public doma9 works f ! ,univ]sity (     
,mi*igan ,digital ,libr>ies7       ,,:at
 ,,is ,,d>w9ism8  ,,by ,,*>les ,,hodge1 
,,pr9ceton1 ,n4 ,j4  ,,new ,,york3      
,,scribn]1 ,,arm/rong1 ,,& ,,company4   
#ahgd4   ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act (       
,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahgd1 by ,,scribn]1 
,,arm/rong1  ,,company1 ,9 ! ,(fice ( ! 
,libr>ian ( ,congress1 at ,wa%+ton4     
,,riv]side1 ,,cambridge3 ,,/]eotyp$ ,,& 
,,pr9t$ ,,by ,h4 ,o4 ,,h\ghton ,,&      
,,company4     ,,cont5ts4               
,,page ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,"q        
#a  ,,diff]5t ,,!ories ,,z ,,to ,,!     
,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se1 ,,&          
,,specially ,,( ,,vegetable ,,& ,,animal
 ,,organisms4   #a4 ,! ,scriptural ,!ory
                                    #c  
#b4 ,! ,pan!i/ic ,!ory                  
#g   #c4 ,! ,epicurean ,!ory            
#aj   #d4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]   
#aa   #e4 ,hylozoic ,!ory               
#ba   #f4 ,unscriptural ,=ms ( ,!ism    
#bb  ,,d>w9',s ,,!ory                   
#bf  ,,natural ,,selection              

#ca  ,,s5se ,,9 ,,:i* ,,d>w9 ,,uses ,,! 
,,^w ,,natural                  #dj  ,,!
 ,,?ree ,,elem5ts ,,or ,,d>w9ism        
#dh  ,,! ,,exclusion ,,( ,,design ,,9   
,,nature ,,! ,,=mative ,,idea ,,(       
,,d>w9',s ,,!ory                        
#di  ,,pro( ,,( ,,d>w9',s ,,d5ial ,,(   
,,teleology1 ,,f ,,8 ,,own ,,writ+s     
#ec  ,,pro( ,,f ,,! ,,expositions ,,(   
,,8 ,,!ory ,,by ,,its ,,av[$            
,,advocates4   ,mr4 ,russell ,wallace   
#fd   ,pr(essor ,huxley                 
#gb   ,dr4 ,b*n]                        
#hd   ,c>l ,vogt                        
#he   ,pr(4 ,haeckel                    
#hg   ,/rauss                           
#adg  ,,pro( ,,f ,,! ,,objections ,,urg$
 ,,by ,,! ,,oppon5ts ,,( ,,mr4 ,,d>w9',s
 ,,!ory4   ,duke ( ,argyll              
#if   ,agassiz                          
#aja   ,pr(essor ,janet                 
#aje   ,m4 ,fl\r5s                      
#ajh   ,rev4 ,walt] ,mit*ell            
#aaa   ,pr9cipal ,dawson                
#aai  ,,relation ,,( ,,d>w9ism ,,to     

,,religion                              
#abe  ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,antagonism     
,,betwe5 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion        
#abf  ,,! ,,evolution ,,!ory ,,contr>y  
,,to ,,facts ,,& ,,to ,,scripture       
#ada  ,,sir ,,william ,,?omson ,,on     
,,teleology                             
#afe  ,,dr4 ,,asa ,,gray                
#agd  ,,d>w9ism ,,tantam\nt ,,to ,,a!ism
                             #agg       
,,:at ,,is ,,d>w9ism8   ,?is is a "q :i*
 ne$s an answ]4 ,great confusion &      
div]sity ( op9ion prevail z to ! real   
views ( ! man ^: writ+s h agitat$ ! :ole
 _w1 sci5tific & religi\s4 ,if a man    
says he is a ,d>w9ian1 _m und]/& him to 
av[ himself virtually an a!i/2 :ile     
ano!r und]/&s him z say+ t he adopts "s 
h>mless =m ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,?is
 is a great evil4  ,x is obvi\sly       
useless to discuss any !ory until we are
 agre$ z to :at t !ory is4 ,! "q1 !re=e1
 ,:at is ,d>w9ism8 mu/ take prec$5ce (  
all discussion ( its m]its4  ,! great   
fact ( exp]i5ce is t ! univ]se exi/s4 ,!

 great problem :i* has ev] press$ ^u !  
human m9d is to acc\nt = its exi/5ce4   
,:at 0 its orig98 ,to :at causes are !  
*anges we witness ar\nd u to be ref]r$8 
,z we are a "p ( ! univ]se1 ^! que/ions 
conc]n ourselves4 ,:at are ! orig91     
nature1 & de/9y ( man8 ,pr(essor ,huxley
 is "r 9 say+1 ,! "q ( que/ions =       
mank9d--! problem :i* und]lies all o!rs1
 & is m int]e/+ ?an any o!r--is !       
asc]ta9m5t ( ! place :i* ,man occupies 9
 nature & ( 8 relation to ! univ]se (   
?+s4 ,:5ce our race has come1 :at are ! 
limits ( our p[] ov] nature1 & (        
nature's p[] ov] u1 to :at goal are we  
t5d+1 are ! problems :i* pres5t !mselves
 anew & ) undim9i%$ int]e/ to e man born
 into ! _w4#a ,mr4 ,d>w9 und]takes to   
answ] ^! que/ions4 ,he proposes a       
solution ( ! problem :i* ?us deeply     
conc]ns e liv+ man4 ,d>w9ism is1 !re=e1 
a !ory ( ! univ]se1 at lea/ s f> z !    
liv+ organisms on ?is e>? are conc]n$4  
,?is be+ ! case1 x may be well to /ate1 
9 few words1 ! o!r preval5t !ories on   

?is great subject1 t ! po9ts ( agreem5t 
& ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! views ( ,mr4 
,d>w9 may be ! m cle>ly se54   ,!       
,scriptural ,solution ( ! ,problem ( !  
,univ]se4  ,t solution is /at$ 9 words  
equally simple & sublime3 ,9 ! beg9n+   
,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,we h "h1 
fir/1 ! idea ( ,god4 ,! ^w ,god has 9 ! 
,bible a def9ite mean+4 ,x does n /& =  
an ab/raction1 = m]e =ce1 = law or ord]$
 sequ5ce4 ,god is a _s1 & z we are      
spirits1 we "k f consci\sness t ,god is1
 7#a47 ,a ,sub/ance2 7#b47 ,t ,he is a  
p]son2 &1 !re=e1 a self-consci\s1       
intellig5t1 volunt>y ag5t4 ,he c say ,i2
 we c address ,him z ,?\2 we c speak (  
,him z ,he or ,him4 ,?is idea ( ,god    
p]vades ! ,scriptures4 ,x lies at !     
f\ndation ( natural religion4 ,x is     
involv$ 9 our religi\s consci\sness4 ,x 
ent]s ess5tially into our s5se ( moral  
obligation4 ,x is inscrib$ ineffaceably1
 9 lett]s m or less legible1 on ! he>t (
 e human be+4 ,! man :o is try+ to be an
 a!i/ is try+ to free himself f ! laws (

 8 be+4 ,he might z well try to free    
himself f liability to hung] or ?ir/4   
,! ,god ( ! ,bible1 !n1 is a ,_s1       
inf9ite1 et]nal1 & un*angeable 9 8 be+1 
wisdom1 p[]1 hol9ess1 goodness1 & tru?4 
,z e !ory mu/ beg9 ) "s po/ulate1 ?is is
 ! gr& po/ulate ) :i* ! ,bible beg9s4   
,?is is ! fir/ po9t4  ,! second po9t    
conc]ns ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,x is n    
et]nal ei!r z to matt] or =m4 ,x is n   
indep5d5t ( ,god4 ,x is n an evolution (
 8 be+1 or 8 exi/5ce =m4 ,he is         
extramundane z well z antemundane4 ,!   
univ]se owes its exi/5ce to 8 w4        
,?irdly1 z to ! nature ( ! univ]se2 x is
 n a m]e ph5om5on4 ,x is an entity1 hav+
 real objective exi/5ce1 or actuality4  
,?is implies t matt] is a sub/ance end[$
 ) c]ta9 prop]ties1 9 virtue ( :i* x is 
capable ( act+ & ( be+ act$ ^u4 ,^!     
prop]ties be+ uni=m & con/ant1 are      
physical laws to :i*1 z _! proximate    
causes1 all ! ph5om5a ( nature are to be
 ref]r$4  ,f\r?ly1 al?\gh ,god is       
extramundane1 ,he is nev]!less ev]y:]e  

pres5t4 ,t pres5ce is n only a pres5ce (
 ess5ce1 b also ( k & p[]4 ,he upholds  
all ?+s4 ,he controls all physical      
causes1 work+ ?r\gh !m1 ) !m1 & )\t !m1 
z ,he sees fit4 ,z we1 9 our limit$     
sph]es1 c use physical causes to        
accompli% our purposes1 s ,god ev]y:]e &
 always cop]ates ) !m to accompli% 8    
inf9itely wise & m]ciful designs4       
,fif?ly1 man a "p ( ! univ]se1 is1      
accord+ to ! ,scriptures1 z conc]ns 8   
body1 ( ! e>?4 ,s f>1 he belongs to !   
animal k+dom4 ,z to 8 s\l1 he is a *ild 
( ,god1 :o is decl>$ to be ! ,fa!r ( !  
spirits ( all m54 ,god is a _s1 & we are
 spirits4 ,we are1 !re=e1 ( ! same      
nature ) ,god4 ,we are ,god-l2 s t 9    
kn[+ ourselves we "k ,god4 ,no man      
consci\s ( 8 manhood c be ignorant ( 8  
relation%ip to ,god z 8 ,fa!r4  ,! tru? 
( ?is !ory ( ! univ]se re/s1 9 ! fir/   
place1 s f> z x has be5 correctly /at$1 
on ! infallible au?ority ( ! ,^w ( ,god4
 ,9 ! second place1 x is a satisfactory 
solution ( ! problem to be solv$1--7#a47

 ,x acc\nts = ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 7#b47
 ,x acc\nts = all ! univ]se conta9s1 &  
gives a satisfactory explanation ( !    
m>vell\s contrivances :i* ab\nd 9 liv+  
organisms1 ( ! adaptations ( ^!         
organisms to conditions ext]nal to      
!mselves1 & = ^? provisions = ! future1 
:i* on any o!r assumption are utt]ly    
inexplicable4 7#c47 ,x is 9 conflict )  
no tru? ( reason & ) no fact (          
exp]i5ce4#b 7#d47 ,! ,scriptural doctr9e
 acc\nts = ! spiritual nature ( man1 &  
meets all 8 spiritual necessities4 ,x   
gives him an object ( adoration1 love1 &
 confid5ce4 ,x reveals ! ,be+ on :om 8  
inde/ructible s5se ( responsibility     
t]m9ates4 ,! tru? ( ?is doctr9e1 !re=e1 
re/s n only on ! au?ority ( !           
,scriptures1 b on ! v con/itution ( our 
nature4 ,! ,bible has little *>ity = ^? 
:o reject x4 ,x pron\nces !m to be ei!r 
d]ationaliz$ or demoraliz$1 or bo?4     
,,footnotes3  #a ,evid5ces ( ,man's     
,place 9 ,nature4 ,london1 #ahfd1 p4    
#eg4  #b ,! two facts :i* are commonly  

urg$ z inconsi/5t ) ,!ism1 are ! exi/5ce
 ( mis]y 9 ! _w1 & ! occurr5ce (        
undevelop$ or useless organs1 z tee? 9 !
 jaws ( ! :ale & mamm on ! brea/ ( a    
man4 ,z to ! =m] objection1 s91 :i* is !
 only real evil1 is acc\nt$ = by !      
volunt>y apo/asy ( man2 & z to          
undevelop$ organs !y are reg>d$ z       
evid5ces ( ! great plan ( /ructure :i* c
 be trac$ 9 ! diff]5t ord]s ( animals4  
,^! unus$ organs 7--says ,pr(essor      
,joseph ,le ,conte1 9 8 int]e/+ volume  
on ,religion & ,sci5ce1 ,new ,york1     
#ahgd1 p4 #ed--reg>d$ z blund]s 9       
nature1 until x 0 discov]$ t use is n ! 
only end ( design4 ,by fur!r pati5t /udy
 ( nature1 he says1 came ! recognition (
 ano!r law beside use1--a law ( ord]    
und]ly+ & condition+ ! law ( use4       
,organisms are1 inde$1 contriv$ = use1 b
 accord+ to a preorda9$ plan ( /ructure1
 :i* mu/ n be violat$4 ,x is ( little   
mom5t :e!r ?is explanation be consid]$  
satisfactory or n4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be   
irrational to refuse to believe t ! eye 

0 made = ! purpose ( vision1 because we 
_c tell :y a man has mamm4 ,a man might 
z well refuse to admit t !re is any     
mean+ 9 all ! writ+s ( ,plato1 because  
!re is a s5t5ce 9 !m :i* he _c und]/&4  
,! ,pan!i/ic ,!ory4  ,?is has be5 "o ( !
 mo/ widely diffus$ & p]si/5t =ms (     
human ?\ght on ?is :ole subject4 ,x has 
be5 = ?\s&s ( ye>s n only ! philosophy1 
b ! religion ( ,india1 &1 to a great    
ext5t1 ( ,*9a4 ,x und]lies all ! =ms (  
,greek philosophy4 ,x crept into !      
,*ur*1 conceal$ "u ! disguise (         
,scriptural t]m9ology1 9 ! =m (         
,neo-,platonism4 ,x 0 con/antly reappe>+
 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 sometimes 9 a    
philosophical1 & sometimes a my/ical =m4
 ,x 0 reviv$ by ,sp9oza 9 ! sev5te5?    
c5tury1 & subsequ5tly became dom9ant 9 !
 philosophy & lit]ature ( ,europe4 ,x is
 com+ up aga94 ,"s di/+ui%$ naturali/s  
are sw++ r\nd f "o pole to ! opposite2 f
 say+ !re is no ,god1 to tea*+ t ev]y?+ 
is ,god4 ,sometimes1 "o & ! same book 9 
"o half tea*es mat]ialism1 9 ! o!r half 

idealism3 ! "o affirm+ t ev]y?+ is      
matt]1 ! o!r t matt] is no?+1 b t ev]y?+
 is m9d1 & m9d is ,god4  ,! lead+       
pr9ciples ( ! ,pan!i/ic !ory are1--7#a47
 ,t !re is an ,inf9ite & ,absolute ,be+4
 ,( ?is ,be+ no?+ c be affirm$ b        
actuality4 ,x is d5i$ t x is consci\s1  
intellig5t1 or volunt>y4 7#b47 ,x is    
subject to ! bl9d necessity (           
self-evolution or developm5t4 7#c47 ,?is
 developm5t be+ necess>y is con/ant2 f  
ev]la/+ to ev]la/+4 ,accord+ to !       
,bram9ical doctr9e1 inde$1 !re are      
successive cycles ( activity & repose1  
ea* cycle be+ measur$ by c\ntless       
milli>ds ( c5turies4 ,accord+ to !      
mod]ns1 self-evolution be+ necess>y1 !re
 c be no repose1 s t ,ohne ,welt ke9    
,gott4 7#d47 ,! ,f9ite is1 !re=e1 !     
exi/5ce =m ( ! ,inf9ite2 all t is 9 !   
latt] = ! "t be+ is 9 ! =m]4 ,all t is  
possible is actual4 7#e47 ,! ,f9ite is !
 ,inf9ite1 or1 to use !i/ic language1 ! 
,_w is ,god1 9 ! s5se t all ! _w is &   
conta9s is ! =m 9 :i* ,god1 at ea*      

successive mom5t1 exi/s4 ,!re is no p[]1
 save only ! p[] manife/$ 9 ! _w2 no    
consci\sness1 intellig5ce1 or volunt>y  
activity1 b 9 f9ite ?+s1 & ! aggregate (
 ^! is ! p[]1 consci\sness1 intellig5ce1
 & activity ( ,god4 ,:at we call s9 is z
 mu* a =m ( ,god's activity z :at we    
call virtue4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is no su*
 ?+ z free ag5cy 9 man1 no su* ?+ z s9  
or responsibility4 ,:5 a man dies he    
s9ks into ! abyss ( be+ z a drop ( wat] 
is lo/ 9 ! ocean4 7#f47 ,man is ! highe/
 =m ( ,god's exi/5ce4 ,god is inc>nate 9
 ! human race4 ,/rauss says1 t :at !    
,*ur* tea*es ( ,*ri/ is n true ( any    
individual man1 b is true ( mank9d4 ,or1
 z ,feu]ba* m concisely expresses x1    
,man alone is our ,god4 ,! blasphemy (  
"s ( ! ,g]man philosoph]s on ?is subject
 is simply unutt]able4 ,9 ,india we see 
! practical op]ation ( ?is sy/em :5 x   
takes hold on ! p4 ,!re ! p]sonification
 ( ! ,inf9ite z evil 7! ,goddess ,kala7 
is ! mo/ popul> object ( wor%ip4        
,epicurean ,!ory4  ,epicurus assum$ !   

exi/5ce ( matt]1 =ce & motion1--,/(f und
 ,kraft4 ,he held t all space 0 fill$ ) 
molecules ( matt] 9 a /ate ( rapid      
motion 9 e direction4 ,^! molecules 7   
subject to gravity & end[$ ) prop]ties  
or =ces4 ,"o comb9ation ( molecules gave
 rise to unorganiz$ matt]1 ano!r to     
life1 ano!r to m9d2 & f ! v>i\s         
comb9ations1 guid$ by un9tellig5t       
physical laws1 all ! wond]ful organisms 
( plants & animals h aris54 ,to ^!      
comb9ations also all ! ph5om5a ( life1  
in/9ct1 & intellig5ce 9 ! _w are to be  
ref]r$4 ,?is !ory has be5 adopt$ 9 our  
day by a l>ge class ( sci5tific m51     
especially 9 ,g]many4 ,! mod]n advocates
 ( ! !ory are immeasurably sup]ior to ! 
anci5t ,epicureans 9 _! k ( a/ronomy1   
botany1 zology1 & biology2 b 9 _! !ory (
 ! univ]se1 & 9 _! mode ( acc\nt+ = all 
! ph5om5a ( life & intellig5ce1 !y are  
precisely on ! same level4 ,!y h n add$ 
an idea to ! sy/em1 :i* has ev] be5     
reg>d$ z ! opprobrium ( human ?\ght4    
,b*n]1 ,moles*ott1 ,vogt1 hold t matt]  

is et]nal & inde/ructible2 t matt] & =ce
 are insep>able3 ! "o _c exi/ )\t ! o!r4
 ,:at1 x is ask$1 is motion )\t some?+  
mov+8 ,:at is electricity )\t an        
electrifi$ body8 ,:at is attraction )\t 
molecules attract+ ea* o!r8 ,:at is     
contractibility )\t muscul> fibre1 or   
secretion )\t a secret+ gl&8 ,"o        
comb9ation ( molecules exhibits !       
ph5om5a ( life1 ano!r comb9ation        
exhibits ! ph5om5a ( m9d4 ,all ?is 0    
taught by ! old hea!n philosoph] m ?an  
two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,t ?is sy/em d5ies ! 
exi/5ce ( ,god1 ( m9d z a ?9k+ sub/ance 
di/9ct f matt]1 & ( ! possibility ( !   
consci\s exi/5ce ( man aft] dea?1 are n 
inf]5ces drawn by oppon5ts1 b           
conclusions op5ly av[$ by its advocates4
   ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,new ,philosophy4    
,mr4 ,d>w9 calls ,sp5c] our great       
philosoph]4 ,8 is ! speculat+ m9d ( !   
new s*ool ( sci5ce4 ,?is gives to 8     
op9ions special int]e/1 al?\gh no "o b  
himself is to be held responsible = 8   
peculi> views1 except s f> z o!rs see   

fit to av[ !m4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] po/ulates    
nei!r m9d nor matt]4 ,he beg9s ) ,=ce4  
,=ce1 h[ev]1 is itself p]fectly         
inscrutable4 ,all we "k ab\t x is1 t x  
is1 t x is inde/ructible1 & t x is      
p]si/5t4  ,z to ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 he 
says !re are ?ree possible suppositions3
 #a/4 ,t x is self-exi/5t4 #b;d4 ,t x is
 self-creat$4 #c;d4 ,t x is creat$ by an
 ext]nal ag5cy4#c ,all ^! he exam9es &  
rejects4 ,! fir/ is equival5t to ,a!ism1
 by :i* ,sp5c] und]/&s ! doctr9e :i*    
makes ,space1 ,matt]1 & ,=ce et]nal & ! 
causes ( all ph5om5a4 ,?is1 he says1    
assumes ! idea ( self-exi/5ce1 :i* is   
un?9kable4 ,! second !ory he makes      
equival5t to ,pan!ism4 ,! precipitation 
( vapor1 he says1 into cl\d1 aids u 9   
=m+ a symbolic conception ( a           
self-evolv$ univ]se2 b1 he adds1 really 
to conceive self-creation1 is to        
conceive pot5tial exi/5ce pass+ into    
actual exi/5ce by "s inh]5t necessity1  
:i* we _c d4 7p4 #cb74 ,! ,!i/ic !ory1  
he says1 is equally unt5able4 ,:oev]    

agrees t ! a!i/ic hypo!sis is unt5able  
because x involves ! impossible idea (  
self-exi/5ce1 mu/ p]=ce admit t ! !i/ic 
hypo!sis is unt5able if x conta9s ! same
 impossible idea4 7p4 #ch74 ,! orig9 ( !
 univ]se is1 !re=e1 a fact :i* _c be    
expla9$4 ,x mu/ h _h a cause2 & all we  
"k is t its cause is unkn[able &        
inscrutable4  ,:5 we turn to nature !   
result is ! same4 ,ev]y?+ is            
inscrutable4 ,all we "k is t !re are    
c]ta9 appe>ances1 & t :]e !re is        
appe>ance !re mu/ be some?+ t appe>s4 ,b
 :at t some?+ is1 :at is ! n\m5on :i*   
und]lies ! ph5om5on1 x is impossible = u
 to "k4 ,9 nature we f9d two ord]s (    
ph5om5a1 or appe>ances2 ! "o objective  
or ext]nal1 ! o!r subjective 9 our      
consci\sness4 ,!re are an ,ego & a      
non-,ego1 a subject & object4 ,^! are n 
id5tical4 ,x is1 he says1 rigor\sly     
impossible to conceive t our k is a k ( 
appe>ances only1 )\t at ! same "t       
conceiv+ a reality ( :i* !y are         
appe>ances1 = appe>ance )\t reality is  

un?9kable4 7p4 #hh74 ,s f> we c g4 ,!re 
is a reality :i* is ! cause ( ph5om5a4  
,fur!r ?an t1 9 t direction1 our        
ignorance is pr(\nd4 ,he proves t space 
_c be an entity1 an attribute1 or a     
category ( ?\ght1 or a non5tity4 ,! same
 is true ( "t1 ( motion1 ( matt]1 (     
electricity1 light1 magnetism1 etc41    
etc4 ,!y all resolve !mselves into      
appe>ances produc$ by an unkn[n cause4  
,z ! "q1 ,:at is matt]8 is a crucial "o1
 he dwells ^u x 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 writ+s4
 ,newton's !ory ( ultimate atoms2       
,leibnitz's doctr9e ( monads2 & !       
dynamic !ory ( ,boscovi*1 :i* makes     
matt] m]e c5tres ( =ce1 are all dismiss$
 z un?9kable4 ,x is n v cle> 9 :at s5se 
t ^w is to be tak54 ,sometimes x seems  
to mean1 mean+less2 at o!rs1            
self-contradictory or absurd2 at o!rs1  
inconceivable1 i4 e4 t ( :i* no         
conception or m5tal image c be =m$2 at  
any rate1 x implies :at is unkn[able &  
unt5able4 ,! result is1 s f> z matt] is 
conc]n$1 t we "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,our      

conception ( matt]1 he says1 r$uc$ to   
its simple/ %ape1 is t ( coexi/5t       
positions t (f] resi/ance1 z contra/$ ) 
our conception ( space 9 :i* ! coexi/5t 
positions (f] no resi/ance4 7p4 #aff74  
,resi/ance1 h[ev]1 is a =m ( =ce2 &1    
!re=e1 on ! foll[+ page1 ,sp5c] says1 t 
=ces /&+ 9 c]ta9 correlations1 =m ! :ole
 cont5ts ( our idea ( matt]4  ,:5 we    
turn f ! objective to ! subjective1 f ! 
ext]nal to ! inw>d _w1 ! result is /ill 
! same4 ,he agrees ) ,hume 9 say+ t !   
cont5ts ( our consci\sness is a s]ies ( 
impressions & ideas4 ,he diss5ts1 h[ev]1
 f t philosoph]1 9 say+ t t s]ies is all
 we "k4 ,he admits t impressions        
necess>ily imply t !re is some?+ t is   
impress$4 ,he />ts ! "q1 ,:at is x t    
?9ks8 & answ]s1 ,we d n "k4 7p4 #fc74   
,he admits t ! reality ( individual     
p]sonal m9ds1 ! conviction ( p]sonal    
exi/5ce is univ]sal1 & p]haps           
inde/ructible4 ,nev]!less t conviction  
_c ju/ify itself at ! b> ( reason2 nay1 
reason is f\nd to reject x4 7p4 #fe74   

,dean ,mansel says1 t consci\sness gives
 u a k ( self z a sub/ance & n m]ely (  
its v>y+ /ates4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he says1 is
 absolutely negativ$ by ! laws ( ?\ght4 
,! fundam5tal condition to all          
consci\sness1 emphatically insi/$ ^u by 
,mr4 ,mansel 9 common ) ,sir ,william   
,hamilton & o!rs1 is ! anti!sis (       
subject & object4444 ,:at is ! coroll>y 
f ?is doctr9e1 z be>+ on ! consci\sness 
( self8 ,! m5tal act 9 :i* self is kn[n 
implies1 l e o!r m5tal act1 a p]ceiv+   
subject & a p]ceiv$ object4 ,if1 !n1 !  
object p]ceiv$ is self1 :at is ! subject
 t p]ceives8 ,or if x is ! true self :i*
 ?9ks1 :at o!r self c x be t is ?\ght (8
 ,cle>ly1 a true cognition ( self       
implies a /ate 9 :i* ! kn[+ & ! kn[n are
 "o--9 :i* subject & object are         
id5tifi$2 & ?is ,mr4 ,mansel rightly    
holds to be ! annihilation ( bo?4 ,s t !
 p]sonality ( :i* ea* is consci\s1 & (  
:i* ! exi/5ce is to ea* a fact beyond   
all o!rs ! mo/ c]ta91 is yet a ?+ :i* _c
 be kn[n at all2 k ( x is =bidd5 by ! v 

nature ( human ?\ght4 7pp4 #fe1 #ff74   
,mr4 ,sp5c] does n seem to expect t any 
man w be %ak5 9 8 conviction by any su* 
argum5t z t4 ,:5 a man is consci\s (    
pa91 he is n to be puzzl$ by tell+ him t
 ! pa9 is "o ?+ 7! object p]ceiv$7 & !  
self ano!r ?+ 7! p]ceiv+ subject74 ,he  
kn[s t ! pa9 is a /ate ( ! self ( :i* he
 is consci\s4 ,consci\sness is a =m ( k2
 b k ( necessity supposes an intellig5t 
reality :i* kn[s4 ,a philosophy :i* _c  
be receiv$ until m5 cease to believe 9  
_! own exi/5ce1 mu/ be 9 extremis4  ,mr4
 ,sp5c]'s conclusion is1 t !            
univ]se--nature1 or ! ext]nal _w ) all  
its m>vels & p]petual *anges1--! _w (   
consci\sness ) its ev] v>y+ /ates1 are  
impressions or ph5om5a1 due to an       
inscrutable1 p]si/5t =ce4  ,z to !      
nature ( ?is primal =ce or p[]1 he      
quotes abundantly & approv+ly f ,sir    
,william ,hamilton & ,mr4 ,mansel1 to   
prove t x is unkn[able1 inconceivable1  
un?9kable4 ,he1 h[ev]1 diff]s f ^?      
di/+ui%$ writ]s 9 two po9ts4 ,:ile      

admitt+ t we "k no m ( ! fir/ cause ?an 
we d ( a geometrical figure :i* is at   
once a circle & a squ>e1 yet we d "k t x
 is actual4 ,= ?is conviction we are n  
dep5d5t on fai?4 ,9 ! second place1     
,hamilton & ,mansel taught t we "k t !  
,inf9ite _c be a p]son1 self-consci\s1  
intellig5t1 & volunt>y2 yet we are =c$  
by our moral con/itution to believe x to
 be an intellig5t p]son4 ,?is ,mr4      
,sp5c] d5ies4 ,let ^?1 he says1 :o c1   
believe t !re is et]nal w> betwe5 our   
intellectual faculties & our moral      
obligations4 ,i1 = "o1 admit ( no su*   
radical vice 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s4 7p4 
#ajh74 ,religion has always err$1 he    
ass]ts1 9 t :ile x tea*es t ! ,inf9ite  
,be+ _c be kn[n1 x insi/s on ascrib+ to 
x su* & su* attributes1 :i* ( c\rse     
assumes t s f> =? x is kn[n4 ,we h no   
"r1 he cont5ds1 to ascribe p]sonality to
 ! ,unkn[n ,reality1 or any?+ else1     
except t x is ! cause ( all t we p]ceive
 or exp]i5ce4 ,!re may be a mode ( be+1 
z mu* transc5d+ intellig5ce & w1 z ^!   

transc5d me*anical motion4 ,to %[ !     
folly ( ref]r+ to ! ,unkn[n ! attributes
 ( our own spirits1 he makes ! grotesque
 supposition t ! tick+s & o!r movem5ts (
 a wat* con/itut$ a k9d ( consci\sness2 
& t a wat* possess$ ( su* a             
consci\sness1 insi/$ on reg>d+ !        
wat*mak]'s actions z det]m9$ l its own  
by spr+s & escapem5ts4 7p4 #aaa74 ,! va/
 majority ( m51 in/ead ( agree+ ) ,mr4  
,sp5c] 9 ?is matt]1 w d\btless he>tily1 
ea* = himself1 jo9 ! ,g]man philosoph]  
,jacobi1 9 say+1 ,i confess to          
,an?ropomorphism insep>able f !         
conviction t man be>s ! image ( ,god2 & 
ma9ta9 t besides ?is ,an?ropomorphism1  
:i* has always be5 call$ ,!ism1 is no?+ 
b ,a!ism or ,feti*ism4#d  ,mr4 ,sp5c]1  
!re=e1 9 acc\nt+ = ! orig9 ( ! univ]se &
 all its ph5om5a1 physical1 vital1 &    
m5tal1 rejects ,!ism1 or ! doctr9e ( a  
p]sonal ,god1 :o is extramundane z well 
z antemundane1 ! creator & gov]nor ( all
 ?+s2 he rejects ,pan!ism1 :i* makes !  
f9ite ! exi/5ce-=m ( ! ,inf9ite2 he     

rejects ,a!ism1 :i* he und]/&s to be !  
doctr9e ( ! et]nity & self-exi/5ce (    
matt] & =ce4 ,he cont5ts himself ) say+ 
we mu/ ackn[l$ge ! reality ( an unkn[n  
some?+ :i* is ! cause ( all ?+s1--!     
n\m5on ( all ph5om5a4 ,if sci5ce &      
religion are to be reconcil$1 ! basis ( 
! reconciliation mu/ be ?is deepe/1     
wide/1 & mo/ c]ta9 ( all facts1--t !    
,p[] :i* ! univ]se manife/s is utt]ly   
inscrutable4 7p4 #df74 ,! ultimate (    
ultimates is ,=ce4 ,matt] & motion1 z we
 "k !m1 are diff]5tly condition$        
manife/ations ( =ce4 ,if1 to use an     
algebraic illu/ration1 we repres5t      
,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce1 by ! symbols x1
 y1 z2 !n we may asc]ta9 ! values ( x & 
y 9 t]ms ( z1 b ! value ( z c nev] be   
f\nd2 z is ! unkn[n quantity1 :i* mu/   
=ev] rema9 unkn[n1 = ! obvi\s reason t  
!re is no?+ 9 :i* its value c be        
express$4 7pp4 #afi1 #agj74  ,we h1 !n1 
no ,god b ,=ce4 ,a!i/ is ev]y:]e reg>d$ 
z a t]m ( reproa*4 ,e man in/9ctively   
recoils f x4 ,ev5 ! philosoph]s ( ! "t (

 ! ,fr5* ,revolution repudiat$ ! *>ge ( 
a!ism1 because !y believ$ 9 motion2 &   
motion be+ inscrutable1 !y believ$ 9 an 
inscrutable some?+1 i4 e4 9 ,=ce4 ,we   
d\bt n ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld indignantly     
reject ! imputation ( a!ism2 nev]!less1 
9 ! judgm5t ( mo/ m51 ! diff]5ce betwe5 
,anti!i/ & ,a!i/ is a m]e matt] (       
or?ography4  ,,footnotes3  #c ,fir/     
,pr9ciples ( a ,new ,sy/em (            
,philosophy4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,second 
edition4 ,new ,york1 #ahfi1 p4 #cj4  #d 
,von d5 gttli*5 ,d+51 ,w]ke1 ,,iii4 pp4 
#dbb1 #dbe4 ,leipzig1 #ahaf4   ,hylozoic
 ,!ory4  ,?is !ory assumes ! univ]se to 
be et]nal4 ,!re is no?+ extra1 or       
antemundane4 ,!re is b "o sub/ance1 & t 
sub/ance is matt]4 ,matt]1 h[ev]1 has an
 active & passive pr9ciple4 ,life &     
rationality are among its attributes or 
functions4 ,! univ]se1 !re=e1 is a liv+ 
:ole p]vad$ by a pr9ciple n only ( life 
b ( intellig5ce4 ,?is hylozoic doctr9e1 
"s mod]n sci5tific m51 z ,pr(essor      
,tyndall1 seem incl9$ to adopt4 ,!y tell

 u t matt] is n ! dead & degrad$ ?+ x is
 commonly reg>d$4 ,x is active &        
transc5d5tal4 ,:at t means1 we d n "k4  
,! ^w transc5d5tal is l a p>abola1 9 t  
!re is no kn[+ :]e its mean+ ends4 ,to  
say t matt] is transc5d5tal1 is say+ !re
 is no tell+ :at x is up to4 ,?is habit 
( us+ words :i* h no def9ite mean+ is v 
conv5i5t to writ]s1 b v mu* ! rev]se =  
read]s4 ,"s ( ! anci5t ,/oics di/+ui%$  
betwe5 ! active & passive pr9ciples 9 ! 
_w1 call+ ! "o m9d1 ! o!r1 matt]4 ,^!   
h[ev] 7 z intimately unit$ z matt] &    
life 9 a plant or animal4   ,!ism 9     
,unscriptural ,=ms4  ,!re are m5 :o are 
con/ra9$ to admit ! be+ ( ,god1 :o dep>t
 f ! ,scriptural doctr9e z to 8 relation
 to ! _w4 ,accord+ to "s1 ,god creat$   
matt] & end[$ x ) c]ta9 prop]ties1 & !n 
left x to itself to "w out1 )\t any     
int]f]5ce or control on 8 "p1 all       
possible results4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 ,he 
creat$ n only matt]1 b life1 or liv+    
g]ms1 "o or m1 f :i* )\t any div9e      
int]v5tion all liv+ organisms h be5     

develop$4 ,o!rs1 aga91 ref] n only matt]
 & life1 b m9d also to ! act ( !        
,creator2 b ) creation 8 ag5cy ceases4  
,he has no m to d ) ! _w1 ?an a         
%ip-build] has ) ! %ip he has con/ruct$1
 :5 x is laun*$ & f> (f ^u ! ocean4     
,accord+ to all ^! views a creator is a 
m]e ,deus ex ma*9a1 an assumption to    
acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4  ,ano!r   
g5]al view ( ,god's relation to ! _w    
goes to ! opposite extreme4 ,in/ead (   
,god do+ no?+1 ,he does ev]y?+4 ,second 
causes h no effici5cy4 ,! laws ( nature 
are said to be ! uni=m modes ( div9e    
op]ation4 ,gravitation does n fl[ f !   
nature ( matt]1 b is a mode ( ,god's    
uni=m effici5cy4 ,:at are call$ *emical 
aff9ities are n due to any?+ 9 diff]5t  
k9ds ( matt]1 b ,god always acts 9 "o   
way 9 connection ) an acid1 & 9 ano!r   
way 9 connection ) an alkali4 ,if a man 
places a p>ticle ( salt or sug> on 8    
tongue1 ! s5sation :i* he exp]i5ces is n
 to be ref]r$ to ! salt or sug>1 b to   
,god's ag5cy4 ,:5 ?is !ory is ext5d$1 z 

x g5]ally is by its advocates1 f !      
ext]nal to ! int]nal _w1 ! univ]se (    
matt] & m9d1 ) all _! ph5om5a1 is a     
con/ant effect ( ! omnipres5t activity (
 ,god4 ,! m9ds ( "s m51 z rem>k$ above1 
are s con/itut$ t !y c pass f ! !ory t  
,god does no?+1 to ! doctr9e t ,he does 
ev]y?+1 )\t see+ ! diff]5ce4 ,mr4       
,russel ,wallace1 ! companion & pe] (   
,mr4 ,d>w91 devotes a l>ge "p ( 8 book  
on ,natural ,selection1 to prove t !    
organs ( plants & animals are =m$ by    
bl9d physical causes4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! 
volume he tea*es t !re are no su*       
causes4 ,he asks ! "q1 ,:at is ,matt]8 &
 answ]s1 ,no?+4 ,we "k1 he says1 no?+ b 
=ce2 & z ! only =ce ( :i* we h any      
imm$iate k is m9d-=ce1 ! inf]5ce is t ! 
:ole univ]se is n m]ely dep5d5t on1 b   
actually is1 ! w ( high] intellig5ces1  
or ( "o ,supreme ,intellig5ce4#e ,?is is
 a transition f virtual mat]ialism to   
ideali/ic pan!ism4 ,! effect ( ?is      
admission on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,wallace on !  
!ory ( natural selection1 is :at an     

explosion ( its boil] w\ld be to a /eam]
 9 mid-ocean1 :i* %\ld bl[ out its deck1
 sides1 & bottom4 ,no?+ w\ld rema9 above
 wat]4  ,! ,duke ( ,argyll seems at     
times incl9$ to lapse into ! same       
doctr9e4 ,sci5ce1 he says1 9 ! mod]n    
doctr9e ( cons]vation ( en]gy & !       
conv]tibility ( =ces1 is already gett+ a
 firm hold ( ! idea1 t all k9ds ( =ce   
are b =ms ( manife/ations ( "o c5tral   
=ce issu+ f "s "o f\nta9-head ( p[]4    
,sir ,john ,h]s*el has n hesitat$ to    
say1 't x is b reasonable to reg>d ! =ce
 ( gravitation z ! direct or indirect   
result ( a consci\sness or w exi/+      
some:]e4' ,& ev5 if we _c c]ta9ly       
id5tify =ce 9 all its =ms ) ! direct    
en]gies ( ! "o ,omnipres5t & ,all-p]vad+
 ,w1 x is at lea/ 9 ! highe/ degree     
unphilosophical to ass]t ! contr>y1--to 
?9k or to speak1 z if ! =ces ( nature 7 
ei!r indep5d5t (1 or ev5 sep>ate f !    
,creator's p[]4#f ,! ,duke1 h[ev]1 9 !  
g5]al t5or ( 8 book1 does n diff] f !   
common doctr9e1 except 9 "o po9t4 ,he   

does n d5y ! effici5cy ( physical       
causes1 or resolve !m all into !        
effici5cy ( ,god2 b he tea*es t ,god1 9 
?is _w at lea/1 nev] acts except ?r\gh  
^? causes4 ,he applies ?is doctr9e ev5  
to miracles1 :i* he reg>ds z effects    
produc$ by second causes ( :i* we are   
ignorant1 t is1 by "s high] law (       
nature4 ,! ,scriptures1 h[ev]1 tea* t   
,god is n ?us b\nd2 t ,he op]ates ?r\gh 
second causes1 ) !m1 or )\t !m1 z ,he   
sees fit4 ,x is a purely arbitr>y       
assumption1 t :5 ,*ri/ rais$ ! dead1    
heal$ ! lep]s1 or gave sight to ! bl9d1 
any second cause int]v5$ betwe5 ! effect
 & ! effici5cy ( 8 w4 ,:at physical law1
 or uni=mly act+ =ce1 op]at$ to make !  
axe float at ! comm& ( ! prophet8 or1 9 
t greate/ ( all miracles1 ! orig9al     
creation ( ! _w4  ,,footnotes3  #e ,!   
,!ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,by ,alfr$ 
,russel ,wallace4 ,london1 #ahgj1 p4    
#cfh4  #f ,reign ( ,law4 ,by ! ,duke (  
,argyle4 ,fif? edition1 ,london1 #ahfg1 
p4 #abc4   ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,!ory4  ,we h n 

=gott5 ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,x seem$ desirable1 9
 ord] to und]/& 8 !ory1 to see its      
relation to o!r !ories ( ! univ]se & its
 ph5om5a1 ) :i* x is m or less connect$4
 ,8 "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,species does n    
purport to be philosophical4 ,9 ?is     
aspect x is v diff]5t f ! cognate works 
( ,mr4 ,sp5c]4 ,d>w9 does n speculate on
 ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 on ! nature (     
matt]1 or ( =ce4 ,he is simply a        
naturali/1 a c>eful & labori\s obs]v]2  
skillful 9 8 descriptions1 & s+ul>ly    
c&id 9 deal+ ) ! difficulties 9 ! way ( 
8 peculi> doctr9e4 ,he set be=e himself 
a s+le problem1 namely1 ,h[ are ! fauna 
& flora ( our e>? to be acc\nt$ =8 ,9 ! 
solution ( ?is problem1 he assumes3--   
#a4 ,! exi/5ce ( matt]1 al?\gh he says  
little on ! subject4 ,its exi/5ce h[ev]1
 z a real entity1 is ev]y:]e tak5 =     
grant$4  #b4 ,he assumes ! effici5cy (  
physical causes1 %[+ no disposition to  
resolve !m into m9d-=ce1 or into !      
effici5cy ( ! ,fir/ ,cause4  #c4 ,he    
assumes also ! exi/5ce ( life 9 ! =m (  

"o or m primordial g]ms4 ,he does n     
adopt ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,:at
 life is he does n attempt to expla91   
fur!r ?an to quote 7p4 #cbf71 )         
approbation1 ! def9ition ( ,h]b]t       
,sp5c]1 :o says1 ,life dep5ds on1 or    
consi/s 91 ! incessant action & reaction
 ( v>i\s =ces1--:i* conveys no v def9ite
 idea4  #d4 ,to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce (    
matt] & life1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 admits a       
,creator4 ,?is is done explicitly &     
repeat$ly4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is said ( !    
nature ( ! ,creator & ( 8 relation to ! 
_w1 fur!r ?an is impli$ 9 ! mean+ ( !   
^w4  #e4 ,f ! primordial g]m or g]ms    
7,mr4 ,d>w9 seems to h settl$ d[n to !  
assumption ( only "o primordial g]m71   
all liv+ organisms1 vegetable & animal1 
includ+ man1 on our globe1 ?r\gh all !  
/ages ( its hi/ory1 h desc5d$4  #f4 ,z  
gr[?1 organization1 & reproduction are !
 functions ( physical life1 z soon z !  
primordial g]m began to live1 x began to
 gr[1 to fa%ion organs h[ev] simple1 =  
its n\ri%m5t & increase1 & = !          

reproduction1 9 "s way1 ( liv+ =ms l    
itself4 ,h[ all liv+ ?+s on e>?1 includ+
 ! endless v>iety ( plants1 & all !     
div]sity ( animals--insects1 fi%es1     
birds1 ! i*?yosaurus1 ! ma/odon1 !      
mammo?1 & man--h desc5d$ f ! primordial 
animalcule1 he ?9ks1 may be acc\nt$ = by
 ! op]ation ( ! foll[+ natural laws1    
viz43--  ,fir/1 ! law ( ,h]$ity1 or t by
 :i* l begets l4 ,! (fspr+ are l ! p>5t4
  ,second1 ! law ( ,v>iation1 t is1 :ile
 ! (fspr+ are1 9 all ess5tial           
*>act]i/ics1 l _! imm$iate prog5itor1 !y
 nev]!less v>y m or less )9 n>r[ limits1
 f _! p>5t & f ea* o!r4 ,"s ( ^!        
v>iations are indiff]5t1 "s             
det]iorations1 "s improvem5ts1 t is1 !y 
are su* z enable ! plant or animal to   
ex]cise its functions to great]         
advantage4  ,?ird1 ! law ( ,ov]         
,production4 ,all plants & animals t5d  
to increase 9 a geometrical ratio2 &    
!re=e t5d to ov]run enorm\sly ! means ( 
support4 ,if all ! se$s ( a plant1 all !
 spawn ( a fi%1 7 to arrive at maturity1

 9 a v %ort "t ! _w c\ld n conta9 !m4   
,h5ce ( necessity arises a /ruggle =    
life4 ,only a few ( ! myriads born c    
possibly live4  ,f\r?1 "h comes 9 ! law 
( ,natural ,selection1 or ! ,survival ( 
! ,fitte/4 ,t is1 if any individual ( a 
giv5 species ( plant or animal happ5s to
 h a slight deviation f ! normal type1  
favorable to its success 9 ! /ruggle =  
life1 x w survive4 ,?is v>iation1 by !  
law ( h]$ity1 w be transmitt$ to its    
(fspr+1 & by !m aga9 to !irs4 ,soon ^!  
favor$ ones ga9 ! asc5d5cy1 & ! less    
favor$ p]i%2 & ! modification becomes   
e/abli%$ 9 ! species4 ,aft] a "t ano!r &
 ano!r ( su* favorable v>iations occur1 
) l results4 ,?us v gradually1 great    
*anges ( /ructure are introduc$1 & n    
only species1 b g5]a1 families1 & ord]s 
9 ! vegetable & animal _w1 are produc$4 
,mr4 ,d>w9 says he c set no limit to !  
*anges ( /ructure1 habits1 in/9cts1 &   
intellig5ce1 :i* ^! simple laws 9 !     
c\rse ( millions or milli>ds ( c5turies 
may br+ into exi/5ce4 ,he says1 we _c   

compreh5d :at ! figures #fj1jjj1jjj     
really imply1 & dur+ ?is1 or p]haps a   
long] roll ( ye>s1 ! l& & wat]s h       
ev]y:]e teem$ ) liv+ creatures1 all     
expos$ to ! /ruggle = life1 & und]go+   
*ange4 7p4 #ced74 ,mr4 ,croll1 he tells 
u1 e/imates t ab\t sixty millions ( ye>s
 h elaps$ s9ce ! ,cambrian p]iod1 b ?is1
 judg+ f ! small am\nt ( organic *ange  
s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! glacial p]iod1    
seems a v %ort "t = ! _m & ! great      
mutations ( life1 :i* h c]ta9ly occurr$ 
s9ce ! ,cambrian =mation2 & ! previ\s "o
 hundr$ & =ty million ye>s c h>dly be   
consid]$ z suffici5t = ! developm5t ( ! 
v>i$ =ms ( life :i* c]ta9ly exi/$ t[>d !
 close ( ! ,cambrian p]iod4 7p4 #cgi74  
,ye>s 9 ?is connection h no mean+4 ,we  
might z well try to give ! di/ance ( !  
fix$ />s 9 in*es4 ,z a/ronom]s are      
oblig$ to take ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit
 z ! unit ( space1 s ,d>w9ians are      
oblig$ to take a geological cycle z _!  
unit ( duration4   ,natural ,selection4 
,z ,natural ,selection :i* works s sl[ly

 is a ma9 elem5t 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 x 
is necess>y to und]/& di/9ctly :at he   
means by x4 ,on ?is po9t he leaves u no 
room = d\bt4 ,on p4 #ib1 he says3 ,?is  
pres]vation ( favorable v>iations1 & !  
de/ruction ( injuri\s v>iations1 ,i call
 ,natural ,selection1 or1 ! ,survival ( 
! ,fitte/4 ,ow+ to ! /ruggle 7= life7   
v>iations1 h[ev] slight & f :atev] cause
 proce$+1 if !y be 9 any degree         
pr(itable to ! individuals ( a species1 
9 _! inf9itely complex relations to o!r 
organic be+s & to _! physical conditions
 ( life1 w t5d to ! pres]vation ( su*   
individuals1 & w g5]ally be inh]it$ by  
_! (fspr+4 ,! (fspr+ also w ?us h a     
bett] *ance ( surviv+1 =1 ( ! _m        
individuals ( any species :i* are       
p]iodically born1 b a small numb] c     
survive4 ,i h call$ ?is pr9ciple1 by :i*
 ea* slight v>iation1 if useful1 is     
pres]v$1 by ! t]m ,natural ,selection1 9
 ord] to m>k its relation to man's p[] (
 selection4 ,b ! expression (t5 us$ by  
,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ( ! ,survival ( !    

,fitte/1 is m accurate1 & sometimes is  
equally conv5i5t4 7p4 #gb74 ,sl[ ?\gh ! 
progress ( selection may be1 if feeble  
man c d s mu* by artificial selection1  
,i c see no limit to ! am\nt ( *ange1 to
 ! beauty & inf9ite complexity ( !      
co-adaptations betwe5 all organic be+s1 
"o ) ano!r1 & ) _! physical conditions (
 life1 :i* may be effect$ 9 ! long c\rse
 ( "t by nature's p[] ( selection1 or ! 
survival ( ! fitte/4 7p4 #abe74 ,x may  
be object$ t if organic be+s ?us t5d to 
rise 9 ! scale1 h[ is x t ?r\gh\t ! _w a
 multitude ( ! l[e/ =ms /ill exi/2 & h[ 
is x t 9 ea* great class "s =ms are f> m
 highly develop$ ?an o!rs8444 ,on our   
!ory ! cont9u\s exi/5ce ( l[ly =ms (f]s 
no difficulty2 = natural selection1 or !
 survival ( ! fitte/1 does n necess>ily 
include progressive developm5t1 x only  
takes advantage ( su* v>iations z arise 
& are b5eficial to ea* creature "u its  
complex relations ( life4444 ,geology   
tells u t "s ( ! l[e/ =ms1 ! infusoria &
 rhizopods1 h rema9$ = an enorm\s p]iod 

9 ne>ly _! pres5t /ate4 7p4 #ade74 ,!   
fact ( little or no modification hav+   
be5 effect$ s9ce ! glacial p]iod w\ld be
 ( "s avail aga9/ ^? :o believe 9 an    
innate & necess>y law ( developm5t1 b is
 p[]less aga9/ ! doctr9e ( natural      
selection1 or ! survival ( ! fitte/1 :i*
 implies only t v>iations or individual 
diff]5ces ( a favorable nature          
occasionally arise 9 a few species & are
 !n pres]v$4 7p4 #adi7  ,?is process (  
improvem5t "u ! law ( natural selection 
includes n only *anges 9 ! organic      
/ructure ( animals1 b also 9 _! in/9cts 
& intellig5ce4 ,on ent]+ on ?is "p ( 8  
subject1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says1 ,i w\ld       
premise t ,i h no?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( !  
prim>y m5tal p[]s1 any m ?an ,i h ) t ( 
life itself4 ,we are conc]n$ only ) !   
div]sities ( in/9ct & ( o!r m5tal       
qualities )9 ! same class4 7p4 #bee7 ,he
 %[s t ev5 9 a /ate ( nature ! in/9cts (
 animals ( ! same species d 9 "s degree 
v>y1 & t !y are transmitt$ by           
inh]itance4 ,a ma/iff has imp>t$ c\rage 

to a greyh\nd1 & a greyh\nd has         
transmitt$ to a %eph]d-dog a disposition
 to hunt h>es4 ,among sport+ dogs1 ! "y 
( ! po9t] or retriev] h be5 kn[n to po9t
 or to retrieve )\t in/ruction4 ,if1 he 
says1 x c be %[n t in/9cts d v>y ev] s  
little1 !n ,i c see no difficulty 9     
natural selection pres]v+ & cont9ually  
accumulat+ v>iations ( in/9ct to any    
ext5t t 0 pr(itable4 ,x is ?us1 z ,i    
believe1 t all ! mo/ complex & wond]ful 
in/9cts h aris54 7p4 #beg7 ,he 0 r      
ungu>d$ 9 say+ t he saw no difficulty 9 
acc\nt+ = ! mo/ wond]ful in/9cts (      
animals4 ,he admits t he has f\nd v     
great difficulty4 ,he selects ?ree cases
 :i* he f\nd x specially h>d to deal )3 
t ( ! cuckoo1 t ( ! cell-build+ bee1 & (
 ! slave-mak+ ant4 ,he devotes mu* space
 & labor 9 endeavor+ to %[ h[ ! in/9ct (
 ! bee1 = example1 9 ! con/ruction ( its
 cell1 might h be5 gradually acquir$4 ,x
 is cle>1 h[ev]1 t he 0 n able fully to 
satisfy ev5 8 own m9d2 = he admits t x w
 be ?\ght t ,i h an ov]-we5+ confid5ce 9

 ! pr9ciple ( natural selection1 :5 ,i d
 n admit t su* wond]ful & well e/abli%$ 
facts d n annihilate ! !ory4 7p4 #bij7  
,?is rem>k 0 made ) special ref]5ce to !
 in/9cts ( ! ant1 :i* he f9ds v h>d to  
acc\nt =4 ,he adds1 ,no d\bt _m in/9cts 
( v difficult explanation c\ld be oppos$
 to ! !ory ( natural selection3 cases 9 
:i* we _c see h[ an in/9ct c\ld possibly
 h orig9at$2 cases 9 :i* no int]m$iate  
gradations are kn[n to exi/2 cases (    
in/9ct ( su* trifl+ importance t !y c\ld
 h>dly h be5 act$ ^u by natural         
selection2 cases ( in/9cts almo/        
id5tically ! same 9 animals s remote 9 !
 scale ( nature1 t we _c acc\nt = _!    
simil>ity by inh]itance f a common      
prog5itor1 & consequ5tly _c believe t !y
 7 indep5d5tly acquir$ ?r\gh natural    
selection4 ,i w n "h ent] on ^? cases1 b
 w conf9e myself to "o special          
difficulty :i* at fir/ appe>$ to me     
insup]able1 & actually fatal to ! :ole  
!ory4 ,i allude to neut]s1 or /]ile     
females 9 insect communities2 = ^!      

neut]s (t5 diff] widely 9 in/9ct &      
/ructure f bo? ! males & ! f]tile       
females1 & yet1 f be+ /]ile1 !y _c      
propagate _! k9d4 7p4 #bhi7 ,he is c&id 
en\gh to say1 9 conclusion1 ,i d n      
pret5d t ! facts giv5 9 ?is *apt] 7on   
in/9ct7 /r5g!n 9 any great degree my    
!ory2 b none ( ! cases ( difficulty1 to 
! be/ ( my judgm5t1 annihilate x4 7p4   
#big7 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t 8 !ory is1 t  
slight v>iations occurr+ 9 an individual
 advantage\s to x 7n to its associates71
 9 ! /ruggle = life1 is p]petuat$ by    
inh]itance1 x is no wond] t ! case (    
/]ile ants gave him s mu* tr\ble4       
,accid5tal /]ility is n favorable to !  
individual1 & its be+ made p]man5t by   
inh]itance1 is out ( ! "q1 = ! /]ile h  
no desc5dants4 ,yet ^! /]ile females are
 n deg5]ations1 !y are 9 g5]al l>g] & m 
robu/ ?an _! associates4  ,we h ?us se5 
t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 all ! inf9ite 
v>iety ( /ructure 9 plants & animals is 
due to ! law ( natural selection4 ,on ! 
pr9ciple ( natural selection ) div]g5ce 

( "*1 he says1 x does n seem incr$ible  
t1 f "s su* l[ & int]m$iate =m1 bo?     
animals & plants h be5 develop$1 & if we
 admit ?is1 we mu/ likewise admit t all 
! organiz$ be+s :i* h ev] liv$ on ?is   
e>? may be desc5d$ f "s "o primordial   
=m4 7p4 #egc7 ,we h se5 also t he does n
 conf9e 8 !ory to organic /ructure1 b   
applies x to all ! in/9cts & all ! =ms (
 intellig5ce manife/$ by irrational     
creatures4 ,nor does he /op !re2 he     
includes man )9 ! sweep ( ! same law4 ,9
 ! di/ant future ,i see op5 fields = f> 
m important rese>*es4 ,psy*ology w be   
bas$ on a new f\ndation1 t ( ! necess>y 
acquirem5t ( ea* m5tal p[] & capacity by
 gradation4 ,light w be ?r[n on ! orig9 
( man & 8 hi/ory4 7p4 #egg7  ,! di/ant  
future 0 ne> at h&4 ,9 8 introduction to
 8 "w on ! ,desc5t ( ,man1 he says1 he  
_h det]m9$ n to publi% on t subject1 z  
,i ?\ght t ,i %\ld ?us only add to !    
prejudices aga9/ my views4 ,x seem$ to  
me suffici5t to indicate1 9 ! fir/      
edition ( my ',orig9 ( ,species1' t by  

?is "w 'light w\ld be ?r[n on ! orig9 ( 
man & 8 hi/ory2' & ?is implies t man mu/
 be includ$ ) o!r organic be+s 9 any    
g5]al conclusion respect+ 8 mann] (     
appe>ance on ?is e>?4 ,n[ ! case we>s a 
:olly diff]5t aspect4 ,:5 a naturali/ l 
,c>l ,vogt 7we %all see 9 :at foll[s :at
 k9d ( a witness he is7 v5tures to say 9
 8 address z ,presid5t ( ! ,national    
,in/itution ( ,g5eva 7#ahfi71 ',p]sonne1
 en ,europe au mo9s1 n'ose plus s\t5ir  
la cration indp5dante et de t\tes pices1
 des espces1'--x is manife/ t at lea/ a 
l>ge numb] ( naturali/s mu/ admit t     
species are ! modifi$ desc5dants ( o!r  
species2 & ?is especially holds good ( !
 y\ng] & ris+ naturali/s4444 ,( ! old] &
 honor$ *iefs 9 natural sci5ce1 _m      
un=tunately are /ill oppos$ to evolution
 9 e =m4 ,c>l ,vogt w\ld n write ?us4   
,to him no man is honor$ :o does agree )
 him1 & any man :o believes 9 ,god he   
execrates4  ,9 #ahga1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 v5tur$ 
on ! publication ( 8 ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,9 
t "w1 he endeavors to %[ t ! proximate  

prog5itor ( man is ! ape4 ,he says !re  
is less diff]5ce ( /ructure betwe5 !    
two1 ?an betwe5 ! high] & l[] =ms ( apes
 !mselves4 ,n only s1 b he attempts to  
%[ t ! m5tal faculties ( man are d]iv$  
by slight v>iations1 long cont9u$1 f !  
measure ( intellect possess$ by l[]     
animals4 ,he ev5 says1 t !re is less    
diff]5ce 9 intellig5ce betwe5 man & !   
high] mammals1 ?an !re is betwe5 !      
intellig5ce ( ! ant & t ( ! coccus1     
insects ( ! same class4#g  ,9 l mann] he
 tea*es t man's moral nature has be5    
evolv$ by sl[ degrees f ! social in/9cts
 common to _m animals4 7pp4 #fh1 #id7 ,!
 moral elem5t1 ?us d]iv$1 he admits     
might lead to v diff]5t l9es ( conduct4 
,if m51 he says1 7 re>$ "u ! same       
conditions z hives-bees1 !re c h>dly be 
a d\bt1 t our unm>ri$ females w\ld1 l ! 
work]-bees1 ?9k x a sacr$ duty to kill  
all _! bro!rs1 & mo!rs w\ld /rive to    
kill _! f]tile daught]s2 & no "o w\ld   
?9k ( int]f]+4 7vol4 i4 p4 #gj7  ,l[]   
animals1 especially ! dog1 manife/ love1

 rev]5ce1 fidelity1 & ob$i5ce2 & x is f 
^! elem5ts t ! religi\s s5tim5t 9 man   
has be5 sl[ly evolv$ by a process (     
natural selection4 7vol4 i4 p4 #fe7  ,! 
gr& conclusion is1 man 7body1 s\l1 & _s7
 is desc5d$ f a hairy quadrup$1 furni%$ 
) a tail & po9t$ e>s1 probably arboreal 
9 its habits1 & an inhabitant ( ! ,old  
,_w4 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cgb7 ,mr4 ,d>w9 adds3
 ,he :o d5\nces ^! views 7z irreligi\s7 
is b\nd to expla9 :y x is m irreligi\s  
to expla9 ! orig9 ( man z a di/9ct      
species by desc5t f "s l[] =m1 ?r\gh !  
laws ( v>iation & natural selection1 ?an
 to expla9 ! bir? ( ! individual ?r\gh !
 laws ( ord9>y reproduction4 7vol4 ii4  
p4 #cgh7  ,,footnote3  #g ,desc5t (     
,man1 etc4 ,by ,*>les ,d>w91 ,m4 ,a41   
,f4 ,r4 ,s41 etc4 ,new ,york1 #ahga1    
vol4 i4 p4 #agi4   ,! ,s5se 9 :i* ,mr4  
,d>w9 uses ! ,^w ,natural4  ,we h n yet 
rea*$ ! he>t ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,! ma9
 idea ( 8 sy/em lies 9 ! ^w natural4 ,he
 uses t ^w 9 two s5ses3 fir/1 z         
anti!tical to ! ^w artificial4 ,m5 c    

produce v m>k$ v>ieties z to /ructure & 
habits ( animals4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 !
 production ( ! diff]5t bre$s ( horses1 
cattle1 %eep1 & dogs2 & specially1 z    
,mr4 ,d>w9 seems to ?9k1 9 ! case (     
pigeons4 ,( ^!1 he says1 ,! div]sity (  
bre$s is some?+ a/oni%+4 ,"s h long1 &  
"s v %ort bills2 "s h l>ge feet1 "s     
small2 "s long necks1 o!rs long w+s &   
tails1 :ile o!rs h s+ul>ly %ort tails2  
"s h ?irty1 & ev5 =ty1 tail-fea!rs1     
in/ead ( ! normal numb] ( twelve or     
f\rte54 ,!y diff] z mu* 9 in/9ct z !y d 
9 =m4 ,"s are c>ri]s1 "s p\t]s1 "s      
tumbl]s1 "s trumpet]s2 & yet all are    
desc5dants ( ! ,rock ,pigeon :i* is /ill
 extant4 ,if1 !n1 he argues1 man1 9 a   
comp>atively %ort "t1 has by artificial 
selection produc$ all ^! v>ieties1 :at  
might be accompli%$ on ! b\ndless scale 
( nature1 dur+ ! measureless ages ( !   
geologic p]iods4  ,secondly1 he uses !  
^w natural z anti!tical to sup]natural4 
,natural selection is a selection made  
by natural laws1 work+ )\t int5tion &   

design4 ,x is1 !re=e1 oppos$ n only to  
artificial selection1 :i* is made by !  
wisdom & skill ( man to accompli% a giv5
 purpose1 b also to sup]natural         
selection1 :i* means ei!r a selection   
orig9ally int5d$ by a p[] high] ?an     
nature2 or :i* is c>ri$ out by su* p[]4 
,9 us+ ! expression ,natural ,selection1
 ,mr4 ,d>w9 int5ds to exclude design1 or
 f9al causes4 ,all ! *anges 9 /ructure1 
in/9ct1 or intellig5ce1 9 ! plants or   
animals1 includ+ man1 desc5d$ f !       
primordial g]m1 or animalcule1 h be5    
br\ght ab\t by un9tellig5t physical     
causes4 ,on ?is po9t he leaves u 9 no   
d\bt4 ,he def9es nature to be !         
aggregate action & product ( natural    
laws2 & laws are ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts z    
asc]ta9$ by u4 ,x _h be5 object$ t he   
(t5 uses teleological language1 speak+ (
 purpose1 int5tion1 contrivance1        
adaptation1 etc4 ,9 answ] to ?is        
objection1 he says3 ,x has be5 said1 t  
,i speak ( natural selection z a p[] or 
deity2 b :o objects to an au?or speak+ (

 ! attraction ( gravity z rul+ !        
movem5ts ( ! planet8 ,he admits t 9 !   
lit]al s5se ( ! words1 natural selection
 is a false t]m2 b :o ev] object$ to    
*emi/s1 speak+ ( ! elective aff9ities ( 
v>i\s elem5ts8--& yet an acid _c /rictly
 be said to elect ! base ) :i* x 9      
pref]5ce comb9es4 7p4 #ic7 ,we h "h an  
affirmation & a negation4 ,x is affirm$ 
t natural selection is ! op]ation (     
natural laws1 analog\s to ! action (    
gravitation & ( *emical aff9ities4 ,x is
 d5i$ t x is a process orig9ally        
design$1 or guid$ by intellig5ce1 su* z 
! activity :i* =esees an end &          
consci\sly selects & controls ! means ( 
its accompli%m5t4 ,artificial selection1
 !n1 is an intellig5t process2 natural  
selection is n4  ,!re are 9 ! animal &  
vegetable worlds innum]able in/ances (  
at lea/ app>5t contrivance1 :i* h excit$
 ! admiration ( m5 9 all ages4 ,!re are 
?ree ways ( acc\nt+ = !m4 ,! fir/ is !  
,scriptural doctr9e1 namely1 t ,god is a
 ,_s1 a p]sonal1 self-consci\s1         

intellig5t ag5t2 t ,he is inf9ite1      
et]nal1 & un*angeable 9 8 be+ &         
p]fections2 t ,he is ev] pres5t2 t ?is  
pres5ce is a pres5ce ( k & p[]4 ,9 !    
ext]nal _w !re is always & ev]y:]e      
indisputable evid5ce ( ! activity ( two 
k9ds ( =ce3 ! "o physical1 ! o!r m5tal4 
,! physical belongs to matt]1 & is due  
to ! prop]ties ) :i* x has be5 end[$2 ! 
o!r is ! ev]y:]e pres5t & ev] act+ m9d (
 ,god4 ,to ! latt] are to be ref]r$ all 
! manife/ations ( design 9 nature1 & !  
ord]+ ( ev5ts 9 ,provid5ce4 ,?is doctr9e
 does n ignore ! effici5cy ( second     
causes2 x simply ass]ts t ,god ov]-rules
 & controls !m4 ,?us ! ,psalmi/ says1 ,i
 am fe>fully & wond]fully made4444 ,my  
sub/ance 0 n hid f !e1 :5 ,i 0 made 9   
secret1 & curi\sly wr\ght 7or embroid]$7
 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,?9e eyes did see
 my sub/ance yet be+ imp]fect2 & 9 ?y   
book all my memb]s 7 writt51 :i* 9      
cont9uance 7 fa%ion$1 :5 z yet !re 7    
none ( !m4 ,he :o fa%ion$ ! eye1 %all n 
,he see8 ,he t =m$ ! e> %all n ,he he>8 

,god makes ! grass to gr[1 & h]bs = !   
*ildr5 ( m54 ,he s5ds ra91 fro/1 & sn[4 
,he controls ! w9ds & ! waves4 ,he      
det]m9es ! ca/+ ( ! lot1 ! flight ( an  
arr[1 & ! fall+ ( a sp>r[4 ,?is univ]sal
 & con/ant control ( ,god is n only "o (
 ! mo/ pat5t & p]vad+ doctr9es ( !      
,bible1 b x is "o ( ! fundam5tal        
pr9ciples ( ev5 natural religion4  ,!   
second me?od ( acc\nt+ = contrivances 9 
nature admits t !y 7 =ese5 & purpos$ by 
,god1 & t ,he end[$ matt] ) =ces :i* ,he
 =esaw & int5d$ %\ld produce su*        
results4 ,b "h 8 ag5cy /ops4 ,he nev]   
int]f]es to guide ! op]ation ( physical 
causes4 ,he does no?+ to control ! c\rse
 ( nature1 or ! ev5ts ( hi/ory4 ,on ?is 
!ory x may be said1 7#a47 ,t x is utt]ly
 inconsi/5t ) ! ,scriptures4 7#b47 ,x   
does n meet ! religi\s & moral          
necessities ( our nature4 ,x r5d]s pray]
 irrational & inop]ative4 ,x makes x va9
 = a man 9 any em]g5cy to look to ,god =
 help4 7#c47 ,x is inconsi/5t ) obvi\s  
facts4 ,we see ar\nd u innum]able       

evid5ces ( ! con/ant activity ( m9d4    
,?is evid5ce ( m9d & ( its op]ations1   
accord+ to ,"l ,br\gham & ,dr4 ,:ewell1 
is f> m cle> ?an t ( ! exi/5ce ( matt] &
 ( its =ces4 ,if "o or ! o!r is to be   
d5i$1 x is ! latt] r ?an ! =m]4 ,paley  
inde$ says1 t if ! con/ruction ( a wat* 
be an und5iable evid5ce ( design x w\ld 
be a /ill m wond]ful manife/ation (     
skill1 if a wat* c\ld be made to produce
 o!r wat*es2 &1 x may be add$1 n only   
o!r wat*es1 b all k9ds ( "t-pieces 9    
endless v>iety4 ,s x has be5 ask$1 if   
man c make a telescope1 :y _c ,god make 
a telescope :i* produces o!rs l itself8 
,?is is simply ask+1 :e!r matt] c be    
made to d ! "w ( m9d8 ,! idea involves a
 contradiction4 ,= a telescope to make a
 telescope1 supposes x to select copp] &
 z9c 9 due proportions & fuse !m into   
brass2 to fa%ion t brass into int]-ent]+
 tubes2 to collect & comb9e ! requisite 
mat]ials = ! diff]5t k9ds ( glass ne$$2 
to melt !m1 gr9d1 fa%ion1 & poli% !m2   
adju/ _! d5sities & focal di/ances1     

etc41 etc4 ,a man :o c believe t brass c
 d all ?is1 might z well believe 9 ,god4
 ,! mo/ cr$ul\s m5 9 ! _w are           
unbeliev]s4 ,! great ,napoleon c\ld n   
believe 9 ,provid5ce2 b he believ$ 9 8  
/>1 & 9 lucky & unlucky days4  ,?is     
bani%+ ,god f ! _w is simply intol]able1
 &1 bless$ be 8 "n1 impossible4 ,an     
abs5t ,god :o does no?+ is1 to u1 no    
,god4 ,*ri/ br+s ,god con/antly ne> to  
u4 ,he said to 8 disciples1 ,consid] !  
rav5s1 = !y nei!r s[ nor reap2 :i* h    
nei!r /ore-h\se nor b>n2 & ,god fe$e?   
!m2 h[ mu* bett] are ye ?an ! f[ls4 ,&  
:i* ( y by tak+ ?\ght c add to 8 /ature 
"o cubit8 ,consid] ! lilies h[ !y gr[2  
!y toil n1 nei!r d !y sp92 & yet ,i say 
unto y t ,solomon 9 all 8 glory 0 n     
array$ l "o ( ^!4 ,if !n ,god s clo! !  
grass1 :i* is to-day 9 ! field1 &       
to-morr[ is ca/ into ! ov52 h[ mu* m w  
,he clo! y1 ,o ye ( little fai?4 ,& seek
 ye n :at ye %all eat1 or :at ye %all   
dr9k1 nei!r be ye ( d\btful m9d4 ,= all 
^! ?+s d ! nations ( ! _w seek aft]2 &  

y\r ,fa!r kn[e? t ye h ne$ ( ^! ?+s4 ,x 
may be said t ,*ri/ did n tea* sci5ce4  
,true1 b ,he taught tru?2 & sci5ce1 s   
call$1 :5 x comes 9 conflict ) tru?1 is 
:at man is :5 he comes 9 conflict )     
,god4  ,! advocates ( ^! extreme op9ions
 prote/ aga9/ be+ consid]$ irreligi\s4  
,h]b]t ,sp5c] says1 t 8 doctr9e ( an    
inscrutable1 un9tellig5t1 unkn[n =ce1 z 
! cause ( all ?+s1 is a mu* m religi\s  
doctr9e ?an t ( a p]sonal1 intellig5t1 &
 volunt>y ,be+ ( inf9ite p[] & goodness4
 ,mat!w ,arnold holds t an unconsci\s   
p[] :i* makes = "r1 is a high] idea (   
,god ?an ! ,jehovah ( ! ,bible4 ,*ri/   
says1 ,god is a ,_s4 ,holba* ?\ght t he 
made a great advance on t def9ition1 :5 
he said1 ,god is motion4  ,! ?ird me?od 
( acc\nt+ = ! contrivances manife/$ 9 ! 
organs ( plants & animals1 is t :i*     
ref]s !m to ! bl9d op]ation ( natural   
causes4 ,!y are n due to ! cont9u$      
cop]ation & control ( ! div9e m9d1 nor  
to ! orig9al purpose ( ,god 9 !         
con/itution ( ! univ]se4 ,?is is !      

doctr9e ( ! ,mat]iali/s1 & to ?is       
doctr9e1 we are sorry to say1 ,mr4      
,d>w91 al?\gh himself a !i/1 has giv5 9 
8 adhesion4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt !       
,mat]iali/s almo/ deify him4  ,f :at has
 be5 said1 x appe>s t ,d>w9ism includes 
?ree di/9ct elem5ts4 ,fir/1 evolution2  
or ! assumption t all organic =ms1      
vegetable & animal1 h be5 evolv$ or     
develop$ f "o1 or a few1 primordial liv+
 g]ms2 second1 t ?is evolution has be5  
effect$ by natural selection1 or !      
survival ( ! fitte/2 & ?ird1 & by f> !  
mo/ important & only di/9ctive elem5t ( 
8 !ory1 t ?is natural selection is )\t  
design1 be+ conduct$ by un9tellig5t     
physical causes4 ,nei!r ! fir/ nor !    
second ( ^! elem5ts con/itute ,d>w9ism2 
nor d ! two comb9$4 ,z to ! fir/1       
namely1 evolution1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself1 9
 ! hi/orical sket* prefix$ to ! fif?    
edition ( 8 ,orig9 ( ,species1 says1 t  
,lam>ck1 9 #ahaa & m fully 9 #ahae1     
taught t all species1 includ+ man1 are  
desc5d$ f o!r species4 ,he ref]s to "s  

six or eight o!r sci5ti/s1 z tea*+ !    
same doctr9e4 ,?is idea ( ,evolution 0  
prom95tly pres5t$ & elaborat$ 9 !       
,ve/iges ( ,creation1 fir/ publi%$ 9    
#ahdd4 ,ulrici1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity
 ( ,halle1 ,g]many1 9 8 "w ,gott und die
 ,natur1 says t ! doctr9e ( evolution   
took no hold on ! m9ds ( sci5tific m51 b
 0 positively reject$ by ! mo/ em95t    
physiologi/s1 among :om he m5tions ,j4  
,mll]1 ,k4 ,wagn]1 ,bis*(f1 ,h(fmann1 & 
o!rs4#h ,! ,rev4 ,george ,h5sl[1        
,lectur] on ,botany at ,/4 ,b>?olomew's 
,hospital1 ,london1 himself a pron\nc$  
evolutioni/1 says ! !ories ( ,lam>ck & (
 ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation h giv5 place to 
t ( ,mr4 ,d>w92 & !re are n want+ _m    
symptoms ( decay 9 ! acceptance ev5 ( 84
 ,n only has he consid]ably modifi$ 8   
views 9 lat] editions ( ! ',orig9 (     
,species1' di/9ctly express+ ! op9ion t 
he attribut$ too great influ5ce to      
natural selection1 b ev5 m5 ( sci5ce1   
,ow51 ,huxley1--& at lea/ 9 its         
application to man1 ,wallace            

himself1--are ei!r oppos$ to x 9 great  
measure1 or else give x b a qualifi$    
ass5t4 ,?us1 x has be5 ! fate ( all     
!ories ( ! developm5t ( liv+ ?+s to     
lapse into oblivion4 ,evolution itself1 
h[ev]1 w /& ! same4#i ,we f9d 9 !       
,transactions ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 a
 /ill m decid$ repudiation ( ,d>w9ism on
 ! "p ( ,mr4 ,h5sl[4 ,he !re says3 ,i d 
n believe 9 ,d>w9's !ory2 & h endeavor$ 
to refute x by %[+ its utt]             
impossibility4#aj ,he def9es ,evolution 
by say+1 ,x supposes all animals &      
plants t exi/ n[1 or h ev] exi/$1 to h  
be5 produc$ ?r\gh laws ( g5]ation f     
prexi/+ animals & plants respectively2 t
 aff9ity among/ organic be+s implies1 or
 is due to community ( desc5t2 & t !    
degree ( aff9ity betwe5 organisms is 9  
proportion to _! ne>ness ( g5]ation1 or1
 at lea/1 to ! p]si/5ce ( common        
*>act]s1 !y be+ ! products ( orig9ally !
 same p>5tage4#aa ,a man1 !re=e1 may be 
an evolutioni/1 )\t be+ a ,d>w9ian4 ,x  
%\ld be m5tion$ t ,mr4 ,h5sl[ expressly 

excludes man1 bo? z to body & s\l1 f !  
law ( evolution4  ,nor is ! !ory (      
natural selection ! vital pr9ciple (    
,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 unless ! ^w natural  
be tak5 9 a s5se anti!tical to          
sup]natural4 ,9 ! hi/orical sket* j     
ref]r$ to1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 n only says t he  
_h be5 anticipat$ 9 tea*+ ! doctr9e (   
,evolution by ,lam>ck & ! au?or ( !     
,ve/iges ( ,creation2 b t ! !ory (      
natural selection1 z ! means ( acc\nt+ =
 evolution1 0 n orig9al ) him4 ,he tells
 u t z e>ly z #ahac1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,wells
 di/9ctly recognizes ! pr9ciple (       
natural selection2 & t ,mr4 ,patrick    
,mat!w1 9 #ahca1 gives precisely ! same 
view ( ! orig9 ( species z t prop\nd$ by
 ,mr4 ,wallace & myself4 ,ideas are l   
se$3 !y are (t5 ca/ =?1 & n f9d+ a      
cong5ial soil produce no fruit4 ,to ,mr4
 ,d>w9 is und\bt$ly due ! elaboration & 
?or\ghly sci5tific def5ce ( ! !ory (    
natural selection1 & to him is to be    
ref]r$ ! deep & widespread int]e/ :i* x 
has excit$4  ,,footnotes3  #h ,gott und 

die ,natur4 ,von ,d4 ,h]mann ,ulrici4   
,zweite ,auflage4 ,leipzig1 #ahff1 p4   
#cid4  #i ,! ,!ory ( ,evolution ( ,liv+ 
,?+s & ! ,application ( ! ,pr9ciples (  
,evolution to ,religion4 ,by ,rev4      
,george ,h5sl[1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41   
,f4 ,g4 ,s4 ,london1 #ahgc1 pp4 #bg1    
#bh4  #aj ,j\rnal ( ! ,transactions ( ! 
,victoria ,in/itute1 or ,philosophical  
,society ( ,great ,brita94 ,vol4 iv4    
,london1 #ahgj1 p4 #bgh4  #aa ,evolution
 & ,religion1 p4 #bi4   ,d>w9ism        
excludes ,teleology4  ,x is h[ev] nei!r 
evolution nor natural selection1 :i*    
give ,d>w9ism its peculi> "* &          
importance4 ,x is t ,d>w9 rejects all   
teleology1 or ! doctr9e ( f9al causes4  
,he d5ies design 9 any ( ! organisms 9 !
 vegetable or animal _w4 ,he tea*es t ! 
eye 0 =m$ )\t any purpose ( produc+ an  
organ ( vision4  ,al?\gh evid5ce on ?is 
po9t has already be5 adduc$1 yet z x is 
(t5 ov]look$1 at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 s t 
_m m5 speak favorably ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's    
!ory1 :o are no m ,d>w9ians ?an !y are  

,mussulmans2 & z x is ?is feature ( 8   
sy/em :i* br+s x into conflict n only ) 
,*ri/ianity1 b ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples 
( natural religion1 x %\ld be cle>ly    
e/abli%$4 ,! s\rces ( pro( on ?is po9t  
are1--#a/4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's own writ+s4     
#b;d4 ,! expositions ( 8 !ory giv5 by   
its advocates4 #c;d4 ,! "* ( !          
objections urg$ by its oppon5ts4  ,!    
po9t to be prov$ is t x is ! di/9ctive  
doctr9e ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 t species owe _!  
orig91 n to ! orig9al int5tion ( ! div9e
 m9d2 n to special acts ( creation call+
 new =ms into exi/5ce at c]ta9 epo*s2 n 
to ! con/ant & ev]y:]e op]ative         
effici5cy ( ,god1 guid+ physical causes 
9 ! production ( int5d$ effects2 b to ! 
gradual accumulation ( un9t5d$ v>iations
 ( /ructure & in/9ct1 secur+ "s         
advantage to _! subjects4   ,d>w9's own 
,te/imony4  ,t su* is ,mr4 ,d>w9's      
doctr9e we prove f 8 own writ+s4 ,& !   
fir/ pro( f t s\rce is f\nd 9 express   
decl>ations4 ,:5 an idea p]vades a book 
& con/itutes its "*1 deta*$ passages    

con/itute a v small "p ( ! evid5ce ( its
 be+ inculcat$4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1
 su* passages are suffici5t to satisfy  
ev5 ^? :o h n _h occasion to read ,mr4  
,d>w9's books4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! simil>ity 
( /ructure 9 animals ( ! same class1 he 
says1 ,no?+ c be m hopeless ?an to      
attempt to expla9 ?is simil>ity ( patt]n
 9 memb]s ( ! same class1 by utility or 
! doctr9e ( f9al causes4#ab  ,on ! la/  
page ( 8 "w1 he says3 ,x is int]e/+ to  
contemplate a tangl$ bank1 clo!d ) _m   
plants ( _m k9ds1 ) birds s++ on !      
bu%es1 ) v>i\s insects flitt+ ab\t1 & ) 
worms crawl+ ?r\gh ! damp e>?1 & to     
reflect t ^! elaborately con/ruct$ =ms1 
s diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & dep5d5t on ea*   
o!r 9 s complex a mann]1 h all be5      
produc$ by laws act+ ar\nd u4 ,^! laws1 
tak5 9 ! l>ge/ s5se1 be+ gr[? )         
reproduction2 v>iability f ! indirect & 
direct action ( ! conditions ( life1 & f
 use & disuse2 a ratio ( increase s high
 z to lead to a /ruggle = life1 & z a   
consequ5ce to natural selection1 entail+

 div]g5ce ( "* & ext9ction ( less       
improv$ =ms4 ,?us f ! w> ( nature1 f    
fam9e & dea?1 ! mo/ exalt$ object :i* we
 are capable ( conceiv+1 ! production ( 
! high] animals directly foll[s4 ,!re is
 a gr&eur 9 ?is view ( life1 ) its      
sev]al p[]s1 hav+ be5 orig9ally brea!d  
by ! ,creator into a few =ms or into "o2
 & t :il/ ?is planet has gone cycl+ on  
accord+ to ! fix$ law ( gravity1 f s    
simple a beg9n+ endless =ms mo/         
beautiful & mo/ wond]ful h be51 & are   
be+ evolv$4 7p4 #egi7  ,9 ano!r ( 8     
works1 he asks1 ,did ,he 7,god7 orda9 t 
crop & tail-fea!rs ( ! pigeon %\ld v>y1 
9 ord] t ! fanci] might make 8 grotesque
 p\t] & fan-tail bre$s8 ,did ,he cause !
 frame & m5tal qualities ( ! dog to v>y1
 9 ord] t a bre$ might be =m$ (         
indomitable f]ocity1 ) jaws fitt$ to p9 
d[n ! bull1 = man's brutal sport8 ,b if 
we give up ! pr9ciple 9 "o case2 if we d
 n admit t ! v>iations ( ! primeval dog 
7 int5tionally guid$ 9 ord]1 = in/ance1 
t ! greyh\nd1 t p]fect image ( symmetry 

& vigor1 might be =m$2 no %ad[ ( reason 
c be assign$ = ! belief t v>iations1    
alike 9 nature & ! results ( ! same     
g5]al laws1 :i* h be5 ! gr\ndwork ?r\gh 
natural selection ( ! mo/ p]fectly      
adapt$ animals 9 ! _w1 man includ$1 7   
int5tionally & specially guid$4 ,h[ev]  
mu* we may wi% x1 we c h>dly foll[      
,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 9 8 belief 't     
v>iations h be5 l$ along c]ta9 b5eficial
 l9es1 z a /ream is l$ along useful l9es
 ( irrigation4'#ac  ,v>iations1 :i* by  
_! gradual accumulation give rise to new
 species1 g5]a1 families1 & ord]s1 are  
!mselves1 /ep by /ep1 accid5tal4 ,mr4   
,d>w9 sometimes says !y happ5 by *ance2 
sometimes he says !y happ5 ( necessity2 
at o!rs he says1 ,we are pr(\ndly       
ignorant ( _! causes4 ,^! are only      
diff]5t ways ( say+ t !y are n          
int5tional4 ,:5 a man lets any?+ fall f 
8 h&s1 & says x 0 accid5tal1 he does n  
mean t x 0 causeless1 he only means t x 
0 n int5tional4 ,& t is precisely :at   
,d>w9 means :5 he says t species arise  

out ( accid5tal v>iations4 ,8 :ole book 
is an argum5t aga9/ teleology4 ,! :ole  
"q is1 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = !         
innum]able v>ieties1 k9ds1 & g5]a (     
plants & animals1 includ+ man8 ,7 !y    
int5d$8 or1 ,did !y arise f ! gradual   
accumulations ( un9t5tional v>iations8  
,8 answ] to ^! que/ions is pla94 ,on    
page #bde1 he says3 ,no?+ at fir/ c     
appe> m difficult to believe ?an t ! m  
complex organs & in/9cts h be5 p]fect$ n
 by means sup]ior to1 ?\gh analog\s )1  
human reason1 b by innum]able slight    
v>iations1 ea* good = ! individual      
possessor4 ,nev]!less1 ?is difficulty1  
?\gh appe>+ to our imag9ation#ad        
insup]ably great1 _c be consid]$ real1  
if we admit ! foll[+ propositions1      
namely1 t all p>ts ( ! organizations &  
in/9cts (f]1 at lea/1 individual        
diff]5ces2 t !re is a /ruggle = exi/5ce1
 :i* leads to ! pres]vation ( pr(itable 
deviations ( /ructure or in/9ct2 &1     
la/ly1 t gradations 9 ! /ate ( p]fection
 ( ea* organ may h exi/$1 ea* good ( its

 k9d4 ,he says1 ov] & ov]1 t if beauty  
or any v>iation ( /ructure c be %[n to  
be int5d$1 x w\ld annihilate 8 !ory4 ,8 
doctr9e is t su* un9t5d$ v>iations1 :i* 
happ5 to be useful 9 ! /ruggle = life1  
are pres]v$1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! survival 
( ! fitte/4 ,he urges ! usual objections
 to teleology d]iv$ f undevelop$ or     
useless organs1 z web-feet 9 ! upl&     
goose & frigate-bird1 :i* nev] swim4    
,:at1 h[ev]1 p]haps m ?an any?+1 makes  
cle> 8 rejection ( design is ! mann] 9  
:i* he deals ) ! complicat$ organs (    
plants & animals4 ,:y don't he say1 !y  
are ! product ( ! div9e intellig5ce8 ,if
 ,god made !m1 x makes no diff]5ce1 s f>
 z ! "q ( design is conc]n$1 h[ ,he made
 !m3 :e!r at once or by a process (     
evolution4 ,b in/ead ( ref]r+ !m to !   
purpose ( ,god1 he labori\sly endeavors 
to prove t !y may be acc\nt$ = )\t any  
design or purpose :atev]4  ,to suppose1 
he says1 t ! eye ) all its inimitable   
contrivances = adju/+ ! focus to diff]5t
 di/ances1 = admitt+ diff]5t degrees (  

light1 & = ! correction ( sph]ical &    
*romatic ab]ration1 c\ld h be5 =m$ by   
natural selection1 seems1 ,i freely     
confess1 absurd 9 ! highe/ degree4 7p4  
#bbb7 ,nev]!less he attempts to expla9 !
 process4 ,x is sc>cely possible1 he    
says1 to avoid comp>+ ! eye ) !         
telescope4 ,we "k t ?is in/rum5t has be5
 p]fect$ by ! long cont9u$ ef=ts ( !    
highe/ ( human intellects2 & we         
naturally inf] t ! eye has be5 =m$ by a 
some:at analog\s process4 ,b may n ?is  
inf]5ce be presumptu\s8 ,h we any "r to 
assume t ! ,creator works by            
intellectual p[]s l ^? ( man8 ,if we mu/
 comp>e ! eye to an optical in/rum5t1 we
 ought 9 imag9ation to take a ?ick lay] 
( transp>5t tissue1 ) spaces fill$ )    
fluid1 & ) a n]ve s5sitive to light     
b5ea?1 & !n suppose e "p ( ?is lay] to  
be cont9ually *ang+ sl[ly 9 d5sity1 s z 
to sep>ate into lay]s ( diff]5t d5sities
 & ?icknesses1 plac$ at diff]5t di/ances
 f ea* o!r1 & ) ! surfaces ( ea* lay]   
sl[ly *ang+ 9 =m4 ,fur!r1 we mu/ suppose

 t !re is a p[] repres5t$ by natural    
selection1 or ! survival ( ! fitte/1    
always int5tly wat*+ ea* slight         
alt]ation 9 ! transp>5t lay]s1 &        
c>efully pres]v+ ea*1 :i*1 "u v>i$      
circum/ances1 t5ds to produce a di/9ct  
image4 ,we mu/ suppose ea* new /ate ( ! 
in/rum5t to be multipli$ by ! million2  
ea* to be pres]v$ until a bett] is      
produc$1 & ! old ones to be all de/roy$4
 ,9 liv+ bodies1 v>iations w cause !    
slight alt]ations1 g5]ation w multiply  
!m almo/ inf9itely1 & natural selection 
w pick out ) un]r+ skill ea*            
improvem5t4#ae 7p4 #bbf7 ,let ?is       
process1 he says1 g on = millions (     
ye>s1 & we %all at la/ h a p]fect eye4  
,x w\ld be absurd to say any?+          
disrespectful ( su* a man z ,mr4 ,d>w91 
& sc>cely less absurd to indulge 9 any  
m]e extravagance ( language2 yet we are 
express+ our own exp]i5ce1 :5 we say t  
we reg>d ,mr4 ,d>w9's books ! be/       
refutation ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,he     
con/antly %uts u up to ! alt]native (   

believ+ t ! eye is a "w ( design or !   
product ( ! un9t5d$ action ( bl9d       
physical causes4 ,to any ord9>ily       
con/itut$ m9d1 x is absolutely          
impossible to believe t x is n a "w (   
design4 ,d>w9 himself1 x is evid5t1 de> 
z 8 !ory is1 c h>dly believe x4 ,x is   
indisp5sable1 he says1 to arrive at a j 
conclusion z to ! =mation ( ! eye1 t !  
reason %\ld conqu] ! imag9ation2 b ,i h 
felt ! difficulty f> too ke5ly to be    
surpris$ at any degree ( hesitation 9   
ext5d+ ! pr9ciple ( natural selection to
 s />tl+ an ext5t4 7p4 #bbe7  ,x w be   
obs]v$ t e /ep 9 8 acc\nt ( ! =mation ( 
! eye is an arbitr>y assumption4 ,we mu/
 fir/ assume a ?ick lay] ( tissue2 !n t 
! tissue is transp>5t2 !n t x has       
cavities fill$ ) fluid2 t b5ea? ! tissue
 is a n]ve s5sitive to light2 !n t !    
fluid is con/antly v>y+ 9 d5sity &      
?ickness2 t its surfaces are con/antly  
*ang+ _! cont\r2 t its diff]5t portions 
are ev] %ift+ _! relative di/ances2 t e 
favorable *ange is seiz$ ^u & r5d]$     

p]man5t1--?us aft] millions ( ye>s we   
may get an eye z p]fect z t ( an eagle4 
,9 l mann] we may suppose a man to sit  
d[n to acc\nt = ! orig9 & cont5ts ( !   
,bible1 assum+ z 8 work+ hypo!sis1 t x  
is n ! product ( m9d ei!r human or      
div9e1 b t x 0 made by a type-sett+     
ma*9e work$ by /eam1 & pick+ out type   
hap-haz>d4 ,9 ?is way 9 a ?\s& ye>s "o  
s5t5ce might be produc$1 9 ano!r ?\s& a 
second1 & 9 t5 ?\s& m1 ! two might get  
toge!r 9 ! "r position4 ,?us 9 ! c\rse (
 millions ( ye>s ! ,bible might h be5   
produc$1 ) all its hi/orical details1   
all its elevat$ tru?s1 all its dev\t &  
sublime poetry1 & above all ) !         
del9eation ( ! "* ( ,*ri/1 ! ,greek3    
idea tn iden1 ! ideal ( maje/y &        
lovel9ess1 be=e :i* ! :ole _w1 believ+ &
 unbeliev+1 p]=ce b[s d[n 9 rev]5ce4 ,& 
:5 reason has suffici5tly subdu$ !      
imag9ation to admit all ?is1 !n by !    
same !ory we may acc\nt = all ! books 9 
all languages 9 all ! libr>ies 9 ! _w4  
,?us we %\ld h ,d>w9ism appli$ 9 ! sph]e

 ( lit]ature4 ,?is is ! !ory :i* we are 
told is to sweep away ,*ri/ianity & !   
,*ur*6  ,mr4 ,d>w9 gives ! same         
unsatisfactory acc\nt ( ! m>vell\s      
contrivances 9 ! vegetable _w4 ,9 "o    
species ( ,or*ids1 ! labellum or l[] lip
 is holl[$ into a great bucket          
cont9ually fill$ ) wat]1 secret$ f two  
horns :i* /& above x2 :5 ! bucket is    
suffici5tly fill$1 ! wat] fl[s out ?r\gh
 a pipe or sp\t on "o side4 ,! bees1 :i*
 cr[d into ! fl[] = sake ( ! nect>1     
jo/le ea* o!r1 s t "s fall into ! wat]2 
& _! w+s becom+ wet !y are unable to    
fly1 & are oblig$ to crawl ?r\gh ! sp\t4
 ,9 do+ ?is !y come 9 contact ) ! poll51
 :i*1 adh]+ to _! backs1 is c>ri$ (f to 
o!r fl[]s4 ,?is complicat$ contrivance  
by :i* ! female plants are f]tiliz$ has1
 accord+ to ! !ory1 be5 br\ght ab\t by !
 sl[ process ( natural selection or     
survival ( ! fitte/4  ,/ill m wond]ful  
is ! arrangem5t 9 ano!r species (       
,or*ids4 ,:5 ! bee beg9s to gnaw !      
labellum1 he unavoidably t\*es a tap]+  

projection1 :i*1 :5 t\*$1 transmits a   
vibration :i* ruptures a membrane1 :i*  
sets free a spr+ by :i* a mass ( poll5  
is %ot1 ) un]r+ aim1 ov] ! back ( ! bee1
 :o !n dep>ts on 8 err& ( f]tilization4 
,a v l>ge class ( plants are f]tiliz$ by
 means ( insects4 ,^! fl[]s are         
beautiful1 n = ! sake ( beauty1--= t    
,mr4 ,d>w9 says w\ld annihilate 8       
!ory1--b ^? :i* happ5 to be beautiful   
attract insects1 & ?us become f]tiliz$ &
 p]petuat$1 :ile ! pla9] ones are       
neglect$ & p]i%4 ,s ) reg>d to birds4 ,!
 females are g5]ally pla91 because ^? ( 
bright colors are s expos$ dur+ ! p]iod 
( incubation t !y are de/roy$ by _!     
enemies4 ,9 l mann] male birds are      
usually adorn$ ) brilliant plumage4 ,?is
 is acc\nt$ = on ! gr\nd t !y are m     
attractive1 & ?us !y propagate _! race1 
:ile ! pla9] ones h few or no           
desc5dants4 ,?us all design is /udi\sly 
& labori\sly exclud$ f e dep>tm5t (     
nature4  ,! prec$+ pages conta9 only a  
small "p ( ! evid5ce furni%$ by ,mr4    

,d>w9's own writ+s1 t 8 doctr9e involves
 ! d5ial ( all f9al causes4 ,! :ole     
drift ( 8 books is to prove t all !     
organs ( plants & animals1 all _!       
in/9cts & m5tal end[m5ts1 may be acc\nt$
 = by ! bl9d op]ation ( natural causes1 
)\t any int5tion1 purpose1 or cop]ation 
( ,god4 ,?is is :at ,pr(essor ,huxley & 
o!rs call ! creative idea1 to :i* !     
widespread influ5ce ( 8 writ+s is to be 
ref]r$4  ,,footnotes3  #ab ,orig9 (     
,species1 p4 #eag4  #ac ,! ,v>iations ( 
,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication4 ,by
 ,*>les ,d>w91 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 etc4 ,new   
,york1 #ahfh1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eae1 #eaf4  
#ad ,:at c ! ^w imag9ation mean 9 ?is   
s5t5ce1 if x does n mean ,common ,s5se8 
#ae ,mr4 ,d>w9's habit ( p]sonify+      
nature has giv51 z 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,wallace
 says1 8 read]s a good deal ( tr\ble4   
,he def9es nature to be ! aggregate (   
physical =ces2 & 9 ! s+le passage quot$1
 he speaks ( ,natural ,selection z      
int5tly wat*+ pick+ out ) un]r+ skill1 &
 c>efully pres]v+4 ,x is true1 he tells 

u ?is is all to be und]/ood             
metaphorically4   ,te/imony ( !         
,advocates ( ! ,!ory4  ,x is "t to turn 
to ! exposition ( ,d>w9ism by its av[$  
advocates1 9 pro( ( ! ass]tion t x      
excludes all teleology4  ,! fir/ ( ^!   
witnesses is ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel        
,wallace1 himself a di/+ui%$ naturali/4 
,mr4 ,d>w9 in=ms 8 read]s t z e>ly z    
#ahdd1 he _h collect$ 8 mat]ial & work$ 
out 8 !ory1 b _h n publi%$ x to ! _w1   
al?\gh x _h be5 communicat$ to "s ( 8   
fri5ds4 ,9 #aheh he receiv$ a memoir f  
,mr4 ,wallace1 :o 0 !n /udy+ ! natural  
hi/ory ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,f t     
memoir he le>nt t ,mr4 ,wallace _h      
arriv$ at almo/ exactly ! same          
conclusions z ,i 7he himself7 h on !    
orig9 ( species4 ,?is l$ to ! publi%+ 8 
book on t subject contemporane\sly )    
,mr4 ,wallace's memoir4 ,!re has be5 no 
jeal\sy or rivalry betwe5 ^! g5tlem54   
,mr4 ,wallace gracefully ackn[l$ges !   
priority ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's claim1 &        
attributes to him ! cr$it ( hav+        

elaborat$ & su/a9$ x 9 a way to secure =
 x univ]sal att5tion4 ,^! facts are     
m5tion$ 9 ord] to %[ ! compet5cy ( ,mr4 
,wallace z a witness z to ! true "* (   
,d>w9ism4  ,mr4 ,wallace1 9 ,! ,!ory (  
,natural ,selection1 devotes a *apt] to 
! consid]ation ( ! objections urg$ by ! 
,duke ( ,argyll1 9 8 "w on ! ,reign (   
,law1 aga9/ t !ory4 ,^? objections are  
pr9cipally two3 fir/1 t design          
necess>ily implies an intellig5t        
design]2 & second1 t beauty n be+ an    
advantage to its possessor 9 ! /ruggle =
 life1 _c be acc\nt$ = on ! pr9ciple ( !
 survival ( ! fitte/4 ,! ,duke1 he says1
 ma9ta9s t contrivance & beauty indicate
 ! con/ant sup]vision & int]f]5ce ( !   
,creator1 & _c possibly be expla9$ by ! 
unassi/$ action ( any comb9ation ( laws4
 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w1 he adds1 has =   
its ma9 object to %[ t all ! ph5om5a (  
liv+ ?+s--all _! wond]ful organs &      
complicat$ /ructures1 _! inf9ite v>iety 
( =m1 size1 & color1 _! intricate &     
involv$ relations to ea* o!r--may h be5 

produc$ by ! action ( a few g5]al laws (
 ! simple/ k9d1 laws :i* are 9 mo/ cases
 m]e /atem5ts ( admitt$ facts4 7p4 #bfe7
 ,^? laws are ^? ) :i* we are famili>3  
,h]$ity1 ,v>iations1 ,ov] ,production1  
,/ruggle = ,life1 ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4
 ,x is probable1 he says1 t ^! prim>y   
facts or laws are b results ( ! v nature
 ( life1 & ( ! ess5tial prop]ties (     
organiz$ & unorganiz$ matt]4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t
 ,sp5c]1 9 8 ',fir/ ,pr9ciples' & 9 8   
',biology1' has1 ,i ?9k1 made u able to 
und]/& h[ ?is may be2 b at pres5t we may
 accept ^! simple laws1 )\t go+ fur!r   
back1 & ! "q !n is1 ,:e!r ! v>iety1 !   
h>mony1 ! contrivance1 & ! beauty we    
p]ceive1 c h be5 produc$ by ! action (  
^! laws alone1 or :e!r we are requir$ to
 believe 9 ! incessant int]f]5ce &      
direct action ( ! m9d & w ( ! ,creator4 
7p4 #bfg7af ,mr4 ,wallace says1 t !     
,duke ( ,argyll ma9ta9s t ,god has      
p]sonally appli$ g5]al laws to produce  
effects :i* ^? laws are n 9 !mselves    
capable ( produc+2 t ! univ]se alone )  

all its laws intact1 w\ld be a sort (   
*aos1 )\t v>iety1 )\t h>mony1 )\t       
design1 )\t beauty2 t !re is n 7& !re=e 
we may presume t !re c\ld n be7 any     
self-develop+ p[] 9 ! univ]se4 ,i       
believe1 on ! contr>y1 t ! univ]se is s 
con/itut$ z to be self-regulat+2 t z    
long x conta9s life1 ! =ms "u :i* t life
 is manife/$ h an inh]5t p[] ( adju/m5t 
to ea* o!r & to _! surr\nd+s2 & t ?is   
adju/m5t necess>ily leads to ! greate/  
am\nt ( v>iety & beauty & enjoym5t1     
because x does dep5d on g5]al laws1 & n 
on a cont9ual sup]vision & re>rangem5t (
 details4 7p4 #bfh7 ,! /range spr+s &   
traps & pitfalls f\nd 9 ! fl[]s (       
,or*ids1 _c1 he says1 be necess>y p] se1
 s9ce exactly ! same end is ga9$ 9 t5   
?\s& o!r fl[]s :i* d n possess !m4 ,is x
 n !n an extraord9>y idea1 to imag9e !  
,creator ( ! univ]se contriv+ ! v>i\s   
complicat$ p>ts ( ^! fl[]s1 z a me*anic 
might contrive an +5i\s toy or a        
difficult puzzle8 ,is x n a m wor?y     
conception1 t !y are ! results ( ^?     

g5]al laws :i* 7 s cord9at$ at ! fir/   
introduction ( life ^u ! e>? z to result
 necess>ily 9 ! utmo/ possible          
developm5t ( v>i$ =ms4 7p4 #bgj7 ,i =   
"o1 he says1 _c believe t ! _w w\ld come
 to *aos if left to law alone4444 ,if   
any modification ( /ructure c\ld be !   
result ( law1 :y n all8 ,if "s          
self-adaptations %\ld arise1 :y n o!rs8 
,if any v>ieties ( color1 :y n all !    
v>ieties we see8 ,no attempt is made to 
expla9 ?is except by ref]5ce to ! fact t
 'purpose' & 'contrivance' are ev]y:]e  
visible1 & by an illogical d$uction !y  
c\ld only h aris5 by ! direct action (  
"s m9d1 because ! direct action ( our   
m9ds produce simil> 'contrivances2' b x 
is =gott5 t adaptation1 h[ev] produc$1  
mu/ h ! appe>ance ( design4 7p4 #bhj7ag 
,aft] ref]r+ to ! fact t flori/s &      
bre$]s c produce v>ieties 9 plants &    
animals1 s t1 :e!r !y want$ a bull-dog  
to torture ano!r animal1 a greyh\nd to  
cat* a h>e1 or a bloodh\nd to hunt d[n  
_! oppress$ fell[-creatures1 ! requir$  

v>iations h always appe>$1 he adds3 ,to 
be consi/5t1 our oppon5ts mu/ ma9ta9 t e
 "o ( ! v>iations t h r5d]$ possible !  
*anges produc$ by man1 h be5 det]m9$ at 
! "r "t & place by ! ,creator4 ,e race  
produc$ by ! flori/ or bre$]1 ! dog or !
 pigeon fanci]1 ! rat-cat*]1 ! sport+   
man1 or ! slave-hunt]1 mu/ h be5 provid$
 = by v>ieties occurr+ :5 want$2 & z ^! 
v>iations 7 nev] )held1 x w\ld prove t !
 sanction ( an all-wise & all p[]ful    
,be+ has be5 giv5 to t :i* ! highe/     
human m9ds consid] to be trivial1 mean1 
or debas+4 7p4 #bij7ah  ,! ,nebul>      
,hypo!sis1 z prop\nd$ by ,la ,place1    
propos$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1
 by a process ( evolution "u ! control (
 m]e physical =ces4 ,t hypo!sis has1 s  
f> z evolution is conc]n$1 be5 adopt$ by
 m5 :o s9c]ely believe 9 ,god & 9 !     
,bible4 ,b !y hold n only t ,god creat$ 
matt] & end[$ x ) its prop]ties1 b t ,he
 design$ ! univ]se1 & s controll$ !     
op]ation ( physical laws t !y accompli%$
 8 purpose4 ,s !re are ,*ri/ian m5 :o   

believe 9 ! evolution ( "o k9d ( plants 
& animals out ( e>li] & simpl] =ms2 b !y
 believe t ev]y?+ 0 design$ by ,god1 & t
 x is due to 8 purpose & p[] t all ! =ms
 ( vegetable & animal life are :at !y   
are4 ,b ?is is n ! "q4 ,:at ,d>w9 & !   
advocates ( 8 !ory d5y1 is all design4  
,! organs1 ev5 ! mo/ complicat$ &       
wond]ful1 7 n int5d$4 ,!y are said to be
 due to ! undirect$ & un9t5d$ op]ation (
 physical laws4 ,?is is ,mr4 ,wallace's 
argum5t4 ,he endeavors to %[ t x is     
unwor?y ( ,god t ,he %\ld be suppos$ to 
h contriv$ ! me*anism ( ! or*ids1 z a   
me*ani/ contrives a curi\s puzzle4  ,we 
rec5tly he>d ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry1 9 a   
brief address1 say sub/antially3 ,if ,i 
take brass1 glass1 & o!r mat]ials1 &    
fuse !m1 ! product is a slag4 ,?is is   
:at physical laws d4 ,if ,i take ^? same
 mat]ials1 & =m !m into a telescope1 t  
is :at m9d does4 ,?is is ! :ole "q 9 a  
nut%ell4 ,t design implies an intellig5t
 design]1 is a self evid5t tru?4 ,e man 
believes x2 & no man c practically      

disbelieve x4 ,ev5 ^? naturali/s :o     
!oretically d5y x1 if !y f9d 9 a cave s 
simple a ?+ z a fl9t arr[-head1 are z   
sure t x 0 made by a man z !y are ( _!  
own exi/5ce4 ,& yet !y want u to believe
 t an eagle's eye is ! product ( bl9d   
natural causes4 ,no comb9ation (        
physical =ces ev] made a %ip or a       
locomotive4 ,x may1 inde$1 be said t !y 
are dead matt]1 :]eas plants & animals  
live4 ,b :at is life b "o =m ( !        
organiz+ effici5cy ( ,god8  ,mr4        
,wallace does n g z f> z ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,he
 recoils f reg>d+ man ei!r z to body or 
s\l z ! product ( m]e natural causes4   
,he insi/s t a sup]ior intellig5ce is   
necess>y to acc\nt = man4 7p4 #cei7 ,?is
 ( c\rse implies t ! ag5cy ( no su*     
high] intellig5ce is admitt$ 9 !        
production ( plants or ( animals l[] ?an
 man4  ,,footnotes3  #af ,! "q is n1 z  
,mr4 ,wallace says1 ,h[ has ! ,creator  
work$8 b x is1 z he himself /ates1 :e!r 
! ess5tial prop]ties ( matt] h alone    
work$ out all ! wond]s ( creation2 or1  

:e!r !y are to be ref]r$ to ! m9d & w ( 
,god4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k h[ ,messrs4   
,d>w9 & ,wallace ref] to ,mr4 ,sp5c] z  
_! philosoph]4 ,we h se5 :at ,sp5c]'s   
philosophy is4  #ag ,x is1 !re=e1 cle> t
 design is :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4        
,wallace repudiate4  #ah ,t ,god p]mits 
m5 9 ! use ( ! laws ( nature to di/il   
alcohol & brew poisons1 does n prove t  
,he approves ( drunk5ness or murd]4     
,pr(essor ,huxley4  ,! second witness z 
to ! "* ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory is ,pr(essor
 ,huxley4 ,we h "s hesitation 9 includ+ 
! "n ( ?is di/+ui%$ naturali/ among !   
advocates ( ,d>w9ism4#ai ,on ! "o h&1 9 
8 ,essay on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 pr9t$ 9
 ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 9 #ahfj1 & repr9t$ 
9 8 ,lay ,s]mons1 etc41 9 #ahgj1 he     
says3 ,!re is no fault to be f\nd ) ,mr4
 ,d>w9's me?od1 b x is ano!r ?+ :e!r he 
has fulfill$ all ! conditions impos$ by 
t me?od4 ,is x satisfactorily prov$ t   
species may#bj be orig9at$ by selection8
 t none ( ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by species 
are inconsi/5t ) ! orig9 ( species 9 ?is

 way8 ,if ^! que/ions c be answ]$ 9 !   
affirmative1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's view /eps out 
( ! rank ( hypo!ses into t ( !ories2 b s
 long z ! evid5ce at pres5t adduc$ falls
 %ort ( en=c+ t affirmative1 s long1 to 
our m9ds1 ! new doctr9e mu/ be cont5t to
 rema9 among ! =m]1--an extremely       
valuable1 & 9 ! highe/ degree probable1 
doctr9e2 inde$1 ! only extant hypo!sis  
:i* is wor? any?+ 9 a sci5tific po9t (  
view2 b /ill a hypo!sis1 & n yet a !ory 
( species4 ,aft] mu* consid]ation1 he   
adds1 & assur$ly ) no bias aga9/ ,mr4   
,d>w9's views1 x is our cle> conviction 
t1 z ! evid5ce n[ /&s1 x is n absolutely
 prov5 t a gr\p ( animals1 hav+ all !   
*>act]s exhibit$ by species 9 ,nature1  
has ev] be5 orig9at$ by selection1 :e!r 
artificial or natural4#ba  ,aga91 9 8 "w
 on ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 he         
expresses himself mu* to ! same effect3 
,a true physical cause is admitt$ to be 
su* only on "o condition1 t x %all      
acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a :i* come )9 !    
range ( its op]ation4 ,if x is          

inconsi/5t ) any "o ph5om5on x mu/ be   
reject$2 if x fails to expla9 any "o    
ph5om5on x is s f> to be suspect$1 ?\gh 
x may h a p]fect "r to provisional      
acceptance4444 ,our acceptance1 !re=e1 (
 ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis mu/ be provisional 
s long z "o l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce is    
want+2 & s long z all ! animals & plants
 c]ta9ly produc$ by selective bre$+ f a 
common /ock are f]tile1 & _! prog5y are 
f]tile "o ) ano!r1 t l9k w be want+4 ,= 
s long selective bre$+ w n be prov$ to  
be compet5t to all t is requir$ if x    
produce natural species4#bb ,9 imm$iate 
connection ) ! above passage1 !re is    
ano!r :i* ?r[s a cle> light on ,pr(essor
 ,huxley's cosmical views4 ,! :ole      
analogy ( natural op]ations furni% s    
complete & cru%+ an argum5t aga9/ !     
int]v5tion ( any b :at are call$        
second>y causes1 9 ! production ( all ! 
ph5om5a ( ! univ]se2 t1 9 view ( !      
intimate relations ( man & ! re/ ( !    
liv+ _w1 & betwe5 ! =ces ex]t$ by !     
latt] & all o!r =ces1 ,i c see no reason

 = d\bt+ t all are cord9ate t]ms (      
nature's great progression1 f =mless to 
=m$1 f ! inorganic to ! organic1 f bl9d 
=ce to consci\s intellect & w4#bc       
,ought n ?is to settle ! matt]8 ,are we 
to give up ! ,bible & all our hopes = ! 
sake ( an hypo!sis t all liv+ ?+s1      
includ+ man1 on ! face ( ! e>?1 are     
desc5d$ f a primordial animalcule1 by   
natural selection1 :5 su* a man z       
,huxley1 :o 7z ,voltaire said ( !       
prophet ,habbakuk7 is capable de t\t1   
says t x has n be5 prov$ t any "o       
species has ?us orig9at$8  ,b on ! o!r  
h&1 :ile he hone/ly admits t ,d>w9's    
doctr9e is a m]e hypo!sis & n a !ory1 he
 has nev]!less writt5 at lea/ ?ree      
essays or reviews 9 its exposition &    
v9dication4 ,he is freely ref]r$ to on !
 cont95t ( ,europe1 at lea/1 z an ard5t 
advocate ( ! doctr9e2 & he quotes )\t   
prote/ su* designations ( himself4 ,at  
any rate1 z he assures 8 read]s t he has
 no bias aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w9's views1 z he 
has devot$ mu* "t & att5tion to !       

subject1 & z he is "o ( ! mo/ prom95t   
naturali/s ( ! age1 !re c be no "q z to 
8 compet5cy z a witness z to :at        
,d>w9ism is4  ,8 te/imony t ,mr4 ,d>w9's
 doctr9e excludes all teleology1 or f9al
 causes1 is explicit4 ,9 8 review ( !   
,criticisms on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 he  
says1 t :5 he fir/ read ,mr4 ,d>w9's    
book1 t :i* /ruck him mo/ =cibly 0 !    
conviction t teleology1 z commonly      
und]/ood1 _h receiv$ its dea?-bl[ at    
,mr4 ,d>w9's h&s4 ,= ! teleological     
argum5t runs ?us3 ,an organ is precisely
 fitt$ to p]=m a function or purpose2   
!re=e1 x 0 specially con/ruct$ to p]=m t
 function4 ,9 ,paley's fam\s            
illu/ration1 ! adaptation ( all ! p>ts (
 a wat* to ! function or purpose ( %[+ !
 "t1 is held to be evid5ce t ! wat* 0   
specially contriv$ to t end2 on ! gr\nd 
t ! only cause we "k ( compet5t to      
produce su* an effect z a wat* :i* %all 
keep "t1 is a contriv+ intellig5ce      
adapt+ ! means directly to t end4#bd    
,?is1 ,mr4 ,huxley tells u1 is precisely

 :at ,d>w9 d5ies ) ref]5ce to ! organs (
 plants & animals4 ,! eye 0 n =m$ = !   
purpose ( see+1 or ! e> = he>+4 ,x s    
happ5$ t a n]ve became s5sitive to      
light2 !n 9 c\rse ( "t1 x happ5$ t a    
transp>5t tissue came ov] x2 & ?us 9    
millions ( ye>s an eye1 z we h se5      
above1 happ5$ to be =m$4 ,no su* organ 0
 ev] int5d$ or design$ by ,god or man4  
,an app>atus1 says ,pr(essor ,huxley1   
?or\ghly adapt$ to a p>ticul> purpose1  
might be ! result ( a me?od ( trial &   
error work$ by un9tellig5t ag5ts1 z well
 z by ! application ( means appropriate 
to ! end by an intellig5t ag5t4 ,= !    
notion t e organism has be5 creat$ z x  
is & laun*$ /raight at a purpose1 ,mr4  
,d>w9 sub/itutes ! conception ( some?+1 
:i* may fairly be t]m$ a me?od ( trial &
 error4 ,organisms v>y incessantly2 ( ^!
 v>iations ! few meet ) surr\nd+        
conditions :i* suit !m1 & ?rive2 ! _m   
are unsuit$1 & become ext+ui%$4 ,= !    
teleologi/ an organism exi/s1 because x 
0 made = ! conditions 9 :i* x is f\nd2 =

 ! ,d>w9ian an organism exi/s1 because1 
out ( _m ( its k9d1 x is ! only "o :i*  
has be5 able to p]si/ 9 ! conditions 9  
:i* x is f\nd4 ,if we appreh5d1 ,huxley 
fur!r says1 ! _s ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species'
 rightly1 !n1 no?+ c be m entirely &    
absolutely oppos$ to teleology1 z x is  
commonly und]/ood1 ?an ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 
7p4 #cjc7  ,x has already be5 /at$ t    
,mr4 ,wallace does n apply ! doctr9e (  
evolution to man2 nei!r does ,mr4       
,miv>t1 a di/+ui%$ naturali/1 :o is a   
memb] ( ! ,lat9 ,*ur*4 ,! mann] 9 :i*   
,pr(essor ,huxley speaks ( ^! g5tlem5   
%[s h[ ?or\ghly1 9 8 judgm5t1 ,mr4 ,d>w9
 bani%es ,god f 8 works3 ,mr4 ,wallace &
 ,mr4 ,miv>t are z /\t evolutioni/s z   
,mr4 ,d>w9 himself2 b ,mr4 ,wallace     
d5ies t man c h be5 evolv$ f a l[]      
animal by t process ( natural selection1
 :i* he1 ) ,mr4 ,d>w91 holds to be      
suffici5t = ! evolution ( all animals   
bel[ man2 :ile ,mr4 ,miv>t1 admitt+ t   
natural selection has be5 "o ( !        
conditions ( ! animals bel[ man1 ma9ta9s

 t natural selection mu/1 ev5 9 _! case1
 h be5 supplem5t$ by "s o!r cause1--( ! 
nature ( :i*1 un=tunately1 he does n    
give u any idea4 ,?us ,mr4 ,miv>t is    
less ( a ,d>w9ian ?an ,mr4 ,wallace1 =  
he has fai? 9 ! p[] ( natural selection4
 ,b he is m ( an evolutioni/ ?an ,mr4   
,wallace1 because ,mr4 ,wallace ?9ks x  
necess>y to call 9 an intellig5t ag5t1 a
 sort ( sup]natural ,sir ,john          
,sebright1 to produce ev5 ! animal frame
 ( man2 :ile ,mr4 ,miv>t requires no    
,div9e assi/ance till he comes to man's 
s\l4#be  ,9 ! ,academy = ,octob]1 #ahfi1
 !re is a review by ,pr(essor ,huxley ( 
,dr4 ,haeckel's ,natrlis*e              
,s*pfungsges*i*te1 9 :i* he says3       
,pr(essor ,haeckel enl>ges on ! s]vice  
:i* ! ',orig9 ( ,species' has done 9    
favor+ :at he t]ms '! causal or         
me*anical' view ( liv+ nature z oppos$  
to ! 'teleological or vitali/ic' view4  
,& no d\bt x is q true ! doctr9e (      
evolution is ! mo/ =midable ( all !     
common] & co>s] =ms ( teleology4 ,p]haps

 ! mo/ rem>kable s]vice to ! philosophy 
( ,biology r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 is !     
reconciliation ( ,teleology &           
,morphology1 & ! explanation ( ! facts (
 bo? :i* 8 view (f]s4  ,! teleology :i* 
supposes t ! eye1 su* z we see x 9 man  
or 9 ! high] v]tebrata1 0 made ) !      
precise /ructure :i* x exhibits1 to make
 ! animal :i* possesses x to see1 has   
und\bt$ly receiv$ its dea?-bl[4 ,b x is 
necess>y to rememb] t !re is a high]    
teleology1 :i* is n t\*$ by ! doctr9e ( 
evolution1 b is actually bas$ on !      
fundam5tal proposition ( evolution4 ,t  
proposition is1 t ! :ole _w1 liv+ & n   
liv+1 is ! result ( ! mutual int]action1
 accord+ to def9ite laws1 ( =ces        
possess$ by ! molecules ( :i* !         
primitive nebulosity ( ! univ]se 0      
compos$4 ,if ?is be true1 x is no less  
c]ta9 t ! exi/+ _w lay pot5tially 9 !   
cosmic vapor2 & t a suffici5t           
intellig5ce c\ld1 f a k ( ! prop]ties ( 
t vapor1 h pr$ict$1 say1 ! /ate ( fauna 
( ,great ,brita9 9 #ahfi1 ) z mu*       

c]ta9ty z "o c say :at w happ5 to !     
vapor ( ! brea? on a cold w9t]'s day4   
,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! self-evolution ( !
 univ]se4 ,we "k n :at may lie beh9d ?is
 9 ,mr4 ,huxley's m9d2 b we are v sure t
 !re is n an idea 9 ! above p>agraph :i*
 ,epicurus ( old1 & ,b*n]1 ,vogt1       
,haeckel1 & o!r ,mat]iali/5 von         
,pr(ession1 w\ld n *e]fully adopt4 ,8   
di/9ction betwe5 a high] & l[] teleology
 is ( no acc\nt 9 ?is discussion4 ,:at  
is ! teleology to :i*1 he says1 ,mr4    
,d>w9 has giv5 ! dea?-bl[1 ! extracts   
giv5 above cle>ly %[4 ,! eye1 ,huxley   
says1 0 n made = ! purpose ( see+1 or ! 
e> = ! purpose ( he>+4 ,accord+ to      
teleology1 he says1 ea* organism is l a 
rifle bullet fir$ /raight at a m>k2     
accord+ to ,d>w91 organisms are l       
grape%ot1 ( :i* "o hits some?+ & ! re/  
fall wide4#bf  ,,footnotes3  #ai ,mr4   
,huxley1 if we may judge f :at he says (
 himself1 is some:at liable to be       
misund]/ood4 ,he says he 0 f\rte5 ye>s  
labor+ to resi/ ! *>ge ( ,positivism    

made aga9/ ! class ( sci5tific m5 to :i*
 he belongs4 ,he also tells u 9 8 lett] 
to ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 prefix$ to 8     
volume ( ,lay ,s]mons & ,addresses1 t ! 
,essay on ! ,physical ,basis ( ,life1   
includ$ 9 t volume1 0 int5d$ z a prote/1
 f ! philosophical side1 aga9/ :at is   
commonly call$ ,mat]ialism4 ,x turn$    
out1 h[ev]1 t ! public reg>d$ x z an    
argum5t 9 favor ( ,mat]ialism4 ,?is we  
?9k 0 a v natural1 if n an unavoidable  
mi/ake1 on ! "p ( ! public4 ,= 9 t      
,essay1 he says t ,protoplasm1 or !     
physical basis ( life1 is a k9d ( matt] 
common to all liv+ be+s1 t ! p[]s or    
faculties ( all k9ds ( liv+ matt]1      
div]se z !y may be 9 degree1 are        
sub/antially ( ! same k9d4 ,protoplasm z
 f> z exam9$ conta9s ! f\r              
elem5ts1--c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 &      
nitrog54 ,^! are lifeless bodies1 b :5  
br\ght toge!r "u c]ta9 conditions1 !y   
give rise to ! /ill m complex body      
,protoplasm2 & ?is protoplasm exhibits !
 ph5om5a ( life4 ,!re is no m reason1 he

 tea*es1 = assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a my/]i\s 
some?+ call$ vitality to acc\nt = vital 
ph5om5a1 ?an !re is = ! assumption (    
some?+ call$ ,aquasity to acc\nt = !    
ph5om5a ( wat]4 ,life is said to be !   
product ( a c]ta9 disposition ( mat]ial 
molecules4 ,! matt] ( life is compos$ ( 
ord9>y matt]1 diff]+ f x only 9 ! mann] 
9 :i* its atoms are aggregat$4 ,i take  
x1 he says1 to be demon/rable t x is    
utt]ly impossible to prove t any?+      
:atev] may n be ! effect ( a mat]ial &  
necess>y cause1 & t human logic is      
equally incompet5t to prove t any act is
 really spontane\s4 ,a really spontane\s
 act is "o1 :i*1 by ! assumption1 has no
 cause2 & ! attempt to prove su* a      
negative z ?is1 is on ! face ( ! matt]  
absurd4 ,& :ile x is ?us a philosophical
 impossibility to demon/rate t any giv5 
ph5om5on is n ! effect ( a mat]ial      
cause1 any "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory 
( sci5ce w admit t its progress has1 9  
all ages1 meant1 & n[ m ?an ev] means1 !
 ext5sion ( :at we call matt] &         

causation1 & ! concomitant gradual      
bani%m5t f all regions ( human ?\ght (  
:at we call _s & spontaneity4  #bj ,x _c
 escape ! att5tion ( any "o t ,mr4      
,d>w91 ,mr4 ,wallace1 ,pr(essor ,huxley1
 & all ! o!r advocates or def5d]s (     
,d>w9ism1 d n pret5d to prove any?+ m   
?an t species may be orig9at$ by        
selection1 n t !re is no o!r            
satisfactory acc\nt ( _! orig94 ,mr4    
,d>w9 admits t ref]r+ !m to ! int5tion &
 effici5cy ( ,god1 acc\nts = ev]y?+1 b1 
he says1 t is n sci5ce4  #ba ,lay       
,s]mons1 ,addresses1 & ,reviews4 ,by    
,?omas ,h5ry ,huxley1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4
 ,s4 ,london1 #ahgj1 p4 #cbc4  #bb      
,evid5ce ( ,man's ,place 9 ,nature4     
,london1 #ahfd1 p4 #ajg4  #bc ,s9ce     
writ+ ! above p>agraph our eye fell on !
 foll[+ note on ! #hi? page ( ! ,duke ( 
,argyle's ,reign ( ,law1 :i* x gives u  
pleasure to quote4 ,x seems t a writ] 9 
! ,spectator _h *>g$ ,pr(essor ,huxley )
 ,a!ism4 ,9 ! numb] ( t pap] = ,febru>y 
#aj1 #ahff1 ! ,pr(essor replies3 ,i d n 

"k t ,i c>e v mu* ab\t popul> odium1 s  
!re is no great m]it 9 say+ t if ,i     
really saw fit to d5y ! exi/5ce ( a ,god
 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly d s1 = ! sake ( my own 
intellectual fre$om1 & be ! hone/ a!i/ y
 are pleas$ to say ,i am4 ,z x happ5s1  
h[ev]1 ,i _c take ?is position ) hone/y1
 inasmu* z x is1 & always has be51 a    
favorite t5et1 t ,a!ism is z absurd1    
logically speak+1 z ,poly!ism4 ,9 ! same
 pap] he says1 ,! d5y+ ! possibility (  
miracles seems to me q z unju/ifiable z 
speculative ,a!ism4 ,h[ ?is c be        
reconcil$ ) ! passages quot$ above1 we  
are unable to see4  #bd ,lay ,s]mons1   
etc41 p4 #ccj4  #be ,contempor>y        
,review1 vol4 xviii4 #ahga1 p4 #ddd4 ,9 
?is same article ,mr4 ,huxley says3     
,elijah's great "q1 ,w ye s]ve ,god or  
,baal8 ,*oose ye1 is utt]$ audibly en\gh
 9 ! e>s ( e "o ( u z we come to        
manhood4 ,let e man :o tries to answ] x 
s]i\sly ask himself :e!r he c be        
satisfi$ ) ! ,baal ( au?ority1 & ) all !
 good ?+s 8 wor%ipp]s are promis$ 9 ?is 

_w & ! next4 ,if he c1 let him1 if he be
 s incl9$1 amuse himself ) su* sci5tific
 implem5ts z au?ority tells him are safe
 & w n cut 8 f+]s2 b let him n imag9e t 
he is1 or c be1 bo? a true son ( ! ,*ur*
 & a loyal soldi] ( sci5ce4 ,&1 on ! o!r
 h&1 if ! bl9d acceptance ( au?ority    
appe> to him 9 its true colors1 z m]e   
private judgm5t 9 excelsis1 & if he h   
c\rage to /& alone face to face ) !     
abyss ( ! ,et]nal & ,unkn[able1 let him 
be cont5t1 once = all1 n only to r5\nce 
! good ?+s promis$ by ',infallibility1' 
b ev5 to be> ! bad ?+s :i* x prophesies2
 cont5t to foll[ reason & fact 9 s+l5ess
 & hone/y ( purpose1 :]ev] !y may lead1 
9 ! sure fai? t a hell ( hone/ m5 w to  
him be m endurable ?an a p>adise full ( 
angelic %ams4 ,!re c be no d\bt t !     
,apo/le ,paul believ$ 9 ! infallibility 
( ! ,scriptures4 ,imag9e ,pr(essor      
,huxley call+ ,/4 ,paul to 8 face1 a    
%am6 ,:at are all ! ,huxleys :o h ev]   
liv$ or ev] c live1 to t "o ,paul 9 p[] 
= good ov] human ?\ght1 "*1 & de/9y6    

,pr(essor ,huxley goes on 9 ! next      
p>agraph to say3 ,mr4 ,miv>t ass]ts t   
')\t belief 9 a p]sonal ,god !re is no  
religion wor?y ( ! "n4' ,?is is a matt] 
( op9ion4 ,b x may be ass]t$1 ) less    
reason to fe> contradiction1 t ! wor%ip 
( a p]sonal ,god1 :o1 on ,mr4 ,miv>t's  
hypo!sis1 mu/ h us$ words /udi\sly      
calculat$ to deceive 8 creatures &      
wor%ipp]s1 is 'no religion wor?y ( !    
"n4' ',incr$ibile e/1 ,deum illis v]bis 
ad populum fuisse locutum quibis        
decip]etur1' is a v]dict 9 :i* = once   
,jesuit casui/ry concurs ) ! heal?y     
moral s5se ( all mank9d4 7p4 #deh74 ,mr4
 ,huxley calls believ]s 9 ! ,scriptures1
 & 7app>5tly7 believ]s 9 a p]sonal ,god1
 bigots1 old ladies ( bo? sexes1        
bibliolators1 fools1 etc41 etc4  #bf    
,lay ,s]mons1 etc4 p4 #cca4   ,b*n]4    
,dr4 ,l\is ,b*n]1 presid5t ( ! m$ical   
association ( ,hess5-,d>m/adt1 etc41    
etc41 is n only a man ( sci5ce b a      
popul> writ]4 ,p]haps no book ( its     
class1 9 our day1 has be5 s widely      

circulat$ z 8 volume on ,kraft und ,/(f1
 ,matt] & ,=ce4 ,x has be5 translat$    
into all ! languages ( ,europe4 ,he     
holds t matt] & =ce are insep>able2 !re 
_c be ! "o )\t ! o!r2 bo? are et]nal &  
imp]i%able2 nei!r c be ei!r increas$ or 
dim9i%$2 life orig9at$ spontane\sly by !
 comb9ation ( molecules ( matt] "u      
favorable conditions2 all ! ph5om5a ( ! 
univ]se1 inorganic & organic1 :e!r      
physical1 vital1 or m5tal1 are due to   
matt] & its =ces4 ,consequ5tly !re is no
 ,god1 no creation1 no m9d di/9ct f     
matt]1 no consci\s exi/5ce ( man aft]   
dea?4 ,all ?is is ass]t$ 9 ! mo/        
explicit t]ms4 ,dr4 ,b*n] has publi%$ a 
"w on ,d>w9ism 9 two volumes4 ,d>w9's   
!ory1 he says1 is ! mo/ ?or\ghly        
naturali/ic t c be imag9$1 & f> m a!i/ic
 ?an t ( 8 decri$ pr$ecessor ,lam>ck1 :o
 admitt$ at lea/ a g5]al law ( progress 
& developm5t2 :]eas1 accord+ to ,d>w91 !
 :ole developm5t is due to ! gradual    
summation ( innum]able m9ute & accid5tal
 op]ations4#bg  ,,footnote3  #bg ,se*s  

,vorlesung5 b] die ,d>w9is*e ,!orie4    
,von ,ludwig ,b*n]4 ,zweite ,auflage1   
,leipzig1 #ahdh1 vol4 i4 p4 #abe4   ,c>l
 ,vogt4  ,9 8 preface to 8 "w on !      
,desc5t ( ,man1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 quotes ?is   
au?or z a high au?ority4 ,we see him    
else:]e ref]r$ to z "o ( ! fir/         
physiologi/s ( ,g]many4 ,vogt devotes ! 
conclud+ lecture ( ! second volume ( 8  
"w on ,man1 to ! consid]ation (         
,d>w9ism4 ,he expresses 8 op9ion ( x1   
aft] high comm5dation1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms4 
,he says t x _c be d\bt$ t ,d>w9's !ory 
turns ! ,creator--& 8 occasional        
int]v5tion 9 ! revolutions ( ! e>? & 9 !
 production ( species--)\t any          
hesitation out ( doors1 inasmu* z x does
 n leave ! smalle/ room = ! ag5cy ( su* 
a ,be+4 ,! fir/ liv+ g]m be+ grant$1 out
 ( x ! creation develops itself         
progressively by natural selection1     
?r\gh all ! geological p]iods ( our     
planets1 by ! simple law ( desc5t--no   
new species arises by creation & none   
p]i%es by div9e annihilation--! natural 

c\rse ( ?+s1 ! process ( evolution ( all
 organisms & ( ! e>? itself1 is ( itself
 suffici5t = ! production ( all we see4 
,?us ,man is n a special creation1      
produc$ 9 a diff]5t way1 & di/9ct f o!r 
animals1 end[$ ) an individual s\l &    
animat$ by ! brea? ( ,god2 on ! contr>y1
 ,man is only ! highe/ product ( !      
progressive evolution ( animal life     
spr++ f ! gr\p ( apes next bel[ him4#bh 
,aft] ?is no "o c be surpris$ to he> him
 say1 t ! pulpits ( ! or?odox1 !        
confessionals ( ! prie/s1 ! plat=ms ( ! 
int]ior missions1 ! presid5tial *airs ( 
! consi/ories1 res\nd ) prote/ations    
aga9/ ! assaults made by ,mat]ialism &  
,d>w9ism aga9/ ! v f\ndations ( society4
 7p4 #bhf7 ,?is he calls ,das           
,wehges*rei d] ,morali/5 7! ,wail ( !   
,morali/s74 ,! designation ,morali/s is 
a felicit\s "o1 z appli$ to ! oppon5ts (
 ,vogt & 8 associates4 ,x di/+ui%es !m z
 m5 :o h n lo/ _! moral s5se2 :o refuse 
to limit _! fai? to :at c be prov$ by ! 
five s5ses2 :o b[ to ! au?ority ( ! law 

writt5 by ! f+] ( ,god1 on ! he>ts ( m51
 :i* nei!r sophi/ry nor wick$ness c     
effectually erase4 ,all ,vogt ?9ks x    
necess>y to reply to ^! ,morali/s is1   
,las/ sie bell51 bis sie ausgebellt hab5
 7,let !m b>k till !y are tir$74 ,ende4 
,,footnote3  #bh ,vorlesung5 b] d5      
,m5s*51 se9e ,/ellung 9 d] ,s*oepfung   
und 9 d] ,ges*i*te d] ,erde4 ,von ,c>l  
,vogt4 ,giess51 #ahfc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfj4
   ,haeckel4  ,dr4 ,ern/ ,haeckel1      
,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 is said
 to /& at ! head ( ! liv+ naturali/s (  
,g]many4 ,8 "w on ,natural ,hi/ory (    
,creation conta9s a c\rse ( lectures    
deliv]$ to ! pr(essors1 /ud5ts1 &       
citiz5s ( ,j5a4 ,x is1 !re=e1 some:at   
popul> 9 its "*4 ,! ability ( ! writ] is
 manife/ on e page4 ,! di/9ctness ( 8   
p]ceptions1 precision ( language1       
p]spicuity ( /yle1 & ! /r5g? ( 8        
convictions1 give ! impression ( a man  
fully ma/] ( 8 subject1 :o has ?\ght    
himself ?r\gh1 & is p]fectly satisfi$ ) 
! conclusions at :i* he has arriv$4 ,at 

! same "t x is ! impression ( a man :o  
is develop$ only on "o side2 :o nev]    
looks )92 :o takes no cognizance ( !    
wond]s reveal$ 9 consci\sness2 to :om ! 
intuitions ( reason & ( ! consci5ce1 !  
s5se ( dep5d5ce on a w high] ?an our    
own--! s5se ( obligation &              
responsibility are ( no acc\nt1--9 %ort 
a man to :om ! image ( ,god en/amp$ on !
 s\l ( man is invisible4 ,?is be+ !     
case1 he t is lea/ 9 ! k+dom ( heav5 is 
great] ?an he4  ,haeckel admits t !     
title ( 8 book1 ,natural ,creation1 i4  
e4 creation by natural laws1 is a       
contradiction4 ,he di/+ui%es1 h[ev]1    
betwe5 ! creation ( sub/ance & !        
creation ( =m4 ,( ! =m] he says sci5ce  
kn[s no?+4 ,to ! sci5ti/ matt] is       
et]nal4 ,if any "o *ooses to assume t x 
0 creat$ by an extramundane p[]1        
,haeckel says he w n object4 ,b t is a  
matt] ( fai?2 & :]e fai? beg9s1 sci5ce  
ends4 ,! v rev]se ( ?is is true4 ,sci5ce
 mu/ beg9 ) fai?4 ,x _c take a s+le /ep 
)\t x4 ,h[ does ,haeckel "k t 8 s5ses d 

n deceive him8 ,h[ does he "k t he c    
tru/ to ! op]ations ( 8 intellect8 ,h[  
does he "k t ?+s are z !y appe>8 ,h[    
does he "k t ! univ]se is n a great     
phantasmagoria1 z s _m m5 h reg>d$ x1 & 
man ! m]e sport ( *im]as8 ,he mu/       
believe 9 ! laws ( belief impress$ on 8 
nature4 ,k implies a m9d t kn[s1 &      
confid5ce 9 ! act ( kn[+ implies belief 
9 ! laws ( m9d4 ,an inductive sci5ce (  
nature1 says ,presid5t ,port]1          
presupposes a sci5ce ( induction1 & a   
sci5ce ( induction presupposes a sci5ce 
( man4#bi ,haeckel1 h[ev]1 says fai? is 
! m]e product ( ! poetic imag9ation2    
sci5ce1 ( ! und]/&+2 if its conclusions 
come into conflict ) ! creations ( !    
imag9ation1 ! latt]1 ( c\rse1 mu/ give  
way4#cj  ,he says1 !re h ev] be5 two    
conflict+ !ories ( ! univ]se3 ! "o1     
moni/ic2 ! o!r1 duali/ic4 ,! "o admits (
 only "o sub/ance1 matt]2 ! o!r ( two1  
matt] & m9d4 ,he pref]s to call ! =m]   
monism r ?an mat]ialism1 because ! latt]
 t]m (t5 includes ! idea ( moral        

mat]ialism1 i4 e4 ! doctr9e t s5sual    
pleasure is ! end ( life2 a doctr9e1 he 
says1 mu* m frequ5tly held by pr9cely   
*ur*-m5 ?an by m5 ( sci5ce4 ,he ma9ta9s1
 h[ev]1 t all kn[able nature is "o2 t ! 
same et]nal1 immutable 7eh]n51 braz57   
laws are active 9 ! life ( animals &    
plants1 9 ! =mation ( cry/als1 & ! p[] (
 /eam2 9 ! :ole sph]e ( biology1 zology1
 & botany4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ! "r to hold   
fa/ ! moni/ic & me*anical view1 :e!r m5 
*oose to br& ! sy/em z ,mat]ialism or n4
 ,9 ?is s5se1 all natural sci5ce1 ) !   
law ( causation at its head1 is ?or\ghly
 mat]iali/ic4 7p4 #cb7  ,! moni/ic !ory 
he calls me*anical or causal1 z di/+ui%$
 f ! duali/ic !ory1 :i* he calls        
teleological or vitali/ic4 ,accord+ to !
 latt]1 ! vegetable & animal k+doms are 
consid]$ z ! products ( a creative      
ag5cy1 work+ ) a def9ite design4 ,9     
look+ on an organism1 ! conviction seems
 unavoidable t s skilfully con/ruct$ a  
ma*9e1 su* a complicat$ work+ app>atus1 
z an organism is1 c\ld be produc$ only  

by an ag5cy analog\s to1 al?\gh f> m    
p]fect ?an ! ag5cy ( man4 ,?is1 he says1
 supposes ! ,creator to be an organism  
analog\s to man1 al?\gh inf9itely m     
p]fect2 :o contemplates 8 =mative p[]s1 
lays ! plan ( ! ma*9e1 & !n1 by ! use ( 
appropriate means1 produces an effect   
answ]+ to ! preconceiv$ plan4444 ,h[ev] 
highly ! ,creator may be exalt$1 ?is    
view involves ! ascription to ,him (    
human attributes1 9 virtue ( :i* he c =m
 a plan1 & con/ruct organisms to        
correspond ) x4 ,t is ! view to :i*     
,d>w9's doctr9e is directly oppos$1 & ( 
:i* ,agassiz is1 among naturali/s1 ! mo/
 important advocate4 ,! fam\s "w (      
,agassiz1 ',essay on ,classification1'  
:i* is 9 direct opposition to ,d>w9's1 &
 appe>$ ab\t ! same "t1 has c>ri$ out   
logically to ! utmo/ ! absurd           
an?ropomorphic doctr9e ( a ,creator4 7p4
 #ag7  ,! moni/ic !ory is call$         
me*anical & causal1 because x supposes t
 all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 organic &   
inorganic1 vegetable & animal1 vital &  

m5tal1 are due to me*anical or          
necess>ily op]at+ causes 7caus          
effici5tes72 j z ! duali/ic !ory is     
call$ teleological or vitali/ic1 because
 x ref]s natural organisms to causes    
work+ = ! accompli%m5t ( a giv5 end     
7caus f9ales74 7p4 #fg7  ,! gr&         
difficulty 9 ! way ( ! me*anical or     
moni/ic !ory 0 ! occurr5ce ( innum]able 
organisms1 app>5tly at lea/1 indicative 
( design4 ,to get ov] ?is difficulty1   
,haeckel says1 "s :o c\ld n believe 9 a 
creative & controll+ m9d adopt$ ! idea (
 a metaphysical gho/ call$ vitality4 ,! 
gr& s]vice r5d]$ by ,d>w9 to sci5ce is1 
t 8 !ory enables u to acc\nt = !        
appe>ances ( design 9 nature )\t assum+ 
f9al causes1 or1 a m9d work+ = a =ese5 &
 int5d$ end4 ,all t _h appe>$ be=e      
,d>w91 he says1 fail$ to secure success1
 & to meet ) g5]al acceptance ( !       
doctr9e ( ! me*anical production (      
vegetable & animal organisms4 ,?is 0    
accompli%$ by ,d>w9's !ory4 7p4 #bj7  ,!
 precise difficulty :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9's    

doctr9e has1 accord+ to ,haeckel1 enabl$
 m5 ( sci5ce to surm\nt1 is ?us cle>ly  
/at$ on p4 #fcc4 ,x is1 t organs = a    
def9ite end %\ld be produc$ by undesign+
 or me*anical causes4 ,?is difficulty is
 ov]come by ! doctr9e ( evolution4      
,?r\gh ! !ory ( desc5t1 we are = ! fir/ 
"t able to e/abli% ! moni/ic doctr9e ( !
 unity ( nature1 t a me*anic-causal     
explanation ( ! mo/ complicat$          
organisms1 e4 g4 ! =mation & con/itution
 ( ! organs ( s5se1 h no m difficulty = 
! common und]/&+1 ?an ! me*anical       
explanation ( any physical process1 z1 =
 example1 e>?quakes1 ! direction ( !    
w9ds1 or ! curr5ts ( ! sea4 ,we ?us     
arrive at ! conviction ( ! la/          
importance1 t all natural bodies ) :i*  
we are acqua9t$ are equally end[$ ) life
 7glei*mssig belebt s9d72 t ! di/9ction 
betwe5 liv+ & dead matt] does n exi/4   
,:5 a /one is ?r[n into ! air & falls by
 c]ta9 laws to ! gr\nd1 or :5 a solution
 ( salt =ms a cry/al1 ! result is nei!r 
m nor less a me*anical manife/ation (   

life1 ?an ! fl[]+ ( a plant1 ! g5]ation 
or s5sibility ( animals1 or ! feel+s or 
! m5tal activity ( man4 ,9 ?us e/abli%+ 
! moni/ic !ory ( nature lies ! highe/ & 
mo/ compreh5sive m]it ( ! doctr9e (     
desc5t1 z re=m$ by ,d>w94 7p4 #ba7 ,z to
 ! mu* vaunt$ design 9 nature1 x is a   
reality only = ^? ^: views ( animal &   
vegetable life are to ! la/ degree      
sup]ficial4 ,any "o :o has gone deep]   
into ! organization & vital activity (  
animals & plants1 :o has made himself   
famili> ) ! action & reaction ( vital   
ph5om5a1 & ! s-call$ economy ( nature1  
comes ( necessity to ! conclusion1 t    
design does n exi/1 any m ?an ! vaunt$  
goodness ( ! ,creator 7die vielg]hmte   
,allgte des ,s*pf]s74 7p4 #ag7          
,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 8 review ( ?is "w (
 ,haeckel1 already quot$1 says3 ,i d n l
 to conclude )\t rem9d+ ! read] ( my    
entire concurr5ce ) ! g5]al t5or & _s ( 
! "w1 & ( my high e/imate ( its value4  
,if y take out ( ,haeckel's book its    
doctr9e ( ,monism1 :i* he himself says  

means ,mat]ialism1 x has no t5or or _s 9
 x4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 = u to say h[ f>    
,pr(essor ,huxley int5d$ 8 indorsem5t to
 g4  ,haeckel says t ,d>w9's !ory (     
evolution leads inevitably to ,a!ism &  
,mat]ialism4 ,9 ?is we ?9k he is        
correct4 ,b we h no?+ to d ) ,haeckel's 
logic or ) our own4 ,we make no *>ge    
aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,we cite ,haeckel     
m]ely z a witness to ! fact t ,d>w9ism  
involves ! d5ial ( f9al causes2 t x     
excludes all intellig5t design 9 !      
production ( ! organs ( plants &        
animals1 & ev5 9 ! production ( ! s\l & 
body ( man4 ,?is fir/ ( ,g]man          
naturali/s w\ld occupy a /range position
 9 ! sight ( all ,europe1 if1 aft] laud+
 a book to ! skies because x tea*es a   
c]ta9 doctr9e1 x %\ld turn out t ! book 
taught no su* doctr9e at all4           
,,footnotes3  #bi ,! ,sci5ce ( ,nature  
v]sus ! ,sci5ce ( ,man4 ,by ,noah       
,port]1 ,presid5t ( ,yale ,college4 ,new
 ,york1 #ahga1 p4 #bi4  #cj ,natrlis*e  
,s*pfungsges*i*te4 ,von ,dr4 ,ern/      

,haeckel1 ,pr(essor 9 d] ,univ]sitt     
,j5a4 ,zweite ,auflage1 ,b]l91 #ahgc1   
pp4 #h1 & #i4   ,! ,oppon5ts ( ,d>w9ism4
   ,! ,duke ( ,argyll4  ,:5 cultivat$ m5
 und]take to refute a c]ta9 sy/em1 x is 
to be presum$ t !y give !mselves !      
tr\ble to asc]ta9 :at t sy/em is4 ,z !  
advocates ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory def5d &   
applaud x because x excludes design1 & z
 its oppon5ts make t ! ma9 gr\nd ( _!   
objection to x1 !re c be no reasonable  
d\bt z to its real "*4 ,! "q is1 ,h[ are
 ! contrivances 9 nature to be acc\nt$  
=8 ,"o answ] is1 ,!y are due to !       
purpose ( ,god4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says1 ,!y are
 due to ! gradual & undesign$           
accumulation ( slight v>iations4 ,!     
,duke's fir/ objection to t doctr9e is1 
t ! evid5ce ( design 9 ! organs ( plants
 & animals is s cle> t ,mr4 ,d>w9       
himself _c avoid us+ teleological       
language4 ,he exhau/s1 he says1 e =m (  
words & ( illu/ration by :i* int5tion or
 m5tal purpose c be describ$4           
',contrivance1' 'beautiful contrivance1'

 'curi\s contrivance1' are expressions  
:i* occur ov] & ov] aga94 ,"h is "o     
s5t5ce describ+ a p>ticul> species 7(   
or*ids73 ',! labellum is develop$ 9 ord]
 to attract ! ,lepidopt]a2 & we %all    
soon see reason = suppos+ t ! nect> is  
purposely s lodg$1 t x c be suck$ only  
sl[ly 9 ord] to give "t = ! curi\s      
*emical quality ( ! matt] sett+ h>d &   
dry4'#ca ,we h already se5 t ,mr4       
,d>w9's answ] to ?is objection is1 t x  
is h>d to keep f p]sonify+ nature1 & t  
^! expressions z us$ by him mean no m   
?an *emi/s mean :5 !y speak ( aff9ities1
 & "o elem5t pref]r+ ano!r4  ,a second  
objection is1 t a v>iation w\ld n be    
useful to ! individual 9 :i* x happ5s to
 occur1 unless o!r v>iations %\ld occur 
at ! "r "t & 9 ! "r ord]2 & t !         
concurr5ce ( s _m accid5ts z are requir$
 to acc\nt = ! inf9ite div]sity ( =ms 9 
plants & animals1 is altoge!r           
inconceivable4  ,a ?ird objection is1 t 
! v>iations (t5 h no ref]5ce to !       
organism ( ! animal itself b to o!r     

organisms4 ,take "o in/ance1 he says1   
out ( millions4 ,! poison ( a deadly    
snake1--let u = a mom5t consid] :at t   
is4 ,x is a secretion ( def9ite *emical 
prop]ties ) ref]5ce n only--n ev5       
ma9ly--to ! organism ( ! animal 9 :i* x 
is develop$1 b specially to ano!r animal
 :i* x is int5d$ to de/roy4 ,h[1 he     
asks1 w ! law ( gr[? adju/ a poison 9 "o
 animal ) su* subtle k ( ! organization 
( ! o!r1 t ! deadly virus %all 9 a few  
m9utes curdle ! blood1 b5umb ! n]ves1 & 
ru% 9 ^u ! citadel ( life8 ,!re is b "o 
explanation3 a ,m9d hav+ m9ute & p]fect 
k ( ! /ructure ( bo? has design$ ! "o to
 be capable ( inflict+ dea? ^u ! o!r4   
,?is m5tal purpose & resolve is ! "o ?+ 
:i* our intellig5ce p]ceives ) direct & 
intuitive recognition4 ,! me?od (       
creation by :i* ?is purpose has be5     
c>ri$ into effect is utt]ly unkn[n4#cb  
,a f\r? objection has ref]5ce to beauty4
 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 fl[]s are n    
int5tionally made beautiful1 b ^? :i*   
happ5 to be beautiful attract insects1 &

 by _! ag5cy are f]tiliz$ & survive4    
,male birds are n int5tionally array$ 9 
bright colors1 b ^? :i* happ5 to be s   
array$ are attractive1 & ?us become !   
prog5itors ( _! race4 ,aga9/ ?is        
explanation ! ,duke e>ne/ly prote/s4 ,he
 ref]s to ! gorge\s adorn$ class (      
,humm+birds1 ( :i* naturali/s enum]ate  
no less ?an f\r hundr$ & ?irty diff]5t  
species1 di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r1 9 g5]al1  
only by _! plumage4 ,n[1 he asks1 :at   
explanation does ! law ( natural        
selection give1--,i w n say ( ! orig91 b
 ev5 ( ! cont9uance ( su* specific      
v>ieties z ^!8 ,none :atev]4 ,a cre/ (  
topaz is no bett] 9 ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce 
?an a cre/ ( sapphire4 ,a frill end+ 9  
spangles ( ! em]ald is no bett] 9 !     
battle ( life ?an a frill end+ 9        
spangles ( ! ruby4 ,a tail is n affect$ 
= ! purposes ( flight1 :e!r its m>g9al1 
or its c5tral fea!rs are decorat$ )     
:ite4 ,x is impossible to br+ su*       
v>ieties into any physical law kn[n to  
u4 ,x has relation h[ev] to a ,purpose1 

:i* /&s 9 close analogy ) our k (       
purpose 9 ! works ( m54 ,m]e beauty &   
m]e v>iety1 = _! own sake1 are objects  
:i* we ourselves seek1 :5 we c make !   
=ces ( nature subord9ate to ! atta9m5t (
 !m4 ,!re seems to be no conceivable    
reason :y we %\ld d\bt or "q t ^! are   
ends & aims also 9 ! =ms giv5 to liv+   
organisms1 :5 ! facts correspond ) ?is  
view & ) no o!r4#cc  ,x w be obs]v$ t   
all ^! objections h ref]5ce to ! d5ial (
 teleology on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,if 8  
!ory admitt$ t ! organisms 9 nature 7   
due to a div9e purpose1 ! objections    
w\ld be void ( all mean+4  ,!re is a    
fif? objection4 ,accord+ to ,d>w9's !ory
 organs are =m$ by ! sl[ accumulation ( 
un9t5d$ v>iations1 :i* happ5 to be      
favorable to ! subject ( !m 9 ! /ruggle 
= life4 ,b 9 _m cases ^! organs1 in/ead 
( be+ favorable1 are injuri\s or        
cumb]some until fully develop$4 ,take ! 
w+ ( a bird1 = example4 ,9 its rudim5tal
 /ate1 x is useful nei!r = swimm+1      
walk+1 nor fly+4 ,n[1 z ,d>w9 says x    

took millions ( ye>s to br+ ! eye to    
p]fection1 h[ long did x take to r5d] a 
rudim5tal w+ useful8 ,x is no suffici5t 
answ] to say t ^! rudim5tal organs might
 h be5 suit$ to ! condition 9 :i* !     
animal exi/$1 dur+ ! =mative process4   
,?is is p]fectly arbitr>y4 ,x has no    
basis ( fact4 ,!re are b ?ree k9ds (    
locomotion t we "k (3 9 ! wat]1 on !    
gr\nd1 & ?r\gh ! air2 = all ^! purposes 
a half-=m$ w+ w\ld be an imp$im5t4  ,!  
,duke devotes almo/ a :ole *apt] ( 8    
int]e/+ book to ! consid]ation (        
contrivance 9 ! ma*9]y = flight4 ,!     
conditions to secure regulat$ movem5t   
?r\gh ! atmosph]e are s num]\s1 s       
complicat$1 & s conflict+1 t ! problem  
nev] has be5 solv$ by human +5uity4 ,9 !
 /ructure ( ! bird x is solv$ to        
p]fection4 ,z we are n writ+ a          
teleological argum5t1 b only produc+    
evid5ce t ,d>w9ism excludes teleology1  
we _c foll[ ! details :i* prove t ! w+ (
 ! gannet or swift is almo/ z wond]ful &
 beautiful a specim5 ( contrivance z !  

eye ( ! eagle4  ,,footnotes3  #ca ,reign
 ( ,law4 ,london1 #ahfg1 p4 #dj4  #cb   
,reign ( ,law4 ,london1 #ahfg1 p4 #cg4  
#cc ,reign ( ,law1 pp4 #bdg1 #bdh4      
,agassiz4  ,e "o kn[s t ! illu/ri\s     
,agassiz1 ov] ^: rec5t grave ! _w /&s   
weep+1 0 f ! beg9n+ a pron\nc$ & e>ne/  
oppon5t ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,he wrote z
 a naturali/1 & !re=e 8 objections are  
pr9cipally direct$ aga9/ ! !ory (       
evolution1 :i* he reg>d$ z n only       
de/itute ( any sci5tific basis1 b z     
subv]sive ( ! be/ e/abli%$ facts 9      
zology4 ,nev]!less x is evid5t t 8 zeal 
0 greatly int5sifi$ by 8 appreh5sion t a
 !ory :i* oblit]ates all evid5ce ( ! be+
 ( ,god f ! works ( nature1 endang]$    
fai? 9 t great doctr9e itself4 ,! ,rev4 
,dr4 ,peabody1 9 ! disc\rse deliv]$ on !
 occasion ( ,pr(essor ,agassiz's fun]al1
 said3 ,i _c close ?is ha/y &           
inadequate1 yet f]v5t & he>ty tribute1  
)\t recall+ to y\r memory ! rev]5t _s 9 
:i* he pursu$ 8 sci5tific labors4 ,ne>ly
 =ty ye>s ago1 9 8 fir/ great "w on     

fossil fi%es1 9 develop+ pr9ciples (    
classification1 he wrote 9 quotations1  
',an invisible ?read 9 all ages runs    
?r\gh ?is imm5se div]sity1 exhibit+ z a 
g5]al result t !re is a cont9ual        
progress 9 developm5t end+ 9 man1 ! f\r 
classes ( v]tebrates pres5t+ !          
int]m$iate /eps1 & ! inv]tebrates !     
con/ant accessory accompanim5t4 ,h we n 
"h ! manife/ation ( a m9d z p[]ful z    
prolific8 an act ( intellig5ce z sublime
 z provid5t8 ! m>ks ( goodness z inf9ite
 z wise8 ! mo/ palpable demon/ration ( !
 exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god1 au?or ( all  
?is2 rul] ( ! univ]se1 & ! disp5s] ( all
 good8 ,?is at lea/ is :at ,i read 9 !  
works ( creation4' ,& x 0 :at he ev]    
read1 & ) pr(\nd awe & adoration4 ,to   
?is exalt$ fai? he 0 inflexibly loyal4  
,! laws ( nature 7 to him ! et]nal ,^w (
 ,god4  ,8 repugnance to ,d>w9ism grew 9
 great "p f 8 appreh5sion ( its a!i/ical
 t5d5cy1--an appreh5sion :i* ,i confess 
,i _c %>e2 = ,i =get n t ^! !ories1 n[ 9
 ! asc5d5t1 are ma9ta9$ by n a few dev\t

 ,*ri/ian m51 & :ile !y appe> to me     
unprov$ & incapable ( demon/ration1 ,i  
c\ld admit !m )\t p>t+ ) "o iota ( my   
fai? 9 ,god & ,*ri/4 ,yet ,i _c b       
sympa?ize mo/ /rongly ) him 9 ! _s 9 :i*
 he resi/$ :at seem$ to him lese-maje/y 
aga9/ ! sov]eign ( ! univ]se4 ,nor 0 8 a
 !oretical fai?4 ,8 :ole life1 9 its    
broad philan?ropy1 9 its p]vad+ _s (    
s]vice1 9 its fidelity to ardu\s tru/s &
 duties1 & 9 its simplicity &           
tru?fulness1 bespoke "o :o 0 consci\sly 
fulfill+ a mission f ,god to 8 fell[-m54
  ,! words evolution & ,d>w9ism are s   
(t5 9 ?is c\ntry1 b n 9 ,europe1 us$    
int]*angeably1 t x is conceivable t ,dr4
 ,peabody c\ld reta9 8 fai? 9 ,god1 &   
yet admit ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,b x is
 n conceivable t any man %\ld adopt !   
ma9 elem5t ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 viz41 ! 
d5ial ( all f9al causes1 & ! ass]tion1 t
 s9ce ! fir/ creation ( matt] & life1   
,god has left ! univ]se to ! control (  
un9tellig5t physical causes1 s t all !  
ph5om5a ( ! plants & animals1 all t is 9

 man1 & all t has ev] happ5$ on ! e>?1  
is due to physical =ce1 & yet reta9 8   
fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,on t !ory1 !re h be5 no  
sup]natural revelation1 no miracles2    
,*ri/ is n ris51 & we are yet 9 our s9s4
 ,x is n ?us t ?is matt] is reg>d$      
abroad4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ,g]many say t !  
only alt]native ^! !ories leave u1 is   
,hea!nism or ,*ri/ianity2 ,heid5?um od] 
,*ri/5?um1 ,die ,frage d] ,zeit4        
,janet4  ,janet1 a pr(essor (           
philosophy1 is ! au?or ( a book on !    
,mat]ialism ( ,b*n]4#cd ,! great] "p ( !
 la/ *apt] ( 8 "w is devot$ to ,d>w9ism4
 ,he says1 ,dr4 ,b*n] invok$ 7,d>w9's   
book7 z a /rik+ confirmation ( 8        
doctr9e4 7p4 #aed7 ,:at ,b*n]'s doctr9e 
is has be5 %[n on a previ\s page4 ,!    
po9ts ( co9cid5ce betwe5 ,d>w9's sy/em &
 8 are1 t bo? reg>d m9d z a m]e function
 ( liv+ matt]2 & bo? ref] all ! organs &
 organisms ( liv+ ?+s to ! unconsci\s1  
un9tellig5t op]ation ( physical causes4 
,b*n]'s way ( acc\nt+ = complicat$      
organs 01 t ! en]gy ( ! elem5ts & =ces (

 matt]1 :i* 9 _! fat$ & accid5tal       
occurr5ce mu/ h produc$ innum]able =ms1 
:i* mu/ ne$s limit ea* o!r mutually1 &  
correspond1 app>5tly1 ! "o ) ! o!r1 z if
 !y 7 made = t purpose4 ,out ( all ^?   
=ms1 !y only h surviv$ :i* 7 adapt$1 9  
"s mann]1 to ! conditions ( ! m$ium 9   
:i* !y 7 plac$4 7p4 #cj7 ,?is is v      
clumsy4 ,no wond] ,b*n] pref]r$ ,d>w9's 
me?od4 ,! two sy/ems are1 inde$1 exactly
 ! same1 b ,mr4 ,d>w9 has a mu* m w9n+  
way ( pres5t+ x4  ,pr(essor ,janet does 
n seem to h mu* objection to ! doctr9e (
 evolution 9 itself2 x is ! d5ial (     
teleology t he reg>ds z ! fatal elem5t (
 ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,accord+ to u1 he   
says1 ! true /umbl+-block ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's
 !ory1 ! p]il\s & slipp]y po9t1 is !    
passage f artificial to natural         
selection2 x is :5 he wants to e/abli% t
 a bl9d & designless nature has be5 able
 to obta91 by ! occurr5ce (             
circum/ances1 ! same results :i* man    
obta9s by ?\ghtful & well calculat$     
indu/ry4 7p4 #agd7  ,t[>ds ! end ( 8    

volume he says3 ,we %all conclude by a  
g5]al obs]vation4 ,not)/&+ ! num]\s     
objections we h rais$ aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w9's
 !ory1 we d n decl>e ourselves ho/ile to
 a sy/em ( :i* zologi/s are ! only      
compet5t judges4 ,we are nei!r = nor    
aga9/ ! transmutation ( species1 nei!r =
 nor aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( natural         
selection4 ,! only positive conclusion (
 our debate is ?is3 no pr9ciple hi!rto  
kn[n1 nei!r ! action ( m$ia1 nor habit1 
nor natural selection1 c acc\nt =       
organic adaptations )\t ! int]v5tion ( !
 pr9ciple ( f9ality4 ,natural selection1
 unguid$1 submitt$ to ! laws ( a pure   
me*anism1 & exclusively det]m9$ by      
accid5ts1 seems to me1 "u ano!r "n1 !   
*ance proclaim$ by ,epicurus1 equally   
b>r51 equally incompreh5sible2 on ! o!r 
h&1 natural selection guid$ be=eh& by a 
provid5t w1 direct$ t[>ds a precise end 
by int5tional laws1 might be ! means :i*
 nature has select$ to pass f "o /age ( 
be+ to ano!r1 f "o =m to ano!r1 to br+  
to p]fection life ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 &  

to rise by a cont9u\s process f ! monad 
to man4 ,n[1 ,i ask ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself1 
:at int]e/ has he 9 ma9ta9+ t natural   
selection is n guid$--n direct$8 ,:at   
int]e/ has he 9 sub/itut+ accid5tal     
causes = e f9al cause8 ,i _c see4 ,let  
him admit t 9 natural1 z well z 9       
artificial selection1 !re may be a *oice
 & direction2 8 pr9ciple imm$iately     
becomes mu* m fruitful ?an x 0 be=e4 ,8 
hypo!sis1 !n1 :il/ hav+ ! advantage (   
exempt+ sci5ce f ! necessity ( introduc+
 ! p]sonal & miracul\s int]v5tion ( ,god
 9 ! creation ( ea* species1 yet w\ld be
 free f ! bani%+ out ( ! univ]se an     
all-provid5t ?\ght1 & ( submitt+ ev]y?+ 
to bl9d & brute *ance4 7pp4 #aih1 #aii7 
,pr(essor ,janet asks f> too mu* ( ,mr4 
,d>w94 ,to ask him to give up 8 d5ial ( 
f9al causes is l ask+ ! ,romani/s to    
give up ! ,pope4 ,t pr9ciple is ! life &
 s\l ( 8 sy/em4  ,,footnote3  #cd ,!    
,mat]ialism ( ! ,pres5t ,day3 a         
,critique ( ,dr4 ,b*n]'s ,sy/em4 ,by    
,paul ,janet1 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute (    

,france1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at !   
,p>is ,facult des ,lettres4 ,translat$ f
 ! ,fr5*1 by ,gu/ave ,masson1 ,b4 ,a4   
,london & ,p>is1 #ahfg4   ,m4 ,fl\r5s4  
,m4 ,fl\r5s1 rec5tly dead1 0 "o ( !     
e>lie/ & mo/ pron\nc$ oppon5ts (        
,d>w9ism4 ,he publi%$ 9 #ahfd 8 ,exam5  
du ,livre de ,m4 ,d>w9 sur l',orig9e des
 ,espces4 ,8 position z ,memb] ( !      
,acadmie ,franaise1 & ,p]petual         
,secret>y ( ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces1 or 
,in/itut de ,france1 v\* = 8 high rank  
among ! ,fr5* naturali/s4 ,8 connection 
) ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes gave him enl>g$  
opportunities = biological exp]im5ts4 ,!
 result ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 z well z !    
exp]i5ce ( o!r obs]v]s1 01 z he         
expresses x1 8 solemn conviction t      
species are fix$ & n transmutable4 ,no  
+5uity ( device c\ld r5d] hybrids       
f]tile4 ,!y nev] e/abli% an int]m$iate  
species4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to ! doctr9e (   
evolution 8 att5tion is pr9cipally      
direct$4 ,nev]!less1 he is no less /ruck
 by ,d>w9's way ( exclud+ all           

intellig5ce & design 9 8 mann] ( speak+ 
( nature4 ,on ?is po9t he quotes !      
language ( ,cuvi]1 :o says3 ,nature has 
be5 p]sonifi$4 ,liv+ be+s h be5 call$ ! 
works ( nature4 ,! g5]al be>+ ( ^!      
creatures to ea* o!r has become ! laws (
 nature4 ,x is ?us :ile consid]+ ,nature
 z a be+ end[$ ) intellig5ce & w1 b 9   
its p[] limit$ & second>y1 t x may be   
said t %e wat*es incessantly ov] !      
ma9t5ance ( h] "w2 t %e does no?+ 9 va91
 & always acts by ! mo/ simple means4444
 ,x is easy to see h[ pu]ile are ^? :o  
give nature a species ( individual      
exi/5ce di/9ct f ! ,creator1 & f ! law  
:i* ,he has impress$ ^u ! movem5ts &    
peculi>ities ( ! =ms giv5 by ,him to    
liv+ ?+s1 & :i* ,he makes to act ^u _!  
bodies ) a peculi> =ce & reason4 ,old]  
writ]s1 says ,fl\r5s1 9 speak+ (        
,nature1 gave to h] incl9ations1        
int5tions1 & views1 & horrors 7( a      
vacuum71 & sports1 etc4 ,he says t "o ( 
! pr9cipal objects ( 8 book is to %[ h[ 
,mr4 ,d>w9 has delud$ himself1 & p]haps 

o!rs1 by a con/ant abuse ( figurative   
language4 ,he plays ) ,nature z he      
pleases1 & makes h] d :atsoev] he wi%es4
 ,:5 we rememb] t ,mr4 ,d>w9 def9es     
,nature to be ! aggregate ( physical    
=ces1 we see h[1 9 attribut+ ev]y?+ to  
,nature1 he effectually excludes !      
sup]natural4  ,9 8 volume ( ,lay        
,s]mons1 ,reviews1 etc41 ,pr(essor      
,huxley has a v sev]e critique on ,m4   
,fl\r5s's book4 ,he says little1 h[ev]1 
9 ref]5ce to teleology1 except 9 "o     
p>agraph1 9 :i* we read3 ,m4 ,fl\r5s _c 
imag9e an unconsci\s selection2 x is =  
him a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,huxley's   
answ] is1 ,! w9ds & waves ( ! ,bay (    
,biscay h n mu* consci\sness1 & yet !y h
 ) great c>e 'select$1' f an inf9ity (  
masses ( silex1 all gra9s ( s& bel[ a   
c]ta9 size & h heap$ !m by !mselves ov] 
a great area4444 ,a fro/y night selects 
! h>dy plants 9 a plantation f among !  
t5d] ones z effectually z if !          
intellig5ce ( ! g>d5] _h be5 op]ative 9 
cutt+ ! weak] ones d[n4#ce ,if ?is means

 any?+1 x means t z ! w9ds & waves ( !  
,bay ( ,biscay c make heaps ( s&1 s     
simil> unconsci\s ag5cies c1 if y only  
give !m "t en\gh1 make an elephant or a 
man2 = ?is is :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 says       
natural selection has done4  ,,footnote3
  #ce ,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #cdg4   ,rev4    
,walt] ,mit*ell1 ,m4 ,a41               
,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute4
  ,! ,victoria ,in/itute1 or            
,philosophical ,society ( ,great        
,brita91 "u ! presid5cy ( ! ,e>l (      
,%aftesbury1 includes among its memb]s  
_m ( ! dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 & 
a l>ge numb] ( di/+ui%$ m5 ( diff]5t    
pr(essions & d5om9ations4 ,its pr9cipal 
object is1 ,to inve/igate fully &       
imp>tially ! mo/ important que/ions (   
philosophy & sci5ce1 b m especially ^? t
 be> on ! great tru?s reveal$ 9 ,holy   
,scripture1 ) ! view ( def5d+ ^! tru?s  
aga9/ ! opposition ( ,sci5ce1 falsely s 
call$4 ,! ,in/itute holds bi-mon?ly     
meet+s1 at :i* pap]s are read on "s     
important topic1 & !n submitt$ to       

criticism & discussion4 ,^! pap]s1 _m ( 
:i* are v elaborate1 are publi%$ 9 !    
,transactions ( ! ,in/itute1 toge!r ) a 
full report ( ! discussions to :i* !y   
gave rise4 ,six volumes1 replete )      
valuable & v>i$ in=mation1 h already be5
 publi%$4  ,v consid]able latitude (    
op9ion is all[$4 ,h5ce we f9d 9 !       
,transactions1 pap]s = & aga9/          
evolution1--= & aga9/ ,d>w9ism4 ,x w\ld 
be easy to quote extracts1 p]t95t to our
 subject1 m ?an en\gh to fill a volume  
mu* l>g] ?an ! pres5t4 ,we mu/ cont5t   
ourselves ) a few citations f !         
discussion on a pap] 9 favor ( !        
cr$ibility ( ,d>w9ism1#cf & ano!r 9     
favor ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4#cg ,9    
summ+ up ! debates on ^! two topics1 !  
*airman1 ,rev4 ,walt] ,mit*ell1 pres5t$ 
) great cle>ness & =ce 8 reasons =      
reg>d+ ,d>w9ism z incr$ible &           
impossible4 ,9 8 protract$ rem>ks he    
contra/s ! ,scriptural doctr9e1 t ( !   
,ve/iges ( ,creation1 & t ( ,d>w9 on !  
orig9 ( species4 ,he ?us /ates ! doctr9e

 ( ! ,bible on ! subject3 ,if1 he says1 
sci5ce be ano!r "n = real k2 if sci5ce  
be ! pursuit ( s\nd wisdom2 if sci5ce be
 ! pursuit ( tru? itself2 ,i say t man  
has no "r to reject any?+ t is true     
because x savors ( ,god4 ,well1 :at is  
?is hypo!sis--old] ?an t ( ,d>w9--:i*   
does1 & does alone1 acc\nt = all !      
obs]v$ facts1 or all t :i* we c read1   
record$ 9 ! book ( ,nature8 ,x is1 t    
,god creat$ all ?+s v good2 t ,he made e
 vegetable aft] its own k9d2 t ,he made 
e animal aft] its own k9d2 t ,he all[$  
c]ta9 laws ( v>iation1 b t ,he has      
orda9$ /rict1 ?\gh invisible & inv9cible
 b>ri]s1 :i* prev5t t v>iation f runn+  
riot1 & :i* includes x )9 /rict & well  
def9$ limits4 ,?is is a hypo!sis :i* w  
acc\nt = all t we h le>nt f ! works (   
,nature4 ,x admits an intellig5t ,be+ z 
! ,au?or ( all ! works ( creation1      
animate z well z inanimate2 x leaves no 
my/]ies 9 ! animate _w unacc\nt$ =4 ,!re
 is "o ?+ :i* ! animate1 z well z !     
inanimate _w decl>es to man1 "o ?+      

ev]y:]e pla9ly record$1 if we w only    
read x1 & t is ! impress ( design1 !    
design ( inf9ite wisdom4 ,any !ory :i*  
comes 9 ) an attempt to ignore design z 
manife/$ 9 ,god's creation1 is a !ory1  
,i say1 :i* attempts to de?rone ,god4   
,?is ! !ory ( ,d>w9 does endeavor to d4 
,if ask$ h[ our old !ory acc\nts = su*  
uni=mity ( design 9 ! mid/ ( su* p]plex+
 v>iety z we f9d 9 nature1 we reply1 t  
?is c only be acc\nt$ = on "o admission1
 t ! :ole is ! "w ( "o ,au?or1 built    
accord+1 z x 71 to "o /yle2 t x         
repres5ts ! unity ( "o m9d ) ! inf9ite  
p[] ( adapt+ all its works 9 ! mo/      
p]fect mann] = ! uses = :i* !y 7 creat$4
 ,:ewell has boldly ma9ta9$1 & he has   
nev] be5 controv]t$1 t all real advances
 9 ! sci5ces ( physiology & comp>ative  
anatomy1--su* z t made by ,h>vey 9      
discov]+ ! circulation ( ! blood1--h be5
 made by ^? :o n only believ$ 9 !       
exi/5ce ( design ev]y:]e manife/$ 9 !   
animate _w1 b 7 l$ by t belief to make  
_! discov]ies4  ,:5 discuss+ ! pap] (   

,mr4 ,h5sl[ on evolution1 he says3 ,9   
speak+ ( ?is pap] ,i mu/ comm5d ! exce$+
 rev]5t tone 9 :i* ! au?or has discuss$ 
! subject1 & ,i %\ld l to see all su*   
subjects discuss$ 9 a simil> tone4 ,!   
view :i* ,mr4 ,h5sl[ br+s =w>d1 h[ev]1  
does n appe> to be a v orig9al "o4 ,x 0 
! fir/ view ev] br\ght =w>d on ! doctr9e
 ( evolution1 & ,i 0 ! fir/ "o to po9t  
out t ! :ole doctr9e 0 "o ( retrograde  
"*4 ,! :ole tone & "* ( ?is pap]1 except
 t :i* relates to ! attributes & moral  
gov]nm5t ( ,god1#ch is no?+ m or less   
?an ! same view ( ! doctr9e ( evolution 
:i* creat$ su* a s5sation 9 ?is c\ntry  
:5 t fam\s book came out1 ',! ,ve/iges (
 ,creation4' ,s f> z ,i c und]/& !      
argum5ts ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 !y h simply be5  
an endeavor to eject out ( ! idea (     
evolution ! p]sonal "w ( ! ,deity4 ,8   
:ole endeavor has be5 to pu% ! ,creator 
f>!r & f>!r back out ( view4 ,! mo/     
labori\s "p ( ,d>w9's attempt at        
reason+1--= x is n true reason+1--! mo/ 
labori\s "p ( 8 logic & reason+1 is     

int5d$ to elim9ate1 z p]fectly z any ( !
 a!i/ical au?ors h endeavor$ to d1 !    
idea ( design4 ,n[1 sett+ revelation    
aside1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! unkn[n au?or ( ! 
',ve/iges ( ,creation' treat$ ?is       
subject1 satisfactorily %[$ t ! doctr9e 
( evolution 0 n 9 itself an a!i/ical    
doctr9e1 nor did x d5y ! exi/5ce (      
design4 ,s f> z ,i c\ld und]/& & make   
out1 hav+ c>efully read ! book at ! "t x
 came out & aft]w>ds1 & hav+ c>efully   
analyz$ & comp>$ x & ,mr4 ,d>w9's book )
 ea* o!r1 s f> z ,i c\ld und]/& x1 !    
doctr9e ( ! au?or ( ! ',ve/iges (       
,creation' 0 simply1 t ,god creat$ all  
?+s1 & t :5 ,he creat$ matt] ,he        
impress$ on x c]ta9 laws2 t matt]1 be+  
evolv$ accord+ to ^? laws1 %\ld produce 
be+s & organs mutually adapt$ to "o     
ano!r & to ! _w2 & t e successive       
developm5t :i* %\ld be produc$ 0        
ess5tially =ese51 =ekn[n1 & pr$et]m9$ by
 ! ,deity4 ,8 idea1 = in/ance1 ( !      
evolution ( an eye f a m simple organ 0 
t ! ultimate eye--man's eye1 =          

in/ance--0 to be a p]fect optical       
in/rum5t1 & t its p]fection dep5d$ on ! 
previ\s design by ! ,creator1 t at a    
c]ta9 p]iod x %\ld appe> 9 a body q     
adapt$ = its purposes4 ,!re is "o "q1--&
 n ! only "o1 b we mu/ consid] x z an   
important "q1--:e!r y c ma9ta9 a doctr9e
 ( evolution :i* %all n be a!i/ical1 &  
:i* %all admit ! great argum5t ( design8
 ,t is "o ?+2 b ! next ?+ is1 does su* a
 doctr9e z t accord ei!r ) revelation or
 ) ! facts ( sci5ce8 ,i d n believe t x 
c be made to agree ) :at we believe to  
be ! reveal$ ,^w ( ,god1 & ,i d n       
believe t x has 9 ! lea/ degree be5     
prov$ t ! doctr9e is consi/5t ) s\nd    
sci5ce4  ,z to ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 x is  
obvi\s f ! passages already quot$ t he  
consid]s its *>act]i/ic feature is n    
evolution1 nor ev5 natural selection1 b 
! d5ial ( teleology1 or ( intellig5t    
control4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 admits ! orig9al    
creation ( "o or a few =ms ( life2 &    
,mr4 ,mit*ell1 9 8 comm5ts on ,mr4      
,w>+ton's def5ce ( 8 !ory1 asks1 ,:y am 

,i to limit ! "w ( ! ,creator to !      
simultane\s or successive creations ( t5
 or twelve comm5cem5ts ( ! animate      
creation8 ,:y1 simply = ! purpose (     
evad+ ! evid5ce ( design z manife/$ 9 ! 
adaptation ( all ! organs ( e animate   
creature to its wants1 :i* c only be    
done by s incr$ible an hypo!sis z t (   
,mr4 ,d>w94 ,i say fe>lessly1 t any     
hypo!sis :i* requires u to admit t !    
=mation ( su* complex organs z ! eye1 ! 
e>1 ! he>t1 ! bra91 ) all _! m>vell\s   
/ructures & me*anical adaptations to !  
wants ( ! creatures possess+ !m1 s      
p]fectly 9 h>mony1 too1 ) ! laws (      
inorganic matt]1 af=ds no evid5ce (     
design2 t su* /ructures c\ld be built up
 by gradual *ance improvem5ts1 p]petuat$
 by ! law ( transmission1 & p]fect$ by !
 de/ruction ( creatures less favorably  
end[$1 is s incr$ible1 t ,i m>vel to f9d
 any ?9k+ man capable ( adopt+ x = a    
s+le mom5t4 ,x is useless to multiply   
quotations4 ,d>w9ism is nev] br\ght up  
ei!r =mally or incid5tally1 t its       

exclusion ( design 9 ! =mation ( liv+   
organisms is n urg$ z ! ma9 objection   
aga9/ ! :ole !ory4  ,,footnotes3  #cf ,!
 ,cr$ibility ( ,d>w9ism4 ,by ,george    
,w>+ton1 ,esq41 ,f4 ,c4 ,s41 ,m4 ,v4 ,i4
  #cg ,on c]ta9 ,analogies betwe5 !     
,me?ods ( ,deity 9 ,nature &            
,revelation4 ,by ,rev4 ,g4 ,e4 ,h5sl[1  
,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 ,m4 ,v4 ,i4  #ch  
,! second "p ( ,mr4 ,h5sl['s pap]       
conc]ns ! me?ods ( ! ,deity z reveal$ to
 u 9 ! ,bible4 ,! same is sub/antially  
true ( 8 "w1 ,! ,!ory ( ,evolution4     
,pr9cipal ,dawson4  ,dr4 ,dawson1 z we  
are in=m$1 is reg>d$ z ! fir/           
palontologi/1 & among ! fir/ geologi/s1 
9 ,am]ica4 ,9 8 ,/ory ( ,e>? & ,man1#ci 
he passes 9 review ! sev]al geological  
p]iods recogniz$ by geologi/s2 describes
 z f> z kn[able ! di/ribution ( l& &    
wat] dur+ ea* p]iod1 & ! vegetable &    
animal productions by :i* !y 7 di/+ui%$4
 ,8 book f beg9n+ to end is             
anti-,d>w9ian4 ,9 common ) o!r          
naturali/s1 8 att5tion is direct$       

pr9cipally to ! doctr9e ( evolution1 :i*
 he endeavors to prove is utt]ly        
unt5able4 ,t ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory excludes 
teleology is ev]y:]e assum$ z an        
uncontrov]t$ & uncontrov]tible fact4 ,! 
evolutioni/ doctr9e1 he says1 is itself 
"o ( ! /range/ ph5om5a ( humanity4 ,x   
exi/$1 & mo/ naturally1 9 ! olde/       
philosophy & poetry1 9 connection ) !   
crude/ & mo/ uncritical attempts ( !    
human m9d to grasp ! sy/em ( nature2 b t
 9 our day a sy/em de/itute ( any %ad[ (
 pro(1 & support$ m]ely by vague        
analogies & figures ( spee*1 & by !     
arbitr>y & artificial coh]5ce ( its own 
p>ts1 %\ld be accept$ z philosophy1 &   
%\ld f9d able adh]5ts to /r+ on its     
?read ( hypo!ses our va/ & weighty /ores
 ( k1 is surpass+ly /range4444 ,9 _m    
respects ^! speculations are important1 
& wor?y ! att5tion ( ?9k+ m54 ,!y seek  
to revolutionize ! religi\s belief ( !  
_w1 & if accept$ w\ld de/roy mo/ ( !    
exi/+ !ology & philosophy4 ,!y indicate 
t5d5cies among sci5tific ?9k]s1 :i*1    

?\gh probably tempor>y1 mu/1 be=e !y    
disappe>1 desc5d to l[] /rata1 &        
reproduce !mselves 9 gross] =ms1 & ) mo/
 s]i\s effects on ! :ole /ructure (     
society4 ,) "o class ( m9ds !y con/itute
 a sort ( religion1 :i* s f> satisfies !
 crav+ = tru? high] ?an ^? :i* relate to
 imm$iate wants & pleasures4 ,) ano!r & 
p]haps l>g] class1 !y are accept$ z     
af=d+ a welcome deliv]ance f all        
scruples ( consci5ce & fe>s ( a h]eaft]4
 ,9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce evolutionism has l 
t5d5cies4 ,x r$uces ! position ( man1 :o
 becomes a desc5dant ( inf]ior animals1 
& a m]e t]m 9 a s]ies ^: end is unkn[n4 
,x removes f ! /udy ( nature ! ideas (  
f9al cause & purpose2 & ! evolutioni/1  
in/ead ( reg>d+ ! _w z a "w ( consummate
 plan1 skill1 & adju/m5t1 approa*es     
nature z he w\ld a *aos ( fall5 rocks1  
:i* may pres5t =ms ( ca/les1 & grotesque
 pr(iles ( m5 & animals1 b !y are all   
=tuit\s & )\t significance4 7pp4 #cag1  
#cah7  ,tak+1 !n1 ?is broad view ( !    
subject1 two great lead+ alt]natives are

 pres5t$ to u4 ,ei!r man is an indep5d5t
 product ( ! w ( a ,high] ,intellig5ce1 
act+ directly or ?r\gh ! laws & mat]ials
 ( 8 own in/itution & production1 or he 
has be5 produc$ by an unconsci\s        
evolution f l[] ?+s4 ,x is true t _m    
evolutioni/s1 ei!r unwill+ to (f5d1 or n
 p]ceiv+ ! logical consequ5ces ( _! own 
hypo!sis1 endeavor to /e] a middle      
c\rse1 & to ma9ta9 t ! ,creator has     
proce$$ by way ( evolution4 ,b ! b>e1   
h>d logic ( ,sp5c]1 ! greate/ ,engli%   
au?ority on evolution1 leaves no place =
 ?is compromise1 & %[s t ! !ory1 c>ri$  
out to its legitimate consequ5ces1      
excludes ! k ( a ,creator & !           
possibility ( 8 "w4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to    
*oose betwe5 evolution & creation1 be>+ 
9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t !re may be a place 9    
nature = evolution1 prop]ly limit$1 z   
well z = o!r ?+s1 & t ! idea ( creation 
by no means excludes law & second       
causes4 7p4 #cba7  ,x may be said1 t    
evolution may be held z a sci5tific     
doctr9e 9 connection ) a modifi$ belief 

9 creation4 ,! "w ( actual creation may 
h be5 limit$ to a few elem5t>y types1 & 
evolution may h done ! re/4             
,evolutioni/s may /ill be !i/s4 ,we h   
already se5 t ! doctr9e1 z c>ri$ out to 
its logical consequ5ces1 excludes       
creation & !ism4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be %[n t
 ev5 9 its m modifi$ =m1 & :5 held by m5
 :o ma9ta9 t !y are n a!i/s1 x is       
practically a!i/ic1 because exclud+ !   
idea ( plan & design1 & resolv+ all ?+s 
into ! action ( un9tellig5t =ces4 ,x is 
necess>y to obs]ve ?is1 because x is !  
half-way-evolutionism1 :i* pr(esses to h
 a creator some:]e beh9d x1 t is mo/    
popul>2 ?\gh x is1 if possible1 m       
unphilosophical ?an t :i* pr(esses to   
set out ) absolute & det]m9$ non5tity1  
or f self-exi/+ />du/ conta9+ all !     
possibilities ( ! univ]se4  ,9 ref]5ce  
to ! objection ( evolutioni/s1 t ! orig9
 ( e new species1 on ! !i/ic doctr9e1   
supposes a miracle1 an int]v5tion ( !   
div9e effici5cy )\t ! ag5cy ( second    
causes1 ,pr9cipal ,dawson asks1 ,:at is 

! actual /atem5t ( ! !ory ( creation z x
 may be held by a mod]n man ( sci5ce8   
,simply ?is3 t all ?+s h be5 produc$ by 
! ,supreme ,creative w1 act+ ei!r       
directly1 or ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! =ces &   
mat]ial ( 8 own production4 7p4 #cdj7   
,he ?us sums up 8 argum5t aga9/ !       
doctr9e ( evolution1 specially 9 its    
application to man3 ,f9ally1 !          
evolutioni/ picture wants "s ( ! faire/ 
l9eam5ts ( humanity1 & *eats u ) !      
semblance ( man )\t ! reality4 ,%ave &  
pa9t y\r ape z y may1 clo! him & set him
 up ^u 8 feet1 /ill he fails greatly ( !
 'human =m div9e2' & s x is ) him       
morally & spiritually z well4 ,we h se5 
t he wants ! in/9ct ( immortality1 !    
love ( ,god1 ! m5tal & spiritual p[] (  
ex]cis+ dom9ion ov] ! e>?4 ,! v ag5cy by
 :i* he is evolv$ is ( itself subv]sive 
( all ^! high] prop]ties2 ! /ruggle =   
exi/5ce is ess5tially selfi%1 &1 !re=e1 
degrad+4 ,ev5 9 ! l[] animals1 x is a   
false assumption t its t5d5cy is to     
elevate2 = animals1 :5 driv5 to ! utmo/ 

v]ge ( ! /ruggle = life1 become         
depaup]at$ & degrad$4 ,! dog :i* sp5ds  
its life 9 sn>l+ cont5tion ) its fell[  
curs = insuffici5t food1 w n be a noble 
specim5 ( its race4 ,god does n s treat 
8 creatures4 ,!re is f> m tru? to nature
 9 ! doctr9e :i* repres5ts ,him z li/5+ 
to ! "y rav5s :5 !y cry = food4 ,b z    
appli$ to man1 ! !ory ( ! /ruggle =     
exi/5ce1 & survival ( ! fitte/1 ?\gh !  
mo/ popul> phase ( evolutionism at      
pres5t1 is no?+ less ?an ! base/ & mo/  
horrible ( sup]/itions4 ,x makes man n  
m]ely c>nal b devili%4 ,x takes 8 l[e/  
appetites & prop5sities1 & makes !m 8   
,god & ,creator4 ,8 high] s5tim5ts &    
aspirations1 8 self-d5y+ philan?ropy1 8 
en?usiasm = ! good & true1 all !        
/ruggles & suff]+s ( h]oes & m>tyrs1 n  
to speak ( t self-sacrifice :i* is !    
f\ndation ( ,*ri/ianity1 are1 9 ! view (
 ! evolutioni/1 m]e loss & wa/e1 failure
 9 ! /ruggle ( life4 ,:at does he give u
 9 ex*ange8 ,an endless p$igree ( be/ial
 ance/ors1 )\t "o gleam ( high & holy   

tradition to enliv5 ! procession2 & = ! 
future1 ! prospect t ! poor mass (      
protoplasm1 :i* con/itutes ! sum ( our  
be+1 & :i* is ! sole ga9 ( an indef9ite 
/ruggle 9 ! pa/1 mu/ soon be resolv$    
aga9 into inf]ior animals or dead matt]4
 ,t m5 ( ?\ght & culture %\ld advocate  
su* a philosophy1 argues ei!r a /range  
m5tal halluc9ation1 or t ! high]        
spiritual nature has be5 :olly qu5*$ )9 
!m4 ,x is "o ( ! sadde/ ( _m sad        
spectacles :i* our age pres5ts4 7p4     
#cie7  ,,footnote3  #ci ,! ,/ory ( ,e>? 
& ,man4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 ,,ll4 ,d41 
,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 ,pr9cipal &   
,vice-,*ancellor ( ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 
,montreal4 ,au?or ( ,ar*aia1 ,acadian   
,geology1 etc4 ,second edition4 ,london1
 #ahgc1 pp4 #cig4   ,relation ( ,d>w9ism
 to ,religion4  ,! consid]ation ( t     
subject w\ld lead into ! wide field ( ! 
relation betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,into
 t field we lack compet5cy & "t to ent]2
 a few rem>ks1 h[ev]1 on ! subject may n
 be out ( place4 ,^? rem>ks1 we w\ld fa9

 make 9 a humble way ir5ical4 ,!re is   
ne$ ( an ,ir5icum1 = ! fact is pa9fully 
notori\s t !re is an antagonism betwe5  
sci5tific m5 z a class1 & religi\s m5 z 
a class4 ,( c\rse ?is opposition is     
nei!r felt nor express$ by all on ei!r  
side4 ,nev]!less1 :atev] may be ! cause 
( ?is antagonism1 or :oev] are to be    
blam$ = x1 !re c be no d\bt t x exi/s & 
t x is an evil4  ,! fir/ cause ( !      
ali5ation 9 "q is1 t ! two p>ties1 s to 
speak1 adopt diff]5t rules ( evid5ce1 & 
?us c h>dly avoid arriv+ at diff]5t     
conclusions4 ,to und]/& ?is we mu/      
det]m9e :at is meant by sci5ce1 & by    
sci5tific evid5ce4 ,sci5ce1 accord+ to  
its etymology1 is simply k4 ,b usage has
 limit$ its mean+1 9 ! fir/ place1 n to 
! k ( facts or ph5om5a1 m]ely1 b to _!  
causes & relations4 ,x 0 said ( old1    
,greek3 hoti sci5ti fundam5tum1 ,greek3 
dioti fa/igium4 ,no am\nt ( mat]ials    
w\ld con/itute a build+4 ,!y mu/ be duly
 arrang$ s z to make a symmetrical :ole4
 ,no am\nt ( disconnect$ data c         

con/itute a sci5ce4 ,^? data mu/ be     
sy/ematiz$ 9 _! relation to ea* o!r & to
 o!r ?+s4 ,9 ! second place1 ! ^w is    
becom+ m & m re/rict$ to ! k ( a        
p>ticul> class ( facts1 & ( _!          
relations1 namely1 ! facts ( nature or (
 ! ext]nal _w4 ,?is usage is n univ]sal1
 nor is x fix$4 ,9 ,g]many1 especially1 
! ^w ,wiss5s*aft is us$ ( all k9ds (    
ord]$ k1 :e!r transc5d5tal or empirical4
 ,s we are accu/om$ to speak ( m5tal1   
moral1 social1 z well z ( natural       
sci5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! m re/rict$ use ( !
 ^w is v common & v influ5tial4 ,x is   
important t ?is fact %\ld be recogniz$4 
,9 common usage1 a sci5tific man is     
di/+ui%$ specially f a metaphysician4 ,!
 "o inve/igates ! ph5om5a ( matt]1 ! o!r
 /udies ! ph5om5a ( m9d1 accord+ to !   
old di/9ction betwe5 physics &          
metaphysics4 ,sci5ce1 !re=e1 is ! ord]$ 
k ( ! ph5om5a :i* we recognize ?r\gh !  
s5ses4 ,a sci5tific fact is a fact      
p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,sci5tific evid5ce  
is evid5ce address$ to ! s5ses4 ,at "o (

 ! meet+s ( ! ,victoria ,in/itute1 a    
visitor av[$ 8 disbelief 9 ! exi/5ce (  
,god4 ,:5 ask$1 :at k9d ( evid5ce w\ld  
satisfy him8 he answ]$1 ,j su* evid5ce z
 ,i h ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is tumbl] :i* ,i n[
 hold 9 my h&4 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,h5sl[     
says1 ,by sci5ce is meant ! inve/igation
 ( facts & ph5om5a recognizable by !    
s5ses1 & ( ! causes :i* h br\ght !m into
 exi/5ce4#dj ,?is is ! ma9 root ( !     
tr\ble4 ,if sci5ce be ! k ( ! facts     
p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & sci5tific evid5ce1
 evid5ce address$ to ! s5ses1 !n ! s5ses
 are ! only s\rces ( k4 ,any conviction 
re/+ on any o!r gr\nd ?an ! te/imony ( !
 s5ses1 mu/ be fai?4 ,d>w9 admits t !   
contrivances 9 nature may be acc\nt$ =  
by assum+ t !y are due to design on ! "p
 ( ,god4 ,b1 he says1 t w\ld n be       
sci5ce4 ,haeckel says t to sci5ce matt] 
is et]nal4 ,if any man *ooses to say1 x 
0 creat$1 well & good2 b t is a matt] ( 
fai?1 & fai? is imag9ation4 ,ulrici     
quotes a di/+ui%$ ,g]man physiologi/ :o 
believes 9 vital1 z di/+ui%$ f physical 

=ces2 b he holds to spontane\s g5]ation1
 n1 z he admits1 because x has be5      
prov$1 b because ! admission ( any high]
 p[] ?an nature is unsci5tific4#da  ,x  
is inevitable t m9ds addict$ to         
sci5tific inve/igation %\ld receive a   
/rong bias to und]value any o!r k9d (   
evid5ce except t ( ! s5ses1 i4 e41      
sci5tific evid5ce4 ,we h se5 t ^? :o    
give !mselves up to ?is t5d5cy come to  
d5y ,god1 to d5y m9d1 to d5y ev5 self4  
,x is true t ! great majority ( m51     
sci5tific z well z o!rs1 are s mu* "u ! 
control ( ! laws ( _! nature1 t !y _c g 
to ?is extreme4 ,! t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 ( a   
m9d addict$ to ! consid]ation ( "o k9d (
 evid5ce1 to become m or less ins5sible 
to o!r k9ds ( pro(1 is und5iable4 ,?us  
ev5 ,agassiz1 z a zologi/ & simply on   
zological gr\nds1 assum$ t !re 7 sev]al 
zones betwe5 ! ,ganges & ! ,atlantic    
,ocean1 ea* hav+ its own flora & fauna1 
& inhabit$ by races ( m51 ! same 9 k9d1 
b ( diff]5t orig9s4 ,:5 told by !       
comp>ative philologi/s t ?is 0          

impossible1 because ! languages spok5   
?r\gh t wide region1 demon/rat$ t its   
inhabitants mu/ h _h a common desc5t1 he
 c\ld only answ] t z ducks quack        
ev]y:]e1 he c\ld n see :y m5 %\ld n     
ev]y:]e speak ! same language4  ,a /ill 
m /rik+ illu/ration is furni%$ by ,dr4  
,lionel ,beale1 ! di/+ui%$ ,engli%      
physiologi/4 ,he has writt5 a book (    
?ree hundr$ & eighty-eight pages = !    
express purpose ( prov+ t ! ph5om5a (   
life1 in/9ct1 & intellect _c be ref]r$  
to any kn[n natural =ces4 ,he av[s 8    
belief t 9 nature m9d gov]ns matt]1 & 9 
! exi/5ce ( a nev]-*ang+1 all-see+1     
p[]-direct+ & matt]-guid+ ,omnipot5ce4  
,he av[s 8 fai? 9 miracles1 & ^?        
miracles on :i* ,*ri/ianity is f\nd$4   
,nev]!less1 8 fai? 9 all ^! po9ts is    
provisional4 ,he says t a truly         
sci5tific man1 if ! ma9t5ance1          
cont9uity1 & nature ( life on our planet
 %\ld at "s future "t be fully expla9$  
)\t suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( any su*         
sup]natural omnipot5t influ5ce1 w\ld be 

b\nd to receive ! new explanation1 &    
might ab&on ! old conviction4#db ,t is1 
all evid5ce ( ! tru?s ( religion n f\nd$
 on nature & p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 am\nts 
to no?+4  ,n[ z religion does n re/ on !
 te/imony ( ! s5ses1 t is on sci5tific  
evid5ce1 ! t5d5cy ( sci5tific m5 is to  
ignore its claims4 ,we speak only (     
t5d5cy4 ,we rejoice to "k or believe t 9
 hundr$s or ?\s&s ( sci5tific m51 ?is   
t5d5cy is c\nt]act$ by _! consci\sness (
 manhood--! conviction t ! body is n !  
man1--by ! intuitions ( ! reason & !    
consci5ce1 & by ! grace ( ,god4 ,no     
class ( m5 /&s des]v$ly high] 9 public  
e/imation ?an m5 ( sci5ce1 :o1 :ile     
rema9+ fai?ful to _! high] nature1 h    
enl>g$ our k ( ! wond]ful works ( ,god4 
,a second cause ( ! ali5ation betwe5    
sci5ce & religion1 is ! failure to make 
! due di/9ction betwe5 facts & !        
explanation ( ^? facts1 or ! !ories     
d$uc$ f !m4 ,no s\nd m9d$ man disputes  
any sci5tific fact4 ,religi\s m5 believe
 ) ,agassiz t facts are sacr$4 ,!y are  

revelations f ,god4 ,*ri/ians sacrifice 
to !m1 :5 duly au!nticat$1 _! mo/ *]i%$ 
convictions4 ,t ! e>? moves1 no religi\s
 man d\bts4 ,:5 ,galileo made t great   
discov]y1 ! ,*ur* 0 "r 9 n yield+ at    
once to ! evid5ce ( an exp]im5t :i* x   
did n und]/&4 ,b :5 ! fact 0 cle>ly     
e/abli%$1 no man sets up 8 int]pretation
 ( ! ,bible 9 opposition to x4 ,religi\s
 m5 admit all ! facts connect$ ) our    
sol> sy/em2 all ! facts ( geology1 & (  
comp>ative anatomy1 & ( biology4 ,ought 
n ?is to satisfy sci5tific m58 ,mu/ we  
also admit _! explanations & inf]5ces8  
,if we admit t ! human embryo passes    
?r\gh v>i\s phases1 mu/ we admit t man 0
 once a fi%1 !n a bird1 !n a dog1 !n an 
ape1 & f9ally :at he n[ is8 ,if we admit
 ! simil>ity ( /ructure 9 all           
v]tebrates1 mu/ we admit ! evolution (  
"o f ano!r1 & all f a primordial g]m8 ,x
 is to be rememb]$ t ! facts are f ,god1
 ! explanation f m52 & ! two are (t5 z  
f> ap>t z ,heav5 & its antipode4  ,^!   
human explanations are n only )\t       

au?ority1 b !y are v mutable4 ,!y *ange 
n only f g5]ation to g5]ation1 b almo/ z
 (t5 z ! phases ( ! moon4 ,x is a fact t
 ! planets move4 ,once x 0 said t !y 7  
mov$ by spirits1 !n by vortexes1 n[ by  
self-evolv$ =ces4 ,x is h>d t we %\ld be
 call$ ^u to *ange our fai? ) e new     
moon4 ,! same man sometimes prop\nds    
!ories almo/ z rapidly z ! *anges ( !   
kaleidoscope4 ,! amiable ,sir ,*>les    
,lyell1 ,engl&'s mo/ di/+ui%$ geologi/1 
has publi%$ t5 editions ( 8 ,pr9ciples (
 ,geology1 :i* s diff] z to make x h>d  
to believe t x is ! "w ( ! same m9d4 ,9 
all ! editions up to ! t5?1 he look$ ^u 
geological facts & geological ph5om5a z 
prov+ ! fixity ( species & _! special   
creation 9 "t4 ,9 ! t5? edition1 j      
publi%$1 he ann\nces 8 *ange ( op9ion on
 ?is subject & 8 conv]sion to ! doctr9e 
( developm5t by law4#dc ,9 ! eigh?      
edition ( 8 "w1 says ,dr4 ,bree1 ,sir   
,*>les ,lyell1 ! ,ne/or ( geologi/s1 to 
:om ! pres5t g5]ation is m indebt$ ?an  
to any o!r = all t is kn[n ( geology 9  

its advanc$ /age1 tea*es t species h a  
real exi/5ce 9 nature1 & t ea* 0 end[$  
at ! "t ( its creation ) ! attributes & 
organization by :i* x is n[ di/+ui%$4 ,!
 *ange on ! "p ( ?is em95t geologi/1 x  
is to be obs]v$1 is a m]e *ange (       
op9ion4 ,!re 0 no *ange ( ! facts (     
geology betwe5 ! publication ( ! eigh? &
 ( ! t5? edition ( 8 "w1 nei!r 0 !re any
 *ange 9 8 k ( ^? facts4 ,all ! facts   
reli$ ^u by evolutioni/s1 h long be5    
famili> to sci5tific m54 ,! :ole *ange  
is a subjective "o4 ,"o ye> ! vet]an    
geologi/ ?9ks ! facts tea* "o ?+1 ano!r 
ye> he ?9ks !y tea* ano!r4 ,x is n[ !   
fact1 & x is fe>$ x w cont9ue to be a   
fact1 t sci5tific m5 give ! "n ( sci5ce 
to _! explanations z well z to ! facts4 
,nay1 !y are (t51 & naturally1 m zeal\s 
= _! explanations ?an !y are = ! facts4 
,! facts are ,god's1 ! explanations are 
_! own4  ,! ?ird cause ( ! ali5ation    
betwe5 religion & sci5ce1 is ! be>+ (   
sci5tific m5 t[>ds ! m5 ( culture :o d n
 belong to _! own class4 ,:5 we1 9 su*  

connections1 speak ( sci5tific m51 we d 
n mean m5 ( sci5ce z su*1 b ^? only :o  
av[ or manife/ _! ho/ility to religion4 
,!re is an assumption ( sup]iority1 &   
(t5 a manife/ation ( contempt4 ,^? :o   
call _! logic or _! conjectures into "q1
 are /igmatiz$ z n>r[-m9d$1 bigots1 old 
wom51 ,bible wor%ipp]s1 etc4  ,pr(essor 
,huxley's advice to metaphysicians &    
!ologians is1 to let sci5ce alone4 ,?is 
is 8 ,ir5icum4 ,b d he & 8 associates   
let metaphysics & religion alone8 ,!y   
tell ! metaphysician t 8 vocation is    
gone2 !re is no su* ?+ z m9d1 & ( c\rse 
no m5tal laws to be e/abli%$4           
,metaphysics are m]g$ into physics4     
,pr(essor ,huxley tells ! religi\s _w t 
!re is ov]-:elm+ & cru%+ evid5ce        
7sci5tific evid5ce1 ( c\rse7 t no ev5t  
has ev] occurr$ on ?is e>? :i* 0 n !    
effect ( natural causes4 ,h5ce !re h be5
 no miracles1 & ,*ri/ is n ris54#dd ,he 
says t ! doctr9e t belief 9 a p]sonal   
,god is necess>y to any religion wor?y (
 ! "n1 is a m]e matt] ( op9ion4         

,tyndall1 ,c>p5t]1 & ,h5ry ,?ompson1    
tea* t pray] is a sup]/iti\s absurdity2 
,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :om !y call _! great     
philosoph]1 i4 e41 ! man :o does _!     
?9k+1 labors to prove t !re _c be a     
p]sonal ,god1 or human s\l or self2 t   
moral laws are m]e g5]alizations (      
utility1 or1 z ,c>l ,vogt says1 t self  
respect1 & n ! w ( ,god1 is ! gr\nd &   
rule ( moral obligation4 ,if any prote/ 
be made aga9/ su* doctr9es1 we are told 
t sci5tific tru? _c be put d[n by       
d5unciation 7or z ,vogt says1 by b>k+74 
,s d\btless ! ,ph>isees1 :5 our bless$  
,"l call$ !m hypocrites & a g5]ation (  
vip]s1 & said3 ,ye compass sea & l& to  
make "o proselyte2 & :5 he is made1 ye  
make him tw(old m ! *ild ( hell ?an     
y\rselves1 d\btless ?\ght t t 0 a poor  
way to refute _! !ory1 t hol9ess &      
salvation 7 to be secur$ by             
*ur*-memb]%ip & *ur*-rites4 ,nev]!less1 
z ^? words 7 ! words ( ,*ri/1 !y 7 a    
?und]bolt :i* rev]b]ates ?r\gh all "t & 
space1 & /ill makes ,ph>isees ( e "n &  

nation tremble4 ,huxley's ,ir5icum w n  
d4 ,m5 :o are assidu\sly poison+ !      
f\nta9s ( religion1 morality1 & social  
ord]1 _c be let alone4  ,haeckel's      
,ir5icum am\nts to mu* ! same z t (     
,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,he =bids ! "r to    
speak on ^! vital subjects1 to all :o   
are n ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 biology1 & :o are 
n entirely emancipat$ f ! trammels ( _! 
long *]i%$ traditional beliefs4#de ,?is1
 z ! :ole context %[s1 means t a man 9  
ord] to be entitl$ to be he>d on !      
evolution !ory1 mu/ be will+ to r5\nce 8
 fai? n only 9 ! ,bible1 b 9 ,god1 9 !  
s\l1 9 a future life1 & become a moni/ic
 mat]iali/4#df  ,x is v reasonable t    
sci5tific m51 9 common ) lawy]s &       
physicians & o!r pr(essional m51 %\ld   
feel !mselves entitl$ to be he>d )      
special def]5ce on subjects belong+ to  
_! respective dep>tm5ts4 ,?is def]5ce no
 "o is dispos$ to d5y to m5 ( sci5ce4 ,b
 x is to be rememb]$ t no dep>tm5t (    
human k is isolat$4 ,"o runs into &     
ov]laps ano!r4 ,we h abundant evid5ce t 

! devotees ( natural sci5ce are n will+ 
to conf9e !mselves to ! dep>tm5t (      
nature1 9 ! common s5se ( t ^w4 ,!y n   
only speculate1 b dogmatize1 on ! highe/
 que/ions ( philosophy1 morality1 &     
religion4 ,& fur!r1 admitt+ ! special   
claims to def]5ce on ! "p ( sci5tific   
m51 o!r m5 h _! rights4 ,!y h ! "r to   
judge ( ! consi/5cy ( ! ass]tions ( m5 (
 sci5ce & ( ! logic ( _! reason+4 ,!y h 
! "r to set (f ! te/imony ( "o or m     
exp]ts aga9/ ! te/imony ( o!rs2 &       
especially1 !y h ! "r to reject all     
speculations1 hypo!ses1 & !ories1 :i*   
come 9 conflict ) well e/abli%$ tru?s4  
,x is gr\nd ( pr(\nd gratitude to ,god t
 ,he has giv5 to ! human m9d intuitions 
:i* are infallible1 laws ( belief :i* m5
 _c disreg>d any m ?an ! laws ( nature1 
& also convictions produc$ by ! ,_s (   
,god :i* no sophi/ry ( man c weak54 ,^! 
are b>ri]s :i* no man c pass )\t plung+ 
into ! abyss ( out] d>kness4  ,if !re be
 any tru? 9 ! prec$+ rem>ks1 !n x is    
obvi\s t !re c be no h>mony betwe5      

sci5ce & religion until ! evils ref]r$  
to be remov$4 ,sci5tific m5 mu/ come to 
recognize practically1 & n m]ely 9      
words1 t !re are o!r k9ds ( evid5ce (   
tru? ?an ! te/imony ( ! s5ses4 ,!y mu/  
come to give due weight to ! te/imony ( 
consci\sness1 & to ! intuitions ( !     
reason & consci5ce4 ,!y mu/ cease to    
require ! def]5ce due to e/abli%$ facts 
to be paid to _! speculations &         
explanations4 ,& !y mu/ treat _!        
fell[-m5 ) due respect4 ,! ,ph>isees    
said to ! man ^: sight _h be5 re/or$ by 
,*ri/1 ,?\ wa/ altoge!r born 9 s91 & do/
 ?\ tea* u6 ,m5 ( sci5ce mu/ n speak    
?us4 ,!y mu/ n say to e objector1 ,?\   
art n sci5tific1 & !re=e ha/ no "r to   
speak4 ,! true ,ir5icum is = all p>ties 
to give due he$ to su* words z ^!1 ,if  
any man w\ld be wise1 let him become a  
fool1 t he may be wise2 or ^!1 ,be      
conv]t$1 & become z little *ildr52 or   
^!1 ,! ,_s ( ,tru? %all guide y 9 all   
tru?4 ,we are will+ to he> ?is call$    
cant4 ,nev]!less1 ^! latt] words fell f 

! lips ( ,him :o spake z nev] man spake4
  ,s mu*1 & x is v little1 on ! g5]al "q
 ( ! relation ( sci5ce to religion4 ,b  
:at is to be ?\ght ( ! special relation 
( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory to ! tru?s ( natural
 & reveal$ religion8 ,we h already se5 t
 ,d>w9ism includes ! ?ree elem5ts1      
evolution1 natural selection1 & ! d5ial 
( design 9 nature4 ,^! po9ts1 h[ev]1 _c 
n[ be consid]$ sep>ately4  ,x is conc$$ 
t a man may be an evolutioni/ & yet n be
 an a!i/ & may admit ( design 9 nature4 
,b we _c see h[ ! !ory ( evolution c be 
reconcil$ ) ! decl>ations ( !           
,scriptures4 ,o!rs may see x1 & be able 
to reconcile _! allegiance to sci5ce )  
_! allegiance to ! ,bible4 ,pr(essor    
,huxley1 z we h se51 pron\nces ! ?+     
impossible4 ,z all error is antagoni/ic 
to tru?1 if ! evolution !ory be false1 x
 mu/ be oppos$ to ! tru?s ( religion s  
f> z ! two come into contact4 ,mr4      
,h5sl[1 inde$1 says ,sci5ce & ,religion 
are n antagoni/ic because !y are 9      
diff]5t sph]es ( ?\ght4 ,?is is (t5 said

 by m5 :o d n admit t !re is any ?\ght  
at all 9 religion2 t x is m]ely a matt] 
( feel+4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is t religion  
is a sy/em ( k1 z well z a /ate ( feel+4
 ,! tru?s on :i* all religion is f\nd$  
are drawn )9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce1 ! nature 
( ! fir/ cause1 its relation to ! _w1 ! 
nature ( second causes1 ! orig9 ( life1 
an?ropology1 includ+ ! orig91 nature1 & 
de/9y ( man4 ,religion has to fight =   
its life aga9/ a l>ge class ( sci5tific 
m54 ,all attempts to prev5t h] ex]cis+  
h] "r to be he>d are unreasonable & va94
  ,x %\ld be premis$ t ?is pap] 0 writt5
 = ! s+le purpose ( answ]+ ! "q1 ,:at is
 ,d>w9ism8 ,! discussion ( ! m]its ( !  
!ory 0 n )9 ! scope ( ! writ]4 ,:at     
foll[s1 !re=e1 is to be consid]$ only 9 
! light ( a practical conclusion4  #a4  
,! fir/ objection to ! !ory is its prim 
facie incr$ibility4 ,t a s+le plant or  
animal %\ld be develop$ f a m]e cell1 is
 su* a wond]1 t no?+ b daily obs]vation 
( ! fact c\ld induce any man to believe 
x4 ,let any "o ask himself1 suppose ?is 

fact 0 n ?us famili>1 :at am\nt (       
speculation1 ( argum5ts f analogies1    
possibilities1 & probabilities1 c\ld    
avail to produce conviction ( its tru?4 
,b :o c believe t all ! plants & animals
 :i* h ev] exi/$ ^u ! face ( ! e>?1 h   
be5 evolv$ f "o su* g]m8 ,?is is ,d>w9's
 doctr9e4 ,we are aw>e t ?is app>5t     
impossibility is evad$ by ! believ]s 9  
spontane\s g5]ation1 :o hold t su* g]m  
cells may be produc$ any:]e & at all    
times4 ,b ?is is n ,d>w9ism4 ,d>w9 wants
 u to believe t all liv+ ?+s1 f ! l[ly  
violet to ! giant r$woods ( ,cali=nia1 f
 ! microscopic animalcule to ! ,ma/odon1
 ! ,d9o!rium1--mon/]s ! v description ( 
:i* fill u ) horror1--bats ) w+s tw5ty  
feet 9 bread?1 fly+ dragons1 tortoises  
t5 feet high & eighte5 feet long1 etc41 
etc41 came "o & all f ! same primordial 
g]m4 ,?is dem& is ! m unreasonable :5 we
 rememb] t ^! liv+ creatures are n only 
s diff]5t1 b are1 z to plants & animals1
 directly oppos$ 9 _! functions4 ,!     
function ( ! plant1 z biologi/s express 

x1 is to produce =ce1 t ( ! animal to   
exp5d x4 ,! plant1 9 virtue ( a p[]     
peculi> to itself1 :i* no art or skill (
 man c imitate1 transmutes dead         
inorganic matt] into organic matt]1     
suit$ to ! su/5ance ( animal life1 & )\t
 :i* animals _c live4 ,! gulf1 !re=e1   
betwe5 ! plant & animal w\ld seem to be 
impassable4  ,fur!r1 ! v>iations by :i* 
! *ange ( species is effect$ are s      
trifl+ z (t5 to be imp]ceptible1 & _!   
accumulation ( !m s sl[ z to evade      
notice1--! "t requisite to accompli% any
 m>k$ *ange mu/ be c\nt$ by millions1 or
 milli>ds ( ye>s4 ,"h is ano!r dem& on  
our cr$ulity4 ,! apex is rea*$ :5 we are
 told t all ^! transmutations are       
effect$ by *ance1 t is1 )\t purpose or  
int5tion4 ,tak+ all ^! ?+s into         
consid]ation1 we ?9k x may1 ) mod]ation1
 be said1 t a m absolutely incr$ible    
!ory 0 nev] prop\nd$ = acceptance among 
m54  #b4 ,!re is no pret5ce t ! !ory c  
be prov$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 does n pret5d to   
prove x4 ,he admits t all ! facts 9 !   

case c be acc\nt$ = on ! assumption (   
div9e purpose & control4 ,all t he      
claims = 8 !ory is t x is possible4 ,8  
mode ( argu+ is t if we suppose ?is & t1
 !n x may h happ5$ ?us & s4 ,amiable &  
attractive z ! man pres5ts himself 9 8  
writ+s1 x r\ses indignation1 9 "o class 
at lea/ ( 8 read]s1 to see him by su* a 
mode ( argu+ rea*+ conclusions :i* are  
subv]sive ( ! fundam5tal tru?s (        
religion4  #c4 ,ano!r fact _c fail to   
attract att5tion4 ,:5 ! !ory ( evolution
 0 prop\nd$ 9 #ahdd 9 ! ,ve/iges (      
,creation1 x 0 univ]sally reject$2 :5   
propos$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 less ?an tw5ty   
ye>s aft]w>d1 x 0 receiv$ ) acclamation4
 ,:y is ?is8 ,! facts are n[ :at !y 7   
!n4 ,!y 7 z well kn[n !n z !y are n[4 ,!
 !ory1 s f> z evolution is conc]n$1 0 !n
 j :at x is n[4 ,h[ !n is x1 t :at 0    
sci5tifically false 9 #ahdd is          
sci5tifically true 9 #ahfd8 ,:5 a drama 
is introduc$ 9 a !atre & univ]sally     
condemn$1 & a little :ile aft]w>d1 ) a  
little *ange 9 ! sc5]y1 x is receiv$ )  

raptur\s applause1 ! natural conclusion 
is1 t ! *ange is 9 ! audi5ce & n 9 !    
drama4  ,!re is only "o cause = ! fact  
ref]r$ to1 t we c ?9k (4 ,! ,ve/iges (  
,creation did n expressly or effectually
 exclude design4 ,d>w9 does4 ,?is is a  
reason assign$ by ! mo/ zeal\s advocates
 ( 8 !ory = _! adoption ( x4 ,?is is !  
reason giv5 by ,b*n]1 by ,haeckel1 & by 
,vogt4 ,x is assign$ also 9 express t]ms
 by ,/rauss1 ! ann\ncem5t ( ^: dea? has 
diffus$ a feel+ ( sadness ov] all :o 7  
acqua9t$ ) 8 antec$5ts4 ,9 8 la/ "w1 ,! 
,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 he admits t ,d>w9's
 doctr9e is a m]e hypo!sis2 t x leaves !
 ma9 po9ts unexpla9$ 7,die ,hupt und    
,c>d9al-punkte no* un]klrt s9d72        
nev]!less1 z he has %[n h[ miracles may 
be exclud$1 he is to be applaud$ z "o ( 
! greate/ b5efactors ( ! human race4 7p4
 #agg7 ,by ,wund]1 or miracle1 ,/rauss  
means any ev5t = :i* natural causes are 
insuffici5t to acc\nt4 ,we philosoph]s &
 critical !ologians1 he says1 h spok5   
well :5 we decre$ ! abolition (         

miracles2 b our decree 7ma*t-spru*7     
rema9$ )\t effect1 because we c\ld n %[ 
!m to be unnecess>y1 inasmu* z we 7     
unable to indicate any natural =ce to   
take _! place4 ,d>w9 has provid$ or     
indicat$ ?is natural =ce1 ?is process ( 
nature2 he has op5$ ! door ?r\gh :i* a  
happi] po/]ity may eject miracles =ev]4 
,!n foll[s ! s5t5ce j quot$1 ,he :o kn[s
 :at hangs on miracle1 w applaud ,d>w9 z
 "o ( ! greate/ b5efactors ( ! human    
race4 ,) ,/rauss & o!rs ( 8 class1      
miracles & design are id5tical1 because 
"o z well z ! o!r assumes sup]natural   
ag5cy4 ,he quotes ,helmholtz1 :o says1  
,d>w9's !ory1 t adaptation 9 ! =mation (
 organisms may arise )\t ! int]v5tion ( 
intellig5ce1 by ! bl9d op]ation (       
natural law2 & !n adds1 ,z ,helmholtz   
di/+ui%es ! ,engli% naturali/ z ! man :o
 has bani%$ design f nature1 s we h     
prais$ him z ! man :o has done away )   
miracles4 ,bo? mean ! same ?+4#dg       
,design is ! miracle-work] 9 nature1 :i*
 has put ! _w upside d[n2 or z ,sp9oza  

says1 has plac$ ! la/ fir/1 ! effect = !
 cause1 & ?us de/roy$ ! v idea ( nature4
 ,design 9 nature1 especially 9 !       
dep>tm5t ( liv+ organisms1 has ev] be5  
appeal$ to by ^? :o desire to prove t ! 
_w is n self-evolv$1 b ! "w ( an        
intellig5t ,creator4 7p4 #baa7 ,on page 
#age1 he ref]s to ^? :o ridicule ,d>w91 
& yet are s f> "u ! influ5ce ( ! _s ( ! 
age z to d5y miracles or ! int]v5tion ( 
! ,creator 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 & says3  
,v well2 h[ d !y acc\nt = ! orig9 ( man1
 & 9 g5]al ! developm5t ( ! organic out 
( ! inorganic8 ,w\ld !y assume t !      
orig9al man z su*1 no matt] h[ r\gh &   
un=m$1 b /ill a man1 sprang imm$iately  
out ( ! inorganic1 out ( ! sea or !     
slime ( ! ,nile8 ,!y w\ld h>dly v5ture  
to say t2 !n !y mu/ "k t !re is only !  
*oice betwe5 miracle1 ! div9e h& ( !    
,creator1 & ,d>w94 ,:at an alt]native2 !
 ,creator or ,d>w96 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1      
,/rauss is "r4 ,to bani% design f       
nature1 z is done by ,d>w9's !ory1 is1 9
 ! language ( ! ,rev4 ,walt] ,mit*ell1  

virtually to de?rone ! ,creator4        
,ludwig ,weis1 ,m4 ,d41 ( ,d>m/adt1 says
 x is at pres5t ! mode 9 ,g]many 7& (   
c\rse 9 a measure "h71 to glorify       
,buddhism4 ,/rauss1 he adds1 says1      
,nature kn[s itself 9 man1 & 9 t he     
expresses ! ?\ght :i* all ,idealism &   
all ,mat]ialism make ! gr& end4 ,to !   
same effect x is said1 ',9 ,man ! ,all  
compreh5ds itself z consci\s be+ 7comes 
to self-consci\sness72 or1 9 ,man !     
absolute k 7,wiss51 ! act ( kn[+7 appe>s
 9 ! limits ( p]sonality4' ,?is 0 !     
doctr9e ( ! ,buddhi/ & ( ! anci5t       
,*9ese4 ,?us1 z ,dr4 ,weis says1 9 !    
n9ete5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1        
philosoph]s & sci5ti/s h rea*$ ! po9t   
:]e ! ,*9ese 7 two ?\s& ye>s ago4  ,!   
only way t is app>5t = acc\nt+ =        
evolution be+ reject$ 9 #ahdd1 & = its  
becom+ a popul> doctr9e 9 #ahff1 is1 t x
 happ5s to suit a prevail+ /ate ( m9d4  
,x is a fact1 s f> z our limit$ k       
ext5ds1 t no "o is will+ to ackn[l$ge   
himself1 n simply an evolutioni/1 b an  

evolutioni/ ( ! ,d>w9ian s*ool1 :o is n 
ei!r a ,mat]iali/ by pr(ession1 or a    
disciple ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 or an advocate
 ( ! philosophy ( ,hume4  ,!re is ano!r 
significant fact :i* goes to prove t !  
d5ial ( design1 :i* is ! creative idea (
 ,d>w9ism1 is ! ma9 cause ( its         
popul>ity & success4 ,pr(essor ,ow51    
,engl&'s greate/ naturali/1 is a        
d]ivationi/4 ,d]ivation & evolution are 
conv]tible t]ms4 ,bo? include ! d5ial t 
species are primordial1 or h ea* a      
diff]5t orig92 & bo? imply t "o species 
is =m$ out ( ano!r & simpl] =m4         
,pr(essor ,ow51 h[ev]1 al?\gh a         
d]ivationi/1 or evolutioni/1 is a v     
/r5u\s anti-,d>w9ian4 ,he diff]s f ,d>w9
 z to two po9ts4 ,fir/1 z to ,natural   
,selection1 or ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 
,he says t is inconsi/5t ) facts &      
utt]ly insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! orig9 (
 species4 ,he ref]s ! orig9 ( species to
 an inh]5t t5d5cy to *ange impress$ on  
!m f ! beg9n+4 ,& second1 he admits     
design4 ,he d5ies t ! succession & orig9

 ( species are due to *ance1 & expresses
 8 belief 9 ! con/ant op]ation (        
creative p[] 9 ! =mation ( species f !  
v>i$ desc5dants ( m g5]aliz$ =ms4#dh ,he
 believes t all liv+ ?+s h be5 produc$  
by su* law 7( v>iation7 9 "t1 _!        
position & uses 9 ! _w hav+ be5         
preorda9$ by ! ,creator4#di ,pr(essor   
,ow5 says he has taught ! doctr9e (     
d]ivation 7evolution7 = ?irty ye>s1 b x 
attract$ little att5tion4 ,z soon1      
h[ev]1 z ,d>w9 leaves out design1 we h a
 prairie-fire4 ,a prairie-fire1 happily1
 does n cont9ue v long2 & :ile x la/s1 x
 burns up little else ?an /ubble4  #d4  
,all ! evid5ce we h 9 favor ( ! fix$ness
 ( species is1 ( c\rse1 evid5ce n only  
aga9/ ,d>w9ism1 b aga9/ evolution 9 all 
its =ms4 ,x w\ld seem idle to discuss ! 
"q ( ! mutability ( species1 until      
satisfi$ :at species is4 ,?is1          
unhappily1 is a "q :i* x is exce$+ly    
difficult to answ]4 ,n only d !         
def9itions giv5 by sci5tific m5 diff]   
almo/ indef9itely1 b !re is endless     

div]sity 9 classification4 ,?9k ( f\r   
hundr$ & eighty species ( humm+-birds4  
,haeckel says t "o naturali/ makes t51  
ano!r =ty1 ano!r two hundr$1 & ano!r "o1
 species ( a c]ta9 fossil2 & we h j he>d
 t ,agassiz _h collect$ eight hundr$    
species ( ! same fossil animal4 ,haeckel
 also says 7p4 #bdf71 t !re are no two  
zologi/s or any two botani/s :o agree   
altoge!r 9 _! classification4 ,mr4 ,d>w9
 says1 ,no cle> l9e ( dem>cation has yet
 be5 drawn betwe5 species & sub-species1
 & v>ieties4 7p4 #fa7 ,x is absolutely  
necess>y1 !re=e1 t a di/9ction %\ld be  
made betwe5 artificial & natural        
species4 ,no man ass]ts ! immutability (
 all ^? v>ieties ( plants & animals1 :i*
 naturali/s1 = ! conv5i5ce (            
classification1 may call di/9ct species4
 ,haeckel1 = example1 gives a li/ (     
twelve species ( man4 ,s any "o may make
 fifty species ( dogs1 or ( horses4 ,?is
 is a m]e artificial di/9ction1 :i*     
am\nts to no?+4 ,!re is f> great]       
diff]5ce betwe5 a p\t] & a c>ri] pigeon1

 ?an betwe5 a ,caucasian & a ,mongolian4
 ,to call ! =m] v>ieties ( ! same       
species1 & ! latt] di/9ct species1 is   
altoge!r arbitr>y4 ,nev]!less1 not)/&+ !
 arbitr>y classifications ( naturali/s1 
x rema9s true t !re are :at ,pr(essor   
,dana calls units ( ! organic _w4 ,:5   
individuals multiply f g5]ation to      
g5]ation1 x is b a repetition ( !       
primordial type-idea1 & ! true notion ( 
! species is n 9 ! result+ gr\p1 b 9 !  
idea or pot5tial elem5t :i* is ! basis (
 e individual ( ! gr\p4#ej ,dr4         
,morton's def9ition ( species z         
primordial organic =ms1 agrees ) t giv5 
by ,pr(essor ,dana2 & bo? agree ) !     
,bible1 :i* says t ,god creat$ plants & 
animals ea* aft] its k9d4 ,a primordial 
=m is a =m :i* 0 n evolv$ out ( "s o!r  
=m1 b :i* began to be 9 ! =m--subject to
 su* v>ieties z we see 9 ! dog1 horse1 &
 man--9 :i* x cont9u$ dur+ ! :ole p]iod 
( its exi/5ce4  ,! crit]ia ( ^!         
primordial =ms or species ( nature1 are1
 7#a47 ,morphological4 ,animals1 h[ev]1 

may approa* v ne>ly 9 _! /ructure1 & yet
 belong to diff]5t species4 ,x is only  
:5 ! peculi>ities ( /ructure are        
indicative ( specialty ( design1 t !y =m
 a safe gr\nd ( classification4 ,if !   
tee? ( "o animal are =m$ to fit x to fe$
 on fle%1 & ^? ( ano!r to fit x to fe$  
on plants2 if "o has webb$ feet & ano!r 
n2 !n1 9 all su* cases1 diff]5ce (      
/ructure proves diff]5ce ( k9d4 7#b47   
,physiological2 t is1 ! int]nal nature1 
indicat$ by habits & in/9cts1 furni%es  
ano!r safe crit]ion4 7#c47 ,p]man5t     
fecundity4 ,! prog5itors ( ! same       
species reproduce _! k9d f g5]ation to  
g5]ation2 ! prog5y ( diff]5t species1   
al?\gh ne>ly alli$1 d n4 ,x is a fix$   
law ( nature t species nev] c be        
annihilat$1 except by all ! individuals 
includ$ 9 !m dy+ out2 & t new species _c
 be produc$4 ,e true species is         
primordial4 ,x is ?is fact1 t is1 t no  
v>iety1 ) ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics (      
species1 has ev] be5 produc$1 t =ces1 z 
we saw above1 ,pr(essor ,huxley to      

pron\nce ,mr4 ,d>w9's doctr9e to be an  
unprov$ hypo!sis4 ,species cont9ue2     
v>ieties1 if let alone1 always rev]t to 
! normal type4 ,x requires ! skill &    
con/ant att5tion ( man to keep !m       
di/9ct4  ,n[ t !re are su* =ms 9 nature1
 is prov$ n only f ! te/imony ( ! great 
body ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ naturali/s1 b by  
all ! facts 9 ! case4  ,fir/1 ! fact t  
su* species are kn[n to h exi/$ un*ang$1
 ?r\gh :at geologi/s consid] almo/      
immeasurable p]iods ( "t4 ,palontologi/s
 tell u t ,trilobites ab\nd$ f !        
primordial age d[n to ! ,c>bonif]\s     
p]iod1 t is1 z !y suppose1 ?r\gh        
millions ( ye>s4 ,m wond]ful /ill1 !    
little animals ^: rema9s con/itute !    
*alk =mations :i* are spread ov] l>ge   
areas ( c\ntry1 & are sometimes a hundr$
 feet ?ick1 are n[ at "w at ! bottom ( !
 ,atlantic4 ,pr9cipal ,dawson tells u1 )
 reg>d to ,mollusks exi/+ 9 a sub-fossil
 /ate 9 ! ,po/-plioc5e clays ( ,canada1 
t aft] c>efully /udy+ ab\t two hundr$   
species1 & ( "s ( ^!1 _m hundr$s (      

specim5s1 ,i h arriv$ at ! conclusion t 
!y are absolutely un*ang$4444 ,"h aga9  
we h an absolute refusal1 on ! "p ( all 
^! animals1 to admit t !y are d]iv$1 or 
h t5d$ to sport into new species4#ea    
,on ! previ\s page he says1 ,pictet     
catalogues n9ety-eight species ( mammals
 :i* inhabit$ ,europe 9 ! ,po/-glacial  
p]iod4 ,( ^! fifty-sev5 /ill exi/       
un*ang$1 & ! rema9d] h disappe>$4 ,n "o 
c be %[n to h be5 modifi$ into a new =m1
 ?\gh "s ( !m h be5 oblig$1 by *anges ( 
temp]ature & o!r conditions1 to remove  
into di/ant & n[ widely sep>at$ regions4
  ,a second fact :i* atte/s ! primordial
 "* & fix$ness ( species is1 t e species
 z x fir/ appe>s1 is n 9 a transition   
/ate betwe5 "o =m & ano!r1 b 9 !        
p]fection ( its k9d4 ,sci5ce has inde$  
discov]$ an asc5d+ ord] 9 creation1 :i* 
agrees m>vell\sly ) t giv5 9 ! book (   
,g5esis3 fir/1 vegetable productions2 !n
 ! mov+ creatures 9 ! sea2 !n t]re/rial 
animals2 & f9ally man4 ,naturali/s1 :o  
utt]ly reject ! ,scriptures z a div9e   

revelation1 speak ) ! highe/ admiration 
( ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation1 z      
comp>$ ) any o!r cosmogony ( ! anci5t   
_w4 ,:ile !re is 9 g5]al an asc5d+ s]ies
 9 ^! liv+ =ms1 ea* 0 p]fect 9 its k9d4 
,agassiz says t fi%es exi/$             
contemporane\sly ) species ( all !      
inv]tebrate sub-k+doms 9 ! ,taconic1 or 
sub-,cambrian /rata4 ,?is is ! extreme  
limit ( kn[n geological /rata 9 :i* life
 is f\nd to h exi/$4 ,z ! evolution ( "o
 species out ( ano!r requires1 accord+  
to ,d>w91 millions ( ye>s1 x is out ( ! 
"q to trace ^! animals beyond ! /rata 9 
:i* _! rema9s are n[ f\nd4 ,yet crabs or
 lob/]s1 worms1 cuttle-fi%1 snails1     
jelly-fi%1 />-fi%1 oy/]s1 ! polyps liv$ 
contemporane\sly ) ! fir/ kn[n v]tebrate
 animals t ev] came into be+--all z     
cle>ly def9$ by unmi/akable ord9al or   
special *>act]s z !y are at ! pres5t    
mom5t4#eb  ,! foot ( ! horse is consid]$
 by zologi/s z "o ( ! mo/ beautiful     
contrivances 9 nature4 ,! rema9s ( ?is  
animal f\nd 9 :at is call$ ! ,plioc5e   

,p]iod1 %[ ! foot to h be5 z p]fect !n z
 x is n[4  ,mr4 ,wallace says t man has 
exi/$ on ! e>? a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s1 & t x
 is probable t he exi/$ f\r hundr$ ?\s& 
ye>s ago4 ,( c\rse we d n believe ?is4  
,we h little fai? 9 ! *ronology (       
sci5ce4 ,x gives no sure data = !       
calculation ( "t1 h5ce we f9d !m diff]+ 
f f\r ?\s& to f\r hundr$ ?\s& ye>s z to 
! "t requir$ = c]ta9 =mations4 ,! mo/   
tru/wor?y geologi/s tea* t all t is kn[n
 ( ! antiquity ( man falls )9 ! limits (
 ,biblical *ronology4 ,! fur!r1 h[ev]1  
,d>w9ians pu% back ! orig9 ( man1 !     
/rong]1 z aga9/ !m1 becomes ! argum5t = 
! immutability ( species4 ,! e>lie/     
rema9s ( man %[ t at 8 fir/ appe>ance1  
he 0 9 p]fection4 ,! olde/ kn[n human   
skull is t call$ ! ,engis1 because f\nd 
9 ! cave ( ,engis 9 ,belgium4 ,( ?is    
skull ,pr(essor ,huxley says x may h    
belong$ to an individual ( "o ( ! exi/+ 
races ( m54 ,pr9cipal ,dawson1 :o has a 
ca/ ( x1 on ! same %elf ) ! skulls ( "s 
,algonqu9 ,indians1 says x might be tak5

 = ! skull ( an ,am]ican ,indian4       
,inde$1 ,dawson seems to ?9k t ^! fossil
 human rema9s g to %[ t ! e>lie/ m5 7   
bett] develop$ ?an any ( ! extant races4
  ,?irdly4 ,! hi/orical evid5ce         
accessible all goes to prove !          
immutability ( species4 ,! e>lie/       
hi/orical records & ! olde/ monum5ts    
prove t all extant animals 7 :at !y n[  
are ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4  ,f\r?ly4 ,! fact 
t hybrids _c be p]petuat$1 t no device (
 man c produce a new species1 is pro( t 
,god has fix$ limits :i* _c be pass$4   
,?is ,huxley himself admits to be an    
insup]able objection4 ,s long z x exi/s1
 he says1 ,d>w9's doctr9e mu/ be cont5t 
to rema9 a hypo!sis2 x _c pret5d to !   
dignity ( a !ory4 ,ano!r fact ( l import
 is t v>ieties artificially produc$1 if 
let alone1 uni=mly rev]t to ! simple    
typical =m4 ,x is only by ! utmo/ c>e !y
 c be kept di/9ct4 ,all ! highly priz$  
v>ieties ( horses1 cattle1 %eep1        
pigeons1 etc41 )\t human control1 w\ld  
be m]g$ ea* class into "o1 ) only !     

slight diff]5ces occasion$ by div]sities
 ( climate & o!r ext]nal conditions4 ,if
 9 ! sight ( man x is important t !     
words ( a book %\ld be kept di/9ct1 x is
 equally evid5t t 9 ! sight ( ,god x is 
no less important t ! units ( nature    
%\ld n be mix$ 9 inextricable &         
indi/+ui%able confusion4  ,fif?ly4 ,!   
sudd5 appe>ance ( new k9ds ( animals is 
ano!r fact :i* ,palontologi/s urge aga9/
 ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,accord+ to !   
view ( geologi/s great *anges h1 at     
remote p]iods1 occurr$ 9 ! /ate ( ! e>?4
 ,cont95ts h be5 subm]g$ & ! bottom ( ! 
sea rais$ above ! surface ( ! wat]s4    
,correspond+ *anges h occurr$ 9 ! /ate (
 ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! globe1 & 9 !    
temp]ature ( ! e>?4 ,accompany+ or      
foll[+ ^! revolutions new classes (     
plants & animals appe>1 adapt$ to ! new 
condition ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,:5ce d !y 
come8 ,!y h1 z ,dawson expresses x1     
nei!r fa!rs nor mo!rs4 ,no?+ prec$es !m 
f :i* !y c\ld be d]iv$2 & no?+ ( ! same 
k9d foll[s !m4 ,!y live ?r\gh _! appo9t$

 p]iod2 & !n1 9 a multitude ( cases1    
f9ally disappe>1 & are 9 _! turn foll[$ 
by new ord]s or k9ds4 ,9 o!r words1 !   
l9ks or connect+ =ms ( ?is assum$ regul>
 succession or d]ivation are n to be    
f\nd4 ,?is fact is s pat5t1 t ,hugh     
,mill]1 :5 argu+ aga9/ ! doctr9e (      
evolution z propos$ 9 ! ,ve/iges (      
,creation1 says1 t ! record 9 ! rocks   
seems to h be5 writt5 = ! v purpose (   
prov+ t su* evolution is impossible4    
,we h ! explicit te/imony ( ,agassiz1 z 
a ,palontologi/1 t ! facts ( geology    
contradict ! !ory ( ! transmutation (   
species4 ,?is te/imony has be5 repeat$ly
 giv5 & 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,9 ! la/ production
 ( 8 p51 he says3 ,z a ,palontologi/ ,i 
h f ! beg9n+ /ood alo( f ?is new !ory ( 
transmutation1 n[ s widely admitt$ by ! 
sci5tific _w4 ,its doctr9es1 9 fact1    
contradict :at ! animal =ms buri$ 9 !   
rocky /rata ( our e>? tell u ( _! own   
introduction & succession ^u ! surface (
 ! globe4 ,let u look n[ at ! e>lie/    
v]tebrates1 z kn[n & record$ 9          

geological surveys4 ,!y %\ld1 ( c\rse1  
if !re is any tru? 9 ! transmutation    
!ory1 correspond ) ! l[e/ 9 rank or /&+4
 ,:at !n are ! e>lie/ kn[n v]tebrates8  
,!y are ,sela*ians 7%>ks & _! allies7 & 
,ganoids 7g>pikes & ! l71 ! highe/ ( all
 liv+ fi%es1 /ructurally speak+4 ,he    
closes ! article f :i* ^! quotations are
 tak5 ) ! ass]tion1 t !re is no evid5ce 
( a direct desc5t ( lat] f e>li] species
 9 ! geological succession ( animals4#ec
 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,agassiz is quot$1 n z
 to matt]s ( !ory1 b z to matt]s ( fact4
 ,! only answ] :i* evolutioni/s c make  
to ?is argum5t1 is ! imp]fection ( !    
geological record4 ,:5 ask$1 ,:]e are ! 
imm$iate pr$ecessors ( ^! new species8  
!y answ]1 ,!y h disappe>$1 or1 h n yet  
be5 f\nd4 ,:5 ask$1 ,:]e are _! imm$iate
 successors8 ! answ] aga9 is1 ,!y h     
disappe>$4#ed ,?is is an objection :i*  
,mr4 ,d>w91 ) 8 usual c&or1 virtually   
admits to be unansw]able4 ,we h already 
se51 t he says1 ,e "o w admit t !       
geological record is imp]fect2 b v few c

 believe t x is s v imp]fect z my !ory  
dem&s4  ,su* are "s ( ! gr\nds on :i*   
geologi/s & palontologi/s ( ! highe/    
rank ass]t t ! !ory ( evolution has n ! 
slighte/ sci5tific basis2 & !y support  
_! ass]tion ) an am\nt ( evid5ce ( :i* !
 above items are a mis]able pittance4   
,six?ly4 ,!re is ano!r consid]ation (   
decisive importance4 ,/rauss says1 !re  
are ?ree ?+s :i* h be5 /umbl+-blocks 9 !
 way ( sci5ce4 ,fir/1 ! orig9 ( life2   
second1 ! orig9 ( consci\sness2 ?ird1 ! 
orig9 ( reason4 ,^! are equival5t to !  
gaps :i*1 ,pr9cipal ,dawson says1 exi/ 9
 ! !ory ( evolution4 ,he /ates !m ?us3  
#a4 ,t betwe5 dead & liv+ matt]4 #b4 ,t 
betwe5 vegetable & animal life4 ,^! are 
necess>ily ! conv]se ( ea* o!r3 ! "o    
deoxidizes & accumulates1 ! o!r oxidizes
 & exp5ds4 #c4 ,t betwe5 any species (  
plant or animal1 & any o!r species4 ,x 0
 ?is gap1 & ?is only1 :i* ,d>w9 und]took
 to fill up by 8 great "w on ! orig9 (  
species1 b1 not)/&+ ! imm5se am\nt (    
mat]ial ?us exp5d$1 x yawns z wide z    

ev]1 s9ce x mu/ be admitt$ t no case has
 be5 asc]ta9$ 9 :i* an individual ( "o  
species has transgress$ ! limits betwe5 
x & ano!r species4 #d4 ,ano!r gap is    
betwe5 ! nature ( ! animal & !          
self-consci\s1 reason+1 & moral nature (
 man4 7pp4 #cbe-cbh7  ,fir/1 z to ! gap 
betwe5 dea? & life2 ?is is :at ,dr4     
,/irl+ calls ! gulf ( all gulfs1 :i*    
,mr4 ,huxley's protoplasm is z p[]less  
to efface z any o!r mat]ial exp$i5t t   
has ev] be5 sugge/$4#ee ,?is gulf ,mr4  
,d>w9 does n attempt to bridge ov]4 ,he 
admits t life owes its orig9 to ! act ( 
! ,creator4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ prom95t (
 ! advocates ( ,d>w9ism say1 is giv+ up 
! :ole controv]sy4 ,if y admit !        
int]v5tion ( creative p[] at "o po9t1 y 
may z well admit x 9 any o!r4 ,if life  
owes its orig9 to creative p[]1 :y n    
species8 ,if ! /up5d\s miracle (        
creation be admitt$1 !re is no %[ (     
reason = d5y+ sup]natural int]v5tion 9 !
 op]ations ( nature4 ,mo/ ,d>w9ians     
attempt to pass ?is gulf on ! imag9>y   

bridge ( spontane\s g5]ation4 ,9 o!r    
words1 !y say !re is no gulf !re4 ,!    
molecules ( matt]1 9 "o comb9ation1 may 
z well exhibit ! ph5om5a ( life1 z 9 o!r
 comb9ations1 any o!r k9d ( ph5om5a4 ,! 
di/+ui%$ ,sir ,william ,?omson _c tru/  
himself to t bridge4 ,dead matt]1 he    
says1 _c become liv+ matt] )\t com+ "u !
 influ5ce ( matt] previ\sly alive4 ,?is 
seems to me z sure a tea*+ ( sci5ce z ! 
law ( gravitation4444 ,i am ready to    
adopt1 z an article ( sci5tific fai?1   
true ?r\gh all space & ?r\gh all "t1 t  
life proce$s f life1 & no?+ b life4#ef  
,he ref]s ! orig9 ( life on ?is e>? to  
fall+ meteors1 :i* br+ ) !m f o!r       
planets ! g]ms ( liv+ organisms2 & f ^? 
g]ms all ! plants & animals ) :i* our _w
 is n[ cov]$ h be5 d]iv$4 ,pr9cipal     
,dawson ?9ks t ?is 0 int5d$ z irony4 ,b 
! :ole tone ( ! address1 & specially ( !
 clos+ portion ( x1 9 :i* ?is idea is   
advanc$1 is f> too s]i\s to admit ( su* 
an explanation4  ,no "o c read ! address
 ref]r$ to )\t be+ impress$1 & ev5 aw$1 

by ! imm5sity & gr&eur ( ! field ( k :i*
 falls legitimately )9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce4
 ,! p]usal ( t disc\rse produces a feel+
 ( humility analog\s to ! s5se (        
insignificance :i* e man exp]i5ces :5 he
 ?9ks ( himself z a speck on ! surface (
 ! e>?1 :i* itself is b a speck 9 !     
imm5sity ( ! univ]se4 ,& :5 a man ( m]e 
ord9>y culture sees ,sir ,william       
,?omson survey+ t field ) a ma/]y ( its 
details & famili>ity ) all ! recondite  
me?ods ( its inve/igation1 he feels z   
no?+ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,yet ?is great man1   
:om we _c help reg>d+ ) wond]1 is s     
c>ri$ away by ! _s ( 8 class z to say1  
,sci5ce is b\nd1 by ! ev]la/+ law (     
honor1 to face fe>lessly e problem :i* c
 fairly be br\ght be=e x4 ,if a probable
 solution1 consi/5t ) ! ord9>y c\rse (  
nature1 c be f\nd1 we mu/ n invoke an   
abnormal act ( ,creative ,p[]4 ,&1      
!re=e1 in/ead ( invok+ ,creative ,p[]1  
he acc\nts = ! orig9 ( life on e>? by   
fall+ meteors4 ,h[ he acc\nts = its     
orig9 9 ! places :5ce ! meteors came1 he

 does n say4 ,yet ,sir ,william ,?omson 
believes 9 ,creative ,p[]2 & 9 a        
subsequ5t page1 we %all quote 8 explicit
 repudiation ( ! a!i/ic elem5t 9 !      
,d>w9ian !ory4  ,/rauss quotes          
,dubois-,reymond1 a di/+ui%$ naturali/1 
z tea*+ t ! fir/ ( ^! great problems1   
viz4 ! orig9 ( life1 admits (           
explanation on sci5tific 7i4 e41 9 8    
s5se1 mat]iali/ic7 pr9ciples2 & ev5 !   
?ird1 viz4 ! orig9 ( reason2 b ! second1
 or ! orig9 ( consci\sness1 he says1 is 
p]fectly inscrutable4 ,dubois-,reymond  
holds t ! mo/ accurate k ( ! ess5tial   
organism reveals to u only matt] 9      
motion2 b betwe5 ?is mat]ial movem5t &  
my feel+ pa9 or pleasure1 exp]i5c+ a    
sweet ta/e1 see+ r$1 ) ! conclusion     
'!re=e ,i exi/1' !re is a pr(\nd gulf2 &
 x 'rema9s utt]ly & =ev] inconceivable  
:y to a numb] ( atoms ( c>bon1 hydrog51 
etc41 x %\ld n be a matt] ( indiff]5ce  
h[ !y lie or h[ !y move2 nor1 c we 9 any
 wise tell h[ consci\sness %\ld result f
 _! concurr5t action4' ,:e!r1 adds      

,/rauss1 ^! ,v]ba ,magi/ri are inde$ !  
la/ ^w on ! subject1 "t only c tell4#eg 
,b if x is inconceivable1 n to say      
absurd1 t s5se-consci\sness %\ld consi/ 
9 ! motion ( molecules ( matt]1 or be a 
function ( su* molecules1 x c h>dly be  
less absurd to acc\nt = ?\ght1          
consci5ce1 & religi\s feel+ & belief on 
any su* hypo!sis4 ,x may be said t ,mr4 
,d>w9 is n responsible = ^! extreme     
op9ions4 ,t is v true4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 is n a
 ,moni/1 = 9 admitt+ creation1 he admits
 a dualism z betwe5 ,god & ! _w4 ,nei!r 
is he a ,mat]iali/1 inasmu* z he assumes
 a sup]natural orig9 = ! inf9itesimal   
modicum ( life & intellig5ce 9 !        
primordial animalcule1 f :i* )\t div9e  
purpose or ag5cy1 all liv+ ?+s 9 ! :ole 
hi/ory ( our e>? h desc5d$4 ,all !      
innum]able v>ieties ( plants1 all !     
c\ntless =ms ( animals1 ) all _! in/9cts
 & faculties1 all ! v>ieties ( m5 ) _!  
intellectual end[m5ts1 & _! moral &     
religi\s nature1 h1 accord+ to ,d>w91   
be5 evolv$ by ! ag5cy ( ! bl9d1         

unconsci\s laws ( nature4 ,?is          
inf9itesimal sp>k ( sup]naturalism 9    
,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 w\ld inevitably h    
gone out ( itself1 _h x n be5 rudely &  
contemptu\sly trodd5 out by 8 bold]1 & m
 logical successors4  ,! gr& & fatal    
objection to ,d>w9ism is ?is exclusion (
 design 9 ! orig9 ( species1 or !       
production ( liv+ organisms4 ,by design 
is meant ! intellig5t & volunt>y        
selection ( an end1 & ! intellig5t &    
volunt>y *oice1 application1 & control (
 means appropriate to ! accompli%m5t ( t
 end4 ,t design1 !re=e1 implies         
intellig5ce1 is involv$ 9 its v nature4 
,no man c p]ceive ?is adaptation ( means
 to ! accompli%m5t ( a preconceiv$ end1 
)\t exp]i5c+ an irresi/ible conviction t
 x is ! "w ( m9d4 ,no man does d\bt x1 &
 no man c d\bt x4 ,d>w9 does n d5y x4   
,haeckel does n d5y x4 ,no ,d>w9ian     
d5ies x4 ,:at !y d is to d5y t !re is   
any design 9 nature4 ,x is m]ely app>5t1
 z :5 ! w9d ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 z       
,huxley says1 selects ! "r k9d ( s& &   

spreads x 9 heaps ^u ! pla9s4 ,b 9 ?us  
d5y+ design 9 nature1 ^! writ]s array   
aga9/ !mselves ! intuitive p]ceptions & 
irresi/ible convictions ( all mank9d1--a
 b>ri] :i* no man has ev] be5 able to   
surm\nt4 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 9 !     
address already ref]r$ to1 says3 ,i feel
 pr(\ndly conv9c$ t ! argum5t ( design  
has be5 greatly too mu* lo/ sight ( 9   
rec5t zological speculations4 ,reaction 
aga9/ ! frivolities ( teleology1 su* z  
are to be f\nd1 n r>ely1 9 ! notes ( !  
le>n$ comm5tators on ',paley's ,natural 
,!ology1' has1 ,i believe1 _h a tempor>y
 effect ( turn+ att5tion f ! solid      
irrefragable argum5t s well put =w>d 9 t
 excell5t old book4 ,b ov]p[]+ pro( (   
intellig5ce & b5evol5t design lie all   
ar\nd u1 & if ev] p]plexities1 :e!r     
metaphysical or sci5tific1 turn u away f
 !m = a "t1 !y come back ^u u )         
irresi/ible =ce1 %[+ to u ?r\gh nature !
 influ5ce ( a free w1 & tea*+ u t all   
liv+ be+s dep5d ^u "o ev]-act+ ,creator 
& ,rul]4  ,x is impossible = ev5 ,mr4   

,d>w91 inconsi/5t z x is ) 8 :ole !ory1 
to d5y all design 9 ! con/itution (     
nature4 ,:at is 8 law ( h]$ity8 ,:y %\ld
 l beget l8 ,take two g]m cells1 "o ( a 
plant1 ano!r ( an animal2 no man by     
microscope or by *emical analysis1 or by
 ! magic p[] ( ! spectroscope1 c detect 
! slighte/ diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 yet ! "o 
infallibly develops into a plant & ! o!r
 into an animal4 ,take ! g]m ( a fi% & (
 a bird1 & !y are equally indi/+ui%able2
 yet ! "o always "u all conditions      
develops into a fi% & ! o!r into a bird4
 ,:y is ?is8 ,!re is no physical =ce1   
:e!r light1 heat1 electricity1 or any?+ 
else1 :i* makes ! slighte/ approximation
 to acc\nt+ = t fact4 ,to say1 z ,/u>t  
,mill w\ld say1 t x is an ultimate fact1
 & ne$s no explanation1 is to say t !re 
may be an effect )\t an adequate cause4 
,! v5]able ,r4 ,e4 ,von ,ba]1 ! fir/    
naturali/ 9 ,russia1 ( :om ,agassiz     
speaks 9 t]ms ( su* affectionate        
v5]ation 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly =        
,janu>y1 #ahgd1 has writt5 a volume dat$

 ,dorpat1 #ahgc1 & entitl$ ,zum ,/reit  
b] d5 ,d>w9ismus4 ,9 t volume1 z we le>n
 f a ,g]man p]iodical1 ! au?or says3 ,! 
,d>w9ians lay great /ress on h]$ity2 b  
:at is ! law ( h]$ity b a det]m9ation ( 
some?+ future8 ,is x n 9 its nature 9 ! 
highe/ degree teleological8 ,inde$1 is n
 ! :ole faculty ( reproduction int5d$ to
 introduce a new life-process8 ,:5 a man
 looks at a dissect$ insect & exam9es   
its /r+s ( eggs1 & asks1 ,:5ce are !y8 !
 naturali/ ( our day has no answ] to    
give1 b t !y 7 ( necessity gradually    
produc$ by ! *anges 9 matt]4 ,:5 x is   
fur!r ask$1 ,:y are !y !re8 is x wrong  
to say1 ,x is 9 ord] t :5 ! eggs are    
mature & f]tiliz$1 new individuals ( !  
same =m %\ld be produc$4  ,x is fur!r to
 be consid]$ t !re are innum]able cases 
( contrivance1 or evid5ce ( design 9    
nature1 to :i* ! pr9ciple ( natural     
selection1 or ! purposeless *anges      
effect$ by unconsci\s =ce1 _c apply2 z =
 example1 ! di/9ction ( sex1 ) all t is 
!re9 involv$4 ,b pass+ by su* cases1 x  

may be ask$1 :at w\ld x avail to get rid
 ( design 9 ! vegetable & animal k+dom1 
:ile ! :ole univ]se is full ( x8 ,t ?is 
ord]$ ,cosmos is n f necessity or *ance1
 is almo/ a self-evid5t fact4 ,n "o man 
9 a million ( ^? :o ev] he>d ( ,god1    
ei!r does d\bt or c d\bt x4 ,besides h[ 
are ! cosmical relations ( light1 heat1 
electricity1 to ! con/itu5t p>ts ( !    
univ]se1 & especially1 s f> z ?is e>? is
 conc]n$1 to vegetable & animal life1 to
 be acc\nt$ =8 ,is ?is all *ance "w8 ,is
 x by *ance t light & heat cause plants 
to c>ry on _! wond]ful op]ations1       
transmut+ ! inorganic into ! organic1   
dead matt] into liv+ & life su/a9+      
matt]8 ,is x )\t a purpose t wat] in/ead
 ( contract+1 exp&s at ! freez+ po9t8--a
 fact to :i* is due t ! e>? nor? ( !    
tropic is habitable = man or bea/4 ,x is
 no answ] to ?is "q to say t a few o!r  
sub/ances h ! same peculi>ity1 :5 no    
good end1 t we c see1 is !reby          
accompli%$4 ,no man is s fooli% z to d5y
 t 8 eye 0 int5d$ to enable him to see1 

because he _c tell :at ! sple5 0 made =4
 ,x is1 h[ev]1 useless to dwell ^u ?is  
subject4 ,if a man d5ies t !re is design
 9 nature1 he c ) q z good reason d5y t 
!re is any design 9 any or 9 all ! works
 ev] execut$ by man4  ,! conclusion ( ! 
:ole matt] is1 t ! d5ial ( design 9     
nature is virtually ! d5ial ( ,god4 ,mr4
 ,d>w9's !ory does d5y all design 9     
nature1 !re=e1 8 !ory is virtually      
a!i/ical2 8 !ory1 n he himself4 ,he     
believes 9 a ,creator4 ,b :5 t ,creator1
 millions on millions ( ages ago1 did   
some?+1--call$ matt] & a liv+ g]m into  
exi/5ce1--& !n ab&on$ ! univ]se to      
itself to be controll$ by *ance &       
necessity1 )\t any purpose on 8 "p z to 
! result1 or any int]v5tion or guidance1
 !n ,he is virtually consign$1 s f> z we
 are conc]n$1 to non-exi/5ce4 ,x has    
already be5 said t ! mo/ extreme ( ,mr4 
,d>w9's admir]s adopt & laud 8 !ory1 = !
 special reason t x bani%es ,god f ! _w2
 t x enables !m to acc\nt = design )\t  
ref]r+ x to ! purpose or ag5cy ( ,god4  

,?is is done expressly by ,b*n]1        
,haeckel1 ,vogt1 & ,/rauss4 ,! oppon5ts 
( ,d>w9ism direct _! objections         
pr9cipally aga9/ ?is elem5t ( ! doctr9e4
 ,?is1 z 0 /at$ by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,peabody1 
0 ! ma9 gr\nd ( ! e>ne/ opposition (    
,agassiz to ! !ory4 ,am]ica's great     
botani/1 ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 av[s himself  
an evolutioni/2 b he is n a ,d>w9ian4 ,(
 t po9t we h ! cle>e/ possible pro(4    
,mr4 ,d>w91 aft] explicitly d5y+ t !    
v>iations :i* h result$ 9 ! =mation ( ! 
mo/ p]fectly adapt$ animals 9 ! _w1 man 
includ$1 7 int5tionally & specially     
guid$1 adds3 ,h[ev] mu* we may wi% x1 we
 c h>dly foll[ ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray 9 8 
belief 't v>iation has be5 l$ along     
c]ta9 b5eficial l9es' l a /ream 'along  
def9ite & useful l9es ( irrigation4'#eh 
,if ,mr4 ,d>w9 does n agree ) ,dr4      
,gray1 ,dr4 ,gray does n agree ) ,mr4   
,d>w94 ,x is z to ! exclusion ( design f
 ! op]ations ( nature t our ,am]ican1   
diff]s f ! ,engli%1 naturali/4 ,?is is !
 vital po9t4 ,! d5ial ( f9al causes is !

 =mative idea ( ,d>w9's !ory1 & !re=e no
 teleologi/ c be a ,d>w9ian4  ,dr4 ,gray
 quotes f ano!r writ] ! s5t5ce1 ,x is a 
s+ul> fact1 t :5 we c f9d h[ any?+ is   
done1 our fir/ conclusion seems to be t 
,god did n d x2 & !n adds1 ,i agree ) ! 
writ] t ?is fir/ conclusion is premature
 & unwor?y2 ,i w add1 deplorable4 ,?r\gh
 :at faults ( dogmatism on ! "o h&1 &   
skepticism on ! o!r1 x came to be s     
?\ght1 we ne$ n "h consid]4 ,let u hope1
 & ,i confid5tly expect1 t x is n to    
la/2 t ! religi\s fai? :i* surviv$ )\t a
 %ock ! notion ( ! fix$ness ( ! e>?     
itself1 may equally outla/ ! notion ( ! 
absolute fix$ness ( ! species :i*       
inhabit x2 t 9 ! future1 ev5 m ?an 9 !  
pa/1 fai? 9 an ord]1 :i* is ! basis (   
sci5ce1 w n--z x _c reasonably--be      
dissev]$ f fai? 9 an ,orda9]1 :i* is !  
basis ( religion4#ei ,we ?ank ,god = t  
s5t5ce4 ,x is ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ,dr4  
,gray's address z ex-,presid5t ( ,!     
,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( 
,sci5ce1 deliv]$ ,augu/1 #ahgb4  ,dr4   

,gray goes fur!r4 ,he says1 ,!          
proposition t ! ?+s & ev5ts 9 nature 7 n
 design$ to be s1 if logically c>ri$    
out1 is d\btless tantam\nt to a!ism4    
,aga91 ,to u1 a =tuit\s ,cosmos is      
simply inconceivable4 ,! alt]native is a
 design$ ,cosmos4444 ,if ,mr4 ,d>w9     
believes t ! ev5ts :i* he supposes to h 
occurr$ & ! results we behold ar\nd u 7 
undirect$ & undesign$2 or if ! physici/ 
believes t ! natural =ces to :i* he     
ref]s ph5om5a are uncaus$ & undirect$1  
no argum5t is ne$$ to %[ t su* belief is
 a!i/ic4#fj  ,we h ?us arriv$ at ! answ]
 to our "q1 ,:at is ,d>w9ism8 ,x is     
,a!ism4 ,?is does n mean1 z be=e said1 t
 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself & all :o adopt 8    
views are a!i/s2 b x means t 8 !ory is  
a!i/ic2 t ! exclusion ( design f nature 
is1 z ,dr4 ,gray says1 tantam\nt to     
a!ism4  ,among ! la/ words ( ,/rauss 7  
^!3 ,we dem& = our univ]se ! same piety 
:i* ! dev\t man ( old dem&$ = 8 ,god4 ,9
 ! enorm\s ma*9e ( ! univ]se1 amid !    
incessant :irl & hiss ( its jagg$ iron  

:eels1 amid ! deaf5+ cra% ( its pond]\s 
/amps & hamm]s1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is :ole     
t]rific commotion1 man1 a helpless &    
def5celess creature1 f9ds himself plac$1
 n secure = a mom5t t on an imprud5t    
motion a :eel may n seize & r5d him1 or 
a hamm] cru% him to a p[d]4 ,?is s5se ( 
ab&onm5t is at fir/ some?+ awful4#fa    
,among ! la/ words ( ,paul 7 ^!3 ,i "k  
:om ,i h believ$1 & am p]suad$ t ,he is 
able to keep t :i* ,i h committ$ unto   
,him aga9/ t day4444 ,! "t ( my dep>ture
 is at h&4 ,i h f\ght a good fight1 ,i h
 f9i%$ my c\rse1 ,i h kept ! fai?3      
h5ce=? !re is laid up = me a cr[n (     
righte\sness1 :i* ! ,"l1 ! righte\s     
judge1 %all give me at t day3 & n to me 
only1 b unto all !m also t love 8       
appe>+4  ,,footnotes3  #dj ,sci5ce &    
,scripture n ,antagoni/ic1 because      
,di/9ct 9 _! ,sph]es ( ,?\ght4 ,a       
,lecture1 by ,rev4 ,george ,h5sl[1 ,m4  
,a41 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 ,f4 ,g4 ,s4 ,london1  
#ahgc1 p4 #a4  #da ,gott und ,natur1 p4 
#bjj4  #db ,protoplasm2 or1 ,matt] &    

,life4 ,by ,lionel ,s4 ,beale1 ,m4 ,b41 
,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,?ird edition4 ,london      
,philadelphia1 #ahgd1 p4 #cde2 & ! :ole 
*apt] on ,design4  #dc ,fallacies 9 !   
,hypo!sis ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 by ,c4 ,r4      
,bree1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,z4 ,s4 ,london1    
#ahgb1 p4 #bij4  #dd ,:5 ,pr(essor      
,huxley says1 z quot$ above1 t he does n
 d5y ! possibility ( miracles1 he mu/   
use ! ^w miracle 9 a s5se peculi> to    
himself4  #de ,j5a] ,lit]aturzeitung1   
,janu>y #c1 #ahgd4 ,9 ?is numb] !re is a
 notice by ,doctor ,haeckel ( two       
books1--,desc5d5zlehre und ,d>w9ismus1  
von ,osc> ,s*midt1 ,leipzig1 #ahgc2 &   
,die ,=ts*ritte des ,d>w9ismus1 von ,j4 
,w4 ,sp5gel1 ,cln & ,leipzig1 #ahgd2 9  
:i* he says3 ,er/5s1 um 9 ,sa*5 d]      
,desc5d5z-,!orie mitr$5 zu knn51 e9     
gewiss] ,grad von tief]] biologis*]     
7s[ohl morphologis*] als physiologis*]7 
,bildung un5tbehrli*1 d5 die mei/z5 von 
j55 ,auctor5 7! oppos]s ( ! !ory7 ni*t  
besitz54 ,zweit5s i/ fr e9 kl>es und    
zutreff5des ,ur!il 9 diesem ,sa*5 e9e   

rcksi*tslose ,h+abe an v]nunftgemsse    
,erk5ntniss und e9e dadur* b$+te        
,resignation auf uralte1 liebgeword5e   
und tief v]]bte ,vorur!ile er=d]li*1 zu 
wel*] si* die w5ig/5 ents*lies5 knn54   
#df ,9 8 ,natrlis*e ,s*pfungsges*i*te1  
,haeckel is /ill m exclusive4 ,:5 he    
comes to answ] ! objections to !        
evolution1 or1 z he commonly calls x1 ! 
desc5d5ce !ory1 he dismisses !          
objections d]iv$ f religion1 z unwor?y (
 notice1 ) ! rem>k t all ,glaube i/     
,ab]glaube2 all fai? is sup]/ition4 ,!  
objections f a priori1 or intuitive     
tru?s1 are dispos$ ( 9 an equally summ>y
 mann]1 by d5y+ t !re are any su* tru?s1
 & ass]t+ t all our k is f ! s5ses4 ,!  
objection t s _m di/+ui%$ naturali/s    
reject ! !ory1 he consid]s m at l5g?4   
,fir/1 _m h gr[n old 9 ano!r way ( ?9k+ 
& _c be expect$ to *ange4 ,second1 _m   
are collectors ( facts1 )\t /udy+ _!    
relations1 or are de/itute ( ! g5ius =  
g5]alization4 ,no am\nt ( mat]ial makes 
a build+4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are speciali/s4  

,x is n en\gh t a man %\ld be v]s$ 9 "o 
dep>tm5t2 he mu/ be at home 9 all3 9    
,botany1 ,zology1 ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 
,biology1 ,geology1 & ,palontology4 ,he 
mu/ be able to survey ! :ole field4     
,f\r?ly1 & ma9ly1 naturali/s are g5]ally
 lam5tably defici5t 9 philosophical     
culture & 9 a philosophical _s4 ,!      
immovable edifice ( ! true1 moni/ic     
sci5ce1 or :at is ! same ?+1 natural    
sci5ce1 c only arise ?r\gh ! mo/        
intimate int]action & mutual            
int]p5etration ( philosophy & obs]vation
 7,philosophie und ,empirie74 pp4       
#fch-fda4 ,x is only a select few1      
!re=e1 ( le>n$ & philosophical moni/ic  
mat]iali/s1 :o are entitl$ to be he>d on
 que/ions ( ! highe/ mom5t to e         
individual man1 & to human society4  #dg
 ,?is %ort b significant s5t5ce is      
omitt$ 9 ! excell5t translation (       
,/rauss's book1 by ,ma?ilde ,bl9d1      
republi%$ 9 ,new ,york1 by ,h5ry ,holt  
,company1 #ahgc4  #dh ,! ,fallacies (   
,d>w9ism1 by ,c4 ,r4 ,bree1 ,m4 ,d41 p4 

#cjh4  #di ,! ,fallacies ( ,d>w9ism1 p4 
#cje4  #ej ,biblio!ca ,sacra1 #aheg1 p4 
#hfa4  #ea ,! ,/ory ( ,e>? & ,man1 p4   
#ceh4  #eb ,dr4 ,bree1 p4 #bge4 ,we     
presume geologi/s diff] 9 ! t]ms :i* !y 
use to designate /rata4 ,agassiz calls !
 olde/ conta9+ fossil1 ! sub-,cambrian4 
,pr9cipal ,dawson calls ! olde/ !       
,laur5tian1 & places ! fir/ v]tebrates 9
 ! ,silurian4 ,?is is ( no mom5t z to ! 
argum5t4 ,! important fact is t ea*     
species is di/9ct z soon z x appe>s2 & t
 _m h rema9$ to ! pres5t "t4  #ec       
,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,janu>y1 #ahgd4  #ed 
,we h he>d a /ory ( a g5tleman :o gave  
an arti/ a commission = a hi/orical     
pa9t+1 & sugge/$ z ! subject1 ! ,passage
 ( ! ,israelites ov] ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,9 due 
"t he 0 in=m$ t 8 picture 0 f9i%$1 & 0  
%[n by ! arti/ a l>ge canvas pa9t$ r$4  
,:at is t8 he ask$4 ,:y1 says ! arti/1 t
 is ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,b :]e are !            
,israelites8 ,oh1 !y h pass$ ov]4 ,& :]e
 are ! ,egyptians8 ,!y are "u ! sea4    
#ee ,z ,reg>ds ,protoplasm 9 ,relation  

to ,pr(essor ,huxley's ,essay an !      
,physical ,basis ( ,life4 ,by ,dr4      
,james ,h4 ,/irl+4 ,see1 also1          
,physiological ,anatomy & ,physiology ( 
,man1 by ,l4 ,s4 ,beale2 also1 ,! ,my/]y
 ( ,life 9 ,reply to ,dr4 ,gull's       
,attack on ! ,!ory ( ,vitality4 ,by ,l4 
,s4 ,beale1 ,m4 ,d41 #ahga4  #ef ,!     
address deliv]$ by ,sir ,william        
,?omson1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,briti%        
,association at its meet+ 9 ,ed9burgh1  
#ahga4  #eg ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new4     
,prefatory ,po/script1 xxi4  #eh        
,v>iation ( ,plants & ,animals "u       
,dome/ication4 ,new ,york1 #ahfh1 vol4  
ii4 pp4 #eae1 #eaf4  #ei ,proce$+s ( !  
,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( 
,sci5ce4 ,cambridge1 #ahgc1 p4 #bj4  #fj
 ,! ,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,octob]1 #ahfj4 
,! ?ree articles 9 ! ,july1 ,augu/1 &   
,octob] numb]s ( ! ,atlantic1 on ?is    
subject1 h be5 repr9t$ ) ! "n ( ,dr4    
,asa ,gray z _! au?or4  #fa ,/rauss says
 t z he has arriv$ at ! conclusion t !re
 is no p]sonal ,god1 & no life aft]     

dea?1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t ! "q1 ,h we
 /ill a religion8 mu/ be answ]$ 9 !     
negative4 ,b z he makes ! ess5ce (      
religion to consi/ 9 a s5se ( dep5d5ce1 
& z he felt himself to be helpless 9 !  
mid/ ( ?is :irl+ univ]se1 he _h t mu*   
religion left4     ,,adv]tisem5ts   ,!  
,great ,!ological ,"w ( ! ,age4  ,,dr4  
,,hodge',s ,,!ology4  ,sy/ematic        
,!ology4  ,by ,,*>les ,,hodge1 ,d4,d41  
,,ll4,d41  ( ,pr9ceton ,!ological       
,sem9>y4   ,complete 9 ?ree volumes     
#hvo1 t9t$ pap]4 ,price1 vols4 ,i4 &    
,,ii41 #d4ej4 ,vol4 ,,iii41 #e4  ,9 ^!  
volumes are compris$ ! results ( !      
life-long labors & inve/igations ( "o ( 
! mo/ em95t !ologians ( ! age4 ,! "w    
cov]s ! gr\nd usually occupi$ by        
treatises on ,sy/ematic ,!ology1 &      
adopts ! commonly receiv$ divisions ( ! 
subject1--,,!ology1 ,vol4 ,i42          
,,an?ropology1 ,vol4 ,,ii42 ,,sot]iology
 ,,& ,,es*atology1 ,vol4 ,,iii4  ,!     
,,introduction is devot$ to !           
consid]ation ( prelim9>y matt]s1 su* z  

,me?od1 or ! pr9ciples :i* %\ld guide ! 
/ud5t ( ,!ology1 & ! diff]5t !ories z to
 ! s\rce & /&>d ( our k ( div9e ?+s1    
,rationalism1 ,my/icism1 ! ,roman       
,ca?olic doctr9e ( ! ,rule ( ,fai?1 & ! 
,prote/ant doctr9e on t subject4  ,!    
dep>tm5t ( ,,!ology prop] includes !    
orig9 ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 ! ,be+ ( ,god1 !
 ,anti-,!i/ic sy/ems ( ,a!ism1          
,poly!ism1 ,mat]ialism1 & ,pan!ism2 !   
,nature ( ,god1 ! ,div9e ,attributes1 ! 
,doctr9es ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,div9ity (     
,*ri/1 & ( ! ,holy ,_s2 ! ,decrees (    
,god1 ,creation1 ,provid5ce1 &          
,miracles4  ,! dep>tm5t ( ,,an?ropology 
includes ! ,nature1 ,orig91 & ,antiquity
 ( ,man1 8 ,primitive ,/ate &           
,probation2 ! ,fall2 ! ,effect ( ,adam's
 ,s9 ^u himself & ^u 8 ,po/]ity2 !      
,nature ( ,s92 ! ,diff]5t ,philosophical
 & ,!ological ,!ories on t subject4     
,,sot]iology includes ! ,plan or        
,purpose ( ,god 9 ref]5ce to !          
,salvation ( ,m52 ! ,p]son & ,"w ( !    
,r$eem]2 8 ,(fices z ,prophet1 ,prie/1 &

 ,k+1 ! ,"w ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 apply+ !    
r$emption pur*as$ by ,*ri/2 ,common &   
,efficaci\s ,grace1 ,reg5]ation1 ,fai?1 
,ju/ification1 ,sanctification1 ! ,law  
or ,rule ( ,life1 & ! means ( ,grace4   
,,es*atology includes ! ,/ate ( ! ,s\l  
aft] ,dea?2 ! ,second ,com+ ( ,*ri/2 !  
,resurrection ( ! ,body2 ! ,g5]al       
,judgm5t & ,end ( ! ,_w1 & ! ,doctr9e   
conc]n+ ,heav5 & ,hell4  ,! plan ( !    
au?or is to /ate & v9dicate ! tea*+s ( !
 ,bible on ^! v>i\s subjects1 & to      
exam9e ! antagoni/ic doctr9es ( diff]5t 
classes ( ,!ologians4 ,8 book1 !re=e1 is
 int5d$ to be bo? didactic & el5*tic4   
,! v>i\s topics are discuss$ ) t close &
 ke5 analytical & logical p[] comb9$ ) t
 simplicity1 lucidity1 & /r5g? ( /yle   
:i* h already giv5 ,dr4 ,,hodge a       
_w-wide reputation z a controv]siali/ & 
writ]1 & z an inve/igator ( ! great     
!ological problems ( ! day4  ,s+le      
copies1 s5t po/-paid on receipt ( !     
price4  ,,scribn]1 ,,arm/rong  ,,co41   
#fed ,broadway1 ,new ,york  ,,ed9burgh  

,,review4--,! ,,be/ ,hi/ory ( ! ,roman  
,republic4  ,,london ,,times4--,,by ,,f>
 ,,! ,,be/ ,hi/ory ( ! ,decl9e & ,fall (
 ! ,roman ,commonweal?4   ,,!  ,hi/ory (
 ,rome1  ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,"t ,,to ,,! 
,,p]iod ,,( ,,its ,,decl9e4  ,by ,dr4   
,,!odor ,,momms54  ,translat$1 ) !      
au?or's sanction & additions1 by ! ,rev4
 ,w4 ,p4 ,,dickson1 ,regius ,pr(essor ( 
,biblical ,criticism 9 ! ,univ]sity (   
,glasg[1 late ,classical ,exam9] 9 !    
,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews4 ,) an          
,introduction by ,dr4 ,,leonh>d         
,,s*mitz1 & a copi\s ,index ( ! :ole f\r
 volumes1 prep>$ especially = ?is       
edition4  ,,repr9t$ ,,f ,,! ,,revis$    
,,london ,,edition  ,f\r ,volumes cr[n  
#hvo4 ,price p] volume1 #b4jj4  ,dr4    
,,momms5 has long be5 kn[n & appreciat$ 
?r\gh 8 rese>*es into ! languages1 laws1
 & in/itutions ( ,anci5t ,rome & ,italy1
 z ! mo/ ?or\ghly v]s$ s*ol> n[ liv+ 9  
^! dep>tm5ts ( hi/orical inve/igation4  
,to a wond]fully exact & exhau/ive k (  
^! subjects1 he unites great p[]s (     

g5]alization1 a vigor\s1 spirit$1 &     
exce$+ly graphic /yle & ke5 analytical  
p[]s1 :i* give ?is hi/ory a degree (    
int]e/ & a p]man5t value possess$ by no 
o!r record ( ! decl9e & fall ( ! ,roman 
,commonweal?4 ,dr4 ,momms5's "w1 z ,dr4 
,s*mitz rem>ks 9 ! introduction1 ?\gh ! 
production ( a man ( mo/ pr(\nd &       
ext5sive le>n+ & k ( ! _w1 is n z mu*   
design$ = ! pr(essional s*ol> z =       
intellig5t read]s ( all classes :o take 
an int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( by-gone ages1 &  
are incl9$ !re to seek in=mation t may  
guide !m safely ?r\gh ! p]plex+ mazes ( 
mod]n hi/ory4   ,,critical ,,notices4   
,a "w ( ! v highe/ m]it2 its le>n+ is   
exact &      pr(\nd2 its n>rative full (
 g5ius & skill2 its descriptions      ( 
m5 are admirably vivid4 ,we wi% to place
 on record our op9ion      t ,dr4       
,momms5's is by f> ! be/ hi/ory ( !     
,decl9e &      ,fall ( ! ,roman         
,commonweal?4--,london ,times4          
,s9ce ! days ( ,niebuhr1 no "w on ,roman
 ,hi/ory has appe>$      t comb9es s mu*

 to attract1 in/ruct1 & *>m ! read]4    
,its /yle--a r>e quality 9 a ,g]man     
au?or--is vigor\s1      spirit$1 &      
animat$4 ,pr(essor ,momms5's "w c /& a  
comp>ison ) ! noble/ productions ( mod]n
 hi/ory4--,dr4      ,s*mitz4       ,?is 
is ! be/ hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,republic1   
tak+ ! "w on      ! :ole--! au?or's     
complete ma/]y ( 8 subject1 !           
v>iety ( 8 gifts & acquirem5ts1 8       
graphic p[] 9 !      del9eation (       
national & individual "*1 & ! vivid     
int]e/ :i* he inspires 9 e portion ( 8  
book4 ,he is      )\t an equal 9 8 own  
sph]e4--,ed9burgh ,review4       ,a book
 ( deepe/ int]e/4--,dean ,tr5*4         
,,ano!r ,,great ,,hi/orical ,,"w4  ,!   
,hi/ory ( ,greece1  ,by ,pr(4 ,dr4      
,,ern/ ,,curtius4  ,translat$ by        
,,adolphus ,,william ,,w>d1 ,m4,a41     
,fell[ ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,college1          
,cambridge1 ,pr(4 ( ,hi/ory 9 ,ow5's    
,college1 ,man*e/]4  ,to be complet$ 9  
f\r or five vols41 cr[n #hvo1 at #b4ej  
p] volume4  ,,pr9t$ ,,^u ,,t9t$ ,,pap]1 

,,uni=m ,,) ,,momms5',s ,,hi/ory ,,(    
,,rome1 ,,& ,,! ,,libr>y ,,edition ,,(  
,,fr\de',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&4        
,,vols4 ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,& ,,iv41  
,,n[ ,,ready4   ,curtius' ,hi/ory (     
,greece is simil> 9 plan & purpose to   
,momms5's ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 ) :i* x      
des]ves to rank 9 e respect z "o ( !    
great ma/]pieces ( hi/orical lit]ature4 
,avoid+ ! m9ute details :i* ov]burd5 o!r
 simil> works1 x gr\ps toge!r 9 a v     
picturesque mann] all ! important ev5ts 
9 ! hi/ory ( ?is k+dom1 :i* has ex]cis$ 
su* a wond]ful influ5ce ^u ! _w's       
civilization4 ,! n>rative ( ,pr(4       
,curtius' "w is fl[+ & animat$1 & !     
g5]alizations1 al?\gh bold1 are         
philosophical & s\nd4   ,,critical      
,,notices4        ,pr(essor ,curtius'   
em95t s*ol>%ip is a suffici5t gu>antee  
= ! tru/wor?9ess ( 8 hi/ory1 :ile !     
skill ) :i*      he gr\ps 8 facts1 & 8  
effective mode ( n>rat+ !m1      comb9e 
to r5d] x no less readable ?an s\nd4    
,pr(essor ,curtius      ev]y:]e ma9ta9s 

! true dignity & imp>tiality ( hi/ory1  
& x is evid5t 8 sympa?ies are on ! side 
( ju/ice1      humanity1 &              
progress4--,london ,a!num4       ,we c n
 express our op9ion ( ,dr4 ,curtius'    
book bett] ?an by      say+ t x may be  
fitly rank$ ) ,!odor ,momms5's great    
"w4--,london ,spectator4       ,z an    
introduction to ! /udy ( ,grecian       
hi/ory1 no previ\s      "w is comp>able 
to ! pres5t = vivacity & picturesque    
beauty1 :ile 9 s\nd le>n+ & accuracy (  
/atem5t x is n      inf]ior to !        
elaborate productions :i* enri* !       
lit]ature      ( ! age4--,n4 ,y4 ,daily 
,tribune4       ,! ,hi/ory ( ,greece is 
treat$ by ,dr4 ,curtius s broadly &     
freely 9 ! _s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 t x   
becomes 9      8 h&s "o ( ! wor?ie/ &   
mo/ in/ructive bran*es (      /udy = all
 :o desire some?+ m ?an a k (           
isolat$ facts = _! education4 ,?is      
translation ought to      become a      
regul> "p ( ! accept$ c\rse ( read+ = "y
      m5 at college1 & = all :o are 9   

tra9+ = ! free      political life ( our
 c\ntry4--,n4 ,y4 ,ev5+ ,po/4   ,?is    
book s5t po/-paid1 ^u receipt ( ! price1
 by ! ,publi%]s1  ,,scribn]1 ,,arm/rong 
,,co41  #fed ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4  
,,prospectus  ,,( ,a  ,!ological        
,philosophical ,libr>y  ,,edit$ ,,by    
,,h5ry ,b4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,d41 ,,& ,,philip 
,,s*aff1 ,d4,d41  ,pr(essors 9 ! ,union 
,!ological ,sem9>y1 ,new ,york4  ,!     
und]sign$ propose to publi% a select &  
compact ,libr>y ( ,text-,books ^u all ! 
ma9 dep>tm5ts ( ,!ology & ,philosophy1  
adapt$ to ! wants especially ( m9i/]s & 
/ud5ts 9 all d5om9ations4  ,"s ( ! works
 w be translat$ f ! ,g]man & o!r        
languages2 o!rs w be bas$ ^u treatises  
by v>i\s au?ors2 "s w be writt5 = !     
,libr>y by ,engli% or ,am]ican s*ol>s4  
,! aim w be to furni% at lea/ "o cond5s$
 /&>d "w on ea* ( ! sci5tific divisions 
( ,!ology & ,philosophy1 giv+ ! result (
 ! be/ critical inve/igations1 exclud+1 
h[ev]1 su* hi/ories & comm5t>ies z ext5d
 ?r\gh _m volumes4  ,?is s*eme is n     

pres5t$ z f9al1 b z indicat+ ! aim ( !  
editors4 ,if suffici5t enc\ragem5t be   
giv51 no pa9s w be sp>$ to make !       
project complete1 & ?us to meet a great 
& ackn[l$g$ desid]atum 9 ! app>atus =   
/udy4 ,on all ^! topics e /ud5t ne$s1 at
 lea/1 "o good "w4 ,to supply ?is w be !
 aim ( our ,libr>y4  ,! v>i\s volumes w 
be publi%$ 9 ! be/ /yle1 on reasonable  
t]ms1 & z rapidly z ! nature ( ! "w & ! 
enc\ragem5t ( ! public w all[4  ,!      
editors w be assi/$ by em95t s*ol>s (   
v>i\s d5om9ations1 :o w respectively    
assume ! lit]>y responsibility = !      
volumes prep>$ by !mselves )9 ! g5]al   
plan & aim ( ! libr>y4   ,,n[ ,,ready1  
,,9  ,! ,!ological & ,philosophical     
,libr>y4  ,,ueb]weg',s ,,hi/ory ,,(     
,,philosophy4   ,,vol4 ,i4--,hi/ory ( ! 
,anci5t & ,m$ival ,philosophy4 ,by ,dr4 
,fri$ri* ,ueb]weg4 ,translat$ f ! f\r?  
,g]man edition by ,george ,s4 ,morris1  
,a4,m41 ) additions by ,noah ,port]1    
,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,presid5t ( ,yale     
,college1 & a g5]al ,introduction by !  

editor ( ! ,philosophical ,libr>y4 ,"o  
vol4 #hvo1 clo?1 #c4ej4  ,,vol4         
,,ii4--,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy4 ,) 
an ,essay on ,engli% ,philosophy1 by    
,dr4 ,,noah ,,port]1 ,presid5t ( ,yale  
,college2 & on ,italian ,philosophy1 by 
,pr(essor ,v4 ,,botta4 ,"o vol4 #hvo1   
clo?4 #d4jj4  ,s5t1 po/-paid1 ^u receipt
 ( ! price by ! ,publi%]s1  ,,scribn]1  
,,arm/rong  ,,co41  #fed ,,broadway1    
,,new ,,york4  ,,lange',s ,,comm5t>y4   
,,n[ ,,ready3  ,! ,m9or ,prophets4      
,edit$ by ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,philip ,,s*aff1
 & includ+        ,,hosea4--,by ,,otto  
,,s*moll]1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,ura*1 ,wurtemb]g4 
,translat$1      ) additions1 by ,,james
 ,e4 ,,mccurdy4       ,,joel4--,by      
,,otto ,,s*moll]1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,translat$1 )
 additional ,notes      & a ,new ,v]sion
 ( ! ,hebrew ,text1 by ,,john ,,=sy?1   
,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4       ,,amos4--,by     
,,otto ,,s*moll]1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,translat$ & 
enl>g$ by ,,talbot      ,w4 ,,*amb]s1   
,d4,d4       ,,obadiah4--,by ,,paul     
,,kle9]t1 ( ,b]l94 ,translat$1 )        

additions1      by ,,george ,r4 ,,bliss1
 ,d4,d4       ,,jonah4--,by ,,paul      
,,kle9]t4 ,translat$ & enl>g$ by ,,*>les
      ,,elliott1 ,d4,d4                 
,,micah4--,by ,,paul ,,kle9]t4          
,translat$1 ) additions1 by ,,george ,r4
      ,,bliss1 ,d4,d4       ,,nahum1    
,,habakkuk1 ,,& ,,zephaniah4--,by ,,paul
 ,,kle9]t4 ,translat$ &      enl>g$ by  
,,*>les ,,elliott1 ,d4,d4               
,,haggai4--,by ,,james ,f4 ,,mccurdy1   
,pr9ceton1 ,n4 ,y4       ,,ze*>iah4--,by
 ,,talbot ,w4 ,,*amb]s1 ,d4,d41 ,new    
,york4       ,,mala*i4--,by ,,joseph    
,,pack>d1 ,d4,d4 ,alex&ria1 ,va4   ,"o  
vol4 royal #hvo1 clo? #e4jj   ,!        
,volumes previ\sly ,publi%$ are3  ,,old 
,,te/am5t4--,i4 ,,g5esis4 ,,ii4 ,,jo%ua1
 ,,judges1 & ,,ru?4 ,,iii4 ,,fir/ &     
,,second ,,k+s4 ,,iv4 ,,psalms4 ,v4     
,,prov]bs1 ,,song ,,( ,,solomon1        
,,ecclesia/es4 ,,vi4 ,,j]emiah &        
,,lam5tations4  ,,new ,,te/am5t4--,i4   
,,mat!w4 ,,ii4 ,,m>k & ,,luke4 ,,iii4   
,,john4 ,,iv4 ,,acts4 ,v4 ,,! ,,epi/le  

,,( ,,paul ,,to ,,! ,,romans4 ,,vi4     
,,cor9?ians4 ,,vii4 ,,galatians1        
,,ephesians1 ,,philippians1             
,,colossians4 ,,viii4 ,,!ssalonians1    
,,timo?y1 ,,titus1 ,,philemon1 &        
,,hebrews4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,epi/les ,,g5]al  
,,( ,,james1 ,,pet]1 ,,john1 & ,,jude4  
,ea* "o vol4 #hvo4 ,price p] vol41 9    
half calf1 #g4ej3 9 %eep1 #f4ej3 9 clo?1
 #e4jj4   ,,names ,,& ,,d5om9ations ,,( 
,,contributors4  ,w4 ,g4 ,t4 ,,%$d1     
,d4,d41 ,presbyt]ian4 ,e4 ,a4           
,,wa%burne1 ,d4,d41 ,episcopal4 ,a4 ,c4 
,,k5drick1 ,d4,d41 ,bapti/4 ,w4 ,h4     
,,gre51 ,d4,d41 ,presbyt]ian4 ,j4 ,f4   
,,hur/1 ,d4,d41 ,me?odi/4 ,,tayl]       
,,lewis1 ,,ll4,d41 ,dut* ,re=m$4 ,,rev4 
,,*4 ,f4 ,,%aff]1 ,d4,d41 ,lu!ran4 ,r4  
,d4 ,,hit*cock1 ,d4,d41 ,presbyt]ian4   
,e4 ,,h>wood1 ,d4,d41 ,episcopal4 ,h4   
,b4 ,,hackett1 ,d4,d41 ,bapti/4 ,,john  
,,lillie1 ,d4,d41 ,presbyt]ian4 ,,rev4  
,w4 ,g4 ,,sumn]1 ,episcopal4 ,,pr(4     
,,*>les ,,elliott1 ,presbyt]ian4 ,,?os4 
,c4 ,,conant1 ,d4,d41 ,bapti/4 ,e4 ,d4  

,,yeomans1 ,d4,d41 ,presbyt]ian4 ,,rev4 
,c4 ,c4 ,,/>buck1 ,congregational4 ,j4  
,,isidor ,,momb]t1 ,d4,d41 ,episcopal4  
,d4 ,w4 ,,poor1 ,d4,d41 ,presbyt]ian4   
,c4 ,p4 ,,w+1 ,d4,d41 ,presbyt]ian4     
,,george ,e4 ,,day4 ,d4,d41             
,congregational4 ,,rev4 ,p4 ,h4         
,,/e5/ra1 ,episcopal4 ,a4 ,,gosman1     
,d4,d41 ,presbyt]ian4 ,,pres4 ,,*as4 ,a4
 ,,aik51 ,d4,d41 ,presbyt'n4 ,m4 ,b4    
,,riddle1 ,d4,d41 ,dut* ,re=m$4 ,,pr(4  
,,wm4 ,,wells1 ,d4,d41 ,me?odi/4 ,w4 ,h4
 ,,hornbl[]1 ,d4,d41 ,presbyt'n4 ,,pr(4 
,,george ,,bliss1 ,bapti/4 ,t4 ,w4      
,,*amb]s1 ,d4,d41 ,re=m$4   999999 ,ea* 
volume ( ,,lange',s ,,comm5t>y is       
complete 9 itself1 & c be pur*as$       
sep>ately4 ,s5t1 po/-paid1 to any       
address ^u receipt ( ! price 7#e p]     
volume7 by ! publi%]s4  ,,scribn]1      
,,arm/rong  ,,co41  #fed ,,broadway1    
,,new ,,york4   ,manuals ( ,political   
,economy1  ,,publi%$ ,,by  ,,scribn]1   
,,arm/rong  ,,co4   ,p]ry's ,elem5ts (  
,political ,economy4  ,,new ,,edition1  

,,revis$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4  ,?is        
treatise pres5ts views favorable to !   
utmo/ fre$om ( comm]ce1 compatible )    
legitimate rev5ue f t>iff taxes4 ,x is a
 /&>d text-book 9 all our colleges      
?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,la?am   
,,p]ry1 ,pr(essor ( ,political ,economy 
& ,hi/ory 9 ,williams ,college4 #dhg    
pages1 price #b4ej4        ,y\r book    
int]e/s /ud5ts m ?an any o!r ,i h ev]   
in/ruct$ f1--,pres4 ,t4 ,d4 ,woolsey1   
,yale ,college4       ,z a manual =     
g5]al read+ & popul> in/ruction1 ,pr(4  
,p]ry's book is f> sup]ior to any "w on 
! subject be=e      issu$ 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates4--,n4 ,y4 ,times4       ,we      
cordially recomm5d ?is book to all1 (   
:atev] s*ool (      political economy1  
:o enjoy c&id /atem5t & full & logical  
discussion4--,n4 ,y4 ,nation4       ,!re
 is m common s5se 9 ?is book ?an 9 any (
 ! m      elaborate works on ! same     
subject t h prec$$ x4--,n4 ,y4          
,indep5d5t4       ,9 all ! portions ( ! 
book :i* we h read1 ! au?or      %[s    

himself to be a cle>1 /rong1 bold1 &    
g5]ally s\nd      ?9k]4--,new ,engl&]4  
,b[5's ,am]ican ,political ,economy4    
,?is treatise pres5ts views compatible )
 ! idea t e c\ntry has a political      
economy ( its own1 suitable to its own  
physical circum/ances ( position on !   
globe1 & to ! "*1 habits1 & in/itutions 
( ! p4 ,by ,,francis ,,b[51 ,pr(essor ( 
,political ,economy & ,civil ,polity 9  
,h>v>d ,college4 #die pages1 price #b4ej
        ,if our memb]s ( ,congress w\ld 
vote !mselves a copy ( ?is      book1 & 
read x1 few] wild s*emes w\ld be        
concoct$ by !m1      & a great sav+ ( "t
 & ! p's money w\ld be      secur$4--,! 
,philadelphia ,age4       ,8 argum5ts   
are wor? consid]+1 & 8 :ole book is (   
high      value to any ,am]ican to /udy 
economical que/ions4--,spr+field        
,republican4       ,a solid &           
well-reason$ treatise4444 ,mr4 ,b[5's   
views are      cle>ly /at$ & ?or\ghly   
reason$4--,bo/on      ,congregationali/4
       444 ,!re are hundr$s go+ wrong   

to-day :om a c>eful p]usal      ( ?is   
volume w\ld set "r4--,n4 ,y4 ,daily     
,tribune4   999999,s5t1 po/-paid1 on    
receipt ( price by ! publi%]s4   ,prices
 & ,/yles ( ! ,diff]5t ,editions  ,,(   
,,fr\de',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl&4  ,!    
,*elsea ,edition4  ,9 half roan1 gilt   
top1 p] set ( twelve vols4 #abmo #ba4jj 
,elegance & *eapness are comb9$ 9 a     
rem>kable degree 9 ?is edition4 ,x takes
 its "n f ! place ( ,mr4 ,fr\de's       
resid5ce 9 ,london1 also fam\s z ! home 
( ,?omas ,c>lyle4   ,,! ,,popul>        
,,edition4  ,9 clo?1 at ! rate ( #a4be  
p] volume4 ,! set 7#ab vols471 9 a neat 
box4 #ae4jj  ,! ,same1 9 half calf extra
 #cf4jj  ,?is edition is pr9t$ f ! same 
plates z ! o!r editions1 & on firm1 :ite
 pap]4 ,x is1 )\t exception1 ! *eape/   
set ( books ( its class ev] issu$ 9 ?is 
c\ntry4   ,! ,libr>y ,edition4  ,9      
twelve vols4 cr[n #hvo1 clo? #cj4jj ,!  
,same1 9 half calf extra #ej4jj  ,!     
,edition is pr9t$ on laid & t9t$ pap]1  
at ! ,riv]side ,press1 & is 9 e respect 

wor?y a place 9 ! mo/ c>efully select$  
libr>y4   ,,%ort ,,/udies ,,on ,,great  
,,subjects4  ,,by ,,james ,,an?ony      
,,fr\de1 ,m4,a41  ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ,!  
,engli% 9 ,irel& dur+ ! ,eighte5?       
,c5tury1 etc4  ,,popul> ,,edition4 ,two 
vols4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ej p] vol4 ,! ,set
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#abmo1 half roan1 gilt top1 #b4jj p]    
volume4 ,p] ,set  #d4jj   ,! ,complete  
,works ( ,james ,an?ony ,fr\de1 ,m4,a4  
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,%ort         
,,/udies4  ,f\rte5 vols41 9 a neat ,box4
  ,,popul> ,,edition  #ah4jj ,,*elsea   
,,edition  #be4jj   ,! above works s5t1 
po/-paid1 by ! publi%]s1 on receipt ( ! 
price  ,,scribn]1 ,,arm/rong  ,,co41    
#fed ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4  ,popul> 
& ,/&>d ,works  ,,publi%$ ,,by          
,,scribn]1 ,,arm/rong  ,,co41  #fed     
,broadway1 ,new ,york1  ,,9 #ahgc4   #a4
  ,,bagehot',s 7,w47 ,,lomb>d ,,/reet4  
#abmo                            #a #ge 
#b4  ,,bible ,,comm5t>y4 ,vol4 ,,ii4    
#hvo                                  #e

 #jj #c4                  ,vol4 ,,iii4  
#hvo                                 #e 
#jj #d4  ,,cook',s 7,f4 ,c47 ,,exodus4  
#hvo                                    
#a #ej #e4  ,,dieulafait',s 7,l47       
,,diamonds ,,& ,,preci\s ,,/ones4       
,illu/rat$4 #abmo                       
#b #jj #f4  ,,dodge',s 7,,mrs4 ,,m>y    
,,mapes7 ,,hans ,,br9k]4 ,illu/rat$4    
#abmo4    #a #ej #g4  ,,field',s 7,t4   
,w47 ,,indian ,,bibliography4 #hvo      
#e #jj #h4  ,,fi%]',s 7,,dr4 ,g4 ,p47   
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,re=mation4 #hvo      
#c #jj #i4  ,,guyot',s 7,,pr(4 ,a47     
,,physical ,,geography4 ,l>ge #dto      
#b #be #aj4 ,,hall',s 7,f47 ,,mod]n     
,,engli%4 #abmo                         
#b #ej #aa4          ,,false            
,,philology4 #abmo1  bo>ds              
#a #be #ab4 ,,holl&',s 7,,dr4 ,j4 ,g7   
,,ar?ur ,,bonnica/le4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4
   #a #ge #ac4 ,,hopk9s' 7,,dr4 ,m47    
,,outl9e ,,/udy ,,( ,,man4 #abmo        
#a #ge   ,,! ,,illu/rat$ ,,libr>y ,,(   
,,travel ,,& ,,adv5ture4     ,ea* #a    

vol4 #abmo clo?                         
#a #ej       #ad4 ,c5tral ,africa4      
#ae4 ,siam z ,x ,0 & ,is4   ,,! ,,libr>y
 ,,( ,,*oice ,,fiction3     #af4 ,!     
,burgoma/]'s ,family4 #hvo4 ,clo?1      
#a4ej2 pap]          #a #jj     #ag4    
,w&]+ ,willie4 #hvo4 ,pap]              
#ej     #ah4 ,galama4 #hvo4 ,clo?1      
#a4be2 pap]                             
#ge     #ai4 ,may4 ,by ,,mrs4           
,,oliphant4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej2 pap]    
#a #jj #bj4 ,,lyndon',s ,,oxley4 ,a     
,novel4 #abmo                           
#a #ej #ba4 ,,m$hur/',s 7,w4 ,h47 ,,!   
,,=eign] ,,9 ,,f> ,,ca?ay4 #abmo        
#a #ej #bb4 ,,p]ry',s 7,,pr(4 ,a4 ,l47  
,,political ,,economy4 #aa? edition     
revis$4         ,cr[n #hvo              
#b #ej #bc4 ,,saxe ,,holm',s ,,/ories4  
#abmo1 extra gilt1 #a4ge2 pla9          
#a #ej #bd4 ,,/anley',s 7,h4 ,m47 ,,my  
,,kalulu4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo             
#b #jj #be4 ,,ueb]weg',s 7,,pr(4 ,f47   
,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,vol4 ,,ii4  
#hvo4      #d #jj #bf4 ,,v]ne',s        

7,,jules7 ,,f ,,! ,,e>? ,,to ,,! ,,moon4
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#c #jj #bg4 ,,v]ne',s 7,,jules7 ,,j\rney
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,illu/rat$4 #abmo                       
#b #jj #bh4 ,,v ,,"y ,,c\ple 7,a74 #abmo
                                     #a 
#be   999999,any ( ! above books s5t    
po/paid to any address ^u receipt ( !   
price by ! publi%]s4