,transcriber's note3 ,a few             
typographical errors have been          
corrected3 they are listed at the end of
 the text4  ,a  ,,new ,,system2  ,,or1  
,,an  ,,analysis  ,,of  ,,antient       
,,mythology3  ,,wherein ,,an ,,attempt  
,,is ,,made ,,to ,,divest ,,tradition   
,,of ,,fable2 ,,and ,,to ,,reduce ,,the 
,,truth ,,to ,,its ,,original ,,purity1 
,,by ,,jacob ,,bryant1 ,,esq4  ,,the    
,,third ,,edition4 ,,in ,,six ,,volumes4
  ,,with ,a ,,portrait ,,and ,,some     
,,account ,,of ,,the ,,author2  ,a      
,,vindication ,,of ,,the ,,apamean      
,,medal2  ,observations and ,inquiries  
relating to various ,parts of ,antient  
,history2  ,a ,,complete ,,index1  ,,and
 ,,forty-,,one ,,plates1 ,,neatly       
,,engraved4  ,,vol4 ,i4  ,,london3      
,,printed ,,for ,j4 ,,walker2 ,w4,j4    
,,and ,j4 ,,richardson2 ,r4 ,,faulder   
,,and ,,son2 ,r4 ,,lea2 ,j4 ,,nunn2     
,,cuthell ,,and ,,martin2 ,h4,d4        
,,symonds2 ,,vernor1 ,,hood1 ,,and      
,,sharpe2 ,e4 ,,jeffery2 ,,lackington1  

,,allen1 ,,and ,,co42 ,j4 ,,booker2     
,,black1 ,,parry1 ,,and ,,kingsbury2 ,j4
 ,,asperne2 ,j4 ,,murray2 ,,and ,j4     
,,harris4  #ahjg4         99       99   
99       99       99   ,,some  ,,account
  ,,of ,,the  ,,life ,,and ,,writings   
,,of  ,,jacob ,,bryant1 ,,esq4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,the earliest authentic account we can  
obtain of the birth of this learned and 
celebrated writer1 is from the ,register
 ,book of ,eton ,college1 in which he is
 entered of ,chatham1 in the county of  
,kent1 of the age of twelve years1 in   
#agcj1--;consequently1 born in #agah4   
,whence a difference has arisen between 
the dates in this entry1 and the        
inscription on his monument1 hereafter  
given1 we are unable to explain4  ,the  
two royal foundations of ,eton1 and     
,king's ,college1 ,cambridge1 justly    
boast of this great scholar and ornament
 of his age4 ,he received his first     
rudiments at the village of             
,lullingstone1 in ,kent2 and was        

admitted upon the foundation1 at ,eton  
,college1 on the #c;d of ,august1 #agcj1
 where he was three years captain of the
 school1 previous to his removal to     
,cambridge4 ,he was elected from ,eton  
to ,king's ,college in #agcf2 took the  
degree of ,bachelor of ,arts in #agdj2  
and proceeded ,master in #agdd4  ,he    
attended the ,duke of ,marlborough1 and 
his brother1 ,lord ,charles ,spencer1 at
 ,eton1 as their private tutor1 and     
proved a valuable acquisition to that   
illustrious house2 and1 what may be     
reckoned1 at least equally fortunate1   
his lot fell among those who knew how to
 appreciate his worth1 and were both    
able and willing to reward it4 ,the     
,duke made him his private secretary1 in
 which capacity he accompanied his      
,grace during his campaign on the       
continent1 where he had the command of  
the ,british forces2 and1 when he was   
made ,master-,general of the ,ordnance1 
he appointed ,mr4 ,bryant to the office 
of ,secretary1 then about #adjjl4 per   

annum4  ,his general habits1 in his     
latter years1 as is commonly the case   
with severe students1 were sedentary2   
and1 during the last ten years of his   
life1 he had frequent pains in his      
chest1 occasioned by so much            
application1 and leaning against his    
table to write2 but1 in his younger     
days1 spent at ,eton1 he excelled in    
various athletic exercises2 and1 by his 
skill in swimming1 was the happy        
instrument in saving the life of the    
venerable ,dr4 ,barnard1 afterwards     
,provost of ,eton ,college4 ,the doctor 
gratefully acknowledged this essential  
service1 by embracing the first         
opportunity which occurred1 to present  
the nephew of his preserver with the    
living of ,wootton ,courtney1 near      
,minehead1 in ,somerset2 a presentation 
belonging to the ,provost of ,eton1 in  
right of his office4  ,mr4 ,bryant was  
never married4 ,he commonly rose at half
 past seven1 shaved himself without a   
glass1 was seldom a quarter of an hour  

in dressing1 at nine rung for his       
breakfast1 which was abstemious1 and    
generally visited his friends at ,eton  
and ,windsor1 between breakfast and     
dinner1 which was formerly at two1 but  
afterwards at four o'clock4 ,he was     
particularly fond of dogs1 and was known
 to have thirteen spaniels at one time3 
he once very narrowly escaped drowning1 
through his over eagerness in putting   
them into the water4  ,our author must  
be considered as highly distinguished1  
beyond the common lot of mortality1 with
 the temporal blessings of comforts1    
honour1 and long life4 ,with respect to 
the first of these1 he enjoyed health1  
peace1 and competence2 for1 besides what
 he derived from his own family1 the    
present ,duke of ,marlborough1 after his
 father's death1 settled an annuity on  
,mr4 ,bryant of #fjj l4 which he        
continued to receive from that noble    
family till his death4  ,he was greatly 
honoured among his numerous1 yet chosen 
friends and acquaintance2 and his       

company courted by all the literary     
characters in his neighbourhood4 ,his   
more particular intimates1 in his own   
district1 were ,doctors ,barford1       
,barnard1 ,glynn1 and ,heberden4 ,the   
venerable ,sir ,george ,baker1 he either
 saw or corresponded with every day2    
likewise with ,dr4 ,hallam1 the father  
of ,eton school1 who had given up the   
deanery of ,bristol1 because he chose to
 reside at ,windsor4 ,when he went into 
,kent1 the friends he usually visited   
were the ,reverend ,archdeacon ,law1    
,mr4 ,longley1 ,recorder of ,rochester1 
and ,dr4 ,dampier1 afterwards ,bishop of
 that diocese4 ,besides the pecuniary   
expression of esteem mentioned above1   
the ,duke of ,marlborough had two rooms 
kept for him at ,blenheim1 with his name
 inscribed over the doors2 and he was   
the only person who was presented with  
the keys of that choice library4 ,the   
humble retreat of the venerable sage was
 frequently visited by his ,majesty2 and
 thus he partook in the highest honours 

recorded of the philosophers and sages  
of antiquity4 ,thus loved and honoured1 
he attained to eighty-nine years of age1
 and died1 at ,cypenham1 near ,windsor1 
,nov4 #ac1 #ahjd1 of a mortification in 
his leg1 originating in the seemingly   
slight circumstance of a rasure against 
a chair1 in the act of reaching a book  
from a shelf4  ,he had presented many of
 his most valuable books to the ,king in
 his life-time1 and his editions by     
,caxton to the ,marquis of ,blandford3  
the remainder of this choice collection 
he bequeathed to the library of ,king's 
,college1 ,cambridge1 where he had      
received his education4  ,he gave1 by   
will1 #b1jjj l4 to the society for      
propagating the gospel1 and #a1jjj l4 to
 the superannuated collegers of ,eton   
school1 to be disposed of as the provost
 and fellows should think fit4 ,also1   
#ejj l4 to the parish of ,farnham       
,royal4 ,the poor of ,cypenham and      
,chalvey were constant partakers of his 
bounty1 which was of so extensive a     

nature1 that he commissioned the        
neighbouring clergy to look out proper  
objects for his beneficence4  ,mr4      
,bryant's literary attainments were of a
 nature peculiar to himself2 and1 in    
point of classical erudition he was1    
perhaps1 without an equal in the world4 
,he had the very peculiar felicity of   
preserving his eminent superiority of   
talents to the end of a very long life2 
the whole of which was not only devoted 
to literature1 but his studies were     
uniformly directed to the investigation 
of truth4 ,the love of truth might1     
indeed1 be considered as his grand      
characteristic1 which he steadily       
pursued2 and this is equally true as to 
his motive1 whether he was found on the 
wrong or right side of the question4 ,a 
few minutes before he expired1 he       
declared to his nephew1 and others in   
the room1 that all he had written was   
with a view to the promulgation of      
truth2 and1 that all he had contended   
for1 he himself believed4 ,by truth1 we 

are to understand religious truth1 his  
firm persuasion of the truth of         
,christianity2 to the investigation and 
establishment of which he devoted his   
whole life4 ,this was the central point1
 around which all his labours turned2   
the ultimate object at which they aimed4
  ,such are the particulars we have been
 able to collect of this profound       
scholar and antiquary4 ,but the life of 
a man of letters appears1 and must be   
chiefly sought for in his works1 of     
which we subjoin the following          
catalogue3  ,the first work ,mr4 ,bryant
 published was in #agfg1 intituled1     
,observations and ,inquiries relating to
 various ,parts of antient ,history2    
containing ,dissertations on the ,wind  
,euroclydon1 7see vol4 v4 p4 #cbe472 and
 on the ,island ,melite1 7see vol4 v4 p4
 #ceg471 together with an ,account of   
,egypt in its most early ,state1 7see   
vol4 vi4 p4 #a472 and of the ,shepherd  
,kings4 7,see vol4 vi4 p4 #aje47 ,this  
publication is calculated not only to   

throw light on the antient history of   
the kingdom of ,egypt1 but on the       
history also of the ,chaldeans1         
,assyrians1 ,babylonians1 ,edomites1 and
 other nations4 ,the account of the     
,shepherd ,kings contains a statement of
 the time of their coming into ,egypt2  
of the particular province they         
possessed1 and1 to which the ,israelites
 afterwards succeeded4 ,the treatise on 
the ,euroclydon was designed to         
vindicate the common reading of ,acts1  
xxvii4 #ad4 in opposition to ,bochart1  
,grotius1 and ,bentley1 supported by the
 authority of the ,alexandrine ,m4,s4   
and the ,vulgate1 who thought           
,,euroaquilo more agreeable to the      
truth4  ,his grand work1 called1 ,a ,new
 ,system1 or1 an ,analysis of ,antient  
,mythology1 was the next2 wherein an    
attempt is made to divest ,tradition of 
,fable1 and to reduce ,truth to its     
original ,purity4 ,this was published in
 quarto1 vol4 i4 and ii4 in #aggd1 and  
vol4 iii4 in #aggf4  ,in #agge he       

published ,a ,vindication of the        
,apamean ,medal1 7see vol4 v4 p4 #bhg47 
and of the ,inscription 2 together with 
an ,illustration of another ,coin struck
 at the same ,place in honour of the    
,emperor ,severus4 ,this appeared in the
 fourth volume of the ,archologia1 and  
also as a separate quarto pamphlet4  ,an
 address to ,dr4 ,priestley1 on the     
,doctrine of ,philosophical ,necessity  
illustrated1 #aghj4 ,a pamphlet1 octavo4
  ,vindici ,flavian2 or1 a ,vindication 
of the ,testimony given by ,josephus    
concerning our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ4 
,a pamphlet1 octavo4 #aghj4             
,observations on the ,poems of ,thomas  
,rowley2 in which the authenticity of   
these ,poems is ascertained4 ,two       
duodecimo volumes1 #agha4 ,in this      
controversy ,mr4 ,bryant engaged deeply 
and earnestly1 and was assisted in it by
 the learned ,dr4 ,glynn of ,king's     
,college1 ,cambridge4 ,our author in    
this1 as in his other controversial     
writings1 was influenced by a spirit of 

sober inquiry1 and a regard for truth4  
,the leading object he had in view1 in  
his ,observations on the poems ascribed 
to ,rowley1 was to prove1 by a variety  
of instances1 that ,chatterton could not
 be their author1 as he appeared not to 
understand them himself4 ,this plea     
appears specious1 yet it is certain the 
learned author failed egregiously in his
 proofs1 and this publication added     
little to the reputation he had already 
acquired4 ,the best way of accounting   
for ,mr4 ,bryant's risking his          
well-earned and high character in the   
literary world in this controversy1 and 
for the eagerness with which he engaged 
in it1 is from the turn of his studies4 
,he had1 to borrow the words of ,mr4    
,mason1 been much engaged in            
antiquities1 and consequently had       
imbibed too much of the spirit of a     
protest antiquarian2 now we know1 from a
 thousand instances1 that no set of men 
are more willingly duped than these1    
especially by any thing that comes to   

them under the fascinating form of a new
 discovery4  ,collections on the        
,zingara1 or ,gypsey ,language4         
,archologia1 vol4 vii4  ,gemmarum       
antiquarum ,delectus ex prstantioribus  
desumptus in ,dactylotheca ,ducis       
,marlburiensis1 ,two vols1 folio1 #aghc1
 c4 ,this is the first volume of the    
,duke of ,marlborough's splendid edition
 of his invaluable collection of ,gems1 
and was translated into ,french by ,dr4 
,maty4 ,the second volume was done in   
,latin by ,dr4 ,cole1 prebendary of     
,westminster2 the ,french by ,mr4       
,dutens4 ,the ,gems are exquisitely     
engraved by ,bartolozzi4 ,this work was 
privately printed1 and no more copies   
taken than were intended for the crowned
 heads of ,europe1 and a few of his     
,grace's private friends2 after which   
the coppers for the plates were broken1 
and the manuscript for the letter-press 
carefully reduced to ashes4  ,a         
,treatise on the ,authenticity of the   
,scriptures1 and the ,truth of the      

,christian ,religion4 ,octavo1 #agib4   
,observations upon the ,plagues         
inflicted upon the ,egyptians2 in which 
is shewn the ,peculiarity of those      
,judgments1 and their ,correspondence   
with the ,rites and ,idolatry of that   
,people2 with a prefatory discourse     
concerning the ,grecian colonies from   
,egypt4 ,octavo1 #agid4  ,the treatise  
on the authenticity of the ,scriptures  
was published anonymously1 and the whole
 of the profits arising from its sale   
given to the society for the            
,propagation of the ,gospel4 ,it        
contains a good general view of the     
leading arguments for ,divine           
,revelation4  ,observations upon a      
,treatise1 intituled1 ,description of   
the ,plain of ,troy1 by ,mons ,le       
,chevalier1 ,quarto1 #agie4  ,a         
,dissertation concerning the ,war of    
,troy1 and the ,expedition of the       
,grecians1 as described by ,homer2      
shewing that no such ,expedition was    
ever undertaken1 and that no such ,city 

in ,phrygia ever existed4 ,quarto1      
#agif4 ,the appearance of this          
publication excited great surprise among
 the learned1 and made few proselytes to
 the doctrine it inculcates2 and even   
his high authority failed in overturning
 opinions so long maintained and        
established among historians1 and       
supported by such extensive and clear   
evidence4 ,he is a wise man indeed who  
knows where to stop4 ,mr4 ,bryant had   
wonderfully succeeded in his famous     
,mythology1 in divesting ,tradition of  
,fable1 and reducing ,truth to its      
original ,purity1 and this seduced him1 
as his antiquarian pursuits had done    
before1 in the case of ,rowley1 to      
proceed to unwarrantable lengths in the 
,dissertation on the ,war of ,troy4 ,it 
was remarked on by ,mr4 ,falconer1 and  
answered in a very rude way by ,mr4     
,gilbert ,wakefield in a letter to ,mr4 
,bryant4 ,j4 ,b4 ,s4 ,morrit1 ,esq4 of  
,rokeby ,park1 near ,greta-,bridge1     
undertook to vindicate ,homer1 in a     

style and with manners more worthy of   
the subject and of a gentleman1 and was 
replied to by ,mr4 ,bryant4  ,the       
,sentiments of ,philo ,judus concerning 
the 1 or ,word of ,god2 together with   
large ,extracts from his ,writings1     
compared with the ,scriptures1 on many  
other essential ,doctrines of the       
,christian ,religion4 ,octavo1 #agig4   
,dissertations on ,balaam1 ,sampson1 and
 ,jonah1 also1 ,observations on famous  
controverted ,passages in ,josephus and 
,justin ,martyr1 are extremely curious1 
and such perhaps as only he could have  
written4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,the ,new ,system1 or1 an  
,analysis of ,antient ,mythology1 here  
presented to the public1 is a literary  
phenomenon1 which will remain the       
admiration of scholars1 as long as a    
curiosity after antiquity shall continue
 to be a prevailing passion among       
mankind4 ,its author was master of the  
profoundest erudition1 and did not come 
behind the most distinguished names of  

the last century1 for their attention to
 the minutest circumstance that might   
cast a ray of light upon the remotest   
ages4 ,nothing in the antient ,greek and
 ,roman literature1 however recondite1  
or wherever dispersed1 could escape his 
sagacity and patient investigation4 ,but
 we are not to confine our admiration of
 the work before us to the deep         
erudition discoverable in it2 this      
elaborate production is equally         
distinguished for its ingenuity and     
novelty4 ,departing with a boldness of  
genius from the systems of his          
predecessors in the same walks of       
literature1 he delights by his          
ingenuity1 while he astonishes by his   
courage1 and surprises by his novelty4  
,in the last point of view1 this work is
 indeed singularly striking2 it departs 
from the commonly-received systems1 to a
 degree that has not only never been    
attempted1 but not even thought of by   
any men of learning4  ,the subject1 here
 undertaken by ,mr4 ,bryant was one of  

uncommon difficulty2 one of the most    
abstruse and difficult which antiquity  
presents to us2 the information to be   
obtained concerning it must be collected
 from a vast number of incidental       
passages1 observations and assertions   
scattered through antient authors1 who  
being themselves but imperfectly        
acquainted with their subject1 it is    
next to impossible to reconcile4 ,this1 
however1 our author has attempted2 and  
though1 in doing this1 the exuberances  
of fancy and imagination are            
conspicuous1 and some may entertain     
doubts1 concerning the solidity of some 
of his conjectures1 yet1 even such are  
forced to allow that many parts of the  
author's scheme are probable1 and       
deserving the highest attention4  ,his  
method of proceeding by etymology was   
not a little hazardous2 men of the      
greatest abilities have often failed in 
the use of it1 while those of weak      
judgment have1 by their application of  
it1 rendered it the source of the       

greatest absurdities1 and almost led the
 unthinking to connect an idea of       
ridicule with the term itself4 ,but the 
judicious use which ,mr4 ,bryant could  
make of this science is apparent in     
every part of his work3 he derives from 
it the greatest and only light which can
 be cast upon some of his inquiries1 and
 that in a way that will draw the       
admiration of those who have a proper   
acquaintance with the subject2 that is1 
such as have a knowledge of the         
,oriental languages sufficient to enable
 them to trace them through the ,greek1 
,latin1 and other tongues1 as they      
relate to the names of things1 which in 
almost every country carry evidence of  
their being derived from the ,east2 from
 whence it is certain mankind themselves
 are derived4 ,the sagacity and         
diligence with which our author has     
applied his helps obtained from the     
scattered passages of antient authors   
and etymology1 have enabled him to clear
 up the history of the remotest ages1   

and to elucidate objects hitherto       
surrounded with darkness and error4     
,upon the whole1 it will be allowed by  
all who are capable judges of the       
subject1 that the plausibility of his   
hypothesis is frequently apparent1 his  
scheme great1 and his discoveries       
extraordinary4  ,viro plusqum           
octogenario1 et ,eton ,matris ,filiorum 
omnium superstitum tate jam grandissimo1
 ,,jacobo ,,bryant1 ,s4         99      
99       99       99       99    ,nomen 
honorati sacrum mihi cm sit amici1      
,charta sit hc animi fida ministra mei3 
,ne tamen incultis veniant commissa     
tabellis1     ,carminis ingenu dicta    
laventur ope4   ,quem videt1  long      
sobolem admirata caterv1     ,henrici#a 
superis ltis umbra plagis8   ,quem      
pueris ubicunque suis monstrare priorem 
,principe alumnorum mater ,etona solet8 
,quem cupit eximi quisquis virtutis     
amator1     ,seris  therei regna subire 
poli8   ,blande ,senex1 quem ,musa      
fovet1 seu seria tractas1     ,seu      

facili indulges qu propiora joco2       
,promeritos liceat ,vates tibi condat   
honores1     ,et recolat vit prmia justa
 tu3   ,prparet haud quovis lectas de   
flore corollas1     ,sed ben ,nestoreis 
serta gerenda comis4   ,scriptorum ex   
omni serie numeroque tuorum1            
,utilitas primo est conspicienda loco3  
,gratia subsequitur2 ,sapientiaque atria
 pandit     ,ampla tibi1 ingeniis solm  
ineunda piis4   ,asperitate carens1     
mores ut ubique tueris6     ,si levis   
es1 levitas ipsa docere solet4   ,quo   
studio errantes animos in aperta        
reducis6     ,quo sensu dubios1 qu      
gravitate mones6   ,si fontes aperire   
novos1 et acumine docto     ,elicere in 
scriptis qu latuere sacris1   ,seu      
,verum  fictis juvet extricare libellis1
     ,historic et tenebris reddere lumen
 ope1   ,aspice conspicuo ltentur ut    
omnia clo1     ,et referent nitidum     
solque jubarque diem6   ,centauri1      
,lapithque1 et ,tantalus1 atque         
,prometheus1     ,et ,nephele1 veluti   

nube soluta su1--   ,hi pereunt omnes2  
alterque laboribus ipse     ,conficis   
,alcides ,hercule majus opus4   ,tendis 
in hostilem soli tibi fisus arenam8     
,excutis hretici verba minuta ,sophi#b8 
,accipit ternam vis profligata repulsam1
     ,fractaque sunt valid tela minque  
manu4   ,cui ,melite non nota tua est8  
atque impare nisu     ,conjunctum       
criticis ,euro ,aquilonis iter8   ,argo 
quis dubitat8 quis ,delta in divite     
nescit     ,qu sit ,jsephi fratribus    
aucta domus8   ,monstra quot gypti      
perhibes6 quque ,ira ,jehov6     ,qum   
propri in falsos arma parata deos6      
,dum fdis squalet ,nilus cum ftibus     
amnis1     ,et necis est auctor ques    
modo numen erat4   ,immeritos ,danam    
casus1 ,priamique dolemus     ,funera1  
nec vel adhuc ossa quieta1 senis8       
,fata ,melesigens querimur1 mentitaque  
facta     ,hectoris incertas ad         
,simontis aquas8   ,eruis hc veteris    
scabr  rubigine fam1     ,dasque operis 
vati jusque decusque sui1   ,magna tuis 

affers monumentaque clara triumphis1    
,cum ,troj ternum qud tibi nomen erit6  
,ah6 ne te extrem cesset coluisse       
senect1     7,aspicere heu6 nimi quem   
vetuere mor17   ,qui puer1 atque infans 
prope1 te sibi sensit amicum1     ,eque 
tuis sophi fontibus hausit aquas6       
,imagis1 et1 pur qucunque aptissima vit 
,prmia supplicibus det ,deus ipse suis1 
,hc pete rite seni venerando1 ,musa2    
quod ,ille     ,nec spe1 nec fam1 ditior
 esse potest4   ,innumeris longm gratus 
societur amicis1     ,inter ,etonenses  
duxque paterque viros3   ,felix intersit
 terris3 supermque beato     ,paulisper 
talem fas sit abesse choro4         99  
99       99       99       99           
,,inscription  ,,on  ,,mr4 ,,bryant',s  
,,monument1  ,,in  ,,cypenham ,,church4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,m--,s  ,,jacob ,,bryant  ,collegii     
,regalis apud ,cantabrigienses ,olim    
,socii ,qui in bonis quas ibi hauserat  
artibus excolendis consenuit4 ,erant in 
eo plurim liter nec e vulgares1 ,sed    

exquisit qudam et recondit1 quas non    
minore ,studio quam acumine ad          
illustrandam ,s4,s veritatem adhibuit3  
,id quod testantur scripta ejus         
gravissima1 tam in ,histori sacr        
primordiis eruendis quam in ,gentium    
,mythologi explicand versata4 ,libris   
erat adeo deditus ,ut iter vit secretum 
iis omnino deditum2 ,prmiis honoribusque
 qu illi non magis ex ,patroni          
nobilissimi grati quam suis meritis     
abunde prsto erant1 usq2 prposuerit4    
,vitam integerrimam et ver ,christianam 
,non sine tristi suorum desiderio1      
clausit ,nov4 #ac4 #ahjd4 ,anno tatis su
 #hi4         99       99       99      
99       99   ,,preface4  1  '          
4----,,epicharmus4  ,it is my purpose1  
in the ensuing work1 to give an account 
of the first ages1 and of the great     
events which happened in the infancy of 
the world4 ,in consequence of this ,i   
shall lay before the reader what the    
,gentile writers have said upon this    
subject1 collaterally with the accounts 

given by ,moses1 as long as ,i find him 
engaged in the general history of       
mankind4 ,by these means ,i shall be    
able to bring surprising proofs of those
 great occurrences1 which the sacred    
penman has recorded4 ,and when his      
history becomes more limited1 and is    
confined to a peculiar people1 and a    
private dispensation1 ,i shall proceed  
to shew what was subsequent to his      
account after the migration of families1
 and the dispersion from the plains of  
,shinar4 ,when mankind were multiplied  
upon the earth1 each great family had1  
by #c;divine appointment1 a particular  
place of destination1 to which they     
retired4 ,in this manner the first      
nations were constituted1 and kingdoms  
founded4 ,but great changes were soon   
effected1 and colonies went abroad      
without any regard to their original    
place of allotment4 ,new establishments 
were soon made1 from whence ensued a    
mixture of people and languages4 ,these 
are events of the highest consequence2  

of which we can receive no intelligence1
 but through the hands of the ,gentile  
writers4  ,it has been observed1 by many
 of the learned1 that some particular   
family betook themselves very early to  
different parts of the world1 in all    
which they introduced their rites and   
religion1 together with the customs of  
their country4 ,they represent them as  
very knowing and enterprising2 and with 
good reason4 ,they were the first who   
ventured upon the seas1 and undertook   
long voyages4 ,they shewed their        
superiority and address in the          
numberless expeditions which they made1 
and the difficulties which they         
surmounted4 ,many have thought that they
 were colonies from ,egypt1 or from     
,phenicia1 having a regard only to the  
settlements which they made in the west4
 ,but ,i shall shew hereafter1 that     
colonies of the same people are to be   
found in the most extreme parts of the  
east2 where we may observe the same     
rites and ceremonies1 and the same      

traditional histories1 as are to be met 
with in their other settlements4 ,the   
country called ,phenicia could not have 
sufficed for the effecting all that is  
attributed to these mighty adventurers4 
,it is necessary for me to acquaint the 
,reader1 that the wonderful people to   
whom ,i allude were the descendants of  
,chus1 and called ,cuthites and         
,cuseans4 ,they stood their ground at   
the general migration of families2 but  
were at last scattered over the face of 
the earth4 ,they were the first         
apostates from the truth1 yet great in  
worldly wisdom4 ,they introduced1       
wherever they came1 many useful arts1   
and were looked up to as a superior     
order of beings3 hence they were styled 
,heroes1 ,dmons1 ,heliad1 ,macarians4   
,they were joined in their expeditions  
by other nations1 especially by the     
collateral branches of their family1 the
 ,mizraim1 ,caphtorim1 and the sons of  
,canaan4 ,these were all of the line of 
,ham1 who was held by his posterity in  

the highest veneration4 ,they called him
 ,amon3 and having in process of time   
raised him to a divinity1 they          
worshipped him as the ,sun2 and from    
this worship they were styled ,amonians4
 ,this is an appellation which will     
continually occur in the course of this 
work2 and ,i am authorised in the use of
 it from ,plutarch1 from whom we may    
infer1 that it was not uncommon among   
the sons of ,ham4 ,he specifies         
particularly1 in respect to the         
,egyptians1 that when any two of that   
nation met1 they used it as a term of   
honour in their#d salutations1 and      
called one another ,amonians4 ,this     
therefore will be the title by which ,i 
shall choose to distinguish the people  
of whom ,i treat1 when ,i speak of them 
collectively2 for under this            
denomination are included all of this   
family1 whether they were ,egyptians or 
,syrians1 of ,phenicia or of ,canaan4   
,they were a people who carefully       
preserved memorials of their ancestors1 

and of those great events which had     
preceded their dispersion4 ,these were  
described in hieroglyphics upon pillars 
and obelisks3 and when they arrived at  
the knowledge of letters1 the same      
accounts were religiously maintained1   
both in their sacred archives1 and      
popular records4 ,it is mentioned of    
,sanchoniathon1 the most antient of     
,gentile writers1 that he obtained all  
his knowledge from some writings of the 
,amonians4 ,it was the good fortune of  
,sanchoniathon1 says #e,philo ,biblius1 
to light upon some antient ,amonian     
records1 which had been preserved in the
 innermost part of a temple1 and known  
to very few4 ,upon this discovery he    
applied himself with great diligence to 
make himself master of the contents3 and
 having1 by divesting them of the fable 
and allegory with which they were       
obscured1 obtained his purpose1 he      
brought the whole to a conclusion4  ,i  
should be glad to give the ,reader a    
still farther insight into the system   

which ,i am about to pursue4 ,but such  
is the scope of my inquiries1 and the   
purport of my determinations1 as may    
possibly create in him some prejudice to
 my design2 all which would be obviated 
were he to be carried1 step by step1 to 
the general view1 and be made partially 
acquainted1 according as the scene      
opened4 ,what ,i have to exhibit is in  
great measure new2 and ,i shall be      
obliged to run counter to many received 
opinions1 which length of time1 and     
general assent1 have in a manner        
rendered sacred4 ,what is truly         
alarming1 ,i shall be found to differ1  
not only from some few historians1 as is
 the case in common controversy1 but in 
some degree from all2 and this in       
respect to many of the most essential   
points1 upon which historical precision 
has been thought to depend4 ,my meaning 
is1 that ,i must set aside many supposed
 facts which have never been            
controverted2 and dispute many events   
which have not only been admitted as    

true1 but have been looked up to as     
certain ras from whence other events    
were to be determined4 ,all our         
knowledge of ,gentile history must      
either come through the hands of the    
,grecians1 or of the ,romans1 who copied
 from them4 ,i shall therefore give a   
full account of the ,helladian ,greeks1 
as well as of the ,inim1 or ,ionians1 in
 ,asia3 also of the ,dorians1 ,leleges1 
and ,pelasgi4 ,what may appear very     
presumptuous1 ,i shall deduce from their
 own histories many truths1 with which  
they were totally unacquainted1 and give
 to them an original1 which they        
certainly did not know4 ,they have      
bequeathed to us noble materials1 of    
which it is time to make a serious use4 
,it was their misfortune not to know the
 value of the data which they           
transmitted1 nor the purport of their   
own intelligence4  ,it will be one part 
of my labour to treat of the            
,phenicians1 whose history has been much
 mistaken3 also of the ,scythians1 whose

 original has been hitherto a secret4   
,from such an elucidation many good     
consequences will1 ,i hope1 ensue2 as   
the ,phenicians and ,scythians have     
hitherto afforded the usual place of    
retreat for ignorance to shelter itself4
 ,it will therefore be my endeavour to  
specify and distinguish the various     
people under these denominations1 of    
whom writers have so generally1 and     
indiscriminately1 spoken4 ,i shall say a
 great deal about the ,ethiopians1 as   
their history has never been completely 
given3 also of the ,indi1 and           
,indo-,scyth1 who seem to have been     
little regarded4 ,there will be an      
account exhibited of the ,cimmerian1    
,hyperborean1 and ,amazonian nations1 as
 well as of the people of ,colchis2 in  
which the religion1 rites1 and original 
of those nations will be pointed out4 ,i
 know of no writer who has written at   
large of the ,cyclopians4 ,yet their    
history is of great antiquity1 and      
abounds with matter of consequence4 ,i  

shall1 therefore1 treat of them very    
fully1 and at the same time of the great
 works which they performed2 and subjoin
 an account of the ,lestrygons1 ,lamii1 
,sirens1 as there is a close            
correspondence between them4  ,as it    
will be my business to abridge history  
of every thing superfluous and foreign1 
,i shall be obliged to set aside many   
antient law-givers1 and princes1 who    
were supposed to have formed republics1 
and to have founded kingdoms4 ,i cannot 
acquiesce in the stale legends of       
,deucalion of ,thessaly1 of ,inachus of 
,argos1 and1 gialeus of ,sicyon2 nor in 
the long line of princes who are derived
 from them4 ,the supposed heroes of the 
first ages1 in every country are equally
 fabulous4 ,no such conquests were ever 
achieved as are ascribed to ,osiris1    
,dionusus1 and ,sesostris4 ,the         
histories of ,hercules and ,perseus are 
equally void of truth4 ,i am convinced1 
and hope ,i shall satisfactorily prove1 
that ,cadmus never brought letters to   

,greece2 and that no such person existed
 as the ,grecians have described4 ,what 
,i have said about ,sesostris and       
,osiris1 will be repeated about ,ninus1 
and ,semiramis1 two personages1 as ideal
 as the former4 ,there never were such  
expeditions undertaken1 nor conquests   
made1 as are attributed to these        
princes3 nor were any such empires      
constituted1 as are supposed to have    
been established by them4 ,i make as    
little account of the histories of      
,saturn1 ,janus1 ,pelops1 ,atlas1       
,dardanus1 ,minos of ,crete1 and        
,zoroaster of ,bactria4 ,yet something  
mysterious1 and of moment1 is concealed 
under these various characters3 and the 
investigation of this latent truth will 
be the principal part of my inquiry4 ,in
 respect to ,greece1 ,i can afford      
credence to very few events1 which were 
antecedent to the ,olympiads4 ,i cannot 
give the least assent to the story of   
,phryxus1 and the golden fleece4 ,it    
seems to me plain beyond doubt1 that    

there were no such persons as the       
,grecian ,argonauts3 and that the       
expedition of ,jason to ,colchis was a  
fable4  ,after having cleared my way1 ,i
 shall proceed to the sources1 from     
whence the ,grecians drew4 ,i shall give
 an account of the ,titans1 and ,titanic
 war1 with the history of the ,cuthites 
and antient ,babylonians4 ,this will be 
accompanied with the ,gentile history of
 the ,deluge1 the migration of mankind  
from ,shinar1 and the dispersion from   
,babel4 ,the whole will be crowned with 
an account of antient ,egypt2 wherein   
many circumstances of high consequence  
in chronology will be stated4 ,in the   
execution of the whole there will be    
brought many surprising proofs in       
confirmation of the ,mosaic account3 and
 it will be found1 from repeated        
evidence1 that every thing1 which the   
divine historian has transmitted1 is    
most assuredly true4 ,and though the    
nations1 who preserved memorials of the 
,deluge1 have not perhaps stated        

accurately the time of that event2 yet  
it will be found the grand epocha1 to   
which they referred2 the highest point  
to which they could ascend4 ,this was   
esteemed the renewal of the world2 the  
new birth of mankind2 and the ultimate  
of ,gentile history4 ,some traces may   
perhaps be discernable in their rites   
and mysteries of the antediluvian       
system3 but those very few1 and hardly  
perceptible4 ,it has been thought1 that 
the ,chaldaic1 and ,egyptian accounts   
exceed not only the times of the        
,deluge1 but the ra of the world3 and   
,scaliger has accordingly carried the   
chronology of the latter beyond the term
 of his artificial#f period4 ,but upon  
inquiry we shall find the chronology of 
this people very different from the     
representations which have been given4  
,this will be shewn by a plain and      
precise account1 exhibited by the       
,egyptians themselves3 yet overlooked   
and contradicted by the persons1 through
 whose hands we receive it4 ,something  

of the same nature will be attempted in 
respect to ,berosus2 as well as to      
,abydenus1 ,polyhistor1 and             
,appollodorus1 who borrowed from him4   
,their histories contained matter of    
great moment3 and will afford some      
wonderful discoveries4 ,from their      
evidence1 and from that which has       
preceded1 we shall find1 that the       
,deluge was the grand epocha of every   
antient kingdom4 ,it is to be observed1 
that when colonies made anywhere a      
settlement1 they ingrafted their        
antecedent history upon the subsequent  
events of the place4 ,and as in those   
days they could carry up the genealogy  
of their princes to the very source of  
all1 it will be found1 under whatever   
title he may come1 that the first king  
in every country was ,noah4 ,for as he  
was mentioned first in the genealogy of 
their princes1 he was in aftertimes     
looked upon as a real monarch2 and      
represented as a great traveller1 a     
mighty conqueror1 and sovereign of the  

whole earth4 ,this circumstance will    
appear even in the annals of the        
,egyptians3 and though their chronology 
has been supposed to have reached beyond
 that of any nation1 yet it coincides   
very happily with the accounts given by 
,moses4  ,in the prosecution of my      
system ,i shall not amuse the ,reader   
with doubtful and solitary extracts2 but
 collect all that can be obtained upon  
the subject1 and shew the universal     
scope of writers4 ,i shall endeavour    
particularly to compare sacred history  
with profane1 and prove the general     
assent of mankind to the wonderful      
events recorded4 ,my purpose is not to  
lay science in ruins2 but instead of    
desolating to build up1 and to rectify  
what time has impaired3 to divest       
mythology of every foreign and unmeaning
 ornament1 and to display the truth in  
its native simplicity3 to shew1 that all
 the rites and mysteries of the         
,gentiles were only so many memorials of
 their principal ancestors2 and of the  

great occurrences to which they had been
 witnesses4 ,among these memorials the  
chief were the ruin of mankind by a     
flood2 and the renewal of the world in  
one family4 ,they had symbolical        
representations1 by which these         
occurrences were commemorated3 and the  
antient hymns in their temples were to  
the same purpose4 ,they all related to  
the history of the first ages1 and to   
the same events which are recorded by   
,moses4  ,before ,i can arrive at this  
essential part of my inquiries1 ,i must 
give an account of the rites and customs
 of antient ,hellas2 and of those people
 which ,i term ,amonians4 ,this ,i must 
do in order to shew1 from whence they   
came3 and from what quarter their       
evidence is derived4 ,a great deal will 
be said of their religion and rites3    
also of their towers1 temples1 and      
,puratheia1 where their worship was     
performed4 ,the mistakes likewise of the
 ,greeks in respect to antient terms1   
which they strangely perverted1 will be 

exhibited in many instances3 and much   
true history will be ascertained from a 
detection of this peculiar              
misapplication4 ,it is a circumstance of
 great consequence1 to which little     
attention has been paid4 ,great light   
however will accrue from examining this 
abuse1 and observing the particular mode
 of error3 and the only way of obtaining
 an insight must be by an etymological  
process1 and by recurring to the        
primitive language of the people1       
concerning whom we are treating4 ,as the
 ,amonians betook themselves to regions 
widely separated2 we shall find in every
 place where they settled1 the same     
worship and ceremonies1 and the same    
history of their ancestors4 ,there will 
also appear a great similitude in the   
names of their cities and temples3 so   
that we may be assured1 that the whole  
was the operation of one and the same   
people4 ,the learned ,bochart saw this2 
and taking for granted1 that the people 
were ,phenicians1 he attempted to       

interpret these names by the ,hebrew    
language2 of which he supposed the      
,phenician to have been a dialect4 ,his 
design was certainly very ingenious1 and
 carried on with a wonderful display of 
learning4 ,he failed however3 and of the
 nature of his failure ,i shall be      
obliged to take notice4 ,it appears to  
me1 as far as my reading can afford me  
light1 that most antient names1 not only
 of places1 but of persons1 have a      
manifest analogy4 ,there is likewise a  
great correspondence to be observed in  
terms of science2 and in the titles1    
which were of old bestowed upon         
magistrates and rulers4 ,the same       
observation may be extended even to     
plants1 and minerals1 as well as to     
animals2 especially to those which were 
esteemed at all sacred4 ,their names    
seem to be composed of the same1 or     
similar elements2 and bear a manifest   
relation to the religion in use among   
the ,amonians1 and to the ,deity which  
they adored4 ,this deity was the ,sun3  

and most of the antient names will be   
found to be an assemblage of titles1    
bestowed upon that luminary4 ,hence     
there will appear a manifest            
correspondence between them1 which      
circumstance is quite foreign to the    
system of ,bochart4 ,his etymologies are
 destitute of this collateral evidence2 
and have not the least analogy to       
support them4  ,in consequence of this  
,i have ventured to give a list of some 
,amonian terms1 which occur in the      
mythology of ,greece1 and in the        
histories of other nations4 ,most       
antient names seem to have been composed
 out of these elements3 and into the    
same principles they may be again       
resolved by an easy1 and fair evolution4
 ,i subjoin to these a short            
interpretation2 and at the same time    
produce different examples of names and 
titles1 which are thus compounded4 ,from
 hence the ,reader will see plainly my  
method of analysis1 and the basis of my 
etymological inquiries4  ,as my         

researches are upon subjects very       
remote1 and the histories to which ,i   
appeal1 various2 and as the truth is in 
great measure to be obtained by         
deduction1 ,i have been obliged to bring
 my authorities immediately under the   
eye of the ,reader4 ,he may from thence 
be a witness of the propriety of my     
appeal2 and see that my inferences are  
true4 ,this however will render my      
quotations very numerous1 and may afford
 some matter of discouragement1 as they 
are principally from the ,greek authors4
 ,i have however in most places of      
consequence endeavoured to remedy this  
inconvenience1 either by exhibiting     
previously the substance of what is     
quoted1 or giving a subsequent          
translation4 ,better days may perhaps   
come2 when the ,greek language will be  
in greater repute1 and its beauties more
 admired4 ,as ,i am principally indebted
 to the ,grecians for intelligence1 ,i  
have in some respects adhered to their  
orthography1 and have rendered antient  

terms as they were expressed by them4   
,indeed ,i do not see1 why we should not
 render all names of ,grecian original1 
as they were exhibited by that people1  
instead of taking our mode of           
pronunciation from the ,romans4 ,i      
scarce know any thing1 which has been of
 greater detriment to antient history   
than the capriciousness of writers in   
never expressing foreign terms as they  
were rendered by the natives4 ,i shall  
be found1 however1 to have not acted up 
uniformly to my principles1 as ,i have  
only in some instances copied the       
,grecian orthography4 ,i have ventured  
to abide by it merely in some particular
 terms1 where ,i judged1 that etymology 
would be concerned4 ,for ,i was afraid1 
however just this method might appear1  
and warrantable1 that it would seem too 
novel to be universally put in practice4
  ,my purpose has been throughout to    
give a new turn to antient history1 and 
to place it upon a surer foundation4    
,the mythology of ,greece is a vast     

assemblage of obscure traditions1 which 
have been transmitted from the earliest 
times4 ,they were described in          
hieroglyphics1 and have been veiled in  
allegory3 and the same history is often 
renewed under a different system1 and   
arrangement4 ,a great part of this      
intelligence has been derived to us from
 the ,poets2 by which means it has been 
rendered still more extravagant1 and    
strange4 ,we find the whole1 like a     
grotesque picture1 blazoned high1 and   
glaring with colours1 and filled with   
groups of fantastic imagery1 such as we 
see upon an ,indian screen2 where the   
eye is painfully amused2 but whence     
little can be obtained1 which is        
satisfactory1 and of service4 ,we must1 
however1 make this distinction1 that in 
the allegorical representations of      
,greece1 there was always a covert      
meaning1 though it may have escaped our 
discernment4 ,in short1 we must look    
upon antient mythology as being yet in a
 chaotic state1 where the mind of man   

has been wearied with roaming over the  
crude consistence without ever finding  
out one spot where it could repose in   
safety4 ,hence has arisen the demand1  1
 which has been repeated for ages4 ,it  
is my hope1 and my presumption1 that    
such a place of appulse may be found1   
where we may take our stand1 and from   
whence we may have a full view of the   
mighty expanse before us2 from whence   
also we may descry the original design1 
and order1 of all those objects1 which  
by length of time1 and their own        
remoteness1 have been rendered so       
confused and uncertain4         99      
99       99       99       99           
,,preface  ,,to ,,the  ,,third ,,volume 
,,of ,,the ,,quarto ,,edition1          
,,beginning ,,at ,,vol4 iv4 ,,page #a4  
,,in ,,this ,,edition4  ,through the    
whole process of my inquiries1 it has   
been my endeavour1 from some plain and  
determinate principles1 to open the way 
to many interesting truths4 ,and as ,i  
have shewn the certainty of an universal

 ,deluge from the evidences of most     
nations1 to which we can gain access1 ,i
 come now to give an history of the     
persons who survived that event2 and of 
the families which were immediately     
descended from them4 ,after having      
mentioned their residence in the region 
of ,ararat1 and their migration from it1
 ,i shall give an account of the roving 
of the ,cuthites1 and of their coming to
 the plains of ,shinar1 from whence they
 were at last expelled4 ,to this are    
added observations upon the histories of
 ,chaldea and ,egypt2 also of ,hellas1  
and ,ionia2 and of every other country  
which was in any degree occupied by the 
sons of ,chus4 ,there have been men of  
learning who have denominated their     
works from the families1 of which they  
treated2 and have accordingly sent them 
into the world under the title of       
,phaleg1 ,japhet1 and ,javan4 ,i might1 
in like manner1 have prefixed to mine   
the name either of ,cuth1 or ,cuthim2   
for1 upon the history of this people my 

system chiefly turns4 ,it may be asked1 
if there were no other great families   
upon earth1 besides that of the         
,cuthites1 worthy of record3 if no other
 people ever performed great actions1   
and made themselves respectable to      
posterity4 ,such there possibly may have
 been2 and the field is open to any who 
may choose to make inquiry4 ,my taking  
this particular path does not in the    
least abridge others from prosecuting   
different views1 wherever they may see  
an opening4  ,as my researches are deep1
 and remote1 ,i shall sometimes take the
 liberty of repeating what has preceded2
 that the truths which ,i maintain may  
more readily be perceived4 ,we are      
oftentimes1 by the importunity of a     
persevering writer1 teazed into an      
unsatisfactory compliance1 and yield a  
painful assent2 but1 upon closing the   
book1 our scruples return1 and we lapse 
at once into doubt and darkness4 ,it has
 therefore been my rule to bring        
vouchers for every thing1 which ,i      

maintain2 and though ,i might upon the  
renewal of my argument refer to another 
volume1 and a distant page1 yet ,i many 
times choose to repeat my evidence1 and 
bring it again under immediate          
inspection4 ,and if ,i do not scruple   
labour and expense1 ,i hope the reader  
will not be disgusted by this seeming   
redundancy in my arrangement4 ,what ,i  
have now to present to the public1      
contains matter of great moment1 and    
should ,i be found to be in the right1  
it will afford a sure basis for the     
future history of the world4 ,none can  
well judge either of the labour1 or     
utility of the work1 but those who have 
been conversant in the writings of      
chronologers1 and other learned men1    
upon these subjects1 and seen the       
difficulties with which they were       
embarrassed4 ,great1 undoubtedly1 must  
have been the learning and perspicuity  
of a ,petavius1 ,perizonius1 ,scaliger1 
,grotius1 and ,le ,clerc2 also of an    
,usher1 ,pearson1 ,marsham1 and ,newton4

 ,yet it may possibly be found at the   
close1 that a feeble arm has effected   
what those prodigies in science have    
overlooked4  ,many1 who have finished   
their progress1 and are determined in   
their principles1 will not perhaps so   
readily be brought over to my opinion4  
,but they who are beginning their       
studies1 and passing through a process  
of ,grecian literature1 will find       
continual evidences arise2 almost every 
step will afford fresh proofs in favour 
of my system4 ,as the desolation of the 
world by a deluge1 and the renewal of it
 in one person1 are points in these days
 particularly controverted2 many1 who   
are enemies to ,revelation1 upon seeing 
these truths ascertained1 may be led to 
a more intimate acquaintance with the   
,scriptures3 and such an insight cannot 
but be productive of good4 ,for our     
faith depends upon historical           
experience3 and it is mere ignorance1   
that makes infidels4 ,hence it is       
possible1 that some may be won over by  

historical evidence1 whom a refined     
theological argument cannot reach4 ,an  
illness1 which some time ago confined me
 to my bed1 and afterwards to my        
chamber1 afforded me1 during its recess1
 an opportunity of making some versions 
from the poets whom ,i quote1 when ,i   
was little able to do any thing of more 
consequence4 ,the translation from      
,dionysius was particularly done at that
 season1 and will give the reader some  
faint idea of the original1 and its     
beauties4  ,i cannot conclude without   
acknowledging my obligations to a most  
worthy and learned#g friend for his zeal
 towards my work2 and for his assistance
 both in this1 and my former            
publication4 ,i am indebted to him not  
only for his judicious remarks1 but for 
his goodness in transcribing for me many
 of my dissertations1 without which my  
progress would have been greatly        
retarded4 ,his care likewise1 and       
attention1 in many other articles1      
afford instances of friendship which ,i 

shall ever gratefully remember4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,radicals4   '  1   4----,,parmenides4 
,the materials1 of which ,i purpose to  
make use in the following inquiries1 are
 comparatively few1 and will be         
contained within a small compass4 ,they 
are such as are to be found in the      
composition of most names1 which occur  
in antient mythology3 whether they      
relate to ,deities then reverenced2 or  
to the places1 where their worship was  
introduced4 ,but they appear no where so
 plainly1 as in the names of those      
places1 which were situated in          
,babylonia and ,egypt4 ,from these parts
 they were1 in process of time1         
transferred to countries far remote2    
beyond the ,ganges eastward1 and to the 
utmost bounds of the ,mediterranean     
west2 wherever the sons of ,ham under   
their various denominations either      
settled or traded4 ,for ,i have         
mentioned that this people were great   
adventurers2 and began an extensive     

commerce in very early times4 ,they got 
footing in many parts2 where they       
founded cities1 which were famous in    
their day4 ,they likewise erected towers
 and temples3 and upon headlands and    
promontories they raised pillars for    
sea-marks to direct them in their       
perilous expeditions4 ,all these were   
denominated from circumstances1 that had
 some reference to the religion1 which  
this people professed2 and to the       
ancestors1 whence they sprung4 ,the     
,deity1 which they originally           
worshipped1 was the ,sun4 ,but they soon
 conferred his titles upon some of their
 ancestors3 whence arose a mixed        
worship4 ,they particularly deified the 
great ,patriarch1 who was the head of   
their line2 and worshipped him as the   
fountain of light3 making the ,sun only 
an emblem of his influence and power4   
,they called him ,bal1 and ,baal3 and   
there were others of their ancestry     
joined with him1 whom they styled the   
,baalim4 ,chus was one of these3 and    

this idolatry began among his sons4 ,in 
respect then to the names1 which this   
people1 in process of time1 conferred   
either upon the ,deities they           
worshipped1 or upon the cities1 which   
they founded2 we shall find them to be  
generally made up of some original terms
 for a basis1 such as ,ham1 ,cham1 and  
,chus3 or else of the titles1 with which
 those personages were1 in process of   
time1 honoured4 ,these were ,thoth1 ,men
 or ,menes1 ,ab1 ,el1 ,aur1 ,ait1 ,ees  
or ,ish1 ,on1 ,bel1 ,cohen1 ,keren1 ,ad1
 ,adon1 ,ob1 ,oph1 ,apha1 ,uch1 ,melech1
 ,anac1 ,sar1 ,sama1 ,samam4 ,we must   
likewise take notice of those common    
names1 by which places are              
distinguished1 such as ,kir1 ,caer1     
,kiriath1 ,carta1 ,air1 ,col1 ,cala1    
,beth1 ,ai1 ,ain1 ,caph1 and ,cephas4   
,lastly are to be inserted the particles
 ,al and ,pi2 which were in use among   
the antient ,egyptians4  ,of these terms
 ,i shall first treat2 which ,i look    
upon as so many elements1 whence most   

names in antient mythology have been    
compounded2 and into which they may be  
easily resolved3 and the history1 with  
which they are attended1 will1 at all   
times1 plainly point out1 and warrant   
the etymology4  ,,ham or ,,cham4  ,the  
first of the terms here specified is    
,ham2 at different times1 and in        
different places1 expressed ,cham1      
,chom1 #h;,chamus4 ,many places were    
from him denominated ,cham ,ar1 ,cham   
,ur1 ,chomana1 ,comara1 ,camarina4 ,ham1
 by the ,egyptians1 was compounded      
,am-,on1  and 4 ,he is to be found under
 this name among many nations in the    
east2 which was by the ,greeks expressed
 ,amanus1 and #i,omanus4 ,ham1 and ,cham
 are words1 which imply heat1 and the   
consequences of heat2 and from them many
 words in other languages1 such as #aj  
,caminus1 ,camera1 were derived4 ,ham1  
as a ,deity1 was esteemed the #aa,sun3  
and his priests were styled ,chamin1    
,chaminim1 and ,chamerim4 ,his name is  
often found compounded with other terms1

 as in ,cham ,el1 ,cham ,ees1 ,cam ,ait3
 and was in this manner conferred both  
on persons and places4 ,from hence      
,camillus1 ,camilla1 ,camella ,sacra1   
,comates1 ,camisium1 #ab;,camirus1      
,chemmis1 with numberless other words1  
are derived4 ,chamma was the title of   
the hereditary #acpriestess of ,diana3  
and the ,puratheia1 where the rites of  
fire were carried on1 were called       
,chamina1 and ,chaminim1 whence came the
 ,caminus of the ,latines4 ,they were   
sacred hearths1 on which was preserved a
 perpetual fire in honour of ,cham4 ,the
 idols of the ,sun called by the same   
#adname3 for it is said of the good king
 ,josiah1 that they brake down the      
altars of ,baalim--in his presence2 and 
the ,chaminim 7or images of ,cham7 that 
were on high above them1 he cut down4   
,they were also styled ,chamerim1 as we 
learn from the prophet #ae,zephaniah4   
,ham was esteemed the ,zeus of ,greece1 
and ,jupiter of ,latium4 #af1  1 4 #ag  
4 ,plutarch says1 that1 of all the      

,egyptian names which seemed to have any
 correspondence with the ,zeus of       
,greece1 ,amoun or ,ammon was the most  
peculiar and adequate4 ,he speaks of    
many people1 who were of this opinion3  
#ah      '       1     4 ,from ,egypt   
his name and worship were brought into  
,greece2 as indeed were the names of    
almost all the ,deities there           
worshipped4 #ai             4 ,almost   
all the names of the ,gods in ,greece   
were adventitious1 having been brought  
thither from ,egypt4  ,,chus4  ,chus was
 rendered by the ,greeks 1 ,chusus2 but1
 more commonly1 3 and the places        
denominated from him were changed to 1  
,chruse2 and to ,chrusopolis4 ,his name 
was often compounded #bj;,chus-,or1     
rendered by the ,greeks 1 ,chrusor1 and 
,chrusaor2 which1 among the ,poets1     
became a favourite epithet1 continually 
bestowed upon ,apollo4 ,hence there were
 temples dedicated to him1 called       
,chrusaoria4 ,chus1 in the ,babylonish  
dialect1 seems to have been called      

,cuth2 and many places1 where his       
posterity settled1 were styled          
#ba;,cutha1 ,cuthaia1 ,cutaia1 ,ceuta1  
,cotha1 compounded #bb;,cothon4 ,he was 
sometimes expressed ,casus1 ,cessus1    
,casius2 and was still farther          
diversified4  ,chus was the father of   
all those nations1 styled               
#bc;,ethiopians1 who were more truly    
called ,cuthites and ,cuseans4 ,they    
were more in number1 and far more widely
 extended1 than has been imagined4 ,the 
history of this family will be the      
principal part of my inquiry4  ,,canaan4
  ,canaan seems1 by the ,egyptians and  
,syrians1 to have been pronounced       
,cnaan3 which was by the ,greeks        
rendered ,cnas1 and ,cna4 ,thus we are  
told by ,stephanus ,byzantinus1 that the
 antient name of ,phenicia was ,cna4 1  
4   4 ,the same is said by ,philo       
,biblius1 from ,sanchoniathon4 #bd    4 
,and1 in another place1 he says1 that   
,isiris1 the same as ,osiris1 was the   
brother to ,cna4 #be-- 2 the purport of 

which is conformable to the account in  
the ,scriptures1 that the ,egyptians    
were of a collateral line with the      
people of ,canaan2 or1 that the father  
of the ,mizrim and the ,canaanites were 
brothers4  ,,mizraim4  ,this person is  
looked upon as the father of the        
,egyptians3 on which account one might  
expect to meet with many memorials      
concerning him3 but his history is so   
veiled under allegory and titles1 that  
no great light can be obtained4 ,it is  
thought1 by many learned men1 that the  
term1 ,mizrim1 is properly a plural2 and
 that a people are by it signified1     
rather than a person4 ,this people were 
the ,egyptians3 and the head of their   
family is imagined to have been1 in the 
singular1 ,misor1 or ,metzor4 ,it is    
certain that ,egypt1 by ,stephanus      
,byzantinus1 is1 amongst other names1   
styled 1 which1 undoubtedly1 is a       
mistake for 1 the land of ,musar1 or    
,mysar4 ,it is1 by #bf;,eusebius and    
,suidas1 called ,mestraia2 by which is  

meant the land of ,metzor1 a different  
rendering of ,mysor4 ,sanchoniathon     
alludes to this person under the name of
 #bg1 ,misor2 and joins him with ,sydic3
 both which he makes the sons of the    
,shepherds ,amunus and ,magus4 ,amunus1 
,i make no doubt1 is ,amun1 or ,ham1 the
 real father of ,misor1 from whom the   
,mizrim are supposed to be descended4   
,by ,magus1 probably1 is meant ,chus1   
the father of those worshippers of fire1
 the ,magi3 the father1 also1 of the    
genuine ,scyth1 who were styled ,magog4 
,the ,canaanites1 likewise1 were his    
offspring3 and1 among these1 none were  
more distinguished than those of ,said1 
or ,sidon2 which1 ,i imagine1 is alluded
 to under the name of ,sydic4 ,it must  
be confessed1 that the author derives it
 from ,sydic1 justice3 and1 to say the  
truth1 he has1 out of antient terms1    
mixed so many feigned personages with   
those that are real1 that it is not     
possible to arrive at the truth4        
,,nimrod4  ,it is said of this person1  

by ,moses1 that he was the son of ,cush4
 #bh;,and ,cush begat ,nimrod3 he began 
to be a mighty one in the earth3 he was 
a mighty hunter before the ,lord3       
wherefore it is said1 even as ,nimrod1  
the mighty hunter before the ,lord4 ,and
 the beginning of his kingdom was       
,babel4 ,his history is plainly alluded 
to under the character of ,alorus1 the  
first king of #bi;,chaldea2 but more    
frequently under the title of ,orion4   
,this personage is represented by ,homer
 as of a gigantic make2 and as being    
continually in pursuit of wild          
#cj;beasts4 ,the ,cuthite ,colonies1    
which went westward1 carried with them  
memorials of this their ancestor2 and   
named many places from him3 and in all  
such places there will be found some    
peculiar circumstances1 which will point
 out the great hunter1 alluded to in    
their name4 ,the ,grecians generally    
styled him #ca1 ,nebrod3 hence places   
called by his name are expressed        
,nebrod1 ,nebrodes1 ,nebrissa4 ,in      

,sicily was a mountain ,nebrodes1 called
 by ,strabo in the plural #cb  4 ,it was
 a famous place for hunting2 and for    
that reason had been dedicated to       
,nimrod4 ,the poet ,gratius takes notice
 of its being stocked with wild beasts3 
#cc;,cantatus ,graiis ,acragas1 victque 
fragosum   ,nebrodem liquere fer4  ,and 
,solinus speaks to the same purpose3    
#cd,nebrodem dam et hinnuli pervagantur4
 ,at the foot of the mountain were the  
warm baths of ,himera4  ,the term 1     
,nebros1 which was substituted by the   
,greeks for ,nimrod1 signifying a fawn1 
gave occasion to many allusions about a 
fawn1 and fawn-skin1 in the ,dionusiaca1
 and other mysteries4 ,there was a town 
,nebrissa1 near the mouth of the ,btis  
in ,spain1 called1 by ,pliny1 ,veneria2 
#ce;,inter stuaria ,btis oppidum        
,nebrissa1 cognomine ,veneria4 ,this1 ,i
 should think1 was a mistake for        
,venaria2 for there were places of that 
name4 ,here were preserved the same     
rites and memorials1 as are mentioned   

above2 wherein was no allusion to       
,venus1 but to ,nimrod and ,bacchus4    
,the island1 and its rites1 are         
mentioned by ,silius ,italicus4         
#cf;,ac ,nebrissa ,dionusis conscia     
thyrsis1   ,quam ,satyri coluere leves1 
redimitaque sacr   ,nebride4  ,the      
,priests at the ,bacchanalia1 as well as
 the ,votaries1 were habited in this    
manner4    #cg;,inter matres impia ,mnas
   ,comes ,ogygio venit ,iaccho1        
,nebride sacr prcincta latus4  ,statius 
describes them in the same habit4       
#ch;,hic chelyn1 hic flavam maculoso    
,nebrida tergo1   ,hic thyrsos1 hic     
plectra ferit4  ,the history of ,nimrod 
was1 in great measure1 lost in the      
superior reverence shewn to ,chus1 or   
,bacchus3 yet1 there is reason to think1
 that divine honours were of old paid to
 him4 ,the family of the ,nebrid at     
#ci;,athens1 and another of the same    
name at ,cos1 were1 as we may infer from
 their history1 the posterity of people1
 who had been priests to ,nimrod4 ,he   

seems to have been worshipped in ,sicily
 under the names of ,elorus1 ,belorus1  
and ,orion4 ,he was likewise styled     
#dj;,belus3 but as this was merely a    
title1 and conferred upon other persons1
 it renders his history very difficult  
to be distinguished4  ,,titles ,,of     
,,the ,,deity4  ,theuth1 ,thoth1 ,taut1 
,taautes1 are the same title            
diversified2 and belong to the chief god
 of ,egypt4 ,eusebius speaks of him as  
the same as ,hermes4 #da    1   1    4  
,from ,theuth the ,greeks formed 2      
which1 with that nation1 was the most   
general name of the deity4 ,plato1 in   
his treatise1 named ,philebus1 mentions 
him by the name of #db4 ,he was looked  
upon as a great benefactor1 and the     
first cultivator of the vine4    #dc    
4  ,he was also supposed to have found  
out letters3 which invention is likewise
 attributed to ,hermes4 #dd  1          
4----   4 ,suidas calls him ,theus2 and 
says1 that he was the same as ,arez1    
styled by the ,arabians ,theus ,arez1   

and so worshipped at ,petra4  '   1    4
 ,instead of a statue1 there was  1 1 1 
a black1 square pillar of stone1 without
 any figure1 or representation4 ,it was 
the same deity1 which the ,germans and  
,celt worshipped under the name of      
,theut-,ait1 or ,theutates2 whose       
sacrifices were very cruel1 as we learn 
from ,lucan4    #de;,et quibus immitis  
placatur sanguine diro   ,theutates4    
,,ab4  ,ab signifies a father1 similar  
to  of the ,hebrews4 ,it is often found 
in composition1 as in ,ab-,el1 ,ab-,on1 
,ab-,or4  ,,aur1 ,,our1 ,,or4  ,aur1    
sometimes expressed ,or1 ,ur1 and ,our1 
signifies both light and fire4 ,hence   
came the ,orus of the ,egyptians1 a     
title given to the ,sun4 #df,quod solem 
vertimus1 id in ,hebro est 1 ,ur2 quod  
lucem1 et ignem1 etiam et ,solem        
denotat4 ,it is often compounded with   
the term above1 and rendered ,abor1     
,aborus1 ,aborras3 and it is otherwise  
diversified4 ,this title was often given
 to ,chus by his descendants2 whom they 

styled ,chusorus4 ,from ,aur1 taken as  
an element1 came ,uro1 ,ardeo2 as a     
,deity1 oro1 hora1 1 1 4 ,zeus was      
styled ,cham-,ur1 rendered  by the      
,greeks2 and under this title was       
worshipped at ,halicarnassus4 ,he is so 
called by ,lycophron4 #dg    4 ,upon    
which the ,scholiast observes2 77     4 
,,el4  ,el1 ,al1 1 sometimes expressed  
,eli1 was the name of the true ,god2 but
 by the ,zabians was transferred to the 
,sun3 whence the ,greeks borrowed their 
1 and 4 ,el1 and ,elion1 were titles1 by
 which the people of ,canaan            
distinguished their chief ,deity4 #dh  1
  4 ,this they sometimes still farther  
compounded1 and made ,abelion3 hence    
inscriptions are to be found #di;,,deo  
,,abellioni4 ,el according to ,damascius
 was a title given to ,cronus4 #ej     1
  1   4 ,the ,phenicians and ,syrians   
name ,cronus ,eel1 and ,beel1 and       
,bolathes4 ,the ,canaanitish term ,elion
 is a compound of ,eli ,on1 both titles 
of the ,sun3 hence the former is often  

joined with ,aur1 and ,orus4            
#ea;,elorus1 and ,alorus1 were names    
both of persons and places4 ,it is      
sometimes combined with ,cham3 whence we
 have ,camillus1 and ,camulus3 under    
which name the ,deity of the ,gentile   
world was in many places worshipped4    
,camulus and ,camillus were in a manner 
antiquated among the ,romans2 but their 
worship was kept up in other countries4 
,we find in ,gruter an inscription      
#eb;,,deo ,,camulo3 and another1        
,,camulo4 ,,sancto4 ,,fortissimo4 ,they 
were both the same ,deity1 a little     
diversified2 who was worshipped by the  
,hetrurians1 and esteemed the same as   
,hermes4 #ec,tusci ,camillum appellant  
,mercurium4 ,and not only the ,deity1   
but the minister and attendant had the  
same name3 for the priests of old were  
almost universally denominated from the 
,god whom they served1 or from his      
temple4 ,the name appears to have been  
once very general4 #ed,rerum omnium     
sacrarum administri ,camilli dicebantur4

 ,but ,plutarch seems to confine the    
term to one particular office and       
person4 #ee         1             4 ,he 
supposes the name to have been given to 
,hermes1 on account of the service and  
duty enjoined him4 ,but there is nothing
 of this nature to be inferred from the 
terms4 ,the ,hermes of ,egypt had       
nothing similar to his correspondent in 
,greece4 ,camillus was the name of the  
chief ,god1 ,cham-,el1 the same as      
,elion1  4 ,he was sometimes expressed  
,casmillus2 but still referred to       
,hermes4 #ef   1   4 ,the ,deity ,el was
 particularly invoked by the eastern    
nations1 when they made an attack in    
battle3 at such time they used to cry   
out1 ,el-,el1 and ,al-,al4 ,this        
,mahomet could not well bring his       
proselytes to leave off3 and therefore  
changed it to ,allah2 which the ,turks  
at this day make use of1 when they shout
 in joining battle4 ,it was1 however1 an
 idolatrous invocation1 originally made 
to the ,god of war2 and not unknown to  

the ,greeks4 ,plutarch speaks of it as  
no uncommon exclamation2 but makes the  
,deity feminine4    #eg' 1  4  ,hence we
 have in ,hesychius the following       
interpretations2 1  4 1  4 1  4 ,it is  
probably the same as  in ,isaiah1       
#eh;,how art thou fallen1 ,halal1 thou  
son of ,sehor4  ,,on and ,,eon4  ,on1   
,eon1 or ,aon1 was another title of the 
,sun among the ,amonians3 and so we find
 it explained by ,cyril upon ,hosea3    
3 and speaking of the ,egyptians in the 
same comment1 he says1    '   4 ,the    
,seventy likewise1 where the word occurs
 in ,scripture1 interpret it the ,sun2  
and call the city of ,on1 ,heliopolis4  
#ei        4 ,theophilus1 from ,manetho1
 speaks of it in the same manner3 #fj1  
4 ,and the ,coptic ,pentateuch renders  
the city ,on by the city of the ,sun4   
,hence it was1 that ,ham1 who was       
worshipped as the ,sun1 got the name of 
,amon1 and ,ammon2 and was styled       
,baal-,hamon4 ,it is said of ,solomon1  
that he had a vineyard at               

#fa;,baal-,hamon2 a name probably given 
to the place by his ,egyptian wife1 the 
daughter of ,pharaoh4 ,the term ,el was 
combined in the same manner2 and many   
places sacred to the ,sun were styled   
,el-on1 as well as ,el-our4 ,it was     
sometimes rendered ,eleon2 from whence  
came 1 and 4 ,the ,syrians1 ,cretans1   
and ,canaanites1 went farther1 and made 
a combination of the terms ,ab-,el-,eon1
 ,pater ,summus ,sol1 or ,pater ,deus   
,sol2 hence they formed ,abellon1 and   
,abelion before mentioned4 ,hesychius   
interprets 1  1 4  ,vossius thinks1 and 
with good reason1 that the ,apollo of   
,greece and ,rome was the same as the   
,abelion of the ,east4 #fb;,fortasse    
,apollo ex ,cretico  nam veteres ,romani
 pro ,apollo dixere ,apello3 ut pro     
homo1 hemo2 pro bonus1 benus2 ac        
similia4 ,the ,sun was also worshipped  
under the title ,abaddon2 which1 as we  
are informed by the ,evangelist1 was the
 same as ,apollo2 or1 as he terms him1 3
 #fc   1     4  ,,ait4  ,another title  

of ,ham1 or the ,sun1 was ,ait1 and     
,aith3 a term1 of which little notice   
has been taken2 yet of great consequence
 in respect to etymology4 ,it occurs    
continually in ,egyptian names of       
places1 as well as in the composition of
 those1 which belong to ,deities1 and   
men4 ,it relates to fire1 light1 and    
heat2 and to the consequences of heat4  
,we may1 in some degree1 learn its      
various and opposite significations when
 compounded1 from antient words in the  
,greek language1 which were derived from
 it4 ,several of these are enumerated in
 ,hesychius4 1 4 1 4  7a compound of    
,aith ,el71 4 1 4 1 4  7of the same     
etymology1 from ,aith-,on7 1 4 #fd1 4   
,the ,egyptians1 when they consecrated  
any thing to their ,deity1 or made it a 
symbol of any supposed attribute1 called
 it by the name of that attribute1 or   
#fe;emanation3 and as there was scarce  
any thing1 but what was held sacred by  
them1 and in this manner appropriated2  
it necessarily happened1 that several   

objects had often the same reference1   
and were denominated alike4 ,for1 not   
only men took to themselves the sacred  
titles1 but birds1 beasts1 fishes1      
reptiles1 together with trees1 plants1  
stones1 drugs1 and minerals1 were       
supposed to be under some particular    
influence2 and from thence received     
their names4 ,and if they were not quite
 alike1 they were1 however1 made up of  
elements very similar4 ,ham1 as the     
,sun1 was styled #ff;,ait2 and ,egypt1  
the land of ,ham1 had1 in consequence of
 it1 the name of ,ait1 rendered by the  
,greeks 3  7 7  1  1  1  #fg4 ,one of   
the most antient names of the ,nile was 
,ait1 or 4 ,it was also a name given to 
the ,eagle1 as the bird particularly    
sacred to the ,sun3 and ,homer alludes  
to the original meaning of the word1    
when he terms the ,eagle #fh 4 ,among   
the parts of the human body1 it was     
appropriated to the #fi;heart3 for the  
heart in the body may be esteemed what  
the ,sun is in his system1 the source of

 heat and life1 affording the same      
animating principle4 ,this word having  
these two senses was the reason why the 
,egyptians made a heart over a vase of  
burning incense1 an emblem of their     
country4 #gj     1   4 ,this term occurs
 continually in composition4 ,athyr1 one
 of the ,egyptian months1 was formed of 
,ath-,ur4 ,it was also one of the names 
of that place1 where the shepherds      
resided in ,egypt2 and to which the     
,israelites succeeded4 ,it stood at the 
upper point of ,delta1 and was          
particularly sacred to  ,ur1 or ,orus3  
and thence called ,athur-ai1 or the     
place of ,athur4 ,at the departure of   
the shepherds it was ruined by ,king    
,amosis4 #ga    4  ,as ,egypt was named 
,aith1 and ,ait2 so other countries1 in 
which colonies from thence settled1 were
 styled ,ethia and ,athia4 ,the sons of 
,chus founded a colony in ,colchis2 and 
we find a king of that country named    
,ait2 or1 as the ,greeks expressed it1 3
 and the land was also distinguished by 

that characteristic4 ,hence ,arete in   
the ,orphic ,argonautics1 speaking of   
,medea's returning to ,colchis1         
expresses this place by the terms  3    
#gb   1    4  ,it is sometimes          
compounded ,ath-,el1 and ,ath-,ain2 from
 whence the ,greeks formed #gc1 and 1   
titles1 by which they distinguished the 
,goddess of wisdom4 ,it was looked upon 
as a term of high honour1 and           
endearment4 ,venus in ,apollonius calls 
,juno1 and ,minerva1 by way of respect1 
3    #gd1   1  1   ,menelaus says to his
 brother ,agamemnon1 #ge' 1 1  ,and #gf 
1  1 ' 1 are the words of ,achilles to  
the shade of his lost ,patroclus4 1 in  
the original acceptation1 as a title1   
signified ,solaris1 ,divinus1           
,splendidus3 but1 in a secondary sense1 
it denoted any thing holy1 good1 and    
praiseworthy4 #gg      1 says ,eumus1 of
 his long absent and much honoured      
master4 ,i will call him good and noble1
 whether he be dead or alive4 ,from this
 antient term were derived the  and  of 

the ,greeks4  ,i have mentioned that it 
is often compounded1 as in ,athyr3 and  
that it was a name conferred on places  
where the ,amonians settled4 ,some of   
this family came1 in early times1 to    
,rhodes and ,lemnos3 of which migrations
 ,i shall hereafter treat4 ,hence1 one  
of the most antient names of #gh,rhodes 
was ,aithraia1 or the ,island of ,athyr2
 so called from the worship of the ,sun3
 and ,lemnos was denominated ,aithalia1 
for the same reason1 from ,aith-,el4 ,it
 was particularly devoted to the ,god of
 fire2 and is hence styled ,vulcania by 
the ,poet3        #gi,sumnmis ,vulcania 
surgit   ,lemnos aquis4  ,ethiopia      
itself was named both #hj;,aitheria1 and
 ,aeria1 from ,aur1 and ,athyr3 and     
,lesbos1 which had received a colony of 
,cuthites1 was reciprocally styled      
#hathiope4 ,the people of ,canaan and   
,syria paid a great reverence to the    
memory of ,ham3 hence1 we read of many  
places in those parts named ,hamath1    
,amathus1 ,amathusia4 ,one of the sons  

of ,canaan seems to have been thus      
called3 for it is said1 that ,canaan was
 the father of the #hb;,hamathite4 ,a   
city of this name stood to the east of  
mount ,libanus2 whose natives were the  
,hamathites alluded to here4 ,there was 
another ,hamath1 in ,cyprus1 by the     
,greeks expressed 1 of the same original
 as the former4 ,we read of ,eth-,baal1 
a king of #hc,sidon1 who was the father 
of ,jezebel2 and of #hd;,athaliah1 who  
was her daughter4 ,for ,ath was an      
oriental term1 which came from          
,babylonia and ,chaldea to ,egypt2 and  
from thence to ,syria and ,canaan4      
,ovid1 though his whole poem be a fable1
 yet copies the modes of those countries
 of which he treats4 ,on this account1  
speaking of an ,ethiopian1 he introduces
 him by the name of ,eth-,amon1 but     
softened by him to ,ethemon4            
#he;,instabant parte sinistr   ,chaonius
 ,molpeus1 dextr ,nabathus ,ethemon4    
,ath was sometimes joined to the antient
 title ,herm2 which the ,grecians1 with 

a termination1 made 4 ,from ,ath-,herm  
came 1 1 4 ,these terms were sometimes  
reversed1 and rendered ,herm-athena4    
,,ad4  ,ad is a title which occurs very 
often in composition1 as in ,ad-,or1    
,ad-,on2 from whence was formed ,adorus1
 ,adon1 and ,adonis4 ,it is sometimes   
found compounded with itself2 and was   
thus made use of for a supreme title1   
with which both ,deities and kings were 
honoured4 ,we read of ,hadad1 king of   
#hf;,edom3 and there was another of the 
same name at ,damascus1 whose son and   
successor was styled #hg;,benhadad4     
,according to ,nicolaus ,damascenus1 the
 kings of ,syria1 for nine generations1 
had the name of #hh;,adad4 ,there-was a 
prince ,hadadezer1 son of ,rehob1 king  
of #hi,zobah3 and ,hadoram1 son of the  
king of #ij;,hamath4 ,the ,god ,rimmon  
was styled ,adad3 and mention is made by
 the ,prophet of the mourning of ,adad  
,rimmon in the valley of #ia,megiddo4   
,the feminine of it was ,ada2 of which  
title mention is made by ,plutarch in   

speaking of a #ibqueen of ,caria4 ,it   
was a sacred title1 and appropriated by 
the ,babylonians to their chief         
#ic;,goddess4 ,among all the eastern    
nations ,ad was a peculiar title1 and   
was originally conferred upon the ,sun3 
and1 if we may credit ,macrobius1 it    
signified ,one1 and was so interpreted  
by the ,assyrians3 #id;,deo1 quem summum
 maximumque venerantur1 ,adad nomen     
dederunt4 ,ejus nominis interpretatio   
significat unus4 ,hunc ergo ut          
potissimum adorant ,deum4--,simulacrum  
,adad insigne cernitur radiis           
inclinatis4 ,i suspect that ,macrobius1 
in his representation1 has mistaken the 
cardinal number for the ordinal2 and    
that what he renders one should be      
first1 or chief4 ,we find that it was a 
sacred title2 and1 when single1 it was  
conferred upon a ,babylonish ,deity3    
but1 when repeated1 it must denote      
greater excellence3 for the ,amonians   
generally formed their superlative by   
doubling the positive3 thus ,rab was    

great2 ,rabrab signified very great4 ,it
 is1 indeed1 plain from the account1    
that it must have been a superlative2   
for he says it was designed to represent
 what was esteemed summum maximumque1   
the most eminent and great4 ,i should1  
therefore1 think that ,adad1 in its     
primitive sense1 signified 1 and 3 and1 
in a secondary meaning1 it denoted a    
chief1 or prince4 ,we may by these means
 rectify a mistake in ,philo1 who makes 
,sanchoniathon say1 that ,adodus of     
,phenicia was king of the country4 ,he  
renders the name1 ,adodus3 but we know1 
for certain1 that it was expressed      
,adad1 or ,adadus1 in ,edom1 ,syria1 and
 ,canaan4 ,he1 moreover1 makes him  1   
,king of the ,gods3 but1 it is plain1   
that the word ,adad is a compound3 and1 
as the two terms of which it is made up 
are precisely the same1 there should be 
a reciprocal resemblance in the         
translation4 ,if ,ad be a chief1 or     
king2 ,adad should be superlatively so1 
and signify a king of kings4 ,i should  

therefore suspect1 that1 in the original
 of ,sanchoniathon1 not  1 but   was the
 true reading4 ,in short1 ,ad1 and ,ada1
 signified first1 2 and1 in a more lax  
sense1 a prince or ruler3 ,adad1        
therefore1 which is a reiteration of    
this title1 means   1 or 2 and answers  
to the most ,high1 or most ,eminent4    
,ham was often styled ,ad-,ham1 or ,adam
 contracted2 which has been the cause of
 much mistake4 ,there were many places  
#ienamed ,adam1 ,adama1 ,adamah1        
,adamas1 ,adamana2 which had no         
reference to the protoplast1 but were1  
by the ,amonians1 denominated from the  
head of their family4  ,,ees and ,,is4  
,ees1 rendered ,as and ,is1 like  of the
 ,hebrews1 related to light and fire2   
and was one of the titles of the ,sun4  
,it is sometimes compounded ,ad-,ees1   
and ,ad-,is2 whence came the ,hades of  
the ,greeks1 and ,atis and ,attis of the
 ,asiatics2 which were names of the same
 ,deity1 the ,sun4 ,many places were    
hence denominated3 particularly a city  

in ,africa1 mentioned by #if,polybius4  
,there was a river #ig;,adesa1 which    
passed by the city ,choma in ,asia      
minor4 ,it was1 moreover1 the name of   
one of the chief and most antient cities
 in ,syria1 said to have been built by  
,nimrod4 ,it was1 undoubtedly1 the work 
of some of his brotherhood1 the sons of 
,chus1 who introduced there the rites of
 fire1 and the worship of the ,sun2     
whence it was styled ,adesa1 rendered by
 the ,greeks ,edessa4 ,one of the names 
of fire1 among those in the ,east1 who  
worship it1 is #ih;,atesh at this day4  
,the term ,as1 like ,adad1 before       
mentioned1 is sometimes compounded with 
itself1 and rendered ,asas1 and ,azaz2  
by the ,greeks expressed  and #ii4 ,in  
the very place spoken of above1 the     
,deity was worshipped under the name of 
,azizus4 ,the ,emperor ,julian acquaints
 us1 in his hymn to the #ajj,sun1 that  
the people of ,edessa possessed a       
region1 which1 from time immemorial1 had
 been sacred to that luminary3 that     

there were two subordinate ,deities1    
,monimus and ,azizus1 who were esteemed 
coadjutors1 and assessors to the chief  
,god4 ,he supposes them to have been the
 same as ,mars and ,mercury3 but herein 
this zealous emperor failed2 and did not
 understand the theology which he was   
recommending4 ,monimus and ,azizus were 
both names of the same ,god1 the ,deity 
of ,edessa1 and #aja,syria4 ,the former 
is1 undoubtedly1 a translation of ,adad1
 which signifies 1 or #ajbunitas3       
though1 as ,i have before shewn1 more   
properly primus4 ,azizus is a           
reduplication of a like term1 being     
compounded with itself2 and was of the  
same purport as ,ades1 or ,ad ,ees1 from
 whence the place was named4 ,it was a  
title not unknown in ,greece3 for ,ceres
 was1 of old1 called ,azazia2 by the    
,ionians1 ,azesia4 ,hesychius observes1 
1  4 ,proserpine1 also1 had this name4  
,in the same author we learn that 1 aza1
 signified 1 or sun-burnt3 which shews  
plainly to what the primitive word      

#ajcrelated4 ,this word is often found  
combined with ,or2 as in ,asorus1 and   
,esorus1 under which titles the ,deity  
was worshipped in #ajd,syria1           
#aje,sicily1 and ,carthage3 of the last 
city he was supposed to have been the   
founder4 ,it is often compounded with   
,el and ,il2 and many places were from  
thence denominated ,alesia1 ,elysa1     
,eleusa1 ,halesus1 ,elysus1 ,eleusis1 by
 apocope ,las1 ,lasa1 ,lsa1 ,lasaia2    
also1 ,lissa1 ,lissus1 ,lissia4         
,sometimes we meet with these terms     
reversed2 and1 instead of ,el ,ees1 they
 are rendered ,ees ,el3 hence we have   
places named ,azilis1 ,azila1 ,asyla1   
contracted ,zelis1 ,zela1 ,zeleia1      
,zelitis2 also ,sele1 ,sela1 ,sala1     
,salis1 ,sillas1 ,silis1 ,soli4 ,all    
these places were founded or denominated
 by people of the ,amonian worship3 and 
we may always1 upon inquiry1 perceive   
something very peculiar in their history
 and situation4 ,they were particularly 
devoted to the worship of the ,sun2 and 

they were generally situated near hot   
springs1 or else upon foul and fetid    
lakes1 and pools of bitumen4 ,it is1    
also1 not uncommon to find near them    
mines of salt and nitre2 and caverns    
sending forth pestilential exhalations4 
,the ,elysian plain1 near the ,catacombs
 in ,egypt1 stood upon the foul         
,charonian canal2 which was so noisome1 
that every fetid ditch and cavern was   
from it called ,charonian4 ,asia ,proper
 comprehended little more than ,phrygia1
 and a part of ,lydia2 and was bounded  
by the river ,halys4 ,it was of a most  
inflammable soil2 and there were many   
fiery eruptions about ,caroura1 and in  
,hyrcania1 which latter was styled by   
the ,greeks 4 ,hence1 doubtless1 the    
region had the name of #ajf;,asia1 or   
the land of fire4 ,one of its most      
antient cities1 and most reverenced1 was
 ,hierapolis1 famous for its hot        
#ajg;fountains4 ,here was also a sacred 
cavern1 styled by #ajh,strabo           
,plutonium1 and ,charonium2 which sent  

up pestilential effluvia4 ,photius1 in  
the life of ,isidorus1 acquaints us1    
that it was the temple of ,apollo at    
,hierapolis1 within whose precincts     
these deadly vapours arose4 #aji      1 
1   4 ,he speaks of this cavity as being
 immediately under the edifice4 ,four   
caverns of this sort1 and styled        
,charonian1 are mentioned by #aaj,strabo
 in this part of the world4 ,pliny1     
speaking of some ,charonian hollows in  
,italy1 says1 that the exhalations were 
insupportable4 #aaa,spiracula vocant1   
alii ,charoneas scrobes1 mortiferum     
spiritum exhalantes4 ,it may appear     
wonderful2 but the ,amonians were       
determined in the situation both of     
their cities and temples by these       
strange phnomena4 ,they esteemed no     
places so sacred as those where there   
were fiery eruptions1 uncommon steams1  
and sulphureous exhalations4 ,in        
,armenia1 near #aab;,comana1 and        
,camisena1 was the temple of            
#aac;,anait1 or fountain of the ,sun4   

,it was a ,persic and ,babylonish       
,deity1 as well as an ,armenian1 which  
was honoured with ,puratheia1 where the 
rites of fire were particularly kept up4
 ,the city itself was named ,zela2 and  
close behind it was a large nitrous     
lake4 ,in short1 from the ,amonian      
terms1 ,al-,as1 came the ,grecian 1 1 2 
as1 from the same terms reversed        
7,as-,el71 were formed the ,latine ,sal1
 ,sol1 and ,salum4 ,wherever the        
,amonians found places with these       
natural or prternatural properties1 they
 held them sacred1 and founded their    
temples near them4 #aad,selenousia1 in  
,ionia1 was upon a salt lake1 sacred to 
,artemis4 ,in ,epirus was a city called 
,alesa1 ,elissa1 and ,lesa3 and hard by 
were the ,alesian plains2 similar to the
 ,elysian in ,egypt3 in these was       
produced a great quantity of fossil     
#aaesalt4 ,there was an ,alesia in      
,arcadia1 and a mountain ,alesium with a
 temple upon it4 ,here an antient       
personage1 putus1 was said to have been 

suffocated with salt water3 in which    
history there is an allusion to the     
etymology of the name4 ,it is true that 
,pausanias supposes it to have been     
called ,alesia1 from ,rhea having       
wandered thither2 #aaf  1  1   3 but it 
was not 1 but 1 and 1 sal2 and the      
,deity1 to whom that body was sacred1   
from whence the place was named4 ,and   
this is certain from another tradition1 
which there prevailed3 for it is said   
that in antient times there was an      
eruption of sea water in the temple3    
#aag          4 ,nor was this           
appellation confined to one particular  
sort of fountain1 or water3 but all     
waters1 that had any uncommon property1 
were in like manner sacred to ,elees1 or
 ,eesel4 ,it was an antient title of    
,mithras and ,osiris in the east1 the   
same as #aah,sol1 the ,sun4 ,from hence 
the priests of the ,sun were called     
,soli and ,solimi in ,cilicia1 ,selli in
 ,epirus1 ,salii at ,rome1 all          
originally priests of fire4 ,as such    

they are described by ,virgil3    ,tum  
,salii ad cantus incensa altaria circum4
  ,in like manner the ,silaceni of the  
,babylonians were worshippers of the    
same ,deity1 and given to the rites of  
fire1 which accompanied the worship of  
the ,sun4  ,the chief city of ,silacena 
was ,sile or ,sele1 where were eruptions
 of fire4 ,sele is the place or city of 
the ,sun4 ,whenever therefore ,sal1 or  
,sel1 or the same reversed1 occur in the
 composition of any place's name1 we may
 be pretty certain that the place is    
remarkable either for its rites or      
situation1 and attended with some of the
 circumstances #aai;above-mentioned4    
,many instances may be produced of those
 denominated from the quality of their  
waters4 ,in the river #abj,silarus of   
,italy every thing became petrified4    
,the river #aba,silias in ,india would  
suffer nothing to swim4 ,the waters of  
the #abb,salassi in the ,alps were of   
great use in refining gold4 ,the        
fountain at #abc,selinus in ,sicily was 

of a bitter saline taste4 ,of the salt  
lake near #abd,selinousia in ,ionia ,i  
have spoken4 ,the fountain ,silo at     
,jerusalem was in some degree #abesalt4 
,ovid mentions ,sulmo1 where he was     
born1 as noted for its #abf;cool waters3
 for cold streams were equally sacred to
 the ,sun as those1 which were of a     
contrary nature4 ,the fine waters at    
non1 where ,john baptized1 were called  
#abg,salim4 ,the river ,ales near       
,colophon ran through the grove of      
,apollo1 and was esteemed the coldest   
stream in ,ionia4 #abh     4 ,in the    
country of the ,alazonians was a bitter 
fountain1 which ran into the            
#abi;,hypanis4 ,these terms were        
sometimes combined with the name of     
,ham2 and expressed ,hameles1 and       
,hamelas2 contracted to ,meles and      
,melas4 ,a river of this name watered   
the region of ,pamphylia1 and was noted 
for a most cold and pure #acjwater4 ,the
 ,meles near ,smyrna was equally        
admired4 #aca      1     4 ,the ,melas  

in ,cappadocia was of a contrary        
quality4 ,it ran through a hot1         
inflammable country1 and formed many    
fiery pools4 #acb  '     4 ,in ,pontus  
was ,amasus1 ,amasia1 ,amasene1 where   
the region abounded with hot waters3    
#acc          1  4  ,it is wonderful1   
how far the ,amonian religion and       
customs were carried in the first ages4 
,the antient ,germans1 and              
,scandinavians1 were led by the same    
principles2 and founded their temples in
 situations of the same nature1 as those
 were1 which have been above described4 
,above all others they chose those      
places1 where were any nitrous1 or      
saline waters4 #acd,maxime autem lucos  
7or lacus7 sale gignendo fcundos ,clo   
propinquare1 precesque mortalium nusquam
 propius audiri firmiter erant persuasi2
 prout exemplo ,hermundurorum docet     
testis omni exceptione major            
#ace,tacitus4  ,,san1 ,,son1 ,,zan1     
,,zaan4  ,the most common name for the  
,sun was ,san1 and ,son2 expressed also 

,zan1 ,zon1 and ,zaan4 ,zeus of ,crete1 
who was supposed to have been buried in 
that ,island1 is said to have had the   
following inscription on his tomb3      
#acf   1   4  ,the ,ionians expressed it
 1 and 4 ,hesychius tells us1 that the  
,sun was called  by the ,babylonians4   
,it is to be observed that the ,grecians
 in foreign words continually omitted   
the ,nu final1 and substituted a ,sigma4
 ,the true ,babylonish name for the ,sun
 was undoubtedly 1 oftentimes expressed 
1 ,soan4 ,it was the same as ,zauan of  
the ,sidonians2 under which name they   
worshipped ,adonis1 or the ,sun4        
,hesychius says1 1    4 ,who the ,deity 
was1 ,i think may be plainly seen4 ,it  
is mentioned by the same writer1 that   
the ,indian ,hercules1 by which is      
always meant the chief ,deity1 was      
styled ,dorsanes3    ' 4 ,the name      
,dorsanes is an abridgment of           
,ador-,san1 or ,ador-,sanes1 that is    
,ador-,sol1 the lord of light4 ,it was a
 title conferred upon ,ham2 and also    

upon others of his family2 whom ,i have 
before mentioned to have been           
collectively called the ,baalim4        
,analogous to this they were likewise   
called the ,zaanim1 and ,zaananim3 and a
 temple was erected to them by the      
antient ,canaanites1 which was from them
 named #acg;,beth-,zaananim4 ,there was 
also a place called ,sanim in the same  
country1 rendered ,sonam#ach1 1 by      
,eusebius2 which was undoubtedly named  
in honour of the same persons3 for their
 posterity looked up to them1 as the    
,heliad1 or descendants of the ,sun1 and
 denominated them from that luminary4   
,according to ,hesychius it was a title1
 of old not unknown in ,greece2 where   
princes and rulers were styled ,zanides1
 1 4 ,in #aci;,diodorus ,siculus mention
 is made of an antient king of ,armenia1
 called ,barsanes2 which signifies the  
offspring of the ,sun4 ,we find temples 
erected to the ,deity of the same       
purport2 and styled in the singular     
,beth-,san3 by which is meant the temple

 of the ,sun4 ,two places occur in      
,scripture of this name3 the one in the 
tribe of ,manasseh3 the other in the    
land of the ,philistines4 ,the latter   
seems to have been a city2 and also a   
temple1 where the body of ,saul was     
exposed after his defeat upon mount     
,gilboa4 ,for it is said1 that the      
,philistines #adj;cut off his head1 and 
stripped off his armour--and they put   
his armour in the house of ,ashtoreth1  
and they fastened his body to the wall  
of ,bethsan4 ,they seem to have         
sometimes used this term with a         
reduplication3 for we read of a city in 
,canaan called #ada,sansanah2 by which  
is signified a place sacred to the most 
illustrious ,orb of day4 ,some antient  
statues near mount ,cronius in ,elis    
were by the natives called ,zanes1 as we
 are told by ,pausanias3 #adb     4     
,they were supposed to have been the    
statues of ,zeus3 but ,zan was more     
properly the ,sun2 and they were the    
statues of persons1 who were denominated

 from him4 ,one of these persons1 styled
 ,zanes1 and ,zanim1 was ,chus3 whose   
posterity sent out large colonies to    
various parts of the earth4 ,some of    
them settled upon the coast of ,ausonia1
 called in later times ,italy2 where    
they worshipped their great ancestor    
under the name of ,san-,chus4 ,silius   
,italicus speaking of the march of some 
,sabine troops1 says1        #adc,pars  
,sancum voce canebant   ,auctorem       
gentis4  ,lactantius takes notice of    
this ,deity4 #add;gyptii ,isidem1 ,mauri
 ,jubam1 ,macedones ,cabirum--,sabini   
,sancum colunt4 ,he was not unknown at  
,rome1 where they styled him ,zeus      
,pistius1 as we learn from ,dionysius of
 ,halicarnassus3 #ade   1    4 ,there   
are in ,gruter inscriptions1 wherein he 
has the title of ,semon prefixed1 and is
 also styled ,sanctus4  #adf,,sancto4   
,,sanco4 ,,semoni4 ,,deo4 ,,fidio4      
,,sacrum4  ,semon 7,sem-,on7 signifies  
,clestis ,sol4  ,some of the antients   
thought that the soul of man was a      

divine emanation2 a portion of light    
from the ,sun4 ,hence1 probably1 it was 
called ,zoan from that luminary2 for so 
we find it named in ,macrobius4         
#adg,veteres nullum animal sacrum in    
finibus suis esse patiebantur2 sed      
abigebant ad fines ,deorum1 quibus      
sacrum esset3 animas vero sacratorum    
hominum1 quos ,grci  vocant ,diis       
debitas stimabant4  ,,di1 ,,dio1 ,,dis1 
,,dus4  ,another common name for the    
,deity was ,dis1 ,dus1 and the like2    
analogous to ,deus1 and ,theos of other 
nations4 ,the ,sun was called ,arez in  
the east1 and compounded ,dis-arez1 and 
,dus-arez2 which signifies ,deus ,sol4  
,the name is mentioned by               
,tertullian#adh4 ,unicuique etiam       
provinci et civitati suus ,deus est1 ut 
,syri ,astarte1 ,arabi ,dysares4        
,hesychius supposes the ,deity to have  
been the same as ,dionusus4     771  4  
,there was a high mountain1 or          
promontory1 in #adi;,arabia1 denominated
 from this ,deity3 analogous to which   

there was one in ,thrace1 which had its 
name #aej;from ,dusorus1 or the ,god of 
light1 ,orus4 ,i took notice1 that      
,hercules1 or the chief ,deity among the
 ,indians1 was called ,dorsanes3 he had 
also the name of ,sandis1 and ,sandes2  
which signifies ,sol ,deus4 #aea    1   
1    1    4 ,agathias of the people in  
the east4 ,probably the ,deity ,bendis1 
whose rites were so celebrated in       
,phrygia and ,thrace1 was a compound of 
,ben-,dis1 the offspring of ,god4 ,the  
natives of this country represented     
,bendis as a female2 and supposed her to
 be the same as #aeb,selene1 or the     
moon4 ,the same ,deity was often        
masculine and feminine3 what was ,dea   
,luna in one country1 was ,deus ,lunus  
in another4  ,,kur1 ,y1 ,,cura4  ,the   
,sun was likewise named ,kur1 ,cur1 4   
#aec     4 ,many places were sacred to  
this ,deity1 and called ,cura1 ,curia1  
,curopolis1 ,curene1 ,cureschata1       
,curesta1 ,curestica regio4 ,many rivers
 in ,persis1 ,media1 ,iberia1 were      

denominated in the same manner4 ,the    
term is sometimes expressed ,corus3     
hence ,corusia in ,scythia4 ,of this    
term ,i shall say more hereafter4       
,,cohen1 or ,,cahen4  ,cohen1 which     
seems1 among the ,egyptians and other   
,amonians1 to have been pronounced      
,cahen1 and ,chan1 signified a ,priest2 
also a ,lord or ,prince4 ,in early times
 the office of a ,prince and of a       
,priest were comprehended under one     
character4    #aed,rex ,anius1 ,rex idem
 hominum1 ,phbique ,sacerdos4  ,this    
continued a great while in some parts of
 the #aeeworld2 especially in ,asia     
,minor1 where1 even in the time of the  
,romans1 the chief priest was the prince
 of the #aefprovince4 ,the term was     
sometimes used with a greater latitude2 
and denoted any thing noble and divine4 
,hence we find it prefixed to the names 
both of ,deities and men2 and of places 
denominated from them4 ,it is often     
compounded with ,athoth1 as ,canethoth2 
and we meet with ,can-,osiris1          

,can-ophis1 ,can-ebron1 and the like4   
,it was sometimes expressed ,kun1 and   
among the ,athenians was the title of   
the antient priests of ,apollo2 whose   
posterity were styled 1 ,cunnid1        
according to ,hesychius4 1   1      4   
,we find from hence1 that ,apollo was   
styled 1 ,cunnius4 1  4 ,hence came 1 1 
1 well known terms of adoration4 ,it was
 also expressed ,con1 as we may infer   
from the title of the ,egyptian         
,hercules4#aeg         4 ,it seems also 
to have been a title of the true ,god1  
who by #aeh,moses is styled ,konah1 4   
,we find this term oftentimes subjoined4
 ,the ,chaldeans1 who were particularly 
possessed of the land of ,ur1 and were  
worshippers of fire1 had the name of    
,urchani4 ,strabo limits this title to  
one branch of the ,chaldeans1 who were  
literati1 and observers of the heavens2 
and even of these to one sect only4     
#aei  4 ,but #afj,ptolemy speaks of them
 more truly as a nation2 as does ,pliny 
likewise4 ,he mentions their stopping   

the course of the ,euphrates1 and       
diverting the stream into the channel of
 the ,tigris4 #afa;,euphratem prclusere 
,orcheni1 c4 nec nisi ,pasitigri        
defertur in mare4 ,there seem to have   
been particular colleges appropriated to
 the astronomers and priests in         
,chaldea1 which were called ,conah2 as  
we may infer from #afb;,ezra4 ,he       
applies it to societies of his own      
priests and people2 but it was a term   
borrowed from ,chaldea4  ,the title of  
,urchan among the ,gentile nations was  
appropriated to the ,god of fire1 and   
his #afcpriests2 but was assumed by     
other persons4 ,some of the priests and 
princes among the ,jews1 after the      
return from captivity1 took the name of 
,hyrcanus4 ,orchan1 and ,orchanes among 
the ,persic and ,tartar nations is very 
common at this #afd;day2 among whom the 
word ,chan is ever current for a prince 
or king4 ,hence we read of ,mangu ,chan1
 ,cublai ,chan1 ,cingis ,chan4 ,among   
some of these nations it is expressed   

,kon1 ,kong1 and ,king4 ,monsieur de    
,lisle1 speaking of the ,chinese1 says1 
#afe,les noms de ,king ,che1 ou         
,kong-,sse1 signifient ,cour de ,prince 
en ,chine4 ,can1 ou ,chan en langue     
,tartare signifie ,roi1 ou ,empereur4   
,,petah4  ,of this ,amonian term of     
honour ,i have taken notice in a        
treatise before4 ,i have shewn1 that it 
was to be found in many ,egyptian       
#affnames1 such as ,petiphra1           
,petiphera1 ,petisonius1 ,petosiris1    
,petarbemis1 ,petubastus the ,tanite1   
and ,petesuccus1 builder of the         
,labyrinth4 ,petes1 called ,peteos in   
,homer1 the father of ,mnestheus1 the   
,athenian1 is of the same original3 #afg
  1   1    4    4 ,all the great        
officers of the ,babylonians and        
,persians took their names from some    
sacred title of the ,sun4 ,herodotus    
mentions #afh,petazithes ,magus1 and    
#afi,patiramphes3 the latter was        
charioteer to ,xerxes in his expedition 
to ,greece3 but he was denominated from 

another office2 for he was brother to   
,smerdis1 and a ,magus2 which was a     
priest of the ,sun4 ,the term is        
sometimes subjoined1 as in ,atropatia1 a
 province in #agj,media2 which was so   
named1 as we learn from ,strabo1 #aga   
4 ,in the accounts of the ,amazons      
likewise this word occurs4 ,they are    
said to have been called ,aorpata1 or1  
according to the common reading in      
,herodotus1 ,oiorpata2 which writer     
places them upon the ,cimmerian         
,bosporus4 #agb           '        1    
4 ,this etymology is founded upon a     
notion that the ,amazons were a         
community of women1 who killed every    
man1 with whom they had any commerce1   
and yet subsisted as a people for ages4 
,i shall hereafter speak of the nations 
under this title2 for there were more   
than one3 but all of one family2 all    
colonies from ,egypt4 ,the title above  
was given them from their worship3 for  
,oiorpata1 or1 as some ,,mss4 have it1  
,aor-pata1 is the same as #agc,petah    

,or1 the priest of ,orus2 or1 in a more 
lax sense1 the votaries of that ,god4   
,they were 2 for they sacrificed all    
strangers1 whom fortune brought upon    
their coast3 so that the whole ,euxine  
sea1 upon which they lived1 was rendered
 infamous from their cruelty3 but they  
did not take their name from this       
circumstance4  ,one of the ,egyptian    
,deities was named ,neith1 and ,neit2   
and analogous to the above her priests  
were styled #agd,pataneit4 ,they were   
also named ,sonchin1 which signifies a  
priest of the ,sun3 for ,son1 ,san1     
,zan1 are of the same signification2 and
 ,son-,chin is  4 ,proclus says1 that it
 was the title of the priests2 and      
particularly of him1 who presided in the
 college of ,neith at ,sas4  ,,bel and  
,,baal4  ,bel1 ,bal1 or ,baal1 is a     
,babylonish title1 appropriated to the  
,sun2 and made use of by the ,amonians  
in other countries2 particularly in     
,syria and ,canaan4 ,it signified 1 or  
,lord1 and is often compounded with     

other terms2 as in ,bel-,adon1 ,belorus1
 ,bal-hamon1 ,belochus1 ,bel-on2 7from  
which last came ,bellona of the ,romans7
 and also ,baal-shamaim1 the great ,lord
 of the ,heavens4 ,this was a title     
given by the ,syrians to the ,sun3 #age 
1      1   ' 4 ,we may1 from hence1     
decypher the name of the ,sun1 as       
mentioned before by ,damascius1 who     
styles that ,deity ,bolathes3 #agf     1
  1   4 ,what he terms ,bolathes is a   
compound of ,bal-,ath1 or ,bal-,athis2  
the same as ,atis1 and ,atish of ,lydia1
 ,persis1 and other countries4 ,philo   
,biblius interprets it ,zeus3 ,damascius
 supposed it to mean ,cronus2 as did    
likewise ,theophilus3 #agg    1     1  1
      4 ,this diversity amounts to      
little3 for ,i shall hereafter shew1    
that all the ,grecian names of ,deities1
 however appropriated1 were originally  
titles of one ,god1 and related to the  
,sun4  ,,keren4  ,keren signifies1 in   
its original sense1 a horn3 but was     
always esteemed an emblem of power2 and 

made use of as a title of sovereignty   
and puissance4 ,hence1 it is common with
 the sacred writers to say #agh,my horn 
shalt thou exalt--#agi;his horn shall be
 exalted with honour--#ahjthe horn of   
,moab is cut off3 and the               
,evangelist#aha speaks of ,christ as a  
horn of salvation to the world4 ,the    
,greeks often changed the nu final into 
sigma3 hence1 from keren they formed 1 3
 and from thence they deduced the words 
1 3 also 1 1 and 2 all relating to      
strength and eminence4 ,gerenius1 1     
applied to ,nestor1 is an ,amonian term1
 and signifies a princely and venerable 
person4 ,the ,egyptian ,crane1 for its  
great services1 was held in high honour1
 being sacred to the ,god of light1     
,abis 7 7 or1 as the ,greeks expressed  
it1 ,ibis2 from whence the name was     
given4 ,it was also called ,keren and   
,kerenus3 by the ,greeks 1 the noble    
bird1 being most honoured of any4 ,it   
was a title of the ,sun himself3 for    
,apollo was named ,cranes1 and          

#ahb;,carnes2 which was no other than   
,cerenes1 the supreme ,deity1 the ,lord 
of light3 and his festival styled       
,carnea1 1 was an abbreviation of 1     
,cerenea4 ,the priest of ,cybele in     
,phrygia was styled ,carnas2 which was a
 title of the ,deity1 whom he served2   
and of the same purport as ,carneus     
above4  ,,oph4  ,oph signifies a        
serpent1 and was pronounced at times and
 expressed1 ,ope1 #ahc,oupis1 ,opis1    
,ops2 and1 by ,cicero1 #ahd,upis4 ,it   
was an emblem of the ,sun2 and also of  
time and eternity4 ,it was worshipped as
 a ,deity1 and esteemed the same as     
,osiris2 by others the same as ,vulcan4 
,vulcanus gyptiis ,opas dictus est1     
eodem ,cicerone #aheteste4 ,a serpent   
was also1 in the ,egyptian language1    
styled ,ob1 or ,aub3 though it may      
possibly be only a variation of the term
 above4 ,we are told by ,orus ,apollo1  
that the basilisk1 or royal serpent1 was
 named ,oubaios3 #ahf1    4 ,it should  
have been rendered 1 ,oubus2 for  is a  

possessive1 and not a proper name4 ,the 
,deity1 so denominated1 was esteemed    
prophetic2 and his temples were applied 
to as oracular4 ,this idolatry is       
alluded to by ,moses1#ahg who1 in the   
name of ,god1 forbids the ,israelites   
ever to inquire of those dmons1 ,ob and 
,ideone3 which shews that it was of     
great antiquity4 ,the symbolical worship
 of the serpent was1 in the first ages1 
very extensive2 and was introduced into 
all the mysteries1 wherever celebrated3 
#ahh    '        4 ,it is remarkable1   
that wherever the ,amonians founded any 
places of worship1 and introduced their 
rites1 there was generally some story of
 a serpent4 ,there was a legend about a 
serpent at ,colchis1 at ,thebes1 and at 
,delphi2 likewise in other places4 ,the 
,greeks called ,apollo himself ,python1 
which is the same as ,opis1 ,oupis1 and 
,oub4 ,the woman at ,endor1 who had a   
familiar spirit1 is called #ahi1 ,oub1  
or ,ob2 and it is interpreted           
,pythonissa4 ,the place where she       

resided1 seems to have been named from  
the worship there instituted3 for ,endor
 is compounded of ,en-,ador1 and        
signifies ,fons ,pythonis1 the fountain 
of light1 the oracle of the ,god ,ador4 
,this oracle was1 probably1 founded by  
the ,canaanites2 and had never been     
totally suppressed4 ,in antient times   
they had no images in their temples1    
but1 in lieu of them1 used conical      
stones or pillars1 called 2 under which 
representation this ,deity was often    
worshipped4 ,his pillar was also called 
#aij;,abaddir1 which should be expressed
 ,abadir1 being a compound of ,ab1 1 and
 ,adir2 and means the serpent ,deity1   
,addir1 the same as ,adorus4 ,it was    
also compounded with ,on1 a title of the
 same ,deity3 and ,kircher says that    
,obion is still1 among the people of    
,egypt1 the name of a serpent4 1 ,ob    
,mosi1 ,python1 vox ab gyptiis sumpta2  
quibus ,obion hodieque serpentem sonat4 
,ita #aia,kircher4 ,the same also occurs
 in the ,coptic lexicon4 ,the worship of

 the serpent was very antient among the 
,greeks1 and is said to have been       
introduced by ,cecrops4 #aib,philochorus
 ,saturno1 et ,opi1 primam in ,attic    
statuisse aram ,cecropem dicit4 ,but    
though some represent ,opis as a        
distinct ,deity2 yet #aicothers         
introduce the term rather as a title1   
and refer it to more ,deities than one3 
,callimachus1 who expresses it ,oupis1  
confers it upon ,diana1 and plays upon  
the sacred term3    #aid1 ' 4  ,it is   
often compounded with ,chan2 and        
expressed ,canopus1 ,canophis1          
,canuphis1 ,cnuphis1 ,cneph3 it is also 
otherwise combined2 as in ,ophon1       
,ophion1 ,oropus1 ,orobus1 ,inopus1     
,asopus1 ,elopus1 ,ophitis1 ,onuphis1   
,ophel4 ,from ,caneph the ,grecians     
formed ,cyniphius1 which they used for  
an epithet to ,ammon3    #aie,non hic   
,cyniphius canetur ,ammon1   ,mitratum  
caput elevans arenis4  ,on the subject  
of serpent worship ,i shall speak more  
at large in a particular treatise4      

,,ain4  ,ain1 ,an1 ,en1 for so it is at 
times expressed1 signifies a fountain1  
and was prefixed to the names of many   
places which were situated near         
fountains1 and were denominated from    
them4 ,in ,canaan1 near the fords of    
,jordan1 were some celebrated waters2   
which1 from their name1 appear to have  
been1 of old1 sacred to the ,sun4 ,the  
name of the place was #aifnon1 or the   
fountain of the ,sun2 the same to which 
people resorted to be baptized by ,john3
 not from an opinion that there was any 
sanctity in the waters2 for that notion 
had been for ages obliterated2 and the  
name was given by the ,canaanite3 but   
#aig;,john baptized in non1 near to     
,salim1 because there was much water    
there3 and they came1 and were baptized4
 ,many places were styled ,an-ait1      
,an-abor1 ,anabouria1 ,anathon1 ,anopus1
 ,anorus4 ,some of these were so called 
from their situation2 others from the   
worship there established4 ,the         
,egyptians had many subordinate         

,deities1 which they esteemed so many   
emanations1  from their chief ,god2 as  
we learn from ,iamblichus1 ,psellus1 and
 ,porphyry4 ,these derivatives they     
called #aih;fountains1 and supposed them
 to be derived from the ,sun2 whom they 
looked upon as the source of all things4
 ,hence they formed ,ath-,el and        
,ath-,ain1 the #aii;,athela and ,athena 
of the ,greeks4 ,these were two titles  
appropriated to the same personage1     
,divine ,wisdom2 who was supposed to    
spring from the head of her father4     
,wherever the ,amonian religion was     
propagated1 names of this sort will     
occur2 being originally given from the  
mode of worship established#bjj4 ,hence 
so many places styled ,anthedon1        
,anthemus1 ,ain-shemesh1 and the like4  
,the nymph none was1 in reality1 a      
fountain1 ,ain-,on1 in ,phrygia2 and    
sacred to the same ,deity3 and1         
agreeably to this1 she is said to have  
been the daughter of the river          
#bja;,cebrenus4 ,the island gina was    

named #bjbnone1 and nopia1 probably from
 its worship4 ,as ,divine ,wisdom was   
sometimes expressed ,ath-,ain1 or 2 so1 
at other times1 the terms were reversed1
 and a ,deity constituted called        
,an-,ait4 ,temples to this goddess occur
 at ,ecbatana in ,media3 also in        
,mesopotamia1 ,persis1 ,armenia1 and    
,cappadocia2 where the rites of fire    
were particularly observed4 ,she was not
 unknown among the antient ,canaanites2 
for a temple called ,beth-,anath is     
mentioned in the book of #bjc;,joshua4  
,of these temples1 and the ,puratheia   
there established1 accounts may be seen 
in many parts of ,strabo4  ,i have      
mentioned1 that all springs and baths   
were sacred to the ,sun3 on which       
account they were called ,bal-ain2 the  
fountains of the great ,lord of ,heaven2
 from whence the ,greeks formed 3 and   
the ,romans ,balnea4 ,the southern seas 
abounded formerly with large whales3 and
 it is well known1 that they have       
apertures near their nostrils1 through  

which they spout water in a large       
stream1 and to a great height4 ,hence   
they too had the name of ,bal-,ain1 or  
,baln4 ,for every thing uncommon was by 
the ,amonians consecrated to the ,deity1
 and denominated from his titles4 ,this 
is very apparent in all the animals of  
,egypt4  ,the term 1 ,ouranus1 related  
properly to the orb of the ,sun2 but was
 in aftertimes made to comprehend the   
whole expanse of the heavens4 ,it is    
compounded of ,ourain1 the fountain of  
,orus2 and shews to what it alludes1 by 
its etymology4 ,many places were named  
,ees-ain1 the reverse of ,ain-ees1 or   
,hanes3 and others farther compounded   
,am-ees-ain1 and ,cam-ees-ain1 rendered 
,amisene1 and ,camisene3 the natural    
histories of which places will generally
 authenticate the etymology4 ,the       
,amonians settled upon the ,tiber3 and  
the antient town ,janiculum was         
originally named #bjd;,camese2 and the  
region about it ,camesene3 undoubtedly  
from the fountain ,camesene1 called     

afterward ,anna ,perenna1 whose waters  
ran into the sacred pool #bje,numicius3 
and whose priests were the ,camn4  ,i am
 sensible1 that some very learned men do
 not quite approve of terms being thus  
reversed1 as ,i have exhibited them in  
,ath-ain1 ,bal-ain1 ,our-ain1 ,cam-ain1 
and in other examples3 and it is        
esteemed a deviation from the common    
usage in the ,hebrew language2 where the
 governing word1 as it is termed1 always
 comes first4 ,of this there are many   
instances2 such as ,ain-,shemesh1       
,ain-,gaddi1 ,ain-,mishpat1 ,ain-,rogel1
 c4 also ,beth-,el1 ,beth-,dagon1       
,beth-,aven1 ,beth-,oron4 ,but1 with    
submission1 this does not affect the    
etymologies1 which ,i have laid before  
the reader3 for ,i do not deduce them   
from the ,hebrew4 ,and though there may 
have been of old a great similitude     
between that language1 and those of     
,egypt1 ,cutha1 and ,canaan3 yet they   
were all different tongues4 ,there was  
once but one language among the sons of 

men#bjf4 ,upon the dispersion of        
mankind1 this was branched out into     
dialects2 and those again were          
subdivided3 all which varied every age1 
not only in respect to one another2 but 
each language differed from itself more 
and more continually4 ,it is therefore  
impossible to reduce the whole of these 
to the mode1 and standard of any one4   
,besides1 the terms1 of which ,i suppose
 these names to be formed1 are not      
properly in regimine2 but are used      
adjectively1 as is common almost in     
every language4 ,we meet in the ,grecian
 writings with #bjg 1  1   4 ,also  1  1
  1  1  4 ,why may we not suppose1 that 
the same usage prevailed in ,cutha1 and 
in ,egypt8 ,and this practice was not   
entirely foreign to the ,hebrews4 ,we   
read indeed of ,beer-sheba1             
,beer-lahoiroi1 c4 but we also read of  
#bjh ,baalath-,beer1 exactly similar to 
the instances which ,i have produced4   
,we meet in the sacred writings with    
,beth-,el1 and ,beth-,dagon3 but we     

sometimes find the governing word       
postponed1 as in ,elizabeth1 or temple  
of ,eliza4 ,it was a ,canaanitish#bji   
name1 the same as ,elisa1 ,eleusa1      
,elasa of ,greece and other countries4  
,it was a compound of ,el-,ees1 and     
related to the ,god of light1 as ,i have
 before shewn4 ,it was made a feminine  
in aftertimes3 and was a name assumed by
 women of the country styled ,phenicia1 
as well as by those of ,carthage4 ,hence
 ,dido has this as a secondary          
appellation2 and mention is made by the 
,poet of ,dii morientis #baj;,eliz1     
though it was properly the name of a    
,deity4 ,it may be said1 that these     
names are foreign to the ,hebrews1      
though sometimes adopted by them3 and ,i
 readily grant it2 for it is the whole1 
that ,i contend for4 ,all1 that ,i want 
to have allowed1 is1 that different     
nations in their several tongues had    
different modes of collocation and      
expression3 because ,i think it as      
unreasonable to determine the usage of  

the ,egyptians and antient ,chaldeans by
 the method of the ,hebrews1 as it would
 be to reduce the ,hebrew to the mode   
and standard of ,egypt4 ,what in        
,joshua1 c4 #ai4 v4 #h4 is ,baaleth1 is1
 #a ,kings1 c4 #af4 v4 #ca4 ,eth-baal3  
so that even in the sacred writings we  
find terms of this sort transposed4 ,but
 in respect to foreign names1 especially
 of places1 there are numberless        
instances similar to those1 which ,i    
have produced4 ,they occur in all       
histories of countries both antient and 
modern4 ,we read of ,pharbeth1 and      
,phainobeth in ,egypt3 of ,themiskir1   
and #baa,tigranocerta1 which signifies  
,tigranes' city1 in ,cappadocia1 and    
,armenia4 ,among the eastern nations at 
this day the names of the principal     
places are of this manner of            
construction2 such as ,pharsabad1       
,jehenabad1 ,amenabad3 such also        
,indostan1 ,pharsistan1 ,mogulistan1    
with many others4 ,hence ,i hope1 if ,i 
meet with a temple or city1 called      

,hanes1 or ,urania1 ,i may venture to   
derive it from ,an-,eees1 or ,ur-,ain1  
however the terms may be disposed4 ,and 
,i may proceed farther to suppose that  
it was denominated the fountain of      
light2 as ,i am able to support my      
etymology by the history of the place4  
,or if ,i should meet with a country    
called ,azania1 ,i may in like manner   
derive it from ,az-,an1 a fountain      
sacred to the ,sun2 from whence the     
country was named4 ,and ,i may suppose  
this fountain to have been sacred to the
 ,god of light1 on account of some real1
 or imputed1 quality in its waters3     
especially if ,i have any history to    
support my etymology4 ,as there was a   
region named ,azania in ,arcadia1 the   
reader may judge of my interpretation by
 the account given of the excellence of 
its waters4 #bab1   --   1            4 
,hanes in #bac;,egypt was the reverse of
 ,azan2 formed however of the same      
terms1 and of the same purport          
precisely4  ,in respect to this city it 

may be objected1 that if it had         
signified1 what ,i suppose1 we should   
have found it in the sacred text1       
instead of 1 expressed  4 ,if this were 
true1 we must be obliged to suppose1    
whenever the sacred writers found a     
foreign name1 composed of terms not     
unlike some in their own language1 that 
they formed them according to their own 
mode of expression1 and reduced them to 
the ,hebrew orthography4 ,in short1 if  
the etymology of an ,egyptian or ,syriac
 name could be possibly obtained in     
their own language1 that they had always
 an eye to such etymology2 and rendered 
the word precisely according to the     
,hebrew manner of writing and           
pronunciation4 ,but this cannot be      
allowed4 ,we cannot suppose the sacred  
writers to have been so unnecessarily   
scrupulous4 ,as far as ,i can judge1    
they appear to have acted in a manner   
quite the reverse4 ,they seem to have   
laid down an excellent rule1 which would
 have been attended with great utility1 

had it been universally followed3 this  
was1 of exhibiting every name1 as it was
 expressed at the time when they wrote1 
and by the people1 to whom they         
addressed themselves4 ,if this people1  
through length of time1 did not keep up 
to the original etymology in their      
pronunciation1 it was unnecessary for   
the sacred ,penmen to maintain it in    
their writings4 ,they wrote to be       
understood3 but would have defeated     
their own purpose1 if they had called   
things by names1 which no longer        
existed4 ,if length of time had         
introduced any variations1 those changes
 were attended to3 what was called      
,shechem by ,moses1 is termed #bad or   
by the #bae;,apostle4  ,,apha1 ,,aphtha1
 ,,ptha1 ,,pthas4  ,fire1 and likewise  
the ,god of fire1 was by the ,amonians  
styled ,apthas1 and ,aptha2 contracted1 
and by different authors expressed1     
,apha1 ,pthas1 and ,ptha4 ,he is by     
,suidas supposed to have been the       
,vulcan of ,memphis4 1    #baf4 ,and    

,cicero makes him the same ,deity of the
 ,romans4 #bag,secundus1 7,vulcanus7    
,nilo natus1 ,phas1 ut gyptii appellant1
 quem custodem esse gypti volunt4 ,the  
author of the ,clementines describes him
 much to the same purpose4 #bah  --     
1   4 #bai;,huetius takes notice of the 
different ways in which this name is    
expressed3 ,vulcano ,pthas1 et ,apthas  
nomen fuisse scribit ,suidas4 ,narrat   
,eusebius ,ptha gyptiorum eundem esse ac
 ,vulcanum ,grcorum2 ,patrem illi fuisse
 ,cnef1 rerum opificem4 ,however the    
,greeks and ,romans may have            
appropriated the term1 it was1 properly1
 a title of #bbj;,amon3 and ,iamblichus 
acknowledges as much in a #bba;chapter  
wherein he particularly treats of him4  
,but1 at the same time1 it related to   
fire3 and every place1 in the           
composition of whose name it is found1  
will have a reference to that element1  
or to its worship4  ,there was a place  
called ,aphytis in ,thrace1 where the   
,amonians settled very early2 and where 

was an oracular temple of ,amon4 #bbb1  
1     1    4       4 ,aphyte1 or        
,aphytis1 is a city hard by ,pallene1 in
 ,thrace2 so called from one ,aphys1 a  
native of those parts4 ,this city had   
once an oracular temple of ,ammon4  ,it 
stood in the very country called        
,phlegra1 where the worship of fire once
 particularly prevailed4 ,there was a   
city ,aphace2 also a temple of that name
 in ,mount ,libanus1 sacred to ,venus   
,aphacitis1 and denominated from fire4  
,here1 too1 was an oracle3 for most     
temples of old were supposed to be      
oracular4 ,it is described by ,zosimus1 
who says1 #bbcthat near the temple was a
 large lake1 made by art1 in shape like 
a star4 ,about the building1 and in the 
neighbouring ground1 there at times     
appeared a fire of a globular figure1   
which burned like a lamp4 ,it generally 
shewed itself at times when a celebrity 
was held3 and1 he adds1 that even in his
 time it was frequently seen4  ,all the 
,deities of ,greece were 1 or           

derivatives1 formed from the titles of  
,amon1 and ,orus1 the ,sun4 ,many of    
them betray this in their secondary     
appellations3 for1 we read not only of  
,vulcan1 but of ,diana being called     
#bbd;,apha1 and ,apha2 and in ,crete    
,dictynna had the same name3 ,hesychius 
observes1 1  4 ,castor and ,pollux were 
styled #bbe3 and ,mars #bbf;,aphus was  
worshipped in ,arcadia4 ,apollo was     
likewise called #bbg3 but it was        
properly the place of worship2 though   
,hesychius otherwise explains it4       
,aphetor was what the antient ,dorians  
expressed ,apha-,tor1 a #bbh;fire tower1
 or ,prutaneum2 the same which the      
,latines called of old ,pur-tor1 of the 
like signification4 ,this1 in           
aftertimes1 was rendered ,prtorium3 and 
the chief persons1 who officiated1      
,prtores4 ,they were originally priests 
of fire2 and1 for that reason1 were     
called #bbi;,aphet3 and every ,prtor had
 a brazier of live coals carried before 
him1 as a badge of his office4  ,,ast1  

,,asta1 ,,esta1 ,,hestia4  ,ast1 ,asta1 
,esta1 signified fire2 and also the     
,deity of that element4 ,the ,greeks    
expressed it 1 and the ,romans1 ,vesta4 
,plutarch1 speaking of the sacred water 
of ,numicius being discovered by the    
priestesses of this ,deity1 calls them  
the virgins of #bcj;,hestia4 ,esta and  
,asta signified also a sacred hearth4   
,in early times every district was      
divided according to the number of the  
sacred hearths2 each of which           
constituted a community1 or parish4     
,they were1 in different parts1 styled  
,puratheia1 ,empureia1 ,prutaneia1 and  
,prtoria3 also #bca,phratriai1 and      
,apaturia3 but the most common name was 
,asta4  ,these were all places of       
general rendezvous for people of the    
same community4 ,here were kept up      
perpetual fires3 and places of this sort
 were made use of for courts of         
judicature1 where the laws of the       
country1 1 were explained1 and enforced4
 ,hence ,homer speaking of a person not 

worthy of the rights of society1 calls  
him #bcb1 1 4  ,the names of these      
buildings were given to them from the   
rites there practised2 all which related
 to fire4 ,the term ,asta was in        
aftertimes by the ,greeks expressed1 1  
,astu2 and appropriated to a city4 ,the 
name of ,athens was at first #bcc;,astu2
 and then ,athen of the same purport3   
for ,athen is a compound of ,ath-,en1   
,ignis fons2 in which name there is a   
reference both to the guardian ,goddess 
of the city2 and also to the perpetual  
fire preserved within its precincts4    
,the ,god of fire1 ,hephaistus1 was an  
,egyptian compound of ,apha-,astus1     
rendered by the ,ionian ,greeks         
,hephstus4  ,the #bcd;,camn of ,latium1 
who were supposed to have shewn the     
sacred fountain to the ,vestals1 were   
probably the original priestesses1 whose
 business it was to fetch water for     
lustrations from that stream4 ,for      
,cam-,ain is the fountain of the ,sun3  
and the ,camn were named from their     

attendance upon that ,deity4 ,the ,hymns
 in the temples of this ,god were sung  
by these women3 hence the ,camn were    
made presidents of music4  ,many        
regions1 where the rites of fire were   
kept up1 will be found to have been     
named ,asta1 ,hestia1 ,hestia1          
,hephstia2 or to have had cities so     
#bce;called4 ,this will appear from the 
histories of ,thessaly1 ,lycia1 ,egypt1 
,lemnos2 as well as from other          
countries4  ,from ,asta and ,esta come  
the terms stas1 stus1 stuo1 1 1 4       
,,shem1 ,,shamen1 ,,shemesh4  ,shem1 and
 ,shamesh1 are terms1 which relate to   
the heavens1 and to the ,sun1 similar to
   1 of the ,hebrews4 ,many places of   
reputed sanctity1 such as ,same1 ,samos1
 ,samothrace1 ,samorna1 were denominated
 from it4 ,philo ,biblius informs us1   
that the ,syrians1 and ,canaanites1     
lifted up their hands to ,baal-,samen1  
the ,lord of ,heaven2 under which title 
they honoured the ,sun3 #bcf         1 1
     ,y - 4 ,ephesus was a place of     

great sanctity3 and its original name   
was #bcg,samorna2 which seems to be a   
compound of ,sam-,oran1 ,clestis ,sol1  
fons ,lucis4 ,we read of ,samicon in    
,elis1 #bch 1 with a sacred cavern3 and 
of a town called #bci,samia1 which lay  
above it4 ,the word  was a contraction  
of ,semanos1 from ,sema-on2 and properly
 signified divine and celestial4 ,hence 
1  4 ,antient ,syria was particularly   
devoted to the worship of the ,sun1 and 
of the ,heavens2 and it was by the      
natives called ,shems and ,shams3 which 
undoubtedly means the land of ,shemesh1 
from the worship there followed4 ,it    
retains the name at this #bdj;day4 ,in  
,canaan was a town and temple1 called   
,beth-,shemesh4 ,what some expressed    
,shem and ,sham1 the ,lubim seem to have
 pronounced ,zam3 hence the capital of  
,numidia was named ,zama1 and ,zamana1  
from ,shamen1 ,clestis4 ,this we may    
learn from an inscription in            
#bda,reineccius4  ,,julio4 ,,proculo4   
,,pr,f4 ,,urb4 ,,patrono4 ,,col4        

,,byzacen4 ,,et4 ,,pa ,,trono4 ,,colon4 
,,li4 #bdb,,zaman4 ,,regi4  ,ham being  
the ,apollo of the east1 was worshipped 
as the ,sun2 and was also called ,sham  
and ,shem4 ,this has been the cause of  
much perplexity1 and mistake3 for by    
these means many of his posterity have  
been referred to a wrong line1 and      
reputed the sons of ,shem2 the title of 
one brother not being distinguished from
 the real name of the other4 ,hence the 
,chaldeans have by some been adjudged to
 the line of #bdc,shem3 and ,amalek1    
together with the people of that name1  
have been placed to the same account4   
,his genealogy is accordingly           
represented by ,ebn ,patric4 ,he makes  
him the son of ,aad1 and great grandson 
of ,shem4 #bdd;,fuitque ,aad filius     
,arami1 filius ,shemi1 filius ,no4 ,the 
author of the ,chronicon ,paschale      
speaks of #bde;,chus1 as of the line of 
,shem3 and ,theophilus in his treatise  
to ,autolycus does the same by          
#bdf,mizram4 ,others go farther1 and add

 ,canaan to the #bdgnumber4 ,now these  
are confessedly the immediate sons of   
#bdh;,ham3 so that we may understand1   
who was properly alluded to in these    
passages under the name of ,shem4       
,,macar4  ,this was a sacred title given
 by the ,amonians to their ,gods2 which 
often occurs in the ,orphic hymns1 when 
any ,deity is invoked4    #bdi1  1 1  4 
#bej1 1    4  ,many people assumed to   
themselves this title2 and were styled  
#bea1 or ,macarians3 and various        
colonies were supposed to have been led 
by an imaginary personage1 ,macar1 or   
#beb,macareus4 ,in consequence of this1 
we find that the most antient name of   
many cities and islands was ,macra1     
,macris1 and #bec,macaria4 ,the         
,grecians supposed the term ,macar to   
signify happy2 whence   was interpreted 
3 but whether this was the original     
purport of the word may be difficult to 
determine4 ,it is certain that it was a 
favourite term2 and many places of      
sanctity were denominated from it4      

,macar1 as a person1 was by some        
esteemed the offspring of #bed,lycaon2  
by others1 the son of #beeolus4         
,diodorus ,siculus calls him            
#bef,macareus1 and speaks of him as the 
son of ,jupiter4 ,this term is often    
found compounded ,macar-,on3 from whence
 people were denominated 1 and #beg2 and
 places were called 4 ,this1 probably1  
was the original of the name given to   
islands which were styled  4 ,they were 
to be found in the ,pontus ,euxinus1 as 
well as in the ,atlantic4 ,the          
,acropolis of ,thebes in ,botia was1 in 
like manner1 called #beh 4 ,it was      
certainly an ,amonian sacred term4 ,the 
inland city1 ,osis1 stood in an         
,egyptian province1 which had the       
#beisame name3 so that the meaning must 
not be sought for in ,greece4 ,this term
 was sometimes expressed as a feminine1 
,macris1 and ,macra3 and by the         
,grecians was interpreted longa2 as if  
it related to extent4 ,it was certainly 
an antient word1 and related to their   

theology2 but was grown so obsolete that
 the original purport could not be      
retrieved4 ,i think we may be assured   
that it had no relation to length4 ,euba
 was1 of old1 called ,macris2 and may be
 looked upon as comparatively long3 but 
,icarus1 ,rhodes1 and ,chios1 were      
likewise called so2 and they did not    
project in length more than the islands 
in their #bfjneighbourhood4 ,they were1 
therefore1 not denominated from their   
figure4 ,there was a cavern in the      
,acropolis of ,athens1 which was called 
,macrai1 according to ,euripides4       
#bfa 1   4  ,the same author shews1     
manifestly1 that it was a proper name2  
and that the place itself was styled    
,macrai4 ,this was a contraction for    
,macar-,ai1 or the place of ,macar3     
#bfb   '  4  ,all these places were1 for
 a religious reason1 so denominated from
 ,macar1 a title of the ,deity4         
,,melech4  ,melech1 or1 as it is        
sometimes expressed1 ,malech1 and       
,moloch1 betokens a king2 as does       

,malecha a queen4 ,it was a title1 of   
old1 given to many ,deities in ,greece2 
but1 in after times1 grew obsolete and  
misunderstood3 whence it was often      
changed to 1 and 1 which signified the  
gentle1 sweet1 and benign ,deity4       
,pausanias tells us that ,jupiter was   
styled 1 both in #bfc;,attica and at    
#bfd;,argos3 and1 in another part of his
 work1 he speaks of this ,deity under   
the same title1 in company with ,artemis
 at ,sicyon4 #bfe   1    4 ,he mentions 
that they were both of great antiquity1 
placed in the temple before the         
introduction of images3 for1 the one was
 represented by a pyramid1 and the other
 by a bare pillar3    1    4 ,he also   
speaks of some unknown ,gods at ,myonia 
in ,locris1 called  2 and of an altar1  
with an inscription of the same purport1
 #bff  4  ,rivers often had the name of 
,melech4 ,there was one in ,babylonia1  
generally expressed ,nahar ,malcha1 or  
the royal stream3 these too were often  
by the ,grecians changed to 4 ,the      

foregoing writer gives an instance in a 
#bfgriver of ,achaia4 ,malaga in ,spain 
was properly ,malacha1 the royal city4  
,i take the name of ,amalek to have been
 ,ham #bfh,melech abbreviated3 a title  
taken by the ,amalekites from the head  
of their family4 ,in like manner ,i     
imagine #bfi,malchom1 the ,god of the   
,sidonians1 to have been a contraction  
of ,malech-,chom1  3 a title given to   
the ,sun2 but conferred also upon the   
chief of the ,amonian #bgj;family4      
,,anac4  ,anac was a title of high      
antiquity1 and seems to have been       
originally appropriated to persons of   
great strength1 and stature4 ,such      
people in the plural were styled        
,anakim2 and one family of them were to 
be found at #bga,kirjath-,arba4 ,some of
 them were likewise among the           
,caphtorim1 who settled in ,palestina4  
,pausanias represents ,asterion1 whose  
tomb is said to have been discovered in 
,lydia1 as a son of ,anac1 and of an    
enormous size4 #bgb        --      1    

4 ,we may from hence perceive that the  
history of the ,anakim was not totally  
obliterated among the ,grecians4 ,some  
of their ,deities were styled 1 others 1
 and their temples 4 ,michael ,psellus  
speaking of heresies1 mentions1 that    
some people were so debased1 as to      
worship ,satanaki3 #bgc     4 ,satanaki 
seems to be ,satan ,anac1  4  ,necho1   
,nacho1 ,necus1 ,negus1 which in the    
,egyptian and ,ethiopic languages       
signified a king1 probably was an       
abbreviation of ,anaco1 and ,anachus4   
,it was sometimes expressed ,nachi1 and 
,nacchi4 ,the buildings represented at  
,persepolis are said to be the work of  
,nacki ,rustan2 which signifies the     
lord1 or prince ,rustan4  ,,zar1 and    
,,sar4  ,sar is a rock1 and made use of 
to signify a promontory4 ,as temples    
were particularly erected upon such     
places1 these eminences were often      
denominated ,sar-,on1 from the ,deity1  
to whom the temples were sacred4 ,the   
term ,sar was oftentimes used as a mark 

of high honour4 ,the ,psalmist          
repeatedly addresses ,god as his ,rock1 
#bgdthe ,rock of his refuge2 the ,rock  
of his salvation4 ,it is also used      
without a metaphor1 for a title of      
respect3 but it seems then to have been 
differently expressed4 ,the sacred      
writers call that lordly people the     
,sidonians1 as well as those of ,tyre1  
#bge,sarim4 ,the name of ,sarah was     
given to the wife of ,abraham by way of 
eminence2 and signifies a #bgflady1 or  
princess4 ,it is continually to be found
 in the composition of names1 which     
relate to places1 or persons1 esteemed  
sacred by the ,amonians4 ,we read of    
,serapis1 ,serapion1 ,serapammon3 also  
of ,sarchon1 and ,sardon2 which is a    
contraction for ,sar-,adon4 ,in ,tobit  
mention is made of #bgg,sarchedonus2 the
 same name as the former1 but with the  
eastern aspirate4 ,the ,sarim in ,esther
 are taken notice of as persons of high 
#bgh;honour3 the same dignity seems to  
have been known among the ,philistim1 by

 whom it was rendered #bgi,sarna1 or    
,sarana3 hence came the #bhj,tyrian word
 ,sarranus for any thing noble and      
splendid4 ,in the prophet ,jeremiah are 
enumerated the titles of the chief      
princes1 who attended ,nebuchadnezzar in
 his expedition against ,judea4 ,among  
others he mentions the #bha,sarsechim4  
,this is a plural1 compounded of ,sar1  
and ,sech1 rendered also ,shec1 a prince
 or governor4 ,sar-,sechim signifies the
 chief of the princes and rulers4       
,rabshekah is nearly of the same        
purport3 it signifies the great prince2 
as by ,rabsares is meant the chief      
#bhb;,eunuch2 by ,rabmag1 the chief of  
the ,magi4 ,many places in ,syria and   
,canaan have the term ,sar in           
composition2 such as ,sarabetha1        
,saripha1 ,sareptha4 ,sardis1 the       
capital of ,crsus1 was the city of      
,sar-,ades1 the same as ,atis1 the      
,deity of the country4  ,high           
#bhc;groves1 or rather hills with woods 
of antient oaks1 were named ,saron2     

because they were sacred to the ,deity  
so called4 ,pliny takes notice of the   
,saronian bay near ,corinth1 and of the 
oaks which grew near it4 #bhd,portus    
,cnitis1 ,sinus ,saronicus olim querno  
nemore redimitus2 unde nomen4 ,both the 
oaks and the place were denominated from
 the ,deity ,sar-,on1 and ,chan-,ait1 by
 the ,greeks rendered 1 and 1 which are 
titles of nearly the same purport4      
,saron was undoubtedly an antient ,god  
in ,greece4 #bhe,lilius ,gyraldus styles
 him ,deus ,marinus2 but he was1        
properly1 the ,sun4 ,diana1 the sister  
of ,apollo1 is named #bhf,saronia3 and  
there were ,saronia sacra1 together with
 a festival at #bhg,trzen2 in which     
place ,orus was supposed to have been   
born4 #bhh     4 ,orus was the same as  
,sar-,on1 the ,lord of light4 #bhi,rocks
 were called ,saronides1 from having    
temples and towers sacred to this       
,deity3 just as groves of oaks were1 of 
which ,i took notice above4 ,this       
interpretation is given by              

#bij;,hesychius2 and by the ,scholiast1 
upon the following verse of             
,callimachus3    #bia        4  ,as oaks
 were styled ,saronides1 so likewise    
were the antient ,druids1 by whom the   
oak was held so sacred4 ,hence ,diodorus
 ,siculus1 speaking of the priests of   
,gaul1 styles them #bib1 -- 1   4 ,this 
is one proof1 out of many1 how far the  
,amonian religion was extended2 and how 
little we know of ,druidical worship1   
either in respect to its essence or its 
origin4  ,,uch4  ,uch1 1 expressed also 
,ach1 ,och1 1 was a term of honour among
 the ,babylonians1 and the rest of the  
progeny of ,chus2 and occurs continually
 in the names of men and places which   
have any connection with their history4 
,i have shewn1 in a former #bictreatise1
 that the shepherds who ruled in ,egypt 
were of that race1 and that they came   
from ,babylonia and ,chaldea4 ,eusebius 
informs us1 that their national title   
was #bid2 or1 as it was undoubtedly     
expressed by the people themselves1 1   

,uc-,cusus4 ,it is a term taken notice  
of by ,apion and ,manethon1 and they    
speak of it as a word in the sacred     
language of the country1 which signified
 a king3 #bie '    4 ,i wonder that this
 word has been passed over with so      
little notice2 as it is of great        
antiquity2 and1 at the same time1 of    
much importance in respect to etymology4
 ,uc-,cusus signified the royal1 or     
noble1 ,cusean3 and1 as it was a word in
 the sacred language of ,egypt1 we may  
from hence learn what that language was2
 and be assured that it was the         
primitive language of ,chus1 the same as
 the antient ,chaldac4 ,it was          
introduced among the ,mizram by the     
,aurit1 or ,cuthites1 together with     
their rites and religion3 hence it      
obtained the name of the sacred         
language4 ,diodorus ,siculus affords    
#bif;evidence to the same purpose3 and  
it is farther proved by ,heliodorus2 who
 says that the sacred characters of     
,egypt and those of the ,cuthites in    

,ethiopia were the #bigsame4 ,this term 
occurs very often among the titles of   
which the ,babylonish names arc         
composed2 such as ,ochus and ,belochus4 
,among the ,egyptians it is to be found 
in ,acherez and ,achencherez2 which are 
the names of two very antient princes4  
,acherez is a compound of ,ach-,ares1   
,magnus ,sol2 equivalent to ,achorus1   
another name of the same ,deity1 assumed
 in like manner by their kings4 ,the    
latter was sometimes expressed          
#bih;,achor1 ,achoris4 ,ochuras1        
,uchoreus2 which are all the same name1 
diversified in different ages and by    
different writers4 ,as priests took the 
titles of the ,deities whom they served1
 ,lucan has1 very properly1 introduced a
 priest of ,egypt under the name of     
,achoreus3                    #biiquos  
inter ,achoreus1   ,jam placidus senio1 
fractisque modestior annis4  ,the name  
of ,osiris seems to have been           
,uc-,sehor1 and ,uc-,sehoris4 ,according
 to ,hellanicus1 if a person had in     

,egypt made inquiry about the term      
,osiris1 he would not have been         
understood3 for the true name was       
#cjj,usiris4 ,philo ,biblius1 from      
,sanchoniathon1 calls the same ,deity   
#cja;,isiris2 and adds1 that he was the 
brother of ,cna1 or ,canaan2 and the    
inventor of three letters4 1    1    4  
,i take ,isiris and ,usiris1 as well as 
,osiris1 to be all ,uc-,sehoris         
softened1 and accommodated to the ears  
of ,greece4  ,the ,sun was styled       
,el-,uc1 which the ,grecians changed to 
1 ,lucos2 as we learn from              
#cjb,macrobius4 ,he was also styled     
,el-,uc-,or1 which was changed to 2 and 
,el-,uc-,aon1 rendered ,lycaon#cjc1 4   
,as this personage was the same as      
,el-,uc1 1 it was fabled of him that he 
was turned into a wolf4 ,the cause of   
this absurd notion arose from hence3    
every sacred animal in ,egypt was       
distinguished by some title of the      
,deity4 ,but the ,greeks never          
considered whether the term was to be   

taken in its primary1 or in its         
secondary acceptation2 whence they      
referred the history to an animal1 when 
it related to the ,god from whom the    
animal was denominated4 1 ,lucos1 was1  
as ,i have shewn1 the name of the ,sun3 
hence1 wherever this term occurs in     
composition1 there will be commonly     
found some reference to that ,deity1 or 
to his substitute ,apollo4 ,we read of  
#cjd  3 of #cje,lycorus1 a supposed son 
of ,apollo3 of #cjf,lycomedes1 another  
son3 of #cjg,lycosura1 the first city   
which the ,sun beheld4 ,the people of   
,delphi were1 of old1 called            
#cjh,lycorians3 and the summit of       
,parnassus1 #cji,lycorea4 ,near it was a
 #cajtown of the same name2 and both    
were sacred to the ,god of light4 ,from 
,lucos1 in this sense1 came lux1 luceo1 
lucidus1 and ,jupiter ,lucetius1 of the 
,latines2 and 1 1 1 of the ,greeks2 also
 1 and 1 though differently expressed4  
,hence it was that so many places sacred
 to ,apollo were styled ,leuce1 ,leuca1 

1 ,leucas1 ,leucate4    ,mox et ,leucat 
nimbosa cacumina montis1   ,et          
formidatus nautis aperitur #caa;,apollo4
  ,hence also inscriptions #cab;,,deo   
,,leucani3 which term seems to denote1  
,sol-,fons1 the fountain of day4 ,the   
name ,lycophron1 1 which some would     
derive from 1 a wolf1 signifies a person
 of an enlightened mind4 ,groves were   
held very sacred3 hence lucus1 which    
some would absurdly derive a non        
lucendo1 was so named from the ,deity   
there worshipped3 as was 1 a word of the
 same purport among the ,greeks4  ,this 
people1 who received their theology from
 ,egypt and ,syria1 often suppressed the
 leading vowel2 and thought to atone for
 it by giving a new termination3 though 
to say the truth1 this mode of          
abbreviation is often to be observed in 
the original language1 from whence these
 terms are derived4 1 the name of       
,cyrus1 seems to have suffered an       
abridgment of this nature4 ,it was      
probably a compound of ,uch-,ur1 the    

same as ,achor1 and ,achorus of ,egypt1 
the great luminary1 the ,sun4 ,in       
antient times all kings1 priests1 and   
people of consequence took to themselves
 some sacred title4 ,but as ,aneith was 
abbreviated to ,neith1 ,acherez to      
,cherez2 so ,achorus was rendered       
,chorus1 ,curus4 ,thus far is manifest1 
that ,curus signified the ,sun4 #cac    
4 ,ctesias likewise informs us that the 
name of ,cyrus had this signification4  
#cad       3 ,he was denominated ,cyrus 
from the ,sun1 which was so called4 ,it 
was the same as ,orus3 and according to 
,strabo it is sometimes so expressed2 as
 we may infer from a river of this name1
 of which he says1 #cae   4 ,we find it 
sometimes rendered 1 ,curis3 but still  
with a reference to the ,sun1 the       
,adonis of the east4 ,hesychius explains
 1  4 ,in ,phocis was #caf1 ,currha1    
where ,apollo  was honoured2 which names
 were more commonly expressed  and 4    
,the people of ,cyrene are said by      
,palphatus to have been originally      

,ethiopians or ,cuthites4 ,they1 as well
 as the ,egyptians1 worshipped the ,sun 
under the title of ,achur1 and ,achor3  
and like them esteemed him the #cag 4   
,from the ,god ,achur we may infer that 
their country was at first called       
,acurana2 which is a compound of        
,achur-,ain1 and betokens the great     
fountain of light4 ,acurana was         
abbreviated to ,curane and ,curene2 but 
was always supposed to relate to the    
,sun1 and ,heaven4 ,hence the ,greeks1  
who out of every obsolete term formed   
personages1 supposed ,cyrene to have    
been the daughter of the supreme ,deity4
 #cah1  1    4 ,the city ,cyrene in     
,libya was denominated from ,cyrene1 the
 daughter of the most ,high4 ,there was 
a fountain here of great sanctity1 which
 was in like manner denominated from the
 ,sun4 ,it was called #cai 1 which terms
 are equivalent to ,kur-,ain1 and       
,achurain of the ,amonians1 and signify 
the fountain of the ,sun4 ,pliny proves1
 that this was the purport of the terms1

 when he describes this part of the     
world4 #cbj;,cyrenaca1 eadem            
,tripolitana regio1 illustratur         
,hammonis oraculo--et ,fonte ,solis4    
,the like account is to be found in     
,pomponius ,mela#cba4 ,ammonis oraculum1
 fidei inclyt2 et fons1 quem ,solis     
#cbb;appellant4 ,as ,achor was a term1  
which related to the ,sun2 we find it   
often compounded with 1 ,on1 another    
name of that ,deity2 from whence was    
formed ,acharon4 ,this was the true name
 of the city in ,palestine1 called in   
,scripture1 according to our version1   
#cbc;,ekron4 ,it was denominated from   
,achor1 the ,god of flies1 worshipped   
also under the name of ,baal-zebub with 
the same attribute4 ,the ,caphtorim     
brought the worship of this ,god from   
,egypt2 where was a river called        
,acharon2 so denominated from the ,deity
 of the country4 ,this river1 and the   
rites practised in its vicinity1 are    
mentioned in a beautiful fragment from  
some ,sibylline poetry1 but when1 or by 

whom composed1 is uncertain4 ,the verses
 are taken notice of by ,clemens        
,alexandrinus1 and what is remarkable1  
are certainly quoted long before the    
completion of what is portended4        
,however the purport may perhaps be     
looked upon rather as a menace1 than a  
prophecy4    #cbd1 1 1    1   1 1 1   4 
,the ,deity was likewise called ,achad1 
and ,achon3 and many cities and         
countries were hence #cbe;denominated4  
,acon in ,palestine is said to have been
 so named in honour of ,hercules1 the   
chief ,deity in those #cbfparts4  ,i    
have mentioned1 that ,ham1 styled also  
,cham1 was looked up to as the ,sun1 and
 worshipped by his posterity4 ,hence    
both his images and priests were styled 
,chamin3 and many princes assumed this  
title1 just as they did that of ,orus1  
and ,arez4 ,his posterity esteemed      
themselves of the ,solar race1 by way of
 eminence3 and the great founder of the 
,persic ,monarchy was styled ,achamin1  
rendered by the ,greeks 1 ,achmenes3 and

 all of his family afterwards had the   
title of 1 and 1 from the same          
pretensions4 ,they all of them          
universally esteemed themselves the     
children of the ,sun2 though they were  
likewise so called from their worship4  
,hence ,lutatius ,placidus in his       
,scholia upon ,statius interprets the   
word ,achmenid by #cbg,solis ,cultores4 
,this may serve to authenticate my      
etymology1 and shew1 that the term is   
derived from ,cham1 the ,sun3 but the   
purport of it was generally more        
limited1 and the title confined to the  
royal race of the ,persians1 who were   
looked upon as the offspring of the     
,sun4 ,the ,cuthites of ,ethiopia       
,africana had the same high opinion of  
themselves3 hence ,calasiris in         
,heliodorus invokes the ,sun as his     
great ancestor4 #cbh      and ,chariclea
 in another place makes use of a like   
invocation3 #cbi1   4 ,o1 ,sun1 the     
great source of my ancestry4 ,the       
,amonians1 who settled at ,rhodes1      

styled themselves 1 the ,solar #ccjrace4
 ,those who settled upon the ,padus did 
the #ccasame4 ,hyde mentions a people in
 ,diarbeker1 called #ccb;,chamsi2 and   
says1 that the meaning of the word is   
,solares2 and the same in purport as    
,shemsi and ,shamsi of the ,arabians4   
,the term 1 of which ,i have been       
treating1 was obsolete1 and scarce known
 in the times when ,greece most         
flourished3 yet some traces of it may be
 found1 though strangely perverted from 
its original meaning4 ,for the writers  
of this nation1 not knowing the purport 
of the words1 which they found in their 
antient hymns1 changed them to something
 similar in sound2 and thus retained    
them with a degree of religious1 but    
blind reverence4 ,i have shewn1 that of 
,el-,uc they formed 1 ,lucus1 which was 
acknowledged to be the name of the ,sun3
 of ,el-,uc-,aon1 ,lycaon3 of           
,el-,uc-,or1 ,lycorus1 and ,lycoreus3   
#ccc 1     4  ,so from ,uc-,ait1 another
 title of the ,god1 they formed         

,hecatus1 and a feminine1 ,hecate4      
,hence ,nicander speaks of ,apollo by   
this title3    #ccd    4  ,and          
,herophile the ,sibyl of the same       
,deity3    #cce '   ' 4  ,the only      
person who seems knowingly to have      
retained this word1 and to have used it 
out of composition1 is #ccf;,homer4 ,he 
had been in ,egypt2 and was an admirer  
of the theology of that nation4 ,he     
adhered to antient #ccgterms with a     
degree of enthusiasm2 and introduced    
them at all hazards1 though he many     
times did not know their meaning4 ,this 
word1 among others1 he has preserved2   
and he makes use of it adverbially in   
its proper sense1 when he describes any 
body superlatively great1 and excellent4
 ,thus he speaks of ,calchas as far     
superior to every body else in prophetic
 knowledge1 and styles him ' 3    #cch  
' 1      ' 1  ' 1  ' 4  ,so on the      
,trojan side ,helenus is spoken of in   
the same light3    #cci   ' 4  ,so #cdj 
' 1 #cda ' 1 and #cdb-- ' 4  ,in these  

and in all other instances of this term 
occurring in ,homer1 it is observable1  
that it is always in the same           
acceptation1 and uniformly precedes the 
same word1 4 ,it is indeed to be found  
in the poetry ascribed to #cdc,orpheus3 
but as those verses are manifestly      
imitations of ,homer1 we must not look  
upon it as a current term of the times1 
when that poetry was composed3 nor was  
it ever1 ,i believe1 in common use1 not 
even in the age of ,homer4 ,it was an   
,amonian term1 joined inseparably with  
another borrowed from the same people4  
,for  was from ,egypt1 and ,chaldea4    
,indeed1 most of the irregular degrees  
of comparison are from that quarter2    
being derived from the ,sun1 the great  
,deity of the ,pagan world1 and from his
 titles and properties4 ,both  and  were
 from 1 the ,arez of the east4 ,from    
,bel1 and ,baaltis1 came 1 and 3  is an 
inflection from ,amon4 ,from the ,god   
,aloeus came 1 1 and 3 from  changed to 
1 1 were formed 1 1 1 and 4  ,,phi4     

,phi signifies a mouth2 also language1  
and speech4 ,it is used by the ,amonians
 particularly for the voice and oracle  
of any ,god2 and subjoined to the name  
of that ,deity4 ,the chief oracle in the
 first ages was that of ,ham1 who was   
worshipped as the ,sun1 and styled ,el1 
and ,or4 ,hence these oracles are in    
consequence called ,amphi1 ,omphi1      
,alphi1 ,elphi1 ,urphi1 ,orphi4 ,it is  
made to signify1 in the book of         
#cdd;,genesis1 the voice1 or command of 
,pharaoh4 ,from ,phi1 in this           
acceptation1 came 1 1 1 1 1 fama1       
fari1--ita farier infit4 ,i imagine that
 the term ,pharaoh itself is compounded 
of ,phi-,ourah1 ,vox ,ori1 sive ,dei4   
,it was no unusual thing among the      
antients to call the words of their     
prince the voice of ,god4 ,josephus     
informs us1 that it signified a king3   
#cde  '   3 and ,ouro in the            
,copto-,arabic ,onomasticon is said to  
signify the same3 but ,i should think1  
that this was only a secondary          

acceptation of the original term4  ,phi 
is also used for any opening or cavity3 
whence we find the head of a fountain   
often denominated from it2 at least the 
place1 whence the fountain issued forth1
 or where it lost itself4 ,and as all   
streams were sacred1 and all cavities in
 the earth looked upon with a religious 
horror1 the ,amonians called them       
,phi-,el1 ,phi-,ainon1 ,phi-,anes2      
rendered by the ,greeks ,phiale1 ,phnon1
 ,phanes1 ,phaneas1 ,paneas4 ,the chief 
fountain of the river ,jordan lost      
itself underground1 and rose again at   
some miles distance4 ,it sunk at        
,phiale1 and rose again at #cdf,paneas4 
,pliny speaks of a place of this sort at
 #cdg,memphis1 called ,phiala2 and1 as  
he imagines1 from its figure3 but it was
 undoubtedly a covert aquduct1 by which 
some branch of the river was carried4   
,the ,nile itself is said to be lost    
underground1 near its fountains2 and    
that place also was called ,phiala4     
#cdh,phialam appellari fontem ejus1     

mergique in cuniculos ipsum amnem4      
,there was also a fountain of this name 
at #cdi;,constantinople4 ,sometimes it  
occurs without the aspirate1 as in      
,pella1 a city of ,palestine1 named1    
undoubtedly1 from its fountains3 for    
,pliny calls it ,pellam aquis           
#cej;divitem4  ,mines were held sacred2 
and1 like fountains1 were denominated   
from non1 and ,hanes1 those titles of   
the ,sun4 ,in ,arabia1 near ,petra1 was 
a mine1 worked by condemned persons1    
which was named #cea,phinon1 and ,phnon4
 ,epiphanius mentions #ceb 1 or the     
mines of ,hanes2 to which ,meletius1 a  
bishop of the ,thebas1 was condemned4   
,,ai4  ,ai1 and ,aia1 signifies a       
district or province2 and1 as most      
provinces in ,egypt were insular1 it is 
often taken for an island4 ,in other    
parts it was of much the same purport as
  of the ,greeks1 and betokened any     
#cecregion or country4 ,it was from     
hence that so many places have been     
represented by the ,greeks as plurals1  

and are found to terminate in ai2 such  
as ,athenai1 ,thebai1 ,pherai1 ,patrai1 
,amyclai1 ,therapnai1 ,clazomenai1      
,celnai4 ,there are others in eia2 as   
,chroneia1 ,coroneia1 ,eleia4 ,in others
 it was rendered short2 as in ,oropia1  
,ellopia1 ,ortygia1 ,olympia1 thiopia1  
,scythia1 ,cnia1 ,icaria4 ,it is        
likewise found expressed by a single    
letter1 and still subjoined to the      
proper name3 hence we meet with tna1    
,arbela1 ,larissa1 ,roma1 ,himera1      
,hemera1 ,nusa1 ,nyssa1 ,patara1 ,arena1
 #ced;,cabasa1 and the like4 ,we may    
from hence prove1 and from innumerable  
other instances1 that among the people  
of the east1 as well as among other     
nations1 the word in regimine was often 
final4 ,thus the land of ,ion was termed
 ,ionia2 that of ,babylon1 ,babylonia2  
from ,assur came ,assyria2 from ,ind1   
,india2 from ,lud1 ,ludia2 in all which 
the region is specified by the          
termination4 ,to say ,lydia tellus1     
,assyria tellus1 is in reality          

#ceeredundant4 ,in the name of ,egypt   
this term preceded1 that country being  
styled ,ai-,gupt1 1 the land of the     
,gupti1 called afterwards ,cupti1 and   
,copti4  ,,common ,,names ,,relating    
,,to ,,places4  ,as to the common names1
 which are found combined with          
additional terms1 in order to denote the
 nature and situation of places2 they   
are1 for the most part1 similar to those
 in the antient ,chaldaic1 and admit of 
little variation4  ,air is a city2 often
 expressed ,ar1 and ,ara4 ,hence        
,arachosia1 ,arachotus1 ,aracynthus1    
,arambis1 ,aramatha 7,ar-,ham-aith71    
,archile1 ,arzilla1 ,arthedon3 all which
 were cities1 or else regions           
denominated from them4  ,kir1 ,caer1    
,kiriath1 are words of the like purport4
 ,we read in the ,scriptures of ,kiriath
 ,sepher1 ,kiriath ,arba1 ,kiriath      
,jearim4 ,it was in some parts          
pronounced ,kirtha1 and ,cartha4        
,melicartus1 the ,hercules of the       
,phenicians and ,cretans1 was1 properly1

 ,melech-,carta1 the ,deity of the      
place4 ,the city of ,tigranes1 in       
,armenia1 was called ,tigranocerta4 ,one
 name of ,carthage was 1 from           
,car-,chadon1 the same as ,adon4 ,it was
 also called ,carthada1 from            
,cartha-,ada1 the city of the queen or  
,goddess1 who was by the ,romans        
supposed to be ,juno1 but was1 properly1
 the ,amonian ,elisa4 ,caer1 among many 
antient nations1 signified a city1 or   
fortress2 as we may learn from the      
places called ,carteia1 ,carnaim1       
,caronium1 ,caroura1 ,carambis4 ,among  
the ,britons were1 of old1 places       
exactly analogous2 such as ,caerlisle1  
,caerdiff1 ,caerphilly1 ,caernarvon1 and
 ,caeruriah in ,cornwall4  ,kir and     
,caer are the same term1 differently    
expressed4 ,in ,scripture we meet with  
,kir ,haresh1 and ,kir-,hareseth4       
,isaiah4 c4 #af4 v4 #g4 and v4 #aa4 and 
,kir ,moab1 c4 #ae4 v4 #a4 and ,kir     
,heres1 of the same purport as ,kir     
,haresh1 is mentioned by ,jeremiah1 c4  

#dh4 v4 #ca4 ,upon the ,euphrates was   
,cercusium and ,carchemish4 ,in ,cyprus 
was ,kironia1 rendered  by #cef,ptolemy2
 whose true name was ,kir-,on1 the city 
of the ,sun2 where was a temple to      
,our-,ain1 styled ,urania4 ,kir-,on was 
often rendered ,cironis1 ,coronis2 and  
the ,deity ,coronus and #ceg;,cronus4   
,by these means the place was           
substituted for the ,deity1 and made an 
object of worship4 ,of this abuse ,i    
shall often speak4 ,artemis was1        
properly1 a city1 ,ar-,themis1 the same 
as ,thamuz of ,egypt4 ,what was called  
,artemis1 and ,artemisium1 was in some  
places reversed1 and expressed by ,kir  
subjoined3 hence ,themiscir1 and        
,themiscura in ,pontus4  ,col1 ,cal1    
,calah1 ,calach1 signify properly an    
eminence1 like the ,collis of the       
,romans2 but are often used for a       
fortress so situated4 ,we sometimes meet
 with a place styled absolute ,calah3   
but the term is generally used in       
composition1 as ,cala ,nechus1          

,cala-,anac1 ,cala-,chan1 ,cala-,on1    
,cala-,es1 ,cala-,ait1 ,cala-,ur1       
,cala-,ope1 ,cala-,ham1 ,cala-,amon1    
,cala-,adon3 whence came the names of   
people and places styled                
#ceh;,callinicus1 ,calachene1           
#cei;,colon1 ,cales1 ,calathe1 ,calist1 
,calathusa1 ,calauria1 ,coloriua1       
,caliope1 ,calama1 ,calamos1            
#cfj;,calamon1 ,calymna1 ,calydnus1     
,calycadnus2 all which were places in   
,phrygia1 ,bithynia1 ,assyria1 ,libya1  
denominated from their situation and    
worship4  ,comah is used for a wall2 but
 seems to be sometimes taken for those  
sacred inclosures wherein they had their
 ,puratheia2 and particularly for the   
sacred mount which stood in those       
inclosures4 ,from ,comah came the ,greek
 1 a round hill or mound of earth2      
called also ,taph and 2 and thence often
 mistaken for a tomb3 but it was        
originally a high altar4  ,by ,gib is   
meant a hill4 ,gibeon was the hill of   
the ,sun2 said to be famous for its     

springs4 ,gibethon is a compound of     
,gib-,ethon1 or ,ath-,on1 titles of the 
same ,deity4 ,nadab1 the son of         
,jeroboam1 was slain by ,baasha1 at     
,gibethon1 of the #cfa,philistines4     
,har and ,hor signify a mountain2  of   
the ,greeks4  ,tin seems to have        
signified a sacred place1 for sacrifice2
 a kind of high altar4 ,the ,greeks     
generally expressed it1 in composition1 
hence we read of ,opheltis1 ,altis1     
,baaltis1 ,abantis1 ,absyrtis4 ,it was  
in use among the antient ,hetrurians and
 other nations3 hence came the terms    
,aventinus1 ,palatinus1 #cfb,numantinus1
 c4 ,it seems to be the same as ,tan in 
the east1 which occurs continually in   
composition1 as in ,indos-tan1          
,mogolis-tan1 ,pharsis-tan1 ,chusis-tan4
  ,tor is a hill or tower4 ,many places 
in ,greece had it in their composition2 
such as ,torone1 ,torete1 ,toreate3 also
 in ,hetrura1 ,torchonium4 ,turzon1 in  
,africa1 was a tower of the #cfc,sun4   
,it was sometimes expressed ,tar2 hence 

,tarcunia1 ,taracena1 ,tarracon in      
,spain1 ,tarne 7,tar-ain7 which gave    
name to a fountain in ,lydia2 ,taron    
7,tar-,on7 in ,mauritania4 ,towers of   
old were either ,prutaneia1 or          
light-houses1 and were styled ,tor-,is3 
whence came the ,turris of the ,romans4 
,sometimes these terms were reversed1   
and the tower was called ,astur4 ,such a
 one was near some hot streams1 at no   
great distance from ,cicero's ,villa4   
,it is thus described by ,plutarch3 --  
4 ,the river1 too1 was called ,astura4  
,there was also a place of this name    
opposite to the island ,lesbos1         
undoubtedly denominated from the like   
circumstances in its situation2 as may  
be learned from ,pausanias1 who had seen
 it4                      4  ,caph1     
,cap1 and ,cephas1 signify a rock2 and  
also any promontory or headland4 ,as    
temples used to be built upon eminences 
of this sort2 we find this word often   
compounded with the titles of the ,deity
 there worshipped1 as ,caph-,el1        

,caph-,el-,on1 ,caph-,aur1 ,caph-,arez1 
,caph-,is1 ,caph-,is-,ain1 ,caph-,ait2  
whence came ,cephale1 ,cephalonia1      
,caphareus1 ,capisa1 ,cephisus1         
,capissene1 ,cephene1 ,caphyat1         
,capatiani4 ,in ,iberia was a wonderful 
edifice upon the river ,btis1 mentioned 
by ,strabo1 and called ,turris          
,capionis4 ,it was a ,pharos1 dedicated1
 as all such buildings were1 to the     
,sun3 hence it was named ,cap-,eon1     
,petra ,solis4 ,it seems to have been a 
marvellous structure4 ,places of this   
sort1 which had towers upon them1 were  
called ,caphtor4 ,such an one was in    
,egypt1 or in its #cfdvicinity2 whence  
the ,caphtorim had their name4 ,it was  
probably near #cfe,pelusium1 which they 
quitted very early for the land of      
,canaan4  ,diu sometimes1 but sparingly1
 occurs for an island2 and is generally 
by the ,greeks changed to ,dia1 4 ,the  
purport of it may be proved from its    
being uniformly adapted to the same     
object4 ,the ,scholiast upon ,theocritus

 takes notice that the island ,naxos was
 called ,dia3 #cff    2 and he adds1    
1    --   1    1     1   4 ,all these   
were islands1 or peninsula regions4     
,,beth4  ,beth is a house or temple2 as 
in #cfg;,beth-,el1 ,beth-,dagon1        
,beth-,shemesh1 ,beth-,oron1 or         
,beth-,or-,on1 c4 c4 ,it is sometimes   
subjoined1 as in ,phar-beth1 and        
,elisa-beth2 the latter of which is the 
house of #cfh;,elisa1 the same as ,elusa
 of ,idume1 and ,eleusa of ,egypt4 ,beth
 was in different countries expressed   
,bat1 ,bad1 ,abad4 ,hence we meet at    
this day with ,pharsabad1 ,astrabad1    
,amenabad1 ,moustafabad1 ,iahenabad in  
,persia1 ,india1 and other parts of the 
east4 ,balbec in ,syria is supposed to  
be the same as ,balbeth1 the temple of  
,bal1 or the ,sun4 ,there are1 says     
#cfi;,dr4 ,pocock1 many cities in       
,syria1 that retain their antient names4
 ,of this ,balbeck1 or rather ,balbeit1 
is an instance2 which signifies the     
house or temple of ,baal4 ,gulielmus    

,tyrius1 so called from being bishop of 
,tyre1 who wrote of the ,holy war1      
alludes to ,baalbec1 under the name of  
#cgj;,balbeth4 ,he lived in the eleventh
 century1 and died anno #aabg4          
,according to ,iablonsky1 ,bec and ,beth
 are of the same meaning4 ,atarbec in   
,egypt is the temple of ,atar or ,athar2
 called ,atarbechis by #cga;,herodotus4 
,the same is ,athyr-bet1 and styled     
,athribites 77 by #cgb,strabo4 ,the     
inner recess of a temple is by          
,phavorinus and ,hesychius called 1 1 1 
similar to   among the ,chaldeans4 ,it  
was the crypta or sacred place1 where of
 old the everlasting fire was preserved4
 ,hesychius observes1 1     4 ,bet-,is  
signifies the place of fire4  ,it is    
said of ,horapollo by ,suidas1 that he  
was a native of ,phainubuth in ,egypt1  
belonging to the nome of ,panopolis3    
4 ,phainubuth is only ,phainabeth       
varied1 and signifies the place sacred  
to ,phanes2 which was one of the most   
antient titles of the ,deity in ,egypt4 

,so ,pharbeth was an abbreviation of    
,pharabeth1 or the house of ,pharaoh4   
,,gau1 expressed ,,cau1 ,,ca1 and ,,co4 
,gau likewise is a term which signifies 
a house2 as we learn from ,plutarch4    
,the great and decisive battle between  
,alexander and ,darius is generally said
 to have been fought at ,arbela4 ,but we
 are assured by this writer1 that it was
 decided at ,gaugamela#cgc4 ,he says1   
that ,gau signified in the language of  
the country a house3 and that the       
purport of the word ,gaugamela was the  
house of a camel4 ,this name1 it seems1 
was given to the town on account of a   
tribute exacted for the maintenance of a
 camel1 which had saved the life of some
 king1 when he fled from battle3 and the
 reason why the victory of ,alexander   
was adjudged to ,arbela1 arose from its 
being more famous than the other place3 
for ,gaugamela was not of sufficient    
repute3 therefore the honour of this    
victory was given to ,arbela1 though it 
was according to some five hundred1     

according to others six hundred         
stadia#cgd from the field of battle4 ,i 
have not now time1 nor is it to my      
purpose1 to enter into a thorough       
discussion of this point3 ,i will only  
mention it as my opinion1 that ,arbela  
and ,gaugamela were the same place4 ,the
 king alluded to is said by #cge,strabo 
to have been ,darius the son of         
,hystaspes4 ,but is it credible1 that so
 great a prince1 who had horses of the  
famous breed of ,nysa1 as well as those 
of ,persis and ,arabia1 the most fleet  
of their kind1 should be so             
circumstanced in battle1 as to be forced
 to mount a camel1 that could scarce    
move six miles in an hour3 and this at a
 time when the greatest dispatch was    
necessary8 ,this author gives a         
different reason for the place being    
thus denominated4 ,he says1 that it was 
allotted for the maintenance of a camel1
 which used to bring the king's         
provisions from ,scythia1 but was tired 
and failed upon the road4 ,i know not   

which of the two circumstances in this  
short detail is most exceptionable2 a   
king of ,persia's provisions being      
brought to ,babylon1 or ,sushan from    
,scythia2 or a tired camel having such a
 pension4 ,the truth is this3 the       
,grecians misinterpreted the name1 and  
then forged these legendary stories to  
support their #cgfmistake4 ,had they    
understood the term1 they would have    
been consistent in their history4 ,gau1 
and1 as it was at times expressed1 ,cau1
 certainly signifies a house1 or temple3
 also a cave1 or hollow2 near which the 
temple of the ,deity was founded4 ,for  
the ,amonians erected most of their     
sacred edifices near caverns1 and deep  
openings of the earth4 ,gaugamela was   
not the house of a camel1 as ,plutarch  
and ,strabo would persuade us1          
notwithstanding the stories alleged in  
support of the notion3 but it was the   
house and temple of ,cam-,el1 the ,deity
 of the country4 ,arbela was a place    
sacred to ,bel1 called ,arbel1   of the 

,chaldeans4 ,it was the same as ,beth   
,arbel of #cgg;,hosea3 and ,gaugamela is
 of the same purport1 relating to the   
same ,god under different titles4 ,the  
,grecians were grossly ignorant in      
respect to foreign events1 as ,strabo   
repeatedly confesses3 and other writers 
do not scruple to own it4 ,lysimachus   
had been an attendant upon ,alexander   
during the whole series of his conquests
 in ,asia3 there had been nothing of    
moment transacted1 in the success of    
which he had not partaken4 ,yet even in 
his days1 when he was king of ,thrace1  
the accounts of those great actions had 
been so misrepresented1 that when a     
history of them was read in his         
presence1 they seemed quite new to him4 
,it is all very fine1 says the prince2  
but where was ,i when all this happened8
 ,there was a series of events          
exhibited1 with which the person most   
interested was least acquainted4 ,we may
 then well imagine1 that there existed  
in the time of ,plutarch many mistakes1 

both in respect to the geography of     
countries very remote1 and to the       
#cghlanguage of nations1 with whom the  
,romans were little acquainted4 ,the    
great battle1 of which we have been     
speaking1 was confessedly fought at     
,gaugamela4 ,ptolemy ,ceraunus1 who was 
present1 averred it3 as did             
,aristobulus3 and it has been recorded  
by ,plutarch and others4 ,it is also    
adjudged to ,arbela by persons of equal 
credit3 and it must certainly have been 
really there transacted3 for            
notwithstanding the palliating excuse of
 ,plutarch1 it is utterly incredible in 
respect to so great a victory1 that the 
scene of action should be determined by 
this place1 if it were sixty1 or1 as    
some say1 seventy miles out of the way4 
,but in reality it was at no such       
distance4 ,diodorus ,siculus says1 that 
,alexander immediately after the victory
 attacked ,arbela1 and took it3 and     
found in it many evidences of its being 
a place of consequence4 #cgi     1      

1    1   1    4 ,the battle was fought  
so near the city1 that ,alexander was   
afraid of some contagion from the dead  
bodies of the enemy1 which lay close by 
it in great abundance4  ,i have         
mentioned1 that ,gaugamela was the      
temple of ,cham-,el1 or ,cham-,il4 ,this
 was a title of the ,deity brought from 
,chaldea to ,egypt2 and from thence to  
,greece1 ,hetruria1 and other regions4  
,the ,greeks1 out of different titles1  
and combinations1 formed various        
,deities2 and then invented different   
degrees of relation1 which they supposed
 to have subsisted between them4        
,according to ,acusilaus ,cham-,il was  
the ,son of ,vulcan1 and ,cabeira4 #chj 
4 ,he was1 by others1 rendered          
,camillus1 whose attendants were the    
,camilli2 and he was esteemed the same  
as ,hermes of ,egypt4 #cha,statius      
,tullianus de vocabulis rerum libro     
primo ait dixisse ,callimachum1 ,tuscos 
,camillum appellare ,mercurium1 c4      
,romani quoque pueros et puellas nobiles

 et investes ,camillos et ,camillas     
appellant1 ,flaminicarum et ,flaminum   
prministros4 ,servius speaks to the same
 purpose4 #chb,mercurius ,hetrusc lingu 
,camillus dicitur4 ,the reason of the   
attendants being also called ,camilli   
was in consequence of a custom among the
 antients of conferring generally upon  
the priests the title of the ,deity whom
 they served4 ,the ,camilli were        
commonly young persons of good family1  
as we learn from ,plutarch1 and were to 
be found in the temples of ,jupiter1 or 
,zeus3 for ,zeus and ,hermes were       
originally the same3 #chc          1    
4 ,he mentions --   1 and supposes that 
,camillus had the name of ,hermes from  
the similarity of his office1 which was 
waiting upon the ,gods4 ,but the        
,chaldeans and ,egyptians1 from whom    
these titles were borrowed1 esteemed    
,hermes as the chief ,deity1 the same as
 ,zeus1 ,bel1 and ,adon4 ,they knew     
nothing of ,mercurius pedissequus1 nor  
,hermes the lacky4 ,they styled their   

chief ,god ,cam-,il1 or ,camillus1 and  
his priests had the same title4 ,he did 
not borrow it from them2 but they       
received it from him4 ,the name is      
sometimes expressed ,camulus3 and the   
,amonians1 who travelled westward1      
brought his rites and worship into the  
western parts of ,europe3 hence there   
are inscriptions to be found inscribed  
#chd;,camulo ,sancto ,fortissimo4 ,he   
was sometimes taken for ,mars3 as we may
 learn from an inscription in ,gruter3  
#che ,,marti ,,camulo ,ob ,salutem      
,tiberi ,claud4 ,cs4 ,cives ,remi       
posuerunt4  ,such is the history of this
 ,deity2 whose worship was better known 
in the more early ages2 and whose temple
 was styled ,gau-,camel1 by the ,greeks 
rendered ,gaugamela4 ,i make no doubt   
but that ,arbela was the same place3 for
 places had as many names as the ,deity 
worshipped had titles4 ,arbela was      
probably the city1 and ,gaugamela the   
#chftemple2 both sacred to the same     
,deity1 under different names4  ,it is  

remarkable that ,syncellus1 speaking of 
,venephres1 ,king of ,egypt1 says1 that 
he built the pyramids of                
#chg;,co-,chone2 which are the principal
 pyramids of that country4 ,eusebius    
before him had taken notice of the same 
history3 #chh1 '      1       4         
,venephres was a prince1 in whose time  
happened a famine in the land of ,egypt4
 ,he was the same1 who built the        
,pyramids about ,cochone4 ,now          
,co-,chone1 analogous to ,beth-,el1     
,beth-,shan1 ,beth-,dagon1 signifies the
 temple of the ,deity2 the house of the 
great king1 or ruler3 for such is the   
purport of ,con1 and ,conah4 ,hercules1 
the chief ,deity of ,tyre1 and who was  
also highly reverenced in ,egypt1 was   
,styled ,con4 #chi        4 ,from hence 
we find1 that it was a sacred ,egyptian 
title4 ,according to some readings the  
place is expressed ,cocome2 which is of 
the same purport4 ,co-,chome1 the same  
as ,cau-,come1 signifies the house of   
,chom1 or the ,sun2 and seems to betray 

the purpose for which the chief pyramid 
was erected3 for it was undoubtedly     
nothing else but a monument to the      
,deity1 whose name it bore4 ,according  
to #cij ,herodotus the great pyramid was
 built by ,cheops2 whom others called   
,chaops4 ,but ,chaops is a similar      
compound2 being made up of the terms    
,cha-,ops1 and signifies  1 domus ,opis 
,serpentis4 ,it was the name of the     
pyramid1 which was erected to the ,sun1 
the ,ophite ,deity of ,egypt1 worshipped
 under the symbol of a serpent4         
,analogous to ,cau-,come in ,egypt was a
 place in ,ethiopia1 called             
#cia;,cuscha3 doubtless so named from   
,chus1 the great ancestor from whom the 
,ethiopians were descended4  ,the ,sun  
was styled by the ,amonians1 among other
 titles1 ,zan2 as ,i have before shewn3 
and he was worshipped under this        
denomination all over ,syria and        
,mesopotamia2 especially at ,emesa1     
,edessa1 and ,heliopolis4 ,one region   
was named ,gauzanitis1 from a city      

,gauzan1 the ,gosan of the              
#cib,scriptures4 ,strabo calls it #cic1 
,cha-,zene1 and places it near          
,adiabene4 ,gauzan1 or ,go-zan1 is      
literally the house of the ,sun4 ,i once
 thought that the land of ,goshen1 in   
,egypt1 was of the same purport as      
,cushan2 and have so mentioned it in a  
former #cidtreatise4 ,so far is true3   
the land of ,goshen was the land of     
,cushan1 and possessed by the sons of   
,chus3 but the two terms are not of the 
same meaning4 ,goshen1 or ,goshan1 like 
,gauzan in ,mesopotamia1 signifies the  
temple of the ,sun3 hence it was as a   
city1 rendered by the ,greeks           
,heliopolis4 ,artapanus1 as we learn    
from ,eusebius1 expresses it ,caisan1 4 
,go-,shan1 ,gau ,zan1 ,caisan1 ,cazena1 
all denote a place sacred to the ,sun2  
and are such variations in rendering the
 same term1 as must be expected in an   
interval of fifteen hundred years1 and  
from different transcribers4 ,this      
luminary was also called ,abor1 the     

parent of light2 and his temple         
,cha-,abor1 and ,cho-,abor1 contracted  
,chabor and ,chobar4 ,of this name both 
a city and river were to be found in    
,gauzanitis2 as well as in ,susiana1 and
 other parts3 for rivers often took     
their names from some temple1 or city1  
by which they ran4 ,the temple at       
,dodona was1 of old1 called ,cha-,on1 or
 house of the ,sun2 as we may infer from
 the country having the name of         
,chaonia2 for ,chaonia is the land of   
,chaon4 ,the priests and inhabitants    
were called #cie;,chaones1 from their   
place of worship3 and the former had    
also the name#cif of ,selli1 which      
signifies the priests of the ,sun4 ,in  
,arcadia1 near the eruption of the river
 ,erasinus1 was a mountain1 clothed with
 beautiful trees1 and sacred to         
,dionusus4 ,this1 also1 was called      
#cig;,chaon1 the place of the ,sun2 and 
was1 undoubtedly1 so named from the     
antient worship2 for ,dionusus was1 of  
old1 esteemed the same as ,osiris1 the  

,sun4 ,there was also a place called    
#cih;,chaon in ,media and ,syria2       
,chaonitis in ,mesopotamia3 and in all  
these places the same worship prevailed4
 ,so ,caballis1 the city of the ,solymi1
 was named from ,ca-bal1 the place of   
the god ,bal1 or ,baal4 ,it is mentioned
 by ,strabo4 ,in like manner ,caballion1
 in ,gallia ,narbonensis1 is a compound 
of ,ca-,abelion1 a well known ,deity1   
whose name is made up of titles of the  
,sun4 ,the priests of this place were   
styled #cii,salies2 the region was      
called 2 undoubtedly from ,cha-,our 771 
some temple of ,ur1 erected by the      
,amonians1 who here settled4 ,canoubis  
in ,egypt was a compound of ,ca-,noubis2
 ,cabasa1 in the same country1          
,ca-,basa2 called by many ,besa1 the    
,beseth of the ,scriptures1 a ,goddess  
well known in ,egypt4 ,she had a temple 
in ,canaan1 called #djj;,beth ,besa4    
,cuamon1 near ,esdraelon1 is a compound 
of ,cu-,amon1 the place or house of     
,amon3 #dja  4 ,there was a temple in   

,attica called ,cuamites2 and a         
personage denominated from it4 ,the     
history of the place1 and the rites1 in 
time grew obsolete2 and ,pausanias      
supposes that the name was given from 1 
,cuamos1 a bean4 #djb    1     4 ,i have
 not authority for the supposition1 but 
it seems probable that this temple was  
erected to the memory of some person who
 first sowed beans4 ,and here it is     
proper to take notice of a circumstance 
of which ,i must continually put the    
reader in mind1 as it is of great       
consequence towards decyphering the     
mythology of antient times4 ,the        
,grecians often mistook the place of    
worship for the ,deity worshipped3 so   
that the names of many ,gods are1 in    
reality1 the names of temples where they
 were adored4 ,artemis was ,ar-,temis1  
the city of ,themis1 or ,thamis2 the    
,thamuz of ,sidon and ,egypt4 ,this the 
,greeks expressed 2 and made it the name
 of a ,goddess4 ,kir-,on was the city   
and temple of the ,sun1 in ,cyprus and  

other places4 ,they changed this to     
,kironus1 which they contracted ,cronus2
 and out of it made a particular ,god4  
,from ,cha-,opis they formed a king     
,cheops2 from ,cayster1 the same as ,ca 
,aster1 they fancied a hero1 ,caystrius2
 from ,cu-,bela1 ,cybele2 from          
,cu-,baba1 ,cybebe4 ,cerberus1 the dog  
of hell1 was denominated from           
,kir-,abor2 as ,i shall hereafter       
#djcshew4  ,i have mentioned ,caucon1 or
 ,caucone1 in ,egypt3 there was a place 
of the same name in ,greece4 ,it was1   
originally1 sacred to the ,sun2 and the 
priests and inhabitants were called     
,cancones4 ,instead of ,con1 which      
signifies the great ,lord1 the ,greeks  
substituted a hero #djd;,caucon1 who was
 supposed to have first introduced those
 ,orgies practised by the ,messenians4  
,it was1 properly1 a temple of the ,sun2
 and there was another of the same name 
in ,bithynia1 and from thence the       
country was called ,cauconia4 ,i shall  
hereafter treat at large of ,cuthite    

colonies1 which went abroad and settled 
in different parts4 ,one of the first   
operations when they came on shore was  
to build temples1 and to found cities1  
in memory of their principal ancestors1 
who1 in process of time1 were worshipped
 as ,deities4 ,a colony of this people  
settled at ,colchis1 which they called  
,cutaia#dje1 from the head of their     
family1 styled both ,chus and ,cuth4 ,we
 may infer1 that they built a temple    
which was called ,ca-,cuta2 and from    
which the region was also denominated3  
for it is certain that it has that name 
at this #djf;day4 ,cocutus1 which we    
render ,cocytus1 was undoubtedly a      
temple in ,egypt4 ,it gave name to a    
stream1 on which it stood2 and which was
 also called the ,charonian branch of   
the ,nile1 and the river ,acheron4 ,it  
was a foul canal1 near the place of     
,sepulture1 opposite to ,memphis1 and   
not far from ,cochone4 ,cocutus was the 
temple of ,cutus1 or ,cuth2 for he was  
so called by many of his posterity4 ,a  

temple of the same was to be found in   
,epirus1 upon a river ,cocutus4 ,here   
was also a river ,acheron1 and a lake   
,acherusia3 for a colony from ,egypt    
settled here2 and the stream was of as  
foul a nature as that near ,memphis4    
#djg     4  ,juno is by ,varro styled   
,covella4 #djh;,dies quinque te kalo1   
,juno ,covella2 ,juno ,covella1 dies    
septem te kalo4 ,here1 as in many       
instances1 the place of worship is taken
 for the person1 to whom the worship is 
directed4 ,covella is only a variation  
for ,cou-,el1 or ,co-,el1 the house or  
region of the ,deity1 and signifies     
heavenly4 ,it is accordingly by ,varro  
interpreted ,urania1 3 whence ,juno     
,covella must be rendered ,clestis4     
,from the substantive1 ,cou-,el1 the    
,romans formed ,coel1 heaven2 in        
aftertimes expressed ,coelus1 and ,clum4
 ,i say1 in aftertimes3 for they        
originally called it ,co-el1 and ,co-il1
 and then contracted it to ,cl4 ,hence  
,ausonius in his ,grammaticomastix      

mentions a passage to this purpose4     
,unde ,rudinus ait ,divm domus altisonum
 ,cl3 or as ,ennius1 to whom he alludes1
 has rendered it1 according to the      
present ,,mss4 altisonum #dji;,coil4 ,he
 sometimes subjoins the ,latine         
termination3    ,coilum prospexit       
stellis fulgentibus aptum4   ,olim de   
,coilo laivum dedit inclytus signum4    
,saturnus1 quem ,coilus genuit4   ,unus 
erit1 quem tu tollas in ,coirila ,coili 
,templa4  ,clus in aftertimes was made a
 ,deity3 hence there are inscriptions   
dedicated #daj;,clo terno4 ,the antient 
,deity ,celeus1 mentioned by            
#daa;,athenagoras1 and said to have been
 worshipped at ,athens1 was the same as 
the above4  ,many places and regions1   
held sacred1 and called ,coel by the    
,amonians1 were by the ,greeks rendered 
1 cava4 ,hence we read of  1  1 and the 
like4 ,syria was by them styled 1 the   
hollow3 but the true name was ,cola1 the
 heavenly or sacred4 ,it was so         
denominated from the ,cuthites1 who     

settled there1 on account of the        
religion established4 ,hence it was also
 named ,shem1 and ,shama2 which are     
terms of like purport1 and signify      
divine1 or heavenly4 ,it is a name1     
which it retains at this day2 as we are 
informed by #dab;,abulfeda1 and others4 
,elis ,coela was the most sacred part of
 ,greece2 especially the regions of     
,olympia1 ,cauconia1 and ,azania4 ,it   
was denominated ,elis from 1 ,eel1 the  
,sun3 and what the ,greeks rendered  of 
old meant #dac;heavenly4 ,hence ,homer  
styleth it peculiarly #dad 1 ,elis the  
sacred4 ,as ,coele ,syria was styled    
,sham1 and ,sama2 so we find places1    
which have a reference to this term1 in 
,elis4 ,a town of great antiquity was   
named #dae,samicon1 which signifies ,cli
 ,dominus4 ,here was also a temple of   
,poseidon ,samius1 surrounded with a    
grove of olives2 and there were         
festivals observed1 which were called   
,samia4 ,there was likewise of old a    
city named ,sama1 or ,samos3 which      

,strabo imagines1 might have been so    
named from its high situation3 for high 
places were called #daf,samia4 ,it      
certainly signifies in some degree high2
 but the true meaning of ,sama was      
heavenly1 similar to ,sam1 ,sham1       
,shamem1 of the eastern nations4 ,hence 
,same1 ,samos1 ,samothrace1 ,samacon1   
were denominated on account of their    
sanctity4 ,strabo supposes1 that the    
city ,samos in ,elis was situated in the
 ,samian plain3 it therefore could not  
well have this name from its high       
situation4 ,it is moreover inconsistent 
to suppose regions called 1 or cava1 to 
have been denominated from ,sama1 high4 
,in short both terms have been mistaken3
 and ,coilus in the original acceptation
 certainly signified heavenly3 whence we
 read in ,hesychius1 as also in ,suidas1
 1  4 ,by which we learn1 that by       
,coioles was meant a sacred or heavenly 
person2 in other words1 a priest of     
,clus4 ,in ,coioles there is but a small
 variation from the original term2 which

 was a compound from ,coi-,el1 or       
,co-,el1 the ,clus of the ,romans4      
,concerning the term ,cl in ,ennius1    
#dag;,janus ,gulielmus takes notice1    
that this poet copied the ,dorians in   
using abbreviations1 and writing ,cl for
 ,clus and ,clum4 ,but herein this      
learned person is mistaken4 ,the        
,dorians were not so much to be blamed  
for their abbreviating1 as the other    
,greeks were for their unnecessary      
terminations1 and inflexions4 ,the more 
simple the terms1 the more antient and  
genuine we may for the most part esteem 
them3 and in the language of the        
,dorians we may perceive more terms     
relative to the true mythology of the   
country1 and those rendered more similar
 to the antient mode of expression1 than
 are elsewhere to be found4 ,we must1   
therefore1 in all etymological          
inquiries1 have recourse to the ,doric  
manner of pronunciation1 to obtain the  
truth4 ,they came into ,greece1 or      
,hellotia1 under the name of ,adorians2 

and from their simplicity of manners1   
and from the little intercourse         
maintained with foreigners1 they        
preserved much of their antient tongue4 
,for this there may be another          
additional reason obtained from         
,herodotus2 who tells us1 that they were
 more immediately descended from the    
people of the #dah;east4 ,the antient   
hymns1 sung in the ,prutaneia all over  
,greece1 were #dai;,doric3 so sacred was
 their dialect esteemed4 ,hence they    
cannot but afford great help in         
inquiries of this nature4 ,what was by  
others styled 1 they expressed 3 ,cheops
 they rendered ,chaops3 ,zeen1 ,zan3 1 3
 1 3 ,menes1 ,manes3 ,orchenoi1         
,orchanoi3 ,neith1 ,naith3 1 3          
,hephstus1 ,hephastus3 ,caiete1 ,caiate3
 ,demeter1 ,damater3 all which will be  
found of great consequence in respect to
 etymology4 ,and if they did not always 
admit of the terminations used by their 
neighbours3 they by these means         
preserved many words in their primitive 

state3 at least they were nearer to the 
originals4 ,they seem to have retained  
the very term1 of which ,i have been    
treating4 ,it was by them styled 1 ,cai2
 and signified a house1 or cave3 for the
 first houses in the infancy of the     
world are supposed to have been caves or
 grottos#dbj4 ,they expressed it ,cai1  
,caia1 ,caias1 similar to the cava1     
cavus1 and cavea of the ,romans4 ,when  
these places were of a great depth1 or  
extent1 they were looked upon with a    
kind of religious horror4 ,a cavern of  
this sort was at ,lacedmon1 with a      
building over it2 of which in aftertimes
 they made use to confine malefactors4  
,it was called 1 or as the ,spartans    
expressed it1 1 the house of death4 #dba
 --  4 ,cai signified a cavern3 ,adas1  
which is subjoined1 was the ,deity1 to  
whom it was sacred1 esteemed the ,god of
 the infernal regions4 ,he was by the   
,ionians1 c4 expressed ,ades1 and       
,hades2 and by other nations ,ait1 and  
,atis4 ,hence these caverns were also   

styled 1 and 4 ,the author above quoted 
gives us the terms variously exhibited3 
#dbb4--      4     1   1 4 ,hesychius   
renders it in the plural1 and as a      
neuter3 1 4 ,whether it be compounded   
,cai-,ait1 ,cai-,atis1 or ,cai-,ades1   
the purport is the same4 ,the den of    
,cacus was properly a sacred cave1 where
 ,chus was worshipped1 and the rites of 
fire were #dbcpractised4 ,cacus is the  
same name as ,cuscha in ,ethiopia1 only 
reversed4 ,the history of it was        
obsolete in the days of ,virgil2 yet    
some traces of it still remained4       
,strabo says that many people called    
these caves 4 #dbd       4 ,hence he    
very truly explains a passage in ,homer4
 ,the poet1 speaking of ,theseus1       
,dryas1 ,polyphemus1 and other heroes of
 the ,mythic age1 mentions their        
encountering with the mountaineers of   
,thessaly1 whom he styles  3    #dbe    
1     1       ----   signified a person1
 who lived in a mountain habitation2    
whose retreat was a house in a mountain4

 ,co1 and ,coa1 was the name of such    
house4 ,strabo says that this term is   
alluded to by ,homer1 when he styles    
,lacedmon #dbf 1 for it was by many     
thought to have been so called on       
account of their caverns4 ,from hence we
 may fairly conclude1 that  was a       
mistake1 or at least a variation1 for   
#dbg1 from ,cai-,atis2 and that ,co1    
#dbh;,coa1 ,caia1 were of the same      
purport4  ,but this term does not relate
 merely to a cavern2 but to temples     
founded near such places3 oftentimes the
 cave itself was a temple4 ,caieta1 in  
,italy1 near ,cuma1 called by ,diodorus 
1 was so denominated on this account4   
,it was a cave in the rock1 abounding   
with variety of subterranes1 cut out    
into various apartments4 ,these were1 of
 old1 inhabited by ,amonian priests2 for
 they settled in these parts very early4
 ,it seems to have been a wonderful     
work4 #dbi'   1  1   4 ,in these parts  
were large openings in the earth1       
exhibiting caverns of a great extent2   

which afforded very ample and superb    
apartments4 ,diodorus informs us1 that1 
what was in his time called ,caiete1 had
 been sometimes styled #dcj;,aiete3 by  
which we may see1 that it was a         
compound2 and consisted of two or more  
terms2 but these terms were not         
precisely applicable to the same object4
 ,ai-,ete1 or ,ai-,ata1 was the region  
of ,ait1 the ,deity to whom it was      
sacred4 ,colchis had the same name2     
whence its king was called ,aietes3 and 
,egypt had the same1 expressed by the   
,greeks #dca1 ,aetia4 ,aiete was the    
district3 ,caiete was the cave and      
temple in that district2 where the      
,deity was worshipped4  ,in ,botia was a
 cavern1 into which the river ,cephisus 
descended1 and was lost4 ,it afterwards 
emerged from this gulf1 and passed      
freely to the sea4 ,the place of        
eruption was called ,an-choa1 which     
signifies ,fontis apertura4 ,the later  
,greeks expressed it ,anchoe#dcb4  '    
4 ,the etymology1 ,i flatter myself1 is 

plain1 and authenticated by the history 
of the place4  ,from ,cho1 and ,choa1   
was probably derived the word 1 used by 
the apostle4 #dcc            4   1    4 
,hesychius observes1 1 1 4 ,from hence  
we may perceive1 that by ,cho was       
originally meant a house or temple in   
the earth4 ,it was1 as ,i have shewn1   
often expressed ,gau1 and ,go2 and made 
to signify any house4 ,some nations used
 it in a still more extended sense2 and 
by it denoted a town or village1 and any
 habitation at large4 ,it is found in   
this acceptation among the antient      
,celt1 and ,germans1 as we learn from   
,cluverius4 #dcd;,apud ipsos ,germanos  
ejusmodi pagorum vernaculum vocabulum   
fuit ,gaw2 et variantibus dialectis1 gw1
 gew1 gw1 gow1 hinc--,brisgaw1          
,wormesgaw1 ,zurichgow1 ,turgow1        
,nordgaw1 ,andegaw1 ,rhingaw1 ,hennegow1
 ,westergow1 ,oostergow4 ,the antient   
term 1 ,purgos1 was properly ,pur-,go2  
and signified a light-house1 or temple  
of fire1 from the ,chaldaic ,pur4       

,,particles4  ,together with the words  
above mentioned are to be found in      
composition the particles ,al and ,pi4  
,al1 or ,el1 for it is differently      
expressed in our characters1 is still an
 ,arabian prefix2 but not absolutely    
confined to that country1 though more   
frequently there to be found4 ,the ,sun1
 1 was called ,uchor by the people of   
,egypt and ,cyrene1 which the ,greeks   
expressed 1 ,achor4 ,he was worshipped  
with the same title in ,arabia1 and     
called ,al ,achor4 #dce;,georgius       
,monachus1 describing the idolatry which
 prevailed in that country before the   
introduction of the present religion1   
mentions the idol ,alachar4 ,many       
nations have both expletives and        
demonstratives analogous to the particle
 above4 ,the pronoun ,ille of the       
,romans is somewhat similar2 as are the 
terms ,le and ,la of the ,french2 as    
well as ,il and ,el in other languages4 
,it is in composition so like to 1 the  
name of 1 the ,sun1 that it is not      

always easy to distinguish one from the 
other4  ,the article ,pi was in use     
among the antient ,egyptians and        
,cuthites1 as well as other nations in  
the east4 ,the natives of ,india were at
 all times worshippers of the ,sun2 and 
used to call themselves by some of his  
titles4 ,porus1 with whom ,alexander    
engaged upon the ,indus1 was named from 
the chief object of his worship1 1      
,pi-,or1 and ,p',or2 rendered by the    
,greeks 1 ,porus4 ,pacorus the ,parthian
 was of the same etymology1 being a     
compound of ,p',achorus1 the ,achor of  
,egypt3 as was also the #dcf;city       
,pacoria in ,mesopotamia1 mentioned by  
,ptolemy4 ,even the ,grecian  was of    
,egyptian or ,chaldac original1 and of  
the same composition 7,p',ur7 as the    
words above2 for #dcg,plato informs us  
that 1 1 1 were esteemed terms of       
foreign importation4 ,after the race of 
the ,egyptian kings was extinct1 and    
that country came under the dominion of 
the ,grecians1 the natives still        

continued to make use of this prefix2 as
 did other #dchnations which were       
incorporated with them4 ,they adapted it
 not only to words in their own         
language1 but to those of other         
countries of which they treated4 ,hence 
there is often to be found in their     
writings1 #dci1 1 1 1 1 ,pidux1         
,picurator1 ,pitribunus2 also names of  
persons occur with this prefix2 such as 
,piterus1 ,piturio1 ,pionius the martyr2
 also ,pior1 ,piammon1 ,piambo2 who are 
all mentioned by ecclesiastical         
#ddjwriters as natives of that country4 
,this article is sometimes expressed    
,pa2 as in the name of ,pachomius1 an   
abbot in ,egypt1 mentioned by           
#dda;,gennadius4 ,a priest named ,paapis
 is to be found in the ,excerpta from   
,antonius #ddb;,diogenes in ,photius4   
,there were particular rites1 styled    
,pamylia ,sacra1 from #ddc,pamyles1 an  
antient ,egyptian ,deity4 ,we may infer 
from ,hesychius that they were very     
obscene3 1   4 ,hades1 and ,pi-,ades1   

was a common title of the ,sun3 and the 
latter1 in early times1 was current in  
,greece2 where ,i hope to give ample    
testimony of the ,amonians settling4 ,he
 was termed ,melech ,pi-,adon1 and ,anac
 ,pi-,adon3 but the ,greeks out of      
,pi-,adon formed 3 for it is            
inconceivable how very ignorant they    
were in respect to their antient        
theology4 ,hence we read of  1  1  2 and
 legends of  2 and of 2 who were mere   
foundlings2 whose fathers could never be
 ascertained1 though divine honours were
 paid to the children4 ,this often      
puzzled the mythologists1 who could not 
account for this spurious race4         
,plutarch makes it one of his inquiries 
to sift out1 #ddd     2 ,pausanias      
mentions1 #dde  3 and1 in another place1
 #ddf     1  1    1  4 ,from this       
mistake arose so many boy-deities2 among
 whom were even ,jupiter and ,dionusus3 
#ddg  1    1  1   4 ,according to the   
theology of the ,greeks1 even ,jupiter  
and ,dionusus are styled boys1 and young

 persons4 ,one of the most remarkable   
passages to this purpose is to be found 
in the antiquary above quoted2 who takes
 notice of a certain mysterious rite    
performed by the natives of ,amphissa1  
in ,phocis4 ,the particular ,gods1 to   
whom it was performed1 were styled  4   
#ddh         4       1   '   4 ,the     
people of ,amphissa perform a ceremony  
in honour of persons styled ,anactes    
,paides1 or ,royal ,boys3 but who these 
,anactes ,paides were1 is matter of     
great uncertainty4 ,in short1 the author
 could not tell2 nor could the priests  
afford him any satisfactory information4
 ,there are many instances in ,pausanias
 of this nature2 where divine honours   
are paid to the unknown children of     
fathers equally unknown4  ,herodotus    
tells us1 that1 when he discoursed with 
the priests of ,thebes about the kings  
who had reigned in ,egypt1 they         
described them to him under three       
denominations1 of ,gods1 of heroes1 and 
of men4 ,the last succeeded to those    

above1 and were mere mortals4 ,the      
manner of succession is mentioned in the
 following words3 #ddi   --   1      7  
74 ,there are many strange and          
contradictory opinions about this       
#dejpassage2 which1 if ,i do not deceive
 myself1 is very plain2 and the purport 
of it this3 ,after the fabulous         
accounts1 there had been an             
uninterrupted succession of ,piromis    
after ,piromis3 and the ,egyptians      
referred none of these to the dynasties 
of either the ,gods or ,heroes1 who were
 supposed to have first possessed the   
country4 ,from hence ,i think it is     
manifest that ,pi-romis signifies a man4
 ,herodotus1 indeed1 says1 that the     
meaning of it was  1 a person of a fair 
and honourable character3 and so it     
might be taken by implication2 as we say
 of a native of our own country1 that he
 is a true and staunch #dea;,englishman3
 but the precise meaning is plain from  
the context2 and ,piromis certainly     
meant a man4 ,it has this signification 

in the ,coptic3 and1 in the             
#deb,prodromus ,copticus of ,kircher1 1 
,piromi1 is a man2 and seems to imply a 
native4 ,pirem ,racot is an             
,alexandrine2 or1 more properly1 a      
native of ,racotis1 called ,raschid1 and
 ,rosetta4 ,pirem ,romi are #dec,romans4
  ,by means of this prefix we may be led
 to understand what is meant by ,paraia 
in the account given by ,philo from     
,sanchoniathon3 who says1 that ,cronus  
had three sons in the region of ,paraia3
 #ded       4 ,paraia is a variation of 
,p',ur-aia2 and means literally the land
 of ,ur in ,chaldea2 the region from    
whence antient writers began the history
 of mankind4 ,a crocodile by the        
,egyptians was among other names called 
#dee3 and the name is retained in the   
,coptic1 where it is expressed          
#def,pi-,souchi4  ,this prefix is       
sometimes expressed with an aspirate1   
,phi3 and as that word signifies a      
mouth1 and in a more extensive          
signification1 speech and language1 it  

sometimes may cause a little uncertainty
 about the meaning4 ,however1 in most   
places it is sufficiently plain4        
,phaethon1 a much mistaken personage1   
was an antient title of the ,sun1 a     
compound of ,phi-,ath-,on4 ,bacchus was 
called ,phi-,anac by the ,mysians1      
rendered by the poets #deg,phanac and   
,phanaces4 ,hanes was a title of the    
same ,deity1 equally reverenced of old1 
and compounded ,ph' ,hanes4 ,it         
signified the fountain of light3 and    
from it was derived ,phanes of ,egypt3  
also 1 1 3 and from ,ph'ain ,on1 ,fanum4
 ,in short1 these particles occur       
continually in words1 which relate to   
religious rites1 and the antient        
adoration of fire4 ,they are generally  
joined to ,ur1 by which that element is 
denoted4 ,from ,p',ur ,tor came ,prtor  
and ,prtorium1 among the ,romans3 from  
,p',ur-,aith1 ,purathi and ,puratheia   
among the ,asiatics4 ,from ,p',ur-tan1 1
 and  among the ,greeks of ,hellas3 in  
which ,prutaneia there were of old      

sacred hearths1 and a perpetual fire4   
,the antient name of ,latian ,jupiter   
was ,p'ur1 by length of time changed to 
,puer4 ,he was the ,deity of fire2 and  
his ministers were styled ,pueri3 and   
because many of them were handsome      
youths selected for that office1 ,puer  
came at length to signify any young     
person4 ,some of the ,romans would      
explain this title away1 as if it       
referred to ,jupiter's childhood3 but   
the history of the place will shew that 
it had no such relation4 ,it was a      
proper name1 and retained particularly  
among the people of ,prneste4 ,they had 
undoubtedly been addicted to the rites  
of fire2 for their city was said to have
 been built by ,cculus1 the son of      
,vulcan1 who was found in the midst of  
fire3    #deh ,vulcano genitum pecora   
inter agrestia ,regem1   ,inventumque   
focis4  ,they called their chief ,god   
,pur3 and dealt particularly in         
divination by lots1 termed of old       
,purim4 ,cicero takes notice of this    

custom of divination at ,prneste2 and   
describes the manner1 as well as the    
place3 but gives into the common        
mistake1 that the ,purim related to     
,jupiter's childhood4 ,he says1 that the
 place1 where the process was carried   
on1 was a sacred inclosure1 #dei;is est 
hodie locus septus1 religiose propter   
,jovis ,pueri1 qui lactens cum ,junone  
in gremio ,fortun mammam appetens1      
castissime colitur a ,matribus4 ,this   
manner of divination was of ,chaldac    
original1 and brought from ,babylonia to
 ,prneste4 ,it is mentioned in ,esther1 
c4 #c4 v4 #g4 ,they cast ,pur before    
,haman1 that he might know the success  
of his purposes against the ,jews4      
,wherefore they call these days ,purim  
after the name of ,pur#dfj4 c4 #i4 v4   
#bf4 ,the same lots of divination being 
used at ,prneste was the occasion of the
 ,god being called ,jupiter ,pur4 ,this 
in aftertimes was changed to ,puer3     
whence we find inscriptions1 which      
mention him under that name2 and at the 

same time take notice of the custom1    
which prevailed in his temple4          
,inscriptions ,jovi ,puero1 and ,fortun 
,primigeni ,jovis #dfa,pueri are to be  
found in ,gruter4 ,one is very          
particular4   #dfb;,fortun ,primigeni   
,jovis ,pueri ,d4,d4 ,ex ,,sorte compos 
factus ,nothus ,rufican ,l4 ,p4         
,plotilla4  ,that this word ,puer was   
originally ,pur may be proved from a    
well known passage in ,lucretius3       
#dfc,puri spe lacum propter ac dolia    
curva   ,somno devincti credunt se      
attollere vestem4  ,many instances1 were
 it necessary1 might be brought to this 
purpose4 ,it was a name originally given
 to the priests of the ,deity who were  
named from the ,chaldaic 1 ,ur3 and by  
the antient ,latines were called ,p'uri4
 ,at ,prneste the name was particularly 
kept up on account of this divination by
 #dfdlots4 ,these by the ,amonians were 
styled ,purim1 being attended with      
ceremonies by fire2 and supposed to be  
effected through the influence of the   

,deity4 ,prneste seems to be a compound 
of ,puren ,esta1 the lots of ,esta1 the 
,deity of fire4  ,these are terms1 which
 seem continually to occur in the       
antient ,amonian history3 out of these  
most names are compounded2 and into     
these they are easily resolvable4 ,there
 are some few more1 which might perhaps 
be very properly introduced3 but ,i am  
unwilling to trespass too far1          
especially as they may be easily taken  
notice of in the course of this work4 ,i
 could wish that my learned readers     
would afford me so far credit1 as to    
defer passing a general sentence1 till  
they have perused the whole3 for much   
light will accrue2 and fresh evidence be
 accumulated in the course of our       
procedure4 ,a history of the rites and  
religion1 in which these terms are      
contained1 will be given2 also of the   
times1 when they were introduced2 and of
 the people1 by whom they were diffused 
so widely4 ,many positions1 which may   
appear doubtful1 when they are first    

premised1 will1 ,i hope1 be abundantly  
proved1 before we come to the close4 ,in
 respect to the etymologies1 which ,i   
have already offered and considered1 ,i 
have all along annexed the histories of 
the persons and places spoken of1 in    
order to ascertain my opinion concerning
 them4 ,but the chief proof1 as ,i have 
before said1 will result from the whole2
 from an uniform series of evidence1    
supported by a fair and uninterrupted   
analogy4         99       99       99   
99       99   ,,of  ,,etymology1  ,,as  
,,it ,,has ,,been ,,too ,,generally     
,,handled4          1    '     4    1 1 
1 1   1     4    '  '                   
4----,,empedocles4  ,it may appear      
invidious to call to account men of     
learning1 who have gone before me in    
inquiries of this nature1 and to point  
out defects in their writings3 but it is
 a task which ,i must1 in some degree1  
take in hand1 as the best writers have1 
in my opinion1 failed fundamentally in  
these researches4 ,many1 in the         

wantonness of their fancy1 have yielded 
to the most idle surmises2 and this to a
 degree of licentiousness1 for which no 
learning nor ingenuity can atone4 ,it is
 therefore so far from being injurious1 
that it appears absolutely necessary to 
point out the path they took1 and the   
nature of their failure2 and this1 that 
their authority may not give a sanction 
to their mistakes2 but1 on the contrary1
 if my method should appear more        
plausible1 or more certain1 that the    
superiority may be seen upon comparing2 
and be proved from the contrast4  ,the  
,grecians were so prepossessed with a   
notion of their own excellence and      
antiquity1 that they supposed every     
antient tradition to have proceeded from
 themselves4 ,hence their mythology is  
founded upon the grossest mistakes3 as  
all extraneous history1 and every       
foreign term1 is supposed by them to    
have been of ,grecian original4 ,many of
 their learned writers had been abroad2 
and knew how idle the pretensions of    

their countrymen were4 ,plato in        
particular saw the fallacy of their     
claim1 he confesses it more than once3  
yet in this article nobody was more     
infatuated4 ,his ,cratylus is made up of
 a most absurd system of etymology4     
#dfe;,herodotus expressly says1 that the
 ,gods of ,greece came in great measure 
from ,egypt4 ,yet ,socrates is by ,plato
 in this treatise made to derive        
,artemis from  1 integritas3 ,poseidon  
from  1 fetters to the feet3 ,hestia    
from 1 substance and essence3 ,demeter1 
from   1 distributing as a mother3      
,pallas from 1 to vibrate1 or dance3    
,ares1 ,mars1 from 1 masculum1 et       
virile3 and the word ,theos1 ,god1      
undoubtedly the ,theuth of ,egypt1 from 
1 to run#dff4 ,innumerable derivations  
of this nature are to be found in       
,aristotle1 ,plato1 #dfg;,heraclides    
,ponticus1 and other ,greek writers4    
,there is a maxim laid down by the      
scholiast upon ,dionysius2 which ,i     
shall have occasion often to mention4   

#dfh   1      4 ,if the term be foreign1
 it is idle to have recourse to ,greece 
for a solution4 ,it is a plain and      
golden rule1 posterior in time to the   
writers above1 which1 however1 common   
sense might have led them to have       
anticipated1 and followed3 but it was   
not in their nature4 ,the person who    
gave the advice was a ,greek1 and could 
not for his life abide by it4 ,it is    
true1 that ,socrates is made to say     
something very like the above4 #dfi 1   
1        1    --       1   1   ' 1      
1    4 ,i am very sensible that the     
,grecians in general1 and especially    
those who are subjects to foreigners1   
have received into their language many  
exotic terms3 if any person should be   
led to seek for their analogy or meaning
 in the ,greek tongue1 and not in the   
language from whence they proceeded1 he 
would be grievously puzzled4 ,who would 
think1 when ,plato attributed to        
,socrates this knowledge1 that he would 
make him continually act in             

contradiction to it8 ,or that other     
#dgjwriters1 when this plain truth was  
acknowledged1 should deviate so         
shamefully8 that we should in after     
times be told1 that ,tarsus1 the antient
 city in ,cilicia1 was denominated from 
1 a foot3 that the river ,nile signified
  3 and that ,gader in ,spain was  4    
,the antients1 in all their etymologies1
 were guided solely by the ear3 in this 
they have been implicitly copied by the 
moderns4 ,inquire of ,heinsius1 whence  
,thebes1 that antient city in upper     
,egypt1 was named2 and he will tell you 
from 1 ,teba1 #dgastetit3 or ask the    
good bishop ,cumberland why ,nineve was 
so called8 and he will answer1 from     
,schindler1 that it was a compound of   
#dgb,nin-,nau1  1 a son inhabited4 ,but 
is it credible1 or indeed possible1 for 
these cities to have been named from    
terms so vague1 casual1 and             
indeterminate2 which seem to have so    
little relation to the places to which  
they are appropriated1 or to any places 

at all8 ,the history of the ,chaldeans  
is of great consequence2 and one would  
be glad to know their original4 ,they   
are properly called ,chasdim2 and are1  
very justly1 thought to have been the   
first constituted nation upon earth4 ,it
 is said of the patriarch ,abraham1 that
 he came from the city ,ur of the       
,chasdim4 ,whence had they their name8  
,the learned ,hyde will #dgc;answer1    
that it was from ,chesed1 their         
ancestor4 ,who was ,chesed8 ,he was the 
fourth son of ,nahor1 who lived in      
,aram1 the upper region of ,mesopotamia4
 ,is it said in history that he was the 
father of this people8 ,there is no     
mention made of it4 ,is it said that he 
was ever in ,chaldea8 ,no4 ,is there the
 least reason to think that he had any  
acquaintance with that country8 ,we have
 no grounds to suppose it4 ,is there any
 reason to think that this people1      
mentioned repeatedly as prior to him by 
ages1 were in reality constituted after 
him8 ,none4 ,what1 then1 has induced    

writers to suppose that he was the      
father of this people8 ,because ,chesed 
and ,chasdim have a remote similitude in
 sound4 ,and is this the whole8         
,absolutely all that is or can be       
alleged for this notion4 ,and as the    
,chasdim are mentioned some ages before 
the birth of ,chesed1 some would have   
the passage to be introduced            
proleptically2 others suppose it an     
interpolation1 and would strike it out  
of the sacred text3 so far does whim get
 the better of judgment1 that even the  
written word is not safe4 ,the whole    
history of ,chesed is this3 ,about fifty
 years after the patriarch ,abraham had 
left his brother ,nahor at ,haran in    
,aramea1 he received intelligence that  
,nahor had in that interval been blessed
 with children4 #dgd;,it was told       
,abraham1 behold ,milcah1 she also hath 
borne children to thy brother ,nahor2   
,huz1 ,buz1 ,kemuel1 and ,chesed3 of    
these ,chesed was the fourth4 ,there    
occurs not a word more concerning him4  

,it is moreover to be observed1 that    
these etymologists differ greatly from  
one another in their conceptions2 so    
that an unexperienced reader knows not  
whom to follow4 ,some deduce all from   
the ,hebrew2 others call in to their    
assistance the ,arabic and the ,coptic1 
or whatever tongue or dialect makes most
 for their purpose4 ,the author of the  
,universal ,history1 speaking of the    
,moabitish ,idol ,chemosh1 tells us1    
#dgethat many make it come from the verb
 1 mashash1 to feel3 but ,dr4 ,hyde     
derives it from the ,arabic1 ,khamsh1   
which signifies gnats1 7though in the   
particular dialect of the tribe ,hodail7
 supposing it to have been an           
astronomical talisman in the figure of a
 gnat3--and ,le ,clerc1 who takes this  
idol for the ,sun1 from ,comosha1 a     
root1 in the same tongue1 signifying to 
be swift4 ,there is the same variety of 
sentiment about ,silenus1 the companion 
of ,bacchus4 #dgf;,bochart derives his  
name from ,silan1 1 and supposes him to 

have been the same as ,shiloh1 the      
,messias4 ,sandford makes him to be     
,balaam1 the false prophet4             
#dgg;,huetius maintains that he was     
assuredly ,moses4 ,it is not uncommon to
 find even in the same writer great     
uncertainty3 we have sometimes two1     
sometimes three1 etymologies presented  
together of the same word3 two out of   
the three must be groundless1 and the   
third not a whit better3 otherwise1 the 
author would have given it the          
preference1 and set the other two aside4
 ,an example to this purpose we have in 
the etymology of ,ramesses1 as it is    
explained in the #dgh;,hebrew           
,onomasticum4 ,ramesses1 tonitruum vel  
exprobratio tine2 aut malum delens sive 
dissolvens2 vel contractionem           
dissolvens1 aut confractus a            
tine--civitas in extremis finibus gypti4
 ,a similar interpretation is given of  
,berodach1 a king of ,babylon4          
,berodach3 creans contritionem1 vel     
electio interitus1 aut filius interitus1

 vel vaporis tui2 sive frumentum2 vel   
puritas nubis1 vel vaporis tui4 ,rex    
,babyloni4  ,it must be acknowledged of 
,bochart1 that the system upon which he 
has proceeded is the most plausible of  
any2 and he has shewn infinite ingenuity
 and learning4 ,he every where tries to 
support his etymologies by some history 
of the place concerning which he treats4
 ,but the misfortune is1 that the names 
of places which seem to be original1 and
 of high antiquity1 are too often       
deduced by him from circumstances of    
later date2 from events in after ages4  
,the histories to which he appeals were 
probably not known when the country1 or 
island1 received its name4 ,he likewise 
allows himself a great latitude in      
forming his derivations3 for1 to make   
his terms accord1 he has recourse1 not  
only to the ,phenician language1 which  
he supposes to have been a dialect of   
the ,hebrew2 but to the ,arabian1       
,chaldaic1 and ,syriac1 according as his
 occasions require4 ,it happens to him  

often to make use of a verb for a radix1
 which has many variations and different
 significations3 but1 at this rate1 we  
may form a similitude between terms the 
most dissimilar4 ,for1 take a word in   
any language1 which admits of many      
inflexions and variations1 and1 after we
 have made it undergo all its           
evolutions1 it will be hard if it does  
not in some degree approximate4 ,but1 to
 say the truth1 he many times does not  
seem to arrive even at this3 for1 after 
he has analysed the premises with great 
labour1 we often find the supposed      
resemblance too vague and remote to be  
admitted2 and the whole is effected with
 a great strain and force upon history  
before he brings matters to a seeming   
coincidence4 ,the ,cyclops are by the   
best writers placed in ,sicily1 near    
,mount #dgitna1 in the country of the   
,leontini1 called of old ,xuthia2 but   
,bochart removes them to the south-west 
point of the island4 ,this he supposes  
to have been called ,lelub1 1 from being

 opposite to ,libya2 and1 as the        
promontory was so named1 it is1 he      
thinks1 probable that the sea below was 
styled ,chec ,lelub1 or ,sinus ,lebub3  
and1 as the ,cyclops lived hereabouts1  
they were from hence denominated        
,chec-lelub1 and ,chec-lub1 out of which
 the ,greeks formed #dhj4 ,he derives   
the ,siculi first from #dhaseclul1      
perfection2 and afterwards from 1       
,escol1 pronounced1 according to the    
,syriac1 ,sigol1 a bunch of grapes4 ,he 
deduces the ,sicani from 1 ,sacan#dhb1  
near1 because they were near their next 
neighbours2 in other words1 on account  
of their being next to the ,pni4        
,sicani1 qui ,siculorum ,pnis proximi4  
,but1 according to the best accounts1   
the ,sicani were the most antient people
 of any in these parts4 ,they settled in
 ,sicily before the foundation of       
,carthage2 and could not have been named
 from any such vicinity4 ,in short1     
,bochart1 in most of his derivations1   
refers to circumstances too general2    

which might be adapted to one place as  
well as to another4 ,he looks upon the  
names of places1 and of people1 rather  
as by-names1 and chance appellations1   
than original marks of distinction2 and 
supposes them to have been founded upon 
some subsequent history4 ,whereas they  
were1 most of them1 original terms of   
high antiquity1 imported and assumed by 
the people themselves1 and not imposed  
by others4  ,how very casual and        
indeterminate the references were by    
which this learned man was induced to   
form his etymologies1 let the reader    
judge from the samples below4 ,these    
were taken1 for the most part1 from his 
accounts of the ,grecian islands2 not   
industriously picked out2 but as they   
casually presented themselves upon      
turning over the book4 ,he derives      
#dhc;,delos from 1 ,dahal timor4        
#dhd;,cynthus1 from 1 ,chanat1 in lucem 
edere4 #dhe,naxos1 from nicsa1          
sacrificium2 or else from nicsa1 opes4  
#dhf;,gyarus1 from acbar1 softened to   

acuar1 a mouse2 for the island was once 
infested with mice4 #dhg,pontus1 in     
,asia ,minor1 from 1 botno1 a pistachio 
nut4 #dhh;,icaria1 from icar1 pastures3 
but he adds1 tamen alia etymologia      
occurrit1 quam huic prfero  1 ,icaure1  
sive insula piscium4 #dhi;,chalcis1 in  
,eubea1 from ,chelca1 divisio4          
#dij,seriphus1 from resiph1 and resipho1
 lapidibus stratum4 #dia,patmos1 from 1 
batmos1 terebinthus2 for trees of this  
sort1 he says1 grew in the ,cyclades4   
,but ,patmos was not one of the         
,cyclades3 it was an ,asiatic island1 at
 a considerable distance4 #dib,tenedos  
is deduced from ,tin ,edom1 red earth3  
for there were potters in the island1   
and the earth was probably red4         
#dic;,cythnus1 from katnuth1 parvitas2  
or else from 1 gubna1 or guphno1 cheese2
 because the next island was famous for 
that commodity3 ,ut ut enim ,cythnius   
caseus proprie non dicatur1 qui e       
,cythno non est1 tamen recept  ,cythnius
 dici potuit caseus a vicin ,ceo4 ,he   

supposes ,egypt to have been denominated
 from #did,mazor1 an artificial         
fortress2 and the reason he gives1 is1  
because it was naturally secure4        
,whatever may have been the purport of  
the term1 ,mizraim was a very antient   
and original name1 and could have no    
reference to these after-considerations4
 ,the author of the ,onomasticum1       
therefore1 differs from him1 and has    
tried to mend the matter4 ,he allows    
that the people1 and country1 were      
denominated from ,mazor1 but in a       
different acceptation3 from ,mazor1     
which signified1 the double pressure of 
a mother on each side#die1 pressionem   
matris geminam1 i4 e4 ab utrque parte4  
,upon which the learned ,michaelis      
observes--#difquo etymo vix aliud veri  
dissimilius fingi potest4  ,in the      
theology of the ,greeks are many antient
 terms1 which learned men have tried to 
analyse1 and define4 ,but they seem to  
have failed here too by proceeding upon 
those fallacious principles1 of which ,i

 have above complained4 ,in short1 they 
seldom go deep enough in their          
inquiries2 nor consider the true        
character of the personage1 which they  
would decypher4 ,it is said of the ,god 
,vulcan1 that he was the same as        
,tubalcain1 mentioned ,genesis4 c4 #d4  
v4 #bb3 and it is a notion followed by  
many writers3 and among others by ,gale4
 #dig;,first as to the name 7says this  
learned man7 ,vossius1 de ,idolat4 l4   
#a4 c4 #cf1 shews us1 that ,vulcanus is 
the same as ,tubalcainus1 only by a     
wonted1 and easy mutation of ,b into ,v1
 and casting away a syllable4 ,and he   
afterwards affects to prove from        
,diodorus ,siculus1 that the art and    
office of ,vulcan exactly corresponded  
to the character of ,tubalcain1 #dihwho 
was an instructor of every artificer in 
brass and iron4 ,upon the same          
principles ,philo ,biblius speaking of  
,chrusor1 a person of great antiquity1  
who first built a ship1 and navigated   
the seas2 who also first taught         

husbandry1 and hunting1 supposes him to 
have been ,vulcan2 because it is farther
 said of him1 #diithat he first         
manufactured iron4 ,from this partial   
resemblance to ,vulcan or ,hephastus1   
,bochart is induced to derive his name  
from  1 ,chores ,ur1 an artificer in    
#ejj;fire4 ,these learned men do not    
consider1 that though the name1 to which
 they refer1 be antient1 and oriental1  
yet the character1 and attributes1 are  
comparatively modern1 having been       
introduced from another quarter4 ,vulcan
 the blacksmith1 who was the master of  
the ,cyclops1 and forged iron in ,mount 
tna1 was a character familiar to the    
,greeks1 and ,romans4 ,but this ,deity  
among the ,egyptians1 and ,babylonians1 
had nothing similar to this description4
 ,they esteemed ,vulcan as the chief of 
the ,gods the same as the ,sun3 and his 
name is a sacred title1 compounded of   
,baal-,cahen1 ,belus sanctus1 vel       
,princeps2 equivalent to ,orus1 or      
,osiris4 ,if the name were of a         

different original1 yet it would be idle
 to seek for an etymology founded on    
later conceptions1 and deduced from     
properties not originally inherent in   
the personage4 ,according to            
#eja;,hermapion he was looked upon as   
the source of all divinity1 and in      
consequence of it the inscription upon  
the portal of the temple at ,heliopolis 
was    4 ,to ,vulcan the ,father of the 
,gods4 ,in short1 they who first        
appropriated the name of ,vulcan to     
their ,deity1 had no notion of his being
 an artificer in brass or iron3 or an   
artificer in any degree4 ,hence we must 
be cautious in forming ideas of the     
antient theology of nations from the    
current notions of the ,greeks1 and     
,romans2 and more especially from the   
descriptions of their poets4            
,polytheism1 originally vile1 and       
unwarrantable1 was rendered ten times   
more base by coming through their hands4
 ,to instance in one particular3 among  
all the dmon herd what one is there of a

 form1 and character1 so odious1 and    
contemptible as ,priapus8 an obscure    
ill-formed ,deity1 who was ridiculed and
 dishonoured by his very votaries4 ,his 
hideous figure was made use of only as a
 bugbear to frighten children2 and to   
drive the birds from fruit trees2 with  
whose filth he was generally besmeared4 
,yet this contemptible ,god1 this       
scarecrow in a garden1 was held in high 
repute at ,lampsacus1 and esteemed the  
same as #ejb;,dionusus4 ,he was likewise
 by the ,egyptians reverenced as the    
principal ,god2 no other than the       
,chaldaic #ejc;,aur1 the same as ,orus  
and ,apis3 whose rites were particularly
 solemn4 ,it was from hence that he had 
his name3 for ,priapus of ,greece is    
only a compound of ,peor-,apis among the
 ,egyptians4 ,he was sometimes styled   
,peor singly2 also ,baal ,peor2 the same
 with whose rites the ,israelites are so
 often #ejdupbraided4 ,his temples      
likewise are mentioned1 which are styled
 ,beth ,peor4 ,in short1 this wretched  

divinity of the ,romans was looked upon 
by others as the soul of the world3 the 
first principle1 which brought all      
things into light1 and being4 #eje  1   
4 ,the author of the ,orphic hymns      
styles him #ejf-- 1  ' 4 ,the first born
 of the world1 from whom all the        
immortals1 and mortals were descended4  
,this is a character1 which will        
hereafter be found to agree well with   
,dionusus4 ,phurnutus supposes ,priapus 
to have been the same as ,pan1 the      
shepherd ,god3 who was equally degraded1
 and misrepresented on one hand1 and as 
highly reverenced on the other4 #ejg '  
1 '         '  4 ,probably ,pan is no   
other than the ,god ,priapus1 by whose  
means all things were brought into      
light4 ,they are both ,deities of high  
#ejh;antiquity4 ,yet the one was        
degraded to a filthy monster2 and of the
 other they made a scarecrow4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,,dissertation  ,,upon ,,the            
,,helladian  ,,and ,,other  ,,grecian   

,,writers4     1  1  4----,,parmenides4 
,it may be proper to take some previous 
notice of those writers1 to whose       
assistance we must particularly have    
recourse2 and whose evidence may be most
 depended upon1 in disquisitions of this
 nature4 ,all knowledge of ,gentile     
antiquity must be derived to us through 
the hands of the ,grecians3 and there is
 not of them a single writer1 to whom we
 may not be indebted for some advantage4
 ,the ,helladians1 however1 from whom we
 might expect most light1 are to be     
admitted with the greatest caution4     
,they were a bigotted people1 highly    
prejudiced in their own favour2 and so  
devoted to idle tradition1 that no      
arguments could wean them from their    
folly4 ,hence the surest resources are  
from ,greeks of other countries4 ,among 
the ,poets1 ,lycophron1 ,callimachus1   
and ,apollonius ,rhodius are principally
 to be esteemed4 ,the last of these was 
a native of ,egypt2 and the other two   
lived there1 and have continual         

allusions to the antiquities of that    
country4 ,homer likewise abounds with a 
deal of mysterious lore1 borrowed from  
the antient ,amonian theology2 with     
which his commentators have been often  
embarrassed4 ,to these may be added such
 ,greek writers of later date1 who were 
either not born in ,hellas1 or were not 
so deeply tinctured with the vanity of  
that country4 ,much light may be also   
obtained from those learned men1 by whom
 the ,scholia were written1 which are   
annexed to the works of the ,poets      
above-mentioned4 ,nonnus too1 who wrote 
the ,dionysiaca1 is not to be neglected4
 ,he was a native of ,panopolis in      
,egypt1 #eji     2 and had opportunity  
of collecting many antient traditions1  
and fragments of mysterious history1    
which never were known in ,greece4 ,to  
these may be added ,porphyry1 ,proclus1 
and ,jamblichus1 who professedly treat  
of ,egyptian learning4 ,the ,isis and   
,osiris of ,plutarch may be admitted    
with proper circumspection4 ,it may be  

said1 that the whole is still an enigma3
 and ,i must confess that it is3 but we 
receive it more copiously exemplified2  
and more clearly defined2 and it must   
necessarily be more genuine1 by being   
nearer the fountain head3 so that by    
comparing1 and adjusting the various    
parts1 we are more likely to arrive at a
 solution of the hidden purport4 ,but   
the great resource of all is to be found
 among the later antiquaries and        
historians4 ,many of these are writers  
of high rank2 particularly ,diodorus1   
,strabo1 and ,pausanias1 on the ,gentile
 part3 and of the fathers1 ,theophilus1 
,tatianus ,athenagoras1 ,clemens1       
,origenes1 ,eusebius1 ,theodoretus1     
,syncellus2 and the compiler of the     
,fasti ,siculi1 otherwise called        
,chronicon ,paschale4 ,most of these    
were either of ,egypt or ,asia4 ,they   
had a real taste for antiquity2 and     
lived at a time when some insight could 
be obtained3 for till the ,roman ,empire
 was fully established1 and every       

province in a state of tranquillity1    
little light could be procured from     
those countries1 whence the mythology of
 ,greece was derived4 ,the native       
,helladians were very limited in their  
knowledge4 ,they had taken in the gross 
whatever was handed down by tradition2  
and assumed to themselves every history1
 which was imported4 ,they moreover held
 every nation but their own as          
barbarous2 so that their insuperable    
vanity rendered it impossible for them  
to make any great advances in historical
 knowledge4 ,but the writers whom ,i    
just now mentioned1 either had not these
 prejudices2 or lived at a time when    
they were greatly subsided4 ,they       
condescended to quote innumerable       
authors1 and some of great antiquity2 to
 whom the pride of ,greece would never  
have appealed4 ,i had once much talk    
upon this subject with a learned friend1
 since lost to the world1 who could ill 
brook that ,herodotus1 ,thucydides1     
,xenophon1 should be discarded for      

,clemens1 ,origen1 or ,eusebius2 and    
that ,lysias and ,demosthenes should    
give way to ,libanius and ,aristides4   
,the name of ,tzetzes1 or ,eustathius1  
he could not bear4 ,to all which ,i     
repeatedly made answer2 that it was by  
no means my intention to set aside any  
of the writers1 he mentioned3 whose     
merits1 as far as they extended1 ,i held
 in great veneration4 ,on the contrary1 
,i should have recourse to their        
assistance1 as far as it would carry me3
 ,but ,i must at the same time take upon
 me to weigh those merits2 and see      
wherein they consisted2 and to what     
degree they were to be trusted4 ,the    
,helladians were much to be admired for 
the smoothness of their periods1 and a  
happy collocation of their terms4 ,they 
shewed a great propriety of diction2 and
 a beautiful arrangement of their ideas3
 and the whole was attended with a      
rhythm1 and harmony1 no where else to be
 found4 ,but they were at the same time 
under violent prejudices3 and the       

subject matter of which they treated1   
was in general so brief1 and limited1   
that very little could be obtained from 
it towards the history of other         
countries1 or a knowledge of antient    
times4 ,even in respect to their own    
affairs1 whatever light had been derived
 to them1 was so perverted1 and came    
through so dim a medium1 that it is     
difficult to make use of it to any      
determinate and salutary purpose4 ,yet  
the beauty of their composition has been
 attended with wonderful #eaj;influence4
 ,many have been so far captivated by   
this magic1 as to give an implicit      
credence to all that has been           
transmitted2 and to sacrifice their     
judgment to the pleasures of the fancy4 
,it may be said1 that the writers1 to   
whom ,i chiefly appeal1 are1 in great   
measure1 dry and artless1 without any   
grace and ornament to recommend them4   
,they were likewise posterior to the    
,helladians2 consequently farther       
removed from the times of which they    

treat4 ,to the first objection ,i       
answer1 that the most dry and artless   
historians are1 in general1 the most    
authentic4 ,they who colour and         
embellish1 have the least regard for the
 truth4 ,in respect to priority1 it is a
 specious claim2 but attended with no   
validity4 ,when a gradual darkness has  
been overspreading the world1 it        
requires as much time to emerge from the
 cloud1 as there passed when we were    
sinking into it3 so that they who come  
later may enjoy a greater portion of    
light1 than those who preceded them by  
ages4 ,besides1 it is to be considered1 
that the writers1 to whom ,i chiefly    
appeal1 lived in parts of the world     
which gave them great advantages4 ,the  
whole theology of ,greece was derived   
from the east4 ,we cannot therefore but 
in reason suppose1 that ,clemens of     
,alexandria1 ,eusebius of ,csarea1      
,tatianus of ,assyria1 ,lucianus of     
,samosata1 ,cyril of ,jerusalem1        
,porphyry of ,syria1 ,proclus of ,lycia1

 ,philo of ,biblus1 ,strabo of ,amasa1  
,pausanias of ,cappadocia1 ,eratosthenes
 of ,cyrene1 must know more upon this   
subject than any native ,helladian4 ,the
 like may be said of ,diodorus1         
,josephus1 ,cedrenus1 ,syncellus1       
,zonaras1 ,eustathius3 and numberless   
more4 ,these had the archives of antient
 #eaatemples1 to which they could apply3
 and had traditions more genuine than   
ever reached ,greece4 ,and though they  
were posterior themselves1 they appeal  
to authors far prior to any ,helladians3
 and their works are crowded with       
extracts from the most curious and the  
most antient #eab;histories4 ,such were 
the writings of ,sanchoniathon1         
,berosus1 ,nicholaus ,damascenus1       
,mocus1 ,mnaseas1 ,hieronymus gyptius1  
,apion1 ,manethon3 from whom ,abydenus1 
,apollodorus1 ,asclepiades1 ,artapanus1 
,philastrius1 borrowed largely4 ,we are 
beholden to ,clemens#eac1 and ,eusebius1
 for many evidences from writers1 long  
since lost2 even ,eustathius and        

,tzetzes have resources1 which are now  
no more4  ,it must be after all         
confessed1 that those1 who preceded1 had
 many opportunities of information1 had 
they been willing to have been informed4
 ,it is said1 both of ,pythagoras and   
,solon1 that they resided for some time 
in ,egypt3 where the former was         
instructed by a ,son-chen1 or priest of 
the ,sun4 ,but ,i could never hear of   
any great good that was the consequence 
of his travels4 ,thus much is certain2  
that whatever knowledge he may have     
picked up in other parts1 he got nothing
 from the ,grecians4 ,they1 who         
pretended most to wisdom1 were the most 
destitute of the blessing4 #ead   1     
1     4 ,and as their theology was      
before very obscure1 he drew over it a  
mysterious veil to make it tenfold      
darker4 ,the chief of the intelligence  
transmitted by ,solon from ,egypt       
contained a satire upon his own country4
 ,he was told by an antient #eaepriest1 
that the ,grecians were children in     

science3 that they were utterly ignorant
 of the mythology of other nations2 and 
did not understand their own4 ,eudoxus  
likewise and ,plato were in ,egypt2 and 
are said to have resided there some     
time3 yet very few things of moment have
 been transmitted by them4 ,plato had   
great opportunities of rectifying the   
history and mythology of ,greece3 but   
after all his advantages he is accused  
of trifling shamefully1 and addicting   
himself to fable4 #eaf 1      1    4    
,yet all the rites of the ,helladians1  
as well as their ,gods and ,heroes1 were
 imported from the #eag;east3 and       
chiefly from #eah;,egypt1 though they   
were unwilling to allow it4 ,length of  
time had greatly impaired their true    
history2 and their prejudices would not 
suffer them to retrieve it4 ,i should   
therefore think it by no means improper 
to premise a short account of this      
wonderful people1 in order to shew      
whence this obscurity arose2 which at   
last prevailed so far1 that they1 in    

great measure1 lost sight of their      
origin1 and were involved in mystery and
 fable4  ,the first inhabitants of the  
country1 called afterwards ,hellas1 were
 the sons of ,javan2 who seem to have   
degenerated very early1 and to have     
become truly barbarous4 ,hence the best 
historians of ,greece confess1 that     
their ancestors were not the first      
inhabitants2 but that it was before     
their arrival in the possession of a    
people1 whom they style #eai1 or        
,barbarians4 ,the ,helladians were      
colonies of another family3 and         
introduced themselves somewhat later4   
,they were of the race which ,i term    
,amonian2 and came from ,egypt and      
,syria3 but originally from ,babylonia4 
,they came under various titles1 all    
taken from the religion1 which they     
professed4 ,of these titles ,i shall    
have occasion to treat at large2 and of 
the imaginary leaders1 by whom they were
 supposed to have been conducted4  ,as  
soon as the ,amonians were settled1 and 

incorporated with the natives1 a long   
interval of darkness ensued4 ,the very  
union produced a new language3 at least 
the antient ,amonian became by degrees  
so modified1 and changed1 that the terms
 of science1 and worship1 were no longer
 understood4 ,hence the titles of their 
,gods were misapplied3 and the whole of 
their theology grew more and more       
corrupted2 so that very few traces of   
the original were to be discovered4 ,in 
short1 almost every term was            
misconstrued1 and abused4 ,this#ebj ra  
of darkness was of long duration3 at    
last the ,asiatic ,greeks began to      
bestir themselves4 ,they had a greater  
correspondence than the ,helladians3 and
 they were led to exert their talents   
from examples in ,syria1 ,egypt1 and    
other countries4 ,the specimens1 which  
they exhibited of their genius were     
amazing3 and have been justly esteemed a
 standard for elegance and nature4 ,the 
,athenians were greatly affected with   
these examples4 ,they awoke1 as it were1

 out of a long and deep sleep2 and1 as  
if they had been in the training of     
science for ages1 their first efforts   
bordered upon perfection4 ,in the space 
of a century1 out of one little confined
 district1 were produced a group of     
worthies1 who at all times have been the
 wonder of the world3 so that we may    
apply to the nation in general what was 
spoken of the school of a philosopher3  
cujus ex ludo1 tanquam ex ,equo         
,trojano1 meri ,principes exierunt4 ,but
 this happy display of parts did not    
remedy the evil of which ,i have        
complained4 ,they did not retrieve any  
lost annals1 nor were any efforts made  
to dispel the cloud in which they were  
involved4 ,there had been1 as ,i have   
represented1 a long interval2 during    
which there must have happened great    
occurrences3 but few of them had been   
transmitted to posterity2 and those     
handed down by tradition1 and mixed with
 inconsistency and fable4 ,it is said   
that letters were brought into ,greece  

very early1 by #eba;,cadmus4 ,let us for
 a while grant it2 and inquire what was 
the progress4 ,they had the use of them 
so far as to put an inscription on the  
pediment of a temple1 or upon a pillar2 
or to scrawl a man's name upon a tile or
 an oyster-shell1 when they wanted to   
banish or poison him4 ,such scanty      
knowledge1 and so base materials1 go but
 a little way towards science4 ,what    
history was there of ,corinth1 or of    
,sparta8 ,what annals were there of     
,argos1 or ,messena2 of ,elis1 or the   
cities of ,achaia8 ,none3 not even of   
#ebb;,athens4 ,there are not the least  
grounds to surmise that any single      
record existed4 ,the names of the       
,olympic victors from ,corbus1 and of   
the priestesses of ,argos1 were the     
principal memorials to which they       
pretended3 but how little knowledge     
could be obtained from hence6 ,the laws 
of ,draco1 in the thirty-ninth          
,olympiad1 were certainly the most      
antient writing to which we can securely

 appeal4 ,when the ,grecians began      
afterwards to bestir themselves1 and to 
look back upon what had passed1 they    
collected whatever accounts could be    
#ebcobtained4 ,they tried also to       
separate and arrange them1 to the best  
of their abilities1 and to make the     
various parts of their history          
correspond4 ,they had still some good   
materials to proceed upon1 had they     
thoroughly understood them2 but herein  
was a great failure4 ,among the various 
traditions handed down1 they did not    
consider which really related to their  
country1 and which had been introduced  
from other#ebd parts4 ,indeed they did  
not chuse to distinguish1 but adopted   
all for their own2 taking the merit of  
every antient transaction to themselves4
 ,no people had a greater love for      
science1 nor displayed a more refined   
taste in composition4 ,their study was  
ever to please1 and to raise admiration4
 ,hence they always aimed at the        
marvellous1 which they dressed up in a  

most winning manner3 at the same time   
they betrayed a seeming veneration for  
antiquity4 ,but their judgment was      
perverted1 and this veneration attended 
with little regard for the truth4       
#ebe,they had a high opinion of         
themselves1 and of their country in     
general3 and1 being persuaded that they 
sprang from the ground on which they    
stood1 and that the ,arcadians were     
older than the moon1 they rested        
satisfied with this1 and looked no      
farther4 ,in short1 they had no love for
 any thing genuine1 no desire to be     
instructed4 ,their history could not be 
reformed but by an acknowledgment which 
their pride would not suffer them to    
make4 ,they therefore devoted themselves
 to an idle mythology3 and there was    
nothing so contradictory and absurd but 
was greedily admitted1 if sanctified by 
tradition4 ,even when the truth glared  
in their very faces1 they turned from   
the light1 and would not be undeceived4 
,those who1 like ,euemerus and ,ephorus1

 had the courage to dissent from their  
legends1 were deemed atheists and       
apostates1 and treated accordingly4     
,plutarch more than once insists that it
 is expedient to veil the truth1 and to 
dress it up in #ebf;allegory4 ,they went
 so far as to deem inquiry a #ebg;crime1
 and thus precluded the only means by   
which the truth could be obtained4  ,nor
 did these prejudices appear only in    
respect to their own rites and theology1
 and the history of their own nation3   
the accounts which they gave of other   
countries were always tinctured with    
this predominant vanity4 ,an idle zeal  
made them attribute to their forefathers
 the merit of many great performances to
 which they were utterly strangers3 and 
supposed them to have founded cities in 
various parts of the world where the    
name of ,greece could not have been     
known2 cities which were in being before
 ,greece was a state4 ,wherever they got
 footing1 or even a transient           
acquaintance1 they in their descriptions

 accommodated every thing to their own  
preconceptions2 and expressed all terms 
according to their own mode of writing  
and pronunciation1 that appearances     
might be in their favour4 ,to this were 
added a thousand silly stories to       
support their pretended claim4 ,they    
would persuade us that ,jason of ,greece
 founded the empire of the ,medes2 as   
,perseus1 of the same country1 did that 
of the ,persians4 ,armenus1 a companion 
of ,jason1 was the reputed father of the
 ,armenians4 ,they gave out that        
,tarsus1 one of the most antient cities 
in the world1 was built by people from  
#ebh;,argos2 and that ,pelusium of      
,egypt had a name of ,grecian           
#ebioriginal4 ,they1 too1 built ,sais1  
in the same #ecj;country3 and the city  
of the ,sun1 styled ,heliopolis1 owed   
its origin to an #eca;,athenian4 ,they  
were so weak as to think that the city  
,canobus had its name from a pilot of   
,menelaus1 and that even ,memphis was   
built by ,epaphos of #ecb;,argos4 ,there

 surely was never any nation so         
incurious and indifferent about truth4  
,hence have arisen those contradictions 
and inconsistences with which their     
history is #ecc;embarrassed4  ,it may   
appear ungracious1 and ,i am sure it is 
far from a pleasing task to point out   
blemishes in a people of so refined a   
turn as the ,grecians1 whose ingenuity  
and elegance have been admired for ages4
 ,nor would ,i engage in a display of   
this kind1 were it not necessary to shew
 their prejudices and mistakes1 in order
 to remedy their failures4 ,on our part 
we have been too much accustomed to take
 in the gross with little or no         
examination1 whatever they have been    
pleased to transmit3 and there is no    
method of discovering the truth but by  
shewing wherein they failed1 and        
pointing out the mode of error1 the line
 of deviation4 ,by unravelling the clue1
 we may be at last led to see things in 
their original state1 and to reduce     
their mythology to order4 ,that my      

censures are not groundless1 nor carried
 to an undue degree of severity1 may be 
proved from the like accusations from   
some of their best writers2 who accuse  
them both of ignorance and forgery4     
#ecd;,hecatus1 of ,miletus1             
acknowledges1 that the traditions of the
 ,greeks were as ridiculous as they were
 numerous3 #ece;and ,philo confesses    
that he could obtain little intelligence
 from that quarter3 that the ,grecians  
had brought a mist upon learning1 so    
that it was impossible to discover the  
truth3 he therefore applied to people of
 other countries for information1 from  
whom only it could be obtained4         
,plato#ecf owned that the most genuine  
helps to philosophy were borrowed from  
those who by the ,greeks were styled    
barbarous3 and #ecg;,jamblichus gives   
the true reason for the preference4 ,the
 ,helladians1 says this writer1 are ever
 wavering and unsettled in their        
principles1 and are carried about by the
 least impulse4 ,they want steadiness2  

and if they obtain any salutary         
knowledge1 they cannot retain it2 nay1  
they quit it with a kind of eagerness2  
and1 whatever they do admit1 they new   
mould and fashion1 according to some    
novel and uncertain mode of reasoning4  
,but people of other countries are more 
determinate in their principles1 and    
abide more uniformly by the very terms  
which they have traditionally received4 
,they are represented in the same light 
by ,theophilus3 #ech;he says1 that they 
wrote merely for empty praise1 and were 
so blinded with vanity1 that they       
neither discovered the truth            
theirselves1 nor encouraged others to   
pursue it4 ,hence ,tatianus says1 with  
great truth1 #ecithat the writers of    
other countries were strangers to that  
vanity with which the ,grecians were    
infected3 that they were more simple and
 uniform1 and did not encourage         
themselves in an affected variety of    
notions4  ,in respect to foreign        
history1 and geographical knowledge1 the

 ,greeks1 in general1 were very         
ignorant3 and the writers1 who1 in the  
time of the ,roman ,empire1 began to    
make more accurate inquiries1 met with  
insuperable difficulties from the       
mistakes of those who had preceded4 ,i  
know no censure more severe and just    
than that which ,strabo has passed upon 
the historians and geographers of       
,greece1 and of its writers in general4 
,in speaking of the ,asiatic nations1 he
 assures us1 that there never had been  
any account transmitted of them upon    
which we can depend4 #edj,some of these 
nations1 says this judicious writer1 the
 ,grecians have called ,sac1 and others 
,massaget1 without having the least     
light to determine them4 ,and though    
they have pretended to give a history of
 ,cyrus1 and his particular wars with   
those who were called ,massaget1 yet    
nothing precise and satisfactory could  
ever be obtained2 not even in respect to
 the war4 ,there is the same uncertainty
 in respect to the antient history of   

the ,persians1 as well as to that of the
 ,medes and ,syrians4 ,we can meet with 
little that can be deemed authentic1 on 
account of the weakness of those who    
wrote1 and their uniform love of fable4 
,for1 finding that writers1 who         
professedly dealt in fiction without any
 pretensions to the truth1 were         
regarded1 they thought that they should 
make their writings equally acceptable1 
if in the system of their history they  
were to introduce circumstances1 which  
they had neither seen nor heard1 nor    
received upon the authority of another  
person2 proceeding merely upon this     
principle1 that they should be most     
likely to please people's fancy by      
having recourse to what was marvellous  
and new4 ,on this account we may more   
safely trust to ,hesiod and ,homer1 when
 they present us with a list of         
,demigods and ,heroes1 and even to the  
tragic poets1 than to ,ctesias1         
,herodotus1 and ,hellanicus1 and writers
 of that class4 ,even the generality of 

historians1 who wrote about ,alexander1 
are not safely to be trusted3 for they  
speak with great confidence1 relying    
upon the glory of the monarch1 whom they
 celebrate2 and to the remoteness of the
 countries1 in which he was engaged2    
even at the extremities of ,asia2 at a  
great distance from us and our concerns4
 ,this renders them very secure4 ,for   
what is referred to a distance is       
difficult to be confuted4 ,in another   
place1 speaking of ,india1 he says1 that
 it was very difficult to arrive at the 
truth3 for the #edawriters1 who must    
necessarily be appealed to1 were in     
continual opposition1 and contradicted  
one another4 ,and how1 says ,strabo1    
could it be otherwise8 for if they erred
 so shamefully when they had ocular     
proof1 how could they speak with        
certainty1 where they were led by       
hearsay8 ,in another place#edb he       
excuses the mistakes of the antient     
poets1 saying1 that we must not wonder  
if they sometimes deviated from the     

truth1 when people in ages more         
enlightened were so ignorant1 and so    
devoted to every thing marvellous and   
incredible4 ,he had above given the     
poets even the preference to other      
writers3 but herein his zeal transported
 him too far4 ,the first writers were   
the poets2 and the mischief began from  
them4 ,they first infected tradition2   
and mixed it with allegory and fable4   
,of this ,athenagoras accuses them very 
justly2 and says1 #edcthat the greatest 
abuses of true knowledge came from them4
 ,i insist1 says this learned father1   
that we owe to ,orpheus1 ,homer1 and    
,hesiod1 the fictitious names and       
genealogies of the ,pagan ,dmons1 whom  
they are pleased to style ,gods3 and ,i 
can produce ,herodotus for a witness to 
what ,i assert4 ,he informs us1 that    
,homer and ,hesiod were about four      
hundred years prior to himself2 and not 
more4 ,these1 says he1 were the persons 
who first framed the theogony of the    
,greeks2 and gave appellations to their 

,deities2 and distinguished them        
according to their several ranks and    
departments4 ,they at the same time     
described them under different          
appearances3 for till their time there  
was not in ,greece any representation of
 the ,gods1 either in sculpture or      
painting2 not any specimen of the       
statuary's art exhibited3 no such       
substitutes were in those times thought 
of4  ,the antient history and mythology 
of ,greece was partly transmitted by the
 common traditions of the natives3 and  
partly preserved in those original      
,doric hymns1 which were universally    
sung in their ,prutaneia and temples4   
,these were in the antient ,amonian     
language2 and said to have been         
introduced by #edd,pagasus1 ,agyieus1   
and ,olen4 ,this last some represent as 
a ,lycian1 others as an ,hyperborean3   
and by many he was esteemed an          
,egyptian4 ,they were chanted by the    
,purcones1 or priests of the ,sun3 and  
by the female1 ,hierophants3 of whom the

 chief upon record were #ede,phannis1   
#edf,phmono1 and ,bo4 ,the last of these
 mentions ,olen1 as the inventor of     
verse1 and the most antient priest of   
,phbus4    #edg '     1    '   ' 4      
,these hymns grew1 by length of time1   
obsolete2 and scarce intelligible4 ,they
 were1 however1 translated1 or rather   
imitated1 by ,pamphos1 ,rhianus1        
,phemius1 ,homer1 ,bion ,proconnesius1  
,onomacritus1 and others4 ,many of the  
sacred terms could not be understood1   
nor interpreted2 they were however      
#edhretained with great reverence3 and  
many which they did attempt to decipher1
 were misconstrued and misapplied4 ,upon
 this basis was the theology of ,greece 
founded3 from hence were the names of   
,gods taken3 and various departments    
attributed to the several ,deities4     
,every poet had something different in  
his theogony3 and every variety1 however
 inconsistent1 was admitted by the      
,greeks without the least hesitation3   
#edi   --    4 ,the ,grecians1 says     

,jamblichus1 are naturally led by       
novelty3 ,the investigation of truth is 
too fatiguing for a ,grecian4 ,from     
these antient hymns and misconstrued    
terms #eej,pherecydes of ,syrus planned 
his history of the ,gods3 which1 there  
is reason to think1 was the source of   
much error4  ,such were the principles  
which gave birth to the mythology of the
 ,grecians2 from whence their antient   
history was in great measure derived4   
,as their traditions were obsolete1 and 
filled with extraneous matter1 it       
rendered it impossible for them to      
arrange properly the principal events of
 their country4 ,they did not separate  
and distinguish2 but often took to      
themselves the merit of transactions1   
which were of a prior date1 and of      
another clime4 ,these they adopted1 and 
made their own4 ,hence1 when they came  
to digest their history1 it was all     
confused3 and they were embarrassed with
 numberless contradictions1 and         
absurdities1 which it was impossible to 

#eearemedy4 ,for their vanity1 as ,i    
have shewn1 would not suffer them to    
rectify their mistakes by the authority 
of more antient and more learned        
nations4 ,it is well observed by        
,tatianus #eeb;,assyrius1 that where the
 history of times past has not been duly
 adjusted1 it is impossible to arrive at
 the truth3 and there has been no       
greater cause of error in writing1 than 
the endeavouring to adopt what is       
groundless and inconsistent4 ,sir ,isaac
 ,newton somewhere lays it down for a   
rule1 never to admit for history what is
 antecedent to letters4 ,for            
traditionary truths cannot be long      
preserved without some change in        
themselves1 and some addition of foreign
 circumstances4 ,this accretion will be 
in every age enlarged2 till there will  
at last remain some few outlines only of
 the original occurrence4 ,it has been  
maintained by many1 that the ,grecians  
had letters very early3 but it will     
appear upon inquiry to have been a      

groundless notion4 ,those of the        
antients1 who considered the matter more
 carefully1 have made no scruple to set 
aside their #eecpretensions4 ,josephus  
in particular takes notice of their     
early claim2 but cannot allow it3       
#eed,they1 says this learned historian1 
who would carry the introduction of     
letters among the ,greeks the highest1  
very gravely tell us1 that they were    
brought over by the ,phenicians1 and    
,cadmus4 ,yet1 after all1 they cannot   
produce a single specimen either from   
their sacred writings1 or from their    
popular records1 which savours of that  
antiquity4 ,theophilus takes notice of  
these difficulties2 and shews that all  
the obscurity1 with which the history of
 ,hellas is clouded1 arose from this    
deficiency of letters4 ,he complains1   
that the #eee;,hellenes had lost sight  
of the truth2 and could not recollect   
any genuine history4 ,the reason of this
 is obvious3 for they came late to the  
knowledge of letters in comparison of   

other nations4 ,this they confess1 by   
attributing the invention of them to    
people prior to themselves2 either to   
the ,chaldeans1 or the ,egyptians3 or   
else to the ,phenicians4 ,another cause 
of failure1 which relates to their      
theology1 and still greatly prevails1 is
 owing to their not making a proper     
disquisition about the true object of   
worship3 but amusing themselves with    
idle1 and unprofitable speculations4    
,notwithstanding this deficiency1 they  
pretended to give a list of ,argive     
princes1 of which twenty preceded the   
war of #eef,troy4 ,but what is more     
extraordinary1 they boasted of a series 
of twenty-six ,kings at ,sicyon1        
comprehending a space of one thousand   
years1 all which kings were before the  
time of #eeg,theseus and the ,argonauts4
 ,among those1 who have given the list  
of the ,argive kings1 is #eeh,tatianus  
,assyrius1 who advises every person of  
sense1 when he meets with these high    
pretensions1 to consider attentively1   

that there was not a single voucher1 not
 even a tradition of any record1 to     
authenticate these histories3 for even  
,cadmus was many ages after4 ,it is     
certain1 that the ,helladians had no    
tendency to learning1 till they were    
awakened by the ,asiatic ,greeks3 and it
 was even then some time before letters 
were in general use2 or any histories1  
or even records attempted4 ,for if      
letters had been current1 and the       
materials for writing obvious1 and in   
common use1 how comes it that we have   
not one specimen older than the reign of
 ,cyrus8 ,and how is it possible1 if the
 ,grecians had any records1 that they   
should be so ignorant about some of     
their most famous men8 ,of ,homer how   
little is known6 and of what is         
transmitted1 how little1 upon which we  
may depend6 ,seven places in ,greece    
contend for his birth3 while many doubt 
whether he was of ,grecian original4 ,it
 is said of ,pythagoras1 #eeithat       
according to ,hippobotrus he was of     

,samos3 but ,aristoxenus1 who wrote his 
life1 as well as ,aristarchus1 and      
,theopompus1 makes him a ,tyrrhenian4   
,according to ,neanthes he was of       
,syria1 or else a native of ,tyre4 ,in  
like manner ,thales was said by         
,herodotus1 ,leander1 and ,duris1 to    
have been a ,phenician3 but he was by   
others referred to ,miletus in ,ionia4  
,it is reported of ,pythagoras1 that he 
visited ,egypt in the time of ,cambyses4
 ,from thence he betook himself to      
,croton in ,italy3 where he is supposed 
to have resided till the last year of   
the seventieth ,olympiad3 consequently  
he could not be above thirty or forty   
years prior to the birth of schylus and 
,pindar4 ,what credit can we give to    
people for histories many ages backward2
 who were so ignorant in matters of     
importance1 which happened in the days  
of their fathers8 ,the like difficulties
 occur about ,pherecydes ,syrius2 whom  
,suidas styles ,babylonius3 neither the 
time1 when he lived1 nor the place of   

his birth1 have been ever satisfactorily
 proved4 ,till ,eudoxus had been in     
,egypt the ,grecians did not know the   
space of which the true year consisted4 
#efj'       1    4  ,another reason may 
be given for the obscurity in the       
,grecian history1 even when letters had 
been introduced among them4 ,they had a 
childish antipathy to every foreign     
language3 and were equally prejudiced in
 favour of their own4 ,this has passed  
unnoticed2 yet was attended with the    
most fatal consequences4 ,they were     
misled by the too great delicacy of     
their ear2 and could not bear any term  
which appeared to them barbarous and    
uncouth4 ,on this account they either   
rejected foreign #efa;appellations2 or  
so modelled and changed them1 that they 
became1 in sound and meaning1           
essentially different4 ,and as they were
 attached to their own country1 and its 
customs1 they presumed that every thing 
was to be looked for among themselves4  
,they did not consider1 that the titles 

of their ,gods1 the names of cities1 and
 their terms of worship1 were imported3 
that their ancient hymns were grown     
obsolete3 and that time had wrought a   
great change4 ,they explained every     
thing by the language in use1 without   
the least retrospect or allowance3 and  
all names and titles from other         
countries were liable to the same rule4 
,if the name were dissonant1 and        
disagreeable to their ear1 it was       
rejected as barbarous3 but if it were at
 all similar in sound to any word in    
their language1 they changed it to that 
word2 though the name were of ,syriac   
original2 or introduced from ,egypt1 or 
,babylonia4 ,the purport of the term was
 by these means changed3 and the        
history1 which depended upon it1 either 
perverted or effaced4 ,when the title   
,melech1 which signified a ,king1 was   
rendered  and 1 sweet and gentle1 it    
referred to an idea quite different from
 the original4 ,but this gave them no   
concern3 they still blindly pursued     

their purpose4 ,some legend was         
immediately invented in consequence of  
this misprision1 some story about bees  
and honey1 and the mistake was rendered 
in some degree plausible4 ,this is a    
circumstance of much consequence2 and   
deserves our attention greatly4 ,i shall
 have occasion to speak of it           
repeatedly2 and to lay before the reader
 some entire treatises upon the subject4
 ,for this failure is of such a nature1 
as1 when detected4 and fairly explained1
 will lead us to the solution of many   
dark and enigmatical histories1 with    
which the mythology of ,greece abounds4 
,the only author1 who seems to have     
taken any notice of this unhappy turn in
 the ,grecians1 is ,philo ,biblius4     
#efb;,he speaks of it as a circumstance 
of very bad consequence1 and says1 that 
it was the chief cause of error and     
obscurity3 hence1 when he met in        
,sanchoniathon with antient names1 he   
did not indulge himself in whimsical    
solutions2 but gave the true meaning1   

which was the result of some event or   
quality whence the name was imposed4    
,this being a secret to the ,greeks1    
they always took things in a wrong      
acceptation2 being misled by a twofold  
sense of the terms which occurred to    
them3 one was the genuine and original  
meaning1 which was retained in the      
language whence they were taken3 the    
other was a forced sense1 which the     
,greeks unnaturally deduced from their  
own language1 though there was no       
relation between them4 ,the same term in
 different languages conveyed different 
and opposite ideas3 and as they attended
 only to the meaning in their own       
tongue1 they were constantly            
#efcmistaken4  ,it may appear strange to
 make use of the mistakes of any people 
for a foundation to build upon3 yet     
through these failures my system will be
 in some degree supported3 at least from
 a detection of these errors1 ,i hope to
 obtain much light4 ,for1 as the        
,grecian writers have preserved a kind  

of uniformity in their mistakes1 and    
there appears plainly a rule and method 
of deviation1 it will be very possible1 
when this method is well known1 to      
decypher what is covertly alluded to2   
and by these means arrive at the truth4 
,if the openings in the wood or         
labyrinth are only as chance allotted1  
we may be for ever bewildered3 but if   
they are made with design1 and some     
method be discernible1 this             
circumstance1 if attended to1 will serve
 for a clue1 and lead us through the    
maze4 ,if we once know that what the    
,greeks1 in their mythology1 styled a   
wolf1 was the ,sun2 that by a dog was   
meant a prince1 or ,deity2 that by bees 
was signified an order of priests2 these
 terms1 however misapplied1 can no more 
mislead us in writing1 than their       
resemblances in sculpture would a native
 of ,egypt1 if they were used for       
emblems on stone4  ,thus much ,i have   
been obliged to premise3 as our         
knowledge must come through the hands of

 the #efd;,grecians4 ,i am sensible1    
that many learned men have had recourse 
to other means for information3 but ,i  
have never seen any specimens which have
 afforded much light4 ,those1 to which  
,i have been witness1 have rather       
dazzled than illustrated2 and bewildered
 instead of conducting to the truth4    
,among the ,greeks is contained a great 
treasure of knowledge4 ,it is a rich    
mine2 which as yet has not been worked  
far beneath the surface4 ,the ore lies  
deep1 and cannot be obtained without    
much industry and labour4 ,the          
,helladians had the best opportunities  
to have afforded us information about   
the antiquities of their country3 of    
their negligence1 and of their mistakes 
,i have spoken2 yet with a proper clue  
they may still be read to great         
advantage4 ,to say the truth1 there is  
scarce an author of them all1 from whom 
some good may not be derived4  ,what has
 been wanting in the natives of ,greece1
 has been greatly supplied by writers of

 that nation from other countries1 who  
lived in after-times4 ,of these the     
principal have been mentioned2 and many 
others might be added1 who were men of  
integrity and learning4 ,they were fond 
of knowledge1 and obtained a deep       
insight into antiquity3 and1 what is of 
the greatest consequence1 they were     
attached to the truth4 ,they may        
sometimes have been mistaken in their   
judgment3 they may also have been       
deceived3 but still truth was the scope 
at which they aimed4 ,they have         
accordingly transmitted to us many      
valuable remains1 which1 but for them1  
had been buried in oblivion4 ,there are 
likewise many pagan authors1 to whom we 
are greatly indebted2 but especially to 
,strabo and ,pausanias2 who in their    
different departments have afforded     
wonderful light4 ,nor must we omit      
,josephus of ,judea2 whose treatise     
against ,apion must be esteemed of      
inestimable value3 indeed1 all his      
writings are of consequence1 if read    

with a proper allowance4  ,i have       
mentioned1 that it is my purpose to give
 a history of the first ages2 and to    
shew the origin of many nations1 whose  
descent has been mistaken2 or else      
totally unknown4 ,i shall speak         
particularly of one great family1 which 
diffused itself over many parts of the  
earth2 from whom the rites and          
mysteries1 and almost the whole science 
of the ,gentile world1 were borrowed4   
,but as ,i venture in an unbeaten track1
 and in a waste1 which has been little  
frequented2 ,i shall first take upon me 
to treat of things near at hand1 before 
,i advance to remoter discoveries4 ,i   
shall therefore speak of those rites and
 customs1 and of the nations1 where they
 prevailed2 as ,i shall by these means  
be led insensibly to the discovery of   
the people1 from whom they were derived4
 ,by a similarity of customs1 as well as
 by the same religious terms1 observable
 in different countries1 it will be easy
 to shew a relation1 which subsisted    

between such people1 however widely     
dispersed4 ,they will be found to have  
been colonies of the same family2 and to
 have come ultimately from the same     
place4 ,as my course will be in great   
measure an uphill labour1 ,i shall      
proceed in the manner which ,i have     
mentioned2 continually enlarging my     
prospect1 till ,i arrive at the point ,i
 aim at4  ,it may be proper to mention  
to the reader that the following        
treatises were not written in the order 
in which they now stand2 but just as the
 subject-matter presented itself before 
me4 ,as many1 which were first composed1
 will occur last1 ,i have been forced to
 anticipate some of the arguments1 as   
well as quotations1 which they          
contained1 according as ,i found it     
expedient4 ,hence there will be some few
 instances of repetition1 which however 
,i hope will not give any great disgust3
 as what is repeated1 was so interwoven 
in the argument1 that ,i could not well 
disengage it from the text1 where it    

occurs a second time4  ,there will also 
be found some instances1 where ,i differ
 from myself1 and go contrary to        
positions in a former treatise4 ,these  
are very few1 and of no great moment2   
being such as would probably escape the 
reader's notice4 ,but ,i think it more  
ingenuous1 and indeed my strict duty1 to
 own my mistakes1 and point them out1   
rather than to pass them over in        
silence1 or idly to defend them4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,some ,,necessary  ,,rules ,,and       
,,observations  ,,in ,,respect ,,to     
,,etymological ,,inquiries2  ,,and ,,for
  ,,the ,,better ,,understanding ,,the  
,,mythology ,,of ,,greece4  ,we must    
never deduce the etymology of an        
,egyptian or oriental term from the     
,greek language4 ,eustathius well       
observes1          4  ,we should recur  
to the ,doric manner of expression1 as  
being nearest to the original4  ,the    
,greeks adopted all foreign history3 and
 supposed it to have been of their own  

country4  ,they mistook temples for     
,deities1 and places for persons4  ,they
 changed every foreign term to something
 similar in their own language2 to      
something similar in sound1 however     
remote in meaning2 being led solely by  
the ear4  ,they constantly mistook      
titles for names2 and from these titles 
multiplied their ,deities and ,heroes4  
,all terms of relation between the      
,deities to be disregarded4  ,as the    
,grecians were mistaken1 it is worth our
 while to observe the mode of error and 
uniformity of mistake4 ,by attending to 
this1 we may bring things back to their 
primitive state1 and descry in antient  
terms the original meaning4  ,we must   
have regard to the oblique cases1       
especially in nouns imparasyllabic1 when
 we have an antient term transmitted to 
us either from the ,greeks or ,romans4  
,the nominative1 in both languages1 is  
often abridged2 so that1 from the       
genitive of the word1 or from the       
possessive1 the original term is to be  

deduced4 ,this will be found to obtain  
even in common names4 ,from veteris we  
have veter for the true term2 from      
sanguinis we have sanguen3 and that this
 is right we may prove from ,ennius1 who
 says3    #efe,o6 pater1 ,o6 genitor1   
,o6 sanguen diis oriundum4    #eff;,cum 
veter occubuit ,priamus sub marte       
,pelasgo4  ,so mentis1 and not mens1 was
 the true nominative to mentis1 menti1  
mentem2 as we may learn from the same   
author3    #efg;,istic est de sole      
sumptus ignis1 isque mentis est4  ,in   
like manner ,plebes was the nominative  
to ,plebi and ,plebem4    ,deficit alma 
,ceres1 nec plebes pane potitur4        
,lucilius4  ,all the common departments 
of the ,deities are to be set aside1 as 
inconsistent and idle4 ,pollux will be  
found a judge2 ,ceres1 a law-giver2     
,bacchus1 the ,god of the year2         
,neptune1 a physician2 and sculapius1   
the ,god of thunder3 and this not merely
 from the poets2 but from the best      
mythologists of the ,grecians1 from     

those who wrote professedly upon the    
subject4  ,i have observed before1 that 
the ,grecians in foreign words often    
changed the ,nu final to ,sigma4 ,for   
,keren1 they wrote 2 for ,cohen1 2 for  
,athon1 2 for ,boun1 2 for ,sain1 4     
,people1 of old1 were styled the        
children of the ,god whom they          
worshipped3 hence they were1 at last1   
thought to have been his real offspring2
 and he was looked up to as the true    
parent4 ,on the contrary1 ,priests were 
represented as foster-fathers to the    
,deity before whom they ministered2 and 
,priestesses were styled 1 or nurses4   
,colonies always went out under the     
patronage and title of some ,deity4     
,this conducting-,god was in after-times
 supposed to have been the real leader4 
,sometimes the whole merit of a         
transaction was imputed to this ,deity  
solely2 who was represented under the   
character of ,perseus1 ,dionusus1 or    
,hercules4 ,hence1 instead of one       
person1 we must put a people2 and the   

history will be found consonant to the  
truth4  ,as the ,grecians made          
themselves principals in many great     
occurrences which were of another       
country1 we must look abroad for the    
original1 both of their rites and       
mythology2 and apply to the nations from
 whence they were derived4 ,their       
original history was foreign1 and       
ingrafted upon the history of the       
country where they settled4 ,this is of 
great consequence1 and repeatedly to be 
considered4  ,one great mistake         
frequently prevails among people who    
deal in these researches1 which must be 
carefully avoided4 ,we should never make
 use of a language which is modern1 or  
comparatively modern1 to deduce the     
etymology of antient and primitive      
terms4 ,pezron applies to the modern    
,teutonic1 which he styles the ,celtic1 
and says1 was the language of ,jupiter4 
,but who was ,jupiter1 and what has the 
modern ,celtic to do with the history of
 ,egypt or ,chaldea8 ,there was an      

interval of two thousand years between  
the times of which he treats and any    
history of the ,celt3 and there is still
 an interval1 not very much inferior to 
the former1 before we arrive at the ra  
of the language to which he applies4    
,it has been the custom of those        
writers1 who have been versed in the    
,oriental languages1 to deduce their    
etymologies from roots2 which are often 
some portion of a verb4 ,but the names  
of places and of persons are generally  
an assemblage of qualities and titles2  
such as ,i have exhibited in the        
treatise above2 and ,i believe were     
never formed by such evolutions4 ,the   
terms were obvious1 and in common use2  
taken from some well-known              
characteristics4 ,those who imposed such
 names never thought of a root2 and1    
probably1 did not know the purport of   
the term4 ,whoever1 therefore1 in       
etymology1 has recourse to this method  
of investigation1 seems to me to act    
like a person who should seek at the    

fountain-head for a city which stood at 
the mouth of a river4         99        
99       99       99       99   ,a      
,,short ,,account  ,,of ,,the           
,,helladians1  ,,and ,,their ,,origin2  
,in order to obviate some ,objections4  
,as ,i have mentioned that the          
,helladians came from ,egypt1 and the   
east2 it may be proper to obviate an    
objection which may be made1 to the     
account ,i give2 as if it were          
contradictory to the tenor of the       
scriptures1 as they are in general      
understood4 ,greece1 and the islands of 
,greece1 are continually supposed1 from 
the account given by ,moses#efh1 to have
 been peopled by the sons of ,japhet2   
and there is scarce any body1 either    
antient or modern1 who has touched upon 
this subject1 but has imagined ,javan to
 have been the same as ,ion1 the son of 
,xuth1 from whom the ,ionians were      
descended4 ,this latter point ,i shall  
not controvert at present4 ,in respect  
to the former1 the account given in the 

scriptures is undoubtedly most true4    
,the sons of ,japhet did people the     
isles of the ,gentiles2 by which is     
meant the regions of ,greece and        
,europe1 separated in great measure from
 the ,asiatic continent by the          
intervention of the sea4 ,they certainly
 were the first inhabitants of those    
countries4 ,but the ,helladians1 though 
by family ,ionians1 were not of this    
race4 ,they came afterwards2 and all    
their best writers agree1 that when     
their ancestors made their way into     
these provinces1 they were possessed by 
a prior people4 ,who these were is no   
where uniformly said3 only they agree to
 term them in general 1 or a rude1      
uncivilized people4 ,as my system       
depends greatly upon this point2 to take
 away every prejudice to my opinion1 ,i 
will in some degree anticipate1 what ,i 
shall hereafter more fully prove4 ,i    
accordingly submit to the reader the    
following evidences2 which are          
comparatively few1 if we consider what  

might be brought to this purpose4 ,these
 are to shew1 that the ,helladians were 
of a different race from the sons of    
,japhet3 and that the country1 when they
 came to it1 was in the possession of   
another people3 which people they       
distinguished from themselves by the    
title of 4          1                   
4 ,strabo4 l4 #g4 p4 #cba4      4 ,plato
 in ,cratylo4 vol4 #a4 p4 #dbe4         
4 ,pausanias4 l4 #a4 p4 #ajj4    4      
,scholia ,apollonii ,rhod4 l4 #c4 v4    
#dfa4  ,diodorus mentions1 --    4 l4   
#a4 p4 #bd4  ,again--         4 ibidem4 
,africanus having spoken of the         
,egyptian rites1 says1         1   1    
1     4 ,apud ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evan4 l4 x4
 c4 x4 p4 #dia4  ,concerning persons    
from ,egypt4  1  1   4 ,cedrenus p4 #hb4
  1   1   4 ,scholia ,aristoph4 ,pluti4 
1        1        4 ,j4 ,tzetzes4 ,chil4
 v4 hist4 #ah4  1   1   4 ,suidas4      
,pausanias mentions    4 l4 #a4 p4 #ie4 
,erectheus from ,egypt4        4        
,diodorus4 l4 #a4 p4 #be4  ,triptolemus 

from thence1 who had been the companion 
of ,osiris4 ,diodorus4 l4 #a4 p4 #ag4   
,he gave the ,athenians laws4 ,porphyry 
mentions    4 ,abstinent4 l4 #d4 p4     
#dca4  ,it is said1 that ,danaus was a  
native of the city ,chemmis2 from whence
 he made his expedition to ,greece4  4  
,herodotus4 l4 #b4 c4 #ia4  ,navem      
primus ex gypto ,danaus advexit4 ,pliny4
 l4 #g4 c4 #ef4 ,he brought a colony    
with him4        1 scil4  4 ,diodorus4  
l4 #a4 p4 #bd4  ,all the heads of the   
,dorian race from ,egypt4         4     
,herodotus4 l4 #f4 c4 #ec4  ,the        
,lacedmonians esteemed themselves of the
 same family as the ,caphtorim of       
,palestine3 hence they surmised1 that   
they were related to the ,jews1 #a      
,maccabees1 c4 #ab4 v4 #bj1 #ba4        
,josephus3 ,a4 ,j4 l4 #ab4 c4 #d4 p4    
#fjf4 ,perseus was supposed to have been
 a foreigner4      1       4 ,herodotus4
 l4 #f4 c4 #ed4  ,it is said of ,cadmus1
 that he came originally from ,egypt1 in
 company with ,phnix4       4 ,euseb4   

,chron4 p4 #ae4  ,eusebius in another   
place mentions the arrival of ,cadmus   
with a company of ,sat4 ,they founded   
,athens1 the principal city of ,greece3 
also ,thebes in ,botia4 ,they were of   
,egypt2 but he says1 that they came last
 from ,sidon4 ,it is in a passage1 where
 he speaks of a former race in ,attica  
before those of ,egypt called ,sat3     
1       1   4        4 ,chron4 p4 #ad4  
,the antient ,athenians worshipped      
,isis3 and were in their looks1 and in  
their manners particularly like the     
,egyptians4   1       4 ,the whole of   
their polity was plainly borrowed from  
that country4 ,diod4 ,sic4 l4 #a3 p4    
#bd1 #be1 #bf4  ,it is said by          
,sanchoniathon1 that ,cronus1 in his    
travels over the earth in company with  
his daughter ,athena1 came to ,attica2  
which he bestowed upon her4 ,euseb4 ,p4 
,e4 lib4 #a4 c4 #aj4 p4 #ch4  ,this is  
not unlike the account given by the     
,scholiast upon ,lycophron concerning   
,cecrops3 from whence the legend may    

receive some light4  ' 7 7       4   '  
1   4 ,lycoph4 v4 #aaa4 ,schol4  ,hence 
it is1 that almost the whole of the     
mythology of ,greece is borrowed from   
,egypt4  1 1        1  4 ,diodorus4 l4  
#a4 p4 #bj4 ,all their rites and        
ceremonies were from the same quarter4  
1  1      1  1     4 ,herod4 l4 #c4 c4  
#eh4     1  7 7        4 ,herod4 l4 #b4 
c4 #eb4 ,see also l4 #b4 c4 #d4         
4 ,herod4 l4 #b4 c4 #ej4 ,hence it is   
said that the ,corybantes1 with their   
mother ,comba1 came and settled at      
,athens3    4 ,nonni ,dionys4 l4 #ac4   
,and that the priests at ,athens1 styled
 ,eumolpid1 were from ,egypt4 ,diodorus 
,siculus4 l4 #a4 p4 #be4 ,one of the    
,egyptians1 who brought these rites to  
,greece1 is mentioned under the name of 
,melampus3 as the ,egyptians are1 in    
general1 under the character of         
,melampodes4     1     1   1     4      
,herod4 l4 #b4 c4 #di4 ,he is likewise  
said to have first introduced physic3 by
 which this only is meant1 that physic  

too came from ,egypt4  ,to the same     
purpose may be consulted ,lucian de     
,suri ,de4     4 ,eusebius4 ,p4 ,evan4  
lib4 #aj4 c4 #d4 p4 #dfi4 and c4 #e4 p4 
#dgc4 ,clemens ,alexand4 l4 #a4 p4 #cfa1
 #cha4 ,diodorus ,siculus4 l4 #a4 p4    
#bj4 p4 #fb1 #fc4 and p4 #hf1 #hg4      
,tatianus ,assyrius4 p4 #bdc1 #bgd4     
,thucydides4 l4 #a4 c4 #b1 #c4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,a  ,,new ,,system  ,,or ,,an           
,,analysis  ,,of  ,,antient ,,mythology4
         99       99       99       99  
99   ,,of  ,,antient ,,worship1  ,,and  
,,of  ,,etymological ,,truths  ,,thence 
,,deducible3  ,,exemplified ,,in ,,the  
,,names ,,of ,,cities1 ,,lakes1 ,,and   
,,rivers4          1  ' 1         1   1 
1   1         1   1         4----,,max4 
,,tyrius4 ,dissert4 viii4 p4 #ha4  ,as  
the divine honours paid to the ,sun1 and
 the adoration of fire1 were at one time
 almost universal1 there will be found  
in most places a similitude in the terms
 of worship4 ,and though this mode of   

idolatry took its rise in one particular
 part of the world1 yet1 as it was      
propagated to others far remote1 the    
stream1 however widely diffused1 will   
still savour of the fountain4 ,moreover1
 as people were determined in the choice
 of their holy places by those          
preternatural phnomena1 of which ,i have
 before taken notice2 if there be any   
truth in my system1 there will be       
uniformly found some analogy between the
 name of the temple1 and its rites and  
situation3 so that the etymology may be 
ascertained by the history of the place4
 ,the like will appear in respect to    
rivers and mountains2 especially to     
those which were esteemed at all sacred1
 and which were denominated from the    
,sun and fire4 ,i therefore flatter     
myself that the etymologies which ,i    
shall lay before the reader will not    
stand single and unsupported2 but there 
will be an apparent analogy throughout  
the whole4 ,the allusion will not be    
casual and remote1 nor be obtained by   

undue inflexions and distortions3 but1  
however complicated the name may appear1
 it will resolve itself easily into the 
original terms2 and1 when resolved1 the 
truth of the etymology will be          
ascertained by the concomitant history4 
,if it be a ,deity1 or other personage1 
the truth will appear from his office   
and department2 or with the attributes  
imputed to him4 ,to begin1 then1 with   
antient ,latium4 ,if ,i should have     
occasion to speak of the ,goddess       
,feronia1 and of the city denominated   
from her1 ,i should deduce the from     
,fer-,on1 ignis ,dei ,solis2 and suppose
 the place to have been addicted to the 
worship of the ,sun1 and the rites of   
fire4 ,i accordingly find1 from ,strabo 
and ,pliny1 that rites of this sort were
 practised here3 and one custom1 which  
remained even to the time of ,augustus1 
consisted in a ceremony of the priests1 
who used to walk barefoot over burning  
coals3 #efi    1   4 ,the priests1 with 
their feet naked1 walked over a large   

quantity of live coals and cinders4 ,the
 town stood at the bottom of ,mount     
,soracte1 sacred to ,apollo2 and the    
priests were styled ,hirpi4 ,aruns1 in  
,virgil1 in his address to ,apollo1     
takes notice of this custom3            
#egj,summe ,dem1 magni custos ,soractis1
 ,apollo1   ,quem primi colimus2 cui    
pineus ardor acervo   ,pascitur1 et     
medium freti pietate per ignem          
,cultores mult premimus vestigia prun2  
,da1 ,pater4  ,the temple is said to    
have been founded on account of a       
pestilential #egavapour1 which arose    
from a cavern2 and to which some        
shepherds were conducted by 77 a wolf4  
,were ,i to attempt the decyphering of  
,ferentum1 ,i should proceed in a manner
 analogous to that above4 ,i should     
suppose it to have been named ,fer-,en1 
ignis1 vel ,solis fons1 from something  
peculiar either in its rites or         
situation4 ,i accordingly find1 that    
there was a sacred fountain1 whose      
waters were styled ,aqu ,ferentin1--cui 

numen etiam1 et divinus cultus tributus 
#egb;fuit4 ,here was a grove1 equally   
sacred1 mentioned by #egc ,livy1 and    
others2 where the antient ,latines used 
to hold their chief assemblies4 ,as this
 grand meeting used to be in a place    
denominated from fire1 it was the cause 
of those councils being called ,feri    
,latin4 ,the fountain1 which ran through
 the grove1 arose at the foot of mount  
#egd;,albanus1 and afterwards formed    
many #egepools4  ,the antient ,cuthites1
 and the ,persians after them1 had a    
great veneration for fountains and      
streams2 which also prevailed among     
other nations1 so as to have been at one
 time almost universal4 ,of this regard 
among the ,persians ,herodotus takes    
notice3 #egf    3 ,of all things in     
nature they reverence rivers most4 ,but 
if these rivers were attended with any  
nitrous or saline quality1 or with any  
fiery eruption1 they were adjudged to be
 still more sacred1 and ever            
distinguished with some title of the    

,deity4 ,the natives of ,egypt had the  
like veneration4 ,other nations1 says   
#egg;,athanasius1 reverenced rivers and 
fountains2 but1 above all people in the 
world1 the ,egyptians held them in the  
highest honour1 and esteemed them as    
divine4 ,julius ,firmicus gives the same
 account of them4 #egh;gyptii aqu       
beneficium percipientes aquam colunt1   
aquis supplicant4 ,from hence the custom
 passed westward to ,greece1 ,italy1 and
 the extremities of ,europe4 ,in proof  
of which the following inscription is to
 be found in ,gruter3  #egi,vascani in  
,hispani ,,fonti ,,divino4  ,how much it
 prevailed among the ,romans we learn   
from ,seneca4 #ehj,magnorum fluviorum   
capita veneramur--coluntur aquarum      
calentium fontes2 et qudam stagna1 qu   
vel opacitas1 vel immensa altitudo      
sacravit4 ,it mattered not what the     
nature of the water might be1 if it had 
a peculiar quality4 ,at ,thebes1 in     
,ammonia1 was a fountain1 which was said
 to have been cold by day1 and warm at  

night4   #eha  4 ,it was named the      
fountain of the ,sun4 ,in ,campania was 
a fountain ,virena2 which ,i should     
judge to be a compound of ,vir-,en1 and 
to signify ignis fons1 from being       
dedicated to the ,deity of fire1 on     
account of some particular quality4 ,i  
accordingly find in #ehb,vitruvius1 that
 it was a medicinal spring1 and of a    
strong vitriolic nature4 ,the           
,corinthians had in their ,acropolis a  
#ehc,pirene1 of the same purport as     
,virena1 just mentioned4 ,it was a      
beautiful fountain sacred to ,apollo1   
whose #ehd;image was at the head of the 
water within a sacred inclosure4  ,we   
read of a ,pyrene1 which was a fountain 
of another nature2 yet of the same      
etymology1 however differently          
expressed4 ,it was a mountain1 and gave 
name to the vast ridge called ,saltus   
,pyreni4 ,it is undoubtedly a compound  
of #ehe,pur-ain1 and signifies a        
fountain of fire4 ,i should imagine1    
without knowing the history of the      

country1 that this mountain once flamed2
 and that the name was given from this  
circumstance4 ,agreeably to this1 ,i    
find1 from ,aristotle de ,mirabilibus1  
that here was formerly an eruption of   
fire4 ,the same is mentioned by         
,posidonius in ,strabo2 and also by     
,diodorus1 who adds1 #ehf       4 ,that 
the mountains from hence had the name of
 ,pyreni4 ,mount tna is derived very    
truly by ,bochart from ,aituna1 fornax2 
as being a reservoir of molten matter4  
,there was another very antient name1   
,inessus2 by which the natives called   
the hill1 as well as the city1 which was
 towards the bottom of it4 ,the name is 
a compound of ,ain-,es1 like ,hanes in  
,egypt2 and signifies a fountain of     
fire4 ,it is called ,ennesia by         
,diodorus1 who says that this name was  
afterwards changed to tna4 ,he speaks of
 the city2 but the name was undoubtedly 
borrowed from the mountain1 to which it 
was primarily applicable1 and upon which
 it was originally conferred3 #ehg     1

    4 ,strabo expresses the name        
,innesa1 and informs us1 more precisely1
 that the upper part of the mountain was
 so called1   #ehh    1   1 4 ,upon     
this1 the people1 withdrawing           
themselves1 went and occupied the upper 
part of ,mount tna1 which was called    
,innesa4 ,the city ,hanes1 in ,egypt1   
was of the same etymology2 being        
denominated from the ,sun1 who was      
styled ,hanes4 ,ain-,es1 fons ignis sive
 lucis4 ,it was the same as the ,arab   
,heliopolis1 called now ,mataiea4       
,stephanas ,byzantinus calls the city   
,inys3 for that is manifestly the name  
he gives it1 if we take away the ,greek 
termination1 #ehi1  3 but ,herodotus1   
#eij;from whom he borrows1 renders it   
,inis4 ,it would have been more truly   
rendered ,doric ,inis2 for that was     
nearer to the real name4 ,the historian1
 however1 points it out plainly1 by     
saying1 that it was three days journey  
from ,mount #eia;,casius2 and that the  
whole way was through the ,arabian      

desert4 ,this is a situation which      
agrees with no other city in all ,egypt1
 except that which was the ,onium of the
 later ,jews4 ,with this it accords     
precisely4 ,there seem to have been two 
cities named ,on1 from the worship of   
the ,sun4 ,one was called ,zan1 ,zon1   
and ,zoan1 in the land of ,go-zan1 the  
#eib;,goshen of the scriptures4 ,the    
other was the city ,on in ,arabia2      
called also ,hanes4 ,they were within   
eight or nine miles of each other1 and  
are both mentioned together by the      
prophet #eic;,isaiah4 ,for his princes  
were at ,zoan1 and his ambassadors came 
to ,hanes4 ,the name of each of these   
cities1 on account of the similarity of 
worship1 has by the ,greeks been        
translated #eid;,heliopolis2 which has  
caused great confusion in the history of
 ,egypt4 ,the latter of the two was the 
,inis1 or 1 of the ,greeks2 so called   
from ,hanes1 the great fountain of      
light1 the ,sun2 who was worshipped     
under that title by the ,egyptians and  

,arabians4 ,it lies now quite in ruins1 
close to the village ,matarea1 which has
 risen from it4 ,the situation is so    
pointed out1 that we cannot be mistaken3
 and we find1 moreover1 which is a      
circumstance very remarkable1 that it is
 at this day called by the ,arabians    
,ain ,el ,sham1 the fountain of the     
,sun2 a name precisely of the same      
purport as ,hanes4 ,of this we are      
informed by the learned geographer1     
,d',anville1 and others2 though the     
name1 by different travellers1 is       
expressed with some variation4          
#eie;,cette ville presque ensvelie sous 
des ruines1 et voisine1 dit ,abulfeda1  
d'un petit lieu nomm ,matarea1 conserve 
dans les gographies ,arabes le nom      
d',ainsiems ou du fontain du ,soleil4 ,a
 like account is given by ,egmont and   
#eif;,hayman2 though they express the   
name ,ain ,el ,cham2 a variation of     
little consequence4 ,the reason why the 
antient name has been laid aside1 by    
those who reside there1 is undoubtedly  

this4 ,bochart tells us1 that1 since the
 religion of ,mahomet has taken place1  
the ,arabs look upon ,hanes as the      
devil3 #eigproinde ab ipsis ipse ,dmon  
vocatur4 ,hence they have abolished     
,hanes3 but the name ,ain ,el ,cham1 of 
the same purport1 they have suffered to 
remain4  ,i have before taken notice of 
an objection liable to be made from a   
supposition1 that if ,hanes signified   
the fountain of light1 as ,i have       
presumed1 it would have been differently
 expressed in the ,hebrew4 ,this is a   
strange fallacy2 but yet very           
predominant4 ,without doubt those       
learned men1 who have preceded in these 
researches1 would have bid fair for     
noble discoveries1 had they not been too
 limited1 and biassed1 in their notions4
 ,but as far as ,i am able to judge1    
most of those1 who have engaged in      
inquiries of this nature1 have ruined   
the purport of their labours through    
some prevailing prejudice4 ,they have   
not considered1 that every other nation1

 to which we can possibly gain access1  
or from whom we have any history        
derived1 appears to have expressed      
foreign terms differently from the      
natives1 in whose language they were    
found4 ,and without a miracle the       
,hebrews must have done the same4 ,we   
pronounce all ,french names differently 
from the people of that country3 and    
they do the same in respect to us4 ,what
 we call ,london1 they express ,londres3
 ,england they style ,angleterre4 ,what 
some call ,bazil1 they pronounce ,bal3  
,munchen1 ,munich3 ,mentz1 ,mayence3    
,ravenspurg1 ,ratisbon4 ,the like       
variation was observable of old4        
,carthago of the ,romans was ,carchedon 
among the ,greeks4 ,hannibal was        
rendered ,annibas3 ,asdrubal1           
,asdroubas3 and probably neither was    
consonant to the ,punic mode of         
expression4 ,if then a prophet were to  
rise from the dead1 and preach to any   
nation1 he would make use of terms      
adapted to their idiom and usage2       

without any retrospect to the original  
of the terms1 whether they were         
domestic1 or foreign4 ,the sacred       
writers undoubtedly observed this rule  
towards the people1 for whom they wrote2
 and varied in their expressing of      
foreign terms2 as the usage of the      
people varied4 ,for the ,jewish nation  
at times differed from its neighbours1  
and from itself4 ,we may be morally     
certain1 that the place1 rendered by    
them ,ekron1 was by the natives called  
,achoron2 the ,accaron1 1 of ,josephus1 
and the ,seventy4 ,what they termed     
,philistim1 was ,pelestin3 ,eleazar1 in 
their own language1 they changed to     
,lazar1 and ,lazarus3 and of the ,greek 
they formed ,sanhedrim4 ,hence we may be
 certified1 that the ,jews1 and their   
ancestors1 as well as all nations upon  
earth1 were liable to express foreign   
terms with a variation1 being led by a  
natural peculiarity in their mode of    
speech4 ,they therefore are surely to be
 blamed1 who would deduce the           

orthography of all antient words from   
the ,hebrew2 and bring every extraneous 
term to that test4 ,it requires no great
 insight into that language to see the  
impropriety of such procedure4 ,yet no  
prejudice has been more #eih;common4    
,the learned ,michaelis has taken notice
 of this #eii;fatal attachment1 and     
speaks of it as a strange illusion4 ,he 
says1 that it is the reigning influenza1
 to which all are liable1 who make the  
,hebrew their principal study4 ,the only
 way to obtain the latent purport of    
antient terms is by a fair analysis4    
,this must be discovered by an apparent 
analogy2 and supported by the history of
 the place1 or person1 to whom the terms
 relate4 ,if such helps can be obtained1
 we may determine very truly the        
etymology of an ,egyptian or ,syriac    
name2 however it may appear repugnant to
 the orthography of the ,hebrews4 ,the  
term ,hanes is not so uncommon as may be
 imagined4 ,zeus was worshipped under   
this title in ,greece1 and styled  4    

,the ,scholiast upon ,apollonius        
,rhodius mentions his temple1 and terms 
it #fjj        1    4 ,it is also taken 
notice of by ,strabo1 who speaks of a   
mountain ,hanes1 where the temple stood4
 #fja      7lege 7       4 ,the mountain
 of ,zeus ,ainesius must have been      
,aines1 and not ,ainos2 though it occurs
 so in our present copies of ,strabo4   
,the ,scholiast above quotes a verse    
from ,hesiod1 where the ,poet styles the
 ,deity 4    ' '   4  ,aineus1 and      
,ainesius are both alike from ,hanes1   
the ,deity of ,egypt1 whose rites may be
 traced in various parts4 ,there were   
places named ,aineas1 and ,ainesia in   
,thrace2 which are of the same original4
 ,this title occurs sometimes with the  
prefix ,ph'anes3 and the ,deity so      
called was by the early theologists     
thought to have been of the highest     
antiquity4 ,they esteemed him the same  
as #fjb,ouranus1 and ,dionusus3 and went
 so far as to give him a creative       
#fjcpower1 and to deduce all things from

 him4 ,the ,grecians from ,phanes formed
 1 which they gave as a title both to   
#fjd,zeus1 and ,apollo4 ,in this there  
was nothing extraordinary1 for they were
 both the same ,god4 ,in the north of   
,italy was a district called ,ager      
#fje,pisanus4 ,the etymology of this    
name is the same as that of ,hanes1 and 
,phanes2 only the terms are reversed4   
,it signifies ignis fons3 and in        
confirmation of this etymology ,i have  
found the place to have been famous for 
its hot streams1 which are mentioned by 
,pliny under the name of ,aqu ,pisan4   
,cuma in ,campania was certainly        
denominated from ,chum1 heat1 on account
 of its soil1 and situation4 ,its       
medicinal #fjfwaters are well known2    
which were called ,aqu ,cuman4 ,the term
 ,cumana is not formed merely by a      
,latine inflection2 but consists of the 
terms ,cumain1 and signifies a hot      
fountain2 or a fountain of ,chum1 or    
,cham1 the ,sun4 ,the country about it  
was called ,phlegra2 and its waters are 

mentioned by ,lucretius4    #fjg,qualis 
apud ,cumas locus est1 montemque        
,vesevum1   ,oppleti calidis ubi fumant 
fontibus auctus4  ,here was a cavern1   
which of old was a place of prophecy4   
,it was the seat of the ,sibylla        
,cumana1 who was supposed to have come  
from #fjh;,babylonia4 ,as ,cuma was     
properly ,cuman2 so ,bai was ,baian2 and
 ,alba near mount ,albanus#fji1 ,alban3 
for the ,romans often dropped the n     
final4 ,pisa1 so celebrated in ,elis1   
was originally ,pisan1 of the same      
purport as the ,aqu ,pisan above4 ,it   
was so called from a sacred fountain1 to
 which only the name can be primarily   
applicable3 and we are assured by       
,strabo #faj   1 that the fountain had  
certainly the name of ,pisan4 ,i have   
mentioned that ,mount ,pyrene was so    
called from being a fountain of fire3   
such mountains often have hot streams in
 their vicinity1 which are generally of 
great utility4 ,such we find to have    
been in ,aquitania at the foot of this  

mountain1 which were called ,therm      
,ones2 and are mentioned by ,strabo1 as 
#faa   4 ,what in one part of the world 
was termed ,cumana1 was in another      
rendered ,comana4 ,there was a grand    
city of this name in ,cappadocia1 where 
stood one of the noblest ,puratheia in  
,asia4 ,the ,deity worshipped was       
represented as a feminine1 and styled   
,anait1 and ,anas2 which latter is the  
same as ,hanes4 ,she was well known also
 in ,persis1 ,mesopotamia1 and at       
,egbatana in ,media4 ,both ,an-ait1 and 
,an-ais1 signifies a fountain of fire4  
,generally near her temples1 there was  
an eruption of that element2            
particularly at ,egbatana1 and ,arbela4 
,of the latter ,strabo gives an account1
 and of the fiery matter which was near 
it4 #fab       '    1    7or 7     4  ,i
 should take the town of ,egnatia in    
,italy to have been of the same purport 
as ,hanes above mentioned3 for ,hanes   
was sometimes expressed with a guttural1
 ,hagnes2 from whence came the ignis of 

the ,romans4 ,in ,arcadia near mount    
,lyceus was a sacred fountain2 into     
which one of the nymphs1 which nursed   
,jupiter1 was supposed to have been     
changed4 ,it was called ,hagnon1 the    
same as ,ain-,on1 the fount of the ,sun4
 ,from ,ain of the ,amonians1 expressed 
,agn1 came the  of the ,greeks1 which   
signified any thing pure and clean2     
purus sive castus4 ,hence was derived 1 
1  1 3 as we may learn from ,hesychius4 
,pausanias styles the fountain          
#fac;,hagno3 but it was originally      
,hagnon1 the fountain of the ,sun3 hence
 we learn in another place of           
,hesychius1 1    4 ,the town ,egnatia1  
which ,i mentioned above1 stood in      
campis ,salentinii1 and at this day is  
called ,anazo1 and ,anazzo4 ,it was so  
named from the rites of fire3 and that  
those customs were here practised1 we   
may learn from some remains of them     
among the natives in the times of       
,horace and ,pliny4 ,the former calls   
the place by contraction #fad;,gnatia3  

,dein ,gnatia ,nymphis   ,iratis        
extructa dedit risumque1 jocumque2      
,dum flammis sine thura liquescere      
limine sacro   ,persuadere cupit4       
,horace speaks as if they had no fire3  
but according to ,pliny they boasted of 
having a sacred and spontaneous         
appearance of it in their temple4       
#fae,reperitur apud auctores in         
,salentino oppido ,egnati1 imposito     
ligno in saxum quoddam ibi sacram       
protinus flammam existere4 ,from hence1 
undoubtedly1 came also the name of      
,salentum1 which is a compound of       
,sal-,en1 ,solis fons2 and arose from   
this sacred fire to which the ,salentini
 pretended4 ,they were ,amonians1 who   
settled here1 and who came last from    
,crete #faf     4 ,innumerable instances
 of this sort might be brought from     
,sicily3 for this island abounded with  
places1 which were of ,amonian original4
 ,thucydides and other ,greek writers1  
call them ,phenicians#fag3        4 ,but
 they were a different people from      

those1 which he supposes4 ,besides1 the 
term ,phenician was not a name1 but a   
title3 which was assumed by people of   
different parts2 as ,i shall shew4 ,the 
district1 upon which the ,grecians      
conferred it1 could not have supplied   
people sufficient to occupy the many    
regions1 which the ,phenicians were     
supposed to have possessed4 ,it was an  
appellation1 by which no part of ,canaan
 was called by the antient and true     
inhabitants3 nor was it ever admitted1  
and in use1 till the ,grecians got      
possession of the coast4 ,it was even   
then limited to a small tract2 to the   
coast of ,tyre and ,sidon4  ,if so many 
instances may be obtained from the west1
 many more will be found1 as we proceed 
towards the east2 from whence these     
terms were originally derived4 ,almost  
all the places in ,greece were of       
oriental etymology2 or at least from    
,egypt4 ,i should suppose that the name 
of ,methane in the ,peloponnesus had    
some relation to a fountain1 being      

compounded of ,meth-an1 the fountain of 
the ,egyptian ,deity1 ,meth1 whom the   
,greeks called 1 ,meetis4    #fah   1   
4  ,we learn from #fai,pausanias1 that  
there was in this place a temple and a  
statue of ,isis1 and a statue also of   
,hermes in the forum2 and that it was   
situated near some hot springs4 ,we may 
from hence form a judgment1 why this    
name was given1 and from what country it
 was imported4 ,we find this term       
sometimes compounded ,meth-,on1 of which
 name there was a town in #fbj,messenia4
 ,instances to our purpose from ,greece 
will accrue continually in the course of
 our work4  ,one reason for holding     
waters so sacred arose from a notion1   
that they were gifted with supernatural 
powers4 ,jamblichus takes notice of many
 ways1 by which the gift of divination  
was to be obtained4 #fba,some1 says he1 
procure a prophetic spirit by drinking  
the sacred water1 as is the practice of 
,apollo's priest at ,colophon4 ,some by 
sitting over the mouth of the cavern1 as

 the women do1 who give out oracles at  
,delphi4 ,others are inspired by the    
vapour1 which arises from the waters2 as
 is the case of those who are           
priestesses at ,branchid4 ,he adds1#fbb 
in respect to the oracle at ,colophon1  
that the prophetic spirit was supposed  
to proceed from the water4 ,the         
fountain1 from whence it flowed1 was in 
an apartment under ground2 and the      
priest went thither to partake of the   
emanation4 ,from this history of the    
place we may learn the purport of the   
name1 by which this oracular place was  
called4 ,colophon is ,col-,oph ,on1     
tumulus ,dei ,solis ,pythonis1 and      
corresponds with the character given4   
,the river1 into which this fountain    
ran1 was sacred1 and named ,halesus2 it 
was also called #fbc;,anelon3           
,an-,el-,on1 ,fons ,dei ,solis4 ,halesus
 is composed of well-known titles of the
 same ,god4  ,delos was famed for its   
oracle2 and for a fountain sacred to the
 prophetic ,deity4 ,it was called       

#fbd;,inopus4 ,this is a plain compound 
of ,ain-,opus1 ,fons ,pythonis4 ,places 
named ,asopus1 ,elopus1 and like1 are of
 the same analogy4 ,the ,god of light1  
,orus1 was often styled ,az-,el2 whence 
we meet with many places named ,azelis1 
,azilis1 ,azila1 and by apocope1 ,zelis1
 ,zela1 and ,zeleia4 ,in ,lycia was the 
city ,phaselis1 situated upon the       
mountain #fbe;,chimra2 which mountain   
had the same name1 and was sacred to the
 ,god of fire4 ,phaselis is a compound  
of ,phi1 which1 in the ,amonian         
language1 is a mouth or opening2 and of 
,azel above mentioned4 ,ph',aselis      
signifies ,os ,vulcani1 sive apertura   
ignis2 in other words a chasm of fire4  
,the reason why this name was imposed   
may be seen in the history of the       
place#fbf4 ,flagrat in ,phaselitide     
,mons ,chimra1 et quidem immortali      
diebus1 et noctibus flamm4 ,chimra is a 
compound of ,cham-,ur1 the name of the  
,deity1 whose altar stood towards the   
top of the #fbgmountain4 ,at no great   

distance stood ,mount ,argaius1 which   
was a part of the great ridge1 called   
,taurus4 ,this ,argaius may be either   
derived from ,har1 a mountain2 or from  
,aur1 fire4 ,we may suppose ,argaius to 
signify ,mons cavus3 or rather ignis    
cavitas1 sive ,vulcani domus1 a name    
given from its being hollow1 and at the 
same time a reservoir of fiery matter4  
,the history of the mountain may be seen
 in ,strabo2 who says1 that it was      
immensely high1 and ever covered with   
snow2 it stood in the vicinity of       
,comana1 ,castabala1 ,csarea1 and       
,tyana3 and all the country about it    
abounded with fiery #fbh;eruptions4 ,but
 the most satisfactory idea of this     
mountain may be obtained from coins1    
which were struck in its vicinity2 and  
particularly #fbi;describe it1 both as  
an hollow and an inflamed mountain4  ,in
 ,thrace was a region called ,ponia1    
which seems to have had its name from   
,p',eon1 the ,god of light#fcj4 ,the    
natives of these parts were styled both 

,peonians and ,pierians2 which names    
equally relate to the ,sun4 ,agreeably  
to this ,maximus ,tyrius tells us1 that 
they particularly worshipped that       
luminary3 and adds1 that they had no    
image2 but instead of it used to suspend
 upon an high pole a disk of metal1     
probably of fine gold1 as they were rich
 in that mineral3 and before this they  
performed their #fca;adoration4  ,there 
is an apparent analogy between the names
 of places farther east2 whose          
inhabitants were all worshippers of the 
,sun4 ,hence most names are an          
assemblage of his titles4 ,such is      
,cyrestia1 ,chalybon1 ,comana1 ,ancura1 
,cocalia1 ,cabyra1 ,arbela1 ,amida1     
,emesa1 ,edessa1 and the like4 ,emesa is
 a compound of ,ham-,es3 the natives are
 said by ,festus ,avienus to have been  
devoted to the ,sun3    #fcb;,denique   
flammicomo devoti pectora ,soli   ,vitam
 agitant4  ,similar to ,emesa was       
,edessa1 or more properly ,adesa1 so    
named from ,hades1 the ,god of light4   

,the emperor ,julian styles the region--
     #fcc4 ,this city was also1 from its
 worship1 styled #fcd,ur1 ,urhoe1 and   
,urcho2 which last was probably the name
 of the #fcetemple4  ,there were many   
places called ,arsene1 ,arsine1 ,arsino1
 ,arsiana4 ,these were all the same     
name1 only varied in different          
countries2 and they were consequently of
 the same purport4 ,arsino is a compound
 of arez-ain1 ,solis fons3 and most     
places so denominated will be found     
famed for some fountain4 ,one of this   
name was in ,syria2 #fcf   1   4        
--'    4 ,arsino is a city in ,syria1   
situated upon a rising ground1 out of   
which issue many streams3 from hence the
 city had its name4 ,arsine and ,arsiana
 in ,babylonia had #fcg;fountains of    
bitumen4 ,arsene in ,armenia was a      
nitrous lake3 #fch --4 ,near ,arsino1   
upon the ,red ,sea1 were hot streams of 
bitter #fciwaters2 and ,arsino near     
#fdj;,ephesus had waters equally bitter4
  ,there were many people called        

,hyrcani2 and cities and regions1       
,hyrcania3 in the history of which there
 will be uniformly found some reference 
to fire4 ,the name is a compound of     
,ur-chane1 the ,god of that element4 ,he
 was worshipped particularly at ,ur1 in 
,chaldea3 and one tribe of that nation  
were called ,urchani4 ,strabo mentions  
them as only one branch of the          
#fdaliterati2 but #fdb,pliny speaks of  
them as a people1 a tribe of the        
,chaldeans4 ,here was the source of fire
 worship3 and all the country was       
replete with bitumen and fire4 ,there   
was a region #fdc;,hyrcania1 inhabited  
by the ,medes2 which seems to have been 
of the same inflammable nature4 ,the    
people were called ,hyrcani1 and        
,astabeni3 which latter signifies the   
sons of fire4 ,celiarius mentions a city
 ,hyrcania in #fdd,lydia4 ,there were   
certainly people styled ,hyrcani2 and a 
large plain called ,campus ,hyrcanus    
#fde in the same part of the world4 ,it 
seems to have been a part of that       

parched and burning region called 1 so  
named from the fires with which it      
abounded4 ,it was near ,hierapolis1     
,caroura1 and ,fossa ,charonea2 all     
famed for fire4  ,it may seem           
extraordinary1 yet ,i cannot help       
thinking1 that the ,hercynian forest in 
,germany was no other than the          
,hurcanian1 and that it was denominated 
from the ,god ,urcan1 who was worshipped
 here as well as in the east4 ,it is    
mentioned by ,eratosthenes and ,ptolemy1
 under the name of  1 or the forest of  
#fdf,orcun2 which is1 undoubtedly1 the  
same name as that above4 ,i have taken  
notice1 that the name of the mountain   
,pyrene signified a fountain of fire1   
and that the mountain had once flamed4  
,there was a ,pyrene among the ,alpes   
#fdg,tridentini1 and at the foot of it a
 city of the same #fdhname2 which one   
would infer to have been so denominated 
from the like circumstance4 ,i mention  
this1 because here was the regio        
,hercynia1 where the ,hercynian         

forest#fdi commenced1 and from which it 
received its name4 ,beatus ,rhenanus1 in
 his account of these parts1 says1 that 
there was a tradition of this mountain  
,pyrene once#fej burning3 and1          
conformably to this notion1 it is still 
distinguished by the name of the great  
#fea;,brenner4 ,the country1 therefore1 
and the forest may have been called     
,orcunian upon this account4 ,for as the
 worship of the ,sun1 the ,deity of     
fire1 prevailed greatly at places of    
this nature1 ,i make no doubt but       
,hercynia1 which ,ptolemy expresses  was
 so named from ,or-cun1 the ,god of that
 element4  ,we must not be surprised to 
find ,amonian names among the ,alpes2   
for some of that family were the first  
who passed them4 ,the merit of great    
performances was by the ,greeks         
generally attributed to a single person4
 ,this passage therefore through the    
mountains is said by some to have been  
the work of ,hercules3 by others of     
,cottus1 and #feb;,cottius4 ,from hence 

this particular branch of the mountains 
had the name of ,alpes ,cottiae2 and the
 country was called ,regio ,cottiana3   
wherein were about twelve capital       
#fec;cities4 ,some of that antient and  
sacred nation1 the ,hyperboreans1 are   
said by ,posidonius to have taken up    
their residence in these parts4 #fed -- 
4 ,here inhabited the ,taurini3 and one 
of the chief cities was ,comus4 ,strabo 
styles the country the land of          
#fee;,ideonus1 and ,cottius4 ,these     
names will be found hereafter to be very
 remarkable4 ,indeed many of the ,alpine
 appellations were ,amonian2 as were    
also their rites3 and the like is to be 
observed in many parts of ,gaul1        
,britain1 and ,germany4 ,among other    
evidences the worship of ,isis1 and of  
her sacred ship1 is to be noted2 which  
prevailed among the ,suevi4 #fef,pars   
,suevorum et ,isidi sacrificat3 unde    
causa et origo peregrino sacro1 parum   
comperi2 nisi quod signum ipsum in modum
 ,liburn figuratum docet advectam       

religionem4 ,the ship of ,isis was also 
reverenced at ,rome3 and is marked in   
the #feg;calendar for the month of      
,march4 ,from whence the mystery was    
derived1 we may learn from              
#feh;,fulgentius4 ,navigium ,isidis     
gyptus colit4 ,hence we find1 that the  
whole of it came from ,egypt4 ,the like 
is shewn by #fei,lactantius4 ,to this   
purpose ,i could bring innumerable      
proofs1 were ,i not limited in my       
progress4 ,i may perhaps hereafter      
introduce something upon this head1 if  
,i should at any time touch upon the    
antiquities of ,britain and ,ireland2   
which seem to have been but imperfectly 
known4 ,both of these countries1 but    
especially the latter1 abound with      
sacred terms1 which have been greatly   
overlooked4 ,i will therefore say so    
much in furtherance of the ,british     
,antiquarian1 as to inform him1 that    
names of places1 especially of hills1   
promontories1 and rivers1 are of long   
duration2 and suffer little change4 ,the

 same may be said of every thing1 which 
was esteemed at all sacred1 such as     
temples1 towers1 and high mounds of     
earth2 which in early times were used   
for altars4 ,more particularly all      
mineral and medicinal waters will be    
found in a great degree to retain their 
antient names3 and among these there may
 be observed a resemblance in most parts
 of the world4 ,for when names have been
 once determinately affixed1 they are   
not easily effaced4 ,the ,grecians1 who 
under ,alexander settled in ,syria1 and 
,mesopotamia1 changed many names of     
places1 and gave to others inflections1 
and terminations after the mode of their
 own country4 ,but ,marcellinus1 who was
 in those parts under the ,emperor      
,julian1 assures us1 that these changes 
and variations were all cancelled3 and  
that in his time the antient names      
prevailed4 ,every body1 ,i presume1 is  
acquainted with the history of ,palmyra1
 and of ,zenobia the queen2 who having  
been conquered by the emperor ,aurelian1

 was afterwards led in triumph4 ,how    
much that city was beautified by this   
princess1 and by those of her family1   
may be known by the stately ruins which 
are still extant4 ,yet ,i have been     
assured by my late excellent and learned
 friend ,mr4 ,wood1 that if you were to 
mention ,palmyra to an ,arab upon the   
spot1 he would not know to what you     
alluded3 nor would you find him at all  
more acquainted with the history of     
,odnatus1 and ,zenobia4 ,instead of     
,palmyra he would talk of ,tedmor2 and  
in lieu of ,zenobia he would tell you1  
that it was built by ,salmah ,ebn ,doud1
 that is by ,solomon the son of ,david4 
,this is exactly conformable to the     
account in the scriptures3 for it is    
said in the ,book of ,chronicles1       
#ffj;,he also 7,solomon7 built ,tadmor  
in the wilderness4 ,the ,grecian name   
,palmyra1 probably of two thousand years
 standing1 is novel to a native ,arab4  
,as it appeared to me necessary to give 
some account of the rites1 and worship1 

in the first ages1 at least in respect  
to that great family1 with which ,i     
shall be principally concerned1 ,i took 
this opportunity at the same time to    
introduce these etymological inquiries4 
,this ,i have done to the intent that   
the reader may at first setting out see 
the true nature of my system2 and my    
method of investigation4 ,he will hereby
 be able to judge beforehand of the     
scope which ,i pursue2 and of the terms 
on which ,i found my analysis4 ,if it   
should appear that the grounds1 on which
 ,i proceed1 are good1 and my method    
clear1 and warrantable1 the subsequent  
histories will in consequence of it     
receive great illustration4 ,but should 
it be my misfortune to have my system   
thought precarious1 or contrary to the  
truth1 let it be placed to no account1  
but be totally set aside3 as the history
 will speak for itself2 and may without 
these helps be authenticated4           
,illustration3 ,pl4 ,i4 ,mons ,argus ,ex
 ,numism ,tyanorum et ,csariensium      

99       99       99       99       99  
,,of  ,,worship ,,paid ,,at ,,caverns2  
,,and ,,of  ,,the ,,adoration ,,of      
,,fire  ,,in ,,the  ,,first ,,ages4  ,as
 soon as religion began to lose its     
purity1 it degenerated very fast2 and1  
instead of a reverential awe and        
pleasing sense of duty1 there succeeded 
a fearful gloom and unnatural horror1   
which were continually augmented as     
superstition increased4 ,men repaired in
 the first ages either to the lonely    
summits of mountains1 or else to caverns
 in the rocks1 and hollows in the bosom 
of the earth2 which they thought were   
the residence of their ,gods4 ,at the   
entrance of these they raised their     
altars and performed their vows4        
,porphyry takes notice how much this    
mode of worship prevailed among the     
first nations upon the earth3 #ffa     1
    1        1    1        4 ,when in   
process of time they began to erect     
temples1 they were still determined in  
their situation by the vicinity of these

 objects1 which they comprehended within
 the limits of the sacred inclosure4    
,these melancholy recesses were esteemed
 the places of the highest sanctity3 and
 so greatly did this notion prevail1    
that1 in aftertimes1 when this practice 
had ceased1 still the innermost part of 
the temple was denominated the cavern4  
,hence the ,scholiast upon ,lycophron   
interprets the words '  in the poet1    
#ffb    4 ,the cavern is the innermost  
place of the temple4 ,pausanias1        
speaking of a cavern in ,phocis1 says1  
that it was particularly sacred to      
,aphrodite4 #ffc '    4 ,in this cavern 
divine honours were paid to ,aphrodite4 
,parnassus was rendered holy for nothing
 more than for these unpromising        
circumstances4   1        1 1 4#ffd ,the
 mountain of ,parnassus is a place of   
great reverence2 having many caverns1   
and other detached spots1 highly        
honoured and sanctified4 ,at ,tnarus was
 a temple with a fearful aperture1      
through which it was fabled that        

,hercules dragged to light the dog of   
hell4 ,the cave itself seems to have    
been the temple2 for it is said1 #ffe   
4 ,upon the top of the promontory stands
 a temple1 in appearance like a cavern4 
,the situation of ,delphi seems to have 
been determined on account of a mighty  
chasm in the hill1 #fff    3 and ,apollo
 is said to have chosen it for an       
oracular shrine1 on account of the      
effluvia which from thence proceeded4   
#ffg,ut vidit ,pan vastos telluris      
hiatus   ,divinam spirare fidem1        
ventosque loquaces   ,exhalare solum1   
sacris se condidit antris1              
,incubuitque adyto3 vates ibi factus    
,apollo4  ,here also was the temple of  
the #ffh,muses1 which stood close upon a
 reeking stream4 ,but1 what rendered    
,delphi more remarkable1 and more       
reverenced1 was the ,corycian cave1     
which lay between that hill and         
,parnassus4 ,it went under ground a     
great way3 and ,pausanias1 who made it  
his particular business to visit places 

of this nature1 says1 that it was the   
most extraordinary of any which he ever 
beheld4 #ffi  1  1   4 ,there were many 
caves styled ,corycian3 one in ,cilicia1
 mentioned by ,stephanus ,byzantinus    
from ,parthenius1 who speaks of a city  
of the same name3 '     1  4 ,near which
 city was the ,corycian cavern1 sacred  
to the nymphs1 which afforded a sight   
the most astonishing4 ,there was a place
 of this sort at #fgj,samacon1 in ,elis2
 and1 like the above1 consecrated to the
 nymphs4 ,there were likewise medicinal 
waters1 from which people troubled with 
cutaneous and scrofulous disorders found
 great benefit4 ,i have mentioned the   
temple at ,hierapolis in #fga,phrygia2  
and the chasm within its precincts1 out 
of which there issued a pestilential    
vapour4 ,there was a city of the same   
name in #fgb,syria1 where stood a temple
 of the highest antiquity2 and in this  
temple was a fissure1 through which1    
according to the tradition of the       
natives1 the waters at the deluge       

retired4 ,innumerable instances might be
 produced to this purpose from          
,pausanias1 ,strabo1 ,pliny1 and other  
writers4  ,it has been observed1 that   
the ,greek term 1 hollow1 was often     
substituted for ,colus1 heaven3 and1 ,i 
think1 it will appear to have been thus 
used from the subsequent history1       
wherein the worship of the ,atlantians  
is described4 ,the mythologists gave    
out1 that ,atlas supported heaven3 one  
reason for this notion was1 that upon   
mount ,atlas stood a temple to ,colus4  
,it is mentioned by ,maximus ,tyrius in 
one of his dissertations1 and is here1  
as in many other instances1 changed to 1
 hollow4 ,the temple was undoubtedly a  
cavern3 but the name is to be understood
 in its original acceptation1 as ,col1  
the house of ,god2 to which the natives 
paid their adoration4 ,this mode of     
worship among the ,atlantian betrays a  
great antiquity2 as the temple seems to 
have been merely a vast hollow in the   
side of the mountain2 and to have had in

 it neither image1 nor pillar1 nor      
stone1 nor any material object of       
adoration3 #fgc    1  4--   1  1  1  4  
,this ,atlas 7of which ,i have been     
speaking7 is a mountain with a cavity1  
and of a tolerable height1 which the    
natives esteem both as a temple and a   
,deity3 and it is the great object by   
which they swear2 and to which they pay 
their devotions4 ,the cave in the       
mountain was certainly named ,co-el1 the
 house of ,god2 equivalent to ,clus of  
the ,romans4 ,to this the people made   
their offerings3 and this was the heaven
 which ,atlas was supposed to support4  
,it seems to have been no uncommon term 
among the ,africans4 ,there was a city  
in ,libya named ,col1 which the ,romans 
rendered ,colu4 ,they would have        
expressed it ,coelus1 or ,clus2 but the 
name was copied in the time of the      
,punic wars1 before the s final was     
admitted into their writings4 ,vaillant 
has given several specimens of coins    
struck in this city to the honour of    

some of the ,roman #fgd;emperors1 but   
especially of ,verus1 ,commodus1 and    
,antoninus ,pius4  ,illustration3 ,pl4  
,,ii4 ,temple of ,mithras near ,naki    
,rustan in ,persia4 ,also temples in the
 rock near the ,plain of the ,magi4     
,from ,le ,bruyn4  ,among the ,persians 
most of the temples were caverns in     
rocks1 either formed by nature1 or      
artificially produced4 ,they had        
likewise ,puratheia1 or open temples1   
for the celebration of the rites of     
fire4 ,i shall hereafter shew1 that the 
religion1 of which ,i have been         
treating1 was derived from the sons of  
,chus3 and in the antient province of   
,chusistan1 called afterwards ,persis1  
there are to be seen at this day many   
curious monuments of antiquity1 which   
have a reference to that worship4 ,the  
learned ,hyde supposes them to have been
 either #fgepalaces1 or tombs4 ,the     
chief building1 which he has taken for a
 palace1 is manifestly a ,puratheion2   
one of those open edifices called by the

 ,greeks 4 ,it is very like the temple  
at ,lucorein in upper ,egypt1 and seems 
to be still entire4 ,at a glance we may 
perceive1 that it was never intended for
 an habitation4 ,at a distance are some 
sacred grottos1 hewn out of the rock2   
the same which he imagines to have been 
tombs4 ,many of the antients1 as well as
 of the moderns1 have been of the same  
opinion4 ,in the front of these grottos 
are representations of various          
characters3 and among others is figured1
 more than once1 a princely personage1  
who is approaching the altar where the  
sacred fire is #fgf;burning4 ,above all 
is the ,sun1 and the figure of a ,deity 
in a cloud1 with sometimes a sacred     
bandage1 at other times a serpent       
entwined round his middle1 similar to   
the ,cnuphis of ,egypt4 ,hyde supposes  
the figure above to be the soul of the  
king1 who stands before the altar3 but  
it is certainly an emblem of the ,deity1
 of which we have a second example in   
,le #fgg;,bruyn1 copied from another    

part of these edifices4 ,hyde takes     
notice1 that there were several         
repetitions of this history1 and        
particularly of persons1 solem et ignem 
in pariete delineatos intuentes3 yet he 
forms his judgment from one specimen    
only4 ,these curious samples of antient 
architecture are described by           
#fgh,kmpfer1 #fgi,mandesloe1            
#fhj;,chardin1 and #fha,le ,bruyn4 ,they
 are likewise taken notice of by        
#fhb,thevenot1 and ,herbert4 ,in respect
 to the grottos ,i am persuaded1 that   
they were temples1 and not tombs4       
,nothing was more common among the      
,persians than to have their temples    
formed out of rocks4 ,mithras e         
#fhc,petr was in a manner a proverb4    
,porphyry assures us1 that the ,deity   
had always a rock or cavern for his     
temple3 that people1 in all places1     
where the name of ,mithras was known1   
paid their worship at a #fhd;cavern4    
,justin ,martyr speaks to the same      
#fhepurpose3 and ,lutatius ,placidus    

mentions that this mode of worship began
 among the ,persians1 #fhf,pers in      
spelis coli solem primi invenisse       
dicuntur4 ,there is therefore no reason 
to think that these grottos were tombs2 
or that the ,persians ever made use of  
such places for the sepulture of their  
kings4 ,the tombs of #fhg;,cyrus1       
#fhh,nitocris1 and other oriental       
princes1 were within the precincts of   
their cities3 from whence1 as well as   
from the devices upon the entablatures  
of these grottos1 we may be assured that
 they were designed for temples4 ,le    
,bruyn indeed supposes them to have been
 places of burial2 which is very natural
 for a person to imagine1 who was not   
acquainted with the antient worship of  
the people4 ,thevenot also says1 that he
 #fhiwent into the caverns1 and saw     
several stone coffins4 ,but this merely 
conjectural3 for the things1 to which he
 alludes1 were not in the shape of      
coffins1 and had undoubtedly been placed
 there as cisterns for water1 which the 

,persians used in their nocturnal       
lustrations4 ,this we may1 in great     
measure1 learn from his own words3 for  
he says1 that these reservoirs were     
square1 and had a near resemblance to   
the basons of a fountain4 ,the hills1   
where these grottos have been formed1   
are probably the same1 which were of old
 famous for the strange echoes1 and     
noises heard upon them4 ,the            
circumstance is mentioned by ,clemens   
,alexandrinus#fij1 who quotes it from   
the writers1 who treated of the ,persic 
history4 ,it seems that there were some 
sacred hills in ,persis1 where1 as      
people passed by1 there were heard      
shouts1 as of a multitude of people3    
also hymns and exultations1 and other   
uncommon noises4 ,these sounds          
undoubtedly proceeded from the priests  
at their midnight worship3 whose voices 
at that season were reverberated by the 
mountains1 and were accompanied with a  
reverential awe in those who heard them4
 ,the country below was called   1 the  

region of the ,magi4  ,the principal    
building also1 which is thought to have 
been a palace1 was a temple2 but of a   
different sort4 ,the travellers above   
say1 that it is called ,istachar3 and   
,hyde repeats it1 and tells us1 that it 
signifies e rupe sumptum1 seu rupe      
constans saxeum palatium3 and that it is
 derived from the ,arabic word sachr1   
rupes1 in the eighth #fia;conjugation4  
,i am sorry1 that ,i am obliged to      
controvert this learned man's opinion1  
and to encounter him upon his own       
ground1 about a point of oriental       
etymology4 ,i am entirely a stranger to 
the ,persic1 and ,arabic languages2 yet 
,i cannot acquiesce in his opinion4 ,i  
do not think that the words e rupe      
sumptum1 vel rupe constans saxeum       
palatium1 are at any rate materials1 out
 of which a proper name could be        
constructed4 ,the place to be sure1     
whether a palace1 or a temple1 is built 
of stone taken from the quarry1 or rock3
 but what temple or palace is not8 ,can 

we believe that they would give as a    
proper name to one place1 what was in a 
manner common to all2 and choose for a  
characteristic what was so general and  
indeterminate8 ,it is not to be         
supposed4 ,every symbol1 and            
representation relates to the worship of
 the country3 and all history shews that
 such places were sacred1 and set apart 
for the adoration of fire1 and the      
,deity of that element1 called ,ista1   
and ,esta4#fib ,ista-char1 or ,esta-char
 is the place or temple of ,ista or     
,esta2 who was the ,hestia1 1 of the    
,greeks1 and ,vesta of the ,romans4     
,that the term originally related to    
fire we have the authority of ,petavius4
 #fic;,hebrac lingu  ignem significat1  
,aram  qu voce ignem a ,nomo vocatum    
,berosus prodidit3 atque inde fortassis 
,grci  originem deduxerunt4 ,herbert1   
therefore1 with great propriety1        
supposes the building to have been the  
temple of #fid;,anaia1 or ,anas2 who was
 the same as ,hanes1 as well as ,hestia4

 ,procopius1 speaking of the sacred fire
 of the ,persians1 says expressly1 that 
it was the very same which in aftertimes
 the ,romans worshipped1 and called the 
fire of ,hestia1 or ,vesta4 #fie   1   1
       4 ,this is farther proved from a 
well known verse in ,ovid4    #fif,nec  
tu aliud ,vestam1 quam vivam intellige  
flammam4  ,hyde renders the term after  
,kmpfer1 ,ista3 but it was more commonly
 expressed ,esta1 and ,asta4 ,the ,deity
 was also styled ,astachan1 which as a  
masculine signified ,sol ,dominus1 sive 
,vulcanus ,rex4 ,this we may infer from 
a province in ,parthia1 remarkable for  
eruptions of fire1 which was called     
#fig;,asta-cana1 rendered by the ,romans
 ,astacene1 the region of the ,god of   
fire4 ,the island ,delos was famous for 
the worship of the sun3 and we learn    
from ,callimachus1 that there were      
traditions of subterraneous fires       
bursting forth in many parts of it4     
#fih  1   4  ,upon this account it was  
called #fii,pirpile2 and by the same    

poet ,histia1 and ,hestia1 similar to   
the name above4 #gjj1   4 ,the antient  
,scyth were worshippers of fire3 and    
,herodotus describes them as devoted to 
,histia#gja4    4 ,from hence1 ,i think1
 we may know for certain the purport of 
the term ,istachar1 which was a name    
given to the grand ,pureion in          
,chusistan from the ,deity there        
worshipped4 ,it stands near the bottom  
of the hills with the caverns in a      
widely-extended plain3 which ,i make no 
doubt is the celebrated plain of the    
magi mentioned above by ,clemens4 ,we   
may from these data venture to correct a
 mistake in ,maximus ,tyrius1 who in    
speaking of fire-worship among the      
,persians1 says1 that it was attended   
with acclamations1 in which they invited
 the ,deity to take his repast#gjb4 1 1 
4 ,what he renders 1 was undoubtedly 1  
,hestie1 the name of the ,god of fire4  
,the address was1  1 1 3 ,o mighty ,lord
 of fire1 ,hestius3 which is changed to 
,o ,fire1 come1 and feed4  ,the island  

,cyprus was of old called               
#gjc;,cerastis1 and ,cerastia2 and had a
 city of the same name4 ,this city was  
more known by the name of ,amathus3 and 
mention is made of cruel rites practised
 in its #gjdtemple4 ,as long as the     
former name prevailed1 the inhabitants  
were styled ,cerast4 ,they were more    
particularly the priests who were so    
denominated2 and who were at last       
extirpated for their cruelty4 ,the poets
 imagining that the term ,cerast related
 to a horn1 fabled that they were turned
 into bulls4    #gje ,atque illos gemino
 quondam quibus aspera cornu   ,frons   
erat1 unde etiam nomen traxere ,cerast4 
,there was a city of the same name in   
,euba1 expressed ,carystus1 where the   
stone #gjf;,asbestus was found4 ,of this
 they made a kind of cloth1 which was   
supposed to be proof against fire1 and  
to be cleansed by that element4 ,the    
purport of the name is plain2 and the   
natural history of the place affords us 
a reason why it was imposed4 ,for this  

we are obliged to ,solinus1 who calls   
the city with the ,grecian termination1 
,carystos2 and says1 that it was noted  
for its hot streams3 #gjg;,carystos     
aquas calentes habet1 quas  vocant4 ,we 
may therefore be assured1 that it was   
called ,car-ystus from the ,deity of    
fire1 to whom all hot fountains were    
sacred4 ,ellopia is a compound of ,el   
,ope1 ,sol ,python1 another name of the 
same ,deity4 ,carystus1 ,cerastis1      
,cerasta1 are all of the same purport3  
they betoken a place1 or temple of      
,astus1 or ,asta1 the ,god of fire4     
,cerasta in the feminine is expressly   
the same1 only reversed1 as ,astachar in
 ,chusistan4 ,some places had the same  
term in the composition of their names1 
which was joined with ,kur2 and they    
were named in honour of the ,sun1 styled
 1 ,curos4 ,he was worshipped all over  
,syria2 and one large province was hence
 named ,curesta1 and ,curestica1 from  1
 ,sol ,hestius4  ,in ,cappadocia were   
many ,puratheia2 and the people followed

 the same manner of worship1 as was     
practised in ,persis4 ,the rites which  
prevailed1 may be inferred from the     
names of places1 as well as from the    
history of the country4 ,one city seems 
to have been denominated from its       
tutelary ,deity1 and called ,castabala4 
,this is a plain compound of            
,ca-,asta-,bala1 the place or temple of 
,asta ,bala2 the same ,deity1 as by the 
,syrians was called ,baaltis4 ,asta     
,bala was the ,goddess of fire3 and the 
same customs prevailed here as at       
,feronia in ,latium4 ,the female        
attendants in the temple used to walk   
with their feet bare over burning       
#gjh;coals4  ,such is the nature of the 
temple named ,istachar2 and of the      
caverns in the mountains of ,chusistan4 
,they were sacred to ,mithras1 and were 
made use of for his rites4 ,some make a 
distinction between ,mithras1 ,mithres1 
and ,mithra3 but they were all the same 
,deity1 the #gji,sun1 esteemed the chief
 ,god of the ,persians4 ,in these gloomy

 recesses people who were to be         
initiated1 were confined for a long     
season in the dark1 and totally secluded
 from all company4 ,during this         
appointed term they underwent1 as some  
say1 eighty kinds of trials1 or         
tortures1 by way of expiation4          
#gaj,mithra apud ,persas ,sol esse      
existimatur3 nemo vero ejus sacris      
initiari potest1 nisi per aliquot       
suppliciarum gradus transierit4 ,sunt   
tormentorum ij lxxx gradus1 partim      
intensiores4--,ita demum1 exhaustis     
omnibus tormentis1 sacris imbuuntur4    
,many #gaa;died in the trial3 and those 
who survived were often so crazed and   
shaken in their intellects1 that they   
never returned to their former state of 
mind4  ,some traces of this kind of     
penance may be still perceived in the   
east1 where the followers of ,mahomet   
have been found to adopt it4 ,in the    
history given by ,hanway of the ,persian
 monarch1 ,mir ,maghmud1 we have an     
account of a process similar to that    

above1 which this prince thought proper 
to undergo4 ,he was of a sour and cruel 
disposition1 and had been greatly       
dejected in his spirits2 on which       
account he wanted to obtain some light  
and assistance from heaven4 #gab,with   
this intent ,maghmud undertook to       
perform the spiritual exercises which   
the ,indian ,mahommedans1 who are more  
addicted to them than those of other    
countries1 have introduced into         
,kandahar4 ,this superstitious practice 
is observed by shutting themselves up   
fourteen or fifteen days in a place     
where no light enters4 ,the only        
nourishment they take is a little bread 
and water at sun-set4 ,during this      
retreat they employ their time in       
repeating incessantly1 with a strong    
guttural voice1 the word ,hou1 by which 
they denote one of the attributes of the
 ,deity4 ,these continual cries1 and the
 agitations of the body with which they 
were attended1 naturally unhinge the    
whole frame4 ,when by fasting and       

darkness the brain is distempered1 they 
fancy they see spectres and hear voices4
 ,thus they take pains to confirm the   
distemper which puts them upon such     
trials4  ,such was the painful exercise 
which ,maghmud undertook in ,january    
this year2 and for this purpose he chose
 a subterraneous vault4 ,in the         
beginning of the next month1 when he    
came forth1 he was so pale1 disfigured1 
and emaciated1 that they hardly knew    
him4 ,but this was not the worst effect 
of his devotion4 ,solitude1 often       
dangerous to a melancholy turn of       
thought1 had1 under the circumstances of
 his inquietude1 and the strangeness of 
his penance1 impaired his reason4 ,he   
became restless and suspicious1 often   
starting4--,in one of these fits he     
determined to put to death the whole    
family of his predecessor1 ,sha         
,hussein2 among whom were several       
brothers1 three uncles1 and seven       
nephews1 besides that prince's children4
 ,all these1 in number above an hundred1

 the tyrant cut to pieces with his own  
hand in the palace yard1 where they were
 assembled for that bloody purpose4 ,two
 small children only escaped by the     
intervention of their father1 who was   
wounded in endeavouring to screen them4 
,illustration3 ,pl4 ,,iii4 ,petra1      
,mithra or ,temple of ,mithras from     
,thevenot4 ,part #b4  ,the reverence    
paid to caves and grottos arose from a  
notion that they were a representation  
of the #gacworld2 and that the chief    
,deity whom the ,persians worshipped    
proceeded from a cave4 ,such was the    
tradition which they had received1 and  
which contained in it matter of         
importance4 ,porphyry attributes the    
original of the custom to ,zoroaster1   
whoever ,zoroaster may have been2 and   
says1 that he first consecrated a       
natural cavern in ,persis to ,mithras1  
the creator and father of all things4   
,he was followed in this practice by    
others1 who dedicated to the ,deity     
places of this #gadnature2 either such  

as were originally hollowed by nature1  
or made so by the art of man4 ,those1 of
 which we have specimens exhibited by   
the writers above1 were probably        
enriched and ornamented by the          
,achaimenid of ,persis1 who succeeded to
 the throne of ,cyrus4 ,they are modern1
 if compared with the first introduction
 of the worship2 yet of high antiquity  
in respect to us4 ,they are noble relics
 of ,persic architecture1 and afford us 
matter of great curiosity4         99   
99       99       99       99   ,,of    
,,the  ,,omphi1  ,,and ,,of  ,,the      
,,worship ,,upon ,,high ,,places4  ,the 
term ,omphi is of great antiquity1 and  
denotes an oracular influence1 by which 
people obtained an insight into the     
secrets of futurity4 ,i have taken      
notice with what reverence men in the   
first ages repaired to rocks and        
caverns1 as to places of particular     
sanctity4 ,here they thought that the   
,deity would most likely disclose       
himself either by a voice1 or a dream1  

or some other prternatural token4 ,many1
 for the same purpose1 worshipped upon  
hills1 and on the tops of high          
mountains2 imagining that they hereby   
obtained a nearer communication with    
heaven4 ,hence we read1 as far back as  
the days of ,moses1 concerning the high 
places in #gae;,canaan4 ,and1 under the 
kings of ,israel and ,judah1 that the   
people made their offerings in high     
places4 ,we are particularly told of    
,pekah1 the son of ,remaliah1 that he   
walked in the way of the #gaf kings of  
,israel2 yea1 and made his sons to pass 
through the fire1 according to the      
abominations of the heathen--and he     
sacrificed and burnt incense in the high
 places1 and on the hills1 and under    
every green tree4 ,and many times when a
 reformation was introduced under some  
of the wiser and better princes1 it is  
still lamented by the sacred writer1    
that #gag the high places were not taken
 away3 the people still offered1 and    
burnt incense on the high places4 ,it is

 observable1 when the king of ,moab     
wanted to obtain an answer from ,god1   
that he took ,balaam the prophet1 and   
brought him to the #gah;high places of  
,baal4 ,and1 finding that he could not  
obtain his purpose there1 he carried him
 into the field of ,zophim unto the top 
of ,pisgah2 and from thence he again    
removed him to the top of ,peor4 ,in all
 these places he erected seven altars1  
and offered a bullock and a ram on      
every#gai altar4 ,it is said of         
,orpheus1 that he went with some of his 
disciples to meet ,theiodamas1 the son  
of ,priam1 and to partake in a sacrifice
 which he every year offered upon the   
summit of a high#gbj mountain4 ,we are  
told by ,strabo1 that the ,persians     
always performed their worship upon     
hills#gba4            1    4  ,the      
people of ,cappadocia and ,pontus       
observed the like method of worship3    
and1 of all sacrifices1 wherever        
exhibited upon high places1 none1       
perhaps1 ever equalled in magnificence  

that which was offered by ,mithridates  
upon his war with the ,romans4 ,he      
followed the ,persic modes of worship1  
as well as the mixed rites of the       
,chaldeans and ,syrians4 ,hence he chose
 one of the highest mountains in his    
dominions3 upon the top of which he     
reared an immense pile1 equal in size to
 the summit on which it stood3 and there
 he sacrificed to the ,god of           
armies--#gbb     1       4 ,the pile was
 raised by his vassal princes3 and the  
offerings1 besides those customary1 were
 wine1 honey1 oil1 and every species of 
aromatics4 ,the fire is said to have    
been perceived at the distance of near a
 thousand stadia4 ,the ,roman poet makes
 his hero choose a like situation for a 
temple which he erected to ,venus2 and  
for the grove which he dedicated to the 
manes of his father4    #gbc,tum vicina 
astris ,ericino in vertice sedes        
,fundatur ,veneri ,idali3 tumuloque     
,sacerdos1   ,et lucus1 late sacer1     
additur ,anchiseo4  ,in ,japan most of  

their temples at this day are           
constructed upon eminences2 and often   
upon the ascent of high mountains4 ,they
 are all1 #gbdsays ,kmpfer1 most sweetly
 seated3 ,a curious view of the adjacent
 country1 a spring and rivulet of clear 
water1 and the neighbourhood of a grove 
with pleasant walks1 being the necessary
 qualifications of those spots of ground
 where these holy structures are to be  
built3 for they say that the ,gods are  
extremely delighted with such high and  
pleasant places4  ,this practice in     
early times was almost universal2 and   
every #gbemountain was esteemed holy4   
,the people1 who prosecuted this method 
of worship1 enjoyed a soothing          
infatuation1 which flattered the gloom  
of superstition4 ,the eminences to which
 they retired were lonely1 and silent2  
and seemed to be happily circumstanced  
for contemplation and prayer4 ,they1 who
 frequented them1 were raised above the 
lower world2 and fancied that they were 
brought into the vicinity of the powers 

of the air1 and of the ,deity who       
resided in the higher regions4 ,but the 
chief excellence for which they were    
frequented1 was the ,omphi1 expressed   
by the ,greeks1 and interpreted #gbf 1  
vox divina1 being esteemed a particular 
revelation from heaven4 ,in short1 they 
were looked upon as the peculiar places 
where ,god delivered his oracles4       
,hermus in ,plutarch expresses this term
 1 omphis2 and says1 that it was the    
name of an ,egyptian ,deity3 and he     
interprets it1 ,i know not for what     
reason1 #gbg4 ,the word truly rendered  
was ,omphi or ,amphi1 the oracle of     
,ham2 who1 according to the ,egyptian   
theology1 was the same as the ,sun1 or  
,osiris4 ,he was likewise revered as the
 chief ,deity by the ,chaldeans2 and by 
most nations in the east4 ,he was styled
 both ,ham1 and ,cham3 and his oracles  
both ,omphi and ,ompi4 ,in consequence  
of this1 the mountains where they were  
supposed to be delivered1 came to be    
denominated ,har-al-,ompi2 which al-ompi

 by the ,greeks was changed to 1        
,olympus2 and the mountain was called  4
 ,there were many of this name4 ,the    
,scholiast upon ,apollonius reckons up  
#gbhsix3 but there were certainly more1 
besides a variety of places styled upon 
the same account #gbi,olympian4 ,they   
were all looked upon to be prophetic2   
and supposed to be the residence of the 
chief ,deity1 under whatever            
denomination he was specified1 which was
 generally the ,god of light4 ,for these
 oracles no place was of more repute    
than the hill at ,delphi1 called        
,omphi-,el1 or the oracle of the ,sun4  
,but the ,greeks1 who changed ,al-omphi 
to ,olympus1 perverted these terms in a 
manner still more strange3 for finding  
them somewhat similar in sound to a word
 in their own language1 their caprice   
immediately led them to think of 1 a    
navel1 which they substituted for the   
original word4 ,this they did uniformly 
in all parts of the world2 and always   
invented some story to countenance their

 mistake4 ,hence1 whenever we meet with 
an idle account of a navel1 we may be   
pretty sure that there is some allusion 
to an oracle4 ,in respect to ,delphi1   
they presumed that it was the umbilicus1
 or centre of the whole earth4 ,the     
poets gave into this notion without any 
difficulty2 ,sophocles calls it #gcj  3 
and ,euripides avers that it was the    
precise centre of the earth3    #gca    
4  ,livy1 the historian1 does not       
scruple to accede to this notion1 and to
 call it #gcbumbilicum orbis terrarum4  
,strabo speaks of it in this light1 but 
with some hesitation4 #gcc       --     
4 ,varro very sensibly refutes this idle
 notion in some #gcdstrictures upon a   
passage in the poet ,manilius to the    
purpose above4                    ,o1   
sancte ,apollo1   ,qui umbilicum certum 
terrarum obtines4  ,upon which he makes 
this remark3 ,umbilicum dictum aiunt ab 
umbilico nostro1 quod is medius locus   
sit terrarum1 ut umbilicus in nobis3    
quod utrumque est falsum4 ,neque hic    

locus terrarum est medius2 neque noster 
umbilicus est hominis medius4           
,epimenides long before had said the    
same3    #gce     1  4  ,but supposing  
that this name and character had some   
relation to ,delphi1 how are we to      
account for other places being called   
after this manner8 ,they could not all  
be umbilical3 the earth cannot be       
supposed to have different centres3 nor 
could the places thus named be always so
 situated1 as to be central in respect  
to the nation1 or the province in which 
they were included4 ,writers try to make
 it out this way3 yet they do not seem  
satisfied with the process4 ,the        
contradictory accounts shew the         
absurdity of the notion4 ,it was a term 
borrowed from ,egypt1 which was itself  
an ,omphalian region4 ,horus ,apollo not
 knowing the meaning of this has made   
,egypt the centre of the earth3 #gcf    
4 ,pausanias mentions an ,omphalus in   
the ,peloponnesus1 which was said to    
have been the middle of that country4   

,he seems however to doubt of this      
circumstance1 as he well may#gcg4       
1    1     4 ,at no great distance is a 
place called the ,omphalus1 or navel2   
which is the centre of the whole        
,peloponnesus1 if the people here tell  
us the truth4 ,at ,enna in #gch,sicily  
was an ,omphalus3 and the island of     
,calypso is represented by ,homer as the
 umbilicus of the sea4 ,the ,goddess    
resided--#gci    '   4 ,the tolians were
 styled umbilical2 and looked upon      
themselves as the central people in     
,greece1 like those of ,delphi4 ,but    
this notion was void of all truth in    
every instance which has been produced3 
and arose from a wrong interpretation of
 antient terms4 ,what the ,grecians     
styled ,omphalus was certainly          
,ompha-,el1 the same as ,al-,ompha2 and 
related to the oracle of ,ham or the    
,sun3 and these temples were ,prutaneia1
 and ,puratheia1 with a tumulus or high 
altar1 where the rites of fire were in  
antient times performed4 ,as a proof of 

this etymology most of the places styled
 ,olympian1 or ,omphalian1 will be found
 to have a reference to an oracle4      
,epirus was celebrated for the oracle at
 ,dodona3 and we learn from the antient 
poet1 ,reianus1 that the natives were of
 old called ,omphalians3    #gdj  1   4 
,there was an ,omphalia in ,elis2 and   
here too was an oracle mentioned by     
#gda,pindar and ,strabo3 #gdb    7 7    
4 ,the place derived all its lustre     
originally from the oracular temple of  
,olympian ,jove4 ,in this province was  
an antient city #gdc;,alphira2 and a    
grove of ,artemis #gdd;,alpheionia1 and 
the whole was watered by the sacred     
river ,alpheus4 ,all these are derived  
from ,el1 the prophetic ,deity1 the     
,sun2 and more immediately from his     
oracle1 ,alphi4 ,the ,greeks deduced    
every place from some personage3 and    
,plutarch accordingly makes             
,alpheus#gde--    '  1 one of those who 
derived their race from the ,sun4 ,the  
term ,alphi1 from whence the ,greeks    

formed ,alphira1 ,alpheionia1 and       
,alphes1 is in acceptation the same as  
,amphi4 ,for ,ham being by his posterity
 esteemed the ,sun1 or ,el2 and likewise
 ,or1 the same as ,orus2 his oracles    
were in consequence styled not only     
,amphi1 and ,omphi1 but ,alphi1 ,elphi1 
,orphi1 ,urphi4  ,i have taken notice of
 several cities called ,omphalian1 and  
have observed1 that they generally had  
oracular temples3 but by the ,greeks    
they were universally supposed to have  
been denominated from a navel4 ,there   
was a place called #gdf,omphalian in    
,thessaly3 and another in ,crete1 which 
had a celebrated #gdgoracle4 ,it is     
probably the same that is mentioned by  
,strabo1 as being upon mount ,ida1 where
 was the city ,elorus4 ,diodorus speaks 
of this oracle1 named ,omphalian2 but   
supposes that the true name was 1       
omphalus3 and says1 that it was so      
called 7strange to tell7 because        
,jupiter1 when he was a child1 lost his 
navel here1 which dropped into the river

 ,triton3 #gdh       3 from this        
accident the place had the name of      
,omphalus1 or the navel4 ,callimachus in
 his hymn to ,jupiter dwells upon this  
circumstance3    #gdi     1    1    7 ' 
7     1 1 ' 1         4  ,who would     
imagine1 that one of the wisest nations 
that ever existed could rest satisfied  
with such idle figments3 and how can we 
account for these illusions1 which      
overspread the brightest minds8 ,we see 
knowing and experienced people inventing
 the most childish tales2 lovers of     
science adopting them2 and they are     
finally recorded by the grave historian3
 all which would not appear credible1   
had we not these evidences so           
immediately transmitted from them4 ,and 
it is to be observed that this blindness
 is only in regard to their religion2   
and to their mythology1 which was       
grounded thereupon4 ,in all other       
respects they were the wisest of the    
sons of men4  ,we meet in history with  
other places styled ,omphalian4 ,the    

temple of ,jupiter ,ammon was esteemed  
of the highest antiquity1 and we are    
informed that there was an omphalus     
here2 and that the ,deity was worshipped
 under the form of a navel4 ,quintus    
,curtius1 who copied his history from   
the ,greeks1 gives us in the life of    
,alexander the following strange        
account1 which he has embellished with  
some colouring of his own4 #gej;,id1    
quod pro ,deo colitur1 non eandem       
effigiem habebat1 quam vulgo ,diis      
,artifices accommodrunt4 ,umbilico      
maxime similis est habitus1 smaragdo1 et
 gemmis1 coagmentatus4 ,hunc1 cum       
responsum petitur1 navigio aurato       
gestant ,sacerdotes1 multis argenteis   
pateris ab utroque navigii latere       
pendentibus4 ,the whole of this is an   
abuse of terms1 which the author did not
 understand1 and has totally misapplied4
 ,one would imagine that so improbable a
 story1 as that of an umbilical ,deity  
with his silver basons1 though patched  
up with gold and emeralds1 would have   

confuted itself4 ,yet ,schottus in his  
notes upon ,curtius has been taken with 
this motly description3 and in          
opposition to all good history1 thinks  
that this idle story of a navel relates 
to the compass4 ,hyde too has adopted   
this notion2 and proceeds to shew how   
each circumstance may be made to agree  
with the properties of the magnet4      
#gea;,illa nempe ,jovis effigies videtur
 semiglobulare quiddam1 uti est         
compassus marinus1 form umbilici        
librarii1 seu umbonis1 tanquam  quoddam 
adoratum1 propter ejusdem divinum       
auxilium3 utpote in quo index magneticus
 erat sicut intus existens quidam deus1 
navigiorum cursum in medio quore        
dirigens4 ,these learned men were endued
 with a ready faith3 and not only       
acquiesce in what they have been told1  
but contribute largely to establish the 
mistake4 ,the true history is this4     
,most places in which was the supposed  
oracle of a ,deity1 the ,grecians1 as ,i
 have before mentioned1 styled ,olympus1

 ,olympia1 and ,olympiaca3 or else      
,omphale1 and ,omphalia1 and the        
province  4 ,these terms were thought to
 relate to a navel3 but1 if such an     
interpretation could have been made to  
correspond with the history of any one  
place1 yet that history could not have  
been reiterated2 nor could places so    
widely distant have all had the same    
reference4 ,what was terminated  was    
#geb,omph-,el1 the oracle of ,god1 the  
seat of divine influence3 and ,al-,omphi
 was a name given to mountains and      
eminences upon the same account4 ,an    
oracle was given to ,pelias in          
,thessaly3 and whence did it proceed8   
from the well wooded omphalus of his    
mother ,earth4    #gec                  
4--  ,in other words1 it proceeded from 
the stately grove of ,hestia1 where     
stood an oracular temple4  ,in respect  
to the omphalus of ,ammon1 which        
,curtius has translated umbilicus1 and  
garnished with gold and jewels1 the     
whole arises from a mistake in terms1 as

 in the many instances before4 ,it was  
,omphi ,el1 the oracle of ,ham1 or the  
,sun3 and the shrine1 from whence it was
 supposed to proceed1 was carried in a  
boat4 ,the ,pater1 represented as so    
many silver basons1 were in reality the 
interpreters of the oracle4 ,they were  
the priests1 who in the sacred          
processions walked on each side1 and    
supported both the image and the boat in
 which it was carried4 ,they are said to
 have been eighty in number2 and they   
pretended to bear the ,deity about1 just
 as they were by the divine impulse     
directed4 ,the ,god1 says #ged;,diodorus
 ,siculus1 is carried about in a ship of
 gold by eighty of his priests4 ,they   
bear him upon their shoulders1 and      
pursue their way by instinct1 just as   
the divine automaton chances to direct  
them4 ,these persons1 who thus          
officiated1 were probably the same as   
the ,petiphar of the antient ,egyptians1
 but were called ,pater by the ,greeks4 
,it was a name1 and office1 by which the

 priests of ,delphi1 and of many other  
places besides those in ,egypt1 were    
distinguished3 and the term always      
related to oracular interpretation4     
,hence ,bochart describes these priests1
 and their function1 very justly4       
#gee,pater ,sacerdotes ,apollinis1      
oraculorum interpretes4 ,pator1 or      
,petor1 was an ,egyptian word2 and      
,moses speaking of ,joseph1 and the     
dreams of ,pharaoh1 more than once makes
 use of it in the sense above4 ,it      
occurs ,genesis4 c4 #da4 v4 #h4--v4 #ac4
 and manifestly alludes to an           
interpretation of that divine           
intercourse1 which the ,egyptians styled
 ,omphi4 ,this was communicated to      
,pharaoh by a dream3 for the ,omphi was 
esteemed not only a verbal response1 but
 also an intimation by #gef;dreams--1  1
  -- 4 ,hesychius4 ,so it likewise      
occurs in ,eusebius2 who quotes a       
passage from the oracles of ,hecate1    
wherein the ,gods are represented1 as   
insensibly wafted through the air like  

an ,omphean vision4    #geg            '
 4  ,these ,omphean visions were        
explained by ,joseph2 he interpreted the
 dreams of ,pharaoh3 wherefore the title
 of ,pator is reckoned by the ,rabbins  
among the names of ,joseph4 ,there is   
thought to be the same allusion to      
divine interpretation in the name of the
 apostle ,peter3 1  1  4 ,hesych4       
,petrus ,hebro sermone agnoscens notat4 
,arator4 ,from these examples we may1 ,i
 think1 learn that the priest was styled
 ,petor1 and ,pator3 and that it was the
 place1 which properly was called       
,patora4 ,the ,colossal statue of       
,memnon in the ,thebas was a ,patora1 or
 oracular image4 ,there are many        
inscriptions upon different parts of it2
 which were copied by ,dr4 ,pocock#geh1 
and are to be seen in the first volume  
of his travels4 ,they are all of late   
date in comparison of the statue itself2
 the antiquity of which is very great4  
,one of these inscriptions is           
particular1 and relates to the ,omphi1  

which seems to have frightened away some
 ill-disposed people in an attempt to   
deface the image3    #gei  '          4 
,one of the most famous oracles of      
,apollo was in ,lycia3 and in           
consequence of it the place was named   
,patara4 ,patra in ,achaia was of the   
same purport4 ,i should imagine1 that   
the place where ,balaam the false       
#gfjprophet resided1 was of the same    
nature2 and that by ,pethor and ,pethora
 was meant a place of interpretation1 or
 oracular temple4 ,there was probably a 
college of priests2 such as are         
mentioned to have existed among the     
,amonians3 of whom ,balaam had been by  
the king of ,moab appointed chief       
,petora1 or priest4 ,it seems to have   
been the celebrated place in ,arabia1   
famous in after times for the worship of
 ,alilat1 and called by the ,romans     
#gfa,petra4  ,the custom of carrying the
 ,deity in a shrine1 placed in a boat1  
and supported by priests1 was in use    
among the ,egyptians1 as well as the    

#gfb;,ammonites4 ,it is a circumstance  
which deserves our notice2 as it appears
 to be very antient1 and had doubtless a
 mysterious allusion4 ,we have three    
curious examples of it among            
#gfc;,bishop ,pocock's valuable         
specimens of antiquity1 which he        
collected in those parts4 ,he met with  
them at ,luxorein1 or #gfd,lucorein1    
near ,carnac1 in the ,thebas2 but       
mentions not what they relate to3 nor do
 ,i know of any writer who has attended 
to their history4 ,the accounts given   
above by ,curtius1 and ,diodorus1 are   
wonderfully illustrated by these        
representations from ,egypt4 ,it is     
plain that they all relate to the same  
religious ceremony1 and very happily    
concur to explain each other4 ,it may be
 worth observing1 that the originals    
whence these copies were taken are of   
the highest antiquity2 and1 probably1   
the most early specimens of sculpture in
 the world4 ,diodorus mentions that the 
shrine of ,ammon had eighty persons to  

attend it3 but ,dr4 ,pocock1 when he    
took these copies1 had not time to be   
precisely accurate in this article4 ,in 
his specimens the greatest number of    
attendants are twenty3 eighteen support 
the boat1 and one precedes with a kind  
of sceptre2 another brings up the rear1 
having in his hand a rod1 or staff1     
which had undoubtedly a mystic allusion4
 ,the whole seems to have been          
emblematical2 and it will be hereafter  
shewn1 that it related to a great       
preservation1 which was most religiously
 recorded1 and became the principal     
subject of all their mysteries4 ,the    
person in the shrine was their chief    
ancestor1 and the whole process was a   
memorial of the deluge2 the history of  
which must have been pretty recent when 
these works were executed in ,egypt4    
,illustration3 ,pl4 ,,iv4 ,the ,ship of 
,isis ,biprora with an ,ark4            
,illustration3 ,ship of ,isis and       
,image4 ,from ,pocock's ,account of     
,egypt4 ,pl4 ,,xlii4  ,from the shrines 

of ,amon abovementioned we may derive   
the history of all oracles2 which1 from 
the ,deity by whom they were supposed to
 be uttered1 were called ,omphi and     
,amphi1 as ,i have shewn3 also1 ,alphi1 
,elphi1 ,orphi1 ,urphi1 from ,el1 and   
,orus4 ,the ,greeks adhered religiously 
to antient terms1 however obsolete and  
unintelligible4 ,they retained the name 
of ,amphi1 though they knew not the     
meaning3 for it was antiquated before   
they had letters4 ,that it originally   
related to oracular revelation is plain 
from its being always found annexed to  
the names of places famous on that      
account2 and from its occurring in the  
names of men1 renowned as priests and   
augurs1 and supposed to have been gifted
 with a degree of foreknowledge4 ,we    
read of ,amphiaraus1 ,amphilocus1       
,amphimachus1 persons represented as    
under particular divine influence1 and  
interpreters of the will of the ,gods4  
,amphion1 though degraded to a harper1  
was ,amphi-,on1 the oracle of ,apollo1  

the ,sun3 and there was a temple1 one of
 the antient 1 dedicated to him and     
,zethus1 as we may read in ,pausanias4  
,mopsus1 the diviner1 is styled 1       
,ampucides2 which is not a patronymic1  
but a title of the oracular ,deity4     
#gfe             '           4  ,idmon1 
the reputed son of ,abas1 was a prophet1
 as well as ,mopsus3 he was favoured    
with the divine ,omphe1 and1 like the   
former1 styled ,ampucides4    #gff      
1    1   4  ,what his attainments were1 
the ,poet mentions in another place4    
#gfg '      1    '           1     ,y 1 
4  ,to say the truth1 these supposed    
prophets were ,deities1 to whom temples 
were consecrated under these names2 or1 
to speak more properly1 they were all   
titles1 which related to one ,god1 the  
,sun4 ,that they were reputed ,deities1 
is plain1 from many accounts4 ,dion     
,cassius speaks of  3 and the three     
principal oracles mentioned by ,justin  
,martyr are #gfh-- 1  4 ,we have a      
similar account from ,clemens           

,alexandrinus4 #gfi     1   1   1  1  1 
1  4 ,the ,amphictuons were originally  
prophetic personages1 who attended at   
the temple at ,delphi4 ,hesychius       
observes3 -- 1 1 4 ,minerva1 heavenly   
wisdom1 is by ,lycophron styled         
#ggj;,amphira2 which is a compound of   
,amphi-,ur1 the divine influence1 or    
oracle of ,orus4 ,of this name there was
 a city near ,olympia in ,elis3 for many
 places were in this manner denominated1
 on account of their being esteemed the 
seat of prophecy4 ,in ,phocis was the   
city ,hyampolis3 and close to it #gga   
,amphissa1 famous for the oracle of an  
unknown ,goddess1 the daughter of       
,macaria4 ,amphrysus1 in ,botia1 was    
much famed for the influence of #ggb    
,apollo2 and ,amphimallus1 in ,crete1   
was well known for its #ggc oracle4     
,amphiclea1 in #ggd ,phocis1 had        
,dionusus for its guardian ,deity1 whose
 orgies were there celebrated2 and whose
 shrine was oracular4  ,i imagine that  
this sacred influence1 under the name of

 ,amphi1 is often alluded to in the     
exordia of ,poets1 especially by the    
writers in ,dithyrambic measure1 when   
they address ,apollo4 ,taken in its     
usual sense 7 circum7 the word has no   
meaning3 and there is otherwise no      
accounting for its being chosen above   
all others in the language to begin     
hymns of praise to this ,deity1 who was 
the principal ,god of prophecy4 ,we have
 one instance of it in the ,nubes of    
,aristophanes3    #gge   1   1      4   
,periander is mentioned as beginning a  
hymn with a like exordium3    3 ,and    
,terpander has nearly the same words3   
#ggf   ' 4 ,apollo was so frequently    
called  1 that it was in a manner looked
 upon as a necessary proemium4 ,suidas  
observes1   3 ,and ,hesychius1 1   4    
,much the same is told us in the        
,scholia upon the passage above from    
,aristophanes3 #ggg  77             4   
,however1 none of these writers inform  
us why this word was so particularly    
used2 nor tell us what was its purport4 

,in the short hymns ascribed to ,homer  
this term is industriously retained2 and
 the persons who composed them have     
endeavoured to make sense of it1 by     
adopting it according to the common     
acceptation4         1 4      1 4       
#ggh4  ,these hymns were of late date1  
long after ,homer2 and were introduced  
in ,ionia1 and also in ,cyprus and      
,phenicia1 when the ,grecians were in   
possession of those parts4 ,they were   
used in the room of the antient hymns1  
which were not understood by the new    
inhabitants4 ,one of them is confessedly
 addressed to the ,goddess called ,venus
 ,ourania1 in ,cyprus2 and was designed 
to be sung by the priest of that        
,goddess upon the stated festivals at   
,salamis4    #ggi 1 1   1       '  1    
' 4  ,we may perceive1 from what has    
been said1 that the word ,amphi was a   
term of long standing1 the sense of     
which was no longer understood3 yet the 
sound was retained by the ,greeks1 and  
used for a customary exclamation4 ,in   

respect to the more antient exordia     
above quoted1 especially that of        
,terpander1 ,i take the words to be an  
imitation1 rather than a translation1 of
 a hymn sung at ,delphi in the antient  
,amonian language2 the sound of which   
has been copied1 rather than the sense1 
and adapted to modern terms of a        
different meaning4 ,i make no doubt but 
that there were many antient hymns      
preserved in those oracular temples1    
which were for a long time retained1 and
 sung1 when their meaning was very      
imperfectly known4 ,they were1 for the  
most part1 composed in praise of ,ham1  
or the ,sun2 and were sung by the       
,homerid1 and ,imid4 ,they were called  
after his titles1 ,ad1 ,athyr1 ,amphi1  
which the ,grecians expressed           
,dithyrambi4 ,they were strains of joy  
and exultation1 attended with grand     
processions3 and from the same term1    
dithyrambus1 was derived the  of the    
,greeks1 and the triumphus of the       
,romans4 ,we are informed that triumphs 

were first instituted by #ghj;,bacchus1 
who was no other than ,chus3 the        
history1 therefore1 of the term must be 
sought for from among the ,cuseans4     
,that it was made up of titles1 is      
plain1 from its being said by ,varro to 
have been a #ghaname2 and one that was  
given by the ,amonians among other      
personages to ,dionusus3 for they were  
not in this point uniform4 ,diodorus    
takes notice that it was a name1 and    
conferred upon the person spoken of3    
#ghb    3 ,they say1 that one of the    
titles given to ,dionusus was           
,thriambus4 ,ham1 in the very antient   
accounts of ,greece1 is called ,imus1   
and his priests ,imid4 ,his oracle1 in  
consequence of this1 was styled ,imphi1 
and ,imbi1 which was the same term as   
,amphi1 of which we have been treating4 
,from the name ,iambi came the measure 1
 ,iambus1 in which oracles were of old  
delivered4 ,ham1 among the ,egyptians1  
was called #ghc,tithrambo1 which is the 
same name as the ,ditherambus of        

,diodorus4 ,there is a remarkable       
passage in the ,scholia upon ,pindar    
concerning ,ham1 under the name of      
,iamus1 and also concerning his temple1 
which is represented as oracular4 #ghd  
1    1    1        4 ,there was in      
,olympia an antient temple1 esteemed a  
famous seat of prophecy1 in which ,iamus
 is supposed to have first presided2 and
 where the will of the ,deity was made  
manifest by the sacred fire upon the    
altar3 this kind of divination is still 
carried on by a set of priests1 who are 
called ,iamid4   was in reality the     
,deity2 and his attendants were         
#ghe;,iamid1 persons of great power and 
repute4    '   4 ,pindar4 ,imus was     
immortal1 and was therefore named 4     
#ghf           4  ,from hence we may be 
assured1 that he was of old the real    
,deity of the place4  ,i have mentioned1
 that in the sacred processions in early
 times the ,deity used to be carried    
about in a shrine2 which circumstance   
was always attended with shouts1 and    

exclamations1 and the whole was         
accompanied with a great concourse of   
people4 ,the antient ,greeks styled     
these celebrities the procession of the 
#ghg,p'omphi1 and from hence were       
derived the words 1 and pompa4 ,these   
originally related to a procession of   
the oracle3 but were afterwards made use
 of to describe any cavalcade or show4  
,in the time of ,herodotus the word     
seems in some degree to have retained   
its true meaning1 being by him used for 
the oracular influence4 ,he informs us  
that ,amphilutus was a diviner of       
,acharnan2 and that he came to          
,pisistratus with a commission from     
heaven4 ,by this he induced that prince 
to prosecute a scheme which he          
recommended4 #ghh       4--  is a divine
 revelation1 or commission4 ,ham was the
 ,hermes of the ,egyptians1 and his     
oracle1 as ,i have shewn1 was styled    
,omphi3 and when particularly spoken of 
as the oracle1 it was expressed         
,p'omphi1 and ,p'ompi1 the  of the      

,greeks4 ,hence ,hermes had the name of 
1 which was misinterpreted the          
messenger1 and conductor3 and the ,deity
 was in consequence of it made the      
servant of the ,gods1 and attendant upon
 the dead4 ,but  related properly to    
divine influence2 and  was an oracle4   
,an ox1 or cow1 was by the ,amonians    
esteemed very sacred1 and oracular3     
,cadmus was accordingly said to have    
been directed  4    #ghi    1         4 
,many places were from the oracle styled
 ,p'ompean3 and supposed by the ,romans 
to have been so named from ,pompeius    
,magnus2 but they were too numerous1 and
 too remote to have been denominated    
from him1 or any other ,roman4 ,there   
was indeed ,pompei in ,campania3 but    
even that was of too high antiquity to  
have received its name from ,rome4 ,we  
read of ,pompei among the ,pyrenees1    
,pompion in ,athens1 ,pompelon in       
,spain1 ,pompeditha in ,babylonia1      
,pomponiana in ,gaul4 ,there were some  
cities in ,cilicia and ,cappadocia1 to  

which that ,roman gave the name of      
,pompeipolis3 but upon1 inquiry they    
will be found to have been ,zeleian     
cities1 which were oracular3 go that the
 ,romans only gave a turn to the name in
 honour of their own countryman1 by whom
 these cities were taken4  ,besides the 
cities styled ,pompean1 there were      
pillars named in like manner2 which by  
many have been referred to the same     
person4 ,but they could not have been   
built by him1 nor were they erected to  
his memory3 as ,i think we may learn    
from their history4 ,there are two of   
this denomination still remaining at a  
great distance from each other3 both    
which seem to have been raised for a    
religious purpose4 ,the one stands in   
,egypt at #gij;,alexandria2 the other at
 the extreme point of the ,thracian     
,bosporus1 where is a communication     
between the ,propontis and the antient  
,euxine sea4 ,they seem to be of great  
antiquity1 as their basis witnesses at  
this day3 the shaft and superstructure  

is of later date4 ,the pillar at the    
,bosporus stands upon one of the        
,cyanean rocks3 and its parts1 as we may
 judge from #gia,wheeler1 betray a      
difference in their ra4 ,it was repaired
 in the time of ,augustus3 and an       
inscription was added by the person who 
erected the column1 and who dedicated   
the whole to that ,emperor4             
#gib;,,divo4 ,,caesari4 ,,augusto4 ,e44 
,,cl444 ,,andidius444 ,l4 ,f ,,cl4      
,,argento444  ,we may learn from the    
inscription1 however mutilated1 that    
this pillar was not the work of         
,pompeius ,magnus2 nor could it at all  
relate to his history3 for the time of  
its being rebuilt was but little removed
 from the age in which he lived4 ,the   
original work must have therefore been  
far prior4 ,the pillar in ,egypt is     
doubtless the same which was built upon 
the ruins of a former1 by ,sostratus of 
,cnidos1 before the time of ,pompeius3  
so that the name must have been given on
 another account4 ,the inscription is   

preserved by #gic,strabo4       ,y  4   
,the narrow streight into the ,euxine   
sea was a passage of difficult          
navigation4 ,this was the reason1 that  
upon each side there were temples and   
sacred columns erected to the ,deity of 
the country1 in order to obtain his     
assistance4 ,and there is room to think1
 that the pillars and obelisks were made
 use of for beacons1 and that every     
temple was a ,pharos4 ,they seem to have
 been erected at the entrance of        
harbours2 and upon eminences along the  
coasts in most countries4 ,the pillars  
of ,hercules were of this sort1 and     
undoubtedly for the same purpose4 ,they 
were not built by him2 but erected to   
his honour by people who worshipped him1
 and who were called ,herculeans4 #gid  
1      1     1  4         4 ,for it was 
a custom1 says ,strabo1 among the       
antients1 to erect this kind of         
land-marks1 such as the pillar at       
,rhegium1 near the foot of ,italy3 which
 is a kind of tower1 and was raised by  

the people of ,rhegium at the streight  
where the passage was to ,sicily4       
,directly opposite stood another        
building of the same sort1 called the   
tower of ,pelorus4 ,such ,pillars were  
by the ,iberians styled ,herculean1     
because they were sacred to ,hercules2  
under which title they worshipped the   
chief ,deity4 ,some of these were near  
,gades1 and ,onoba#gie1 '   3 others    
were erected still higher1 on the coast 
of ,lusitania4 ,this caused an idle     
dispute between ,eratosthenes1          
,dicarchus1 and #gifothers1 in order to 
determine which were the genuine pillars
 of ,hercules3 as if they were not all  
equally genuine2 all denominated from   
the ,deity of the country4 ,two of the  
most celebrated stood upon each side of 
the ,mediterranean at the noted passage 
called fretum ,gaditanum--    4 ,that on
 the ,mauritanian side was called       
,abyla1 from ,ab-,el1 parens ,sol3 the  
other in ,iberia had the name of#gig    
,calpe4 ,this was an obelisk or tower1  

and a compound of ,ca-,alpe1 and        
signifies the house1 or cavern of the   
same oracular ,god3 for it was built    
near a cave2 and all such recesses were 
esteemed to be oracular4 ,at places of  
this sort mariners used to come on shore
 to make their offerings2 and to inquire
 about the success of their voyage4     
,they more especially resorted to those 
towers1 and pillars1 which stood at the 
entrance of their own havens4 ,nobody1  
says #gih;,arrian1 will venture to quit 
his harbour without paying due offerings
 to the ,gods1 and invoking their       
favour4 ,helenus in ,virgil charges     
neas1 whatever may be the consequence1  
not to neglect consulting the oracle at 
,cuma4    #gii;,hic tibi ne qua mor     
fuerint dispendia tanti1   ,quamvis     
increpitent socij1 et vi cursus in altum
   ,vela vocet1 possisque sinus implere 
secundos1   ,quin adeas vatem1          
precibusque oracula poscas4  ,the island
 ,delos was particularly frequented upon
 this account2 and the sailors seem to  

have undergone some severe discipline at
 the altar of the ,god1 in order to     
obtain his favour4    #hjj1 1 1         
'     1    '    1       1     1         
----    ,o6 ever crown'd with altars1   
ever blest1   ,lovely ,asteria1 in how  
high repute   ,stands thy fair temple   
'mid the various tribes   ,who ply the  
gean4 ,though their business claims     
,dispatch immediate2 though the inviting
 gales   ,ill brook the lingering       
mariners' delay3   ,soon as they reach  
thy soundings1 down at once   ,drop the 
slack sails1 and all the naval gear4    
,the ship is moor'd3 nor do the crew    
presume   ,to quit thy sacred limits1   
'till they have pass'd   ,a painful     
penance2 with the galling whip   ,lash'd
 thrice around thine altar4  ,this      
island was greatly esteemed for its     
sanctity1 and there used to be a        
wonderful concourse of people from all  
nations continually resorting to its    
temple4 ,the priests1 in consequence of 
it1 had hymns composed in almost all    

languages4 ,it is moreover said of the  
female attendants1 that they could      
imitate the speech of various people2   
and were well versed in the histories of
 foreign parts1 and of antient times4   
,homer speaks of these extraordinary    
qualifications as if he had been an     
eye-witness3    #hja    1   ' 4    1  1 
'     ' 1    '   1   1      1  1    1   
' 4    '  1              1     4    ,the
 ,delian nymphs1 who tend ,apollo's     
shrine1   ,when they begin their tuneful
 hymns1 first praise   ,the mighty ,god 
of day3 to his they join   ,latona's    
name1 and ,artemis1 far fam'd   ,for her
 fleet arrows and unerring bow4   ,of   
heroes next1 and heroines1 they sing1   
,and deeds of antient prowess4 ,crowds  
around1   ,of every region1 every       
language1 stand   ,in mute applause1    
sooth'd with the pleasing lay4   ,vers'd
 in each art and every power of speech1 
,the ,delians mimick all who come3 to   
them   ,all language is familiar3 you   
would think   ,the natives spoke of     

every different clime4   ,such are their
 winning ways3 so sweet their song4     
,the offerings made at these places used
 to be of various kinds1 but            
particularly of liba1 or cakes1 which   
were generally denominated from the     
temple where they were presented4 ,a    
curious inscription to this purpose has 
been preserved by ,spon and ,wheeler1   
which belonged to some obelisk or temple
 upon the ,thracian ,bosporus4 ,it was  
found on the ,asiatic side1 nearly      
opposite to the ,pompean pillar1 of     
which ,i before took notice4 ,the ,deity
 to whom it was inscribed was the same  
as that above1 but called by another    
title1 ,aur1 and ,our1 2 rendered by the
 ,greeks #hjb2 and changed in           
acceptation so as to refer to another   
element4    #hjc           1    4   '   
1           1       1       1      4    
4    ,great ,urian ,jove invoke to be   
your guide3   ,then spread the sail1 and
 boldly stem the tide4   ,whether the   
stormy inlet you explore1   ,where the  

surge laves the bleak ,cyanean shore1   
,or down the ,egean homeward bend your  
way1   ,still as you pass the wonted    
tribute pay1   ,an humble cake of meal3 
for ,philo here1   ,antipater's good    
son1 this shrine did rear1   ,a pleasing
 omen1 as you ply the sail1   ,and sure 
prognostic of a prosperous gale4  ,the  
,iapygian promontory had a temple to the
 same ,god1 whose name by ,dionysius is 
rendered 4    #hjd'  1 '    1 1    4    
,the more difficult the navigation was1 
the more places of sanctity were erected
 upon the coast4 ,the ,bosporus was     
esteemed a dangerous pass2 and1 upon    
that account1 abounded with ,cippi1 and 
altars4 ,these were originally mounds of
 earth1 and sacred to the ,sun3 upon    
which account they were called ,col-,on1
 or altars of that ,deity4 ,from hence  
is derived the term ,colona1 and 4 ,it  
came at last to denote any ness or      
foreland2 but was originally the name of
 a sacred hill1 and of the pillar which 
was placed upon it4 ,to say the truth1  

there was of old hardly any headland but
 what had its temple or altar4 ,the     
,bosporus1 in particular1 had numbers of
 them by way of sea-marks1 as well as   
for sacred purposes3 and there were many
 upon the coast of ,greece4 ,hence      
,apollonius says of the ,argonauts3     
#hje      4  ,in another place of the   
,bosporus--    #hjf    1     4  ,the    
like occurs in the ,orphic ,argonauts1  
where ,beleus is pointing out the       
habitation of the ,centaur ,chiron3     
#hjg 1    1      1        1  4  ,these  
,colon were sacred to the ,apollo of    
,greece2 and1 as they were sea-marks and
 beacons1 which stood on eminences near 
the mouths of rivers1 and at the        
entrances of harbours1 it caused them to
 be called 1 1 and 4 ,homer gives a     
beautiful description of such hills and 
headlands1 and of the sea-coast         
projected in a beautiful landscape      
beneath1 when1 in some ravishing poetry1
 he makes all these places rejoice at   
the birth of ,apollo3    #hjh    1      

1  '   1   '   1   4                    
,in that happy hour   ,the lofty cliffs1
 that overlook the main1   ,and the high
 summits of the towering hills1         
,shouted in triumph3 down the rivers ran
   ,in pleasing murmurs to the distant  
deep4   ,the shelves1 the shores1 the   
inlets of the sea1   ,witness'd uncommon
 gladness4  ,apollo1 from this          
circumstance1 was often called 1 or the 
tutelary ,god of the coast2 and had     
particular offerings upon that account4 
#hji '        1   4  ,it was not only   
upon rocks and eminences that these     
,cippi and ,obelisks were placed by the 
antients3 they were to be found in their
 temples1 where for many ages a rude    
stock or stone served for a             
representation of the ,deity4 ,they were
 sometimes quite shapeless1 but         
generally of a conical figure2 of which 
we meet with many instances4 ,clemens   
,alexandrinus takes notice of this kind 
of #hajworship3 and ,pausanias1 in      
describing the temple of ,hercules at   

,hyettus in #haa;,botia1 tells us1 that 
there was no statue in it1 nor any work 
of art1 but merely a rude stone1 after  
the manner of the first ages4           
,tertullian gives a like description of 
,ceres and ,pallas4 ,pallas ,attica1 et 
,ceres #hab,phrygia--qu sine effigie1   
rudi palo1 et informi specie prostant4  
,juno of ,samos was little better than a
 #hacpost4 ,it sometimes happens that   
aged trees bear a faint likeness to the 
human fabric3 roots1 likewise1 and      
sprays1 are often so fantastic in their 
evolutions1 as to betray a remote       
resemblance4 ,the antients seem to have 
taken advantage of this fancied         
similitude1 which they improved by a    
little art2 and their first effort      
towards imagery was from these rude and 
rotten materials4 ,apollonius ,rhodius1 
in his account of the ,argonauts1 gives 
a description of a monument of this     
sort1 which was by them erected in a    
dark grove1 upon a mountainous part of  
#had;,bithynia4 ,they raised an altar of

 rough stones1 and placed near it an    
image of ,rhea1 which they formed from  
an arm or stump of an old vine4         
1      1             '    1    '     1  
'   1         4    ,a dry and wither'd  
branch1 by time impair'd1   ,hung from  
an ample and an aged vine1   ,low       
bending to the earth3 the warriors axe  
,lopt it at once from the parental stem4
   ,this as a sacred relick was         
consigned   ,to ,argus' hands1 an image 
meet to frame   ,of ,rhea1 dread        
,divinity1 who ruled   ,over ,bithynia's
 mountains4 ,with rude art   ,he        
smooth'd and fashion'd it in homely     
guise4   ,then on a high and lonely     
promontory   ,rear'd it amid a tall and 
stately grove   ,of antient beeches4    
,next of stones unwrought   ,they raise 
an altar2 and with boughs of oak   ,soft
 wreaths of foliage weave to deck it    
round4   ,then to their rites they turn1
 and vows perform4  ,the same           
circumstance is mentioned in the ,orphic
 ,argonautics#hae2 where the poet speaks

 of ,argus1 and the vine branch3        
1    ' 4  ,the ,amazonians were a very  
antient people1 who worshipped their    
provincial ,deity under the character of
 a female1 and by the titles of         
,artemis1 ,oupis1 ,hippa4 ,they first   
built a temple at ,ephesus2 and         
according to ,callimachus #hafthe image 
of the ,goddess was formed of the stump 
of a beech tree4                   #hag 
1         '1  1   4  ,instead of an     
image made of a stump1 the poet         
,dionysius supposes a temple to have    
been built beneath the trunk of a       
decayed tree4              1   4 v4     
#hbg4  ,it is observable1 that the      
,chinese1 as well as the people of      
,japan1 still retain something of this  
custom4 ,when they meet with an uncouth 
root1 or spray of a tree1 they humour   
the extravagance3 and1 by the addition  
of a face1 give it the look of a ,joss  
or ,bonzee1 just as fancy directs them4 
,the vine was esteemed sacred both to   
,dionusus1 and ,bacchus2 for they were  

two different personages1 though        
confounded by the ,grecians3 indeed the 
titles of all those1 who were originally
 styled ,baalim1 are blended together4  
,this tree had therefore the name of    
,ampel1 which the ,greeks rendered 1    
from the ,sun1 ,ham1 whose peculiar     
plant it was4 ,this title is the same as
 ,omphel before mentioned1 and relates  
to the oracular ,deity of the ,pagan    
world2 under which character ,ham was   
principally alluded to4 ,the ,egyptian  
and ,asiatic ,greeks had some imperfect 
traditions about ,ham1 and ,chus3 the   
latter of which they esteemed ,bacchus4 
,and as the term ,ampelus did not       
primarily relate to the vine1 but was a 
sacred name transferred from the ,deity1
 they had some notion of this           
circumstance3 but as it was their custom
 out of every title to form a new       
personage1 they have supposed ,ampelus  
to have been a youth of great beauty1   
and one whom ,bacchus particularly      
favoured4 ,hence ,nonnus introduces the 

former begging of ,selene not to envy   
him this happiness4    #hah 1     4     
1     4  ,the worship of ,ham was       
introduced by the ,amonians in ,phrygia 
and ,asia ,minor3 and in those parts the
 ,poet makes ,ampelus chiefly           
conversant4    #hai             4  ,he  
speaks of his bathing in the waters1 and
 rising with fresh beauty from the      
stream1 like the morning star from the  
ocean4    #hbj     1      1  --        4
  ,in all these instances there are     
allusions to a history1 which will      
hereafter be fully discussed4 ,ovid     
seems to make ,ampelus a native of      
,thrace2 and supposes him to have been  
the son of a satyr by one of the nymphs 
in that country3    #hba ,ampelon       
intonsum1 ,satyro ,nymphque creatum1    
,fertur in ,ismariis ,bacchus amsse     
jugis4  ,but however they may have      
mistaken this personage1 it is certain  
that in early times he was well known1  
and highly reverenced4 ,hence wherever  
the ,amonians settled1 the name of      

,ampelus will occur3 and many places    
will be found to have been denominated  
from the worship of the ,deity under    
this sacred title4 ,we learn from       
,stephanus ,byzantinus1 #hbbthat1       
according to ,hecatus1 in his ,europa1  
,ampelus was the name of a city in      
,liguria4 ,there was likewise a         
promontory in the district of ,torone   
called ,ampelus3 a like promontory in   
,samos3 another in ,cyrene4 ,agrtas     
mentions two cities there1 an upper1 and
 a lower1 of that name4 ,there was      
likewise a harbour in ,italy so called4 
,we read of a city #hbc;,ampelossa in   
,syria1 and a nation in ,lybia called   
,ampeliot3    4 ,suidas4 ,also1         
,ampelona in ,arabia2 and a promontory1 
,ampelusia1 near ,tingis1 in            
,mauritania4 ,in all these places1      
however distant1 the ,amonians had made 
settlements4 ,over against the island   
,samos stood the sacred promontory1     
,mycale1 in ,ionia4 ,this1 too1 was     
called ,ampelus1 according to           

,hesychius1 as the passage is happily   
altered by ,albertus and others4 1 1   1
  4 ,from the words   one might infer1  
that ,ampelus was no uncommon name for a
 mountain in general3 so far is certain1
 that many such were so denominated3    
which name could not relate to 1 the    
vine2 but they were so called from the  
,deity to whom they were #hbdsacred4    
,many of these places were barren crags1
 and rocks of the sea1 ill suited to the
 cultivation of the #hbevine4 ,and not  
only eminences were so called1 but the  
strand and shores1 also1 for the same   
reason3 because here1 too1 were altars  
and pillars to this ,god4 ,hence we read
 in ,hesychius3 ---- 4 ,by ,ampelus is  
signified the sea shore2 or ,ampelus1   
among the people of ,cyrene1 signifies  
the sea shore4  ,from what has been     
said1 we may be assured that ,ampelus   
and ,omphalus were the same term        
originally1 however varied afterwards   
and differently appropriated4 ,they are 
each a compound from ,omphe1 and relate 

to the oracular ,deity4 ,ampelus1 at    
,mycale1 in ,ionia1 was confessedly so  
denominated from its being a sacred#hbf 
place1 and abounding with waters2 by    
which1 people who drank them were       
supposed to be inspired4 ,they are      
mentioned in an antient oracle quoted by
 ,eusebius#hbg3      4 ,i have mentioned
 that all fountains were esteemed       
sacred1 but especially those which had  
any prternatural quality1 and abounded  
with exhalations4 ,it was an universal  
notion that a divine energy proceeded   
from these effluvia1 and that the       
persons who resided in their vicinity   
were gifted with a prophetic quality4   
,fountains of this nature1 from the     
divine influence with which they were   
supposed to abound1 the ,amonians styled
 ,ain ,omphe1 sive fontes ,oraculi4     
,these terms1 which denoted the fountain
 of the prophetic ,god1 the ,greeks     
contracted to 1 a ,nymph2 and supposed  
such a person to be an inferior         
,goddess1 who presided over waters4 ,hot

 springs were imagined to be more       
immediately under the inspection of the 
nymphs3 whence ,pindar styles such      
fountains1 #hbh  4 ,the temple of the   
,nymph ,ionides1 in ,arcadia1 stood     
close to a fountain of great            
#hbi;efficacy4 ,the term ,nympha will be
 found always to have a reference to    
#hcjwater4 ,there was in the same region
 of the ,peloponnesus a place called 1  
,nymphas2 which was undoubtedly so named
 from its hot springs3 #hca  --3 for    
,nymphas--abounded with waters4 ,another
 name for these places was ,ain-,ades1  
the fountain of ,ades1 or the ,sun2     
which1 in like manner1 was changed to 1 
,naiades1 a species of ,deities of the  
same class4 ,fountains of bitumen1 in   
,susiana and ,babylonia1 were called    
,ain-,aptha1 the fountains of ,aptha1   
the ,god of fire2 which by the ,greeks  
was rendered ,naptha1 a name given to   
#hcb;bitumen4 ,as they changed ,ain     
,omphe to ,numpha1 a ,goddess1 they     
accordingly denominated the place itself

 1 ,nymphum3 and wherever a place occurs
 of that name1 there will be found      
something particular in its             
circumstances4 ,we are told by          
#hcc,pliny that the river ,tigris1 being
 stopped in its course by the mountains 
of ,taurus1 loses itself under ground1  
and rises again on the other side at    
,nymphum4 ,according to ,marcellinus1 it
 seems to be at ,nymphum that it sinks  
into the earth4 ,be it as it may1 this1 
he tells us1 is the place where that    
fiery matter called naptha issued3 from 
whence1 undoubtedly1 the place had its  
name4 #hcd;,bitumen nascitur prope lacum
 ,sosingitem1 cujus alveo ,tigris       
voratus1 fluensque subterraneus1        
procursis spatiis longis1 emergit4 ,hic 
et ,naptha gignitur specie pice4 ,in his
 pagis hiatus conspicitur terr1 unde    
halitus lethalis exsurgens1 quodcunque  
animal prope consistit1 odore gravi     
consumit4 ,there was an island of the   
like nature at the mouth of the river   
,indus1 which was sacred to the ,sun1   

and styled ,cubile #hce,nympharum3 in qu
 nullum non animal absumitur4 ,in       
,athamania was a temple of the ,nymphs1 
or #hcf,nymphum2 and near it a fountain 
of fire1 which consumed things brought  
near to it4 ,hard by ,apollonia was an  
eruption of bituminous matter1 like that
 in ,assyria3 and this too was named    
#hcg,nymphum4 ,the same author 7,strabo7
 mentions1 that in ,seleucia1 styled    
,pieria1 there was alike bituminous     
eruption1 taken notice of by            
,posidonius2 and that it was called     
,ampelitis3 #hch   1      4 ,the hot    
streams1 and poisonous effluvia near    
,puteoli and lake ,avernus are well     
known4 ,it was esteemed a place of great
 sanctity2 and people of a prophetic    
character are said to have here resided4
 ,here was a #hci,nymphum1 supposed to  
have been an oracular temple4 ,there was
 a method of divination at ,rome1       
mentioned by #hdj;,dion ,cassius1 in    
which people formed their judgment of   
future events from the steam of lighted 

frankincense4 ,the terms of inquiry were
 remarkable3 for their curiosity was    
indulged in respect to every future     
contingency1 excepting death and        
marriage4 ,the place of divination was  
here too called #hda,nymphum4 ,pausanias
 takes notice of a cavern near ,platea1 
which was sacred to the ,nymphs of      
,cithron3    1 '    1        ,y   --    
4 ,we find that the ,nymphs of this     
place had been of old prophetic4        
,evagrius mentions a splendid building  
at ,antioch called ,nymphum1 remarkable 
#hdb 1 for the advantage of its waters4 
,there was a ,nymphum at ,rome mentioned
 by ,marcellinus4 #hdc,septemzodium     
celebrem locum1 ubi ,nymphum ,marcus    
condidit ,imperator4 ,here were the     
,therm ,antonian4 ,as from ,ain ,ompha  
came ,nympha2 so from ,al ,ompha was    
derived ,lympha4 ,this differed from    
,aqua1 or common water1 as being of a   
sacred and prophetic nature4 ,the       
antients thought1 that all mad persons  
were gifted with divination2 and they   

were in consequence of it styled        
,lymphati4  ,from what has preceded1 we 
may perceive that there once existed a  
wonderful resemblance in the rites1     
customs1 and terms of worship1 among    
nations widely separated4 ,of this1 as  
,i proceed1 many instances will be      
continually produced4 ,i have already   
mentioned that this similitude in terms1
 and the religious system1 which was so 
widely propagated1 were owing to one    
great family1 who spread themselves     
almost universally4 ,their colonies went
 abroad under the sanction and direction
 of their priests2 and carried with them
 both the rites and the records of their
 country4 ,celsus took notice of this2  
and thought that people payed too little
 attention to memorials of this nature4 
,he mentions particularly the oracular  
temples at ,dodona1 at ,delphi1 at      
,claros1 with those of the ,branchid and
 ,amonians3 at the same time passing    
over many other places1 from whose      
priests and votaries the whole earth    

seemed to have been peopled#hdd4     1  
1  1   1   1      1 '     1     4 ,as   
colonies went abroad under the influence
 and direction of their tutelary        
,deities2 those ,deities were styled 1  
and 3 and the colony was denominated    
from some sacred title of the ,god4 ,a  
colony was planted at ,miletus2 of which
 the conducting ,deity was ,diana4 #hde 
4 ,this ,goddess is styled 1 because    
this office was particularly ascribed to
 her3 and she had many places under her 
patronage4 ,jupiter accordingly tells   
her3    #hdf   1     4    ,thrice ten   
fair cities shall your portion be1      
,and many a stately tower4  ,apollo     
likewise was called  and 1 from being   
the supposed founder of cities2 which   
were generally built in consequence of  
some oracle4    #hdg '                  
4    ',tis through ,apollo's tutelary   
aid1   ,that men go forth to regions far
 remote1   ,and cities found3 ,apollo   
ever joys   ,in founding cities4  ,what 
colony1 says #hdh;,cicero1 did ,greece  

ever send into tolia1 ,ionia1 ,asia1    
,sicily or ,italy1 without having first 
consulted about every circumstance      
relative to it1 either at ,delphi1 or   
,dodona1 or at the oracle of ,ammon4    
,and ,lucian speaks to the same purpose4
 #hdi  1   --      4 ,people would not  
venture to build cities1 nor even raise 
the walls1 till they had made proper    
inquiry among those1 who were           
prophetically gifted1 about the success 
of their operations4         99       99
       99       99       99   ,,pator   
,,and ,,patra4  ,i cannot help thinking 
that the word 1 pater1 when used in the 
religious addresses of the ,greeks and  
,romans1 meant not1 as is supposed1 a   
father1 or parent2 but related to the   
divine influence of the ,deity1 called1 
by the people of the east1 ,pator1 as ,i
 have #hejshewn4 ,from hence ,i should  
infer1 that two words1 originally very  
distinct1 have been rendered one and the
 #heasame4 ,the word pater1 in the      
common acceptation1 might be applicable 

to ,saturn2 for he was supposed to have 
been the father of all the ,gods1 and   
was therefore so entitled by the antient
 poet ,sulpitius4    #heb;,jane pater1  
,jane tuens1 ,dive biceps1 biformis1    
,o6 cate rerum sator2 ,o6 principium    
,deorum4  ,but1 when it became a title1 
which was bestowed upon ,gods of every  
denomination1 it made ,jupiter          
animadvert with some warmth upon the    
impropriety1 if we may credit ,lucilius3
    #hec,ut nemo sit nostrum1 quin pater
 optimus ,divm est3   ,ut ,neptunus     
pater1 ,liber1 ,saturnus pater1 ,mars1  
,janus1 ,quirinus1 pater1 omnes dicamur 
ad unum4  ,and not only the ,gods1 but  
the ,hierophant1 in most temples2 and   
those priests1 in particular1 who were  
occupied in the celebration of          
mysteries1 were styled ,patres3 so that 
it was undoubtedly a religious term     
imported from ,egypt1 the same as       
,pator1 and ,patora1 before mentioned4  
,i have taken notice1 that the ,pater of
 ,curtius were the priests of ,hamon3   

but that writer was unacquainted with   
the true meaning of the word1 as well as
 with the pronunciation1 which seems to 
have been penultim product4 ,the worship
 of ,ham1 or the ,sun1 as it was the    
most antient1 so it was the most        
universal1 of any in the world4 ,it was 
at first the prevailing religion of     
,greece1 and was propagated over all the
 sea coast of ,europe2 whence it        
extended itself into the inland         
provinces4 ,it was established in ,gaul 
and ,britain2 and was the original      
religion of this island1 which the      
,druids in aftertimes adopted4 ,that it 
went high in the north is evident from  
,ausonius1 who takes notice of its      
existing in his time4 ,he had relations1
 who were priests of this order and     
denomination2 and who are1 on that      
account1 complimented by him1 in his ode
 to ,attius ,patera #hed,rhetor4    ,tu 
,boiocassis stirpe ,druidarum satus1    
,si fama non fallat fidem1   ,beleni    
sacratum ducis e templo genus1     ,et  

inde vobis nomina1   ,tibi ,pater3 sic  
ministros nuncupant     ,apollinares    
,mystici4   ,fratri1 ,patrique nomen a  
,phbo datum1     ,natoque de ,delphis   
tuo4  ,he mentions1 that this worship   
prevailed particularly in ,armorica2 of 
which country his relations were        
natives4    #hee,nec reticebo ,senem1   
,nomine ,phbicium1   ,qui ,beleni       
dituus1   ,stirpe satus ,druidm1        
,gentis ,armoric4  ,belin1 the ,deity of
 whom he speaks1 was the same as        
#hef;,bel and ,balen1 of ,babylonia and 
,canaan2 the ,orus and ,apollo of other 
nations4 ,herodian takes notice of his  
being worshipped by the people of       
,aquileia2 and says1 that they called   
him ,belin1 and paid great reverence1   
esteeming him the same as #heg;,apollo4 
,the true name of the ,amonian priests  
,i have shewn to have been ,petor1 or   
,pator2 and the instrument which they   
held in their hands was styled          
,petaurum4 ,they used to dance round a  
large fire1 in honour of the ,sun1 whose

 orbit they affected to describe4 ,at   
the same time they exhibited other feats
 of activity1 to amuse the votaries who 
resorted to their temples4 ,this dance  
was sometimes performed in armour1      
especially in ,crete3 and1 being called 
,pyrrhic1 was supposed to have been so  
named from ,pyrrhus1 the son of         
,achilles4 ,but1 when was he in ,crete8 
,besides1 it is said to have been       
practised by the ,argonautic heroes     
before his time4 ,it was a religious    
dance1 denominated from fire1 with which
 it was accompanied4    #heh     1    '1
     4  ,it was originally an ,egyptian 
dance1 in honour of ,hermes1 and        
practised by the ,patar1 or ,priests4   
,in some places it was esteemed a       
martial exercise1 and exhibited by      
persons in armour1 who gave it the name 
of ,betarmus4 ,we have an instance of it
 in the same poet3    #hei          1   
4   ,betarmus1 was a name given to the  
dance1 from the temple of the ,deity    
where it was probably first practised4  

,it is a compound of ,bet ,armes1 or    
,armon1 called1 more properly1 ,hermes1 
and ,hermon4 ,bet1 and ,beth1 among the 
,amonians1 denoted a temple4 ,there is  
reason to think that the circular dances
 of the ,dervises1 all over the east1   
are remains of these antient customs4   
,in the first ages this exercise was    
esteemed a religious rite1 and performed
 by people of the temple where it was   
exhibited3 but1 in aftertimes1 the same 
feats were imitated by rope-dancers and 
vagrants1 called ,petaurist1 and        
,petauristarii2 who made use of a kind  
of pole1 styled petaurum4--,of these the
 ,roman writers make frequent mention2  
and their feats are alluded to by       
,juvenal3    #hfj;,an magis oblectant   
animum jactata petauro   ,corpora1      
quique solent rectum descendere funem8  
,manilius likewise gives an account of  
this people1 and their activity2 wherein
 may be observed some remains of the    
original institution3    #hfa;,ad       
numeros etiam ille ciet cognata per     

artem   ,corpora1 qu valido saliunt     
excussa petauro3   ,membraque per       
flammas orbesque emissa flagrantes1     
,delphinmque suo per inane imitantia    
motu1   ,et viduata volant pennis1 et in
 are ludunt4  ,i have shewn1 that the   
,pater1 or ,priests1 were so denominated
 from the ,deity styled ,pator2 whose   
shrines were named ,patera1 and ,petora4
 ,they were oracular temples of the     
,sun2 which in aftertimes were called   
,petra1 and ascribed to other ,gods4    
,many of them for the sake of mariners  
were erected upon rocks1 and eminences  
near the sea3 hence the term 1 petra1   
came at length to signify any rock or   
stone1 and to be in a manner confined to
 that meaning4 ,but in the first ages it
 was ever taken in a religious sense2   
and related to the shrines of ,osiris1  
or the ,sun1 and to the oracles1 which  
were supposed to be there exhibited4    
,thus ,olympus near ,pisa1 though no    
rock1 but a huge mound1 or hill 7#hfb   
7 was of old termed ,petra1 as relating 

to oracular influence4 ,hence ,pindar1  
speaking of ,imus1 who was supposed to  
have been conducted by ,apollo to       
,olympia1 says1 that they both came to  
the ,petra ,elibatos upon the lofty     
,cronian mount3 there ,apollo bestowed  
upon ,imus a double portion of prophetic
 knowledge4    #hfc '        1   '      
,y4  ,the word 1 ,elibatos1 was a       
favourite term with ,homer1 and other   
poets2 and is uniformly joined with     
,petra4 ,they do not seem to have known 
the purport of it2 yet they adhere to it
 religiously1 and introduce it wherever 
they have an opportunity4  is an        
,amonian compound of ,eli-,bat1 and     
signifies solis domus1 vel #hfdtemplum4 
,it was the name of the temple1 and     
specified the ,deity there worshipped4  
,in like manner the word ,petra had in  
great measure lost its meaning2 yet it  
is wonderful to observe how             
industriously it is introduced by       
writers1 when they speak of sacred and  
oracular places4 ,lycophron calls the   

temple at ,elis #hfe  3 and the ,pytho  
at ,delphi is by ,pindar styled         
,petrassa3 #hff   '  4 ,orchomenos was a
 place of great antiquity2 and the      
natives are said to have worshipped     
,petra1 which were supposed to have     
fallen from #hfg;heaven4 ,at ,athens in 
the ,acropolis was a sacred cavern1     
which was called ,petr ,macr1 ,petr     
,cecropi4    #hfh 1   1    1   4  ,i    
have shewn that people of old made use  
of caverns for places of worship3 hence 
this at ,athens had the name of ,petra1 
or temple4 #hfi;,it is said of ,ceres1  
that after she had wandered over the    
whole earth1 she at last reposed herself
 upon a stone at ,eleusis4 ,they in like
 manner at ,delphi shewed the petra1    
upon which the ,sibyl ,herophile at her 
first arrival sat #hgj;down4 ,in short1 
there is in history of every oracular   
temple some legend about a stone2 some  
reference to the word ,petra4 ,to clear 
this up1 it is necessary to observe1    
that when the worship of the ,sun was   

almost universal1 this was one name of  
that ,deity even among the ,greeks4     
,they called him ,petor1 and ,petros2   
and his temple was styled ,petra4 ,this 
they oftentimes changed to 2 so little  
did they understand their own mythology4
 ,there were however some writers1 who  
mentioned it as the name of the ,sun1   
and were not totally ignorant of its    
meaning4 ,this we may learn from the    
,scholiast upon ,pindar4 #hga      1    
4     1       4      1 '   1    1  1 1  
1    1    4  ,the same ,scholiast quotes
 a similar passage from the same writer1
 where the ,sun is called ,petra4       
#hgb          1       4  ,if then the   
name of the ,sun1 and of his temples1   
was among the antient ,grecians ,petros1
 and ,petra2 we may easily account for  
that word so often occurring in the     
accounts of his worship4 ,the ,scholia  
above will moreover lead us to discover 
whence the strange notion arose about   
the famous ,anaxagoras of ,clazomen2 who
 is said to have prophesied1 that a     

stone would fall from the ,sun4 ,all    
that he had averred1 may be seen in the 
relation of the ,scholiast above3 which 
amounts only to this1 that ,petros was a
 name of the ,sun4 ,it was a word of    
,egyptian original1 derived from ,petor1
 the same as ,ham1 the ,imus of the     
antient ,greeks4 ,this ,petros some of  
his countrymen understood in a different
 sense2 and gave out1 that he had       
foretold a stone would drop from the    
,sun4 ,some were idle enough to think   
that it was accomplished3 and in        
consequence of it pretended to shew at  
gospotamos the very #hgcstone1 which was
 said to have fallen4 ,the like story   
was told of a stone at ,abydus upon the 
,hellespont3 and ,anaxagoras was here   
too supposed to have been the           
prophet#hgd4 ,in ,abydi gymnasio ex e   
caus colitur hodieque modicus quidem    
7lapis71 sed quem in medio terrarum     
casurum ,anaxagoras prdixisse narratur4 
,the temples1 or ,petra here mentioned1 
were ,omphalian1 or ,oracular3 hence    

they were by a common mistake supposed  
to have been in the centre of the       
habitable globe4 ,they were also  2     
which ,elibatos the ,greeks derived from
  descendo2 and on this account the     
,petra were thought to have fallen from 
the #hge,sun4 ,we may by this clue      
unravel the mysterious story of         
,tantalus2 and account for the          
punishment which he was doomed to       
undergo4  #hgf '   1    1          4    
,the unhappy ,tantalus ,from a satiety  
of bliss ,underwent a cruel reverse4 ,he
 was doom'd to sit under a huge stone1  
,which the father of the ,gods ,kept    
over his head suspended4 ,thus he sat   
,in continual dread of its downfal1 ,and
 lost to every comfort4  ,it is said of 
,tantalus by some1 that he was set up to
 his chin in water1 with every kind of  
fruit within reach3 yet hungry as he was
 and thirsty1 he could never attain to  
what he wanted2 every thing which he    
caught at eluding his efforts4 ,but from
 the account given above by #hgg,pindar1

 as well as by #hgh;,alcus1 ,aleman1 and
 other writers1 his punishment consisted
 in having a stone hanging over his     
head2 which kept him in perpetual fear4 
,what is styled 1 was ,i make no doubt  
originally ,petros2 which has been      
misinterpreted a stone4 ,tantalus is    
termed by ,euripides   1 a man of an    
ungovernable tongue3 and his history at 
bottom relates to a person who revealed 
the mysteries in which he had been      
#hgi;initiated4 ,the ,scholiast upon    
,lycophron describes him in this light2 
and mentions him as a priest1 who out of
 good nature divulged some secrets of   
his cloister2 and was upon that account 
ejected from the society#hhj4       1   
1    4 ,the mysteries which he revealed1
 were those of ,osiris1 the ,sun3 the   
,petor1 and ,petora of ,egypt4 ,he never
 afterwards could behold the ,sun in its
 meridian1 but it put him in mind of his
 crime3 and he was afraid that the      
vengeance of the ,god would overwhelm   
him4 ,this ,deity1 the ,petor1 and      

,petora of the ,amonians1 being by the  
later ,greeks expressed ,petros1 and    
,petra1 gave rise to the fable above    
about the stone of ,tantalus4 ,to this  
solution the same ,scholiast upon       
,pindar bears witness1 by informing us1 
#hhathat the ,sun was of old called a   
stone3 and that some writers understood 
the story of ,tantalus in this light2   
intimating that it was the ,sun1 which  
hung over his head to his perpetual     
terror4 #hhb      --   77  1 '  1  4    
,and again1       1   7it should be 7   
4 ,some understand1 what is said in the 
history about the stone1 as relating to 
the ,sun3 and they suppose that it was  
the ,sun which hung over his head1 to   
his terror and confusion4 ,the          
naturalists1 speaking of the ,sun1 often
 call him a stone1 or petra4            
,illustration3 ,pl4 ,v4 ,temple of      
,mithras ,petrus in the ,mountains of   
,persia4 ,from ,le ,bruyn  ,by laying   
all these circumstances together1 and   
comparing them1 we may1 ,i think1 not   

only find out wherein the mistake       
consisted1 but likewise explain the     
grounds from whence the mistake arose4  
,and this clue may lead us to the       
detection of other fallacies1 and those 
of greater consequence4 ,we may hence   
learn the reason1 why so many ,deities  
were styled 1 ,petri4 ,we read of#hhc 1 
1 ,mithras1 the ,deity out of the rock2 
whose temple of old was really a rock or
 cavern4 ,the same worship seems to have
 prevailed1 in some degree1 in the west2
 as we may judge from an antient        
inscription at ,milan1 which was        
dedicated#hhd ,herculi in ,petr4 ,but   
all ,deities were not so worshipped3 and
 the very name ,petra was no other than 
the sacred term ,petora1 given to a     
cavern1 as being esteemed in the first  
ages an oracular temple4 ,and some      
reverence to places of this sort was    
kept up a long time4 ,we may from hence 
understand the reason of the prohibition
 given to some of the early proselytes  
to ,christianity1 that they should no   

more#hhe ad petras vota reddere3 and by 
the same light we may possibly explain  
that passage in ,homer1 where he speaks 
of persons entering into compacts under 
oaks1 and rocks1 as places of#hhf       
security4 ,the oak was sacred to ,zeus1 
and called ,sar-,on3 and ,petra in its  
original sense being a temple1 must be  
looked upon as an asylum4 ,but this term
 was not confined to a rock or cavern3  
every oracular temple was styled ,petra1
 and ,petora4 ,hence it proceeded that  
so many ,gods were called  1 and 4      
,pindar speaks of ,poseidon             
,petraios2#hhg   3 under which title    
,neptune was worshipped by the          
,thessalians3 but the latter was the    
more common title4 ,we meet in          
,pausanias with ,apollo ,patros1 and    
with #hhh 1 and  2 also #hhi;,bacchus 1 
,zeus ,patros1 and ,vesta ,patroa1      
together with other instances4  ,the    
,greeks1 whenever they met with this    
term1 even in regions the most remote1  
always gave it an interpretation        

according to their own preconceptions2  
and explained  1 the oracular ,deities1 
by ,dii ,patrii1 or the ,gods of the    
country4 ,thus1 in the ,palmyrene       
inscription1 two ,syrian ,deities are   
characterized by this title4  #hij    4 
,cyrus1 in his expedition against the   
,medes1 is represented as making vows   
#hia 1   1    4 ,but the ,persians1 from
 whom this history is presumed to be    
borrowed1 could not mean by these terms 
,dii ,patrii3 for nothing could be more 
unnecessary than to say of a ,persic    
prince1 that the homage1 which he payed1
 was to ,persic ,deities4 ,it is a thing
 of course1 and to be taken for granted1
 unless there be particular evidence to 
the contrary4 ,his vows were made to    
,mithras1 who was styled by the nations 
in the east ,pator2 his temples were    
,patra1 and ,petra1 and his festivals   
,patrica4 ,nonnus gives a proper account
 of the ,petra1 when he represents it as
 ,omphean1 or oracular3                 
#hib         4  ,at ,patara1 in ,lycia1 

was an oracular temple3 and ,patr1 in   
,achaia1 had its name from divination1  
for which it was famous4 ,pausanias     
mentions the temple1 and adds1 #hic     
--    4 ,before the temple is the       
fountain of ,demeter--and in the temple 
an oracle1 which never is known to fail4
  ,the offerings1 which people in       
antient times used to present to the    
,gods1 were generally purchased at the  
entrance of the temple2 especially every
 species of consecrated bread1 which was
 denominated accordingly4 ,if it was an 
oracular temple of ,alphi1 the loaves   
and cakes were styled #hid;,alphita4 ,if
 it was expressed ,ampi1 or ,ompi1 the  
cakes were ,ompai#hie1 3 at the temple  
of ,adorus#hif1 ,adorea4 ,those made in 
honour of ,ham-orus had the name of     
#hig;,homoura1 ,amora1 and ,omorit4     
,those sacred to ,peon1 the ,god of     
light1 were called #hih,piones4 ,at     
,cha-on1 which signifies the house of   
the ,sun1 #hii;,cauones1 4 ,from        
,pur-,ham1 and ,pur-,amon1 they were    

denominated ,puramoun1 #ijj4 ,from      
,ob-,el1 ,pytho ,deus1 came #ija,obelia4
 ,if the place were a ,petra or ,petora1
 they had offerings of the same sort    
called ,petora1 by the ,greeks expressed
 #ijb1 ,pitura4 ,one of the titles of   
the ,sun was ,el-,aphas1 ,sol ,deus     
ignis4 ,this ,el-aphas the ,greeks      
rendered ,elaphos1 2 and supposed it to 
relate to a deer3 and the title         
,el-,apha-,baal1 given by the ,amonians 
to the chief ,deity1 was changed to 1 a 
term of a quite different purport4      
,el-aphas1 and ,el-apha-baal1 related to
 the ,god ,osiris1 the ,deity of light3 
and there were sacred liba made at his  
temple1 similar to those above1 and     
denominated from him 1 ,elaphoi4 ,in    
,athenus we have an account of their    
composition1 which consisted of fine    
meal1 and a mixture of sesamum and      
honey4 #ijc       4  ,one species of    
sacred bread1 which used to be offered  
to the ,gods1 was of great antiquity1   
and called ,boun4 ,the ,greeks1 who     

changed the ,nu final into a ,sigma1    
expressed it in the nominative1 2 but1  
in the accusative1 more truly boun1 4   
,hesychius speaks of the ,boun1 and     
describes it1    2 a kind of cake1 with 
a representation of two horns4 ,julius  
,pollux mentions it after the same      
manner3 1    2 a sort of cake with      
horns4 ,diogenes ,laertius1 speaking of 
the same offering being made by         
,empedocles1 describes the chief        
ingredients of which it was composed3   
#ijd --   4 ,he offered up one of the   
sacred liba1 called a boun1 which was   
made of fine flour and honey4 ,it is    
said of ,cecrops1 #ije  3 ,he first     
offered up this sort of sweet bread4    
,hence we may judge of the antiquity of 
the custom from the times to which      
,cecrops is referred4 ,the prophet      
,jeremiah takes notice of this kind of  
offering1 when he is speaking of the    
,jewish women at ,pathros in ,egypt1 and
 of their base idolatry2 in all which   
their husbands had encouraged them4 ,the

 women1 in their expostulation upon his 
rebuke1 tell him3 ,since we left off to 
burn incense to the ,queen of heaven1   
and to pour out drink-offerings unto    
her1 we have wanted all things2 and have
 been consumed by the sword and by the  
famine4 ,and when we burnt incense to   
the ,queen of heaven1 and poured out    
drink-offerings unto her1 did we make   
her cakes to worship her1 and pour out  
drink-offerings unto her without our    
#ijfmen8 ,the prophet1 in another place1
 takes notice of the same idolatry4     
#ijg,the children gather wood1 and the  
fathers kindle the fire1 and the women  
knead their dough1 to make cakes to the 
,queen of heaven4 ,the word1 in these   
instances1 for sacred cakes1 is 1       
,cunim4 ,the ,seventy translate it by a 
word of the same purport1 1 ,chauonas2  
of which ,i have before taken notice3   
#ijh       4 4  ,i have mentioned that  
they were sometimes called ,petora1 and 
by the ,greeks ,pitura4 ,this1 probably1
 was the name of those liba1 or cakes1  

which the young virgins of ,babylonia   
and ,persis1 used to offer at the shrine
 of their ,god1 when they were to be    
first prostituted3 for1 all1 before     
marriage1 were obliged to yield         
themselves up to some stranger to be    
deflowered4 ,it was the custom for all  
the young women1 when they arrived      
towards maturity1 to sit in the avenue  
of the temple1 with a girdle1 or rope1  
round their middle2 and whatever        
passenger laid hold of it was entitled  
to lead them away4 ,this practice is    
taken notice of1 as subsisting among the
 ,babylonians1 in the epistle ascribed  
to the prophet ,jeremiah2 which he is   
supposed to have written to ,baruch4 v4 
#dc4           ,y          1   1   1  1 
4 ,this is a translation from an ,hebrew
 or ,chaldic original2 and1 ,i should   
think1 not quite accurate4 ,what is here
 rendered 1 should1 ,i imagine1 be 2 and
 the purport will be nearly this3 ,the  
virgins of ,babylonia put girdles about 
their waist2 and in this habit sit by   

the way side1 holding their ,pitura1 or 
sacred offerings1 over an urn of        
incense3 and when any one of them is    
taken notice of by a stranger1 and led  
away by her girdle to a place of        
privacy2 upon her return she upbraids   
her next neighbour for not being thought
 worthy of the like honour2 and for     
having her zone not yet broken or       
#ijiloosed4 ,it was likewise a ,persian 
custom1 and seems to have been          
universally kept up wherever their      
religion prevailed4 ,strabo gives a     
particular account of this practice1 as 
it was observed in the temple of ,anait 
in ,armenia4 ,this was a ,persian       
,deity1 who had many places of worship  
in that part of the world4 ,not only the
 men and maid servants1 says the author1
 are in this manner prostituted at the  
shrine of the ,goddess2 for in this     
there would be nothing extraordinary3   
#iaj        1   1                 4 ,but
 people of the first fashion in the     
nation used to devote their own         

daughters in the same manner3 it being a
 religious institution1 that all young  
virgins shall1 in honour of the ,deity1 
be prostituted1 and detained for some   
time in her temple3 after which they are
 permitted to be given in marriage4 ,nor
 is any body at all scrupulous about    
cohabiting with a young woman           
afterwards1 though she has been in this 
manner abused4  ,the ,patrica were not  
only rites of ,mithras1 but also of     
,osiris1 who was in reality the same    
,deity4  ,we have a curious inscription 
to this purpose1 and a representation1  
which was first exhibited by the learned
 ,john ,price in his observations upon  
,apuleius4 ,it is copied from an        
original1 which he saw at ,venice3 and  
there is an engraving from it in the    
,edition of ,herodotus by               
#iaa;,gronovius1 as well as in that by  
#iab,wesselinge3 but about the purport  
of it they are strangely mistaken4 ,they
 suppose it to relate to a daughter of  
,mycerinus1 the son of ,cheops4 ,she    

died1 it seems3 and her father was so   
affected with her death1 that he made a 
bull of wood1 which he gilt1 and in it  
interred his daughter4 ,herodotus says1 
that he saw the bull of ,mycerinus2 and 
that it alluded to this history4 ,but1  
notwithstanding the authority of this   
great author1 we may be assured that it 
was an emblematical representation1 and 
an image of the sacred bull ,apis and   
,mneuis4 ,and1 in respect to the        
sculpture above mentioned1 and the      
characters therein expressed1 the whole 
is a religious ceremony1 and relates to 
an event of great antiquity1 which was  
commemorated in the rites of ,osiris4   
,of this ,i shall treat hereafter3 at   
present1 it is sufficient to observe1   
that the sacred process is carried on   
before a temple2 on which is a ,greek   
inscription1 but in the provincial      
characters3    4 ,how can   relate to a 
funeral8 ,it denotes a festival in      
honour of the ,sun1 who was styled1 as  
,i have shewn1 ,pator2 and his temple   

was called ,patra3 whence these rites   
were denominated ,patrica4 ,plutarch    
alludes to this ,egyptian ceremony1 and 
supposes it to relate to ,isis1 and to  
her mourning for the loss of her son4   
,speaking of the month ,athyr1 he       
mentions #iac           7 74 ,the       
,egyptians have a custom in the month   
,athyr of ornamenting a golden image of 
a bull2 which they cover with a black   
robe of the finest linen4 ,this they do 
in commemoration of ,isis1 and her grief
 for the loss of ,orus4 ,in every       
figure1 as they are represented in the  
sculpture1 there appears deep silence   
and reverential awe3 but nothing that   
betrays any sorrow in the agents4 ,they 
may commemorate the grief of ,isis2 but 
they certainly do not allude to any     
misfortune of their own3 nor is there   
any thing the least funereal in the     
process4 ,the ,egyptians of all nations 
were the most extravagant in their      
#iad;grief4 ,if any died in a family of 
consequence1 the women used by way of   

shewing their concern to soil their     
heads with the mud of the river2 and to 
disfigure their faces with filth4 ,in   
this manner they would run up and down  
the streets half naked1 whipping        
themselves as they ran3 and the men     
likewise whipped themselves4 ,they cut  
off their hair upon the death of a dog2 
and shaved their eyebrows for a dead    
cat4 ,we may therefore judge1 that some 
very strong symptoms of grief would have
 been expressed1 had this picture any   
way related to the sepulture of a king's
 daughter4 ,herodotus had his account   
from different people3 one half he      
confessedly #iae;disbelieved2 and the   
remainder was equally incredible4 ,for  
no king of ,egypt1 if he had made a     
representation of the sacred #iaf;bull1 
durst have prostituted it for a tomb3   
and1 as ,i have before said1   can never
 relate to a funeral4         99        
99       99       99       99   ,,an    
,,account  ,,of ,,the  ,,gods ,,of      
,,greece2  ,to shew that they were all  

originally one ,,god1 the ,,sun4  ,as ,i
 shall have a great deal to say         
concerning the ,grecian ,theology in the
 course of this work1 it will be        
necessary to take some previous notice  
of their ,gods2 both in respect to their
 original1 and to their purport4 ,many  
learned men have been at infinite pains 
to class the particular ,deities of     
different countries1 and to point out   
which were the same4 ,but they would    
have saved themselves much labour1 if1  
before they had bewildered themselves in
 these fruitless inquiries1 they had    
considered whether all the ,deities of  
which they treat1 were not originally   
the same3 all from one source2 branched 
out and diversified in different parts  
of the world4 ,i have mentioned that the
 nations of the east acknowledged       
originally but one ,deity1 the ,sun3 but
 when they came to give the titles of   
,orus1 ,osiris1 and ,cham1 to some of   
the heads of their family2 they too in  
time were looked up to as ,gods1 and    

severally worshipped as the ,sun4 ,this 
was practised by the ,egyptians3 but    
this nation being much addicted to      
refinement in their worship1 made many  
subtile distinctions3 and supposing that
 there were certain emanations of       
divinity1 they affected to particularize
 each by some title2 and to worship the 
,deity by his attributes4 ,this gave    
rise to a multiplicity of ,gods3 for the
 more curious they were in their        
disquisitions1 the greater was the      
number of these substitutes4 ,many of   
them at first were designed for mere    
titles3 others1 as ,i before mentioned1 
were 1 derivatives1 and emanations3 all 
which in time were esteemed distinct    
beings1 and gave rise to a most         
inconsistent system of ,polytheism4 ,the
 ,grecians1 who received their religion 
from ,egypt and the east1 misconstrued  
every thing which was imported2 and     
added to these absurdities largely4     
,they adopted ,deities1 to whose        
pretended attributes they were totally  

strangers2 whose names they could not   
articulate1 or spell4 ,they did not know
 how to arrange the elements1 of which  
the words were composed4 ,hence it was1 
that ,solon the ,wise could not escape  
the bitter1 but just censure of the     
priest in ,egypt1 who accused both him1 
and the ,grecians in general1 of the    
grossest puerility and ignorance4 #iag 1
 1    1     1           1     4 ,the    
truth of this allegation may be proved  
both from the uncertainty1 and          
inconsistency of the antients in the    
accounts of their ,deities4 ,of this    
uncertainty ,herodotus takes notice4    
#iah    1  '   1     1        1   4 ,he 
attributes to ,homer1 and to ,hesiod1   
the various names and distinctions of   
the ,gods1 and that endless polytheism  
which prevailed4 #iai  1    1      1    
1    4 ,this blindness in regard to     
their own theology1 and to that of the  
countries1 whence they borrowed1 led    
them to misapply the terms1 which they  
had received1 and to make a ,god out of 

every title4 ,but however they may have 
separated1 and distinguished them under 
different personages1 they are all      
plainly resolvable into one ,deity1 the 
,sun4 ,the same is to be observed in the
 ,gods of the ,romans4 ,this may in     
great measure be proved from the current
 accounts of their own writers2 if we   
attend a little closely to what they    
say3 but it will appear more manifest   
from those who had been in ,egypt1 and  
copied their accounts from that country4
 ,there are few characters1 which at    
first sight appear more distinct than   
those of ,apollo and ,bacchus4 ,yet the 
department1 which is generally          
appropriated to ,apollo1 as the ,sun1 ,i
 mean the conduct of the year1 is by    
,virgil given to ,bacchus1 or ,liber4   
,he joins him with ,ceres1 and calls    
them both the bright luminaries of the  
world4          #ibj,vos1 ,o1 clarissima
 ,mundi   ,lumina1 labentem ,clo qui    
ducitis annum1   ,liber1 et alma ,ceres4
  #iba,quidam ipsum solem1 ipsum        

,apollinem1 ipsum ,dionysium eundem esse
 volunt4 ,hence we find that ,bacchus is
 the ,sun1 or ,apollo2 though supposed  
generally to have been a very different 
personage4 ,in reality they are all     
three the same2 each of them the ,sun4  
,he was the ruling ,deity of the world3 
#ibb 1 1 4  ,he was in ,thrace esteemed1
 and worshipped as ,bacchus1 or ,liber4 
#ibc;,in ,thraci ,solem ,liberum haberi1
 quem illi ,sebadium nuncupantes magn   
religione celebrant3 eique ,deo in colle
 #ibd,zemisso des dicata est specie     
rotund4 ,in short1 all the ,gods were   
one1 as we learn from the same ,orphic  
,poetry3    #ibe 1  1  1  1      4      
,some ,deities changed with the season4 
#ibf  1  '  4  ,it was therefore idle in
 the antients to make a disquisition    
about the identity of any ,god1 as      
compared with another2 and to adjudge   
him to ,jupiter rather than to ,mars1 to
 ,venus rather than ,diana4 #ibg    1  1
  1   1   4 ,some1 says ,diodorus1 think
 that ,osiris is ,serapis2 others that  

he is ,dionusus2 others still1 that he  
is ,pluto3 many take him for ,zeus1 or  
,jupiter1 and not a few for ,pan4 ,this 
was an unnecessary embarrassment3 for   
they were all titles of the same ,god1  
there being originally by no means that 
diversity which is imagined1 as ,sir    
,john ,marsham has very justly observed4
 #ibh,neque enim tanta  ,gentium1 quanta
 fuit ,deorum 4 ,it is said1 above1 that
 ,osiris was by some thought to be      
,jupiter1 and by others to be ,pluto4   
,but ,pluto1 among the best theologists1
 was esteemed the same as ,jupiter2 and 
indeed the same as ,proserpine1 ,ceres1 
,hermes1 ,apollo1 and every other       
,deity4    #ibi1 1 1 1 1   1 1   1    '1
   1 1  1  1   1 '  1   4  ,there were  
to be sure a number of strange          
attributes1 which by some of the poets  
were delegated to different personages2 
but there were other writers who went   
deeper in their researches1 and made    
them all centre in one4 ,they sometimes 
represented this sovereign ,deity as    

,dionusus2 who1 according to ,ausonius1 
was worshipped in various parts under   
different titles1 and comprehended all  
the ,gods under one character4          
#icj,ogygia me ,bacchum vocat2   ,osyrin
 gyptus putat3   ,mysi ,phanacem        
nominant3   ,dionyson ,indi existimant3 
,romana ,sacra ,liberum2   ,arabica     
,gens ,adoneum2   ,lucanianus ,pantheon4
  ,sometimes the supremacy was given to 
,pan1 who was esteemed ,lord of all the 
elements4    #ica 1  1   1   1  1   1   
1      4   1 1 1  1   1 1    4  ,more   
generally it was conferred upon         
,jupiter3    #icb  1   1  '       4     
,poseidon1 ,god of the sea1 was also    
reputed the chief ,god1 the ,deity of   
,fire4 ,this we may infer from his      
priest4 ,he was styled a ,purcon1 and   
denominated from him1 and served in his 
oracular temples2 as we learn from      
,pausanias1 who says1 #icc '      4 ,he 
mentions a verse to the same purpose4   
4 ,p'urcon is ,ignis vel lucis dominus3 
and we may know the department of the   

,god from the name of the priest4 ,he   
was no other than the supreme ,deity1   
the ,sun3 from whom all were supposed to
 be derived4 ,hence ,poseidon or        
,neptune1 in the ,orphic verses1 is1    
like ,zeus1 styled the father of ,gods  
and men4    #icd 1 ----   1    1   4    
,in the neighborhood of ,tyre and ,sidon
 the chief deity went by the name of    
#ice,ourchol1 the same as ,archel and   
,aides of ,egypt1 whence came the 1 and 
,hercules of ,greece and ,rome4 ,nonnus1
 who was deeply read in the mythology of
 these countries1 makes all the various 
departments of the other ,gods1 as well 
as their titles1 centre in him4 ,he     
describes him in some good poetry as the
 head of all4    #icf 1  1  1       1   
1      ----     1 '          4----     1
   1       1  4----      1  1    1   1  
1    ,y1    4  ,all the various titles1 
we find1 are at last comprised in       
,apollo1 or the ,sun4  ,it may appear   
strange1 that ,hercules1 and ,jupiter1  
or whomever we put for the chief ,deity1

 should be of all ages4 ,this must have 
been the case1 if they were the same as 
the boy of love1 and ,bacchus ever      
young2 and were also the representatives
 of ,cronus1 and ,saturn4 ,but the      
antients went farther2 and described the
 same ,deity under the same name in     
various stages of life3 and #icg,ulpian 
speaking of ,dionusus1 says that he was 
represented of all ages4   1  1    4    
,but the most extraordinary circumstance
 was1 that they represented the same    
,deity of different sexes4 ,a bearded   
,apollo was uncommon2 but ,venus with a 
beard must have been very extraordinary4
 ,yet she is said to have been thus     
exhibited in ,cyprus1 under the name of 
,aphroditus1 3 #ich      4 ,the same is 
mentioned by ,servius3 #ici;,est etiam  
in ,cypro simulacrum barbat ,veneris1   
corpora et veste muliebri1 cum sceptro1 
et natur virili1 quod  vocant4 ,she was 
also looked upon as prior to ,zeus1 and 
to most other of the ,gods4 #idj   1  1 
4 ,the poet ,calvus speaks of her as    

masculine3 #ida,polientemque ,deum      
,venerem4 ,valerius ,soranus among other
 titles calls ,jupiter the mother of the
 ,gods4    #idb;,jupiter omnipotens1    
,regum ,rex ipse1 ,demque   ,progenitor1
 ,genetrixque ,dem2 ,deus unus et idem4 
,synesius speaks of him in nearly the   
same manner4    #idc 1  '  1    ' 1   4 
,and the like character is given to the 
antient ,deity 4    #idd    1  4  ,in   
one of the fragments of the ,orphic     
poetry there is every thing1 which ,i   
have been saying comprehended within a  
very short compass4    #ide  1    1     
4----     1  #idf1  1    1    ----    1 
4          4    1  1    4  ,whom he     
meant under the title of ,zeus1 he      
explains afterwards in a solemn         
invocation of the ,god ,dionusus4       
#idg           1    1 ,y1  1  1   1 1 1 
4  ,as we have seen how the father of   
the ,gods was diversified1 it may be    
worth while to hear what the supposed   
mother of all the ,deities says of her  
titles and departments1 in ,apuleius4   

#idh,me primigenii ,phryges             
,pessinuntiam nominant ,dem ,matrem3    
hinc ,autochthones ,attici ,cecropiam   
,minervam3 illinc fluctuantes ,cyprii   
,paphiam ,venerem3 ,cretes sagittiferi  
,dictynnam ,dianam4 ,siculi trilingues  
,stygiam ,proserpinam3 ,eleusinii       
vetustam ,deam ,cererem4 ,junonem alii3 
alii ,bellonam3 alii ,hecaten3          
,rhamnusiam alii3 et qui nascentis dei  
,solis inchoantibus radiis illustrantur 
thiopes1 ,ariique1 priscque doctrin     
pollentes gyptii1 ceremoniis me prorsus 
propriis percolentes1 appellant vero    
nomine ,reginam ,isidem4  ,porphyry     
acknowledged1 that ,vesta1 ,rhea1       
,ceres1 ,themis1 ,priapus1 ,proserpina1 
,bacchus1 ,attis1 ,adonis1 ,silenus1 and
 the ,satyrs1 were all one1 and the#idi 
same4 ,nobody had examined the theology 
of the antients more deeply than        
,porphyry4 ,he was a determined ,pagan1 
and his evidence in this point is       
unexceptionable4 ,the titles of ,orus   
and ,osiris being given to ,dionusus1   

caused him in time to partake of the    
same worship which was paid to the great
 luminary2 and as he had also many other
 titles1 from them sprung a multiplicity
 of ,deities4 #iej,morichum ,siculi     
,bacchum nominrunt3 ,arabes vero eundem 
,orachal et ,adonum3 alii ,lyum1        
,erebinthium1 ,sabazium2 ,lacedmonii    
,scytidem1 et ,milichium vocitarunt4    
,but let ,dionusus or ,bacchus be       
diversified by ever so many names or    
titles1 they all1 in respect to worship1
 relate ultimately to the ,sun4 #iea,sit
 ,osiris1 sit ,omphis1 ,nilus1 ,siris1  
sive quodcunque aliud ab ,hierophantis  
usurpatum nomen1 ad unum tandem ,solem1 
antiquissimum ,gentium numen1 redeunt   
omnia4         99       99       99     
99       99   ,,end ,,of ,,vol4 ,i4  ,w4
 ,marchant1 ,printer1 #c1               
,greville-street1 ,holborn4         99  
99       99       99       99   ,notes  
to ,volume ,i4  #a ,henry ,,vi4 founder 
of ,eton and ,king's ,college1 in       
,cambridge4  #b ,dr4 ,priestley1 on     

,philosophical ,necessity4  #c    4     
,eusebii ,chron4 p4 #aj4 ,see also      
,syncellus4  #d --     4 ,isis et       
,osiris4 p4 #cee4  #e            1      
1            '       1   4 ,euseb4 ,prp4
 ,evang4 l4 #a4 c4 #i4 p4 #cb4  #f ,he  
makes it exceed the ra of the ,mosaic   
creation #accf years4 ,see ,marsham's   
,canon ,chron4 p4 #a4  #g ,the ,rev4    
,dr4 ,barford1 ,prebendary of           
,canterbury1 and ,rector of ,kimpton1   
,hertfordshire4  #h ,called also        
,chumus4 ,lilius ,gyraldus speaks of the
 ,phenician ,god ,chumus4 ,syntag4 #a4  
p4 #g4  #i ,of ,amanus1 and ,omanus1 see
 ,strabo4 l4 #aa4 p4 #ggi4 and l4 #ae4  
p4 #ajff4 ,he calls the temple  4  #aj  
,et ,solem et calorem  ,chammha vocant  
7,syri47 ,selden de ,diis ,syris4       
,syntag4 #b4 c4 #h4 p4#bdg4  #aa ,the   
,sun in the ,persic language1 ,hama4    
,gale's ,court of the ,gentiles4 v4 #a4 
c4 #aa4 p4#gb4  #ab ,camisene1 ,chamath1
 ,chamane1 ,choma1 ,chom1 ,cuma1 ,cam1  
,camelis1 ,cambalidus1 ,comopolis1      

,comara1 c4 ,all these are either names 
of places1 where the ,amonians settled2 
or are terms1 which have a reference to 
their religion and worship4  #ac        
,plutarch4 ,amatorius4 vol4 #b4 p4#gfh4 
#ad #b ,chron4 c4 #cd4 v4 #d4    4      
,plutarch4 ,isis et ,osiris1 vol4 #b4   
p4#cgd4  #ae ,i will cut off the remnant
 of ,baal from this place1 and the name 
of the ,chammerim with the priests4     
,zephaniah4 c4 #a4 v4 #d4 ,from hence we
 may1 in some degree1 infer who are     
meant by the ,baalim4  #af ,hesychius4  
#ag ,herodotus4 l4 #b4 c4 #db4  ,ham sub
 ,jovis nomine in ,afric diu cultus4    
,bochart4 ,geog4 ,sac4 l4 #a4 c4 #a4 p4 
#e4          1              1           
1 1  4                   ,pindar4 ,pyth4
 ode #d4 v4 #bh4 ,schol4  #ah ,plutarch4
 ,isis et ,osiris4 vol4 #b4 p4 #ced4    
,zeus was certainly1 as these writers   
say1 a title given to ,ham2 yet it will 
be found originally to have belonged to 
his father2 for titles were not         
uniformly appropriated4  #ai ,herodotus4

 l4 #b1 c4 #di4 ,speaking afterwards of 
the people at ,dodona1 he says1   1     
1     4 c4 #eb4 ,it was a long time     
before they had names for any of the    
,gods2 and very late before they were   
acquainted with ,dionusus2 which ,deity1
 as well as all the others1 they        
received from ,egypt4 ,see also l4 #b4  
c4 #ei4  #bj ,sanchoniathon apud        
,eusebium prodit gyptiorum  esse        
,phnicum 1 vel secundum ,mochum1 4 ,see 
notes to ,iamblichus1 by ,gale1 p1 #cja4
  #ba ,chusistan1 to the east of the    
,tigris1 was the land of ,chus3 it was1 
likewise1 called ,cutha1 and ,cissia1 by
 different writers4 ,a river and region1
 styled ,cutha1 mentioned by ,josephus1 
,ant4 ,jud4 l4 #i4 c4 #ad4 n4 #c4 the   
same which by others has been called    
,cushan1 and ,chusistan4  #bb ,the      
harbour at ,carthage was named ,cothon4 
,strabo4 l4 #ag4 p4 #aahi4 ,also1 an    
island in that harbour4 ,diodorus ,sic4 
l4 #c4 p4 #afh4  #bc      4  1  1       
1  4 ,josephus4 ,ant4 ,jud4 l4 #a4 c4   

#f4  #b4  #bd ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evang4 l4  
#a4 c4 #aj4 p4 #ci4  #be ,sanchoniathon 
apud eundem4 ,ibid4  ,see ,michaelis    
,geographia ,hebror4 ,extera4 p4 #b4    
#bf      1  1 1     4 ,euseb4 ,chron4 p4
 #ag4   of the ,,lxx4  ,josephus calls  
the country of ,egypt ,mestra4    1     
1   1 4 ,ant4 ,jud4 l4 #a4 c4 #f4  #b4  
#bg ,apud ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,evan4 l4 #a4 c4
 #aj4 p4 #cf4  ,hierapolis of ,syria1   
was called ,magog1 or rather the city of
 ,magog4 ,it was also called ,bambyce4  
,cle 7,syria7 habet--,bambycen1 qu alio 
nomine ,hierapolis vocatur1 ,syris vero 
,magog4 ,plin4 ,hist4 ,nat4 l4 #e4  #ai4
 p4 #bff4  #bh ,genesis4 c4 #aj4 v4 #h1 
#i4 ,hence called   1  1 4--,chronicon  
,paschale4 ,p4 #bh4  #bi       4 ,euseb4
 ,chron4 p4 #e4 ex ,apollodoro4 ,the    
same from ,abydenus4 ,euseb4 ,chron4 p4 
#f4        7 71   4 ,cedrenus4 p4 #ad4  
771  1  1    1 1    1     1       1   4 
,chronicon ,paschale4 p4 #cf4  #cj      
,homer4 ,odyss4 l4  v4 #ega4  #ca       
,chronicon4 ,pasch4 p4 #cf4  #cb        

,strabo4 l4 #f4 p4 #dba4  #cc ,gratii   
,cyneget4 v4 #ebg4  #cd ,solinus de     
,situ ,orbis4 c4 #aa4  #ce ,plin4 ,nat4 
,hist4 l4 #c4 c4 #a4  #cf ,silius       
,italicus4 l4 #c4 v4 #cic4  #cg ,seneca4
 dipus4 act #b4 v4 #dcf4  #ch ,sylv4 l4 
#a4 carm4 #b4 v4 #bbf4  ,dionysius of   
the ,indian ,camarit3    1     1     4  
,v4 #gjc4  ,at the rites of ,osiris1    
7 7    4 ,plutarch ,isis et ,osir4 p4   
#cfd4  #ci ,arnobius4 l4 #e4 p4 #ahe4   
edit4 #affa4 ,ceres fessa1 oras ut venit
 ,atticas--,nebridarum familiam pellicul
 cohonestavit hinnulea4  #dj ,nimrod    
built ,babylon2 which is said to have   
been the work of ,belus4 '-- '  4       
,etymologicum ,magnum4  ,arcem          
7,babylonis7 ,rex antiquissimus condidit
 ,belus4 ,ammian4 ,marcellinus4 l4 #bc4 
,here was a temple1 styled the temple of
 ,belus4  #da ,eusebius4 ,prp4 ,evang4  
l4 #a4 c4 #i4 p4 #cb4 l4 #a4 c4 #aj4 p4 
#cf4 p4 #dj4  #db ,see also the ,phdrus 
of ,plato3       4  #dc ,anthologia4 l4 
#a4 #ia4 l4 #a4 #bi4  #dd ,eusebius4    

,prp4 ,evang4 l4 #a1 c4 #aj4 p4 #cf4    
from ,sanchoniathon4  #de ,lucan4 l4 #a4
 v4 #ddd4  #df ,selden de ,diis ,syrib3 
,prolegomena4 c4 #c4  #dg ,lycophron4 v4
 #dei4 ,scholia ibidem4  ,it is also    
compounded with ,cham1 as in ,orchamus1 
a common ,babylonish appellation4       
,rexit ,achmenias urbes pater ,orchamus2
 isque   ,septimus a prisci numeratur   
origine ,beli4                   ,ovid4 
,metamorph4 l4 #d4 v4 #bab4  #dh        
,eusebii ,prp4 ,evang4 l4 #a4 c4 #aj4 p4
 #cf4  #di ,gruter4 v4 #a4 #cg4 n4 #d1  
#e1 #f4  #ej ,damascius apud ,photium4  
c4 #bdb4  #ea 1 ,alorus1 the first king 
who reigned4 ,syncellus4 p4 #ah4  1     
,halia1 was a festival at ,rhodes in    
honour of the ,sun1 to whom that ,island
 was sacred4    4 ,athenus4 l4 #ac4 p4  
#efa4 ,the first inhabitants were styled
 ,heliad4 ,diodorus ,sic4 l4 #e4 p4     
#cbg4 ,and they called the chief temple 
of the ,deity 1 ,halion4 ,eustath4 ad   
,hom4 ,odyss4 4 ,they came after a      
deluge1 led by ,ochimus1 ,macar1 and    

others4  #eb ,gruter4 ,inscript4 xl4 #i4
 and lvi4 #aa4  #ec ,macrobii ,saturn4  
l4 #c4 c4 #h4  #ed ,pomponius ,laetus4  
,camilla was in like manner attendant on
 the ,gods4  ,clitum ,camilla expectata 
advenis4 ,ennius in ,medo1 ex ,varrone  
de ,ling4 ,lat4 p4 #ga4 ,edit4          
,dordrechti4 #afai4  #ee ,juba apud     
,plutarchum in ,numa4 vol4 #a4 p4 #fd4  
#ef ,scholia in ,apollon4 ,rhodium4 l4  
#a4 v4 #iag4 ,so ,camna was rendered    
,casmna4  #eg ,de ,amore ,fraterno4 p4  
#dhc4  #eh ,isaiah4 c4 #ad4 v4 #ab4  #ei
 ,genesis4 c4 #da4 v4 #de4 and ,exodus4 
c4 #a4 v4 #aa4  #fj ,theophilus ad      
,autolycum4 l4 #c4 p4 #cib4 ,iablonsky4 
l4 #b4 c4 #a4 p4 #ach4  #fa ,canticles4 
c4 #h4 v4 #aa4  ,mention is made of     
,amon1 ,jeremiah4 c4 #df4 v4 #be4       
,nahum4 c4 #c4 v4 #h4  ,it was sometimes
 compounded2 and the ,deity worshipped  
under the titles of ,or-,on3 and there  
were temples of this denomination in    
,canaan4  ,solomon fortified ,beth-,oron
 the upper1 and ,beth-,oron the nether4 

#b ,chron4 c4 #h4 v4 #e4  ,as ,ham was  
styled ,hamon1 so was his son ,chus1 or 
,cuth1 named ,cuthon and ,cothon2 as we 
may judge from places1 which1 were      
denominated1 undoubtedly1 from him4 ,at 
,adrumetum was an island at the entrance
 of the harbour so called3 ,hirtius4    
,afric4 p4 #gih4 ,another at ,carthage1 
probably so named from a tower or       
temple4       1   4--,strabo4 l4 #ag4 p4
 #aahi4  #fb ,voss4 de ,idol4 vol4 #a4  
l4 #b4 c4 #ag4 p4 #cia4  #fc ,apocalyps4
 c4 #i4 v4 #aa4  #fd ,the ,sun's disk1  
styled 3       4 ,nonnus4 l4 #dj4 v4    
#cga4   4 4   4   4 ,hesychius4 ,altered
 to   by ,albertus4  #fe ,the ,egyptian 
,theology abounded with personages      
formed from these emanations1 who1      
according to ,psellus1 were called      
,eons1 1 4 ,see ,iamblichus1 and        
,psellus1 and ,damascius4  #ff          
,stephanus ,byzant4  #fg ,scholia on    
,dionysius4 v4 #bci4 ,what it alluded to
 may be seen from other authors4  #fh   
,homer4 ,iliad4 4 v4 #fij4  1  4        

,hesychius4  #fi  4 ,etymolog4 ,magnum  
ex ,orione1 in ,athribis4  ,they express
 it after the manner of the ,ionians1   
who always deviated from the original   
term4 ,the ,dorians would have called   
it1 with more propriety1 ,ath4  #gj     
,horus ,apollo4 l4 #a4 c4 #bb4 p4 #ch4  
#ga ,clemens ,alexandrius from ,ptolemy 
,mendesius4 ,strom4 l4 #a4 p4 #cgh4  ,it
 was called also ,abur1 or ,abaris1 as  
well as ,athur4 ,in after times it was  
rebuilt2 and by ,herodotus it is styled 
,cercasora4 ,by ,athuria is to be       
understood both the city and the        
district2 which was part of the great   
,nome of ,heliopolis4  #gb ,orphic4     
,argonaut4 v4 #acbc4  #gc ,athenagor    
,legatio4 p4 #bic4  ,proserpine 77 was  
also called ,athela1 ibid4  #gd         
,apollonius ,rhodius4 l4 #c4 v4 #eb4    
#ge ,homer4 ,iliad4 4 v4 #cg4  #gf      
,homer4 ,iliad4 4 v4 #id4  #gg ,homer4  
,odyss4 4 v4 #adg4  ,ath-,el among many 
nations a title of great honour4  #gh   
,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #e4 c4 #ca4  #gi 

,valerius ,flaccus4 l4 #b4 v4 #gh4 ,the 
chief city was ,hephstia4  #hj ,universa
 vero gens 7thiopum7 theria appellata   
est4 ,plin4 l4 #f4 c4 #cj4  #ha ,plin4  
l4 #e4 c4 #ca4  #hb ,genesis4 c4 #aj4 v4
 #ah4 c4 #aa4 v4 #b4  #hc #a ,kings4 c4 
#af4 v4 #ca4  #hd #b ,kings4 c4 #aa4 v4 
#a4  #he ,ovid4 ,metamorph4 l4 #e4 v4   
#afb4  ,so in ,virgil4    ,comites      
,sarpedonis ambo1       ,et clarus      
,ethemon ,lyci comitantur ab alt4   ,or1
 ,clarus et ,ethemon4 neis4 l4 #aj4 v4  
#abf4  #hf #a ,kings4 c4 #aa4 v4 #ad4   
,adad1 the fourth king of ,edom4 ,gen4  
c4 #cf4 v4 #ce4  #hg #a ,kings4 c4 #bj4 
v4 #a4  #hh ,nicolaus ,damasc4 apud     
,josephum ,antiq4 l4 #g4 c4 #e4  #hi #b 
,samuel4 c4 #h4 v4 #c4  #ij #a ,chron4  
c4 #ah4 v4 #aj4  #ia ,zechariah4 c4 #ab4
 v4 #aa4  ,there was a town of this name
 in ,israel4 ,some suppose that the     
,prophet alluded to the death of        
,josiah1 who was slain at ,megiddo4  #ib
 ,plutarch4 ,apothegmata4 p4 #ahj4 ,one 
of the wives of ,esau was of ,canaan1   

and named ,adah1 the daughter of ,elon  
the ,hittite4 ,gen4 c4 #cf4 v4 #b4  #ic 
1      4 ,hesychius4  #id ,macrobii     
,saturnalia4 l4 #a4 c4 #bc4  #ie        
,adamantis fluv4 ,gangeticus4  ,adam was
 sometimes found reversed1 as in ,amad1 
a ,canaanitish town in the tribe of     
,ashur4 ,joshua4 c4 #ai4 v4 #bf4 ,there 
was a town ,hamad1 as well as ,hamon1 in
 ,galilee3 also1 ,amida1 in             
,mesopotamia4  #if ,polybius4 l4 #a4 p4 
#ca4  ,atis1 in ,phrygia1 and ,lydia1   
was represented with a crown of rays1   
and a tiara spangled with stars1     4  
,julian4 ,orat4 #e4 p4 #agi4  #ig       
,podalia1 ,choma1 prfluente ,adesa4     
,plin4 l4 #e4 c4 #ag4  ,it was          
compounded1 also1 ,az-,on4 ,hence  in   
,sicily1 near ,selinus4 ,diodori        
,excerpta4 l4 #bb4  #ih ,herbert's      
,travels4 p4 #caf4 ,he renders the word 
,attash4  ,hyde of the various names of 
fire among the ,persians2 ,va1 ,adur1   
,azur1 ,adish1 ,atesh1 ,hyr4 c4 #bi p4  
#ceh4 ,atesh ,perest is a ,priest of    

fire4 ,ibid4 c4 #bi4 p4 #cff4  #ii      
,aziz1 lightning2 any thing             
superlatively bright1 analogous to ,adad
 and ,rabrab4 ,hazazon ,tamor1 mentioned
 #b ,chron4 c4 #bj4 v4 #b4  #ajj ,orat4 
#d4 p4 #aej4  #aja ,azaz1 and ,asisus1  
are the same as ,asis and ,isis made    
feminine in ,egypt2 who was supposed to 
be the sister of ,osiris the ,sun4  #ajb
      4 ,plutarch4 ,isis  ,osiris4 p4   
#ced4  #ajc ,hence came asso1 assare1 of
 the ,romans4  ,jezebel1 whose father   
was ,ethbaal1 king of ,sidon1 and whose 
daughter was ,athaliah1 seems to have   
been named from ,aza-bel2 for all the   
,sidonian names are compounds of sacred 
terms4  #ajd ,places1 which have this   
term in their composition1 are to be    
found also in ,canaan and ,africa4 ,see 
,relandi ,palstina4 vol4 #b4 p4 #eig4   
,joseph4 ,ant4 l4 #h4 c4 #b4 ,hazor1 the
 chief city of ,jabin1 who is styled    
king of ,canaan1 stood near ,lacus      
,samochonites4 ,azorus1 near ,heraclea1 
in ,thessaly1 at the bottom of ,mount   

ta4 ,hazor is mentioned as a kingdom1   
and1 seemingly1 near ,edom and ,kedar4  
,jeremiah4 c4 #di4 v4 #cj4 #cc4  #aje   
,hazor in ,sicily stood near ,enna1 and 
was1 by the ,greeks1 rendered 1 and 4   
,azor and ,azur was a common name for   
places where ,puratheia were            
constructed4 ,see ,hyde4 ,relig4 ,pers4 
c4 #c4 p4 #ajj4  #ajf ,the country about
 the ,cayster was particularly named    
,asia4         4 ,homer4 ,iliad4 4 v4   
#dfa4  ,of these parts see ,strabo4 l4  
#ac4 p4 #icb4  #ajg --   1     4        
,stephanus ,byzant4  #ajh 1    1   1    
4 ,strabo4 l4 #ac4 p4 #icc4  #aji       
,damascius apud ,photium in ,vit        
,isidor4 c4 #bdb4  #aaj ,at ,hierapolis1
 ,acharaca1 ,magnesia1 and ,myus4       
,strabo4 l4 #ab4 p4 #hfh4  1    1    1  
1   4 ,strabo4 l4 #ad4 p4 #ifj4  #aaa   
,plin4 ,h4 ,n4 ,l4 #b4 c4 #ic4 ,spiritus
 lethales alibi1 aut scrobibus emissi1  
aut ipso loci situ mortiferi3 alibi     
volucribus tantum1 ut ,soracte vicino   
urbi tractu3 alibi prter hominem cteris 

animantibus3 nonnunquam et homini2 ut in
 ,sinuessano agro1 et ,puteolano4       
,spiracula vocant1 alii ,charoneas      
scrobes1 mortiferum spiritum exhalantes4
 ,strabo of the same3 1 '     1  1   4  
l4 #ad4 p4 #idc4  #aab                  
4 ,strabo4 l4 #aa4 p4 #hje4  #aac ,anait
 signifies a fountain of fire2 under    
which name a female ,deity was          
worshipped4 ,wherever a temple is       
mentioned1 dedicated to her worship1    
there will be generally found some hot  
streams1 either of water or bitumen2 or 
else salt1 and nitrous pools4 ,this is  
observable at ,arbela4       1 '    1   
1    1 7or 7 4 ,strabo4 l4 #af4 p4      
#ajgb4  ,of ,anait see ,strabo4 l4 #aa4 
p4 #ggi4 l4 #ab4 p4 #hch4 l4 #ae4       
p4#ajff4  #aad ,strabo4 l4 #ad4 p4 #iea4
  #aae      1   4 ,stephanus            
,byzantinus4  #aaf ,pausanias4 l4 #h4 p4
 #fah4  #aag ,athanasius1 who was of    
,egypt1 speaks of the veneration paid to
 fountains and waters4    1       1   4 
,oratio contra ,gentes4 p4 #b4 ,edit4   

,commelin4  #aah ,it was an obsolete    
term1 but to be traced in its           
derivatives4 ,from ,ees-,el came 1      
,asylum3 from ,el-,ees1 ,elis1 ,elissa1 
,eleusis1 ,eleusinia ,sacra1 ,elysium1  
,elysii campi in ,egypt and elsewhere4  
#aai ,of those places called ,lasa many 
instances might be produced4 ,the       
fountain at ,gortyna in ,crete was very 
sacred1 and called ,lasa1 and ,lysa4    
,there was a tradition1 that ,jupiter   
when a child was washed in its waters3  
it was therefore changed to 4 ,pausanias
 says1    4 l4 #h4 p4 #fhe4  ,in ,judea 
were some medicinal waters and warm     
springs of great repute1 at a place     
called of old ,lasa4 ,lasa ipsa est1 qu 
nunc ,callirrho dicitur1 ubi aqu calid  
in ,mare ,mortuum defluunt4 ,hieron4 in 
,isaiam4 c4 #ag4 #ai4       4 ,josephus 
de ,b4 ,j4 l4 #a4 c4 #cc4  ,alesa1 urbs 
et fons ,sicili4 ,solinus4 c4 #aa4 ,the 
fountain was of a wonderful nature4     
#abj ,strabo4 l4 #e4 p4 #che4  #aba     
,strabo4 l4 #ae4 p4 #ajbi4  #abb        

,strabo4 l4 #d4 p4 #cad4  #abc ,strabo4 
l4 #f4 p4 #dba4  #abd ,strabo4 l4 #ad4  
p4 #iea4 ,here was a cavern1 which sent 
forth a most pestilential vapour4       
,diodorus ,sic4 l4 #d4 p4 #bgh4  #abe   
,voyages de ,monconys4 ,parte #b;de4 p4 
#ch4  #abf    ,sulmo mihi patria est1   
gelidis uberrimus undis4                
,ovid4 ,tristia4 l4 #e4 ,eleg4 #aj4 v4  
#c4  #abg ,john4 c4 #c4 v4 #bc4         
so denominated by the antient           
,canaanites4  #abh ,pausanias4 l4 #g4 p4
 #ece4 ,the city ,arles in ,provence was
 famed for medicinal waters4 ,the true  
name was ,ar-,ales1 the city of ,ales3  
it was also called ,ar-,el-,ait1 or     
,arelate4  #abi ,herodotus4 l4 #d4 c4   
#eb4  #acj ,pausanias4 l4 #h4 p4 #fei4  
#aca ,pausanias4 l4 #g4 p4 #ece4  #acb  
,strabo4 l4 #ab4 p4 #hab4  #acc ,strabo4
 l4 #ab4 p4 #hci4  #acd ,gaspar         
,brechenmaker4  #de4 p4 #eg  #ace       
,tacitus4 ,annal4 l4 #ac4 c4 #eg4  ,from
 this antient term ,as1 or ,az1 many    
words in the ,greek language were       

derived3 such as 1 veneror2 1 2 1 2 1 2 
1     4 ,hesychius4  #acf ,cyril4 contra
 ,julianum4 l4 #aj4 p4 #cdb4 ,and       
,iamblich4 in vit ,pythagor4   4        
,lactantii ,div4 ,institut4 l4 #a4 c4   
#aa4 p4 #ec4  1 4 ,hesychius4  #acg     
,joshua4 c4 #ai4 v4 #cc4 ,judges4 c4 #d4
 v4 #aa4 ,also ,tzaanan4 ,micah4 c4 #a4 
v4 #aa4 ,solis ,fons4  #ach ,relandi    
,palstina4 v4 #b4 p4 #ihc4  #aci        
,diodorus ,siculus4 l4 #b4 p4 #ij4  #adj
 #a ,samuel4 c4 #ca4 v4 #i1 #aj4  #ada  
,joshua4 c4 #ae4 v4 #ca4  #adb          
,pausanias4 l4 #e4 p4 #dcj4  1 1  all   
names of the same purport1 all statues  
of the ,sun1 called ,zan1 ,zon1 ,zoan1  
,xoan4  #adc ,silius ,italicus4 l4 #h4  
v4 #dba4  #add ,lactantius1 de ,f4 ,r4  
l4 #a4 p4 #fe4  ,fit sacrificium1 quod  
est proficiscendi grati1 ,herculi1 aut  
,sanco1 qui idem deus est4 ,festus4     
#ade ,dionysius ,halicarnass4 ,antiq4   
,rom4 l4 #d4 p4 #bdf4 ,st4 ,austin      
supposes the name to have been ,sanctus4
 ,sabini etiam ,regem suum primum       

,sancum1 sive1 ut aliqui appellant1     
,sanctum1 retulerunt inter deos4        
,augustinus de ,civitate ,dei4 l4 #ah4  
c4 #ai4 ,the name was not of ,roman     
original2 but far prior to ,rome4  #adf 
,gruter4 ,inscript4 vol4 #a4 p4 #if4 n4 
#f4  ,semoni ,sanco ,deo ,fidio4 n4 #e4 
,sanco ,fidio ,semo ,patri4 n4 #g       
,sanco ,deo ,patr4 ,reatin4 sacrum4 n4  
#h4  ,from ,san came the ,latine terms1 
sanus1 sano1 sanctus1 sancire4  ,vossius
 derives ,san1 or ,zan1 from 1 svire4   
,de ,idol4 l4 #a4 c4 #bb4 p4 #afh4  #adg
 ,macrobii ,saturn4 l4 #c4 c4 #h4 p4    
#bhb4  ,hence1 perhaps1 came  and  to   
live3 and 1 animal3 and hence the title 
of ,apollo 4  #adh ,tertullian4 ,apolog4
 c4 #bd4  #adi  7lege 7       '   4     
4 ,stephanus ,byz4  1 ,dous1 is the same
 as ,deus4 -1 ,deus ,sol4  #aej   4     
,herod4 l4 #e4 c4 #ag4  #aea ,agathias4 
l4 #b4 p4 #fb4  #aeb                    
4     1  1   4     ,ex ,proclo4 ,see    
,poesis ,philosophica4 ,edit4 ,h4       
,steph4 p4 #ia4  #aec ,plutarch4 in     

,artaxerxe4 p4 #ajab4  #aed ,virgil4    
neis4 l4 #c4 v4 #hj4  ,majorum enim hc  
erat consuetudo1 ut ,rex esset etiam    
,sacerdos1 et ,pontifex3 unde hodieque  
,imperatores ,pontifices dicamus4       
,servii ,scholia ibidem4  #aee  '       
4 ,strabo4 l4 #ab4 p4 #hea4 ,it is      
spoken particularly of some places in   
,asia ,minor4  #aef ,pythodorus1 the    
high priest of ,zela and ,comana in     
,armenia1 was the king of the country4  
4 ,strabo4 l4 #ab4 p4 #hch4  #aeg       
,etymologicum ,magnum4     4 ,hesychius4
  #aeh ,genesis4 c4 #ad4 v4 #ai4    4   
,sabacon of ,ethiopia was ,saba ,con1 or
 king of ,saba4  #aei ,strabo4 l4 #af4  
p4 #ajgd4  #afj ,ptolem4 ,geogr4 lib4   
#e4 cap4 #ai p4 #afe4 ,he places very   
truly the ,orcheni upon the ,sinus      
,persicus3 for they extended so far4    
4 ,idem4 l4 #e4 c4 #bj4 p4 #afg4  #afa  
,plin4 ,h4 ,n4 l4 #f4 c4 #bg4  #afb     
,ezra4 c4 #e4 v4 #f4 c4 #d4 v4 #i-ag4   
#afc ,the priests in ,egypt1 among other
 titles1 were called ,sonchin1 sive     

,solis ,sacerdotes1 changed to  in the  
singular4 ,pythagoras was instructed by 
a ,sonchin1 or priest of the ,sun4 ,it  
is mentioned as a proper name by        
,clemens ,alexandr4 ,strom4 l4 #a4 p4   
#cef4 ,and it might be so3 for priests  
were denominated from the ,deity1 whom  
they served4  #afd ,see ,observations   
upon the ,antient ,history of ,egypt4 p4
 #afd4  #afe ,description de la ,ville  
de ,pekin4 p4 #e4 ,he mentions ,chao    
,kong4 p4 #c4  #aff ,see ,observations  
and ,inquiries4 p4 l#fc4  #afg ,diodorus
 ,siculus4 l4 #a4 p4 #be4  #afh ,l4 #c4 
c4 #fa4  #afi ,l4 #g4 c4 #dj4  ,patcion 
is mentioned by ,plutarch de audiendis  
,poetis4 p4 #ba4  ,patiramphes is for   
,pata-,ramphan1 the priest of the ,god  
,ramphan1 changed to ,ramphas by the    
,greeks4  ,ram-phan is the great ,phan  
or ,phanes1 a ,deity well known in      
,egypt4  #agj ,also in ,asampat2 a      
nation upon the ,motis4 ,plin4 l4 #f4 c4
 #g4  #aga ,l4 #aa4 p4 #gid4 ,he speaks 
of it as a proper name2 but it was      

certainly a title and term of office4   
#agb ,herodotus4 l4 #d4 c4 #aaj4  #agc  
,aor1 is  of the ,chaldeans4  #agd      
,proclus in ,timum4 l4 #a4 p4 #ca4  ,see
 ,iablonsky4 l4 #a4 c4 #c4 p4 #eg4      
,clemens ,alexand4 ,strom4 l4 #a4 p4    
#cef4  ,it is remarkable that the       
worshippers of ,wishnou1 or ,vistnou in 
,india1 are now called ,petacares1 and  
are distinguished by three red lines on 
their foreheads4 ,the priests of ,brama 
have the same title1 ,petac ,arez1 the  
priests of ,arez1 or the ,sun4 ,luc     
,viecampii ,hist4 ,mission4 ,evangel4 in
 ,india1 #agdg4 c4 #aj4 4 #c4 p4 #eg4   
#age ,eubebius4 ,prp4 ,evang4 l4 #a4 c4 
#aj4 p4 #cd4  #agf ,damascius apud      
,photium4 c4 #bdc4  ,belus primus ,rex  
,assyriorum1 quos constat ,saturnum     
7quem eundem et ,solem dicunt7          
,junonemque coluisse4 ,servius in ,virg4
 neid4 l4 #a4  #agg ,theoph4 ad         
,antolycum4 l4 #c4 p4 #cii4  1     1    
4 ,idem4  #agh ,psalm #ib4 v4 #aj4  #agi
 ,psalm #aab4 v4 #i4  #ahj ,jeremiah4 c4

 #dh4 v4 #be4  #aha ,luke4 c4 #a1 v4    
#fi4  #ahb ,pausanias4 l4 #c4 p4 #bci4  
,callimachus4 ,hymn to ,apollo1 v4 #ga4 
,he mentions ,minerva 1 ,crana4 l4 #aj4 
p4 #hhf4  ,among the ,romans this title1
 in later times1 was expressed ,granus  
and ,grannus3 hence1 in ,gruter         
,inscriptions1 p4 #cg4 n4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4
 ,,appollini ,,granno4  #ahc ,the       
,dorians expressed it 4 ,palphatus4 p4  
#gh4  #ahd ,cicero de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4   
#c4 #bc4  #ahe ,huetii ,demonstratio4 p4
 #hc4  #ahf ,orus ,apollo4 c4 #a4 p4 #b4
  ,some have1 by mistake1 altered this  
to 4  #ahg ,leviticus4 c4 #bj4 v4 #bg4  
,deuteronomy1 c4 #ah4 v4 #aa4           
,translated a charmer1 or a consulter   
with familiar spirits1 or a wizard1 or a
 necromancer4  ,tunc etiam ort sunt     
opiniones1 et sententi2 et inventi sunt 
ex cis augures1 et magni divinatores1 et
 sortilegi1 et inquirentes ,ob et       
,iideoni1 et requirentes mortuos4       
,selden de ,diis ,syris4 ,synt4 #a4 c4  
#b4 p4 #dh4 from ,m4 ,maimonides in more

 ,nebuchim4  #ahh ,justin ,martyr's     
second ,apology4 p4 #f4  ,of serpent    
worship1 see ,eusebius4 ,p4 ,e4 l4 #a4  
c4 #aj4 p4 #dj1 #da4 ,and ,clementis    
,alexand4 ,cohort4 p4 #ad4 ,arnobius4 l4
 #e4 lian4 l4 #aj4 c4 #ca4 of the ,asp4 
,herodotus4 l4 #b4 c4 #gd4  #ahi #a     
,samuel4 c4 #bh4 v4 #g4  4  #aij ,it is 
called ,abdir1 ,abadir1 and ,abaddir1 by
 ,priscian4 ,he supposes the stone      
,abaddir to have been that which ,saturn
 swallowed1 instead of his son by ,rhea4
 ,abdir1 et ,abadir1 4 l4 #a42 and1 in  
another part1 ,abadir ,deus est4        
,dicitur et hoc nomine lapis ille1 quem 
,saturnus dicitur devorsse pro ,jove1   
quem ,grci  vocant4 l4 #b4  #aia        
,bochart4 ,hierozoicon4 l4 #a4 c4 #c4 p4
 #bb4  #aib ,macrobius4 ,saturnalia4 l4 
#a4 c4 #aj4 p4 l#fb4  #aic ,the father  
of one of the goddesses1 called ,diana1 
had the name of ,upis4 ,cicero de ,natur
 ,deorum4 l4 #c4 #bc4  ,it was conferred
 upon ,diana herself2 also upon ,cybele1
 ,rhea1 ,vesta1 ,terra1 ,juno4 ,vulcan  

was called ,opas1 ,cicero de ,nat4      
,deor4 l4 #c4  ,ops was esteemed the    
,goddess of riches3 also1 the ,deity of 
fire3   1  1    4 ,hesychius4     1   1 
747 ,palphatus4 c4 #cb4 p4 #gh4  #aid   
,callimachus4 ,hymn to ,diana4 v4 #bjd4 
#aie ,sidonius ,apollinaris4 ,carm4 #i4 
v4 #aij4  #aif    4 ,eusebius de locorum
 nominibus in sacr ,script4 ,ain ,on1   
tons solis4 ,salim is not from ,salem1  
peace2 but from ,sal1 the ,sun1 the ,sol
 of the ,latines4 ,salim1 ,aqu solis2   
also ,aqu sals4  #aig ,st4 ,john4 c4 #c4
 v4 #bc4  #aih ,pythagoras used to swear
 by    4 ,see ,stanley of the ,chaldaic 
,philosophy1 and ,selden de ,diis       
,syris4 ,synt4 #b4 c4 #a4 p4 #ace4    1 
4 ,oracle concerning the ,deity1 quoted 
in notes to ,iamblichus4 p4 #bii4  #aii 
,athenagor4 ,legatio4 p4 #bic4  #bjj    
,the ,amonians dealt largely in fountain
 worship3 that is1 in the adoration of  
subordinate dmons2 which they supposed  
to be emanations and derivatives from   
their chief ,deity4 ,they called them   

,zones1 ,intelligences1 ,fountains1 c4  
,see ,psellus and ,stanley upon the     
,chaldaic ,philosophy4 p4 #ag4 c4 #c4   
,see ,proclus on the ,theology of       
,plato4 l4 #e4 c4 #cd4 p4 #cae4  #bja   
,edita de magno flumine ,nympha fui4    
,ovid4 ,epist4 #e4 v4 #aj4  ,some make  
her the daughter of ,cebrenus2 others of
 the river ,xanthus4  #bjb ,plin4 ,n4   
,h4 l4 #d4 c4 #ab4  #bjc ,joshua4 c4 #a4
 #ai4 v4 #ch4  #bjd ,macrobius4 ,sat4 l4
 #a4 c4 #g4 p4 #aea4  #bje ,fontis      
stagna ,numici4 ,virg4 l4 #g4 #aej4     
,egeria est1 qu prbet aquas1 ,dea grata 
,camnis4 ,ovid4 ,see ,plutarch4 ,numa4  
#bjf ,it is my opinion that there are   
two events recorded by ,moses1 ,gen4 c4 
#aj4 throughout2 and ,gen4 c4 #aa4 v4   
#h4 #i4 ,one was a regular migration of 
mankind in general to the countries     
allotted to them3 the other was a       
dispersion which related to some        
particulars4 ,of this hereafter ,i shall
 treat at large4  #bjg  4 ,theocritus4  
,idyll4 #a4 v4 #abd4       4 ,homer     

,,ii4 4 v4 #eh4    1   4 schyl4         
,prometh4 v4 #b4  ,to give instances in 
our own language would be needless4     
#bjh ,joshua4 c4 #ai4 v4 #h4            
,baalath-,beer1 the well or spring of   
,baal-,ath4  #bji ,the ,jews often took 
foreign names2 of which we have         
instances in ,onias1 ,hyrcanus1         
,barptolemus1 c4  ,solinus1 c4 #be4     
mentions an altar found in              
,north-,britain1 inscribed to ,ulysses3 
but ,goropius ,becanus very truly       
supposes it to have been dedicated to   
the ,goddess ,elissa1 or ,eliza4  ,ab   
,eliss ,tyri1 quam quidam ,dido         
autumant4 ,velleius ,paterculus4 l4 #a4 
,elisa1 quamdiu ,carthago invicta fuit1 
pro ,de culta est4 ,justin4 l4 #ah4 c4  
#f4  ,the worship of ,elisa was carried 
to ,carthage from ,canaan and ,syria3 in
 these parts she was first worshipped2  
and her temple from that worship was    
called ,eliza ,beth4  #baj ,sarbeth or  
,sarabeth is of the same analogy1 being 
put for ,beth-,sar or ,sara1  1 or 2 as 

a feminine1 answering to the house of   
our ,lady4   4 ,epiphanius de vitis     
,prophetar4 p4 #bdh4 ,see ,relandi      
,palstina4 p4 #ihd4  #baa ,damascus is  
called by the natives ,damasec1 and     
,damakir4 ,the latter signifies the town
 of ,dama or ,adama3 by which is not    
meant ,adam1 the father of mankind2 but 
,ad ,ham1 the ,lord ,ham1 the father of 
the ,amonians4 ,abulfeda styles         
,damascus1 ,damakir1 p4 #ae4 ,sec or    
,shec is a prince4 ,damasec signifies   
principis ,ad-,am 7,civitas74 ,from a   
notion however of ,adama signifying     
,adam1 a story prevailed that he was    
buried at ,damascus4 ,this is so far    
useful1 as to shew that ,damasec was an 
abbreviation of ,adamasec1 and ,damakir 
of ,adama-kir4  ,also  the city of      
,kuros1 the ,sun4 ,stephanus ,byzant4   
,manakarta1 1 4 ,see ,bochart4 not in   
,steph4 ,byzantinum4 p4 #hbc4           
,vologesakerta4 ,plin4 l4 #f4 p4 #ccb4  
,there was ,no-,amon in ,egypt1 and     
,amon-,no4 ,guebr-abad4 ,hyde4 p4 #cfc4 

,ghavrabad4 p4 #cfd4 ,atesh-chana1 domus
 ignis4 p4 #cei4 ,an-,ath1 whose temple 
in ,canaan was styled ,beth-,anath1 is  
found often reversed1 and styled        
,ath-,an2 whence came ,athana1 and  of  
the ,greeks4 ,anath signified the       
fountain of light1 and was abbreviated  
,nath and ,neith by the ,egyptians4     
,they worshipped under this title a     
divine emanation1 supposed to be the    
,goddess of ,wisdom4 ,the ,athenians1   
who came from ,sais in ,egypt1 were     
denominated from this ,deity1 whom they 
expressed ,ath-,an1 or 1 after the      
,ionian manner4   77   1   '  1  1    1 
4 ,plato in ,timo4 p4 #ba4  #bab        
,stephanus ,byzantinus4  #bac ,isaiah4  
c4 #cj4 v4 #d4  ,of ,hanes ,i shall     
hereafter treat more fully4  #bad       
,genesis4 c4 #cd4 v4 #d4 ,john4 c4 #d4  
v4 #e4 ,it is called  by ,syncellus4 p4 
#ajj4  #bae ,the same term is not always
 uniformly expressed even by the sacred 
writers4 ,they vary at different times  
both in respect to names of places and  

of men4 ,what is in ,numbers1 c4 #ac4   
#h1 1 ,hoshea1 is in ,joshua4 c4 #a4 v4 
#a4  ,jehoshua3 and in the ,acts1 c4 #g4
 v4 #de4 ,jesus1 4 ,balaam the son of   
,beor1 ,numbers1 c4 #bb4 v4 #e4 is      
called the son of ,bosor1 #b ,peter4 c4 
#b4 v4 #ae4  ,thus ,quirinus or         
,quirinius is styled ,curenius1 ,luke4  
c4 #b4 v4 #b4 and ,lazarus put for      
,eleasar1 ,luke4 c4 #af4 v4 #bj4 and    
,john4 c4 #aa4 v4 #b4  ,baal-,zebub1 1  
,matthew4 c4 #ab4 v4 #bd4 ,so ,bethbara 
in ,judges1 c4 #g4 v4 #bd4 is ,bethabara
 of ,john4 c4 #a4 v4 #bh4  ,almug1 a    
species of ,cedar mentioned #a ,kings1  
c4 #aj4 v4 #aa4 is styled ,algum in #b  
,chron4 c4 #b4 v4 #h4 ,the city ,chala  
of ,moses1 ,gen4 c4 #aj4 v4 #ab4 is     
,calne of ,isaiah4 ,is not ,chalno as   
,carchemish8 c4 #aj4 v4 #i4 ,jerubbaal  
of ,judges is ,jerubbeseth1 #b ,samuel  
c4 #aa4 v4 #ba4 ,ram1 #a ,chron4 c4 #b4 
v4 #aj4 is ,aram in ,matth4 c4 #a4 v4   
#c4 ,ruth4 c4 #d4 v4 #ai4 ,hesron begat 
,ram4  ,percussit ,dominus ,philistim a 

,gebah ad ,gazar4 #b ,sam4 c4 #e4 v4    
#be4  ,percussit ,deus ,philistim a     
,gibeon ad ,gazarah4 #a ,chron4 c4 #ad4 
v4 #af4  #baf ,iamblichus says the same3
       4 ,iamblichus de ,myster4 sect4  
#h4 c4 #c4 p4 #aei4  #bag ,cicero de    
,natura ,deorum4 l4 #c4 c4 #bb4  #bah   
,auctor ,clementinorum4 ,hom4 #i4 p4    
#fhg4 ,cotelerii4  #bai ,huetii         
,demonstratio ,evan4 p4 #hh4  #bbj ,it  
is sometimes compounded1 and rendered   
,am-,apha2 after the ,ionic manner      
expressed 2 by ,iamblichus1 4 '      4  
,sect4 #h4 c4 #c4 p4 #aeh4  ,hemeph was 
properly ,ham-,apha1 the ,god of fire4  
,it was also rendered ,camephis1 1 and 1
 from ,cam-,apha4 ,stobus from ,hermes4 
,by ,asclepiades1 1 or 4            4   
,apud ,damascium in vita ,isidori4      
,photius4  #bba ,iamblichus4 ,sect4 #h4 
c4 #c4 p4 #aei4  ,hence 1 incendo3 also 
,aptha1 an inflammation1 a fiery        
eruption4  1    4 ,hesychius4  1    4   
,etymolog4 ,mag4  #bbb ,stephanus       
,byzantinus4  #bbc ,zosimus4 l4 #a4 p4  

#ec4  ,see ,etymolog4 ,magnum1 ,alpha4  
#bbd ,pausanias4 l4 #b4 p4 #ahj4  #bbe  
,pausanias4 l4 #c4 p4 #bdb4 supposed to 
be named from races4  #bbf ,pausanias4  
l4 #h4 p4 #fib4 or 1 as some read it4   
,in like manner   1 4 ,stephanas        
,byzantinus4  #bbg ,clius ,rhodig4 l4   
#h4 c4 l#f4 1     4 ,auctor ,antiquus   
apud ,lilium ,gyraldum4 ,syntag4 #g4    
#bbh ,these towers were oracular        
temples2 and ,hesychius expressly says1 
1 4 1 4 ,hesychius4  4 ,iliad4 l4 4 v4  
#djd4   4 ,schol4 ibid4  #bbi ,see      
,hoffman4 ,lexic4  #bcj ,plutarch4      
,numa4 vol4 #a4 p4 #fh4      4    ,nec  
tu aliud ,vestam1 quam vivam intellige  
flammam4                   ,ovid4       
,fasti4 l4 #f4 v4 #bia4  #bca 1     1 4 
,hesychius4  1  4 ,hesychius4 ,apaturia 
is compounded of ,apatour1 a fire-tower4
 ,phrator is a metathesis for           
,phar-,tor1 from ,phur1 ignis4 ,so      
,prtor and ,prtorium are from ,pur-tor  
of the same purport4 ,the general name  
for all of them was ,purgoi1 still with 

a reference to fire4  #bcb ,iliad4 4 v4 
#fc4  #bcc ,diodorus ,siculus4 l4 #a4 p4
 #bd4  #bcd ,plutarch4 ,numa4 p4 #fb4   
#bce ,in ,syria was ,astacus1 or the    
city of ,chus3 and ,astacur1 the city of
 the ,sun4 ,in other parts were         
,astacures1 and ,astaceni1 nations3     
,astacenus ,sinus2 ,astaboras2          
,astabeni2 ,astabus and ,astasaba in    
,ethiopia2 ,astalepha at ,colchis2 ,asta
 and ,astea in ,gedrosia2 ,aita in      
,spain1 and ,liguria2 ,asta and regio   
,astica in ,thrace4  ,doris named       
,hestiotis4 ,strabo4 l4 #i4 p4 #ffh4    
1    1 4                   ,pindar4     
,nem4 ,ode #aa4 v4 #a4  #bcf ,philo apud
 ,eusch4 ,prp4 ,evang4 l4 #a4 c4 #aj4   
,arabibus ,sol ,talos1 1 et ,samasa4    
,lilius ,gyrald4 ,syntag4 #g4 p4 #bhj4  
#bcg ,stephanus ,byzant4  #bch          
,pausanias4 l4 #e4 p4 #chf4  #bci       
,pausanias4 l4 #e4 p4 #chg1 #chh4  #bdj 
,abulfeda4 ,tab4 ,syri4 p4 #e4 ,syria   
,scham appellata4 ,dividitur ,syria in  
quinque prfecturas1 quarum unicuique    

nomine proprio nomen1 ,al ,scham1 scil4 
,syri1 commune datur4 ,excerptum ex ,ibn
 ,ol ,wardi4 p4 #agf4  ,abulfeda        
supposes1 that ,syria is called ,scham1 
quasi sinistra4 ,it was called ,sham for
 the same reason that it was called     
,syria4    1 the same as 4 ,pers  ,deum 
vocant4 ,lilius ,gyraldus4 ,syntag4 #a4 
p4 #e4  1 i4e4 ,dea ,clestis4 ,syria is 
called at this day ,souristan4 ,souris  
from ,sehor1 ,sol1  of ,greece4  #bda   
,reineccii ,syntagma4 ,class4 #f4 cxxii4
 p4 #deh4  #bdb ,el-,samen was probably 
the name of the chief temple at ,zama2  
and comprised the titles of the ,deity1 
whom the ,numidians worshipped4 ,el     
,samen signifies ,deus ,clestis1 or     
,clorum3 which ,el ,samen was changed by
 the ,romans to lia ,zamana4  #bdc      
1     4 ,syncelli ,chronograph1 p4 #ih4 
#bdd ,eutychii sive ,ebn ,patricii ,hist
 vol4 #a4 p4 #fj4  #bde       1  4      
,chron4 ,paschal4 p4 #cf4  #bdf     -- 4
 ,theophilus ad ,autolyc4 l4 #b4 p4     
#cgj4  #bdg ,alii ,shemi filium faciunt 

,canaanem4 ,relandi ,palstina4 v4 #a4 p4
 #g4  #bdh ,the sons of ,ham2 ,cush and 
,mizraim1 and ,phut1 and ,canaan4       
,genesis4 c4 #aj4 v4 #f4  ,ham is the   
father of ,canaan4 ,genesis4 c4 #i4 v4  
#ah1 #bb4  ,from ,sam1 and ,samen1 came 
,summus2 and ,hercules ,summanus2       
,samabethi1 ,samani1 ,samonacodoma4     
#bdi ,orphic4 ,hymn4 #cc4  #bej ,orphic4
 ,hymn4 #g4 ,so  1 to ,hercules1 and to 
,pan4  1 to ,dionusus4 ,also1  4 1 1 1  
to ,corybas the ,sun4  #bea     '    1  
4                   ,orphic4 ,argonaut4 
v4 #db4  #beb ,diodorus ,siculus4 l4 #e4
 p4 #cbg1 #cbh4  ,we read of ,macaria in
 the ,red ,sea4 ,plin4 l4 #f4 c4 #bi4   
1  4 ,diodorus ,sic4 l4 #c4 p4 #agc4    
#bec ,cyprus was called 1 with a town of
 the same name4 ,ptolem4  ,lesbos       
,macaria4 ,clarissima ,lesbos2 appellata
 ,lana1 ,pelasgia1 ,aigeira1 thiope1    
,macaria1 a ,macareo ,jovis nepote4     
,plin4 l4 #e4 c4 #ca4 and ,mela4 l4 #b4 
c4 #g4 p4 #bji4        4 ,homer4 ,iliad4
 4 v4 #edd4  ,rhodes1 called ,macaria4  

,plin4 l4 #e4 c4 #ca4  ,a fountain in   
,attica was called ,macaria4 ,pausanias4
 l4 #a4 p4 #gi4  ,part of ,thrace1      
,macaria4 ,apollonius ,rhod4 l4 #a4 v4  
#aaae4  ,a city in ,arcadia4 4 ,steph4  
,byzant4  1 a king of ,lesbos4 ,clement4
 ,cohort4 p4 #bg4  ,an island of ,lycia1
 ,macara4 ,steph4 ,byzant4  ,the        
,macares1 who were the reputed sons of  
,deucalion1 after a deluge1 settled in  
,chios1 ,rhodes1 and other islands4     
,diodorus ,sic4 l4 #e4 p4 #cdg4  #bed   
,pausanias4 l4 #h4 p4 #fjb4 ,he speaks  
of ,macaria the daughter of ,hercules4  
l4 #a4 p4 #hj4  #bee ,pausanias4 l4 #aj4
 p4 #hif4  #bef ,diodorus4 l4 #e4 p4    
#cdg4   4 ,schol4 in ,homer4 ,iliad4 4  
v4 #edd4  #beg  1    4 ,strabo4 l4 #ab4 
,sanni1 1 means ,heliad1 the same as    
,macarones4 1 near ,colchis1   4        
,stephanus ,byzant4  #beh ,the same as  
the ,cadmeum4  1        1   4 ,suidas4  
,diodorus ,siculus4 l4 #e4 p4 #cdg4  1  
near ,britain and ,thule4 ,scholia in   
,lycophron4 v4 #abjj4    '   1       1  

1   '  4  ,of the ,theban ,acropolis1   
,tzetzes in ,lycophron4 v4 #aaid4  #bei 
,herodotus4 l4 #c4 c4 #af4  #bfj ,macra1
 a river in ,italy4 ,plin4 l4 #c4 c4 #e4
  #bfa ,euripides in ,ione4 v4 #icg4    
4 ,ibid4  ,pausanias informs us that the
 children of ,niobe were supposed to    
have been here slain in this cavern4    
#bfb ,euripides ibid4 ,also1 in another 
place1 he mentions      1   4  #bfc     
4 ,pausanias4 l4 #a4 p4 #i4  #bfd       
,pausanias4 l4 #b4 p4 #aed4  #bfe       
,pausanias4 l4 #b4 p4 #acb4  #bff       
,pausanias4 l4 #aj4 p4 #hig4  #bfg      
,pausanias4 l4 #g4 p4 #egc4  #bfh ,the  
country of the ,amalekites is called the
 land of ,ham4 #a ,chronicles4 c4 #d4 v4
 #dj4  #bfi #a ,kings4 c4 #aa4 v4 #cc4  
#bgj ,i will cut off the remnant of     
,baal from this place1 and the name of  
the ,chamerims with the priests2 and    
them that worship the host of heaven    
upon the house tops1 and them that      
worship1 and that swear by the ,lord1   
and that swear by ,malcham4 ,zephaniah4 

c4 #a4 v4 #d4  #bga ,judges4 c4 #a4 v4  
#aj4 ,joshua4 c4 #ae4 v4 #ac4           
,deuteronomy4 c4 #b4 v4 #ba4 ,joshua4 c4
 #aa4 v4 #bb4 and c4 #ac4 v4 #ab4  ,the 
priests at the ,elusinian mysteries were
 called 4 ,clement4 ,alex4 ,cohort4 p4  
#af4  #bgb ,pausanias4 l4 #a4 p4 #hg4   
,it was in the island ,lade before      
,miletus4 ,the author adds1 when the    
bones were discovered4              ----
     4  ,see ,cicero de ,nat4 ,deor4 l4 
#c4 of ,anaces1 4       4 ,plutarch4    
,numa4  #bgc ,michael ,psellus4 p4 #aj4 
#bgd ,psalm #bh4 v4 #a4 ,deuteron4 c4   
#cb4 v4 #ae4 ,isaiah4 c4 #ag v4#aj4     
,psalm #gh4 v4 #ce4 ,it is often styled 
,selah4  #bge ,isaiah4 c4 #bc4 v4 #h4   
#bgf ,genesis4 c4 #ag4 v4 #ae4  #bgg    
,tobit4 c4 #a4 v4 #bb4  #bgh ,esther4 c4
 #a4 v4 #af4  #bgi ,joshua4 c4 #ac4 v4  
#c4 4 ,judges4 c4 #af4 v4 #e4  ,in      
,samuel they are styled ,sarnaim4 #a4 c4
 #bi4 v4 #g4  #bhj ,ostrum ,sarranum4   
#bha ,jeremiah4 c4 #ci4 v4 #c4  #bhb    
,isaiah4 c4 #cg4 v4 #d4 ,jeremiah4 c4   

#ci4 v4 #c4  #bhc ,it is sometimes      
expressed ,saronas4  ,est et regio      
,saronas1 sive 4 ,reland4 ,palstina4 p4 
#ahh4 ,any place sacred to the ,deity   
,saron was liable to have this name3    
hence we find plains so called in the   
,onomasticon of ,eusebius4  --         4
  #bhd ,plin4 l4 #d4 c4 #h4  #bhe       
,lilius ,gyraldus4 ,syntag4 #d4 p4 #agj4
 from ,pausanias1 and ,aristides in     
,themistoclem4  #bhf 1  4 ,hesych4 ,she 
was1 by the ,persians1 named ,sar-,ait4 
1   4 ibidem4  #bhg ,pausanias4 l4 #b4  
p4 #ahi4  #bhh ,pausanias4 l4 #b4 p4    
#aha4  #bhi ,callimachus calls the      
island ,asterie  4 1   4 ,this1 by the  
,scholiast1 is interpreted  but it      
certainly means a ,rock4 ,hymn4 in      
,delon4 v4 #bbe4  #bij  1      4        
,hesych4  #bia ,callimachus4 ,hymn to   
,zeus4 v4 #bb4  #bib ,diodorus ,siculus4
 l4 #e4 p4 #cjh4  #bic ,see             
,observations and ,inquiries upon       
,ancient ,history4 p4 #aif4  #bid       
,eusebii ,prp4 ,evang4 l4 #aj4 c4 #ac4  

p4 #ejj4  #bie ,josephus contra ,apion4 
l4 #a4 c4 #ac4 p4 #dde4  #bif ,diodorus 
,siculus4 l4 #c4 p4 #add4  #big         
,heliodori thiopica4 l4 #d4 p4 #agd4    
#bih ,achor1  4 ,clement4 ,alexandr4    
,cohortatio4 p4 #cc4  #bii ,lucan4 l4   
#h4 v4 #dge4  #cjj            4         
,plutarch4 ,isis et ,osiris4 vol4 #a4 p4
 #cfd4  #cja ,eusebius4 ,prp4 ,evang4 l4
 #a4 c4 #aj4 p4 #ci4  #cjb ,annum quoque
 vetustissimi ,grcorum  appellant    ,y2
 id est ,sole4 c4 ,macrob4 ,saturn4 l4  
#a4 c4 #ag4 p4 #aid4  #cjc ,lycaon was  
the same as ,apollo2 and worshipped in  
,lycia3 his priests were styled         
,lycaones3 he was supposed to have been 
turned into a wolf4 ,ovid4 ,metam4 l4   
#a4 v4 #bcb4 ,apollo's mother1 ,latona1 
was also changed to the same animal4    
4 ,scholia in ,dionys4 v4 #ebe4  ,people
 are said to have been led to ,parnassus
 by the howling of wolves2  4           
,pausanias4 l4 #aj4 p4 #haa4  ,the      
,hirpi were worshippers of fire1 and    
were conducted to their settlement in   

,campania by a wolf4 ,strabo4 l4 #e4 p4 
#chc4  ,in the account given of ,danaus1
 and of the temple founded by him at    
,argos1 is a story of a wolf and a bull4
 ,pausan4 l4 #b4 p4 #aec4 ,the temple   
was styled   4  #cjd ,pausanias above3  
also1 ,apollo 1 and 4 ,pausan4 l4 #a4 p4
 #dd4 l4 #b4 p4 #aeb1 #aec4  #cje       
,pausanias4 l4 #aj4 p4 #haa4  #cjf      
,pausanias4 l4 #g4 p4 #ecj4  #cjg       
,pausanias4 l4 #h4 p4 #fgh4  #cjh      4
 ,scholia in ,apollon4 ,rhod4 l4 #d4 v4 
#adhi4  #cji ,stephanus ,byzant4 and    
,strabo4 l4 #i4 p4 #fdj4 said to have   
been named from wolves4 ,pausanias4 l4  
#aj4 p4 #haa4  #caj 1  1     4          
,etymolog4 ,magnum4  ,these places were 
so named from the ,sun1 or ,apollo1     
styled not only 1 but  and 3 and the    
city ,lucoreia was esteemed the oldest  
in the world1 and said to have been     
built after a deluge by ,lycorus1 the   
son of ,huamus4 ,pausan4 l4 #aj4 p4     
#haa4     4 ,apollon4 l4 #d4 v4 #adhi4  
1   4 ,scholia4 ibid4 ,it properly      

signified ,solaris4  #caa ,virgil4 neid4
 l4 #c4 v4 #bgd4  #cab ,gruter's        
,inscriptions4 vol4 #a4 p4 ,,mlxxxii4 n4
 #h4  #cac ,plutarch4 in ,artaxerxe4 p4 
#ajab4  #cad ,ctesias in ,persicis4  ,so
 ,hesychius        ,hence 1 1 1 ibid4   
also 1 4  #cae ,strabo1 speaking of the 
river ,cur1 or ,cyrus4 l4 #aa4 p4 #gfd4 
#caf    ,quid tibi cum ,cyrrh8 quid cum 
,permessidos und8                       
,martial4 l4 #a4 epigram4 #gg4 v4 #aa4  
,phocaicas ,amphissa manus1 scopulosaque
 ,cyrrha4                   ,lucan4 l4  
#c4 v4 #agb4  1  4 ,pausan4 l4 #aj4 p4  
#hag4  #cag ,cyrenaici ,achorem ,deum   
7invocant7 muscarum multitudine         
pestilentiam adferente2 qu protinus     
intereunt1 postquam litatum est illi    
,deo4 ,plin4 l4 #aj4 c4 #bh4 ,see also  
,clement4 ,alexand4 ,cohort4 p4 #cc4    
,some late editors1 and particularly    
,harduin1 not knowing that ,achor was   
worshipped at ,cyrene1 as the  1 have   
omitted his name1 and transferred the   
history to ,elis4 ,but all the antient  

editions mention ,achor of ,cyrene2     
,cyrenaici ,achorem ,deum1 c4 ,i have   
examined those printed at ,rome1 #adgj1 
#adgc4 those of ,venice1 #adgb1 #adgf1  
#adhg1 #aejg1 #aeaj4 those of ,parma1   
#adgf1 #adgi1 #adha4 one at ,brescia1   
#adif4 the editions at ,paris1 #aeaf1   
#aebd1 #aecb4 the ,basil edition by     
,froben1 #aebc3 and they all have this  
reading4 ,the edition also by ,johannes 
,spira1 #adfi1 has ,acorem1 but with    
some variation4 ,the spurious reading1  
,elei myagrum ,deum1 was1 ,i imagine1   
first admitted into the text by         
,sigismund ,gelenius1 who was misled by 
the similarity of the two histories4    
,harduin has followed him blindly1      
without taking any notice of the more   
antient and true reading4  #cah         
,stephanus ,byzantinus4 ,see also       
,scholia on ,callimachus4 ,hymn4 in     
,apoll4 v4 #ia4  #cai    '        1     
4                   ,callimachus4 ,hymn4
 in ,apoll4 v4 #hh4  #cbj ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4
 l4 #e4 p4 #bdi4  #cba ,l4 #a4 c4 #h4 p4

 #dc4  #cbb ,justin1 speaking of the    
first settlement made at ,cyrene1       
mentions a mountain ,cura1 which was    
then occupied4 ,montem ,cyram1 et       
propter amnitatem loci1 et propter      
fontium ubertatem occupavere4 l4 #ac4 c4
 #g4  #cbc ,conformably to what ,i say1 
,ekron is rendered  by the ,seventy4 #a 
,samuel c4 #f4 v4 #ae4  ,so also        
,josephus ,antiq4 ,jud4 l4 #f4 c4 #a4 p4
 #cab4  ,in ,achore vestigia ,accaronis3
 ,selden de ,dijs ,syris4 ,syntag4 #f4  
p4 #bbh4      4 ,gregory ,nazianz4      
,editio ,etonens4 #afaj4 ,pars secunda  
cont4 ,julianum4 p4 #ajb4  ,in ,italy   
this ,god was styled by the ,campanians1
  4 ,see ,clemens4 ,cohort4 p4 #cc4     
,the place in ,egypt1 where they        
worshipped this ,deity1 was named       
,achoris2 undoubtedly the same1 which is
 mentioned by ,sozomen4 l4 #f4 c4 #ah4  
#cbd ,clemens ,alexand4 ,cohort4 p4 #dd4
  ,he quotes another1 where the fate of 
,ephesus is foretold3     '    ' 1      
4  ,there is a third upon ,serapis and  

his temple in ,egypt2          1        
4  ,the temple of ,serapis was not      
ruined till the reign of ,theodosius4   
,these three samples of ,sibylline      
poetry are to be found in ,clemens      
above4  #cbe ,achad was one of the first
 cities in the world4 ,genesis4 c4 #aj4 
v4 #aj4  ,nisibis city was named both   
,achad and ,achar4 ,see ,geographia     
,hebra ,extera of the learned           
,michaelis4 p4 #bbg4  #cbf ,stephanus   
,byzant4  #cbg ,lutatius ,placidus upon 
,statius4 ,theb4 l4 #a4 v4 #gah4  #cbh  
,heliodori thiopica4 l4 #d4 p4 #age4    
#cbi ,heliodori thiopica4 l4 #aj4 p4    
#dgb4  #ccj ,diodorus ,siculus4 l4 #e4  
p4 #cbg4  #cca ,apollonius ,rhod4 of the
 ,heliad4 l4 #d4 v4 #fjd4  #ccb         
,chamsi1 seu ,solares1 sunt ,arabice    
,shemsi vel ,shamsi4                    
,hyde ,religio ,vet4 ,pers4 p4 #ebc4 and
 #ege4  ,cham being pronounced ,sham1   
and ,shem1 has caused some of his       
posterity to be referred to a wrong     
line4  #ccc ,callimachus4 ,hymn to      

,apollo4 v4 #ai4  #ccd ,nicander        
,alexipharmica4 v4 #aa4  #cce           
,pausanias4 l4 #aj4 p4 #hbg4  #ccf ,it  
is1 however1 to be found in ,euripides1 
under the term 4 ,theseus says to       
,adrastus3      '     4 ,supplices4 v4  
#aca4  #ccg ,from ,uc and ,uch came the 
word euge3 also 1 1 1 of the ,greeks4   
,callimachus abounds with antient       
,amonian terms4 ,he bids the young women
 of ,argos to receive the ,goddess      
,minerva1     ' 1  ' 1  ' 4             
,lavacr4 ,palladis4 v4 #aci4  ,from     
,uc-,el came ,euclea ,sacra1 and  4 1 4 
1  1     4 ,hesychius1 so amended by    
,albertus and ,hemsterhusius4  #cch     
,iliad 4 v4 #fi4  #cci ,iliad4 4 v4 #gf4
  #cdj ,iliad4 4 v4 #cjg4  #cda ,iliad4 
4 v4 #bhb4  #cdb ,iliad4 4 v4 #bba4 ,it 
occurs in other places3    1  '  '  4   
,iliad4 4 v4 #aaj4     '   '  4   1 4   
,iliad4 4 v4 #gfl4  ,also ,odyss4 4     
v4#abc4 and 4 v4 #dbh4  #cdc ,in the    
,hymn to ,silenus1 that ,god is called  
' 4 ,and in the poem de ,lapidibus1 the 

,poet1 speaking of heroic persons1      
mentions their reception in heaven3     
' 4           ,hymn #ce4 v4 #b4 and  4  
,proem4 v4 #ad4  #cdd ,genesis4 c4 #de4 
v4 #ba4  #cde ,josephus4 ,antiq4 ,jud4  
l4 #h4 c4 #f4  #cdf ,see ,relandi       
,palstina4 vol4 #a4 c4 #da4 p4 #bfe4    
#cdg ,plin4 l4 #h4 c4 #df4  #cdh ,plin4 
l4 #e4 c4 #i4  #cdi         4           
,paulus ,silentiarius4 part #aa4 v4     
#agg4 ,see ,relandus above4  #cej ,plin4
 l4 #e4 c4 #ah4  #cea ,athanasii ,epist4
 ad solitariam vitam agentes4 p4 #feh4  
#ceb ,epiphanius adversus ,hres4 l4 #b4 
tom4 #b4 p4 #gai4  #cec ,see the learned
 ,professor ,michaelis in his           
,geographia ,extera ,hebror4 p4 #acd1   
#ace4  #ced ,the ,ionians changed this  
termination into e4 ,hence ,arene1      
,camissene1 ,cyrene1 ,arsace1 ,same1    
,capissene1 ,thebe1 c4  #cee ,colchis   
was called ,aia simply1 and by way of   
eminence3 and1 probably1 ,egypt had the 
same name2 for the ,colchians were from 
,egypt4 ,strabo mentions     4 l4 #a4 p4

 #ch4 ,and ,apollonius styles the       
country of ,colchis ,aia4         1     
' 1     4 l4 #d4 v4 #bgg4  #cef ,lib4   
#e4 c4 #ad4  #ceg ,coronus is to be met 
with in ,greece4 ,he is mentioned as a  
king of the ,lapith1 and the son of     
,phoroneus2 and placed near mount       
,olympus4    --  4  4 ,diodorus4 l4 #d4 
p4 #bdb4  #ceh ,upon the ,euphrates4    
#cei ,a city in ,parthia4  #cfj         
,calamon1 or ,cal-,amon1 was a hill in  
,judea2 which had this name given to it 
by the ,canaanites of old4 ,cyril       
mentions--     --in epistol ad          
,calosyrium4  #cfa #a ,kings4 c4 #ae4 v4
 #bg4  #cfb ,in ,canaan was a well known
 region called ,palstine4  ,so          
,tan-agra1 ,tan-is1 ,tyndaris4  ,tin1 in
 some languages1 signified mud or soil4 
#cfc ,ptolemy4 l4 #d4 p4 #aab4  #cfd    
,see ,amos4 c4 #i4 v4 #g4  #cfe         
,jeremiah4 c4 #dg4 v4 #d4 speaks of the 
island of ,caphtor in ,egypt4  #cff     
,theocritus4 ,idyll4 #b4 v4 #de4        
,scholia4  ,it is still common in the   

,arabian ,gulf1 and in ,india2 and is   
often expressed ,dive1 and ,diva2 as in 
,lacdive1 ,serandive1 ,maldive4 ,before 
,goa is an island called ,diu ' 4  #cfg 
1  4 ,hesychius4  1  4 ,suidas4  #cfh   
,elisa1 called ,eliza1 ,elesa1 ,eleasa1 
4 #a ,maccab4 c4 #i4 v4 #e4 and c4 #g4  
v4 #dj4 often contracted ,lesa1 ,lasa1  
c4  #cfi ,pocock's ,travels4 vol4 #b4 p4
 #ajf4  #cgj ,iablonsky4 vol4 #a4 l4 #a4
 c4 #a4 p4 #d4 de ,gulielmo ,tyrio1 ex  
libro #ba4 c4 #f4  #cga ,herodotus4 l4  
#b4 c4 #da4  #cgb ,strabo4 l4 #ag4 p4   
#aafg4  #cgc              --           4
 ,plutarch4 vita ,alexand4 vol4 #a4 p4  
#fhc4  ,strabo says the same4      1  ' 
4 l4 #af4 p4 #ajgb4  #cgd      1    1   
1   4                      1   1    1   
4  ,arrian4 ,expedit4 ,alex4 l4 #f4 p4  
#bdg4  #cge ,strabo4 l4 #af4 p4 #ajgb4  
#cgf ,strabo acknowledges the failure of
 his countrymen in this respect4--      
1      4 l4 #h4 p4 #ebd4  #cgg ,all thy 
fortresses shall be spoiled1 as ,shalman
 spoiled ,beth ,arbel in the day of     

battle4 ,the mother was dashed in pieces
 upon her children4 ,hosea4 c4 #aj4 v4  
#ad4 ,ar in this place does not signify 
a city2 but 1 the title of the ,deity3  
from whence was derived  of the ,greeks4
 ,the seventy1 according to some of     
their best copies1 have rendered ,beth  
,arbel  -1 which is no improper version 
of ,beth-,aur-,bel4 ,in some copies we  
find it altered to the house of         
,jeroboam2 but this is a mistake for    
,jero-,baal4 ,arbelus is by some        
represented as the first deified mortal4
 ,cyril contra ,julian4 l4 #a4 p4 #aj4  
and l4 #c4 p4 #aaj4  ,there was an      
,arbela in ,sicily4 ,stephanus1 and     
,suidas4 ,also in ,galilee2 situated    
upon a vast cavern4 ,josephus seized and
 fortified it4 ,josephi ,vita4 p4 #bi4  
#cgh ,see ,strabo4 l4 #aa4 p4 #ggd4 l4  
#ae4 p4 #ajjf4 l4 #a4 p4 #da4 p4 #ha4   
,see also ,philo ,biblius apud ,euseb4  
,p4 ,e4 l4 #a4 c4 #aj4 p4 #cd           
,iamblichus4  #g4 c4 #e4  #cgi ,diodorus
 ,siculus4 l4 #ag4 p4 #ech4 ,he makes no

 mention of ,gaugamela4  #chj ,strabo4  
l4 #aj4 p4 #gbd4  #cha ,macrobius4      
,saturn4 l4 #c4 c4 #h4 p4 #bhd4  #chb   
,servius in lib4 #aa4 neid4 v4 #eeh4    
#chc ,plutarch in ,num4 p4 #fa4  #chd   
,gruter4 p4 lvi4 n4 #aa4 vol #a4  #che  
,gruter4 vol4 #a4 p4 lvi4 #ab4 also p4  
xl4 #i4  #chf ,or else ,beth-,arbel was 
another name of the same temple4  #chg  
,syncellus4 p4 #ee4  #chh ,eusebii      
,chron4 p4 #ad4  #chi ,etymologicum     
magnum4 4  #cij ,herodotus4 l4 #b4 c4   
#abd4  #cia ,geog4 ,nubiensis4 p4 #ag4  
,michaelis ,geog4 ,hebrorum ,extera4 p4 
#aed4  #cib #b ,kings4 c4 #ag4 v4 #f4   
and c4 #ah4 v4 #aa4 also #a ,chron4 c4  
#e4 v4 #bf4  #cic ,strabo4 l4 #af4 p4   
#ajgj4  #cid ,observations upon the     
,antient ,history of ,egypt4 p4 #age4   
#cie ,strabo4 l4 #g4 p4 #eje4 ,so also  
,herodotus and ,pausanias4  #cif 1  4   
,steph4 ,byzantinus4                    
' 4 ,homer4 ,iliad4 4 v4 #bcd4  #cig    
,pausanias4 l4 #b4 p4 l#ff4  #cih ,it is
 called ,chau-,on1 1 by ,steph4         

,byzantinus1 from ,ctesias4 1   4    4  
,chau-,on is  1 the house of the ,sun1  
which gave name to the district4  #cii  
,strabo4 l4 #d4 p4 #bgj4 and p4 #bhb4   
#djj #a ,maccab4 c4 #i4 v4 #fb1 #fd4    
#dja ,judith4 c4 #g4 v4 #c4  #djb       
,pausanias4 l4 #a4 p4 #ia4  #djc ,there 
were many places and temples of ,baal1  
denominated ,caballis1 ,cabali1 ,cabala1
 ,cabalia1 ,cabalion1 ,cabalissa1 c4    
which are mentioned by ,pliny1 ,strabo1 
,antoninus1 and others4 ,some of them   
were compounded of ,caba3 concerning    
which ,i shall hereafter treat4  #djd   
,pausanias4 l4 #d4 p4 #bhb4  ,strabo    
mentions ,caucones in ,elea4 l4 #h4 p4  
#eca4 ,the ,caucones are also mentioned 
by ,homer4 ,odyss4 4 v4 #cff4  ,caucane 
in ,sicily was of the same purport1     
mentioned by ,ptolemy4 l4 #c4 c4 #d4    
#dje ,apollonius ,rhodius styles it     
,cutais3   4 l4 #d4 v4 #eab4  #djf ,see 
,de ,lisle's curious map of ,armenia and
 the adjacent parts of ,albania1 c4     
#djg ,pausanias4 l4 #a4 p4 #dj4  ,there 

was a river ,acheron in ,elis4 ,strabo4 
l4 #h4 p4 #ecj4 ,and the same rites were
 observed in honour of the  1 that were 
practised in ,cyrene4 ,clement4 ,cohort4
 p4 #cc4  ,in ,pontus was a river       
,acheron4       4 ,apollon4 ,argonaut4  
l4 #b4 v4 #gde4 also  4 ,the like to be 
found near ,cuma in ,campania3 and a    
story of ,hercules driving away flies   
there also4     774 ,clementis ,cohort4 
ibid4  #djh ,varro de ,ling4 ,lat4 lib4 
#e4 p4 #di4 altered to ,novella by some1
 contrary to the authority of the best  
,,mss4 ,see ,scaliger's notes4 p4 #ha4  
edit4 anno #afai4 ,dordrechti4  ,see    
,selden de ,diis ,syris4 ,syntag4 #b4 c4
 #b4 p4 #agd4 ,in vetustioribus excusis 
de ,re ,rustic non ,novella1 sed        
,covella legitur4 ,covella autem        
,clestis1 sive ,urania interpretatur4   
#dji ,ennii ,annal4 l4 #a4  #daj ,the   
,persians worshipped ,clus2 which is    
alluded to by ,herodotus1 when he says1 
that they sacrificed upon eminences3    
4 l4 #a4 c4 #aca4 ,to the same purpose  

,euripides2        ' ' 1      '        1
  '  4  ,clement4 ,alexand4 ,strom4 l4  
#e4 p4 #gag4 ,plutarch4 p4 #cfi4 p4     
#dbd4  ,aspice hoc sublime candens1 quem
 invocant omnes ,jovem4 ,cicero de      
,natur ,deor4 l4 #a4  #daa '   1    4   
,athenag4 ,legat4 p4 #bij4  #dab        
,abulfeda4 ,tabula ,syri4 p4 #e4        
,nassir ,ettusus4 p4 #ic4 apud ,geog4   
vet4  #dac ,the city ,argos was in like 
manner called 4     1   4     ' ' 4--   
1  4 ,scholia in ,sophoc4 dipum ,colon4 
#dad ,iliad4 4 v4 #fae4  #dae ,strabo4  
l4 #h4 p4 #ebi4  #daf ,strabo4 l4 #h4 p4
 #ecd4  #dag ,janus ,gulielmus          
,laurenbergius1 ,antiquarius4  #dah     
4 ,herod4 l4 #f4 c4 #ed4  ,of their     
original and history ,i shall hereafter 
give a full account4  #dai      1      4
 ,pausanias4 l4 #e4 p4 #dl#f4  #dbj     
,tum primum subiere domos2 domus antra  
fuere4                   ,ovid4         
,metamorph4 l4 #a4 v4 #aba4  #dba       
,strabo4 l4 #h4 p4 #efd4  ,it is        
mentioned by ,thucydides3   1      7 47 

l4 #a4 c4 #acd4  ,it is expressed  by   
,pausanias2 who says that it was the    
place1 down which they threw            
,aristomenes1 the ,messenian hero4 l4   
#d4 p4 #cbd4  #dbb ,strabo4 ,ibidem4    
#dbc    ,huic monstro ,vulcanus erat    
pater3 illius atros   ,ore vomens ignes1
 magna se mole ferebat4 ,virgil4 n4 l4  
#h4 v4 #aic4  #dbd ,strabo4 l4 #h4 p4   
#efd4  #dbe ,iliad4 l4 #a4 v4 #bff4     
#dbf ,iliad4 4 v4 #eha4  ,odyss4 4 v4   
#a4 '    4  #dbg ,strabo says as much3 1
        4 l4 #h4 p4 #efd4  #dbh ,hence  
the words cove1 alcove2 and1 perhaps1 to
 cover1 and to cope4  #dbi ,strabo4 l4  
#e4 p4 #cef4  #dcj         4 l4 #d4 p4  
#bei4  ,virgil1 to give an air of truth 
to his narration1 makes ,caieta the     
nurse of neas4  ,according to ,strabo it
 was sometimes expressed ,cai ,atta2 and
 gave name to the bay below4--      4 l4
 #e4 p4 #c8f4  #dca ,scholia ,eustathij 
in ,dionysij 4 v4 #bci4 and ,steph4     
,byzantinus4 4  #dcb   --  --           
-- '    4 ,strabo4 l4 #i4 p4 #fbc4  ,it 

is called ,anchia by ,pliny4 ,n4 ,h4 l4 
#d4 c4 #g4 ,as1 both the opening and the
 stream1 which formed the lake1 was     
called ,anchoe2 it signified either fons
 spelunc1 or spelunca fontis1 according 
as it was adapted4  #dcc #a             
,corinthians1 c4 #ae4 v4#dg1 #dh4  #dcd 
,cluverii ,germani ,antiq4 l4 #a4 c4    
#ac4 p4 #ia4  #dce ,beyeri ,additamenta 
to ,selden de ,diis ,syris4 p4 #bia4    
,achor near ,jericho4 ,joshua1 c4 #ae4  
v4 #g4  #dcf ,ptolem4 lib4 #e4 c4 #ah4  
p4 #afd4  #dcg ,plato in ,cratylo4 p4   
#daj4  #dch ,see ,kircher's ,prodromus  
,copticus4 p4 #ahj and p4 #big4  #dci   
,ibidem1 and ,jameson's ,specilegia4 c4 
#i4  #d4  #ddj ,pionius4 ,euseb4 ,hist4 
,ecclesiast4 l4 #d4 p4 #agc4  ,pior     
,monachus gyptiacus4 ,socratis ,hist4   
,eccles4 p4 #bch4  ,piammon4 ,sozomen4  
,h4 ,e4 p4 #bei4  ,piambo1 or ,p'ambo4  
,socratis ,eccles4 ,h4 p4 #bfh4  ,it was
 sometimes expressed ,po1 as in ,poemon 
,abbas1 in ,evagtius4  ,in              
,apophthegmat4 ,patrum4 apud ,cotelerii 

monumenta4 tom4 #a4 p4 #fcf4  ,baal     
,peor was only ,pi-,or1 the ,sun2 as    
,priapus was a compound of ,peor-,apis1 
contracted4  #dda ,gennad4 ,vit         
illustrium virorum4 l4 #g4 ,pachomius1 a
 supposed worker of many miracles4  #ddb
 ,antonius ,diogenes in ,photius4 cod4  
#aff4  #ddc ,plutarch4 ,isis et ,osiris4
 v4 #a4 p4 #cee4  ,paamyles is an       
assemblage of common titles4            
,am-,el-,ees1 with the prefix4 ,hence   
the ,greeks formed ,melissa1 a sacred   
name as of ,ham ,el-,ait1 they formed   
,melitta1 the name of a foreign ,deity1 
more known in ,ionia than in ,hellas4   
#ddd ,plutarch3 ,qustiones ,grc4 v4 p4  
#bif4  #dde ,pausanias4 l4 #a4 p4 #hc4  
,amphilucus was a title of the ,sun4    
#ddf ,pausanias4 l4 #a4 p4 #d4 in like  
manner1       ,pausanias4 l4 #i4 p4     
#ged4  #ddg ,proclus in ,platonis       
,parmenidem3 ,see ,orphic ,fragment of  
,gesner4 p4 #djf4  ,a twofold reason may
 be given for their having this         
character2 as will be shewn hereafter4  

#ddh ,pausanias4 l4 #aj4 p4 #hif4 ,many 
instances of this sort are to be found  
in this writer4  #ddi ,herodotus4 l4 #b4
 c4 #adc4  #dej ,see ,reland1           
,dissertatio ,copt4 p4 #ajh4  ,jablonsky
 ,prolegomena in ,pantheon gyptiacum4 p4
 #ch4 ,also ,wesselinge4 ,notes on      
,herod4 l4 #b4 c4 #adc4  #dea ,this was 
certainly the meaning2 for ,plato1      
speaking of the ,grecians in opposition 
to other nations1 styled 1 makes use of 
the very expression3    1 1  1      1   
4 ,in ,phdone4 p4 #if4  #deb ,kircher4  
,prodromus ,copticus4 p4 #cjj and p4    
#bic4  #dec ,kircher4 ,prod4 p4 #bic4   
#ded ,sanchoniathon apud ,euseb4 ,prp4  
,evan4 l4 #a4 c4 #aj4 p4 #cg4  #dee     
,damascius3 ,vita ,isodori1 apud        
,photium4 ,cod4 ccxlii4  #def           
,jablonsky2 ,pantheon ,egypt4 v4 #b4 l4 
#e4 c4 #b4 p4 #gj4  #deg ,ausonius4     
,epigram4 #cj4  ,kircher says1 that ,pi 
in the ,coptic is a prefix1 by which a  
noun is known to be masculine1 and of   
the singular number3 and that ,pa is a  

pronoun possessive4 ,paromi is ,vir     
meus4 ,it may be so in the ,coptic3 but 
in antient times ,pi1 ,pa1 ,phi1 were   
only variations of the same article3 and
 were indifferently put before all      
names3 of which ,i have given many      
instances4 ,see ,prodromus4 ,copt4 p4   
#cjc4  #deh ,virgil4 neid4 l4 #g4 v4    
#fgi4  #dei ,cicero de ,divinatione4 l4 
#b4  #dfj ,see also v4 #bh1 #bi1 #ca1   
and #cb4  #dfa ,gruter4 ,inscript4      
lxxvi4 n4 #f4  #dfb ,ibid4 lxxvi4 n4 #g4
    ,,bono ,,deo   ,,puero ,,posporo4   
,gruter4 ,inscrip4 p4 lxxxviii4 n4 #ac  
#dfc ,lucretius4 l4 #d4 v4 #ajbj4  #dfd 
,propertius alludes to the same         
circumstance3    ,nam quid ,prnestis    
dubias1 ,o ,cynthia1 sortes8     ,quid  
petis i mnia ,telegoni8 l4 #b4 eleg4    
#cb4 v4 #c4  ,what in the book of       
,hester is styled ,purim1 the seventy   
render1 c4 #i4 v4 #bi4 4 ,the days of   
,purim were styled --    4 so in c4 #aj4
 ,the additamenta ,grca mention--    1  
instead of  and 3 from ,p',ur and       

,ph',ur1 ignis4  #dfe ,herodotus4 l4 #b4
 c4 #d4 and l4 #b4 c4 #eb4        7 7   
4  #dff ,so  from 2  from     quasi     
from  and 1 and  from 4 1 quasi  4 1    
--with many more4 ,plato in ,cratylo4   
gyptus    4 ,eustath4 in ,odyss4 l4 #d4 
p4 #adii4  #dfg ,poseidon1  4           
,tisiphone1  1 ,athene quasi 4 ,hecate  
from  centum4 ,saturnus1 quasi sacer1 4 
,see ,heraclides ,ponticus1 and         
,fulgentii-,mythologia4  ,see the       
,etymologies also of ,macrobius4        
,saturnalia4 l4 #a4 c4 #ag4 ,p4 #ahi4   
quasi  4 ,plutarch de ,fraterno ,amore4 
v4 #b4 ,p4 #dhj4 '   4  1      4        
,plutarch4 ,agis and ,cleomenes4 v4 #b4 
p4 #gii4  #dfh ,eustathius on           
,dionysius3 4  ,ut ,josephus recte      
observat1 ,grcis scriptoribus id in more
 est1 ut peregrina1 et barbara nomina1  
quantum licet1 ad ,grcam formam         
emolliant3 sic illis ,ar ,moabitarum est
 2 ,botsra1 2 ,akis1 2 ,astarte1 2      
torrens ,kison1   2 torrens ,kedron1   2
 et talia  4 ,bochart4 ,geog4 ,sacra4 l4

 #b4 c4 #ae4 p4 #aaa4  ,we are much     
indebted to the learned father          
,theophilus of ,antioch3 he had great   
knowledge2 yet could not help giving way
 to this epidemical weakness4 ,he       
mentions ,noah as the same as           
,deucalion1 which name was given him    
from calling people to righteousness3 he
 used to say1     2 and from hence1 it  
seems1 he was called ,deucalion4 ,ad    
,antol4 l4 #c4  #dfi ,plato in ,cratylo4
 p4 #dji4  #dgj ,suidas1 ,stephanus1    
,etymolog4 ,eustathius1 c4  ,so ,coptus 
in ,egypt1 from 4  #dga ,see            
,callimachus4 vol4 #b4 ,spanheim's not4 
in ,hymn4 in ,del4 v4 #hg4 p4 #dch4     
#dgb ,cumberland's ,origines4 p4 #afe4  
so he derives ,goshen in the land of    
,egypt from a shower of rain4 ,see      
,sanchon4 p4 #cfd4  #dgc ,hyde de       
,religione veterum ,persarum4 c4 #b4 p4 
#ge4  #dgd ,genesis4 c4 #bb4 v4 #bj4    
#dge ,universal ,history1 vol4 #a4 b4   
#a4 p4 #bhf4 notes4  #dgf ,bochart4     
,geograph4 ,sacra4 l4 #a4 c4 #ah4 p4    

#ddc4  ,sandford de descensu ,christi4  
l4 #a4 4 #ba4  ,see ,gale's ,court of   
the ,gentiles1 vol4 #a4 b4 #b4 c4 #f4 p4
 #fh4  #dgg ,huetius4 ,demonst4 p4 #ach4
  #dgh ,hebra1 ,chalda1 c4 nomina       
virorum1 mulierum1 populorum--,antverpi1
 #aefe1 ,plantin4  #dgi ,pliny4 l4 #c4  
c4 #h4  tna1 qu ,cyclopas olim tulit4   
,mela4 l4 #b4 c4 #g4  #dhj ,bochart4    
,geog4 ,sacra4 l4 #a4 c4 #cj4 p4 #efj4  
#dha ,ibidem4 p4 #efe1 #eff4  #dhb      
,ibidem4 p4 #efe1 #eff4  #dhc ,bochart4 
,geog4 ,sacra4 l4 #a4 p4 #djf4  #dhd    
,ibidem4  #dhe ,p4 #dab4  #dhf ,p4 #dae4
  #dhg ,p4 #chh4  #dhh ,p4 #cha4  #dhi  
,p4 #dce4  #dij ,p4 #dad4  #dia         
,bochart4 ,geog4 ,sacra4 l4 #a4 p4 #cha4
  #dib ,p4 #che4  #dic ,p4 #djh4 or from
 ,mazor1 angusti4  #did ,ibidem4 p4     
#beh4  #die ,simonis ,onomasticon4  #dif
 ,michaelis ,spicilegium ,geographi     
,hebror4 ,exter4 p4 #aeh4  #dig ,gale's 
,court of the ,gentiles4 vol4 #a4 b4 #b4
 p4 #ff4  #dih ,genesis4 c4 #d4 v4 #bb4 
#dii ,philo apud ,eusebium4 ,prp4 ,evan4

 l4 #a4 c4 #aj4  #ejj ,bochart4         
,geograph4 ,sacra4 l4 #b4 c4 #b4 p4     
#gjf4  #eja ,marcellinus4 l4 #bb4 c4    
#ae4 ,he was also called ,elos4 1   4   
,hesych4 ,the ,latine title of ,mulciber
 was a compound of ,melech ,aber1 ,rex1 
,parens lucis4  #ejb      1     4       
,athenus4 l4 #a4 p4 #cj4  #ejc   1    ' 
4 ,suidas4  #ejd ,numbers4 c4 #be4 v4   
#c4 ,deuteronomy4 c4 #d4 v4 #c4 ,joshua4
 c4 #bb4 v4 #ag4  ,kircher derives      
,priapus from  1 ,pehorpeh1 os          
nuditatis4  #eje ,phurnutus de natur    
,deorum4 c4 #ag4 p4 #bje4  #ejf ,orphic 
,hymn #e4 to ,protogonus1 the same as   
,phanes1 and ,priapus4 ,see verse #aj4  
#ejg ,phurnutus4 c4 #ag4 p4 #bjd4  #ejh 
'     1       4 ,herodotus4 l4 #b4 c4   
#ade4    ,alb ,juli ,inscriptio4        
,,priepo         ,,pantheo4             
,gruter4 v4 #a4 p4 ,,xcv4 n4 #a4  #eji  
,agathias4 l4 #d4 p4 #acc4  #eaj ,see   
,theophilus ad ,autolycum4 l4 #b4 p4    
#ceg4  #eaa ,see ,philo ,biblius apud   
,euseb4 ,p4 ,e4 l4 #a4 c4 #aj4 p4 #cb4  

,he mentions applying to a great number 
of authors1 in ,phenicia4  #eab      1  
' 4                   ,philo apud       
,euseb4 ,p4 ,evang4 l4 #a4 c4 ix4 p4    
#cb4  #eac ,clemens ,alexandrinus       
,strom4 l4 #a4 p4 #cef4  #ead ,eusebij  
,prp4 ,evang4 l4 #aj4 c4 #d4 p4 #dga4   
1   4                   ,theophilus ad  
,autol4 l4 #c4 p4 #cha4  #eae ,plato in 
,timo4 ,clemens4 ,strom4 l4 #a4 p4 #dbf4
     1 1   --4  #eaf ,theophilus ad     
,autolycum4 l4 #c4 p4 #cij4  #eag ,see  
,eusebius4 ,prp4 ,evan4 l4 #aj4 c4 #d4  
p4 #dfi4 and c4 #e4 p4 #dgc4 also       
,clemens ,alexand4 ,strom4 l4 #a4 p4    
#cfa4 ,diodorus ,siculus4 l4 #a4 p4 #fb1
 #fc4 and p4 #hf1 #hg4  #eah           1
  4 l4 #a4 p4 #bj4  ,see here a long    
account of the mythology of ,egypt being
 transported to ,greece2 and there      
adopted by the ,helladians as their own1
 and strangely sophisticated4  #eai     
1                   4 ,strabo4 l4 #g4 p4
 #cba4  #ebj    1      4 ,theopompus in 
,tricareno4  #eba ,how uncertain they   

were in their notions may be seen from  
what follows3 ,alii ,cadmum1 alii       
,danaum1 quidam ,cecropem ,atheniensem1 
vel ,linum ,thebanum1 et temporibus     
,trojanis ,palamedem ,argivum1 memorant 
sedecim literarum formas1 mox alios1 et 
prcipue ,simonidem cteras invenisse4    
,lilius ,gyraldus de ,poetis4 ,dialog4  
#a4 p4 #ac4 ,edit4 ,lugd4 ,bat4 #afif4  
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1         
1 1 1 --      1   4     1 1 1      4    
,eusebii ,chron4 p4 #cc4 l4 #ac4  #ebb  
1 '    1    1   1    4 ,josephus contra 
,apion4 l4 #a4 p4 #dci4 ,their          
historians were but little before the   
war with the ,persians3 doctrina vero   
temporum adhuc longe recentior--hinc    
tenebr superioribus sculis1 hinc fabul4 
,marsham4 ,chron4 ,canon4 p4 #ad4  #ebc 
,the ,arundel ,marbles are a work of    
this sort1 and contain an account of    
#acah years4 ,they begin from ,cecrops1 
and come down to the #afjth ,olympiad4  
,so that this work was undertaken very  
late1 after the ,archonship of          

,diognetus4  #ebd ,see ,diodorus above4 
p4 #ai1 #bj4  #ebe --  '    1     1 '   
1        -- ,josephus contra ,apion4    
vol4 #b4 l4 #a4 c4 #c4 p4 #dci4     77  
1       1      4 ,diod4 l4 #d4 p4 #bji4 
#ebf ,plutarch de ,audiendis ,poetis4   
,see ,strabo's ,apology for ,fable4 l4  
#a4 p4 #ce1 #cf4  #ebg                4 
,arrian4 ,expedit4 ,alexandri4 l4 #e4   
,herodotus puts these remarkable words  
into the mouth of ,darius--     1     1 
1     4 l4 #c4 c4 #gb4 ,we may be       
assured that these were the author's own
 sentiments1 though attributed to       
another person3 hence we must not wonder
 if his veracity be sometimes called in 
question2 add to this1 that he was often
 through ignorance mistaken3     77   ' 
4 ,josephus cont4 ,ap4 l4 #a4 c4 #ad4 p4
 #ddd4  #ebh    -- '  4 ,steph4         
,byzantinus1 and ,strabo4 l4 #af4 p4    
#ajhi4  #ebi  '   4 ,strabo4 l4 #ag4 p4 
#aaee4  ,according to ,marcellinus1 it  
was built by ,peleus of ,thessaly4 l4   
#bb4 c4 #af4 p4 #bfd4  #ecj ,diodorus4  

l4 #e4 p4 #cbh4  #eca ,diodorus4 l4 #e4 
p4 #cbh4 built by ,actis4  #ecb         
,apollodorus4 l4 #b4 p4 #fb4 ,clemens4  
l4 #a4 ,strom4 p4 #chc4 from            
,aristippus4  #ecc ,see ,josephus contra
 ,apion4 l4 #a4 c4 #c4 p4 #dci4  #ecd   
1   4 ,apud ,jamblichum--,see notes4 p4 
#bie4  #ece    1       '  4 ,he         
therefore did not apply to ,grecian     
learning--  ' 1      '  1    4 ,philo   
apud ,euseb4 ,p4 ,e4 l4 #a4 c4 ix4 p4   
#cb4  ,see the same writer of their love
 of allegory4 p4 #cb4  #ecf           4 
,clemens ,alexand4 ,strom4 l4 #a4 p4    
#cee4  --    4 ,clemens ,alexand4       
,strom4 l4 #b4 p4 #dbh4  ,clemens       
accuses the ,grecians continually for   
their ignorance and vanity3 yet ,clemens
 is said to have been an ,athenian1     
though he lived at ,alexandria4 ,he     
sacrificed all prejudices to the truth1 
as far as he could obtain it4  #ecg     
1    1     1 '                4      1  
4 ,jamblichus4 sect4 #g4 c4 #e4 p4 #aee4
  #ech        1     1       4           

,theophilus ad ,autol4 l4 #c4 p4 #chb4  
#eci '             4 ,tatianus contra   
,grcos1 p4 #bfi4  #edj   1    1       1 
1     1   1  1            4      1      
1     1   1  1           1    1  4  '   
1    1     1  1   4                   1 
'     4 ,strabo4 l4 #aa4 p4 #ggd4       
,grcis ,historicis plerumque poetic     
similem esse licentiam4 ,quinctilianus4 
l4 #aa4 c4 #aa4            --quicquid   
,grcia mendax   ,audet in ,histori4     
,juvenal4  ,strabo of the antient       
,grecian historians3       1    4       
'  4 l4 #h4 p4 #ede4           '   4    
,strabo4 l4 #ae4 p4 #ajbb4  #eda --   ' 
1       4 ,strabo4 l4 #ae4 p4 #ajjf4    
,see also l4 #gga1 #b1 #c1 #d4 ,and     
,diodorus ,siculus4 l4 #a4 p4 #fc4 ,of  
,herodotus and other writers--     4    
#edb   '            1  4 ,strabo4 l4 #g4
 p4 #deh4  #edc               '       --
          1   4   1    1      1     1   
1   1  4 ,athenagor ,legatio4 p4 #bib4  
,see ,herodotus4 l4 #b4 c4 #ec4  #edd   
,pausanias4 l4 #aj4 p4 #hji4 ,clemens   

mentions    4 ,cohort4 p4 #dd4       1  
4 ,pausanias4 l4 #e4 p4 #daf4  #ede     
,pausanias4 l4 #aj4 p4 #hbh4 of ,phannis
 and the ,sibyls4  #edf ,pausanias4 l4  
#aj4 p4 #hji4 of ,phmono and antient    
hymns4  #edg ,pausanias4 l4 #aj4 p4     
#hji1 #haj4 4  #edh ,jamblichus de      
,mysteriis4 ,sect4 vii4 c4 #e4 p4 #aef4 
,in like manner in ,samothracia1 the    
ancient ,orphic language was obsolete1  
yet they retained it in their temple    
rites3        7 7         4 ,diodorus4  
l4 #e4 p4 #cbb4  #edi ,jamblichus de    
,myster4 sect4 #g4 c4 #e4 ,see notes4 p4
 #bie4  #eej ,clemens ,alexandrinus     
,strom4 l4 #e4 p4 #fgf4  ,such was      
,aristus ,proconneisius3     4 ,strabo4 
l4 #ac4  #eea ,thus it is said in       
,eusebius from some antient accounts1   
that ,telegonus reigned in ,egypt1 who  
was the son of ,orus the shepherd2 and  
seventh from ,inachus3 and that he      
married ,io4 ,upon which ,scaliger asks3
 ,si ,septimus ab ,inacho1 quomodo ,io  
,inachi filia nupsit ei8 ,how could ,io 

be married to him when she was to him in
 degree of ascent1 as far off as his    
grandmother's great grandmother2 that is
 six removes above him4 ,see ,scaliger  
on ,euseb4 ad ,num4 cccclxxxi4  #eeb '  
1                 1       4 ,tatianus4  
p4 #bfi4  #eec              4 ,clemens  
,alexand4 ,strom4 l4 #a4 p4 #cfd4  #eed 
1      4   ' '           1 '   4        
,joseph4 cont4 ,apion4 l4 #a4  #eee     
1    1    1    1  '   4 1  1  1      1  
4 ,theoph4 ad ,autol4 l4 #c4 p4 #djj4   
,plutarch assures us1 that ,homer was   
not known to the ,athenians till the    
time of ,hipparchus1 about the #fc;d    
,olympiad1 yet some writers make him    
three1 some four1 some five hundred     
years before that ra4 ,it is scarce     
possible that he should have been so    
unknown to them if they had been        
acquainted with letters4  #eef          
,eusebius4 ,chron4 p4 #bd4  #eeg        
,eusebius4 ,chron4 p4 #ai4 ,syncellus4  
p4 #adh1 #aeb4  ,the kings of ,sicyon   
were taken from ,castor ,rhodius4  #eeh 

1      '    '    --  4 4 ,tatianus      
,assyrius4 p4 #bgd4  #eei ,clemens      
,alexand4 l4 #a4 p4 #ceb4 and ,diogenes 
,laertius1 from ,dicarchus1 and         
,heraclides4  #efj ,strabo4 l4 #ag4 p4  
#aafj4  #efa lian mentions1 that the    
,bull ,onuphis was worshipped at a place
 in ,egypt1 which he could not specify  
on account of its asperity4 lian de     
,animalibus4 l4 #ab4 c4 #aa4  ,even     
,strabo omits some names1 because they  
were too rough and dissonant4           
1       4 l4 #ab4 p4 #aabc4  #efb      7
 7 1      1              1  1     4     
,philo apud ,eusebium4 ,p4 ,e4 l4 #a4 c4
 x4 p4 #cd4  #efc ,bozrah1 a citadel1   
they changed to 1 a skin4 ,out of ,ar1  
the capital of ,moab1 they formed       
,areopolis1 the city of the ,mars4 ,the 
river ,jaboc they expressed ,io         
,bacchus4 ,they did not know that diu in
 the east signified an island3 and      
therefore out of ,diu-,socotra in the   
,red-,sea1 they formed the island       
,dioscorides3 and from ,diu-,ador1 or   

,adorus1 they made an island ,diodorus4 
,the same island ,socotra they sometimes
 denominated the island of ,socrates4   
,the place of fountains1 ,ai-,ain1 they 
attributed to ,ajax1 and called it  1 in
 the same sea4 ,the antient frontier    
town of ,egypt1 ,rhinocolura1 they      
derived from 1 1 a nose3 and supposed   
that some people's noses were here cut  
off4 ,pannonia they derived from the    
,latin pannus1 cloth4 ,so ,nilus was    
from  3 ,gadeira quasi  4 ,necus in     
,egypt and ,ethiopia signified a king3  
but such kings they have turned to 3 and
 the city of ,necho1 or ,royal ,city1 to
  and 4  ,lysimachus in his ,egyptian   
history changed the name of ,jerusalem  
to 3 and supposed that the city was so  
called because the ,israelites in their 
march to ,canaan used to plunder        
temples1 and steal sacred things4 ,see  
,josephus contra ,ap4 l4 #a4 c4 #cd4 p4 
#dfg4  #efd ,i do not mean to exclude   
the ,romans1 though ,i have not         
mentioned them2 as the chief of the     

knowledge which they afford is the      
product of ,greece4 ,however1 it must be
 confessed1 that we are under great     
obligations to ,pliny1 ,marcellinus1    
,arnobius1 ,tertullian1 ,lactantius1    
,jerome1 ,macrobius2 and many others4   
,they contain many necessary truths1    
wherever they may have obtained them4   
#efe ,ennii ,annales4 l4 #b4  #eff      
,ennii ,annales4 l4 #a4  #efg ,apud     
,ennii fragmenta4  #efh ,genesis4 c4    
#aj4 v4 #e4  #efi ,strabo4 l4 #e4 p4    
#cdf4  #egj ,virgil4 n4 l4 xi4 v4 #ghe4 
#ega ,servius upon the foregoing        
passage4  #egb ,cluver4 ,italia4 l4 #b4 
p4 #gai4  #egc ,livy4 l4 #a4 c4 #di4    
,pompeius ,festus4  #egd ,not far from  
hence was a district called ,ager       
,solonus4 ,sol-,on is a compound of the 
two most common names given to the ,sun1
 to whom the place and waters were      
sacred4  #ege ,dionysius                
,halicarnassensis4 l4 #c4  #egf         
,herodotus4 l4 #a4 c4 #ach4        7 74 
,herodotus4 l4 #a4 c4 #aca4  ,ridetis   

temporibus priscis ,persas fluvium      
coluisse4 ,arnobius adversus ,gentes4 l4
 #f4 p4 #aif4  #egg    1      1   4     
,athanasius adversus ,gentes4 p4 #b4    
4 ,lucian4 ,jupiter ,tragd4 v4 #b4 p4   
#bbc4 ,edit4 ,salmurii4  #egh ,julius   
,firmicus4 p4 #a4  #egi ,gruter4        
,inscript4 vol4 #a4 p4 xciv4  #ehj      
,senec ,epist4 #da4  #eha ,herodotus4 l4
 #d4 c4 #aha4 ,the true name was        
probably ,curene1 or ,curane4  #ehb     
,vitruvij ,architect4 l4 #h4 p4 #afc4   
#ehc ,pliny4 l4 #d4 c4 #d4 p4 #aib4     
,ovid4 ,metamorph4 l4 #b4  #ehd         
,pausanias4 l4 #b4 p4 #aag4         1   
4  ,pirene and ,virene are the same     
name4  #ehe ,pur1 ,pir1 ,phur1 ,vir3 all
 signify fire4  #ehf ,diodorus ,siculus4
 l4 #e4 p4 #cab4  #ehg ,diodorus        
,siculus4 l4 xi4 p4 #ag4  #ehh ,strabo4 
l4 #f4 p4 #dab4  #ehi ,stephanus says   
that it was near ,mount ,casius2 but    
,herodotus expressly tells us1 that it  
was at the distance of three days       
journey from it4  #eij             4    

,herodotus4 l4 #c4 c4 #e4  #eia    1    
1    1    1 '     1   4 ,herodotus4     
ibidem4  #eib ,go-zan is the place1 or  
temple1 of the ,sun4 ,i once thought    
that ,goshen1 or1 as it is sometimes    
expressed1 ,gozan1 was the same as      
,cushan3 but ,i was certainly mistaken4 
,the district of ,goshen was indeed the 
nome of ,cushan2 but the two words are  
not of the same purport4 ,goshen is the 
same as ,go-shan1 and ,go-zan1 analogous
 to ,beth-shan1 and signifies the place 
of the ,sun4 ,go-shen1 ,go-shan1        
,go-zan1 and ,gau-zan1 are all          
variations of the same name4 ,in respect
 to ,on1 there were two cities so       
called4 ,the one was in ,egypt1 where   
,poti-phera was ,priest4 ,genesis4 c4   
#da4 v4 #de4 ,the other stood in        
,arabia1 and is mentioned by the        
,seventy3 1   4 ,exodus4 c4 #a4 v4 #aa4 
,this was also called ,onium1 and       
,hanes1 the ,inisus of ,herodotus4  #eic
 ,isaiah4 c4 #cj4 v4 #d4  #eid ,see     
,observations upon the ,antient ,history

 of ,egypt4 p4 #abd4 p4 #acg4  #eie     
,d',anville ,memoires sur l',egypt4 p4  
#aad4  #eif ,travels4 vol4 #b4 p4 #ajg4 
,it is by them expressed ,ain el ,cham1 
and appropriated to the obelisk3 but the
 meaning is plain4  #eig ,bochart4      
,geog4 ,sacra4 l4 #a4 c4 #ce4 p4 #fch4  
#eih ,see page #gb4 notes4  #eii        
,dissertation of the influence of       
opinion upon language1 and of language  
upon opinion4 ,sect4 vi4 p4 #fg4 of the 
translation4  #fjj ,scholia upon        
,apollonius4 l4 #b4 v4 #big4  #fja      
,strabo4 l4 #aj4 p4 #gjj4  #fjb ,orphic 
,hymn4 #d4  #fjc  --       4 ,orphic    
,fragment4 #h4 from ,proclus in ,timum4 
#fjd     1 4 ,eurip4 ,rhesus4 v4 #cee4  
4 ,hesych4  #fje ,pliny4 l4 #b4 c4 #ajf4
 p4 #abj4  #fjf      1   4 ,josephi     
,antiq4 l4 #ah4 c4 #ad4  #fjg           
,lucretius4 l4 #f4  #fjh ,justin        
,martyr4 ,cohort4 p4 #cc4  #fji ,mount  
,albanus was denominated ,al-ban from   
its fountains and baths4  #faj ,strabo4 
l4 #h4 p4 #ede4  #faa ,strabo4 l4 #d4 p4

 #bij4 ,onesa signifies solis ignis1    
analogous to ,hanes4  #fab ,strabo4 l4  
#af4 p4 #ajgb4 see also l4 #aa4 p4 #ggi4
 and l4 #ab4 p4 #hch4 likewise ,plutarch
 in ,artaxerxe4  #fac ,pausanias4 l4 #h4
 p4 #fgh4  #fad ,horace4 l4 #a4 sat4 #e4
 v4 #ig4  #fae ,pliny4 l4 #b4 c4 #aaj4  
p4 #abc4  #faf ,strabo4 l4 #f4 p4 #dcj4 
,the antient ,salentini worshipped the  
,sun under the title of ,man-zan1 or    
,man-zana3 by which is meant ,menes1    
,sol4 ,festus in ,v4 ,octobris4  #fag   
,thucydides4 l4 #f4 c4 #b4 p4 #cgi4     
#fah ,orphic ,fragment4 vi4 v4 #ai4 from
 ,proclus4 p4 #cff4  1 divine wisdom1 by
 which the world was framed3 esteemed   
the same as ,phanes and ,dionusus4     1
  1  4 ,ibidem4 p4 #cgc4  --1 4 1 --from
 ,orpheus3 ,eusebij ,chronicon4 p4 #d4  
#fai   1  1     --  4 ,pausan4 l4 #b4 p4
 #aij4  #fbj ,pausanas4 l4 #d4 p4 #bhg4 
#fba '  1       4   1     4 '   1     4 
,jamblichus de ,mysterijs4 sec4 #c4 c4  
xi4 p4 #gb  #fbb                1  '    
4 ,jamblichus4 ibid4  #fbc ,pausanias4  

l4 #h4 p4 #fei4         4  #fbd         
,callimachus3 ,hymn to ,delos4  ,strabo 
l4 #aj p4#gdb4  #fbe ,pliny4 l4 #b4 c4  
#ajf4 p4 #abb4  #fbf ,pliny above4      
1      1  1  4 ,ctesias apud ,photium4  
clxxiii4  #fbg    1      1      1   4   
,nonnus4 l4 #c4  #fbh ,strabo4 l4 #ab4  
p4 #hab4 ,for the purport of ,gaius1    
domus vel cavitas4 ,see ,radicals4 p4   
#abb4  #fbi ,patin ,numismata           
,imperatorum4 p4 #ahj4 l4 #aid4  #fcj   
,he was called both ,peon and ,peor3 and
 the country from him ,peonia and       
,pieria4 ,the chief cities were ,alorus1
 ,aineas1 ,chamsa1 ,methone3 all of     
oriental etymology4  #fca             4 
,maximus ,tyrius4 ,dissert4 #h4 p4 #hg4 
,of the wealth of this people1 and of   
their skill in music and pharmacy2 ,see 
,strabo4 ,epitom4 l4 vii4  #fcb ,rufus  
,festus ,avienus1 ,descrip4 ,orbis4 v4  
#ajhc4  #fcc ,juliani ,oratio in ,solem4
 ,orat4 #d4 p4 #aej4     77        1    
4 ,herodian4 l4 #c4  #fcd ,edesseni     
,urchoienses--,urhoe1 ignis1 lux1 c4    

,theoph4 ,sigefredi ,bayeri ,hist4      
,osrhoena4 p4 #d4  #fce ,ur-cho         
signifies ,ori domus1 vel templum2      
,solis des4  ,ur in ,chaldea is1 by     
,ptolemy1 called ,orchoe4  #fcf         
,etymologicum magnum4 ,the author adds3 
1 as if it were of ,grecian original4   
#fcg ,marcellinus4 l4 #bc4 p4 #bhg4     
#fch  1    --  4 ,strabo4 l4 xi4 p4     
#hja4  #fci   '              4          
,agatharchides de ,rubro mari4 p4 #ed4  
1   4 ,strabo4 l4 #af4 p4 #aaad4  #fdj  
,some make ,ephesus and ,arsino to have 
been the same4 ,see ,scholia upon       
,dionysius4 v4 #hbh4  #fda ,strabo4 l4  
l#f4 p4 #ajgd4 ,see ,radicals4 p4 #ej4  
#fdb ,pliny4 l4 #f4 c4 #bg4 ,euphraten  
prclusere ,orcheni3 nec nisi ,pasitigri 
defertur ad mare4  #fdc ,ptolemy ,geog4 
,isidorus ,characenus4 ,geog4 ,vet4 vol4
 #b4 p4 #g4  #fdd ,cellarii ,geog4 vol4 
#b4 p4 #hj4  #fde ,strabo4 l4 #ab4 p4   
#hfh1 #hfi4 and l4 #ac4 p4 #ibi-icb4    
4  ,strabo supposes that the ,campus    
,hyrcanus was so named from the         

,persians2 as also  1 near it2 but they 
seem to have been so denominated ab     
origine4 ,the river ,organ1 which ran1  
into the ,mander from the ,campus       
,hyrcanus1 was properly ,ur-chan4       
,ancyra was ,an-cura1 so named a fonte  
,solis    4 ,all the names throughout   
the country have a correspondence3 all  
relate either to the soil1 or the       
religion of the natives2 and betray a   
great antiquity4  #fdf ,ptolemy4 ,geog4 
l4 #b4 c4 #aa4  #fdg ,mentioned in      
,pliny's ,panegyric3 and in ,seneca2    
consolatio ad ,helv4 l4 #f4 ,aristotle  
in ,meteoris4  #fdh ,here was one of the
 fountains of the ,danube4           1  
4 ,herodotus4 l4 #b4 c4 #cc4  #fdi ,see 
,cluverii ,germania4  #fej ,beatus      
,rhenanus4 ,rerum ,germanic4 l4 #c4     
#fea ,it is called by the ,swiss1 ,le   
,grand ,brenner3 by the other ,germans1 
,der gross ,verner4  ,mount ,cnis1 as we
 term it1 is properly ,mount ,chen-,is1 
,mons ,dei ,vulcani4 ,it is called by   
the people of the country ,monte        

,canise2 and is part of the ,alpes      
,cotti4 ,cluver4 ,ital4 vol4 #a4 l4 #a4 
c4 #cb4 p4 #ccg4 ,mons ,geneber4 ,jovij4
  #feb ,see ,marcellinus4 l4 #ae4 c4    
#aj4 p4 #gg4 and the authors quoted by  
,cluverius4 ,italia ,antiqua above4     
,they are styled   by ,procopius3 ,rerum
 ,goth4 l4 #b4  ,marcellinus thinks1    
that a king ,cottius gave name to these 
,alps in the time of ,augustus1 but     
,cottius was the national title of the  
king2 as ,cottia was of the nation3 far 
prior to the time of ,augustus4  #fec   
,pliny4 l4 #c4 c4 #bj4 ,cottian         
civitates duodecim4  #fed ,scholia upon 
,apollonius4 l4 #b4 v4 #fgg4  #fee      
1    4 ,strabo4 l4 #d4 p4 #cab  #fef    
,tacitus de ,moribus ,germanorum4  #feg 
,gruter4 vol4 #a4 p4 #ach4  #feh        
,fulgentius3 ,mytholog4 l4 #a4 c4 #be4  
p4 #fee4  #fei ,lactantius de falsa     
,relig4 vol4 #a4 l4 #a4 c4 #aa4 p4 #dg4 
,to these instances add the worship of  
,seatur1 and ,thoth1 called ,thautates4 
,see ,clunerii ,germania4 l4 #a4 c4 #bf4

 p4 #ahh and #ahi4  #ffj #b ,chronicles4
 c4 #h4 v4 #d4  #ffa ,porphyry de ,antro
 ,nympharum4 p4 #bfb4 ,edit4 ,cantab4   
#afee4  ,he speaks of ,zoroaster3       
1   1      1   4 p4 #bed4  ,clemens     
,alexandrinus mentions1    4 ,cohortatio
 ad ,gentes4       1  1   4 ,porphyry de
 ,antro ,nymph4 p4 #beb4 ,there was     
oftentimes an olive-tree planted near   
these caverns1 as in the ,acropolis at  
,athens1 and in ,ithaca4         1    ' 
4           ,homer de ,antro ,ithacensi4
 ,odyss4 l4 4 v4 #cdf4  #ffb ,lycophron4
 v4 #bjh4 ,scholia4  #ffc ,pausanias4 l4
 x4 p4 #hih4 ,i imagine that the word   
caverna1 a cavern1 was denominated      
originally ,ca-,ouran1 ,domus ,clestis1 
vel ,domus ,dei1 from the supposed      
sanctity of such places4  #ffd ,strabo4 
l4 #i4 p4 #fch4                         
4                   ,lycophron of the   
,sibyl's cavern1 near the promontory    
,zosterion4 v4 #abgh4  #ffe ,pausanias4 
l4 #c4 p4 #e4 #bge4  #fff ,scholia upon 
,aristophanes3 ,plutus4 v4 #i4 and      

,euripides in the ,orestes4 v4 #afd4    
#ffg ,lucan4 l4 #e4 v4 #hb4  #ffh       
4 ,plutarch de ,pyth4 ,oracul4 vol4 #a4 
p4 #djb4  #ffi ,pausanias4 l4 #aj4 p4   
#hgg4  #fgj ,pausanias4 l4 #e4 p4 #chg4 
,sama ,con1 ,cli vel ,clestis ,dominus4 
#fga ,strabo4 l4 #ab4 p4 #hfi4 l4 #ac4  
p4 #icd4 ,demeter and ,kora were        
worshipped at the ,charonian cavern     
mentioned by ,strabo3     4 l4 #ad4 p4  
#ifa4  #fgb ,lucian de ,de ,syri4  #fgc 
,maximus ,tyrius4 ,dissert4 #h4 p4 #hg4 
#fgd ,vaillant3 ,numism4 rea ,imperator4
 ,pars prima4 p4 #bdc1 #bde1 #bhe4 and  
elsewhere4  #fge ,hyde4 ,religio        
,veterum ,persarum4 c4 #bc4 p4 #cjf1 #g1
 #h4  #fgf ,see ,,plate ii4 iii4  #fgg  
,le ,bruyn4 ,plate #aec4  ,see the      
subsequent plate with the characters of 
,cneuphis4  #fgh ,kmpfer4 ,amnitates    
,exotic4 p4 #cbe4  #fgi ,mandesloe4 p4  
#c4 ,he mentions the sacred fire and a  
serpent4  #fhj ,sir ,john ,chardin4     
,herbert also describes these caverns1  
and a serpent1 and wings2 which was the 

same emblem as the ,cneuphis of ,egypt4 
#fha ,le ,bruyn's ,travels1 vol4 #b4 p4 
#bj4 ,see plate #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj4 
,also p4 #aeh1 #aei1 #aff1 #afg4  #fhb  
,thevenot4 part #b;d4 p4 #add1 #adf4    
#fhc           1     4 ,cum ,tyrphone   
,dialog4 p4 #afh4  #fhd ,he speaks of   
people--1    1   4 ,porphyry de ,antro  
,nympharum4 p4 #bfc4  #fhe ,justin      
,martyr supra4  #fhf ,scholia upon      
,statius4 ,thebaid4 l4 #a4 v4 #gbj4     
,seu ,persei de rupibus ,antri          
,indignata sequi torquentem cornua      
,mithran4  #fhg ,plutarch3 ,alexander4  
p4 #gjc4 and ,arrian4 l4 vi4 p4 #bgc4   
#fhh ,herodotus4 l4 #a4 c4 #ahg4  #fhi  
,thevenot4 part #b;d4 p4 #ada1 #adf4    
,some say that ,thevenot was never out  
of ,europe3 consequently the travels    
which go under his name were the work of
 another person3 for they have many     
curious circumstances1 which could not  
be mere fiction4  #fij ,clemens         
,alexandrinus4 l4 #f4 p4 #gef4  #fia    
,hyde de ,religione ,vet4 ,persar4 p4   

#cjf4  #fib ,see ,radicals4 p4 #gg4     
#fic ,petavius in ,epiphanium4 p4 #db4  
#fid ,herbert's ,travels4 p4 #ach4  #fie
 ,procopius4 ,persica4 l4 #a4 c4 #bd4   
#fif ,ovid4 ,fast4 l4 #f4 v4 #bia4  #fig
 ,similis est natura ,naphth1 et ita    
adpellatur circa ,babylonem1 et in      
,astacenis ,parthi1 pro bituminis       
liquidi modo4 ,pliny4 l4 #b4 c4 #ajf4 p4
 #abc4  #fih ,callim4 ,h4 to ,delos4 v4 
#bja4  #fii ,pliny4 l4 #b4 c4 #bb4 p4   
#aab4 ,he supposes the name to have been
 given1 igne ibi primum reperto4  #gjj  
,callimachus4 ,h4 to ,delos4 v4 #cbe4   
#gja ,herodotus4 l4 iv4 c4 #fi4  #gjb   
1     1 1 1 1 4 ,maximus ,tyrius4       
,dissert4 #h4 p4 #hc4  #gjc ,see        
,lycophron4 v4 #ddg4 and ,stephanus4 4  
4 ,nonni ,dionys4 l4 iv4  #gjd ,hospes  
erat csus4 ,ovid4 ,metamorph4 l4 x4 v4  
#bbh4  #gje ,ovid4 ,metamorph4 l4 x4 v4 
#bbh4  #gjf ,strabo4 l4 #aj4 p4 #fhd4   
#gjg ,solinus4 cap4 #ag4 ,pliny takes   
notice of the city ,carystus4           
,euba--,urbibus clara quondam ,pyrrh1   

,orco1 ,gersto1 ,carysto1 ,oritano1 c4  
aquisque callidis1 qu ,ellopi vocantur1 
nobilis4 l4 #d1 c4 #ab4  #gjh         1 
'   4 ,strabo4 l4 #ab p4 #haa4  #gji    
4 ,hesych4       4 ,ibidem4  ,mithra was
 the same4 ,elias ,cretensis in         
,gregorij ,theologi ,opera4  #gaj ,elias
 ,cretensis4 ,ibidem4 ,in like manner   
,nonnus says1 that there could be no    
initiation--     4 ,in ,nazianzeni      
,steliteutic4 #b4  #gaa       1  4      
,nonnus supra4  #gab ,account of        
,persia1 by ,jonas ,hanway1 ,esq4 vol4  
#c4 c4 #ca1 #cb4 p4 #bjf4  #gac     4   
,por4 de ,ant4 ,nymph4 p4 #bed4  #gad   
'  '   1 '  1  1   4 ,porph4 de ,antro  
,nymph4 p4 #ajh4 ,the purport of the    
history of ,mithras1 and of the cave    
from whence he proceeded1 ,i shall      
hereafter shew4 ,jupiter was nursed in a
 cave2 and ,proserpine1  1 nursed in a  
cave3                     4 ,porph4     
ibid4 p4 #bed4  #gae ,numbers4 c4 #bb4  
v4 #da4 ,leviticus4 c4 #bf4 v4 #cj4     
#gaf #b ,kings4 c4 #af4 v4 #c1 #d4  #gag

 #a ,kings4 c4 #bb4 v4 #dc4 #b ,kings4  
c4 #ab4 v4 #c4 c4 #ae4 v4 #d-ce4  #gah  
,there were two sorts of high places4   
,the one was a natural eminence2 a hill 
or mountain of the earth4 ,the other was
 a factitious mound1 of which ,i shall  
hereafter treat at large4  #gai         
,numbers4 c4 #bb4 v4 #da4 and c4 #bc4 v4
 #ad-bh4  #gbj ,preface of ,demetrius   
,moschus to ,orpheus de ,lapidibus--    
--4  #gba ,strabo4 l4 #ae4 p4 #ajfd4    
4 ,herodotus4 l4 #b4 c4 #aca4  ,some    
nations1 instead of an image1 worshipped
 the hill as the ,deity--         1 1  1
        4 ,maximus ,tyrius ,dissert4 #h4
 p4 #gi4  #gbb ,appian de ,bello        
,mithridatico4 p4 #bae4 ,edit4 ,steph4  
,he1 by an hyperbole1 makes the pile    
larger than the apex on which it stood4 
#gbc ,virgil4 l4 #e4 v4 #gfj4  #gbd     
,hist4 ,japan4 vol4 #b;d4 book #e4 c4   
#c4 p4 #dag4  #gbe       1             4
 ,melanthes de ,sacrificijs4 ,see       
,natalis ,comes4 l4 #a4 #aj4  #gbf 1  4 
,hesych4 ,it was sometimes expressed    

without the aspirate1 3 hence the place 
of the oracle was styled ,ambon1 4 1    
4 ,hesych4  #gbg        4 ,plutarch3    
,isis et ,osiris4 vol4 #a4 p4 #cfh4     
#gbh   --4 ,scholia upon ,apollonius    
,rhodius4 l4 #a4 v4 #eih4  #gbi ,many   
places styled ,olympus and ,olympian4   
,in ,lycia3   1   4 ,strabo4 l4 #ad4 p4 
#ihb4    4 ,stephanus ,byzantinus4  ,in 
,cyprus3  1    4 ,strabo4 l4 #ad4 p4    
#ajja4     4 ,strabo4 ,ibidem4          
,josephus mentions the temple of        
,olympian ,zeus at ,tyre4 ,antiq4 ,jud4 
l4 #h4 c4 #a4  ,at ,megara in ,greece3  
4 ,pausanias4 l4 #a4 p4 #ig4  ,in ,elis3
      4 ,scholia upon ,lycophron4 v4    
#db4  ,in ,attica3  1  1     4 ,pausan4 
l4 #a4 p4 #dc4  ,in ,achaia3   4        
,pausan4 l4 #b4 p4 #abc4  ,at ,delos3 1 
4 ,stephanus ,byzantinus4    4  ,libya  
was called ,olympia4 ,stephanus ,byzant4
  ,the moon called ,olympias3    '    4 
,eusebii ,chron4 p4 #de4 l4 #aj4  ,the  
earth itself called ,olympia by         
,plutarch1 who mentions     in ,theseus1

 by which is meant the temple of the    
,prophetic ,earth4  ,many other         
instances might be produced4  #gcj      
,sophocles3 dipus ,tyrannus4 v4 #dhg4   
4 ,pind4 ,pyth4 ,ode #f4 v4 #c4     4   
,pind4 ,pyth4 ,ode #aa4 antist4  #gca   
,euripides in ,ione4 v4 #bcc4   4 v4    
#dfa4  #gcb ,titus ,livius4 l4 #ch4 c4  
#dg4  #gcc ,strabo4 l4 #i4 p4 #fdb4     
#gcd ,varro de ,ling4 ,lat4 l4 #f4 p4   
#fh4  ,pausanias gives this account of  
the omphalus at ,delphi4         1      
4 ,pausan4 l4 #aj4 p4 #hce4  ,it is     
described by ,tatianus1 but in a        
different manner4        4     4 p4     
#bea4 ,oratio contra ,grcos4  #gce      
,plutarch  4 4  #gcf ,horus ,apollo4    
#ba4 p4 #cj4 edit4 #agbi4  #gcg         
,pausanias4 l4 #b4 p4 #ada4 ,it is      
spoken of ,phliuns1 far removed from the
 centre of the ,peloponnesus4  #gch     
,this omphalus was near the ,plutonian  
cavern4 ,diodorus4 l4 #e4     '      4  
,callimachus3 ,hymn to ,ceres4 ,cicero  
in ,verrem1 #d4 c4 #dh4  #gci ,homer4   

,odyss4 l4 4 v4 #ej4  #gdj ,stephanus   
,byzantinus4 ,the natives were also     
styled ,pyrrhid2 and the country        
,chaonia from the temple ,cha-,on1  4   
#gda ,pindar4 ,olymp4 ,ode #g4  #gdb    
,strabo4 l4 #h4 p4 #edb4  #gdc ,by ,livy
 called ,aliphira4 l4 #cb4 c4 #e4  ,in  
,messenia was a city ,amphia--    4     
,pausan4 l4 #d4 p4 #bib4 ,the country   
was called ,amphia4  #gdd  1   4        
,strabo4 l4 #h4 p4 #ebh4  #gde ,plutarch
 de ,fluminibus--4  ,alpheus1 said to be
 one of the twelve principal and most   
antient ,deities1 called 2 who are      
enumerated by the ,scholiast upon       
,pindar4  1    --4 ,olymp4 ,ode4 #e4    
#gdf ,stephanus ,byzant4 4 ,it was      
properly in ,epirus1 where was the      
oracle of ,dodona1 and whose people were
 styled  above4  #gdg 1  -- ,steph4     
,byzant4       '    4 ,strabo4 l4 #aj4  
p4 #hcd4 ,eluros-- 4  #gdh ,diodorus    
,siculus4 l4 #e4 p4 #ccg4  #gdi         
,callimachus4 ,hymn to ,jupiter4 v4 #db4
  #gej ,quintus ,curtius4 l4 #d4 c4 #g4 

p4 #aed4 ,varior4  #gea ,hyde of the    
,umbilicus4 ,relig4 vet4 ,persarum4     
,appendix #c4 p4 #ebg4  #geb ,that      
,olympus and ,olympia were of ,egyptian 
original1 is manifest from ,eusebius2   
who tells us1 that in ,egypt the moon   
was called ,olympias2 and that the      
,zodiac in the heavens had antiently the
 name of ,olympus4    '    1        1   
,y 4 ,chronicon4 p4 #de4 l4 #i4 ,the    
reason given is idle3 but the fact is   
worth attending to4  ,olympus was the   
supposed prceptor of ,jupiter4          
,diodorus4 l4 #c4 p4 #bjf4  #gec        
,pindar4 ,pyth4 ,ode #d4 p4 #bda4  #ged 
7 74          1        4 ,diodorus4 l4  
#ag4 p4 #ebh4  ,it is observable1 that  
this historian does not mention an      
omphalus3 but says1 that it was a       
statue1 1 which was carried about4  #gee
 ,bochart4 ,canaan4 l4 #a4 c4 #dj4  #gef
 1  1   4 ,schol4 on ,homer4 ,iliad4 4  
v4 #da4  #geg ,eusebius4 ,prp4 ,evang4  
l4 #e4 p4 #aid4  ,one title of ,jupiter 
was 4      4 ,homer4 ,iliad4 4 v4 #bej4 

,ara ,panompho vetus est sacrata        
,tonanti4 ,ovid4 ,metamorph4 l4 #aa4 v4 
#aih4  #geh ,pocock's ,egypt4 p4 #ajh4  
,plate xlii4  #gei ,pocock4 ,plate      
xxxix4 p4 #aje4  #gfj ,he sent          
messengers to ,balaam the son of ,beor  
to ,pethor4 ,numbers4 c4 #bb4 v4 #e4    
#gfa ,we learn from ,numbers4 c4 #bb4 v4
 #cf4 and c4 #ca4 v4 #h4 that the       
residence of ,balaam was in ,midian1 on 
the other side of the river to the      
south1 beyond the borders of ,moab4     
,this seems to have been the situation  
of ,petra2 which was either in ,midian  
or upon the borders of it3 so that      
,pethor1 and ,petra1 were probably the  
same place4 ,petra is by the ,english   
traveller1 ,sandys1 said to be called   
now ,rath ,alilat4  ,petra by some is   
called a city of ,palestine3   4        
,suidas4 ,but it was properly in        
,arabia1 not far from ,idume1 or ,edom4 
,see ,relandi ,palstina4 p4 #icj4 and   
,strabo4 l4 #af4  #gfb ,the ,ammonites  
were a mixed race2 being both of        

,egyptian and ,ethiopic original3    4  
,herod4 l4 #b4 c4 #db4  #gfc ,pocock's  
,egypt4 vol4 #a4 plate xlii4  #gfd      
,luxorein by ,norden1 called ,lucorein4 
,it was probably erected to the ,sun and
 ,ouranus1 and one of the first temples 
upon earth4  #gfe ,apollonius ,rhodius4 
l4 #d4 v4 #ajeb4  ,mopsus was the son of
 ,ampycus4 ,hygin4 ,fab4 c4 cxxviii4 ,by
 some he is said to have been the son of
 ,apollo4 ,apollo and ,ampycus were the 
same4  #gff ,orphic4 ,argonaut4 v4 #gbj4
  #gfg ,ibidem4 v4 #ahe4  #gfh ,justin4 
,martyr4 ,apolog4 p4 #ed4  ,amphilochus 
was the ,god of light and prophecy4     
,plutarch mentions   1 in the treatise  
4 p4 #efc4  #gfi ,cohortatio4 p4 #aj4   
#ggj ,lycophron4 v4 #aafc4  #gga        
,pausanias4 l4 #aj4 p4 #hif4  #ggb      
,hence the prophetic ,sibyl in ,virgil  
is styled ,amphrysia vates4 ,virgil4 n4 
l4 #f4 v4 #cfh4  #ggc ,plin4 l4 #d4 c4  
#ab4 ,strabo4 l4 #aj4 ,called ,mallus1  
by ,pausanias1    4 l4 #a4 p4 #hd4  #ggd
           1    --    4 ,pausanias4 l4  

#aj4 p4 #hhd4 ,the city was also called 
,ophitea4  #gge ,aristophanes4 4 v4     
#eie4  #ggf ,see ,scholia to ,aristoph4 
v4 #eie4  #ggg ,ibidem4  #ggh ,we meet  
with the like in the ,orphica4          
1  4 ,argonautica4 v4 #cc4  ,so in      
,pindar4    4 ,pyth4 ,ode #b4 p4 #bjc4  
,we have the same from the ,tripod      
itself4      1    4 ,apollo de defectu  
,oraculor4       apud ,eusebium4 ,prp4  
,evang4 l4 #e4 c4 #af4 p4 #bjd4  #ggi   
,hymn to ,venus of ,salamis4 ,see ,homer
 ,didymi4 vol4 #b4 p4 #ebh4  ,the names 
of the sacred hymns1 as mentioned by    
,proclus in his 1 were 1 1 1  1 1 1 4   
,photius4 c4 #bcf4 p4 #ihc4  #ghj       
,diodorus4 l4 #e4 p4 #bac4  #gha ,idque 
a  ,grco1 ,liberi ,patris cognomento4   
,varro de lingu ,lat4 l4 #e4 p4 #eh4    
#ghb ,diodorus ,siculus4 l4 #e4 p4 #bac4
  #ghc ,epiphanius--adversus ,hres4 l4  
#c4 p4 #ajic4  #ghd ,pindar4 ,olympic   
,ode vi4 p4 #ec4  ,iamus1 supposed by   
,pindar to have been the son of ,apollo2
 but he was the same as ,apollo and     

,osiris4 ,he makes ,apollo afford him   
the gift of prophecy3                   
774 ,ibid4 p4 #ec4  #ghe ,of the ,iamid1
 see ,herodotus4 l4 v4 c4 #dd4 l4 ix4 c4
 #cc4       4  #ghf ,pindar4 ,ibidem4 p4
 #ea4  #ghg ,pi is the antient ,egyptian
 prefix4  #ghh ,herodotus4 l4 #a4 c4    
#fb4 p4 #cj4  #ghi ,apollonius ,rhodius4
 l4 #c4 v4 #aahj4  ,an ox or cow from   
being oracular was styled ,alphi as well
 as ,omphi4 ,hence ,plutarch speaks of  
,cadmus3      4       4 ,sympos4 ,qust4 
#i4 #c4  #gij ,in insul ,pharo4 ,pliny4 
l4 #cf4 c4 #ab4  #gia ,wheeler's        
,travels1 p4 #bjg4  #gib ,wheeler4 p4   
#bjd4 ,sandys's travels4 p4 #cb4  #gic  
,strabo4 l4 #ag4 p4 #aada4  #gid        
,strabo4 l4 #c4 p4 #bei4  #gie ,strabo4 
l4 #b4 p4 #beh4  #gif ,strabo4 ,ibidem4 
,ou-,ob4 ,sol4 ,pytho4 ,onoba1 regio    
,solis ,pythonis4  #gig ,strabo calls   
the ,african pillar ,abyluca2 which is  
commonly rendered ,abila4--     1   --4 
,ibidem4 ,ab-,el-,uc1 and ,ca-,alpe4    
,calpe is now called ,gibel-,tar1 or    

,gibralter3 which name relates to the   
hill where of old the pillar stood4     
#gih --'     1    1    4 ,arrian upon   
,epictetus4 l4 #c4 c4 #bb4  #gii        
,virgil4 l4 #c4 neis4  #hjj             
,callimachus4 ,hymn to ,delos4 v4 #cl#f4
  #hja ,homer4 ,hymn to ,apollo1 v4     
#aef4  ,helen is said to have been a    
mimic of this sort4  #hjb              4
        4 ,anon4 ,descript4 ,ponti      
,euxini4  #hjc ,see ,spon4 and          
,wheeler's travels4 p4 #bji4  #hjd      
,dionysius 4 v4 #chj4  #hje ,apollonius 
,rhodius4 l4 #a4 v4 #fja4  #hjf ,ibid4  
l4 #a4 v4 #aaad4  ,in another place1    
1   '   1   4                           
,apollon4 ,rhod4 l4 #b4 v4 #gij4  #hjg  
,orphic ,argonaut4 v4 #cge4  #hjh       
,homer's ,hymn to ,apollo4  #hji ,orphic
 ,argonaut4 v4 #abie4  ,sophocles calls 
the sea coast  1 from the numbers of    
altars4 dipus ,tyrannus4 v4 #aic4  ,the 
like province was attributed to the     
supposed sister of ,apollo1 ,diana3     
,jupiter tells her--                    

4  ,and1 in another place3            4 
,callimachus4 ,hymn to ,diana4    1 1 1 
1 4 ,ibid4 v4 #bei4  #haj        1      
1    4 ,clemens ,alexand4 l4 #a4 p4     
#dah4  #haa --    1      4 ,pausan4 l4  
#i4 p4 #geg4  ,also of the ,thespians3  
4 p4 #gfa4  #hab ,tertullian adversus   
,gentes4 l4 #a4 c4 #ab4  #hac        4  
,clementis ,cohort4 p4 #dj4  #had       
,apollonius ,rhodius4 l4 #a4 v4 #aaag4  
p4 #aae4  #hae ,orphic ,argonaut4 v4    
#fje4  ,pliny1 l4 #af1 mentions         
simulacrum vitigineum4  #haf            
,callimachus4 ,hymn to ,diana4 v4 #bcg4 
#hag --1 1            4 ,hesychius4  1 4
 ,ibidem4  #hah ,nonni ,dionysiaca4 l4  
xi4 p4 #cjf4  #hai ,nonni ,dion4 l4 x4  
p4 #bgh4  #hbj ,nonni ,dion4 l4 xi4 p4  
#bif4  #hba ,ovid4 ,fast4 l4 #c4 v4     
#dji4  #hbb 1                      4    
1   1        1  4 ,steph4 ,byzant4      
4 ,strabo of ,samos4 l4 #ad4 p4 #idd4   
#hbc ,ampelusia1 called  4 ,ptolemy4 l4 
#d4 so named according to ,strabo  1 or 
1 not far from a city ,zilis1 and ,cota4

 ,see ,pliny4 l4 #e4 c4 #a4             
,promontorium ,oceani extimum           
,ampelusia4 ,pliny4 l4 #e4 c4 #a4       
,ampelona4 ,pliny4 l4 #f4 c4 #bh4  #hbd 
4 ,herodotus4 l4 #g4 c4 #abc4   1 in    
,crete4 ,ptolemy4 ,see ,pliny4 l4 #d4 c4
 #ab4  #hbe ,in ,samos was      4       
,strabo4 l4 #ad4 p4 #idd4  ,some places 
were called more simply ,ampe4  ,see    
,herodotus of ,ampi in the ,persian     
,gulf4 l4 #f4 c4 #bj4   of ,tzetzes4    
,see ,cellarius4  #hbf   4 ,herodotus4  
l4 #a4 c4 #adh4  #hbg ,prp4 ,evan4 l4   
#e4 c4 #af4  #hbh ,pindar4 ,olymp4 ,ode 
#ab4      4 ,artemidorus ,oneirocrit4 l4
 #b4 c4 #bc4  #hbi      4---           4
 ,pausanias4 l4 #f4 p4 #eaj4  #hcj 1 and
 1 are put by ,hesychius as synonymous4 
,omnibus aquis ,nymph sunt prsidentes4  
,servius upon ,virgil4 ,eclog4 #a4      
,thetis was styled ,nympha1 merely      
because she was supposed to be water4   
,thetidem dici voluerunt aquam1 unde et 
,nympha dicta est4 ,fulgentij ,mytholog4
 c4 viii4 p4 #gbj4  #hca ,pausanias4 l4 

#h4 p4 #fgj4  ,young women were1 by the 
later ,greeks1 and by the ,romans1      
styled ,nymph2 but improperly4 ,nympha  
vox1 ,grcorum 1 non fuit ab origine     
,virgini sive ,puell propria3 sed       
solummodo partem corporis denotabat4    
gyptijs1 sicut omnia animalia1 lapides1 
frutices1 atque herbas1 ita omne membrum
 atque omnia corporis humani loca1      
aliquo dei titulo mos fuit denotare4    
,hinc cor nuncupabant ,ath1 uterum      
,mathyr1 vel ,mether3 et fontem fmineum1
 sicut et alios fontes1 nomine ,ain     
,omphe1 ,grce 1 insignibant3 quod ab    
gyptijs ad ,grcos derivatum est4--,hinc 
legimus1  1   1    4 ,suidas4  '     1 4
 ,ibidem4  #hcb ,naptha is called       
,apthas by ,simplicius in ,categoric4   
,aristotelis4        4 ,the same by     
,gregory ,nyssen is contracted1 and     
called1 after the ,ionic manner1 3     4
 ,liber de anim4 ,on which account these
 writers are blamed by the learned      
,valesius4 ,they are1 however1 guilty of
 no mistake2 only use the word out of   

composition4 ,ain-,aptha1 contracted    
,naptha1 was properly the fountain      
itself3 the matter which proceeded from 
it was styled ,apthas1 ,pthas1 and      
,ptha4 ,it was one of the titles of the 
,god of fire1 called ,apha-,astus1 the  
,hephastus of the ,greeks2 to whom this 
inflammable substance was sacred4  ,see 
,valesij not in ,amm4 ,marcellinum4 l4  
#bc4 p4 #bhe4  ,epirus was denominated  
from the worship of fire1 and one of its
 rivers was called the ,aphas4  #hcc    
,pliny4 l4 #ca4 p4 #ccc4  #hcd          
,marcellinus4 l4 #bc4 p4 #bhe4  #hce    
,pliny4 l4 #f4 p4 #cbf4  #hcf ,strabo4  
l4 #g4 p4 #dhg4 ,see ,antigoni ,carystii
 ,mirabilia4 p4 #afc4  #hcg             
'      4 ,strabo4 l4 #g4 p4 #dhg4  #hch 
,strabo4 ,ibidem4 l4 #g4 p4 #dhg4 ,he   
supposes that it was called ,ampelitis  
from 1 the vine3 because its waters were
 good to kill vermin1    4 ,a far       
fetched etymology4 ,neither ,strabo1 nor
 ,posidonius1 whom he quotes1 considers 
that the term is of ,syriac original4   

#hci ,philostrati vita ,apollonii4 l4   
#h4 c4 #d4 p4 #aaf4  #hdj ,dionis       
,historia ,romana4 ,johannis ,resin3    
,antiq4 l4 #c4 c4 #aa4  #hda ,pausanias4
 l4 #i4 p4 #gah4  #hdb ,evagrius4 l4 #c4
 c4 #ab4  #hdc ,marcellinus4 l4 #ae4 c4 
#g4 p4 #fh4  #hdd ,celsus apud          
,originem4 l4 #g4 p4 #ccc4  ,see also   
,plutarch4 de ,oraculorum defectu4  #hde
 ,callimachus4 ,hymn to ,diana4 v4 #bbf4
  #hdf ,callimachus4 ,ibid4 v4 #cc4     
4  #hdg ,callimachus4 ,hymn to ,apollo4 
v4 #ef4  #hdh ,cicero de ,divinatio4 l4 
#a4  #hdi ,lucian4 ,astrolog4 v4 #a4 p4 
#iic4  #hej ,see in the former treatise1
 inscribed 4  #hea ,are not all the     
names which relate to the different     
stages of manhood1 as well as to family 
cognation1 taken from the titles of     
priests1 which were originally used in  
temples2 such as ,pater1 ,vir1 ,virgo1  
,puer1 ,mater1 ,matrona1 ,patronus1     
,frater1 ,soror1 1 8  #heb ,verses from 
an antient ,choriambic poem1 which are  
quoted by ,terentianus ,maurus de       

,metris4  #hec ,lucilli ,fragmenta4     
#hed ,ode of ,ausonius to ,attius       
,patera ,rhetor in ,professorum         
,burdigalensium commemoratione4 ,ode    
#aj4  #hee ,ausonius4 ,ode #d4  #hef ,he
 is called ,balen by schylus4 ,pers4 p4 
#aef4 1  4  #heg       1   4 ,herodian4 
l4 #h4 of the ,aquileians4  ,inscriptio 
vetus ,aquilei reperta4 ,,apollini4     
,,beleno4 ,c4 ,,aquileiens4 ,,felix4    
#heh ,apollonius ,rhodius4 ,argonautic4 
l4 #b4 v4 #gjc4  #hei ,ibidem4 l4 #a4 v4
 #aace4  #hfj ,juvenal4 ,sat4 #ad4 v4   
#bfe4  #hfa ,manilius4 l4 #e4 v4 #dcd4  
#hfb ,phavorinus4       4 ,scholia in   
,lycophron4 v4 #db4    1    4 ,pindar4  
,olymp4 ,ode #e4 p4 #dc4  #hfc ,pindar4 
,olympic ,ode #f4 p4 #eb4  ,apollo was  
the same as ,iamus2 whose priests were  
the ,imid1 the most antient order in    
,greece4  #hfd ,it is a word of ,amonian
 original1 analogous to ,eliza-bet1     
,bet-,armus1 ,bet-,tumus in ,india1     
,phainobeth in ,egypt4  #hfe ,lycophron4
 v4 #aei4 here they sacrificed  4  #hff 

,pindar4 ,olymp4 ,ode #f4 p4 #ea4  #hfg 
1         4 ,pausanias4 l4 #i4 p4 #ghf4 
#hfh ,euripides in ,ione4 v4 #ice4 ,see 
,radicals1 p4 #he4 ,macar4  #hfi        
,clemens ,alexand4 ,strom4 l4 #a4 p4    
#ceh4  #hgj ,pausanias4 l4 #aj4 p4 #hbe4
  #hga ,pindar4 ,olymp4 ,ode #a4 p4 #h4 
#hgb ,scholia in ,pindar4 ,olymp4 ,ode  
#a4 p4 #h4  #hgc ,diogenes ,laertius3   
,vita ,anaxagor4  #hgd ,pliny4 l4 #b4 c4
 #eh4 p4 #ajb4  #hge   they construed  '
  4  #hgf ,pindar4 ,olympic4 ,ode #a4 p4
 #h4  #hgg     4 ,pindar4 ,isthm4 ,ode  
#h4 p4 #dhb4  #hgh 1      4 ,scholia    
upon ,pindar4 ,olymp4 ,ode #a4 p4 #h4   
#hgi    1    4 ,antholog4  #hhj ,scholia
 upon ,lycophron4 v4 #aeb4  #hha        
,scholia upon ,pindar4 ,olymp4 ,ode #a4 
p4 #h4  #hhb ,pindar4 ,scholia4 ,ibidem4
  #hhc ,justin4 ,martyr ad ,tryphonem4  
p4 #afh4 ,the rites of ,mithras were    
styled ,patrica4  #hhd ,gruter4         
,inscript4 p4 xlix4 n4 #b4  #hhe        
,indiculus ,paganiarum in ,consilio     
,leptinensi ad ann4 ,christi #gdc4  ,see

 du ,fresne ,gloss1 and ,hoffman4       
,petra4  ,nullus ,christianus ad fana1  
vel ad ,petras vota reddere prsumat4    
#hhf          1 '      1  1  1   1  '  4
 ,homer4 ,iliad4 4 v4 #abf4    1 1    4 
,hesychius4  #hhg ,pindar4 ,pyth4 ,ode  
#d4 p4 #bdh4      4 ,scholia ibidem4    
#hhh ,zeus was represented by a pyramid3
 ,artemis by a pillar4    1     4       
,pausan4 l4 #b4 p4 #acb4  #hhi          
,pausanias4 l4 #a4 p4 #ajd4  ,according 
to the acceptation1 in which ,i         
understand the term1 we may account for 
so many places in the east being styled 
,petra4 ,persis and ,india did not      
abound with rocks more than ,europe2    
yet1 in these parts1 as well as in the  
neighbouring regions1 there is          
continually mention made of ,petra3 such
 as   in ,sogdiana1 ,petra ,aornon in   
,india1     771   4 ,strabo4 l4 #aa4 p4 
#ghg4 ,petra ,abatos in ,egypt1   in    
,arabia4 ,many places called ,petra     
occur in the history of ,alexander3     
4 ,strabo4 l4 #aa4 p4 #ghg4 ,they were  

in reality sacred eminences1 where of   
old they worshipped2 which in aftertimes
 were fortified4 ,every place styled    
,arx and  was originally of the same    
nature4 ,the same is to be observed of  
those styled ,purgoi4  #hij ,gruter4    
,inscript4 lxxxvi4 n4 #h4  #hia         
,xenophon4 4  #hib ,nonnus4 ,dionysiac4 
l4 ix4 p4 #bff4  #hic ,pausanias4 l4 #g4
 p4 #egg4  #hid 1    1    4 ,hesychius4 
4 ,hesych4  #hie 1 1    4 ,hesychius4  1
  4 ,ibidem4  ,it it was expressed      
,amphi1 the cakes were ,amphitora1      
,amphimantora1 ,amphimasta3 which seem  
to have been all nearly of the same     
composition4  1     4 ,ibidem4  #hif    
,fine flour had the sacred name of      
,ador1 from ,adorus1 the ,god of day1 an
 ,amonian name4  #hig 1  1  1  4        
,hesych4  1    4 ,ibidem4  1     4      
,ibid4  ,also 1 ,amorbit4 ,see ,athenus4
 l4 #ad4 p4 #fdf4  #hih 1 4 ,hesychius4 
,pi-,on was the ,amonian name of the    
,sun3 as was also ,pi-,or1 and ,pe-,or4 
#hii 1    4 ,suidas4  #ijj ,the latter  

,greeks expressed ,puramoun1 ,puramous4 
,y1 a cake4       4 ,artemidorus4 l4 #a4
 c4 #gd4         4 ,schol4 ,aristoph4 4 
,see ,meuisius on ,lycophron4 v4 #eic4  
and ,hesych4 1  4  #ija 1 placent4      
,athenus4 l4 #ad4 p4 #fde4  #ijb    ,y4 
,theocritus4 ,idyl4 #b4 v4 #cc4  #ijc   
,athenus4 l4 #ad4 p4 #fdf4  #ijd        
,diogenes ,laertius3 ,vita ,empedoclis4 
l4#h4  #ije ,some read 4 ,cedrenus4 p4  
#hb4 ,some have thought1 that by  was   
meant an ,ox3 but ,pausanias says1 that 
these offerings were 3 and moreover     
tells us2   1     4 ,cecrops sacrificed 
nothing that had life4 ,pausan4 l4 #h4  
p4 #fjj4  #ijf ,jeremiah4 c4 #dd4 v4    
#ah1 #ai4  #ijg ,ibid4 c4 #g4 v4 l#h4   
#ijh ,jeremiah4 c4 #ea4 v4 #ai4         
according to the ,seventy4  ,so also c4 
#g4 v4 #ah4     4 ,chau-,on1 domus vel  
templum ,solis4  #iji ,herodotus        
mentions this custom1 and styles it     
justly   4 ,he says that it was         
practised at the temple of the          
,babylonish ,deity ,melitta4 l4 #a4 c4  

#aii4  #iaj ,strabo4 l4 #aa4 p4 #hje4   
,anais1 or ,anait1 called ,tanais1 in   
this passage3 they are the same name4   
,the same account given of the ,lydian  
women by ,herodotus3   4 l4 #c4 c4 #ic3 
all1 universally1 were devoted to       
whoredom4  #iaa ,herodotus4 l4 #b4 c4   
#abi4 p4 #ach4  #iab ,herodotus4 l4 #b4 
c4 #abi4 p4 #aff4  #iac ,plutarch4 ,isis
 et ,osiris1 p4 #cff4  #iad ,herodotus4 
l4 #b4 c4 #he1 #hf4  #iae    4 ,herod4  
l4 #b4 c4 #aca4  #iaf ,the star between 
the horns shows that it was a           
representation of the ,deity1 and the   
whole a religious memorial4  #iag       
,cyril4 contra ,julian4 p4 #ae4 ,it is  
related somewhat differently in the     
,timus of ,plato4 vol4 #c4 p4 #bb4 ,see 
also ,clemens ,alex4 ,strom4 l4 #a4 p4  
#cef4  #iah ,l4 #b4 c4 #ec4 ,the        
evidence of ,herodotus must be esteemed 
early2 and his judgment valid4 ,what can
 afford us a more sad account of the    
doubt and darkness1 in which mankind was
 inveloped1 than these words of the     

historian8 how plainly does he shew the 
necessity of divine interposition2 and  
of revelation in consequence of it6     
#iai ,herodotus4 l4 #b4 c4 #ec4  #ibj   
,virgil4 ,georgic4 l4 #a4 v4 #f4  ,liber
 is ,el-,abor contracted3 ,sol1 ,parens 
,lucis4  #iba ,scholia in ,horat4 l4 #b4
 ,ode #ai4  #ibb ,orphic4 ,fragment4 in 
,macrob4 ,sat4 l4 #a4 c4 #bc4  #ibc     
,macrob4 ,sat4 l4 #a4 c4 #ah4  ,he is   
called by ,eumolpus     3 apud ,euseb4  
,p4 ,e4 l4 #i c4 #bg4  #ibd ,zemissus is
 the ,amonian ,sames1 or ,samesh1       
analogous to ,beth-,shemesh in the      
,scriptures4  #ibe ,orphic4 ,fragment4  
#d4 p4 #cfd4 edit4 ,gesner4  ,see       
,stephani ,posis ,philosoph4 p4 #hj4    
from ,justin ,martyr4  #ibf ,macrobius4 
,saturn4 l4 #a4 c4 #ah4 p4 #bjb4 ,he    
mentions ,jupiter ,lucetius1 and        
,diespater1 the ,god of day2 and adds1  
,cretenses    vocant4 ,the ,cretans call
 the day dia4 ,the word dies of the     
,latines was of the same original4  #ibg
 ,diodorus ,siculus4 l4 #a4 p4 #bb4     

#ibh ,chronolog4 ,canon4 p4 #cb4  #ibi  
,hermesianax4  ,it may be worth while to
 observe below1 how many ,gods there    
were of the same titles and departments4
  4 ,hesychius4 ,ponia ,minerva4        
,plutarch4 de decem ,rhetoribus4   4    
,hesychius4   1 1  4 ,orphic4 ,h4 #ff4  
4 ,clement4 ,cohort4 p4 #bf4  ,olen1 the
 most antient mythologist1 made         
,eilithya to be the mother of ,eros2 so 
that ,eilithya and ,venus must have been
 the same1 and consequently ,diana4     
4 ,pausan4 l4 #i4 p4 #gfb4  ,adonim1    
,attinem1 ,osirim et ,horum aliud non   
esse quam ,solem4 ,macrobius ,sat4 l4   
#a4 c4 #ba4 p4 #bji4  ,janus was ,juno1 
and styled ,junonius4 ,macrob4 ,sat4 l4 
#a4 c4 #i4 p4 #aei4  ,lunam2 eandem     
,dianam1 eandem ,cererem1 eandem        
,junonem1 eandem ,proserpinam dicunt4   
,servius in ,georgic4 l4 #a4 v4 #e4     
,astarte1 ,luna1 ,europa1 ,dea ,syria1  
,rhea1 the same4 ,lucian4 de ,syri ,de4 
4 4 ,athenagoras4 p4 #bij4  1 4         
,sanchoniathon4 ,euseb4 ,p4 ,e4 lib4 #a4

 c4 x4 p4#cd4  1 4 ,damascius apud      
,photium4 c4 #bdb4  #icj ,auson4        
,epigram4 #cj4  ,see ,gruter for        
inscriptions to ,apollo ,pantheon4      
,dionusus was also ,atis1 or ,attis4    
4 ,clementis ,cohort4 p4 #af4  #ica     
,orphic4 ,hymn4 x4 p4 #bjj4 ,gesner4  ' 
1       4 ,herodotus4 l4 #b4 c4 #ade4   
,priapus was ,zeus2 also ,pan1 and      
,orus3 among the people of ,lampsacus   
esteemed ,dionusus4  #icb ,euphorion4   
#icc ,l4 #aj4 p4 #hje4  #icd ,oprhic4   
,hymn4 in ,poseidon xvi4 p4 #bjh4  #ice 
,selden de ,diis ,syris4 p4 #gg4 and    
additamenta4 ,he was of old styled      
,arcles in ,greece2 and supposed to have
 been the son of ,xuth4   1   4         
,plutarch4 ,qustiones ,grc4 v4 #a4 p    
#bif4  #icf ,nonnus4 l4 #dj4 p4 #ajch4  
#icg ,in ,demosthenem  4    4 p4 #fdg4  
,see also ,macrob4 ,sat4 l4 #a4 c4 #ah4 
4 ,proclus upon ,plato's ,parmenides4   
,see ,orphic ,fragments4 p4 #djf4  #ich 
,hesychius4 ,the passage is differently 
read4 ,kuster exhibits it 4      1      

4  #ici ,servius upon ,virgil4 neid4 l4 
#b4 v4 #fcb4  #idj ,scholia upon        
,apollon4 ,rhod4 l4 #c4 v4 #eb4     4   
,in some places of the east1 ,venus was 
the same as ,cybele and ,rhea1 the      
,mother of the ,gods3           1   1   
4 ,ptol4 ,tetrabibl4 l4 #b4  #ida ,apud 
,calvum ,acterianus4 ,macrob4 ,sat4 l4  
#c4 c4 #h4 ,putant eandem marem esse ac 
fminam4 ,ibidem4  #idb ,apud ,augustin4 
de ,civitate ,dei4 l4 #d4 c4 #aa4 and l4
 #g4 c4 #i4  ,the author of the ,orphic 
verses speaks of the ,moon as both male 
and female4    1   4 ,hymn #h4 v4 #d4   
,deus ,lunus was worshipped at ,charr1  
,edessa1 and all over the east4  #idc   
,synesius4 ,hymn #c4 p4 #bf4 ,edit4 ,h4 
,steph4  ,the ,orphic verses   are to   
the same purpose4       1 1 1  4 ,hymn  
#i4 v4 #ah4  #idd ,orphic ,hymn #ca4 v4 
#aj4 p4 #bbd4  #ide ,orphic ,fragment4  
vi4 p4 #cff4 ,gesner's ,edit4 from      
,proclus on ,plato's ,alcibiades4 ,see  
also ,poesis ,philosophica ,h4          
,stephani4 p4 #ha4  #idf ,jupiter       

,lucetius1 or ,god of light4 ,macrob4   
,sat4 l4 #a4 c4 #ae4 p4 #ahb4  #idg     
,orphic ,fragm4 vii4 p4 #cga4 ,see      
,poesis ,philosoph4 ,h4 ,stephani4 p4   
#he4  ,orpheus of ,protogonus4    '1 1  
1   4 ,hymn4 #ea4 p4 #bdf4  #idh        
,apuleii ,metamorph4 l4 xi4 p4 #bda4    
#idi ,porphyr4 apud ,eusebium ,prp4     
,evang4 l4 #c4 c4 #aa4      1     4     
,athenus4 l4 #a4 p4 #cj4  #iej ,janus   
,gulielmus ,laurenbergius4  #iea ,selden
 de ,diis ,syris4 p4 #gg4         99    
99       99       99       99           
,corrections made to printed original4  
7,introductory poem47 ,in tamen         
incultis3 'tamem' in original1 no such  
word4  7,nimrod47 wherefore it is said3 
'it it said' in original4  7,on and     
,eon7   3 diaresis on 2 in original4    
7,gau41 near ref4 #chc7     3  with     
smooth breath mark in original4  7ibid41
 near ref4 #djg7   3 '' in original1 no 
such form1 amended to match ,perseus    
,e-,text4  7ibid41 near ref4 #dji7 quem 
,coilus genuit3 'genuvit' in original1  

cited as 'genuit' in ,lewis  ,short4    
7,dissertation upon the ,helladian1 near
 ref4 #ead7   3 ''1 with a transpose    
mark over the ''1 in original4  7,of the
 ,omphi1 near ref4 #gci7  '   3 '1 no   
space in original4  7ibid41 near ref4   
#gff7   3 1 no space in original4       
7ibid41 near ref4 #ggi7  ' 3 '''1 no    
space in original  7ibid41 near ref4    
#hjd7 any ness or foreland3 'nees' in   
original1 no such word4  7,an ,account  
of the gods of ,greece1 near ref4 #iah7 
3 '' in original1 no such word1 amended 
to match ,perseus ,e-,text4  7ibid41    
near ref4 #ibi7  '1   3 '1 no space in  
original4  7,note #bf47   3 '' in       
original1 obvious typo4  7,note #ci47   
hinnulea3 'hinnul' in original4 ,cited  
as 'hinnulea' in ,lewis  ,short4  7,note
 #agj47 l4 #f4 c4 #g43 'l4 c4 #g4' in   
original4  7,note #ced47 changed this   
termination into e3 'into r' in         
original4 ,sense requires 'into e'4     
7,note #cee47    ' 3  no space in       
original4  7,note #dbf47 ' 3 '''' in    

original4  7,note #dcj47 p4 #c8f3 middle
 digit illegible in original4  7,note   
#dfe47   3  with smooth breathing mark  
in original 7smooth breathing is        
generally not marked74  7,note #dff47   
3   with smooth breathing marks in      
original4  7,note #edj47    3 '' in     
original1 no such word1 amended to match
 ,perseus ,e-,text4  7,note #edb47  3 ''
 in original1 no such word1 amended to  
match ,perseus ,e-text4  7,note #edc47  
3 '' in original1 obvious typo4  7,note 
#fbc47   3 '' in original1 no such word4
  7,note #fca47  3 '' in original1 no   
such word4  7,note #fde47    3 '' in    
original - hypogegrammeni instead of    
breath mark4  7,note #gjh47   ' 3 '' in 
original1 no such word - r restored to  
match meaning of embers4