,,b>-,,&-,,frame-,,hive999999           
,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture collection (  
,cornell ,univ]sity                     
7http3_/_/*la4libr>y4cornell4edu_/7     
file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #aicai-;h4htm  
or #aicai-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/i_
/c_/a_/aicai_/aicai-;h_/#aicai-;h4htm7  
or                                      
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/i_
/c_/a_/aicai_/aicai-;h4zip7             
,images ( ! orig9al pages are available 
?r\gh !       ,core ,hi/orical          
,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture collection (  
,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,see               
http3_/_/*la4libr>y4cornell4edu_/cgi_/t_
/text_/text-idx8c*la2idno#ejagfcg       
,a ,,description ,,( ,,!                
,,b>-,,&-,,frame-,,hive1  ,inv5t$ by    
,w4 ,,augu/us ,,munn1 ,,esq4  ,) an     
,ab/ract ( ,wildman's ,complete ,guide =
 ! ,managem5t ( ,bees ,?r\gh\t ! ,ye>4  
,ipsa autem1 seu corticibus tibi suta   
cavatis1   ,seu l5to fu]9t alve>ia vim9e

 texta1   ,angu/os habeant aditus2 nam  
frigore mella   ,cogit hiems1 eademque  
calor liquefacta remittit4    ,virgil1  
,g4 lib4 iv4   ,london3 ,john ,van      
,voor/1 ,pat]no/] ,r[4 ,m4,,dccc4,,xliv4
  ,london ,pr9t$ by ,s4  ,j4 ,b5tley1   
,wilson1 & ,fley1 ,bangor ,h\se1 ,%oe   
,lane4     ,,preface   ,hav+ be5        
frequ5tly reque/$ to expla9 ! use ( !   
b>-&-frame-hive1 9 ! managem5t ( bees1  
,i h be5 induc$ to pr9t ! foll[+        
pamphlet1 to po9t out ! advantages ?is  
new hive possesses ov] ! common ones4   
,i h add$ extracts f v>i\s au?orities to
 %[ ! importance ( transport+ bees = a  
*ange ( pa/urage1 & ?us prolong+ ! honey
 h>ve/4 ,reg>d+ ! natural hi/ory ( !    
bee1 ,i h m]ely /at$ a few ( ! lead+    
facts connect$ ) t int]e/+ subject1     
drawn f ,wildman's ,book on             
,bee-managem5t4  ,london1 ,april1 #ahdd4
   ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,fig4 #a4 
,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,plate4   ,,plate
 ,i1 ,,figure #a4   ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f & 
,e ,f1 ! oblong box z %[n 9 fig4 #a1    

,plate ,i4  ,a ,b ,c ,d1 ! top lid ( !  
oblong box2 ,g ,h1 ! half ( x made to   
fall back1 & support$ at an angle by !  
h+es1 h h2 l1 ! upp] "p ( ! lock ( !    
box2 i k1 ! two gable ends ( ! ro(2 i1 !
 p]=at$ z9c %[n z secur$ 9 a triangul>  
frame2 & k1 ! outside appe>ance ( !     
v5tilator4  ,q ,q1 ! two quadrants1     
support+ ! table1 ,i ,j1 :i* is =m$ by !
 side ( ! box1 ,a ,c ,e ,e1 be+ let d[n2
 a a a1 c41 fifte5 holes made to receive
 ! back bolt1 m1 ( ! obs]vation-frame1  
,z2 b b1 two bolts to fa/5 into ! holes1
 c & d1 :5 ! table ,i ,j1 is clos$1 f1  
be+ ! o!r "p ( ! lock4  ,t1 "o ( ! h&les
 ( ! box 7! o!r n se574  ,u1 "o ( !     
blocks 7! o!r n %[n7 to keep ! bottom ( 
! box f ! gr\nd1 :5 ! f\r legs ,l ,l ,l 
,l1 are unscrew$ f ! f\r corn]s ( ! box4
  ,x ,x ,b ,d1 ! front ( ! box2 e1 !    
alight+ bo>d1 f\r in*es wide1 ext5d+ !  
:ole l5g? f ,f to ,f2 ,x #b1 %[s a small
 l$ge to keep ! wet f ent]+ ! bee-box1 &
 ,x ,i1 "o ( ! slides s1 drawn out1 &   
ext5d+ beyond ! end ( ! box2 ! o!r half 

slide1 s1 on ! left h& side1 n drawn out
 9 ! sket*1 ! "p "u ,x #a1 %[s ! op5+ = 
! +ress & egress ( ! bees4  ,r1 "o ( !  
two pieces ( r$ c$> at ! inside ( ! box1
 fix$ at ! ends1 ,e ,f4 ,e ,f4 ,! ,q ,q1
 quadrants be+ made to "w betwe5 ! r$   
c$> & ! out] case or box2 v v1 ! fillet 
fix$ 9 ! l5g? ( ! box1 on a level ) !   
tops ( r$ c$>2 c d1 ! holes = ! bolts b 
b1 9 ! table ,i ,j4  ,w ,w1 pieces (    
p]=at$ z9c laid ^u ! tops ( ! bee-frames
 re/+ on ! fillets1 v v4  #a1 #b1 #c1   
#d1 #e1 #f1 six ( ! #ae grooves1 half an
 in* deep1 #i-a_/b long1 & #a-a_/b ( an 
in* broad1 =m$ on ! floor-bo>d3 ! holes 
%[n 9 ! floor-bo>d above ! figures be+  
made = ! reception ( ! two p9s1 a b1 9 !
 obs]vation-frame4 ,no4 #h1 %[s !       
division-frame run into ! eigh? groove (
 ! floor-bo>d1 & ,no4 #ad & #ae1 !      
bee-frames run into _! respective       
grooves1 & ! #a-a_/h ( an in* op5+s 9 ! 
back clos$ by ! slips ( t91 q q q q1 c4 
,y ,y1 ! b> ( mahogany ) correspond+    
grooves1 ,x ,x ,x ,x1 c4 to ^? on !     

floor-bo>d1 at #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e & #f1 
& #ae-b_/h holes = ! top bolt1 r1 ( !   
obs]vation-frame1 ,z1 to fix into4 t1 t1
 t1 ! screw nuts at ! backs ( !         
bee-frames1 c41 = ! screw at ! end ( !  
sp9dle1 ,s1 to "w into1 & ?us hold &    
draw out ( ! grooves ! bee-frames2 w1 ! 
bee-frame conta9+ comb & bees1 drawn    
p>tly into ! obs]vation-frame1 ,z4      
,a ,,description ,,( ,,!                
,,b>-,,&-,,frame-,,hive4     ,,!        
,,b>-,,&-,,frame-,,hive4   ,by fir/ giv+
 a g5]al description ( !                
b>-&-frame-hive1 ! details ( its        
con/ruction c be bett] expla9$ aft]w>ds4
  ,an oblong box is =m$ ( well season$  
wood ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 ab\t ?irty    
in*es long1 sixte5 in*es high1 & twelve 
in*es broad2 b ! size may be v>i$ to    
suit ! conv5i5ce or ta/e ( diff]5t      
api>ians4 ,in/ead ( ! lid ( ! box be+   
flat1 x is made 9 ! %ape ( ! ro( ( a    
cottage1 & ) project+ eaves to ?r[ (f ! 
wet m effectually4 ,"o ( ! long sides ( 
! box is con/ruct$ to op5 ) h+es1 & to  

hang on a level ) ! bottom ( ! box1 & is
 held up by means ( two quadrants4 ,z _m
 grooves1 half ( an in* broad1 half an  
in* deep1 & ab\t #i-a_/b in*es long1 are
 =m$1 #a-a_/h ( an in* ap>t1 9 ! inside 
( ! bottom ( ! box z its l5g? w admit4  
,9 ! o!r side1 a long half in* slip is  
cut = ! egress & +ress ( ! bees1 hav+ a 
piece ( wood ab\t an in* ?ick1 & f\r    
in*es wide1 fa/5$ on ! outside1 j "u !  
op5+1 to =m ! alight+ bo>d = !m4  ,at ! 
top1 ( ! side ( ! box :i* is made to let
 d[n1 a f\r in* piece ( mahogany ! l5g? 
( ! inside ( ! box is secur$ 91 hav+    
correspond+ grooves =m$1 half an in*    
broad1 #a-a_/h ( an in* deep1 & half an 
in* ap>t1 to ^? made 9 ! bottom ( ! box1
 leav+ j twelve in*es betwe5 ! bottom   
grooves & ! upp] b> grooves4  ,:5 ! f\r 
legs are screw$ into ! f\r corn]s ( !   
box1 ! small bee-h\se is ready = !      
reception ( ! bee-frames & ! bees4 ,!   
bee-frames are made ( half in* mahogany1
 be+ twelve in*es high1 n9e in*es long1 
& n m ?an half ( an in* broad1 s t ^!   

frames w fit into ! box1 slid+ into     
fifte5 grooves =m$ on ! bottom1 & kept  
securely 9 _! places by ! upp] grooves 9
 ! mahogany b>4  ,:5 ! fifte51 or :atev]
 numb] ( ! bee-frames int5d$ to be us$1 
h be5 run into ! grooves1 %eets ( p]=at$
 z9c are plac$ on ! tops ( !m2 ! #a-a_/h
 ( an in* op5+s at ! backs ( ! frames   
be+ clos$ ) slips ( t94  ,"o ( !        
bee-frames is made solid1 ) %eets ( z9c 
be+ fix$ 9 x2 ?is frame c !n be us$ z a 
divid] betwe5 any numb] ( ! bee-frames1 
& ?us =m ! box into two comp>tm5ts1 ei!r
 to augm5t or dim9i% ! space 9 ! box    
accord+ to ! size ( ! sw>m1 or !        
increas+ wants ( ! bees = m room4  ,!   
bees are !n introduc$ into ! hive 7hav+ 
fir/ clos$ ! backs ( ! bee-frames ) !   
slips ( t91 & fa/5$ ! side lid ( ! box  
aga9/ !m1 & also remov$ "o ( ! %eets (  
p]=at$ z9c f ! tops ( ! bee-frames7 by  
dislodg+ ! bees f ! /raw-hive 9 :i* !y  
_h be5 previ\sly collect$1 or %ak5 f !  
b\ghs ( ! tree1 :]e !y may h settl$1 s z
 to fall ^u ! tops ( ! frames )9 ! box2 

:5 ! bees h all congregat$ )9 !         
bee-frames by crawl+ ?r\gh ! op5 spaces 
at ! top1 ! p]=at$ %eet ( z9c is plac$  
ov] !m2 ! bees c !n only escape ?r\gh ! 
long slip or entrance :i* 0 made = !m 9 
! front ( ! box4  ,! top lid c be clos$ 
& lock$1 :5 ! bees w be secure f ! gaze 
( ! inquisitive1 or ! bad int5tions (   
?ieves4  ,be=e ,i proce$ to give any    
directions = ! con/ruction ( !          
b>-&-frame-hive ,i am anxi\s to w>n all 
amateur c>p5t]s1 & ^? :o delight to     
sup]9t5d ! lab\rs ( a *eap work+ c\ntry 
c>p5t]1 aga9/ ! fatal error ( us+       
unseason$ wood2 =1 unless ! bottom bo>d 
& ! bee-frames are made ( mahogany1 or  
"s well-season$1 h>d1 or close-gra9$    
wood1 ! advantages ( ! b> & frame-hive w
 be q de/roy$1 z ! great object is to h 
! bee-frames to slide 9 & out ( !       
grooves ) ! greate/ facility4 ,?r\gh\t !
 :ole ( ! mak+ ( ! hive or box1 no glue 
%\ld be us$1 unless fur!r secur$ ) small
 ,,screws ,,or ,,nails4#a  ,footnote #a3
 ,mr4 ,john ,milton ( ,no4 #aj1 ,great  

,m>ylebone-/reet1 has "s well con/ruct$ 
b> & frame bee-hives ( v>i\s prices4  ,!
 oblong box1 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 ,e ,f & ,e ,f 
7,plate ,i1 fig4 #a71 is to be made (   
well-season$ popl>1 fir1 or deal1 ( an  
in* 9 ?ickness2 ! inside dim5sions are  
#bh in*es & #e_/h ( an in* long f ,a to 
,c1 #aj-a_/b in*es broad f ,a to ,b1 &  
sixte5 in*es deep f ,a to ,e4  ,! top   
lid ,a ,b ,c ,d is =m$ 9 ! %ape ( a     
common ro(1 & made to project an in*1   
be=e1 beh9d1 & at ! two gable ends1 l ! 
eaves ( a cottage to ?r[ (f ! wet4  ,!  
half ( ?is ro( ,g ,h1 is made to op5 &  
fall back ) h+es h h4  ,! two gable ends
 ( ! ro( h holes cut 9 !m1 i1 k1 to     
admit ! circulation ( air2 & secur$ )   
p]=at$ z9c )9side to prev5t ! intrusion 
( wasps1 or any o!r enemies to bees2 !  
gable m>k$ i1 %[s ! p]=at$ z9c fram$    
into ! gable1 & k ! outside appe>ance ( 
! v5tilator4  ,! side ( ! box m>k$ ,a ,c
 ,e ,e1 is made to let d[n & =m a table 
,i ,j1 hung on h+es ,p ,p1 & support$ by
 ! quadrants ,q ,q1 "o in* bel[ ! level 

( ! bottom bo>d4  ,two h&les are fix$ 9 
! ends ( ! box1 "o %[n 9 ! sket* at ,t4 
,two blocks ( wood are screw$ on !      
bottom ( ! box 7"o %[n at ,u7 to keep x 
(f ! gr\nd1 c41 :5 ! f\r legs1 ,l ,l ,l 
,l1 at ! f\r corn]s ( ! box are unscrew$
 = ! conv5i5ce ( pack+1 c4 ,9 ! opposite
 side or front ( ! box at ,x ,x1 is fix$
 a piece ( bo>d e1 f\r in*es broad1 & an
 in* ?ick1 ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? f ,f ,f2  
?is is secur$ at an angle ) ! bottom ( !
 box1 s z to =m a slightly incl9$ pla9  
e1 = ! alight+ bo>d1 :i* w\ld be always 
dry = ! bees to l& ^u4 ,a half in* op5+ 
is made f ,f to ,f1 j above ! alight+   
bo>d1 = ! +ress & egress ( ! bees4      
,slides are made s s1 to regulate !     
ext5t ( ! op5+s1 or to entirely close ! 
entrance to ! box2 ^! slides c be drawn 
out :5 x is necess>y to clean ! bottom  
bo>d1 c4  ,)9-side ! box1 two pieces (  
r$ c$> ( half an in* 9 ?ickness1        
#ab-a_/h in*es long1 #i-a_/b in*es      
broad1 are nail$ on to ea* end at ,e ,f1
 & ,e ,f 7"o ( ! pieces ( r$ c$> %[n at 

,r74 ,! quadrants1 ,q ,q1 be+ made to "w
 betwe5 !m & ! out] case4 ,a fillet1 v  
v1 is fa/5$ on a level ) ! tops ( ! two 
pieces ( r$ c$>1 to =m a l$ge ( ab\t a  
#a_/d ( an in* all r\nd1 to support !   
%eets ( p]=at$ z9c1 z %[n at ,w ,w4     
,sixte5 pieces ( mahogany1 #a-a_/h ( an 
in* broad1 & half an in* deep1 are to be
 screw$ to ! mahogany floor bo>d1       
comm5c+ aga9/ ! piece ( r$ c$>1 ,r1 &   
leav+ a space betwe5 ea* piece1 half (  
an in*1 & f9i%+ aga9/ ! o!r piece ( r$  
c$> ) ! la/2 !re w !n be =m$ fifte5     
grooves1 half ( an in* 9 wid?1 half an  
in* 9 dep?1 & #i-a_/b in*es long on !   
floor-bo>d z %[n at #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 
#f4  ,a b> ( mahogany1 ,y ,y1 ab\t two  
in*es squ>e1 hav+ grooves1 ,x ,x ,x ,x1 
c41 correspond+ to ^? on ! floor-bo>d1  
#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 c41 is let 91 & 
fa/5$ betwe5 ,a & ,c1 hav+ a cle> space 
( twelve in*es betwe5 ! floor-bo>d1 &   
?is top b>2 ! object ( ^! grooves be+ to
 receive1 & keep /eadily 9 _! places1 ! 
fifte5 bee-frames1 :5 introduc$ into !m4

  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,i4  ,! bee-frames
 are made ( mahogany1 n9e in*es long1   
twelve in*es high1 & half an in* broad4 
,ea* frame is dove-tail$ to make x /rong
 at ! angles1 & to keep x true2 ! upp]  
"p is =m$ ( "o in* mahogany1 & bevell$  
(f 7z ! c>p5t]s call x7 to ! eigh? ( an 
in*1 9 ! c5tre1 z %[n at a1 fig4 #a3 on 
! two sides ( ?is triangul> b>1 b b1    
pieces ( glass1 ext5d+ ! l5g? ( ! b>1   
are fix$ ) r$ lead4 ,! two sides ( !    
frame1 d1 d1 are to increase 9 size1 f  
half an in* at ! top1 to #a-a_/b in*es  
at ! bottom4 ,! bottom piece1 c1 is half
 an in* 9 dep?4 ,! back ( ea* frame has 
a piece ( t91 ab\t ! ?ickness ( a c>d1  
fix$ on x1 ( ! exact size1 viz4 twelve  
in*es long1 & half an in* broad1 e1 e4  
,9 ! c5tre ( ! back ( ea* frame1 f1 a   
screw-nut is let 91 :i* is made to fit a
 screw at ! end ( a long sp9dle1 ,s1    
,plate ,i1 fig4 #a4 ,?is sp9dle ) a     
h&le1 ,z1 w screw equally well into !   
screw-nuts ( ! fifte5 bee-frames &      
division-frame4 ,! use ( ?is sp9dle be+1

 to draw 9 & out ( ! grooves ! fifte5   
bee-frames :5 requir$4 ,:5 ! bee-frames 
h be5 put into ! grooves 9 ! box1 slips 
( t9 ab\t ?irte5 in*es long1 & & a half 
broad1 are slipp$ into _! backs 7be+ run
 9 betwe5 ! backs ( ! bee-frames1 & !   
pieces ( ?9 t9 fix$ ^u !m71 to close !  
#a-a_/h ( an in* op5+s4 ,& ?ree or f\r  
%eets ( p]=at$ z9c are laid ^u ! tops ( 
! bee-frames1 re/+ on ! fillets4 ,?us1  
!n1 :5 a sw>m ( bees has be5 introduc$  
into ?is box1 ! bees h to build _! combs
 )9 ! fifte5 bee-frames1 or :atev] numb]
 may h be5 run into ! grooves = t       
purpose4 ,! bees _c escape f above !    
frames1 z ! %eets ( p]=at$ z9c prev5t   
!m1 nor f ! #a-a_/h ( an in* op5+s at ! 
backs ( ! frames1 z !y h be5 clos$ ) !  
slips ( t92 ! only op5 "p be+ ! long    
n>r[ slip1 j above ! alight+ bo>d1 :i* 0
 orig9ally left = _! +ress & egress4  ,!
 division-frame is made ( half in*      
mahogany1 twelve in*es high1 #i-a_/b    
long1 & half ( an in* broad4 ,s t x w   
run into any ( ! grooves =m$ = !        

bee-frames2 b made to fit close to ! box
 at ! end1 by means ( a slip ( wood1 ,c 
,c1 fig4 #b1 to prev5t ! bees crawl+    
betwe5 ! frame & ! out]-box1 z !y c d   
r\nd ! bee-frames4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
,,ii4  ,! division-frame itself is clos$
 by hav+ two %eets ( z9c run into x z   
%[n 9 fig4 #b1 ! "o m>k$ b b b b1 &     
p>tly drawn out1 be+ ( solid %eet z9c2 &
 a a1 ! o!r 9 ! frame1 ( p]=at$ z9c2 d1 
be+ ! screw-nut 7l ^? 9 ! bee-frames7 by
 means ( :i* x c be drawn out into !    
obs]vation-frame1 c4 ,?us1 :]ev] ?is    
division-frame is run into ! bee-box1   
7except ( c\rse at ,no4 #a1 & ,no4 #ae  
grooves7 x cuts (f all communication ) !
 bee-frames on ! "r or left ( x2 & two  
colonies ( bees may be kept 9 ! same    
box1 & /ill h di/9ct frames to "w ^u1 & 
sep>ate entrances1 c4  ,if !n bees h be5
 put into "o ( ! b>-&-frame-hives1 &    
suffici5t "t has be5 giv5 !m to build _!
 combs )9 ! bee-frames1 ! frames ) _!   
cont5ts c be drawn out into !           
obs]vation-frame1 7:i* w be m fully     

describ$7 :5ev] x is wi%$ to exam9e !   
bees1 c41 z ! #a-a_/h ( an in* spaces   
betwe5 ! grooves w all[ ( a suffici5t   
di/ance to be pres]v$1 betwe5 ! lat]al  
surfaces ( ! p]p5dicul> combs =m$ 9 !   
bee-frames1 & ?us p]mit !m to slide by  
ea* o!r ) facility4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 ,,iii4  ,! obs]vation-frame1 fig4 #c1  
is a mahogany frame1 f\rte5 in*es high1 
elev5 in*es long1 & ab\t f\r in*es wide1
 hav+ a s+le groove half an in* deep1 & 
half an in* broad1 runn+ )9 its :ole    
l5g? ( elev5 in*es4 ,! two l>ge/ sides h
 panes ( glass fix$ 9 !m ) small brads4 
,! top1 bottom1 & "o end 7?is end =m+ ! 
back7 ( ?is frame1 are made ( solid     
wood2 ! back hav+ a small hole1 f1 #b_/h
 ( an in* 9 diamet] 9 ! middle1 to all[ 
! sp9dle be=e m5tion$ to pass ?r\gh x4  
,! end :i* =ms ! front ( ! frame is op51
 s t any "o ( ! bee-frames c be run into
 ! obs]vation-frame1 b may be clos$ by a
 piece ( t9 7d7 be+ slipt into ! small  
grooves at c c4 ,! obs]vation-frame has 
two p9s1 a1 b1 to fit into ! #b_/h holes

 made along ! bottom bo>d ( ! bee-box1  
%[n by ! figures1 #a1 #b1 #c1 c41 see   
,plate ,i1 fig4 #a1 & also two small    
bolts r & m2 r1 ! upp] "o to fix into ! 
holes above ,x ,x ,x1 c41 9 ! mahogany  
b>2 7b ?is bolt is only us$ dur+ !      
op]ation ( draw+ out ! bee-frames into !
 obs]vation frame72 & ! o!r bolt m at ! 
back ( ! frame1 to fa/5 into ! #b_/h    
holes1 a1 a1 a1 c41 made 9 ! lid1 ,i ,j4
 ,:5 ! two p9s & ! bolts ( !            
obs]vation-frame h be5 adju/$ & fix$1 ! 
groove 9 x w be 9 a /raight l9e ) "o ( !
 grooves =m$ 9 ! bottom bo>d ( ! box1   
consequ5tly a bee-frame c be made to    
slide1 by means ( ! long sp9dle1 9 & out
 ( ! box1 into ! obs]vation-frame4  ,!  
use ( ?is obs]vation frame mu/ n[ be    
expla9$ m fully3 ! top lid ( ! bee box1 
,plate ,i1 fig4 #a4 ,g4 ,h4 be+ ?r[n up1
 w scre5 ! op]ator f ! bees1 :i* are    
fly+ 9 & out 9 ! front ( ! hive or box4 
,! back lid1 ,i4 ,j41 is let d[n1 &     
support$ by ! quadrants ,q4 ,q41 & =ms a
 table1 ! box hav+ be5 rais$ f ! gr\nd  

by ! f\r legs1 ,l ,l ,l ,l4 ,!          
obs]vation frame is plac$ opposite to   
:i*ev] bee-frame is to be exam9$2 ! two 
p9s1 a1 b1 fig4 #c1 runn+ into ! holes  
#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 c41 made 9 ! bottom 
bo>d4 ,! small bolts1 ,plate ,i1 secur$ 
at ! top1 z at r1 & ! back m3 ! long    
sp9dle1 ,s1 is run ?r\gh ! #b_/h hole 9 
! back ( ! obs]vation frame1 z at ,z1 & 
! end ( ! sp9dle screw$ into ! screw    
socket t1 at ! back ( ! bee-frame w2 !  
two pieces ( t9 on ! "r & left ( !      
bee-frame are pull$ out 7( c\rse !      
obs]vation frame be+ empty1 & hav+ !    
piece ( t9 f its front tak5 out71 !     
op]ator hold+ by ! h&le1 z1 ( ! sp9dle1 
gradually draws out ! bee-frame into !  
obs]vation frame1 & aft] exam9+ ! bees &
 comb1 g5tly returns ! bee-frame into   
its groove 9 ! floor-bo>d3 ! two slips (
 t9 are !n replac$ 9 ! backs ( !        
bee-frames3 ! sp9dle is unscrew$ &      
)drawn1 ! bolts are unfa/5$1 !          
obs]vation frame be+ kept firmly 9 its  
place1 held by ! left h& ( ! op]ator1   

:il/ ) ! "r he runs 9 ! long slip ( t91 
d1 fig4 #c1 into ! front ( ! obs]vation 
frame1 to keep ! bees 7escap$ f !       
return$ bee-frame71 until ! obs]vation  
frame is aga9 fix$ opposite to ano!r    
bee-frame1 :5 ! t9 is )drawn & ! bolts  
fa/5$ z be=e4 ,x has be5 %[n t by ^!    
means1 ea* bee-frame1 & ! bees & comb   
conta9$ 9 x1 c be easily drawn out &    
exam9$1 )\t int]f]+ ) any o!r "p ( !    
hive1 or occasion+ ! loss ( a s+le bee4 
,! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! hive is ?us op5 
to inspection at any mom5t1 & a *oice c 
be made ( ! combs conta9+ ! mo/ honey1  
or ! bee own] enabl$ to trace !         
deva/ation ( ! honey mo?1 & asc]ta9 !   
pres5ce ( any o!r enemy1 & ?is )\t !    
assi/ance ( smoke1 :i* mu/ be injuri\s  
bo? to ! bees & _! brood4  ,:5 !        
bee-frame is return$ & secur$1 !        
obs]vation-frame is remov$2 !n ! lid1 ,i
 ,j1 be+ %ut up & bolt$1 & ! upp] lid1  
,g ,h1 clos$1 ! box may be lock$ up4 ,:5
 ! bees h be5 %ut 9 ) ! slide 9 ! front1
 ! hive or box is ready to be transport$

 any:]e1 to procure new pa/urage = !m1  
:i*1 z e exp]i5c$ bee-keep] kn[s1 is ( !
 greate/ b5efit to prolong _!           
honey-h>ve/4  ,p]fect protection f wet &
 ! vicissitudes ( temp]ature1 is p>tly  
ensur$ by ! ext]nal bee-box be+ made (  
well-season$ wood2 popl> is recomm5d$ z 
( a loos] gra9 ?an fir1 deal1 c41 &     
consequ5tly1 n s great a conductor (    
heat2 b ! objection to wood5 bee-hives  
or boxes1 = be+ m easily affect$ by !   
v>iations ( ! temp]ature1 is remov$ by !
 con/ruction ( ! b> frame-hive2 = !     
bee-frames =m1 z x 71 a small] box )9 ! 
oblong box1 & are n 9 imm$iate contact )
 ! ext]nal air1 b h a half in* space    
ne>ly all r\nd !m1 :i* w to a c]ta9     
ext5t ma9ta9 an equable temp]ature = !  
bees1 bo? 9 summ] & w9t]4  ,any moi/ure 
cond5s$ f ! heat$ air g5]at$ by ! bees1 
is c>ri$ (f ?r\gh ! p]=at$ %eets ( z9c  
above ! frames1 & cool /ore-room = !    
honey is also ?us secur$4  ,a fe$+ tr\gh
 is made on ! pr9ciple ( a bird-glass3 )
 a t9 fe$] & a small bottle = ! liquid  

food to be put into4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 ,,iv4  ,! t9 fe$] is six in*es by 
#g-a_/b long1 & "o in* deep1 & j fits on
 to ! top ( ! bee-frames1 :]e ! p]=at$  
%eets ( z9c are laid2 )9 ?is fe$] a half
 in* op5+ is cut at ! bottom1 fig #d1 a1
 & an incl9$ plane b1 rea*+ half way up 
! dep? ( ! tr\gh2 & a %eet ( p]=at$ t91 
c 7plac$ horizontally f po9t b17 ?r\gh  
:i* ! bees suck ! food1 :i* is kept at !
 same level by atmosph]ic pressure2 = z 
! food is drawn d[n bel[ ! m\? ( !      
bottle1 d1 air =ces itself into !       
bottle1 & ! same quantity ( food        
trickles d[n into ! fe$]1 a piece (     
glass1 e1 exactly ! same size z ! fe$]1 
is plac$ ov] x1 ?r\gh :i* ! bees may be 
se5 :il/ fe$+1 & ! fe$+ tr\gh w be ne>ly
 ( ! same temp]ature z ! int]ior ( ! box
 or hive1 & prev5t ! bees be+ *ill$1 z  
!y w\ld be 9 w9t]1 if compell$ to desc5d
 = _! food2 & besides1 ! bees are less  
likely to be attack$ by wasps or /range 
bees :5 f$ f above1 z ! intrud]s w\ld h 
to asc5d ?r\gh ! mass ( bees 9 ! box1   

:i* w\ld be att5d$ ) dang] to !m4  ,!   
bees c be f$ :5 necess>y by "o ( ! %eets
 ( p]=at$ z9c be+ drawn on "o side1 & ! 
fe$+ tr\gh1 ) ! bottle ( food 9 x1 be+  
plac$ ov] ! op5+2 :5 ! bees w asc5d     
?r\gh ! half in* space at a1 & fe$      
!mselves ) ! liquid1 or c>ry x away &   
/ore x up = future use4     ,,hives ,,& 
,,bee-,,boxes4   ,hav+ giv5 a           
description ( ! b>-frame-hive1 x w be z 
well to ent] into ! comp>ative          
advantages ( us+ wood5 boxes & /raw     
hives4  ,"s api>ians conf9e !mselves to 
! use ( /raw hives1 o!rs to wood5 boxes1
 & a ?ird p>ty use bo?2 b z f> z ! bees 
are conc]n$ x matt]s little :at k9d (   
hive is giv5 !m1 = if ! season be       
fav\rable1 & ! bee-pa/urage ri* ) fl[]s1
 !y collect & /ore up ! honey 9 _! combs
 9 any receptacle ( any %ape or size1   
provid$ x af=ds !m %elt] f ! wea!r4     
,hives made ( /raw are g5]ally pref]r$ =
 an out-(-door api>y1 z be+ less liable 
to be ov]-heat$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 & 9 !
 w9t] !y exclude ! cold bett] ?an hives 

made ( o!r mat]ials1 :ile ! moi/ure     
aris+ f ! bees is m quickly absorb$ )9 !
 hive1 & does n run d[n ! sides z x     
g5]ally does 9 wood5 hives or boxes2 at 
! same "t !y are always to be obta9$ f  
_! *eapness1 & f _! simplicity easily   
und]/ood & made use (2 wood5 boxes c    
only be us$ ) advantage 9 a bee-h\se1 !y
 /& firm] on ! bottom bo>ds1 or "o ^u   
ano!r1 !y admit ( hav+ glass w9d[s1     
?r\gh :i* to obs]ve ! op]ations ( !     
bees1 & !y are n s liable to h>b\r mo?s1
 spid]s1 & o!r insects1 z ! /raw hives4 
,! objects to be atta9$ 9 ! con/ruction 
& managem5t ( an api>y1 are1 to secure !
 prosp]ity & multiplication ( ! colonies
 ( bees1 to increase ! am\nt ( _!       
productive lab\r1 & to obta9 _! products
 ) facility1 & ) ! lea/ possible        
detrim5t to ! /ock4 ,x is to ! int]e/ ( 
! own]1 !re=e1 t he provide = ! bees    
%elt] aga9/ moi/ure1 & ! extremes ( heat
 & cold--especially1 sudd5 vicissitudes 
( temp]ature1 protection f _! num]\s    
enemies1 e facility = con/ruct+ _! combs

 & = re>+ _! brood1 & t ! hive %\ld be s
 con/ruct$ z to all[ ( e "p ( ! combs to
 be inspect$ at any mom5t1 & capable (  
removal :5 requisite3 & :ile att5tion is
 paid to economy1 x %\ld be made (      
mat]ials t w secure its durability4  ,^!
 obs]vations apply equally to ! /raw    
hives1 boxes1 or :atev] ! bees may be   
lodg$ 9 or hiv$4 ,"s cultivators ( bees 
h be5 *iefly anxi\s to promote _!       
multiplication1 & to prev5t ! escape ( !
 sw>ms 9 _! natural way1 by =m+         
artificial sw>ms1 by sep>at+ a popul\s  
hive previ\s to its sw>m+1 into two     
p>ts1 & all[+ to ea* great] room = !    
con/ruction ( _! works4 ,o!rs1 & ! mo/  
num]\s class1 h contemplat$ only !      
abundance ( ! products :i* !y yield1 & !
 facility ( extract+ !m f ! hive1 )\t   
%[+ any p>ticul> solicitude z to !      
pres]vation ( ! bees !mselves4 ,ano!r   
class ( api>ians h1 on ! o!r h&1 _h x m 
p>ticul>ly 9 view1 to facilitate !      
prosecution ( rese>*es 9 ! natural      
hi/ory & economy ( bees4  ,!n1 aga91    

among/ api>ians a div]sity ( op9ion     
exi/s reg>d+ ! sy/em to be adopt$ 9 !   
managem5t ( ! hives1 :e!r ! bees are to 
be kept 9 s+le hives1 caps or           
bell-glasses1 & extra boxes1 :i* may be 
add$ at ! top1 :i* is call$ ! /orify+   
sy/em2 or ins]t+ additional room at !   
bottom1 call$ nad]+2 or :e!r add+ boxes 
at ! sides1 call$ ! collat]al sy/em1    
%\ld be foll[$ out2 & a plan ( v5tilat+ 
! boxes has be5 add$ to ! la/ sy/em1 b  
exp]i5ce has prov$ t x is utt]ly        
useless1 z 9 spite ( v5tilat+ tubes &   
!rmomet]s1 ! bees h sw>m$1 & ! que5-bee 
has deposit$ h] eggs 9 ! collat]al boxes
 & de/roy$ ! purity ( ! honey4  ,no     
successful plan has be5 yet devis$ to   
v5tilate ! combs :]e ! bees clu/]2 = !  
bees prev5t ! circulation ( ! cold air  
among/ ! combs by imm$iately =m+        
!mselves 9 ?ick r[s at ! bottom ( !     
combs2 & in/ead ( rang+ ! fields to ga!r
 honey or poll51 h to collect toge!r &  
idle away _! "t to reta9 ! necess>y heat
 = ! =mation ( ! combs1 or to re> _!    

brood4  ,z a s+le hive1 ,hub]'s         
leaf-hive is c]ta9ly ! be/2 b x requires
 great att5tion1 & none b exp]i5c$      
api>i/s c use x = ! purpose ( try+      
exp]im5ts2 b 9 ! h&s ( exp]i5c$ api>i/s 
x is invaluable4 ,all o!r s+le hives are
 objectionable1 z nei!r ! proce$+s ( !  
bees c be obs]v$1 nor ! honey tak5 out1 
)\t ei!r de/roy+ ! bees1 or driv+ !m out
 ) smoke by :i* mu* ( ! brood is kill$2 
or if ra9y wea!r occur at ! "t ! bees   
are prep>+ to ?r[ (f a sw>m1 & ! hive be
 fill$ to its utmo/ limits ) comb1 all !
 bees mu/ rema9 idle till ! return ( f9e
 wea!r = want ( room4  ,to meet ?is     
objection1 "s api>ians h /raw-hives )   
flat wood5 tops made1 or use boxes1 & h 
holes cut 9 !m at ! top1 s t small      
glasses may be add$1 :5 ! bees require  
room4 ,b ?is does n prev5t sw>m+1 &     
besides1 ! flatness ( ! ro( is          
prejudicial1 z x all[s ! moi/ure :i*    
exhales f ! bees to collect 9 ! ro(1 &  
to fall 9 drops at diff]5t p>ts1 to !   
great injury ( ! subjac5t cont5ts ( !   

hive1 &1 l ! common /raw hive or squ>e  
box1 ! bees _c be exam9$1 except        
p>tially ?r\gh ! w9d[s made 9 ! sides4  
,to rem$y ?is evil1 ! fur!r plan (      
/orify+ hives or boxes1 0 introduc$1 &  
by ?is me?od sw>m+ may to an ext5t be   
prev5t$1 & ! wax & honey c be tak5 )\t  
de/roy+ ! bees2 & ) ! same view 0       
introduc$ ! collat]al sy/em1 :i* is add+
 room at ! sides 7( c\rse pres]v+ a free
 communication betwe5 ! boxes & hives74 
,b !re are objections to ! collat]al    
sy/em1 z x is n[ a v well e/abli%$ fact1
 t p>titions ( any k9d are detrim5tal to
 ! prosp]ity ( ! bees2 & ! same applies1
 ?\gh p]haps 9 an inf]ior degree1 to !  
/ori$ sy/em1 or hives & boxes divid$    
into /ories "o above ano!r2 besides t   
:i* holds good equally to all hives or  
boxes1 t x is n possible to proportion !
 hives 9 all cases to ! magnitude ( !   
sw>ms1 or ! en]gy ) :i* !y lab\r4  ,9   
s+le hives ! honey becomes bad &        
discol\r$ f be+ put into ! old bre$+    
cells4 ,9 d\ble /ori$1 or collat]al     

hives1 ! bees are divid$1 & live 9      
diff]5t families2 :ile _! own           
pres]vation1 & t ( ! brood1 requires !m 
to live 9 ! /ricte/ union2 ! heat also  
necess>y = ! secretion ( wax is less5$  
by ! division ( ! bees into diff]5t     
gr\ps4 ,&1 besides1 all ^! diff]5t hives
 or boxes %\ld h "s sort ( protection f 
! wea!r1 ei!r 9 ! way ( eaves or cov]s1 
or be plac$ 9 a %$ or bee-h\se4  ,!y    
require also c5tre bo>ds & division t9s1
 c4 to sep>ate "o hive or box f ano!r1  
floor bo>ds = !m to /& ^u1 z well z /&s 
or /ools to raise !m f ! gr\nd1 c41 = a 
description ( :i*1 & a full hi/ory ( all
 hives & boxes1 ,i ref] ! read] to ,dr4 
,bevan's ,honey-bee4  ,9 m5tion+ !      
defects ( ^! diff]5t boxes & hives1 ,i d
 n mean to condemn !m z useless1 = !y w 
all answ] to a c]ta9 ext5t ! purposes = 
:i* !y 7 int5d$1 rew>d+ ! att5tive      
bee-keep]1 accord+ to ! seasons1 &      
enabl+ ! bees to s5d =? _m sw>ms1 &     
collect+ & /or+ up _! treasures ( honey2
 b my object has be5 to po9t out briefly

 to ^? anxi\s = ! bett]1 m ext5d$1 &    
economical mode ( bee-managem5t1 !      
difficulties to be provid$ aga9/1 & to  
recomm5d to _! consid]ation ! advantages
 (f]$ 9 ! b> frame-hive4 ,b1 h[ev]1 ,i  
%\ld n be do+ ju/ice to ,mr4 ,r4 ,gold+1
 if ,i did n p>ticul>ly m5tion 8 improv$
 ,grecian hive by ! use ( :i* combs may 
be remov$ f ! int]ior ( ! hive &        
inspect$ at pleasure3 ?is improvem5t he 
has effect$ by c>efully inve/igat+ !    
laws ( ! insects = ^: use ! hives 7     
int5d$1 & by a p>ticul> arrangem5t ( !  
b>s1 7e alt]nate "o be+ furni%$ ) guide 
combs17 ! bees h be5 induc$1 9 a mann]  
at once simple & beautiful1 to con/ruct 
a uni=m range ( combs4 ,:5 ! hive is    
fill$ ) honey1 two or ?ree1 or m ( ! b>s
 may be1 at any "t1 remov$1 or ex*ang$ =
 unoccupi$ b>s1 )\t mu* di/urb+ ! brood 
combs1 all annoyance f ! bees be+       
prev5t$ by a :iff or two ( tobacco smoke
 be+ bl[n into ! hive at ! "t ( !       
removal ( ! b>s4 ,) ! protection ( a    
bee-h\se ^! hives c be appli$ to _m ( ! 

sy/ems ( bee-managem5t1 & prove equally 
pr(itable1 & m manageable ?an "s ( !    
newly-inv5t$ hives4     ,,! ,,api>y4    
,next ( importance to ! k9d ( hive & !  
sy/em to be foll[$1 is ! prop] situation
 ( an api>y4 ,?is subject engag$ !      
att5tion ( bee-keep]s 9 anci5t z mu* z 9
 mod]n times2 b ! directions giv5 by    
,columella & ,virgil are z good n[ z :5 
!y 7 writt52 & z is obs]v$ by ! writ] 9 
,no4 ,,cxli4 ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 9 !  
amus+ article on ,bee-books1--,x w\ld   
amply repay 7& ?is is say+ a great      
deal17 ! mo/ =getful c\ntry g5tleman to 
rub up 8 s*oolboy ,lat91 = ! sole       
pleasure he w\ld d]ive f ! p]usal ( !   
f\r? ,georgic4 ,! aspect has be5 reg>d$ 
z ( ! fir/ importance2 b !re are po9ts (
 great] consequ5ce1 namely ! vic9ity (  
good bee pa/urage1 ! %elt] ( ! hives f !
 w9ds by trees or h\ses1 & _! di/ance f 
ponds or riv]s1 z ! high w9ds might da% 
! bees into ! wat]4  ,v>i\s aspects h   
be5 recomm5d$1 b ! s\?1 ) a po9t to !   
ea/ or we/1 accord+ to its situation z  

respects ! %elt] x may receive f walls  
or trees1 c4 is ! be/3 c>e1 h[ev]1 mu/  
be tak5 t nei!r walls1 trees1 nor any?+ 
else imp$e ! go+ =? ( ! bees to _!      
pa/urage4  ,i h ev] f\nd x be/1 says    
,wildman1 to place ! m\? ( ! hives to ! 
we/ 9 spr+1 c>e be+ tak5 t !y h !       
aft]noon sun2 ! morn+ sun is extremely  
dang]\s dur+ ! cold] mon?s1 :5 its gl>e 
(t5 tempts ^! indu/ri\s insects out to  
_! ru92 :]eas ! m\? ( ! hive be+ !n 9 ! 
%ade1 ! bees rema9 at home2 & z cl\ds   
g5]ally obscure ! aft]noon's sun at t   
season1 ! bees escape ! temptation ( go+
 out4 ,:5 food is to be obta9$1 ! w>m? (
 ! air cont9ues r\nd ! hive 9 !         
aft]noon1 :i* enables ! bees to pursue  
_! lab\rs )\t dang]4  ,a valley is a    
bett] situation = an api>y ?an a hill1  
be+ m conv5i5t to ! bees return+ home ) 
_! loads2 &1 besides1 bees are n s apt  
to fly away :5 sw>m+ z :5 on a hill3 b  
:5 sw>ms take a di/ant flight1 !y       
g5]ally fly aga9/ ! w9d1 s t ! /raggl]s 
( ! sw>ms may bett] he> ! direction ( ! 

c\rse tak5 by _! fell[ emigrants4  ,i   
recomm5d a h>d gravel t]race = ! hives  
to be plac$ ^u1 z be+ dri] bo? 9 summ] &
 w9t] = ! bee-ma/] to walk ^u1 :5       
inspect+ 8 bees1 & also z less likely to
 af=d %elt] = ants or o!r enemies to    
bees2 &1 besides1 x is bett] = ! bees1  
:i* :5 mu* fatigu$ by _! j\rneys1 or    
b5umb$ by ! cold1 are apt to fall ar\nd 
! hives1 & w\ld recov] m quickly f !    
w>m? ( ! dry gr\nd ?an if !y _h alight$ 
on damp grass4  ,! hives %\ld n be plac$
 :]e wat] f ! eaves ( h\ses1 f h$ges1 or
 trees1 drop ^u !m2 b !y %\ld be ne> !  
mansion h\se = ! conv5i5ce ( wat*+ !    
bees1 c4  ,a small /ream ( wat] runn+   
ne> ! hives is ?\ght to be ( advantage1 
especially 9 dry seasons1 ) g5tly decl9+
 banks1 9 ord] t ! bees may h safe      
access to x4  ,hea?s1 or places ab\nd+ 9
 wild fl[]s1 con/itute ! be/            
neighb\rhood = an api>y1 & 9 default (  
?is pa/urage1 !re %\ld be g>d5s :]e     
fl[]s are cultivat$1 & fields 9 :i*     
buck-:eat1 clov]1 or sa9fo91 is s[n4  ,b

 cultivat+ small g>d5s ( fl[]s = bees is
 useless1 except a few e>ly fl[]s ne> ! 
hives = ! bees to collect "s poll5 = !  
brood1 su* z ! common k9ds ( crocus1    
:ite alyssum1 s+le blue hepaticas1      
helleborus nig]1 & tussilago petasites1 
all ( :i* fl[] e>ly2 b %\ld any ( !     
tribe ( ! will[s gr[ ne>1 !re w be no   
necessity = cultivat+ ! fl[]s           
above-m5tion$1 z !y yield an abundant   
h>ve/ ( f>9a1 or poll54  ,a ri* corn    
c\ntry is well kn[n to be a b>r5 des]t  
to ! bees dur+ a great] portion ( ! ye>4
 ,h5ce ! judici\s practice ( %ift+ !    
bees f place to place accord+ to !      
circum/ances ( ! season1 & ! cu/om ( o!r
 nations 9 ?is p>ticul> well des]ves our
 imitation4  ,few places are s happily  
situat$ z to af=d bees prop] pa/urage   
bo? 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! season & also !      
autumn2 x 0 ! advice ( ,celsus t1 aft] !
 v]nal pa/ures are consum$1 !y %\ld be  
transport$ to places ab\nd+ ) autumnal  
fl[]s2 z 0 practis$ by convey+ ! bees f 
,a*aia to ,attica1 f ,euboea & ! ,cyclad

 ,isl&s to ,syrus1 & also 9 ,sicily1 :]e
 !y 7 br\ght to ,hybla f o!r p>ts ( !   
isl&4  ,pl9y /ates t ! cu/om ( remov+   
bees f place to place = fre% pa/urage 0 
frequ5t 9 ! ,roman t]ritories1 & su* is 
/ill ! practice ( ! ,italians :o live   
ne> ! banks ( ! ,po1 7! riv] :i* ,pl9y  
p>ticul>ly in/ances17 m5tion$ by ,alex&]
 de ,mont=t1 :o says t ! ,italians treat
 _! bees 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z !       
,egyptians did & /ill d2 t !y load boats
 ) hives & convey !m to ! neighb\rhood (
 ! m\nta9s ( ,pi$mont2 t 9 proportion z 
! bees ga!r 9 _! h>ve/1 ! boats1 by gr[+
 heavi]1 s9k deep] into ! wat]2 & t !   
wat]m5 det]m9e f ?is1 :5 _! hives are   
load$ suffici5tly1 & x is "t to c>ry !m 
back to _! places f :i* !y came4 ,! same
 au?or relates t ! p ( ! c\ntry (       
,juli]s us$ ! same practice2 = t1 at a  
c]ta9 season ( ! ye>1 !y c>ri$ _! bees  
to ! foot ( m\nta9s t 7 cov]$ ) wild    
?yme4  ,m4 ,maillet1 :o 0 ! ,fr5*       
,consul 9 ,egypt 9 #afib1 says 9 8      
curi\s description ( ,egypt2 t 9 spite (

 ! ignorance & ru/icity :i* h got       
possession ( t c\ntry1 !re yet rema9 9 x
 sev]al traces ( ! indu/ry & skill ( !  
anci5t ,egyptians4 ,"o ( _! mo/         
admirable contrivances is1 ! s5d+ _!    
bees annually into diff]5t di/ricts to  
collect food1 at a "t :5 !y c\ld n f9d  
any at home4  ,ab\t ! end ,octob]1 all  
su* inhabitants ( ,l[] ,egypt1 z h hives
 ( bees1 emb>k !m on ! ,nile1 & convey  
!m up t riv] q into ,upp] ,egypt2 obs]v+
 to "t x s t !y arrive !re j :5 !       
inundation is )drawn1 ! l&s h be5 s[n1 &
 ! fl[]s beg9 to bud4 ,! hives ?us s5t  
are m>k$ & numb]$ by _! respective      
own]s1 & plac$ pyramidically 9 boats    
prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,aft] !y h rema9$ "s
 "t at _! fur!/ /ation1 & are suppos$ to
 h ga!r$ all ! poll5 & honey !y c\ld f9d
 9 ! fields )9 two or ?ree leagues      
ar\nd1 _! conductors convey !m 9 ! same 
boats1 two or ?ree leagues l[] d[n1 &   
!re leave ! labori\s insects s long a "t
 z is necess>y = !m to collect all !    
ri*es ( ?is spot4 ,?us ! ne>] !y come to

 ! place ( _! m p]man5t abode1 !y f9d ! 
plants :i* af=d !m food1 =w>d 9         
proportion4  ,9 f9e1 ab\t ! beg9n+ (    
,febru>y1 aft] hav+ travell$ ?r\gh !    
:ole l5g? ( ,egypt1 & ga!r$ all ! ri*   
produce ( ! delightful banks ( ! ,nile1 
!y arrive at ! m\? ( t riv]1 t[>ds !    
ocean2 f :5ce !y _h set out3 c>e is tak5
 to keep an exact regi/] ( e di/rict f  
:5ce ! hives 7 s5t 9 ! beg9n+ ( !       
season1 ( _! numb]s1 ( ! names ( !      
p]sons :o s5t !m1 & likewise ( ! m>k or 
numb] ( ! boat 9 :i* !y 7 plac$4        
,niebuhr saw ^u ! ,nile1 betwe5 ,cairo &
 ,damietta1 a convoy ( f\r ?\s& hives1 9
 _! transit f ,upp] ,egypt to ! ,delta4 
,sav>y1 9 8 lett]s on ,egypt1 also gives
 an acc\nt ( ! mann] ( transport+ !     
hives d[n ! ,nile4 ,9 ,france float+    
bee-h\ses are common4 ,goldsmi?         
describes f 8 own obs]vation1 a k9d (   
float+ api>y 9 "s p>ts ( ,france &      
,pi$mont4 ,!y h on bo>d ( "o b>ge1 he   
says1 ?ree score or a hundr$ bee-hives1 
well def5d$ f ! inclem5cy ( an accid5tal

 /orm1 & ) ^! ! own]s float quietly d[n 
! /ream3 "o bee-hive yields ! proprietor
 a consid]able income4 ,:y1 he adds1 a  
me?od simil> to ?is has nev] be5 adopt$ 
9 ,engl& :]e we h m g5tle riv]s1 & m    
fl[]y banks1 ?an 9 any "p ( ! _w1 ,i "k 
n2 c]ta9ly x might be turn$ to          
advantage4  ,!y h also a me?od (        
transport+ _! hives by l& 9 c>ts 9      
,g]many2 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,hanov] travell+
 c>avans ( bees may be se5 dur+ !       
season4  ,i h ?us briefly quot$ f fam\s 
au?orities1 to impress ^u ^? :o keep    
api>ies ! importance ( transport+ _!    
bees f pa/ure to pa/ure4  ,! advantage  
to weak sw>ms is v great1 b :il/ s      
little ( ! true pr9ciples ( bee         
managem5t is und]/ood1 z t ! de/ruction 
( ! bees has be5 consid]$ absolutely    
ess5tial1 9 ord] to ! atta9m5t ( _!     
/ores1 x is no wond] t s little att5tion
 %\ld h be5 paid to _! cultivation 9 ?is
 c\ntry1 & t x %\ld n h prov$ a m       
productive dep>tm5t ( rural economy4    
,bees1 l ev]y?+ else wor? possess+1     

require c>e & att5tion2 b p]sons g5]ally
 ?9k x is q suffici5t to procure a hive 
& a sw>m1 & set x d[n 9 ! middle ( a    
g>d51 & t /reams ( honey & money w =?)  
fl[2 &1 p]haps1 comm5ce calculat+1 f !  
p]usal ( ! /atem5ts ( ! pr(its made by  
,?orley f a s+le hive1 :i* he e/imates  
to be #dcjjl4 #afs4 f #haib hives kept  
dur+ f\rte5 ye>s6 d$uct+ t5 %ill+s &    
sixp5ce1 ! co/ ( ! fir/ hive6  ,! b> &  
frame-hives are s con/ruct$ t !y c be   
mov$ f place to place ) ! greate/ ease1 
&1 p]haps1 ?is may be an inducem5t =    
bee-ma/]s to try ! recomm5dations (     
transport+ bees1 & ?us avoid "o exp5se (
 fe$+ !m dur+ ! w9t]4  ,connect$ ) !    
=ego+ subject ( transport+ bees f place 
to place1 is ! "q ( ! di/ance to :i*    
bees ext5d _! flight 9 se>* ( food1 c42 
& ! comp>ative excell5ce ( ! position ( 
an api>y dep5ds 9 "s measure on ! great]
 or less di/ance ! bees w h to fly to _!
 pa/urage4  ,dr4 ,*amb]s1 & ,dr4 ,hunt] 
7 ( op9ion1 t ! bee _c ext5d its flight 
beyond a mile1 :i* idea !y adopt$ on !  

au?ority ( ,s*ira*2 b !n x mu/ be       
recollect$ t ! ,g]man mile ( ,s*ira* is 
equal to ab\t #c-a_/b ,engli% miles4  ,x
 0 ! op9ion ( ,hub]1 t ! radii ( !      
circle ( ! flight ( ! bee ext5d$ ne>ly  
to f\r ,engli% miles4 ,& ,hui% says ,!  
travell+ api>ies ( ,g]many1 p>ticul>ly  
^? ( ,hanov]1 are regulat$ by ! prevail+
 op9ion1 t ! bee c1 & does1 ext5d its   
flight to f\r & ev5 five miles2 & act+  
^u t supposition1 :5 ! bee-ma/]s move _!
 api>ies1 !y always travel ab\t two     
/und51 t is1 ab\t eight miles1 z !y !n  
calculate t ! bees are beyond ! =m]     
range ( _! pa/ure by f\r miles4 ,& adds1
 a travell+ api>y ( #hj or #ajj hives w 
exhau/ ! food )9 ! area ( a circle ( f\r
 miles 9 ab\t a =tnight or ?ree weeks4  
,b c]ta9ly !re is no reason to fe> t any
 "p ( ?is c\ntry w be ov]/ock$ ) bees1 =
 :]e "o hive is n[ kept1 fifty might be 
kept )\t runn+ any risk ( ov]/ock+ !    
c\ntry2 = ! av]age numb] ( hives 9 !    
v>i\s api>ies does n exce$ five4  ,x has
 be5 calculat$ says ano!r au?ority1 t ! 

pa/ures ( ,scotl& c\ld ma9ta9 z _m bees 
z w\ld produce #d1jjj1jjj p9ts ( honey1 
& #a1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( wax2 & 7 ^!         
quantities tripl$ = ,engl& & ,irel&1 !  
produce ( ! ,briti% empire w\ld be      
#ab1jjj1jjj p9ts ( honey1 & #c1jjj1jjj  
lbs4 ( wax p] annum1 wor? ab\t five     
%ill+s p] p9t = ! honey1 & "o %ill+ &   
sixp5ce p] lb4 = ! wax1 mak+ an annual  
produce 9 money ( ab\t #c1bbe1jjjl4  ,b 
9 consequ5ce ( ! pres5t neglect ( ?is   
bran* ( rural economy1 we pay annually  
ne>ly #ab1jjjl4 = honey alone4  ,!      
imports & exports ( wax blea*$ &        
unblea*$ 7 z foll[s3                    
,return$                ,import$4       
,export$4      = home          ! rate   
,consumption4      ( ,duty              
#ahca4   #ahcb4   #ahca4   #ahcb4       
#ahca4   #ahcb4                         
,cwt4            ,cwt4            ,cwt4 
s4 d4  ,unblea*$   #g1jje               
#a1hgh          #aj1jjb            #a   
#aj  #j                       #d1cdi    
#b1ecf             #hbf  ,blea*$        

#aie             #ejd              #id  
#c  #j  #j                              
,produce ( ,duty4                       
,unblea*$     #aj1bfb                   
,blea*$           #hbc   ,! price ( wax 
v>ies 7duty includ$7 f #el4 to #ajl4 a  
cwt4  ,9 #ahca1 #g1bjc cwt4 ( wax 7     
import$1 ( :i* #c1hib cwt4 ( x came f   
,we/]n ,africa2 #a1eea1 f ,tripoli1     
,b>b>y1 c42 & #iaj cwt4 f ! ,unit$      
,/ates4  ,9 #ahci1 imports 7 #f1cad     
cwt41 9 #ahda1 #d1dhc cwt4 ( wax2 9     
#ahch1 #fge cwt4 ( honey2 & 9 #ahda1    
#c1gfa cwt4 valu$ at #ab1jjjl4 br\ght   
pr9cipally f ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,g]many1 & 
,portugal4  ,! above /atem5t proves !   
dem& !re is 9 ?is c\ntry = honey & wax4 
,x is m5tion$ 9 ,wildman's pamphlet t1  
:5 ,corsica 0 subject to ! ,romans1 a   
tribute 0 impos$ ^u x ( no less ?an two 
hundr$ ?\s& p\nds ( wax ye>ly2 b ?is is 
no pro( ( ! excell5ce ( _! honey1 :i*1  
accord+ to ,ovid1 0 ( v ill acc\nt1 &   
seems to be ! reason :y ! tribut>y tax 0
 exact$ 9 wax1 9 pref]5ce to honey4  ,! 

honey collect$ by ! bees at all times   
reta9s qualities d]iv$ f ! k9d ( plant f
 :5ce x has be5 procur$1 z is manife/ n 
only by ! peculi> od\r ( ! honey1 su* z 
t collect$ f leek blossoms & all ! onion
 tribe1 b by ! effects produc$ by ! use 
( honey obta9$ f c]ta9 plants1 *iefly f 
! subtribe ,rhodorace1 su* z ! kalmia1  
azalea1 rhodod5dron1 c41 :i* yield a    
honey frequ5tly poison\s & intoxicat+1 z
 has be5 prov$ by ! fatal effects on    
p]sons 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is record$ by      
,x5ophon 9 8 ,anabasis t1 dur+ ! retreat
 ( ! t5 ?\s&1 ! soldi]s suck$ "s        
honey-combs 9 a place ne> ,trebizonde1 &
 9 consequ5ce became intoxicat$1 & did n
 recov] _! /r5g? = ?ree or f\r days2 &  
^! effects are suppos$ to h be5 produc$ 
f ! honey hav+ be5 extract$ by ! bees f 
! rhodod5dron ponticum or azalea pontica
 ( ,l9nu4  ,al?\gh _m ( ^! plants h be5 
introduc$ into ?is c\ntry1 yet1 probably
 f _! small proportion to ! :ole ( !    
fl[]s 9 bloom1 ! honey collect$ by !    
bees has n be5 f\nd to be injur$ or to h

 produc$ any evil consequ5ces4  ,!      
goodness & flav\r ( honey dep5d on !    
fragrance ( ! plants f :i* ! bees       
collect x1 & h5ce x is t ! honey (      
diff]5t places is held 9 diff]5t degrees
 ( e/imation4  ,! honey ga!r$ f ! g5us  
erica 7t]m$ hea!r honey7 & mo/ labiate  
plants1 is :olesome4 ,t :i* is made e>ly
 9 ! ye> is pref]r$ to :at is collect$ 9
 ! latt] end ( ! season4 ,:il/ on !     
subject ( honey1 ,i w add ! directions  
giv5 by ,wildman1 h[ to sep>ate ! honey 
f ! wax3 ,take1 he says1 ! combs :i* h  
be5 extract$ f ! diff]5t hives or boxes 
into a close room1 r w>m ?an o!rwise1 t 
! honey may dra9 m freely1 & keep !     
doors & w9d[s %ut1 to prev5t ! bees f   
ent]+1 or else !y w be v tr\blesome1 & w
 attack & c>ry away ! great] "p ( !     
honey f ! combs4  ,lay aside su* combs z
 h "y bees or brood 9 !m1 z !y w\ld give
 y\r honey a bad flav\r & r5d] x        
un:olesome1 & ! bee-brood mu/ also be   
sep>at$ & melt$ ) ! brood-combs4 ,:5 y h
 ?us sep>at$ ! combs1 let su* z are v   

f9e be nicely dra9$ by !mselves1 )\t !  
lea/ press+ :atev]1 hav+ be5 c>efully   
clean$ ( e sort ( fil?1 or insects1 &   
divid+ ea* comb 9 su* a mann] t ! cells 
may be op5 at bo? ends1 & plac+ !m ^u a 
sieve or co>se clo?1 t ! honey may dra9 
(f q pure & undefil$4 ,! rema9d] ( !    
combs f :i* ! honey has be5 ?us dra9$1  
toge!r ) ^? :i* conta9$ ! bee-bread &   
brood1 mu/ be put into a co>se clo? or  
bag1 & squeez$ or press$ to get all !   
honey out4 ,?is w make x inf]ior 9      
quality1 & unfit = _m uses1 !re=e x %\ld
 be put into pots or bottles by itself1 
to fe$ bees )1 = :i* purpose x w be     
bett] ?an pure honey1 on acc\nt ( !     
bee-bread t w be mix$ ) x1 :i* is       
necess>y = _! subsi/5ce4  ,9 ord] to    
obta9 ! wax 9 a pure /ate1 :at rema9s ( 
! combs aft] sep>at+ ! honey1 toge!r ) !
 empty combs :i* _h be5 laid aside1 %\ld
 be put into a copp] ) clean wat]2 made 
to boil g5tly ov] a sl[ fire1 keep+ x   
con/antly /irr+4 ,:5 x is melt$1 run x  
?r\gh a co>se clo? or bag made = !      

purpose1 & put x into a press to sep>ate
 ! wax f ! dross4 ,let ! wax run f !    
press into a vessel plac$ "u x1 into :i*
 put "s wat] to prev5t ! wax adh]+ to ! 
sides4  ,if ?is process ( boil+ & press+
 is repeat$ twice or ev5 ?ree times1 !  
wax w be mu* pur] & consequ5tly ( great]
 value4 ,set x 9 a place :]e x may cool 
by degrees1 9 pans ( ! size y w\ld *oose
 y\r cakes to be1 ) "s wat] 9 !m1 to    
prev5t ! wax /ick+ to ! sides :il/ hot4 
,honey %\ld be kept only 9 /one j>s1    
call$ ,bri/ol w>e1 & 9 a cool & dry     
situation1 b n cork$ up until a week or 
two aft] x has transud$ ?r\gh ! sieve1  
c41 b %\ld be c>efully cov]$ ) p]=at$   
%eets ( z9c to keep out insects & flies1
 c4 aft] :i* p]iod ! j>s may be secur$ &
 put into ! /ore-rooms4  ,! only        
protection necess>y = g5tlem51--=       
ladies1 ,i presume1 w\ld nev] v5ture to 
und]take ! dang]\s task ( extract+ !    
honey combs f hives or boxes1--w be a   
pair ( bucksk9 gloves1 ) a pair ( wor/$ 
gloves ov] !m ext5d+ to ! elb[s2 s t !  

bees %\ld n be able to creep betwe5 !   
gloves & ! sleeves2 = ! face a piece (  
wire patt]n gauze net1 made 9 ! %ape ( a
 bag1 to draw ) a /r+ r\nd ! hat above !
 brim1 :i* w keep x f ! face1 & ! o!r   
op5 end be+ secur$ "u ! neck h&k]*ief1 &
 ) ! assi/ance ( a puff or two ( smoke  
into any hive int5d$ to be op]at$ ^u1 ! 
bee-ma/] may fe>lessly turn up ! hive1 &
 cut out combs or dislodge bees f _!    
habitations1 c4 ) impunity4     ,,!     
,,enemies ,,to ,,bees1 c4   ,!          
proprietor hav+ provid$ %elt] = 8 bees1 
& z great a pl5ty ( pa/ure z he possibly
 c1 %\ld next be c>eful to gu>d !m f !  
num]\s enemies :i* prey ^u !m1 & de/roy 
_! honey-combs4 ,bees !mselves1 9 !     
autumn & spr+1 are v (t5 great enemies  
to "o ano!r1 & rob ea* o!r's hives1     
especially 9 dry seasons1 :5 ! honey    
ga!r+ is almo/ ov]2 & ! bees f ov]-/ock$
 hives1 n hav+ honey suffici5t = _!     
w9t]'s /ore1 w ?r\gh necessity attack ! 
old hives or /ocks1 :i* are ?9n$ by ov] 
sw>m+1 c>ry away all _! honey1 & (t5    

de/roy _! que5s4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ?is  
havoc1 contract ! entrance or entrances 
( ! hive attempt$ to be robb$1 s t a few
 bees only c ent] at a "t1 by :i* means 
! old /ocks w be bett] able to def5d    
!mselves4 ,if1 not)/&+ ?is n>r[ness ( ! 
passage1 robb]s attack a hive1 !        
entrance %\ld be in/antly clos$ & kept s
 till ! ?ieves are gone1 & x w be       
advisable 9 ! ev5+ to exam9e ! /ate ( ! 
hive1 especially z to weight1 & if !    
que5 be safe1 remove x to ano!r place1  
at lea/ a mile f ! old locality4 ,!     
p]son :o is ?us employ$1 at a "t :5 !   
bees are full ( res5tm5t1 %\ld be well  
def5d$ f _! /+s4 ,b1 %\ld he be s       
un=tunate z to get /ung = 8 int]f]5ce1 !
 fir/ ?+ is to extract ! /+4 ,to        
alleviate ! irritation1 cool+ lotions   
%\ld be appli$1 b ! pa9 ( a /+ is       
reliev$ by apply+ spirits ( h>t%orn1 or 
liquor potass1 to ! spot :]e ! /+ ent]$4
  ,"o w\ld imag9e ! mo? to be an enemy (
 no consequ5ce1 b ! wax-mo? 7,t9ea      
mellonella7 is a mo/ =midable enemy4 ,%e

 lays h] eggs "u ! v skirts ( ! hive1 or
 9 ! rubbi% on ! floor1 or ev5 9 ! combs
 ( ! bees2 ^! eggs :5 hat*$ produce a   
small :iti% worm or l>va1 & x is 9 ?is  
/age t x commits its ravages1 ext5d+ its
 gall]ies ?r\gh e qu>t] ( ! combs1      
deta*+ !m f ! tops & sides ( ! hives1 & 
caus+ !m to fall toge!r4  ,! way to     
de/roy !m is frequ5tly to lift up ! hive
 9 ! morn+1 & kill all y c see4 ,! mo/  
effectual way is to drive ! bees into a 
new hive1 b ?is c be only done 9 !      
height ( ! honey season2 or ! affect$   
combs may be cut out1 & ! bees re/or$ to
 _! old habitation4  ,mice are likewise 
v de/ructive to bees2 sometimes !y ent] 
at ! door1 b mo/ commonly ne> ! top ( ! 
hive2 ?is !y d g5]ally dur+ w9t]1 :5 !  
bees are 9 a torpid /ate2 :5 ?is is     
suspect$1 set a few traps ab\t ! hives4 
,! common bat w also sometimes take     
possession ( a hive1 & commit v great   
havoc among/ ! bees4  ,wasps & hornets  
mu/ be de/roy$1 if possible1 ei!r by    
gunp[d]1 or by ! m primitive mode (     

plac+ lim$ twigs be=e ! holes1 :5 y h   
discov]$ _! ne/s4  ,! spr+ is ! "t to   
kill ! female wasps & hornets1 = !n1 by 
! dea? ( "o female1 a :ole ne/ is       
de/roy$4 ,or place bottles half full (  
sug> & be] :]e ! wasps frequ5t2 !y w g 9
 to dr9k1 & dr[n !mselves 9 ! liquor1 n 
be+ able to get out ( ! bottle aga94    
,spid]s mu/ be kill$1 & _! nets or webs 
brok5 d[n1 o!rwise !y w cat* & de/roy _m
 bees4  ,swall[s1 frogs1 ants1 e>wigs1  
snails1 woodlice1 p\ltry1 & small birds 
( almo/ all k9ds1 are reckon$ among/ _! 
foes4 ,&1 !re=e1 !re %\ld be no lack (  
vigilance on ! "p ( ! own] ( bees1 to   
keep ! bee-h\se z clean z possible f all
 v]m94  ,! signs ( dys5t]y hav+ comm5c$ 
9 any colony ( bees may be kn[n by !    
floor-bo>ds & combs be+ cov]$ ) /a9s1 by
 ! d>k col\r$ evacuations1 produc+ an   
(f5sive smell1 & frequ5t dea?s among/ ! 
bees4 ,bees1 says ,gelieu1 h no real    
disease2 !y are always 9 good heal? z   
long z !y are at lib]ty1 are kept w>m1 &
 provid$ ) pl5ty ( food4 ,all _! pret5d$

 diseases are ! result ( cold1 hung]1 or
 ! infection produc$ by a too close &   
long conf9em5t dur+ w9t]1 & by exposure 
to damp1 c4  ,!y appe> h[ev] sometimes  
to be seiz$1 9 ! spr+1 ) dys5t]y2 ?is is
 occasion$ by _! fe$+ too gre$ily1 x is 
suppos$1 on honey dew1 )\t ! mixture (  
poll5 & o!r :olesome nutrim5t4  ,! only 
rem$y t has be5 f\nd = ?is disease1 is  
to give ! bees pl5ty ( honey1 su* honey 
z t extract$ f ! refuse combs 9 !       
autumn1 t _h abundance ( bee-bread      
press$ among/ x1--! m ! bett]1--mix+ ) x
 a table-spoonful ( salt1 & giv+ ! bees 
_! full lib]ty1 & a clean hive4 ,_m ?+s 
are necess>y = ! pres]vation ( bees1 b m
 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e ! bees h  
only "o season 9 five1 on an av]age (   
ye>s1 really good = _! honey h>ve/2     
:]e=e ! own] %\ld take c>e to provide ! 
light /ocks ) a suffici5t quantity (    
food1 :i* !y h n be5 able to secure by  
_! own indu/ry1 ei!r ?r\gh ! badness ( !
 bee-pa/urage1 ! inclem5cy ( ! seasons1 
! weakness ( ! colony1 or ! spoil made  

by _! enemies2 & sometimes by !         
ill-judg$ managem5t ( _! own]s1 9 robb+ 
! bees beyond ! b\nds ( reason4  ,by ?is
 la/ unju/ way ( proce$+1 ^! poor       
indu/ri\s little insects are absolutely 
/>v$1 & _! gre$y ma/]s des]v$ly exp]i5ce
 ! old prov]b2 t ,too mu* covet\sness   
breaks ! bag4  ,x is impossible to      
asc]ta9 :at quantity ( honey w s]ve a   
hive ( bees ! :ole w9t]1 because ! numb]
 9 ! hive may be m or less1 & 9 "s ye>s1
 ! spr+ is m =w>d ?an 9 o!rs2 b #be lbs4
 is said to be ! quantity requir$ 9 a   
common cottage-hive4 ,dur+ fro/1 ! bees 
consume v little food inde$2 & /ill less
 dur+ sev]e cold wea!r4 ,mr4 ,:ite 7) _m
 o!r api>ians7 is ( op9ion1 t a great]  
degree ( cold ?an is commonly imag9$ to 
be prop] = bees is fav\rable to !m 9    
w9t]1 = ! bees dur+ t p]iod1 are 9 s    
le?>gic a /ate1 t little food supports  
!m4  ,! be/ me?od to fe$ ! weak /ocks1  
if 9 "o ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,gold+'s improv$     
,grecian hives1 is to place "s combs    
7drone combs res]v$ = t purpose7 fill$  

on "o side ) honey1 ov] ! c5tre-bo>d1 & 
cov]+ x ov] ) a common hive4  ,!        
advantage ( fe$+ bees f above is great2 
!y are less likely to be attack$ by !   
bees f o!r hives1 & !y d n become b5umb$
 by ! cold1 z ! same temp]ature is      
ma9ta9$ above z 9 ! re/ ( ! hive4  ,b 9 
all cases1 bees %\ld be f$ 9 autumn1 &  
be=e !y are 9 absolute want ( food1     
o!rwise !y w be s poor & weak t !y w n  
be able to asc5d or desc5d to fe$       
!mselves4 ,:5 t happ5s1 x is almo/ too  
late to save !m2 h[ev]1 y may try & fe$ 
!m1 by fir/ ty+ a piece ( gauze ov] !   
bottom ( ! hive1 turn+ x up to receive !
 heat ( ! sun or fire1 &1 if ! bees     
revive at all1 place a pewt] di% ) "s   
liquid honey 9 x1 on ! floor-bo>d1 & !  
hive ov] x1 :5 ! bees w draw up ! honey 
?r\gh ! gauze or net )\t sme>+ !mselves1
 ! ! pewt] di% hav+ be5 fill$ ) hot wat]
 to keep ! honey liquid1 & to diffuse a 
g5ial w>m? ?r\gh\t ! hive1 & ?us secure 
!m = a "t f ! cold1 :i* w\ld *ill & ev5 
kill ! bees 9 ! w9t]1 :5 !y came d[n to 

! bottom ( ! hive to fe$ on ! pr(f]$    
b\nty4  ,9 prosp]\s hives or colonies1 z
 soon z ! sev]ity ( ! w9t]'s fro/ is    
pa/1 ! que5-bee beg9s to lay h] eggs 9 !
 v>i\s cells 9 ! combs1 & proce$s 9     
proportion to ! mildness ( ! season to  
deposit a succession4 ,! numb] ( "y bees
 t may by ?is means rise 9 a hive1 may  
endang] ! lives ( all ! bees by fam9e1 =
 ! increas$ multitude consume a great   
deal ( honey1 an accid5t likely to happ5
 if ! mild wea!r ( ,janu>y or ,febru>y  
%\ld be succe$$ by cold1 ra9y1 or ev5   
dry wea!r2 = x is f\nd t ! fl[]s d n    
secrete ! sweet juices1 :i* con/itute   
honey1 s freely dur+ ! preval5ce ( dry  
ea/]ly w9ds2 & ?us pres5t a b>r5 field =
 ! out-(-door lab\rs ( ! bees4  ,on ?is 
acc\nt1 ! proprietor %\ld exam9e ! hives
 frequ5tly at ?is season1 t1 if         
necess>y1 he may give !m a prop] supply1
 9 :i* he %\ld be b\ntiful r ?an        
o!rwise1 because ! bees are fai?ful     
/ew>ds1 & w return ) int]e/ :at is ?us 9
 _! great ne$ be/[$ ^u !m4  ,! "t ( !   

bees' sw>m+ is g5]ally 9 ! mon?s ( ,may 
& ,june1 & sometimes ,july1 b ! latt] is
 too late1 z !re are !n few] bees ?an 9 
! e>li] sw>ms1 & !y seldom live ?r\gh ! 
w9t] )\t mu* c>e & fe$+4  ,! lat] sw>ms 
%\ld be hiv$ 9 r small] hives ?an !     
fir/1 t1 by clu/]+ toge!r1 !y may !     
bett] n\ri% & keep !mselves w>m4  ,!    
h\rs ( _! sw>m+ are = ! mo/ "p ab\t     
twelve o'clock at noon1 nev] be=e eight1
 & seldom aft] f\r 9 ! aft]noon4  ,!    
symptom ( sw>m+1 is g5]ally ! unusual   
numb] ( bees se5 hang+ at ! m\? ( !     
hive1 & if a pip+ noise1 or a %rill     
note1 :i* is made by ! que5 is he>d1 x  
is a sure index ! bees w sw>m1 if !     
wea!r be w>m & dry4  ,if ! bees "w a    
comb "u ! floor-bo>d1 z is sometimes !  
case1 x is a sign !y w n sw>m2 a m c]ta9
 sign is :5 !y ?r[ out ! "y dead que5s )
 ! drone brood4 ,:5 !y reta9 ! drones 9 
! hives aft] ,augu/1 x is a bad om51 z  
!y are !n res]v$ = ! sake ( ! "y que5s1 
:i* !y are expect+ to raise2 & ! season 
be+ too f> advanc$1 & _! fail+ 9 !      

attempt1 & be+ )\t a que51 ! colony w   
mo/ c]ta9ly dw9dle away1 be=e ! next    
season4  ,always *oose a hive           
proportionable to ! size ( y\r sw>m1 &  
prep>e to hive !m z soon z possible1 le/
 !y %\ld rise aga94 ,x is n unusual to  
r+ a bell or t9kle a brass pan1 c41 at !
 "t ! bees sw>m2 x is also a common     
me?od to dress ! hives ) honey1 balm1 c4
  ,i m5tion ^! ?+s1 because !y are      
cu/oms ( long /&+3 ! t9kl+ ( bells is ( 
little use1 z ! bees w g5]ally settle   
ne> ! hive2 & z to dress+ ! hives1 ,i by
 no means recomm5d x1 z ! bees l a clean
 new hive mu* bett]1 = x does n give !m 
s mu* tr\ble to clean1 c4  ,if ! sw>m   
%\ld rise 9 ! full heat ( ! day1 & ! sun
 %9e hot ^u !m1 !y w n cont9ue long 9 _!
 fir/ situation2 = :5 !y f9d !y h all   
got _! company toge!r1 !y w soon        
unclu/]1 rise aga91 fly to "s p>ticul>  
spot :i* has be5 fix$ ^u = t purpose by 
deta*$ p>ties ( bees1 :o return &       
acqua9t ! sw>m2 !re=e ,i w\ld advise to 
hive !m z soon z possible1 & remove !m 9

 ! ev5+ to ! place :]e !y are to rema94 
,! suppos$ relative value ( e>ly & late 
sw>ms is ?us m5tion$ 9 an old ,engli%   
prov]b3--    ,a sw>m 9 ,may1   ,is wor? 
a load ( hay4   ,a sw>m 9 ,june1   ,is  
wor? a silv] spoon2   ,a sw>m 9 ,july1  
,is n wor? a fly4     ,,sw>m+ ,,& ,,hiv+
 ,,! ,,bees4   ,e good sw>m %\ld weigh  
ab\t #e lbs41 & accord+ to ! acc\nt giv5
 9 ,key's ,treatise1 w\ld conta9 #bc1jjj
 bees4 ,! mann] ( hiv+ !m mu/ be        
regulat$ *iefly by ! places ^u :i* !y   
alight4  ,if !y settle on a dead h$ge1  
or ^u ! gr\nd1 set a hive ov] !m1 putt+ 
props "u x if necess>y1 &1 ) a l>ge     
spoon or bru% ( wet we$s1 /ir !m s(tly  
und]nea?1 & !y w g 94  ,if !y %\ld happ5
 to settle ^u a small b\gh1 y may cut x 
(f1 & lay+ x quietly on a clo?1 place a 
hive ov] !m2 or if y _c conv5i5tly      
sep>ate ! b\gh f ! body ( ! tree1 y may 
%ake or sweep !m (f into ! hive4  ,if ! 
sun %9es hot ^u x1 %ade x ) a few b\ghs1
 c41 b let x rema9 ne> ! place :]e !    
bees settl$ until ! ev5+1 at :i* "t move

 x to ! bee-h\se1 or ! place :]e x is to
 /& dur+ ! season1 z j direct$4  ,if !  
bees h hung a consid]able "t to ! place 
:]e !y fir/ settl$1 y w1 p]haps1 f9d x  
difficult entirely to dislodge !m1 z !y 
w neglect _! lab\r & fly ab\t ! spot =  
_m days aft]w>ds4 ,! be/ me?od to prev5t
 ?is is1 by rubb+ ! bran*es ) rue1 or   
any k9d ( h]b disagreeable to ! bees2 b 
be c>eful n to hurt any ( ! bees4       
,sw>ms seldom return home aga91 :5 !y   
are well settl$1 & if y f9d !m incl9$ to
 d s1 dep5d ^u x1 "s accid5t has happ5$ 
to _! que51 :i* y w easily asc]ta9 by _!
 mak+ a murmur+ noise1 & runn+ 9 a      
di/ract$ mann] ov] & ab\t ! sides ( !   
hive4 ,:5 y obs]ve ?is1 imm$iately seek 
ab\t = h]1 beg9n+ ) ! /ock-hive f :5ce !
 sw>m rose1 & pursue ! track !y took at 
sett+ out2 y w seldom miss f9d+ h]1 = %e
 is nev] alone1 b g5]ally encompass$ ) a
 clu/] ( bees1 :o w\ld soon] p]i% ?an   
leave h] 9 dang]4  ,:5 y h f\nd h]1 take
 h] up g5tly1 & put h] to ! sw>m1 & y w 
soon f9d ! cause ( _! dissatisfaction   

remov$ by ! arrival ( ! que54  ,!       
greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to h y\r hive   
clean & sweet1 free f loose /raws or o!r
 ob/acles1 :i* w create great tr\ble &  
loss ( "t to ! bees1 if left to !m to   
remove4  ,if bees h fl[]s suitable to _!
 ta/es1 & no great di/ance to travel to 
!m1 !y w fill _! hives bo? ) honey &    
wax1 9 ab\t a mon? or five weeks1 &1 if 
! season has prov$ fair & pleasant1 9   
less "t2 b ! bee-keep] mu/ expect f\r   
out ( e five seasons to be unpropiti\s  
to 8 little *>ge1 &1 !re=e1 he mu/ be on
 ! wat* to assi/ !m ) food 9 ! "t ( ne$4
  ,sc>cely has ! sw>m arriv$ at its new 
habitation1 :5 ! work+ bees lab\r ) !   
utmo/ dilig5ce1 to procure food & build 
_! combs4 ,_! pr9cipal aim is n only to 
h cells 9 :i* !y may deposit ! honey &  
poll51 b a /rong] motive seems to       
animate !m2 !y seem to "k t _! que5 is  
ab\t to deposit h] eggs2 & _! indu/ry is
 su*1 t 9 f\r & tw5ty h\rs !y w h made  
combs1 twelve in*es long1 & ?ree or f\r 
in*es wide4 ,!y build m combs dur+ !    

fir/ =tnight1 ?an !y d dur+ all ! re/ ( 
! ye>4  ,o!r bees are at ! same "t busy 
9 /opp+ all ! holes & crevices !y happ5 
to f9d 9 _! new hive1 9 ord] to gu>d    
aga9/ ! entrance ( insects :i* covet _! 
honey1 _! wax1 or !mselves2 & also to   
exclude ! cold air2 = x is indisp5sably 
necess>y t !y be lodg$ w>m & secure f   
damp1 c4  ,a second sw>m sc>cely is1 &  
mu* less are ! ?ird ones call$ ca/s wor?
 keep+ s+le1 because1 be+ few 9 numb]1  
!y _c all[ s l>ge a proportion ( work+  
bees to g abroad 9 se>* ( provisions1 z 
m num]\s sw>ms c1 aft] reta9+ a prop]   
numb] = ! v>i\s works to be done )9 !   
hive4  ,bees sometimes sw>m s (t5 t !   
"m-hive is too mu* weak5$ or r$uc$ 9    
population4 ,9 ?is case !y %\ld be      
re/or$2 & ?is %\ld also be done :5 a    
sw>m produces a sw>m ! fir/ summ]1 z is 
sometimes ! case 9 e>ly seasons4  ,! be/
 way1 inde$1 is to prev5t su* sw>m+1 by 
giv+ ! bees m room2 ?\gh ?is1 aga91 w n 
answ] :]e !re is a prolific "y que5 9 ! 
hive2 z %e well kn[s t h] life is !     

=feit ( h] rema9+ at home4  ,be=e !     
union ( "o or two ca/s or late sw>ms is 
made1 x is bett] to kill "o ( ! que5s1  
if possible1 to prev5t ! que5s de/roy+  
"o ano!r4  ,if an old hive is full (    
bees1 & yet %[s no disposition to sw>m1 
puff 9 a little smoke at ! entrance ( ! 
hive1 !n turn ! hive up1 & give x "s    
slight /rokes on ! sides s z to al>m !  
bees4 ,!y w imm$iately run to !         
extremities ( ! combs1 & if y !n        
att5tively exam9e !m1 y w1 9 all        
probability1 p]ceive ! que5-bee ! =emo/ 
among/ !m4 ,seize h] betwe5 y\r =e f+] &
 ?umb1 & conf9e h] 9 y\r h& till mo/ "p 
( ! bees take w+2 let h] !n g1 ! bees w 
soon jo9 h]1 & settle on "s bran* ( a   
tree4 ,put !m into an empty hive4       
,re/ore ! old hive 9 its place1 t ! bees
 :i* h be5 out 9 ! fields may ent] x on 
_! return1 & hav+ all[$ !m to rema9 !re 
an h\r or two1 place x ^u ano!r /& ne>  
or next to its own4  ,! hive hav+ :at   
may n[ be call$ a sw>m 9 x1 is !n plac$ 
on ! /& ( ! old /ock2 & if ! bees 9 bo? 

hives "w regul>ly1 c>ry+ 9 loads ( poll5
 on _! ?ighs1 all is well4  ,bees are n 
apt to /+ :5 !y sw>m naturally1 !re=e1 x
 is n necess>y !n to take extraord9>y   
precaution aga9/ !m2 b :5 any ( ^!      
viol5t & artificial modes are attempt$1 
,i %\ld advise ! op]ator to be well     
gu>d$ at all po9ts4  ,wildman weigh$    
bees & f\nd x requir$ #d1ibh bees to    
make a p\nd ( sixte5 ounces1 b ! diff]5t
 circum/ances 9 bees may occasion a     
consid]able diff]5ce 9 _! weight4 ,:5 ! 
bees sw>m1 !y come out load$ ) wax      
secret$ 9 _! wax pockets & honey 9 _!   
honey bags1 & w\ld weigh heavi] ?an bees
 tak5 = t purpose by *ance2 &1 !re=e1 ! 
numb] ( ! bees is n to be ?us comput$1 f
 ! weight ( ! sw>m2 = "o f\r? ( ! numb] 
at lea/ %\ld be d$uct$1 9 lieu ( ! wax &
 honey !y h br\ght (f ) !m4 ,!re is also
 ano!r all[ance to be made1 namely1 t :5
 alive1 !y d n probably weigh s heavy z 
:5 dead4  ,! p]son :o int5ds to erect an
 api>y1 %\ld pur*ase a prop] numb] (    
hives at ! latt] end ( ! ye>1 :5 !y are 

*eape/4 ,! hives %\ld be full ( combs1 &
 well /or$ ) bees4  ,! pur*as] %\ld     
exam9e ! combs1 9 ord] to "k ! age ( !  
hives4 ,! combs ( t season are :ite1 ^? 
( a d>ki% yell[ are ( ! previ\s ye>2 &1 
:]e ! combs are black1 ! hives %\ld be  
reject$1 because old hives are mo/      
liable to v]m9 & o!r accid5ts4  ,if !   
numb] ( hives want$ 7 n pur*as$ 9 !     
autumn1 x w be necess>y to rem$y ?is    
neglect aft] ! sev]ity ( ! cold is pa/ 9
 ! spr+4 ,at ?is season1 bees :i* are 9 
good condition1 w get into ! fields e>ly
 9 ! morn+1 return load$1 ent] boldly1 &
 d n come out ( ! hive 9 bad wea!r2 = :5
 !y d1 ?is indicates t !y are 9 great   
want ( provisions4  ,!y are al]t on !   
lea/ di/urbance2 & by ! l\dness ( _!    
humm+1 y c judge ( _! /r5g?4 ,!y pres]ve
 _! hives free f fil?1 & are ready to   
def5d x aga9/ e enemy t approa*es4  ,b !
 bett] plan is at once to comm5ce ) new 
hives1 & pur*ase ! fir/ & /rong sw>ms to
 put into !m1 & introduce !m into !     
bee-h\se4  ,!re are v>i\s sub/ances f\nd

 9 a hive1 su* z ! wax1 ) :i* ! combs   
are built1 ! honey1 ! f>9a or poll51 )  
:i* ! bee-brood is f$1 & propolis4      
,honey1 is a fluid or semi-fluid        
sub/ance1 ! mat]ials ( :i* are collect$ 
by ! bees1 f ! nect>ies at ! base ( !   
coroll ( fl[]s1 :]e ?is vegetable       
production is secret$4  ,x _c be said to
 be a purely vegetable production :5    
f\nd 9 ! combs1 = aft] be+ collect$ by !
 insect by means ( its proboscis1 x is  
transmitt$ into :at is call$ ! honey    
bag1 :]e x is elaborat$1 &1 hurry+      
homew>ds ) its preci\s load1 ! bee      
regurgitates x into ! cell ( ! honey    
comb4 ,x takes a great _m drops to fill 
a cell1 z ! honey bag :5 full does n    
exce$ ! size ( a small pea4  ,:5 ! cell 
is full1 x is seal$ up ) a mixture ( (  
wax & poll51 & res]v$ = future use 9    
w9t] & spr+4  ,wax4 ,!re are sev]al     
v>ieties ( ?is sub/ance1 b bees-wax is a
 secretion ( t insect f its v5tral      
scales4 ,) ?is sub/ance ! comb is       
con/ruct$2 x takes ! bees1 accord+ to   

,hub]'s acc\nt1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs to       
secrete ! six lam9 ( wax 9 ! wax        
pockets1 :i* may be se5 to exude betwe5 
! segm5ts ( ! "u side ( ! abdom5 ( !    
bee4 ,= ! purpose ( ! =mation ( wax1 !  
bees h to clu/] & =m !mselves into      
fe/oons f ! top ( ! hive1 & aft] !      
elapse ( ! necess>y p]iod1 ! wax scales 
are =m$1 ) :i* ! bees comm5ce imm$iately
 to build _! combs1 & ! v>i\s cells = ! 
reception ( ! brood or food1 accord+ to 
! season ( ! ye>4  ,propolis1 is a      
t5aci\s1 semi-transp>5t sub/ance1 hav+ a
 balsamic od\r2 :i* ! bees ga!r f ! buds
 ( c]ta9 trees 9 ! spr+1 su* z !        
horse-*e/nut1 ! will[1 ! popl>1 & !     
bir*4  ,?is t5aci\s sub/ance is employ$ 
by ! bees to atta* m firmly ! combs to !
 top or f\ndation1 & also ! edges ( !   
combs to ! sides ( ! hive or box1 to /op
 ! crevices1 & fa/5 ! hives or boxes to 
! floor-bo>ds1 & 9 =m+ b>ri]s aga9/ !   
intrusion ( enemies4  ,f>9a1 or ,poll51 
is ! du/ or m9ute globules conta9$ 9 !  
an!rs ( fl[]s1 & is ! f]tiliz+ prop]ty (

 fl[]s1 :i* ! bees ?us assi/ to c>ry1   
:il/ travell+ f fl[] to fl[]1 )\t :i* ! 
fl[]s w\ld n fructify4 ,! bees h be5    
f\nd to cont9ue collect+ poll5 f ! same 
species ( fl[]s1 & prev5t !             
multiplication ( hybrid plants4 ,!y     
collect & c>ry ?is sub/ance on ! out]   
surface ( ! tibia1 or ! middle jo9t ( ! 
h9d] leg2 ?is "p ( ! leg is broad1 & on 
"o side x is concave1 & furni%$ ) a r[ (
 /rong hairs on its m>g9s1 =m+ z x 7 a  
natural basket1 well adapt$ = ! purpose4
 ,?is sub/ance mix$ ) honey1 =ms ! food 
( ! l>v or "y brood1 aft] und]go+1      
p]haps1 a peculi> elaboration by ! work+
 or nurse bees4  ,hav+ ?us m5tion$ !    
diff]5t sub/ances f\nd 9 a hive1 x only 
rema9s to add a %ort hi/ory ( ! inmates 
( ! hive4 ,e sw>m ( bees comprises ?ree 
di/9ct k9ds ( ! same species1 namely1 ! 
female or que51 ! neut] or work]-bee1 & 
! male or drone4  ,z !re is only "o     
que5-bee 9 ea* sw>m or colony1 %e is    
seldom to be se5 amid/ ! ?\s&s ( o!r    
bees2 b %e is easily di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by

 h] sl[] movem5ts1 h] great] l5g? & l>g]
 size2 & ! g5]al appe>ance ( h] body1   
be+ ( a m d>k orange col\r1 & h] h9d]   
legs hav+ nei!r bru%es nor poll5 baskets
 ^u !m1 al?\gh long] ?an ^? ( !         
work]-bee2 h] w+s also appe> /rong]1 &  
%e possesses a m curv$ /+1 :i* %e seldom
 uses1 except :5 ass]t+ h] rights to !  
sov]eignty ( ! hive4  ,)\t a que5-bee no
 sw>m c ?rive1 = %e is n only ! rul]1 b 
*iefly ! "m ( ! community 9 :i* %e      
dwells1 & :]ev] %e goes1 ! greate/      
att5tion is paid h]4 ,9 ! hive1 ! utmo/ 
solicitude is ev9c$ to satisfy h] 9 e   
wi%2 :]ev] %e moves ! bees anxi\sly cle>
 away be=e h]1 & turn _! heads t[>ds _! 
sov]eign1 & ) mu* affection t\* h] ) _! 
ant5n1 & supply h]1 z (t5 z %e ne$s1 )  
honey or o!r delicacy :i* _! own        
ex]tions1 or ^? ( _! fell[ lab\r]s1 h   
ga!r$ = h] use4  ,! que5-bee is said to 
live f\r or five ye>s1 & is g5]ally     
succe$$ on h] ?rone by "o ( h] own      
desc5dants duly br\ght up = ! purpose2 b
 9 ! ev5t ( h] untimely decease1 !      

work]s h ! p[] ( rais+ a sov]eign f     
among/ !mselves1 & fitt+ h] = ! /ation  
%e is int5d$ to occupy2 ?is !y d by     
select+ "o ( ! l>v ( ! work]-bee ( a    
c]ta9 age1 &1 enl>g+ ! cell :i* x is to 
occupy1 supply+ x ) a n\ri%m5t diff]5t f
 t :i* !y give to ! work] & drone-brood4
  ,a que5-bee takes sev5te5 days to     
arrive at maturity1 t is to say1 f !    
egg-/ate to ! fully develop$ que51 b ?is
 p]iod w v>y z a sudd5 *ange (          
temp]ature w prolong ! int]val2 & ?is   
also applies to ! p]fect que5 h]self1 :o
 w n deposit h] eggs 9 ! cells1 :5 any  
sev]e wea!r happ5s at ! p]iod %e may be 
expect$ to produce ! eggs4  ,! fecundity
 ( ! que5-bee is v great1 = x is e/imat$
 t dur+ bre$+ "t1 unless prev5t$ by !   
cold wea!r1 %e lays at ! rate ( f "o    
hundr$ to two hundr$ eggs a day1 caus+  
an increase ( n less ?an eighty ?\s&    
work]-bees1 & drones includ$1 9 a season
 :5 circum/ances are fav\rable4  ,!     
cells =m$ = ! royal brood are v diff]5t 
f ^? ( ! males or ! work]s1 & are       

g5]ally susp5d$ f ! sides or edges ( !  
combs2 9 %ape !y are v mu* l a pe>1 !   
?icke/ end jo9+ ! comb1 & ! small end   
hav+ ! m\? or entrance to ! cell1 &     
hang+ d[nw>ds1 & be+ almo/ z l>ge z a   
lady's ?imble4  ,! drones or males 9 a  
hive are comput$ at f six hundr$ to two 
?\s&1 b ! numb]s are rem>kably irregul>1
 & ! proportion is n regulat$ by ! numb]
 ( bees conta9$ 9 a hive2 = a small sw>m
 or colony w conta9 z _m1 or m          
sometimes1 ?an a l>ge "o4  ,! drone may 
be easily di/+ui%$ f ! que5 or work]s1 f
 its great] bread?1 hav+ l>ge eyes :i*  
meet at ! top ( ! head1 & no /+1 & f its
 mak+ a l\d humm+ :il/ fly+4  ,x takes  
tw5ty-f\r days f ! "t ( ! lay+ ( ! drone
 egg to its com+ =? a p]fect insect4    
,drones are g5]ally hat*$ ab\t ! end (  
,april or ! beg9n+ ( ,may2 !y v5ture out
 ( ! hive only 9 w>m wea!r1 & !n only 9 
! middle ( ! day1 & !y are g5]ally      
expell$ by ! bees f ! hives ab\t ,july  
or ,augu/1 aft] ! impregnation ( ! "y   
que5s has tak5 place4  ,:5 ! de/ruction 

( ! drones takes place e>li]1 x may be  
consid]$ a c]ta9 indication t no sw>m+ w
 take place dur+ t season2 b ! ret5tion 
( ! drones aft] ,augu/1 is a v bad sign1
 z ! sw>m mu/ c]ta9ly p]i% 9 ! w9t]1    
unless _! vacant ?rone is suppli$ ) a   
prolific que54  ,! neut] or work]-bee1  
is ! lea/ ( ! ?ree1 & ( a d>k br[n      
col\r2 ! abdom5 is conical1 & compos$ ( 
six di/9ct segm5ts1 & arm$ ) a /raight  
/+2 x possesses a long flexible trunk1  
kn[n by ! "n ( a proboscis1 & has on its
 two h9d] legs a holl[ or basket1 to    
receive ! propolis & f>9a :i* x collects
 z be=e describ$4  ,! numb] ( work]s 9 a
 well-/ock$ hive is ab\t fifte5 ?\s& or 
tw5ty ?\s&4 ,^u !m devolves ! :ole c>e &
 lab\r ( ! colony1 to collect poll51    
propolis1 & honey2 to build ! combs & to
 att5d ^u ! brood or "y bees4  ,!       
work]-bee is %ort-liv$1 seldom surviv+ m
 ?an a ye>1 b ?is is m f ! toil !y h to 
endure1 ?\gh x be a lab\r ( love1 & ! _m
 risks !y run ^u ea* occasion ( go+ out 
9 se>* ( food1 c41 f ! wea!r1 or _!     

num]\s w+$ enemies4     ,sunt quibus ad 
portas cecidit cu/odia sorti3   ,inque  
vicem speculantur aquas et nubila coeli1
   ,aut on]a accipiunt v5i5tum1 aut     
agm9e facto   ,ignavum fucos pecus      
prsepibus arc5t4   ,f]vet opus1         
r$ol5tque ?ymo fragrantia mella4        
,,london3   ,pr9t$ by ,s4  ,j4 ,,b5tley1
 ,,wilson1 & ,,fley1   ,bangor ,h\se1   
,%oe ,lane4           99       99       
99       99       99    ,transcrib]s    
notes3     ,a page ( ,errata appe>+ "h  
has be5 appli$ to ! text &    remov$4   
,inconsi/5cy 9 ! hyph5ation ( phrases   
has be5 reta9$4