greatness1 clear in view without measuring1 as bearing a square of fifty miles4 ,some part thereof1 as the ,south ,hams1 is so fruitful it needs no art2 but generally 7though not running of itself7 it answers to the spur of industry4 ,no shire showes more industrious1 or so many ,husbandmen1 who by ,marle 7blew and white71 ,chalk1 ,lime1 ,seasand1 ,compost1 ,sopeashes1 ,rags and what not1 make the ground both to take and keep a moderate fruitfulness2 so that ,virgil1 if now alive1 might make additions to his ,georgicks1 from the ,plough-practice in this county4 ,as for the natives thereof1 generally they are dexterous in any employment1 and ,queen ,elizabeth was wont to say of the gentry3 ,they were all born courtiers with a becomming confidence4 ,the city of ,exeter is of great age4 ,isca ,damnoniorum1 ,caer ,wise1 ,exanceaster1 ,exeter1 keeping essentially the same name under all changes1 stands distinguished as the one great city which has1 in a more marked way than any other1 kept its unbroken being and its unbroken position throughout all ages4 ,but though ,whitaker asserts that in the middle of the fifth century it was the seat of a bishop1 ,professor ,freeman1 with more authority1 declares that the city did not become a bishop's see till the latter half of the eleventh century1 at which period the bishopstools were removed from the small to the great towns4 ,until #gjc ,a4,d4 ,devonshire formed part of the vast diocese of ,wessex4 ,about the year #ijj ,a4,d4 the diocese of ,devon and ,cornwall was divided into two--the former with its bishop's seat at ,crediton--only to be reunited again a hundred and fifty years later when ,leofric was appointed bishop4 ,the first record of a church dedicated to ,,ss4 ,mary and ,peter in ,exeter1 is that of an abbey church founded by ,athelstan4 ,but ,sweyn destroyed it seventy years later1 and it seems frequently to have been attacked by invaders previous to its destruction4 ,but in #ajai ,canute endowed a new church and confirmed by charter their lands and privileges to the monks4 ,this building must have been of some pretensions1 for it was given to ,leofric for his cathedral church in #ajej4 ,it occupied the site of the present ,lady ,chapel4 ,when ,warelwast and ,marshall built their ,norman church they placed it on the east of the old church1 leaving an intervening space4 ,their nave occupied the site of the present nave1 the transeptal towers were the same1 but the choir was shorter and probably terminated in an apse flanked by smaller apses at the ends of the choir aisles4 ,traces of one of these have been found at the end of the third bay of the north choir aisle4 ,bronscombe and ,quivil 7see p4 #e7 began their reconstruction at this end1 and by adding the ambulatory and ,lady ,chapel linked together the sites of the old and new churches4 ,with the episcopate of ,leofric1 ,exeter first assumes the rank of a cathedral city4 ,the sees of ,devon and ,cornwall had been held together by ,lyfing1 the last bishop of ,crediton4 ,but ,crediton1 an unfortified vill1 was an easy prey to the ,irish1 ,danes1 and other pirates1 who devastated the diocese from time to time4 ,leofric felt the urgent necessity for a change1 and fixed on the walled town of ,exeter to be his cathedral city4 ,he sent a clerk to the pope asking him to write to the king recommending the change4 ,the king readily consented1 and the church of ,st4 ,mary and ,st4 ,peter was given to the bishop as his cathedral church4 ,the event was clearly regarded as of considerable importance1 for at his installation ,edward the ,confessor supported his right arm and ,queen ,eadgytha his left4 ,archbishops1 bishops1 and nobles also assisted at the ceremony4 ,leofric proved a hard-working and wise prelate1 and gave generously of lands and moneys to his church4 ,he had found it but poorly furnished1 the wardrobe only containing one worthless priest's dress4 ,he also remembered it in his will1 and the great ,liber ,exoniensis was his gift4 ,but if the history of the see has its birth with ,leofric1 the story of the cathedral begins with the appointment in #aajg of ,warelwast as bishop4 ,this noteworthy man was a nephew of the ,conqueror and chaplain to both ,william ,,ii and ,henry ,i4 ,inheriting to the full the ,norman passion for building1 he pulled down the ,saxon edifice and began to erect a great ,norman cathedral in its stead4 ,the transeptal towers attest the magnificence of his scheme4 ,there is nothing quite like them anywhere else1 though at ,barcelona and ,chalons-sur-,marne may be seen something similar4 ,but they suffice to stamp him as an architect of exceptional genius4 ,he laboured zealously in other matters1 founding at ,plympton a wealthy ,augustinian priory2 he also represented the king at ,rome in his famous quarrel with ,anselm4 ,it is said that he became blind and died1 an old man1 at his priory of ,plympton4 ,the next important date to notice is #aaid1 when ,henry ,marshall1 brother of ,walter ,earl ,marshall1 was made bishop4 ,for two years the episcopal throne had remained empty1 the king being absent from ,england in the ,holy ,land4 ,but with the appointment of ,marshall a most important stage is reached4 ,king ,john gave to the see the tithes of the tin in ,devonshire and ,cornwall4 ,this must have largely increased the episcopal income1 for ,marshall quickly set about completing the work ,warelwast had begun a hundred years before4 ,to this end he granted the emoluments of ,st4 ,erth's ,church1 near ,hayle1 ,cornwall1 to be used towards defraying the cost of repairs4 ,he also called upon each householder to show his interest in the work by subscribing1 at ,pentecost1 an alms of unum obolum ad minim4 ,for the sufficient remuneration of the choral vicars he made over to them the church of ,st4 ,swithun in ,woodbury1 with all its appurtenances4 ,to ,marshall we owe extensive additions to the nave1 the north porch1 and the cloister doorway4 ,he completed the ,norman church begun by ,warelwast1 but there is no evidence that he extended to the eastward1 as is sometimes stated4 ,the position of the tomb in the founder's place on the north side of the choir indicates that it terminated only a few yards farther to the east4 ,beyond there must have been an open space between the ,norman and the old ,saxon cathedrals4 ,for nearly fifty years there are but scant records of work done to the building4 ,though ,professor ,freeman#a speaks of its not long-lived perfection1 it is quite possible that ,marshall's work was considered1 by his own and the succeeding generation1 to be final4 ,any interest there may be in the lives of two of the succeeding bishops1 until the election of ,bronscombe in #abeg1 is for the most part due to their labours in other matters4 ,for example1 under ,simon de ,apulia1 the city of ,exeter was divided into parishes2 and by ,william ,bruere the chapter house and stalls of the old choir were completed4 ,he was one of the leaders of the ,english army at ,acre in #abbh4 ,he also created the deanery of ,exeter4 #a ,exeter 7,historic ,towns ,series71 by ,prof4 ,e4,a4 ,freeman 7,longmans74 ,but with the arrival of ,walter ,bronscombe a new career of architectural energy begins4 ,now dawns that wonderful transformation period1 at the close of which the church stood pretty much as we now know it4 ,concerning ,bronscombe's character there has been somewhat bitter dispute4 ,it is certain that he was accused of craftiness and meanness4 ,but ,william of ,worcester1 whose testimony is valuable1 called him ,walter le ,good4 ,whatever may be the real truth of the matter1 he seems to have made an admirable bishop1 his election reflecting considerable credit on the acumen of those concerned in it4 ,for he had not1 surely1 much to recommend him1 at first sight1 for so important a position4 ,though he was ,archdeacon of ,surrey at the time of his appointment1 he was not a priest1 and he was quite a young man4 ,he was a vigorous supporter of learning throughout the diocese1 probably because of his anxiety to give other men of humble origin a fair chance of making their way in the world4 ,he restored the ,college of ,crediton1 and built one at ,glaseney4 ,bronscombe may be credited with giving the first impetus to the reconstruction of the cathedral by his work in the ,lady ,chapel and the chapels on either side of it1 viz41 that of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen on the north1 and ,st4 ,gabriel on the south1 the latter being destined for his own tomb4 ,to his ,dean and ,chapter he appropriated the church of ,st4 ,bruared in ,cornwall1 that the feast of his patron saint1 ,gabriel1 might be worthily maintained4 ,peter ,quivil1 his successor in the see1 was probably working with him1 as he was a canon of the cathedral before being raised to the bishopric4 ,he invented and designed the ,decorated cathedral1 and transformed the transepts4 ,he must be classed with ,warelwast as the chief of the building bishops4 ,admirably and sympathetically as his work was continued by those who followed him1 their claim on our recognition and gratitude is less4 ,his skill1 too1 seems to have been almost equalled by his generosity1 for out of gratitude the ,chapter promised to maintain his yearly obit4 ,in the office of the mass1 in the memento for the dead1 his name was ordered to be spoken primum et praecipium4 ,he seems to have given the ,franciscans some cause for anger2 it is suggested that his ,dominican confessor urged him to treat the followers of ,st4 ,francis with severity4 ,anyhow1 the aggrieved ones had their revenge1 for the bishop's death1 which happened on the eve of ,st4 ,francis1 after drinking of a certain sirrop1 was popularly attributed to the direct intervention of the saint himself4 ,he is buried in the ,lady ,chapel1 which he had transformed and decorated with such tender care1 and a slab in the centre of the pavement1 bearing the legend ,petra tegit ,petrum nihil officiat sibi tetrum1 is dedicated to his memory4 ,it has been ascertained by ,canon ,hingeston-,randolph that ,bishop ,quivil was the first to endow the office of chaunter with an adequate salary1 and that the first to enjoy the benefit of it was ,walter de ,lecchelade or ,lechlade1 though he was by no means the first chaunter or precentor4 ,a dispute that long agitated antiquaries has thus been settled4 ,for it was contended by some that ,john the chaunter was the first to hold the office1 by others that ,quivil founded the office and that the bishop's name was really ,john ,cauntor4 ,but the explanation that the stipend was only increased by ,quivil1 and that it existed before his day1 was entirely satisfactory1 we may hope1 to the supporters of the rival theories4 ,the above-mentioned ,walter ,lechlade was murdered about two in the morning on his return from matins in the cathedral cloisters4 ,the murderers escaped through the south gate of the city1 which was left open4 ,an extraordinary sensation was created1 not in ,exeter only but throughout ,england4 ,the bishop invited ,edward ,i4 and his queen to keep their ,christmas at the ,palace4 ,we are told they were very industrious in finding out the murtherers4 ,at last ,alfred ,dupont1 an ex-mayor and porter of the south gate1 was found guilty and executed accordingly4 ,perhaps1 had the office of chaunter not been endowed1 ,walter ,lechlade might have continued for many long years to chaunt in sonorous voice matins1 vespers1 obits1 and the like4 ,at any rate the story is worth telling1 being an interesting picture of manners in the middle ages4 ,it will be found given1 with many interesting details1 in an appendix by ,canon ,hingeston-,randolph to his edition of the ,register of ,bishop ,quivil 7p4 #dch74 ,quivil's successor was ,thomas ,de ,bytton1 ,dean of ,wells4 ,under his guidance the work of transformation planned by his predecessor was loyally continued1 for he faithfully adhered to the original design4 ,though ,bytton appears to have been less active outside his diocese than many of the ,exeter bishops1 his mode of life must have commended itself to a large circle4 ,a grant of forty days' indulgence was the reward of all those who availed themselves of his spiritual ministrations1 or offered prayers for his prosperity during his life and after death4 ,among the signatures appended to the document notifying this singular privilege are those of numerous archbishops and bishops1 among them being those of the archbishops of ,cosensa and ,jerusalem1 and ,manfred1 ,bishop of ,st4 ,mark's1 ,venice4 ,the seal of ,manfred1 ,dr4 ,oliver says1 is perfect2 he stands robed1 with a piece of embroidery on his alb4 ,the crozier is simply curved4 ,his legend is ,s4 ,,manfredi4 ,,dei4 ,,gra4 ,,episcop4 ,,sci4 ,,marchi4 ,it was dated at ,rome in the year #acjj4 ,possibly ,bytton's great learning1 by which he had risen to be ,professor of ,canon ,law at ,oxford and ,pope's ,chaplain1 was partly the reason of so notable a compliment4 ,but the noble work he was doing in the cathedral church of his diocese1 we may hope1 had not a little to do with the honour4 ,for to him we owe the entire transformation of the choir with its aisles4 ,bytton's labours were1 indeed1 very great4 ,we hear of large quantities of stone procured from ,barley1 and of sandstone from ,salcombe and ,branscombe4 ,he also put a good deal of stained glass into the windows2 so that in the eleventh year of his episcopate the following item is recorded3 ,master ,walter le ,verrouer for setting the glass of the upper gable and of eight upper windows1 and of six windows in the aisles of the new work1 in gross1 ,l#d l#js4 ,bytton was succeeded1 in #acjh1 by ,walter de ,stapledon1 the most famous of all the bishops of ,exeter4 ,a younger son of ,sir ,richard ,stapledon of ,annery1 his appointment was the first of a succession of aristocratic nominations4 ,he1 too1 had been a professor of canon law at ,oxford1 was a chaplain to the ,pope and precentor of the cathedral church of ,exeter4 ,the feast given after his enthronement was unusually splendid1 the revenues for a whole year being spent on the festivities4 ,it seems as though1 conscious of his great talents1 he determined to signalize his accession to the episcopal office by some event of unusual magnificence4 ,it must be remembered that ,exeter was at this time one of the largest and richest sees in ,england4 ,as ,professor ,freeman has pointed out1 ,the ,bishop of ,exeter1 like the ,archbishop of ,york1 was the spiritual head of a separate people4 ,stapledon set about expediting the work of transforming the cathedral into the ,decorated style in vigorous fashion4 ,the ,fabric ,rolls record that he himself gave the 7then7 enormous sum of ,l#a1hjj towards defraying the cost4 ,his generosity encouraged others to subscribe liberally towards the building fund4 ,one of his first duties was to complete the choir1 a payment being made to ,william ,canon of ,l#ce #bs4 #h;d4 for marble from ,corfe for the columns4 ,but the choir was really ,bytton's1 the new bishop had only to give to it a few final1 though not unimportant1 touches4 ,still he found plenty of work to hand that might receive the impress of his sole initiative4 ,he designed and completed the triforium arcade above the choir arches1 and directed the colouring of the choir vault1 the total expenses for oil and colour being estimated at ,l#a #is4 #gc_/d;d4 ,by these final touches the transformation of the choir into the ,decorated style was completed4 ,but ,stapledon determined to further enrich his already beautiful church with accessories of surpassing splendour4 ,he erected a high altar of silver1 also the beautiful sedilia1 and though there has been a good deal of dispute about the matter1 the more trustworthy authorities attribute to him the bishop's throne of carved wood4 ,at any rate1 in #acab1 there is a charge of ,l#f #abs4 #ha_/b;d4 for timber for the bishop's seat4 ,the altar1 unfortunately1 has disappeared1 but it is reputed to have cost a sum equivalent to ,l#g1jjj of our money4 ,canon ,freeman thus describes it3 ,above1 as it should seem 7for the entries are very obscure71 was a canopy of considerable extent1 wrought with bosses internally4 ,the whole seems to have been surmounted by a figure of our ,lord4 ,with ,stapledon building seems to have been a favourite recreation2 for though he gave most largely both of time and money to the cathedral work1 he found opportunity to build and endow ,harts ,hall1 ,stapledon ,inn--now ,exeter ,college--,oxford1 and the very fair ,essex ,house in ,london4 ,in #acbj he was created ,lord ,high ,treasurer by ,edward ,,ii41 and later in the same year received from his sovereign the power of holding pleas of hue and cry in the lands1 tenements1 and fees of the bishopric in the county of ,cornwall4 ,the neglected condition of many of the parish churches in his diocese distressed him1 and almost his last public appearance in the west of ,england was at ,lawhitton1 where he spoke severely on this matter to his ,dean and ,chapter1 and bade them see to it that in future there should be no good cause of complaint4 ,in the autumn of #acbd he set out for ,france1 accompanying the young ,prince ,edward1 who was about to do homage to the ,french king for the duchies of ,aquitaine and ,poitou4 ,but his irreproachable integrity made him unpopular1 and his life was threatened4 ,on his return to ,england he saw that a crisis was at hand1 and almost immediately after his arrival ,queen ,eleanor landed on the coast of ,suffolk4 ,edward ,,ii41 in a brief moment of wisdom1 assigned to the faithful bishop the government of ,london and retreated to ,bristol4 ,but it was too late to effect a reconciliation or prevent a catastrophe4 ,with a firm hand ,stapledon endeavoured to restore order and quiet1 and promulgated a decree by which all rebels were excommunicated4 ,but the citizens1 wisely perhaps1 sided with the conquerors1 and the bishop died a martyr to duty4 ,the story is well told in the ,french chronicles quoted by ,dr4 ,oliver4 ,the ,bishop of ,exeter1 riding towards his inn or hotel1 in ,eldeanes-lane for dinner1 encountered the mob1 and1 hearing them shout ,traitor1 he rode rapidly to ,st4 ,paul's for sanctuary1 but was unhorsed1 taken to ,cheapside1 stripped and beheaded4 ,about the hour of vespers1 the same day1 ,october #aeth1 the choir of ,st4 ,paul's took up the headless body of the prelate and conveyed it to ,st4 ,paul's1 but1 on being informed that he died under sentence1 the body was brought to ,st4 ,clement's beyond the ,temple1 but was ejected2 so that the naked corpse1 with a rag given by the charity of a woman1 was laid on the spot called ',le ,lawles ,cherche1' and without any grave1 lay there with those of his two esquires1 without office of priest or clerk4 ,his house was attacked1 the gates burned1 quantities of jewels and plate plundered4 ,in another account of his death it is stated that his head was fixed on a long pole by way of trophy1 that it might be to all beholders a lasting memorial of his attempted crime4 ,there was a personal reason why the bishop was unpopular among the citizens1 for he procured that the justices in eyre should sit in ,london2 on which occasion1 because the citizens had committed various offences1 they were heavily punished by the loss of their liberties1 by pecuniary mulcts1 and by bodily chastisment1 as they deserved4 ,but the queen caused his body to be rescued from the hepe of rubische1 and it was removed to ,exeter1 where it lies on the north side of the choir4 ,he left behind him large sums of money and plate1 a valuable library and1 unique item1 ninety-one rings4 ,he was certainly one of the greatest prelates in ,english history1 and though he may have been1 as his detractors asserted1 fumische and without pite1 he was revered in his diocese1 and left an example of courage and honesty to succeeding generations4 ,his executors1 animated by a wish to do what he would have desired1 distributed ,l#baj #hs4 #h;d4 in charities1 and gave considerable sums to other worthy objects4 ,and the ,abbot of ,hartland caused the #aeth of ,october to be solemnly observed1 out of gratitude for the late bishop's bounty1 and decreed that on that day for all future times ',,xiii4 pauperes in aula abbatis1 pro ipsius anima1 pascantur4' ,to follow so redoubtable a prelate as ,stapledon must have been an extremely difficult task4 ,but ,grandisson1 who was appointed after ,berkeley's short episcopate ended1 has sometimes been called the most magnificent prelate who ever filled the see4 ,he was nominated directly by the pope1 and consecrated by his holiness at ,avignon4 ,his chief glory is that he allowed the splendour of the see in no wise to diminish1 and he kept up the ,stapledon traditions of princely hospitality and well-doing4 ,his reputation of grave1 wise1 and politick seems to have been fairly earned4 ,as a descendant of the great ducal house of ,burgundy1 he had lived much with princes and held the position of nuncio at the courts of all the mightiest princes of ,christendom4 ,his election was carried out in direct opposition to the wishes of the canons of ,exeter1 but a wise choice had been made1 and by his long episcopate of forty years he gained honour for himself and good fortune for his people4 ,he had to face many difficulties at first that might well have appalled a weaker man4 ,the tragic death of ,stapledon had terrified all men1 the great work of that giant intellect remained unfinished1 and required some one of exceptional energy to complete it fitly4 ,added to these difficulties1 the episcopal manors had been plundered and the accounts were terribly muddled4 ,grandisson1 luckily1 was a man who looked upon difficulties as things to be overcome4 ,he applied to the members of his family for funds1 and the negotiations are to his family and subsequently to the diocese at large for funds4 ,the negotiations are interesting1 for the borrower is the only person who maintained his dignity unimpaired4 ,with courteous pertinacity and a fitting show of anger1 he got the supplies he needed4 ,with indomitable energy he managed to arrange in perfect order the confused affairs of his diocese4 ,turning eagerly to the task of completing the building of his church1 he transformed the six west bays of the nave1 vaulting1 aisles1 west window1 and north cloister4 ,in spiritual and temporal affairs he was equally busy4 ,twice at least he was the host of royalty1 once the ,black ,prince visited his diocese with the captive king of ,france4 ,the same illustrious warrior1 shortly before his death1 again enjoyed the bishop's hospitality4 ,in #acdc ,grandisson was sent as ambassador to ,rome1 and the sound sense he had shown at ,exeter was equally apparent in the conduct of his mission1 so that it was written of him that he did his message with much wisdom and honour4 ,certainly1 few bishops have had so exalted a view of the dignity and importance of the episcopal office1 and none ever dared to fight more boldly for his imagined rights4 ,when the ,archbishop ,mepham determined to make a personal visitation1 ,grandisson's anger was kindled4 ,gathering round him a body of armed retainers1 he met the archbishop at the north-west gate of the close4 ,there might have been a bloody conflict1 for neither prelate was likely to give way4 ,fortunately1 sober counsels prevailed1 and the quarrel was referred to the pope4 ,his holiness decided in ,grandisson's favour1 and the dispute did half break ,mepham's heart1 and the ,pope1 siding with the ,bishop of ,exeter1 did break the other half4 ,so writes ,fuller1 and the quaint sentence does not lack authority1 for the archbishop died shortly after the termination of the quarrel4 ,grandisson remembered his cathedral in his will4 ,he bequeathed to his successors his crozier and mitre1 and to the diocese #b1jjj marks4 ,at his funeral1 in accordance with his instructions1 a hundred poor persons were clothed and money was distributed among the prisoners and the sick4 ,he remembered1 too1 the needs of the poorer clergy and the hospitals1 while to ,pope ,urban and ,edward ,,iii4 he left splendid legacies4 ,his funeral1 as his life1 was simple and economical4 ,for his magnificent presents1 his gorgeous works on the structure of his church1 were made possible by his own simple1 almost parsimonious manner of living4 ,he was buried in the chapel of ,st4 ,radegunde1 but the tomb was destroyed in ,elizabeth's time1 and his ashes lie no man knows where4 ,brantyngham1 the next bishop1 completed the cloisters1 the east window and west front4 ,but1 as ,canon ,freeman has said1 the rest of the works of this and the following century are little else than petty restorations2 of course in a later and inferior style1 and generally to the detriment of the building4 ,but there is still much in the history of the church and the see that deserves a passing notice4 ,under ,brantyngham1 the old feud that ,grandisson had finished so satisfactorily to himself1 began again4 ,but the victory this time was with the archbishop4 ,at ,topsham1 a village not far from the city1 the bishop's servants attacked savagely the archbishop's mandatory4 ,full of zeal for the honour1 as they conceived it1 of their own prelate1 they made the wretched creature eat the archbishop's writ and seal4 ,but the meal of parchment and wax did not by any means settle the dispute4 ,the bishop's cause1 indeed1 was irretrievably damaged1 the king was furious1 an appeal to the pope was unsuccessful1 and ,brantyngham had to make full submission to the offended primate4 ,henceforth the archbishop's right of visitation was not opposed4 ,had another than ,grandisson been bishop in ,mepham's day the dispute would never1 probably1 have arisen2 for the archbishop was undoubtedly only exercising his rights1 such visitations being according to canon1 and of ancient usage4 ,the next bishop whose episcopate is important is ,lacy1 who glazed the nave windows and raised the chapter house4 ,he has1 too1 an unique claim on our regard because of his saintly character4 ,as yet no saint had made the cathedral venerable1 and the sentimental affection and profit which saintly relics were wont to cause was still lacking4 ,it is said that ,iscanus had contrived to get some relics of ,becket for his cathedral1 but there was no local saint1 and this want ,lacy supplied4 ,yet the days of his episcopacy were by no means absolutely calm4 ,at the very moment of his accession he involved himself in a dispute with the city corporation as to the liberties of his cathedral4 ,nor was he1 though meek and holy1 at all inclined to submit to any infringement of his prerogatives1 even when the transgressor happened to wear a crown4 ,indeed1 he most successfully protested against the conduct of ,henry ,,vi41 who held a jail delivery in the bishop's hall4 ,two men were condemned to death1 but the bishop remonstrated so forcibly against this exercise of temporal authority within the precincts of the sanctuary1 that they were released4 ,as an author ,lacy gained a considerable reputation4 ,his ,liber ,pontificalis is still preserved1 his office in honour of ,raphael the ,archangel was admired and used in many cathedrals and churches4 ,when he died miracles were performed at his tomb1 and pilgrimages were constantly made to it by the common people4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,chapter ,,house 7,,from ,,britton',s ',,exeter'1 #ahbf74 ,from this time onward the architectural history of the cathedral becomes less important4 ,its great periods may thus be summed up1 #aajg to #abjf ,warelwast and ,marshall built the ,norman church2 #abeg to #abhj ,bronscombe and ,quivil began the ,decorated work2 #abib to #acjh ,bytton and ,stapledon completed the eastern part2 #acbg to #acfi ,grandisson and ,brantyngham completed the nave1 west front1 and cloister4 ,the fifth and last change is the introduction of ,perpendicular work1 chiefly noticeable in the chapter house1 the west screen1 and the great east window4 ,the day of the great builders was waning fast4 ,the old faith that inspired them was dwindling1 the attraction of national concerns was too great for local effort4 ,moreover1 the desire to make intricately beautiful1 right enough in itself1 had vitiated1 as it was bound to do1 the taste of architect and builder4 ,the old ,norman cathedrals1 however rugged1 were imposing in their stern and simple strength4 ,the desire for decoration affected various transformations1 which at first left the building more beautiful and not less strong4 ,but gradually the simplicity and strength disappear altogether4 ,luckily1 as we shall see1 the great church of ,st4 ,mary and ,st4 ,peter has suffered less than most buildings that have undergone so many changes4 ,as it is1 the church of ,exeter is a remarkable case of one general design being carried out through more than a hundred years4 ,the church is ,quivil's design1 and the variations1 though important1 do not seriously detract from it4 ,the events of the next five hundred years belong more to the history of the see1 and even of ,england1 than to the church4 ,in the election of ,george ,neville 7#adeh7 we notice the immense value put on noble birth4 ,only one other reason can be alleged as weighing with those responsible for the choice4 ,and this reason is so ridiculous as to be almost incredible4 ,none the less it had1 doubtless1 a good deal to do with ,neville's election to the bishopric4 ,he was not only a brother to the great ,earl of ,warwick1 but he early showed his intention of keeping up the almost kingly traditions of his family4 ,here is an account of the festivities that took place at ,oxford after he had performed his exercises in the nave of ,st4 ,mary's ,church1 as the custom now is1 and before was1 for nobleman's sons4 ,such entertainment was given for two days space that the memory of man being not now able to produce1 ,i have thought it worth my pains to remember4 ,on the first day therefore were #fjj messes of meat1 and on the second #cjj for the entertainment only of scholars and certain of the ,proceeders1 relations and acquaintances4 ,a later ,oxford historian asserts that ,neville was elected chancellor the very next year by an appreciative university6 ,it is not at all unlikely1 therefore1 that this display of hospitality had something to do with his being chosen bishop1 as a fitting successor to the office once filled by ,grandisson4 ,for four years after his election he was unable1 owing to his youth1 to be consecrated4 ,but by one of those ecclesiastical scandals1 which seem not to have annoyed or astonished his contemporaries1 he was permitted to enjoy the temporalities of the see4 ,at the age of twenty-seven he was fully ordained bishop1 and a few years later was transferred to ,york4 ,during the episcopate of his successor1 ,bothe1 the city was besieged by ,perkin ,warbeck4 ,in #adie ,oliver ,king1 who was elected in #adib1 was translated to the see of ,bath and ,wells1 and to him is due the rebuilding of the abbey church of ,bath which was then ruinous4 ,from #aejd to #aeai ,oldham1 a ,lancashire man1 was bishop4 ,he built the ,oldham and ,speke chapels4 ,veysey1 who succeeded him1 lived during the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 ,his courtly manners made him popular4 ,in addition to his rich ecclesiastical office1 he became ,lord ,president of ,wales and tutor to the ,princess ,mary4 ,he founded the town of ,sutton ,coleshill1 now ,sutton ,coldfield1 and introduced there the making of kersies4 ,on this enterprise he spent the larger part of his fortune4 ,at the accession of ,edward ,,vi4 he was left undisturbed1 though suspected of favouring the old religion4 ,but when a rising in favour of the unreformed church disturbed the western counties1 he was accused of participation in the movement1 and resigned his charge4 ,but he retained the temporalities1 and on ,mary's accession was reinstated4 ,but he was nearly #ajc years old1 and soon after died at his town of ,sutton ,coleshill in #aeee4 ,miles ,coverdale1 the translator1 with ,tyndale1 of the ,bible1 his successor1 was bishop for only two years4 ,he was unpopular1 although his life was most godly and virtuous4 ,but the common people1 says ,hoker1 whose bottles would receive no new wine1 could not brook or digest him1 for no other cause but because he was a preacher of the ,gospel1 an enemy to ,papistry1 and a married man4 ,this dislike is easily accounted for4 ,exeter was very far from ,london1 the new ideas travelled slowly1 and the west was staunchly conservative4 ,as with many reformers1 too1 his zeal was spoilt by indiscretion2 the sternness of the ,puritan militated against his success1 and people preferred the old errors more becomingly supported4 ,his successor1 ,turberville1 was a man quite after the heart of the people1 and he won praise from ,protestant and ,catholic alike4 ,he was succeeded by ,william ,alleyn1 and as a result of ,veysey's extravagance and ,henry's greed it may be noticed that1 by royal charter1 the number of canons was limited to nine4 ,in #afbg the see was held by ,joseph ,hall1 a man of great distinction4 ,though too conciliatory to care greatly for ,laud's policy1 he wrote a justly famous ,defence of the ,church of ,england and her doctrines4 ,after his translation to ,norwich he underwent a good deal of persecution1 which he himself has recorded1 and was for six months a prisoner in the ,tower4 ,he is buried in ,higham parish church1 his monument a skeleton holding in the right hand a bond to death sealed and signed1 ',debemus morti nos nostrique1' and in his left the same bond torn and cancelled1 with the endorsement ',persolvit et quietus est4' ,fuller says of the famous satirist that he was not unhappy at controversies1 more happy at comments1 very good in his characters1 better in his sermons1 best of all in his meditations4 ,john ,gauden1 who became bishop in #affj1 was far more fortunate1 though probably not more happy4 ,he does not seem to have been over scrupulous1 and his desire for a good manger is unpleasantly obvious4 ,but as the author of the ,greek3 ,,eikon ,,basilike he is remembered4 ,the authorship has been disputed1 but ,charles ,,ii4 certainly recognized his claim1 and ,clarendon believed his assertions about it4 ,he was clever enough to have written even a better book1 and there is no sufficient ground for depriving him of this honour4 ,it is certain that he owed his preferment to his reputed merit as its author2 though1 oddly enough1 he had taken the covenant and preached a notorious sermon against pictures1 images1 and other superstitions of popery4 ,but he publicly recanted1 later1 and protested against the murder of the king1 whose supposed last prayers and meditations he was skilfully inventing4 ,after being in ,exeter two years he was removed to ,worcester4 ,but he had looked to become bishop of ,winchester1 and it is said that his death was hastened by disappointment4 ,seth ,ward1 who followed him1 had1 as dean of ,exeter1 distinguished himself by his zeal and courage4 ,he drove from the cathedral precincts the buyers and sellers who had encroached thereon1 and the partition wall that divided the cathedral was taken down at his request4 ,during the ,commonwealth the building which was now formally called 'the late cathedral church' was divided by a brick wall into two places of worship1 known as ,east ,peter's and ,west ,peter's4 ,the east portion was used by the ,independents and the west by ,presbyterians4 ,ward spent ,l#bj1jjj on redeeming the cathedral from the degradation it had suffered1 and bought an organ1 esteemed the best in ,england1 which cost him ,l#b1jjj4 ,he was translated to ,salisbury in #affg4 ,he was a man of considerable ability and was a founder of the ,royal ,society4 ,sparrow succeeded to the see in #affg4 ,during his episcopate the ,grand ,duke ,cosmo visited ,exeter and wondered at the worthy bishop1 his wife1 and his nine children4 ,the ,duke of ,tuscany was spoken of in the local reports as the ,duke of ,tuskey1 and he received from the corporation a gift of ,l#bj1 or thereabouts4 ,sparrow1 on his translation to ,norwich1 was succeeded by ,lamplugh1 whose political acumen1 at any rate1 compels admiration1 if not respect4 ,he fervently bade his flock rally round the unfortunate ,james ,,ii1 and then1 posting to ,london1 was rewarded by the grateful king with the archbishopric of ,york4 ,he then without any compunction crowned ,william of ,orange1 ,king of ,england4 ,but his smartness availed little1 for within three years continuance of that high throne of ,york he was summoned before an higher4 ,macaulay has finely described the entrance of the prince into the cathedral4 ,as he passed under the gorgeous screen1 that renowned organ1 scarcely surpassed by any of those which are the boast of his native ,holland1 gave out a peal of triumph4 ,he mounted the bishop's seat1 a stately throne1 rich with the carving of the fifteenth century4 ,burnet stood below1 and a crowd of warriors and nobles appeared on the right hand and on the left4 ,the singers robed in white sang the ',te ,deum4' ,when the chaunt was over ,burnet read the ,prince's declaration2 but as soon as the first words were uttered1 prebendaries and singers crowded in all haste out of the choir4 ,at the close1 ,burnet1 in a loud voice1 cried1 ',god save the ,prince of ,orange1' and many fervent voices answered ',amen4' ,this is certainly the most remarkable1 as it is also the last1 of the great historical events that have happened under the shadow of the cathedral walls4 ,there had been nothing to compare with it since the day when ,grandisson with his armed retainers met ,mepham at the close gate three hundred years before4 ,offspring ,blackall is the last bishop we need mention4 ,he was a famous preacher1 and worked hard for the comfort and education of the indigent classes4 ,to him ,exeter owes her charity schools4 ,of the remaining bishops there is nothing of moment to record4 ,it has seemed wiser in this brief sketch to devote a paragraph to each of those bishops who either architecturally or historically made their episcopates events of national importance4 ,the early bishops1 especially1 busied themselves exceedingly in making beautiful their principal church4 ,it is by knowing something of their lives and times that one can best appreciate their labours1 and trace with intelligent interest the causes of the splendid result to be studied minutely in the remaining chapters of this book4 ,moreover1 all lovers of the great in art1 all who love what is beautiful1 as all may with a little trouble1 will not be sorry to have even a passing acquaintance with those who have wrought so nobly4 ,and this short notice of the most famous of the bishops of ,exeter proves that they were for the most part chosen1 not for their lineage1 however splendid1 nor the favour they had gained as gracious courtiers1 but for their excellent lives1 their plain living and high thinking1 their taste and learning1 and for qualities which1 if rarer now1 were not common even hundreds of years ago4 ,,the ,,fabric ,,of ,,the ,,cathedral4 ,,the ,,exterior4 ,before examining the various details1 it may be well to recall the following facts1 which have already been referred to4 ,first1 the cathedral was ,saxon and remained so for nearly seventy years2 then came a ,norman bishop who pulled down the existing building and replaced it by the foundations and towers of a finer one4 ,for ninety-nine years1 sometimes languishingly1 sometimes vigorously1 the work continued3 so that by the end of ,marshall's episcopate 7#abjf7 ,warelwast's noble ambition was realized4 ,between this date and #abhj the church was scarcely touched1 but a chapter house was built by ,bishop ,bruere to ,god and the ,church of ,st4 ,mary and ,st4 ,peter1 a sufficient area to make a ,chapter ,house in our garden near the ,tower of ,st4 ,john4 ,a third style1 ,early ,english1 was then introduced1 to be followed by the almost complete transformation of the entire building into the ,decorated style4 ,following on this we get some examples of ,perpendicular work4 ,now1 this series of changes is noticeable in itself1 and remarkable because it has not affected the building in a way that might have been expected4 ,the first impression1 indeed1 that a view of the exterior gives one1 is that it is the result of one design1 which is largely the case4 ,it is only on closer inspection that the remnants of the pre-decorated periods are visible4 ,the ,church1 as ,professor ,freeman neatly puts it1 grew up after one general pattern1 but with a certain advance in detail as the work went westward4 ,the second thing that strikes the visitor is that he has never seen a church quite like it4 ,it forms a class by itself1 and can be compared with nothing save its own miniature at ,ottery4 ,putting aside the ,saxon cathedral of ,leofric it is possible to trace four distinct styles in what has been wisely called the noblest monument of religious zeal of our forefathers in the west of ,england4 ,but in discovering these the feeling of wonder increases as the building is found to be not a mere jumble but a complete whole4 ,though it is possible to date the separate parts of the edifice1 and recognize the varying forms of workmanship1 the architects laboured with so clear an understanding of a beautiful result to be attained1 that there is no appearance of patchwork4 ,the best views of the building are those to be got from a distance4 ,in some ways this is not without compensation2 for the cathedral church was1 and is1 not only splendid as a building1 but the centre of the spiritual life of the diocese4 ,it is1 therefore1 appropriate that it should seem most beautiful to the dwellers in the villages and hamlets beyond the city1 giving them1 as it were1 a kind of property in the building1 which they might not have felt had it been less visible4 ,nearing ,exeter by train1 from the ,plymouth side1 the noble roof and towers are seen above the red houses of the city4 ,the site1 indeed1 was well chosen4 ,below the hill on which the city stands are gardens gay with flowers and fair apple orchards4 ,above1 there is a blue sky richer and deeper than is usual in ,england4 ,on all sides but one stretches the beautiful ,devonshire country1 meadow1 hedgerow1 and wooded hill4 ,on that side the ,exe flows rapidly1 broadening as it goes1 towards the sea4 ,southward but a few miles1 the blue channel waters creep up against the yellow sand dunes4 ,no cathedral1 not even ,lincoln1 boasts a more lovely and appropriate position4 ,in the minds of all early ,christians1 says ,mr4 ,ruskin1 the church itself was most frequently symbolized under the image of a ship1 ,there is no country so saturated with traditions of the sea as ,cornwall and ,devon4 ,exe terra--out of the earth--is sometimes declared to be the derivation of the name ,exeter4 ,maybe this was only the grateful jest of some seaman who found himself1 after the winter storms1 gliding up the quiet river with the city walls rising up before him4 ,yet the remembrance of such western heroes as ,raleigh and ,drake1 who bade their followers sit well in order1 and strike-- ,the sounding furrows1 for my purpose holds ,to sail beyond the sunset and the baths ,of all the ,western stars until ,i die1#b makes one realize how fit it is that the towers of the cathedral should look across the country to the deep waters1 and be to the mariner as the masts of a vessel whereon was safety1 however fierce the storm4 #b ,tennyson's ,ulysses4 ,illustration3 ,,exeter ,,cathedral1 ,,from ,,an ,,engraving ,,by ,,daniel ,,king1 c4 #afej4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,cathedral--,,from ,,the ,,south-,,east4 ,the ,photochrom4 ,co4 ,photo4 ,from many parts of the surrounding country fine views may be obtained1 from ,waddlesdown1 ,alphington ,causeway1 and many a canal and river bank4 ,a closer view may seem at first disappointing4 ,every writer has echoed ,dr4 ,oliver's regret that it should be surrounded by dwelling-houses of such disparate character4 ,but even a nearer survey is1 with patience1 rewarded4 ,the towers1 exquisitely traceried windows1 sculptured doorways1 and magnificent roof1 easily persuade us to forget its mean surroundings4 ,the ,towers4--,to many these will be the most interesting portion of the building4 ,the exterior of no other cathedral boasts so unusual a feature4 ,their position is extraordinary and has given rise to endless controversies4 ,it has been suggested that they were meant to stand as western towers1 and that the building was to stand east of them1 and that1 as an afterthought1 they were converted into transepts4 ,but ,canon ,freeman1 in his history1#c dismisses this view as merely attractive4 ,they would certainly be more elaborate1 he thinks1 if they had been built as western towers1 but they have neither portal nor ornamental work4 ,indeed1 up to more than half their height they have very much the appearance of fortresses4 ,it may well be that they served as such in ,stephen's time1 for the northern one was severely battered4 ,it differs somewhat in detail from that on the south side1 there being an interlacing arcade half-way up1 possibly being so rebuilt when the devastation caused by the siege was being repaired4 ,there are six stages on each tower1 but only the uppermost four are in any way ornamented4 ,these have blind arcades and window openings of circular form2 but the details differ slightly on each4 ,the turrets at the angles of the summits1 and the battlements were added in the fifteenth century1 but the effect is not inharmonious1 and the original details are well preserved4 ,according to an old seventeenth-century print1 the north tower formerly had an attic with a pyramidal roof4 ,this was probably an addition when the great bell was first hung 7see p4 #gd74 ,the effect of these transeptal towers is so fine as to make us regret their rarity4 ,a case in which they were obviously imitated is to be seen in the fine parish church of ,ottery ,s4 ,mary1 ,devon4 ,there are also most practical reasons in their favour1 and a consideration of them tends to increase one's wonder that they should not be found more frequently4 ,in the first place it is possible to get a continuous1 uniform1 stretch of vault1 the roof being broken by no central tower4 ,also the plan is simplified1 and nave and choir have more architectural continuity4 ,again1 by building transeptal towers and discarding the usual central tower1 the interior escapes a danger it is often hard to overcome1 the difficulty of holding up the central tower4 ,it is quite possible that ,warelwast was far-seeing enough to anticipate this trouble4 ,the histories of other cathedrals prove it to be a very real one4 ,in #aajg the tower of ,winchester fell in4 ,at ,salisbury the spire is still a constant source of anxiety1 despite a complex arrangement of iron bands and ties1 which has been reinforced more than once4 ,the tower of ,chichester collapsed in #ahfa4 ,there is a legend of the fall of a central tower at ,christchurch ,priory1 and other warnings could be cited1 such as ,hereford1 ,selby1 ,peterborough1 and ,wells4 #c ,architectural ,history of ,exeter ,cathedral1 by ,philip ,freeman1 ,archdeacon and ,canon of ,exeter 7,bell71 #ahhh4 ,originally these two towers were cut off1 by two arches underneath1 from the body of the church4 ,but ,quivil1 wishing to enlarge the interior1 did so by throwing the ,tower spaces into it4 ,the ,roof is one of the most striking features of the building1 especially as it is seen from a distance4 ,the long line of the ridge of nave and choir1 unbroken by a central tower1 give it a unique distinction amongst ,english cathedrals4 ,the delicate cresting of fleurs-de-lis1 and the pinnacles which crown the supporting buttresses obviate any impression of heaviness1 and together with the long series of clerestory windows1 alike in form yet differing in their admirable tracery1 give a singular impression of beauty4 ,the ,north ,porch4--,this was the northern entrance of the ,norman church1 and from the outside it is possible to trace the line where the fifteenth-century front was added to the old structure4 ,it is decorated with seven canopied niches in the style of that period4 ,these1 however1 remained vacant until #aibj1 when they were filled with statues1 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,read of ,exeter1 representing the patron saints of ,england and the ,allies3 ,st4 ,george1 ,st4 ,denys1 ,st4 ,joseph2 ,,ss4 ,cyril and ,methodius2 ,st4 ,vladimir1 and ,st4 ,ambrose4 ,the roof is vaulted1 and on the central boss is a finely-carved ,agnus ,dei4 ,within a recess of the eastern wall are three headless figures1 representing1 in the centre1 the ,crucifixion1 ,st4 ,mary and ,st4 ,john standing on either side4 ,over the inside doorway is a niche that probably once held a figure of the ,virgin4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,northern ,,tower4 ,the ,photochrom ,co4 ,photo4 ,illustration3 ,,exeter ,,cathedral--,,the ,,west ,,front4 ,the ,photochrom ,co4 ,photo4 ,the ,west ,front is one of the features which gives a peculiar character to this cathedral4 ,in the wealth of imagery on the projecting screen which forms the lowest stage of the front it is second only to ,wells amongst ,english cathedrals4 ,the actual west wall of the church is the work of ,bishop ,grandisson1 who formed on the south side of the central doorway the small chapel of ,st4 ,radegunde as a burial place for himself4 ,the greater part of the end wall of the nave is filled by a large window with remarkably beautiful tracery in its head4 ,the date must be about #acej4 ,above this is a battlemented parapet sloped at each end to follow the lines of the aisle-roofs4 ,above this parapet appears the gable of the main roof in which is inserted a triangular window1 with elegant tracery1 lighting the space between the vault and outer roof4 ,at the apex of the gable is a niche containing a small statue of ,st4 ,peter4 ,the screen1 which forms the lowest stage of this front1 must have been finished in ,brantyngham's time1 though it seems probable that it was designed if not begun by ,grandisson4 ,it contains eighty-eight figures1 in three rows1 representing angels1 warriors1 kings1 and saints4 ,their costume and armour are characteristic of the fashions of ,richard ,,ii4's reign4 ,the lowest row consists of angelic figures each sustaining a triple pilaster with capitals4 ,on these capitals stand the statues of the second row1 a long line of knights and kings1 above which are the angels and apostles of the third row4 ,above the third row stand two figures1 said to represent ,athelstan and ,edward the ,confessor4 ,the former once drove out the ,britons from the city2 the latter1 as we know1 founded the bishopric4 ,this group of statues has been the subject of a monograph by ,miss ,e4,k4 ,prideaux1 who shows that the intention was to symbolize the ,heavenly ,jerusalem1 where angels1 saints1 and monarchs unite to honour the enthroned ,saviour and ,his ,blessed ,mother1 who1 as representative of the ,church ,triumphant1 is being crowned by her ,son4 ,the ,coronation of the ,virgin was depicted in the central group immediately over the great doorway1 the figures being those of ,st4 ,peter1 ,our ,lady1 ,our ,lord1 and ,st4 ,paul4 ,at some unknown date the statue of the ,virgin was destroyed1 and a figure intended to represent ,richard ,,ii was substituted in #ahah4 ,two other figures1 assigned to ,james the ,less and ,king ,william ,i1 are modern reproductions by ,alfred ,stevens2 some new heads were also added4 ,many circumstances have combined with the action of time to injure these sculptures3 but the general effect is rich if somewhat heavy4 ,above the screen is a platform1 from which the bishop probably blessed the people1 and the minstrels welcomed with song the approach of royal or illustrious visitors4 ,the three doorways in the screen are worthy of notice1 being richly decorated4 ,that on the south side is the most beautiful1 and contains two fine pieces of sculpture1 one generally declared to be an angel appearing to ,joseph in a dream1 the other certainly recording the ,adoration of the ,shepherds4 ,the central porch is decorated with sculptured foliage1 and the ,crucifixion is exhibited on the central boss of the groined roof tracery4 ,illustration3 ,,portals ,,of ,,west ,,front4 ,the ,photochrom ,co4 ,photo4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,nave1 ,,from ,,the ,,south ,,transept 7,,from ,,britton',s ',,exeter1' #ahbf74 ,,the ,,fabric ,,of ,,the ,,cathedral4 ,,the ,,interior4 ,fine as is the exterior1 the interior of the building is quite as beautiful4 ,restoration of an unusually careful and discreet style has done much to revive the deteriorated splendours of the place4 ,sixty years ago the nave was filled with hideous and cumbersome pews1 and such work as had been done towards keeping the place in repair was in the worst possible taste4 ,but a change has been wrought of the happiest kind in recent years1 so that no cathedral in the country can boast a more admirable interior4 ,it has been the custom to deplore the lack of elevation1 and its lowness has compelled comparisons with the cathedrals of ,france4 ,but this objection is1 surely1 rather trivial4 ,for though the long vaulted roof1 uninterrupted the whole length of the building1 might tend to take away from the appearance of height1 the work on the roof itself1 the delicate ornaments on capitals and windows1 do much to atone for this effect4 ,to the ordinary visitor1 it may safely be asserted1 lack of height will only be obvious when pointed out to him4 ,the ,nave4--,little of the ,norman masonry is now to be seen1 yet it is clear that when ,marshall completed ,warelwast's design he found the nave finished4 ,to quote ,canon ,freeman1 whose book1 too technical for the general public1 is of incalculable value to the student3 ,on the interior face of both north and south walls of the nave aisles1 disturbances of masonry occurring at regular intervals indicate the position of a series of ,norman pilasters1 the base of one of them having recently been found in situ beneath the stone seat4 ,outside1 and corresponding to the position of each several pilaster1 may be observed either flat buttresses of ,norman form and masonry1 or else traces of their removal4 ,these remains1 linking together the obviously ,norman towers and the massive west wall1 point to the conclusion that the ,norman cathedral1 as ,marshall found it1 included the entire nave4 ,when the changes began1 the ,fabric ,rolls1 if they do not entirely desert us1 give us but meagre help1 so that the exact date and cost of each detail is only to be guessed at4 ,stapledon probably intended1 as early as #acbe1 to begin the work of recasting the nave4 ,in that year he made purchases of #ae great poplar trees bought for scaffolds1 and #ajj alder trees4 ,further entries tell us of seven and eightpence worth of timber bought by the ,bishop at ,london1 and #dh great trees from ,langford4 ,the work hitherto attempted by ,stapledon did not demand an outlay of this kind2 so1 though ,grandisson gets the honour of having finished the nave1 something is due to ,stapledon for having given the initiative4 ,the large balances of the preceding nine years had left a great sum of money in the latter's hands1 and a donation of ,stapledon's further increased that balance by the substantial sum of ,l#fjj4 ,in ,january1 #accc1 is a record of ,william ,canon's bill for marble he had been commissioned to furnish4 ,he had agreed to supply the ,purbeck pillars for the nave1 receiving ,l#aj #afs4 for eleven large columns1 and #es4 a-piece for bases and capitals4 ,this is one of the most interesting items we have of the building and cost of the cathedral1 and occurs fortunately at a time when such information is unusually scanty4 ,in addition to the above-mentioned ,purbeck marble1 stone from the quarries of ,caen in ,normandy1 and other places nearer home1 was procured in large quantities4 ,in #acch the bishop gave permission to the ,dean and ,chapter to obtain from his agents at ,chudleigh twelve suitable oaks from his wood there4 ,about #acej the building of the nave was completed4 ,it was extensively restored in recent years under the guidance of ,sir ,gilbert ,scott4 ,the ,purbeck columns had fallen into a most dilapidated state1 and were carefully repaired1 the material used being obtained from those spots which had supplied the original builders4 ,the view of the nave as one enters the west door is most impressive4 ,its full height of seventy feet is not dwarfed by the unhindered stretch of roof4 ,the groined and ribbed roof itself is of marvellous beauty and springs from slender vaulting shafts1 of which the bosses are exquisitely carved with a strange mixture of religious and legendary figures1 foliage and animals4 ,the artists seem to have ransacked the whole universe for subjects1 and to have interpreted their ideas with great cunning4 ,the corbels that support the vaulting shafts are equally elaborately carved4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,nave1 ,,looking ,,west4 ,the ,photochrom ,co4 ,photo4 ,illustration3 ,,corbels ,,and ,,bosses 7,,from ,,britton',s ',,exeter1' #ahbf74 7#b7 ,virgin and ,child4 7#c7 ,minstrel and tumbler4 7#d7 ,coronation of the ,virgin4 7#e7 ,murder of ,s4 ,thomas 7,becket71 from ,nave4 7#f7 ,from ,lady ,chapel4 7#g7 ,from ,choir4 7#h7 and 7#aa7 ,heads popularly identified with ,edward ,,iii and ,q4 ,philippa4 7#aj7 ,the ,virgin and her ,coronation4 7,see ,prideaux and ,shafto1 ,bosses and ,corbels of ,exeter ,cathedral47 ,they consist of figures and foliage1 and the variety of subjects chosen is no less surprising than the skill the artists have shown in the realization of their ideas4 ,whether they are peculiar to ,exeter or not1 it may be safely said that one could not easily find their equals either in design or execution4 ,the subjects treated are too numerous for detailed treatment in this place1 but the carving of vines and acorns and oakleaves will be readily admired4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,minstrels' ,,gallery4 ,the ,photochrom ,co4 ,photo4 ,the nave has seven bays1 and the arcades are supported by clustered pillars of ,purbeck marble1 showing various tints of blue and grey4 ,there are sixteen shafts in each pier corresponding with the eight subordinate mouldings in each pair of arches1 and the diagonal position of each cluster adds much to its graceful appearance4 ,in the retro-choir there are earlier examples of this kind of pier1 showing how the builders experimented with the grouping of the shafts before they attained the perfect proportions of the pillars in the nave and choir4 ,it seems that they utilized the ,norman pillars as the central core round which to group the ,purbeck shafts4 ,the triforium1 in groups of four arches1 is unusually low1 and rests on small clustered columns1 broken in one place only on the north side to make way for the ,minstrels' ,gallery4 ,the ,minstrels' ,gallery4--,this is the most beautiful gallery of its kind to be found in ,england1 its twelve decorated niches containing figures of musicians4 ,the musical instruments represented include the cittern1 bagpipe1 hautboy1 crowth1 harp1 trumpet1 organ1 guitar1 tambour1 and cymbals1 with two others which are uncertain4 ,the tinted figures of the angels1 standing out against an orange-coloured background--each in a separate niche with an elaborately carved canopy--playing upon the various instruments1 are admirably carved and most graceful in form and arrangement4 ,the two niches on either side of the gallery contained figures of ,st4 ,mary and ,st4 ,peter2 the niches are supported by corbelled heads of ,edward ,,iii and ,queen ,philippa4 ,edward ,,iii created the ,black ,prince ,duke of ,cornwall in #accg1 and made the city of ,exeter part of the duchy4 ,the city1 according to ,izacke1 being held of the said duke1 as parcel of the dutchy1 by the fee farm rent of twenty pounds per ann4 ,to this connexion has been traced the erection of the gallery1 for such duchies were territorial realities1 and the prince would be received by minstrels chaunting in the gallery whenever he paid a visit to his feudal dependency4 ,it is asserted that it was first used after the battle of ,poictiers1 when the ,black ,prince brought with him to ,england1 visiting ,exeter en route for ,london1 the captured ,french ,king4 ,but ,professor ,freeman thinks the ,duke did not pay a visit to ,exeter at that time1 and that local tradition refers really to a later date when he came home as a sick man not long before his death4 ,the lofty character of the clerestory above the gallery1 and set somewhat farther back1 is remarkable4 ,the tracery of all the windows is of the best type of the fourteenth century and is unrivalled by that of any other ,english cathedral of similar date4 ,in their main features the opposite windows are alike1 though they vary in detail4 ,illustration3 ,,bays ,,of ,,nave1 ,,with ,,the ,,minstrels' ,,gallery 7,,from ,,britton',s ',,exeter1' #ahbf74 ,illustration3 ,,the ',,patteson' ,,pulpit4 ,the ,photochrom ,co4 ,photo4 ,st4 ,radegunde's ,chapel4--,on the south side of the main entrance and within the thickness of the western wall is the chapel of ,st4 ,radegunde1 one of the most interesting in the cathedral4 ,as early as #abbj a deed belonging to the ,chapter makes mention of this chapel within ,st4 ,peter's cemetery1 and is dated in the mayoralty of one ,turbest and attested by the then bishop1 ,simon de ,apulia4 ,grandisson1 in accordance with the custom of his day1 while completing the work of transforming the cathedral1 looked out for a suitable place of burial for himself4 ,he chose this chapel1 and in #acej the ,fabric ,rolls contain a reference to the glazing of the windows and the better securing of them with nine bars of iron4 ,in accordance with a clause in his will1 ,corpus vero meum volo quod sepeliatur extra ostium occidentale ,ecclesiae ,exon4 ita celeriter sicut fieri poterit1 his remains were placed under the low arch in the east of the chapel4 ,here they lay for many years1 but in the later years of ,elizabeth1 apparently without creating any public indignation1 his tomb was rifled and his ashes scattered to the four winds4 ,there seems to be no good reason why religious fanaticism should have caused the tomb of so great and good a man to be despoiled4 ,two interesting details are the carved figure of ,christ on the roof and the holes in the stones from which the lamps were formerly hung4 ,st4 ,edmund's ,chapel1 in the north-west corner of the nave1 was part of the ,norman church1 and was incorporated in his new work by ,bishop ,grandisson4 ,in it is a large font of modern ,gothic style1 presented in the nineteenth century by ,archdeacon ,bartholomew4 ,the ,font4--,at the south-west side of the nave stands the chalice-shaped font of white marble1 purposely made in #afdd for the baptism of ,henrietta ,anne1 youngest child of ,charles ,i1 afterwards ,duchess of ,orleans1 who was born in ,exeter during the ,parliamentary wars4 ,the font is said to have been made in a fortnight1 which may account for the inferior character of the sculpture4 ,but if not of artistic merit1 it is certainly of historic interest1 and after being set aside for some years1 was replaced in its present position in #ahia1 and is now always used for baptisms4 ,the ,patteson ,pulpit was placed in the nave in #ahgg4 ,it is of ,mansfield stone1 and is a beautiful example of modern sculpture4 ,the panels represent the ,martyrdom of ,st4 ,alban1 the embarkation of ,st4 ,boniface and his companions for ,germany1 and the natives of ,nukapu1 ,melanesia1 placing the body of ,bishop ,patteson in a canoe4 ,the ,martyred ,bishop is shown wrapped in a native mat1 a relic still preserved in his family4 ,,monuments ,,in ,,the ,,nave ,the great west window was filled with stained glass in #aijd in commemoration of ,dr4 ,temple1 ,bishop of ,exeter #ahfi1 of ,london #ahhe1 and in #ahif ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,figures in the lower lights represent the most notable ,bishops of ,exeter from ,leofric to ,frederick ,temple4 ,the monument under the west window commemorates services and losses of the #ast ,battalion of the ,duke of ,cornwall's ,light ,infantry1 which1 as the #cbnd ,regiment1 greatly distinguished itself during the ,sepoy revolt in ,india in #aheg-h4 ,on the north-west is a mural tablet with medallion portrait commemorating ,richard ,blackmore1 the author of ,lorna ,doone1 #ahbe-aijj4 ,the three lights of the small window above are filled with stained glass in connexion with this memorial4 ,the corresponding window on the south side was filled with stained glass by ,dean ,cowie4 ,the largest monument in the north aisle is that to the memory of officers and men of the #ith ,lancers who fell during long and distinguished service in ,india4 ,farther on is a large brass1 of no particular merit1 to the memory of the men of the #bnd ,battalion of the ,north ,devon ,regiment who fell in the ,afghan ,war of #ahhj-ha4 ,it is surmounted by two regimental flags4 ,above a mural tablet to ,lieutenant ,g4,a4 ,allen is a window of stained glass erected to the memory of the #aath ,earl of ,devon4 ,the colour scheme is particularly good1 and the design1 representing ,jacob's dream1 is not unsuccessful4 ,a plain tablet to the memory of ,samuel ,sebastian ,wesley1 the famous musician1 is the only other monument in the aisle of general interest4 ,in the same aisle have recently been placed the colours of those battalions of the ,devons who served in the great ,european ,war1 #aiad-ah4 ,to complete the examination of the nave we must cross to the south aisle1 in the first bay of which is the ancient doorway1 probably built by ,bishop ,bruere1 leading into the cloister4 ,at the end of the aisle is the monument of ,colonel ,john ,macdonald1 who died in #ahca1 a son of the celebrated ,flora ,macdonald4 ,the most eastern window of the aisle is filled with stained glass representing four bishops of the ,courtenay family4 ,peter ,courtenay1 ,bishop of ,exeter1 will be recognized as he holds the great ,peter bell1 his gift to the cathedral1 which hangs in the north tower4 ,he is the bishop alluded to by ,shakespeare 7,richard ,,iii41 ,act iv1 ,sc4 #d73 ,in ,devonshire ,sir ,edward ,courtenay1 and the haughty ,prelate1 ,bishop of ,exeter1 his elder brother1 ,with many more confederates are in arms4 ,after the accession of ,henry ,,vii41 he was translated to ,winchester4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,nave1 ,,looking ,,east4 ,the ,photochrom4 ,co4 ,photo4 ,formerly there was a ,courtenay chantry in the last bay of this aisle1 corresponding with ,bishop ,brantyngham's chantry on the north side4 ,these became ruinous and were removed early in the nineteenth century4 ,the ,courtenay tomb in the south transept is entirely a restoration4 ,the effigies represent ,sir ,hugh ,courtenay1 #bnd ,earl of ,devon1 and ,margaret de ,bohun1 his wife4 ,the great brass of their son1 ,sir ,peter ,courtenay1 also formerly in the chantry1 is now in the south choir aisle3 it has been sadly injured by being trodden under foot for many hundred years1 and is now protected by matting4 ,he was standard bearer to ,edward ,,iii4 and ,richard ,,ii41 and one of the first ,knights of the ,garter4 ,the centre window of the south nave aisle is filled with stained glass in memory of those of the ,devon ,regiment who served in the ,south ,african ,war1 #ahii-aija4 ,the tablets with their names are in ,st4 ,edmund's ,chapel4 ,their flags hang on either side of the window4 ,the large brass tablet1 though1 like too many of the memorials in the nave1 unnecessarily large and far from meritorious in design1 is not without interest4 ,it is to the memory of ,major-,general ,howard ,elphinstone1 ,v4,c41 who was drowned off ,ushant in #ahij4 ,above a tablet of brass to ,hugh1 #bnd ,earl of ,devon1 and his wife1 is a window erected by ,sir ,edwin ,watkin to the memory of ,thomas ,latimer4 ,the small window to the left1 erected by ,dean ,cowie in memory of his wife1 should be noticed4 ,north ,transept4--,we have already seen that the two great towers of the cathedral were in their nature transeptal from the beginning4 ,but they were quite separated from the body of the church1 the arches connecting them being filled in with strongly built masonry1 forming a complete wall4 ,but ,quivil1 wishing to enlarge the interior of the building1 took down these walls1 and he set about altering the arches and converting them into the same ,decorated style to match this work in the rest of the building4 ,he also altered and transformed the ,norman chapels that projected on the east side of each transept4 ,in the north transept one window and two narrow doorways still betray their ,norman origin4 ,the open galleries in each transept are connected by a passage with the clerestory4 ,this1 too1 is ,quivil's work1 and his windows in the two chapels of ,st4 ,john and ,st4 ,paul1 easily distinguishable by their wheel-shape1 are interesting4 ,here is ,chantry's fine statue of the ,devonshire artist ,northcote1 and a tablet to the memory of the men and officers of the #bjth 7,devon7 ,regiment who fell in the ,crimea4 ,visitors will notice with interest a fairly successful mural painting representing the resurrection1 the soldiers in armour being drawn with considerable spirit4 ,sylke ,chantry is in the north transept4 ,sylke was a person of considerable importance in his day1 and one who deserved and obtained no little honour from his contemporaries4 ,he administered the affairs of the diocese as vicar-general during the absence of ,bishop ,courtenay1 and also during that of ,bishop ,fox4 ,in #adii he was made precentor1 and held that office till his death4 ,the priests1 grateful for the efforts he had made to further their comfort1 decided to keep his obit4 ,the abbot and convent of ,st4 ,mary of ,cleeve1 in ,somersetshire1 willing to show their sense of obligation to him and ,canon ,moore1 gave yearly to the ,dean and ,chapter the sum of ,l#f #acs4 #d;d4 to be spent in celebrating their anniversary4 ,sylke's tomb represents a very ghostly figure with the epitaph1 ,sum quod eris1 fueram quod es1 pro me1 precor1 ora4 ,the chantry is in the style of the later ,gothic1 and is one of those final touches to the cathedral ,archdeacon ,freeman esteems so happily imparted to it4 ,the ancient works of the thirteenth-century clock1 upon the north wall1 have been placed in this chantry1 the machinery being in motion though it does not now work any part of the actual clock4 ,the various parts are of different dates2 the oldest wheel has been working more or less regularly for about #gjj years4 ,the dial represents the sun and moon revolving round the earth in the centre1 the varying phases of the moon being indicated4 ,st4 ,paul's ,chapel is on the east side of the north transept4 ,attributed to the time of ,marshall or his immediate predecessors4 ,on the tiles are the arms of ,henry ,,iii4's brother1 ,richard of ,cornwall1 who was elected ,king of the ,romans4 ,it is used as a vestry for the lay choral vicars4 ,south ,transept4--,opening from the east wall is the ,chapel of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,it corresponds with that of ,st4 ,paul in the north transept4 ,some of the glass in the windows was placed there at the restoration of #ahgj4 ,the screen dividing it from the transept is ,oldham's work4 ,the chapel is now furnished for private meditation and prayer4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,transept1 ,,north1 ,,showing ,,the ,,organ ,,and ,,clock4 ,the ,photochrom4 ,co4 ,photo4 ,chapel of the ,holy ,ghost4--,this1 one of the most ancient parts of the cathedral1 lies between the south tower and chapter house4 ,it occupies the place of the passage known as the slype in monastic churches4 ,the plain stone barrel roof should be noted4 ,it is now used as the choristers' vestry4 ,the south transept contains a very interesting collection of monuments4 ,monuments in ,south ,transept4--,on the east wall a shallow recess1 in which are set some fragments of sculpture1 is traditionally described as the tomb of ,leofric1 first ,bishop of ,exeter4 ,hoker thus tells the story3 ,this ,leofricus died an4 #ajgc1 and was buried in the cemetery or churchyard of his own church1 under a simple or broken marble stone2 which place1 by the since enlarging of his church is now within the ,south ,tower of the same1 where of late1 anno #aefh1 a new monument was erected to the memory of so good1 worthy noble a personage1 by the industry of the writer hereof but at the charges of the ,dean ,chapter4 ,in the corner at the south-east is the grave of ,bishop ,john the ,chaunter1 who died in #aaia4 ,he was for thirty years precentor of the cathedral1 and was consecrated bishop by ,baldwin1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 preacher and pilgrim of the ,crusade1 and a native of ,exeter4 ,bishop ,john assisted at the coronation of ,richard ,i4 ,he held the see for six years4 ,sir ,peter ,carew1 whose mural tablet is a conspicuous feature1 was buried at ,waterford in ,ireland4 ,he is one of the most distinguished members of an ancient western family4 ,on the ,whitsunday of #aedi1 the village of ,samford ,courtenay rose in revolt against the new prayer-book that ,edward ,,vi4 had ordered to be used in the churches1 and the whole diocese speedily followed the lead4 ,the people swore that they would keep the old and ancient religion as their forefathers before them had done4 ,sir ,gawain ,carew1 ,sir ,peter ,carew1 and ,sir ,thomas ,dennis1 the sheriff1 were busy in stemming the tide of rebellion4 ,efforts at compromise were useless4 ,the people bitterly demanded the old religion1 and called the new form of worship a ,christian game1 while the ,cornishmen declared that they1 since certain of us understand no ,english1 utterly refuse the new ,english4 ,early in ,july the malcontents set siege to ,exeter4 ,the wealth of the civic dignitaries stimulated the besiegers1 who summoned the city to surrender three times1 vowing that they would enter by force and take the spoil of it1 were their demands refused4 ,there was discontent and plotting within the walls1 and food gave out4 ,many were eager to let in the rebels1 and ,hoker records that but two days before the delivery of the city1 the malcontents paraded the streets1 crying out3 ,come out these heretics and twopenny bookmen6 ,where be they6 ,by ,god's wounds and blood we will not be pinned in to serve their turn3 we will go out and have in our neighbours2 they be honest good and godly men4 ,but the principal citizens1 though nurtured in the old faith1 held out grimly for the king4 ,the siege was raised by ,john1 ,lord ,russell1 whom ,sir ,peter had hastily summoned from ,hinton ,st4 ,george1 in ,somersetshire4 ,food was supplied to the city by the special industry and travels of a thousand ,welshmen under ,sir ,william ,herbert4 ,sir ,peter1 on his arrival in ,london1 was threatened with hanging by the ,lord ,protector as having caused the commotion by burning the barns at ,crediton4 ,he pleaded the king's letter under his hand and privy signet4 ,but he escaped with difficulty1 though he obtained from ,lord ,russell the lands of ,winislacre as a reward4 ,later on he opposed ,queen ,mary's marriage with the ,king of ,naples1 and as ,fuller puts it3 ,this active gentleman had much adoe to expedite himself1 and save his life1 being imprisoned for his compliance with ,sir ,thomas ,wyate4 ,he lived an active1 reckless life to the last1 closing his career by some signal service in ,ireland4 ,he was a brother of the ,earl of ,totnes4 ,the handsome ,elizabethan monument is to ,sir ,john ,gilbert1 brother of the more famous ,humphrey1 and his wife1 ,elizabeth ,chudleigh4 ,he was one of the merchant adventurers and a half-brother of ,raleigh4 ,his relations with ,exeter were very friendly1 the merchants being keenly interested in maritime discoveries1 for they hoped in far away ,asia to get a new market for their cloth4 ,heroes of later days are not forgotten in this gallant company1 and a tablet on the east wall commemorates the men of the #cbnd ,regiment 7,cornwall ,light ,infantry7 who fell in the ,indian ,mutiny4 ,the colours of the regiment show the names of ,waterloo and ,lucknow4 ,illustration3 ,,interior ,,of ,,the ,,nave ,,in ,,the ,,last ,,century 7,,from ,a ,,print ,,in ,,the ,,british ,,museum74 ,the ,choir ,screen4--,this is the work of ,bishop ,stapledon1 and was probably completed about #acbd4 ,the ,dean and ,chapter anticipated the admiration which this screen would cause in after ages1 and we read that they presented ,william ,canon1 the executor of the marble work1 ,l#d1 out of their courtesy4 ,high above the screen1 as we learn from the ,fabric ,rolls1 the rood with ,mary and ,john rested on an iron bar4 ,illustration3 ,,choir ,,screen1 ,,looking ,n4,e4 7,,from ,,britton',s ',,exeter1' #ahbf74 ,the paintings within the panels above the beautifully carved spandrils have little interest or merit1 though it is thought that they date from the same period as the screen itself4 ,it is difficult1 however1 to believe that they can be so old1 or that such good and bad work could belong to the same period4 ,james ,i4 introduced into the foliage of the spandrils the rose and thistle2 but this uncalled-for emendation was summarily removed in the year #ahge4 ,the side arches of the screen were at one period filled up with thick walls1 and two strong doors barred the arch of entrance1 but this was altered by the restorers in #ahge4 ,the ,organ was originally built by ,john ,loosemore about #affe4 ,in its existing form it is an enlarged reconstruction by ,messrs4 ,willis1 the old instrument being incorporated in it as a choir-organ4 ,the organ case1 which was an elegant specimen of ,renaissance woodwork1 has also undergone alteration and renovation4 ,the ,choir4--,if the chief glory with regard to the exterior of the cathedral remains undoubtedly with the designer and builder of the great towers1 the choir1 the work of ,bytton and ,stapledon1 is no less certainly the supreme glory of the interior4 ,the ,norman choir reached no farther than the third bay1 counting from the choir screen4 ,traces recently discovered seem to prove that it had an apsidal termination4 ,bishop ,marshall1 in completing ,warelwast's work1 added four bays and destroyed the triple apse4 ,it is also possible that1 as the transition period to ,early ,english was in its birth1 some of the vaulting was pointed4 ,bytton converted the choir as left by ,marshall into the ,decorated style1 inspired to the work by the success which had attended ,quivil's efforts in the easternmost bay of the nave4 ,the whole work--the transformation of the choir with its aisles--took about fifteen years to complete1 the speed and skill with which it was accomplished being due to the fact that the task was not entirely in the hands of one body of labourers4 ,it seems to have been divided into two portions1 at which the builders worked simultaneously4 ,admirable as ,quivil's work in the nave had been1 that of ,bytton in the choir is an improvement4 ,doubtless he had learnt something from the difficulties his predecessor encountered1 and knew how to avoid them4 ,at any rate1 he pushed forward the work with great vigour and boldness4 ,he formed his pillars of horizontal sections of ,purbeck marble from nine to fifteen inches thick3 five boutelles on each side presenting the appearance of twenty-five shafts bound in one4 ,in the pavement of the choir more than ten thousand tiles were used4 ,for the vaulting of the choir1 also his work1 though the honour due to him has till lately been denied1 he procured quantities of ,portland stone4 ,material for bases and capitals was imported also from ,portland3 the entry in the ,fabric ,rolls runs3 ,for the purchase of #ah great blocks of stone at ,portland for the keys or bosses1 together with #fj bases and capitals1 including carriage by sea ,l#d #af #h4 ,the colouring of the keystones was due to ,stapledon in the first year of his episcopate4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,choir1 ,,looking ,,west4 ,the ,photochrom4 ,co4 ,photo4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,choir ,,before ,,restoration 7,,from ,,an ,,engraving ,,after ,,charles ,,wild74 ,between #ahgj and #ahge the choir underwent very extensive repairs4 ,for the most part they were successful1 and if in particular instances objection may be taken1 it would be hyper-criticism to detract from their value4 ,wherever possible1 the stone was taken from the quarries used by the first builders4 ,the ,purbeck marbles especially had severely suffered1 and the mouldings and bases ruthlessly destroyed for the better accommodation of the wainscoting to the stalls2 moreover1 the differences in the nature of the stone were rendered null by a hideous yellow wash with which they had been lavishly besprinkled4 ,during the restoration the corbels and roof-bosses were cleaned and carefully repaired4 ,these1 though of the same character as those in the nave1 are both richer and more varied in design and more skilfully carved4 ,the ,choir ,stalls4--,the stalls are entirely modern1 and the work of ,sir ,gilbert ,scott4 ,originally1 no doubt1 they were similar in style to the bishop's throne1 one of the most admirable of ,stapledon's additions to the cathedral4 ,they were probably surmounted with canopies1 with an open arcade of stone behind them4 ,the modern designer has so constructed his stalls as to bear out this idea1 since as far as possible they are meant to replace the earlier ones4 ,the misericords of ,bishop ,bruere have been placed beneath the seats4 ,these misericords have not their equal in ,england4 ,they are richly carved1 representing foliage1 wild beasts1 an elephant1 men fighting1 others playing musical instruments1 and legendary monsters4 ,the introduction of an elephant proves that these misericords were not completed until after ,bruere's death in #abdd2 the elephant having been first brought into ,england in #abee4 ,there is also a representation of a knight in a swan-boat1 showing that the legend of ,lohengrin was known in ,england4 ,the ,reredos4--,this1 too1 is modern work1 and most successfully has ,earp carried out the designs of ,sir ,gilbert ,scott4 ,it is of alabaster1 inlaid with agate1 carnelian1 and jasper4 ,in the centre of the three compartments into which it is divided is the ,ascension1 the other two groups representing the ,descent of the ,holy ,ghost and the ,transfiguration4 ,as the work has met with considerable opposition1 it is well to remember ,archdeacon ,freeman's words1 he having the best of all rights to speak4 ,with its delicate canopies of alabaster1 and sculptures wrought in bold relief1 its inlay of choice marbles1 its redundance of costly stones1 and its attendant angel figures1 it enshrines a multitude of ideas well harmonizing with its place and purpose4 ,the ancient altar of ,stapledon's has long since disappeared4 ,this was mostly of silver1 the mensa only being of marble4 ,in the monument of ,leofric1 erected by ,hoker1 the historian1 was found a large slab of marble marked with crosses4 ,this possibly was a portion of ,stapledon's altar destroyed by an ,order in ,council1 #aeej 7see below1 p4 #fi74 ,the ,bishop's ,throne was ,stapledon's work1 erected in #acaf4 ,it is notable for not having a single nail in it1 being entirely fixed together with wooden pegs4 ,this magnificent sheaf of carved oak1 as it has been called1 rises to the height of fifty-seven feet4 ,the carving shows foliage and finials of great beauty1 and beneath the canopies are angel figures bearing the insignia of the ,bishop's office4 ,on one side the chalice and ,host of blessing2 on the other1 the bell1 book1 and candle that conveyed the ,bishop's curse4 ,at the date of the #ahgj restorations the throne was in a very defective state4 ,it had been covered with brown paint1 and the lower panels were not a little damaged4 ,there are traces of ancient colouring still1 but only the paintings at the base have been renovated1 which commemorate the quartette of famous bishops1 ,warelwast1 ,quivil1 ,stapledon1 and ,grandisson1 and were1 no doubt1 somewhat later than the throne itself4 ,originally the niches of the tabernacle work were filled with figures1 but these have disappeared4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,choir1 ,,looking ,,east4 ,the ,photochrom4 ,co4 ,photo4 ,illustration3 ,,sedilia ,,in ,,the ,,choir4 ,the ,photochrom4 ,co4 ,photo4 ,the ,sedilia4--,it is natural after an examination of the throne in wood to turn to ,stapledon's equally splendid achievement in stone4 ,the sedilia were most carefully restored under ,sir ,gilbert ,scott4 ,there are three arches1 each ten feet high1 of openwork1 above which is a rich display of tabernacle work4 ,the niches once contained statues1 for the sockets are visible4 ,the carving1 extraordinarily skilful and intricate1 consists of leaves and animals' heads4 ,like much of the carving in the cathedral that is attributed to this date1 it was the work of ,de ,montacute1 a ,french artist4 ,the seats are divided by metal shafts1 the terminal divisions being supported by lions4 ,it has been contended that these lions are of considerably earlier date than the rest of the work2 but there is no evidence to go upon except a fancied resemblance to ,early ,english work4 ,there seems no reason why ,stapledon should not have chosen lions as a fitting decoration1 and carved them in a style more or less traditional4 ,three small heads are carved on the back of the sedilia1 the centre one being that of ,leofric1 and on either side the heads of ,edward the ,confessor and his wife ,eadgytha4 ,it will be remembered that they were present1 with their whole court1 at the installation of ,leofric4 ,the central seat is known as ,leofric's stone1 on which he is traditionally said to have sat1 and there is an entry in the year #adah recording that twenty pence was paid for writing on the stone of my ,lord ,leofric4 ,on the triforium arcading1 just over the sedilia1 the heads of ,leofric1 ,edward1 and ,eadgytha are repeated4 ,the decoration of the choir vault is by ,messrs4 ,clayton and ,bell4 ,the attempt to give life to the roofing by gilding the bosses and painting the ribs red and blue and gold1 while the ground colour is a dull white1 is not without merit4 ,pulpit in ,choir of ,devon marbles and alabaster1 erected in #ahga4 ,the beautifully carved panels represent our ,lord blessing the children2 the ,sermon on the ,mount2 ,st4 ,peter preaching on the day of ,pentecost2 ,st4 ,paul at ,athens2 and ,st4 ,paul before ,festus4 ,the ,east ,window4--,henry de ,blakeborn1 a canon of the cathedral1 enlarged this ,gable window in the ,perpendicular style4 ,although it was damaged a good deal in ,cromwell's time1 much of the old glass remains4 ,the shields on the upper part of the window are modern1 but those at the bottom are those of the first bishops and benefactors4 ,the three centre figures in the lowest row were added in ,brantyngham's day4 ,illustration3 ,,pulpit ,,in ,,the ,,choir4 ,the ,photochrom4 ,co4 ,photo4 ,illustration3 ,,st4 ,,james' ,,chapel 7,,drawn ,,by ,h4,p4 ,,clifford74 ,st4 ,james' ,chapel4--,in the aisle on the south of the choir4 ,in the north aisle immediately opposite is the companion chapel of ,st4 ,andrew4 ,it will be noticed how frequently one part balances another throughout the building4 ,these chapels are partly ,marshall's work4 ,when the apsidal chapels were pulled down at the time the apse was destroyed1 ,marshall built the present chapels of ,st4 ,james and ,st4 ,andrew4 ,bronscombe altered them considerably1 and the first item in the ,fabric ,rolls is1 for #c windows for ,st4 ,james ,chapel #hs4 #i;d42 for glass #afs4 ,this is the last year of ,bronscombe's episcopate1 and proves he had1 at any rate1 almost finished the renovation of this chapel4 ,the most noticeable features are the upper chamber1 and the magnificent but half-destroyed monument popularly known as ,leofric's tomb4 ,the chapel contained two altars1 one dedicated to ,st4 ,james and the other probably to ,st4 ,thomas of ,canterbury4 ,nearly opposite this chapel are the effigies of two knights1 dating from the fourteenth century2 their cross-legged attitude leading to the erroneous notion that they were ,crusaders4 ,they probably represent ,humphrey de ,bohun1 father of ,margaret1 wife of ,hugh ,courtenay1 #accb1 and ,sir ,arthur ,chichester of ,raleigh1 #acja4 ,old histories describe armorial bearings painted on their shields1 but these have long since perished4 ,st4 ,andrew's ,chapel4--,opposite to1 and corresponding with that of ,st4 ,james'4 ,it was ,marshall's work originally1 like its fellow chapel1 being a substitute for one of the old apsidal chapels of the ,norman choir4 ,stapledon completed the renovations so as to make it a parallel to ,bronscombe's restored chapel of ,st4 ,james4 ,the detached shafts are clearly an imitation of the earlier bishop's work4 ,the chapel contains an upper chamber1 formerly used as a muniments room4 ,the chapel originally contained altars to ,st4 ,andrew and ,st4 ,catherine4 ,in #acje is an order of ,bytton's that chantry services should be held here for ,andrew de ,kilkenny1 late dean1 and others4 ,among the names we find that of ,henry de ,kilkenny1 who was at the time of ,bytton's order still living1 and a canon of the cathedral4 ,illustration3 ,,st4 ,,george',s ,,chapel 7,,or ,,speke',s ,,chantry74 ,,drawn ,,by ,h4,p4 ,,clifford4 ,the ,ambulatory4--,between the high altar and the ,lady ,chapel is the ambulatory4 ,it is noticeable that the shafts differ from those in other parts of the building4 ,the north and south windows are of the time of ,bishop ,bruere 7thirteenth century74 ,the architecture throughout the retrochoir is ,early ,decorated4 ,two old oak bible-boxes are attached1 one to each pillar3 though ugly and clumsy they are distinctly interesting4 ,the windows are modern and excellent4 ,messrs4 ,clayton and ,bell have seldom done anything better4 ,the colours are quite admirable and well blended4 ,two monuments of ,jacobean work are well worthy of attention4 ,concerning the subject of one1 ,jacob ,railard1 there is nothing to be learnt2 but the other1 ,john ,bidgood1 was one of the most accomplished and beneficial physicians of his age1 and was born in #afbc4 ,he was deprived of his fellowship at ,exeter ,college in #afdh for drinking of healths to the confusion of ,reformers4 ,like many another good man he had to suffer for his loyalty4 ,he obtained his doctor's degree at ,padua and won a great reputation as a skilful and humane practitioner4 ,with the ,restoration he obtained his ,oxford degree but continued to practise in his native city4 ,he died in his sixty-eighth year4 ,at the north end of the ambulatory is ,speke's ,chantry1 also called ,st4 ,george's ,chapel4 ,it is of late1 and exceedingly rich1 ,perpendicular work4 ,oliver notices that in #afeg the east window and altar were destroyed to make a passage into the great church of ,st4 ,peter's-in-the-,east1 partitioned from ,west ,peter's by a brick wall erected1 plastered1 and whitened on both sides by ,walter ,deeble1 at the expense of ,l#aej4 ,the effigy of ,sir ,john ,speke rests in the chapel2 the carving behind the figure is very elaborate4 ,his home was at ,white ,lackington in ,somersetshire1 and he was the owner of ,brampford ,speke near ,exeter4 ,to secure the observance of his and his wife's obit1 he endowed the chapel with the lands1 tenements1 and hereditaments in ,langford1 ,frehead1 and ,ashill1 in ,somersetshire4 ,the north window is to the memory of ,archdeacon ,bartholomew1 and was placed here in #ahfe4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,lady ,,chapel4 ,the ,photochrom4 ,co4 ,photo4 ,at the other end of the ambulatory is ,bishop ,oldham's ,chantry1 dedicated to our ,saviour4 ,it was richly restored by ,bishop ,oldham1 who also restored the ,speke--or ,st4 ,george--,chantry immediately opposite4 ,it is to this bishop we owe the delicate and elegant screening which imparts distance and veiling to all nine chapels and to ,prior ,sylke's chantry in the north transept4 ,the walls and vaulting are richly decorated1 and the panelling and rebus at the north-east corner contain a rebus on the bishop's name 7oul-dom71 being decorated with owls4 ,in accordance with his object in restoring the chapel1 his body was buried there and his effigy lies in a niche of the south wall4 ,oldham was a part founder of ,corpus ,christi ,college1 ,oxford1 by whose orders the chapel was restored some years ago4 ,he settled the arms of the see--gules1 a sword erect in pale argent1 pommelled and hilted or1 surmounted with two keys in saltire of the last4 ,he was a native of ,manchester1 founded the grammar school there1 and held the post of warden4 ,he was a man of very methodical habits1 according to ,hoker4 ,he dined regularly at eleven1 and supped at five4 ,to ensure precision he had a house clock to strike the hours and a servant to look after it4 ,should his lordship be prevented by important business from coming to table at the appointed time1 the servant would delay the clock's striking the hour until he knew that his master was ready4 ,sometimes1 if asked what was the hour1 he would humorously answer1 ',as your lordship pleaseth1' at which the bishop would smile and go away4 ,the ,lady ,chapel4--,it has been suggested that this chapel occupies the site of the choir in the old cathedral of ,leofric4 ,the earliest mention of it is in a deed of ,bishop ,bruere's in #abcg4 ,it was remodelled by ,bronscombe and ,quivil4 ,but the two pointed arches with solid piers--totally different from any others in the ,cathedral--dividing the ,chapel from the side chapels1 though their moulding has been altered very considerably in order to tally with a later style1 show evidence of much earlier date4 ,the shafts are of ,purbeck marble1 and the windows1 arranged as in the nave1 contain the last importation of glass from abroad1 save that in the transeptal windows1 used in the cathedral4 ,the bosses in the eastern bay1 with the evangelists' emblems and head of ,christ1 should be noticed4 ,the elaborate fourteenth century reredos is the work of ,grandisson4 ,the central niche contained a figure of the ,virgin1 before which a lamp was suspended4 ,the sedilia and double piscina on the south side are interesting4 ,the ,lady ,chapel contains several monumental tombs of interest4 ,beneath the arches conducting to the side chapels are the effigies of ,bishops ,bronscombe and ,stafford4 ,bronscombe died in #abhj1 ,stafford in #adai2 but with a regard to symmetry1 which is conspicuous in the cathedral1 the earlier effigy of ,bronscombe was raised and provided with a new canopy to correspond with ,stafford's tomb on the opposite side4 ,bronscombe lies on the south side1 at the entrance to1 or the north side of1 his chapel of ,st4 ,gabriel4 ,the colouring on the effigy must have been uncommonly splendid1 and even the remnants of the patterns have not faded out of all beauty4 ,illustration3 ,,bishop ,,bronscombe',s ,,monument 7,,from ,,britton',s ',,exeter1' #ahbf74 ,stafford's tomb is on the north side at the entrance to the chapel of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen4 ,it has had to contend with severer enemies than old age1 but shockingly as the effigy has suffered1 it still preserves something of its original beauty and stateliness4 ,the attitude is simple2 the gloved hands of the bishop are joined over his breast in an attitude of prayer4 ,the face is thin and ascetic1 its saintly austerity being rendered more noticeable owing to the rich mitre that crowns the head4 ,the folds of the robe are managed with a consummate simplicity and skill4 ,in ,leland's ,itinerary the bishop's epitaph is preserved3 ,hic jacet ,edmundus de ,stafforde intumulatus1 ,quondam profundus legum doctor reputatus1 ,verbis facundus1 ,comitum de stirpe creatus1 ,felix et mundus ,pater hujus ,pontificatus4 ,tomb of ,sir ,john and ,lady ,doddridge4--,sir ,john ,doddridge came of an old ,devonshire family1 for in #abhe one ,walter ,doddridge and his wife surrendered to the ,dean and ,chapter of ,exeter a right of entrance into the close from their house in ,high ,street4 ,fuller says of him that it were hard to say1 whether he was better artist1 divine1 ,cure1 or ,common ,lawyer1 though he fixed on the last for his publick ,profession4 ,he was second justice of the ,king's ,bench1 and gained great renown as a judge of stern integrity4 ,sir ,john was three times married1 the lady whose effigy is here represented being his third wife1 ,dorothy1 daughter of ,sir ,amias ,bampfylde4 ,she died in #afae4 ,sir ,john1 who became a judge of the ,king's ,bench1 lived till #afbh4 ,he won the nickname of the sleepy judge1 for he always closed his eyes in court1 the better to keep his attention fixed on the case4 ,the monument is very elaborate1 and if not beautiful is well worth attention on account of its technical qualities and the probable accuracy of its representation4 ,the dress of ,lady ,dorothy ,doddridge exhibits a good example of costume2 the skirt embroidered with pansies and carnations2 the ruff and cuffs showing old ,devonshire bone lace4 ,it was no doubt copied from one of the lady's actual gowns4 ,on the south side of the ,lady ,chapel are two most interesting monuments of early bishops4 ,that towards the east has been assigned to ,bartholomew ,iscanus 7#aafa-hd71 but in all probability it represents one of his far earlier predecessors4 ,the sculpture is almost archaic in style1 the mitre low1 the face bearded1 and the type extraordinarily ,byzantine4 ,the left hand holds the pastoral staff1 the point of which impales a winged dragon1 with a sphinx-like head1 at his feet4 ,in the angles of the archway at the tomb are the figures of two angels with censers4 ,the other tomb is that of ,simon de ,apulia 7d4 #abbc74 ,it presents a great contrast to that just described4 ,the great advance made in the art of sculpture is noticeable in the more human character of the face1 which is clean shaven1 and the more skilful management of the hands4 ,the artist1 too1 seems to have courted difficulties1 for the bishop's robe and mitre are richly jewelled1 and the foliage and animal at his feet1 though conventional1 are most elaborately designed4 ,illustration3 ,,screen ,,of ,,st4 ,,gabriel',s ,,chapel4 ,bishop ,peter ,quivil 7#abia74--,this tombstone in the centre of the pavement was restored here in #ahbj on the representation of ,mr4 ,john ,jones of ,franklyn2 the cross and letters were re-cut under his directions4 ,the epitaph is ,petra tegit ,petrum1 nihil officiat sibi tetrum1 and ,westcott in his ,view of ,devon writes1 which verse was written in an ancient character1 each letter distant from the other at least four inches2 so that this short verse supplied the whole large circumference1 and cost me some labour in finding out and reading it4 ,certainly this is one of the most interesting memorials in the cathedral2 indeed1 it may be well considered the most interesting1 for it is dedicated to the man by whose genius the whole great design was begotten4 ,its simplicity is noteworthy4 ,but ,quivil required no elaborate sepulture2 the cathedral itself is his mighty monument1 since it was he who founded-- ,a fane more noble than the vestal trod-- ,the ,christian's temple1 to the ,christian's ,god4#d #d ,richard ,clarke ,sewell1 #ahbe1 ,magdalen ,college4 ,st4 ,gabriel's ,chapel4--,this chapel was transformed by ,bishop ,bronscombe 7#abeg-hj74 ,the vaulting has been recoloured in conformity with the ancient tints and patterns4 ,the chapel contained several monuments1 but these have been removed to other parts of the cathedral4 ,bronscombe transformed the chapel that it might be used for his burial place4 ,st4 ,gabriel was his patron saint1 and he caused the day of the archangel to be celebrated with honours similar to ,easter ,day and ,christmas ,day4 ,there is some old glass in the windows4 ,note the kneeling figure of the bishop with the scroll3 ,o ,sancte ,gabriel ,archangele1 intercede pro gratia4 ,the skilful restoration of the south window with pieces of old glass is one of the most happy results of later work in the cathedral4 ,the altar slab marked with five crosses1 appears to have been used in ,leofric's monument1 where it was found in the last century4 ,it was placed here by ,dean ,cowie4 ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen ,chapel1 first mentioned in the ,fabric ,rolls for #abhd4 ,it was probably ,marshall's work originally1 ,bronscombe further improved it1 and ,quivil entirely remodelled it4 ,with the exception of the ,perpendicular screen shutting it off from the north aisle1 it is of the same date as the ,lady ,chapel4 ,the north window is ,bronscombe's work1 and the still finer east window1 containing a good deal of the early fifteenth-century glass1 is ,quivil's4 ,the chapel originally contained an altar to ,st ,john the ,evangelist and a figure of the ,magdalene1 for in ,bishop ,lacy's register are the words1 extra vestibulum coram ymagine ,sanctae ,marie ,magdalene4 ,on the floor of the chapel is a brass to ,canon ,langton1 dated #adac4 ,he was a cousin of ,bishop ,stafford4 ,he is represented kneeling1 clothed in a most rich cope and alb1 on which is designed the ,stafford knot4 ,his hands are met in prayer4 ,the epitaph only gives the date of his death1 and refers to his relationship with the above-named bishop4 ,in this chapel also is a magnificent monument to ,sir ,gawain ,carew and his wife1 and their nephew1 ,sir ,peter4 ,it is in two parts3 on the upper lie the figures of ,sir ,gawain and his dame1 on the lower that of the more famous nephew1 with his legs crossed1 an unusual position for a figure on so late a tomb4 ,sir ,peter and his uncle took an active part in quashing the rebellion that disturbed the western counties in the reign of ,edward ,,vi4 ,the former died at ,waterford1 in ,ireland1 #aege4 ,sir ,peter ,carew sat on the ,king's ,commission of #aeeb1 which summoned the ,dean and ,chapter to the bishop's palace1 then and there to answer all demands and questions concerning the jewells plate and other ornaments of your cathedrall churche4 ,in #aheg the monument was admirably restored by the members of the ,carew family1 the whole being gilded and coloured4 ,,tombs ,,in ,,the ,,choir ,,and ,,choir ,,aisles4 ,the first tomb to notice on the north side of the choir is that of the murdered bishop1 ,stapledon4 ,the canopy was judiciously restored at the beginning of the century4 ,from beneath it one observes a great image of ,christ1 the pierced hands raised to bless4 ,the wounded feet stand upon a sphere1 possibly to represent ,his dominion over the world1 and an insignificant earthly king1 in scarlet robes1 seems to take refuge in the shadow of the ,saviour4 ,beneath the canopy lies the figure of the bishop1 grasping the crozier in his left hand and a book in his right4 ,the keys upon his sleeve represent the arms of the see4 ,above the monument the arms of the bishop figure on the choir screen1 and over the tombs of ,lacy and ,marshall the same plan has been observed4 ,this screen was erected about the close of the fourteenth century4 ,below the sacrarium1 on the north1 are the tombs of the ,elizabethan bishop1 ,william ,bradbridge1 and that of ,bishop ,lacy 7#adbj-ee74 ,his arms1 ,three shovellers heads erased1 may be seen on the screen work above it4 ,the tomb is despoiled of the brass that once adorned it--said to have been taken out by the ,reformation ,dean1 ,simon ,hayes 7who also despoiled ,st4 ,radegunde's ,chapel71 because pilgrims resorted to ,lacy's tomb1 and regarded him as a saint4 ,the next tomb1 that of ,marshall1 is of peculiar interest1 and it is unfortunate that a good view is not easily attainable4 ,it has been pointed out by a specialist that the ornament on the chasuble is almost unique1 reminding one of the foliage in ,early ,english work4 ,the medallions at the side are especially interesting4 ,at the west1 near the ,speke ,chantry1 is the remarkable monument1 generally supposed to be the tomb of ,sir ,richard de ,stapledon1 an elder brother of the great bishop whose tragic death we have already described in the first chapter of this book4 ,he was a lawyer and one of his ,majesty's judges4 ,prince's quaint description of his tomb is worth quoting in full3 ,in a niche in the wall is a monument erected to his ,memory1 representing his ,figure lively cut in stone sitting on horseback2 where is cut out also in the same1 a cripple taking hold of the foreleg of his horse3 which seems to confirm the ,tradition1 ,that a certain ,cripple1 as ,sir ,richard was riding into the ,city of ,london with his ,brother1 lying at the gate1 laid hold on one of his ,horse's ,fore-legs1 and by crossing of it threw ,horse and ,rider to the ,ground2 by which means he was soon slain2 and that from this occasion the place obtain'd the name of ,cripple-gate1 which it retains to this day4 ,it is a pity so quaint a story belongs to the realm of legend1 for there is no substantial proof forthcoming of its truth4 ,illustration3 ,,tomb ,,of ,,bishop ,,stapledon4 ,the next monument on this side is an emaciated figure1 or ,memento ,mori1 a gruesome style popular in the fifteenth century4 ,it may have been intended for a cenotaph of ,bishop ,bothe1 the legend1 nearly erased1 at the top1 being the same as that on his brass in the church of ,east ,horsley1 ,surrey1 where he is buried4 ,illustration3 ,,monument ,,of ,,bishop ,,marshall 7,,from ,,britton',s ',,exeter1' #ahbf74 ,the monument to ,anthony ,harvey of ,colomb ,john is of no great interest1 being poorly designed4 ,its date is #aefd4 ,harvey was steward of the abbeys of ,hartland1 ,buckland1 and ,newenham at the time when the religious houses were suppressed4 ,he is said to have amassed very considerable wealth2 for1 in addition to the profits derived from the spoliation of the above monasteries1 he received from ,henry ,,viii considerable lands belonging to the abbey of ,tewkesbury1 which he sold1 probably most advantageously1 to a clothier of ,crediton4 ,harvey was connected with the ,carews through the marriage of his daughter1 and heiress1 with ,george ,carew1 ,dean of ,exeter1 the notorious pluralist4 ,their son1 ,harvey's grandson1 was created ,earl of ,totnes1 but died without issue4 ,at the west end of the south aisle is the monument of ,bishop ,gary 7#afba-bf7 and a mural tablet commemorating ,robert ,hall1 eldest son of ,bishop ,hall1 and treasurer of the cathedral4 ,to him ,exeter owes a perpetual debt of gratitude1 for1 when the city surrendered to ,fairfax in #afdf1 he took down the ,bishop's ,throne and concealed it 7buried it according to local tradition71 and after the ,restoration was able to re-erect in its proper place the most magnificent ,bishop's throne in ,england4 ,neither the effigy of ,bishop ,cotton 7#afba7 nor the angel resting on the sarcophagus of ,bishop ,weston--a typical ,georgian monument--are of much intrinsic merit4 ,flaxman's statue to ,general ,simcox1 the hero of the ,queen's ,rangers in the ,american ,war1 is the only other notable monumental achievement in the south choir aisle4 ,the ,peter1 or ,great ,bell1 of ,exeter is said to have been a gift of ,bishop ,courtenay's4 ,this opinion is very much disputed1 as the ,fabric ,rolls show that there were bells here in the time of ,edward ,,ii4 ,as early as #acea is an entry of #fs4 for mending the ,peter ,bell4 ,again in #adec1 twenty-five years before ,courtenay was created bishop1 mention is made of the spending of twenty pence in una bauderick pro ,maxima ,campana in ,campanili ,boreali4 ,oliver1 however1 acutely points out that this last entry is dated the very year that ,courtenay was appointed ,archdeacon of ,exeter1 and suggests that on that occasion he may have offered such valuable presents4 ,on the #eth ,november1 #afaa1 the bell was crazed1 but was recast in #afgf4 ,its reputed weight is #ab1ejj lb4 ,if this is correct1 it is the second largest bell in ,england4 ,great ,tom of ,christ ,church1 ,oxford1 is more than #e1jjj lb4 heavier1 but it easily exceeds its other rivals1 ,tom of ,lincoln and the ,great ,bell of ,st4 ,paul's1 which weigh respectively #aa1bif lb4 and #h1djj lb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chapter ,house lies at the south end of the transept beyond the ,chapel of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the lower part of the room is the original building of the early thirteenth century1 between #abbd and #abdd1 and the face of the wall is decorated with ,early ,english arcades separated by delicate shafts4 ,this building probably had a stone vaulted roof4 ,lacy heightened it1 adding lofty ,perpendicular windows2 and the whole is completed by a rich tie-beam roof1 partly the work of ,bishop ,bothe 7#adfe-gh71 whose arms1 with ,lacy's1 are painted on it 7see p4 #ac74 ,the east window1 recently restored1 contains many coats of arms in ancient glass4 ,among these is the ,austrian eagle quartered with the lion of ,bohemia1 reminding us that ,richard1 ,earl of ,cornwall1 brother of ,henry ,,iii1 and lord of ,rougemont ,castle1 ,exeter1 was about #abfj elected ,king of the ,romans1 thus associating ,exeter with the highest secular honour then known to ,europe4 ,the ,cloister4--,archdeacon ,freeman thinks that originally the cloister was confined to the east side1 as a necessary communication between the chapter house and the great south door of the nave4 ,during ,stapledon's time a desire had been evinced to enlarge this cloister2 and in #acbc there is a record to the effect that eight heads had been carved for vaulting the cloister4 ,in the ,fabric ,rolls are entries that show the work of building proceeded with some activity and considerable cheapness4 ,here are a few extracts that are interesting3 ,twenty-five horse-loads of sand for the cloister1 #i;d4 ,a thousand lath nails and healing pins for do4 ,s4 ,clifford sculpanti #ah capites #c_/i3 #aj do4 #b_/-4 ,by #acdb the work was probably finished to the north1 and forty years later the whole must have been completed4 ,it has been said that the old cloister was inferior to those of ,worcester and ,gloucester4 ,but they must have had considerable merit if ,mr4 ,pearson's restoration really represents1 and there is little doubt it does1 the old structure4 ,it is curious that the cloister1 certainly the least offensive and not the most beautiful part of the cathedral1 should have suffered so severely at the hands of the ,puritans4 ,for on the whole the cathedral proper escaped with but small damage4 ,professor ,freeman1 in discussing the alleged desecrations suffered by ,st4 ,mary and ,st4 ,peter1 after the entrance of ,fairfax and his army into the city1 writes thus3 ,the account in ,mercurius ,rusticus1 which has given vogue to the common story is wholly untrue4 ,he further adds3 ,some fanatic soldier may1 indeed1 according to the story1 have broken off the head of ,queen ,elizabeth1 mistaking her for our ,lady4 ,but no general mutilation or desecration took place at this time4 ,and at ,exeter1 one form of mutilation1 which specially affected the west front1 was not the work of enemies but of devotees4 ,for ages the country folk who came into the city loved to carry home a ,peter stone for the healing of their ailments4 ,it is only fair to add that ,archdeacon ,freeman refers in very different language to the result of the occupation by the ,puritans1 but though the decorative portions of the cloister may have suffered1 we cannot account for the disappearance of the exterior walls without a better reason for their destruction4 ,it should be noted1 however1 that in the fifteenth century the ,dean and ,chapter bitterly complained of the conduct of the ,exeter boys1 who played unlawfull games as the toppe1 queke1 penny pryke most atte tenys in the cloister1 whereby they were defowled the glas windows all to-brost4 ,but at this time the cathedral and municipal authorities were far from friendly to each other4 ,dr4 ,oliver writes of the ruins in his day that they have disappeared with the exception of part of a fluted column at the west corner of the carpenter's shop4 ,with the debris small and mean houses were built4 ,on the #cjth of ,october1 #afeg1 we are given a hint as to what may have been the meaning of this wanton destruction4 ,apparently the ground set apart for the convenience of the studious and contemplative was found to have valuable attributes as a market-place1 for on the above day the ,friday cloth market for serges and other drapery was ordered to be held in this place4 ,commerce did not triumph for long1 though1 as only three years later the buyers and sellers were bundled back into ,south ,street4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,east ,,gate1 ,,pulled ,,down ,,in #aghd4 ,a large number of bosses and carvings of the original structure1 discovered during the recent excavations1 have been skilfully incorporated by ,mr4 ,pearson in his restoration4 ,above the cloister is a library containing #h1jjj volumes1 many of them bequeathed by the late ,chancellor ,harrington4 ,the ,close4--,this was an important adjunct to all cathedrals in the days following the ,conquest4 ,we have seen that on one occasion at least the cathedral church of ,exeter was severely bombarded1 with the result that the northern tower differs considerably from the southern in places4 ,the church1 then1 we may presume1 was intended to be used1 when necessary1 as a fortress3 but as it was also something else very different1 this necessity was rather shunned than courted4 ,therefore it was customary to separate the church from the world by walls and gates of proved strength4 ,this space so secured formed an outer fortress1 against which the attacks of an enemy must1 perforce1 have been directed first4 ,it placed entirely in the hands of the clergy the defence of their own church1 a task they were quite capable of performing with credit2 for ,matthew ,paris tells us of one bishop of ,exeter1 ,bruere1 that he displayed activity both spiritual and temporal in the ,holy ,land4 ,the defence of the city1 that of the sacred building being thus provided for1 was the business of the captains and men-at-arms4 ,the walls and gates of the close have vanished1 without leaving a trace of their existence4 ,one privilege1 however1 yet haunts the place--the corporation have no jurisdiction over it4 ,in the close at the north side of the cathedral has been placed a statue of ,richard ,hooker1 the theologian 7#aeec-afjj71 author of ,the ,laws of ,ecclesiastical ,polity4 ,the ,judicious ,hooker was born in ,exeter1 and was a nephew of ,john ,vowel1 alias ,hoker1 ,chamberlain and ,historian of the city4 ,the ,cathedral ,library was founded by ,leofric himself4 ,one of his principal reasons for translating the see from ,crediton to ,exeter being his fear lest the valuable books he had collected should at any time be destroyed by raiders in an unfortified town4 ,when1 in the beginning of the seventeenth century1 ,sir ,thomas ,bodley1 himself a native of ,exeter1 founded the ,bodleian ,library at ,oxford1 the ,dean and ,chapter of ,exeter presented to it a large number of books and manuscripts1 many of which had belonged to ,leofric4 ,fortunately one volume remained in ,exeter1 overlooked by owners then unaware of its value1 possibly of its very existence4 ,this volume1 ,the ,exeter ,book1 is the greatest treasure possessed by the ,dean and ,chapter1 being an ,anglo-,saxon manuscript1 containing almost a third of all the ,anglo-,saxon literature that is known4 ,the contents include ,cynewulf's ,christus1 a poem on the life of our ,lord2 some legends of saints2 and a quaint collection of riddles and jokes4 ,the ink of its writing1 nearly one thousand years old1 is as fresh as if it had been inscribed but recently4 ,as already mentioned1 the muniments room was formerly above ,st4 ,andrew's ,chapel4 ,at a later date the library was placed in the ,lady ,chapel1 and was thence removed to the chapter house4 ,towards the end of the last century ,canon ,cook and ,chancellor ,harrington left their valuable libraries to the ,dean and ,chapter1 and in order to accommodate the books ,dean ,cowie restored the south side of the cloister1 and built a new library over it4 ,here may be seen the ,exeter ,book1 the ,exeter ,domesday1 ,grandisson's ,ordinale1 ,lacy's ,pontifical1 and other beautiful examples of illumination4 ,also the original charter of ,edward the ,confessor appointing ,leofric ,bishop of ,exeter1 signed by the ,king and ,queen1 ,earl ,godwin1 and a notable group of ,saxon ,thanes4 ,among the printed books are a ,first ,folio of ,shakespeare1 and the sealed ,prayer ,book of ,king ,charles ,,ii4 ,the library is open to the public after ,matins on ,tuesdays and ,fridays4 ,the ,palace is a building so closely associated with the cathedral as to demand a brief notice4 ,in it is the chapel of ,st4 ,mary1 which seems to have been frequently used in preference to the cathedral for the celebration of espiscopal functions4 ,ordination services were often held within its walls4 ,it was originally built that services might be said there for the repose of the souls of dead bishops of ,exeter4 ,a document is quoted by ,oliver1 in which the parish of ,alwyngton is called upon to pay the officiating chaplain a yearly sum of four marks and that of ,harberton two4 ,this chapel1 now restored1 is used for domestic purposes4 ,but at one time it was clearly regarded as pertaining to the cathedral1 for the ,dean and ,chapter1 on the festival of ,st4 ,faith1 presented to it a pair of wax candles4 ,brantyngham1 in #acha1 mentions the fructus et proventus cantariae infra ,palatium nostrum ,exonie1 pro animabus predecessorum nostorum ipsius fundatorum4 ,the old entrance was under the great archway1 and battlements1 by gracious permission of royalty1 surrounded the whole4 ,in the great hall feasts were held for #ajj poor people2 but the palace now is shorn of a good deal of its grandeur4 ,the ,ecclesiastical ,commissioners in #ahde decided to rebuild and repair what remained4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bishop',s ,,palace4 ,alfred ,pumphrey ,photo4 ,,the ,,diocese ,,of ,,exeter4 ,a chronological list of the bishops of the diocese1 from the days of ,leofric1 when the seat of the bishopric was removed from ,crediton1 to our own day1 when the diocese of ,truro has been carved out from that of ,exeter1 is here given briefly1 since the more notable holders of the see have been already mentioned in the first chapter4 ,leofric 7#ajdf-ajgb74 ,in #ajej the see was removed from ,crediton and the new ,see of ,exeter founded4 ,osbern 7#ajgb-aajc74 ,no alterations were made to the building during this period4 ,the bishop was admired for his simplicity of ,english manners and habits1 for although ,norman by birth he had been educated in ,england4 ,william ,warelwast 7#aajg-aacf71 a nephew of ,william the ,conqueror1 began to demolish the ,saxon ,church4 ,to him may be attributed the towers1 choir1 apse1 and nave of the ,norman building4 ,the story of his blindness1 and of his being sent on an embassy to ,rome1 rests on somewhat slender authority4 ,robert ,chichester 7#aach-aaee7 was promoted from the deanery of ,salisbury at the ,council of ,northampton4 ,he continued ,warelwast's work4 ,robert ,warelwast 7#aaee-aafj7 was a nephew of the former bishop of that name4 ,bartholomaeus ,iscanus 7#aafa-aahd71 a native of ,exeter1 was of humble birth4 ,he is said to have been an enemy of ,becket's and was called by ,pope ,alexander ,,iii4 the luminary of the ,english ,church4 ,john the ,chaunter 7#aahf-aaia7 continued the buildings which had been suspended during the last episcopate4 ,henry ,marshall 7#aaid-abjf71 brother to the ,earl of ,pembroke1 ,marshal of ,england1 was promoted from ,york1 of which cathedral he was dean4 ,he completed the buildings as designed by the first ,warelwast4 ,to him we owe the ,lady ,chapel1 the larger choir1 the north porch1 cloister doorway1 and six chapels4 ,he assisted at the coronation of ,king ,richard at ,winchester in #aaid1 and at that of ,john in #aaii4 ,simon de ,apulia 7#abad-abbc74 ,but little is recorded of this bishop4 ,he assisted at ,henry ,,iii4's coronation at ,gloucester when the king was a lad of ten4 ,to him also is attributed the fixing of the boundaries of the city parishes4 ,his tomb is in the ,lady ,chapel4 ,william ,bruere 7#abbd-abdd7 served as ,precentor of ,exeter before he was made bishop4 ,to him are due the chapter house and stalls in the old choir4 ,for five years he was in the ,holy ,land1 and ,matthew ,paris writes of his energy and untiring devotion in administering to the wants of his countrymen4 ,richard ,blondy 7#abde-abeg74 ,according to ,hoker this bishop was the son of ,hilary ,blondy1 ,mayor of ,exeter in #abbg4 ,walter ,bronescombe 7#abeg-abhj71 a native of ,exeter1 was only in deacon's orders when chosen bishop4 ,he restored the chapels of ,st4 ,gabriel1 ,st4 ,mary ,magdalene and ,st4 ,james4 ,he also founded a college at ,glasney and restored the establishment of ,crediton to much of its former splendour4 ,peter ,quivil 7#abhj-abia7 was born in ,exeter1 and a protege of ,bronescombe's4 ,his first preferment was as ,archdeacon of ,st4 ,david's1 from whence he was promoted bishop of his native city4 ,he it was who designed the ,decorated cathedral and transformed transepts with chapels1 eastern bay of the nave1 and the ,lady ,chapel4 ,thomas de ,bytton 7#abib-acjg7 continued ,quivil's work1 transforming the choir and its aisles4 ,he was a native of ,gloucestershire and had been ,dean of ,wells4 ,an indulgence of forty days was granted by the ,pope1 ,boniface ,,viii41 three archbishops and five bishops1 to all who should pray for his prosperity4 ,the rules he made for the government of the collegiate church at ,crediton won general approval4 ,walter de ,stapledon 7#acjh-acbf7 was ,professor of ,canon ,law at ,oxford and a chaplain to ,pope ,clement ,v4 ,he was killed by a ,london mob4 ,the transformed choir transepts are his work1 and he erected the organ screen1 bishop's throne1 and sedilia4 ,during his episcopate1 also1 the cloisters were begun4 ,james ,berkeley 7#acbf-acbg71 ,archdeacon of ,huntingdon1 and grandson of ,william de ,ferrers1 ,earl of ,derby1 died a few weeks after his consecration4 ,john ,grandisson 7#acbg-acfi7 was born in ,herefordshire1 of good family4 ,his long tenure of the see is one of the most memorable chapters in the history of ,exeter4 ,the fatal ,black ,death occurred during his episcopacy1 #acdh-acfi4 ,he inherited the transforming zeal of his predecessors and set his seal on the six western bays of the nave1 the great west windows1 and the vaulting and the aisles4 ,he completed the north cloister4 ,thomas ,brantyngham 7#acgj-acid7 was educated at the ,court of ,edward ,,iii41 and was a canon of ,exeter when chosen bishop4 ,he was a constant adviser of the king1 only being released from his privy council and parliamentary duties when his advanced age made them irksome to him4 ,he was very busy in all the affairs of the diocese1 but found time to complete the cloisters1 east window1 and west front4 ,edmund ,stafford 7#acie-adai7 came of a greatly distinguished family4 ,he was a canon of ,york when ,pope ,boniface ,,ix4 advanced him to the ,see of ,exeter4 ,for a time he served the king as ,lord ,high ,chancellor4 ,he has been abused by ,campbell in his ,lives of the ,lord ,chancellors of ,england3 but there seems little doubt that he deserved the reputation he certainly got of being learned1 grave1 and wise1 and very well accounted generally of all men4 ,to him are attributed the canopies over the tombs in the ,lady ,chapel4 ,john ,ketterick or ,catterick 7#adai7 died at ,florence a month after his appointment4 ,edmund ,lacy 7#adbj-adee71 composer of an office in honour of the ,archangel ,raphael1 left a saintly reputation1 and pilgrimages were1 for long1 made to his tomb4 ,according to ,canon ,freeman he raised the chapter house and glazed the nave windows4 ,george ,neville 7#adeh-adfe7 was a son of the ,earl of ,salisbury4 ,he was ,chancellor of ,oxford1 and only twenty-four when made bishop4 ,though for several years ,lord ,high ,chancellor1 and translated to ,york1 he died in disgrace and comparative poverty4 ,john ,bothe 7#adfe-adgh7 was the son of a ,cheshire knight4 ,he has often1 but wrongly1 been credited with being the donor of the throne4 ,with more certainty the roof of the chapter house has been acknowledged as his work4 ,peter ,courtenay 7#adgh-adhf71 son of ,sir ,philip ,courtenay of ,powderham1 had been ,archdeacon of ,exeter and ,wiltshire1 and ,dean of ,windsor and ,exeter before he was appointed ,bishop of ,exeter4 ,he assisted at the coronation of ,richard ,,iii41 but was none the less translated1 for his services1 by ,henry to the diocese of ,winchester4 ,richard ,fox 7#adhg-adia71 the next bishop1 was held in great esteem by ,henry ,,vii41 whom he represented for a time as ,ambassador at the ,court of ,scotland4 ,he arranged the preliminaries of the marriage of ,henry's daughter ,margaret with ,james ,,iv4 ,he was translated to ,bath and ,wells1 then to ,durham1 and finally to ,winchester4 ,he is said to have refused the dignity of ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 which his godson1 ,henry ,,viii41 was anxious he should accept4 ,oliver ,king 7#adib-adie7 was ,bishop of ,exeter for a short time only1 being translated to ,bath and ,wells4 ,he began building the ,abbey ,church at ,bath1 but did not live to see much of it completed4 ,richard ,redman 7#adif-aeja7 was translated to ,exeter from ,st4 ,asaph4 ,he resigned the see on becoming ,bishop of ,ely4 ,john ,arundell 7#aejb-aejc7 was translated from the ,see of ,lichfield and ,coventry4 ,he was famous for his benevolence and hospitality4 ,he died after barely two years' tenancy of the western bishopric4 ,hugh ,oldham 7#aejd-aeai7 came of an ancient ,lancashire family4 ,a large and flourishing manufacturing town in that county bears his name4 ,he founded the grammar school in ,manchester1 and on his elevation became famous throughout the west of ,england for his learning and piety4 ,john ,vesey 7,harman7 7#aeai-aeea74 ,a lengthy account is given of this bishop in the first chapter4 ,miles ,coverdale 7#aeea-aeec7 was a famous reformer1 and revised ,tyndale's translation of the ,bible4 ,he was not popular in the diocese1 and on ,queen ,mary's accession was deprived of his see1 to the great satisfaction of his flock4 ,james ,turberville 7#aeee-aeei7 was deprived of his see on his refusal to acknowledge the ecclesiastical supremacy of ,elizabeth4 ,he had been popular in the west of ,england1 where the ,reformation was at first heartily disliked4 ,william ,alleyn 7#aefj-aegj74 ,oliver writes the surname ,alley4 ,the diocese was now so poor that he was compelled to reduce the number of canons from twenty-four to nine4 ,only by accepting the rectorship of ,honiton was the bishop himself able to support the dignity of his office4 ,he was the author of several religious books that had considerable popularity in their day4 ,william ,bradbridge 7#aegj-aegh7 is said to have speculated largely in agricultural land1 and to have died a debtor for a large amount1 including ,l#a1djj owed to ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,beyond this little is recorded of him except that he lived at ,newton ,ferrers1 of which he held the living in commendam1 which must have put his clergy to great inconvenience4 ,john ,wolton 7#aegi-aeid74 ,during ,wolton's episcopate the revenues were restored to the chapter1 the crown reserving to itself the sum of ,l#ade yearly4 ,the priest-vicars1 also1 received back from the queen the greater portion of their possessions4 ,gervase ,babington 7#aeie-aeig7 was translated from ,llandaff4 ,he remained at ,exeter but a short time4 ,he seems to have been a favourite with the queen1 who took an early opportunity to promote him to the wealthy ,see of ,worcester4 ,william ,cotton 7#aeih-afba74 ,valentine ,carey 7#afba-afbf7 had been ,master of ,christ's ,college1 ,cambridge1 and ,dean of ,st4 ,paul's4 ,joseph ,hall 7#afbg-afda7 was ,dean of ,worcester when promoted to the ,see of ,exeter4 ,he was a famous theological writer1 and was translated to ,norwich in #afda4 ,there he suffered a great deal of unmerited persecution1 which he bore bravely1 though the ill-treatment of his enemies killed him4 ,ralph ,brownrigg 7#afdb-afei71 ,master of ,st4 ,catharine's1 ,cambridge1 was bishop in troublous times4 ,he had to retire to a friend's house in ,berkshire4 ,he was elected ,preacher of the ,temple1 and was buried at the cost of the ,inn4 ,john ,gauden 7#affj-affb7 was ,master of the ,temple4 ,his title to fame is as the reputed author of the ,greek3 ,,eikon ,,basilike4 ,being the first bishop appointed after the ,restoration1 his arrival in ,exeter was gladly welcomed by the loyal citizens4 ,but he does not seem to have been a lovable man1 and was over-eager for riches4 ,he was translated to ,worcester on his complaint of poverty reaching the king's ears4 ,seth ,ward 7#affb-affg7 was already popular as dean when he succeeded ,gauden as bishop4 ,he cleared the cathedral of the small traders who desecrated the precincts1 and gave to his church the finest organ then known in ,england4 ,he was translated to ,salisbury1 and became ,chancellor of the ,order of the ,garter4 ,he obtained an enviable reputation for his good sense1 piety1 learning1 and generosity4 ,anthony ,sparrow 7#affg-afgf7 was ,master of ,king's ,college1 ,cambridge1 when consecrated bishop4 ,cosmo ,,iii4 visited ,exeter during his tenancy of the see4 ,thomas ,lamplugh 7#afgf-afhh7 seems to have been a clever politician4 ,by expressing his loyalty to ,james ,,ii41 when ,william had landed at ,torbay1 he was created ,archbishop of ,york2 thereupon he actively supported the ,prince of ,orange4 ,my ,lord1 you are a genuine old ,cavalier1 was the king's greeting4 ,one hopes the memory of those words troubled the archbishop during his three years' experience of an ill-deserved dignity4 ,jonathan ,trelawny 7#afhi-agjg7 came of a famous ,cornish family4 ,as ,bishop of ,bristol he was already famous1 for he was one of the seven bishops whose trial and acquittal hastened the downfall of the last ,stuart king4 ,he was translated to ,winchester4 ,a popular refrain1 wedded to verses by the celebrated parson ,hawker1 of ,morwenstow1 keeps his memory alive in the western counties4 ,offspring ,blackball 7#agjh-agaf7 was chiefly and honourably known as a promoter of charity schools4 ,launcelot ,blackburne 7#agag-agbd74 ,of this bishop there is little to record4 ,he was translated to the ,archbishopric of ,york in #agbd4 ,stephen ,weston 7#agbd-agdb74 ,the episcopal registers were now kept for the first time in ,english4 ,his long reign seems to have been quite uneventful1 and probably was1 therefore1 entirely successful4 ,nicholas ,claggett 7#agdb-agdf7 was translated from ,st4 ,david's4 ,george ,lavington 7#agdg-agfb74 ,frederick ,keppel 7#agfb-aggg71 a son of the ,earl of ,albemarle1 was a canon of ,windsor when appointed ,bishop of ,exeter4 ,john ,ross 7#aggh-agib74 ,william ,buller 7#agib-agif71 of an old west country family1 was promoted from the deanery of ,canterbury4 ,henry ,reginald ,courtenay 7#agig-ahjc71 translated to this see from ,bristol4 ,john ,fisher 7#ahjc-ahjg7 was tutor to the ,duke of ,kent1 father of ,queen ,victoria4 ,he was translated to ,salisbury in #ahjg4 ,george ,pelham 7#ahjg-ahbj7 was translated from ,bristol4 ,after1 according to ,oliver1 for thirteen years expecting higher preferment1 he was promoted to ,lincoln4 ,william ,carey 7#ahbj-ahcj71 head master of ,westminster ,school4 ,when he had been ten years at ,exeter he was translated to ,st4 ,asaph1 a curious reversal of the usual proceeding4 ,for although a ,welsh bishopric often led to an ,english one1 a change from ,exeter to ,st4 ,asaph could hardly have been preferment in the ordinary sense4 ,christopher ,bethell 7#ahcj-ahca74 ,exeter1 for this bishop also1 was merely a stepping-stone between ,gloucester and ,bangor4 ,henry ,phillpotts 7#ahca-ahfh7 was the most famous bishop who has held the see in this century4 ,he restored the palace1 which had fallen into a ruined condition4 ,he was energetic about the affairs of his diocese1 a born ruler of men1 and a scholar of eminence4 ,the story of his episcopate is a well-known chapter to students of the ecclesiastical history of the first half of the queen's reign4 ,frederick ,temple 7#ahfi-ahhe71 head master of ,rugby1 #aheh-ahfi2 ,bishop of ,exeter1 #ahfi2 translated to ,london1 #ahhe1 and to the ,metropolitan ,see of ,canterbury1 #ahif4 ,edward ,henry ,bickersteth 7#ahhe-aija7 was ,dean of ,gloucester when appointed bishop4 ,resigned4 ,herbert ,edward ,ryle 7#aija-aijc7 translated to ,winchester4 ,on resigning the see of ,winchester he became ,dean of ,westminster4 ,archibald ,robertson 7#aijc-aiaf74 ,resigned4 ,rupert ,ernest ,william ,gascoyne ,cecil 7#aiaf- 74 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,houses ,,in ,,fore ,,street4 ,a4 ,pumphrey ,photo4 ,,rougemont ,,castle ,,and ,,the ,,guildhall4 ,it is related that when ,gytha fled towards the river and ,william the ,conqueror marched through the eastern gate of the city1 claiming it as his prize1 he promised the citizens their lives1 goods1 and limbs4 ,but1 although he adhered strictly to his promise1 and took care that his victorious soldiers should not pillage or insult the inhabitants1 he was well aware of the supreme value of his conquest4 ,the taking of ,exeter was practically the taking of all western ,england4 ,so he determined to make his position impregnable1 and to this end set about the building of a castle on the ,red ,mount4 ,the task was not a hard one3 the ,norman engineers had little need to display their peculiar ingenuity4 ,nature had done much1 and to her work ,briton1 ,roman1 and ,englishman had made additions4 ,as ,professor ,freeman puts it3 ,the hillside was ready scarped1 the ditch was ready dug4 ,baldwin de ,molles was appointed superintendent and commander1 and so well did he carry out his trust that within a year the castle was built and the men of ,cornwall and ,devon had attacked its walls in vain4 ,perhaps because ,william had been a merciful conqueror1 not despoiling or ill-using the citizens1 perhaps because the citizens were afraid1 knowing the just man was strong and his hand heavy in anger1 the besiegers found no help within the city walls4 ,henceforth ,exeter was for the king4 ,a curious example of its loyalty was shown in the troubled days of ,king ,stephen4 ,earl ,baldwin1 from all accounts a cruel and violent man1 took arms against the king4 ,stephen demanded that the castle should be delivered up4 ,for his answer the ,earl laid in provisions1 and at the head of his followers patrolled the streets of the city threatening vengeance on those who opposed his will4 ,stephen1 speedily apprised by his faithful citizens of these riotous doings1 sent two hundred knights to confront the rebel4 ,later he came himself1 and the castle was closely besieged4 ,after three months' heavy fighting the wells in the castle gave out4 ,deprived of water1 ,baldwin1 who was brave enough1 made shift with wine1 using it both for cookery and extinguishing the fires4 ,but at last the king was victorious and1 not heeding the wise counsel of his brother ,henry of ,winchester1 permitted the followers of ,baldwin to go forth with their goods and follow what lord they would4 ,in #adhc1 ,richard ,,iii41 fearing that the west favoured the claims of ,henry1 ,earl of ,richmond1 hastened to ,exeter4 ,he was civilly greeted by ,john ,attwill1 the mayor4 ,but his coming was not very welcome1 nor did his conduct contribute to the gaiety of the inhabitants4 ,in his train was ,lord ,scrope1 whose business it was to try the rebels4 ,none could be found1 however1 save the king's brother-in-law1 ,st4 ,leger1 and his esquire1 ,john ,rame4 ,richard none the less determined to strike terror into the hearts of all who wavered in their allegiance4 ,so both men were beheaded at the ,carfax4 ,this done1 the king busied himself in studying the surrounding country1 and made careful note of the city and castle4 ,the military strength of ,rougemont pleased him1 though the name did not4 ,a west country accent1 some say1 gave it a sound like ,ridgemount1 too close an echo of his rival's title4 ,the incident is referred to by ,shakespeare in these well-known lines3 ,richmond6 when ,i last was at ,exeter1 ,the mayor in courtesy showed me the castle1 ,and called it ,rougemont--at which name ,i started2 ,because a bard of ,ireland told me once1 ,i should not live long after ,i saw ,richmond4 ,the castle was considerably injured a few years later when ,perkin ,warbeck1 at the head of his ,cornishmen1 attacked the city4 ,the fight seems to have been a long and furious one4 ,the ,north ,gate was burned1 and both there and at the ,east ,gate the rebels were temporarily successful4 ,but after the ,earl of ,devon and his retinue came to the help of the citizens the rebels were expelled and had to make their way to ,taunton1 unsuccessful4 ,henry soon afterwards arrived bringing ,perkin ,warbeck with him4 ,by his clemency towards the rebels he created real enthusiasm1 so that the prisoners hurled away their halters and cried ,god ,save the ,king4 ,by the time ,charles ,i4 came to the throne the castle was already showing gaping chinks and an aged countenance4 ,fairfax and his ,roundheads completed the ruin4 ,but it was not war only which left the building as we now see it4 ,an ivy-covered gateway is all that remains4 ,yet from its summit one has a fine view of the surrounding country1 and can readily understand of what strategical value its possession must have been in battles long ago4 ,illustration3 ,,rougemont ,,castle4 ,photochrom ,co4 ,ltd4 ,photo4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,guildhall1 ,,exeter4 ,the ,photochrom ,co4 ,photo4 ,the hand of the reformer proved stronger than that of the victorious captain4 ,what war had failed to do enterprising citizens accomplished in times of peace4 ,about the year #aggj the city fathers seem to have been animated by an unholy passion for destruction4 ,not only was the house of the ,earls of ,bedford1 a house full of historic and majestic memories1 pulled down1 but the venerable fortress attracted attention4 ,first a gateway1 then the chapel1 later the castellan's house disappeared4 ,new assize courts1 superlatively ugly1 proudly rose in their stead4 ,but even then the zeal of the reformers was not satiated4 ,ten years later the ,eastern ,gate1 with its two mighty flanking towers soaring over the picturesque house on each side with its wide and lofty ,tudor arch spanning the road1 its statue of ,henry the ,seventh1 commemorating its rebuilding after the siege by ,perkin ,warbeck--the gate which was heir to that through which the conqueror made his way--all perished1 to the great satisfaction of the ,exeter of that day2 for 'a beautiful ,vista was opened from ,st4 ,sidwell's into the ,high ,street1 a very great and necessary improvement4' ,it is easy to share ,professor ,freeman's indignation2 less easy1 unhappily1 to persuade men of our own day to deal kindly by the ancient monuments that are still left to us4 ,another building that has played a notable part in the history of the city is the ,guildhall1 of which the portico makes so pleasing an ornament to the ,high ,street4 ,the building is a picturesque medley1 ,english windows and ,italian pillars1 and ,professor ,freeman wittily suggests that it serves to remind us of the jumble of tongues characterizing much of the law business that has been done within it4 ,the present building was built in #adfd1 replacing one of earlier date4 ,there are many pictures of local interest in the hall1 and also portraits by ,sir ,peter ,lely of ,princess ,henrietta1 ,anne1 ,duchess of ,orleans1 and of ,general ,monk4 ,the ,princess was born in ,exeter1 and the portrait was presented to the city by ,charles ,,ii after the ,restoration4 ,general ,monk belonged to a ,devonshire family whose residence was near ,torrington4 ,there seems to have been at one time a guild or confraternity connected with the chapel of ,st4 ,george1 erected over the hall about the last year of ,richard ,,iii4 ,in the accounts are found entries such as this3 ,principae and others for exequis and masses said in the chapel of ,guildhall for the repose of the souls for the brothers and sisters of the fraternity of ,st4 ,george4 ,when ,richard ,,iii was nearing the end of his reign1 the roof was fortified by a gun placed in charge of ,john ,croker and ten soldiers4 ,it is a strange coincidence that the chapel should have been built at this time4 ,evidently the wise citizens were determined to protect their interests both here and hereafter4 ,,dimensions4 ,internal length #chc ft4 ,nave1 length #adj ft4 breadth 7with aisles7 #gb ft4 height #ff ft4 ,choir1 length #abc ft4 ,transept1 length #adj ft4 ,area #bi1fjj sq4 ft4 ,,index ,ambulatory1 #fa4 ,bell1 great1 #gd4 ,bishops1 list of1 #hc-hi4 ,bishop's throne1 #ef4 ,blackall1 ,offspring1 ,bishop1 #ah4 ,brantyngham1 ,th41 ,bishop1 #aa4 ,bronscombe1 ,walter1 ,bishop1 #d2 his tomb1 #ff4 ,bruere1 ,wm41 ,bishop1 #d1 #h4 ,bytton1 ,thomas de1 ,bishop1 #f1 #gh4 ,carew monument1 #gj4 ,chapels and ,chantries3 ,st4 ,andrew's1 #fa4 ,st4 ,edmund's1 #ci4 ,st4 ,gabriel's1 #fi4 ,holy ,ghost1 of the1 #dg4 ,st4 ,james'1 #ei4 ,st4 ,john ,baptist's1 #dd4 ,lady1 #fe4 ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen's1 #fi4 ,oldham's1 #fc4 ,st4 ,paul's1 #dd4 ,st4 ,radegunde's1 #cf4 ,speke's1 #fc4 ,sylke's1 #dd4 ,chapter ,house1 #ge4 ,choir1 #eb-fa4 ,choir screen1 #dh4 ,choir stalls1 #ee4 ,clock1 #dd4 ,cloister1 #ge4 ,close1 #gh4 ,corbels and ,bosses1 #cb1 #ce4 ,courtenay memorials1 #dj1 #eg4 ,dimensions1 #if4 ,doddridge ,tomb1 #fg4 ,font1 #ci4 ,gauden1 ,john1 ,bishop1 #af4 ,grandisson1 ,john1 ,bishop1 #aj2 his tomb1 #ch4 ,guildhall1 #ie4 ,hall1 ,joseph1 ,bishop1 #af4 ,lacy1 ,edmund1 ,bishop1 #ab4 ,lady ,chapel1 #fe4 ,lamplugh1 ,thomas1 ,bishop1 #ag4 ,lechlade1 ,walter de1 ,cantor1 #f4 ,leofric1 #ast ,bishop1 #c4 ,liber ,exoniensis1 #c4 ,library1 ,cathedral1 #gh4 ,marshall1 ,henry1 ,bishop1 #d4 ,minstrels' gallery1 #cf4 ,misericords1 #ee4 ,monuments1 nave1 #ci-dc2 transepts1 #dd1 #dg4 ,nave1 interior1 #ca-dc4 ,neville1 ,george1 ,bishop1 #ad4 ,oldham1 ,hugh1 ,bishop1 #ae1 #fc4 ,organ1 #eb4 ,palace1 #gi4 ,porch1 north1 #bd4 ,pulpits1 #ci1 #ei4 ,quivil1 ,peter1 ,bishop1 #e2 his tomb1 #fi4 ,radegunde1 ,st41 chapel of1 #cf4 ,reredos1 #ef4 ,richard ,,iii1 at ,exeter1 #if4 ,roof1 #bd2 interior1 #cb4 ,rougemont ,castle1 #ia4 ,sedilia1 #ef-ei4 ,simon de ,apulia1 ,bishop1 #d2 his tomb1 #fg4 ,stafford1 ,edmund1 ,bishop1 his tomb1 #ff4 ,stapledon1 ,walter de1 ,bishop1 #g-aj4 ,sylke1 his chantry1 #dd4 ,tombs3 ,bradbridge1 #ga4 ,bronscombe1 #ff4 ,stafford1 #ff4 ,sir ,john and ,lady ,doddridge1 #fg4 ,iscanus4 #fg4 ,simon de ,apulia1 #fg4 ,quivil1 #fi4 ,marshall1 #ga4 ,simcox1 #gd4 ,stapledon1 #ga4 ,towers1 #bc4 ,transept1 ,north1 #dc2 ,south1 #dd4 ,triforium1 #ce4 ,vault1 #cb4 ,vesey1 ,john1 ,bishop1 #ae4 ,ward1 ,seth1 ,bishop1 #ag4 ,warelwast1 ,bishop1 #c4 ,west ,front1 #bg-bi4 ,william ,,iii1 at ,exeter1 #ag4 ,window1 ,east1 #ei4 ,windows of nave1 #ci-dc2 tracery1 #cf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,exeter ,,cathedral ,from ,britton's ',antiquities of ,exeter4' ,,references ,,to ,,plan4 ,a4 ,b4 ,west ,doors4 ,c4 ,the ,nave4 ,d4 ,d4 ,nave ,aisles4 ,e4 ,chapel of ,st4 ,edmund4 ,f4 ,north ,porch ,g4 ,transept ,north 7,st4 ,paul's ,tower74 ,h4 ,chapel of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,i4 ,canon's ,vestry4 ,j4 ,the ,choir4 ,k4 ,k4 ,choir ,aisles4 ,l4 ,syke's ,chantry4 ,m4 ,chapel of ,st4 ,james4 ,n4 ,chapel of ,st4 ,george 7,speke's ,chantry74 ,o4 ,chapel of ,st4 ,saviour 7,bishop ,oldham's ,chantry74 ,p4 ,lady ,chapel4 ,q4 ,chapel of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen4 ,r4 ,chapel of ,st4 ,gabriel4 ,t4 ,transept ,south 7,st4 ,peter's ,tower74 ,u4 ,chapel of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,v4 ,the ,chapter ,house4 ,y4 ,st4 ,paul's ,chapel 7,north ,transept74 ,z4 ,st4 ,radegunde's ,chapel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,chiswick ,,press3 ,,charles ,,whittingham ,,and ,,griggs 7,,printers71 ,,ltd4 ,,tooks ,,court1 ,,chancery ,,lane1 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bell',s ,,cathedral ,,series ,,bangor4 ,by ,p4,b4 ,,ironside-,,bax4 ,,bristol4 ,by ,h4,j4,l4,j4 ,,masse1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,canterbury4 ,by ,,hartley ,,withers4 #ith ,edition4 ,,carlisle4 ,by ,c4,k4 ,,eley4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,chester4 ,by ,,charles ,,hiatt4 #dth ,edition4 ,,chichester4 ,by ,h4,c4 ,,corlette1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 #crd ,edition4 ,,durham4 ,by ,j4,e4 ,,bygate1 ,a4,r4,c4,a4 #dth ,edition4 ,,ely4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4,d4 ,,sweeting1 ,m4,a4 #eth ,edition4 ,,exeter4 ,by ,,percy ,,addleshaw1 ,b4,a4 #eth ,edition1 revised4 ,,glasgow4 ,by ,p4 ,,macgregor ,,chalmers4 ,,gloucester4 ,by ,h4,j4,l4,j4 ,,masse1 ,m4,a4 #fth ,edition4 ,,hereford4 ,by ,a4 ,,hugh ,,fisher1 ,a4,r4,e4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 ,,lichfield4 ,by ,a4,b4 ,,clifton4 #crd ,edition1 revised4 ,,lincoln4 ,by ,a4,f4 ,,kendrick1 ,b4,a4 #eth ,edition4 ,,llandaff4 ,by ,e4,c4 ,,morgan-,,willmott1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,,manchester4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,,norwich4 ,by ,c4,h4,b4 ,,quennell4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 ,,oxford4 ,by ,rev4 ,,percy ,,dearmer1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 ,,peterborough4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4,d4 ,,sweeting1 ,m4,a4 #dth ,edition1 revised4 ,,ripon4 ,by ,,cecil ,,hallet1 ,b4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,rochester4 ,by ,g4,h4 ,,palmer1 ,b4,a4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 ,,st4 ,,albans4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a4 ,,st4 ,,asaph4 ,by ,p4,b4 ,,ironside-,,bax4 ,,st4 ,,david',s4 ,by ,,philip ,,robson1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,st4 ,,patrick',s1 ,,dublin4 ,by the ,rt4 ,rev4 the ,,bishop ,,of ,,ossory1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,st4 ,,paul',s4 ,by ,rev4 ,,arthur ,,dimock1 ,m4,a4 #eth ,edition1 revised4 ,,salisbury4 ,by ,,gleeson ,,white4 #fth ,edition1 revised4 ,,southwark1 ,,st4 ,,saviour',s4 ,by ,,george ,,worley4 ,,southwell4 ,by ,rev4 ,,arthur ,,dimock1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 ,,wells4 ,by ,rev4 ,,percy ,,dearmer1 ,m4,a4 #fth ,edition1 revised4 ,,winchester4 ,by ,p4,w4 ,,sergeant4 #dth ,edition1 revised4 ,,worcester4 ,by ,,edward ,f4 ,,strange4 #crd ,edition4 ,,york4 ,by ,a4 ,,clutton ,,brock4 #fth ,edition4 ,uniform with above ,series4 ,,beverley ,,minster4 ,by ,,charles ,,hiatt4 #dg ,illustrations4 #crd ,edition4 ,,the ,,churches ,,of ,,coventry4 ,by ,,frederic ,w4 ,,woodhouse4 ,,st4 ,,martin',s ,,church1 ,,canterbury4 ,by ,rev4 ,,canon ,,routledge1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 #bd ,illustrations4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,st4 ,,mary ,,redcliffe4 ,,bristol4 ,by ,h4,j4,l4,j4 ,,masse1 ,m4,a4 ,in the ,press4 ,,stratford-,,on-,,avon4 ,by ,,harold ,,baker1 #bnd ,edition4 ,,st4 ,,bartholomew',s1 ,,smithfield4 ,by ,,george ,,worley4 ,,tewkesbury ,,abbey ,,and ,,deerhurst ,,priory4 ,by ,h4,j4,l4,j4 ,,masse1 ,m4,a4 #dd ,illustrations4 #dth ,edition4 ,,westminster ,,abbey4 ,by ,,charles ,,hiatt4 #dth ,edition4 ,,malvern ,,priory4 ,by ,,rev4 ,,anthony ,,deane4 ,,bell',s ,,handbooks ,,to ,,continental ,,churches4 ,profusely ,illustrated4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth1 #cs4 net each4 ,,chartres3 ,the ,cathedral and ,other ,churches4 ,by ,h4,j4,l4,j4 ,,masse1 ,m4,a4 ,,rouen3 ,the ,cathedral and ,other ,churches4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a4 ,,amiens4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,,perkins1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,a ,s4 ,,mont ,,st4 ,,michel4 ,by ,h4,j4,l4,j4 ,,masse1 ,m4,a4 ,,bayeux4 ,by the ,rev4 ,r4,s4 ,,mylne1 ,m4,a4 ,,london3 ,g4 ,,bell ,,and ,,sons1 ,,ltd4