---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,tenth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,battle ,,creek1 ,,michigan ,,december #i ,,and #aj1 #aiai ,,contents ,page ,officers and ,committees of the ,association #d ,members of the ,association #e ,constitution and ,by-,laws #i ,proceedings of the ,tenth ,annual ,convention #aa ,president's ,address1 ,mr ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,indiana #aa ,report of the ,secretary-,treasurer #ad ,business ,sessions #ae1 #acc ,the ,farms by the ,side of the ,road1 ,matthew ,henry ,hoover1 ,new ,york #bc ,native ,nut ,tree ,plantations in ,michigan1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,k4 ,chittenden1 ,michigan #cc ,pecans ,other ,than ,those of the ,well ,known ,sections1 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,pennsylvania #dd ,hazel ,nuts and ,filberts1 ,conrad ,vollertsen1 ,new ,york #ec ,disease ,resistance in the ,american ,chestnut1 ,arthur ,h4 ,graves1 ,connecticut #fj ,notes on the ,hickories1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,new ,york #fh ,the ,nutritive ,value of ,nuts1 ,f4 ,a4 ,cajorie1 ,connecticut #hj ,nut ,trees and ,bushes in ,landscape ,work1 ,o4 ,c4 ,simonds1 ,illinois #hh ,nut ,culture in ,michigan1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 #ih ,nut ,trees for ,highways and ,public ,places1 ,hon4 ,william ,s4 ,linton1 ,michigan #ajh ,legislation ,regarding the ,planting of ,nut and ,other ,food ,producing ,trees1 ,senator ,harvey ,a4 ,penney1 ,michigan #aab ,michigan ,law ,regarding ,roadside ,planting of ,nut ,trees #aaf ,the ,soy ,bean1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg1 ,michigan #aah ,judging ,nuts1 ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,new ,york #abb ,the #aiai ,nut ,contest1 ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,new ,york #adf ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president ,w4 ,s4 ,,linton ,saginaw1 ,michigan ,vice-,president ,,james ,s4 ,,mcglennon ,rochester1 ,new ,york ,secretary and ,treasurer ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby ,baldwin1 ,nassau ,co41 ,new ,york ,acting ,secretary ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,wilton1 ,connecticut ,,committees ,auditing--,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed ,executive--,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed ,,and ,,the ,,officers ,federal ,aid--,j4 ,m4 ,,patterson1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,kellogg1 ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,j4 ,s4 ,,mcglennon ,finance--,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,hybrids--,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,j4 ,g4 ,,rush ,membership--,,harry ,r4 ,,weber1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,f4 ,n4 ,,fagan4 ,w4 ,o4 ,,potter1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith ,nomenclature--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones ,press and ,publication--,,ralph ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,programme--,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris ,promising ,seedlings--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,california ,t4 ,c4 ,tucker #caa ,california ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,canada ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan #ag ,rusholme ,park ,crescent1 ,toronto ,connecticut ,henry ,leroy ,lewis ,stratford ,georgia ,j4 ,b4 ,wight ,cairo ,illinois ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl ,godfrey ,indiana ,m4 ,p4 ,reed ,vincennes ,maryland ,c4 ,p4 ,close ,college ,park ,massachusetts ,james ,h4 ,bowditch #ijc ,tremont ,building1 ,boston ,michigan ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg ,battle ,creek ,missouri ,p4 ,c4 ,stark ,louisiana ,new ,jersey ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway ,lumberton ,new ,york ,m4 ,e4 ,wile #cg ,calumet ,st41 ,rochester ,ohio ,harry ,r4 ,weber #fja ,gerke ,building1 ,cincinnati ,pennsylvania ,j4 ,g4 ,rush ,west ,willow ,texas ,r4 ,s4 ,trumbull ,m4 ,s4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 ,el ,paso ,west ,virginia ,b4 ,f4 ,hartzell ,shepherdstown ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,arkansas 99 ,drake1 ,prof4 ,n4 ,f41 ,university of ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,,california ,cress1 ,b4 ,e41 ,tehachapi ,tucker1 ,t4 ,c1 ,manager ,california ,almond ,growers ,exchange1 #caa ,california ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,,canada ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h41 #ag ,rusholme ,park ,crescent1 ,toronto ,sager1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,s41 ,brantford ,,connecticut ,barrows1 ,paul ,m41 ,may ,apple ,farm1 ,high ,ridge1 ,stamford ,bartlett1 ,francis ,a41 ,stamford ,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c1 ,wilton ,filley1 ,w4 ,o41 ,state ,forester1 ,drawer #a1 ,new ,haven ,glover1 ,james ,l41 ,shelton1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #g ,hungerford1 ,newman1 ,torrington1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b1 ,box #gf ,ives1 ,ernest ,m41 ,sterling ,orchards1 ,meriden ,lewis1 ,henry ,leroy1 ,stratford ,mc,glashan1 ,archibald1 ,kent 99 ,morris1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t41 ,cos ,cob1 ,route #bh1 ,box #ie ,pomeroy1 ,eleazer1 #abj ,bloomfield ,ave41 ,windsor ,sessions1 ,albert ,l41 #be ,bellevue ,ave41 ,bristol ,southworth1 ,george ,e41 ,milford1 ,box #agb ,staunton1 ,gray1 #ih ,park ,st41 ,new ,haven ,white1 ,gerrard1 ,north ,granby ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,close1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,p41 ,pomologist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,foster1 ,b4 ,g41 #ijb ,g ,street1 ,n4 ,w4 ,washington 99 ,littlepage1 ,t4 ,p41 ,union ,trust ,building1 ,washington ,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 ,nut ,culturist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,taylor1 ,dr4 ,lewis ,h41 ,the ,cecil1 ,washington 9999 ,van ,fleet1 ,walter1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,,england ,spence1 ,howard1 ,eskdale1 ,knutsford1 ,cheshire ,,georgia ,bullard1 ,william ,p41 ,albany ,van ,duzee1 ,c4 ,a41 ,judson ,orchard ,farm1 ,cairo ,wight1 ,j4 ,b41 ,cairo ,,illinois ,casper1 ,o4 ,h41 ,anna ,librarian1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana ,poll1 ,carl ,j41 #ajji ,maple ,st41 ,danville ,potter1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,o41 ,marion ,riehl1 ,e4 ,a41 ,godfrey1 ,route #b ,uran1 ,b4 ,f41 ,mattoon ,,indiana ,crain1 ,donald ,j41 #acac ,north ,st41 ,logansport ,reed1 ,m4 ,p41 ,vincennes ,reed1 ,w4 ,c41 ,vincennes ,simpson1 ,h4 ,d41 ,vincennes ,staderman1 ,a4 ,l41 #abj ,s4 ,seventh ,st41 ,terre ,haute ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,f41 ,rockport ,,iowa ,snyder1 ,d4 ,c41 ,center ,point 7,linn ,co4 ,nurseries7 ,,kansas ,sharpe1 ,james1 ,council ,grove1 7,morris ,co4 ,nurseries7 ,,kentucky ,baker1 ,sam ,c41 ,beaver ,dam1 ,r4 ,d4 #b ,livengood1 ,frank ,m41 ,berea ,,maryland ,hoopes1 ,wilmer ,p41 ,forest ,hill ,keenan1 ,dr4 ,john ,f41 ,brentwood ,littlepage1 ,miss ,louise1 ,bowie ,,massachusetts 99 ,bowditch1 ,james ,h41 #ijc ,tremont ,building1 ,boston ,cleaver1 ,c4 ,leroy1 #dif ,commonwealth ,ave41 ,boston ,,michigan ,house1 ,george ,w41 ,ford ,building1 ,detroit ,kellogg1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h41 #bjb ,manchester ,st41 ,battle ,creek ,linton1 ,w4 ,s41 ,president ,board of ,trade ,saginaw ,mc,kale1 ,h4 ,b41 ,lansing1 ,route #f ,schram1 ,mrs4 ,o4 ,e41 ,galesburg1 ,box #ffb ,,missouri ,mosnat1 ,h4 ,r41 #chhc ,east #fb ,st41 ,kansas ,city ,stark1 ,p4 ,c41 ,louisiana ,ward1 ,miss ,daisy1 #bjai ,allen ,ave41 ,st4 ,louis ,,nebraska ,caha1 ,wm41 ,wahoo ,,nevada ,swingle1 ,c4 ,g41 ,hazen ,,new ,,jersey 99 ,jaques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,waverly ,st41 ,jersey ,city ,heights ,landmann1 ,miss ,m4 ,v41 ,cranbury1 ,r4 ,d4 #b ,marston1 ,edwin ,s41 ,florham ,park1 ,box #gb ,price1 ,john ,r41 #cf ,ridgedale ,ave41 ,madison ,ridgeway1 ,c4 ,s41 ,floralia1 ,lumberton ,,new ,,york ,abbott1 ,frederick ,b41 #dai ,ninth ,street1 ,brooklyn ,ashworth1 ,fred ,l41 ,heuvelton ,atwater1 ,c4 ,g41 ,the ,barrett ,co41 #ag ,battery ,place1 ,new ,york ,city ,bixby1 ,willard ,g41 #cb ,grand ,ave41 ,baldwin1 ,nassau ,co4 ,brown1 ,ronald ,j41 #cbj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,buist1 ,dr4 ,george ,j41 #b ,hancock ,st41 ,brooklyn ,crane1 ,alfred ,j41 ,monroe1 ,box #cdb ,ellwanger1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d41 #eaj ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,goeltz1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,h41 #bebd ,creston ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,harper1 ,g4 ,w41 ,jr41 #aae ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,hicks1 ,henry1 ,westbury1 ,long ,island ,hodgson1 ,casper ,w41 ,world ,book ,co41 ,yonkers 99 ,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 #ae ,west #hast ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,mc,glennon1 ,james ,s41 #ebh ,cutler ,building1 ,rochester ,olcott1 ,ralph ,t41 ,editor ,american ,nut ,journal1 ,ellwanger and ,barry ,building1 ,rochester ,pomeroy1 ,a4 ,c41 ,lockport ,stephen1 ,john ,w41 ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,forestry1 ,syracuse ,tallinger1 ,j4 ,f41 ,barnard ,teele1 ,a4 ,w41 #abj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,ulman1 ,dr4 ,ira1 #bac ,w4 #adgth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,vollertsen1 ,conrad1 #cge ,gregory ,st41 ,rochester ,wile1 ,m4 ,e41 #iee ,harvard ,st41 ,rochester ,williams1 ,dr4 ,charles ,mallory1 #dh ,e4 #dith ,st41 ,new ,york ,city 99 ,wissman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de,r41 ,westchester1 ,new ,york ,city ,,north ,,carolina ,barrett1 ,dr4 ,harvey ,p41 #baa ,vail ,ave41 ,charlotte ,hutchings1 ,miss ,lida ,g41 ,pine ,bluff ,north ,carolina ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,raleigh ,van ,lindley1 ,j41 ,j4 ,van ,lindley ,nursery ,co41 ,pomona ,,ohio ,burton1 ,j4 ,howard1 ,casstown ,dayton1 ,j4 ,h41 ,storrs ,harrison ,co41 ,painesville ,ketchum1 ,c4 ,s41 ,middlefield ,truman1 ,g4 ,g41 ,perrysville1 ,box #afg ,weber1 ,harry ,r41 #abc ,east #fth ,st41 ,cincinnati ,yunck1 ,e4 ,g41 #gjf ,central ,ave41 ,sandusky ,,oregon ,pearcy1 ,knight1 ,salem1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #c1 ,box #ahg ,,pennsylvania ,druckemiller1 ,w4 ,h41 ,sunbury ,fagan1 ,prof4 ,f4 ,n41 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,state ,college ,heffner1 ,h41 ,highland ,chestnut ,grove1 ,leeper ,hile1 ,anthony1 ,curwensville ,national ,bank1 ,curwensville ,jenkins1 ,charles ,francis1 ,farm ,journal1 ,philadelphia 99 ,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,lancaster1 ,box #ebg ,kaufman1 ,m4 ,m41 ,clarion ,leas1 ,f4 ,c41 ,merion ,station ,murphy1 ,p4 ,j41 ,vice ,president ,l4 ,w4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 ,scranton ,o',neill1 ,william ,c41 #cbh ,walnut ,st41 ,philadelphia ,patterson1 ,j4 ,e41 #gg ,n4 ,franklin ,st41 ,wilkes-,barre 99 ,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,pennsylvania ,square1 ,reading ,rife1 ,jacob ,a41 ,camp ,hill ,rush1 ,j4 ,g41 ,west ,willow ,smedley1 ,samuel ,l41 ,newtown ,square1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #a 99 ,sober1 ,col4 ,c4 ,k41 ,lewisburg ,weaver1 ,william ,s41 ,mc,cungie ,wilhelm1 ,dr4 ,edward ,a41 ,clarion 99 ,wister1 ,john ,c41 ,wister ,st4 ,clarkson ,ave41 ,germantown ,,south ,,carolina ,shanklin1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,g41 ,clemson ,college ,,texas ,burkett1 ,j4 ,h41 ,nut ,specialist1 ,state ,department of ,agriculture1 ,clyde4 ,trumbull1 ,r4 ,s41 ,agricultural ,agent1 ,el ,paso ,s4 ,w41 ,system ,morenci ,southern ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 ,el ,paso ,,virginia ,parish1 ,john ,s41 ,university ,smith1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,roundhill ,,west ,,virginia ,brooks1 ,fred ,e41 ,french ,creek ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,john ,egerton1 ,charleston1 ,box #fic ,hartzell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,shepherdstown ,jenkins1 ,miss1 ,the ,green ,bottom ,homestead1 ,glenwood ,p4 ,o4 99 ,life member4 9999 ,honorary member4 ,,constitution ,,article ,i ,name4 ,this society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers' ,,association4 ,,article ,,ii ,object4 ,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,membership in the society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv ,officers4 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president and a secretary-treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and an executive committee of five persons1 of which the president1 two last retiring presidents1 vice-president and secretary-treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v ,election of ,officers4 ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi ,meetings4--,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum4 ,ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum1 but must include a majority of the executive committee or two of the three elected officers4 ,,article ,,viii ,amendments4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i ,committees4 ,the association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on nomenclature1 on promising seedlings1 on hybrids1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees4 ,the fees shall be of two kinds1 annual and life4 ,the former shall be two dollars1 the latter twenty dollars4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,all annual memberships shall begin with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the association4 ,,article ,,iv ,amendments4 ,by-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any annual meeting4 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,,tenth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,december #i ,,and #aj1 #aiai ,,battle ,,creek1 ,,michigan ,the tenth annual meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association was called to order at #aa3jj ,a4 ,m41 ,tuesday1 ,december #i1 #aiai1 in the ,annex ,parlor of the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan1 with the ,president1 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 presiding4 ,the meeting was opened with a short business session beginning with the ,president's report as follows3 ,,president',s ,,address ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,,vincennes1 ,,ind4 ,,fellow ,,members1 ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association1 ,,ladies ,,and ,,gentlemen3 ,our ,association meets today under the most favorable surroundings4 ,we have this splendid building in which to hold our meetings1 furnished gratuitously also have with us in this wonderful ,institution several thousand guests1 men and women of ability and prominence in their respective communities1 from all parts of the ,united ,states4 ,dr4 ,kellogg has been very kind and generous in extending an invitation several times to this association1 and your speaker has thought there was no place quite so well suited for a winter meeting4 ,it gives me great pleasure to be able to be with you and preside over a meeting as the guests of ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,there is probably no man in ,america who has done so much to further the use of nuts1 to show their benefits1 and to explain their uses1 as a food for mankind4 ,conditions have changed greatly since our last meeting1 ,september #aiag1 at ,stamford1 ,connecticut4 ,at that time the greater part of the world was at war1 and owing to conditions prevailing during #aiah1 it was impossible for this association to hold its annual meeting4 ,your speaker is still holding the office of ,president because you have had no meeting at which new officers could be elected4 ,it is to be regretted that the past three years have been crowded so full of events1 that it was impossible to give the association matters the attention they deserved1 and devote the time to them ,i would have liked to have done4 ,with the armistice came a cessation of war1 and we are all happy that the terrible struggle is over1 but with it have come conditions that are almost as terrible as war4 ,famine and want stare millions of people in the face on the continent of ,europe4 ,our own country is at present in the grip of strikes for higher wages1 the like of which has never been known4 ,yet we are prosperous beyond the greatest dreams of any nation on earth1 but with this prosperity comes many duties4 ,our yields of food crops have been great1 but to us has fallen the lot of feeding the world1 and this will continue until industrial and agricultural conditions of ,europe1 have been reestablished on a pre-war condition4 ,there never was a time when meats of all kinds were so expensive1 and to many almost prohibitive4 ,many have learned the use of nut meats in varied ways until all kinds of edible nuts are quoted on the markets today at prices undreamed of in former years4 ,these conditions will not always last2 crop failures will come2 and production will be curtailed4 ,land values are advancing so rapidly that the production of cheap meats will be impossible4 ,to help supply this deficiency1 there will be an increased demand for nuts of all kinds4 ,to help meet this demand1 much can be done by road side planting4 ,on our main market highways1 such trees as the grafted black walnuts could be planted profitably1 in many sections of the country2 the ,english walnut in some parts where they succeed the best2 and the pecan and chestnut in other parts of the country where they are specially adapted4 ,while commercial planting of nut trees may not be attractive to the average man1 home planting of a few nut trees can be recommended for every where space is available4 ,they will make beautiful shade trees1 and produce crops that will eventually be of great value4 ,to land owners who are planting private parks1 avenues and pastures1 we would recommend nut trees4 ,the production of nut trees is very difficult1 and the development and testing of new varieties1 a slow and expensive process4 ,we need the ,government's helping hand1 and are very glad that there has been set aside by ,congress an appropriation to help develop this industry4 ,we have with us1 the ,nut ,culturist from the ,department of ,agriculture1 who is devoting his entire time along these lines4 ,on the programme that is to be presented here1 today and tomorrow1 are men of national reputation in their respective lines1 who stand at the head of their profession4 ,to our friends and visitors here1 we extend an urgent invitation1 that you attend all the meetings possible1 and we trust that you may learn much that will be of interest1 and that this information may be taken home to your different communities4 ,our sincere thanks should be extended to the ,programme ,committee and our very efficient ,secretary who have given so much time to this work4 ,for an association to stand still1 is usually to go backward4 ,owing to war conditions1 and missing one meeting1 we have had little chance to increase our membership4 ,i sincerely trust that the ,membership ,committee will be active while here1 and extend an invitation to all to become members1 and to help advance an industry that will be for the good of posterity1 and should give us much pleasure during our own lifetime4 ,we are told1 the good we do unto others lives after us4 ,may the ,nut ,trees planted and fostered by the members of this association1 live long to wave their leafy branches under ,heaven's purple dome1 and may weary pilgrims of future generations rest beneath their shade1 and enjoy their fruits1 thanking us with a silent prayer that these trees were planted for their benefit4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i believe the next thing in order will be the reading of the secretary's and treasurer's reports4 ,does any one have anything to present while we are waiting for the secretary1 who is busy8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,how many members have we1 ,mr4 ,president8 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i don't know4 ,several have written me asking about members1 and ,mr4 ,olcott probably knows something about it4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i don't know how many there are now2 but ,i think there were #aej or #bjj at the time of the ,stamford meeting4 ,i think there were that many enrolled4 ,i presume that two-thirds of those renewed--probably something over #ajj members4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,there were #ach paid members4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,dr4 ,kellogg says there may be a thousand men in the audience this evening1 and if there are we ought to do some propaganda work4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i don't remember who the membership committee was4 ,mr4 ,weber was chairman1 ,i believe1 and he is not here4 ,olcott is next on the committee4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i didn't know ,i was on that committee4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,fagan was on that committee1 ,potter1 ,deming1 ,williams1 ,j4 ,russell ,smith4 ,i guess you are the only member of the committee who is here4 ,we are ready for the report of the secretary and treasurer1 ,mr4 ,bixby4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,secretary-,,treasurer ,,sept4 #a1 #aiag-,,nov4 #cj1 #aiai ,key3 ,a3 ,sep4 #a4 '#ag to ,dec4 #ca1 '#ag ,b3 ,jan4 #a1 '#ah to ,may #bj1 '#ah ,c3 ,may #ba1 '#ah to ,dec4 #ca1 '#ah ,d3 ,jan4 #a1 '#ai to ,nov4 #cj1 '#ai ,,receipts ,a ,b ,c ,d ,total ,balance ,balance on hand date of last report1 ,august #ca1 #aiag4 #ae4ic ,received from annual members including joint subscriptions to ,american ,nut ,journal #fi4ej #abc4ed #gc4ge #bdg4ce #ead4ad ,received in payment of life membership #bj4jj #be4jj #de4jj ,sale of reports1 brochures and leaflets #b4be #d4jj #i4ie #d4he #ba4je ,advertising in report of ,stamford meetings #hth1 #aiag #ba4jj #ba4jj ,sales of sundry material4 #a4eh #a4eh ,contributions for #aiag ,contest #be4jj #abe4jj #aej4jj ,contribution for special hickory prizes #be4jj #be4jj ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- #aab4ge #ade4ab #ajh4gj #dbg4bj #gic4gg #gic4gg ------- #hji4gj ,,expenditures ,american ,nut ,journal1 their portion of joint subscriptions #f4ge #ad4jj #ei4jj #gi4ge ,stationary1 printing and ,supplies 4#fi #dd4je #di4ej #id4bd ,postage1 ,express1 etc4 #d4hb #ac4ie #i4ff #i4bd #cg4fg ,prizes #aiag ,nut ,contest #ae4jj #ae4jj ,prize #aiah ,nut ,contest #ajg4jj #ajg4jj ,advertising #aiag ,nut ,contest #aj4ba2 expenses #aiag contest #b4ij #ac4aa #ac4aa ,advertising #aiah ,nut ,contest #ea4ej #ea4ej ,stamford ,meeting #aiag expenses #fe4ee #fe4ee ,printing ,report of ,stamford ,meeting #afb4jj #afb4jj ,errors in remittance corrected #c4he #c4ej #g4ce ,litchfield ,savings ,bank4 ,life membership of ,john ,rick ,balance on hand ,dec4 #a1 #aiai4 #bj4jj #bj4jj ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- #ig4ha #cj4ia #bdd4ga #bgi4gd #fec4ag #fec4ag ,balance on hand ,dec4 #a1 #aiai4 ,special hickory prize #be4jj ,life membership ,lee ,w4 ,jaques #be4jj ,for regular expenses4 #ajf4ec ------- #hji4gj ,i have carefully been over the above statement and found it to be correct4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 for ,auditing ,committee4 ,the above are records of receipts and expenditures for two years and three months and are approximately double those noted in the report of of the ,stamford meeting4 ,the activities of the ,association were necessarily at a low ebb in war time1 and1 although a joint meeting with the ,national ,association was planned for the fall of #aiah1 it was never held4 ,the list of members printed in this report numbers #abh while that in the last one shows #aff1 apparently a very large decrease4 ,the last report showed #ach paid up members4 ,following the methods of ,secretary ,deming1 members who have not responded to notices and letters have been dropped4 ,in no case has a member been dropped until a letter with return postage has been sent4 ,in a number of instances members thus written to have resigned giving various reasons1 the most common of which are change of occupation or residence1 which prevented their doing anything in the line of nut growing or lack of success in their attempts to grow nuts4 ,two members have died since the last meeting1 ,mr4 ,wendell ,p4 ,williams and ,mr4 ,mahlon ,hutchinson2 the former was in the ,u4 ,s4 ,service at the time of his death4 #eg new members have been added to our rolls since #aiag making a total of #daj joining since organization of whom we now have #abh1 #bhb having dropped out4 ,of the #eb who have joined since last meeting1 #ba joined before ,oct4 #a1 #aiai the date of the proposed meeting in ,albany1 ,ga41 which was never held1 and #ca since that date4 ,the holding of members is a difficult problem and one that has not been worked out at all satisfactorily4 ,most members join in the hope of thereby learning how to successfully grow nut trees4 ,they find out that so much is still experimental that most do not remain4 ,this is bound to continue till we can show grafted or budded nut trees bearing satisfactory crops1 and1 until that time1 there seems nothing to do but to keep on going after new members and by means of bulletins1 reports1 letters and otherwise making the membership more valuable than ever4 ,there has been a greater interest in nut growing during the past fall than at any time since your ,secretary-,treasurer has held office4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,secretary-,treasurer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,president ,,reed3 ,you have heard the report4 ,what is your pleasure8 ,i believe that is usually referred to an auditing committee4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed was chairman of that committee4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,mr4 ,reed spoke to me about this yesterday4 ,he said he would be glad to audit it1 but there has not been time to give it to him4 ,it was ready for him this morning1 but he was busy on other things4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,what is the next thing on the program1 ,mr4 ,secretary8 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,the reports of committees4 ,i do not know how much report the standing committees have4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,there is the executive committee1 the finance committee1 the hybrids committee--maybe ,dr4 ,morris has something on that4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,no1 ,i have no report to make on that4 ,i shall talk on the subject this afternoon or in the course of my paper incidentally4 ,i didn't see any occasion for action in that direction since the last meeting1 so ,i have not acted except incidentally in the course of my work4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,the committee on nomenclature--of course they wouldn't have any report until after this meeting4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,who is on that committee8--,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,dr4 ,morris1 and ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,two members of the committee are here4 ,there is one matter which perhaps ,i better bring up to the committee first1--one matter ,i think they should take some action on4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i think it would be best to have that come up at a later time4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i would like to bring in something incidentally in relation to nomenclature in my paper4 ,perhaps we could have the question discussed after ,i have brought up that point4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,there is a committee on promising seedlings ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 and ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,i think that covers all the standing committees4 ,wasn't there a committee on nominations for officers to be elected1 this morning8 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,that nominating committee has to be elected4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,how many members8 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,there were four or five last time1 ,i think4 ,,president ,,reed3 7,reading by-laws calling for five members74 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i move ,mr4 ,olcott be on the committee4 ,,voice3 ,i second the motion4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,it has been moved and seconded that ,mr4 ,olcott be elected as a member of the nominating committee4 ,all in favor say1 ,aye4 ,it is so ordered4 ,who else shall we have1 for a second member8 ,,mr4 ,,linton3 ,i move ,mr4 ,bixby be a member of the committee4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,there is a precedent that the secretary has never been a member of the nominating committee4 ,he has sometimes given them information4 ,i move ,dr4 ,morris1 ,mr4 ,jones1 and ,mr4 ,linton be members of the nominating committee1 and ,mr4 ,mc,glennon4 ,,mr4 ,,mcglennon3 ,i second the motion4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,the committee as you suggested it is ,dr4 ,morris1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,mr4 ,linton1 ,mr4 ,mc,glennon and myself8 ,,president ,,reed3 ,you have heard the motion4 ,all in favor say ,aye4 ,the committee stands elected as named4 ,they report at tomorrow morning's meeting4 ,i think there is one matter it would be well to bring up1 and that is the membership committee4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i was going to suggest that is an important matter1 and ,i think that committee should be filled out with those who are present1 inasmuch as the regular members are not here4 ,it looks as though a comparatively small membership would have to double up on membership committee4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,have you any suggestions as to whom you want on that committee8 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,those committees1 with the exception of the nominating committee1 are appointed by the president4 ,i think myself that the new president appoints them4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,my idea was to appoint for this meeting and help ,mr4 ,olcott out4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i suggest ,mr4 ,mc,glennon and ,mr4 ,jones as two of the members4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,let it stand as it is with the three and give the chairman power to appoint two more later4 ,,mr4 ,,mcglennon3 ,can the secretary tell us how many members there are8 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,one hundred sixty-four notices of this meeting were sent out4 ,there are #abh paid up members4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,on the matter of membership1 ,i wonder if the association could suggest some inducement for membership1 or summarize the inducements4 ,as you know1 the ,american ,association of ,nurserymen has been desirous of more members1 and they found it very advisable to outline definitely the benefits of membership in that association4 ,i am wondering if that has been done recently and could not be emphasized in some way to the advantage of larger membership4 ,you have got to do something more than say that there is in existence an association devoted to these purposes and everybody is invited to come in4 ,maybe the secretary has something on that line4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i have no suggestion4 ,it is very evident that there is a greatly increased interest in nut growing over what there was when ,i first took up the office4 ,that is very clearly brought out by the amount of mail received4 ,you may know that ,capt4 ,deming1 when in the service1 took the position of editing the nut department of the ,american ,fruit ,grower4 ,i saw him recently and it looks to me as if1 as editor of that department1 he is answering about as many correspondents on nuts and trying to boost the association in that way as he did when he was secretary before4 ,and that would appear to be in addition to the communications that are coming to me now4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,there is interest4 ,we get at the ,journal office a great quantity of inquiries but only a small per cent of them result in memberships and subscriptions1 and while this interest is so strong1 ought not this association to study that which is something of a problem--perhaps something that ought to be taken up in view of the interests and the benefits of the association shown4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i think that is a good suggestion4 ,i think they need something along that line4 ,is there anything else we want to bring up at this morning session8 ,,mr4 ,,mcglennon3 ,is this not a very good field to open up operations along that line1 right here at ,battle ,creek8 ,a large number of people who come here are people who eat nuts1 and ,i believe that condition would resolve itself into a material advance of membership4 ,i think we ought to get busy right here and see if we can not enlist the membership of a great number of the patrons of this institution4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,that was the principal object of the membership committee ,i suppose4 ,my idea was to get the ideas of the individual members1 put them together and present a broadside of benefits in this organization rather than have one man attempt to outline them4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,there is an immense amount of interest4 ,the question is how to get it together and formulate it in such a way that men will join4 ,there is an enormous1 large loose majority1 and we must have a small compact minority to swing it as the ,senators do down at ,washington1 you know4 ,prof4 ,murrill of the ,new ,york ,botanical ,garden told me that wherever he went 7he is interested in mushrooms1 that is his special subject7 he had had no idea in the world there was so much interest of the public in mushrooms2 yet when it comes to getting together members to form the base of an association to study the subject1 he finds very few members4 ,it is simply because men haven't got the habit1 and we have got in some way to give direction to that in such a way that it will be focused and concentrated on some one objective point4 ,how to do it1 ,i don't know4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,dr4 ,kellogg suggested that at the meeting this evening there will be the largest number of people1 not members1 that there has been at any meeting2 and he said he had had requests from people that they wanted to hear ,dr4 ,morris1 and they wanted to hear ,prof4 ,cajori who used to be here1 and he asked me to change those from this afternoon to this evening in order to accomplish that1 and ,i said we would switch the program4 ,that was for that very purpose4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,mr4 ,president1 it just occurred to me that in view of the number of inquiries we get1 and ,i am sure the secretary gets1 and ,i am also sure ,dr4 ,deming gets from his articles1 there is no doubt of the interest1 yet the joining of this ,northern ,association1 and the attendance of its single annual meeting1 does not appeal to many4 ,they do not find it convenient to attend the convention2 they do not see any great amount of benefit in the membership4 ,it occurs to me that if we had a list of state vice-presidents and each of those could provide for some local gathering of people interested in nut culture in the various communities2 rather1 ,i would say that if our members1 as fast as we can increase our membership1 wherever they are located1 would form a nucleus of a little circle in their neighborhood1 and have them affiliated with the ,northern ,association2 it would accomplish this result4 ,and afterward it occurred to me that perhaps that could be done through state vice-presidents4 ,but what is really needed is to get them together in meetings4 ,they won't come yet4 ,they will when you get a larger membership1 but they won't come to the annual meeting of this association where ,i think they would go to a community affair and talk over matters and refer difficult problems to the ,northern ,association of which they were affiliated members4 ,in some way1 a wheel within a wheel could work at it that way1 and we could increase membership in that way4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it is a rule in psychology that you have got to have personal interest first4 ,if ,mr4 ,olcott's idea of having a local vice-president offer prizes1 no matter how small1 for nuts in the vicinity1 and would also state that any one finding some remarkable nut would have that nut named after him to go down to all time1 you would have two points there in self-interest4 ,first1 a five dollar prize to the best nut2 next the name going rattling down through time in association with it4 ,there are two points of personal interest4 ,we may as well take it back to the basic principles and begin with the psychology of the situation4 ,,mr4 ,,ketchum3 ,mr4 ,president1 in regard to these vice-presidents1 that point looks to me very good for this reason4 ,i saw it work out in the ,minnesota ,state ,horticultural ,society4 ,they had a vice-president in each congressional district4 ,i was vice-president in the third district one year myself ,from them reports were sent from their district by people who were interested4 ,they were asked to fill out blanks about conditions as they found them in their neighborhood and we got great good from it4 ,then this vice-president was to make a general district report from the reports sent him1 and hand it in at the annual meeting4 ,it was quite a success4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,there you have civic pride brought into your psychology4 ,,mr4 ,,ketchum3 ,that was in the third district which included the northeast part of the state4 ,it was quite a large district geographically1 and ,i sent out something like seventy of these blank reports1 and while the interest was very slight1 ,i think ,i got #bc field reports in return1 and out of those #bc were some nine or ten that were of some considerable importance2 but it was a great big help to me in making out my report together with what ,i knew in my own location4 ,the percentage of reports that came back showed that there was great interest taken by those persons4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,you can arouse local pride in any locality4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i have tried that in our own state in the last two or three years1 at county fairs and local district horticultural meetings4 ,several times ,i have offered prizes out of my own pocket individually2 then ,i have gotten other parties to help in some cases1 and some exhibits even at county farmers' institutes1 even very creditable exhibits and they seemed to attract as much interest even as the school exhibits4 ,i know of one case at ,martinsville two years ago this winter where the nut exhibit was almost as large as the fruit exhibit1 and ,i think it attracted more attention2 and ,i think there was only something like ten dollars spent in order to get it out4 ,i think that work along that line1 missionary work of that kind1 is going to do us more good than almost any other endeavor4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i do not think that the industry is old enough or strong enough yet1 perhaps1 to operate that state vice-president plan as it would be perhaps later on1 for this reason1 that if you have a state vice-president1 you narrow the activity in that state to that immediate locality4 ,but it would probably be much better1 instead of that1 to endeavor to get each member to form the nucleus of a local circle1 and so have ten or a dozen in a state1 instead of one4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i think that suggestion is better4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,that was my original idea1 and the state vice-president idea came in afterwards4 ,,mr4 ,,mcglennon3 ,how many states are included in the northern association territory8 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,there is no limit4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,northern is a relative term4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i don't think there is any clearly defined line where the ,northern ,association is4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,for the reason that men live in the ,north are interested in lands in the ,south1 and vice versa4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,there are twenty-three vice-presidents on the list here1 in the last published report4 ,is there anything else that should come up at the morning session8 ,mr4 ,secretary1 do you know of anything else8 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i would really like to see something definite on this line of increasing the membership4 ,i can think of several things that will help2 but to get something that is going to have action right away is not so clear4 ,recently ,i have had a good many people come down to my place to look at the small orchard ,i have there4 ,i aim to have varieties of every nut tree that is being propagated1 and ,i think if ,i keep at it a few years longer ,i will pretty nearly have them2 and in most cases1 when people have come down that way1 they have become members afterwards4 ,two or three of them have4 ,i am only twenty miles from ,new ,york ,city1 and it is not difficult1 if ,i find someone interested1 to invite them down to look over the trees growing there1 and usually when they come they join afterwards4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,pardon me for speaking again1 but ,i am on the membership committee and ,i am anxious to draw out anything that may be of use4 ,why could not some plan be devised by the secretary or by this committee and sent out tentatively in the way of suggestion and perhaps some other suggestions will be made to add to it4 ,perhaps also in addition to this local community plan that ,i suggested1 there might be formed1 all of it within the ,northern ,association1 a subsidiary thereto--the walnut society--people particularly interested in the walnut1 but do not care for the hickory1 pecan or any other nut4 ,you will find people particularly interested in the black walnut1 some in the ,persian walnut1 some in the filbert--form a filbert society as the ,american ,nut ,journal has suggested1 and let all the enthusiasts of the filbert get together1 and if they are scattered1 let them keep together by correspondence and increased activity in that way4 ,the same for the butternut4 ,get at it from that way4 ,,mr4 ,,ketchum3 ,another thing to further our society here today1 we can make those small organizations auxiliary thereto4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,any one who is interested in one nut becomes interested in all eventually4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i received more inquiries regarding the ,persian walnut and the pecan than any other nuts--probably more regarding the ,persian walnut4 ,nearly everybody who writes wants to grow ,persian walnuts2 and in the great majority of instances1 ,i have to try to switch them onto black walnuts with the suggestion that they plant a few ,persian walnuts because we have no experimental data of the ,persian walnut succeeding in their section4 ,in some instances they will turn to the black walnuts2 in other instances ,i hear nothing further from them4 ,the ,persian walnut is the most popular with people who have not tried to grow any nuts4 ,mr4 ,jones perhaps can tell us how his inquiries run4 ,don't they run very largely for ,persian walnuts8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,yes1 they do4 ,i was thinking possibly you could make a combination--take1 for instance1 the membership1 the nut journal1 and some nut trees4 ,the nurserymen could make considerable concession4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,that combination is right well4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,you could give a coupon good for so much on an order for trees or something of that sort4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,that suggestion was made and ,i referred it to the executive committee4 ,i have not had any reply4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i didn't have time to answer the communication and get it back to you before ,i came here2 so ,i thought we would decide on that here4 ,if there is nothing further to come up this morning1 a motion to adjourn will be in order until the afternoon session4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i might repeat that at the request of ,dr4 ,kellogg1 in order to get the papers which he had been particularly requested to have given so that people could hear them1 ,dr4 ,morris and ,prof4 ,cajori who were scheduled this afternoon1 will come this evening1 and ,mr4 ,hoover's and ,mr4 ,graves' papers1 which were scheduled for this evening1 will have to come this afternoon4 ,neither of the writers are present1 but the papers are here4 ,mr4 ,graves expected to be here but ,i had a telegram yesterday that he could not get away4 ,i have the paper1 though and the photographs4 ,,mr4 ,,mcglennon3 ,has there been provision made for a paper on filberts by ,mr4 ,vollertsen8 ,if not1 ,i should like to have it4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,certainly1 there can be4 ,it ought to come in this afternoon4 ,i wrote ,mr4 ,vollertsen asking if he could deliver it4 ,,mr4 ,,mcglennon3 ,he has the paper prepared1 and ,i want to hear it4 ,i have been closely associated with ,mr4 ,vollertsen for some ten years1 and ,i know that his whole heart and soul are in the development of the filbert2 and ,i know what he has done and that he is a rare character in the nut world today1 that he possesses a fund of information4 ,i am sure you will find intensely interesting2 and furthermore ,i would suggest1 and ,i believe ,i speak for him when ,i say ,i hope you will feel free to ask him questions4 ,as ,i said before1 he has a fund of information that ,i think we nut people ought to have1 and the general public as well4 ,we have a very good exhibit of the nuts4 ,mr4 ,vollertsen is the practical man in the enterprise we are interested in4 ,i look after the business end of it4 ,we are equally interested in it and feel that we have made some progress4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,put ,mr4 ,mc,glennon on too4 ,,mr4 ,,mcglennon3 ,i have said all ,i can say4 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,you have said too much4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,if there is nothing else1 we will stand adjourned until #b3cj p4 m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tuesday ,,afternoon1 ,,december #i1 #aiai1 #b3cj ,p4 ,m4 ,,president ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,,in ,,the ,,chair ,,president ,,reed3 ,the first paper is by ,mr4 ,hoover1 ,matthew ,henry ,hoover1 of ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y41 president of the ,new ,york ,state ,conservation ,association4 ,mr4 ,hoover is not here1 and the ,secretary will read his paper4 ,,the ,,farms ,,by ,,the ,,side ,,of ,,the ,,road ,,by ,,matthew ,,henry ,,hoover1 ,,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,formerly ,,new ,,york ,,conservation ,,commissioner ,,president ,,new ,,york ,,state ,,conservation ,,association ,horace ,greeley is best known for his contribution to the abolition of human slavery in the ,united ,states4 ,yet his service to mankind is not fully appraised by the average ,american1 because many of the younger generation are unaware of his aid to agriculture4 ,his maxim about farmers' failing to till the most valuable part of their farms underneath1 opening the eyes of agriculturists to the efficacy of sub-soil plowing1 was the preamble to freeing ,american husbandry from the slavery of antiquated and unscientific methods4 ,following the application of science to the cultivation of the soil1 came the students of ,conservation4 ,they were teaching the farmer the relation of conservation of natural resources to agriculture1 the effects of forests on rainfall1 moisture1 erosion of soil1 minimization of floods that annually bury thousands of acres of arable lands in the valleys1 under rocky debris and so on4 ,greeley discovered the ,farm ,below4 ,the ,conservationists are saving the ,farm ,above4 ,now1 in these days of reclamation and reconstruction1 it is high time to pay more attention to the ,farm by the ,side of the ,road4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association is to be congratulated upon the fact that it is blazing the trail through the forest of popular ignorance on this vitally important conservation question2 leading public thought in the right direction2 and providing both the seed and the stock for practical efforts in behalf of the ,farm by the ,side of the ,road4 ,i am going to claim a bond of brotherhood with you in this great work1 basing my claim not upon my small activities in nut cultivation1 but rather upon the fact that ,i was one of the conservation pioneers in ,new ,york ,state in the advocacy of planting profitable trees--nut trees and fruit trees--along the public highways4 ,that eminent conservationist1 ,gifford ,pinchot1 addressing the ,national ,council of ,farmers' ,co-operative ,associations in #aiae1 defined ,conservation as the wise use of the earth for the benefit of the people who live on it4 ,that would be a perfect definition1 if it did not invite the query3 ,should it not be enjoined upon the people who live upon the earth today1 while enjoying its benefits1 to keep faithful stewardship of the interests of the inhabitants of tomorrow8 ,about the time ,mr4 ,pinchot enunciated this famous definition1 the ,new ,york ,state ,conservation ,department summed up the purposes of practical ,conservation as3 ,the correction of past indiscretion1 the perfection of present utilization1 and the formation of future accumulation with respect to natural resources4 ,conservation activities must repair errors of the past which have left denuded forest lands and empty game covers and waters2 they must afford and direct the present use of the forests and the streams2 they must safeguard the future supply1 if they would meet the requirements of a conservation which shall raise the standards of life and lower the cost of living4 ,that is a conservation embracing both the aesthetic and the economic1 the only kind worth while4 ,it is a conservation wherein the arable areas and the so-called waste lands and waters have a very intimate interrelation of interests4 ,and1 ,i submit1 ,gentlemen1 that the ,american people too long have failed to recognize and to account as in the class of waste lands1 ,the ,farms by the ,side of the ,road4 ,the reclamation of waste lands is a compromise between the activities of the ,conservationists1 who claim that in the more thickly inhabited portions of the ,united ,states the cultivated or semi-cultivated areas are out of sane and safe proportion to the wild forest sections1 and the advocates of intensive and extensive agriculture4 ,it is not the purpose of this article to take sides in that controversy1 but rather to invite attention of both sides to a safe and practical field for their endeavors1 namely1 the reclamation of the wasted lands along the roadsides1 the farms along the highways4 ,during the ,war ,garden campaigns of the past two years1 these heretofore largely unused strips of tillable land1 forming in the aggregate thousands of along-the-road acres in every state1 received considerable attention from the thrifty plow and hoe4 ,but in the main1 the results were not encouraging4 ,the public will trespass1 unintentionally or otherwise1 upon the land cropped along the highway4 ,then1 if the farms by the side of the road are to be conserved--used by present as well as future generations--there remains but one practical recourse3 productive trees4 ,the ,american people love beautiful trees1 possibly the expression of a reaction from the sentiment of the pioneers who regarded trees as their enemies1 handicaps to agriculture to be removed as thoroughly and expeditiously as possible4 ,but with virgin soil producing enormous crops1 they naturally centered their interest on ornamental trees without reference to their fruits4 ,hence the horse-chestnut1 buck-eye1 maple1 locust1 oak1 poplar1 along the highways and byways of ,america1 instead of the native nut trees and the ,persian or ,english walnut4 ,and1 speaking of highways1 this is the age of concrete4 ,taking the hint1 ,i am selecting one concrete example of which ,i have intimate and personal knowledge1 well aware that there are numerous others that ,i might cite were my acquaintance with practical nut culture more extensive than it is4 ,the one that ,i know about of my own personal knowledge is1 a very good example of the plain common sense of productive trees which combine the useful with the ornamental4 ,,it ,,reads ,,like ,a ,,fairy ,,tale ,in #ahgf two ,niagara ,county farmers1 ,norman ,pomeroy and ,matthew ,o',connor1 neighbors1 decided to go to the ,centennial4 ,they packed one carpet-bag in common for their baggage and boarded the train for ,philadelphia4 ,although well to do farmers1 their economic instincts warned them to beware the profiteering hotel keepers4 ,so they sought a humble boarding house in the suburbs of the city4 ,returning one evening from sight-seeing at the exposition1 the travelers were so weary that they retired immediately after supper4 ,during the night ,pomeroy was awakened by a tapping on the window4 ,assuring himself that the wallet under his pillow was still there1 he investigated the cause of the disturbance of his slumbers4 ,the noise had ceased and he decided that the overstrain of the day had worked an hallucination4 ,pomeroy dropped off to sleep1 but presently was aroused by sounds which were unmistakably caused by a gentle tapping on the window pane4 ,exasperated1 the man arose1 picked up a boot1 slipped to the window and raised it gently ready to give the joker or would-be burglar a rousing whack on the head if within reach4 ,he stuck his head out of the window for a better view of the exterior world1 and his curiosity was rewarded with a stinging blow on the cheek4 ,the pain aroused all the ,pomeroy ,french ,huguenot fighting blood in his veins4 ,viciously he swung the boot at the unseen foe1 only to hear it crash through tree branches4 ,laughing softly1 in his enlightenment1 he reached out into the night1 grasped a branch1 broke it off and turned on the gas and lit it4 ,on the twig were two curious nuts4 ,pomeroy was a lover of nature1 as ,i learned by many an interesting talk with him4 ,he found time in his regular farming pursuits to study native trees and shrubs1 and had forbidden his hired men to cut down any of the native nut trees on his #ejj acre farm4 ,but the nuts on the branch retrieved from darkness were specimens new to him and he could hardly wait for daylight to come to enable him to get acquainted with the tree which had invited his attention so rudely4 ,next morning ,pomeroy learned that his new found arboreal friend was a ,persian walnut4 ,it was loaded and the wind storm of the night had covered the ground with shucked and unshucked nuts4 ,by permission of the landlord1 he gathered a peck of the ,persian walnuts1 wrapped ,o',connor's and his own belongings in a newspaper and filled the carpet-bag with the nut treasures4 ,arriving home1 the tourists stopped first at ,o',connor's house4 ,there they had to relate the experience of their great trip to an assemblage of the two families4 ,the recounting of the ,centennial wonders took until midnight4 ,when ,pomeroy picked up his carpet-bag to go home1 it was empty6 ,the children had made a discrete retirement after having consumed the entire peck of ,english walnuts1 as the shells in the kitchen disclosed4 ,luckily for the youngsters1 they were safe in bed and asleep4 ,the next day1 according to the elder ,pomeroy1 little ,albert who had not been at the ,o',connor home the night before1 heard the dolorous tale of the wonderful tree in ,philadelphia1 the gift of nuts and their weird disappearance4 ,to confirm the sad story he picked up the carpet-bag1 turned it inside out4 ,within a torn lining1 he triumphantly extracted ten nuts4 ,child-like1 he proceeded to sample them and had eaten three when his father rescued the remainder4 ,seven ,philadelphia walnuts were planted in the yard1 and1 in due time there were seven slender1 silver-grayish seedling trees4 ,these were carefully staked1 guarded and cultivated by ,norman ,pomeroy4 ,despite the caviling of the neighbors1 who declared that a ,persian walnut tree would not thrive and bear so far north1 twelve years after planting the lucky seven reproduced their kind--from a dozen to two dozen large1 handsome ,persian or ,english walnuts4 ,today the seven ,centennial trees are about two feet in diameter and about #fj feet high4 ,and as to the value of the crop1 one tree alone produced nuts which sold four years ago for #adb4ej4 ,now as to the application of this romance in real life4 ,i must return to the more prosaic generalizations of conservation and its relation to the products of cultivation with which this article began4 ,in #aiac ,governor ,martin ,h4 ,glynn invited me to outline for him a program of ,practical and ,progressive ,conservation1 applicable to the needs of ,new ,york ,state4 ,in the effort to meet the request1 ,i drew a little from my personal experience and observations as a sportsman1 a farmer and a newspaper man1 and a great deal from what ,i had learned from others among the organized sportsmen1 agricultural societies1 hydro-electric engineers1 forest products men1 foresters1 and nature lovers in general4 ,we then set forth the following as necessary to the realization of the purposes of a ,conservation which should meet all conditions imposed by the past1 the present and the future1 as hereinbefore stated3 ,,practical ,,and ,,progressive ,,conservation #a4 ,protect the birds and save the crops4 #b4 ,develop the unutilized water powers1 now going to waste with destructive effects in freshet periods to arable lands and thickly populated communities1 through public ownership and distribution2 thereby use ,the ,people's ,white ,coal1 save coal and cussin' the ash-sifter1 giving the public cheaper light and power for the homes1 the farms1 the factories1 and public highways4 #c4 ,amend the constitution to permit the use of dead and down timber in the state forest preserves1 worth at least #aj1jjj1jjj annually4 #d4 ,provide free forest trees furnished by the state for all who will plant them4 7,note--,the present ,n4 ,y4 ,conservation ,commission in a special report to be made to the ,legislature of #aibj has at last adopted that progressive policy74 #e4 ,plant productive trees along the highways--nut and fruit trees4 #f4 ,restock waters and covers more extensively and intelligently4 #g4 ,stop pollution of private and public waters4 #h4 ,harmonize the interrelated interests of farmers and sportsmen4 #i4 ,establish game and bird refuges in every county in the state4 #aj4 ,sane and practical game laws1 eliminating prosecutions on petty technicalities1 educate the public to co-operate in fish and game protection1 enact legislation to encourage rather than handicap the propagation of fish and game by private enterprise4 ,it will be noted that plank #e in our progressive conservation platform is urging the planting of producing trees along the highways4 ,by that we meant not only the native nut trees1 all of which are beautiful and ornamental1 but also fruit trees1 according to the wishes of the abutting owners4 ,in the ,state of ,new ,york1 taking into account only improved roads coming under the head of ,state or ,county ,improved ,highways1 disregarding the mileage of the rural roads several times as large1 there are about #h1jjj miles of ,good ,roads4 ,there are many stretches of the highways which nature has generously adorned with trees4 ,some portions of the roads have witnessed the spoliation of the contractor's indiscriminating ax1 but in the main the workmen were as careful as possible to retain natural shade trees along the routes4 ,a few miles comparatively1 were planted by state agencies4 ,farmers1 especially in the ,lake ,ontario ,fruit ,belt of ,new ,york ,state1 have worked wonders in ornamentation and economy by planting cherry1 apple1 plum and other beautiful and productive trees on the strip of land1 ,the ,farms by the ,side of the ,road4 ,at a very small additional expense1 the ,state could have planted every rod of improved highway with productive trees1 putting that forethoughtful specification into the contracts4 ,get out your pencil for a moment4 ,suppose the state had ,english walnuts on the #h1jjj miles1 placing the trees #dj feet apart4 ,we should have growing then over one million productive trees and some of them would be old enough to be bearing today4 ,within ten years from now1 their product would be worth at a conservative estimate #be per tree1 representing a sum sufficient to carry one-third of the ,state's entire cost of government4 ,the war just won for the cause of ,world ,democracy has opened the eyes of the ,american people to many things they had not before apprehended or realized4 ,one is the value of productive land space4 ,another is the importance of our forests1 and especially the value of the native nut-bearing trees4 ,it was discovered1 when ,uncle ,sam scurried around to procure a supply of black walnut for gun stocks1 that the ,german agents had been ahead of him4 ,although thickly settled1 ,germany finds it profitable to employ one-fourth of its entire area in growing forest trees4 ,yet it seems the ,kaiser's forests were short on this valuable timber1 so they picked up all the procurable black walnut in the ,united ,states4 ,this set the ,new ,york ,state ,conservation ,commissioner thinking and last year he advised farmers to propagate and cultivate the black walnut--a little late for the emergency2 but better late than never1 especially in this case4 ,on my little farm near ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y41 there is a large black walnut tree1 perhaps #ij to #ajj years old4 ,it bears a nut of unusual size1 of excellent taste and good keeping qualities4 ,this tree has produced as high as ten bushels of shucked nuts in a season4 ,twenty-two years ago1 when the importance of growing native nut trees had impressed but few people1 ,i did have the good sense to plant several dozen nuts from the ,niagara ,king ,walnut4 ,i must confess ,i gave the trees little attention1 and a farm hand zealously cut down all but one of the black walnuts1 mistaking them for sumac4 ,the survivor last year bore about three bushels of nuts4 ,most interesting of all is the result of observations as to the product1 and its bearing on the question of whether or not nut trees will reproduce true to variety4 ,the walnuts from the young tree differ in shape1 being almost round1 while the fruit of the parent tree is almost chestnut in form4 ,but the flavor1 thickness of shell and the keeping qualities seem identical4 ,six years ago ,i started a small black walnut and butternut tree nursery for home use and from it have set out about four hundred trees along the ditches and fences on the farm4 ,the early plantings have attained a height of from #ab to #ae feet4 ,if every farmer would do likewise1 he would make a considerable addition to the country's food supply1 to say nothing of the value of the timber for coming generations when the frees approach maturity4 ,it has afforded me pleasure to send nut trees to friends in various counties of the state and we shall watch with interest1 the reports on their growth and development under the many variations of soil and climate4 ,the butternut in many parts of the country is rapidly disappearing4 ,to save this beautiful tree with its delicately flavored nuts1 it will undoubtedly be necessary to take it into extensive cultivation4 ,although apart from the subject perhaps1 it may be interesting to refer to the application of forestry to a woodlot containing native nut trees4 ,like many farmers who regard every tree as just a tree1 useful for timber or fire wood1 ,i found several years ago that indiscriminate cutting on my woodlot was destroying walnuts1 along with the commoner species of the stand4 ,my first step was to halt the cutting of all black walnuts1 hickories1 butternuts1 oaks and beeches on the seven-acre woodlot4 ,i took an inventory of these trees and found there were #afj shagbark hickories from #aj to #be years old1 five butternuts about #bj years old1 and four black walnuts about #be years old4 ,these1 of course1 were not tolerant trees like the evergreens1 and most of them were rapidly deteriorating from being overcrowded by more rapidly growing and less desirable neighbors4 ,all of them had been retarded in growth by the crowded condition of the stand4 ,inaugurating a process of judicious thinning with a view to giving the nut trees the advantage1 the result in a single season was surprising4 ,under the beneficent influence of ample sun1 air and root sustenance1 the butternuts and black walnuts bore fine crops for the first time1 in the season following the winter thinning process4 ,the young hickories contented themselves with making their first annual growth in years4 ,and1 ,oh joy of realized hopes1 in this the third season since letting the sun into the native nut grove1 nearly all of the older shagbark hickories bore their first crops6 ,and now ,i have a nut plantation1 that might have been ere this1 burned up as fire-wood1 at no expense whatever1 since the thinning out process produced a very welcome supply of fire wood in these days of high-priced coal4 ,in a recent bulletin of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,value to ,farm ,families of ,food1 ,fuel and use of ,house1 there are some illuminating statistics on ,the ,farmer's ,income and ,the ,farmer's ,living4 ,it is stated that the total average of the three items of food1 fuel and use of the house for the #iej families 7selected from all parts of the ,united ,states7 is #fdb1 and #ff of #dbd of this is furnished by the farm4 ,the ,seven ,pomeroy ,centennial4 ,trees in one year produced a food product worth and actually sold for about #hjj in one year6 ,the average annual production of those seven trees has been over #fjj for the last ten years4 ,and what about the labor involved in raising and harvesting the ,english walnut crop in question8 ,picking the nuts from the ground1 children gladly doing it and earning five cents per basket4 ,horace ,greeley's undiscovered farm under the first twelve inches was a gold mine when turned up finally2 ,mr4 ,pinchot's farm on top rescued from flood and other devastations is worth more money than before4 ,but how about the strip of land along the roadside1 an aggregate waste of at least one per cent of the acreages of eastern farms8 ,well worth reclaiming1 and no expensive ditching1 irrigation and lumbering involved in the process either4 ,in addition1 credit must be given also to this enterprise for the value of ornamentation of the highways and their protection from the elements all seasons of the year4 ,and strange to relate1 in the long list of items under the head of ,classes of ,food1 given in the ,federal ,bulletin referred to1 no mention is made of nut foods1 either native or imported nut trees4 ,fruits1 vegetables1 meats1 store groceries1 everything is there but nuts4 ,nutty1 do we hear someone suggest8 ,probably not in this audience of enlightened nut growers1 but speaking to the general public we shall say1 ,well1 mebbe1 like ,uncle ,lige of ,niagara4 ,two bad years on the farm1 four acres of tomatoes that didn't pay for the plants1 nothing but soft corn and no potatoes compelled ,uncle and ,aunt ,tompkins to open an account at the corner grocery4 ,the first month the bill came in1 ,aunt ,sally was all in a flutter when she audited the items3 ,sugar1 #fj2 coffee1 #dj2 oatmeal1 #ej2 sugar1 #ge2 ditto1 #hj4 ,lige1 you go right back to the store and tell that cunnin' clerk that he's charged us fer what we never got4 ,we ain't had no 'ditto' in this house4 ,lige went to the store and returned1 apparently a sadder but a wiser man4 ,well1 ,lige1 inquired the thrifty spouse1 ,did you find out 'bout that 'ditto' we didn't get8 ,what did you find8 ,lige picked up his pipe1 remarking1 ,well ,sally1 ,i found ,i was a durned fool1 and you ditto4 ,we are all waking up to the fact that we did not become nutty soon enough4 ,we have found that our public agencies of conservation have been durn fools and farmers and other land owners ditto1 for not having inaugurated the systematic planting of productive trees along the highways and farm hedgerows and ditches1 many years ago4 ,norman ,pomeroy used to say with becoming modesty that he took no credit for planting the trees that have made such a substantial income for his family1 because ,i had to be slapped in the face in the dark before ,i became wise1 and then the natural improvidence of mankind came near spoiling ,nature's tip when the children gratified their little stomachs in preference to planting for the future4 ,men are but children of an older growth1 a wise man said4 ,that is a true but sad doctrine4 ,we all live too much in the present and for the present1 forgetting that the future will soon be the present1 if not for ourselves1 for our children and our children's children4 ,it takes time to realize on trees1 for the stomach or the pocketbook4 ,it requires sacrifice to get anything worth while and1 waiting is the hardest kind of sacrifice1 especially for people of small means4 ,but it pays in the end4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 is doing valuable work not only in the study and planting of nut trees1 but in its propaganda4 ,but ,i have discovered that the results of practical work and the worth of propaganda1 are hard to bring home to public agencies1 like ,governors and ,legislatures4 ,the construction and maintenance of public highways are a state function4 ,but that duty must be incomplete in our opinion until the state finishes its job by planting productive trees along the highways and public roads4 ,how shall we bring this about8 ,adopt resolutions8 ,very good4 ,but did the ,anti-,saloon ,league1 for example1 content itself with resolutions when it wanted real results in the halls of legislation8 ,not much4 ,our prohibition friends were very practical4 ,they employed trained agents to present their cause everywhere and in every way calculated to do the most good4 ,let me repeat to you tree planters the late ,norman ,pomeroy's favorite lines1 as ,i recall them3 ,the dead are eternized in stone1 ,the living1 by living shafts are known4 ,plant thou a tree and each recurring spring ,the stirring leaves thy lasting praise shall sing4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,prof4 ,chittenden1 of ,michigan ,agricultural ,college will address you on ,native ,nut ,tree ,plantations for ,michigan4 ,,native ,,nut ,,tree ,,plantations ,,in ,,michigan ,,professor ,a4 ,k4 ,,chittenden1 ,,michigan ,,agricultural ,,college ,,east ,,lansing1 ,,michigan ,i am very glad of this opportunity to tell you what the ,michigan ,agricultural ,college is doing1 and what it thinks1 about nut tree plantations in this ,state4 ,i want to say first1 that there is a very general interest in nut trees among the farmers and land owners of the ,state4 ,a considerable number of the letters that the ,forestry ,department of the ,college receives from farmers are about nut culture4 ,they seem to be particularly interested in pecans1 ,english walnuts1 and chestnuts4 ,a few years ago the ,state was flooded with literature urging people to plant these trees and we are still feeling the aftermath of this campaign4 ,much of this state is too far north for the successful growth of these particular trees and we therefore have advised waiting before investing heavily in young trees1 until experiments have shown where they would succeed and what kinds it would be safe to plant4 ,at the same time1 we suggested the planting of one or two trees of certain varieties as an experiment4 ,we have for the most part recommended only our native nut trees for planting on a large scale4 ,we have tried many varieties of nut trees1 grafted on hardy stock1 at the ,college1 and only a few of them are alive today4 ,all of the pecan trees have been lost and nearly all of the ,english walnuts4 ,about two years ago1 we got some of ,burbank's ,royal walnuts from ,california4 ,all of these trees except one1 were killed back of the graft the first winter4 ,one of them1 however1 is doing well although growing very slowly4 ,it will doubtless succeed now1 as it has pulled through two winters1 one an exceptionally cold one4 ,about three years ago1 we bought some ,sober ,paragon chestnuts from an eastern nursery which had been advertising them widely in this ,state4 ,they were all infected with the ,chestnut ,blight disease4 ,now this disease has at the present time not appeared in ,michigan1 except on imported nursery stock4 ,we have a considerable number of chestnut plantations in the ,state1 and if the disease can be kept out1 there is no reason why chestnuts cannot be raised more profitably4 ,but our experience has shown that the trees must be raised in this ,state and not brought in from outside4 ,we have some very nice chestnut trees in our nursery at the ,college which are now thirteen years old and which have been bearing nuts for four years4 ,this fall we are planting them all along the drives so as to open up the crowns and induce a greater production of nuts4 ,we also have some ,japanese walnuts that are doing well indeed4 ,one of these trees on the campus is #ce years old and produces a large quantity of nuts4 ,there are a number of ,english walnuts at various places along ,lake ,michigan in the fruit belt4 ,individual trees will often succeed1 but the chances for success are not great enough to warrant a man putting very much money into a plantation4 ,there are two ,sober ,paragon chestnuts near ,niles which are now #ab years old and are growing and bearing well4 ,at the ,college farm1 near ,grand ,rapids1 there are some pecan trees1 but their history shows that they have been repeatedly frosted back4 ,i could mention a great many cases of success with individual imported trees1 but ,i do not know of any extensive plantations that have so far succeeded4 ,there is1 however1 a different story to tell of our native nut trees of which there are many successful plantations4 ,our native edible nuts are black walnut1 hickories and chestnut4 ,they will grow anywhere in the southern part of the ,state and along ,lake ,michigan4 ,using these trees as a basis1 ,i believe we can develop1 if it has not already been done1 a tree that will bear an improved quality of nuts and that will be perfectly hardy4 ,the black walnut is the tree that did perhaps more than any other tree to help win the war1 and1 while timber raising and nut culture do not perhaps go hand in hand1 probably more black walnuts are being planted as individual trees than any other tree in the ,state4 ,the black walnut was an invaluable tree for gun stocks and airplane propellers4 ,the ,war ,department scoured the country to find trees for these purposes and every black walnut that is now planted1 may be of service to the country in the future4 ,the ,college raises thousands of black walnuts and ,japanese walnuts each year1 and the demand for them is very great4 ,when we have in planting1 a choice between two trees1 one choice being a tree suitable for shade only and the other a nut producing tree1 ,i would say plant the nut tree4 ,our trees will have a double appeal if they furnish not only shade1 but edible nuts as well4 ,at the last session of the ,state ,legislature1 an act was passed providing for the planting of nut and shade trees along our highways4 ,as a result of this act1 we hope sometime to see the highways in the southern part of the ,state lined with walnut and other nut bearing trees4 ,a tree that will serve a double purpose should be planted wherever possible4 ,tree planting is a thing in which we are all interested4 ,those of you who have been abroad remember the long rows of trees1 often fruit trees1 that lined the roads4 ,in this country we cannot plant fruit trees along our roads as there is nobody to care for them and disease would quickly start and spread to our orchards4 ,but nut trees can be safely planted4 ,we have1 on certain soils in the southern part of the ,state1 recommended planting black walnuts for fence posts4 ,the heart wood is very durable and the tree grows quite rapidly under favorable conditions4 ,then1 perhaps when the trees are large enough for posts1 the owner will decide to keep them for the nuts and for timber production4 ,during the past summer the ,college made a study of native nut tree plantations in the ,state with a view to determining the profitableness of such plantations4 ,among the older plantations studied was one in ,berrien ,county4 ,it was planted #de years ago and covers four acres4 ,the soil is clay and loam with a clay sub-soil4 ,three year old seedlings were used with an average spacing of about #bh by #cb feet4 ,the grove was cultivated for about #h years after planting4 ,the trees are now in fairly good condition but many are affected with heart-rot4 ,they are quite spreading and bushy in form and are not suitable for lumber4 ,there is now about #cj cords of wood per acre4 ,the average diameter is #bj inches with an average height of #fj feet4 ,the ground is sodded over and the grove is used for grazing sheep4 ,the owner says that about half the trees bear and that the ,june bugs are the principal source of trouble1 eating the blossoms4 ,the yield in nuts varies from practically nothing to #be or #cj bushels for the entire plantation4 ,about six years ago1 the owner reports a crop of #cf bushels1 and two years ago a crop of #bg bushels4 ,from these figures ,i should say the plantation is a success4 ,a chestnut plantation in ,van ,buren ,county was set #cg years ago and covers one acre of sandy soil4 ,the plantation was cultivated for about ten years and corn was grown between the trees4 ,the average tree is #ad inches in diameter and #fe feet tall4 ,the returns have been small because the trees were planted too close together1 but some years the plantation has yielded #ae bushels of nuts4 ,there are #fg trees on the acre1 which is too many for good nut production4 ,the grove will produce about #bj cords of wood or about #eej split fence posts per acre4 ,one of the oldest plantations in the ,state is #ef years old and covers #a-a_/b acres in ,montcalm ,county4 ,it consists of black walnuts and chestnuts mixed together4 ,the average black walnut is #ad inches in diameter and #fg feet tall4 ,the average chestnut is #bj inches in diameter and #fj feet tall4 ,the spacing is about #dj by #cj feet and the soil is a gravelly sand4 ,the yield in nuts has been quite small1 six to eight bushels a year4 ,there are a number of such mixed plantations in the ,state and it would seem that the two trees do not do very well together4 ,in this case1 ,i should say that the soil is not well suited for either tree4 ,there is a plantation of ,japanese walnuts in ,oakland ,county4 ,it is five years old and on sandy soil4 ,about #ejj trees were planted at the cost of #fj cents per tree4 ,the stock came from ,pennsylvania and was budded to ,english walnut4 ,the scions died back1 however1 and the plantation stock came along so it is now a ,japanese walnut grove4 ,the average tree is about #b inches in diameter and #aj feet tall4 ,the trees are very healthy and vigorous and are beginning to bear a few nuts4 ,a chestnut plantation in ,van ,buren ,county is #ab years old4 ,two foot transplants were used and the trees were planted at the rate of #ajj to the acre4 ,they were cultivated for two years4 ,the average tree is #d inches in diameter and #bj feet high4 ,the trees are healthy and in good condition4 ,the grove is yielding from one to two bushels of nuts a year and should be thinned so as to open it up and encourage nut production4 ,a black walnut plantation in ,ingham ,county1 planted about #bj years ago for timber purposes and underplanted with white cedar to force the trees to grow straight and tall1 is in excellent condition4 ,the average tree is #e inches in diameter and #cd feet tall4 ,the plantation has not yet borne nuts but if it were opened up1 would doubtless produce a large number in a few years4 ,i could give more instances of nut tree plantations in the ,state1 but ,i think ,i have mentioned enough to show that our native nut trees can be profitably raised4 ,during the last few years1 a great many black walnut plantations have been established but most of them are yet too young to be in a bearing condition4 ,if it were not for the difficulty of getting healthy chestnut stock1 ,i believe ,michigan would be a large producer of these nuts4 ,a study has been made of the volume of the wood that could be obtained from these chestnut plantations4 ,owing to the open nature of the groves1 the trees are mostly not suitable for lumber and the yield of cordwood and posts is less than in a forest plantation where the trees are closer together and force each other to grow straight and tall4 ,it was found1 however1 that a chestnut grove planted for nuts1 would yield on the average #ac standard cords of wood per acre at #bj years of age1 #bj cords at #cj years1 and #be cords at #dj years of age4 ,placing the value of this wood at present prices of #g per cord1 would give a value of #ia per acre at #bj years and #adj per acre at #cj years for the wood alone4 ,probably most of the chestnut plantations have been planted for the nut and the black walnuts for timber with the nuts as a side issue4 ,black walnuts should be planted on fairly fertile1 moist soil4 ,we do not recommend planting the nuts as squirrels are liable to dig them out4 ,it is better to use small trees4 ,the cost of establishing black walnut plantations is quite small4 ,native trees can be bought for #ae per thousand one year old seedlings4 ,we prefer to plant these small trees as the black walnut develops a strong tap root early in life1 making it difficult to transplant large trees4 ,only a comparatively small number of hickories have been planted in this state4 ,this is a tree that1 while it grows slowly1 is very valuable for its wood and it is becoming very scarce4 ,it should be planted more extensively4 ,it may well be planted in openings in the woodlot4 ,every farmer knows the value of hickory and the trees can be utilized when quite small4 ,it is needless to say anything about the value of black walnut wood4 ,high prices have been paid for standing trees and for saw logs4 ,many individual trees have sold for #ejj apiece and even more4 ,prices as high as #abj per ,m board feet have been paid for standing timber4 ,at the present rate of cutting1 it is only a question of a few years before all of the merchantable black walnut will have been removed1 and1 unless trees are planted1 the black walnut will be a thing of the past4 ,it cannot be depended upon to reproduce itself in our forests as do the maples1 the ash1 and many other trees with nonedible seed4 ,for every black walnut tree in our woods and along the roads1 there are innumerable small boys and squirrels who are after the nuts and the seed have little chance of germinating even if they do get into the soil4 ,if there are to be black walnuts in our future forests1 the trees must be planted or the nuts planted and properly safeguarded4 ,from a forestry viewpoint1 the black walnut is a good tree to plant4 ,it has a high value and the demand for the wood is very great4 ,and1 for planting1 trees should be chosen that will give a good quality nut as far as possible4 ,for ornamental planting1 too1 nut trees may often be chosen to advantage4 ,for the farm yard they are often the best choice4 ,hickories or black walnut are long lived trees and the hickory is very ornamental4 ,a great many trees have been planted by the school children of the ,state2 and right here is a good field for planting1 around our school houses4 ,the average country school ground is a forlorn place1 usually barren of both grass and shade4 ,while we perhaps cannot have a lawn1 we can certainly have shade trees1 and the children will take care of them and watch their development with interest1 particularly if they have a part in planting them4 ,a few years ago the ,college distributed about #fjjj trees to the schools of the state for ,arbor ,day and many of these trees were black walnuts4 ,during the last few years1 the ,collage has not raised enough of these trees to meet the demand4 ,as memorial trees1 also1 nut trees are being quite extensively planted4 ,a great many black walnuts have been planted in the honor of our soldiers who gave their lives in the war and it is a very suitable tree to plant for this purpose4 ,now that our forests are becoming more scarce1 we are beginning to appreciate more fully the value of their products4 ,nuts1 extracts1 maple syrup and many minor products are obtained from our native trees4 ,if man could be surrounded with the right assortment of trees1 he would need little else4 ,he would have food in the nuts and fruit2 fire wood and building material in the stems1 as well as paper and clothing from the wood pulp4 ,he would have sugar from the sap1 medicine from the bark1 and he would have wood distillates1 turpentine and resin4 ,he could live long and well on the products of our forests4 ,our forests are1 however1 disappearing4 ,our native nut trees are being cut off4 ,our sugar maple orchards are being put into farm land1 and forest products are increasing rapidly in price4 ,we have got to keep a certain part of the country in forests in order to have the country prosperous1 and to do this we must either plant trees or so manage the existing forests that they will renew themselves naturally4 ,in planting trees1 we should not overlook the by-products of the trees1 nuts and syrup and bark4 ,these products are often the main crop in themselves and in any case1 they will increase the receipts and make our forestry work more profitable4 ,there are many acres in southern ,michigan and along the ,lake1 that will give larger returns from nut tree plantations than from any other source4 ,we want first to be sure that the trees are hardy to the locality before we recommend them4 ,i believe there is a very big future for such plantations4 ,the history of southern plantations has been one of remarkable success4 ,we must be particularly careful in advising the establishment of nut tree plantations4 ,we ought to be particularly careful in not encouraging people to buy trees that we are not sure will succeed4 ,for every plantation that fails means a loss of money and an obstacle to future progress4 ,but every tree that succeeds means an advertisement for years to come4 ,i do not see any reason why southern ,michigan cannot raise many improved varieties of black walnut and perhaps some other nut trees as well4 ,our study of native nut tree plantations this summer1 shows that with proper care they may be very profitable and we hope to see a great extension of such plantations in this ,state4 ,,prof4 ,,chittenden3 ,i would like to say that the ,college has been very favorably impressed with the work that this ,association has been doing and the care that is used in recommending nut trees4 ,it is a thing the people need a lot of advice about4 ,i thank you4 7,applause74 ,,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones3 ,i would like to ask if the pecans that were tender were northern or southern pecans4 ,,prof4 ,,chittenden3 ,we got them from a nursery in ,new ,york ,state and ,i could not say as to the source of the stock beyond that4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,naturally the southern source is the cheapest tree4 ,,prof4 ,,chittenden3 ,we got the trees from a nursery that had been advertising them very extensively in ,michigan4 ,it was about five years ago1 at a time when this ,state had been flooded with literature from this nursery and other nurseries about particularly pecans and chestnuts4 ,we were doubtful about the trees they were recommending1 and we got a considerable number and planted them out1 but we took pretty good care of them2 but they all died in winter4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it is a pity that people who do the most advertising have to4 ,certain firms are not allowed to advertise in nut journals at all4 ,i think the public ought to be made aware of that fact4 ,it is a pity too1 because the ones who spend the largest amount of money in advertising are the ones of whom we ask the most questions4 ,in regard to ,prof4 ,chittenden's paper1 it is a very important matter to impress upon children and others who are setting out trees the idea that a tree is not able to care for itself as a rule4 ,it is quite the exception for a tree set out by itself to thrive and enter into competition with other trees and bushes and shade1 in the early years1 and insects later4 ,i suppose the number of ordinary trees including maples that make their way to a successful old age would not represent one in many hundred thousands that make a start in the sprouting seed4 ,that fact ought to be impressed on every school child who is setting out a tree--he really should adopt that tree and make that its own child4 ,and if you can inculcate the maternal and the paternal instinct along with the setting out of from one to six children of these other children1 you will then get trees on your roadsides and your waste lands1 and without a great amount of difficulty4 ,but you have got to go back to first principles there and realize that very few trees are able to succeed after they have been set out unless they receive a great deal of care subsequently4 ,those of us who give a great deal of attention to trees1 who pretend to care for our trees1 will lose a percentage so large that ,i would hardly dare state what it probably is4 ,among the hundreds and thousands of trees ,i have set out1 all from reputable nurserymen or raised by myself2 ,i doubt if #be are alive today1 and ,i have pretty good success too4 ,this is not to discourage anyone2 it is to encourage people1 and they are to be encouraged by knowing the facts2 and when all the final facts are known about the values of trees that are given proper attention1 then people will be willing to give them that degree of attention4 ,not until then are we to have success in filling our waste lands with nut trees4 ,prof4 ,chittenden brought up one point of a great deal of consequence4 ,in any locality plant the species which belong to that locality4 ,the species which1 by natural selection and adaptation have fitted themselves to the environment are1 as a rule1 the trees which will do best in that locality4 ,that is a principle ,i think which ought to be thoroughly well fixed in mind4 ,one may experiment with any number of trees from a distance1 but the trees which naturally have adapted themselves to a locality1 the species which have done that are the species upon which we can expend our efforts to the best advantage4 ,in the matter of chestnut blight1 we assume that the chestnut blight will act like measles blight1 scarlet fever blight1 or any other epidemic4 ,in other words1 it is due to a microbe1 it is due to a peculiar microbic group1 a peculiar family group which happened to start out in northern ,china on its invasion and got to this country where it found trees which were not resistant4 ,the ,american and ,european trees are not resistant4 ,wherever it has gone from northern ,china1 from the place where blight1 the tree host and enemy grew up side by side1 and represented the survival of the fittest2 wherever it has gone away from the place where we have the survival of the fittest1 at any rate as a result of struggle1 there it has found susceptible individuals that it has destroyed4 ,when a blight of any sort sets out1 chestnut blight1 measles1 scarlet fever--any blight you please1 you are talking natural history1 you are taking biology1 about an animal or a plant1 about a microbe1 a living thing4 ,all of these living things run out of their vital energy in time4 ,each microbe runs out of its energy just as a breed of horses or of strawberries runs out of its energy4 ,all varieties1 varietal types1 run out of their natural energy1 so that it is simply a question of length of time before this family microbe or family group of this microbe will lose its energy4 ,we do not know how many years that will be4 ,it may be a great many years1 and by that time1 our chestnuts may practically have disappeared4 ,we can find here and there a tree which resists better than others do1 and we may find some with enough resistance to be worthy of propagation as of that resistant kind4 ,we know that several species resist the blight very well4 ,i found four species that resist the blight very well among six kinds ,i have tried out on my place4 ,but some chestnuts bear so early and heavily that we may afford to set them out1 even in the presence of blight1 trimming them back and looking after them carefully3 ,for instance1 a number of ,sober ,paragon chestnuts that ,i planted all died but one that is near the house4 ,it bears so heavily that it is well worth while1 and it simply means that one must give a great deal of attention to it4 ,some people can afford even to set out the ,paragon because of its high bearing power4 ,i have a number of hybrids which resist the blight very well4 ,the cross between the ,american chestnut and the ,japanese1 or between the common ,american chestnut and the chinquapins showed the resistance very largely of the resistant parent4 ,but curiously enough1 the ones which look most like the ,american chestnut also carry that parent's weakness in regard to blight1 so that all of my hybrids between the ,american chestnut and the resistant kinds which look like the ,american chestnut and act like it also catch the same microbe for the most part4 ,but one of the hybrids does not4 ,no4 #b which ,i have given ,mr4 ,jones1 is very much like the ,american chestnut4 ,it grows vigorously1 acts like it1 and looks like it1 and it has not blighted up to the ninth year of age1 beginning to bear about the fourth year4 ,most of those that are like the chinquapin or like the ,chinese chestnut resist blight very well4 ,about ,japanese walnuts4 ,if ,prof4 ,chittenden has a large number of ,japanese walnuts about the state1 he may very well select one or two of the very best and advise the owners to top work the others with the one or two which happen to be particularly good4 ,most of the ,japanese walnuts are small4 ,most of them are ,siebold type instead of the heart nut variety1 but a few very large ones will be found here and there and of high quality1 and they graft almost as easily as peaches4 ,in regard to ,persian walnuts4 ,if there are a few trees here and there about the state1 we need not fear the question of introducing others because it is too far north4 ,if you simply have one tree that is a good one1 that is enough1 because you can graft over all sorts of black walnuts1 ,japanese walnut and ,persian walnut stocks with the one or two trees which are known to be good in ,michigan4 ,one good tree in the state which is bearing good nuts of desirable qualities is enough4 ,graft all of your other walnuts back from it4 ,and in setting out the native black walnuts1 chestnuts and the hickories of different species1 it is important always to distinguish in regard to intention--whether they are to be for forest purposes or for nut purposes4 ,that is not always clear in the minds of a number of people whom ,i have seen setting out groves of these trees4 ,they talk about getting timber and nuts4 ,you can not get both profitably4 ,i think people ought to be impressed with the fact that if they are setting out apple trees for timber they would set them five or six feet apart4 ,if they are setting them out for apples1 they would set them sixty feet apart4 ,precisely the same thing is true of nut trees4 7,applause74 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i would like to ask ,dr4 ,morris how he protects grafts the first year4 ,grafts growing the first year are very tender1 put in late1 and they will often winter kill in the tree that is perfectly hardy otherwise4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,mr4 ,jones is quite right about that1 and that is a matter requiring more experience than ,i have at the present time4 ,what ,i have done in the way of protection fairly well is this3 ,for instance1 if ,i graft ,persian walnut on black walnut and it makes a late start and then in ,september has a very sappy growth1 or in ,october has a sappy growth of three or four or five feet 7they grow tremendously fast1 like weeds7 if the bark at the base of the graft is brown or has two or three buds that are brown or partially ripened1 ,i cut off four or five of the first leaves and let them harden4 ,then in the fall ,i cut off all but those four or five buds and put wax over the end4 ,that is the way ,i avoid the winter killing of the sappy growth4 ,as soon as the part nearest the grafted place begins to turn brown1 looks like hardening up and two or three buds are pretty hard1 ,i cut off four or five of those leaves right there and let the buds ripen1 and those buds will ripen very well4 ,i will sacrifice five or six buds for the sake of saving three or four buds4 ,the next year they grow all right4 ,that is not a nice way1 but when you see you are going to lose a thing on account of sappiness1 that will sometimes work4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i generally wrap the base of the limb in burlap4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,if the sappy tip dies1 it poisons the rest4 ,there are poisonous enzymes that poison the rest of it4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i was going to ask ,prof4 ,chittenden if he could give any experience with the named varieties of black walnuts4 ,,prof4 ,,chittenden3 ,i don't think ,i could distinguish between the varieties of black walnut that have been planted in this state4 ,that is not a thing that ,i feel able to discuss4 ,i know that a number of different varieties of black walnut have been planted4 ,at the ,college we have done a good deal of grafting on the black walnuts1 and we have not had very good success4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i had in mind improved varieties of black walnut grafted on the black walnut stock4 ,,prof4 ,,chittenden3 ,i don't think we have had any experience of that4 ,we always get a good deal of wood from ,pennsylvania in the spring and do the grafting in class4 ,we can not expect a very high grade of work when the students do it as a part of their work of instruction4 ,there are some black walnuts in the state that have very good nuts1 and some that have not4 ,i have tried to get for our nursery good nuts from trees that had a good native nut4 ,we have had so much difficulty getting black walnuts at all the last few years that we have taken just what we could get4 ,we get nuts from all over the central part of the state and plant in the nursery to get our seedling trees4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i have found some of the named varieties of black walnuts bearing in quite a number of sections of this state and other states4 ,they seem to bear quite young4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,jones has partly prepared a paper on ,pecans other than those of the well known sections1 but as it has been impossible to complete it1 it will be handed to the secretary later1 and inserted in the proceedings4 ,,pecans ,,other ,,than ,,those ,,of ,,the ,,well ,,known ,,sections ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,,lancaster1 ,,pennsylvania ,pecans have been grown in the ,south for a good many years1 and1 with the advent of budded and grafted trees of superior varieties in more recent years1 the industry made great strides and now that the product of some of these grafted orchards is coming on the market and selling readily at high prices1 the economic value and importance of the pecan is becoming to be more fully appreciated4 ,the success of the pecan in the ,south1 led some planters in the northern states to make experimental plantings of these southern varieties but they have proven disappointing1 as might be expected1 since our seasons are too short for the nuts to mature1 even where the trees are hardy4 ,i have seen the ,stuart1 one of the largest southern pecans1 when grown in ,lancaster and ,adams ,counties1 ,pa41 not half as large as the ,indiana sorts and with little or no kernel4 ,the ,schley1 one of the finest southern pecans1 when grown in ,adams ,co41 ,pa41 is so small that no one would recognize it and it has no kernel at all4 ,in very recent years1 largely through the efforts of a few progressive men in ,indiana1 fine varieties of the pecan have been discovered in ,indiana and ,kentucky1 and these varieties are being propagated and planted over the northern states generally4 ,while the discovery of these varieties and their propagation marked a big step forward in extending the cultural range of the pecan and making it possible to grow this nut several hundred miles north of the southern pecan belt1 not unlike the southern varieties1 the ,indiana and ,kentucky varieties are necessarily limited in their range of adaptability1 and it is perhaps not safe to recommend them for planting1 except possibly in the more favored localities1 north of the #djth parallel and south thereof and possibly in the elevated or mountain sections they should not be recommended for planting north of latitude #ch degrees4 ,the advantages of securing varieties for propagation therefore from as far north as possible is obvious4 ,i have examined a good many sample pecans from ,missouri and ,kansas1 some of which are excellent1 but1 aside from possibly being a little hardier in tree1 they have no advantage over the fine ,indiana and ,kentucky varieties that we already have1 unless of course1 they should be better adapted to planting in the western states4 ,in its natural range1 the pecan is found growing farther north along the ,mississippi ,river1 in ,iowa and ,illinois1 than anywhere else in the country1 and naturally we turned to these pecan forests hoping to find a variety bearing nuts of a size and quality to merit propagation and dissemination north of the belt where it is safe to recommend the planting of the ,indiana varieties4 ,as a result of correspondence with an ,iowa nurseryman in the fall of #aiad1 ,i engaged the services of a competent man to gather pecans for me at ,muscatine1 ,iowa4 ,following my instructions1 this man searched the woods in that locality to find what ,i wanted for propagation and as a result1 nuts were sent me from several trees which were carefully marked so that in case scions were wanted from any of the trees1 they would be readily identified4 ,this man seemed to be very enthusiastic about the nuts he sent me1 and1 as he had made a business of gathering pecans1 and he knew the pecans in that section well1 ,i felt that he had sent me the best that he had there4 ,none of the pecans sent had sufficient size and merit to propagate however1 and ,i gave the matter up4 ,fortunately1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,toronto1 ,canada1 was endeavoring the same fall or winter to get pecans to grow trees that would succeed in ,canada and he bought pecans from a dealer in ,burlington1 ,iowa4 ,upon receiving this lot of nuts1 ,mr4 ,corsan was astonished at their large size1 as he expected that pecans from the northern limit of the pecan to be of small size4 ,thinking that this party had sent him southern pecans1 ,mr4 ,corsan wrote him at once that he did not want southern pecans1 explaining that he wanted them for planting4 ,this party replied that the nuts sent him were genuine ,iowa pecans4 ,knowing my interest in the matter1 ,mr4 ,corsan wrote me during the spring of #aiae1 giving me the facts in the case and urged that ,i go to ,burlington the next fall and look up a variety for propagation4 ,fall came on1 but with it1 so much to do and with short help1 due to war conditions1 that ,i had to give up the trip1 but1 at ,mr4 ,corsan's suggestion1 ,i took the matter up with ,mr4 ,ed4 ,g4 ,marquardt1 ,burlington1 ,iowa1 with the result that the matter was placed in his hands1 with the assurance from ,mr4 ,marquardt that he would do the very best he could for us4 ,mr4 ,marquardt employed a man who had made a business of gathering pecans there and who knew the trees bearing the largest nuts1 and with the help of this man1 finally located a tree #bj miles north of ,burlington bearing very large pecans of thin shell and splendid quality4 ,although most of the nuts had been gathered1 the husks on the ground indicated it had been bearing good crops4 ,this tree was marked and some of the nuts sent to me4 ,these pecans ,i considered remarkably fine for so far north4 ,they were fully as large as the ,indiana1 with even a thinner shell and a full kernel of excellent quality4 ,with the help of ,mr4 ,marquardt1 scions were secured from this tree the following spring1 and grafting proved very successful1 which we consider very fortunate1 as this land was cleared during the war and this tree met the fate of others1 being turned into lumber and it is no more4 ,this variety has been given ,mr4 ,marquardt's name4 ,coming from #bj miles north of ,burlington1 ,iowa1 in north latitude #da degrees1 ,i shall expect the ,marquardt to succeed any where south of the ,great ,lakes4 ,the ,indiana and ,busseron pecans originated farther north than any others of the ,indiana group1 the original trees of which are growing in the ,wabash ,river bottom1 west of ,oaktown1 ,ind41 about #aj miles south of latitude #ci4 ,most of the ,indiana and ,kentucky varieties are from latitude #ch degrees1 or approximately #bjj miles south of where the ,marquardt originated4 ,the climate of ,iowa is also considerably colder than is the same latitude farther east1 due to the more open character of the country west and to the influence of the ,great ,lakes farther east4 ,the pecans there are not only necessarily hardier1 but have to mature their fruit in a shorter season1 which is all important in a variety for northern planting1 as it has been shown that the pecan is hardy in tree considerably north of where it will mature its fruit properly4 ,realizing the importance of the ,iowa pecans for northern planting and realizing the building of the big power dam on the ,mississippi ,river at ,keokuk1 ,iowa1 and the consequent raising of the water level for considerable distance up the river together with building of levees and clearing of the forests1 threatened the destruction of many of the pecan trees and pecan forests1 ,mr4 ,bixby spent nearly a week during the past fall in the pecan forests and groves along the ,mississippi ,river around ,clinton1 ,ia41 and ,burlington1 ,ia4 ,the facts of the following paragraphs 7except the last two7 ,i have taken from his notes3 ,these pecan trees at ,clinton1 ,iowa1 are the most northerly growing of the native pecans so far discovered4 ,they are on the islands in the river and on the bottom lands1 where the land at low water is only a few feet above the water level1 and at high water1 several feet under water4 ,the trees certainly are not suffering from lack of moisture4 ,the soil is alluvial1 seemingly of unknown depths and must be very fertile1 enriched as it is by the deposits left by the high waters each year1 or sometimes1 several times a year4 ,no pecan trees under six inches in diameter were seen here1 and they ranged from that size up to #bd inches in trunk diameter #he feet tall4 ,no trees bearing large pecan nuts were seen1 although the flavor of the kernels of practically all of the trees was good4 ,crops of nuts were irregular and seemingly not so good as they were some years4 ,none of the trees near ,clinton were deemed worthy of propagation4 ,the pecans at ,burlington are growing under similar conditions to those at ,clinton1 but they are much more numerous1 there being thousands of them1 some being larger than any seen at ,clinton4 ,four trees1 including the ,marquardt1 have been discovered and brought to the attention of the association by ,mr4 ,ed4 ,g4 ,marquardt and ,mr4 ,john ,h4 ,witte of ,burlington4 ,cuts of these nuts1 natural size1 are shown opposite page #dh4 ,the ,marquardt is being propagated by me and the other three varieties by ,snyder ,bros41 ,center ,point1 ,iowa4 ,from the appearance of the leaves1 buds and habit of growth of the ,marquardt pecan1 it seemed to me that the tree had hickory blood in it1 although the nut did not suggest it2 and ,i intended to look into this matter fully1 on a trip to ,iowa the past fall1 but finding ,i could not go1 ,i gave ,mr4 ,bixby samples of the nuts1 leaves and twigs and told him what ,i expected1 and he had this in mind during his trip4 ,he never found young pecan trees growing in the woods but did find them growing in large numbers on the levees and on the edges of cultivated fields4 ,a careful examination showed a very considerable variation in leaf1 bud and habit of growth and there seemed little question but that there were among them many hybrids between the pecan and the big bottom shellbark1 ,carya laciniosa1 which is found growing on the bottom lands and the islands along with the pecan4 ,as a matter of fact1 two of the four ,iowa pecans selected for propagation1 the ,burlington and the ,greenbay1 show unmistakable evidence of hybrid parentage in the nut1 in the leaves and buds4 ,the ,marquardt gives no hint of such parentage in the nut1 but the leaves and buds do suggest that it has hickory blood in its make up1 and it is believed that this is so4 ,the ,witte is seemingly a pure pecan4 ,there has recently been much done near ,burlington in reclaiming valuable1 cultivatable lands from the river which formerly overflowed them each year so that people were afraid to plant crops and they were therefore abandoned to the forests4 ,levees have recently been built to keep the water off these lands in time of high water4 ,drainage ditches have been made behind them and pumping plants put in to pump the water out of them4 ,the cost of these improvements1 which has given to cultivation much very fertile land1 has been assessed on the owners of the lands benefited1 as is also the upkeep expense4 ,many owners had not the money to pay the assessments and have sold the land to those who are clearing off the timber4 ,this means the clearing of thousands of acres of bottom land and the pecan is one of the principle trees on these bottom lands4 ,this condition makes it necessary to locate and propagate at once1 the best and most promising of these ,iowa pecans and hybrids and observe their behavior afterwards in the young trees1 instead of depending on the watching of the behavior of the original trees as has been the case in ,indiana4 ,i feel reluctant to close this address without mentioning the good work done by ,secretaries ,deming and ,bixby and other members of this ,association in searching for varieties of nuts that may be superior to what we already have4 ,those of us who are propagating these trees1 while we may feel the inspiration that comes from doing a work that benefits mankind1 nevertheless1 we hope and expect to make dollars and cents out of growing these trees1 while this is not the case with some of the members of this ,association who are not nurserymen and who do not expect to enter this field4 ,dr4 ,deming1 former ,secretary of this ,association1 did much good work and secured some fine nuts worthy of propagation1 through advertising and the offering of premiums1 and ,mr4 ,bixby1 who very kindly took up this work when ,dr4 ,deming was called to the colors1 has been active and is doing a great work for northern nut culture4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,we will now have a grafting demonstration by ,mr4 ,jones4 ,mr4 ,jones had brought with him specimens of stock1 scions and all the materials and tools needed for the demonstration1 and performed the various operations of grafting and budding before the audience4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,we often use scions half or three-fourths of an inch in diameter1 for grafting1 but they are rather hard to get4 ,in top working1 we generally take limbs two to four inches in diameter1 cut them off1 and split the bark4 ,the nut grafting must all be done late when the sap is up in the trees4 ,cut the scions all on one side4 ,split the bark1 slip in the scion1 tie up and wax the whole scion over with grafting wax1 put it on hot and seal it up tight4 ,sometimes for winter protection of the ,english walnut as far north as ,michigan your tip might kill back because it grows so very fast and is sappy4 ,i have never ,illustration3 ,,pecans ,,from ,,burlington1 ,,ia had trees kill in that way1 but ,i do have many people write me that they have trees killed in that way4 ,in nursery grafting1 we usually use just the cleft method4 ,you should cut the cleft on one side and don't split it1 but keep it smooth all the way through4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,you get better results1 ,mr4 ,jones1 from waxing the entire scion8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,yes1 we get better results that way4 ,in the ,south we have no success at all that way2 we have to cover them with sacks4 ,,voice3 ,about what degree of heat is best for the wax8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,don't have it too hot and it can't burn4 ,you can tell that by the wax smoking4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,as long as the wax does not smoke1 it is pretty safe4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,this illustrates what we call a side graft4 ,put the scion in the side and leave the top on4 ,you can also do it in bark grafting4 ,cut your bark1 split it1 and stick your scion straight down as it is here4 ,,voice3 ,how do you apply the hot wax8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,with a swab or brush4 ,we use a carbon heater and that makes it about the right temperature4 ,,voice3 ,how large black walnut trees could be top worked to ,english walnuts8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,you can work almost any sized tree1 but it is quite a job in the large tree4 ,take a tree larger than six inches in diameter1 or eight1 and it would not be very satisfactory4 ,in cutting the scions be careful to make a straight surface on the cut bevel4 ,to do that the knife should be held at an angle lengthwise to the scion4 ,in our grafting in the ,south we leave the scion dry and cover it with a bag4 ,that was in ,florida4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,that is a very interesting question about the limits of our using the method of covering the scion and all with the wax4 ,i shall speak of that in my own grafting demonstration which is short4 ,i got the point from ,mr4 ,jones1 and ,mr4 ,jones tells me he got it from ,mr4 ,riehl4 ,they use black wax and hard1 strong wax4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,mr4 ,riehl uses a liquid wax1 resin and beeswax without the coloring matter4 ,we use the coloring matter to toughen the wax4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,still1 that is amber4 ,amber will cut out light1 and it seems to me that it is a matter of a good deal of consequence1 the black or amber wax covering the graft completely1 buds and all1 wound1 scion1 stock4 ,it succeeds in the ,north1 succeeds better than any other method in grafting1 and yet in the ,south it does not succeed4 ,it is possible that as you get further south the longer sun1 the hotter sun scalds the cambium layer of bark beneath when it would not do so in the ,north4 ,that is at least worth thinking about4 ,in my own work during the past year ,i have used transparent paraffin alone1 nothing else4 ,i have tried different kinds of paraffin1 the ,parowax1 the common one that the women put up preserves with is the one that will stay on best1 will not crack and is perfectly transparent1 allowing the light of the sun to act upon the chlorophyl1 in the bark and the bud and intensify the activity of that part of the plant that depends upon light transformation by means of chlorophyl4 ,i am very much interested to know if this will not succeed in the ,south4 ,paraffin would not attract the heat of the sun1 and it is possible that this will allow us to carry the method of ,mr4 ,jones1 the best method to date1 still farther south4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i think1 ,doctor1 it is a matter of heat1 because in the shade you can graft them almost any way4 ,do you cover the scion with paraffin or only the union8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i cover the entire thing with paraffin1 scions1 buds and all including the wrapping4 ,i don't leave anything exposed to the air4 ,there are several principles involved there4 ,in the first place you have the effect of light upon chlorophyl which is important2 in the second place1 the melted paraffin fills all interstices in which sap would collect and ferment4 ,if those interstices are filled with melted paraffin1 sap will not collect there and ferment4 ,the microbes of bacterial and fungus origin1 that prevent union and break down the products of repair that are thrown out for the purpose of repair1 can not do it if they can not collect in quantity1 and the paraffin fills the space in which they would collect in quantity2 so that does away with another one of the dangers4 ,in the third place1 you have the same sap tension maintained in the scion as in the stock4 ,the difference between the negative and positive pressures1 day and night1 is very great in spring time1 and as the sap responds between day and night in the stock1 it puts a strain upon the scion4 ,the scion can not follow the stock with its sap movement ordinarily4 ,but if scion and stock are covered completely with paraffin1 the tension remains the same1 so that you do away with the shock of varying negative and positive pressures4 ,that is an important point1 it seems to me1 in principle in the matter of using the paraffin4 ,another point is this4 ,you prevent evaporation from scion that goes on ordinarily through the little breathing lenticels1 the little apertures between the cells of the bark which allow moisture to escape as well as to enter4 ,one would naturally believe the paraffin would fill these and smother the scion1 and ,i presume it is that fear which has prevented the world from trying this for the past ten thousand years1 because they were skilful grafters in ,egypt1 both in the tree world and the financial world1 in the days of ,hammurabi there were skilful grafters in both worlds two or three thousand years before ,christ4 ,i suppose that fear of closing the breathing apertures in the stock has prevented people from adopting this method2 but it is not justified1 because those bold1 brave nurserymen who are not afraid to smother a scion find that all the scions live4 ,it is a venture into the unknown1 that dramatic book1 in the way of dramatically constructive progress4 ,another point3 ,when you protect your graft in the ordinary way with ordinary wrapping1 ordinary wax1 the scion becomes timid1 the stock becomes timid4 ,it is not quite sure of itself in many cases1 and when it is not sure of itself1 when it has a fear1 what does it do8 ,it resorts to the protection method4 ,what is the first8 ,suberization1 cork layer formation4 ,so the frightened stock throws cork cells over its cut surface between that and the graft1 and the suberization goes on as a result of fear on the part of the timid stock4 ,when you have taken away the fear by covering the whole area with melted paraffin and it feels safe1 then suberization does not go on in this way1 your stock is not frightened1 you have not a scared tree at all1 and it will go on kindly and gently as a ,jersey heifer to do its work4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i would like to ask ,dr4 ,morris about that myself4 ,i am very much interested in the line of grafting1 as we graft #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj every spring1 using this same method4 ,i feel as ,mr4 ,jones does1 that the losses from grafting are largely due to heat and the fermentation of sap4 ,we find perhaps1 that the first week of grafting in cherry1 we can almost invariably secure a fairly good stand4 ,following that it tapers as the warmth and air increase1 although the scions are kept in cold storage1 perfectly dormant1 the sap is coming up1 and the increased rays of the sun--we get a very small percentage1 and it seems to become less every day1 and we have always used the dark wax4 ,while ,i have been using paraffin wax a good deal of the time1 ,i put lampblack in it for coloring4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i have until this year4 ,in order to get ,mr4 ,jones' points1 ,i tried to work out the philosophy of the subject and see what values there are1 what meanings in the methods which led to his success4 ,then following that line of investigation1 ,i stopped into another line of observation1 and arrived at the transparent paraffin method1 so that this is the first year in which ,i have tried it1 but the results are perfectly remarkable4 ,i have only done it for a year1 but you will see #ajj of catches on almost everything1 hickories1 walnuts1 hazels4 ,i must tell you of one very remarkable incident4 ,mrs4 ,morris had some dwarf trees set out on the slope of the lawn1 dwarf pear trees4 ,one of my men cut one of them off with a lawn mower the latter part of ,august4 ,the top kicked around under foot for three or four days1 wilted in the sun4 ,we were walking past it along in ,august4 ,i think ,mr4 ,bixby said1 ,why don't you try grafting on that kind of material8 ,i said1 ,i will1 blessed if ,i don't4 ,so ,i cut three pear scions from this wilted top that had been cut by the lawnmower in ,august1 and ,i put them on a scrub pear tree under the fence near the house4 ,and ,i tried this paraffin method1 and in about six days one of them started out a shoot1 and ,i said to one of my men1 ,we will transplant this4 ,this is no place for it4 ,i meant in the spring1 or in a year or so4 ,he transplanted it the next day4 ,and it grew ,i think about half an inch after that1 made good wood to last through the winter4 ,so ,i don't know what the limitations of this paraffin method are4 ,but that is a thing ,i would hardly dare tell about unless there were men here in this room who had seen it4 ,that little pear top1 cut off by mistake1 kicked about under foot a few days in ,august1 no sort of scion that any one would ever think of using as a graft1 put it in as a joke1 and with the further abuse of being transplanted2 but it started growth1 and now it is going to be a good pear tree4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,the kicking around only made it good for grafting4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,perhaps it ripened up to a certain extent by that drying out1 like it would in the fall4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,maybe1 but ,i have never heard of horticulturists propagating trees in that way and transplanting them in the same year1 and having the new wood from the graft harden for the winter4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,mr4 ,reed spoke of grafting a cherry4 ,you cut the top off didn't you8 ,,president ,,reed3 ,yes4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,we graft filberts by leaving the top on and cut the graft in on the side and wax it over4 ,we leave it there two weeks1 maybe1 and cut it off1 and we get perfect stands that way1 and you would on the cherry4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,we use the side grafting1 but we cut the top off4 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,i would like to ask ,dr4 ,morris with regard to the stock4 ,don't you think the fact that that tree was moved at the time it was1 so soon after grafting1 had something to do with the retarding of the sap and causing the tree to mature the wood it did in place of making more growth8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,that might be4 ,all of the expert horticultural opinions brought to bear on this are valuable4 ,every suggestion that has been made has had a meaning4 ,it requires explanation4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,if there is nothing further along that line1 we have with us ,mr4 ,conrad ,vollertsen1 of ,rochester1 who has been asked to prepare a paper2 and we would like to hear from him4 ,he is an expert in the filbert1 and ,i believe can give us some valuable information4 7,applause74 ,,hazel ,,nuts ,,and ,,filberts ,,conrad ,,vollertsen1 ,,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mr4 ,president1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen of this ,convention3 ,i have been approached by a member of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association to prepare a paper to be read at this convention on the growing1 cultivating1 and propagating of the ,european hazel1 together with such other topics on the subject1 as would be of interest to the members of this association1 particularly my experience and observations during the last three or four seasons in my hazel orchard and nursery4 ,now1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen1 ,i am not a public speaker nor a public writer2 my business is nursery and garden work2 ,i can use spade and pick more freely than pen and ink1 and1 therefore1 fear that ,i am not the right party called upon1 knowing as ,i do1 that we have members in this association far more capable and experienced1 and who possess more knowledge about the ,european hazel than ever ,i had4 ,nevertheless as the growing and planting of the ,european hazel in the eastern and middle states of our country so far1 both for ornamental or commercial purposes1 has been more or less experimental1 ,i think all practical information on the subject should be welcomed1 and therefore ,i have consented to prepare this paper and hope it will be accepted for what it stands4 ,a number of years ago1 after leaving school1 ,i entered a large nursery and garden establishment in ,germany1 as an apprentice boy1 to learn the garden business1 to become a gardener and horticulturist1 to learn how to raise trees and other plants1 to learn how to graft1 to prune and cultivate1 and1 in general1 to take care of all kinds of growing plants4 ,one of the first duties bestowed upon me in my new place was the charge of a large plot of young hazel or filbert plants4 ,to prune or graft them8 ,not at all4 ,at that time ,i did not know anything about such skilled labor4 ,i was merely told to weed and hoe them and to keep them clean4 ,it was not just very elegant work1 but1 ladies and gentlemen1 ,i enjoyed very much indeed1 every minute so employed among those young filbert bushes4 ,i became really attached to them and knew practically every plant in the plot1 and almost believe they knew me1 too4 ,now what was the reason for this immense pleasure ,i found in working among those plants8 ,was it perhaps from the commercial or financial point of view1 the future income from them for fruit or when the plants reached a saleable age8 ,not at all4 ,i was then too much of a boy and did not comprehend such a thing as that4 ,it was merely the fond and pleasant recollection of my childhood1 of my boyhood1 when1 together with other children1 in the proper season1 we went hunting for the common hazel nuts1 the ,corylus avellana1 as the gathering of these nuts is one of the greatest pleasures of the ,german country child1 and to roam through fields and woods in late summer in those beautiful ,september days1 when the foliage of trees and bushes begin to color1 when the birds of the garden1 field and forest begin to assemble for future migration1 when goldenrod1 asters and other field flowers are reaching their greatest beauty1 then1 ladies and gentlemen1 the hazelnut has reached maturity4 ,the nut itself is a very beautiful brown color1 the outer bark a golden yellow1 the leaves of the plants slightly colored with bronze1 pink or yellow1 a most beautiful combination1 a pleasure to look upon1 and a sight never to be forgotten4 ,whoever has had an opportunity to see and admire a well fruited hazel plant1 at the time of maturity1 will agree with me that it is a thing of beauty1 not only during the fruit bearing season1 but in fact throughout the whole winter1 with the handsome staminate flowers or catkins appearing very abundantly in early fall1 and remaining throughout the winter1 until late spring4 ,of all these pleasures1 these beautiful sights1 etc41 of which a vivid and fond recollection caused all the pleasures in cultivating the above mentioned hazel lot1 we need not be deprived in our otherwise so richly blest country4 ,it is true that1 at the present time1 we have no ,american native hazel1 that can fully compete with the better ,european varieties1 but we hope that in time not far off1 through scientific hybridization1 such will be produced4 ,for the time being1 we have some very fine ,european varieties as a substitute1 which for years have stood the test very well1 and should be planted wherever a place can be spared for a few of them1 and great pleasure and enjoyment will be the result4 ,so much for the pleasure of raising hazel nuts4 ,i have related the foregoing merely to show the lasting pleasure and enjoyments derived from the planting1 cultivating and gathering of a few ,european hazel nuts4 ,but to raise hazel nuts for the pleasure of it only1 would be a very poor business proposition1 and certainly not a paying one4 ,what we should do is to raise them in large quantities1 for commercial purposes1 but here it seems to me the question should be asked3 ,have we had experience enough as to recommend the planting of them in the middle and eastern states for commercial purposes8 ,in other words1 is it worth while to plant them with that point in view8 ,now1 gentlemen1 ,i do not suppose that any one of us1 at the present time1 would be fully capable or prepared to answer this question intelligently or positively1 as the planting of the hazel1 for commercial purposes1 has not been tried long enough1 at least not in the eastern or middle states1 to warrant a positive opinion on the subject4 ,a great deal depends upon the variety planted1 also the location where the planting is done4 ,much observation and experimenting is still required4 ,i have growing on my ground in western ,new ,york1 near ,rochester1 several hundred trees or bushes1 #f to #h years old1 about #bj varieties1 most of them ,german varieties1 a few from ,france1 and a few from ,england4 ,they have been bearing nuts the last four seasons1 and all have reached maturity perfectly4 ,the smaller and medium sized nuts appeared to bear a little better than the larger varieties4 ,the varieties received from ,france have1 so far1 not done well with me1 as the ,german varieties4 ,they are poor bearers4 ,in the fall of #aiag1 ,i gathered from each #e to #f year old tree1 of the ,german variety1 about a pound and a quarter of the medium sized nuts1 while hardly a pound from the larger fruited varieties 7same sized plants7 ripened well4 ,i was then under the impression that the hazel not only could but should be planted in large numbers for commercial purpose4 ,in the fall of #aiah my crop of nuts was very much less1 and ,i had expected even a better harvest than in #aiag1 which certainly was discouraging to me4 ,the plants themselves were growing beautifully1 but most of the staminate blossoms or catkins were frozen1 and1 consequently1 very little pollenizing was accomplished1 and very little fruit the result4 ,such and possibly other occurrences1 from time to time we may expect and look for1 and should be ready to investigate thoroughly1 before we can advocate or recommend the planting of the hazel extensively4 ,it really seems strange that while the hazel generally is at home in the northern latitudes1 it should partly freeze when the thermometer reaches say about #ab to #ah degrees below zero1 and1 as ,i had never noticed that before1 it then occurred to me that possibly another reason could be found1 why so many of the catkins were frozen4 ,through my investigation in the spring of #aiah1 ,i have come to the conclusion that the unusually wet season in our vicinity of western ,new ,york throughout #aiag caused the hazel plants to grow until the real cold weather was upon them1 which gave the wood a very poor chance to ripen1 particularly the terminal buds1 where a great many of the catkins had formed1 and caused not only them to freeze but also a certain part of the wood4 ,only the lower and more protected catkins came through the winter alright and caused what little pollenizing was done1 hence the very light harvest in the fall of #aiah4 ,should the results of my investigation prove true1 and the continuance of the wet weather prove the main cause of freezing so many catkins1 then it seems to me there is nothing to be alarmed about1 and the planting of the ,european hazel1 at least in this vicinity1 for commercial purposes could be conscientiously recommended1 and should be done1 the sooner the better4 ,we do not expect our apple or pear orchards to bear an abundant crop every year1 and we should not expect it of our hazel orchards4 ,something will occasionally happen to them as well as to other crops1 otherwise we run no risk whatever4 ,my trees or bushes1 several hundred in number1 planted in #aiab and later1 have stood all kinds of weather1 extreme cold1 very hot1 continuous wet1 and still are growing most beautifully at the present time4 ,they gave a very satisfactory crop of nuts this last fall1 #aiai1 in spite of severe freezing weather on ,april #beth and #bfth when the mercury dropped to #ab to #ae degrees1 and all hazel bushes in full bloom4 ,at the present time the prospect for a good crop of nuts next season is certainly very bright4 ,neither fungus1 blight1 or other diseases of any kind1 or troublesome insects have so far been detected4 ,in planting the hazel for commercial purposes1 ,i should recommend #ab feet distance between the plants each way1 as they require abundant sun and air4 ,at the same time1 there is an opportunity to use the land between the rows for several years to come1 as low growing crops like potatoes1 strawberries1 beans1 beets1 carrots1 etc41 could be grown there to great advantage1 and the cultivation of these crops would be amply sufficient for the hazel plants4 ,now the selection of varieties to be planted for the commercial hazel orchard is a very important part of the undertaking1 and should be well considered4 ,to plant several varieties is absolutely necessary on account of pollenizing1 as staminate and pistillate flowers1 though on the same plant1 do not always appear together in proper condition on all plants2 in fact it has been proven in my orchard that sometimes plants bring forth a great many pistillate blossoms and not a single staminate one on them1 and still a good crop of nuts were grown on them4 ,here the pollination must have taken place with the pollen from other nearby plants conveyed to them by wind or insects4 ,one particular plant of the zellernut type grown in one of my city lots during the last season was very well filled with pistillate blossoms and not one catkin on it1 and still it ripened a fairly good crop of perfect nuts1 where the nearest plants filled with staminate blossoms was at least #cj feet from it4 ,here it is shown and proven that a number of varieties is a necessity4 ,but what varieties we shall choose1 will undoubtedly be an open question for some time to come1 and1 no doubt1 a great deal of experimental work will have to be done to finally select the right varieties for the different localities1 the variation of temperature and location has very much to do with the proper selection of varieties4 ,i have among my varieties some ,i could recommend and again others that are not at all satisfactory1 at least not so far1 and it requires more close observation before the very best of them can be picked out or selected4 ,our next operation in the hazel will be the pruning4 ,here ,i should say above all things3 ,keep the suckers away4 ,hazel bushes are naturally inclined to produce a great many suckers1 which should be thoroughly removed as soon as they appear2 it will stop when the plants grow older4 ,besides the suckers1 all weak and unnecessary wood should be removed entirely1 not cut back4 ,our aim should be to try and get as near as possible low standard trees1 with trunk say #aj to #ae inches high and the tree itself not to exceed #ae to #ah feet in height with the center kept open all the time4 ,to accomplish this1 ,i should suggest the removing of all crowding limbs from the center1 regardless of their being fruit-bearing limbs1 which to determine is mostly guess-work at the best4 ,in order to keep the plants within #ae to #ah feet in height1 the terminal shoots also should be removed or reduced as the case may be1 beginning at the time of planting until the desired height is reached4 ,after that1 one or more of the old limbs may from time to time be removed1 as there always will be enough young branches to take their places4 ,such pruning in my orchard1 so far1 has proved sufficient1 as blight has never made its appearance in my nursery4 ,i will not be able to say much about blight4 ,i have known trees in our city1 #d or #e varieties1 for more than #cj years1 bearing more or less fruit year after year1 and have never noticed any blight or anything wrong with them4 ,should blight appear1 ,i should remove all affected limbs to the sound and healthy wood1 as we would do to our pear and quince trees when blight appears among them4 ,i do not believe that properly treated hazel bushes will ever suffer much from blight1 at least not in our vicinity4 ,neither do ,i believe that any more pruning than ,i have outlined is required or necessary to our hazel plants4 ,the next subject about which ,i wish to say a few words is the propagation of hazel plants4 ,there seems to be quite a difference of opinion as to the mode of propagating them2 some advocate grafting1 others layering1 again others from suckers only4 ,grafting ,i believe myself1 will produce a finer plant and the operation of doing so seems quite successful1 but a great many varieties produce so many suckers that the graft is liable to be choked or crowded out if not constantly watched1 and it should not be expected of the average person to know the difference between the graft and the wild shoot1 and consequently1 in a comparative short time1 he would have a wild or common hazel4 ,for that reason grafted plants should not be used for the trade until our people get better acquainted with hazel plants4 ,i1 therefore1 should recommend layering1 thereby having the plants on their own roots1 which would prove more satisfactory everywhere4 ,that grafted plants bear fruit sooner than layers1 does not always hold good2 it may be so with some varieties1 but not with all of them4 ,i have some three year old grafted plants and no fruit as yet1 where ,i had plenty of layers in the nursery rows two years old well fruited4 ,it is true that plants grafted on seedlings of the ,corylus avellana will not produce as many suckers1 as plants grafted on layers of the avellana type1 but they will produce enough to confuse the average person1 as the foliage of some varieties are so nearly alike1 that it actually requires an expert to tell the difference4 ,i1 therefore1 under the existing circumstances1 should advise the propagating of hazel plants by layers only1 until our people get better acquainted with the hazel proposition in general4 ,why propagation by suckers only should be preferred by some people1 ,i fail to see1 as they are practically the same as layers1 plants on their own roots from a parent plant1 only that layers are produced a little more scientifically and suckers more naturally2 otherwise they are identically the same thing4 ,when ,i referred to propagating1 ,i should perhaps have mentioned the growing of hazel plants from seeds1 that is from the nut1 but ,i did not think it necessary4 ,i will1 however1 say that plants raised from seed should never be planted for fruit bearing unless they are grafted or budded1 as it has been fully and positively proven that plants raised from seed1 even if the very finest nuts of our ,european hybrids are planted1 will not produce nuts as good as those planted1 but will almost invariably go back to the original type1 the ,corylus avellana4 ,it is alright to raise plants from seeds for the sake of getting stock to graft or bud on1 but1 as to variety1 the seedlings are unreliable4 ,before coming to a close1 ,i would like to say a few words about the fertilizing of the ground for hazel orchards and what experience ,i have had in this matter1 as ,i believe this would be of interest to all4 ,it is a well-known fact that hazel plants grow well and will thrive in almost any kind of soil1 as long as it is not too wet or too heavy1 but from time to time a little manure worked in is very beneficial both to old and young plants1 but care and judgment should be exercised1 so as not to overdo it4 ,i have growing in one of my city lots with very fertile soil1 several bearing hazel plants1 #g to #h years old1 different varieties4 ,these plants grow so immensely that it plainly shows1 they are growing at the expense of the fruit1 not only that the quantity of nuts gathered from a plant there is considerably less than of same sized plants grown on ordinary farmland1 but the quality also is very much below4 ,my best nuts are all grown on ordinary farmland and the greatest quantity has always been obtained from the farm where only very little fertilizing or manuring had been done4 ,for the growing of young plants for commercial purposes1 for the trade1 ,i should recommend liberal manuring at all times4 7,applause47 ,,question3 ,is the hazel a long lived tree8 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,i have known trees for almost forty years that are bearing good fruit year after year1 although not always a good crop4 ,they don't seem to grow so rapidly at that age as when younger4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,hazels seem to graft pretty well on each other4 ,i think the tree hazel is going to be our most successful stock for grafting4 ,however1 ,i have grafted on the ,corylus avellana4 ,the tree hazel does not put out any suckers4 ,,question3 ,does the hazel find its way into the market commercially8 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,i would almost think so4 ,i have had lots of inquiries for them from storekeepers4 ,it seems to me there are a great many imported around here4 ,our ,american hazels are not so very good4 ,there may be here and there a fairly good one1 but ,i have not found any really good ones worth propagating4 ,i think if we would do more scientific work we could get very good nuts4 ,there is no question that they are perfectly hardy and will stand almost any climate4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,some of your varieties are hybrids aren't they8 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,they are all hybrids4 ,i have a few of the real1 original avellana type ,i think got there by accident4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i believe the next paper is one the secretary has from ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,graves4 ,,disease ,,resistance ,,in ,,the ,,american ,,chestnut#a ,,arthur ,h4 ,,graves 7,read by the ,secretary7 ,your secretary1 ,mr4 ,bixby1 has asked me to tell you about the native chestnut trees in the vicinity of ,new ,york ,city which ,i have found to be resistant to the destructive bark disease4 ,i commenced the search for such trees in the summer of #aiah1 at the suggestion of ,dr4 ,haven ,metcalf1 of the laboratory of ,forest ,pathology1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry4 ,during the campaign in ,pennsylvania against the bark disease1 scouts had been on the lookout for immune or resistant trees1 but without result4 ,as far as ,i am aware1 no systematic organized search had been made for such individuals4 ,it was our plan to commence the search in the region of ,new ,york ,city1 because this area is probably the oldest center of infection in the ,united ,states4 ,apparently this is the port of entry where the undesirable immigrants 7,japanese or ,chinese chestnuts7 passed through quarantine and were allowed to disembark carrying their terrible scourge with them unnoticed4 ,according to ,metcalf and ,collins1#b this was probably as early as #ahic4 ,this was why we selected this area to begin on1 for here the disease has had a longer opportunity to run its course than anywhere else1 and1 consequently1 has had ample time 7more than a quarter of a century7 to call out the non-resistant trees4 ,those remaining1 if any could be found1 might be suspected1 a priori1 of being resistant4 ,as the work progressed1 ,i soon realized that it would be most difficult1 or perhaps impossible1 to locate resistant or immune trees in a region not so long exposed to infection2 for1 in such a region1 one would have to inoculate all individuals suspected of possessing resistant qualities1 in order to ascertain whether their healthy condition was actually due to resistant qualities or simply the result of a chance escape of infection4 ,we therefore decided to restrict the work1 for the present at least1 entirely to a definite area about ,new ,york ,city4 ,this area includes all of the territory within a radius of about #af miles from ,new ,york ,city ,hall1 and therefore comprised in a general way1 ,greater ,new ,york and the adjacent parts of ,new ,jersey4 ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,survey ,first ,i made a thorough canvas of ,staten ,island1 doing the work on foot1 aided by the trolley and the ,staten ,island ,r4 ,r41 and often guided by that genial naturalist and lover of ,staten ,island1 ,dr4 ,arthur ,hollick of the ,staten ,island ,institute of ,arts and ,sciences1 ,i made a careful survey of the whole #fd square miles of which the island is composed4 ,after two weeks of this kind of work1 ,i began to get fairly well discouraged1 not so much because of lack of results which1 it is true1 were entirely negative1 but more on account of the appearance of the dead chestnuts4 ,for where it was not entirely cut out1 the bare1 weathered poles showed that they had been dead for many years4 ,the only encouraging feature was the finding of large quantities of healthy seedlings1 from #g years of age upward1 to which ,i will refer later4 ,the ,palisade region along the ,hudson has been notable in the past for its chestnut forests4 ,i next attacked this1 making as thorough a search as possible from ,hoboken to a little north of ,alpine1 ,n4 ,j41 which is a small place on the ,hudson opposite ,yonkers4 ,here also the vast forests of dead poles weathered gray with time1 bore silent witness to the completeness of the destruction4 ,about the middle of ,july while ferrying across the ,hudson1 ,i noticed north of the landing at ,dyckman ,st41 what appeared to be chestnut trees in bloom4 ,on investigation1 ,i found these to be living native chestnuts1 of the peculiar strip type ,i shall describe later1 and proceeding further north from this1 where the ,harlem enters the ,hudson4 ,i was led into a forest where ,i found at least #dj living chestnuts1 some of which were in good condition1 and one particularly was leafy nearly to the top4 7,fig4 #a7 ,naturally1 one would immediately suspect that somehow these trees had escaped infection1 but this could not possibly be the case1 for mixed in with them on all sides were bare1 weathered trunks showing signs of old worn cankers1 proving incontestibly that the fungus had been present here also for a long period4 ,shortly afterward1 ,dr4 ,olive1 of the ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden1 informed me that he had seen living chestnuts near ,hollis1 ,l4 ,i41 and at ,valley ,stream1 ,l4 ,i41 and at each of these places ,i found a group similar to that near the ,harlem4 ,these1 in brief1 are the high spots of the survey from the point of view of the scientist4 ,in addition1 ,i covered adjacent region of ,new ,jersey to the west1 including the ,watchung ,mt4 range about ,plainfield and the ,oranges2 the ,bronx and ,van ,cortland ,park and the country to ,yonkers and the north1 and to the northeast of ,new ,rochelle4 ,long ,island1 as far as ,hempstead1 was also included4 ,altogether ,i travelled about #abjj miles on foot1 not counting the distance traversed on trolleys and railroads4 ,always armed with opera glasses1 ,i was careful not to use them when anyone was looking1 for on the second day of the survey ,i had been arrested on the charge of being a ,german spy6 ,i was also arrested on board a train in ,new ,jersey for looking earnestly at a topographic map1 then sharply out of the car window and noting what ,i had seen 7dead chestnut trees7 on said map4 ,the carrying of a botanist's tin can 7containing fungi1 not bombs7 was also an additional implicating circumstance on the latter occasion4 ,what then were the results of the survey8 ,they may be stated briefly as follows3 #a4 ,no immune trees were found4 #b4 ,for the most part the older trees 7from #bj years upward7 were entirely dead1 and had been so for a long period1 as attested by the bare trunks1 weathered a characteristic gray color which only time can produce4 #c4 ,however1 large numbers of seedlings and young saplings were located1 both healthy and diseased4 #d4 ,the most important result was the finding of three well defined colonies of living mature trees2 all of which1 by virtue of characters to be presently described1 are offering more or less resistance to the disease4 ,,seedling ,,trees ,it is well known that seedlings and young saplings are naturally immune for a certain period1 which varies in extent from #h to #ae years beyond germination of the seed beginning1 of course with the first formation of the seedling4 ,such immunity depends1 however1 not on any inherent characteristic1 but on the fact that at this period the bark is usually smooth1 sound1 and free from wounds of any sort where ,endothia spores and mycelium might enter4 ,of course1 when wounded from any cause whatever during this period of youth1 this immunity ends1 so that the condition might perhaps be termed physical1 in contrast to physiological immunity4 ,as ,i have already said1 large numbers of seedlings1 for the most part still unattacked1 were found in many places in the area surveyed4 ,there are of course no grounds for believing that such seedlings1 descended as they are from non-resistant trees1 are physiologically immune4 ,where they are free from disease1 this exemption is due merely to the physical immunity ,i have just mentioned4 ,since they therefore represent non-resistant stock1 they were used for comparative inoculation work1 which will be referred to later4 ,i may as well say here as anywhere1 that by resistance1 ,i do not mean total resistance1 for that would be immunity4 ,there are1 of course1 degrees of resistance1 in the plant world just as in the animal world4 ,one person may resist a cold germ or the influenza bacillus better than another1 that is1 it will cause him only a little discomfort4 ,another person may not be affected at all1 that is1 he is totally resistant or immune4 ,i say this because ,i have misunderstood when ,i have used the term resistance4 ,the trees in the ,new ,york region show all grades of resistance1 from individuals where the fungus makes very little headway in the bark1 to cases where it grows almost as fast as in the average non-resistant tree4 ,,characteristics ,,of ,,the ,,resistant ,,trees ,what now are the characteristics of these resistant trees8 ,how are we going to know one when we see it8 ,i have outlined the leading features as follows3 #a4 ,,bark4 ,in the case of this particular disease1 it is obvious that the character of the bark is the most important feature since this fungus is primarily parasitic in the living cortex4 ,in other words1 the character of resistance must necessarily depend on the living cells of the cortex4 ,now1 careful observation of the resistant trees reveals a most striking feature of the bark1 namely its tendency to heal1 by means of a callus growth around the margins of the lesions1 whether large or small2 and it is very apparent that this callus growth wards off the advance of the fungus for a time at least4 ,when the callus growth is once formed1 the fungus of the original canker encroaches on it very slowly1 or often not at all4 ,inoculations in the callused margins of cankers showed usually only slight growth of the fungus after two months' time in the summer1 or in some cases no growth at all4 ,several layers of wood could be counted underneath these callused margins--often #f or #g--;before reaching the annual ring exposed at the surface of the canker4 ,this of course1 shows unquestionably that the callus had remained healthy at that location for that period of time4 #b4 ,,extension ,,of ,,the ,,callus ,,tissue4--,in many cases the callus tissue is of considerably greater extent than the normal area one would expect around a wound4 ,it may even occur that the whole inner bark around the trunk is of a callused nature1 without any open cankers showing at all4 ,for example in a tree of which ,i have a photograph here 7,figs4 #b and #d71 the outer bark is sloughing off1 revealing callused bark underneath of entirely different appearance1 which no one would recognize as chestnut bark4 ,this particular tree photographed represents an extreme in this respect4 ,it seemed as if the whole tree was getting a new kind of bark1 and yet this same character appears in all of the highly resistant trees4 ,on cutting into this new callused inner bark it was found plentifully dotted with tiny ,endothia lesions1 which however1 never penetrated deeply4 7,fig #d74 ,close to the cambium the white inner bark is quite healthy1 generally for a thickness of #e-g mm4 ,that the mycelium in the small lesions was unquestionably the ,endothia mycelium1 was shown by the appearance of the mycelium1 and the presence of the ,endothia pustules in many of the spots4 ,that these were not late infections1 but only slowly growing small lesions1 was shown by inoculations in such bark1 which revealed scarcely any growth after two months4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a ,one of the most resistant trees1 the smaller tree near the center of the photograph1 near the ,harlem ,river1 ,boro of ,manhattan1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b ,a very strikingly resistant tree at ,valley ,stream1 ,long ,island1 showing peculiar inner bark4 ,the outer bark is sloughing off4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c ,one of the strip trees in the forest in the ,boro of ,manhattan1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d ,showing the character of the inner bark of the ,valley ,stream tree 7,fig4 #b74 ,at one place1 near the center of the photograph1 the bark has been shaved showing the small lesions caused by the fungus4 #c4 ,,the ,,white ,,secretion4--,the most striking peculiarity of the callus tissue1 is its abundant content of a thickish1 milky1 white substance4 ,this came to light immediately when ,i cut into the callus1 and it showed up very clearly when ,i shaved off the outer layers of dead cork tissue4 ,the white material is not evenly distributed through the irregular grain of the wound tissue1 but is particularly abundant in small spots or pockets which are especially conspicuous in the callused margin of the lesion4 ,soon after exposure to the air the cut bark1 and particularly the white substance1 redden rapidly1 indicating oxidation4 ,this peculiarity is of course true of all chestnut bark1 yet here the reddening seems to be deeper and more rapid than the normal4 ,no chemical analysis has yet been made of this substance1 but there is sufficient other evidence at hand to warrant a tentative statement that it is very rich in tannin or tannin compounds1 and that possibly the quality of resistance is bound up with the nature of this material4 #d4 ,,the ,,strip ,,condition4--,some of the trees showed the living bark restricted to a narrow1 flattened1 rope-like strip running up the trunk to one or a very few branches 7,plate #a1 ,fig4 #c74 ,in these cases all of the bark was of the callus nature1 rich in the resistant substance1 and plentifully besprinkled with small ,endothia lesions1 while underneath were a number of layers of functioning wood4 ,the rest of the trunk was bare1 weathered gray1 with traces on its surface of old cankers1 and evidently dead for a long period4 ,this type of tree was so commonly found that ,i have called it the strip tree4 ,,inoculations ,the very fact that these trees are now alive in this ,new ,york region is pretty good proof of their resistance4 ,but of course the most conclusive test is by inoculation with the fungus in question4 ,if the fungus grows slowly in these trees as compared with its growth on non-resistant stock1 then no one can deny that they are resistant4 ,i will not bore you with figures of tables1 ,i will only give you the results4 ,the average growth of the fungus in #bhi inoculations on the resistant trees was about #a_/c as fast as on non-resistant stock1 and taking the rate of growth on those trees which are especially resistant it is about #a_/d as fast as on the non-resistant stock4 ,for non-resistant stock the seedlings on ,staten ,island were inoculated1 and the growth on these tallied very closely with growth in non-resistant trees inoculated by ,anderson and ,rankin4#c ,another very striking result brought out by the inoculation work was that of the #aeh inoculations on branches and basal shoots of the resistant trees1 only nine had been girdled after one month's growth1 while in the same time #af out of the #cb non-resistant ,staten ,island trees were girdled4 ,at the end of the second month1 the results were still more striking4 ,then1 in the ,staten ,island trees1 #bb out of #cb were girdled1 while in the inoculations on the basal shoots and branches of resistant stock only #bb out of the #aec resulted in girdling4 ,this striking difference was not due to smaller diameters of the ,staten ,island trees1 for particular pains were taken to have them approximately equal to the branches and shoots inoculated in the resistant trees4 ,,summary ,,of ,,evidences ,,of ,,resistance ,we may summarize the evidences of resistance as follows3 #a4 ,the results of the inoculation tests show that the fungus grows in these trees on the average from #a_/d to #a_/c as fast as in ordinary chestnut4 #b4 ,the occurrence of the trees in a neighborhood long subjected to the disease1 and their presence among the trees of individuals long since dead4 #c4 ,indications of the long period the disease has been present in the trees themselves2 such as bare weathered tops1 and healed cankers4 #d4 ,peculiarities of the bark2 such as extensive development of the callus tissue1 and the presence of a peculiar substance or white secretion which is particularly conspicuous in cases of marked resistance4 ,,is ,,the ,,disease ,,resistance ,,here ,,an ,,hereditary ,,character8 ,as to whether this disease resistance is an inherent character and will be transmitted from generation to generation1 or is only the result of particularly favorable environmental conditions such as soil1 light or moisture1 is a point of great practical importance4 ,i believe that further work will prove that the resistance is heritable1 for the following reasons3 #a4 ,the resistance is not due to a particularly favorable environment of the trees1 for the three groups grow in very different soils and under varying conditions of light and moisture4 #b4 ,the finding of the trees in colonies points to a genetic variation4 ,at first ,i was unable to account for the grouping of the trees1 for ,i had expected to find immune or resistant trees singly1 here and there4 ,but if we adopt the hypothesis of a heritable protoplasmic variation--something in their blood1 so to speak1 the explanation is easy4 ,we know that chestnut fruits or nuts do not travel far1 like the seeds of willow1 poplar1 maple or ash1 and therefore1 in any given stand of chestnut1 if we could go back from generation to generation into earlier time1 most probably the majority of the trees would be found to have arisen from a common ancestor1 although of course a few outsiders would have found their way into the group1 carried by squirrels or other animals4 #c4 ,in a considerable number of cases all the members of the same group of coppice trunks from an old stump show a similar degree of resistance4 ,to attribute such a condition as due merely to chance1 occurring as often as it does1 would be placing a pretty large burden on chance2 and since the coppice trunks are all off-shoots of the same plant1 the condition is what one would expect were the resistant quality in inherent character4 ,a correspondence of degree of resistance was also noted1 in the inoculations made on branches1 trunk1 and basal shoots of the same individual tree4 ,experimental work is being carried on at ,washington to test out the truth of this hypothesis1 i4 e4 to see whether or not the disease resistance is really heritable4 ,the work is being carried on in connection with the propagation of other resistant stock1 ,chinese1 ,japanese1 etc42 and1 as soon as the department is sure of the product1 the results will be distributed to nut growers and others who are interested4 ,in the meantime we can all help by being on the lookout for resistant native trees4 ,i believe they will be found in many places besides the ,new ,york region4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,illustration for this paper will be found opposite page #fd4 #b ,metcalf1 ,haven ,collins1 ,j4 ,franklin4 ,the ,control of the ,chestnut ,bark ,disease4 ,farmer's ,bulletin--#dfg1 #aiaa1 ,p4 #e4 #c ,anderson1 ,p4 ,j4 ,rankin1 ,w4 ,h41 ,endothia canker of chestnut4 ,cornell ,univ4 ,agri4 ,expt4 ,sta4 ,bulletin #cdg1 #aiad4 ,,evening ,,session ,,sanitarium ,,gymnasium1 at #h3jj ,p4,m4 ,president ,reed in ,chair ,,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,kellogg3 ,ladies and ,gentlemen3 ,battle ,creek has the honor today and tomorrow to entertain the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,this association with other associations having similar purposes1 is undertaking to do1 it seems to me1 one of the most important things that can be done for the ,american people--to show us how we can get our nitrogen1 our protein1 and our fats without the livestock industry which is wasting at least nine-tenths of the grain1 or in fact at least nineteen-twentieths of all our foodstuffs4 ,the great cause of the high cost of living at the present time is that the pigs and the cattle are eating up our corn and other good things that we ought to eat ourselves4 ,if we had a sufficient area of land1 perhaps even the sides of our roadways and railways planted out to black walnuts and other good nut trees1 we would have all the protein and fat we needed1 perhaps as much as we are getting now1 and more1 and the cattle industry might be entirely dismissed from consideration1 and a great deal of labor would be saved4 ,i am sure that there is no place in the whole ,united ,states where this ,association could have a heartier welcome than here in ,battle ,creek1 or where people could be found who would appreciate its labors any more4 ,you are going to have a very interesting program tonight4 ,we are favored with visits from very distinguished gentlemen from all over the ,united ,states1 among others ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 the nestor of ,american surgeons has come all the way from ,new ,york to tell us about some wonderful discoveries he has made1 and a fatherless walnut tree he is cultivating1 and other things that will be of great interest to us all ,i am sure4 ,i take pleasure in introducing to you the president of this ,association1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 of ,vincennes1 ,indiana4 ,mr4 ,reed4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,we are simply continuing our program4 ,this afternoon we were in session at the ,annex and moved over here this evening so as to be able to present what we have here so we could entertain more of you than we could over there to advantage4 ,you know that most all men have a hobby along some line or other1 and those who constitute our leaders1 whom we have to look to1 and along the line of nut trees of different species and so on1 we have learned to look to ,dr4 ,morris as one of the leaders4 ,i have great pleasure in introducing to you ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 of ,new ,york1 who will address you on the hickory4 ,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,hickories ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ,when people speak of the hickory without qualification1 they are apt to have in mind some one kind of hickory which belonged to their boyhood environment4 ,all other kinds which they happened to know1 were qualified in some way1 very much as the word fish in ,boston stands for the codfish only1 other kinds of fish in the world being described by qualifying names4 ,in the northeast the hickory means the shagbark4 ,in ,missouri it means the shellbark4 ,elsewhere the pignut and the mockernut are called hickory4 ,interest in the subject has increased so rapidly of late years that we must all of us be more particular in our descriptions and add qualifying names1 speaking always of the shagbark hickory1 pecan hickory1 or bitternut hickory as the case may be4 ,sargent describes fifteen species of hickory and in addition a large number of varieties by environment and by hybridization4 ,there is a ,mexican hickory1 making sixteen species for the ,north ,american continent1 and the late ,mr4 ,f4 ,n4 ,meyer1 ,agricultural ,explorer from ,washington1 has found a hickory in ,china4 ,previous to this discovery1 it was believed that the hickories belonged to the ,north ,american continent only4 ,botanists divide the hickories into two groups1 ,apocarya and ,eucarya4 ,for convenience in every day conversation1 it might be well for us to speak of the open-bud group and the closed bud group4 ,apocarya or the open bud group1 includes the pecan hickory1 ,carya pecan1 the bitternut hickory1 ,carya cordiformis1 the bitter pecan1 ,carya texana1 the water hickory1 ,carya aquatica1 the nutmeg hickory1 ,carya myristicaeformis1 and the ,chinese hickory1 ,carya cathayensis4 ,the winter buds of this group will be seen on examination to show the minute1 snugly curled-up leaves which are ready to burst forth when the springtime sun opens the fronds of the ferns which have forced their way through the hard ground with clenched fists4 ,the scale buds in the open-bud group do not cover the tiny leaf forms completely4 ,in ,eucarya1 or the closed-bud group1 stout scales close the bud completely against the snow and ice of wintry days1 so that we see scales only when looking at the bud4 ,the closed-bud hickories include the shagbark1 ,carya ovata1 the ,carolina hickory1 ,carya ,carolinae-septentrionalis1 the shellbark1 ,carya laciniosa1 the mockernut1 ,carya alba1 the smooth-bark hickory1 ,carya leiodermis1 the pallid hickory1 ,carya pallida1 the close-bark pignut1 ,carya glabra1 the loose-bark pignut1 ,carya ovalis1 the ,florida hickory1 ,carya ,floridana1 the ,buckley hickory1 ,carya ,buckleyi1 and the ,mexican hickory1 ,carya ,mexicana4 ,hickories which have nuts with a bitter pellicle1 all belong to the open-bud group4 ,these are the bitternut1 ,texas hickory1 and water hickory4 ,hickories with scaly bark are found in both groups4 ,in the open-bud group1 the trunk of the water hickory carries long loose bark strips attached by one end1 and in the closed-bud group1 we find this characteristic belonging to the shagbark1 shellbark1 ,carolina hickory1 and to one of the pignuts1 ,carya ovalis4 ,that takes us to another occasion for a note4 ,what do we mean by pignut8 ,in the ,north1 this term is applied to ,carya glabra and ,carya ovalis4 ,in the ,south1 it is applied to ,carya cordiformis4 ,a name so well established1 will have to be retained1 but in our ,association it will perhaps be best to have an understanding about which one of the hickories the common name pignut should belong4 ,so long as it already covers two species in the ,north as opposed to one in the ,south1 there are already two votes to one in favor of retaining the name pignut for ,carya glabra and ,carya ovalis4 ,we may describe these in plain language as the smooth-bark pignut and the loose-bark pignut4 ,the reason for choosing the name loose instead of scaly is because we are pretty well agreed upon applying the name scalybark to the ,carolina hickory1 the name shagbark to ,carya ovata1 and the name shellbark to ,carya laciniosa4 ,the name bitternut may safely be allowed to remain with ,carya cordiformis because the other two nuts with bitter pellicle already have distinctive names1 ,carya aquatica being called water hickory and ,carya texana being called bitter pecan4 ,by making fixed points in nomenclature in this way we may head off the confusion which will become worse confounded as the interest in hickories becomes rapidly enlarged1 if our committee on nomenclature does not take some decisive step4 ,concerning ,latin nomenclature1 we have further troubles for settlement4 ,hicoria is the oldest generic name and naturally should have priority but the ,vienna ,congress of ,botanists adopted ,carya4 ,so far so good 7or bad74 ,now comes our trouble in giving specific and varietal names4 ,the binomial is clearly applicable enough for species1 ,carya pecan1 for example1 but when we come to varieties of the pecan there are two kinds of varieties to be considered1 those by environment and those by hybridization4 ,in cases of natural variation we are still within accepted resources in nomenclature by saying for example1 ,carya pecan1 var1 ,stuartii4 ,when naming hybrid varieties1 however1 ,i would suggest that in advance of the abbreviation var1 we place the abbreviation hyb4 thus reading for ,brown's pecan1 ,carya pecan1 hyb4 var4 ,brownii1 instead of ,carya ,brownii1 which latter binomial would throw it among the species4 ,in view of the fact that we are to have in the future hundreds of named hybrids1 it seems to me that we must adopt some such definite method for convenience promptly4 ,this method of naming1 relates to convenience and is applied to the most evident parent4 ,as a matter of fact1 in horticultural circles we are doing precisely that sort of thing1 speaking1 for example1 of ,brown's pecan meaning a nut which we recognize as being a hybrid1 brought to attention by ,brown but with the pecan as parent most strongly in evidence4 ,when ,i was a boy1 the only hickory nuts of any sort available1 were those collected from wild trees4 ,the popular boy was one who knew of some trees which furnished the best nuts and who did not keep the news to himself4 ,the squirrels knew the best nuts as well as the boys did and they would go past many hickory trees along fences and groves in order to congregate in the ones which had the nuts with the thinnest shells and plumpest meats of best quality4 ,in the early morning hours ,i have seen several squirrels in one particularly good hickory nut tree and not a single squirrel in a tree completely filled with nuts1 though its branches touches those of the first one4 ,men are quite as intelligent as squirrels in some respects4 ,here and there attempts were made at propagating fine hickory trees of various species by planting nuts4 ,it was not generally known at that time that the hickories were so thoroughly crossed like the apples1 that they would not reproduce true to type from seed4 ,attempts were then made at grafting which were mostly failures for many years4 ,we are now on the verge of a great development in hybridization or crossing of choice kinds of hickories and in determining upon which stocks the different kinds of selected hickories may be grown to best advantage4 ,hybrids between varieties of hickories occur frequently in nature and hybrids between species of hickories occur occasionally4 ,a number of these accidental hybrids have been discovered and some of them are now being propagated4 ,for the most part they do not represent the best quality of the best parent but it is a notable fact that the bitterness of kinds with the bitter pellicle appears to be a recessive character and disappears usually from hybrids between species in which one parent has a bitter nut4 ,unfortunately1 the finer extractive which give character to the nut of the better parent are prone to disappear also4 ,this is in line with our experience in mixing of characters along ,mendelian lines4 ,given a sufficient number of hybrids and we shall have here and there one with spectacular characteristics of special value4 ,now that horticulturists at the present moment are turning so freely toward the idea of producing quantities of hybrids artificially1 the next generation will see hickory nuts which were not dreamed of in the days when ,i was a boy4 ,the crossing of hickories is not difficult work4 ,we simply remove the male flowers from branches carrying female flowers before the male flowers have begun to shed their pollen4 ,the female flowers are then covered with oiled paper bags tied over them for protection and when the danger from self pollination has passed1 we take off the bags and add a little pollen which we have kept for the purpose--pollen from some trees bearing remarkably valuable nuts4 ,nuts resulting from this cross pollination when planted1 give us new varieties of trees which never have been seen before by anybody and that is so interesting that very many people will probably take up hybridization as an incident in recreation4 ,some of the hybrids will bear very early in their history and others very late4 ,if one is impatient to determine at once which ones are to be valuable1 he can hurry the process by grafting a number of cuttings from young seedling trees into the tops of larger trees which are already bearing--labeling each graft1 so that he may keep track of the seedling stock from which it came4 ,it is possible to put one hundred or more seedlings in the top of some stock tree at one time4 ,one reason for delay in propagation by grafting is because the hickories like many other trees are slow in making repair of wounds4 ,grafts usually perished before being accepted by the stock under grafting methods that were in common use4 ,the best step forward in grafting method for hickories is one that ,i obtained from ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania4 ,he tells me that he obtained the method from its originator1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 ,godfrey1 ,illinois4 ,this consisted in covering the entire graft1 buds and all1 with melted grafting wax and including also all of the wound and wrapping of the stock4 ,the buds make their way through this grafting wax without any difficulty1 but the grafting wax used by ,mr4 ,jones contained lamp black and that used by ,mr4 ,riehl consisted of a beeswax and rosin mixture4 ,it was found that these seemed to be applicable in the ,north but not farther south in the hotter sun4 ,examining into the reasons for this1 it seemed to me that in all probability the black grafting wax used by ,mr4 ,jones and the brown or amber grafting wax used by ,mr4 ,riehl1 would naturally allow the heat rays of the sun to pass through to the graft while halting the actinic ray of light4 ,the latter is extremely valuable for promoting the activity of chlorophyl1 which acts only in the presence of light and in the best way in the best light4 ,the heat rays might have certain destructive qualities4 ,with this theoretical idea of the situation in mind1 ,i employed melted paraffin in place of the grafting wax1 covering the scions completely as well as the wound in the stock and the wrappings4 ,this immediately proved to be a success4 ,in fact1 it appears to have changed the entire subject of grafting nut trees in such a way that any intelligent boy employing this method can now do better hickory nut grafting than would have been possible at the hands of an expert two years ago4 ,the melted paraffin fills the interstices in which sap might collect and ferment1 but at the same time1 hardening so quickly that it does not introduce the danger of extension between points of contact with scion and stock4 ,the second point of value consists in allowing the actinic ray in the sunlight to act upon the chlorophyl in bud and bark of the scion and it does not attract the destructive heat ray4 ,this is perhaps the most important single point of value and due to the transparency of the paraffin4 ,third1 the paraffin coating1 impervious to air1 maintains the sap tension equally in the course of fluctuation between negative and positive pressures occurring between night and day1 and under varying conditions of light and temperature4 ,this maintenance of equalised sap tension1 ,i believe to be important4 ,the paraffin is waterproof and prevents evaporation from the scion1 which otherwise is prone to dry out before granulation of the wound has taken place in the hickories1 as in other species which callus slowly4 ,fifth1 under the paraffin coating of stock and scion1 the plant apparently does not have that anxiety which would otherwise lead it to introduce the protective feature of superization1 the spreading of a corky layer over the wound surface between stock and scion1 thus introducing a mechanical obstacle to union4 ,this method of grafting has extended the grafting season for nearly two months1 apparently4 ,formerly1 ,i hurried to get all of the grafts in while buds were bursting1 in early ,may4 ,during the season of #aiai ,i grafted hickories up to ,august sixth experimentally4 ,the last grafts which caught well in a practical way were put in on ,july twenty-first4 ,after that the proportion of catches was small and the growth feeble4 ,incidentally1 it may be remarked that filberts grafted as late as ,august sixth1 did perfectly well4 ,the scions employed were cut in late winter and kept in the sawdust of my icehouse4 ,i formerly supposed that ice beneath the sawdust was important1 but this year ,i could not get ice and the scions kept just as well4 ,in ,july1 experiments were tried with grafting directly from one tree to another1 using wood of the season's growth4 ,this worked well with hazels1 but not with hickories or walnuts1 only one out of many hickory grafts catching4 ,that one1 however1 is significant and ,i hope to work out principles which will allow of direct grafting of hickories as readily as may be done with the hazels4 ,when a hickory graft is to be inserted into a small stock or branch1 the ordinary cleft graft does well4 ,in stock recipients much larger than the graft a side cleft of the width of the scion only is desirable1 or better yet the split bark method devised by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl4 ,a straight split is made in the bark of the end of the stock1 and the graft crowded down into this split so that it remains between bark and wood finally4 ,my own method for large stocks1 is what ,i have called the slot bark method4 ,this consists in turning down a width of stock bark measuring the same as the scion in width4 ,when the scion has been inserted into this slot so made1 the bark is turned up over it again and fastened there4 ,by this method ,i have put scions in the trunks of trees nearly a foot in diameter and at any chosen point1 sometimes several feet below the ends of cut branches4 ,one may cut off the top of a large hickory tree and then peg the trunk full of scions by means of bark slots4 ,another important point in hickory propagation work consists in the employment of the ,spanish windlass for fastening graft and stock together4 ,the old time wrapping of twine or of raffia had to be released in order to allow growth at the point of union of scion and stock4 ,when cord is used it cuts deeply into the new growth1 and raffia1 which is placed on flat1 will be burst open4 ,in either case new wrapping is required at a precarious time1 according to old methods4 ,the ,spanish windlass1 which is used in surgery for controlling haemorrage1 seemed to me to be applicable for fastening scions in place4 ,it consists in a paraffined cord with ends tied in a firm knot but hanging loosely about the graft and wound4 ,a wooden skewer or any small lever1 is then inserted into the loose loop of cord and twisted about until the part of the cord about the graft wound is so snug that it holds the scion in place more firmly than it can be held by any other sort of wrapping4 ,in order to prevent the cord from cutting into the bark1 two shields of wood or metal an inch in length1 are interposed between cord and bark4 ,the lever of the ,spanish windlass is fastened with a cord or with a galvanized nail in order to prevent the windlass from unwinding and the whole covered with melted paraffin4 ,this may remain in place for two seasons without change1 holding the scion firmly in place all of that time and requiring no attention4 ,the growing stock separates the two shields very much as it might separate two stones in the field and automatically unwinds the ,spanish windlass by sheer force1 just enough to allow growth without any unloosening of its holding apparatus4 ,in hickory grafting1 much experimental work remains to be done in the choice of stocks for grafts of different species4 ,almost all of the hickories that have been grafted upon the pecan hickory stock1 seem to do pretty well upon that stock1 but the converse is not true4 ,the pecan apparently does not do well as a rule when grafted upon other hickory stocks1 even upon those of its cousins in the open-bud group4 ,the shagbark hickory1 in my experience1 has done best upon stocks of the shagbark or mockernut or pignut4 ,a number of years1 however1 are required in some cases for determining that point4 ,shagbarks which ,i have grafted upon bitternuts have sometimes made a remarkably good start4 ,then at the end of three or four years they begin to slow up1 while shagbarks on shagbark stock1 starting slowly at first1 surpassed the ones on bitternut stock finally4 ,in the spring of #aiai1 ,i topworked two trees standing near together and of about the same size 7thirty feet7 with ,beaver hybrid 7a cross between the bitternut and the shagbark74 ,one of the trees was a bitternut and the other a pignut4 ,almost everyone of the grafts of the ,beaver grew thriftily on the bitternut4 ,those on the pignut stock practically all caught and made short growth and then began to wilt back4 ,finally1 only one shoot remained alive4 ,this very striking object lesson will have bearing in varying degrees in all of our hickory grafting4 ,according to my experience to date1 hybrid hickories are grafted more readily than are straight species or varieties4 ,they seem to have lost family pride and seem to take up with any friend offering economic support4 ,in the case just quoted1 however1 caprice was shown by the ,beaver hybrid which took eagerly to a host of the species of one of its parents4 ,it refused to thrive on the pignut which did not represent either one of its parents although that same pignut stock would have been accepted by shagbark scions--the shagbark representing the other parent of the ,beaver4 ,this sort of experience throws open the entire subject in such a large way as to show what possibilities of success and failure lie before us in experimental work4 ,the same method of grafting1 the paraffin windlass method1 was employed for these two trees which were neighbors4 ,interesting experimental work is to be done in finding the extent to which different species and varieties of hickories may be grown out of their indigenous range4 ,at ,stamford1 the bitter pecan from ,texas1 appears to be perfectly hardy but it makes very slow growth--sometimes less than an inch in a year4 ,the ,buckley hickory also from ,texas1 grows thriftly at ,stamford and so does the ,carolina hickory ,pecans from the northern belt thrive at ,merribrooke1 but those from the southern belt have such a long growing season1 that their new wood is not yet sufficiently well lignified to stand the winter well4 ,some of them pull through a mild winter in fairly good order1 but on the whole they do not thrive4 ,the commercial side of hickory raising1 is being worked out for the pecan only at the present time4 ,we may assume that several of the other species of hickory adapted to growing in the north1 will equal pecans in importance1 eventually4 ,the reason for that is because some of the other hickories stand quite as high as the pecan in food value and general excellence4 ,at the time of writing1 low grade seedling shellbark nuts from the ,west are selling in the retail market in ,new ,york for forty cents a pound4 ,i have seen better nuts of this species being loaded on the cars in ,ohio at fifty cents a bushel4 ,the present ,new ,york price1 to be sure1 represents a profiteering war price4 ,fine grades of shagbark hickories and some of the hybrids will command prices equally high with prices for best pecans in the market of to-morrow4 ,,voice3 ,will it be practical to plant nuts1 get young plants1 and then bud or graft them8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes1 that is what we do4 ,it is practical to plant nuts for the purpose of getting a stock1 but not for the purpose of getting nuts4 ,but we plant them in the nursery rows1 and then when they are two years old1 preferably 7some like three-year-old trees71 we graft them over to good kinds in the nursery row2 then they remain there for a year or two1 and are transferred or sold4 ,we now have members of this association who are experts in grafting nut trees who make that a business4 ,it is not generally known that we have in this country three journals devoted wholly to the subject of nut culture4 ,we have nurserymen who make a specialty of grafted nut trees of the very best sorts1 so that one may perhaps take up this mode of farming more profitably today than almost any other sort of farming4 ,one gentleman in ,pennsylvania told me he made thirty thousand dollars on one crop of chestnuts two years ago1 cultivated chestnuts4 ,he had thirty acres1 and no tree was yet fourteen years of age4 ,his net profit beyond all expenses was thirty thousand dollars that year4 ,there are probably very few professional men who make more than that a year4 ,many men are making good1 comfortable incomes out of their nut orchards4 ,it is the best insurance against the needs of old age1 the best sort of life insurance4 ,,voice3 ,do you use anything besides the hickory as stock for grafting on8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes1 we have some experimenting to do in order to learn which stock will best serve for a certain variety4 ,we find that one species or variety of hickory will accept other varieties of that species well1 but perhaps it will not accept another species4 ,we do know that certain kinds do remarkably well on certain stocks2 but the entire range of that subject has not as yet been worked out4 ,,question3 ,does the stock you graft on have any effect on the quality of the fruit8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the stock on which you graft is supposed to have no effect at all on the quality of the fruit4 ,but there are some exceptions4 ,we learned that in orange grafting4 ,a naval orange grafted on the wild orange stock might be raggy1 not full of juice2 while when grafted on the trifoliate orange stock might be heavy and full of juice4 ,so in that case the stock did have some influence upon the graft2 and there are other instances4 ,but as a rule we assume that the stock has no influence upon the graft in regard to the validity of character4 ,,question3 ,are pecans a variety of hickory8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes1 pecans are hickories4 ,the ,indians gave it the name of pekan4 ,the ,french spelled it pecanne1 so that has been spelled as the pecan1 without the necessary other part of its name1 hickory4 ,we should always say pecan hickory--always4 ,,dr4 ,,kellogg3 ,dr4 ,morris1 how old hickories may be used for grafting8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i have experimented with trees up to fifty years of age2 but the most satisfactory work1 perhaps1 is done with trees that are not more than fifteen or twenty years of age and three or four or five inches in diameter4 ,those are the best trees to work with4 ,if we cut off the limbs of a very old tree and try to top work it1 it means an enormous amount of work on the part of the orchardist1 more work than my employees like to give it4 ,but one may topwork a tree of almost any age1 preferably a tree less than twenty-five years of age2 and by choice ,i should say trees not more than ten years of age4 ,we have experts in the audience better qualified to speak on that subject than ,i am4 ,,question3 ,do you prefer the melted paraffin to the old-fashioned way of using bees wax8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the old-fashioned beeswax had a certain color1 and the black wax with charcoal1 with lampblack1 both turned the light ray and allowed the heat ray to enter so that the amber of the old resin wax1 and the black of the black wax both allowed damage to occur to the tree1 in the ,south particularly1 in a hot climate early in the summer1 prevented our grafting in the summer because of the turning away of the light ray that was wanted and the absorption of the heat ray that was not wanted4 ,the melted paraffin being perfectly transparent1 allows the light ray to set the chlorophyl into activity4 ,all the life processes of the tree are carried on under the influence of the green chlorophyl grains1 and these work only in the presence of light4 ,,question3 ,can you successfully graft a pecan on the pignut8 ,,question3 ,what is the best stock to graft pecan on8 ,,dr4,,morris3 ,pecan stock1 ,i think4 ,i do not think we have anything better4 ,mr4 ,reed and ,mr4 ,jones are both experts in that field4 ,they have grafted hundreds of thousands of trees4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i think the pecan is the best4 ,the hickory will grow on the pecan very well1 the shagbark hickory1 but it will not do to change it with any degree of success4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the shagbarks will grow fairly well on pecans1 but the pecan not well on the shagbark4 ,it is best ,i think to put shagbarks on shagbark or shellbark4 ,but they do well on pignut4 ,i have got some very good shagbarks on mockernut4 ,on bitternut they grow fast1 but at the end of eight or ten years are inclined to slow up4 ,shagbark can be put on1 ,i suppose1 ten other kinds of hickory1 but the pecan can not4 ,,question3 ,how many grafts would be necessary on a nut tree twelve inches in diameter8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i should say you would probably have to put in fifty4 ,i would cut off the branches down to about two inches or an inch and a half in diameter1 and that might leave fifty stubs to graft4 ,graft all of them1 is one way to do it4 ,having done one that way1 you will then become familiar with the entire subject4 ,,question3 ,what is the best time of year8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i don't know4 ,some time ago the ,american ,agriculturist said to its readers that there is disagreement about the best time for pruning peach trees4 ,let us hear from all our readers4 ,so all of the readers wrote expressing their opinions1 and the editor said1 ,summing up all of the opinions1 the entire testimony in the case1 we have decided that the time to prune your peach tree is when your knife is sharp4 ,i had always supposed that the best time for grafting was when the buds were first bursting in the spring1 always held rigidly to that1 and at that time of the year was in a great hurry4 ,i dropped professional work and lost hundreds and even thousands of dollars in order to see this work go ahead2 it is more interesting than professional work4 ,and now this year1 with this new method1 ,i have grafted right straight on up to the first of ,august1 and everything growing--deliberately1 all through the summer4 ,so that now1 at the present moment ,i do not know4 ,a year ago ,i could have told you4 ,when ,i first graduated in medicine1 ,i could answer any question in medicine4 ,after forty years of surgery1 ,i am puzzled over a great many questions4 ,it is the same way regarding grafting4 ,,question3 ,in summer grafting do you remove the leaves from scions8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,in summer grafting ,i have used for the most part scions ,i have kept in the icebox in sawdust4 ,i have formerly put in twenty or thirty tons in my icehouse for my family to use during the summer4 ,last winter we could not get any ice1 and my scions were just as good kept in the sawdust as if we had had ice2 and ,i grafted those scions in ,august and the grafts are living4 ,i have also cut off the leaves in grafting1 but that is new and you can not depend on it1--stop at one tree1 cut off a piece of it1 and put it on another tree and have it grow4 ,i have never done that until this year1 and it does not succeed in a very large percentage4 ,it is not practical4 ,it can be done--,i have proven that2 but it is not practical4 ,the best way is to use your scions from last year that have been kept in cold storage in sawdust or leaves4 ,,dr4 ,,kellogg3 ,when should the scions be cut8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,there is some disagreement about that4 ,almost all scions may suffer a little winter injury4 ,some men prefer to cut in the early part of ,december before we have had any hard winter1 then keep them in cold storage during the entire year1 moderately moist1 or protected in sand1 leaves1 or stratification4 ,but ,i have always preferred ,february myself1 cutting them the last of ,february before the buds begin to start1 then put them in sawdust in the icehouse or cold storage1 or bury them under a thick layer of leaves4 ,for budding you transfer immediately4 ,in fact1 budding technically comes under the same physiologic principles as grafting4 ,in budding ,i do that work in my place at ,stamford1 ,conn41 about the latter part of ,july or early ,august4 ,,dr4 ,,kellogg3 ,do you use the same method in transferring buds8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes1 ,i fix them the same way as ,i do the graft and cover everything with paraffin4 ,i have even had a little short side graft grow using this paraffin method1 a graft two or three inches long4 ,,dr4 ,,kellogg3 ,tell us about those fatherless walnuts4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,in the course of crossing the nut trees1 we supposed1 as a matter of course1 that we must always have the pollen from one tree1 or from a tree which bore the staminate or fertilizing flowers1 in order to develop nuts or fruit of any sort2 but on one occasion ,i covered a lot of ,chinkapin female flowers with paper bags2 ,i didn't have pollen enough to go around and left the bags on because ,i happened to be too lazy or too busy to pull them off4 ,about a month later when ,i did take them off ,i found a full set of chinkapin nuts under those bags4 ,they had received no pollen4 ,that was an observation of a good deal of interest4 ,it may have been that they had gone on by what we call parthenogenesis1 and we had the children without the father1 had the female parent only1 the fatherless chinkapin4 ,it sounds sad4 ,i followed up the experiment with other nut trees1 and found that not infrequently we may develop fatherless nuts4 ,the effect will be1 according to natural law1 to intensify the characteristics of one parent4 ,the female which bears this fruit1 this child1 without a father1 will give to that child an intensification of her own characteristics4 ,that will be the effect of parthenogenesis4 ,that may be continued through several generations perhaps2 we do not know4 ,it is new1 quite new4 7,applause74 ,,president ,,reed3 ,the next topic is the ,digestibility of ,nuts1 by ,mr4 ,cajorie1 of ,yale ,university4 ,,the ,,nutritive ,,value ,,of ,,nuts ,f4 ,a4 ,,cajorie1 ,,yale ,,university1 ,,new ,,haven1 ,,conn4 ,mr4 ,president and members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association3 ,it was with great pleasure that ,i accepted the invitation of your ,association to be present at this convention and give a discussion of nuts and nut production1 from the point of view of their nutritive or food value4 ,during the last few years our knowledge of nutrition and the parts that individual foods may play in the diet has been greatly increased and in the light of the new discoveries1 it is interesting and valuable to view the place that nuts hold4 ,as you are well aware1 nuts have been used as foods by the peoples of the world4 ,in many places nut products have made up a very appreciable part of the diet4 ,chestnut flour is extensively used in ,southern ,europe4 ,among the peasants of ,tuscany1 chestnut flour forms a considerable part of the total diet4 ,in this region1 also ground acorns are made into bread with cereal flours and in this form is a common food4 ,the hazel or filbert nut is also seen in the form of flour on the shores of the ,black ,sea4 ,races living in the tropics have utilized the many varieties of nuts indigenous to tropical climes such as the coconut1 ,brazil nuts1 ,java almond1 ,paradise nut1 candle nut and ,african cream nut4 ,in the ,orient1 the lichi1 ginko and water chestnut1 and in ,italy and ,india the varieties of the pine nut are used to considerable extent4 ,in ,america1 with the exception of a few localities and among a limited class of people1 nuts have never made up a staple part of our dietaries1 rather they have been used as tasty supplements to otherwise complete menus4 ,that they are prized as adjuncts and are sought after is strikingly shown when we see in our markets not only the products of our native ,american nut trees1 the hickory1 walnut1 butternut1 chestnut1 pecan1 beechnut and pinion1 but the ,brazil nut1 filbert1 ,english walnut1 peanut1 coconut1 all of which are derived from foreign countries or from trees originally imported to ,america from other lands4 ,analysis of nuts have shown them to be of two types1 one rich in fats and protein1 the nitrogen containing component of our foods and the other relatively rich in carbohydrates1 or starches4 ,with the exception of the chestnut1 and the coconut1 most of our more common nuts belong to this first class1 and chemists have pointed out that in these nuts we have a concentration of protein and fat seen in no other class of foodstuffs4 ,for example1 the protein-fat rich nuts have a percentage of protein varying between #ae and #cj and a fat content of #ej-gj2 compare this with other foods that we think of as being concentrated2 eggs1 #ab protein and #aj fat2 cheese #bh protein1 #cg fat2 round steak1 #bj protein1 #ad fat2 and bread1 #aj protein4 ,this nutritive concentration in nuts places them in a unique position among our natural food products4 ,our cereals1 meats1 fruit and vegetables all contain more or less water or refuse that reduces their concentration1 while in nuts we find a compact form of almost pure food4 ,we are dependent on foods for the source of energy that is necessary to perform our work and maintain our body temperature much in the same way that a steam engine is dependent on the fuel supplied it to perform the mechanical tasks assigned to it1 and this fuel value of foods in turn1 depends on the amount of protein1 carbohydrate and fat1 particularly the latter1 that are present in the foods4 ,at once we see1 in our concentrated nuts1 a tremendous source of energy1 provided that we can digest these nuts and make this energy available4 ,despite the fact1 as revealed by chemical analysis1 that in nuts we have a source of protein and fat in a concentration rarely seen in foods1 there have been relatively few experiments to actually determine the digestibility4 ,prof ,jaffa at the ,california ,experiment ,station was the first to make a comprehensive investigation along these lines4 ,he made extensive digestion tests on men using most of the more common ,american nuts4 ,his results1 as reported in a bulletin of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 indicated that nuts when they made up a substantial portion of the diet1 were well digested by those who ate them and gave no intestinal disturbance or discomfort4 ,nuts have had a reputation for indigestibility that was wide spread1 not only among people in general1 but also among physicians and dieticians1 and even ,prof ,jaffa's clear cut experiments failed to dispell this idea of indigestibility that had been empirically assigned to nuts4 ,a few years ago1 a rather extensive series of digestion experiments were inaugurated at ,yale ,university in an effort to settle this question of the indigestibility of nuts and also to test out some of the commercial nut products to find what effect roasting1 boiling1 and other processes that nuts are subjected to1 had to do with the digestibility4 ,through the courtesy of ,dr ,kellogg of ,battle ,creek1 it was possible to follow up these experiments with a series here at ,battle ,creek4 ,it is the result of these tests that ,i wish to speak of today4 ,one word regarding the method which is the conventional one for such experiments4 ,the amount of food eaten by the individual or animal is weighed at each meal and the composition determined by chemical analysis4 ,the intestinal output is collected1 weighed and analysed4 ,from the difference in any substance such as protein in the food and the protein which appears in the body refuse1 the amount digested and absorbed or utilized by the body is easily determined4 ,for example2 if #aj;gms4 of nitrogen were eaten in the food and one gm appears in the feces1 we say that the coefficient of digestibility of that nitrogen is #ij1 that is #i of the #aj gms4 eaten were absorbed by the body4 ,the average of a great many such tests on mixed diets has the following standard coefficient3 protein #ic1 fat #ie1 and carbohydrates #ih4 ,our digestion experiments show the following results3 for protein digestion of nuts1 almond #hi1 peanut #hd1 pine nut #hi1 ,eng4 walnut1 #hc1 ,brazil #hh1 and coconut #hh4 ,in all cases the carbohydrate coefficients are #ih or #ii1 and in the case of the carbohydrate rich chestnut1 normal digestion took place after the nut was heated so as to rupture the starch granules4 ,in all of these cases the nut made up a substantial part of each meal and was eaten in large amounts4 ,the experimental subject1 experienced no digestive troubles or discomforture whatsoever except in the case of the ,english walnut1 which evidently contains some irritating substance that causes diarrhea4 ,except for the pecan which gave rather low utilization1 the protein of nuts was digested to a high degree that compares most favorably with our ordinary foodstuffs4 ,how then explain the undoubted discomforture that many people experience after eating nuts8 ,i believe that the explanation rests on the fact that our common ,american way of eating nuts1 is not the rational way4 ,we would not consider topping off a heavy meal with eggs1 meats or cereals or to eat these in large quantities between meals realizing that we are exposing ourselves to possible digestive discomfort4 ,no more then1 can we expect to so eat nuts which are even more concentrated or heavy than meat or eggs without occasional discomfort4 ,unpleasant results from so eating does not condemn the nuts as indigestible1 rather it condemns our mode of using that nut4 ,further1 we must recognize that the nut is a hard1 compact substance and that unless completely masticated1 is not readily penetrated by the digestive juices of the alimentary canal4 ,this was very well brought out in our experiment with dogs4 ,the dog bolts his food and where there were large fragments of the nut in the food1 they appeared almost unchanged in the feces1 while if the nut is ground fine before feeding1 it was readily digested4 ,comparisons of nut butters and nut pastes with the whole nut also brought out this point4 ,the completely commuted nut butters showed consistently higher degrees of digestion than the whole nut4 ,with the exception of the starch rich chestnut1 the heating of the nut did not seem to effect the digestibility whether this heat was boiling1 steaming or roasting4 ,the raw nut apparently is as well digested as the heated products4 ,no differences were found between nut butters whether the process involved steaming or roasting of the nut4 ,i am not speaking of the enhancing of the flavor that heating may bring about1 but only of the digestibility4 ,dr4 ,longworthy and his co-workers in the ,dept4 of ,agriculture have investigated in recent years the digestibility of many vegetable oils1 among them nut oils1 and have found as high a percent of utilization with these as with butter and our other common animal food fats4 ,i believe that we are fully justified in the conclusion that nuts and nut products1 if rationally used in our diets1 are as digestible and fully as valuable from a nutritional point of view as our other foodstuffs4 ,while we can now definitely speak of the high digestibility of nuts1 it is necessary to consider other phases of the part played by foods in nutrition4 ,the fact that a food after being taken into the body can be broken up by the digestive juices of the alimentary tract1 and the products absorbed1 as we have found1 to be the case with the nuts1 is not the end of the story of the function of that food4 ,about fifteen years ago1 it was discovered that during the progress of digestion1 the protein materials are reduced by the digestive juices of our stomachs and intestines to smaller chemical compounds1 and that it is these smaller fragments of the protein molecule that are absorbed into the blood and are used to build up our muscles and tissues4 ,these fragments or building stones as they have been fancifully called1 are all of a distant class of chemical compounds known to chemists as amino acids4 ,eighteen of these acids have been found as the products of protein digestion4 ,we may conceive of our bodies as being continually supplied with a mass of these #ah building stones from which it selects the kind and number that it needs to repair the everyday wear and tear of the tissues and in the case of the growing child builds new structures4 ,since the date of this important discovery regarding the fate of indigested protein1 it has been found that with few exceptions1 the body is not able to manufacture these amino acids or to change one kind into another1 and must depend on the protein eaten1 for a supply of the various kinds that go to make up the body protein4 ,further it has been found1 that many of our commonly used food proteins do not contain all #ah of these amino acids components4 ,in some foods one1 two1 and sometimes more are lacking1 or if present are in very small amounts4 ,if our diet contained only proteins of an inferior grade1 we can picture our body requiring building stones of various kinds to maintain the structure of the body and unable to obtain them due to the poor quality of the food1 protein4 ,nutritional failure would be the result4 ,the proteins then must be of the right quality as well as present in the proper quantities1 to prevent mal-nutrition4 ,bearing in mind these facts1 it is necessary in studying a food such as our nuts1 to determine the kind of protein the individual nut contains as well as to know whether or not it can be digested by the body4 ,during the past few years1 it has been found that we must have in our foods a certain amount of substances whose chemical nature is at present unknown and to which the name of vitamines has been given4 ,it is not my purpose to discuss with you the many phases of vitamines and their relation to nutrition1 but ,i only wish to impress upon you the fact that it is of the utmost importance for a dietary to contain these substances2 fully as important as that the protein1 fat1 carbohydrate1 and inorganic salt content shall be satisfactory4 ,lack of these vitamines brings on various evidences of mal-nutrition4 ,one vitamine which is found in animal fats and the leaves of plants and is soluble in1 and associated with fats1 is1 for that reason1 called fat soluble vitamine4 ,another called the water soluble vitamine is widely distributed in cereal seeds1 vegetables1 and legumes4 ,the third1 the so-called antiscorbutic vitamine because of its action as preventative and cure for scurvy1 is found in certain fruits and vegetables4 ,we then ask the next question3 ,are nuts adequate as far as their proteins contain these essential amino acids1 and do nuts contain vitamines8 ,that is1 is their biological value as satisfactory as their digestibility8 ,dr4 ,hoobler of ,detroit1 in a study of the diets of lactating mothers and wet nurses1 a year or so ago1 compared the value of proteins from animal and vegetable sources for the elaboration of milk4 ,he found that a mixture of the almond1 ,english walnut1 peanut and pecan1 furnished proteins that were equal to the animal food tried1 and far superior to other vegetable proteins4 ,here then is evidence that nuts provide the necessary building stones to form milk that food par excellence for the newly born individual4 ,drs4 ,mendel and ,osborn1 experimenting on white rats have shown that the principle proteins of the ,brazil nut will maintain animals through the growing period4 ,bureau of ,chemistry workers and others have found similar results with the coconut and the peanut4 ,i have now1 experiments underway at ,new ,haven1 on the biological value of the filbert1 ,english walnut1 pine nut1 almond1 and pecan4 ,while these tests are yet incompleted1 it can at least be said that to date there is no evidence that the proteins of these nuts are in any way less satisfactory than those of the peanut or ,brazil nut that have been thoroughly tested out4 ,as to the vitamine content1 abundant quantities of water soluble vitamine have been found in the peanut and the coconut4 ,experiments that we have in progress as well as a series conducted here at ,battle ,creek under ,dr4 ,kellogg's direction give promise to increase this list of vitamine containing nuts to include at least many of our common nuts4 ,along with our vegetable oils in general1 coconut oil and peanut oil contain insufficient quantities of the fat soluble vitamine to maintain growth in young animals4 ,whether the other nut oils will prove more efficacious in this respect1 is now under investigation4 ,as far as ,i am aware1 the antiscorbutic properties of nuts have not been studied4 ,with the population of the world on a steady increase1 it continually becomes necessary for mankind to seek out new sources of food1 and utilize products that formerly had received little attention as possible foods4 ,conditions that disturb normal food production and distribution1 such for example as were brought about by the world war1 produce serious food shortages in the world1 and emphasize how close is the margin that determines whether the peoples of the world have adequate quantities of food or whether they are faced by shortages1 and1 in many cases1 by starvation4 ,in this continual development of our food resources1 nuts stand out prominently as offering possibilities which are very great4 ,not only do they represent a very concentrated form of food which is highly digestible1 but they possess a number of characteristic and highly pleasing flavors that recommends them for use in all manner of culinary procedures4 ,the variety of uses to which nuts can be put in the kitchen is amply demonstrated right here in ,dr4 ,kellogg's sanitarium and ,i feel sure that even he has not exhausted the possibilities of nuts in the dietary4 ,the forms of nut products on the market are steadily increasing4 ,the nut butters1 nut pastes1 nut margarines1 meat substitutes1 and so forth1 all point to the variety of ways that nuts can be handled as foods4 ,the tremendous increase in the use of nut oils in the form of the oil itself and as nut margarines within the last few years is a striking example of the utilization on a large scale of relatively new food products4 ,the press cake which remains as a by-product of this oil industry finds ready use as concentrates for cattle feeds4 ,many of our ideas in the feeding of our domestic animals are undergoing development along with the idea of human nutrition4 ,just recently1 investigators at the ,wisconsin ,experiment ,station1 reported that the well known home grown ration for dairy cows that consist of cereals1 silage and hay1 is not a large milk producing diet4 ,their recommendation is to supplement this ration with protein concentrates4 ,nut meals recommend themselves most highly as protein concentrates4 ,it certainly is safe to say that the day when the fruits of our nut bearing trees will be allowed to fall ungathered from the trees1 is at an end4 ,there are many problems that still call for an answer by the chemist and dietitian4 ,the nutritive value of the individual nuts should be firmly established in all its phases4 ,the causes that have made the use of certain nuts unprofitable commercially1 should be studied with the view of correcting these stumbling blocks4 ,for example1 the freeing of the horse-chestnut from its poisonous saponins and enable us to use this starch rich nut as food is well within the range of possibility as indicated by experiments conducted in ,austria during the war4 ,why do nut oils tend to become rancid easily and can this tendency be remedied8 ,is the freeing of the acorn and its tannin and other objectionable substances a practical consideration8 ,what is the irritating principle of the ,english walnut8 ,all these problems and many others wait solution4 ,research on nuts is in progress in many places4 ,it involves time consuming experiments that are often times expensive4 ,as a result1 progress is slow1 the amount of research being limited by the financial factor4 ,the value of the pecan nut crop alone of the year #aiah1 was over #ia million dollars and the value of the imports and exports of nuts and nut products during the same year amounted to over #ea million dollars4 ,if one one-hundredth of one per cent of this sum should be devoted by those interested in the development of our nut industry in this country for the study of the nutritional and chemical properties of nuts1 ,i feel sure that they would be amply repaid for their investment4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i believe this will complete our program for tonight4 ,we have quite a full program for tomorrow morning4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 nut culturist of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 is with us and was to have been on the program tonight1 but he has been busy all day and was hardly ready for tonight's program1 as he has been busy getting the exhibit in order1 and he will be on the program tomorrow morning1 and three or four others1 among them ,dr ,kellogg1 ,i believe1 so that there will be quite a full morning's program1 and we will be glad to have all of you come who can4 ,we meet in the parlor of the ,annex at ten o'clock tomorrow morning4 ,if any one desires to join the ,association and will speak to the secretary1 he will give yow the necessary information4 ,,end ,,of ,,tuesday ,,evening ,,session 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wednesday1 ,,december #aj1 #aiai1 #aj3jj ,a4,m4 ,,president ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed ,,in ,,the ,,chair ,,president ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,o4 ,c4 ,simonds of ,chicago will talk to you on ,nut ,trees in ,landscape work4 ,,nut ,,trees ,,and ,,bushes ,,in ,,landscape ,,work ,o4 ,c4 ,,simonds1 ,,chicago1 ,,illinois ,in considering material for landscape work the places that come to mind where such work would be required are home grounds1 highways1 parks1 cemeteries1 school grounds1 city squares and woods4 ,the highways would include city streets1 parkways1 usually called boulevards1 and country roads4 ,all trees are beautiful and should serve in some place in landscape work4 ,someare more beautiful than others and where but few trees can be used the more beautiful would naturally be chosen4 ,,black ,,walnuts ,not long ago1 a lawyer was talking to me about the beauty of black walnuts4 ,to his mind there is no tree more beautiful and from what he said1 he would use it almost to the exclusion of other trees4 ,my own judgment does not fully coincide with his although ,i consider a black walnut a very attractive tree4 ,it grows to a large size and is generally healthy4 ,its shape is good and the foliage attractive in summer4 ,the leaves drop early and they are not especially attractive in autumn coloring4 ,black walnuts are strong in appearance4 ,they lack the gracefulness of the elm and if ,i were making a list of trees in the order of their appearance1 placing the most beautiful first and the least attractive last1 ,i should place several trees ahead of the black walnut1 among them sugar maples1 elms and several of the oaks4 ,perhaps the black walnut would come about in the center of the list for most locations4 ,the list itself would vary for different situations and climates4 ,i should advise using black walnuts plentifully along the highways1 especially country roads1 and somewhat sparingly in home grounds and the other locations which ,i have named4 ,by plentifully1 ,i do not mean to the exclusion of other trees1 for1 in some places1 there should be more elms and maples than black walnuts1 but highways are so extensive that many kinds of trees could be used in abundance to give shade4 ,in woods there are places where black walnuts could be used in profusion4 ,the objections that one might raise to the use of black walnuts would be1 first1 the comparatively short season of the leaves4 ,these come out rather late in the spring and drop early1 probably these trees can not be improved very much in this respect4 ,second1 boys will sometimes throw sticks at the trees to bring down the nuts4 ,if a boy comes in home grounds to do this1 he will be considered a nuisance4 ,branches are sometimes broken and the trees disfigured from this cause4 ,along highways this objection might perhaps be lessened somewhat by planting enough trees so that there would be more nuts than the boy would want1 or by improving the manner of the boy4 ,third1 the trees are often attacked by caterpillars4 ,this objection can usually be obviated by spraying or destroying the pests in other ways4 ,,butternuts ,the remarks made about the black walnut would apply in many ways to the butternut1 its nearest relative4 ,butternuts have a range extending further north and they are more subject to disease than the black walnuts4 ,like the walnut1 their leaves come out late and drop early4 ,they are subject to the attacks of boys4 ,when healthy1 they are attractive in appearance and they deserve to be planted in most places where trees are used for landscape effect1 but in the list ,i suggested1 they would come below the black walnut4 ,,hickories ,there is a time of the year when the shagbark1 which produces such sweet nuts1 would be more attractive than any neighboring tree4 ,it is when the big buds swell and send out yellowish green leaves surrounded by large1 red bracts4 ,at this time they are as showy and as beautiful as any flowers4 ,the bracts soon fall1 but the leaves turn a rich green and are attractive until early fall1 when they are sometimes yellow1 and sometimes drop without any marked coloring4 ,the trunk of the hickory is unique in appearance as the bark separates from the tree in long platelike strips which hang on at one end and give the scraggly appearance from which the tree derives its name4 ,all of the hickories are attractive in appearance1 but some of them drop their leaves early4 ,the hickories are difficult to transplant but this is nothing against the beauty of the tree4 ,an established tree is more valuable on this account4 ,in some places hickories are quite subject to disease or to the attacks of borers4 ,like the walnuts1 hickories which produce edible nuts are subject to the attacks of boys1 but1 on account of the toughness of the wood and the roughness of the bark1 they are usually quite able to withstand these attacks4 ,hickories are suitable for use in all landscape work so far as their appearance is concerned4 ,the fact that they are not so used is due to the difficulty of transplanting them4 ,in the fall when a maple tree has colored up beautifully and a hickory near it has dropped its leaves1 we are apt to compare the two unfavorably to the latter1 but we should remember the appearance in summer and especially when the leaves first unfold4 ,hickory trees are beautiful also when the leaves are off1 their branches making beautiful etchings against the sky in winter4 ,the pecan1 which is the largest of all hickories1 is an exception to the general rule because it is planted quite extensively1 especially in the ,south4 ,it is a beautiful tree and where it is hardy there is no reason why it should not be used as a street tree1 a tree in home grounds1 in parks1 or any other place where deciduous trees are needed4 ,it is raised extensively in some nurseries1 while the other hickories are raised very sparingly1 and some not at all4 ,,the ,,beech ,some would consider the beech the most beautiful of all nut trees4 ,its comparatively smooth1 bluish-gray bark makes it a distinctive tree at all seasons4 ,its branches1 spreading straight out from the trunk1 give it an appearance of strength4 ,its fine branches form a specially pleasing skyline1 its sharp buds are trim and neat in appearance1 its leaves are beautiful in shape and texture4 ,their fall coloring1 while not as brilliant as that of the maples1 is really beautiful1 being either yellow or a rich brown4 ,the leaves are apt to hang on all winter1 especially on the younger growth1 and then they often turn a straw color4 ,if a list of beautiful trees for ,february were to be made1 ,i am rather inclined to think that the beech would stand at the head of the list4 ,a young beech with its bluish-gray bark1 its straw colored leaves1 and flecks of snow here and there1 seems to me the most beautiful of all deciduous trees in winter4 ,the young leaves also are especially attractive when they first appear and the blossoms are sometimes objects of interest1 although not showy in color4 ,,hazelnuts ,often in old pastures one finds forlorn1 scraggly looking bushes and is told they are hazelnut bushes4 ,one would not pick out bushes like these to plant in his front yard1 and yet1 when given a chance1 there is scarcely a more attractive shrub than the hazel4 ,it is one of the first shrubs to blossom1 the staminate flowers hanging in slender1 graceful yellowish-brown catkins1 while the pistillate flowers are little points of purplish-red protruding from the buds4 ,these blossoms appear long before the leaves4 ,the latter1 when fully developed1 are beautiful in outline and soft in texture and they have a rich coloring in the fall including various shades of yellow and red4 ,the hazel should certainly be used extensively in landscape work4 ,the nuts1 with their leaflike involucres1 are attractive in appearance in ,august and ,september4 ,in connection with our own hazel one would naturally think of the filbert1 which is a ,european relative4 ,the filbert is often planted for ornament4 ,there is a variety with purple leaves which some people admire4 ,,the ,,oaks ,of all our native trees1 ,i think the oak excels in beauty of foliage4 ,by many oaks might not be considered nut trees1 but nearly all of the acorns are eaten by squirrels or other wild animals and so ,i think it would be proper to mention oaks when speaking of nut trees in the landscape4 ,in the northern states we have two groups known as the white oak group and the red oak group4 ,the trees of the former have soft1 dull green leaves with rounded lobes1 while those of the latter have shiny leaves with lobes ending in points of filaments4 ,the former mature their acorns in one year1 while the latter require two years to bring them to maturity4 ,the acorns of the white group are sweet1 while those of the red group are more or less bitter4 ,the foliage of all oaks is attractive when it first appears1 the small leaves varying in color from almost white through pink1 yellow1 and red to the deepest purple4 ,perhaps the red oak excels all other trees in the beauty of its summer foliage and its leaves are also richly colored in autumn4 ,the ,bur ,oak1 in addition to having attractive foliage1 has a rough1 dark bark that gives it an attractive appearance in winter4 ,the white oak1 especially when young1 holds many of its leaves in spring and these with their brown color1 give a warmth to the snowy landscape4 ,one could make a most beautiful park by planting nothing but oaks and they should rank with maples and elms as street trees4 ,,chestnuts ,there is a tree which a few years ago would have been considered along with the oak in landscape work1 but which now would not be thought of in certain regions on account of a disease which has practically destroyed it4 ,this tree is the ,american chestnut4 ,it grows to a large size1 and if it were not for this disease1 would be worthy of a place in any park4 ,hundreds of thousands of dollars have been spent without success in endeavoring to exterminate the disease4 ,some of the introduced varieties are apparently exempt from this disease1 but only the future can tell whether the chestnut will again become valuable in landscape work as well as in the raising of food and lumber4 ,in designing landscapes1 we think first of open spaces and then bound these spaces with trees and shrubs having pleasing shapes and foliage4 ,the tops of these trees form the skyline and the lower growth a margin of lawns1 or perhaps of walks and drives4 ,for these purposes the beeches1 hickories1 hazels1 walnuts and butternuts are all valuable1 their value being approximately in the order named4 ,,horse ,,chestnuts ,,and ,,buckeyes ,there may be some question about including these in a list of nut trees4 ,i understand1 however1 that the seeds of all of these trees have been used for feeding stock and perhaps some way may be found for making them available as food for men and women4 ,there is no question about their usefulness for ornamental trees4 ,in ,europe1 the horse chestnut has been used extensively for park and boulevard planting and it is also largely used in the ,united ,states4 ,there are several varieties4 ,the leaves appear early1 the blossoms coming out later4 ,our own buckeyes are handsome in appearance and all are adapted for use in landscape work4 ,the arguments for and against the use of nut trees in landscape work would be somewhat similar to such arguments regarding fruit trees4 ,a luscious fruit tree like the snow apple1 would be omitted from the list of trees for the park1 not because it lacks beauty1 but because its fruit would lead to its destruction4 ,apple trees might1 however1 be very appropriate for private grounds4 ,they have sometimes given a name to a home1 as ,the ,orchard4 ,the same is true of certain nut trees1 ,walnut ,hill1 and ,hickory ,grove being not uncommon4 ,the hazel1 too1 is frequently used in naming home grounds1 streets or localities4 ,a name would not be used in this way unless the object bearing it was held in esteem4 ,i am glad there is an association to encourage the raising of nut trees and ,i hope to see such trees used in this way extensively1 for the purpose of developing attractive scenery as well as for food production4 ,,mr ,,simonds3 ,when ,mr4 ,bixby asked me to prepare a paper and come here and read it1 ,i wrote back ,i would prepare a paper and send to him to read2 and afterwards ,mr4 ,reed came to see me1 and knowing that he would be here1 ,i concluded ,i would come4 ,i dictated a paper and afterwards ,i found ,i had left out a few nut trees1 and ,i want to speak just a word regarding those before ,i read my paper4 ,one of those is the coconut palm4 ,i was thinking more particularly of trees in this locality when ,i dictated the paper2 but the coconut tree aside from raising the coconuts1 ,i think is the most magnificent palm that we have4 ,there are other trees that some like better1 but ,i think the coconut palm is the most picturesque1 the finest tree to plant4 ,i prefer it to the other large palms4 ,it has great spreading leaves1 sometimes fifteen or twenty feet long1 a feathery top1 and the trunk is not quite straight1 and ,i like it a little better because it is not4 ,then here is the ,english walnut4 ,i did not speak in my paper about the ,english walnut1 but there is a tree that is a beautiful tree1 and where it is hardy it should of course be planted for ornament as well as for the nuts4 ,and then there is the almond which we do not have here as a nut tree1 but which they have in ,california1 which has some attractions1 and might be planted1 although it is really not so ornamental as some of the nut trees2 still it is worth planting4 7,applause74 ,,president ,,reed3 ,are there any questions you would like to ask ,mr4 ,simonds while he is with us1 or is there any discussion8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,there are two or three points for discussion4 ,mr4 ,simonds does not think highly of the almond4 ,i do for decorative purposes4 ,when ,i drive in my driveway at ,stamford and face that magnificent blaze of blazing clouds of almonds in the springtime1 ,i think it is something worth while2 it is the hard shelled almond4 ,it will grow as far north as the peach does4 ,the only trouble is they are a little more subject to leaf blight and need a little more attention4 ,but where the peach will grow you can raise the almond profitably4 ,among the hazel nuts the most beautiful of the entire series is the tree hazel that grows about as large as the smaller oaks1 and that is said to bear twenty-five or thirty bushels of hazelnuts a year1--enormous crops4 ,that is perfectly hardy here1 and the beauty of the tree is such that ,i believe it to be a very important addition4 ,i would like to hear ,mr4 ,jones' opinion on that point4 ,i use it for grafting purposes for other hazels4 ,the ,japanese walnuts1 almost tropical in their rapid growth1 sometimes grow six feet in a year in rich ground1 and with their great sprays of leaves sometimes a yard in length1 and the seedballs of the heart nut variety give really a tropical appearance to the grounds where the ground is rich enough4 ,they will grow almost any place1 but in rich ground they are certainly very wonderful4 ,among the chestnuts1 of course1 we have a number of hybrids now that resist blight very well2 and the little chinkapins for lawn bushes are very attractive4 ,one of our most beautiful chestnuts is splendid for a lawn specimen and is evergreen in the ,south4 ,when ,i was a boy ,i never had plums enough2 so one of my ambitions was to have plums enough so ,i could see some of them rot on the ground4 ,we can do the same thing with nut trees--have nuts enough so the boys will be full and have nuts enough4 ,it seems to me it ought to be one of our ambitions to have so many nut trees along the roadsides in the parks1 etc41 that the boys and the squirrels can not use them all up4 ,,mr4 ,,simonds3 ,i think the ,doctor is right in some of his criticisms4 ,in fact1 the almond is something like a peach1 and ,i had not prized it for use in landscape work so very much on account of certain diseases which would be apt to affect it here if it were not taken care of as we would take care of trees in an orchard4 ,the hazel tree1 of course1 would be attractive if it is hardy here4 ,i have had doubts about its being hardy because of its coming from southern ,europe4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it is hardy in all ,canada4 ,they have fine tree hazels in the park at ,rochester4 ,they have there probably the largest tree hazels in the country4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,i would like to have more questions asked4 ,i feel as though ,i had accomplished a real achievement in getting ,mr4 ,simonds here4 ,i was under him a short time a number of years ago and learned something of his skill as a landscape gardener and the reputation that he has2 and ,i felt that we could not hope to have a better authority on these points that he has discussed than we could in ,mr4 ,simonds2 and it is something that is constantly coming up4 ,the ,department of ,agriculture have to consider that people want to know what trees they can plant in the landscape2 and ,i feel particularly glad to have ,mr4 ,simonds here4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it seems to me we ought to talk more about the nut-bearing pines in the landscape1 because where you are planting pine trees1 you might as well plant the nut-bearing kind as the others2 they are just as beautiful1 and you combine the ,greek idea of beauty and utility4 ,,mr4 ,,simonds3 ,certainly1 that is a tree ,i have omitted1 because in this region we have not had any nuts4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,there are four pines that will bear nuts here--the ,korean pine1 the pignolia or stone pine1 the ,italian stone pine and the ,swiss both4 ,there are five nut bearing pine trees that are all market trees for nuts1 that ,i know will grow and bear here1 including the lace bark pine4 ,,mr4 ,,simonds3 ,are they raising nuts in ,michigan on pines8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,no1 but they might4 ,those five kinds would grow here and bear nuts here1 so they have a double value4 ,,mr4 ,,simonds3 ,i think we ought to raise them4 ,of course they are beautiful in the landscape4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the whole idea of your paper is to approach the ,greek ideal--add utility to beauty4 ,,mr4 ,,simonds3 ,that is what nature does4 ,it makes beautiful leaves1 then uses the leaves for plant food4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,i wonder1 ,dr4 ,morris1 if you can tell where these pines can be had4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,the ,korean pine is from northeast ,asia1 and you can get those from the original pine seed2 the lace bark pine is from northeastern ,asia where the climate is like ours4 ,the ,swiss stone pine and the ,italian stone pine are from ,switzerland and ,italy and closely related--both excellent trees4 ,the fruit now you buy as the pignolia in the markets4 ,both those are sold as pignolia nuts4 ,it is a commercial nut of ,europe4 ,the white barked pine you would get from the ,west4 ,it has a beautiful fine large nut1 and you would get that from any ,pacific coast dealers in nut trees4 ,,mr4 ,,simmonds3 ,has that another name8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i do not know of any other name for it4 ,wait3 ,the single leaved pine is one4 ,that grows so far north on the ,pacific1 but we do not know whether it will ripen its nuts here or not4 ,it is perfectly hardy here and would be a beautiful nut tree1 grows well4 ,the single-leaved pine--that is monophylla4 ,there are four or five pinons that will live1 but they do not grow fast enough to make it worth while to raise them in ,michigan4 ,the ,jeffrey bull pine is another one that will grow here and bear fruit1 with a beautiful blue-green foliage4 ,the ,jeffrey bull pine is one of the most beautiful and thrifty pines4 ,that is the ,jeffrey variety of ponderosa4 ,the nut is very much larger than the nut of the ordinary ponderosa4 ,the nut of the ponderosa is small1 but the ,indians use them and eat them1 shell and all4 ,when we come to using the pines more freely for food purposes1 we are going to do what they do in ,europe with some of the small seeded pines--crush them and make a mass1 squeeze the cream out from the nuts1 dry it a little1 and that makes very fine rich cream2 then the residue is given to the chickens and pigs4 ,there are in all about thirty pine trees now that are used for market purposes where they fruit1 and we will undoubtedly increase that number4 ,i do not doubt that fifty species of pine trees will be planted for their fruit by two generations from now when we feel the need more4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,we will be glad to have questions from any one4 ,i think we get more from the discussions than we do from the papers4 ,,voice3 ,in regard to the hickory nut1 the shagbark1 back in northeastern ,ohio1 four years ago we had quite serious trouble with our hickories there along in the month of ,june1 about the time we get the common ,june bug1 there was a large bug that looked like the ,june bug that seemed to work at night mostly4 ,we did not see them active in the day time1 but they ate the foliage entirely off the lower branches and those limbs from which they ate the foliage died4 ,in some cases1 the tree died4 ,i would like to know if anyone knows anything about those4 ,that was new to me4 ,i have had opportunity to answer all sorts of questions about that4 ,i have been asked ,i guess by a thousand different people about that insect1 and ,i have not been able to learn anything about it4 ,,mr4 ,,simonds3 ,i can not tell you4 ,,same ,,voice3 ,one man told me when he knew ,i was coming here1 ,for goodness sakes find out something about that if you can4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it probably is the ,june bug1 and turkeys and ducks would solve the problem4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,the only suggestion ,i would make is that in ,ohio you have one of the best posted authorities on nut insects there is in the country4 ,that is ,prof4 ,h4 ,a4 ,gossard1 at ,wooster4 ,if he can not tell you about it1 no one can4 ,,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones3 ,i think it is no doubt it is the ordinary ,may beetle that is doing the mischief4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i might say we had quite a deluge of beetles along that line in the nursery a year ago this last ,june1 the first time we have ever been bothered with them4 ,they finally became so thick we had to go through and shake the trees and shake them off4 ,they looked something like the ,may beetle1 only smaller1 hard shelled1 and seemed to come by the millions2 but they only lasted a few days1 and it was all over1 and we have never seen them since4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,there is one more question ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,simonds1 and that is in regard to the proper distance for spacing nut trees along avenues and in parks4 ,,mr4 ,,simonds3 ,i think that in both of those situations it is well to give the trees a natural appearance by grouping1 and sometimes they can be far apart1 and sometimes ,i think there might be a group of two or three close together1 so that they would grow in one group4 ,that will give a more natural arrangement in parks1 and we have room enough along the sides of most of our highways to have the same effect there4 ,the policy to be pursued with regard to spacing nut trees along highways would be the same that we would follow in planting any other trees1 and one of the most attractive streets ,i know is now in the city of ,grand ,rapids2 it used to be in the country when ,i lived there years ago2 but along the sides of that street there are native trees1 mostly burr oaks1 and they have grown just as nature planted them4 ,there will be a group of two or three1 then a space1 may be a single tree1 then there may be a group of five or six2 and that natural arrangement is really beautiful1 to me far more beautiful than a straight row of trees1 uniform spaced4 ,on that same street sixty or seventy years ago my uncle planted where there were no trees--it is a continuation of this street--rows of sugar maples1 and they grew and finally made splendid trees1 and a great storm came along and broke down two or three1 and that was a source of great regret to my uncle2 but his son thinks1 perhaps1 it was a good thing1 because it opened a beautiful view out into the country4 ,now by grouping trees we can save beautiful views4 ,if we plant uniformly1 we get monotony4 ,with this belt of burr oaks spaced as ,i have described1 you have variety on your sky line4 ,some trees are a little farther up than others and catch the sunlight1 and we get shade and light4 ,that is the way ,i should plant nut trees4 ,if ,i were planting black walnuts or butternuts ,i would group them1 but see that the tree has in some directions space enough to develop as far as it wishes4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,simonds is about to go4 ,that is the reason ,i precipitated this question at this point4 ,it was asked with reference to the law which these gentlemen1 sitting at my right here1 were responsible in putting through in the legislature of this ,state--provision for planting food trees along the highways2 and it may be before ,mr4 ,simonds goes1 they have something further to ask4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,these questions are very important to draw out information4 ,is there anything else you wish to ask before we leave this topic8 ,if not1 we will call on ,c4 ,a4 ,reed to present his paper next4 ,it was carried over from last night1 ,i believe4 ,,nut ,,culture ,,in ,,michigan ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,there is evidence on all sides that the people of ,michigan are deeply interested in nut culture4 ,some have invested in pecan lands in the ,far ,south2 no doubt some own ,persian 7,english7 walnut1 almond or filbert orchards on the ,pacific ,coast2 and others are at the point of planting nut trees in ,michigan4 ,everybody would go nutting in fall if he could4 ,michigan leads all other northern states in what its institutions and some of its people have done toward developing the nut industry4 ,some thirty years ago the ,lake ,shore and ,michigan ,southern ,railroad ,company showed its interest in nut production1 when it planted many miles of chestnut trees along its tracks running north from ,adrian4 ,between #ahhh and #ahib there were planted on the grounds of the sub-experiment station at ,south ,haven1 a number of pecan trees of ,iowa and ,missouri seed1 ,japanese walnuts1 a number of filbert plants and a collection of almond varieties4 ,at about the same time1 ,prof ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey set out half dozen pecans and ,japanese walnut trees on the campus of the ,michigan ,agricultural ,college4 ,later1 ,professor ,l4 ,r4 ,taft added several seedling ,persian 7,english7 walnut trees to the group4 ,in traveling over the southern part of ,michigan1 one cannot go far without seeing signs of interest in nut trees4 ,everywhere the black walnut has been spared or planted4 ,in certain sections it is to be found about practically every farm house or at least near enough by to furnish the winter supply of the family nuts4 ,the chestnut is less common in any part of the state than is the black walnut1 not appearing to any considerable extent except in the lower southeastern corner4 ,it has not fared well in the state either as a native or planted tree4 ,the ,persian or so-called ,english walnut has attracted considerable attention from time to time1 and under especially favorable surroundings one occasionally finds thrifty specimen trees4 ,the pecan1 the ,japanese walnut1 ,european hazel or more popularly called the filbert have all been given limited trials at various times4 ,even the almond has had a day in ,michigan4 ,quite possibly the pistache has been through the same experience2 but if so1 the fact is not generally known4 ,that species is from arid ,asia and wholly unlikely to succeed in the latitude of ,michigan although a young tree of a ,chinese species ornamental because of its fine feathery foliage1 green in summer but which takes on a brilliant hue in fall is1 or was the last we know1 doing well on the private grounds of ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 near ,stamford1 ,conn4 ,among the kinds of nut trees from which we can select varieties for planting in ,michigan1 there are eleven or more distinct species4 ,with such a range as this1 one might ask1 why not go into nut growing in ,michigan on the same scale as in the growing of apples and peaches4 ,there are probably better reasons why this is not being done1 but two very good ones are that there are not enough available trees of good varieties to plant more than a single orchard of respectable size in the state2 and the other2 it would not pay to put good ,michigan land to nut trees of such varieties as are now available even though they could be had4 ,if nut trees can't be had and wouldn't pay if they could then why publish an article on ,nuts for ,michigan ,planting1 is probably what will run through the minds of most readers of these lines4 ,it is certainly a logical question1 but there are at least ten reasons why nut trees should be planted in ,michigan4 #a4 ,the forests of ,michigan have reached the point of depletion such that for the sake of future generations1 trees of some kind other than fruit must be planted4 #b4 ,while planting1 we may as well select those capable of performing more than a single service2 in other words1 trees of maximum possible use4 ,oaks1 poplars1 ashes1 pines1 elms1 etc41 all have their places1 but not one in the group can produce anything of food value to humankind4 #c4 ,nut trees of most kinds1 rightly used1 are valuable for timber purposes and are very effective in the landscape4 #d4 ,members of the walnut family including the hickories are especially appropriate along the highways and city streets4 ,they are sturdy1 long-lived and not easily damaged by storms or neighbor's boys4 #e4 ,nuts are among the very best of the meat substitutes4 ,they contain much of the same food elements as do meats1 although in different proportions4 ,some contain starch and to that extent can be used as are the cereals and ,irish potatoes4 ,nuts are the only vegetable product grown in ,michigan1 which in raw condition afford a complete and fairly well balanced food for human beings4 ,every pound of nut food that can be raised from a tree along the street or in the fence corner on the farm is clear gain1 and that much added to our national food supply4 #f4 ,nuts are rapidly assuming importance as factors in the lists of ,american foods4 #g4 ,many species of nut trees are adapted to some parts of ,michigan4 ,by planting the best that are now available1 and by constantly being on the lookout for better sorts1 superior varieties will be certain to develop in a short while1 the same as has been the case with all older orchard fruits and farm crops4 #h4 ,whoever intelligently plants nut trees performs a distinct public service4 ,he will receive the gratitude of more than the present generation4 #i4 ,among all kinds of trees1 none are more appropriate for memorial purposes to the men who did not come back from ,france1 than is the black walnut4 ,that species itself took a valiant part in warfare4 ,it furnished material for gunstocks the same as in previous wars1 but in the ,world ,war it rendered what was considered by eminent authority1 a greater service in supplying propellors for aeroplanes4 ,the shells of the nuts contributed their part toward the making of carbon for gas masks1 and no one knows the extent to which walnut kernels made up the delicacies sent from home to the boys in the trenches4 ,with such a service record as this1 the black walnut is entitled to a memorial of its own4 ,its value as a timber tree1 as an ornamental1 and as a food producer1 together with its great range of adaptability from ,north to ,south and ,east to ,west1 should justly entitle it to recognition as a ,national tree4 #aj4 ,michigan has a law providing for the planting of nut trees along its highways4 ,thus1 the state has officially put its approval on the idea and has become a leader in the encouragement of this great kind of economy and thrift4 ,it has taken a step toward conservation in a direction which is highly developed in certain parts of ,europe4 ,the product is sold to the highest bidder and the income used in the upkeep of the road system4 ,in that manner the roadways of those sections take care of themselves4 ,in this country millions of dollars of state and federal moneys are being used this year1 7ending ,june #cj1 #aiba71 in the construction and upkeep of public roads4 ,desirable as it would be to accomplish these ends1 it could not all be done at once4 ,even though there were an abundance of available trees of tried kinds1 it would take a long time to plant them and to care for them until they might become of profitable bearing age1 also public opinion would need to be remolded in order to insure their care and protection4 ,still it can and will be done4 ,the movement is already on2 the ,michigan law began to operate soon after being passed1 and the ,division of ,forestry at the ,agricultural ,college is raising the trees for planting4 ,public opinion regarding the care of the trees and their product will take care of itself when the value of the trees and their products becomes apparent4 ,both in ,california and in ,oregon not only nut but fruit orchards and vineyards1 grow beside the roadways with no protection other than that of public opinion2 and what has been done in one part of the country can be done in others as well4 ,the eleven species referred to as being available for ,michigan use are as follows3 ,the almond1 beechnut1 butternut1 chestnut1 filbert1 7hazel71 pecan1 shagbark hickory1 shellbark hickory1 black walnut1 ,japanese walnut1 and the ,persian or so-called ,english walnut4 ,taking these up in order we will consider first the ,,almond ,except as an ornamental1 the almond does not offer a great deal for use in ,michigan4 ,it is sometimes said to be as hardy as the peach1 but only as this refers to the tree and not to the fruit1 is it true4 ,certain hardshell almonds edible1 yet so inferior to the improved varieties as to have practically no market value1 do sometimes succeed in lower ,michigan but their value is limited to their beauty when in bloom and to the production of a low grade product4 ,in form and general appearance these almonds are much like peach pits4 ,very often they contain much of the same bitter taste of ,prussic acid common to the kernel of the ordinary peach4 ,they are interesting to observe while growing especially as they begin to ripen4 ,the covering outside the seed is thin and leathery and while ripening1 splits and peels outward in curious fashion4 ,perhaps the only recognized variety of almond of this class which is known to have fruited in the ,east is the ,ridenhower from southern ,illinois4 ,trees can be had from some of the nurserymen4 ,,the ,,beech ,one of ,michigan's noblest1 hardiest1 and most often abused trees is the ,american beech4 ,it is common from north to south4 ,no tree is more handsome and none1 unless possibly it be the white birch1 is so often defaced4 ,dr4 ,robt4 ,t4 ,morris1 of ,new ,york ,city1 reminds us that according to the scriptures1 man1 genus ,homo1 is a finished product made by and in the image of the ,creator4 ,a safe assumption is that the scriptural reference is not to the creature whose initials appear on the trunk of a beech or whose knife has removed bark from white birch4 ,his genus is not ,homo1 and he is not scripturally recorded4 ,the beech is not directly important as a nut bearing tree1 but indirectly it is as the nuts are rarely harvested4 ,indirectly it is of great value4 ,no food is better for turkeys and hogs than are beechnuts4 ,a bushel of beechnuts that can be used in this way replace at least a bushel of corn4 ,the difference in cost of production should make beechnuts worth several times as much as corn4 ,in ,europe a valuable oil used as a drug and for salads is expressed from beechnuts4 ,possibly individual trees could be found somewhere in ,michigan which produce nuts large enough1 good enough1 and in quantity enough to justify their recognition and propagation as named varieties4 ,no matter whether distinct varieties appear or not1 the beech is well worthy of planting in many places about both the farm and the city lot4 ,,butternut ,a member of the walnut family known also as long walnut and as white walnut is the true butternut4 ,it has a smaller range of adaptability than does the black walnut but is found considerably farther north4 ,on the ,atlantic coast1 its native range extends into ,nova ,scotia4 ,in parts of ,new ,york ,state and ,new ,england1 it is one of the most common species4 ,it is well known in ,michigan where1 to many people it is the favorite of all nuts4 ,the tree is less durable and long-lived than is the black walnut4 ,it is less well suited for use in the landscape and its timber value is probably the least of any native walnut4 ,within very recent years one or two promising varieties have been introduced by the nurserymen4 ,the first and only one now available is the ,aiken from ,new ,hampshire4 ,the nut cracks well and the kernels are of pleasant flavor1 but as a variety it has not been tested long enough to determine its adaptability to conditions in other states nor the extent to which budded trees will be productive4 ,,chestnut ,perhaps the greatest1 of all tree tragedies is represented by the chestnut4 ,once a dominant species in many parts of the ,east1 it is now merely a wreck of its former self4 ,in whole states along the ,atlantic ,seaboard1 it has been wiped out by a fungus disease introduced from ,japan some #be years ago4 ,pennsylvania allows no chestnut trees to be shipped outside its limits for fear of further spreading this disease4 ,so far as known chestnut trees from west of the ,wabash ,river are free from infection4 ,from ,illinois1 there have recently been introduced several varieties of chestnut supposedly of pure ,american parentage which are quite the equal in size of the ,european sorts but which have the sweet flavor of true ,american strains4 ,in protected places in the southern part of the ,lower ,peninsula these chestnuts should be well worthy of trial4 ,they are1 indeed1 splendid chestnuts4 ,the principal varieties are the ,rochester1 ,progress1 ,fuller and ,boone4 ,the last is not related to the others2 but is the result of an artificial cross between the ,american sweet chestnut and the ,japan ,giant4 ,,hickory ,next to1 or perhaps equal to the black walnut1 the hickories are among the best known of ,michigan's nut trees4 ,belonging to the same family as do the walnuts1 they require much the same soil for their best development4 ,they are slower of growth and even harder to bud and graft or to successfully transplant4 ,nevertheless1 some of hickories bear splendid nuts in liberal quantities4 ,quite a number of good varieties have been named and a few propagated4 ,they are mainly of the shagbark species although some are shellbarks1 some pignuts1 and a few hybrids4 ,the true shellbark is not found in ,michigan and would probably not succeed there as well as do others4 ,in character of growth1 the shellbark is much like the shagbark but the nuts are much larger1 and the shells extremely thick4 ,among the good shagbarks there are the ,swaim1 ,weiker1 ,kentucky1 ,manahan1 ,taylor and ,vest4 ,true hickories ordinarily do not attain important habits of bearing until from #ae to #be years of age4 ,,pecan ,the pecan is easily the favorite and most important nut of ,american origin4 ,contrary to current ideas1 it is not an introduced species nor are the best pecans grown in ,california4 ,the pecan has become one of the leading nuts of this country by rapid but natural processes4 ,in the forests1 it is indigenous as far north as the southern part of ,indiana1 and in western ,illinois it is found at the latitude of ,chicago4 ,seedling trees at ,south ,haven and on the campus of ,michigan ,agricultural ,college have borne occasional crops but the climate of ,michigan is too severe for pecans to bear regularly4 ,the trees of northern origin should do well enough over much of lower ,michigan to be worthy of planting4 ,good varieties are the ,major1 ,greenriver1 ,niblack1 ,indiana1 ,busseron and ,posey4 ,,black ,,walnut ,already the black walnut had been referred to in this article4 ,in its further behalf may be said that like the pecan it is one of ,america's most rapid growing valuable trees4 ,it does not grow with the speed of a poplar1 a willow1 or a linden4 ,neither does any other tree of value or longevity4 ,two #f-year-old trees of the eastern black walnut grown in the ,wiliamette ,valley of ,western ,oregon1 bore approximately a peck of nuts apiece1 in #aiai1 when they were photographed by the writer4 ,in good soil and under favorable conditions of growth1 it will be seen that the black walnut is not always slow in developing but that it is sometimes a rapid grower4 ,three varieties of black walnut are now available from the nurserymen4 ,they are the ,thomas from ,pennsylvania1 the ,ohio from some #bj miles south of ,toledo1 and the ,stabler from ,howard ,county1 ,maryland #ae or #bj miles outside the ,district of ,columbia4 ,all are prolific1 precocious and of superior cracking quality4 ,the ,thomas was discovered and first propagated some #cj years ago4 ,the young grafted trees show a tendency to begin bearing in the nursery rows4 ,at the present time1 the black walnut is regarded as being of greater promise for planting in the northern states than is any other species either native or introduced4 ,,the ,,japanese ,,walnut ,to a considerable extent this species has been confused with the ,persian walnut1 although the two are quite unlike4 ,this is a dwarfish species with dull green rough leaflets often as many as #ae or #ag per leaf1 which often bears nuts in clusters of a dozen or more4 ,while green the outer hulls of the nuts are rough1 and somewhat sticky4 ,the ,persian walnut is a standard-sized upright growing tree with bright green leaflets1 usually #e to #g per leaf1 and smooth1 round nut hulls which split open and shed the nuts automatically4 ,the ,japanese walnuts hybridize freely with other species of walnuts and produce nuts of all types2 not infrequently crosses of this kind resemble butternuts so closely as to be practically indistinguishable from them4 ,true ,japanese walnuts have a range in form of two distinct types4 ,the better known is of guinea egg shape2 the other1 often known as the heartnut1 is of distinct heart shape4 ,neither is large2 the former is of about the size of a guinea egg or smaller2 the latter is still smaller4 ,both are like the black walnut in being encased in a rough outer husk1 which upon maturing shrivels and adheres to the surface of the nut4 ,the shells are thinner than are those of the black walnut1 but thicker than are those of the ,persian walnut4 ,when well matured1 the shell of the heartnut tends to open slightly at the apex1 after which it can be readily split in half with a knife blade4 ,the flavor of the kernel is much like that of the ,american butternut4 ,the ,japanese walnut is ordinarily hardy wherever the black succeeds4 ,it is by no means uncommon in ,michigan where it is especially appropriate for family planting4 ,for the present1 seedling trees will have to be relied upon almost wholly1 as very few varieties have been propagated4 ,so far as the writer is informed1 the only named variety available from a northern nursery is the ,lancaster introduced by ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 a nurseryman at ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,,persian ,,walnut ,perhaps no species of nut tree has attracted as great attention in ,michigan as has the ,persian walnut4 ,under some conditions it does well for a time in the eastern or northeastern states1 but on the whole its performance is distinctly erratic4 ,commercially speaking1 it is of importance in this country only on the ,pacific coast4 ,trees on the campus at ,michigan ,agricultural ,college and at many private places in the central part of the state1 have come to little4 ,usually they grow well in summer only to freeze back nearly as much in winter4 ,in ,saranac ,county1 eastern ,michigan1 close to ,lake ,huron there are a few young orchards that are in good condition1 but a half mile back from the lake the results are discouraging4 ,the same is true next to ,lake ,michigan from ,grand ,rapids south to the ,indiana line4 ,the only recommendations that can be made relative to planting the ,persian walnut in ,michigan are1 that it be planted very cautiously in any part of the state and except under very favored circumstances it be not at all in the middle of the state4 ,do not undertake to grow the trees by planting the nuts or by buying seedlings4 ,the most desirable trees are those of hardy varieties1 budded on the black walnut as a stock a foot or more above ground4 ,,the ,,filbert ,the filbert has been one of our tantalizing species of nut trees4 ,in ,england1 trees grow to ages of from one to two hundred years1 bearing profusely meanwhile4 ,there1 for many years1 they are grown under apple trees with currants below them4 ,in ,germany1 we are told that strawberries are grown below the currants and gooseberries4 ,we are waiting for the ,yankee who will be first to grow peanuts or potatoes below strawberries4 ,in the eastern part of this country1 plants of the ,european kinds are disappointing in two ways4 ,first1 they are uncertain as to their ability to bear2 and second1 they are highly susceptible to a fungus disease found everywhere that the native hazels abound4 ,the native species is quite able to resist this disease1 but the introductions ordinarily succumb to it quickly4 ,in the ,pacific ,northwest1 where by many filbert culture is believed destined to become a successful and paying industry within the next few years1 not infrequently some varieties begin to blossom as early as in ,december4 ,the blooming is largely responsible for the failure of eastern trees to set and mature crops of nuts4 ,several nurserymen are now endeavoring to find varieties of commercial value in the eastern part of the country4 ,apparently they are meeting with some success as far as their work has gone4 ,many of the varieties they are testing are proving inferior1 but a few have borne good nuts in gratifying quantity for several years4 ,during the past winter1 a good many froze severely1 although they are commonly hardy under severe weather4 ,wherever they are planted1 they should have fertile soil1 from #bj to #be feet of space each way and should be trained to tree form4 ,after #aj years or so1 they should be headed back severely1 unless regular pruning has been practiced in the meantime4 ,filberts fruit only on new wood4 ,to those who have read this article to this point1 it is now apparent that the nut industry of ,michigan lies almost wholly in the future4 ,the native varieties form an excellent ground work for that future1 but to properly take advantage of that base1 it will be necessary for practically every nut lover in the state to lend a helping hand4 ,the first great movement necessary is to examine the nuts in the fall as ripen in order to find the best of the walnuts1 hickories1 native hazels1 beeches and introduced chestnuts1 walnuts and filberts4 ,in this everyone can help4 ,whoever finds a tree of any kind bearing superior nuts will render a great service by sending specimens1 together with his or her address and that of the owner of the tree to the ,federal ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 or to ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,treasurer of the ,association1 ,baldwin1 ,nassau ,county1 ,n4 ,y4 ,be sure to carefully note the exact tree1 from which the nuts were obtained and if specimens are sent from more than one tree1 they should be kept separate and each carefully labeled4 ,such nuts will be examined and if found to be the equal or superior to the varieties already being grown1 they will be named and arrangements made for this propagation and test4 ,no prizes are given by the ,government but good nuts sent the ,government will be eligible to entry in the contest of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,if enough specimens are sent the ,department1 some will be forwarded to the ,treasurer of that ,association who has charge of awards4 ,according to very recent reports1 the outlook for a nut crop during the coming year was never better4 ,this should1 therefore1 be an excellent year for finding the trees bearing the best nuts4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i believe ,mr4 ,reed expects to give an additional talk tonight with lantern slides4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,there will be an informal talk1 a question box this evening for the benefit of any interested in the general discussion of nut culture in the ,united ,states4 ,i notice the guests of the institution are deeply interested in nut growing in their particular states2 so the arrangement for this evening is to give those persons an opportunity to come out and ask questions4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,while ,mr4 ,reed is on that subject1 ,i would like to ask if there is a chestnut as large as the ,boone or other chestnuts grown by ,mr4 ,riehl of as good flavor as the ,american ,sweet chestnut4 ,a good many people are asking me from time to time what the merit is in those large chestnuts4 ,invariably they have found that the quality is not as good as in the ,american sweet chestnut4 ,i have been assured and ,mr4 ,reed says that the kernel of these is very good4 ,i wonder if there1 are some of them better than others--of the very large chestnuts4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,there is a difference4 ,the ,boone that ,mr4 ,olcott refers to is a cross between the ,american species and the ,japanese4 ,the ,japanese has not a good flavor2 it is considerably below that of the ,american2 but the ,boone is quite good2 but there are some of ,mr4 ,riehl's chestnuts that are better4 ,mr4 ,riehl's are believed to be the pure ,american sweet chestnuts and some of them are very good1 perhaps not quite as sweet as our ,american sweet1 but they are exceedingly satisfactory and very popular in the ,chicago markets where ,mr4 ,riehl's chestnuts are going4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,this fall ,i received a chestnut which ,i am satisfied was ,japanese1 which is very large1 and seemingly about as sweet as the ,american4 ,i did not have the ,american there to test it by1 but it was very interesting to me1 and ,i am planning to get scions in the spring to follow it up further4 ,it was seemingly a ,japanese chestnut1 and pretty nearly as large as the ,boone4 ,,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones3 ,i might say that so far as ,i have tested them1 some of the ,japanese are quite sweet1 but the meat is generally tough1 not brittle and sweet like the ,american4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i believe ,mr4 ,linton is with us1 and we shall be glad to hear from him4 ,,nut ,,trees ,,for ,,highways ,,and ,,public ,,places ,,william ,s4 ,,linton1 ,,saginaw1 ,,michigan ,for a number of years it has been a source of gratification and pleasure to me to be identified with the membership of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,true1 a long distance membership only1 but nevertheless a connection that all must admit has borne fruit1 or nuts1 as you may prefer to state it4 ,to this association and its official journal must be given full credit for the pioneer work in a great and good movement that will sweep1 not only over the ,united ,states1 but over every clime and county in the world's ,western hemisphere as well4 ,your seed sown in the peninsular state of ,michigan1 was the first to sprout in a substantial way in so far as public planting of nut trees by a sovereign state is concerned1 and it was our good fortune to have as staunch supporters for the plan such able and persistent workers as my good friend1 ,senator ,harvey ,a4 ,penney of ,saginaw1 ,professor ,a4 ,k4 ,chittenden of the ,michigan ,agricultural ,college1 and last1 but not least1 ,honorable ,frank ,f4 ,rogers1 ,michigan's excellent ,state ,highway ,commissioner4 ,upon the latter will largely devolve the duty of carrying out the law's provisions1 as provided in ,senator ,penney's bill passed at the last session of the ,legislature1 and that it will be well and practically done1 goes without saying4 ,and now to my theme1 ,should the ,country ,roadsides be ,planted and ,why4 ,the present high cost of living1 and in fact the cost of living at any time is a fruitful and serious problem4 ,our vast natural resources during the century gone1 of forests1 of game1 and of grazing lands1 have almost to the point of extinction been rapidly passing away1 and it behooves us1 who have profited thereby and now owe a duty to our race to artificially provide wherever and whenever we can for the future of humankind4 ,in what better way can this be done than in utilizing the immense acreage of ,america's vast system of highways1 7now absolutely wasted except for the sole purpose of travel71 to reproduce the very finest of our country's magnificent trees1 to again afford beauty1 grateful shade1 valuable timber and the choicest of food in great abundance for the generations to come4 ,were this not a convention devoted to the advancement of nut growing alone1 ,i would be glad to extol also for road planting fruit trees of every kind of adequate size and character1 and free or nearly so1 from the ravages of disease or insect pest1 would be glad to praise the stately1 hard maple1 with its clear1 sweet sap1 producing the syrup and sugar that are the delight of childhood and age1 and would be glad to recommend the useful basswood with its valuable lumber and its fragrant yellow flowers1 producing that nectar from which our most delicious honey is made1 and would be glad to recommend for our highways1 certain other majestic trees needed by man and beautiful in the landscape4 ,but the object of this association and convention is a specialized one1 as undoubtedly it should be1 owing to the important field it covers1 and therefore the nut trees and it alone for planting on highways and in public places should be the subject of this paper4 ,if we were to confine ourselves to one native variety or species for our ,northern territory1 the great majority of people would unhesitatingly say1 let it be the ,black ,walnut 7,juglans nigra74 ,attaining as it does a height of #ajj feet and more1 and a trunk of four feet and over in diameter1 with a symmetrical top of splendid foliage1 bearing the richest of nuts and its timber the most valuable in the country1 with a natural range extending from ,michigan to ,mississippi and from ,delaware to the ,dakotas1 it should be universally planted throughout the ,united ,states along thousands of miles of our great trunk line roads4 ,its nearest ,american relative1 the butternut 7,juglans cinerea7 preferring lower lands along river bottoms1 attaining an average height of #fj feet with a trunk of #c feet1 its wood suitable for cabinet work1 its bark with medicinal properties1 and its nuts of splendid flavor1 should be planted where soil conditions call for it4 ,for their rich1 delicious nuts1 alone1 saying nothing about their clean1 handsome foliage1 their rough1 strong wood--the best of any grown for many purposes--the hickories1 among which are the ,shagbark 7,carya ovata7 and the big shellbark 7,carya laciniosa71 should be planted in many places4 ,they both frequently attain #ajj feet in height with straight sturdy trunks averaging from three to four feet in diameter4 ,the other nut trees suitable for roadside planting1 are not specially attractive to mankind for their fruits1 as heretofore used or utilized1 but may eventually become so under modern methods of cooking or proper treatment4 ,in their raw state1 however1 all are edible and also palatable to most people1 but their chief food value today1 is to provide rich provender to domestic animals and birds1 or the desirable wild life of the woodlands1 all of which devour them eagerly1 adding quickly to their weight and greatly to their quality and flavor of their flesh4 ,i refer to the three magnificent oaks producing sweet acorns1 viz41 the ,white ,oak 7,quercus albaq71 the ,bur ,oak 7,quercus macrocarpa7 and the ,swamp ,white ,oak 7,quercus plantanoides74 ,they are all emblematic of great strength and grandeur1 reaching the majestic height of #ajj feet1 with trunks four or five feet in diameter2 the leaf coloring at times is indescribably beautiful and the timber owing to its great solidity and strength is of the utmost value4 ,last1 but not least1 the ,american beech1 with a three or four foot trunk and almost #ajj feet in height1 distinct and beautiful1 will demand the attention of those who plant our highways4 ,its nuts1 feasted upon by many forest denizens1 may be classed with the sweet acorns heretofore referred to1 but the tree has a grace and charm all its own and it thrives from the warm waters of the ,gulf to the icy shores of ,lake ,superior4 ,at this time we cannot recommend what has been a noble1 almost fascinating tree1 #ajj feet its usual height and sometimes spreading #ajj feet almost in extent1 with a trunk that in some cases reached a diameter of #aj feet1 with clusters of golden catkins fragrant in midsummer1 resulting in great quantities of delicious nuts in autumn4 ,such was the chestnut1 ,castanea dentata1 of the past1 the fate of which1 and almost extinction1 has been a tragedy in the ranks of our native trees that has brought bitter regrets to all lovers of this partician of the forest4 ,good news comes from the far ,east1 however1 to the effect that some specimens of this famous tree have escaped or proven immune to the blight1 and if the latter1 it means the saving of the species and its replanting in soil and territory where it may thrive as of yore4 ,having now enumerated the varieties of trees that should be selected in the main for the planting of highways and in public places1 the question now arises as to the best method of carrying on the work in a practical way throughout the country4 ,individuals or small communities certainly can not be depended upon to do it1 as the result would be of a patchwork character that would not be pleasing to the eye or beneficial in its results4 ,only federal1 state and municipal governments can take charge of this great work and carry it forward to completion4 ,the ,state of ,michigan1 now as you know1 by legal enactment1 causes state authorities to plant the trunk line1 highways1 the county to plant the roads of the county systems1 and the cities and villages and townships those minor roads that are within their borders4 ,in case of individual effort1 where an owner of land plants food-producing trees along the highways in front of his property1 he is reimbursed by stated amounts covering each tree so planted1 the returns coming to him by a reduction in the amount of his own taxation4 ,this so-called ,michigan plan carried on throughout the entire country1 would call for a supply of trees of the character named far beyond the ability of the commercial growers to supply1 and in my opinion can be worked out only by seed or seedlings of the various varieties4 ,and why not8 ,the cost would be much less than of any other method1 and only a few years would pass before substantial returns would commence to come4 ,it has been stated and it is true1 that the seeds of the trees named do not always produce superior nuts1 but in a great majority only those of a common or inferior kind4 ,however1 choice specimens will appear also1 and from these of the better class grafting may be done to enrich all4 ,then again1 it is a question as to whether the important tap roots of the important nut species should be disturbed or destroyed in transplanting4 ,it would seem to be the proper plan1 therefore1 in order to avoid too great an expense1 that the nuts or seed should be used in a great majority of highway planting1 the trees to remain where first placed on approved roadside lines1 and the proper distance apart4 ,it may be said that too great a time would elapse between the planting of the seed and the maturity of the tree1 but as time goes nowadays1 it would not be an unreasonable period1 and there are those within the sound of my voice now1 who will witness in their maturity the magnificent trees producing their valuable products and adding to the beauty of the landscape and to the welfare of mankind4 ,this ,association has been the pioneer in this great movement1 and it will be the credit to those connected therewith in the generations to come1 in that they have all contributed in a very marked degree to the everlasting benefit of mankind4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,is there any discussion8 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,i believe ,senator ,penney is to discuss a topic very closely affiliated with this one and perhaps it would be well to defer the discussion until we hear his address4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,we will be glad to have ,senator ,penney present his paper next1 then4 ,it is along the same lines--legislation in regard to tree planting4 ,,senator ,,penney3 ,when my friend1 ,mr4 ,linton1 started off to discuss his paper1 he said he was a long distance member1 and you can see the effect in the fruits he has borne or the nuts he has borne4 ,ever since ,i was taken sick up north1 he has been trying to tell me ,i was a nut4 ,i was taken sick up there in the deer hunting camp1 and my friend1 ,mr4 ,linton1 assisted in getting me out and rushing me to the nearest hospital1 and it happened to be an insane asylum in northern ,michigan4 ,,legislation ,,regarding ,,the ,,planting ,,of ,,nut ,,and ,,other ,,food ,,producing ,,trees ,,senator ,,harvey ,a4 ,,penney1 ,,saginaw1 ,,michigan ,i wish to express my hearty appreciation to your ,association for the distinct honor of being invited to address your meeting upon the subject of ,legislation ,regarding the ,planting of ,nut and ,other ,food ,trees4 ,i believe that my invitation came as a result of having been responsible for introducing a tree-planting bill in the ,senate of the #aiai session of the ,michigan ,state ,legislature1 and later in securing its passage4 ,this bill purported to regulate the planting of ornamental1 nut-bearing and other food-producing trees along the highways of the ,state of ,michigan1 or in public places1 and for the maintenance1 protection and care of such trees1 and to provide a penalty for injury thereof1 or for stealing the products thereof4 ,for several sessions of the ,michigan ,legislature prior to #aiai1 bills had been introduced intending to accomplish this result1 but each time heretofore they have regularly failed to pass4 ,this fate included one introduced by the writer during the session of #aiag4 ,i am now fully convinced that none of these bills1 although a step in the right direction1 seemed to provide the proper working machinery or necessary features to put them into practical operation1 and hence did not appeal to the legislative committees1 nor to the members of the several legislatures4 ,during the regular session of #aiai1 with the valuable assistance of ,hon4 ,w4 ,s4 ,linton of ,saginaw1 a new bill was prepared providing an entirely new method of supplying and planting such trees1 and for putting such a law into effective operation under the jurisdiction of the state4 ,it was made to work in harmony with the rights of the property owner adjoining the highway1 and with the duties of those state officials whose departments were perfectly adapted and equipped for putting the law into active operation4 ,i am going to attach an enrolled copy of the tree planting bill at the end of this paper1 so that it may be made a part of the permanent records of the ,association4 ,it will therefore be unnecessary to give a detailed account of all the provisions contained therein4 ,i will1 however1 mention a few of the principal points so that you may understand its purpose4 ,it provides that the ,public ,domain ,commission which has charge of the state forest reserve lands and parks1 together with the ,michigan ,agricultural ,college1 are given authority to grow and acquire suitable seeds1 scions or trees for planting under the provisions of this act4 ,a department of the ,agricultural ,college determines the kind of trees which are adapted or suitable for planting in different soils or places4 ,in order to insure a uniform system of planting1 this duty is left to the ,state ,highway ,commission and the ,state ,board of ,agriculture1 acting jointly4 ,the trees belong to the state1 but the nuts or other products belong to the owner of the land adjoining the highway4 ,a penalty is imposed if these trees are defaced with advertisements or signs1 and neither can they be cut down or destroyed4 ,but just as you find legislatures differing in their opinions upon public matters1 so you must expect them to differ more or less upon the feasibility of most any bill that is presented for their consideration4 ,all kinds of arguments are made for and against any bill4 ,i remember that one ,senator in the committee thought that trees planted along the highways bearing nuts or fruit would constantly be subject to a lot of tampering and molestation by the traveling public4 ,but another ,senator came back with a reply that seemed to be very convincing1 when he stated that he had a fine row of cherry trees growing along the front of his farm1 and had never experienced any trouble of that kind from such a source4 ,i have always felt that if the merits of a good bill were properly explained to a legislature committee1 there will be no hesitancy in having it favorably reported out and finally passed4 ,i believe the legislature of #aiai took this view of the tree planting bill introduced by myself1 as it was passed by both the ,senate and the ,house1 and later received the signature of ,governor ,sleeper1 thus making it an established law of ,michigan4 ,i must not forget to mention the fact that after this bill had been passed by the legislature and still needed the signature of the ,governor to make it a law1 a number of ,michigan's representative and influential citizens wrote to ,governor ,sleeper1 urging him to affix his signature thereto4 ,among those was ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg of ,battle ,creek1 who has more than a nation-wide reputation in his profession and is at present a strong factor in the success of this association4 ,this law is intended not only to ornament the public highways of ,michigan1 but also to furnish nut bearing and other food-producing trees that should assist materially in the problems incident to the high cost of living4 ,it would seem that such a law should be duplicated in every state where practicable1 and also be promoted by the ,national ,government upon ,national ,highways4 ,the people of ,michigan recently voted to amend the ,state ,constitution so as to permit the issuance of #ej1jjj1jjj4jj worth of bonds for the improvement of public highways4 ,by the time that this large sum has been apportioned over a period of say ten years1 and the road moneys furnished and expended during this time1 as federal aid by the federal government1 local counties and townships are added thereto1 it has been estimated that the vast sum of nearly #bjj1jjj1jjj4jj will have been used solely for the improvement of our state highways4 ,with a wonderful highway system thus established1 beautifully adorned by the state with nut-bearing and other trees1 the roads of ,michigan should become a great attraction in which our citizens would not only have a just pride1 but serve as a model of excellence for the whole nation to imitate4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i would like to ask the ,senator what danger there is likely to be in the protection of these trees when they are once planted4 ,is the tree going to have right of way1 or is the telephone company going to have right of way in cutting out the top2 or is a new bred consciousness going to have authority4 ,if it is possible that the trees will be destroyed as many have been1 perhaps the legislation may be changed in some way4 ,suppose we want to give them good care1 what are we going to do8 ,,senator ,,penney3 ,the law has a section in it providing for defacing and damaging the trees or cutting them down4 ,i have a copy of the bill there4 ,as my throat is in bad shape perhaps it might be well to have the secretary read the bill4 ,it is not very long4 ,,mr4 ,,linton3 ,in this connection ,i would also ask for the reading of the bill by the secretary4 ,this is a bill that may be copied by other states throughout the ,union1 and if there is any criticism that is just1 in reason1 for changing any of the features in the bill1 they should be decided upon at this meeting or by a committee4 ,because a uniform bill throughout the country is really something desirable1 ,i think1 in connection with this legislation4 ,and ,i would add further3 ,michigan does not have an entire monopoly of ,highway legislation at the present time1 but is in a prominent position in connection therewith4 ,the chairman of the committee on post offices and post roads of the ,united ,states ,senate is ,senator ,townsend1 of this ,state4 ,it is his bill that will cause the national highways to be constructed from ocean to ocean4 ,senator ,townsend is one of our best beloved citizens2 his heart is in this work2 and ,i am sure from what ,i know of him 7and he is a close friend of mine7 that he will enter heartily into the spirit of embodying in national legislation something of the character that we have in state legislation in ,michigan so that it may apply to the whole country as well4 ,and for that reason ,i would like to have the bill read4 ,it is a short one1 and any additions or any amendments thereto ,i know will be gladly received by ,senator ,penny or myself4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i think that is one of the most important subjects that can come before this ,association2 not only that1 but the interest of every member should be enlisted particularly in this subject4 ,the possibilities of the extension of that work are almost unlimited and directly in line with the objects of this organization4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i am just wondering whether we would have time to have it read now1 or postpone it to a little later4 ,dr4 ,kellogg is with us now4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,this bill is very short4 7,read bill47 ,senate ,bill ,no4 #ei ,introduced by ,senator ,penney 7,file ,no4 #aej7 ,,state ,,of ,,michigan #ejth ,legislature ,regular ,session of #aiai ,,senate ,,enrolled ,,act ,,no4 #ah ,an act to regulate the planting of ornamental1 nut bearing or other food producing trees along the highways of the ,state of ,michigan1 or in public places1 and for the maintenance1 protection and care of such trees and to provide a penalty for injury thereof1 or for stealing the products thereof4 ,the ,people of the ,state of ,michigan enact ,section #a4 ,the ,state ,highway ,commissioner and the ,state ,board of ,agriculture1 acting jointly hereunder1 shall have authority and it shall be their duty to select and plant by seed1 scions or otherwise1 ornamental1 nut bearing1 or other food producing trees1 7to be supplied by the ,public ,domain ,commission1 or the ,michigan ,agricultural ,college1 as may be recommended or approved by the ,division of ,agriculture of said college17 suitable for shade trees1 along the ,state trunk line highways and all other highways of the ,state of ,michigan1 upon which ,state reward has been paid or earned3 ,provided1 that in no case shall such trees be planted except by and with the consent of the owner of the property adjoining such highway4 ,the ,state ,highway ,commissioner shall establish rules and regulations for uniform planting or proper placing of all trees under the provisions of this act1 and all such trees shall belong to the ,state1 but the products thereof shall belong to the owners of the adjacent land4 ,nothing herein contained shall authorize the ,state ,highway ,commissioner1 or the ,state ,board of ,agriculture to cut down or interfere with shade trees now growing along any such highway1 without permission in writing from the owner of the adjoining property4 ,all expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of this section shall be paid out of any moneys in the ,state highway fund that may be available therefor4 ,section #b4 ,counties1 townships1 cities and villages may annually appropriate money to be used in planting1 pruning and protecting1 and whenever necessary in acquiring shade1 nut bearing and ornamental trees to be placed along and within the respective limits of said municipalities4 ,the expenditure of any such fund shall be vested in the highway commissioner in the case of county roads1 and in the proper highway authorities of the city or village as the case may be4 ,section #c4 ,the owner of any real estate in the ,state of ,michigan that borders upon a legal highway upon which ,state reward has not been paid1 shall have the right to plant said approved ornamental1 nut bearing1 or other food producing trees along the line of said highway adjoining said land1 and shall receive annually a credit of five cents upon his highway repair tax for each tree so planted by him and growing in good order1 not less than six feet in height when planted and not less than twenty and not more than forty feet apart4 ,all of said trees and their products shall belong to the owner of said land3 ,provided1 that no bounty shall be paid or deduction allowed under the provision of this section upon any one tree or row of trees for a longer period than five years4 ,the owner of such trees shall have the care thereof and shall have the duty and responsibility for the trimming1 spraying and cultivation thereof4 ,section #d4 ,the ,michigan ,agricultural ,college and ,public ,domain ,commission are hereby authorized to grow and acquire suitable seeds1 scions or trees for planting under the provisions of this act1 and to establish proper rules and regulations for distributing the same at nominal cost1 or otherwise1 to counties1 townships1 cities1 villages1 and citizens of the ,state for the aforesaid purpose1 and also for ,state parks or other public places4 ,section #e4 ,it shall be unlawful to cut1 destroy1 injure1 deface or break any ornamental1 nut bearing1 food producing or shade tree upon any public highway or place1 except where such trees shall interfere with the proper construction or maintenance of such highways4 ,it shall be unlawful to affix to any such tree any picture1 announcement1 play-bill1 notice or advertisement1 or to paint or mark such tree1 except for the purpose of protecting it1 or to negligently permit any animal to break down1 injure or destroy any such tree within the limits of any public highway4 ,any person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than one dollar or more than twenty-five dollars1 and in default of payment of any such fine may be imprisoned in the county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days4 ,such person shall be liable to the owner of the trees for treble the amount of damages sustained4 ,,luren ,d4 ,,dickinson1 ,lieutenant ,governor1 ,president of the ,senate4 ,,tom ,,reed1 ,speaker of the ,house of ,representatives4 ,approved1 ,march #bh1 #aiai4 ,,albert ,e4 ,,sleeper1 ,governor4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i move that before adjournment the chairman appoint a committee of three members of this association to carefully review this bill and either report in favor of any suggestions that they may wish to make in regard to its amendment or give approval of the bill as it stands4 ,,mr4 ,,linton3 ,i support the motion4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,it is moved and seconded that the chairman appoint a committee of three to carry out the recommendations4 ,all in favor say ,aye2 contrary1 ,no4 ,it is ,,carried4 ,,senator ,,penney3 ,that law is adjusted to the laws of ,michigan and any other state proposed would have to adjust it to fit their laws4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i would like to have ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed on that committee1 ,mr4 ,olcott and ,dr4 ,morris4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,then1 ,mr4 ,president1 in addition to that we are going to take the liberty of adding an ex officio member1 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 an ex-president and also a good thoroughgoing nut4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,my understanding is the provision for six-ft4 trees4 ,six foot nut trees unless they have been transplanted several times will hardly succeed4 ,i would say use small trees along the highway4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i think that would need to be worked out4 ,i think a six foot tree is a little dangerous in some varieties4 ,the committee might find it wise to offer some suggestions in that line4 ,,voice3 ,if you plant a tree six feet high1 you are sure of having a tree there4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i believe ,dr4 ,kellogg is about ready now1 and we will hear from ,dr4 ,kellogg whom you are all acquainted with4 ,,the ,,soy ,,bean ,,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,kellogg1 ,,battle ,,creek1 ,,michigan ,it is evident that the live stock industry is shriveling up4 ,the livestock inhabitants of the country--the pigs1 sheep and cattle--are much smaller in population at the present time than they were twenty-five or thirty years ago1 and are getting smaller all the time4 ,the price of meat is high and is going to continue to climb4 ,it is away out of reach of the average laboring man even at the present time4 ,i heard ,dr4 ,charley ,mayo say at a clinic not long ago that meat is so high he could not afford to eat it and he didn't see how anybody could2 and as a matter of fact1 he didn't need it anyhow1 and so we could easily get along without it4 ,as a matter of fact1 as ,mr4 ,bill said some years ago it is not really so much the high cost of living as it is the cost of high living2 and the use of meat is such an extravagant and expensive thing it is very important that people should know how to get along without meat4 ,the experimenters of the agricultural experiment stations have shown us that it takes thirty-three pounds of dry digestible food substance to make one pound of beef--#ca or #cb pounds to make a pound of beef1 and #cc or #cd pounds to make a pound of mutton4 ,seven pounds of digestible food substance will make a pound of dry milk4 ,so we can readily see that there is an enormous waste of foodstuff4 ,only about ten per cent of the corn raised is used for feeding human beings4 ,the rest is fed to animals and a large part of it is wasted4 ,so it is exceedingly important1 it seems to me1 that this nut industry should be encouraged in every way4 ,a half million acres of nut trees well advanced and producing would produce all of the fat and more digestible fat1 and all the protein and more digestible protein1 than we are now using in the entire country4 ,we are producing more than enough food in corn and other foodstuffs to feed nearly three times our present population1 and most of it is wasted in the energy which the hog1 the steer and other animals use up in running around and keeping warm4 ,that is where the great loss comes4 ,in nuts we have a choice foodstuff as digestible as any other foodstuff1 and ,prof4 ,torrey and ,prof4 ,mendel and others who have recently made experiments have shown that the protein of the nut and the protein of vegetables in general is not so putrescible as the protein of meats4 ,there are good reasons for it4 ,it does not undergo putrefaction so readily any way1 and besides meat carries along with it the bacteria which produce putrefaction4 ,meat is the filthiest thing that goes upon our tables4 ,if the number of bacteria in milk was as great as the number of bacteria in meat1 nobody would think of eating it4 ,if the bacteria in water were as numerous as in milk1 no one would be willing to drink the water4 ,it is a very curious thing that we permit in milk and in meat a condition of things we would not tolerate in air or water for a moment4 ,every morsel of meat a person eats contains some billions of the bacteria of the very worst sort4 ,bacteria found in meat are those which produce colitis1 appendicitis1 abscesses of the teeth and diseased conditions of the tonsils4 ,they predispose to a good many infectious diseases of the intestine1 and no doubt predispose to cancer4 ,it is pretty well established at the present time that cancer is a disease of meat eating men and animals4 ,about one cow in fifty has cancer1 whereas every seventh dog taken to a hospital sick is found to have cancer4 ,dr4 ,mayo recently gathered some statistics on this matter1 and he told me and some other doctors that dogs under eight years of age1 every fourth one has cancer2 every third one of dogs ten years of age has cancer1 and half of all the dogs over twelve years of age have cancer and would die of it if left to themselves4 ,these statements were based on laboratory animals that were killed when they were well and not sick1 so the observation ought to be fairly reliable4 ,i was to say particularly a few words about the soy bean4 ,i am not going to try to tell you very much about it1 because ,i do not know very much about it4 ,if you want to learn all about it1 you can easily do so by writing to ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,morse1 of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #igc1 one of the very best on this subject1 tells all about the culture of this exceedingly useful legume4 ,the soy bean is really the beefsteak of ,china and ,japan4 ,in those oriental countries1 soy beans have been used for centuries4 ,it is more nearly like a nut than a bean4 ,perhaps ,i better show you the pictures first1 and then have the curtains raised so we can get a better inspection of the beans4 ,the composition of the soy bean is very remarkably different from that of the ordinary bean4 ,it contains forty per cent of fat1 on the average and about forty per cent of protein--sometimes more than forty per cent4 ,the protein is sixty per cent more than in our best ordinary foods2 and the fat is five or six times as much as that found in the ordinary bean4 ,a thousand different varieties of the soy bean have been gathered by the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry of the ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington4 ,five hundred of these varieties have been tested1 and thirty or forty of them have been found to be adapted to this country1 and very useful4 ,you can see in this picture the great mass of pods to be found growing on the plant4 ,this slide shows how unusually well they grow in the field4 ,you can see the pods scattered all through the plant4 ,a large part of the foliage is made up of pods4 ,this is one of our own fields of the beans that we raised this year4 ,it is rather difficult to raise the bean in this latitude1 because it requires a long time to mature4 ,it requires about #aaj days for some varieties4 ,we have1 however1 a variety we raised here that we got from the agricultural department of ,ontario4 ,we found it matured very well indeed in #abj days4 ,we planted the bean here the first week in ,may and harvested it the first week in ,september2 so its season was about #abj days4 ,i found this particular bean was new to the agricultural department at ,washington1 and have sent them some of the seed1 and ,i think they are going to make some trial of it4 ,this is a view of a field of the ,hahto variety which is a particularly fine variety for use as a shelled bean4 ,in ,china the soy bean is very little used as we use beans4 ,they do not cook the bean and eat it as we do2 but instead they make it into a cheese which they call tofu1 and this cheese is made by soaking the beans1 grinding them into a pulp1 then boiling for ten or fifteen minutes with about five volumes of water2 then the milky mass is precipitated with sulphate of magnesia or citric acid1 a very small amount because they use it as a curd4 ,i have here a sample of the curd which ,i will pass around in a moment for you to see4 ,this picture shows this curd pressed in large cakes4 ,the soy bean curd is stored on wooden trays in a dark room4 ,it is also stored in large earthen jars4 ,they cure it and make cheese out of it which very closely resembles our ,american milk cheese4 ,they also use the beans for sprouting4 ,the bean lacks only two things4 ,it lacks lime and the fat-soluble vitamines4 ,it contains a considerable amount of the fat-soluble vitamines4 ,it is one of the very few seeds that is found to contain a sufficient amount of the fat-soluble vitamine to promote growth1 so that animals will grow and develop normally on the bean alone without any other sort of fat-soluble vitamine4 ,if the bean is sprouted1 a large amount of this fat-soluble vitamine is produced by the plant itself4 ,this is also found to be a valuable means of preventing scurvy--by sprouting the beans in this way and using the sprouts as a salad4 ,the sprouts are used as a green vegetable4 ,it is an easy way of getting green vegetables at any season of the year4 ,it takes the place of ordinary greens4 ,here is a courtyard full of pots in which the fermented soy beans are placed4 ,this is a very interesting scheme they have for making a substitute for meat extract4 ,by this means they prepare an extract which closely resembles extract of beef4 ,in fact1 it is rather a finer flavored product than meat extracts4 ,it is made by first cooking the beans1 spreading them out in the yard on trays and allowing a fungus to grow1 and after two or three weeks the whole mass is put into pots of brine in the yard and allowed to remain there for a year or more1 and at the end of that time the brine has become soy sauce4 ,this shows a mass of soy roots4 ,it has been suggested it might be very useful to nut growers as a means of fertilizing the soil1 a crop which will fertilize the soil for the trees and at the same time give a valuable return for the labor and expense4 ,the little nodules on the roots are very numerous and show well here4 ,they produce nitrogen1 concentrated nitrogen from the air as do the nodules on the roots of alfalfa4 ,the ,scientific ,american recently stated that the soy bean is one of the most promising of vegetables4 ,it provides food for man and beast4 ,given enough soy beans and granted the art of preparing them so that they might be served as food having sufficient diversity and palatableness1 neither meat nor fish nor fat would be needed4 ,in this respect the ,germans did not prepare for war4 ,if they had had the soy bean industry well developed it might have helped them through1 and the map of the world might have been seriously changed from what it now is4 ,i think one of the finest of the soy beans is the ,hahto variety4 ,they grow one or two in a pod4 ,i saw some of these beans in the market in ,jerusalem forty years ago4 ,when about three quarters grown and used as shelled beans they are exceedingly palatable4 ,if at the dinner table today you will call for a soy bean omelet1 you will be quite surprised4 ,dr4 ,morris tried it this morning and was kind enough to say it was the finest he ever ate4 ,the soy bean is the best of a large part of the cookery of the orient4 ,we have been introducing it here the last few months1 and it is very palatable1 very digestible1 and our patients like it very much4 ,if you are interested in the soy bean1 write1 to ,w4 ,j4 ,morse1 or to the ,agricultural ,department1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 and they will give you a lot of interesting information about it4 ,in starting the planting of the bean1 it is necessary to inoculate the soil as in the starting of a planting of alfalfa4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,bixby has prepared a paper on ,judging ,nuts which there is not now time for him to read4 ,it will be inserted in the proceedings at this point4 ,,judging ,,nuts ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,baldwin1 ,,nassau ,,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,that there are differences in nuts is apparent to everybody4 ,the selecting of the best nuts out of a lot of two or three usually presents no difficulty1 and1 when the number of nuts to be judged amounts to a dozen or so1 it is generally possible to pick out the best1 but1 when one has before him nuts from several hundred trees1 the problem becomes a very different one1 and the person who tries to pick out the best from such a lot soon becomes aware of his own limitations4 ,if1 in addition1 he has sufficient respect for consistency to try to be so exact in his judgment as to be able to go over a large lot of nuts today1 we will say1 and several months hence go over the same lot again and render the same verdict on each one of them1 he will doubtless give the matter up as an impossibility1 and yet that is just what is wanted and expected of those who judge the nuts which are sent in to the annual contests1 which contests have resulted in bringing to the attention of the nut growing world the nuts of so many fine trees4 ,the experience of the last two or three years in being one of the judges who passed on the nuts which were sent in to the contests convinced me1 almost at the start1 of the desirability of getting methods where it would be possible to go over a large lot of nuts now and several months hence1 and render the same verdict on each one of them1 but now how to do it was not at first apparent1 and the methods for doing it which will be outlined are the results of much work1 many attempts1 and the discarding of many of the methods tried4 ,considering the methods used in judging fruit1 animals and fowl has helped to some extent1 but this assistance did not go far4 ,the beginning of improved methods of judging any of the above1 is the establishment of a score card1 as it is called1 which is nothing more than an enumeration of the characteristics and a decision as to the relative value of each one4 ,usually the values assigned to each characteristic are such that when added up the total will be #ajj points4 ,score cards of this character are in general use4 ,the first attempt to make a score card for use in judging the nuts to which the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association gives its attention1 so so far as ,i am aware1 was that of a committee of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 which reported at the ,fifth ,annual ,meeting at ,evansville1 ,ind41 #aiad1 and which report will be found on page #bj of the report of that meeting4 ,prof4 ,e4 ,r4 ,lake was chairman of the committee4 ,the score card for butternuts1 black walnuts and hickories which it recommended is noted below3 ,general ,values ,points ,size #aj ,form #e ,color #e ,shell ,values ,thinness #ae ,cracking #bj ,kernel ,values ,color #aj ,plumpness #e ,flavor #aj ,quality #bj ,total #ajj ,this score card has served as a basis for all the work that has been done in judging nuts since that work has largely fallen to me4 ,it was early found desirable1 however1 to change the score card in one or two respects1 and it has since been changed two or three times as the experience gained in judging nuts saw it was desirable4 ,the score card now in use is noted below3 ,general ,values ,weight #aj ,form #e ,color #e ,shell ,values ,husking ,quality #e ,thinness #aj ,cracking ,quality #bj ,kernel ,values ,color #e ,proportion of kernel #bj ,quality and ,flavor #bj ,total #ajj ,the first time one attempts to judge a large number of nuts whether with the aid of such a score card as that proposed by ,prof4 ,lake's ,committee or without it1 he gets into practical difficulties at once4 ,these difficulties are not with the score card but in its use4 ,take for example the characteristic1 size1 the first one on ,prof4 ,lake's score card4 ,how can a person tell from the nuts of a hundred hickory trees which is the largest and which is the smallest and which are intermediate2 in short how can he arrange them in order of size1 the largest at one end of the line and the smallest at the other with a uniform graduation in between4 ,anyone who tries to do such a thing quickly finds that it is impossible to do this correctly if one has only his eye to aid him in determining size4 ,the inability to do so quickly becomes apparent if a person tries to arrange such a lot of nuts in order of size at one time and then several days later tries to arrange the same lot of nuts in order of size again4 ,it is almost certain that they will not get arranged the same both times4 ,the differences between the nuts are usually so minute1 and1 what is more important1 the difficulties of correctly estimating size by the eye alone are so great that it is practically impossible to do it4 ,an expert on this point can do it of course much better than one who is not1 but even the expert is only too well aware of his limitations and of the impossibility of properly doing the above4 ,the same difficulty is apparent with every characteristic on the list and while judging by experts with the aid of a score card1 is1 so far as ,i am aware1 the method used in judging fruit1 farm animals1 poultry1 etc41 the crudeness of this method is only too evident to the experts themselves4 ,two or three years ago it seemed very far inferior to what actually measuring these characteristics would be1 although such measurement at first seemed difficult1 not to say almost impossible4 ,much work has been done on this1 and it is very gratifying to say that this measurement has been found possible to an extent that was not dreamed of before the work was started4 ,before outlining the methods worked out to do this a little discussion will be given on ,prof4 ,lake's score card1 the characteristics which it pointed out1 and the reason shown for changing some of them4 ,size is a characteristic which is apparent to everyone1 yet the actual measurement of size in the case of a large lot of nuts presents difficulties which seem practically insurmountable4 ,a serious attempt was made to measure the length1 breadth and height of the nuts examined and gauges were made which should do this exactly and quickly4 ,these were finely discarded and the characteristic weight adopted in place of size4 ,this has to quite an extent replaced size in considering farm products4 ,when we used to buy potatoes by the bushel we used to get a bushel basket full1 now we get the legal weight of a bushel of potatoes and instances of this kind might be multiplied almost indefinitely4 ,while weight and size are not exactly the same thing1 yet they are so to a large extent in the case of a given commodity1 such as nuts of one species1 and weight can be accurately and rapidly determined4 ,plumpness is another characteristic which we all understand as far as the difference between a nut with a plump well filled kernel is concerned1 and one with a shriveled up kernel1 but when it comes to arranging the kernels of a lot of nuts in order of their plumpness1 the one who tries to do it becomes ready to give up before he really gets started4 ,it was found that the ratio of the weight of kernel to the weight of the entire nut which is termed proportion of kernel was never large in the case of a nut with shriveled kernel4 ,it was small in the case of a nut with a thick shell and a plump well filled kernel1 but1 as stated above it was never large in the case of a nut with a shriveled kernel and a good deal of work on the subject convinced me that the characteristic proportion of kernel could be very well substituted for plumpness4 ,there seemed at the present time little use for separating flavor and quality as there seemed to be some question as to what was intended by the terms separately and so they were considered together4 ,i would like to state here that little consideration has so far been given as to whether the number of points awarded for each characteristic are such as to cause the nut that will ultimately be considered of most value commercially to get the first prize or not4 ,the score card of ,prof4 ,lake's seemed so good that it was thought far more important at present to develop methods of measuring these characteristics4 ,a careful study of the nuts sent in to the contests1 it was thought1 would point out most parts of the score card where improvement could be made1 and this has already proved to be so to a considerable extent4 ,the methods of quantitatively measuring the different characteristics and determining the number of points to be awarded for each will be outlined one at a time4 ,,weight3 ,this is determined by an accurate scale1 one weighing to #a_/aj gram was used1 and the same scale was used directly or indirectly for determining six out of the nine characteristics considered4 ,in determining weight1 five average nuts 7as far as could be determined by appearance7 were weighed and the average weight determined4 ,having at hand the weights of the largest and smallest nuts of the species under examination1 the largest nut was awarded #aj points and the smallest #j and the nuts of intermediate weight were awarded intermediate figures4 ,the method of doing this will best be seen by taking a specific instance e4 g4 the ,lutz black walnut1 the average weight of which is #bf4d;g4 ,the ,alley black walnut1 the average weight of which is #aj4j;g is the smallest good black walnut which has come to our attention1 while the ,armknecht black walnut which weighs #bh4i;g is the largest one of which we know4 ,the ,armknecht black walnut would be awarded #aj points for weight and the ,alley #j points and a table would be made up for use in determining the number of points to be awarded for intermediate weights as noted below3 ,,black ,,walnuts--,,weight ,heaviest ,armknecht #bh4i grams2 ,lightest ,alley #aj4j grams4 ,weight of nut4 ,points4 #bh grams and less than #cj grams #aj #bf #bh #i #bd #bf #h #bb #bd #f #bj #bb #e #ah #bj #d #af #ah #c #ad #af #b #ab #ad #a #aj #ab #j ,after the average weight of five nuts of a given variety has been determined1 an inspection of the table shows at a glance the number of points to be awarded for weight1 which1 in the case of the ,lutz ,black walnut1 is #i4 ,in case a nut should be entered which was very much larger or smaller than provided for1 the table can be extended for use temporarily4 ,the table1 however1 should be revised before being used the next year4 ,for example1 had a nut come in weighing #cj4e grams this might have been awarded #aa points1 and had one weighing #h4e grams come in this would have been awarded-#a point in order to give each nut full credit1 for excellence in size or to penalize it for lack of it4 ,it will be noticed that by the method outlined the size of a nut is determined exactly and the same number of points for size 7or weight7 would be awarded today1 next week1 next month1 or next year1 barring of course real changes1 e4 g4 those caused by actual loss of moisture1 etc4 ,,form3 ,it was only recently that a method of measuring this characteristic has been suggested and this has been tried out only experimentally4 ,by form is meant attractive appearing shape which has been held to be absence of hollows1 ridges1 angles1 etc4 ,a round1 smooth nut would be held to have perfect form in distinction from nuts that are rough and full of ridges or edges4 ,the only method of measuring that has been suggested and which it is believed will work out satisfactorily is to first select an average nut and weigh1 then fill up the hollows in the surface of the nut with wax just covering the ridges till the surface is smooth1 and weigh4 ,this will give the weight of the nut plus the weight of the wax needed to fill up the hollows on the surface4 ,as the specific gravity of the wax is #d_/e that of the nut the figure actually used is weight of nut plus #e_/d weight of the wax1 which gives the weight of a nut of the size of the sample with the hollows in the shell filled up or the weight of a nut of perfect form of the size of the sample4 ,the measurement of form is then the weight of the average nut divided by the weight of a nut of the same size of perfect shape1 that is without hollows or ridges4 ,a measurement of form of a black walnut gave the following3 ,weight of nut #bb4e grams ,weight of nut and wax #bd4f ,weight of wax #b4a ,weight of #e-d wax #b4f ,weight of nut and #e-d wax #be4a ,form #bb4ebe4ahi4g ,when a nut has perfect form there will be no hollows to fill and no wax will be needed and the weight of nut and #e_/d of the wax will be the same as the weight of the nut and therefore its form figure will be #ajj4 ,the number of points to be awarded for any measurement of form would be determined by making up a table as was made up for awarding points for weight1 but such a table cannot be made up till after an examination of form values for a large number of nuts4 ,this will be done later4 ,,color3 ,the color of shell was measured by making up samples of water colors of all gradations of color between the lightest shell and the darkest4 ,from these1 five were selected as showing in five steps the differences noted1 the lightest being marked #e1 the next #d and so on down to the darkest which was marked #j4 ,with these color standards in front of the one judging1 it was only necessary to take the nut to be judged and lay it on the standards of color and the figure on the shade which the nut most nearly matched was the figure awarded for color4 ,,husking ,,quality3 ,this represents the ease with which the husk can be removed4 ,in view of the well known fact that husks of all nuts do not come off with equal facility the need of such is apparent4 ,its measurement will be the proportion of husk removed by a standard husking operation4 ,,thinness ,,of ,,shell3 ,this was measured by providing a means for bringing two metal surfaces together1 keeping them always parallel4 ,the nut to be cracked was placed between these surfaces and an arrangement of scale levers provided so that the pressure exerted on the nut could be weighed4 ,the surfaces were brought together till the nut was cracked and the pressure required was noted4 ,this measures the thinness of the shell or more properly the strength of the shell1 the weakest shell of course being the one that takes the least pressure to crack4 ,this pressure was measured in kilograms for by doing so it was possible to utilize some stock apparatus4 ,after the pressure required to crack has been noted a reference to the table below will tell the number of points to be awarded4 ,we will take for an example the the same nut as taken to illustrate weight e4 g4 the ,lutz black walnut whose average cracking pressure is #cabkg and which therefore would be awarded #b points for thinness of shell4 ,in this connection it should be stated that this table would seem not to be made out on the plan followed heretofore by taking the thinnest shelled nut of which we know1 the ,alley1 as the low limit of the table4 ,while the ,alley black walnut takes the least cracking pressure of any we know which we can identify as from a particular tree1 one black walnut was cracked which ,i believe came from the ,ten ,eyck tree which had a cracking pressure below #hjkg and hence the table was made of sufficient extent to include this4 ,it is my intention to get additional ,ten ,eyck nuts this year and check the matter up4 ,,black ,,walnuts--,,thinness ,,of ,,shell ,weight required to crack3 ,thinnest1 ,alley #aajkg2 thickest1 ,triplett #cdhkg4 ,weight in kg4 ,points #ej and less than #hj #aj #hj and less than #aaj #i #aaj and less than #adj #h #agj and less than #bjj #f #bjj and less than #bcj #e #bcj and less than #bfj #d #bfj and less than #bij #c #bij and less than #cbj #b #cbj and less than #cej #a #cej and less than #chj #j ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,transcribers note3 point #g was missing in the original4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,cracking ,,quality3 ,this characteristic is perhaps the one which seems to most people the most difficult to measure1 but1 while it was some time before methods of measuring it did occur to anyone1 its measurement is effected very easily4 ,in cracking nuts a part of the kernel will usually drop right out1 some times it is a large part1 occasionally all1 and sometimes it is but a small portion4 ,a perfect cracker is one where the entire kernel drops out after cracking4 ,this would have #ajj cracking quality4 ,when #d_/e of the kernel drops out after cracking and the remaining #a_/e can be extracted only by recracking or by picking out1 the nut is said to have #hj cracking quality4 ,in other words1 the cracking quality is the ratio of the weight of the kernel which drops out after cracking to the entire kernel4 ,the operations of determining cracking quality in practice are first1 selecting five average nuts2 second1 cracking them and weighing the part of the kernels which drop out after cracking2 third1 extracting the balance of the kernels and getting the weight of all the kernels2 fourth1 dividing the weight of the part of the kernels which drop out after cracking by the total weight of the kernels1 and the result is the cracking quality4 ,after an examination of the figures of a large number of nuts1 the table below was made up from which the number of points to be awarded for any given cracking quality is readily obtained4 ,taking the ,lutz black walnut as an example again we find that the weight of the kernels which dropped out after cracking was #bd grams while the total weight of kernels was #cb4e grams which gives a cracking quality of #gc4h which would be awarded #ac points for cracking quality4 ,,black ,,walnuts--,,cracking ,,quality ,percentage of kernel that drops out after cracking4 ,highest1 ,alley#d1 #ajj2 ,lowest1 ,butler1 #bb4i4 ,cracking ,quality4 ,points4 #ajj #bj #if and all higher percentages under #ajj #ai #ib and all higher percentages under #if #ah #hh and all higher percentages under #ib #ag #hd and all higher percentages under #hh #af #hj and all higher percentages under #hd #ae #gf and all higher percentages under #hj #ad #gb and all higher percentages under #gf #ac #fh and all higher percentages under #gb #ab #fd and all higher percentages under #fh #aa #fj and all higher percentages under #fd #aj #ef and all higher percentages under #fj #i #eb and all higher percentages under #ef #h #dh and all higher percentages under #eb #g #dd and all higher percentages under #dh #f #dj and all higher percentages under #dd #e #cf and all higher percentages under #dj #d #cb and all higher percentages under #cf #c #bh and all higher percentages under #cb #b #bd and all higher percentages under #bh #a #bj and all higher percentages under #bd #j ,,color ,,of ,,kernel3 ,this is determined in the same way as the color of the shell by comparing with a standard color scale1 and the step of the scale whose color most nearly matches the color of the kernel being examined gives the figure to be awarded4 ,,proportion ,,of ,,kernel3 ,this is the ratio of the weight of the kernels of five average nuts to the entire weight of such average nuts4 ,after this has been determined a comparison with the table below which was made up after an examination of the proportion of kernel of a large number of nuts1 the number of points to be awarded is readily determined4 ,if we take for example the ,lutz black walnuts again we find the weight of five average nuts #acb4j grams and the weight of the kernels of these nuts #cb4e grams which gives for the proportion of kernel #bd4j which would be awarded #h points4 ,,black ,,walnuts--,,proportion ,,of ,,kernel ,ratio of weight of kernel to weight of entire nut 7without husk7 ,highest1 ,ten ,eyck #cf4d2 ,lowest1 ,seefeldt1 #af4 ,percent of ,kernel4 ,points #cf and less than #cg #bj #ce and less than #cf #ai #cd and less than #ce #ah #cc and less than #cd #ag #cb and less than #cc #af #ca and less than #cb #ae #cj and less than #ca #ad #bi and less than #cj #ac #bh and less than #bi #ab #bg and less than #bh #aa #bf and less than #bg #aj #be and less than #bf #i #bd and less than #be #h #bc and less than #bd #g #bb and less than #bc #f #ba and less than #bb #e #bj and less than #ba #d #ai and less than #bj #c #ah and less than #ai #b #ag and less than #ah #a #af and less than #ag #j ,,quality ,,and ,,flavor3 ,absolutely no progress has so far been made in measuring this characteristic or more correctly these characteristics for1 strictly speaking1 there are a number of them instead of one and the only method available at present is tasting by experts4 ,it is very much to be desired that methods for measuring this be worked out and several lines on which to work in order to accomplish it have been thought of but as yet no definite progress has been made4 ,while the characteristic as yet unmeasured is one of the most important and most difficult even for experts to estimate correctly when there are large numbers of nuts to be examined1 the fact that it is possible to measure the other eight is a matter of a good deal of satisfaction and this satisfaction is the greater because with the methods that have been worked out it is possible for any ordinarily careful person to do the work about as well as it is for an expert and1 as the work of judging a large number of nuts is very considerable1 the elimination of a large part of the need for expert services is very gratifying4 ,the services for example of such experts as ,dr4 ,morris and ,capt4 ,deming are obtainable only occasionally and for a short period4 ,now that the nuts sent in are rapidly increasing1 it would have been impossible to have handled the contests without some improvements in the methods used4 ,while the same score card has been used for butternuts1 black walnuts1 and hickories it seemingly can be used quite well for ,english walnuts1 ,japan walnuts and pecans also1 in short1 for all nuts belonging to the botanical family ,juglandaceae and perhaps for hazels4 ,separate ones will evidently be required for beechnuts1 and chestnuts4 ,the tables for determining the number of points to be awarded for a given value of any characteristic are likely to vary for each species4 ,inasmuch as there are fourteen species of hickories exclusive of the pecan that have to be considered and apparently even more species of walnuts not to mention beechnuts1 chestnuts and hazels1 one might think that nearly #ajj tables would be required4 ,a study of the matter1 however1 has shown that the number really needed is very much less1 and the more that nuts are examined the more it seems possible to make one table answer for a number of species and have the number of points a nut receives indicate to a certain extent its value as a nut to grow1 and not simply the value of a given variety of a certain species4 ,the hickories and the walnuts require a word in passing4 ,there are at least nine species of hickory either native in the northeastern ,united ,states or that will grow there and it is quite possible that further study of the hickories will add to this number4 ,seven of these belong to the scale bud class1 ,eucarya1 the shagbark1 ,carya ovata1 the shellbark1 ,carya laciniosa1 the scaly bark1 ,carya ,carolinae-septentrionalis1 the mockernut1 ,carya alba1 and the close-bark pignut1 ,carya glabra1 the loose-bark pignut1 ,carya-ovalis1 and the pallid hickory1 ,carya pallida2 while two belong to the open bud class1 ,apocarya1 the pecan1 ,carya pecan1 and the bitternut1 ,carya cordiformis4 ,hybrids between many of these species are found occurring naturally and seemingly hybrids between any two are possible1 and the fact of many of them being hybrids is not evident on an inspection of the nuts4 ,it is a noteworthy fact that quite a proportion of fine hickories that are being propagated are evidently hybrids and the number of our fine hickories which are evidently hybrids increases as they are studied more carefully4 ,in many ways it would be desirable in the contest to offer prizes for the best nuts of each species of hickories1 but the difficulty of determining the species from the nut alone1 and the fact of such a proportion of our finest nuts being hybrids is sufficient to discourage the attempt4 ,what was done in the #aiah contest1 and what would seem to be the best thing that can be done is to offer the prizes for hickory nuts simply4 ,most of the prizes are taken by shagbarks but when a nut not a shagbark gets into the prize winning class1 we make a class that would include it4 ,for example1 in the #aiah ,contest1 three shellbarks and one mockernut came into the prize winning class1 whereupon a special lot of prizes for shellbarks and mockernuts were given4 ,this enables us to do what would be accomplished in offering prizes for best nuts of each species of hickories4 ,the same score card and tables therefore are used for each of these species4 ,it is convenient1 in judging nuts1 to differentiate between the pecan on the one hand and the other hickories on the other1 although study recently put on the matter would seem to show that this distinction is not exact and that some nuts1 for example1 which apparently are pure pecans are really pecan hickory hybrids4 ,the differences between the structure of the shell of the nuts of certain of the walnuts is greater than between the shell structure of the hickories and the walnuts may be divided into three classes4 ,hybrids between a number of species are found which have been formed naturally1 and seemingly hybrids between all species are possible4 ,it is convenient in judging nuts to differentiate between ,english walnuts1 black walnuts1 and butternuts1 which nuts are representative of the three walnut classes and to include with the butternuts1 the ,japan walnuts4 ,this will strike many people as a strange classification1 i4 e4 to include the butternut and ,japan walnut1 but ,i feel sure that no one who has given the matter much study will so consider it4 ,whenever the two grow in proximity they hybridize so freely that one may be almost certain of not getting pure species if he plants nuts and raises seedlings4 ,indeed ,i have received many such hybrids which have been called either butternuts or ,japan walnuts4 ,as a matter of fact the same difficulty exists in distinguishing butternuts and ,japan walnuts that exists in distinguishing hickories4 ,there is no name which includes the butternut and ,japan walnut as there is to include the various species of hickories1 and1 as such a name is urgently needed1 ,i have used the word butterjaps4 ,this includes butternuts1 ,japan walnuts and hybrids between them4 ,while it doubtless will be convenient to continue the names butternut and ,japan walnut it should be understood that usually they will mean simply nuts which1 as far as appearance is concerned1 would seem to be one or the other1 but very likely may be hybrids between the two species and might be more properly called by some name e4 g4 butterjaps1 which would include the two species and hybrids between them4 ,at this point the ,convention took a recess to enable a photograph to be taken and immediately after reassembled for a business session4 ,,footnote3 #d ,an additional lot of ,alley ,black ,walnuts received several months after the one entered in the #aiah contest did not show #ajj cracking quality4 ,,business ,,session ,,president ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed ,,in ,,the ,,chair ,,president ,,reed3 ,if ,mr4 ,patterson is in the room1 we will be glad to hear from him at this time4 ,he has a matter he wants to bring before us4 ,,mr4 ,,patterson3 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3 ,the ,national ,nut ,growers ,association for some three years have had a standing committee on federal aid for the nut industry4 ,two years ago through the instrumentality of that committee1 the appropriation for investigational work was increased by some fifteen thousand dollars from the previous appropriation4 ,the total appropriation along this line now is thirty thousand to thirty-five thousand dollars4 ,during the past year the almond growers felt the need of some encouragement and help from the ,department of ,agriculture1 and the last appropriation was increased but was not made specific for the pecan industry1 but for the nut industry in general in the ,united ,states which was entirely agreeable to the pecan people4 ,and now ,i appear before you especially to call your attention to this movement and to suggest that this association should appoint a committee to co-operate with a committee from the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association and the ,almond ,growers' ,association1 and the nut growers of ,washington and ,oregon in an effort to secure an appropriation from the ,department of ,agriculture which would commensurate with the needs of the great nut industry in the ,united ,states4 ,as we all know1 it is entirely in its infancy as a commercial proposition and ,i doubt not we all agree as to its wonderful possibilities4 ,the recommendation from the ,secretary of the ,department of ,agriculture has gone to the ,house committee this year without any increase over the appropriation of last year2 so that it will be necessary if any increased allowance is made1 that pressure shall be brought to bear upon the ,house committee of agriculture1 or the ,senate committee 7the bill is before the ,house committee at present71 to get them to appreciate the importance of this appropriation4 ,i might say ,i am on my way to ,washington now to see if ,i can do anything in co-operation with the ,california ,almond ,growers ,association and such other co-operation as we can get to see if we can get an increase in the appropriation over and above the appropriation recommended by the ,secretary of ,agriculture4 ,the ,secretary is not opposed to a higher appropriation1 but he has had orders from higher up not to recommend any increase4 ,i thank you for the privilege of bringing this matter to the attention of the ,association with the suggestion that1 if it meets with your approval you appoint a committee to co-operate with the other committees already appointed by these other associations4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,you have heard the suggestion by ,mr4 ,patterson4 ,are there any remarks8 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i move1 ,mr ,president1 that a committee on ,federal ,aid be appointed for that purpose1 to co-operate with the other associations for the purpose of securing for the nut industry an appropriation sufficient or at least somewhere near sufficient for the work in hand4 ,there is much work to be done that should be done now4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i second the motion1 ,mr4 ,president4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,you have heard the motion4 ,it is moved that a committee be appointed for this work1 as suggested4 ,all in favor of the motion say ,aye4 ,contrary same sign4 ,it is ,,carried4 ,i think it would be well to leave that committee to the incoming president4 ,that was your idea1 ,mr4 ,bixby1 was it8 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i didn't think that far4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,that won't be far off1 and ,i think it would be well to leave the appointment of that committee to the incoming president4 ,i think also1 it would be well1 before appointing that committee1 to confer a little bit to see who could possibly attend1 could go to ,washington1 and would have the time to give to it4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,we will now have the report of the nominating committee4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,nominating ,,committee ,your committee on ,nominations1 having in mind the rapidly expanding interest in ,nut ,culture and the need of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association for a board of officers especially equipped for extending development on broad lines1 respectfully submit the following nominations3 ,for ,president--,,william ,s4 ,,linton1 ,saginaw1 ,michigan4 ,for ,vice-,president--,,james ,s4 ,,mcglennon1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,for ,secretary-,treasurer--,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,baldwin1 ,new ,york4 ,for ,acting ,secretary--,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,wilton1 ,connecticut4 ,for ,executive ,committee--,,messrs4 ,,linton1 ,,mcglennon1 ,,bixby1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,,and ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith4 7,signed7 ,ralph ,t ,olcott ,james ,s4 ,mc,glennon ,robert ,t ,morris ,william ,s4 ,linton ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,secretary-,treasurer ,bixby has suggested that the work of his office be divided1 he to look after the financial affairs and the nut contests1 ,dr4 ,deming to assume the work of the ,secretary proper4 ,the constitution provides that the three principal officers and the last two retiring presidents be the executive committee4 ,as the constitution specifically provides regarding this matter1 the committee suggests the position of acting secretary for ,dr4 ,deming until such action may be taken as will conform to the constitution4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,you have heard the report of the committee4 ,what is your pleasure8 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,i move that this report of the committee be unanimously adopted and the officers be elected1 and the secretary so cast the ballot4 ,,mr4 ,,smedley3 ,i second the motion4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,all in favor of that vote say ,aye4 ,opposed1 ,no4 ,,carried4 ,i hereby instruct the secretary to cast the unanimous ballot of the ,association for the list of officers as read4 ,the ,secretary then cast a ballot for the persons on the report of the ,nominating ,committee1 and declared the following elected3 ,president--,,william ,s4 ,,linton1 ,saginaw1 ,mich4 ,vice-,president--,,james ,s4 ,,mcglennon1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,secretary-,treasurer--,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,baldwin1 ,new ,york4 ,executive ,committee--,the above three and ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,vincennes1 ,ind41 and ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,swarthmore1 ,penn4 ,acting ,secretary--,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,wilton1 ,conn4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,in regard to the change in the constitution1 that will have to go over until next year4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,the constitution provides that notice be given to this convention for action to be taken a year from now2 or that thirty days before action is taken1 the notice be sent to the members4 ,it seems to me that inasmuch as the action proposed is fully understood1 that ,dr4 ,deming is available1 and ,mr4 ,bixby kindly consented while ,dr4 ,deming was tied up in the war work to look after this work1 that there really is enough for two1 and as both are agreeable1 this is the time to take that action to become effective a year from now unless you can bring it about quicker4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i should think it is only necessary to take the action on that4 ,if there is some one better posted on parliamentary law1 who thinks entire action better be taken at this time1 ,i will entertain a motion4 ,if not1 we will let it stand as it is at present4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i move that it is the sentiment of this convention1 and that the members should be notified through the annual report and the regular proceedings1 that that action is contemplated--to divide the office of ,secretary-,treasurer at the next annual meeting1 and that the constitution be changed as follows3 ,that ,article ,,iv1 ,officers1 be changed as follows3 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president1 a treasurer and a secretary1 who shall be elected at the annual meeting2 and an executive committee of six persons of which the president1 two last retiring presidents1 vice-president1 treasurer and secretary shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency1 or county represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,that ,article ,,vii1 ,quorum1 be changed as follows3 ,ten members of the association shall constitution a quorum1 but must include a majority of the executive committee1 or two of the four elected officers4 ,,voice3 ,i second the motion4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,it is moved and seconded that this matter come up at the next annual meeting to be voted on as presented by ,mr4 ,olcott4 ,all in favor say ,aye2 opposed1 ,no4 ,,carried4 ,i believe we have a report of the auditing committee that should come up4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ,i believe ,i am the sole member of the ,auditing ,committee who is present4 ,i have to report that the committee has not acted1 but ,i think we can do this if agreeable3 ,if you will leave it to the committee to audit the account1 and if the committee finds the account is not accurate1 to report to that effect next year and bring ,mr4 ,bixby to time1 then2 otherwise say nothing about it4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i think we are willing to do it on that basis4 ,mr4 ,secretary1 are there any other things that ought to come up that you think of8 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i have a resolution here if this is in order now4 ,this resolution is sent from ,mr4 ,littlepage4 ,whereas this ,association is justly jealous of its character and standing among the nut-growing public of this western continent and especially among the northern nut culturists1 amateur or professional2 and ,whereas this ,association views with distrust and some alarm the growing and questionable practice of selling seedling pecan trees to the general public2 and ,whereas it developed at a recent meeting of the ,southern ,nurserymen's ,association held at ,atlanta1 ,georgia1 that seedling pecan trees from the gulf states were being distributed in the territory north of the ,ohio ,river2 and ,whereas this practice1 if continued1 will work a distinct disadvantage to the industry in general as well as to the planters in particular2 ,therefore be it ,,resolved1 ,that this ,association now and here vigorously record its view on this question as follows3 ,that we protest against the above named practice and urge upon the nurserymen of the ,united ,states the importance of discouraging the practice of planting seedling pecan trees for orchard purposes in particular2 and further that especially shall extreme caution be used to prevent the shipment of southern seedling pecan trees for planting in the territory north of the ,ohio and ,potomac ,rivers1 and further be it ,,resolved1 ,that the secretary communicate a copy of these resolutions to the ,president of the ,american ,association of ,nurserymen with the request that his organization take cognizance of this condition and take such steps as are compatible with its authority and sentiment to repress such reprehensible practice on the part of the ,american nursery trade4 ,i will introduce this as a resolution4 ,,voice3 ,i second the motion4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,you have heard the resolution which has been seconded4 ,are there any remarks8 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,i would like to add a word of explanation4 ,there are only two or three nurserymen in the ,south engaged in that practice4 ,there are several northern men who are in the nursery business in the ,south who have raised the question as to the propriety of that practice1 and the question has been discussed at the meetings of this southern association with a good deal of heat and vigor4 ,the southern people will not plant seedling pecan trees at all1 but these few nurserymen do a few hundred dollars' worth of business every year by sending their product to big nurseries here in the ,north1 general fruit-tree nurseries and they in turn distribute these trees through the ,north4 ,these northern friends of ours who are now in the ,south1 put through a resolution asking that the matter be discussed at their meeting this year at ,atlanta1 the meeting held in ,august1 by myself representing the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,i was unable to be present1 but ,i sent down a paper which was read by my associate in the office1 and he tells us that ninety per cent of the southern nurserymen were with us in opposing that practice2 that it is only those two or three and their associates who practice it4 ,and it is as a result of that situation that this resolution has been proposed4 ,prof4 ,lake1 secretary of the ,american ,pomological ,society1 has been in the ,south working on pecans and is quite familiar with the situation1 and he drew up this resolution4 ,it is something that by all means should be stopped if possible4 ,the southern pecan does not succeed in the ,north anyhow1 and even it did1 we do not want the kind of pecan tree up here that the southerners would not plant themselves4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,are you ready for the question8 ,all in favor of adopting the resolution as read1 say ,aye4 ,contrary1 same sign4 ,it is so ,,carried4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,i would like to suggest that a copy of these resolutions be sent to the secretary of the ,southern ,nurserymen's ,association1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,joe ,howard1 ,hickory1 ,n4 ,c4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i have a telegram from ,mr4 ,littlepage which ,i will read4 ,i regret exceedingly it is impossible to attend the meeting this year4 ,signed1 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage4 ,,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones3 ,i make a motion that ,dr4 ,walter ,van ,fleet be made an honorary member of this ,association for his valuable work in nut culture and hybridizing4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i second the motion4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,it has been moved and seconded that ,dr4 ,walter ,van ,fleet be made an honorary member of this ,association for his valuable work in nut culture4 ,all in favor say ,aye4 ,contrary1 ,no4 ,it is ,,carried4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,the place of the next meeting is decided before the meeting adjourns1 ,i think1 or else provision made for it4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,as ,i understand it1 it is either decided or you vote to put it in the hands of the executive committee4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,provision in some way is made for it4 ,on that subject ,i would like to say a word4 ,we have an invitation from ,mr4 ,littlepage1 and in considering the place of the #aiai meeting there were really three different locations spoken of--one ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 one ,new ,york ,city or some point near there1 and one ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,heretofore we have practically decided the place of the meeting on consideration of being able to see near there nut trees of interest4 ,i think every meeting has been decided with that idea in mind4 ,this year each of the three places offered promise of being very attractive in a year or two1 but not in #aiai4 ,in the case of the meeting at ,washington1 we could see ,mr4 ,littlepage's orchard of pecans1 thirty acres in extent1 which year before last put out a few flowers1 and this year quite a number1 and he expects nuts next year4 ,there are also the many things to be seen around ,washington1--the ,department of ,agriculture1 and ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's work besides a number of other things4 ,and at ,lancaster1 ,pa41 there has been a chance the past year to see some remarkable work on top worked hickories1 that is1 the early bearing of crops of fine nuts4 ,then again very soon on ,capt4 ,deming's place at ,georgetown1 ,conn41 is going to be the greatest opportunity for topworked hickories anywhere to be seen4 ,he has more young seedling hickories top worked to fine varieties than any one else that ,i know of4 ,as a matter of suggestion it would seem to me well--this is only a suggestion1 of course--that the matter be left with the executive committee1 and next spring or summer when it is possible to get an idea as to which of these three places offers the most to see in the line of nut trees1 then they could decide where it is best to go4 ,that would be the suggestion that ,i would make4 ,,mr4 ,,mcglennon3 ,one of the suggestions was ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,i think there are things worth while there in nut culture to be seen1 and ,i know that we who are interested in nut culture would like to have the convention there2 and ,i know also our ,chamber of ,commerce in the city would be very happy to have it there4 ,so that in considering the place for the next meeting1 ,i hope ,rochester1 ,n ,y41 will be incorporated in the thought4 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i would also suggest you might come to ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,out northeast of ,buffalo there were shipped eighteen hundred pounds of walnuts to the ,buffalo market this fall4 ,north of ,lockport is a man who supplies the country stores with ,english walnuts4 ,as long as there are any of these walnuts in the baskets exposed for sale1 those which were purchased from the wholesalers from ,california are left unsold4 ,i went into one store and the store-keeper had some home grown ,english walnuts out in the back room4 ,i said1 ,why do you keep them out here8 ,he said1 ,i have three bushels of ,california walnuts1 and ,i keep these here until the others are sold4 ,if ,i put these out in front1 ,i would not sell the others at all4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i would be glad to include ,rochester1 or ,lockport1 or any other place suggested1 and leave it to the executive committee with the power to act4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,president1 we know pretty nearly what could be seen at most of these places next year4 ,there is not going to be a great change in what there has been this year1 and it seems to me the sooner we can definitely decide upon this thing and get it a matter of record1 and plan for it1 the better it will be4 ,we can go around from one place to another4 ,we want to go to all these places during the next three or four years1 and we have a definite invitation from ,mr4 ,littlepage2 and while he didn't so state in his telegram1 in conversation with him on ,friday by telephone1 he said he would like to have them come there the latter part of ,august or first of ,september2 and to make the matter definite and know where we stand early in the game1 ,i move we accept ,mr4 ,littlepage's invitation for a meeting about the first of ,september4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i second that motion1 and add that at the ,stamford convention1 that is the very argument ,i made4 ,before that meeting it had always been left to the executive committee4 ,it had been the custom of ,dr4 ,deming1 the secretary1 to defer the matter of the place of meeting until a few weeks before the date for it4 ,nobody knew1 and the committee decided1 and the time was too short to get anything like the attendance we should have4 ,if we should publish in the ,american ,nut ,journal for a year where the meeting is to be1 you would get a year's advertising of that matter1 and could plan better thereby4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,you have heard the motion4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,the only reason ,i had in making the suggestion ,i did1 was the possibility of one place or the other showing more importance but as ,mr4 ,reed said1 we want to do all these places mentioned at some time4 ,it does not make much difference which we do first4 ,we should like to take first the place where there is most to be seen1 of course4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,if there is no further discussion1 all in favor of accepting ,mr4 ,littlepage's invitation for ,washington for the next meeting say ,aye4 ,contrary1 ,no4 ,it is ,,carried4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones3 ,the reason ,i did not push ,lancaster is that some experiments on spraying are being conducted there and it will be a year before that will show up4 ,the nut growers could see that better the year following4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,if there is nothing else1 ,i believe we are ready to turn over the gavel to our new president4 ,,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,president1 there is an important committee you have not appointed4 ,i was out of the room when ,mr4 ,patterson suggested this morning that a committee be appointed4 ,has that been attended to8 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i expected to let the incoming president appoint that committee before we adjourn4 ,,mr4 ,,smedley3 ,i will make a motion that ,mr4 ,patterson represent us and have the endorsement of this ,association as to demanding more appropriations for the work in hand4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones3 ,i second the motion4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,it is moved and seconded that ,mr4 ,patterson be appointed to represent us before congress in connection with the appropriation4 ,,mr4 ,,patterson3 ,if everyone on the committee could go to ,washington as soon as we can get at the ,house committee for a hearing1 that would be the way to get action on the matter4 ,of course1 the endorsement of the ,association is good1 and if you could get a committee of some one who could go down and help re-enforce it1 there1 we would appreciate it very much4 ,,president ,,reed3 ,i think the incoming president will be one who will be going down4 ,if he will come forward1 ,i am ready to turn over the gavel4 ,at this point1 ,mr4 ,linton1 the newly elected president1 took the chair4 ,,president ,,linton3 ,ladies and ,gentlemen ,i am sure that you will all concede that ,i have not sought official position1 and no one could have been more surprised than ,i1 when ,i was presented with the report of your committee4 ,i have been much interested in the work that is being carried on by this association2 and of course if ,i can be of any value to the association or to the cause in the position of president during this particular year1 why ,i accept that duty4 ,but ,i would like to impose one or two conditions4 ,i know that your hearty co-operation will be given4 ,that would be one condition4 ,but ,i am sure that each and every one of you can assist in adding greatly to the membership of this organization4 ,we should at least have fifty members in each state within our jurisdiction4 ,that would mean1 perhaps one-half of the states in the ,union4 ,that would mean one thousand members4 ,now1 in accepting this position1 ,i am going to ask each and every active member through his friends and acquaintances to solicit and secure twenty-five members4 ,now1 ,i will double that amount1 and agree during the year1 to add fifty good members to the association4 ,that means over one thousand during the year1 and that is one goal that ,i hope we can reach during this particular year1 #aibj4 ,so far as the growing of nuts is concerned1 so far as the details connected with the work that you have been engaged in is concerned1 ,i propose leaving those things to those whom ,i consider experts1 ,dr4 ,morris1 our friend ,reed from ,washington1 and others that ,i might name2 but the particular lines that ,i would like to follow this year1 gentlemen1 and what ,i hope to receive your earnest support in is an addition to your membership so that it may exceed a thousand2 and assistance in legislation throughout the country along the line that we have worked out in our peninsular state of ,michigan4 ,i am glad that you decided upon ,washington as the place of the next meeting1 and as ,i have intimated in my remarks heretofore1 ,i believe we have there a ,michigan ,senator who will assist in national legislation along the lines that we desire1 because they are right ones2 and in his position as chairman of the committee on post offices and post roads of the country1 being at the head of the highway legislation1 there is no man in the ,united ,states as competent to help us along that line1 and ,i feel sure that we will get that assistance and support4 ,with these few lines ,i will close1 and ,i sincerely hope you have not made any mistake at this session2 and when we have rounded up our year's work1 that we can all say it has been a successful one4 ,i thank you4 7,applause74 ,the committee on ,federal ,aid that the incoming president was to appoint1 ,i will name as follows3 ,j4 ,m4 ,patterson1 ,dr4 ,morris1 ,dr4 ,kellogg1 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 ,mr4 ,bixby1 ,mr4 ,jones and ,mr4 ,mc,glennon4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,senator ,penney would like to say a word4 ,,senator ,,penney3 ,i hadn't any intention of saying a word4 ,but ,i am particularly pleased that you elected my friend1 ,mr4 ,linton1 as president of the organization4 ,i have known him a good many years1 and ,i know he is an industrious worker4 ,in anything that he undertakes to do1 you will always see results4 ,i am sure that in the lines which he has expressed himself as being anxious to cover1 your membership1 the matter of legislation1 ,i am sure that you will see some results that will be very gratifying to the ,association4 ,i do not know as there is anything further ,i wish to say4 ,but ,i have been very interested in these meetings4 ,i am not a nut grower1 and ,i hardly know one nut from another1 excepting that ,i am like the squirrel1 if ,i get hold of a good nut ,i like to eat it2 but ,i have certainly learned a lot of things from this association1 and ,i am very pleased to be present4 ,,president ,,linton3 ,i am going to ask ,senator ,penney to become a member of this association4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,he is a member4 ,,senator ,,penney3 ,i have gotten two since ,i have been here1 so ,i am going to pledge myself for two or three more for the next year4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i think one subject should not be overlooked1 and that is the matter of resolutions4 ,there is ,dr4 ,kellogg's very courteous offer and treatment to be remembered1 and perhaps some other things4 ,if there is not such a committee1 ,i think some one ought to be appointed on it to report very soon before we close4 ,i move that a committee on resolutions be appointed4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,i second the motion4 ,,president ,,linton3 ,gentlemen1 you have heard the motion made by ,mr4 ,olcott4 ,are you ready for the question8 ,those who favor the motion say ,aye2 opposed1 ,no4 ,the resolution is ,,adopted4 ,i appoint ,mr4 ,olcott1 ,mr4 ,bixby1 ,senator ,penney1 ,mr4 ,jones and ,mr4 ,patterson4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,there is a little bit of news ,i would like to tell the members of the association4 ,yesterday afternoon1 a gentleman who is a patient across the street at the sanitarium1 came down to the nut exhibit in a wheelchair and looked on with interest at what was shown there1 and presently he called ,mrs4 ,reed over to talk with her a little and ask something about who was connected with that exhibit2 and the next thing he asked me to sit down by him4 ,he was not able to get around1 to stand1 and he told me this3 that four years ago he met a ,mr4 ,page from ,tulsa1 ,oklahoma1 a man who is evidently a man of a good deal of means in the oil business there1 who is very philanthropic in his activities1 a man who has adopted two hundred children1 ,i believe it is2 and he proposed to this gentleman1 who was ,mr4 ,dow of ,jamestown1 ,n4 ,y41 that he go to ,oklahoma to establish a nut arboretum4 ,he was willing to set aside two hundred acres of land and to endow it with #bjj1jjj if this ,mr4 ,dow would go and take charge of it4 ,he also offered to build a #bc1jjj house on the place4 ,but ,mr4 ,dow is director of the ,leadsworth ,forest ,arboretum1 some sixty miles up the ,genesee ,river from ,rochester1 and of course he did not feel that he could leave the work he was doing there and devote his energies to a new work4 ,i thought that was something that we northerners would be very much interested in1 and ,i think we ought to see if that offer could not be taken advantage of4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,can any one here tell me where seedlings of the big western shellback1 ,carya laciniosa1 can be obtained8 ,i would like to get #ajj of them4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,probably the best place to get that information would be from the ,u4 ,s4 ,forest ,service4 ,that bureau keeps in touch with such information4 ,they have catalogs and they have lists of nurserymen having various trees including nut trees2 the ,u4 ,s4 ,forest ,service1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,president ,,linton3 ,mr4 ,reed informs me that it is the intention to close this session at this time4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones3 ,i don't think we ought to close without passing a resolution of thanks to ,dr4 ,kellogg for the nice entertainment here1 the free service1 the rooms1 etc4 ,,voice3 ,i support the motion4 ,,president ,,linton3 ,you have heard the motion offered by ,mr4 ,jones4 ,we can take a recess and adjourn after we take the trip through the buildings4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,if there is no one there but the president1 officers and the committee1 they would still have the authority to adopt these resolutions1 and then properly adjourn4 ,,president ,,linton3 ,if that is the consensus of opinion1 we will take a recess until called to order again by the chair following the trip through the buildings4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed3 ,the idea was to take a recess until after our trip this afternoon and adjourn then4 ,at that time this committee will be prepared with its resolutions4 ,,president ,,linton3 ,we can not fix a definite time4 ,it will be following the afternoon session with ,dr4 ,kellogg4 ,if there is nothing more to come before us at this time1 a recess will be taken until after that time4 ,the convention then took a recess and reassembled at #b p4 m4 at which time an old fashioned straw sleigh ride was taken to the buildings of the ,kellogg ,pure ,food ,company4 ,here ,dr4 ,kellogg met the party and conducted them through1 explaining the various products made and the processes by which they were made1 and also that the large plant of the company was a growth from a very humble beginning1 started originally for the purpose of providing food for the ,sanitarium that was impossible to procure any other way4 ,persons who had been guests of the ,sanitarium1 after leaving it1 have wished to get some of the food products they had had when there1 and in that way1 a demand was made which had grown1 till many of them were supplied to the jobbing trade4 ,a most enjoyable lunch enabled the party to sample many of the products4 ,from the ,kellogg ,pure ,food ,company1 the sleigh took the party back to the ,sanitarium through which they were conducted and shown the remarkable facilities for providing the guests with every kind of medical treatment that had proved valuable4 ,it would be difficult to find a place where apparatus for treating every form of disease is equal to that of the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium or where such facilities exist for providing patients with all means for their comfort and for the recovery of their health4 ,a most interesting talk illustrated with lantern slides1 showed the growth of this institution from a modest beginning in a dwelling house1 #ed years ago4 ,after this the convention reassembled and adjourned at #e p4 m4 ,,the #aiai ,,nut ,,contest ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,baldwin1 ,,nassau ,,co41 ,n4 ,y4 ,the nuts sent in to the #aiai contest have been finished at last but the date is only a few days ahead of the date last year when the #aiah contest was finished1 which is to me a matter of a good deal of chagrin as it was last year4 ,no attempt was made to examine the nuts received till after the first of the year as the experience of last year showed this to be a waste of time4 ,several things seemed1 this year1 to conspire to prevent getting started on the examination4 ,the number of nuts received was large and the time taken for examination quite considerable for no attempt as yet has been made to have but one person work on it4 ,but the thing that has caused the greater part of the delay was the wide variation between the results in the tests of those nuts which were sent into both the #aiah and #aiai contests1 and my unwillingness to have these results appear in print until the reasons for these discrepancies could be stated with certainty4 ,had the methods used been those in use for some time and whose correctness had been proven1 these differences would have caused little concern1 but inasmuch as the methods for measuring most of the nut characteristics were used for the first time in #aiah1 and their had been devised by me1 ,i could not help feeling that there was a possibility of the discrepancies being due to imperfections in methods for1 at first1 it would seem likely that nuts borne by a given tree one year would be like those borne the next year4 ,i considered therefore that it was for me to prove beyond question that the methods used were sound and that the differences noted were real4 ,the amount of time needed to do this at a period when my time was well occupied with other things has been more than ,i wish it had been4 ,while many efforts were made to see if there were imperfections in the methods used for measuring the various characteristics1 no such imperfections were found1 and1 for a considerable period1 all efforts made to explain the differences in tests made on nuts borne by the same trees in different years were unproductive of results4 ,finally the matter was settled to my satisfaction as is noted in the next paragraph4 ,the ,clark hickory received #gi points last year when it took the first prize4 ,it tested out #aa points less this year when first tested which put it entirely out of the prize winning class4 ,repetition of this year's tests gave results agreeing fairly well with the first ones made but still not all comparable to those of last year4 ,this was decidedly disconcerting when one of the principal results expected of the adoption of methods of measuring nut characteristics was the possibility of testing a given nut now and several months hence and obtaining the same verdict4 ,after much work designed to see if the methods of measuring nut characteristics were faulty and nothing wrong had been found with them1 a visit was made to the tree4 ,mr4 ,clark said that it bore a good crop every other year and but few nuts in the intervening years1 and that the nuts were much better the years when a good crop was borne than they were in the other years4 ,this was interesting information but ,i could not help realizing the difficulty of carrying in one's mind1 from one year to the next1 the merits of hickory nuts1 and felt that1 unless the matter could be proven1 ,i had not as yet done very much to solve the problem at hand4 ,mr4 ,clark1 however1 gave me practically all the nuts of the #aiai crop which he had and ,i returned feeling that this trip had not done much to solve the problem as to why the tests on the #aiah nuts and #aiai nuts should be so different4 ,very careful examination was made of the few ,clark hickory nuts remaining in my possession of the #aiah crop and they were compared with those of the #aiai crop4 ,slight differences in shape were noted and finally one nut was found seemingly just like the nuts that won the prize in #aiah4 ,when this nut was tested it gave substantially the same results as those tested in #aiah4 ,another like it was afterward found where the result was repeated4 ,this proved definitely that the trouble was not with the methods1 and that1 in off years1 with the ,clark hickory at least1 some few nuts were borne that would test out as well as those borne in good years4 ,the results of the tests on these good nuts borne in #aiai were substituted for those on the inferior nuts previously tested for in contests it is always the intention of those sending in nuts to send in the best4 ,it will be noted that the number of points finally awarded the ,clark hickory for example this year is less than awarded last year4 ,this difference is due to the method of scoring4 ,in a matter as new as methods for measuring nut characteristics1 the constants which have to be determined by experience must change somewhat at first4 ,the method used this year in testing nuts sent in to the contest was to judge them on the basis used in #aiah1 redetermine the constants that required it1 and work out the results again4 ,an example will help to make this clear4 ,take the matter of proportion of kernel1 the highest award for which was #ae points in #aiah and also in #aiai4 ,up to the time the #aiah contest was decided the hickory with the largest proportion of kernel was the ,beam1 ,nut ,no4 #c1 of the #aiah contest with over #ej of kernel and the lowest was the ,brown mockernut of the #aiah contest with #ah of kernel4 ,on the basis of the difference between the highest and lowest the number of points to be awarded each was worked out4 ,on this basis the ,clark hickory was awarded1 in #aiah1 #aj points for a proportion of kernel of #dj4h4 ,in the case of the #aiai contest nuts with larger proportion of kernel were found1 the ,hatch bitternut with #fe1 and the ,halesite bitternuts with #fi kernel4 ,a mockernut from ,sliding ,hill1 ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c4 with only #ad kernel was also found and the figures for awarding points for proportion of kernel were recalculated as follows3 ,points ,points #fi and over #ae #fe4c to #fh4i inclusive #ad #fa4g to #fe4b inclusive #ac #eh4j to #fa4f inclusive #ab #ed4c to #eg4i inclusive #aa #ej4g to #ed4b inclusive #aj #dg4j to #ej4f inclusive #i #dc4c to #df4i inclusive #h #ci4g to #dc4b inclusive #g #cf4j to #ci4f inclusive #f #cb4c to #ce4i inclusive #e #bh4g to #cb4b inclusive #d #be4j to #bh4f inclusive #c #ba4c to #bd4i inclusive #b #ag4g to #ba4b inclusive #a #ad4j to #ag4f inclusive #j ,on this basis the ,clark hickory was awarded but #g points for the same proportion of kernel in #aiai instead of #aj as in #aiah4 ,this accounts for #c out of the #e points difference between the #gi points awarded in #aiah and the #gd in #aiai4 ,the other two points can be similarly explained4 ,there are bound to be similar changes in the tables for awarding points from year to year1 but they will be less and less as time goes on4 ,for example1 the ,wasson butternut of the #aiae contest which weighed #ah4h;g was the largest butternut received until #aiai when two larger came in1 one weighing #ai4e;g and the other weighing #bb4f;g4 ,the ,mott shellbark hickory which weighs #bi4f;g which was discovered by ,dr4 ,morris before the founding of the ,association is still the largest hickory of which we know4 ,on the other hand the black walnut record for size was exceeded in #aiah and also in #aiai4 ,the nuts received were gone over carefully and all characteristics measured where this was possible1 then the other characteristics were passed on by me4 ,then the best nuts were brought to the attention of ,dr4 ,morris and ,dr4 ,deming and the three of us passed on those characteristics where methods of measurement had not been worked out4 ,the results of this contest are noted in considerable detail as it is believed that they may have value as matters of record4 ,while an attempt has been made to give the species of each nut tested as such information is useful1 it must be understood that the notations of species are tentative and subject to change should further knowledge require it4 ,it is1 frequently1 difficult to positively identify a nut as to species without having leaves1 buds1 bark and husk for examination and in most instances the judges did not have these4 ,no nut is noted as a hybrid unless it has been proven so by evidence which it is believed is beyond question1 yet there are a number of nuts noted as pure species which later may be proved to be hybrids4 ,this is particularly so in the case of the hickories4 ,in explanation of the tables it should be noted that weights of nuts and kernels are expressed in grams1 while cracking pressures are expressed in kilograms4 ,the methods used for measuring the various characteristics are noted in detail in the article ,judging ,nuts on pages #abb to #acb inclusive4 ,the two items cracking quality need a little explanation4 ,last year #bj points were awarded for cracking quality and #e points for plumpness of kernel4 ,plumpness was very difficult of estimation4 ,it means the reverse of shrivelled4 ,to assign values for this can only be done by appearance and it seemed impossible of measurement4 ,a study of the nuts of the #aiah contest which were awarded high values for plumpness and those which were awarded low values showed that in no case was a nut which had a shrivelled kernel awarded a high value for proportion of kernel4 ,sometimes a nut with a plump kernel had a very thick shell and a low proportion of kernel but in no instance did a nut with a shrivelled kernel have a high proportion of kernel1 so it was thought that for practical purposes the figure for proportion of kernel would answer very well to represent excellence in both characteristics4 ,it was also evident that the ratio of the weight of the portion of the kernel which1 after cracking1 could be easily picked out with the fingers to the total weight of the kernel1 which was taken to represent cracking quality last year1 was capable of more refinement for it was noticed that of those nuts where the entire kernel could be easily picked out with the fingers after cracking that some were better crackers than others1 for1 in some instances1 the entire kernel fell out4 ,as the proportion of the kernel which could be picked out easily with the fingers is seemingly the most important this was still given #bj points and called cracking quality commercial1 and the figure representing the proportion of kernel which dropped out after cracking was called cracking quality absolute1 and awarded the #e points formerly awarded to plumpness4 ,in the case of the hazel which generally has a cracking quality both absolute and commercial of #ajj the item freedom from fibre was substituted for cracking quality absolute4 ,the hazel seems to be the only nut where this characteristic must be considered4 ,it is too bad that while practically all characteristics are determined with exactness to a single point and could be even more precisely determined1 that the item quality and flavor of kernel to which #bj points are justly awarded has to be determined in so crude a manner as it is at present4 ,it is true that formerly all characteristics were determined in equally crude manner and we should be glad that all others can be determined with precision but still having one quality not precisely determined1 to a certain extent prevents exact determination of the others having the value it otherwise would4 ,we can make only about five graduations in quality which would be differences of five points except at the top of the scale where it is #b and an error in one gradation would make a difference of #e points generally4 ,when it is seen how close some of the nuts run1 particularly the hickories1 where the differences in total points awarded are generally only #a point1 with several of the same score1 this crudeness of determination of one of the most important characteristics is the more regrettable4 ,the results of the #aiai contest on nuts of the various species are as noted below3 ,,hickories--#abh ,,entries ,the results of the tests on the prize winning hickories are shown in the table on page #aea4 ,what is said of the difficulty of identification as to species is particularly applicable to the hickory where it is known that many of the fine nuts that we have are hybrids4 ,while no nut is noted as a hybrid unless it has been so proven by evidence which it is believed is beyond question1 there is considerable question as to whether a number of the nuts noted as shagbarks are really pure shagbarks4 ,it will take more observation and study than it has as yet been possible to give them to determine this point4 ,it is to be noted1 however1 that the more study we put on the hickories notable for the excellence of the nuts they bear1 the more we find that give suggestion of hybrid parentage4 ,beside the hickories noted above which received a sufficient number of points to entitle them to one of the eight prizes awarded the measurements are given of the ,hatch and ,halesite bitternuts because they have the thinnest shell and highest proportion of kernel of any hickories yet discovered and of the ,stanley hickory because it is the best shellbark of which we yet know4 ,,hickories ,,key3 ,a3 ,species ,b3 ,prize awarded ,c3 ,average weight of nut ,d3 ,average weight of kernel ,e3 ,average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking ,f3 ,average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking ,g3 ,average cracking pressure ,h3 ,proportion of kernel ,i3 ,cracking quality absolute ,j3 ,cracking quality commercial ,k3 ,size 7#aj7 ,k3 ,form 7#e7 ,m3 ,color of shell 7#e7 ,n3 ,husking quality 7#e7 ,o3 ,thinness of shell 7#aj7 ,p3 ,cracking quality commercial 7#bj7 ,q3 ,cracking quality absolute 7#e7 ,r3 ,color of kernel 7#e7 ,s3 ,proportion of kernel 7#ae7 ,t3 ,quality of kernel 7#bj7 ,u3 ,total points awarded 7#ajj7 ,,name ,,address ,,designation ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,luther ,w4 ,vest ,blacksburg1 ,va4 ,g #a #e4j;g#b4e;g#j4j;g#b4e;g #dfkg #di4f #j4j ,vest hickory ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,g4 ,w4 ,manahan ,sabillasville4 ,md4 ,g #a #g4h;g#c4h;g#b4c;g#c4d;g #iikg #dh4e #fa4b ,manahan hickory ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,eugene ,j4 ,clark ,ludlow1 ,mass4 ,g #b #f4e;g#b4f;g#j4j;g#b4f;g #hckg #dj4h #j4j ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,ralph ,t4 ,olcott ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,gx,b #b #f4i;g#d4j;g 4#g;g#c4f;g #dfkg #eg4e #ag4f ,laney hickory ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,snyder ,bros4 ,center ,point1 ,ia4 ,gx,b #b #g4f;g#c4f;g#a4h;g#c4f;g #fdkg #dh4a #di4e ,fairbanks hickory ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,mort ,sturts ,hazel ,dell1 ,ill4 ,g #c #d4g;g#b4b;g#a4b;g#b4b;g #dikg #df4a #ee4f ,hickory ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,howard ,g4 ,barnes ,fayetteville1 ,o4 ,g #d #e4j;g#b4f;g#b4f;g#b4f;g #gikg #ea4dajj4j ,hickory ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,e4 ,c4 ,beam ,mt4 ,oreb1 ,o4 ,g #d #c4g;g#a4i;g 4#f;g#a4i;g #dckg #ej4j #cc4c ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,charles ,swaim ,south ,bend1 ,ind4 ,g #d #e4a;g#b4d;g#b4c;g#b4d;g #dbkg #dg4e #ig4b ,swaim hickory ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,g4 ,e4 ,beaver ,millerstown1 ,pa4 ,gx,b #e #f4g;g#c4d;g#j4j;g#c4d;g #bikg #ej4c #j4j ,beaver hickory ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,mrs4 ,augusta ,patton ,walnut ,hill4 ,ill4 ,g #e #f4e;g#b4g;g#b4b;g#b4e;g #ggkg #dj4e #ha4f ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,e4 ,c4 ,beam ,mt4 ,oreb1 ,o4 ,g #f #d4f;g#a4i;g#a4b;g#a4g;g #cckg #da4i #fa4h ,hickory ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,e4 ,c4 ,beam ,mt4 ,oreb1 ,o4 ,g #f #d4h;g#a4f;g 4#h;g#a4f;g #fhkg #cc4d #df4i ,hickory ,no4 #g ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,james ,l4 ,glover ,shelton1 ,conn4 ,g #f #e4j;g#a4i;g#a4h;g#a4i;g#ajfkg #ch4f #id4g ,hickory ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,james ,l4 ,glover ,shelton1 ,conn4 ,g #f #d4g;g#a4i;g 4#i;g#a4i;g #fhkg #dj4j #ej4j ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,gx,l ,c #h4h;g#c4a;g#a4e;g#c4a;g#ajbkg #ce4c #dh4a ,weiker hickory ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,sarah ,kronk ,minford4 ,o4 ,g #f #d4b;g#a4f;g#a4c;g#a4f;g#adjkg #cg4f #hc4f ,hickory ,no4 #c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,mort ,sturts ,hazel ,dell1 ,ill4 ,g #f #e4f;g#b4c;g#a4d;g#b4c;g #ebkg #da4j #fa4d ,hickory ,no4 #c ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,w4 ,c4 ,deming ,wilton4 ,conn4 ,g #g #e4e;g#b4i;g#a4d;g#b4i;g #fckg #eb4h #dh4c ,terpenny hickory ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,william ,gobble ,holston1 ,va4 ,g #g #i4g;g#c4i;g 4#b;g#c4i;g#adbkg #dj4f #e4a ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,w4 ,p4 ,griffin ,creal ,spring1 ,ill4 ,g #g #e4b;g#b4j;g#a4e;g#b4j;g#aackg #ch4e #ge4j ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,kate ,yawger ,port ,byron1 ,n4 ,y4 ,g #g #d4i;g#a4i;g 4#b;g#a4i;g #iekg #ci4j #aa4d ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,kate ,yawger ,port ,byron1 ,n4 ,y4 ,g #g #f4j;g#b4d;g#a4h;g#b4j;g#abakg #ci4a #gf4c ,hickory ,no4 #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,e4 ,c4 ,beam ,mt4 ,oreb1 ,o4 ,g #h #c4f;g#a4e;g 4#e;g#a4e;g #dekg #dc4b #cd4d ,hickory ,no4 #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,sarah ,kronk ,minford1 ,o4 ,g #h #c4a;g#a4c;g 4#f;g#a4c;g #hbkg #da4c #d4g ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,reuben ,j4 ,kurtz ,holly1 ,mich4 ,g #h #d4d;g#a4g;g#a4a;g#a4f;g#aaakg #ci4d #fd4j ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,e4 ,pomeroy ,windsor1 ,conn4 ,g #h #f4h;g#b4d;g#a4b;g#b4b;g #ghkg #ce4i #ej4j ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,r4 ,c4 ,hatch ,central ,city1 ,ia4 ,b #d4g;g#c4a;g 4#b;g#c4a;g #aikg #fe4j #f4e ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,willard ,g4 ,bixby ,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 ,b #b4c;g#a4f;g 4#j;g#a4c;g #ackg #fi4j #j4j ,halesite bitternut ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,s4 ,a4 ,sipe ,carthage1 ,ind4 ,l #ai4b;g#e4i;g#a4b;g#b4i;g#achkg #cj4g #bj4e ,stanley hickory ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,name ,,address ,,designation ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,luther ,w4 ,vest ,blacksburg1 ,va4 #ajj4j #c #d #d #e #f #bj #j #d #i #bj #ge ,vest hickory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,g4 ,w4 ,manahan ,sabillasville4 ,md4 #ij4e #e #d #d #e #d #ag #c #d #i #bj #ge ,manahan hickory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,eugene ,j4 ,clark ,ludlow1 ,mass4 #ajj4j #d #e #e #e #d #bj #j #d #g #bj #gd ---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,ralph ,t4 ,olcott ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #ij4d #e #e #d #e #f #ag #j #c #aa #ah #gd ,laney hickory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,snyder ,bros4 ,center ,point1 ,ia4 #ajj4j #e #e #e #e #e #bj #b #c #i #ae #gd ,fairbanks hickory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,mort ,sturts ,hazel ,dell1 ,ill4 #ajj4j #c #c #e #e #f #bj #b #c #h #ah #gc ,hickory ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,howard ,g4 ,barnes ,fayetteville1 ,o4 #ajj4j #c #d #d #e #d #bj #e #b #aj #ae #gb ,hickory ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,e4 ,c4 ,beam ,mt4 ,oreb1 ,o4 #ajj4j #b #d #c #e #f #bj #a #b #i #bj #gb ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,charles ,swaim ,south ,bend1 ,ind4 #ajj4j #d #c #d #d #f #bj #d #c #i #ae #gb ,swaim hickory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,g4 ,e4 ,beaver ,millerstown1 ,pa4 #ajj4j #d #e #d #e #g #bj #j #b #i #ae #ga ,beaver hickory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,mrs4 ,augusta ,patton ,walnut ,hill4 ,ill4 #ib4h #d #d #d #e #e #ah #d #b #g #ah #ga ---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,e4 ,c4 ,beam ,mt4 ,oreb1 ,o4 #hg4h #c #c #d #e #g #af #c #b #g #bj #gj ,hickory ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,e4 ,c4 ,beam ,mt4 ,oreb1 ,o4 #ajj4j #c #d #c #e #e #bj #b #c #e #bj #gj ,hickory ,no4 #g ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,james ,l4 ,glover ,shelton1 ,conn4 #ajj4j #c #a #d #e #d #bj #d #c #f #bj #gj ,hickory ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,james ,l4 ,glover ,shelton1 ,conn4 #ajj4j #c #b #d #e #e #bj #b #b #g #bj #gj ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #ajj4j #e #d #d #e #d #bj #b #c #e #ah #gj ,weiker hickory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,sarah ,kronk ,minford4 ,o4 #ajj4j #c #d #d #e #c #bj #d #c #f #ah #gj ,hickory ,no4 #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,mort ,sturts ,hazel ,dell1 ,ill4 #ajj4j #d #d #d #e #f #bj #c #b #g #ae #gj ,hickory ,no4 #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,w4 ,c4 ,deming ,wilton4 ,conn4 #ajj4j #d #c #d #e #e #bj #b #a #aj #ae #fi ,terpenny hickory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,william ,gobble ,holston1 ,va4 #ajj4j #f #c #c #e #c #bj #j #b #g #bj #fi ---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,w4 ,p4 ,griffin ,creal ,spring1 ,ill4 #ajj4j #d #a #d #e #c #bj #c #c #f #bj #fi ---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,kate ,yawger ,port ,byron1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajj4j #c #d #d #e #d #bj #j #c #f #bj #fi ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,kate ,yawger ,port ,byron1 ,n4 ,y4 #hb4f #d #d #e #e #c #ae #c #d #f #bj #fi ,hickory ,no4 #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,e4 ,c4 ,beam ,mt4 ,oreb1 ,o4 #ajj4j #b #c #c #e #f #bj #a #a #g #bj #fh ,hickory ,no4 #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,sarah ,kronk ,minford1 ,o4 #ajj4j #b #d #d #e #d #bj #j #d #g #ah #fh ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,reuben ,j4 ,kurtz ,holly1 ,mich4 #ic4j #b #e #d #e #c #ah #c #c #f #ah #fh ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,e4 ,pomeroy ,windsor1 ,conn4 #hh4f #d #d #d #e #d #ag #b #c #e #bj #fh ,hickory ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,r4 ,c4 ,hatch ,central ,city1 ,ia4 #ajj4j #c #e #c #c #i #bj #j #b #ac #j #eh ---- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,willard ,g4 ,bixby ,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 #hj4a #a #e #c #c #aj #ae #j #b #ae #j #ed ,halesite bitternut ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,s4 ,a4 ,sipe ,carthage1 ,ind4 #di4e #h #d #d #e #c #g #a #c #d #ae #ed ,stanley hickory ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,the abbreviations used under the species column are ,g for shagbark 7,carya ovata71 ,l for shellbark 7,carya laciniosa71 and ,b for bitternut 7,carya cordiformis74 ,where two letters appear with an x between it means that the nut in question is a hybrid between the two species4 ,following out the plan adopted last year 7when no prizes were offered for specific species of hickories7 when a nut other than a shagbark sent judged by the hickory standard received sufficient points to put it among the prize winners1 a special class was made for that4 ,some of the nuts in the above list are disqualified for receiving prizes as they are being propagated4 ,this term has been somewhat difficult of definition and in default of action of the ,association or of some committee appointed for the purpose ,i have held it to mean those nuts which are listed in the catalog of any nurseryman4 ,that is to say1 a nut is eligible for prizes more than one year1 and the mere growing a few grafted or budded trees of a variety and distributing them privately does not constitute propagation in the sense that the word is used in the nut contests4 ,as soon1 however1 as any nurseryman considers a variety of sufficient merit so that he lists it is his catalog or in any printed supplement to a catalog and states that he can furnish grafted or budded trees of this variety1 from that time on it is debarred from receiving the prizes offered annually4 ,other hickories were received from3 ,d4 ,s4 ,bassett1 ,fisherville1 ,mass4 ,e4 ,c4 ,beam1 ,mt4 ,orab1 ,ohio4 7,nuts ,no4 #e1 ,no4 #f74 ,w4 ,f4 ,cook1 ,moscow1 ,ky4 ,w4 ,e4 ,cornell1 #cjb ,stewart ,ave41 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,f4 ,n4 ,decker1 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 7,nuts ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b74 ,joan ,deming1 ,danbury1 ,conn41 ,route #b4 ,f4 ,earland ,gilson1 ,groton1 ,mass4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,kuhne1 ,woodbury1 ,conn4 ,reuben ,j4 ,kurtz1 ,holly1 ,mich41 ,r4 ,no4 #c1 ,box #cb4 ,harvey ,losee1 ,upper ,red ,hook1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,a4 ,patch1 ,west ,townsend1 ,mass1 ,box #gg4 ,e4 ,pomeroy1 ,windsor1 ,conn4 7,nut ,no4 #a74 ,ruth ,a4 ,reeves1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,y4 ,snyder ,bros41 ,center ,point1 ,ia4 7,nut ,no4 #a1 seedling74 ,mort ,stuarts1 ,hazel ,dell1 ,ill4 7,nuts ,no4 #d1 ,no4 #e1 ,no4 #f74 ,walter ,k4 ,wilson1 ,watertown1 ,conn41 ,lock ,box #b4 ,kate ,yawger1 ,port ,bryon1 ,n4 ,y4 7,nut ,no4 #a74 ,grant ,yeagley1 ,jamestown1 ,penn41 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 ,i4 ,,black ,,walnuts--#ea ,,entries ,the prize winning black walnuts exhibited and the prizes awarded are noted in the table of page #aed4 ,there is but one species of walnuts of the black walnut class native in the north eastern ,united ,states1 the eastern black walnut1 ,juglans nigra4 ,in this contest specimens of the ,texas black walnut1 ,juglans rupestris1 and of the ,california black walnut1 ,juglans hindsii were entered4 ,tests on these two black walnuts are noted for the purpose of record although no characteristics of value were noted4 ,the ,california black walnut has a smoother shell than the eastern black walnut4 ,the ,texas black walnut has beautiful willowy foliage and grows very late in the fall and holds its leaves much longer than the other walnuts and it is of dwarf habit of growth4 ,tests on the ,werner black walnut are noted because it is the largest black walnut we have4 ,the black walnuts sent in this year were much poorer on the whole than those exhibited in some years4 ,some well known trees bore scarcely a nut4 ,some well known propagated black walnuts were tested but only two of them tested out high enough to get into the prize winning class1 the ,thomas and ,ten ,eyck4 ,from what we know of the variation of nuts particularly of black walnuts1 it is evident that we must test black walnuts more than one year to get a good idea of their value4 ,the nut sent in by ,john ,s4 ,bomberges is particularly noticeable on account of the unusually fine flavor of the kernel and would seem to be a standard of excellence for black walnut kernels4 ,other black walnuts received from3 ,william ,a4 ,agner1 ,rockport1 ,ind41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #a4 ,george ,a4 ,ede1 ,cobden1 ,ill4 ,m4 ,h4 ,hoover1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,s4 ,ketchum1 ,middlefield1 ,ohio4 7,nuts ,no4 #a1 #c1 #e1 #aa1 #ab74 ,a4 ,h4 ,lang1 #afbh ,collingwood ,ave41 ,toledo1 ,ohio1 7,nut ,no4 #a74 ,james ,e4 ,ripley1 ,tippecanoe1 ,o41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #b4 7,nut ,no4 #b74 ,s4 ,a4 ,toy1 ,freeman1 ,w4 ,va4 7,nut ,no4 #a74 ,g4 ,g4 ,truman1 ,perrysville1 ,ohio4 ,box #afg4 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,peanut black walnut4 ,ira ,c4 ,wilson1 ,new ,truxton1 ,mo4 ,,black ,,walnuts ,,key3 ,a3 ,species ,b3 ,prize awarded ,c3 ,average weight of nut ,d3 ,average weight of kernel ,e3 ,average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking ,f3 ,average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking ,g3 ,average cracking pressure ,h3 ,proportion of kernel ,i3 ,cracking quality absolute ,j3 ,cracking quality commercial ,k3 ,size 7#aj7 ,k3 ,form 7#e7 ,m3 ,color of shell 7#e7 ,n3 ,husking quality 7#e7 ,o3 ,thinness of shell 7#aj7 ,p3 ,cracking quality commercial 7#bj7 ,q3 ,cracking quality absolute 7#e7 ,r3 ,color of kernel 7#e7 ,s3 ,proportion of kernel 7#ae7 ,t3 ,quality of kernel 7#bj7 ,u3 ,total points awarded 7#ajj7 ,,name ,,address ,,description ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,c4 ,s4 ,ketchum ,middlefield1 ,o4 ,b #a #ad4a;g#c4f;g#b4i;g#c4f;g#ahekg #be4e #hj4e ,nut ,no4 #aj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,john ,s4 ,bomberges ,lebanon1 ,pa4 ,b #b #af4d;g#c4i;g#b4e;g#c4d;g#bjhkg #bc4h #fd4a ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,henry ,hicks ,westbury1 ,n4 ,y4 ,b #c #ac4f;g#c4a;g#a4f;g#c4a;g#bbbkg #bb4h #ea4f ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,amy ,a4 ,alley ,lagrangeville1 ,n4,y4 ,b #d #ae4h;g#c4c;g#b4a;g#c4c;g#aggkg #bj4i #ec4g ,not the #aiah prize nut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,james ,e4 ,ripley ,tippecanoe1 ,o4 ,b #d #bf4g;g#f4c;g#c4g;g#f4c;g#bdgkg #bc4f #eh4h ,nut ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,snyder ,bros4 ,center ,point1 ,ia4 ,b #ai4g;g#d4g;g#c4f;g#c4i;g#bdgkg #bc4i #gf4f ,thomas black walnut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a4 ,h4 ,lang ,toledo1 ,o4 ,b #e #bj4e;g#d4f;g#b4i;g#d4a;g#cackg #bb4d #fc4a ,nut ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,kate ,yawger ,port ,byron1 ,n4 ,y4 ,b #e #bj4c;g#d4e;g#b4d;g#c4h;g#biakg #bb4b #ec4d ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,e4 ,m4 ,ten ,eyck ,so4 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 ,b #af4g;g#c4e;g#a4h;g#c4a;g#aedkg #ba4j #ea4e ,ten ,eyck black walnut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,c4 ,s4 ,ketchum ,middlefield1 ,o4 ,b #f #bj4a;g#d4g;g#b4d;g#c4e;g#bigkg #bc4d #ea4b ,nut ,no4 #i ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,s4 ,a4 ,toy ,freeman1 ,w4 ,va4 ,b #g #ba4i;g#e4e;g#a4f;g#c4i;g#bbekg #bj4e #bi4a ,nut ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,arnold ,arboretum ,jamaica ,pl'n41 ,mass4 ,r #f4a;g#j4i;g#j4g;g#j4h;g#cegkg #ad4h #fg4h ,from ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,g4 ,hunger ,tolhouse1 ,calif4 ,c #bb4c;g#e4j;g#a4i;g#c4a;g#djgkg #bb4d #ch4j ,california black walnut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,edward ,a4 ,werner ,marion1 ,ia4 ,r#e ,b #cj4d;g#f4e;g#a4d;g#b4e;g#ceckg #ba4d #ba4e ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,name ,,address ,,description ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,c4 ,s4 ,ketchum ,middlefield1 ,o4 #ajj4j #b #d #c #c #g #bj #d #d #g #ah #ga ,nut ,no4 #aj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,john ,s4 ,bomberges ,lebanon1 ,pa4 #hg4a #c #a #d #d #f #af #c #d #e #bc #fi ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,henry ,hicks ,westbury1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajj4j #a #c #c #d #f #bj #b #d #e #bj #fh ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,amy ,a4 ,alley ,lagrangeville1 ,n4,y4 #ajj4j #b #c #c #d #g #bj #c #d #c #ah #fg ,not the #aiah prize nut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,james ,e4 ,ripley ,tippecanoe1 ,o4 #ajj4j #h #c #c #c #e #bj #b #c #e #ae #fg ,nut ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,snyder ,bros4 ,center ,point1 ,ia4 #hc4j #d #d #d #d #e #ae #c #c #e #bj #fg ,thomas black walnut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,a4 ,h4 ,lang ,toledo1 ,o4 #hi4b #e #c #c #d #c #ag #c #b #d #bj #fd ,nut ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,kate ,yawger ,port ,byron1 ,n4 ,y4 #hd4e #e #c #c #d #c #af #b #d #d #bj #fd ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,e4 ,m4 ,ten ,eyck ,so4 ,plainfield1 ,n4 ,j4 #hh4f #c #c #d #d #h #ag #b #b #d #ae #fb ,ten ,eyck black walnut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,c4 ,s4 ,ketchum ,middlefield1 ,o4 #gd4e #e #c #c #c #f #ac #b #c #e #ah #fa ,nut ,no4 #i ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,s4 ,a4 ,toy ,freeman1 ,w4 ,va4 #ga4j #e #c #d #d #f #ab #a #b #c #bj #fj ,nut ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,arnold ,arboretum ,jamaica ,pl'n41 ,mass4 #hi4j #a #d #e #d #a #ag #c #a #j #ae #ea ,from ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,g4 ,hunger ,tolhouse1 ,calif4 #fb4j #f #e #e #d #j #aj #a #b #d #bj #eg ,california black walnut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,edward ,a4 ,werner ,marion1 ,ia4 ,r#e #ch4daj #b #b #c #a #d #a #d #d #bj #ea ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,the abbreviations used under the species column are3 ,b for ,black walnut 7,juglans nigra71 ,c for ,california black walnut 7,juglans hindsii71 ,r for 7,juglans rupestris74 ,,tn3 last column in row #aa corrected to #ea from #di ,,butterjaps--,,butternuts1 ,,japan ,,walnuts1 ,,and ,,hybrids--#cc ,,entries ,the butternut and ,japan walnuts and hybrids between them are grouped together as they were last year although but one hybrid appeared this year4 ,the need of a name to include these is apparent and the name butterjaps to include butternuts1 ,japan walnuts1 and hybrids between them is used this year following out last year's suggestion4 ,it was a very poor year for these nuts1 many well known trees bearing no crop at all4 ,the one hybrid exhibited which was sent in as a curiosity not for the purpose of being entered in the contest but it is interesting to note that it took a prize1 although not a high one4 ,the prize winning nuts and prizes awarded are noted in the table on page #aef4 ,other butternuts received from3 ,c4 ,delp1 ,morrison1 ,ohio4 7,nut ,no4 #d74 ,snyder ,bros41 ,center ,point1 ,ia4 7,fairbanks butternut74 ,g4 ,g4 ,truman1 ,perrysville1 ,ohio4 7,nuts ,no4 #b1 #c74 ,other ,japan walnuts received from3 ,l4 ,h4 ,p4 ,j4 ,jr4 ,berckmans1 #abac ,lamar ,bldg41 ,augusta1 ,ga4 ,,butternuts ,,key3 ,a3 ,species ,b3 ,prize awarded ,c3 ,average weight of nut ,d3 ,average weight of kernel ,e3 ,average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking ,f3 ,average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking ,g3 ,average cracking pressure ,h3 ,proportion of kernel ,i3 ,cracking quality absolute ,j3 ,cracking quality commercial ,k3 ,size 7#aj7 ,k3 ,form 7#e7 ,m3 ,color of shell 7#e7 ,n3 ,husking quality 7#e7 ,o3 ,thinness of shell 7#aj7 ,p3 ,cracking quality commercial 7#bj7 ,q3 ,cracking quality absolute 7#e7 ,r3 ,color of kernel 7#e7 ,s3 ,proportion of kernel 7#ae7 ,t3 ,quality of kernel 7#bj7 ,u3 ,total points awarded 7#ajj7 ,,name ,,address ,,description ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,g4 ,g4 ,truman ,perrysville1 ,o4 ,b #a #i4f;g#a4f;g#a4a;g#a4f;g#bhjkg #af4h #fg4h ,nut ,no4 #e ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,c4 ,delp ,morrison1 ,o4 ,b #b #ag4b;g#b4g;g#b4g;g#b4g;g#cbjkg #ae4gajj4j ,nut ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder ,center ,point1 ,ia4 ,b #b #ai4e;g#c4d;g#b4f;g#c4d;g#cdhkg #ag4d #gf4e ,pumfrey #bnd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,c4 ,delp ,morrison1 ,o4 ,b #c #ac4c;g#b4d;g#b4d;g#b4d;g#cbfkg #ah4jajj4j ,nut ,no4 #c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,c4 ,delp ,morrison1 ,o4 ,b #d #ab4f;g#b4a;g#b4a;g#b4a;g#cjhkg #af4gajj4j ,nut ,no4 #e ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,joe ,p4 ,wilson ,landon1 ,miss4 ,sx,b #e #ab4d;g#b4d;g#j4g;g#a4h;g#bddkg #ai4d #bh4a ,butterjap ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,wm4 ,h4 ,kuhne ,woodbury1 ,conn4 ,b #f #h4g;g#a4g;g#a4j;g#a4f;g#bcbkg #ai4j #ei4j ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,c4 ,delp ,morrison1 ,o4 ,b #g #aj4g;g#b4a;g 4#j;g#a4e;g#bejkg #ai4f #j4j ,nut ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder ,center ,point1 ,ia4 ,b #g #ag4e;g#c4a;g#a4c;g#a4h;g#cjjkg #ag4g #db4j ,pumfrey #ast ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,postmaster ,balsam1 ,n4 ,c4 ,b #h #ac4i;g#b4b;g#j4f;g#a4f;g#bdikg #af4j #bg4b ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,g4 ,g4 ,truman ,perrysville1 ,o4 ,b #bb4f;g#c4c;g#j4b;g#a4i;g#cbjkg #ad4f #f4j ,nut ,no4 #d ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,g4 ,g4 ,truman ,perrysville1 ,o4 ,b #ad4d;g#b4c;g#j4e;g#a4a;g#bickg #ae4g #bb4a ,nut ,no4 #a1 ,round shape ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,name ,,address ,,description ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,g4 ,g4 ,truman ,perrysville1 ,o4 #ajj4j #d #a #c #d #e #bj #c #d #c #bj #fg ,nut ,no4 #e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,c4 ,delp ,morrison1 ,o4 #ajj4j #h #j #c #b #a #bj #e #c #c #ah #fc ,nut ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder ,center ,point1 ,ia4 #ajj4j #aj #j #b #c #j #bj #c #b #c #bj #fc ,pumfrey #bnd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,c4 ,delp ,morrison1 ,o4 #ajj4j #f #a #b #d #a #bj #e #c #d #ae #fa ,nut ,no4 #c ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,c4 ,delp ,morrison1 ,o4 #ajj4j #e #j #b #d #a #bj #e #b #c #ah #fj ,nut ,no4 #e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,joe ,p4 ,wilson ,landon1 ,miss4 #gb4g #f #a #c #d #d #i #a #d #e #bj #eg ,butterjap ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,wm4 ,h4 ,kuhne ,woodbury1 ,conn4 #id4c #c #a #a #d #d #ah #b #b #e #ae #ee ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,c4 ,delp ,morrison1 ,o4 #ga4e #d #a #c #d #c #aa #j #c #e #ah #eb ,nut ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder ,center ,point1 ,ia4 #eh4j #i #j #b #d #a #h #b #b #d #bj #eb ,pumfrey #ast ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,postmaster ,balsam1 ,n4 ,c4 #gc4i #g #a #b #b #d #i #a #c #c #ah #ej ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,g4 ,g4 ,truman ,perrysville1 ,o4 #eg4e #ab #j #a #c #a #g #j #c #b #ah #dg ,nut ,no4 #d ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,g4 ,g4 ,truman ,perrysville1 ,o4 #dg4g #g #a #c #c #b #j #a #b #c #ae #cg ,nut ,no4 #a1 ,round shape ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,the abbreviations used under the species column are3 ,b for butternut 7,juglans cinerea71 ,sx,b for ,siebold walnut1 x butternut hybrid 7,juglans ,sieboldiana x cinerea74 ,,japan ,,walnuts ,,key3 ,a3 ,species ,b3 ,prize awarded ,c3 ,average weight of nut ,d3 ,average weight of kernel ,e3 ,average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking ,f3 ,average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking ,g3 ,average cracking pressure ,h3 ,proportion of kernel ,i3 ,cracking quality absolute ,j3 ,cracking quality commercial ,k3 ,size 7#aj7 ,k3 ,form 7#e7 ,m3 ,color of shell 7#e7 ,n3 ,husking quality 7#e7 ,o3 ,thinness of shell 7#aj7 ,p3 ,cracking quality commercial 7#bj7 ,q3 ,cracking quality absolute 7#e7 ,r3 ,color of kernel 7#e7 ,s3 ,proportion of kernel 7#ae7 ,t3 ,quality of kernel 7#bj7 ,u3 ,total points awarded 7#ajj7 ,,name ,,address ,,description ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,r4 ,bates ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c4 ,h #a #g4f;g#b4b;g#a4h;g#b4b;g #gikg #bh4c #hc4h ,stranger ,heartnut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,r4 ,bates ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c4 ,h #b #d4h;g#a4d;g#j4h;g#a4d;g #gikg #bi4g #eb4g ,tokio ,heartnut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,o4 ,f4 ,witte ,amherst1 ,o4 ,h #c #e4a;g#a4e;g#a4e;g#a4e;g#aghkg #bi4fajj4j ,heartnut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,r4 ,bates ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c4 ,h #d #g4b;g#a4h;g#a4e;g#a4h;g#agbkg #be4b #hj4b ,heartnut near ,mobile pecan ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,o4 ,f4 ,witte ,amherst1 ,o4 ,s #d #h4e;g#b4b;g#a4h;g#b4b;g#bfjkg #be4i #ha4i ,siebold walnut ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,joe ,p4 ,wilson ,landon1 ,miss4 8 #d #i4h;g#b4g;g#j4i;g#a4i;g #gekg #bg4f #ca4a ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,o4 ,f4 ,witte ,amherst1 ,o4 ,s #e #e4g;g#a4e;g#a4a;g#a4e;g#baekg #bf4c #gc4c ,siebold walnut ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,o4 ,d4 ,faust ,bamberg1 ,s4 ,c4 ,h #f #i4j;g#b4h;g#j4e;g#b4d;g#bcdkg #ca4a #ag4h ,heartnut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,l4 ,j4 ,bryant ,son ,newark1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s #g #f4h;g#a4g;g#j4i;g#a4a;g#achkg #bf4a #ee4h ,siebold walnut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,o4 ,d4 ,faust ,bamberg1 ,s4 ,c4 ,s #h #h4g;g#a4i;g#j4j;g#a4g;g#adbkg #bb4e #j4j ,siebold walnut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,r4 ,bates ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c4 ,hx,p #ab4b;g#b4h;g#a4c;g#b4b;g#daikg #bb4f #df4d ,cording walnut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,r4 ,bates ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c4 ,px,s #ac4j;g#b4b;g#j4j;g#j4e;g#cgjkg #af4i #j4j ,siebosian walnut ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,name ,,address ,,description ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,r4 ,bates ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c4 #ajj4j #b #d #b #e #i #bj #d #c #aa #ah #gh ,stranger ,heartnut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,r4 ,bates ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c4 #ig4b #j #d #c #d #i #ai #d #c #ab #ah #gf ,tokio ,heartnut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,o4 ,f4 ,witte ,amherst1 ,o4 #ajj4j #a #c #d #d #f #bj #e #d #ab #ae #gd ,heartnut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,r4 ,bates ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c4 #ajj4j #b #c #c #e #h #bj #d #c #i #ae #gb ,heartnut near ,mobile pecan ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,o4 ,f4 ,witte ,amherst1 ,o4 #ajj4j #c #c #c #d #c #bj #d #d #aj #ah #gb ,siebold walnut ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,joe ,p4 ,wilson ,landon1 ,miss4 #gb4f #d #d #c #d #aj #ab #a #c #aa #bj #gb ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,o4 ,f4 ,witte ,amherst1 ,o4 #ajj4j #a #d #c #d #e #bj #c #d #aj #ae #fi ,siebold walnut ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,o4 ,d4 ,faust ,bamberg1 ,s4 ,c4 #he4f #c #e #c #d #d #ae #j #c #ac #ah #fh ,heartnut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,l4 ,j4 ,bryant ,son ,newark1 ,n4 ,y4 #ff4c #b #d #d #d #g #aj #b #c #aj #ah #fd ,siebold walnut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,o4 ,d4 ,faust ,bamberg1 ,s4 ,c4 #hh4h #c #c #d #d #g #af #j #a #g #ah #fc ,siebold walnut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,r4 ,bates ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c4 #gh4b #e #c #c #d #j #ac #b #b #h #bj #fj ,cording walnut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,r4 ,bates ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c4 #bb4g #a #j #c #d #j #j #j #a #c #ae #bg ,siebosian walnut ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,the abbreviations under the species column are3 ,h for heartnut 7,juglans cordifornis71 ,s for ,siebold walnut 7,juglans ,sieboldiana71 ,hx,p for heartnut x ,persian walnut hybrid 7,juglans cordifornis x regia71 ,px,s for ,persian walnut x ,siebold walnut hybrid 7,juglans regia x ,sieboldiana74 ,in the case of hybrids the species first named is the pistillate parent4 ,,pecans--#ac ,,varieties ,some very good northern pecans were sent in to the #aiah contest and two of them are deemed worthy of experimental propagation4 ,one of these ,dunn ,no4 #a1 had a particularly delicious flavor and the other the ,koontz1 was also a desirable nut4 ,they are not large but are almost exactly the size of the ,moore pecan1 a southern variety now attracting a good deal of attention4 ,specimens of three nuts of larger size were received1 the ,norton1 ,mc,callister and ,kline1 but not in sufficient quantity to test4 ,the weights are given for reference4 ,tests of nine standard southern pecans are also shown4 ,it will be noticed that the best pecans sent to the #aiai contest compare very favorably with these fine southern pecans1 only the ,schley being shown superior4 ,the northern pecans are generally smaller than the southern1 have lighter colored shell and lighter colored kernel1 flavor every bit as good1 and shell just as thin4 ,the prize winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the table on page #aeh4 ,the results of tests of southern pecans is inserted with some hesitation4 ,these pecans are judged by the same score cards as are the northern pecans which is the one used for hickories4 ,inasmuch as the pecans1 both northern and southern1 are judged by the same standards1 it is hoped that the figures may be of some value4 ,the writer makes no claim to being an expert on the southern pecan and does not wish these figures taken as his opinion on the relative merits of southern pecans1 which have been grown in orchard form long enough so that regularity of bearing1 size of crops1 resistance to disease1 etc41 have been determined to a considerable extent4 ,these are of such importance to the practical pecan grower as to overbalance to quite an extent the merits of the nut itself which are the only qualities that can be considered in a nut contest4 ,other pecans received from3 ,g4 ,m4 ,brown1 ,van ,buren1 ,ark4 ,j4 ,h4 ,burkett1 ,clyde1 ,texas4 7,young grafted tree74 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,w4 ,evans1 ,blackwell1 ,okla4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,shultz1 ,fulton1 ,ark4 ,snyder ,bros41 ,center ,point1 ,ia4 7,pumfrey #ast1 #bnd74 ,,pecans ,,key3 ,a3 ,species ,b3 ,prize awarded ,c3 ,average weight of nut ,d3 ,average weight of kernel ,e3 ,average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking ,f3 ,average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking ,g3 ,average cracking pressure ,h3 ,proportion of kernel ,i3 ,cracking quality absolute ,j3 ,cracking quality commercial ,k3 ,size 7#aj7 ,k3 ,form 7#e7 ,m3 ,color of shell 7#e7 ,n3 ,husking quality 7#e7 ,o3 ,thinness of shell 7#aj7 ,p3 ,cracking quality commercial 7#bj7 ,q3 ,cracking quality absolute 7#e7 ,r3 ,color of kernel 7#e7 ,s3 ,proportion of kernel 7#ae7 ,t3 ,quality of kernel 7#bj7 ,u3 ,total points awarded 7#ajj7 ,,name ,,address ,,description ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,d4 ,k4 ,dunn ,wynne1 ,ark4 ,p #a #e4h;g#c4b;g#j4j;g#c4b;g #cdkg #ee4a #j4j ,pecan ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,e4 ,j4 ,koontz ,richards1 ,mo4 ,p #b #e4f;g#c4a;g#j4j;g#c4a;g #ce,kg #ee4d #j4j ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,clifford ,crossville1 ,ill4 ,p #c #e4j;g#b4d;g#a4a;g#a4g;g #eckg #dh4j #de4h ,prolific ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,clifford ,crossville1 ,ill4 ,p #d #d4d;g#b4f;g#a4c;g#b4f;g #fakg #ei4a #ej4j ,sweetmeat ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,d4 ,k4 ,dunn ,wynne1 ,ark4 ,p #e #f4c;g#c4a;g#j4j;g#c4a;g #chkg #di4c #j4j ,pecan ,no4 #c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,mrs4 ,maida ,r4 ,wears ,rich ,hill1 ,mo4 ,p #e #c4a;g#a4e;g#a4d;g#a4d;g #bakg #de4c #ic4b ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder ,center ,point1 ,ia4 ,p #e #c4f;g#b4j;g#j4j;g#b4j;g #cdkg #ee4e #j4j ,oberman ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,d4 ,k4 ,dunn ,wynne1 ,ark4 ,p #f #e4d;g#b4g;g#j4j;g#b4g;g #cakg #ej4j #j4j ,pecan ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a4 ,g4 ,shanklin ,clemson ,college1 ,s4 ,c4 ,p #g #e4a;g#b4f;g#j4d;g#b4f;g #fdkg #ea4j #ae4d ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,mrs4 ,addie ,g4 ,evans ,blackwell1 ,okla4 ,p #h #e4j;g#b4j;g#j4j;g#b4j;g #cekg #dj4j #j4j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---- ---- ,p #h4a;g ,norton ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---- ---- ,px,l #ag4g;g ,mc,callister ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---- ---- ,px,l #bb4j;g ,klein ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,name ,,address ,,description ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,d4 ,k4 ,dunn ,wynne1 ,ark4 #ajj4j #d #e #c #e #g #bj #j #d #aa #bj #gi ,pecan ,no4 #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,e4 ,j4 ,koontz ,richards1 ,mo4 #ajj4j #d #e #d #e #g #bj #j #e #aa #ag #gh ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,clifford ,crossville1 ,ill4 #gj4h #d #d #c #e #f #ab #b #e #i #ag #gg ,prolific ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,clifford ,crossville1 ,ill4 #ajj4j #c #e #b #e #e #bj #b #d #ab #ag #ge ,sweetmeat ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,d4 ,k4 ,dunn ,wynne1 ,ark4 #ajj4j #d #d #c #e #g #bj #j #d #i #ah #gd ,pecan ,no4 #c ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,mrs4 ,maida ,r4 ,wears ,rich ,hill1 ,mo4 #ic4b #b #d #c #e #h #ah #d #e #h #ag #gd ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,s4 ,w4 ,snyder ,center ,point1 ,ia4 #ajj4j #b #e #d #e #g #bj #j #e #aa #ae #gd ,oberman ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,d4 ,k4 ,dunn ,wynne1 ,ark4 #ajj4j #d #e #c #e #g #bj #j #d #i #ae #gb ,pecan ,no4 #b ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,a4 ,g4 ,shanklin ,clemson ,college1 ,s4 ,c4 #ajj4j #d #d #d #e #e #bj #j #d #aj #ae #ga ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,mrs4 ,addie ,g4 ,evans ,blackwell1 ,okla4 #ajj4j #d #d #c #e #g #bj #j #e #g #ae #gj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---- ---- ,norton ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---- ---- ,mc,callister ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---- ---- ,klein ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,standard ,southern ,varieties ,,key3 ,a3 ,species ,b3 ,prize awarded ,c3 ,average weight of nut ,d3 ,average weight of kernel ,e3 ,average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking ,f3 ,average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking ,g3 ,average cracking pressure ,h3 ,proportion of kernel ,i3 ,cracking quality absolute ,j3 ,cracking quality commercial ,k3 ,size 7#aj7 ,k3 ,form 7#e7 ,m3 ,color of shell 7#e7 ,n3 ,husking quality 7#e7 ,o3 ,thinness of shell 7#aj7 ,p3 ,cracking quality commercial 7#bj7 ,q3 ,cracking quality absolute 7#e7 ,r3 ,color of kernel 7#e7 ,s3 ,proportion of kernel 7#ae7 ,t3 ,quality of kernel 7#bj7 ,u3 ,total points awarded 7#ajj7 ,,name ,,address ,,description ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ---- ---- ,p #i4e;g#e4i;g#j4j;g#e4i;g #bikg #fb4a #j4j ,schley ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---- ---- ,p #h4f;g#d4h;g#j4j;g#d4h;g #bhkg #ee4h #j4j ,burkett ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---- ---- ,p #e4h;g#b4i;g#j4j;g#b4i;g #bekg #ej4j #j4j ,moore ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---- ---- ,p #h4c;g#e4d;g#j4j;g#e4d;g #cikg #ed4c #j4j ,alley ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---- ---- ,p #aj4a;g#d4i;g#j4j;g#d4i;g #ihkg #dh4e #j4j ,delmas ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---- ---- ,p #g4h;g#c4e;g#j4j;g#c4e;g #bjkg #dd4i #j4j ,moneymaker ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---- ---- ,p #h4g;g#c4i;g#j4j;g#c4i;g #eikg #dd4h #j4j ,pabst ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---- ---- ,p #h4h;g#d4a;g#j4j;g#d4a;g #efkg #df4f #j4j ,stuart ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---- ---- ,p #h4a;g#c4i;g#j4j;g#h4i;g #ifkg #dh4b #j4j ,vandeman ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,name ,,address ,,description ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ---- ---- #ajj4j #f #e #c #e #g #bj #j #c #ac #bj #hb ,schley ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---- ---- #ajj4j #e #e #c #e #g #bj #j #d #aa #ah #gh ,burkett ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---- ---- #ajj4j #d #e #d #e #h #bj #j #d #i #ah #gh ,moore ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---- ---- #ajj4j #e #e #c #e #f #bj #j #c #aa #ai #gg ,alley ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---- ---- #ajj4j #f #e #c #e #d #bj #j #d #i #bj #gf ,delmas ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---- ---- #ajj4j #e #e #d #e #h #bj #j #c #h #ah #gf ,moneymaker ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---- ---- #ajj4j #e #e #d #e #e #bj #j #c #h #ai #gd ,pabst ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---- ---- #ajj4j #e #e #c #e #e #bj #j #c #h #ah #gb ,stuart ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---- ---- #ajj4j #e #e #c #e #d #bj #j #c #i #ah #gb ,vandeman ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,the abbreviations used under the species column are3 ,p for pecan 7,carya pecan71 ,px,l for pecan x shellbark hybrid 7,carya pecan x laciniosa74 ,,hazels--#f ,,entries ,this is the first time ,i have had opportunity of testing ,rush hazel which was found by ,mr4 ,rush #ce years ago1 but which1 so far as ,i know1 has never been propagated in the sense in which the word is used in the contests where it means listed in the catalog of some nurseryman who is prepared to furnish grafted or budded or layered plants4 ,the value of this hazel is now being recognized and doubtless it will not be long that this will be the case for it is by far the best ,american hazel now known4 ,the prize winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the table on page #afj4 ,following the list of ,american hazels are #i varieties of ,mr4 ,conrad ,vollertsen's1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 most of them of ,german origin4 ,these are given with their ,german names4 ,these names are given here for convenience for readers and only for that1 for they violate one of the rules followed in naming nuts4 ,they will be referred to the nomenclature committee at its next session4 ,following ,mr4 ,vollertsen's hazels are five standard market hazels grown on the ,pacific coast which are noted as matters of record4 ,it will be noted that the ,white ,aveline hazel has been placed higher than the ,barcelona when judged by the score card used4 ,inasmuch as orchards of ,white ,aveline hazels in the ,pacific northwest are being replaced by ,barcelona and ,duchilly because ,white ,aveline nuts are too small to be saleable commercially1 it was questioned as to whether the score card was not at fault and whether much more emphasis should not be put on size and less on quality than is the case with the score card used4 ,inasmuch as the same score card has been used for all nuts except where it seemed entirely unadapted 7because when this was done the figures have a value they otherwise would not in expressing the relative value of each species7 it seems very desirable this common score card be retained for as many nuts as possible4 ,there are some notable instances where fruits commercially important do not rank highest in quality1 e4 g41 the ,elberta peach1 ,ben ,davis apple1 and ,kiefer pear1 therefore it is thought better not to emphasize size too strongly in the case of hazels4 ,it is only fair to state1 however1 that much less work has been put on judging hazels than on some other nuts and perhaps our ideas will have to be revised later4 ,,hazels ,,key3 ,a3 ,species ,b3 ,prize awarded ,c3 ,average weight of nut ,d3 ,average weight of kernel ,e3 ,average weight of kernel that dropped out after cracking ,f3 ,average weight of kernel that could be easily picked out with fingers after cracking ,g3 ,average cracking pressure ,h3 ,proportion of kernel ,i3 ,cracking quality absolute ,j3 ,cracking quality commercial ,k3 ,size 7#aj7 ,k3 ,form 7#e7 ,m3 ,color of shell 7#e7 ,n3 ,husking quality 7#e7 ,o3 ,thinness of shell 7#aj7 ,p3 ,cracking quality commercial 7#bj7 ,q3 ,cracking quality absolute 7#e7 ,r3 ,color of kernel 7#e7 ,s3 ,proportion of kernel 7#ae7 ,t3 ,quality of kernel 7#bj7 ,u3 ,total points awarded 7#ajj7 ,,name ,,address ,,description ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,am #a #b4a;g#a4j;g#a4j;g#a4j;g #cikg #de4g #ajj4j ,rush hazel ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,miss ,louise ,littlepage ,bowie1 ,md ,am #b #b4g;g 4#h;g 4#h;g 4#h;g #eikg #bh4c #ajj4j ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,j4 ,w4 ,strassel ,rockport1 ,ind ,am #b #a4i;g 4#g;g 4#g;g 4#g;g #cfkg #cf4e #ajj4j ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,mrs4 ,priscilla ,randall ,freeport1 ,o4 ,am #c #a4h;g 4#d;g 4#d;g 4#d;g #eakg #bb4g #ajj4j ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,luther ,w4 ,vest ,blacksburg1 ,va4 ,am #d #a4h;g 4#f;g 4#f;g 4#f;g #dikg #ca4h #ajj4j ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,william ,h4 ,kuhne ,woodbury1 ,conn4 ,am #e #a4d;g 4#d;g 4#d;g 4#d;g #ejkg #bg4i #ajj4j ---- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 8 #b4b;g 4#i;g 4#i;g 4#i;g #dfkg #da4d #ajj4j ,medium ,long ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,p #b4h;g#a4a;g#a4a;g#a4a;g #egkg #dj4d #ajj4j ,italienische ,rothe ,zeller ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,m #b4c;g 4#h;g 4#h;g 4#h;g #dbkg #ce4f #ajj4j ,lambertnuss ,rothe ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,m #b4e;g 4#i;g 4#i;g 4#i;g #dikg #cg4d #ajj4j ,merveille de ,bollwiller ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,m #b4b;g 4#i;g 4#i;g 4#i;g #fjkg #dj4e #ajj4j ,lambertnuss ,weisse ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,p #a4g;g 4#h;g 4#h;g 4#h;g #ehkg #bj4d #ajj4j ,gunzelebener ,zeller ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,av #a4h;g 4#g;g 4#g;g 4#g;g #fckg #cg4g #ajj4j ,althaldensleben ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,av #a4i;g 4#h;g 4#h;g 4#h;g #gjkg #da4f #ajj4j ,grosse ,kugelnuss ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,p #b4a;g 4#g;g 4#g;g 4#g;g #dikg #cb4f #ajj4j ,minna's ,zeller ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #c4a;g#a4f;g#a4f;g#a4f;g #cckg #ea4j #ajj4j ,daviana ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #b4a;g#a4a;g#a4a;g#a4a;g #bfkg #di4c #ajj4j ,white ,aveline ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #d4h;g#b4a;g#b4a;g#b4a;g #gikg #db4e #ajj4j ,noce ,lunghe ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #c4e;g#a4b;g#a4b;g#a4b;g #eakg #cc4a #ajj4j ,imperial ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #d4h;g#a4h;g#a4h;g#a4h;g #dbkg #da4h #ajj4j ,barcelona ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,,name ,,address ,,description ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #ajj4j #c #d #c #e #g #bj #b #d #ab #ah #gh ,rush hazel ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,miss ,louise ,littlepage ,bowie1 ,md #ajj4j #d #c #b #e #c #bj #d #d #b #ae #fb ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,j4 ,w4 ,strassel ,rockport1 ,ind #ajj4j #b #c #a #e #h #bj #c #a #g #ab #fb ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,mrs4 ,priscilla ,randall ,freeport1 ,o4 #ajj4j #b #c #b #e #e #bj #d #e #j #ae #fa ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,luther ,w4 ,vest ,blacksburg1 ,va4 #ajj4j #b #c #j #e #e #bj #b #b #d #ae #eh ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,william ,h4 ,kuhne ,woodbury1 ,conn4 #ajj4j #a #c #c #e #e #bj #a #c #b #aj #ec ---- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajj4j #c #e #e #e #f #bj #c #e #i #bj #ha ,medium ,long ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajj4j #d #e #e #e #d #bj #c #d #i #bj #gi ,italienische ,rothe ,zeller ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajj4j #c #e #e #e #g #bj #d #d #f #ah #gg ,lambertnuss ,rothe ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajj4j #c #e #d #e #e #bj #d #d #g #ah #ge ,merveille de ,bollwiller ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajj4j #c #e #e #e #c #bj #c #c #i #ah #gd ,lambertnuss ,weisse ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajj4j #a #e #d #e #d #bj #a #c #i #bj #gb ,gunzelebener ,zeller ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajj4j #b #e #e #e #c #bj #d #e #g #ae #ga ,althaldensleben ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajj4j #b #e #d #e #a #bj #b #c #aj #ae #fg ,grosse ,kugelnuss ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,conrad ,vollertsen ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #ajj4j #c #e #e #e #e #bj #a #c #e #ae #fg ,minna's ,zeller ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #ajj4j #e #e #d #e #h #bj #d #c #ae #bj #hi ,daviana ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #ajj4j #c #e #c #e #aj #bj #e #c #ad #bj #hh ,white ,aveline ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #ajj4j #aj #e #d #e #j #bj #d #c #aj #ah #gi ,noce ,lunghe ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #ajj4j #f #e #d #e #e #bj #b #c #e #ah #gh ,imperial ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #ajj4j #h #e #c #e #g #bj #b #j #aj #bj #gj ,barcelona ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,the abbreviations used under the species column are3 ,am for ,american hazel 7,corylus ,americana71 ,av for ,corylus ,avellana1 a ,european1 species1 ,m for ,corylus maxima1 a ,european species1 ,p for ,corylus pontica1 a ,european species4 ,it seems quite probable that many of the ,european varieties noted above are hybrids and not pure species4 ,the species identification of the ,european varieties are those of ,mr4 ,conrad ,vollertsen4 ,,persian ,,walnuts--#e ,,entries ,the prize winning nuts and the prizes awarded are shown in the table on page #aed4 ,this is the first time that ,i have had opportunity to test some of the propagated ,persian walnuts4 ,the results shown are given for what they are worth4 ,a sufficient number of ,persian walnuts have not as yet been examined to enable us to determine the constants so that they are as valuable as they will be later1 and as they are on the hickories1 black walnuts1 and butternuts where hundreds of nuts have been examined4 ,consequently1 conclusions based on the figures in the table should be conservatively drawn4 ,the position of the ,franquette at the bottom of the list of the propagated nuts it is believed will be materially changed with the redetermination of the constants that an examination of a large number of nuts would require4 ,,observations ,the number of entries in the #aiai contest was about #ej greater than in #aiah4 ,no hickories1 no black walnuts or butternuts deemed worthy of experimental propagation appeared as was the case in #aiah1 but on the other hand1 two pecans1 the ,dunn ,no4 #a and ,koontz1 it is believed1 are well worth while propagating experimentally even though the ,dunn nut comes from a somewhat more southern section than the other northern pecans now being propagated4 ,the need for additional heartnuts makes it seem advisable to propagate experimentally the ,stranger heartnut1 even though it comes from ,jackson1 ,s4 ,c41 a section so far south that the southern pecan grows and bears well4 ,the contest has helped to bring out the value of the ,rush hazel1 which has been propagated experimentally for a long time but which1 so far as ,i know1 has never been offered to the public by nurserymen4 ,the following standards for hickories have been established3 ,the largest nut found so far is still the ,mott shellbark1 which ,dr4 ,morris found a number of years ago and which weighs #bi4f;g4 ,the ,vest hickory1 which among the seemingly pure shagbarks1 had the record of the thinnest shell up to the #aiah contest1 has been surpassed by the ,beam ,no4 #a of the #aiai contest1 which takes but #cckg to crack the shell4 ,the figure is surpassed by one bitternut hybrid the ,beaver #bikg1 and by the ,hatch bitternut #aikg1 and the ,halesite bitternut #ackg4 ,the ,vest of the #aiad crop is still the seemingly pure shagbark with the largest percentage of kernel #eg4g4 ,this is surpassed by the ,hatch bitternut #fe4j1 and the ,halesite bitternut #fi4j4 ,no hickory has been found to surpass the ,vest in the excellence of flavor of the kernel4 ,one hickory1 the ,barnes1 #aiai contest1 showed #ajj cracking quality4 ,the following standards for black walnuts have been established4 ,the ,armknecht ,no4 #b which held the record last year has been surpassed by the ,werner with a weight of #cj4d;g4 ,the thinnest shelled one is still the ,alley of the #aiah contest1 with a cracking pressure of #aajkg1 although the ,ten ,eyck of the #aiah contest was only slightly higher1 #abjkg4 ,the record for the greatest proportion of kernel is still with the ,ten ,eyck of the #aiah contest #cf4d4 ,the ,ten ,eyck black walnut exhibited in #aiai had no such records of thinness of shell or proportion of kernel4 ,the ,stabler is believed to be the best cracker but the ,alley of the #aiah contest showed #ajj4 ,the ,bomberges black walnut of the #aiai contest showed unusually fine quality of kernel and is believed to hold the record for quality of kernel so far4 ,the following standards for butterjaps 7i4 e41 butternuts1 ,japan walnuts and their hybrids7 have been established4 ,the ,wasson butternut which held the record for size heretofore #ah4h;g has been surpassed by two nuts ,pumfrey ,no4 #b1 #ai4e;g and ,truman ,no4 #d1 #bb4f;g4 ,the same high cracking quality among the pure butternuts noted last year still continues4 ,the ,ritchie heartnut of the #aiah contest still holds the record for percentage of kernel1 #cb4g4 ,one pure butternut1 the ,kuhne of the #aiai contest1 with #ai kernel has been found4 ,the ,aiken butternut #bjjkg cracking pressure is the thinnest shelled pure butternut yet found4 ,the thinnest shelled ,japan walnut yet found is the ,wilson ,seibold walnut of the #aiai contest1 #gekg cracking pressure4 ,the following standards for pecans have been established 7including the pecan x shellbark hybrids which generally resemble pecans in flavor and appearance and would be classed with them74 ,largest1 the ,klein1 #bb4j;g in weight4 ,of the pure northern pecans the ,norton1 #h4a;g in weight is the largest4 ,of the pure southern pecans tested the ,delmas #aj4a;g in weight is the largest4 ,of the northern pecans the greatest percentage of kernel yet found is the ,clifford ,sweetmeat of the #aiai contest1 #eg4f of kernel1 followed closely by the ,koontz1 #ef4a and the ,dunn1 #ee4e4 ,of the southern pecans the ,schley1 #fb1 leads4 ,the thinnest shelled northern pecan yet tested is the ,wears of the #aiai contest1 #bakg cracking pressure2 the thinnest southern pecan is the ,burkett1 #bgkg followed closely by the ,schley #bikg4 ,the finest flavored among the northern pecans is ,dunn ,no4 #a1 which has a kernel which is exceptionally delicious4 ,the finest flavored among the southern pecans is the ,schley4 ,the following standards for hazels have been established4 ,the largest ,american hazel yet found is the ,littlepage #b4g;g but the ,rush1 although a smaller nut has a larger kernel #a4j;g against 4#h;g for the ,littlepage4 ,the ,rush also has a greater proportion of kernel1 #de4g1 than any other native hazel yet tested or any foreign one excepting the ,white ,aveline which has #di4c4 ,the thinnest shelled ,american hazel is the ,rush #cikg and the thinnest shelled foreign one1 the ,white ,aveline #bfkg4 ,those who have given the matter consideration are thoroughly convinced of the great possibilities of systematic hybridization of nut trees4 ,work of this kind will have to be carried on according to carefully thought out plans1 the details of which are not yet quite clear in all particulars4 ,the facts brought out by this contest have added to our knowledge of what may be expected from our work4 ,take the hickory for example2 we have shellbark hickory nuts nearly three times the size of the best southern pecans2 we have bitternut hickory nuts with a proportion of kernel greater than that of any pecan and with shell so thin1 that they can be cracked with less pressure than any pecans ,i have ever seen2 we have in the best shagbarks1 flavor of kernel unsurpassed in any nut4 ,theoretically1 it should be possible to produce nuts in which these qualities are combined to a large degree4 ,similar possibilities exist with the butternut and the ,japan walnut where it is seemingly possible to produce nuts in which the qualities of both will be combined and get smooth1 thin-shelled butternuts or well flavored ,japan walnuts or desirable butterjaps1 as ,i am inclined to call them4 ,an inspection of the table of hickories show that #d out of the #bh receiving #fh points or over1 are certainly hybrids4 ,there are a number of others where it seems very probable that they are hybrids4 ,there are a number of facts to suggest that some of our very thin shelled hickories1 which at first sight seem to be shagbarks1 are hybrids of which the shellbark or mockernut is one parent4 ,why the offspring of such thick shelled nuts as the shellbark or the mockernut and the shagbark should be thin shelled1 is more than ,i can imagine4 ,we have two occurrences however which are significant4 ,on the list of ,japan walnuts two hybrids of the ,persian and ,japan walnut1 ,cording and ,siebosian are noted4 ,i have never tested a ,persian walnut where the cracking pressure runs much over #djkg and it is rather unusual for a ,japan walnut to run much over #bjjkg1 yet ,cording is #daikg1 a strength of shell greater than that of any other nut sent into the contest this year and which is only found among black walnuts and shellbark hickories4 ,siebosian is not very much less4 ,if two comparatively thin shelled nuts will produce an offspring with a shell so much thicker than either parent1 it does not seem more impossible for two thick shelled nuts to produce thin shelled offsprings4