file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #aidbc-;h4htm or #aidbc-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ i_/d_/b_/aidbc_/aidbc-;h_/#aidbc-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#a_/ i_/d_/b_/aidbc_/aidbc-;h4zip7 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,porcelain by ,,sara ,,ware ,,bassett ,author of ,the ,story of ,lumber ,the ,story of ,wool ,the ,story of ,leather ,the ,story of ,glass ,the ,story of ,sugar ,the ,story of ,silk etc4 ,illustrated by ,isabel ,w4 ,caley ,illustration3 ,,it ,,was ,,no ,,ordinary ,,dog ,illustration ,the ,penn ,publishing ,company ,philadelphia #aiai ,copyright #aiai by ,the ,penn ,publishing ,company ,illustration ,the ,story of ,porcelain ,to ,margaret ,huxley this book is affectionately inscribed ,,the ,,bowl ,some master-craftsman1 maker of porcelains1 to the ,emperor1 the ,son of ,heaven1 ,having attained the paradise of artists1 who mould in life and fire1 ,fashioned this day3 ,a bowl blue as the iris within the sacred gardens1 ,based with a low design of brown bare hills1 ,a pine or two new-tipped with tender needles1 ,with oak buds1 pink and saffron1 ,and birds red1 brown1 and blue4 ,into this bowl1 exquisite and perishable1 ,the ,patron of all artists heaps light and more light2 ,then holding high the brimming chalice1 quaffs1 ,and folds it in his altar-cloth of stars4 ,carl ,h4 ,grabo4 7,from the ,nation47 ,contents ,i4 ,into the ,woods ,,ii4 ,mr4 ,croyden ,keeps ,his ,promise ,,iii4 ,theo ,meets with a ,calamity ,,iv4 ,mr4 ,croyden's ,story ,v4 ,the ,potter ,who ,burned ,his ,chairs ,,vi4 ,from ,vases to ,drain-,pipes ,,vii4 ,porcelain at ,last ,,viii4 ,the ,third ,famous ,potter ,,ix4 ,the ,romance of ,french ,china-,making ,x4 ,how the ,italians ,made ,china ,,xi4 ,our ,english ,cousins ,,xii4 ,theo ,makes a ,present ,,xiii4 ,the ,trenton ,visit ,,xiv4 ,the ,beginning of the ,porcelain ,pilgrimage ,,xv4 ,how ,porcelain is ,made ,,xvi4 ,dishes1 ,dishes ,everywhere ,,xvii4 ,the ,decoration of ,china ,,xviii4 ,theo's ,great ,choice ,illustrations ,it ,was ,no ,ordinary ,dog ,frontispiece ,i ,had ,forgotten ,all ,about ,bed ,he ,used ,every ,splinter of ,wood ,his ,servants ,dug ,some of the ,clay ,this is a ,present ,it is a ,costly ,process1 and ,rather ,slow ,illustration ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,porcelain ,,chapter ,i ,,into ,,the ,,woods ,theo ,swift dropped into a chair before the blazing fire in the log cabin1 and drew a long breath of delight4 ,at last his dream had come true2 he was in the heart of the ,maine woods6 ,it was a wonderful experience for a boy of his age to be his father's companion on a fishing trip4 ,each spring when ,dr4 ,swift had packed his tackle for his annual vacation into the wilderness1 and ,theo had looked on with hungry eyes as the rods1 flies1 and tramping boots had been stowed away in the canvas grips1 his father had said3 ,wait until you are a bit older1 son1 and you shall go with me4 ,and now that day had come1 and here he was6 ,it seemed too good to be true4 ,he glanced up to find his father smiling down at him4 ,well8 questioned the older man4 ,what do you think of the camp8 ,does it come up to your expectations8 ,i should say it did6 ,theo managed to gasp4 ,it is great1 ,father6 ,think you can be contented here for a month8 ,contented6 laughed ,theo4 ,you won't be getting lonesome and wishing you were back in ,new ,york8 ,not much4 ,well1 ,i hope you'll have a good time4 ,certainly with plenty of fishing and tramping you should4 ,you will find ,manuel1 our ,indian guide1 a never-ending source of entertainment2 he can do everything from dressing a moose to building a canoe4 ,there isn't a trail through these woods that he couldn't travel blindfolded4 ,you will be perfectly safe with him2 only you must do exactly as he says1 no matter how silly his orders may seem4 ,he knows the woods better than you do--or than ,i do1 for that matter4 ,remember you are no longer on ,fifth ,avenue1 where you can call a policeman or a taxicab if you get lost4 ,this vast forest is an entirely different proposition4 ,theo nodded4 ,how still it is1 he said softly4 ,yes1 rejoined his father2 that is why it means to me something that no other place can4 ,after the rush of the city1 the jangle of telephones1 the constant sight of sick people1 there is nothing to compare with the restfulness of these woods4 ,the ,doctor1 who had been standing with his back to the fire1 his hands clasped behind him1 drew out his pipe1 lighted it1 and puffed a ring of smoke into the air4 ,you have had a very busy year1 ,father4 ,yes1 and ,i fancy there will be a still busier one ahead4 ,before ,i attack it ,i feel that it is my duty to get a good rest4 ,in these war days a doctor never knows where he may be needed to serve4 ,thus far my place seems to have been at a home hospital4 ,with eight of our operating staff in ,france it has meant much extra work1 too4 ,not that ,i am complaining of that4 ,i am only too glad to do my bit wherever it is4 ,but ,i had got to the point where ,i felt that the man who can give the best service is the man who does not allow himself to become too fagged4 ,so ,i determined to take my usual vacation even though on the face of it it seemed a crime to devote myself to nothing but fishing for a whole month4 ,theo glanced into the face of the big1 earnest man before him2 he felt suddenly very grown up4 ,his father had seldom talked to him like this4 ,this war1 went on ,dr4 ,swift thoughtfully1 is going to make demands on all of us--demands for money1 work1 and time4 ,we should be proud to give these1 for it is the first time our country has ever asked anything of our generation4 ,we have taken unthinkingly all the benefits ,america has to offer--libraries2 schools2 well ordered cities to live in2 the blessings of constant peace and prosperity4 ,for it we have returned to the government only the slight taxes demanded for the up-keep of these things2 and most of us1 ,i blush to say1 have grumbled a great deal about it1 at that4 ,as a nation we were becoming too comfortable1 too rich1 too selfish1 too complacent4 ,now a crisis has arisen when the ,united ,states is asking more of us1 as it has every right to do2 and we should be eager to prove our gratitude for all we have so freely received4 ,only those who have traveled much can fully realize what a home and an education in a place like ,america mean4 ,never forget1 son1 that all we can do1 even to the sacrifice of our lives1 is none too high a price to pay for our beloved country4 ,i wish ,i might have gone to ,france1 ,father1 said ,theo earnestly4 ,a boy of fifteen is too young to go1 returned ,dr4 ,swift4 ,if you were older ,i should be the first to bid you ,godspeed1 for it is a great opportunity for service4 ,those who are not sharing it are missing one of life's richest experiences4 ,it means danger1 privation1 perhaps death2 but it means also the exercise of all that is finest in our natures--patriotism1 heroism1 the dedication of ourselves to a great cause4 ,i should have been proud to have you in ,france1 ,theo4 ,however1 there is much a boy can do here and now4 ,he can begin being a loyal unselfish citizen1 and training himself to bear his part when he shall be older4 ,get your education first4 ,prepare yourself to be of value to humanity so that when your time to help comes it may find you useful and ready4 ,there was a moment of silence4 ,the great logs in the rough stone chimney crackled and snapped1 and up the flue roared the blaze4 ,outside all was still save when the breeze stirred the giant pines causing them to give out a mighty whisper like the murmur of the sea4 ,it was a cozy interior over which the firelight flashed4 ,the log cabin had been sheathed to keep it warm and tight1 and to conceal its barrenness on the walls had been tacked a few gaily colored prints4 ,on one side of the room were several well-filled bookshelves1 while on the opposite wall were racks for pipes and guns4 ,from over the fireplace an elk's head peered forth1 catching the scarlet glow from the fire on its mammoth antlers4 ,two small bedrooms which led out of this living-room completed the cabin4 ,outside stood four others built exactly like this one1 and in addition a dining-cabin1 cook-house1 and two cabins for the guides4 ,aside from this tiny settlement on the lake's edge there was not a house for twenty miles4 ,it was a wilderness indeed6 ,are there any other people staying here at the camp beside ourselves8 inquired ,theo at last4 ,dr4 ,swift1 who had seated himself before the fire1 nodded4 ,yes1 there is a ,mr4 ,croyden1 from ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey1 whom ,i have met here before--a splendid man1 whom you will like4 ,he is a great fisherman--comes back every season just about this time4 ,at present there is no one else1 so you will not find the woods overcrowded4 ,theo laughed at the bare suggestion1 then yawned drowsily4 ,nor will you be troubled by not sleeping to-night1 eh1 son8 ,you look about ready to hit the pillow this minute4 ,i am1 replied ,theo4 ,i never was so sleepy in my life4 ,that is the ,maine air4 ,some of it is the effect of the corduroy road1 the boy observed with a grin4 ,it is a beastly road1 that carry1 agreed ,dr4 ,swift4 ,it shakes every bone in your body4 ,when you do manage to get here1 however1 it certainly is worth the trip4 ,do you feel as if you could worry down a little dinner8 ,well1 rather6 ,the ,doctor chuckled4 ,so do ,i4 ,it ought to be ready soon now1 for it is nearly six4 ,just at this moment the sound of a horn was heard4 ,dr4 ,swift rose promptly4 ,that is dinner1 he said4 ,i expected a bell1 ,theo answered1 springing up4 ,waiting for a ,japanese gong1 are you8 ,well1 you won't hear it here4 ,clapping a hand affectionately on his son's shoulder the elder man led the way to the dining-cabin and pushed open the door4 ,upon the hearth inside another bright fire glowed1 and before it stood a long roughly made table covered with immaculate enamel cloth1 on which was spread a smoking meal4 ,a man with a pair of merry brown eyes rose from his chair as the two travelers entered4 ,i am glad to see you1 ,dr4 ,swift1 he exclaimed heartily1 putting out his hand4 ,so you are back to the fishing grounds once more6 ,i certainly am1 ,mr4 ,croyden1 and thankful enough to be here4 ,i've brought my boy1 ,theodore1 with me this time2 ,theo1 we call him4 ,mr4 ,croyden took the lad's hand cordially4 ,i'm glad to see you1 youngster1 he said4 ,if you prove half as good a fisherman as your father the two of you won't leave a trout or salmon in these waters4 ,but ,i'm not a fisherman at all1 ,theo confessed4 ,i never cast a fly in my life4 ,you certainly have come to the right place to learn1 then4 ,your father has been neglecting your education1 ,i fear4 ,i see there is something we can teach you4 ,i'm afraid there are a good many things1 replied ,theo modestly4 ,mr4 ,croyden regarded him approvingly4 ,that's right1 boy1 he said kindly4 ,never be afraid to learn4 ,we all are still learning1 at least ,i am2 and ,i will wager your father is1 too4 ,a doctor is always learning1 assented ,theo's father4 ,and a business man as well1 put in ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,when we no longer need to learn we can be pretty sure we are near the end of our usefulness in this world4 ,now suppose we begin your education1 ,theo1 by teaching you the proper way to eat a brook trout4 ,how would that lesson please you8 ,there was a twinkle in the stranger's eye4 ,very much indeed4 ,i rather thought so1 was the laughing answer4 ,here1 ,franz1 help ,dr4 ,swift and his son to some of the fish ,i caught to-day4 ,they are the first of the season1 ,doctor1 with my compliments4 ,he made a courtly gesture with his hand4 ,remember1 ,theo1 he added1 always to open a fish up the back4 ,in that way you can take the backbone out whole and save yourself a deal of trouble4 ,theo nodded his thanks for the suggestion4 ,what a dinner it was6 ,the trout were fried to a rich bronze1 and the crisp potatoes were discs of golden brown2 in addition there were baked beans1 smoking brown-bread1 slices of creamy cheese1 and a pyramid of doughnuts4 ,at the conclusion of the meal ,franz came running from the cook-house with a covered dish heaped high with pancakes4 ,it was only when the three campers were unable to crowd down another mouthful that they rose from the table4 ,don't you and ,theo want to come into my cabin and enjoy my fire for a while8 asked ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,why1 thank you1 ,croyden1 answered ,dr4 ,swift2 we might make you a short call4 ,we are off to bed early1 however1 so we must not stay long4 ,mr4 ,croyden's cabin proved to be a replica of the ,swifts' own cozy one1 except that it was more sumptuously furnished2 for ,mr4 ,croyden1 who was a hunter as well as a fisherman1 had adorned both couch and floors with great bearskins1 trophies of his luck4 ,as his guests entered he hurried forward to put another four-foot log on the fire1 after which he dragged out three steamer-chairs and placed them before the blaze4 ,all the comforts of home1 you see1 he said gaily4 ,more comforts than some of us get at home1 smiled ,dr4 ,swift4 ,there is nothing to equal this in ,new ,york4 ,for a moment none of them spoke2 they were watching the scarlet rise and fall of the flame4 ,what a lot of company a fire is6 mused ,dr4 ,swift4 ,i know it1 came from ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,and did you ever think how easily we can produce it8 ,within the space of a second we can start a blaze4 ,a fire was quite another problem for our forefathers who lived long before matches were invented4 ,think back to the time when people rubbed dried sticks together to make a spark2 or later when they were forced to use flint and matchlock4 ,it meant no end of work to capture that first light1 and even then it frequently went out4 ,how housewives struggled to keep the embers on the hearth always glowing that a new fire might be built without so much trouble2 and how men carried from place to place coals enough to kindle other fires6 ,when we strike a match and so quickly get our response of flame we do not half appreciate how fortunate we are4 ,i never thought what it would mean to have no matches1 reflected ,theo4 ,man's discovery of the use of fire was one of the first steps in his civilization1 ,dr4 ,swift put in4 ,it meant that henceforth instead of eating raw food as did the other animals he could have it cooked4 ,for man1 you must remember1 is the only animal who cooks his food4 ,and hand in hand with the cooking came the need of dishes in which to prepare it1 rejoined ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,meats could1 of course1 be broiled over the fire on a forked stick2 but no stews or soups could be had until man invented some utensil which would contain liquid and at the same time withstand the heat of the blaze4 ,that problem was the one that confronted all primitive races1 and set them to fashioning pottery4 ,the history of their first attempts is most interesting4 ,probably chance led people to the discovery that they could mix clay with water1 and that it would harden in the sun4 ,they may have seen a print of their own feet immortalized in the sun-baked mud1 and caught at the idea of taking the clay for more useful purposes4 ,nobody knows where they got their first inspiration4 ,but every race that has existed has had its crude receptacles for food and water4 ,theo was not sleepy now2 he was far too interested to think of sleep4 ,even in the ,stone ,age1 when men lived in caves and great creatures now extinct roamed the earth1 men made bowls1 pots1 and vases1 some of which are in existence in our museums of to-day1 continued ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,we have1 too1 a few specimens of clumsy vessels made from grayish black clay which are relics of the ,lake ,dwellers1 who fashioned their houses on piles1 and set them in the middle of small lakes as a protection against wild animals and rival races of savages4 ,then followed what is known as the ,bronze ,age1 and we find that the people of this era also worked with clay4 ,their designs showed a decided advance1 too1 even some simple decoration being attempted4 ,all that was in ,europe1 ,i suppose1 ,theo ventured shyly4 ,by no means1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,on the contrary1 we have found in our own hemisphere specimens of this prehistoric pottery4 ,in some cases baskets of twigs were woven and lined with clay1 after which they were baked in the fire and the twigs burned off4 ,other pieces were built up from coils of clay wound round and round1 and when partly hardened these were worked together with a tool in order that the cracks might be filled4 ,all through the western part of our country have been found clay relics of various early tribes of ,indians2 and in some places are giant mounds in which have been buried all sorts of crude clay jugs and bowls4 ,since these primal peoples used for materials the natural clays and earths they succeeded in producing some excellent colors1 too4 ,mr4 ,croyden paused4 ,was the potter's wheel in use then8 questioned ,dr4 ,swift4 ,probably not4 ,there is no trace of it in this early work4 ,it is not until the historic age that we have the potter's wheel1 the oldest and first mechanical device mentioned in history4 ,mexicans1 ,peruvians1 ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 ,assyrians1 ,romans1 ,gauls1 ,teutons all used it4 ,i have seen some of the old ,mexican or ,aztec pottery1 declared ,dr4 ,swift1 and it was very interesting4 ,it was of reddish clay1 and ,i was told it was much like the variety made in ,peru4 ,not only were there roughly modeled dishes and jars in the collection1 but also all sorts of strange clay idols4 ,you see1 instead of worshipping the gods of goodness1 ,theo1 these early peoples thought they could propitiate the gods of evil if they worshipped them instead2 accordingly they made all sorts of grotesque images1 some of them very hideous4 ,none of this clay work was glazed1 of course1 for at that time men had not yet discovered that they could put a glaze over the surface of objects and thus protect them and render them water-tight4 ,it was a great pity that ,cortez and his followers destroyed this early ,mexican civilization1 which was surprisingly advanced4 ,i suppose the ,peruvians had also gone quite as far if not further than the ,aztecs when in #aeca ,pizarro invaded ,south ,america1 rejoined ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,they were making some very good pottery decorated in red1 black1 and brown2 and they must have known how to bake it1 or the colors in the design would not have lasted until now4 ,mr4 ,croyden rose to stamp out a spark that had snapped from the fireplace onto the fur rug at his feet4 ,strange1 isn't it1 how much of our knowledge of the ancient races has come down to us through their clay work8 he reflected4 ,what should we have known of these western civilizations save through their handiwork8 ,and when we travel across seas it is the same4 ,much of our acquaintance with ,egyptian1 ,greek1 and ,roman life has been handed down to posterity through tiles and pottery which have served to record nations' customs and advancement4 ,the march of the invading ,roman armies1 for example1 can be traced by the fragments of pottery left behind them4 ,these relics have been found in ,england1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,italy1 and ,spain1 and prove that very early the ,romans made use of clay utensils for cooking their food4 ,even beneath the city of ,london old ,roman furnaces for firing dishes have been discovered2 and moreover1 some of the very dishes themselves4 ,theo seemed astonished4 ,later the ,romans made much beautiful pottery2 but it was never as beautiful as that of the ,greeks4 ,sometime1 however1 ,theo1 you should go to one of our museums and see some ,samian ware1 the finest of ,roman clay work4 ,the red in it is almost as vivid as sealing-wax1 and it has a wonderful polish not unlike that on modern ,egyptian ware4 ,no one has ever been able to discover from what clay this marvelous pottery was made4 ,some historians think the ware was first made by wandering ,greek artisans4 ,the ,romans also made a very beautiful black ware now known as ,upchurch pottery because of the location in ,england in which it was found4 ,this black color1 scientists have decided1 was not produced by mixing a pigment with the clay as did the ,greeks1 but resulted from an ingenious use of oxide of iron which1 when burned by a reducing fire1 turned black2 the ,romans also gave us ,castor ware1 a pottery moulded from a dark clay and having on it figures traced in a lighter color4 ,did anybody else in ,europe make as beautiful pottery as the ,greeks and ,romans8 inquired ,theo4 ,perhaps not so beautiful1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,yet before we hear either of ,greek or ,roman we find the ,egyptians and ,assyrians1 nations famous for their skill in the arts as well as their prowess in war1 making pottery and tiles4 ,these have been preserved to us in tombs and pyramids1 for these races1 you know1 were accustomed to pay great honor to their dead4 ,it was a fortunate custom1 too1 since by means of it much history has come down to us which would otherwise have been destroyed4 ,unquestionably the ,saxons1 ,scandinavians1 ,gauls1 and ,teutons also made pottery1 but their attempts were of a cruder sort4 ,dishes1 vases1 toys have been exhumed in their countries1 all displaying characteristic clay designs4 ,but no country in the world has ever equaled the pottery of the ,greeks4 ,did the ,greeks---- began ,theo2 but his father cut him short4 ,see here1 young man1 he declared1 drawing out his watch1 this is no time of night for you to be setting forth on a history of ,greek pottery4 ,you are going to bed4 ,illustration3 ,i ,,had ,,forgotten ,,all ,,about ,,bed ,theo rose with a laugh4 ,i had forgotten all about bed1 he said4 ,that speaks pretty well for your charm as an historian1 ,croyden1 observed ,dr4 ,swift4 ,the boy could scarcely keep his eyes open at dinner4 ,can't you tell me about ,greek pottery some other time1 sir8 asked ,theo4 ,i'd be glad to1 sonny1 ,mr4 ,croyden returned4 ,i never dreamed a boy would be interested in such a dull subject4 ,it isn't dull when you tell it1 came naively from ,theo4 ,that is the biggest compliment ,i ever had in my life1 exclaimed the fisherman with pleasure4 ,you shall hear more of ,greek pottery to-morrow if by that time you still want to4 ,good-night4 ,the most beautiful thing ,i can wish you is that you dream of ,greek vases all night long4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ii ,,mr4 ,,croyden ,,keeps ,,his ,,promise ,when ,theo awoke the next day the novelty of his surroundings drove every thought of ,greek pottery from his mind4 ,as he peeped out of his window he could see slanting rifts of early sunlight flecking with gold the trunks of the great pines4 ,from the chimney of the cookhouse a spiral of blue smoke was ascending and as it rose it carried into the air with it a pleasant odor of burning wood and frying bacon4 ,theo did not dally with his dressing1 you may be sure2 he was far too hungry1 and too eager to attack the program for the day4 ,put on thick boots1 son1 called ,dr4 ,swift from his room4 ,the weather is fine4 ,it is an ideal morning to tramp across ,owl's ,nest ,carry and fish in the lake beyond there4 ,what time is it1 ,father8 inquired ,theo4 ,i forgot to wind my watch last night4 ,six o'clock4 ,we shall have a three mile walk1 and plenty of time to get in some fishing before the sun is high4 ,then we can paddle up-stream to the camp at the farther end of ,owl ,lake and cook our lunch4 ,how does that plan please you8 ,hurrah6 cried ,theo4 ,is there a camp like this over there8 ,oh1 no4 ,just a lean-to which serves as a shelter1 if people want to spend the night and be on hand for early morning fishing4 ,sometimes1 too1 ,i have gone over in the late afternoon and fished until dark1 afterward turning in on the pine boughs for the night4 ,it is only a crude little camp1 but it is perfectly comfortable4 ,you will like ,owl ,lake4 ,it is smaller than this one1 but it has a very pretty shore bordered with a stretch of white sandy beach4 ,it must be a great place for swimming4 ,it is4 ,just now1 however1 the water is too cold4 ,later in the season when things get warmed up it is the finest bathing place imaginable4 ,are you ready for breakfast now8 ,yes1 sir4 ,then you'd better run along4 ,i will join you in a few moments4 ,i must go first and see ,manuel about the lunch4 ,all right1 sir4 ,through the crisp morning air ,theo bounded across to the dining-cabin1 where he found ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,a bright fire burned on the hearth and the table with its heaping plates of hot johnny-cake looked most inviting4 ,hello1 youngster6 called the older man1 glancing up with a smile4 ,how do you find yourself to-day8 ,all lamed up after your jolt over the carry8 ,not a bit1 ,mr4 ,croyden1 laughed ,theo4 ,i'm not lame at all4 ,i'm just hungry4 ,a perfectly normal condition4 ,so long as you can eat ,i guess there is not much the matter with you4 ,oh1 ,i can always eat1 grinned ,theo4 ,mother says my appetite never goes back on me4 ,well1 fall to4 ,it looks as if ,franz had prepared for the worst1 chuckled ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,what are you and your dad up to to-day8 ,we are going to ,owl ,lake to fish4 ,that isn't a bad beginning4 ,it is not a long tramp1 and the fish are biting well over there4 ,i have tried it several times and had excellent luck4 ,you are wise to start in gradually and not attempt too long a jaunt at first4 ,there is everything in getting into training1 as your father well knows4 ,there was a bang of the door1 and ,dr4 ,swift entered4 ,good-morning1 ,doctor1 said ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,so you and your son are to try your skill at ,owl to-day8 ,yes4 ,that seemed to be a good starter4 ,an excellent one4 ,why don't you come along with us8 ,i8 ,yes2 that is1 unless you have other plans4 ,we should be glad to have you4 ,the more the merrier4 ,i wish you would come1 ,mr4 ,croyden1 urged ,theo4 ,that is very kind of you1 returned ,mr4 ,croyden1 hesitating a little4 ,i had not planned my day4 ,are you sure you want so many8 ,three is not many4 ,come along1 by all means1 declared ,dr4 ,swift4 ,manuel says the lake has not yet been fished much and that the trout are biting well4 ,get ,tony1 your guide1 to pack up your tackle and bring some lunch4 ,i am afraid we have not enough for all hands4 ,mr4 ,croyden sprang to his feet4 ,i'll do that1 he replied4 ,what time are you starting8 ,just as soon as ,i have succeeded in getting ,theo to take a little nourishment1 returned the ,doctor4 ,this task ,dr4 ,swift evidently did not find difficult1 for within a half hour the party were setting forth through the woods4 ,the luncheon1 tackle1 and sweaters had been put into a canoe1 which ,tony and ,manuel raised to their shoulders as if it were a feather4 ,there is a punt over at ,owl that we can use1 so we shall need only one canoe1 explained ,manuel as he strode along4 ,the carry was not a rough one1 but to ,theo1 accustomed to the smoothness of city pavements1 it seemed very rough indeed4 ,he was continually stepping into holes or climbing over fallen tree-trunks1 and although a good walker1 the pace the guides set made him pant4 ,even ,dr4 ,swift was forced to confess that he was out of breath and was obliged now and then to stop and rest4 ,mr4 ,croyden1 on the contrary1 swung along the narrow trail with the ease of an ,indian4 ,you will get into trim in a few days1 he observed encouragingly to ,theo4 ,i myself am always stiff and slow until ,i get limbered up4 ,when1 however1 ,owl ,lake finally came into sight both ,theo and his father instantly forgot their fatigue4 ,there stretched the tiny sheet of water1 a gem of flashing blue whose calm surface mirrored the pines and delicate birches bordering its margin4 ,the punt and canoe were launched1 the tackle unpacked1 and amid a silence broken only by the dip of oar and paddle the fishermen drifted out into the stillness4 ,ah1 it was a day never to be forgotten6 ,certainly ,theo would never forget it1 for it was during the first half-hour of this ,arabian ,night's dream that he proudly landed a beautiful lake trout1 the first one he had ever caught4 ,from the moment he felt the tug at his line until his catch was safely in the bottom of the boat his excitement was tremendous4 ,how the little creature pulled6 ,how it swept away with the bait into deep water6 ,with ,manuel1 ,dr4 ,swift1 ,tony1 and ,mr4 ,croyden all coaching him1 and almost as frenzied as he1 poor ,theo hardly knew where he was4 ,but he obeyed the insistent command of3 ,play him6 ,play him6 and play him he did4 ,even with the captive's final leap into the air the trout did not succeed in freeing itself from the hook4 ,keeping his prize well away from the boat that the line might not slacken ,theo at last reeled in his victim4 ,he gasped when the feat was accomplished4 ,the second time he knew better what to do2 and before the sun was high and the fish had ceased to bite he landed five beauties4 ,in the meantime both his father and ,mr4 ,croyden had been so absorbed in watching his pleasure that they had almost forgotten their own lines1 and it was not until a big land-loch struck that the ,doctor remembered he1 too1 was fishing4 ,when finally a lull in the sport came and the party pulled up-stream toward the lean-to1 there were a dozen good-sized trout in ,mr4 ,croyden's basket and as many more in the ,doctor's4 ,then came the disembarking at the upper end of the lake1 and the building of the fire4 ,dry wood was taken from the shelter of the house1 and in the clearing before the camp1 on a foundation of large flat stones1 the fire was kindled4 ,it was a marvel to ,theo to see how quickly ,manuel and ,tony made things ready4 ,they produced a small frying-pan1 greased it1 and had the fish sizzling in it before you could say ,jack ,robinson4 ,then they unpacked the hampers and brought forth tin plates1 knives1 and forks4 ,how good the meal tasted6 ,the great slices of bread-and-butter1 with layers of creamy cheese between them1 seemed a royal feast to the ravenous sportsmen2 and the steaming coffee and thin slices of crisp bacon food for the gods4 ,as for the trout--particularly the big one ,theo himself had caught--well1 there never was such eating6 ,after lunch was done the fishermen were loth to leave the sunny shelter of the cabin4 ,dr4 ,swift and ,mr4 ,croyden lounged on the door-sill1 while ,theo skipped stones in the water until his arm was tired4 ,then exhausted by his exertions he sank wearily down on a stump near the lean-to and remarked3 ,why wouldn't this be a good time1 ,mr4 ,croyden1 to tell us some more about ,greek pottery8 ,greek pottery8 ,bless my heart6 ,i thought you had forgotten all about that4 ,so ,i had when ,i was fishing1 confessed ,theo honestly4 ,but ,i have remembered it again now4 ,you are a frank youngster1 laughed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,well1 let me see4 ,you know the making of pottery was a fine art among the ,greeks4 ,they made two kinds--neither of them glazed1 of course1 because at that time nobody knew how to glaze pottery4 ,the first kind was a pottery of red clay on which were placed decorations of black pigment2 the other was a pottery on which they painted figures in red1 afterward filling in the background around them with black4 ,these two varieties of ware are briefly known as black on red1 and red on black4 ,the black portion of this pottery possessed a wonderful polish which came from the black pigment mixed with the clay2 the red part1 on the contrary1 had no lustre1 evidently being smoothed and polished with some hard tool after the vase was finished4 ,these vases were very beautiful in form and design1 no two of them being alike4 ,each was made by an individual artist who pleased himself as to the arrangement of the birds1 animals1 and gracefully draped figures with which he decorated it4 ,the famous ,francois vase at ,florence is a marvelous example of this sixth century workmanship2 every inch of its closely adorned surface is covered with carefully drawn figures in black1 white1 and purple4 ,this particular piece was probably made by two ,athenian artists1 as it shows two distinct types of work4 ,think how fortunate we are to have had it come down to us unbroken through the tumult of the years6 ,mr4 ,croyden gazed thoughtfully into the fire4 ,you know that at the time these exquisite vases were made the entire ,greek nation was devoting itself to the fashioning of beautiful things4 ,sculptors were carving wonderful statues1 toiling eagerly to make each piece more perfect in form2 architects were rearing such buildings as the world has never since seen2 and in the centre of ,athens a district was reserved which was entirely occupied by the shops of potters and painters and known as the ceramicus4 ,it is from this ancient word that our present day term ceramics is derived4 ,within this area devoted to the making of pottery the artists worked1 each one reverently bending his energy to give to the world a thing which should be as nearly perfect in form and decoration as he could make it4 ,thousands of vases went out1 many of them into the homes of rich1 beauty-loving ,greeks2 many into the temples2 and many into ,athenian tombs2 for the people of this nation always loyally honored their dead4 ,in addition to these vases there were smaller articles--perfume bottles1 jars for wine or water1 utensils used at ceremonials in the temples2 and the beautiful amphora1 a vase given as a prize at the great ,greek festivals1 and the progenitor of the silver cups we now give the winners in athletic games4 ,this latter type of vase had two handles and frequently its base was tapered to a point in order that it might rest in a tripod1 or be thrust into the earth4 ,at the ,louvre in ,paris there is a very famous ,greek amphora which ,i hope you will see some day4 ,i should like to see it1 declared ,theo eagerly4 ,i intend you shall1 son1 put in ,dr4 ,swift4 ,i mean to give you the chance to see all the finest things in the world1 if ,i have my way4 ,theo smiled gratefully into his father's face4 ,when we marvel at the grace and perfection of ,greek decoration we must bear in mind that as a spur to their artistic sense the people had beauty constantly before them4 ,theirs was a country of smiling skies1 of blue heaven and golden sunshine2 their buildings breathed the very essence of all that is highest in art2 even the throngs that filled the streets were picturesque and classic in appearance4 ,for in those days fashions of dress did not change as capriciously as they do now4 ,a beautiful style of costume was adopted and retained1 and in consequence artists had ever before them men and women who were excellent models for chaste decoration4 ,in our time such a procedure would be impossible1 as the national dress of both our men and women has become utilitarian rather than beautiful1 and now has little artistic to recommend it4 ,if we wish classic draperies and faultless styles of hair-dressing we must revert to the past for our models4 ,there was a silence broken only by the snapping of the fire4 ,to give you some idea how much of this pottery the ,greeks turned out ,i must tell you that at ,naples there is a collection of two thousand ,greek cups and vases4 ,the ,vatican at ,rome has one thousand more2 ,florence has seven hundred2 ,turin five hundred2 ,vienna three hundred2 ,berlin about seventeen hundred2 the ,louvre at ,paris fifteen hundred2 and the ,british ,museum nearly twenty-six hundred4 ,besides these there are some twenty thousand more scattered all over the world in private collections4 ,a whistle of surprise escaped ,theo4 ,not all of these are equally good1 however1 went on ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,the ,etruscan work done by wandering ,greek potters and by some persons rated as identical with the ,roman ,samian ware1 is one of the finest varieties remaining to us2 probably because it escaped being buried with the dead and therefore was not injured or discolored by the soil as were so many of the ,greek vases found at ,athens4 ,moreover1 we must remember that not every artist who made and decorated an object excelled4 ,naturally some did more perfect work than others1 even in the days of the best ,grecian art4 ,how sad it is that at a later period in history the work of the ,greeks became less fine because the ideals of the race degenerated4 ,pottery makers1 sculptors1 and builders began to produce cheap1 gaudy things which were lavishly decorated1 and reflected the luxury and extravagance that had crept into the nation4 ,from that moment the glory of ,greece decayed4 ,for it is the ideals of a country and its people that serve as guide-posts to the greatest and finest deeds4 ,unless each individual in a land aims at the purest and best his country will never reach holiness4 ,it is the struggle for perfection in every field of life that results in fine art1 fine men1 and fine nations4 ,mr4 ,croyden had become very grave4 ,then he rose abruptly1 took out his pipe1 and knocked the bowl of it upon a stump4 ,well1 well1 he exclaimed with a swift return to his accustomed gaiety1 ,i think ,i have lectured long enough4 ,see6 ,manuel has everything packed up and is waiting for us4 ,suppose we start back home4 ,but ,theo was very quiet on the trip back to the camp4 ,he was thinking about the ,greeks4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iii ,,theo ,,meets ,,with ,a ,,calamity ,it was when ,theo had been three days in camp that the accident happened4 ,outside the cook-house stood a ladder to be used in case of fire1 and as one morning the boy passed it1 it suddenly came to him what fun it would be to mount to the ridge-pole of the cabin and toss a handful of tiny pebbles down on the heads of the guides as they passed through the door beneath4 ,what a surprise it would be to ,tony and ,franz to have the stones come clattering down upon them2 and what sport it would be to watch them as they tried to solve the riddle as to where the missiles came from6 ,it was a foolish scheme1 and probably had ,theo thought it over a second time he would have abandoned it2 but he was an impulsive boy who often acted before he carefully considered what he was doing4 ,therefore without a moment's hesitation he cautiously dragged the ladder to the end of the cabin and1 making sure that no one was looking1 began climbing it4 ,he was on the top rung and was just stepping softly to the roof when there was a snapping of rotten wood and the bar beneath his foot gave way1 sending him crashing headlong to the ground4 ,fortunately for ,theo the cabin was a low one1 and he had not far to fall2 but in trying to save himself he twisted one leg beneath him1 and the result was most disastrous4 ,he felt a sudden sharp pain as he struck the earth1 and when a second later he attempted to rise he discovered to his chagrin that it was impossible for him to do so4 ,every movement he made hurt him excruciatingly1 and presently feeling both faint and dizzy he abandoned further effort4 ,for an interval he lay very still1 ashamed to call for help2 then pocketing his pride he began to yell lustily4 ,his cries brought ,franz and ,manuel from the kitchen1 ,mr4 ,croyden from his cabin1 and ,dr4 ,swift from his room4 ,luckily it was just noontime and every one was indoors awaiting lunch4 ,of what followed ,theo had only a vague idea4 ,he remembered that his father and ,mr4 ,croyden raised him in their arms1 and that in spite of their gentleness he had cried with pain at their touch4 ,then he had been put on his bed where his father proceeded to examine the injured leg4 ,every motion the ,doctor made caused the boy intense agony4 ,afterward he had been allowed to rest1 and then his father bent over him very gravely and with trembling lips said3 ,son1 ,i've got to hurt you2 ,i've got to hurt you a great deal4 ,your leg is broken1 and we are miles from a hospital4 ,i have no ether to give you1 and the bone must be set4 ,i want you to be as brave as you can and bear the pain that ,i must cause you4 ,i need not tell you that ,i will work as gently as possible4 ,now pull yourself together and show me the sort of son ,i have4 ,the more steady your nerve is the more it will help me1 and the sooner ,i can finish what ,i must do4 ,all right1 ,father4 ,that's the stuff6 ejaculated ,mr4 ,croyden1 who was standing at the bedside4 ,you are a genuine ,spartan1 ,theo4 ,the lad smiled feebly4 ,i'll try to be4 ,of course you will6 ,you are your father's own boy4 ,dr4 ,swift stooped and touched the drawn forehead with his cool hand4 ,i am going to leave you with ,mr4 ,croyden for a few moments while ,i get some of the things ,i need1 he said in a low tone4 ,keep perfectly still and rest a little if you can4 ,there is no need for you to worry4 ,we will have you all fixed up within an hour4 ,it is a clean break--a merciful thing1 for we couldn't take an ,x-ray of it if we wanted to4 ,with these words he left the room4 ,it was some little time before he returned1 and in the meanwhile ,mr4 ,croyden sat beside ,theo's bed and talked cheerily4 ,nothing like traveling with your own doctor1 he remarked jocosely4 ,now if my leg was broken ,i should have to hire some one in to see it1 and it would cost me a pretty penny4 ,but here you are miles from a settlement with your own private physician in attendance4 ,were you a young prince you could not be more royally cared for4 ,think of having one of the best ,new ,york surgeons at your beck and call here in this wilderness4 ,you are a lucky beggar6 ,theo laughed faintly4 ,as for splints--here is a forest of the finest1 straightest1 and strongest timber4 ,what more can you ask8 ,you couldn't do things on a grander scale if you were in ,new ,york ,city4 ,again ,theo smiled4 ,your father will have you comfortable as a cricket before long1 went on ,mr4 ,croyden1 and you will be all ready to start back---- ,start back6 interrupted ,theo in distress4 ,oh1 surely1 ,mr4 ,croyden1 ,father is not going to take me home6 ,the older man hesitated4 ,oh1 of course ,i have no way of knowing what your father means to do1 he protested hastily4 ,i only imagined that you would be more comfortable at home1 and would rather go4 ,there really would not be much point in staying out the month here1 would there8 ,you see1 you won't be able to get about1 and your father would not like to go off every day and leave you here alone in camp4 ,but ,father has spent all this money to come into the woods1 and he has looked forward to the trip so much6 groaned ,theo4 ,besides1 he is very tired and needs the rest2 he told me so4 ,if he takes me back home he will miss it all6 ,he doesn't want the vacation just for his own fun1 but so he can serve our country better if he is needed4 ,i don't see why we couldn't stay on here just as we planned1 even if ,i have a broken leg1 was ,theo's concluding plea4 ,think how stupid it would be for you to be left in the house alone4 ,i shouldn't care4 ,i could find some way to amuse myself4 ,but your father---- ,he could go fishing just as he always does6 exclaimed ,theo promptly4 ,you surely don't suppose ,i'd be so selfish as to make him stay in the house just because ,i had to1 do you8 ,you see--,theo colored and then went on bravely--this accident was my own fault4 ,father told me the other day to let that ladder alone--and ,i didn't4 ,it serves me right to break my leg4 ,if ,i had been in ,dad's place ,i'd have said3 ,i told you so4 ,but he didn't even whisper it4 ,he was just patient and kind as he always is4 ,can't you understand now1 ,mr4 ,croyden1 that ,i am the one to be punished--not ,dad8 ,if we go back home it will be punishing him too1 and that wouldn't be fair1 would it8 ,no1 not fair at all1 admitted ,mr4 ,croyden slowly4 ,that is what ,i think1 nodded ,theo4 ,you see1 ,i am the one to suffer4 ,if you disobeyed1 ,i guess you are4 ,i did disobey4 ,humph6 ,it was a pity4 ,i'm sorry2 but it is done now1 said ,theo soberly4 ,you know how you feel when you've done wrong4 ,it's bad enough anyhow2 and it makes you feel a hundred times worse if somebody else gets the blame for what you've done--somebody who doesn't deserve it4 ,yes4 ,so1 you see1 that is why ,i want you to urge ,father to stay on here1 begged ,theo4 ,tell him the ,maine air will do me good2 tell him ,i'll get a fine rest keeping still2 tell him--oh1 tell him anything2 only don't let him pack up and go home1 and have his whole vacation spoiled4 ,if you'll just get him to stay1 ,mr4 ,croyden1 ,i will promise not to bother1 and he can go off every day and fish just as if ,i weren't here4 ,you are a trump1 ,theo4 ,it--it is only that ,i think it's square1 sir1 faltered ,theo4 ,there was not time for further discussion1 for at this juncture the door opened and ,dr4 ,swift1 followed by ,manuel1 entered4 ,theo knew the moment for his boasted heroism had come4 ,he shut his lips tightly1 and although the interval of anguish which followed forced the tears from his eyes he made no outcry4 ,but never in his life had he experienced such pain4 ,he did not know there was such pain in all the world4 ,when it was over and1 faint from suffering1 he lay languidly back among the pillows1 ,dr4 ,swift's stern face relaxed1 and it was then ,theo realized for the first time that his father1 too1 had been bracing himself to meet the ordeal and had also been suffering4 ,my poor boy6 was all the ,doctor said4 ,you have borne it like a man6 ,i am proud of you1 ,theo4 ,the words were few1 but the praise was at that moment very precious4 ,his father sat with him the remainder of the day1 as well as a good part of the night1 and during the wakeful hours when the boy tossed to and fro he would have ventured to speak about staying in camp had not ,dr4 ,swift bidden him to be quiet every time he attempted to talk4 ,the next morning1 however1 after the invalid had been bathed and had his breakfast the ,doctor said of his own accord3 ,so you think you would be happier to remain here in the woods1 ,theo1 instead of going home4 ,the lad glanced up in surprise4 ,did ,mr4 ,croyden tell you that8 ,dr4 ,swift nodded4 ,he said you'd like to stay1 he returned quickly4 ,i should1 very much4 ,suppose we call it settled then1 and say no more about it4 ,i am sure ,i have no wish to jolt you over those miles of rough corduroy road if it can be avoided4 ,you seem better this morning4 ,your fever has gone down1 and ,i see no reason why you should not get on all right from now on4 ,theo smiled2 then he whispered timidly3 ,i just want to tell you ,i'm sorry ,i disobeyed you1 ,father4 ,his father put out his hand gently and covered the boy's two with his own4 ,you have the worst of it1 son4 ,experience is a great teacher1 they say4 ,let it help you not to do such a foolish thing again4 ,theo met his father's eyes gratefully4 ,he still felt weak and shaken and he was thankful not to have his fault rubbed in4 ,during the long hours of the long days that followed the lad had many an opportunity to put his unselfish resolutions into practise4 ,he insisted that his father and ,mr4 ,croyden go off on the long tramps they had each season been accustomed to take together1 and during their absence he remained with ,franz1 who was very kind to him4 ,the ,indian had a great many devices for entertaining him4 ,now he fashioned for the boy's amusement a miniature birch-bark canoe2 now he showed him how to weave baskets from lithe twigs of alder4 ,sometimes he whittled wonderful whistles and toys from bits of wood2 sometimes made tiny bows and arrows or snowshoes4 ,his resources seemed never ending4 ,then when night came and ,dr4 ,swift and ,mr4 ,croyden returned from fishing ,theo was always carried into the living-room of the cabin1 and while he lay on the couch before the fire he would listen to the tale of the day's adventures4 ,this bedtime hour was the best in the whole day4 ,at last there came a morning when ,theo awoke to hear a storm beating noisily down upon the roof4 ,the wind was blowing hard and sheets of rain drenched the windows4 ,there'll be no fishing to-day1 announced ,dr4 ,swift after breakfast4 ,instead ,manuel is going out over the carry for provisions1 and before he goes ,i must write some letters for him to take4 ,in the meantime ,mr4 ,croyden wants to know if you would like to have him come in and talk with you for a while8 ,like it6 was the delighted exclamation4 ,i believe ,i hear him now4 ,yes1 here he is4 ,come in1 ,croyden6 called the ,doctor heartily4 ,our patient says he will be glad to see you4 ,glad8 ,i should say ,i should6 ,mr4 ,croyden chuckled4 ,i don't know that any audience ever gave me such a royal welcome before1 he declared with amusement4 ,how do you find yourself this morning1 sonny8 ,able to talk ,greek pottery8 ,able to hear you talk it1 ,theo answered instantly4 ,i am thinking of shifting my subject to-day and telling you about ,chinese and ,japanese pottery instead4 ,that will be fine4 ,very well1 we'll begin our lecture right away1 since the audience seems to be assembled1 observed ,mr4 ,croyden merrily4 ,not only have you a private physician but a private lecturer1 you see4 ,my1 but you are a royal personage6 ,one thing will be very satisfactory about this audience4 ,no matter whether it likes my talk or not it can't run away4 ,there was a peal of laughter from ,theo4 ,in the meantime ,mr4 ,croyden poked the fire into a blaze and sitting down in a comfortable chair began his story4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,iv ,,mr4 ,,croyden',s ,,story ,hundreds and hundreds of years ago1 said ,mr4 ,croyden1 while the ,egyptians1 ,assyrians1 ,greeks1 and ,romans were experimenting at pottery-making1 the ,chinese1 inside their great walled country1 were busy with the same task4 ,in fact as far back as two thousand years before ,christ the ,chinese were famous potters1 making earthenware of such fine quality that it was difficult to tell whether it was pottery or porcelain4 ,for the two are quite different1 you must remember1 ,theo4 ,it is not enough to say that pottery is thick and porcelain thin1 for much of the ,chinese and ,japanese pottery is very thin indeed4 ,the difference lies in the clay itself1 of which the ware is made4 ,do not forget that4 ,pottery is an opaque ware composed of various combinations of clay which afterward may or may not have a coating of glaze put over it4 ,but genuine porcelain is made from a mixture of quite different materials--a mixture of decomposed feldspar known as kaolin1 and petuntse4 ,mr4 ,croyden paused a moment4 ,there are of course so-called porcelains made from other ingredients2 but we call them soft paste chinas1 and do not rate them as true porcelains4 ,only a hard paste1 or kaolin ware1 is acknowledged by experts to be genuine porcelain4 ,now all this sounds very simple4 ,by putting the kaolin and the petuntse together in the right proportions1 moulding the clay1 and afterward applying to it a glaze of some sort the ,chinese made their porcelain1 and very beautiful porcelain it was4 ,some day ,i will tell you more about it4 ,this porcelain was not only very hard but was semi-translucent2 by that ,i mean that if it was held to the light one could see the glow through it4 ,it was not1 of course1 transparent like glass4 ,these two qualities of hardness and translucence help us to distinguish porcelain from pottery4 ,again ,mr4 ,croyden stopped4 ,for example1 ,canton ware1 commonly known as ,canton china1 is not really china at all1 but is instead a fine quality of stone1 or earthenware1 coated over with a slip or glaze containing porcelain4 ,nor is the exquisite ,satsuma ware china2 that too is a pottery4 ,theo listened intently4 ,now all this time the ,chinese kept the secret of how they made their wares to themselves1 not sharing their knowledge with any outside peoples4 ,many a nation would have given almost anything to know from what materials the beautiful bowls1 vases1 and dishes were made4 ,it would have saved years and years of the toil of patient men4 ,but the ,chinese had no mind to tell any one4 ,instead1 they went on making more and more pottery and porcelain1 improving their work with each successive generation4 ,it is amusing to recall that while our ancestors in ,england were barbarians1 and were eating out of the crudest clay vessels or from trenchers of wood1 the ,chinese were enjoying the luxury of the finest pottery and porcelain4 ,theo's eyes opened very wide4 ,undoubtedly the ,chinese deserved the good results they obtained1 for they selected their clays with extreme care2 ground and mixed them most skilfully2 modeled each piece with the keenest feeling for its beauty and perfection2 and decorated it in a truly artistic spirit4 ,in the meantime they constantly became more and more expert4 ,they began to learn the use of colors1 and to perfect them4 ,some of the blues or cobalts they employed have never been surpassed4 ,one for instance is the blue used on their ,nankin china1 and known as ,nankin blue4 ,did the ,japanese make pottery too8 questioned ,theo4 ,yes1 but we do not know exactly how early they began to make it4 ,probably some of the ,japanese crossed to ,china and there learned the art4 ,some think pottery-making came into ,japan through ,korea4 ,however that may be1 long before other countries had to any extent perfected the manufacture of glazed pottery and porcelain ,china1 ,japan1 ,persia1 and ,india had turned their attention to it4 ,as far back as #ajjj ,b4 ,c4 the ,japanese were making porcelains similar to those of ,china4 ,then followed a long stretch of years when1 because of various wars between ,china and ,japan1 the art of producing glazed pottery and porcelain was lost4 ,all those workmen who possessed any knowledge of their manufacture perished4 ,this was the period when the ,greeks and ,romans were making their red and black ware which1 you recall1 they did not know how to glaze1 and therefore had no means of preventing liquids from leaking through it4 ,i wish they had had the secrets of the ,chinese and ,japanese6 ,theo said4 ,i wish so too1 echoed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,as it was1 they struggled along with their beautiful pottery vases through which the water percolated just as it does through a flower-pot4 ,and so it was for a time in ,china and ,japan4 ,it was not until centuries afterward that the ,chinese and ,japanese again rediscovered the art they had lost1 and by that time the ,greeks and ,romans were no more1 newer races having taken their places4 ,some of the wonderful old enamel work of the ,chinese1 however1 was never reclaimed1 and rare pieces of porcelain of a kind no one has yet been able to reproduce remain to tell us of the skill of those ancient ,chinese workmen4 ,if the ,chinese kept everything so secret how did the art of glazed pottery-making ever get into ,europe8 asked ,theo4 ,mr4 ,croyden smiled4 ,it was a marvel that it ever did1 he answered slowly4 ,of course as people traveled little in those days one country did not know much about what another was doing4 ,but there were wars when much booty was carried from one land to another2 the pilgrimages of the ,crusaders1 too1 helped to spread a knowledge of widely separated sections4 ,gradually bits of ,chinese pottery and porcelain found their way into different parts of the ,east2 and as a consequence men began to be highly dissatisfied with their red and black ware1 and with the crude clay dishes they had previously thought so fine4 ,they wanted to make white ware like that of the ,chinese4 ,but because they did not know what clays to use1 or how to glaze their products1 all their experiments failed4 ,there did nevertheless appear throughout the ,orient a ware of common clay over which a simple covering of white had been painted1 and this slip or engobe of white gave to the variety the name of ,oriental ,engobe4 ,this type of ware decorated with a conventional dull-hued design was many years later revived and imitated by ,theodore ,deck of ,paris1 one of the great ,french porcelain makers4 ,but even this was not like the white ,chinese ware everybody wanted so much to make4 ,did they never find out the secret8 ,of that ,i will tell you some other time4 ,it is a most interesting story1 returned ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,in the meantime the ,moors and ,arabs who had lived in the ,orient had in some way learned that tin or lead could be used for enameling clay surfaces4 ,the discovery apparently did not particularly interest them because1 you see1 in the ,east minerals were not plentiful4 ,when1 however1 in the twelfth century they conquered ,spain they found in that country quantities of lead and tin1 and they then recalled that these could be used as a glaze for pottery4 ,in consequence they promptly set to work making an enameled ware called ,majolica or ,maiolica from the ,island of ,maiorca4 ,these ,moors were a highly cultured race who built in ,spain beautiful temples and palaces1 among them the ,alhambra1 of which perhaps you have read4 ,theo's eyes shone4 ,we read about it at school6 he cried4 ,i am glad to hear that1 exclaimed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,then you will remember what a wonderful structure it was4 ,in its interior have been found many highly glazed tiles beautifully designed and decorated in colors and in gold4 ,within this palace1 too1 was found the famous ,alhambra ,vase1 three feet four inches in height1 and made in #acbj4 ,it is a piece of work quite different from anything the ,greeks made1 but in its way is quite as perfect4 ,it is of earthenware1 with a white ground1 and is enameled in two shades of blue with a further decoration of gold or copper lustre4 ,i speak particularly of this use of glaze because it is very important4 ,until people knew how to glaze their wares many of the comforts and conveniences of living were impossible4 ,men carried water or wine in leather gourds1 or in clay vessels coated on the inside with a layer of gum to prevent the contents from leaking or evaporating4 ,i should think the gum would have made the liquid taste1 said ,theo4 ,it did4 ,that was precisely the trouble4 ,beside that think of the waste4 ,suppose you lost half the water you needed for your journey by having it evaporate4 ,think in addition what it meant if a large part of your food dried up in the cooking4 ,theo looked grave4 ,i should not like that at all4 ,nor did your ancestors1 laughed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,well1 it was to these ,mohammedan ,arabs1 or ,saracens1 as they are termed1 that ,europe fundamentally owed its knowledge of the use of glaze1 and its consequent beginning in the art of pottery-making4 ,the ,saracens did not1 however1 remain in ,spain4 ,there was an uprising of the ,christians and they were either driven out or slaughtered1 almost every relic of their civilization being destroyed4 ,a stray temple or palace alone remains as a monument to them and this was more the result of chance1 probably1 than of intention4 ,for two centuries following came an interval known as the ,dark ,ages1 when none of the arts flourished4 ,but before the ,moors had fled from ,spain the ,italians who lived near at hand and whose territory the invaders often plundered had tired of their pillaging and in return had made an expedition into the ,saracens' country bringing back with them to ,italy some of the ,majolica ware of the ,arabs4 ,when the nations began to awaken out of their two hundred years of warfare and strife1 and ,genoa1 ,venice1 and ,leghorn became great commercial centres1 then the ,renaissance came and the ,italians1 who were ever an ingenious people1 began among other things to attempt to copy the glaze on this ,majolica ware4 ,as a result in the fifteenth century ,luca della ,robbia1 who was both a sculptor and a potter1 contrived to perfect his wonderful glazed terra cotta4 ,not the ,delia ,robbia who did the ,singing ,boys we have on the wall at school6 ,the very same4 ,he made great blue and white enameled tiles for wall decoration too2 figures of babies and children1 as well as whole altars fashioned entirely from this beautiful enamel4 ,whether he used a plumbiferous1 or lead glaze2 or a stanniferous1 or tin glaze1 we do not know4 ,probably it was of tin4 ,but the important fact is that he got a fine durable surface1 very shiny and very hard1 which wrought a revolution in pottery-making4 ,if you visit ,florence some time you can still see set in the walls of some of the public buildings the identical enameled terra cottas made by ,luca della ,robbia4 ,i'd like to see them4 ,then tell your dad to take you to ,italy after this war is over4 ,we will pray that ,germany may spare these art works of the world4 ,mr4 ,croyden did not speak for a moment2 then he said3 ,and while you are remembering so many things remember in addition that the word glaze comes from the term glassing or glazing1 which means putting a coating of glass over the surface4 ,of course the covering is not really glass1 but it is hard and shiny1 and so people used to think it was4 ,some day ,i will tell you more about the different kinds of glazes4 ,so it was the ,italians who gave ,europe its glazed pottery and porcelain1 remarked ,theo4 ,not alone the ,italians1 protested ,mr4 ,croyden1 although they helped4 ,somebody else had a share in the discovery--somebody very far away from ,italy4 ,it was the knowledge of the ,italians combined with the skill of this other distant nation that gave to ,europe the perfect product4 ,what nation was that8 demanded ,theo4 ,the ,dutch4 ,the ,dutch6 ,yes4 ,you see at this time the ,dutch were great traders1 and it was while the nation was at the height of its commercial glory that the ,dutch began bringing from ,china shipments of ,chinese porcelain4 ,portuguese traders had also brought some of it into ,europe1 so in these two ways the beautiful blue and white ware we know so well was introduced to the ,continent4 ,the ,portuguese were content to import it2 they never attempted to copy either the pottery or the porcelain4 ,but the ,dutch were more ambitious4 ,as early as #acjj they began experimenting with glazed pottery4 ,to the knowledge of glaze which they got from ,italy they added all they could find out about the making of ,chinese wares4 ,they learned that the blue color the ,chinese got came from oxide of cobalt1 which would melt and mingle with the glaze when exposed to a high temperature2 they also learned a little--a very little1 of the clay4 ,as a result they began to turn out a blue and white pottery known as ,delft1 which they soon made in great quantities and sold to ,european nations at a much lower price than imported ,chinese potteries and porcelains could be bought4 ,mr4 ,croyden bent forward and tossed a small log upon the fire4 ,this fact revolutionized daily living throughout ,europe4 ,up to this time you must remember the common people everywhere were using square pieces of tile or wood for plates1 and were eating from wooden bowls or hollowed out slabs of wood called trenchers4 ,the more well-to-do used pewter1 and kings and queens dined from dishes of silver4 ,there was1 it is true1 some earthenware made in ,saxony and ,france1 but as it was of a finer and more expensive quality than ,delft ordinary persons could not afford to buy it4 ,at the time the ,dutch began importing their ,delft ware into ,england ,henry ,,iv was on the throne2 so you see how long ago all this happened4 ,mr4 ,croyden smiled mischievously4 ,i suppose you have that date at your tongue's end1 he added4 ,i think it was about #adjj1 ventured ,theo thoughtfully4 ,bravo6 ,i had no idea you would remember it4 ,henry ,,iv reigned from #acii to #adac1 so you see you are nearly right4 ,as ,delft ware began to be manufactured in #acaj the art was pretty well developed by this time1 and much beautiful pottery was being made4 ,some of the best ,dutch painters were trying their hand at its decoration1 and in the ,museums of the ,hague there are old ,delft pieces painted by many of these famous artists4 ,most of the scenes upon them were copied from the landscapes the ,dutch saw every day--windmills1 ships1 ,dutch women in their quaint costumes1 fishermen1 and children in wooden shoes1--the ordinary sights1 such as were common in ,holland1 but novel and interesting to those who lived in other places4 ,there were1 too1 many imitations of ,chinese ware adorned with copies of ,chinese designs4 ,bear in mind1 ,theo1 that all of this was pottery1 not porcelain2 for the secret of porcelain-making had not yet been fathomed1 said ,mr4 ,croyden impressively4 ,it was glazed pottery1 responded ,theo4 ,exactly1 nodded ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,as time went on the ,dutch increased and perfected their output until they became ambitious to make larger pieces4 ,potters began turning out small foot-stoves1 vases1 candlesticks1 and dinner sets4 ,one of the most amusing relics of this old ,delft is now in one of the foreign museums4 ,it is a violin perfectly modeled and exquisitely decorated4 ,the story goes that it was one of four such instruments which were made as wedding gifts for the four daughters of a rich ,dutch pottery manufacturer4 ,it is even asserted that the instruments before being presented to the four brides were used by the musicians at the wedding festivities4 ,i'm afraid they did not make very good music4 ,theo smiled4 ,besides these fantastic things the ,dutch also made tea sets1 and when ,i say that you must realize that this was a very important fact2 for up to about #affj tea was a great novelty in ,england4 ,it had but recently been introduced there by ,oriental traders1 and was very expensive1 selling for about eight dollars a pound--at that time a great deal of money1 and even quite a price when rated by our own standards4 ,people were very ignorant still as to its use4 ,you have probably heard the story of the servant who1 knowing nothing about preparing the new delicacy1 boiled the tea leaves1 sprinkled them with salt and pepper and1 throwing away the liquid1 served the dainty to his master in a covered dish4 ,there was a hearty laugh from ,theo4 ,as late as #affa an ,englishman named ,samuel ,pepys1 whose diary is an interesting record of the time1 writes3 ',i had to-day some tea--a ,china drink of which ,i had never drank before4' ,isn't it a pity that while he was writing the little man did not also put down how he liked this new beverage8 ,mr4 ,croyden drew out his watch and rose4 ,so you can see1 ,theo1 he added as he stood with his back to the fire1 what it meant to have tea sets introduced into ,england4 ,of course the cups had no handles as do our teacups of to-day4 ,the ,chinese cups were in reality small bowls without either saucer or handle4 ,therefore the ,delft teacups copied from them were made in the same way4 ,the ,chinese did not drink their tea very hot1 you see1 and therefore could take hold of the cup without burning their fingers2 moreover1 they used in their houses tables of teak-wood to which hot cups did no injury4 ,since1 however1 teak-wood was unknown in ,england and oak was in general use the ,english found that the hot cups marred their tables and later they invented saucers to go under them4 ,nevertheless it was a long time before it dawned on potters that they could make handles for their cups4 ,one of the ear-marks of tea sets of early manufacture is these handleless cups4 ,with this advent of dishes1 of ,delft plaques to be hung on the wall in place of pictures1 and of ,delft tiles1 many of the common people for the first time awakened to the discovery that the interiors of their houses might be made attractive1 and something more than mere shelters from cold and storm4 ,they began buying vases and crude pottery ornaments1 images of flower-girls1 fishermen1 and of the saints4 ,in ,holland people even hung ,delft plaques on the walls of their stables4 ,it was a new thought to have anything about which was not for actual use4 ,i should think that with all this ,chinese and ,delft ware to copy from the ,english would have tried making earthenware of their own1 speculated ,theo4 ,they did1 was ,mr4 ,croyden's prompt reply1 and of that ,i will tell you some other day4 ,but there is one interesting fact in connection with these early tea sets4 ,remember that if ever you see in a museum or private house a tea set which you are told came over in the ,mayflower nothing of the sort could have happened4 ,the ,pilgrims landed on ,plymouth ,rock in #afbj1 and it was not until from #affj to #aggj that tea and tea sets became general in ,england4 ,by that time the ,pilgrim ,fathers1 and more especially the ,pilgrim ,mothers1 were far across the ocean4 ,mr4 ,croyden moved toward the door4 ,some one may have brought tea sets to them but they never carried them in the ,mayflower1 he concluded4 ,now ,i have talked too much for one morning1 and it is lunch time4 ,listen1 there is the horn6 ,and see1 ,theo1 the rain has ceased and the sun come out4 ,i hadn't thought of the weather1 smiled ,theo4 ,i had not thought of anything1 ,i guess1 but what you were telling me4 ,you will come again1 sir8 ,surely6 ,and you won't forget your promise to tell me about ,english pottery8 ,no indeed1 son1 was the cordial reply4 ,you are too good a listener for me to forget4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,potter ,,who ,,burned ,,his ,,chairs ,it was not for some time that ,mr4 ,croyden again had leisure for a long talk with ,theo1 because with the return of pleasant weather he and ,dr4 ,swift went for a three days' canoe trip up ,elk ,river1 a small stream emptying into the lake on which the camp stood4 ,dr4 ,swift had thought of giving up this excursion1 because it necessitated leaving ,theo for such a long time2 but the boy was insistent that his father should go4 ,i won't be lonesome1 ,father1 he protested4 ,franz is here1 and he is as good as a vaudeville show2 besides ,i can read1 and whittle1 and write to ,mother4 ,the days will pass so quickly ,i shall not have time to miss you4 ,it would be too bad to have you stay in camp just for me4 ,i have made trouble enough already4 ,perhaps it was because of ,theo's genuine regret for what he had done that ,dr4 ,swift consented to carry out his original plan4 ,the boy was intensely sensitive1 and any allusion to his accident1 or any interference with his father's pleasure because of it1 immediately brought a shadow of distress to his face4 ,the ,doctor was quick to notice this fact2 and eager1 if possible1 to avoid every reminder of the disaster4 ,accordingly on hearing ,theo's plea he packed his tackle1 and with a gentle word of caution to the invalid to be careful during his absence1 set forth with ,mr4 ,croyden to fish ,elk ,river4 ,it was no easy thing for ,theo to play an unselfish part and see them start off4 ,how he wished that he1 too1 were going6 ,but for his own folly he might have gone4 ,well1 he had no one to blame but himself1 that was certain4 ,therefore he put as brave a front on the matter as he could1 resolving to make the best of it and be cheerful4 ,it was not1 however1 much fun to be lying there in bed during those fine spring days4 ,from his window he could see the blue waters of the lake between the aisles of straight pines4 ,it was a glorious world if one could only be abroad in it4 ,even the glimpse he had of it from his bed was beautiful4 ,but to lie still and look out upon this alluring scene was not a satisfying role for an active boy4 ,in spite of the wood-carving1 the books1 the writing2 even despite the time ,franz could spare to entertain him the hours dragged pitifully4 ,furthermore1 now that the severed bone had begun to knit he felt restless and uncomfortable4 ,hence when on the afternoon of the third day he awoke from an uneasy doze to find his father standing beside him it was a joyful surprise4 ,father6 he cried4 ,right here1 came gruffly from the ,doctor4 ,glad to have your old dad home again8 ,glad8 ,well1 ,i guess6 ,i am glad to see you again too1 son4 ,i've thought of you a hundred times4 ,how did you get on8 ,all right1 sir4 ,franz took fine care of me1 and ,i found lots of things to do1 answered ,theo bravely4 ,but it is much nicer when you are here than when you're not4 ,his father smiled4 ,you are a plucky youngster1 he said huskily4 ,no matter how silly and childish your accident was you certainly have shown yourself a man since4 ,look6 ,here comes ,mr4 ,croyden to see you4 ,he has brought you a fine four-pounder1 the record trout of the catch4 ,theo beamed4 ,during the time the fishermen had been gone he had sadly missed the delicacy of fresh fish4 ,eating this trout will be the next best thing to pulling it in1 ,theo1 said ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,i only wish you might have had that pleasure1 too4 ,i shall be pretty glad to eat the trout1 sir1 ,theo declared promptly4 ,we shall let ,franz get to work cooking it then1 right away1 so to have it ready for your dinner1 ,dr4 ,swift said1 passing out with the fish in his hand4 ,after the ,doctor had gone ,theo looked up into ,mr4 ,croyden's face4 ,i suppose you are dreadfully tired after your tramp1 he remarked4 ,i8 ,oh1 no1 was the instant answer4 ,why8 ,i--,i--don't know1 faltered ,theo4 ,i just wondered4 ,wondered what8 ,whether after dinner you would be too tired to come in and talk to me a little while8 ,no1 indeed4 ,i'd be glad to come1 responded ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,i'll come and tell you all about our trip4 ,if you don't mind ,i'd rather you'd leave that to ,dad1 and instead tell me some more about china-making1 ,theo said naively4 ,mr4 ,croyden seemed vastly amused at the remark4 ,bless my soul6 ,what a boy you are1 he said4 ,of course ,i am perfectly willing to talk to you on anything you like4 ,would you rather hear about china than anything else8 ,yes1 sir1 just now ,i should1 came vigorously from ,theo4 ,all righty1 china it shall be1 then6 ,but ,i am surprised that you should be so much interested in it4 ,how came you to be so eager to learn about pottery and porcelain8 ,i guess because you make it all so much like a story book1 answered ,theo frankly4 ,how did you happen to know so much about it1 ,mr4 ,croyden8 ,why1 it chances to be my business1 son1 ,mr4 ,croyden replied4 ,in ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey1 where ,i live1 we make quantities of earthenware and porcelain2 more of it than anywhere else in the ,united ,states4 ,that is the way ,i earn my money to come on fishing trips4 ,oh1 ,i see6 ,then of course it is no wonder that you know all about it6 cried ,theo4 ,i know some things1 but not all1 was ,mr4 ,croyden's answer4 ,however1 since you like to hear about it ,i am ready and glad to tell you what ,i can4 ,we will have a session on ,french pottery to-night1 if you say so2 there are some things ,i want you to know before we take up the making of the ,english wares4 ,whatever you say6 exclaimed ,theo4 ,very well4 ,i'll be back after dinner1 and unless your father wants you for something else we'll have a nice evening together before your bedtime4 ,mr4 ,croyden was as good as his word4 ,theo had just finished his share of the big trout when into his room came the china merchant4 ,your father and ,manuel are busy icing some fish to ship home1 so here ,i am1 he affirmed4 ,after dragging a steamer chair up to ,theo's bedside and stretching himself comfortably in it the elder man began3 ,most of the pottery of the seventeenth century was an outgrowth of the ,italian ,renaissance when all the arts such as painting1 wood-carving1 sculpture1 literature1 glass and pottery-making were revived4 ,in ,france the attempt to imitate ,italian ,faenza ware gave rise to the word faience1 a term applied to ,french porcelains made both from hard and soft paste4 ,french potters at ,nevers1 spurred on by ,dutch and ,chinese products1 began to turn out a type of pottery not unlike ,delft1 except that the method of coloring it was reversed1 and instead of having blue figures on a white ground it had white figures on a background of blue4 ,this innovation1 however1 was not an entirely new variety of pottery4 ,it still remained for ,france to invent its own peculiar kind of ware1 and this it soon did4 ,nevertheless you must not make the mistake of thinking that these first attempts were very far reaching1 for on the contrary they were very limited4 ,they are significant only because they are the beginnings of that wonderful art of porcelain-making which later the ,french carried to an amazing degree of perfection4 ,there was a moment's delay in the story while ,mr4 ,croyden rearranged more comfortably the pillows behind ,theo's head4 ,is that better8 he asked of the boy4 ,lots better1 thank you1 said ,theo gratefully4 ,all right1 son4 ,then we'll go on4 ,two of the most important of these beginnings are the ,henri ,deux ware1 as it is called2 and the enamel work of ,bernard ,palissy4 ,we read about ,palissy in school1 put in ,theo4 ,i am glad to hear that1 for he was one of the three men whose names have come down to us as being most vitally connected with pottery and porcelain-making4 ,but before we talk of him ,i am going to tell you just a little about the ,henri ,deux ware1 sometimes known as ,faience d',orion4 ,very few pieces of it now remain2 but for perfection of workmanship and beauty of quality it has never been approached4 ,just who made it we do not know2 nor do we know anything of the conditions under which it was manufactured4 ,only about fifty pieces of it are in existence--half of them in ,england and half in ,france2 and it is from these1 and from vague historic hints1 that we have welded together the rather uncertain tale that ,i am now to tell you4 ,a smile of anticipation passed over ,theo's face4 ,long ago there lived in ,france a wealthy woman named ,helene d',hengest1 who was deeply interested in all the arts1 and who owned a beautiful home known as ,chateau d',orion4 ,here she had a library1 a rather rare possession in those days1 and a librarian called ,bernard4 ,now many persons think that it was this ,bernard who was the maker of the now famous ,henri ,deux ware1 or ,faience d',orion4 ,why should they think that8 questioned ,theo4 ,well1 there are several excellent reasons1 ,mr4 ,croyden replied4 ,one is that the ware shows traces of a book-binding tool4 ,book-binders1 you know1 use many small instruments to decorate or tool their leather4 ,this faience was a ware of natural cream-colored clay1 and upon it was tooled a flat design the hollows of which were filled in with darker clays that were afterward covered with a lead glaze4 ,infinite care and pains had evidently been expended upon each piece of the ware1 such pains that it must have taken much time to complete even a single article4 ,no manufacturer could have afforded to do this1 and therefore the inference had been drawn that the pottery was made purely for pleasure by some one who had an abundance of leisure4 ,perhaps this very ,bernard1 the librarian1 who may have become interested in the art as a recreation1 and done the work in his idle hours4 ,what a funny thing to do as a pastime6 exclaimed ,theo4 ,no stranger than that now many persons take up metal work1 wood-carving1 or other of the so-called arts and crafts for diversion4 ,i suppose not1 admitted ,theo thoughtfully4 ,it certainly is possible such a thing might have happened even so long ago as the time when the ,henri ,deux ware was made4 ,history offers us no aid in solving the puzzle1 so we can only find an answer as best we may4 ,the ware1 however1 is unique1 and there is no mistaking it4 ,some of it bears the monogram of ,king ,henry ,,ii1 and that accounts for the name by which the product passes4 ,there are authorities that assert the ,h does not stand for the king's name1 but for ,helene1 mistress of the ,chateau d',orion2 others declare the king's monogram was used merely to fix the date when the pottery was made4 ,hence you will find some china collectors calling it ,henri ,deux ware1 and others speaking of it as ,faience d',orion2 while still others refer to it as ,saint ,porchaire4 ,when examining it it is interesting to notice how much finer the later pieces are than the earlier ones4 ,evidently ,bernard1 if ,bernard it was1 improved a great deal with practice4 ,it was obvious that ,mr4 ,croyden had no more to say about the elusive ,bernard1 for he came to an abrupt stop4 ,theo waited a second1 and then remarked suggestively3 ,and ,palissy8 ,palissy8 ,oh1 he was another matter altogether4 ,what did you learn about him when you were at school8 ,not much1 ,i'm afraid1 responded ,theo with a shrug4 ,at least ,i do not remember much of it now4 ,the teacher told us that one day ,palissy saw an enameled cup of ,saracen workmanship and that he was so anxious to discover how the glaze on it was made that he worked years experimenting2 he even chopped up all his furniture as fuel for his furnaces4 ,this is quite correct1 smiled ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,i see you recall a good deal4 ,what you have told me are the main facts of the story4 ,palissy did work fifteen years4 ,he used every splinter of wood he could lay hands on as fuel1 and indeed burned up every particle of his household furniture1 until he had not a chair to sit upon4 ,he spent every cent he had1 too1 until he was so poor that he could scarcely feed his family1 and owed money to all his neighbors4 ,in the end did he find out how to make the enamel8 came breathlessly from ,theo4 ,no1 not that particular kind of enamel the ,moors made in ,spain4 ,that is the sad part of the story1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,he did1 however1 find out by his experimenting how to get marvelous colored enamels of another kind1 and this was a very important discovery4 ,he colored his glazes before putting them over the clay1 instead of using a white enamel and then painting it as had previously been done everywhere4 ,so you see after all ,palissy did a great deal for pottery-making1 since up to this time no one had ever thought of coloring the glaze itself4 ,he made many vases1 platters1 and covered dishes adorned with designs in this colored enamel1 often putting on the cover of a dish a fruit or vegetable in relief1 tinted in its natural colors4 ,much of this work now can be seen in the museums of ,france2 but it never became a distinctive type of art4 ,what we chiefly remember of ,palissy is his introduction into china-making of these hitherto unknown colored enamels4 ,illustration3 ,,burned ,,his ,,chairs ,,he ,,used ,,every ,,splinter ,,of ,,wood ,what became of him8 inquired ,theo at last4 ,did he ever get any more money8 ,he had a strange life1 mused ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,he was a ,huguenot1 and at that time the ,catholic party was in power1 and an edict went forth that all ,huguenots should be killed4 ,many of them fled into other countries and thus escaped death4 ,but ,palissy refused to flee1 and because he was a man skilled in pottery-making1 one of the things ,france was eager to perfect1 the king wanted to retain him in his kingdom4 ,therefore he took ,palissy under his protection1 and for a long time allowed him to work unmolested in a little building in the grounds of the ,tuileries4 ,but by and by the ,catholic adherents of the king became too strong even for their royal master's control1 and so insistently did they clamor for ,palissy's death that the king was forced to send for the potter and beg him to renounce his ,protestant faith4 ,now by this time ,palissy was a white-haired man of eighty4 ,nevertheless when the king told him he must either recant or lose his life he did not flinch4 ,fearlessly he clung to his religion4 ,did they kill him8 ,no4 ,perhaps it was because the people did not dare displease the king1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,they did1 however1 imprison the old man in the ,bastille and there1 after years of confinement1 he wasted away and died4 ,it was probably only the influence of his royal patron that prevented him from being murdered in the first place4 ,both the ,henri ,deux ware and ,palissy's colored enamels brought fame to ,france4 ,in #ahjj at ,nevers1 where the blue and white ware similar to ,delft was made1 there were twelve factories4 ,then there was a quaint pottery made at ,beauvais with the coats of arms of ,france and ,brittany upon it4 ,at ,rouen1 too1 an extensive pottery industry sprang up1 and it was to these factories that in #agac ,louis ,,xiv1 when forced to pay his war debts1 sent his silver service to be melted up and replaced by a less expensive earthenware dinner set4 ,some pieces marked with the fleur-de-lis1 and probably remnants of this set1 are to be found in ,french museums4 ,there were various other small potteries in different parts of ,france3 some at ,marseilles1 others at ,moustiers and ,nancy4 ,there were a number in ,paris itself4 ,all of these were making a more or less fine variety of earthenware4 ,but the time was not ripe for ,france's greatest contribution to china-making4 ,of that you shall hear some other day4 ,now have ,i not told you quite a long story8 ,a long one and a very good one1 said ,theo4 ,i hope you'll tell me another very soon4 ,will you never have enough of all this chinaware8 ,laughingly ,theo shook his head4 ,i'd like you to keep right on until---- ,until you are on your feet again1 interrupted ,mr4 ,croyden teasingly4 ,then ,i suppose you will promptly run off and forget all about it4 ,not at all1 sir6 contradicted ,theo4 ,i was going to say ,i wished you would keep on telling me about it until ,i got well and could go to see some of these potteries and porcelains made4 ,oh-ho6 ,so you want to come to ,trenton and steal my business away from me1 do you1 you young rascal8 ,we'll see about that4 ,with a broad smile ,mr4 ,croyden rose and shaking his fist playfully at ,theo sauntered out the door4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vi ,,from ,,vases ,,to ,,drain-,,pipes ,during the week that followed neither ,dr4 ,swift nor ,mr4 ,croyden took any more long trips away from the camp4 ,they went1 to be sure1 on short fishing excursions1 often being absent an entire morning or afternoon2 but they passed no nights away from ,theo4 ,the boy suspected that his father's reason for this decision was because for the last few days try as he would he had been unable to conceal how miserable and uncomfortable he felt4 ,dr4 ,swift1 however1 would not own that this was the cause of his loitering at home4 ,he merely declared that when the near-at-hand sport was so good it was foolish to tramp ten miles to waylay some unwary and distant trout4 ,and indeed this logic appeared to be sound1 for not once did the anglers return from one of their brief tours that they did not bring with them baskets well lined with yellow perch1 trout1 or land-loch salmon4 ,as a consequence the ,doctor managed to keep very close watch of his son1 and ,theo saw a great deal both of his father and ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,the friendship of the latter for the sick lad was no empty pose4 ,he sincerely liked ,theo--liked his manliness and his intelligence2 his brave attempt at unselfishness2 his boyish love of fun4 ,mr4 ,croyden was very fond of boys and1 in fact1 often betrayed the circumstance that in reality he himself had never really grown up4 ,accordingly he sought ,theo out whenever he had leisure1 and many a happy hour did the two spend together4 ,one day when he chanced to be sitting beside the invalid's couch ,theo said3 ,you told me once that there were three famous potters in history1 and that ,palissy was one of them2 who were the others8 ,if ,i should tell you their names and nothing more about them it would be only so much dry sawdust1 was ,mr4 ,croyden's reply4 ,the only reason they were great was because of what they did2 and that is a long story4 ,too long to tell8 ,too long to put in a nutshell4 ,wouldn't you have time to tell me some of it now8 ,i might have time to tell you about one of the men1 but not both2 and even were ,i to tell you about one of them1 in order to make you understand how truly great he was ,i should have to tell you much that happened before he began his pottery-making1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden slowly4 ,i shouldn't mind that at all1 laughed ,theo4 ,the longer your stories are the better ,i like them4 ,mr4 ,croyden smiled4 ,suppose1 then1 we begin1 he said1 and ,i will try before luncheon to introduce you to our second great potter4 ,but before ,i do this we must go back a little that you may recall exactly where we left off4 ,while ,holland was turning out its ,delft ware2 ,italy its glazed terra-cotta2 and ,france its ,henri ,deux and other enameled earthenwares1 in the ,low ,countries and the ,german ,states a new variety of pottery with a coarse surface not unlike the porous skin of an orange was being made4 ,this was known as ,gres de ,flandres1 gres meaning earthenware4 ,the unique feature it possessed was not so much its orange-skin surface as the surprising method by which it was glazed4 ,the ware itself was made on a potter's wheel often from the commonplace kinds of clay1 such as are employed in making stone china2 sometimes this was brown1 sometimes gray1 sometimes cream-colored4 ,there was nothing original about the material employed4 ,but afterward--then came the amazing thing6 ,when the clay articles were put into the kiln to be fired a quantity of common salt was thrown in with them and this salt created a vapor which when it settled upon the ware fused with it1 giving to the clay a coarse1 porous-appearing surface4 ,how do you suppose anybody ever thought of using salt8 inquired ,theo4 ,i do not know4 ,probably the discovery1 like so many others1 was a mere happen-so4 ,at any rate it was a fortunate happening1 for immediately this method of glazing earthenware was carried to ,england1 where ,doulton of ,lambeth began manufacturing some very beautiful gres4 ,for gres can be of exquisite beauty as well as of most ordinary type4 ,do not forget that4 ,the term serves to cover those opaque earthenwares which are fired until vitrification or an external glassing results4 ,at first all styles of gres were called ,gres de ,flandres1 but later the single term gres was given them4 ,you will hardly be surprised when ,i tell you that those past masters in the art of every kind of pottery-making1 the ,chinese and ,japanese1 have given us our finest specimens of gres1 some of them having designs of imitation jewels upon them2 and others decorations of beautifully colored enamels4 ,next to these ,oriental varieties ,germany has always excelled in the making of gres4 ,there is a great scope for artistic expression in this ware1 a far broader range for merit than in many others4 ,so it was this salt glaze that ,england took up1 was it8 ruminated ,theo4 ,yes4 ,you see1 up to this time very little glazed ware had been made in ,england1 for until the ,dutch traders came with their ,chinese and ,delft wares the ,english had been cheerfully using1 as ,i told you1 unglazed clay1 wood1 pewter1 and on rare occasions silver dishes4 ,even the ladies of ,queen ,elizabeth's household felt no shame to eat from wooden dishes4 ,as for knives and forks--nobody used those6 ,every one ate with his fingers4 ,think how primitive it must have been to go to a banquet of the ,lord-,mayor of ,london arrayed in your silk or velvet costume1 and eat roasted ox with your fingers from a trencher1 or square slab of wood6 ,yet such a procedure was considered entirely proper in those days4 ,theo was much amused4 ,afterward for quite a long time dishes of brown stoneware were in vogue2 and then as an improvement on those came a coarse greenish-yellow type of ware4 ,it was about #afde that into ,england strayed a few ,dutch potters who began to make a reproduction of ,delft pottery4 ,in the meantime in quite another part of the country a salt-glazed stoneware of far better quality than any previously manufactured made its appearance4 ,to this the name porcellane was given1 and although the product was in reality simply a gres the fact is interesting because it is the first time that we have the word applied to china4 ,it probably came from the ,italian noun porcellana1 meaning a shell1 which the thinness of the new ware may have suggested2 or the term may have been derived from the ,french word pourcelaine1 a word used for any material from which a sculptor models his statues4 ,we are not certain which of these theories is correct4 ,nevertheless we have the name1 although at this particular date it was incorrectly applied4 ,but the ,english had nothing at that time but pottery to give the name to1 objected ,theo4 ,mr4 ,croyden chuckled4 ,exactly6 ,so they shouldn't have used the term at all1 he said1 because they have confused a lot of good people since then4 ,from this period on ,england went steadily forward with its china-making4 ,earthenware of various kinds covered with salt glaze were made at ,fulham1 ,stoke-on-,trent1 and ,staffordshire4 ,it was about #agej that the second of the great potters made his advent4 ,ah6 cried ,theo1 now we are going to hear who he was6 ,mr4 ,croyden paused a moment as if thinking just how he should best tell the story4 ,then he began3 ,the name of this second pottery-maker to whom the world owes a mighty debt was ,josiah ,wedgwood4 ,he was a man who came naturally by his skill at pottery-making1 for1 not only was he himself a potter1 but he also had several ancestors who had followed the trade4 ,he was a conscientious workman of limited education1 but a person to whom a thorough1 careful piece of work1 done as well as it was possible to do it1 was a satisfaction and delight4 ,remember that fact1 for it had much to do with ,wedgwood's subsequent success4 ,he also loved beauty of form1 and probably had he been able to choose he would have turned his entire attention to making a classic type of pottery4 ,but being one of thirteen children he was poor1 and his common sense told him that there were far more necessary things to be done in the world than to give all one's time to articles that were not useful4 ,so he put his dream behind him1 like the practical fellow he was1 and looked about to see what his contemporaries needed1 and what he could do to aid his generation4 ,i should think that if he could have made some dishes it would have helped as much as anything1 asserted ,theo emphatically4 ,that was precisely what he decided1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,accordingly he went to work to apply his knowledge of pottery to the improvement of ,english earthenware4 ,first he made a kind of cream-white pottery which he dubbed ,queen's ,ware in honor of ,queen ,charlotte2 and which in spite of the fact that it boasted no decoration1 became very popular in ,england because of its moderate price4 ,from this simple beginning ,wedgwood got money to experiment further1 and work out other varieties of china4 ,in #aggc he began his famous dinner-set for ,empress ,catherine ,,ii of ,russia1 which had upon it over twelve hundred enameled views of ,english estates1 and for which she paid three thousand pounds4 ,for two months before this set was packed and sent away it was on exhibition in ,london1 where it was the marvel of every one who saw it4 ,i'd like to have seen it6 interjected ,theo4 ,and ,i too1 echoed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,by this time ,wedgwood had money enough to carry out some of his dreams4 ,he was fortunate in having the friendship of several ,englishmen of wealth and through one of them1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 he obtained a chance to take impressions of rare cameos from ,italy and ,pompeii2 later the ,duke of ,portland1 who you may recall outbid him at the sale of the world-famed ,portland ,vase1 allowed him to copy it4 ,it was a very generous thing for an art-lover to do1 and ,i think it must have cost the duke a wrench4 ,it took ,wedgwood a whole year to copy this vase1 and when he had succeeded in doing so he made fifty more copies4 ,the venture cost him not only his time but a small fortune as well2 but it proved far from a waste of hours or money1 since the feat brought to the manufacturer a familiarity with ,grecian art which had its outcome in his well-known ,jasper ware4 ,theo glanced up questioningly4 ,surely you have seen this ware1 ,theo1 asserted ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,it comes in blue sage-green1 or purple1 and has upon it ,grecian figures in white4 ,instantly a flash of recognition came into ,theo's face4 ,oh1 ,i know it now6 he ejaculated4 ,mother has a teapot of it at home4 ,that is more than likely1 came cordially from ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,at first1 however1 ,wedgwood did not put the white figures on this ware2 he merely mixed the coloring matter with the clay and got as a result a dull1 opaque ware of green4 ,afterward he conceived the idea of making the pottery in other colors and decorating it with the ,grecian1 ,italian1 or ,roman figures of which he had long before taken impressions4 ,as this venture took form sculptors became interested in the project and lent their aid1 so that by and by an entirely original ware was developed which has come down through history as one of the significant art contributions of the age4 ,in addition to his ,queen's ware1 and ,jasper ware1 ,wedgwood also made a black ,egyptian-like ware called ,basalt2 another variety of cream-colored ware known as ,bamboo2 and a kind of terra-cotta that imitated granite4 ,well1 ,i should certainly think ,wedgwood did his bit6 declared ,theo4 ,ah1 but this was not all he did1 retorted ,mr4 ,croyden quickly4 ,his most important work ,i have not yet mentioned4 ,what was that8 ,he invented two things of widely different nature which have been of the greatest practical value to our civilization ever since4 ,one was a hard biscuit porcelain such as is used in laboratories1 and for chemist's and pharmacist's utensils4 ,this meant far greater convenience in the mixing and preparation of drugs and medicines4 ,and the other8 ,the other was the glazing of common earthenware or terra-cotta drain-pipes4 ,this non-aesthetic product was perhaps ,wedgwood's greatest contribution to his time1 for it revolutionized sanitation1 and was a mighty step toward better living conditions4 ,surely no one can say that ,josiah ,wedgwood did not let his art serve his generation both from an artistic and a practical standpoint4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,vii ,,porcelain ,,at ,,last ,progress toward health now became quite rapid1 for ,theo1 being a normal boy1 the injured bone knit quickly1 and before long ,dr4 ,swift said3 ,i have sent for some crutches for you1 son1 and as soon as they come ,i see no reason why you should not be up and about4 ,of course you cannot expect to go hiking off over these rough trails2 but you can certainly get out of bed and move about the camp4 ,theo's eyes sparkled4 ,my1 but won't it seem good6 he sighed4 ,i am sure it will1 answered the ,doctor4 ,you have been very patient1 ,theo4 ,going to get the invalid up1 ,doctor8 questioned ,mr4 ,croyden1 who had just poked his head in at the door4 ,yes1 just as soon as the crutches ,i have ordered from ,new ,york arrive4 ,mr4 ,croyden looked rueful4 ,that means ,i shall be losing my lecture audience1 he mourned playfully4 ,you will no longer be a spoiled child1 ,theo1 after those crutches come4 ,we shan't serve all your meals in your room1 nor give you the biggest fish in the catch4 ,you will have to come down to common fare like the rest of us4 ,you won't find me doing any fussing on that score1 laughed ,theo4 ,as for the lectures--why1 ,i have a season ticket1 and shall expect a lecture every day4 ,mercy on us6 gasped ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,do you realize1 young man1 that ,i came into these woods to rest8 ,if ,i am to make pottery and porcelain with you every day ,i might just as well be at home4 ,nevertheless it was plain that the elder man was pleased4 ,well1 so long as you have secured a season ticket in advance ,i suppose there is no help for it1 he added with a comic expression of resignation4 ,when1 by the by1 does the next lecture come8 ,theo pretended to produce an imaginary ticket from his pocket and consult it4 ,the next lecture seems to be listed for this evening just after dinner1 he replied gravely4 ,it does1 does it6 exclaimed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,very well2 the lecturer will be ready at seven sharp4 ,i make it a point never to disappoint an audience4 ,with a good-natured laugh he was gone4 ,i hope ,i don't bother ,mr4 ,croyden too much1 ,father1 observed ,theo reflectively1 after the older man was out of hearing4 ,i guess you don't1 answered the ,doctor4 ,at first ,i was afraid you might be taking too much of his time1 so ,i asked him2 but ,i soon found he enjoyed these talks quite as much as you4 ,he is a good talker1 and like the rest of us finds it pleasant to discuss his hobby4 ,i begged him to be frank and tell you whenever he was too tired or busy to talk1 and he promised he would4 ,he has been mighty good to me4 ,he certainly has1 agreed ,dr4 ,swift4 ,he likes boys very much4 ,it is a pity he has no son of his own4 ,it is a shame6 exclaimed ,theo4 ,he would make such a splendid father for some boy4 ,dr4 ,swift nodded4 ,boys are of course a great nuisance1 and they make us lots of trouble1 he remarked dryly1 but they are good things to have in the house in spite of that4 ,as he rose to go he cast a whimsical glance at his son4 ,i'll leave you this book to read1 he said4 ,mother sent it4 ,and here are some letters4 ,here1 too1 is a picture puzzle which looks as if it might keep you busy for some time4 ,i guess you won't be idle before ,i get back4 ,theo met his eye with a bright smile4 ,i guess ,i won't have a chance to be1 he replied4 ,the book proved to be an aeroplane story of just the kind ,theo liked2 and the puzzle was so hard that he worked on it at intervals most of the day4 ,then came twilight and with it a game of cribbage with his father1 after which he had a deliciously cooked dinner of fried perch1 browned potatoes1 and a marvelous three-story chocolate pie1 a masterpiece of ,franz's cookery4 ,i think this has been about the best day yet1 ,theo remarked when promptly at seven ,mr4 ,croyden drew his chair up into the firelight4 ,father does plan such jolly things for me to do6 ,and you1 and ,manuel1 and ,franz are so kind6 ,those of us who have our legs ought to be1 that's sure1 was ,mr4 ,croyden's grim response4 ,it is the least we can do4 ,in my opinion you have been a real hero1 ,theo4 ,if my leg had been broken ,i should never have been so patient4 ,you would have seen me storming round like a caged tiger4 ,in fact ,i doubt even if lectures delivered by such a brilliant speaker as myself would have kept me still4 ,theo chuckled4 ,what is the subject of the lecture you are to give this evening8 he inquired with mock seriousness4 ,wasn't it printed on your ticket8 ,no1 sir4 ,no8 exclaimed ,mr4 ,croyden in surprise4 ,a great oversight6 ,the man who printed these tickets is a stupid fellow4 ,i believe ,i shall have to discharge him and try somebody else4 ,the subject of this evening's lecture is1 of course1 ,porcelain4 ,porcelain6 ,have we really come to porcelain at last6 cried ,theo1 much delighted4 ,yes1 we have now finished with the potteries and earthenwares--at least for the present1 and we shall begin on porcelain1 the great art-work of the ,chinese4 ,mr4 ,croyden stopped to cram tobacco into his pipe4 ,already ,i have told you that the ,chinese made beautiful porcelains from kaolin and petuntse1 two clays which produced a hard1 semi-transparent china1 he began4 ,and ,i have also told you how for a long time they were the only nation to have a knowledge of the necessary ingredients for such a ware4 ,i only wish ,i had here at this moment some specimens of the exquisite porcelains they have made that you might see them and get some idea of their richness and beauty4 ,it is difficult to describe them in words4 ,maybe when we go home ,father will take me to the ,metropolitan ,museum to see some ,chinese porcelains1 suggested ,theo4 ,i am sure he will1 ,mr4 ,croyden said4 ,and if he is too busy to do it1 ,i will take you myself4 ,maybe some day we could go china-hunting together4 ,that would be corking6 ,i'd enjoy it as much as you1 affirmed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,we would prowl around among the different collections and look for the celebrated ,nankin blue which1 although not strictly speaking a porcelain1 would give you a glimpse of some of the finest work ever done in a blue and white ware4 ,of the very early ,chinese porcelains we should1 alas1 find no specimens1 because most of these were destroyed during the wars that raged against the various ancient dynasties2 but we should see some examples of what is called the ,chrysanthemo-,paeonienne period4 ,jove1 what a name6 ,not such a terrible one when you think about it1 returned ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,get to work with your brain and you can soon tell me what it means4 ,chrysanthe---- ruminated ,theo1 thinking aloud4 ,has it anything to do with chrysanthemum8 ,it surely has4 ,go on1 urged the elder man encouragingly4 ,paeonienne--,i'll bet it is another flower6 ,peony8 ,there you have it6 came triumphantly from the china manufacturer4 ,it was not half as bad as it sounded1 you see4 ,chrysanthemums and peonies--the two flowers almost exclusively used as decoration on the porcelain of that particular period4 ,so universally was one or the other of these flowers employed1 and so individual was their treatment1 that the name serves to cover one of the oldest types of ,chinese porcelain remaining to us4 ,this porcelain was not so beautiful1 however1 as some of that which follows it2 the clay or body of the ware being less fine4 ,one can easily see that at that time the ,chinese had not perfected their art4 ,nevertheless it is remarkable1 and the flower designs on it most artistic4 ,and what came next8 inquired ,theo4 ,next we come to some other varieties of porcelains which connoisseurs have grouped together because of their color and called ,famille-vert4 ,think out what that name means as you did the other4 ,you have studied ,french at school1 haven't you8 ,a little1 replied ,theo modestly4 ,famille is family2 and ,i think vert is green4 ,but of course it could not mean ,green ,family4 ,that is precisely what it does mean1 ,mr4 ,croyden returned heartily4 ,the name refers to the delicate color of the ware4 ',sky after a summer rain' was what the ,chinese sometimes poetically called it4 ,it is a porcelain of wonderful rarity and beauty4 ,some of it even ranges to as deep hue as apple-green4 ,one does not find much of it now1 for it is a very choice and expensive variety2 nor was it widely made4 ,the ware for which the ,chinese were most celebrated was the ,famille-rose4 ,rose ,family6 exclaimed ,theo1 instantly4 ,yes4 ,broadly speaking the ,red ,family4 ,i am glad to see you have your ,french so at your tongue's end4 ,this porcelain of the ,rose ,family was the masterpiece of the ,chinese4 ,the word rose did not in this case refer to the flower but to the rich red tone of the porcelain4 ,some of it is as deep and almost as brilliant as a ruby2 and neither its decoration nor its coloring can be surpassed4 ,for the ,chinese1 you must not forget1 were the most original and unhampered of artists4 ,they were never content to copy flowers1 faces1 or figures as we do to-day4 ,instead they aimed to catch the spirit of the object from which they were working1 and then with freedom and boldness to execute a design that should have something more than mere reproduction in it4 ,it did not matter in the least to them if a flower in one of their pictures was sometimes larger than a man2 or a boat many sizes bigger than the bridge beneath which it sailed4 ,they were making a sort of fairyland decoration where anything they pleased was possible2 it was not a world of fact4 ,as a result they got an imaginative quality in their decoration which none of our more prosaic and literal western nations have ever equaled4 ,mr4 ,croyden took a pull at his pipe4 ,much of their design was symbolic1 and much of the coloring they used had a national significance4 ,for example1 the ,dragon was a symbol of empire and power2 the ,dog1 a sacred animal1 was often used2 but it was no ordinary dog4 ,instead it had great teeth1 a curling mane1 and claws like a lion4 ,a ,chinese artist would have scorned to copy a real dog1 for that would not have been considered art2 nor would a picture of any living type of dog be half as imposing as was this imaginary creature with its fierce teeth1 mane1 and claws4 ,sometimes the ,kylin1 a sort of stag with a dragon's head1 and a symbol of good-fortune1 was used4 ,there were many other of these symbolic designs employed to enhance the beauty of ,chinese porcelains1 and of course to the ,chinese each one had its meaning4 ,it is an interesting idea1 isn't it8 ,theo said slowly4 ,very2 and makes much of our own art seem pitifully thin4 ,and when you consider that the colors the ,chinese used also had their meaning1 as did various geometric forms introduced1 you can readily see how much one must study to understand ,chinese--and for that matter1 ,japanese art2 for the ,japanese used much the same methods in decorating their potteries and porcelains1 although of course their symbolism varied4 ,with the ,chinese green and vermilion were colors sacred to the wall decorations of ,emperors' houses2 red typified fire2 black1 water2 green1 wood2 white1 metal4 ,fire was also sometimes represented by a circle1 and the earth by a square4 ,all this ,i tell you that you may see how much thought went into everything they did4 ,in addition certain objects were made for especial purposes1 and decorated in accordance with their use4 ,there were drinking cups for poets1 authors1 and government officials1 each cup having an appropriate picture in the bottom4 ,then there were incense-burners1 vases1 bowls1 and vessels for libations at ceremonials2 there were1 too1 statues of the various gods4 ,besides these many types of workmanship the ,chinese made a very thin egg-shell porcelain1 the most fragile and transparent of which we now get from ,japan2 and a porcelain decorated with a fine1 open-work design cut through the ware1 and styled 'grains-of-rice pattern4' ,moreover they manufactured a variety which in firing took on a crackled effect and has for that reason been christened ,chinese ,crackle4 ,you see how many kinds of thing they worked out4 ,i should say so6 exclaimed ,theo4 ,most of the painting of ,chinese porcelain was done directly on the glaze instead of underneath it1 although some of the brush work was done on the clay itself before the glaze was put over it4 ,in either case the ware required several firings1 and before even such a simple article as a cup was completed it frequently passed through as many as seventy pairs of hands4 ,add to this the dangers risked in packing and importing1 and the tumult of the many wars that racked ,china1 and is it anything short of a marvel that so many perfect pieces of ancient make have come down to us8 ,i think it is wonderful that all of them were not broken1 gasped ,theo4 ,it is not until #aaga that there is any mention of porcelain being seen outside of ,china4 ,then the ,mohammedan ,saladin sent as a present to another ruler forty pieces of ,chinese porcelain4 ,in #adhg the ,sultan of ,turkey gave to ,lorenzo de ,medici1 a great art lover1 a porcelain vase4 ,after that porcelain began1 as ,i have already told you1 to find its way into ,europe--first through the ,portuguese traders1 and later through the ,dutch4 ,what we know of ,chinese porcelain applies largely to that of ,japan1 because for many years ,japan was merely an imitator of ,china so far as porcelain-making was concerned4 ,by and by1 however1 the ,japanese ,government encouraged the industry by giving money toward its manufacture1 and as a result about the year #abjj the porcelains of the ,japanese rivaled those of ,china4 ,the ,chrysanthemo-,paeonienne was worked out to a degree of perfection hitherto unknown2 and the ,famille-rose was also made1 but not as perfectly as in ,china4 ,the ,famille-vert1 on the contrary1 was not attempted to any extent in ,japan1 probably because the ,japanese lacked the necessary clays to make it4 ,mr4 ,croyden paused as if reflecting1 then added3 ,as ,i explained to you1 the ,japanese had their symbolism of color and design as well as the ,chinese2 and not only did they make similar sorts of porcelain1 but they subsequently invented styles of decoration of their own4 ,they did much medallion-painting1 a form of design unknown in ,china4 ,they also gave to the world their wonderful ,japanese lacquer1 a varnish of gums that could be applied not only to wood but in some cases to porcelain4 ,they also were the race to invent ,cloisonne ware1 a very difficult type of thing when made as they made it4 ,to the surface of the porcelain they fastened a tiny metal outline of the design and afterward filled in the spaces between it with colored enamels4 ,you can easily see what careful workmanship such a process required4 ,we have a ,cloisonne vase at home1 said ,theo soberly1 but ,i never knew it was made that way4 ,if it is the genuine old ,japanese ,cloisonne it was1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,the ,japanese also gave us the ,mandarin china so highly prized by collectors4 ,this is an interesting ware because on it we find the tiny ,mandarins pictured in the decoration1 wearing their little toques or caps topped with the button denoting their rank4 ,you see when the ,thsing victors conquered the ,ming ,dynasty of ,china they decreed that many of the old ,chinese customs and modes of dress should give place to those of ,japan4 ,among other things they ordered that officials wear the toque or mandarin-cap4 ,the ,chinese were1 as you can well imagine1 very angry2 and although they wore the cap you see no little mandarins thus arrayed adorning their porcelain4 ,but the ,japanese not only immortalized these reminders of their supremacy on their chinaware1 but they even took some of their mandarin-decorated porcelain to ,china and forced the ,chinese to buy it4 ,in most collections you will find some of this ,mandarin china2 but remember1 although it may have come from ,china1 it probably was not made there4 ,theo smiled4 ,the ,japanese came in time to be great traders1 continued ,mr4 ,croyden1 and they are going to be still greater ones some day4 ,they invented many other kinds of pottery and porcelain which they sold to the merchants of ,holland4 ,satsuma is a pottery in which they excelled4 ,it has a body of cream-colored earthenware not unlike ,wedgwood's ,queen's ware1 and this is richly decorated in dull colors and gold4 ,in order to please the ,dutch traders the ,japanese even painted angels1 saints1 and other ,christian figures both on their pottery and porcelain1 which proves they must have been pretty eager for ,european customers4 ,at the present moment they are equally willing to cater to ,american and ,european demands1 and to gratify our inartistic public by sending into our markets all sorts of cheap1 gaudily decorated goods which they themselves would not tolerate4 ,it is a deplorable fact1 too1 that we buy them4 ,now you surely have got your money's worth of lecture for to-night4 ,if you are not tired1 ,i am4 ,good-night1 sonny6 ,good-night1 called ,theo as ,mr4 ,croyden passed out1 and thank you4 ,i'm sorry you're tired4 ,i am not4 ,i could listen all over again4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,third ,,famous ,,potter ,theo's crutches did not arrive as soon as he expected1 both because of the remoteness of the camp and a confusion in transportation4 ,poor ,theo6 ,after getting his hopes up it was hard to be cheerful over this disappointment1 and the courage that until now had buoyed him up suddenly began to fail4 ,i just wish one of those miserable expressmen could have a broken leg and then he'd see how good it is to be laid up like this1 fretted the boy indignantly4 ,oh1 come1 don't wish that6 ,mr4 ,croyden protested laughing1 for if you decree that the expressmen be disabled you will never get your crutches4 ,i suppose not1 admitted ,theo grudgingly4 ,but it is so irritating4 ,i know that2 still1 it might be worse1 ,theo4 ,you really are pretty comfortable1 you know4 ,yes4 ,you are not suffering4 ,no1 murmured the lad1 hanging his head4 ,you have plenty to eat4 ,yes4 ,and the food is good4 ,theo flushed1 but said nothing4 ,there is many a boy worse off than you are4 ,probably4 ,i guess your father could show you a score of them were you to accompany him on one of his hospital rounds4 ,suppose1 for example1 you were in pain every moment1 and were never to walk again4 ,that would be a real calamity1 and something to fuss about4 ,theo raised his eyes4 ,i know it1 sir1 he said instantly4 ,i'm afraid ,i have been pretty grumpy and cross4 ,no4 ,until now you have been most patient--phenomenally patient for a lad who loves to be doing something every minute4 ,it is precisely because you have done so well that ,i'd like you to hold out a little longer4 ,theo's lip quivered2 then suddenly his scowl melted into a mischievous smile4 ,i believe1 ,mr4 ,croyden1 that you are as good at preaching as you are at lecturing1 he observed gaily4 ,mr4 ,croyden nodded his head4 ,you are one of the few persons1 ,theo1 who appreciate me at my full value4 ,i am really a very gifted person if only other people suspected it4 ,in return for your recognition of my talents ,i have half a mind to favor you with another of my celebrated lectures this very instant4 ,i wish you would1 came eagerly from ,theo4 ,but aren't you going off fishing this morning8 ,no4 ,your father and ,manuel are going to fish some secret trout hole1 and they did not invite me4 ,you see1 your father's guide and mine are the best of friends until it comes to trout holes2 then they are sworn enemies4 ,manuel won't tell ,tony where he finds his five and six pounders2 and ,tony won't tell ,manuel4 ,yesterday ,tony actually led me nearly half a mile out of my way so ,manuel should not see where we were going4 ,he wanted to throw him off the scent1 and ,i guess he did it1 too4 ,this rivalry between fishing guides is very common and sometimes1 ,i am sorry to say1 it is less good-natured than here4 ,it seems very silly1 ,theo remarked4 ,it is the same old question of protecting the source of one's income4 ,governments as well as individuals have to confront the problem4 ,you remember how the ,chinese tried to shut every one out from knowing how they made their porcelain8 ,yes1 indeed4 ,and you never have told me yet how the ,european nations found out the secret4 ,until now we had not come to that story1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,but to-day it chances that that is the very tale ,i have in mind to tell you4 ,theo rubbed his hands1 and with a contented smile settled back against the pillows prepared to listen4 ,as ,i told you1 began ,mr4 ,croyden1 about #aeah ,portuguese traders brought ,chinese porcelains into ,europe2 and following their lead the ,dutch imported the same goods in even greater quantities4 ,everywhere people marveled at the beauty of these wares just as you would have done if up to that time you had never seen anything but crude clay dishes4 ,the whiteness of the porcelain seemed a miracle1 and on every hand people were eager to make such china themselves4 ,especially eager were the rulers of the different ,european countries1 who were clever enough to see that such production would greatly increase their national fame and prosperity4 ,now there chanced to be a ,prussian by the name of ,boettger1 an alchemist1 who because of the wars had fled for safety to ,meissen4 ,he was a man well-versed in the composition of minerals and chemicals1 and in consequence ,augustus ,,ii1 who was at that time ,elector of ,saxony1 sent for him1 and asked him to join his other skilled chemists1 who for a long time had been busy experimenting with clays in the hope of discovering how the ,chinese made their porcelain4 ,this was no unusual thing1 for chemists of most of the other countries were working feverishly in their laboratories at the same enigma4 ,doesn't it seem funny8 ,as you look back on it1 yes1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,it is almost tragic when you consider the time1 patience1 and money that went into these experiments--most of them failures1 at that4 ,did ,boettger fail too8 ,i am coming to that1 replied the story-teller4 ,while mixing various combinations of clays ,boettger and his associates came upon a hard pottery clay which was neither white nor translucent like the ,chinese1 but which nevertheless was nearer that ware than anything they had previously succeeded in making4 ,in #agjh some dishes were made from this material1 but they were not very satisfactory4 ,after that ,boettger tried again4 ,you see he was not a person who was easily discouraged4 ,the next time he got a white ware1 but it was not thin2 instead it was thick and ugly4 ,he now had the hardness and the whiteness1 but not the semi-transparency and fine texture of the ,chinese porcelain2 and although he tried repeatedly he was unable to fathom the secret of these qualities4 ,theo waited while ,mr4 ,croyden stopped to rest4 ,the one thing ,boettger needed he did not know where to find and that was---- ,kaolin6 cried ,theo4 ,exactly1 assented ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,what a pity it is that you could not have shouted the magic word in his ear as lustily as you have in mine4 ,it would have saved poor ,boettger no end of worry and hard work4 ,however1 even if he had heard the name it probably would have conveyed nothing to him1 for no one in ,europe had ever heard of kaolin4 ,i suppose it is a ,chinese word4 ,yes4 ,the name was taken from the ,chinese mountain of ,kailing1 where the first kaolin1 or decomposed feldspar1 was found4 ,now please go on with the story1 urged ,theo4 ,well1 one day it happened that a rich ,saxon iron-master was taking a ride1 and as he went along his horse's foot stuck in the soft clay at the roadside4 ,as the rider glanced down to see what the trouble was he was amazed to discover that the clay was white1 and being a business man the thought instantly came into his mind that here was a way to make some money4 ,at that time all the nobles of the ,court wore powdered wigs1 and the quick-witted iron-master said to himself3 ',i will get some of this clay1 sift it very fine1 do it up in packages1 and sell it for powdering the hair2 thus ,i will make my fortune4' ,accordingly his servants dug some of the clay1 and after it had been carefully sifted through cloth1 he put it upon the market as a new wig-powder4 ,now in those days the more well-to-do persons had several wigs or at least two1 in order that while the one was being worn the other might be sent away to the hair-dresser's to be curled and powdered4 ,therefore1 in the course of time it chanced that ,boettger's servant1 like others1 sent away his master's wig to have it freshened up4 ,when it came back it was beautifully dressed and was powdered with some of the iron-master's new powder4 ,it looked very fine indeed1 and ,boettger had no fault to find with it until he took it up to put it on his head2 then he observed that it was strangely heavy4 ',what's this6' he cried to his servant4 ',what have you been doing to my wig1 rascal8' ,terror-stricken the servant protested that he had done nothing4 ,boettger carried the wig into his laboratory that he might examine it more carefully1 and he soon came to the conclusion that the weight of the article lay in the powder4 ,he therefore shook it off and set to work to analyze it4 ,what was his surprise to find the powder a white mineral substance of which he knew nothing4 ,you may be sure he was not long in tracking down the hair-dresser and learning from him where he got his new powder4 ,next he went to the ,saxon iron-master and bought from him a great quantity of the stuff1 after which the chemist shut himself up in his laboratory to try out the new material4 ,think how excited he must have been6 ,and think how much more excited he was when he found that this mysterious white clay was the substance for which he had so long been searching6 ,illustration3 ,,his ,,servants ,,dug ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,clay ,kaolin8 gasped ,theo4 ,kaolin6 ,the room was very still2 then ,theo stammered hurriedly3 ,and what happened next8 ,well1 you can imagine the joy the discovery brought2 but it was a carefully stifled joy1 for with all his delight ,boettger was far too discreet to allow his wonderful discovery to travel outside the confines of his laboratory4 ,when the ,elector ,augustus was told the news at his ,dresden palace near by he was wild with delight1 and immediately began building a great porcelain factory at ,meissen4 ,by #agae there was enough of the new ware ready to be put on sale at ,leipsic2 and thus our beautiful porcelain1 dubbed ,dresden ware in honor of the ,saxon capitol1 came into being4 ,the first that was made was plain white with a decoration of vines and leaves in low relief4 ,later some of the dishes were made with a perforated border in imitation of the ,chinese and ,japanese 'grains-of-rice' pattern4 ,afterward the potters attempted the use of blue in a vain attempt to reproduce ,nankin ,blue ware4 ,i guess the other countries were pretty sore when they found ,saxony had learned how to make porcelain1 put in ,theo4 ,they were greatly agitated1 my son1 laughed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,they begged1 bribed1 and schemed to find out what the new clay was2 but all to no purpose4 ,the works at ,meissen were guarded day and night1 and every person employed in the factory was compelled to swear to keep the great secret4 ,men were cautioned they would be shot should they divulge the process4 ,be secret to ,death was the motto of the manufactory1 and that meant not only that they never should tell anybody all their life-long2 but if threatened with harm they should prefer death to betraying their trust4 ,they must even endure torture itself rather than open their mouths4 ,some histories go so far as to say that in order to secure absolute secrecy only the deaf and dumb were allowed to transport the clay4 ,i don't see but they were just as selfish as the ,chinese4 ,quite as selfish1 alas6 ,what became of ,boettger8 ,i am sorry to say he never did much of anything else that was praiseworthy4 ,sometimes too much success spoils people4 ,but he had done his work1 and a great work1 too1 in launching this vast industry4 ,when he died he left behind him a group of thriving factories4 ,after his death the artists at the ,meissen works gradually abandoned copying ,chinese and ,japanese designs and began inventing decorations of their own1 using both gold and an increasing variety of colors4 ,they also began to secure the aid of sculptors1 among them the famed sculptor ,kaendler who modeled statuettes of saints1 animals1 birds1 and persons in much the way the ,dutch had done4 ,these figures or groups1 however1 were more finely executed1 and were beautifully colored4 ,as the makers of them became more expert larger figures were attempted until some of them were life-sized4 ,goodness6 ,it does seem absurd1 doesn't it8 agreed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,it is a childish impulse to want to make everything as big as one can make it4 ,nevertheless in a land where much of the population was ,catholic you can readily understand how these gigantic figures readily found places upon altars in the churches of ,europe4 ,all might have gone well with this great porcelain plant had not the ,seven ,years' ,war arisen just at this time1 lasting from #agef to #agfc4 ,during this period ,frederick the ,great1 the grandfather of the present ,emperor of ,germany1 went into ,saxony1 stopped the royal factories at ,meissen1 and took the workmen as captives to ,berlin4 ,but---- began ,theo indignantly4 ,such things are the issues of war1 said ,mr4 ,croyden gravely4 ,we cannot uphold them1 nor cease to deplore their injustice4 ,we can only pray that a day may come when the envy between nations will cease1 and when each country shall respect its neighbor's rights in a truly ,christian spirit4 ,then we shall have a world for which we shall not need to blush1 and which will really be civilized4 ,did the ,saxon workmen have to make ,dresden china in ,germany8 ,yes4 ,works under the patronage of the ,emperor were opened at ,berlin1 and here porcelain was made1 the profits of which went to the ,royal ,treasury1 the workmen being paid very little indeed4 ,much of the ware manufactured the monarch kept for his own use2 and much of it he gave away whenever he wished to make a fine present to his friends4 ,but so lavishly did the ,saxon potters use the deposits of native clay that later the supply became poorer in quality1 and as a consequence the body of the later ,dresden was not so perfect as that made at ,meissen4 ,for this reason collectors set great value on the early ,dresden work1 that made between #agca and #agef2 also on the figures modeled by the sculptor1 ,kaendler4 ,did the works at ,berlin continue8 inquired ,theo1 who had become absorbed in the story4 ,yes1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,you see1 even before the capital at ,dresden was captured by the ,germans and the ,meissen workmen carried off1 attempts had been made in ,prussia to manufacture porcelain from ordinary stone4 ,several private business concerns as well as various individuals had put their money into the enterprise and had even met with some success4 ,but this ware was manufactured on no very extended scale4 ,now1 however1 the ,emperor was determined that his venture should succeed4 ,not only did he bring to ,berlin the workmen and the clay1 but he even sent forth the edict that no ,jew in his kingdom should marry until he had purchased an entire supply of porcelain from the ,royal factories4 ,as most of the ,jews were rich this law assured their master a wide sale for his product4 ,that they did not wish to spend all this money for china and resented the order troubled him not at all4 ,most of these unlucky ,jews bought their expensive porcelain sets only to sell them afterward to other customers1 and thus get them off their hands4 ,in this way much of the early ,berlin ,dresden ware found its way into ,russia1 where rich ,russian ,jews were glad to buy it4 ,after repeated improvements the ,berlin porcelain came in time to be as fine as that made originally at ,meissen2 and not only were the ,meissen works reopened under ,german patronage1 but the ,state also established another factory at ,charlottenberg4 ,now1 do not forget1 ,theo1 that all this early ,meissen or ,dresden porcelain1 as well as that eventually manufactured at ,berlin1 was made from hard paste1 or a combination of clays resulting in what we call true porcelain4 ,later on ,i shall tell you much about soft paste wares1 and about bone china4 ,none of those varieties1 however1 ranks as real porcelain4 ,remember that only the hard paste products are genuine4 ,mr4 ,croyden paused a moment1 then added3 ,and while we are speaking of this period in history you may perhaps be interested to know that it was a workman who escaped from ,meissen into ,austria who started in ,vienna the art of making porcelain from hard paste4 ,true porcelain1 remarked ,theo1 who had profited by his lesson4 ,just so1 son4 ,work in porcelain-making had been going on in ,austria since about #agag2 but it had been done in a small way by private individuals1 who had only small capital to put into it1 and who had met with little success because the ware they had turned out had been thick and muddy in appearance4 ,in #agdd the ,empress ,maria ,theresa purchased these works1 and from that time on they began to prosper4 ,you see1 the monarchs of those days could make almost any industry a success if they once set out to do so4 ,not only had they the capital to back their undertaking but they could compel their subjects to patronize the venture4 ,theo laughed4 ,i see4 ,therefore by #aghe the ,empress's china factory was a very busy place which was supplying with porcelain not only ,austria1 but also ,turkey4 ,in #agif ,lamprecht1 one of the leading animal painters of the monarchy1 was decorating this ware with wonderful pictures of stags1 hounds1 horses1 in which work he excelled4 ,but because of the ,mohammedan law that no copies of living creatures could be used for designs the ,turks refused to purchase these dishes4 ,hence ,vienna1 eager to retain the ,oriental trade1 was forced to change its artistic trend and make instead porcelains adorned with arabesques and geometrical figures4 ,at the present time1 concluded ,mr4 ,croyden1 there are extensive pottery and porcelain factories throughout ,germany and ,austria-,hungary1 and much of our finest ware comes from these countries4 ,were you to study history you would find that many of these factories sprang up from small beginnings1 and that amid the turmoil of ,european strife they had a stiff fight for existence4 ,i think ,i never considered before the effect of war upon anything but persons1 remarked ,theo musingly4 ,alas1 the destruction war wages against human life is bad enough1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,but see1 too1 how it retards the arts and industries of the world4 ,may the day be not far distant when nations shall find a more ,christian and intelligent method of settling their differences1 and when wars shall cease forevermore6 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,romance ,,of ,,french ,,china-,,making ,the next day when ,mr4 ,croyden put his head in at ,theo's door to say good-morning he found the boy sitting up in bed eating his breakfast and his first remark was3 ,how long did it take ,france to find out how to make porcelain1 ,mr4 ,croyden8 ,the manufacturer laughed4 ,i declare if you are not beginning this morning just where you left off last night6 he exclaimed4 ,what kind of porcelain do you mean1 hard or soft paste8 ,oh1 any kind4 ,you have not forgotten the vast difference between the hard and soft ware1 have you8 ,i should be discouraged if you had4 ,theo shook his head4 ,i don't believe you would let me forget even if ,i wanted to1 he replied with an impish chuckle4 ,i certainly shouldn't1 smiled ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,then he added more seriously3 ,soft paste china1 or pate tendre1 as it is called1 was made at ,st4 ,cloud as early as #afie1 and some of it was very beautiful4 ,such ware looks more creamy and is not so cold and harsh to the touch4 ,it is1 however1 much more fragile and for that reason1 although a great deal of it was manufactured1 the industry never became a wide-spread success4 ,later soft paste was also made at ,chantilly1 ,vincennes1 ,limoges1 ,paris1 and a number of ,french cities4 ,even the celebrated ,sevres ware1 the finest thing in china-making that ,france ever produced1 was at first made from soft paste4 ,this is easily understood when you recall that at the beginning the only clays the ,french knew anything about were pate tendre clays4 ,it was not until kaolin was discovered in #agfe and taken from the section about ,st4 ,yrieix that hard paste1 or pate dure1 was made in ,france4 ,i see4 ,nevertheless the ,french people got wonderful results from their pate tendre1 and became wildly enthusiastic over the pieces the china-designers turned out4 ,and well they might for the ,french were an inventive1 art-loving people who certainly got fine results from their early china-making4 ,to understand the place art occupied at that time you must remember that the ,court was a centre for all those who were interested in beautiful things4 ,the ,king was ever on the lookout for what was novel or artistic1 and ready to give it his patronage2 and whatever the ,king patronized became the fad among the rich1 idle courtiers4 ,so when the ,king turned his attention to the new art of china-making its success was assured2 as a matter of course all the rest of the fashionable world did the same4 ,it was a good fashion4 ,a very good fashion4 ,often a monarch's patronage of arts and letters called public attention to a praiseworthy production that might otherwise live unrecognized for years4 ,i sometimes think that in our day it would be a fortunate custom if more persons of influence would give thought and money to elevating the arts to their rightful position of dignity4 ,the old custom of placing artists and scientists beyond the stress of financial worry is not a bad one4 ,such persons are benefactors of the race and should be endowed that they may work more freely4 ,that is practically what the kings and emperors of the past did for some of our great writers1 artists1 and inventors4 ,that is in reality what ,king ,louis did for the newly-born china-industry4 ,when between #agdj and #agej a company was formed at ,vincennes to make pate tendre1 the ,king himself contributed to the venture #ajj1jjj livres for its encouragment4 ,how splendid6 ,it meant prosperity for ,france if the undertaking succeeded1 so the act was not perhaps as unselfish as it seems2 however1 such a donation was of course a great spur to the workmen1 who immediately began making not only dinner-sets and ordinary dishes but all sorts of fantastic and beautiful things4 ,they fashioned colored statuettes1 vases of fanciful pattern1 and an abundance of most exquisitely modeled flowers4 ,how such fragile products as these latter could be fired without injury was a marvel4 ,among other presents which the china-makers gave to the ,queen was a vase three feet in height containing a bouquet of four hundred and eighty of these flowers1 each one carefully copied from nature4 ,these china flowers promptly became the rage4 ,two bouquets of them1 each costing #c1jjj livres1 were made for the ,king and the ,dauphin2 and these remain to this day in one of the ,french museums4 ,the work of this period all reflects the nation-wide enthusiasm for these china flowers4 ,statuettes were made with a central figure surrounded by them2 there were shepherds and shepherdesses seated beneath arbors or trellises covered with the daintiest of vines and blossoms2 figures of court ladies at whose feet masses of lovely flowers seemed growing4 ,you can see some of this work in our own museums1 and ,i am sure you will agree with me that it is little short of miraculous4 ,the ,art ,museum at ,boston has three very fine specimens of these early ,french ornaments1 and there are others to be found elsewhere4 ,i am going to hunt some of them up when ,i go home to the city1 affirmed ,theo4 ,that's right6 ,see all you can of the beautiful things the past has given us2 you never will be sorry1 declared ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,now you can imagine with a background of such progress at china-making1 what a furore and transformation followed when kaolin was discovered4 ,pate dure was far more desirable than pate tendre1 for it was much less breakable4 ,the works at ,vincennes where ,sevres china really had its birth were now moved to ,sevres itself1 where the art of porcelain-making was gradually perfected4 ,the plant was not far from ,versailles1 where the ,royal palace was1 and the industry immediately came under the control of the ,king4 ,then there was excitement indeed6 ,money was poured in lavishly that the infant venture might have every chance to grow4 ,the ,king ordered beautiful gardens to be made about the factories1 and not a week passed that he and ,madame de ,pompadour did not visit the works accompanied by a train of nobles and ladies of the ,court4 ,madame de ,pompadour1 herself something of an artist1 often touched up the decoration on a bit of china that pleased her fancy4 ,professional artists also lent their aid1 their designs ranging from the shepherdesses of ,watteau to copies of ,chinese and ,japanese scenes4 ,flowers1 cupids1 garlands1 landscapes--never was such a diversity of decoration attempted as during the reigns of ,louis ,,xiv and ,,xv4 ,as a result the output became very overdone and ornate4 ,fortunately for art1 ,louis ,,xvi had better taste4 ,instead of continuing this garish type of design he procured a collection of ,greek vases to serve as models for his workmen1 and as a result the product came back to a more classic and less florid style4 ,mr4 ,croyden paused4 ,with all this beauty in the body of the porcelain itself1 and all the wonder of the modeling and painting1 you must remember that throughout the period the chemists employed were making great strides in the use of pigments4 ,no little science was necessary to find colors that would stand the intense heat necessary for firing this hard paste4 ,you know of course that most of the mineral pigments used to decorate china do not look at all the same after they have been subjected to a high temperature as they look before4 ,many colors which fire out to exquisite tones look quite ugly when applied to the biscuit clay4 ,both chemists and artists have to be skilled in the knowledge of how these paints will react under heat4 ,so when ,i say the ,sevres workers reached a richness and harmony of color never before known in china-making you can imagine how much patient experimental labor probably preceded this triumph of art4 ,theo's eyes had not left the story-teller's face for an instant4 ,it was not as if the painters used only a touch of color here and there1 continued ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,much of the ware was designed with a solid color that covered the body1 small spaces being reserved for medallions in which there were heads or landscapes4 ,the gilding1 too1 was very heavy1 and sometimes in combination with it imitation gems were used4 ,at the present time a color known as ,rose du ,barry brings the highest price in old ,sevres4 ,other famous colors in which the ,french china-makers excelled were ,bleu ,roi1 which was made from cobalt---- ,king's blue1 murmured ,theo4 ,bleu ,celeste1 a turquoise blue made from copper---- ,sky blue6 put in ,theo4 ,there was also a rare canary yellow2 an apple green2 a fine tone of violet2 and a bright red that had not been seen before in the china world4 ,so intense was the interest in the ,sevres factory that even when the ,french ,revolution came and every relic of royalty was destroyed by the hooting mobs1 the ,sevres works were not touched4 ,you see in what a magic realm the old ,sevres ware had its being4 ,we call everything dating up to #ahjj ,old ,sevres1 and you will probably find it so marked in both public and private collections4 ,is ,sevres ware still manufactured8 questioned ,theo1 stumbling timidly over the ,french word4 ,yes1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden1 there is a modern ,sevres1 much of the success of which is due to ,alexandre ,brongniart who was both a geologist and chemist1 and who was the director of the ,sevres factories from #ahjj to #ahej4 ,he did much to perpetuate the industry and keep up its standard4 ,during his time no piece with an imperfection in it was allowed to go out from the factory4 ,was ,sevres the only famous ware the ,french people made8 ,it is undoubtedly the most celebrated1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden1 but there are now many other fine porcelains made in ,france4 ,for example at ,limoges1 where in #agge pate tendre was made1 there is a very extensive porcelain plant founded in #ahdj by ,david ,haviland1 an ,american1 from which quantities of pate dure or genuine porcelain for the ,american market are annually turned out4 ,much of the other ,french china1 however--dainty1 exquisite1 and artistic as it is1 is pate tendre4 ,it is of course sold in quantities1 but it is very perishable4 ,there is also a so-called porcelain made from a mixture of clays and phosphates--a ware known to the trade as bone china4 ,but of course this variety is not real porcelain4 ,you see that much of what we call porcelain is not porcelain at all when you judge it by this strict standard4 ,it is nevertheless very useful1 and a hungry boy like you can manage nicely to eat his breakfast off it and be quite as happy4 ,now give me your tray and ,i'm off4 ,there will be no more china-making to-day1 you young scoundrel6 ,see how long you have cajoled me into lingering already4 ,you almost made me forget that ,i was going fishing4 ,with a friendly pat on the boy's shoulder ,mr4 ,croyden disappeared4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,x ,,how ,,the ,,italians ,,made ,,china ,for the next few days ,theo was in no frame of mind to talk porcelain or any other serious subject1 for his new crutches came1 and after ,dr4 ,swift had adjusted them the boy was like a bird freed from its cage4 ,he could not1 to be sure1 go far from the house2 but even to clump up and down the veranda and the plank walks that connected the cabins was a joy4 ,how good it was to get about once more6 ,but1 alas1 the pace at which the convalescent moved was a constant source of alarm to all who beheld it4 ,before the expiration of the first day ,theo had acquired such skill and speed that he hopped about like a sparrow4 ,there was no such thing as stopping him4 ,he felt bound1 however1 on his father's account to use some caution1 and the realization that he had already caused trouble enough was a potent factor in restraining his fearlessness4 ,each day saw a gain in his condition1 and it was evident that before long the injured leg would be as good as new4 ,yet the exasperating hardship of having still to remain a captive in the camp had to be endured4 ,in the meantime the date for the return home drew nearer and as the hours of the vacation shortened ,theo's determination that his father should enjoy every possible moment of the time increased4 ,so he was plucky enough to be as careful as he could1 and while the ,doctor and ,mr4 ,croyden fished he invented for himself such amusements as were practical within his own more limited confines4 ,perhaps1 although he did not appear to notice this1 ,mr4 ,croyden fathomed the lad's unselfish intention more completely than did any one else4 ,however this may be1 certain it was that in spite of his sorties from the camp the merchant contrived to devote a part of every evening to ,theo1 whose father was occupied in writing a medical paper to be read before some convention on his return to the city4 ,to these evenings with ,mr4 ,croyden the lad looked forward eagerly4 ,they were the bright spot in the day4 ,the talks the two had together usually took place in ,mr4 ,croyden's cabin before the open fire where the china-makers could converse freely and not disturb ,dr4 ,swift4 ,such a genuine friendship between the boy and the elder man had sprung up that it would have been difficult to tell which of them anticipated this bedtime hour the more4 ,do you realize1 ,theo1 that we shall not be having many more of these talks8 observed ,mr4 ,croyden one evening as they sat cozily ensconced before a roaring blaze4 ,the last of the week we shall be starting back to civilization--to starched collars and cuffs1 and the rush and hubbub of city life4 ,for you ,i suppose it will mean school again2 and for me it will be a matter of wading through a mountain of business correspondence that has been accumulating while ,i have been away4 ,we shall miss these cozy evenings together1 shan't we8 ,i certainly shall1 ,mr4 ,croyden1 answered ,theo earnestly4 ,well1 ,i do not mean they shall die out altogether1 ,mr4 ,croyden affirmed cheerfully4 ,my plan is to have you come over to ,trenton and make us a little visit when you get stronger4 ,would you like to8 ,we'd go all over the china factories1 and you could see porcelain made at first hand4 ,what do you think of the scheme8 ,i'd like it better than anything else1 cried ,theo instantly4 ,it's settled1 then1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,i fancy your father and mother will be willing to lend you to me for a little while4 ,you see1 ,mrs4 ,croyden and ,i both enjoy young people very much and we have none at home4 ,we are particularly fond of boys1 and like nothing better than to borrow one now and then4 ,if you come you run the risk of our forgetting to return you2 but ,i guess your parents will see to that1 he concluded with a merry laugh4 ,i rather think they will1 replied ,theo with a smile4 ,trust them for that1 said ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,you'd make no mistake to go back1 either1 for you have a mighty fine father1 sonny4 ,father's--well1 he's all right6 declared ,theo tersely but emphatically4 ,so is ,mother6 ,you must meet ,mother some time4 ,she's a peach6 ,the vacation has done your father a world of good1 ,theo1 reflected ,mr4 ,croyden1 looking into the embers4 ,do you realize how much better he looks8 ,he is much less nervous and tired4 ,i hope so1 sir1 came heartily from ,theo4 ,i have wanted so much not to spoil his vacation1 for he needed it badly4 ,i am sure you have not spoiled it1 put in ,mr4 ,croyden quickly4 ,you can consider that in sending a doctor back to his job in ,a#a condition you have done your bit to help the war4 ,doctors are among our most useful and necessary men4 ,i know it1 ,theo returned4 ,mother and ,i are tremendously proud of ,father4 ,we feel he is doing a lot of good in the world4 ,i guess now ,i'll feel that way more than ever for ,i never knew what it was to be sick before4 ,there was a long pause1 broken only by the velvety rustle of the logs burning in the chimney2 then ,theo remarked abruptly3 ,aren't you going to tell me anything about china to-night8 ,do you wish me to8 ,of course ,i do2 that is1 unless you are too tired4 ,i'm not tired at all1 responded ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,i thought you might be the tired one4 ,i6 ,not bored8 ,not so you'd notice it4 ,all right1 then2 only you'll have to let me think a minute1 said ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,where did we leave off8 ,you had been telling me about ,sevres ware and other ,french porcelains4 ,oh1 yes6 ,now ,i remember4 ,well1 as you can imagine1 after kaolin was discovered the secret gradually leaked out1 and everybody went to work at making china4 ,kings1 emperors1 and princes2 nobles of high birth1 all took up the art with zest1 spending great sums of money on fabriques1 as the porcelain factories came to be called4 ,in ,florence ,francis1 one of the ,dukes of the ,medici1 built a tiny laboratory in the garden of the ,boboli palace and there made a rude ware1 some of it hard paste and some of it soft4 ,this was even before the ,st4 ,cloud works were opened1 and certain historians say that this was the first true porcelain made in ,europe4 ,at a much later period 7about #agce1 to be exact7 the ,ginori family1 another titled ,italian household of wealth and position1 owning estates just outside ,florence1 took up porcelain-making1 even sending ships to ,china for the necessary clay4 ,fancy it6 ,and to show you how highly this industry was esteemed ,i will add that the ,marquise himself superintended his workmen and helped in manufacturing this ,doccia ware1 as they styled their output4 ,did this happen during the ,renaissance8 inquired ,theo timidly4 ,it sounds as if it might have4 ,mr4 ,croyden nodded1 cordially1 much gratified by the lad's understanding4 ,that was just when it happened1 he said4 ,in the meantime1 at about the same period1 a beautiful soft paste called ,capo di ,monte was being made down in ,naples under the patronage of ,charles ,,iv--the ,charles who afterward became ,charles ,,iii of ,spain4 ,like the rest of royalty this ,king became absorbed in china-making--so absorbed that he went frequently to work in his factories himself1 and each year held a sale of his products at the gates of his palace2 whenever a piece was sold a record of it was made and later the name of the purchaser was reported to the ,king4 ,i suppose he1 too1 made the nobles buy his china1 laughed ,theo4 ,i am afraid he did1 agreed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,at least it was a fact that he showed especial favor to those who did buy it1 which was practically the same thing4 ,i think ,i forgot to tell you that the ,french kings also forced1 or perhaps ,i should say expected1 their courtiers and ladies to purchase ,sevres ware4 ,it was a custom of the time4 ,i think it was a rotten custom6 ejaculated ,theo wrathfully4 ,certainly it was not a desirable thing4 ,in our day we should call it graft4 ,still at that time there were plenty of people who were only too anxious to keep their heads on their shoulders1 and who would have been glad to buy almost anything in order to do so4 ,doubtless they considered a little porcelain a small price for their lives1 and were glad to win the favor of a capricious monarch by purchasing it4 ,king ,charles was no worse than all the rest4 ,later1 when he became ruler of ,spain1 he took many of his ,italian workmen there with him1 and as a consequence in #ahba the ,naples fabrique was closed2 many of the moulds1 as well as much of the outfitting1 was sold to the ,doccia works4 ,as a result ,capo di ,monte was afterward imitated in ,doccia hard and soft paste2 but the original ware which is of value to collectors was that made at ,naples4 ,it is very difficult to distinguish this variety1 for the ,doccia people even copied the ,king's trade-mark4 ,i suppose people could do that then1 ventured ,theo4 ,oh1 yes4 ,there was nothing to protect an invention as there is now1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,did ,king ,charles continue to make porcelain in ,spain8 ,yes1 he had a palace called ,buen ,retiro and here he established fabriques that continued to thrive even up to the time of ,king ,ferdinand in #aghj1 and would probably have prospered much longer had not the ,napoleonic wars come and the ,french destroyed the factories4 ,and what became of the ,doccia works in the meantime8 queried ,theo4 ,i am glad you asked that question1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden1 for ,i had not finished speaking about the ,doccia fabrique4 ,it was unique in its management4 ,you know in our day how much we hear of proper factory conditions8 ,doubtless you have seen mills where there are neatly graded lawns1 flower-beds1 and perhaps a recreation ground4 ,we consider such mill-owners very progressive and speak of them with keenest approval4 ,yet in our enlightened times such things are none too common4 ,now it is interesting to know that this ,ginori family who founded the ,doccia porcelain works were far in advance of anything we yet have done for our employees4 ,not only did they have lawns and gardens for their workmen1 but they also had a park2 a farm where vegetables were raised for the common good2 a school for the workmen's children2 an academy of music where all could go to concerts2 and a savings-bank in which earnings could be deposited4 ,what do you think of that for progressiveness8 ,the boy's eyes opened wide4 ,i guess we're not so civilized as we think we are1 he remarked soberly4 ,we are not the only people who ever lived--that's sure6 retorted the ,trenton man grimly4 ,as you can well imagine1 the men under the ,ginori were very appreciative1 and as a mark of their gratitude for all this kindness they set to work and made for the ,ginori chapel beautiful porcelain monuments as a tribute to the dead and gone ,ginori nobles4 ,they also made a marvelous high altar all of porcelain1 with magnificent candlesticks1 fonts1 and statues--a wonderful embodiment of their skill as well as their devotion4 ,it must have taken some clay6 exclaimed ,theo4 ,i guess it did1 ,mr4 ,croyden assented4 ,aside from this work the output of the ,doccia fabrique was largely imitative4 ,they made so many copies of ,sevres1 ,capo di ,monte1 and ,majolica that it soon became a great problem to tell the real from the imitation1 and this has caused collectors no end of trouble4 ,was no other porcelain made in ,italy8 ,yes1 as far back as #aeae pottery1 as ,i told you1 was made in ,venice2 and with the discovery of kaolin ,venetian merchants imported the true clay which did not exist in ,italy1 and manufactured both hard and soft paste4 ,but the industry was never a success because the expense of getting the material was so great4 ,in #agec the ,germans1 because of the cheapness of ,italian labor1 tried making porcelain there1 thinking that they could furnish their own clays at slight cost4 ,but the scheme was a failure4 ,there was1 however1 some imitative work done later by a potter named ,cozzi which was very good4 ,but ,italy has never excelled in china-making as she did in the making of glass because she had not the material to do any very extensive work4 ,there has1 to be sure1 been a scattering of porcelains turned out--some from ,turin2 some from ,treviso2 and some from other cities4 ,but aside from the ,majolica pottery1 and ,delia ,robbia's terra-cottas1 ,italy has not made any distinctive contribution to the china-making art4 ,still she has done so much in almost every other art that she should rest content4 ,one cannot excel in everything4 ,some of us never excel in anything1 laughed ,theo4 ,some of us excel in falling off roofs and breaking our legs1 chuckled ,mr4 ,croyden teasingly4 ,and some of us excel in being very patient about it afterward1 he added1 patting the boy's shoulder affectionately4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xi ,,our ,,english ,,cousins ,all too soon the time came when grips had to be packed1 tackle stowed away1 and the campers start out over the carry to meet the train that was to take them to ,new ,york4 ,the trip was a long and tedious one of two days' duration4 ,nevertheless our travelers did not find it wearisome4 ,on the train were papers and magazines in plenty1 and whenever ,dr4 ,swift went into the smoking car ,theo always found ,mr4 ,croyden near at hand and willing to talk4 ,and when ,mr4 ,croyden is around no place could be dull or stupid1 affirmed ,theo to his father4 ,i believe ,i shall begin to be jealous of ,mr4 ,croyden1 ,theo1 laughed ,dr4 ,swift good-naturedly4 ,i am coming to fear that if you go to visit him as he wants you to1 you never will come back home4 ,theo smiled4 ,you can't lose me so easily1 ,dad1 he answered4 ,just the same1 ,i know if ,i do go and visit the ,croydens ,i'll have a bully time4 ,but ,i'd like to wait until ,i get rid of these crutches so ,i won't be a bother to anybody4 ,that is wise4 ,i should not feel easy if you started out on a visit before you were quite well1 replied ,dr4 ,swift4 ,however1 it won't be long now before you can cast your crutches into the rubbish heap4 ,in the meantime your own family can have a visit with you4 ,i rather fancy your mother will be thankful to have you home again2 she has been pretty anxious about you4 ,no mother likes having her boy where she cannot get to him when he is ill4 ,but you were there1 ,dad4 ,dr4 ,swift smiled into the eyes that met his4 ,yes1 ,i was there1 to be sure1 he assented4 ,but a doctor is not necessarily a good nurse4 ,i don't see how anybody could be a better nurse than you1 ,father4 ,the ,doctor shook his head4 ,i'm afraid ,i did not fuss much over you1 he answered4 ,at least ,i did not smother you with attention the way your mother would have done4 ,you got no spoiling from me4 ,i expect1 though1 that when your mother gets hold of you she won't be able to do enough for you4 ,i can see her to-day flying round the house ordering all the things you like to eat1 and getting everything ready for your coming4 ,i shall have no attention at all4 ,theo beamed4 ,you will have all the attention you want1 and more too1 ,dad1 ,i guess1 he remarked drily4 ,probably a string of patients as long as this car will be waiting to pounce on you the minute you set foot in ,new ,york4 ,i expect so1 son4 ,however1 ,i shall not begrudge that sort of a welcome now1 for ,i feel like a fighting cock4 ,you really are rested1 aren't you1 ,father8 ,i am like another man1 was the vehement reply4 ,i was about all in when we went into camp4 ,thanks to you and ,mr4 ,croyden ,i have had a fine chance to pull myself together and prepare for whatever comes next4 ,you have been very thoughtful and unselfish1 ,theo1 in leaving me free to get all ,i could out of my vacation4 ,it has meant everything4 ,i wanted to help you1 ,dad4 ,you've certainly proved that1 my boy4 ,i've appreciated every bit of it4 ,a quick glance passed between the two4 ,they understood each other very well1 ,theo and his father4 ,here is ,mr4 ,croyden1 observed ,theo4 ,he has been getting off some mail and telegrams4 ,that is precisely what ,i must do1 declared the ,doctor rising4 ,i'll leave you to have one of your china-making talks while ,i am gone4 ,as the ,doctor passed through into the next car ,mr4 ,croyden sauntered down the aisle and dropped into the seat he had just vacated4 ,there1 announced the merchant with a satisfied sigh1 ,i have done my duty4 ,i have sent off three telegrams and a lot of letters4 ,how funny it seems to get busy after being so idle6 ,next week will see us all back at the grind1 ,i suppose1 and rushing about as if we had never been away4 ,are you sorry8 ,no1 was the hearty response4 ,i like to play when ,i play2 but ,i like also to work4 ,i enjoy my business very much4 ,it is an interesting and useful one1 and ,i like to think that in my small way ,i am helping to furnish the world with things that are necessary1 and tend toward comfort and convenience as well as toward beauty4 ,people cannot get on without dishes--you and ,i have proved that4 ,not unless we all go back to being savages1 said ,theo humorously4 ,we shall not do that1 ,i hope1 returned ,mr4 ,croyden gravely4 ,each century should see the race farther ahead--a more honest1 kindlier1 ,christian nation4 ,that is the motto we must bring with us out of this war4 ,not more territory1 more money1 more power2 but truer manhood and purer souls4 ,if the conflict does this for our people all the sacrifice and loss of life it has meant will not have been in vain4 ,out of the wreck a better ,america should arise1 and we each must help it to arise--you as well as ,i1 for we need not only good men and women but good boys and girls1 if we are to have a fine country4 ,a boy can't do much toward it1 ,i'm afraid1 ,theo said4 ,on the contrary1 a boy can do a great deal1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,it is the boys of to-day who are going to be the men of to-morrow2 and there is no such thing as suddenly becoming a good man1 any more than there is such a thing as a seed suddenly becoming a full-blown plant4 ,everything has to grow1 and grow slowly1 too4 ,so if you wish to be a wise1 honest citizen who will help forward this glorious country we all love so much1 you want to be setting about it right now1 you and every other boy4 ,and you want to go at the work earnestly1 too1 for you will be a man before you know it4 ,it looks a long way off to me now1 mused ,theo4 ,such things always do2 but time flies pretty fast4 ,you will find yourself in college the next thing you know2 and after that you will be beginning to plan your career4 ,what are you going to be1 ,theo8 ,i don't know1 sir1 was the uncertain answer4 ,i'd just like to do something that really needs to be done2 something that people cannot get on without4 ,that is a splendid ambition1 came heartily from ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,i thought perhaps you'd be thinking of taking up your father's job4 ,i be a surgeon6 gasped ,theo4 ,why not8 ,oh1 because ,i'd be no good at it1 the boy said4 ,i should never know what to do with sick people4 ,i'd be scared to death4 ,it seems to me now that ,i would rather go into making something2 but ,i do not just know what4 ,you want to be a business man1 eh8 ,that is what ,i'd rather do4 ,humph6 ,there was an interval of silence2 then ,mr4 ,croyden said3 ,well1 if when you are through your education1 ,theo1 we are out of this war and you are still of the same mind1 you come to me4 ,who knows but you might end your days in my factories8 ,the boy's eyes sparkled4 ,croyden and ,swift--how would that sound8 ,it would sound all right1 chuckled ,theo1 but ,i am afraid the sound would be the best part of it4 ,why1 ,i'd never be able to learn all you know about china if ,i lived to be a hundred years old4 ,aren't you learning things about china right now8 ,haven't you already learned about the pottery and porcelain of almost every nation under the sun8 ,i have liked to have you tell me about it1 replied ,theo modestly4 ,well1 isn't that making a beginning8 queried the pottery merchant4 ,we have discussed the china output of almost every country1 haven't we8 ,theo reflected4 ,all the big countries except ,england4 ,how did we happen to leave ,england out8 ,i guess you did not have time to get round to ,england1 answered ,theo4 ,still all the time isn't gone yet1 you know2 you might tell me about ,england now4 ,they both laughed4 ,i believe you are something of a diplomat1 ,theo1 observed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,you are either a diplomat or you are a schemer4 ,sometimes it is very hard to tell the one from the other4 ,in either case you seem determined to give me no peace1 so ,i fancy ,i may as well tell you about ,english porcelain and have done with it4 ,if ,i do not do it now ,i shall have to do it some other time1 ,i suppose4 ,i suppose you will1 came delightedly from ,theo4 ,well1 here goes1 then6 ,the elder man settled back into a comfortable position and ,theo wriggled contentedly into the opposite corner of the seat4 ,as you can well understand1 began ,mr4 ,croyden1 the discovery of kaolin set ,england as eagerly to experimenting at porcelain-making as it had the other nations4 ,contrary1 however1 to other countries the ,english ,government lent no helping hand to the industry1 offering neither money nor inducements to those who would take it up4 ,therefore only those persons who were sufficiently interested in the new venture1 and could afford to make the attempt with their own capital1 dared go into it4 ,fortunately there were at hand some of these ambitious manufacturers4 ,their early experiences are interesting not so much because of the quality of their work though much of it was good1 as because they were the forerunners of later workers4 ,the paste they used was not as fine as that of the ,chinese or ,japanese2 or in fact1 that of the early ,dresden or ,sevres ware4 ,gradually1 however1 it became better1 until now--although ,england turns out almost no true porcelain1 that is1 the scientifically blended kaolin and petuntse clays--she makes some of the most beautiful and durable china manufactured anywhere4 ,what is it made of8 inquired ,theo1 much puzzled4 ,different combinations of kaolin clays and phosphates2 a ware which in the porcelain trade is known as bone china1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,the phosphate of lime that is mixed with the kaolin renders the body of the ware more porous and elastic4 ,on such china the glaze does not blend with the body and become an actual part of it as is the case with a true porcelain1 but on the contrary is an outer coating which can be scratched through4 ,but bone china is very strong1 and does not chip as does a more brittle variety4 ,for that reason where wear and durability are desired it is often preferred4 ,mr4 ,croyden stopped a second4 ,when ,i tell you these facts you must not think ,i am crying down the ,english wares1 he said4 ,i could show you beautiful varieties of ,english porcelain4 ,i merely wish you to understand that it has not the qualities of the ,chinese1 ,japanese1 ,sevres1 ,dresden1 or even the more modern ,limoges ware4 ,but what it loses in delicacy and translucence it makes up in strength1 and perhaps after all strength is as desirable as any other quality4 ,didn't the ,english ever make any real hard paste china8 asked ,theo4 ,it is said that between #agcj and #agdd they did make some2 and this product is supposed to be the only true porcelain ever made in ,england4 ,it was manufactured at ,stratford-le-,bow1 and where do you think the clay for it came from8 ,strangely enough from our own ,state of ,virginia4 ,you can imagine the expense of bringing the clay across the ,atlantic4 ,this ware known for convenience as ,bow became very popular4 ,the first of it was hand-painted1 but later the designs were transferred1 and the product became cheaper4 ,not only were tea sets made1 but also a great number of china figures of birds1 animals1 and shepherdesses2 there were even some statuettes of celebrities of the time1 which remain as an interesting record of the costumes of the period4 ,owing to the fact that much of the ,bow china was unmarked it is frequently confused with the soft ware made at ,chelsea1 which was also of early ,english manufacture4 ,did the ,bow factories continue8 asked ,theo4 ,about #agge the ,bow works were merged with those of ,derby2 and in #aghd1 the ,chelsea fabrique was also absorbed by the ,derby company4 ,derby china1 especially ,crown ,derby1 you must remember1 is one of the finest of present day ,english wares4 ,about #aggg these factories came under the patronage of ,king ,george ,,iii1 at which time the term ,crown ,derby was bestowed on the product4 ,then an ,english king did help in ,english porcelain-making after all6 exclaimed ,theo4 ,to a certain extent1 yes1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,the ,english nobility1 too1 patronized the royal factories4 ,the ware was so beautiful perhaps people were only too glad to do so4 ,there were plates with deep borders of solid rich color1 frequently adorned with heavy gold work2 and there were vases1 pitchers1 and bowls of magnificent hue4 ,in fact1 the use of blue and gold was brought to a greater perfection in this ware than ever before1 and it established for the makers a wide-reaching reputation4 ,possibly this reputation might have remained preeminent had not the short-sighted manufacturers begun to sell at a lower rate their imperfect pieces1 or seconds4 ,great quantities of these flooded the market and immediately the fame of the ware decreased4 ,what a pity6 ,since then this erroneous policy has been corrected in so far as has been possible2 but the blot on the history of the ,derby porcelain remains1 proving that a firm that values its standing should never allow imperfect products to go beyond its doors4 ,william ,cookworthy1 who1 by the way1 made the ,bow china and who lived at ,plymouth1 ,england1 in #agfj1 finally discovered deposits of true kaolin at ,cornwall1 and of this material made some more true porcelain2 but unfortunately much of it was injured in the firing4 ,his workmen did not understand the difficulties and dangers of exposing the ware to the extreme heat4 ,but this ,plymouth ware held an interesting place in the development of ,english china-making4 ,did the ,plymouth works grow and become larger8 asked ,theo4 ,alas1 much beautiful porcelain1 copied to a great extent from ,chinese and ,continental wares1 was made there1 but the expense of turning it out was so great that poor ,cookworthy sunk a fortune in the enterprise4 ,however1 the venture was not without its fruits1 for out of the ,plymouth fabrique developed that of ,bristol1 and later that of ,shelton1 or ,new ,hall4 ,all of these plants manufactured hard paste chinas4 ,at ,bristol in #aggd a wonderfully fine tea and coffee set was made for ,edmund ,burke1 the renowned ,english orator4 ,in the meantime all over ,england small fabriques were springing up4 ,at ,pinxton1 ,swansea1 ,coalport1 ,liverpool and ,rockingham2 most of these factories made soft paste chinas4 ,then came an innovation4 ,one of the most perfect of ,english porcelains1 known as ,spode1 was produced by combining with this type of paste pulverized bones4 ,bones6 ,yes4 ,it seems a strange idea1 doesn't it8 ,but it was a great discovery1 and one that has been generally adopted and used ever since by the principal china-making firms of ,england4 ,the bone element1 or phosphate of lime1 as it is more properly termed1 imparts both strength and elasticity to the china4 ,minton ware1 first made in #agia and now extensively manufactured in ,england and sold throughout the china-buying world1 is one of these bone chinas4 ,it is a great favorite because of its durability as well as its beauty4 ,there were in addition many other very fine chinas made in ,england--far too many of them for me to enumerate4 ,one was the ,lowestoft1 made from about #agef in soft paste1 and in #agge in hard4 ,much of it is in imitation of the ,chinese1 although some was decorated with roses1 and some with landscapes or coats of arms4 ,as it had no mark upon it it is now difficult to be sure of the genuine ware4 ,moreover1 a large amount of the white porcelain1 it is said1 was sent from ,china to ,lowestoft to be decorated1 and therefore the body of it is of ,oriental and not ,english make4 ,worcester is another of the celebrated soft paste chinas1 which at first copied ,oriental designs1 and later branched off into imitations of ,dresden or ,sevres wares4 ,it is still made and widely sold4 ,it seems as if a great many of the ,english wares were copies of somebody else's work1 remarked ,theo4 ,i am afraid they were1 owned ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,england was not rich in originality of design4 ,the work of ,wedgwood is the only distinctively inventive contribution made to the china-making art4 ,however1 the ,english bone porcelains are very beautiful1 and though they are not genuine feldspathic products they are highly esteemed and in demand everywhere4 ,now you must own1 ,theo1 that ,i have given you a pretty complete outline of the pottery and porcelain-making of the ,european countries4 ,holland and ,belgium1 as ,i have told you1 lack both clay and fuel and therefore had not a fair chance to compete with the other nations2 but they did make some little porcelain4 ,sweden also turned out a little4 ,denmark gave a real contribution to the world in its ,copenhagen ware1 a type of white porcelain decorated beneath the glaze in cobalt4 ,the fabrique for making this china was opened as early as #agfj but it never paid1 and in #agge the ,government took over the works and it became a royal factory where women of rank and position joined the artists in designing and decorating the porcelain4 ,the undertaking1 however1 proved so expensive that in #ahgf the factories went back into private hands4 ,but the porcelain has become world-famous and holds its place in the list of the distinctive chinas of the art universe4 ,look up ,royal ,copenhagen some time1 and see how beautiful it is4 ,i will1 nodded ,theo4 ,but in all this china-making did ,russia do nothing8 ,russia made her try1 ,mr4 ,croyden said4 ,peter the ,great was an ambitious ruler who traveled the ,continent over to see what other countries were doing in the way of commerce and manufacture4 ,when he returned from one of his pilgrimages he made the people build a new commercial and industrial centre--,st4 ,petersburg1 now ,petrograd4 ,here he set his subjects to making all sorts of artistic things such as he had seen in ,europe1 especially brass1 copper1 and silver articles4 ,from #agdd to #agfe under the ,empresses ,elizabeth and ,catherine ,,ii a little really fine hard paste was produced4 ,it was a porcelain in imitation of ,dresden2 but there never was very much of it manufactured4 ,a little ,russian porcelain was also made at ,moscow and ,poland4 ,the ,russians never excelled in pottery and porcelain-making1 however1 as they did in metal work4 ,mr4 ,croyden rose4 ,see1 he said1 here comes your father6 ,that means that we must bid good-bye to china-making for to-day4 ,i fear we shall have to say good-bye to it altogether1 too1 for by to-morrow morning we shall be getting into ,new ,york and separating for home4 ,but you are not to forget1 ,theo1 that ,i want you to come to ,trenton the first minute you are rid of these crutches4 ,then ,i shall tramp you through my factories and you shall see how all this porcelain we have talked of is made4 ,i shall be mighty glad to come1 responded ,theo4 ,i must leave it to your father's discretion1 then1 to notify me when he thinks you are able to make the visit1 added the merchant1 turning to ,dr4 ,swift who had just joined them4 ,you just telephone me1 ,doctor1 when you think you can spare this boy of yours2 will you8 ,you are very kind1 ,croyden4 ,not a bit6 ,not a bit6 protested ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,i shall want to see ,theo1 and ,i am anxious to have ,mrs4 ,croyden meet him too4 ,i only wish we had a boy just like him2 then ,i'd have somebody to leave my business to4 ,he drummed on the window moodily4 ,who knows but ,i may be coming to help you make china one of these days1 sir1 suggested ,theo half jokingly4 ,the man wheeled sharply4 ,i wish ,i thought you would1 was his quick response4 ,if at the end of your college career you find yourself with any such notion1 sonny1 you'll be very welcome4 ,with an affectionate glance at the boy ,mr4 ,croyden strode off into the smoking-car4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xii ,,theo ,,makes ,a ,,present ,there was great rejoicing when ,theo and his father reached home4 ,it seemed as if ,mrs4 ,swift could never do enough for her boy4 ,the whole house was turned upside down to make him comfortable1 and on the dinner table were all his favorite dishes4 ,to see your mother1 ,theo1 anybody would think you were a fragile invalid just out of the hospital rather than a husky young camper returned from the woods1 growled the ,doctor4 ,my dear1 he continued1 addressing his wife1 ,theo hasn't had as much attention as this in all the time he has been ill4 ,croyden and ,i have not pranced round after him1 ,i assure you4 ,he has had to brace up and bear his troubles like a soldier2 and he has done it1 too4 ,i suppose soldiers do have to be pretty patient1 remarked ,theo meditatively4 ,i never thought before how hard it must be for them when they are hurt4 ,it is one of the great tests of courage1 said ,dr4 ,swift4 ,we all are liable to think of soldiers only when the drums are beating and the flags flying4 ,then it seems a very easy and pleasant thing to be a soldier4 ,but there is much more to it than that4 ,a great deal of drudgery is attached to a soldier's life1 and frequently a great deal of suffering4 ,one of the tests of a hero is to be patient when there is nothing to do but await orders1 or perform some menial and uninteresting task1 or lie tossing on a sick-bed4 ,then you find out very quickly the sort of stuff your man is made of4 ,those who fight are not the biggest heroes4 ,often the noblest and most helpful men are those who themselves are not only cheerful under monotony and dullness1 but aid their comrades to be so4 ,therefore1 ,theo1 when you took it upon yourself to bear your troubles in the ,maine woods bravely you proved you had the first essential of a good soldier4 ,theo flushed with pleasure4 ,that is why we cannot have your mother undoing your virtuous deeds1 continued the ,doctor whimsically4 ,we must make her realize she has a man and not a baby to deal with4 ,theo is no invalid1 ,louisa4 ,on the contrary1 he is going right to school to-morrow4 ,not with those crutches6 protested ,mrs4 ,swift4 ,why not8 ,he has the term to finish1 and certainly you would not have him flat out on his job when the end is in sight4 ,it is only a few weeks to the last of ,june4 ,the fishing trip was a vacation2 and if he got more vacation out of it than he calculated1 went on ,dr4 ,swift with a twinkle in his eye1 why1 so much the better4 ,he is that much to the good4 ,i'd rather finish my school year1 ,mother1 rejoined ,theo4 ,well1 apparently it is two against one1 smiled ,mrs4 ,swift4 ,your father is1 of course1 a far better judge of your condition than ,i4 ,broken bones are in his line4 ,but do be careful1 son1 and not go skipping on and off cars when they are moving1 or doing things that are going to worry me4 ,rest easy1 ,mother4 ,i'll promise not to take any chances1 ,theo replied promptly4 ,i am far too eager to get well4 ,it is no fun to be hobbling about4 ,besides1 ,i want to be in trim to go to the ,croydens as soon as school is over4 ,your father says ,mr4 ,croyden was very kind to you while you were in camp4 ,he was bully6 ,it would be nice if you could do something to show that you appreciated it1 observed ,mrs4 ,swift vaguely4 ,instantly ,theo caught at the suggestion4 ,i wish ,i could6 he declared4 ,can't you think of something1 ,mother8 ,mrs4 ,swift paused a moment4 ,it would be of no use to do anything unless it was something you did yourself1 she said at last4 ,of course your father and ,i could give you the money to buy a present2 but after all that would be our present and not yours4 ,oh1 a gift we bought would not be of the slightest use1 cut in ,dr4 ,swift4 ,it would spoil the whole idea4 ,either ,theo would have to purchase something with his own money---- ,i have only saved a dollar out of my allowance1 interrupted ,theo dubiously4 ,or he would have to do something1 or make something1 for ,mr4 ,croyden1 concluded the ,doctor4 ,i don't see what ,i could do1 mused ,theo4 ,you couldn't make anything1 son8 asked his mother4 ,nothing good enough1 responded ,theo1 shaking his head4 ,don't they teach you how to make anything at school8 ,no1 sir4 ,all head and no hands1 ,i suppose1 retorted ,dr4 ,swift scornfully4 ,that is the way with our modern educational system4 ,it is a poor plan on which to bring up a boy4 ,i wish ,i had realized it before4 ,louisa1 why didn't you see to this8 blustered the ,doctor4 ,you picked out ,theo's studies yourself1 my dear4 ,i8 ,certainly4 ,you took the outline and checked off the things you wished ,theo to take this year4 ,you did1 ,father1 put in ,theo4 ,when did ,i do it8 ,oh1 one day when you were on your way to a hospital meeting1 answered the boy4 ,you were in a hurry1 and you stood out in the hall and marked the list with your fountain-pen4 ,then ,i am heartily ashamed of myself1 confessed ,dr4 ,swift candidly4 ,i had no right to do anything of the sort4 ,i should have sat down and put some thought into the matter4 ,do you suppose it would be too late1 son1 for you to change your course of study this term8 ,i shouldn't want to change it much1 ,dad1 replied ,theo4 ,i'd be sorry to give up any of the things ,i am taking1 for ,i have worked hard at them and it would be discouraging to have my time all thrown away4 ,but perhaps now that ,i am knocked out of athletics ,i might put those extra hours into something else4 ,some of the boys take sloyd4 ,the very thing6 exclaimed the ,doctor4 ,manual training is just what we're after4 ,you would enjoy it1 too4 ,i don't know whether ,i would or not1 ,dad1 returned ,theo frankly4 ,i never was much good with tools4 ,i like athletics better4 ,that is because you have never learned to use tools properly1 said his father4 ,where do you suppose ,i'd be now if ,i hadn't started out when ,i was a boy to tinker round a farm8 ,that's where ,i got my manual training1 and there isn't a course in the country that can equal it4 ,i had to use my brains1 too1 as well as my hands1 for very often the things ,i needed were not to be had and ,i was forced to make something else do4 ,it was a great education1 ,i can tell you6 ,what skill ,i have at surgery ,i attribute largely to that early training4 ,now we'll set right to work to remedy this lack in you1 son4 ,i'll see your principal to-day and arrange for you to begin sloyd when you go back to school4 ,theo made a grimace at which his father laughed4 ,if you don't like it you can at least take it as a medicine1 remarked the ,doctor with a grin4 ,dr4 ,swift was as good as his word1 for when ,theo returned to school the following day he found that in addition to his other work he was expected to spend an hour each morning in the carpenter's shop1 a realm toward which he had always maintained the keenest scorn4 ,it seemed such a foolish thing to learn to saw and drive nails6 ,what was the use of taking lessons8 ,when a board was to be cut what was there to do but take the saw and cut it8 ,it was easy enough4 ,as for driving nails--that feat required no teaching4 ,but to ,theo's amazement it needed only the first lesson to demonstrate to him that these superficial conclusions were quite wrong4 ,it was one thing to cut a board haphazard2 but quite another matter to cut it evenly1 and on a ruled line4 ,nor was the driving of nails as simple as he had supposed4 ,at the end of the first hour ,theo1 feeling very awkward and clumsy1 and rubbing a finger that had been too slow to get out of the path of the hammer1 left the workshop4 ,i never dreamed it would be so hard6 he muttered1 viewing his bleeding knuckle with chagrin4 ,the lesson of the following day did not prove much easier1 and its difficulties aroused the lad's fighting spirit4 ,i am going to learn to saw and drive nails properly if it takes me the rest of my life6 he declared resolutely4 ,the very idea6 ,why1 some of those little chaps in the sloyd room can chisel and plane like carpenters4 ,i'll bet ,i can do it1 too1 if ,i stick at it4 ,therefore it came about that instead of missing tennis and basket-ball as he had expected1 ,theo became completely absorbed in his new interest--so absorbed that his father soon began to fear that his studies would suffer4 ,early and late ,theo was at his bench with his tools4 ,he tried faithfully not to slight his books1 but there was no use pretending he did not enjoy his carpentry4 ,he was making a footstool now1 a little wooden piece with turned legs which he was to stain with orange shellac and give to his mother4 ,already he had finished a square tray and a handkerchief box4 ,when the stool was completed he was preparing for a more ambitious enterprise1 a thing he longed yet hesitated to venture upon--a wooden bookrack for ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,it was to be made from oak1 not from the ordinary pine wood on which1 up to this time1 he had been working2 and it was to be a much more elaborately finished article than anything he had undertaken4 ,he had delayed beginning it until the closing part of the term in order that he might have the benefit of every atom of training he could get before he made the first cuts in the wood4 ,as he now framed his plans for the making of the gift he smiled to think how impossible such a project would have been a few months ago4 ,dad was right6 he affirmed4 ,training your hands is just like training any other part of your body4 ,the longer and more regularly you keep at it the more expert you get4 ,sloyd is no different from rowing1 or football1 or tennis4 ,with the help of his instructor he drew his design1 measured his pattern1 and sent for the wood4 ,then1 impatient to begin work1 he waited4 ,mr4 ,croyden's birthday he had learned came the last part of ,june1 and as on that date school ended he had only a short time to make his present4 ,not only must the pieces be cut and nailed together but there was all the finishing1 glueing1 and varnishing4 ,in addition an interval was also necessary for drying4 ,therefore it was imperative that he set about his task as soon as possible4 ,yet day after day went by and the wood did not come4 ,theo was almost beside himself4 ,first he was merely impatient1 then angry1 then discouraged4 ,it was not until he had about given up hope of being able to complete the rack that the wood arrived4 ,the pieces were beautifully grained1 and when ,theo beheld them he could in his mind's eye see the bookshelves shaped1 smoothed1 and rubbed down4 ,he must finish the gift if he toiled nights as well as days6 ,it is doubtful if ever a boy worked as hard or as anxiously as did ,theo during the next two weeks4 ,and as his creation took form how happy he was6 ,he cut the three shelves1 shaped the ends of the rack1 and under his teacher's direction carved on a jig-saw the simple ornament which was to decorate the top4 ,never in his whole life had he enjoyed making anything so much4 ,then came the day when the final coat of oil was applied and there was nothing more to do but wait until it dried4 ,but the work had required more time than ,theo had anticipated1 and therefore it was not until the very afternoon before ,mr4 ,croyden's birthday that the shelves were dry enough to be packed4 ,dr4 ,swift's motor came to the school that day to get ,theo1 and the boy himself proudly carried his masterpiece out to the car and put it inside2 then springing in he called to the chauffeur to drive home4 ,arriving at his own abode ,theo leaped up the brown stone steps with quick stride and rang the bell2 then as he stood waiting for the door to be opened a sudden recollection overwhelmed him4 ,in his eagerness to display his handiwork to his parents he had entirely forgotten his crutches6 ,they were at school1 and he now remembered he had not used them since morning4 ,his father laughed heartily when ,theo told him this4 ,i guess that means you can do without crutches from now on1 son1 the ,doctor said4 ,does it mean that ,i may go to the ,croydens'1 ,dad8 ,i should say so1 was the ready response4 ,i will call ,mr4 ,croyden up on the telephone and find out when he wants you to come4 ,what a joke it would be if you should go to ,trenton and carry your bookrack with you6 ,it subsequently proved that there was more truth than fiction in this jest1 for in answer to ,dr4 ,swift's inquiry ,mr4 ,croyden announced that he happened to be coming into ,new ,york that very day in his car1 and if the ,swifts were willing he would carry ,theo back with him4 ,that will be the very thing6 exclaimed the boy in delight4 ,we can do the shelves all up so he won't guess what they are1 and ,i can take them right along4 ,then they will be safe at ,mr4 ,croyden's house and ,i shall not run the risk of the expressman being late4 ,you know expressmen always are late4 ,think how long they were getting my crutches to ,maine4 ,accordingly the shelves were packed with greatest care in many soft papers so they would not be scratched1 and afterward they were wrapped in a stouter outside covering4 ,when the parcel was tied up no one would have suspected what was inside1 and ,theo viewed the mysterious bundle with satisfaction4 ,mr4 ,croyden will think that for a small boy you travel with a good deal of luggage1 chuckled the ,doctor4 ,maybe he won't have room to take it1 ,mrs4 ,swift rejoined4 ,theo's face fell4 ,he must take it1 he said1 even if ,i walk to ,trenton myself4 ,but there was room1 plenty of it1 in the big touring car4 ,mr4 ,croyden did1 to be sure1 comment teasingly about the lad's extended wardrobe1 and ask how many dozen suits of clothes he had brought with him2 but he made no objection to taking either the bundle or the suit-case4 ,and when that night just before dinner ,theo slipped into the dining-room and placed the shelves beside ,mr4 ,croyden's chair no boy could have been happier4 ,the only person happier than ,theo himself was the man who received them4 ,my1 but this is a present6 exclaimed the merchant4 ,and you made them all yourself8 ,i can hardly believe it4 ,why1 they are beautifully finished6 ,and isn't it a queer thing that only yesterday ,i told ,mrs4 ,croyden ,i must buy some bookshelves for my office8 ,you remember1 don't you1 ,madeline8 ,mrs4 ,croyden nodded4 ,those were his very words1 affirmed ,mrs4 ,croyden1 turning to ,theo4 ,he said it only at breakfast4 ,i believe it was mental telepathy1 ,theo4 ,illustration3 ,,this ,,is ,a ,,present ,theo beamed4 ,he had really succeeded then in giving ,mr4 ,croyden something he wanted6 ,that was pleasure enough4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,trenton ,,visit ,illustration3 ,a ,although originally planned to be of only a week's duration1 ,theo's visit to the ,croydens stretched on into the second week before any one seemed to realize it4 ,ten days passed and still the lad had not been to the porcelain works--one of his chief aims in coming to ,trenton4 ,each morning at breakfast ,mrs4 ,croyden presented so many delightful plans for the day1 and was so eager to have ,theo accompany her to the golf club1 the tennis club1 or for a motor ride1 that the hours sped by and night came only too soon4 ,for ,mrs4 ,croyden was a marvelous comrade for a boy1 a strange mixture of youthfulness and maturity2 of feminine charm and masculine freedom from conventionality4 ,she loved boys and understood how to be one with them1 and in consequence the friendship that at first had extended only to ,mr4 ,croyden ,theo now stretched to include her4 ,nor did the stretching demand effort4 ,who could have resisted the sweet wholesome interest of this fascinating woman with her soft brown eyes1 her quick sympathy1 and her girlish love of sport8 ,as the days fled by a tie of real affection strengthened between them1 and ,theo found himself talking with an amazing freedom of his dreams and ambitions2 of his chums2 and of his life at home4 ,to all these things ,mrs4 ,croyden listened earnestly1 now and then putting in a word of interest or encouragement4 ,sometimes in the evening ,mr4 ,croyden joined in these talks2 and sometimes all three of them abandoned life and its problems and went to the theatre1 or to a moving picture show4 ,i declare1 ,theo1 ,i don't know how we are to do without you when you go back home1 exclaimed ,mr4 ,croyden one night at dinner4 ,it will leave a big hole in the house1 won't it1 ,madeline8 ,mrs4 ,croyden nodded and a shadow passed across her face4 ,i wish we might borrow ,theo for a long1 long time1 she sighed wistfully4 ,but ,i suppose your family would not listen to that1 laddie4 ,i'm afraid not1 ,theo answered4 ,mother seems to be getting a little impatient as it is4 ,she thinks ,i've been gone a pretty long time4 ,long8 ,nonsense6 ,why1 you've only just come1 ,mr4 ,croyden said emphatically4 ,up to now you have been visiting ,mrs4 ,croyden4 ,you haven't been my guest at all4 ,haven't we got the porcelain works ahead of us8 ,that will take the best part of another week4 ,then ,i am afraid ,i'd better be getting at it1 laughed ,theo1 for ,mother writes we're to leave for ,lake ,george the middle of ,july4 ,mercy on us6 blustered ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,i don't see how you can4 ,the middle of ,july8 ,that settles it4 ,there must be no more kidnapping ,theo for golf or tennis1 ,madeline4 ,from now on he is to be my guest4 ,understand that4 ,mrs4 ,croyden bowed her head with amusing meekness4 ,it shall be as you say1 my lord1 she answered4 ,but are you expecting to take ,theo to the factory every moment of every day8 ,i don't know1 was the grim reply4 ,that will all depend on how rapidly he learns the business4 ,there was a general laugh4 ,how long has it taken you to learn it1 ,mr4 ,croyden8 questioned ,theo mischievously4 ,me8 ,oh1 about thirty years4 ,then at that rate ,i see ,i shall not get to ,lake ,george this season1 returned the boy with a smile4 ,oh1 ,i'll be easy with you this first time1 ,mr4 ,croyden answered4 ,i cannot afford to kill you or get you frightened1 or you never will come again4 ,i guess you needn't worry about my not coming again1 ,theo retorted4 ,i have had far too good a time4 ,i am glad of that1 the elder man asserted heartily4 ,and ,i1 too1 ,theo1 murmured ,mrs4 ,croyden4 ,do not forget that you have given us far more pleasure than you could possibly have received4 ,mr4 ,croyden and ,i are often very lonely for a son like you4 ,it has been a boon to have you here4 ,that is why you must not let this ambitious husband of mine tire you all out by setting you too strenuously at porcelain-making1 she added playfully4 ,is it to-morrow that you plan to drag ,theo forth on this crusade to the factory1 my dear8 ,mr4 ,croyden glanced up at the words4 ,yes1 to-morrow morning4 ,i shall take ,theo down to the works with me directly after breakfast1 he answered4 ,you better get to bed early to-night1 son1 so to be prepared for the worst4 ,i shan't waste any worry about the trip1 grinned ,theo as they rose from the dinner table4 ,it was a warm night1 and the three strolled out on the veranda1 which overlooked the green of the country club4 ,i suppose1 ,theo remarked1 nobody has any idea when pottery and porcelain were first made in ,america4 ,barring out the pottery of the ,mound ,builders1 the ,american ,indians1 and the early clay work done in ,west ,virginia ,i imagine our modern china was first introduced into ,america at ,philadelphia1 ,mr4 ,croyden said4 ,at least records would indicate that to be the case4 ,between #agfj and #aggj potteries sprung up there and thrived so lustily that ,wedgwood noted their success and urged the ,english government to check them lest they injure ,english trade4 ,at these ,philadelphia factories hard porcelain with a good quality of glaze was turned out2 also much blue and white stone-china in the form of jars1 butter-pots1 bowls1 and plates4 ,some mortars and pestles such as ,wedgwood himself made were also manufactured1 so what wonder that he was disturbed at the thought of losing the monopoly8 ,in a letter to a friend he speaks of pottery being made in the ,carolinas as well1 and declares it would be a great calamity were the colonies to begin making their own dishes4 ,the idea6 burst out ,theo4 ,it was business1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,of course ,england would far rather ship her wares to ,america and collect the revenue than to have the colonists learn to do without her4 ,for a long time1 as the early papers assure us1 crates of ,queen's ware and the coarser brown earthenwares1 as well as quantities of stone-china continued to be shipped to ,america1 and advertised for sale4 ,in the meantime1 however1 the new settlers were contriving to make earthenware jars1 jugs1 flasks1 mugs1 and teapots of their own1 and supplemented by the pewter dishes they had brought with them from ,england1 they were managing to get on very well without outside aid4 ,not only was salt glaze pottery manufactured in ,philadelphia along with a small amount of real porcelain1 but in such ,connecticut towns as ,norwalk1 ,hartford1 and ,stonington experiments with earthenware were also being made4 ,by #ahaj the ,secretary of the ,treasury reported great progress in the manufacture of ,queen's ware1 and it is evident from what he says that by this time the coarser varieties of earthenware were being very generally manufactured2 he also mentions four factories for the finer types of porcelain-making4 ,i think we did pretty well to get to making so much chinaware in such a short time1 ,theo observed4 ,we did do well for a new country1 agreed ,mr4 ,croyden1 but you must remember we had the whip-lash of necessity at our backs4 ,the wares imported from ,england were very expensive1 and dishes we were forced to have2 especially the simpler utensils for household use4 ,people made their own butter1 and needed crocks to keep it in2 they needed jugs for milk or water2 bowls for cooking4 ,of course no growing country could continue to import such every-day articles from across the sea4 ,therefore1 although ,england tried very hard to cater to ,american tastes and demands by sending over blue and white stone-china decorated with ,american views1 and even pitchers adorned with portraits of ,washington1 the ,american ,eagle1 and the names of the thirteen original ,states1 we did not allow ourselves to be tempted away from our undertakings1 but went right on increasing our own manufactures4 ,bully for us6 cried ,theo4 ,so ,i say6 rejoined ,mrs4 ,croyden with spirit4 ,it was the only thing to do1 admitted ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,we kept at it1 too4 ,in #ahbi a factory was opened in ,jersey ,city which although not a success was the forerunner of ,new ,jersey china-making4 ,the industry was also taken up in ,bennington1 ,vermont1 where the first ,parian marble statues ever made in ,america were produced4 ,baltimore was the next city to adopt the china trade1 and afterward ,trenton4 ,most of this output was thick white graniteware1 ,rockingham1 and stoneware2 some of it was decorated1 but most of it was plain white4 ,it was useful and durable1 but very clumsy and heavy4 ,subsequently the china industry localized itself until now1 while there are many factories scattered through the country1 ,new ,jersey supplies about twenty-four per cent4 of our china1 and ,ohio forty-two4 ,how did those ,states happen to elect themselves to make so much china8 inquired ,theo4 ,deposits of clay originally governed the matter1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,then there was convenient transportation for goods1 a sufficient fuel supply1 and an abundance of labor in the vicinity--all elements in deciding where factories are to be established4 ,many of our potteries1 however1 are not located with these ends in view4 ,instead1 chance has dropped them down in the most remote spots4 ,some are the outgrowth of tiny plants founded long ago before manufacture developed into the science it has since become4 ,i see4 ,it would be interesting to trace1 too1 the varieties of ware that come from specific districts1 for usually there is a reason behind each type of product4 ,for example in ,ohio and ,west ,virginia they have an abundance of red clay which is used not only to make red earthenware1 but also to coat the outside of casserole serving dishes1 bowls1 and tea and coffee pots4 ,you must be familiar with the kind of thing ,i mean4 ,like our hot-water jug at home1 cried ,theo instantly4 ,red and shiny outside1 and white inside4 ,exactly1 nodded ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,on the other hand many factories make only the heavy1 indestructible china used in hotels and restaurants4 ,this variety is a business in itself4 ,the ware is non-absorbent and is considered very hygienic4 ,toilet sets as well as dishes are made from this especial sort of clay4 ,so you see each plant has its own particular specialty which has been decided largely by the native clays at hand4 ,here at ,trenton we turn out some of the finest porcelain manufactured in ,america4 ,in quality it equals the ,english if not the ,french wares1 and it needs only the foreign trade-mark to give it its deserved prestige4 ,but our people1 alas1 have not arrived at the pitch of patriotism where ,made in ,america has become the popular slogan4 ,i hope this war may elevate the motto to its rightful place4 ,perhaps by the time ,theo gets to making china things will be different1 ventured ,mrs4 ,croyden4 ,if ,i thought so ,i should be very glad1 came earnestly from her husband4 ,we have all the necessary clays here in our own soil2 the only one we need to import is black clay4 ,what is now most necessary in all our industries is intelligent1 trained1 ambitious1 and appreciative workers4 ,it is a great reproach to us that here in the ,united ,states we have so few schools to educate workmen for their craft4 ,before the war ,austria had eight schools to teach pottery-making and ,germany twenty-two4 ,even ,england had several4 ,and in the meantime what are we doing here in ,america8 ,aside from a few arts-and-crafts potters who of necessity must work on a very limited scale we are training no pottery-makers4 ,we should establish schools for such things if we wish to keep abreast of the time1 and compete with other nations4 ,theo can attend to that1 too1 laughed ,mrs4 ,croyden4 ,we have cut out quite a program for you to work out in the future1 haven't we1 lad8 said ,mr4 ,croyden1 relapsing into jest4 ,on the strength of it ,i suggest that you trot along to bed to get rested up so to be ready to undertake it4 ,theo rose and with a merry good-night they parted4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,beginning ,,of ,,the ,,porcelain ,,pilgrimage ,illustration3 ,i ,in accordance with ,mr4 ,croyden's plan ,theo and his host stepped1 the next morning1 into the waiting motor-car and were whirled to the porcelain factory4 ,as they rode along the boy remained silent until he saw ,mr4 ,croyden lay down his paper2 then he asked3 ,how many persons in the ,united ,states do you suppose are employed at pottery-making1 ,mr4 ,croyden8 ,a great many1 was the reply4 ,before the war there were about thirty-three thousand4 ,theo gasped4 ,why1 ,i had no idea of it6 he exclaimed4 ,it takes a vast number of workmen to manufacture all the clay products turned out in ,america4 ,remember dishes and ornaments are not the only things made4 ,the industry is classified1 and covers white earthenware1 or the better qualities of imitation porcelain used by those who cannot afford the real2 this branch of the work alone takes up about forty per cent4 of the entire output4 ,then there is the genuine porcelain for table and decorative use2 the porcelain necessary for electrical purposes2 stoneware1 or the commoner household articles found in the kitchen comprising yellow ware1 ,rockingham ware1 and red earthenware2 and in addition the great quantities of sanitary ware for plumbing1 drain-pipes1 and tiling4 ,of all these varieties of porcelain the hardest in quality1 and the only one absolutely non-absorbent1 is true porcelain4 ,therefore it is the cleanest to use4 ,kaolin being simply decomposed feldspar1 and the glaze applied to it being practically pure feldspar1 the product is merely a mass of feldspar melted in the fire until all the metals it contains except platinum are eliminated4 ,such a composition is of course far too brittle and delicate for ordinary use even did not its expense prohibit our introducing it into the kitchen2 but could we substitute it for the cheaper wares it would be much more hygienic--a factor persons are liable to forget when purchasing china4 ,i never thought of that1 said ,theo4 ,the general public does not1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,still1 now that ,i have explained it1 you can readily understand it4 ,another thing that is not ordinarily considered is that porcelain-making is not as healthful an occupation as we wish it were4 ,those who work in the glazing department1 where powdered flint and lead are used1 inhale the dust and in consequence are sometimes subject to tuberculosis or lead poisoning just as painters are4 ,can't something be done about it8 ,that seems a dreadful thing4 ,it is a dreadful thing1 and we are constantly trying to better working conditions and lessen the danger4 ,yet if you were to examine the details of other industries you would find that few of them are entirely free from undesirable results4 ,almost every line of manufacture has its peculiar risks1 returned ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,i do not mean for a moment that for that reason we are justified in closing our eyes to the dangers4 ,i merely mean it is a fact4 ,what we are trying earnestly to do is to find a substitute for lead glaze4 ,could we succeed we should eliminate a great proportion of the trouble4 ,i suppose that would mean finding a different kind of enamel1 mused ,theo4 ,precisely4 ,and you recollect how long it took to discover those enamels we are now using1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,it is a good problem for some clever man1 so bear it in mind4 ,it is just such puzzles as these that have raised up our inventors1 and those who in one way or another have perfected modern industry4 ,few who have contributed to this cause stumbled upon their devices for the labor-saving or convenience of mankind4 ,almost all such discoveries were called forth by a great need1 and were the result of hours and hours of patient experiments in laboratories or workshops4 ,therefore when we pass through a factory and see a process advancing easily from stage to stage we should never forget those who toiled with brain and hand to perfect each of its tiny details4 ,often some very insignificant but vital part of a machine may represent the lifetime of an unknown fellow-being who did his part in giving us a more perfect whole4 ,theo glanced up quickly4 ,i thought usually a machine was invented by one person1 he said4 ,occasionally it is1 admitted ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,but more frequently our modern machinery is a growth--the product of many minds4 ,year after year defects have been eliminated1 and improvements introduced4 ,machines every part of which represent the thought of a single individual are rare4 ,most machines are composite photographs of the ingenuity and thought of many inventors4 ,the elder man paused1 then added whimsically3 ,sometimes ,i feel like taking off my hat to a delicately adjusted and intricate piece of machinery2 it is so human and such a monument to the men who conceived it4 ,the boy looked grave4 ,if more people felt about machinery and about work as you do1 ,mr4 ,croyden1 they would have more respect for our industries as well as for the men who run the machines4 ,it should be so1 was ,mr4 ,croyden's instant reply4 ,a factory that turns out a completed product is like a watch4 ,you know that unless every wheel of the watch turns2 unless every minute rivet and screw is in its place and doing its part we get no perfect result4 ,it is just as important a service to be a wee screw in that organism as to be something larger and more conspicuous4 ,so it is with each workman in a factory4 ,he performs his part--often1 alas1 a small and dull one too1 ,i am afraid2 but viewed from the standpoint of the completed product that man with his humdrum task is as worthy our respect as is any other member of the working staff4 ,without somebody to do precisely what he is doing we should get no satisfactory result4 ,it is just team-work6 put in ,theo4 ,that's it--team-work2 team-work and nothing else4 ,and just as in athletics some men better adapted for batting1 catching1 running1 and kicking are singled out for the posts of fielder1 shortstop1 or tackle but contribute equally to the game1 so it is with the men in a factory4 ,some day the world is going to accept that creed and pay to every human being a living wage2 not1 perhaps1 because what he is doing is skilled or difficult2 but because it is indispensable and we cannot do without that particular rung in the labor ladder4 ,some one must fill that post1 and he who does it should be respected and compensated because he is necessary to civilization and to our national prosperity4 ,mr4 ,croyden caught his breath and then laughed in confusion4 ,the idea of my giving you a lecture on the labor question1 ,theo1 he said flushing4 ,i always get hot on the matter1 for it is one of my hobbies4 ,next time when you hear me getting started just slow me down and let me cool off4 ,you see it is pretty close to my heart1 because ,i have been attempting to work out some of its difficult phases here in my own mills4 ,i am trying to pay to each of my men enough so he can live decently and contentedly4 ,it does not seem fair to pay them all alike1 since some are skilful enough to do more work1 and work that is more difficult than others4 ,but each should be able to live comfortably on what he earns4 ,that is my idea of fairness toward the working man2 and that is the scheme that ,i am trying to carry out here4 ,the car stopped abruptly before a great doorway and ,mr4 ,croyden got out4 ,having heard my views you are now to have a chance to see how imperfectly my dreams have been realized1 he said smiling4 ,i am far from satisfied with present conditions in my factory4 ,but every day we are conscientiously trying to make things better1 and some day ,i hope we shall reach our goal4 ,theo followed him into the hall4 ,it was interesting to notice that as the man passed along he exchanged a word or two with every employee he met1 calling many of them by name1 and in some cases adding a question concerning the wife or baby at home4 ,that the men liked their employer there could be no question4 ,his manner toward them was one of unaffected interest and friendliness1 and was entirely free from patronage or condescension4 ,his private office1 too1 was of the simplest type1 being neatly but not lavishly furnished4 ,evidently what was good enough for his men was good enough for him4 ,there were1 however1 in the two great windows several boxes of blossoming plants which made the room fragrant4 ,i am very fond of flowers1 ,theo1 explained the mill-owner after he had greeted his office force and introduced his guest4 ,it is my weak spot--my one big extravagance4 ,this room has just the exposure for plants and we keep the boxes filled the year round4 ,the boys have nicknamed the place the conservatory and the jest has stuck until nobody thinks of calling the place anything else4 ,if you were to ask a man to come to the office he would have to scratch his head and think2 but if you told him he was wanted in the conservatory he would land here double quick4 ,isn't that so8 concluded ,mr4 ,croyden1 turning to the others4 ,every one smiled and nodded4 ,mr4 ,croyden hung up his hat and motioning ,theo to do the same turned to encounter a pile of mail that lay on his desk4 ,bless my soul1 this is too bad6 he exclaimed4 ,don't tell me that to-day when ,i had planned to make a tour through the factory ,uncle ,sam has come down on me with all this stuff6 ,he glanced ruefully at the letter lying topmost on the heap2 then at the second one4 ,i am afraid these will have to be attended to1 ,theo1 he said with regret4 ,should you be dreadfully disappointed if ,i were to turn you over to some one else for a part of your factory pilgrimage8 ,no1 indeed1 sir4 ,i am sorry1 but ,i guess that is what ,i shall have to do1 declared ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,you can make a start1 and later in the morning ,i will try to join you myself4 ,he touched a bell4 ,send ,marwood to me1 he said to the boy4 ,mr4 ,marwood is a splendidly informed man1 ,theo2 and more than that1 he is a delightful one4 ,you will enjoy him1 and ,i have a notion he will enjoy you4 ,he likes boys--has three of his own1 lucky fellow6 ,ah1 here he comes now4 ,mr4 ,marwood1 this is my young friend1 ,theo ,swift of ,new ,york4 ,the boy put out his hand shyly4 ,the eyes that met his were of the kindliest blue2 and the face they illumined was ruddy1 wholesome1 and alert4 ,instantly ,theo decided that since ,mr4 ,croyden himself could not be his guide he had at least provided a very pleasant substitute4 ,theo wants to see everything there is to be seen1 ,jack1 continued ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,tote him all about and answer all his questions2 and above all be thorough1 even if you do not cover very much ground during the morning4 ,i want the processes carefully explained1 for this boy may be a china-maker himself some day4 ,if ,i do not join you before noontime bring all that is left of him back to the conservatory so ,i can take him to lunch4 ,mr4 ,marwood laughed1 and so did ,theo4 ,then they passed out4 ,good luck6 called ,mr4 ,croyden after them as he turned to take up his mail4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xv ,,how ,,porcelain ,,is ,,made ,we'll go to the slip-house first where the clay bins are1 ,mr4 ,marwood said to ,theo1 that you may start at the very beginning of things4 ,that is where the cars run in and unload the raw material4 ,they walked down a long corridor and rang for the elevator4 ,as the car shot to the basement ,theo noticed a change in the appearance of the factory4 ,on every floor they passed there was a hum of machinery and a glimpse of endless rows of china dishes2 they stood on shelves2 they covered tables2 they were stacked one within another upon long counters4 ,some dishes1 eh8 ,mr4 ,marwood laughed1 reading the boy's thought4 ,i never saw so many in my life6 ,you will see many more before you are through1 remarked his companion4 ,the elevator brought up with a jerk4 ,here we are6 exclaimed ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,at least this is our way into the slip-house4 ,he led ,theo through a passage and across a court into the adjoining building4 ,here a white powder covered everything4 ,men who hurried by in overalls and caps were dusty as millers1 their hands being coated to the finger tips with dried clay4 ,mr4 ,marwood stepped forward into the long1 cement-floored basement and pointed to the tracks embedded in it4 ,it is on these tracks1 he said1 that the cars come in and deposit their contents in the bins4 ,the bins are of a pretty good size1 you see4 ,they measure about sixteen by thirty-two feet1 and each one will hold eight car-loads of clay4 ,after the different kinds of clay are unloaded and placed in their respective bins1 the proper combination for specific varieties of porcelain must be weighed out and mixed in the 'blungers1' as we call the mixing tanks4 ,now this body formula1 or clay combination1 is not entrusted to the ordinary workman4 ,it is kept secret4 ,therefore we have on the trucks that carry the clay between the bins and the blungers what we call charging-scales1 which weigh automatically each ingredient in the compound without betraying it to the loader4 ,that is pretty clever1 replied ,theo4 ,yes1 it is a very ingenious device1 ,mr4 ,marwood agreed4 ,the blungers in which the clay is mixed are over there4 ,you can see them--those great machines near the centre of the floor4 ,they are heavy steel tanks lined with vitrified brick1 and in the middle of each one is a revolving contrivance1 with steel arms and teeth that grind the clay up very fine and blend it thoroughly4 ,while it is being mixed in this way water is added to it1 and also a certain amount of powdered oxide of cobalt to whiten it4 ,just as we put blueing in clothes1 ,theo ventured4 ,mr4 ,marwood assented4 ,this cobalt has already been pulverized and sifted most carefully1 so there will be no particles in it1 and so it will readily dissolve4 ,after the clay mixture has had this mauling--for ,i can call it nothing else--the blunged compound1 or slip1 flows in liquid form into the sifter machines where it is strained through silk gauze or else a mesh of fine copper wire4 ,i shouldn't think you could ever strain such stuff1 ,theo declared4 ,the sifters do get very hard wear1 answered ,mr4 ,marwood1 and are the machines most liable to get out of order4 ,they become clogged4 ,our sifters are self-cleaning4 ,by that ,i mean they have an attachment which removes the waste obstructing them4 ,nevertheless1 even with this improvement they still bother us at times4 ,if you watch this sifting machine carefully you can see that the method is one of sliding the slip back and forth until it is forced through the straining ducts4 ,and then what becomes of it8 ,they walked on and stopped before another machine4 ,this is a rough agitator1 explained ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,into it is pumped the liquid slip you just saw strained1 and afterward this is brought in contact with a series of horseshoe magnets which extract from the mixture every atom of iron4 ,iron8 repeated ,theo4 ,all clay has metals in it1 continued ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,should you leave any of these in a pottery clay they would cause you much trouble1 for when the ware was fired the metals would melt and discolor your porcelain4 ,sometimes this happens with cheap chinas4 ,i dare say you yourself have seen dishes that are specked with yellow1 or have stains here and there4 ,sometimes you can also detect bluish particles4 ,that means the cobalt has not been properly ground or sifted4 ,in less expensive wares such defects are frequent4 ,but there is no excuse for them when making fine quality porcelains4 ,theo listened attentively4 ,after this iron has been extracted1 went on ,mr4 ,marwood1 the slip passes into smooth agitators1 where it is simply kept well stirred in order that the heavier ingredients in it may not settle to the bottom4 ,then the liquid is forced by means of a slip-pump into the filter-presses1 and it is now that you begin to see an approach to the clay used for shaping dishes4 ,up to this point the slip has been only a thick creamy substance4 ,now the filter-press squeezes this through canvas bags until after having been pressed between iron plates you get your cakes of smoothly mixed clay of about the consistency of putty4 ,each cake is of regulation size1 and it is supposed to be an inch-and-a-quarter in thickness1 and to weigh forty-two pounds4 ,the clay is now ready for use8 ,theo asked4 ,practically so1 was ,mr4 ,marwood's reply1 although before it can be sent to the jiggermen to be modeled it must pass through the pug-mill to be made more plastic and workable4 ,it is here that it gets its final kneading1 all the air bubbles in it being eliminated by a series of steel knives4 ,i must say it is pretty thoroughly prepared1 smiled ,theo4 ,it has to be1 was ,mr4 ,marwood's grave reply4 ,each of these details is an important factor in the making of high grade porcelain1 and should any of them be omitted we should get no flawless ware4 ,it was this infinite care in preparing clay that gave to ,china1 ,japan1 ,france1 and ,germany their perfect results in porcelain-making4 ,if we would equal what has been done in the past we must be just as painstaking1 and neglect no detail4 ,as a nation we ,americans are far too prone to dash ahead and expect results all in a minute4 ,we do not like to mount a stairway step by step2 we wish to shoot to the top in an elevator4 ,now you cannot manufacture porcelain1 or for that matter anything else1 in such a fashion4 ,i know it1 replied ,theo4 ,dad says we hurry so much over the little things that we turn out quantities of poorly made goods that are just hustled through instead of being carefully finished4 ,your father is right1 ,mr4 ,marwood admitted4 ,it is far too often quantity and not quality with us4 ,just so long as men are paid on the piece-work system we shall not better the condition1 either4 ,it stands to reason that a man who is rushing to make as many objects of one kind as he possibly can in an hour is not going to take the pains to finish them very carefully4 ,his daily bread depends on his hurrying4 ,not a second can be lost4 ,it is an unfortunate labor condition1 and one that ,i hope to see remedied some time4 ,the elder man smiled4 ,but we must not take time now to go into labor problems1 he added4 ,in our day they are absorbingly interesting and one might spend hours discussing them4 ,what we all are eager to do is to see them readjusted until they shall be fair to all parties4 ,that is what ,mr4 ,croyden wants1 put in ,theo4 ,i know it is4 ,he is heart and soul in this mill and his employees4 ,all the time he is working to improve conditions here4 ,now we must go on1 or we shall not get anywhere4 ,to return1 then1 to our clay2 it is now ready to be carried to the floor above on elevators and handed over to the potters4 ,are the ingredients for the glaze prepared in the same way8 ,theo inquired4 ,partially so4 ,the formula for the frit and glaze is also a secret one4 ,usually the frit1 a material similar to glass1 is crushed to powder beneath stone rollers called chasers4 ,water is then added and the compound turned into the grinding-mill where it is ground for an entire day4 ,sometimes1 however1 a different process is preferred and the material is put into a kiln and melted instead4 ,in either case it must finally be worked into a smooth liquid which can be strained through fine lawn4 ,it is then sent to the agitators and constantly stirred until it can be pumped into the storage tanks in the dipping-room4 ,that is just what ,i wanted to know1 said ,theo4 ,any more questions8 ,the boy shook his head4 ,not now1 thank you4 ,then as we have finished here shall we go up to the clay-shop8 ,yes1 ,i am ready1 ,theo affirmed4 ,then as if confronted by an afterthought he asked3 ,is the porcelain made here bone china or ---- ,spar8 put in ,mr4 ,marwood as the lad hesitated4 ,i don't think ,i understand4 ,feldspar4 ,oh1 then ,i know1 cried ,theo4 ,i did not realize you classified porcelains as bone or spar4 ,we do1 was the quick reply4 ,our finest grade of porcelain has little or no phosphate of calcium1 or ground bone1 in it4 ,but it is in consequence very costly1 and therefore to meet the demands of the market we also manufacture a porcelain slightly strengthened with a bone element4 ,nevertheless this is composed of such a wonderfully blended body that it is as exquisite as any of the most beautiful ,english wares4 ,personally ,i prefer it to a pure feldspathic china4 ,my questions are all answered now1 laughed ,theo4 ,shall we go up to the clay-shop8 ,they rang for an elevator and stepped in4 ,next floor1 ,o',keefe1 said ,mr4 ,marwood to the operator4 ,i am going to teach this lad how to make dishes4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,dishes1 ,,dishes ,,everywhere6 ,illustration ,clay1 began ,mr4 ,marwood as they went along1 can be shaped in any one of several ways1 you know3 either by throwing2 by turning2 by pressing it into hollow moulds2 by shaping it by hand over another type of mould2 by pressing it into flat ware such as platters and plates2 by making it by machinery over moulds as is done by hand2 by casting it into the desired form2 and by compressing it4 ,theo looked puzzled4 ,the list sounds like a long one1 ,mr4 ,marwood went on smiling into the boy's troubled eyes1 but when you understand the processes you will find that it is all much simpler than it seems4 ,before we begin to investigate any of these methods1 however1 ,i want to say just a word about the moulds over which1 or inside of which1 the ware is sometimes shaped2 for moulds are a very important feature both of pottery and porcelain-making4 ,what are the moulds made of8 was ,theo's first question4 ,i am glad you asked1 for that is the vital matter1 ,mr4 ,marwood replied4 ,many materials have been tried with varying degrees of success--plaster-of-,paris1 alabaster1 steel1 gun-metal1 and brass4 ,of course what is necessary is a strong1 firm1 absorbent material4 ,clay moulds break too easily1 and also become saturated with water and lose their shape2 metal moulds1 on the other hand1 while most useful in making wares decorated with fine1 raised designs such as the ,wedgwood figures1 fail to seep up the superfluous water4 ,therefore plaster-of-,paris has proved the best medium for the purpose4 ,not only does it retain its form1 but it also takes up a certain proportion of the moisture from the clay that is moulded inside or outside it4 ,i understand1 ,theo nodded4 ,the elevator stopped and they stepped out into a vast1 well-lighted room1 gray with clay-dust and thronging with powdery workers4 ,at benches1 before revolving wheels1 and beside turning-lathes toiled busy workmen with white1 clay-coated hands4 ,we will start our program with the potter's wheel1 the oldest of pottery modeling devices1 said ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,it is a very simple contrivance1 you see--just a round piece of board set horizontally on top of a revolving spindle4 ,as the disc turns the potter shapes the clay with his fingers1 building it up to the desired height and moulding it to conform to the profile1 or pattern1 he keeps beside him4 ,this profile is of wood or steel1 and gives the elevation of the object in actual size4 ,as he works the potter constantly consults and measures it4 ,pieces made in this fashion are known as thrown ware4 ,all the finest potteries1 as well as some of the most expensive porcelains1 are made in this way4 ,however1 it is a costly process and rather slow1 for a piece thus shaped must have the entire attention of a single worker4 ,if we were to make all our china by this method ,i do not know where we should bring up4 ,it would take us a decade1 and cost us a great deal of money4 ,but by this means the most artistic results are obtained4 ,it was in this fashion that the ,greeks modeled their matchless vases1 and you can now see why no two of them were alike4 ,each potter put his soul into the thing he was making1 and as he had endless time at his command he worked with utmost care to perfect his product4 ,this was all very well in a warm country where life was simple2 demands few2 and where there was not the tension of present day living4 ,it was a matter of no concern if the artist made only a few such vases in a lifetime4 ,he had the patronage of the rich1 and was sure of being taken care of4 ,but to-day1 alas1 we face a different problem4 ,illustration3 ,,it ,,is ,a ,,costly ,,process1 ,,and ,,rather ,,slow ,we surely do1 agreed ,theo4 ,therefore1 here in ,america only a small proportion of this thrown ware is made4 ,such art potteries as the ,roferno and ,sicardo wares1 seen chiefly in private collections and museums1 are thrown2 also some of the ,grueby1 ,rookwood1 and ,cincinnati varieties--all very beautiful ,american potteries4 ,in addition to these exquisite home products ,the ,dedham and ,paul ,revere potteries made near ,boston should be mentioned1 for although of less costly type they are doing much to set a standard of perfection of form1 choiceness of coloring1 and fitness of design4 ,all these wares are distinct contributions to the art world4 ,of course certain wares are made by a modification of this throwing process4 ,large pieces1 for example1 frequently have to be thrown in several parts1 fastened together1 and afterward finished4 ,some pieces the thrower shapes over a plaster-of-,paris mould2 and some he shapes inside the mould1 reversing the process and pressing the clay against its confining surface4 ,the danger in thrown ware comes from an uneven pressure on the clay resulting in a lack of solidity2 the pieces are not always equally firm at all points and in consequence sometimes crack4 ,can pieces of any design be thrown8 inquired ,theo4 ,no1 only round pieces such as cups1 mugs1 vases1 jars1 or bowls4 ,in other words1 only circular pieces4 ,frequently1 too1 these are only started by the throwing process and are finished by some other means such as turning1 for example4 ,what is turning8 asked ,theo4 ,surely you have seen a turning-lathe1 ,theo1 asserted ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,here is a turner just opposite us4 ,you will notice he has a lathe that goes by steam4 ,the vase on which he is working has previously been roughly formed on a jigger--a revolving mould over which a sheet of clay has been pressed and quickly shaped4 ,after such a piece has been dried to a leather hardness the turner takes it in its crude and uncompleted state and by running his lathe over it planes down the surface to a smooth1 even thickness4 ,sometimes1 too1 by means of one of these lathes milling-tools are used to cut designs around the neck or base of the article4 ,the rough edges are then sponged and before the piece is thoroughly dried handles are put on if desired4 ,here in ,america turning is the process very generally employed for finishing articles begun by the jiggermen4 ,and now about hollow ware--how do they make that8 ,hollow ware is pressed by hand1 answered ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,the process is used for pieces that cannot successfully be made by any other means--such things1 for example1 as soup-tureens and large covered dishes4 ,the idea is to press the clay over or into moulds so it will be the exact shape required4 ,of course this necessitates the making of pieces in sections4 ,the two sides of a vase are moulded separately1 for instance2 also the bottom4 ,then the parts are pressed firmly together and held in place by strings or thongs of leather until securely joined4 ,afterward the base is inserted in its proper place4 ,the inside seams are then leveled and sponged away1 and the mould sent to the drying room4 ,later it is returned2 the outside seams moistened and smoothed2 the moulded handles put on2 and the piece is ready to be decorated and fired4 ,it is a difficult ware to make1 for unless the workmen are skilled at giving the clay an even pressure it is liable to be thicker in some places than others4 ,sometimes1 too1 if the seams are not strongly united the article will crack4 ,it demands a strong1 even touch4 ,remember that hollow ware is pressed from the outside2 and that flat ware is just the opposite1 and is pressed from the inside4 ,the top surfaces of such things as plates1 platters and trays are thus formed1 their outer side being shaped by hand or by a jolly1 which we shall see presently4 ,mr4 ,marwood passed on through the crowded room until he suddenly paused beside a workman at another machine4 ,this1 explained ,theo's conductor1 is a jigger4 ,there are two machines very commonly used in the ,united ,states for shaping the cheaper wares3 one is a jigger1 a device of this type2 and the other a jolly1 an invention very similar in construction but having a tool attached that forms the outside1 or bottom of the piece1 the inside of which has previously been shaped by the jigger4 ,you may recall that ,i spoke of the jigger2 and told you how a revolving mould was inserted into it1 and how afterward a sheet of clay was laid on the outside of this mould and rapidly shaped4 ,the jolly1 on the other hand1 is used for making such things as covers1 the top surface of which has already been moulded4 ,the profile set in the jolly-lever makes the bottom4 ,that1 as ,i told you1 is how we get the base of our plates4 ,for certain articles the jigger is preferred2 for certain others the jolly2 but the aim of both is the same1 and the workers at the machines are all called jiggermen4 ,after an article is taken from the jigger or jolly it is dried and carried to the turning-lathe to have its surface smoothed and finished4 ,and does it take all these men to run a jigger8 whispered ,theo1 pointing to the moving figures that hurried to and fro4 ,an organized group of men is employed at each machine1 answered ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,first there is the clay-carrier1 who must bring the material to the workmen2 then there is a second man called the batter-out who takes from the carrier the piece of clay cut into the proper size1 and after laying this on a block gives it a strong blow with a plaster-of-,paris bat to flatten it for the jiggerman4 ,when making simple objects such a man can give the article quite a start even with one stroke4 ,you can see that some such beginning must be made before the jiggermen can handle the material4 ,how much does the bat weigh8 demanded ,theo1 instantly interested4 ,about fifteen pounds4 ,it is not very heavy1 but the batter wields it with considerable force4 ,after the article has thus been approximately shaped1 and the jiggerman has completed it1 a mould-runner must carry the freshly modeled piece to the stove-room to be dried2 and on his backward trip bring with him two other articles that are already dry4 ,these he takes off the moulds1 leaving the dry piece to go to the finisher1 and the mould to the batter-out4 ,the fourth man in the team1 or crew1 is the finisher4 ,his duty is to smooth the rough edges of each article with a damp sponge1 or a tool of flat steel4 ,after this process is completed the jiggerman's crew is through with its part of the work and the goods go to the greenroom to be counted1 and if perfect accepted by the foreman4 ,most jiggermen hire their own helpers1 as it is simpler for them to do so4 ,formerly only round articles were made by the jiggermen--such things as cups1 plates1 bowls1 etc4 ,but now oval1 as well as round dishes1 can be made on a jigger1 although elliptical wares are not turned out this way to any very great extent1 other processes of shaping being preferred for objects of this type4 ,you spoke1 ,mr4 ,marwood1 of casting some wares1 remarked ,theo4 ,the older man smiled4 ,you have a good memory1 my boy1 he said4 ,i did mention casting4 ,it is an independent process1 and shapes of great variety can be fashioned as well as ornamented in this way4 ,by the casting method1 too1 we are certain of getting articles of uniform thickness4 ,we can even make very thin objects by this means4 ,but the process is destructive of moulds1 and therefore has its flaws4 ,the success of the plan is entirely dependent on the mould's absorption of the moisture in the clay2 otherwise the method of casting could not be applied to potteries or porcelains4 ,as the clay is compressed the water is squeezed out of it1 and this the mould must take up1 or the clay would never dry and retain its shape4 ,you can understand that1 ,i think4 ,yes1 sir4 ,the last of the processes of which ,i wish to tell you is die-pressing4 ,here we take a very finely ground clay dust2 moisten it a little2 and fill a die1 or steel mould1 with it4 ,this die we then put into a screw1 or hydraulic press1 and squeeze it under an intense pressure with the result that the piece is shaped very solidly4 ,we use this process for making small1 complicated objects such as those employed for electrical purposes4 ,they are brittle and delicate and have to be manufactured with extreme care4 ,are plumbing supplies made this way8 ,no1 indeed6 ,sanitary pieces are too large to be turned out in such a fashion4 ,they are made by hand1 being first built up inside enormous moulds4 ,we can employ only the most skilful workmen on this task because the goods are difficult to make4 ,such a thing as a porcelain bath-tub involves a great deal of clay1 and therefore were it to be damaged we should lose much expensive material4 ,mr4 ,marwood took out his watch4 ,now1 there you have all the various ways of shaping clay ware6 ,its decoration and firing is another story1 and far too long a one for us to attack to-day4 ,we must be back at the conservatory at one o'clock for luncheon4 ,evidently ,mr4 ,croyden got too deeply snowed under to join us1 so we shall have to hunt him up4 ,confess you are hungry4 ,theo's eyes twinkled4 ,i believe ,i could eat something if ,i were urged1 he admitted4 ,so could ,i1 rejoined ,mr4 ,marwood heartily4 ,i am starved4 ,we will find ,mr4 ,croyden right away4 ,it has been a good morning1 hasn't it1 ,theo8 ,certainly ,i've enjoyed it1 exclaimed ,theo4 ,and ,i too1 agreed the older man4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,the ,,decoration ,,of ,,china ,illustration ,next morning bright and early ,theo and ,mr4 ,croyden were off to the factory1 and once more the boy found himself consigned to the care of ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,this was no hardship1 however1 for the two got on excellently together1 and ,theo was only too glad to cooeperate in any way he could with ,mr4 ,croyden1 whom he knew to be very busy4 ,therefore with this new friend as pilot the pilgrimage through the china works was resumed at precisely the point where it had been left the preceding day4 ,this morning1 ,mr4 ,marwood said1 we will turn our attention to the decoration of porcelain1 which ,i think you will find quite as interesting as was its making4 ,there are almost as many different processes to decorate the ware as there were methods of shaping it4 ,which one are we to begin with8 questioned ,theo eagerly4 ,i think we'd better start with printed designs4 ,were you ever in ,washington1 ,theo8 ,theo glanced up in surprise at the irrelevance of the inquiry4 ,yes1 sir4 ,good6 ,what were some of the places you visited8 ,again the lad regarded his conductor curiously4 ,what had his trip to ,washington to do with the decoration of china1 he wondered4 ,oh1 ,i went to the ,capitol1 of course1 he answered1 and to the ,white ,house1 and the ,congressional ,library2 then ,dad took me to the ,smithsonian ,institute and to the ,bureau of ,printing and ,engraving1 and ---- ,stop6 cried ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,i now have found out exactly what ,i wished to know4 ,so you have seen bank notes engraved8 ,yes1 sir4 ,you remember then how the design is cut on a copper or steel plate8 ,yes1 indeed1 came promptly from ,theo4 ,i am very glad of that1 for it is precisely this method we use when we print designs on china4 ,the difference is that the designs on our money are printed in ink1 and those we transfer to our porcelain are done with mineral colors2 nor are our plates so finely made4 ,however1 the idea underlying the processes is identical4 ,the color is applied to the metal plate1 and what is not retained in the engraved depressions of the design is carefully scraped away4 ,then on a kind of paper expressly prepared for the purpose the picture is made1 and while it is moist it is placed against the ware and rubbed in with a piece of soft flannel4 ,when it is awkward to handle the design as a whole it is cut into sections and pieced together on the china itself4 ,does one person do the whole thing8 ,no4 ,it is the duty of one worker to arrange the design and see that it is in the right place2 and the task of the next one to rub it in with the flannel and soap4 ,then after the china has stood for some time it is put into water and the paper sticking to it is floated off1 leaving the colored print on the porcelain4 ,is it done before the ware is fired8 asked ,theo4 ,sometimes it is done on the biscuit ware before it is glazed1 and sometimes on the glaze itself4 ,it all depends on the result the decorators wish to obtain4 ,if printed before the porcelain is glazed it is called under-glaze printed ware1 and must be put through a kiln1 which will take the oils out of the print2 if done on the glaze it is fired in order to burn the colors in and blend them with the frit4 ,it must be hard always to get the designs where you want them1 observed ,theo meditatively4 ,i used to trace patterns at school sometimes1 and often they slipped and made the spacing wrong4 ,that is one of the difficulties our designers encounter1 too1 replied ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,sometimes you will see pieces where the spacing is not equal1 or where a border does not join4 ,that indicates inaccurate placing of the pattern1 or an incorrect estimate of the space4 ,i don't wonder they get it wrong sometimes1 declared ,theo4 ,it isn't so easy4 ,i remember once decorating a card for ,mother with some decalcomania pictures4 ,it was mighty hard to get them where ,i wanted them4 ,decalcomania8 exclaimed ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,we do that kind of work here too4 ,in fact1 a great many of our most beautiful gold borders are transferred to the ware by that method4 ,i see you will be quite at home1 ,theo1 in our decorating department4 ,i guess you would find me a pretty poor hand at it1 laughed the lad4 ,my fingers would be all thumbs4 ,possibly at first4 ,it is very fussy work1 ,i must admit4 ,but the processes are at least easy for you to understand4 ,another type of decoration that will interest you is that employed when we wish to put bands of solid color around the edges of plates or dishes2 also when we wish to color their entire surface4 ,we call it ground-laying4 ,now how do you suppose we do that8 ,theo thought a moment4 ,i can't imagine1 he said at last4 ,of course you could not get the color even with a brush4 ,no1 answered ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,we must first apply to the space we wish to color a peculiar kind of oil1 and afterward dust over this moistened surface a finely ground metallic color4 ,which sticks only to the oiled part6 ,theo exclaimed1 quickly4 ,you have the idea4 ,then the superfluous powder is blown off1 and when fired the dust fuses into a solid liquid color1 giving us a smoothly laid band of red1 blue1 green1 or what you will2 or perhaps a dish of solid tone if that has been the intent4 ,we do not use this method for every type of flat color work1 however1 because when the powdered color blows about the workers are apt to inhale it1 and it is very bad for their health4 ,therefore when it is possible we tint the china by hand1 which can be done if the color is a delicate one and spreads smoothly2 or we color the clay itself4 ,all this time ,theo and ,mr4 ,marwood had been passing through the factory and going from one building to another2 now they entered the decorating department4 ,first ,i want you to see our air-brush process1 ,mr4 ,marwood said4 ,he led the way to an ingenious machine which by means of compressed air was spraying a fine jet of color over the surface of a porcelain plate4 ,in some places this color rippled away into a faint tint2 in others it settled into an area of a deep rich tone4 ,by the aid of stencils the effect produced was of an exquisitely shaded ware1 and ,theo watched the work with delight4 ,i think this air-brush process is the most interesting one ,i have seen1 the boy cried4 ,it certainly is fascinating to watch1 isn't it8 agreed ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,i could stand here all day2 but ,i fear we must go on1 for we still have much to see4 ,let us go over to where those girls are gilding4 ,some of them are putting a fine gold line on the china1 and others are doing elaborate designs in gold4 ,the work of the next group is to gild the handles of cups and dishes4 ,they passed on and stood beside the workers4 ,that does not look like gold6 exclaimed ,theo1 who viewed in astonishment the chocolate brown pigment that the girls were using4 ,mr4 ,marwood laughed4 ,all gold looks like that1 he said1 before it is fired and burnished4 ,in fact1 all the mineral colors used to decorate glass1 pottery1 and porcelain look very different when they are put on from what they do after they have been subjected to the heat4 ,that is the wonderful part of working in oxides and metallic colors4 ,the beautiful hues we see on china or glass are the result of years of experiment4 ,never forget that4 ,all china decorators have constantly to bear in mind the effect of a high temperature upon their colors4 ,what would be attractive on the unfired clay might emerge from the kiln a very ugly product indeed4 ,we must reckon on this fact4 ,theo nodded4 ,it must make the decoration of china a great problem1 he said4 ,it does4 ,however1 decorators have now learned pretty well what to expect4 ,a certain carmine1 for example1 fires out violet4 ,many other shades fire lighter or darker than when applied1 and allowance must be made for them4 ,the girls who paint china become very skilful in estimating the changes in colors4 ,these who are working beside us are doing the finest sort of porcelain decoration--faces1 figures1 and flowers4 ,those across the aisle are doing a vastly different type of work4 ,they are putting coarse1 sketchy flowers on the cheaper ware4 ,some of them1 you will observe1 are filling in designs that have either first been printed1 or transferred by the decalcomania process1 and must afterward be finished by hand4 ,the girls supply the dabs of color that are needed to complete the pattern4 ,it looks easy4 ,it is not highly skilled work1 answered ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,some of our methods1 however1 are far less skilled than this one4 ,what would you say1 for instance1 to decorating china with a sponge8 ,a sponge8 ,painting with a sponge8 ,not exactly painting1 protested ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,it is not quite that4 ,we do1 nevertheless1 for our cheapest ware use a fine-grained sponge cut in the shape of the desired design4 ,this we dip in color and with it impress a pattern on the clay as we would with a rubber stamp4 ,i should think you would use a rubber stamp and be done with it1 replied ,theo4 ,it would not hold the color satisfactorily1 explained ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,but we do use the stamping method for inexpensive gold ware4 ,we also imprint the firm name or trade-mark on the bottom of our porcelain that way before it is glazed2 so we do some stamping1 you see4 ,of course stamping is only for the cheap wares4 ,the finest porcelain is hand-decorated--or at least the major part of it is4 ,theo was silent2 then he said3 ,suppose after all the work of preparing the clay1 and shaping and decorating it1 the piece is broken when the final glaze is put on8 ,that tragedy sometimes occurs1 responded ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,often1 too1 a piece with many colors and much gold work on it has to be fired several times1 and is therefore in jeopardy more than once4 ,in addition to these risks you must remember the number of hands through which an article passes from the time of its moulding to its final arrival from the glost-kiln4 ,a delicate piece of ware is in peril every second4 ,it may be dropped and broken2 chipped in handling2 its clay body may crack when exposed to the heat2 the colors in the decoration may fire out unsatisfactorily2 or at the very end there may be a defect in the glaze4 ,great ,scott6 gasped ,theo4 ,why1 ,i never should expect to get a single perfect piece of porcelain4 ,on the contrary1 we get a great many1 smiled ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,they are almost all perfect4 ,the imperfect piece is the exception4 ,but each piece represents untold care4 ,we sometimes laugh at the old adage of a bull in the china-shop1 but let me assure you that a poor workman can do almost as much damage in a porcelain factory4 ,mr4 ,marwood drew out his watch4 ,i believe we shall now have just about time before luncheon to go down to the kilns1 he observed presently4 ,should you like to8 ,indeed ,i should4 ,there is not much that we can see1 ,i am afraid4 ,however1 we may be able to catch a glimpse of some of the ware being packed in the saggers4 ,what is a sagger8 ,it is a large clay container in which unfired pottery or porcelain is packed while it is passing through the firing process4 ,these large clay vessels have come into general use as the best thing for the purpose4 ,they stand the heat and at the same time are less liable to break or chip the goods than are containers of any other material4 ,we make them ourselves here in the mills4 ,in fact1 there is an entire section in the clay-shop devoted to nothing but sagger making4 ,special machinery grinds and mixes the clay2 special men fashion by hand the great containers2 while other men do nothing but work in the wad-mills where rolls of clay to cover the top of the saggers and protect the unfired ware from smoke are made4 ,don't the clay saggers ever break8 questioned ,theo4 ,sometimes1 alas6 admitted ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,when they do the china in them must be rescued from the kilns and put into new saggers4 ,the old saggers are then broken up2 the clay in them ground and sifted2 and after being moistened again and mixed with fresh clay other saggers are modeled4 ,is the same sort of clay sagger used for the glazed as well as for the unglazed wares8 ,no4 ,for the glazed china we generally use glost saggers that have been covered on the inner side with a coating of enamel4 ,all this time as they talked they had been passing through the mill and they now entered a low hot building where a series of brick ovens with arching tops covered the floor4 ,here1 said ,mr4 ,marwood1 are the firing kilns4 ,after the ware has been brought here in baskets it is very carefully packed in the saggers1 and the saggers in turn packed in these great brick ovens4 ,before they are put in the kilns have to be cooled so the heat to which the ware is subjected may increase gradually4 ,but it must take forever to pack all the saggers into the kiln1 declared ,theo as he viewed in consternation the interior of one of the waiting ovens4 ,it takes a long time--about five hours1 answered ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,porcelain requiring a shorter firing is placed near the front of the kiln1 so it can be removed if necessary before the rest is taken out4 ,after the kiln is filled the men brick up the door of the oven and start the fire4 ,there the china bakes from forty to sixty hours4 ,the length of time required depends on the sort of ware being fired and the temperature of the kiln4 ,then the opening is unsealed and the cooling process begins4 ,do they wait until the saggers and their contents are cold before they take them out8 asked ,theo4 ,no1 indeed1 was ,mr4 ,marwood's reply4 ,that would take too long4 ,often we are in a hurry to get the goods out and the ovens cooled for the next lot of porcelain2 frequently1 too1 we want the ware so that we may continue work upon it4 ,therefore we begin the drawing while the oven is still very hot--so hot that the men are stripped to the waist and wear only overalls1 shoes1 and thick gloves4 ,the kiln drawers are never forced to draw out the saggers1 however1 when they are intensely hot unless they wish to do so4 ,the law protects such workers and specifies at just what degree of temperature the work is to become optional4 ,not only do these men draw the ware1 but they also empty it from the saggers as well as put it into the baskets in which it is carried back to the factory and inspected1 further decorated1 or packed for shipping4 ,mr4 ,marwood waited a moment1 then added3 ,in some foreign countries a tunnel kiln is used instead of an oven like this4 ,it is supposed to require less fuel4 ,it is a long tunnel with a track through the centre over which little cars laden with ware are propelled by machinery4 ,the heat is graded in such a way that it is most intense in the middle of the kiln4 ,the ware starts at one end of this tunnel where the temperature is quite low1 travels toward the centre where the heat is highest1 and then comes out at the other end of the tunnel through a diminishing heat4 ,in this way it cools gradually4 ,they say1 however1 that such a method is more successful for biscuit 7the unglazed china7 than for the glost4 ,here in ,america where fuel has always been plenty we have stuck to our old-fashioned brick ovens in spite of their expense4 ,i am afraid we are not a saving nation4 ,father says that after this war is over we shall have to be more saving1 said ,theo4 ,i believe that too1 confessed ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,we never have learned to figure things down to the lowest cent4 ,we shall have to do it2 and it won't hurt us1 either4 ,on the contrary1 it will be a good lesson4 ,if each of us would use the least possible material in the home1 the factory1 and the office we should save an amazing amount in a year4 ,i think we ought to do it1 affirmed ,theo soberly4 ,so do ,i1 rejoined the elder man4 ,many manufacturers have already come to finding uses for stuff they previously considered waste4 ,they are using up their by-products1 thereby not only enriching themselves but giving to the world things that are needed4 ,it is an interesting and ingenious problem4 ,if we were to employ the same principle everywhere we should find it well worthy of our brain power4 ,now shall we go back and hunt up ,mr4 ,croyden1 or have you still questions to ask8 ,i have a thousand questions1 laughed ,theo1 but ,i don't think you'd better stop now to answer them4 ,mother says ,i always do have questions2 she says no sooner am ,i through with one than ,i am ready with another4 ,so long as they are intelligent1 thoughtful questions ,i am sure no one minds answering them1 ,mr4 ,marwood replied4 ,how else are we to learn8 ,the man who is ashamed to ask questions and confess he does not know is worth little in the world4 ,when ,i spoke of questions1 however1 ,i meant questions about china-making4 ,oh6 exclaimed ,theo4 ,no1 ,i don't think ,i have any more questions about porcelain except to ask you how the glaze is put on the biscuit ware4 ,that certainly is an intelligent question1 and one ,i shall be only too happy to answer1 ,mr4 ,marwood said4 ,we could go down into the dipping sheds if we had more time4 ,but perhaps since there is not ,i can tell you about them and it will do almost as well4 ,to begin with1 these sheds have cement floors because the glaze1 or slip1 spatters all about and dries upon them4 ,it is therefore practically impossible to keep wooden floors clean1 and we do not wish our workmen to inhale any more of the dried flint dust than is absolutely necessary4 ,i remember hearing about that1 ,theo said4 ,the glaze material is ground up while dry and very carefully sifted1 went on ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,afterward it is mixed with water2 colored1 if a tinted glaze is required2 and then pumped into tanks where it is kept well stirred4 ,when ready the ware is dipped into this glaze and again fired4 ,this time1 however1 it is a more difficult matter to pack it into the saggers since it must neither touch the sides of the sagger nor come in contact with any other piece4 ,i never thought of that1 owned ,theo4 ,of course1 now that you speak of it1 ,i can see that when the glaze melts and fuses with the clay it would show any mark4 ,exactly4 ,it must be an awful job to keep each piece separate4 ,it demands extreme care1 returned ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,we use all sorts of little clay devices to support the ware1 and keep it in place while it is in the saggers4 ,does it take about the same length of time to fire the glazed porcelain as for the biscuit8 inquired ,theo4 ,no4 ,the glost firing usually takes only from twenty-four to thirty-six hours4 ,afterward any bits of glaze projecting from the china or clinging to it are chipped away with a steel tool and the piece is examined4 ,if free from flaws it goes either to the packing room to be shipped1 or back to the factory1 in case additional decoration is to be put on over the glaze4 ,you may recall that ,i told you that there was an over-glaze and an under-glaze method of decoration4 ,yes1 sir4 ,are your questions answered now8 ,i believe they are1 thank you4 ,and you can now make china without trouble--whatever kind you like best8 ,i shouldn't want to start doing it to-morrow1 chuckled ,theo4 ,i think ,i should rather begin on earthenware4 ,you would have to go to some other mills1 then1 smiled ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,we make no ,c4 ,c4 ware here4 ,what is ,c4 ,c4 ware8 ,ask ,mr4 ,croyden1 replied ,mr4 ,marwood4 ,you see1 we have a little joke about it4 ,his name is ,charles ,croyden and sometimes in jest we call him ,c4 ,c4 ,now ,c4 ,c4 ware 7an abbreviation for cream-colored7 is one of the cheapest of the white earthenwares4 ,when first manufactured it used to be of a pale yellowish tint1 but now it is made in white4 ,nevertheless its quality has not been materially improved4 ,as ,mr4 ,croyden manufactures only the finer grades of chinas it is a favorite quip of ours to call him ,c4 ,c4 ,theo laughed heartily4 ,i will ask him about the ,c4 ,c4 ware some time1 grinned the boy4 ,illustration ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,theo',s ,,great ,,choice ,illustration ,theo was as good as his word4 ,that noon as he and ,mr4 ,croyden sat at luncheon he remarked mischievously3 ,you did not tell me1 sir1 that you made ,c4 ,c4 ware here4 ,mr4 ,croyden raised his eyes quickly and laughed4 ,so they passed that joke on to you1 did they8 he said4 ,c4 ,c4 ware indeed6 ,you young rascal6 ,i have half a mind now not to send to your mother that blue vase you admired so much4 ,that blue vase6 ,the one with the girl's head on it8 cried ,theo4 ,are you really going to send it to ,mother8 ,if you behave yourself ,i am1 came grimly from the older man4 ,and if she will let you come and visit us again some time4 ,oh1 ,mother'll be crazy over that vase4 ,it is a corker6 exclaimed ,theo4 ,i can tell her how ,i saw them making it4 ,you shall carry it back to her then1 since you think she will like it1 declared ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,that is unless you would rather select as a present a piece of ,c4 ,c4 ware1 he added humorously4 ,theo smiled and shook his head4 ,or maybe you would prefer a bit of ,samian ware1 or jet ware1 or ,rockingham ware1 or yellow ware1 or stoneware1 or ironstone china1 or white granite1 or ,queen's4 ,jehoshaphat6 ,are there all those kinds of earthenware8 ,yes1 and that is not the full list1 either1 replied ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,we have a great many kinds of crockery1 and as each variety has its cheaper as well as its more expensive grades1 it makes an almost endless number of styles4 ,the better types of white earthenware are made from carefully selected and well mixed clays1 and more nearly approach porcelain1 of which they are imitations4 ,often their design is quite good and in consequence they fill a large place in many a modest home4 ,indeed1 although we ourselves do not go in for such chinas we respect a well-made piece of earthenware1 for the making of good earthenware is an art in itself4 ,many a rule attends its successful manufacture4 ,for example1 the bottom of a heavy piece must not be too thick1 or it will crack1 because a tremendous strain comes on the base when the clay begins to dry and shrink4 ,the sides pull from every direction1 and therefore the bottom must be sufficiently thin to be elastic1 and sufficiently thick to be strong4 ,and that is only one of the problems to be faced by pottery and earthenware makers4 ,so you see they1 as well as we1 have troubles4 ,i guess no business is without its troubles1 observed ,theo4 ,no business that is interesting1 answered ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,it is getting the better of such difficulties that gives zest to manufacture1 making it a constant field for man's fertile brain4 ,i think the old ,italians were right when during the golden days of ,venetian history they recognized the intellectual status of glass-makers1 silk-makers1 and the like2 and accorded to such men the same honors they did to those of noble rank4 ,for1 after all1 the noble was only what chance had made him2 while the skilled artisan was what he had made himself--a far more creditable thing1 to my way of thinking4 ,and to mine6 agreed ,theo4 ,i am glad you feel that way1 ,mr4 ,croyden said1 because ,i am anxious to have you view this industry not alone from its technical but from its larger aspect4 ,did ,i not believe that ,i was doing something more than just the humdrum task of making dishes ,i should speedily become discouraged and decide my labor was not worth the strength ,i am constantly putting into it4 ,but every honorable industry is far more than that4 ,it is a monument to the men who conceived it and to those who little by little developed the wonderful machinery that makes it possible4 ,each perfect product it turns out voices the skill1 patience1 and faithfulness of scores of workmen4 ,more than that1 an industry is the weapon of the wage-earner--the means by which he and his family are protected from want and unhappiness4 ,hence every conscientious manufacturer performs a double service to mankind3 he gives to the world something that it needs1 and he furnishes his fellow-man with a means of livelihood4 ,regarded in this light it is no unworthy calling to be a manufacturer4 ,i think both the man at the head of the firm1 and the men who share in the work are doing their bit1 put in ,theo4 ,the one is dependent on the other1 affirmed ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,it is a matter of equality4 ,in fact1 it would be hard to tell which of the two is the more indebted to the other--the employer or the employee4 ,it is in this spirit that ,i try to run this great plant4 ,i blunder1 it is true2 ,i suppose we all do that4 ,but ,i sincerely believe labor should have an honored place1 and so far as ,i am concerned ,i give it one4 ,if ,i had a boy1 ,mr4 ,croyden's voice faltered1 ,if ,i had a boy1 he repeated more firmly1 he should be brought up to touch his cap to the laborer as well as to the capitalist2 and he should be made to feel that the trade school is as praiseworthy a place as is the college4 ,the two simply furnish different types of education4 ,theo acquiesced4 ,your father and ,i represent these two types1 continued ,mr4 ,croyden4 ,when you grow up you will have to choose which of them you will follow4 ,i know you will choose wisely and well4 ,but you must never forget that it is the ideal behind what you do that transforms a calling from a gray1 dead1 monotonous vocation into a glowing1 living1 interesting career4 ,you can be a routine doctor1 seeing only the dull round of aches and pains2 or you can be the ,great ,physician who continues ,god's work of healing on the earth4 ,as for the manufacturer--in this field1 too1 you can be the mere money-getter who crowds down and ignores those who have helped him to amass his wealth2 or you can be the profit-sharer and co-worker4 ,it all rests with yourself4 ,it will not be the fault of the task you choose but the littleness of your vision if you dwarf your life and find your horizon small4 99 99 99 99 99 ,long afterward ,theo ,swift remembered those words1 and when on his twenty-second birthday he entered the ,trenton mills1 there to be trained to assume a partnership in the business1 it was with the aim that as a captain of industry he would serve his generation4 ,the ,stories in this ,series are3 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,cotton ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,gold ,,and ,,silver ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,lumber ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,wool ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,iron ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,leather ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,glass ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,sugar ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,silk ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,porcelain