,illu/ration3 ,,raphael ,,sanzio ,d'    
,,urb9o 7,,by ,,himself7                
,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce               
,ma/]pieces ( ,art                      
,,raphael                     ,a        
,,collection ,,( ,,fifte5 ,,pictures    
,,& ,a ,,portrait ,,( ,,! ,,pa9t]       
,,) ,,introduction ,,&                  
,,int]pretation                         
,,edit$ ,,by                            
,,e/elle ,m4 ,,hurll                    
,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york                
,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company            
,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge          
,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,,h\ghton1      
,,miffl9  ,,co         99       99      
99       99       99     ,,preface   ,! 
object ( ?is collection ( pr9ts is to   
introduce ! /ud5t to ,raphael ?r\gh !   
pictures :i* appeal directly to !       
imag9ation ) "s /ory int]e/4 ,) ?is     
*>act]i/ic z ! lead+ pr9ciple ( *oice1 !
 v>iety ( subjects is p]haps z wide z ! 
conditions admit4 ,no attempt is made to
 repres5t all ! sides ( ! pa9t]'s art2 8

 portraits are ignor$ & 8 ,madonnas     
inadequately repres5t$1 9 ord] to give  
place to pictures :i* awak5 z _m po9ts (
 int]e/ z possible4 ,)9 ^! n>r[ limits  
,raphael1 z an illu/rator & a compos]1  
is ev5 9 ^! few pictures cle>ly         
repres5t$4  ,_h *oice be5 limit$ to     
pictures pa9t$ ?r\gh\t by ,raphael      
himself1 ! value ( ! collection w\ld h  
be5 s]i\sly affect$1 z "s ( ! ma/]'s mo/
 int]e/+ works 7 h&$ ov] to 8 pupils =  
execution4 ,our li/1 h[ev]1 conta9s only
 su* works z are at ?is date reckon$    
indisputably to be f ,raphael's own     
designs4  ,! text has only ! mode/ aim (
 mak+ ! pictures intelligible4 ,critical
 explanations are beyond its scope1 &   
hi/orical data are = ! mo/ "p relegat$  
to ! accompany+ tables4 ,! ,introduction
 is int5d$ = tea*]s1 & conta9s          
sugge/ions = a comp>ative /udy ( !      
pictures :i* may be c>ri$ out at        
discretion4  ,all ! reproductions 9 ?is 
book are f photographs made directly f !
 orig9al pa9t+s4 ,9 ord] to get ! be/   

results a c>eful comp>ison 0 made ( ! "w
 ( lead+ photograph]s4 ,! photograph] ( 
ea* picture is m5tion$ 9 ! ,table (     
,cont5ts4  ,,e/elle ,m4 ,,hurll4  ,,new 
,,b$=d1 ,,mass4  ,june1 #ahii4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,cont5ts ,,& ,,li/ ,,( ,,pictures      
,,portrait ,,( ,,raphael4 ,,pa9t$ ,,by  
,,himself4 ,frontispiece4 ,,f           
,,photograph ,,by ,,fratelli ,,al9>i4   
,,introduction  ,i4    ,,on ,,raphael',s
 ,,"* ,,z ,,an ,,arti/  ,,ii4   ,,on    
,,books ,,( ,,ref]5ce  ,,iii4           
,,hi/orical ,,directory ,,( ,,!         
,,pictures  ,,iv4   ,,collat]al ,,read+ 
,,f ,,lit]ature  ,v4    ,,outl9e ,,table
 ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,ev5ts ,,9         
,,raphael',s ,,life  ,,vi4              
,,raphael',s ,,contempor>ies  ,i4    ,,!
 ,,madonna ,,( ,,! ,,*air               
,,picture ,,f ,,photograph ,,by         
,,fratelli ,,al9>i  ,,ii4   ,,abraham   
,,& ,,! ,,?ree ,,angels        ,,picture
 ,,f ,,c>bon ,,pr9t ,,by ,,braun1       
,,clem5t  ,,co4  ,,iii4  ,,! ,,miracul\s

 ,,draught ,,( ,,fi%es        ,,picture 
,,f ,,photograph ,,by ,,?ur/on ,,?ompson
  ,,iv4   ,,! ,,sacrifice ,,at ,,ly/ra  
,,picture ,,f ,,photograph ,,by ,,?ur/on
 ,,?ompson  ,v4    ,,heliodorus ,,driv5 
,,f ,,! ,,temple        ,,picture ,,f   
,,photograph ,,by ,,fratelli ,,al9>i    
,,vi4   ,,! ,,lib]ation ,,( ,,pet]      
,,picture ,,f ,,photograph ,,by         
,,fratrelli ,,al9>i  ,,vii4  ,,! ,,holy 
,,family ,,( ,,francis ,i4              
,,picture ,,f ,,c>bon ,,pr9t ,,by       
,,braun1 ,,clem5t  ,,co4  ,,vii4  ,,/4  
,,ca!r9e ,,( ,,alex&ria        ,,picture
 ,,f ,,photograph ,,by ,,franz          
,,hanf/a5gl  ,,ix4   ,,/4 ,,cecilia     
,,picture ,,f ,,photograph ,,by         
,,fratelli ,,al9>i  ,x4    ,,!          
,,transfiguration        ,,picture ,,f  
,,photograph ,,by ,,fratelli ,,al9>i    
,,xi4   ,,p>nassus        ,,picture ,,f 
,,photograph ,,by ,,fratelli ,,al9>i    
,,xii4  ,,socrates ,,& ,,alcibiades     
,,picture ,,f ,,photograph ,,by         
,,giacomo ,,brogi  ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,flight 

,,( ,,a5eas        ,,picture ,,f        
,,photograph ,,by ,,fratelli ,,al9>i    
,,xiv4  ,,/4 ,,mi*ael ,,slay+ ,,!       
,,dragon        ,,picture ,,f ,,c>bon   
,,pr9t ,,by ,,braun1 ,,clem5t  ,,co     
,,xv4   ,,! ,,si/9e ,,madonna           
,,picture ,,f ,,photograph ,,by ,,franz 
,,hanf/a5gl  ,,xvi4  ,,portrait ,,(     
,,raphael 7,see ,frontispiece7          
,,pron\nc+ ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,prop]      
,,names ,,& ,,=eign ,,words         99  
99       99       99       99           
,,introduction  ,i4 ,,on ,,raphael',s   
,,"* ,,z ,,an ,,arti/4   ,no "o ( ! old 
,italian ma/]s has tak5 su* a firm hold 
^u ! popul> imag9ation z ,raphael4 ,o!r 
arti/s wax & wane 9 public favor z !y   
are prais$ by "o g5]ation ( critics or  
disp>ag$ by ! next2 b ,raphael's "n     
cont9ues to /& 9 public e/imation z t ( 
! favorite pa9t] 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,! pass+  
c5turies d n dim 8 fame1 ?\gh he is     
subject$ to sev]e criticism2 & he       
cont9ues1 z he began1 ! fir/ love ( ! p4
  ,! subjects ( 8 pictures are ne>ly all

 ( a *e]ful nature4 ,he ex]cis$ 8 skill 
= ! mo/ "p on sc5es :i* 7 agreeable to  
contemplate4 ,pa9 & ugl9ess 7 /rang]s to
 8 art2 he 0 preem95tly ! arti/ ( joy4  
,?is is to be ref]r$ n only to 8        
pleasure-lov+ nature1 b to ! great      
influ5ce ^u him ( ! r$iscov]y ( ,greek  
art 9 8 day1 an art :i* dealt           
di/9ctively ) objects ( delight4        
,moreov] ,raphael is compassionate t[>ds
 m9d z well z he>t2 he requires ( u     
nei!r too /r5u\s feel+ nor too mu* ?9k+4
 ,z 8 subjects d n ov]tax ! sympa?ies ) 
h>r[+ emotions1 nei!r does 8 art ov]tax 
! und]/&+ ) complicat$ effects4 ,8      
pictures are app>5tly s simple t !y dem&
 no great intellectual ef=t & no        
te*nical education to enjoy !m4 ,he does
 all ! "w = u1 & 8 art is too p]fect to 
a/oni%4 ,x 0 n 8 way to %[ :at difficult
 ?+s he c\ld d1 b he made x appe> t     
great art is ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,?is   
ease 01 h[ev]1 ! result ( a spl5did     
ma/]y ( 8 art4 ,?us he arranges !       
fifty-two figures 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 or

 ! ?ree figures ( ! ,madonna ( ! ,*air1 
s simply & unobtrusively t we might     
imag9e su* feats 7 an e-day affair4 ,yet
 9 bo? cases he solves mo/ difficult    
problems ( composition ) a success      
sc>cely p>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( art4  ,ev5
 ! ,ma/] himself seldom a*iev$ ! same   
k9d ( success twice4 ,8 ,p>nassus lacks 
! v>iety ( ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 ?\gh ! s+le
 figures h a simil> grace1 & ! ,inc5dio 
del ,borgo or ,conflagration 9 ! ,borgo1
 ) gr\ps equal 9 beauty to any 9 ! o!r  
two frescoes1 has n ! unity ( ei!r4     
,aga91 :ile ! ,p>nassus & ! ,lib]ation (
 ,pet] %[ a ma/]ly adaptation to        
extremely awkw>d spaces1 !              
,transfiguration fails to solve a mu*   
easi] problem ( composition4  ,pref]r+  
by an in/9ct su* z ! ,greek arti/       
possess$1 ! /atuesque effects ( repose  
to ! portrayal ( action1 ,raphael %[$   
himself capable ( bo?4 ,! ,hell5ic calm 
( ,p>nassus is n m impressive ?an !     
spl5did *>ge ( ! av5g+ spirits ^u       
,heliodorus2 ! vision>y idealism ( !    

angel-l$ ,pet] is mat*$ by ! vigor\s    
realism ( ,pet] call$ f 8 fi%+ to !     
apo/le%ip2 ! brood+ quiet ( mat]nity    
express$ 9 ! ,madonna ( ! ,*air has a   
p]fect complem5t 9 ! al]t activity ( !  
swiftly mov+ ,si/9e ,madonna4  ,great z 
0 ,raphael's a*ievem5t 9 _m directions1 
he is rememb]$ above all else z a pa9t] 
( ,madonnas4 ,"h 0 ! subject be/        
express+ ! individuality ( 8 g5ius4 ,f !
 beg9n+ to ! end ( 8 c>e] ! sweet my/]y 
( mo!rhood nev] ceas$ to fasc9ate him4  
,aga9 & aga9 he s\nd$ ! dep?s ( mat]nal 
exp]i5ce1 always mak+ "s new discov]y4  
,! ,madonna ( ! ,*air emphasizes mo/    
prom95tly1 p]haps1 ! physical in/9cts ( 
mat]nity4 ,%e b5ds ov] ! *ild1 says     
,ta9e1 ) ! beautiful action ( a wild    
animal4 ,l a "m creature in/9ctively    
protect+ h] "y1 %e ga!rs him 9 h]       
capaci\s embrace z if to %ield him f "s 
imp5d+ dang]4 ,! ,si/9e ,madonna1 on !  
o!r h&1 is ! mo/ spiritual ( ,raphael's 
creations1 ! p]fect embodim5t ( ideal   
womanhood4 ,! "m's love is "h           

transfigur$ by ! _s ( sacrifice4        
,=getful ( self1 & ob$i5t to ! heav5ly  
summons1 %e be>s h] son =? to ! s]vice (
 humanity4  ,si/] spirits ( ! ,madonnas1
 & h>dly second 9 delicate lovel9ess1   
are ! virg9 sa9ts ( ,raphael2 ! ,ca!r9e1
 ! ,cecilia1 ! ,magdal5e1 & ! ,b>b>a are
 abid+ ideals 9 our dreams ( fair wom54 
,! same sweetness ( nature :i* prompt$  
,raphael's fondness = lovely wom5 &     
happy *ildr5 %[s itself also 9 8        
del9eation ( angels4 ,! ar*angel        
,mi*ael1 ! angel visitors ( ,abraham1 & 
! cele/ial spirits appe>+ to ,heliodorus
 all foll[ closely ^u ! ,madonnas 9 !   
purity & s]5ity ( _! beauty4 ,9 ! same  
fell[%ip also belongs ! beautiful y\? 9 
! cr[d at ,ly/ra1 :o is z %>ply contra/$
 ) 8 surr\nd+s z if he 7 a d5iz5 ( ano!r
 sph]e4 ,! ideal is aga9 repeat$ 9 ! ,/4
 ,john ( ! ,cecilia alt>-piece1 ^:      
uplift$ face has a sweetness :i* is n s 
mu* fem99e z cele/ial4 ,! angel (       
,pet]'s deliv]ance is less successful   
?an ! arti/'s o!r angel types4 ,! head  

seems too small = ! spl5didly vigor\s   
body1 & ! face lacks some:at ( /r5g?4   
,if ,raphael's favorite ideals 7 drawn f
 y\? & womanhood1 x 0 n because he did n
 und]/& ! purely mascul9e4 ,! ,a,eneas (
 ! ,borgo fresco1 ! ,paul ( ! ,cecilia  
alt>-piece1 & ! ,sixtus ( ! ,si/9e      
,madonna %[1 9 ?ree ages1 :at is be/ &  
mo/ di/9ctive 9 ideal manhood4          
,raphael's type ( beauty is n su* z     
calls =? imm$iate or extravagant        
admiration3 x is satisfy+ r ?an amaz+1 &
 its qualities dawn sl[ly ?\gh /eadily  
^u ! imag9ation4 ,raphael holds always  
to ! gold5 mean2 no exagg]at$ note j>s  
^u ! p]fection ( 8 h>monies4 ,= ?is     
reason 8 pictures nev] gr[ tiresome4 ,!y
 /& ! te/ ( daily companion%ip & gr[ ev]
 loveli] ?r\gh famili>ity4  ,)\t =c+ !  
p>allel1 we may say t some?+ ( ! same _s
 :i* animat$ ! "w ( ,raphael reappe>s 9 
! famili> poetry ( ,longfell[4 ,! "o    
arti/ _h an eye = beautiful l9e1 ! o!r  
_h an e> = melodi\s v]se1 & bo? alike   
%unn$ :atev] 0 inh>moni\s1 always seek+ 

grace & symmetry4 ,_! subjects 71 inde$1
 ( dissimil> range4 ,raphael1 impress$  
by ! s*ol>%ip ( 8 "t1 *ose !mes :i* 7   
l>g] & m relat$ to ! exp]i5ce ( ! _w1   
:ile ,longfell[ 0 nev] v f> remov$ f !  
gold5 mile/one ( dome/ic life4 ,yet 9   
div]se subjects bo? turn$ in/9ctively to
 aspects ( womanhood1 to :at 0 ref9$ &  
g5tly emotional1 & turn$ away f ! viol5t
 & revolution>y4   ,,ii4 ,,on ,,books   
,,( ,,ref]5ce4  ,)9 ! la/ =ty ye>s !    
me?ods ( criticism z appli$ to art h    
und]gone s _m *anges t !re has be5 a    
rapid succession ( biograph]s & critics 
( ,raphael until ! /ud5t read] ( to-day 
sc>cely kn[s :om to believe4 ,! "t 0 :5 
,vas>i1 9 8 important ,lives ( !        
,pa9t]s1 0 ! accept$ s\rce ( in=mation1 
& all curr5t writ]s borr[$ unque/ion+ly 
f him bo? facts & op9ions2 b ! old      
*ronicl] 0 too (t5 influ5c$ by popul>   
gossip & p]sonal prejudice to be dep5d$ 
^u4 ,_m ( 8 /ories are positively       
disprov$ by docum5t>y evid5ce1 & = "s   
ye>s he has /ood 9 du/ & disgrace on !  

upp] %elves ( ! bookcase4 ,f ?is exile a
 revis$ edition has rec5tly br\ght him  
=? to fre% honors4 ,! jo9t "w ( ,mr4 &  
,mrs4 ,e4 ,h4 ,bla%field ) ,a4 ,a4      
,hopk9s has giv5 u an annotat$ text :i* 
we may read ) equal pleasure & pr(it4   
,?is is c]ta9ly ! be/ ( all ref]5ce     
books to put u 9 t\* ) ! p]iod 9 :i*    
,raphael liv$4  ,! ,g]man "w on ,raphael
 by ,passavant1 once s weighty1 is n[   
useful only to ^? :o h opportunity to   
comp>e x ) o!r au?orities4 ,s likewise !
 "w ( ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle is no long] 
desirable z a sole au?ority4 ,ev5 !     
spl5did "w ( ,eug5e ,mu5tz 7translat$ by
 ,walt] ,arm/rong71 ! late/ & mo/       
valuable ( ! compreh5sive books on      
,raphael1 mu/ be read 9 ! light ( lat]  
criticism4 ,mu5tz's volume conta9s a    
complete li/ ( ! ma/]'s                 
works1--frescoes1 easel pictures1       
tape/ries1 draw+s1 & works 9 ar*itecture
 & sculpture1--ea* class subdivid$      
accord+ to subject4  ,a few ( ! %ort]   
biographies ( ,raphael h be5 correct$   

accord+ to ! conclusions ( ! mo/ rec5t  
critical s*ol>%ip1 z repres5t$ by       
,morelli4 ,notable among ^! is ! life ( 
,raphael 9 ,kugl]'s ,h&book ( ! ,italian
 ,s*ools1 revis$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d1 & ! 
life ( ,raphael includ$ 9 ,mrs4         
,jameson's ,e>ly ,italian ,pa9t]s1      
revis$ by ,e/elle ,m4 ,hurll4  ,! late/ 
entirely new %ort biographies ( ,raphael
 are ^? 7#a7 by ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,ady 7,julia
 ,c>twright71 issu$ 9 two p>ts z        
monographs = ,! ,portfolio3 ! ,e>ly ,"w 
( ,raphael & ,raphael 9 ,rome1 & 7#b7 by
 ,h4 ,knackfuss 9 a s]ies ( ,g]man      
,ku5/l]-,monographi5 7also publi%$ 9 an 
,engli% translation74 ,bo? are well     
illu/rat$ & useful books4  ,f9ally !    
/ud5t is ref]r$ to ,b]nh>d ,b]5son's    
,c5tral ,italian ,pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance
 = an exce$+ly valuable e/imate (       
,raphael's "* z an arti/4  ,_m books h  
be5 writt5 on ! sep>ate works (         
,raphael1--! ,vatican frescoes1 !       
c>toons1 ! ,madonnas1 etc41--b z mo/ (  
^! are 9 ,g]man & ,italian !y are n     

g5]ally available4 ,! ,bla%field ,vas>i 
enum]ates a long li/ ( !m 9 !           
,bibliography prec$+ ! ,life ( ,raphael4
   ,,iii4 ,,hi/orical ,,directory ,,(   
,,! ,,pictures ,,( ,,?is ,,collection4  
,portrait frontispiece4 ,pa9t$ on wood1 
#aejf1 z a gift f ! pa9t] to 8 uncle1   
,simone ,ci>la1 ( ,urb9o4 ,9 #aehh !    
portrait pass$ f ,urb9o to ! ,academy ( 
,/4 ,luke1 ,rome4 ,lat] x 0 sold to     
,c>d9al ,leopoldo de' ,m$ici = ! ,hall (
 ,portraits ( ! ,old ,ma/]s 9 ! ,uffizi 
,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4  #a4 ,! ,madonna ( ! 
,*air is a wood panel #b ft4 #d-c_/d 94 
diamet]4 ,x 0 pa9t$ betwe5 #aeaj-aead1 &
 is n[ 9 ! ,pitti ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4    
#b4 ,abraham & ! ,?ree ,angels is a     
mural pa9t+ 9 ! f\r? arcade ( ! ,loggie1
 ,vatican ,palace1 ,rome4 ,x 0 execut$  
by ,francesco ,p5ni4  #c1 #d4 ,!        
,miracul\s ,draught ( ,fi%es & ,!       
,sacrifice at ,ly/ra are c>toons 9      
di/emp] colors4 ,! execution 0 by       
,raphael's pupils 9 #aeae-aeaf4 ,!y 7   
s5t to ,fl&]s z designs = tape/ries1 &  

discov]$ by ,rub5s 9 a manufactory at   
,arras1 #afcj2 ,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl&      
pur*as$ !m1 & !y are n[ 9 ! ,s\?        
,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,london4  #e4         
,heliodorus driv5 f ! ,temple 7detail ( 
! l>g] composition kn[n by ?is "n7 is a 
mural pa9t+ :i* gives ! "n to ! ,cam]a  
d' ,eliodoro1 ,vatican ,palace1 ,rome4  
,! date ( ! pa9t+ is #aeaa-aeab4  #f4 ,!
 ,lib]ation ( ,pet] is a mural pa9t+ 9 !
 ,cam]a d' ,eliodoro1 ,vatican ,palace1 
,rome2 ! execution is by ,giulio        
,romano1 #aead4  #g4 ,! ,holy ,family ( 
,francis ,i4 is a canvas panel #h ft4 #i
 94 by #e ft4 #c 941 pa9t$ = ,lor5zo de'
 ,m$ici1 & pres5t$ by ! ,pope ,leo ,x4  
to ,francis ,i4 ( ,france2 h5ce ! "n4 ,x
 0 execut$ by ,giulio ,romano 9 #aeah1 &
 is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,p>is4  #h4 ,/4      
,ca!r9e ( ,alex&ria is a wood panel #b  
ft4 #d 94 by ,i ft4 #i-a_/b 941 pa9t$ 9 
#aejg1 & n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1      
,london4  #i4 ,/4 ,cecilia is a panel   
pa9t+ :i* 0 transf]r$ f wood to canvas4 
,x 0 pa9t$ ab\t #aeaf = ! ,*ur* ( ,s4   

,giovanni a ,monte1 ,bologna1 & is n[ 9 
! ,bologna ,gall]y4  #aj4 ,!            
,transfiguration1 #ad ft4 #i 94 by #i   
ft4 #a-a_/b 94 ,raphael pa9t$ ! upp] "p 
9 #aeai1 & ! picture 0 f9i%$ aft] 8 dea?
 by ,giulio ,romano4 ,x 0 ord]$ by !    
,c>d9al de' ,m$ici = ! ,ca!dral at      
,n>bonne 7,france71 b 0 reta9$ 9 ,rome  
aft] ! arti/'s dea?4 ,x 0 tak5 to ,p>is 
dur+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & re/or$ to   
,rome 9 #ahae4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,vatican    
,gall]y4  #aa4 ,p>nassus is a mural     
pa9t+ 9 ! ,cam]a della ,segnatura1      
,vatican ,palace1 ,rome4 ,! date is     
#aeji-aeaa4  #ab4 ,socrates &           
,alcibiades 7detail ( ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns7 
is a mural pa9t+ 9 ! ,cam]a della       
,segnatura1 ,vatican ,palace1 ,rome4 ,x 
0 pa9t$ 9 #aeji-aeaa4  #ac4 ,! ,flight (
 ,a,eneas 7detail ( ! ,conflagration 9 !
 ,borgo71 a mural pa9t+ 9 ! ,cam]a dell'
 ,inc5dio1 ,vatican ,palace1 ,rome4 ,x 0
 execut$ by ,giulio ,romano ab\t #aeae4 
#ad4 ,/4 ,mi*ael slay+ ! ,dragon1 a     
panel #h ft4 #i-a_/b 94 by #e ft4 #c 94 

,x 0 pa9t$ on wood & transf]r$ to       
canvas4 ,x 0 ord]$ by ,leo ,x4 z a gift 
to ,francis ,i41 & 0 pres5t$ to him by  
,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,! execution is by  
,giulio ,romano1 #aeah4 ,x is n[ 9 !    
,l\vre1 ,p>is4  #ae4 ,! ,si/9e ,madonna1
 a canvas panel #h ft4 #h 94 by #f ft4  
#e 941 0 pa9t$ ab\t #aeae = ! high alt> 
( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sixtus1 ,piac5za1 &    
receiv$ its "n f ! portrait figure ( ,/4
 ,sixtus :i* x conta9s2 x 0 pur*as$ by !
 ,elector ( ,saxony 9 #agec-aged = !    
,dresd5 ,gall]y4   ,,iv4 ,,collat]al    
,,read+s ,,f ,,lit]ature4  ,9 connection
 ) ,/4 ,ca!r9e3--  ,lat9 ,hymn1 ,vox    
,sonora ,no/ri ,*ori1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e's     
,day4 ,translat$ by ,david ,morgan4     
,mrs4 ,jameson4 ,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art4 
,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld4 ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts4      
,volume = ,novemb]4  ,9 connection ) ,/4
 ,cecilia3--  ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld4 ,lives ( !
 ,sa9ts4 ,volume = ,novemb]4  ,mrs4     
,jameson4 ,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art4       
,*auc]4 ,second ,nonnes ,tale4  ,dryd54 
,alex&]'s ,fea/3 ,ode 9 honor ( ,/4     

,cecilia's ,day4  ,9 connection )       
,p>nassus3--  ,%elley4 ,hymn ( ,apollo4 
,keats4 ,ode to ,apollo4  ,bulf9*4 ,age 
( ,fable4  ,9 connection ) ! ,flight (  
,a,eneas3--  ,virgil4 ,a,eneid1 ,book   
,,ii4 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,p4 ,cran*4  ,9 
connection ) ,socrates & ,alcibiades3-- 
,f5elon4 ,lives ( ! ,philosoph]s4       
,translat$ by ,john ,cormack4  ,plato4  
,alcibiades1 ,! ,symposium1 ,protagoras4
 ,translat$ by ,j[ett4  ,milton4        
,p>adise ,rega9$4 ,book ,,iv4 l9es      
#bdj-bhe4  ,9 connection ) ,/4 ,mi*ael &
 ! ,dragon3-- ,milton4 ,p>adise ,lo/4   
,book ,,vi4  ,9 connection ) ! ,si/9e   
,madonna3-- ,mrs4 ,jameson4 ,sacr$ &    
,leg5d>y ,art 7= ,/4 ,b>b>a74   ,v4     
,,outl9e ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal     
,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,raphael',s ,,life4  #adhc4
 ,raphael born at ,urb9o4  #adii4       
,raphael ent]s ,p]ug9o's /udio at       
,p]ugia4  #aejd4 ,! ,m>riage ( ! ,virg94
  #aejd4 ,raphael's fir/ visit to       
,flor5ce4  #aeje4 ,raphael 9 ,p]ugia3-- 
,! ,madonna ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,! fresco (  

,san ,sev]o4  #aejf4 ,visit at ,urb9o3--
 ,raphael's portrait by himself4        
#aejd-aejh4 ,! ,flor5t9e ,p]iod3--      
,gr&uca ,madonna4 ,tempi ,madonna4      
,madonna 9 ! ,mead[4 ,! ,madonna del    
,c>dell9o4 ,! ,belle ,j>d9i]e4 ,!       
,canigiani ,madonna4  #aejh4 ,raphael   
call$ to ,rome by ,pope ,julius ,,ii4   
#aeaa4 ,raphael frescoes ! ,cam]a della 
,segnatura4  #aeab4 ,raphael beg9s      
decoration ( ! ,cam]a d' ,eliodoro4     
#aeac4 ,raphael commission$ by ,leo ,x4 
to cont9ue "w begun "u ,julius ,,ii4    
#aead4 ,galatea4  #aead4 ,raphael       
appo9t$ ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s by ,leo  
,x4  #aejh-aeae4 ,"s ,madonnas ( !      
,roman ,p]iod3--,foligno ,madonna4      
,g>vagh ,madonna4 ,! ,madonna ( ,casa   
,alba4 ,! ,madonna ( ! ,*air4 ,! ,si/9e 
,madonna4  #aeae4 ,cam]a dell' ,inc5dio 
complet$ "u ,raphael's direction4       
#aeae-aeaf4 ,c>toons = tape/ries execut$
 "u ,raphael's direction4  #aeag4       
,f>nes9a frescoes pa9t$ "u ,raphael's   
direction4  #aeai4 ,! ,transfiguration4 

#aebj4 ,raphael di$ 9 ,rome4   ,,vi4    
,,"s ,,fam\s ,,contempor>ies ,,(        
,,raphael4  ,,9 ,,italy4  ,rul]s3--     
,lor5zo de' ,m$ici 7reign$ #adfi-adib7 &
 ,pietro de' ,m$ici 7#adib-adid71 dukes 
( ,flor5ce4  ,giovanni ,galeazzo ,s=za  
7reign$ #adgf-adid71 ,lodovico ,m>ia    
,s=za 7#adid-aejj71 & ,massimiliano     
,s=za 7#aeab-aeae71 dukes ( ,milan4     
,francesco ,m>ia della ,rov]e1 duke (   
,urb9o 7born #adij2 di$ #aece74  ,f]d9& 
,i4 7reign$ #adeh-adid71 ,f]d9& ,,ii4   
7reign$ #adie-adif71 & ,f]d9& ,,iii41   
k+s ( ,naples1 ! la/ be+ he :o 0 also k+
 ( ,spa9 z ,f]d9& ,v4  ,innoc5t ,,viii4 
7#adhd-adib71 ,alex&] ,,vi4             
7#adib-aejc71 ,pius ,,iii4 7#aejc71     
,julius ,,ii4 7#aejc-aeac71 & ,leo ,x4  
7#aeac-aebc71 popes4  ,pa9t]s3--  ,old] 
gr\p3--  ,p]ug9o 7#addf-aebc74 ,bazzi   
7#adgg-aedi74 ,leon>do da ,v9ci         
7#adeb-aeai74 ,b>tolommeo 7#adge-aeag74 
,giorgione 7#adgg-aeaj74 ,titian        
7#adgg-aegf74 ,giovanni ,bell9i         
7#adbh-aeaf74  ,compe]s3--  ,&rea del   

,s>to 7#adhf-aeca74 ,seba/ian del       
,piombo 7#adhe-aedg74 ,assi/ants &      
,pupils3-- ,giulio ,romano 7#adib-aedf74
 ,giovanni da ,ud9e 7#adhg-aefd74       
,francesco ,p5ni 7#adhh-aebh74 ,m>c     
,antonio 7#adhg-aeci71 engrav]4         
,mi*elangelo 7#adgd-aefd71 sculptor4    
,bramante 7#addd-aead71 ar*itect ( ,/4  
,pet]'s4 ,sanazz>o ,jacopo 7#adeh-aecj  
or #aecb71 poet 7,de ,p>tu ,virg9ia74   
,ario/o 7#adgd-aecc71 poet 7,orl&o      
,furioso74 ,francesco ,b]ni             
7#adif-aecf71 comic poet4 ,c>d9al ,bembi
 7#adgj-aedg71 celebrat$ s*ol>4 ,c\nt   
,baldas>re ,ca/iglione 7#adgh-aebi71    
writ] & patron ( lit]ature4 ,*ri/oph]   
,columbus 7#adcf or #addf-aejf71        
discov]]4  ,,9 ,,portugal4 ,vasco da    
,gama 7di$ #aebe71 discov]]4  ,,9       
,,engl&4 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 7#adhc-adhe71    
,h5ry ,,vii4 7#adhe-aeji71 ,h5ry ,,viii4
 7#aeji-aedg71 k+s4 ,seba/ian ,cabot    
7#adgg-ae871 discov]]4  ,,9 ,,g]many4   
,fr$]ick ,,iii4 7#addj-adic71 emp]or (  
,au/ria1 &     ,maximilian ,i4          

7#adic-aeai74 ,m>t9 ,lu!r 7#adhc-aedf71 
religi\s re=m]4 ,alb]t ,du]]            
7#adga-aebh71 pa9t]4 ,holbe9            
7#adih-aedc71 pa9t]4 ,cop]nicus         
7#adgc-aede71 a/ronom]4  ,,9 ,,france4  
,*>les ,,viii4 7#adhc-adih71 k+4        
,rabelais 7#adhc or #adie-aeec71        
satiri/4  ,,9 ,,spa94 ,f]d9& 7di$ #aeaf7
 & ,isabella 7di$ #aejd71 k+ & que51    
beg9n+ to reign 9 #adgd4     ,i  ,,!    
,,madonna ,,( ,,! ,,*air   ,9 e>ly days 
an ,italian 9 address+ a lady us$ ! ^w  
,madonna1 :i*1 l ! ,fr5* ^w ,madame1    
means ,my ,lady4 ,n[ he says ,signora2  
,madonna w\ld h to him an old-fa%ion$   
s\nd4 ,to ! re/ ( ! _w ?is ^w ,madonna  
has come to be appli$ almo/ :olly to !  
,virg9 ,m>y1 ) or )\t ! *ild ,jesus2 & z
 ,raphael pa9t$ a great _m pictures ( ! 
,madonna = *ur*es or o!r sacr$ places1 a
 "n has be5 giv5 to ea*1 drawn usually f
 "s circum/ance ab\t x4  ,! ,madonna ( !
 ,*air is s call$ because 9 ?is picture 
! ,virg9 is seat$4 ,%e is sitt+ 9 a l[  
*air1 hold+ h] *ild on h] knee1 &       

encircl+ him ) h] arms4 ,h] head is laid
 t5d]ly aga9/ ! *ild's1 & %e looks out (
 ! picture ) a tranquil1 happy s5se (   
mo!rly love4  ,! *ild has ! r\nd$ limbs 
& playful action ( ! feet ( a heal?y1   
w>m-blood$ infant1 & he ne/les into 8   
"m's embrace z snugly z a "y bird 9 its 
ne/4 ,b z he leans aga9/ ! "m's bosom & 
foll[s h] gaze1 !re is a s]i\s & ev5 gr&
 expression 9 8 eyes :i* ,raphael & o!r 
pa9t]s always s\ght to give to ! *ild   
,jesus to m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 him &   
common *ildr54  ,by ! side ( ! ,madonna 
is ! *ild :o is to gr[ up z ,/4 ,john ! 
,bapti/4 ,he c>ries a re$ cross1 z if to
 h]ald ! dea? ( ! ,savi\r2 8 h&s are    
clasp$ 9 pray]1 & ?\gh ! o!r two look   
out ( ! picture at u1 he fixes 8 /eadfa/
 look on ! *ild1 9 ard5t wor%ip4  ,ar\nd
 ea* ( ! heads is v fa9tly se5 a nimbus1
 z x is call$2 t is1 ! old pa9t]s 7 wont
 to di/+ui% sacr$ p]sons by a circle    
ab\t ! head4 ,sometimes1 z "h1 ! circle 
is a gold5 l9e only2 sometimes x is a   
gold b& almo/ l a plate aga9/ :i* ! head

 is set4 ,?is circul> =m took ! "n      
,nimbus f ! ,lat9 ^w = a cl\d1 z if !   
heads ( sacr$ p]sons 7 9 an une>?ly     
surr\nd+4 ,x is also call$ a halo4 ,su* 
a repres5tation is a symbol or sign to  
indicate ^? high] & m my/]i\s qualities 
:i* are beyond ! arti/'s p[] to portray4
  ,?is simple composition is a p]fect   
r\nd1 & if "o /udies x att5tively "o w  
see h[ curv$ & fl[+ are all ! l9es )9 ! 
circle2 ev5 ! back ( ! *air1 ?\gh       
p]p5dicul>1 swells & curves into        
r\ndness4 ,x is by su* simple means z   
?is t ! pa9t] gives pleasure to ! eye4  
,! h>mony ( ! l9es ( ! composition makes
 a p]fect expression ( ! peaceful gr\p  
c5tr$ ?us ab\t ! div9e *ild4            
,illu/ration3 ,,madonna ,,( ,,! ,,*air  
,pitti ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce  ,x is a home  
sc5e & "o su* z ,raphael might h se5 9  
,rome 9 8 own "t4 ,n unlikely he saw a  
"m enfold+ h] *ild ?us :5 he 0 tak+ a   
walk at ! quiet end ( day1 & caught at  
once a sugge/ion f ! sc5e = a ,madonna4 
,!re is inde$ an old leg5d :i* grew up  

ab\t ?is picture1 relat+ ! suppos$      
circum/ances "u :i* ,raphael f\nd a *>m+
 family gr\p :i* s]v$ him z a model1 &  
:i* he rapidly sket*$ ^u ! head ( a     
cask2 ! circul> =m ( ! picture is ?us   
acc\nt$ =4 ,:e!r or n ?is pretty /ory is
 true1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,madonna ( ! ,*air
 is a true picture ( home life ei!r 9   
,raphael's "t or ev5 9 our own day4 ,!  
"m we>s a h&k]*ief ( _m colors ov] h]   
%\ld]s1 & ano!r on h] head l ! ,roman   
sc>f "o /ill sees n[adays4  ,we may see 
:at delight & rev]5ce ,madonna pictures 
l ?is h awak5$ z we read ! words ( an   
old *ant4 ,9 qua9t diction & ) fanciful 
imag]y ! writ] tri$ to express 8 feel+s 
9 ! pres5ce ( a pa9t+ :i*1 if n ?is     
v]itable ,madonna ( ! ,*air1 0 c]ta9ly v
 l x4      ,:5 ,i view ! "m hold+       
,9 h] arms ! heav5ly boy1     ,?\s&     
blissful ?\ghts unfold+       ,melt my  
he>t ) sweete/ joy4      ,z ! sun 8     
radiance fl++       ,%9es ^u ! bright   
expanse1     ,s ! *ild to ,m>y cl++     
,do? h] g5tle he>t entrance4      ,see !

 ,virg9 ,"m beam+6       ,jesus by h]   
arms embrac$1     ,dew on s(te/ roses   
gleam+1       ,violet ) lily *a/e6      
,ea* r\nd o!r fondly tw9+4       ,p\r ! 
%afts ( mutual love1     ,?ick z fl[]s 9
 mead[ %9+1       ,c\ntless z ! />s     
above4      ,oh1 may "o su* arr[ gl[+1  
,sweete/ ,*ild1 :i* ?\ do/ d>t     ,?ro'
 ?y "m's bosom go+1       ,bless$       
,jesus1 pi]ce my he>t4     ,,ii         
,,abraham ,,& ,,! ,,?ree ,,angels   ,9 !
 /ory ( ,abraham1 z relat$ 9 our ,bible1
 we read ( ! w&]+ & adv5tur\s life ( !  
patri>* z he mov$ f place to place4 ,9  
process ( "t he became v ri* 9 cattle1 9
 silv]1 & 9 gold4 ,he 0 z brave z he 0  
indu/ri\s4 ,:5 ,lot1 8 bro!r's son1 :o  
dwelt 9 ,sodom1 0 tak5 captive by "s    
=eign k+s :o _h conqu]$ ! k+ ( ,sodom1  
,abraham arm$ 8 l>ge company ( s]vants &
 w5t to ! rescue4 ,he recov]$ n only 8  
nephew1 b all ! booty :i* ! victors _h  
tak54 ,moreov]1 ,abraham 0 a man (      
vision z well z ( action1 a man :o fe>$ 
,god & s\ght righte\sness4  ,9 8 old age

 he 0 liv+ ) 8 ag$ wife ,s>ah on ! pla9s
 ( ,mamre4 ,he sat 9 ! t5t door 9 ! heat
 ( ! day1 ! /ory goes on1#a & he lift$  
up 8 eyes & look$1 & lo1 ?ree m5 /ood by
 him3 & :5 he saw !m1 he ran to meet !m 
f ! t5t door1 & b[$ himself t[>d !      
gr\nd1 & said1 ',my ,"l1 if n[ ,i h f\nd
 fav\r 9 ?y sight1 pass n away1 ,i pray 
!e1 f ?y s]vant3 let a little wat]1 ,i  
pray y1 be fet*$1 & wa% y\r feet1 & re/ 
y\rselves "u ! tree3 & ,i w fet* a      
morsel ( bread1 & com=t ye y\r he>ts2   
aft] t ye %all pass on3 = !re=e are ye  
come to y\r s]vant4' ,& !y said1 ',s d1 
z ?\ ha/ said4'  ,footnote #a3 ,g5esis1 
*apt] xviii41 v]ses #a-h4  ,& ,abraham  
ha/5$ into ! t5t unto ,s>ah1 & said1    
',make ready quickly ?ree measures ( f9e
 meal1 knead x1 & make cakes ^u ! he>?4'
 ,& ,abraham ran unto ! h]d1 & fet*t a  
calf t5d] & good1 & gave x unto a "y    
man2 & he ha/$ to dress x4 ,& he took   
butt]1 & milk1 & ! calf :i* he _h       
dress$1 & set x be=e !m2 & he /ood by !m
 "u ! tree1 & !y did eat4  ,9 ! picture 

we see ,abraham welcom+ 8 /range        
visitors 9 front ( 8 simple             
dwell+-place4 ,he is dress$ 9 ,ori5tal  
robes & b[s himself to ! gr\nd aft] !   
cu/om ( ! ,ea/]n p1 :o are not$ = _!    
c\rtesy4 ,he (f]s hospitality n z a     
favor to 8 gue/s1 b z a privilege :i* he
 craves f !m4 ,81 n !irs1 is ! honor1 he
 seems to say4  ,! ?ree angels h a      
my/]i\s air4 ,!y are 9 human =m1 & yet  
!y are unlike ord9>y visitors4 ,_!      
attitudes1 ! fl[+ ( ! robes1 _! ge/ures1
 all d5ote some?+ unusual4 ,:ile ! ?ree 
/& ) out/ret*$ h&s z if enc\rag+ &      
bless+ _! ho/1 ,s>ah peeps ?r\gh ! op5  
door & li/5s to ! talk4 ,a c\ntry       
l&scape1 su* z may be se5 9 ! v9ey>ds ( 
,italy1 /ret*es away 9 ! di/ance4       
,raphael nev] travel$ outside 8 own     
c\ntry1 & pa9t$ only su* l&scapes z 7   
famili> to him4  ,illu/ration3 ,,abraham
 ,,& ,,! ,,?ree ,,angels ,vatican       
,palace1 ,rome  ,! picture 0 int5d$ z an
 illu/ration ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ! days :5   
,raphael 0 pa9t+1 ?\gh ! art ( pr9t+ _h 

be5 inv5t$1 only s*ol>s & le>n$ m5 c\ld 
read books1 & ^? :i* 7 pr9t$ 7 r>ely 9 !
 language :i* ! p spoke4 ,m5 & wom5 did 
inde$ he> /ories read out ( ! ,bible1 b 
!y knew ^! /ories *iefly f pa9t+s1 & f  
c>v+s 9 wood & /one4 ,*ur*es &          
mona/]ies1 palaces & public halls1 7    
adorn$ ) fresco pa9t+s1 & ^! /ori$ walls
 =m$ ! p's lit]ature4  ,n[ ! ,pope1 ,leo
 ! ,t5?1 employ$ ,raphael to decorate   
p>ts ( ! ,vatican4 ,! ,vatican 0 !      
palace ( ! ,popes 9 ,rome1 & "o ( ! op5 
c\rts ( ! palace _h a gall]y or ,loggia1
 z x is call$1 built ab\t its ?ree      
sides4 ,raphael caus$ to be pa9t$ on !  
walls ( ?is gall]y fe/oons ( fl[]s &    
fruit & sometimes animals1 all surr\nd$ 
& entw9$ ) graceful ornam5ts4 ,b x 0 !  
vault$ ceil+ ( ! gall]y t he treat$ ) ! 
greate/ c>e4 ,he made a great s]ies (   
pictures f sc5es 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & "s
 f ! ,new1 & 8 pupils pa9t$ ^! ^u !     
ceil+1 s t x came to be kn[n popul>ly z 
,raphael's ,bible4  ,! ceil+ is n flat1 
& x does n /ret* )\t break1 b ! gall]y  

is l a succession ( ar*$ por*es1 & !    
ceil+ ( ea* is divid$ into panels1 slop+
 9 f\r directions1 ) a flat panel 9 !   
c5tre4 ,^! panels are fill$ ) *>m+      
pictures :i* y c see by /&+ ) y\r head  
?r[n back4  ,raphael's ,bible beg9s ) ! 
creation ( ! _w2 !n foll[ ! hi/ory (    
,adam & ,eve1 & ,noah & ! deluge2 9 !   
f\r? section is ! /ory ( ,abraham told 9
 f\r compositions4 ,?us1 besides ?is    
picture ( ,abraham & ! ,?ree ,angels1   
!re is ! sc5e :]e ,lot & 8 family are   
flee+ f ,sodom1 & 8 wife is turn$ into a
 pill> ( salt4 ,!re is also ! meet+ (   
,abraham & ,mel*is$ec 7aft] ,abraham's  
rescue ( ,lot71 & a picture ( ,god      
promis+ a long l9e ( desc5dants to      
,abraham4  ,9 ?is op5 gall]y ! p ( ,rome
 c\ld walk & read ! ,bible 9 a          
succession ( pictures4 ,s9ce ^! & simil>
 pictures & /atues & c>v+s 7 ev]y:]e1   
m51 wom51 & *ildr5 read !m z !y w\ld    
read books1 & a popul> pa9t] 0 l a      
popul> /ory-tell] n[adays4     ,,iii    
,,! ,,miracul\s ,,draught ,,( ,,fi%es   

,ano!r ( ! ,bible sc5es :i* ,raphael    
pa9t$ 0 "o :i* is told 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t
 conc]n+ ! ,"l ,jesus & 8 ,apo/les4 ,"s 
( ^!1 z ,pet] & ,&rew1 ,james & ,john1 7
 fi%]m5 :o liv$ ne> ! lake ( ,g5nes>et 9
 ,galilee1 & _h sp5t mo/ ( _! lives 9 _!
 boats4 ,!y _h be5 mu* ) _! ,ma/]1 &    
sometimes left _! boats to g ) him ?r\gh
 ! c\ntry1 :5 he talk$ ) !m & heal$ !   
sick1 & told ! glad tid+s1 = t is :at ! 
^w ,gospel means4 ,"o day he _h be5 us+ 
,simon ,pet]'s boat z a sort ( pulpit f 
:i* to speak to ! p on ! %ore4       ,n[
 :5 he _h left speak+1 he said unto     
,simon1 ',laun*      out into ! deep1 & 
let d[n y\r nets = a draught1'      ,&  
,simon answ]+ said unto him1 ',ma/]1 we 
h toil$      all ! night1 & h tak5 no?+3
 nev]!less at ?y      ^w ,i w let d[n ! 
net4' ,& :5 !y _h ?is done1      !y     
inclos$ a great multitude ( fi%es3 & _! 
net      brake4 ,& !y beckon$ unto _!   
p>tn]s1 :i* 7 9      ! o!r %ip1 t !y    
%\ld come & help !m4 ,&      !y came1 & 
fill$ bo? ! %ips1 s t !y began to       

s9k4       ,:5 ,simon ,pet] saw x1 he   
fell d[n at ,jesus's knees1      say+1  
',dep>t f me3 = ,i am a s9ful man1 ,o   
,"l4' ,=      he 0 a/oni%$1 & all t 7 ) 
him1 at !      draught ( ! fi%es :i* !y 
_h tak52 & s 0 also      ,james & ,john1
 ! sons ( ,zeb$ee1 :i* 7 p>tn]s      )  
,simon4 ,& ,jesus said unto ,simon1     
',fe> n3 f      h5ce=? ?\ %alt cat*     
m54'#b  ,footnote #b3 ,luke1 *apt] v41  
v]ses #d-aj4  ,9 ! picture we see ! two 
boats lad5 ) fi%1 "o conta9+ ,jesus )   
,pet] & ,&rew1 & ! o!r conta9+ ! p>tn]s 
haul+ 9 ! net4 ,! lake /ret*es away 9 ! 
di/ance until x seems to meet ! sky 9 a 
l9e ( light at ! horizon4 ,on ! opposite
 %ore are ! p to :om ,jesus 0 speak+    
be=e ! fi%]m5 laun*$ out4 ,o!rs on !    
bank are wat*+ to get "s ( ! fi% :i* are
 n haul$ 94 ,!re is a boat ov] !re j    
pu%+ (f4 ,fi%hawks hov] ov]head1 & on ! 
ne>] %ore are h]ons4  ,j z be=e 9 !     
,madonna ( ! ,*air we saw h[ all ! l9es 
9 ! picture 7 drawn z x 7 9 a circle1 s 
"h x is ! long horizontal l9e on :i* !  

picture is built3 ! boats ext5d+ across 
! =egr\nd1 ! di/ant %ore1 & ! horizon   
l9e swell+ into ! upl&4 ,"s "o has said 
t ! boats are s plac$ t x looks z if !  
figures 7 sl[ly pass+ be=e ! eye ( !    
spectator4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!           
,,miracul\s ,,draught ,,( ,,fi%es ,s\?  
,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,london  ,n[ ?is      
picture is n1 l s _m1 pa9t$ on canvas or
 on wood4 ,raphael 0 bidd5 to make      
designs = "s great hang+s or tape/ries =
 ! *apel 9 ! ,vatican palace kn[n z !   
,si/9e ,*apel4 ,he made 8 draw+s1       
c>toons !y are call$1 on a co>se k9d (  
pap]1 ! pieces put toge!r on a great    
frame1 & ^! c>toons 7 s5t to ,arras 9   
,fl&]s1 :]e !y 7 copi$ 9 tape/ry by     
skillful arti/s4  ,raphael int5d$ to    
repres5t sc5es 9 ! lives ( ! ,apo/les1 &
 8 s]ies 0 9 two gr\ps ( five ea*1 !    
fir/ c5tr+ ab\t ! life ( ,/4 ,pet]1 !   
second ab\t ! life ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,!      
tape/ries are 9 ! ,vatican palace1 b    
sev5 ( ! c>toons are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton  
,museum 9 ,london4 ,!re !y are kept )   

great c>e1 b !y h l$ a p]il\s life4 ,:5 
!y 7 s5t to ,arras1 !y 7 cut 9 /rips = !
 conv5i5ce ( ! weav]s1 & prick$ ) holes4
 ,!n aft] !y _h be5 copi$ 9 ! tape/ries1
 !y 7 ?r[n aside1 z s mu* wa/e pap]1 &  
lay 9 a cell>1 neglect$1 = a hundr$     
ye>s4 ,=tunately !y 7 n de/roy$1 & !    
fragm5ts 7 f\nd 9 #afcj1 by ! great     
,flemi% pa9t] ,rub5s1 :o knew _! value4 
,he advis$ ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl& to   
buy !m1 & !y 7 /ill reg>d$ z patt]ns =  
tape/ries4 ,! k+ set up a manufactory at
 ,mortlake1 & "s tape/ries 7 made f ^!  
c>toons4  ,:5 ! k+ 0 put to dea?1       
,cromwell b\ght ! c>toons1 & put !m away
 9 "s boxes at ,:itehall4 ,:5 ,*>les    
,,ii4 came to ! ?rone1 he tri$ to sell  
!m to ,france1 b 0 /opp$1 & f9ally !y   
f\nd a home at ,hampton ,c\rt ,palace4  
,a few ye>s ago !y 7 remov$ to _! pres5t
 place ( keep+4  ,! orig9al tape/ries1 z
 we h said1 7 design$ = ! ,si/9e ,*apel1
 b !y 7 long ago remov$ f t place & are 
n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,tape/ries 9 ! 
,vatican4  ,! colors ( ! tape/ries h    

fad$1 b color nev] =m$ ! *ief attraction
 ( ^! compositions4 ,:at "o always      
admir$1 & c /ill admire 9 engrav+s & o!r
 copies1 is :at we call ! dramatic "* ( 
! picture1 ! way 9 :i* ! pa9t] has s    
arrang$ 8 figures z to make !m tell a   
/ory 9 a lively1 graphic fa%ion4  ,he c 
also1 z 8 eye is m & m tra9$1 discov] ! 
beauty :i* lies 9 ! draw+ ( =ms1 9      
masses & 9 l9es4 ,= an engrav+ or a     
p5cil draw+ 9 black & :ite c give a     
great deal ( pleasure1 & "s pa9t]s make 
bett] pictures ) p5 & ink ?an !y c ) a  
pa9t-box & bru%es4     ,,iv  ,,!        
,,sacrifice ,,at ,,ly/ra   ,! ,sacrifice
 at ,ly/ra 0 ano!r ( ! great tape/ries1 
& 0 9 ! second s]ies ( five :i* _h to d 
) ! life ( ,/4 ,paul z record$ 9 ! ,acts
 ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! apo/le 0 on a j\rney )
 8 companion ,b>nabas1 & !y 7 tea*+ &   
heal+ z !y w5t4 ,at ,ly/ra !y _h p]=m$ a
 wond]ful cure 9 heal+ a man :o _h be5 a
 cripple f 8 bir?4       ,& :5 ! p saw  
:at ,paul _h done1 !y lift$ up      _!  
voices1 say+ 9 ! spee* ( ,lycaonia1 ',! 

gods      are come d[n to u 9 ! lik5ess 
( m51' ,& !y call$      ,b>nabas        
,jupit]1 & ,paul ,m]curius1 because he 0
 !      *ief speak]4       ,!n ! prie/ (
 ,jupit]1 :i* 0 be=e _! city1           
br\ght ox5 & g>l&s unto ! gates1 & w\ld 
h      done sacrifice ) ! p4 ,:i*1 :5 ! 
apo/les1      ,b>nabas & ,paul1 he>d (1 
!y r5t _! clo!s1 &      ran 9 among ! p1
 cry+ out1 & say+1 ',sirs1 :y      d ye 
^! ?+s8 ,we also are m5 ( l passions )  
y1 & prea* unto y t ye %\ld turn f ^!   
vanities unto ! liv+ ,god4' 444       ,&
 ) ^! say+s sc>ce re/ra9$ !y ! p1      t
 !y _h n done sacrifice unto !m4#c      
,footnote #c3 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 *apt] 
xiv41 v]ses #aa-ae1 #ah4  ,9 ! picture  
we see ! two apo/les /&+ on a plat=m at 
! left1 by ! /eps ( a temple1 j z ! cr[d
 sweeps along f ! o!r side ) two ox5 9 !
 mid/ ( !m4 ,x 0 j su* a sacrificial    
procession z 0 =m$ on ! days :5 !y      
honor$ _! gods 9 ! temples4 ,paul &     
,b>nabas receive ! demon/ration )       
dismay1 ! =m] r5d+ 8 g>m5ts1 & ! latt]  

clasp+ 8 h&s 9 p]plexity4  ,9 ! tumult (
 _m figures we pick out five pr9cipal   
p]sons4 ,at ! "r is ! re/or$ cripple ^: 
recov]y is ! orig9 ( ! excitem5t4 ,8    
fold$ h&s1 rais$ 9 adoration1 come aga9/
 ! back ( a y\? :o1 quick to see !      
apo/les' displeasure1 rea*es out an arm 
to /ay ! sacrifice4 ,8 h& ne>ly t\*es ! 
%\ld] ( ! /urdy prie/ 9 front1 :o is    
lift+ 8 axe to deal ! dea?bl[ to !      
sacrificial ox4 ,! prie/'s up-rais$ h&  
is br\ght ne> ! elb[ ( ,paul1 beh9d :om 
/&s 8 fell[ apo/le4 ,?us !re is a       
cont9u\s *a9 ext5d+ across ! picture to 
l9k toge!r ^? :o make up ! plot ( !     
/ory4 ,! mo/ attractive face 9 ! company
 is t ( ! y\? 9 ! c5tre1 eag] & h&some  
among ! /olid c\nt5ances surr\nd+ him4  
,! apo/les !mselves are pres5tly to jo9 
him 9 8 ef=ts to re/ra9 ! p1 b = !      
mom5t1 s+le-h&$ among s _m1 he spr+s    
=w>d fe>lessly to oppose ! purpose ( !  
mob4  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sacrifice ,,at
 ,,ly/ra ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,london 
,^! five figures ?us l9k$ toge!r c>ry ! 

/ory1 b h[ abundantly ! sc5e is enri*$  
by ! m9or *>act]s6 ,!re are n a great _m
 figures1 & ea* head is se5 p]fectly1 s 
t "o c c\nt ! actual numb] ( p]sons     
pres5t2 b ! fir/ impression made on !   
eye is ( a hurry+1 eag] cr[d4 ,z "o     
looks m closely1 he discov]s p>ticul>   
p]sons :o help to fill out ! /ory4 ,!re 
are two prie/esses kneel+ beside ! ox t 
is to be sacrific$4 ,"o figure1 o!r ?an 
! cripple :o has be5 heal$1 is %[n 9 !  
attitude ( pray]4 ,p]haps ! old man at !
 extreme "r is draw+ aside ! robe ( !   
cripple1 curi\s to see if !re are any   
signs ( ! miracle1 or if t really 0 !   
leg :i* 0 helpless4  ,! two *ildr5 :o /&
 by ! alt>1 "o play+ ! pipes1 ! o!r ) a 
book ( music1 are v *>act]i/ic (        
,raphael1 :o lov$ ?us to introduce a    
playful1 innoc5t elem5t4 ,! s++ *ild has
 8 eyes b5t on ! ram :i* is l$ up =     
sacrifice4  ,raphael1 l o!r illu/rators 
( ! ,bible1 does n always foll[ exactly 
! text :i* he is to illu/rate4 ,! p     
call$ ,b>nabas ,jupit]1 & ,paul ,m]cury4

 ,?is w\ld seem to %[ t ,b>nabas 0 a    
great1 impos+ figure1 & ,paul1 accord+  
to tradition1 0 a small1 und]siz$ man2 b
 !re is no su* contra/ to be se5 "h4    
,by a happy sugge/ion1 ! pa9t] has plac$
 9 ! backgr\nd on a p$e/al a /atue (    
,m]cury4 ,we "k x by ! w+$ /aff :i*     
,m]cury is suppos$ to c>ry z a sign ( 8 
(fice ( mess5g] ( ! gods4  ,raphael     
pa9t$ at a "t :5 s*ol>s & arti/s 7      
en?usia/ic ov] ! r$iscov]y ( ! lit]ature
 & art ( ! anci5t _w4 ,su* a sc5e z ?is1
 !re=e1 appeal$ to him2 = he c\ld n only
 depict a ,biblical incid5t1 b he c\ld  
make 8 picture a /udy ( anci5t life4 ,! 
ar*itecture1 ! alt>1 ! figure ( ,m]cury1
 ! wrea?-b\nd heads1 ! sacrificial act  
itself1 7 all su* z he c\ld imag9e f    
anci5t ,greece4 ,inde$1 ! :ole picture  
is l a copy ( an antique bas-relief2 & 9
 ! orig9al c>toon !re is1 bel[ !        
picture1 a decorative bord] /udi$ f     
antique sculpture1 & bel[ t /ill an     
ornam5tal edge :i* 0 v common 9 ,greek  
"w4  ,& yet1 ?\gh ,raphael ?us made mu* 

( ! ,greek _s 9 8 design1 he 0 l all    
great pa9t]s ( 8 day4 ,he did n try     
m9utely to repeat ,greek life z he      
imag9$ x4 ,! m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 7 l ^?  
he 0 wont to see 9 ,rome or ,flor5ce1 or
 ,urb9o1 :]e he 0 born1 & ! headdresses 
7 su* z ! wom5 ( 8 "t wore4     ,v      
,,heliodorus ,,driv5 ,,f ,,! ,,temple   
,9 ! ,vatican palace !re is "o *amb] 9 a
 s]ies ( *amb]s decorat$ ) ,raphael's   
pa9t+s :i* is call$ 9 ,italian ,/anza   
d',eliodoro1 or ! ,heliodorus ,room4 ,! 
"n is tak5 f ! fir/ ( ! pa9t+s :i* cov] 
! walls ( ! room4  ,! /ory :i* ,raphael 
told 9 ?is picture is tak5 f an incid5t 
9 ! hi/ory ( ,j]usalem1 :i* is relat$ 9 
"o ( ! books ( ! ,apocrypha & 9         
,josephus's ,hi/ory4  ,x 0 at a "t :5   
,j]usalem 0 a prosp]\s city1 ow+ its    
good gov]nm5t to ! upright & honorable  
"* ( ! high prie/ ,onias4 ,?r\gh 8 ef=ts
 a l>ge fund ( money & treasure _h be5  
laid up = ! relief ( wid[s & orphans4   
,?is treasure 0 /or$ 9 ! sacr$ prec9cts 
( ! temple & c>efully gu>d$ = ! uses =  

:i* x 0 int5d$4  ,n[ x came ab\t t a    
di/ant k+ he>d ( ?is valuable treasure &
 set 8 he>t ^u x4 ,he call$ 8 treasur]  
,heliodorus1 & /raightway s5t him to    
,j]usalem to br+ back ! treasure by fair
 means or f\l4 ,heliodorus 0 a bold man 
ready = 8 evil task4 ,arriv+ at         
,j]usalem1 he s\ght out ,onias & made 8 
dem&1 :i*1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 0 promptly
 refus$4 ,heliodorus !n prep>$ to take !
 treasure by =ce1 &1 accompani$ by 8 m51
 pu%$ into ! temple amid ! lam5tations (
 ! p & ! pray]s ( ! prie/s4 ,b j z !    
robb]s _h laid h&s ^u ! covet$ treasure1
 a /range ?+ happ5$2 & ?is is :at ! old 
n>rative relates3--       ,!re appe>$   
unto !m a horse ) a t]rible rid] ^u     
him1 & adorn$ ) a v fair cov]+1 & he ran
      fi]cely & smote at ,heliodorus ) 8
 =efeet1 & x      seem$ t he t sat ^u ! 
horse _h complete h>ness      ( gold4   
,moreov]1 two o!r "y m5 appe>$ be=e him1
 notable      9 /r5g?1 excell5t 9       
beauty1 & comely 9 app>el1 :o      /ood 
by him on ei!r side1 & sc\rg$ him       

cont9ually      & gave him _m sore      
/ripes4       ,& ,heliodorus fell       
sudd5ly unto ! gr\nd1 & 0      compass$ 
) great d>kness4#d  ,footnote #d3       
,maccabees1 book ii41 *apt] iii41 v]ses 
#be-bg4  ,illu/ration3 ,,heliodorus     
,,driv5 ,,f ,,! ,,temple ,vatican       
,palace1 ,rome  ,9 ! picture ! prie/s   
/ill kneel at ! di/ant alt> :ile !      
temple treasures are be+ borne away 9   
heavy *e/s & j>s4 ,mean:ile swift       
retribution ov]takes ! despoil]4 ,9     
gallops ! my/]i\s gold-armor$ horseman1 
8 pranc+ /e$ cru%+ ! pro/rate           
,heliodorus "u 8 =efeet4 ,on ru% ! two  
cele/ial av5g]s1 spr++ ?r\gh ! air 9    
great fly+ leaps4 ,_! feet d n t\* !    
gr\nd z1 ) outspread arms & w9d-bl[n    
hair1 !y b\nd lightly =w>d1 rais+ _!    
sc\rges to drive out ! enemy4           
,heliodorus va9ly lifts 8 spe> to save  
himself2 8 m5 are panic-/rick52 8 plot  
is undone4 ,& yet 9 all ?is ! angelic   
av5g]s d n t\* "o ( ! pro/rate or fall+ 
figures4 ,ev5 ! horse's ho(s are n      

plant$ on ,heliodorus4 ,! victory is n  
won by =ce1 b by ! my/]i\s p[] (        
cele/ial spirits4  ,"h is ! way ?is     
picture affect$ a lov] ( art :o /ood    
be=e x3 ,! ,sc\rg+ ( ,heliodorus is full
 ( en]gy1 p[]1 & movem5t4 ,! horse & 8  
rid] are irresi/ible1 & ! sc\rg+ y\?s1  
t]rible z embodi$ lightn+2 mortal       
weapons & mortal muscles are p[]less z  
infancy be=e su* sup]natural en]gies4 ,l
 flax be=e ! flame--l leaves be=e !     
/orm--! /rong man & 8 att5dants are     
consum$ & borne away4  ,!re is an       
int]e/+ contra/ 9 ?is great picture1 =  
:ile all ?is t]rible action is go+ on at
 "o side1 "o sees 9 an opposite "p a    
gr\p ( wom5 & *ildr51 look+ on )        
a/oni%m5t & al>m4 ,ne> by is a figure   
c>ri$ 9 a *air on ! %\ld]s ( /rong m54  
,?is figure is ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 & !  
reason :y ,raphael introduc$ him into ! 
pa9t+ is z foll[s3--  ,julius 0 a w>like
 ,pope :o _h expell$ ! enemies ( ! *ur* 
f ! ,papal t]ritories & enl>g$ !        
b\nd>ies ( ^! t]ritories4 ,he 0 also a  

great patron ( ! arts4 ,he call$ on     
,raphael to make designs = ?is *amb] :i*
 %\ld repres5t ! miracul\s deliv]ance ( 
! *ur* f h] secul> foes2 & z he 0 reg>d$
 z ! *ief in/rum5t 9 ! victory1 ,raphael
 made him pres5t at ?is ,expulsion (    
,heliodorus4  ,n only ! walls ( !       
,heliodorus ,room are adorn$ ) pictures1
 b ! ceil+ also is cov]$ ) designs1     
illu/rat+ f\r ,old ,te/am5t /ories (    
div9e promises to ! patri>*s3 ,!        
,promise ( ,god to ,abraham ( a num]\s  
po/]ity1#e ,! ,sacrifice ( ,isaac1      
,jacob's ,dream1 ,moses & ! ,burn+ ,bu%4
  ,footnote #e3 ,sometimes int]pret$ z  
,god appe>+ to ,noah4  ,probably        
,raphael1 :o _h fri5ds among ! c>d9als &
 o!r le>n$ m5 ( ,rome1 consult$ !m z to 
! selection ( subjects = ?is room4 ,"o c
 trace ! ?\ght :i* b9ds !m all toge!r4  
,on ! ceil+ we h ,god's promises made to
 8 p ( old1 :ile ! pictures on ! walls  
%[ h[ ! same wat*ful ,provid5ce deliv]$ 
! *ur* 9 lat] ye>s4     ,,vi  ,,!       
,,lib]ation ,,( ,,pet]   ,on ! wall bel[

 ! design ( ,jacob's ,dream1 9 ! ceil+ (
 ?is same ,heliodorus ,room1 is !       
,lib]ation ( ,pet]1 pa9t$ above & on ea*
 side ( a w9d[4 ,! /ory is tak5 f !     
,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ,h]od ! k+1 z !     
n>rative says1 /ret*$ =? 8 h&s to vex   
c]ta9 ( ! *ur*4 ,& he kill$ ,james !    
bro!r ( ,john ) ! sword4 ,& because he  
saw x pleas$ ! ,jews1 he proce$$ fur!r  
to take ,pet] also4 ,! /ory ( !         
imprisonm5t & lib]ation ( ,pet] n[      
foll[s3--       ,& :5 he _h appreh5d$   
him1 he put him 9 prison1 &      deliv]$
 him to f\r qu>t]nions ( soldi]s to keep
 him2      int5d+ aft] ,ea/] to br+ him 
=? to ! p4      ,pet] !re=e 0 kept 9    
prison2 b pray] 0 made      )\t ceas+ ( 
! *ur* unto ,god = him4       ,& :5     
,h]od w\ld h br\ght him =?1 ! same night
      ,pet] 0 sleep+ betwe5 two soldi]s1
 b\nd ) two      *a9s2 & ! keep]s be=e !
 door kept ! prison4 ,&      behold1 !  
angel ( ! ,"l came ^u him1 & a light    
%9$ 9 ! prison2 & he smote ,pet] on !   
side1 &      rais$ him up1 say+1 ',arise

 up quickly4' ,& 8 *a9s      fell (f f 8
 h&s4 ,& ! angel said unto him1 ',gird  
?yself1 & b9d on ?y s&als4' ,& s he did4
 ,& he      sai? unto him1 ',ca/ ?y     
g>m5t ab\t !e1 & foll[      me4' ,& he  
w5t out1 & foll[$ him1 & wi/ n t x      
0 true :i* 0 done by ! angel2 b ?\ght he
 saw a      vision4#f  ,footnote #f3    
,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 *apt] xii41 v]ses   
#d-i4  ,!re is a succession ( sc5es 9   
?is /ory1 & z ! w9d[ runs up into !     
wall1 x gave ,raphael an opportunity to 
di/ribute ! successive incid5ts 9 ! ?ree
 divisions ?us =m$4 ,ov] ! w9d[1        
accord+ly1 is ! sc5e ( ! awak5+ ( ,pet]4
 ,! angel1 surr\nd$ by a blaze ( light1 
comes & smites ! sleep+ apo/le on !     
side1 b 8 action also indicates t he    
raises him & po9ts to ! door4 ,pet] is  
%[n b\nd by two *a9s1 ea* fa/5+ him to  
"o ( ! soldi]s1 :o are bo? asleep at _! 
po/s4 ,! b>s ?r\gh :i* we see ! sc5e are
 ! prison b>s4  ,at ! "r ( ! w9d[1 !    
angel is %[n lead+ ,pet] pa/ ! gu>ds1 :o
 are asleep on ! /eps4 ,! prison is     

indicat$ by ! ?ick wall & solid masonry1
 by ! side ( :i* ! two figures are      
pass+4 ,! soldi]s by _! attitude %[ h[  
s\nd asleep !y are1--"o /ret*$ out at   
half l5g?1 try+ to look z if he 7 awake1
 ! o!r ) 8 head fall5 =w>d1 & 8 h&s     
clasp$ ov] 8 %ield4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!  
,,lib]ation ,,( ,,pet] ,vatican ,palace1
 ,rome  ,9 bo? ( ^! sc5es1 ! apo/le is  
m>k$ by ! sign ( ! nimbus1 :i* we saw 9 
! fir/ picture1 ! ,madonna ( ! ,*air4 ,b
 if y look n>r[ly1 y w see t ,raphael   
has add$ t o!r sign by :i* ,pet] is     
di/+ui%$4 ,he c>ries a great key4 ,!    
reason is to be f\nd 9 ! words ( our ,"l
 to him z record$ 9 ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 
! sixte5? *apt] & n9ete5? v]se4 ,! key  
is a mo/ fitt+ symbol "h1 = x seems to  
imply t ! apo/le is himself op5+ ! gates
 ( 8 prison h\se4 ,! angel holds 8 h&1 z
 an old] p]son might lead a *ild 9 !    
d>k4 ,pet] is too daz$ to "k :at has    
really happ5$4  ,on ! left is depict$ ! 
mom5t :5 ! gu>ds are awak5$ & discov] t 
_! prison] has escap$4 ,x is an animat$ 

sc5e illu/rat+ ! simple words ( ! gospel
 n>rative3 ,n[ z soon z x 0 day1 !re 0  
no small /ir among ! soldi]s1 :at 0     
become ( ,pet]4 ,a man ) a tor* tells by
 8 ge/ure t some?+ extraord9>y has      
happ5$1 & ! "o :om he ar\ses %[s by 8   
face & 8 uplift$ h& h[ />tl$ he is2 !   
light f ! tor* is too dazzl+ = ano!r j  
awak5$1 & ! la/ ( all appe>s to be ! "o 
:om we saw asleep ov] 8 %ield4  ,ev5 9  
?is v inadequate copy ( a great pa9t+1  
we c see :at is ! noble/ & mo/ p]vad+   
beauty4 ,x is ! treatm5t ( light4 ,!    
angel appe>s 9 ! comp>tm5t ov] ! w9d[ 9 
a blaze ( light1 & ?is light illum9ates 
all ! o!r figures4 ,s x is 9 ! "r-h&    
division1 & ,pet] especially %[s x1 = ! 
side away f ! angel is sc>cely to be    
made out 9 ! gloom4 ,9 ! left-h&        
division1 ! tor*1 ! moon /ruggl+ ?r\gh !
 cl\ds1 & ! break+ ( ! dawn diffuse a   
light ov] ! :ole sc5e4  ,x is z if      
,raphael meant to make x cle> t !       
sup]natural light f ! angel 0 bright] & 
m int5se ?an ! light :i* falls f natural

 means4 ,?us ! ,lib]ation ( ,pet]1 l !  
,expulsion ( ,heliodorus1 keeps 9 m9d ! 
p[] ( ! div9e ov] ! human4 ,"s h ?\ght1 
besides1 t ,raphael _h 9 8 ?\ght ! rec5t
 deliv]y f captivity ( ,leo ,x41 ! ,pope
 :o succe$$ ,pope ,julius ,,ii41 = !    
decoration ( ! ,heliodorus ,room 0 done 
successively "u ^! two popes4     ,,vii 
,,! ,,holy ,,family ,,( ,,francis ,i    
,!re are a great _m pictures by ! old   
ma/]s repres5t+ :at is kn[n z ! ,holy   
,family4 ,?is is a gr\p consi/+ ( ! "m &
 *ild1 ) "o or m additional figures4 ,! 
?ird figure is sometimes ! infant ,john 
! ,bapti/1 or x may be ,joseph ! husb& (
 ,m>y2 a f\r? figure is likely to be ,/4
 ,elizabe?1 ! "m ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 &   
sometimes all five ( ^! are %[n 9 a     
gr\p4  ,t is ! case ) ! pa9t+ ( ,! ,holy
 ,family by ,raphael1 :i* is n[ 9 !     
,l\vre gall]y 9 ,p>is1 & is call$ ,!    
,holy ,family ( ,francis ! ,fir/1       
because ,raphael pa9t$ ! picture = t k+ 
( ,france4 ,x is n difficult to make out
 ! sev]al figures1 = ! pa9t] has foll[$ 

! natural ord]4  ,! light falls *iefly  
on ! *ild ,jesus1 :o is spr++ up1 z ,m>y
 lifts him f 8 cradle4 ,8 happy1 joy\s  
face is rais$ ) a glad smile to !       
d[n-glanc+ "m4 ,%e has eyes only = him1 
& into h] face !re has come a look (    
sweet gravity :i* helps "o to see t ?is 
is m ?an ! play ( a "m & *ild4  ,eag]ly 
rea*+ =w>d to ! gold5-hair$ ,jesus is ! 
sw>?y ,john ! ,bapti/1 8 h&s fold$ 9 !  
ge/ure ( pray]1 ! cross :i* he c>ries z 
! h]ald ( ,jesus lean+ aga9/ 8 brea/1 & 
a look ( bright wond] 9 8 face4  ,lean+ 
ov] & hold+ him is 8 "m1 ,elizabe?1 :om 
! great pa9t]s 7 wont to figure z an old
 woman1 aft] ! description ( h] 9 !     
gospel z well /rick5 9 ye>s4 ,%e also   
gazes d[n at h] *ild ) a l expression ( 
deep feel+1 z if %e always c>ri$ ab\t 9 
h] m9d ! wond]ful sc5es :i* att5d$ 8    
bir?4  ,beh9d ! gr\p is ,joseph1 ! husb&
 ( ,m>y1 9 an attitude :i* is v common 9
 ! old pictures4 ,he r>ely seems to be a
 "p ( ! gr\p4 ,he /&s a little way (f   
look+ on1 ) a ?\ghtful air1 z if he 7 ! 

gu>dian ( ?is pair4 ,sometimes he is %[n
 ) a /aff or crut*1 & x may be t "h he  
re/s 8 elb[ on x1 :ile 8 head leans ^u 8
 half-clos$ h&4  ,all ^! are di/+ui%$ by
 ! nimbus :i* encircles ! head ( a sacr$
 p]son1 b ! two o!r figures 9 ! picture 
h no nimbus1 = !y are angels1 z may be  
se5 by ! out/ret*$ w+ ( "o ( !m1 & by ! 
pure une>?ly expression on _! faces4 ,"o
 ( ^! angels /rews fl[]s ov] ! *ild2 !  
o!r1 ) h&s cross$ on ! brea/1 is rapt 9 
adoration4  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,holy    
,,family ,,( ,,francis ,i4 ,! ,l\vre1   
,p>is  ,!re is an op5+ :i* %[s ! sky1 & 
x almo/ seems z if ! angels ) cross$ h&s
 7 li/5+ to "s div9e melody t came 9 ) !
 angelic visitors4 ,! :ole sc5e is ba!d 
9 light1 & ! long] we look ! m we see ! 
beauty ( ! l9es :i* fl[ 9 ! picture z if
 to "s heav5ly music4 ,all is action    
save 9 ! grave1 contemplative figure (  
,joseph2 & 8 s]i\s1 re/+ attitude by its
 contra/ makes m evid5t ! leap+ *ild1 ! 
"m half /oop+ to lift him1 ,john !      
,bapti/ press+ =w>d & ,elizabe? g5tly   

re/ra9+ him1 ) ! two fly+1 radiant      
angels4  ,! p[] :i* a great pa9t+ has   
ov] u (t5 makes u ask1 ,h[ did ! pa9t] d
 ?is8 did he ?9k ( ev]y?+ be=eh&8 did he
 pa9t ! picture bit by bit1 or did he   
rapidly sket* x all z he meant to h x1 &
 !n at leisure fill 9 ! p>ts1 & add ?is 
or t8  ,we "k some?+ ( h[ pa9t]s "w1 & (
 ! labor :i* !y sometimes put into _!   
pictures1 rubb+ out & pa9t+ ov]4 ,a     
great ma/] l ,raphael always gives a    
s5se ( ease to 8 "w1 z ?\gh x co/ him   
no?+4 ,b we "k also t he took ! greate/ 
pa9s z he took ! greate/ delight 9 8 "w4
  ,x happ5s t !re exi/ draw+s made by   
,raphael :5 he 0 prep>+ to pa9t ?is v   
picture1 & x is int]e/+ to see h[ he w5t
 to "w4 ,he has a "y woman 9 8 /udio    
take j ! attitude :i* a "m w\ld take :o 
0 ab\t to lift h] *ild4 ,t he may be    
sure to draw ! =m correctly1 he has h]  
dress n fall bel[ h] knee1 & %e has b>e 
arms4 ,9 ?is way he w "k j h[ ! arm & ! 
knee w b5d1 & h[ ! muscles w %[4 ,!n he 
makes ano!r draw+ ) ! dress fall+ to !  

gr\nd1 b ) ! arm b>e4 ,f9ally he draws !
 arm ) ! sleeve ov] x4  ,x 0 by su*     
/udies t he made sure ( draw+ correctly4
 ,!y are l ex]cises 9 gramm>4 ,b :5 he  
came to pa9t 8 picture1 he _h n to ?9k  
mu* ab\t ! correctness ( 8 draw+2 8 :ole
 m9d 0 int5t ^u mak+ 8 peasant girl look
 z he imag9$ ! ,virg9 ,m>y to look4     
,,viii  ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e ,,( ,,alex&ria    
,?is is ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e4  ,%e 0 ! 
daught] ( ,k+ ,co/is & 8 wife ,sab9ella1
 :o 0 h]self ! daught] ( ! k+ ( ,egypt4 
,:5 %e came into ! _w1 a glory ( light 0
 se5 to play ar\nd h] head1 & :5 %e 0   
yet a little *ild1 %e gave su* signs (  
wisdom t %e 0 a wond] to all ab\t ! c\rt
 ( ,egypt4 ,:5 %e 0 no m ?an f\rte5 ye>s
 old1 %e 0 a m>vel ( le>n+4 ,%e c\ld h  
answ]$ all ! h>d que/ions ! ,que5 (     
,%eba ask$ ,solomon1 & %e knew h] ,plato
 by he>t4  ,at ?is "t h] fa!r di$1 & s  
,ca!r9e became que52 b ?is did n *ange  
h] way ( liv+4 ,%e read h] books & %ut  
h]self up 9 ! palace to /udy4 ,n[ ?is   
did n please h] nobles1 & !y bes\ght h] 

to take a husb& :o %\ld help h] rule !  
p1 & :o %\ld lead !m 9 w>4 ,at ?is !    
girl ask$ !m3--  ,:at mann] ( man is ?is
 t ,i mu/ m>ry8 ,& "o ( ! nobles made   
answ]3--  ,madam1 y are our sov]eign    
lady & que51 & all ! _w kn[s t y h f\r  
notable gifts4 ,fir/1 y are come ( ! mo/
 noble blood 9 ! :ole _w2 second1 y h a 
great inh]itance 9 y\r k+dom2 ?ird1 y   
surpass all p]sons liv+ 9 k2 & f\r?1 y  
are mo/ beautiful4 ,s1 !n1 y mu/ ne$s   
take a husb& t y may h an heir :o %all  
be ! com=t & joy ( y\r p4  ,is x inde$  
s8 said ! "y que54 ,!n1 if ,god has giv5
 me su* gifts1 ,i am ! m b\nd to love   
him & please him1 & set small /ore by my
 wisdom & beauty & ri*es & bir?4 ,he t  
%all be my husb& mu/ also possess f\r   
notable gifts4 ,he mu/ be ( s noble     
blood1 t all m5 %all wor%ip him1 & s    
great t ,i %all nev] ?9k ,i h made him  
k+2 s ri*1 t he w surpass all o!rs 9    
ri*es2 s full ( beauty1 t ! angels (    
,god w desire to behold him2 & s b5ign1 
t he w gladly =give all wrong done unto 

him4 ,f9d me su* an "o1 & ,i w make him 
"l ( my he>t4  ,n[ !re 0 a c]ta9 h]mit  
:o dwelt 9 ! des]t ab\t two days' j\rney
 f ,alex&ria1 & ! ,virg9 ,m>y appe>$ to 
him & bade him g & tell ,ca!r9e to fe>  
n1 = %e %\ld h a heav5ly bridegroom1 ev5
 h] ,son1 :o 0 great] ?an any mon>* ( ! 
_w1 be+ himself ! ,k+ ( ,glory1 & ! ,"l 
( all p[]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,ca!r9e 
,,( ,,alex&ria ,national ,gall]y1       
,london  ,until n[ ! "y que5 _h be5 a   
hea!n1 b :5 ! h]mit %[$ h] a picture ( !
 ,"l ,*ri/1 %e 0 s fill$ ) wond] &      
devotion t %e =got h] books & h] le>n+ &
 c\ld ?9k only ( him4 ,& ?us x came ab\t
 t %e _h a /range dream1 9 :i* %e dreamt
 t %e 0 br\ght to ! ,"l1 & he said1 ,%e 
is n fair or beautiful en\gh = me4  ,%e 
woke 9 te>s & s5t = ! h]mit1 :o came &  
taught h] ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,%e 0 baptiz$
 & h] "m ,sab9ella ) h]4 ,aga9 %e _h a  
dream1 & ?is "t ! ,"l smil$ on h]1 & put
 a r+ on h] f+]4  ,s n[ ,ca!r9e despis$ 
/ill m e>?ly pomp & ri*es1 & be+ ?us    
plight$ to a heav5ly bridegroom1 %e     

refus$ m /eadfa/ly all ! attempts ( h]  
nobles to p]suade h] to be m>ri$4 ,!    
good ,sab9ella su/a9$ h] 9 ?is1 b at la/
 di$1 & ,ca!r9e 0 n[ left alone4  ,!n   
came ! great emp]or ,maxim91 :o p]secut$
 ! ,*ri/ians4 ,& he came to ,alex&ria & 
call$ ! ,*ri/ians toge!r1 & comm&$ !m1  
on pa9 ( torm5t1 to wor%ip ! hea!n gods4
 ,:5 ,que5 ,ca!r9e he>d ! upro>1 %e came
 =? ( ! palace & /ood be=e ,maxim94 ,%e 
s us$ h] le>n+1 t %e sil5c$ ! emp]or1 & 
he c\ld make no reply4  ,!reupon he     
ord]$ fifty ( 8 mo/ fam\s wise m5 to    
dispute ) h]4 ,b %e answ]$ !m s         
conv9c+ly t !y !mselves became          
,*ri/ians1 & ,maxim9 0 9 su* a rage t he
 burn$ !m to dea?1 yet !y did n fl9*4   
,!n did ! emp]or drag ,ca!r9e f h]      
palace & ca/ h] into a dungeon4 ,b !    
fai?ful que5 pray$1 & angels came &     
m9i/]$ to h]4 ,at ! end ( twelve days ! 
empress came to visit h]1 & f\nd !      
dungeon fill$ ) light & fragrant ) sweet
 odors4 ,s %e & two hundr$ ( h]         
att5dants fell d[n at ! feet ( ,ca!r9e &

 decl>$ !mselves ,*ri/ians4  ,:5 ,maxim9
 f\nd :at _h tak5 place he 0 fill$ )    
fury1 & put to dea? ! empress & all !   
conv]ts4 ,b he 0 s ov]come ) ! beauty ( 
,ca!r9e t he (f]$ to make h] empress if 
%e w\ld =sake ,*ri/4  ,:5 ,ca!r9e       
exclaim$3 ,%all ,i =sake my glori\s     
heav5ly bridegroom to unite myself ) !e1
 :o art base-born1 wick$1 & de=m$8 ,!n  
,maxim9 bade 8 m5 make f\r :eels1 arm$ )
 %>p po9ts & blades1 two turn+ 9 "o     
direction1 two 9 ano!r1 s t ! t5d] body 
( ! beautiful que5 %\ld be torn asund]4 
,s !y b\nd h] betwe5 ! :eels1 & at !    
same mom5t fire came d[n f heav51 & !   
de/roy+ angel broke ! :eels 9 pieces1   
:i* flew (f & kill$ ! execution]4  ,!n  
,maxim91 ) 8 he>t ( /one1 comm&$ t      
,ca!r9e be c>ri$ outside ! city1 &      
sc\rg$ & !n behead$4 ,s x 0 done2 b :5  
%e 0 dead1 angels bore h] body ov] !    
des]t & ov] ! ,r$ ,sea1 & laid x away on
 ! top ( ,mt4 ,s9ai4 ,z = ! tyrant1 he 0
 sla9 9 battle1 & ! vultures dev\r$ him4
  ,9 our picture ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 & 9 o!rs

 l x1 %e is %[n /&+ by a :eel4 ,%e leans
 ^u x z if ready = m>tyrdom1 & looks    
upw>d z if %e saw ! fire com+ d[n f     
heav54     ,,ix  ,,/4 ,,cecilia   ,!    
leg5d ( ,/4 ,cecilia is n s tragic z t (
 ,/4 ,ca!r9e4 ,accord+ to ! /ory1       
,cecilia 0 a beautiful "y girl :o       
belong$ to a noble ,roman family ( !    
?ird c5tury4  ,h] p>5ts 7 ,*ri/ians 9   
secret1 & !y br\ght h] up 9 ! fai?4 ,%e 
0 a mo/ dev\t s*ol>4 ,night & day %e    
c>ri$ ab\t ) h] a roll conta9+ !        
,gospel1 hidd5 )9 h] robe4 ,%e excell$ 9
 music1 & turn$ h] good gift to ! glory 
( ,god2 = %e compos$ hymns :i* %e sang )
 su* sweetness1 t x 0 said ! v angels   
desc5d$ f heav5 to jo9 _! voices ) h]s4 
,n only did %e s+1 b %e play$ also on   
all in/rum5ts2 b %e c\ld f9d none :i*   
satisfi$ h] desire to brea! =? ! h>mony 
:i* dwelt )9 h]1 & s %e inv5t$ a new "o1
 ! =]unn] ( ! organ1 & %e consecrat$ x  
to ! s]vice ( ,god4  ,/4 ,cecilia l ,/4 
,ca!r9e 0 a m>tyr1 b ! execution] :o 0  
to put h] to dea? 0 s affect$ by h]     

innoc5ce t 8 h& trembl$1 & ! w\nds he   
made did n imm$iately cause h] dea?4 ,%e
 liv$ = ?ree days1 & z ! /ory says3--   
,%e sp5t 7^! days7 9 pray]s &           
exhortations to !      conv]ts1         
di/ribut+ to ! poor all %e possess$2 &  
%e      call$ to h] ,/4 ,urban1 & desir$
 t h] h\se1 9 :i* %e      !n lay dy+1   
%\ld be conv]t$ into a place ( wor%ip = 
! ,*ri/ians4 ,?us1 full ( fai? & *>ity1 
& s++ )      h] sweet voice praises &   
hymns to ! la/ mom5t1 %e di$ at      !  
end ( ?ree days4  ,v naturally1 ,/4     
,cecilia 0 tak5 z ! patron sa9t (       
musicians1 & is sometimes repres5t$ z   
seat$ at a mod]n organ4 ,9 ?is picture  
%e is %[n hold+ 9 h] h&s an in/rum5t (  
re$s1 :i* may be tak5 z ! beg9n+ ( !    
organ ( lat] days4  ,h] eyes are rais$1 
& h] head is upturn$ z %e li/5s to !    
*oir ( angels %[n above 9 ! cl\ds1 _!   
lips p>t$ z !y s+ f op5 books4 ,%e holds
 ! in/rum5t1 b %e is s int5t on ! music 
%e he>s t x seems almo/ slipp+ f h] h&s4
  ,inde$1 "s ( ! tubes are already      

dropp+ out ( _! place2 & z ! eye foll[s 
!m1 x re/s ^u a numb] ( o!r musical     
in/rum5ts ly+ on ! gr\nd1--! pipe1 !    
viol91 ! tamb\r9e1 ca/anets1 & o!rs4 ,x 
is z if we 7 %[n ! v>i\s in/rum5ts :i*  
%e _h set aside z n satisfy+ to h]1 & at
 la/ 7 %[n h] organ itself fall+ to     
pieces & dropp+ f h] h&s4 ,s fa9t &     
imp]fect1 ! pa9t] seems to say1 are all 
^! =ms ( e>?ly music :5 comp>$ ) !      
heav5ly4  ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,cecilia  
,bologna ,gall]y  ,/4 ,cecilia is "h 9 a
 company ( o!r sa9ts1 n inde$ ( h] day &
 g5]ation1 b *os5 by ,raphael to give   
expression to v>i\s ideas & s5tim5ts4   
,/4 ,paul1 ! great apo/le to ! ,g5tiles1
 /&s 9 a ?\ghtful attitude1 "o h& c>ry+ 
a scroll & re/+ on ! hilt ( a sword2 = 9
 "o ( 8 epi/les1 he speaks ( ! sword ( !
 ,_s1 :i* is ! ^w ( ,god4 ,he is li/5+1 
& at ! same "t looks d[n ^u ! in/rum5ts 
z if he 7 ?9k+ h[ 8 e>?ly words1 too1 7 
dull beside ! voice ( ! ,_s4  ,on !     
opposite side ( ! picture is ,m>y       
,magdal5e4 ,%e holds ! pot ( o9tm5t )   

:i* %e ano9t$ ! feet ( ,*ri/1 & by !    
movem5t ( h] feet %e seems j to h come  
into ! sc5e1 & looks out ( ! picture z  
if %e 7 bidd+ u & all o!r spectators    
look on ! sa9t & li/5 to ! angels4      
,p]haps ! arti/1 9 *oos+ h] = "o ( 8    
figures1 0 m9dful ( ! words ( ! ,"l1 :o 
prais$ h] = br++ a preci\s gift1 )\t    
?9k+ ( its wor?1 simply because %e lov$ 
him1 & wi%$ to %[ h] devotion4 ,s ,/4   
,cecilia p\r$ out h] music1 ! ri*e/ gift
 %e _h1 n ?9k+ h[ %e c\ld turn x into   
money & give x to ! poor4  ,next to ,/4 
,paul1 beh9d him & ,/4 ,cecilia1 /&s !  
evangeli/ ,/4 ,john4 ,pa9t]s & s*ol>s   
alike h always se5 9 ?is figure ! belov$
 disciple1 ! "o :o lean$ on ! ,"l's     
brea/ at ! la/ supp]1 & !y delight to %[
 him z a "y man ( ref9$ & beautiful     
c\nt5ance4 ,8 h&1 ) ! p>t$ f+]s1 seems  
to make a ge/ure bidd+ "o li/51 & 8 face
 has a look ( rapture4 ,x 0 natural     
inde$ t ,raphael %\ld ?us h plac$ 9 !   
company "o ^: gospel is full ( feel+1 ! 
life ( ,*ri/ set to music z x 74        

,f9ally1 we h ,/4 ,augu/9e1 "o ( !      
,fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 /&+ 9 8 prie/ly robe & 
hold+ a bi%op's crook4 ,he is app>5tly  
ex*ang+ glances ) ,/4 ,john4 ,p]haps he 
is design$ to %[ t ! *ur* makes mu* (   
music 9 its s]vice4  ,if we c\ld see !  
pa9t+ itself ) its beautiful color1 we  
%\ld see ev5 m di/9ctly n only h[       
,raphael ?\ght out 8 design1 mak+ 8     
figures all h a h>moni\s relation to "o 
ano!r1 b h[ p]fectly ! composition1 9   
its l9es1 its light & color1 expresses  
?is musical h>mony ( heav5 & e>?4     ,x
  ,,! ,,transfiguration   ,!            
,transfiguration is a picture divid$    
into two p>ts4 ,! l[] "p is fill$ ) m   
figures ?an ! upp] & conta9s m action4  
,on "o side are n9e ( ! disciples (     
,jesus2 on ! o!r is a cr[d ( p 9 company
 ) a fa!r :o br+s 8 son to be heal$4 ,he
 gives an acc\nt ( 8 boy's sickness 9 ^!
 words3--       ,he is m9e only *ild4 ,&
 lo6 a _s take? him1 & he      sudd5ly  
crie? out2 & x te>e? him t he foame?    
aga92 &1 bruis+ him1 h>dly dep>te? f    

him4#g  ,footnote #g3 ,luke1 *apt] ix41 
v]ses #ch1 #ci4  ,! fa!r calls ^u !     
disciples1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,jesus1 to heal 
8 son4 ,9 ! company ) him1 we c make out
 two wom5 kneel+ by ! boy4 ,we ?9k x is 
! "m :o supports him1 & looks at !      
disciples z %e po9ts to h] son4 ,h[     
quiet & self-possess$ %e is1 9 contra/  
to ! poor fell['s viol5ce z %[n 9 8     
position1 & 8 di/ort$ h&s4  ,%e is :olly
 devot$ to him1 & ! "m %[s 9 h] face &  
be>+4 ,b ! o!r kneel+ woman1 :o may be 8
 si/]1 c>ries a diff]5t expression z %e 
po9ts to ! boy4 ,%e looks t[>d !        
disciples ) a sev]e & scornful air1 z if
 say+3 ,:at6 y pr(ess to heal ! sick1 & 
y c d no?+ = ?is poor suff]]6  ,!       
figures 9 ! backgr\nd are cry+ al\d &   
/ret*+ out _! arms = aid4 ,"o c c\nt !  
p]sons1 b x looks z if !re 7 a cr[d     
beh9d t we d n see1 all press+ =w>d4    
,on ! o!r side ( ! picture are !        
disciples1 all eag]1 ) heads b5t =w>d1 &
 ea* ge/ur+ to express 8 mean+4 ,"o1    
y\ng] ?an ! o!rs1 ) 8 h& aga9/ 8 brea/1 

looks at ! fa!r ) a pity+ b helpless    
expression1 z if he w\ld gladly help him
 if he only c\ld4 ,ano!r has an op5 book
 z ?\gh he 7 try+ to f9d "s ^w ( com=t4 
,"o is po9t+ out ! boy to 8 neighbor1 & 
two 9 ! backgr\nd seem to be lo/ 9      
p]plexity4  ,b1 aft] all1 ?\gh mo/ ( !  
disciples are ?us int5t1 ! eye quickly  
notes ! action ( a figure ne> ! c5tre1  
full ( fire & en]gy1 :o is po9t+ upw>d1 
away f ! gr\p1 & call+ ^u ! fa!r & !    
wom5 to look t way4 ,& ! l9e ( 8 arm    
?ru/ out is cont9u$ by t ( ano!r        
disciple beh9d him1 :o also po9ts upw>d4
  ,= ^! two h se5 ! ,"l1 & !y are bidd+ 
! tr\bl$ p>5ts look ! same way = help4  
,!re1 above all ?is turmoil & confusion1
 is a sc5e ( dazzl+ light1 ( :i* !y     
alone seem to be aw>e4  ,illu/ration3   
,,! ,,transfiguration ,vatican ,gall]y1 
,rome  ,! upp] "p ( ! picture discloses 
! transfiguration ( ! ,savi\r4 ,z !     
evangeli/ tells u1 he _h tak5 ,pet] &   
,james & ,john ) him1 & _h gone up into 
a m\nta9 to pray4       ,& z he pray$1 !

 fa%ion ( 8 c\nt5ance 0      alt]$1 & 8 
raim5t 0 :ite & gli/]+4 ,&1      behold1
 !re talk$ ) him two m51 :i* 7 ,moses & 
,elias1 :o appe>$ 9 glory1 & spake ( 8  
decease :i*      he %\ld accompli% at   
,j]usalem4 ,b ,pet] & !y t      7 ) him 
7 heavy ) sleep2 & :5 !y 7      awake1  
!y saw 8 glory1 & ! two m5 t /ood )     
him4#h  ,footnote #h3 ,luke1 *apt] ix41 
v]ses #bi-cb4  ,! sc5e %[n is at ! mom5t
 ( ! awak+ ( ! ?ree disciples1 "o n d>+ 
to look up aga91 b b[+ 8 head & fold+ 8 
h&s 9 pray]4 ,!y are dazzl$ ) ! glory4  
,?is glory is a cl\d ( brightness :i*   
envelops ! ?ree figures ( ,*ri/1 ,moses1
 & ,elijah1 or z ! ,greeks call$ him1   
,elias4 ,! ,savi\r looks heav5w>d )     
rapture 9 8 gaze4  ,on "o side are se5  
two kneel+ figures4 ,!y are said to /& =
 ! fa!r & uncle ( ! ,c>d9al :o ord]$ !  
picture f ,raphael4 ,x 0 ! fa%ion ( !   
day ?us to introduce a patron into a    
pa9t+1 & ,raphael has made !m z obscure 
z he well c\ld4  ,we mu/ n look at ?is  
great picture z if x 7 a panorama1 :]e a

 succession ( sc5es is witness$1 or f9d 
fault ) x because ! ,bible says t !     
transfiguration took place on "o day & !
 sc5e bel[ took place ! next day1 :5    
,jesus & 8 disciples _h come d[n f !    
m\nta94 ,nor is any?+ said 9 ! ,bible   
:i* w\ld lead u to suppose t ,jesus & ! 
prophets 7 rais$ above ! gr\nd4  ,no2   
:at ,raphael int5d$ 0 to draw a contra/ 
betwe5 an e>?ly sc5e ( suff]+ & a       
heav5ly sc5e ( peace & s]5ity2 & he took
 two sc5es :i* lie next ea* o!r 9 !     
scripture n>rative4 ,t 0 8 ?\ght1 & see 
h[ wond]fully he has express$ ?is       
contra/ ?r\gh\t6  ,!re is ! d>k         
confusion & helplessness & grief bel[2  
above is a sc5e ( light :i* is l a      
vision1 & ?is vision two ( ! disciples  
see2 & z we h po9t$ out1 a contra/ is   
made evid5t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! picture4   
,inde$1 ! pa9t+ is made up ( contra/s2 &
 n ! lea/ noticeable is t ( ! solid mass
 bel[1 squ>e %ap$1 & ! light1           
pyramid-%ap$ composition above4  ,!     
,transfiguration 0 ! la/ pa9t+ to :i*   

,raphael set 8 bru%1 & x 0 /ill unf9i%$ 
:5 he 0 sudd5ly /rick5 ) fev] & di$4 ,z 
8 body lay 9 /ate1 9 ! hall :]e he _h   
be5 work+1 ?is great picture 0 hung at !
 head1 & ! p :o came 9 fell to weep+ :5 
!y saw x4     ,,xi  ,,p>nassus          
,raphael 0 b tw5ty-five ye>s old :5 he 0
 bidd5 adorn a room 9 ! ,vatican palace1
 & he made ! f\r walls answ] to f\r     
divisions 9 ! ceil+1 j z aft]w>d 9 !    
,heliodorus room4 ,! f\r divisions 9 !  
ceil+ 7 fill$ ) f\r figures1 repres5t+  
,!ology1 ,poetry1 ,philosophy1 &        
,ju/ice4 ,b5ea? ,poetry 0 ?is l>ge1 full
 design ( ,p>nassus4  ,illu/ration3     
,,p>nassus ,vatican ,palace1 ,rome      
,p>nassus1 9 ! old ,greek my?1 0 !      
m\nta9 on :i* ! muses 7 wont to meet1 & 
"h ,apollo _h 8 *ief seat4 ,"h1 9 !     
fancy ( ! anci5ts1 ! poets & hi/orians &
 dramati/s came to draw inspiration4 ,s 
,raphael has made a great company ( gods
 & goddesses1 & anci5t & mod]n poets4   
,by means ( ! accompany+ diagram1 all ! 
figures 9 ! composition c be made out4  

,z x is an imag9>y sc5e1 ,raphael 0 free
 to br+ toge!r poets ( diff]5t ages &   
c\ntries1 gr\p+ !m by ! natural         
association ( "o ) ano!r4 ,9 ?is my?ic  
realm "t & space are z no?+1 & ! poets  
are unit$ 9 ! high] fell[%ip ( ! inspir$
 imag9ation4  ,illu/ration3 ,,key ,,to  
,,p>nassus #a4 ,apollo #b4 ,calliope #c4
 ,polymnia #d4 ,clio #e4 ,erato #f4     
,t]psi*ore #g4 ,eut]pe #h4 ,?alia #i4   
,urania #aj4 ,melpom5e #aa4 ,unkn[n #ab4
 ,virgil #ac4 ,hom] #ad4 ,dante #ae4    
,scribe #af4 ,b]ni #ag4 ,petr>* #ah4    
,cor9na #ai4 ,alcaeus #bj4 ,sappho #ba4 
,plautus #bb4 ,t]5ce #bc4 ,ovid #bd4    
,sannazz>o #be4 ,cornelius ,gallus #bf4 
,anacreon #bg4 ,horace #bh4 ,p9d>  ,x is
 int]e/+ to note h[ ! pa9t] has br\ght  
!m toge!r4 ,apollo1 ( c\rse1 z ! god (  
poetry & music1 occupies ! c5tral       
position1 seat$ b5ea? "s laurel trees1  
ne> ! sacr$ f\nta9 ( ,hippocr5e1 ) ! n9e
 ,muses circl+ ab\t him4 ,apollo is     
always spok5 ( z play+ ! lyre1 b        
,raphael gives him a viol91 because !   

action 9 play+ t in/rum5t is s graceful4
 ,"s ?9k also he meant to pay a         
complim5t to a fam\s viol9i/ ( t day4   
,calliope1 ! muse ( epic poetry1 re/s = 
a mom5t ! long trumpet ^: epic /ra9s are
 wont to /ir ! c\rage ( m54 ,polymnia1 !
 muse ( sacr$ poetry1 leans ^u ! lyre ^:
 vibrant /r+s ?rill ! g5tl] emotions (  
fai? & love4  ,bl9d old ,hom] advances  
*ant+ ! adv5tures ( ! ,greek h]oes1 & an
 eag] y\? writes d[n ! v]ses4 ,beh9d him
 are ,virgil & ,dante1 & ,virgil seems  
to be call+ on ,dante to li/5 to        
,apollo4  ,ano!r gr\p %[s ,p9d>1 a v ag$
 figure1 recit+ 8 impassion$ odes to    
,horace & ano!r poet1 :o li/5 )         
admiration4 ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 two      
writ]s ( ,lat9 com$y1 walk toge!r 9     
pleasant companion%ip4  ,x 0 n an easy  
matt] to dispose ( ! _m figures & gr\ps 
9 a space cut into1 z ?is wall is1 by a 
w9d[1 b h[ free & h[ natural is !       
arrangem5t6 ,x 0 among ! fir/ great     
pa9t+s :i* ,raphael execut$ 9 !         
,vatican1 & ! grace & h>mony :i* m>k 8  

lat] works are "h %[n4  ,! picture is   
int]e/+ also z ano!r illu/ration ( !    
great revival ( le>n+ :i* took place 9  
,raphael's day4 ,! old lit]ature (      
,greece & ,rome _h be5 r$iscov]$4 ,=    
c5turies x _h la9 l a buri$ city1 =gott5
 "u ! ignorance & ! fight+ ( ! ,middle  
,ages4 ,n[ x 0 br\ght to light1 & !     
recov]$ treasure 0 ! common possession (
 ,italy1 n inde$ s mu* ( ! pla9 p z ( ! 
le>n$ m5 & ! arti/s4  ,raphael1 z an    
arti/1 took delight 9 ! /atues :i* _h   
be5 f\nd1 & ! o!r signs ( ,greek &      
,roman art2 b x is n to be suppos$ t he 
w\ld "k ,hom] & ,virgil & ,horace &     
,p9d> & ,sappho at fir/ h&4 ,he _h1     
h[ev]1 fri5ds among ! le>n$ m51 :o c\ld 
tell him ( ! treasures ( classic        
lit]ature1 & 8 imag9ation 0 quick to    
seize ?is mat]ial & adapt x to arti/ic  
purposes4       ,,note4--,! key to      
,p>nassus on page #fa is bas$ on !      
description ( ! pa9t+ 9 ,cav4 ,e4 ,g4   
,massi's      ,descrizione delle        
,gall]ie di ,pittura nel ,pontificio    

,palazzo ,vaticano1 ! au?oritative      
guide-book to !      ,vatican4 ,miss    
,eliza ,all5 ,/>r1 9 h] monograph on !  
frescoes ( ! ,cam]a della ,segnatura1   
call$ ,! ,?ree      ,keys1 id5tifies "s 
( ! figures diff]5tly1 foll[+      !    
au?ority ( ,d&olo's lectures4 ,! unkn[n 
figure      %e calls ,sordello4         
,,xii  ,,socrates ,,& ,,alcibiades   ,9 
! same room :i* holds ,p>nassus1 )      
,poetry above on ! ceil+1 !re is ano!r  
wall pa9t+ by ,raphael1 :i* commonly    
be>s ! "n ( ,! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 ?\gh t "n
 0 n orig9ally appli$ to x4 ,9 ! ceil+  
above is a figure repres5t+ ,philosophy1
 & ! picture bel[ c>ries out ! idea 9   
its pres5tation ( an assembly ( s*ol>s4 
,j z 9 ,p>nassus ,raphael br\ght toge!r 
z 9 a beautiful dream ! god ( poetry1 ! 
n9e muses1 & fam\s poets ( ! anci5t &   
:at 0 to him ! mod]n _w1 s1 9 ! ,s*ool (
 ,a!ns1 he has assembl$ a great company 
( philosoph]s1 *iefly out ( ! fam\s l9e 
( ,greek s*ol>s4 ,9 a g5]al way he has  
divid$ ! assembly into two gr\ps1 "o (  

m5 :o devote !mselves to pure ?\ght1 !  
o!r ( ^? :o apply _! ?\ght to sci5ce1 l 
geometry1 ari?metic1 a/ronomy1 & music4 
,!re are m ?an fifty figures 9 ?is great
 pa9t+4 ,raphael has made x cle> :om he 
meant to repres5t1 9 _m cases4 ,!y 7 !  
philosoph]s1 :om 8 fri5ds among !       
c>d9als & le>n$ m5 7 s en?usia/ic ab\t4 
,b he has also ga!r$ ab\t ^! tea*]s ^?  
:o might be _! pupils2 !y are 9 _m cases
 "y ,italians ( 8 own day2 inde$1 he has
 ev5 pictur$ himself com+ 9 ) a fell[   
arti/4  ,:at int]e/$ him 0 to pa9t a    
great numb] ( p]sons :o %\ld %[ by _!   
faces & _! attitudes t !y 7 busy1 9 an  
animat$ way1 ov] :at 0 wor? ?9k+ ab\t4  
,he plac$ !m 9 a noble hall1 ) a dom$   
recess at ! end1 su* z a great ar*itect 
( 8 day might h built4 ,he %[$ a noble  
colonnade ( pill>s1 & he plac$ 9 ni*es  
/atues ( ! old ,greek gods l ,apollo &  
,m9]va1 :o w\ld be suppos$ to take an   
int]e/ 9 :at 0 go+ on4  ,! picture is s 
l>ge & has s _m figures t x w\ld n be   
easy to reproduce x "h1 & give a good   

idea ( its v>i\s p>ts2 s a portion only 
is %[n1 depict+ :at is commonly kn[n z !
 gr\p ( ,socrates & ,alcibiades4        
,socrates c surely be di/+ui%$1 = he _h 
a s+ul> face & head4 ,"s h ?\ght !      
companion 0 n ,alcibiades1 b ,x5ophon4  
,x does n greatly matt]4 ,ea* 0 8       
companion & pupil1 :5 he 0 liv+4        
,x5ophon wrote a n>rative ( 8 ma/]'s    
life & dea?4 ,alcibiades is (t5 m5tion$ 
9 ! dialogues ( ,plato1 :o also has     
pres]v$ = u ! great say+s ( ,socrates4  
,two or ?ree m5 /& ab\t1 li/5+ to a     
discussion :i* ,socrates is hav+ ) 8    
companion4  ,illu/ration3 ,,socrates ,,&
 ,,alcibiades ,vatican ,palace1 ,rome   
,! *ief int]e/ c5tres 9 ,socrates1 :o   
seems to be expla9+ 8 pr9ciples1 tell+  
!m (f1 "o by "o1 on 8 f+]s4 ,9 ! old    
acc\nts :i* we h ( ?is philosoph]1 he is
 %[n to h be5 a man :o _h ?\ght deeply  
ab\t ! mo/ important ?+s1 b us$ !       
pla9e/1 mo/ homely spee* :5 he 0 try+ to
 make 8 mean+ cle>4 ,8 pla9 face &      
ecc5tric figure 7 a famili> sight 9 !   

m>ket places1 :]e he us$ to l+]1 draw+  
"y m5 into conv]sation1 by :i* he tri$  
to %[ !m ! bett] ?+s ( life4            
,alcibiades 01 z ,socrates ackn[l$g$1 ! 
faire/ & talle/ ( ! citiz5s2 he 0 also  
among ! noble/ ( !m1 & ! nephew ( !     
p[]ful ,a!nian1 ,p]icles4 ,moreov]1 he 0
 ri*1 ?\gh ?is 0 a small] matt]4 ,all ^!
 ?+s1 h[ev]1 _h lift$ ,alcibiades up2 & 
) ! vanity ( y\?1 he 0 ambiti\s = a     
great oratorical c>e]1 )\t hav+ 9       
reality any suffici5t prep>ation4 ,x is 
at ?is juncture t he falls 9 )          
,socrates1 :o beg9s to "q him k9dly ab\t
 8 plans4 ,! "y man confesses 8         
ambitions1 & ! philosoph] innoc5tly asks
 him :]e & h[ he has made 8 prep>atory  
/udies4 ,alcibiades seems to ?9k t !    
ord9>y subjects ( oratory1 su* z        
que/ions ( w> & peace1 ju/ice &         
inju/ice1 ne$ no special k b t le>n$ ( !
 p4  ,i _c say t ,i h a high op9ion (   
y\r tea*]s1 says ! %rewd old philosoph]2
 y "k t k is ! fir/ qualification ( any 
tea*]8  ,alcibiades4 ,c]ta9ly4          

,socrates4 ,& if !y "k1 !y mu/ agree    
toge!r & n diff]8  ,alcibiades4 ,yes4   
,socrates4 ,& w\ld y say t !y knew ! ?+s
 ab\t :i* !y diff]8  ,alcibiades4 ,no4  
,socrates4 ,!n h[ c !y tea* !m8         
,alcibiades4 ,!y _c4#i  ,s little by    
little1 z "o "q foll[s ano!r1           
,alcibiades comes to see t ! popul> k ^u
 :i* he dep5ds is a v weak & v>iable ?+4
 ,he confesses at la/ 8 own folly1 &    
decl>es 8 resolution to devote himself  
to ?\ghtful /udy4  ,footnote #i3 ,f     
,plato's dialogue1 ,alcibiades1 ,j[ett's
 translation4     ,,xiii  ,,! ,,flight  
,,( ,,a5eas   ,9 ! s]ies ( rooms 9 !    
,vatican palace1 ( :i* "o conta9s       
,p>nassus1 & ano!r ! ,expulsion (       
,heliodorus & ! ,lib]ation ( ,pet]1 !re 
is a room1 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies1 :i* is     
call$ ! ,room ( ! ,great ,fire1 because 
x conta9s a l>ge picture ( !            
,conflagration 9 ! ,borgo4  ,! ,borgo is
 t qu>t] ( ,rome :]e ! ,vatican /&s1 & 9
 ! n9? c5tury !re 01 "o day1 a great    
fire !re4 ,x 0 said t ! fire 0 put out  

by ! ,pope ( t "t1 ,leo ,,iv41 :o /ood 9
 a portico connect$ ) ! *ur* ( ,/4      
,pet]1 & made ! sign ( ! cross4         
,raphael 0 bidd5 make a pa9t+ ^u "o wall
 ( ! room1 :i* %\ld repres5t ! sc5e1 & 9
 8 *>act]i/ic fa%ion he made x to be n  
m]ely a copy ( :at he might suppose !   
sc5e to h be52 he introduc$ a poetic    
elem5t1 :i* at once made ! piece a "w ( 
great imag9ation4  ,a poet1 :o 0        
describ+ su* an ev5t1 might use an      
illu/ration f "s o!r great hi/oric fire4
 ,he might h said 9 effect3 ,9 ?is burn+
 ( ! ,borgo1 m5 c\ld h be5 se5 c>ry+ !  
ag$ away on _! %\ld]s1 z :5 9 anci5t    
times ,troy 0 burn$1 & ,a,eneas bore 8  
fa!r ,an*ises away f ! fall+ timb]s4    
,?is is exactly :at ,raphael did 9      
pa9t+4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ( ! picture is se5
 ,pope ,leo ,,iv4 ) 8 cl]gy1 9 ! portico
 ( ! old *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,! ,pope's 
h& is rais$1 mak+ ! sign ( ! cross2 on !
 /eps ( ! *ur* are ! p :o h fl$ to x =  
refuge4 ,on ea* side ( ! =egr\nd are    
burn+ h\ses4 ,m5 are busy putt+ out !   

fire1 & wom5 are br++ !m wat]4 ,o!r m5 &
 wom5 & *ildr5 are escap+ f ! flames1 & 
"s are h]oically sav+ ! weak & helpless4
  ,x is among/ ^! la/ t ,raphael has    
plac$ ! gr\p call$ ! ,flight ( ,a,eneas4
 ,! ,trojan be>s on 8 %\ld]s 8 fa!r1 !  
old1 bl9d ,an*ises4 ,beh9d is ,creusa1 !
 wife ( ,a,eneas1 look+ back ) t]ror ^u 
! burn+ city1 & by ! side ( ,a,eneas is 
8 "y son ,iulus1 look+ up into 8 face ) 
a tru/+ gaze4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!        
,,flight ,,( ,,a5eas ,vatican ,palace1  
,rome  ,"s "o ( ,raphael's fri5ds _h no 
d\bt told him ! /ory1 or read x to him  
out ( ,virgil's ,a,eneid1 :i* 0 "o ( !  
favorite books 9 t day1 :5 m5 7 delight+
 9 ! recov]y ( ! great poetry ( ,greece 
& ,rome4 ,"h is a "p ( ! /ory z told by 
,virgil 9 ! translation by ,c4 ,p4      
,cran*3--      ,b :5 ,i rea*$ my old    
pat]nal home1     ,my fa!r1 :om ,i wi%$ 
to be> away     ,to ! high m\nta9s1 & :o
 fir/ ( all     ,i s\ght1 refus$ to     
l5g!n out 8 life1     ,& suff] exile1 n[
 t ,troy 0 lo/4     ',o ye1' he said1   

'^: blood is full ( life1     ,^: solid 
/r5g? 9 y\?ful vigor /&s1--     ,plan ye
 y\r flight6 ,b if ! heav5ly p[]s       
,_h de/9$ me to live1 !y w\ld h kept    
,= me ^! seats4 ,en\gh1 m ?an en\gh1    
,t "o de/ruction ,i h se51 & ,i         
,survive ! captur$ city4 ,g ye !n1      
,bidd+ ?is frame f>ewell--?us1 ly+ ?us  
,ext5d$ on ! e>?6 ,i %all f9d dea?      
,f "s h&4'             99       99      
99       99       99                    
',o fa!r1 do/ ?\ ?9k     ,t ,i c g &    
leave !e "h alone8     ,comes su* bad   
c\nsel f my fa!r's lips8     ,if't is ! 
pleasure ( ! gods t naught     ,f ! :ole
 city %\ld be left1 & ?is     ,is ?y    
det]m9$ ?\ght & wi%1 to add     ,to     
p]i%+ ,troy ?yself & all ?y k91--     ,!
 gate lies op5 = t dea? desir$4'  ,s    
say+1 ,a,eneas calls = 8 arms1 resolv$  
to rema9 ) ,fa!r ,an*ises fight+ !      
,greeks to ! dea?4 ,!reupon ,creusa 8   
wife beg9s to weep1 begg+ him n to leave
 h] & h] little boy ,iulus to p]i% 9 !  
flames4 ,9 ! mid/ ( h] lam5tations a    

sacr$ om5 is giv51 9 ! appe>ance (      
lamb5t flames play+ ab\t ! head (       
,iulus4 ,an*ises is conv9c$ ( ! w ( !   
gods4      ',n[1 n[1' he cries1 '= u no 
m delay6     ,i foll[2 & :]ev] ye may   
lead1     ,gods ( my c\ntry1 ,i w g6    
,gu>d ye     ,my family1 my little      
gr&son gu>d4     ,?is augury is y\rs2 & 
y\rs ! p[]     ,t wat*es ,troy4 ,& n[1  
my son1 ,i yield1     ,nor w refuse to g
 along ) !e4'     ,& n[ ?r\gh all ! city
 we c he>     ,! ro>+ flames1 :i* ne>]  
roll _! heat4     ',come !n1 de> fa!r6  
,on my %\ld]s ,i     ,w be> !e1 nor w   
?9k ! task sev]e4     ,:atev] lot awaits
 u1 !re %all be     ,"o dang] & "o      
safety = u bo?4     ,little ,iulus my   
companion be2     ,& at a di/ance let my
 wife obs]ve     ,our foot/eps4'        
99       99       99       99       99  
,?is said1 a tawny lion's sk9     ,on my
 broad %\ld]s & my /oop+ neck     ,i    
?r[1 & take my burd54 ,at my side       
,little ,iulus l9ks 8 h& 9 m9e1         
,foll[+ 8 fa!r ) unequal /eps4          

,beh9d u /eps my wife4 ,?r\gh pa?s      
obscure     ,we w5d2 & ,i1 :o b a mom5t 
s9ce     ,dread$ no fly+ weapons ( !    
,greeks1     ,nor d5se battalions ( !   
adv]se ho/s1     ,n[ />t 9 t]ror at ea* 
ru/l+ breeze1     ,& e common s\nd1 held
 9 susp5se     ,) equal fe>s = ^? att5d+
 me1     ,& = ! burd5 t ,i bore along4  
,,xiv  ,,/4 ,,mi*ael ,,slay+ ,,!        
,,dragon   ,!re are _m leg5ds ab\t ,/4  
,mi*ael1 :o is also repres5t$ z !       
,ar*angel1 or head ( ! :ole company (   
angels1 & mo/ ( ^! leg5ds spr+ f a few  
passages 9 ! ,bible1 *iefly two4 ,"o (  
^! is 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,jude1 ! n9? v]se1  
:]e ! ar*angel ,mi*ael is allud$ to z   
cont5d+ ) ! ,devil4 ,! o!r is 9 ! ,book 
( ,revelation1 beg9n+ at ! sev5? v]se ( 
! n9? *apt]3--      ,& !re 0 w> 9 heav53
 ,mi*ael & 8 angels f\ght     aga9/ !   
dragon2 & ! dragon f\ght & 8 angels1 &  
prevail$ n2 nei!r 0 _! place f\nd any m 
9     heav54 ,& ! great dragon 0 ca/    
out1 t old s]p5t     call$ ! ,devil1 &  
,satan :i* deceive? ! :ole _w2     he 0 

ca/ out into ! e>?1 & 8 angels 7 ca/ out
     ) him4  ,! ,book ( ,revelation is  
full ( /range imag]y2 & ev] s9ce x 0    
writt51 m5 le>n$ & unle>n$ h tri$ to    
turn its impassion$ v]ses into real     
hi/orical sc5es1 pa/ or to come4 ,above 
all1 ?is figure ( a dragon1 a mon/] "p  
man1 "p brute1 puzzl$ p1 & !y h all     
sorts ( explanations to make ( x4  ,9   
our fairy tales we (t5 he> ( hobgobl9s &
 dragons & l fe>ful be+s1 & we ?9k ( !m 
z make-believe creatures1 & sometimes   
are afraid ( !m1 ev5 ?\gh if we are     
que/ion$ we say we "k !y d n really     
exi/4 ,b 9 ,raphael's day1 dragons 7 by 
no means unreal ?+s to p4 ,"s ?\ght !y  
_h se5 !m1 & !re 7 a great _m p]sons :o 
if !y _h n se5 !m !mselves 7 sure o!rs  
_h se5 !m4  ,9 ,raphael's day !re 7 l>ge
 tracts ( ! _w1 d>k woods1 inaccessible 
m\nta9s1 :i* _h h>dly be5 explor$ at    
all1 & p fanci$ !m haunt$ by /range m5 &
 /rang] animals4 ,z m & m light is let  
into ! _w1 ^! d>k places disappe>1 & we 
h come to "k j :at k9ds ( animals & m5  

!re are ev]y:]e4 ,yet /ill1 we are n q  
sure !re may n be s+ul> bea/s lurk+ out 
( sight1 l ! sea s]p5t = example4  ,n[1 
! dragon 9 e>ly days /ood = :at 0 ugly &
 t]rible & a hat] ( good4 ,! ,greeks    
believ$ !re 7 dragons1 & !y _h _m tales 
( h[ ,h]cules or ?is or t h]o slew a    
dragon4 ,to ! ,*ri/ian ( ! ,middle ,ages
 ! dragon /ood at "o end ( ! scale1 an  
ar*angel at ! o!r2 = z ! dragon 0 all   
d>kness & hide\sness1 ! ar*angel 0 all  
light & beauty & glori\sness4 ,x ?rill$ 
e "o to ?9k ( ! angel ( light fight+ ) &
 ov]com+ ! bea/ ( d>kness2 = e "o knew t
 sort ( /ruggle 0 go+ on 9 ! _w1 ev5 9  
himself4  ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,mi*ael   
,,slay+ ,,! ,,dragon ,! ,l\vre1 ,p>is   
,raphael's picture gives a f9e contra/  
betwe5 ! beautiful1 /rong1 "y ar*angel &
 8 ugly foe4 ,/4 ,mi*ael hov]s 9 mid air
 z light & graceful z a bird1 :ile      
,satan squirms b5ea? 8 feet1 a loa?some 
creature scor*$ by ! flames & sulphur\s 
fumes1 :i* p\r f ! clefts ( ! rock4  ,9 
! arti/'s imag9ation bo? are spirits1 & 

s bo? are w+$2 = w+s1 :i* c>ry "o ?r\gh 
! air1 naturally are symbols ( spiritual
 exi/5ce4 ,b ! w+s ( ! ar*angel are !   
w+s ( "s great1 glori\s bird l ! eagle1 
:i* so>s upw>d t[>d ! sun2 ! w+s ( !    
dragon are m l ! w+s ( a bat1 :i* flies 
only 9 d>kness & cl+s to ! ro(s ( caves4
  ,aft] all1 ! fir/ & la/ impression :i*
 we get f ! picture is ! lightn+-l      
movem5t ( ! ar*angel4 ,he d>ts at !     
dragon z if he _h come f heav5 ) !      
swiftness ( light1 8 robe fly+ l ! w9d  
away f him1 8 w+s n spread 9 flight1 b  
lift$ 9 8 poise1 & 8 face be>+ ! s]5ity 
( an assur$ victory z he lifts 8 spe> = 
its f9al ?ru/4  ,! great ,engli% poet   
,milton has made use ( ?is same subject 
9 ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,"h is a portion ( !   
/ory 9 ! six? book1 l9es #caf-ccj3--    
,toge!r bo?1 ) next to almighty arm     
,uplift$ imm95t1 "o /roke !y aim$     ,t
 might det]m9e1 & n ne$ repeat     ,z n 
( p[]1 at once2 nor odds appe>$     ,9  
might or swift prev5tion4     ,b ! sword
 ( ,mi*ael f ! armory ( ,god     ,0 giv5

 him1 temp]$ s t nei!r ke5     ,nor     
solid might resi/ t edge3 x met     ,!  
sword ( ,satan1 ) /eep =ce to smite     
,desc5d+1 & 9 half cut %e]2 nor /ay$    
,b ) swift :eel rev]se1 deep ent]+1 %>$ 
,all 8 "r side4     ,!n ,satan fir/ knew
 pa91     ,& wri!d him to & fro         
convolv$2 s sore     ,! grid+ sword )   
discont9u\s w\nd     ,pass$ ?r\gh him4  
,,xv  ,,! ,,si/9e ,,madonna   ,z we turn
 to ! picture1 fam\s ! _w ov] z ! ,si/9e
 ,madonna1 we seem to be look+ ?r\gh a  
w9d[ op5+ into heav54 ,fa9t 9 !         
backgr\nd1 yet fill+ ! :ole space1 is a 
cl\d ( innum]able *]ubs2 out ( ?is cl\d1
 & envelop$ by x1 appe> ! ,"m & ,*ild4  
,!y are tak+ _! way seem+ly f heav5 to  
e>?4 ,a curta9 has be5 drawn aside t we 
may see !m1 & two figures are on ei!r   
side1 z if to await _! pass+1 "o gaz+   
into _! faces :ile he po9ts outw>d1 !   
o!r also kneel+ 9 devotion yet look+    
int5tly d[n4 ,! "m's robes are bl[n back
 by ! w9d z %e moves /eadily =w>d4      
,und]nea? is a p>apet1 z if ?is 7 inde$ 

a w9d[1 & two beautiful boy-angels lean 
^u x1 adoration on _! faces & re/ 9 _!  
position1 z if !y 7 ev]la/+ly prais+1 & 
7 ! v embodim5ts ( *e]ful innoc5ce4  ,x 
is wor? :ile to look at ?is picture = a 
mom5t1 )\t ?9k+ ( its mean+1 & inde$ )\t
 pay+ mu* att5tion to ! beauty ( !      
figures1 j to see h[ ?is great pa9t] has
 manag$ ! l9es & masses ( ! "w4 ,9 art1 
l9es & masses & color are n unlike :at  
words & s5t5ces & :at we call /yle are 9
 lit]ature4 ,ev5 if a writ] has good &  
beautiful ideas1 mu* ( ! pleasure we    
might d]ive is lo/ :5 ! words are ill   
*os51 ! s5t5ces are bungl+1 p]haps ev5  
ungrammatical1 & ! :ole expression is   
commonplace or confus+4  ,we _c get any 
notion ( ,raphael's color f our little  
pr9t1 b x is n difficult to trace ! l9es
 & to see some?+ ( ! effect ( ! masses1 
& ( light & %ade4 ,! %ape ( ! :ole is a 
comb9ation ( pyramids4 ,:5 y see ! great
 base ( a pyramid & obs]ve h[ ! sides   
tap] upw>d1 y are aw>e t no?+ c\ld /& m 
securely & at ! same "t sugge/          

lightness1 by ! ris+ & rec$+ ( ! sides4 
,n[ "h y see t l9es drawn f ! %\ld]s ( !
 two att5dant figures w\ld meet at !    
,virg9's head1 z at ! apex ( a pyramid4 
,! curta9s ev5 help ?is effect1 by be+  
drawn aside 9 su* a way z to make ^!    
l9es m evid5t4  ,9 ! l[] half ( !       
picture ! l9es 9 ! drap]ies ( ! kneel+  
sa9ts tap] to an imag9>y po9t betwe5 !  
heads ( ! *]ubs1 =m+ a second inv]t$    
pyramid or triangle4 ,?us ! composition 
is inclos$ 9 a h>moni\s figure ^:       
outl9es sugge/ :at we call a diamond4   
,illu/ration3 ,,si/9e ,,madonna ,dresd5 
,gall]y  ,p]haps "o reason :y a         
triangul> arrangem5t satisfies ! eye1   
lies 9 ! simple fact t ! mo/ important &
 yet famili> object 9 nature is ?us     
arrang$4 ,?us 9 ?is picture1 ! ?ree     
pr9cipal p]sons =m ! upp] triangle1 & ! 
body ( ea* p]son repeats ! figure1--t   
is1 ! head rises f ! %\ld]s 9 su* a way 
t ! l9es inclos+ !m produce a triangle4 
,fur!r1 9 ea* face1 ! l9e =m$ by ! eyes 
is connect$ by two imag9>y l9es meet+ at

 ! m\?4  ,9 ! picture ! c5tral figure   
illu/rates ?is v noticeably4 ,! arm ( ! 
,virg9 =ms by its position1 along ) !   
body ( ! *ild1 a base1 f :i* two o!r    
l9es rise1 tap]+ to ! top ( ! head2 !   
*ild's head lies "r 9 ! c\rse ( "o ( ^! 
l9es4 ,?us "m & *ild toge!r =m a s+le   
figure1 ! two unit$ 9 "o4  ,b :5 we h   
/udi$ ?is simple pr9ciple ( composition1
 we g back ) delight to ! picture itself
 = :at x tells u3 ! deep my/]y ( ! "m's 
face1 z if %e 7 lift$ above ! ord9>y    
plane ( human life2 ! bl5d$ lovel9ess ( 
*ildhood ) ! consci\sness ( a holy      
call+2 ! l[ly devotion yet dignity ( ,/4
 ,b>b>a2 ! gr&eur & =getfulness ( self (
 ! ,pope1 ^: triple cr[n re/s on !      
p>apet2 ! p]petual *ildhood ( ! angelic 
figures4  ,! picture takes its "n f !   
,pope1 :o _h be5 canoniz$ z ,/4 ,sixtus4
 ,x 0 pa9t$ = ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,sixtus at 
,piac5za1 b e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury x 0
 b\ght by ! ,elector ( ,saxony1 & n[    
hangs 9 ! gall]y at ,dresd54 ,x is a    
pleasant ?+ to "k t :5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great

 bomb>d$ ,dresd51 he ord]$ 8 cannon to  
keep cle> ( ! ,picture ,gall]y4         
,napoleon1 too1 ?\gh he took _m pictures
 to ,p>is1 did n take any f ! ,dresd5   
gall]y4  ,:5 we comp>e ! ,si/9e ,madonna
 ) ! ,madonna ( ! ,*air1 we see :at a   
wide v>iety ( pictures !re may be on !  
s+le subject ( ! ,"m & ,*ild4 ,!        
,madonna ( ! ,*air is1 z we h said1 a   
home sc5e1 l a picture f real life4 ,!  
,si/9e ,madonna is a vision2 ! figures  
are lift$ above ! actual surr\nd+s ( e>?
 into a purely ideal & heav5ly          
atmosph]e4 ,9 ! ,madonna ( ! ,*air1 !   
,"m & ,*ild are all 9 all to ea* o!r1 & 
:at attracts u mo/ 9 ! picture is ! "m's
 love4 ,9 ! o!r picture bo? "m & boy    
seem to =get !mselves 9 ! ?\ght ( "s    
glori\s s]vice to o!rs4     ,,xvi       
,,portrait ,,( ,,raphael   ,we h be5    
look+ at fifte5 pictures design$ by     
,raphael4 ,!y are b a few ( ! great     
numb] pa9t$ ei!r :olly or 9 "p by !     
ma/]1 or pa9t$ by 8 pupils f designs &  
sket*es made by him4 ,he 0 ?irty-sev5   

ye>s old :5 he di$1 & x 0 said t he di$ 
on 8 bir?day4 ,8 life 0 brimful (       
activity z a pa9t]4  ,! portrait :i* /&s
 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is little book 0 pa9t$  
by himself at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree1 = 8   
"m's bro!r1 :om he 0 wont to call 8     
second fa!r4 ,an ,engli% poet1 ,samuel  
,rog]s1 9 8 poem ,italy1 has ^! l9es :i*
 describe x prettily3--      ,8 heav5ly 
face a mirror ( 8 m9d1     ,8 m9d a     
temple = all lovely ?+s     ,to flock to
 & inhabit4  ,"o ( 8 contempor>ies1     
,vas>i1 wrote a book ( ,lives ( !       
,pa9t]s1 & ?us he speaks ( ,raphael3    
,all confess$ ! influ5ce ( 8 sweet &    
graci\s nature1 :i* 0 s replete )       
excell5ce1 & s p]fect 9 all ! *>ities1 t
 n only 0 he honor$ by m51 b ev5 by ! v 
animals1 :o w\ld con/antly foll[ 8 /eps1
 & always lov$ him4  ,if we ?9k ( :at 0 
happ5+ to ,raphael 9 ! ye> #aejf1 :5 he 
pa9t$ ?is portrait1 p]haps we %all read 
m tru?fully ! expression 9 8 face4 ,sev5
 ye>s be=e he _h ent]$ ! /udio (        
,p]ug9o1 & _h begun to le>n f t ma/] &  

to %[ some?+ ( 8 own p[]4 ,two ye>s be=e
 he _h made 8 fir/ visit to ,flor5ce1 & 
!re he saw "s ( ! great pictures by     
,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 &  
_h a new conception ( :at art c\ld d4   
,he _h already %[n ! effect ^u him 9 "s 
( 8 greate/ ,madonnas1 & he /ood n[ on !
 ?re%old ( a great c>e]4 ,new ambitions 
awoke )9 him2 new ideals fla%$ ^u 8 inn]
 vision4 ,mode/ & g5tle ?\gh he 01 he   
felt a gr[+ consci\sness ( 8 own p[]4   
,s he holds 8 head high2 n haughtily1 b 
) a dignifi$ self-confid5ce4 ,8 eyes    
seem to see ! visions ( :i* he dreams2 8
 m\? is half p>t$ z if 9 expectancy4    
,happy & lovable1 !re is a sweet        
?\ghtfulness 9 8 air :i* gives promise (
 8 wond]ful p]=mance4         99        
99       99       99       99           
,,pron\nc+ ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,prop]      
,,names ,,& ,,=eign ,,words4   ,!       
,diacritical ,m>ks giv5 are ^? f\nd 9 ! 
late/ edition ( ,web/]'s ,int]national  
,diction>y4  ,,explanation ,,(          
,,diacritical ,,m>ks4  ,a ,da% 77 above 

! v[el d5otes ! long s\nd1 z 9 fate1    
eve1 time1 note1 use4  ,a ,curve 777    
above ! v[el d5otes ! %ort s\nd1 z 9 7ad
 7end1 7ill1 7odd1 7up4  ,a ,dot 747    
above ! v[el a d5otes ! obscure s\nd ( a
 9 p4a/1 4abate1 ,am7eric4a4  ,a ,d\ble 
,dot 737 above ! v[el a d5otes ! broad  
s\nd ( a 9 fae!r1 aelms4  ,a ,d\ble ,dot
 737 bel[ ! v[el a d5otes ! s\nd ( a 9  
ba3ll4  ,a ,wave 77 above ! v[el e      
d5otes ! s\nd ( e 9 her4  ,a ,circumflex
 ,acc5t 77 above ! v[el o d5otes ! s\nd 
( o 9 born4  e s\nds l e 9 d4ep7end4 o  
s\nds l o 9 pr4opose4 c s\nds l s4 -c   
s\nds l k4 s s\nds l ,z4 g is h>d z 9   
get4 4g is s(t z 9 4gem4   ,a5eas 7e    
nee' 4as74 ,alcibiades 77,alc7ibi'      
4adez74 ,an*ises 77an ki' seez74        
,apocrypha 74a p7ok' r7i f4a74 ,apollo  
74,ap7ol' lo74 ,arras 7,a]raes'74       
,augu/9e 7a3' g7us teen74  ,b>nabas     
7,ba]' n4ab4as74 ,borgo 7,bor' go74     
,calliope 7-,c7alli' op4e74 ,co/is      
7-,c7os' t7is74 ,creusa 7-,creu' s4a74  
,dante 7,d7an' t4e74  ,elias 74,eli'    

4as74 ,elijah 74,eli' jah74  ,galilee   
7,g7al' 7ilee74 ,g5nes>et 7,g7enn7es'   
4ar7et74 ,g5tiles 7,g7en' tiles74       
,heliodorus 7,hel7iodo' r7us74 ,h]cules 
7,her' -cules74 ,h]od 7,h7er' 7od74     
,hippocr5e 7,h7ippo-cre' n4e74  ,iulus  
7,iu' l7us74  ,josephus 7jo see' f7us74 
,leon>do da ,v9ci 7la o na]' do dae     
v7in' *ee74 ,loggia 7l7od' j4a74 ,l\vre 
7loo' vr74 ,lycaonia 7lik 4a o' n7i 4a74
 ,ly/ra 7,l7ys' tr4a74  ,maccabees      
7m7ak' 4a beez74 ,madame 7,m7adaeme'74  
,magdal5e 7,m7ag' d4al7en74 ,mamre      
7,m7am' re74 ,maxim9 7,m7ax' 7im7in74   
,mel*is$ec 7m7el k7iz' 4e d7ek74        
,m]curius 7,mer-cu' r7i7us74 ,m9]va     
7,m7iner' v4a74  ,onias 7,oni' 4as74    
,p>nassus 7,pa]n7as' s7us74 ,p]icles    
7,p7er' 7i-cles74 ,p]ug9o 7pa roo jee'  
no74 ,piac5za 7pe ae *7en' dzae74 ,p9d> 
7,p7in' da]74 ,plato 7,pla' to74        
,plautus 7pla3' t7us74 ,polymnia        
7,p4ol7ym' n7i4a74  ,raphael 7rae' fa   
7el74  ,sab9ella 7,s7ab7in7el' l4a74    
,sappho 7s7af' fo74 ,%eba 7,%e' b4a74   

,signora 7,seen yo' r4a74 ,s9ai 7,sin'  
i74 ,si/9e 7,s7is' teen74 ,socrates     
7,s7o-c' r4ates74 ,sodom 7,s7od' 7om74  
,/anza d',eliodoro 7/a5' dzae da l4e 4o 
do' ro74  ,urban 7,ur' b4an74 ,urb9o    
7oor bee' no74  ,vas>i 7vae sae' ree74  
,vatican 7,v7at' 7i-c7an74  ,x5ophon    
7z7en' 4o f7on74  ,zeb$ee 7,z7eb'       
7edee74         99       99       99    
99       99