,,the ,,brochure ,,series ,,of ,,architectural ,,illustration4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,may1 #ahie4 ,no4 #e4 ,,two ,,florentine ,,pavements4 ,the church of ,san ,miniato al ,monte1 just outside the walls southeast of ,florence1 and the ,baptistery1 or church of ,san ,giovanni ,battista1 in ,florence1 are among the finest examples of the ,tuscan ,romanesque style1 and both probably date from about the same time--the early part of the twelfth century--although the date of ,san ,miniato has until recently been referred several centuries further back4 ,these two churches have many points of similarity1 although entirely different in plan4 ,san ,miniato was referred to in the article upon the ,byzantine-,romanesque doorways of ,southern ,italy in our ,february number1 and ,fergusson's classification of ,byzantine-,romanesque was1 for the time being1 adopted for lack of better authority4 ,later writers have1 however1 generally agreed that there is little or no ,byzantine influence in these two churches2 that the delicate and refined treatment of classic forms here found is not the result of ,byzantine or ,greek influence1 but is due entirely to the natural refinement of the ,tuscan race4 ,the same characteristic was again shown later in the treatment of ,gothic detail1 and is evident in the ,renaissance work of this locality4 ,the dimensions of ,san ,miniato were given in the ,february number referred to above4 ,the interior of this church is generally considered one of the most beautiful interiors of ,italy on account of its effective basilican plan with a crypt opening from the nave1 its beautiful and rich detail1 and its fine mosaics and decorations4 ,the pavement is not the least of its attractions4 ,the ,baptistery will be remembered for its famous bronze doors1 the work of ,ghiberti1 which have given occasion for so much discussion1 favorable and unfavorable4 ,it is octagonal in plan1 and #ajh feet in diameter externally4 ,it was erected originally for the cathedral of the city1 but in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was so thoroughly remodeled that no recognizable features of the old building remain4 ,the pavements1 in point of design1 appear quite independent of the other ornamental work in the two buildings we are considering4 ,the motives of ornament are those commonly found in the stuffs1 especially silks1 of ,sicily and the ,east1 and their use here could easily be accounted for through connection with ,sicily4 ,it is known that the ,hotel de ,tiraz at ,palermo1 the great royal manufactory of stuffs1 artistic metal work1 mosaics1 etc41 established in the sixth century1 and which continued until the sixteenth1 supplied not only much of the finest textile products for all of ,europe in that time1 but also furnished workmen who carried with them the designs and methods of ,sicilian textile manufacture to other countries4 ,such manufactories were established in several ,italian cities1 among them ,lucca4 ,the relationship seems clear1 as the forms are perfectly similar4 ,the beasts and birds set in balancing pairs facing each other and repeated in an all-over pattern1 as in a woven fabric1 strongly suggest the ,sicilian silks4 ,eug4 ,muentz in his work1 ,la ,tapisserie1 speaks of this evident relationship4 ,the internal evidence of the design itself would be quite sufficient if we had no other means of tracing it4 ,these two pavements are practically unique1 as far as we are able to learn4 ,they are marble inlay1 the pattern having been cut out in a slab of white marble and pieces of black marble carefully fitted in to form the figure4 ,this is not true mosaic1 and differs essentially in design from the mosaic work of the same period which was derived from the ,roman mosaics made up of small pieces of marble or other material4 ,most of the floor mosaics in ,italy have suffered from wear and tear1 and have in many cases been very poorly restored2 but these two pavements appear to be in nearly their original condition4 ,the design does not have the merit of belonging distinctively to the material in all cases1 and might just as well be applied to wood parquetry as stone4 ,in fact1 it might be even more effective in this material if the colors were judiciously chosen4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxiii4 ,portion of the ,pavement in the ,baptistery1 ,florence1 ,italy4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxiv4 ,portion of the ,pavement in the ,baptistery1 ,florence1 ,italy4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxv4 ,portion of the ,pavement in the ,baptistery1 ,florence1 ,italy4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxvi4 ,portion of the ,pavement in the ,baptistery1 ,florence1 ,italy4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxvii4 ,portion of the ,pavement in the ,baptistery1 ,florence1 ,italy4 ,,xxxiii to ,,xxxvii4 ,,portions ,,of ,,the ,,pavement ,,in ,,the ,,baptistery1 ,,florence1 ,,italy4 ,one exception should be made to the remarks above in relation to true mosaic4 ,the lower left-hand portion of plate ,,xxxvi is without doubt made up of small pieces put together after the manner of the old ,roman mosaics1 and it is possible that the portion shown in the upper left-hand corner of the same plate is made in the same way4 ,there are several parts of the floor laid in this manner1 but they are distinctly secondary in interest to the inlaid portions4 ,the pavement is divided irregularly by squares and rectangles1 the portion especially rich in ornament being that between the door and the altar4 ,the rectangular patterns are irregularly cut into by special pavements1 placed before several of the monumental tombs in the walls4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxviii4 ,portion of the ,pavement in the ,church of ,san ,miniato al ,monte1 ,florence1 ,italy4 ,illustration3 ,,xxxix4 ,portion of the ,pavement in the ,church of ,san ,miniato al ,monte1 ,florence1 ,italy4 ,illustration3 ,,xl4 ,portion of the ,pavement in the ,church of ,san ,miniato al ,monte1 ,florence1 ,italy4 ,,xxxviii to ,,xl4 ,,portions ,,of ,,the ,,pavement ,,in ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,san ,,miniato ,,al ,,monte1 ,,florence1 ,,italy4 ,in the first of these plates there is a suggestion of the mosaic treatment commonly seen in the pavements of ,rome1 ,venice1 and ,siena4 ,the sort of guilloche of interlacing circles was very generally used4 ,plate ,,xl on the other hand is as plainly reminiscent of textile designs as it well might be2 and in plate ,,xxxiii from the ,baptistery the same characteristic can be seen4 ,wood ,floors4 ,the addition which a fine hardwood floor makes to the attractiveness of a room is appreciated by some architects1 but good floors are not by any means as common as they should be4 ,the expense of hard wood is not so much more than that of a cheap floor as to stand in the way of its use when the final result is considered4 ,it is generally admitted that a floor entirely covered with a carpet is in many ways undesirable1 especially from a sanitary point of view2 while a hardwood floor1 wholly or partly covered with rugs1 has every advantage4 ,furthermore1 the fashion1 which has a great deal to do with what shall be used1 aside from any question of intrinsic merit1 has set strongly in this direction1 and in many cases old floors are replaced with new ones of hard wood for the sole purpose of giving a chance for the use of rugs in place of carpets4 ,this is one1 even if it be a rare instance of the agreement of fashion and good taste4 ,in working over an old floor a plain or ornamental border can usually be laid at no great expense by using the thin wood carpet1 manufactured by all the best makers of parquetry1 and the centre can be laid with a pattern or with narrow strips such as the roll goods which are manufactured by ,s4 ,c4 ,johnson of ,racine1 which are made up of strips usually one and three-eighths inches wide and five sixteenths of an inch thick1 glued to a backing of canvas4 ,patterns of all descriptions made from all the best foreign and domestic woods can be obtained1 as the designs of the best manufacturers include an almost unlimited choice1 and there is no end to the combinations which can be made from the stock patterns4 ,as an instance of this1 the catalogue of ,j4 ,w4 ,boughton of ,philadelphia contains a remarkably fine selection of borders which can be combined and adapted to almost any requirement1 while the designs for the field or centre of the floor are fully as varied and usable4 ,these designs are made in such shape that they can be easily adapted to any shape of room and fitted to all sorts of irregular niches and jogs at slight extra expense4 ,owing to the economy of manufacturing floors made from pieces which can be put together on a system of squares1 hexagons1 or octagons1 most of the patterns in common use are made up of these units1 or of triangles or rectangles combining to form these figures4 ,curved forms cannot be used to good advantage in this way as it is difficult and expensive to cut or join them properly4 ,nevertheless1 all the principal manufacturers will execute to order any design desired4 ,when placed in a new house floors of #g_/h inch or #a-a_/d inch are usually to be preferred1 and are made in sections of convenient size for shipment at the factory1 and finished after they are in place4 ,most of the makers nail thin parquetry work through from the surface and fill the nail holes with putty1 although in some cases blind nailing is used4 ,western manufacturers have in the last few years been making rapid progress in this industry4 ,while ,j4 ,w4 ,boughton1 who is one of the oldest and best known makers of ornamental flooring1 is still doing a large and increasing business1 ,western houses are catering to and obtaining a great deal of the best trade4 ,the ,interior ,hardwood ,company of ,indianapolis1 under the business management of its vice-president1 ,mr4 ,charles ,hinman ,comstock1 has doubled its capacity in the last year and shows commendable energy in pushing its business4 ,s4 ,c4 ,johnson of ,racine1 ,wis41 is also in the front rank in first-class trade4 ,the ,wood-,mosaic ,company of ,rochester should also be considered as one of the leading and reliable houses4 ,its collection of designs is full and varied and its work of the best4 ,architects will find the catalogues of these firms most valuable reference books4 ,the finishing of a good floor requires care and attention as well as special knowledge4 ,oil1 varnish1 shellac1 and wax are the finishes ordinarily used1 but wax is usually the most satisfactory4 ,the floor should be carefully and thoroughly smoothed1 so that no waves or plane-marks will be seen1 and then filled if the wood is at all porous or open grained4 ,this is done with preparations manufactured by any of the firms mentioned above1 or with fillers specially made for the purpose such as those sold by ,harrison ,brothers ,company of ,philadelphia1 or the ,chicago ,wood ,finishing ,company of ,chicago4 ,the wood filler made by the latter firm is especially adapted for this purpose and will give excellent results4 ,the finish is then applied in one or more coats as required1 oil and shellac finishes usually requiring more than one application and an intermediate rubbing down with fine sandpaper4 ,shellac and ordinary varnish are usually unsatisfactory from their tendency to wear unevenly4 ,the ,chicago ,varnish ,company of ,chicago supplies a varnish under the name of ,supremis1 which has proved by years of use under trying conditions1 such as those of asylums1 hospitals1 and public buildings1 to be of exceptional merit4 ,it is elastic1 tough1 and gives a fine waxy surface which can be rubbed and will preserve its finish4 ,it has the additional merit of being easily applied4 ,it dries quickly and is remarkably durable4 ,wax should be carefully applied and then polished to the required finish with a weighted brush4 ,of wax finishes one very largely used is that made by the ,butcher ,polish ,company of ,boston4 ,it has all the best qualities of other wax finishes and has stood the test of time and experience4 ,there are numerous variations in the products referred to above suited for different purposes4 ,the ,wood-,mosaic ,company makes end-wood mosaic #g_/h inch thick made of small blocks joined by means of a lead tongue2 wood carpet similar to that of ,s4 ,c4 ,johnson2 and thick and thin parquetry4 ,s4 ,c4 ,johnson also makes a flooring of #a_/d inch face glued to a backing of pine to make #g_/h inch1 #a inch1 or #a-a_/d inch stock which is found to stand the changes of temperature in ,american houses remarkably well4 ,the thicker floors of #g_/h inch and upwards are frequently made with tongued and grooved joints and blind nailed4 ,these patterns when properly chosen are just as appropriate for stairs1 walls1 or even ceilings1 as for floors1 and are frequently used for these places4 ,modern ,mosaic ,floors4 ,the use of mosaic floors1 especially for corridors and entrances of public and business buildings and in some positions of private residences1 is rapidly increasing1 and every specimen of work gives this art impetus4 ,the laying of a mosaic floor is not so simple a matter as it appears to many architects1 and the fact that anyone cannot do it is proven by the bad work one constantly runs across4 ,it is1 therefore1 advisable that work of this sort be entrusted to a concern that can be found after the job has been finished and paid for1 and that has a reputation to maintain and a willingness to make good any imperfection that a few months' wear will bring to light4 ,as this number of ,,the ,,brochure ,,series will often be referred to where ornamental floors are being designed1 we take pleasure not particularly in recommending a house for executing such floors1 but rather in calling attention to some of the work executed1 inspection of which will be the strongest endorsement possible4 ,we refer to the ,murdock ,parlor ,grate ,company of ,boston1 a house known by name at least to every architect and builder of ,new ,england4 ,organized over forty years ago1 and with prospects of active existence for as many or more years to come1 their contracts contain the element of responsibility that is the best guarantee an architect can have that his client's interests are in good hands4 ,the mosaic and terrazzo flooring department of the ,murdock ,parlor ,grate ,company already has a list of over fifty public buildings in which important work has been done4 ,the terrazzo floors so much admired in the new ,public ,library1 covering a surface of #fj1jjj square feet1 the mosaic floor of the ,members' corridor in the ,massachusetts ,state ,house1 and especially the entrance to the ,members' vestibule1 a part of this floor1 and the lobbies to the ,bowdoin ,square and ,keith's ,theatres1 ,boston1 also mosaic1 are examples easily inspected by ,boston architects4 ,other public buildings in ,new ,england in which this company have done admirable mosaic work are the new ,mc,lean ,asylum buildings1 the ,arlington 7,mass47 ,public ,library1 the ,exchange ,club1 ,boston1 and a number of bank buildings4 ,throughout the ,back ,bay district there are numberless vestibule and hall floors in fine residences1 many of which are gems in color and design4 ,we have mentioned only a few examples1 but almost every ,new ,england architect can1 by writing to the ,murdock ,parlor ,grate ,company1 be referred to examples of their work in his neighborhood1 and we think he will find their estimates as low as it is safe to accept1 and their responsibility is beyond all question4 ,books4 ,a ,handbook of ,architectural ,styles3 ,translated from the ,german of ,a4 ,rosengarten by ,w4 ,collett-,sandars4 ,new edition1 #fci illustrations4 ,new ,york3 ,c4 ,scribner's ,sons4 #ahie4 ,for sale by ,bates ,guild1 ,boston4 #b4ej4 ,a review of the contents of this work is scarcely necessary1 as it is already recognized as a standard by all who are at all familiar with architectural literature4 ,as compared with other books upon the history of architecture1 the point of view from which the subject has been looked at furnishes the main distinction4 ,this cannot be better stated than in the words of the editor of the present edition1 ,professor ,t4 ,roger ,smith4 ,he says3 ,it is essentially that of an academic and classical professor1 and one brought up not only in familiarity with the best examples of ancient art1 but with the habit of mind which recurs to classic and especially to ,greek originals1 both as a standard of taste and as models for treatment of modern works4 ,this feeling1 which held sway in ,england in the day of ,chambers1 of ,soane1 and of ,cockerell1 has now almost died out from our practice and our literature4 ,the works of the contemporary ,english and ,french writers on architecture1 which are now widely known and read1 proceed avowedly and unmistakably on a different basis4 ,such writings as those of ,street or ,scott1 ,viollet-le-,duc1 and ,ruskin breathe a totally different inspiration2 while even the valuable series of architectural writings which we owe to the pen of ,mr4 ,fergusson are too cosmopolitan in range and too impartial in tone for such a peculiarity as is here traceable to be visible in them4 ,the illustrations show some of the wear and tear of former editions1 but are still of great value4 ,the ,brochure ,series of ,architectural ,illustration4 ,,published ,,monthly ,,by ,,bates ,,guild1 #f ,,beacon ,,street1 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ,subscription ,rates per year #ej cents1 in advance ,special ,club ,rates for five subscriptions #b4jj ,entered at the ,boston ,post ,office as ,second-class ,matter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it has been called to our attention that some of our subscribers object to duplicating1 or at least object to paying for duplicating plates or photographs which they already have in some other form4 ,this is of course perfectly natural and was a point which we had fully in mind in formulating the plan of ,,the ,,brochure ,,series4 ,and this was one of the main considerations which influenced us in making the subscription price so low4 ,at the price of fifty cents a year1 if only a dozen out of the hundred plates are worth buying to a subscriber his year's subscription is justified and is a good investment4 ,of necessity it will be found that we shall occasionally include subjects which some of our subscribers already have1 but the importance of this duplication is liable to be exaggerated in the minds of those who might notice it when the number of other desirable plates is not kept in view4 ,it should be remembered that the classification1 which we are following1 and the complete reference index which will be published at the end of each year1 and the advantage of a compact and uniform collection which a set of the ,,brochures will give1 render it much more usable than a collection of miscellaneous plates or photographs can possibly be4 ,while it is not to be expected that we can choose subjects which are entirely new to all of our thousands of subscribers1 it will be our aim to select those which will appeal to the greatest number1 and when familiar subjects are given the best obtainable photographs will be used1 and those which are least likely to be already found in ,american collections4 ,it is now too late for those who have not already subscribed to obtain a complete set of ,,the ,,brochure ,,series as our supply of the first three numbers is exhausted1 and no attempt will be made in future to carry in stock any back numbers4 ,only enough copies of each issue will be printed to supply immediate demands4 ,on this account those who wish for the current numbers must subscribe at once in order to make sure of them4 ,less than one hundred copies of the ,april number are now in stock and these are fast disappearing4 ,subscriptions in future will only be taken to date from the next succeeding issue4 ,we wish especially to call attention to the arrangement by which clubs of five subscriptions may be made up for #b1 or #dj cents for each subscription4 ,a very little inquiry among one's friends will bring to light four who are ready to combine at this price4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the large circulation of ,,the ,,brochure ,,series among the younger members of the profession furnishes an excellent opportunity for the interchange of ideas with men who are all working with the same end in view--the advancement of the profession of architecture4 ,there may be a wide difference in their aims1 influenced by personal considerations1 the various differences of training and environment2 but all are looking forward to increased opportunities and a wider field of usefulness4 ,the experience of many young men will be found of value in shaping the course of those who have not yet won their spurs4 ,it is the purpose of ,,the ,,brochure ,,series to furnish information as far as possible on everything relating to the profession which will help to make the course of such men an easy one4 ,the articles upon the sketch clubs1 scholarships1 and other educational work1 have all been intended to serve this purpose1 and the cooperation of all who are working to this end is earnestly solicited4 ,our pages will always be open for the discussion of subjects of vital interest to young architects1 and we shall hope to see the opportunity largely taken advantage of4 ,american ,school of ,architecture1 ,rome4 ,a recent circular issued by the committee of the ,american ,school of ,architecture at ,rome contains a general description of the organization of the school and its work4 ,on the twelfth of last ,june1 at a meeting held in ,new ,york1 it was decided to found such a school1 and a committee of control was selected including the chiefs of the schools of architecture at the different ,american colleges where such exist4 ,we give below some quotations from this circular which will be found of interest4 ,the school is founded for the benefit of advanced students only1 and is designed to further the more disciplinary work of other institutions by opening to young men1 already well trained by them in drawing and design1 certain special lines of study1 which at present can be pursued only under great disadvantages4 ,beginners1 accordingly1 will not be received4 ,such work is not suitable to their condition1 and it would be a mistake to encourage them to devote their time to it4 ,but to the holders of traveling scholarships1 to those who have acquitted themselves with distinction in the competitions for these scholarships1 and to members of the ,ecole des ,beaux-,arts of at least three years' standing1 it offers opportunities for the completion of their professional training which students thus equipped will1 it is believed1 find of inestimable value4 ,other well-accredited students may be admitted to certain hospitalities of the school1 at the discretion of the secretary4 ,hitherto the holders of traveling scholarships have followed very largely their own judgment as to their travel and study1 and have produced1 as required1 a certain number of carefully measured drawings1 which have borne testimony to the diligence of their authors1 their facility with pen1 pencil1 and brush1 and the evident seriousness of their intentions2 but the work has necessarily shown no common purpose and little consistent prosecution along carefully chosen lines4 ,this being their common experience1 the past holders of traveling scholarships are general in their approval of the effort to direct foreign travel and study hereafter to more definite and specific courses4 ,the school is one of observation and research rather than of design1 aiming to form a correct taste and to impress upon the mind1 by daily contact with great examples1 those principles which are essential to the enduring quality in architecture1 be the style what it may4 ,to this end the founders of the school believe it to be of the utmost importance for an architect1 before he begins his professional career1 to study thoroughly and on the spot the monuments of ancient architecture and such works of the ,italian ,renaissance as are worthy of being considered their successors4 ,the monuments best suited to this purpose are those of ,greece and ,italy1 and the headquarters of the school are established at ,rome rather than at ,athens1 because of the greater amount of material there at hand of use to the modern student not only in the art of architecture itself1 but in that of mural painting and in the decorative arts1 including architectural sculpture4 ,the school was formally opened under the charge of ,mr4 ,austin ,w4 ,lord1 as secretary1 on the first of ,november last1 in temporary quarters in the upper story of the ,palazzo ,torlonia1 on the southwest corner of the ,via dei ,condotti and the ,via ,bocca di ,leone1 between the ,corso and the ,piazza di ,spagna2 but a permanent home has now been secured in the building known as the ,casino dell',aurora1 occupying a part of the grounds formerly belonging to the ,villa ,ludovisi4 ,this building is situated upon an isolated plot of ground1 raised fifteen or twenty feet above the surrounding streets1 and comprising about eighty thousand square feet1 which is the size of the enclosed space in ,gramercy ,park in the city of ,new ,york4 ,it is on the ,pincian ,hill1 not far from the ,french ,academy in the ,villa ,medici4 ,the building contains about thirty rooms2 some of these are decorated with well-known frescoes1 among which is the ,aurora of ,guercino4 ,the grounds1 which were laid out by ,lentre1 are well covered with trees and shrubs1 and afford ample space for the erection of additional one story buildings1 should such be required at any time for workrooms or studios4 ,personal4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,nicholson1 formerly with ,davis ,von ,storch1 architects1 ,scranton1 ,pa41 has accepted a position with ,de ,lemos ,cordes1 ,fulton ,building1 ,fulton and ,nassau ,streets1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,dwight ,h4 ,perkins1 of the firm of ,perkins ,selby1 ,marshall ,field ,building1 ,chicago1 opened a new office on ,may #a at #aajg ,steinway ,hall ,building1 ,chicago4 ,mr4 ,myron ,h4 ,hunt1 recently returned from an extended trip abroad1 has gone into the office of ,shepley1 ,rutan ,coolidge in ,chicago4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,n4 ,reed1 who has distinguished himself in the ,rotch ,scholarship competition1 having been given second place each time in the last three years1 is now with ,cabot1 ,everett ,mead of ,boston4 ,brochure ,series ,competition ,no4 #a4 ,illustration ,program3 ,the ,henry ,f4 ,miller ,piano ,company of ,boston1 with the idea of turning the attention of designers to the problem of artistic piano cases1 has placed in the hands of publishers of ,,the ,,brochure ,,series #ej1 to be awarded for sketches of piano cases4 ,three prizes of #be1 #ae1 and #aj will be given for the three best designs submitted1 the judges to be the officers1 of the company1 assisted by an architect who shall be appointed by the publishers4 ,it is not the idea of the ,henry ,f4 ,miller ,piano ,company to secure designs for actual use1 as their work in special case design is almost entirely to order1 carrying out designs for architects and decorators4 ,therefore1 only sketches are required which may be executed in any medium the designer may choose1 although due regard should be paid to the reproductive character of the drawing4 ,a perspective sketch1 showing the right end and front of the case1 is required to be made on paper1 not exceeding #hx#ab in4 in size4 ,the diagram above gives the necessary dimensions4 ,in designing the end the only thing to be borne in mind is the construction of the case1 the front telescoping into the back or frame1 as shown by the plan of the end4 ,the quarter round finish of the back is not necessary1 the treatment of the end being optional so long as dimensions and construction are regarded4 ,the arm or end of the keyboard 7c71 the foot 7a71 the truss 7b71 which supports the keyboard1 are all left entirely to the designer1 the only dimensions to be regarded being the height of keyboard from the floor 7#b ft4 #a in471 the top of the keys 7#d-a_/b in4 higher71 and the space 7#d ft47 occupied by the keys4 ,the arm projects #a ft4 #a in4 beyond the front4 ,drawings must be sent carriage paid so as to reach the editor of ,,the ,,brochure ,,series on or before ,july #ae1 #ahie4 ,the prize designs will become the property of the ,henry ,f4 ,miller ,piano ,company4 ,the other designs will be returned to their authors4 ,it is to be understood1 however1 that any or all designs may be exhibited or published1 and that they may be retained a reasonable time after judgment for these purposes4 ,the details and management of the competition are left entirely to the publishers of ,,the ,,brochure ,,series1 and it is hoped that this1 the first of a number of competitions they will endeavor to arrange1 will bring out the work of the best designers4 ,if there is any portion of this program not clearly understood1 the publishers will explain more in detail upon request4