,illustration3 ,,coming ,,americans ,,forward ,,mission ,,study ,,courses ,,edited ,,under ,,the ,,auspices ,,of ,,the ,,young ,,people',s ,,missionary ,,movement ,,aliens ,,or ,,americans 8 ,,howard ,b4 ,,grose ,with ,introduction ,,by ,,josiah ,,strong ,,new ,,york3 ,,eaton ,,mains ,,cincinnati3 ,,jennings ,,graham ,,copyright1 #aijf1 ,,by ,,young ,,people',s ,,missionary ,,movement ,,new ,,york ,,unguarded ,,gates ,wide open and unguarded stand our gates1 ,and through them presses a wild1 motley throng-- ,men from the ,volga and the ,tartar steppes1 ,featureless figures of the ,hoang-,ho1 ,malayan1 ,scythian1 ,teuton1 ,celt1 and ,slav1 ,flying the old world's poverty and scorn2 ,these bringing with them unknown gods and rites1 ,those1 tiger passions1 here to stretch their claws4 ,in street and alley what strange tongues are these1 ,accents of menace alien to our air1 ,voices that once the ,tower of ,babel knew6 ,o ,liberty1 ,white ,goddess6 is it well ,to leave the gates unguarded8 ,on thy breast ,fold ,sorrow's children1 soothe the hurts of fate1 ,lift the downtrodden1 but with the hand of steel ,stay those who to thy sacred portals come ,to waste the gifts of freedom4 ,have a care ,lest from thy brow the clustered stars be torn ,and trampled in the dust4 ,for so of old ,the thronging ,goth and ,vandal trampled ,rome4 ,and where the temples of the ,caesars stood ,the lean wolf unmolested made her lair4 --,thomas ,bailey ,aldrich4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,one ,,who ,,cherishes ,,american ,,ideals1 ,,who ,,has ,,inculcated ,,love ,,of ,,country ,,in ,,her ,,children1 ,,and ,,sought ,,to ,,inspire ,,it ,,in ,,all--,,my ,,wife 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,preface #i ,introduction1 by ,josiah ,strong #ac ,i4 ,the ,alien ,advance #ae ,,ii4 ,alien ,admission and ,restriction #ea ,,iii4 ,problems of ,legislation and ,distribution #hg ,,iv4 ,the ,new ,immigration #aba ,v4 ,the ,eastern ,invasion #aeg ,,vi4 ,the ,foreign ,peril of the ,city #aic ,,vii4 ,immigration and the ,national ,character #bca ,,viii4 ,the ,home ,mission ,opportunity #bfg ,,appendixes ,a4 ,tables of ,immigrants ,admitted and ,debarred #cje ,b4 ,the ,immigration ,laws #cji ,c4 ,work of ,leading ,denominations for the ,foreign ,population #cad ,d4 ,bibliography #cba ,,illustrations ,coming ,americans ,frontispiece ,the ,inflowing ,tide #ah ,ellis ,island ,immigration ,station #cd ,receiving ,room at ,ellis ,island #ei ,detained for ,special ,examination #gd ,an ,appeal from the ,special ,inquiry ,board to ,commissioner ,watchorn #id ,the ,landing at the ,battery in ,new ,york #ajb ,a ,german ,family #abh ,italian and ,swiss ,girls #add ,a ,group of ,twelve ,different ,nationalities #aff ,three ,types of ,immigrants #ahj ,a ,group of ,immigrants ,just ,arrived at ,ellis ,island #aih ,an ,italian ,family ,crowded in a ,new ,york ,tenement #baj ,four ,nationalities #bcf ,portuguese and ,spanish ,children #bef ,an ,italian ,sunday ,school in ,new ,england #bhc ,sketch ,maps and ,charts ,immigration at the ,port of ,new ,york for #aijf #cb ,immigrant ,distribution by ,states for #aije #ajf ,immigrant ,distribution by ,races3 ,scandinavian #ajh ,canadian and ,british #aji ,irish #aad ,germanic #aae ,french and ,iberic #adf ,slavic #aga ,changes in ,sources of ,immigration ,causing ,increase of ,illiteracy #abe ,countries from which the ,slavs ,come #afa ,distribution of ,slavs in the ,united ,states #afc ,wave of ,immigration for ,eighty-seven ,years #cjh ,colored ,chart of ,races of ,immigrants for #aije ,end ,,preface ,it is not a question as to whether the aliens will come4 ,they have come1 millions of them2 they are now coming1 at the rate of a million a year4 ,they come from every clime1 country1 and condition2 and they are of every sort3 good1 bad1 and indifferent1 literate and illiterate1 virtuous and vicious1 ambitious and aimless1 strong and weak1 skilled and unskilled1 married and single1 old and young1 ,christian and infidel1 ,jew and pagan4 ,they form to-day the raw material of the ,american citizenship of to-morrow4 ,what they will be and do then depends largely upon what our ,american ,protestant ,christianity does for them now4 ,immigration--the foreign peoples in ,america1 who and where they are1 whence they come1 and what under our laws and liberties and influences they are likely to become--this is the subject of our study4 ,the subject is as fascinating as it is vital4 ,its problems are by far the most pressing1 serious1 and perplexing with which the ,american people have to do4 ,it is high time that our young people were familiarizing themselves with the facts1 for this is preeminently the question of to-day4 ,patriotism and religion--love of country and love of ,christ--unite to urge thoughtful consideration of this great question3 ,aliens or ,americans8 ,one aim of this book is to show our individual responsibility for the answer1 and how we can discharge it4 ,immigration may be regarded as a peril or a providence1 an ogre or an obligation--according to the point of view4 ,the ,christian ought to see in it the unmistakable hand of ,god opening wide the door of evangelistic opportunity4 ,through foreign missions we are sending the gospel to the ends of the earth4 ,as a home mission ,god is sending the ends of the earth to our shores and very doors4 ,the author is a ,christian optimist who believes ,god has a unique mission for ,christian ,america1 and that it will ultimately be fulfilled4 ,while the facts are in many ways appalling1 the result of his study of the foreign peoples in our country has made him hopeful concerning their ,americanization and evangelization1 if only ,american ,christians are awake and faithful to their duty4 ,the ,christian young people1 brought to realize that immigration is another way of spelling obligation1 must do their part to remove that tremendous ,,if4 ,these newcomers are in reality a challenge to ,american ,christianity4 ,the challenge is clear and imperative4 ,will we give the gospel to the heathen in ,america8 ,will we extend the hand of ,christian brotherhood and helpfulness to the stranger within our gates8 ,will we ,christianize1 which is the only real way to ,americanize1 the ,aliens8 ,may this book help to inspire the truly ,christian answer that shall mean much for the future of our country1 and hence of the world4 ,the author makes grateful acknowledgment to all who have assisted by suggestion or otherwise4 ,he has tried to give credit to the authors whose works he has used4 ,he is under special obligation for counsel and many courtesies to ,josiah ,strong1 one of the modern patriot-prophets who has sought to awaken ,americans to their ,christian duty and privilege4 ,,howard ,b4 ,,grose4 ,briarcliff ,manor1 ,june1 #aijf4 ,,introduction ,a million immigrants6 ,a million opportunities6 ,a million obligations6 ,this in brief is the message of ,aliens or ,americans8 ,a young man who came to this country young enough to get the benefit of our public schools1 and who then took a course in ,columbia ,university1 writes3 ,now1 at twenty-one1 ,i am a free ,american1 with only one strong desire2 and that is to do something for my fellow-men1 so that when my time comes to leave the world1 ,i may leave it a bit the better4 ,these are the words of a ,russian ,jew2 and that ,russian is a better ,american1 that ,jew is a better ,christian1 than many a descendant of the ,pilgrim ,fathers4 ,in this country every man is an ,american who has ,american ideals1 the ,american spirit1 ,american conceptions of life1 ,american habits4 ,a man is foreign not because he was born in a foreign land1 but because he clings to foreign customs and ideas4 ,i do not fear foreigners half so much as ,i fear ,americans who impose on them and brutally abuse them4 ,such ,americans are the most dangerous enemies to our institutions1 utterly foreign to their true spirit4 ,such ,americans are the real foreigners4 ,most of those who come to us are predisposed in favor of our institutions4 ,they are generally unacquainted with the true character of those institutions1 but they all know that ,america is the land of freedom and of plenty1 and they are favorably inclined toward the ideas and the obligations which are bound up with these blessings4 ,they are open to ,american influence1 and quickly respond to a new and a better environment4 ,they naturally look up to us1 and if with fair and friendly treatment we win their confidence1 they are easily transformed into enthusiastic ,americans4 ,but if by terms of opprobrium1 such as sheeny and dago1 we convince them that they are held in contempt1 and if by oppression and fraud we render them suspicious of us1 we can easily compact them into masses1 hostile to us and dangerous to our institutions and organized for the express purpose of resisting all ,americanizing influences4 ,whether immigrants remain ,aliens or become ,americans depends less on them than on ourselves4 ,,josiah ,,strong4 ,new ,york1 ,june #bf1 #aijf4 ,we may well ask whether this insweeping immigration is to foreignize us1 or we are to ,americanize it4 ,our safety demands the assimilation of these strange populations1 and the process of assimilation becomes slower and more difficult as the proportion of foreigners increases4 --,josiah ,strong4 ,,the ,,alien ,,advance ,and ,,elisha prayed1 and said1 ,jehovah1 ,i pray thee1 open his eyes1 that he may see4 ,and ,jehovah opened the eyes of the young man3 and he saw 7#b ,kings vi4 #ag74 ,elisha's prayer is peculiarly fitting now4 ,the first need of ,american ,protestantism is for clear vision1 to discern the supreme issues involved in immigration1 recognize the spiritual significance and divine providence in and behind this marvelous migration of peoples1 and so see ,christian obligation as to rise to the mission of evangelizing these representatives of all nations gathered on ,american soil4--,the ,author4 ,out of the remote and little-known regions of northern1 eastern1 and southern ,europe forever marches a vast and endless army4 ,nondescript and ever-changing in personnel1 without leaders or organization1 this great force1 moving at the rate of nearly #a1ejj1jjj each year1 is invading the civilized world4--,j4 ,d4 ,whelpley4 ,political optimism is one of the vices of the ,american people4 ,there is a popular faith that ,god takes care of children1 fools1 and the ,united ,states4 ,until within a few years probably not one in a hundred of our population has ever questioned the security of our future4 ,such optimism is as senseless as pessimism is faithless4 ,the one is as foolish as the other is wicked4--,josiah ,strong4 ,i ,,the ,,alien ,,advance ,i4 ,a ,year's ,immigration ,analyzed ,sidenote3 ,a ,million a ,year ,what does a million of immigrants a year mean8 ,possibly something of more significance to us if we put it this way1 that at present one in every eighty persons in the entire ,united ,states has arrived from foreign shores within twelve months4 ,of this inpouring human tide one of the latest writers on immigration says1 in a striking passage3 ,sidenote3 ,the ,peaceful ,invasion ,like a mighty stream1 it finds its source in a hundred rivulets4 ,the huts of the mountains and the hovels of the plains are the springs which feed2 the fecundity of the races of the old world the inexhaustible source4 ,it is a march the like of which the world has never seen1 and the moving columns are animated by but one idea--that of escaping from evils which have made existence intolerable1 and of reaching the free air of countries where conditions are better shaped to the welfare of the masses of the people4 ,sidenote3 ,variety of ,peoples ,it is a vast procession of varied humanity4 ,in tongue it is polyglot2 in dress all climes from pole to equator are indicated1 and all religions and beliefs enlist their followers4 ,there is no age limit1 for young and old travel side by side4 ,there is no sex limitation1 for the women are as keen as1 if not more so than1 the men2 and babes in arms are here in no mean numbers4 ,the army carries its equipment on its back1 but in no prescribed form4 ,the allowance is meager1 it is true1 but the household gods of a family sprung from the same soil as a hundred previous generations may possibly be contained in shapeless bags or bundles4 ,forever moving1 always in the same direction1 this marching army comes out of the shadow1 converges to natural points of distribution1 masses along the international highways1 and its vanguard disappears1 absorbed where it finds a resting-place4#a ,sidenote3 ,the ,ellis ,island ,inflow ,see the living stream pour into ,america through the raceway of ,ellis ,island4#b ,there is no such sight to be seen elsewhere on the planet4 ,suppose for the moment that all the immigrants of #aije came in by that wide open way1 as eight tenths of them actually did4 ,if your station had been by that gateway1 where you could watch the human tide flowing through1 and if the stream had been steady1 on every day of the #cfe you would have seen more than #b1hjj living beings--men1 women1 and children1 of almost every conceivable condition except that of wealth or eminence--pass from the examination pens into the liberty of ,american opportunity4 ,since the stream was spasmodic1 its numbers did reach as high in a single day as #aa1cdc4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,motley ,procession ,imagine an army of nearly #bj1jjj a week marching in upon an unprotected country4 ,at the head come the motley and strange-looking migrants--largely refugee ,jews--from the far ,russian ,empire and the regions of ,hungary and ,roumania4 ,at the daily rate of #b1hjj it would take this indescribable assortment more than #aff days to pass in single file4 ,then the ,italians would consume about eighty days more4 ,for over eight months you would have watched so large a proportion of illiteracy1 incompetency1 and insensibility to ,american ideals1 that you would be tempted to despair of the ,republic4 ,nor would you lose the sense of nightmare when the ,english and ,irish were consuming forty-two days in passing1 for the green of the ,emerald ,isle is vivid at ,ellis ,island1 and the best class of the ,english stay at home4 ,the flaxen-haired and open-faced ,scandinavians would lighten the picture1 but with the equally sturdy ,germans they would get by in only a month and four days4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,process of ,enlightenment ,this much is certain1 whatever may be thought of the fanciful procession4 ,no ,american who spends a single day at ,ellis ,island1 when the loaded steamships have come in1 will afterward require awakening on the subject of immigration and the necessity of doing something effective in the way of ,americanization4 ,a good view of the steerage is the best possible enlightener4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,graphic ,grouping ,a million a year and more is the rate at which immigrants are now coming into the ,united ,states4#c ,it is not easy to grasp the significance of such numbers3 yet we must try to do so if we are to realize the problem to be solved4 ,to get this mass of varied humanity within the mind's eye1 let us divide and group it4 ,first1 recall some small city or town with which you are familiar1 of about #aj1jjj inhabitants2 say ,portsmouth1 ,new ,hampshire1 where the treaty of peace between ,japan and ,russia was agreed upon2 or ,saratoga ,springs1 ,new ,york2 or ,vincennes1 ,indiana2 or ,ottawa1 ,illinois2 or ,sioux ,falls1 ,south ,dakota2 or ,lawrence1 ,kansas4 ,settle one hundred towns of this size with immigrants1 mostly of the peasant class1 with their un-,american languages1 customs1 religion1 dress1 and ideas1 and you would locate merely those who came from ,europe and ,asia in the year ending ,june #cj1 #aije4 ,those who came from other parts of the world would make two and a half towns more1 or a city the size of ,poughkeepsie in ,new ,york1 seat of ,vassar ,college1 or ,burlington in ,iowa1 of about #be1jjj each4 ,sidenote3 ,grouped by ,nationality ,sidenote3 ,queer ,towns these would be ,gather these immigrants by nationality1 and you would have in round numbers twenty-two ,italian cities of #aj1jjj people1 or massed together1 a purely ,italian city as large as ,minneapolis with its #bbj1jjj4 ,the various peoples of ,austria-,hungary--,bohemians1 ,magyars1 ,jews1 and ,slavs--would fill twenty-seven and one half towns2 or a single city nearly as large as ,detroit4 ,the ,jews1 ,poles1 and other races fleeing from persecution in ,russia1 would people eighteen and one half towns1 or a city the size of ,providence4 ,for the remainder we should have four ,german cities of #aj1jjj people1 six of ,scandinavians1 one of ,french1 one of ,greeks1 one of ,japanese1 six and a half of ,english1 five of ,irish1 and nearly two of ,scotch and ,welsh4 ,then we should have six towns of between #d1jjj and #e1jjj each1 peopled respectively by ,belgians1 ,dutch1 ,portuguese1 ,roumanians1 ,swiss1 and ,european ,turks2 while ,asian ,turks would fill another town of #f1jjj4 ,we should have a ,servian1 ,bulgarian1 and ,montenegrin village of #b1jjj2 a ,spanish village of #b1fjj2 a ,chinese village of #b1ajj2 and the other ,asiatics would fill up a town of #e1jjj with as motley an assortment as could be found under the sky4 ,nor are we done with the settling as yet1 for the ,west ,indian immigrants would make a city of #af1fjj1 the ,south ,americans and ,mexicans a place of #e1jjj1 the ,canadians a #b1jjj village1 and the ,australians another2 leaving a colony of stragglers and strays1 the ends of creation1 to the number of #b1jjj more4 ,place yourself in any one of these hundred odd cities or villages thus peopled1 without a single ,american inhabitant1 with everything foreign1 including religion2 then realize that just such a foreign population as is represented by all these places has actually been put somewhere in this country within a twelvemonth1 and the immigration problem may assume a new aspect and take on a new concern4 ,sidenote3 ,grouped by ,illiteracy ,but let us carry our imagination a little further4 ,suppose we bring together into one place the illiterates of #aije--the immigrants of all nationalities1 over fourteen years of age1 who could neither read nor write4 ,they would make a city as large as ,jersey ,city or ,kansas ,city1 and #ae1jjj larger than ,indianapolis4 ,think of a population of #bcj1jjj with no use for book1 paper1 ink1 pen1 or printing press4 ,this mass of dense ignorance was distributed some way within a year1 and more illiterates are coming in by every steamer4 ,divide this city of ignorance by nationalities into wards1 and there would be an ,italian ward of #ajj1jjj1 far outnumbering all others2 in other words1 the ,italian illiterates landed in ,america in a year equal the population of ,albany1 capital of the ,empire ,state4 ,the other leading wards would be3 ,polish1 #cc1jjj2 ,hebrew1 #bb1jjj1 indicating the low conditions whence they came2 ,slav1 #cf1jjj2 ,magyar and ,lithuanian1 #ab1jjj2 ,syrian and ,turkish1 #c1jjj4 ,these regiments of non-readers and writers come almost exclusively from the south and east of ,europe4 ,of the large total of illiterates1 #bcj1hhb to be exact--it is noteworthy that only seventy-five were ,scotch2 and only #aeg were ,scandinavian1 out of the more than #fj1jjj from ,norway1 ,sweden1 and ,denmark4 ,that almost one quarter of a total million of newcomers should be unable to read or write is certainly a fact to be taken into account1 and one that throws a calcium light on the general quality of present-day immigration and the educational status of the countries from which they come4 ,illiteracy is a worse reflection upon the foreign government than upon the foreign immigrant4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,army of the ,unskilled ,to complete this grouping1 we should go one step further1 and make up a number of divisions according to occupation and no-occupation1 skilled and unskilled labor4 ,to begin with1 the unskilled laborers would fill a city of #dcj1jjj1 or about the size of ,cincinnati4 ,those classified as servants1 with a fair question mark as to the amount of skill possessed1 numbered #abe1jjj more1 equal to the population of ,new ,haven4 ,those classified as without occupation1 including the children under fourteen1 numbered #bcb1jjj1 equal to the population of ,louisville4 ,gathering into one great body1 then1 what may fairly be called unskilled labor1 the total is not far from #ghj1jjj out of the #a1jbf1dii who came4 ,this mass would fill a city the size of ,boston1 ,cambridge1 and ,lynn combined1 or of ,cleveland and ,washington4 ,imagine1 if you can1 what kind of a city it would be1 and contrast that with these centers of civilization as they now are4 ,sidenote3 ,whole ,states ,equaled in ,numbers ,to put all the emphasis possible upon these facts1 consider that the immigration of a single year exceeded by #bf1jjj the population of ,connecticut1 which has been settled and growing ever since early colonial days4 ,it exceeded by #cg1jjj the combined population of ,alaska1 ,arizona1 ,nevada1 ,idaho1 ,wyoming1 and ,utah4 ,these immigrants would have repopulated whole commonwealths1 but they would hardly be called commonwealths in that case4 ,if such immigrant distribution could be made1 how quickly would the imperative necessity of ,americanization be realized4 ,the ,italians who came during the year would exceed the combined population of ,alaska and ,wyoming4 ,the ,hungarians and ,slavs would replace the present population of ,new ,hampshire1 or of ,north ,dakota1 and equal that of ,vermont and ,wyoming together4 ,the ,russian ,jews and ,finlanders would replace the people of ,arizona4 ,the army of illiterates would repeople ,delaware and ,nevada4 ,and the much larger army of the unskilled would exceed by #ej1jjj the population of ,maine1 that of ,colorado by about #hj1jjj1 and twice that of the ,district of ,columbia4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,race ,proportions ,the diagram at the end of the book1 taken from the ,report of the ,commissioner-,general of ,immigration for #aije1 will help us to fix in mind the race proportions of the present immigration4 ,the increase of #aije over #aijd was #bac1fbi4 ,almost one half of this was from ,austria-,hungary1 and all of it was from four countries1 the other three being ,russia1 ,italy1 and the ,united ,kingdom4 ,there was a decrease from ,germany1 ,sweden1 and ,norway4 ,,ii4 ,the ,inflow ,since #ahbj ,sidenote3 ,immigration ,totals since #ahbj ,we have been considering thus far the immigration of a single year4 ,to make the effect of this survey cumulative1 let us include the totals of immigration from the first4#d ,the official records begin with #ahbj4 ,it is estimated that prior to that date the total number of alien arrivals was #bej1jjj4 ,in #ahbj there were #h1che newcomers1 less than sometimes land at ,ellis ,island in a single day now1 and they came chiefly from three nations--,great ,britain1 ,germany1 and ,sweden4 ,the stream gradually increased1 but with many fluctuations1 governed largely by the economic conditions4 ,the highest immigration prior to the potato famine in ,ireland in #ahdg was in the year #ahdb1 when the total for the first time passed the #ajj1jjj mark1 being #ajd1efe4 ,in #ahdi the number leaped to #big1jbd1 with a large proportion of the whole from ,ireland2 in #ahej it was #caj1jjj2 while #ahed was the high year of that period1 with #dbg1hcc4 ,then came the panic and financial depression in ,america1 and after that the civil war1 which sent the immigration figures down4 ,it was not until #ahff1 after the war was over1 that the total again rose to #cjj1jjj4 ,in #ahgb it was #djd1hjf2 in #ahgc1 #dei1hjc2 falling back then until #ahhj1 when a high period set in4 ,the totals of #ahha 7#ffi1dca7 and of #ahhb 7#ghh1iib7 were not again equaled until #aijc1 when for the first time the #hjj1jjj mark was passed4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,totals by ,decades ,taking the figures by decades1 we have this enlightening table3 #ahba to #ahcj #adc1dci #ahca to #ahdj #eii1abe #ahda to #ahej #a1gac1bea #ahea to #ahfj #b1eih1bad #ahfa to #ahgj #b1cad1hbd #ahga to #ahhj #b1hab1aia #ahha to #ahij #e1bdf1fac #ahia to #aijj #c1fhg1efd #aija to #aije #c1hcc1jgf ---------- ,total1 #ahba to #aije #bb1idh1big ,from this it appears that more aliens landed in the single decade from #ahhj to #ahij than in the period of forty-five years from #ahbj to #ahfe4 ,indeed1 the immigration of the past six years more than outnumbers that of the forty years from #ahbj to #ahfj4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,startling ,total of #bc1jjj1jjj ,thus1 from colonial days above twenty-three millions of aliens have been received upon these hospitable shores4 ,and more than thirteen millions of them have come since #ahhj1 or in the last quarter century4 ,no wonder it is said that the invasion of ,attila and his ,huns was but a side incident compared to this modern migration of the millions4 ,sidenote3 ,impressive ,comparisons ,canada1 our northern neighbor1 is a prosperous colony of #e1cga1cae1 according to her latest census4 ,we could almost have peopled ,canada entire with as large a population out of the immigration of the decade #ahhj-ahij4 ,more than that1 the whole population of ,scotland1 or that of ,ireland1 above four and a quarter millions1 could have moved over to ,america1 and it would only have equaled the actual immigration since #aijj4 ,if the whole of ,wales were to come over1 the #a1gjj1jjj odd of them would not have equaled by #ajj1jjj the total immigration of the two years #aijd-je4 ,if all ,sweden and ,norway packed up and left the question of one or two kingdoms to settle itself1 the #g1cjj1jjj sturdy ,scandinavians would fall short of the immigrant host that has come in from everywhither since #ahia4 ,more people than the entire population of ,switzerland 7#c1cae1jjj7 have landed in ,america within four years4 ,if only the majority of these aliens had possessed the love of liberty and the characteristic virtues of the ,protestant ,swiss1 our problem would be very different4 ,these comparisons strongly impress the responsibility and burden imposed upon ,america by practically free and wide-open gates4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,problem of ,assimilation ,here are the totals which we have now reached4 ,of the #bc1jjj1jjj aliens who have come into ,america since the ,revolution1 the last census 7#aijj7 gave the number then living at #aj1bef1ffd4 ,a census taken to-day would doubtless show about #ad1jjj1jjj4 ,add the children of foreign parentage and it would bring the total up to between #ce1jjj1jjj and #dj1jjj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,sargent estimates this total at forty-six per cent4 of our entire population4 ,the immigration problem presents nothing less than the assimilation of this vast mass of humanity4 ,no wonder thoughtful ,americans stand aghast before it4 ,at the same time1 the only thing to fear is failure to understand the situation and meet it4 ,as ,professor ,boyesen says3 ,the amazing thing in ,americans is their utter indifference or supine optimism4 ',don't you worry1 old fellow1' said a very intelligent professional man to me recently1 when ,i told him of my observations during a visit to ,castle ,garden4#e ',what does it matter whether a hundred thousand more or less arrive8 ,even if a million arrived annually1 or two millions1 ,i guess we could take care of them4 ,why1 this country is capable of supporting a population of two hundred millions without being half so densely populated as ,belgium4 ,only let them come--the more the merrier6' ,i believe this state of mind is fairly typical4 ,it is the sublime but dangerous optimism of a race which has never been confronted with serious problems4 ,but we believe it is the optimism of a race which1 when fairly brought face to face with crises1 will not fail to meet them in the same spirit that has won the victories of civil and religious liberty and established a free government of1 by1 and for the people in ,america4 ,,iii4 ,why ,they ,come ,sidenote3 ,the ,causes of ,immigration ,sidenote3 ,expulsion ,sidenote3 ,attraction ,the causes of immigration are variously stated1 but compressed into three words they are3 ,attraction1 ,expulsion1 ,solicitation4 ,the attraction comes from the ,united ,states1 the expulsion from the ,old ,world1 and the solicitation from the great transportation lines and their emissaries4 ,sometimes one cause is more potent1 sometimes another4 ,of late1 racial and religious persecution has been active in ,europe1 and ,america gets the results4 ,in ,russia there is an outbreak1 hideous and savage1 against the ,jew1 and an impulse is started whose end is not reached until you strike ,rivington ,street in the ghetto of ,new ,york4 ,the work begun in ,russia ends in the seventeenth ward of ,new ,york4 ,cause and effect are manifest4 ,military service is enforced in ,italy2 taxes rise1 overpopulation crowds1 poverty pinches4 ,as a result1 the stream flows toward ,america1 where there is no military service and no tax1 and where steady work and high wages seem assured4 ,the mighty magnet is the attractiveness of ,america1 real or pictured4 ,america is the magic word throughout all ,europe4 ,no hamlet so remote that the name has not penetrated its peasant obscurity4 ,america means two things--money and liberty--the two things which the ,european peasant 7and often prince as well7 lacks and wants4 ,necessity at home pushes2 opportunity in ,america pulls4 ,commissioner ,robert ,watchorn1 of the port of ,new ,york1 packs the explanation into an epigram3 ,american wages are the honey-pot that brings the alien flies4 ,he says further3 ,if a steel mill were to start in a ,mississippi swamp paying wages of #b a day1 the news would hum through foreign lands in a month1 and that swamp would become a beehive of humanity and industry in an incredibly short space of time4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,schauffler says1 with equal pith1 that the great cause of immigration is1 after all1 that the immigrants propose to better themselves in this country4 ,they come here not because they love us1 or because we love them4 ,they come here because they can do themselves good1 not because they can do us good4#f ,that is natural and true2 and it furnishes excellent reason why we must do them good in order that they may not do us evil4 ,to make their good ours and our good theirs is both ,christian and safe4 ,sidenote3 ,three ,classes ,the three causes produce three classes of immigrants3 #a4 ,natural2 #b4 ,assisted2 and #c4 ,solicited4 ,,illustration3 ,,immigration ,,at ,,the ,,port ,,of ,,new ,,york ,,for #aijf4 ,sidenote3 ,normal ,motives and ,conditions ,the prosperity of this country has undoubtedly chiefly influenced immigration in the past4 ,this is shown by the marked relationship between industrial and commercial activity in the ,united ,states and the volume of immigration4#g ,our prosperity not only induces desire to come but makes coming possible4 ,the testimony before the ,industrial ,commission showed that from forty to forty-five per cent4 of the immigrants have their passage prepaid by friends or relatives in this country1 and from ten to twenty-five per cent4 more buy their tickets abroad with money sent from the ,united ,states4 ,in #aijb between #fe1jjj1jjj and #gj1jjj1jjj was sent home to ,italy alone from the ,united ,states1 and the stream of earnings flowing out to ,ireland and ,germany and ,sweden and ,hungary has been not less steady4 ,american prosperity has been feeding and paying taxes for millions of people who owe far more to our government than to their own1 and foreign governments have been reaping the benefit4 ,the ,united ,states has a small standing army of its own1 but through the gold sent abroad by the alien wage earners here we have been helping maintain the vast armaments of ,europe4 ,the letters and the money sent by immigrants to the home folks awaken the desires and dreams that mean more immigrants4 ,the ,united ,states ,post-office is a marvelous immigration agent in ,europe4 ,immigrants are not the only persons induced to migrate through the feeling that where one is not will prove a much better place than where one is4 ,that seems to inhere in human nature4 ,sidenote3 ,american ,leaven ,sidenote3 ,the ,american ,idea ,not only the ,american money and letters1 but the ,american ideas are at work abroad1 says the ,rev4 ,f4 ,m4 ,goodchild1 ,d4,d41#h in a recent address3 ,the praises of ,america are told abroad by every person who comes here and gets along4 ,some things to be sure1 these people miss--the blue skies of ,italy and the vineyards on the hillside4 ,but they have for them the compensation of such a liberty as they never knew before4 ,the real reason why all southern ,europe is in a turmoil to-day1 is that ,american ideas of liberty are working there like leaven4 ,we get our notions of liberty from the ,bible and from the men who forced the ,magna ,charta from ,king ,john at ,runnymede1 but all other peoples in the world seem to be getting their ideas of liberty from us4 ,that is what is the matter with the ,old ,world to-day4 ,the ,american idea is working like leaven4 ,that is the force at work in ,france1 where absolute divorce has just been proclaimed between ,church and ,state4 ,that is at the bottom of the movements in ,russia1 where the ,stundists have just won religious liberty1 and where1 let us hope1 all classes of people ere long will have won complete civil liberty4 ,these people have felt the uplift of our ,american free institutions and they want them for themselves4 ,they have heard ',yankee ,doodle1' and the ',star ,spangled ,banner1' and ',my ,country1 'tis of ,thee1' and they cannot get the music of liberty out of their ears and their hearts4 ,broughton ,brandenburg tells us that he heard some ,italians who had been in ,america singing our classic song ',mr4 ,dooley' in the vineyards near ,naples4 ,,iv4 ,what the ,immigrants ,say ,sidenote3 ,personal ,testimony ,let the immigrants themselves tell why they come4 ,these testimonies are typical1 condensed from a most interesting volume of immigrant autobiography1#i fresh and illuminating4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,german ,a ,german nurse girl says3 ,i heard about how easy it was to make money in ,america and became very anxious to go there4 ,i was restless in my home2 mother seemed so stern and could not understand that ,i wanted amusement4 ,i sailed from ,antwerp1 the fare costing #ce4 ,my second eldest sister met me with her husband at ,ellis ,island and they were glad to see me and ,i went to live with them in their flat in ,west ,thirty-fourth ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,a week later ,i was an apprentice in a ,sixth ,avenue millinery store earning four dollars a week4 ,i only paid three for board1 and was soon earning extra money by making dresses and hats at home4 ,friends in ,germany would be sure to hear of this new condition4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,pole ,why do the ,poles come8 ,a ,polish sweat-shop girl1 telling her life story1 answers4 ,the father died1 then troubles began in the home in ,poland4 ,little was needed by the widow and her child1 but even soup1 black bread1 and onions they could not always get4 ,at thirteen the girl was handy at housekeeping1 but the rent fell behind1 and the mother decided to leave ,poland for ,america1 where1 we heard1 it was much easier to make money4 ,mother wrote to ,aunt ,fanny1 who lived in ,new ,york1 and told her how hard it was to live in ,poland1 and ,aunt ,fanny advised her to come and bring me4 ,thousands could tell a similar story to that4 ,easier to make money has allured multitudes to leave the old home and land4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,russian ,a ,lithuanian 7,russian7 tells how it was the traveling shoemaker that made him want to come to ,america4 ,this shoemaker learned all the news1 and smuggled newspapers across the ,german line1 and he told the boy's parents how wrong it was to shut him out of education and liberty by keeping him at home4 ,that boy must go to ,america1 he said one night4 ,my son is in the stockyards in ,chicago4 ,these were some of his reasons for going3 ,you can read free papers and prayer books2 you can have free meetings1 and talk out what you think4 ,and more precious far1 you can have life1 liberty1 and the getting of happiness4 ,when time for military service drew near1 these arguments for ,america prevailed and the boy was smuggled out of his native land4 ,it is against the law to sell tickets to ,america1 but my father saw the secret agent in the village and he got a ticket from ,germany and found us a guide4 ,i had bread and cheese and vodka 7liquor7 and clothes in my bag4 ,my father gave me #ej besides my ticket4 ,bribery did the rest1 and thus this immigrant obtained his liberty and chance in ,america4 ,the ,american idea is leavening ,russia surely enough4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,italian ,an ,italian bootblack who already owns several bootblacking establishments in this country1 was trained to a beggar's life in ,italy1 and ran away4 ,now and then ,i had heard things about ,america--that it was a far-off country where everybody was rich and that ,italians went there and made plenty of money1 so that they could return to ,italy and live in pleasure ever after4 ,he worked his passage as a coaler1 and was passed at ,ellis ,island through the perjury of one of the bosses who wring money out of the immigrants in the way of commissions1 getting control of them by the criminal act at the very entrance into ,american life4 ,a ,greek peddler1 a graduate of the high school at ,sparta--think of a modern high school in ancient ,sparta6--after two years in the army1 was ready for life4 ,all these later years ,i had been hearing from ,america4 ,an elder brother was there who had found it a fine country and was urging me to join him4 ,fortunes could easily be made1 he said4 ,i got a great desire to see it1 and in one way and another ,i raised the money for fare--#bej francs--7#ej7 and set sail from the old port of ,athens4 ,i got ashore without any trouble in ,new ,york1 and got work immediately as a push-cart man4 ,six of us lived together in two rooms down on ,washington ,street4 ,at the end of our day's work we all divided up our money even2 we were all free4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,swede ,a ,swedish farmer says3 ,a man who had been living in ,america once came to visit the little village near our cottage4 ,he wore gold rings set with jewels and had a fine watch4 ,he said that food was cheap in ,america and that a man could earn nearly ten times as much there as in ,sweden4 ,there seemed to be no end to his money4 ,sickness came1 with only black bread and a sort of potato soup or gruel for food1 and at last it was decided that the older brother was to go to ,america4 ,the first letter from him contained this3 ,i have work with a farmer who pays me sixty-four kroner#aj a month and my board4 ,i send you twenty kroner1 and will try to send that every month4 ,this is a good country4 ,all about me are ,swedes1 who have taken farms and are getting rich4 ,they eat white bread and plenty of meat4 ,one farmer1 a ,swede1 made more than #be1jjj kroner on his crop last year4 ,the people here do not work such long hours as in ,sweden1 but they work much harder1 and they have a great deal of machinery1 so that the crop one farmer gathers will fill two big barns4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,irish ,woman ,an ,irish cook1 one of sivin childher1 had a sister ,tilly1 who emigrated to ,philadelphia1 started as a greenhorn at #b a week1 learned to cook and bake and wash1 all ,american fashion1 and before a year was gone had money enough laid up to send for the teller of the story4 ,the two gradually brought over the whole family1 and ,joseph owns a big flour store and ,phil is a broker1 while his son is in politics and the city council1 and his daughter ,ann 7she calls herself ,antoinette now7 is engaged to a lawyer in ,new ,york4 ,that is ,america's attractiveness and opportunity and transformation in a nutshell4 ,sidenote3 ,foreign ,mission ,school1 ,cause of ,immigration ,a ,syrian1 born on the ,lebanon range1 went to an ,american mission school at fifteen1 learned much that his former teacher the friar had warned him against1 had his horizon broadened1 gave up his idea of becoming a ,maronite monk when he learned that there were other great countries beside ,syria1 and had all his old ideas overthrown by an encyclopedia which said the ,united ,states was a larger and richer country than ,syria or even ,turkey4 ,the friar was angry and said the book told lies1 and so did the patriarch1 who was scandalized to think such a book should come to ,mount ,lebanon2 but the ,american teacher said the encyclopedia was written by men who knew1 and the ,syrian boy finally decided to go to the ,united ,states1 where we had heard that poor people were not oppressed4 ,his mother and uncle came1 too1 and as the boy was a good penman he secured work without difficulty in an ,oriental goods store4 ,as for his former religious teaching he says3 ,the ,american teacher never talked to me about religion2 but ,i can see that those monks and priests are the curse of our country1 keeping the people in ignorance and grinding the faces of the poor1 while pretending to be their friends4 ,in his case it was the foreign mission school that was the magnet to ,america4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,japanese ,a ,japanese says3 ,the desire to see ,america was burning in my boyish heart4 ,the land of freedom and civilization of which ,i had heard so much from missionaries and the wonderful story of ,america ,i had heard from those of my race who returned from there made my longing ungovernable4 ,a popular novel among ,japanese boys1 ,the ,adventurous ,life of ,tsurukichi ,tanaka1 ,japanese ,robinson ,crusoe1 made a strong impression upon him1 and finally he decided to come to this country to receive an ,american education4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,chinese ,a representative ,chinese business man of ,new ,york was taught in childhood that the ,english and ,americans were foreign devils1 the latter false1 because having made a treaty by which they could freely come to ,china and ,chinese as freely go to ,america1 they had broken the treaty and shut the ,chinese out4 ,when he was sixteen1 working on a farm1 a man of his tribe came back from ,america and took ground as large as four city blocks and made a paradise of it4 ,he had gone away a poor boy1 now he returned with unlimited wealth1 which he had obtained in the country of the ,american wizards4 ,he had become a merchant in a city called ,mott ,street1 so it was said4 ,the wealth of this man filled my mind with the idea that ,i1 too1 would go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth4 ,landing in ,san ,francisco1 before the exclusion act1 he started in ,american life as a house servant1 but finally became a ,mott ,street merchant1 as he had intended from the first4 ,sidenote3 ,fortune and ,freedom ,thus we have gone the rounds of immigrants of various races4 ,the two ideas--fortune and freedom--lie at the basis of immigration1 although the money comes first in nearly all cases4 ,these testimonies could be multiplied indefinitely4 ,ask the first immigrant you can talk with what brought him1 and find out for yourself4 ,mr4 ,brandenburg says a ,greek who was being deported told him that all ,greece was stirred up over the matter of emigration1 and that in five years the number of ,greeks coming to the ,united ,states would have increased a thousand per cent4#aa ,the reasons are the too onerous military duties in ,greece and prosperity of ,greeks in ,america4 ,the remittances fired the zeal of the home people to follow1 and the candymakers' shops were full of apprentices1 because the idea had gone abroad that candymakers could easily gain a fortune in ,america4 ,sidenote3 ,showing only the ,bright ,side ,from these illustrations1 it can readily be seen how widespread is the knowledge of ,america as a desirable place4 ,the other side is rarely told and that is the pitiful side of it4 ,the stories that go back are always of the fortunes1 not of the misfortunes1 of the money and not of the misery4 ,v4 ,solicitation an ,evil ,sidenote3 ,evils of ,solicitation ,if immigration were left to the natural causes1 there would be little reason for apprehension4 ,it is in the solicited and assisted immigration that the worst element is found4 ,commercial greed lies at the root of this1 as of most of the evils which afflict us as a nation4 ,the great steamship lines have made it cheaper to emigrate than to stay at home1 in many cases2 and every kind of illegal inducement and deceit and allurement has been employed to secure a full steerage4 ,the ramifications of this transportation system are wonderful4 ,it has a direct bearing1 too1 upon the character of the immigrants4 ,easy and cheap transportation involves deterioration in quality4 ,in the days when a journey across the ,atlantic was a matter of weeks or months and of considerable outlay1 only the most enterprising1 thrifty1 and venturesome were ready to try an uncertain future in an unknown land4 ,the immigrant of those days was likely1 therefore1 to be of the sturdiest and best type1 and his coming increased the general prosperity without lowering the moral tone4 ,now that the ocean has become little more than a ferry1 and the rates of railway and steamship have been so reduced1 it is the least thrifty and prosperous members of their communities that fall readiest prey to the emigration agent4 ,sidenote3 ,assisted ,immigration ,assisted immigration is the term used to cover cases where a foreign government has eased itself of part of the burden of its paupers1 insane1 dependents1 and delinquents by shipping them to the ,united ,states4 ,this was not uncommon in the nineteenth century1 especially in the case of local and municipal governments4 ,our laws were lax1 and for a time nearly everybody1 sane or insane1 sound or diseased1 was passed4 ,the financial gain to the exporting government can be seen in the fact that it costs about #aej per head a year to support dependents and delinquents in this country1 while it would not cost the foreign authorities more than #ej to transport them hither4 ,this policy seems scarcely credible1 but ,switzerland1 ,great ,britain1 and ,ireland followed it thriftily until our laws put a stop to it1 in large part1 by returning these undesirable persons whence they came1 at the expense of the steamship companies bringing them4 ,it was not until #ahhb1 however1 that our government passed laws for self-protection1 and in #ahia another law made assisted immigrants a special class not to be admitted4 ,sidenote3 ,other ,causes ,other and incidental causes there are1 such as the influence of new machinery1 opening the way for more unskilled labor1 such as the ordinary immigrant has to sell2 the protective tariff1 which shuts out foreign goods and brings in the foreign producers of the excluded goods2 the thorough advertising abroad of ,american advantages by boards of agriculture and railway companies interested in building up communities2 and a fear of restrictive legislation4 ,but undoubtedly1 ever back of all other reasons is the conviction that ,america is the land of plenty and of liberty--a word which each interprets according to his light or his liking4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,christian ,attitude ,sidenote3 ,colonists and ,immigrants ,distinguished ,having thus considered the remarkable proportions of immigration1 and the causes of it1 it will be well at this point to say a cautionary word as to the attitude of mind and heart in which this subject should be approached4 ,impartiality is necessary but difficult4 ,there is a natural prejudice against the immigrant4 ,a ,christian woman1 of ordinarily gentle and sweet temper1 was heard to say recently1 while this very subject of ,christian duty to the immigrant was under discussion at a missionary conference3 ,i hate these disgusting foreigners2 they are spoiling our country4 ,doubtless many would sympathize with her4 ,this is not uncommon prejudice or feeling1 and argument against it is of little avail4 ,nevertheless1 as ,christians we must endeavor to divest ourselves of it4 ,we must recognize the brotherhood of man and the value of the individual soul as taught by ,jesus4 ,it may aid us1 perhaps1 if we remember that we are all--with the exception of the ,indians1 who may lay claim to aboriginal heritage--in a sense descendants of immigrants4 ,at the same time1 it is essential to draw a clear distinction between colonists and immigrants4 ,colonization1 with its attendant hardships and heroisms1 steadily advanced from its beginnings in ,new ,england1 ,new ,amsterdam1 and ,virginia1 until there resulted the founding of a free and independent nation1 with popular government and fixed religious principles1 including the vital ones of religious liberty and the right of the individual conscience4 ,in other words1 colonization created a nation2 and there had to be a nation before there could be immigration to it4 ,in discussing the immigration question1 says ,mr4 ,hall1 this distinction is important1 for it does not follow that1 because1 as against the native ,indians1 all comers might be considered as intruders and equally without claim of right1 those who have built up a complicated framework of nationality have no rights as against others who seek to enjoy the benefits of national life without having contributed to its creation4#ab ,sidenote3 ,colonist and ,national ,rights ,it ought clearly to be recognized that the colonists and their descendants have sacred rights1 civil and religious1 with which aliens should not be permitted to interfere2 and that these rights include all proper and necessary legislation for the preservation of the liberties1 laws1 institutions1 and principles established by the founders of the ,republic and those rights of citizenship guaranteed under the constitution4 ,if restriction of immigration becomes necessary in order to safeguard ,america1 the ,american people have a clear right to pass restrictive or even prohibitory laws4 ,in other words1 ,america does not belong equally to everybody4 ,the ,american has rights which the alien must become ,american to acquire4 ,sidenote3 ,sympathetic and ,open ,mind ,at the same time1 our attitude toward the alien should be sympathetic1 and our minds should be open and inquiring as we study the incoming multitudes4 ,we do not wish to raise the ,russian cry1 ,russia for the ,russians1 or the ,chinese shibboleth1 ,china for the ,chinese4 ,the ,christian spirit has been compressed into the epigram1 ,not ,america for ,americans1 but ,americans for ,america4 ,we must see to it that the immigrants do not remain aliens1 but are transformed into ,christian ,americans4 ,that is the true missionary end for which we are to work2 and it is in order that we may work intelligently and effectively that we seek to familiarize ourselves with the facts4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,personal ,responsibility ,the facts already brought out are surely sufficient to arrest attention4 ,suppose this million-a-year rate should continue for a decade--and there is every reason to believe it will1 unless unusual and unlikely restrictive measures are taken by our government4 ,that would mean ten millions more added1 and probably seventy per cent4 of them from southeastern ,europe4 ,add the natural increase1 and estimate what the result of these millions would be upon the national digestion4 ,politically1 the foreign element would naturally and inevitably assume the place which a majority can claim in a democracy1 and not only claim but maintain1 by the use of votes--a use which the immigrant learns full soon from the manipulators of parties4 ,religiously1 unless a great change should come over the spirit of ,american ,protestantism1 and the work of evangelization among foreigners be conducted along quite different lines from the present1 is it not plain that our country would cease to be ,christian ,america1 as we understand the term8 ,there is enough in these questions to set and keep the patriotic ,american thinking4 ,the personal inquiry for each one to make is1 ,as an ,american and a ,christian1 have these facts and queries any special message for me1 and have ,i any direct responsibility in relation to them8 ,,suggestions ,,for ,,using ,,the ,,questions ,these questions have been prepared to suggest to the leader and student the most important points in the chapter1 and to stimulate further meditation and thought4 ,those marked 99 should encourage discussion4 ,the leader is not expected to use all of these questions1 and should use his judgment in eliminating or adding others that are in harmony with the aim of the lesson4 ,for helps for conducting each class session1 the leader should not fail to write to the ,secretary of his ,home ,missionary ,board4 ,,questions ,,for ,,chapter ,i ,,aim3 ,,to ,,realize ,,our ,,responsibility ,,in ,,receiving ,,one ,,million ,,aliens ,a ,,year ,i4 ,to ,learn by ,comparison the ,magnitude of a ,million ,aliens4 #a4 ,at what rate per annum is our population now being increased by immigration8 #b4 ,what are the sources of this invasion8 ,its principal gateway8 #c4 ,what comparison helps you most to realize the number of immigrants8 #d4 ,what are some of the largest groups in the mass1 as classified by nationality8 ,by race8 ,by knowledge or ignorance8 ,by fitness for labor8 #e4 ,what states may be compared with last year's arrivals8 ,,ii4 ,to ,realise the ,proportion of ,our ,population that has ,immigrated since #ahbj4 #f4 ,how does the total number of our immigrants compare with the population of ,germany8 ,england8 ,canada8 #g4 ,has the number of immigrants been increasing steadily8 ,will it tend to increase8 #h4 ,has the present rate been long continued8 ,what proportion of the population of the ,united ,states is derived from immigration subsequent to the ,american ,revolution8 #i4 99 ,do you think there is any serious menace in such large numbers of immigrants8 ,why8 ,,iii4 ,why do ,aliens ,come8 #aj4 ,name the principal causes of immigration4 ,the principal classes4 #aa4 ,what ,american ideals have the greatest attractive power8 ,what opportunities8 #ab4 ,give some typical instances of immigrants' stories4 99 ,would you have wished to come under the same circumstances8 #ac4 ,what other forces stimulate immigration to the ,united ,states8 ,what agencies8 ,,iv4 ,what ,should be our ,attitude toward ,aliens1 and ,what is our ,individual ,responsibility for ,them8 #ad4 99 ,what is the ,christian attitude toward these newcomers8 ,how can we remove prejudice8 #ae4 99 ,what is our personal responsibility as ,christians in improving the condition of aliens8 ,,references ,,for ,,advanced ,,study4--,,chapter ,i ,i4 ,compare modern immigration with the migration of peoples in earlier times2 for example1 those of the ,hebrews1 ,aryans1 ,goths1 ,huns1 ,saracens1 and other races4 ,any good ,encyclopedia or ,general ,history4 ,,ii4 ,what resemblances and what differences between the ,colonial settlement of ,america1 and the later immigration1 say1 during the ,nineteenth ,century8 ,,iii4 ,the ,causes of ,immigration4 ,hall3 ,immigration1 ,,ii4 ,lord1 et al3 ,the ,italian in ,america1 ,,iii1 ,,viii4 ,warne3 ,the ,slav ,invasion1 ,,iii1 ,,iv2 #gh1 #hc4 ,holt3 ,undistinguished ,americans1 #ce1 #bdd-bej4 ,,iv4 ,what agencies can you name and describe that are trying to receive the immigrants in a humane and ,christian spirit8 ,for example1 the ,united ,states ,government1 ,american ,tract ,society1 ,new ,york ,bible ,society1 ,society for ,italian ,immigrants1 and other organizations and agencies4 ,study especially any that work in your own neighborhood4 ,as for immigrants1 we cannot have too many of the right kind1 and we should have none of the wrong kind4 ,i will go as far as any in regard to restricting undesirable immigration4 ,i do not think that any immigrant who will lower the standard of life among our people should be admitted4--,president ,roosevelt4 ,,ii ,,alien ,,admission ,,and ,,restriction ,unrestricted immigration is doing much to cause deterioration in the quality of ,american citizenship4 ,let us resolve that ,america shall be neither a hermit nation nor a ,botany ,bay4 ,let us make our land a home for the oppressed of all nations1 but not a dumping-ground for the criminals1 the paupers1 the cripples1 and the illiterate of the world4 ,let our ,republic1 in its crowded and hazardous future1 adopt these watchwords1 to be made good all along our oceanic and continental borders3 ,welcome for the worthy1 protection to the patriotic1 but no shelter in ,america for those who would destroy the ,american shelter itself4--,joseph ,cook4 ,it is not the migration of a few thousand or even million human beings from one part of the world to another nor their good or bad fortune that is of interest to us4 ,we are concerned with the effect of such a movement on the community at large and its growth in civilization4 ,immigration1 for instance1 means the constant infusion of new blood into the ,american commonwealth1 and the question is3 ,what effect will this new blood have upon the character of the community8--,professor ,mayo-,smith4 ,it is advisable to study the influence of the newcomers on the ethical consciousness of the community--whether there is a gain or a loss to us4 ,in short1 we must set up our standard of what we desire this nation to be1 and then consider whether the policy we have hitherto pursued in regard to immigration is calculated to maintain that standard or to endanger it4--,idem4 ,,ii ,,alien ,,admission ,,and ,,restriction ,i4 ,method of ,admission ,sidenote3 ,chief ,ports of ,entry ,how do immigrants obtain entrance into the ,united ,states8 ,new ,york is the chief port of entry1 and if we learn the conditions and methods there we shall know them in general4 ,the great proportion coming through ,new ,york is seen by comparison of the total admissions for #aijd and #aije at the larger ports3 ,port #aijd #aije ,new ,york #fjf1jai #ghh1bai ,boston #fj1bgh #fe1ajg ,baltimore #ee1idj #fb1cad ,philadelphia #ai1dfg #bc1hbd ,honolulu #i1jed #aa1iig ,san ,francisco #i1jcf #f1cgg ,other ,ports #bb1gjb #bd1ddg ,through ,canada #cj1cgd #dd1bad ,sidenote3 ,the ,floating ,gateway ,the proportion for ,new ,york is not far from eight tenths of the whole4 ,hence it is true1 that while the dirty little ferryboat ,john ,g4 ,carlisle is not an imposing object to the material eye1 to the eye of the imagination she is a spectacle to inspire awe1 for she is the floating gateway of the ,republic4 ,over her dingy decks march in endless succession the eager battalions of ,europe's peaceful invaders of the ,west4 ,that single craft1 in her hourly trips from ,ellis ,island to the ,battery1#ac carries more immigrants in a year than came over in all the fleets of the nations in the two centuries after ,john ,smith landed at ,jamestown4#ad ,sidenote3 ,human ,storage ,reservoirs ,reading about the arrivals at ,ellis ,island1 no matter how realistic the description1 will not give a vivid idea of what immigration means nor of what sort the immigrants are4 ,for that1 you must obtain a permit from the authorities and actually see for yourself the human stream that pours from the steerage of the mighty steamships into the huge human storage reservoirs of ,ellis ,island4#ae ,we know that however perfect the system1 human nature has to be taken into account1 both in officials and immigrants1 and human nature is imperfect2 much of it at ,ellis ,island is exceedingly difficult to deal patiently with4 ,hence1 from the very nature of things and men1 the situation is one to develop pathos1 humor1 comedy1 and tragedy1 as the great human sifting machine works away at separating the wheat from the chaff4 ,the tragedy comes in the case of the excluded1 since the blow falls sometimes between parents and children1 husband and wife1 lover and sweetheart1 and the decree of exclusion is as bitter as death4 ,sidenote3 ,make ,yourself an ,imaginary ,immigrant ,to make the manner and method of getting into ,america by the steerage process as real as possible1 try to put yourself in an alien's place1 and see what you would have to go through4 ,do not take immigration at its worst1 but rather at its best1 or at least above the average conditions4 ,assume that you belong to the more intelligent and desirable class1 finding a legitimate reason for leaving your home in ,europe1 because of hard conditions and poor outlook there and bright visions of fortune in the land of liberty1 whither relatives have preceded you4 ,your steamship ticket is bought in your native town1 and you have no care concerning fare or baggage4 ,a number of people of your race and neighborhood are on the way1 so that you are not alone4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,ship's ,manifest ,before embarking you are made to answer a long list of questions1 filling out your manifest1 or official record which the law requires the vessel-masters to obtain1 attest1 and deliver to the government officers at the entrance port4#af ,sidenote3 ,numbered and ,lettered ,your answers proving satisfactory to the transportation agents1 a card is furnished you1 containing your name1 the letter of the group of thirty to which you are assigned1 and your group number4 ,thus you become1 for the time being1 ,no4 #bg of group ,e4 ,you are cautioned to keep this card in sight1 as a ready means of identification4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,voyage ,partings over1 you enter upon the strange and unforgetable experiences of ten days or more in the necessarily cramped quarters of the steerage--experiences of a kind that do not invite repetition4 ,homesickness and seasickness form a trying combination1 to say nothing of the discomforts of a mixed company and enforced companionship4 ,sidenote3 ,first ,experiences in the ,new ,world ,your first ,american experience befalls you when the steamship anchors at quarantine inside ,sandy ,hook1 and the ,united ,states inspection officers come on board to hunt for infectious or contagious diseases--cholera1 smallpox1 typhus fever1 yellow fever1 or plague4 ,no outbreak of any of these has marked the voyage1 fortunately for you1 and there is no long delay4 ,slowly the great vessel pushes its way up the harbor and the ,north ,river1 passing the statue of ,liberty ,enlightening the ,world1 that beacon which all incomers are enjoined to see as the symbol of the new liberty they hope to enjoy4 ,sidenote3 ,ship ,landing ,at last the voyage is done1 your steamship lies at her pier1 and you are thrust into the midst of distractions4 ,families are trying to keep together2 the din is indescribable2 crying babies add to the general confusion of tongues2 all sorts of people with all sorts of baggage are making ready for the landing1 which seems a long time off as you wait for the customs officers to get through with the first-class passengers4 ,at last word is given to go ashore1 and the procession or pushing movement rather begins4 ,you are hurried along1 up a companionway1 lugging your hand baggage2 then down the long gangway on to the pier and the soil of ,america4 ,sidenote3 ,unnecessary ,cruelty ,it is not a pleasant landing in the land of light and liberty4 ,you have been sworn at1 pushed1 punched with a stick for not moving faster when you could not1 and have seen others treated much more roughly4 ,just in front of you a poor woman is trying to get up the companionway with a child in one arm1 a deck chair on the other1 and a large bundle besides4 ,she blocks the passage for an instant4 ,a great burly steward reaches up1 drags her down1 tears the chair off her arm1 splitting her sleeve and scraping the skin off her wrist as he does so1 and then in his rage breaks the chair to pieces1 while the woman passes on sobbing1 not daring to remonstrate4#ag ,this is not the first treatment of this sort you have seen1 and you feel powerless to help1 though your blood boils at the outrage4 ,sidenote3 ,unpleasant ,beginnings ,as you pass down the gangway your number is taken by an officer with a mechanical checker1 and then you become part of the curious crowd gathered in the great somber building1 filled with freight1 much of it human4 ,here there is confusion worse confounded1 as separated groups try to get together and dock watchmen try to keep them in place4 ,many believe their baggage has been stolen1 and mothers are sure their children have been kidnaped or lost4 ,the dockmen are violent1 not hesitating to use their sticks1 and you find yourself more than once in danger1 although you strive to obey orders you do not understand very well1 since they are shouted out in savage manner4 ,the inspector reaches you finally1 and you are hustled along in a throng to the barge that is waiting4 ,you are tired and hungry1 having had no food since early breakfast4 ,your dreams of ,america seem far from reality just now4 ,you are almost too weary to care what next4 ,sidenote3 ,america's ,gateway ,the next is ,ellis ,island1 whose great building looks inviting4 ,out of the barge you are swept with the crowd1 baggage in hand or on head or shoulder1 and on to the grand entrance4 ,as you ascend the broad stairs1 an officer familiar with many languages is shouting out1 first in one tongue and then another1 ,get your health tickets ready4 ,you notice that the only available place many have in which to carry these tickets is in their mouths1 since their hands are full of children or baggage4 ,sidenote3 ,medical ,inspection ,at the head of the long pair of stairs you meet a uniformed officer 7a doctor in the ,marine ,hospital ,service71 who takes your ticket1 glances at it1 and stamps it with the ,ellis ,island stamp4 ,counting the quarantine officer as number one1 you have now passed officer number two4 ,at the head of the stairs you find yourself in a great hall1 divided into two equal parts1 each part filled with curious railed-off compartments4 ,directed by an officer1 you are turned into a narrow alleyway1 and here you meet officer number three1 in uniform like the second4 ,the keen eyes of this doctor sweep you at a glance1 from feet to head4 ,you do not know it1 but this is the first medical inspection by a surgeon of the ,marine ,hospital ,service1 and it causes a halt1 although only for a moment4 ,when the person immediately in front of you reaches this doctor1 you see that he pushes back the shawl worn over her head1 gives a nod1 and puts a chalk mark upon her4 ,he is on the keen lookout for favus 7contagious skin disease71 and for signs of disease or deformity4 ,the old man who limps along a little way behind you has a chalk mark put on his coat lapel1 and you wonder why they do not chalk you4 ,sidenote3 ,examination of ,eyes ,you are now about ten or fifteen feet behind your front neighbor1 and as you are motioned to follow1 about thirty feet further on you confront another uniformed surgeon 7officer number four71 who has a towel hanging beside him1 a small instrument in his hand1 and a basin of disinfectants behind him4 ,you have little time for wonder or dread4 ,with a deft motion he applies the instrument to your eye and turns up the lid1 quickly shutting it down again1 then repeats the operation upon the other eye4 ,he is looking for the dreaded contagious trachoma or for purulent ophthalmia2 also for disease of any kind1 or any defect that would make it lawful and wise to send you back whence you came4 ,you have now been twice examined1 and passed as to soundness of body1 freedom from lameness or defect1 general healthfulness1 and absence of eye disease or pulmonary weakness4 ,sidenote3 ,detention ,room ,sidenote3 ,the ,wicket ,gate ,as you move along to the inclosed space of your group ,e1 you note that the lame man and the woman who were chalk-marked are sent into another railed-off space1 known as the detention pen1 where they must await a more rigid medical examination4 ,one other inspector you have faced--a woman1 whose sharp eyes seem to read the characters of the women as they come up to her wicket gate2 for it is her duty to stop the suspicious and immoral characters and send them to the detention rooms or special inquiry boards4 ,thus you have passed five government officers since landing on the ,island4 ,they have been courteous and kindly1 but impress you as knowing their business so well that they can readily see through fraud and deception4 ,sidenote3 ,entrance ,examination ,the entrance ordeal is not quite over1 but for a little while you rest on the wooden bench in your ,e compartment1 waiting until the group is assembled1 all save those sent away for detention4 ,suddenly you are told to come on1 and in single file ,e group marches along the narrow railed alley that leads to officer number six1 or the inspector who holds ,e sheet in his hand4 ,when it comes your turn1 your manifest is produced and you are asked a lot of questions4 ,a combined interpreter and registry clerk is at hand to assist4 ,the interpreter pleases you greatly by speaking in your own language1 which he rightly guesses1 and notes whether your answers agree with those on the manifest4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,ticket ,system ,as you have the good fortune to be honest1 and have sufficient money to escape being halted as likely to become a public charge1 you are ticketed ,o4 ,k4 with an ,r which means that you are bound for a railroad station4 ,you see a ticket ,s4 ,i4 on the lame man1 which means that he is to go to a ,board of ,special ,inquiry1 with the chances of being debarred1 or sent back home4 ,on another1 as you pass1 you notice a ticket ,l4 ,p4 ,c41 which signifies the dreaded decision1 liable to become public charge--a decision that means deportation4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,three ,stairs of ,separation ,all this time you have been guided4 ,now you are directed to a desk where your railroad ticket-order is stamped2 next to a banker's desk1 where your money is exchanged for ,american money2 and finally you are motioned to the right stairway of three1 this leading to the railroad barge room4 ,here your baggage is checked and your ticket provided1 a bag of food is offered you1 and then you are taken on board a barge which will convey you to the railroad station4 ,you have left your fellow-voyagers abruptly1 all save the railroad-ticketed like yourself4 ,had you been destined for ,new ,york1 you would have gone down the left stairway and been free to take the ferryboat for the ,battery4 ,if you had expected friends to meet you1 the central stairway would have led you to the waiting room for that purpose4 ,those three stairways are called ,the ,stairs of ,separation1 and there families are sometimes ruthlessly separated without warning1 when bound for different destinations4 ,sidenote3 ,careful ,supervision ,the officers1 who have treated you courteously1 in strong contrast to the steamship and dock employees1 keep track of you until you are safely on board an immigrant car1 bound for the place where your relatives are4 ,your ideas of great ,new ,york are limited1 but you have been saved by this official supervision from being swindled by sharpers or enticed into evil4 ,you are practically in charge of the railway company1 as you have been of the steamship company1 until you are deposited at the station where you expect to make your home4 ,you are ready to believe1 by this time1 that ,america is at least a spacious country1 with room enough in it for all who want to come4 ,at the same time you will admit1 as you recall some of your fellow-passengers in the steerage1 that there should not be room in the country for those who ought not to come--not only the diseased and insane1 crippled and consumptive1 who are shut out by the law1 but also the delinquent and depraved1 whose presence means added ignorance and crime4 ,you only wish the inspectors could have seen some of those shameless men on shipboard1 so that in spite of their smooth answers they might have been sent back whence they came1 to prey upon the innocent there instead of here4 ,now that it is all over1 you shudder for a long time at night as memory recalls the steerage scenes1 through which your faith in ,god and your constant prayers preserved you4#ah ,sidenote3 ,the ,alien's ,chance ,in such manner the alien gains his chance to become an ,american4 ,what he will make of that chance is a matter of grave importance to the land that has opened to him the doors of opportunity and liberty4 ,having seen how the immigrants get into the ,united ,states1 let us now see how they are kept out4 ,when we know what the restrictive laws are1 and how they are enforced or evaded1 we shall be in a position to judge as to their sufficiency1 and the need of further legislation4 ,,ii4 ,governmental ,regulation ,sidenote3 ,evasion and ,violation ,the ,united ,states has some excellent immigration laws1 the best and most extensive of any nation1 as one would expect1 since this is the nation to which nearly all immigrants come4 ,the trouble is that every attempt is made to evade these laws1 and where they cannot be evaded they are violated4 ,the laws are of two classes3 #a4 ,protective1 in favor of the immigrant2 and #b4 ,restrictive1 in favor of the country4 ,sidenote3 ,protection for the ,immigrant ,there is a law against overcrowding on shipboard1 going back as far as #ahai1 but overcrowding has gone on ever since4#ai ,there seems to be no doubt that even on the best steamships of the best lines there is ready disregard of the law when it interferes with the profits to be made out of the steerage4 ,strong evidence to this effect is given by ,mr4 ,brandenburg4 ,here is a condensed leaf from his own experience which shows how much regard is paid to the comfort and health of the steerage passengers3#bj ,sidenote3 ,steerage ,horrors ,in a compartment from nine to ten feet high and having a space no larger than six ordinary rooms1 were beds for #aie persons1 and #bad women and children occupied them4 ,the ventilation was merely what was to be had from the companionway that opened into the alleyway and not on the deck1 the few ports in the ship's sides1 and the scanty ventilating shafts4 ,the beds were double-tiered affairs in blocks of from ten to twenty1 constructed of iron framework1 with iron slats in checker fashion to support the burlap-covered bag of straw1 grass1 or waste which served as a mattress4 ,pillows there were none1 only cork jacket life-preservers stuck under one end of the mattress to give the elevation of a pillow4 ,one blanket served the purpose of all bedclothing2 it was a mixture of wool1 cotton1 and jute1 predominantly jute2 the length of a man's body and a yard and a half wide4 ,for such quarters and accommodations the emigrant pays half the sum that would buy a first-class passage4 ,a comparison of the two classes shows where the steamship company makes the most money4 ,sidenote3 ,feeding ,like ,animals ,enrolled in the blanket each person found a fork1 spoon1 pint tin cup1 and a flaring six-inch-wide1 two-inch-deep pan out of which to eat4 ,the passengers were instructed to form groups of six and choose a mess-manager1 who was supposed to take the big pan and bucket1 get the dinner and drinkables1 and distribute the portions to his group4 ,after the meal1 some member was supposed to collect the tin utensils and wash them ready for next time4 ,but the crowd in the wash-room was so great that about one third of the people chose to rinse off the things with a dash of drinking water1 others never washed their cups and pans4 ,yet the emigrant pays half the first-cabin rate for fighting for his food1 serving it himself1 and washing his own dishes4 ,the food was in its quality good1 but the manner in which it was messed into one heap in the big pan was nothing short of nauseating4 ,after the first meal the emigrants began throwing the refuse on the deck instead of over the side or into the scuppers4 ,the result can be imagined4 ,it was an extremely hot night1 and the air in the crowded compartment was so foul ,i could not sleep4 ,the men and boys about me lay for the most part like logs1 hats1 coats1 and shoes off1 and no more1 sleeping the sleep of the tired4 ,sidenote3 ,remedy ,proposed ,my wife said the babies in her compartment were crying in relays of six1 the women had scattered bits of macaroni1 meat1 and potatoes all over the beds and on the floor1 and added dishwater as a final discomfort4 ,two thirds of the emigrants were as clean as circumstances would permit1 but the other third kept all in a reign of uncleanliness4 ,the worst could not be put into print4 ,the remedy for the whole matter is to pack fewer people in the same ship's space1 and a regular service at tables4 ,the big emigrant-carriers should be forced to give up a part of their enormous profits in order that sanitary conditions at least may prevail4 ,sidenote3 ,laws ,rigidly ,enforced ,sidenote3 ,steerage ,reforms ,needed ,this certainly is not an unreasonable demand1 and proper laws with regard to the steerage rigidly enforced would tend to discourage immigration1 instead of the reverse1 since the rates would doubtless be raised as the numbers were lowered4 ,cruel treatment of the helpless aliens by the stewards and ship's officers should be stopped4 ,mr ,brandenburg's description1 which by no means tells the whole story of steerage horrors1 should serve to institute reform through the creation of a public sentiment that will demand it4 ,there is no other way to reach such conditions2 and here is where the young people can exert their influence powerfully for good4 ,money greed should not be allowed to make the steerage a disgrace to ,christian civilization and an offense to common decency4 ,of course it is difficult to detect what goes on in the hold of a great steamship1 and when immigrants make complaint they frequently suffer for it4 ,it is possible1 however1 to provide government inspectors1 and inspectors who will inspect and remain proof against bribes4 ,the one essential is a sufficiently strong and insistent public opinion4 ,,iii4 ,putting up the ,bars ,sidenote3 ,protection for the ,country ,the need of some regulation and restriction of immigration was felt early in our national life4 ,the fathers of the ,republic did not agree about the matter1 and in this their descendants have been like them4 ,washington questioned the advisability of letting any more immigrants come1 except those belonging to certain skilled trades that were needed to develop the new country4 ,madison favored a policy of liberality and inducement1 so that population might increase more rapidly4 ,jefferson1 on the other hand1 wished there were an ocean of fire between this country and ,europe1 so that it might be impossible for any more immigrants to come hither4 ,we can only conjecture what his thoughts would be if he were to return and study present conditions4 ,franklin1 certainly one of the wisest and most far-seeing of the earlier statesmen1 feared that immigration would tend to destroy the homogeneity essential to a democracy with ideals4 ,equally great and good men in our history have taken one or the other side of this question1 from the extreme of open gates to that of prohibition1 while the people generally have gone on about their business with the comfortable feeling that matters come out pretty well if they are not too much interfered with4 ,sidenote3 ,first ,state ,law in #ahbd ,while statesmen were theorizing and differing1 conditions made the need of some actual regulations and restrictions felt as early as #ahbd1 although the total immigration of that year was only #g1iab1 or less than that of a single day at present4 ,the first law resulted from abuse of free admission4 ,it was found that some foreign governments were shipping their paupers1 diseased persons1 and criminals to ,america as the easiest and most economical way to get rid of them4 ,this it undoubtedly was for them2 but the people of ,new ,york did not see where the ease and economy came in on their side of the ledger1 and in self-defense1 therefore1 the state passed the first law1 with intent to shut out undesirables4#ba ,this state legislation was the genesis of national enactment4 ,the history of federal laws concerning aliens is covered compactly by ,mr4 ,hall1 and those interested in the details of this important phase of the subject are referred to his book4#bb ,a comprehensive table1 by means of which all the significant legislation can be seen at a glance1 will be found in ,appendix ,b4 ,sidenote3 ,government ,control ,in #ahhb there came a tremendous wave of immigration1 with effects upon the labor market that largely induced the passage in that year of the first general immigration law4 ,the ,federal ,government now assumed entire control of the ports of entry1 as it was manifestly essential to have a national policy and supervision4 ,since #ahfb1 when the ,chinese coolies were excluded1 under popular pressure1 ,congress has passed eight ,acts of more or less importance1 culminating in the ,act of #aijc1bc which is said by ,mr4 ,whelpley1 who has collected all the immigration laws of all countries1 and is therefore competent to judge1 to be up to the present time the most far-reaching measure of its kind in force in any country2 and the principles underlying it must serve as the foundation for all immigration restriction4 ,under this law we have practically unrestricted immigration1 with the important exceptions that the ,chinese laborers are not admitted1 and that persons suffering from obvious contagious diseases1 insane persons1 known anarchists and criminals1 and a certain small percentage likely to become public charges are debarred4 ,the law does not fix a property1 income1 or educational qualification1 does not insist upon a knowledge of a trade1 nor impose a tax4 ,in other words1 we have at present a more or less effective police regulation of immigration1 but we are not pursuing a policy of restriction or limitation4 ,sidenote3 ,un-,american ,discrimination ,as to the ,chinese1 we have made an exception1 and one that fails to commend itself to many4 ,grant that there is much to be said in favor of the proper restriction of ,chinese immigration1 especially on the ground that the immigrants would come only to earn money and return home1 not to become ,americans2 that there can be no race assimilation between ,chinese and ,americans2 and that such bird-of-passage cheap male labor is a detriment to the best interests of the country4 ,all the force in these arguments applies equally to a large proportion of the immigration from southeastern ,europe which is admitted4 ,the laws should be uniform4 ,the right to shut out the ,chinese coolies is not questioned2 but if these be debarred1 why not debar the illiterate and unskilled laboring class that comes from ,ireland1 ,italy1 and ,austria-,hungary8 ,the ,chinese certainly can fill a place in our industries which the other races do not fill equally well4 ,their presence in the kitchen would tend to alleviate domestic conditions that are responsible in large measure for the breaking up of ,american home life4 ,it is a ludicrous error to suppose that all the ,chinese who come to ,america are laundrymen at home4 ,let ,mrs4 ,s4 ,l4 ,baldwin1 a returned missionary who labored in ,china for eighteen years and knows the people she pleads for1 bear her witness3 ,sidenote3 ,a ,missionary's ,plea for the ,chinese ,the ,chinese are exactly the same class as the immigrants from other lands4 ,the needy poor1 with few exceptions1 must ever be the immigrant class4 ,those who come to us across the ,pacific are largely from the respectable farming class1 who fall into laundry work1 shoemaking1 etc41 because these branches of industry are chiefly open to them4 ,i have no fear of the ,chinese immigrants suffering in comparison with those who come across the ,atlantic4 ,it is not the ,chinaman who is too lazy to work1 and goes to the almshouse or jail4 ,it is not he who reels through our streets1 defies our ,sabbath laws1 deluges our country with beer1 and opposes all work for temperance and the salvation of our sons from the liquor curse4 ,it is not the man from across the ,pacific who commits the fearful crimes1 and who is longing to put his hand to our political wheel and rule the ,united ,states4 ,there are no healthier immigrants coming to this country4 ,it is with difficulty1 and only under pressure of necessity they are induced to leave ,china1 so that the bugbear of millions of coolies overrunning ,america is absurd4 ,sidenote3 ,call for ,fair ,play ,workers in the ,chinese missions and ,sunday-schools in this country will assent to ,mrs4 ,baldwin's words4 ,and ,americans will appreciate her sense of the ludicrous when an ,irish washerwoman in ,san ,francisco1 indignant that a ,chinese servant had been brought to ,america by the missionary1 said to her1 ,we have a right here and they haven't4 ,as for the ,chinese1 the time will come when the injustice of discriminating against a single nation will be recognized and the wrong be righted4 ,there are no more stable converts to ,christianity1 no more generous givers and zealous missionaries1 than the ,chinese converts4 ,let us have ,american fair play1 about which ,president ,roosevelt says so much1 in our treatment of them4 ,recent developments prove that the ,united ,states is unwilling to imperil the relations of friendship which have existed with ,china4 ,,iv4 ,excluding the ,unfit ,sidenote3 ,intelligence of ,inspectors ,sidenote3 ,trickeries ,attempted ,at ,ellis ,island one may see what is aptly termed the tragedy of the excluded4#bd ,the enforcement of the laws comes into operation at the ports of entry4 ,practically everything depends upon the intelligence and faithfulness of the inspectors1 who are charged with grave responsibility4 ,immigrant and country are equally at their mercy4 ,necessarily a large margin must be left to their judgment when it comes to the question1 ,will the applicant now before me probably become a public charge--that is1 fall into the pauper or criminal class--or is he of the right stuff to make a respectable and desirable ,american citizen8 ,in cases of plain insanity or idiocy or disease the decision is easy2 but when it comes to the moral and economic sphere an expert opinion is required4 ,then1 the inspectors have to be constantly on the lookout for deception and fraud4 ,immigrants who belong to the excluded classes have been carefully coached by agents interested in getting them through the examination4 ,diseased eyes have been doctored up for the occasion2 lame persons have been trained to avoid the fatal limp during that walk between the two surgeons4 ,lies have been put into innocent mouths and the beginnings of falsehood into the heart4 ,mr4 ,adams gives this instance showing how the mind of the inspector works4 ,the line is passing steadily1 ceaselessly4 ,a flashily dressed ,french girl has plenty of money but unsatisfactory references and destination1 and back she is turned4 ,sidenote3 ,discretion ,sidenote3 ,picking the ,winning ,man ,next comes a bookkeeper1 so he says4 ,his father gave him money and he was coming here to make his fortune4 ,the inspector is not satisfied and he is turned over to the ',s4 ,i4' ,board4 ,but his papers1 money1 and statements are clear and he is admitted2 they give him the benefit of the doubt as they always do4 ,but next in line comes a well built stocky ,pole1 with nothing in the world but a carpet bag1 a few bundles1 and a small showing of money4 ,ambition is written all over his face and he is admitted4 ',now1' says the recorder1 pausing for a moment1 'see the difference between these two gents4 ,the first duffer will look around for a job1 spend time and money to get something to suit him1 and keep his job for a short time2 then he will give it up1 run through his money1 borrow from his friends1 and then give them all the cold hand4 ,he won't wear well1 and his dad knew it when he sent him over1 but he was glad to get rid of him4 ,so lots of them are4 ,now look at the difference between him and that ,pole4 ,he knows nothing but work4 ,look at his eyes1 mild but good4 ,he has been brought up next to mother earth2 turn him loose from the train when he reaches his destination and he will dig4 ,he won't hang around looking for a job1 but he will till the soil and before you or ,i know it he will have crops and that is what he will live on4 ,he comes from a hard country1 is tough1 and when you and ,i are going around shivering in an overcoat1 he will be going around in his shirt sleeves4 ,that is the stuff we want here1 not the first kind1 with flabby hands and sapped vitality4' ,sure enough the bookkeeper did not wear well1 and falling into the hands of the police1 some months later1 he was deported under the three-year limitation law1 and the country was better for it4 ,sidenote3 ,wise ,partiality1 and ,work ,praised ,the inspectors are wise in showing partiality to the men who have plenty of days' work in them1 even if they have less money4 ,it is not at all safe to judge the immigrants as desirable or otherwise according to the amount of money per capita they bring4 ,it is the head and not the head-money that should be looked at4 ,think of the responsibility4 ,more than #cjj1jjj women passed through the moral wicket at ,ellis ,island last year4 ,of course many of bad quality1 men and women both1 get through1 for inspectors on too meager salaries are not omniscient1 but a good word should be said for these public servants1 who in the main are conscientiously performing a delicate and difficult task4#be ,let us see some of the results of their work4 ,this will give an idea of the large numbers who ought never to have been allowed to leave home4 ,sidenote3 ,record of the ,debarred ,the following table shows the principal classes of excluded for the past fourteen years1 with the total debarred for each year1 and the percentage3 ,,the ,,debarred ,,for ,,the ,,years #ahib-aije ,table headings3 ,col ,a3 ,year ,col ,b3 ,immigrants ,col ,c3 ,idiots ,col ,d3 ,insane persons ,col ,e3 ,paupers1 or likely to become public charges ,col ,f3 ,loathsome or dangerous or contagious diseases ,col ,g3 ,convicts ,col ,h3 ,assisted ,immigrants ,col ,i3 ,contract laborers ,col ,j3 ,total ,debarred ,col ,k3 ,percentage of whole ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ahib #egi1ffc #dag #a1jjb #hj #bf #bc #icb #b1afd #j4d #ahic #dci1gcj #c #h #dca #ha #ab 44 #eah #a1jec #j4b #ahid #bhe1fca #d #e #hjb #ae #h 44 #eec #a1chi #j4e #ahie #beh1ecf #f44 #a1gad 44 #d #a #fid #b1dai #j4i #ahif #cdc1bfg #aaj #b1jaj #b 44 44 #ggf #b1gii #j4h #ahig #bcj1hcb #a #f #a1bgg #a #a #c #cbh #a1fag #j4g #ahih #bbi1bii #aab #b1bfa #beh #b #gi #dag #c1jcj #a4c #ahii #caa1gae #aai #b1eii #cdh #h #hb #gda #c1gih #a4b #aijj #ddh1egb #acb #b1igd #cic #d #b #hcc #d1bdf #a4j #aija #dhg1iah #faf #b1gih #cji #g #ej #cbg #c1eaf #j4g #aijb #fdh1gdc #gbg #c1idd #gji #i 44 #bge #d1igd #j4h #aijc #heg1jdf #abc #e1haba1ggc #ea #i #a1jhf #h1gfi #a4j #aijd #hab1hgjafcc #d1giha1efj #ce #ch #a1eja #g1iid #a4j #aijea1jbf1diichib #g1hihb1aih #ci #ai #a1afd #aa1dhj #a4b ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,total debarred in the fourteen years1 #ei1bdh4 ,sidenote3 ,right of ,appeal ,the debarred have the right of appeal1 from the ,special ,inquiry ,board which excludes them1 to the ,commissioner of the ,port1 then to the ,commissioner-,general1 and finally to the ,secretary#bf of ,commerce and ,labor4 ,the steamship lines that brought them have to pay costs of detention and deportation1 which is one means of making these lines careful4 ,sidenote3 ,exclusion by ,races ,a second table1 which shows the exclusion by races1 will repay study4 ,it is given in ,appendix ,a4 ,it not only shows where the bulk of the excluded belong1 but reveals not a little concerning the character of those admitted who come from the same races4 ,the intention of the present ,commissioner-,general is to enforce the laws strictly1 yet in a humane spirit4 ,comparing the figures for the two years #aijc-aijd1 he says3 ,sidenote3 ,increase of ,undesirable ,the most significant feature of this statement is the large increase in the number of idiots1 insane persons1 and paupers during #aije1 which1 coupled with an increase of twenty-five per cent4 in the number of diseased aliens1 justifies the ,bureau in directing attention to the flagrant and wilful disregard by the ocean carriers of the laws for the regulation of their business of securing alien passengers destined for the ,united ,states4#bg ,sidenote3 ,fraud of ,transportation ,companies ,this brings up a point of vast importance in more ways than one4 ,the official reports charge wholesale deception1 evasion1 and fraud upon the great transportation companies4 ,the fact stands for itself that in #aijd they were fined more than #ca1jjj under the section of the law imposing a #ajj penalty for bringing a diseased alien whose disease might have been detected by a competent medical examination at the port of departure4 ,for many years these companies have in doubtful cases demanded double passage money1 so that they might make a profit both ways if the alien were rejected4 ,the ,italian government has passed an ,act giving an alien right to recover the money illegally retained in this way1 showing the practice1 and the government opinion of it4 ,sidenote3 ,artificial ,swelling of ,passage ,fees ,the truth is1 the transportation agent has become a figure of international consequence and concern4 ,the artificial cause behind the present unprecedented exodus from ,europe1 according to ,whelpley1 is the abnormal activity of the transportation companies in their effort to secure new and profitable cargo for their ships4 ,in #aijj over #aah1jjj1jjj was invested in trans-atlantic steamship lines1 which are largely owned by foreigners4 ,new lines to the ,mediterranean have been put on with distinct purpose to swell the ,italian and ,slav immigration4 ,rate cutting has at times made it possible for the steerage passenger to go from ,liverpool to ,new ,york for as low as #h4ge4 ,the average rate is not high enough to deter anyone who really wants to come4 ,an ,english line1 in return for establishing a line direct from a ,mediterranean port1 has secured from the ,hungarian government a guarantee of #cj1jjj immigrants a year from its territory4 ,sidenote3 ,solicitation ,law ,violated ,the law forbids transportation companies or the owners of vessels to directly or through agents1 either by written1 printed1 or oral solicitations1 solicit1 invite1 or encourage the immigration of any aliens into the ,united ,states except by ordinary commercial letters1 circulars1 advertisements1 or oral representations1 stating the sailings of their vessels and terms and facilities of transportation therein4 ,that this restrictive provision is persistently evaded is made plain by the reports of government inspectors sent abroad to investigate4 ,the annual migration involves more than a hundred millions of dollars1 and where money is to be made law is easily disobeyed4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,ubiquitous and ,unscrupulous ,runner ,one of the inspectors says the chief evil in this solicitation business is the so-called runner4 ,here is his description of this mischievous genus homo4 ,it is he who goes around in eastern and southern ,europe from city to city and village to village telling fairy tales about the prosperity of many immigrants in ,america and the opportunities offered by the ,united ,states for aliens4 ,the runner does not know of anyone who is undesirable2 he claims to be all-powerful1 that he has representatives in every port who can 'open the door' of ,america to anyone4 ,it is he who induces many a diseased person to attempt the journey1 and it is also he and his associates who do their best to have the undesirables admitted4 ,the steamship companies1 as a rule1 do not deal with these runners directly and disclaim all responsibility for their nefarious practices4 ,but the official agents of the steamship companies do pay their runners commissions for every immigrant referred to them4 ,i have especially studied this problem along the borders of ,germany1 ,russia1 and ,austrian ,galicia4 ,here most of the emigrants are smuggled across the frontiers by these runners and robbed of the greater part of their cash possessions4 ,when they arrive at the 'control station' it is remarkable that most emigrants have cards with the address of a certain steamship ticket agent1 and the agent1 on the other hand1 has a list of all the individuals who were smuggled across the frontiers4 ,when ,i asked one of these representatives how this was done1 he told me that he paid 'good commissions' to the runner on the other side of the frontier for each case4 ,when steamship companies and their agents stop paying commissions to runners for emigrants referred to them1 individuals will only by their own initiative attempt to come to the ,united ,states1 and most of those considered undesirable will remain at their native homes4#bh ,sidenote3 ,law in ,contempt ,violations of law abound4 ,smuggling persons is regarded with much the same moral leniency as smuggling goods4 ,the law forbids importation of persons under contract to work4 ,in ,april last two ,italian steamships carried back to ,europe more than #a1jjj laborers1 who had been brought over in violation of the contract-labor laws4 ,commissioner ,watchorn had word from his special investigators abroad that the men had been collected in the ,balkan ,states to work for padrones in this country4 ,so back went the thousand ,slavs2 but it was a chance discovery4 ,the men admitted that the padrones had paid their passage and agreed to furnish them work4 ,they said the rosiest conditions had been painted before their eyes1 and they believed big money was to be made here4 ,the steamship companies had to bear the expense of taking them back1 but the padrones have not suffered any penalty1 and will go on with their unlawful work4 ,sidenote3 ,how the ,laborers are ,engaged ,mr4 ,brandenburg learned from an ,italian woman that her husband had been commissioned by a contractor in ,pittsburg to go into the ,italian provinces of ,austria and engage #bjj good stonemasons1 #bjj good carpenters1 and an indefinite number of unskilled laborers4 ,these people were to be put in touch with sub-agents of lines sailing from ,hamburg1 ,fiume1 and ,bremen1 and these agents were to be accountable for these contract laborers being got safely into the ,united ,states4 ,this woman said many of her neighbors in ,pittsburg had come into the country as contract laborers and held the law in great contempt1 as it was merely a matter of being sufficiently instructed and prepared1 and no official at ,boston or ,ellis ,island could tell the difference4#bi ,why should not the law be held in contempt1 not only this one but all law1 by the immigrant who is introduced to ,america through its violation1 and trained to perjure himself at the outset of his new career8 ,does not the ,commissioner-,general sound a note of warning when he says3 ,sidenote3 ,the ,christian ,duty ,it is not reasonable to anticipate that if the great transportation lines do not respect the laws of this country their alien passengers will do so1 nor can it be conceded that those aliens whose entrance to the ,united ,states is effected in spite of the law are desirable or even safe additions to our population4#cj ,sidenote3 ,remedy ,demanded ,it is painful to think that such conditions can exist in connection with so vital a matter as immigration4 ,but it is better to have the facts known1 in order that a remedy may be found4 ,publicity is the safety of republics and communities4 ,and the disclosures of the lengths to which men will go in order to make money should give new and mighty impulse to those who believe in righteousness and have not bowed to the god mammon4 ,if the work of ,christianizing the aliens is made harder by the experiences through which they pass and the examples they have set before them by unscrupulous persons1 it must be undertaken with so much the more zeal4 ,respect for law must be preserved1 and one of the best ways to accomplish this is to see to it that the laws are enforced and the violators of them punished1 even though they represent giant corporations and vast capital4 ,,questions ,,for ,,chapter ,,ii ,,aim3 ,,to ,,realize ,,the ,,necessity ,,of ,,just ,,and ,,adequate ,,laws ,,for ,,the ,,admission ,,and ,,restriction ,,of ,,immigrants ,i4 ,method of ,admission4 #a4 ,what proportion of the immigrants now coming land at ,new ,york8 #b4 ,what is ,ellis ,island like--materially--spiritually8 #c4 ,suppose yourself an immigrant3 what steps would you take to reach ,new ,york8 ,what processes would you undergo on landing8 ,how would you be directed8 ,,ii4 ,governmental ,regulation4 #d4 ,what two kinds of government regulation are practicable8 ,are both in force8 #e4 ,do the steamship companies obey the law8 with regard to its letter8 to its real intent8 ,,iii4 ,restriction4 #f4 99 ,do you think unrestricted immigration is best for our country8 #g4 ,why is the present discrimination against the ,chinese not just8 #h4 ,when and to what extent was control over immigration assumed by the ,united ,states ,government8 #i4 ,what measures were passed in #aijc8 ,has there been any action since8 #aj4 ,what classes of immigrants are excluded as unfit8 ,who decides in case of doubt8 #aa4 ,are many immigrants sent back8 ,why do the steamship companies bring the unfit8 ,,iv4 ,violation4 #ab4 ,how is immigration solicited8 ,how is it coerced8 #ac4 ,what is the purpose and what the actual working of the ,contract-,labor ,law8 ,v4 ,what ,can the ,christian ,public do to ,improve ,conditions8 #ad4 99 ,can we expect immigrants to obey our laws1 if they are started in such ways8 ,why not8 #ae4 ,has ,christian public opinion any special duty in this matter8 ,what is it8 ,,references ,,for ,,advanced ,,study4--,,chapter ,,ii ,i4 ,visit and inspect if possible1 some receiving station for immigrants1 and report2 or else consult the statements and charts of ,reports of the ,commissioner of ,immigration1 for the year ending ,june #cj1 #aije4 ,,ii4 ,describe the ,brandenburgs during life among ,italians1 and journey to this country as immigrants2 their aims1 and the results achieved4 ,brandenburg3 ,imported ,americans1 ,,iv1 ,,xiii1 ,,xv1 ,,xxii4 ,,iii4 ,the present regulation of immigrants1 with special reference to ,the ,excluded4 ,laws for #aijc4 ,hall3 ,immigration1 #baf-bca4 ,brandenburg3 ,imported ,americans1 #bdh-bgd4 ,,iv4 ,is there need for further restriction8 ,hall3 ,immigration1 ,,xi1 ,,xii4 ,hunter3 ,poverty1 ,,vi4 ,charities and ,the ,commons1 issue for ,march #ca1 #aijf4 ,the evils attendant upon unrestricted immigration are not theoretical but actual4 ,emigration from one place becomes immigration into another4 ,it is an international affair of greatest importance1 and should be speedily recognized as such4--,j4 ,d4 ,whelpley4 ,,iii ,,problems ,,of ,,legislation ,,and ,,distribution ,the immigration question in this country has never had the attention to which its importance entitles it4 ,it has sometimes been the scapegoat of religious and racial prejudices1 and always1 in recent years1 an annual sacrifice to the gods of transportation4--,prescott ,f4 ,hall4 ,it is exasperating to any patriotic ,american to have brought convincingly before him the proofs of a wholesale evasion of a very carefully planned code of laws which he fain would think is a sufficient protection of his country's best interests4 ,it is more annoying to realize that the successful evaders are for the most part foreigners1 and those1 too1 of commonly despised races4 ,the conclusion is plain3 ,seek the grounds on which to deny passage to undesirable emigrants who wish to come to the ,united ,states1 in the villages from which they emanate4 ,in the communes of their nativity the truth is known and cannot be hidden4--,broughton ,brandenburg4 ,the mesh of the law needs to be stiffened rather than relaxed4 ,the benefit of the doubt belongs to the ,united ,states rather than to the alien who clamors for admittance4--,commissioner-,general ,sargent4 ,distribution1 rather than wholesale restriction1 is being more and more recognized as the real way out of the difficulties presented by our immense unassimilated immigration4--,gino ,c4 ,speranza4 ,the need is to devise some system by which undesirable immigrants shall be kept out entirely1 while desirable immigrants are properly distributed throughout the country4--,president ,roosevelt4 ,,iii ,,problems ,,of ,,legislation ,,and ,,distribution ,i4 ,the ,present ,situation ,sidenote3 ,difficulties in the ,way ,there is a growing conviction that something ought to be done to check the present enormous inflow of immigrants4 ,but when it comes to what that something is1 difficulties at once arise4 ,there are so many foreigners already in ,america1 and so many children of foreign-born parents1 that it is impossible to touch the stream at any point without protest from some source4 ,as some one says1 ,you do not have to go very far back in the family line of any of us to find an immigrant4 ,scratch an ,american and you find a foreigner4 ,and not a few of these foreigners sympathize with the ,irishman who said to a lady against whom he had a grievance because she insisted on having a ,chinese servant1 ,we have a right here that those who are here by the mere accident of birth have not4 ,on the other hand1 it was a foreigner of wide vision who said3 ,i do not believe there is any peculiar virtue in ,american birth1 or that ,americans are 7per se7 superior to all other nations2 but ,i do believe that they are better fitted than all others to govern their own country4 ,they made the country what it is1 and ought to have the first voice in determining what it is to be4 ,in this alone consists their superiority4#ca ,sidenote3 ,the ,immigration ,conference of #aije ,it is significant and hopeful that men are thinking upon the subject4 ,what we want is full and fair discussion and thorough information4 ,nothing is so perilous in a democracy as ignorance and indifference4 ,it is far better for men to disagree thoughtfully than to agree thoughtlessly4 ,what all patriotic and ,christian men seek is the best good of this country1 which means so much to the whole world as the supreme experiment of self-government4 ,that the people are awakening was shown by the ,immigration ,conference in ,new ,york in ,december of #aije1 when five hundred men1 most of them appointed by their state governors1 gathered under the auspices of the ,national ,civic ,federation to discuss the whole question of immigration4 ,the immigration experts of the country were present1 and the company included ,united ,states ,senators and ,representatives1 college presidents and professors1 leading editors1 lawyers and clergymen1 and prominent labor leaders4 ,sidenote3 ,conclusions ,reached ,no such conference on this subject has before been held1 and the results of the discussion1 which was for the most part as temperate and sensible as it was straightforward1 were such as to bring about a better understanding between the men who are supposed to be theorists and the representatives of ,american labor4 ,the resolutions unanimously adopted were conservative and practical4 ,the most important recommendations call for admission tests in ,europe rather than after the alien has reached ,america1 for the spread of information leading to better distribution1 and for the establishment of a commission to investigate the subject of immigration in all its relations1 including the violations and evasions of the present law4 ,undoubtedly such a commission1 appointed by the president and possessed of competent authority1 could accomplish much good4 ,for one thing1 it could keep the matter before the people and wisely guide public sentiment4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,right of ,self-,protection ,however much men may differ in view as to specific legislation1 one point ought to be regarded as settled4 ,that is1 the right of ,congress to pass such laws as may be deemed essential to safeguard ,american institutions and liberties4 ,a nation has the inalienable right to protect itself against foreign invasion2 and it does not matter whether the invasion be armed or under the guise of immigration4 ,no foreign nation has the right to send its peoples to ,america1 or by persecution to drive them forth upon other nations1 and no foreigner has any inherent right to claim admission to the ,united ,states4 ,sidenote3 ,welfare of the ,state ,supreme ,right is determined1 in migration as in civic relations1 not by the will or whim of the individual1 but by the welfare of the state4 ,further than this1 the government has the right to deport at any time any aliens who may be regarded as unfit to remain4 ,there ought to be no confusion as to rights in this matter4 ,sidenote3 ,cases that call for ,reform ,the question recurs1 however1 is there need of doing anything8 ,as to this ,president ,roosevelt and the ,commissioner-,general of ,immigration are agreed4 ,in his last annual message the ,president recommended the prohibition of immigration through ,canada and ,mexico1 the strengthening of our exclusion laws1 heavier restraints upon the steamship companies1 and severer penalties for enticing immigrants4 ,it is a striking fact that nearly all of the proposed additions to our laws are intended to stop the evasion and violation of the laws we have1 which are made ineffective by fraud and questionable practices of the most extensive kind4 ,a recent writer#cb presents this matter in condensed form worthy of study1 giving this astonishing catalogue of abuses1 brought to light by special inspectors in the employ of the ,immigration ,bureau3 ,sidenote3 ,astonishing ,abuses #a4 ,the importation of contract laborers1 usually under the direction of padrones1 from ,greece1 ,italy1 and ,austria-,hungary4 #b4 ,the smuggling of immigrants across the ,canadian and ,mexican borders who would be certain of rejection at our ,atlantic ports4 #c4 ,the 'patching up' of immigrants afflicted with favus1 trachoma1 and other loathsome or contagious diseases so that they can get past the inspectors without detection1 even though the process is likely to augment their sufferings later4 #d4 ,the forgery and sale of spurious naturalization certificates and the repeated use of the same certificates passed back and forth between relatives and friends4 #e4 ,the assisting of immigration1 either by local authorities in ,europe or by earlier comers in ,america4 #f4 ,the stimulating of immigration by transportation companies and their armies of paid agents and sub-agents in ,europe4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,plain ,necessity ,as a result1 ,mr4 ,ogg says1 of the widespread operations through these underground channels there is an abnormal immigration movement so vast as to override and all but reduce to a mere joke our whole restrictive system4 ,that an appalling number of aliens who are on the verge of dependency1 defectiveness1 and delinquency do somehow contrive to get into the country every year is a fact too well known to call for verification here4 ,nobody undertakes to deny it4 ,there is plain necessity1 therefore1 that some means of redeeming the situation should be found4 ,,ii4 ,proposed ,legislation ,sidenote3 ,three ,recommendations ,the ,commissioner-,general of ,immigration1 in his report for #aije1 devotes much space to new or amendatory legislation1 which he regards as a necessity4#cc ,to bring the steamship companies to stricter regard for law1 he would raise the penalty for carrying diseased persons from #ajj to #ejj4 ,he favors the debarring of illiterates1 and as a special recommendation proposes an international conference of immigration experts1 with a view to secure by treaty or convention the cooeperation of foreign countries from which aliens migrate hither1 both in reducing the number of immigrants and preventing the inadmissible and undesirable classes from leaving their own homes4 ,sidenote3 ,value of ,international ,conference ,such a conference would certainly be conducive to a good understanding between nations1 would doubtless secure an effective restraint of the transportation agencies1 and throw such light upon the attitude of foreign governments toward our present system of immigration restriction as would enable ,congress to decide intelligently what additional measures are necessary to protect this country from the dangers of an increasing influx of aliens4 ,this is an admirable recommendation4 ,as ,mr4 ,whelpley says1 it is a question of emigration as well as immigration1 and since two countries are interested in the migrants1 the whole matter is properly one for international conference and action4 ,sidenote3 ,immigration ,bills in ,congress ,the interest taken by ,congress in immigration is indicated by the introduction in the ,house during the session of #aijf of nineteen bills to regulate or restrict immigration1 while a number were introduced in the ,senate also4 ,the ,house ,committee on ,immigration1 of which ,mr4 ,gardner1 of ,massachusetts1 is chairman1 took all the bills into consideration and reported a comprehensive ,bill to ,regulate the ,immigration of ,aliens into the ,united ,states4 ,this proposed law advances considerably beyond the ,act of #aijc1 which it is designed to replace4 ,it raises the head tax from #b to #e1 introduces the reading test1#cd and practically creates a money test also1 by requiring every male immigrant to have #be in hand at the time of examination4#ce ,the money from the head tax is to constitute a permanent immigration fund1 to defray not only the cost of the ,immigration ,bureau1 but also that of maintaining an information bureau1 to save immigrants from being deceived and show them where they are most wanted and likely to succeed4#cf ,sidenote3 ,the ,reading ,test ,pro and ,con ,the section in this proposed legislation that has caused most discussion and dissension is the illiteracy test4 ,this measure has been pressed upon ,congress by the ,immigration ,restrictive ,league ever since the organization of that ,society in #ahid4 ,senator ,lodge fathered it and it was passed once and vetoed by ,president ,cleveland4 ,president ,roosevelt recommended it in his message of ,december #c1 #aija1 and it has received the endorsement of many boards of charities and many leading men4 ,the strongest argument in favor of it is contained in a resolution passed by the ,associated ,charities of ,boston1 although the same argument applies broadly to the question of restriction4 ,the reading test was discussed by speakers at the ,national ,immigration ,conference1 but that meeting did not include it in the resolutions adopted4 ,the ,jewish influence is thrown strongly against it1 since the ,russian ,jews who are fleeing from oppression are among the most illiterate of the present immigration4 ,this is due to lack of school facilities1 however1 for the ,jews naturally take to education and the ,jewish children in the public schools and high schools are carrying off the prizes4 ,not long ago ,i saw a ,jewish girl in a ,new ,england academy win the prize in constitutional history over the heads of the boys and girls from ,american families1 though her father was an illiterate ,russian ,jew4#cg ,sidenote3 ,in ,favor of ,illiterates ,that is not by any means an unusual testimony4 ,another fact worthy of note is that many of those who have worked most closely among the immigrants do not favor the reading test4 ,mr4 ,brandenburg1 for example1 suggests that the illiterates often prove less opinionated and more easily assimilable than others of the same race who can read and write1 and says that so far as his experience goes the great proportion of the rascals and undesirables can read and write2 that if he had his choice between admitting to this country a wealthy educated ,roman nobleman or an illiterate ,neapolitan or ,sicilian laborer1 he would take the laborer every time1 for his brain and brawn and heart make the better foundation on which to build the institutions of our ,republic4 ,miss ,kate ,claghorn and other experienced workers agree in this view1 and think it would be a positive misfortune to make ability to read the deciding test4 ,nor would these experts favor the money test4 ,they believe the inspectors should have more leeway1 as judges of human nature1 and would rather rely on their judgment as to the character of the applicant than upon any arbitrary tests4 ,so this is an open question for discussion1 with good arguments on both sides4 ,sidenote3 ,three ,further ,propositions ,there are three propositions further4 ,the first is a measure introduced into the ,house by the late ,congressman ,adams of ,pennsylvania4 ,this would restrict by law the total number of immigrants from any given country in any one year to #hj1jjj4 ,this would decrease the south of ,europe quota1 and might increase that from northern ,europe4 ,it would at any rate tend to stop the million a year rate4 ,sidenote3 ,itinerant ,boards ,the second measure is proposed by ,mr4 ,brandenburg1 who feels sure it would prove the desired remedy4 ,his opinion carries a good deal of weight4 ,his proposal is to select emigrants before itinerant boards of two1 three1 or more native-born ,americans who speak fluently and understand thoroughly the language and dialects of the people who come before them--these boards to be on a civil service basis1 and to sit at stated times in the central cities of the countries whence aliens come4#ch ,this he believes to be a correct solution of the gigantic problem4 ,it would keep expense down1 avoid opportunities for wholesale corruption of ,american officials by the transportation interests and the immigrants themselves1 and enable the examiners to deny passage to persons desirous of going to districts already over-populated with aliens4 ,sidenote3 ,inspection ,abroad ,the third measure is in line with the second1 but instead of establishing itinerant boards of examiners1 it proposes to select fifteen or twenty ports abroad which shall be made exclusive points for the embarkation of emigrants bound for the ,united ,states4 ,mr4 ,ogg states the plan as follows3 ,sidenote3 ,list of ,cities ,perhaps an adequate list would be ,hamburg1 ,bremen1 ,stettin1 ,rotterdam1 ,antwerp1 ,london1 ,southampton1 ,liverpool1 ,havre1 ,st4 ,nazaire1 ,marseilles1 ,fiume1 ,trieste1 ,naples1 ,genoa1 and ,odessa4 ,at each of these ports should be located an immigrant station1 similar1 in a general way1 to the immigrant stations at our larger ,atlantic ports to-day1 and it should be made the duty of the resident commissioners1 with their staffs of inspectors and medical attaches1 to examine carefully and minutely every man1 woman1 and child of alien nationality who applies for passage to the ,united ,states4 ,successful applicants should be given a certificate which alone would enable them to land at the port of destination2 those unsuccessful should be made to understand then and there that1 in their present state at least1 there is no chance for them to carry out their intention of migration1 and that the best thing for them to do is to return to their homes4#ci ,sidenote3 ,do the ,sifting in ,europe ,this radical plan proposes to transfer ,ellis ,island1 in effect1 to a score of points in ,europe1 and do the sifting before the starting4 ,that would be sensible4 ,then only the desirable portion would get here4 ,while the idea is radical1 it is the outgrowth of years of experience and reflection1 and ,mr4 ,ogg says1 immigration officials are generally agreed upon its wisdom and practicability4 ,this system1 thoroughly carried out1 would not only stop all immigration that is illegal1 but as much as possible of that which1 though not illegal1 is questionable and undesirable4 ,more tests applied at this end of the route will be only partially effective1 since experience proves that the present tests are evaded4 ,the means of reform1 upon which all other immigration reforms must wait1 lies in this shifting of the main work of supervision and inspection to ,europe4 ,the foreign governments would welcome the plan1 or at least accept it if proposed by this country4 ,sidenote3 ,what this would ,accomplish4 ,this system would serve to prevent the tragedies of the excluded2 would go far toward stopping the pernicious activity of the steamship companies and their enticing emissaries2 would facilitate the detection and punishment of those breakers and evaders of the law who are now immune2 and it would make possible a quite different and more searching examination of intending immigrants than is possible when the mass of them is poured out at ,ellis ,island1 as through the small end of a funnel4 ,back to the sources is humane and wise4 ,the expense involved could easily be met by an increased head tax2 and if not1 this is a case where expense in money is not to be counted in comparison with the country's welfare4 ,sidenote3 ,international ,regulation ,these are interesting propositions4 ,mr4 ,whelpley agrees with ,mr4 ,brandenburg as to the necessity of dealing with the migrant before he reaches port1 either of embarkation or disembarkation4 ,he says our laws and restrictions are severe1 and thoroughly and intelligently enforced1 but fall short of their purpose for the simple reason that there is little or no control over the source of supply4 ,it is an effort to beat back the tide after it has rolled upon the shore1 and in the vast multitude of arrivals many gain entrance legally whom the country would be better off without4#dj ,his plan is to have an international regulation of migration1 so that each government will do its part to check the present conditions and regulate the matter at its starting point4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,higher ,standard ,this subject of legislation is confessedly delicate and difficult4 ,the diversity of opinion is confusing4 ,yet we cannot escape the conviction that the present immigration is altogether too vast for the good of the country4 ,suspension is not to be seriously considered1 but surely it could do no harm to make the laws more stringent1 to insist upon a higher physical standard1 to debar degenerates1 and to stop at any cost the solicitation and assisted immigration abuses which have caused so much suffering to the deceived and excluded victims of greed4 ,,iii4 ,the ,problem of ,distribution ,sidenote3 ,the ,crucial ,point ,no phase of the immigration question is receiving more attention at present than that of distribution4 ,there is a common opinion that if the proper distribution could be made1 the chief evils of the tremendous influx would disappear4 ,we are told that it is the congestion of aliens in already crowded centers of population that creates the menace to civilization2 that there is land enough to be cultivated2 and that vast enterprises are under way calling for the unskilled labor that is coming in4 ,but the puzzling problem is how to get the immigrants where they are wanted and needed1 and can be of value4 ,on this point1 ,mr4 ,max ,mitchell1 ,superintendent of the ,federation of ,jewish ,charities1 says3 ,sidenote3 ,an ,expert ,opinion ,the problem is that of overcrowding4 ,we must not close our ports to the people of the ,old ,world who seek a haven and a home in the land of liberty and plenty1 but we must see to it that when they arrive here they are directed out of the city and into the country places where ordinary human industry is rewarded abundantly4 ,the inclination of the immigrants themselves to stick so closely to the great centers of population must be overcome4 ,if the great crowds of foreigners that inundate these shores every year could be distributed in a sensible and logical way over all the vast uncultivated territory in which this nation is so rich1 we should never hear any complaint of too much immigration4 ,no better farmers can be found anywhere than among the foreign peoples who seek ,america4 ,sidenote3 ,legislation ,required ,very likely1 but the trouble is1 they do not want to farm and they are free to prefer the squalor of the slums to the green of the fields4 ,nor is there much hope that this singular but strong inclination can be overcome save by government regulation1 which shall settle the matter of location for those who have no specific destination or occupation4 ,it is probable that on this point some reasonable legislation could be secured2 especially if the various distribution societies and railroad companies should fail in their efforts to induce the aliens to go where they are needed4 ,commissioner-,general ,sargent has dealt plainly with this matter in his ,reports for the last three years1 and rightly estimates its importance4 ,he says3#da ,sidenote3 ,distribution of ,prime ,importance ,in my judgment the smallest part of the duty to be discharged in successfully handling aliens1 with a view to the protection of the people and the institutions of this country1 is that part now provided for by law4 ,its importance1 though undeniable1 is relatively of secondary moment4 ,it cannot compare in practical value with1 nor can it take the place of1 measures to secure the distribution of the many thousands who come in ignorance of the industrial needs and opportunities of this country1 and colonize alien communities in our great cities4 ,sidenote3 ,information ,agencies ,proposed ,suitable legislation is strongly urged to establish agencies through which1 either with or without the cooeperation of the states1 aliens shall be made acquainted with the resources of the country at large1 and the industrial needs of the various sections1 in both skilled and unskilled labor1 the cost of living1 the wages paid1 the price and capabilities of the land1 the character of the climates1 the duration of the seasons--in short1 all that information furnished by some of the great railway lines through whose efforts the territory tributary thereto has been transformed from a wilderness within a few years to the abiding place of a happy and prosperous population4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,growing ,evil ,again the importance of undertaking to distribute aliens now congregating in our large cities to those parts of the ,united ,states where they can secure employment without displacing others by working for a less wage1 and where the conditions of existence do not tend to the fostering of disease1 depravity1 and resistance to the social and political security of the country1 is urged4 ,the ,bureau is convinced that no feature of the immigration question so insistently demands public attention and effective action4 ,the evil to be removed is one that is steadily and rapidly on the increase1 and its removal will strike at the roots of fraudulent elections1 poverty1 disease1 and crime in our large cities1 and on the other hand largely supply that increasing demand for labor to develop the natural resources of our country4 ,too much encouragement cannot be given to the reported efforts of certain railway companies to divert a portion of the tide of immigration to the ,southern states4 ,it is impossible1 in the opinion of the ,bureau1 to overestimate the importance of this subject as bearing upon the effect of immigration on the future welfare of this country4#db ,sidenote3 ,chart of ,distribution ,what are the facts concerning the present location and distribution of immigrants8 ,the answer involves a most interesting study4 ,taking the immigration of #aije1 the chart#dc on the next page illustrates the distribution by states4 ,illustration3 ,,proportion ,,of ,,immigration ,,and ,,number ,,of ,,immigrants ,,going ,,to ,,each ,,state ,,during ,,the ,,fiscal ,,year ,,ending ,,june #cj1 #aije ,,by ,,permission ,,of ,,the ,,bureau ,,of ,,immigration ,sidenote3 ,where the ,masses ,stay ,the enormous proportion going to ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 and the ,north ,atlantic section shows prominently4 ,they got ninety per cent4 of the whole1 while the ,south received but four per cent4 of the total1 and only one per cent4 of that went to the ,south ,central ,states4 ,the ,great ,west had only four per cent4 as against five the year preceding2 showing conclusively how few of the million went where it would have been far better for the entire million to have gone4 ,it is safe to say that there was little or no legitimate demand in ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 or ,new ,england for any of them4 ,at the same time1 there is some encouragement in the fact that the distribution of the past fourteen years shows that smaller proportions are now remaining in the states in which are located the principal ports of entry4 ,for example1 the percentage of ,new ,york ,state has steadily decreased from forty-two per cent4 in #ahib to thirty per cent4 in #aije4 ,pennsylvania1 ,west ,virginia1 and ,ohio have gained proportionately4 ,sidenote3 ,diagrams to be ,studied ,a series of diagrams which show the distribution of the foreign-born living in the ,united ,states in #aijj1 was prepared by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hewes1 for the ,world's ,work1 and published in ,october1 #aijc4 ,by the courtesy of ,doubleday1 ,page and ,company1 publishers1 they are reproduced4 ,each dot in them represents a thousand persons4 ,they show at a glance where the immigrants were in #aijj1 and the totals by race or nationality4 ,by adding to these totals the remarkable figures of the last five years1 one can appreciate the great increase in the ,italian and ,slavic totals1 and an idea of the present situation may be obtained1 for as to locality the percentages have not materially changed4 ,sidenote3 ,protective ,societies ,illustration3 ,born in ,sweden1 ,norway1 ,denmark--,resident in the ,united ,states #aijj ,reproduced by special permission from ,the ,world's ,work ,copyright1 #aijc4 ,illustration3 ,born in ,canada1 ,england1 ,scotland1 ,wales--,resident in the ,united ,states #aijj ,reproduced by special permission from ,the ,world's ,work4 ,copyright1 #aijc4 ,the further point to be considered as to distribution is the effort now being made to accomplish desired results4 ,in lieu of legislation or government provision1 these are 7#a7 ,societies organized by individuals1 and 7#b7 ,railway companies4 ,the ,bureau of ,information#dd proposed by the bill now in ,congress would1 if established1 closely cooeperate with the state agencies and all other bodies promoting distribution4 ,sidenote3 ,italian ,society ,one of the most active and efficient of these organizations1 which will serve as an illustration1 is the ,society for ,italian ,immigrants1 with headquarters in ,new ,york1 near the ,battery4 ,the ,society thus states its purpose and methods3 ,about #bjj1jjj ,italian immigrants are now landing at this port during every twelve months4 ,these immigrants are almost entirely poor peasants who cannot speak our language4 ,in order that these people may get a fair start in this new and1 to them1 strange country1 and that they may become familiar as soon as possible with our laws1 habits1 and customs1 help and instruction of various kinds must be given them4 ,to furnish these either freely or at the lowest possible cost1 is the object of ,the ,society for ,italian ,immigrants4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,real ,service ,accordingly1 in its work the ,society employs agents to look after the needs of the immigrants at ,ellis ,island2 it runs an escort service1 by which competent persons are furnished1 at nominal cost1 to take immigrants to their destination2 it conducts an employment agency2 it maintains an information bureau2 it cooeperates with the ,united ,states authorities to enforce the ,immigration ,laws2 it manages labor camps for contractors2 it wages war on all persons engaged in swindling immigrants2 it is engaged in breaking up the padrone system in all its forms2 and lastly and generally1 it does all it can to help immigrants1 so that as soon as possible they may become self-supporting and self-respecting citizens1 a benefit and not a detriment to this country4 ,sidenote3 ,grants from ,italian ,government ,the ,society is supported by voluntary contributions1 and by grants to the amount of about #g1jjj a year from the ,italian government4 ,the ,society has met with the approval of the police department of the city1 the ,united ,states authorities at ,ellis ,island1 and the ,italian ,royal ,department of ,emigration1 and of all individuals who have made themselves familiar with what it is doing4 ,there is also a ,boston ,italian ,society1 organized in #aijb1 to protect newcomers from sharpers1 thieves1 and fraudulent persons2 also from the frauds of bankers and padrones4 ,the ,italian government has given #a1jjj a year to this ,society4 ,sidenote3 ,hebrew and ,other ,societies ,a similar work is done by the ,united ,hebrew ,charities1 and the ,removal ,bureau established by the ,jews in ,new ,york in #aija4 ,through this agency in the past three years over #aj1jjj of the ,russian or ,roumanian ,jews have been kept from increasing the overcrowded population of the ghetto and swelling the sum of sweat-shop misery4 ,while the number distributed is small compared with the steady inflow 7#e1ebe sent out in #aijc1 while #dc1jjj settled in ,new ,york71 the work bids fair to make itself felt1 and shows an appreciation by the ,jews already here of the situation and the necessity of changing it1 for the sake both of the immigrants and the country4 ,industrial removal is now known wherever ,jews are found1 and all that is possible is being done to stimulate artificial distribution as the remedy for the worst evils of unassimilated and congested immigration4#de ,there are also ,german1 ,scandinavian and other societies1 benevolent and protective1 which aid in distribution4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,chief ,obstacle ,the principal difficulty with the distribution scheme1 so far as most of the present-day immigrants are concerned1 is that with the exception of the ,italians they are not fitted for agriculture1 while it is the farms that most need workers4 ,another difficulty#df is that the authorities of the various states object to receiving shipments of immigrants from the city tenement districts1 regarding them as decidedly undesirable additions to the population4 ,the ,united ,states ,immigration ,investigating ,commission asked the governors of the different states what nationalities of immigrants they desired1 and in only two cases was any desire expressed for ,slavs1 ,latins1 ,jews1 or ,asiatics1 and these two related to ,italian farmers with money1 intending to become permanent settlers4 ,the officials protest against the shipment of southern and eastern ,europeans from the city slums into the states4 ,care must be taken1 too1 that the immigrants do not settle in country colonies1 which would render them almost as difficult of ,americanization as though they were colonized in the city4 ,sidenote3 ,what the ,south is ,doing ,the ,new ,south is already giving object lessons to the country at large in the successful attraction and utilization of the alien influx4 ,the ,four ,states ,immigration ,league1 composed of representatives of business organizations in ,alabama1 ,louisiana1 ,mississippi1 and ,texas1 was organized in #aijc to secure desirable immigrants for those states4 ,it was keenly realized1 observed the ,chattanooga ,times1 that of the enormous inflow from the old country1 the number seeking homes in the ,south was ridiculously small and out of all proportion to the importance of the country and the inducements our productive fields hold out to home seekers4 ,an ,immigration ,bureau has been established in ,chattanooga1 and ,south ,carolina and other states have organized active departments of agriculture and immigration4 ,illustration3 ,born in ,ireland--,resident in the ,united ,states #aijj ,the small dots grouped about ,n4,y4 ,city1 include1 also1 the totals of ,conn4 and ,n4,j4--,chart ,boston3 of ,mass4 and ,r4,i4 ,reproduced by special permission of ,the ,world's ,work4 ,copyright #aiji4 ,illustration3 ,born in ,germany1 ,austria1 ,switzerland1 ,belgium1 ,luxembourg4 ,resident in the ,u4,s4 #aijj ,reproduced by special permission from ,the ,world's ,work4 ,copyright #aijc4 ,the leading railway lines promise active cooeperation1 as their interests lie positively in this direction4 ,some1 indeed1 have actively engaged in the work of securing distribution4 ,sidenote3 ,new ,zealand ,plan ,the suggestion is a good one that we might study with profit1 in this connection1 the methods of ,new ,zealand4#dg ,there the established ,department of ,labor has regarded as its vital duty the practical task of finding where labor was wanted and depositing there the labor running elsewhere to waste4 ,to this end a widely extended system of agencies is maintained for bringing workers and work together1 the unemployed are scattered through the colony1 and charity is refused4 ,the experience there shows that city people and men of trades have been successful as farmers and farm workers4 ,mr4 ,lord says3 ,it may be a novel function of government to undertake the distributing of labor1 but it is none the less more rational than an edict of exclusion would be1 or the tolerance of congestion and slums now is4 ,sidenote3 ,information ,before ,embarking ,one thing that government can do is to make sure that intending immigrants are fully informed1 in their own countries1 before they start1 concerning the laws of the ,united ,states1 the conditions of the various sections1 the advantages and drawbacks1 the demand for labor and of what kind4 ,an official bureau of correspondence and information would help check undesirable immigrants from coming1 and distribute desirable ones when they do come4 ,sidenote3 ,looking on the ,bright ,side ,while the question of distribution has only recently been taken up in earnest1 its importance is now realized1 and there is every reason to believe that it will receive henceforth large attention1 and that wise measures will be vigorously pushed4 ,remedied congestion will mean increased assimilation and decreased danger4 ,as we review the situation1 while there is much in it that requires serious consideration and wise action1 we agree heartily with these words of ,dr4 ,charles ,l4 ,thompson3 ,sidenote3 ,not ,bars but ,guides ,there is no need of becoming pessimistic4 ,above all we should not go back on the history of our ,country4 ,we have grown great by assimilation4 ,let us have a dignified confidence in the power of our institutions and of our ,christianity to continue the process which has developed the strength of the ,republic4 ,if we are true to our principles we will be equal to any strain that may be put upon them4 ,only let us see to it that our principles--both civic and religious--are at work in full vigor on the questions which the floodtide of immigration raises4 ,what we need is not more bars to keep foreigners out but more laborers to work with them and teach them how to gather the harvest of ,american and ,christian liberty4#dh ,,questions ,,for ,,chapter ,,iii ,,aim3 ,,to ,,study ,,the ,,problems ,,of ,,legislation ,,and ,,distribution ,,regarding ,,aliens ,i4 ,the ,opinions of ,capable ,observers ,regarding ,legislation4 #a4 ,give the names and opinions of some who favor restriction of immigration4 ,of some who are opposed4 ,with which do you agree8 #b4 ,the ,immigration ,conference of #aije3 ,what was it8 ,what did it recommend8 #c4 ,as to free admission3 ,what are the rights of the government8 ,of the individual8 #d4 ,what does ,president ,roosevelt recommend8 ,,ii4 ,proposed ,legislation4 #e4 ,what abuses specially need to be corrected8 #f4 ,name the chief provisions of the ,gardner ,bill1 before ,congress in #aijf4 #g4 99 ,give reasons for and against a reading test4 ,would you have voted for it or against8 #h4 ,describe and give your opinion of other proposed methods of restricting immigration4 #i4 ,would it be possible to sift immigrants before they leave ,europe8 ,,iii4 ,distribution4 #aj4 ,how much can be done toward a wider distribution of the stream of immigrants8 #aa4 ,where do the larger numbers now settle8 ,in what cities8 ,what states8 #ab4 ,what ,societies are helping them to find better locations8 #ac4 ,what special efforts are being made by some ,southern states8 #ad4 ,how does ,new ,zealand deal with this question8 ,can we copy that plan8 #ae4 99 ,what spirit is needed in dealing with the whole problem8 #af4 ,can you tell of any special endeavors to bring about better control or direction of immigration8 ,,references ,,for ,,advanced ,,study4--,,chapter ,,iii ,i4 ,further ,study of ,opinions of ,united ,states ,immigration ,officials4 ,see ,commissioner-,general's ,annual ,report1 furnished free from ,washington upon application to the ,commissioner of ,immigration4 ,report of #aijb1 pp4 #ei1 #fj4 ,report of #aijd1 pp4 #cg-dg1 #abc-acf4 ,report of #aijd1 pp4 #fa-gj4 ,report of #aije1 pp4 #eh1 #ge-gh4 ,,ii4 ,provisions and ,fate of ,legislation of #aijf ,proposed in ,congress4 ,text of ,gardner ,bill and ,journal of the ,house for ,june #be1 #aijf1 can be secured by writing to ,washington4 ,,iii4 ,evils of ,undistributed ,immigration4 ,warne3 ,the ,slav ,invasion1 ,,iv1 ,v4 ,hunter3 ,poverty1 ,,vi4 ,lord1 et al3 ,the ,italian in ,america1 ,,iv1 ,x4 ,,iv4 ,efforts to ,secure ,wider ,distribution of ,immigrants4 ,hall3 ,immigration1 ,,xiii4 ,lord1 et al3 ,the ,italian in ,america1 ,,vii1 ,,ix4 ,to know anything about the actual character of recent and present immigration1 we must distinguish the many and very diverse elements of which it is composed4--,samuel ,mc,lanahan4 ,,iv ,,the ,,new ,,immigration ,the world never before saw anything comparable to this tremendous movement of people in so short a space of time4 ,the population ,europe has lost in a hundred years is greater than the total number of inhabitants of ,great ,britain and ,ireland in #ahfj1 and only a little less than that of the ,united ,states in the same year4 ,it is equal to three fifths of the total population of ,europe in the time of ,augustus ,caesar4 ,if the ships carried five hundred passengers on the average1 about fifty thousand trips have been made in the transfer4 ,emphatically too many people are now coming over here2 too many of an undesirable sort4 ,in #aijb over seven tenths were from races who do not rapidly assimilate with the customs and institutions of this country4--,prescott ,f4 ,hall4 ,there are two classes who would pass upon the immigration question4 ,one says1 ,close the doors and let in nobody2 and the other says1 ,open wide the doors and let in everybody4 ,i am in sympathy with neither of these classes4 ,there is a happy middle path--a path of discernment and judgment4--,commissioner ,robert ,watchorn of ,new ,york4 ,just as a body cannot with safety accept nourishment any faster than it is capable of assimilating it1 so a state cannot accept an excessive influx of people without serious injury4--,h4 ,h4 ,boyesen4 ,it seems to me our only concern about immigration should be as to its character4 ,we do not want ,europe's criminals or paupers4 ,the time to make selection is in ,europe1 prior to embarkation4--,united ,states ,senator ,hansbrough4 ,,iv ,,the ,,new ,,immigration ,i4 ,new ,peoples and ,new ,problems ,sidenote3 ,change of ,racial ,type ,so great has been the change in the racial character of immigration within the last ten years that the term new immigration has been used to distinguish the present prevailing type from that of former years4 ,by new immigration we mean broadly all the aliens from southeastern ,europe--the ,italians1 ,hungarians1 ,slavs1 ,hebrews1 ,greeks1 and ,syrians--as distinguished from the northwestern ,europeans--the ,english1 ,scotch1 ,welsh1 ,irish1 ,french1 ,germans1 and ,scandinavians4 ,the ethnic authorities at ,washington make the following racial division1 which is used in the official reports3 ,sidenote3 ,race ,classification ,ninety-five per cent4 of the immigration to this country comes from ,europe4 ,most of these different races or peoples1 or more properly subdivisions of race1 coming from ,europe have been grouped into four grand divisions1 as follows3 ,teutonic division1 from northern ,europe3 ,german1 ,scandinavian1 ,english1 ,dutch1 ,flemish1 and ,finnish4 ,iberic division1 from southern ,europe3 ,south ,italian1 ,greek1 ,portuguese1 and ,spanish3 also ,syrian from ,turkey in ,asia4 ,celtic division1 from western ,europe2 ,irish1 ,welsh1 ,scotch1 ,french1 and ,north ,italian4 ,slavic division1 from eastern ,europe3 ,bohemian1 ,moravian1 ,bulgarian1 ,servian1 ,montenegrin1 ,croatian1 ,slovenian1 ,dalmatian1 ,bosnian1 ,herzegovinian1 ,hebrew1 ,lithuanian1 ,polish1 ,roumanian1 ,russian1 ,ruthenian1 and ,slovak4 ,the ,mongolic division has also been added1 to include ,chinese1 ,japanese1 ,korean1 ,east ,indian1 ,pacific ,islander1 and ,filipino4 ,under 'all others' have been included ,magyar1 ,turkish1 ,armenian1 ,african 7black71 and subdivisions native to the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,new ,immigration ,this new immigration has been commonly regarded as either decidedly undesirable or at least distinctly less desirable than the ,teutonic and ,celtic1 which for so many years practically had the field of ,america to itself4 ,it has not been uncommon to group the ,italians and ,slavs1 and denominate them as the offscouring and refuse of ,europe1 now dumped into ,america1 which is described as a sort of world garbage bin4 ,extremists have drawn in gloomy colors the effects of this inrush of the worst and most illiterate and unassimilable elements of the ,old ,world4 ,a distinct prejudice has undoubtedly been created against these later comers4 ,sidenote3 ,reasons for ,adverse ,opinion ,illustration3 ,,changes ,,in ,,sources ,,of ,,immigration ,,which ,,have ,,caused ,,heavy ,,increase ,,of ,,illiteracy ,this chart shows what a mass of illiteracy is coming in from ,italy1 ,austria-,hungary1 and ,russia4 ,only those above the age of fourteen are counted as illiterates4 ,the change in the source of immigration from northern and western ,europe to southern and eastern ,europe is responsible for this radical change in the number of those who cannot read or write4 ,of the southern ,italians who came in #aije1 #ef per cent4 were illiterate2 and of the ,ruthenians1 #fc per cent4 ,most of these illiterates will never learn to read1 as they are beyond the school age4 ,there is unquestionably some ground for the feeling that the new immigration is in many respects less desirable than the older type4 ,these peoples come out of conditions of oppression and depression1 illiteracy and poverty4 ,far more important than this1 they have had no contact with ,anglo-,saxon ideas or government4 ,they are consequently almost wholly ignorant of ,american ideals and standards4 ,there is a vast difference between the common ideas of these immigrants and those from the more enlightened and progressive northern nations4 ,so there is in the type of character and the customs and manners4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,older ,type of ,immigration ,we are sufficiently familiar with the older type1 and do not need here to dwell upon it4 ,we know how large a part has been played in the development of our national material enterprises by the ,germans1 the ,english and ,irish1 the ,scotch and ,welsh1 the ,swedes and ,norwegians4 ,millions of them are among the loyal ,americans of to-day4 ,the ,irish originally came to perform the unskilled labor of ,america4 ,their women made the domestics1 and many of them still rule the ,american kitchen4 ,but the ,irish men have moved up1 into bosses and contractors1 into the stores and trades and professions1 and especially into politics1 until they practically run the cities and have a lion's share of the governmental positions4 ,the ,germans have always been among the best of our immigrant population in intelligence1 thrift1 and other qualities that make the ,german nation strong and stable4 ,they have ,germanized us more than we have ,americanized them4 ,the ,scandinavians have with excellent judgment distributed themselves and gone largely into agriculture4 ,all these north of ,europe peoples belong to a common inheritance of principles and ideas1 and all have found it natural to assimilate into ,american life4 ,america owes a large debt to them1 as they do to the land that has become their own by adoption4 ,sidenote3 ,necessity of ,discrimination ,but what can be said about this new immigration8 ,first let us see how great the change in racial character has been1 and then differentiate these new races4 ,it will not do to brand any race as a whole4 ,discrimination is absolutely necessary if we are to deal with this subject practically and justly4 ,there are ,italians and ,italians1 ,slavs and ,slavs1 just as there are all sorts of ,irish1 ,germans1 and ,americans4 ,no race has a monopoly of either virtue or vice4 ,this table will help us to differentiate the millions of immigrants since #ahbj as to race3 ,netherlands #adf1afh ,france #dbh1hid ,switzerland #bbj1aii ,denmark1 ,norway1 and ,sweden #a1gcj1gbb ,italy #b1jjj1beb ,japan #hh1ijh ,germany #e1ahg1jib ,united ,kingdom1 ,great ,britain and ,ireland #g1bhf1dcd ,russia #a1deb1fbi ,countries not specified #b1acj1gef ,china #bhh1cih ,sidenote3 ,a ,remarkable ,shifting ,to appreciate the significance of these figures1 it must be remembered that while the totals from the ,united ,kingdom and ,germany amount to nearly twelve and a half millions1 or considerably more than one half of the entire immigration down to #aije1 the proportions have been rapidly changing4 ,the immigration from the ,united ,kingdom1 for example1 reached its highest point in #ahea1 when the total was #bgb1gdj1 predominantly from ,ireland4 ,the ,german immigration reached high mark in #ahhg1 the total being #bej1fcj4 ,on the other hand1 the immigration from ,italy did not reach #aj1jjj until #ahhj1 and passed the #ajj1jjj mark first in #aijj4 ,in the past five years nearly a million ,italians--or one half of the entire ,italian immigration--have entered the country1 and the number in #aijf promises to exceed a quarter of a million more4 ,the highest mark was #bcc1edf in #aijc2 but even this did not equal the birth-rate in ,italy4 ,in ,hungary and ,russia1 also1 the birth-rate is greater than the immense drain of immigration1 so that this stream will continue to flow and increase1 unless some check is put upon it1 or some legislative dam built4 ,the immigration from ,russia1 consisting chiefly of ,jews1 did not become appreciable until #ahhg1 when it reached #cj1gff4 ,it passed #ajj1jjj in #aijb2 and from #aijj to #aije the total arrivals were #gdh1ebb1 or just about one half the entire number of ,jews in the ,united ,states4 ,the same is true of the ,hungarian and ,slav immigration4 ,its prominence has come since #ahij4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,inferior ,checks the ,superior ,the point of importance to be considered is that as the immigration from southeastern ,europe has increased1 that from northwestern ,europe has decreased4 ,in #ahfi not one per cent4 of the total immigration came from ,austria-,hungary1 ,italy1 ,poland1 and ,russia1 while in #aijb the percentage was over seventy4 ,in #ahfi nearly three quarters of the total immigration came from the ,united ,kingdom1 ,france1 ,germany1 and ,scandinavia2 in #aijb only one fifth was from those countries4 ,the proportion has held nearly the same since4 ,sidenote3 ,change in ,source ,the change is indicated most plainly in this table1 which compares the total immigration of certain nationalities for the period #ahba to #aijb with that for the year #aijc3 #ahba to #aijb #aijc ,country ,number ,per cent ,number ,per cent ,austria-,hungary #a1caf1iad #f4e #bjf1jaa #bd4jj ,england1 ,wales #b1gcj1jcg #ac4d #bf1bai #c4a ,germany #e1jih1jje #be4j #dj1jhf #d4g ,ireland #c1idd1bfi #ai4c #ce1cjj #d4a ,italy #a1ceh1ejg #f4g #bcj1fbb #bf4i ,norway1 ,sweden #a1ccd1ica #f4e #gj1dhi #h4b ,russia1 ,poland #a1ajf1cfb #e4d #acf1jic #ae4i ,this table shows not only the nations which have added chiefly to our population in the past1 and which are adding to-day1 but how the percentage of each has varied in the period before #aijc compared with #aijc4 ,mr4 ,hall says3 ,if the same proportions had obtained in the earlier period as during the later how different might our country and its institutions now be6 ,sidenote3 ,the ,problem of ,diverse ,race ,stocks ,this brings up the question of type1 of character1 and of homogeneity4 ,the new immigration introduces new problems4 ,the older immigration1 before #ahgj1 was chiefly composed of races kindred in habits1 institutions1 and traditions to the original colonist4#di ,to-day we face decidedly different conditions4 ,at the same time study of these comparatively unknown races will bring us many surprises1 and knowledge of the facts is the only remedy for prejudice and the only basis for constructive ,christian work4 ,we must know something1 moreover1 of the ,old ,world environment before we can judge of the probable development of these peoples in ,america1 or learn the way of readiest access to them4 ,for they will not become ,americanized unless they are in some way reached by ,americans2 and they will never be reached until they are understood4 ,,ii4 ,the ,italians ,sidenote3 ,extremes of ,opinion ,in our more detailed study of the new immigration we take first the ,italians1 who are seen wherever one turns in our cities1 and are perhaps the most conspicuous of the immigrants4 ,here we come at once upon two extremes of opinion4 ,one extreme finds little or nothing that is favorable to the ,italians1 who are classed all together and judged in the light of the ,mafia1 or black hand1 ready for all deeds of darkness4 ,the other lauds these aliens so highly that an ,italian himself said to the writer1 referring to a recent book about his people in ,america3#ej ,i suppose ,i ought to be glad to have us all made out to be saints1 but ,i am afraid there is another side to the story4 ,we shall hope to find the truth between these extremes4 ,this has to be admitted1 on the start1 that in most cases those who have most to do with the ,italians1 of whatever class1 become warmly interested in them1 and believe both in their ability and in their adaptability to ,american life4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,gifted ,race ,when so keen a writer as ,emil ,reich1 in discussing ,the ,future of the ,latin ,races1 in the ,contemporary ,review1 says1 there can be little doubt that the ,italians are the most gifted nation in ,europe1 we see that it is a mistake to class all ,italians as alike and put them under the ban of contempt as dagoes4 ,they differ from one another almost as much as men can differ who are still of the same color1 says a recent writer4#ea ,sidenote3 ,marked ,differences ,between ,north and ,south ,most northern ,italians are of the ,alpine race and have short1 broad skulls2 southern ,italians are of the ,mediterranean race and have long1 narrow skulls4 ,between the two lies a broad strip of country1 peopled by those of mixed blood4 ,in appearance the ,italians may be anything from a tow-headed ,teuton to a swarthy ,arab4 ,varying with the district from which he comes1 in manner he may be rough and boisterous2 suave1 fluent1 and gesticulative2 or grave and silent4 ,these differences extend to the very essentials of life4 ,the provinces of ,italy are radically unlike1 not only in dress1 cookery1 and customs1 but in character1 thought1 and speech4 ,a distinct change of dialect is often found in a morning's walk4 ,an ignorant ,valtellinese from the mountains of the north1 and an ignorant ,neapolitan have as yet no means of understanding each other2 and what is yet more remarkable1 the speech of the unschooled peasant of ,genoa is unintelligible to his fellow of ,piedmont1 who lives less than one hundred miles away4 ,sidenote3 ,different ,environment ,the northern ,italian is the result of a superior environment4 ,his section is more prosperous1 intelligent1 orderly1 and modern4 ,the industrially progressive1 democratic north presents a striking contrast to the industrially stagnant1 feudal south4 ,the northern division is full of the spirit of the new ,italy1 and its people are less prone to leave home4 ,central ,italy1 too1 is making steady advances in agriculture and education1 and the peasant farmer is a stay-at-home4 ,in southern ,italy agriculture is practically the sole reliance of the people1 the lot of the day laborers is wretched1 and the failure of a wheat crop is as disastrous as the potato famine in ,ireland was to the ,irish in #ahdg4 ,united ,italy is undoubtedly making progress in education and industry1 the standards of living are rising1 and the money sent or carried back to ,italy from ,america has helped to some degree in this advancement4 ,religiously1 of course1 the domination of the ,roman ,catholic ,church continues over all ,italy1 and in illiteracy as in other respects ,italy is an example of what this ecclesiastical rule means where it has power over the people sufficient to enable it to work its will4 ,sidenote3 ,common ,poverty of the ,peasants ,in view of these facts regarding the home environment and difference in peoples1 it will not do1 evidently1 to use sweeping generalizations1 or to regard the organ-grinder and fruit-peddler as the representatives of ,italy in ,america4 ,we receive all grades1 from cultured professionals to illiterate peasants1 though mainly1 of course1 the peasant class4 ,the one common feature of the ,italian provinces is the poverty produced by the crushing taxes and agricultural depression4 ,absentee landlordism has blighted southern ,italy as it has ,ireland4 ,yet with great tracts of fertile soil thus held away from the people1 and with no new territory to cultivate1 the population of ,italy has increased within twenty years from twenty-eight and a half to thirty-two and a half millions1 an average density of #cja per square mile1 and the excess of births over deaths amounts to nearly #cej1jjj a year4 ,hence the question with the people in overcrowded districts is simply emigration or starvation4 ,the southern ,italian is driven from home by necessity to work1 and work is to be found in ,america1 so he comes4 ,his labor is mostly unskilled1 and this is in demand here4 ,the result is that almost eighty per cent4 of the ,italian immigrants are males2 over eighty per cent4 are between fourteen and forty-five1 the working age2 over eighty per cent4 are from the southern provinces1 and nearly the same percentage are unskilled laborers1 and a large majority of these are illiterates4 ,the eighty per cent4 of human capital of fresh1 strong young men is ,italy's contribution to ,america1 and is a force winning its way to recognition4 ,sidenote3 ,figures of ,italian ,immigration ,let us note the growth of ,italian immigration1 its sources1 and its distribution4 ,in the sixty years from #ahbj to #ahhj only #fh1fcc ,italians made their way to ,america1 while during this period the total foreign immigration was over ten millions4 ,the census of #ahij gave the ,italian population of the ,united ,states as only #ahb1ehj1 and at that date not over a half million in all had come here4 ,the rapid increase during recent years is shown in the following table3 ,,immigration ,,from ,,italy ,,to ,,the ,,united ,,states #ahij #eb1jjc #ahih #eh1fac #ahia #gf1jee #ahii #gg1dai #ahib #fa1fca #aijj #ajj1ace #ahic #gb1ade #aija #ace1iif #ahid #db1igg #aijb #agh1cge #ahie #ce1dbg #aijc #bcj1fbb #ahif #fh1jfj #aijd #aic1bif #ahig #ei1dca #aije #bba1dgi ,sidenote3 ,remarkable ,increase ,this shows how steady and remarkable the immigration has been since #aijj4 ,in five years #iei1gfh ,italians have come to this country4 ,surely it is worth our while to know more particularly the character of this million and their promise as an element in our civilization4 ,thousands of them are birds of passage--that is1 they come and go1 earning money here and going back home to spend it and then returning to earn more2 but tens of thousands come to stay1 and will play their part in shaping our future4 ,sidenote3 ,distribution of ,italians ,the distribution of the ,italians is shown partially in the accompanying diagram4#eb ,this1 however1 is based upon the ,census of #aijj1 and does not account for the million arrivals since #aijj4 ,the destination clause in the immigrant's manifesto gives light upon the matter of distribution1 although the incomer does not always get to the point named in his papers4 ,from the official report for #aije these results are drawn3 ,north ,south ,locality ,italian ,italian ,total ,new ,york #i1gcc #ha1egb #ia1cje ,new ,jersey #a1bgb #aa1did #ab1gff ,pennsylvania #g1eed #dc1jgh #ej1fcb ,connecticut #a1fbf #e1hce #g1dfa ,massachusetts #b1jaa #aa1gdg #ac1geh ,rhode ,island #aif #b1dbb #b1fah ,illinois #c1ffc #f1fhe #aj1cdh ,ohio #hfa #f1bcj #g1jia ,michigan #a1ccj #a1fdi #b1igi ,west ,virginia #dba #b1ihg #c1djh ,louisiana #agg #b1fca #b1hjh ,missouri #gfi #a1dgg #b1bdf ,mississippi #fgd #bac #hhg ,eight ,southern ,states #dfg #a1jcf #a1ejc ,california #d1eac #a1jha #e1eid ,colorado #hbd #hha #a1gje ,sidenote3 ,largely in ,cities ,it is interesting to note that at least one ,italian immigrant was destined to every state and territory4 ,of the total ,italian population in this country in #aijj1 #fb4d per cent4 was in the #afj principal cities1 and nearly one half in ,new ,york alone4 ,the percentage of ,italians attracted to the cities is about the same as that of the ,irish4 ,sidenote3 ,italians and ,irish ,compared ,an interesting parallel1 indeed1 may be drawn between these races4 ,the ,italians to-day occupy largely the place occupied by the ,irish of yesterday4 ,the ,irish came in the earlier years by reason of distressing conditions at home1 forcing them to seek a living elsewhere2 this is now true of the ,italians4 ,the ,irish were chiefly peasants1 unskilled laborers and illiterate2 so are the ,italians4 ,the ,irish came mainly from agricultural sections and herded in the great cities2 so do the ,italians4 ,the handy weapon of the ,irish was the shillalah1 that of the ,italian is the stiletto4 ,the ,irish found ready employment by reason of the demand for cheap unskilled labor created by the vast material enterprises of a swiftly developing country1 with cities and towns and railroads to build2 this work is done by the ,italians now1 and they are commonly conceded to be in many respects better at the job4 ,here is a sample of the kind of testimony frequently given concerning them as workers3#ec ,sidenote3 ,good ,workers ,i have learned to be cautious in comparing races4 ,i find good1 bad1 and indifferent people in all races4 ,but ,i dissent from the current notion that the southern ,italian is so much inferior to the northern4 ,as a people there is more illiteracy among them2 but when he goes to school the southern ,italian holds his own with the northern4 ,another fact of promise is that ,italians have not lost the spirit of service4 ,they are good workmen4 ,not long since1 asking a contractor who was building a sewer in the city why he had only ,italians in his employ1 he replied1 ',because they are the best workmen1 and there are enough of them4 ,if an ,italian down in that ditch has a shovelful of earth half way up when the whistle blows for dinner1 he will not drop it2 he will throw it up2 the ,irishman and the ,french-,canadian will drop it4 ,and when the lunch hour is over1 when the clock strikes the ,italian will be leaning on his shovel ready to go to work1 but the ,irishman will be out under that tree and he will be three minutes getting to his job1 and three minutes each1 for #aej men1 is not a small item4 ,the ,italian does not regard his employer as his natural enemy4 ,he has the spirit of kindly service4 ,sidenote3 ,cheerful and ,responsive ,the writer can confirm this from personal observation4 ,the ,italians are cheerful workers1 and on hand ten to fifteen minutes before the hour to begin work4 ,they relish a kind word1 and can give lessons in politeness to many an ,american-born4 ,ask anyone brought in contact with them and you will get the same testimony4 ,sidenote3 ,flower of the ,peasantry ,according to ,adolfo ,rossi1 ,supervisor of the ,italian ,immigration ,department1 who is deeply interested in the proper distribution and welfare of his countrymen in ,america1 these immigrants are the flower of the laboring class of ,italy4 ,economically they are doubtless of value at so many dollars per head4 ,but of far more importance is the question1 what are they in the social fabric8 ,if1 as some assert1 the ,italian race stock is inferior and degraded1 if it will not assimilate naturally with the ,american1 or will tend to lower our standards1 then it is undesirable1 even though the immigrant had a bank account in addition to his sturdy body4 ,the further one investigates the subject1 the less likely is he to conclude that the ,italian is to be adjudged undesirable1 as a race4 ,he must be judged individually on his merits4 ,sidenote3 ,demand for ,unskilled ,labor ,mr4 ,carr draws a decidedly favorable picture of the ,italians1 whether from north or south4 ,he says that immediate work and high wages1 and not a love for the tenement1 create our ,little ,italies4 ,the great enterprises in progress in and about the city1 the subway1 tunnels1 water-works1 railroad construction1 as well as the ordinary building operations1 call for a vast army of laborers4 ,it is the educated ,italian immigrant without a manual trade who fails in ,america4 ,the illiterate laborer takes no chances4 ,the migratory laborer--for more than #ih1jjj ,italians went back to ,italy in #aijc1 and #acd1jjj in #aijd--;confers an industrial blessing by his very mobility4 ,then1 in his opinion1 there is something to be said for the illiterates who remain here4 ,they are never anarchists2 they are guiltless of the so-called black hand letters4 ,the individual laborer is1 in fact1 rarely anything but a gentle and often a rather dull drudge4 ,more than this1 our school system deprives us of unskilled laborers4 ,the gangs that dig sewers and subways and build railways are recruited from the illiterate or nearly so1 and for our supply of the lower grades of labor we must depend upon countries with a poorer school system than ours4 ,sidenote3 ,favorable ,comparison ,sidenote3 ,italians ,not ,beggars ,concerning the charge that the ,italian is a degenerate1 lazy and a pauper1 half a criminal1 a menace to our civilization1 it is shown that in ,new ,york the ,italians number about #dej1jjj1 the ,irish over #cjj1jjj4 ,in males the ,italians outnumber the ,irish two to one4 ,consider these facts3 ,in #aijd one thousand five hundred and sixty-four ,irish1 and only sixteen ,italians1 were admitted to the almshouse on ,blackwell's ,island4#ed ,mr4 ,james ,forbes1 chief of the ,mendicancy ,department of the ,charity ,organization ,society1 says he has never seen or heard of an ,italian tramp4 ,in reply to this1 those who dislike the ,italians say that their cheap labor has made tramps of many who would otherwise be employed4 ,as for begging1 between ,july #a1 #aijd1 and ,september #cj1 #aije1 the ,mendicancy ,police in ,new ,york took into custody #eai ,irish and only #ib ,italians4 ,this table will be found interesting3 ,,nativity ,,of ,,persons ,,admitted ,,to ,,almshouse 7,,new ,,york7 ,,in #aijj ,male ,female ,total ,united ,states #cee #aii #eed ,ireland #hjh #hji #a1fag ,england and ,wales #aaa #hg #aih ,scotland #be #ad #ci ,france #ai #b #ba ,germany #bij #hd #cgd ,norway1 ,sweden and ,denmark #bb #f #bh ,italy #ae #d #ai ,other ,countries #ej #cf #hf ----- ----- ----- #a1fie #a1bda #b1icf ,this ought to correct some ideas as to where the pauperism comes from4 ,certainly the ,italians are not to be charged with it4 ,conditions in ,boston show equally well for the ,italians4 ,the proportions for the whole country also give them a remarkably low degree as compared with other races4 ,sidenote3 ,few ,insane ,as to insanity1 the figures tell their own story3 ,in the charitable institutions of the country1 there were of the insane3 ,irish1 #e1idc2 ,germans1 #d1djh2 ,english1 #a1hbb2 ,scandinavians1 #a1ihe2 and ,italians1 #gah4 ,as shown by the analysis of the ,bureau of ,immigration1 the proportion of ,irish in the charitable institutions is #cj per cent41 of ,germans #ai1 of ,english #h4e1 while the ,italians and ,hebrews are each #h per cent4 ,sidenote3 ,criminal ,record ,the important point of crime remains to be considered4 ,here the ,italian is commonly rated very high1 by reason of the violent and conspicuous nature of most of his crimes1 which are against the person4 ,we hear of the brutal murders1 the threats of the ,mafia1 the secret assassinations1 and frequent sanguinary stiletto affrays1 and are apt to regard the whole race as quarrelsome and murderous4 ,the facts do not bear out this opinion4 ,here again they appear rather to the disadvantage of the older type of immigrant4 ,the ,united ,states ,industrial ,commission on ,immigration shows1 by its statistical report1#ee that taking the ,united ,states as a whole1 the whites of foreign birth are a trifle less criminal than the total number of whites of native birth4 ,this report further says3 ,taking the inmates of all penal and charitable institutions1 we find that the highest ratio is shown by the ,irish1 whose proportion is more than double the average for the foreign-born1 amounting to no less than #af1fbd to the million4 ,sidenote3 ,italians ,temperate ,by far the greatest proportion of crime is caused by intemperance1 and here the ,italians are at a decided advantage1 for they are among the least intemperate of the foreign peoples1 and far less so than the average native-born4 ,arrests for drunkenness are exceedingly rare among them1 and a drunken ,italian woman is as rare as one of immoral character4 ,while in ,massachusetts three in a hundred of the northern races1 including the ,scotch1 ,irish1 ,english1 and ,germans1 were arrested for intemperance in a given year1 only three in a thousand of the ,italians were arrested on this charge4 ,in these respects the race is deserving of great commendation1 especially in face of the tenement conditions into which most of the newcomers are thrust4 ,if they become worse in ,america than they were when they came1 we ought to take heed to the sins of greed1 and not put all the blame on the aliens4 ,sidenote3 ,crimes of ,assault ,in crimes against the person the ,italians are at their worst1 but the affrays with knives and pistols are confined mostly to their own nationality1 and grow out of jealousy or rivalry or resentment at fancied injuries4 ,there are1 no doubt1 says ,dr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,barrows1#ef murders of sheer brutality1 or those committed in the course of robbery4 ,there are known instances also of blackmail and dastardly assassination by individuals or bands of ruffians4 ,but such outrages are utterly at variance with the known disposition of the great mass of the ,italians in this country4 ,there are vile men in every nationality1 and it does not appear by any substantial evidence that the ,italian is peculiarly burdened1 though it has been unwarrantably reproached through ignorance or prejudice4 ,this is the opinion of an expert in criminology1 who has traveled extensively in ,italy and knows the people on both sides of the sea4 ,sidenote3 ,italians not all ,unskilled ,it is a fact of importance that the great majority of the ,italian immigrants1 while classed as unskilled1 have had some experience in farming or gardening or home industries of some kind4 ,there is a larger percentage of skilled labor than is commonly supposed1 and the list is interesting4 ,the ,annual ,report on ,immigration for #aije1 for example1 gives the distribution by occupation1 from which we take some of the leading classes3 ,,professions1 ,,trades ,,and ,,industries ,,of ,,the ,,italians ,,admitted ,,in #aije ,north ,south ,north ,south ,occupation ,italy ,italy ,italy ,italy ,architects #aj #aj ,carpenters and cabinet ,clergy #eb #fi makers #cfg #a1heg ,editors #i #f ,dressmakers #afa #fae ,electricians #bd #bj ,gardeners #cj #afe ,engineers1 professional #bj #bd ,masons #a1cgd #c1afa ,lawyers #ab #be ,miners #a1hdc #dib ,literary and scientific ,shoemakers #bhg #d1jjd persons #ai #ae ,stonecutters #dji #efg ,musicians #ch #bdj ,tailors #bci #b1eia ,physicians #cd #gb ,farm laborers #f1aha #fj1ebi ,sculptors and artists #aaf #eb ,farmers #a1cig #d1had ,teachers #ca #de ,manufacturers #ad #cb ,bakers #bja #ega ,merchants and dealers #eeg #a1dae ,barbers #hb #a1gah ,servants #b1geb #h1ffi ,blacksmiths #afh #iji ,laborers #ad1bia #ef1jdj ,butchers #fe #bgh ,no occupation1 including children under #ad #g1fcb #cb1aae ,sidenote3 ,tendency to ,advance ,sidenote3 ,desire for ,education ,it will be seen that not all the ,italians who come are mere hewers of wood and drawers of water2 while there is a distinct tendency on the part of those who begin at the bottom of drudgery1 in the subways of ,american civilization1 to advance4 ,the desire for education and betterment is as manifest as it is hopeful4 ,no parents are more ambitious for their children1 or more devotedly attached to them1 than are the ,italian immigrants who have brought over their families1 and no children in our schools are brighter or more attentive4 ,there is good blood in the ,italian strain4 ,they are an art and music-loving people1 and in this respect the southern ,italians take the lead4 ,they come from a land of beauty and fame1 song and sunshine1 and bring a sunny temperament not easily soured by hardship or disappointment4 ,otherwise the tenement and labor-camp experiences in ,america would soon spoil them4 ,with the exception of the money they earn1 the change has been for the worse4 ,sidenote3 ,amazing ,thrift ,the thrift of the ,italians is proverbial4 ,to earn and save money they will live in conditions unsanitary1 unhealthy1 and degrading4 ,it is not because they love dirt and degradation1 but that they want money so much that they will put up with anything to get it4 ,they can live and save a bit where an ,american family would starve4 ,they have fairly monopolized for a time certain lines into which they entered--as the small fruit trade1 the bootblacking business1 and other pursuits4 ,it is said that they have made the ,americans a fruit-eating people4 ,supplanted in the street-vending of fruit by the ,greek1 the ,italian has gone into business in earnest1 and you find the small fruit stands everywhere1 with always a good stock1 and by no means a low price4 ,as barbers and tailors1 too1 the ,italians are becoming known4 ,they have a passion for land1 and acquire property rapidly4 ,take the increase of their real estate holdings in ,new ,york as an example4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,tuoti1 a representative ,italian operator in real estate1 says that twenty years ago there was not a single ,italian owner of real estate in the districts where such owners now predominate4 ,he has a list of more than #hjj landowners of ,italian descent1 whose aggregate holdings in ,new ,york are approximately #ae1jjj1jjj4eg ,illustration3 ,born in ,italy1 ,france1 ,portugal1 ,spain1 ,greece--,resident in the ,united ,states #aijj ,reproduced by special permission from ,the ,worker's ,world4 ,copyright #aijc4 ,sidenote3 ,property ,holdings ,as to ,italian savings and investments in the same city1 ,mr4 ,gino ,c4 ,speranza1 vice-president of the ,society for ,italian ,immigrants1 finds on computation the ,italian investments in the city savings-banks to total more than #ae1jjj1jjj4 ,he puts the real estate holdings at #d1jjj1 of the clear value of #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,he estimates that #aj1jjj stores in the city are owned by ,italians1 and sets their value at #g1jjj1jjj1 with a further investment of as much more in wholesale business4 ,he makes the total material value of the property of the ,italian colony in ,new ,york to be over #fj1jjj1jjj1 and says this value is relatively below that of the ,italian possessions in ,saint ,louis1 ,boston1 and ,chicago4 ,the ,italian ,chamber of ,commerce has over two hundred members1 and has done much to promote the interests of the immigrants4 ,there is one distinctively ,italian ,savings ,bank1 with an aggregate of deposits approximating #a1ajj1jjj1 and about #g1jjj open accounts4 ,sixteen daily and weekly ,italian newspapers in ,new ,york alone indicate that the people are reading1 and that not all are illiterates by any means4 ,the ,italian ,hospital1 the ,italian ,benevolent ,institute1 and over #aej ,italian societies for mutual aid and social improvement--all this in ,new ,york--indicate a degree of enterprise and progress4 ,in the smaller cities the condition of the ,italians is in many respects much better than in the great centers1 since the tenement evils are escaped4 ,the reports from such cities as ,bridgeport1 ,connecticut1 and ,schenectady1 ,new ,york1 are most favorable as to the general character of the ,italians as faithful workers and peaceful residents4 ,sidenote3 ,increasing ,land ,values ,in the cities and on the small farms of the ,south and ,west the prosperity of the ,italians is marked4 ,they take unproductive land and make it fertile soil for truck-gardening1 and have increased the value of surrounding lands in ,louisiana and other states by showing what can be done4 ,if they can be distributed properly1 and gotten out of the congested city wards1 there is unquestionably a future of prosperity for them4 ,a ,texas colony described by ,signor ,rossi1 who recently investigated conditions with view to securing a better distribution by informing intending emigrants as to the openings for them in agricultural sections1 illustrates the success of the ,italians as gardeners and farmers4 ,sidenote3 ,successful ,truck ,farmers ,in the neighborhood of ,san ,francisco ,italians have cultivated about #bej truck farms4 ,they obtain the manure from the city stables gratis1 and transform into fertile farms the original sand dunes4 ,nearly all our cities where ,italians have settled are receiving vegetables and fruit as the product of ,italian labor1 and the ,italian is first in the market4 ,they are found on ,long ,island and ,staten ,island1 in ,new ,jersey and ,delaware1 in ,virginia1 and in all the ,new ,england states4 ,near ,memphis1 ,tennessee1 there is a large and noted colony of truck farmers1 and they have done much to remove the prejudice formerly existing against ,italian labor in the ,south4#eh ,in this connection we give hearty second to the statesmanlike proposition made by a ,christian worker who has been brought into close touch with the ,italians and other foreign peoples in ,brooklyn3#ei ,sidenote3 ,a ,good ,proposition ,pure philanthropy could not find a better field for the investment of a few hundred thousand dollars than in the organization of farm and garden colonies a few miles out from our great city4 ,on ,long ,island there are many thousands of acres of light1 arable land perfectly adapted to the raising of small fruits and garden products4 ,irrigation plants could be provided at moderate cost1 insuring generous crops4 ,the ,italian is prepared by nature1 and by training in his own home land1 for the cultivation of the soil4 ,in a small way he has demonstrated his ability in the land of his adoption to do the very things here suggested4 ,what he needs is a fair chance4 ,sidenote3 ,strong ,guiding ,hand ,needed ,sidenote3 ,the ,crucial ,point ,what is needed is the guiding hand of 'philanthropy and five per cent4' to lead out of the congested and squalid tenement districts thousands of these poor yet industrious people who could make our deserts of ,long ,island sand and scrub oak blossom as the rose4 ,let the modern method find illustration here4 ,let our philanthropist choose for himself a board of trustees to whom should be delegated the management of a generous fund toward the end proposed4 ,keen-minded and great-hearted business men there are who would delight to give time and care to so worthy an object2 and within five years a colony of #be1jjj ,italians could be transported and translated from the ghettos and filthy1 crowded tenement districts of our great city into ,god's open country1 there to be speedily transformed into industrious1 self-supporting ,american citizens4 ,having studied this problem for years1 ,i believe it is entirely feasible4 ,brain and heart1 time and talent1 land and water1 enlarging markets demanding produce1 men1 women1 and children begging for an opportunity to earn a decent living--all these are ready and waiting for use and service4 ,all that is lacking is an adequate supply of good money to set the enterprise in motion4 ,we have millions invested at ,coney ,island1 at ,gravesend racing track1 and at the new ,belmont ,park1 to beguile and hypnotize the masses4 ,god must have in his keeping somewhere millions to uplift and redeem the masses4 ,there is unspeakable need that they be ministered unto in the spirit of the ,master4 ,sidenote3 ,opportunity of ,wealth ,these are weighty and practical words1 and some day ,christian men of wealth will see the wisdom of them4 ,how could ,american prosperity better insure itself and all it represents for the future8 ,sidenote3 ,favorable ,conclusion ,what1 then1 is the conclusion of our study8 ,on the whole1 decidedly favorable to the ,italian1 while recognizing the vicious and undesirable element that forms a comparatively small part of the whole4 ,the ,italian in general is approachable1 receptive to ,american ideas1 not criminal by nature more than other races1 not difficult to adapt himself to new environment1 and eager to earn and learn4 ,he furnishes excellent raw material for ,american citizenship1 if he does not come too rapidly to be ,americanized4 ,but what he will mean to ,america1 for good or ill1 depends almost wholly upon what ,america does for and with and through him4 ,thus far1 there has been too much of prejudice and neglect4 ,better acquaintance is the first step toward the transformation of the ,italian alien into the ,italian-,american4 ,sidenote3 ,roman ,catholic ,testimony ,as for the religious side1 here is testimony from a ,roman ,catholic source4 ,mrs4 ,betts says3#fj ,the relation between the ,roman ,catholic ,church and the mass of the ,italians in this country is a source of grief4 ,reluctantly the writer has to blame the ignorance and bigotry of the immigrant priests who set themselves against ,american influence2 men who too often lend themselves to the purposes of the ward heeler1 the district leader in controlling the people1 who too often keep silence when the poor are the victims of the shrewd ,italians who have grown rich on the ignorance of their countrymen4 ,one man made #h1jjj by supplying #a1jjj laborers to a railroad4 ,he collected #e from each man as a railroad fare1 though transportation was given by the road1 and #c from each man for the material to build a house4 ,the men supposed it was to be a home for their families4 ,they found as a home the wretched shelters provided by contractors1 with which we are all familiar4 ,this transaction1 when known1 did not disturb the ,church or social relations of the offender1 but it increased his political power1 for it showed what he could do4 ,he is recognized to-day as the ,mayor of---- street2 his influence is met everywhere4 ,sidenote3 ,accessible to ,evangelism ,there is no doubt that the ,italians are accessible to evangelical ,christianity4 ,thousands of them appreciate the true character of the ,church that tried to prevent ,italian unity and liberty1 and they are peculiarly open to the truths of democracy and the gospel4 ,the home missionary finds among them a fruitful field4 ,dr4 ,lee expresses the conclusions of many observers1 and indicates also a gate of personal opportunity to serve1 when he says1 as a result of personal observation and effort3 ,sidenote3 ,exceptionally ,open-minded ,incident to the general recoil from the papal control1 an enormous number of the ,italians coming to this country are out of the old ,church2 they are without religion1 yet are in a way groping after one4 ,as a consequence the ,italian is exceptionally open-minded4 ,you can talk with him4 ,he is not suspicious--not apprehensive lest you mislead him4 ,he may have no respect for any kind of religion1 but he is not afraid that you will lure him into forbidden paths4 ,he is beginning to think--a privilege which he has been denied in the past4 ,this open-mindedness is readiness to accept the spirit and theories of ,american life2 for open-mindedness is an ,american characteristic4 ,and open-mindedness toward the gospel is the vestibule to conversion4 ,,questions ,,for ,,chapter ,,iv ,,aim3 ,,to ,,consider ,,the ,,desirability ,,of ,,the ,,italians ,,as ,,immigrants1 ,,and ,,the ,,opportunity ,,for ,,christian ,,work ,,among ,,them4 ,i4 ,contrast the ,old and ,new ,immigration4 #a4 ,what is the ,new ,immigration8 #b4 ,what has become of the earlier immigrants8 ,was their coming a benefit to the ,united ,states8 #c4 ,would your judgment concerning it have been the same when they were coming8 #d4 ,what races have gained and what have lost in their respective proportions8 ,,ii4 ,the ,italians4 #e4 ,what are the leading types at present8 ,what are they likely to be in the future8 #f4 ,mention opposing opinions as to the ,italians8 ,which seem to you nearer the truth8 #g4 ,what differences are there between ,italians from different parts of ,italy8 #h4 ,from what class come most of the ,italians now arriving8 ,of what sex8 ,what age8 ,what skill8 #i4 ,how has ,italian immigration grown in numbers8 ,how has it been distributed8 #aj4 ,what proportion go ,west and ,south8 ,are efforts being made to attract them anywhere8 ,,iii4 ,are the ,italians a ,desirable ,class of ,immigrants8 #aa4 ,how do they compare with the early ,irish immigrants8 ,with other nationalities8 #ab4 ,what is the record of ,italians in this country2 as to work1 citizenship1 self-support1 crime1 temperance1 thrift1 care for education1 financial ability8 #ac4 ,have many ,italians taken to farming8 ,do they succeed8 ,what sort of farming8 #ad4 ,what efforts are being made to direct and distribute the ,italian immigrants8 ,,iv4 ,what is the ,opportunity of the ,christian ,church ,among ,them8 #ae4 ,do you know of any specific effort to uplift them through ,christian influences8 #af4 ,does this chapter make you feel that the churches can do more for them8 ,how8 ,,references ,,for ,,advanced ,,study4--,,chapter ,,iv ,i4 ,further ,study of ,contrasts ,between ,different ,types of ,italians4 ,lord1 et al3 ,the ,italian in ,america1 ,i1 ,,iii1 ,v4 ,brandenburg3 ,imported ,americans1 ,,iv1 ,,vi1 ,,xii4 ,holt3 ,undistinguished ,americans1 ,,iii4 ,,ii4 ,illiteracy ,among the ,northern and ,southern ,italians4 7#a7 ,its bearing on their desirability as immigrants4 ,brandenburg3 ,imported ,americans1 ,,iv1 ,,xii1 ,,xx4 ,hall3 ,immigration1 #ed-eh1 #hj-hc4 7#b7 ,its relation to the probable effect of a reading test for admission4 ,lord1 et al3 ,the ,italian in ,america1 ,,viii1 ,,xi4 ,hall3 ,immigration1 #bfb-bhj4 7#c7 ,its bearing on their accessibility to the gospel4 ,mc,lanahan3 ,our ,people of ,foreign ,speech1 #fi-gd4 ,wood3 ,americans in ,process1 ,,ix4 ,,iii4 ,location of ,italians ,after ,their ,arrival and ,length of ,their ,stay4 ,brandenburg3 ,imported ,americans1 ,,ii1 ,,xix1 ,,xxii4 ,lord1 et al3 ,the ,italian in ,america1 ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,ix4 ,,iv4 ,the ,italians in ,new ,york ,city and ,state4 ,benefits and dangers arising from their presence1 and efforts made to help them4 ,riis3 ,how the ,other ,half ,lives1 ,v1 ,,xxiv4 ,university ,settlement ,studies1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,numbers #c and #d1 issue ,january1 #aijf4 ,reports of the ,society for ,italian ,immigrants1 #ag ,pearl ,street1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,yesterday the ,slav was a pauper immigrant2 to-day he is what the ,english1 ,welsh1 ,irish1 and ,german miner was a quarter of a century ago--on the way to becoming an ,american citizen4 ,what sort of a citizen he will be will depend upon the influences brought to bear upon him4--,f4 ,j4 ,warne4 ,v ,,the ,,eastern ,,invasion ,my people do not live in ,america4 ,they live underneath ,america4 ,america goes on over their heads4--,paul ,tymkevich1 a ,ruthenian ,priest4 ,my people do not love ,america4 ,why should they1 from what they see of it8 ,this is the profoundly suggestive question of a ,ruthenian ,greek-,catholic priest1 of ,yonkers1 ,n4 ,y41 who says his people do not come in contact with the better classes of ,americans1 but do come in contact with everyone who hopes to exploit them4 ,the subject of immigration is the most far-reaching in importance of all those with which this government has to deal4 ,the history of the world offers no precedent for our guidance1 since no such peaceful invasion of alien peoples has ever before occurred4 ,it must have great and largely unforeseen effects upon our form of civilization1 our social and political institutions1 and1 above all1 upon the physical1 mental1 and moral characteristics of our people4 ,can such a subject be considered too seriously or too minutely8 ,i cannot think it possible4 ,the danger lies in the opposite direction4--,f4 ,p4 ,sargent4 ,it must not be forgotten that the ,slav immigrants1 and especially their descendants1 are impressionable and adaptable2 that forces are at work which have already done much for them1 and will do more4 ,the results of the public school are sure though slow4 ,the full-grown individual must be brought under the influence of a yet more powerful agency1 one which makes also for civilization and for ,americanism in the best sense4--,f4 ,j4 ,warne4 ,v ,,the ,,eastern ,,invasion ,sidenote3 ,mistaken ,opinion ,least known1 least liked1 and least assimilable of all the alien races migrating to ,america are the ,slavs4 ,that expresses the general opinion1 based on ignorance and dislike4 ,to the common view they seem to combine all the undesirable elements--low living1 low intelligence1 low morality1 low capacity1 low everything1 including wages--this explaining in large measure their presence4 ,the very name ,slav excites prejudice4 ,if an exclusion act of any kind were to be passed it would probably be easier to aim it at the ,slavs than any other class of immigrants4 ,we are now to submit this common opinion to the test of investigation1 and see whether it is warranted in fact4 ,nowhere is discrimination based on knowledge more necessary than in dealing with this ,slavic race division4 ,first let us learn who the ,slavs are4 ,the following table shows this1 and also how many of them entered our ports in #aije3 ,poles #ajb1dcg ,servians1 ,bulgarians1 and ,slovaks #eb1cfh ,montenegrins #e1hbc ,croatians and ,slovenians #ce1ajd ,dalmatians1 ,bosnians1 and ,lithuanians #ah1fjd ,herzegovinians #b1fci ,ruthenians #ad1dgc ,bohemians and ,moravians #aa1geg ,roumanians #g1hah ,russians proper #c1gdf ,magyars #df1jcj ,russian ,jews#fa #ib1chh ,sidenote3 ,a ,large ,element in ,europe ,the ,slavs proper number about #abe1jjj1jjj1 or more than one twelfth of the total population of the world4 ,they have been concentrated1 until the recent migration began1 in the eastern and larger part of ,europe4 ,they make up the bulk of ,russia1 the great ,slav power 7numbering about #gj1jjj1jjj71 and of the ,balkan ,states1 and form nearly half of the population of ,austria-,hungary4 ,the various ,slavic languages and dialects are closely related but differ as do ,german and ,swedish1 so that the different races cannot understand each other4#fb ,illustration3 ,,countries ,,from ,,which ,,the ,,slavs ,,come ,sidenote3 ,the ,slavs in the ,mines ,the ,slav immigration is of comparatively recent date4 ,before #ahhj it was unnoticeable4 ,a small number of ,bohemians and ,poles had come1 settling in the larger cities4 ,but suddenly the thousands began to pour in4 ,demand for cheap labor in the coal fields of ,pennsylvania drew this class1 and presently the ,american1 ,canadian1 ,english1 ,welsh1 ,irish1 ,scotch1 and ,german mine-workers found themselves being supplanted by the men from ,austria-,hungary and ,russia--men who were mostly single and alone1 who could live on little1 eat any sort of food1 wear any kind of clothes1 and sleep in a hut or store-house1 fourteen in a room4 ,of course the home of the ,english-speaking miner1 with its carpet on the best room1 its pictures and comforts1 had to go1 as did the miner and his wife and children1 also the school and the church--for how could these stay when the ,slav1 homeless and familyless1 could bunk in with a crowd anywhere1 or build himself a hillside hut out of driftwood1 and subsist on from four to ten dollars a month4 ,the one conspicuous thing about the ,slav was his ability to save money4 ,dr4 ,warne gives a graphic and pathetic picture of the struggle caused by the introduction of the ,slavs into ,pennsylvania1 and his investigations may profitably be studied4#fc ,sidenote3 ,slav domination ,the results in ,pennsylvania thus far are the reverse of satisfactory4 ,the cheap labor has become dear in more senses than one4 ,where in #ahhj the ,english-speaking foreign-born composed nearly ninety-four per cent4 of the mine workers1 in #aijj they were less than fifty-two per cent41 and to-day are much less still4 ,the ,slavs dominate in the mines4 ,strikes are not less frequent1 but more difficult to control1 and the necessity of frequent state control by militia1 the riots and bloodshed1 mark the failure to ,americanize this growing class of aliens4 ,a striking illustration of non-assimilation and the attendant perils may be found in ,pennsylvania4 ,fortunately all the ,slavs do not go to the mines1 and those who follow agriculture or trades afford a pleasanter study4 ,the census of #aijj gave a million and a quarter of foreign-born ,slavs and the number has been largely increased4 ,in #aijc #bba1jjj came1 not counting the #fg1jjj ,russian and ,roumanian ,jews4 ,since these peoples are all prolific1 with an oversupply at home1 there is every prospect that immigration will increase1 unless some check is put upon it4 ,the ,slavs will have to be reckoned with1 most assuredly1 as an element in our civilization4 ,illustration3 ,,slav ,,distribution ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,the maps here given1 by the courtesy of ,charities1 show the sections from which the ,slavs come and how they disperse in this country4 ,sidenote3 ,chiefly ,unskilled and ,illiterate ,an analysis of the official statistics shows that1 with the exception of the ,bohemians1 these newest immigrants are mainly unskilled1 illiterate peasants from country districts1 and with little money in their pockets when they land4 ,of the ,bohemians and ,moravians forty-four per cent4 are skilled laborers1 and only #a4ej per cent4 over fourteen are unable to read and write2 but of the ,poles eighty-five per cent4 are unskilled1 and thirty per cent4 can neither read nor write2 and this represents the average4 ,we are getting in an illiterate mass1 therefore1 and the amount of money they bring per capita averages about #aj4 ,but on this point a writer says1 speaking from a wide observation3#fd ,sidenote3 ,a ,hopeful ,view ,this does not necessarily mean that they are undesirable immigrants4 ,the illiterate1 unskilled immigrant may be1 in fact1 more desirable than the better educated skilled laborer1 or the still better educated professional or business man4 ,there may be a great demand here for unskilled labor4 ,again1 the moral qualities of the untaught but industrious1 simple-minded1 unspoiled countryman may be far more wholesome for the communities to which he comes than those of the educated1 town-bred1 unsuccessful business or professional man1 the misfit skilled laborer1 or the actual loafer and sharper of the cities1 who comes over here when home gets too hot for him4 ,as to illiteracy1 moreover1 the peasant is improving4 ,the great mass of this unskilled labor pushes directly through the great gateway of ,new ,york1 where unfortunately so many other races stop4 ,they go to the eastern1 middle1 and northern states1 mainly into our coal and iron mines1 and our steel mills1 but also to the farming regions1 where they work patiently and thriftily1 first as farm laborers1 then as owners of abandoned farming lands or cut-over timber lands1 reclaiming and making them fertile to the great advantage of the markets they supply4 ,let us now look at this conglomerate immigration a little more in detail1 and no longer class these peoples indiscriminately as barbarian ,huns4 ,i4 ,the ,bohemians ,sidenote3 ,the ,czechs and their ,history ,we may well begin with the ,bohemians1 who are among the most skilled1 least illiterate1 and1 to ,protestants1 most interesting of the ,slavs4 ,in studying any group of strangers within our gates1 it is necessary to know its preemigration history4 ,these people1 who call themselves ,czechs1 are a principal branch of the ,slav family and one of the large constituents of the ,austria-,hungarian empire1 numbering #f1cah1fig in #aija4 ,at home they are chiefly agriculturists4 ,in #aijj there were in this country #cbe1djj persons of ,bohemian parentage1 of whom #aef1iia were born in ,bohemia4 ,since #aijj above #ej1jjj more have come4 ,three fourths of them all are in the north central states of the ,mississippi ,valley1 with ,chicago as their great center4 ,cleveland has about #ae1jjj1 ,new ,york about the same number2 while in agriculture there are in round numbers #af1jjj in ,nebraska1 #ad1jjj in ,wisconsin1 #aa1jjj in ,iowa1 and #i1jjj in ,texas4 ,sidenote3 ,stormy ,national ,struggle ,as to their history in the old world1 the ,bohemians have had such a stormy national struggle1 and the bitterness of it has so entered into their lives1 that it is impossible rightly to judge them apart from it4 ,it has some instructive lessons for us4 ,these are the conditions1 as ,mr4 ,nan ,mashek1 himself a ,bohemian1 states them3#fe ,sidenote3 ,john ,huss and ,jerome of ,prague ,for two hundred and fifty years they have been oppressed by a pitilessly despotic rule4 ,in the day of their independence1 before #afbj1 they were ,protestants1 and the most glorious and memorable events of their history are connected with their struggle for the faith4 ,the history of their ,church is the history of their nation1 for on the one hand was ,protestantism and independence1 on the other1 ,catholicism and political subjection4 ,for two centuries ,bohemia was a bloody battleground of ,protestant reform4 ,under the spiritual and military leadership of such men as ,jerome of ,prague1 ,john ,huss1 and ,ziska1 the ,bohemians fought their good fight and lost4 ,after the battle of ,white ,mountains1 in #afbj1 national independence was completely lost1 and ,catholicism was forcibly imposed upon the country4 ,all ,protestant ,bibles1 books1 and songs were burned1 thus depriving the nation of a large and rich literature4 ,those who still clung to their faith publicly were banished1 their property becoming forfeited to the state4 ,after #aej years1 when ,emperor ,joseph ,,ii4 of ,austria gave back to the ,protestants some measure of their former freedom1 many of the churches were reestablished2 but ,protestantism had lost much of its strength4 ,the political revolution of #ahdh led to new subjugation1 and emigration was the result4 ,large numbers left the country in quest of freedom1 and some of these found their way to ,america4 ,sidenote3 ,farmer ,settlers in the ,west ,the first ,bohemian settlers were of the most intelligent and more prosperous classes4 ,they went ,west1 chiefly to ,wisconsin1 where their farms are among the finest in the state4 ,in ,kewaunee ,county they constitute over one third of the population1 or #f1jjj out of #ag1jjj4 ,they have developed into an excellent type of ,american citizenship1 have looked well after the education of their children1 many of whom have gone to college1 and are in every way progressive4 ,read thoughtfully what ,mr4 ,mashek says3 ,sidenote3 ,easy ,assimilation ,through ,religion ,in the country the assimilation of ,bohemians is not a problem which offers difficulties4 ,the public school is everywhere so potent an ,americanizer that it alone is adequate4 ,there is1 however1 one other influence which if brought to bear1 especially in the large communities1 would be helpful4 ,i refer to the ,protestant faith4 ,for the most part ,bohemians conversant with their history as a people are naturally hostile to the ,catholic ,church1 and when the restraints which held them in their own country are removed by emigration1 many of the more enlightened quietly drop their allegiance1 and1 through lack of desire or opportunity1 fail to ally themselves with any other4 ,so strong is this non-religious tendency among the ,bohemians--especially in the cities--that it has resulted in active unbelief1 and hostility to ,church influence4 ,this spiritual isolation1 with its resultant social separation1 is doing great harm in retarding assimilation4 ,aside from this matter of religion1 the ,bohemian falls into ,american customs with surprising readiness4 ,sidenote3 ,protestant ,opportunity ,thus a member of this race points out to ,protestants their opportunity4 ,here is a people with inherited ,protestant tendencies4 ,they have been driven in ,bohemia by an enforced ,roman ,catholicism into antagonism to the ,church as they know it4 ,sidenote3 ,freethinkers' ,society ,in ,chicago1 where over #ajj1jjj of them make of that city the third largest ,bohemian center in the world1 they have a strongly organized ,freethinkers' ,society1 with three hundred branches1 which issues an atheistic catechism1 and has it taught in its numerous ,sunday-schools1 as they are called4 ,but there are thousands who do not belong to this cult1 and who are open to the gospel4 ,the same is true of the ,bohemians in ,new ,york1 ,cleveland1 and elsewhere who have not advanced to the ,chicago infidel standpoint4 ,their character has not been well understood4 ,they possess excellent qualities for the making of good ,americans4 ,christianity in pure and true form is all they need4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,home-loving and ,musical ,people ,the ,bohemians are a home people1 social1 and fond of organizations of every kind4 ,music is their passion1 and their clubs1 mutual benefit societies1 and loan associations1 successfully run1 show large capacity for management4 ,they have forty-two papers1 seven of them religious1 two ,protestant4 ,their freethinking is not all of it by any means of the dogmatic sort which has its catechism of atheism4 ,there is another class1 represented by an old woman with a broad brow over which the silvery hair is smoothly parted1 who says to the missionary1 ,i have my ,god in my heart1 ,i shall deal with him4 ,i do not want any priest to step between us4 ,that is the class which the gospel can reach and ought to reach speedily4 ,sidenote3 ,where ,located ,about seventy-five per cent1 of the ,bohemians live in the northwest4 ,in ,cleveland they have entered into various industries4 ,in ,new ,york they are largely employed in cigar-making1 at which the women and girls work under conditions not calculated to inspire them with regard for ,god or man4 ,the home life cannot be what it should when the mothers are compelled to work in the factories1 besides having all the home cares and work4 ,the testimony of the tenement inspectors is that the ,bohemians are perhaps the cleanest of the poor people in the city1 and are struggling heroically against the pitiful conditions of the tenement-houses in which they are compelled to exist4 ,,ii4 ,the ,poles ,sidenote3 ,a ,large ,element ,the ,poles form one of the oldest and largest elements of the ,slav immigration4 ,in #aijj the census gave #ffh1ecf persons whose parents were born in ,poland1 and of these #chc1eaj were themselves born there4 ,nearly a quarter of a million of the latter came to this country between #ahij and #aijj1 and in the five years following1 #aijj-e1 about #cej1jjj more arrived4 ,a third of a million ,poles now in ,america do not understand ,english4 ,the ,polish strength is indicated by the ,polish ,national ,alliance1 with #ej1jjj members1 and by a list of fifty newspapers published in the ,polish tongue1 four of them dailies1 printed in ,chicago1 ,buffalo1 and ,milwaukee1 the largest centers4 ,illustration3 ,born in ,russia1 ,poland1 ,bohemia1 ,hungary--,resident in the ,united ,states #aijj ,reproduced by special permission from ,the ,world's ,work ,copyright1 #aijc4 ,sidenote3 ,religious ,tolerance ,the higher classes of ,poland were touched by the pre-,reformation movement of ,huss at ,prague1 where they were generally educated4 ,reformation ideas did not gain as great currency as in ,bohemia1 but both ,calvin and ,luther were interested in their progress in ,poland4 ,a ,jesuit authority complained that two thousand ,romanist churches had become ,protestant4 ,a ,union ,synod was formed and consensus of doctrine adopted4 ,poland is described as the most tolerant country of ,europe in the sixteenth century4 ,it became an asylum for the persecuted ,protestants of other lands1 notably the ,bohemian brethren4 ,later on1 under the influence of ,protestantism1 literature and education were stimulated4 ,but under succeeding ,swedish and ,saxon dynasties1 and through ,jesuit instrumentality1 religious liberty and national independence were lost1 and ,poland disappeared from the map of ,europe4 ,as a race the ,poles boast such names as ,copernicus the astronomer1 ,kosciusko the patriot warrior1 and ,chopin the composer4#ff ,sidenote3 ,distribution ,the distribution in ,america in #aijd was as follows3 ,illinois1 #abc1hhg1 of whom #ajg1ffi were in the vicinity of the ,chicago stockyards2 ,pennsylvania1 #aah1bjc1 mainly in the anthracite coal regions and about ,pittsburg1 with #aa1jjj in ,philadelphia2 ,new ,york1 #aae1jdf1 #ej1jjj of them in ,new ,york ,city and #ce1jjj in ,buffalo2 ,wisconsin1 #gj1jjj1 #cf1jjj in ,milwaukee2 ,michigan1 #ei1jge1 #bf1hfi in ,detroit2 ,ohio1 #ca1acf1 #ae1jjj in ,cleveland and #i1jjj in ,toledo2 in ,massachusetts1 ,minnesota1 and ,new ,jersey1 between #bj1jjj and #cj1jjj each2 in ,connecticut and ,indiana1 over #aj1jjj each2 and in smaller numbers widely distributed4 ,their preference for the larger cities is shown by these figures4 ,recent immigrants are going more into the ,new ,england ,states4 ,already there is a second generation of them in the cities and the farming country of the ,middle ,west1 and they have their own teachers and doctors4 ,in ,new ,england they are spreading in the factory towns1 and ,chicopee1 ,massachusetts1 has six thousand of them2 while in the tobacco belt of ,connecticut they furnish a majority of the farm hands4 ,ten years ago ,hartford had only three or four hundred ,polish families2 to-day there is a parish of a thousand people1 and they have built a ,catholic church and given #bj1jjj toward a school4 ,sidenote3 ,independent in ,spirit2 ,open to the ,gospel ,like most of the ,slavs1 the ,poles who come here are commonly poor1 and of the peasant class2 about one third of them are illiterate4 ,they are clannish1 and clash with the ,lithuanians and other races4 ,lovers of liberty1 they clash also with the ,catholic authorities1 going so far even as organized rebellion to obtain control of their church properties and freedom in the choice of priests4 ,they have a superstitious dread of ,protestantism1 which has been misrepresented to them as extremely difficult4 ,polish priests about ,pittsburg are said to boast of the number of ,bibles1 distributed by ,protestants1 which they gather from the people and burn4 ,if once ,protestantism gets a grip upon them1 rapid defection from ecclesiastical tyranny will follow4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,k4 ,carroll figures that the ,polish ,catholics as distinct from ,roman ,catholics1 have forty-three churches and #db1hei communicants1 with thirty-three priests--this representing the extent of revolt against the ,romish ,church4 ,it must be granted that comparatively little has been done to reach this people1 and it is not strange that as yet the number of ,protestant ,poles is small4 ,it takes a larger and more imposing movement to make a definite impression upon those accustomed to the size and strength of the ,catholic organizations4 ,,iii4 ,the ,slovaks ,sidenote3 ,a ,farming ,people ,the ,slovaks of northern ,hungary number about two millions1 and are closely akin to the ,bohemians and ,moravians4 ,according to ,mr4 ,rovinanek1 editor of the ,pittsburg ,slovak ,daily1 they constitute the trunk of the great ,slavonic national tree1 from which have branched so many of the ,slav people1 at the head of whom now stands the powerful ,russian empire4 ,from prehistoric time they were celebrated as a peaceful1 industrious people1 fond of agricultural and pastoral life4 ,the immigration has been from the agricultural class1 and at first settlement was made in the mining regions of ,pennsylvania4 ,farming had its inherited attractions1 however1 and there are hundreds of ,slovak farmers in ,pennsylvania1 ,connecticut1 and ,ohio2 while in ,minnesota1 ,arkansas1 ,virginia1 and ,wisconsin there are colonies of them1 where for many miles on every side the land is entirely in their possession4 ,kossuth was a ,slovak1 to their lasting pride4 ,over #ajj1jjj of them have come to ,america since #aijj1 one fourth of them illiterates4 ,they had little opportunity to be otherwise at home1 but since coming here their advancement educationally has been marked4 ,sidenote3 ,religious in ,spirit ,this is due1 says ,mr4 ,rovinanek1 largely to the intensely religious spirit which prevails among the ,slavic peoples1 and to the fact that here they have been able to combine schools with their churches4 ,the total number now in the country is estimated at #bej1jjj1 of whom #aej1jjj are in ,pennsylvania4 ,two thirds of the immigrants are men4 ,sidenote3 ,industrial ,enterprise ,they live usually in very poor and crowded quarters1 one family having sometimes from fifteen to twenty boarders1 and under conditions far from cleanly or sanitary4 ,there are nearly as many newspapers in the ,united ,states in the ,slovak language as in ,hungary1 with a much larger total circulation4 ,this press has stimulated industrial and business enterprises in the ,slovak communities4 ,there are numerous small mercantile establishments4 ,in ,philadelphia1 ,new ,york1 and ,chicago1 wire and tinware factories established with ,slovak capital and conducted with ,slovak labor are securing the cream of this trade in the country4 ,for centuries the tinware of ,europe was made largely by the ,slovaks4 ,they have a high position also for electrical designs and other skilled work4 ,sidenote3 ,organizations ,they are a great people for organization4 ,the ,national ,slavonic ,society was organized in ,pittsburg in #ahij1 with #bej members2 it now has #bj1jjj active members and #eab lodges4 ,it is primarily a beneficial organization1 but has done a valuable work in educating its members and inducing them to become ,american citizens4 ,the society requires its members1 after a reasonable time1 to obtain naturalization papers and thus promotes ,americanization4 ,it has paid out nearly a million dollars in death benefits1 and much more in sick benefits2 has aided students in this country and ,hungary1 and national literary and patriotic workers as well1 besides coming to the rescue of ,slavs in ,hungary persecuted by the government4 ,many other societies have sprung from this parent organization1 including a ,presbyterian ,slavistic ,union1 and hundreds of literary1 benevolent1 and political clubs1 so that there are between #ajj1jjj and #abe1jjj organized ,slovaks in the ,united ,states4 ,,iv4 ,the ,magyars or ,hungarians ,sidenote3 ,conquerors of ,hungary ,the ,magyars belong properly in a division by themselves4 ,these people1 who are ,hungarians proper1 do not class strictly with the ,germans and ,slavs of ,hungary4 ,they drove out their ,slavic predecessors or subjugated them in the ninth century1 and became masters of the ,danubian plains4 ,roman ,catholicism became the state religion about the year #ajjj1 but during the ,reformation period the ,lutheran and ,reformed types of ,protestantism gained a large following and were granted liberty4 ,this was afterward denied them1 and bloody struggles followed1 as in ,bohemia4 ,protestants were again placed on equal footing with ,roman ,catholics in #agia4 ,the ,magyars number over eight millions and comprise a little more than one half the population of ,hungary4 ,sidenote3 ,good and ,bad ,qualities ,there are at present between #bej1jjj and #cjj1jjj ,hungarians in ,america4 ,they have a fair degree of education1 are generally reputed to be honest1 and as compared with the ,slavs 7with whom they are commonly confused7 are more intelligent and less industrious1 more agile in limb and temper4 ,many are addicted to drink and quarreling4 ,it is noticeable that the ,protestants are morally and intellectually superior to the ,catholics4 ,the bulk of the ,magyars 7eighty-six per cent47 are in the ,pennsylvania mining regions1 in ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,ohio4 ,at home chiefly agriculturists1 here they work mostly in mines1 mills1 and factories4 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,hungarians are said to lapse easily from the ,church1 going into indifferentism and nothingism4 ,this gives opening for ,protestant mission work4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,city ,colony ,a writer who has made special investigations1 in the line of social settlement studies1#fg says that eighty per cent4 of the ,magyars arriving in ,new ,york go at once to the farms and mines4 ,the ,new ,york colony numbers #ej1jjj to #fj1jjj1 including the ,hungarian ,jews1 who are scarcely distinguishable from the ,gentiles4 ,the life of their quarter is one continuous whirl of excitement4 ,pleasure seems the chief end4 ,the cafe is their club room4 ,intensely social1 fond of conviviality and gaiety1 bright1 polished1 graceful1 the ,magyar soon learns ,english1 and adapts himself to his new surroundings4 ,the newspaper1 literary society1 and charitable organization are the only institutions he cares to support4 ,pride1 independence1 fertility of resource1 lack of perseverance1 love of ease rather than of a strenuous life--these are his qualities4 ,tailoring is the chief occupation in ,new ,york1 though ,hungarians are also furriers1 workers in hotels and restaurants and various kinds of light factories1 and some are shopkeepers and merchants4 ,those who speak from close knowledge call them excellent citizen-material4 ,in one of these typical ,east ,side ,hungarian cafes1 as a guest of the ,hungarian ,republican ,club1 ,president ,roosevelt spent the evening and made a noteworthy address on ,february #ad1 #aije4 ,among other things1 he told them that ,americanism is not a matter of birthplace or race1 but of the spirit that is in the man4 ,v4 ,the ,lithuanians and ,letts ,sidenote3 ,mine and ,mill ,workers ,the ,lithuanians in ,russia number about two millions4 ,they began to come in #ahfh1 driven out by famine at home1 and the first comers went to the northern ,pennsylvania mines4 ,at present there are about #bjj1jjj in ,america2 #ej1jjj of them in the anthracite coal fields of ,pennsylvania1 #be1jjj in the soft coal mines of western ,pennsylvania and ,west ,virginia2 #aj1jjj in ,philadelphia and ,baltimore2 #ae1jjj in ,new ,york2 #be1jjj in ,new ,england2 mainly in ,boston1 ,worcester1 ,brockton1 ,hartford1 and ,bridgeport2 #aj1jjj in ,ohio and ,michigan2 #ej1jjj in ,illinois and ,wisconsin2 while several thousand are scattered over the western states4 ,though nearly all raised on farms1 they do not take to farming here1 nor do they like open air work1 preferring the mines1 factories1 foundries1 and closed shops4 ,in the cities many of them are tailors1 and many are found in packing-houses1 steel plants1 hat and shoe factories1 and mills4 ,their chief curse is intemperance1 and they are not of strong character1 having little of the quality of leadership4 ,generally they are devout ,roman ,catholics2 when not they are apt to become freethinkers1 and a freethinkers' alliance has been formed among them4 ,they are described as commonly peaceable1 well dressed1 and good-natured4 ,their children are mostly in public schools4 ,little ,protestant work has been done among them4 ,sidenote3 ,less ,favorable ,repute ,the ,lettish people1 like the ,lithuanians1 their neighbors and kinsmen1 are among the oldest races of ,europe4 ,they are clearly distinguished from the southern ,slavs1 being tall and fair1 like the ,swede1 in complexion4 ,the ,letts at home number about a million and a half4 ,since #aijj nearly #ce1jjj of them have come to ,america1 settling mostly in the anthracite coal regions4 ,they are also found in ,new ,york1 ,massachusetts1 ,illinois1 ,connecticut1 and ,new ,jersey4 ,about one half are illiterate1 and in the coal fields both ,lithuanians and ,letts have a poor reputation4 ,in ,boston1 however1 there is an encouraging mission work among the ,lettish people4 ,,vi4 ,the ,ruthenians ,sidenote3 ,from a ,poor ,environment ,the ,ruthenians1 or ,ukrainians1 called also the ,little ,russians1 at home occupy the southern part of ,russia1 eastern and southwestern ,galicia1 and part of ,bukovina in ,austria-,hungary4 ,their number in ,europe is computed at over #cj1jjj1jjj4 ,they are darker and smaller than the typical ,slav4 ,roman ,catholic in religion1 they are generally poor1 illiterate1 backward in civilization1 and oppressed4 ,immigration began perhaps thirty years ago1 but not in appreciable numbers until recent years4 ,in the four years ending in ,june1 #aijc1 there were #bf1dif arrivals1 two thirds men1 nearly all unskilled laborers1 and one half unable to read or write4 ,the number in #aije was #ad1dgc4 ,pennsylvania is their common destination4 ,estimates as to their present numbers in the country vary from #afj1jjj to #cej1jjj1 the latter figures given by ,ivan ,ardan1 editor of their paper1 ,svoboda1 at ,scranton4 ,he says there are #fj1jjj more in ,canada1 and as many in ,brazil and other ,south ,american republics1 or about half a million altogether in the new world4 ,probably there are #ij1jjj of them in ,pennsylvania4 ,they are said to be accessible to missionary influences1 but their ignorance and crowded conditions of living make work difficult4 ,sidenote3 ,mostly ,laborers ,about eight tenths of the ,ruthenians here are laborers1 chiefly in the mines2 and about one tenth are farmers4 ,the young women work in shops and factories1 but prefer domestic service1 and are efficient4 ,the people are very saving1 and scarcely one but has from #ej to #bjj at least saved and put away in some hidden corner or in a bank4 ,they buy lots and build houses1 or take up farming4 ,they have beneficial societies for sickness1 injury1 and death1 including wife and mother as well as husband and father4 ,mr4 ,ardan says ,ruthenian men and women drink1 farmers and ,protestants being exceptions4 ,what a notable exception and testimony that is4 ,sidenote3 ,greek ,catholics ,superstitious1 devout1 attached to their churches1 the majority are ,greek ,catholics1 with a few ,protestants from ,russian ,ukraine1 where ,protestants are bitterly persecuted4 ,there are #ajh ,ruthenian churches1 composed of eighty ,greek ,catholic1 twenty-six ,greek ,orthodox 7,russian ,state ,church71 and two ,protestant1 besides several ,protestant missions4 ,sidenote3 ,hopeful ,features ,the people are as a rule very eager to learn both their native and the ,english language4 ,they have their adult schools for this purpose4 ,their children go to the public schools4 ,there are four ,ruthenian weeklies and one monthly published in this country1 and some books4 ,education is prompted by reading circles1 lectures1 and societies for self-improvement4 ,the race has a fine physique1 with great physical endurance4 ,individuality is more marked in it than in many ,slavonic races1 and assimilation is comparatively rapid4 ,in this country they rapidly wake up to a new life and promise to make a worthy addition to citizenship4 ,such missionary opportunities should move our ,christian churches to active efforts4 ,,vii4 ,other ,nationalities ,sidenote3 ,croatians and ,dalmatians ,we can only mention the remaining nationalities of the ,slavic group4 ,the ,croatians and ,dalmatians1 unable to make a living at home1 are fleeing from starvation and mismanagement1 and seeking work in ,america4 ,croatia is a kingdom of ,austria-,hungary4 ,dalmatia is the seacoast province of ,austria4 ,sidenote3 ,slovenians ,the ,slovenians come from the provinces northwest of ,croatia4 ,the three nationalities have probably sent between #bjj1jjj and #cjj1jjj persons to ,america4 ,dalmatians are oyster fishermen at ,new ,orleans1 make staves in ,mississippi1 are wine dealers in ,san ,francisco1 and vine growers and miners in other parts of ,california4 ,the ,slovenians are chiefly found in the ,pennsylvania mines and other mining regions4 ,the ,croatians are mostly in the same regions and work1 although in ,new ,york there are about #ae1jjj of them engaged as longshoremen and mechanics1 and a small number are farmers out ,west4 ,they are ,roman ,catholic1 largely illiterate and unskilled4 ,the ,catholics do little for them1 and the ,protestant denominations have undertaken no specific work in their behalf4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,needy ,group ,the ,bosnians1 ,herzegovinians1 ,bulgarians1 ,servians1 and ,montenegrins are just beginning to come in appreciable numbers4 ,they represent much the same home conditions as the nationalities mentioned more in detail4 ,catholicism1 ,greek or ,roman1 has cast them pretty much in the same mold4 ,ignorant1 semi-civilized many of them1 they have everything to get and learn in their new home1 and afford still larger opportunity for ,protestant ,christianity in its mighty work of making and keeping ,america the land of righteousness and progress4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,hopeful ,view ,an interesting series of articles appeared in #aijf in a magazine devoted to social betterment1#fh the writer having spent a year in studying conditions in the ,slav districts of ,austria-,hungary4 ,living among the people1 she has become profoundly interested in them1 and takes a most hopeful view of their possibilities in ,america4 ,she says the life from which the peasants mostly come to us is the old peasant life1 but a little way removed from feudalism and serfdom4 ,each little village is a tiny world in itself1 with its own traditions and ways1 its own dress1 perhaps even its own dialect4 ,the amazing gift of the ,slav for color and music permeates the whole home life with poetry4 ,the ,slav immigrants have the virtues and faults of their primitive world4 ,they come to ,america to make money4 ,the majority come with intent to earn money to take back home1 rather than with expectation to settle here permanently4 ,unenterprising1 unlettered1 they are at the same time hardy1 thrifty and shrewd1 honest and pious4 ,they are undoubtedly highly endowed with gifts of imagination and artistic expression for which in their ,american conditions they find little or no outlet4 ,sidenote3 ,necessity of ,christian ,environment ,and here again is the point we are constantly having impressed upon us4 ,what the immigrant shall become1 for good or ill1 depends chiefly upon what conditions are made for him1 and whether he is given a chance to express his best self in this country4 ,grinding monopoly1 harsh treatment1 prejudice that drives into clannishness and race hatred--these will make of the ,slavs a peril4 ,a genuinely ,christian environment and treatment will find them receptive and ready for ,americanization through evangelization4 ,,viii4 ,the ,russian ,jews ,sidenote3 ,an ,interesting ,group ,in some respects the most interesting immigrants from the ,slav countries are the ,jews from ,russia and ,roumania4 ,the ,german ,jew and the ,russian ,jew must not be confounded2 they are as distinct as any two races in the entire immigrant group4 ,the ,german ,jew came to ,america to make more money1 and is making it4 ,the ,russian ,jew1 who comes from persecution1 is rigidly orthodox1 and regards the commercial ,german class as apostate4 ,he forms a picturesque1 vigorous1 sui generis member of the alien procession4 ,sidenote3 ,coming ,rapidly ,since the year #ahha not less than #gej1jjj ,jewish immigrants have arrived at the port of ,new ,york alone4 ,on ,manhattan ,island more than every fourth person you meet is a ,jew4 ,the ,jews admitted at ,ellis ,island during the past five years outnumbered all the communicants in the ,protestant churches in ,greater ,new ,york4 ,sidenote3 ,where they ,come from ,of the #ajf1jjj ,jews admitted in #aijd1 a large proportion of whom settled in ,new ,york1 #gg1jjj came from the ,russian ,empire1 #bj1jjj from ,austria-,hungary1 and #f1jjj from ,roumania4 ,jewish immigrants from eastern ,europe are all one people4 ,sidenote3 ,occupation ,they show a larger proportion with skilled1 professional and commercial training and experience than do any of the other newer immigrants except the ,finns4 ,nearly twenty per cent4 of the ,hebrew immigrants are tailors1 nearly five per cent4 mechanics1 merchants1 or clerks1 and almost one per cent4 follow the professions4 ,of the remainder a very considerable proportion1 though not a majority1 are skilled workers such as bakers1 tobacco workers1 carpenters1 painters1 and butchers4 ,the garment trades1 to which they find themselves adapted1 and for which ,new ,york is the world center1 engages perhaps #ajj1jjj of them1 men1 women1 and children1 many of them in the sweat-shops1 which they created4 ,for the first time in their history1 the ,jews have built up a great industrial class1 this being an ,american development4 ,according to a ,jewish authority1#fi the unspeakable evils of the tenements and sweat-shops of the ghetto are undermining their physical and moral health4 ,sidenote3 ,location ,the newly arrived ,russian ,jew is kept in the ghetto of the larger cities--,new ,york1 ,chicago1 ,philadelphia1 and ,boston--not only by his poverty and ignorance but by his orthodoxy4 ,in this district the rules of his religion can more certainly be followed4 ,here can be found the lawful food1 here the orthodox places of worship1 here neighbors and friends can be visited within a sabbath day's journey4 ,the young people1 however1 rapidly shake off such trammels1 and in the endeavor to be like ,americans urge their parents to move away from this foreign district4 ,when they succeed1 the ,americanizing process may be considered well under way4 ,concerning the religious change that comes over the young ,jew after he reaches this country1 a writer says3#gj ,sidenote3 ,become ,estranged from ,judaism ,many a young man1 who was firm in his religious convictions in his native village1 having heard of the religious laxity prevalent in ,america1 had fully made up his mind not to be misled by the temptation and allurements of the free country1 but he succumbed in his struggle and renounced his ,judaism when first submitting his chin to the barber's razor1 at the entreaties and persuasions of his ,americanized friends and relatives4 ,religion then appeared to him not only distinct from life1 but antagonistic to it1 and since it was life1 a free1 full1 undisturbed life he sought in coming here1 he felt compelled to divorce himself from all the religious ties that had hitherto encompassed him4 ,thus it is that the immigrant ,jewish youth1 even those faithful and loyal to the institutions of old and who desired to conduct their lives in accordance with the precepts of their religion1 became estranged from ,judaism and suffered themselves to be swept along by the tide4 ,thus the immigrant ,jew in ,america has frequently become callous and indifferent1 and sometimes cynical and antagonistic to everything pertaining to ,judaism4 ,while they are thus lost to ,judaism they are not won to ,christianity1 but they ought to be4 ,the older people become reconciled with difficulty to this irreligious attitude and the old ,jewess still curses ,columbus for his great transgression in discovering ,america1 where her children have lost their religion4 ,sidenote3 ,ambitious for ,wealth and ,education ,the ,russian ,jews usually come in great poverty1 but do not stay poor very long4 ,in ,new ,york's ,east ,side many tenements in ,jewish quarters are owned by persons who formerly lived in crowded corners of others like them2 and from this population comes many a ,broadway merchant1 and professional men in plenty4 ,it is certain that the adult ,hebrew immigrant has definite aspirations toward social1 economic1 and educational advancement4 ,the poorest among them will make all possible sacrifices to keep his children in school2 and one of the most striking social phenomena in ,new ,york ,city is the way in which the ,jews have taken possession of the public schools1 in the highest as well as lowest grades4 ,the city college is practically filled with ,jewish pupils4 ,in the lower schools ,jewish children are the delight of their teachers for cleverness at their books1 obedience1 and general good conduct2 and the vacation schools1 night schools1 social settlements1 libraries1 bathing places1 parks1 and playgrounds of the ,east ,side are fairly besieged with ,jewish children4 ,jewish boys are especially ambitious to enter professions or go into business4 ,for example1 the head of one of the largest institutions of the ,east ,side tells a story of a long interview with a class of boys in which all spoke of the work they intended to do4 ,law1 medicine1 journalism1 and teaching came first4 ,there were even some who intended to become engineers4 ,a smaller number were going into business1 and not one intended to learn any manual trade4 ,some were going in for music1 and occasionally one is found who intends to make his living by art4 ,but above all1 the young ,jew is ambitious and intends to rise4 ,this is true in all cities4 ,sidenote3 ,worthy ,qualities ,the strong good qualities of the ,jews are absence of the drink evil1 love of home1 desire to preserve the purity of the family1 and remarkable eagerness for self-improvement4 ,they easily adapt themselves to the new environment and assimilate the customs and language of the new country4 ,this leads to the danger of readily falling in with the vices found in the tenement districts--the children showing this in the large numbers of them that appear in the ,juvenile ,court4 ,the remedy is removal1 and this the ,jewish parents seek as soon as they are able4 ,sidenote3 ,good ,citizens1 but ,poor ,americans ,with decent environment and a fair chance1 the ,russian ,jew promises to become a good citizen1 intellectually keen1 commercially shrewd1 professionally bound to shine4 ,but that he will ever1 except in rare instances1 imbibe the real ,american spirit or understand the ,american ideals is a question4 ,at the same time1 the ,jews are believers in the principle of democracy1 and in case of an issue arising on the separation of ,church and ,state1 would be found standing with ,american ,protestantism for the religious liberties of the ,american people4 ,,questions ,,for ,,chapter ,v ,,aim3 ,,to ,,consider ,,the ,,desirability ,,of ,,the ,,slavs ,,as ,,immigrants4 ,i4 ,the ,slavic ,people as a ,whole4 #a4 ,what nationalities are generally included under the term ,slavs8 ,are they numerous in population8 ,are they strictly of one race8 #b4 ,what grounds are there to justify popular prejudice against them8 ,or to show it to be ill founded8 #c4 ,when did they begin to come in large numbers8 #d4 ,where have they largely settled1 and with what results8 ,,ii4 ,racial ,divisions of the ,slavic ,immigrants4 #e4 ,what can you tell about the ,bohemians1 as to their religious history1 political sufferings1 and coming to ,america8 ,what are their conditions here8 ,their accessibility8 ,their location8 #f4 ,tell about the ,poles in the same way4 #g4 ,tell about the ,slovaks in the same way4 #h4 ,tell about the ,magyars in the same way4 #i4 ,who and what are the ,lithuanians8 #aj4 ,who and what are the ,ruthenians8 ,,iii4 ,slavic ,elements of ,strength and ,american ,outlook4 #aa4 ,mention some encouraging features with reference to the above-named and other ,slavs4 #ab4 99 ,if you had been born a ,slav in ,europe1 would you be likely to prefer ,america to ,europe8 ,protestantism to ,roman ,catholicism8 ,the country or the city8 ,,iv4 ,social1 ,moral1 and ,religious ,aspects of the ,jewish and ,slavic ,population4 #ac4 ,how many ,jews are there in ,new ,york ,city8 #ad4 ,what keeps the new arrivals in the larger cities8 #ae4 ,are they religious1 quick to learn1 temperate8 #af4 ,mention some form of ,christian work for ,slavs or ,jews about which you know4 ,,references ,,for ,,advanced ,,study4--,,chapter ,v ,i4 ,further ,study as to ,race ,origin and ,inter-relationship of the ,slavs4 ,warne3 ,the ,slav ,invasion1 ,,iii4 ,mc,lanahan3 ,our ,people of ,foreign ,speech1 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 ,national ,conditions in ,europe which the ,slavs ,seek to ,escape4 ,hall3 ,immigration1 #fj-fe4 ,,iii4 ,social and ,moral ,effects ,produced by the ,slav ,invasion of the ,anthracite ,regions4 ,warne3 ,the ,slav ,invasion1 ,,iv1 ,,vii4 ,,iv4 ,factors in ,slavic ,history and ,conditions ,favoring and ,hindering the ,access of the ,gospel4 ,mc,lanahan3 ,our ,people of ,foreign ,speech1 #cd-eh4 ,charities and ,commons1 issues #aije-jf4 ,v4 ,conditions ,among ,russian ,jews4 ,statements of ,jewish authors as to conditions among ,russian ,jews in their native lands and in ,america4 ,bernheimer3 ,the ,russian ,jew in the ,united ,states1 ,i 7,b71 ,,iv 7,a71 ,,vi 7,a74 ,the city is the nerve center of our civilization4 ,it is also the storm center4 ,the city has a peculiar attraction for the immigrant4 ,here is heaped the social dynamite2 here the dangerous elements are multiplied and concentered4--,josiah ,strong4 ,,vi ,,the ,,foreign ,,peril ,,of ,,the ,,city ,the city is the most difficult and perplexing problem of modern times4--,francis ,lieber4 ,we must save the city if we would save the nation4 ,municipal government and city evangelization together constitute the distinctive problem of the city1 for this generation at least4--,josiah ,strong4 ,talk of ,dante's ,hell1 and all the horrors and cruelties of the torture chamber of the lost6 ,the man who walks with open eyes and bleeding heart through the shambles of our civilization needs no such fantastic images of the poet to teach him horror4--,general ,booth4 ,with the influx of a large foreign population into the great cities1 there have come also foreign customs and institutions1 laxity and license--those phases of evil which are the most insidious foes of the purity and strength of a people4 ,the slums of our large cities are but the stagnant pools of illiteracy1 vice1 pauperism1 and crime1 annually fed by this floodtide of immigration4--,r4 ,m4 ,atchison4 ,you can kill a man with a tenement as easily as with an ax4--,jacob ,riis4 ,our foreign colonies are to a large extent in the cities of our own country4 ,to live in one of these foreign communities is actually to live on foreign soil4 ,the thoughts1 feelings1 and traditions which belong to the mental life of the colony are often entirely alien to an ,american4--,robert ,hunter4 ,the vastness of the problem of the city slum1 and the impossibility1 even with unlimited resources of men and money1 of permanently raising the standards of living of many of our immigrants as long as they are crowded together1 and as long as the stream of newer immigrants pours into these same slums1 has naturally forced itself upon the minds of thinking persons4--,robert ,d4 ,ward4 ,,vi ,,the ,,foreign ,,peril ,,of ,,the ,,city ,i4 ,the ,evils of ,environment ,sidenote3 ,tendency ,toward the ,cities ,as is the city1 so will the nation be4 ,the tendencies all seem to be toward steady concentration in great centers4 ,the evils of congestion do not deter the thronging multitudes4 ,the attractions of the city are irresistible1 even to those who exist in the most wretched conditions4 ,the tenement districts baffle description1 yet nothing is more difficult than to get their miserable occupants to leave their fetid and squalid surroundings for the country4 ,to the immigrants the city is a magnet4 ,here they find colonies of their own people1 and prize companionship more than comfort4 ,folks is more company than stumps1 said an old woman in the slums to ,dr4 ,schauffler4 ,in the great cities the immigrants are massed1 and this constitutes a most perplexing problem4 ,if tens of thousands of foreigners could somehow be gotten out of ,new ,york1 ,boston1 ,chicago1 and other cities1 and be distributed where they are needed and could find work and homes1 immigration would cause far less anxiety4 ,but when the immigrant prefers ,new ,york or ,chicago1 what authority shall remove him to ,louisiana or ,oklahoma8 ,sidenote3 ,perils ,due to ,environment ,the foreigner is in the city2 he will chiefly stay there2 and the question is what can be done to improve his city environment2 for the perils to which we refer are primarily due not to the foreigner himself but to the evil and vice-breeding conditions in which he has to exist4 ,these imperil him and make him a peril in turn4 ,the overcrowded tenements and slums1 the infection of long-entrenched corruption1 the absence of light1 fresh air1 and playgrounds for the children1 the unsanitary conditions and exorbitant rents1 the political heelers teaching civic corruption1 the saloons with their attendant temptations to vice and crime1 the fraudulent naturalization--these work together upon the immigrant1 for his undoing and thus to the detriment of the nation4 ,when we permit such an environment to exist1 and practically force the immigrant into it because we do not want him for a next-door neighbor1 we can hardly condemn him for forming foreign colonies which maintain foreign customs and are impervious to ,american influences4 ,it has too long been the common practice to lay everything to the foreigner4 ,would it not be fairer and more ,christian to distribute the blame1 and assume that part of it which belongs to us4 ,in the study of the facts contained in this chapter1 put yourself persistently in the place of the immigrant1 suddenly introduced into the conditions here pictured1 and ask yourself what you would probably be and become in like circumstances4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,call for ,reform ,how the other half lives is not the only mystery4 ,how little the so-called upper-ten know how the lower-ninety live4 ,and how little you and ,i1 who are fortunate to count ourselves in the next upper-twenty1 perhaps1 know how the under-seventy exist and think and do4 ,if only the more fortunate thirty per cent4 knew of the exact conditions under which a large proportion of men1 women1 and children carry on the pitiful struggle for mere existence1 there would be an irresistible demand for betterment4 ,every ,christian ought to know the wrongs of our civilization1 in order that he may help to right them4 ,this glimpse beneath the surface of the city should stir us out of comfortable complacency and give birth in us to the impulse that leads to settlement and city mission work1 and to civic reform movements4 ,the young men and women of ,america must create a public sentiment that will demolish the slums1 and erect in their places model tenements2 that will tear down the rookeries1 root out the saloons and dens of vice1 and provide the children with playgrounds and breathing space4 ,and this work will be directly in the line of ,americanizing and evangelizing the immigrants1 for they are chiefly the occupants and victims of the tenements and the slums4 ,sidenote3 ,vanishing ,americanism ,new ,york is a city in ,america but is hardly an ,american city4 ,nor is any other of our great cities1 except perhaps ,philadelphia4 ,boston is an ,irish city1 ,chicago is a ,german-,scandinavian-,polish city1 ,saint ,louis is a ,german city1 and ,new ,york is a ,hebrew-,german-,irish-,italian-,bohemia n-,hungarian city--a cosmopolitan race conglomeration4 ,eighteen languages are spoken in a single block4 ,in ,public ,school ,no4 #bi no less than twenty-six nationalities are represented4 ,this indicates the complicated problem4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,jewish ,city ,new ,york is the chief ,jewish capital4 ,of the #gfj1jjj ,jews on ,manhattan1 about #dej1jjj are ,russian1 and they overcrowd the ,east ,side ghetto4 ,in that quarter the signs are in ,hebrew1 the streets are markets1 the shops are ,european1 the men1 women1 and children speak in ,yiddish1 and all faces bear the foreign and ,hebrew mark plainly upon them4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,italian ,city ,go on a little further and you find that you are in ,little ,italy1 quite distinct from ,jewry1 but not less foreign4 ,here the names on the signs are ,italian1 and the atmosphere is redolent with the fumes of ,italy4 ,the hurdy-gurdy vies with the push-cart1 the streets are full of children and women1 and you are as a stranger in a strange land4 ,you would not be in a more distinctively ,italian section if you were by magic transplanted to ,naples or ,genoa4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,foreign ,city ,sidenote3 ,other ,foreign ,cities ,nor is it simply the ,east ,side in lower ,new ,york that is so manifestly foreign4 ,go where you will on ,manhattan ,island and you will see few names on business signs that do not betray their foreign derivation4 ,two out of every three persons you meet will be foreign4 ,you will see the ,italian gangs cleaning the streets1 the ,irish will control the motor of your trolley-car and collect your fares1 the policeman will be ,irish or ,german1 the waiters where you dine will be ,french or ,german1 ,italian or ,english1 the clerks in the vast majority of the shopping places will be foreign1 the people you meet will constantly remind you of the rarity of the native ,american stock4 ,you are ready to believe the statement that there are in ,new ,york more persons of ,german descent than of native descent1 and more ,germans than in any city of ,germany except ,berlin4 ,here are nearly twice as many ,irish as in ,dublin1 about as many ,jews as in ,warsaw1 and more ,italians than in ,naples or ,venice4 ,in government1 in sentiment1 in practice1 as in population 7thirty-seven per cent4 foreign-born and eighty per cent4 of foreign birth or parentage71 the metropolis is predominantly foreign1 and in elections the foreign vote1 shrewdly manipulated for the most part1 controls4 ,nor is this true of ,new ,york alone4 ,in thirty-three of our largest cities the foreign population is larger than the native2 in ,milwaukee and ,fall ,river the foreign percentage rises as high as eighty-five per cent4 ,in all these cities the foreign colonies are as distinct and practically as isolated socially as though they were in ,russia or ,poland1 ,italy or ,hungary4 ,foreign in language1 customs1 habits1 and institutions1 these colonies are separated from each other1 as well as from the ,american population1 by race1 customs1 and religion4 ,sidenote3 ,failure in ,city ,government ,to believe that this makes no particular difference so far as the development of our national life is concerned is to shut one's eyes to obvious facts4 ,as such an impartial and intelligent student of our institutions as ,mr4 ,james ,bryce has pointed out1 the conspicuous failure of democracy in ,america thus far is seen in the bad government of our great cities4 ,and it is in these centers that the mass of the immigrants learn their first and often last lessons of ,american life4 ,sidenote3 ,where the ,newcomers ,first ,go ,the strong tendency of immigrants is to settle in or near the ports of entry4 ,where in the great cities do these newcomers find a dwelling place8 ,what will their first lessons in ,american life be8 ,if we deal largely with ,new ,york1 it is simply because here are the typical conditions and here the larger proportion of arrivals4 ,once admitted at ,ellis ,island1 the alien is free to go where he will2 or rather1 where he can1 for his place of residence is restricted1 after all4 ,if he is an ,italian1 he will naturally and almost of necessity go to one of the ,little ,italies2 if a ,jew1 to the ghetto of the ,east ,side2 if a ,bohemian1 to ,little ,bohemia2 and so on4 ,in other words1 he will go1 naturally and almost inevitably1 to the colonies which tend to perpetuate race customs and prejudices1 and to prevent assimilation4 ,worse yet1 these colonies are in the tenement and slum districts1 the last environment of all conceivable in which this raw material of ,american citizenship should be placed4 ,,ii4 ,tenement-,house ,life ,sidenote3 ,vice-,breeding ,conditions ,to those who have not made personal investigation1 the present conditions1 in spite of laws and efforts to ameliorate the worst evils1 are well nigh unbelievable4 ,the cellar population1 the blind alley population1 the swarming masses in buildings that are little better than rat-traps1 the herding of whole families in single rooms1 in which the miserable beings sleep1 eat1 cook1 and make clothing for contractors1 or cigars that would never go into men's mouths if the men saw where they were made--these things seem almost impossible in a civilized and ,christian land4 ,it is horrible to be obliged to think of the human misery and hopelessness and grind to which hundreds of thousands are subjected in the city of ,new ,york day in and out1 without rest or change4 ,it is no wonder that criminals and degenerates come from these districts2 it is a marvel1 rather1 that so few result1 and that so much of human kindness and goodness exists in spite of crushing conditions4 ,there is a bright as well as dark side even to the most disgraceful districts2 but there is no denying that the dark vastly predominates1 and that the struggle for righteousness is too hard for the average human being4 ,nearly everything is against the peasant immigrant thrust into the throng which has no welcome for him1 no decent room1 and yet from which he has little chance to get away4 ,he is commonly cleaner morally when he lands than after six months of the life here4 ,why should he not be8 ,what has ,american ,christianity done to safeguard or help him8 ,sidenote3 ,immigrants ,not ,responsible ,the existence of the tenement-house evils1 it must be borne in mind1 is chargeable primarily to the owner and landlord1 not to the foreign occupant4 ,the landlords are especially to blame for the ill consequences4 ,the immigrant cannot dictate terms or conditions4 ,he has to go where he can4 ,the prices charged for rent are exorbitant1 and should secure decency and healthful quarters4 ,no property is so remunerative4 ,this rent money is literally blood money in thousands of instances1 and yet every effort to improve things is bitterly fought4 ,why should not socialism and anarchism grow in such environment8 ,of course many of the immigrants are familiar with poor surroundings and do not apparently object to dirt and crowding4 ,but that does not make these conditions less perilous to ,american life4 ,self-respect has a hard struggle for survival in these sections1 and if the immigrant does not possess or loses that1 he is of the undesirable class4 ,mr4 ,robert ,hunter makes the statement that no other city in the world has so many dark and windowless rooms1 or so many persons crowded on the acre1 or so many families deprived of light and air as ,new ,york4 ,he says there are #cfj1jjj dark rooms in ,greater ,new ,york4 ,and these are almost entirely occupied by the foreigners4 ,but unsanitary conditions prevail also in all the cities1 large and small1 and especially in the mine and mill and factory towns1 wherever large masses of the poorest workers live4 ,sidenote3 ,legal ,remedies ,possible ,concerning possible legislation to correct these city evils of environment1 ,mr4 ,sargent says3 ,so far as the overcrowding in city tenements is concerned1 municipal ordinances in our large cities prescribing the amount of space which rapacious landlords should1 under penalties sufficiently heavy to enforce obedience1 be required to give each tenant1 would go far toward attaining the object in view4 ,whether such a plan could be brought into existence through the efforts of our general government1 or whether the ,congress could itself legislate directly1 upon sanitary and moral grounds1 against the notorious practice of housing aliens with less regard for health and comfort than is shown in placing brute animals in pens1 the ,bureau is unprepared to say4 ,sidenote3 ,demands ,immediate ,remedy ,it is1 however1 convinced that no feature of the immigration question so insistently demands public attention and effective action4 ,the evil to be removed is one that is steadily and rapidly on the increase1 and its removal will strike at the root of fraudulent elections1 poverty1 disease1 and crime in our large cities1 and on the other hand largely supply that increasing demand for labor to develop the natural resources of our country4#ga ,sidenote3 ,little ,italy ,not to draw the picture all in the darker shades1 let us look at the best type of ,italian tenement life4 ,we are not left to guesswork in the matter4 ,settlement workers and students of social questions are actually living in the tenement and slum sections1 so as to know by experience and not hearsay4 ,one of these investigators1 ,mrs4 ,lillian ,w4 ,betts1 author of two enlightening books1#gb has lived for a year in one of the most crowded tenements in one of the most densely populated sections of the ,italian quarter4 ,we condense some of her statements1 which reveal the foreign life of to-day in ,new ,york's ,little ,italy1 with its #djj1jjj souls4 ,sidenote3 ,immigrant ,isolation ,a year's residence in an ,italian tenement taught me first of all the isolation of a foreign quarter2 how completely cut off one may be from everything that makes ,new ,york ,new ,york4 ,the necessities of life can be bought without leaving the square that is your home4 ,after a little it occasioned no surprise to meet grandparents whose own children were born in ,new ,york1 who had never crossed to the east side of the ,bowery1 never seen ,broadway1 nor ever been south of ,houston ,street4 ,there was no reason why they should go4 ,every interest in their life centered within four blocks4 ,i went with a neighbor to ,saint ,vincent's ,hospital1 where her husband had been taken4 ,i had to hold her hand in the cars1 she was so terrified4 ,she had lived sixteen years in this ward and never been on a street-car before4 ,of a family of five sons and two daughters1 besides the parents1 in this country fifteen years1 none spoke ,english but the youngest1 born here1 and she indifferently4 ,little ,italy was all of ,america they knew1 and of curiosity they had none4 ,sidenote3 ,children ,american in ,spirit ,the house in which we lived was built for twenty-eight families and occupied by fifty-six4 ,one man who had been in the country twenty-eight years could not speak or understand a word of ,english4 ,nothing but compulsion made his children use ,italian1 and the result was pathetic4 ,the eldest child was an enthusiastic ,american1 and the two civilizations were always at war4 ,this boy knew more of ,american history1 its heroes and poetry1 than anyone of his age ,i ever met4 ,this boy had never been five blocks from the house in which we lived4 ,he removed his hat and shoes when he went to bed in winter2 in summer he took off his coat4 ,a brother and two sisters shared the folding bed with him4 ,his father hired the three rooms and sublet to a man with a wife and three children4 ,the women quarreled all the time1 but worked in the same room1 finishing trousers and earning about forty-five cents a day each4 ,sidenote3 ,evils of ,overcrowding ,how do they live8 ,one widow1 with three in her own family1 took nine men boarders in her three rooms4 ,a nephew and his wife also kept house there1 the rent being #ah a month4 ,another neighbor1 whose family consisted of four adults and two children1 had seven lodgers or boarders at one time4 ,these men owned mattresses1 rolled up by day1 spread on the floor at night4 ,one of them had a bride coming from ,italy4 ,two men with their mattresses were ejected and space made for the ornate brass and green bedstead4 ,the wedding was the occasion of great rejoicing4 ,next day the bride was put to work sewing 'pants4' ,at the end of a month ,i found she had not left those rooms from the moment she entered them1 and that she worked1 ,sundays included1 fourteen hours a day4 ,she was a mere child1 at that4 ,the ,italian woman is not a good housekeeper1 but she is a homemaker2 she does not fret2 dirt1 disorder1 noise1 company1 never disturb her4 ,she must share everything with those about her4 ,she cooks one meal a day and that at night4 ,pot or pan may be placed in the middle of the table and each may help himself from it1 but the food is what her husband wants4 ,sidenote3 ,family ,cooeperation ,together they will wash the dishes or he will take the baby out4 ,the mother1 who has sewed all day1 will wash till midnight1 while the husband sits dozing1 smoking1 talking4 ,but he hangs out the clothes4 ,they work together1 these ,italian husbands and wives4 ,their wants are the barren necessaries of life2 shelter1 food1 clothing to cover nakedness4 ,the children's clothes are washed when they go to bed4 ,life is reduced to its lowest terms4 ,they can move as silently as do the ,arabs and do so in the night watches4 ,but they are rarely penniless2 they have a little fund always in the bank4 ,they put their young children in institutions from weaning-time until they are old enough to work1 then bring them home to swell the family income4 ,recently a father1 whose children had thus been cared for by the state1 bought a three-story tenement4 ,this is typical thrift4 ,there was never a day when all the children of school age were in school4 ,school was a prison house to most of them4 ,there was not room for them1 even if they wanted to go4 ,sidenote3 ,city ,neglect ,the streets in which the ,italians live are the most neglected4 ,it is claimed that cleanliness is impossible where the ,italian lives4 ,the truth is that preparation for cleanliness in our foreign colonies is wholly inadequate4 ,the police despise the ,italian except for his voting power4 ,he feels the contempt1 but with the wisdom of his race he keeps his crimes foreign1 and defies this department more successfully than the public generally knows4 ,he is a peaceable citizen in spite of the peculiar race crimes which startle the public4 ,the criminals are as one to a thousand of these people4 ,on ,sundays watch these colonies4 ,the streets are literally packed with crowds from house line to house line1 as far as the eye can see1 but not a policeman in sight1 nor occasion for one4 ,laughter1 song1 discussion1 exchange of epithet1 but no disturbance4 ,they mind their own business as no other nation1 and carry it to the point of crime when they protect the criminal4#gc ,sidenote3 ,possibilities of ,uplifting ,this is testimony directly from life and has especial value4 ,it reveals the difficulties1 and at the same time the possibilities1 of reaching and ,americanizing these immigrants1 who are better than their surroundings1 and promising if properly cared for4 ,sidenote3 ,sources of ,degradation ,the impression that steadily deepens with observation and study is that of the evil and degrading surroundings4 ,not only are there the evil moral influences of overcrowding1 but also the contact with elements of population already deteriorated by a generation of tenement house life4 ,the fresh arrivals are thrown into contact with the corrupt remnants of ,irish immigration which now make up the beggars1 drunkards1 thugs1 and thieves of those quarters4 ,the results can easily be predicted4 ,the ,italian laboring population is temperate when it comes to this country2 but under the evil conditions and influences of the tenement district disorderly resorts have been opened1 and drinking and other vices are spreading4 ,the ,hebrews show tendencies to vices from which formerly they were free4 ,the law does not protect these immigrants1 and it is charged that the city permits every kind of inducement for the extension of immorality1 drunkenness1 and crime4 ,thus the immigrant is likely to deteriorate and degenerate in the process of ,americanization1 instead of becoming better in this new world4 ,he has indeed little chance4 ,if he does not become a pauper or criminal or drunkard1 it will be because he is superior to his environment4 ,,iii4 ,the ,sweat-shop ,peril ,sidenote3 ,an ,awful ,peril ,an immigrant peril is the sweat-shop labor which this class performs4 ,sweating is the system of sub-contract wherein the work is let out to contractors to be done in small shops or at home4 ,according to the ,illinois ,bureau of ,labor ,statistics1 in practice sweating consists of the farming out by competing manufacturers to competing contractors of the material for garments1 which in turn is distributed among competing men and women to be made up4 ,this system is opposed to the factory system1 where the manufacturer employs his own workmen1 sees the goods made1 and knows the conditions4 ,the sweating system is one of the iniquities of commercial greed1 and the helpless foreigner of certain classes is its victim4 ,the contractor or sweater in our cities is an organizer and employer of immigrants4 ,his success depends upon getting the cheapest help1 and life is of no account to him1 nor apparently to the man above him4 ,the clothing may be made in foul and damp and consumption or fever-infested cellars and tenement-styes1 by men1 women and children sick or uncleanly1 but the only care of the sweater is that it be made cheaply and thus his returns be secured4 ,it is a standing reproach to our ,christian civilization that the sweating system and the slums are still existing sores in ,american centers of population4 ,so far the law has been unable to control or check greed1 and the plague spots grow worse4 ,here is a typical case1 taken from the report of the ,industrial ,commission3 ,sidenote3 ,a ,striking ,example ,a ,polish ,jew in ,chicago1 at a time when very few of the ,poles were tailors1 opened a shop in a ,polish neighborhood4 ,he lost money during the time he was teaching the people the trade1 but finally was a gainer4 ,before he opened the shop he studied the neighborhood2 he found the very poorest quarters where most of the immigrant ,poles lived4 ,he took no one to work except the newly arrived ,polish women and girls4 ,the more helpless and dependent they were1 the more sure of getting work from him4 ,in speaking about his plans he said3 ',it will take these girls years to learn ,english and to learn how to go about and find work4 ,in that way ,i will be able to get their labor very cheap4' ,his theory turned out to be practical4 ,he has since built several tenement-houses4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,foreign ,importation ,the cheap tailor business is divided among the ,italians1 ,russians1 ,poles1 and ,swedes1 ,germans and ,bohemians4 ,the women and children are made to work1 and hours are not carefully counted4 ,long work1 poor food1 poor light1 foul air1 bad sanitation--all make this kind of life far worse than any life which the immigrants knew in ,europe4 ,better physical starvation there than the mental and spiritual blight of these modern conditions here4 ,that so much of hopeful humanity is found in these unwholesome and congested wards proves the quality worth saving and elevating4 ,sidenote3 ,story of a ,sweat-shop ,girl ,here is an illustration of the resolute spirit which conditions cannot crush4 ,a young ,polish girl was brought by her widowed mother to ,america1 in hope of bettering their condition4 ,the mother died soon afterward1 leaving the orphan dependent4 ,then came the disappointments1 one after another1 and finally1 the almost inevitable result in such cases1 the fall into the slums and the sweat-shops4 ,by hard work six days in the week1 fourteen or more hours a day1 this girl of tender age could make #d a week6 ,she had to get up at half past five every morning and make herself a cup of coffee1 which with a bit of bread and sometimes fruit made her breakfast4 ,listen to her story3 ,sidenote3 ,her ,own ,story ,the machines go like mad all day1 because the faster you work the more money you get4 ,sometimes in my haste the finger gets caught and the needle goes right through it4 ,we all have accidents like that4 ,sometimes a finger has to come off4444 ,for the last two winters ,i have been going to night school4 ,i have learned reading1 writing1 and arithmetic4 ,i can read quite well in ,english now1 and ,i look at the newspapers every day4 ,i am going back to night school again this winter4 ,some of the women in my class are more than forty years of age4 ,like me1 they did not have a chance to learn anything in the old country4 ,it is good to have an education2 it makes you feel higher4 ,ignorant people are all low4 ,people say now that ,i am clever and fine in conversation4 ,there is a little expense for charity1 too4 ,if any worker is injured or sick we all give money to help4#gd ,sidenote3 ,possibilities ,surely this is good material4 ,a changed and ,christian environment would make shining lights out of these poor immigrants1 who are kept in the subways of ,american life1 instead of being given a fair chance out in the open air and sunlight of decently paid service4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,foreign ,system ,practically all of the work in tenements is carried on by foreign-born men and women1 and more than that1 by the latest arrivals and the lowest conditioned of the foreign-born4 ,tenement-house legislation has been practically forced upon ,new ,york1 ,massachusetts1 and ,pennsylvania1 whose ports of entry receive the first impact of immigration1 by two of the races that have been crowding into the cities--the ,italian and ,hebrew4 ,the ,italian woman1 working in her close tenement1 has by her cheap labor almost driven out all other nationalities from that class of work still done in the home1 the hand sewing on coats and trousers4 ,of the #bj1jjj licenses granted by the ,new ,york factory inspector for home finishing in ,new ,york ,city1 ninety-five per cent4 are held by ,italians4 ,this work has to be done because the husband is not making enough to support the family4 ,these men work mostly as street laborers1 hucksters1 and peddlers4 ,to make both ends meet not only the wife but children have to work4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,typical ,case ,here is a typical case of this class of worker and the earnings1 from an inspector's note-book3 ,antonia ,scarafino1 #bce ,mulberry ,street2 finisher2 gets five cents per pair pants1 bastes bottoms1 puts linings on2 one hour to make2 two years at this business2 four in this country2 married1 with baby2 sister works with her2 can both together make #d per week2 husband peddles fish and makes only #a to #b a week2 got married here2 two rooms1 #h4ej rent2 kitchen #aj x #ab2 bedroom #h x #aj2 gets all the work she wants4 ,no sunlight falls into her squalid rooms1 and there is no stopping1 from early morning till late at night4 ,,iv4 ,three ,constant ,perils ,sidenote3 ,the ,naturalization ,evil ,illegal and fraudulent naturalization is another evil to which the foreigner in the city becomes a party1 although the blame belongs chiefly to the ward politicians who make him a particeps criminis4 ,the recognized managers of the foreign vote of various nationalities--almost always saloonkeepers--hold citizenship cheap1 perjury undiscovered as good as truth1 and every vote a clear gain for the party and themselves4 ,so the naturalization mills are kept running night and day preceding a national or municipal election4 ,describing this process1 ex-,united ,states ,senator ,chandler says that in ,new ,york during a single month just before election about seven thousand naturalization papers were issued1 nearly all by one judge1 who examined each applicant and witnesses to his satisfaction1 and signed his orders at the rate of two per minute1 and as many as #fah in one day4 ,many classes of frauds were committed4 ,witnesses were professional perjurers1 each swearing in hundreds of cases1 testifying to a five years' residence when they had first met the applicants only a few hours before4 ,during the past year some of these professional perjurers and political manipulators were tried and sent to the penitentiary2 but the frauds will go on4 ,here is an illustration3 ,sidenote3 ,making ,citizens ,patrick ,hefferman1 of a given street in ,new ,york1 was twenty-one years old ,september #b1 #ahia1 and came to this country ,august #a1 #ahhh4 ,he was naturalized ,october #bj1 #ahia4 ,on that day he was introduced by ,thomas ,keeler to a stranger1 who went with him to court and signed a paper2 they both went before the judge1 who asked the stranger something4 ,hefferman signed nothing1 said nothing1 but kissed a book and came out a citizen1 having taken no oath except that of renunciation and allegiance4 ,sidenote3 ,fraud ,abundant ,thus are the sacred rights of citizenship obtained by thousands upon thousands1 not in ,new ,york alone1 but in all our cities4 ,more than that1 fraudulent use is freely made of naturalization papers4 ,the ,italian immigrant1 for example1 finds his vote is wanted1 and obtains a false paper4 ,he returns to ,italy to spend his earnings1 and there is offered a sum of money for the use of his papers4 ,these are given to an emigrant who probably could not pass the examination at ,ellis ,island1 but who as a naturalized citizen1 if he is not detected in the fraud1 cannot be shut out4 ,then he sends the papers back to ,italy4 ,it is admitted that there is a regular traffic in naturalization papers4 ,in every way the alien is put on the wrong track1 and his ,american experiences are such as would naturally make him lawless and criminal rather than a good citizen4 ,he needs nothing more than protection against corrupting and venal agencies1 which find their origin in politics and the saloon4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,saloon and the ,immigrant ,the foreign element furnishes the saloons with victims4 ,in his graphic book describing tenement life in ,new ,york ,mr4 ,riis shows the rapid multiplication of the saloons in the slums where the foreigners are crowded into tenements1 nine per cent4 more densely packed than the most densely populated districts of ,london4 ,in the chapter1 ,the ,reign of ,rum1#ge he says3 ,sidenote3 ,testimony of ,riis ',where ,god builds a church the devil builds next door a saloon' is an old saying that has lost its point in ,new ,york4 ,either the devil was on the ground first1 or he has been doing a good deal more in the way of building4 ,i tried once to find out how the account stood1 and counted to #aaa ,protestant churches1 chapels1 and places of worship of every kind below ,fourteenth ,street1 #d1jfe saloons4 ,the worst half of the tenement population lives down there1 and it has to this day the worst half of the saloons4 ,up town the account stands a little better1 but there are easily ten saloons to every church to-day4 ,sidenote3 ,hunting for an ,american ,as to the motley character of the tenement population1 when ,i asked the agent of a notorious ,fourth ,ward alley how many people might be living in it1 ,i was told3 ,one hundred and forty families--one hundred ,irish1 thirty-eight ,italian1 and two that spoke the ,german tongue4 ,barring the agent herself1 there was not a native-born individual in the court4 ,the answer was characteristic of the cosmopolitan character of lower ,new ,york1 very nearly so of the whole of it1 wherever it runs to alleys and courts4 ,one may find for the asking an ,italian1 ,german1 ,french1 ,african1 ,spanish1 ,bohemian1 ,russian1 ,scandinavian1 ,jewish1 and ,chinese colony4 ,the one thing you shall ask for in vain in the chief city of ,america is a distinctively ,american community4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,peril of ,poverty ,the immigrant is nearly always poor1 and is thrust into the poverty of the city4 ,we must distinguish between pauperism and poverty4 ,as ,mr4 ,hunter points out1 in his stirring chapter on this subject1#gf pauperism is dependence without shame1 poverty is to live miserable we know not why1 to have the dread of hunger1 to work sore and yet gain nothing4 ,fear of pauperism1 of the necessity of accepting charity1 drives the self-respecting poor insane and to suicide4 ,it is to be said that the majority of the immigrants are not paupers1 but self-respecting poor4 ,moreover1 the new immigration is not nearly so ready to accept pauperism as are the ,irish1 who make up the largest percentage of this class1 as already shown4 ,but the poor immigrants are compelled1 by circumstances1 to come in contact with1 if not to dwell directly among this pauper element1 lost to sense of degradation4 ,the paupers make up the slums4 ,and because the rents are cheaper in the miserable old rookeries that still defy public decency1 the ,italians especially crowd into these pestilential quarters1 which are the hotbeds of disease1 physical and moral filth1 drunkenness1 and crime4 ,thus pauperism and poverty dwell too closely together4 ,sidenote3 ,some ,causes of ,poverty ,upon the unskilled masses the weight of want is constantly pressing4 ,unemployment1 sickness1 the least stoppage of the scant income1 means distress4 ,it is estimated that in our country not less than #d1jjj1jjj persons are dependents or paupers1 and not less than #aj1jjj1jjj are in poverty4 ,this means that they cannot earn enough regularly to maintain the standard of life that means the highest efficiency1 and that at some time they are liable to need aid4 ,mr4 ,riis has shown that about one third of the people of ,new ,york ,city were dependent upon charity at some time during the eight years previous to #ahij4 ,the report of the ,united ,hebrew ,charities for #aija shows similar conditions existing among the ,jewish population of ,new ,york4 ,pauperism is a peril1 and poverty is a source of apathy and despair4 ,the unskilled immigrant tends to increase the poverty by creating a surplus of cheap labor1 and also falls under the blight of the evil he increases4 ,sidenote3 ,pauperism and ,immigration ,treating of this subject1 the ,charities ,association of ,boston reports that it is hopeless to attempt to relieve pauperism so long as its ranks are increased by the great hosts coming into the country1 with only a few dollars to depend upon1 and no certain work4 ,the statistics of the public almshouses show that the proportion of foreign-born is greatly in excess of the native-born4 ,the pathetic feature of this condition is that what is wanted is not charity but employment at living wages4 ,greatly is it to the credit of the immigrants from southeastern ,europe that they are eager for work and reluctant to accept charity4 ,the danger is that1 if allowed to come and then left without opportunity to work1 they will of necessity fall into the careless1 shiftless1 vicious class1 already so large and dangerous4 ,sidenote3 ,peril of the ,great ,white ,plague ,the immigrants in the city tenements are especially exposed to consumption1 that ,great ,white ,plague which yearly kills its tens of thousands4 ,in ,new ,york ,city alone ten thousand die annually of tuberculosis2 and this is the result largely of tenement conditions4 ,statisticians estimate that the annual money loss in the ,united ,states from tuberculosis1 counting the cost of nursing1 food1 medicines1 and attendance1 as well as the loss of productive labor1 is #ccj1jjj1jjj4 ,mr4 ,hunter instances a case where an entire family was wiped out by this disease within two years and a half4 ,in spite of his efforts to get the father1 who was the first one infected with the disease1 to go to a hospital1 he refused1 saying that as he had to die1 he was going to die with his family4 ,the ,health ,board said it had no authority forcibly to compel the man to go to a hospital2 and the result was that the whole family died with him4 ,this plague is the result of our weakness1 our ignorance1 our selfishness1 and our vices2 there is no need of its existence1 and it is the duty of the state to stamp it out4 ,that is ,mr4 ,hunter's conclusion1 with which we heartily agree4 ,v4 ,the ,cry of the ,children ,sidenote3 ,peril of ,child ,neglect ,another peril of the city1 and of the entire country as well1 that comes through the foreigners is child neglect and labor2 which means illiteracy1 stunted body and mind1 and often wreckage of life4 ,every foreign neighborhood is full of children1 and sad enough is the average child of poverty4 ,what makes the tenement district of the great city so terrible to you as you go into it is the sight of the throngs of children1 who know little of home as you know it1 have irregular and scanty meals1 and surroundings of intemperance1 dirt1 foul atmosphere and speech1 disease and vice4 ,no wonder the police in these districts say that their worst trouble arises from the boys and the gangs of young toughs4 ,there is every reason for this unwholesome product4 ,mr4 ,hunter says there are not less than half a million children in ,greater ,new ,york whose only playground is the street4 ,result1 the street gang2 and this gang is the really vital influence in the life of most boys in the large cities4 ,it is this life1 which develops1 as ,mr4 ,riis says1 dislike of regular work1 physical incapability of sustained effort1 gambling propensities1 absence of energy1 and carelessness of the happiness of others4 ,the great homeless1 yardless tenement1 where the children of the immigrants are condemned to live1 is the nursery of sickness and crime4 ,the child is left for good influence to the school1 the settlement1 or the mission4 ,for the enormous amount of juvenile crime in the city1 which it requires a special court to deal with1 the conditions are more responsible than the children1 or even than the parents1 who are unable to maintain home life1 and who1 through the pinch of poverty or the impulse of avarice1 give over the education of the children to school or street4 ,here is a picture of the life on its darker side3 ,sidenote3 ,street ,life of ,children ,crowded in the tenements where the bedrooms are small and often dark1 where the living room is also a kitchen1 a laundry1 and often a garment-making shop1 are the growing children whose bodies cry out for exercise and play4 ,they are often an irritant to the busy mother1 and likely as not the object of her carping and scolding4 ,the teeming tenements open their doors1 and out into the dark passageways and courts1 through foul alleys and over broken sidewalks1 flow ever renewed streams of playing children4 ,under the feet of passing horses1 under the wheels of passing street-cars1 jostled about by the pedestrian1 driven on by the policeman1 they annoy everyone4 ,they crowd about the music or drunken brawls in the saloons1 they play hide-and-seek about the garbage boxes1 they shoot 'craps' in the alleys1 they seek always and everywhere activity1 movement1 life4#gg ,sidenote3 ,imprisoned ,childhood ,but worse than this picture is that of childhood in the sweat-shop1 the factory1 the mine1 and other places of employment4 ,mr4 ,hunter has written a chapter on ,the ,child#gh that should be studied by every lover of humanity4 ,its facts ring out a clarion call for reform4 ,this touches our subject most closely because1 as he says1 ,these evils of child life are doubly dangerous and serious because the mass of people in poverty in our cities are immigrants4 ,the children of immigrants are a remarkable race of little ones4 ,sidenote3 ,happy ,childhood ,indeed they are1 and they give you the bright side of the picture1 in spite of all the evil conditions in which they live4 ,the present writer stood recently opposite the entrance to a public school in the congested ,east ,side1 where not one of all the thousand or more of scholars was of native stock4 ,as the crowds of little girls poured out at noontime their faces made a fascinating study4 ,the conspicuous thing about them was the smile and fun and brightness4 ,the dress was of every description1 and one of the merriest-faced of all had on one shoe and one rubber in place of the second shoe2 but from the faces you would never suspect into what kind of places these children were about to go for all they know of home4 ,the hope lies in the children1 and the schools are their great blessing and outlet1 even if as ,mrs4 ,betts says1 many of them of certain classes do not think so4 ,mr4 ,hunter says3 ,sidenote3 ,what ,kind of ,americans8 ,they are to become ,americans1 and through them1 more than through any other agency1 their own parents are being led into a knowledge of ,american ways and customs4 ,all the statistics available prove that vice and crime are far more common among the children of immigrants than among the children of native parentage1 and this is due no less to the yardless tenement and street playground than to widespread poverty4 ,in a mass of cases the father and mother both work in that feverish1 restless way of the new arrival1 ambitious to get ahead4 ,to overcome poverty they must neglect their children4 ,turned out of the small tenement into the street1 the child learns the street4 ,nothing escapes his sharp eyes1 and almost in the briefest conceivable time1 he is an ,american ready to make his way by every known means1 good and bad4 ,to the child everything ,american is good and right4 ,there comes a time when the parents cannot guide him or instruct him2 he knows more than they2 he looks upon their advice as of no value4 ,if ever there was a self-made man1 that man is the son of the immigrant4 ,but the street and the street gang have a great responsibility2 they are making the children of a hundred various languages from every part of the world into ,american citizens4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,plain ,duty ,how long will ,american ,christianity allow this process of degeneracy to go on1 before realizing the peril of it1 and providing the counteracting agencies of good8 ,that is the question the young people ought to consider and help answer4 ,sidenote3 ,child ,labor ,but far worse than all else1 the nation is engaged in a traffic for the labor of children4 ,in this country over #a1gjj1jjj children under fifteen are compelled to work in the factories1 mines1 workshops1 and fields4 ,these figures may mean little1 for as ,margaret ,mc,millan has said1 ,you cannot put tired eyes1 pallid cheeks1 and languid little limbs into statistics4 ,but we believe that if our ,christian people could be brought for one moment to realize what the inhumanity of this child labor is1 there would be such an avalanche of public opinion as would put a stop to it4 ,this evil is a new one in ,america1 begotten of greed for money4 ,this greed is shared jointly by the capitalist employer and the parents1 but the greater responsibility rests upon the former1 who creates the possibility and fosters the evil4 ,sidenote3 ,alien ,victims ,the immigrants furnish the parents willing to sell their children into child slavery in the factory1 or the worse mill or mine--prisons all1 and for the innocent4 ,into these prisons gather tens of thousands of children1 strong and happy1 or weak1 underfed1 and miserable4 ,stop their play once for all1 and put them out to labor for so many cents a day or night1 and pace them with a tireless1 lifeless piece of mechanism1 for ten or twelve hours at a stretch1 and you will have a present-day picture of child labor4 ,but there is yet one thing which must be added to the picture4 ,give the child-slave worker a tenement for a home in the filthy streets of an ordinary factory city1 with open spaces covered with tin cans1 bottles1 old shoes1 garbage1 and other waste1 the gutters running sewers1 and the air foul with odors and black with factory smoke1 and the picture is fairly complete4 ,it is a dark picture1 but hardly so dark as the reality1 and if one were to describe back of the yards in ,chicago1 or certain mill towns or mining districts1 the picture would be even darker than the one given4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,shame of the ,century ,think of it1 young people of ,christian ,america6 ,in the twentieth century1 in the country we like to think the most enlightened in the world1 after all our boasted advancements in civilization1 child slavery--more pitiful in some respects than ,african slavery ever was--has its grip on the nation's childhood4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,appalling ,record ,the record is amazing to one who has never thought about this subject4 ,easily a hundred thousand children at work in ,new ,york1 in all sorts of employments unsuitable and injurious4 ,try to realize these totals1 taken from ,mr4 ,hunter1 of children under fifteen1 compelled to work in employments generally recognized as injurious3 ,over #g1jjj in this country in laundries2 nearly #b1jjj in bakeshops2 #cfg in saloons as bartenders and other ways2 over #ach1jjj at work as waiters and servants in hotels and restaurants1 with long hours and conditions morally bad2 #db1jjj employed as messengers1 with work hours often unlimited and temptations leading to immorality and vice2 #bj1jjj in stores2 #b1ejj on the railroads2 over #bd1jjj in mines and quarries2 over #e1jjj in glass factories2 about #aj1jjj in sawmills and the wood-working industries2 over #g1ejj in iron and steel mills2 over #aa1jjj in cigar and tobacco factories2 and over #hj1jjj in the silk and cotton and other textile mills4 ,sidenote3 ,soul ,murder for ,money ,now1 all of these industries are physically injurious to childhood4 ,but more than this1 schooling has been made impossible1 and immorality1 disease1 and death reap a rich harvest from this seed-sowing4 ,and why are these helpless children thus engaged and enslaved1 stunted1 crippled1 and corrupted1 deprived of education and a fair chance in life8 ,simply because their labor is cheap4 ,mr4 ,hunter speaks none too strongly when he calls this murder1 cannibalism1 destruction of soul and body4 ,and it is the children of the immigrants who are thus sacrificed to ,mammon1 the pitiless god of greed4 ,shall our ,christian young people have no voice in righting this wrong8 ,within a generation they can put an end to it1 if they will4 ,here is home missionary work at hand1 calling for highest endeavors4 ,,questions ,,for ,,chapter ,,vi ,,aim3 ,,to ,,see ,,clearly ,,the ,,dangers ,,arising ,,from ,,congestion ,,of ,,foreigners ,,in ,,our ,,cities1 ,,and ,,the ,,best ,,ways ,,of ,,guarding ,,against ,,them ,i4 ,foreigners in ,cities4 #a4 ,what are the chief causes of the following3 7#a7 the rapid growth of great cities2 7#b7 the existence of slums2 7#c7 the settling of immigrants in colonies8 #b4 ,is your knowledge of the lives of the poor sufficient to move you to work for their redemption8 ,are any of those persons1 about whom we have studied1 your neighbors8 #c4 ,is the prevailing tone of ,new ,york and other cities ,american or ,foreign8 ,give illustrations4 #d4 ,what is the prevailing tone in city government8 ,is there any connection between the answers of these last two questions8 ,,ii4 ,tenement-,house ,evils4 #e4 ,where do most of the foreigners settle first in the ,united ,states8 ,of what races is the mass chiefly composed8 #f4 ,describe the conditions under which they live4 ,do they find them so or make them so8 #g4 ,what remedies can be applied to tenement-house conditions8 ,what do the workers among them think of the needs and prospects8 #h4 ,what can be done toward improvement by the family8 the school8 the city government8 ,,iii4 ,prevalent ,abuses4 #i4 ,do the slum conditions tend to contaminate new arrivals8 ,do they actually deteriorate8 #aj4 ,what is the worst industrial feature of the tenement-house districts8 ,describe its workings4 ,tell of some typical sweat-shop workers4 #aa4 ,what political evils flourish in the congested districts8 #ab4 ,what moral and social evils flourish in the congested districts8 ,,iv4 ,effects upon the ,poor and the ,children4 #ac4 ,what relation does immigration hold to pauperism and poverty8 ,to conditions of health8 #ad4 ,name some of the principal authorities for the preceding answers8 ,how would you answer those who disputed their statements8 #ae4 ,can you give any facts as to child labor8 ,what do you think of the policy of employing children8 #af4 99 ,does this chapter convince you that ,christians have a duty in these matters1 and if so1 what is it8 ,,references ,,for ,,advanced ,,study4--,,chapter ,,vi ,i4 ,new ,york ,slums and ,foreign ,quarters4 ,study especially the ,ghetto1 ,little ,italy1 ,little ,hungary1 et al4 and find out whether similar conditions exist in cities of your section4 ,for ,new ,york1 consult ,university ,settlement ,studies1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,nos4 #c and #d4 ,riis3 ,how the ,other ,half ,lives1 ,x1 ,,xii4 ,for ,chicago1 consult ,hull ,house ,papers4 ,for ,boston1 consult ,wood3 ,americans in ,process1 ,,iii1 ,,iv4 ,,ii4 ,measures for ,relief of ,slum ,population4 ,riis3 ,the ,battle ,with the ,slum1 ,v-,,xv4 ,riis3 ,how the ,other ,half ,lives1 ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,xxiv4 ,,iii4 ,connection between a ,dense ,foreign ,population and ,corruption in ,politics4 ,wood3 ,americans in ,process1 ,,vi4 ,,iv4 ,checks ,put upon ,industrial ,oppression and ,poverty4 ,riis3 ,the ,peril and the ,preservation of the ,home4 ,v4 ,problems of ,poverty and ,childhood as ,affected by ,immigration4 ,hunter3 ,poverty1 ,i1 ,v1 ,,vi4 ,riis3 ,how the ,other ,half ,lives1 ,,xv1 ,,xvii1 ,,xxi4 ,to make us love our country1 our country ought to be lovely1 said ,burke4 ,if there is to be patriotism1 it must be a matter of pride to say1 ,americanus sum--,i am an ,american4--,professor ,mayo-,smith4 ,,vii ,,immigration ,,and ,,the ,,national ,,character ,if that man who careth not for his own household is worse than an infidel1 the nation which permits its institutions to be endangered by any cause that can fairly be removed1 is guilty1 not less in ,christian than in natural law4 ,charity begins at home2 and while the people of the ,united ,states have gladly offered an asylum to millions upon millions of the distressed and unfortunate of other lands and climes1 they have no right to carry their hospitality one step beyond the line where ,american institutions1 the ,american rate of wages1 the ,american standard of living are brought into serious peril4 ,our highest duty to charity and to humanity is to make this great experiment here1 of free laws and educated labor1 the most triumphant success that can possibly be attained4 ,in this way we shall do far more for ,europe than by allowing its slums and its vast stagnant reservoirs of degraded peasantry to be drained off upon our soil4--,general ,francis ,a4 ,walker4 ,if the hope which this country holds out to the human race of permanent and stable government is to be impaired by the enormous and unregulated inroad of poverty and ignorance1 which changed conditions of transportation have brought upon us1 then for the sake of ,europe1 as well as for the sake of ,america1 the coming of these people should be checked and regulated until we can handle the problems that are already facing us4--,phillips ,brooks4 ,there are certain fundamentals in every system1 to destroy which destroys the system itself4 ,our institutions have grown up with us and are adapted to our national character and needs4 ,to change them at the demand of agitators knowing nothing of that character and those needs would be absurd and destructive4--,professor ,mayo-,smith4 ,,vii ,,immigration ,,and ,,the ,,national ,,character ,i4 ,two ,points of ,view ,sidenote3 ,the ,larger ,race ,problem ,immigration is a radically different problem from that of slavery1 but not less vital to the ,republic4 ,it is a marvelous opportunity for a ,christian nation1 awake2 but an unarmed invasion signifying destruction to the ideals and institutions of a free and nominally ,christian nation1 asleep4 ,the wise man's eyes are in his head1 says ,solomon1 but the fool walketh in darkness4 ,in other words1 the difference between the wise and otherwise is one of sight4 ,while ,americans are walking in the darkness of indifferentism and of an optimism born not of faith but ignorance1 immigration is steadily changing the character of our civilization4 ,we are face to face with the larger race problem--that of assimilating sixty nationalities and races4 ,the problem will never be solved by minimizing or deriding or misunderstanding it4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,two ,sides ,all through this study we have sought to remember that there are two sides to every question1 and two to every phase of this great immigration question4 ,especially is this true when we come to estimating effects upon character1 for here we are in the domain of inference and of reasoning from necessarily limited knowledge4 ,here1 too1 temperament and bias play their part4 ,one person learns that of every five persons you meet in ,new ,york four are of foreign birth or parentage1 notes the change in personality1 customs1 and manners1 and wonders how long our free institutions can stand this test of unrestricted immigration4 ,another answers that the foreigners are not so bad as they are often painted1 and that the immorality in the most foreign parts of ,new ,york is less than in other parts4 ,sidenote3 ,different ,opinions ,a third says it is not fair to count the children of foreign-born parents as foreign2 that they are in fact much stronger ,americans in general than the native children of native parentage2 and instances the flag-drills in the schools1 in which the foreign children take the keenest delight1 as they do in the study of ,american history4 ,but a fourth says1 with ,professor ,boyesen1 that it takes generations of intelligent1 self-restrained1 and self-respecting persons to make a man fit to govern himself1 and that if the ordinary tests of intelligence and morality amount to anything1 it certainly would take three or four generations to educate these newcomers up to the level of ,american citizenship4 ,sidenote3 ,conflicting ,views ,one observer of present conditions says there is a lowered moral and political tone by reason of immigration2 and another agrees with a leader in settlement work who recently said to the writer that he sees no reason to restrict immigration1 that wages will take care of themselves and the foreigner steadily improve1 and that there is in the younger foreign element a needed dynamic1 a consciousness of ,americanism1 an interest in everything ,american in refreshing contrast to the laissez-faire type of native young person now so common4 ,his conclusion1 from contact with both types1 is that the intenseness and enthusiasm of the foreign element will make the native element bestir itself or go under4 ,sidenote3 ,mean between ,extremes ,so opinions run1 pro and con4 ,there must be a mean between the two extremes--the one1 that ,god is in a peculiar sense responsible for the future of the ,united ,states1 and cannot afford to let our experiment of self-government fail1 however foolish and reckless the people may be2 and the other1 that unless ,congress speedily passes restrictive laws the destiny of our country will be imperiled beyond remedy4 ,we find such a mean in that ,americanization which includes evangelization as an essential part of the assimilating process4 ,sidenote3 ,foreigners ,everywhere ,as to the ubiquity of the foreigner all will agree4 ,any foreigners in your neighborhood8 asked the writer of a friend in a remote country hamlet4 ,o1 yes1 was the reply1 we have a colony of ,italians4 ,of all such questions asked during months past not one has been answered in the negative4 ,go where you will1 from ,atlantic to ,pacific ,coast1 the immigrant is there4 ,in nineteen of the northern states of our ,republic the number of the foreign-born and their immediate descendants exceeds the number of the native-born4 ,in the largest cities the number is two thirds1 and even three quarters4 ,there are more ,cohens than ,smiths in the ,new ,york directory4 ,two thirds of the laborers in our factories are foreign-born or of foreign parentage4 ,new ,england is no longer ,puritan but foreign4 ,so is it in the ,middle and the ,central ,west1 and not only in city and town but hamlet and valley4 ,the farms sanctified by many a ,puritan prayer are occupied to-day by ,french-,canadian and ,italian aliens4 ,foreigners are running our factories1 working our mines1 building our railways1 boring our tunnels1 doing the hard manual labor in all the great constructive enterprises of the nation4 ,they are also entering all the avenues of trade1 and few other than foreign names can be seen on the business signs in our cities large or small4 ,sidenote3 ,foreignism ,preserved ,not only do you find the foreigner1 of one race or another1 everywhere1 but wherever you find him in any numbers you note that the most distinctive feature is the foreignism4 ,the immigrant readily catches the spirit of independence and makes the most of liberty4 ,he is insistent upon his rights1 but not always so careful about the rights of others4 ,he is imitative1 and absorbs the spirit of selfishness as quickly as do the native-born4 ,he is often unkempt1 uncultured1 dirty1 and disagreeable4 ,he is also impressionable and changeable1 responsive to kindness as he is resentful of contempt4 ,he follows his own customs both on ,sundays and week days4 ,he knows as little about ,american ideas as ,americans know about him4 ,he is commonly apt to learn1 and very much depends upon the kind of teaching he falls under4 ,much of it1 unfortunately1 has not been of the kind to make the ,american ideas and ways seem preferable to his own4 ,made to feel like an alien1 he is likely to remain at heart an alien2 whereas the very safety and welfare and ,christian civilization of our country depend in no small degree upon transforming him into a true ,american4 ,for upon this change hangs the answer to the question1 which influence is to be strongest--ours upon the foreigner or the foreigner's upon us4 ,,ii4 ,american ,ideals ,sidenote3 ,a ,question for ,patriots ,surely this is a question to engage the attention of ,christian patriots--the influence of this vast mass of undigested if not indigestible immigration upon the national character and life4 ,a most scholarly and valuable treatment of this subject is found in the discriminating work by ,professor ,mayo-,smith1 one of the very best books written on the subject4 ,the figures are out of date1 but the principles so clearly enunciated are permanent1 and the conclusions sane and sound4 ,this is the way he opens up the subject we are now considering3 ,sidenote3 ,the ,marks of a ,high ,civilization ,the whole life of a nation is not covered by its politics and its economics4 ,civilization does not consist merely of free political institutions and material prosperity4 ,the morality of a community1 its observance of law and order1 its freedom from vice1 its intelligence1 its rate of mortality and morbidity1 its thrift1 cleanliness1 and freedom from a degrading pauperism1 its observance of family ties and obligations1 its humanitarian disposition and charity1 and finally its social ideals and habits are just as much indices of its civilization as the trial by jury or a high rate of wages4 ,these things are1 in fact1 the flower and fruit of civilization--in them consists the successful 'pursuit of happiness' which our ancestors coupled with life and liberty as the inalienable rights of a man worthy of the name4 ,in order that we may take a pride in our nationality and be willing to make sacrifices for our country1 it is necessary that it should satisfy in some measure our ideal of what a nation ought to be4 ,what now are the characteristics of ,american state and social life which we desire to see preserved8 ,among the most obvious are the following3 ,sidenote3 ,american ,ideals 7#a7 ,the free political constitution and the ability to govern ourselves in the ordinary affairs of life1 which we have inherited from ,england and so surprisingly developed in our own history2 7#b7 ,the social morality of the ,puritan settlers of ,new ,england1 which the spirit of equality and the absence of privileged classes have enabled us to maintain2 7#c7 ,the economic well-being of the mass of the community1 which affords our working classes a degree of comfort distinguishing them sharply from the artisans and peasants of ,europe2 7#d7 ,certain social habits which are distinctively ,american or are1 at least1 present in greater degree among our people than elsewhere in the world4 ,such are love of law and order1 ready acquiescence in the will of the majority1 a generally humane spirit1 displaying itself in respect for women and care for children and helpless persons1 a willingness to help others1 a sense of humor1 a good nature and a kindly manner1 a national patriotism1 and confidence in the future of the country4 ,all these are desirable traits2 and as we look forward to the future of our commonwealth we should wish to see them preserved1 and should deprecate influences tending to destroy the conditions under which they exist4 ,any such phenomenon as immigration1 exerting wide and lasting influence1 should be examined with great care to see what its effect on these things will be4#gi ,sidenote3 ,protestant ,religion ,vital ,we should add to this thoughtful statement a clause concerning religion4 ,a vital thing to be maintained and extended is the ,protestant faith which formed the basis of our colonial and national life4 ,no part of the subject should receive more careful scrutiny than the effect of immigration upon ,protestant ,america4 ,whatever would make this country less distinctively ,protestant in religion tends to destroy all the other social and civil characteristics which1 it is well said1 we wish to preserve4 ,sidenote3 ,american ,life ,changing ,when immigration began in the early years of the nineteenth century1 the ,american people possessed a distinctive life and character of their own1 differing in many respects from that of any other people4 ,the easy amalgamation of the races that formed the colonial stock--,english1 ,huguenot1 ,scotch1 ,dutch--had produced an ,american stock distinct from any in the ,old ,world4 ,the nation was practically homogeneous1 and its social1 religious1 and political ideals and aims were distinct4 ,that great changes have taken place in the past century no one will deny4 ,the material expansion and development have not been more marked than the changes social and religious4 ,sidenote3 ,influence of ,immigration ,just what part immigration has played in producing these changes it is of course difficult to say with exactness1 but unquestionably the part has been very great4 ,the twenty-three millions of aliens admitted into the ,united ,states since #ahbj brought their habits and customs and standards of living with them2 brought also their religion or want of it2 and it would be absurd to imagine that all of these millions had been ,americanized1 or1 in other words1 had given up their old ways for our ways of thinking and living4 ,on the contrary1 they have transported all sorts of political notions from monarchial countries to our soil4 ,the continental ideas of the ,sabbath1 the nihilist's ideas of government1 the communist's ideas of property1 the pagan's ideas of religion--all these mingle in our air with the ideas that shaped the men at ,plymouth ,rock and ,valley ,forge1 that adorned hill1 dale and prairie with ,christian church and ,christian school1 and made possible the building of free ,america4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,grade of the ,aliens ,as we have seen1 the immigrants have mostly represented the peasant or lower classes of the countries whence they came4 ,this is noted1 not in the way of prejudice1 but because it is always true that mortality is greater1 and crime1 illiteracy1 and pauperism are more prevalent among the lower classes4 ,of course it is also true that if the higher classes had come from foreign lands they would have made an addition to the social life quite different from that which did come4 ,the average character of the immigration1 however favorable1 required raising in order to meet the ,american level4 ,in the new environment it was to be expected that large numbers of individuals among the immigrants would rise to prominence and influence1 and this has been the case4 ,the country owes large debt to the immigrants of earlier days4 ,their children and descendants are loyal ,americans4 ,it is true1 on the other hand1 that many have come from unfortunate conditions in the ,old ,world only to fall into quite as unfortunate ones in the ,new2 and they and their descendants have swollen the pauper and criminal class4 ,the statistics prove that a large proportion of our criminals and convicts are of foreign birth4 ,it is still more significant to note that1 in the opinion of expert observers1 the first generation of foreign-born parentage1 in the cities at least1 make a worse record than the migrating parents4 ,sidenote3 ,bad ,effects of ,new ,environments ,if this be so1 the new environment is producing deterioration and degeneracy instead of improvement4 ,an ,italian of education1 working among his people1 told the writer that the ,italian boys and girls born here1 or coming at a very early age1 were much more lawless and disorderly and difficult to deal with than their fathers and mothers4 ,they had imbibed all the worst features of our life1 its independence1 its defiance of parental authority1 its selfishness1 rudeness1 and vices1 while they lacked the reverence1 courtesy1 and spirit of obedience native to the ,italian-born4 ,this is substantiated by many witnesses who have labored among the foreign element4 ,the ,americanization these children are getting is largely of the worst type--the type that we should like to see emigrate to ,european countries4 ,and it is confined to no one race1 but common to all4 ,professor ,boyesen1 for instance1 a ,norwegian-,american1 who blamed the ideas gained in the public schools for some of the results seen in the young hoodlums and roughs of foreign parentage1 said that worthy ,german and ,scandinavian fathers complained bitterly that they could not govern their children in this country4 ,their sons took to the streets1 and if disciplined left home entirely2 and they attributed this to the spirit of irresponsible independence in the air4 ,this is perhaps one of the inevitable penalties of individual liberty4 ,,iii4 ,various ,effects of ,immigration ,sidenote3 ,making ,life too ,cheap ,the introduction through immigration of a lower standard of living has been shown in preceding chapters4 ,the point to be appreciated is that in this matter we are not dealing with the immigration of individual paupers and cheap workingmen1 but with the influx of whole classes that threaten to degrade our material civilization4 ,there are in ,america entire communities which live on a different plane1 and form colonies as foreign to ,american ideas and life as anything in ,europe can show4 ,they have organized their own social life and fixed their own standards1 instead of rising to ours4 ,the results are plain all over the country4 ,immigration has cheapened more than wages in certain lines1 it has cheapened life1 until the coal barons could say1 ,it is cheaper to store men than coal4 ,but men may be too cheap4 ,sidenote3 ,good ,qualities ,bad if ,abused ,some of the best qualities in the immigrants are liable to abuse4 ,thrift1 for instance1 is commendable1 but not when it is exercised at the expense of decent living4 ,economy is an admirable trait1 but not when practiced at the expense of manhood and decent conditions4 ,a distinct deterioration of the masses displaced by the cheaper labor has marked the advent of the new immigration4 ,while some of the workingmen thrown out of employment by immigration rise with the increase in the number of superior positions1 the great mass are obliged to accept the lower standard or are forced out of the industry into misery1 pauperism1 and crime4 ,the greater tendency of immigrants1 by reason of their poverty1 to permit or encourage the employment of their wives or children1 still further increases the intensity of the competition for employment4 ,in view of all the facts1 a recent writer argues that the limitation or restriction which would reduce the volume and improve the economic quality of immigration would greatly improve labor conditions in this country4 ,sidenote3 ,deterioration a ,result of too ,large ,immigration ,under the present free inflow1 says this writer1 the condition of the great mass of the working classes of this country is being permanently depressed1 and the difference between the industrial condition of the unskilled workers in our country and of other countries is being steadily lessened to our permanent and great detriment4#hj ,sidenote3 ,false ,reasoning ,as to the economic effects of unrestricted immigration1 the stock argument that it costs a foreign country a thousand dollars to raise a man1 and that1 therefore1 every immigrant is that much clear money gain to this country1 simply begs the question of the usefulness of the immigrant and the country's need of him4 ,many immigrants are not worth what it cost to raise them1 to their native land or any other2 and at any rate1 a man is only of value where he can fit into the community life and do something it needs to have done4 ,another naive claim is that every mouth that comes into the country brings with it two hands1 the assumption being that there is necessarily work for the two hands4 ,if not1 then there is an extra mouth to be fed at somebody else's expense4 ,the real question is one of demand and quality4 ,sidenote3 ,effects upon ,education ,what effect has immigration had1 and what is it likely to have1 upon our national educational policy8 ,the parochial school is opposed to the public school2 the parochial school is ,roman1 the public school ,american4 ,the parochial schools could not secure scholars but for immigration4 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,church is persistently trying to get appropriations of public money for parochial schools1 although well aware that this is directly contrary to the fundamental ,american principle of absolute separation of ,church and ,state2 and is relying upon the foreign vote to accomplish this un-,american purpose4 ,here is an illustration of the conditions made possible through unchecked immigration and the wielding of this immigration by priestly influence3 ,sidenote3 ,baneful ,results in ,illinois ,in ,illinois the foreign element outnumbers the native in voting power4 ,in consequence compulsory education in the public schools of that state was voted down by a legislature pledged to obey the dictum of the foreign element4 ,where the priests wield the foreign element in favor of the parochial schools1 it is not possible to pass a bill for compulsory education in the ,english language4 ,sidenote3 ,parochial ,schools in ,pennsylvania ,the striking fact is given by ,dr4 ,warne#ha that in parochial schools for the ,slav children in ,pennsylvania1 ,english is not taught1 and the children are growing up as thoroughly foreign and under priestly control as though they were in ,bohemia or ,galicia4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,real ,menace to the ,republic ,a student of this subject#hb says that all the facts indicate that the time will come when1 if compulsory education in ,english is not maintained by the states1 this important matter will have to be made one of national legislation4 ,the supine bowing of the native element in our political parties to this foreign1 domineering1 un-,american and denationalizing opposition to the state control of the education of the child for citizenship is in itself a menace4 ,when we hear of public schools in ,america taught in ,german and ,polish1 instead of the language of ,emerson and ,longfellow1 ,lincoln and ,grant1 one feels like taking1 not ,diogenes' lantern1 but an ,edison searchlight1 and going about our streets to see if there be in all our cities a patriot4 ,more evil in results than this1 and most insidious of all the attempts of the ,roman ,catholic hierarchy to undermine ,american principles1 is the system of so-called compromise by which some of the public schools are taught by nuns1 sisters1 and priests1 who wear their ,church garb1 and use the school buildings during certain hours for sectarian instruction4 ,the mere statement of the facts ought to be sufficient to bring about drastic remedies1 but the easy-going ,protestants apparently do not realize what is being done4 ,sidenote3 ,schools the ,sure ,way to ,americanism ,american patriotism must steadily and resolutely resist every ,roman ,catholic attack1 open or covert1 upon our public schools1 every attempt to divert public moneys to sectarian purposes4 ,this is vital to the preservation of our civil and religious liberty4 ,for the immigrant children the public schools are the sluiceways into ,americanism4 ,when the stream of alien childhood flows through them1 it will issue into the reservoirs of national life with the ,old ,world taints filtered out1 and the qualities retained that make for loyalty and good citizenship4 ,we shall have to look to our school boards1 elevate them above party politics and the reach of graft1 and elect upon them men and women instinct with the spirit of true ,americanism1 or see this mightiest agency of modern civilization diverted from its high mission to produce for the ,republic an enlightened and noble manhood and womanhood4 ,sidenote3 ,effects upon ,political ,conditions ,what is the effect of the addition of so many thousands of men of voting age upon our political conditions8 ,undoubtedly demoralizing and dangerous4 ,professor ,mayo-,smith says3 ,we are thus conferring the privilege of citizenship1 including the right to vote1 without any test of the man's fitness for it4 ,the ,german vote in many localities controls the action of political leaders on the liquor question1 oftentimes in opposition to the sentiment of the native community4 ,the bad influence of a purely ignorant vote is seen in the degradation of our municipal administrations in ,america4#hc ,the foreign-born congregate in the large cities1 especially the mass of unskilled laborers4 ,there they easily come under control of leaders of their own race1 who use them to further selfish ends4 ,fraudulent naturalization is another evil result4 ,there is no more dangerous element in the ,republic than a foreign vote1 wielded by unscrupulous partisans and grafters4 ,the immigrant is not so much to blame as are those who corrupt him1 but if he were not here they would have no opportunity4 ,in order to wield a bludgeon a bully must have the bludgeon4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,voter ,should be ,able to ,read his ,ballot ,there is an unquestioned and increasing evil and peril in a ,german vote1 an ,irish vote1 a ,scandinavian vote1 an ,italian vote1 and a ,hebrew vote4 ,out in ,south ,dakota a ,russian vote also has to be reckoned with1 and in ,new ,england a ,french-,canadian vote4 ,all this is undemocratic and unwholesome in the highest degree4 ,our government is based upon the intelligent and responsible use of the ballot4 ,how can such use be possible in the case of the naturalized alien who cannot read or write our language or any other8 ,no one can declare it unreasonable that a reading test as a qualification for voting should be required of all4 ,on the brighter side of the political phase1 it is asserted that it was the foreign element of the ,east ,side in ,new ,york that made possible the election of a reform candidate in a recent election1 and that this element can be relied upon for reform and independent voting quite as much as the ,american society element1 which is frequently too indifferent to vote at all4 ,there is too much truth in this4 ,at the same time1 one who is familiar with the discussions at the ,people's ,forum in ,cooper ,institute1 ,new ,york1 or similar meeting places of the foreign element in other large cities1 knows how essentially un-,american are the point of view and the theories most advocated4 ,,iv4 ,the ,religious ,problem ,sidenote3 ,effects upon ,religious ,conditions ,what is the effect of immigration upon the religious life of the country8 ,this is an exceedingly difficult matter upon which to generalize4 ,there is no doubt that great changes have taken place in the religious views and practices of the people1 but how far these can be attributed to foreign influence is something upon which agreement will be rare and judgment difficult4 ,it will be instructive1 first of all1 to study this table1 which gives the results of questions asked the immigrants in #aijj concerning their religious connections4 ,this was the last inquiry of the kind officially made1 and will indicate what religious elements in immigration must be taken into consideration3 ,,religious ,,statistics ,,of ,,the ,,immigration ,,for #aijj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,total ,protestants ,countries ,roman ,catholics ,greek ,catholics ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,austria-,hungary#fd1hce #e1jji #ci1fid #g1fii ,belgium #a1gbh #id #ifg #b ,denmark #c1bec #b1fbi #dd -- ,france #d1ijb #afe #a1gcf #c ,german ,empire #be1ijd #aj1beh #f1geh #ah ,greece #b1dej #ad #ad #b1cej ,italy #gi1ffd #ej #gh1cjf #bf ,netherlands #a1iid #hci #aij -- ,norway #g1aac #f1fgd #b -- ,portugal #b1bfi #b #b1jef -- ,roumania #a1fee #afj #fj #ca ,russian ,empire and ,finland #fb1ecg #ac1bie #bb1dfb #a1dgj ,servia1 ,bulgaria #ei -- #d #dg ,spain #a1dbh #ae #gjd -- ,sweden #ac1eda #ab1gjh #i -- ,switzerland #b1bid #gaj #fjh #g ,turkey in ,europe #acg #e #e #cc ,united ,kingdom #fe1cij #ab1faa #ca1baf #d ,not specified #h -- -- #e ,total ,europe #cda1afa #fe1bchahd1hceaa1fie ,total ,asia #i1gbf #deb #a1cij #b1hcc ,africa #aji #ac #i -- ,all other countries #aj1ddj #a1bgd #b1agh #aa --------------------------------- ,grand ,total#hd #cfa1dcf #ff1iggahh1dabad1eci --------------------------------- ,percentage in each religion #ajj #ah4ed #eb4ad #d4jc ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,israelites ,brahmans ,countries ,mohammedans ,miscellaneous ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,austria-,hungary #aa1jhb -- -- #a1cea ,belgium #d -- -- #ffa ,denmark #b -- -- #egh ,france #ab -- #b #b1ihd ,german ,empire #dja -- -- #h1dfi ,greece -- -- -- #gb ,italy #a -- -- #a1bha ,netherlands #h -- -- #ieg ,norway -- -- -- #dcg ,portugal -- -- -- #baa ,roumania #a1cej -- -- #ed ,russian ,empire and ,finland #bd1cea -- #a #ieh ,servia1 ,bulgaria #a -- -- #g ,spain -- -- -- #gji ,sweden -- -- -- #hbd ,switzerland #f -- -- #ifc ,turkey in ,europe #bg -- #ac #ed ,united ,kingdom #aig -- #a #ba1cfa ,not specified -- -- -- #c ,total ,europe #cg1ddb -- #ag #da1icd ,total ,asia #dh #c1cgc #gg #a1eec ,africa #e -- #af #ff ,all other countries #bh #bbh -- #f1gba --------------------------------- ,grand ,total#hd #cg1ebc #c1fja #aaj #ej1bgd --------------------------------- ,percentage in each religion #aj4ci 4#ii -- #ac4ia ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,sidenote3 ,eighty ,per ,cent4 ,non-,protestant ,in analyzing these figures1 it will be noted that the ,roman ,catholics had fifty-two per cent4 in a year when the total immigration of #cfa1dcf 7not much over one third that of the present time7 was about the same in the proportion of aliens from southeastern ,europe as now4 ,the ,jews would make a larger showing at present1 as the immigrants from ,russia are almost wholly ,jews4 ,the ,protestant strength certainly would not be any greater proportionately4 ,the large number put down as miscellaneous is significant4 ,what a task is laid upon ,american ,protestantism--nothing less than the evangelization of nearly eighty-two per cent4 of the vast immigration4 ,it is easy to say that the fifty-two per cent4 is nominally ,christian1 but in fact that nominal ,christianity is in many respects as much out of sympathy with ,american religious ideals1 with democracy and the pure gospel1 as is heathenism2 and it is in many cases as difficult to reach1 and as great an obstacle to the assimilation of the aliens4 ,sidenote3 ,sunday ,observance ,looking at various results of this incoming host1 in regard to reverence for ,sunday and observance of it1 it is fair to assume that the millions of ,germans1 with their continental ,sunday1 were leaders in breaking in upon our ,sunday customs4 ,while they have as a people observed the laws--although seeking to have the laws changed so as to permit here the home customs of open concert halls and beer gardens on ,sunday afternoon and evening--their influence has been strongly felt in favor of loose ,sunday observance1 and this has been sufficient to stimulate the natural tendency of the ,american element to make the day one of amusement and recreation1 regardless of laws4 ,the result is that now we have a lawless ,american ,sunday quite different from and more objectionable than the continental ,sunday4 ,sidenote3 ,disregard of ,law ,in the larger cities throughout the country the encroachments of the money-makers have been steady4 ,performances of all kinds are permitted1 theaters run either openly or with thinly veiled programs1 saloons are open to those who know where the proper entrances are1 and many forms of business and labor are carried on seven days in the week4 ,the ,jews claimed that it was a hardship to have to close on ,sunday1 when their religious observances came on ,saturday1 with result that a good many manage to keep shops and factories open all the year around4 ,pleas of necessity have been put forward where contractors desired to push jobs and profits4 ,sunday excursions are universal1 and in order to gain their ,sunday pleasure-outings several millions of people of all races keep several other millions hard at work on the day of rest4 ,all places are crowded on ,sunday except the churches4 ,go among the foreign elements in the city and you would never know it was ,sunday4 ,holiday has supplanted holy-day4 ,observe the trolley-cars or subway or elevated trains on ,sunday and you will see nine foreigners out of every ten persons4 ,go into the suburbs and you will find springing up in out-of-the-way places1 where land can be secured cheap1 little recreation parks1 with games and dancing platforms2 and here there will be throngs of ,italians and other foreigners all day4 ,sidenote3 ,loss of the ,american ,sunday ,let us be just in this matter4 ,the loss of the ,american ,sunday is undoubtedly due in great measure to immigration2 due in part to the weakness and dereliction of ,american professing ,christians who have surrendered to the foreign elements and fallen in with their ideas instead of maintaining public worship and insisting upon respect for law at least4 ,let the blame fall where it belongs1 and let the ,church members recreant to duty take their share4 ,when the sea threatened ,holland her resolute people built the dykes and maintained them2 ,american ,christians have failed to stop the leaks in the church dykes1 and we have had a ,sunday submergence in consequence4 ,the effect of it upon our national development is already evident and is most disastrous to our highest interests4 ,sabbath-breaking and progress-making never go together4 ,sunday work and pleasure combined form the peril alike of the ,american workingman and of ,christian civilization4 ,sidenote3 ,general ,deterioration ,along with this inflow of alien ideas in religion goes a lowered morality and a lower tone generally4 ,not that the sins of those in high places are to be charged upon the poor immigrant1 for he rarely if ever belongs to that class4 ,the statement may be true that the great rascals are of native stock4 ,but that only increases the peril4 ,the masses that come to us from southern ,europe certainly will not raise the moral or commercial1 any more than they will the political or intellectual1 level4 ,if we do not raise them they will tend to lower us2 and much of what they see and hear can have nothing less than a demoralizing effect4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,only ,safeguard of ,liberty ,where shall we find the zealous and consistent ,christians who by sympathetic contact will represent the true spirit of ,christianity1 and make the elevation of the aliens possible8 ,the supreme truth to be realized is that nothing but ,christianity1 as incarnated in ,american ,protestantism1 can preserve ,america's free institutions4 ,sidenote3 ,spread of ,socialism ,ex-,president ,seelye1 of ,amherst1 said that socialism is the question of the time1 and this is more apparent with every passing year4 ,socialism has its source in the foreign element4 ,it is not native to ,america4 ,its swelling hosts are composed almost entirely of immigrants of recent coming4 ,it is found not only in the great cities but is spreading through the farming sections4 ,now1 there is a truth in socialism that must be intelligently dealt with2 and there is a ,christian socialism that should become dominant4 ,and this is the only force that can check and counteract the foreign socialism that would sweep away foundations instead of ameliorating conditions and remedying evils4 ,sidenote3 ,migration a ,severe ,test ,in the same way1 ,protestant ,christianity is the only agency that can save us from the moral degeneracy involved in migration1 even if the immigrants were of our moral grade before coming4 ,as ,dr4 ,strong says1 the very act of migration is demoralizing4 ,all the strength that comes from associations1 surroundings1 relations1 the emigrant leaves behind him1 and becomes isolated in a strange land4 ,is it strange1 then1 that those who come from other lands1 whose old associations are all broken and whose reputations are left behind1 should sink to a lower moral level8 ,across the sea they suffered restraints which are here removed4 ,better wages afford larger means of self-indulgence2 often the back is not strong enough to bear prosperity1 and liberty too often lapses into license4#he ,sidenote3 ,why ,foreign ,colonies are ,perpetuated ,this result of migration is at once an evil and an opportunity4 ,breaking away from the old associations leaves room and necessity for new ones4 ,upon the character of these the future of the immigrant will largely depend4 ,here is the ,christian opportunity4 ,see to it that the new associations make for righteousness and patriotism4 ,if the immigrant is evangelized1 assimilation is easy and sure4 ,it is recognition of this fact that leads the ,roman ,catholic ,church to keep foreign colonies in ,america as isolated and permanent as possible4 ,the ecclesiastics realize that children must be held in the parochial schools1 so as to avoid the ,americanization that comes through the public schools1 with the probable loss of loyalty to the ,church4 ,the parents equally must be kept away from the influences that would broaden and enlighten them4 ,dr4 ,strong tells of large colonies in the ,west1 settled by foreigners of one nationality and religion2 thus building up states within a state1 having different languages1 different antecedents1 different religions1 different ideas and habits1 preparing mutual jealousies1 and perpetuating race antipathies4 ,in ,new ,england conventions are held to which only ,french-,canadian ,roman ,catholics are admitted4 ,at such a convention in ,nashua1 ,new ,hampshire1 attended by eighty priests1 the following mottoes were displayed3 ',our tongue1 our nationality1 our religion1' ',before everything else1 let us remain ,french6' ,and it is well said3 ,if our noble domain were tenfold larger than it is1 it would still be too small to embrace with safety to our national future1 little ,germanies here1 little ,scandinavias there1 and little ,irelands yonder4 ,to-day there are also little ,italies and little ,hungaries1 and a long list of other races4 ,v4 ,the ,hopeful ,side ,sidenote3 ,a ,brighter ,picture ,turning to the pleasanter and brighter side of this great question1 we give the encouraging view of one who has spent years among the immigrant population1 studying their environment1 conditions1 and character1 with view to improving their chances4 ,she says3 ,the writer will risk just one generalization which1 it is hoped1 the ultimate facts will bear out1 that in the case of the new immigration we shall see a repetition of the story of the old immigrant we are so familiar with4 ,first comes the ignorant and poor but industrious peasant1 the young man1 alone1 without wife or family4 ,for a few years he works and saves1 living according to a 'standard of life' which shocks his older established neighbors1 and we may guess would often shock his people at home4 ,at first he makes plans for going back1 sends his savings home1 and perhaps goes back himself4 ,but he usually returns to this country1 with a wife4 ,america has now become his home1 savings are invested here1 land is bought1 and a little house built4 ,the growing children are educated in ,american schools1 learn ,american ways1 and forcibly elevate the 'standard of life' of the family4 ,the second generation1 in the fervor of its enthusiasm for change and progress becomes turbulent1 unruly1 and is despaired of4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,open ,door ,but out of the chaos emerges a third generation1 of creditable character1 from whom much may be expected4 ,our ,austrian1 ,hungarian1 and ,russian newcomers are still in the first and second stages1 and there seems no good reason why they should not pull through successfully to the third4 ,but in that endeavor we can either help or materially hinder them1 according to our treatment of them1 as employees1 as producers1 as fellow citizens4 ,america1 for her own sake1 owes to the immigrant not only the opportunities for 'life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness' that she promises to every man1 but a sympathetic appreciation of his humanity1 and an intelligent assistance in developing it4#hf ,sidenote3 ,how the ,children ,lead ,this is a picture of progress in assimilation to be remembered1 and the conclusion is admirably expressed4 ,assimilation is made easy when the wheels of contact are oiled by kindness and sympathy4 ,the children lead the way to ,americanization4 ,mr4 ,brandenburg gives this report of a conversation overheard in an ,italian tenement in ,new ,york1 the parties being a mother1 father1 and the oldest of three daughters3 ,said the mother in very forcible ,tuscan3 ',you shall speak ,italian and nothing else1 if ,i must kill you2 for what will your grandmother say when you go back to the old country1 if you talk this pig's ,english8' ',aw1 g'wan6 ,youse tink ,i'm goin' to talk dago 'n' be called a guinea6 ,not on your life4 ,i'm 'n ,american1 ,i am1 'n you go 'way back an' sit down1' ,the mother evidently understood the reply well enough1 for she poured forth a torrent of ,italian1 and then the father ended matters by saying in mixed ,italian and ,english3 ',shut up1 both of you4 ,i wish ,i spoke ,english like the children do1' ,many parents have learned good ,english in order to escape being laughed at or despised by their children4#hg ,sidenote3 ,the ,young ,american ,the language is not classic1 but it is that of real life such as these children have to endure4 ,the rapidity with which foreigners become ,americanized is illustrated1 said ,dr4 ,charles ,b4 ,spahr1 by the experience of a gentleman in ,boston4 ,in his philanthropic work he had gotten quite a hold on the ,italian population4 ,a small boy once asked him3 ,are you a ,protestant8 ,he said ,yes1 and the boy seemed disappointed4 ,but presently he brightened up and said1 ,you are an ,american1 aren't you8 ,yes4 ,so am ,i6 with satisfaction4 ,children become ,american to the extent that they do not like to have it known that they have foreign parents4 ,one little girl of ,german parentage said of her teacher3 ,she's a lady--she can't speak ,german at all4 ,where assimilation is slow1 it is quite as likely to be the fault of the natives as of the immigrants1 much more likely1 indeed4 ,how can he learn ,american ways who is carefully and rudely excluded from them8 ,we build a ,chinese wall of exclusiveness around ourselves1 our churches1 and communities1 and then blame the foreigner for not forcing his way within4 ,in a thoughtful treatment of this whole subject1 ,mr4 ,sidney ,sampson says3#hh ,sidenote3 ,the ,real ,question ,it has become a pressing and anxious question whether ,american institutions1 with all their flexibility and their facility of application to new social conditions1 will continue to endure the strain put upon them by the rapid and ceaseless introduction of foreign elements1 unused1 and wholly unused in great measure1 to a system of government radically differing from that under which they have been educated4 ,can these diverse elements be brought to work in harmony with the ,american ,idea8 ,the centuries of subjection to absolutism1 or even despotism1 to which the ancestors of many of the immigrant classes have been accustomed1 has formed a type of political character which cannot1 except after long training1 be brought into an understanding of1 and sympathy with1 republican principles4 ,this is by far the most important aspect of the question1 much more so than questions of industrial competition4 ,if the republic will not ultimately endure harm1 he believes industrial questions will slowly but surely right themselves2 if otherwise1 none even of the wisest can foresee the result4 ,we give his conclusion3 ,sidenote3 ,optimism the ,true ,view ,what is to be the outcome of this movement of the nations upon ,american political and industrial life is a question which confronts us with a problem never before presented in the world's history4 ,upon a review of the entire situation ,i think we may be optimists4 ,notwithstanding all unfavorable features1 there are antagonizing elements constantly at work1 not the less potent because they work silently4 ,we may attach undue importance to statistics merely4 ,sidenote3 ,assimilating ,agencies ,students of the immigration problem do not sufficiently observe the influences--in fact1 the immigrant may not himself be conscious of them--which year after year tend to adjust his habits of thought and his political views and actions to his new environment4 ,freedom of suffrage1 educational advantages1 improved industrial conditions1 the dignity of citizenship1 equal laws1 protection of property--all these nourish in him an increasing respect for the ,american system2 and we have reason to believe that1 under proper legislation1 the combined influence of all these will in the long run fully neutralize the distinctly unfavorable results of future immigration4 ,sidenote3 ,solution by ,combined ,forces ,with this we are in accord1 provided the ,christian people of ,america can be brought to see and do their whole duty by the aliens4 ,the solution of the problem demands the combined forces of our educational1 social1 political1 and evangelical life4 ,in that solution is involved the destiny of ultimate ,america4 ,,questions ,,for ,,chapter ,,vii ,,aim3 ,,to ,,realize ,,the ,,effect ,,of ,,immigration ,,upon ,,the ,,national ,,character ,,and ,,our ,,individual ,,responsibility ,,for ,,improving ,,conditions ,i4 ,reasons for ,concern4 ,i4 99 ,do you think that immigration makes a very serious problem for the ,united ,states8 ,why8 ,mention others who think differently4 ,why do you not agree with them8 #b4 99 ,are there any foreigners in your neighborhood8 ,what are they and what can you do for them8 #c4 ,do these immigrants long retain their foreign aspect and ways8 ,in what respects do they change most quickly8 #d4 ,what does ,professor ,mayo-,smith say about keeping ,american ideals intact8 ,must ,protestant ,christianity be guarded8 ,,ii4 ,threatening ,changes4 #e4 ,in what respects has immigration since #ahbj introduced un-,american standards8 #f4 99 ,have the average character and the plane of living of the immigrants been raised or lowered by their coming here8 ,same as to wages8 ,as to intelligence8 #g4 99 ,how are our public schools affected8 ,is there any menace to our school system8 ,can we provide compulsory education for all the children8 ,,iii4 ,other ,effects4 #h4 ,do these new ,americans learn to use the ballot rightly8 ,can they learn8 #i4 ,does their coming make genuine ,christianity more or less prominent in the national life8 ,what effect does it have on ,sunday observance8 ,does it lessen or increase lawbreaking8 ,,iv4 ,national ,bulwarks4 #aj4 ,what are the safeguards pointed out by ,professor ,boyesen8 ,by ex-,president ,seelye8 #aa4 ,how can ,socialism be met8 #ab4 99 ,will anything but ,christianity effectively guard our institutions8 #ac4 ,how far will material improvements help to uplift and assimilate the newcomers8 #ad4 ,do the children learn patriotism from their new country8 ,do they keep it when grown up8 #ae4 99 ,is there good reason for being optimistic8 ,upon what condition may we be hopeful8 ,,references ,,for ,,advanced ,,study4--,,chapter ,,vii ,i4 ,study further some of the specific effects of the immigrants' presence4 ,warne3 ,the ,slav ,invasion1 ,v1 ,,vi4 ,wood3 ,americans in ,process1 ,,vii1 ,,viii4 ,riis3 ,how the ,other ,half ,lives1 ,,xviii1 ,,xxi4 ,,ii4 ,what can you learn about the present status of the parochial school movement1 especially in your own vicinity8 ,refer to local periodicals and daily papers4 ,,iii4 ,is assimilation of foreigners taking place everywhere1 or only in certain places8 ,mc,lanahan3 ,our ,people of ,foreign ,speech1 ,i4 ,hall3 ,immigration1 #agb1 #ahb4 ,wood3 ,americans in ,process1 ,,xii4 ,strong3 ,the ,twentieth ,century ,city1 ,,iv4 ,,iv4 ,are our school facilities1 actual or prospective1 likely to prove sufficient for the demands made upon them8 ,riis3 ,how the ,other ,half ,lives1 ,,xv1 ,,xvi4 ,wood3 ,americans in ,process1 ,x4 ,hunter3 ,poverty1 ,v4 ,the ,christian ,churches in ,america stand face to face with a tremendous task4 ,it is a challenge to their faith1 their devotion1 their zeal4 ,the accomplishment of it will mean not only the ascendancy of ,christianity in the homeland1 but also the gaining of a position of vantage for world-wide evangelization4--,e4 ,e4 ,chivers1 ,d4,d4 ,,viii ,,the ,,home ,,mission ,,opportunity ,the question of supreme interest to us is the religious question4 ,what share shall the ,church have in making ,christian ,americans of these immigrants8 ,how may ,church and ,state work together for the solution of the problem1 on the solution of which very largely the future prosperity of the ,state and the ,church depends4--,charles ,l4 ,thompson1 ,d4,d4 ,the future success of missions will be largely affected by the success of the ,church in dealing with problems that lie at her very door4 ,the connection between home and foreign missionary work is living4 ,the conversion of the world is bound up with the national character of professedly ,christian lands4 --,rev4 ,herbert ,anderson1 ,english ,missionary in ,india4 ,the blood of the people6 changeless tide through century1 creed1 and race1 ,still one1 as the sweet salt sea is one1 though tempered by sun and place1 ,the same in ocean currents and the same in sheltered seas3 ,forever the fountain of common hopes and kindly sympathies4 ,indian and ,negro1 ,saxon and ,celt1 ,teuton and ,latin and ,gaul1 ,mere surface shadow and sunshine1 while the sounding unifies all6 ,one love1 one hope1 one duty theirs6 no matter the time or kin1 ,there never was a separate heart-beat in all the races of men4 ,,viii ,,the ,,home ,,mission ,,opportunity ,i4 ,alien ,accessibility ,sidenote3 ,a ,unique ,mission ,field ,save ,america and you save the world4 ,through immigration the ,united ,states is in a unique sense the most foreign country and the greatest mission field on the globe4 ,all peoples that on earth do dwell have here their representatives1 gathered by a divine ordering within easy reach of the gospel4 ,through them the world may be reached in turn4 ,every foreigner converted in ,america becomes directly or indirectly a missionary agent abroad1 spreading knowledge of the truth among his kindred and tribe4#hi ,the greatness of the opportunity is the measure of obligation4 ,god's message to this nation has been thus interpreted3 ,here are all these people2 ,i have taken them from the overcrowded countries where they were living and sent them to you1 that you may mass your forces and lend a hand to save them4 ,no such opportunity ever came to a nation before4 ,the ,christian church must seize it or sink into deserved decadence and decay4 ,only a missionary church can save the world or justify its own existence4 ,the manner in which ,american ,christianity deals with the religious problems of immigration will decide what part ,america is to play in the evangelization of the nations abroad4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,gospel the ,chief ,factor ,we have now reached the vital part of our subject4 ,we have learned to discriminate between peoples and find the good in all of them4 ,we have seen that assimilation is essential to national soundness and strength4 ,but we have yet to realize that the most potential factor in assimilation is not legislation or education but evangelization4 ,there is no power like the gospel to destroy race antipathies1 break down the bars of prejudice1 and draw all peoples into unity1 brotherhood1 and liberty--that spiritual freedom wherewith ,christ makes free4 ,when ,american ,protestantism sees in immigration a divine mission none will discover in it thenceforth a human menace4 ,sidenote3 ,shall ,america be kept ,christian ,marvelous mission1 involving the destiny of free ,america4 ,a writer asks1 ,will ,new ,england be kept ,christian8 and answers1 ,that depends4 ,population is greatly changing4 ,immigrants from all parts of the world are here4 ,they will continue to come4 ,unless they are molded according to the principles of our religion1 they will greatly increase the irreligious elements of ,new ,england1 already too large4 ,there is a religious basis in those who come1 but it will require an application of religious agencies to make them truly ,christian citizens4#ij ,put ,america in place of ,new ,england1 and the question and answer will be as pertinent4 ,shall ,america be kept ,christian8 ,that depends4 ,it depends upon what ,american ,christians do4 ,sidenote3 ,immigrants not ,evangelical ,few of the immigrants are evangelical in religion4 ,they know nothing of our gospel1 and little or nothing of the ,bible4 ,the religious principles they have been taught are totally opposed to the spirit of our free institutions of religion4 ,they know priestly sovereignty but not soul liberty4 ,they are the creatures of a system1 and the system is thoroughly un-,american and inimical to freedom of conscience and worship4 ,but thousands and tens of thousands of them are out of sorts with the system and are ready for something better4#ia ,they have lost faith in their ,church and will lose it in religion unless we teach them the gospel4 ,to accomplish this result two persons must be changed--the immigrant and the ,american4 ,alien assimilation depends largely upon ,american attitude4 ,sidenote3 ,two ,timely ,questions ,two questions confront us squarely as we approach this subject4 ,first1 the common one1 ,what do we think of the immigrant8 ,and second1 the less common but not less important one1 ,what does the immigrant think of us8 ,it will do us good1 as ,americans and as ,christians1 to consider both of these frankly4 ,honestly1 what is your attitude toward the ordinary immigrant8 ,do you want him and his family1 if he has one1 in your church8 ,do you not prefer to have him in a mission by himself8 ,would you not rather work for him by proxy than with him in person8 ,do you not pull away from him as far as possible if he takes a seat next to you in the car8 ,actual contact is apt to mean contamination1 germs1 physical ills4 ,he is ignorant and uncultured4 ,you desire his conversion--in the mission4 ,you wish him well--at a convenient distance4 ,you would much more quickly help send a missionary to the ,chinese in ,china than be a missionary to a ,chinaman in ,america1 would you not8 ,think it over1 ,christian1 and determine your personal relation to the immigrant4 ,is he a brother man1 or a necessary evil8 ,will you establish a friendly relation with him1 or hold aloof from him8 ,does your attitude need to be changed8 ,sidenote3 ,the ,alien ,point of ,view ,what1 now1 do you suppose this undesirable immigrant thinks of ,america and ,protestant ,christianity8 ,what has he reason to think1 in the light of his previous dreams and present realizations8 ,what does ,protestant ,christianity do for him from the time he reaches ,america8 ,what will he learn of our free institutions--in the tenement slums or labor camps or from the bosses who treat him as cattle--that will teach him to prize ,american citizenship1 desire religious liberty1 or lead a sober1 respectable life8 ,if we are in earnest about the evangelization of the immigrant we must put ourselves in his place occasionally and get his point of view4 ,when we think fairly and rightly of the immigrant1 and treat him in real ,christian wise1 he will soon come to think of us that our religion is real1 and this will be a long step toward the change we desire him to undergo4 ,we shall never accomplish anything until we realize that the coming of these alien millions is not accidental but providential4 ,,ii4 ,missionary ,beginnings ,sidenote3 ,alien ,accessibility is ,home ,mission ,possibility ,the first human touch put upon the immigrant in the new environment is vastly important in its effects4 ,he is easily approachable1 if rightly approached4 ,alien accessibility makes home mission possibility4 ,the approach may not at first be on the distinctively religious side1 but there is a way of access on some side4 ,a living gospel incarnated in a living1 loving man or woman is the open sesame to confidence first and conversion afterward4 ,make the foreigner feel that you are interested in him as a man1 and the door is open beyond the power of priestcraft to shut it4 ,the priest may for a time keep the ,catholic immigrant away from the ,protestant church but not from the ,protestant cordiality and sympathy2 and if these be shown it will not be long before the immigrant1 learning rapidly to think for himself1 will settle the church-going according to his own notion4 ,a kind word has more attractive power than a cathedral4 ,you will never win an ,italian as long as you call him or think of him as dago1 nor a ,jew while you nickname him sheeny4 ,the immigrant wants neither charity nor contempt1 but a man's recognition and rights1 and when ,american ,christians give him these he will believe in their ,christianity and be apt to accept it for himself4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,first ,touch ,home mission work of a distinctive character should and does begin at the point of landing in the ,new ,world4 ,at ,ellis ,island1 for example1 there are now some thirty missionaries1 representing the leading ,christian denominations4 ,this gives proof of the partial awakening of the ,churches to the importance of this work4 ,it is only of late years that any special attention has been paid to the welfare of the incomers1 either by ,state or ,church4 ,now both are seeking to throw safeguards around the immigrants and secure them a fair start4 ,a large room is set apart for the missionaries in the receiving building at ,ellis ,island1 and they perform a service of great good both to the aliens and the country4 ,first impressions count tremendously1 and happy is it for the immigrant who gets this initial impression from contact with a ,christian missionary instead of a street sharper4 ,once put the touch of human kindness upon the immigrant and he is not likely to forget it4 ,the hour of homesickness1 of strangeness in a strange land1 of perplexity and trouble1 is the hour of hours when sympathy and help come most gratefully4 ,the missionaries are on hand at this critical juncture4 ,thousands of immigrants are saved from falling into bad hands and evil associations through their zealous efforts4 ,thousands are supplied with copies of the ,testament1 the sick and sorrowful are comforted1 the rejected are tenderly ministered to in their distress1 and the gospel is preached in the practical way that makes it a living remembrance4 ,this is one way in which a true and enduring assimilation is begun4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,fruit of ,kindness ,here is a single illustration of the unexpected results of this first ,christian touch in the new world4 ,one of the women missionaries was very kind to a ,bohemian family1 helping the father find his destination and get settled4 ,at parting1 the missionary gave him a ,testament and asked him to read it when in trouble4 ,he thanked her for all her kindness to him and his family1 and said he would keep the book for her sake4 ,he put it away and forgot all about it4 ,one day his little girl got the book and tore a leaf out4 ,when he learned what she had done he was very angry1 and punished her for tearing the book1 saying that the kind lady at ,ellis ,island had given it to him1 and he had promised to keep it4 ,he threatened the child with severe punishment if she touched it again4 ,what is the book1 papa8 she asked4 ,he said he did not know what it was1 but the lady gave it to him1 and that was enough4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,gospel's ,power ,the little girl kept asking about it until at length his curiosity was aroused1 and he took the ,testament to find out for himself4 ,as he began to read the story of ,jesus he became interested1 and presently had his wife reading it also4 ,such wonderful things he had never heard of before1 and he thought he would tell the priest about it1 for if the priest knew about it he would surely tell the people4 ,the priest forbade him to look into the book again1 saying that it was a bad book and would cost him his soul if he read it4 ,this only ended the influence of the priest1 for the immigrant said such a good person as ,jesus could not do anybody any harm1 he was sure of that4 ,he decided to go back to ,ellis ,island and ask the kind lady about it4 ,the light came1 and he and his family are earnest members of a ,christian church1 showing their gratitude by trying with true missionary spirit to bring others of their race to the ,master4#ib ,sidenote3 ,immigrant ,headquarters ,this missionary work1 coming at the critical time1 needs to be extended and dignified4 ,it should be so enlarged that it would be possible to reach in some way the great mass of the newcomers1 where now it touches comparatively few4 ,there should be a great interdenominational headquarters building1 thoroughly equipped for every kind of helpful service4 ,a large force of trained workers of different nationalities should be employed1 so that all kinds of needs might be met4 ,it is entirely possible to establish a center that would powerfully impress the immigrants with the worth and importance of the ,christian religion4 ,but no small affair will do4 ,our great denominations have the money in plenty1 and certainly have the talent to organize such a work as the world has never yet seen4 ,and what a chance for personal service such an institution would afford4 ,this would be a living object lesson of ,christianity helping the world1 that might fitly stand beside the statue of ,liberty enlightening the world4 ,,iii4 ,protestantism and the ,alien ,sidenote3 ,present ,work for the ,foreigners ,how are the evangelical denominations meeting their imperative obligation to evangelize the multitudes brought to their very doors8 ,when the immigrant has passed through the gates1 what attention is paid to him8 ,take it in the centers of population1 where the mass of the immigrants go1 and the showing is not very imposing as yet4 ,sidenote3 ,abandoned ,fields ,the truth is that as the foreigners have moved into down-town ,new ,york the old-time ,protestant churches have moved out1 in great measure abandoning the field1 on the assumption that there was no constituency to maintain an ,american church4 ,it did not seem to dawn upon the rich churches which moved up town that the new population needed evangelization and could be evangelized4 ,the result is that the immigrant accustomed to imposing churches and splendid architecture and impressive ritual1 sees little to impress him with the existence of ,protestant ,christianity4 ,go through that teeming ,east ,side in ,new ,york1 and here and there you will find a mission supported in desultory fashion by some church or city mission society or mission board1 and in quarters conducive to anything but worship or respect4 ,there is nothing to make the new arrival feel the presence and power of the religious faith that created this free ,republic and still predominates in its best life4 ,so it is wherever you go4 ,the home mission work is in its beginnings1 and these are manifestly feeble and inadequate4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,example ,the ,roman ,catholics teach us some practical lessons4 ,they build large and impressive churches for the immigrants4 ,they abandon no fields1 and immediately occupy those left by ,protestants4 ,they expend money where it will go furthest4 ,the ,protestants of ,new ,york should have been far-sighted enough to plant strong evangelistic and philanthropic institutions in the fields from which they withdrew their churches4 ,valuable ground has been lost for want of this missionary insight and impulse4 ,sidenote3 ,need of an ,awakening ,the conditions in ,new ,york are symptomatic of those obtaining generally1 in country as well as city4 ,the ,protestant churches1 not recognizing the supreme home mission opportunity to ,christianize the immigrants1 have in many cases become weak where a zealous evangelism would have kept them strong4 ,too many of the ,american ,churches have been satisfied with their own prosperity and unmindful of the growing need of the gospel all around them4 ,as a missionary worker says3#ic ,there are plenty of ,christians who believe that the gospel is the power of ,god unto salvation in a vague and general way2 but there are not enough people who clearly believe that the gospel is the power of ,god unto salvation to the ,italian working on the railroad1 or the ,hungarian in the shops1 or the ,german on the farm4 ,too many of us have no faith at all in foreign missions at home4 ,sidenote3 ,reasons for ,present ,conditions ,it is impossible to enter into details of what has been undertaken by the different evangelical denominations4 ,reference to the tables furnished by various ,home ,mission ,boards#id will indicate1 as far as bald figures can do so1 the extent of the work among the various peoples4 ,the statistics show that in the country1 especially in the ,west1 missions among the earlier type of immigrants--the ,german and ,scandinavian--have long been maintained with success4 ,there are hundreds of strong and prosperous churches among these peoples4 ,for the later immigrants less has been done1 although the need is far greater4 ,some of the reasons for the small proportions of this work are manifest4 ,in order to reach the ,slavs and ,italians there must be native missionaries1 and these cannot be found offhand4 ,after converts are made1 those who are fitted to preach and teach must be trained1 and schools must be provided for the training4#ie ,the difficulties of language must first be overcome4 ,the process requires time and patience and large resources4 ,missions cannot be imposed upon these foreign peoples from without4 ,force cannot be used4 ,access must be found1 and the gospel seed be sown as opportunity occurs4 ,there must be a natural development in a work like this1 which deals with individuals1 and that by persuasion4 ,the present work must not be judged too harshly1 therefore1 as reflecting upon the churches4 ,only of late has the need been recognized by the leaders in ,christian effort4 ,dr4 ,thompson puts the situation in true light1 when he says3 ,sidenote3 ,the ,point for a ,new ,departure ,it goes without saying that the church has not so far taken its full share of the responsibility4 ,she has not realized the gravity of the situation4 ,indeed1 only in late years has it emerged in its full significance4 ,consequently the work of the various ,christian bodies has been sporadic1 rather than systematic and persistent4 ,there has been no serious endeavor to deal with it as a problem and to try to compass it4 ,all the ,churches have worked among the foreigners1 but it has been determined by local conditions and needs which have appealed to ,christian people here and there2 that1 however1 is very different from an intelligent view of the whole situation and a campaign intended and adapted to solve the whole problem4 ,we have reached a point in the immigration problem where it must be solved broadly1 philosophically1 and by the combination of all forces--civic1 social1 moral1 and religious--to bring about the healthy assimilation of all foreign elements into the life of the body politic4#if ,sidenote3 ,success of ,earnest ,effort ,we have said the foreigner is accessible4 ,how true this is1 when earnest and genuine effort is made1 is shown by the tent work in many cities4 ,take it among the ,italians in ,new ,york1 for example4 ,a tent worker tells the results3#ig ,new ,york ,city within a year will hold a half million ,italians4 ,what is the ,church of ,america to do with them8 ,will they listen to the gospel8 ,who has tried to reach them8 ,sidenote3 ,tent ,work ,results in a ,church ,during the past summer a company of earnest workers for ,god and man tested the problem of saving men to save ,new ,york4 ,they started an open-air and tent campaign4 ,they proceeded on the simple hypothesis that ',nothing will elevate the man1 no matter how good he is morally1 except the gospel of ,jesus ,christ1 for it alone is the power of ,god to change the whole man and save him eternally4' ,they drove their tent-stakes into the ground in an ,italian quarter and began to preach and to sing the gospel of grace triumphant into the ears and hearts of ,roman ,catholic ,italians4 ,except when the weather was exceptionally bad1 from five to six hundred persons were there nightly4 ,they were met just as the foreign missionary would meet them4 ,not one among them1 perhaps1 ,christian from a purely evangelistic standpoint1 and yet1 what was the result8 ,in less than one year they expect to have a permanent church building to cost #fj1jjj2 something like two hundred are ready to enter and form a ,protestant church4 ,sidenote3 ,an ,ingenious ,italian ,expedient ,is this a hopeful work1 this effort to evangelize the foreigners8 ,let the following unique instance give its answer1 and illustrate also the intertwinings of the home and foreign work4 ,in a quarry at ,monson1 ,massachusetts1 where over three hundred ,italians are employed1 there was among the number a man who had been converted in ,italy1 through the faithful efforts of an ,american missionary4 ,when this convert reached the ,massachusetts quarry1 his heart burned within him as he realized the spiritual condition of his countrymen1 who were living without any religious services4 ,he labored so effectively for their salvation that in a few months seventeen of the workmen were converted1 and they held regular meetings for prayer and study of the ,bible4 ,at length they sent a message1 signed by every convert1 to a state missionary society3 ,in ,god's name1 send us a missionary4 ,a missionary was sent to organize them into a church4 ,they had no meeting-place1 and in this emergency one of the converts proposed that a room be built on the roof of his cottage4 ,this was done by the little band1 and there they worshiped until the place was too small4 ,then the first story was extended in the rear1 giving space for a comfortable chapel1 and the family occupied the second story or roof-room4 ,this indicates the ingenuity as well as the generous and self-sacrificing spirit of these ,italian ,christians1 who maintain a regular pastor and full services4 ,how many of our ,american churches1 with much larger resources1 could show a better record8 ,what ,american ,christian would have thought of building a meeting-house on his home roof1 or would have been willing to do it if he had thought of it8 ,in devotion and liberality the converted aliens often set noble examples for ,american ,christians4#ih ,,iv4 ,the ,call to ,great ,things ,sidenote3 ,how to ,save ,our ,american ,churches ,sidenote3 ,missionary ,effort the ,solution ,missionaries have been surprised at the eagerness with which they were received by the ,italians1 ,bohemians1 ,poles1 ,slovaks1 and ,lithuanians1 and others commonly regarded as most hopeless4 ,the ,bohemians have a large number of freethinkers--over #cjj societies of them--who have sought to draw their people away from ,christianity or any form of religion2 but they also have a large number of earnest and devoted ,christian converts1 who know the power of the gospel to save1 and are preaching and teaching it4 ,in ,pennsylvania1 among the ,slav peoples1 simple-hearted native workers who have found the way of life are making that way known to others1 and local churches in many places are becoming revived through their active work for these foreigners4 ,many churches now extinct would be alive if they had seen their opportunity4 ,if those churches that have lost most of their old-time membership could be filled with missionary zeal1 and be sustained as evangelistic centers1 the church life of the mining regions would become a different thing once more4 ,the only way to save these ,american churches is for them to save the immigrants4 ,the same thing is true in all country sections where the foreigners have become numerous4 ,the need everywhere is for money to plant and equip thoroughly1 and maintain efficiently1 these evangelizing churches in every community4 ,these institutions must be more than meeting-houses1 open a few times a week4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,great ,mission ,enterprise ,the institutional church always open1 with something to meet every legitimate need of old and young1 so that the evangelical center shall be the center of community life1 can alone meet the requirement4 ,a great force of workers must be raised up1 and this means training schools4 ,no more important educational work can be done in our country in the present emergency4 ,these schools might be interdenominational1 with special classes where required for the specific denominational training1 and thus a united ,protestantism could be rallied to their support1 and make them of size sufficient to impress all with the real consequence of the work4 ,sidenote3 ,church ,federation for ,service ,in this work the interdenominational comity and cooeperation represented in the federation of evangelical churches would secure the best covering of the whole field1 in the true fraternal and ,christian spirit4 ,what all desire supremely is the salvation of the immigrants4 ,and only a united ,protestantism can present such a massive front as to impress the world4 ,this work must be large enough to be self-respecting4 ,at present it is extremely doubtful if there is enough of it to make individual members of the churches feel its worth and importance4 ,there should be a mighty advance movement1 calling for millions of money and thousands of missionaries1 and reaching into a multitude of places now destitute of gospel influences4 ,then the alien in ,america would realize the ,american spirit and purpose and interest in him1 and the birth of a new citizenship would begin4 ,sidenote3 ,planning ,large ,things ,this is the day of large enterprises4 ,the home mission movement for the evangelization of the foreign peoples in ,america ought to be in the forefront of the great enterprises4 ,the real hope of ,america lies in the success of this work4 ,the best brain of the ,christian laity should be engaged in this business4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,million a ,year in ,new ,york ,in ,new ,york ,city alone the ,christian denominations ought to raise and expend at least a million dollars a year for the next ten years for city foreign evangelization1 and this would be only a start in a work bound to extend indefinitely4 ,the demand is imperative4 ,the fields are ripe for harvest4 ,we have seen that the old religious ties are not only weakened by the ,atlantic voyage1 but often broken altogether4 ,in some nationalities this tie is strong1 in most of them not very binding4 ,the great bulk of the new immigration is ,roman or ,greek ,catholic4 ,thousands of these nominal church members drift into open infidelity or schools of atheism1 or else into nothingism4 ,their former ,church does not keep them1 and ,protestantism does not get them4 ,it is a question whether their new condition is better or worse1 religiously1 than it was in the old country4 ,we should remove that question by surrounding them with such ,christian influences and institutions as will make it impossible for them to escape the ,americanizing and evangelizing environment4 ,why should not ,christian philanthropy1 for instance1 build a block of model tenement-houses in the ,italian district1 and give the income from rentals as a permanent endowment for ,italian mission work8 ,this would be a double blessing4 ,sidenote3 ,how to ,use ,wealth for ,country ,there is a magnificent opportunity1 an opportunity to fire the heart of the men who have means to carry out whatever they devise4 ,the evangelical denominations should establish in the heart of the ,east ,side1 where are gathered a dozen little nationalities1 not simply one great establishment of distinctively religious and educational character1 but a number of such institutional churches1 costing anywhere from a million to a million and a half each1 and sustained in a thoroughly business-like way4 ,christianity should permeate the entire work4 ,we ought to be working for to-day and for the future4 ,the ,home ,mission ,boards in cooeperation should be asked to lead forward in this1 the greatest task of the twentieth century4 ,there is nothing sentimental or impracticable about these suggestions4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,work for ,united ,protestantism ,here is a work that demands the moral strength of ,protestant union4 ,let us seek to make the foreigners ,christian1 give them the ,bible1 and set them an example of the brotherhood of believers4 ,then the immigrants will become believers and join the brotherhood4 ,sidenote3 ,what the ,local ,church ,can ,do ,in addition to this organized work done through the missionary bodies1 there is a large work for local churches to do4 ,in some denominations1 which report little organized effort1 there is much mission work done by local parishes4 ,and in all denominations there are many churches that study their community and apply themselves to its needs4 ,the ,chinese ,sunday-school work has been chiefly done by the local churches1 and therefore it is not easy to learn the extent of the work1 since reports are not made to central boards4 ,this form of service is especially desirable when it draws the members of the churches to any extent into personal contact with the foreign element1 and it should be fostered4 ,v4 ,the ,individual ,duty ,sidenote3 ,what ,you ,can ,do ,this brings us to the heart of the whole matter--the personal equation4 ,the trouble is that the alien and the ,american do not know each other4 ,aversion on the one side is met by suspicion on the other4 ,shut away from intercourse1 the alien becomes more alienated1 and the ,american more opinionated1 with results that may easily breed trouble4 ,the antidote for prejudice is knowledge4 ,immigration has made it possible--and in this case possibility is duty--for the consecrated ,christian1 in this day and land of marvelous opportunity1 to be a missionary--not by proxy but in person4 ,sidenote3 ,be a ,home ,missionary ,here is the foreigner in every community4 ,you meet him in a hundred places where the personal contact is possible4 ,did it ever occur to you that you could do something directly for the evangelization of the ,greek or ,italian fruit vender or bootblack or laborer8 ,have you ever felt any responsibility for the salvation of these commonly despised foreigners8 ,have you laughed at them1 or shown your contempt and dislike for them as they have crowded the public places8 ,the evangelization of the foreigners in ,america must be effected by the direct missionary effort of the masses of ,american ,christians4 ,that is the foundation truth4 ,the work cannot be delegated to ,home ,mission ,boards or any other agencies1 no matter how good and strong in their place4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,personal ,service ,hence1 let all emphasis be put here upon personal responsibility and opportunity4 ,be a missionary yourself4 ,reach and teach some one of these newcomers1 and you will do your part4 ,do not begin with talking about religion4 ,make the chance to get acquainted2 then after you have shown genuine human interest1 and won confidence1 the way will be open for the gospel that has already been felt in human helpfulness4 ,as a result of this study1 which has taught you to discriminate and to be charitable to all peoples1 the new attitude and sympathy will enable you to approach those who have been brought within your sphere of influence4 ,there is a field of magnificent breadth open to our young people4 ,once engaged in this personal service1 and aware of its blessed effects1 there will be no lack of a missionary zeal that will embrace the world-wide kingdom4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,shining ,example of ,personal ,effort ,at a conference in ,new ,york1 in the ,home ,mission study class a young colored man from the ,west ,indies gave a practical illustration of individual missionary effort of the kind that would evangelize the foreigners1 if it were generally practiced4 ,he said that every ,thursday1 when the steamer from the ,west ,indies arrives1 he arranges his work so as to be at the wharf1 ready to welcome immigrants1 especially young people1 and to advise them1 if they are strangers without settled destination4 ,he was led to do this by his own experience4 ,for three years after he came to ,new ,york1 he went from church to church without ever receiving a word of welcome or invitation to come again4 ,finally he found a church home2 but the homesickness and loneliness of those years made him feel that so far as he could help it1 no one else from the ,west ,indies should have a similar experience4 ,so he made himself free to speak to the young men1 and always invited them to church4 ,he had been the means of aiding many to establish themselves1 and had saved many immigrants from being lured away into evil4 ,he said the place to get the heart of the foreigner was when he first landed4 ,it was a simple story1 told without any false modesty4 ,plainly his heart was in the work4 ,he was a home missionary1 doing a definite service of importance1 and setting an example that inspired that company4 ,they could not help the round of applause that followed his statement4 ,it was spontaneous4 ,this is the personal touch that must be put in some way upon the stranger that is within our gates4 ,if the alien can be brought under this gracious ,christian influence1 the chances are many that he will soon cease to be alien and become ,christian4 ,blessed is he who makes any soul welcome to country and church4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,call for ,sacrifice ,a call to home mission service is thus presented by ,dr4 ,goodchild1 who would carry religion more fully into the settlement idea3 ,we need for the solution of this problem that young men and women who go to the great cities from the strong churches of the smaller towns and villages should identify themselves with mission churches rather than to seek ease and honor in wealthy churches where unused talent is already congested4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,living ,example ,we need young men and young women to go down among these people and live ,christian lives in the midst of them4 ,i do not believe that any one should take his children there to rear them4 ,but young men in groups1 or young women in groups1 or young couples without children1 who are able to earn their own living could contribute greatly to the solution of these problems if they would live among these foreigners and help in the process of digestion and assimilation4 ,and there is nothing that can do that work so quickly and effectually as for ,christian men and women to dwell among these people1 as ,christ once left his home on high to dwell among the sinful ones of earth4 ,and if there are young men and young women who are willing to give themselves wholly to work for these people1 and will live among them1 and seek by the power of divine grace to lift them up1 it surely is very little for you and me to sustain them while they toil4 ,sidenote3 ,how the ,work ,grows ,wherever earnest effort has been put forth1 the progress of the work has been most encouraging4 ,as an illustration of this1 when ,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,schauffler some twenty years ago began his pioneer missionary work among the #be1jjj ,bohemians of ,cleveland1 he could not learn of any fellow-laborers in the ,slavic field except a ,bohemian theological student in ,new ,york1 a ,bohemian ,reformed ,church pastor in ,iowa1 and another in ,texas4 ,but in #aije there met in ,chicago an ,interdenominational ,conference of ,slavic missionaries and pastors1 and that gathering comprised no less than #ajc ,slavic workers1 of whom sixty-four were pastors and preachers1 fourteen women missionaries1 and twenty-five missionary students2 while the conference represented forty-nine churches in thirteen states1 and five evangelical denominations4 ,mr4 ,ives says truly3 ,it has been forever established that foreigners are as convertible as our own people1 that in many instances their faith is more pure and evangelical than the ,american type1 that their lives are transformed by its power to an extent that sometimes puts the ,american ,christian to shame1 that their children are easily gathered into ,sunday-schools1 their young people into ,endeavor ,societies1 and their men and women into prayer-meetings1 where in many different tongues they yet speak and pray in the language of ,canaan4 ,the immigration problem is not the same menace that it was4 ,a mighty solvent has been found4 ,sidenote3 ,inspiring ,difficulties ,there is no escaping the fact that a prodigious amount of difficult lifting must be done in order to elevate the aliens to the ,american social and religious level4 ,but the very vastness of the home mission task is inspiring rather than discouraging to heroic souls4 ,as someone says1 ,the ,american loves a tough job4 ,difficulties will not hinder him a moment when once he is moved with the divine impulse1 sees the thing to be done1 and sets himself with ,god's help to do it4 ,present conditions call to mind that passage in ,alice in ,wonderland1 where by the seashore ,the walrus and the carpenter were walking hand in hand1 ,and wept like anything to see such quantities of sand4 ,if seven maids with seven mops1 swept it for half a year1 ,do you suppose1 the walrus said1 that they could get it clear8 ,i doubt it1 said the carpenter1 and shed a bitter tear4 ,sidenote3 ,a ,hopeful1 not ,hopeless ,task ,it must be confessed that what has been done1 in comparison with what has to be done1 would not be unfairly represented by the seven maids1 and that some people think the conversion of the foreigner as hopeless as the carpenter did the sand-sweeping job4 ,but seven mops are better than none1 and the pessimists are few4 ,souls are different material to work upon from sand4 ,by and by the ,christian denominations will stop sweeping around the edges of this great missionary enterprise1 and take hold of it with full force4 ,this will come to pass when the real conditions and needs and perils are widely known2 and in making them known the young people have their opportunity to render signal service to foreigner1 country1 ,church1 and ,christ4 ,,vi4 ,basal ,grounds for ,optimism ,sidenote3 ,the ,outlook ,now that we have completed our study of immigration1 necessarily limited by time and space1 we are in position to draw some conclusions with regard to the outlook4 ,our study shows that there is plenty in the character and extent of present day immigration to make the ,christian and patriot thoughtful1 prayerful1 and purposeful4 ,on the surface there is enough that is appalling and threatening to excuse if not justify the use of the word peril4 ,the writer confesses that when he lived1 years ago1 in western ,pennsylvania1 and came close to the inferior grades of immigrants1 and witnessed the changes wrought by the displacement of the earlier day mining class1 he bordered for a time on the pessimistic plane4 ,nor was his condition much improved during residence in ,new ,england1 where the changing of the old order and the passing of the ,puritan are of vast significance to our country4 ,but closer study of the broad subject has led to a positively optimistic view concerning immigration1 and some of the grounds of this optimism may properly close this chapter and volume4 ,sidenote3 ,two ,great ,factors--,democracy and ,religion ,the basal ground is the universal tendency toward democracy and the universal necessity for religion4 ,these are sufficiently axiomatic4 ,the appeal to the history of the nineteenth century is sufficient to establish the first1 and the appeal to the heart of humanity will establish the second4 ,democracy is the dominant spirit in the world's life to-day4 ,it is the vital air of ,america4 ,whatever is in its nature inimical to democracy cannot permanently endure on this continent1 and certainly cannot control1 whether it be in the sphere of ecclesiasticism or commercialism4 ,this1 then1 is the sure ground for optimism4 ,religion is a necessity in a nation4 ,what shall the type of religion be in ,america8 ,the answer is clear1 for ,protestantism is democratic1 while ,romanism is autocratic4 ,sidenote3 ,influence of the ,new ,environment ,the hope of ,america's evangelization is increased by the fact that the pure religion of ,jesus ,christ is so essentially democratic in its fundamental teachings of the brotherhood of man1 of spiritual liberty and unity4 ,the immigrant comes into a new environment1 created alike by civil and religious liberty1 and cannot escape its influence4 ,political liberty teaches the meaning of soul liberty1 and leads the way slowly but surely to it4 ,a man cannot come into rights of one kind without awakening to rights of every kind2 and once awakened1 soon he insists upon having them all for himself4 ,freedom is infectious and contagious1 and the disease is speedily caught by the old-world arrival1 who breathes in its germs almost before the ship-motion wears off4 ,the peril of this is that to him the main idea of liberty is license4 ,the true meaning of the word he must be taught by the ,christian missionary1 for certainly he will not learn it from the ,church to which he commonly belongs4 ,here1 then1 is the opportunity for the pure gospel and for the ,christian missionary4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,testing ,if ,adding the natural appeal of the gospel in its simplicity to this favoring democratic environment1 there is every reason for optimism concerning immigration1 if only ,american ,protestantism prove true to its opportunity and duty4 ,ah1 but that is a tremendous ,,if1 said a widely known ,christian worker to whom this statement was made4 ,i agree with you as to the favoring conditions1 and my only doubt is whether our ,christian ,churches can be brought to see their duty and do it4 ,so far there are only signs of promise4 ,our home mission societies are doubtless doing all they can with the slender means furnished by the contributing churches1 but they are only playing at the evangelization of these inpouring millions4 ,what could be said in reply8 ,one could not deny present apathy on the part of ,protestants at large1 whether the cause be ignorance or indifference or want of missionary spirit4 ,one could but declare faith in the prevailing power of ,protestantism when the crisis comes4 ,we believe the day is not distant when ,american ,protestantism will present a united front and press forward irresistibly4 ,for the hastening of this day let us pray and work4 ,sidenote3 ,the ,task of the ,ages ,thus the problem always resolves itself to this at last3 ,god has set for ,american ,protestant ,christianity the gigantic task of the ages--the home-foreign-mission task--nothing less than the assimilation of all these foreign peoples who find a home on this continent into a common ,americanism so that they shall form a composite ,american nation--,christian1 united1 free1 and great4 ,what could be more glorious than to have part in the solution of this problem8 ,to this supreme service1 young men and women of ,america1 you are called of ,god4 ,what say you3 shall it be ,alien or ,american8 ,,questions ,,for ,,chapter ,,viii ,,aim3 ,,to ,,make ,,hopeful ,,beginnings ,a ,,strong ,,incentive ,,to ,,great ,,expansion ,,of ,,christian ,,work ,,for ,,foreigners ,i4 ,faults on ,both ,sides4 #a4 ,what issues hang upon our work for the incoming foreigners8 #b4 99 ,what barriers must be broken down in order to approach them successfully8 #c4 ,what do these immigrants 7speaking of them in general terms7 possess1 and what do they lack1 spiritually8 #d4 ,is there a lack in our own personal attitude and feelings toward them8 ,what is it8 #e4 99 ,if you had come as an average immigrant1 what would you be likely to think of ,america and the ,americans8 ,,ii4 ,missionary ,beginnings4 #f4 ,when and where is it most easy to approach the foreigner8 ,what will a lurking prejudice do8 #g4 ,what ,christian workers are there at the ports of entry8 ,give instances of the results of their labors4 #h4 ,can we possibly rest content with what is now being done on these lines8 ,why not8 #i4 99 ,should all denominations unite in an effort to meet the situation8 ,will you strive for it8 #aj4 ,what has been the history of evangelical churches down town in ,new ,york ,city8 ,what centers of ,christian work may be found there8 ,what form would a more adequate provision be likely to take8 #aa4 ,among what classes of immigrants has the most successful ,christian work been done8 #ab4 ,among what classes has it been thus far sporadic and experimental8 ,give instances of successful work for ,italians4 ,,iii4 ,expansion ,needed and ,possible4 #ac4 99 ,are those who are ordinarily neglected responsive to the right sort of effort8 ,how may there be sent forth more laborers into the harvest8 #ad4 ,when and how may the scattered forces be joined for more effective work8 #ae4 99 ,shall we dare to brave the perils of an unprecedented advance8#ii ,have we such faith that ,god will move his people to furnish the funds8 ,,iv4 ,local and ,individual ,efforts4 #af4 ,are there many ,sunday-schools for ,chinese in local churches8 ,why not as many for other needy races8 #ag4 99 ,how can every ,christian be a ,home ,missionary8 ,describe some example4 ,compare our ,lord's parable of the leaven4 #ah4 ,will the day of small things lead to greater8 ,on what conditions8 ,give instances4 #ai4 99 ,is the task great enough to challenge our ,christian faith1 courage1 and perseverance8 ,v4 ,a ,hopeful ,outlook for the ,christian4 #bj4 ,is there any reason for inactivity and despair8 ,why not8 #ba4 ,will ,christian democracy help to solve the problem8 #bb4 ,where lies the element of uncertainty and how can it be removed8 #bc4 99 ,will you deliberately give yourself to be used of ,god in helping to remove it8 ,immigration ,means ,obligation4 ,,references ,,for ,,advanced ,,study4--,,chapter ,,viii ,i4 ,study the various forms of work undertaken for foreigners by denominational ,home ,mission ,boards4 ,tables and statements in the appendixes of this book4 ,missionary periodicals4 ,reports and papers of different ,societies4 ,,ii4 ,investigate and report upon efforts made in your own locality4 ,,iii4 ,frame an argument1 or plea1 for the great enlargement of all ,christian activities on behalf of foreigners4 ,mc,lanahan3 ,our ,people of ,foreign ,speech1 ,x1 ,,xi4 ,,appendixes ,,appendix ,a ,,table ,i ,,number ,,of ,,immigrants ,,arrived ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,each ,,year ,,from #ahbj ,,to #aije1 ,,both ,,inclusive#ajj ---------------------------------------- - ,period ,number --------------------------------------- ,year ending ,september #cj-- #ahbj #h1che #ahba #i1abg #ahbb #f1iaa #ahbc #f1ced #ahbd #g1iab #ahbe #aj1aii #ahbf #aj1hcg #ahbg #ah1hge #ahbh #bg1chb #ahbi #bb1ebj #ahcj #bc1cbb #ahca #bb1fcc ,oct4 #a1 #ahca1 to ,dec4 #ca1 #ahcb #fj1dhb ,year ending ,december #ca-- #ahcc #eh1fdj #ahcd #fe1cfe #ahce #de1cgd #ahcf #gf1bdb #ahcg #gi1cdj #ahch #ch1iad #ahci #fh1jfi #ahdj #hd1jff #ahda #hj1bhi #ahdb #ajd1efe ,jan4 #a to ,sept4 #cj1 #ahdc #eb1dif ,year ending ,september #cj-- #ahdd #gh1fae #ahde #aad1cga #ahdf #aed1daf #ahdg #bcd1ifh #ahdh #bbf1ebg #ahdi #big1jbd #ahej #caj1jjd ,oct4 #a to ,dec4 #ca1 #ahej #ei1igf ,year ending ,december #ca-- #ahea #cgi1dff #aheb #cga1fjc #ahec #cfh1fde #ahed #dbg1hcc #ahee #bjj1hgg #ahef #aie1heg ,jan4 #a to ,june #cj1 #aheg #aab1abc ,year ending ,june #cj-- #aheh #aia1idb #ahei #abi1ega #ahfj #acc1adc ,year ending ,june #cj-- #ahfa #adb1hgg #ahfb #gb1ahc #ahfc #acb1ibe #ahfd #aia1aad #ahfe #ahj1cci #ahff #ccb1egg #ahfg #cjc1ajd #ahfh #bhb1ahi #ahfi #ceb1gfh #ahgj #chg1bjc #ahga #cba1cej #ahgb #djd1hjf #ahgc #dei1hjc #ahgd #cac1cci #ahge #bbg1dih #ahgf #afi1ihf #ahgg #ada1heg #ahgh #ach1dfi #ahgi #agg1hbf #ahhj #deg1beg #ahha #ffi1dca #ahhb #ghh1iib #ahhc #fjc1cbb #ahhd #eah1eib #ahhe #cie1cdf #ahhf #ccd1bjc #ahhg #dij1aji #ahhh #edf1hhi #ahhi #ddd1dbg #ahij #dee1cjb #ahia #efj1cai #ahib #egi1ffc #ahic #dci1gcj #ahid #bhe1fca #ahie #beh1ecf #ahif #cdc1bfg #ahig #bcj1hcb #ahih #bbi1bii #ahii #caa1gae #aijj #ddh1egb #aija #dhg1iah #aijb #fdh1gdc #aijc #heg1jdf #aijd #hab1hgj #aije #a1jbf1dii #aijfaja #a1ajj1gce ---------------------------------------- - ,,table ,,ii ,,race1 ,,sex1 ,,and ,,age ,,of ,,immigrants ,,admitted ,,in #aije ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,under #ad to #de yrs4 ,race or people ,male ,female ,total #ad #dd and years years over ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,african 7black7 #b1cbe #a1bgc #c1eih #dcc #b1igd #aia ,armenian #a1cci #eci #a1hgh #bdf #a1ebi #ajc ,bohemian and ,moravian #f1ffb #e1jie #aa1geg #b1fbj #h1ddb #fie ,bulgarian1 ,servian1 and ,montenegrin #e1efb #bfa #e1hbc #ig #e1ebi #aig ,chinese #a1hhc #hh #a1iga #bh #a1fff #bgg ,croatian and ,slovenian #cj1bec #d1hea #ce1ajd #a1chc #cb1dgj #a1bea ,cuban #d1ibe #b1ccd #g1bei #a1cdf #e1bbe #fhh ,dalmatian1 ,bosnian1 and ,herzegovinian #b1dhi #aej #b1fci #fb #b1dej #abg ,dutch and ,flemish #e1fic #b1hje #h1dih #a1fii #f1jhe #gad ,east ,indian #acg #h #ade #c #abb #bj ,english #ca1ife #ah1ijj #ej1hfe #f1ief #cf1gbf #g1ahc ,filipino #d #a #e #d #a ,finnish #aa1ijg #e1aje #ag1jab #a1dhc #ae1jdg #dhb ,french #f1gje #d1fdb #aa1cdg #a1aba #h1hbe #a1dja ,german #di1fdg #cb1gac #hb1cfj #aa1dfi #fd1dda #f1dej ,greek #aa1ehf #eeh #ab1add #ddf #aa1ebc #age ,hebrew #hb1jgf #dg1hcd #abi1iaj #bh1eec #ie1ifd #e1cic ,irish #bd1fdj #bi1fbf #ed1bff #b1ehj #dh1efb #c1abd ,italian 7north7 #ca1fie #h1bce #ci1icj #c1efi #cd1efa #a1hjj ,italian 7south7 #aee1jjg #ca1chc #ahf1cij #af1iaeaei1jbd #aj1dea ,japanese #i1haj #a1baa #aa1jba #abd #aj1ehh #cji ,korean #d1ejf #dbc #d1ibi #cbe #d1eeg #dg ,lithuanian #ac1hdb #d1gfb #ah1fjd #a1dgd #af1hge #bee ,magyar #cd1bdb #aa1ghh #df1jcj #c1hfd #ci1ibf #b1bdj ,mexican #aeb #ge #bbg #bi #afi #bi ,pacific ,islander #ac #d #ag #a #ae #a ,polish #gb1deb #bi1ihe #ajb1dcg #i1hfg #hi1iad #b1fef ,portuguese #b1iib #a1hfc #d1hee #a1jce #c1cha #dci ,roumanian #g1bdd #egd #g1hah #aec #g1bic #cgb ,russian #b1gjj #a1jdf #c1gdf #eia #b1ihh #afg ,ruthenian 7,russniak7 #aj1hbj #c1fec #ad1dgc #ffa #ac1cba #dia ,scandinavian 7,norwegians1 ,danes1 and ,swedes7 #cg1bjb #be1jhb #fb1bhd #f1eig #eb1bbf #c1dfa ,scotch #aj1dgb #e1fgb #af1add #b1bgj #ab1aji #a1gfe ,slovak #ch1jch #ad1ccj #eb1cfh #d1ehb #de1hhb #a1ijd ,spanish #d1gbd #hff #e1eij #djc #d1fab #ege ,spanish-,american #a1adf #eab #a1feh #bbc #a1bcb #bjc ,syrian #c1bdh #a1egd #d1hbb #gdb #c1hdc #bcg ,turkish #b1jhb #fc #b1ade #de #b1jgc #bg ,welsh #a1edi #ihb #b1eca #dfd #a1gbf #cda ,west ,indian 7except ,cuban7 #hib #fef #a1edh #ahg #a1bji #aeb ,all other peoples #bhh #fc #cea #bb #caa #ah ,total #gbd1iadcja1ehea1jbf1diiaad1ffhhee1dai #ef1dab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,here we have forty-four races or nationalities differentiated4 ,surely this is a medley of peoples to be harmonized4 ,note the vast proportion of working age4 ,,table ,,iii ,,debarred ,,in #aije1 ,,for ,,reasons ,,given ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,race or ,people ,idiots,insane,paupers or,loathsome ,contract,relieved likely to or laborersin be public contagious hospital charges diseases ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,african 7black7 44 44 #ajg 44 #ac #c ,armenian 44 44 #be #ej #e #gh ,bohemian and ,moravian 44 #a #ch #h #e #ajd ,bulgarian1 ,servian1 and ,montenegrin 44 44 #cad #ai #fb #cg ,chinese 44 #a #i #gd #c #b ,croatian and ,slovenian 44 44 #bfc #hh #cb #abh ,cuban 44 #a #bb #d #aa 44 ,dalmatian1 ,bosnian1 and ,herzegovinian 44 44 #da #c #ac #ah ,dutch and ,flemish #b #a #ea #g #e #da ,east ,indian 44 44 #ab 44 #a #c ,english #d #i #cbh #bh #eh #add ,finnish #b #a #cc #df #d #hi ,french 44 #b #id #i #bc #dh ,german #e #h #dbj #ajj #fj #gdg ,greek 44 44 #aic #bb #fj #gj ,hebrew #aj #aj #a1bjh #cec #cc #a1ecd ,irish #d #ac #age #bh #ae #bdc ,italian 7north7 44 #b #afi #da #db #aeh ,italian 7south7 #f #ai #a1egh #bdg #bje #a1bij ,japanese 44 #a #bch #bhe #ac #b ,korean 44 44 #d #ah 44 #a ,lithuanian #b #a #dh #ib #h #bfi ,magyar 44 44 #dbg #ajc #ah #cfc ,mexican 44 44 #g #h 44 #b ,polish 44 #d #ddd #bjd #abe #iia ,portuguese 44 44 #ej #g #a #bf ,roumanian 44 44 #chh #ad #aaa #dg ,russian 44 #c #ff #bg #a #ei ,ruthenian 7,russniak7 #a #a #ahf #ad #ac #aae ,scandinavian 7,norwegians1 ,danes1 and ,swedes7 #b #i #aeb #dc #ad #bec ,scotch 44 #b #gg #aj #ba #ge ,slovak 44 44 #bge #ff #dg #dia ,spanish 44 #a #ff #f #fc #bc ,spanish ,american 44 44 #ac #d #a #f ,syrian 44 44 #abd #aee #ei #bjj ,turkish 44 44 #df #i #e #ag ,welsh 44 #a #ab #a #ac #h ,west ,indian 7except ,cuban7 44 #a #bj 44 44 #ag ,all other peoples 44 44 #aie #e 44 #gd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,grand total #ch #ib #g1hih #b1aih #a1afd #g1ggf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,wave ,,of ,,immigration into the ,united ,states ,,from ,,all ,,countries during #hg ,years4 ,,estimated ,,arrivals #aggf ,,to #ahbj #bej1jjj ,,arrivals #ahbj ,,to #aijf #bd1jcb1gah ,,appendix ,b ,,table ,,of ,,acts ,,of ,,congress ,,concerning ,,immigration #ahfb4 ,act of ,february #ai1 prohibiting building1 equipping1 loading1 or preparing any vessel licensed1 enrolled or registered in the ,united ,states for procuring coolies from any ,oriental country to be held for service or labor4 #ahge4 ,act of ,march #c1 providing that any person contracting or attempting to contract to supply coolie labor to another be guilty of felony4 ,excluding convicts1 and women imported for immoral purposes1 making this traffic felony4 #ahhb4 ,general ,immigration ,act of ,august #c2 enlarging excluded list and establishing head tax4 #ahhe4 ,contract ,labor ,act of ,february #bf1 to prevent importation of labor under the padrone or other similar system4 #ahia4 ,act of ,march #c1 which codified and strengthened the previous statutes4 ,excluded classes increased2 encouraging of contract labor to emigrate by advertisements forbidden2 scope of ,immigration ,bureau enlarged by establishing office of ,superintendent of ,immigration 7now ,commissioner-,general71 providing for return of debarred aliens1 and making decision of immigration officers as to landing or debarment final4 #ahic4 ,act of ,march #c2 requiring manifests and their verification2 providing boards of special inquiry2 and compelling steamship companies to post in the offices of their agents copies of the ,united ,states immigration laws1 and to call the attention of purchasers of tickets to them4 #ahid4 ,act of ,august #ah2 making the decision of the appropriate immigration officials final as to admission of aliens1 unless reversed by the ,secretary of the ,treasury on appeal4 #aijc4 ,immigration ,restriction ,act of ,march #c4 7,for its main provisions see p4 #gj of this book1 footnote #bc47 ,,the ,,principal ,,excluded ,,classes 7#a7 ,idiots2 7#b7 insane persons2 7#c7 epileptics2 7#d7 prostitutes2 7#e7 paupers2 7#f7 persons likely to become public charge2 7#g7 professional beggars2 7#h7 persons afflicted with a loathsome or contagious disease2 7#i7 persons who have been convicted of a felony or other crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude1 not including those convicted of purely political offences2 7#aj7 polygamists2 7#aa7 anarchists 7or persons who believe in or advocate the overthrow by force or violence of the government of the ,united ,states or of all government or forms of laws1 or the assassination of public officials72 7#ab7 those deported within a year from date of application for admission as being under offers1 solicitation1 promises or agreements to perform labor or service of some kind therein2 7#ac7 any person whose ticket or passage is paid for with the money of another1 or who is assisted by others to come1 unless it is shown that such person does not belong to one of the excluded classes2 but any person in the ,united ,states may send for a relative or friend without thereby putting the burden of this proof upon the immigrant4 ,,crimes ,,under ,,the ,,act ,,of #aijc ,in order to enforce these provisions twelve violations were made crimes1 with penalties of both fine and imprisonment3 7#a7 ,importing any person for immoral purposes2 7#b7 prepaying the transportation or encouraging the migration of aliens under any offer1 solicitation1 promise or agreement1 parol or special1 expressed or implied1 made previous to the importation of aliens1 to perform labor in the ,united ,states2 7#c7 encouraging the migration of aliens by promise of employment through advertisements in foreign countries2 7#d7 encouraging immigration on the part of owners of vessels and transportation companies by any means other than communications giving the sailing of vessels and terms of transportation2 7#e7 bringing in or attempting to bring in any alien not duly admitted by an immigrant inspector or not lawfully entitled to enter the ,united ,states2 7#f7 bringing in by any person other than railway lines of any person afflicted with a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease2 7#g7 allowing an alien to land from a vessel at any other time and place than that designated by the immigration officer2 7#h7 refusing or neglecting to return rejected aliens to the port from which they came or to pay their maintenance while on land2 7#i7 refusing or neglecting to return aliens arrested within three years after entry as being unlawfully in the ,united ,states2 7#aj7 knowingly or willfully giving false testimony or swearing to any false statement affecting the right of an alien to land is made perjury2 7#aa7 assisting any anarchist to enter the ,united ,states1 or conspiring to allow1 procure or permit any such person to enter2 7#ab7 failing to deliver manifests4 ,,laws ,,to ,,protect ,,the ,,immigrant ,act of #ahai1 providing that a vessel should not carry more than two passengers for every five tons1 and that a specified quantity of certain provisions should be carried for every passenger2 requiring the master to deliver sworn manifests showing age1 sex1 occupation1 nativity1 and destination of passengers4 ,act of #ahee1 limited number to one for every two tons1 and provided that each passenger on main and poop decks should have sixteen feet of floor space1 and on lower decks eighteen feet4 ,act of #ahhb1 providing that in a steamship the unobstructed spaces shall be sufficient to allow one hundred cubic feet per passenger on main and next deck1 and #abj on second deck below main deck1 and forbidding carrying of passengers on any other decks1 or in any space having vertical height less than six feet2 other provisions regulate the occupancy of berths1 light and air1 ventilation1 toilet rooms1 food1 and hospital facilities4 ,explosives and other dangerous articles are not to be carried1 nor animals with or below passengers4 ,lists of passengers are to be delivered to the boarding officer of customs4 ,act of #ahhd1 provision that no keeper of a sailors' boarding house or hotel1 and no runner or person interested in one1 could board an incoming vessel until after it reached its dock4 ,this to protect aliens from imposition and knavery4 ,,legislation ,,recommended ,,in #aije ,,by ,,the ,,commissioner-,,general ,,of ,,immigration #a4 ,in regard to diseased aliens3 that competent medical officers be located at the principal ports of embarkation2 that all aliens seeking passage secure as a prerequisite from such officer a certificate of good health1 mental and physical2 and that the bringing of any alien unprovided with such certificate shall subject the vessel by which he is brought to summary fine4 #b4 ,that the penalty of #ajj now prescribed for carrying diseased persons be increased to #ejj1 as a means of making the transportation lines more careful4 #c4 ,such further legislation as will enable the government to punish those who induce aliens to come to this country under promise or assurance of employment4 ,less exacting rules of evidence and a summary mode of trial are needed to make the law effective4 #d4 ,that ,congress provide means for distributing arriving aliens who now congregate in the large cities4 #e4 ,that as a means of those incapable of self-support through age or feebleness2 those who have not brought sufficient money to maintain them for a reasonable time in event of sickness or lack of employment4 #f4 ,that adequate means be adopted1 enforced by sufficient penalties1 to compel steamship companies to observe in good faith the law which forbids them to encourage or solicit immigration4 ,if other means fail1 a limitation apportioning the number of passengers in direct ratio to tonnage is suggested4 #g4 ,that masters of vessels be required to furnish manifests of outgoing aliens1 similar to those of arriving aliens1 so that the net annual increase of alien population may be ascertained4 ,in addition two special recommendations are made1 with view to control immigration and lessen the hardships of the debarred3 7#a7 ,to enlighten aliens as to the provisions of our laws1 so that they may not in ignorance sever their home ties and sacrifice their small possessions in an ineffectual attempt to enter the ,united ,states4 ,to this end the laws and regulations should be translated into the various tongues and distributed widely4 ,this might not prevail as against the influence and promises of transportation agents1 but it would relieve this country of responsibility for needless distress and suffering4 7#b7 ,an international conference of immigration experts4 ,,appendix ,c ,,work ,,of ,,leading ,,denominations ,,for ,,the ,,foreign ,,population ,the following facts and figures1 received from the leading ,home ,mission ,boards1 give some idea of the work which is now being done for the evangelization of the foreign peoples in the ,united ,states4 ,we should be glad if the reports were more complete4 ,they do not represent all of the work that is being done1 because a considerable part of this work is carried on by the local churches in all of the denominations1 and this work is seldom reported and does not enter into the statistics of the ,home ,mission ,boards4 ,it is hoped that each ,board will provide a supplementary chapter1 setting forth in detail its work among the foreign population--a work abounding in incident and hopefulness4 ,there is no more encouraging home mission work1 and wherever earnest effort has been made1 the response has been most gratifying4 ,write to your ,home ,mission ,board for full information4 ,where a special chapter is not furnished for a supplemental study1 the ,boards will send the information and literature that will enable the leader of the study class to show what is being done1 with a detail impossible in the general treatment of the subject4 ,it is significant1 in this connection1 that all the ,boards are calling especial attention to the needs of this work among the foreign peoples and urging large advance in plans for evangelization4 ,,mission ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,methodist ,,episcopal ,,church ,,in #aijf ,,among ,,the ,,foreign ,,population ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,no4 of charges ,members and probationers receiving in charge receiving ,nationality missionary aid missionary aid ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,welsh #d #ahe ,swedish #ace #ab1jgf ,norwegian and ,danish #he #d1bcf ,german #bfe #ai1ahd ,french #h #cej ,chinese #aa #bih ,japanese #cj #a1fff ,bohemian and ,hungarian #aa #a1fff ,italian #ah #a1jad ,portuguese #c #hf ,finnish #i #ic ,foreign ,populations #c 4444 --- ------ #ehb #ci1eeg ,including the charges not now receiving missionary aid1 the total number of missions1 or charges1 among the foreign peoples was #iga1 not including ,spanish work1 and the total membership1 including probationers1 was #ib1jhb in #aijf4 ,the work is extended all over the country4 ,the ,woman's ,home ,missionary ,society supports ,immigrant ,homes in ,new ,york ,city1 and in ,boston1 ,mass41 in which immigrants may find protection and counsel as well as a safe lodging4 ,in ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 work is also done for incoming strangers1 and lodgings provided in case of need4 ,missionaries are stationed at each of these points4 ,much work is done for foreigners by this ,society through its three large city missions1 and its numerous ,deaconess ,homes4 ,,mission ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,presbyterian ,,home ,,mission ,,board ,,in #aijf ,,among ,,the ,,foreign ,,population ,nationality ,no4 of ,churches and ,stations ,membership ,armenian #c #ahc ,bohemian #cj #a1ebi ,chinese #aj #dch ,danes and ,norwegians #a #aja ,dutch #ab #a1cfe ,french #i #ejh ,german #aef #ac1ddf ,hungarian 7,magyar7 #ae #a1jce --- ------ ,total #bcf #ah1fje ,italian #cb #iee ,japanese #c #ej ,korean #a #dj ,russian #a 4444 ,slavic #h #ccg ,syrian #b #ae ,welsh #g #dad --- ------ ,total #bij #bj1dae ,the ,annual ,report for #aijf says3 ,in addition to the above it is doubtless true that there are many churches1 and even individuals1 carrying on religious work among foreigners which has not been reported to the ,board4 ,two facts warrant special attention4 ,one is that the proper carrying on of the work of giving the gospel to these foreign-speaking peoples necessarily includes and is closely allied with other needs--such as schools2 literature in their own tongue1 including tracts1 papers1 and the ,bible2 colporteur visitation2 ,bible reading1 and so forth4 ,it is not sufficient simply to open a church or hall where a meeting can be held and expect the people to come4 ,a great deal of preparatory work must be done4 ,,mission ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,baptist ,,home ,,mission ,,society ,,in #aijf1 ,,among ,,the ,,foreign ,,population ,nationality ,no4 of ,field ,members of ,mission ,fields ,bohemians #f #aif ,chinese #ab #bji ,danes #bj #dhd ,finns #ac #age ,french ,canadian #bi #fej ,germans #adh #e1aif ,hungarians #c #db ,italians #be #cia ,japanese #b #fh ,jews #b 4444 --- ------ #bfj #g1daa ,lettish #b #ca ,mexicans in ,u4 ,s #ah #aac ,norwegians #ej #a1jie ,poles #f #hb ,portuguese #b #db ,russians #b #ga ,slavs #e #gg ,swedes #bje #g1fbc ,syrians #a 4444 --- ------ #eea #af1ede ,,foreign ,,peoples ,,in ,,baptist ,,churches1 ,,the ,,results ,,of ,,home ,,mission ,,work ,churches ,memb'ship ,germans1 #aijf #bff #bf1bgd ,dane-,norwegian1 #aijc #ij #e1ecj ,swedes1 #aijc #cca #bb1fbe ,the number of missionaries among the foreign populations was #cab4 ,the ,women's ,societies maintained a number of workers1 including the efficient missionaries at ,ellis ,island4 ,the ,home ,mission ,society is supporting ,italian missionaries in twenty cities4 ,aside from organized effort1 ,chinese ,sunday-schools are conducted by many local churches1 which do not report to any central organization4 ,there is a considerable work done also by the city mission societies1 which work independently in part4 ,in some places1 local churches also maintain missions among the ,italians1 ,hungarians1 and ,slavs4 ,,mission ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,congregational ,,home ,,missionary ,,society ,,in #aijf ,total number of ,missionaries #bae ,german ,missions #gc ,scandinavian ,missions #hi ,bohemian #bj ,polish #e ,french #g ,spanish ,missions #aj ,finnish #f ,danish #b ,armenian #f ,greek #a ,chinese and ,japanese #bb ,,statements ,,showing ,,number ,,of ,,congregational ,,churches ,,for ,,foreign ,,speaking ,,peoples1 ,,with ,,their ,,total ,,membership ,churches ,members ,average to a ,church ,germans #agj #h1jjj #dg ,scandinavians #ie #g1die #gi ,slavs #ab #fcf #eh ,all other ,nationalities1 7including ,italians1 ,french1 ,greek1 ,armenian1 ,chinese1 ,welsh1 etc7 #ajb #h1bbb #gh --- ------ --- #cgi #bd1cec #bfb ,,work ,,of ,,the ,,protestant ,,episcopal ,,church ,,among ,,the ,,foreign ,,population ,the ,domestic ,section of the ,domestic and ,foreign ,missionary ,society of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states carries on work to a limited extent among the ,swedes4 ,there is a general missionary in the ,east1 who has charge of this work in the three dioceses of ,rhode ,island1 ,new ,york1 and ,massachusetts1 and one in the northwest4 ,in the eastern dioceses named there were in #aijf fifteen ,swedish missions and parishes1 with #a1hig communicants1 ministered to by five clergymen4 ,the western general missionary visited ,sweden during the past year for the purpose of finding suitable university students for the ministry in this country4 ,there are missions in ,duluth and at other points4 ,the ,annual ,report says3 ,of all the work under the care of the general missionary1 none is more important than the mission to ,scandinavian immigrants arriving at ,ellis ,island1 ,new ,york1 for it acts as a special feeder to the church4 ,the ,scandinavian immigrants outnumber those from any other ,protestant country4 ,what further work is done for the foreign peoples is carried on by the local parishes1 such as ,grace ,church1 ,trinity1 ,saint ,george's1 and ,saint ,bartholomew's in ,new ,york1 which work among the ,italians and other nationalities1 and equip their missions in a manner worthy of imitation4 ,,lutheran ,,work ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,large numbers of the immigrants are ,lutherans4 ,the resources of the ,lutheran church in ,america to care for her people are thus stated by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,n4 ,lenker1 ,d4,d41 in the ,lutheran ,world1 the church organ3 ,for the ,germans1 #e1jjj pastors1 #h1jjj churches1 and #a1bjj1jjj communicant members4 ,for the ,scandinavians1 #a1hjj pastors1 #ad1cjj churches1 and #ejj1jjj communicant members4 ,for the ,finns1 three synods1 #eh pastors1 #ahg churches1 and #bb1adi communicant members4 ,for the ,slovaks1 about #bjj organizations with a growing number of pastors and a very loyal constituency4 ,for the ,letts and ,esthonians1 #ba organized congregations and preaching stations1 divided into the eastern and western districts4 ,for the ,icelanders1 one synod1 #aj pastors1 #cg organized congregations1 #c1ghe communicant members4 ,for the ,poles1 ,bohemians1 and ,magyars1 work is done by the various ,german synods1 the late statistics of which are not at hand4 ,besides congregations in these languages1 many understand ,german and are served by ,german pastors4 ,the whole ,lutheran ,church of ,america1 including the ,swedish ,mission ,friends with #cc1jjj members and the ,german ,evangelical ,synod with #bbb1jjj members1 the constituents of which are nearly all ,lutherans1 making in all #h1ief pastors1 #ae1ace churches1 and #b1abc1fci communicant members are the results of immigrant mission work or mission work in foreign languages or languages other than ,english4 ,,analysis ,,of ,,the ,,immigration ,,for #aije1 ,,with ,,regard ,,to ,,religious ,,affiliations ,,and ,,ease ,,of ,,assimilation#ajb ,first class and the easiest to assimilate are ,english #ej1hfe ,reformed ,scotch #af1add ,reformed ,germans #hb1cfj ,luth4 and ,cath4 ,scandinavians #fb1bhd ,lutheran ,irish #ed1bff ,catholic4 ,finns #ag1jab ,lutheran ,letts1 et al4 #ah1fjd ,lutheran ,slovaks #eb1cfh ,lutheran ------- ,total #cec1ijc ,second class and the second easiest to assimilate3 ,magyars #df1jcj ,ref4 and ,cath4 ,bohemians1 etc #aa1geg ,ref4 and ,cath4 ,french #aa1jba ,ref4 and ,cath4 ,ruthenians #ad1dgc ,catholic ------ ,total #hc1bha ,third class and the most difficult to evangelize and ,americanize and the class that makes the new problem difficult3 ,poles #ajb1acg ,catholic ,italians #bbf1cbj ,catholic ,hebrews #abi1iaj ,israelites ------- ,total #deh1cfg ,,appendix ,d ,,bibliography ,bernheimer1 ,charles ,s41 ,editor4 ,the ,russian ,jew in the ,united ,states4 ,b4 ,f4 ,buck ,co41 ,new ,york #a4ej4 ,written mostly by ,jews2 replete with facts gathered in the various centers--,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,chicago1 ,boston4 ,should be read by those who would understand this remarkable people4 ,brandenburg1 ,broughton4 ,imported ,americans4 ,f4 ,a4 ,stokes1 ,new ,york4 #a4fj4 ,description of experiences while making personal investigations in ,new ,york1 ,italy1 and the steerage1 of immigration problems4 ,crowell1 ,katherine ,r4 ,coming ,americans4 ,willett ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,paper1 #be cents2 ,cloth1 #ce cents4 ,a book for ,juniors1 putting in attractive form for children and teachers of children the leading features of immigration4 ,gordon1 ,w4 ,evans4 ,the ,alien ,immigrant4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 #a4ej4 ,describes the ,hebrews in ,european countries1 with chapter on situation in the ,united ,states4 ,hall1 ,prescott ,f4 ,immigration4 ,henry ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york4 #a4ej4 ,the latest volume of comprehensive character1 taking the restrictive position4 ,the author is secretary of the ,immigration ,restriction ,league4 ,holt1 ,hamilton4 ,undistinguished ,americans4 ,james ,pott ,co41 ,new ,york4 #a4ej4 ,biographical and readable4 ,lord1 ,eliot1 et al4 ,the ,italian in ,america4 ,b4 ,f4 ,buck ,co41 ,new ,york4 #a4ej4 ,makes an exceedingly favorable showing for the ,italians2 somewhat one-sided but valuable4 ,mayo-,smith1 ,richmond4 ,emigration and ,immigration4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 #a4ej4 ,an exceedingly valuable and scholarly work4 ,mc,lanahan1 ,samuel4 ,our ,people of ,foreign ,speech4 ,fleming ,h4 ,revell ,company1 ,new ,york4 #ej cents1 net4 ,a handbook containing many valuable facts in compact form4 ,riis1 ,jacob4 ,how the ,other ,half ,lives4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 #a4be1 net4 ,descriptive of the conditions in which the foreign population struggles for existence4 ,roberts1 ,peter4 ,anthracite ,coal ,communities4 ,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york4 #c4ej4 ,a study of the anthracite regions and the ,slavs1 similar in character to ,dr4 ,warne's book4 ,sinclair1 ,upton4 ,the ,jungle4 ,doubleday1 ,page ,co41 ,new ,york4 #a4ej4 ,a work based on personal investigation and living among the ,slavs who labor in the stockyards in ,chicago2 vivid narrative4 ,this book discloses the treatment of the alien that makes him a menace to ,america4 ,strong1 ,josiah4 ,our ,country4 ,baker ,taylor ,company1 ,new ,york4 #fj cents4 ,the points made in the chapter on ,immigration are as pertinent now as when the book was issued in #ahha4 ,strong1 ,josiah4 ,the ,twentieth ,century ,city4 ,baker ,taylor ,company1 ,new ,york4 ,paper1 #be cents2 ,cloth1 #ej cents4 ,has the breadth of view and effectiveness which belong to the author4 ,warne1 ,f4 ,julian4 ,the ,slav ,invasion4 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 #a4jj1 net4 ,study at first hand of conditions in ,pennsylvania mining regions and the ,slav population4 ,whelpley1 ,j4 ,d4 ,the ,problem of the ,immigrant4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 #d4bj4 ,dealing with the emigration and immigration laws of all nations4 ,wood1 ,robert ,a4 ,americans in ,process4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 #a4ej4 ,a series of papers by ,robert ,a4 ,wood1 and other workers in the ,south ,end ,house in ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,index ,abuses1 of immigration privileges and laws1 #db1 #dc1 #fc-fi1 #gh-hd1 #ib1 #ic ,adams1 ,representative1 of ,pennsylvania1 #gd1 #ig ,admission1 see ,immigrants ,africans1 #abd ,alabama1 #aac ,albany1 ,new ,york1 #bb ,aldrich1 ,thomas ,bailey1 #c ,alien1 admission1 #ec-fd2 advance in numbers and distribution1 #ae-ej1 #ajb-aag2 characterized1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #beh2 ideas imported1 #bda2 loss of religious faith1 #bga2 opinion of ,america1 #bgb2 protection1 #fe-fh2 restriction1 #fh-hd ,aliens1 classes excluded1 #gg1 #gh2 total since ,american ,revolution1 #bh ,america1 duty to guard its own genius1 #bcb2 mission1 #aj1 #bfi2 must be kept ,christian1 #bga2 unique mission field1 #bfi ,american1 ,christians1 duty of1 #aj1 #aa1 #dd-dg2 fair play1 #gc2 ideals to be preserved1 #aa1 #df1 #dg1 #ia1 #bch1 #bci1 #bfb2 institutions1 #bcb1 #bfa2 liberty1 #aag2 ,protestantism1 #af1 #dg1 #bed1 #bee1 #bhh2 teacher in ,syria1 #ci2 ,tract ,society1 #ej2 type of nationality1 #aa1 #de1 #df1 #ib1 #bch1 #bdj ,americanization of immigrants1 #aj1 #ad1 #df1 #aac1 #abf1 #agf1 #bdb2 children promoting1 #bje1 #bbc1 #bei1 #bfj ,anderson1 ,herbert1 #bfh ,antwerp1 #ii ,appeal1 right of1 by excluded1 #gg1 #gh ,ardan1 ,ivan1 #aha1 #ahb ,armenians1 #abd ,asia1 immigrants from1 #bj1 #ba1 #aac ,assimilation of foreign peoples1 #bgj1 #bga2 aid to1 #bic ,assisted immigration1 #dc1 #gg1 #ic1 #aja ,associated ,charities of ,boston1 #if ,atchison1 ,rena ,m41 #aid1 #bdg ,attila1 #bg ,australians1 as immigrants1 #bb ,austria1 #ha1 #hb ,austria-,hungary1 #ib1 #afe2 immigrants from1 #ba1 #be1 #gb ,baldwin1 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,l41 #gb1 #gc ,baltimore1 #ec ,barrows1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,j41 #adb ,battery1 the1 #ed1 #fb1 #ajh ,belgians1 as immigrants1 #ba ,belgium1 #bi ,berlin1 #aii ,betts1 ,mrs4 ,lillian ,w41 #aea1 #aeb1 #bjd ,bible1 #cd1 #afg1 #agd1 #bhc1 #bhh ,birds of passage1 #ga1 #ace ,blackwell's ,island1 #aci ,board of ,special ,inquiry1 #fb ,bohemians1 as immigrants1 #ba1 #afe-agj2 city centers1 #aff2 freethinking tendencies1 #afh1 #afi2 ,protestant in spirit1 #afe-afh2 religious work among1 #bhe ,booth1 ,general ,william1 #aid ,bosnians1 #ahc ,boston1 #bd1 #ec1 #hc1 #aih2 ,italian ,society1 #aaa ,boyesen1 ,professor1 #bh1 #hi1 #ij1 #bcd ,brandenburg1 ,broughton1 #da1 #fe-fh1 #hb1 #ig1 #ih1 #aja ,bremen1 #hb1 #ii ,brooklyn1 #adh ,brooks1 ,phillips1 #bcb ,bryce1 ,james1 #bjj ,buffalo1 #agb ,bulgarians1 as immigrants1 #ba1 #ahc ,bureau of ,information1 #aaj ,burlington1 ,iowa1 #bj ,calvin1 #agb ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 #bd ,canada1 #bg2 ingress from1 #ec1 #gg1 #ib ,canadians1 as immigrants1 #ba ,carr1 ,mr4 #ach ,carroll1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,k41 #agd ,castle ,garden1 #bh ,celtic peoples1 #abc ,chandler1 ex-,senator1 #bad ,chattanooga1 ,immigration ,bureau in1 #aac ,chicago1 #cf1 #aff-agb1 #agf1 #ahg1 #aih ,childhood1 the blighting of1 #bbe1 #bbf ,children1 condition of1 in great cities1 #bba1 #bbb2 number of1 at work1 #bbd1 #bbf ,chinese1 as immigrants1 #ba1 #dj1 #gb1 #gc2 converts1 #gc1 #hi1 #bfi2 exclusion act1 #gj1 #gc2 ,sunday-schools for1 #bhi ,chivers1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,e41 #bfg ,chopin1 #agb ,christ1 #dd1 #bgg ,christian attitude toward immigrants1 #dd-dg1 #bgj2 cooeperation and federation1 #bhf2 optimism1 #h1 #aag1 #bfb ,christianity1 converts to1 #gc2 its first impression for newcomers1 #bgg1 #bgh ,churches1 duty and opportunity of1 #bgj1 #bhb1 #bhf2 abandoning lower ,new ,york1 #bgh2 must be missionary1 #bgj2 saving themselves through saving immigrants1 #bhe2 work for foreigners1 #bhi ,cincinnati1 #bc ,citizenship1 how degraded1 #bad ,city1 the1 bad government of1 #bjj2 conditions of tenement-house life in1 #bja1 #baj2 demoralizing influences1 #bji1 #bad2 environment offered immigrants1 #aif1 #bja-bjf2 foreignization of1 #aih1 #aii1 #bag2 isolation of foreigners in1 #bje2 nerve and storm center1 #aic2 overcrowding1 #bjc1 #bjf2 political evils1 #bad ,city ,college1 many ,jewish pupils in1 #ahi ,civil ,war1 effect on immigration1 #bf1 #ca ,claghorn1 ,kate ,h41 #ig1 #bei ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 #bd1 #aff1 #afi1 #agb ,cleveland1 ,president1 #if ,colonies1 foreign1 in ,america1 #aif1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bag ,colonists distinguished from immigrants1 #de1 #df ,columbia ,university1 #ac ,columbus1 ,christopher1 #ahh ,commissioner-,general of ,immigration1 #be1 #gf-gh1 #hc1 #ib1 #ic2 of the ,port1 #gg ,coney ,island1 #aej ,congestion of foreign elements in cities1 #aie ,congress1 acts of1 #gj ,connecticut1 #agc1 #agd1 #ahj ,consumption1 statistics of1 #bbj2 foreign element largely its victims1 #bbj ,contract labor exclusion1 #gg1 #hb1 #ib2 violation1 #hb1 #hc ,convicts1 excluded1 #gg ,cook1 ,joseph1 #eb ,coolies1 ,chinese1 excluded1 #gj ,cooeperation1 interdenominational1 #bhf2 of ,home ,mission ,boards1 #bhh ,copernicus1 #agb ,crime1 conditions favorable to increase of1 #bji1 #bbd2 foreigners led into by environment and example1 #bji ,croatians1 #abd1 #ahc ,czechs1 see ,bohemians ,dalmatians1 as immigrants1 #ahc ,danes1 as immigrants1 #ba ,debarred1 see ,excluded ,democracy1 influence of upon aliens1 #bif1 #bih ,denmark1 immigrants from1 #bc ,detroit1 #ba1 #agb ,discrimination needed as to immigrants1 #abg ,diseases guarded against1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj1 #gd1 #gg1 #gh1 #ic ,distribution of immigrants1 #ajb-aag2 ,new ,york state1 #aje1 #ajg2 ,new ,zealand methods1 #aaf2 ,north ,atlantic section1 #aje2 ,ohio1 #ajg2 ,pennsylvania1 #aje1 #ajg2 railroads assisting1 #aaf2 societies aiding1 #ajg-aac2 ,south ,central states1 #aje2 ,west ,virginia1 #ajg2 ,western section1 #aje ,dublin1 #aii ,dutch1 as immigrants1 #ba ,eastern invasion1 the1 #aeg-aib ,edison1 ,thomas ,a41 #bdg ,educational policy affected by immigration1 #bdf ,ellis ,island1 #ah1 #ai1 #ce1 #cg1 #ed1 #ee1 #ei-fb1 #gd1 #hc1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajh2 missionary workers at1 #bgd2 results of personal efforts at1 #bge ,emerson1 ,ralph ,w41 #bdg ,english1 as immigrants1 #ai1 #ba1 #abf2 language1 influence of1 #bei1 #bfj ,environment1 evil effects of upon children1 #bdc ,europe1 ,american ideas working in1 #cc1 #cd2 immigrants from1 #bj1 #bc1 #ih1 #abc-aib ,evangelization of immigrants1 #aj1 #af1 #df1 #dg2 accessibility1 #bid2 illustration of1 #bhc2 most potent factor in ,americanizing1 #bgj2 need for extension of1 #bgg2 personal responsibility for1 #bij2 sporadic1 not systematic1 #bha ,evasion of immigration laws1 #gh-hc ,excluded classes1 #gd-gh1 #ajj1 #aja ,federation of ,jewish ,charities1 #ajb ,financial panics1 effect on immigration1 #bf1 #ca ,finns1 as immigrants1 #ba ,fiume1 #hb1 #ii ,forbes1 ,james1 #aci ,foreign-born1 distribution of1 #ajg ,four ,state ,immigration ,league1 #aac ,france1 #cd ,franklin1 ,benjamin1 #fi ,freethinkers1 their societies among immigrants1 #afh1 #afi1 #ahj1 #bhe ,french-,american ,college1 the1 #bhj ,french1 as immigrants1 #ba ,french-,canadians1 ,roman ,catholic convention of1 #beg ,fung ,yuet ,mow1 #bfi ,gardner1 ,representative1 of ,massachusetts1 #ie ,genoa1 #ii1 #acb ,germans1 as immigrants1 #ai1 #ba1 #ce1 #abf ,germany1 immigrants from1 #be1 #cc1 #ha ,goodchild1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,m41 #cc1 #bib ,grant1 ,ulysses ,s41 #bdg ,great ,britain1 immigrants from1 #be1 #dc1 #abh ,greece1 #ib ,greek ,catholic ,church1 #ahb1 #ahd2 ,orthodox or ,russian ,state ,church1 #ahb ,greeks1 as immigrants1 #ba1 #cg1 #da ,hall1 ,prescott ,f41 #de1 #gj1 #abi ,hamburg1 #hb1 #ii ,havre1 #ii ,hebrew1 see ,jewish1 ,jews ,herzegovinians1 as immigrants1 #ahc ,hewes1 ,f4 ,w41 #ajg ,home ,missions1 at ,ellis ,island1 #bgd2 demand for extension of in ,new ,york1 #bhg2 opportunities of1 for local churches1 #bgi2 personal work1 #bgd1 #bij1 #bia2 results of abroad1 #bfi2 settlement influences by residence1 #bib1 #bic ,honolulu1 #ec ,huguenot colonial stock1 #bdj ,hungarians1 as immigrants1 #cc1 #abh1 #agg-agi2 cafes1 as social centers1 #agh1 #agi2 fair degree of education1 #agg2 open to mission work1 #agh ,hungary1 #ai1 #abh ,huns1 #bg1 #afe ,hunter1 ,robert1 #aid1 #bjj ,huss1 ,john1 #aff1 #agj ,iberic peoples1 #abc ,idiots1 excluded1 #gg1 #gh ,illiteracy1 amount of among immigrants1 #bb1 #bd1 #abe2 test proposed1 #ie1 #if ,immigrants1 admission1 #ec-fd2 assisted1 #dc1 #ic2 approachable1 #bgc1 #bhb2 attracted to the city1 #aie2 debarred1 #gj1 #ga1 #gg1 #gh2 diseased1 #eg1 #fj1 #gd1 #gg1 #gh1 #ic1 #id2 illiteracy among1 #bb1 #bc1 see also ,illiteracy2 manifest1 #ee1 #ef1 #fa2 nationality1 #ba1 #bb2 natural1 #ca-db2 ports and routes of entry1 #ec1 #gg2 solicited1 #db1 #dc1 #hj-hb1 #ic2 smuggling of1 #ha1 #ib2 religious census and conditions1 #bea1 #bga2 value of first impression upon1 #bgc2 views of ,america1 #bgb2 women among1 #ah1 #fa1 #gf ,immigration1 annual volume1 #ag-bb2 ,bureau of1 #gf1 #gg1 #ib1 #ajd2 causes of1 #bi-ca2 ,christian view of1 #h2 classes1 #ca-dc2 ,conference of #aije1 #ij1 #ia2 divine mission in1 #bgj2 economic fallacies of1 #bde2 effect upon educational policy1 #bdf2 inspectors and officers1 #ei-fa1 #gf1 #gg2 laws1 see ,laws1 immigration2 new development of1 #aba-aee2 numbers since #ahbj1 #be-bg2 process by the steerage and ,ellis ,island described1 #ee-fb2 ,restrictive ,league1 #if2 runner1 #hj-hb2 steamship and railroad arrangements1 #ee1 #eg1 #fb ,indianapolis1 #bb ,indians1 ,north ,american1 #de ,industrial ,commission1 #ca ,insane1 excluded1 #gg1 #gh ,insanity1 low proportion among ,italians and ,jews1 #adj ,institutional church1 need of1 #bhf1 #bhh ,ireland1 #bg1 #dc1 immigrants from1 #be1 #ca1 #gb1 #abh2 potato famine1 #be ,irish1 as immigrants1 #ai1 #ba1 #ch1 #ci1 #hi1 #abf2 compared with the ,italians1 #acf1 #acg ,italian1 ,benevolent ,institute1 #adg2 ,chamber of ,commerce1 #ade2 ,hospital1 #adg2 ,immigration ,department1 #ach2 ,savings ,bank1 #adg ,italians1 as immigrants1 #ai1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 #aaj1 #acj2 distribution1 #ace1 #acf2 family cooeperation1 #bjg2 generally peaceable character1 #ada1 #adb1 #bjh2 illiteracy1 #bb1 #acd2 in ,new ,york1 #aci1 #ade1 #bjf2 number entering1 #ai1 #acd1 #ace2 parallel drawn with ,irish1 #acf1 #acg2 societies for mutual aid1 #ej1 #aaj1 #ade1 #adg2 spirit of converts1 #bhd2 thrift1 #aci-adg1 #bjg2 women homemakers1 #bjf2 ,italy1 #ib1 #aca-acc2 government action and aid1 #gi1 #aaa2 immigrants from1 #be1 #ca1 #gb1 #gi1 #ajg2 ,royal ,department of ,emigration1 #aaa2 sections compared1 #aca-acd ,ives1 ,mr41 #bid ,japanese1 as immigrants1 #dj2 ,robinson ,crusoe1 #dj ,jefferson1 ,president1 #fh ,jerome of ,prague1 #aff ,jersey ,city1 #bb ,jewish children as pupils1 #ahi ,jews1 as immigrants1 #ba1 #ie1 #if1 #aac1 #abh1 #ahe-aij2 ,austria-,hungarian1 #ba1 #ahf2 ,german1 #ahe2 good qualities1 #aij2 number of in ,new ,york1 #ahf1 #aih2 ,roumanian1 #ahf2 ,russian1 #aa1 #ab1 #ba1 #ahe-aij ,john ,g4 ,carlisle1 ferryboat1 #ec ,joseph ,,ii1 ,emperor1 of ,austria1 #afg ,juvenile ,court1 ,jewish children in1 #aij ,kansas ,city1 #bb ,kosciusko1 #agb ,kossuth1 a ,slovak1 #age ,labor1 immigration of skilled and unskilled1 #bc1 #bd ,latin races1 as immigrants1 #aac1 #aca ,lawrence1 ,kansas1 #bj ,laws1 immigration1 #eh1 #fd2 ,bill of #aijf1 #ie2 problems1 #hg-aai2 protective1 #fe-fh2 restrictive1 #fh-hd2 summaries and recommendations1 #cji-cac ,lee1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,h41 #acf1 #aeb ,legislation1 see ,laws1 immigration ,letts1 the1 as immigrants1 #agi1 #ahj ,liberty1 ,american1 as a working leaven1 #cc1 #cd2 statue of1 #eg1 #bgh ,lieber1 ,francis1 #aid ,lincoln1 ,abraham1 #bdg ,lithuanians1 as immigrants1 #bc1 #cf1 #agi1 #ahj2 illiteracy1 #bc ,liverpool1 #ii ,lodge1 ,senator1 #if ,london1 #ii ,long ,island1 as a field for ,italians1 #adi ,longfellow1 #bdg ,louisiana1 #aac ,louisville1 #bc ,luther1 #agb ,lynn1 ,massachusetts1 #bd ,machinery1 effect on immigration1 #dc ,madison1 ,president1 #fh ,mafia1 the1 #acj1 #ada ,magna ,charta1 #cd ,magyars1 as immigrants1 #ba1 #agg-agi2 illiteracy1 #bc2 see also ,hungarians ,manifest for immigrant1 #ee1 #ef1 #fa ,marine ,hospital ,service1 #ei ,marseilles1 #ii ,mashek1 ,nan1 #aff ,massachusetts1 #adb1 #agc ,mayo-,smith1 ,richmond1 #eb1 #bca1 #bch1 #bdh ,mc,lanahan1 ,samuel1 #aba ,mc,millan1 ,margaret1 #bbe ,mexicans1 as immigrants1 #ba ,mexico1 ingress through1 #ib1 #ic ,michigan1 #agb ,milwaukee1 #agj1 #agb ,minneapolis1 #ba ,mission workers for immigrants1 #bgd ,mississippi1 #aac1 #ahc ,mitchell1 ,max1 #ajb ,mongolic peoples1 #abd ,montenegrins1 as immigrants1 #ba1 #ahc ,moravians1 as immigrants1 #afd ,music1 love of by ,bohemians1 #afi2 by ,italians1 #add ,naples1 #ii1 #aii ,national ,civic ,federation1 #ij2 ,slavonic ,society1 #agf ,naturalization1 illegal methods1 #ic1 #aif1 #bad-bae2 reading test desirable1 #bdi ,new ,amsterdam1 #de ,new ,england1 #de1 #adh1 #agc1 #agi2 how it can remain ,christian1 #bgj1 #bga ,new ,haven1 #bc ,new ,jersey1 #adh1 #agc1 #agh ,new ,orleans1 #ahc ,new ,york1 ,bible ,society1 #ej2 ,state1 #fi1 #gj1 #aje1 #ajg1 #agh1 #bac ,new ,york ,city1 #cj-ci1 #ec1 #ed1 #fb1 #fc1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aci1 #ade1 #afe1 #aff1 #afi1 #agb1 #agf-ahi1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bbj2 chief port of entry for immigrants1 #ec2 child life and labor in1 #bbj1 #bba2 consumption in1 #bbj2 cosmopolitan character1 #aih1 #aii2 foreign peoples in1 #aci1 #ade1 #aej1 #aff1 #agb1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahf-ahi1 #aie-bbf ,norway1 #bg2 immigrants from1 #bc1 #be1 #abf ,occupations1 of various races1 #bc1 #bd ,odessa1 #ii ,ogg1 ,frederick ,a41 #ib1 #ic1 #ii1 #ajj ,ohio1 #agb ,optimism1 #h1 #bi1 #bfb ,ottawa1 ,illinois1 #bj ,padrones1 #hb1 #ib1 #aaa ,parochial schools among aliens1 #bdf1 #bef ,pauperism in the ,united ,states1 #bah2 contrasted with poverty1 #bag2 foreign percentage of1 #bai2 increased by immigration1 #bai ,pennsylvania1 #afj-afc1 #agb1 #age1 #agg1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahc1 #bac ,people's ,forum in ,cooper ,institute1 #bej ,persecution1 affecting immigration1 #bi1 #cj1 #ia ,philadelphia1 #ch1 #ec1 #agb1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahg ,pittsburg1 #hb1 #agb1 #agd1 #agf ,poles1 as immigrants1 #bb1 #ce1 #ge1 #gf1 #agj-agd2 clannish1 #agc2 illiteracy1 #bb1 #agc2 independence1 #agc ,polish1 ,catholics1 #agd2 girl1 story of1 #bab2 ,jew1 sweater1 #baj2 ,national ,alliance1 #agj ,ports1 for examination abroad1 #ih1 #ii2 of entry1 #ec ,portsmouth1 ,new ,hampshire1 #bj ,poughkeepsie1 ,new ,york1 #bj ,poverty in the ,united ,states1 #bah2 defined1 #bag ,presbyterian ,slavistic ,union1 #agf ,protestantism1 as related to immigrants1 #i1 #ci1 #dg1 #bjb1 #aff-agd1 #agg-ahh1 #baf1 #bbd1 #bea2 could change conditions as to child labor1 #bbe1 #bbf2 ought to save immigrants from moral degeneracy1 #bee2 vast opportunity to evangelize and ,americanize1 #bfg-bii ,providence1 ,rhode ,island1 #ba ,public ,schools1 attacks upon to be resisted1 #bdh2 duty to elevate1 #bdh2 foreign children in1 #aih1 #bbc1 #bdh2 power to ,americanize1 #bcd1 #bdh1 #bef ,publicity1 value of1 #hc1 #ij ,quarantine1 #ef1 #fb ,railroads and immigrants1 #fb1 #fc ,reich1 ,emil1 #aca ,religious census of immigrants in #aijj1 #bea ,removal ,bureau1 for directing ,jewish emigrants1 #aaa ,reports1 ,commissioner-,general1 #be1 #adc ,riis1 ,jacob1 #aid1 #baf ,roman ,catholic ,church1 as related to immigrants1 #acc1 #aea1 #aeb1 #afg1 #afh1 #agb-agd1 #agg-ahd1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bea1 #bef1 #beg1 #bga1 #big2 efforts to get public money for parochial schools1 #bdf2 some lessons to be learned from1 #bgi ,roosevelt1 ,president1 #ea1 #gc1 #hh1 #ib1 #if1 #agi ,rossi1 ,adolpho1 #ach1 #adg ,rotterdam1 #ii ,roumanians1 as immigrants1 #ai1 #ba2 see also ,jews ,rovinanek1 ,mr41 #agd1 #age ,russia1 #cd1 #abh2 immigrants from1 #be1 #ha1 #bag ,russian empire1 #ai2 ,jews1 #aa1 #ai1 #aab2 persecution1 #bi1 #cj ,saint ,louis1 #ade1 #aih ,saint ,nazaire1 #ii ,saloon1 evil effects of1 #baf1 #bag ,sampson1 ,sidney1 #bfj ,san ,francisco1 #da1 #ec1 #gc1 #adh ,saratoga ,springs1 ,new ,york1 #bj ,sargent1 ,commissioner-,general1 #bh1 #ajc1 #aeh1 #bjc ,scandinavians1 #bg2 agricultural tendency1 #abg2 useful immigrants1 #ai1 #ba1 #abf1 #bag2 small illiteracy1 #bc ,schauffler1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,f1 #cj1 #aie ,schauffler1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,a41 #bic ,scotch1 as immigrants1 #ba1 #abf2 small illiteracy1 #bc ,scotland1 #bg ,secretary of ,commerce and ,labor1 #gg1 #gh ,seelye1 ex-,president of ,amherst1 #bee ,servian immigrants1 #ba ,settlement service by religion and residence1 #bib1 #bic ,sioux ,falls1 ,iowa1 #bj ,slavic home missionaries1 #bic1 #bid2 peoples1 #abd ,slavs1 as immigrants1 #ba1 #gi1 #ajg1 #aac1 #abg1 #abh1 #aeg-aib2 defined1 #aei1 #afj2 displacing other peoples1 #afj1 #afb2 illiteracy1 #bc1 #afd2 largely unskilled1 #afd2 migration of recent date1 #afj2 mostly mine and factory workers1 #afd2 native workers among1 #bhe ,slovaks1 as immigrants1 #agd-agf2 from agricultural class1 #age2 organizations among1 #agf2 tinware workers1 #agf ,slovenians1 as immigrants1 #ahc ,slums1 peril of the children in1 #bbj-bbd2 poverty and pauperism of1 #bag-bai ,socialism1 bred in the slums1 #bjb ,societies in aid of immigrants by races1 #aaj-aab ,society for ,italian immigrants1 #ej1 #aaj1 #aaa ,solicitation1 as affecting immigration1 #db1 #dc1 #hj-hb1 #ic ,south ,american immigrants1 #ba ,south ,carolina1 #aac ,south1 the ,new1 as a field for immigrants1 #aac ,southampton1 #ii ,spahr1 ,dr4 ,charles ,b41 #bfj ,spanish immigrants1 #ba1 #bag ,special ,inquiry ,board1 #gg ,speranza1 ,gino ,c41 #hh1 #ade ,stairs of ,separation1 #fb1 #fc ,standards of living1 lowered through immigration1 #bdd ,states and countries as a scale of immigration1 #bd1 #be1 #bg1 #bh ,statistics of immigration1 aliens since ,revolution1 #bh2 arrivals by years from #ahbj to #aije1 #cje2 child labor in ,new ,york ,city1 and in ,united ,states1 #bbf1 #bbg2 countries by totals1 #abg-abi2 debarred during fourteen years1 and by race or people1 #gg1 #cjc2 distribution by states1 #aje-ajg2 entries at ports and through ,canada1 #ec2 estimated immigration for #aije-f1 #bj2 illiteracy1 #ba-bc1 #acd1 #afd2 increase of immigrants for #aije1 #be2 inflow since #ahbj1 #be-bg2 insanity1 #adj2 ,italians1 by years1 locality1 and occupation1 #acd1 #ace1 #adc2 ,jews1 chiefly ,russian1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aih2 labor skilled and unskilled1 #bc1 #bd1 #acd1 #afd2 mendicancy1 #adj2 money sent from ,united ,states to aid immigrants1 #ca2 present annual race totals illustrated1 #bj-bc2 race1 sex1 and age of immigrants for #aije1 #cjf2 religious divisions for #aijj1 #bea2 savings and investments of ,italians1 #ade1 #adf2 ,slavs for #aije1 #aei1 see also1 for distribution and occupation1 #afe-ahc2 tendency among ,italians to forsake ,roman ,catholic ,church1 #bga ,steamships for immigrants1 #ee1 #eg2 overcrowding1 #fe2 rate cutting1 #gi2 steerage abuses and reforms1 #fe-fh2 unkind treatment1 #eg1 #eh1 #fg2 unsanitary arrangements1 #fe-fg2 violation of laws1 #gh-hd ,stettin1 #ii ,strong1 ,dr4 ,josiah1 #i-af1 #aic1 #aid1 #bef1 #beg ,sunday laws and observance1 as affected by immigration1 #gb1 #bcg1 #bda1 #beb-bed2 ,sunday-schools1 among immigrants1 #bhd1 #bid ,sweat-shop1 description of system1 #bji1 #baj2 reproach to ,christian civilization1 #baj2 victims of1 #baj-bac ,sweden1 #bg2 immigrants from1 #bc1 #be1 #cc1 #cg1 #ch1 #abf ,swiss1 as immigrants1 #ba1 #bh ,switzerland1 #bg1 #dc ,syrian immigrants1 #bc1 #ci ,tariff1 effect on immigration1 #dd ,temperance1 large measure of1 among ,chinese1 ,italians1 and ,jews1 #gc1 #ada1 #aij ,tenement-houses1 description of life in1 #bjd-bjh2 evils of1 #bja2 exorbitant rents1 #bjb2 model block of suggested1 #bhh2 responsibility of landlords1 #bjb2 unsanitary conditions of1 #baa ,tent campaign1 winning ,italians1 #bhb ,teutonic peoples1 #abc ,texas1 #aac ,thompson1 ,dr4 ,charles ,l41 #aag1 #bfh ,training schools1 needed in work among aliens1 #bhf ,trieste1 #ii ,tuoti1 ,mr4 ,g41 #ade ,turks1 as immigrants1 #ba2 illiteracy1 #bc ,tymkevich1 ,paul1 #aeh ,united ,hebrew ,charities1 #aaa1 #bai1 #bgg ,united ,kingdom1 see ,great ,britain ,united ,states1 agencies of helpful to immigrants1 #ej1 #ed1 #eg-fc1 #aaa1 #bgd2 assisted immigration to1 #dc1 #ic2 attraction of1 #bi-db2 ,immigration ,investigating ,commission1 #aab1 #aac2 ,industrial ,commission on ,immigration1 #ada2 legislation as to immigrants1 see ,laws1 immigration2 money from relatives in1 to aid immigrants1 #ca2 national songs1 #cd2 ,post-office1 an immigration agency1 #cc2 see also ,commissioner-,general of ,immigration1 ,ports of entry ,venice1 #aii ,vincennes1 ,indiana1 #bj ,virginia1 #de1 #age ,vote1 foreign1 peril of1 #bdi ,walker1 ,general ,francis ,a41 #bcb ,ward1 ,robert ,d41 #aid ,warne1 ,f4 ,j41 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afb1 #bdf ,warsaw1 #aii ,washington1 city of1 #bd2 ,president1 #fh ,watchorn1 ,commissioner ,robert1 #cj1 #hb ,welsh1 as immigrants1 #ba1 #abf ,whelpley1 ,j4 ,d41 #af1 #gj1 #gi1 #id1 #aja ,wisconsin1 #afg ,women immigrants1 #ah1 #ce1 #ch1 #ci1 #eg1 #fa1 #fg1 #ge1 #gf1 #cjd2 special inspection for1 #fa1 #gf ,work of leading denominations for foreign population1 #cad-cbj ,yiddish language1 #aih ,young people1 as creators of public sentiment1 #aig2 opportunity of for ,christian service1 #aj ,ziska1 ,general1 #aff 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,forward ,mission ,study ,courses 99 99 99 99 99 ,anywhere1 provided it be ,,forward4--,david ,livingstone 99 99 99 99 99 ,prepared under the auspices of the ,,young ,,people',s ,,missionary ,,movement ,,executive ,,committee3--,harry ,wade ,hicks1 ,s4 ,earl ,taylor1 ,john ,w4 ,wood1 ,f4 ,p4 ,haggard1 ,t4 ,h4 ,p4 ,sailer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,forward ,mission ,study ,courses are an outgrowth of a conference of leaders in ,young ,people's ,mission ,work1 held in ,new ,york ,city1 ,december1 #aija4 ,to meet the need that was manifested at that conference for ,mission ,study ,text-books suitable for young people1 two of the delegates1 ,professor ,amos ,r4 ,wells1 of the ,united ,society of ,christian ,endeavor1 and ,mr4 ,s4 ,earl ,taylor1 ,chairman of the ,general ,missionary ,committee of the ,epworth ,league1 projected the ,forward ,mission ,study ,courses4 ,these courses have been officially adopted by the ,young ,people's ,missionary ,movement1 and are now under the immediate direction of the ,executive ,committee of the ,movement1 which consists of the young people's secretaries1 or other official representatives of twelve of the leading missionary boards of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,the aim is to publish a series of text-books covering the various home and foreign mission fields1 and written by leading authorities with special reference to the needs of young people4 ,the entire series when completed will comprise perhaps as many as twenty text-books4 ,a general account will be given of some of the smaller countries1 such as ,japan1 ,korea1 and ,turkey2 but1 for the larger fields1 as ,china1 ,africa1 and ,india1 the general account will be supplemented by a series of biographies of the principal missionaries connected with the country4 ,the various home mission fields will also be treated both biographically and historically4 ,the following text-books have been published3-- #a4 ,the ,price of ,africa4 7,biographical47 ,by ,s4 ,earl ,taylor4 #b4 ,into ,all the ,world4 ,a ,general ,survey of ,missions4 ,by ,amos ,r4 ,wells4 #c4 ,princely ,men in the ,heavenly ,kingdom4 7,biographical47 ,by ,harlan ,p4 ,beach1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #d4 ,child ,life in ,mission ,lands4 ,a ,course of ,study for ,junior ,societies4 ,by ,ralph ,e4 ,diffendorfer4 #e4 ,sunrise in the ,sunrise ,kingdom4 ,a ,study of ,japan4 ,by the ,rev4 ,john ,h4 ,de ,forest1 ,d4,d4 #f4 ,heroes of the ,cross in ,america4 ,home ,missions4 7,biographical47 ,by ,don ,o4 ,shelton4 #g4 ,daybreak in the ,dark ,continent4 ,a ,study of ,africa4 ,by ,wilson ,s4 ,naylor4 #h4 ,the ,christian ,conquest of ,india4 ,a ,study of ,india4 ,by ,bishop ,james ,m4 ,thoburn4 #i4 ,aliens or ,americans8 ,a ,study of ,immigration4 ,by ,rev4 ,howard ,b4 ,grose1 ,ph4,d4 ,these books are published by mutual arrangement among the denominational publishing houses1 to whom all orders should be addressed4 ,they are bound uniformly1 and are sold for #ej cents1 in cloth1 and #ce cents1 in paper1 postage extra4 99 99 99 99 99 ,study classes desiring more advanced text-books are referred to the admirable series published by the ,interdenominational ,committee of the ,woman's ,boards4 ,the volumes already published are3-- ,via ,christi4 ,a ,study of ,missions before ,carey4 ,by ,louise ,manning ,hodgkins4 ,lux ,christi4 ,a ,study of ,missions in ,india4 ,by ,caroline ,atwater ,mason4 ,rex ,christus4 ,a ,study of ,missions in ,china4 ,by ,rev4 ,arthur ,h4 ,smith1 ,d4,d4 ,dux ,christus4 ,a ,study of ,missions in ,japan4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,e4 ,griffis1 ,d4,d4 ,christus ,liberator4 ,a ,study of ,missions in ,africa4 ,by ,ellen ,c4 ,parsons4 ,christus ,redemptor4 ,a ,study of the ,island ,world4 ,by ,helen ,barrett ,montgomery4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,italian ,,sunday ,,school ,,in ,,new ,,england ,illustration3 ,,portuguese ,,and ,,spanish ,,children ,portuguese ,boy and ,girl ,spanish ,boys ,illustration3 ,,four ,,nationalities ,jewish ,girl ,polack ,girl ,italian ,boy ,spanish ,boy ,illustration3 ,,an ,,italian ,,family ,,crowded ,,in ,a ,,new ,,york ,,tenement ,illustration3 ,a ,,group ,,of ,,immigrants ,,just ,,arrived ,,at ,,ellis ,,island ,illustration3 ,,three ,,types ,,of ,,immigrants ,alsace-,lorraine ,girl ,ruthenian ,woman ,holland ,dame ,illustration3 ,a ,,group ,,of ,,twelve ,,different ,,nationalities ,taken on the ,roof ,garden at ,ellis ,island ,illustration3 ,,an ,,appeal ,,from ,,the ,,special ,,inquiry ,,board ,,to ,,commissioner ,,watchorn ,illustration3 ,,italian ,,and ,,swiss ,,girls ,italian ,girl ,swiss ,girl ,illustration3 ,,ellis ,,island ,,immigrant ,,station ,the ,chief ,port of ,entry in ,new ,york ,harbor ,illustration3 ,,detained ,,for ,,special ,,examination ,illustration3 ,a ,,german ,,family ,seven soldiers lost to the ,kaiser4 7,german ,consul's remark on seeing this picture7 ,illustration3 ,,receiving ,,room ,,at ,,ellis ,,island 7,a7 ,entrance stairs2 7,b7 ,examination of health ticket2 7,c7 ,surgeon's examination2 7,d7 ,second surgeon's examination2 7,e7 ,group compartments2 7,f7 ,waiting for inspection2 7,g7 ,passage to the stairway2 7,h7 ,detention room2 7,i7 ,the ,inspectors' desks2 7,k7 ,outward passage to barge1 ferry1 or detention room4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,landing ,,at ,,the ,,battery ,,in ,,new ,,york ,illustration3 ,from copyright stereograph1 #aijg1 by ,underwood ,underwood1 ,new ,york ,,the ,,inflowing ,,tide ,illustration3 ,,races ,,of ,,immigrants ,,fiscal ,,year #aije ,,figures ,,on ,,the ,,map ,,represent ,,the ,,number ,,of ,,immigrants ,,of ,,the ,,races ,,named ,,coming ,,from ,,each ,,country ,,indicated1 ,,while ,,the ,,figures ,,on ,,the ,,bars ,,represent ,,the ,,total ,,number ,,of ,,immigrants ,,of ,,the ,,races ,,named ,,coming ,,from ,,all ,,countries4 ,,the ,,color ,,on ,,map ,,indicates ,,approximately ,,regions ,,of ,,the ,,racial ,,grand ,,divisions ,,where ,,the ,,terms ,,bohemian1 ,,bulgarian1 ,,croatian1 ,,and ,,dalmatian ,,are ,,used1 ,,they ,,refer ,,to ,,bohemian ,,and ,,moravian1 ,,bulgarian1 ,,servian1 ,,and ,,montenegrin1 ,,croatian ,,and ,,slovenian1 ,,and ,,dalmatian1 ,,bosnian1 ,,and ,,herzegovinian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #a ,j4 ,d4 ,whelpley1 ,the ,problem of the ,immigrant1 #b4 #b ,entrance ,port for ,immigrants at ,new ,york4 #c ,the total immigration into the ,united ,states for the fiscal year ending ,june #cj1 #aijf1 was #a1ajj1gce4 #d ,for table showing immigration for each year from #ahbj to #aije1 see ,appendix ,a4 #e ,now known as the ,battery4 ,see footnote #a1 p4 #ed4 #f ,city ,mission ,monthly1 ,april1 #aijb4 #g ,those who are interested in this feature can trace--by examining the table in the ,appendix which gives the immigration by years since #ahbj--the relation between prosperity and immigration4 ,the effect of the panics of #ahcg1 #ahdc1 #ahgc1 #ahic1 and the depression caused by the ,civil ,war1 will be seen clearly in the immigration totals4 ,this subject is treated in ,immigration1 #ag ff4 #h ,published in ,baptist ,home ,mission ,monthly for ,july1 #aijf4 #i ,hamilton ,holt1 ,undistinguished ,americans4 #aj ,the ,swedish krone 7kro-ne7 has a value of about #bg cents4 #aa ,broughton ,brandenburg1 ,imported ,americans1 #cg4 #ab ,prescott ,f4 ,hall1 ,immigration1 #c1 #d4 #ac ,the park and piers at the southern end of ,new ,york ,city1 formerly known as ,castle ,garden4 #ad ,samuel ,e4 ,moffett1 ,review of ,reviews1 ,july1 #aijc4 #ae ,it is good to know that the reception conditions1 so far as the ,government is concerned1 have been made as favorable as present accommodations will allow1 and enlargement is already projected4 ,since the ,federal ,government finally took charge of immigration in #ahhb1 great improvement has been made in method and administration4 ,the inspection is humane1 prompt1 and on the whole kindly1 although entrance examinations are as much dreaded by the average immigrant as by the average student4 ,commissioner ,watchorn1 an admirable man for his place1 insists upon kindness1 and want of it in an employee is cause for dismissal4 ,ellis ,island affords an excellent example of carefully adjusted details and thorough system1 whereby with least possible friction thousands of aliens are examined in a day1 and pronounced fit or unfit to enter the country4 ,the process is too rapid1 however1 to give each case the attention which the best interests of the country demand4 #af ,under the ,act of #aijc1 this manifest has to state3 ,the full name1 age and sex2 whether married or single2 the calling or occupation2 whether able to read or write2 the nationality2 the race2 the last residence2 the seaport landing in the ,united ,states2 the final destination1 if any1 beyond the port of landing2 whether having a ticket through to such final destination2 whether the alien has paid his own passage or whether it has been paid by any other person or by any corporation1 society1 municipality1 or government1 and if so1 by whom2 whether in possession of thirty dollars1 and if less1 how much2 whether going to join a relative or friend and if so1 what relative or friend1 and his name and complete address2 whether ever before in the ,united ,states1 and if so1 when and where2 whether ever in prison or almshouse or an institution or hospital for the care and treatment of the insane or supported by charity2 whether a polygamist2 whether an anarchist2 whether coming by reason of any offer1 solicitation1 promise1 or agreement1 expressed or implied1 to perform labor in the ,united ,states1 and what is the alien's condition of health1 mental and physical1 and whether deformed or crippled1 and if so1 for how long and from what cause4 #ag ,broughton ,brandenburg1 ,imported ,americans1 #bjh4 #ah ,this imaginary sketch adheres in every detail to the facts4 ,the medical examiners and inspectors become exceedingly expert in detecting disease1 disability1 or deception4 ,if an overcoat is carried over the shoulder1 they look for a false or stiff arm4 ,the gait and general appearance indicate health or want of it to them1 and all who do not appear normal are turned aside for further examination1 which is thorough4 ,the women have a special inspection by the matrons1 who have to be both expert and alert to detect and reject the unworthy4 ,the chief difficulty lies in too small a force to handle such large numbers1 which have reached as high as #de1jjj in five days4 #ai ,the present regulations were passed in #ahhb1 and if lived up to1 as by trustworthy testimony they are not1 would prevent serious overcrowding1 although the conditions as to air1 sanitation1 and morals would still be most unsatisfactory4 ,for protective laws1 see ,appendix ,b4 #bj ,broughton ,brandenburg1 ,imported ,americans1 chap4 ,,xiv4 #ba ,this ,act of #ahbd required of vessel-masters a report giving name1 birthplace1 age1 and occupation of each immigrant1 and a bond to secure the city against public charges4 #bb ,immigration1 chap4 ,x4 #bc ,the main provisions are3 #a4 ,head tax of #b4 #b4 ,excluded classes numbering #ag4 #c4 ,criminal offenses against the ,immigration ,acts1 enumerating #ab crimes4 #d4 ,rejection of the diseased aliens4 #e4 ,manifest1 required of vessel-masters1 with answers to #ai questions4 #f4 ,examination of immigrants4 #g4 ,detention and return of aliens4 #h4 ,bonds and guaranties4 ,the law may be found in full in the ,appendix to ,immigration1 and in ,the ,problem of the ,immigrant1 chap4 ,,vi41 where the rules and regulations for its enforcement are also given4 ,a list of the excluded classes and criminal offenses will be found in ,appendix ,b of this volume4 #bd ,joseph ,h4 ,adams1 in ,home ,missionary1 for ,april1 #aije4 #be ,the ,immigration ,bureau has #a1bad inspectors and special agents4 ,the ,commissioner-,general says of them3 ,they are spread throughout the country from ,maine to southern ,california4 ,they are #bf thoroughly organized under competent chiefs1 many of them working regardless of hours1 whether breaking the seals of freight cars on the southern border to prevent the smuggling of ,chinese1 or watching the countless routes of ingress from ,canada1 ever alert and willing1 equally efficient in detecting the inadmissible alien and the pretended citizen4 ,the ,bureau asserts with confidence that1 excepting a very few1 the government of this country has no more able and faithful servants in its employ1 either civil or military1 than the immigration officers4 #bg ,commissioner-,general's ,report for #aije1 p4 #da4 #bh ,immigration ,report for #aije1 p4#ef4 #bi ,broughton ,brandenburg1 ,imported ,americans1 #cc4 #cj ,immigration ,report for #aije1 p4 #dh4 #ca ,prof4 ,h4 ,h4 ,boyesen4 #cb ,frederick ,austin ,ogg1 in ,outlook for ,may #e1 #aijf4 #cc ,a synopsis of these recommendations will be found in ,appendix ,b4 #cd ,sec4 #ch4 ,that no alien immigrant over sixteen years of age physically capable of reading shall be admitted to the ,united ,states until he has proved to the satisfaction of the proper inspection officers that he can read ,english or some other tongue 444 provided that an admissible alien over sixteen1 or a person now or hereafter in the ,united ,states of like age1 may bring in or send for his wife1 mother1 affianced wife1 or father over fifty-five1 if they are otherwise admissible1 whether able to read or write or not4 #ce ,sec4 #ci4 ,that every male alien immigrant over sixteen shall be deemed likely to become a public charge unless he shows to the proper immigration officials that he has in his possession at the time of inspection money to the equivalent of #be1 or that the head of his family entering with him so holds that amount to his account4 ,every female alien must have #ae4 #cf ,the ,bill1 as amended1 left the head tax at #b1 and the reading test was omitted4 ,great opposition to the ,bill came from the foreign element1 especially the ,jews4 #cg ,dr4 ,goodchild4 #ch ,broughton ,brandenburg1 ,imported ,americans1 #cjb4 #ci ,outlook for ,may #e1 #aijf4 #dj ,j4 ,d4 ,whelpley1 ,the ,problem of the ,immigrant1 #ac4 #da ,annual ,report for #aijc1 p4 #fj4 #db ,annual ,report for #aije1 p4 #eh4 #dc ,idem1 opposite p4 #cd4 #dd ,this bureau shall collect and furnish to all incoming aliens1 data as to the resources1 products1 and manufactures of each state1 territory and district of the ,united ,states2 the prices of land and character of soils2 routes of travel and fares2 opportunities of employment in the skilled and unskilled occupations1 rates of wages1 cost of living1 and all other information that in the judgment of the ,commissioner-,general might tend to enlighten the aliens as to the inducements to settlement in the various sections4 #de ,bernheimer1 ,the ,russian ,jew in the ,united ,states1 #cgj4 #df ,prescott ,f4 ,hall1 ,immigration1 #cjc4 #dg ,eliot ,lord1 in ,the ,italian in ,america1 #agg ff4 #dh ,the ,problem of ,immigration1 ,presbyterian ,board of ,publication4 #di ,for a condensed characterization of the north of ,europe immigrants read the chapter on ,racial ,conditions in ,immigration 7chap4 ,,iii47 ,the leading traits of the various immigrant peoples are set forth with fairness and discrimination1 although probably none of those described would see themselves exactly as ,mr4 ,hall sees them4 #ej ,the ,italian in ,america4 #ea ,john ,foster ,carr in ,outlook4 #eb ,see page #adf4 #ec ,dr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,lee in ,baptist ,home ,mission ,monthly1 for ,may1 #aije4 #ed ,location of various public institutions of ,new ,york ,city4 #ee ,industrial ,commission ,report to ,congress1 ,dec4 #e1 #aija4 #ef ,the ,italian in ,america1 #bae1 #baf4 #eg ,g4 ,tuoti1 in ,the ,italian in ,america1 #gh4 #eh ,a remarkable showing of what the ,italians have accomplished through these farming colonies in various parts of the country is given in the chapter ,on ,farm and ,plantation1 in ,the ,italian in ,america4 #ei ,rev4 ,e4 ,p4 ,farnham1 ,d4,d41 in ,new ,york ,examiner1 ,june #bb1 #aijf4 #fj ,university ,settlement ,studies1 ,december1 #aije4 #fa ,while the ,magyars 7or ,hungarians7 are not ,slavs1 they have lived in close contact with them1 and for convenience may be classed in the ,slavic division2 and the same thing is true of the ,roumanian and ,russian ,jews4 ,all these peoples come from ,russia1 ,austria-,hungary1 or the ,balkan ,states1 and represent similar customs and ideas1 although they differ materially in character1 as we shall see4 #fb ,samuel ,mc,lanahan1 ,our ,people of ,foreign ,speech1 #cd ff4 #fc ,f4 ,j4 ,warne1 ,the ,slav ,invasion1 chap4 ,,vi4 #fd ,miss ,kate ,h4 ,claghorn1 in ,charities1 for ,december1 #aijd4 #fe ,charities1 for ,december1 #aijd4 #ff ,samuel ,mc,lanahan1 ,our ,people of ,foreign ,speech1 #de4 #fg ,louis ,h4 ,pick1 in ,charities1 for ,december1 #aijd4 #fh ,miss ,emily ,balch1 ,the ,slavs at ,home1 in ,charities and ,commons4 #fi ,lee ,frankel1 in ,the ,russian ,jew in the ,united ,states1 #fc4 #gj ,julius ,h4 ,greenstone1 in ,the ,russian ,jew in the ,united ,states1 #aeh4 #ga ,commissioner-,general's ,report for #aije1 p4 #eh4 #gb ,the ,leaven of a ,great ,city1 and ,the ,story of an ,east ,side ,family4 #gc ,university ,settlement ,studies1 ,january1 #aijf4 #gd ,hamilton ,holt1 ,undistinguished ,americans1 #dc ff4 #ge ,jacob ,riis1 ,how the ,other ,half ,lives1 chap4 ,,xviii4 #gf ,robert ,hunter1 ,poverty1 chap4 ,i4 ,this is a book that every ,american should read4 ,the author is indebted to it for much of the material in this chapter4 #gg ,robert ,hunter1 ,poverty1 #aif4 #gh ,idem1 chap4 ,v4 #gi ,richmond ,mayo-,smith1 ,emigration and ,immigration1 #e ff4 #hj ,walter ,e4 ,heyl1 in ,university ,settlement ,studies4 #ha ,f4 ,j4 ,warne1 ,the ,slav ,invasion1 #ajc4 #hb ,rena ,m4 ,atchison1 ,un-,american ,immigration1 #hb4 #hc ,richmond ,mayo-,smith1 ,emigration and ,immigration1 #hd ff4 #hd ,represents the recapitulation of totals of ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa and all other countries4 #he ,josiah ,strong1 ,our ,country1 #ef4 #hf ,kate ,h4 ,claghorn1 in ,charities for ,december1 #aijd4 #hg ,broughton ,brandenburg1 ,imported ,americans1 #ai4 #hh ,sidney ,sampson1 pamphlet1 ,the ,immigration ,problem4 #hi ,fung ,yuet ,mow1 ,chinese missionary in ,new ,york1 says that at a missionary ,conference which he attended in ,canton there were fifty missionaries present1 native ,chinese1 and half of them were converted in our missions in ,america1 and returned home to seek the conversion of their people4 ,everywhere he met the influence of ,chinese who found ,christ in this country4 #ij ,henry ,h4 ,hamilton in the ,home ,missionary4 #ia ,in one city in ,massachusetts1 where there are #a1gjj ,italians only fifty or sixty attend the ,roman ,catholic ,church2 and in another1 of #f1jjj ,italians1 only about #cjj go to that church4 ,they declare that they are tired of the ,romish ,church and have lost faith in its priests4 ,similar reports come from all parts of the country4 #ib ,there are numerous instances equally remarkable4 ,many young people express their desire to lead true lives and the missionaries often learn how well the resolutions made at ,ellis ,island have been kept4 ,one missionary says3 ,i meet one here and another there1 who tell me that ,i met them first three or four years ago1 when they first reached this country1 strangers to ,christ as well as to me2 but now they say1 ',we love to tell the story of ,jesus and his love4' ,some of the denominations have houses fitted up for the temporary entertainment of immigrants who need a safe place while waiting to hear from friends or secure employment4 ,this missionary work admirably supplements the excellent service rendered by the protective organizations1 of which the ,united ,hebrews ,charities is perhaps the most influential1 dispensing funds amounting to #bgj1jjj a year1 including the ,baron ,hirsch fund4 ,there is also an ,immigrant ,girls' ,home which saves many from temptation while they are seeking employment1 and helps them secure places in ,christian families4 #ic ,rev4 ,joel ,s4 ,ives1 pamphlet1 ,the ,foreigner in ,new ,england4 #id ,appendix ,c4 #ie ,some denominations already have theological training departments for foreign people4 ,the ,french-,american ,college at ,springfield1 ,massachusetts1 is the first distinctive training school for foreigners4 #if ,the ,foreign ,problem4 ,published by the ,presbyterian ,board of ,home ,missions4 #ig ,rev4 ,f4 ,h4 ,allen1 in ,home ,missionary for ,january1 #aijf4 #ih ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,shelton reports typical cases1 that could be duplicated by every secretary of a ,home ,missionary ,society and every missionary4 ,in one mission church a young ,swede girl gave #be a month1 out of her earnings as cook1 toward the pastor's support4 ,in a ,finnish church1 another young woman pledged #cj a month out a salary of #ej4 ,a ,chinese mission in ,california supports three native workers in ,china4 ,a ,slav ,mission ,sunday-school in ,braddock1 ,pennsylvania1 with thirty members1 gave out of its poverty1 as one year's record1 #f for home missions1 #a4be for windows in a new ,bohemian church1 #a for missionary schools1 #f4ce for maps1 and #f for a foreign missionary ship4 ,nearly fifty cents a member these ,slavs gave2 and that amount per member from all ,christian ,churches and ,sunday-schools would make the missionary treasuries much fuller than at present4 #ii ,words used by ,dr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,phillips1 of ,richmond1 ,va41 at the ,asheville ,conference1 ,july1 #aijf4 #ajj ,from ,annual ,report of ,commissioner-,general of ,immigration for #aije4 #aja ,statement from ,commissioner-,general ,f4 ,p4 ,sargent4 #ajb ,from the ,lutheran ,world4