,s]vices at ,concordia ,college1 ,bronxville1 ,new ,york1 ,,usa ,,evolution4 ,an ,inve/igation & a ,criticism by ,,?4 ,,graebn]1 ,concordia ,sem9>y1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 ,nor?we/]n ,publi%+ ,h\se1 #aiba4 ,species tot sunt1 quot div]sas =mas ab initio produxit ,inf9itum ,ens4 ,l9ne4 ,to ! ,memory ( my tea*] 7,new ,ulm1 #ahib7 ,john ,s*all] ,educator1 ,!ologian1 ,/ud5t ( ,sci5ce ^! *apt]s are d$icat$ by ,! ,au?or ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,*apt] #a4 ,an ,outl9e ( ! ,!ory444#aa ,def9ition--,hi/orical ,review--,! ,d>w9ian ,hypo!sis--,l9es ( ,evid5ce--,! ,desc5t ( ,man--,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis--,! ,orig9 ( ,life--,! ,be>+ ( ,evolution on ,*ri/ianity4 ,*apt] #b4 ,unexpla9$ ,orig9s444#bi ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,univ]se--,! ,orig9 ( ,life--,biological ,b>ri]s-- ,man4 ,*apt] #c4 ,! ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks444#dg ,*apt] #d4 ,! ,fixity ( ,species444#fb ,*apt] #e4 ,rudim5t>y ,organs444#gj ,*apt] #f4 ,in/9ct444#gd ,*apt] #g4 ,h]$ity444#hj ,*apt] #h4 ,a ,sci5tific ,cre$ ,outworn444#hg ,*apt] #i4 ,man444#id ,*apt] #aj4 ,! ,v]dict ( ,hi/ory444#aac ,*apt] #aa4 ,evid5ces ( ,design444#abd ,*apt] #ab4 ,! ,fatal ,bias444#ada ,,prefatory4 ,i fir/ read ,*>les ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species 9 ! libr>y ( my sa9t$ uncle1 ,john ,s*all]1 at ,new ,ulm1 ,m9nesota1 9 #ahib4 ,i did n compreh5d all ( x !n1 a cause1 to me1 ( consid]able *agr91 = :i* ,i lat] f\nd "s consolation 9 ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,fr$]ick ,lyn*1 :o pron\nces ,d>w9's epo*al "w "o ( ! two mo/ difficult books 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,b l _m o!rs1 ,i und]/ood en\gh ( ,d>w9's book to cat* glimpses ( ! gr&eur ( ! conception :i* und]lies its argum5tation4 ,x 0 !n t my belov$ uncle1 out ( t wide & accurate read+ :i* s frequ5tly a/oni%$ 8 fri5ds1 & ) t p5etrat+ dialectic ( 81 op5$ my eyes to c]ta9 fallacies 9 ,d>w9's argum5t1 especially to ! fatal weakness ( ! *apt] on ,in/9ct4 ,! read+ ( ,/4 ,george ,miv>t's book ,! ,g5esis ( ,species lat] conv9c$ me ( ! accuracy ( my uncle's judgm5t4 ,b ! fasc9ation ( ! subject p]si/$1 & = a "t ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,syn!tic ,philosophy1 by ! compreh5siv5ess ( its induction & its va/ array ( data1 ex]cis$ its ?rall4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace's ,d>w9ism1 ,huxley's ,lectures on ,evolution1 ,tyndall's ,! ,beg9n+ ( ,?+s1 ,grant ,all5's ,! ,evolutioni/ at ,l>ge1 ,eim]'s ,or?og5esis1 ,clodd's ,/ory ( ,creation1 occupi$ me 9 turn1 until ! apodictic pres5tation ( ,john ,fiske's ,essays on ,d>w9ism1 no less ?an ! op5 & hagg>d opposition to ,*ri/ianity :i* prevails 9 ,huxley's ,sci5ce & ,hebrew ,tradition & 9 ,sp5c]'s *apt]s on ,! ,unkn[able 7s ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy d5om9ates ,god71 caus$ a revulsion ( s5tim5t1--! anti-religi\s bias ( evolution /&+ =? ! cle>] to my m9d1 ! long] ,i occupi$ myself ) ! subject4 ,i det]m9$ to inve/igate = myself ! data on :i* ! speculations ^: mazes ,i _h trod ^! ye>s 7 built up4 ,! leisure h\rs ( ?ree ye>s 7 devot$ to ! /udy ( fir/-h& s\rces ( ,comp>ative ,religion4 ,! result ( ?is rese>* 0 deposit$ 9 two articles contribut$ to ! ,!ological ,qu>t]ly 9 #aijf & #aijg4 ,i fe> t ! =bidd+ "* ( ! foot-notes s]v$ z an effective det]r5t to ! read+ ( ^! articles4 ,i h n[ giv51 9 sev]al *apt]s ( ?is little volume1 9 popul> language ! argum5t aga9/ evolution to be d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ,religion4 ,! read+ ( ,le ,conte's & ,dana's text-books ( geology & v>i\s o!r treatises suppli$ ! data on palaeontology embodi$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]s ( ! book4 ,! notable circulus 9 conclud5do 7begg+ ! "q7 ( :i* evolutioni/s "h are guilty 0 fir/ po9t$ out to me by ,pr(4 ,t+el/ad ( ,decorah1 ,i[a1 :o 0 9 #aijh tak+ a c\rse 9 ,evolution at ,*icago ,univ]sity1 & :o call$ on me = discussion ( ! doctr9e z he receiv$ x f head-qu>t]s4 ,an an excursus 9 ! subject ( ,p$agogy1 ,i h treat$ 9 my ,sem9>y lectures ! pa/ ye>s1 "u ! head ( natural sci5ces1 ! argum5t aga9/ evolution1 & ! outl9es ( ^! lectures h furni%$ ! framework = ! pres5t volume4 ,x is hop$ t especially our "y m5 & wom5 :o take c\rses at our univ]sities w exam9e ! case aga9/ ! fasc9at+ & 9 "s respects magnific5t conception ( evolution z ?is case is pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,i realize t !y1 z well z intellig5t read]s g5]ally1 may n meet ) confid5ce ! /atem5ts ( a !ologian on a sci5tific "q1 lea/ ( all :5 he essays to treat su* a "q f ! /&po9t ( sci5ce4 ,he is presum$ to be at home 9 !ology1 b a /rang] 9 ! doma9 ( geology1 a/ronomy1 & biology4 ,x is = ! purpose ( obta9+ a he>+ at all t ^! introductory rem>ks are writt54 ,b ! argum5t mu/ /& on its own m]its4 ,! writ] w n[ retire to ! backgr\nd4 ,! facts %all speak4 ,,?4 ,g4 ,,evolution4 ,,*apt] ,,"o4 ,an ,outl9e ( ! ,!ory4 ,def9ition4 ,evolution is a "n compreh5d+ c]ta9 !ories :i* seek to acc\nt = all op]ations ( nature z c>ri$ on accord+ to fix$ laws by means ( =ces resid5t 9 nature4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,le,conte ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia def9es evolution z3 ,cont9u\s progressive *ange accord+ to c]ta9 laws & by means ( resid5t =ces4 ,evolution is a !ory1 a philosophy1 x is n a sci5ce4 ,! !ory is call$ organic evolution 9 its relation to liv+ =ms 7plant & animal life71 cosmic evolution1 inasmu* z attempts h be5 made to acc\nt by c]ta9 laws & ! work+ ( resid5t =ces = ! developm5t ( ! univ]se1--! e>?1 ! sun1 & ! />ry heav5s4 ,also ! developm5t ( society1 ( religion1 morals1 politics1 art1 & me*anical inv5tions is acc\nt$ = on ! !ory t !re are =ces :i*1 act+ accord+ to c]ta9 laws1 h ?r\gh _m *anges made human life & in/itutions z we see !m today4 ,! doctr9e ( ,evolution briefly /at$1 is z foll[s3 ,t 9 "s inf9itely remote p]iod 9 ! pa/1 h[ or f :5ce sci5ce does n affirm1 !re appe>$ matt] & =ce2 t )9 matt] & 9 association ) =ce !re also appe>$ a primordial cell1 h[ or f :5ce no man kn[e?1 9 :i* !re 0 a sp>k ( life2 & t f ?is cell all ?+s animate h em]g$1 be+ controll$ by c]ta9 laws v>i\sly /at$ by v>i\s evolutioni/s2 t ^! laws 9 connection ) ! modify+ influ5ces ( environm5t 7surr\nd+s1--soil1 climate1 etc47 acc\nt = & expla9 ! v>i\s species t h exi/$ 9 ! pa/ & n[ exi/ ^u e>?1 man includ$4 ,t !re are no gaps 9 ! process b t !re is demon/rable a /eady asc5t f l[] to high] 7simple to m complex7 =ms ( life1 until man is rea*$1 ! ackn[l$g$ highe/ product ( evolution4 ,! extreme evolutioni/s hold t all ! p[] & pot5cy ( ! univ]se 0 /or$ up 9 t primordial cell1 & t all ?+s h be5 work$ out )\t any sup]9t5d+ ag5cy o!r ?an ! =ces resid5t 9 matt]4 ,e op]ation ( ,god is rul$ out1 or deem$ unnecess>y4 ,?is is sometimes call$ a!i/ic evolution4 ,! !i/ic evolutioni/ 7!i/ic f !ism1 ! belief 9 a p]sonal ,god7 makes place = ,god 9 ! beg9n+ & all along ! l9e ( developm5t1 z ov]look+ ! process1 p]haps re9=c+ & to a c]ta9 ext5t direct+ ! en]gy1 b n int]f]+ ) ! fix$ law or rule ( evolution4 ,accord+ to !i/ic evolution1 ,god did n create plants & animals z sep>ate species 7z relat$ 9 ,g5esis #a7 b creat$ matt] z a crude =m & plac$ x "u c]ta9 laws1 by :i* ?is matt] 01 dur+ untold ages1 gradually evolv$ into worlds4 ,t out ( ?is matt]1 call$ inorganic1 plants came into exi/5ce1 f "s g]m or prop]ty exi/+ 9 matt]4 ,! orig9 ( animal life is expla9$ 9 v>i\s ways by ! s-call$ !i/ic evolutioni/s4 ,"s hold t ! primordial plant life conta9$ pot5tially ! l[e/ & simple/ pr9ciples ( animal life1 & f x ! simple/ animal =ms 7 evolv$2 t f ^! latt] 7 evolv$ =ms a little high]1 until1 aft] long ages1 all ! gradations 7 pass$ ?r\gh until man1 ! highe/ =m1 0 ! result4 ,o!rs believe t !re is su* an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 plants & animals t ! latt] c\ld n h come f ! =m]1 t !re mu/ be a new />t on ! animal side ( life4 ,!re=e !y claim t :5 ! evolution>y developm5t ( matt] rea*$ a c]ta9 /age1 ,god appe>$ on ! sc5e & end[$ c]ta9 =ms ) ! pr9ciple ( animal life1 9 its l[e/ elem5ts4 ,^! l[e/ =ms ( animal life !n ent]$ ^u a s]ies ( evolution>y gr[?1 ea* l[] =m evolv+ "o a little m complex1 ea* s]ies ga9+ ! use ( & develop+ organs :i* exi/$ ess5tially 9 ! l[] =m b 7 small1 imp]fect1 & useless1 because n ne$$4 ,?us ! h& & arm 9 man are /ructurally or ess5tially ! same z ! leg ( ! brute1 ! w+ ( ! bird1 ! flipp] ( ! :ale1 & ! f9 ( ! fi%2 & ! endeavor to adapt itself to ! wat] caus$ ! bird to develop a f91 z by a simil> process ! =e-leg ( brutes develop$ into ! human arm & h&4 ,= our pres5t consid]ation1 we ne$ n di/+ui% betwe5 a!i/ic & !i/ic evolution1 z ! latt] is subject to ! fundam5tal objections urg$ aga9/ evolution 9 g5]al1 & is1 l a!i/ic evolution1 )\t a s+le fact to support x & 9 direct contradiction ( all t is kn[n ( ! laws 9 op]ation n[1 & z f> back z k p5etrates4 ,moreov]1 s-call$ !i/ic evolution is univ]sally approv$ by infidels & skeptics & is us$ by !m z a favorite means ( assault on reveal$ ,tru?4 ,hi/orical ,review4 ,:ile 9 our own day ! names ( c]ta9 ,engli% & ,g]man sci5ti/s 7,d>w91 ,sp5c]1 ,huxley1 ,tyndall1 ,romanes1 ,bue*n]1 ,vogt1 ,haeckel7 are insep>ably connect$ ) a hi/ory ( ?is hypo!sis1 its roots are f\nd f> back 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,greek philosophy4 ,a !ory ( evolution>y developm5t 0 fir/ prop\nd$ by ,greek ?9k]s liv+ ab\t #fjj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 ,! human m9d is ev] on ! se>* = unify+ pr9ciples1 pr9ciples :i* acc\nt = entire gr\ps ( natural ph5om5a1 & n = isolat$ ph5om5a only4 ,! ,greek m9d s\ght a pr9ciple by :i* to acc\nt = ! manifold & div]se =ms ( life 9 nature4 ,:5ce d all ?+s come8 ,h[ h !y come to be :at !y are8 ,que/ions ab\t ! nature ( ! univ]se 9 :i* we live h be5 ask$ f ! v beg9n+4 ,! mom5t ! human m9d began to reflect ! notion t ! vegetation :i* cov]s ! e>?1 ! animals :i* inhabit x1 ! rocks & hills1 ! m\nta9s & valleys :i* con/itute its physical features1 may h und]gone *anges 9 pa/ "t1 & t all ! ph5om5a :i* con/itute ! animal1 vegetable & m9]al worlds z !y n[ exi/1 are b modifications ( o!r =ms :i* h _h _! day & _! philosophy1 ! idea ( developm5t became prom95t4 ,! e>ly ,greek philosoph]s 7 ! fir/ to attempt answ]s to ^! problems4 ,_m ( !m held t all ?+s natural sprang f :at !y call$ ! orig9al elem5ts--fire1 air1 e>?1 wat]4 ,anaxim&] held t animals 7 begott5 f ! e>? by means ( heat & moi/ure2 & t man 0 develop$ f o!r be+s diff]5t 9 =m4 ,emp$ocles _h a fanta/ic !ory1 viz41 t ! v>i\s p>ts ( man & animals at fir/ exi/$ indep5d5tly1 & t ^!--= in/ance1 arms1 legs1 feet1 eyes1 etc41 gradually comb9$--p]haps aft] ! mann] 9 :i* automobiles are assembl$2 & t ^! comb9ations became capable ( exi/+ & ev5 ( propagat+ & reproduc+ !mselves4 ,anaxagoras 0 ( op9ion t animals & plants sprang f ! e>? by means ( g]ms c>ri$ 9 ! atmosph]e :i* gave fecundity to ! e>?4 ,ari/otle held op9ions n v unlike ^? ( our own day4 ,all ( :i* goes to %[ t speculation ab\t ! orig9 ( ! univ]se & ! :y & :]e=e ( liv+ ?+s did n come into exi/5ce ) ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis & t ! doctr9e ( desc5t ) modification z an explanation ( all biological ph5om5a ant$ates by ov] two ?\s& ye>s ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,9 mod]n times a !ory ( developm5t 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,goe! 9 8 ,itali5is*e ,reise4 ,act+ "u ! same m5tal urge = see+ div]se =ms "u a unify+ pr9ciple1 ,goe! look$ = ! orig9al =m ( plant life1 ! ,urpflanze1 ! plant :i* w\ld be at once simple en\gh to /& = a type ( all plants & yet susceptible to v>iation 9 s _m directions t all plants might d]ive f x _! orig94 ,goe! has also clo!d ?is conception 9 poetic =m4 ,! fir/ philosophic /atem5t ( ! hypo!sis is f\nd 9 ,immanuel ,kant's ,kritik d] ,urteilskraft1 #agij4 ,9 p>agraph #hj we f9d a discussion ( ! simil>ity betwe5 s _m species ( animals1 n only 9 _! bony /ructure1 b also 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! o!r p>ts1 a simil>ity :i*1 says ,kant1 ca/s a ray ( hope1 t all =ms may be trac$ back to orig9al simple =ms1 to a g5]ation f a common ance/or1 ris+ f ! l[e/ =ms to man1 accord+ to me*anical laws4 ,kant assumes t1 = in/ance1 c]ta9 aquatic animals by & by =m$ into amphibia1 & f ^! aft] "s g5]ations 7 produc$ l& animals4 ,a treatise ( ! same philosoph] entitl$ ,presumable ,orig9 ( ,humanity sugge/s t man 9 ! e>ly age ( ! _w 0 develop$ f m]e animal creatures4 ,ev5 a univ]sal law ( _w-=mation 7cosmic evolution7 0 set =? by ,kant 9 a "w :i* he publi%$ anonym\sly 9 #agge4 ,9 its relations to animal life a developm5t !ory 0 fir/ cle>ly set =? by ,k>l ,ern/ von ,ba] 7di$ #ahgf74 ,9 8 ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,ti]e 7#ahbh71 ! au?or expla9s ,entwickelung z a progress f simple to complex =ms4 ,he believes t 9 evolution !re is a fundam5tal idea t goes ?r\gh all ! =ms ( cosmic & animal developm5t4 ,a pr$ecessor ( von ,ba] _h be5 ! ,fr5*man1 ,lam>ck4 ,f von ,ba]1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ab\t #ahej1 adopt$ ! def9ition ( evolution4 ,! hypo!sis ent]$ a new phase ?r\gh ,*>les ,d>w9's epo*mak+ "w3 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,! keynote ( ,d>w9's !ory is ,natural ,selection1 by :i* t]m ! developm5t ( all liv+ =ms is ref]r$ to ! work+ ( c]ta9 laws :i* 9 ! reproduction ( plants & animals pres]v$ ^? individuals :i* 7 be/ fitt$ to survive ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! ,d>w9ian !ory may be summ>iz$ ?us3 ,! ,d>w9ian ,hypo!sis4 #a4 ,e k9d ( animal & plant t5ds to increase 9 numb]s 9 a geometrical progression4 #b4 ,e k9d ( animal & plant transmits a g5]al lik5ess1 ) individual diff]5ces1 to its (fspr+4 #c4 ,pa/ "t has be5 practically inf9ite4 #d4 ,e individual has to endure a v sev]e /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy to geometrical increase ( all k9ds ( animals & plants1 :ile ! total animal & vegetable population 7man & 8 ag5cy except$7 rema9s almo/ /ation>y4 #e4 ,?us1 e v>iation ( a k9d t5d+ to save ! life ( ! individual possess+ x1 or to enable x m surely to propagate its k9d1 w 9 ! long run be pres]v$ & w transmit its favorable peculi>ity to "s ( its (fspr+1 :i* peculi>ity w ?us become int5sifi$ till x rea*es ! maximum degree ( utility4 ,on ! o!r h&1 individuals pres5t+ unfavorable peculi>ities w be ru?lessly de/roy$ 7,survival ( ! ,fitte/71 tr4 note3 sic punctuation ,! basis ( ! !ory !n is t animals & plants multiply v rapidly &1 second1 t ! (fspr+ always v>y slightly f ! p>5ts1 ?\gh g5]ally v closely resembl+ !m4 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace says3 ,f ! fir/ fact or law !re foll[s1 necess>ily1 a con/ant /ruggle = exi/5ce2 because :ile ! (fspr+ always exce$s ! p>5ts 9 numb]1 g5]ally to an enorm\s ext5t1 yet ! total numb] ( liv+ organisms 9 ! _w docs n1 & c n1 increase ye> by ye>4 ,consequ5tly e ye>1 on ! av]age1 z _m die z are born1 plants z well z animals2 & ! majority die premature dea?s4 ,!y kill ea* o!r 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways2 !y />ve ea* o!r by "s consum+ ! food t o!rs want2 !y are de/roy$ l>gely by ! p[]s ( ,nature--by cold & heat1 by ra9 & /orm1 by flood & fire4 ,!re is ?us a p]petual /ruggle among !m :i* %all live & :i* %all die2 & ?is /ruggle is trem5d\sly sev]e1 because s few c possibly rema9 alive--"o 9 five1 "o 9 t51 (t5 only "o 9 a hundr$ or ev5 9 a ?\s&4 ,!n comes ! "q1 ,:y d "s live r ?an o!rs8 ,if all ! individuals ( ea* species 7 exactly alike 9 e respect1 we c\ld only say x is a matt] ( *ance4 ,b !y are n alike4 ,we f9d t !y v>y 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,"s are /rong]1 "s swift]1 "s h>di] 9 con/itution1 "s m cunn+4 ,an obscure color may r5d] concealm5t m easy = "s1 ke5] sight may enable o!rs to discov] prey or escape f an enemy bett] ?an _! fell[s4 ,among plants ! smalle/ diff]5ces may be useful or ! rev]se4 ,! e>lie/ & /ronge/ %oots may escape ! slug2 _! great] vigor may enable !m to fl[] & se$ e>li] 9 a wet autumn2 plants be/ arm$ ) sp9es or hairs may escape be+ dev\r$2 ^? ^: fl[]s are mo/ conspicu\s may be soone/ f]tiliz$ by insects4 ,we c n d\bt t1 on ! :ole1 any b5eficial v>iations w give ! possessors ( x a great] probability ( liv+ ?r\gh ! trem5d\s ordeal !y h to und]go4 ,!re may be some?+ left to *ance1 b on ! :ole ! fitte/ w survive4 7,d>w9ism p4 #g74 ,! same writ] gives a probable in/ance ( ! work+ ( ,natural ,selection 9 ! orig9 ( c]ta9 aquatic birds call$ dipp]s4 ,he says3 ,an excell5t example ( h[ a limit$ gr\p ( species has be5 able to ma9ta9 itself by adaptation to "o ( ^! 'vacant places' 9 ,nature1 is af=d$ by ! curi\s little birds call$ dipp]s or wat]-ouzels1 =m+ ! g5us ,c9clus & ! family ,c9didae ( naturali/s4 ,^! birds are some?+ l small ?ru%es1 ) v %ort w+s & tail1 & v d5se plumage4 ,!y frequ5t1 exclusively1 m\nta9 torr5ts 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & obta9 _! food entirely 9 ! wat]1 consi/+1 z x does1 ( wat]-beetles1 caddis-worms1 & o!r insect-l>vae1 z well z num]\s small fre%-wat] %ells4 ,^! birds1 al?\gh n f> remov$ 9 /ructure f ?ru%es & wr5s1 h ! extraord9>y p[] ( fly+ "u wat]2 = su*1 accord+ to ! be/ obs]v]s1 is _! process ( div+ 9 se>* ( _! prey2 _! d5se & some:at fibr\s plumage reta9+ s mu* air t ! wat] is prev5t$ f t\*+ _! bodies or ev5 f wett+ _! fea!rs to any great ext5t4 ,_! p[]ful feet & long curv$ claws enable !m to hold on to /ones at ! bottom1 & ?us to reta9 _! position :ile pick+ up insects1 %ells1 etc4 ,z !y frequ5t *iefly ! mo/ rapid & boi/]\s torr5ts1 among rocks1 wat]falls1 & huge b\ld]s1 ! wat] is nev] froz5 ov]1 & !y are ?us able to live dur+ ! sev]e/ w9t]s4 ,only a v few species ( dipp] are kn[n1 all ^? ( ! old _w be+ s closely alli$ to our ,briti% bird t "s orni?ologi/s consid] !m to be m]ely local races ( "o species2 :ile 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ! nor!rn ,&es !re are two o!r species4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a bird1 :i*1 9 its :ole /ructure1 %[s a close aff9ity to ! small] typical p]*+ birds1 b :i* has dep>t$ f all its allies 9 its habits & mode ( life1 & has secur$ = itself a place 9 ,nature :]e x has few competitors & few enemies4 ,we may well suppose199 99,note *>act]i/ic phrase ,we may suppose t1--4 ,g4 t1 at "s remote p]iod1 a bird :i* 0 p]haps ! common & m g5]aliz$ ance/or ( our ?ru%es1 w>bl]s1 wr5s1 etc41 _h spread widely ov] ! great nor!rn cont95t1 & _h giv5 rise to num]\s v>ieties adapt$ to special conditions ( life4 ,among ^! "s took to fe$+ on ! bord]s ( cle> /reams1 pick+ out su* l>vae & mollusks z !y c\ld rea* 9 %all[ wat]4 ,:5 food becomes sc>ce !y w\ld attempt to pick !m out ( deep] & deep] wat]1 & :ile do+ ?is 9 cold wea!r _m w\ld become froz5 & />v$4 ,b any :i* possess$ d5s] & m hairy plumage ?an usual1 :i* 0 able to keep out ! wat]1 w\ld survive2 & ?us a race w\ld be =m$ :i* w\ld dep5d m & m on ?is k9d ( food4 ,!n1 foll[+ up ! froz5 /reams into ! m\nta9s1 !y w\ld be able to live !re dur+ ! w9t]2 & z su* places af=d$ !m mu* protection f enemies & ample %elt] = _! ne/s & "y1 fur!r adaptations w\ld occur1 till ! wond]ful p[] ( div+ & fly+ "u wat] 0 acquir$ by a true l&-bird4 7,d>w9ism1 p4 #ha-hb47 ,l9es ( ,evid5ce4 ,! evolution>y hypo!sis 7bo? 9 its a!i/ic & !i/ic or ,*ri/ian =m7 is und]/ood to re/ on ! foll[+ l9es ( pro(3 i4 ,prim>y3 ,! evid5ce ( palaeontology 7! /udy ( fossil rema9s 9 ! rocks74 ,! surface ( ! e>? und]nea? ! top soil consi/s ( lay]s ( rock4 ,"s ( !m are made up ( lime deposits1 o!rs ( ! %ells ( %ell-fi%1 o!rs ( s&-/one1 o!rs ( dead trees ( ! =e/ 7coal71 all ( !m turn$ h>d by ! pressure ( ! weight ly+ on top ( !m4 ,besides ^! s$im5t>y rock !re are =mations l granite1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,digg+ among ! s$im5t>y rock 7lime/one1 s&-/one1 pr9cipally7 we come across pres]v$ rema9s ( all sorts ( animals2 "s j l ^? :i* live to-day1 "s simil> b some:at diff]5t1 o!rs q dissimil> f liv+ animals ( our day4 ,^! are ! fossils4 ,n[1 evolutioni/s ass]t t ! olde/ & simple/ animal & plant rema9s are f\nd 9 ! olde/ lay]s ( rock4 ,?is is said to prove t 9 ! hi/ory ( plants & animals on e>?1 ! simple/ =ms are ! olde/ & t lat] ! m complex =ms 7 develop$ f ^!4 ,le,conte /ates ! matt] ?us3 ,! f>!r back 9 "t we g1 ! simpl] ! =ms ( animal & plant life become1 & ^! =ms occur 9 ! ord] ( _! orig9ation1 j z if !y 7 develop$ "o f ano!r4 #b4 ,corroborative3 a7 ,! ,argum5t f ,morphology 7,/ructure74 ,! resemblance ( ! /ructure ( v>i\s animal types is ass]t$ to imply a community ( desc5t4 ,l>ge gr\ps ( species1 ^: habits are widely diff]5t1 pres5t c]ta9 fundam5tal lik5esses ( /ructure4 ,! arms ( m5 & apes1 ! =e-legs ( quadrup$s1 ! paddles ( :ales1 ! w+s ( birds1 ! brea/-f9s ( fi%es1 are con/ruct$ on ! same patt]n1 b alt]$ to suit _! sev]al functions4 ,ne>ly all mammals1 f ! long-neck$ giraffe to ! %ort-neck$ elephant1 h sev5 neck-bones2 ! eyes ( ! lamprey are mov$ by six muscles :i* correspond exactly to ! six :i* "w ! human eye2 all insects & ,cru/acea--mo? & lob/]1 bettle tr4 note3 sic & cray-fi%---are alike compos$ ( tw5ty segm5ts2 ! sepals1 petals1 /am5s1 & pi/ils ( a fl[] are all modifi$ leaves arrang$ 9 a spire4 7,clodd1 ,! ,/ory ( ,creation1 p4 #ajb47 ,^! resemblances are look$ ^u z evid5ce ( a common orig94 b7 ,! ,argum5t f ,embryology4 ,! individual animal 9 embryonic developm5t passes ?r\gh tempor>y /ages :i* are simil> to p]man5t conditions 9 "s ( ! l[] =ms 9 ! same gr\p4 ,evolutioni/s believe t ^! =ms 7 actually possess$ by ! ance/ors ( ^! animals 9 ! c\rse ( _! evolution4 ,!y hold t ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! embryos epitomize ! s]ies ( *anges ?r\gh :i* ! ance/ral =ms pass$4 ,because ! embryos ( "s f\r-foot$ animals h gill-slits1 ?is is po9t$ out z evid5ce t l& animals are evolv$ f fi%es4 c7 ,geographical ,di/ribution4 ,9 geological "t1 natural b>ri]s h sprung up :i* sep>at$ ! species :i* h s9ce develop$4 ,9 ?is way ! exi/5ce ( m>supials 7p\*$ animals--kang>oo1 oppossum7 tr4 note3 sic on c]ta9 limit$ areas1 ! limitation ( c]ta9 plants to c]ta9 isl&s1 etc41 are expla9$4 d7 ,classification4 ,! s-call$ ,tree ( ,life4 ,all liv+ =ms c be arrang$ 9 a diagram call$ ! ,tree ( ,life4 ,! ,tree has a %ort trunk1 indicat+ common orig9 ( ! liv+ f ! non-liv+1 & is divid$ into two l>ge trunks repres5t+ plants & animals respectively4 ,f ea* ( ^! />t l>ge bran*es repres5t+ classes1 ! l>g] bran*es giv+ (f small] bran*es repres5t+ families1 & s on ) small] & small] bran*es repres5t+ ord]s & g5]a1 until we come to leaves z repres5t+ species1 ! height ( ! bran* f :i* !y are hang+ indicat+ _! place 9 ! gr[? ( ! great life-tree4 7,clodd1 ,/ory ( ,creation1 p4 #ajc47 ,!re is an exact gradation f ! l[e/ life =ms to ! highe/4 ,fir/ su* simple =ms z ! sponges & corals1 !n1 ?r\gh ! worms1 crabs1 oy/]s1 & snail to ! fi%1 & !nce ?r\gh amphibia1 reptiles1 bea/s ( prey1 ungulates 7ho($ animals7 & apes to man4 ,evolutioni/s say t 9 ?is gradation ( life we see illu/rat$ ! evolution ( complex f simple =ms4 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,accord+ to ! evolution>y hypo!sis man is relat$ to ! animal k+dom by desc5t f a brute ance/or1 :o1 apelike 9 appe>ance1 is ! common ance/or ( ape & man4 ,! evid5ce ( su* d]ivation is believ$ to be3 i4 ,rudim5ts ( /ructure :i* 7 useful 9 "s brute ance/or4 ,!re rema9 9 man a few elem5t>y muscles = twit*+ ! sk91 z 9 ! =ehead2 & x is po9t$ out t _m animals h su* muscles at ! pres5t "t1 & x is argu$ t ! ability ( "s m5 to move ! :ole scalp po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( muscles ) su* function 9 our brute ance/ors4 ,! v]mi=m app5dix 9 man is t]m$ rudim5t>y1 be+ b a remnant ( ! mu* long] & m complex app5dix ( ! same nature 9 liv+ animals today4 #b4 ,embryonic ,developm5t4 ,because ! "y ( all animals resemble "o ano!r :ile 9 ! embryo /age1 & s9ce su* resemblances are f\nd 9 man1 x is conclud$ t ! evolution ( man f "s relat$ animal =m mu/ be accept$ z ! mo/ reasonable explanation4 #c4 ,"s diseases are common to animals & man 7tub]culosis1 *ol]a1 hydrophobia1 etc474 #d4 ,! simil>ity 9 /ructure ( man & ! apes4 #e4 ,! fossil rema9s ( man4 ,c]ta9 skulls & leg bones h be5 f\nd :i* are said to repres5t =ms high] ?an ! ape & l[] ?an man4 ,on ! /r5g? ( su* f9ds x is said t ! miss+ l9k has n[ be5 suppli$4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,! ,fr5*man de ,la ,place 7#ahbg7 fir/ promulgat$ 9 mod]n t]m9ology ! !ory once held by ,greek philosoph]s1 t ! e>? & ! sy/em 9 :i* x is a memb] orig9at$ f a primitive cosmic-vapor or univ]sal fire-mi/ fill+ all space ) inf9itely small atoms4 ,9 ?is homog5e\s mass motion orig9at$1 result+ 9 a conc5tration at "o po9t4 ,?is cond5sation result$ 9 heat & light4 ,! planet>y sy/em at fir/ consi/$ ( a huge gas-ball :i* gradually cool$1 contract+ into a molt5 mass :i* "u ! influ5ce ( c5trifugal =ce began to rotate4 ,?is rotation became m rapid z ! mass cond5s$1 ?r[+ (f ! planets1 9 :i* ! process 0 repeat$ 7! moons be+ ca/ (f71 until ! e>? became suffici5tly cool to su/a9 life4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,life4 ,:5 ask$ ab\t ! orig9 ( life on e>?1 ! evolutioni/s g5]ally reply t ?is is n a "q = sci5ce b = philosophy to answ]4 ,h[ev]1 ! "q comes ) su* insi/5t =ce t ! biologi/ f9ds himself con/ra9$ to (f] "s explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! simple/ plant & animal life aft] ! globe _h1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 suffici5tly cool$ to pres5t areas 9 :i* life might arise4 ,necess>ily1 ! assumption mu/ be t life 0 g5]at$ out ( lifeless matt]4 ,huxley says3 ,if ! hypo!sis ( evolution be true1 liv+ matt] mu/ h aris5 f n-liv+ matt]1 = by ! hypo!sis1 ! condition ( ! globe 0 at "o "t su* t liv+ matt] c\ld n h exi/$ on x1 life be+ entirely incompatible ) a gase\s /ate4 7,! e>? hav+ be5 a ball ( gases at ! "t47 ,tyndall is a little m specific2 he says t ! comb9ation ( electrical & *emical =ces act+ on ! primal ooze caus$ g]ms ( life to orig9ate 9 small bubble-l =ms1 7vesicles74 ,8 words are3 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! creation ( life ^u ?is planet 0 a *emico-electric op]ation by :i* simple g]m9al vesicles 7 produc$4 ,! vesicles consi/$ ( protoplasm1 ! simple sub/ance 7:ite-(-egg7 :i* exi/s 9 ! cells ( animal & vegetable tissues1 & :i* is compos$ ( oxyg51 c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog5 & traces ( o!r elem5ts4 ,f ?is orig9al protoplasm ! great v>iety ( liv+ ?+s has be5 develop$4 ,! ,be>+ ( ,evolution on ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is evid5t t ! evolution>y !ory n only contradicts ! ,bible /ory ( creation b1 if true1 deprives ,*ri/ianity ( e claim ( be+ ! true religion4 ,if all ?+s h come into be+ ?r\gh ! action ( =ces resid+ 9 matt] !n ! _w did n come into be+ ?r\gh a div9e fiat or comm&4 ,z ,haeckel says3 ,e sup]natural creation is completely exclud$4 7,quot$ by ,john ,fiske 9 ,a ,c5tury ( ,sci5ce1 #ahii1 p4 #ea47 ,?omas ,huxley is q z def9ite3 ,n only d ,i hold x to be prov5 t ! /ory ( ! ,deluge is a pure fiction2 b ,i h no hesitation 9 affirm+ ! same ?+ ( ! /ory ( ! ,creation4 7,sci5ce & ,hebrew ,tradition1 #ahif1 p4 #bcj47 ,fur!rmore1 ! !ory1 by its implications1 disposes summ>ily ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! belief 9 an immortal s\l is t]m$ by ,haeckel z q exclud$ by ! be>+ ( evolution on ! orig9 ( man4 ,! fall ( man becomes a my?1 s9ce man has n fall5 f a high e/ate b has ?r\gh _m ages ( sl[ developm5t arriv$ at ! use ( reason & ! dom9ion ov] nature2 n a p]fect man1 made 9 ! image ( ,god1 b a c\s9 to ! tail-less apes1 newly accu/om$ to walk+ on two feet1 is ! ance/or ( our race4 ,)\t a fall ( man !re is no possibility nor ev5 a necessity ( r$emption2 our entire ,*ri/ian !ology w\ld be deal+ ) %ad[y ab/ractions1 unreasonable fe>s & hopes1 & purposeless /riv+s4 ,! belief ( ! ,*ri/ian is to ! evolutioni/ ( "s value z a ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( ! m9d1 b n ! slighte/ intr9sic value is recogniz$ 9 any ( ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ian fai?1 n ev5 9 ! belief 9 a p]sonal ,god4 ,god is1 accord+ to ,sp5c]1 ! ,unkn[able4 ,naturally1 !re c n be miracles1 s9ce all processes 9 nature are conceiv$ z gov]n$ by laws n direct$ by a ,div9e ,intellig5ce b by =ces resid5t 9 nature4 ,h5ce1 too1 !re c be no inspir$ revelation ( ,god1 s9ce t w\ld presume n only ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god b an int]v5tion 9 natural processes ( ?\ght 7miracle74 ,john ,fiske wrote3 ,! hypo!sis ( inspiration conveys mo/ c]ta9ly a conception ( ,div9e action z local1 special1 & transitory2 & 9 s f> z x does ?is1 x be>s ! m>ks ( t hea!n mode ( philosophy :i* 0 curr5t :5 ,*ri/ian mono!ism arose4 7,d>w9ism & ,o!r ,essays1 #ahie47 ,evolution says3 ,if !re is a ,god we h no means ( kn[+ ,him2 & :at we "k ( nature c]ta9ly precludes ! idea t ,god1 if ,he exi/s1 w conc]n ,himself ab\t man or break d[n ! laws ( nature ev5 = an in/ant 9 8 behalf4 ,! conclusion is1 t !re is no inspir$ ,bible4 ,nor inde$ an absolute religion4 ,all religi\s tru?s are consid]$ relative1 ) no su* di/9ction z true religion & false religion1 s9ce !re is no crit]ion reveal$ 7accord+ to ! !ory7 by :i* we c te/ a religion :e!r x be true or false4 ,f9ally1 !re is no absolute /&>d ( morals4 ,moral tru?s1 l ! religi\s1 are relative only4 ,9 o!r words1 ! tea*+ t ,*ri/ has aton$ = s91 is z little to be accept$ z an absolute tru?1 z ! comm&3 ,?\ %alt n /eal mu/ be accept$ z embody+ an absolute rule ( conduct4 ,clodd says 9 ,! ,/ory ( ,creation3 ,man by himself is n only unprogressive1 he is also n s mu* immoral z unmoral4 ,= :]e !re is no society !re is no s96 ,!re=e ! bases ( "r & wrong lie 9 conduct t[>ds "o's fell[2 ! moral s5se or consci5ce is ! outcome ( social relations1 !mselves ! outcome ( ! ne$ ( liv+44444 ,:ile ! l[] in/9cts1 z hung]1 passion1 & ?ir/ = v5geance1 are /rong1 !y are n s endur+ or satisfy+ z ! high] feel+s :i* crave = society & sympa?y4 ,& ! yield+ to ! l[]1 h[ev] gratify+ = ! mom5t1 w\ld be foll[$ by ! feel+ ( regret t he _h ?us giv5 way1 & by resolve to act diff]5tly = ! future4 ,?us at la/ man comes to feel1 ?r\gh acquir$ & p]haps inh]it$ habit1 t x is be/ = him to obey 8 m p]si/5t impulses44444 ,morals are relative1 n absolute2 !re is no fix$ /&>d ( "r & wrong by :i* ! actions ( all m5 ?r\gh\t all "t are measur$44444 ,t :i* man calls s9 is %[n to be m (t5 due to 8 imp]fect s5se ( ! true proportion ( ?+s1 & to 8 lack ( imag9ation1 ?an to 8 willfulness4 ,clodd adds t if conduct has be5 made to re/ on suppos$ div9e comm&s 767 z to :at man %all & %all n d1 t is an assumption :i* at be/ s]ves to re/ra9 ! brutal & ignorant4 ,j4 ,b4 ,w>r51 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 has well /at$ ! effects ( ! evolution>y !ory on religion & morals3 ,its legitimate t5d5cy is to degrade mank9d f t m5tal & moral dignity t is always recogniz$ z belong+ to !m1 & to place !m on an ess5tial level ) ! brute creation--ev5 ) ! l[e/ =ms ( vegetable & animal exi/5ce4 ,accord+ to t !ory1 man diff]s f ! l[] organisms n 9 k9d s mu* z 9 ! degree ( developm5t4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself 0 tr\bl$ ab\t ! value ( 8 own convictions1 on ! gr\nd t 8 m9d 0 evolv$ f t ( l[] animals4 ,t is to say1 he reckon$ 8 own m5tal actions z valueless & untru/wor?y1 because ( ! ess5tial id5tity betwe5 8 m9d & t ( ! l[e/ creatures t live 9 ! mud ( our swamps4 ,?us we see ! legitimate t5d5cy ( ?is !ory to degrade ! m5tal dignity ( man4 ,& x also degrades ! moral nature & faculties ( man1 & und]m9es ! v f\ndations ( moral & religi\s pr9ciple1 9 t x tea*es t man is only a bett] develop$ brute--! natural result be+ t man is no m "u moral obligation ?an ! brute1 or has no diff]5t basis ( moral obligation f ! brute1 b only a bett] idea ( "r & wrong1 because on a high] plane 9 ! process ( evolution4 ,x /rikes at ! root ( ! doctr9e t m5 are1 by _! orig9 & nature1 "u peculi> & special obligations to ,god4 ,9 ! words ( ! late ,dr4 ,rob]t ,patt]son1 su* a !ory t5ds to 'oblit]ate a belief 9 ! div9e orig9 & sanction ( morality1 & 9 ! exi/5ce ( a future life ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 & to promote ! disorganization ( society1 & ! degradation ( man to ! level ( ! brutes1 liv+ only "u ! laws ( _! brutal in/9cts4' ,su* a !ory is di%onor+ to man & (f5sive to ,god4 ,:5 ^! discrepancies betwe5 a _w-view gov]n$ by ! ,*ri/ian's fai? 9 ,revelation & "o gov]n$ by ! !ory ( evolution are once cle>ly und]/ood1 !re w be no ne$ to inquire1 :y1 on ! "o h&1 enemies ( ! ,bible 9 all ranks ( life greet$ ) su* joy\s acclaim ! pr9ciple ann\nc$ by ,d>w9 &1 :y1 on ! o!r h&1 a *ief purpose ( ,*ri/ian apologetics has become ! demon/ration t ,*ri/ianity is ju/ifi$ ev5 by reason 9 ! _w-view :i* x inculcates1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! evolution>y hypo!sis is contradict$ by ! facts ( religion1 ( hi/ory1 & ( natural sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,two4 ,unexpla9$ ,orig9s4 ,! evolution>y s*eme ( developm5t is1 by its orig9ators & def5d]s1 accept$ z a work+ hypo!sis by :i* x is believ$ t ! orig9 ( all =ms :i* matt] has tak51 & ( ! activities ( liv+ ?+s1 includ+ man & human society1 c be acc\nt$ =4 ,x is an attempt to answ] ! old "q1 sugge/$ to ! ?9k+ m9d by a contemplation ( nature3 ,:5ce ^! ?+s8 ,x x a !ory ( orig9s4 ,n[1 a hypo!sis1 be+ a !ory1 or supposition1 provisionally employ$ z an explanation ( ph5om5a1 mu/ be v]ifi$ be=e x c be accept$ z tru?4 ,moreov]1 x c /& ev5 z a hypo!sis only if x meets ! te/ ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,x x c demon/rate its adaption to expla9 all ! facts1 x may1 until ano!r & bett] !ory is prop\nd$1 be accept$ z a !ory4 ,:5 x does n expla9 ! facts1 x mu/ be modifi$ or ab&on$4 ,s9ce ! evolution>y hypo!sis is employ$ z an explanation ( c]ta9 orig9s1 a legitimate te/ ( ! !ory is its adaptation to expla9 ^! orig9s4 ,?is te/ we n[ %all apply4 ,we %all try to answ] ! "q3 ,is ! evolution>y !ory entitl$ to ! "n ( a work+ hypo!sis8 ,is x able to acc\nt = ^? ?+s :i* x is set =? by its spokesm5 to acc\nt =8 ,does x acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 ( life1 & ( ! v>i\s =ms ( life8 ,sci5ti/s z a rule disclaim any int5tion to acc\nt1 on ! basis ( _! hypo!sis1 = ! orig9 ( matt]4 ,:5 x is sugge/$ to !m t any !ory ( orig9s %\ld also acc\nt = ! ,,fir/ ,,orig91 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 !y direct u to philosophy3 ,evolution is n conc]n$ ) ! orig9 ( matt]2 x takes matt] = grant$2 ! orig9 ( matt] is prop]ly a philosophical & n a sci5tific problem4 ,let u note ! fallacies ( ?is position4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is n prop] to introduce ! ^w sci5ce into ?is plea4 ,sci5ce is1 inde$1 only conc]n$ ) ?+s t c be demon/rat$ by obs]vation & f exp]i5ce2 & s9ce no "o has se5 ! beg9n+ ( matt]1 sci5ce is v prop]ly n conc]n$ ) x4 ,b evolution is n a sci5ce4 ,x is a hypo!sis1 a !ory4 ,x is an explanation propos$ = c]ta9 ph5om5a4 ',& we h a "r to dem& t1 if x wants recognition ev5 z a !ory1 x mu/ expla9 ^? ph5om5a4 ,n[ ! pr9ciple ( evolution is3 ,all ?+s h develop$ ?r\gh c]ta9 =ces :i* inh]e 9 matt]4 ,9 o!r words1 )\t be+ act$ ^u f ! outside1 7)\t a creative ^w ( ,god1 = in/ance17 ! unvi]se tr4 note3 sic has come to be :at x is to-day4 ,9 matt] !re are f ! beg9n+ c]ta9 =ces insep>able f matt]4 ,^! act$ 9 su* a way t v simple plants & animals became v complex2 & ?is )\t any direct+ ,intellig5ce4 ,?is is ! evolution>y !ory4 ,n[1 we hold t a !ory :i* claims to acc\nt = ! beg9n+ ( all animal life 7& e species ( animal life71 = ! beg9n+ ( plant life 7& ( e species ( plant life71 = ! beg9n+ ( life g]ms1 ( ! globe1 ( ! sun & />s1 _c /op %ort :5 we press our que/ions /ill f>!r & ask3 ,:5ce is matt]8 ,:5ce is =ce8 ,nor1 inde$1 d evolutioni/s hesitate to express an op9ion conc]n+ ! orig9 ( matt] & =ce4 ,! univ]se1 z x exi/s to-day1 is made up ( matt] dispos$ 9 v>i\s =ms1--/>s1 rock1 plants1 animals1--& end[$ ) en]gy 9 v>i\s =ms2 & f ! e>lie/ age ( speculation1 z we h se51 ! human m9d conceiv$ ( a "t 9 :i* !re 0 unorganiz$ matt]1 sub/ance )\t =m4 ,l ! anci5t ,greek philosoph]s1 evolutioni/s to-day try to =mulate a work+ hypo!sis to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,x is believ$ t1 9 a broad way1 ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis put =? by ,la ,place indicat$ ! mann] 9 :i* ! e>? & ! sy/em to :i* x belongs h be5 evolv$4 ,we h outl9$1 briefly1 9 our fir/ *apt]1 ! ma9 features ( ?is !ory4 ,we %all n[ indicate ! difficulties :i* /& 9 ! way ( its acceptance ev5 z a work+ hypo!sis4 #a4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis assumes t dur+ a pa/ endless "t !re has exi/$ an incalculable numb] ( orig9al atoms4 ,let u und]/& t accord+ to ! s-call$ atomic !ory1 matt] is compos$ ( indivisible p>ticles1 call$ atoms4 ,s9ce ! discov]y ( radium ?is !ory has be5 consid]ably modifi$1 ea* atom n[ be+ und]/ood to consi/ ( _m ?\s&s ( small] p>ticles1 call$ electrons4 ,h[ev]1 :e!r we call !m atoms or electrons1 ! smalle/1 indivisible p>ticles ( matt] are assum$ to h exi/$ dur+ inf9ite pa/ "t4 ,n[1 ! orig9 ( ^! simple/ compon5t p>ts ( matt] rema9s an unsolv$ my/]y4 ,! m9d is unable ev5 to =mulate a guess ) ref]5ce to _! organization4 #b4 ,a second po/ulate ( ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis is ! orig9 ( =ce & motion 9 ! huge gas ball :i* exi/$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,la ,place says t at "s po9t conc5tration took place 9 ! homog5e\s mass1 ?is contraction produc$ radiation ( heat & light1 & ?r\gh ! diff]5ces 9 temp]ature1 motion & dynamic reaction 7 produc$4 ,! difficulty :i* inh]es 9 ?is po/ulate is ! unque/ion$ fact t all motion 9 nature foll[s c]ta9 immutable laws991 99,^! laws1 s f> z kn[n1 =m ! basis ( :at we call physics & *emi/ry4 & ! orig9 ( ^! laws is n acc\nt$ = by ! !ory4 ,laws nev] make !mselves1 & _! complexity1--immeasurably beyond our p[] ( exploration--yet ev]y:]e adju/$ to a def9ite end1 is s intricate t _! orig9 c by no means be acc\nt$ = by *ance4 #c4 ,accord+ to ! !ory matt] 0 fir/ 9 nebul> 7gas7 =m1 & t ! gases exi/+ diffus$ ?r\gh space 71 ?r\gh ! motion :i* orig9at$1 *ang$ f a huge ball ( fire-mi/ to a semi-solid sph]e1 :i* ?rew (f small] sph]es 7! planets7 t gradually became solid4 ,n[1 ?is is contr>y to our k ( gases4 ,gases may be produc$ f solids1 b an inc&esc5t gas w n1 ?r\gh simple motion1 become a solid sub/ance4 ,gases may be solidifi$1 b only 9 two ways1 by pressure or :5 greatly cool$1--:5 !y become ice4 ,b !y d n reta9 ?is =m :5 ! pressure or ! cool+ ag5cy is remov$4 ,gases1 z we "k !m1 all h a t5d5cy to exp& indef9itely4 ,!y h no t5d5cy to solidify1 z ! hypo!sis presumes4 #d4 ,la ,place assum$ t ! sol> sy/em :5 /ill 9 gase\s /ate1 began to revolve ^u its axis1 & t1 z ! gas ball cont9u$ to revolve1 x cond5s$4 ,z cond5sation w5t on1 ! rotation became fa/]1 & a r+ ( matt] 0 ?r[n (f f ! h>d5+ core4 ,?is r+ aga9 resolv$ itself into a rotat+ globe :i*1 /ill 9 a fluid /ate1 ?rew (f o!r balls1 :i* revolv$ ar\nd _! "m1 ! fir/ planet1 ev5 z ! latt] cont9u$ to foll[ an orbit ar\nd ! c5tral body1 ! sun4 ,9 ?is way ! planets ( ! sol> sy/em1 includ+ ! e>?1 7accord+ to ! !ory71 7 evolv$ toge!r ) _! satellites or moons4 ,! difficulty att5d+ ?is view ( planet>y evolution is f\nd 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! movem5ts ( a numb] ( satellites ar\nd ! planets4 ,:ile ! satellites ( ! e>?1 ( ,jupit] & ( ,saturn revolve f we/ to ea/1 ! moons ( ,uranus & ,neptune h an orbital movem5t f ea/ to we/4 ,?is is reg>d$ also by ! fri5ds ( ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis z "o ( ! grave/ difficulties1 s9ce no me*anical law w expla9 ! rev]se movem5t ( ! satellites ( ! remote/ planets :5 !y1 z well z ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ! re/ are suppos$ to h be5 ca/ (f by ! same c5tral body4 #e4 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 ! orig9al atoms dur+ ! process ( _w-mak+ unit$ into molecules4 ,! laws accord+ to :i* atoms unite1--s t1 = in/ance1 ! hydrog5 atom ea* unites ) two atoms ( oxyg51 & s d[n ! li/ ( all kn[n exi/5ces1--^! laws are among ! assur$ results ( sci5tific /udy4 ,n[1 ! entire sci5ce ( *emi/ry 9 all its bran*es is built ^u ! axiom t molecules are absolutely unalt]able & t molecules ( ! same k9d are always absolutely id5tical4 ,a molecule ( wat] is always & inv>iably compos$ ( two atoms ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg54 ,a molecule ( sulphuric acid inv>iably conta9s two atoms ( hydrog51 "o ( sulphur1 & f\r ( oxyg54 ,a molecule ( potassium *lorate is always compos$ ( j "o atom ( potassium *loride & ?ree atoms ( oxyg54 ,nev] is !re any v>iation ( ^! proportions 9 ! same elem5t1 & a *emi/ w1 )\t h&l+ ! elem5ts1 m]ely by ma!matical calculation1 un]r+ly produce new comb9ations1 rely+ on ! absolute con/ancy ( ! relations ( atoms & molecules4 ,n[1 ! !ory t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 out ( a mass ( atoms diffus$ )\t =m ?r\gh space1 molecules came into be+1 ea* k9d or type compos$ ( atoms accord+ to a proportion peculi>ly its own1 _c be accept$ unless x is %[n 9 :at mann] ! laws came into exi/5ce accord+ to :i* ^! comb9ations take place4 ,cl]k ,maxwell concludes a ma/]ly /atem5t ( ?is aspect ( ! hypo!sis by ask+3 ,:o c re/ra9 ! ult]ior "q1 ,:5ce !n ^! myriad types ( ! same lett] impr9t$ on ! e>?1 ! sun1 ! />s1 z if ! v m\ld us$ "h _h be5 l5t to ,sirius1 & pass$ on ?r\gh ! con/ellations8 ,no !ory ( evolution c be =m$ to acc\nt = ! simil>ity ( ! molecules ?r\gh\t all "t1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole region ( ! /ell> univ]se2 = evolution necess>ily implies cont9u\s *ange1 & ! molecule 7z kn[n to sci5ce7 is incapable ( gr[? or decay1 ( g5]ation or de/ruction4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,life4 ,! orig9 ( life on our globe is n acc\nt$ = on ! basis ( ! evolution>y hypo!sis4 ,at "s "t 9 ! remote pa/1 !re mu/1 accord+ to ! !ory1 h be5 a developm5t ( liv+ sub/ance f a m9]al base4 ,b if sci5tific exp]im5t has %[n any?+ x has %[n ! unreality ( :at 0 call$ spontane\s g5]ation4 ,?is t]m 0 v popul> ) ! sci5ti/s ( a c5tury or two ago4 ,x 0 believ$ t c]ta9 animal & vegetable =ms gave bir?1 9 ! process ( decay1 to insect life4 ,putrefy+ meat gives rise to maggots4 ,! orig9 ( ^! grubs 0 ref]r$ to ! p[] ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,:5 ! ,italian naturali/ ,r$i discov]$ t an exclusion ( flies f meat 0 all t 0 necess>y to prev5t ! production ( grubs1 ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation 0 ?or\ghly upset1 = 8 "t at lea/4 ,b ! microscope reveal$ 9 pure wat] ! pres5ce ( ?\s&s ( small creatures1 ! infusoria4 ,aga9 spontane\s g5]ation 0 appeal$ to 9 ord] to expla9 _! pres5ce4 ,b ! fam\s exp]im5ts ( ,pa/eur 7relat$ by ,huxley 9 8 lectures on ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,lecture ,,iii71 prov$ conclusively t /]iliz$ wat] w n produce liv+ =ms :5 ! g]ms float+ ev]y:]e ab\t 9 ! air are exclud$4 ,s9ce t "t all m5 ( sci5ce agree t !re is no su* ?+ demon/rable z spontane\s g5]ation4 ,x has become an axiom t ,life only comes f life4 ,b h[ ! fir/ g]ms ( life orig9at$1 is a "q = :i* !re is no answ]4 ,huxley admits3 ,( ! causes :i* l$ to ! orig9ation ( liv+ matt] x may be said t we "k absolutely no?+4 ,! pres5t /ate ( k furni%es u ) no l9k betwe5 ! liv+ & ! n liv+4 ,h[ev]1 :ile spontane\s g5]ation is absolutely inconceivable 7,d>w971 & :ile no exp]im5ts made on dead matt] h ev] produc$ liv+ 7plant & animal7 matt]1 life mu/ h orig9at$ at "s "t f non-life accord+ to ! evolution>y hypo!sis4 ,! !ory assumes t at "s "t ! globe 0 9 an inc&esc5t /age4 ,at t "t !re c\ld n h be5 any life on our e>?4 ,b z ! e>? cool$1 x is held t by "s *emico-electric action 7electric =ce act+ ^u elem5ts 9 favorable comb9ations71 in]t1 lifeless matt] became end[$ ) ! prop]ty :i* we call life1 & ?is orig9al liv+ sub/ance is call$ protoplasm4 ,f x1 by successive modifications1 sl[ 9 _! op]ation1 ! teem+ v>iety ( liv+ ?+s is believ$ to h develop$4 ,n[ x is a notable fact1 t _m evolutioni/s 7among !m ,alfr$ ,russell ,wallace1 ! co-discov]] ( ! !ory :i* goes "u ,d>w9's "n7 frankly admit ! inability to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( protoplasm4 ,f m9]al sub/ances1 protoplasm diff]s 9 t x possesses ! p[] ( gr[?1 developm5t1 & reproduction4 ,! v fir/ vegetable cell mu/ h possess$ altoge!r new p[]s1 says ,mr4 ,wallace1 t ( extract+ c>bon f ! air & t ( indef9ite reproduction4 ,"h1--note ?is admission1--we h indications ( a new p[] at "w4 ,9 o!r words1 =ces resid5t 9 matt] no long] suffice4 ,! evolutioni/ic pr9ciple breaks d[n4 ,"s fifty ye>s ago x 0 ?\ght t exp]im5tal pro( _h be5 f\nd = ! pres5ce on e>? ( ! orig9al1 simple1 unorganiz$ protoplasm2 t ! basis ( all life on e>? _h be5 discov]$1--9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean4 ,! /ory ( ?is discov]y is ent]ta9+ly told by ! ,duke ( ,argyle 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury magaz9e4 ,we quote f 8 article4 ,along ) ! e>li] specim5s ( deep sea deposits s5t home by naturali/s dur+ ! fir/ s\nd+s 9 connection ) ! ,atlantic telegraph cable1 !re 0 v (t5 a sort ( envelop+ slimy mucus 9 ! conta9+ bottles :i* arre/$ ! att5tion & excit$ ! curiosity ( ! speciali/s to :om !y 7 consign$4 ,x 0 /ructureless to all miscroscopic exam9ation4 ,b s is all ! protoplasmic matt] ( :i* ! l[e/ animals are f\nd4 ,c\ld x be a widely diffus$ m$ium ( ?is protoplasmic mat]ial1 n yet specializ$ or individualiz$ into organic =ms1 nor itself yet 9 a condition to build up inorganic skeletons = a habitation8 ,"h 0 a gr& idea4 ,x w\ld be well to f9d miss+ l9ks2 b x w\ld be bett] to f9d ! primordial sub/ance out ( :i* all liv+ ?+s _h come4 ,! ultra-,d>w9ian en?usia/s 7 en*ant$4 ,haeckel clapp$ 8 h&s & %\t$ ,eureka6 l\dly4 ,ev5 ! cauti\s & discrim9at+ m9d ( ,pr(essor ,huxley 0 caught by ?is new & gr& g5]alization ( ! 'physical basis ( life2' ,x 0 ann\nc$ by him to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahfh4 ,dr4 ,w ,c>p5t] took up ! *orus4 ,he spoke ( 'a liv+ expanse ( protoplasmic sub/ance1' p5etrat+ ) its liv+ sub/ance ! ':ole mass' ( ! oceanic mud4 ,a f9e new ,greek "n 0 devis$ = ?is "m slime1 & x 0 *ri/5$ ',ba?ybius1' 7f two ,greek words mean+ dep? & life171 f ! consecrat$ deeps 9 :i* x lay4 ,! conception ran l wildfire ?r\gh ! popul> lit]ature ( sci5ce4 ,expectant imag9ation soon play$ its "p4 ,wond]ful movem5ts 7 soon se5 9 ?is my/]i\s slime4 ,x became an 'irregul> network1' & x c\ld be se5 gradually 'alt]+ its =m1' s t 'entangl$ granules *ang$ _! relative positions4 ,su* 0 ,ba?ybius1 :i* once rais$ su* a commotion 9 ! _w ( sci5ce1 b :i* is nev] he>d ( or ev5 allud$ to 9 sci5tific circles today4 ,& n[ = ! issue ( ?is discov]y ( su* mighty promise4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgb1 ! ,*all5g]1 comm&$ by ,john ,murray1 set out on a voyage ( deep-sea exploration4 ,! naturali/s ( ! ',*all5g]' began _! voyage 9 full ,ba?ybian fai?4 ,b ! /urdy m9d ( ,mr4 ,john ,murray kept its balance--all ! m easily s9ce he nev] c\ld himself f9d or see any trace ( ?is protoplasm :5 ! dr$ges ( ! ',*all5g]' came fre% f ! ocean bottom4 ,aga9 & aga9 he look$ = x1 b nev] c\ld he discov] x4 ,x always hail$ f ,engl&4 ,! bottles s5t !re 7 report$ to yield x 9 abundance1 b someh[ x seem$ to be hat*$ 9 !m4 ,! laboratory 9 ,london 0 its unfail+ s\rce4 ,! ocean nev] yield$ x until x _h be5 bottl$4 ,at la/1 "o day on bo>d ! ',*all5g]1' an accid5t reveal$ ! my/]y4 ,"o ( ,mr4 ,murray's assi/ants p\r$ a l>ge quantity ( spirits ( w9e into a bottle conta9+ "s pure sea-wat]1 :5 lo6 ! wond]ful protoplasm ,ba?ybius appe>$6 ,x 0 ! *emical precipitate ( sulphate ( lime produc$ by ! mixture ( alcohol & sea-wat]6 ,!reaft] ',ba?ybius' disappe>$ f sci5ce4 ,! t]m protoplasm has1 inde$1 be5 reta9$ by writ]s on biology4 ,! :ole body ( an animal1 & ! /ructure ( plants1 are und]/ood to consi/ ( cells4 ,! cells consi/ ( a colorless sub/ance1 & ?is is call$ protoplasm4 ,x is a sub/ance ( v complex *emical & physical make-up1 9 fact1 no *emi/ has yet be5 able to analyze x & a fam\s biologi/ says t v probably x may nev] be analyz$ 7,david ,/>r ,jordan47 ,protoplasm1 l ! :ite ( egg1 is ! basic sub/ance ( life1 yet 9 ! v>iety ( =ms :i* x takes x is ( almo/ unlimit$ complexity 7,jordan74 ,n[1 a new difficulty develops :5 ?is complex "* ( protoplasm z x is n[ f\nd 9 animals & plants is consid]$4 ,cle> 7unmodifi$7 protoplasm1 z f\nd 9 :ite ( egg & 9 ! :ite cells ( ! blood1 is ! /ructureless sub/ance call$ album54 ,h[ev]1 protoplasm v>ies almo/ inf9itely 9 consi/5cy1 9 %ape1 9 /ructure1 & 9 function4 ,x is sometimes s fluid z to be capable ( =m+ 9 drops1 sometimes semifluid1 sometimes almo/ solid4 ,9 %ape ! cells may be club %ap$1 globe %ap$1 ?read$1 flat1 conical4 ,"s protoplasm produces fat1 o!rs produce n]ve sub/ances1 o!rs bra9 sub/ances1 bone1 muscle1 etc41 ea* produc+ only its own k9d1 un9t]*angeable ) ! re/4 ,la/ly1 !re is ! ov]:elm+ fact t !re is an inf9ite diff]5ce ( protoplasm 9 ! inf9itely diff]5t plants & animals1 9 ea* ( :i* its own protoplasm b produces its own k9d4 ,"h are sev]al ?\s& pieces ( protoplasm2 analysis c detect no diff]5ce 9 !m4 ,!y are to u1 let u say1 z !y are to ,mr4 ,huxley1 id5tical 9 p[]1 9 =m1 & 9 sub/ance2 & yet on all ^! sev]al ?\s& little bits ( app>5tly indi/+ui%able matt] an elem5t ( diff]5ce s p]vad+ & s p]si/5t has be5 impress$1 t ( !m all1 n "o is int]*angeable ) ano!r6 ,ea* se$ fe$s its own k9d4 ,! protoplasm ( ! gnat w no m gr[ into ! fly ?an x w gr[ into an elephant4 ,protoplasm is protoplasm2 yes1 b man's protoplasm is man's protoplasm1 & ! mu%room's ! mu%room's4 7,dr4 ,/]l+1 ,z ,reg>ds ,protoplasm47 ,h5ce we are compell$ to ackn[l$ge n an id5tity ( protoplasm 9 all sub/ances1 b an inf9ite div]sity4 ,x foll[s t ! d]ivation ( all plant & animal =ms f an orig9al speck or g]m ( liv+ matt] is n only un-prov51 b is contradict$ by biological sci5ce4 ,d>w9 himself1 l 8 co-labor] ,wallace1 0 con/ra9$ to admit t ! orig9 ( life con/itutes an unsolv$ problem4 ,matt] & =ce d n acc\nt = x4 ,d>w9 accept$ a div9e fiat some:]e 9 ! beg9n+4 ,he says4 ,!re is gr&eur 9 ?is view ( life1 ) its sev]al p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d by ! ,creator into ! fir/ =ms or into "o4 ,9 o!r words1 ! creation ( ! fir/ liv+ be+ 0 an exceptional k9d ( p[]4 ,b if1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 says1 life 0 brea!d by ! ,creator into ! fir/ =ms1 ?is con/itutes a break 9 ! suffici5cy ( natural causes alone to produce life4 ,if a special fiat 0 necess>y at ?is po9t1 :y may x n h be5 at o!rs8 ,if by div9e omnipot5ce1 life is believ$ to h be5 orig9at$1 :y %all we n believe t by div9e omnipot5ce ! v>i\s species ( plants & animals 7 br\ght =? z relat$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,bible8 ,if ! ,creator c\ld brea! life into a few =ms or into "o1 z ,d>w9 ?9ks he did1 )\t violat+ ! law ( 8 own be+1 & 9 accordance ) ! laws :i* he has e/abli%$1 x seems evid5t t he might at o!r times brea! life into o!r =ms 9 accordance ) 8 laws4 ,i see no necessity = a logic t w\ld compel ! ,creator to conf9e ! numb] ( 8 creative fiats to a few1 or to "o1 nor :i* w\ld limit ! fiats to "o "t4 7,fairhur/1 ,organic ,evolution ,consid]$47 ,biological ,b>ri]s4 ,! atom1 ! molecule1 ! life-g]m1--^! are ! b>ri]s :i* /& aga9/ ! evolutioni/ic conception ( orig9s on ! physical side4 ,we proce$ to inve/igate ! po9ts at :i* biology t\*es our problem1 & aga9 ?ree b>ri]s call = notice & inve/igation3 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 plants & animals2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 v]tebrates & inv]tebrates2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 mammals & all o!r v]tebrates4 #a4 ,:5ce ! animal k+dom8 ,?is /age 9 ! scale ( life1 ! advance f vegetable to ! animal k+dom1 is1 to quote ,mr4 ,wallace1 aga9 completely beyond all possibility ( explanation by matt]1 its laws & =ces4 ,x is ! introduction ( s5sation or consci\sness1 con/itut+ ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,plants live1 animals live & feel2 & !y h consci\sness4 ,at ?is po9t aga91 only a ?or\gh-go+ mat]iali/ w d5y ! work+ ( an outside p[]1 a p[] n resid5t 9 matt]1 b alt]+ & mold+ matt] f )\t & end[+ x ) new abilities4 ,only an act ( ?is ,p[] ,)\t c\ld end[ liv+ sub/ance ) feel+ & consci\sness4 ,no "o c "h any long] appeal to t undef9$ *emico-electric action by :i* "s attempt to acc\nt = protoplasm4 ,mr4 ,wallace says3 ,"h all idea ( m]e complication ( /ructure produc+ ! result is out ( ! "q4 ,we feel x to be altoge!r prepo/]\s to assume t at a c]ta9 /age ( complexity ( atomic con/itution1 & z a necess>y result ( t complexity alone1 an ego %\ld />t into exi/5ce1--a ?+ t feels1 t is consci\s ( its own exi/5ce4 ,"h we h ! c]ta9ty t some?+ new has aris51--a be+ ^: nasc5t consci\sness has gone on increas+ 9 p[] & def9it5ess till x has culm9at$ 9 ! high] animals4 ,no v]bal explanation or attempt at explanation--su* z ! /atem5t t life is '! result ( ! molecul> =ces ( ! protoplasm1' or t ! :ole exi/+ organic univ]se f ! amoeba up to man 0 lat5t 9 ! fire-mi/ f :i* ! sol> sy/em 0 develop$--c af=d any m5tal satisfaction1 or help u 9 any way to a solution ( ! my/]y4 #b4 ,:5ce ! backbone8 ,all animals are divid$ into v]tebrates & inv]tebrates1 ! animals ) a backbone & animals )\t4 ,betwe5 ^! two gr\ps ! b>ri] ( backbone /&s impassable till x is expla9$ h[ a butt]fly c\ld become a bird1 or a snail a s]p5t1 or a /> fi% acquire ! skeleton ( ! %>k4 ,^! two gr\ps1 ! v]tebrate animals & ! inv]tebrate1 mu/ be reg>d$ z fundam5tally di/9ct4 #c4 ,:5ce ! brea/8 ,v]tebrates are ei!r mammals or submammals4 ,! brea/less tribes are brids1 tr4 note3 sic reptiles1 & fi%es4 ,^! are f> b5ea? 9 ! scale1 :ile ! mammal1 by its peculi> end[m5t 9 t x gives suck to its "y1 /&s elect1 al(t1 & ap>t4 ,till x is %[n h[ an animal t nev] got milk f its "m /umbl$ on ! capacity ( giv+ :at 0 nev] giv5 x1 ! brea/ w /&1 aga9/ all dreams ( developm5t1 companion-b>ri] to ! backbone4 ,nor is !re an animal t c be reg>d$ z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ^! two ma/] gr\ps4 ,! !i/ic evolutioni/1 :o believes t ,god at v>i\s times help$ out ! =ces resid+ 9 matt]1 by creat+ some?+ new1 is incl9$ to say t at ea* ( ^! po9ts1--! orig9 ( ! fir/ s5ti5t animal1 ! orig9 ( ! fir/ v]tebrate1 & ( ! fir/ mammal1--,god by 8 omnipot5ce caus$ a new type to orig9ate4 ,aside f ! fact t =ces resid5t 9 matt]1 ! basic idea ( ! evolutioni/ic !ory1 "h beg9s to become some:at fa9t z a backgr\nd ev5 = a !i/ic conception ( developm5t1 x is evid5t t we h already rea*$ a po9t f> d[n ! scale ( organic evolution 9 :i* ! admission mu/ be made t no possible work+ ( =ces )9 matt] c acc\nt = ! *ange4 ,aga9 we say1 if we already admit t ! v>i\s great types ( animal life c\ld n orig9ate )\t a special creative act ( ,god1 !n :y %\ld we n accept ! record ( ,g5esis :i* says t ! v>i\s species ( plants & ! v>i\s species ( animals 7 creat$1 ea* a sep>ate species1 9 ! beg9n+8 ,once admit special creative acts1 & !re is no long] any ne$ = a hypo!sis ( evolution4 ,man4 ,! difficulty :i* /&s 9 ! way ( accept+1 on purely sci5tific gr\nds1 ! desc5t ( man f a brute ance/or1 is1 fir/ ( all a biological 7physiological7 difficulty4 ,among all ! mammalia 7to accept ! classification ( man ) t gr\p71 man alone has a p]fect bra94 ,by ?is we mean ! physiologically & /ructurally p]fect bra94 ,x is pres5t ev5 9 ! l[e/ man--pres5t 9 ! negro or ! ,au/ralian ,bu%man z 9 ! civiliz$ ,am]ican2 & abs5t 9 all liv+ be+s bel[ man--abs5t 9 ! ape or ! elephant z truly z 9 ! l[e/ mammals1 ! kang>oo or ! duckbill4 ,its sign is language1 capacity ( progress1 culture4 ,all heal?y human bra9s are /ructurally p]fect2 ! highe/ brute bra9s are /ructurally imp]fect4 ,! lea/ cultivat$ human be+ is susceptible ( culture2 a savage n only possesses ! end[m5t ( language b may be educat$ to appreciate ! art ( a ,raphael or a ,%akespe>e4 ,! bra9s ( all o!r liv+ be+s are circumscrib$ by in/9ct1 :i* nev] progresses4 ,! p]fect bra9 ?us introduces ano!r impassable biological b>ri] divid+ ! _w ( life4 ,h[ev]1 ! d]ivation ( man f brute ance/ry is att5d$ by ano!r & ev5 great] difficulty4 ,! bra91 aft] all1 is b an organ1 x is ! organ ( ,m9d4 ,man possesses faculties ( intellect 7reason1 imag9ation1 ! arti/ic faculties1 etc47 &1 above all1 a moral nature1 :i* raises him f> above ! brute4 ,^! faculties c\ld n possibly h be5 develop$ by means ( =ces resid5t 9 matt] or by means ( ! laws :i* are made to acc\nt = ! physical univ]se4 ,! v t]m evolution implies ! developm5t ( some?+ t 0 at fir/ involv$1 or ess5tially infold$1 9 t 9 :i* evolution began4 ,9 man !re are attributes & faculties n %[n by l[] ord]s4 ,evolution1 seek+ to be consi/5t1 answ]s3 ,x is true t faculties _c be evolv$ out ( a ?+ unless !y exi/ 9 a crude & undevelop$ /ate 9 t ?+1 b ^! high] faculties d exi/ 9 ! l[] ord]s1 pot5tially1 or 9 a g]m =m & are develop$ & become op]ative only 9 ! high] =ms ( life4 ,evolutioni/s d n %r9k f ?is application ( _! !ory to ! human m9d4 ,! attributes ( a ,%akespe>e & ! moral nature ( a ,paul 71 ess5tially or pot5tially 7capable ( developm5t71 9 ! /> fi% & ! jelly fi%4 ,! diff]5ce is n "o ( k9d b ( developm5t & degree4 ,man has ^! faculties develop$1 ! animals h !m undevelop$4 ,9 ! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 publi%$ by 8 son1 is a lett] f ,mr4 ,d>w9 to ,w4 ,graham1 writt5 9 #ahha1 f :i* ,i quote ! foll[+3 ,i h no practice 9 ab/ract reason+1 & ,i may be all a/ray4 ,nev]!less1 y h express$ my inw>d conviction1 ?\gh f> m vividly & cle>ly ?an ,i c\ld h done4 ,b !n1 ) me1 ! horrid d\bt always arises :e!r ! convictions ( man's m9d1 :i* has be5 develop$ f ! l[] animals1 are ( any value1 or are at all tru/wor?y4 ,aga9 he says 7p4 #ebh71 9 ano!r lett] writt5 to ,sir ,c4 ,lyell3 ,grant a simple ar*etypal creature1 l ! mud-fi% or lepidosir5 7mud eel7 ) five s5ses & "s ve/ige ( m9d1 & ,i believe natural selection w acc\nt = ! production ( e v]tebrate animal1 includ+1 ( c\rse1 man4 ,obs]ve t ?is language is v def9ite4 ,x says t ! m9d ( man1 ) all its wond]ful attributes & faculties1 0 evolv$ f ! m9d ( ! l[] animals--& he goes z l[ z ! mud-fi% & ! eel t live 9 ! slime ( ! swamps4 ,n[1 :oev] wi%es to believe su* a prepo/]\s assumption c d s4 ,he is able to believe almo/ any?+1 & to disbelieve ev]y?+4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself says he looks ^u man's convictions z ( no value1 because !y are ! convictions ( a m9d d]iv$ f ! m9d ( l[] animals2 nor c "o blame him = be+ skeptical4 ,our po9t1 h[ev]1 is t !re is su* a trem5d\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! intellectual & moral faculties ( man & ! b>ely in/9ctive impulses ( ! l[] creatures1 t no "o c see any connection betwe5 ! two1 unless !re is "s s]i\s defect 9 8 own m5tal or moral p]ceptions4 ,e in/9ct & conviction ( ! human m9d rises 9 indignant repudiation ( ! !ory ( man's desc5t4 ,!re are ev5 among ?or\ghgo+ ,d>w9ians "s :o draw ! l9e at ?is 7necess>y7 application ( ! developm5t idea4 ,wallace says1 at ! conclusion ( 8 def5se ( ,d>w9ism3 ,! faculties ( man c\ld n possibly h be5 develop$ by means ( ! same laws :i* h det]m9$ ! progressive developm5t ( ! _w 9 g5]al1 & also ( man's physical organism--! human body4 ,he f9ds 9 ! orig9 ( ,m9d cle> indications ( an unse5 univ]se--a _w ( _s1 to :i* ! _w ( matt] is altoge!r subord9ate4 7,d>w9ism1 p4 #cbj47 ,yet ! developm5t ( m9d ?r\gh m]ely physical =ces is upheld to ! pres5t day by ! majority ( evolutioni/s4 ,! doctr9e is ev5 f\nd 9 public s*ool texts4 ,9 ,davis' ,physical ,geography1 a high-s*ool text1 we read page #cda3 ,! great] intellig5ce ( _m l& animals ?an ( sea animals %\ld also be reg>d$ z a result ( ! developm5t ( l& animals amid a great] v>iety ( geographical conditions ?an is f\nd 9 ! seas4 4 4 4 ,! wond]ful intellig5ce ( man has be5 develop$ on ! l&s1 because only on ! l&s is to be f\nd ! great v>iety ( =m1 climate & products :i* c /imulate ! developm5t ( high intellig5ce4 ,x w\ld h be5 z impossible = man to develop z an inhabitant ( ! d>k & monoton\s ocean floor z x has be5 = civilization to arise out ( ! froz5 & lonesome l&s ( ! ,ant>ctic regions4 ,?us ev5 ! *ildr5 ( our g5]ation are taught a doctr9e :i* is n only unprov5 b s f> falls %ort ( expla9+ t :i* x 0 inv5t$ to expla9 t x _c1 by any correct def9ition1 ev5 be dignifi$ ) ! "n ( a work+ hypo!sis4 ,x is a !ory ( orig9s :i* fails to acc\nt = "o ?+ precisely--,orig9s4 ,,*apt] ,,?ree4 ,! ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks4 ,we h se5 t ! pr9cipal argum5t = a developm5t ( ! high] types ( life f l[] organisms is bas$ ^u a /udy ( fossil rema9s 7paleontology74 ,! old] ! /rata 9 ! e>?'s surface1 ! simpl] ! animal =ms imb$d$ !re92 ! m rec5t ! /rata1 ! m complex & highly develop$ ! fossil rema9s4 ,popul> sci5tific works1 & books ( ref5ce tr4 note3 sic g5]ally1 quote x z an axiom3 ,9 ! olde/ rocks ! simple/ fossils are f\nd1 h5ce ! high] animals are develop$ f ! l[]4 ,davis ,physical ,geograhy tr4 note3 sic says 7page #ag73 ,age ( ! ,e>?4--,x is impossible to say :at ! age ( ! e>? & ! sol> sy/em is1 b x c]ta9ly %\ld be reckon$ 9 millions & millions ( ye>s4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! sun & ! planets exi/$ = an indef9itely long p]iod be=e ! condition ( ! e>?'s surface 0 su* z to all[ ! habitation ( ! planet by plants & animals4 ,x is well prov$ by ! pr9ts or fossils ( v>i\s plants & animals 9 anci5t rock lay]s t ^! l[] =ms ( life exi/$ ^u ! e>? = a va/ l5g? ( "t1 millions & millions ( ye>s be=e man appe>$4 ,"h1 !n1 we are squ>ely confront$ by ! issue4 ,ei!r ! rocks te/ify to a sl[ evolution ( plant & animal life1 or !y supply no su* te/imony4 ,pr(essor ,d[n+ ( ,*icago ,univ]sity1 says t ?is is inde$1 ! "o prim>y argum5t = evolution1 ! re/ be+ simply corroborative4 ,on ?is rock evolutioni/s build _! sci5tific ,fai?4 ,let u inve/igate4 ,we %all note1 to beg9 )1 t !re are1 inde$1 a l>g] numb] ( species1 bo? ( animals & plants1 pres]v$ 9 ! rocks1--?\s&s1 9 fact4 ,!re are l[ly organisms1 ( ! crab & cuttle fi% v>iety1 & m highly organiz$ =ms1 fi%es & birds1 & !re are ! pr9ts & fossiliz$ bones ( great mon/]s1 huge liz>ds & slo?s & o!r mammalia4 ,x is possible to e/abli% a gradation 9 ?is great catalog ( fossils1 beg9n+ ) ! l>ge/ or mo/ p]fectly develop$1 & end+ ) ! animals l[] 9 ! scale ( life2 or vice v]sa4 ,! evolutioni/s say1 vice v]sa1 ! simple/ fir/1 ! mo/ complex la/1 & !n !y add3 ,s !y h develop$4 ,at ?is po9t we %all fir/ quote "o ( ! e>lie/ palaeontologi/s1 & "o ( ! mo/ fam\s1 ,hugh ,mill]1 ^: ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahda1 has n[ be5 republi%$ 9 ! ,ev]yman ,libr>y4 ,9 ?is brilliant "w1 ,mill] pays 8 respects to ! evolutioni/s ( 8 age4 ,he ref]s to ,lam>ck & says3 ,! +5i\s =eign]1 on ! /r5g? ( a few /rik+ facts :i* prove t to a c]ta9 ext5t ! in/9cts ( species may be improv$ & height5$1 & _! =ms *ang$ f a l[] to a high] degree ( adaptation to _! circum/ances1 has conclud$ t !re is a natural progress f ! inf]ior ord] ( be+ t[>ds ! sup]ior1 & t ! (f-spr+ ( creatures l[ 9 ! scale 9 ! pres5t "t may hold a mu* high] place 9 x1 & belong to diff]5t & nobl] species1 a few ?\s& ye>s h5ce4 4 4 4 ,he has argu$ on ?is pr9ciple ( improvem5t & adaptation1--:i*1 c>ry x z f> z we rationally may1 /ill leaves ! vegetable a vegetable1 & ! dog a dog1--t 9 ! va/ c\rse ( ages1 inf]ior h ris5 into sup]ior natures1 & l[] into high] races2 t molluscs & zoophytes h pass$ into fi% & reptiles1 & fi% & reptiles into birds & quadrup$s2 t un=m$ gelat9\s bodies1 ) an organisation sc>cely traceable1 h be5 metamorphos$ into oaks & c$>s2 & t monkeys & apes h be5 trans=m$ into human creatures1 capable ( und]/&+ & admir+ ! !ories ( ,lam>ck4 ,x is a law ( nature1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,mill]1 t ! *a9 ( be+1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ =m ( life1 %\ld be1 9 "s degree1 a cont9u\s *a92 t ! v>i\s classes ( exi/5ce %\ld %ade into "o ano!r1 s t x (t5 proves a matt] ( no little difficulty to po9t out ! exact l9e ( dem>cation :]e "o class or family ends & ano!r class or family beg9s4 ,! naturali/ passes f ! vegetable to ! animal tribes1 sc>cely aw>e1 amid ! p]plex+ =ms ( int]m$iate exi/5ce1 at :at po9t he quits ! prec9cts ( ! "o1 to ent] on ^? ( ! o!r4 ,all ! animal families h1 9 l mann]1 _! connect+ l9ks2 & x is *iefly out ( ^! t writ]s su* z ,lam>ck & ,maillet con/ruct _! sy/em4 ,!y conf\nd gradation ) progress4 ,ge(frey ,hudson 0 a v %ort man1 & ,golia? ( ,ga? a v tall "o2 & ! gradations ( ! human /ature lie betwe54 ,b gradation is n progress2 & ?\gh we f9d full-gr[n m5 ( five feet1 five feet six in*es1 & six feet & a half1 ! fact gives u no e>ne/ :atev] t ! race is ris+ 9 /ature1 & t at "s future p]iod ! av]age height ( ! human family w be some:at betwe5 t5 & elev5 feet4 ,& equally unsolid is ! argum5t t f a pr9ciple ( gradation 9 races w\ld r$uce a pr9ciple ( progress 9 races4 ,! tall man ( six feet ne$ ent]ta9 q z little hope ( ris+ into elev5 feet z ! %ort man ( five2 nor has ! fi% t occasionally flies any bett] *ance ( pass+ into a bird ?an ! fi% t only swims4 ,geology ab\nds ) creatures ( ! int]m$iate class4 ,b x furni%es no g5ealogical l9k to %[ t ! exi/5ces ( "o race d]ive _! l9eage f ! exi/5ces ( ano!r4 ,! sc5e %ifts z we pass f =mation to =mation2 we are introduc$ 9 ea* to a new dramatis p]sonae4 ,( all ! v]tebrata1 fi%es rank l[e/1 & 9 geological hi/ory appe> fir/4 ,n[1 fi%es diff] v mu* among !mselves3 "s rank ne>ly z l[ z worms1--"s ne>ly z high z reptiles2 & if fi% c\ld h ris5 into reptiles1 & reptiles into mammalia1 we w\ld necess>ily expect to f9d l[] ord]s ( fi% pass+ into high]1 & tak+ prec$5ce ( ! high] 9 _! appe>ance 9 po9t ( "t4 ,if su* be n ! case1--if fi% made _! fir/ appe>ance1 n 9 _! lea/ p]fect1 b 9 _! mo/ p]fect /ate1--n 9 _! ne>e/ approximation to ! worm1 b 9 _! ne>e/ approximation to ! reptile1--!re is no room = progression1 & ! argum5t falls4 ,n[1 x is a geological fact1 t x is fi% ( ! high] ord]s t appe> fir/ on ! /age1 & t !y are f\nd to occupy exactly ! same level dur+ ! va/ p]iod repres5t$ by five succe$+ =mations4 ,!re is no progression4 ,if fi% rose into reptiles1 x mu/ h be5 by sudd5 trans=mation4 ,!re is no gett+ rid ( miracle 9 ! case1--!re is no alt]native betwe5 creation & metamorphosis4 ,! infidel sub/itutes progression = ,deiety2--,geology robs him ( 8 ,god4 ,mr4 ,mill] !n relates 8 discov]y ( ! w+$ fi% 7,pt]i*tys73 ,( all ! organisms ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y1 & ! "o 9 :i* ,lam>ck w\ld h mo/ delight$1 is ! ,pt]i*tys1 or w+$ fi%4 ,_h ,lam>ck be5 ! discov]]1 he w\ld unque/ionably h held t he _h caught a fi% almo/ 9 ! act ( wi%+ itself into a bird4 ,"h are w+s :i* lack only fea!rs1 a body :i* seems to h be5 z well adapt$ = pass+ ?r\gh ! air z ! wat] & a tail by :i* to /e]4 ,i fa9 wi% ,i c\ld communicate to ! read] ! feel+ ) :i* ,i contemplat$ my fir/-f\nd specim54 ,x op5$ ) a s+le bl[ ( ! hamm]2 & !re on a gr\nd ( light-color$ lime/one1 lay ! effigy ( a creature fa%ion$ app>5tly out ( jet1 ) a body cov]$ ) plates1 two p[]ful-look+ arms articulat$ at ! %\ld]s1 a head z entirely lo/ 9 ! trunk z t ( ! ray or ! sun-fi%1 & long angul> tail4 ,mill] says t he at fir/ ?\ght he _h discov]$ a k9d ( turtle t p>took ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a fi%4 ,b he cont9ues3 ,i _h inf]r$ some:at too hurri$ly1 ?\gh p]haps naturally en\gh1 t ^! w+s or arms1 ) _! /rong %>p po9ts & o>-l blades1 _h be5 at once paddles & spe>s1 --in/rum5t ( motion & weapons ( def5ce2 & h5ce ! mi/ake ( connect+ ! creature ) ! ,*elonia 7turtles74 ,i am in=m$ by ,agassiz1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 weapons ( def5ce only1 :i*1 l ! sp9es ( ! riv] bull-head1 7 erect$ 9 mom5ts ( dang] or al>m1 & at o!r times lay close by ! creature's side2 & t ! sole in/rum5t ( motion 0 9 ! tail4 ,! riv] bull-head1 :5 attack$ by an enemy1 or imm$iately z x feels ! hook 9 its jaws1 erects its two sp9es at ne>ly "r angles ) ! plates ( ! head1 z if to r5d] itself z difficult ( be+ swall[$ z possible4 ,! attitude is "o ( dang] & al>m2 & x is a curi\s fact1 t 9 ?is attitude n9e-t5? ( ! ,pt]i*?yes ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one are to be f\nd4 ,a c5tury has pass$ s9ce ,mill] ?\ght he _h discov]$ a turtle :i* 0 s modifi$ 9 /ructure z to be a l9k betwe5 ! turtles & ! fi%4 ,b to ! pres5t day geology has fail$ to furni% evid5ce t su* a l9k at "o "t exi/$4 ,?is abs5ce1 9 ! geological record1 ( transitional =ms1 is "o ( ! greate/ difficulties ( ! evolutioni/ic !ory4 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 ! fossils f\nd 9 ! v>i\s lay]s ( rock ought to %[ gradual modifications1 l9k+ ! v>i\s species ( animals & plants 9 a f9ely graduat$ sy/em1 ) ?\s&s ( =ms %[+ 9 rudim5t>y /ructure ^? organs :i* 9 ! m advanc$ =ms h become fully develop$4 ,h[ev]1 no su* progress f m to less g5]aliz$ types has be5 demon/rat$1 al?\gh _m tra9$ inve/igators h se>*$ ! fossilif]\s rocks = su* evid5ce ( evolution4 ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 8 ,lay ,s]mons admits t an imp>tial survey ( ! positively asc]ta9$ tru?s ( paleontology ,ei!r %[s u no evid5ce ( su* modification1 or demon/rates su* modification z has occurr$ to h be5 v slight2 & z to ! nature ( t modification1 x yields no evid5ce :atsoev] t ! e>li] memb]s ( any long-cont9u$ gr\p 7 m g5]aliz$ 9 /ructure ?an ! lat] ones4 ,le,conte says3 ,al?\gh ! species *ange greatly1 & p]haps _m times1 9 pass+ f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ /rata1 we d n usually1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 f9d ! gradual transitions we w\ld naturally expect1 if ! *ange 7 effect$ by gradual transitions4 ,he fur!r speaks ( ! abs5ce ( connect+ l9ks z ! greate/ ( all objections aga9/ ! !ory ( evolution4 7,evolution1 p4 #bcd47 ,?is abs5ce ( transitional =ms betwe5 diff]5t species has always be5 recogniz$ z a s]i\s difficulty2 & ,mr4 ,d>w91 9 ! attempt to obviate x1 succe$s only 9 %[+ h[ v s]i\s x is4 ,^! are 8 words3 ,geology assur$ly does n reveal any su* f9ely graduat$ organic *a92 & ?is1 p]haps1 is ! mo/ obvi\s & grave/ objection :i* c be urg$ aga9/ my !ory4 ,alfr$ ,fairhur/ says1 9 8 ,organic ,evolution ,consid]$ 7p4 #ic73 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( evolution1 & especially ( natural selection1 if we />t ) any organism & trace its hi/ory backw>d1 we w\ld f9d t ?r\gh an endless numb] ( g5]ations x _h be5 v slightly *ang+1 s t any individual is always a transitional =m betwe5 its imm$iate ance/ors & its own (fspr+4 ,?is be+ true1 "o w\ld expect1 if ! !ory ( evolution is true1 to f9d va/ numb]s ( transitional =ms connect+ e>li] & lat] species 9 ! v>i\s p]iods :]e fossils are well pres]v$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n true4 ,species1 :5 !y fir/ appe>1 /& %>ply def9$4 ,d>w9 expresses 8 disappo9tm5t at ! abs5ce ( transitional =ms z foll[s3 ',b ,i d n pret5d t ,i %\ld ev] h suspect$ h[ poor 0 ! record 9 ! be/ pres]v$ geological sections1 _h n ! abs5ce ( innum]able transitional l9ks betwe5 ! species :i* liv$ at ! comm5cem5t & close ( ea* =mation press$ s h>dly on my !ory4' ,ev5 a cursory /udy ( su* texts z ,dana's ,manual ( ,geology w reveal t ! developm5t ( ! plants & animals ?r\gh ! ages ( speculative geology does n move =w>d l a /eadily ris+ flood4 ,!re is r a s]ies ( great waves1 ea* ris+ abruptly1 new =ms (t5 appe>+ sudd5ly & toge!r4 ,! v simple/ kn[n fossils1 ! trilobites1 ( :i* ne>ly a hundr$ species are kn[n 9 ,am]ica alone1 & c]ta9 cephalopods 7sea snails7 are animals highly complex 9 /ructure & reg>d$ by ,le ,conte z h>dly l[] ?an ! middle ( ! animal scale4 ,! trilobites possess well develop$ comp\nd eyes & ! cephalopods h simple eyes1 almo/ z complex z ! eyes ( man1 possess a well def9$ /oma*1 a sy/emic he>t1 a liv]1 & a highly develop$ n]v\s sy/em tr4 note3 no p]iod 9 orig9al ,obs]ve1 t ^! two highly organiz$ =ms ( animals1 h>dly to be reg>d$ z l[] ?an ! middle ( ! animal scale1 are ! v olde/ animals f\nd 9 fossil =m6 ,9 o!r words1 ( at lea/ "o half ( ! total progress ( ! animal k+dom e ve/ige is lo/4 ,if we turn a few pages 9 ,dana's ,manual we f9d 9 ! s&/one ( ! ,devonian ,era gigantic species ( fi%4 ,! entire record ( evolution f ! mollusk to ! fi% is lo/6 ,!re is n a s+le transitional =m4 ,^! fi%es h organs z complex & p]fect z ! fi%es ( to-day4 ,sudd5ly1 9 ! c>bonic age amphibia & reptiles appe>1 & !n come1 9 ! ,triassic ! huge reptiles kn[n z d9osaurs4 ,insects & scorpions h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,silurian4 tr4 note3 sic on punctuation ,!y /& among ! highe/ ( ev5 liv+ articulates1 & !y are ! olde/ kn[n airbrea?+ animals4 ,we seek 9 va9 = ! prog5itors ( ^! highly organiz$ articulates or = "s conceivable me?od by :i* _! w+s & special brea?+ app>atus c\ld h evolv$4 ,we d n "k t ^! fir/ insects & scorpions h made any mat]ial progress ?r\gh all ! ages4 7,fairhur/47 ,pr(essor ,huxley 9 deliv]+ ! anniv]s>y address to ! ,geological ,society = #ahgj1 quotes ! foll[+ f an address be=e ! same society 9 #ahfb3 ,if we conf9e ourselves to positively asc]ta9$ facts1 ! total am\nt ( *ange 9 ! =ms ( animal & vegetable life s9ce ! exi/5ce ( su* =ms is record$1 is small4 ,:5 comp>$ ) ! lapse ( "t s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( ^! =ms1 ! am\nt ( *ange is wond]fully small4 ,moreov]1 9 ea* great gr\p ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 !re are c]ta9 =ms :i* ,i t]m$ ,p]si/5t ,types1 :i* h rema9$1 ) b v little app>5t *ange1 f _! fir/ appe>ance to ! pres5t "t4 ,9 answ] to ! "q1 ',:at !n does an imp>tial survey ( ! positively asc]ta9$ tru?s ( paleontology te/ify 9 relation to ! common doctr9es ( progressive modification1 :i* suppose t modification to h tak5 place by necess>y progress f m to less embryonic =ms1 f m to less g5]aliz$ types )9 ! limits ( ! p]iod repres5t$ by ! fossilif]\s rocks8' ,i reply1 ,x negatives ^! doctr9es2 = x ei!r %[s u no evid5ce ( su* modifications1 or demon/rates su* modification z has occurr$ to h be5 v slight4 ,! significance ( p]si/5t types & ( ! small am\nt ( *ange :i* has tak5 place ev5 9 ^? =ms :i* c be %[n to h be5 modifi$1 becomes great] & great] 9 my eyes1 ! long] ,i occupy myself ) ! ,biology ( ! pa/4 ,f ! fact t ! trilobites1 s highly organiz$1 appe>$ 9 ! primordial1 or olde/ /rata1 x w\ld seem t !y 7 specially adapt$ to make progress4 ,!y liv$ ?r\gh ,paleozoic "t1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dana1 repres5ts twelve ( ! sixte5 p>ts ( all geological "t1 beg9n+ ) ! ,primordial2 or1 call+ ! :ole geological "t #dh millions ( ye>s1 ! trilobites liv$ #cf million ( ye>s1 or ?ree-f\r?s ( all geological "t4 ,f _! great p]si/5ce 9 "t 7accept+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 ! ages ( speculative geology7 x w\ld seem t !y _h a rem>kably good opportunity to make wond]ful progress 9 /ructure4 ,dur+ t "t !re 7 ?\s&s ( species1 yet !y made no progress4 ,we d n "k t 9 all ^? millions ( ye>s a s+le high] =m 0 evolv$ f any "o ( ! great multitude ( species ( trilobites4 ,z ,d>w9 says ( ! goose1 s "o may say ( ! trilobite2 x _h a s+ul>ly inflexible organization4 ,! rem>kable ?+ ab\t ?is1 h[ev]1 is t previ\s to ! ,primordial1 :ile x 0 becom+ a trilobite1 x mu/ h _h a s+ul>ly flexible organization1 o!rwise x c\ld n h obta9$ its complex /ructure2 b :5 x rea*$ ! ,primordial x became v cons]vative4 ,fairhur/ says1 9 ! "w already quot$3 ,x is a mo/ rem>kable fact t 9 ! fir/ geological p]iod 9 :i* und\bt$ fossils occur1 all ! sub-k+doms except t ( ! v]tebrates are well repres5t$1 & t !re is no evid5ce f fossils t "o sub-k+dom1 or ev5 t diff]5t classes ( ! same sub-k+dom 7 evolv$ f ea* o!r4 ,! great gulfs t sep>ate ! animal k+dom into sub-k+doms & classes exi/$ !n1 & h cont9u$ till ! pres5t "t4444 ,if we rely on kn[n fossils z evid5ce1 we w\ld be oblig$ to conclude t highly organiz$ fi%es 7 sudd5ly introduc$4 ,! break 9 ! suppos$ *a9 ( evolution betwe5 ! inv]tebrates & ! highly organiz$ v]tebrates ( ! ,l[] ,silurian is "o ( ! greate/ 9 ! :ole geological record4 ,! va/ gulf betwe5 ^! /ructures mu/1 ,i ?9k1 rema9 unbridg$ except by ! imag9ation4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,joseph ,le,conte1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 writes 9 8 book1 ,religion & ,sci5ce3 ,! evid5ce ( geology to-day is t species seem to come 9 sudd5ly & 9 full p]fection1 rema9 sub/antially un*ang$ dur+ ! t]m ( _! exi/5ce1 & pass away 9 full p]fection4 ,o!r species take _! places app>5tly by sub/itution1 n by transmutation4 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,watts uses ^! emphatic words3 ,! record ( ! rocks "k no?+ ( ! evolution ( a high] =m f a l[] =m4 ,nei!r ! paleozoic age nor ! liv+ organisms ( our _w reveal an au!ntic in/ance ( su* evolution4 ,bo? nature & revelation proclaim x z an inviolable law t l produces l4 ,& ,hugh ,mill] w5t "o /ep fur!r :5 he te/ifi$3 ,i w\ld ask su* ( ! g5tlem5 :om ,i n[ address z h /udi$ ! subject mo/ ?or\ghly1 :e!r1 at ^? gr& l9es ( division betwe5 ! ,palaeozoic & ,second>y1 & aga9 betwe5 ! ,second>y & ,t]ti>y p]iods1 at :i* ! entire type ( organic be+ alt]s1 s t all on ! "o side ( ! gap belongs to "o fa%ion1 & all on ! o!r to ano!r & :olly diff]5t fa%ion1--:e!r !y h n be5 z ?or\ghly impress$ ) ! conviction t !re exi/$ a ,creative ,ag5t1 to :om ! sudd5 *ange 0 ow+1 z if !y !mselves _h witness$ ! miracle ( creation8 7,presid5tial address be=e ! ,royal ,physical ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 #aheb47 ,b we h n yet done ) ?is "p ( our inve/igation4 ,! argum5t f geology is bas$ on ! assumption t ! *ronological ord] ( ! e>?'s lay]s has be5 det]m9$ at lea/ ) great approximation to c]ta9ty1 s t we may say ) "s assurance t ?is lay] ( lime/one or s&/one is ( e>li]1 t1 ( lat] orig94 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! textbooks d treat ! v>i\s ages ( geology z if !y correspond$ to c]ta9 /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,b by :at me?od is ! age ( ! v>i\s lay]s det]m9$8 ,james ,d4 ,dana 9 8 ,manual ( ,geology 7,f\r? edition1 p4 #cih f47 says t !re are f\r me?ods by :i* we may decide ! relation ( "o lay] to ano!r4 ,! fir/ is1 naturally1 ! ord] 9 :i* ! lay]s re/ ^u "o ano!r2 ! l[] /rata1 are1 ( c\rse1 old] ?an ! upp]4 ,h[ev]1 he po9ts out 9 f\r precautions ! inability ( ! inve/igator to dep5d on ?is me?od1 s9ce = ! comp>+ ( rocks ( disconnect$ regions1 ?is crit]ion mu/ fail4 ,also ! color & m9]al composition c be us$ only ) di/ru/ & mu/ be usually disreg>d$4 ,!n ! ,manual proce$s3 #d ,fossils4--,! crit]ion = det]m9+ ! *ronological ord] ( /rata dep5d5t on k9ds ( fossils takes direct hold ^u "t1 & !re=e1 is ! be/2 &1 moreov]1 x s]ves = ! correlation ( rocks all ov] ! _w4 ,n[ obs]ve h[1 9 ! foll[+1 ! geologi/ leans ^u ! evolutioni/3 ,! life ( ! globe has *ang$ ) ! progress ( "t4 ,ea* epo* has _h its peculi> species1 or peculi> gr\ps ( species4 ,moreov]1 ! succession ( life has foll[$ a gr& law ( progress1 involv+ "u a s+le sy/em a clos] & clos] approximation 9 ! species1 z "t mov$ on1 to ^? :i* n[ exi/4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t id5tity ( species ( fossils proves approximate id5tity ( age4 ,let u be> ?is 9 m9d4 ,dana takes = grant$ ! evolution>y process4 ,! simpl] =ms ( animal life indicate ! old] /rata1 ! complex =ms1 ! m rec5t4 ,we d n misund]/& ,mr4 ,dana4 ,su* expressions z ! foll[+ ab\nd3 ,:]e direct paleontological obs]vation has asc]ta9$ 9 p>ticul> cases ! /eps ( progress 9 ! developm5t ( organs1 z1 = example1 ^? ( ! tee? 9 ,mammals1 ! facts become a basis = fur!r use 9 ! same direction4 7p4 #djb47 ,! gr&] divisions ( geological "t %\ld be bas$1 9 a compreh5sive way1 on organic progress 7f simple to m complex /ructures7 7p4 #djd47 ,:5 ! relations ( ! b$s to ^? recogniz$ 9 o!r regions h be5 asc]ta9$ ?r\gh fossils444 7p4 #dje47 ,! pr9ciple ann\nc$ by ,dana is accept$ by geologi/s g5]ally4 ,angelo ,heilpr9 9 ,! ,e>? & its ,/ory1 p4 #aec ff4 has ! foll[+3 ,!re has be5 a /eady & progressive advance 9 ! g5]al type ( organization f ! olde/ to ! newe/ p]iods2 m highly develop$ or m complicat$ =ms h successively replac$ =ms ( simpl] con/ruction2 & ?is advance is /ill cont9u+ to-day4 ,once m1 ! correctness ( ! evolution>y hypo!sis is tak5 = grant$4 ,9 ! olde/ rocks1 = example1 no trace ( backbon$ animals has yet be5 detect$2 :5 su* d appe> = ! fir/ "t1 !y %[ !mselves 9 _! l[e/ types1 ! fi%es2 ^! are succe$$ lat] by ! amphibians 7frogs1 newts1 salam&]s71 & ^! aga9 by reptiles4 ,& if we take ! fi%es by !mselves1 we f9d t !y1 too1 beg9 ) _! l[]1 if n absolutely ! l[e/ types1 & progressively develop _! high] ones4 ,?is hi/ory is repeat$ 9 ! cases ( ! reptiles & quadrup$s--9 fact1 ) e class ( animals t is kn[n to u4 ,naturali/s 7evolutioni/s7 are to-day well agre$ among !mselves t all animal & vegetable =ms are d]ivatives f =ms t prec$$ !m44444 ,h5ce x is1 t1 9 foll[+ ! geological record1 we speak ( progressive evolution1 ! evolv+ ( high] or m complicat$ types ( organisms f ^? simpl] & m g5]al 9 /ructure4 ,n[ read c>efully ! foll[+3 ,?is fact has p]mitt$ geologi/s to m>k (f di/9ct eras or p]iods 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! planet1 ea* ( !m det]m9$ by c]ta9 *>act]i/ic animal or vegetable =ms1 :i* ei!r d n appe> be=e or aft] su* p]iod1 or else are by numb]s s di/9ctive ( x z to typify x cle>ly4 ,evid5tly1 ! ,philadelphia pr(essor1 too1 assumes progressive evolution z an asc]ta9$ fact & 9 accordance !re) classifies ! lay]s ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,almo/ e species ( fossil has a def9ite position 9 ! geological scale1 & w\ld by itself s]ve to locate a =mation2 b (t5times ! det]m9ation ( species1 ow+ to insuffici5cy ( k ( ! oblit]ation ( *>act]s1 is a mo/ difficult task1 & !n rec\rse is _h to ! aspect ( ! entire gr\p '( fossils :i* a giv5 rockmass conta9s4 ,?is g5]ally gives ! age or position )\t difficulty4 ,edw>d ,clodd1 9 ,! ,/ory ( ,creation1 a ,pla9 ,acc\nt ( ,evolution1 says1 page #ah4 ,! relative age & place ( ea* /ratum 4444 are fix$ by ! fossils4 ,n[1 is n ?is a mo/ extraord9>y situation8 ,! evolutioni/ says3 ,! sci5ce ( paleontology furni%es ! basic argum5t = our hypo!sis1--! old] ! /rata ( ! e>?s surface1 ! simpl] ! fossils f\nd !re94 ,?is s\nds impressive4 ,b we ask him3 ,h[ d y "k ! age ( ! /rata1--& ! answ] is1 t1 ( c\rse1 is ! bus9ess ( ! geologi/ to det]m9e4 ,we n[ turn to ! geologi/ & ask3 ,h[ d y det]m9e ! age ( ! /rata8 ,& ! geologi/ answ]s3 ,:y1 evolution>y sci5ce has prov5 t ! simple/ animals & plants appe>$ fir/2 h5ce1 :]e ,i f9d simple fossils1 ,i "k t ,i h a m anci5t b$ ( lime-/one or s&-/one ?an ! /rata :i* conta9 m complex =ms1--:i* appe>$ lat]4 ,note well1 ! geologi/s :i* we h quot$ ass]t t ?is is ! be/ & f9al pro( = ! position ( a /ratum 9 ! scale ( geological hi/ory4 ,! geologi/ dep5ds on ! fossils4 ,b he believes ^! to belong to an e>li] or m rec5t age because he accepts ! evolutioni/'s ^w = x4 ,& ! evolutioni/ says3 ! geologi/ says ^! rocks are olde/2 b 9 !m ,i f9d ! simple/ =ms2 h5ce ! evolution>y !ory is prov54 ,we repeat x1--is n ?is a v1 v extraord9>y situation8 ,h we n "h a p]fect case ( :at logicians call reason+ 9 a circle1 or begg+ ! "q8 ,h[ c ! evolutioni/ quote ! geologi/ :5 ! geologi/ ass]ts t he classifies 8 lay]s ( rock accord+ to ! fossils1--& t he accepts :at ! evolutioni/s ass]ts tr4 note3 sic reg>d+ ^!8 ,:at1 9 view ( ?is situation1 becomes ( ! evolutioni/'s argum5t f fossils8 ,& :at becomes ( ! ages ( speculative geology8 ,,*apt] ,,f\r4 ,! ,fixity ( ,species4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,lu!ran ,companion rec5tly said t 8 sev5 ye> old boy br\ght home a text book "s mon?s ago1 call$ ,home ,geography = ,prim>y ,grades4 ,on page #adc is f\nd ?is /atem5t ab\t birds3 ,ev] s long ago1 _! gr&fa!rs 7 n birds at all4 ,!n !y c\ld n fly1 = !y _h nei!r w+s nor fea!rs4 ,^! gr&fa!rs ( our birds _h f\r legs1 a long tail & jaws ) tee?4 ,aft] a "t fea!rs grew ^u _! bodies & _! front legs become *ang$ = fly+4 ,^! 7 /range look+ creatures4 ,!re are none liv+ l !m n[4 ,"o is tempt$ to disgress1 tr4 note3 sic = a mom5t1 f ! subject at h& 9 ord] to draw1 f ?is incid5t1 an argum5t = ! ,*ri/ian ,day ,s*ool2 b we %all desi/4 ,! quotation is "h adduc$ to illu/rate ! vogue :i* evolution1 specifically ,d>w9ism1 /ill ma9ta9s 9 ! lit]ature1 ev5 9 ! s*ool-texts ( our day4 ,babes & suckl+s are introduc$ to ! !ory ( evolution>y developm5t1 & ! !ory is pres5t$ ) an assurance z if x 7 sci5tific tru?4 ,! words ( ,agassiz1 pr9ce ( naturali/s1 apply to-day4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! evolution !ory 9 zoology is treat$ w\ld lead ^? :o are n special zoologi/s to suppose t obs]vations h be5 made by :i* x c be inf]r$ t !re is 9 nature su* a ?+ z *ange among organiz$ be+s actually tak+ place4 ,he adds3 ,!re is no su* ?+ on record4 ,x is %ift+ ! gr\nd f "o field ( obs]vation to ano!r to make ?is /atem5t1 & :5 ! ass]tions g s f> z to exclude f ! doma9 ( sci5ce ^? :o w n be dragg$ into ?is mire ( m]e ass]tion1 !n x is "t to prote/4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,w>r51 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 m rec5tly said3 ,if ! !ory ( evolution be true1 dur+ ! _m ?\s&s ( ye>s cov]$ 9 :ole or 9 "p by pres5t human k1 !re w\ld c]ta9ly be kn[n at lea/ a few in/ances1 or at lea/ "o in/ance1 ( ! evolution ( "o species f ano!r4 ,no su* in/ance is kn[n4 ,ab/ract argum5ts s\nd le>n$ & appe> impos+1 s t _m are deceiv$ by !m4 ,b 9 ?is matt] we remove ! "q f ! ab/ract to ! concrete4 ,we are told t facts w>rant ! evolution>y !ory4 ,b d !y8 ,:]e is "o s+le fact8 ,! hypo!sis assumes t ?r\gh environm5t1 c]ta9 v>ieties ( species 7bo? ( plants & animals7 arose1 & t ! v>ieties be/ fitt$1 ?r\gh _! habits1 /ructure1 or color1 to ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 surviv$ ! species less favorably end[$1 & h5ce p]si/$4 7,we h quot$ 9 our initial *apt] ! classical illu/ration ( ! dipp]-birds f ,wallace's ,d>w9ism47 ,n[1 z a matt] ( fact1 we _c prove t a s+le species has *ang$4 ,^! are ! words ( ,d>w9 himself1 quot$ f ,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #be3 ,!re are two or ?ree million ( species on e>?1 suffici5t field1 "o might ?9k1 = obs]vation4 ,b x mu/ be said to-day t 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( tra9$ obs]v]s1 n "o *ange ( a species into ano!r is on record4 ,dr4 ,n4 ,s4 ,%al]1 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ,h>v>d1 ass]ts t x has n be5 prov$ t a s+le species has be5 e/abli%$ solely or ev5 ma9ly by ! op]ation ( ,natural ,selection4 ,pr(essor ,fleis*mann1 ( ,erlang51 has gone s f> z to say t ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( desc5t has1 9 ! realms ( nature1 n a s+le fact to confirm x4 ,dr4 ,e?ridge ( ! ,briti% ,museum says3 ,9 all ?is great museum !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce ( transmutation ( species4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! talk ( evolutioni/s is %e] nons5se1 n f\nd$ on obs]vation & :olly unsupport$ by facts4 ,pr(4 ,ow5 decl>es t no in/ance ( *ange ( "o species into ano!r has ev] be5 record$ by man4 ,dr4 ,m>t91 ,sanitaetsrat1 ( ,g]many1 :o has conduct$ "s highly te*nical exp]im5ts 9 ! blood reactions ( v>i\s animals & man1 on :i* he bases 8 conclusions1 says3 ,s9ce ,d>w9 we h be5 accu/om$ to consid] ! concept 'species' z some?+ insecure & un/able4 ,! :ole organic _w mu/ be ?\ght ( z fluid if ! evolution !ory is to f9d room = action4 ,x requir$1 inde$1 all ! great inve/igator's ke5ness to f5ce 8 !ory aga9/ ! difficulty :i* ! lack ( transitional =ms occasion$1 & aga9/ ! fact t ! rise ( a new species has nev] be5 obs]v$1 mu* m aga9/ ! fact t all processes 9 artificial bre$+ h n suffic$ to fix p]man5tly ! *anges :i* h be5 atta9$4 ,we admire ! clev] /ructure ( ! !ory1 b !re is no d\bt t ! ob/9acy ) :i* ! organism cl+s to its species-*>act]i/ics is ! po9t on :i* x is mortal4 ,"o is1 tr4 note3 sic 9 fact1 z mu* ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( a /ruggle to reta9 ^! *>act]i/ics z to speak ( a /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,man has be5 able greatly to modify _m vegetable productions4 ,witness ! comp>atively rec5t *anges 9 ! potato plant4 ,! small1 almo/ wor?less tub]s ( ! wild potato h *ang$1 "u ! =ce ( intellig5t cultivation1 to ! l>ge1 />*y1 nutriti\s vegetables1 :i* furni% s _m p a l>ge portion ( _! food4 ,m9d has be5 at "w2 m9d & nature h *ang$ ! size1 ! quality1 ! productiv5ess ( ! solatium tubcrosum2 b nei!r m9d nor nature1 nor bo? comb9$1 h1 s f> z we "k1 ev] 9 ! slighte/ degree *ang$ ! species4 ,potatoes are potatoes /ill1 & always w be4 ,! pres5t law ( vegetation is t intellig5t cultivation ( almo/ any plant w ei!r *ange ! orig9al 9 "o way or ano!r1 or1 :at is m likely1 w produce sev]al di/9ct v>ieties2 b t all ^! *ang$ =ms are b m]e modifications ( ! orig9al species1 & t1 :5 depriv$ ( intellig5t cultivation1 !y all t5d to rev]t to ! orig9al =m4 ,x is true t we see _m & v div]se v>ieties ( c]ta9 species1 especially ^? t h receiv$ ! mo/ att5tion f ! h&s ( man4 ,! dog1 = in/ance1 exi/s z ! great1 %aggy ,newf\ndl& or ,/4 ,b]n>d1 or z ! tight girt$ greyh\nd1 z ! pett$ poodle or ! despis$ yell[ dog2 b 9 e case he is a dog1 & n a wolf1 & 8 fell[ dogs recognize him z su*1 too4 ,h5s diff] amaz+ly2 new bre$s p]iodically come into exi/5ce & into fa%ion2 b turn !m loose1 & !y w all seek ! b>ny>d1 & soon y\r fancy bre$s w become corrupt4 ,!y rev]t to type4 ,by ! ex]cise ( intellig5t selection & tra9+1 man is able to emphasize c]ta9 po9ts & to produce new bre$s1 b n to *ange ! ess5tial /ructure nor to alt] ! specific *>act]i/ics4 ,! species are fix$4 ,huxley says3 ,if y bre$ f ! male & female ( ! same race1 y ( c\rse h (fspr+ ( ! l k9d1 & if y make ! (fspr+ bre$ toge!r1 y obta9 ! same result1 & if y bre$ f ^! aga91 y w /ill h ! same k9d ( (fspr+2 !re is no *eck4 ,b if y take memb]s ( two di/9ct species1 h[ev] simil> !y may be to ea* o!r1 & make !m bre$ toge!r1 y w f9d a *eck4 ,if y cross two su* species ) ea* o!r1 !n--al?\gh y may get (fspr+ 9 ! case ( ! fir/ cross1 yet1 if y attempt to bre$ f ! products ( t cross+1 :i* are :at are call$ hybrids-- t is1 if y c\ple a male & a female hybrid--!n ! result is t 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ y w get no (fspr+ at all2 !re w be no result :atsoev]4 ,! reason ( ?is is q obvi\s 9 "s cases2 ! female hybrids1 al?\gh possess+ all ! ext]nal appe>ances & *>act]i/ics ( p]fect animals1 are physiologically imp]fect & defici5t 9 ! /ructural p>ts ( ! reproductive elem5ts necess>y to g5]ation4 ,x is said to be inv>iably ! case ) ! male mule1 ! cross betwe5 ! ass & ! m>e2 & h5ce x is t al?\gh cross+ ! horse ) ! ass is easy en\gh1 & is con/antly done z f> z ,i am aw>e1 if y take two mules1 a male & a female1 & endeavor to bre$ f !m1 y get no (fspr+ :atev]2 no g5]ation w take place4 ,?is is :at is call$ ! /]ility ( ! hybrids betwe5 two di/9ct species4 7,huxley1 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 p4 #bab47 ,he cont9ues3 ,?us y see t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 'mongrels1' :i* are crosses betwe5 di/9ct races1 & 'hybrids1' :i* are crosses betwe5 di/9ct species4 ,! mongrels are1 s f> z we "k1 f]tile ) "o ano!r4 ,b betwe5 species1 9 _m cases1 y _c succe$ 9 obta9+ ev5 ! fir/ cross2 at any rate x is q c]ta9 t ! hybrids are (t5 absolutely inf]tile "o ) ano!r4 ,"h is a feature1 !n1 great or small z x may be1 :i* di/+ui%es natural species ( animals4 ,c we f9d any approximation to ?is 9 ! diff]5t races kn[n to be produc$ by selective bre$+ f a common /ock8 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! answ] to t "q is absolutely a negative "o4 ,z f> z we "k at pres5t1 !re is no?+ approximat+ to ?is *eck4 ,9 cross+ ! bre$s1 betwe5 ! fantail & ! p\t]1 ! c>ri] & ! tumbl]1 or any o!r v>iety or race y may "n--s f> z we "k at pres5t--!re is no difficulty 9 bre$+ toge!r ! mongrels4 ,h[ev]1 he cont9ues1 z soon z y remove ! conditions :i* produc$ ! new v>iety1--z :5 y p]mit pigeons to mate promiscu\sly1--no matt] h[ diff]5t ! v>ieties may h be51 y w h1 9 a few g5]ations ( pigeons1 ! same blue rock pigeon ) ! black b>s across ! w+s4 ,no new species has orig9at$4 ,all v>ieties1 9 a free /ate1 rev]t to type4 ,?is1 says ,huxley1 is c]ta9ly a v rem>kable circum/ance4 ,fairhur/ po9ts out ! difficulties 9 :i* ! evolutioni/ becomes involv$ ?r\gh ! fixity ( species4 ,he writes3 ,x is well kn[n t z a rule di/9ct species w n cross1 & t if !y d cross ! (fspr+ are n f]tile4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is true t all v>ieties ( a species readily cross1 produc+ f]tile (fspr+4 ,?is has commonly be5 reg>d$ z a well-def9$ di/9ction betwe5 v>ieties & species4 ,if ! v>ieties ( pigeons :i* are s diff]5t f ea* o!r did n freely cross1 & if ! mongrel (fspr+ 7 n f]tile1 ,d>w9's argum5t z to ! production ( new species "u dome/ication w\ld be complete4 ,! fact is1 we d n "k ( ! orig9 ( any two species ( animals t d n cross & ^: (fspr+ are n f]tile2 9 o!r words1 we d n "k ( ! orig9 ( species1 b only ( v>ieties4 ,! orig9 ( species t w n cross & produce f]tile (fspr+ is assum$ f ! orig9 ( v>ieties t d cross & produce f]tile (fspr+4 ,?is leaves ! evolutioni/s to acc\nt = "o ( ! mo/ difficult ?+s 9 connection ) ?is !ory1 namely1 h[ did v>ieties ( animals ( ! same species become cross-/]ile899 99,s t !y 7 unable to int]bre$4 ,only if su* cross-/]ility exi/s1 c\ld !y exi/ !reaft] z indep5d5t new species4--,g4 ,sev]al ?+s mu/ occur simultane\sly be=e cross-/]ility betwe5 p>5t & (fspr+ c\ld occur & become effective1 namely1 a numb] ( individuals mu/ be born at ! same "t possess+ ! same v>iation1 ! v>iation mu/ be useful1 ^! individuals mu/ be f]tile ) ea* o!r1 !y mu/ be cross-/]ile ) ! p>5t =m1 z1 o!rwise1 ! (fspr+ w\ld rev]t to type1 &1 f9ally1 ! few1 if any1 individuals ?us produc$ & be+ widely scatt]$ ?r\gh ! species1 mu/ f9d ea* o!r be=e !y c\ld propagate4 ,i reg>d x impossible t ^! ?+s c\ld all occur simultane\sly4 7,organic ,evolution1 p4 #ccc47 ,mr4 ,huxley is =c$ to ?is admission3 ,aft] mu* consid]ation1 & ) assur$ly no bias aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w9's views1 x is our cle> conviction t1 z ! evid5ce /&s1 x is n absolutely prov5 t a gr\p ( animals1 hav+ all ! *>act]s exhibit$ by species 9 nature1 has ev] be5 orig9at$ by selection1 :e!r artificial or natural4 ,& aga94 ,our acceptance ( ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis mu/ be provisional s long z "o l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce is want+2 & s long z all ! animals & plants c]ta9ly produc$ by selective bre$+ f a common /ock are f]tile ) "o ano!r1 t l9k w be want+4 ,9 a rec5t book1 ,creation or ,evolution8 ,a ,philosophical ,inquiry1 ,george ,ticknor ,curtis says3 ,! :ole doctr9e ( ! developm5t ( di/9ct species out ( o!r species makes dem&s ^u our cr$ulity :i* ! tr4 note3 sic irreconcilable ) ! pr9ciples ( belief by :i* we regulate1 or ought to regulate1 our acceptance ( new matt] ( belief4 ,,*apt] ,,five4 ,rudim5t>y ,organs4 ,d>w9ism does n acc\nt = ! fact t ! v>i\s organs ( animals :ile 9 process ( evolution1 mu/ h ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 be5 9 a rudim5t>y1 incomplete /ate4 ,s9ce x is a basic doctr9e ( evolution t useful v>iations 7 transmitt$ f p>5t to (fspr+ because !y 7 useful2 & s9ce fur!rmore1 only ! fully develop$ eye1 ! he>+ e>1 ! actively function+ poison gl&s ( insects & reptiles1 etc41 z well z ! fully develop$ means ( def5se1 7 useful1 x is n possible to und]/& h[ ^! organs 9 _! rudim5t>y /ate 7! half develop$ eye1 n yet capable ( vision2 ! rudim5t>y sp9n]et ( ! spid]1 n yet capable ( produc+ a ?read1 etc47 c\ld s]ve any purpose :i* w\ld make _! transmission advantage\s to ! species4 ,conv]sely1 ! exi/5ce ( rudim5t>y organs 9 liv+ species 7! rudim5t>y spurs ( female birds1 ! rudim5t>y legs ( skeleton ( s]p5ts7 proves t organs d n *ange by use or disuse1 o!rwise !y w\ld long ago h disappe>$4 ,) reg>d to ?is difficulty1 ,d>w9 says3 ,if x c\ld be demon/rat$ t any complex organ exi/$ :i* c\ld n possibly h be5 =m$ by num]\s1 successive1 slight modifications1 my !ory w\ld absolutely break d[n4 ,b ,i c f9d no su* case4 ,let u see4 ,a difficult organ to acc\nt = is ! electric organ ( ! skates4 ,9 ^! fi%es x has be5 %[n to be a true electric batt]y1 b ! dis*>ges f ?is batt]y1 ev5 9 ! adults1 are s feeble t !y are ( no practical use s f> z has be5 asc]ta9$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! electric eel & ! torp$o use _! batt]ies = /unn+ o!r animals4 ,x is evid5t t1 accord+ to ! !ory ( natural selection1 ^! batt]ies c\ld n h be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh _! long functionless & useless /ages1 = t !ory assumes t !y 7 pres]v$ because !y 7 useful4 ,x is ass]t$ by evolutioni/s t w+s z organs ( flight h be5 indep5d5tly evolv$ 9 at lea/ f\r diff]5t l9es--namely1 9 insects1 ! fossil pt]odactyls1 birds & bats4 ,t an organ s highly specializ$ z any "o ( ^! w+s c\ld be evolv$ seems improbable2 :ile ! evolution ( ! f\r diff]5t k9ds1 indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 only increases ! improbability4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 is to acc\nt = ! evolution ( any kn[n k9d ( w+4 ,9 ea* case !re exi/s ! insup]able difficulty ( pres]v+ ! organ ?r\gh ! rudim5t>y /ages4 ,! w+s ( an insect 9 ! fir/ g5]ation ( its evolution w\ld be almo/ imp]ceptible & entirely useless = any purpose :atev]1 & s x w\ld cont9ue to be = a great numb] ( g5]ations4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t !y c\ld n h be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh _! long rudim5t>y /age on ! gr\nd t !y 7 useful1 nor d we "k ( any !ory t w acc\nt = _! evolution4 ,to say t !y 7 evolv$ is easy1 b to acc\nt = _! evolution seems impossible4 ,fairhur/ ref]s to ! delicate & complex organs ( spid]s4 ,! organs :i* spid]s possess = secret+ mat]ial & = mak+ a web c\ld n h be5 gradually evolv$4 ,! :ole app>atus involv$ 9 mak+ ! web w\ld be useless until suffici5tly develop$ to make a web4 ,! same is true1 he cont9ues1 ( ! /+ ( ! scorpion1 ! /+s ( bees1 ! m&ibles ( spid]s ) ! gl& ( poison\s fluid at ! base1 & ! poison app>atus ( s]p5ts4 ,all ( ^! gl&s = secret+ poison w\ld be useless until !y c\ld secrete a h>mful fluid4 ,! spurs ( birds pres5t fur!r difficulties to ! !ory ( evolution4 ,mo/ birds h no spurs4 ,:5 !y possess !m1 z a rule ! males alone h !m well-develop$1 :ile !y are rudim5t>y 9 ! females4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 bo? sexes possess !m 9 a well-develop$ =m4 ,b h[ c\ld a spur be evolv$ 9 ei!r sex8 ,z a rudim5t1 x w\ld = _m g5]ations be entirely useless = any purpose1 & consequ5tly x w\ld n be pres]v$ by natural selection1 nor 9 any o!r possible way1 s f> z ,i c see4 ,! spurs are 9 ! be/ possible position on ! legs = combat4 ,:y did !y appe> 9 ! be/ place & n[h]e else8 ,z useless rudim5ts !y w\ld be q z likely to survive 9 "o place z 9 ano!r4 ,if spurs c\ld n h be5 pres]v$ by natural selection ?r\gh _! rudim5t>y /age1 :y assume t !y h be5 evolv$ accord+ to ?is law8 ,if !y c\ld survive ?r\gh ! critical rudim5t>y p]iod till !y became ( use1 :y n assume t _! evolution 0 cont9u$ accord+ to ! same law8 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t we "k ( no law accord+ to :i* !y c\ld h be5 evolv$4 ,! bat is ano!r highly specializ$ animal4 ,9 _m respects x resembles ! mole1 b its h&s are1 enorm\sly exp&$1 & ! exce$+ly long f+]s are connect$ by a s(t membrane1 mak+ a mo/ s]viceable w+4 ,x is n extremely likely1 assum+ ! developm5t !ory to be true1 t bo? ! mole & ! bat sprang f a common ance/or8 ,& 0 n t ance/or probably a w+less1 ?\gh n a legless mammal8 ,n[1 h[ came ! bat to acquire 8 w+s8 ,did he attempt to spr+ into ! air & seize a pass+ insect1 & rea* out 8 paws to cat* x8 ,& did ^? paws gradually become enl>g$1 till1 aft] "s g5]ations1 !y 7 real w+s8 ,b :at happ5$ 9 ! meantime to ^? connect+ l9ks ^: w+s 7 b p>tly develop$8 ,a bat ) w+s only half gr[n w\ld be a helpless creature1 & w\ld surely p]i%4 ,a mole ) h&s t]m9at+ 9 long1 sl5d] f+]s1 w\ld be helpless1 & w\ld p]i%4 ,!re is no middle gr\nd4 ,if ! ance/or ( ! bat 0 a t]re/rial creature1 ) limbs fitt$ = walk+1 !n x mu/ h giv5 bir? to a full-fl$g$ bat1 fitt$ = fly+4 ,!re c\ld h be5 no middle /age1 = su* a creature w\ld h be5 helpless1 & mu/ h p]i%$4 ,all ?is applies ) equal =ce to ! div]sifi$ & (t5 highly complex /ructure ( plants4 ,z ! organs ( ! v>i\s plants are n[ con/itut$1 !y mo/ admirably s]ve _! purpose4 ,giv5 a slight *ange1 an und]developm5t1 & ! individual w\ld p]i%4 ,b su* und]develop$ /ages mu/ h occurr$ 9 ! hi/ory ( e life-=m on e>?1 if a *ange ?r\gh sl[ adaptations is to be accept$ z a hypo!sis to acc\nt = _! pres5t =m4 ,to our m9d1 ?is matt] ( rudim5t>y /ructures pres5ts an insup]able ob/acle to acceptance ( ! evolution>y hypo!sis ev5 on sci5tific gr\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,six4 ,in/9ct4 ,h[ ! v>i\s in/9cts ( animals1 ! hom+ in/9ct ( birds & insects1 ! build+ in/9cts1 ! migrat+ in/9ct1 etc41 c\ld h be5 develop$ ?\gh =ces work+ by natural selection or any o!r law1 is a "q :i* has call$ =? mu* discussion4 ,x _c be said t ! explanations conta9$ 9 ! pages ( ,d>w91 ,romanes1 & ,sp5c] are satisfy+4 ,! difficulty t rema9s unsolv$ is simil> to t 7already consid]$7 ( rudim5t>y /ructures4 ,on in/9ct dep5ds ! exi/5ce ( mo/ animals4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ^! in/9cts h be5 develop$ by sl[ degrees4 ,h5ce !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 ^! in/9cts1 because n yet completely develop$1 7 useless to ! animal4 ,b if useless1 ! animal mu/ h p]i%$4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is objection to ! evolution>y hypo!sis w become cle> f a brief /udy ( ! mann] 9 :i* animal life is b\nd up ) ! prop] function+ ( in/9ct4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! dep5d5ce ( ! honey bee & h] hive on ! functions1 e "o in/9ctive1 ( que51 work]s1 & drones4 ,!re is ! que51 ^: sole "w is to lay eggs2 ! drones1 or males1 ^: function x is to f]tilize ! que52 & ! work]s1 :i* are females undevelop$ sexually4 ,9 ^! ?ree k9ds ( individuals we see a comb9ation ( _m mo/ rem>kable in/9cts & peculi>ities ( /ructure :i* look to ! good ( ! community4 ,h[ c\ld !y h be5 produc$ by evolution8 ,! work]s are /]ile & leave no (fspr+1 consequ5tly _! in/9cts _c be inh]it$ f bees ( _! own class4 ,ea* g5]ation ( work]s is isolat$ f all succe$+ g5]ations4 ,a colony ( bees is n l a community ( civiliz$ human be+s 9 :om _m ( ! wants are artificial1 & :i* may rema9 unsuppli$1 ) simply a c]ta9 am\nt ( discom=t1 b ! wants :i* ! in/9cts ( bees supply are imp]ative1 &1 !re=e1 ! in/9cts !mselves1 z a :ole1 are necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ! bees4 ,_! in/9cts are all l9k$ toge!r z a necess>y *a91 s t if "o %\ld fail ! community w\ld p]i%4 ,ea* k9d ( "w is p]fectly done1 & yet ! work]s are totally unconsci\s z to :at w be ! result ( _! labors4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y "w = future g5]ations ( _! colony1 & n = !mselves1 & yet !y are z c>eful & dilig5t z if !y 7 guid$ by ! highe/ intellig5ce & ! mo/ selfi% motives tr4 note3 sic no punctuation4 ,fairhur/1 :om we are quot+1 adds3 ,!re is no?+ m wond]ful & my/]i\s 9 nature ?an ! in/9cts ( bees4 ,:at c be m rem>kable ?an t in/9ct ( ! work]s :i* causes !m to prev5t ! que5 f /++ to dea? ! "y que5s 9 _! cells8 ,"h we see ! in/9ct ( ! work]s oppos+ t ( ! que51 & ?us sav+ ! colony & insur+ ! propagation ( ! species4 ,& yet at o!r b prop] times ! work]s p]mit ! old que5 to kill ! "y ones 9 _! cells4 ,h[ c\ld ^! in/9cts 9 ! work]s1 :i* act 9 exactly opposite ways by j ! "r times = ! welf>e ( ! community1 h ev] be5 evolv$8 ,or h[ c\ld t in/9ct h aris5 :i* causes two que5s :5 engag$ 9 combat to refra9 f inflict+ ! mortal /+ if !y w\ld mutually de/roy ea* o!r1 & ?us leave ! hive )\t a que58--act+ z if !y knew t ! life ( "o ( !m 0 necess>y = ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,conc]n+ ! modifications ( /ructure & ! in/9cts necess>y to produce ! web ( ! spid]1 ,fairhur/ quotes ! foll[+ f ,orton's ,zoology4 ,spid]s are provid$ at ! po/]ior end ) two or ?ree pairs ( app5dages call$ sp9n]ets1 :i* are homolog\s 7correspond /ructually7 tr4 note3 sic ) legs4 ,! (fice ( ! sp9n]ets is to reel out ! silk f ! silk-gl&s1 ! tip be+ p]=at$ by a myriad ( little tubes ?r\gh :i* ! silk escapes 9 excessively f9e ?reads4 ,an ord9>y ?read1 j visible to ! nak$ eye1 is ! union ( a ?\s& or m ( ^! delicate /reams ( silk4 ,^! prim>y ?reads are drawn out & unit$ by ! h9d legs4 ,f ?is we see t two special gl&s1 capable ( secret+ a s(t mat]ial t c be readily drawn into ! f9e/ ?reads ( ! greate/ /r5g?1 requir+ no p]ceptible "t = dry+1 & two to f\r sp9n]ets p]=at$ by m ?an a ?\s& ( ! smalle/ ap]tures1 & h9d legs modifi$ s t !y c be us$ to draw out ! web ?r\gh ! sp9n]ets1 & also ! in/9cts :i* enable ! spid] to use its web to advantage1 mu/ all h be5 evolv$4 ,to evolve ! silk gl&s w\ld h requir$1 z = mo/ o!r organs1 a long p]iod ( incipi5cy1 dur+ :i* !y w\ld h be5 useless4 ,we c n assume t a sub/ance s exceptional 9 its "* z ! web ( ! spid] c\ld h be5 sudd5ly produc$ by evolution4 ,b ! gl&s w\ld be useless )\t sp9n]ets4 ,! hypo!sis asks u to assume t two or ?ree pairs ( legs t 7 probably at "o "t useful = locomotion became s modifi$ t !y c\ld p]=m ! function ( sp9n]ets4 ,b 9 :at conceivable way c\ld locomotive legs h become s modifi$ & pi]c$ ) m ?an a ?\s& ap]tures ?r\gh :i* ! web is drawn8 ,& h[ c\ld ^! organs s]ve _! purpose :ile ! complex in/9cts requir$ = _! function+ 7 only 9 c\rse ( developm5t8 ,f a ,g]man mon?ly devot$ to aqu>ia1 we quote ! foll[+3 ,b n[1 de> read]s1 we come to a fi% :i* %[s an exceptionally peculi> & t\*+ c>e = its "y--! m\?-brood]1 ,haplo*romis ,/rigig5a 7=m]ly ,p>atilapia ,multicolor74 ,?is fi% is s mu* conc]n$ ab\t ! safety ( its "y1 t x kn[s no bett] & no m secure place ?an its own m\? 9 :i* to pres]ve !m4 ,9 no o!r division ( ! animal k+dom c we f9d su* an int]e/+ example ( fo/]+ c>e = ! "y z we f9d 9 ?is species ( fi%4 ,imm$iately aft] emitt+ ! spawn ! female aga9 ga!rs up ! eggs & packs !m away 9 h] m\? l h]r+ 9 a b>rel4 ,%e naturally mu/ employ ! organs ( ! ?roat & also ! organs betwe5 ! gills & ?us ! appe>ance ( ! animal is greatly *ang$ ev5 to ! ext5t t x looks v mu* l z if %e _h a craw4 ,fur!rmore1 dur+ ?s tr4 note3 sic entire p]iod1 :i* is ab\t f\rte5 days1 ! little animal _c take food & is hamp]$ v mu* 9 h] movem5ts4 ,!re=e 9 case ( imm95t dang] x becomes necess>y = h] to ca/ out ! entire brood :i* !n wret*$ly p]i%1 & = ?is reason x is to be recomm5d$ to di/urb or disquiet ^! animals dur+ ?is p]iod z little z possible4 ,ev5 aft] ! "y leave ! "m ( _! own accord1 !y always flee to h] protect+ m\?1 & ?us !y pres5t an excit+ aspect1 :5 !y are fir/ se5 peacefully & cont5t$ly play+ ab\t ! "m fi%1 until a %ad[ or a sudd5 ?ru/ w>ns !m ( dang] & quick z lightn+ !y d>t into h] m\?4 ,if ! fo/]+ c>e ( ?is m\?-brood+ fi% is reg>d$ z wond]ful & s+ul>1 :at %\ld "o !n say1 if ano!r fi% is spok5 ( :i* does n reg>d ?is k9d ( protection z suffici5t1 & :i* !re=e causes its eggs to hat* outside ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! exce$+ly adorn$ & elegant ,phyrrhylima ,filam5tosa p]=ms ?is ma/]piece ( true/ love4 ,) great dex]ity tr4 note3 sic ?is fi% d>ts f #e to #g cm4 above ! surface ( ! wat] & !re fa/5s its eggs on ! walls ( ! aqu>ium--usually 9 "o corn]4 ,ev5 ?\gh "o mu/ & c pres]ve damp air by cov]+ ! aqu>ium1 ! spawn w\ld nev]!less surely dry up1 if ! fi% itself 7 n con/antly conc]n$ to keep ! spawn damp by an ext5d$ bomb>dm5t ( little drops ( wat]4 ,9 ! p]=mance ( ?is act ! fi% rema9s ne> ! surface ( ! wat] & !n by a quick upw>d movem5t ( ! f9s ( ! tail x ?r[s a drop ( wat] ^u ! spawn 9 su* an exp]t mann] z is truly admirable4 ,"o mu/ also keep 9 m9d "h t ! spawn require f ?ree to five days = hat*+1 & n[ "o c und]/& :at a huge task ?is little fi% p]=ms & :at ef=ts are requir$4 ,lat] on ! "y hat* & !n slide d[n ! slick wall ( ! aqu>ium into _! native elem5t4 7,v4 ,s*loemp 9 ,blaett] fu] ,aqu>i5 und ,t]r>i5kunde1 ,/uttg>t1 ,sept4 #aiac47 ,9 all ! doma9 ( natural sci5ce !re are no wond]s m amaz+ ?an ^? ( in/9ct4 ,! subject is simply inexhau/ible4 ,moreov]1 e animal is absolutely dep5d5t on in/9ctively p]=m$ actions & habits4 ,! life-/ory ( _m wasps1 ( ! v>i\s ants1--someone has call$ ! bra9 ( ! ant ! mo/ wond]ful speck ( protoplasm 9 ! _w1--& ( ! insects g5]ally1 is b\nd up ) in/9cts t p>tly int]lock m>vell\sly ) ! life-/ory ( plants1 & :i* are1 ev5 view$ 9 !mselves1 ! greate/ wond]s ( creation4 ,! que/ions insi/5tly call = an answ]3 ,h[ c\ld ^! in/9cts pres]ve ! animal :5 !y 7 /ill 9 an incipi5t1 undevelop$ /ate8 ,h[ c\ld !y arise ?r\gh natural selection 7:i* is simply accid5t1 ( c\rse71 at all8 ,d>w9 says t !re are in/9cts almo/ id5tically ! same 9 animals s remote 9 ! scale ( ,nature1 t we _c acc\nt = _! simil>ity by inh]itance f a common prog5itor1 & consequ5tly mu/ believe t !y 7 indep5d5tly acquir$ ?r\gh natural selection4 ,aga9 he says ,_m in/9cts are s wond]ful t _! developm5t w probably appe> to ! read] a difficulty suffici5t to ov]come my :ole !ory4 ,& "h1 9 ! v]nacul> ( ! day1 we w\ld depose t ,mr4 ,d>w9 said some?+4 ,,*apt] ,,sev54 ,h]$ity4 ,! subject ( h]$ity is intimately b\nd up ) ! evolution>y hypo!sis &1 x mu/ be admitt$1 creates a new difficulty = ! acceptance ( ! !ory4 ,inde$1 ! laws ( h]$ity1 s f> z und]/ood1 appe> to contradict ! !ory ( ,lam>ck & ,d>w9 at a vital po9t1 if n at ! vital po9t ( ! entire /ructure rais$ 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,x is necess>y 9 ord] to appreciate ! /r5g? ( ?is objection1 to recall once m ! out/&+ features ( ! hypo!sis by :i* sci5ti/s h attempt$ to acc\nt = ! v>iety ( liv+ =ms4 ,! v>i\s !ories ( organic evolution1 :e!r ,lam>ckian1 neo-,lam>ckian1 or ,d>w9ian1 are bas$ ^u ! assumption t animals & plants h a t5d5cy to p]petuate by transmission to (fspr+ a v>iation :i* has prov5 useful z an aid to ! p>ticul> species 9 its /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,we h j discuss$1 9 ! *apt]s on ! ,fixity ( ,species & on ,rudim5t>y ,organs1 c]ta9 difficulties :i* loom up :5 ! "q is rais$1 ,h[ did v>ieties become di/9ct species8 ,h[ev]1 ev5 if x 7 to be assum$ t "s satisfy+ answ] might be f\nd to ?is "q s f> z ! /ages ( incomplete organs are conc]n$1 !re is "o fact 9 h]$ity :i*1 x w\ld seem to me1 /rikes at ! v he>t ( ! !ory4 ,9 8 ,philosophic ,zoologique 7#ahji71 ,lam>ck fir/ explicitly =mulat$ 8 ideas z to ! transmutation ( species1 ?\gh he _h outl9$ !m z e>ly z #ahja4 ,! *anges 9 ! species h be5 wr\ght1 he said1 ?r\gh ! unceas+ ef=ts ( ea* organism to meet ! ne$s impos$ ^u x by its environm5t4 ,con/ant /riv+ means ! con/ant use ( c]ta9 organs1 & su* use leads to ! developm5t ( ^? organs4 ,?us a bird runn+ by ! sea-%ore is con/antly tempt$ to wade deep] & deep] 9 pursuit ( food2 its incessant ef=ts t5d to develop its legs1 9 accordance ) ! obs]v$ pr9ciple t ! use ( any organ t5ds to /r5g!n & develop x4 ,b su* slightly increas$ developm5t ( ! legs is transmitt$ to ! (fspr+ ( ! bird1 :i* 9 turn develops its already improv$ legs by its individual ef=ts1 & transmits ! improv$ t5d5cy4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation ?is is repeat$1 until ! sum ( ! inf9itesimal v>iations1 all 9 ! same direction1 results 9 ! production ( ! long-legg$ wad+-bird4 ,9 a simil> way1 ?r\gh individual ef=t & transmitt$ t5d5cy1 all ! div]sifi$ organs ( all creatures h be5 develop$--! f9 ( ! fi%1 ! w+s ( ! bird1 ! h& ( man2 nay1 m1 ! fi% itself1 ! bird1 ! man1 ev54 ,note well1 ! fundam5tal assumption is t su* acquir$ *>act]i/ics1--great] l5g? ( leg1 or ( neck1 a coat+ ( hair1 a protective color+1 etc41--h[ev] acquir$1 c be transmitt$ f ! p>5t animal possess+ !m1 to its (fspr+4 ,! "q arises3 ,c su* *>act]i/ics be transmitt$8 ,& ! /ud5ts ( h]$ity answ]3 ,!y _c6 ,i f9d 9 ,g4 ,ar*ibald ,reid ,alcoholism1 a ,/udy 9 ,h]$ity1 a lucid exposition ( ?is subject4 7,reid is a ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,e4 ,8 book 0 publi%$ by ,t4 ,fi%] ,unw91 ,london1 a few y>s tr4 note3 sic ago47 ,all ! *>act]s ( a liv+ be+1 e physical /ructure & e m5tal trait1 may be plac$ 9 "o ( two categories4 ,ei!r !y are inborn or !y are acquir$4 ,an inborn or innate "* is "o :i*1 9 common p>lance1 arises 9 ! individual 'by nature4' ,?us arms1 legs1 eyes1 e>s1 head1 etc41 & all inborn *>act]s4 ,! *ild inh]its !m f 8 p>5t4 ,b1 if dur+ its developm5t1 or aft] ! completion ( ! developm5t any "o ( ! inborn *>act]s ( an individual is modifi$ by "s occurr5ce1 ! *ange ?us produc$ is kn[n z an acquir$ "*1 or1 %ortly1 z an acquirem5t4 ,?us all ! effects ( ex]cise are acquirem5ts2 = example ! enl>gem5t :i* ex]cise causes 9 muscles4 ,! effects ( lack ( ex]cise are also acquirem5ts2 = example1 ! wa/+ ( a disus$ muscle4 ,! effects ( injury are acquirem5ts2 = example1 ! *anges 9 a diseas$ lung or injur$ arm4 ,e modification ( ! m9d is also an acquirem5t2 = example1 ev]y?+ /or$ )9 ! memory4 ,if a man be bl9d$ by accid5t or disease1 8 bl9dness is acquir$4 ,b if he comes into ! _w bl9d1 if he be bl9d by nature1 8 bl9dness is inborn4 ,if a son be naturally small] ?an 8 fa!r1 !n 8 inf]iority ( size is inborn2 b if 8 gr[? be /unt$ by ill heal? or lack ( n\ri%m5t or ex]cise1 8 inf]iority is acquir$4 ,lam>ck held1 z p 9 all ages h held1 t *>act]s acquir$ by p>5ts are also transmissible to "s ext5t1 & t evolution results f _! acc5tuation dur+ succe$+ g5]ations4 ,lam>ck's !ory is reject$ totally by ! mod]n foll[]s ( ,d>w94 ,t5 ?\s& m5 might break _! f+]s1 yet among _! (fspr+ n "o might h a crook$ f+]4 ,consid] on ! o!r h& = h[ _m g5]ations wom5 h bor$ _! e>s & noses 9 ,india4 ,yet :5 is a girl born ) e>s & nose already pi]c$8 ,= h[ _m g5]ations h we amputat$ ! tails ( t]ri]s1 & yet _! tails are no %ort]4 ,x w !n be p]ceiv$ h[ ov]:elm+ is ! case aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! transmission ( acquirem5ts4 ,! g5]al "q ( ! transmission ( acquirem5ts is too big & too ab/ruse to be treat$ adequately "h4 ,two argum5ts m ,i may use1 h[ev]1 p>tly because !y h n be5 develop$1 to my k1 by o!r writ]s1 & p>tly because !y seem to me well-nigh decisive4 ,! m ?an normal developm5t ( ! blacksmi?'s arm is rightfully call$ an acquir$ trait1 s9ce x arises f ex]cise1 f use1 n f g]m9al conditions4 ,b no infant's arm develops into an ord9>y adult arm )\t ex]cise simil> 9 k9d to t :i* develops ! blacksmi?'s arm1 ?\gh less 9 degree4 ,e s+le ?+ conta9$ )9 ! memory ( man1 e s+le ^w ( a language1 = in/ance1 is an acquirem5t4 ,b :5 are ! cont5ts ( a p>5t's m9d transmitt$ to ! *ild8 ,aga91 a man is capable ( becom+ a p>5t at any "t betwe5 extreme y\? & extreme old age2 a woman f ! age ( ?irte5 to f\rte5 till ne>ly fifty4 ,betwe5 ! bir? ( ! fir/ *ild & ! la/ su* an individual *anges va/ly4 ,"u /ress & fe> ( circum/ances1 "u ! sl+s & arr[s ( outrage\s =tune1 all sorts ( acquirem5ts are made4 ,! body becomes vigor\s & !n feeble1 ! m9d gr[s mature1 & !n s5ile4 ,he or %e gr[s wr9kl$ & b[$ & p]haps v wise1 or p]haps mu* ! rev]se4 ,yet no "o view+ a baby %[1 a *ildr5's p>ty1 or an assembly ( adults1 ( :om he has no previ\s k1 c say :i* is ! *ild ( ! y\?ful & :i* ( ag$ p>5ts4 ,app>5tly1 !re=e1 ! :ole ( ! p>5t's acquirem5ts h no effect on ! *ild4 ,surely no evid5ce c\ld be /rong]499 99 ,! und\bt$ transmission ( siphilis tr4 note3 sic to (f-spr+ might be reg>d$ z a case ( transmission ( an acquir$ *>act]i/ic4 ,b ! case is n 9 po9t s9ce cong5ital siphilis tr4 note3 sic is1 prop]ly1 due to a pr5atal infection1 ! bacillus ent]+ ! v g]m-plasm ( ! human ovum 7egg74 ,m$ical sci5ce1 g5]ally1 has become v cauti\s 9 ! use ( ! ^w h]$it>y4 ,!re is almo/ unanimity among m$ical m5 9 ! d5ial ( h]$ity z a factor 9 tub]culosis & canc]4 ,mo/ physicians are hone/ en\gh to say t !y "k consid]ably less ab\t ^! ?+s ?an 0 kn[n t5 & tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] claims t ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s is a necess>y supplem5t to natural selection4 ,close contemplation ( ! facts impresses me m /rongly ?an ev] ) ! two alt]natives--ei!r !re has be5 inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 or !re has be5 no evolution4 ,aga91 ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 :i* x is n[ ! fa%ion ( ! biological _w to d5y1 0 by ,mr4 ,d>w9 fully recogniz$ & (t5 insi/$ on4 ,! neo-,d>w9i/s1 h[ev]1 d n admit ?is cause at all4 ,he admits t kn[n facts :i* %[ t acquir$ *>act]s are inh]it$ are few1 b he ?9ks t !y are z l>ge a numb] z c be expect$1 consid]+ ! difficulty ( obs]v+ !m & ! abs5ce ( se>*4 ,f ! above1 we see t ! biological _w is aga9/ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s view2 t he w\ld ab&on ! !ory ( evolution unless acquir$ *>act]s _h be5 inh]it$1 b t facts 9 support ( ?is !ory are meag]4 ,biologi/s 9 ! above in/ance1 z well z 9 o!rs1 diff] 9 !ory z to fundam5tal pr9ciples ( evolution4 ,he :o imag9es t ! !ory ( organic evolution has be5 prov$ to ! po9t ( demon/ration1 has b to read ! cont5tions ( evolutioni/s !mselves ) reg>d to ! mo/ important ?+s involv$ 9 ! !ory1 9 ord] to satisfy 8 m9d t !re is great div]sity ( op9ion4 7,fairhur/47 ,! g5]al ab&onm5t ( ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis by biologi/s1 adv]t$ to 9 our next *apt]1 is ma9ly due to ! failure ( h]$ity to acc\nt = ! gradual modification ( organs & ( habits4 ,v>i\s exp$i5ts are resort$ to by ,haeckel & a few o!rs 9 _! attempts to bol/] up a !ory :i* has brok5 s signally on ! rock ( h]$ity4 ,pr9cipal among ^! is ! ref]5ce to unlimit$ "t4 ,x is ass]t$ t1 aft] all1 su* m9ute diff]5ces might1 9 ! c\rse ( _m ages1 result 9 new & m p]fect organs4 ,h[ev]1 "h a new & unexpect$ difficulty pres5ts itself4 ,! physici/1 :o has measur$ ! heat ( ! sun1 rises up & says t ! age ( ! e>?1 z e/imat$ by speciali/s l ,"l ,kelv91 is n ne>ly s great z is dem&$ by ! ,d>w9ian4 ,! p]iod :i* ! physici/s1 9 _! m]cy1 appe> to be will+ to grant ! inhabitable globe is f tw5ty to =ty million ye>s4 ,b ! evolutioni/s ma9ta9 ) great f]vor t ?is p]iod is f> too %ort = ! production ( su* complicat$ types ( organism z n[ live on ! e>?2 !y dem& f two hundr$ to a ?\s& million ye>s6 ,& s ^! two gr\ps ( sci5ti/s1 ! evolutioni/ic biologi/ & ! physici/s are hopelessly at odds4 ,a new g5]ation ( evolutioni/s has )9 ! pa/ tw5ty ye>s aris5 :i* holds t ! *anges 9 ! organizations ( plants & animals d n come by sl[ gr[? ( favorable *>act]i/ics1 b arise sudd5ly4 ,su* is ! ,mutation !ory ( ,hugo de ,vries4 ,b sci5ce has fail$ to receive ?is & simil> !ories ) ! same acclaim :i* once greet$ ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,naturali/s h become cauti\s4 ,!y rememb] ! +lori\s collapse ( ! ,d>w9ian regime & !y are sl[ to hail ano!r ,abraham ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,!y are1 9 a g5]al way1 believ]s 9 "s k9d ( evolution2 b !y pref] n to specify exactly ! laws :i* h be5 op]ative 9 pa/ geological "t4 ,x is only 9 high-s*ool texts 9 physical geography1 zoology1 & botany1 t ! evolution>y !ory z prop\nd$ by ,d>w9 is /ill treat$ z if x enjoy$ among sci5tific m5 ! same respect z ! multiplication table4 ,speak+ 9 ! ,d>w9ian dialect we %\ld say t ! au?ors ( ^! s*ool-texts con/itute a case ( arre/$ developm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,eight4 ,a ,sci5tific ,cre$ ,outworn4 ,! prec$+ *apt] concludes our inve/igation ( t /age ( evolutioni/ic ?\ght :i* owes its orig9 & "n to ,*>les ,d>w94 ,! "q sugge/s itself1 d sci5ti/s to-day believe z ,d>w9 did8 ,a great _m d4 ,d>w9 rema9s to _m sci5ti/s :at ,huxley1 ,i ?9k1 call$ him1 ! ,abraham ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,b if we exam9e ! ro/] ( ^!1 we f9d t !y belong1 ) a s+le exception 7,haeckel71 to ^? ^: dep>tm5ts ( inve/igation h no?+ to d ) ! /udy ( life =ms 7biology1 zoology1 botany71 & :o consequ5tly d n speak f fir/ h& k ( ! facts4 ,an?ropologi/s 7/ud5ts ( ! races ( man71 sociologi/s1 psy*ologi/s1 & _m educat$ p]sons g5]ally1 accept ! ,d>w9ian s*eme ( evolution z a fact & build _! !ories on x 9 turn4 ,!y accept ! !ory & ask no "q4 ,! vogue :i* ,d>w9ism /ill enjoys among writ]s ( s*ool-texts has already be5 not$4 ,h[ev]1 ! specifically ,d>w9ian phase ( evolutioni/ic ?\ght1 z laid d[n 9 ,sp5c]'s int]m9able volumes1 = in/ance1 is giv5 up by reputable biologi/s ! _w ov]4 ,!re is pretty mu* ( a ,babel among !m1 :5 x comes to a def9ition ( evolution4 ,!re are doz5s ( !ories1--mutation1 or?og5esis1 ,weismanism1 ,m5delianism1 etc41-- & ea* has its adh]5ts1--b !y agree 9 "o ?+1 t ,natural ,selection does n acc\nt = ! =ms ( life on e>? to-day4 ,! revolt aga9/ ,natural ,selection came "s =ty ye>s ago4 ,x 0 ann\nc$ 9 two fam\s decl>ations by ,sp5c] & ,huxley4 ,?is con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & important1 z well z "o ( ! mo/ significant episodes1 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution4 ,9 two ( ! mo/ rem>kable essays :i* ev] appe>$ 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury magaz9e1 n[ ov] ?irty ye>s ago1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] /epp$ on to ! /ool ( rep5tance & read 8 recantation & r5unciation ( ! doctr9e ( natural selection & ! survival ( ! fitte/2 fir/ do+ vic>i\s p5ance 7unau?oriz$1 h[ev]7 = ,d>w91 & !n1 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms1 = himself4 ,!re 0 no mi/ak+ ,sp5c]'s mean+4 ,8 language 0 explicit4 ,! phrases 7natural selection & survival ( ! fitte/7 employ$ 9 discuss+ organic evolution1 he told 8 read]s1 ?\gh conv5i5t & ne$ful1 are liable to mislead by veil+ ! actual ag5cies4 ,! words 'natural selection1' d n express a cause 9 ! physical s5se4 ,k9dr$ objections1 he cont9ues1 may be urg$ aga9/ ! expression into :i* ,i 0 l$ :5 seek+ to pres5t ! ph5om5a 9 lit]al t]ms r ?an metaphorical t]ms--'! survival ( ! fitte/4' ,9 ! work+ toge!r ( ^? _m actions1 int]nal & ext]nal1 :i* det]m9e ! lives & dea?s ( organisms1 we see no?+ to :i* ! words 'fitness' & 'unfitness' are applicable 9 ! physical s5se4 ,& he cont9ues3 ,evid5tly1 ! ^w 'fitte/' z ?us us$ is a figure ( spee*4 ,_h ! sun fall5 f ! heav5s ! %ock to ! foll[]s ( ,d>w9 c\ld n h be5 m /unn+ ?an ?is op5 apo/asy f ! ,d>w9ian fai?4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,new surprises 7 /ill 9 /ore = ! fai?ful :o /ill clung to ! *]i%$ dogma4 ,n[ !y f9d _! fai? itself assail$1 & ?is1 too1 by ^! v selfsame lead]s1 :o _h be5 at su* pa9s to make !m proselytes4 ,!re c be little d\bt t misgiv+s reg>d+ ! tru? ( _! claims began to haunt ! *ampions ( ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis4 ,!y 7 j !n ma/]s ( ! :ole field ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,!y _h br\ght all sci5ce to ! feet ( ,d>w94 ,! few b5ight$ diss5t]s :o /ill held out aga9/ ! doctr9e 7 look$ ^u z n wor?y ev5 ( contempt4 ,! :ole _w _h adopt$ ! cre$ ( evolution4 ,0 x wantonness !n1 or 0 x consci5ce1 t prompt$ ,huxley 9 :at is n[ a hi/orically fam\s spee*1 deliv]$ at ! unveil+ ( a /atue to ,d>w9 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 to op5ly decl>e t x w\ld be wrong to suppose t an au?oritative sanction 0 giv5 by ! c]emony to ! curr5t ideas conc]n+ evolution8 ,well might 8 he>]s be a/oni%$6 ,b !y mu/ h held _! brea?1 :5 !y he>d him add boldly & bluntly1 9 no unc]ta9 tones1 t sci5ce commits suicide :5 x adopts a cre$4 ,a cre$1 inde$6 ,:at _h sci5ce be5 do+ 9 ! field ( evolution ev] s9ce ,d>w9 has giv5 8 doctr9e to ! _w1 b proclaim+ its fai? 9 ! ,d>w9ian cre$8 ,!re 0 no bl9k+ ! inevitable conclusions4 ,bo? ,huxley on ! plat=m & ,sp5c] 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury _h ackn[l$g$ be=e ! :ole _w t !y _h lo/ fai? 9 ! idol :i* = ?irty ye>s !y _h s vocif]\sly wor%ipp$4 ,x is true t bo? ,sp5c] & ,huxley might h int5d$ to w>n biologi/s m]ely aga9/ a too implicit fai? 9 natural selection or ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,b ev5 s1 ! position ( _! foll[]s 0 little to be envi$4 ,_! lead]s _h confid5tly assur$ !m t ,d>w9 _h giv5 to ! _w covet$ k nev] kn[n until he _h discov]$ x4 ,?is _h be5 l\dly & confid5tly proclaim$ f ! h\setops ( sci5ce2 & n[--/range rev]sal--^? same lead]s tell !m t _! prea*m5ts 7 ( a fai? )\t f\ndation4 ,! words ( ,pr(essor ,osborn may be adduc$3 ,betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ',! ,orig9 ( ,species' 9 #ahei & ! pres5t "t !re h be5 great waves ( fai? 9 "o explanation & !n 9 ano!r2 ea* ( ^! waves ( confid5ce has end$ 9 disappo9tm5t1 until f9ally we h rea*$ a /age ( v g5]al scepticism4 ,?us ! long p]iod ( obs]vation1 exp]im5t & reason+ :i* began ) ! ,fr5* philosoph] ,buffon1 "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 ends 9 #aiaf ) ! g5]al feel+ t our se>* = causes1 f> f be+ ne> completion1 has only j begun4 ,sir ,william ,dawson1 ( ,montreal1 ! em95t geologi/1 said t ! evolution doctr9e is "o ( ! /range/ ph5om5a ( humanity1 a sy/em de/itute ( any %ad[ ( pro(1 7,/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,man1 p4 #cag74 ,ev5 ,pr(essor ,tyndall 9 an article 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review said3 ,!re ought to be a cle> di/9ction made betwe5 sci5ce 9 ! /ate ( hypo!sis & sci5ce 9 ! /ate ( fact4 ,& inasmu* z x is /ill 9 its hypo!tical /age ! ban ( exclusion ought to fall ^u ! !ory ( ,evolution4 ,i agree ) ,vir*[ t ! pro(s ( x are /ill want+1 t ! failures h be5 lam5table1 t ! doctr9e is utt]ly discr$it$4 ,"o ( ! able/ evolutioni/s today is ,pr(essor ,h5sl[1 =m]ly ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,9 8 book1 ,mod]n ,rationalism ,critically ,exam9$1 he %[s t ,d>w9ian natural selection is absolutely inadequate to acc\nt = exi/+ facts4 ,pr(essor ,bateson1 :o gave ! ,presid5tial ,address at ! ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 9 #aiad1 bore /rik+ te/imony to ! modifications made by rec5t sci5ce 9 connection ) ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,?is is :at he said among o!r ?+s3 ,! pr9ciple ( natural selection _c h be5 ! *ief factor 9 delimit+ ! species ( animals & plants4 ,we g to ,d>w9 = 8 incomp>able collection ( facts4 ,we w\ld fa9 emulate 8 s*ol>%ip1 8 wid? & 8 p[] ( exposition1 b to u he speaks no m ) philosophical au?ority4 ,we h done ) ! notion t ,d>w9 came latt]ly to favor1 t l>ge diff]5ces c arise by accumulation ( small diff]5ces4 ,/4 ,george ,miv>t z long z ?irty ye>s ago wrote an exhau/ive treatise entitl$1 ,! ,g5esis ( ,species1 9 :i* he subjects ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis to a se>*+ exam9ation1 & disc>ds x z unprov5 9 e p>ticul> & contradict$ by ! facts ( nature 9 _m po9ts4 ,he call$ x a pu]ile 7*ildi%7 hypo!sis4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,gran ( ,*ri/iana ,univ]sity1 an exp]t 9 biology1 says he believes 9 evolution1 b decl>es ,d>w9's explanation ( x to be inadequate4 ,8 words are3 ,d>w9 collect$ a great mass ( /uff bo? f ! animal z well z f ! vegetable k+dom1 b ^! collections 7 n ?or\ghly sift$ & _c be us$ z ! basis ( !oretical conclusions z ,d>w9 did4 ,pr(4 ,fleis*man1 ( ,erlang51 says3 ,!re is n a s+le fact to confirm ,d>w9ism 9 ! realm ( ,nature4 ,drs4 ,e4 ,d5n]t1 ,hoppe & von ,h>tmann2 ,pr(s4 ,paulson & ,rutemey]1 & ! tal5t$ sci5ti/s ,zoeckl] & ,max ,wundt1 h giv5 ,d>w9ism up4 ,m5 l our own ,h4 ,f4 ,osborn may /ill cl+ to ! belov$ !ory & furni% imag9>y pictures ( ape-m5 z pro(1 9 rec5t books2 b he> ,pr(4 ,erne/ ,haeckel himself3 ,mo/ mod]n inve/igators ( sci5ce h come to ! conclusion t ! doctr9e ( evolution1 & p>ticul>ly ,d>w9ism1 is an error1 & _c be ma9ta9$4 ,?is 0 said "s ye>s be=e ! ,great ,w>4 ,o!r names 7,fri$mann1 de ,cyon7 might be add$4 ,! pres5t attitude ( naturali/s t[>d ! !ory may be le>n$ f a symposium by a numb] ( em95t writ]s 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,biblical ,_w 7,febru>y1 #aiac71 on ! !me1 ,has ,evolution ,collaps$8 ,pr(4 ,m\lton1 ( ,*icago1 says3 ,! ess5ce ( evolution is t ! ord] :i* exi/s "o day *anges into ! ord] :i* w exi/ on succe$+ days1 9 a sy/ematic mann]1 r ?an 9 an irregul> & *aotic "o4 ,?is /ates ! !ory1 b adds a m]e platitude1 = all believe t ! univ]se is ord]ly & n *aotic4 ,! real "q is1 ,:at is ! nature & ! cause ( ! prevail+ ord]8 ,?is "q he does n attempt to answ]4 ,pr(4 ,lillie1 ( ,*icago1 tells u t !re are diff]5ces 9 op9ion among rec5t inve/igators conc]n+ ! me?od ( evolution1 & says3 ,op9ion 9 ref]5ce to ?is matt] is 9 a /ate ( flux4 ,pr(4 ,ma!ws1 ( ,*icago1 says3 ,:ile ! fact ( evolution is univ]sally admitt$1 ! means by :i* evolution is br\ght to pass are unc]ta94 ,pr(4 ,patt51 ( ,d>m\?1 says3 ,z = biologi/s1 !y are n[ f>!r f agreem5t z to :at con/itutes ! processes & conditions ess5tial to organic evolution1 99 99 99 tr4 note3 sic ?an !y 7 a g5]ation ago4 ,pr(4 ,mall1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s1 says3 ,x is true t gradual evolution1 z advocat$ by ,d>w91 is s]i\sly que/ion$ by ^? :o believe t x takes place by 'rapid jumps4' ,pr(4 ,willi/on1 ( ,*icago1 says3 ,! causes ( organic evolution are /ill an unsolv$ problem2 & he w be a great] man ?an ,d>w91 :o f9ally demon/rates !m4 ,?us ^! recogniz$ au?orities1 :ile accept+ ! !ory1 add _m limitations & admit t ! me?od1 ! mann]1 ! process1 ! conditions & ! causes ( ! movem5t are /ill unkn[n4 ,:at1 !n1 rema9s ( ! !ory8 ,n mu* b ! "n4 ,,*apt] ,,n9e4 ,man4 ,!re is no long] any d\bt among sci5ti/s t man desc5d$ f ! animals4 ,?is sweep+ /atem5t 0 made 9 #aibj by ,edw9 ,grant ,conkl9 pr(essor ( biology 9 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 ,& s evolutioni/s g5]ally1 :ile giv+ up geology z hopeless 9 reg>d to ! evolution ( plants & animals1 cl+ to ! doctr9e t man has asc5d$1 ?r\gh long ages ( developm5t1 f ! brute4 ,we h se5 t ,wallace & o!r pr(\nd /ud5ts ( ! subject recognize ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! faculties ( man & ! in/9cts ( animals4 ,!y admit t =ces resid5t 9 matt] d n acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ,?\ght4 ,!y believe t ,_s1--,god1--creat$ some?+ new :5 intellig5ce fir/ ent]$ ! bra9 ( man4 ,b ev5 ,wallace holds t ! human body is a product ( evolution2 t !re 0 a common brute ance/or1 bo? = apes & ! m54 ,! se>* = ! miss+ l9k betwe5 man & 8 animal ance/or is /ill go+ on4 ,z soon z any human rema9s are dug up 9 ! e>?1 evolutioni/s beg9 to measure ! skull & bones1 & to f9d h[ _m po9ts ( resemblance !y h to ! apes4 ,if ! bra9-pan is a bit %all[1 or small1 or ! eyebr[s prom95t1 or ! slope ( ! face acute1 or ! tee? & jaws l>ge1 !y ann\nce ) mu* confid5ce t ! miss+ l9k has be5 f\nd4 ,b aft] a :ile !y beg9 to gr[ m mode/ & end 9 f9d+ o!r po9ts :i* %[ t ! specim5 0 an unmi/akable ape1 or an unmi/akable man1 & n some?+ betwe5 ! two4 ,"o c\ld fill a museum ) disc>d$ miss+ l9ks2 & yet m5 refuse to le>n caution1 & repeat _! %\t+s e "t a new f9d is ann\nc$4 ,x w be in/ructive to pass 9 review a few ( ! m fam\s prehi/oric rema9s ( man :i* h at "o "t & ano!r be5 decl>$ und5iable pro( ( a developm5t1 ?r\gh int]m$iate /ages1 ( ! human body f ! body ( a brute4 ,pi!can?ropus ,erectus is ! "n inv5t$ by ,haeckel = ! miss+ l9k1 & giv5 by ,dr4 ,eug5e ,du ,bois1 a ,dut* physician1 to c]ta9 rema9s discov]$ by him on ! isl& ( ,java 9 #ahia4 ,! rema9s consi/ ( an imp]fect cranium1 a femur be>+ evid5ce ( prolong$ disease1 & a mol> too?4 7,dana1 ,manual ( ,geology1 p4 #ajcf47 ,! discov]] ( ^! bones believ$ t !y are ! rema9s ( a be+ betwe5 ! man-apes & man4 ,pr(4 ,vir*[ & o!r speciali/s 9 anatomy exam9$ ?is f9d4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ t ! femur 0 f\nd a ye> aft] ! cranium4 ,"s reg>d ! rema9s z belong+ to a l[-grade man or to an idiot4 7,dana1 ,i c47 ,! cubic measurem5t ( ! skull is #fj cubic in*es1 ab\t t ( an idiot1 t ( a normal man be+ #ij cubic in*es & t ( an ape #cj4 ,^! specim5s 7 f\nd 9 sep>ate places4 ,! skull is too small = ! ?igh-bone4 ,! age ( ! /rata 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd is unc]ta94 ,an au?ority ( ! fir/ rank1 ,pr(4 ,klaats*1 ( ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity1 says t ! creature does n supply ! miss+ l9k4 ,dr4 ,smi? ,woodw>d & ,dr4 ,*>les ,dawson1 9 recon/ruct+ a man f ! ,piltd[n skull1 discov]$ 9 #aiab on ,piltd[n ,common1 ne> ,ucksfield1 ,sussex1 ,engl&1 built up some?+ ess5tially monkey-l1 ) rec$+ =ehead1 project+ br[s1 & a gorilla-l l[] jaw4 ,pr(4 ,kei?1 a r5[n$ speciali/1 *eck+ up on ?is recon/ruction1 comes to an entirely diff]5t conclusion4 ,he f9ds t ! "w ( ,drs4 ,dawson & ,woodw>d 0 done 9 op5 defiance ( all t sci5ti/s "k ab\t skulls1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n4 ,8 words are3 ,i soon saw t ! p>ts ( ! recon/ruct$ ,piltd[n skull _h be5 appos$ 9 a mann] :i* 0 9 op5 defiance ( all t 0 kn[n ( skulls1 anci5t & mod]n1 human & an?ropoid4 ,articulat+ ! bones 9 a mann] :i* has be5 accept$ by all anatomi/s 9 all times1 ,i f\nd t ! bra9-*amb]1 in/ead ( measur+ #a1jgj cubic cm41 z 9 ,dr4 ,smi? ,woodw>d's recon/ruction1 measur$ #a1ejj cubic cm41--a l>ge bra9 *amb] = ev5 mod]n man4 ,! ,ne&]?al skull 0 f\nd 9 #ahef 9 ! neighborhood ( ,duesseldorf by ,dr4 ,fuhlrott1 ( ,elb]feld4 ,:5 ! skull & o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton 7 exhibit$ at a sci5tific meet+ held at ,bonn ! same ye>1 a wide div]g5ce ( op9ion at once develop$ among ! speciali/s4 ,by "s1 d\bts 7 express$ z to ! human "* ( ! rema9s4 ,o!rs held t ! rema9s indicate a p]son ( mu* ! same /ature z a ,european ( ! pres5t day1 b ) su* an unusual ?ickness 9 "s ( !m z betok5$ a be+ ( v extraord9>y /r5g?4 ,dr4 ,mey]1 ( ,bonn1 reg>d$ ! skull z ! rema9s ( a ,cossack kill$ 9 #ahad4 ,o!r sci5ti/s agre$ ) him4 ,mod]n sci5ce accepts ! antiquity ( ! ,ne&]?al man1 b ! controv]sy has nev] ceas$4 ,! great ,vir*[ decl>$ ! peculi>ities ( ! bones to be ! result ( disease4 ,ne> ,liege1 9 ,belgium1 n m ?an sev5ty miles f ! ,ne&]?al1 ! ,engis skull 0 f\nd4 ,aft] c>eful measurem5t x 0 prov$ n to diff] mat]ially f ! skulls ( mod]n ,europeans4 ,su* exp]i5ces %\ld prev5t u f mak+ any ass]tions respect+ ! primitive "*1 9 race or physical con=mation1 ( ^! cave-dwell]s4 ,inde$4 ,pr(4 ,huxley1 9 a v c>eful & elaborate pap] ^u ! ,ne&]?al & ,engis skulls1 places an av]age skull ( a mod]n native ( ,au/ralia ab\t half-way betwe5 ^? ( ! ,ne&]?al & ,engis caves4 ,yes1 he says t1 aft] go+ ?r\gh a l>ge collection ( ,au/ralian skulls1 he f\nd x possible to select f ^! crania two 7connect$ by all sorts ( int]m$iate gradations71 ! "o ( :i* %\ld v ne>ly resemble ! ,engis skull1 :ile ! o!r w\ld some:at less closely approximate to ! ,ne&]?al skull 9 size1 =m1 & proportions4 ,! ,engis skull1 p]haps ! olde/ kn[n1 is1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,huxley1 a fair av]age skull1 :i* might h belong$ to a philosoph]1 or might h conta9$ ! ?\ghtless bra9 ( a savage4 ,9 ?is op9ion ,mr4 ,huxley is support$ by "o ( ! greate/ an?ropologi/s ( 8 "t1 ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 :o says conc]n+ ! cave-man ( ,france & ,belgium3 ,nei!r 9 /ature1 cranial capacity1 nor 9 muscul> developm5t did ^! e>lie/ memb]s ( ! species diff] m f ^? n[ liv+ ?an d ^! among !mselves4 ,we h no gr\nds = assign+ to ^! e>lie/ kn[n m5 an inf]ior bra9 or a l[] intellig5ce ?an is se5 among v>i\s savage tribes /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,e new f9d1 ^u inve/igation1 proves ! tru? ( ,vir*['s words3 ,we mu/ really ackn[l$ge t !re is a complete abs5ce ( any fossil type ( a l[] /age 9 ! developm5t ( man4 ,nay1 if we ga!r toge!r all ! fossil m5 hi!rto f\nd1 & put !m p>allel ) ^? ( ! pres5t "t1 we c decid$ly pron\nce t !re are among liv+ m5 a mu* great] proportion ( individuals :i* %[ a relatively inf]ior type ?an !re are among ! fossils kn[n up to ?is "t4 4 4 4 ,e positive progress :i* we haw made 9 ! region ( prehi/oric an?ropology has remov$ u f>!r f ! demon/ration ( ?is !ory6 ,q rec5tly 79 #aiac7 a rem>kable fossil 0 f\nd 9 ! ,old[ay gul* 9 nor!rn ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 by an exp$ition ( ! ,geological ,in/itute ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,! rema9s consi/ ( a complete skeleton1 :i* 0 f\nd deeply imb$d$ 9 firm soil4 ,unque/ionably anci5t z ^! rema9s are1--! bones are completely fossiliz$1--!y conta9$ lam5tably few primitive *>act]i/ics1 & h5ce h n be5 exploit$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! evolution>y !ory4 ,a fragm5t ( skull1 a too?1 a ?igh-bone1 (f] mu* m invit+ fields to ! evolutioni/s1 s9ce !y p]mit 8 imag9ation to range )\t ! re/ra9t ( fact4 ,! ,old[ay fossil1 :i* is 9 e ess5tial respect a normal human skeleton1 possesses no special attractions = ^? :o w\ld repres5t man z a desc5dant ( bruti% ance/ors4 ,says ,pr(4 ,vir*[3 ,we seek 9 va9 = ! miss+ l9k2 !re exi/s a def9ite b>ri] sep>at+ man f ! animal :i* has n yet be5 effac$--h]$ity1 :i* transmits to *ildr5 ! faculties ( ! p>5ts4 ,we h nev] se5 a monkey br+ a man into ! _w1 nor a man produce a monkey4 ,all m5 hav+ a ,simian 7monkey-l7 appe>ance are simply pa?ological v>iants1 7abnormal v>ieties1 due to "s diseas$ condition74 ,x 0 g5]ally believ$ a few ye>s ago t !re exi/$ a few human races :i* /ill rema9$ 9 ! primitive inf]ior condition ( _! organization4 ,b all ^! races h be5 objects ( m9ute inve/igation1 & we "k t !y h an organization l ours1 (t51 inde$1 sup]ior to t ( ! suppos$ high] races4 ,?us ! ,eskimo head & ! head ( ! ,t]ra del ,fuegians belong to ! p]fect$ types4 ,all ! rese>*es und]tak5 ) ! aim ( f9d+ cont9uity 9 progressive developm5t h be5 )\t result4 ,!re exi/s no proan?rope1 no man-monkey1 & ! 'connect+ l9k' rema9s a phantom4 ,dr4 ,b]ndt1 ( ,b]l91 rec5tly said 9 ! ,naturwiss5s*aftli*e ,runds*au d] ,*emik]seitung 7,april1 #aiad73 ,max ,web]1 "o ( ! be/ au?orities on mammals1 reg>ds ! an?ropoid apes ( to-day z a bran* p>allel to ! human bran*4 ,s*ol>s l ,cope1 ,adloeff1 ,klaats*1 pref] to pu% ! orig9 ( man back to ! e>lie/ age ( t]re/rial life1 :5ce he w5t 8 way f ! v outset sep>ate f ! apes4 ,?is is a highly significant utt]ance4 ,x means no?+ m ?an ?is3 !re is n "o recognizable l9k :i* unites man ) ! animal k+dom4 ,all ! int]m$iate =ms betwe5 man & ! orig9al jelly-fi%1 :i* accord+ to ,haeckel & ,vogt 0 8 ance/or1 h disappe>$4 ,= _! exi/5ce we h no?+ b ! ^w ( speculative sci5ti/s4 ,conc]n+ ! ,ne&]?al]1 ! ,cro-,magnon man4 etc41 ,dr4 ,dawson has said3 ,geological evid5ce resolves itself into a calculation ( ! rate ( erosion ( riv] valleys1 ( deposition ( gravel & cave-e>?s1 & ( =mation ( /alagmite cru/s1 all ( :i* are s v>iable & unc]ta9 t1 ?\gh x may be said t an impression ( great antiquity beyond ! "t ( receiv$ hi/ory has be5 left on ! m9ds ( geologi/s1 no absolute antiquity has be5 prov$2 & :ile "s1 on su* evid5ce1 w\ld /ret* ! antiquity ( man to ev5 half a million ye>s1 ! olde/ ( ^! rema9s may1 aft] all1 n exce$ our traditional six ?\s&4 ,^! skeletons tell u t primitive man _h ! same high c]ebral organization :i* he possesses n[1 & we may inf] ! same high intellectual & moral nature1 fitt+ him = communication ) ,god & head%ip ov] ! l[] _w4 ,simil>ly ,figui] held t we "k ( no ar*aeological f9d 7/one hat*ets1 etc47 t c\ld n be pron\nc$ only five ?\s& ye>s old z well z fifty ?\s&4 ,lionel ,s4 ,beale1 ! fam\s microscopi/1 te/ifies3 ,9 support ( all naturali/ic conjectures conc]n+ man's orig91 !re is n at ?is "t ! %ad[ ( sci5tific evid5ce4 ,william ,hanna ,?omson1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,physician to ! ,roosevelt ,hospital2 ,consult+ ,physician to ,new ,york ,/ate ,manhattan ,hospital = ! ,insane1 :o has held a pr(essor%ip 9 ,new ,york ,univ]sity ,m$ical ,college2 be5 presid5t ( ! ,new ,york ,academy ( ,m$ic9e1 etc1 9 8 rec5t book4 ,:at is ,physical ,life8 says conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( evolution3 ,no contradiction c\ld be great] ?an t betwe5 ?is doctr9e & ! greate/ tru? :i* und]lies ?is human _w4 ,! ,russo-,fr5* physiologi/1 ,m4 ,elie ,de,cyon1 = _m ye>s pr(essor 9 ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ces & 9 ! ,academic ,m$ico-*irurgicale at ! ,univ]sity ( ,petrograd1 has lately publi%$ a book ( essays 9 :i* he says t ! !ory ( evolution1 especially 9 its relation to ! ance/ry ( man1 is a pure assumption4 ,he quotes ,pr(4 ,fraas1 :o devot$ 8 long life to ! /udy ( fossil animals3 ,! idea t mank9d has desc5d$ f any ,simian 7ape7 species :atsoev]1 is c]ta9ly ! mo/ fooli% ev] put =? by a man writ+ on ! hi/ory ( man4 ,x %\ld be h&$ d[n to po/]ity 9 a new edition ( ! ,memorial ( ,human ,follies4 ,no pro( ( ?is b>oque !ory c ev] be giv5 f discov]$ fossils4 ,& to quote f ano!r address by ,vir*[1 deliv]$ at ,vi5na3 ,i h nev] f\nd a s+le ape skull :i* approa*es at all ! human "o4 ,betwe5 m5 & apes !re exi/s a l9e ( %>p dem>cation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rec5t au?oritative publications by a ,g]man an?ropologi/ urges t ! apes are to be reg>d$ z deg5]ate bran*es ( ! pre-human /ock4 ,?is means1 9 a ^w1 t man is n desc5d$ f ! ape1 b ! ape f man4 ,?is is almo/ :at may be call$ r$uctio ad absurdum1 & yet x is "o ( ! late/ pron\ncem5ts ( sci5tific ?\ght 7,editorial 9 ,new ,york ,h]ald1 ,decemb] #cj1 #aiaf74 ,to ! same effect are ! words ( ,pr(essor ,wood-,jones1 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 ,engl&1 :o rec5tly po9t$ out t s f> f man hav+ desc5d$ f an?ropoid apes1 x w\ld be m accurate to say t ^! h be5 desc5d$ f man4 ,?is 0 claim$ n only by reason ( ! be/ anatomical rese>*1 b to be d$ucible f ! :ole tr5d ( geological & an?ropological discov]y4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,pr(essor ,wood-,jones appeal$ = an entire reconsid]ation ( ! po/-,d>w9ian conceptions ( man's comp>atively rec5t em]g5ce f ! brute k+dom4 7,quot$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,griffi? ,?omas 9 ,:at ab\t ,evolution8 p4 #aj47 ,x is refre%+ to turn aside f speculation to revelation1 f conjectures & !ories to prov5 facts1 & no "o has /at$ asc]ta9$ facts1 t\*+ ! orig9 ( man1 m succ9ctly & m cle>ly ?an ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,fri$ri* ,pfaff1 pr(essor ( ,natural ,sci5ce 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,erlang54 ,he %[s conclusively t ! age ( man is comp>atively brief1 ext5d+ only to a few ?\s& ye>s2 t man appe>$ sudd5ly2 t ! mo/ anci5t man kn[n to u is n ess5tially diff]5t f ! n[ liv+ man1 & t transitions f ! ape to ! man1 or f ! man to ! ape1 are n[h]e f\nd4 ,! conclusion he rea*es is t ! ,scriptural acc\nt ( man1 :i* is "o & selfconsi/5t1 is true2 t ,god made man 9 8 own image1 fitt$ = fell[%ip ) himself & favor$ ) x--a /ate f :i* man has fall51 b to :i* re/oration is possible ?r\gh ,him :o is ! brightness ( 8 ,fa!r's glory1 & ! express image ( 8 ,p]son4 ,we _c refra9 f rev]t+1 9 ?is connection1 to ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! animal in/9cts & ! intellect ( man1 & w\ld quote1 on ?is subject1 ! =ceful /atem5t ( ! case by ,paul ,haffn] 9 8 ,mat]ialismus 7,ma9z1 #ahfe74 ,we translate3 ,if ! hypo!sis ( mat]ialism 7 acceptable1 if we 7 to believe t a m]ely animal =m ( consci\sness might develop into spiritual & intellectual p]ceptions1 we ought to be able to obs]ve su* capacities ( *ange & gr[? also 9 ! animal _w ( to-day4 ,yet ?is is n ! case4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s we h obs]v$ ! dome/ic animals1 & /ill we c see no trace ( a dawn ( intellect4 ,we exp5d mu* tra9+ ^u !m2 we make !m our confidants & treat !m ) inexhau/ible t5d]ness1 & /ill we nev] see !m rise out ( _! n>r[ sph]e & out ( ! bonds ( _! primitive desires & in/9cts4 ,we note ext]nal imitation ( human activities1 su* z ! ludicr\s virtuosity ( ! apes1 & t sup]ficial adaptation :i* we call 'animal tra9+' & :i* is no?+ b a developm5t ( s5se /imuli2 ! animal does n "k :at x is do+1 x is dup$ by man :o kn[s h[ to employ its in/9cts & make !m s]viceable to 8 purposes4 ,we _c fail to note t nev]1 n ev5 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 d ! animals /ep out ( _! orig9al sph]e2 t nei!r by _! own ef=ts nor ?r\gh ! aid ( man are !y able to rise into ideas ( a spiritual or supras5sual nature2 t !y rema9 =ev] :at !y 7 9 ! beg9n+4 ,h5ce x _c be d5i$ t also m5 w\ld h rema9$ :at !y once 7 accord+ to ! notions ( mat]iali/s4 ,only if f ! beg9n+ ! light ( spiritual life 0 enk9dl$ 9 !m1 c\ld !y become1 :at !y are to-day4 7,mat]ialismus1 p4 #ei f47 ,x w be not$ t :5 we he> ! speciali/s 9 anatomy & biology1 _! expressions on ! subject ( man's ance/ry are1 z a rule1 *>act]iz$ by a /rong diss5t f ! developm5t !ory1 :ile ! belief 9 a developm5t ( man f an ape-l ance/or1 utt]$ ) a note ( cocksur5ess1 is f\nd ma9ly among amateurs 9 ^! sci5ces4 ,moreov]1 ev5 among ! believ]s 9 a rise ( our race f brute orig9s1 _m1 & ! mo/ di/+ui%$ among !m1 ass]t t ! faculties ( ! human m9d are inde$ to be acc\nt$ = only on ! basis ( a special creative act ( ,god4 ,!y cl+1 h[ev]1 to ! notion t ! body ( man is evolv$ f ! l[] animals--a view :i* has be5 v ably met by ,pr(4 ,orr ( ,glasg[1 "o ( ! =emo/ ,biblical s*ol>s ( our "t4 ,he writes3 ,x is well kn[n t c]ta9 di/+ui%$ evolutioni/s1 :ile h&+ ov] man's body to be acc\nt$ = by ! ord9>y processes ( evolution1 yet hold t man's m9d _c be :olly acc\nt$ = 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! rational m9d ( man1 !y urge--,i agree ) ! view1 b am n call$ ^u "h to discuss x--has qualities & p[]s :i* sep>ate x1 n only 9 degree1 b 9 k9d1 f ! animal m9d1 & put an unbridgeable gulf1 on ! spiritual side1 betwe5 man & ! highe/ ( ! creatures bel[ him4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is1 9 man's case1 a rise on ! spiritual side--! con/itution ( a new ord] or k+dom ( exi/5ce--:i* requires = its explanation a di/9ct sup]natural cause4 ,n[ ! weakness ( ?is !ory1 ,i h always felt1 lies 9 its assumption t1 :ile man's m9d ne$s a sup]natural cause to acc\nt = x1 8 body may be left to ! ord9>y processes ( developm5t4 ,! difficulty ( su* a view is obvi\s4 ,i h /at$ ! po9t 9 ?is way4 ',x is a coroll>y f ! kn[n laws ( ! connection ( m9d & body t e m9d ne$s an organism fitt$ to x4 ,if ! m9d ( man is ! product ( a new cause1 ! bra91 :i* is ! in/rum5t ( t m9d1 mu/ %>e 9 its peculi> orig94 ,y _c put a human m9d into a ,simian bra94' ,9 o!r words1 if !re is a sudd5 rise on ! spiritual side1 !re mu/ be a rise on ! physical--! organic--side to correspond4 7,virg9 ,bir? ( ,*ri/1 p4 #aii47 ,c any?+ be m cog5t1 m conclusive8 ,! /ronge/ direct pro( aga9/ ! asc5t ( man1 h[ev]1 has s f> only be5 t\*$ ^u4 ,i ref] to ! evid5ces d]iv$ f ! hi/ory ( ,religion4 ,to ?is ,i n[ invite ! read]'s close att5tion4 ,if man 0 develop$ f a l[] ord] ( creatures1 or f any memb] ( ! animal k+dom1 religion mu/ h be5 a late developm5t4 ,t ?is tailless1 cat>rh9e1 an?ropoid ape %\ld h _h any?+ resembl+ a religion1 is1 ( c\rse1 n to be ?\ght (4 ,to imag9e t he _h a k ( ! "o1 true ,god1 8 nature & 8 attributes1 w\ld be prepo/]\s4 ,h[ !n expla9 ! orig9 & rise ( religion8 ,! evolutioni/s d n agree on ?is subject4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ma9ta9s t ,animism 0 ! mo/ primitive =m ( fai?4 ,man rev]5c$ spirits1 ! gho/s ( ! dep>t$1 !n rais$ !m to ! em95ce ( div9ities & f9ally develop$ ! idea ( "o absolute be+1 ,god4 ,o!rs sugge/1 t primitive man fir/ ador$ ! t]rible p[]s & awful ph5om5a ( nature1 0 ?us l$ to ,poly!ism 7a religion ( _m ,gods7 & f9ally evolv$ ,mono!ism 7a belief 9 "o ,god74 ,b all agree 9 ?is1 t ,religion 9 its e>lie/ =m 0 ( a v crude & elem5t>y "*1 & only 9 ! c\rse ( _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 atta9$ to ! conception ( "o ,supreme ,be+4 ,!re 0 at fir/ a fai? 9 gods1--,poly!ism1 & mu* lat] a fai? 9 ,god--,mono!ism4 ,n[1 let is tr4 note3 sic be obs]v$ t ?is is ! only possible view f ! /&po9t ( ,evolution4 ,rememb] t ?is doctr9e is n only conceiv$ z be>+ on ! developm5t ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! pr9ciple is assum$ to op]ate 9 ! developm5t ( ! e>?1 ( man1 ( society1 ( gov]nm5t1 ( manufactures1 ( language1 ( lit]ature1 sci5ce1 art1 & religion4 ,accord+ to ! !ory1 !re mu/ h be5 progress f a crude =m ( _s-wor%ip to a wor%ip ( gods1 & !nce to a wor%ip ( "o ,god4 ,b :at are ! facts8 ,has religion s develop$8 ,x has n4 ,n only has hi/ory fail$ to %[ a s+le =m ( belief :i* has advanc$ 9 ! mann] demon/rat$1 b e religion1 no matt] h[ pure & exalt$1 has gone ?r\gh a process ( deg5]ation1 ( devolution4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! comp>ative /udy 7or ,sci5ce7 ( ,religion1 & ! greate/ au?orities 9 its v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 are practically unanim\s 9 _! op9ion1 t all pagan sy/ems ( my?ology & religion conta9 remnants ( a m exalt$ =m ( belief1 ( a high]1 cle>] k ( ! ,div9ity1 :i* gradually became dimm$ & corrupt$4 ,f ,max ,muell]'s ,lecture on ! ,v$as 7! anci5t hymns ( ,india7 we quote ! foll[+3 ,z a result to :i* a comp>ative /udy ( religion is sure to lead1 we %all le>n t religions 9 _! mo/ anci5t =m1 or 9 ! m9ds ( _! au?ors1 are g5]ally free f _m ( ! blemi%es t atta* to !m 9 lat] times4 ,le ,page ,r5\f expresses 8 entire agreem5t ) ! matur$ judgm5t ( ,emmanuel ,r\ge3 ,! fir/ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,egyptian religion is ! ,unity ( ,god mo/ en]getically express$3 ,god1 ,"o1 ,sole & ,only--no o!rs ) ,him4444 ! ,only ,be+ 4444 ,! belief 9 ! ,unity ( ! ,supreme ,god & 9 ,8 attributes z ,creator & ,lawgiv] ( man1 :om ,he has end[$ ) an immortal s\l1 4444 ^! are ! primitive notions1 en*as$ 9 ! mid/ ( my?ological sup]fetations accumulat$ 9 ! c5turies4 ,franz ,l5ormant rea*$ ! same conclusion4 ,else:]e1 ,r5\f says3 ,x is inconte/ably true1 t ! sublim] portions ( ! ,egyptian religions are n ! comp>atively late result ( a process ( developm5t4 ,! sublim] portions are demon/rably anci5t2 & ! la/ /age ( ! ,egyptian religion 4444 0 by f> ! grosse/ & mo/ corrupt4 7,religion ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #ie47 ,?is op9ion is support$ by ! te/imony ( ! ,egyptian inscriptions4 ,9 ! v olde/ inscriptions ref]5ce is _h to a ,supreme ,god & ,"l ( all1 to :om no %r9es 7 rais$1 ^: abode 0 unkn[n1 :o 0 n grav5 9 /one1 :ile ! ,egptian tr4 note3 sic ( a lat] day ador$ ! crocodile1 ! i*neumon1 s]p5ts1 bulls1 cats1 & ibises4 ,! hi/ory ( ,h9du belief pres5ts te/imony ( a /ill m />tl+ nature4 ,9 ! ,v$as we f9d /atem5ts & pray]s :i* are cle> pro( ( an e>ly ,mono!ism4 ,?us ! ,,ix book ( ! ,rig ,v$a conta9s ! foll[+ pray]4 ,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 ,! "o-born ,"l ( all t is2 he e/abli%$ ! heav5 & sky2 he is ! "o k+ ( ! brea?+ & awak5+ _w2 he ?r\gh :om ! heav5 0 e/abli%$2 he :o measur$ out ! light 9 ! air--he :o alone is ,god above all gods4 ,"h ! belief 9 "o ,supreme ,be+ is cle>ly set =?4 ,& yet ?is fai? 9 "o ,god 9 ! c\rse ( "t deg5]at$ into a wor%ip ( #cc1jjj div9ities--until ,gautama ! ,buddha evolv$ a sy/em t d5i$ ! v exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,turn+ to ,greece we h ! te/imony ( ,pr(4 ,max ,muell] to ?is effect3 ,:5 we asc5d to ! di/ant heights ( ,greek hi/ory ! idea ( ,god1 z ! ,supreme ,be+1 /&s be=e u z a simple fact4 7,essays1 ,,ii1 p4 #adf47 ,c>l ,boett*]1 9 8 great "w on ! ,treewor%ip ( ! ,greeks1 ma9ta9s3 ,z f> z ! leg5ds ( ! ,greeks c be trac$ into prehi/oric ages1 ! entire nation wor%ipp$ a s+le ,god1 nameless1 )\t /atues1 )\t a temple1 invisible & omnipres5t4 ,?is he reg>ds z a tradition ( irrefutable inn] tru?fulness4444 ,! beg9n+ ( ,poly!ism !re=e repres5ts ! second phase ( ,greek religion1 :i* 0 prec$$ by a ,mono!ism4 ,e /ud5t ( ,greek lit]ature kn[s t ?is orig9al belief at an e>ly age gave place to a wor%ip ( ! gods on ,olympus1 a wor%ip :i* 9 turn gave way to op5ly av[$ a!ism4 ,! ,greeks 7 aw>e ( ?is decay4 ,plato1 9 8 ,phaidros 7#bgd ,b7 quotes ,socrates z say+3 ,i "k ( an old say+1 t our ance/ors knew :at con/itut$ ! true wor%ip ( ,god2 if we c\ld b discov] :at x 01 w\ld we !n h ne$ ( human !ories & op9ions on ! matt]8 ,c]ta9ly a />tl+ /atem5t f ! lips ( a pagan4 ,und\bt$ly ,welck] 0 "r :5 he ass]t$1 z ! ultimate result ( 8 rese>*es3 ,?is 7,greek7 poly!ism has settl$ be=e ! eyes ( m5 l a high & cont9u\s m\nta9 range1 beyond :i* x is ! privilege only ( g5]al hi/orical /udy to recognize1 z f a high] po9t ( view1 ! natural primitive mono!ism4 ,conc]n+ ! mono!i/ic ideas ( lat] ,greek ?\ght1 ! same au?or says t !y are to be reg>d$ n z a result ( an asc5d+ l9e ( evolution 7auf/eig5de ,l9ie d] ,entwickelung71 b z a return ( ! pr(\nd wisdom ( old age to ! feel+ ( primitive simplicity4 ,( ! ,pho5icians ! greate/ /ud5t ( _! hi/ory & religion1 ,f4 ,k4 ,mov]s1 says3 ,nature wor%ip gradually obscur$ ! pur] ,god-idea ( a m anci5t /age ( belief1 b has nev] entirely oblit]at$ x4 ,he ref]s to an evid5t adult]ation ( a pur] & m anci5t ,god-idea4 ,reg>d+ ! ,zoroa/rians ( anci5t ,p]sia1 ,m4 ,haug1 ! fam\s ,z5d s*ol>1 ass]ts t ,mono!ism 0 ! lead+ idea ( ,zoroa/]'s !ology2 he call$ ,god ,ahura-mazda1 i4 e41 ! ,liv+ ,creator4 ,zoroa/] did n tea* a !ological ,dualism4 ,he arriv$ at ! idea ( ! unity & indivisibility ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 & only z 9 c\rse ( "t ?is doctr9e 0 *ang$ & corrupt$ 444 ! dualism ( ,god & ! devil arose4 ,mono!ism 0 sup]s$$ by ,dualism4 ,bo? ,dr4 ,f4 ,hommel & ,fri$ri* ,delitzs* agree on ! "q ( an e>ly ,arabian & ,sum]ian mono!ism4 ,dr4 ,hommel demon/rates f ! p]sonal surnames conta9$ 9 ! inscriptions ! exi/5ce ( a v exalt$ mono!ism 9 ! mo/ anci5t times ( ! ,arabian nation1 ab\t #bejj ,b4 ,c41 & among ! ,semitic tribes ( nor!rn ,babylonia4 ,?is mono!i/ic religion deg5]at$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,babylonian poly!ism4 ,! same op9ion 0 held ye>s ago by ,julius ,opp]t1 ! ,assyriologi/1 :o 0 l$ to a belief 9 a univ]sal primitive mono!ism z ! basis ( all religions4 ,expressions simil> to ! above might be adduc$ f ,rawl9son1 ,legge 7,religions ( ,*9a71 ,doell+]1 ,victor v4 ,/rauss-,torney 7! ,egyptologi/71 ,jacob ,grimm1 & o!rs4 ,9 %ort1 ! majority ( indep5d5t & unprejudic$ /ud5ts ( hea!n beliefs1 f ! days ( ,a4 ,w4 v4 ,s*legel to our own1 h rea*$ ! conclusion1 t all religions 9 _! lat] /ages exhibit a mu* l[] conception ( ! ,div9ity ?an 9 _! e>li] =m4 ,x is only ! hopelessly prejudic$ :o c say1 z does ,john ,fiske1 t to reg>d classic paganism z "o ( ! degrad$ remnants ( a primeval mono!ism1 is to s9 aga9/ ! canons ( a s\nd inductive philosophy4 ,s9n+ aga9/ ! consonant te/imony ( univ]sal hi/ory is a v5ial (f5se1 x w\ld seem1 :5 ! integrity ( ?is s\nd inductive philosophy--t is1 ( ! ,sp5c]ian !ory--is at /ake4 ,x ne$s b a glance at ! well-kn[n facts ( religi\s hi/ory to %[ ! work+ ( ?is ,law ( ,decay z influ5c+ ! developm5t ( e sy/em ( e?nic belief :i* has a record$ hi/ory or a lit]ature4 ,! work+s ( ?is law c be trac$ ev5 9 ! case ( ! savage tribes ( our own day4 ,( ! ,african negroes1 ,p4 ,b&9 says t _! traditions & religi\s doctr9es 444 %[ cle>ly t !y are a p 9 decad5ce4444 ,!y h an obscure & confus$ idea ( ! only ,god1 4444 :o no long] receives wor%ip4 7,feti*ism1 p4 #g-aj47 ,w9wood ,reade te/ifies3 ,! negroes possess ! remnants ( a noble & sublime religion1 ?\gh !y h =gott5 its precepts & debas$ its c]emonies4 ,!y /ill reta9 a recollection ( ,god1 ! ,supreme1 ! ,creator4 ,conc]n+ ! ,zulus1 ,ba/ian records t !y in=m$ him t _! ance/ors possess$ ! k ( 4444 t s\rce ( be+ :i* is above1 :i* gives life to m54 7,vorges*i*tli*e ,s*oepfungsli$]47 ,a mission>y ( ! ,lu!ran ,g5]al ,synod1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,p$]s51 wrote 9 ,lu!ran ,obs]v]1 ,augu/1 #aiaj1 conc]n+ ! ,african natives t !y /ill h a consid]able display ( religion1 b ask him1 :o is ! ,god 9 :om y tru/8 :at d y mean by tru/+8 h[ c he help y8 & he w answ]1 ',i don't "k1 b ! old p us$ to say s1 & taught u to say s4' ,john ,hann+ ,speke1 9 8 ,j\rnal ( ! ,discov]y ( ! ,s\rces ( ! ,nile records rem9isc5ces among ! degrad$ savages among :om he dwelt1 ( a supreme ,god :o dwells 9 heav51 b :o no long] receiv$ wor%ip4 ,mungo ,p>k1 9 ! di>y ( 8 ,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,africa1 says t ! ,m&+oes1 a deg5]ate race ( feti% wor%ipp]s1 /ill possess$ ! k ( "o ,god1 b d n (f] up pray]s & supplications to him4 ,9 ! record ( 8 fam\s circumnavigation ( ! globe1 ,capta9 ,cook says t ! cannibals ( ,new ,zeal& /ill ackn[l$g$ a sup]ior be+1 al?\gh _! religion 0 a crude sy/em ( spirituali/ic practices4 ,conc]n+ ! ,koreans ,mrs4 ,l4 ,h4 ,und]wood1 m$ical mission>y1 says t a ?\s& unwor?y deities n[ cr[d ! temples1 al?\gh ! great univ]sal ,rul] is /ill wor%ipp$ at times1 & ! anci5t purity ( fai? & wor%ip has become sadly d>k5$4 ,! =emo/ /ud5t ( mod]n missions1 ,johann ,w>neck1 9 ,! ,liv+ ,*ri/ & ,dy+ ,hea!nism 7,f4 ,h4 ,revell ,co417 comes to ! conclusion t ! ,*ri/ian religion & its mono!ism are n only n a developm5t f l[] orig9s1 b t ! hea!n religions1 hi/orically consid]$1 are a deg5]acy f a high] k ( ,god4 ,9 o!r words1 ! application ( ! doctr9e ( evolution to ! field ( comp>ative religion is a mi/ake4 ,any =m ( ,animism kn[n to me has no l9es lead+ to p]fection1 b only inconte/able m>ks ( deg5]ation1 says ! au?or4 ,9 hea!nism ! gold ( ! div9e ?\ght becomes dross4 ,says he1 ,i h be5 c\nsell$ to recognize t ! idea ( evolution at pres5t rul+ ! sci5tific _w mu/ also rule 9 ! inve/igation ( religion4 ,i am n unacqua9t$ ) ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 ,i h describ$ animi/ic hea!nism z concretely z ,i c\ld2 ,i conf9$ myself /rictly to t4 ,i began ) ! facts ( exp]i5ce2 !n ,i drew inf]5ces f !m4 ,if ^! d n agree ) ! dom9ant hypo!sis ( evolution1 t is due to ! brutal facts1 & n to ! prepossessions ( ! obs]v]4 ,i d n d5y t some?+ c be said = ! idea ( evolution 9 ! religions ( mank9d1 b ! /udy ( ,animism1 ) :i* ,i h long be5 famili> z an eyewitness1 did n lead me to t idea4 ,r ! conviction :i* ,i arriv$ at is1 t animi/ic hea!nism is n a transition /age to a high] religion4 ,!re are no facts to prove t animi/ic hea!nism some:]e & someh[ evolv$ upw>ds t[>ds a pur] k ( ,god4 ,i h work$ z a mission>y = _m ye>s 9 contact ) ?\s&s ( ! adh]5ts ( animi/ic hea!nism & ,i h be5 conv9c$ t ! =ce ( t hea!nism is ho/ile to ,god4 ,9 ! same "w ,dr4 ,w>neck says t among ! ,battaks ( ,sumatra !re are rema9s ( a pure idea ( ,god4 b !re is also a ho/ ( spirits1 born ( fe>1 :i* ?ru/ !mselves betwe5 ,god & man4 ,! idea ( ,god :i* is f\nd 9 ! religions ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & probably also ( ,africa1 _c h be5 di/ill$ f ! motley jumble ( gods & ( nature1 = x exi/s 9 direct opposition to ! latt]4 ,! idea ( ,god is pres]v$1 b ,8 wor%ip is lo/4 ,9 review+ ?is book ! late ,dr4 ,s*mauk said 9 #aiaj3 ,a dispassionate /udy ( hea!n religions confirms ! view ( ,paul t hea!nism is a fall f a bett] k ( ,god4 ,! idols come betwe5 ,god & man4 ,w4 ,/4 ,clair ,tisdale1 concludes an exhau/ive /udy ( ,*ri/ianity & ,o!r ,fai?s ) ! /atem5t3 ,x foll[s t ,mono!ism hi/orically prec$$ ,poly!ism1 & t ! latt] is a corruption ( ! =m]4 ,x is impossible to expla9 ! facts away4 ,tak5 toge!r !y %[ t1 z ! ,bible ass]ts1 man at ! v beg9n+ ( hi/ory knew ! ,"o ,true ,god4 ,?is implies a ,revelation ( "s sort & traces ( t ,revelation are /ill f\nd 9 _m anci5t fai?s4 ,we conclude t ! hi/ory ( religion does n only fail to support ! evolutioni/ic po/ulate ( a sl[ upw>d developm5t ( religions f crude orig9al beliefs1 b q ! rev]se4 ,x is true t ! popul> h&books ( comp>ative religion q g5]ally tea* a developm5t ( religi\s belief ?r\gh animism1 feti%ism1 & poly!ism to mono!ism4 ,b ! consonant te/imony ( speciali/s 9 ! field ( hi/orical /udy & ( ^? :o h _h fir/-h& acqua9tance ) ! aborig9es ( hea!n l&s1 is a /rong diss5t f ?is position4 ,"h aga9 we f9d confid5t ass]tion ( an evolutioni/ic process ma9ly among ^? :o lack ! qualifications ( orig9al rese>*4 ,ev5 z x is n ! speciali/ 9 biology t /ill ma9ta9s ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 b ! non-pr(essional & ! amateur1 ev5 s ! speciali/ acqua9t$ ) ! orig9al s\rces1 & ! explor]1 possess+ fir/ h& k1 ass]ts a decl9e1 ?r\gh hi/ory1 f pur] to less spiritual fai?s1 :ile ! bias ( ! evolutioni/1 :o has no fir/ h& k ( ! s\rces con/ra9s him to beg9 8 s*eme ( religion ) animism & feti%-wor%ip4 ,! !ory :i* holds him 9 ?rall dem&s su* a con/ruction4 ,b ! !ory is contradict$ by ! facts1 :i* po9t unmi/akably to a deg5]ation ( ! race1 to a ,fall ( ,man4 ,,*apt] ,,t54 ,! ,v]dict ( ,hi/ory4 ,john ,fiske1 :o1 9 ! sev5ties ( ! la/ c5tury1 popul>iz$ ,d>w9ism 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ass]ts t ! scope ( evolution is mu* wid] ?an ! organic field4 ,!re is no subject great or small he wrote 9 ,a ,c5tury ( ,sci5ce1 t has n come to be affect$ by ?is doctr9e4 ,a developm5t has be5 recogniz$ 9 plants1 m\nta9s1 oy/]s1 subjunctive moods1 & ! conf$]acies ( savage tribes 7p4 #ce74 ,fiske is "o ( ^? def5d]s ( ! evolutioni/ic philosophy :o irritate by reason ( _! cocksur5ess4 ,he> him1 9 ,d>w9ism & ,o!r ,essays3 ,"o c\ld c\nt on "o's f+]s ! numb] ( em95t naturali/s :o /ill decl9e to adopt x--! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis4 ,t 0 9 #ahgf4 ,to-day we "k t "o _c on "o f+] ! em95t naturali/s ( ! pres5t c5tury :o /ill accept x--,haeckel4 ,x is possible t ,fiske's ext5sion ( ! developm5t !ory1 along l9es laid d[n by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 to all human hi/ory1 ev5 to tribal conf$]acies1 is likewise subject to a revision4 ,inde$1 x w\ld seem t ev5 )\t special or detail$ k1 ! failure ( human hi/ory to con=m ) ?is univ]sal law w\ld be app>5t4 ,consid] once m ! basic concepts ( ,evolution4 ,!y are two 9 numb]1 #a4 ,ev]y?+ t is1 has be5 evolv$1 hav+ be5 involv$ 7pot5tially1 z a possibility7 9 t :i* prec$$ x4 ,pot5tially1 ! fea!r ( ! blue-bird 0 9 ! speck ( orig9al protoplasm1 pot5tially ! flights ( ,dante's & ,goe!'s g5ius 7 9 ! primordial cell4 ,all t has occurr$ 9 hi/ory has develop$ out ( antec$5ts4 ,fur!rmore3 #b4 ,all t exi/s has develop$ accord+ to natural laws4 ,sci5ti/s h giv5 up ! law :i* ,d>w9 call$ ,natural ,selection1 & ,sp5c] himself ca%i]$ ! law :i* he _h call$ ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,b evolutioni/s cont9ue to ass]t t someh[1 by ! action ( c]ta9 laws1 t :i* exi/s has naturally--!re is no ne$ ( div9e ,provid5ce1 ov]rul+ ! affairs ( m51--has naturally be5 develop$ out ( its antec$5ts4 ,& s hi/ory is read by ! evolutioni/4 ,he sees 9 all ! in/itutions ( civilization1 9 e dep>tm5t ( culture1 9 ! rise & fall ( nations1 ! progress & decay ( lit]atures1 a result ( natural laws1 work+ out ! evolution ( human society z x exi/s to-day4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! v]dict ( hi/ory8 ,does x con=m to ?is s*eme8 ,is !re a demon/rable developm5t1 by inh]5t =ces1 ( human society1 f l[] to high] ranges ( culture8 ,civilization tr note3 sic h ris51 civilizations h p]i%$3 is !re 9 ?is traceable ! work+ ( natural law8 ,dr4 ,emil ,rei*1 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 #ahhi4 p4 #de ff4 po9t$ out ! failure ( ! developm5t !ory z appli$ to human culture4 ,hebrew religion z well z ! ,hebrew /ate 7 n d]iv$ f ,babylonian1 ,egyptian1 ,arabic or ,hittite culture2 ,greek art is n a d]ivative product ( ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 or ,pho5ician art2 ,greek religion & my?ology are n d]iv$ f o!r pagan sy/ems2 ,roman law has n be5 develop$ out ( ,greek1 ,aryan1 or ,egyptian law2 ! ,engli% con/itutional =m ( gov]nm5t has no antec$5ts 9 ,g]man or ,norman-,fr5* hi/ory2 ,g]man music is n a result ( developm5t out ( ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 or ,italian music4 ,dr4 ,rei* sums up ! matt]3 ,in/itutions d n 'evolve1' nor are !y 'd]iv$1' !y /ep into exi/5ce by fulguration--sudd5 fla%es--1 by a process t is te*nically id5tical ) ! !ological idea ( creation4 ,! :ole concept ( evolution does n at all apply to hi/ory4 ,9 ?is argum5t !re is consid]able =ce4 ,=1 inde$1 :at natural law c acc\nt = ! rise ( human in/itutions1 s inf9itely div]sifi$ 9 _! /ructure8 ,e age is divid$ into epo*s1 & at ! c5t] ( ea* epo* !re is "s p]sonage ( =ce & g5ius4 ,b h[ did ,cromwell1 ,l9coln1 ,bism>ck arise8 ,:at =ce produc$ !m8 ,:5ce did !y evolve8 ,yet )\t ^! ?ree names1 ?ree great p]iods 9 ! _w's hi/ory w\ld be mean+less4 ,by :at comb9ation ( =ces %all we say t ! v>i\s g5iuses h develop$ :i*1 9 a mann] almo/ spectacul>1 rise be=e u z we /udy ! lit]atures ( ! pa/8 ,! y\?ful ye>s ( ,%akespe>e 7 sp5t "u circum/ances :i* might h produc$ 9 him "o dull & unaspir+ ,briti% c\ntry l\t1 l1 z "o egg to ano!r1 to a hundr$ ?\s& o!rs :o liv$ 9 8 age4 ,:at made ?is "o c\ntry boy ! mo/ a/oni%+ g5ius 9 all ! hi/ory ( lit]ature8 ,/udy ! y\? ( ,rob]t ,burns1 ( ,he9ri* ,he9e1 or ,col]idge1 & !n tell me :y ! fir/ two %\ld become ! greate/ lyric poets ( _! "t1 & ! ?ird1 "o ( ,engl&'s deepe/ ?9k]s8 ,:y did !y n develop1 "o into a satisfi$ ,scotti% f>m]1 ! o!r into a p$dl] ( notions1 & ! ?ird into a fat & com=table ,engli% bank]8 ,we quote f an article :i* appe>$ 9 ,!ological ,qu>t]ly "s tw5ty ye>s ago3 ,:at process ( evolution result$ 9 ! lives & de$s ( su* m5 z ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,julius ,ceas>1 tr4 note3 sic ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 ,lu!r1 ,napoleon ,i1 & ,bism>ck8 ,all ^! great mak]s ( hi/ory 7 :at !y 7 f> less 9 consequ5ce & by ! cont9uation ( ! c\rse ( previ\s ev5ts or developm5ts1 ?an l>gely 9 spite ( ! pa/ & 9 direct opposition to =ces :i* _h work$ toge!r 9 %ap+ ! condition ( ?+s ) :i* !y _h to deal4 ,! ,mac$onian empire w\ld nev] h sprung into be+ b = an ,alex&]1 9 ^: m9d ! *ief facts = its realization 7 unit$4 ,! ,rome :i* ,julius ,ceas> tr4 note3 sic left beh9d him 0 n t :i* he _h f\nd1 only c>ri$ =w>d to a new /age ( developm5t1 b ! embodim5t ( ideas conceiv$ 9 8 m9d1 a quantity :i* "u ,god ! greate/ ,roman _h made out ( a quantity :i* he _h f\nd4 ,! di/9ctive features ( ! ,con/ant9ian empire z comp>$ ) t ( ,diocletian1 or ( ! tetr>*y ( :i* he 0 ! head1 7 n evolv$ f e>li] political pr9ciples1 b /ood out 9 bold contra/ & ev5 9 direct opposition to ! v fundam5tals ( antique /atesman%ip1 & s new 9 politics t ev5 ,con/ant9e p]mitt$ !m to slip away f 8 grasp long be=e ! sunset ( 8 life _h come4 ,lu!r 0 n a m fully develop$ ,hus or ,savon>ola1 & ! ,re=mation 0 n ! m advanc$ /age or completion ( a movem5t inaugurat$ by ! ,humani/s1 b a "w ( ,god ! actuat+ _s ( :i* 0 z diametrically contr>y to ! rationali/ic _s :i* animat$ ,erasmus &1 9 a measure1 ,zw+li & 8 abettors1 z x 0 to anti-*ri/ian ,rome1--:i* 0 9 #aeag ess5tially :at x _h be5 9 #acjb1 :5 ,boniface ,,viii issu$ 8 bull ,unam sanctum z a def9ition ( ! rights & p[]s ( ,pop]y4 ,napoleon did n c>ry onw>d b broke away f ! tumult ( ,fr5* politics :5 he laid ! great] "p ( we/]n ,europe at 8 feet1 & ! battle ( ,au/]litz & ! rule ( ! ,hundr$ ,days 7 no m evolv$ f ! ,fr5* ,revolution z by intr9sic necessity ?an ! burn+ ( ,mosc[ & ! ,russian sn[s :i* turn$ to naught ! campaign ( #ahab4 7,a4 ,l4 ,graebn]47 ,accord+ to ! !ory we w\ld expect t 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( art1 p]fection w\ld be a late blossom1 burgeon+ =? only aft] ages ( feeble exp]im5t & attempt4 ,b :at are ! facts8 ,z we /udy ! hi/ory ( any art1--be x lit]ature or any dep>tm5t ( lit]ature2 be x ar*itecture1 sculpture1 ! dome/ic arts1 or ev5 ! art ( w>1--we f9d ! highe/ culm9ation ei!r at po9ts :i* specifically exclude ! idea ( a developm5t or1 inde$1 p]fection %9es =? 9 ! v beg9n+1 all subsequ5t art be+ decay & apo/asy f t primal p]fection4 ,9 epic poetry1 ! greate/ "w does n /& at ! end ( a long p]iod ( developm5t1 b ! fir/ & olde/ is ! greate/4 ,no?+ has ev] be5 produc$ to equal ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 writt5 #ijj ,b4 ,c4 ,we h epics t w always hold a prom95t place 9 lit]ature1 ,virgil's ,a5eid1 ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/1 b nei!r ^! nor ! _m flights attempt$ into epic poetry be=e or s9ce w be s]i\sly consid]$ z rivall+ ! rhapsodies ( ,hom]4 ,! fir/ novel ev] writt51 ,c]vantes' ,don ,quijote1 tr4 note3 sic rema9s "o ( ! greate/4 ,! olde/ dramati/s1 ,aes*ylus1 ,euripides1 ,sophocles1 h nev] be5 surpass$4 ,& s 9 e dep>tm5t ( art1 ! e>lie/ /age ( developm5t seems to be ! v mo/ p]fect4 ,pyramid build+ 0 a pa/ime ( ! e>lie/ ,ph>aos2 tr4 note3 sic ! lat] did n attempt to rival ^! /ructures ) any ( _! own4 ,no f9] jewelry c be produc$ to-day ?an ! gold ornam5ts f\nd 9 ! olde/ tombs ( ,egypt4 ,! f9e/ examples ( ,ea/ ,indian ar*itecture are ! olde/4 ,go?ic art 0 n a sl[ developm5t b came to utt] p]fection 9 its e>lie/ examples1--z 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,ami5s4 ,evolution repres5ts ! hi/ory ( our race z a con/ant climb1 f brute or ne>-brute beg9n+s1 to ev] high] =ms ( civilization1 until ! heights :i* our race has rea*$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury 7 atta9$4 ,9 reality1 ! rev]se process1 a con/ant & inv>iable process ( deg5]ation *>act]izes ! hi/ory ( nations & peoples4 ,:]e ,*ri/ianity ent]$ z a factor1 z 9 ! hi/ory ( ,we/]n ,europe & 9 ! results ( ,*ri/ian missions 9 hea!n l&s1 we c inde$ obs]ve a rise out ( b>b>ic or savage conditions to ref9em5t & culture4 ,b only :]e ! ,*ri/ian gospel is prea*$1 0 ! natural process ( decay1 ( deg5]ation1 int]f]$ )4 ,else:]e1 t is to say1 :]e purely natural =ces 7 giv5 free play1 mank9d has decl9$ physically1 m5tally1 spiritually4 ,all civilizations illu/rate ?is law ( decay4 ,wilhelm ,f4 ,griewe1 9 8 ,primitives ,su$am]ika 7,c9c9nati1 #ahic71 summ>izes 8 obs]vations on ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t z foll[s3 ,! ,malaysian aborig9es ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 a p]iod ( #c1jjj ye>s1 fail$ to advance 9 developm5t4 ,! ,japanese discov]]s ( ,p]u te/ify t !y f\nd ! natives 9 a condition ( extreme decay2 )9 a p]iod ( #a1ejj ye>s !y _h made no progress b _h retrogress$4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds came1 !y describ$ ! natives ( ,*ile & ,arg5t9a 9 su* a mann] t x is q evid5t h[ little ^! tribes _h progress$ 9 #c1jjj ye>s4 ,! ,araucanians ( ,*ile h1 ev5 9 hi/oric times1 greatly deg5]at$2 !y h lo/ ! v mean+ ( _m words2 reta9+ ! %ell1 !y h lo/ ! k]nel4 ,9 ,p]u1 ! age ( h]oic de$s & wond]ful ar*itecture 0 foll[$ by decay1 --religi\s1 moral1 intellectual decay4 ,! population 0 all b de/roy$ by vices & cruelty4 ,_! neighbors1 ! ,*ib*as1 likewise describ$ an arc :i* end$ 9 devil-wor%ip4 ,simil>ly1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,botokudes is deg5]ation1 vice1 atrocities4 ,! negro tribes 9 ! nor? & ea/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica record no progress1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 sank into abom9ations1 slav]y1 cannibalism4 ,:]e1 !n1 is !re support = ! evolution>y !ory1 ) its assumption ( an upw>d tr5d f a brute condition to civiliz$ & cultur$ life8 ,ev]y:]e 9 primitive ,s\? ,am]ica we see be=e our v eyes ! process ( decl9e & decay4 ,also ! religi\s idea became obscur$4 ,"s ( ^! tribes _h an orig9al mono!ism4 ,!y recogniz$ a supreme creator ( all ?+s & gave him v>i\s names4 ,b ! spiritual "* ( _! k ( ,god 0 gradually obscur$1 ,god 0 dragg$ into ! sph]e ( s5se & l[] div9ities 7 associat$ ) ,him1--a d[nw>d developm5t :i* absolutely contradicts ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis4 ,f an orig9al1 pure1 spiritual wor%ip to gross idolatry1--t is ! religi\s decay :i* 9 ! _w outside ! ,bible meets u ev]y:]e1 also among ! orig9al races ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?us 9 ! hi/ory ( human society1 we obs]ve1 unless ! div9e p[] ( ! gospel supplies ! sole pres]v+ & reg5]at+ elem5t1 a univ]sal law ( decay 9 human affairs4 ,innum]able times1 & at ! mo/ crucial mom5ts ( human hi/ory1 n ! fitte/ b ! unfitte/ surviv$4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,graebn] said3 ,! pr9ciple ( ! 'survival ( ! fitte/' is s f> f acc\nt+ = ! ph5om5a ( hi/ory1 t ! pr9ciple itself is flatly contradict$ & utt]ly explod$ by a sob] inve/igation ( hi/orical facts4 ,t !re are 9 nature num]\s in/ances ( a survival ( ! unfitte/1 is n only conc$$ by our evolutioni/s1 b has be5 delib]ately =g$ into an argum5t aga9/ teleology 7div9e purpose7 & div9e provid5ce6 ,&1 we ask1 0 x by ! survival ( ! fitte/ t ,julius ,ceas>1 tr4 note3 sic "o ( ! gr&e/ rul]s ( all ages1 %\ld succumb "u ! dagg]s ( ,brutus & ,cassius3 t ,paul & ,s5eca %\ld die by au?ority ( _! inf]ior1 ,n]o2 t ,pop]y1 rott5 to ! core & repres5t$ by m5 :o w\ld h br\ght on ! ignom9\s tr4 note3 sic collapse or ext9ction ( e o!r dyna/y 9 ! days ( ! ,roman pornocracy1 %\ld survive1 :ile ! illu/ri\s h\se ( ,h5ry ,i4 sank away to ru9 9 ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation2 t ,john ,hus %\ld die at ! /ake & ,jean ,*>li] de ,g]son 9 timid mona/ic retirem5t1 :ile ,bal?as> ,cossa1 by f> _! inf]ior 9 tal5ts & le>n+1 & e in* an infam\s sc\ndrel1 hav+ = a "t disgrac$ ev5 ! ,roman see z ,john ,,xxiii1 end$ 8 days z a ,c>d9al & ,bi%op ( ,tusculum & ,dean ( ! ,sacr$ ,college2 t ,girolamo ,savon>ola1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & pure-m9d$ lead]s ( 8 day & ( all times1 %\ld be f\ght d[n & cru%$ 9 a /ruggle ) m5 n "o ( :om 0 wor?y ( unloos+ 8 %oe's lat*et1 among !m ,alex&] ,,vi1 "o ( ! mo/ sc&al\s wret*es ( all hi/ory8 ,survival ( ! fitte/6 ,! article f :i* we h quot$ po9ts out ! relevancy1 to ! "q at issue1 ( ! pr9ciple ( deg5]ation & gradual decay 9 hi/orical organisms or in/itutions4 ,our sci5ti/s :o bo!r !mselves & o!rs ab\t ! desc5t ( man h favor$ ) a ke5 int]e/ ! ,bu%m5 ( ,au/ralia & o!r types ( savage humanity1 ) rec$+ skulls1 flat noses1 ?9 legs1 little or no clo?+1 & n mu* ( morals or religion4 ,! l[] 9 ! scale & ! f>!r remote f ! civiliz$ ,caucasian a newly discov]$ or inve/igat$ tribe or specim51 liv+ or dead1 w\ld appe> to be1 ! great] 0 ! value set on ! discov]y1 because ! ne>] sci5ce 0 suppos$ to h come to ! miss+ l9k1 ! transition f brute to man4 ,( c\rse1 ! miss+ l9k w nev] be discov]$1 because x nev] exi/$4 ,!re is no transition f brute to man1 & nev] 04 ,b if !re 7 a species ( be+s :i* might be class$ ei!r ) man or ) brutes1 a transitional species1 ev5 t w\ld n necess>ily repres5t a transition 9 ! direction f brute to man4 ,we d n say t a transition f man to brute is possible2 = x is n2 b we d say t ! evolutioni/ :o sees 9 ,bu%m5 & o!r savages specim5s ( humanity repres5t+ ! e>li] /ages ( developm5t1 ?r\gh :i* ! m highly develop$ species _h long s9ce pass$ on ! way f ! primitive /ate ( man to _! pres5t /ate1 makes a great1 fundam5tal mi/ake1 ! same mi/ake :i* "o w\ld make 9 suppos+ t ! pale & decrepit inmates ( a city hospital or a c\ntry poorh\se repres5t$ ! l[] /age ( developm5t f :i* ! /rong & heal?y m5 & wom5 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry _h be5 evolv$4 ,our evolutioni/s are 9 v mu* ! same plight ) ,m>k ,twa9 & 8 fri5d1 :o1 hav+ slept all day1 ru%$ f ! hotel 9 scanty clo?+1 climb$ ! obs]vatory & to ! amusem5t ( ! gue/s l\dly admir$ :at !y took to be ! fam\s ,rigi sunrise1 :ile 9 fact !y 7 vocif]at+ & ge/iculat+ at ! sett+ sun4 ,b :ile our t\ri/s _h soon f\nd out _! mi/ake1 our evolutioni/s h n2 :i* does n make x any less a mi/ake4 ,/4 ,paul has drawn a vivid picture ( ! deg5]at+ influ5ce ( s9 ^u ! nations "u ! righte\s wra? ( ,god199 99 ,rom4 #a1 #ah-cb4 & ! c\rse :i* ! ,greek nation & ! ,roman w\ld h run f _! pri/9e vigor exhibit$ 9 ! days ( ,!rmopylae & ,cannae d[n to ! /ate ( m>asmus s5ilis pictur$ by ,juv5al1 a /ate ( rott5ness :i* ev5 ! transfusion ( ,g]man blood into ! putrid ve9s ( t deg5]ate & decay+ race c\ld n rem$y1 is a fe>ful corroboration ( ! apo/le's te/imony4 ,we _c leave ?is subject )\t briefly adv]t+ to a great hi/oric fact1 inde$1 ! mo/ massive & significant fact 9 all hi/ory1 :i*1 9 its remot] be>+s1 n only /rikes at ! v he>t ( ! evolutioni/ic philosophy1 b at ! same "t w\nds x mortally 9 all its p>ts4 ,i ref] to ! ,resurrection ( our ,"l4 ,! resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! c5tral fact ( our ,*ri/ian belief & x is1 rightly und]/ood1 ! all-suffici5t answ] to ! !ory ( evolution4 ,*ri/'s resurrection is an hi/orical fact fully z mu* z ! defeat ( ,x]xes at ,salamis 9 #dhj ,b4 ,c41 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus 9 #adib1 & ! peace ( ,v]sailles ( #aiai are hi/orical facts1 prov5 by ! ^w & record ( contempor>y witnesses4 ,b if ,*ri/ 0 rais$ !n we h pro( = ! foll[+ t5ets1 all contradict+ evolution>y speculation at s _m vital po9ts3 #a7 ,! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god :o is conc]n$ ) human affairs2 #b7 ,! reality ( miracul\s int]f]5ce ) natural =ces2 #c7 ,! tru? ( atonem5t & ! r$emption1 & #d7 ,! inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures 7h5ce also ( ! creation acc\nt 9 ,g5esis74 ,! details ( ! argum5t are beyond ! scope ( ?is pap]1 b a little pati5t /udy w br+ to light ! fact t ea* ( ^! f\r basic ideas is dove-tail$1 mortis$ & an*or$ s firmly 9 ! fact ( ,*ri/'s resurrection1 t y c get rid ( !m all only by d5y+ t fact4 ,h5ce x is1 aside f any inve/igation ( pro(s ( evolutionism1 cle> to ! ,*ri/ian /ud5t t !re mu/ be "s fault ei!r 9 reason or 9 obs]vation t vitiates ! :ole !ory4 ,! resurrection ( ,*ri/ is a fact1 a fact to :i* ! entire hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity te/ifies1 ! mo/ trem5d\s fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,& x /&s =e-squ>e aga9/ a !ory :i* says t !re is no p]sonal ,god1 t !re is no s91 no r$emption2 t !re are no miracles1 no revelation1 no inspiration2 t !re is no absolute religion nor an absolute /&>d ( "r & wrong4 ,,*apt] ,,elev54 ,evid5ce ( ,design4 ,comp>e all t has be5 said by sci5ti/s !mselves ab\t ! evolution>y !ory1 & :at rema9s8 ,?is1 only1 t "s h[1 we d n "k :51 life arose1 & "s h[1 we d n "k by :at laws1 "o =m evolv$ f ano!r1 until we & ! _w ab\t u h become :at we are n[4 ,n[1 ! fact t no laws h s f> be5 discov]$ by sci5ti/s to acc\nt = ?is presum$ developm5t ( all ?+s by inh]5t =ces1 is v significant & ! conclusions :i* logically foll[ f x des]ve our att5tion4 ,s9ce ,d>w9's solution1 ,natural ,selection1 0 disc>d$1 tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago1 _m o!r solutions h be5 prop\nd$1 b none has receiv$ ! ass5t ( ev5 a respectable gr\p ( sci5ti/s1 let alone by all4 ,^! solutions1 --su* z ! !ories ( de ,vries & ,m5del1 are frankly no m ?an guesses bas$ on c]ta9 obs]vation 9 plant life & insect life & _! orig9ators by no means ass]t t !y h f\nd a law by :i* ! univ]se c be acc\nt$ =4 ,b if !re is no univ]sal law1 !re is only *ance4 ,h5ce x is cle> t :at we are ask$ to believe is t anci5t ,greek speculation 0 aft] all n f> f ! tru?1 t ?r\gh a =tuit\s 7accid5tal7 conc\rse ( atoms ! _w came into be+1 & t by *ance comb9ations ( elem5ts ! great v>iety ( liv+ ?+s arose4 ,su* is ! condition ( evolutioni/ic ?\ght to-day4 ,t !re is no direct evid5ce = organic evolution is g5]ally admitt$4 ,t geology _c be quot$ = x is also q g5]ally conc$$1 s9ce ! sudd5 rise ( p]fect 7n half-develop$7 insects1 ( p]fect fi%1 ( p]fect mammals1 is cle> ev5 to ! man :o m]ely turns ! leaves ( ,geikie's1 ,le ,conte's1 & ,dana's text books1 or visits ,field's ,museum4 ,yet "s-h[ ?+s mu/ h gott5 to be :at !y are by developm5t f e>li] =ms1--?is ab\t sums up :at is really conta9$ 9 ! concept ( evolution z x appe>s 9 mo/ rec5t sci5tific lit]ature1 s f> z sci5ti/s at all t\* ^u ! subject4 ,h[ev]1 !y by no means urge ! evolution>y pr9ciple z !y us$ to d4 ,bact]iologi/s especially1 s ,i am in=m$ by a *emi/ ( int]national repute1 ,dr4 ,p4 ,a4 ,kob]1 ( ,new ,york1 z a class are incl9$ to give up ! !ory z a bad guess4 ,:y1 !y f9d 9 fossil fi% diseas$ portions :i* be> unmi/akable traces ( ! action ( bact]ia :i* live to-day1 9 o!r words1 :i* 9 c\ntless millions ( ye>s h n progress$ en\gh to %[ any *ange recognizable "u ! mo/ p[]ful miscroscope6 tr4 note3 sic ,an?ropologi/s %ake _! head :5 !y are told by evolutioni/s t ! animal :i* %[s cle>e/ resemblance 9 a /ructural way1 to c]ta9 po9ts 9 human anatomy1 is a small fossil ape1 ab\t ! size ( a h\se cat1 ) a skull "o in* 9 diamet]6 ,!re rema9s no pro(1 direct or indirect1 ( any pr9ciple work+ ! *anges :i* are believ$ to h occurr$4 ,all ?+s h evolv$1 if !y h evolv$ at all1 by *ance4 ,n[1 ov] aga9/ ?is doctr9e ( *ance !re /&s ! monum5tal fact t ?r\gh\t nature1 liv+ & non-liv+1 !re runs a pr9ciple ( design4 ,! m9]als1 ! plants1 ! animals1 all exhibit1 z ev5 ! sup]ficial obs]v] kn[s or might "k1 a plan4 ,!re is design 9 ! cry/als 9 :i* elem5ts exi/ :5 !y pass f a liquid into a solid /ate2 !re is design 9 ! leaf & fl[] ( e plant2 !re is plan1 design1 9 ! /ructure & physiology ( animals4 ,we w\ld add1 !re is an evid5t plan 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*os5 ,race1 ! ,jews1 z we possess x 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts2 !re is a plan 9 ! moral sph]e1 laws produc+ unv>i$ results2 !re is an ord]$ s*eme ev5 9 ! life ( ! individual4 ,b let u limit our inve/igation to ! doma9 ( nature4 ,let u note h[ little necessity !re is = assum+ t by m]e *ance ?+s h come to be :at !y are4 ,z a rule ea* *emical sub/ance has an individual cry/al by :i* x c be di/+ui%$4 ,x is possible to classify ! ?\s&s ( diff]5t cry/als1 s9ce all belong to "o ( six classes1 accord+ z _! surfaces are gr\p$ symmetrically ar\nd ! axes ( ! cry/al4 ,! salt cry/al has "o =m1 ! topaz ano!r1 qu>tz & b]yl ano!r1 borax ano!r1 & ^! =ms are absolutely unv>i$ :]ev] ^! sub/ances are f\nd 9 nature or 9 ! *emi/'s retort4 ,x is n "h our int5tion to po9t out h[ impossible x is to assume t !re has be5 an evoluton tr4 note3 sic ( "o ( ^! =ms out ( ano!r4 ,! po9t is t !re is n *ance1 b ord]ly arrangem5t1 symmetrical %ape1 9 a ^w1 mo/ evid5t design4 ,turn+ to plant life1 ev5 ! amateur /ud5t _c fail to obs]ve t ! entire _w ( plants is built on a beautiful sy/em :i* argues mo/ p[]fully n = accid5tal arrangem5t b = plan4 ,! place ( e leaf on e plant is fix$ be=eh& by un]r+ ma!matical rule4 ,z ! /ems gr[ on1 leaf aft] leaf appe>s exactly 9 its pr$e/9$ place1 produc+ a p]fect symmetry2--a symnetry tr4 note3 sic :i* manife/s itself n 9 "o s+le monoton\s patt]n = all plants1 b 9 a def9ite numb] ( =ms exhibit$ by diff]5t species1 & ari?metically express$ by ! s]ies ( fractions1 #a_/b1 #a_/c1 #b_/e1 #c_/h1 #e_/ac1 #h_/ba1 etc41 accord+ z ! =mative en]gy 9 its spiral c\rse up ! develop+ /em lays d[n at correspond+ int]vals #b1 #c1 #e1 #h1 #ac1 or #ba ranks ( alt]native leaves4 ,! position ( ea* blossom is det]m9$ be=eh& by t ( ! leaves2 s t ! %ape ( e fl[]-clu/] 9 a boquet tr4 note3 sic is giv5 by ! same simple ma!matical law :i* arranges ! foliage4 ,e fl[] has a ,num]ical ,plan4 ,al?\gh n easy to make out 9 all cases1 yet g5]ally x is pla9 to see t ea* blossom is bas$ ^u a p>ticul> numb]1 :i* runs ?r\gh all or mo/ ( its p>ts4 ,& a pr9cipal ?+ :i* a botani/ notices :5 exam9+ a fl[] is its num]ical plan4 ,x is ^u ?is t ! symmetry ( ! blossom dep5ds4 ,?us ! /onecrop & ! flax are bas$ ^u ! numb] five1 :i* is exhibit$ 9 all _! p>ts4 ,"s fl[]s ( ?is same /onecrop h _! p>ts 9 f\rs1 & !n t numb] runs ?r\gh\t2 namely1 !re are f\r sepals1 f\r petals1 eight /am5s 7two sets71 & f\r pi/ils4 ,next let u t\* ^u ! plan :i* connects ! plant ) ! animal _w4 ,! wond]ful adaptations ( _m fl[]s & insects to ea* o!r1 z to ! f]tilization ( ! =m]1 & z to ! life ( ! individual insect & ! propagation ( its k9d1 are evid5ce ( design4 ,= example1 !re are c]ta9 species ( plants t are dep5d5t = _! f]tilization on c]ta9 species ( mo?s :i* live 9 ! fl[]s1 & ! mo?s1 9 turn1 are dep5d5t on ! plants4 ,!y deposit _! eggs 9 ! ov>ies ( ! fl[]s :]e ! "y are hat*$ & n\ri%$4 ,! mo?s 9 "s cases c>ry ! poll5 & place x on ! /igmas ( ! fl[]s1 z if guid$ by intellig5ce4 ,s m>vell\s are ! provisions :i* are made to ensure ! f]tilization ( plants t ! dean ( ,am]can tr4 note3 sic botani/s1 ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 exclaims3 ,if ^! /ructures & _! op]ations d n argue int5tion1 :at /rong] evid5ce ( int5tion 9 nature c !re possibly be8 ,if !y d1 su* evid5ces are c\ntless1 & almo/ e blossom br+s di/9ct te/imony to ! exi/5ce & provid5ce ( a ,design] & ,orda9]1 )\t :om1 we may well believe1 n m]ely a sp>r[1 n ev5 a gra9 ( poll51 may fall4 7,on ?is entire subject read ,sel9a ,gaye's ,! ,great ,_w's ,f>m1 publi%$ by ! ,mac,millan ,co41 ,new ,york47 ,we c only lightly t\* on ! wond]s ( design 9 ! /ructure & functions ( animals4 ,"h is a fea!r1 any fea!r1 say1 ! fea!r ( an eagle4 ,we quote ! foll[+ on ,"o ( ,nature's ,wond]s--! ,fea!r'' f an article 9 a popul> magaz9e3 ,to mo/ p a fea!r is j a fea!r1 ei!r pretty or pla9 accord+ to h[ ! color+ /rikes _! individual fancy4 ,yet :5 a fea!r is exam9$ critically1 x becomes a wond] & yet m wond]ful--x is amaz+ :5 its details are und]/ood4 ,nev] 0 !re a ?+ bett] plann$ & build$ = ! uses int5d$4 ,take1 = in/ance1 a pla9 fea!r--say ! tail fea!r ( an eagle4 ,! long quill is made ( fea!r-bone1 t wond]fully light1 yet /rong mat]ial t =ms ! rigid "p ( all fea!rs1 s t\gh t x is almo/ impossible to break x1 yet s flexible x w b5d into a circle & !n spr+ back l a bit ( :alebone6 ,no?+ t man has ev] be5 able to make c equal x4 ,!re is no blood1 no n]ves1 no circulation & app>5tly no life 9 a full gr[n fea!r1 yet x does n decompose2 inde$1 x is "o ( ! h>de/ ?+s 9 ! _w to de/roy by any process ( decomposition4 ,x reta9s its resili5cy & all its flexibility = ye>s--all t is necess>y is to keep x dry4 ,x is f9i%$ all along ! rib 7or quill7 ) a h>d1 glossy enamel on ! outside & ?is enamel keeps its poli% z long z ! fea!r la/s4 ,f tr4 note3 sic on punctuation an eng9e]+ /&po9t1 or ! /&po9t ( ! me*anic or artisan1 !re is absolutely no sugge/ion ( bett]m5t to be made1 = ! fea!r is an exact1 p]fectly f9i%$ product4 ,its long c5tral quill tap]s f base to po9t ) geometric precision1 !reby giv+ p]fect resi/ance to b5d+ =ce1 & ?is is "o ( ! comb9ation ( secrets t enables ! bird to fly z easily z man c walk4 ,also ?is long quill is holl[1 !reby all extra weight is done away ) & add$ /r5g? ga9$ because ( ! tube contraction2 & to make x p]fect f a me*anical /&po9t1 ! "u side ( ! quill is re9=c$ by a d\bl]oll$ ?ick5+ ( ! %ell ( ! quill itself s t /ra9s are equaliz$4 ,?is long quill is also curv$ slightly1 to meet air resi/ance aga9 & ov]come x :5 ! :ole tail is spread1 fan-l1 to sudd5ly alt] a direction or *eck spe$ 9 flight4 ,! long1 s(t side masses are =m$ ( a multitude ( t9y fea!rs1 ea* "o p]fectly equipp$1 p]fectly made1 me*anically & geometrically )\t fault4 ,ea* ( ^! t9y side fea!rs has its own midrib t tap]s f base to tip1 & ea* ( ^! midribs c>ries its own equipm5t ( side 'hairs' s beautifully con/ruct$ t x locks automatically into ! "o on ea* side ( x 9 su* a way t x makes a solid yet flexible mass ( ! :ole surface1 aga9/ :i* ! air fl[s z ! bird flies4 ,if ^! side fea!rs be split ap>t !y w come back into place s exactly t ! split _c be detect$4 ,no?+ else 9 nature repairs itself ) su* precision4 ,_m ?+s1 = in/ance ! claw leg ( ! crawfi%1 w replace itself exactly :5 de/roy$1 b ! fea!r alone repairs its own breaks precisely & automatically4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! fea!r is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect products ( nature because ! mat]ial us$ is ! "o be/ ?+ ?r\gh\t1 ! eng9e]+ pr9ciples involv$ are )\t fault1 ! ma!matical plan is precise1 ! con/ruction is p]fect1 ! color+ & arti/ry are flawless1 & !re is n "o s+le po9t ab\t x t c be con/ructively criticiz$4 ,?is %ort article c only h9t at ! wond]ful ?+s "o may f9d 9 a s+le fea!r1 & x is some?+ well wor? n an h\r1 b weeks or mon?s ( ! mo/ pa9/ak+ & c>eful /udy1 = x cov]s an amaz+ field4 ,! electric batt]y 9 c]ta9 fi%es is s palpable a case ( design t ,*>les ,d>w9 admitt$ 8 inability to acc\nt = x by ,natural ,selection4 ,! electric ray1 or torp$o1 = in/ance1 has be5 provid$ ) a batt]y :i*1 :ile x closely resembles1 yet 9 ! beauty & compactness ( its /ructure1 x greatly exce$s ! batt]ies by :i* man has n[ le>n$ to make ! laws ( electricity subs]vi5t to 8 w4 ,9 ?is batt]y !re are no less ?an #idj hexagonal columns1 l ^? ( a bee's comb1 & ea* ( ^! is subdivid$ by a s]ies ( horizontal plates1 :i* appe> to be analog\s to ! plates ( ! batt]ies us$ 9 automobiles4 ,! :ole is suppli$ ) an enorm\s am\nt ( n]v\s matt]1 f\r great bran*es ( :i* are z l>ge z ! animal's sp9al cord1 & ^! spread out 9 a multitude ( ?read-l filam5ts r\nd ! prismatic columns1 & f9ally pass into all ! cells4 ,a complete k ( all ! my/]ies :i* h be5 gradually unfold$ f ! days ( ,galvani to ^? ( ,f>aday1 & ( _m o!rs :i* are /ill inscrutable to u1 is exhibit$ 9 ?is /ructure4 ,well may ,mr4 ,d>w9 say1 ,x is impossible to conceive by :at /eps ^! wondr\s organs h be5 produc$4 ,we see ! purpose--t a special app>atus %\ld be prep>$2 b we h n ! remote/ notion ( ! means employ$4 ,yet we c see s mu* z ?is1 t "h aga91 o!r laws1 belong+ altoge!r to ano!r dep>tm5t ( nature--laws ( organic gr[?--are made subs]vi5t to a v def9ite & v peculi> purpose4' tr4 note3 sic on punctuation ,! new-born kang>oo1 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 is an in* 9 l5g?1 nak$1 bl9d1 ) v rudim5tal limbs & tail2 9 "o :i* ,i exam9$ ! morn+ aft] ! bir?1 ,i c\ld disc]n no act ( suck+2 x hung1 l a g]m1 f ! end ( ! long nipple1 & seem$ unable to draw su/5ance !refrom by its own ef=ts4 ,! "m accord+ly is provid$ ) a peculi> adaptation ( a muscle 7crema/]7 to ! mamm>y gl&1 by :i* %e c inject ! milk f ! nipple into ! m\? ( ! p5dul\s embryo4 ,7 ! l>ynx ( ! creature l t ( ! p>5t1 ! milk might1 probably w\ld1 ent] ! w9dpipe & cause suffocation3 b ! l>ynx is cone-%ap$1 ) ! op5+ at ! apex1 :i* projects1 z 9 ! :aletribe1 into ! back ap]ture ( ! no/rils1 :]e x is closely embrac$ by ! muscles ( ! 's(t palate4' ,! air-passage is ?us completely sep>at$ f ! fauces 7m\?71 & ! inject$ milk passes 9 a divid$ /ream1 on ei!r side ! base ( ! l>ynx1 into ! oesophagus4 ,^! correlat$ modifications ( mat]nal & foetal /ructures1 design$ ) especial ref]5ce to ! peculi> conditions ( bo? "m & (f-spr+1 af=d1 z x seems to me1 irrefragable evid5ce ( creative =sight4 ,! p>ts ( ?is app>atus _c h produc$ "o ano!r2 "o "p is 9 ! "m1 ano!r "p 9 ! "y "o2 )\t _! h>mony !y c\ld n be effective2 b no?+ except design c op]ate to make !m h>moni\s4 ,!y are int5d$ to "w toge!r2 & we _c resi/ ! conviction ( ?is int5tion :5 ! facts fir/ come be=e u4 ,we _c /op to pass 9 review ! /ructural m>vels ( ! human eye & e>1 ( ! dige/ive organs1 & circulatory sy/em ( animals1 ( adaptations ( fi%es to ! wat]y elem5t4 ,b we mu/ m5tion an out/&+ feature ( all animal life1 ! evid5t lik5ess ( plan ^u :i* ! entire k+dom ( s5ti5t life is con/ruct$4 ,f amoeba & o!r infusorial animals ( simple/ /ructure1 ?r\gh coral & oy/]1 bird1 reptile1 to mammals1 !re is an evid5t gradation1 _m /ructures be+ repres5t$ 9 entire great gr\ps ( liv+ be+s1 su* z ! air-brea?+ lung4 ,"h is a gr& plan ( animal life1 :i* p]mits u to classify all liv+ ?+s into a sy/em4 ,!re are classes & subclasses1 ord]s or families1 subord]s1 tribes1 sub-tribes1 g5]a1 species1 & v>ieties1 j z 9 ! _w ( plants & ev51 accord+ to _! atomic weight1 among ! elem5ts4 ,we see 9 all ?is1 ,creative ,design4 ,! evolutioni/ believes t he c p]cive tr4 note3 sic /ages ( progress4 ,simil>ity ( plan is int]pret$ z pro( t !re is a common orig94 ,are we to admit1 9 ! face ( all t has be5 said ab\t ! fixity ( species 7to m5tion only ?is71 ! reasonabl5ess ( su* an assumption8 ,does ord]l9ess & plan argue = developm5t8 ,! /eam-eng9e is a ma*9e ( rem>kable /ructure4 ,x has _h1 9 "o s5se ( ! t]m1 a wond]ful evolution4 ,x is bas$ on c]ta9 pr9ciples1 ! f\ndation "o ( :i* is ! expansibility ( /eam1 & its ability1 :5 conf9$ 9 a cyl9d]1 to give motion to a pi/on4 ,! /eam-eng9e 0 fir/ us$ = pump+1 !n = turn+ ma*9]y1 !n = propell+ boats1 & n[ its cr[n+ dep>tm5t is se5 9 ! locomotive4 ,!re is a plan1 a lik5ess1 a simil>ity1 :i* runs ?r\gh all /eam-eng9es1 :e!r !y be f\nd 9 ! m9e1 9 ! mill1 b5ea? ! deck ( ! /eam%ip1 or on ! railroad track4 ,b ! locomotive is n =m$ f ! m9e eng9e2 x is made new1 & is a di/9ct type4 ,& yet1 ! same pr9ciples are se5 9 bo?4 ,ev5 s x is ) ! g5]a ( animals4 ,! :ale & ! elephant bo? h backbones1 jo9t$ limbs1 w>m blood1 & a hundr$ homolog\s organs4 ,!y are bo? mammals1 bo? are sagaci\s1 & are gift$ ) acute s5ses4 ,b o!rwise !y are unlike z ! mon/] locomotive t pulls ! heavy tra9 ov] ! ,si]ras1 & ! comp\nd eng9es ( ! ,vat]l&4 ,simil>ity ( /ructures argues p[]fully = unity ( plan1 b by no means proves id5tity ( orig94 ,! evid5ce ( design 9 nature conflicts ) ! idea t all ?+s 9 ! organic doma9 h come to be :at !y are by *ance4 ,b x agrees p]fectly ) ! ,*ri/ian view ( animal nature4 ,:at is t8 ,x is t ,god creat$ ! diff]5t classes ( exi/5ces 9 ! /rict s5se2 t is1 t he creat$ !m sep>ate classes & species1 ea* ) its own peculi>ities & habits1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !y rise "o above ! o!r 9 g5]al & /eady ord]1 ) c]ta9 g5]al organs & functions1 :i* run ?r\gh ne>ly all except ! l[e/ classes1 ea* high] class hav+ also "s di/9ct & additional peculi>ities n f\nd 9 ^? bel[ x4 ,9 o!r words1 to ! ,*ri/ian ! /eadily asc5d+ scale 9 ! "w ( creation is only ! unfold+ or developm5t ( ! great plan ( creation t 0 9 ! m9d ( ,god4 ,he believes t ,god did n create "o or m simple cells or g]ms1 & cause all high] =ms to be evolv$ f !m1 int]f]+ only once or twice 7:5 ! backbone appe>$1 ! n\ri%+ brea/1 ! m9d ( man1 etc471 b t he1 9 ! execution ( 8 plan1 creat$ successively z di/9ct ord]s & species ^? ?+s & be+s :i* n[ exi/ z di/9ct ord]s & species1 & _m ( :i* h become ext9ct4 ,?is is ! ,/ory ( ,creation z giv5 9 ,g5esis3 ,ea* plant1 ea* animal1 creat$ 9 its own place 9 ! scale ( liv+ ?+1 b ea* creat$ z a species1--aft] _! k9d1 ! phrase repeat$ aft] ea* creative act ( ! ?ird1 fif?1 & six? day1 except ) ref]5ce to man1 :o 0 n creat$ z a species b aft] ! image ( ,god4 ,b ! evid5ces ( design are yet ( a high] nature ?an we h s f> consid]$4 ,!re is n only ,creative ,intellig5ce at "w 9 ! poll5 ( fl[]s1 ! brea?+ ( sponges1 & ! eagle's orb ( vision2 ,m9d dom9ates ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,ev]y:]e !re is law & p]iodic1 rhy?mical motion4 ,! ,"l1 speak+ to ,job1 ref]s to ! measures ( ! e>?1 ! l9es :i* ,he has /ret*$ ^u x4 ,he asks1 conc]n+ ! heav5ly bodies3 ,can/ ?\ b9d ! sweet influ5ces ( ,pleiades1 or loose ! b&s ( ,orion8 ,can/ ?\ br+ =? ,mazz>o? 9 8 season8 ,or can/ ?\ guide ,arcturus ) 8 sons8 ,& ,job answ]s3 ,i "k t ,?\ can/ d ev]y?+4 ,& s !re is a ,reign ( ,law 9 ! dew on ! grass 7,job #ch1 #bh71 & 9 ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! ,univ]se is rul$ by ,m9d4 ,pr(essor ,koellik] 7,leipsic7 says 9 8 "w ,ueb] die ,d>w9s*e ,s*oepfung/heorie 7#aijd73 ,! developm5t !ory ( ,d>w9 is n ne$$ to enable u to und]/& ! regul> h>moni\s progress ( ! complete s]ies ( organic =ms f ! simpl] to ! m p]fect4 ,! exi/5ce ( g5]al laws ( nature expla9s ?is h>mony1 ev5 if we assume t all be+s h aris5 sep>ately & indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,d>w9 =gets t inorganic nature1 9 :i* !re c be no ?\ght ( a g5etic connection ( =ms1 t "o =m ( cry/al1 = in/ance1 arose out ( ano!r1 exhibits ! same regul> plan1 z ! organic _w 7( plants & animals71 & t1 to cite only "o example1 !re is z mu* a natural sy/em ( m9]als z ( plants & animals4 ,we c g a /ep f>!r & say t !re is sy/em & ord]ly design ev5 9 ! position & movem5ts ( ! />s1--:i* c]ta9ly h n be5 evolv$ "o f ! o!r4 ,m m>vell\s /ill1 we are p]mitt$ to believe t !re is an id5tity ( plan connect+ ! arrangem5t ( atoms 9 a molecule & ! position ( ! />s & planets4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,"y1 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ,pr9ceton ,college1 says 9 8 l>g] text-book ^u 8 special !me t our planet>y sy/em 7! sun & planets7 is n a m]e accid5tal aggregation ( bodies1 t !re are a multitude ( relations actually obs]v$ :i* are :olly indep5d5t ( gravitation4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! position & motions ( ! planets !re are evid5ces ( design :i* _c be acc\nt$ = by natural law4 ,we %all po9t out an in/ance ( su* arrangem5t1--! progressive di/ance ( ! planets f ! sun1 z fir/ discov]$ by ,titius ( ,witt5b]g1 & lat] 79 #aggb7 br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific _w1 by ,johann ,bode1 ! celebrat$ ,g]man a/ronom]4 ,x is exhibit$ by writ+ a l9e ( n9e #d's & !n plac+ regul>ly increas+ numb]s "u ! sev]al #d's1 beg9n+ ) ! second4 ,?us #c1 #f1 #ab1 #bd1 #dh1 #if1 #aib1 & #chd1 ea* increas$ by #d1 w give ! resultant s]ies1 #d1 #g1 #aj1 #af1 #bh1 #eb1 #ajj1 #aif1 #chh4 ,^! numb]s divid$ by #aj are approximately ! true di/ance ( ! planets f ! sun 9 t]ms ( ! radius ( ! e>?'s orbit1 ) ! exception ( ,neptune4 ,h5ce !re is1 9 ! arrangme5t ( ! planets1 z ord]ly a sy/em z we h not$ ) ref]5ce to ! leaves on a plant4 ,any rational man on e>?1 f9d+ an ord]ly sy/em ( mat]ials arrang$ 9 su* relation by su* means1 w\ld in/antly conclude t x mu/ be due to intellig5ce & n to m]e *ance4 ,n[1 x is a rem>kable fact t 9 ! s-call$ ,p]iodic ,law ( ! elem5ts con/itut+ matt] ! same relation is obs]v$4 ,( ! eighty elem5ts1 no two n[ kn[n h exactly ! same capacity to resi/ heat1 & no two atoms ( ! same elem5ts h ! same weight z comp>$ ) an atom ( hydrog54 ,b ^! diff]5ces 9 resi/ance to heat & 9 weight1 are n haphaz>d1 b are s regul>ly progressive t !y c be arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( regul>ly progressive increas+ int]vals4 ,mo/ m>vell\s ( all1 h[ev]1 :5 ^! diff]5ces 9 specific gravity are exam9$1 we f9d t !y be> a close resemblance to ! arrangem5t ( ! planets 9 progressive di/ances f ! sun4 ,!re appe>s to be "o law = atoms & = worlds4 ,aga9 we ask1 :5 !re is su* ord]ly arrangem5t & plan ?r\gh\t nature1 %\ld ! ord]ly plan ( plant & animal life be reg>d$ z a pro( ( evolution8 ,c]ta9ly1 atoms h n evolv$ f atoms1 nor planets f planets4 ,& aga91 s9ce omnipot5ce alone c acc\nt = ! sweet influ5ces ( ! ,pleiades1 ! br++ =? ( ,mazz>o?--! con/ellations ( ! heav5s 9 _! nightly revolutions1--:y resi/ ! conviction t omnipot5ce1 voic$ =? 9 ! beg9n+1 acc\nts = ! life on e>? t n[ exi/s8 ,"o m consid]ation1 & we h done4 ,life on e>? exi/s only ?r\gh a comb9ation ( v complex physical conditions4 ,^! conditions are su* z _c1 9 _! comb9ation1 be ref]r$ to *ance1 ,fairhur/ says1 9 8 ,organic ,evolution ,consid]$3 ,! simple sub/ances :i* con/itute ! e>? are ( su* k9ds & are f\nd 9 su* relative quantities z n only to r5d] life possible1 b also to contribute to ! well-be+ ( man z an intellig5t & moral ag5t4 ,i look ^u ! concurr5ce ( all ^! ?+s1 accord+ to any !ory ( *ance1 z be+ entirely impossible4 ,! conditions t mu/ be fulfill$ be=e liv+ be+s are possible are s complex t no?+ %ort ( ! wisdom ( a ,supreme ,intellig5ce c\ld h produc$ !m4 7cf4 ,rom4 #a1 #bj47 ,?is view has f\nd support 9 a mo/ unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,no less a p]son ?an ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 fam$ z ! discov]]1 indep5d5tly ( ,d>w91 ( ! pr9ciple ( ,natural ,selection1 9 8 la/ book1 ,man's ,place 9 ! ,univ]se1 7#aijc7 def5d$ a position s subv]sive ( e *]i%$ belief 7or unbelief7 ( sci5ti/s t x easily ranks z ! greate/ lit]>y s5sation1 9 ! doma9 ( natural sci5ce1 ( ! c5tury4 ,wallace assembl$ all ! late/ a/ronomcial tr4 note3 sic & o!r sci5tific discov]ies & all k be>+ on ! subject ann\nc$ 9 8 title4 ,he d$uces !refrom ! !ory3--,fir/1 t ! e>? or sol> sy/em is ! physical c5t] ( ! /ell> univ]se4 ,second1 t ! supreme end & purpose ( ?is va/ univ]se 0 ! production & developm5t ( a liv+ s\l 9 ! p]i%able body ( man4 ,mod]n skeptics1 says ,wallace1 9 ! light ( accept$ a/ronomical !ories 7:i* reg>d our e>? z uttt]ly insignificant comp>$ ) ! re/ ( ! univ]se7 h po9t$ out ! irrationality & absurdity ( suppos+ t ! ,creator ( all ?is unimag9able va/ness ( suns & sy/ems %\ld h any special int]e/ 9 s pitiful a creature z man1 an imp]fectly develop$ inhabitant ( "o ( ! small] planets atta*$ to a second or ?ird rate sun1 :ile t ,he %\ld h select$ ?is little _w = a sc5e s trem5d\s & s necess>ily unique z to sacrifice ,8 own son 9 ord] to save a portion ( ^! mis]able s9n]s f ! natural consequ5ces ( s9s1 is 9 _! view a cr[n+ absurdity1 n to be believ$ by any rational be+4 ,we _c foll[ ,mr4 ,wallace's argum5t 9 detail4 ,suffice to say1 t he adduces a va/ am\nt ( data %[+1 fir/1 t ! univ]se is n inf9ite1 b has c]ta9 b\nds1 & t our e>? & its sy/em are 9 ! c5t] ( x1 &1 secondly1 t ! entire purpose ( ! production ( ! univ]se is ! human race4 ,! e>?1 says ,wallace1 is ! only body capable ( su/a9+ life4 ,life is n possible on any ( ! planets1 because !y are ei!r too close or too f> di/ant f ! sun2 "s are probably compos$ ( gas4 ,he proves1 on ! basis ( accept$ calculations1 t ( all ! />s 9 ! heav5s !re is n ev5 a remote probability t any are att5d$ by bodies :i* c provide ! elem5ts ( life4 ,n[1 he says1 ?is v peculi> position ( ! e>? _c h be5 due to accid5t4 ,he refuses to believe t ! e>? %\ld occupy ?is favor$ position z ! result ( "o out ( a ?\s& million *ances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he says1 ^? ?9k]s may be "r :o1 hold+ t ! univ]se is a manife/ation ( m9d1 & t ! ord]ly developm5t ( liv+ s\ls supplies an adequate reason :y su* a univ]se %\ld h be5 call$ into exi/5ce1 believe t we ourselves are its sole & suffici5t result & t n[h]e else ?an ne> ! c5tral position 9 ! univ]se :i* we occupy c\ld t result h be5 atta9$4 ,?is conclusion ( ,mr4 ,wallace has1 inde$1 n f\nd acceptance among sci5ti/s4 ,naturally n4 ,if a mat]iali/ic conception ( ! univ]se is to prevail1 if evolution 9 "s =m is to be accept$1 we mu/ h a univ]se ( *ance1 n ( a plan :i* spans ! remote/ /> & ! s\l ( ! new-born infant 9 "o trem5d\s arc4 ,b x is highly in/ructive to obs]ve h[ ! sci5ti/s 9 #aijc met ,wallace's argum5t4 ,"o v di/+ui%$ review] said3 ,too little is kn[n1 ! mo/ ess5tial a/ronomical !ories are too mu* a matt] ( conjecture1 to give mu* /r5g? to a !ory built up entirely ( su* conjectural mat]ials4 ,! argum5t f probabilities c easily be turn$ aga9/ ! au?or1 = :5 a *a9 ( reason+ dep5ds ^u a long s]ies ( problematic premises1 ! d\bt ( ^! premises increases 9 a ma!matical ratio4 ,weakness 9 an argum5t is z cumulative z /r5g? & :ile su* ( ,dr4 ,wallace's conclusions tak5 sep>ately may receive ! support ( em95t sci5ti/s1 h>dly any ( !m has receiv$ su* demon/ration z to entitle x to unres]v$ cr$5ce4 ,?is1 at la/1 is a frank admission4 ,wallace quot$ ! g5]ally accept$ results ( sci5tific calculation & rese>*4 ,on ! basis ( ^! results he demon/rates t ! entire object ( ,evolution 7to demon/rate ! developm5t ( all ?+s by natural causes1 )\t a direct+ intellig5ce71 is negativ$ by a prop] consid]ation ( asc]ta9$ data1--s9ce ^! data1 tak5 all toge!r1 prove a /up5d\s plan beh9d all natural ph5om5a1 & ! end ( ?is plan1 ! human s\l4 ,9 rebuttal we are n[ told t ! mo/ ess5tial a/ronomical !ories--z e4g4 ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em1 ,h]s*el's laws1 ! ,newtonian !ory ( gravitation1--are matt] ( conjecture 79 pla9 ,engli%1 are bl9d guesses71 are problematic1 & h>dly any entitl$ to unres]v$ cr$5ce4 ,?us d we f9d1 t ! greate/ ( ,d>w9ians1 on a mature consid]ation ( ! subject1 rea*$ a conclusion :i* makes evolution z a !ory q unnecess>y2 he f\nd t ! _w is rul$ n by bl9d =ces inh]5t 9 matt] b by ,supreme ,intellig5ce4 ,& 9 _! ef=t to keep !mselves f be+ engulf$ 9 ! apo/acy ( a great lead]1 ! sci5ti/s1 z by a unanim\s *orus1 ann\nce t ! sci5tific dogmas :i* ent] m or less ess5tially into _! a!i/ic conception ( ! univ]se1 are no?+ b surmises6 ,:at reason has a ,*ri/ian to surr5d] 8 fai? on acc\nt ( ! contradiction ( sci5ti/s8 ,he has ! oracles ( ,god1 ! sure ,^w ( ,him ,:o creat$ all ?+s 9 six natural days4 ,& if he b escape ! fasc9ation ( sci5tific speculations1 & /udy ! works ( ,god )\t bias1 he w f9d 9 ,nature no?+ t does n agree ) ! ,book4 ,,*apt] ,,twelve4 ,! ,fatal ,bias4 ,if ! !ory ( evolution is contradict$ z we believe by ! data ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 by ! hi/ory ( civilization1 by ! facts especially ( religion1 m especially ( ,*ri/ianity1 !n ! "q is ju/ifiable3 ,:y d sci5ti/s uphold ! evolution>y !ory 9 "s =m or o!r1 9 spite ( su* abs5ce ( pro( & su* insuffici5cy ( ! hypo!sis8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q let u fir/ obs]ve t sci5ti/s d n /& oppos$ to ,*ri/ian belief z repres5tatives ( sci5ce4 ,x is n sci5ce1 b ! sci5ti/s1 n geology1 b ! geologi/s1 n physics1 b ! physici/s t oppose ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no conflict betwe5 ! facts ( sci5ce & ! facts ( revelation4 ,:y %\ld "o n be able to ma9ta9 ,*ri/ian fai? ?\gh "o accept ! fact t ! volume ( expir$ air is "o-fif? less ?an inspir$ air2 t plant sub/ance is compos$ ( cells2 t ,halley's comet returns to our sy/em e sev5ty five ye>s2 t ,sicily 0 "p ( ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us8 ,^! physiological1 botanical1 a/ronomical1 & hi/orical facts are n 9 conflict ) ! religi\s beliefs bas$ on ,scripture4 ,! same holds good ) ref]5ce to ! s-call$ laws ( nature4 ,^! laws are b gr\p-names = c]ta9 ph5om5a4 ,?us we speak ( ! law ( gravity1 ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 ! ,laws ( ,*>les & ,m>iotte reg>d+ gase\s bodies1 zoological laws1 physiological1 & psy*ological laws4 ,a book :i* m]ely records & classifies ^! laws & describes ! ph5om5a und]ly+ !m1 is a truly sci5tific book1 yet ! acceptance ( all t x conta9$ w\ld n =ce ! surr5d] ( any po9t ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e4 ,h5ce we say t !re is no contradiction betwe5 sci5ce & !ology1 betwe5 nature & religion4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! con/ructions & ! int]pretations :i* ! sci5ti/s place ^u ! facts ( sci5ce4 ,= in/ance1 !re is an evid5t simil>ity ( /ructure 9 _m animals2 !y are built on a simil> plan2 _! organs h simil> or ev5 id5tical functions4 ,^! are simply facts asc]ta9$ by obs]vation4 ,_! acceptance does n place any burd5 on ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,b sci5ti/s int]pret ^! facts to mean t !re is progressive developm5t 9 animal & plant life4 ,!y h f\nd c]ta9 laws 7,natural ,selection & o!rs7 by means ( :i* !y require only =ces resid5t 9 matt] to expla9 ! univ]se4 ,on _! hypo!sis !re is no necessity ( miracles nor ne$ we believe 9 ,god4 ,obs]ve1 ?is is ! result ( speculation1 n obs]vation2 int]pretation ( facts1 b n a conclusion drawn f facts !mselves4 ,x is n sci5ce b sci5ti/s t are oppos$ to ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,?is view is support$ also by ! reflection t ! hi/ory ( speculative ?\ght has ev] reveal$ an anti-,*ri/ian int5t & purpose1 a fatal bias ( sci5ti/s & philosoph]s aga9/ ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! mod]n anatomi/ & physiologi/ may decl>e t 8 sci5ce precludes ! necessity ( fai? 9 ,god & ( pray]2 t ?r\gh 8 rese>* he has become a mat]iali/1 an a!i/4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 practically all ( anatomy & physiology 0 yet unexplor$1 ! physicians ( t day 7 z mat]iali/ic z ^? ( our own4 ,! m$ieval say+ 03 ,tres physici1 duo a!i1 ( e ?ree physicians1 two are a!i/s4 ,! sci5ce ( ! ,middle ,ages diff]$ v mat]ially f ! sci5ce ( our own day4 ,is x n cle> t ! same result _c be produc$ by causes s dissimil>8 ,t mat]ialism & a!ism :i* sci5ti/s ann\nce z a result1 is really ! />t+ po9t ( _! speculations4 ,o!rwise1 h[ acc\nt = ! fact t physici/s are1 z a rule1 gross mat]iali/s n[ z !y 7 =ty ye>s ago1 al?\gh all !ories reg>d+ ! composition ( matt] h be5 radically alt]$ s9ce t day8 ,evid5tly1 ! mod]n sci5ti/ is n on acc\nt ( 8 rese>* & speculation induc$ to proclaim himself z agno/ic2 q ! rev]se1 ! fact t on any sy/em ( physics1 zoology1 psy*ology1 ! conclusions rema9 ! same1 proves t ^! conclusions 7 9 ! m9d be=e ! facts 7 inve/igat$4 ,unbelief is n a product ( sci5tific & philosophic speculation1 x is r _! orig9 & s\rce4 ,!re is a settl$ purpose 9 relation to :i* ! facts are classifi$ & int]pret$4 ,n all sci5ti/s are z hone/ z ,huxley :o ann\nces ?is purpose 9 ! introduction ( 8 ,sci5ce & ,hebrew ,tradition3 ,^! essays are = ! mo/ "p int5d$ to contribute to ! process ( de/roy+ ! infallibility ( ,scripture4 ,additional light is receiv$ f ! obs]vation t sci5ti/s adh]e to _! agno/ic conclusions ev5 aft] ! premises h be5 f\nd at fault1 on :i* !y bas$ _! conclusions4 ,x is ! end & aim ( evolution to demon/rate t all processes ( life & ! hi/ory ( liv+ organisms may be acc\nt$ = )\t ! assumption ( a p]sonal ,creator4 ,?us ! v beg9n+ ( our univ]se is acc\nt$ = 79 ! nebul> hypo!sis7 by ! orig9 ( =ce & motion 9 matt]4 ,h[ev]1 ,presid5t ,l[ell1 ( ,h>v>d1 tw5ty ye>s ago said t ! nebul> hyop!sis 0 f\nd$ on a fundam5tal mi/ake4 7,! ,sol> ,sy/em1 p4 #aai47 ,d we f9d t sci5ti/s1 ?\gh =c$ to surr5d] ?is prop1 h giv5 up a!i/ic evolution8 ,by no means4 ,evid5tly1 _! a!ism is old] ?an _! evolution4 ,fifty ye>s ago x 0 ?\ght t 9 ! heav5ly bodies call$ nebulae ! mat]ial ( :i* ! _w 0 made _h be5 discov]$4 ,x 0 assum$ t ^! nebulae 7 worlds 9 ! process ( =mation4 ,9 #aiad ! sci5ti/s at ,lick ,obs]vatory conclud$1 f ! great spe$ at :i* ! nebulae travel$1 t !y are ! rema9s ( worlds :i* h be5 or are pass+1 & are n ! con/itu5ts ( worlds to be4 ,?is de/roy$ ano!r supposition favor+ ! !ory1 b we d n notice t sci5ti/s h become m fri5dly to ,*ri/ianity4 ,or consid] ! late/ speculations on ! composition ( matt] z conta9$ 9 ! works ( ,lodge1 ,crookes1 & ,"l ,kelv94 ,x is n[ believ$ t matt] is compos$ ( electrical p>ticles small] ?an atoms1 call$ electrons4 ,an atom ( gold is said to consi/ ( #acg1bjj electrons4 ,n[1 if "o consid]s h[ closely physical !ories are b\nd up ) ! pr9ciple ( evolution1 %\ld we n expect sci5ti/s to r5\nce ?is pr9ciple :5 ano!r /one 9 its f\ndation has be5 de/roy$8 ,& s9ce !re is no su* r5unciation1 is x n pla9 t ?is class ( sci5ti/s insi/s ^u an a!i/ic int]pretation ( ! univ]se1 no matt] on :at hypo!sis8 ,= ! sl[ increase ( v>iations 9 plants & animals1 by :i* ,d>w9 acc\nts = ! orig9 ( species1 ! evolutioni/s dem&$ m ?an #djj1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,b x is ass]t$ on ! /r5g? ( c]ta9 calculations by physici/s t ! e>? _c possibly h exi/$ m ?an #dj1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,?is latt] figure1 bas$ especially on ! calculations ( ,"l ,kelv91 caus$ d\bts to be rais$ reg>d+ evolution :i* prompt$ _m sci5ti/s to r5\nce x z a work+ !ory4 ,rudim5t>y /ructures receiv$ att5tion1 & z a result1 ,/4 ,john ,miv>t says3 ,x is an absolute fad t !re is no in/ance ( transmutation ( species4 ,dr4 ,na?aniel ,s4 ,%al]1 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ,h>v>d1 wrote3 ,x is n prov$ t a s+le species ( ! two or ?ree millions n[ on e>? has be5 e/abli%$ by natural selection4 ,?us ! evolution>y philosoph] is compell$ to rel9qui% "o !ory aft] ano!r2 ! biologi/ knocks out ! "u-p9n+1 ! geologi/s & physici/s demoli% mo/ ( ! residue2 yet ! advocates ( evolutionism adh]e to _! purpose to bani% ,god f ! univ]se4 ,9 ?is we h conclusive pro( t :at evolutioni/s pret5d to f9d z ! conclusion ( _! rese>*1 9 reality 0 a settl$ conviction 9 _! m9ds be=e !y comm5c$ _! inve/igation1 & to :i*1 9 _! bias1 !y propose to hold fa/1 no matt] :at happ5s to ! evid5ce once ann\nc$ z f9al4 ,! w>f>e ( philosophy aga9/ ,*ri/ian fai? is readily expla9$4 ,man is corrupt4 ,he loves s94 ,he is consci\s ( 8 guilt & fe>s ! p5alty4 ,h5ce e av5ue ( escape is welcome1 if only he c p]suade himself t !re is no ,god1 t !re is no judgm5t4 ,man is pr\d1 he desires no ,savior4 ,h5ce ! t5d5cy to prove t no ,savior is necess>y2 t !re is no guilt atta*+ to s91 t !re is no absolute "r & wrong4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! doctr9e ( ! agno/ic1 t we c ascribe no attribute to ,god4 ,:5 we read ! ,syn!tic ,philosophy ( ,sp5c]1 we are apt to belive tr4 note3 sic t ! agno/icism !re set =? is ! result ( deep philosophic speculation4 ,no?+ fur!r f ! tru?4 ,man1 ev5 cultur$1 philosophic man1 wants no re/rictions plac$ ^u pride & selfi%ness2 h5ce x is necess>y to rid ! m9d ( ! fe> ( div9e ju/ice2 h5ce we h an int]e/ 9 demon/rat+ t ,god has no attributes --su* z j1 = in/ance4 ,! ,psalmi/ describes ?is attitude3 ,let u break _! b&s asund] & ca/ away _! cords f u4 ,no man :o has grasp$ ! inn] motive ( all sci5tific ef=t to demoli% fai? c fail to und]/& :y ! rabble greets ) su* jubilant acclaim e new attack ^u ! ,biblical n>rative4 ,no man :o has pond]$ ?is motive c be ensn>$ 9 ! net ( sci5ce falsely s call$4 ,he has se5 its inw>dness1 its fatal bias4 ,?us a ,*ri/ian may pres]ve an attitude ( m5tal balance ov] aga9/ sci5ce4 ,! ,*ri/ian believ] may admire ! a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce )\t be+ c>ri$ away by ! speculations ( sci5ti/s4 ,great is ! progress ( mod]n m$ic9e1 s great1 t ev5 ! pa/ t5 ye>s h witness$ great advances 9 treat+ disease4 ,*emi/ry has develop$ great] m>vels ?an 0 ev] ascrib$ to ! wiz>d's w& by ,ori5tal poets4 ,:at a/\nd+ p]=mances 9 appli$ sci5ce--! ,panama ,canal1 ! ,hudson ,tunnels1 ! developm5t ( ! automobile & ( ! airplane1 & ! p]fection ( ! telephone & ! mov+ picture6 ,we may exult 9 all ^! victories ( m9d ov] matt]1 & yet /\tly oppose ^? !ories :i* w\ld make ( ! m9d :i* creat$ all ^! m>vels m]ely a developm5t ( ! in/9cts ( ! ape4 ,x is possible1 ev51 to be a sci5ti/ & 9 no wise compromise "o's ,*ri/ian fai? & hone/y ( ,*ri/tian tr4 note3 sic pr(ession4 ,:]ev] m5 h cont5t$ !mselves ) purely sci5tific rese>*1 ) inve/igat+ & tabulat+ ! ph5om5a ( nature & e/abli%+ ! laws ( life & motion 9 ! univ]se1 !y h f\nd no difficulty 9 reta9+ a *ild-l fai?4 ,among ^? sci5ti/s ( ! fir/ rank :o1 f> f be+ =c$ to ! a!i/ic conclusion1 recogniz$ a wond]ful h>mony betwe5 sci5ce & revelation1 0 a ,kepl]1 :o 0 l$ by m$itations on ! h>mony ( !ology ) ma!matics to foll[ ^? labori\s calculations by :i* he fir/ e/abli%$ ! orbit ( ,m>s & !n ( o!r planets2 among !m 0 a ,newton1 call$ by ,ju/us ,liebig ! mo/ sublime g5ius 9 a ?\s& ye>s1 :o ass]t$ t 8 entire sy/em ( me*anics 0 unt5able )\t ! supposition ( div9e ,p[]2 a ,davy1 pr9ce ( *emi/s1 :o saw 9 all ! =ces ( matt] ! tools ( ,div9ity2 a ,l9ne1 call$ by ,pr(4 ,fraas ! greate/ naturali/ ( all times1 :o comm5ces 8 ,sy/em ( ,nature ?us3 ,awak5+ ,i saw ,god1 ! ,et]nal1 ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,omnisci5t1 ! ,omnipot5t1 & ,i 0 amaz$4 ,i read "s ( ,8 traces 9 creation4 ,:at unspeakable p]fection6 ,we f9d 9 ! ro/] ( sci5ti/s :o believ$ 9 an inspir$ ,bible & a div9e ,savior1 su* m5 z ,hans ,*ri/ian ,o]/$t1 ! great discov]] ( electro-magnetism & ! fa!r ( all mod]n electrical sci5ce1 :o decl>$ t he _h b a desire to lead m5 to ,god by 8 books2 ,lavoisi]1 fa!r ( mod]n *emi/ry1 a ,*ri/ian2 ,ma$l]1 :o rea*$ ! front rank ( mod]n a/ronom]s )\t rel9qui%+ 8 *ildhood fai? & :o said3 ,a real sci5ti/ _c be an infidel2 ,ritt]1 greate/ ( geograph]s1 :o said3 ,all ! _w is replete ) ! glory ( ! ,creator2 ,vir*[1 ! surgeon ( worldwide fame1 :o all 8 life 0 an outspok5 oppon5t ( ! evolution>y !ory & ^: la/ pray]1 utt]$ 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 fell[-sci5ti/s1 03 ,*ri/i ,blut und ,g]e*tigkeit 4 4 4 4 ,speak+ ( ! triumphant ,r$eem] ! ,"l says ,isa4 #ec3 ,i w divide ,him a portion ) ! great & ,he %all divide ! spoil ) ! /rong4 ,! k+s ( ! e>? %all s]ve ,him4 ,! prophecy 0 fulfill$ :5 k+s n only on mat]ial ?rones b k+s 9 ! _w ( intellect & giants ( le>n+ h paid homage to ! ,god-man ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?r\gh\t ! record ( mod]n sci5ce & erudition !re are %9+ examples ( ! tru? t great m5tal p[] & pr(\nd rese>* are n incompatible ) humble acceptance ( ,bible tea*+s4 ,! spiritual bl9dness ( natural man1 8 intellectual pride1 & ! depravity ( 8 w acc\nt = ! attitude ( _m sci5ti/s ov] aga9/ ! facts ( revelation4 ,f ! %ift+ quicks& ( _! speculation we may rise unh>m$ on ! p9ions ( a fai? guid$ by ! pr9ciple3 ,x is writt54