file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #aicjb-;h4htm  
or #aicjb-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/i_
/c_/j_/aicjb_/aicjb-;h_/#aicjb-;h4htm7  
or                                      
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#a_/i_
/c_/j_/aicjb_/aicjb-;h4zip7             
----------------------------------------
----------------------                  
,transcrib]'s ,note3                    
,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 ! orig9al      
docum5t has be5         pres]v$4 ,!re   
are _m unusual words 9 ?is docum5t6     
,a numb] ( obvi\s typographical errors h
 be5 correct$       9 ?is text4 ,= a    
complete li/1 please see ! end (        
?is docum5t4                            
----------------------------------------
----------------------      ,,d9osaurs  
,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,am]ican      
,museum ,collections  by  ,w4 ,d4       
,,mat!w  ,curator ( ,v]tebrate          
,palontology        444 ',dragons ( !   
prime ,t t>e ea* o!r 9 _! slime'        

,illu/ration3 ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,great   
,,c>nivor\s ,,d9osaur ,,tyrannosaurus   
,,9 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,museum4   ,new ,york
 ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory    
#aiae     ,,d9osaurs4  ,,table ,,(      
,,cont5ts4   ,,*apt] ,i4     ,! ,age (  
,reptiles4 ,its ,antiquity1 ,duration   
& ,significance 9 ,geological ,hi/ory4  
#i  ,,*apt] ,,ii4    ,nor? ,am]ica 9 !  
,age ( ,reptiles4                ,its   
,geographic & ,climatic ,*anges4        
#af  ,,*apt] ,,iii4   ,k9ds ( ,d9osaurs4
 ,common ,*>act]s &                     
,diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s ,gr\ps4       
,classification4                        
#be  ,,*apt] ,,iv4    ,! ,c>nivor\s     
,d9osaurs--,allosaurus1                 
,tyrannosaurus1 ,orni?ole/es1 etc4      
#cc  ,,*apt] ,v4     ,! ,amphibi\s      
,d9osaurs--,brontosaurus1               
,diplodocus1 etc4                       
#fj  ,,*apt] ,,vi4    ,! ,beak$         
,d9osaurs4                ,!            
,iguanodonts--,iguanodon1 ,camptosaurus4
            #ge  ,,*apt] ,,vii4   ,!    

,beak$ ,d9osaurs 7cont9u$74 ,!          
,duckbill$ ,d9osaurs--,tra*odon1        
,saurolophus4        #hb  ,,*apt]       
,,viii4  ,! ,beak$ ,d9osaurs 7cont9u$74 
,!                ,armor$               
,d9osaurs--,/egosaurus1 ,ankylosaurus4  
#aja  ,,*apt] ,,ix4    ,! ,beak$        
,d9osaurs 7conclud$74 ,!                
,horn$ ,d9osaurs--,tric]atops1 etc4     
#ajg  ,,*apt] ,x4     ,geographical     
,di/ribution ( ,d9osaurs4               
#aad  ,,*apt] ,,xi4    ,collect+        
,d9osaurs4 ,h[ & ,:]e !y are            
,f\nd4 ,! ,fir/ ,discov]y ( ,d9osaurs 9 
! ,we/4 ,! ,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry4 ,fossil  
,hunt+ by ,boat 9 ,canada4              
#aaf     ,,preface4   ,?is volume is 9  
l>ge "p a repr9t ( v>i\s popul>         
descriptions & notices 9 ! ,am]ican     
,museum ,j\rnal & else:]e by ,pr(essor  
,h5ry ,fairfield ,osborn1 ,mr4 ,b>num   
,br[n1 & ! writ]4 ,!re has be5 a        
consid]able dem& = ^! articles :i* are  
n[ mo/ly out ( pr9t4 ,9 repr9t+ x seem$ 
be/ to comb9e & supplem5t !m s z to make

 a consecutive & intelligible acc\nt ( !
 ,d9osaur collections 9 ! ,museum4 ,!   
orig9al notices are quot$ v]batim2 = !  
rema9d] ( ! text ! pres5t writ] is      
responsible4 ,pr(essor ,s4,w4 ,willi/on 
( ,*icago ,univ]sity has k9dly          
contribut$ a *apt]--all too             
brief--describ+ ! fir/ discov]ies (     
d9osaurs 9 ! ,we/]n =mations t h s9ce   
yield$ s l>ge a h>ve/4  ,! photographs (
 ,am]ican ,museum specim5s are by ,mr4  
,a4,e4 ,&]son2 ! field photographs by   
v>i\s ,museum exp$itions2 ! re/orations 
by ,mr4 ,*>les ,r4 ,knight4 ,mo/ ( ^!   
illu/rations h be5 publi%$ else:]e by   
,pr(essor ,osborn1 ,mr4 ,br[n & o!rs4 ,!
 diagrams1 figs4 #a-i1 #bd1 #be1 #cg &  
#dj1 are my own4                        
,w4 ,d4 ,m4     ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,! ,,age  
,,( ,,reptiles4  ,,its ,,antiquity1     
,,duration ,,& ,,significance ,,9       
,,geologic ,,hi/ory4   ,palontology     
deals ) ! ,hi/ory ( ,life4 ,its "t is   
measur$ 9 geologic epo*s & p]iods1 9    
millions ( ye>s in/ead ( c5turies4 ,man1

 by ?is measure1 is b a creature (      
ye/]day--8 =ty c5turies ( civilization#a
 b a pass+ episode4 ,x is by no means   
easy = u to adju/ our p]spective to !   
imm5sely long spaces ( "t involv$ 9     
geological evolution4 ,we are apt to ?9k
 ( all ^! ext9ct animals m]ely z        
prehi/oric--to imag9e !m all liv+ at !  
same "t & cont5d+ ) our cave-dwell+     
ance/ors = ! ma/]y ( ! e>?4  ,9 ord] to 
und]/& ! place ( ! ,d9osaurs 9          
_w-hi/ory1 we mu/ fir/ get "s idea ( !  
l5g? ( geologic p]iods & ! imm5se space 
( "t sep>at+ "o ext9ct fauna f ano!r4   
,! ,age ( ,man4 ,prehi/oric "t1 z x is  
commonly und]/ood1 is ! "t :5 b>b>ic &  
savage tribes ( m5 inhabit$ ! _w b be=e 
civilization began1 & e>li] ?an ! writt5
 records on :i* hi/ory is bas$4 ,?is    
corresponds r\ghly to ! ,plei/oc5e epo* 
( geology2 x is includ$ along ) ! mu*   
%ort] "t dur+ :i* civilization has      
exi/$1 9 ! late/ & %orte/ ( ! geological
 p]iods1 ! ,quat]n>y4 ,x 0 ! age ( !    
mammo? & ! ma/odon1 ! mega!rium & ,iri% 

de] & ( o!r quadrup$s l>ge & small :i*  
are n[ ext9ct2 b mo/ ( its animals 7 !  
same species z n[ exi/4 ,x 0 m>k$ by !  
great episode ( ! ,ice ,age1 :5         
consid]able p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface 7    
buri$ "u imm5se accumulations ( ice1    
remnants ( :i* are /ill ) u 9 ! icy     
cov]+ ( ,gre5l& & ,ant>ctica4  ,! ,age (
 ,mammals4 ,be=e ?is p]iod 0 a v mu*    
long] "o--at lea/ ?irty times z         
long--dur+ :i* mod]n quadrup$s 7 sl[ly  
evolv+ f small & primitive ance/ors into
 _! pres5t v>iety ( =m & size4 ,?is is !
 ,t]ti>y ,p]iod or ,age ( ,mammals4     
,?r\gh ?is long p]iod we c trace /ep by 
/ep ! successive /ages ?r\gh :i* !      
ance/ors ( horses1 camels1 elephants1   
rh9oc]oses1 etc41 7 gradually conv]t$   
into _! pres5t =m 9 adaptation to _!    
v>i\s habits & environm5t4 ,& ) !m 7    
sl[ly evolv$ v>i\s k9ds ( quadrup$s ^:  
desc5dants d n n[ exi/1 ! ,titano!res1  
,elo!res1 ,oreodonts1 etc41 ext9ct races
 :i* h n surviv$ to our "t4 ,man1 z su*1
 _h n yet come into exi/5ce1 nor are we 

able to trace any direct & complete l9e 
( ance/ry among ! fossil species kn[n to
 u2 b 8 collat]al ance/ors 7 repres5t$  
by ! fossil species ( monkeys & lemurs (
 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #a4--,! ,lat] ,ages ( ,geologic ,"t4   
,! ,age ( ,reptiles4 ,prec$+ ! ,age (   
,mammals lies a long vi/a ( geologic    
p]iods ( :i* ! lat] ones are m>k$ by !  
dom9ance ( ,reptiles1 & are gr\p$ toge!r
 z ! ,age ( ,reptiles or ,mesozoic ,era4
 ,?is 0 ! reign ( ! ,d9osaurs1 & 9 x we 
are introduc$ to a _w ( life s diff]5t f
 t ( today t we might well imag9e       
ourselves ^u ano!r planet4  ,none ( !   
ord9>y quadrup$s ) :i* we are famili> !n
 exi/$1 nor any relat$ to nor resembl+  
!m4 ,b 9 _! place 7 reptiles l>ge &     
small1 c>nivor\s & h]bivor\s1 walk+1    
swimm+ & ev5 fly+4  ,crocodiles1        
,turtles & ,sea ,reptiles4 ,!           
,crocodiles & ,turtles ( ! swamps 7 n s 
v diff]5t f _! mod]n desc5dants2 !re 7  
also sea-crocodiles1 sea-turtles1 huge  
m>9e liz>ds 7,mosasaurs7 ) flipp]s      

in/ead ( feet2 & ano!r gr\p ( great m>9e
 reptiles 7,plesiosaurs7 some:at l      
sea-turtles b ) long neck & too!d jaws &
 )\t any c>apace4 ,^! v>i\s k9ds (      
sea-reptiles took ! place ( ! great sea 
mammals ( mod]n times 7:i* 7 evolv$ dur+
 ! ,age ( ,mammals72 ( :ales & dolph9s1 
seals & walruses1 & manatees4           
,pt]odactyls4 ,! fly+ ,reptiles or      
,pt]osaurians1 p>tly took ! place (     
birds1 & mo/ ( !m 7 ( small size4       
,/range bat-w+$ creatures1 ! w+ membrane
 /ret*$ on ! enorm\sly elongat$ f\r?    
f+]1 !y are ( all ext9ct reptiles ! lea/
 und]/ood1 ! mo/ difficult to recon/ruct
 & visualize z !y 7 9 life4  ,d9osaurs4 
,! l& reptiles 7 *iefly ,d9osaurs1 a    
gr\p :i* fl\ri%$ ?r\gh\t ! ,age (       
,reptiles & became ext9ct at its close4 
,d9osaur is a g5]al t]m :i* cov]s z wide
 a v>iety 9 size & appe>ance z ,quadrup$
 among mod]n animals4 ,& ! ,d9osaurs 9 !
 ,age ( ,reptiles occupi$ ab\t ! same   
place 9 nature z ! l>g] quadrup$s d     
today4 ,!y h be5 call$ ! ,giant         

,reptiles1 = ^? we "k mo/ ab\t 7        
gigantic 9 size1 b !re 7 also num]\s    
small] k9ds1 ! smalle/ no l>g] ?an a    
cat4 ,all ( !m _h %ort1 compact bodies1 
long tails1 & long legs = a reptile1 &  
in/ead ( crawl+1 !y walk$ or ran1       
sometimes ^u all f\rs1 m g5]ally ^u !   
h9d limbs1 l o/ri*es1 ! long tail       
balanc+ ! weight ( ! body4 ,"s mod]n    
liz>ds run ?is way on occasion1         
especially if !y are 9 a hurry4 ,b !    
bodies ( liz>ds are too long & _! limbs 
too small & sl5d] = ?is to be ! usual   
mode ( progress1 z x seems to h be5     
among ! ,d9osaurs4    ,,animals ,,( ,,! 
,,age ,,( ,,reptiles4     ,,l&          
,,reptiles4       ,,d9osaurs correspond+
 to ! l>g] quadrup$s or l&              
mammals ( today4       ,,crocodiles1    
,,liz>ds ,,& ,,turtles /ill surviv+4    
,,sea ,,reptiles4       ,,plesiosaurs   
correspond+ to :ales1 dolph9s1 seals1   
,,i*?yosaurs  etc41 or sea-mammals (    
today4       ,,mosasaurs         ,,fly+ 
,,reptiles ,,or ,,pt]osaurs4     ,,birds

 ,,) ,,tee? 7sc>ce & little kn[n74      
,,primitive ,,mammals ( m9ute size      
7sc>ce & little kn[n74     ,,fi%es &    
,,inv]tebrates _m ( !m ( ext9ct races1  
all       m or less diff]5t f mod]n     
k9ds4  ,fi%es1 l>ge & small1 7 common 9 
! seas & riv]s ( ! ,age ( ,reptiles b   
all ( !m 7 m or less diff]5t f mod]n    
k9ds1 & _m belong$ to anci5t races n[   
r>e or ext9ct4  ,! l[] animals or       
,inv]tebrates 7 also diff]5t f ^? (     
today1 al?\gh "s w\ld n be v noticeably 
s at fir/ glance4 ,among molluscs1 !    
,ammonites1 relat$ to ! mod]n ,pe>ly    
,nautilus1 are an example ( a race v    
num]\s & v>i$ dur+ all ! p]iods ( !     
,reptilian ,era1 b disappe>+ at its     
close1 leav+ only a few collat]al       
desc5dants 9 ! squids1 cuttlefi% &      
nautili ( ! mod]n seas4 ,! ,bra*iopods 7
 ano!r gr\p ( molluscs1 or r molluscoids
 = !y 7 n true molluscs1 less abundant  
ev5 !n ?an 9 previ\s ages & n[ surviv+  
only 9 a few r>e & little kn[n types su*
 z ! lamp-%ell 7,t]ebratul9a74          

,insects4 ,! ,insect life ( ! e>li] "p (
 ! ,age ( ,reptiles 0 notable = ! abs5ce
 ( all ! high] gr\ps & ord]s1 especially
 ^? adapt$ to fe$ on fl[]s4 ,!re 7 no   
butt]flies or mo?s1 no bees or wasps or 
ants al?\gh !re 7 pl5ty ( dragonflies1  
cockroa*es1 bugs & beetles4 ,b 9 ! latt]
 "p ( ?is era1 all ^! high] ord]s appe>$
 along ) ! fl[]+ plants & trees4        
,plants4 ,! vegetation 9 ! e>ly "p ( !  
era 0 v diff]5t bo? f ! gloomy =e/s ( ! 
m anci5t ,coal ,era & f t :i* prevails  
today4 ,cycads1 f]ns & f]n-l plants1    
conif]\s trees1 especially relat$ to !  
mod]n ,arauc>ia or ,norfolk ,isl& ,p9e1 
,g9kgos /ill surviv+ 9 ,*9a1 & huge     
equisetae or horsetail ru%es1 /ill      
surviv+ 9 ,s\? ,am]ican swamps & ) dw>f$
 relatives ?r\gh\t ! _w1 7 ! dom9ant    
plant types ( t era4 ,! fl[]+ plants &  
decidu\s trees _h n appe>$4 ,b 9 ! latt]
 half ( ! era ^! appe>$ 9 ev] increas+  
multitudes1 displac+ ! l[] types &      
relegat+ !m to a subord9ate position4   
,unlike ! m rapidly *ang+ high] animals 

^! anci5t ,mesozoic gr\ps ( plants h n  
:olly disappe>$1 b /ill survive1 mo/ly 9
 tropical & s\!rn regions or z a scanty 
remnant 9 contra/ ) _! once v>i$ &      
dom9ant role4  ,!re is e reason to      
believe t ^u ! appe>ance ( ^! high]     
plants ^: fl[] & fruit af=d$ a m        
conc5trat$ & n\ri%+ food1 dep5d$ l>gely 
! evolution ( ! high] animal life bo?   
v]tebrate & insect1 ( ! ,c5ozoic or     
mod]n era4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #a3 
,! records ( ,egypt & ,*aldaea ext5d    
back at lea/ sixty c5turies4     ,,*apt]
 ,,ii4  ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,9 ,,! ,,age   
,,( ,,reptiles4  ,,its ,,geographic ,,& 
,,climatic ,,*anges4   ,nor? ,am]ica 9 !
 ,age ( ,reptiles w\ld h seem$ almo/ z  
/range to our eyes 9 its geography z 9  
its animals & plants4 ,! pres5t outl9es 
( its coa/1 its m\nta9s & valleys1 its  
riv]s & lakes1 h mo/ly aris5 s9ce t "t4 
,ev5 ! m anci5t p>ts ( ! cont95t h be5  
pr(\ndly modifi$ ?r\gh ! incessant "w ( 
ra9 & riv]s & ( ! waves1 t5d+ to we> d[n
 ! l& surfaces1 ( volcanic outbur/s     

build+ !m up1 & ( ! m my/]i\s ag5cies   
:i* raise or depress va/ /ret*es (      
m\nta9 *a9s or ev5 ! :ole area ( a      
cont95t1 & :i* t5d on ! :ole s f> z we c
 see1 to re/ore or increase ! relief ( !
 cont95ts1 z ! action ( ! surface wat]s 
t5ds to br+ !m d[n to or b5ea? ! sea    
level4  ,alt]nate ,ov]fl[ & ,em]g5ce (  
,cont95ts4 ,9 a broad way ^! ag5cies (  
elevation & ( erosion h caus$ 9 _!      
age-long /ruggle an alt]nation ( p]iods 
( ov]fl[ & p]iods ( cont95tal em]g5ce   
dur+ geologic "t4 ,dur+ ! p]iods (      
ov]fl[1 great portions ( ! l[-ly+ p>ts (
 ! cont95ts 7 subm]g$1 & =m$ ext5sive b 
comp>atively %all[ seas4 ,! m\nta9s     
?r\gh long cont9u$ erosion 7 r$uc$ to   
g5tle & uni=m slopes ( comp>atively     
slight elevation4 ,_! mat]ials 7 br\ght 
d[n by riv]s to ! sea-coa/1 & di/ribut$ 
z s$im5t>y =mations ov] ! %all[ int]ior 
seas or along ! m>g9s ( ! cont95ts4 ,b  
?is load ( s$im5ts1 transf]r$ f ! dry l&
 to ! ocean m>g9s & %all[ seas1 di/urb$ 
! balance ( weight 7iso/asy7 :i*        

normally keeps ! cont95tal plat=ms above
 ! level ( ! ocean bas9s 7:i* z %[n by  
gravity measurem5t are und]la9 by       
mat]ials ( high] specific gravity ?an ! 
cont95ts74 ,9 due c\rse ( "t1 :5 ! /ra9 
became suffici5t1 x 0 readju/$ by e>?   
movem5ts ( a sl[ness proportion$ to _!  
va/ness4 ,^! movem5ts :ile t5d+ ^u !    
:ole to raise ! cont95ts to or sometimes
 beyond _! =m] relief1 did n rev]se !   
action ( erosion ag5cies 9 detail1 b (t5
 produc$ new l9es or areas ( high       
elevation4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#b4--,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! ,lat] ,cretacic  
,p]iod4 ,map outl9es aft] ,s*u*]t4      
,geologic ,p]iods4 ,a geologic p]iod is 
! record ( "o ( ^! imm5se & long cont9u$
 movem5ts ( alt]nate subm]g5ce &        
elevation ( ! cont95ts4 ,x beg9s1 !re=e1
 & ends ) a "t ( em]g5ce1 & includes a  
long era ( subm]g5ce4  ,^! epo*s (      
elevation are accompani$ by ! developm5t
 ( cold climates at ! poles1 & else:]e (
 arid conditions 9 ! int]ior ( !        
cont95ts4 ,! epo*s ( subm]g5ce are      

accompani$ by a w>m1 humid climate1 m or
 less uni=m f ! equator to ! poles4  ,! 
e>? has v rec5tly1 9 a geologic s5se1   
pass$ ?r\gh an epo* ( extreme cont95tal 
elevation ! maximum ( :i* 0 m>k$ by !   
,ice ,age4 ,! cont95ts are /ill em]g$ = 
! mo/ "p almo/ to ! bord]s ( ! cont95tal
 %elf :i* =ms _! maximum limit4 ,& 9 !  
icy cov]+ ( ,gre5l& & ,ant>ctica a      
consid]able portion /ill rema9s ( !     
great ice-%eets :i* at _! maximum cov]$ 
l>ge p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,we
 are n[ at ! beg9n+ ( a long p]iod ( sl[
 erosion & subsid5ce :i*1 if ?is        
int]pretation ( ! geologic record be    
correct1 w 9 ! c\rse ( "t r$uce !       
m\nta9s to pla9s & subm]ge great p>ts ( 
! l[l&s b5ea? ! ocean4 ,z comp5sation = 
! less] ext5t ( dry l& we may look =w>d 
to a m g5ial & favorable climate 9 !    
r$uc$ areas t rema9 above wat]4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,relative ,l5g?
 ( ,ages ( ,reptiles1   ,mammals & ,man4
  ,l5g? ( ,geologic ,cycles4 ,b ^! va/  
cycles ( geographic & climatic *ange w  

take millions ( ye>s to accompli% _!    
c\rse4 ,! brief span ( human life1 or   
ev5 ! few c5turies ( record$            
civilization are f> too %ort to %[ any  
p]ceptible *ange 9 climate due to ?is   
cause4 ,! utmo/ /ret* ( a man's life w  
cov] p]haps "o-two hundr$ ?\s&? "p ( a  
geologic p]iod4 ,! "t elaps$ s9ce ! dawn
 ( civilization is less ?an a ?ree-?\s&?
 "p4 ,( ! days & h\rs ( ?is geologic    
ye>1 our hi/oric records cov] b two or  
?ree m9utes1 our individual lives b a   
fraction ( a second4 ,we mu/ n expect to
 f9d records ( its *ang+ seasons 9 human
 hi/ory1 /ill less to obs]ve !m         
p]sonally4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#d4--,relative ,l5g? ( ,prehi/oric &    
,hi/oric ,"t4  ,!re are inde$ m9or      
cycles ( climate )9 ?is great cycle4 ,! 
great ,ice ,age ?r\gh :i* ! e>? has s   
rec5tly pass$ 0 m>k$ by alt]nations (   
sev]ity & mildness ( climate1 ( advance 
& recession ( ! glaci]s1 & )9 ^! small] 
cycles are m9or alt]nations ^: effect ^u
 ! c\rse ( human hi/ory has be5 %[n     

rec5tly by ,pr(essor ,hunt+ton 7,!      
,pulse ( ,asia74 ,b ! great cycles ( !  
geologic p]iods are ( a scope f> too va/
 = _! *anges to be p]ceptible to u      
except ?r\gh _! influ5ce ^u ! c\rse (   
evolution4  ,! ,lat] ,cycles ( ,geologic
 ,"t4 ,! ,reptilian ,era op5s ) a p]iod 
( extreme elevation1 :i* rivall$ t ( !  
,glacial ,epo* & 0 simil>ly accompani$  
by ext5sive glaciation ( :i* "s traces  
are pres]v$ to our day 9 *>act]i/ic     
glacial b\ld]s1 ice scrat*es1 & till1   
imb$d$ or int]-/ratifi$ 9 ! /rata ( !   
,p]mian age4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes (  
cont95tal em]g5ce1 ! ,p]mian & !        
,plei/oc5e1 we c trace six cycles (     
alt]nate subm]g5ce & elevation1 z %[n 9 
! diagram 7,fig4 #e71 repres5t+ !       
proportion ( ,nor? ,am]ica :i* is kn[n  
to h be5 above wat] dur+ ! six geologic 
p]iods t int]v5e4  ,f ?is diagram x w   
appe> t ! six cycles or p]iods 7 by no  
means equal 9 ! am\nt ( ov]fl[ or       
complete recov]y ( ! dr[n$ l&s4 ,!      
,cretacic p]iod 0 m>k$ by a mu* m       

ext5sive & long cont9u$ flood+2 ! great 
pla9s we/ ( ! ,mississippi 7 mo/ly "u   
wat] f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,arctic   
,ocean4 ,! e>li] ov]fl[s 7 nei!r s      
ext5sive nor s long cont9u$4 ,! great   
uplift ( ! close ( ! ,cretacic rega9$   
p]man5tly ! great c5tral region & unit$ 
,ea/ & ,we/1 & ! ov]fl[s ( ! ,age (     
,mammals 7 mo/ly limit$ to ! ,s\?       
,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s4  ,s$im5t>y     
,=mations4 ,dur+ ! epo*s ( greate/      
ov]fl[ great m>9e =mations 7 deposit$   
ov] l>ge areas ( :at is n[ dry l&4 ,^! 7
 foll[$ z ! l& rose to sea level by     
ext5sive m>% & delta =mations1 & ^! 9   
turn by scatt]$ & fragm5t>y dry l&      
deposits spread by riv]s ov] _! flood   
pla9s4 ,9 ! m>9e =mations are f\nd !    
fossil rema9s ( ! sea-animals ( ! p]iod2
 9 ! coa/ & delta =mations are ! rema9s 
( ^? :i* inhabit$ ! m>%es & =e/s ( !    
coa/ regions2 :ile ! animals ( ! dryl&1 
( pla9s & upl&1 left _! rema9s 9 !      
riv]-pla9 =mations4    ,illu/ration3    
,fig4 #e4--;,geologic ,cycles & ! ,l&   

,area ( ,nor?   ,am]ica 7aft] ,s*u*]t74 
,^! la/1 h[ev]1 fragm5t>y & loose &     
ov]ly+ ! re/1 7 ! fir/ to be swept away 
by erosion dur+ ! p]iods ( elevation2 & 
( su* =mations 9 ! ,age ( ,reptiles v   
little1 if any?+1 seems to h be5 pres]v$
 to our day4 ,consequ5tly we "k v little
 ab\t ! upl& animals ( ^? times1 if z   
seems v probable1 !y 7 m or less diff]5t
 f ! animals ( ! coa/-=e/s & swamps4 ,! 
riv]-pla9 deposits ( ! ,age ( ,mammals  
on ! o!r h&1 are /ill q ext5sive1       
especially ^? ( its lat] epo*s1 & af=d a
 fairly complete record 9 "s p>ts ( !   
cont95t ( ! upl& fauna ( ^? regions4    
,occurr5ce ( ,d9osaur ,bones4 ,d9osaur  
bones are f\nd mo/ly 9 ! great delta    
=mations1 & s9ce ^? 7 accumulat$ *iefly 
9 ! e>ly /ages ( great cont95tal        
elevations1 x foll[s t our acqua9tance )
 ,d9osaurs is mo/ly limit$ to ^? liv+ at
 c]ta9 epo*s dur+ ! ,age ( ,reptiles4 ,9
 po9t ( fact s f> z explorations h yet  
gone 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! ,d9osaur fauna ( ! 
close ( ! ,jurassic & beg9n+ ( !        

,coman*ic & t ( ! lat] ,cretacic are !  
only ones we "k mu* ab\t4 ,! imm5se     
int]val ( "t t prec$$1 & ! no less va/  
/ret* ( "t t sep>at$ !m1 is repres5t$ 9 
! record ( ,d9osaur hi/ory by a         
multitude ( tracks & a few imp]fect     
skeletons assign$ to ! close ( !        
,triassic p]iod1 & by a few fragm5ts f  
=mations :i* may be int]m$iate 9 age    
betwe5 ! ,jurassic-,coman*ic & ! late   
,cretacic4 ,consequ5tly we _c expect to 
trace among ! ,d9osaurs1 ! gradual      
evolution ( diff]5t races1 z we c d     
among ! quadrup$s ( ! ,age ( ,mammals4  
,imp]fection ( ! ,geologic ,record4 ,!  
,age ( ,mammals 9 ,nor? ,am]ica pres5ts 
a mov+ picture ( ! successive /ages 9 ! 
evolution ( mod]n quadrup$s2 ! ,age (   
,reptiles %[s 7broadly consid]$7 two    
photographs repres5t+ ! l& v]tebrates ( 
two long di/ant p]iods1 z remote 9 "t f 
ea* o!r z ! lat] "o is remote f ! pres5t
 day4 ,( ! e>li] /ages 9 ! evolution ( !
 ,d9osaurs !re are b a few imp]fect     
sket*es 9 ?is c\ntry2 9 ,europe !       

picture is m complete4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 
z exploration progresses1 we %all no    
d\bt recov] m complete records4 ,b      
probably we %all nev] h s complete a    
hi/ory ( ! t]re/rial life ( ! ,age (    
,reptiles z we h ( ! ,age ( ,mammals4 ,!
 records are defective1 a l>ge "p ( !m  
de/roy$ or =ev] inaccessible4           
,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,k9ds ,,( ,,d9osaurs4  
,,common ,,*>act]s ,,& ,,diff]5ces      
,,betwe5 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,gr\ps4   ,9 !    
prec$+ *apt] we h attempt$ to po9t out !
 place 9 nature t ! ,d9osaurs occupi$ & 
! conditions "u :i* !y liv$4 ,!y 7 !    
dom9ant l& animals ( _! "t1 j z !       
quadrup$s 7 dur+ ! ,age ( ,mammals4 ,_! 
sway endur$ = a long era1 e/imat$ at n9e
 millions ( ye>s1 & ab\t ?ree times z   
long z ! p]iod :i* has elaps$ s9ce _!   
disappe>ance4 ,!y surviv$ va/ *anges 9  
geography & climate1 & became ext9ct    
?r\gh a comb9ation ( causes n fully     
und]/ood z yet2 probably ! great *anges 
9 physical conditions at ! end ( !      
,cretacic p]iod1 & ! developm5t (       

mammals & birds1 m intellig5t1 m active1
 & bett] adapt$ to ! new conditions (   
life1 7 ! mo/ important factors 9 _!    
ext9ction4  ,! ,d9osaurs orig9at$1 s f> 
z we c judge1 z liz>d-l reptiles )      
comp>atively long limbs1 long tails1    
five toes on ea* foot1 tipp$ ) %>p      
claws1 & ) a complete s]ies ( %>p po9t$ 
tee?4 ,x w\ld seem probable t ^!        
ance/ors 7 m or less bip$al1 & adapt$ to
 live on dry l&4 ,!y 7 probably mu* l ! 
mod]n liz>ds 9 size1 appe>ance &        
habitat3#b  ,f ?is ance/ral type !      
,d9osaurs evolv$ into a great v>iety (  
diff]5t k9ds1 _m ( !m ( gigantic size1  
"s h]bivor\s1 "s c>nivor\s2 "s bip$al1  
o!rs quadrup$al2 _m ( !m protect$ by    
v>i\s k9ds ( bony armor-plates1 or      
provid$ ) horns or sp9es2 "s ) %>p      
claws1 o!rs ) blunt$ claws or ho(s4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,outl9e        
,re/orations ( ,d9osaurs4 ,scale   ab\t 
n9ete5 feet to ! in*4  ,^! v>i\s k9ds ( 
,d9osaurs are cu/om>ily gr\p$ z foll[s3 
,i4 ,c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs or ,!ropoda4 ,)

 %>p po9t$ tee?1 %>p claws2 bip$al1 )   
bird-l h9d feet1 g5]ally ?ree-to$2#c !  
=e-limbs adapt$ = grasp+ or te>+1 b n = 
support ( ! body4 ,! head is l>ge1 neck 
( mod]ate l5g?1 body un>mor$4 ,!        
pr9cipal ,d9osaurs ( ?is gr\p 9 ,am]ica 
are  ,allosaurus1 ,orni?ole/es--,upp]   
,jurassic p]iod4  ,tyrannosaurus1       
,de9odon1 ,alb]tosaurus1                
,orni?omimus--,upp] ,cretacic p]iod4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,skulls (      
,d9osaurs1 illu/rat+ !   pr9cipal       
types--,an*isaurus aft] ,m>%1 ! o!rs f  
,am]ican ,museum specim5s4  ,,ii4       
,amphibi\s ,d9osaurs or ,sauropoda4 ,)  
blunt-po9t$ tee? & blunt claws1         
quadrup$al1 ) elephant-l limbs & feet1  
long neck & small head4 ,un>mor$4       
,pr9cipal d9osaurs ( ?is gr\p 9 ,am]ica 
are ,brontosaurus1 ,diplodocus1         
,cam>asaurus 7,morosaurus7 &            
,bra*iosaurus1 all ( ! ,upp] ,jurassic &
 ,coman*ic p]iods4  ,,iii4 ,beak$       
,d9osaurs or ,pr$5tates4 ,) a horny beak
 on ! front ( ! jaw1 cutt+ or gr9d+ tee?

 beh9d x4 ,all h]bivor\s1 ) pelvis (    
peculi> type1 ) ho(s in/ead ( claws1 &  
_m g5]a heavily armor$4 ,mo/ly ?ree %ort
 toes on ! h9d foot1 f\r or five on ! =e
 foot4 ,?is gr\p comprises animals ( v  
diff]5t proportions z foll[s3  #a4      
,iguanodonts4 ,bip$al1 un>mor$1 ) a s+le
 r[ ( s]rat$ cutt+ tee?1 ?ree-to$ h9d   
feet4 ,upp] ,jurassic1 ,coman*ic &      
,cretacic4 ,camptosaurus is ! be/ kn[n  
,am]ican g5us4  #b4 ,tra*odonts or      
,duck-bill$ ,d9osaurs4 ,l ! ,iguanodonts
 b ) num]\s r[s ( small tee? set close  
toge!r to =m a gr9d+ surface4 ,cretacic 
p]iod4 ,tra*odon1 ,hadrosaurus1         
,claosaurus1 ,saurolophus1              
,cory?osaurus1 etc4  #c4 ,/egosaurs or  
,armor$ ,d9osaurs4 ,quadrup$al d9osaurs 
) elephant9e feet1 %ort neck1 small     
head1 body & tail armor$ ) massive bony 
plates & (t5 ) l>ge bony sp9es4 ,tee? 9 
a s+le r[1 l ^? ( ,iguanodonts4         
,/egosaurus ( ! ,upp] ,jurassic1        
,ankylosaurus ( ! ,upp] ,cretacic4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,h9d ,feet (  

,d9osaurs1 to %[ ! ?ree   *ief types    
7,!ropoda1 ,or?opoda1 ,sauropoda74  #d4 
,c]atopsian or ,horn$ ,d9osaurs4        
,quadrup$al ) elephant9e feet1 %ort     
neck1 v l>ge head enl>g$ by an enorm\s  
bony frill cov]+ ! neck1 ) a pair (     
horns ov] ! eyes & a s+le horn 9 front4 
,tee? 9 a s+le r[1 b broad5$ out &      
adapt$ = gr9d+ ! food4 ,no body armor4  
,tric]atops is ! be/ kn[n type4         
,monoclonius1 ,c]atops1 ,torosaurus &   
,an*ic]atops are also ( ?is gr\p4 ,all f
 ! ,cretacic p]iod4  ,classification (  
,d9osaurs4 ,x is probable t ! ,d9osaurs 
are n really a natural gr\p or ord] (   
reptiles1 al?\gh !y h be5 g5]ally s     
consid]$4 ,! ,c>nivor\s & ,amphibi\s    
,d9osaurs 9 spite ( _! div]se appe>ance 
& habits1 are r ne>ly relat$1 :ile !    
,beak$ ,d9osaurs =m a gr\p ap>t1 & may  
be desc5dants ( a diff]5t gr\p (        
primitive reptiles4 ,^! relations are   
mo/ cle>ly se5 9 ! con/ruction ( !      
pelvis 7see fig4 #i74 ,9 ! fir/ two     
gr\ps ! pubis projects d[nw>d & =w>d z x

 does 9 ! majority ( reptiles1 & ! ilium
 is a high r\nd$ plate2 :ile 9 ! o!rs ! 
pelvis is ( a :olly diff]5t type1       
/rongly sugge/+ ! pelvis ( birds4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,pelves (      
,d9osaurs illu/rat+ ! two   *ief types  
7,sauris*ia1 ,orni?is*ia7 & _!          
v>iations4  ,rec5t rese>*es ^u ,triassic
 d9osaurs1 especially by ! di/+ui%$     
,g]man savants1 ,fri$ri* von ,hu5e1     
,otto ,jaekel & ! late ,eb]h>d ,fraas1 &
 ! discov]y ( m complete specim5s ( ^!  
animals1 also cle> up ! true            
relation%ips ( ^! primitive d9osaurs :i*
 h mo/ly be5 ref]r$ hi!rto to ! ,!ropoda
 or ,megalosaurians4 ,! foll[+          
classification is some:at m cons]vative 
?an ! arrangem5t rec5tly propos$ by von 
,hu5e4   ,,ord] ,,sauris*ia ,seeley4    
,subord] ,coelurosauria von ,hu5e       
7,compsogna?a ,huxley1 ,symphypoda      
,cope47      ,fam4 ,podokesaurid        
,triassic1 ,connecticut4                
,hallopodid         ,jurassic1          
,colorado4          ,coelurid           

,jurassic & ,coman*ic1 ,nor? ,am]ica4   
,compsogna?id      ,jurassic1 ,europe4  
,subord] ,pa*ypodosauria von ,hu5e4     
,fam4 ,an*isaurid        ,triassic1     
,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe4                
,zanclodontid              ,plateosaurid
      ,triassic1 ,europe499    ,subord] 
,!ropoda ,m>% 7,goniopoda ,cope7        
,fam4 ,megalosaurid       ,jurassic &   
,coman*ic4          ,de9odontid         
,cretacic4          ,orni?omimid        
,cretacic1 ,nor? ,am]ica4    ,subord]   
,sauropoda ,m>%        7,opi/hocoelia   
,ow51 ,cetiosauria ,seeley47      ,fam4 
,cetiosaurid               ,morosaurid  
,jurassic & ,coman*ic4                  
,diplodocid        ,ord] ,,orni?is*ia   
,seeley      7,or?opoda ,cope1 ,pr$5tata
 ,m>%47    ,subord] ,orni?opoda ,m>%    
7,iguanodontia ,dollo7      ,fam4       
,nanosaurid         ,jurassic1          
,colorado4          ,camptosaurid       
,iguanodontid      ,jurassic &          
,coman*ic4          ,tra*odontid        
7,hadrosaurid71 ,cretacic4    ,subord]  

,/egosauria ,m>%4      ,fam4            
,scelidosaurid     ,jurassic &          
,coman*ic4          ,/egosaurid         
,ankylosaurid          7,nodosaurid71   
,cretacic4    ,subord] ,c]atopsia ,m>%4 
,fam4 ,c]atopsid         ,cretacic4  99 
,reg>d$ by ,dr4 von ,hu5e z ance/ral    
respectively to !   ,!ropoda &          
,sauropoda4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #b3
 ,if "s va/ cata/rophe %\ld today blot  
out all ! mammalian races includ+ man1 &
 ! birds1 b leave ! liz>ds & o!r        
reptiles /ill surviv+1 ) ! l[] animals &
 plants1 we might well expect ! liz>ds 9
 ! c\rse ( geologic p]iods to evolve    
into a great & v>i$ l& fauna l !        
,d9osaurs ( ! ,mesozoic ,era4  ,footnote
 #c3 ,! ance/ral types h f\r complete   
toes1 b 9 ! true ,!ropoda ! inn] digit  
is r$uc$ to a small incomplete remnant1 
its claw rev]s$ & project+ at ! back ( !
 foot1 z 9 birds4     ,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,!
 ,,c>nivor\s ,,d9osaurs1 ,,allosaurus1  
,,tyrannosaurus1 ,,orni?ole/es1 ,,etc4  
,,sub-,,ord] ,,!ropoda4   ,! %>p tee?1  

compress$ & s]rat$ l a palaeoli?ic spe> 
po9t1 & ! p[]ful %>p-po9t$ curv$ claws  
on ! feet1 prove ! c>nivor\s habits ( ^!
 d9osaurs4 ,! well-f9i%$ jo9ts1 d5se    
texture ( ! holl[ bones & /rongly m>k$  
muscle-sc>s indicate t !y 7 active &    
p[]ful bea/s ( prey4 ,!y range f small  
sl5d] animals up to ! gigantic          
,tyrannosaurus equall+ ! mod]n elephant 
9 bulk4 ,!y 7 half liz>d1 half bird 9   
proportions1 comb9+ ! head1 ! %ort neck 
& small =e limbs & long snaky tail ( !  
liz>d ) ! %ort1 compact body1 long      
p[]ful h9d limbs & ?ree-to$ feet ( !    
bird4 ,! sk9 0 probably ei!r nak$ or    
cov]$ ) horny scales z 9 liz>ds &       
snakes2 at all ev5ts x 0 n armor-plat$ z
 9 ! crocodile4#d ,!y walk$ or ran ^u ! 
h9d legs2 9 _m ( !m ! =e limbs are q    
unfitt$ = support ( ! body & mu/ h be5  
us$ solely 9 fight+ or te>+ _! prey4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,h9d ,limb ( 
,allosaurus1 ,dr4 ,j4,l4 ,wortman   /&+ 
to "o side4 ,dr4 ,wortman is "o ( ! mo/ 
notable &   successful collectors (     

fossil v]tebrates & 0 9 *>ge (   !      
,museum's field "w 9 ?is dep>tm5t f     
#ahia-ahih4  ,! huge size ( "s ( ^!     
,mesozoic bea/s ( prey f9ds no p>allel  
among _! mod]n analogues4 ,x is only    
among m>9e animals t we f9d pr$ace\s    
types ( su* gigantic size4 ,b among !   
c>nivor\s d9osaurs we fail to f9d any   
indications ( aquatic or ev5 amphibi\s  
habits4 ,!y might inde$ wade 9 ! wat]1 b
 !y c\ld h>dly be at home 9 x1 = !y 7   
cle>ly n good swimm]s4 ,we mu/ suppose t
 !y 7 dry l& animals or at mo/ swamp    
dwell]s4  ,d9osaur ,footpr9ts4 ,!       
ance/ors ( ! ,!ropoda appe> fir/ 9 !    
,triassic p]iod1 already ( l>ge size1 b 
less completely bip$al ?an _!           
successors4 ,incomplete skeletons h be5 
f\nd 9 ! ,triassic =mations ( ,g]many#e 
b 9 ?is c\ntry !y are *iefly kn[n f !   
fam\s fossil footpr9ts 7or bird-tracks z
 !y 7 at fir/ ?\ght to be71 f\nd 9 !    
flag/one qu>ries at ,turn]'s ,falls on !
 ,connecticut ,riv]1 9 ! vic9ity (      
,boonton1 ,new ,j]sey1 & else:]e4 ,^!   

tracks are ! footpr9ts ( num]\s k9ds (  
d9osaurs1 l>ge & small1 mo/ly ( !       
c>nivor\s gr\p1 :i* liv$ 9 t region 9 ! 
e>li] "p ( ! ,age ( ,reptiles1 & mu* has
 be5 le>n$ f !m z to ! habits ( !       
animals t made !m4 ,! tracks ascrib$ to 
c>nivor\s d9osaurs run 9 s]ies ) n>r[   
tread1 %ort or long /eps1 "h & !re a    
light impression ( tail or =efoot &     
occasionally ! m>k ( ! %ank & pelvis :5 
! animal settl$ back & squatt$ d[n to   
re/ a mom5t4 ,! mod]n crocodiles :5 !y  
lift ! body (f ! gr\nd1 waddle =w>d ) ! 
%ort limbs wide ap>t1 & ev5 ! liz>ds :i*
 run on _! h9d legs h a r wide tread4 ,b
 ^! d9osaurs ran l birds1 sett+ "o foot 
ne>ly 9 front ( ! o!r1 s t ! pr9ts ( "r 
& left feet are ne>ly 9 a /raight l9e4  
,?is 0 on acc\nt ( _! great] l5g? (     
limb1 :i* made x easy = !m to sw+ ! foot
 directly und]nea? ! body at ea* /ep l  
mammals & birds1 & ?us ma9ta9 an ev5    
balance1 in/ead ( wabbl+ f side to side 
z %ort legg$ animals are compell$ to d4 
,( ! animals t made ^! innum]able tracks

 ! actual rema9s f\nd ?us f> 9 ?is      
c\ntry are exce$+ly scanty4 ,two or ?ree
 incomplete skeletons ( small k9ds are 9
 ! ,yale ,museum1 ( :i* ,an*isaurus is !
 be/ kn[n4  ,megalosaurus4 ,fragm5t>y   
rema9s ( ?is huge c>nivor\s d9osaur 7   
f\nd 9 ,engl& ne>ly a c5tury ago1 & !   
descriptions by ,dean ,buckl& & ,sir    
,ri*>d ,ow5 & ! re/orations due to !    
imag9ative *isel ( ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s1 h 
made x famili> to mo/ ,engli% read]s4   
,un=tunately x 01 & /ill rema9s1 v      
imp]fectly kn[n4 ,x 0 v closely relat$  
to ! ,am]ican ,allosaurus &             
unque/ionably simil> 9 appe>ance &      
habits4#f   ,,allosaurus4  ,! foll[+    
extract is f ! ,am]ican ,museum ,j\rnal 
= ,janu>y #aijh4g  ,al?\gh small] ?an   
its huge contempor>y ,brontosaurus1 ?is 
animal is ( gigantic proportions be+ #cd
 feet #b in*es 9 l5g?1 & #h feet #c     
in*es high4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4      
#aa4--,,m\nt$ ,,skeleton ,,(            
,,allosaurus ,,9 ,,!   ,,am]ican        
,,museum4 ,aft] ,osborn  ,hi/ory ( !    

,allosaurus ,skeleton4 ,?is r>e & f9ely 
pres]v$ skeleton 0 collect$ by ,mr4     
,f4,f4 ,hubbell 9 ,octob] #ahgi1 9 !    
,como ,bluffs ne> ,m$ic9e ,b[1 ,wyom+1 !
 ri*e/ locality 9 ,am]ica = d9osaur     
skeletons1 & is a "p ( ! great          
collection ( fossil reptiles1 amphibians
 & fi%es ga!r$ toge!r by ! late         
,pr(essor ,e4,d4 ,cope1 & pres5t$ to !  
,am]ican ,museum 9 #ahii by ,presid5t   
,jesup4  ,%ortly aft] ! ,c5t5nial       
,exposition 7#ahgf7 x _h be5 plann$ t   
,pr(essor ,cope's collection ( fossils  
%\ld =m "p ( a great public museum 9    
,fairm\nt ,p>k1 ,philadelphia1 ! city   
und]tak+ ! co/ ( prep>+ & exhibit+ !    
specim5s1 an arrangem5t simil> to t     
exi/+ betwe5 ! ,am]ican ,museum & !     
,city ( ,new ,york4#h  ,! plan1 h[ev]1  
fell ?r\gh1 & ! great] "p ( ?is         
magnific5t collection rema9$ 9 /orage 9 
! basem5t ( ,memorial ,hall 9 ,fairm\nt 
,p>k1 = ! next tw5ty ye>s4 ,f "t to "t  
,pr(essor ,cope remov$ p>ts ( !         
collection to 8 private museum 9 ,p9e   

,/reet1 = purposes ( /udy & sci5tific   
description4 ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to h _h  
no idea ( ! p]fection & value ( ?is     
specim54 ,9 #ahii :5 ! collection 0     
pur*as$ f 8 executors by ,mr4 ,jesup1 ! 
writ] w5t to ,philadelphia "u !         
in/ructions ( ,pr(essor ,osborn1        
,curator ( ,fossil ,v]tebrates1 to      
sup]9t5d ! pack+ & removal to ! ,am]ican
 ,museum4 ,at t "t ! collection made by 
,hubbell 0 /ill 9 ,memorial ,hall1 & !  
boxes 7 pil$ up j z !y came 9 f ! ,we/1 
nev] hav+ be5 unpack$4 ,pr(essor ,cope's
 assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,geism>1 in=m$ ! writ] t
 ,hubbell's collection 0 mo/ly fragm5t>y
 & n ( any great value4 ,mr4 ,hubbell's 
lett]s f ! field un=tunately 7 n        
pres]v$1 b x is likely t !y did n make  
cle> :at a spl5did f9d he _h made1 & z  
"s ( 8 e>li] collections _h be5         
fragm5t>y & ( no great int]e/1 ! re/ 7  
suppos$ to be ( ! same k9d4  ,:5 ! ,cope
 ,collection 0 unpack$ at ! ,am]ican    
,museum1 ?is lot ( boxes1 n ?\ght likely
 to be ( mu* int]e/1 0 left until ! la/1

 & n tak5 9 h& until #aijb or #aijc4 ,b 
:5 ?is specim5 0 laid out1 x appe>$ t a 
treasure _h come to light4 ,al?\gh      
collect$ by ! crude me?ods ( e>ly days1 
x consi/$ ( ! great] "p ( ! skeleton ( a
 s+le individual1 ) ! bones 9 wond]fully
 f9e pres]vation1 consid]+ t !y _h be5  
buri$ = say eight million ye>s4 ,!y 7   
d5se black1 h>d & uncru%$1 ev5 bett]    
pres]v$ & some:at m complete ?an ! two  
f9e skeletons ( ,allosaurus f           
,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry1 ! greate/ treasures 
t ?is fam\s qu>ry _h suppli$4 ,! great  
c>nivor\s d9osaurs are mu* r>] ?an !    
h]bivor\s k9ds1 & ^! ?ree skeletons are 
! mo/ complete t h ev] be5 f\nd4 ,9 all 
! ye>s ( en]getic exploration t ! late  
,pr(essor ,m>% devot$ to se>*+ =        
d9osaurs 9 ! ,jurassic & ,cretace\s     
=mations ( ! ,we/1 he did n obta9 any   
skeletons ( c>nivor\s k9ds any:]e ne> z 
complete z ^!1 & _! anatomy 0 9 _m      
respects unkn[n or conjectural4 ,by     
comp>ison ( ! ?ree ,allosaurus skeletons
 ) "o ano!r & ) o!r specim5s ( c>nivor\s

 d9osaurs ( small] size 9 ?is & o!r     
museums1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,national       
,museum & ! ,kansas ,univ]sity ,museum1 
we h be5 able to recon/ruct ! miss+ p>ts
 ( ! ,cope specim5 ) v little           
possibility ( s]i\s error4  ,evid5ce =  
,comb9+ & ,pos+ ?is ,m\nt4 ,an          
incomplete specim5 ( ,brontosaurus1 f\nd
 by ,doctor ,wortman & ,pr(essor ,w4,c4 
,knight ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ,exp$ition 
( #ahig1 _h furni%$ int]e/+ data z to ! 
food & habits ( ,allosaurus1 :i* 7      
confirm$ by sev]al o!r fragm5t>y        
specim5s obta9$ lat] 9 ! ,bone-,cab9    
,qu>ry4 ,9 ?is ,brontosaurus skeleton   
sev]al ( ! bones1 especially ! sp9es ( !
 tail v]tebrae1 :5 f\nd 9 ! rock1 look$ 
z if !y _h be5 scor$ & bitt5 (f1 z ?\gh 
by "s c>nivor\s animal :i* _h ei!r      
attack$ ! ,brontosaurus :5 alive1 or _h 
fea/$ ^u ! c>cass4 ,:5 ! ,allosaurus jaw
 0 comp>$ ) ^! score m>ks1 x 0 f\nd to  
fit !m exactly1 ! spac+ ( ! scrat*es be+
 ! same z ! spac+ ( ! tee?4 ,moreov]1 on
 tak+ out ! ,brontosaurus v]tebrae f !  

qu>ry1 a numb] ( brok5 (f tee? (        
,allosaurus 7 f\nd ly+ beside !m4 ,z no 
o!r rema9s ( ,allosaurus or any o!r     
animal 7 int]m+l$ ) ! ,brontosaurus     
skeleton1 ! mo/ obvi\s explanation 0 t  
^! tee? 7 brok5 (f by an ,allosaurus    
:ile dev\r+ ! ,brontosaurus c>cass4 ,_m 
( ! bones ( o!r h]bivor\s d9osaurs f\nd 
9 ! ,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry 7 simil>ly scor$ 
& bitt5 (f1 & ! tee? ( ,allosaurus 7    
also f\nd close to !m4  ,) ^! data at h&
 ! orig9al idea 0 conceiv$ ( comb9+ ^!  
two skeletons1 bo? f ! same =mation &   
f\nd )9 a few miles ( ea* o!r1 to       
repres5t :at mu/ actually h happ5$ to !m
 9 ! remote ,jurassic p]iod1 & m\nt !   
,allosaurus skeleton /&+ ov] ! rema9s ( 
a ,brontosaurus 9 ! attitude ( fe$+ ^u  
its c>cass4 ,"s modifications 7 made 9 !
 position to suit ! exig5cies ( an op5  
m\nt1 & to accommodate ! pose to !      
p>ticul> action2 ! head ( ! animal 0    
lift$ a little1 "o h9d foot plant$ ^u ! 
c>cass1 :ile ! o!r1 re/+ ^u ! gr\nd be>s
 mo/ ( ! weight4 ,! =e feet1 us$ 9 ^!   

animals only = fight+ or = te>+ _! prey1
 n = support1 are giv5 *>act]i/ic       
attitudes1 & ! :ole pose repres5ts !    
,allosaurus dev\r+ ! c>cass & rais+ head
 & =e foot 9 a ?reat5+ mann] z ?\gh to  
drive away intrud]s4 ,! balance ( !     
v>i\s p>ts 0 c>efully /udi$ & adju/$ "u 
direction ( ! curator4 ,! prep>ation &  
m\nt+ ( ! specim5 7 done by ,mr4 ,adam  
,h]mann1 head prep>ator1 & 8 assi/ants1 
especially ,messrs4 ,falk5ba* & ,lang4  
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,re/oration ( 
,allosaurus by ,c4,r4 ,knight4   ,aft]  
,osborn  ,z n[ exhibit$ 9 ! ,d9osaur    
,hall1 ?is gr\p gives to ! imag9ative   
obs]v] a mo/ vivid picture ( a          
*>act]i/ic sc5e 9 t bygone age1 millions
 ( ye>s ago1 :5 reptiles 7 ! lords (    
creation1 & ',nature1 r$ 9 too? & claw' 
_h lo/ none ( h] primitive savag]y1 & ! 
era ( brute =ce & f]ocity %[$ little    
sign ( ! gradual amelioration :i* 0 to  
come to pass 9 future ages ?r\gh !      
pr$om9ance ( sup]ior intellig5ce4       
,appe>ance & ,habits ( ,allosaurus4 ,a  

/udy ( ! me*anism ( ! ,allosaurus       
skeleton %[s u 9 ! fir/ place t ! animal
 is balanc$ on ! h9d limbs1 ! long heavy
 tail mak+ an adequate c\nt]poise = !   
%ort compact body & head4 ,! h9d limbs  
are n9e feet 9 l5g? :5 ext5d$1 ab\t     
equal to ! l5g? ( ! body & neck1 & !    
bones are massively proportion$4 ,:5 !  
?igh bone is set 9 its normal position1 
z indicat$ by ! position ( ! sc>s &     
processes = atta*m5t ( ! pr9cipal       
muscles 7see "u ,brontosaurus = ! me?od 
us$ to det]m9e ?is71 ! knee b5ds =w>d z 
9 mammals & birds1 n outw>d z 9 mo/     
mod]n reptiles4 ,! articulations ( !    
foot bones %[ t ! animal re/$ ^u ! ends 
( ! metapodials1 z birds & _m mammals d1
 n ^u ! sole ( ! foot l crocodiles or   
liz>ds4 ,! flat v]tebral jo9ts %[ t !   
%ort compact body 0 n z flexible z !    
long] body ( crocodiles or liz>ds1 9 :i*
 ! articulations are ( ! ball & socket  
type %[+ t 9 !m ?is region 0 v flexible4
 ,! tail also %[s a limit$ flexibility4 
,x c\ld n be curl$ or ?r[n ov] ! back1 b

 project$ out beh9d ! animal1 sw++ f    
side to side or up & d[n z mu* z 0 ne$$ 
= balance4 ,! curvature ( ! ribs %[s t !
 body 0 n>r[ & deep1 unlike ! broad     
flatt5$ body ( ! crocodile or ! less    
flatt5$ b /ill broad body ( ! liz>d4 ,! 
loose hung jaw1 articulat$ f> back1 %[s 
by ! set ( its muscles t x 0 capable (  
an enorm\s gape2 :ile 9 ! skull !re is  
evid5ce ( a limit$ movem5t ( ! upp] jaw 
on ! cranial portion1 int5d$ probably to
 assi/ 9 ! swall[+ ( l>ge objects1 l !  
d\ble jo9t$ jaw ( a snake4  ,z to !     
nature ( ! sk9 we h no exact k4 ,we may 
be sure t x _h no bony armor l !        
crocodile1 = rema9s ( any su* armor c\ld
 n fail to be pres]v$ ) ! skeletons1 z x
 always is 9 fossil crocodiles or       
turtles4 ,p]haps x 0 scaly l ! sk9 (    
liz>ds & snakes1 = ! horny scales ( !   
body are n pres]v$ 9 fossil skeletons ( 
^! reptiles4 ,b if s we might expect f !
 analogy ( ! liz>d t ! scales ( ! head  
w\ld be ossifi$ & pres]v$ 9 ! fossil2 & 
!re is no?+ ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,c>nivor\s    

,d9osaurs4 ,we c exclude fea!rs f       
consid]ation1 = ^! d9osaurs h no        
aff9ities to birds1 & !re is no evid5ce 
= fea!rs 9 any d9osaur4 ,probably ! be/ 
evid5ce is t ( ! ,tra*odon or duck-bill$
 d9osaur al?\gh ?is animal 0 b di/antly 
relat$ to ! ,allosaurus4 ,9 ,tra*odon   
7see p4 #id71 we "k t ! sk9 bore nei!r  
fea!rs nor ov]lapp+ scales b _h a       
curi\sly patt]n$ mosaic ( t9y polygonal 
plates & 0 ?9 & q flexible4 ,"s su* type
 ( sk9 z ?is1 9 default ( bett] evid5ce1
 we may ascribe to ! ,allosaurus4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,view 9 !     
,hell ,creek badl&s 9   c5tral ,montana1
 :]e ! ,tyrannosaurus skeleton 0 f\nd4  
,z to its probable habits1 x is safe to 
inf] 7see p4 #cc71 t x 0 pr$ace\s1      
active & p[]ful1 & adapt$ to t]re/rial  
life4 ,its me?ods ( attack & combat mu/ 
h be5 m l ^? ( mod]n reptiles ?an ! m   
intellig5t me?ods ( ! mammalian         
c>nivore4 ,! bra9 ca/ ( ,allosaurus     
indicates a bra9 ( simil> type & some:at
 inf]ior grade to t ( ! mod]n crocodile 

or liz>d1 & f> bel[ ! bird or mammal 9  
intellig5ce4 ,! ke5 s5se ( smell ( !    
mammal1 ! ke5 vision ( ! bird1 ! highly 
develop$ reason+ p[] ( bo?1 7 abs5t 9 ! 
d9osaur z 9 ! liz>d or crocodile4 ,we   
may imag9e ! ,allosaurus ly+ 9 wait1    
wat*+ 8 prey until its ne> approa*      
/imulates him into a semi-in/9ctive     
activity2 !n a sudd5 swift ru%1 a fi]ce 
snap ( ! huge jaws & a savage attack )  
tee? & claws until ! victim is torn 9   
pieces or swall[$ :ole4 ,b ! /eal?y1    
p]si/5t track+ ( ! cat or weasel tribe1 
! intellig5t g5]al%ip ( ! wolf pack1 !  
well plann$ attack at ! mo/ vuln]able   
po9t 9 ! prey1 *>act]i/ic ( all !       
pr$ace\s mammals1 w\ld be q impossible  
to ! d9osaur4 ,by wat*+ ! habits ( mod]n
 reptiles we may ga9 a mu* bett] idea ( 
8 capacities & limitations ?an if we    
judge only f ! effici5cy ( 8 tee? &     
claws1 & =get ! inf]ior intellig5ce t   
animat$ ^! t]rible weapons4             
,,tyrannosaurus4  ,! ,tyrant ,saurian z 
,pr(essor ,osborn has nam$ him1 0 !     

climax ( evolution ( ! giant fle%-eat+  
d9osaurs4 ,x rea*$ a l5g? ( =ty-sev5    
feet1 & 9 bulk mu/ h equall$ ! mammo? or
 ! ma/odon or ! l>ge/ liv+ elephants4 ,!
 massive h9d limbs1 support+ ! :ole     
weight ( ! body1 exce$$ ! limbs ( !     
great proboscideans 9 bulk1 & 9 a /&+   
position ! animal 0 eighte5 to tw5ty    
feet high1 z aga9/ twelve = ! l>ge/     
,african elephants or ! s\!rn mammo?4 ,!
 head 7see frontispiece7 is #d feet #c  
in*es long1 #c ft4 #d in*es deep1 & #b  
ft4 #i in*es wide2 ! long deep p[]ful   
jaws set ) tee? f #c to #f in*es long & 
an in* wide4 ,to ?is p[]ful armam5t 0   
add$ ! great %>p claws ( ! h9d feet1 &  
probably ! =e feet1 curv$ l ^? ( eagles1
 b six or eight in*es 9 l5g?4  ,dur+ t5 
ye>s explorations 9 ! ,we/]n ,cretace\s 
=mations1 ,mr4 ,br[n has secur$ = !     
,museum ?ree skeletons ( ?is magnific5t 
d9osaur1 incomplete1 b f9ely pres]v$4 ,!
 fir/1 f\nd 9 #aijj1 includ$ ! jaws1 a  
l>ge "p ( backbone & ribs1 & "s limb    
bones4 ,! second includ$ mo/ ( skull &  

jaws1 backbone1 ribs & pelvis & ! h9d   
limbs & feet1 b n tail4 ,! ?ird consi/$ 
( a p]fect skull & jaws1 ! backbone1    
ribs1 pelvis & ne>ly all ( ! tail1 b no 
limbs4 ,f ^! ?ree specim5s x has be5    
possible to recon/ruct ! entire         
skeleton4 ,! exact con/ruction ( ! =e   
feet is ! only d\btful "p4 ,! =e-limb is
 v small relatively to ! huge size ( !  
animal1 b probably 0 con/ruct$ mu* z 9 !
 ,allosaurus ) two or ?ree l>ge curv$   
claws1 ! inn] claw oppos+ ! o!rs4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,qu>ry f :i* !
 ,tyrannosaurus   skeleton 0 tak54      
,am]ican ,museum camp 9 =egr\nd4  ,!    
miss+ p>ts ( ! two be/ skeletons h be5  
re/or$1 & ) ! help ( two small models ( 
! skeleton1 a gr\p has be5 made ready = 
m\nt+ z ! c5tral piece ( ! propos$      
,cretace\s ,d9osaur ,hall4 ,"o ( !      
skeletons is tempor>ily plac$ 9 ! c5tre 
( ! ,quat]n>y ,hall1 space = x 9 !      
pres5t ,d9osaur ,hall be+ lack+4 ,foll[+
 is ,pr(essor ,osborn's description ( ! 
prep>ation ( ?is gr\p3#i  ,! m\nt+ ( ^! 

two skeletons pres5ts me*anical problems
 ( v great difficulty4 ,! size & weight 
( ! v>i\s p>ts are enorm\s4 ,! height ( 
! head 9 ! /&+ position rea*es f #ah to 
#bj feet above ! gr\nd2 ! knee jo9t     
alone rea*es #f feet above ! gr\nd4 ,all
 ! bones are massive2 ! pelvis1 femur & 
skull are extremely heavy4 ,exp]i5ce )  
,brontosaurus & ) o!r l>ge d9osaurs     
proves t x is impossible to design a    
metallic frame 9 ! "r pose 9 advance (  
assembl+ ! p>ts4 ,ev5 a scale re/oration
 model ( ! animal z a :ole does n       
obviate ! difficulty4  ,accord+ly 9     
prep>+ to m\nt ,tyrannosaurus =         
exhibition a new me?od has be5 adopt$1  
namely1 to prep>e a scale model ( e bone
 9 ! skeleton & m\nt ?is small skeleton 
) flexible jo9ts & p>ts s t all /udies &
 exp]im5ts z to pose c be made ) !      
models4  ,?is difficult & delicate      
und]tak+ 0 entru/$ to ,mr4 ,erw9        
,*ri/man ( ! arti/ic /aff ( ! ,dep>tm5t 
( ,v]tebrate ,palaeontology ( ! ,museum1
 :o has prep>$ two v exact models to a  

"o-six? scale1 repres5t+ our two        
skeletons ( ,tyrannosaurus rex1 :i*     
=tunately are ( exactly ! same size4 ,a 
s]ies ( ?ree exp]im5ts by ,mr4 ,*ri/man 
on ! pose ( ,tyrannosaurus1 "u !        
direction ( ! au?or & ,curator ,mat!w1 7
 n satisfactory4 ,! advice ( ,mr4       
,raymond ,l4 ,ditm>s1 ,curator (        
,reptiles 9 ! ,new ,york ,zoological    
,p>k1 0 s\ght & we ?us obta9$ ! f\r?    
pose1 :i* is %[n 9 ! photographs publi%$
 h]e)4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4           
#ae4--,model ( ,tyrannosaurus gr\p = !  
,cretace\s ,d9osaur ,hall4  ,! f\r? pose
 or /udy1 = ! propos$ full siz$ m\nt1 is
 t ( two reptiles ( ! same size attract$
 to ! same prey4 ,"o reptile is cr\*+   
ov] its prey 7:i* is repres5t$ by a     
portion ( a skeleton74 ,! object ( ?is  
depress$ pose is to br+ ! p]fectly      
pres]v$ skull & pelvis v ne> ! gr\nd )9 
easy rea* ( ! visit+ obs]v]4 ,! second  
reptile is advanc+1 & atta9s v ne>ly !  
full height ( ! animal4 ,! g5]al effect 
( ?is gr\p is ! be/ t c be _h & is v    

reali/ic1 p>ticul>ly ! cr\*+ figure4 ,a 
fif? /udy w embody "s fur!r *anges4 ,!  
upright figure is n well balanc$ & w be 
m effective ) ! feet clos] toge!r1 !    
legs /raight] & ! body m erect4 ,^!     
reptiles h a s]ies ( /rong abdom9al ribs
 n %[n 9 ! models4 ,! f\r? position     
places ! pelvis 9 an almo/ impossible   
position z w be not$ f ! is*ium & pubis4
  ,! lat]al view ( ?is f\r? pose        
repres5ts ! animals j prior to !        
convulsive s+le spr+ & too? grip :i*    
di/+ui%es ! combat ( reptiles f t ( all 
mammals1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,ditm>s4  ,!   
re> view ( ! /&+ skeleton displays !    
peculi>ly avian /ructure ( ! iliac      
junction ) ! sacral plate1 *>act]i/ic ( 
^! v highly specializ$ d9osaurs1 also ! 
m>k$ r$uction ( ! upp] end ( ! m$ian    
metat>sal bone1 :i* =m]ly 0 believ$ to  
be peculi> to ,orni?omimus4  ,?is model 
( ! gr\p is on exhibition ) ! m\nt$     
skeleton4  ,z comp>$ ) its pr$ecessor   
,allosaurus1 ! ,tyrannosaurus is mu* m  
massively proportion$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! skull 

is m solid1 ! jaws mu* deep] & m p[]ful1
 ! =e limb mu* small]1 ! tail %ort]1 !  
h9d limb /raight] & ! foot bones m      
compact$ s t ! animal 0 m /rictly       
digitigrade1 approa*+ ! o/ri*es m       
closely 9 ?is p>ticul>4    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #af4--,,skeleton ,,(             
,,tyrannosaurus ,,9 ,,comp>ison   ,,)   
,,human ,,skeleton4  ,?is animal        
probably rea*$ ! maximum ( size & (     
developm5t ( tee? & claws ( :i* its type
 ( animal me*anism 0 capable4 ,its bulk 
preclud$ quickness & agility4 ,x mu/ h  
be5 design$ to attack & prey ^u !       
pond]\s & sl[ mov+ ,horn$ & ,armor$     
,d9osaurs ) :i* its rema9s are f\nd1 &  
^: massive cuirass & weapons ( def5se   
are well mat*$ ) its tee? & claws4 ,!   
mom5tum ( its huge body involv$ a       
seem+ly sl[ & lumb]+ action1 an in]tia (
 its movem5ts1 difficult to />t &       
difficult to %ift or to /op4 ,su*       
movem5ts are widely diff]5t f ! agile   
swiftness :i* we naturally associate ) a
 bea/ ( prey4 ,b an animal :i* exce$s an

 av]age elephant 9 bulk1 no matt] :at   
its habits1 is compell$ by ! laws (     
me*anics to ! pond]\s movem5ts          
appropriate to its gigantic size4 ,^!   
movem5ts1 direct$ & controll$ by a      
reptilian bra91 mu/ ne$s be l>gely      
automatic & in/9ctive4 ,we _c d\bt inde$
 t ! ,c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs develop$1     
along ) _! elaborately p]fect$ me*anism 
= attack1 an equally elaborate s]ies (  
in/9cts guid+ _! action to effective    
purpose2 & a complex s]ies ( automatic  
responses to ! /imulus af=d$ by ! sight 
& action ( _! prey might v well mimic   
intellig5t pursuit & attack1 always )   
c]ta9 limits set by ! inflexible "* (   
su* automatic adju/m5ts4 ,b no animal z 
l>ge z ,tyrannosaurus c\ld leap or spr+ 
^u ano!r1 & its sl[ /ride quick5+ into a
 swift resi/less ru%1 might well end 9  
unavoidable impalem5t ^u ! great horns (
 ,tric]atops1 futile weapons aga9/ a    
small & active enemy1 b design$ no d\bt 
to meet j su* attacks z ^!4 ,a true     
picture ( ^! combats ( titans ( ! anci5t

 _w we _c draw2 p]haps we w nev] be able
 to recon/ruct x4 ,b ! above            
consid]ations may s]ve to %[ h[ widely x
 w\ld diff] f ! pictures bas$ ^u any    
mod]n analogies4  ,"o may well inquire  
:y x is t no su* gigantic c>nivora h    
evolv$ among ! mammalian l& animals4 ,! 
l>ge/ pr$ace\s quadrup$s liv+ today are 
! lion & tig]4 ,! be>s al?\gh "s ( !m   
are mu* l>g]1 are n g5]ally c>nivor\s1  
except = ! pol> be>1 :i* is p>tly       
aquatic1 prey+ *iefly ^u seals & fi%4   
,!re are inde$ c>nivor\s :ales (        
gigantic size1 b no v l>ge l& c>nivore4 
,!re 71 x is true1 dur+ ! ,t]ti>y &     
,plei/oc5e1 lions & o!r c>nivores       
consid]ably l>g] ?an ! liv+ species4 ,b 
none ( !m atta9$ ! size ( _! l>ge/      
h]bivor\s contempor>ies1 or ev5 approa*$
 x4 ,among ! d9osaurs on ! o!r h& we f9d
 t--sett+ aside ,brontosaurus & its     
allies z aquatic--! pr$ace\s k9ds       
equall$ or exce$$ ! l>ge/ ( ! h]bivor\s 
sorts4 ,! diff]5ce is /rik+1 & x does n 
seem likely t x is m]ely accid5tal4  ,! 

explanation lies probably 9 ! fact t !  
l>ge h]bivor\s mammals are mu* m        
intellig5t & active1 & w\ld be able to  
use _! weapons ( def5se s z to defy !   
attacks ( relatively sl[ mov+ giant     
bea/s ( prey1 z !y d also ! m active b  
less p[]ful assaults ( small] ones4 ,!  
elephant or ! rh9oc]os is 9 fact        
practically immune f ! attacks (        
c>nivora1 & w\ld /ill be s 7 ! c>nivora 
to increase 9 size4 ,! l>ge mod]n       
c>nivora prey ^u h]bivores ( m$ium or   
small] size1 :i* !y are active en\gh to 
surprise or run d[n4 ,c>nivora ( mu*    
l>g] size w\ld be too sl[ & heavy 9     
movem5ts to cat* small prey1 :ile ! l>g]
 h]bivores by intellig5t use ( _!       
def5sive weapons c\ld /ill f5d !m (f    
successfully4 ,9 consequ5ce giant       
c>nivores w\ld f9d no field = action 9 !
 ,c5ozoic _w1 & h5ce !y h n be5 evolv$4 
,b ! giant h]bivor\s d9osaurs1 well arm$
 or well def5d$ ?\gh !y 71 _h n !       
intellig5ce to use ^? weapons           
effectively "u all circum/ances4 ,?us !y

 might be successfully attack$1 at lea/ 
sometimes1 by ! p[]ful al?\gh sl[ mov+  
,megalosaurians4  ,! sugge/ion has also 
be5 made t ^! giant c>nivores 7         
c>rion-eat]s r ?an truly pr$ace\s4 ,!   
hypo!sis c h>dly be effectively support$
 nor attack$4 ,x is pres5t$ z a possible
 alt]nate4  ,alb]tosaurus4 ,closely     
alli$ to ! ,tyrannosaurus b small]1 ab\t
 equal 9 size to ,allosaurus1 0 !       
,alb]tosaurus ( ! ,edmonton =mation 9   
,canada4 ,x is some:at old] ?an !       
,tyrannosaur al?\gh /ill ( ! late       
,cretacic p]iod1 & may h be5 ance/ral to
 x4 ,a f9e s]ies ( limbs & feet z also  
skull1 tail1 etc41 are 9 ! ,museum's    
collections4 ,at or ab\t ?is "t         
c>nivor\s d9osaurs ( slightly small]    
size are kn[n to h inhabit$ ,new ,j]sey2
 a fragm5t>y skeleton ( "o secur$ by    
,pr(essor ,cope 9 #ahfi 0 describ$ z    
,laelaps 7,dryptosaurus74#aj            
,orni?ole/es4 ,9 contra/ ) ! ,allosaurus
 & ,tyrannosaurus ?is skeleton repres5ts
 ! small] & m agile c>nivor\s d9osaurs  

:i* prey$ ^u ! less] h]bivor\s reptiles 
( ! p]iod4 ,^! little d9osaurs 7        
probably common dur+ all ! ,age (       
,reptiles1 mu* z ! small] quadrup$s are 
today1 b skulls or skeletons are r>ely  
f\nd 9 ! =mations kn[n to u4 ,!         
,an*isaurus1 ,podokesaurus & o!r g5]a ( 
! ,triassic ,p]iod h left innum]able    
tracks ^u ! s&y %ales ( ! ,new>k        
=mation1 b only two or ?ree skeletons   
are kn[n4 ,a ca/ ( "o ( !m is exhibit$  
"h4 ,! orig9al is pres]v$ 9 ! ,yale     
,museum4 ,9 ! succe$+ ,jurassic ,p]iod  
we h ! ,compsogna?us1 smalle/ ( kn[n    
d9osaurs1 & ?is ,orni?ole/es "s six feet
 long4 ,a ca/ ( ! ,compsogna?us skeleton
 is %[n1 ! orig9al f\nd 9 ! li?ographic 
lime/one ( ,sol5h(5 is pres]v$ 9 !      
,muni* ,museum4 ,! ,orni?ole/es is f !  
,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry 9 ,wyom+4 ,! =efoot )
 its long sl5d] digits is suppos$ to h  
be5 adapt$ = grasp+ an active & elusive 
prey1 & ! "n 7,orni?o-le/es  bird-robb]7
 indicates t t prey may sometimes h be5 
! primitive birds :i* 7 its             

contempor>ies4 ,9 ! ,cretacic ,p]iod1   
!re 7 also small & m$ium siz$ c>nivor\s 
d9osaurs1 contempor>y ) ! gigantic k9ds2
 a complete skeleton ( ,orni?omimus at !
 entrance to ! ,d9osaur ,hall f9ely     
illu/rates ?is gr\p4 ,9 appe>ance mo/ ( 
^! small d9osaurs mu/ h sugge/$         
long-legg$ bip$al liz>ds1 runn+ & walk+ 
on _! h9d limbs1 ) ! long tail /ret*$   
out beh9d to balance ! body4 ,f :at we  
"k ( _! tracks x seems t !y walk$ or ran
 ) a n>r[ treadway1 ! foot/eps almo/ 9 !
 middle l9e ( progress4 ,!y did n hop l 
p]*+ birds1 nor did !y waddle l mo/ liv+
 reptiles4 ,occasionally ! tail or =e   
feet t\*$ ! gr\nd z !y walk$2 & :5 !y   
sat d[n1 !y re/$ on ! end ( ! pubic     
bones & on ! tail4 ,s mu* we c inf] f ! 
footpr9t impressions4 ,! g5]al appe>ance
 is %[n 9 ! re/orations ( ,orni?ole/es1 
,compsogna?us & ,an*isaurus by ,*>les   
,knight4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#ag4--,skeleton ( ,orni?ole/es a small  
c>nivor\s d9osaur ( ! ,jurassic p]iod4  
,am]ican ,museum ,no4   #fai4           

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,re/oration ( 
,orni?ole/es1 by ,c4,r4   ,knight "u    
direction ( ,pr(essor ,osborn4 ,aft]    
,osborn  ,orni?omimus4 ,! skeleton ( ?is
 animal f ! ,cretacic ( ,alb]ta 0 f\nd  
by ! ,museum exp$ition ( #aiad4 ,x is   
exceptionally complete1 & has be5 m\nt$ 
z a panel1 9 position z x lay 9 ! rock1 
& ) consid]able p>ts ( ! orig9al s&/one 
matrix /ill adh]5t4 ,! long sl5d] limbs1
 long neck1 small head & too?less jaws  
are all s+ul>ly bird-l1 & af=d a /rik+  
contra/ to ! ,tyrannosaurus4 ,at ! "t ( 
writ+1 its adaptation & relation%ips h n
 yet be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,,m\nt$       
,,skeleton ,,( ,,brontosaurus ,,9 ,,!   
,,am]ican ,,museum4  ,,footnotes3       
,footnote #d3 ,?is is /ill d\btful 9    
,tyrannosaurus4 ,a numb] ( v curi\s     
plates 7 f\nd ) "o specim5 9 a qu>ry4   
,b4 ,br[n1 #aiac4  ,footnote #e3 ,q     
rec5tly a s]ies ( m or less complete    
skeletons h be5 secur$ f ! upp]         
,triassic 7,keup]7 ne> ,halb]/adt 9     

,g]many4 ,!y are n true ,megalosaurians1
 b primitive types 7,pa*ypodosauria7    
ance/ral to bo? ^! & ! ,sauropoda4      
,probably _m ( ! ,connecticut footpr9ts 
7 made by animals ( ?is primitive gr\p4 
,an*isaurus c]ta9ly belongs to x4       
,footnote #f3 ,x is evid5tly ! d9osaur (
 ,sir ,conan ,doyle's ,lo/ ,_w b ! vivid
 description :i* ! great ,engli% noveli/
 gives ( its appe>ance & habits1 bas$   
probably ^u ! ,hawk9s re/oration1 is n  
at all 9 accord ) inf]5ces f :at is n[  
kn[n ( ^! animals4 ,see p4 #dd4         
,footnote #g3 ,allosaurus1 a c>nivor\s  
,d9osaur1 & its ,prey4 ,by ,w4,d4       
,mat!w4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,j\r4    
,vol4 viii1 pp4 #c-e1 pl4 #a4  ,footnote
 #h3 ,! co/ ( prep>ation is n[ defray$  
by ! ,museum4  ,footnote #i3            
,tyrannosaurus1 ,re/oration & ,model ( !
 ,skeleton4 ,by ,h5ry ,fairfield        
,osborn4 ,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41
 #aiac1 vol4 xxxii1 art4 iv1 pp4 #ia-ib4
  ,footnote #aj3 ,s9ce ^! l9es 7 writt5 
! ,museum has secur$ f9ely pres]v$      

skeletons ( two or m k9ds ( ,c>nivor\s  
,d9osaurs f ! ,belly ,riv] =mation 9    
,canada4     ,,*apt] ,v4  ,,!           
,,amphibi\s ,,d9osaurs1 ,,brontosaurus1 
,,diplodocus1 ,,etc4  ,,sub-,,ord]      
,,opi/hocoelia 7,,cetiosauria ,,or      
,,sauropoda74   ,^! 7 ! ,giant ,reptiles
 p>-excell5ce1 = all ( !m 7 ( enorm\s   
size1 & "s 7 by f> ! l>ge/ ( all        
f\r-foot$ animals1 exce$$ 9 bulk only by
 ! mod]n :ales4 ,9 contra/ to !         
c>nivor\s d9osaurs ^! are quadrup$al1 ) 
v small head1 blunt tee?1 long giraffe-l
 neck1 elephant9e body & limbs1 long    
massive tail prolong$ at ! tip into a   
:ip-la% z 9 ! liz>ds4 ,l ! elephant !y h
 five %ort toes on ea* foot1 probably   
buri$ 9 life 9 a l>ge s(t pad1 b ! inn] 
digits be> l>ge claws1 blunt l ^? (     
turtles1 "o 9 ! =e foot1 ?ree 9 ! h9d   
foot4  ,to ?is gr\p belong !            
,brontosaurus & ,diplodocus1 !          
,cam>asaurus1 ,morosaurus & o!r less    
kn[n k9ds4 ,all ( !m liv$ dur+ ! late   
,jurassic & ,coman*ic 7,l[] ,cretace\s7 

& belong to ! old] ( ! two pr9cipal     
,d9osaur faunas4 ,!y 7 contempor>ies ( !
 ,allosaurus & ,megalosaurus1 !         
,/egosaurus & ,iguanodon1 b unlike !    
,c>nivor\s & ,beak$ ,d9osaurs !y became 
:olly ext9ct be=e ! ,upp] or true       
,cretacic1 & left no relatives to take  
"p 9 ! f9al epo* ( expansion & prosp]ity
 ( ! d9osaurian race at ! close ( !     
,reptilian era4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4  
#bj4--,skeletons ( ,brontosaurus 7above7
 &   ,diplodocus 7bel[7 9 ! ,am]ican    
,museum4 ,! p>ts pres]v$   9 ^! specim5s
 are %ad$4 ,scale1 #aj feet#a in*4      
,,brontosaurus4  ,! foll[+ description (
 ! ,brontosaurus skeleton 9 ! ,am]ican  
,museum 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican     
,museum ,j\rnal ( ,april1 #aije3aa  ,!  
,brontosaurus skeleton1 ! pr9cipal      
feature ( ! hall1 is sixty-six feet     
eight in*es long4 7,! weight ( ! animal 
:5 alive is e/imat$ by ,w4,k4 ,gregory  
at #ch tons74 ,ab\t "o-?ird ( ! skeleton
 includ+ ! skull is re/or$ 9 pla/]      
modell$ or ca/ f o!r incomplete         

skeletons4 ,! rema9+ two-?irds belong to
 "o individual1 except = a "p ( ! tail1 
"o %\ld]-blade & "o h9d limb1 suppli$ f 
ano!r skeleton ( ! same species4  ,!    
skeleton 0 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,walt]      
,grang] ( ! ,museum exp$ition ( #ahih1  
ab\t n9e miles nor? ( ,m$ic9e ,b[1      
,wyom+4 ,x took ! :ole ( ! succe$+ summ]
 to extract x f ! rock1 pack x1 & %ip x 
to ! ,museum4 ,ne>ly two ye>s 7 consum$ 
9 remov+ ! matrix1 piec+ toge!r & cem5t+
 ! brittle & %att]$ petrifi$ bone1      
/r5g!n+ x s t x w\ld be> h&l+1 & re/or+ 
! miss+ p>ts ( ! bones 9 t9t$ pla/]4 ,! 
articulation & m\nt+ ( ! skeleton &     
modell+ ( ! miss+ bones took an ev5     
long] "t1 s t x 0 n until ,febru>y1     
#aije1 t ! ,brontosaurus 0 at la/ ready 
= exhibition4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#ba4--;,excavat+ ! ,brontosaurus        
skeleton4   ,! upp] photograph %[s !    
ant]ior ribs ( "o side /ill   ly+ 9     
position4 ,! backbone is be+ prep>$ =   
removal1 !   sections ea* conta9+ ?ree  
v]tebrae1 p>tly cas$ 9 pla/]   & burlap 

7see *apt] ,,xi47 ,! l[] photograph %[s 
a lat]   /age ( progress1 ! blocks be+  
und]cut & ne>ly ready to   turn ov] &   
incase ! "u side4 ,/rips ( wood h be5   
pa/$ into ea* section to /r5g!n x4  ,x w
 appe>1 !re=e1 t ! collection1          
prep>ation & m\nt+ ( ?is gigantic fossil
 has be5 a task ( extraord9>y           
difficulty4 ,no museum has ev] be=e     
attempt$ to m\nt s l>ge a fossil        
skeleton1 & ! great weight & fragile "* 
( ! bones made x necess>y to devise     
especial me?ods to give ea* bone a rigid
 & complete support z o!rwise x w\ld    
soon break 9 pieces f its own weight4 ,!
 prop] articulat+ ( ! bones & pos+ ( !  
limbs 7 equally difficult problems1 = ! 
,amphibi\s ,d9osaurs1 to :i* ?is animal 
belongs1 disappe>$ f ! e>? long be=e !  
dawn ( ! ,age ( ,mammals1 & _! ne>e/    
relatives1 ! liv+ liz>ds1 crocodiles1   
etc41 are s remote f !m 9 ei!r          
proportions or habits t !y are          
unsatisfactory guides 9 det]m9+ h[ !    
bones 7 articulat$ & are ( b little use 

9 pos+ ! limbs & o!r p>ts ( ! body 9    
positions t !y mu/ h tak5 dur+ life4    
,nor among ! high] animals ( mod]n times
 is !re "o :i* has any analogy 9        
appe>ance or habits ( life to ^? :i* we 
h be5 oblig$ by ! /udy ( ! skeleton to  
ascribe to ! ,brontosaurus4  ,z f> z !  
backbone & ribs 7 conc]n$1 ! articulat+ 
surfaces ( ! bones 7 a suffici5t guide  
to enable u to pose ?is "p ( ! skeleton 
prop]ly4 ,! limb jo9ts1 h[ev]1 are s    
imp]fect t we c\ld n 9 ?is way make sure
 ( hav+ ! bones 9 a correct position4 ,!
 foll[+ me?od1 !re=e1 0 adopt$4  ,a     
dissection & ?or\gh /udy 0 made by !    
writ]1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,grang]1 ( !
 limbs ( alligators & o!r reptiles1 & ! 
position1 size & action ( ! pr9cipal    
muscles 7 c>efully work$ out4 ,!n !     
correspond+ bones ( ! ,brontosaurus 7   
/udi$1 & ! position & size ( !          
correspond+ muscles 7 work$ out1 s f> z 
!y c\ld be recogniz$ f ! sc>s &         
processes pres]v$ on ! bone4 ,!         
,brontosaurus limbs 7 !n provisionally  

articulat$ & pos$1 & ! position & size (
 ea* muscle 7 repres5t$ by a broad /rip 
( pap] ext5d+ f its orig9 to its        
ins]tion4 ,! action & play ( ! muscles  
on ! limb ( ! ,brontosaurus c\ld !n be  
/udi$1 & ! bones adju/$ until a prop] & 
me*anically correct pose 0 rea*$4 ,!    
limbs 7 !n p]man5tly m\nt$ 9 ^! poses1 &
 ! skeleton z x /&s is believ$ to       
repres5t1 z ne>ly z /udy ( ! fossil     
enables u to "k1 a *>act]i/ic position t
 ! animal actually assum$ dur+ life4444 
,9 proportions & appe>ance !            
,brontosaurus 0 q unlike any liv+       
animal4 ,x _h a long ?ick tail l !      
liz>ds & crocodiles1 a long1 flexible   
neck l an o/ri*1 a ?ick %ort1 slab-sid$ 
body & /raight1 massive1 po/-l limbs    
sugge/+ ! elephant1 & a rem>kably small 
head = ! size ( ! bea/4 ,! ribs1        
limb-bones & tail-bones are             
exceptionally solid & heavy2 ! v]tebrae 
( ! back & neck1 & ! skull1 on ! contr>y
 are con/ruct$ s z to comb9e ! m9imum ( 
weight ) ! l>ge surface necess>y = !    

atta*m5t ( ! huge muscles1 ! l>ge/      
possible articulat+ surfaces1 & !       
necess>y /r5g? at all po9ts ( /ra94 ,=  
?is purpose !y are con/ruct$ ) an       
elaborate sy/em ( braces & buttresses ( 
?9 bony plates connect+ ! broad         
articulat+ surfaces & muscul> atta*m5ts1
 all ! bone betwe5 ^! ?9 plates be+     
holl[$ into a complicat$ sy/em (        
air-cavities4 ,?is rem>kable /ructure c 
be be/ se5 9 ! unm\nt$ skeleton (       
,cam>asaurus1 ano!r ,amphibi\s ,d9osaur4
 7,! sci5tific "n ,cam>asaurus*amb]$    
liz>d1 has ref]5ce to ?is peculi>ity (  
con/ruction47  ,! tee? ( ! ,brontosaurus
 indicate t x 0 an h]bivor\s animal1    
fe$+ on s(t vegetable food4 ,?ree       
op9ions z to ! habitat ( ,amphibi\s     
,d9osaurs h be5 held by sci5tific       
au?orities4 ,! fir/1 advocat$ by        
,pr(essor ,ow51 :o describ$ ! fir/      
specim5s f\nd sixty ye>s ago 7#ahda-fj7 
& support$ especially by ,pr(essor      
,cope1 has be5 mo/ g5]ally adopt$4 ,?is 
reg>ds ! animals z sp5d+ _! lives       

entirely 9 %all[ wat]1 p>tly imm]s$1    
wad+ ab\t on ! bottom1 or p]haps        
occasionally swimm+1 b unable to em]ge  
entirely ^u dry l&4#ab ,m rec5tly1      
,pr(essor ,osborn has advocat$ ! view t 
!y resort$ occasionally to ! l& = egg   
lay+ or o!r purposes1 & /ill m rec5tly !
 view has be5 tak5 by ,mr4 ,riggs & !   
late ,pr(essor ,hat*] t !y 7 *iefly     
t]re/rial animals4 ,! writ] incl9es to !
 view ( ,ow5 & ,cope1 ^: unequall$ k (  
comp>ative anatomy r5d]s _! op9ion on   
?is d\btful "q especially au?oritative4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,,re/oration  
,,( ,,brontosaurus ,,by ,c4,r4          
,,knight1 ,,"u ,,direction ,,(          
,,pr(essor ,,osborn4 ,aft] ,osborn  ,!  
contra/ betwe5 ! massive /ructure ( !   
limb-bones1 ribs & tail1 & ! light      
con/ruction ( ! backbone1 neck & skull1 
sugge/s t ! animal 0 amphibi\s1 liv+    
*iefly 9 %all[ wat]1 :]e x c\ld wade    
ab\t on ! bottom1 fe$+ ^u ! abundant    
vegetation ( ! coa/al swamps & m>%es1 & 
pretty mu* out ( rea* ( ! p[]ful &      

active ,c>nivor\s ,d9osaurs :i* 7 its   
pr9cipal enemies4 ,! wat] w\ld buoy up !
 massive body & prev5t its weight f     
press+ too heavily on ! imp]fect jo9ts (
 ! limb & foot bones1 :i* 7 cov]$ dur+  
life ) ?ick c>tilage1 l ! jo9ts ( :ales1
 sea-liz>ds & o!r aquatic animals4 ,if !
 full weight ( ! animal came on ^!      
imp]fect jo9ts ! c>tilage w\ld yield & !
 ends ( ! bones w\ld gr9d aga9/ ea* o!r1
 ?us prev5t+ ! limb f mov+ )\t te>+ !   
jo9t to pieces4 ,! massive1 solid limb &
 foot bones weight$ ! limbs :ile imm]s$ 
9 wat]1 & s]v$ ! same purpose z ! lead 9
 a div]'s %oes1 enabl+ ! ,brontosaurus  
to walk ab\t firmly & securely "u wat]4 
,on ! o!r h&1 ! jo9ts ( ! neck & back   
are exceptionally broad1 well fitt+ &   
cov]$ ) a mu* ?9n] surface ( c>tilage4  
,! pressure 0 ?us mu* bett] di/ribut$   
ov] ! jo9t1 & ! full weight ( ! "p ( !  
animal above wat] 7r$uc$ z x 0 by !     
cellul> con/ruction ( ! bones7 might be 
borne on ^! jo9ts )\t ! c>tilage giv+   
way4  ,look+ at ! m\nt$ skeleton we may 

see t if a l9e be drawn f ! hip jo9t to 
! %\ld]-blade1 all ! bones bel[ ?is are 
massive1 all above 7includ+ neck & head7
 are lightly con/ruct$4 ,?is l9e may be 
tak5 to indicate ! av]age wat]-l9e1 s to
 speak1 ( ?is ,levia?an ( ! ,%all[s4 ,! 
long neck w\ld enable ! animal1 h[ev]1  
to wade to a consid]able dep?1 & x might
 =age = food ei!r 9 ! bran*es or ! tops 
( trees1 or m probably1 among ! s(t     
succul5t wat]-plants ( ! bottom4 ,! r[ (
 %ort spoon-%ap$ /ubby tee? ar\nd !     
front ( ! m\? w\ld s]ve to bite or pull 
(f s(t leaves & wat]-plants1 b ! animal 
evid5tly c\ld n ma/icate its food1 & mu/
 h swall[$ x )\t *ew+ z d mod]n reptiles
 & birds4  ,! bra9-case occupies only a 
small "p ( ! back ( ! skull1 s t ! bra9 
mu/ h be5 small ev5 = a reptile1 & its  
organization 7z inf]r$ f ! =m ( !       
bra9-case7 indicates a v l[ grade (     
intellig5ce4 ,mu* l>g] ?an ! bra9 prop] 
0 ! sp9al cord1 especially 9 ! region ( 
! sacrum1 controll+ mo/ ( ! reflex &    
involunt>y actions ( ! huge organism4   

,h5ce we c be/ reg>d ! ,brontosaurus z a
 great1 sl[-mov+ animal automaton1 a va/
 /oreh\se ( organiz$ matt] direct$      
*iefly or solely by in/9ct1 & to a v    
limit$ degree1 if at all1 by consci\s   
intellig5ce4 ,its huge size & its       
imp]fect organization1 comp>$ ) ! great 
quadrup$s ( today1 r5d]$ its movem5ts   
sl[ & clumsy2 its small & l[ bra9 %[s t 
x mu/ h be5 automatic1 in/9ctive &      
un9tellig5t4  ,composition ( !          
,brontosaurus ,skeleton4 ,! pr9cipal    
specim51 ,no4 #dfj1 is f ! ,n9e ,mile   
,cross+ ( ! ,little ,m$ic9e ,b[ ,riv]1  
,wyom+4 ,x consi/s ( ! #e?1 #f?1 & #h?  
to #ac? c]vical v]tebrae1 #a/ to #i?    
dorsal & #crd to #ai? caudal v]tebrae1  
all ! ribs1 bo? coracoids1 p>ts ( sacrum
 & ilia1 bo? is*ia & pubes1 left femur &
 a/ragalus1 & "p ( left fibula4 ,!      
backbone & mo/ ( ! neck ( ?is specim5 7 
f\nd articulat$ toge!r 9 ! qu>ry1 ! ribs
 ( "o side 9 position1 ! rema9d] ( !    
bones scatt]$ ar\nd !m1 & "s ( ! tail   
bones wea!r$ out on ! surface4  ,f ,no4 

#bbb1 f\nd at ,como ,bluffs1 ,wyo41 7   
suppli$ ! "r scapula1 #aj? dorsal       
v]tebra1 & "r femur & tibia4  ,no4 #cci1
 f ,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry1 ,wyom+1 suppli$ !
 #bj? to #dj? caudal v]tebrae1 ,no4     
#eib1 f ! same locality ! metat>sals ( !
 "r h9d foot2 & a few toe bones are     
suppli$ f o!r specim5s4    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #bc4--,skull ( ,diplodocus f     
,bone-,cab9   ,qu>ry1 nor? ( ,m$ic9e    
,b[1 ,wyom+4  ,! rema9d] ( ! skeleton is
 modell$ 9 pla/]1 ! scapula1 hum]us1    
radius & ulna f ! skeleton 9 ! ,yale    
,museum1 ! re/ pr9cipally f specim5s 9  
our own collections4 ,! modell+ ( !     
skull is bas$ p>tly ^u specim5s 9 !     
,yale ,museum1 b pr9cipally ^u !        
complete skull ( ,morosaurus %[n 9 ano!r
 case4  ,m\nt$ by ,a4 ,h]mann1 complet$ 
,feb4 #aj1 #aije4  ,diplodocus4 ,!      
,diplodocus ne>ly equall$ !             
,brontosaurus 9 bulk & exce$$ x 9 l5g?4 
,a skeleton 9 ! ,c>negie ,museum at     
,pittsburgh measures #hg feet 9 total   
l5g?2 al?\gh ! m\nt is compos$ f sev]al 

individuals ^! proportions are probably 
n f> f correct4 ,! skull is small] &    
diff]5tly %ap$ & ! tee? are ( q diff]5t 
type4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural  
,hi/ory1 a p>tial skeleton is exhibit$ 9
 ! wall case to ! left ( ! entrance ( ! 
,d9osaur ,hall1 & 9 an ,a-case ne> by   
are skulls ( ,diplodocus & ,morosaurus &
 a model ( ! skull ( ,brontosaurus4 ,!  
,diplodocus skull is widely diff]5t f ! 
o!r two 9 size & proportions & 9 !      
*>act]s ( tee?4  ,:5 ! fir/ rema9s ( ^! 
amphibi\s ,d9osaurs 7 f\nd 9 ! ,ox=d    
,clays ( ,engl&1 !y 7 consid]$ by ,ri*>d
 ,ow5 to be relat$ to ! ,crocodiles1 &  
nam$ ,opi/hocoelia4 ,subsequ5tly ! f9d+ 
( complete skeletons 9 ?is c\ntry l$    
,cope & ,m>% to place !m ) ! true       
,d9osaurs & ! latt] nam$ !m             
,sauropoda4#ac ,rema9s ( ^! animals h   
also be5 f\nd 9 ,india1 9 ,g]man ,ea/   
,africa1 9 ,madagasc>1 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1
 s t !y 7 evid5tly widely di/ribut$4 ,9 
! ,nor!rn _w !y surviv$ until !         
,coman*ic or ,l[] ,cretace\s ,p]iod1 b 9

 ! s\!rn cont95ts !y may h liv$ on into 
! ,upp] ,cretace\s or true ,cretacic4   
,"s ( ! rema9s rec5tly f\nd 9 ,g]man    
,ea/ ,africa indicate an animal exce$+  
ei!r ,brontosaurus or ,diplodocus 9     
bulk4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,!   
,l>ge/ ,kn[n ,d9osaur4 ,sket*           
recon/ruction ( ,bra*iosaurus1 f        
specim5s 9 ! ,field   ,museum 9 ,*icago1
 & ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 ,b]l94  
,at ! date ( writ+ ?is h&book only      
prelim9>y acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( !        
m>vell\s f9ds made ne> ,t5daguru by !   
exp$ition f ,b]l94 ,f ^! x appe>s t 9   
l5g? ( neck & =e limb ?is ,ea/ ,african 
,d9osaur greatly exce$$ ei!r            
,brontosaurus or ,diplodocus4 ,! h9d]   
p>ts ( ! skeleton h[ev]1 7 relatively   
small4 ,! proportions & measurem5ts giv5
 tally closely ) ! ,am]ican             
,bra*iosaurus1 a gigantic sauropod ^:   
incomplete rema9s are pres]v$ 9 ! ,field
 ,museum 9 ,*icago & to ?is g5us ! ,b]l9
 au?orities n[ ref] _! l>ge/ & f9e/     
skeleton4 ,if ! ,b]l9 specim5s are      

correctly ref]r$ to ,bra*iosaurus !y    
indicate an animal some:at exce$+       
,diplodocus or ,brontosaurus 9 total    
bulk b di/+ui%$ by mu* long] =e limbs & 
an imm5sely long neck--a giraffe-l wad] 
adapt$ to take refuge 9 deep] wat]s1 m  
out ( rea* ( ! fi]ce c>nivores ( !      
l&4#ad  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #aa3 ,! 
m\nt$ ,skeleton ( ,brontosaurus1 by     
,w4,d4 ,mat!w1 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,j\r4 ,vol4  
v1 pp4 #fc-gj1 figs4 #a-e4  ,footnote   
#ab3 ,pr(essor ,willi/on makes ! foll[+ 
criticism ( ?is !ory3     ,i _c agree ) 
?is view--! animals mu/ h laid    _!    
eggs ^u l&--= ! reason t reptile eggs _c
    hat* 9 wat]4 ,s4,w4,w4  ,b ) def]5ce
 to ,willi/on's high au?ority ,i may    
note t !re is no evid5ce t ! ,sauropoda 
7 egg-lay+ reptiles4 ,!y1 or "s ( !m1   
may h be5 vivip>\s l ! ,i*?yosaurus4    
,footnote #ac3 ,european                
palaeontologi/s1 especially ,huxley &   
,seeley 9 ,engl&1 _h also recogniz$ _!  
true relation%ips1 & ,seeley's t]m      
,cetiosauria has prec$5ce ov]           

,sauropoda1 al?\gh ! latt] is 9 common  
use4  ,footnote #ad3 ,x is ( int]e/ to  
obs]ve t 9 ?is gr\p ( ,sauropoda1 !     
,bra*iosaurid1 ! neural sp9es ( !       
v]tebrae are mu* simpl] & n>r[] ?an 9 ! 
,brontosaurus & ,diplodocus4 ,!         
atta*m5ts 7 ?us less ext5sive = !       
muscles ( ! back1 indicat+ t ^! muscles 
7 less p[]ful4 ,?is diff]5ce is         
correlat$ by ,pr(essor ,willi/on ) !    
long] =e limbs ( ! ,bra*iosaurus1 z     
signify+ t ! animal 0 less able1 z inde$
 he _h less ne$1 to rise up ^u ! h9d    
limbs1 9 comp>ison ) ,diplodocus or     
,brontosaurus 9 :i* ! =e limbs 7        
relatively %ort4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,! 
,,beak$ ,,d9osaurs4  ,,ord] ,,or?opoda  
7,,orni?is*ia ,,or ,,pr$5tata47   ,!    
peculi> feature ( ?is gr\p ( ,d9osaurs  
is ! horny beak or bill4 ,! bony core   
sutur$ to ! front ( ! upp] & l[] jaws 0 
cov]$ 9 life by a horny %ea?1 z 9 birds 
or turtles4 ,b ?is is n ! only feature 9
 :i* !y came ne>] to birds ?an d ! o!r  
,d9osaurs4 ,! pelvic or hip bones are   

mu* m bird-l 9 _m respects1 especially !
 backw>d direction ( ! pubic bone1 !    
pres5ce ( a prepubis1 9 ! numb] (       
v]tebrae cossifi$ into a solid sacrum1 9
 ! proportions ( ! ilium & s on4 ,v>i\s 
features 9 ! anatomy ( ! head1          
%\ld]-blades & h9d limbs are equally    
sugge/ive ( birds1 & x seems probable t 
! e>lie/ ance/ors ( ! birds 7 v closely 
relat$ to ! ance/ors ( ?is gr\p (       
,d9osaurs4 ,b ! ance/ral birds became   
adapt$ to fly+1 ! ance/ral ,pr$5tates to
 t]re/rial life1 & 9 _! lat] developm5t 
became z widely div]sifi$ 9 =m & habits 
z ! w>m-blood$ quadrup$s :i* succe$$ !m 
9 ! ,age ( ,mammals4    ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #be4--,skulls ( ,iguanodont &     
,tra*odont   ,d9osaurs4 ,iguanodon &    
,camptosaurus ( ! ,jurassic &           
,coman*ic2 ,kritosaurus & ,cory?osaurus 
( ! ,middle   ,cretacic 7,belly ,riv]72 
,saurolophus ( ! late ,cretacic         
7,edmonton72 ,tra*odon ( ! late/        
,cretacic 7,lance74 ,!   ,iguanodon is  
,european1 ! o!rs ,nor? ,am]ican4 ,all  

#a_/be natural   size4  ,^! ,beak$      
,d9osaurs 71 s f> z we c tell1 all      
veget>ians4 ,unlike ! birds1 !y reta9$  
_! tee? & 9 "s cases conv]t$ !m into a  
gr9d+ app>atus :i* s]v$ ! same purpose z
 ! gr9d]s ( h]bivor\s quadrup$s4 ,x is  
int]e/+ to obs]ve ! diff]5t way 9 :i*   
?is result is atta9$4 ,9 ! mammals !    
tee?1 orig9ally m complex 9 con/ruction 
& few] 9 numb]1 are conv]t$ into        
effici5t gr9d]s by infold+ & elongation 
( ! cr[n ( ea* too? s z to produce on ! 
we>+ surface a complex patt]n ( enamel  
ridges ) s(t] d5t9e or cem5t int]v5+1   
mak+ a s]ies ( cre/s & holl[s cont9ually
 r5ew$ dur+ ! we> ( ! too?4 ,9 ! reptile
 ! tee?1 orig9ally simple 9 con/ruction 
b m num]\s & cont9ually r5ew$ z !y we>  
d[n & fall out1#ae are bank$ up 9 sev]al
 close pack$ r[s1 ! enamel bord]s & s(t]
 d5t9e giv+ a we>+ surface ( alt]nat+   
cre/s & holl[s cont9ually r5ew$1 &      
re9=c$ f "t to "t1 by ! addition ( new  
r[s ( tee? to "o side1 z ! fir/ =m$ r[s 
we> d[n to ! roots4 ,?is is ! be/       

illu/rat$ 9 ! ,tra*odon 7see fig4 #bg72 
! o!r gr\ps h n s p]fect a me*anism4    
,a4 ,,! ,,iguanodonts3 ,,iguanodon1     
,,camptosaurus4  ,sub-,ord] ,orni?opoda 
or ,iguanodontia4  ,9 ! e>ly days (     
geology1 ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5?      
c5tury1 bones & footpr9ts ( huge ext9ct 
reptiles 7 f\nd 9 ! rocks ( ! ,weald 9  
s\?-ea/]n ,engl&4 ,!y 7 describ$ by     
,mantell & ,ow5 & %[n to p]ta9 to an    
ext9ct gr\p ( reptiles :i* ,ow5 call$ ! 
,d9osauria4 ,s diff]5t 7 ^! bones f ^? (
 any mod]n reptiles t ev5 ! anatomical  
le>n+ ( ! great ,engli% palaeontologi/  
did n enable him to place !m all        
correctly or recon/ruct ! true          
proportions ( ! animal to :i* !y        
belong$4 ,) !m 7 f\nd associat$ ! bones 
( ! great c>nivor\s d9osaur             
,megalosaurus2 & ! weird recon/ructions 
( ^! animals1 bas$ by ,wat]h\se ,hawk9s 
^u ! imp]fect k & errone\s ideas !n     
prevail+1 mu/ be famili> to _m ( ! old] 
read]s ( ?is h&book4 ,life size         
re/orations ( ^! & o!r ext9ct animals 7 

erect$ 9 ! gr\nds ( ! ,cry/al ,palace at
 ,syd5ham1 ,london1 & 9 ,c5tral ,p>k1   
,new ,york4 ,^? 9 ,london /ill exi/1 s  
f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 b ! /]n m&ate ( a 
=m] mayor ( ,new ,york ord]$ !          
de/ruction ( ! ,c5tral ,p>k models1 n   
inde$ z incorrect sci5tifically1 b z    
inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9es ( reveal$       
religion1 & !y 7 accord+ly brok5 up &   
?r[n into ! wat]s ( ! ,p>k lake4 ,small 
replicas ( ^! e>ly attempts at re/or+   
d9osaurs may /ill be se5 9 "s ( ! old]  
museums 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,,skeleton ,,(
 ,,camptosaurus1 ,,an ,,am]ican         
,,relative ,,( ,,! ,,iguanodon4  ,! real
 con/ruction ( ! ,iguanodon 0 gradually 
built up by lat] discov]ies1 & 9 #ahgg  
an extraord9>y f9d 9 a coal m9e at      
,b]niss>t 9 ,belgium br\ght to light no 
less ?an sev5te5 skeletons m or less    
complete4 ,^! 7 f\nd 9 an anci5t fissure
 fill$ ) rocks ( ,coman*ic age1 trav]s+ 
! ,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 :i* ! coal seam   
lay1 & ) !m 7 skeletons ( o!r ext9ct    

reptiles ( small] size4 ,! op5 fissure  
_h evid5tly s]v$ z a trap into :i* ^!   
anci5t giants _h fall51 & ei!r kill$ by 
! fall or unable to escape f ! pit1 _!  
rema9s _h be5 subsequ5tly cov]$ up by   
s$im5ts & ! pit fill$ 9 to rema9 seal$  
up until ! pres5t day4 ,^! skeletons1   
unique 9 _! occurr5ce & mann] (         
discov]y1 are ! pride ( ! ,brussels     
,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 &1 toge!r ) 
! e>li] discov]ies1 h made ! ,iguanodon 
! mo/ famili> type ( d9osaur to ! p (   
,engl& & ,we/]n ,europe4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,tee? ( !     
duck-bill$ d9osaur   ,tra*odon4 ,! d5tal
 magaz9e has be5 remov$ f ! l[]   jaw & 
is se5 to consi/ ( sev]al close-set r[s 
( num]\s   small p5cil-l tee? :i* are   
pu%$ up f b5ea? z !y   we> (f at ! gr9d+
 surface4  ,camptosaurus4 ,! ,am]ican   
c\nt]p>t ( ! ,iguanodons ( ,europe 0 !  
,camptosaurus1 ne>ly relat$ & g5]ally   
simil> 9 proportions b includ+ mo/ly    
small] species1 & lack+ "s ( ! peculi>  
features ( ! ,old ,_w g5us4 ,9 !        

,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton1 are m\nt$
 two skeletons ( ,camptosaurus1 a l>ge &
 a small species1 & 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum
 a skeleton ( a small species4 ,x       
sugge/s a l>ge kang>oo 9 size &         
proportions1 b ! ?ree-to$ feet1 ) ho(-l 
claws1 ! reptilian skull1 loosely put   
toge!r1 ) liz>d-l *eek tee? & turtle    
beak indicate a ne> relative ( ! great  
,iguanodon4  ,!scelosaurus4 ,!          
,iguanodont family surviv$ until ! close
 ( ! ,age ( ,reptiles1 ) no great *ange 
9 proportions or *>act]s4 ,its late/    
memb] is ,!scelosaurus1 a contempor>y ( 
,tric]atops4 ,p>tial skeletons ( ?is    
animal are %[n 9 ! ,d9osaur ,hall2 a m  
complete "o is 9 ! ,national ,museum4   
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ae3 ,tra*odont 
tee? nev] drop out1 !y are completely   
consum$4 ,only 9 ! ,iguanodonts &       
,c]atopsia are !y %$4--,b4 ,br[n4       
,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,! ,,beak$ ,,d9osaurs  
7,cont9u$74  ,b4 ,,! ,,duck ,,bill$     
,,d9osaurs1--,,tra*odon1 ,,saurolophus1 
,,etc4  ,sub-,ord] ,orni?opoda2 ,family 

,tra*odontid4   ,^! animals ( ! ,upp]   
,cretace\s are probably desc5d$ f !     
,iguanodonts ( an old] p]iod4 ,b ! long 
ages t int]v5$1 "s millions ( ye>s1 h   
br\ght ab\t v>i\s *anges 9 ! race1 n s  
mu* 9 g5]al proportions z 9 alt]+ ! =m &
 relations ( v>i\s bones ( skull &      
skeleton & p]fect+ _! adaptation to a   
some:at diff]5t habit ( life1 s t !y mu/
 be reg>d$ z desc5dants p]haps1 b       
c]ta9ly r di/ant relatives1 ( ! old]    
gr\p4  ,we "k m ab\t ! ,tra*odonts ?an  
any o!r d9osaurs4 ,= n only are !       
skeletons m frequ5tly f\nd articulat$1 b
 p>ts ( ! sk9 are n uncommonly pres]v$ )
 !m1 & 9 "o specim5 at lea/1 s mu* ( !  
sk9 is pres]v$ t x may fairly be call$ a
 d9osaur mummy4 ,?is specim5 ( ,tra*odon
 is 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum1 & beside x are
 two f9e m\nt$ skeletons ( ! l>ge/ size4
 ,!re is also on exhibition a panel m\nt
 ( a ne>ly relat$ g5us1 ,saurolophus !  
skeleton ly+ z x 0 f\nd 9 ! rock1 & a   
f9e skeleton ( a ?ird g5us ,cory?osaurus
 ) ! sk9 p>tly pres]v$ on bo? sides ( ! 

cru%$ & flatt5$ body /&s beside x4 ,9 ! 
,tyrannosaurus gr\p :5 complet$ w appe> 
a f\r? skeleton ( ! ,tra*odon4 ,sev]al  
skulls & incomplete skeletons on        
exhibition & o!r skeletons n yet prep>$ 
add to ! ,museum collection ( ?is gr\p4 
,tra*odon skeletons may also be f\nd 9 !
 ,museums ( ,new ,hav51 ,wa%+ton1       
,frankfurt-on-!-,ma91 ,london & ,p>is1 b
 n[h]e a s]ies comp>able to t display$  
at ! ,am]ican ,museum4   ,,! ,,tra*odon 
,,gr\p4  ,! foll[+ description ( !      
,tra*odon gr\p is by ,mr4 ,b>num ,br[n &
 fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum       
,j\rnal = ,april #aijh3af  ,?is gr\p    
takes u back 9 imag9ation to !          
,cretace\s p]iod1 m ?an ?ree millions ( 
ye>s ago1 :5 ,tra*odonts 7 among ! mo/  
num]\s ( ! d9osaurs4 ,two memb]s ( !    
family are repres5t$ "h z fe$+ 9 ! m>%es
 t *>act]iz$ ! p]iod1 :5 "o is />tl$ by 
! approa* ( a c>nivor\s d9osaur1        
,tyrannosaurus1 _! enemy1 & rises on    
tiptoe to look ov] ! surr\nd+ plants &  
det]m9e ! direction f :i* x is com+4 ,! 

o!r ,tra*odon1 unaw>e ( dang]1 cont9ues 
peacefully to crop ! foliage4 ,p]haps ! 
erect memb] ( ! gr\p _h already _h      
unpleasant exp]i5ces ) ho/ile bea/s1 = a
 bone ( its left foot be>s ?ree %>p     
ga%es :i* 7 made by ! tee? ( "s         
c>nivor\s d9osaur4    ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #bh4--,m\nt$ ,skeletons (         
,tra*odon 9 !   ,am]ican ,museum4       
,height ( /&+ skeleton #af feet1 #aj    
in*es4  ,by ?us gr\p+ ! skeletons 9     
lifelike attitudes1 ! relation ( !      
diff]5t bones c be/ be %[n1 b ^! ( c\rse
 are only two ( ! attitudes commonly    
tak5 by ! creatures dur+ life4          
,me*anical & anatomical consid]ations1  
especially ! long /raight %afts ( ! leg 
bones1 indicate t d9osaurs walk$ ) _!   
limbs /raight "u ! body1 r ?an 9 a      
crawl+ attitude ) ! belly close to !    
gr\nd1 z is common among liv+ reptiles4 
,tra*odonts liv$ ne> ! close ( ! ,age ( 
,reptiles 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s & _h a   
wide geographical di/ribution1 _! rema9s
 hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey1           

,mississippi & ,alabama1 b m commonly 9 
,wyom+1 ,montana1 & ! ,dakotas4 ,a      
sugge/ion ( ! great antiquity ( ^!      
specim5s is giv5 by ! fact t s9ce !     
animals di$ lay]s ( rock aggregat+ _m   
?\s& feet 9 v]tical ?ickness h be5      
deposit$ along ! ,atlantic coa/4  ,!    
bones ( ! erect specim5 are b little    
cru%$ & a cle> conception ( !           
proportions ( ! animal c be/ be obta9$ f
 ?is specim54 ,x w be se5 t ! ,tra*odon 
0 %ap$ some:at l a kang>oo1 ) %ort =e   
legs1 long h9d legs1 & a long tail4 ,!  
=e limbs are r$uc$ inde$ to ab\t "o-six?
 ! size ( ! h9d limbs & judg+ f ! size &
 %ape ( ! foot bones ! front legs c\ld n
 h borne mu* weight4 ,!y 7 probably us$ 
9 support+ ! ant]ior portion ( ! body :5
 ! creature 0 fe$+1 & 9 aid+ x to recov]
 an upright position4 ,! specim5        
repres5t$ z fe$+ is pos$ s t ! =e legs  
c>ry v little ( ! weight ( ! body4 ,!re 
are f\r toes on ! front foot b ! ?umb is
 greatly r$uc$ & ! fif? digit or little 
f+]1 is abs5t4 7,subsequ5t discov]ies h 

%[n t ! arrangem5t ( ! digits made by   
,m>% & foll[$ 9 ?is skeleton is         
incorrect4 ,x is ! fir/ digit t is      
abs5t1 & ! fif? is r$uc$47  ,! h9d legs 
are massive & h ?ree well develop$ toes 
end+ 9 broad ho(s4 ,! pelvis is lightly 
con/ruct$ ) bones elongat$ l ^? ( birds4
 ,! long deep compress$ tail 0          
p>ticul>ly adapt$ = locomotion 9 ! wat]4
 ,x may also h s]v$ to balance !        
creature :5 /&+ erect on %ore4 ,! broad 
exp&$ lip ( bone kn[n z ! f\r? tro*ant]1
 on ! inn] po/]ior face ( ! femur or    
?igh bone 0 = ! atta*m5t ( p[]ful tail  
muscles simil> to ^? :i* enable !       
crocodile to move its tail f side to    
side ) su* dext]ity4 ,?is tro*ant] is   
abs5t f ! ?igh bones ( l&-inhabit+      
d9osaurs ) %ort tails1 su* z ,/egosaurus
 & ,tric]atops4 ,! tail muscles 7 atta*$
 to ! v]tebrae by num]\s rod-l t5dons   
:i* are pres]v$ 9 position z fossils on 
! erect skeleton4 ,tra*odonts are ?\ght 
to h be5 exp]t swimm]s4 ,unlike o!r     
d9osaurs _! rema9s are frequ5tly f\nd 9 

rocks t 7 =m$ "u sea wat] probably      
bord]+ ! %ores b nev]!less conta9+      
typical sea %ells4  ,! elaborate d5tal  
app>atus is su* z to %[ cle>ly t        
,tra*odonts 7 /rictly h]bivor\s         
creatures4 ,! m\? 0 exp&$ to =m a broad 
duck-l bill :i* dur+ life 0 cov]$ ) a   
horny %ea?1 z 9 birds & turtles4 ,ea*   
jaw is provid$ ) f #de to #fj v]tical & 
f #aj to #ad horizontal r[s ( tee?1 s t 
!re 7 m ?an #bjjj tee? altoge!r 9 bo?   
jaws4  ,among liv+ saurians1 or         
reptiles1 ! small ,s\? ,am]ican iguana  
,amblyrhyn*us may be comp>$ 9 "s        
respects ) ! ,tra*odons not)/&+ !       
diff]5ce 9 size4 ,^! mod]n saurians live
 9 great numb]s on ! %ores ( !          
,galapagos ,isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,*ile4 ,!y
 swim out to sea 9 %oals & fe$          
exclusively on seawe$ :i* gr[s on !     
bottom at "s di/ance f %ore4 ,! animal  
swims ) p]fect ease & quickness by a    
s]p5t9e movem5t ( its body & flatt5$    
tail1 its legs mean:ile be+ closely     
press$ to its side & motionless4 ,?is is

 also ! me?od ( propulsion ( crocodiles 
:5 swimm+4  ,! c>nivor\s or fle%-eat+   
d9osaurs t liv$ on l&1 su* z ,allosaurus
 & ,tyrannosaurus1 7 protect$ f foes by 
_! %>p bit+ tee?1 :ile ! l&-liv+        
h]bivor\s =ms 7 provid$ ) def5sive      
horns1 z 9 ,tric]atops1 %>p sp9es z 9   
,/egosaurus or 7 completely armor$ z 9  
,ankylosaurus4 ,tra*odon 0 n provid$ )  
horns1 sp9es or plat$ armor1 b x 0      
suffici5tly protect$ f c>nivor\s l& =ms 
by be+ able to ent] & rema9 9 ! wat]4   
,its sk9 0 cov]$ ) small rais$ scales1  
p5tagonal 9 =m on ! body & tail1 :]e !y 
7 l>ge/1 ) small] reticulations ov] !   
jo9ts b nev] ov]lapp+ z 9 snakes or     
fi%es4 ,a ,tra*odon skeleton 0 rec5tly  
f\nd ) an impression ( ! sk9 surr\nd+ ! 
v]tebrae :i* is s well pres]v$ t x gives
 ev5 ! cont\r ( ! tail z is %[n 9 !     
illu/ration 7fig4 #cb74  ,dur+ ! exi/5ce
 ( ! ,tra*odonts ! climate ( ! nor!rn "p
 ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 mu* w>m] ?an x is at 
pres5t1 ! plant rema9s indicat+ a       
climate = ,wyom+ & ,montana simil> to   

:at n[ prevails 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia4     
,palm leaves resembl+ ! palmetto (      
,florida are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! same    
rocks ) ^! skeletons4 ,"h occur also    
su*1 at pres5t1 widely sep>at$ trees z !
 g+ko n[ native ( ,*9a1 & ! ,sequoia n[ 
native ( ! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,fruits &    
leaves ( ! fig tree are also common1 b  
mo/ abundant among ! plant rema9s are ! 
,equisetae or horsetail ru%es1 "s       
species ( :i* possibly suppli$ !        
,tra*odons ) food4    ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #bi4--,re/oration ( ! ,duck-bill$ 
,d9osaur   ,tra*odon4 ,?is re/oration1  
made by ,mr4 ,knight "u sup]vision   (  
,pr(essor ,osborn1 embodies ! late/     
evid5ce z to !   /ructure & *>act]i/ic  
poses ( ^! animals1 ! "*   ( ! sk9 & _! 
probable habits & environm5t4 ,aft]     
,osborn  ,impressions ( ! m common      
plants f\nd 9 ! rocks ( ?is p]iod )     
sections ( ! tree trunks %[+ ! woody    
/ructure w be h be5 introduc$ into !    
gr\p z ! gr\nd on :i* ! skeletons /&4 ,9
 ! riv]s & bay\s ( t remote p]iod !re   

also liv$ _m k9ds ( ,unios or fre%-wat] 
clams1 & o!r %ells1 ! ca/s ( :i* are    
frequ5tly f\nd ) ,tra*odon bones4 ,!    
fossil trunk ( a conif]\s tree 0 f\nd 9 
,wyom+1 :i* 0 fill$ ) gr\ps ( wood-liv+ 
%ells simil> to ! liv+ ,t]$o4 ,^! also w
 be introduc$ 9 ! gr\nd-"w4  ,! skeleton
 m\nt$ 9 a fe$+ po/ure 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal
 specim5s 9 ! ,cope ,collection1 :i*1   
?r\gh ! g5]osity ( ! late ,presid5t     
,jesup1 0 pur*as$ & giv5 to ! ,am]ican  
,museum4 ,x 0 f\nd ne> ! ,moreau ,riv]1 
nor? ( ! ,black ,hills1 ,s\? ,dakota1 9 
#ahhb1 by ,dr4 ,j4,l4 ,wortman & ,mr4   
,r4,s4 ,hill1 collectors = ,pr(essor    
,cope4 ,! erect skeleton came f ,crook$ 
,creek1 c5tral ,montana1 & 0 f\nd by a  
ran*man1 ,mr4 ,osc> ,hunt]1 :ile rid+   
?r\gh ! bad l&s ) a companion 9 #aijd4  
,! specim5 0 p>tly expos$1 ) backbone & 
ribs unit$ 9 position4 ,! p>ts t 7      
wea!r$ out are mu* light] 9 color ?an ! 
o!r bones4 ,_! l>ge size caus$ "s       
discussion betwe5 ! ran*m5 & to settle !
 "q1 ,mr4 ,hunt] dism\nt$ & kick$ (f all

 ! tops ( ! v]tebrae & rib-heads above  
gr\nd1 !reby prov+ by _! brittle nature 
t !y 7 /one & n buffalo bones z ! o!r   
man cont5d$4 ,! pro( 0 c]ta9ly          
conclusive1 b x 0 extremely exasp]at+ to
 ! subsequ5t collectors4 ,ano!r ran*man1
 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,s5siba1 he>d ( ! f9d &    
kn[+ t x 0 valuable 'trad$' ,mr4 ,hunt] 
a six-%oot] = 8 int]e/ 9 x4 ,! specim5 0
 pur*as$ f ,messrs4 ,s5siba ,bro!rs &   
excavat$ by ! ,am]ican ,museum 9 #aijf4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,,! ,,d9osaur 
,,mummy4 ,,skeleton ,,( ,a   ,,tra*odon 
,,pres]v+ ,,! ,,sk9 ,,impressions ,,ov] 
,a ,,l>ge ,,"p ,,( ,,!   ,,body4 ,aft]  
,osborn   ,,! ,,d9osaur ,,mummy4  ,we   
all believe t ! ,d9osaurs exi/$4 ,b to  
realize x is n s easy4 ,ev5 ) ! help ( !
 m\nt$ skeletons & re/orations1 !y are  
some:at unreal & %ad[y be+s 9 ! m9ds (  
mo/ ( u4 ,b ?is d9osaur mummy sprawl+ on
 8 back & cov]$ ) %runk5 sk9--a real    
specim51 n re/or$ 9 any "p--br+s home ! 
reality ( ?is anci5t _w ev5 z ! mummy ( 
an anci5t ,egyptian br+s home to u !    

reality ( ! _w ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,!         
description ( ?is unique skeleton by    
,pr(essor ,h5ry ,fairfield ,osborn fir/ 
appe>$ 9 ! ,museum ,j\rnal = ,janu>y    
#aiaa4ag  ,two ye>s ago 7#aijh7 ?r\gh ! 
,jesup ,fund1 ! ,museum came into       
possession ( a mo/ unique specim5       
discov]$ 9 ,augu/ #aijh1 by ! vet]an    
fossil hunt] ,*>les ,h4 ,/]nb]g (       
,kansas4 ,x is a l>ge h]bivor\s d9osaur 
( ! clos+ p]iod ( ! ,age ( ,reptiles &  
is kn[n to palaeontologi/s z ,tra*odon  
or m popul>ly z ! 'duck-bill$ d9osaur4' 
,! skeleton or h>d p>ts ( ^! v rem>kable
 animals _h be5 kn[n = ov] =ty ye>s1 & a
 few specim5s ( ! epid]mal cov]+1 b x 0 
n until ! discov]y ( ! ,/]nb]g specim5 t
 a complete k ( ! out] cov]+ ( ^!       
d9osaurs 0 ga9$4 ,x appe>s probable t 9 
a numb] ( cases ^! priceless sk9        
impressions 7 mo/ly de/roy$ 9 remov+ !  
fossil specim5s f _! surr\nd+s because !
 explor]s 7 n expect+ to f9d any?+ ( !  
k9d4 ,altoge!r sev5 specim5s h be5      
discov]$ 9 :i* ^! delicate sk9          

impressions 7 p>tly pres]v$1 b !        
',tra*odon mummy' f> surpasses all !    
o!rs1 z x yields a ne>ly complete       
picture ( ! out] cov]+4  ,! reason !    
,/]nb]g specim5 7,tra*odon annect5s7 may
 be kn[n z a d9osaur 'mummy' is t 9 all 
! p>ts ( ! animal :i* are pres]v$ 7i4e4 
all except ! h9d limbs & ! tail71 !     
epid]mis is %runk5 ar\nd ! limbs1       
tightly drawn along ! bony surfaces1 &  
contract$ l a great curta9 bel[ ! *e/   
area4 ,?is condition ( ! epid]mis       
sugge/s ! foll[+ !ory ( ! deposition &  
pres]vation ( ?is wond]ful specim51     
namely3 t aft] dy+ a natural dea? !     
animal 0 n attack$ or prey$ ^u by its   
enemies1 & ! body lay expos$ to ! sun   
entirely undi/urb$ = a long "t1 p]haps  
^u a broad s& flat ( a /ream 9 ! l[-wat]
 /age2 ! muscles & visc]a ?us became    
completely dehydrat$1 or desiccat$ by ! 
action ( ! sun1 ! epid]mis %rank ar\nd !
 limbs1 0 tightly drawn d[n along all ! 
bony surfaces1 & became h>d5$ & lea!ry1 
on ! abdom9al surfaces ! epid]mis 0     

c]ta9ly drawn )9 ! body cavity1 :ile x 0
 ?r[n into creases & folds along ! sides
 ( ! body ow+ to ! %r9kage ( ! tissues  
)94 ,at ! t]m9ation ( a possible l[-wat]
 season dur+ :i* ^! processes (         
desiccation took place1 ! 'mummy' may h 
be5 caught 9 a sudd5 flood1 c>ri$ d[n ! 
/ream & rapidly buri$ 9 a b$ ( f9e riv] 
s& int]m+l$ ) suffici5t elem5ts ( clay  
to take a p]fect ca/ or mold ( all !    
epid]mal m>k+s be=e any ( ! epid]mal    
tissues _h "t to s(t5 "u ! solv5t action
 ( ! wat]4 ,9 ?is way ! m>k+s 7 indicat$
 ) absolute di/9ctness1 444 ! visitor w 
be able by ! use ( ! h& glass to /udy   
ev5 ! f9] details ( ! patt]n1 al?\gh (  
c\rse !re is no trace ei!r ( ! epid]mis 
itself1 :i* has entirely disappe>$1 or (
 ! pigm5tation or color+1 if su* exi/$4 
,al?\gh atta9+ a height ( fifte5 to     
sixte5 feet ! tra*odons 7 n cov]$ )     
scales or a bony protect+ armature1 b ) 
d]mal tub]cles ( relatively small size1 
:i* v>i$ 9 %ape & arrangem5t 9 diff]5t  
species1 & n improbably associat$ ) ?is 

v>i$ epid]mal patt]n !re 0 a v>i$ color 
patt]n4 ,! !ory ( a color patt]n is bas$
 *iefly ^u ! fact t ! l>g] tub]cles     
conc5trate & become m num]\s on all ^?  
portions ( ! body expos$ to ! sun1 t is1
 on ! out] surfaces ( ! =e & h9d limbs1 
& appe> to increase also along ! sides (
 ! body & to be m conc5trat$ on ! back4 
,on ! less expos$ areas1 ! "u side ( !  
body & ! inn] sides ( ! limbs1 ! small] 
tub]cles are m num]\s1 ! l>g] tub]cles  
be+ r$uc$ to small irregul>ly arrang$   
pat*es4 ,f analogy ) exi/+ liz>ds &     
snakes we may suppose1 !re=e1 t !       
tra*odons pres5t$ a d>k] appe>ance :5   
se5 f ! back & a light] appe>ance :5 se5
 f ! front4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4      
#ca4--,! ,d9osaur ,mummy4 ,detail ( sk9 
(   "u side ( body4 ,aft] ,osborn       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,sk9          
impression f ! tail ( a   ,tra*odon4 ,! 
impressions appe> to h be5 left by horny
   scutes or scales1 n ov]lapp+ l !     
scales on ! body (   mo/ mod]n reptiles1
 b m l ! scutes on ! head ( a   liz>d4  

,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,skull ( ,gila
 ,mon/] 7,helod]ma71 =   comp>ison (    
surface ) sk9 impressions ( ,tra*odon4  
,enl>g$ to #d_/c4  ,! ?9 "* ( ! epid]mis
 z reveal$ by ?is specim5 favors also ! 
!ory t ^! animals sp5t a l>ge "p ( _! "t
 9 ! wat]1 :i* !ory is /r5g!n$ by ! fact
 t ! dim9utive =e limb t]m9ates n 9     
claws or ho(s1 b 9 a broad ext5sion ( ! 
sk91 rea*+ beyond ! f+]s & =m+ a k9d (  
paddle4#ah ,! m>g9al web :i* connects   
all ! f+]s ) ea* o!r1 toge!r ) ! fact t 
! l[] side ( ! =e limb is z delicate 9  
its epid]mal /ructure z ! upp]1 c]ta9ly 
t5ds to support ! !ory ( ! swimm+ r ?an 
! walk+ or t]re/rial function ( ?is =e  
paddle z indicat$ 9 ! accompany+        
prelim9>y re/oration t 0 made by ,*>les 
,r4 ,knight work+ "u ! writ]'s          
direction4 ,"o is drawn 9 ! conv5tional 
bip$al or /&+ po/ure :ile ! o!r is 9 a  
quadrup$al pose or walk+ position1      
su/a9+ or balanc+ ! =e "p ( ! body on a 
muddy surface ) its =e feet4 ,9 ! di/ant
 wat] a l>ge numb] ( animals are        

disport+ !mselves4  ,! designation ( ^! 
animals z ! 'duck-bill$' d9osaurs 9     
ref]5ce to ! broad5+ ( ! beak1 has long 
be5 consid]$ 9 connection ) ! !ory (    
aquatic habitat4 ,! conv]sion ( ! =e    
limb into a sort ( paddle1 z evid5c$ by 
! ,/]nb]g specim51 /r5g!ns ?is !ory4    
,?is truly wond]ful specim51 !re=e1     
ne>ly d\bles our previ\s insight into ! 
habits & life ( a v rem>kable gr\p (    
reptiles4  ,saurolophus1 ,cory?osaurus4 
,9 ! late/ ,cretace\s =mation1 ! ,lance 
or ,tric]atops b$s1 all ! duck-bill$    
d9osaurs are mu* alike1 & are ref]r$ to 
! s+le g5us ,tra*odon4 ,9 some:at old]  
=mations ( ! ,cretacic p]iod !re 7      
sev]al diff]5t k9ds4 ,saurolophus has a 
high bony sp9e ris+ f ! top ( ! skull2 9
 ,cory?osaurus !re is a ?9 high cre/ l !
 cr[n ( a cass[>y on top ( ! skull1 & ! 
muzzle is %ort & small giv+ a v peculi> 
aspect to ! head4 ,complete skeletons ( 
^! two g5]a are exhibit$ 9 ! ,d9osaur   
,hall2 ! ,cory?osaurus is wor?y ( c>eful
 /udy1 z ! sk9 ( ! body1 h9d limbs &    

tail1 ! ossifi$ t5dons1 & ev5 !         
impressions ( ! muscul> tissues 9 p>ts (
 ! body & tail1 are m or less cle>ly    
indicat$4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#cd4--,,skeleton ,,( ,,saurolophus1 ,,f 
,,upp]   ,,cretacic ,,( ,,alb]ta4 ,aft] 
,br[n  ,^! ,duck-bill$ ,d9osaurs        
probably rang$ all ov] ,nor? ,am]ica & !
 nor!rly portions ( ! ,old ,_w dur+ !   
lat] ,cretacic4 ,fragm5t>y rema9s h be5 
f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey & s\?w>d along !     
,atlantic coa/4 ,a p>tial skeleton 0    
describ$ _m ye>s ago by ,leidy "u ! "n (
 ,hadrosaurus & re/or$ & m\nt$ 9 !      
museum ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy (     
,sci5ces4 ,telmatosaurus ( ! ,gosau     
=mation 9 ,au/ria also belongs to ?is   
gr\p1 & fragm5t>y rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! 
upp] ,cretacic ( ,belgium1 ,engl& &     
,france4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #af3  
,br[n1 ,b>num4 ,! ,tra*odon ,gr\p4 ,am]4
 ,mus4 ,j\r4 ,vol4 viii1 pp4 #ea-ef1    
plate & #c text figs41 #aijh4  ,footnote
 #ag3 ,osborn1 ,h5ry ,fairfield1        
,d9osaur ,mummy ,am]4 ,mus4 ,j\r4 ,vol4 

xi1 pp4 #g-aa1 illu/rat$1 ,jan4 #aiaa4  
,footnote #ah3 ,!re is "s d\bt :e!r ?is 
0 really ! condition dur+ life4         
,w4,d4,m4     ,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,!      
,,beak$ ,,d9osaurs 7,cont9u$47  ,c4 ,,! 
,,armor$ ,,d9osaurs--,,/egosaurus1      
,,ankylosaurus4  ,sub-,ord] ,/egosauria4
   ,?is gr\p ( d9osaurs is mo/ rem>kable
 = ! massive bony armor plates1 cre/s or
 sp9es cov]+ ! body & tail4 ,!y 7 m or  
less completely quadrup$al in/ead (     
bip$al1 ) /raight po/-l limbs & %ort    
r\nd$ ho($ feet adapt$ to support !     
weight ( ! massive body & heavy         
armature4 ,al?\gh s diff]5t sup]ficially
 f ! bird-foot$ bip$ ,iguanodonts !y are
 evid5tly relat$ to !m1 = ! tee? are    
simil>1 & ! horny beak1 ! con/ruction ( 
! pelvis1 ! ?ree-to$ h9d foot & f\r-to$ 
front foot all betray relation%ip4 ,f   
:at we "k ( !m x seems probable t !y    
evolv$ f ,iguanodont ance/ors1 develop+ 
! bony armor z a protection aga9/ !     
attacks ( c>nivor\s d9osaurs1 & modify+ 
! proportions ( limbs & feet to enable  

!m to support its weight4 ,!y 7 evid5tly
 h]bivor\s & "s ( !m ( gigantic size4   
,small] k9ds ) less massive armor h be5 
f\nd 9 ,europe b ! l>ge/ & mo/          
extraord9>y memb]s ( ?is /range race are
 f ,nor? ,am]ica4   ,,/egosaurus4  ,?is 
extraord9>y reptile equall$ !           
,allosaurus 9 size1 & bore along ! cre/ 
( ! back a d\ble r[ ( enorm\s bony      
plates project+ upw>d & some:at outw>d  
alt]nately to "o side & ! o!r4 ,! l>ge/ 
( ^! plates situat$ j back ( ! pelvis 7 
ov] two feet high1 two & a half long1   
?9n+ out f a base f\r in*es ?ick4 ,!    
tail 0 arm$ ) f\r or m /\t sp9es two    
feet long & five or six in*es ?ick at ! 
base4 ,9 ! neck region & probably       
else:]e ! sk9 _h num]\s small bony      
nodules & "s l>g] ones imb$d$ 9 its     
sub/ance or protect+ its surface4 ,!    
head 0 absurdly small = s huge an       
animal1 & ! /iff ?ick tail project$     
backw>d b 0 n long en\gh to rea* !      
gr\nd4 ,! h9d limbs are v long &        
/raight1 ! =e limbs relatively %ort1 & !

 %ort high ar*$ back & extremely deep & 
compress$ body s]v$ to exagg]ate !      
height & prom95ce ( ! great plates4 ,!  
surface ( ^! plates1 cov]$ ) a network (
 blood-vessels1 %[s t !y bore a cov]+ ( 
?ick horny sk9 dur+ life1 :i* probably  
project$ z a ridge beyond _! edges &    
/ill fur!r increas$ _! size4 ,! sp9es ( 
! tail1 also1 7 probably cas$ 9 horn4   
,?is extraord9>y animal 0 a contempor>y 
( ! ,brontosaurus & ,allosaurus1 & its  
discov]y 0 "o ( ! great a*ievem5ts ( !  
late ,pr(essor ,m>%4 ,! skeletons :i* he
 describ$ are m\nt$ 9 ! ,yale &         
,national ,museums4 ,ano!r skeleton 0   
f\nd 9 ! fam\s ,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry1 ne>  
,m$ic9e ,b[1 ,wyom+1 by ! ,am]ican      
,museum ,exp$ition ( #aija4 ,?is        
skeleton1 at pres5t )drawn f lack (     
space1 w be m\nt$ 9 ! ,jurassic ,d9osaur
 ,hall 9 ! new w+ n[ "u con/ruction4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,skull & l[]  
jaw ( ,armor$ ,d9osaur   ,ankylosaurus1 
f ,upp] ,cretacic 7,edmonton =mation7 ( 
,alb]ta4 ,left side view4 ,aft] ,br[n   

,,ankylosaurus4  ,relat$ to ,/egosaurus1
 equally huge1 b v diff]5t 9 proportions
 & "* ( its armor 0 ! ,ankylosaurus ( ! 
late ,cretacic4 ,?is animal1 a          
contempor>y ( ! ,tyrannosaurus &        
duck-bill$ d9osaurs 0 m effectively ?\gh
 less grotesquely armor$ ?an its m      
anci5t relative4 ,! body is cov]$ )     
massive bony plates set close toge!r &  
ly+ flat ov] ! surface f head to tip (  
tail4 ,:ile ! /egosaur's body 0 n>r[ &  
compress$1 9 ?is animal x is            
exceptionally broad & ! wide spread+    
ribs are cossifi$ ) ! v]tebrae1 mak+ a v
 solid support = ! transv]se r[s ( armor
 plates4 ,! head is broad triangul>1    
flat topp$ & solidly armor$1 ! plates   
consolidat$ ) ! surface ( ! skull &     
ov]hang+ sides & front1 ! no/rils & eyes
 ov]hung by plates & bosses ( bone2 & ! 
tail end$ 9 a blunt heavy club ( massive
 plates consolidat$ to ea* o!r & to !   
tip ( ! tail v]tebrae4 ,! legs 7 %ort1  
massive & /raight1 end+ probably 9      
elephant-l feet4 ,! animal has well be5 

call$ ! mo/ pond]\s animat$ citadel ! _w
 has ev] se5 & we may suppose t :5 x    
tuck$ 9 its legs & settl$ d[n on !      
surface x w\ld be pro( ev5 aga9/ !      
attacks ( ! t]rible ,tyrannosaur4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4                     
#cf4--;,ankylosaurus1 top view ( skull 9
 fig4   #ce4 ,aft] ,br[n  ,?is m>vell\s 
animal 0 made kn[n to sci5ce by !       
discov]ies ( ! ,museum p>ties 9 ,montana
 & ,alb]ta "u ,b>num ,br[n4 ,fragm5t>y  
rema9s ( small] relatives _h be5        
discov]$ by e>li] explor]s b no?+ t gave
 any adequate notion ( its "* or        
gigantic size4 ,f a p>tial skeleton     
discov]$ 9 ! ,hell ,creek b$s (         
,montana1 & o!rs 9 ! ,edmonton & ,belly 
,riv] =mations ( ! ,r$ ,de] ,riv]1      
,alb]ta1 x has be5 possible to          
recon/ruct ! entire skeleton ( ! animal1
 save = ! feet1 & to locate & arrange   
mo/ ( ! armor plates exactly4 ,a        
skeleton m\nt f ^! specim5s w %ortly be 
con/ruct$ = ! ,cretace\s ,d9osaur ,hall4
  ,scelidosaurus1 ,polacan?us1 etc4     

,v>i\s armor$ d9osaurs1 ( small] size & 
less heavily plat$1 h be5 describ$ f !  
,jurassic1 ,coman*ic & ,cretacic        
=mations ( ,europe4 ,! be/ kn[n are     
,scelidosaurus ( ! ,l[] ,jurassic (     
,engl&1 & ,polacan?us ( ! ,coman*ic     
7,weald574 ,/egopelta ( ! ,cretace\s (  
,wyom+ is m ne>ly relat$ to             
,ankylosaurus4     ,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,!   
,,beak$ ,,d9osaurs 7,conclud$47  ,d4 ,,!
 ,,horn$ ,,d9osaurs1 ,,tric]atops1      
,,etc4  ,sub-,ord] ,c]atopsia4   ,9     
#ahhg ,pr(essor ,m>% publi%$ a brief    
notice ( :at he suppos$ to be a fossil  
bison horn f\nd ne> ,d5v]1 ,colorado4   
,two ye>s lat] ! explorations ( ! lam5t$
 ,john ,b4 ,hat*] 9 ,wyom+ & ,montana   
result$ 9 ! unexpect$ discov]y t ?is    
horn belong$ n to a bison b to a        
gigantic horn$ reptile1 & t x belong$ n 
9 ! geological ye/]day z at fir/ ?\ght1 
b 9 ! f> back ,cretacic1 millions ( ye>s
 ago4 ,= ,mr4 ,hat*] f\nd complete      
skulls1 & lat] secur$ skeletons1 cle>ly 
( ! ,d9osaurian gr\p1 b repres5t+ a race

 ( d9osaurs ^: exi/5ce1 or at lea/ _!   
extraord9>y "*1 _h be5 q unsuspect$4 ,x 
appe>$ inde$ t c]ta9 tee? & skeleton    
bones previ\sly discov]$ by ,pr(essor   
,cope 7 relat$ to ?is new type (        
d9osaur1 b ! fragm5ts kn[n to !         
,philadelphia pr(essor gave him no idea 
( :at ! animal 0 l1 al?\gh ) 8 usual    
acum5 he _h disc]n$ t !y diff]$ f any   
animal kn[n to sci5ce & regi/]$ !m z new
 "u ! names ( ,aga?aumas #ahgc &        
,monoclonius #ahgf4 ,pr(essor ,m>%      
re-nam$ 8 suppos$ bison ,c]atops 7i4e4  
horn$ face7 & gave to ! closely relat$  
skulls discov]$ by ,mr4 ,hat*] ! "n (   
,tric]atops 7i4e4 ?ree horn$ face71 :ile
 to ! :ole gr\p he gave ! "n (          
,c]atopsia4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4      
#cg4--,skulls ( ,horn$ ,d9osaurs4 ,! l[]
   r[1 ,c]atops1 ,/yracosaurus1         
,monoclonius1 are f !   ,middle         
,cretacic 7,belly ,riv] =mation7 (      
,alb]ta2   ,an*ic]atops is f ! ,upp]    
,cretacic 7,edmonton =mation7 (         
,alb]ta2 ,tric]atops & ,torosaurus f !  

upp]mo/   ,cretacic 7,lance =mation7 (  
,wyom+4  ,^! 7 ! fir/ ( a long s]ies (  
discov]ies :i* ?r\gh sci5tific & popul> 
descriptions h made ! ,horn$ ,d9osaurs  
famili> to ! _w4 ,mo/ ( !m are /ill v   
imp]fectly kn[n1 & ( _! evolution &     
e>li] hi/ory we "k v little z yet4 ,b we
 c =m a fairly correct idea ( _! g5]al  
appe>ance & habits & ( ! "p !y play$ 9 !
 _w ( ! late ,cretacic4 ,s f> z kn[n !y 
7 limit$ to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! mo/ /rik+ 
feature ( ! ,horn$ ,d9osaurs is !       
gigantic skull1 arm$ ) a pair ( horns   
ov] ! orbits & a m$ian horn on ! nasal  
bones 9 front1 & ) a great bony cre/    
project+ at ! back & sides4 ,9 "s       
species ! skull ) its bony frill atta9s 
a l5g? ( sev5 or ev5 eight feet & ab\t  
?ree feet wid?2 ! usual l5g? is five or 
six feet & ! wid? ab\t ?ree4 ,9 ! be/   
kn[n g5us1 ,tric]atops1 ! pair$ horns   
are long & /\t & ! front horn q %ort or 
almo/ abs5t1 :ile 9 ,monoclonius ^!     
proportions are rev]s$1 ! front horn be+
 long :ile ! pair$ horns are rudim5t>y4 

,! tee? are 9 a s+le r[ b are broad5$   
out into a wide gr9d+ surface4 ,! animal
 0 quadrup$al1 ) %ort massive limbs &   
r\nd$ elephant9e feet tipp$ ) ho(s1 ?ree
 9 ! h9d foot1 f\r 9 ! =e foot1 a %ort  
massive tail t c\ld h>dly rea* ! gr\nd1 
a %ort broad-b>rell$ body & a %ort neck 
completely hidd5 on top & sides by !    
ov]hang+ bony frill ( ! skull4 ,9 _m    
respects ^! animals are sugge/ive f> m  
?an any o!r d9osaurs1 ( ! great         
quadrup$s ( ,t]ti>y & mod]n times1      
rh9oc]oses1 hippopotami1 titano!res &   
elephants1 z 9 ! horns !y sugge/ !      
bison4 ,= ?is reason al?\gh less        
gigantic ?an ! ,brontosaurus or         
,tyrannosaurus1 less grotesque p]haps1  
?an ! ,/egosaurus1 !y are m int]e/+ ?an 
any o!r d9osaurs4 ,:ile ?us dep>t+ f> f 
! e>li] type ( ! beak$ d9osaurs 7!      
,iguanodonts7 !y are evid5tly desc5d$ f 
!m4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,skull 
( ,tric]atops f ! ,lance   =mation 9    
,wyom+1 "o-eighte5? natural size4 ,!    
l5g? (   ! horns is #b feet1 #i-a_/b    

in*es4 ,! ro/ral bone or beak1 &   ! l[]
 jaw1 are lack+2 9 ! illu/ration on !   
cov] !y   h be5 re/or$ 9 outl9e4 ,?is   
f9e skull 0 discov]$ by   ,george ,m4   
,/]nb]g1 & pur*as$ = ! ,museum by ,mr4  
,*>les   ,lani] 9 #aiji4   ,,tric]atops4
  ,?is is ! be/ kn[n ( ! ,horn$         
,d9osaurs1 z v>i\s skulls & p>tial      
skeletons h be5 f\nd f :i* x has be5    
possible to recon/ruct ! entire animal4 
,!re is a m\nt$ skeleton 9 ! ,national  
,museum1 ano!r w %ortly be m\nt$ 9 !    
,am]ican ,museum1 & !re are skulls 9    
sev]al ,am]ican & ,european museums4    
,tric]atops exce$$ ! l>ge/ rh9oc]oses 9 
bulk1 equall+ a fairly l>ge elephant1 b 
) mu* %ort] legs4 ,! great horns ov] !  
eyes project$ =w>d or p>tly upw>d2 9 "o 
( our skulls !y are #cc-a_/b in*es long4
 ,dur+ life !y 7 probably cov]$ ) horn  
increas+ ! l5g? by six in*es or p]haps a
 foot4 ,! ball-l condyle = articulation 
( ! neck lies f> und]nea?1 at ! base ( !
 frill1 almo/ 9 ! middle ( ! skull4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,skull (      

,monoclonius1 a horn$ d9osaur   f !     
,cretacic 7,belly ,riv] =mation7 (      
,alb]ta4   ,"o-fifte5? natural size4 ,! 
horns ov] ! eyes are   rudim5t>y1 & !   
nasal horn l>ge1 rev]s+ ! proportions   
9 ,tric]atops4  ,monoclonius1 ,c]atops1 
etc4 ,! ,tric]atops & ano!r equally     
gigantic ,horn$ ,d9osaur1 ,torosaurus1 7
 ! la/ survivors ( _! race4 ,9 some:at  
old] =mations ( ,cretacic age are f\nd  
rema9s ( small] k9ds1 "s ( !m ance/ors (
 ^! late/ survivors1 o!rs collat]ally   
relat$4 ,none ( ^! h ! bony frill       
completely ro(+ ov] ! neck z x does 9   
,tric]atops4 ,!re is always a c5tral    
sp9e project+ backw>ds & wid5+ out at ! 
top to ! bony m>g9 ( ! frill :i* sweeps 
ar\nd on ea* side to jo9 bony plates t  
project f ! sides ( ! skull top4 ,?is   
encloses an op5 space or f5e/ra1 s t !  
neck 0 n completely protect$ above4     
,sometimes ! m>g9 ( ! frill is pla91 at 
o!r times x c>ries a numb] ( great      
spikes1 l a gigantic ,horn$ ,liz>d      
7,phrynosoma74    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   

#dj4--,outl9e sket* re/oration (        
,tric]atops1 f ! m\nt$ skeleton 9 !     
,national ,museum4  ,9 ,c]atops ! horns 
ov] ! eyes are l>ge & ! nasal horn      
small4 ,9 ,monoclonius ! nasal horn is  
l>ge & ^? ov] ! eyes are rudim5t>y4 ,!  
great v>iety ( species t has be5 f\nd 9 
rec5t ye>s %[s t ^! ,horn$ ,d9osaurs 7 a
 num]\s & v>i$ race ( :i* z yet we "k   
only a few4 ,( _! evolution we h little 
direct k1 b probably !y are desc5d$ f ! 
,iguanodonts & ,camptosaurs ( !         
,coman*ic1 & _! quadrup$al gait1 huge   
heads1 %ort tails & o!r peculi>ities are
 second>y specializations1 _! ance/ors  
be+ bip$al1 long-tail$1 small head$ &   
hornless4  ,! f9e skulls ( ,tric]atops1 
,monoclonius1 ,c]atops & ,an*ic]atops 9 
! ,museum collections illu/rate ! v>iety
 ( ^! rem>kable animals4 ,complete      
skeletons ( ! fir/ two g5]a are be+     
prep>$ = m\nt+ & exhibition4     ,,*apt]
 ,x4  ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,(  
,,d9osaurs4   ,rema9s ( ,d9osaurs h be5 
f\nd 9 all ! cont95ts1 b *iefly 9       

,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,explorations 9
 o!r p>ts ( ! _w h n z yet be5 suffici5t
 to %[ :e!r or n ea* cont95t develop$   
especial k9ds peculi> to x1 nor to af=d 
any reliable evid5ce z to :e!r !        
relations ( ! cont95ts 7 diff]5t dur+ ! 
,mesozoic4 ,?us f>1 ! ,c>nivor\s gr\p   
seems mo/ widespread1 = x alone has be5 
f\nd 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,sauropods or      
,amphibi\s ,d9osaurs h be5 f\nd 9       
,europe1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,india1         
,madagasc>1 ,patagonia1 & ,africa1      
suffici5t to %[ t _! di/ribution 0 _w   
wide ) ! possible exception ( ,au/ralia1
 & probable exception ( mo/ oceanic     
isl&s 7few ( ! mod]n oceanic isl&s exi/$
 at t "t al?\gh !re may well h be5 _m   
o!rs no long] extant74 ,! ,beak$        
,d9osaurs are m limit$ 9 _! di/ribution1
 = none ( !m s f> z at pres5t kn[n rea*$
 ,au/ralia or ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,b 9 !      
pres5t /age ( discov]y x w\ld be ra% to 
conclude t !y 7 surely limit$ to !      
regions :]e !y h be5 discov]$4 ,x is n  
:olly cle> z yet :e!r ! ,d9osaurian     

fauna t fl\ri%$ at ! end ( ! ,jurassic 9
 ! nor? surviv$ to ! ,upp] ,cretacic 9 !
 s\!rn cont95ts1 b pres5t evid5ce po9ts 
t way1 & indicates t ! girdle ( ocean   
:i* dur+ ! ,cretacic depression encircl$
 ! nor!rn _w1 =m$ a b>ri] :i* !         
,cretacic d9osaurian fauna nev] succe$$ 
9 cross+4  ,! e>li] gr\ps ( ,beak$      
,d9osaurs are f\nd 9 bo? ,europe &      
,am]ica1 & 9 ! ,cretacic ! ,duck-bill$ &
 ,armor$ gr\ps are repres5t$ 9 bo?      
regions4 ,! ,horn$ ,d9osaurs1 h[ev]1 are
 kn[n ) c]ta9ty only f ,nor? ,am]ica4   
,:ile mo/ ( ! important fossil specim5s 
9 ?is c\ntry h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,we/1 m     
fragm5t>y rema9s h be5 f\nd on !        
,atlantic sea-bo>d1 & x is probable t !y
 rang$ all ov] ! int]v5+ region1 :]ev]  
!y f\nd an environm5t suit$ to _!       
p>ticul> ne$s4     ,,*apt] ,,xi4        
,,collect+ ,,d9osaurs4  ,,h[ ,,& ,,:]e  
,,!y ,,are ,,f\nd4   ,! visitor :o is   
introduc$ to ! d9osaurs ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 
books & pictures or ( ! skeletons       
exhibit$ 9 ! great museums1 f9ds x      

h>d--well nigh impossible--to realize _!
 exi/5ce4 ,h[ev] will+ he may be to     
accept on fai? ! recon/ructions ( !     
skeletons1 ! re/orations ( ! animals &  
_! suppos$ environm5t1 x yet rema9s to  
him some:at ( a fairy-tale1 a fanciful  
imag9ative _w peopl$ ) ogres & dragons &
 belong+ to ! unreal once ^u a "t :i*   
has no connection ) ! ev] pres5t        
workaday _w 9 :i* we live4 ,birds &     
squirrels1 rabbits & foxes belong to ?is
 real _w because he has se5 !m 9 8 walks
 ?r\gh ! woods2 ev5 elephants &         
rh9oc]oses1 ?\gh 8 acqua9tance be limit$
 to m5ag]ie specim5s1 seem fairly       
real--al?\gh "o recalls ! f>m]'s comm5t 
on fir/ see+ a giraffe 9 ! ,zoological  
p>k3 ,!re a9t no si* animal4 ,b         
d9osaurs--"o easily realizes ! /ate (   
m9d t prompts ! inquiry s (t5 made by   
visitors to ! ,d9osaur ,hall3--!y make  
^! out ( pla/]1 don't !y8 ,s f> z is    
consi/5t ) good ta/e1 ! aim ( ! ,am]ican
 ,museum has be5 to enable ! visitor to 
see = himself h[ mu* ( pla/]            

recon/ruction !re is to ea* skeleton1 & 
to expla9 9 ! labels :at ! basis 0 = !  
recon/ruct$ p>ts4  ,h[ ,!y are ,f\nd4 ,b
 to ! collector ^! ext9ct animals are   
real en\gh4 ,z he j\rneys ov] ! we/]n   
pla9s he sees ! v>i\s liv+ inhabitants  
!re(1 birds & bea/s1 z well z m51 pursu+
 _! v>i\s modes ( life2 "h & !re he     
comes across ! scatt]$ skeletons or     
bones ( mod]n animals ly+ /rewn ^u !    
surface ( ! gr\nd or half buri$ 9 ! soil
 ( a cut bank4 ,9 ! %ales or s&/ones t  
und]lie ! soil he f9ds ! objects ( 8    
se>*1 skeletons or bones ( ext9ct       
animals1 simil>ly dispos$1 b buri$ 9    
rock in/ead ( s(t soil1 & expos$ 9 caons
 & gullies cut ?r\gh ! solid rock4 ,ea* 
rock =mation1 he kn[s by precept &      
exp]i5ce1 c>ries its own peculi> fauna1 
its animals are diff]5t f ^? ( ! =mation
 above & f ^? 9 ! =mation bel[4 ,days & 
weeks he may sp5d 9 fruitless se>*      
foll[+ along ! outcrop ( ! =mation1     
?r\gh rugg$ badl&s1 along /eep caon     
walls1 ar\nd isolat$ po9ts or buttes1   

)\t f9d+ m ?an a few fragm5ts1 b spurr$ 
on by vivid int]e/ & ! ra9b[ prospect ( 
"s new or r>e f9d4 ,f9ally p]haps1 aft] 
innum]able disappo9tm5ts1 a trail (     
fragm5ts leads up to a really promis+   
prospect4 ,a cauti\s inve/igation       
indicates t an articulat$ skeleton is   
buri$ at ?is po9t1 & t n too mu* ( x has
 gone out & roll$ 9 wea!r$ fragm5ts d[n 
! slope4 ,= ! t$i\s & delicate process (
 dis9t]r+ ! skeleton f ! rock he w ne$  
to keep ev] 9 m9d ! =m & relations ( ea*
 bone1 ! picture ( ! skeleton z x may h 
be5 :5 buri$4 ,! heavy l$ges above are  
remov$ ) pick & %ovel1 (t5 ) help (     
dynamite & a team & scrap]4 ,z he gets  
ne>] to ! /ratum 9 :i* ! bones lie ! "w 
mu/ be m & m c>eful4 ,a false bl[ ) pick
 or *isel might de/roy irrep>ably "s    
important bony /ructure4 ,bit by bit he 
traces out ! position & lay ( ! bones1  
work+ n[ mo/ly ) awl & :isk-broom1      
uncov]+ ! m massive portions1 block+ out
 ! delicate bones 9 ! rock1 soak+ !     
expos$ surfaces repeat$ly ) ?9 gum      

7mucilage7 or %ellac1 *annel+ ar\nd &   
betwe5 ! bones until !y /& out on little
 p$e/als above ! qu>ry floor4 ,!n1 aft] 
! gum or %ellac has dri$ ?or\ghly &     
h>d5$ ! s(t p>ts1 & ! surfaces ( bone   
expos$ are fur!r protect$ by pa/+ on a  
lay] ( tissue pap]1 x is ready = ! pla/]
 jacket4 ,?is consi/s ( /rips ( burlap  
dipp$ 9 pla/]-(-p>is & pa/$ ov] !       
surface ( ea* block until top & sides1  
all b ! p$e/al on :i* x re/s1 are       
completely cas$ 91 ! /rips be+ press$ & 
knead$ close to ! surface ( ! block z !y
 are laid on4 ,:5 ?is jacket sets &     
dries ! block is rigid & /iff en\gh to  
lift & turn ov]2 ! rema9s ( ! p$e/al are
 trimm$ (f & ! "u surface is pla/]$ l ! 
re/4 ,) l>ge blocks x is (t5 necess>y to
 pa/e into ! jacket1 on upp] or bo?     
sides1 bo>ds1 scantl+ or /icks ( wood to
 secure additional rigidity4 ,= %\ld !  
block rack1 or become %att]$ inside1 ev5
 ?\gh no fragm5ts 7 lo/1 ! specim5 w\ld 
be m or less completely ru9$4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,a ,d9osaur  

skeleton1 prospect$ & ready   = encas+ 9
 pla/] b&ages & removal 9 blocks4       
7,cory?osaurus1 ,r$ ,de] ,riv]1         
,alb]ta47  ,! next /age w be pack+ 9    
boxes ) /raw1 hay or o!r mat]ials1 haul+
 to ! railway & %ipm5t to ,new ,york4   
,arriv$ at ! ,museum1 ! boxes are       
unpack$1 ea* block laid out on a table1 
! upp] side ( its pla/] jacket s(t5$ )  
wat] & cut away1 & ! prep>ation ( ! bone
 beg9s4 ,always x is m or less crack$ & 
brok5 up1 b ! fragm5ts lie 9 _! natural 
relations4 ,ea* piece mu/ be lift$ out1 
?or\ghly clean$ f rock & dirt1 & !      
fractur$ surfaces cem5t$ toge!r aga94   
,p>ts ( bones1 especially ! int]ior1 are
 (t5 rott$ into du/ :ile ! h>d] out]    
surface is /ill pres]v$4 ,! du/ mu/ be  
scrap$ out1 ! int]ior fill$ ) a pla/]   
cem5t1 & ! surface pieces re-set 9      
position4 ,v (t5 a /eel rod is set into 
! pla/] fill+ ! int]ior ( a bone1 to    
secure additional /r5g?4  ,aft] ?is     
prep>ation is complet$1 ea* "p be+ soak$
 repeat$ly ) %ellac until x w absorb no 

m1 ! bones c be h&l$ & laid out = /udy  
or exhibition4 ,!n1 if !y are to be     
m\nt$ = a fossil skeleton1 comes ! "w ( 
re/or+ ! miss+ p>ts4 ,= ?is a pla/]     
composition is us$4  ,:]e only p>ts ( "o
 side are miss+ ! correspond+ p>ts ( !  
o!r side are us$ = model2 :]e bo? sides 
are miss+1 o!r individuals or ne>ly     
relat$ species may s]ve z a guide4 ,b x 
is seldom wise to attempt re/oration ( a
 skeleton unless at lea/ two-?irds ( x  
is pres5t2 composite skeletons made up (
 ! rema9s ( sev]al or _m individuals1 h 
be5 attempt$1 b !y are dang]\s exp]im5ts
 9 animals s imp]fectly kn[n z are mo/ (
 ! d9osaurs4 ,!re is too mu* risk (     
includ+ bones t p]ta9 to o!r species or 
g5]a1 & ( introduc+ !reby into !        
re/oration a m or less errone\s concept 
( ! animal :i* x repres5ts4 ,! same     
criticism applies to an ov]ly l>ge am\nt
 ( pla/] re/oration4    ,illu/ration3   
,fig4 #db4--;,bone-,cab9 ,draw on       
,little ,m$ic9e ,riv]   nor? ( ,m$ic9e  
,b[1 ,wyom+4 ,! location ( ! qu>ry is   

indicat$ by ! /ack ( crat$ specim5s on !
 left1 & close   to x ! l[ sod-cov]$    
%ack :]e ! collect+ p>ty liv$4   ,beyond
 ! draw lies ! flat roll+ surface ( !   
,l>amie   ,pla9s & on ! s\!rn horizon ! 
,m$ic9e ,b[ ,range ) ,elk   ,m\nta9 at !
 c5t]4  ,9 "s in/ances ! miss+ p>ts ( a 
skeleton are n re/or$1 because1 ev5 ?\gh
 b a small "p be gone1 we h no good     
evid5ce to guide 9 its recon/ruction4   
,?is gives an imp]fect & sometimes      
mislead+ concept ( :at ! :ole skeleton 0
 l1 b x is bett] ?an re/or+ x           
errone\sly4 ,usually ) ! m imp]fect     
skeletons1 a skull1 a limb or "s o!r    
*>act]i/ic p>ts may be plac$ on         
exhibition b ! rema9d] ( ! specim5 is   
/or$ 9 ! /udy collections4              
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,am]ican     
,museum p>ty at ,bone-,cab9   ,qu>ry1   
#ahii4 ,seat$1 left to "r ,walt]        
,grang]1 ,pr(essor ,h4,f4   ,osborn1    
,dr4 ,w4,d4 ,mat!w2 /&+1 ,f4 ,s*neid]1  
,pr(4 ,r4,s4 ,lull1   ,alb]t ,?omson1   
,pet] ,kaison4  ,:]e ,!y are ,f\nd4 ,!  

*ief d9osaur localities 9 ?is c\ntry are
 along ! flanks ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! 
pla9s to ! ea/w>d1 f ,canada to ,texas4 
,n t d9osaurs 7 any m abundant !re ?an  
else:]e4 ,!y probably rang$ all ov]     
,nor? ,am]ica1 & diff]5t k9ds inhabit$  
o!r cont95ts z well4 ,b 9 ! ,ea/ & !    
,middle ,we/1 ! conditions 7 n favorable
 = pres]v+ _! rema9s1 except 9 a few    
localities4 ,=mations ( ?is age are less
 ext5sive1 especially ^? ( ! delta &    
coa/-swamps :i* ! d9osaurs frequ5t$4 ,& 
:]e !y d occur1 !y are l>gely cov]$ by  
vegetation & _c be explor$ to advantage4
 ,9 ! arid ,we/]n regions ^! =mations   
girdle ! ,rockies & outly+ m\nta9 *a9s =
 two-?\s& miles f nor? to s\?1 & are    
ext5sively expos$ 9 great esc>pm5ts1    
riv] caons & badl& areas1 b>e ( soil &  
vegetation & af=d+ an imm5se /ret* (    
expos$ rock = ! explor]4 ,mu* ( ?is area
 inde$ is des]t1 too f> away f wat] to  
be pr(itably se>*$ "u pres5t conditions1
 or too f> away f railroads to all[ (   
transportation ( ! f9ds at a reasonable 

exp5se4 ,fossils are mu* m common 9     
c]ta9 p>ts ( ! region1 & ^! localities h
 mo/ly be5 explor$ m or less ?or\ghly4  
,b ! field is f> f be+ exhau/$4 ,new    
localities h be5 f\nd & old localities  
re-explor$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 yield+ specim5s
 equal to or bett] ?an any h]et(ore     
discov]$4 ,& z ! railroad & ! automobile
 r5d] new regions accessible1 & !       
erosion ( ! =mations by w9d & ra9 br+s  
new specim5s to ! surface1 we may look  
=w>d to new discov]ies = _m ye>s to     
come4  ,9 o!r cont95ts1 except 9        
,europe1 !re has be5 b little           
exploration = d9osaurs4 ,en\gh is kn[n  
to assure u t !y w yield faun no less   
ext5sive & rem>kable ?an our own4 ,we   
are 9 fact only beg9n+ to appreciate !  
va/ ext5t & v>iety ( ^! records ( a pa/ 
_w4  ,9 a prec$+ *apt] x 0 %[n t ! *ief 
=mations 9 :i* d9osaur rema9s h be5 f\nd
 belong to ! end ( ! ,jurassic & ! end (
 ! ,cretacic p]iods4 ,! ,jurassic       
d9osaur =mations skirt ! ,rockies &     
outly+ m\nta9 ranges b are (t5 turn$ up 

on edge & poorly expos$1 or b>r5 (      
fossils4 ,! ri*e/ collect+ gr\nd is 9 ! 
,l>amie ,pla9s1 betwe5 ! ,rockies & !   
,l>amie range 9 s\?-c5tral ,wyom+1 b    
important f9ds h also be5 made 9        
,colorado & ,utah4 ,! ,cretace\s        
,d9osaur =mations ext5d some:at fur!r   
out on ! pla9s to ! ea/w>d1 & ! be/     
collect+ regions ?us f> explor$ are 9   
ea/]n ,wyom+1 c5tral ,montana & 9       
,alb]ta1 ,canada4   ,,! ,,fir/          
,,discov]y ,,( ,,d9osaurs ,,9 ,,! ,,we/4
  ,by ,pr(4 ,s4,w4 ,willi/on4  ,mo/     
great discov]ies are due r to a /ate (  
m9d1 if ,i may use su* an expression1   
?an to accid5t4 ,! discov]y ( ! imm5se  
d9osaur deposits 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9  
,m>*1 #ahgg1 may tru?fully be call$     
great1 = no?+ 9 paleontology has equall$
 x1 & t x 0 made by ?ree obs]v]s        
simultane\sly c n be call$ purely an    
accid5t4 ,^! discov]]s 7 ,mr4 ,o4       
,lucas1 !n a s*ool tea*]1 lat] cl]gyman2
 ,pr(essor ,ar?ur ,lakes1 !n a tea*] 9 !
 ,s*ool ( ,m9es at ,gold51 ,colorado2 & 

,mr4 ,william ,re$1 !n a section =eman (
 ! ,union ,pacific ,railroad at ,como1  
,wyom+1 lat] ! curator ( paleontology ( 
! ,univ]sity ( ,wyom+--ev5 z ,i write   
?is1 comes ! notice ( 8 dea?1--! la/4 ,i
 knew !m all1 & ! la/ two 7 long        
intimate fri5ds4  ,9 ! autumn ( #ahgh ,i
 wrote ! foll[+3#ai  ,! hi/ory ( _!     
discov]y 7! d9osaurs7 is bo? int]e/+ &  
rem>kable4 ,= ye>s ! b$s conta9+ !m _h  
be5 /udi$ by geologi/s ( exp]i5ce1 "u ! 
surveys ( ,hayd5 & ,k+1 b1 ) ! possible 
exception ( ! half ( a caudal v]tebra1  
obta9$ by ,hayd5 & describ$ by ,leidy z 
a species ( ,poikilopleuron1 n a s+le   
fragm5t _h be5 recogniz$4 ,?is is all ! 
m rem>kable f ! fact t 9 sev]al ( !     
localities ,i h obs]v$ acres lit]ally   
/rewn ) fragm5ts ( bones1 _m ( !m       
extremely *>act]i/ic & s l>ge z to h    
tax$ ! /r5g? ( a /rong man to lift !m4  
,?ree ( ! localities kn[n to me are 9 ! 
imm$iate vic9ity1 if n ^u ! actual      
t[nsites ( ?riv+ villages1 & = ye>s     
num]\s fragm5ts h be5 collect$ by 7or =7

 t\ri/s & exhibit$ z fossil wood4 ,!    
quantities hi!rto obta9$1 ?\gh app>5tly 
s va/1 are :olly unimportant 9 comp>ison
 ) ^? await+ ! rese>*es ( geologi/s     
?r\gh\t ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4 ,i d\bt
 n t _m hundr$s ( tons w ev5tually be   
exhum$4 ,r a />tl+ prophecy to make )9  
eighte5 mon?s ( _! discov]y1 b x 0 h>dly
 exagg]at$4  ,x is impossible to say :i*
 ( ^! ?ree obs]v]s actually made ! fir/ 
discov]y ( ,jurassic d9osaurs2 :atev]   
d\bt !re is is 9 favor ( ,mr4 ,re$4     
,pr(essor ,lakes1 accompani$ by 8 fri5d 
,mr4 ,e4,l4 ,beck)1 an eng9e]1 01 "o day
 9 ,m>*1 #ahgg1 hunt+ along ! hogback 9 
! vic9ity ( ,morrison1 ,colorado1 =     
fossil leaves 9 ! ,dakota ,cretace\s    
s&/one :i* caps ! ridge1 :5 he saw a    
l>ge block ( s&/one ) an enorm\s v]tebra
 p>tly imb$d$ 9 x4 ,he discuss$ ! nature
 ( ! fossil ) 8 fri5d 7s he told me7 &  
f9ally conclud$ t x 0 a fossil bone4 ,he
 _h rec5tly come f ,engl& & _h he>d (   
,pr(essor ,phillips' discov]ies ( simil>
 d9osaurs !re4 ,he knew ( ,pr(essor ,m>%

 ( ,yale f 8 rec5t discov]ies ( too!d   
birds 9 ! *alk ( ,kansas1 & report$ !   
f9d to him4 ,z a result1 ! specim51 rock
 & all1 0 %ipp$ to him by express at t5 
c5ts a p\nd6 ,& ,pr(essor ,m>%          
imm$iately ann\nc$ ! discov]y (         
,titanosaurus 7,atlantosaurus7 immanis1 
a huge d9osaur hav+ a probable l5g? ( "o
 hundr$ & fifte5 feet & unkn[n height4  
,& ,pr(essor ,lakes 0 imm$iately set at 
"w 9 ! ,morrison qu>ry ne> by1 :5ce     
comes ! accept$ "n ( ^! d9osaur b$s 9 ! 
,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,pr(essor ,lakes once  
%[$ me ! exact spot :]e he f\nd 8 fir/  
specim54  ,mr4 ,lucas1 tea*+ 8 fir/ t]m 
( a c\ntry s*ool t spr+ 9 ,g>d5 ,p>k ne>
 ,caon ,city1 z an amateur botani/ 0    
int]e/$ 9 ! plants ( ! vic9ity4 ,rambl+ 
?r\gh ! adjac5t hills 9 se>* ( !m1 9    
,m>*1 #ahgg1 he /umbl$ ^u "s fragm5ts ( 
fossil bones 9 a little rav9e n f> f !  
fam\s qu>ry lat] work$ = ,pr(essor ,m>%4
 ,he recogniz$ !m z fossils & !y greatly
 excit$1 n only 8 curiosity1 b !        
curiosity ( ! neighbors4 ,he _h he>d ( !

 late ,pr(essor ,cope & s5t "s ( ! bones
 to him1 :o promptly labell$ !m         
,cam>asaurus supremus4  ,! ann\ncem5t ( 
^! discov]ies promptly br\ght ,mr4      
,david ,baldw91 ,pr(essor ,m>%'s        
collector 9 ,new ,mexico1 to ! sc5e4    
,only a few mon?s previ\sly he _h       
discov]$ fossil bones 9 ! r$ b$s ( ,new 
,mexico1 ! s9ce fam\s ,p]mian deposits4 
,he naturally explor$ ! same b$s at     
,caon ,city1 imm$iately bel[ ! d9osaur  
deposits1 & soon f\nd ! /ill v          
problematical ,hallopus skeleton1 at _! 
v top1 a specim5 :i* aft] ne>ly =ty ye>s
 rema9s unique ( its k9d4  ,a few ye>s  
e>li] ,pr(essor ,m>%1 on 8 way ea/ f !  
,t]ti>y deposits ( we/]n ,wyom+1 _h     
/opp$ at ,como1 ,wyom+1 to obs]ve !     
/range salam&]s1 or fi% ) legs z !y 7   
widely kn[n1 s abundant 9 ! lake at t   
place1 ab\t ^: trans=mations he lat]    
wrote a pap]1 p]haps ! only "o on mod]n 
v]tebrates t he ev] publi%$4 ,:ile he 0 
!re ,mr4 ,c>l91 ! /ation ag5t1 %[$ him  
"s fossil bone fragm5ts1 s ,mr4 ,re$    

told me1 t !y _h pick$ up 9 ! vic9ity1 &
 ab\t :i* ,pr(essor ,m>% made "s        
comm5ts4 ,b he 0 s engross$ ) ! o!r     
discov]ies he 0 !n mak+ t he did n foll[
 up ! sugge/ion4 ,_h he done s !        
discov]y ( ! ,jurassic ,d9osaurs w\ld h 
be5 made five ye>s e>li]4  ,mr4 ,re$1   
tramp+ ov] ! fam\s ,como hills aft]     
game--he _h be5 a pr(essional hunt] (   
game = ! con/ruction camps ( ! ,union   
,pacific ,railroad--9 ! w9t] & spr+ (   
#ahgg1 obs]v$ "s fossil bones j s\? ( ! 
railway /ation t excit$ 8 curiosity4 ,b 
he & ,mr4 ,c>l9 did n make _! discov]y  
kn[n to ,pr(essor ,m>% till ! foll[+    
autumn1 & !n "u assum$ names1 fe>+ t !y 
w\ld be robb$ ( _! discov]y4 ,i 0 s5t to
 ,como 9 ,novemb] ( #ahgg f ,caon ,city4
 ,i got (f ! tra9 at ! /ation aft]      
midnight1 & enquir$ = ! ne>e/ hotel--7! 
/ation compris$ two h\ses only71 & :]e  
,i c\ld f9d ,messrs4 ,smi? & ,rob9son4  
,i 0 told t ! section h\se 0 ! only     
hotel 9 ! place & t ^! g5tlem5 liv$ 9 ! 
c\ntry & t !re 0 no regul> bus-l9e yet  

runn+ to _! ran*4 ,a fre%ly op5$ box (  
cig>s1 h[ev]1 help$ cle> up ?+s1 & ,i   
jo9$ ,mr4 ,re$ ! next day 9 op5+ ,qu>ry 
,no4 #a ( ! ,como hills4 ,inasmu* z !   
m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] dur+ ! next two     
mon?s seldom rea*$ z]o--upw>d ,i mean--!
 op5+ ( ?is fam\s deposit 0 made "u     
difficulties4 ,t s mu* head *eese1 z we 
call$ x1 0 %ipp$ to ,pr(essor ,m>% 0 m !
 fault ( ! wea!r & 8 importunities ?an  
our c>elessness4 ,h[ev]1 we f\nd "s ( ! 
types ( d9osaurs t h s9ce become fam\s4 
,i jo9$ ,pr(essor ,lakes at ! ,morrison 
qu>ry 9 e>ly ,septemb] ( #ahgg1 & help$ 
dig out "s ( ! bones ( ,atlantosaurus4  
,a few weeks lat] ,i 0 s5t to ,caon     
,city to help ,pr(essor ,mudge1 my old  
tea*]1 & ,mr4 ,fel*1 :o _h begun "w !re 
9 ! fam\s ,m>% ,qu>ry4 ,x 0 "h t we f\nd
 ! type ( ,diplodocus4  ,! h9d leg1     
pelvis & mu* ( ! tail ( ?is specim5 lay 
9 v ord]ly arrangem5t 9 ! s&/one ne> !  
edge ( ! qu>ry1 b ! bones 7 brok5 into  
innum]able pieces4 ,aft] consultation we
 decid$ t !y 7 too mu* brok5 to be wor? 

sav+--& s mo/ ( !m w5t ov] into ! dump4 
,sacrilege1 d\btless1 ! mod]n collector 
w say1 b we did n "k mu* ab\t ! mod]n   
me?ods ( collect+ 9 ^? days1 & moreov]  
we 7 9 too mu* ( a hurry to get ! new   
discov]ies to ,yale ,college to take mu*
 pa9s ) !m4 ,i did obs]ve t ! caudal    
v]tebrae _h v peculi> *evrons1 unlike   
o!rs t ,i _h se51 & s ,i attempt$ to    
save "s samples ( !m by pa/+ !m up )    
?ick lay]s ( pap]4 ,_h we only kn[n (   
pla/]-(-p>is & burlap ! :ole specim5    
might easily h be5 sav$4 ,lat]1 :5 ,i   
rea*$ ,new ,hav51 ,i took (f ! pap] &   
call$ ,pr(essor ,m>%'s att5tion to !    
/range *evrons4 ,& ,diplodocus 0 !      
result4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,! 
fir/ d9osaur specim5 f\nd at            
,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry4 ,h9d limb (         
,diplodocus4  ,my own connection ) !    
discov]ies ( ^! old d9osaurs cont9u$    
only ?r\gh ! foll[+ summ]1 9 ,wyom+1 :5 
we add$ ! fir/ mammals f ! hills        
imm$iately back ( ! /ation1 & ! types ( 
"s ( ! small] d9osaurs1 & :5 we explor$ 

! vic9ity = o!r deposits1 on ,rock      
,creek & 9 ! ,freeze ,out ,m\nta9s4  ,h[
 _m tons ( ^! fossils h s9ce be5 dug up 
f ^! deposits 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is    
beyond computation4 ,my prophecy (      
hundr$s ( tons has be5 fulfill$2 & !y   
are pres]v$ 9 _m museums ( ! _w4        
,s4,w4 ,,willi/on4   ,,! ,,d9osaurs ,,( 
,,! ,,bone-,,cab9 ,,qu>ry4#bj  ,by ,h5ry
 ,fairfield ,osborn4  ,"o is (t5 ask$ ! 
que/ions3 ,h[ d y f9d fossils8 ,h[ d y  
"k :]e to look = !m8 ,"o ( ! *>ms ( !   
fossil-hunt]'s life is ! v>iety1 !      
elem5t ( c]ta9ty comb9$ ) ! gambl+      
elem5t ( *ance4 ,l ! prospector = gold1 
! fossil-hunt] may pass sudd5ly f !     
extreme ( dejection to ! extreme (      
elation4 ,luck comes 9 a great v>iety ( 
ways3 sometimes z ! result ( prolong$ & 
delib]ate sci5tific se>* 9 a region :i* 
is kn[n to be fossilif]\s2 sometimes 9  
su* a prosaic mann] z ! digg+ ( a well4 
,among discov]ies ( a highly sugge/ive1 
almo/ romantic k9d1 p]haps none is m    
rem>kable ?an ! "o ,i %all n[ describe4 

,discov]y ( ! ,great ,d9osaur ,qu>ry4 ,9
 c5tral ,wyom+1 at ! head ( a draw1 or  
small valley1 n f> f ! ,m$ic9e ,b[      
,riv]1 lies ! ru9 ( a small & unique    
build+1 :i* m>ks ! site ( ! greate/ f9d 
( ext9ct animals made 9 a s+le locality 
9 any "p ( ! _w4 ,! =tunate fossil-hunt]
 :o /umbl$ on ?is site 0 ,mr4 ,walt]    
,grang] ( ! ,am]ican ,museum exp$ition (
 #ahig4  ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahih1 z ,i        
approa*$ ! hillock on :i* ! ru9 /&s1 ,i 
obs]v$1 among ! beautiful fl[]s1 !      
bloom+ cacti1 & ! dw>f bu%es ( ! des]t1 
:at 7 app>5tly numb]s ( d>k-br[n b\ld]s4
 ,on clos] exam9ation1 x prov$ t !re is 
really n a s+le rock1 h>dly ev5 a       
pebble1 on ?is hillock2 all ^! app>5t   
b\ld]s are pond]\s fossils :i* h sl[ly  
accumulat$ or wa%$ out on ! surface f a 
great d9osaur b$ b5ea?4 ,a ,mexican     
%eep-h]d] _h collect$ "s ( ^! petrifi$  
bones = ! f\ndations ( 8 cab91 ! fir/   
ev] built ( su* /range mat]ials4 ,!     
excavation ( a promis+ outcrop 0 almo/  
imm$iately rew>d$ by f9d+ a ?igh-bone   

ne>ly six feet 9 l5g? :i* slop$ d[nw>d  
into ! e>?1 runn+ into ! l[] leg &      
f9ally into ! foot1 ) all ! respective  
p>ts ly+ 9 ! natural position z 9 life4 
,?is prov$ to be ! previ\sly unkn[n h9d 
limb ( ! great d9osaur ,diplodocus4  ,9 
?is mann] ! ,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry 0        
discov]$ & *ri/5$4 ,! total cont5ts ( ! 
qu>ry are repres5t$ 9 ! diagram 7n      
repr9t$47 ,x has giv5 u1 by d9t ( six   
successive ye>s ( h>d "w1 ! mat]ials =  
an almo/ complete revival ( ! life ( !  
,l>amie region z x 0 9 ! days ( !       
d9osaurs4 ,by ! aid ( workm5 ( e degree 
( skill1 by grace ( ! accumulat$ wisdom 
( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 by ! con/ructive    
imag9ation1 by ! aid ( ! sculptor & !   
arti/1 we c summon ^! liv+ =ms & ! liv+ 
environm5t f ! va/y deep ( ! pa/4  ,!   
,fam\s ,como ,bluffs4 ,! circum/ances   
lead+ up to our discov]y s]ve to        
introduce ! /ory4 ,f #ahij to #ahig we  
_h be5 /eadily delv+ into ! hi/ory ( !  
,age ( ,mammals1 9 deposits dat+ f two  
hundr$ ?\s& to ?ree million ye>s back1 z

 we rudely e/imate geological "t4 ,9 !  
c\rse ( sev5 ye>s su* sub/antial        
progress _h be5 made t ,i decid$ to pu% 
into ! hi/ory ( ! ,age ( ,reptiles also1
 &1 foll[+ ! pione]s1 ,m>% & ,cope1 to  
beg9 exploration 9 ! p]iod :i* at once  
m>ks ! dawn ( mammalian life & ! climax 
( ! evolution ( ! great amphibi\s       
d9osaurs4  ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahig we         
accord+ly began exploration 9 ! he>t ( !
 ,l>amie ,pla9s1 on ! ,como ,bluffs4 ,on
 arrival1 we f\nd numb]s ( massive bones
 /rewn along ! base ( ^! bluffs1 tumbl$ 
f _! /ratum above1 too wea!r-worn to    
attract collectors1 & s]v+ only to rem9d
 "o ( ! "t :5 ^! animals--! greate/1 by 
f>1 t nature has ev] produc$ on l&--7   
mon>*s ( ! _w4  ,ar\s$ f sleep on a cle>
 ev5+ 9 camp by ! heavy rumble ( a pass+
 ,union ,pacific freight-tra9#ba1 ,i    
%all nev] =get my m$itations on !       
contra/ betwe5 ! imag9>y picture ( !    
great ,age ( ,d9osaurs1 f]tile 9 cycads 
& 9 a wond]ful v>iety ( reptiles1 & !   
pres5t age ( /eam1 ( heavy locomotives  

toil+ ?r\gh ! semi-arid & p>tly des]t   
,l>amie ,pla9s4  ,s _m animals _h       
already be5 remov$ f ^! bluffs t we 7 n 
v sangu9e ( f9d+ m2 b aft] a =tnight our
 prospect+ 0 rew>d$ by f9d+ p>ts (      
skeletons ( ! long-limb$ d9osaur        
,diplodocus & ( ! heavy-limb$ d9osaur   
,brontosaurus4 ,! :ole summ] 0 occupi$ 9
 tak+ ^! animals out = %ipm5t to ! ,ea/1
 ! s-call$ pla/] me?od ( removal be+    
appli$ ) ! greate/ success4 ,briefly1   
?is is a surgical device appli$ on a    
l>ge scale = ! sett+ ( ! mu*-fractur$   
bones ( a fossiliz$ skeleton4 ,x consi/s
 9 sett+ great blocks ( ! skeleton1 /one
 & all1 9 a firm capsule ( pla/]        
subsequ5tly re9=c$ by great spl9ts (    
wood1 firmly drawn toge!r ) wet ra:ide4 
,! object is to keep all ! fragm5ts &   
spl9t]s ( bone toge!r until x c rea* !  
skilful h&s ( ! museum prep>ator4  ,!   
,rock ,waves ,connect+ ! ,bluffs & !    
,qu>ry4 ,! ,como ,bluffs are ab\t t5    
miles s\? ( ! ,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry2 betwe5
 !m is a broad /ret* ( ! ,l>amie ,pla9s4

 ,! expos$ bone lay] 9 ! two localities 
is ( ! same age1 & orig9ally 0 a        
cont9u\s level /ratum :i* may be        
designat$ z ! d9osaur b$s2 b ?is /ratum1
 di/urb$ & cr[d$ by ! uplift+ ( ! n     
f>-di/ant ,l>amie range ( m\nta9s & !   
,freeze ,out ,hills1 0 ?r[n into a numb]
 ( great folds or rock waves4 ,l>ge     
portions1 especially ( ! upfolds1 or    
anticl9es1 ( ! waves1 h be5 subsequ5tly 
remov$ by erosion2 ! edges ( ^! upfolds 
h be5 expos$1 ?us wea!r+ out _!         
fossiliz$ cont5ts1 :ile d[nfolds are    
/ill buri$ b5ea? ! e>? = ! explor]s (   
com+ c5turies4  ,!re=e1 z "o rides      
across ! c\ntry to-day f ! bluffs to !  
qu>ry1 />tl+ ! int5sely mod]n fauna1 !  
prong-horn antelopes1 jack-rabbits1 &   
sage-*ick5s1 he is pass+ ov] a va/      
gravey>d :i* has be5 pr(\ndly fold$ &   
o!rwise %ak5 up & di/urb$4 ,sometimes "o
 f9ds ! bone lay] remov$ entirely1      
sometimes horizontal1 sometimes oblique1
 & aga9 dipp+ directly into ! he>t ( !  
e>?4 ,?is lay] 7d9osaur b$s7 is n m ?an 

two hundr$ & sev5ty-f\r feet 9 ?ickness1
 & is altoge!r ( fre%-wat] orig92 b z a 
pro( ( ! oscillations ( ! e>?-level bo? 
be=e & aft] ?is great ?9 %eet (         
fre%-wat] rock 0 s widely spread1 !re   
are evid5ces ( ! previ\s invasion ( !   
sea 7i*?yosaur b$s7 & ( ! subsequ5t     
invasion ( ! sea 7mosasaur b$s7 9 ! :ole
 ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4  ,9 travel+     
?r\gh ! ,we/1 :5 once "o has grasp$ !   
idea ( cont95tal oscillation1 or        
subm]g5ce & em]g5ce ( ! l&1 ( ! sequ5ce 
( ! m>9e & fre%-wat] deposits 9 lay+ d[n
 ^! pages ( e>?-hi/ory1 he w "k exactly 
:]e to look = ?is wond]ful lay]-b$ ( !  
giant d9osaurs2 he w f9d t1 ow+ to !    
uplift ( v>i\s m\nta9-ranges1 x outcrops
 along ! entire ea/]n face ( ! ,rockies1
 ar\nd ! ,black ,hills1 & 9 all p>ts ( !
 ,l>amie ,pla9s2 x yields d9osaur bones 
ev]y:]e1 b by no means s pr(usely or s  
p]fectly z 9 ! two fam\s localities we  
are describ+4  ,h[ ! ,skeletons ,lie 9 !
 ,bluffs & ,qu>ry4 ,at ! bluffs s+le    
animals lie f tw5ty to "o hundr$ feet   

ap>t2 "o r>ely f9ds a :ole skeleton1 su*
 z t ( ,m>%'s ,brontosaurus excelsus1 ! 
f9e/ specim5 ev] secur$ "h1 :i* is n[ "o
 ( ! treasures ( ! ,yale museum4 ,m     
frequ5tly a half or a ?ird ( a skeleton 
lies toge!r4  ,9 ! ,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry1  
on ! o!r h&1 we came across a v]itable  
,noah's-ark deposit1 a p]fect museum (  
all ! animals ( ! p]iod4 ,"h are ! l>ge/
 ( ! giant d9osaurs closely m+l$ ) !    
rema9s ( ! small] b p[]ful c>nivor\s    
d9osaurs :i* prey$ ^u !m1 also ^? ( !   
sl[ & heavy-mov+ armor$ d9osaurs ( !    
p]iod1 z well z ( ! lighte/ & mo/ bird-l
 ( ! d9osaurs4 ,f9ely r\nd$1 complete   
limbs f eight to t5 feet 9 l5g? are     
f\nd1 especially ^? ( ! c>nivor\s       
d9osaurs1 p]fect ev5 to ! %>ply po9t$ & 
recurv$ tips ( _! toes4 ,o!r limbs &    
bones are s cru%$ & di/ort$ by pressure 
t x is n wor? :ile remov+ !m4 ,sixte5   
s]ies ( v]tebr 7 f\nd /rung toge!r2     
among ^! 7 eight long /r+s ( tail-bones4
 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! tails is less        
surpris+ :5 we come to /udy ! important 

& v>i$ functions ( ! tail 9 ^! animals1 
& ! consequ5t connection ( ! tail-bones 
by means ( /\t t5dons & ligam5ts :i*    
held !m toge!r = a long p]iod aft] dea?4
 ,skulls are fragile & r>e 9 ! qu>ry1   
because 9 e "o ( ^! big skeletons !re 7 
no few] ?an n9ety di/9ct bones :i*      
exce$$ ! head 9 size1 ! excess 9 mo/    
cases be+ enorm\s4    ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #de4--;,,collect+ ,,d9osaurs ,,at 
,,bone-,,cab9   ,,qu>ry4   a4 ,! ov]ly+ 
soil & rocks are loos5$ ) a pick &      
remov$ ) team & scrap] d[n to ! fossil  
lay]4    b4 ,! fossil lay] is c>efully  
prospect$ ) small tools1   *isels1 awls 
& :isk brooms expos+ ! bones z !y lie 9 
! rocks4    c4 ,! blocks conta9+ !      
fossils are *annell$ ar\nd1   pla/]$ ov]
 top & sides1 und]cut & c>efully turn$  
ov]   & ! "u side trimm$ & pla/]$4    d4
 ,! blocks are !n pack$ 9 boxes or      
crates ) hay or any   o!r available     
pack+ mat]ial4    e4 ,boxes are load$ on
 wagons & haul$ across c\ntry to !      
railroad4    f4 ,boxes are f9ally load$ 

on c>s & %ipp$ ?r\gh to ,new   ,york    
,city4  ,! bluffs appe> to repres5t !   
region ( an anci5t %orel9e1 su*         
conditions z we h depict$ 9 ! re/oration
 ( ,brontosaurus 7fig4 #bb7--! slop+    
banks ( a muddy e/u>y or ( a lagoon1    
ei!r b>e tidal flats or cov]$ )         
vegetation4 ,evid5tly ! d9osaurs 7 buri$
 at or ne> ! spot :]e !y p]i%$4  ,!     
,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry deposit repres5ts    
entirely diff]5t conditions4 ,! !ory t x
 is ! accumulation ( a flood is1 9 my   
op9ion1 improbable1 because a flood w\ld
 t5d to br+ entire skeletons d[n toge!r1
 di/ribute !m widely1 & bury !m rapidly4
 ,a m likely !ory is t ?is 0 ! area ( an
 old riv]-b>1 :i* 9 its %all[ wat]s     
arre/$ ! m or less decompos$ & scatt]$  
c>casses :i* _h sl[ly drift$ d[n-/ream  
t[>d x1 includ+ a great v>iety (        
d9osaurs1 crocodiles1 & turtles1        
collect$ f _m po9ts up-/ream4 ,?us 7    
br\ght toge!r ! animals ( a :ole region1
 a fact :i* va/ly enhances ! int]e/ (   
?is deposit4  ,! ,giant ,h]bivor\s      

,d9osaurs4 ,by f> ! mo/ impos+ ( ^!     
animals are ^? :i* may be popul>ly      
designat$ z ! great or giant d9osaurs4  
,! "n1 d]iv$ f de9os t]rible1 & sauros  
liz>d1 ref]s to ! fact t !y appe>$      
ext]nally l enorm\s liz>ds1 ) v long    
limbs1 necks1 & tails4 ,!y 7 actually   
remotely relat$ to ! tuat]a liz>d ( ,new
 ,zeal&1 & /ill m remotely to ! true    
liz>ds4  ,no l& animals h ev] approa*$  
^! giant d9osaurs 9 size1 & naturally ! 
fir/ po9t ( int]e/ is ! ar*itecture ( ! 
skeleton4 ,! backbone is inde$ a m>vel4 
,! fitness ( ! con/ruction consi/s1 l t 
( ! ,am]ican truss-bridge1 9 atta9+ !   
maximum ( /r5g? ) ! m9imum ( weight4 ,x 
is br\ght ab\t by disp5s+ ) e cubic     
millimet] ( bone :i* c be sp>$ )\t      
weak5+ ! v]tebr = ! v>i\s /resses &     
/ra9s to :i* !y 7 subject$1 & ^! mu/ h  
be5 trem5d\s 9 an animal f sixty to     
sev5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,! bodies ( ! v]tebr
 are ( h\r-glass %ape1 ) great lat]al & 
int]ior cavities2 ! ar*es are con/ruct$ 
on ! ,t-iron pr9ciple ( ! mod]n         

bridge-build]1 ! back sp9es are tubul>1 
! int]ior is spongy1 ^! devices be+     
employ$ 9 great v>iety1 & con/itut+ a   
me*anical triumph ( size1 lightness1 &  
/r5g? comb9$4 ,comp>+ a great *amb]$    
d9osaurian 7,cam>asaurus7 v]tebra 7see  
above7 ) ! weight p] cubic in* ( an     
o/ri* v]tebra1 we rea* ! a/oni%+        
conclusion t x weigh$ only tw5ty-"o     
p\nds1 or half ! weight ( a :ale v]tebra
 ( ! same bulk4 ,! skeleton ( a :ale    
sev5ty-f\r feet 9 l5g? has rec5tly be5  
f\nd by ,mr4 ,f4,a4 ,lucas ( ! ,brooklyn
 ,museum to weigh sev5te5 ?\s& n9e      
hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds4 ,! skeleton ( a   
d9osaur ( ! same l5g? may be r\ghly     
e/imat$ z n exce$+ t5 ?\s& p\nds4       
,pro(s ( ,rapid ,movem5ts on ,l&4       
,lightness ( skeleton is a walk+ or     
runn+ or fly+ adaptation1 & n at all a  
swimm+ "o2 a swimm+ animal ne$s gravity 
9 its skeleton1 because suffici5t       
buoyancy 9 ! wat] is always af=d$ by !  
lungs & s(t tissues ( ! body4 ,!        
extraord9>y lightness ( ^! d9osaur      

v]tebr may !re=e be put =w>d z pro( (   
supreme fitness = ! propulsion ( an     
enorm\s frame dur+ occasional incursions
 ^u l&#bb4 ,!re are additional facts :i*
 po9t to l& progression1 su* z ! po9t 9 
! tail :]e ! flexible /ructure sudd5ly  
becomes rigid1 z %[n 9 ! diagram (      
v]tebr bel[2 ! compon5t jo9ts are s     
solid & flatt5$ on ! l[] surface t !y   
seem to demon/rate fitness to support   
p>tly ! body 9 a tripodal position l t (
 a kang>oo4 ,i h !re=e haz>d$ ! view t  
ev5 "s ( ^! enorm\s d9osaurs 7 capable (
 rais+ !mselves on _! h9d limbs1 lightly
 re/+ on ! middle portion ( ! tail4 ,9  
su* a position ! animal w\ld h be5      
capable n only ( br[s+ among ! high]    
bran*es ( trees1 b ( def5d+ itself aga9/
 ! c>nivor\s d9osaurs by us+ its        
relatively %ort b heavy front limbs to  
w>d (f attacks4  ,!re are also          
indications ( aquatic habits 9 "s ( !   
giant d9osaurs :i* r5d] x probable t a  
consid]able "p ( _! life 0 l$ 9 ! wat]4 
,"o ( ^! indications is ! backw>d       

position ( ! no/rils4 ,_m1 b n all1     
wat]-liv+ mammals & reptiles h ! no/rils
 on top ( ! head1 9 ord] to brea! m     
readily :5 ! head is p>tly imm]s$4      
,ano!r fact ( note1 al?\gh p]haps less  
conclusive1 is ! fitness ( ! tail = use 
:ile mov+ ab\t 9 ! wat]1 if n 9 rapid   
swimm+4  ,! great tail1 measur+ f       
tw5ty-eight to ?irty feet1 0 "o ( ! mo/ 
rem>kable /ructures 9 ^! animals1 &     
und\bt$ly s]v$ a great v>iety (         
purposes1 propell+ :ile 9 ! wat]1       
balanc+ & support+ & def5d+ :ile on l&4 
,9 ,diplodocus x 0 mo/ p]fectly develop$
 f its muscul> base to its delicate &   
:ip-l tip1 p]haps = all ^! functions4   
,! ,?ree ,k9ds ( ,giant ,d9osaurs4 ,x is
 v rem>kable t ?ree di/9ct k9ds ( ^!    
great d9osaurs liv$ at ! same "t 9 !    
same g5]al region1 z prov$ by ! fact t  
_! rema9s are freely comm+l$ 9 ! qu>ry4 
,:at 7 ! diff]5ces 9 food & habits1 9   
/ructure & 9 gait1 :i* prev5t$ t direct 
& active competition betwe5 l types 9 ! 
/ruggle = exi/5ce :i* 9 ! c\rse ( nature

 always leads to ! ext]m9ation ( "o or !
 o!r type8 ,9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s we h      
discov]$ v consid]able diff]5ces (      
/ructure :i* make x appe> t ^! animals1 
:ile ( ! same or ne>ly ! same l9e>      
dim5sions1 did n ent] into direct       
competition ei!r = food or = t]ritory4  
,! d9osaur nam$ ,diplodocus by ,m>% is !
 mo/ completely kn[n ( ! ?ree4 ,our v   
fir/ discov]y 9 ! ,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry    
gave u ! h9t t ,diplodocus 0 di/+ui%$ by
 relatively long1 sl5d] limbs1 & t x may
 be popul>ly kn[n z ! long-limb$        
d9osaur4 ,! great skeleton f\nd 9 !     
,como ,bluffs enabl$ me to re/ore = !   
fir/ "t ! po/]ior half ( "o ( ^! animals
 e/imat$ z sixty feet 9 l5g?1 ! hips &  
tail especially be+ 9 a p]fect /ate (   
pres]vation4 ,a l>g] animal1 ne>] sev5ty
 feet 9 l5g?1 includ+ ! ant]ior half ( !
 body1 & /ill m complete1 0 discov]$    
ab\t t5 miles nor? ( ! qu>ry1 & is n[ 9 
! ,c>negie ,museum 9 ,pittsburg4        
,comb9$1 ^! two animals h furni%$ a     
complete k ( ! great bony frame4 ,! head

 is only two feet long1 & is1 !re=e1    
small out ( all proportion to ! great   
body4 ,! neck measures tw5ty-"o feet f\r
 in*es1 & is by f> ! longe/ & l>ge/ neck
 kn[n 9 any animal liv+ or ext9ct4 ,!   
back is relatively v %ort1 measur+ t5   
feet eight in*es4 ,! v]tebr ( ! hip     
measure two feet & ?ree in*es4 ,! tail  
measures f ?irty-two to =ty feet4 ,we   
?us obta91 z a mod]ate e/imate ( ! total
 l5g? ( ! animal1 sixty-eight to sev5ty 
feet4 ,! re/or$ skeleton1 publi%$ by    
,mr4 ,j4,b4 ,hat*] 9 ,july1 #aija1 &    
p>tly embody+ our results1 gave to      
sci5ce ! fir/ really accurate k ( ! l5g?
 ( ^! animals1 :i* hi!rto _h be5 greatly
 ov]e/imat$4 ,! highe/ po9t 9 ! body 0  
above ! hips2 "h 9 fact1 0 ! c5t] ( p[] 
& motion1 because1 z obs]v$ above1 !    
tail fairly balanc$ ! ant]ior "p ( !    
body4  ,! re/oration by ,mr4 ,knight is 
drawn f a v c>eful model made "u my     
direction1 9 :i* ! proportions ( !      
animal are precisely e/imat$4 ,x is1 ,i 
?9k1 accurate--= a re/oration--z well z 

int]e/+ & up-to-date4 ,^! re/orations   
are ! work+ hypo!ses ( our sci5ce2 !y   
express ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 &1 be+   
subject to modification by future       
discov]ies1 are liable to con/ant *ange4
  ,by contra/1 ! second type ( giant    
d9osaur1 ! ,brontosaurus1 or ?und]      
saurian ( ,m>%1 z %[n 9 ! re/oration    
7fig4 #bb71 0 f> m massive 9 /ructure & 
relatively %ort] 9 body4 ,five m or less
 complete skeletons are n[ to be se5 9 !
 ,yale1 ,am]ican1 ,c>negie1 & ,field    
,columbian museums4 ,9 #ahih we discov]$
 9 ! bluffs1 ab\t ?ree miles we/ ( !    
,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry1 ! l>ge/ ( ^! animals
 :i* has yet be5 f\nd2 x 0 work$ out )  
great c>e & is n[ be+ re/or$ & m\nt$    
complete 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum4 ,!       
?igh-bone is enorm\s1 measur+ five feet 
eight in*es 9 l5g?1 & is relatively (   
great] mass ?an t ( ,diplodocus4 ,!     
neck1 *e/1 hips1 & tail are             
correspond+ly massive4 ,! neck is       
relatively %ort]1 h[ev]1 measur+ eighte5
 feet1 :ile 9 ,diplodocus x measures ov]

 tw5ty-"o feet4 ,! total l5g? ( ?is     
massive specim5 is e/imat$ at sixty-?ree
 feet1 or f six to eight feet less ?an !
 l>ge/ long-limb$ d9osaur4 ,! height ( !
 skeleton at ! hips is fifte5 feet4 ,!re
 is less direct evid5ce t ! ?und]       
saurian _h ! p[] ( rais+ its =e qu>t]s 9
 ! air ?an 9 ! case ( ! light-limb$     
saurian1 because no b5d or support+ po9t
 9 ! tail has be5 di/9ctly obs]v$4  ,!  
?ird type ( giant d9osaur is ! less     
completely kn[n *amb]$ saurian1 !       
,cam>asaurus ( ,cope or ,morosaurus (   
,m>%1 an animal m quadrup$al 9 gait or  
walk+ m habitually on all f\rs1 l !     
great ,cetiosaurus1 or :ale saurian1    
discov]$ ne> ,ox=d1 ,engl&4 ,) its %ort]
 tail & heavi] =e limbs1 x is /ill less 
probable t ?is animal _h ! p[] ( rais+ !
 ant]ior "p ( its body f ! gr\nd4 ,( a  
relat$ type1 p]haps1 is ! l>ge/ d9osaur 
ev] f\nd2 ?is is ! ,bra*iosaurus1       
limb-bones ( :i* 7 discov]$ 9 c5tral    
,colorado 9 #aija & are n[ pres]v$ 9 !  
,field ,columbian ,museum ( ,*icago4    

,its ?igh-bone is six feet eight in*es 9
 l5g?1 & its upp] arm-bone1 or hum]us1  
is ev5 slightly long]4  ,fe$+ ,habits ( 
! ,giant ,d9osaurs4 ,we /ill h to solve 
"o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ problems ( fossil    
physiology2 h[ did ! v small head1      
provid$ ) light jaws1 sl5d] & spoon-%ap$
 tee? conf9$ to ! ant]ior region1       
suffice to provide food = ^! mon/]s8 ,i 
h advanc$ ! idea t ! food ( ,diplodocus 
consi/$ ( "s v abundant & nutriti\s     
species ( wat]-plant2 t ! claw$ feet 7  
us$ 9 uproot+ su* plants1 :ile !        
delicate ant]ior tee? 7 employ$ only =  
draw+ !m out ( ! wat]2 t ! plants 7     
drawn d[n ! ?roat 9 l>ge quantities )\t 
ma/ication1 s9ce !re 7 no gr9d+ or back 
tee? :atev] 9 ?is animal4 ,un=tunately =
 ?is !ory1 x is n[ f\nd t ! front feet 7
 n provid$ ) _m claws1 !re be+ only a   
s+le claw on ! inn] side4 ,nev]!less by 
"s su* means z ?is1 ^! enorm\s animals  
c\ld h obta9$ suffici5t food 9 ! wat] to
 support _! great bulk4  ,! ,c>nivor\s  
,d9osaurs4 ,m+l+ ) ! l>g] bones 9 !     

qu>ry are ! m or less p]fect rema9s (   
swamp turtles1 ( dw>f crocodiles1 ( !   
entirely diff]5t gr\p ( plat$ d9osaurs1 
or ,/egosauria1 b especially ( two      
entirely di/9ct k9ds ( l>ge & small     
fle%-eat+ d9osaurs4 ,! latt] r\nd$ out &
 gave v>iety to ! d9osaur society1 & !re
 is no d\bt t !y s]v$ ! savage b useful 
purpose1 r5d]$ famili> by ! doctr9e (   
,mal?us1 ( *eck+ ov]population4 ,^!     
fi]ce animals _h ! same remote ance/ry z
 ! giant d9osaurs1 b _h gradually       
acquir$ entirely diff]5t habits &       
appe>ance4  ,f> inf]ior 9 size1 !y 7    
sup]ior 9 agility1 exclusively bip$al1 )
 v long1 p[]ful h9d limbs1 ^u :i* !y    
advanc$ by runn+ or spr++1 & ) %ort =e  
limbs1 ! exact uses ( :i* are difficult 
to asc]ta94 ,bo? h&s & feet 7 provid$ ) 
p[]ful te>+ claws4 ,on ! h9d foot is !  
back claw1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! birds1 :i*  
dur+ ! ,triassic p]iod left its fa9t    
impression almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! fam\s      
,connecticut valley impr9ts ( ^!        
animals4 ,t ! =e limb & h& 7 ( "s di/9ct

 use is prov$ by ! enorm\s size ( !     
?umb-claw2 :ile ! h& may n h convey$    
food to ! m\?1 x may h s]v$ to seize &  
te> ! prey4 ,z to ! actual pose 9 fe$+1 
!re c be little d\bt z to its g5]al     
simil>ity to t ( ! ,raptores among !    
birds1 z sugge/$ to me by ,dr4 ,wortman 
7see fig4 #aj72 "o ( ! h9d feet re/$ on 
! prey1 ! o!r ^u ! gr\nd1 ! body be+    
fur!r balanc$ or support$ by ! v]tebr ( 
! tail4 ,! animal 0 ?us 9 a position to 
apply its tee? & ex]t all ! p[] ( its v 
p[]ful ar*$ back 9 te>+ (f its food4 ,t 
! gri/le ( ! bone or c>tilage 0 v       
palatable is atte/$ n only by ! too?m>ks
 ^u ^! bones1 b by _m simil> m>k+s f\nd 
9 ! ,bone-,cab9 ,qu>ry4  ,! ,bird-,cat*+
 ,d9osaur4 ,( all ! bird-l d9osaurs :i* 
h be5 discov]$1 none possesses great]   
similitude to ! birds ?an ! gem ( !     
qu>ry1 ! little animal ab\t sev5 feet 9 
l5g? :i* we h nam$ ,orni?ole/es1 or !   
bird-cat*+ d9osaur4 ,x 0 a m>vel ( spe$1
 agility1 & delicacy ( con/ruction4     
,ext]nally its bones are simple &       

solid-look+1 b z a matt] ( fact !y are  
m]e %ells1 ! walls be+ h>dly ?ick] ?an  
pap]1 ! entire int]ior ( ! bone hav+ be5
 remov$ by ! action ( ! same m>vel\s law
 ( adaptation :i* sculptur$ ! v]tebr (  
its huge contempor>ies4 ,!re is no      
evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ^! holl[ bones 7 fill$
 ) air f ! lungs1 z 9 ! case ( ! bones (
 birds4 ,! foot is bird-l2 ! h& is /ill 
m s2 9 fact1 no d9osaur h& has ev] be=e 
be5 f\nd :i* s closely mimics t ( a bird
 9 ! great elongation ( ! fir/ or       
index-f+]1 9 ! abbreviation ( ! ?umb &  
middle f+]1 & 9 ! r$uction ( ! r+-f+]4  
,^! f+]s1 ) %>p claws1 7 n /rong en\gh =
 climb+1 & ! only special fitness we h  
be5 able to imag9e is t !y 7 us$ = !    
grasp+ ( a light & agile prey 7see figs4
 #ag1 #ah47  ,ano!r reason = ! v5ture ( 
designat+ ?is animal z ! bird-cat*] is t
 ! ,jurassic birds 7n ?us f> discov]$ 9 
,am]ica1 b kn[n f ! ,ar*opt]yx (        
,g]many7 7 n s active or su* /rong fli]s
 z exi/+ birds2 9 fact1 !y 7 n unlike ! 
little d9osaur itself4 ,!y 7 too!d1     

long-tail$1 %ort-arm$1 ! body 0 fea!r$  
in/ead ( scal$2 !y rose sl[ly f ! gr\nd4
 ,?is r5d]s x probable t !y 7 ! prey ( !
 small] pneumatic-built d9osaurs su* z !
 pres5t animal4  ,?is hypo!tical        
bird-cat*] seems to h be5 design$ to    
spr+ ^u a delicately built prey1 !      
/ructure be+ ! v antipode ( t ( ! l>ge  
c>nivor\s d9osaurs4 ,a difficulty 9 !   
bird-cat*+ !ory1 namely1 t ! tee? are n 
z %>p z "o w\ld expect to f9d !m 9 a    
fle%-eat]1 is some:at (fset by !        
simil>ity ( ! tee? to ^? ( ! bird-eat+  
monitor liz>ds 7,v>anus71 :i* are n     
especially %>p4  ,! ,great ,yield ( !   
,qu>ry4 ,our explorations 9 ! qu>ry     
began 9 ! spr+ ( #ahih1 & h cont9u$ ev] 
s9ce dur+ favorable wea!r4 ,! total area
 explor$ at ! close ( ! six? ye> 0 sev5 
?\s& two hundr$ & fifty squ>e feet4 ,n  
"o ( ! twelve-foot squ>es into :i* !    
qu>ry 0 plott$ lack$ its cov]+ ( bones1 
& 9 "s cases ! bones 7 two or ?ree deep4
 ,ea* ye> we h expect$ to come to ! end 
( ?is great deposit1 b x /ill yields a  

l>ge return1 al?\gh we h reason to      
believe t we h exhau/$ ! ri*e/ portions4
  ,we h tak5 up f\r hundr$ & eighty-?ree
 p>ts ( animals1 "s ( :i* may belong to 
! same individuals4 ,^! 7 pack$ 9 two   
hundr$ & sev5ty-five boxes1 repres5t+ a 
gross weight ( ne>ly "o hundr$ ?\s&     
p\nds4 ,reckon+ f ! numb] ( ?igh-bones1 
we rea*1 z a r\gh e/imate ( ! total1    
sev5ty-?ree animals ( ! foll[+ k9ds3    
giant h]bivor\s d9osaurs1 #dd2 plat$    
h]bivor\s d9osaurs1 or /egosaurs1 #c2   
iguanodonts or small] h]bivor\s         
d9osaurs1 #d2 l>ge c>nivor\s d9osaurs1  
#f2 small c>nivor\s d9osaurs1 #c2       
crocodiles1 #d2 turtles1 #e4 ,b ?is     
repres5ts only a "p ( ! :ole deposit1   
:i* we "k to be ( twice ! ext5t already 
explor$1 & ^! figures d n include !     
bones :i* 7 p>tly wa%$ out & us$ 9 !    
con/ruction ( ! ,bone-,cab94 ,! gr&     
total w\ld probably include p>ts ( ov]  
"o hundr$ giant d9osaurs4  ,! ,/ruggle =
 ,exi/5ce ,among ! ,d9osaurs4 ,nev] 9 ! 
:ole hi/ory ( ! _w z we n[ "k x h !re   

be5 su* rem>kable l& sc5es z 7 pres5t$  
:5 ! reign ( ^! titanic reptiles 0 at   
its climax4 ,x 0 also ! prevail+        
life-picture ( ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,s\?    
,am]ica1 & ,india4 ,we c imag9e h]ds (  
^! creatures f fifty to eighty feet 9   
l5g?1 ) limbs & gait analog\s to ^? (   
gigantic elephants1 b ) bodies ext5d+   
?r\gh ! long1 flexible1 & tap]+ necks   
into ! dim9utive heads1 & rea*+ back    
into ! equally long & /ill m tap]+      
tails4 ,! f\r or five v>ieties :i* exi/$
 toge!r 7 ea* fitt$ to "s special mode (
 life2 "s liv+ m exclusively on l&1 o!rs
 = long] p]iods 9 ! wat]4  ,!           
competition = exi/5ce 0 n only ) ! great
 c>nivor\s d9osaurs1 b ) o!r k9ds (     
h]bivor\s d9osaurs 7! iguanodonts71 :i* 
_h mu* small] bodies to su/a9 & a mu*   
sup]ior too? me*anism = ! tak+ ( food4  
,! cutt+ (f ( ?is giant d9osaur dyna/y 0
 ne>ly if n q simultane\s ! _w ov]4 ,!  
explanation :i* is d$ucible f simil>    
cata/rophes to o!r l>ge types ( animals 
is t a v l>ge frame1 ) a limit$ &       

specializ$ set ( tee? fitt$ only to a   
c]ta9 special food1 is a dang]\s        
comb9ation ( *>act]s4 ,su* a mon/]      
organism is no long] adaptable2 any     
s]i\s *ange ( conditions :i* w\ld t5d to
 elim9ate ! special food w\ld also      
elim9ate ^! great animals z a necess>y  
consequ5ce4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4      
#df4--;,badl&s on ! ,r$ ,de] ,riv] 9    
,alb]ta4 ,?is region is ! ri*e/ kn[n    
collect+ gr\nd =   cretacic d9osaurs4   
,!re is an entirely diff]5t class (     
explanations1 h[ev]1 to be consid]$1 :i*
 are consi/5t bo? ) ! cont9u$ fitness ( 
/ructure ( ! giant d9osaurs !mselves & )
 ! survival ( _! especial food2 su*1 =  
example1 z ! introduction ( a new enemy 
m deadly ev5 ?an ! great c>nivor\s      
d9osaurs4 ,among su* !ories ! mo/ +5i\s 
is t ( ! late ,pr(essor ,cope1 :o       
sugge/$ t "s ( ! small1 in(f5sive1 &    
inconspicu\s =ms ( ,jurassic mammals1 ( 
! size ( ! %rew & ! h$gehog1 contract$ !
 habit ( seek+ out ! ne/s ( ^! d9osaurs1
 gnaw+ ?r\gh ! %ells ( _! eggs1 & ?us   

de/roy+ ! "y4 ,! appe>ance1 or          
evolution1 ( any egg-de/roy+ animals1   
:e!r reptiles or mammals1 :i* c\ld      
attack ?is great race at su* a          
def5seless po9t w\ld be rapidly foll[$  
by its ext9ction4 ,we mu/ accord+ly be  
on ! al]t = all possible !ories (       
ext9ction2 & ^! !ories !mselves w fall  
"u ! univ]sal pr9ciple ( ! survival ( ! 
fitte/ until we approximate or actually 
hit ^u ! tru?4   ,,fossil ,,hunt+ ,,by  
,,boat ,,9 ,,canada4  ,by ,b>num ,br[n4 
,h[ d y "k :]e to look = fossils8 is a  
common "q4 ,9 g5]al x may be answ]$ t ! 
surface ( ,nor? ,am]ica has be5 pretty  
well explor$ by gov]nm5t surveys &      
sci5tific exp$itions & ! geologic age ( 
! l>g] areas det]m9$4 ,mo/ important 9  
det]m9+ ! geologic sequ5ce ( ! e>?'s    
/rata are ! fossil rema9s ( animal &    
plant life4 ,a gr\p+ ( di/9ct species ( 
fossils correlat$ ) /ratigraphic *>act]s
 9 ! rocks det]m9es ^! subdivisions4 ,:5
 a collection ( fossils is desir$ to    
repres5t a c]ta9 p]iod1 explor+ p>ties  

are s5t to ^! kn[n areas4 ,sometimes    
h[ev]1 *ance in=mation leads up to mo/  
important discov]ies1 su* z result$ f ! 
"w ( ! pa/ two seasons 9 ,alb]ta1       
,canada4  ,a visitor to ! ,museum1 ,mr4 
,j4,l4 ,wagn]1 :ile exam9+ our m9]al    
collections saw ! l>ge bones 9 !        
,reptile ,hall & rem>k$ to ! ,curator ( 
,m9]alogy t he _h se5 _m simil> bones   
ne> 8 ran* 9 ! ,r$ ,de] ,caon ( ,alb]ta4
 ,aft] talk+ "s "t an invitation 0      
ext5d$ to ! writ] to visit 8 home &     
prospect ! caon4 ,accord+ly 9 ! fall (  
#aiji a prelim9>y trip 0 made to !      
locality4  ,f ,didsbury1 a little t[n   
nor? ( ,calg>y1 ! writ] drove ea/w>d    
n9ety miles to ! ,r$ ,de] ,riv] ?r\gh a 
portion ( ! newly op5$ gra9 belt (      
,alb]ta1 de/9$ 9 ! ne> future to produce
 a l>ge "p ( ! _w's bread4 ,ne> !       
railroad ! l& is mo/ly "u cultivation & 
com=table homes & b\ntiful gra9 fields  
te/ify to ! ri* nature ( ! soil4 ,a few 
miles ea/w>d ! bru%l& gives way to a    
level expanse ( grass-cov]$ prairie     

dott$ "h & !re by l>ge & small lakes    
probably ( glacial orig94 ,mile aft]    
mile ! road foll[s section l9es & "o is 
r>ely out ( sight ( ! h\se ( "s         
home/ead]4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is level f>m l& 
t ! ,r$ ,de] ,riv] w5ds its way fl[+    
?r\gh a caon f> bel[ ! surface4 ,ne>    
,wagn]'s ran* ! caon 0 prospect$ & s _m 
bones f\nd t x appe>$ mo/ desirable to d
 ext5d$ se>*+ along ! riv]4  ,usually   
fossils are f\nd 9 bad l&s1 :]e ext5sive
 areas are d5ud$ ( grass & ! surface    
erod$ into hills & rav9es4 ,a camp is   
locat$ ne> "s spr+ or /ream & collectors
 ride or walk ov] miles ( ^! exposures 9
 ea* direction till ! region is ?or\ghly
 explor$4 ,q diff]5t are conditions on !
 ,r$ ,de] ,riv]4 ,cutt+ ?r\gh ! prairie 
l& ! riv] _h =m$ a caon two to five     
hundr$ feet deep & r>ely m ?an a mile   
wide at ! top4 ,9 places ! walls are    
ne>ly p]p5dicul> & ! riv] w9ds 9 its    
n>r[ valley1 t\*+ "o side !n cross+ to !
 o!r s t x is impossible to foll[ up or 
d[n its c\rse any great di/ance ev5 on  

horseback4  ,x 0 evid5t t ! mo/ feasible
 way to "w ^! banks 0 f a boat2         
consequ5tly 9 ! summ] ( #aiaj our p>ty  
proce$$ to ! t[n ( ,r$ ,de]1 :]e !      
,calg>y-,edmonton railroad crosses !    
riv]4 ,!re a flatboat1 twelve by ?irty  
feet 9 dim5sion1 0 con/ruct$ on l9es    
simil> to a we/]n f]ry boat1 hav+ a     
c>ry+ capacity ( eight tons ) a         
tw5ty-two foot o> at ea* end to direct  
its c\rse4 ,! rapid curr5t av]ag+ ab\t  
f\r miles p] h\r preclud$ any ?\ght (   
go+ up /ream 9 a l>ge boat1 s x 0       
con/ruct$ on l9es suffici5tly g5]\s to  
=m a liv+ boat z well z to c>ry !       
season's collection ( fossils4  ,suppli$
 ) a season's provisions1 lumb] = boxes1
 & pla/] = encas+ bones1 we began our   
fossil cruise d[n a caon :i* once e*o$  
songs ( ! ,bois brul1 = ?is 0 at "o "t !
 fur t]ritory ( ! great ,hudson ,bay    
,company4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4        
#dg4--;,am]ican ,museum ,exp$ition on ! 
,r$   ,de] ,riv]4 ,fossils secur$ along 
! banks 7 pack$ & load$   abo>d ! l>ge  

sc[ & float$ d[n ! riv] to ! railway    
/ation4  ,no m int]e/+ or in/ructive    
j\rney has ev] be5 tak5 by ! writ]4     
,high up on ! plateau1 build+s &        
hay/acks proclaim a well-settl$ c\ntry1 
b habitations are r>ely se5 f ! riv] & =
 miles we float$ ?r\gh picturesque      
solitude unbrok5 save by ! ro> ( !      
rapids4  ,especially *>act]i/ic ( ?is   
caon are ! slides :]e ! curr5t sett+    
aga9/ ! bank has und]m9$ x until a      
m\nta9 ( e>? slips into ! riv]1 9 "s    
cases almo/ *ok+ its c\rse4 ,a cont9ual 
sort+ ?us goes on1 ! f9] mat]ial be+    
c>ri$ away :ile ! b\ld]s are left z     
b>ri]s =m+ sl[ mov+ rea*es ( calm wat] &
 /ret*es ( rapids difficult to navigate 
dur+ l[ wat]4 ,9 "o ( ^! slides we f\nd 
sev]al small mammal jaws & tee? n kn[n  
be=e f ,canada1 associat$ ) fossil clam 
%ells ( ,eoc5e age4  ,! long midsumm]   
days 9 latitude #eb gave _m work+ h\rs1 
b ) frequ5t /ops to prospect ! banks we 
r>ely float$ m ?an tw5ty miles p] day4  
,an occasional flock ( ducks & geese 7  

di/urb$ z our boat approa*$ & bank beav]
 h\ses 7 frequ5tly pass$1 b few ( !     
animals 7 se5 dur+ ! daytime4 ,ty+ !    
boat to a tree at night we w\ld g a%ore 
to camp among ! trees :]e aft] d9n]     
pipes 7 smok$ 9 ! gl[ ( a great camp    
fire4 ,only a fossil hunt] or a des]t   
travel] c fully appreciate ! luxury (   
abundant wood & runn+ wat]4 ,9 !        
/illness ( ! night ! und]world 0 alive &
 _m little feet ru/l$ ! leaves :]e      
daylight disclos$ no s\nd4 ,!n ! beav] &
 muskrat swam up to inve/igate ?is new  
intrud]1 :ile f ! tree-tops came !      
con/ant qu]y1 ,:o6 ,:o6  ,= sev5ty miles
 ! c\ntry is ?ickly wood$ ) p9e & popl>1
 ! /ately spruce trees silh\ett$ aga9/ !
 sky add+ a *>m to ! ev] *ang+ sc5e4    
,nature has also be5 k9d to ! treeless  
regions beyond1 = und]nea? ! f]tile     
prairie1 ve9s ( good lignite coal ( v>y+
 ?ickness are successively cut by !     
riv]4 ,9 _m places ^! are work$ 9 ! riv]
 banks dur+ w9t]4 ,"o ve9 ( excell5t    
quality is eighte5 feet ?ick1 al?\gh    

usually !y are mu* ?9n]4 ,! gov]nm5t "r 
has be5 tak5 to m9e mo/ ( ?is coal      
outcropp+ along ! riv]4    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #dh4--,locality ( ,ankylosaurus  
skull 9   ,edmonton =mation 9 ,r$ ,de]  
,riv]4 ,! skull is 9 ! rock   j above ! 
pick1 ab\t ! c5t] ( ! photograph4       
,along ! upp] portion ( ! /ream are     
banks ( ,eoc5e age1 f :i* %ells & mammal
 jaws 7 secur$1 b ne> ! t[n ( ,cont5t   
:]e ! riv] b5ds s\?w>d1 a new s]ies (   
rocks appe>$ & 9 ^! our se>* 0 rew>d$ by
 f9d+ d9osaur bones simil> to ^? se5 at 
,wagn]'s ran*4 ,specim5s 7 f\nd 9       
increas+ numb]s z we cont9u$ our j\rney1
 & progress d[n ! riv] 0 necess>ily mu* 
sl[]4 ,frequ5tly ! boat w\ld be ti$ up a
 week or m at "o camp :ile we se>*$ !   
banks1 exam9+ ! cliffs lay] by lay] t no
 fossil might escape obs]vation4 ,) !   
little d+ey ! opposite side ( ! riv] 0  
rea*$ s t bo? sides 7 cov]$ at ! same "t
 f "o camp4 ,z soon z a mile or m _h be5
 prospect$ or a new specim5 secur$1 !   
boat 0 dropp$ d[n to a new conv5i5t     

an*orage4 ,box aft] box 0 add$ to !     
collection till sc>cely a cubit's space 
rema9$ unoccupi$ on bo>d our fossil ark4
  ,:]e prairie badl&s are erod$ 9       
innum]able buttes & rav9es x is always  
d\btful if "o has se5 all exposures1 s  
!re 0 peculi> satisfaction 9 mak+ a     
?or\gh se>* ( ^! riv] banks kn[+ t few  
if any fossils _h escap$ obs]vation4 ,on
 acc\nt ( ! heavy ra9fall & frequ5t     
slid+ ( banks new fossils are expos$ e  
season s t 9 a few ye>s ^! same banks c 
aga9 be explor$ pr(itably4 ,?is riv] w  
become z classic hunt+ gr\nd = reptile  
rema9s z ! ,badl&s ( ,s\? ,dakota are = 
mammals4  ,al?\gh ! summ] days are long 
9 ?is latitude ! season is %ort & ?\s&s 
( geese fly+ s\?w>d =etell ! e>ly w9t]4 
,:]e ! temp]ature is n infrequ5tly =ty  
to sixty degrees bel[ z]o 9 w9t]1 x is  
difficult to ?9k ( a "t :5 a w>m climate
 c\ld h prevail$1 yet su* condition is  
indicat$ by ! fossil plants4  ,:5 !     
wea!r became too cold to "w ) pla/]1 !  
fossils 7 %ipp$ f a bran* railroad      

=ty-five miles di/ant1 ! camp mat]ial 0 
/or$ = ! w9t] & ) block & tackle ! big  
boat 0 haul$ up on %ore above ! rea* (  
high wat]4  ,9 ! summ] ( #aiaa ! boat 0 
recalk$ & aga9 laun*$ :5 we cont9u$ our 
se>* f ! po9t at :i* "w clos$ ! previ\s 
ye>4 ,dur+ ! summ] we 7 visit$ by !     
,museum's ,presid5t1 ,pr(4 ,h5ry        
,fairfield ,osborn1 & "o ( ! ,tru/ees1  
,mr4 ,madison ,grant4 ,a canoe+ trip1 "o
 ( great int]e/ & pleasure1 0 tak5 ) our
 visitors cov]+ two hundr$ & fifty miles
 d[n ! riv] f ! t[n ( ,r$ ,de]1 dur+ :i*
 valuable mat]ial 0 add$ to ! collection
 & important geological data secur$4  ,z
 a result ( ! ,canadian "w ! ,museum is 
enri*$ by a magnific5t collection (     
,cretace\s fossils "s ( :i* are new to  
sci5ce4  ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ai3   
,transactions ,kansas ,academy (        
,sci5ce1 p4 #dc4  ,footnote #bj3 ,f     
,fossil ,wond]s ( ! ,we/4 ,c5tury       
,magaz9e #aijd1 vol4 lxviii1 pp4        
#fhj-fid4 ,repr9t$ by p]mission4        
,footnote #ba3 ,at ?is "t ! ,union      

,pacific ,railroad directly pass$ !     
bluffs2 9 ! rec5t improvem5t ( ! grade !
 ma9 l9e has be5 mov$ to !              
s\?4--,h4,f4,o4  ,footnote #bb3 ,a      
diff]5t int]pretation ( ?is contraction 
is giv5 ^u p4 #fh4     ,,ref]5ces4   ,! 
publi%$ lit]ature on ?is subject consi/s
 *iefly ( te*nical descriptions &       
rese>*es scatt]$ ?r\gh ! files ( num]\s 
sci5tific j\rnals 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4  
,only ! m important titles are cit$ 9   
?is li/4 ,i h also li/$ ! rec5tly       
publi%$ text books :i* give ! mo/       
au?oritative treatm5t ( ! d9osaurs1 &   
two or ?ree popul> books deal+ ) fossil 
v]tebrates4 ,/ud5ts consult+ ^!         
au?orities %\ld rememb] t great         
additions to sci5tific k ( d9osaurs h   
be5 made dur+ ! la/ two decades1 & mu* (
 ! new evid5ce is z yet unpubli%$ or    
undige/$4 ,! views & conclusions pres5t$
 9 ?is h&book are bas$ ^u ! /udy ( !    
,am]ican ,museum collections z well z ^u
 ! au?orities cit$ bel[4     ,,abel1    
,,o!nius1 #aiab4 ,palaeobiologie d]     

,wirbel?i]e4       ,s*weitz]-b>t's*e    
,v]lagsbu*h41 ,/uttg>t4    ,,branca ,u4 
,,jan5s*1 #aiad4 ,wiss5s*aftli*e        
,ergebnisse d]       ,t5daguru          
,exp$ition4 ,ar*iv4 f4 ,biontologie1 iii
 ,bd1 i ,heft4    ,,br[n1 ,,b>num1      
#aijb-aiad4 ,articles 9 ,bullet9 ( ,am]4
 ,mus4 ,nat4       ,hi/41 descriptive ( 
new ,cretace\s ,d9osaurs4    ,,*amb]l9  
,,salisbury1 #aije-g4 ,geology1 vol4    
i-iii4 7,h5ry ,holt        ,co4 pub47   
,,cope1 ,e4,d41 #ahfh-ahie4 ,articles 9 
,hayd5 ,survey ,reports1 ,am]ican       
,naturali/1 ,proce$+s & ,transactions ( 
,am]ican       ,philosophical ,society &
 else:]e1 descriptive ( v>i\s new       
or little kn[n d9osaurs4    ,,dollo1    
,l41 ,sauri5s de ,b]niss>t1 etc4 ,num]\s
 articles *iefly       9 ,bullet9       
,museum ,royale ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,belg4      
,,gilmore1 ,c4,w41 #aiad4 ,o/eology ( ! 
,armor$ ,d9osauria 9 !       ,u4,s4     
,national ,museum ) ,special ,ref]5ce to
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pp4 #a-acf1       pll4 i-xxxvii4        
,,gilmore1 ,c4,w41 #aiji4 ,o/eology ( ! 
,jurassic ,reptile       ,camptosaurus  
etc4 ,proc4 ,u4,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4    
xxxvi1 pp4       #aig-ccb1 pl4 vi-xx4   
,,hat*]1 ,j4,b41 #aija4 ,diplodocus     
7,m>%7 its ,o/eology1 etc4              
,memoirs ( ! ,c>negie ,museum1 vol4 i1  
pp4 #a-fc1 pll4 i-xiii4    ,,hat*]1     
,j4,b41 #aijc4 ,o/eology (              
,haplocan?osaurus4 ,mem4 ,c>n4          
,mus41 vol4 ii1 pp4 #a-ge1 pll4 i-vi4   
,,hat*]1 ,,m>%  ,,lull1 #aijg4 ,!       
,c]atopsia4 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey       
,monographs1 vol4 xlix1 pp4 i-xxx &     
#a-cjj1 pll4 i-li4    ,,hay1 ,o4,p41    
#aijb4 ,bibliography ( ,nor? ,am]ican   
,fossil ,v]tebrata4       ,u4,s4 ,geol4 
,sur4 ,bull4 ,no4 #agi1 pp4 #a-hfh4     
,,h5nig1 ,e41 #aiab4 ,am ,t5daguru4     
,,holl&1 ,w4,j41 #aijf4 ,o/eology (     
,diplodocus4 ,mem4 ,c>n4 ,mus41         
vol4 ii1 pp4 #bbe-bfd1 pl4 xxiii-xxx4   
,,hu5e1 ,f4 ,,von1 #aije-f4 ,ueb] die   
,d9osauri] d] auss]europis*5            

,trias4 ,kok5's ,geol4 u4 ,pal4 ,abh4   
,n4 ,f41 ,b'd4 viii1 s4 #ii-aed4        
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,d9osauri] d] ,europis*5                
,trias=mation4 ,geol4 u4 ,pal4 ,abh4    
,supplem4 ,bd4 pll4 i-cxi4    ,,hu5e1   
,f4 ,,von1 #aiad4 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te
 d] ,ar*osauri]4       ,geol4 u4 ,pal4  
,abh4 ,n4 ,f41 ,b'd4 xiii1 pp4 #a-ec1   
pll4 i-vii4    ,,hu5e1 ,f4 ,,von1       
#aijc-aiad4 ,num]\s m9or contributions 9
 ,anatom4       ,anzeig4 ,neues ,jahrb4 
f4 m941 ,geol4 ,c5tralbl4 & o!r         
sci5tific j\rnals4    ,,hut*9son1 ,,rev4
 ,f4,n41 #aiaj4 ,ext9ct ,mon/]s &       
,creatures (       ,o!r ,days4 ,*apman  
,hall1 ,london4    ,,huxley1 ,t4,h41    
#ahei-ahgj4 ,articles1 *iefly 9 ,qu>t]ly
 ,j\rnal       ,geol4 ,soc4 & ,geol4    
,magaz9e4 ,discuss+ ! o/eology &        
sy/ematic relation%ips ( v>i\s          
,d9osaurs4    ,,jaekel1 ,o41 #aiac-ad4  
,ueb] die ,wirbel?i]e 9 d5 ob]5 ,trias  
von       ,halb]/adt4 ,palont4 ,zeits*r4
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iii-iv4    ,,knipe1 ,h4,r41 #aiab4      
,evolution 9 ! ,pa/4 ,h]b]t  ,daniel1   
,london4    ,,lambe1 ,,lawr5ce1 #aijb1 )
 ,h4,f4 ,osborn4 ,see ,osborn  ,lambe4  
,,lambe1 ,,lawr5ce1 #aiac-d4 ,articles 9
 ,ottawa ,naturali/ descriptive       ( 
new ,cretacic ,d9osaurs4    ,,lucas1    
,f4,a41 #aija4 ,ext9ct ,animals4        
,republi%$ by ! ,am]ican       ,museum1 
,price #ce;c4    ,,lucas1 ,f4,a41 #aija4
 ,! ,re/oration ( ,ext9ct ,animals1     
,smi?sonian       ,report = #aijj1 pp4  
#dgi-dib1 pll4 i-viii4    ,,lull1       
,r4,s41 #aijd4 ,fossil ,footpr9ts ( !   
,jura-,trias4 ,mem4 ,bo/on       ,soc4  
,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 v1 pp4 #dfa-eeh4      
,,lull1 ,r4,s41 #aiaj4 ,d9osaurian      
,di/ribution4 ,am4 ,j\rn4 ,sci41 vol4   
xxix1 pp4 #a-ci2 ,! ,armor (            
,/egosaurus1 ibid41 pp4 #bja-baj2       
,/egosaurus ungulatus1 ibid41 vol4 xxx1 
pp4 #cfa-cgg4    ,,m>%1 ,o4,c41         
#ahgg-ahif4 ,num]\s articles 9 !        
,am]ican ,j\rnal (       ,sci5ce        
descriptive ( new ,d9osaurs or ann\nc+  

results (       8 /udies on ^! fossils4 
,,m>%1 ,o4,c41 #ahif4 ,! ,d9osaurs (    
,nor? ,am]ica4 ,u4,s4 ,geol4            
,survey1 #af? ,ann4 ,rep41 pt4 i1 pp4   
#acc-dad1 pll4 i-lxxxv4    ,,nopsca1    
#ahii1 #aijb1 #aijd4 ,d9osauri]re/e aus 
,sieb5burg5       7,telmatosaurus1      
etc474 ,d5ks*r4 ma?4-naturwiss4 ,kl4    
,kais4       ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 b'd4   
lxviii1 lxxii1 lxxiv4    ,,nopsca1      
#aijf4 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,g5us          
,/reptospondylus4 ,beit4 zur       ,pal4
 ,oe/-ung4 ,bd4 xix4    ,,nopsca1 ,f41  
#aijb-aiaa4 ,v>i\s articles on ,european
 ,d9osaurs 9       ,geological ,magaz9e1
 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geol4 ,norm41 etc4       
,,osborn1 ,h4,f41 #ahii4 ,a ,skeleton ( 
,diplodocus1 ,mem4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4     
,hi/41 vol4 i1 pp4 #aia-bad1 pll4       
xxiv-xxviii4    ,,osborn1 ,h4,f41 #aiab4
 ,crania ( ,tyrannosaurus & ,allosaurus2
       ,integum5t ( ! ,iguanodont       
,d9osaur ,tra*odon1 ,mem4 ,am4 ,mus4    
,nat4 ,hi/41 ,n4 ,s41 vol4 i1 pp4 #a-ed1
 pll4 i-x4    ,,osborn1 ,h4,f41         

#ahih-aiad4 ,articles 9 ,am]ican ,museum
 ,bullet91       descriptive (          
,sauropoda1 ,orni?ole/es1 ,allosaurus1  
,tyrannosaurus4    ,,osborn  ,,lambe1   
#aijb4 ,v]tebrata ( ! ,mid-,cretace\s ( 
!       ,nor?-,we/ ,t]ritory4 ,c4 ,geol4
 ,survey ,publications ,qu>to           
s]ies1 vol4 iii4    ,,ow51 ,r41         
#ahec-ahgg4 ,monographs on ,fossil      
,reptilia4       ,palontographical      
,society1 ,london4    ,,riggs1 ,e4,s41  
#aija-d4 ,articles on ,sauropoda 9      
,field ,museum ( ,nat4       ,hi/4      
,publications1 ,geology4    ,,s*u*]t1   
,,*as41 #aiaj4 ,palogeography ( ,nor?   
,am]ica4 ,bull4       ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41
 vol4 xx1 pp4 #dbg-fjf1 pll4 #df-aja4   
,,/r,,m] ,,von ,,rei*5ba*1 ,e41 #aiab4  
,lehrbu* d] ,palontologie1 ii1          
,wirbel?i]e 7,b4,g4 ,teubn]1 ,leipzig u4
 ,b]l947    ,,?,,v591 ,a41 #aijg4       
,paleontologie de ,madagasc>1 iv1       
,d9osaurs4       ,ann4 de ,palont1 t4   
ii1 pp4 #aba-acf1 #b pll4    ,,woodw>d1 
,a4,s41 #ahih4 ,v]tebrate ,palontology4 

,cambridge ,sci5ce       ,manuals4      
,,zittel 7,broili u4 a4 rev47 #aiaa4    
,grundzuge d] ,palontologie4    ,,zittel
 7,,ea/man transl471 #aijb4 ,textbook ( 
,palontology1 vol4 ii1       ,v]tebrata 
7except ,mammals74 ,macmillan  ,co4     
99       99       99       99       99  
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because x quotes                        
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peculi>ity                     ,page    
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consultation                            
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