,,resonance  ,,9  ,,s++ ,,& ,,speak+    
,,by  ,,?omas ,,fillebr[n1 ,m4,d41      
,d4,m4,d4  ,,tw5ty-,,"o ,,ye>s          
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,op]ative ,,d5ti/ry ,,& 
,,oral ,,surg]y ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity2
 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,m$ical     
,,association1 ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,d5tal
 ,,sci5ce1 ,,! ,,new ,,engl&            
,,otological ,,& ,,l>yngological        
,,association1 ,,etc42 ,,lectur] ,,on   
,,voice ,,developm5t4   ,,?ird ,,edition
  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,music ,,/ud5ts    
,,libr>y   ,,bo/on ,,oliv] ,,ditson     
,,company  ,,new ,,york ,,*as4 ,h4      
,,ditson  ,,co4  ,,*icago ,,lyon        
,,healy  ,copyright1 ,,mcmxi ,,by       
,,oliv] ,,ditson ,,company              
,int]national ,copyright secur$         
,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,text 9 bold is    
surr\nd$ by 4 ,text 9 italics is        
surr\nd$ by 4     ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( 
,,william ,,haskell ,,/ockbridge        
,,pupil ,,( ,,vannucc9i ,,& ,,my ,,fir/ 
,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,voice ,,culture1 ,,?is
 ,,volume ,,is ,,affectionately         

,,d$icat$     ,,preface   ,ef=ts to     
develop my own voice1 & ! voices ( my   
pati5ts aft] op]ations = cleft palate1  
aid$ by anatomical /udy1 result$ 9 a    
plan = ! focus+ & developm5t ( ! human  
voice q diff]5t f any o!r yet publi%$1  
or1 s f> z ,i "k1 yet propos$4 ,?is plan
 has prov$ s successful 9 my lat] life t
 ,i feel embold5$ to (f] x = !          
consid]ation ( speak]s & s+]s4  ,:ile   
tw5ty-five ye>s ago few ( ! pr9ciples "h
 describ$ 7 ackn[l$g$ or ev5 recogniz$1 
)9 ! la/ decade almo/ all h be5 advocat$
 sep>ately by diff]5t tea*]s or writ]s4 
,at ! pres5t "t1 !re=e1 orig9ality      
consi/s only 9 ! classification ( !     
pr9ciples into a sy/ematic1 progressive 
:ole1 & 9 arrang+ a simpl] & m practical
 me?od ( apply+ !m1 ?us mak+ ! desir$   
results mu* m quickly atta9able4  ,x is 
attempt$ 9 ?is volume only to describe !
 value ( ea* elem5t 9 ! production ( !  
p]fect tone & to demon/rate ! pr9ciples 
:i*1 if prop]ly & fai?fully appli$1 w   
develop ! be/ t is possible 9 ea*       

individual voice & prep>e ! pupil to    
ent] ^u ! m advanc$ arts ( speak+ & s++4
  ,9 #aijc ,i prep>$ a s]ies ( pap]s on 
,! ,art ( ,vocalism1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ,! 
tude 9 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july ( t ye>4 ,^!
 articles are incorporat$ 9 ?is "w4 ,9  
connection ) diff]5t organs &           
conditions1 important pr9ciples are /at$
 & re/at$4 ,?is repetition is ?\ght     
desirable 9 ord] t ! fundam5tals may be 
kept prom95tly be=e ! m9d & impress$ ^u 
! att5tion4  ,i believe t a c>eful /udy 
( ?is volume w prove ( ess5tial s]vice  
to tea*]s & advanc$ pupils ( s++ &      
oratory1 especially to "y tea*]s j ent]+
 ^u _! duties4 ,its me?od w be f\nd     
adapt$ to ! in/ruction ( pupils ( all   
grades1 f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! ,cons]vatory (
 ,music & ! ,s*ool ( ,oratory4  ,i %all 
be gratifi$ if ?is outcome ( ye>s (     
exp]i5ce1 con/ant /udy1 & te/$ me?ods   
%all prove helpful to ^? :o seek ma/]y (
 ! art ( beautiful speak+ & s++4        
,illu/ration3 signature ,?omas          
,fillebr[n     ,,cont5ts                

,,preface                               
vii        ,,introduction               
#a     ,i4 ,,! ,,vocal ,,in/rum5t       
#f    ,,ii4 ,,! ,,speak+ ,,voice ,,&    
,,pronunciation                #af      
,,iii4 ,,brea? ,,control                
#bc    ,,iv4 ,,brea?+ ,,ex]cises        
#cc     ,v4 ,,regi/]s                   
#ch    ,,vi4 ,,resonance ,,9 ,,g5]al    
#dc   ,,vii4 ,,head ,,& ,,nasal         
,,resonance                             
#ea  ,,viii4 ,,plac+ ,,! ,,voice        
#ef    ,,ix4 ,,?roat ,,/iffness         
#gd     ,x4 ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,consid]ations
                         #gg    ,,xi4   
,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,vocal ,,culture   
#hb        ,,books ,,consult$           
#hf        ,,index                      
#hi     ,,resonance  ,,9  ,,s++ ,,&     
,,speak+     ,,introduction   ,:5 a y\? 
x 0 my lot to be surr\nd$ by examples ( 
faulty vocalism1 su* z prevail$ 9 a     
c\ntry t[n1 & to be subject$ to ! errors
 !n 9 vogue1 hav+ at ! same "t small    
opportunity = tra9+ 9 ! application (   

pr9ciples1 ev5 z !n imp]fectly taught4  
,at middle life ,i _h giv5 up all       
attempt at s++ & _h difficulty 9 speak+ 
s z to be he>d at any consid]able       
di/ance or = any consid]able l5g? ( "t4 
,pr(essional obligations to my pati5ts1 
h[ev]1 compell$ me lat] to take up !    
subject ( vocal physiology4 ,?is ,i did1
 guid$ by ! ideas curr5t on ! subject4  
,ab\t #ahhj ,i became satisfi$ t _m ( ! 
curr5t ideas 7 incorrect1 & det]m9$ to  
/>t anew1 & to note 9 detail ! action ( 
ea* organ us$ 9 vocalization &          
articulation4 ,to ?is end ,i s\ght vocal
 in/ruction & advice1 :i*1 modifi$ by my
 own obs]vations1 h produc$ ! mo/       
gratify+ results4  ,up to t "t x _h be5 
held t ! nasal cavities mu/ be cut (f f 
! m\? by ! clos+ ( ! s(t palate aga9/ ! 
back ( ! ?roat2 t ! passage ( ev] s     
little ( ! s\nd above ! palate w\ld give
 a nasal twang1 & t ! s\nd 0 re9=c$ &   
develop$ only 9 ! cavities ( ! ?roat &  
m\?4 ,my practice 9 ,oral ,surg]y1 c\pl$
 ) my own vocal /udies expos$ ?is       

fallacy & reveal$ to me ! true value (  
nasal resonance4  ,! late ,mme4         
,rud]sdorff _h begun to recognize !     
effect ( nasal resonance1 b %e left no  
publi%$ record ( h] conclusions4 ,x does
 n appe> t %e or h] contempor>ies       
realiz$ ! true value ( ! nasal & head   
cavities z re9=c+ ag5ts 9 ! production (
 tone1 or appreciat$ _! influ5ce ^u its 
quality & p[]4  ,!re are p]haps few     
subjects on :i* a great] v>iety ( op9ion
 exi/s ?an on t ( voice culture1 & few  
^u :i* s _m volumes h be5 writt54 ,few  
po9ts are unconte/$1 & exactly opposite 
/atem5ts are made 9 reg>d to ea*4       
,=m]ly great /ress 0 laid ^u ! di/9ction
 betwe5 head tones & *e/ tones1 clos$   
tones & op5 tones4 ,! :ole musical _w 0 
9 bondage to regi/]s ( ! voice1 & ! "o  
great task confront+ ! s+] & vocal tea*]
 0 to bl5d ! regi/]s1 a feat /ill baffl+
 ! ef=ts ( _m in/ructors4  ,_m tea*]s & 
s+]s h n[ rea*$ :at !y consid] a        
demon/rat$ conclusion t regi/]s are n a 
natural feature ( ! voice2 yet a l>ge   

cont+5t /ill adh]e to ! doctr9e (       
regi/]1 dep5d+ = _! ju/ification ^u !   
unreliable evid5ce furni%$ by !         
l>yngoscope1 n realiz+ t !re w be f\nd 9
 ! little l5s z _m diff]5t conditions z 
! obs]v]s h eyes to see4 ,g>cia himself1
 ! inv5tor ( ! l>yngoscope1 soon modifi$
 8 fir/ claims z to its value 9 vocal   
culture4  ,on ?is po9t we h ! te/imony (
 8 biograph]1 ,m4,s4 ,mc,kinley3  ,z f> 
z ,g>cia 0 conc]n$1 ! l>yngoscope ceas$ 
to be ( any special use z soon z 8 fir/ 
inve/igations 7 conclud$4 ,by 8         
exam9ation ( ! glottis he _h !          
satisfaction ( prov+ t all 8 !ories )   
reg>d to ! emission ( ! voice 7         
absolutely correct4 ,beyond t he did n  
see t any?+ fur!r 0 to be ga9$ except to
 satisfy ! curiosity ( ^? :o might be   
int]e/$ 9 see+ = !mselves ! =ms & *anges
 :i* ! inside ( ! l>ynx assum$ dur+ s++ 
& speak+4  ,( simil> purport is ! ^w ( !
 em95t b>itone1 ,sir ,*>les ,santley1   
:o1 9 8 ,art ( ,s++1 says3  ,manuel     
,g>cia is held up z ! pione] ( sci5tific

 tea*+ ( s++4 ,he 0--b he taught s++1 n 
surg]y6 ,i 0 a pupil ( 8 9 #aheh & a    
fri5d ( 8 :ile he liv$2#a & 9 all !     
conv]sations ,i _h ) him ,i nev] he>d   
him say a ^w ab\t l>ynx or ph>ynx1      
glottis or any o!r organ us$ 9 !        
production & emission ( ! voice4 ,he 0  
p]fectly acqua9t$ ) _! functions1 b he  
us$ 8 k = 8 own direction1 n to p>ade x 
be=e 8 pupils4  ,footnote #a3 ,g>cia di$
 ,july #a1 #aijf1 at ! age ( #aja4  ,!  
em95t ,london surgeon & voice speciali/1
 ,dr4 ,morell ,mack5zie1 says ( !       
l>yngoscope1 ,x c sc>cely be said to h  
?r[n any new light on ! me*anism ( !    
voice2 & ,dr4 ,l5nox ,br[ne confesses t1
 ,valuable z has be5 ! l>yngoscope 9 a  
physiological1 z und\bt$ly x is 9 a     
m$ical s5se1 x has be5 ! means ( mak+   
all !ories ( voice production too       
dep5d5t on ! vocal cords1 & ?us !       
importance ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! vocal       
app>atus has be5 ov]look$4  ,n only 9   
reg>d to regi/]s b 9 reg>d to resonance1
 focus1 articulation1 & ! (fices & uses 

( ! v>i\s vocal organs1 simil>          
antagoni/ic op9ions exi/4 ,out ( ?is    
*aos mu/ "s "t come a demon/rable sy/em4
  ,a g5]ation ago ! art ( brea?+ 0      
beg9n+ to be m an object ( /udy1 b !    
true value ( correct lat]al abdom9al    
brea?+ 0 by no means g5]ally admitt$ or 
appreciat$4 ,x 0 /ill taught t ! l>ynx  
7voice-box7 %\ld bob up & d[n l a       
jack-9-a-box ) ea* *ange ( pit*1 & t    
female brea?+ mu/ be p]=m$ ) a pump+    
action ( ! *e/ & ! elevation &          
depression ( ! coll> bone4  ,=tunately1 
tea*]s & s+]s recogniz$ a good tone :5  
!y he>d x1 & _m taught mu* bett] ?an !y 
knew1 s t ! public did n h to wait = !  
developm5t ( accurate k ( ! subject be=e
 he>+ excell5t s++ & speak+4 ,yet _m    
s+]s _h _! voices ru9$ 9 ! tra9+1 & _!  
success z vocali/s made impossible2 :ile
 o!rs1 a little less un=tunate1 7 /ill  
h&icapp$ ?r\gh life by ! injury done by 
mi/ak5 me?ods 9 e>ly ye>s4 ,j5ny ,l9d's 
p]fect vocal organs 7 q disabl$ at      
twelve ye>s ( age by wrong me?ods1 & !y 

recov]$ only aft] a protract$ season (  
re/4 ,z a consequ5ce h] beautiful voice 
began to fail long be=e h] spl5did      
physique1 & long be=e h] ye>s dem&$4    
,s+]s taught 9 nature's way %\ld be able
 to s+ s long z /r5g? la/s1 &1 l        
,adelaide ,phillips1 ,c>l ,=mes1 & ,sims
 ,reeves1 s+ _! sweete/ songs 9 ! decl9+
 ye>s ( life4 ,m>tel1 at sev5ty ye>s (  
age1 _h a full1 ri* voice4 ,he focus$   
all 8 tones alike1 & employ$ deep       
abdom9al brea?+4  ,! :ole matt] ( voice 
tra9+ has be5 cl\d$ by controv]sy4 ,!   
/rid5t advocates ( v>i\s sy/ems1 ea* (  
!m ! only true me?od1 h 9 _! disputes   
ov]ca/ ! subject ) mu* t is irrelevant1 
?us obscur+ its ess5tial simplicity4  ,!
 sci5tific tea*]s1 at "o extreme1 h paid
 too exclusive att5tion to ! me*anics ( 
! voice4 ,! empirici/s h gone to ! o!r  
extreme 9 leav+ out ( acc\nt fundam5tal 
facts 9 ac\/ics1 physiology1 &          
psy*ology4  ,! tru? is t no purely human
 function1 especially "o s subtle z s++1
 c be develop$ me*anically2 nor1 on !   

o!r h&1 c ! m]e ipse dixit ( any tea*]  
satisfy ! dem&s ( ! mod]n _s4           
,,pr9ciples ,,advocat$  ,! positions "h 
advocat$1 because !y seem bo? rational &
 simple1 are3  #a4 ,t ! s++ & speak+    
tones are id5tical1 produc$ by ! same   
organs 9 ! same way1 & develop$ by !    
same tra9+4  #b4 ,t brea?+ is1 = ! s+]1 
only an amplification ( ! correct daily 
habit4  #c4 ,t regi/]s are a my?4  #d4  
,t head tones1 *e/ tones1 clos$ tones1  
op5 tones1 etc41 z conf9$ to special    
p>ts ( ! range ( ! voice1 are di/ract+  
di/9ctions aris+ f false education4  #e4
 ,t resonance det]m9es ! quality & c>ry+
 p[] ( e tone1 & is !re=e ! mo/         
important elem5t 9 ! /udy & tra9+ ( !   
voice4  #f4 ,t ! ob/acles to good speak+
 & s++ are psy*ologic r ?an physiologic4
  #g4 ,t1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ! "r way is 
always an easy way4     ,,*apt] ,i  ,,! 
,,vocal ,,in/rum5t   ,s9ce ! vocal      
organism fir/ became an object (        
sy/ematic /udy1 discussion has be5      
con/ant z to :e!r ! human vocal in/rum5t

 is a /r+$ in/rum5t1 a re$ in/rum5t1 or 
a :i/le4 ,discussion ( ! "q seems       
futile1 = practically x is all ( ^! & m4
 ,! human vocal organs =m an in/rum5t1  
sui g5]is1 :i* _c be comp>$ ) any o!r "o
 ?+4 ,n only is x f> m complex ?an any  
o!r in/rum5t1 be+ capable1 z x is1 (    
imitat+ ne>ly e in/rum5t 9 ! catalogue &
 almo/ e s\nd 9 nature1 b x is          
incomp>ably m beautiful1 an in/rum5t s  
univ]sally sup]ior to any made by man t 
comp>isons & def9itions fail4           
,,elem5ts  ,! human vocal in/rum5t has !
 ?ree elem5ts common to all musical     
in/rum5ts1--a motor1 a vibrator1 & a    
resonator2 to :i* is add$--:at all o!r  
in/rum5ts lack--an articulator4  #a4 ,! 
respiratory muscles & lungs = a motor4  
#b4 ,! vocal cords = a vibrator4  #c4 ,!
 ?roat1 m\?1 & ! nasal & head cavities =
 a resonator4  #d4 ,! tongue1 lips1     
tee?1 & palate = an articulator4  ,^!   
elem5ts appe> 9 z great a v>iety ( size 
& proportion z d ! v>iations (          
individual humanity1 & ea* elem5t is1   

moreov]1 v>iable accord+ to ! w or feel+
 ( ! individual4 ,?is susceptibility to 
*ange con/itutes a modify+ p[] :i* gives
 a v>iety 9 tone quality possible to no 
o!r in/rum5t & makes x our wond] &      
admiration4 ,! modification & int]action
 ( ^! v>i\s p>ts produc$ by ! emotions (
 ! s+] or speak] give qualities ( tone  
expressive ( ! feel+s1 z ( pa9 or       
pleasure1 grief or joy1 c\rage or fe>4  
,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a4--,section ( !
 head & ?roat locat+ ! organs ( spee* & 
song1 includ+ ! upp] resonators4 ,!     
important maxill>y s9us _c well be %[n4 
,x is f\nd )9 ! maxill>y bone 7*eek     
bone74 ,! inn] end ( ! l9e m>k$ ,nasal  
cavity locates x4   ,,timbre  ,! m9ute  
diff]5ces 9 ^! physical conditions1     
c\pl$ ) ! subtl] diff]5ces 9 ! psy*ical 
elem5ts ( ! p]sonality1 acc\nt = t      
di/9ctive physiognomy ( ! voice call$   
timbre1 :i* is only ano!r "n =          
individuality z exhibit$ 9 ea* p]son4 ,!
 same g5]al elem5ts ent] into !         
composition ( all voices1 f ! basso     

pr(undo to ! high soprano4  ,t ! read]  
may bett] und]/& ! proportion &         
relations ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! vocal    
app>atus1 a sectional draw+ ( ! head is 
"h produc$1 %[+ ! natural position ( !  
vocal organs at re/4 ,z ! draw+         
repres5ts b a v]tical section ( ! head !
 read] %\ld note t ! s9uses1 l ! eyes & 
no/rils1 lie 9 pairs to ! "r & left ( ! 
c5tre ( ! face4 ,! location ( ! maxill>y
 s9uses )9 ! maxill>y or *eek bones _c  
be %[n 9 ?is draw+4  ,! d>k %ad+        
repres5ts ! cavities ( ! ?roat1 nose1 & 
head4 ,! relations ( ! p>ts are %[n m   
accurately ?an is possible 9 any        
diagram4 ,x w be notic$ t ! vibrations f
 ! l>ynx w\ld pass directly beh9d ! s(t 
palate into ! nasal *amb]1 & v directly 
into ! m\?4 ,! nasal ro( is =m$ by two  
bones situat$ betwe5 ! eyes2 ! sph5oid  
or w$ge-bone1 :i* is connect$ ) all o!r 
bones ( ! head1 & ! e?moid or sieve-l   
bone4 ,! /ructure ( ^! two bones1       
especially ( ! e?moid1 consi/s ( v ?9   
plates or lam91 =m+ a mass ( air        

cavities :i* communicate by small op5+s 
) ! nasal cavity bel[4 ,?us1 !          
vibrations 9 ! nose are transmitt$ to ! 
air spaces above1 & ! effective         
qualities ( ! head vibrations are add$  
to ! tone4   ,,! ,,l>ynx  ,! l>ynx or   
voice-box conta9s ! vocal cords4 ,j     
above ! vocal cords on ea* side is a    
l>ge1 deep cavity1 call$ ! v5tricle4 ,^!
 cavities re9=ce ! prim>y vibrations set
 up by ! cords & s]ve to increase _!    
int5sity z !y are project$ f ! l>ynx4 ,!
 l>ynx is ! vibrat+ organ ( ! voice4 ,x 
is situat$ at ! base ( ! tongue & is s  
closely connect$ ) x by atta*m5t to !   
hyoid bone1 to :i* ! tongue is also     
atta*$1 t x is capable ( only slight    
movem5t indep5d5t ( t organ2 consequ5tly
 x mu/ move ) ! tongue 9 articulation4  
,! int]ior muscles ( ! l>ynx v>y !      
position ( its walls1 ?us regulat+ !    
proximity & t5sion ( ! vocal cords4 ,!  
male l>ynx is ! l>g] & %[s ! ,adam's    
apple4 ,9 bo? sexes ! l>ynx ( ! l[      
voice1 alto or bass1 is l>g] ?an t ( !  

high voice1 soprano or t5or4 ,! l>ynx & 
tongue %\ld n rise ) ! pit* ( ! voice1 b
 drop naturally ) ! l[] jaw z ! m\? op5s
 9 asc5d+ ! scale4 ,! prop] position ( !
 tongue w insure a prop] position = !   
l>ynx4 ,! less att5tion ! l>ynx receives
 ! bett]4   ,,! ,,vocal ,,cords  ,!     
vocal cords are nei!r cords nor b&s1 b  
in/ead are ?ick portions ( membrane     
ext5d+ across ! inn] surface ( ! l>ynx4 
,on acc\nt ( famili>ity ! "n vocal cords
 w /ill be us$4 ,!y are fairly well     
repres5t$ by ! lips ( ! cornet play] :5 
plac$ on ! m\?piece ( ! in/rum5t4 ,!    
pit* ( ! tone is fix$ by ! t5sion ( !   
vocal cords & ! wid? & l5g? ( ! op5+    
betwe5 !m4 ,_! t5sion & proximity are   
self-adju/$ to produce ! prop] pit* )\t 
any consci\s volition ( ! s+]4 ,!y c h  
no special tra9+1 ne$+ only to be left  
alone4 ,! "w ( ! vocal cords1 ?\gh      
ess5tially important1 is1 :5 naturally  
p]=m$1 light & consequ5tly n exhau/+4   
,if ! l>ynx & all ( its support+ muscles
 are relax$ z !y are 9 free & easy      

brea?+1 !n :5 ! air passes out ?r\gh !  
l>ynx1 ! vocal cords w automatically    
assume a t5sion suffici5t to vocalize ! 
brea? & give ! note ! prop] pit*4 ,!    
normal action ( ! cords w nev] cause    
ho>s5ess or discom=t4 ,! s\nd %\ld seem 
to be =m$1 n 9 ! ?roat1--?us involv+ !  
vocal cords1--b 9 ! resonance *amb]s4   
,,! ,,epiglottis  ,! epiglottis is !    
valve :i* closes ov] ! upp] op5+ ( !    
l>ynx4 ,x n only closes ! m\? ( ! l>ynx 
:5 food is swall[$1 b aids mat]ially 9  
conv]t+ into tone ! vibrations set up by
 ! vocal cords4   ,,! ,,ph>ynx  ,!      
ph>ynx ext5ds f ! l>ynx to ! nasal      
cavity4 ,! size ( ! op5+ into ! nasal   
*amb] is controll$ by ! s(t palate & is 
frequ5tly entirely clos$4 ,! size ( !   
ph>ynx is v>i$ by ! contraction &       
relaxation ( ! circul> muscles 9 its    
tissue2 :5 swall[+ its walls are 9      
contact4 ,! ph>ynx acts z does ! exp&+  
tube ( brass in/rum5ts4 ,x increases !  
=ce & dep? ( ! tone waves4 ,! wid] !    
ph>ynx is op5$1 )\t con/ra9t1 ! full] ! 

resonance & ! bett] ! tone4   ,,! ,,"u  
,,jaw  ,! "u jaw furni%es atta*m5t = !  
muscles ( ! tongue & hyoid or tongue    
bone4 ,x also controls1 ow+ to !        
connections ( ! l>ynx ) ! hyoid bone1 ! 
muscles t fix ! position ( ! l>ynx4  ,! 
pt]ygoid muscles1 :i* move ! "u jaw =w>d
 & backw>d1 d n connect ) ! l>ynx1 s _! 
action does n compress t organ or 9 any 
way imp$e ! action ( ! vocal app>atus4  
,a relax$ "u jaw all[s fre] action ( !  
vocal cords & ampl] resonance4 ,! "u jaw
 %\ld drop little by little z ! voice   
asc5ds ! scale1 ?us op5+ ! m\? slightly 
wid] ) ea* rise 9 ! pit* ( ! tone4 ,9   
asc5d+ ! scale x is well to op5 ! ?roat 
a little wid] z y asc5d4 ,! deliv]y w be
 mu* easi]1 & ! tone produc$ w be mu*   
bett]4 ,at ! highe/ pit* ( ! voice ! m\?
 %\ld op5 to its full wid?4 ,at ! same  
"t c>e mu/ be tak5 n to draw ! corn]s ( 
! m\? back1 z 9 smil+1 because ?is      
less5s ! resonance ( ! tone & gives x a 
flat s\nd4  ,! "u jaw mu/ h consid]able 
latitude ( motion 9 pronunciation1 b by 

all means avoid *ew+ ( ! words & cutt+  
(f words by clos+ ! jaw in/ead ( f9i%+  
!m by ! use ( ! prop] articulat+ organs1
 :i* are ! tongue & lips4   ,,! ,,s(t   
,,palate  ,writ]s on ! voice h almo/    
univ]sally claim$ t ! pr9cipal (fice ( !
 s(t palate is to %ut (f ! nasal & head 
cavities f ! ?roat1 & to =ce ! column ( 
vibrations out ?r\gh ! m\?1 ?us all[+   
none1 or at mo/ a v small "p1 to pass   
into ! nasal passages4  ,?is cont5tion  
implies t ! vibrations are imp>t$ to !  
upp] cavities1 if at all1 ?r\gh ! walls 
( ! palate itself1 & n ?r\gh an op5+    
beh9d ! palate4 ,?is is entirely at     
v>iance ) ! facts z v]ifi$ by my own    
exp]i5ce & obs]vation & ! obs]vation (  
o!rs :o are exp]t speciali/s4 ,! true   
(fice ( ! s(t palate is to modify ! op5+
 into ! nose & ?us attune ! resonant    
cavities to ! pit* & timbre ( ! note    
giv5 by ! vocal cords & ph>ynx4 ,to     
develop ! v[el s\nds1 ! s(t palate %\ld 
be drawn =w>d1 all[+ a free passage into
 ! nose2 x %\ld be clos$ only to =m !   

consonants :i* require a =cible         
expulsion ( brea? f ! m\?4  ,! uvula1 ! 
p5dul\s tip ( ! s(t palate1 s]ves z a   
valve to m accurately adju/ ! op5+ beh9d
 ! s(t palate to ! pit* ( ! voice4 ,9   
produc+ a l[ tone ! s(t palate is relax$
 & hangs l[ d[n & f> =w>d4 ,z ! voice   
asc5ds ! scale ! t5sion ( ! s(t palate  
is increas$ & x is elevat$ & ! uvula    
%ort5$1 ?us decreas+ ! op5+ beh9d !     
palate1 b nev] clos+ x4 ,9 fact ! l>g] !
 op5+ t c be ma9ta9$1 ! broad] & bett] !
 tone4 ,! au?or 0 himself unable fully  
to appreciate ?is until he _h become    
able to s5se ! position ( ! s(t palate  
dur+ vocalization4   ,,! ,,h>d ,,palate 
,,& ,,tee?  ,! h>d palate & upp] tee? =m
 9 "p ! walls ( ! m\?4 ,z !y are solid  
fixtures1 no?+ c be done 9 ! way (      
tra9+4 ,!y furni% a po9t ( imp+em5t 9   
articulation1 & play _! "p 9 sympa!tic  
resonance4  ,! bones :i* =m ! ro( ( !   
m\? s]ve also = ! floor ( ! nasal       
cavity4  ,! "u tee? also s]ve z walls ( 
resi/ance to support ! tongue dur+ !    

p]=mance ( its functions4   ,,! ,,nasal 
,,& ,,head ,,cavities  ,! nasal & head  
cavities are resonat+ *amb]s incapable (
 special tra9+1 b _! =m1 size1 & ! use  
made ( !m h a wond]ful effect ^u !      
resonance ( ! voice4 ,if ! vibrations   
are /rong "h1 all o!r p>ts w vibrate 9  
h>moni\s action4  ,:5 respond+ to !     
p]fectly focus$ tone ! ?9 walls ( !     
cavities & ! conta9$ air vibrate )      
surpris+ =ce1 (t5 = ! mom5t bl9d+ ! s+] 
:5 s\nd+ a note int5sely4  ,hav+ 9 my   
surgical "w demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( a    
hi!rto unrecogniz$ connect+ passage or  
canal betwe5 ! air cavities ( ! face &  
^? ( ! =ehead1#b ! play ( resonance 9 ! 
cavities above ! no/rils is m easily    
und]/ood4 ,! function ( ! cavities kn[n 
z ! frontal s9uses 7see ,fig4 #a7 has   
long be5 a my/]y1 b n[ t _! direct      
connection ) ! l[] cavities is prov51 & 
! great significance ( resonance is also
 beg9n+ to be recogniz$1 ! my/]y        
disappe>s4 ,! same may be said ( ! o!r  
s9uses--e?moidal1 sph5oidal1 & maxill>y1

 & _! int]connection4  ,footnote #b3    
,dr4 ,fillebr[n's pap]1 ,a ,/udy ( !    
,relation ( ! ,frontal ,s9us to !       
,antrum1 0 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,d5tal  
,association1 at ,s>atoga1 ,augu/ #e1   
#ahie4 ,8 inve/igation %[$ t !          
funnel-%ap$ passage kn[n z !            
infundibulum ext5ds f ! frontal s9us    
directly into ! antrum or maxill>y s9us4
 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds confirm$ by ,dr4 ,w4,h4
 ,cry] & o!rs4   ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,!     
,,resonance ,,cavities ,,on ,,! ,,pit*  
,,( ,,! ,,tone  ,9 in/rum5ts *anges 9 ! 
l5g? & =m ( ! resonance *amb]s affect ! 
pit* z well z ! quality ( ! tone4 ,?is  
is demon/rat$ 9 ! trombone1 ,fr5* horn1 
& o!r w9d in/rum5ts4 ,! l5g!n+ ( ! tube 
( ! trombone l[]s ! pit* ( ! tone1 & !  
projection ( ! h& ( ! p]=m] into ! bell 
( ! ,fr5* horn has ! effect ( rais+ !   
pit* ( ! s\nd4 ,if ! v>iation 9 l5g? or 
=m is only slight1 ! result is %>p or   
flat1 & ! in/rum5t is out ( tune4 ,9 !  
human in/rum5t all ! organs act toge!r z
 a unit2 s ! fact t ! cavities alone may

 affect ! pit* is practically ( no great
 significance4   ,,! ,,tongue  ,! tongue
 & ! lips are ! articulat+ organs1 & !  
=m] has an important "p to play 9 alt]+ 
?r\gh its movem5ts ! %ape ( ! m\?       
cavity4  ,! tip ( ! tongue %\ld         
habitually re/ aga9/ ! "u front tee?4 ,!
 tip ( ! tongue1 h[ev]1 mu/ frequ5tly   
t\* ! ro( ( ! m\? ne> ! upp] front tee?1
 z :5 pron\nc+ ! consonants c1 d1 g or  
j1 l1 n1 s1 & t4 ,! back "p ( ! tongue  
mu/ rise a little to close aga9/ ! s(t  
palate :5 pron\nc+ g h>d1 & k1 & h>d c1 
q1 & x4 ,! s(t palate comes d[n s f> to 
meet ! tongue t ! elevation ( ! latt]   
ne$ be b v slight4  ,:5 speak+1 ! dem&  
is n s imp]ative1 b :5 s++1 ! body ( !  
tongue %\ld lie z flat z possible1 s z  
to enl>ge ! m\?1 especially :5 giv+ !   
v[el s\nds4  ,if ! tongue is sometimes  
dispos$ to be unruly1 x is ! result (   
rigidity or misplac$ ef=t 9 ! surr\nd+  
p>ts4 ,?is t5d5cy w only be aggravat$ by
 artificial re/ra9t ( any k9d4 ,! true  
way is to dismiss tongue consci\sness1  

let g1 & a normal flexibility w easily  
manife/ itself4   ,,! ,,lips  ,! lips1  
equally ) ! tongue1 are organs (        
articulation4 ,! upp] lip is ! pr9cipal 
factor ( ! two2 ! "u lip seems to foll[ 
! lead ( ! upp]4 ,! lips ne$ mu* tra9+1 
& x c readily be giv5 !m4 ,:ile practis+
 to educate ! lips1 bo? lips %\ld be    
project$ =w>d & upw>d1 at ! same "t     
pron\nc+ ! ^w too4 ,br+ ! edge ( ! upp] 
lip z high t[>d ! nose z possible 9     
practice4 ,?is w br+ ! corn]s ( ! m\?   
=w>d & lift ! lips cle> & free f ! tee?1
 & ?us add "o m resonance cavity4 ,?is  
position ( ! lips also gives fre$om =   
pronunciation4 ,! upp] lip plays ! mo/  
active "p 9 ! %ap+ ( ! v[els4 ,x %\ld   
nev] be drawn aga9/ ! tee? :5 produc+   
v[el tones2 inde$1 !re %\ld be (t5 a    
little space betwe5 ! upp] lip & ! tee?1
 s t ! vibrations ( ! s\nd-waves c h    
free play4   ,,! ,,no/rils  ,! no/rils  
%\ld be dilat$ z mu* z possible1 z a    
free1 wide1 op5 nose gives a free1      
well-r\nd$ tone1 :ile a contract$ no/ril

 induces ! nasal tone s mu* dread$4 ,a  
prop] tra9+ ( ! facial muscles makes ?is
 dilation possible4 ,lift+ ! upp] lip & 
project+ x =w>d aids ! action to a great
 degree4  ,!re is a /rong t5d5cy to     
unity ( action betwe5 ! no/rils & ! lips
 & ! s(t palate4 ,! s(t palate moves    
d[nw>d & =w>d :5 ! upp] lip protrudes & 
! no/rils dilate1 & moves backw>d &     
upw>d :5 ! no/rils are contract$ & !    
upp] lip all[$ to re/ ^u ! tee?4  ,z a  
rule ! be/ s+]s h full1 r\nd1 wide1 op5 
no/rils1 ei!r giv5 by nature or acquir$ 
by practice4   ,,! ,,face  ,n only mu/ !
 lips & nose be tra9$1 b ! muscles ( !  
face also4 ,^! muscles are capable1 if  
educat$1 ( do+ important s]vice4  ,!    
arti/ on ! op]atic /age or ! speak] on !
 plat=m1 )\t facial expression begott5 (
 muscul> activity1 may less5 by half 8  
p[] ov] an audi5ce4 ,to tra9 ! facial   
muscles is a complicat$ task4 ,to d ?is1
 /& be=e a mirror & make all ! faces ev]
 ?\ght ( by a s*oolboy to amuse 8       
s*oolmates4 ,raise ea* corn] ( ! lip1   

wr9kle ! nose1 quilt ! =ehead1 gr91     
laugh4 ,! grimaces w n ent] into a      
p]=mance1 b _! effect ^u x w be m>k$ly  
b5eficial4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,!        
,,speak+ ,,voice ,,& ,,pronunciation    
,a g5]ation ago ! speak+ voice 0 ev5    
less und]/ood ?an ! s++ voice4 ,t ! two 
7 intimately connect$ 0 b half surmis$4 
,only an occasional p]son recogniz$ :at 
is n[ g5]ally conc$$1 t a good way to   
improve ! speak+ voice is to cultivate !
 s++ voice4  ,9 #ahhg ,i publi%$ a pap] 
9 ! ,indep5d5t ,practition] def9+ ! s++ 
voice & ! speak+ voice z id5tical1 &    
cont5d+ t ! tra9+ = ea* %\ld be ! same s
 f> z tone =mation is involv$1 a        
conclusion at :i* ,i _h arriv$ sev]al   
ye>s be=e4 ,subsequ5t exp]i5ce has only 
s]v$ to confirm ?is op9ion4  ,! pa/ has 
produc$ _m good speak]s1 among !m ,h5ry 
,clay1 ,daniel ,web/]1 ,edw9 ,boo?1 ,wm4
 ,*>les ,macready1 & ,edw>d ,ev]ett4 ,( 
! la/ ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes wrote3 ,x  
is ) delight t "o :o rememb]s ,edw>d    
,ev]ett 9 8 robes ( rhetorical spl5dor1 

recalls 8 full bl[n1 high color$1 d\ble 
fl[]$ p]iods2 ! ri*1 resonant1 grave1   
f>-rea*+ music ( 8 spee*1 ) j en\gh ( ! 
nasal vibration to give ! vocal         
s\nd+-bo>d its prop] value 9 ! h>monies 
( utt]ance4 ,^! examples ( correct      
vocalization1 h[ev]1 7 exceptions to !  
g5]al rule2 !y happ5$ to speak well1 b !
 physiologic action ( ! vocal organs :i*
 produc$ su* results 9 ^? individual    
cases 0 n und]/ood1 & h5ce ! pupil      
ambiti\s to imitate !m & develop ! be/ (
 :i* 8 voice 0 capable _h no rule by :i*
 to proce$4 ,few c\ld speak ) ease1 /ill
 few] c\ld be he>d by a l>ge assembly1 &
 sore ?roats seem$ to be ! rule4        
,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,s++ ,,& ,,speak+  
,9 s++ ! fl[ ( tone is unbrok5 betwe5 ! 
words1 b 9 speak+ x is int]rupt$4 ,9 s++
 tone is su/a9$ & *ang$ f "o pit* to    
ano!r by def9ite int]vals ov] a wide    
compass t includes notes n attempt$ 9   
spee*4 ,9 speak+ tone is unsu/a9$1 n    
def9$ 9 pit*1 is limit$ to a n>r[       
compass1 & ! l5g? ( ! tones is n gov]n$ 

by ! measure ( music4  ,not)/&+ ^!      
diff]5ces1 s++ & speak+ tones are       
produc$ by ! vocal organs 9 ! same way1 
are focus$ precisely alike1 h ! same    
resonance1 & are deliv]$ 9 ! same mann]4
 ,x has be5 said t spee* diff]s f song z
 walk+ f danc+4 ,spee* may be call$ !   
prose1 & song ! poetry ( vocalization4  
,dur+ ! pa/ decade ! k ( ! speak+ voice 
has be5 greatly broad5$1 & ! art (      
cultivat+ tone has made progress4 ,!    
id5tity ( ! s++ & speak+ voice is becom+
 m fully recogniz$1 & me?ods are be+ us$
 to develop ! latt] simil> to ^? 9 use =
 ! tra9+ ( ! =m]4 ,z ,dr4 ,morell       
,mack5zie says3 ,s++ is a help to good  
speak+1 z ! great] includes ! less4  ,! 
recognition ( ?is tru? _c fail to be a  
great aid to ! progress ( s++ 9 ! public
 s*ools1 s9ce e enl>gem5t ( ex]cises    
common to bo? speak+ & s++ helps to     
solid>ity & esprit de corps 9 tea*+ & 9 
le>n+4  ,an accurate s5se ( pit*1       
melody1 h>mony1 & rhy?m is necess>y to !
 s+]1 b ! orator may1 by cultivation1   

develop a speak+ voice ( musical quality
 )\t be+ able to di/+ui% ,old ,hundr$ f 
,! ,la/ ,rose ( ,summ]4                 
,,pronunciation  ,x is a matt] ( common 
obs]vation t ,am]ican s+]s1 al?\gh !y   
may be pa9/ak+ 9 _! ,fr5* & ,g]man1 are 
indiff]5t1 ev5 to c>elessness1 9 ! cle> 
& f9i%$ enunciation ( _! native tongue4 
,mr4 ,w4,j4 ,h5d]son1 9 8 rec5t "w1 ,!  
,art ( ! ,s+]1 says3 ,! typical ,am]ican
 s+] _c s+ 8 own language s t an audi5ce
 c und]/& him2 n9e-t5?s ( ! songs we he>
 are songs )\t words4 ,happily ?is      
condition is gradually yield+ to a bett]
 "o1 /imulat$ 9 "p by ! examples (      
visit+ s+]s & actors4 ,9 /ory-tell+     
songs & 9 oratorio1 slov5ly deliv]y is  
repreh5sible1 b :5 ! words ( a song are 
! lyric flight ( a true poet1 a c>eless 
utt]ance becomes intol]able4  ,beauty ( 
tone is n ev]y?+2 ! s++ ( m]e s\nds1    
h[ev] lovely1 is b a tickl+ ( ! e>4 ,!  
%ortcom+ ( ! ,italian s*ool ( s++1 z (  
composition1 has be5 too exclusive      
devotion to s5su\s beauty ( tone z an   

end 9 itself4 ,! s+] mu/ nev] =get t 8  
mission is to vitalize text ) tone4 ,!  
songs ( ,s*ub]t1 ,s*umann1 ,franz1      
,brahms1 ,grieg1 ,/rauss1 & ,wolf1 z    
well z ! ,wagn]ian drama1 are           
significant 9 _! insep>able union ( text
 & music4 ,! s+] is !re=e an int]pret]1 
n ( music alone1 b ( text made pot5t by 
music4  ,pronunciation1 moreov]1 conc]ns
 n only ! li/5]1 b ! s+] & speak]1 =    
pure tone & pure pronunciation _c be    
divorc$1 "o _c exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,9 8     
int]e/+ "w1 ,! ,s++ ( ! ,future1 ,mr4   
,ffrangcon-,davies insi/s t1 ! quicke/  
way to f9e tone is ?r\gh f9e            
pronunciation4  ,we _c ?9k except 9     
words1 nor voice our ?\ght )\t spee*4   
,vocal utt]ance is ?\ght articulate4    
,!re=e1 in/ead ( prolong$ att5tion to   
tone itself1 tra9+ %\ld be conc5trat$ ^u
 ! utt]$ ^w4 ,! /ud5t %\ld aim to s+ a  
^w r ?an a tone4 ,correct pronunciation 
& beautiful tone are s int]dep5d5t z to 
be insep>able4  ,! s+] & speak] require 
all s\nds 9 _! purity4 ,to seek to      

develop ! voice along ! n>r[ limits (   
any s+le v[el or syllable1 z = in/ance !
 syllable ah1 is h>mful4 ,n only is ?is 
v[el s\nd1 z ,lilli ,lehmann says1 ! mo/
 difficult1 b ! prop] pronunciation (   
all words )9 ! :ole range ( ! voice is  
!reby imp$$4 ,diction & tone "w %\ld    
!re=e g h& 9 h&4 ,! way 9 :i* v[el melts
 into v[el & consonants float into _!   
places l>gely det]m9es ! "* ( ! tone    
itself4 ,)\t f9i%$ pronunciation spee* &
 song ( emotional p[] are impossible4   
,g\nod1 ! compos]1 says1 ,pronunciation 
creates eloqu5ce4 ,mr4 ,=bes-,rob]tson1 
! ,engli% ma/] ( dramatic diction1      
speak+ = 8 own pr(ession says3 ,! tr\ble
 ) contempor>y /age elocution spr+s f ! 
actor's v desire to act well4 ,9 8 ef=t 
to be natural he mumbles 8 words z too  
_m p d 9 ev]yday life4 ,mu* ( ?is c be  
correct$ by con/antly be>+ 9 m9d ! true 
value ( v[els1 ! p]cussive value (      
consonants1 & ! importance ( keep+ up ! 
voice until ! la/ ^w is spok54 ,!re mu/ 
be1 s to speak1 pl5ty ( w9d 9 ! bell[s4 

,! great ?+ is to h ! s\nd come f !     
front ( ! m\?4444 ,! actor mu/ le>n to  
brea! deeply f ! diaphragm & to take 8  
brea? at ! prop] "t4 ,too (t5 ! la/ ^w  
is n held up1 & t is v (t5 ! important  
^w4444 ,s*ools = act+ are valuable1 444 
b1 aft] all1 ! actors1 l o!r folk1 mu/  
be taught h[ to speak z *ildr5 9 ! home1
 at s*ool1 & 9 society4  ,9             
pronunciation ! words %\ld seem to be   
=m$ by ! upp] lip & to come out ?r\gh x4
 ,by ?is me?od x w be f\nd easy to      
pron\nce di/9ctly4 ,! words w ?us be =m$
 outside ! m\? & be readily he>d1 z is a
 p]son talk+ 9 front (1 in/ead ( beh9d1 
a scre54 ,a s+le1 intellig5t trial w be 
suffici5t to %[ ! correctness ( !       
/atem5t4 ,?9k+ ( ! upp] lip z ! fa%ion] 
( ! words makes speak+ easy & s++ a     
delight4  ,to smile :ile talk+ gives to 
! words a flat1 silly s\nd1 h5ce !      
corn]s ( ! m\? %\ld be kept well =w>d4  
,,! ,,s+]',s ,,scale ,,( ,,v[el ,,s\nds 
,illu/ration3  #a  nee #b  nit #c  net  
#d  nay #e  nair #f  nat #g  nigh #h    

,nah #g' not #f' naw #e' ner #d' nut #c'
 no #b' nook #a' noo4  ,x may fa/5 ?is 9
 m9d to rememb] t at "o end ( ! v[el    
scale is--me1 at ! o!r--y4  ,! tee? &   
lips are mo/ clos$ at ! extremes ( ?is  
scale1 & gradually op5 t[>d ah1 ) :i*   
v[el !y are wide/ ap>t4  ,9 ! s]ies #a-h
 ! tongue is highe/ 9 ! c5tre = ee &    
gradually desc5ds until x lies flat 9 ! 
m\? = ah4  ,! upp] ph>ynx is mo/ clos$ 9
 #a1 mo/ op5 9 #h1 & closes m & m 9 !   
desc5d+ s]ies #g'-a'4  ,! l[] ph>ynx    
gradually op5s 9 ! desc5d+ s]ies #g'-a'4
  ,! rese>*es ( ,helmholtz1 ,ko5ig1     
,willis1 ,:eat/one1 ,appunn1 ,bell1 &   
o!rs h %[n t ea* v[el s\nd has its own  
*>act]i/ic pit*4 ,! ,scale ( ,v[el      
,s\nds giv5 above corresponds closely to
 ! ord] ( resonance pit* f ! highe/ ee  
to ! l[e/ oo4 ,9 ! natural resonance ( !
 v[els ee is highe/ 9 ! head1 ah is     
midway 9 ! scale1 & oo is l[e/ 9        
resonance4   ,,lip ,,position  ,figure  
#b %[s ! be/ position ( ! lips to give !
 s\nd ( ee4 ,hold ! "u jaw )\t /iffness 

& z f> f ! upp] tee? z is consi/5t )    
deliv]y ( ! pure s\nd ( ?is v[el4       
,figure #c %[s ! be/ position ( ! lips  
to produce ! v[el oo4  ,figure #d %[s ! 
position ( ! lips = ! v[el s\nd ( long  
o4 ,! op5+ ( ! lips %\ld be made z r\nd 
z is ! lett] o4 ,:5 prep>+ ! lips to    
give ! s\nd ( o1 ! incl9ation is /rong  
to drop ! l[] jaw2 9 practice1 to       
develop action ( ! lips1 ! "u jaw w\ld  
bett] be held q immovable4 ,x w be f\nd 
possible to produce all ( ! v[el s\nds  
)\t any *ange except 9 ! =m ( ! op5+ ( !
 lips4 ,! v[el s\nd ( i is an exception2
 = z a comp\nd ( ah & ee1 ! extremes ( !
 v[el scale1 x requires two di/9ct      
positions = its utt]ance ) a movem5t (  
transition betwe52 x is n1 !re=e1 a good
 v[el = initial practice4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,figure #b4  ,illu/ration3 ,,figure   
#c4  ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #d4         
,illu/ration3 ,,figure #e4  ,figure #e  
%[s t ! s\nd aw is produc$ f o by rais+ 
! edge ( ! upp] lip outw>d & upw>d1 &   
flatt5+ ! rais$ portion lat]ally4       

,figure #f %[s ! position = produc+ ah4 
,x diff]s f ! position assum$ = aw 9 t !
 op5+ ( ! lips is l>g]1 ! upp] lip is   
rais$ high]1 ! flat portion is wid]1 & !
 "u lip is a little relax$4 ,! =m ( !   
op5+ to produce aw is oval2 ! =m = ah is
 m ne>ly squ>e4  ,illu/ration3 ,,figure 
#f4  ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g4  ,figure
 #g %[s ! "u jaw relax$1 z x %\ld be 9  
practice1 to enl>ge ! ?roat & give      
r\ndness & l>g5ess to ! tone4 ,! use ( !
 ^w hung w accompli% ?is end4  ,! v[el  
s\nds illu/rat$ above are embodi$ 9 a   
s]ies ( vocal ex]cises to be f\nd 9     
,*apt] ,,viii on ,plac+ ! ,voice4       
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,brea? ,,control   ,x   
has be5 said t brea?+ is s++4 ,?is      
/atem5t is equally applicable to speak+4
 ,:ile ! aphorism is n lit]ally true1 x 
is true t )\t prop]ly controll$ brea?+ !
 be/ s++ or speak+ tone _c be produc$1 =
 tone is b vocaliz$ brea?2 h5ce 9 !     
cultivation ( ! voice1 brea?+ is ! fir/ 
function to receive att5tion4  ,= s+] or
 speak]1 ! correct use ( ! brea?+       

app>atus det]m9es ! "q ( success or     
failure2 = )\t ma/]y ( ! motive p[] all 
else is unavail+4 ,= a voice us]1 !re=e1
 ! fir/ requisite is a well-develop$    
*e/1 ! second1 complete control ( x4  ,x
 mu/ n be suppos$ t a s+]'s brea?+ is   
some?+ /range or complex1 = x is no?+ m 
?an an amplification ( normal1 heal?y   
brea?+4 ,9 contra/1 h[ev]1 to !         
undiscipl9$ casual brea?+ ( ! g5]al     
public1 ! s+] is a pr(essional brea!r4  
,,! ,,muscles ,,( ,,respiration  ,!re   
are two sets ( respiratory muscles1 "o =
 inspiration & ano!r =                  
expiration1--tw5ty-two or m 9 all4 ,!   
pr9cipal muscles ( inspiration are !    
diaphragm & ! int]co/al muscles t       
elevate ! ribs4 ,! *ief muscles (       
expiration are ! f\r sets ( abdom9al    
muscles & ! int]co/al muscles t depress 
! ribs4 ,! diaphragm is n a muscle (    
expiration4   ,,! ,,diaphragm  ,!       
diaphragm is 9 =m l an inv]t$ b[l 7,fig4
 #h74 ,x =ms ! floor ( ! ?orax 7*e/7 & !
 ro( ( ! abdom54 ,x is atta*$ by a /rong

 t5don to ! sp9al column beh9d1 & to !  
walls ( ! ?orax at its l[e/ "p1 :i* is  
bel[ ! ribs4 ,9 front its atta*m5t is to
 ! c>tilage at ! pit ( ! /oma*4 ,x also 
connects ) ! transv]se abdom9al muscle4 
,! diaphragm be+ convex1 9 inspiration !
 contraction ( its fibres flatt5s x     
d[nw>d & presses d[n ! organs 9 !       
abdom51 ?us increas+ ! dep? ( ! ?orax4  
,expiration dep5ds :olly on o!r muscles4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #h4  ,! muscles
 s f> m5tion$ are all t ne$ consci\s    
education2 ! o!rs w act ) !m volunt>ily1
 automatically4 ,! abdom9al muscles     
relax dur+ inspiration & ! diaphragm    
relaxes dur+ expiration1 ?us r5d]+ !    
=ces ne>ly equal1 ?\gh ! /r5g? is 9     
favor ( ! expiratory muscles4 ,?is is   
:at is ne$$1 = ! brea? :ile speak+ or   
s++ mu/ g out "u mu* great] t5sion ?an  
is necess>y = inhalation4 ,inspiration  
%\ld be z free z possible f ob/ruction  
:5 s++ or speak+4 ,expiration mu/ be "u 
controll$ pressure4   ,,! ,,lungs  ,!   
lungs are spongy bodies :i* h no        

activity ( _! own beyond a little       
ela/icity4 ,!y are controll$ by !       
muscles ( respiration4  ,figure #h %[s !
 organs ( ! body 9 _! natural positions4
 ,! diaphragm is relax$ & curv$ upw>d1 z
 9 expiration4 ,dur+ inspiration !      
diaphragm is drawn d[n until x lies     
ne>ly flat4   ,,inspiration  ,!         
int]co/al muscles raise ! ribs4 ,!      
diaphragm is drawn d[n by contraction1  
?us add+ to ! enl>gem5t ( ! *e/ by      
increas+ its dep?4 ,! abdom9al muscles  
relax & all[ ! /oma*1 liv]1 & o!r organs
 9 ! abdom5 to move d[nw>d to make room 
= ! depress$ diaphragm4 ,?is causes a   
vacuum 9 ! *e/4 ,! lungs exp& to fill   
?is vacuum & ! air ru%es 9 to fill !    
exp&+ lungs4   ,,expiration  ,!         
int]co/al1 & a "p ( ! abdom9al1 muscles 
depress ! ribs & less5 ! *e/ cavity     
ant]iorly & lat]ally4 ,! abdom9al       
muscles compress ! abdom5 & =ce up !    
diaphragm :i* is n[ relax$1 ?us less5+ !
 dep? ( ! ?orax4 ,?is pressure =ces !   
air f ! lungs & prep>es !m = ano!r      

inspiration4   ,,correct ,,me?od  ,t !  
lat]al-abdom9al--m accurately           
*e/-abdom9al--brea?+ is correct &       
natural = bo? male1 & female1 & t !     
%\ld]s %\ld rema9 z fix$ z 7 ,demo/h5es'
 "u ! po9ts ( ! swords hung ov] !m1 is  
n[ s g5]ally admitt$ z to ne$ no argum5t
 "h4 ,if any "o has /ill a d\bt on !    
subject let him obs]ve a sleep+ infant4 
,x af=ds a p]fect example (             
lat]al-abdom9al brea?+1 & no "o c h a   
suspicion ( sex f any diff]5ce 9 ?is    
function4 ,among ! l[] animals sex %[s  
no diff]5ce 9 brea?+ at any age4 ,all ! 
peculi>ities ( female brea?+ are !      
results ( habits acquir$ 9 aft] life4   
,*e/ & %\ld] heav+ are vici\s & evid5ce 
imp$$ brea?+4 ,! s+] :o1 =gett+ ! l[]   
?orax1 brea!s ) ! upp] only is sure to  
fail4 ,!re=e brea! f ! l[] "p ( ! trunk1
 us+ ! :ole muscul> sy/em cord9ately--f 
bel[ upw>d4 ,9 o!r words brea! deeply1 &
 control deeply1 b ) ! :ole body--f     
bel[1 n ) ! upp] *e/ only1 or ) lat]al  
expansion only1 or abdom9al expansion   

only4  ,e tea*] & pupil %\ld rememb] t  
s++ & speak+ require w9d & muscle1 h5ce 
! brea?+ p[] mu/ be fully develop$4     
,weak brea?+ & failure to prop]ly focus 
! voice are ! mo/ frequ5t causes ( s++  
(f ! key4 ,!y are mu* m common &        
mis*iev\s ?an lack ( e>4  ,dr4 ,may te/$
 ! brea?+ ( #he p]sons1 mo/ ( !m        
,indians1 & f\nd t #gi out ( ! #he us$  
abdom9al brea?+4 ,! *e/ brea!rs 7 f     
classes civiliz$ & m or less cultur$4   
,nature has provid$ t = quiet brea?+ :5 
at re/ ! air %all pass ?r\gh ! nose4 ,b 
:5 a p]son is tak+ active ex]cise1 &    
consequ5tly dem&s m air1 he naturally & 
( necessity op5s ! m\? s z to brea! m   
fully4 ,:ile speak+ or s++ ! air is     
necess>ily tak5 9 ?r\gh ! m\?4   ,,brea?
 ,,control  ,firmness ( tone dep5ds ^u  
/ead9ess ( brea? pressure4 ,/ead9ess (  
tone dep5ds ^u a control ( ! brea? :i*  
all[s a m9imum volume ( air to pass out 
"u suffici5t t5sion to produce          
vocalization4  ,! t5sion & fl[ ( brea? c
 be gradually less5$ until ! tone       

vani%es & n ev5 a :isp] rema9s4  ,p[] & 
l>g5ess ( tone dep5d fir/ ^u ! "r use ( 
! resonant cavities1 & second ^u !      
volume ( brea? us$ "u prop] control4  ,9
 produc+ high tones ! brea? is deliv]$ 9
 less am\nt ?an = ! l[ tones1 b "u      
great] t5sion4 ,absolute control ( !    
brea? is necess>y to produce ! be/      
results ( :i* a voice is capable4 ,full 
control ( ! brea? insures success to a  
good voice2 )\t x ! be/ voice is doom$  
to failure4  ,:5 muscul> action is fully
 ma/]$1 & ! prop] me?od ( brea?+        
und]/ood & e/abli%$1 ! muscles (        
inspiration & expiration w act "o aga9/ 
! o!r1 s t ! act ( brea?+ may be susp5d$
 at any mom5t1 :e!r ! lungs are full1 or
 p>tly full1 or empty4 ,?is is muscul>  
control ( ! brea?4 ,correct brea?+ is   
heal? giv+ & /r5g? giv+2 x promotes     
nutrition1 less5s ! am\nt ( adipose     
tissue1 & re9=ces e physical requisite  
ess5tial to speak+ & s++4   ,a ,,cure   
,,= ,,n]v\sness  ,x _c be too widely    
adv]tis$ t ! sure/ rem$y = t torture (  

s+]s & speak]s1 n]v\sness1 is ! great   
tranquilliz]1--quiet1 deep brea?+1      
deeply controll$4 ,! brea? ( n]v\sness  
is quick1 irregul>1 & %all[1 !re=e1 take
 a few1 sl[1 delib]ate1 deep1 & rhy?mic 
inhalations ( pure air ?r\gh ! no/rils1 
& ! pant+ gasp ( agitation w vani%4 ,z a
 help t[>d deep5+ ! brea? & ov]com+ !   
spasmodic1 clavicul> habit1 inhale      
quietly & sl[ly ?r\gh ! nose1 or sl[ly  
sip ! air ?r\gh ! ne>ly clos$ lips z if 
y 7 sipp+ ! inmo/ brea? ( life itself4  
,,necessity ,,( ,,brea?+ ,,ex]cises  ,to
 acquire control ( brea?+1 prop]        
ex]cises mu/ be intellig5tly & p]si/5tly
 foll[$4 ,9 mank9d1 nature seems to h   
be5 div]t$ f h] normal c\rse s t we     
seldom f9d an individual :o brea!s      
correctly )\t education 9 ! matt]4 ,:at 
we h said on brea?+ is bas$ on ! premise
 t respiration involves cord9ate action 
( ! body f coll>-bone to ! base ( !     
abdom52 t is1 exp&+ & contract+ ! *e/ & 
abdom5 simultane\sly4 ,?is is call$     
lat]al-abdom9al brea?+2 z ! *e/ is !    

?oracic cavity1 abdom9o-?oracic has be5 
sugge/$ z brief & m /rictly sci5tific4  
,"w on any o!r l9es fails to develop !  
full p[] & quality ( ! voice4 ,weak     
brea?+ is a prime cause ( ?roaty tones4 
,9 su* cases an ef=t is made to increase
 ! tone by p9*+ ! l>ynx4 ,b ?is         
compresses ! vocal cords1 increases !   
resi/ance to ! passage ( ! brea?1 & br+s
 rigidities t prev5t prop] resonance4 ,!
 true way is to increase ! w9d supply1 z
 does ! organi/4   ,,correct ,,brea?+   
,,illu/rat$  ,! foll[+ figures %[ !     
outl9e ( correct brea?+4 ,! inn]        
abdom9al l9e %[s ! limit ( expiration2 !
 out] l9e %[s ! limit ( full            
inspiration4  ,figure #i %[s ! limit (  
full expiration & inspiration ( ! male1 
side view4  ,figure #aj %[s ! lat]al    
expansion ( ! ribs 9 bo? expiration &   
inspiration1 front view ( ! male4  ,!   
expansion _c be great at ?is "p ( ! *e/1
 z ! side is s %ort a di/ance f !       
backbone to :i* ! ribs are atta*$4 ,!   
movem5t ( ! ribs 9 front is mu* great]1 

z ,fig4 #i %[s4  ,figure #aa %[s ! front
 expansion & contraction 9 ! brea?+ ( ! 
female1 side view4  ,figure #ab %[s !   
lat]al expansion ( ! *e/ 9 ! female1    
front view4  ,^! diagrams are made f    
photographs1 & ?us true to life4 ,x w be
 notic$ t !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! brea?+ 
outl9e betwe5 ^! subjects4 ,! female    
subject1 ?\gh a good s+]1 _h _h no tra9+
 9 brea?+4 ,%e previ\sly insi/$ t %e us$
 only ! *e/ brea?+1 & did n use !       
abdom9al muscles1 b actual te/ reveal$ !
 condition to be t %[n 9 ,figure #aa &  
conv9c$ h] t %e 0 mi/ak54  ,illu/ration3
 ,,figure #i4  ,illu/ration3 ,,figure   
#aj4  ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aa4       
,illu/ration3 ,,figure #ab4  ,x is n    
unlikely t _m o!r s+]s :o n[ ?9k !y are 
us+ only ! high *e/ respiration w\ld1 if
 subject$ to ! same te/1 f9d !mselves   
simil>ly mi/ak54  ,! contraction incid5t
 to =c$ expiration is mu* m t5se ?an !  
enl>gem5t ( =c$ inspiration4 ,:5 s++ or 
speak+1 =c$ inspiration is n us$4       
,exp]i5ce %[s t ! *ange 9 size ( ! body 

dur+ speak+ or s++ is usually small4    
,occasionally1 long passages 9 music    
dem& t ! expulsive p[] ( ! brea?+       
app>atus be us$ to its limit4           
,,economy ,,( ,,brea?  ,! quantity ( air
 tak5 9 ) a s+le inspiration is1 9 quiet
 brea?+1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,mills1#c f   
tw5ty to ?irty cubic in*es1 b ?is may be
 increas$ 9 ! deepe/ inspiration to ab\t
 "o hundr$ cubic in*es4 ,9 =cible       
expiration ab\t "o hundr$ cubic in*es   
may be expell$1 b ev5 !n ! residual air 
t _c be expell$ is ab\t "o hundr$ cubic 
in*es4  ,footnote #c3 ,dr4 ,wesley      
,mills1 ,voice ,production1 #aijf4  ,x  
is n1 h[ev]1 ! quantity ( brea? inhal$ t
 is significant1 x is ! am\nt controll$4
 ,get1 !re=e1 all ! brea? necess>y1 &   
keep x1 b )\t undue ef=t & )\t rigidity4
  ,to te/ ! am\nt ( brea? us$ 9 prolong$
 vocalization1 a p]son skill$ 9 ! art ( 
brea?+1 aft] an ord9>y inspiration1     
clos$ 8 lips1 /opp$ 8 no/rils1 & began  
to vocalize4 ,he f\nd t ! m\? ) di/5d$  
*eeks held suffici5t brea? to cont9ue a 

sub/antial tone = tw5ty-?ree seconds4   
,:ile ^! exp]im5ts %[ t v little am\nt  
or =ce ( brea? is ne$$ to produce       
effective tones1 ! impression mu/ exi/ 9
 ! m9d ( ! p]=m] t !re is a free fl[ (  
brea? ?r\gh ! l>ynx2 o!rwise ! tone w   
seem re/rict$ & w be weak4 ,! =c$ hold+ 
back ( ! brea? begets a re/ra9t t has a 
bad effect on ! s+]'s deliv]y4 ,:ile !  
brea? mu/ be controll$1 !re is su* a ?+ 
z an exagg]at$ brea? control t makes    
free deliv]y ( ! voice impossible4  ,x  
is q possible to ov]cr[d ! lungs ) air4 
,d n1 !re=e1 make ! mi/ake ( always tak+
 ! l>ge/ possible brea?4 ,res]ve ?is = !
 climaxes1 & inhale accord+ to !        
requirem5ts ( ! phrase & its dynamics4  
,! con/ant tak+ ( too mu* brea? is a    
common mi/ake1 b try+ to s+ too long on 
"o brea? is ano!r4   ,,! ,,initial ,,use
 ,,( ,,brea? ,,=ce  ,! brea? =ce :5     
prop]ly employ$ seems to be exp5d$ 9    
/>t+ ! vibrations 9 ! l>ynx2 !          
vibrations are !n transmitt$ to ! air 9 
! resonance cavities1 & !re ! p]fect$   

tone sets ! out] air 9 motion1 ?r\gh :i*
 ! tone vibrations are convey$ to ! e> (
 ! li/5]4   ,,res]ve ,,brea? ,,p[]  ,!  
correctly tra9$ s+] or speak] w nev]    
all[ ! brea? p[] to be exhau/$4 ,"s     
brea? %\ld be tak5 9 at e conv5i5t      
int]val betwe5 ! words1 accord+ to !    
punctuation1 b nev] betwe5 syllables ( a
 ^w2 ?is is correct phras+4 ,9 ?is way !
 lungs are kept ne>ly full1 & brea?+ is 
at its be/4  ,! *ief cause ( brea?      
exhau/ion is wa/$ brea?4 ,?is wa/e comes
 f exhal+ m brea? 7m motive p[]7 ?an !  
tone requires1 & brea? t does n become  
tone is wa/$4 ,?is fault is l>gely      
induc$ by lack ( prop] resonance        
adju/m5t4  ,! s+] %\ld always feel able 
to s+ ano!r note or to speak ano!r ^w4  
,to s+ or speak ?irty or =ty c\nts ) "o 
brea? is useful practice b poor         
p]=mance4 ,occasionally1 long runs 9 s++
 may compel an exception4 ,half-empty   
lungs l[] ! pit* ( ! tone1 less5 !      
resonance1 & weak5 ! voice1 r5d]+ ! la/ 
note ( ! song & ! la/ ^w ( ! s5t5ce     

inaudible4 ,! brea?+ mu/ n be =c$1 b    
en\gh air mu/ be furni%$ to produce !   
prop] full vibrations4   ,,brea? ,,ma/]y
  ,:at !n does p]fect control ( ! brea? 
mean8  #a4 ,ability to fill ! lungs to  
_! capacity ei!r quickly or sl[ly4  #b4 
,ability to brea! out z quickly or sl[ly
 z ! occasion dem&s4  #c4 ,ability to   
susp5d inspiration1 ) ! ?roat op51 :e!r 
! lungs are full or n1 & to resume !    
process at w )\t hav+ lo/ any ( !       
already inspir$ air4  #d4 ,ability to   
exhale "u ! same re/rictions4  ,! above 
f\r po9ts are common to speak+ & s++1 b 
s++ involves fur!r3  #e4 ,ability to s+ 
& su/a9 ! voice on an ord9>y brea?4  #f4
 ,ability to quietly brea! z (t5 z text 
& phrase p]mit4  #g4 ,ability to brea! s
 t ! fulle/ inspiration br+s no fatigue4
  #h4 ,ability to s economize ! brea? t 
! res]ve is nev] exhau/$4  #i4 ,!       
ability to brea! s naturally1 s         
unobtrusively1 t nei!r brea? nor lack ( 
brea? is ev] sugge/$ to ! li/5]--?is is 
! v p]fection ( ! art4     ,,*apt] ,,iv 

,,brea?+ ,,ex]cises   ,en\gh has be5    
said 9 ! prec$+ *apt] to make cle> !    
necessity ( brea? control1 & to %[ :at  
con/itutes ?is control = ! s+]--!       
pr(essional brea!r4  ,if ! s+]'s brea?+ 
is no?+ b an amplification ( normal1    
heal?y brea?+1 :y dwell ^u x1 :y n let x
 develop ( itself8  ,un=tunately1 _m    
tea*]s h tak5 ?is attitude1 ov]look+ !  
fact t1 al?\gh life is dep5d5t on       
normal1 heal?y brea?+1 su* brea?+ is1 9 
civiliz$ communities1 n ! rule b !      
exception1 simply because normal liv+ is
 r>e2 ! artificiality ( mod]n life =bids
 x4 ,! high pressure "u :i* mo/ p live  
induces m5tal t5sion toge!r ) !         
consequ5t n]v\s & muscul> t5sion4 ,we   
are1 )\t be+ consci\s ( x1 s habituat$  
to unnatural t5sion t automatic brea?+  
is %all[ & irregul> in/ead ( be+ deep & 
rhy?mic4  ,! task1 !re=e1 is to reclaim 
a neglect$ bir?right--natural brea?+--to
 make x habitual & amplify x4           
,,prelim9>y ,,sugge/ions  #a4 ,brea?+   
ex]cises to be invigorat+ & purify+ dem&

 pl5ty ( fre% air4  #b4 ,at fir/ d n    
practise long] ?an t5 m9utes at a "t1   
?ree times a day4  #c4 ,gradually l5g!n 
! "t )\t ov]do+4 ,:5 tir$ /op4  #d4 ,!  
be/ "t is be=e dress+ 9 ! morn+1 ) !    
w9d[ op54 ,! wor/ "t is directly aft] a 
meal4  #e4 ,ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t an easy1     
flexible poise4  #f4 ,brea! z deeply z  
possible )\t abdom9al di/5tion4 ,!      
greate/ expansion %\ld be felt at ! l[] 
end ( ! brea/-bone4  #g4 ,brea! z       
broadly z possible1 exp&+ ! sides )\t   
t5sion4  #h4 ,brea! z high z possible   
)\t %\ld] movem5t or /iffness4  #i4 ,use
 n ! high brea? alone1 or ! mid-brea?1  
or ! l[ brea?1 b use ! complete brea?4  
#aj4 ,brea! rhy?mically by c\nt+        
m5tally4  #aa4 ,brea! ?\ghtfully r ?an  
me*anically4  #ab4 ,d n cr[d ! lungs or 
lay /ress on ! m]e quantity ( air y c   
inhale4 ,! intake ( brea? is1 = ! s+]1  
second>y to its control1 economy1 &     
application 9 song4 ,increase ( lung    
capacity w duly appe>4  #ac4 ,:5 n s++1 
speak+ or practis+ an ex]cise t dem&s x1

 keep y\r m\? %ut4   ,,attitude  ,dress 
! neck & body loosely1 s z to give !    
?roat & trunk p]fect fre$om4 ,place !   
h&s on ! hips1 s z to free ! *e/ f !    
weight ( ! arms4 ,/& erect1 ev5ly ^u !  
balls ( ! feet2 ! body /raight1 b n     
/ra9$4 ,raise ! back ( ! head slightly  
)\t b5d+ ! neck4 ,?is action w /raight5 
! sp9e1 place ! *e/ =w>d1 & br+ ! abdom5
 backw>d into its prop] relation4  ,!   
great majority ( p are %all[ brea!rs1   
*e/ brea!rs1 :o :5 told to take a deep  
brea? d n "k :at is meant4 ,x is !re=e  
necess>y = !m fir/ to le>n :at a deep   
brea? is1 & !n h[ to take x4   ,ex]cise 
,i  ,,= ,,^? ,,:o ,,d ,,n ,,"k ,,:at ,a 
,,deep ,,brea? ,,is  ,be=e ris+ 9 !     
morn+1 remove y\r pill[ & :ile flat on  
y\r back place "o h& lightly on !       
abdom51 ! o!r on ! l[] ribs4 ,relax !   
:ole body1 giv+ up y\r :ole weight to ! 
b$4 ,inhale ?r\gh ! no/rils sl[ly1      
ev5ly1 & deeply1 :ile m5tally c\nt+ "o1 
two1 ?ree1 f\r1 etc4 ,z y inhale1 notice
 7a7 ! gradual expansion ( ! abdom51 7b7

 ! side expansion ( ! l[] ribs1 7c7 !   
rise & inflation ( ! *e/1 )\t rais+ !   
%\ld]s4 ,hold ! brea? :ile m5tally c\nt+
 f\r 7f\r seconds71 !n sudd5ly let !    
brea? g1 & notice ! collapse ( ! abdom5 
& l[] *e/4 ,rememb] ! inspiration mu/ be
 sl[ & deep1 ! expiration sudd5 &       
complete4 ,practise ?is prelim9>y       
ex]cise = n m ?an t5 m9utes ea* morn+ = 
a week4 ,! second week hold ! brea? six 
seconds1 in/ead ( f\r1 & gradually      
increase ! "t1 )\t ov]do+4  ,:ile1 = a  
novice1 ! ex]cises may be tak5 at fir/ 9
 b$1 ?is is b a prelim9>y to _! practise
 /&+ 9 easy poise z direct$ 9 ! prec$+  
section4   ,ex]cise ,,ii  ,,sl[         
,,inhalation ,,) ,,sudd5 ,,expulsion    
,inhale z 9 ,i2 hold ! brea? f\r c\nts  
7seconds7 or m2 !n expel ! air vigor\sly
 9 "o brea? ?r\gh ! wide op5 m\?4 ,!    
beg9n] is (t5 help$ 9 acquir+ a deep    
brea? by sl[ly sipp+ brea?4 ,!re=e z a  
v>iant to ,ex]cise ,,ii practise3       
,ex]cise ,,iii  ,,sipp+ ,,! ,,brea?1 ,,)
 ,,quick ,,exhalation  ,?r\gh ! smalle/ 

possible op5+ ( ! lips1 :ile m5tally    
c\nt+1 inhale v sl[ly & /eadily2 hold   
two to f\r c\nts1 !n expel ! air all at 
once ?r\gh ! wide op5 m\?4   ,ex]cise   
,,iv  ,,= ,,rib ,,expansion  ,to m      
completely ar\se dormant muscles t %\ld 
play an important "p 9 brea?+1 place !  
h&s aga9/ ! sides1 ?umbs well back1     
take1 ?r\gh ! no/rils or ! slightly p>t$
 lips1 six %ort cat*-brea?s1 mov+ ! ribs
 out at ! side ) ea* cat*-brea?4 ,hold !
 brea? two c\nts1 & exhale ?r\gh ! m\? )
 six %ort expiratory puffs1 draw+ ! ribs
 9 at ! side ) ea* puff4   ,ex]cise ,v  
,,sl[ ,,inhalation ,,) ,,sl[            
,,expiration  ,inhale z 9 ,i1 :ile      
m5tally c\nt+ "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 etc41 
until ! inhalation seems complete4 ,hold
 ! brea? f\r or m c\nts2 !n exhale ?r\gh
 ! no/rils sl[ly & ev5ly :ile m5tally   
c\nt+ to ! numb] rea*$ 9 ! inspiration4 
,) practice ! numb] ( c\nts w gradually 
increase4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 =ce ! increase4  
,! muscles t control inspiration are    
p[]ful2 d n1 !re=e1 make ! mi/ake (     

seek+ to control expiration by          
contraction ( ! glottis4 ,practise ^!   
ex]cises ) an op5 ?roat & dep5d on !    
brea?+ muscles = control ( ! outgo+ air4
 ,rememb] t s++ is control ( brea? 9    
exit4   ,ex]cise ,,vi  ,,rapid          
,,inspiration ,,) ,,sl[ ,,expiration    
,inhale ?r\gh ! no/rils quickly1 deeply1
 & =cefully 7"o c\nt72 hold two c\nts2  
exhale ?r\gh ! no/rils ev5ly1 /eadily1 &
 z sl[ly z possible :ile m5tally c\nt+  
"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 etc4 ,) practice    
gradually increase ! numb] ( c\nts = !  
exhalation4   ,ex]cise ,,vii            
,,f>9elli',s ,,great ,,ex]cise  ,!      
,cavali]1 ,don ,c>lo ,bros*i1 bett] kn[n
 z ,f>9elli 7#agje-aghb71 ! _w's greate/
 s+] 9 bravura & coloratura1 0 a pupil (
 ,porpora & ,b]nac*i4 ,!re 0 no bran* ( 
! art :i* he did n c>ry to ! highe/     
p]fection1 & ! successes ( 8 y\? did n  
prev5t him f cont9u+ 8 /udy1 or1 :5 8 "n
 0 fam\s1 f acquir+ by mu* p]sev]ance   
ano!r /yle & a sup]ior me?od4 ,8 brea?  
control 0 consid]$ s m>vel\s 9 t day (  

great s+]s1 x is said1 t ! art ( tak+ & 
keep+ ! brea? s s(tly & easily t no "o  
c\ld p]ceive x began & di$ ) him4 ,he is
 said to h sp5t sev]al h\rs daily 9     
practis+ ! foll[+ ex]cise3  ,z 9        
,ex]cise ,,iii1 sip ! brea? sl[ly &     
/eadily ?r\gh ! smalle/ possible op5+ ( 
! lips2 hold x a few c\nts1 !n exhale v 
sl[ly & /eadily ?r\gh ! smalle/ possible
 op5+ ( ! lips4  ,f>9elli's ex]cise is n
 = beg9n]s4   ,ex]cise ,,viii  ,,!      
,,cleans+ ,,brea?  ,= v5tilat+ & sweep+ 
! lungs1 = quick refre%m5t aft] fatigue1
 & = use always at ! close ( y\r        
ex]cises1 inhale ?r\gh ! no/rils sl[ly a
 complete brea?2 hold two to f\r c\nts1 
purse ! lips tightly & expel ?r\gh !m a 
small puff ( air1 hold two c\nts1 puff  
"o1 hold two c\nts1 puff "o1 & s on     
until ! exhalation is complete4 ,a few  
trials %\ld conv9ce y t ?is simple      
ex]cise is ( great value4               
,,half-,,brea?  ,9 bo? s++ & speak+1 !  
su/a9$ deliv]y ( long phrases or s5t5ces
 sometimes makes unusual dem&s on !     

brea? supply4 ,x is a law ( good s++ t e
 phrase %\ld end ) ! brea? unexhau/$4   
,:5 ! fl[ ( text & music =bid ! tak+ ( a
 full brea?1 half-brea?s mu/ be quietly 
tak5 at conv5i5t po9ts4 ,in/ead ( lett+ 
! :ole res]voir ( motive p[] exhau/     
itself & !n completely refill x1 we     
%\ld1 by tak+ ^! half-brea?s1 ma9ta9 a  
res]ve4 ,a notable advocate ( ! use ( ! 
half-brea? 9 s++ is t pa/ mi/ress (     
su/a9$ & smoo? deliv]y1 ,m>cella        
,sembri*4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,regi/]s   ,!
 subject ( regi/]s has always be5 ! bte 
noire ( vocali/s1 a s\rce ( controv]sy &
 confusion4 ,! t]m regi/]1 z commonly   
us$1 means a s]ies ( tones ( a          
*>act]i/ic clang or quality1 produc$ by 
! same me*anism4 ,! t]m break is g5]ally
 us$ to indicate ! po9t at :i* a new    
regi/] ) sudd5 *ange appe>s4  ,!        
advocates ( regi/]s lay /ress ei!r on ! 
*anges 9 l>yngeal action1 or ! *anges 9 
tone quality4 ,be=e ! days ( !          
l>yngoscope1 regi/]s 7 treat$ simply z  
diff]5t qualities ( tone1 *>act]iz+ a   

c]ta9 portion ( ! voice's compass4  ,^? 
:o enc\rage ! cultivation ( regi/]      
consci\sness claim to d s = ! sake ( !  
diff]5ces 9 tone-color :i* !y associate 
) ! diff]5t regi/]s4 ,! purpose ( !     
foll[+ *apt]s is to %[ t ! quality or   
color ( a tone is altoge!r a matt] (    
resonance1 & n a "q ( l>yngeal action4  
,moreov]1 ! me*anism ( ! l>ynx is n     
volunt>y 9 its action1 b automatic1 &   
ev5 if a s+] knew h[ ! vocal cords %\ld 
act x w\ld n help him 9 ! lea/ to gov]n 
_! action4 ,! fact is t ! results (     
l>yngoscopic /udy ( ! vocal cords h be5 
disappo9t+ & contradictory &            
inve/igators h fail$ to def9e :at       
correct l>yngeal action is4 ,!re are ^? 
:o ev5 d5y t ! vocal cords gov]n ! pit* 
( ! voice4  ,9 h] ?\ghtful ,philosophy (
 ,s++1 ,cl>a ,ka?le5 ,rog]s1 :ile       
uphold+ regi/]s1 says t consid]$        
physiologically ! diff]5t regi/]s ( !   
voice %\ld be reg>d$ by ! s+] z only s  
_m modifications 9 ! quality ( tone1 :i*
 modifications are inh]5t 9 ! voice     

itself4 ,%e !n adds significantly3 ,^!  
modifications are n br\ght ab\t by      
consci\s adju/m5ts ( ! p>ts employ$1 z  
any int]f]5ce ) ! p>ts w produce t      
ob/acle to quality we call a 'break4'   
,"o ( ! greate/ ( mod]n s+]s1 ,mme4     
,lilli ,lehmann1 9 h] int]e/+ "w1 ,h[ to
 ,s+1 says3 ,d regi/]s exi/ by nature8  
,no4 ,x may be said t !y are creat$     
?r\gh long ye>s ( speak+ 9 ! vocal range
 t is easie/ to ! p]son1 or 9 "o adopt$ 
by imitation4 ,%e speaks ( ?ree ranges (
 ! voice1 or1 r1 ?ree sections ( ! vocal
 range1 z *e/1 middle1 & head1 say+1    
,all ?ree =m regi/]s :5 exagg]at$4 ,aft]
 speak+ ( ! hopeless confusion t results
 f cl++ to ! appellations ( *e/1 middle1
 & head regi/]1 conf\nd+ voice ) regi/]1
 %e concludes3  ,z long z ! ^w 'regi/]' 
is kept 9 use ! regi/]s w n disappe>1 & 
yet ! regi/] "q mu/ be swept away1 to   
give place to ano!r class ( ideas1 s\nd]
 views on ! "p ( tea*]s1 & a tru]       
conception on ! "p ( s+]s & pupils4  ,! 
tr5d ( rec5t ?\ght on ?is subject is    

fur!r %[n 9 ,ffrangcon-,davies'         
important "w1 ,! ,s++ ( ! ,future1 :]e1 
hav+ 9 m9d ! useless torture to :i*     
?\s&s ( /ud5ts h be5 subject$1 he       
*>act]izes breaks & regi/]s z           
p>aph]nalia suppli$ by cr$ulity to      
*>latanism2 & adds3 ,h[ _m a poor pupil 
has become a practical monomaniac on !  
subject ( t break 9 my voice betwe5 ,d &
 ,d %>p6  ,my own /udies conv9ce me t   
!re is b "o regi/]1 or1 r1 no su* ?+ z  
regi/]1 save z x applies to ! compass ( 
! voice2 & t *e/1 middle1 head1 & all   
o!r regi/]s are creations ( false       
education4 ,tra9+ bas$ ^u ! !ory ( _m   
regi/]s results 9 an artificial &       
unnatural division ( ! voice4   ,,!     
,,voice ,,& ,,in/rum5ts ,,comp>$  ,!    
organ ( ! voice has long be5 consid]$ ! 
analogue ( e o!r in/rum5t except 9 reg>d
 to regi/]s4 ,inve/igation indicates t x
 is analog\s 9 ?is respect also4 ,comp>e
 ! voice in/rum5t ) ! pian(orte1 viol91 
& organ & ! simil>ity w pla9ly appe>4 ,!
 artificial in/rum5ts und]go no *ange :5

 mak+ a tone ( high] or l[] pit* o!r ?an
 ! attun+ ( ! vibrator to ! pit* desir$4
 ,all o!r p>ts rema9 ! same4 ,s :5 !    
voice is correctly focus$ & deliv]$1 !  
only *ange incid5t to alt]$ pit* is t   
made 9 ! vibrator s z to give ! prop]   
numb] ( vibrations = ! pit* requir$4 ,if
 ! scale is sung d[n1 us+ ! same v[el   
s\nd = ! :ole scale1 ! comp>ison w be   
appreciat$2 ! pupil w n be consci\s (   
any *ange 9 ! vocal organ or exp]i5ce   
any difficulty 9 desc5d+ ! scale4       
,fai?ful advocates ( ! !ory ( _m regi/]s
 say3 ,:5ev] 9 d\bt ab\t ! production ( 
a tone1 s+ d[n to x f "s tone above x1  
nev] upw>d f a tone bel[1 = !y f9d t s++
 d[n bl5ds ! regi/]s4 ,?is we believe is
 because 9 s++ d[n muscul> & n]ve t5sion
 is gradually relax$ & consequ5tly !re  
is no regi/] *ange 9 ! voice4  ,a /udy (
 ! *ur* organ w1 ,i ?9k1 make ?is matt] 
cle>4 ,! organ has _m s-call$ regi/]s1 z
 ! vox humana1 flute1 oboe1 etc4 ,^!    
diff] 9 ! "* ( tone produc$1 because ( !
 size & %ape ( ! diff]5t sets ( pipes & 

! mat]ial1 wood or metal1 ( :i* !y are  
made4 ,b ea* simil>ly con/ruct$ set (   
pipes =ms only "o regi/]1 & ! pit* ( !  
set v>ies f l[ to high )\t any abrupt   
*ange 9 quality4 ,all ! tones are       
produc$ by ! same me?ods & means1 !     
bell[s1 ! vibrator1 & ! pipe4 ,9 l5g? & 
diamet]1 ! pipe is prop] to ! tone      
produc$3 a %ort pipe ( small diamet] = !
 high tones1 & a long1 wide pipe = !    
bass tones4  ,! %ort vibrations ( ! high
 tones are p]ceiv$ by ! e> z affect+ !  
air only1 :ile ! tones ( ! l[e/ bass    
pipes %ake ! solid f\ndations z well z !
 sup]/ructure4 ,s ) ! human voice4 ,!   
co>s] tissues _c answ] to ! %ort        
vibrations ( ! upp] tones1 because !y _c
 move s quickly1 :ile !y c1 & d1 respond
 to ! vibrations ( ! l[ tones4 ,?is may 
cause "s diff]5ce 9 degree1 b n 9 k9d4  
,) all tones focus$ alike1 ! l[ tones ( 
! human organ may be reg>d$ z head tones
 plus ! vibrations ( ! co>s] tissues4   
,x has be5 said ( regi/]s t !y are      
ac\/ic illusions :i* disappe> 9 !       

p]fectly tra9$ voice4 ,z soon z ! s+]   
has le>n$ to use 8 voice normally all ^!
 defective *anges disappe>4   ,,two     
,,cases  ,! foll[+ incid5t illu/rates ! 
fact t regi/]s are an artificial        
creation3 ,a "y lady :o _h be5 a pati5t 
( ! au?or s9ce h] *ildhood /udi$        
elocution 9 a metropolitan city1 & to   
improve h] voice took vocal music       
lessons ( a tea*] ( m ?an local repute4 
,he f\nd no end ( tr\ble 9 tea*+ h] to  
bl5d ! regi/]s1 & %e _h utt]ly fail$ to 
acquire ! art4 ,"o summ] %e came back = 
pr(essional s]vices & told h] tr\bles4  
,dur+ ! few weeks ( h] /ay %e foll[$ !  
au?or's sugge/ions1 & 0 fully conv9c$ ( 
_! correctness & effici5cy4 ,^u return+ 
to h] lessons1 %e foll[$1 )\t any       
explanations1 ! me?od t _h be5 outl9$ = 
h]4 ,h] success 9 bl5d+ ! regi/]s 0 a   
surprise to h] tea*] :o he>tily         
congratulat$ h] ^u :at %e _h accompli%$ 
dur+ ! summ]4  ,ano!r case is t ( a "y  
lady :o 0 "u ! au?or's direction z to   
vocal culture f *ildhood4 ,z e>ly z f\r 

ye>s ( age %e 0 taught by ! use ( a few 
ex]cises to focus ! voice 9 ! nose &    
head1 & to recognize ! head vibrations  
by a light t\* ( ! f+]4 ,:5 ab\t sev5   
ye>s old1 %e took t5 lessons ( a tea*]  
on ! same l9es1 & at fifte5 ye>s ( age  
took ano!r brief c\rse4 ,9 ! meantime %e
 _h only ! practice obta9$ by s++ ) !   
pupils 9 ! s*ools %e att5d$4 ,lat]1 ( h]
 own volition1 %e sang m1 & c>efully    
appli$ ! pr9ciples %e _h be5 taught1 ) !
 result t h] voice compass$ ne>ly two   
octaves1 ev5ly & smoo?ly1 ) no break or 
*ange ( focus or quality1 or o!r        
intimation ( regi/]1 & %e develop$ a    
speak+ voice ( m ?an ord9>y quality &   
resonance4  ,x has also be5 my lot to   
aid 9 ! developm5t ( ! voices ( _m      
pati5ts aft] a surgical op]ation = cleft
 palate4 ,success has prov5 !           
correctness & efficacy ( ! pr9ciples set
 =? 9 ^! pages4  ,a majority ( ! m ?an  
fifty au?ors ^: works ,i h exam9$ h laid
 great /ress on ! di/9ction betwe5 head 
& *e/ tones1 op5 & clos$ tones1 pure &  

impure tones1 h w>n$ aga9/ ! nasal tone1
 & h con/antly advocat$ a natural tone4 
,t !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a 
head tone & a *e/ tone has already be5  
discuss$ &1 x w\ld seem1 conclusively   
prov54 ,any tone1 clos$ or op51 is pure 
& musical if prop]ly focus$ & deliv]$1 &
 ! s+] is at lib]ty to use ei!r ^u any  
note ( ! scale if x w s]ve bett] to     
express ! s5tim5t he wi%es to convey to 
! he>]4 ,! coo+ ( ! love song1 ! cry (  
al>m = help1 & ! %\t ( ! milit>y *>ge   
require v diff]5t qualities ( voice to  
express ! feel+s1 yet ea* may be musical
 & w be s if prop]ly deliv]$4           
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,resonance ,,9 ,,g5]al   
,! intimate relation%ip exi/+ betwe5    
voice culture & ! sci5ce ( ac\/ics 0    
=m]ly slightly p]ceiv$4 ,! tea*+ ( s++1 
z an art1 !n re/$ altoge!r on an        
empirical basis1 & ! ac\/ics ( s++ _h n 
receiv$ ! att5tion ( sci5ti/s4  ,) !    
publication 9 #ahfc ( ,helmholtz's great
 "w#d a new era began1 al?\gh s+] &     
sci5ti/ yet cont9ue to look ^u ea* o!r )

 suspicion4 ,tea*]s ( ! voice1 ca/+ ab\t
 = a sci5tific basis = _! "w1 7 greatly 
impress$ ) ,helmholtz's revelations 9   
reg>d to vocal resonance--! fact t tones
 are modifi$ 9 quality z well z increas$
 9 p[] by ! resonance ( ! air 9 !       
cavities ( ph>ynx & head4  ,footnote #d3
 ,die ,lehre von d5 ,tonempf9dung5 als  
physiologis*e ,grundlage fr die ,!orie  
d] ,musik4 7,! ,s5sations ( ,tone z a   
,physiological ,basis = ! ,!ory (       
,music47  ,writ+ 9 #ahhf1 ,edmund ,j4   
,mey] speaks ( ! importance ( a /udy ( !
 influ5ce ( ! diff]5t resonance cavities
 z ! voice is color$ by "o or ! o!r1 & !
 tun+ ea* to ea* & ea* to all2 yet1 he  
adds1 ! subject is seldom he>d ( outside
 ( books4  ,! basic importance (        
resonance 9 ! use ( ! voice is /ill too 
little recogniz$1 ?\gh obvi\s en\gh 9 ! 
con/ruction ( musical in/rum5ts4 ,) !   
exception ( a few in/rum5ts ( p]cussion1
 all musical in/rum5ts possess ?ree     
elem5ts1--a motor1 a vibrator1 & a      
resonator4 ,! viol9 has ! mov+ b[ = a   

motor1 ! /r+s = a vibrator1 & ! holl[   
body = a resonator4 ,! ,fr5* horn has ! 
lungs ( ! p]=m] = a motor1 ! lips = a   
vibrator1 & ! gradually enl>g+ tube1    
t]m9at+ 9 ! fl>+ bell1 = a resonator4 ,9
 ! pian(orte ! hamm]-/roke1 ! /r+s1 & ! 
s\nd+-bo>d p]=m ! correspond+ (fices4   
,?\gh improvem5ts 9 o!r p>ts ( ! piano h
 done mu* to increase ! volume ( ! tone1
 yet 9 ! radical *ange ( =m1 size1 & o!r
 physical qualities ( ! s\nd+-bo>d      
consi/s ! evolution ( ! mod]n pian(orte 
f ! primitive clavi*ord4  ,9 all ^!     
in/rum5ts ! quality & p[] ( ! tone dep5d
 ^u ! pres5ce ( ^! ?ree elem5ts1--!     
p]fection ( _! con/ruction1 _! prop]    
relation z to size & position1 & !      
p]fect adaptation ( ea* "p4 ,a split    
s\nd+-bo>d spoils ! pian(orte1 ! ind5t$ 
bell de/roys ! sweet tone ( ! ,fr5*     
horn1 & a crack$ fiddle is ! synonym =  
p&emonium itself4  ,! quality & p[] (   
resonance is well illu/rat$ by a        
tun+-=k1 :i*1 if set 9 vibration1 c1    
unaid$1 sc>cely be he>d by ! p]son hold+

 x4 ,b if re/$ on a table1 or a plate ( 
glass1 or1 bett] /ill1 on ! bridge ( a  
viol91 its tones may be di/9ctly he>d   
?r\gh\t a l>ge hall4  ,! vibrat+ viol9  
/r+ :5 deta*$ f ! body ( ?is in/rum5t1  
al?\gh attun$ to pit*1 gives absolutely 
no musical s\nd2 ! lips ( ! play] plac$ 
on ! m\?piece deta*$ f ! tube & bell ( !
 brass in/rum5t produce only a splutt]2 
& a pian(orte )\t a s\nd+-bo>d is nil4  
,! air column 9 ! tube ( ! ,fr5* horn1 &
 ! s\nd+-bo>d ( ! pian(orte develop !   
vibrations caus$ by ! lips & /r+s into  
musical tones pleas+ to ! e>4 ,! tun+-=k
 alone c sc>cely be he>d1 :ile ! induc$ 
vibrations x sets up ?r\gh prop]ly      
adju/$ resonance may be audible f> away4
  ,! vocal cords alone _c make music any
 m ?an c ! lips ( ! cornet play] ap>t f 
8 in/rum5t4 ,! tone produc$ by !        
vibrations alone ( ! two v small vocal  
b&s mu/1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be v feeble4 
,n9ety-&-n9e p]sons if ask$ ! "q1 :at   
produces tone 9 ! human-voice1 w\ld     
reply1 ! vibrations ( ! vocal cords1 &  

/op !re1 z if t 7 all2 :]eas ! answ] is 
v incomplete--n ev5 half an answ]4  ,a  
great deal ( ! irrational & injuri\s    
tea*+ ( s++ t prevails ev]y:]e1 & ( !   
controv]sy t befogs ! subject1 is due to
 ! widely preval5t notion t ! little    
vocal cords are ! pr9cipal cause ( tone1
 :]eas !y are 9 !mselves insignificant z
 s\nd produc]s4  ,x is ! vibrations ( ! 
air 9 ! resonance *amb]s ( ! human      
in/rum5t1 toge!r ) ! induc$ vibrations (
 ! in/rum5t itself1 :i* give tone its   
sonority1 its rea*1 its color1 &        
emotional p[]4  ,t ?is is n an empirical
 /atem5t b a sci5tific fact1 a few      
simple exp]im5ts w demon/rate4  ,tone1 9
 ! musical s5se1 is ! result ( rapid    
p]iodic vibration4 ,! pit* ( tone dep5ds
 ^u ! numb] ( vibrations 9 a giv5 p]iod2
 ! l\dness ( tone dep5ds ^u ! amplitude 
( ! vibrations2 ! quality ( tone dep5ds 
^u ! =m ( ! vibrations2 & ! =m ( !      
vibrations dep5ds ^u ! resonator4  ,!   
fact t pure :ite light is a comp\nd (   
all ! t9ts ( ! ra9b[ into :i* x may be  

resolv$ by ! prism is well kn[n1 b !    
analog\s fact t a pure musical tone is a
 comp\nd ( tones ( diff]5t rates (      
vibration1 tones ( diff]5t pit*1 is n s 
mu* a matt] ( common k1 & n s obvi\s4   
,analysis %[s t a musical tone consi/s (
 a fundam5tal note & a s]ies (          
ov]tones4#e ,! e> is q capable (        
recogniz+ _m ( ^! ov]tones & may be     
tra9$ to d s4 ,! mo/ obvi\s c be readily
 sep>at$ f a fundam5tal by a simple     
exp]im5t4  ,footnote #e3 ,= full]       
exposition see ,tyndall on ,s\nd1 or !  
section devot$ to ,ac\/ics 9 any        
text-book on ,physics4  ,! ov]tones     
arrange !mselves 9 a def9ite ord]1 z    
foll[s3 7#a7 ! fundam5tal or prime tone2
 7#b7 an ov]tone "o octave above !      
fundam5tal2 7#c7 an ov]tone a fif? above
 ,no4 #b2 7#d7 an ov]tone a f\r? above  
,no4 #c 7two octaves above !            
fundam5tal72 7#e7 an ov]tone a major    
?ird above ,no4 #d2 7#f7 an ov]tone a   
m9or ?ird above ,no4 #e4 ,!re are o!rs 9
 /ill high] range b ^? indicat$ are     

easily demon/rat$ on ! piano4 ,= ,c !y  
w\ld be z foll[s3   ,music illu/ration  
,exp]im5t ,i  ,/ep to y\r piano1        
noiselessly press & hold d[n ! key (    
,no4 #b1 !n /rike ! fundam5tal ,no4 #a1 
) =ce & imm$iately release x4 ,z a      
result ,no4 #b w s\nd cle>ly1 & if y\r  
e>s are ke5 y w at ! same "t he> ,no4   
#f4 ,9 succession hold d[n ! keys ( #c1 
#d1 #e1 & #f1 :ile y /rike & release !  
fundam5tal ,no4 #a4 ,if y\r piano is 9  
tune y w probably he> ,no4 #f :5 hold+ !
 key ( any o!r note ( ! s]ies4  ,9 a    
musical tone ( ri* quality ! ov]tones j 
indicat$ are pres5t 9 _! fulness1 :ile  
tone t is weak & ?9 is made s by !      
abs5ce or weakness ( ! ov]tones4 ,i h   
/at$ t ! quality ( a tone dep5ds on ! =m
 ( its vibrations1 & t ! =m ( its       
vibrations is det]m9$ by ! "* ( !       
resonator4 ,we c n[ amplify ?is by say+ 
t :ile ! relative pres5ce or abs5ce (   
ov]tones det]m9es ! clang or color ( a  
tone1 _! pres5ce or abs5ce is det]m9$ by
 ! "* ( ! resonance4  ,an ,engli% writ] 

records t he 0 once 9 ! g>d5 at ! back (
 a h\se :ile a g5tleman 0 s++ 9 !       
draw+-room4 ,! tone-quality 0 good1 & ! 
pit* s unusually high he ha/5$ to le>n  
:o sang t5or high ,c s beautifully4 ,on 
ent]+ ! room1 in/ead ( ! t5or he _h     
suppos$1 he f\nd ! s+] 0 a b>itone1 & ! 
note sung 0 only middle ,c4 ,!          
fundam5tal tone _h n rea*$ him 9 ! g>d5 
b ! fir/ ov]tone1 an octave above x1 _h4
 ,concrete illu/rations w make ! subject
 /ill cle>]4   ,exp]im5t ,,ii  ,if an   
ord9>y tun+-=k :5 vibrat+ is held 9 ! h&
 its intr9sic tone is too weak to c>ry  
f>4 ,re/ ! h&le ( ! vibrat+ =k on a b>e 
table or ! panel ( ! door1 & ! s\nd is  
greatly augm5t$4 ,! vibrations ( ! =k h 
by contact induc$ simil> vibrations 9 ! 
wood5 table or panel :i* re9=ce ! prim>y
 tone4   ,exp]im5t ,,iii  ,place ! h&le 
( ! vibrat+ tun+-=k on a small upturn$  
empty box1 or1 bett] /ill1 9 contact ) !
 body ( a viol91 & ! s\nd w be /rong]   
?an 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t1 because to !  
vibrations ( ! wood are add$ !          

vibrations ( ! air enclos$ 9 ! box or ! 
viol94 ,to ! resonance ( ! wood has be5 
add$ ! sympa!tic resonance ( ! conf9$   
air4   ,exp]im5t ,,iv  ,hold ! vibrat+  
=k ov] ! m\? ( an empty fruit-j> & !re w
 probably be little or no re9=cem5t2 b  
g5tly p\r 9 wat]1 !reby %ort5+ ! air    
column )9 ! j>1 & ! s\nd ( ! =k w be    
gradually int5sifi$ until at a c]ta9    
po9t x becomes q l\d4 ,if y p\r 9 /ill m
 wat] ! s\nd w gradually become feebl]4 
,?is %[s t = e tone an air column ( a   
c]ta9 size mo/ p[]fully re9=ces t tone4 
,exp]im5t ,v  ,z a sequ5ce to ! la/     
exp]im5t1 take two fruit-j>s ( ! same   
size1 &1 hav+ le>n$ to :at po9t to fill 
!m = ! greate/ resonance1 fill "o j>    
7aft] w>m+ x7 to ! requir$ po9t ) hot   
wat]1 ! o!r ) cold wat]1 & y w f9d t !  
resonance ( ! heat$1 !re=e exp&$1 air is
 mu* less ?an ! d5s] air ( ! cold j>4   
,?is %[s t ! degree ( d5sity ( ! air    
affects its resonance4   ,exp]im5t ,,vi 
,to demon/rate ! resonance ( ! oral     
cavity1 ap>t f ! voice1 hold a vibrat+  

tun+-=k be=e ! op5 m\?4 ,v>y ! %ape &   
size ( ! cavity until ! s\nd ( ! =k     
sudd5ly increases 9 volume1 %[+ t ! "r  
adju/m5t = resonance has be5 made4 ,?is 
int5sification ( ! s\nd is due to !     
vibration ( ! air 9 ! m\? cavity1 toge!r
 ) ! sympa!tic vibration ( ! surr\nd+   
walls4   ,exp]im5t ,,vii  ,z an         
illu/ration ( sympa!tic resonance )\t   
contact1 s+ =cibly a tone t is )9 easy  
range1 & at ! same "t sil5tly hold d[n !
 correspond+ key ( ! piano4 ,on ceas+ to
 s+ y w he> ! tone s\nd+ 9 ! piano4 ,?is
 may be fur!r illu/rat$ by play+ on !   
op5 /r+ ( "o viol9 :ile ano!r1 tun$ to !
 same pit*1 re/s unt\*$ ne> by4 ,?r\gh  
sympa!tic resonance ! correspond+ /r+ ( 
! second viol9 w vibrate & s\nd its     
note4 ,! l\d] ! fir/ viol9 is play$ !   
l\d] w be ! sympa!tic tone ( ! second4  
,! deep p$al-tones ( a *ur* organ (t5   
induce sympa!tic resonance t may be felt
 b5ea? ! feet ( ! li/5]4 ,"o writ]1 a   
s+]1 speaks ( liv+ 9 ! same h\se ) two  
deaf-mutes4 ,he lodg$ on ! fir/ floor1  

!y on ! ?ird4 ,"o day1 meet+ at lun*eon1
 "o ( ! deaf-mutes told ! s+] t he _h   
begun practice e>li] t morn+ ?an usual4 
,surpris$1 ! writ] ask$ h[ he knew4 ,!  
deaf-mute repli$ t !y always knew :5 he 
0 s++ because !y felt ! floor ( _! room 
vibrate4  ,if tone vibrations c be      
transmitt$ s readily ?r\gh\t a h\se1 x  
is n difficult to und]/& h[ easily !    
vibrations ( bone & tissue c be         
transmitt$ until ! :ole framework ( !   
body responds 9 p]ceptible vibration4   
,x is said t ,pascal at ! age ( twelve  
wrote a diss]tation on ac\/ics sugge/$  
by 8 *ildi% discov]y t :5 a metal di% 0 
/ruck by a knife ! result+ s\nd c\ld be 
/opp$ by t\*+ ! vibrat+ di% ) a f+]4  ,)
 ?is 9 m9d x is n difficult to und]/& h[
 compression ( ! human in/rum5t by !    
pressure ( tight clo?+ )\t1 or by false 
muscul> t5sion )91 mu/ int]f]e ) its    
free vibration & s rob ! produc$ tone ( 
j s mu* ( p]fection4  ,f ^! exp]im5ts we
 c und]/& t1 :ile ! tones ( ! voice are 
initiat$ by or at ! vocal cords1 !      

volume & "* ( ! tones are dep5d5t ^u    
resonance1--! vibration ( ! air 9 !     
v>i\s resonance *amb]s ( ! body1 toge!r 
) ! sympa!tic vibration ( ! walls ( ^!  
*amb]s & ! bony framework t supports !m4
  ,9 respect to resonance1 z 9 o!r      
respects1 ! human voice is f> sup]ior to
 all o!r in/rum5ts1 = _! resonators are 
fix$ & un*ang+1 :ile ! human resonator  
is flexible1--9 ,helmholtz's words      
admits ( mu* v>iety ( =m1 s t _m m      
qualities ( tone c be ?us produc$ ?an on
 any in/rum5t ( artificial con/ruction4 
,we are n[ prep>$ to realize ! error ( !
 common notion t l\dness ( tone is due  
entirely to increase ( brea? pressure on
 ! vocal cords4 ,simple exp]im5ts ) !   
tun+-=k h %[n t :ile ! volume ( s\nd x  
gives =? is due 9 "p to ! amplitude (   
its vibrations1 its l\dness is *iefly   
due to ! "* ( ! resonance provid$ = x4  
,! l>g] ! resonance *amb] ! great] is   
its re9=c+ capacity4 ,! l>ge/ air *amb] 
9 ! body is ! *e/1 :i* s]ves n only z a 
w9d-*e/1 b z a resonance *amb]4 ,!      

necessity = *e/ expansion1 !re=e1 is n1 
z g5]ally suppos$1 m]ely = air1 b to    
increase its size z a resonance *amb]4  
,9 view ( ! laws ( tone1 h[ great is !  
common error ( speak+ ( ! l>ynx z if x  
alone 7 ! vocal organ1 :5 ! pr9cipal    
vibrations are above ! vocal cords 9 !  
*amb]s ( resonance6  ,s9ce ! musical    
value1 ! beauty ( tone1 z well z its    
volume1 comes only f "r use ( !         
resonator1 our pr9cipal bus9ess mu/ be !
 acquir+ control ( ! vibratory air      
curr5t above ! l>ynx4 ,! acquirem5t (   
?is control involves ! prop] focus+ or  
plac+ ( ! tone1 ) ! free uncramp$ use ( 
all ! vocal organs2 p[] w !n take c>e ( 
itself4     ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,head ,,&   
,,nasal ,,resonance   ,( ! f\r compon5t 
factors 9 ! production ( spee* & song1 !
 fir/1 ! motor1 has be5 consid]$ 9      
,*apt] ,,iii1 & ! second1 ! vibrator1 9 
,*apt] ,i4  ,9 "o respect !re is m>k$   
contra/ betwe5 ^! two factors4 ,until "r
 habits are s ?or\ghly =m$ t ! s+]'s    
brea?+ is automatically controll$1      

consci\s ef=t is necess>y1 :ile ! action
 ( ! vibrator1 ! vocal cords1 is        
involunt>y1 n subject to consci\s       
control4  ,! subtle adju/m5ts ( !       
delicate me*anism ( ! l>ynx belong to ! 
realm ( reflex action--to a spontane\s  
activity t1 left unh9d]$1 does its "p 9 
p]fect nicety4  ,! vocal cords mu/1 9 _!
 action1 be free f ! di/urbance (       
uncontroll$ brea? action bel[ !m1 or !  
h9drance due to misdirect$ ef=t above   
!m4 ,to direct consci\sness to ! vocal  
cords is to cramp !m & prev5t t free    
vibration & t p]fect relaxation ( !     
?roat )\t :i* pure tone & true pit* are 
impossible4  ,z a surgeon ,i well "k !  
value ( ?or\gh anatomical k1 b f ! s+]'s
 /&po9t ,i _c too /rongly emphasize !   
unwisdom ( direct+ ! att5tion (         
s5sitively organiz$ pupils to _! vocal  
me*anism by means ( ! l>yngoscope4 ,?is 
in/rum5t belongs to ! physician1 n to ! 
s+]4  ,! importance ( ! ?ird factor1 !  
resonator1 has be5 consid]$ 9 ,*apt] ,v1
 on ,resonance1 b ! f\r? elem5t 9 voice 

production1 articulation1 is s cord9at$ 
to resonance t ! significance & primacy 
( ! latt] are too (t5 ov]look$4  ,plac+ 
or focus+ ! voice ,i h f\nd to be *iefly
 a matt] ( control & use ( ! resonator1 
consi/+ ( *e/1 ph>ynx1 m\?1 & ! nasal & 
head cavities4  ,a tone lack+ 9         
resonance is ineffective1--devoid (     
c>ry+ p[]1--is diffuse & unfocus$2 :ile 
a resonant tone1 no matt] h[ s(t        
dynamically1 has c>ry+ p[] & is focus$ 9
 its vibration4  ,n[ voice plac+ dep5ds 
prim>ily on correct v[el plac+1 :i* 9   
turn dep5ds on prop] adju/m5t ( !       
resonators1 :i* aga9 dep5ds *iefly on ! 
positions & motions ( ! organs (        
articulation4 ,! int]dep5d5ce ( tone    
quality & pronunciation is !re=e obvi\s4
  ,con/ant emphasis mu/ be laid ^u !    
fact t focus+ a tone is a matt] (       
resonance1 & t p]haps ! mo/ important   
elem5t 9 ?is is nasal resonance4 ,9 ?is 
c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly1 tea*]s h1 9 _!      
desire to ov]come ! too common nasal    
twang1 mi/ak5ly s\ght to %ut out ! nasal

 *amb] f all p>ticipation 9 spee* &     
song4  ,!re are ^? :o1 p>tly recogniz+ !
 importance ( head resonance1 w\ld      
secure x :ile ignor+ nasal resonance4 ,x
 is impossible to secure head resonance 
9 ?is fa%ion1 = x is only ?r\gh free    
nasal resonance t ! cord9ate resonance 9
 ! air s9uses above ! nasal cavity &    
connect$ ) x c be e/abli%$4  ,! fe> (   
nasal twang & failure to di/+ui% betwe5 
x & true nasal resonance has be5 !      
/umbl+ block4 ,!y are v diff]5t1--"o is 
to be %unn$1 ! o!r to be cultivat$4 ,!  
fir/ is an obvi\s blemi%1 ! second is an
 important ess5tial ( good s++4  ,nasal 
tones are caus$ by a rais$ or /iff5$    
tongue1 a sagg+ s(t palate1 a /iff5$    
jaw1 or by o!r rigidities t prev5t free 
tone emission & :i* at ! same "t--note  
?is--prev5t true nasal resonance4  ,z   
tone1 or vocaliz$ brea?1 issues f !     
l>ynx1 x is divid$ into two /reams or   
curr5ts by ! p5d5t veil ( ! s(t palate4 
,"o /ream fl[s directly into ! m\?1 :]e 
x produces oral resonance2 ! o!r /ream  

passes ?r\gh ! nasoph>ynx into ! holl[  
*amb]s ( ! face & head1 induc+ nasal &  
head resonance4  ,x is commonly suppos$ 
t tone pass+ 9 :ole or 9 "p ?r\gh !     
nasal cavities mu/ be nasal 9 quality2  
:]eas a tone ( objectionable nasal      
quality c be sung equally well ) !      
no/rils ei!r clos$ or op54  ,br[ne &    
,behnke /ate ! matt] ?us3 ,h[ev] tight !
 closure ( ! s(t palate may be1 x is    
nev] suffici5t to prev5t ! air 9 ! nasal
 cavities be+ ?r[n into co-vibrations ) 
t 9 ! m\?4 ,^! co-vibrations are1 9     
fact1 necess>y = a c]ta9 am\nt ( !      
brilliancy ( ! voice1 & if !y are       
prev5t$ by a /oppage ( ! po/]ior op5+s (
 ! nasal passages1 ! voice w s\nd dull &
 muffl$4 ,?is is ( c\rse due1 to an     
abs5ce ( nasal resonance1 & mu/ on no   
acc\nt be describ$ z nasal twang4 ,x is1
 inde$1 ! v opposite ( x4  ,nasal tone  
quality & nasal resonance mu/ n be      
conf\nd$4 ,a nasal tone is con/rict$1   
:ile a tone ) nasal resonance is free4  
,aga91 a tone may be unm>r$ by ! nasal  

quality1 yet if x lacks nasal resonance 
x lacks vibrancy1 c>ry+ p[]4  ,nasal    
tones are produc$1 n because !          
vibrations pass ?r\gh ! nasal passage1 b
 because !y are ob/ruct$ 9 _! passage   
?r\gh !m4 ,a nasal tone is always a     
cramp$ tone1 due to imp$im5t1 t5sion1 or
 muscul> contraction1 p>ticul>ly 9 !    
nasoph>ynx4  ,! conge/ion & consequ5t   
?ick5+ ( ! muc\s membrane l9+ ! cavities
 ( ! nose & head1 result+ f a cold1 make
 ! tone muffl$ & weak1 ow+ to !         
inability ( ! p>ts to respond to !      
vibrations & add to ! tone normal nasal 
resonance4  ,! eld] ,boo? 7,junius      
,brutus71 ab\t #ahch1 suff]$ f a brok5  
nose :i* defac$ 8 h&some visage & spoil$
 8 spl5did voice4 ,8 disability 0 s     
great t aft]w>d he seldom play$4 ,t !   
cause ( ?is impairm5t ( ,boo?'s voice 0 
due to ! contraction & m or less        
complete ob/ruction ( ! nasal passages  
is too evid5t to call = comm5t4  ,_m    
s+]s h sweet b *>act]less voices t lack 
! fulness1 p[]1 & r+ !y might h because 

!y fail to avail !mselves ( ! augm5t+   
p[] ( ! resonance cavities4 ,! s+] mu/  
le>n to habitually use all ( ! resonance
 cavities & use !m simultane\sly4       
,lilli ,lehmann1 9 ,h[ to ,s+1 says t1  
al?\gh ! nasal s\nd c be exagg]at$1--:i*
 r>ely happ5s1--x c be mu*              
neglect$1--some?+ t v (t5 happ5s4 ,!    
context makes cle> t :at 9 ! ,engli%    
translation ( ! great s+]'s book is     
call$ nasal s\nd is exactly :at we t]m  
nasal resonance4  ,aft] *>g+ ! monoton\s
 quality or lack ( color 9 ! voice ( a  
fam\s op]a /> to lack ( nasal resonance1
 ,madame ,lehmann speaks ( ! consummate 
art ( ,m>cella ,sembri* :o 9 rec5t ye>s 
appe>s to h devot$ v special /udy to    
nasal resonance1 :]eby h] voice1        
especially 9 ! middle regi/]1 has ga9$  
greatly 9 w>m?4 ,%e says fur!r t nasal  
resonance _c be /udi$ en\gh4 ,x ought   
always to be employ$4 ,h[ (t51 %e says1 
h ,i he>d "y s+]s say1 ',i no long] h ! 
p[] to respond to ! dem&s made ^u me1'  
:]eas ! tr\ble lies only 9 ! insuffici5t

 use ( ! resonance ( ! head cavities4   
,f ! =ego+1 ! conclusion foll[s t ! head
 vibrations are n only an ess5tial      
elem5t1 b t nasal resonance is a mo/    
important elem5t 9 imp>t+ to tone its   
brilliance & c>ry+ p[]4 ,)\t ?\ght ( !  
me*anism ( h[ nasal resonance is        
produc$1 ! s+] has control ov] x by     
direct influ5ce ( ! w4 ,! tones1 l[ z   
well z high1 %\ld seem to />t 9 ! nose &
 head1 & ! vibrations ( ! p]fect tone c 
be pla9ly felt ^u any "p ( ! nose &     
head4 ,)\t ! head vibrations no tone c  
be p]fect1 = no?+ else w comp5sate = !  
lack ( ^!4 ,vocal organs us$ z "h       
describ$ w suff] no fatigue f reasonable
 use2 ho>s5ess w be to !m a ?+ unkn[n1 &
 m9i/]'s sore ?roat an unhe>d (         
compla9t4 ,n only is faulty voice       
production a s\rce ( great discom=t1 b x
 is ! cause ( _m diseases ( ! *e/1      
?roat1 & head4  ,! g5tle practice 9 easy
 range ( ! ex]cises giv5 9 ! *apt]      
foll[+1 w d mu* to re/ore a normal      
condition4     ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,plac+  

,,! ,,voice   ,:at is call$ plac+ !     
voice or tone production or focus+ !    
voice is1 z already /at$ 9 ! previ\s    
*apt]1 *iefly a matt] ( resonance--(    
control ( ! resonator4 ,n[ vocalization 
is l>gely v[elization1 & vocal tones are
 a complex ( s\nd & resonance4 ,! "* ( a
 v[el is giv5 x by ! %ape ( ! v[el      
*amb]2 & ! %ap+ ( ! v[el *amb] dep5ds ^u
 delicate adju/m5t ( ! movable          
p>ts1--jaw1 lips1 *eeks1 tongue1 veil ( 
! palate1 & ph>ynx4 ,:ile ?is adju/m5t  
is made ?r\gh m or less consci\s muscul>
 action1 ! p>ts mu/ nev] be =c$ into    
position2 local ef=t to ?is end w       
inv>iably defeat itself4 ,! important   
consid]ation 9 all voice movem5ts is a  
flexible1 natural action ( all ! p>ts1 &
 all ! voice movem5ts are s closely     
alli$1 s sympa!tically relat$1 t if "o  
movem5t is con/ra9$ ! o!rs _c be free4  
,x is a happy fact t ! "r way is !      
easie/ way1 & a fundam5tal tru? t "r    
ef=t is ! result ( "r ?\ght4 ,f ^!      
axiomatic pr9ciples we d$uce ! v fir/   

rule = ! s+] & speak]1--,,?9k ! "r tone1
 m5tally picture x2 !n conc5trate ^u !  
picture1 n ^u ! me*anism4   ,,:5 ,,is   
,,! ,,vocal ,,action ,,correct8  ,!re   
are two s\nd crit]ions = judg+ !        
correctness ( vocal action1--fir/1 !    
ease ( ! action1 its naturalness1 its   
flexibility4 ,z ,mills concisely /ates  
x3 ,he s+s or speaks be/ :o atta9s ! end
 ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,second1 !
 beauty ( ! result4 ,h>%1 unlovely tones
 are a sure indication ( misplac$ ef=t1 
( t5sion some:]e1 ( wrong action4 ,on ! 
o!r h& ! ne>] ! tones approa* to        
p]fection ! clos] does ! organism come  
to correct action4 ,beauty ( tone1 !n1  
is ! true/ indication ( prop] vocal     
action4  ,judgm5t z to ! relative beauty
 ( a tone dep5ds on ! tra9+ ( ! e>4     
,pupils %\ld habitually li/5 to _! own  
voices1 = betwe5 ! he>+ & feel+ ( !     
voice a k ( progress c be obta9$4 ,!    
function ( ! e> 9 gov]n+ voice          
production is ?us /at$ by ,pr(4 ,mills3 
,! n]v\s impulses t pass f ! e> to !    

bra9 are ! mo/ important guides 9       
det]m9+ ! necess>y movem5ts4 ,mr4       
,ffrangcon-,davies ma9ta9s t1 ,! tra9+ (
 ! e> is "o-half ( ! tra9+ ( ! voice4 ,!
 /ud5t %\ld improve e opportunity to he>
 ! be/ s+]s & speak]s1 = bo? consci\sly 
& unconsci\sly we le>n mu* by imitation4
 ,good examples are (t5 our be/ tea*]s4 
,keep+ well 9 m9d ! pr9ciples /at$      
above1 we are n[ ready to beg9 _!       
application 9 plac+ ! voice--t is1 9    
sett+ x free--n by le>n+ "s /range &    
difficult action1 b by cultivat+ normal 
action4   ,,ex]cises ,,= ,,practice  ,! 
foll[+ ex]cises are design$ = ! prim>y  
developm5t ( a correct tone & = ! te/ ( 
! p]fection ( e tone at e /age (        
developm5t4 ,!y are bas$ ^u ! assumption
 t all tones ( ! voice %\ld be focus$ & 
deliv]$ precisely alike4 ,_! use %\ld   
con/itute a "p ( ! daily practice ( !   
s+] or speak]4  ,i give b few ex]cises =
 ea* po9t to be ga9$4 ,intellig5t tea*]s
 & pupils w add an inf9ite v>iety to    
suit ea* case1 b ! ex]cises giv5 appe>  

to me to be ! be/ = initial practice4 ,x
 is important t ea* ex]cise 9 its ord]  
%all be ?or\ghly ma/]$ be=e tak+ up !   
next4 ,only 9 ?is way c rapid progress  
be made1 = x is n ! multiplicity (      
ex]cises1 b ! ?\ghtful application (    
pr9ciples 9 ! few1 t leads to results4  
,! s\nd ( hng w always place ! voice 9  
prop] focus by develop+ ! resonance ( ! 
nose & head4 ,! ?9 bones ( ! nose w fir/
 respond to ! s\nd & aft] practice !    
vibrations c be felt on any "p ( ! head 
& ev5 m di/9ctly on ! l[ ?an on ! high  
tones4 ,to atta9 ?is1 repeat ! s\nd hung
 times )\t numb]1 prolong+ ! ng s\nd at 
lea/ f\r c\nts4 ,to insure ! prop] c\rse
 ( ! v[el s\nds ?r\gh ! nasal passages1 
foll[ hung ) ! v[el ee1 z ?is v[el is m 
easily focus$ ?an any o!r2 !n ) oo1 oh1 
aw & ah4  ,ah is by f> ! mo/ difficult  
s\nd to focus & %\ld nev] be us$ =      
initial practice4 ,mu* valuable "t has  
be5 lo/ by ! cu/om ( us+ ?is s\nd at    
fir/4 ,x %\ld come la/4  ,! h is *os5 to
 introduce ! v[el s\nd because 9 !      

prep>ation to produce ! s\nd ( ! lett] h
 ! epiglottis is wide op5 & ! vocal     
cords entirely relax$1 & because less   
*ange ( ! tongue is requir$ :5 ! v[el   
s\nd foll[s4   ,prelim9>y ,ex]cise      
,practise ?is s(tly on any pit* easy = !
 voice4  ,music illu/ration3 ,hung-ee4  
,hung-oo4 ,hung-oh4 ,hung-aw4 ,hung-ah4 
,hung-ee etc4  ,beg9 ! tone quietly on  
an easy pit* & cont9ue x s(tly to ! end4
 ,lat]1 aft] ^! ex]cises are ma/]$ on "o
 pit*1 use e note )9 ! easy compass ( ! 
voice4 ,leave /rid5cy ( tone to ! locu/4
 ,x is no "p ( a p]fect tone4 ,x nev]   
appe>$ 9 ! voices ( ! mo/ fam\s s+]s4   
,^? :o all[$ !mselves to use x pass$ (f 
! /age e>ly 9 life4 ,mu* bett] results w
 be obta9$ by practis+ )\t any          
accompanim5t4 ,! s\nd ( ! piano or o!r  
in/rum5t di/racts ! pupil1 prev5ts bo?  
pupil & tea*] f he>+ ! voice1 & h9d]s   
progress4   ,,important ,,directions  ,!
 mann] 9 :i* ,ex]cise ,i & ^? t foll[ is
 practis$ is ( ! utmo/ importance4      
,!re=e c>efully note & apply ! foll[+3  

#a4 ,fully pron\nce ! ^w hung 7u z 9    
/ung7 at once1 & prolong ! tone1 n on ! 
v[el s\nd b on ! ng s\nd4 ,?is e/abli%es
 ! prop] head & nasal resonance at ! v  
beg9n+ ( ! ex]cise4  #b4 ,9 pass+ f ng  
to ee be v c>eful n to *ange ! initial  
focus or lose ! s5sation ( nasal & head 
resonance4 ,d n !re=e move ! lips or !  
*94 ,! only *ange at ?is po9t is !      
slight movem5t ( ! tongue requir$ to    
pron\nce ee1 :i* mu/ be a pure v[el )\t 
a trace ( ! prec$+ g4  #c4 ,9 pass+ f ee
 to oo1 f oo to oh1 & s on1 d s ) ! lea/
 possible movem5t ( lips & *94 ,!       
initial s5sation ( nasal & head         
resonance mu/ n be lo/4  #d4 ,ea* v[el  
s\nd mu/ be di/9ct 9 enunciation & pure 
9 quality4 ,avoid blurr+ "o ) ! o!r4    
,give ea* its true individuality4  #e4  
,z jewels ( diff]5t hue hung on a /r+1 s
 mu/ ?is ex]cise be ! /r++ ( v[els on a 
cont9u\s /ream ( s\nd4   ,ex]cise ,i    
,,to ,,e/abli% ,,nasal ,,& ,,head       
,,resonance  ,?is is an ex]cise = focus+
 or plac+ ! voice & develop+ !          

vibrations ( ! nasal & head cavities1 ! 
mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( ! resonant app>atus4
 ,if ! no/rils are kept fully op51 no   
nasal twang w be he>d4 ,! /r5g? ( ! tone
 w correspond to ! =ce ( ! vibrations ( 
! nose & head1 :i* c be pla9ly felt by  
re/+ ! f+] lightly ^u ! side ( ! nose4  
,! vibrations may ev5tually be pla9ly   
felt on ! top & back ( ! head4  ,attack1
 t is1 beg9 ! tone1 s(tly & on no acc\nt
 =ce x 9 ! lea/4 ,pron\nce ! full ^w at 
once1 prolong ! ng f\r c\nts z indicat$1
 & s+ ! five v[el s\nds on a cont9u\s1  
unbrok5 tone4 ,articulate entirely ) !  
lips & )\t mov+ ! "u jaw4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! 
foll[+ ex]cises1 keep ! "u jaw relax$ & 
op5 ! m\? s z to sep>ate ! tee? z wide  
ap>t z is consi/5t ) ! action ( ! lips4 
,see also ! illu/rations ( prop] lip    
position giv5 at ! close ( ,*apt] ,,ii4 
,practice ?is ex]cise on any pit* easy =
 ! voice4  ,music illu/ration3          
,hung-ee-oo-oh-aw-ah etc4  ,repeat ?is  
_m times until ! nose & head vibrations 
are fully recogniz$ & e/abli%$4 ,aft]   

ma/]y ( ?is ex]cise is acquir$1 any     
words end+ 9 ng may be repeat$4 ,! ^w   
noon sung quietly on ea* note ( ! voice 
) ! f9al consonant prolong$ w be f\nd   
helpful4   ,,ex]cises ,,= ,,speak]s  ,:5
 ! plac+ ( ! voice is accompli%$ on ! "o
 tone 7,ex]cise ,i71 ! speak] c g on )  
practice 9 read+ & recit+1 all[+ ! voice
 to *ange its pit* at its w1 only be+   
c>eful t all ! tones are alike 9        
quality4  ,a pr(itable ex]cise = speak]s
 is to pron\nce any ^w or syllable end+ 
) ng1 z m+1 b+1 s+1 r+1 t+1 & foll[ x ) 
"s famili> l9es 9 a monotone1 be+ sure t
 ! tone is ! same & produces ! same     
vibrations 9 ! nose & head4  ,9 ! case (
 a p]son already a public speak]1 ?is   
new rgime may n imm$iately manife/      
itself 9 p]=mance1 b gradually ! "r     
pr9ciples w assume control1 & speak+ be 
done ) ease & effectiv5ess4 ,cont9ual   
daily practice ( ex]cises %\ld be kept  
up4  ,if a speak] has a musical e> & "s 
musical k1 he w d]ive great b5efit by   
foll[+ out ! practice ( ! ex]cises =    

s+]s4 ,9 no way c ! voice = speak+ be   
improv$ s rapidly or decisively z by    
musical tra9+4   ,ex]cise ,,ii  ,,to    
,,e/abli% ,,head ,,& ,,nasal ,,resonance
  ,z 9 ,ex]cise ,i1 s+ s(tly1 seek+     
purity ( v[el s\nds & quality ( tone4   
,fully pron\nce hung at once1 prolong+ !
 ng f\r c\nts z indicat$4 ,pass f "o    
v[el to ! next ) ! lea/ possible *ange 9
 ! position ( ! lips & *94 ,! /ream (   
s\nd is to be unbrok51 ! tone focus     
un*ang$1 & ! s5sation ( resonance 9 !   
upp] *amb]s cont9u\s4  ,music           
illu/ration3 ,hung-ee-oo-oh-aw-ah etc4  
,music illu/ration3 ,hung-ee-oo-oh-aw-ah
 etc4   ,ex]cise ,,iii  ,,upp]          
,,resonance ,,cont9u$  ,foll[ !         
directions = ,ex]cise ,i4 ,s+ quietly 9 
a pit* t is easy = ! voice1 & modulate  
up or d[n by half /eps4  ,music         
illu/ration3 ,hung-ee-oo-oh-aw-ah etc4  
,ex]cise ,,iv  ,,upp] ,,resonance       
,,cont9u$  ,! la/ ex]cise c>ri$ ! voice 
an int]val ( a ?ird2 ?is c>ries ! voice 
an int]val ( a fif?4 ,foll[ c>efully !  

directions ( ,ex]cise ,i4 ,be sure to   
pron\nce hung at once1 prolong+ ! tone n
 on ! v[el b on ! ng4 ,s+ s(tly4 ,v>y ! 
pit* to suit ! voice4  ,music           
illu/ration3 ,hung-ee-oo-oh-aw-ah etc4  
,ex]cise ,v  ,,upp] ,,resonance         
,,cont9u$  ,! la/ ex]cise c>ri$ ! voice 
an int]val ( a fif?1 ?is "o has a range 
( a six?1 :ile ,ex]cise ,,vi has a range
 ( an octave4 ,c>efully foll[ !         
,important ,directions on page #fj4  ,s+
 s(tly 9 a pit* t is easy = ! voice4    
,music illu/ration3 ,hung-ee-oo-oh-aw-ah
 etc4  ,music illu/ration3              
,hung-ee-oo-oh-aw-ah etc4   ,ex]cise    
,,vi  ,,to ,,enl>ge ,,! ,,?roat ,,&     
,,?us ,,magnify ,,! ,,tone  ,pron\nce ! 
^w hung at once1 op5+ ! m\? well4       
,prolong+ ! ng s\nd z indicat$ w insure 
! prop] focus4  ,s+ ! five v[el s\nds   
?r\gh\t ! scale z indicat$4 ,at fir/    
practise only on scales t are 9 easy    
range4  ,music illu/ration3  #a4        
,hung-ee #b4 ,hung-oo #c4 ,hung-oh #d4  
,hung-aw #e4 ,hung-ah  etc4   ,v,ia     

,music illu/ration3  #a4 ,hung-ee #b4   
,hung-oo #c4 ,hung-oh #d4 ,hung-aw #e4  
,hung-ah  etc4   ,ex]cise ,,vii  ,,=    
,,production ,,( ,,! ,,v[el ,,s\nds ,,9 
,,prop] ,,focus  ,produce ! hung at     
once1 & add ! v[el4 ,be sure t ! v[el   
s\nd foll[s ! same c\rse z ! ng s\nd :i*
 prec$es x1 & produces ! same s5sation 9
 ! nose4  ,! v[els are arrang$ 9 ! ord] 
*os5 because ee is ! mo/ easily focus$  
:ile ah is by f> ! mo/ difficult to     
focus1 & h5ce ! wor/ possible s\nd =    
initial practice4 ,?9k ( ! tone z be+   
made 9 ! nose & head4  ,let !re be no   
break or /opp+ ( ! tone :5 pass+ f ! ng 
s\nd to ! v[el4 ,simply *ange ! tone    
into ! v[el desir$ by ! prop] *ange 9 ! 
articulat+ organs4  ,s+ ! five v[el     
s\nds connect$ly1 be+ sure t ea* v[el is
 correctly plac$ be=e pass+ to ! next4  
,! prop] use ( ! lips w aid greatly 9   
focus+ ! v[els4 ,/>t ) ! scale t is 9   
com=table range4  ,music illu/ration3   
,hung-ee-oo-oh-aw-ah etc4  ,music       
illu/ration3 ,hung-ee-oo-oh-aw-ah etc4  

,ex]cise ,,viii  ,,to ,,enl>ge ,,!      
,,?roat ,,& ,,focus ,,! ,,v[els  ,op5 ! 
m\? well & be sure t ! v[el s\nds are   
deliv]$ z 9 ! previ\s ex]cises2 ?is w   
insure l>g5ess ) prop] resonance4  ,:5  
practis+ ?is ex]cise1 be c>eful1 z ) !  
o!rs1 t ea* v[el s\nd 9 its ord] is     
correctly giv5 be=e pass+ to ! next4    
,only 9 ?is way c rapid progress be     
made4  ,! words b+1 s+1 t+1 fl+1 sw+ are
 excell5t to use = fur!r practice4      
,music illu/ration3  #a4 ,hung-ee #b4   
,hung-oo #c4 ,hung-oh #d4 ,hung-aw #e4  
,hung-ah  etc4  ,music illu/ration3  #a4
 ,hung-ee #b4 ,hung-oo #c4 ,hung-oh #d4 
,hung-aw #e4 ,hung-ah  etc4   ,ex]cise  
,,ix  ,,quick ,,*ang+ ,,notes ,,)\t     
,,*ang+ ,,resonance  ,! important po9t 9
 ?is flexible ex]cise is to keep !      
v[el-color1 ! focus or resonance1       
un*ang$ ?r\gh\t ! phrase4 ,beg9 quietly1
 give ! ng fre$om & ! upp] resonance w  
adju/ itself4 ,?is phrase is long] ?an 9
 previ\s ex]cises2 be sure !n t y /ill h
 brea? at ! end--brea? en\gh to s+      

fur!r4 ,s+ quietly4 ,pit* ! ex]cise to  
suit ! voice4  ,music illu/ration3  #a4 
,hung-ee #b4 ,hung-oo #c4 ,hung-oh #d4  
,hung-aw #e4 ,hung-ah  etc4   ,ex]cise  
,x  ,,= ,,agility  ,s+ ea* v[el s\nd    
sep>ately be=e pass+ to ! next4 ,be sure
 to />t ea* v[el s\nd 9 purity & ma9ta9 
x )\t *ange4 ,pit* ! ex]cise to suit !  
voice4  ,music illu/ration3  #a4 ,ee #b4
 ,oo #c4 ,oh #d4 ,aw #e4 ,ah  etc4  ,=  
v>iants on ! above use z initial        
consonants b1 p1 m1 f1 v1 d1 k1 n1 t1 & 
l4   ,ex]cise ,,xi  ,,to ,,develop ,,!  
,,use ,,( ,,! ,,lips ,,& ,,"u ,,jaw  ,:5
 practis+ ?is ex]cise protrude ! lips & 
raise !m t[>d ! nose z f> z possible2   
also make an ef=t to enl>ge & wid5 !    
no/rils4 ,?is ex]cise may be practis$ m 
quickly ?an ! prec$+1 b nev] at ! exp5se
 ( cle>ness ( v[el di/9ction4 ,c>ry !   
ex]cise high] or l[]1 & 9 diff]5t keys1 
to suit individual voices4 ,) a slight  
initial acc5t s+ ea* two-measure section
 smoo?ly z "o phrase4 ,avoid acc5t+ ea* 
sep>ate v[el s\nd4 ,to d s w\ld produce 

a s]ies ( j]ks4  ,music illu/ration3    
,ee-oo-oh-aw-ah etc4  ,aft] practis+ !  
above z writt5 modify x z foll[s3   #a4 
,bee-boo-boh-baw-bah4  #b4              
,pee-poo-poh-paw-pah4  #c4              
,mee-moo-moh-maw-mah4  #d4              
,fee-foo-foh-faw-fah4  #e4              
,vee-voo-voh-vaw-vah4  #f4              
,dee-doo-doh-daw-dah4  #g4              
,kee-koo-koh-kaw-kah4  #h4              
,nee-noo-noh-naw-nah4  #i4              
,tee-too-toh-taw-tah4 #aj4              
,lee-loo-loh-law-lah4   ,ex]cise ,,xii  
,,= ,,facility ,,& ,,quick ,,v[el       
,,*ange  ,be c>eful n to blur ! v[el    
s\nds2 ea* mu/ be di/9ct & pure1 & !    
*ange f "o to ! next mu/ be made ) a    
m9imum ( ef=t & )\t di/urb+ ! focus ( ! 
tone4  ,music illu/ration3              
,ee-oo-oh-aw-ah etc4  ,! divisions 7a & 
b7 ( ea* ( ! above f\r v>iants may be   
reg>d$ z di/9ct ex]cises or n4 ,= fur!r 
practice use z initial consonants any or
 all ( ! foll[+3 b1 p1 m1 f1 v1 d1 k1 n1
 t1 & l4   ,ex]cise ,,xiii  ,,asc5d+ ,,&

 ,,desc5d+ ,,scale  ,z 9 ! previ\s      
ex]cises practise quietly ) unv>y+ focus
 & aim to f9i% ! phrase ) brea?         
unexhau/$4 ,pit* ! ex]cise to suit !    
voice4  ,music illu/ration3  ,hung-ee   
,hung-oo ,hung-oh ,hung-aw ,hung-ah     
etc4   ,ex]cise ,,xiv  ,,! ,,long       
,,scale  ,s+ ?is scale ex]cise 9 m$ium  
range1 )\t blurr+ ei!r ! v[el s\nds or !
 notes4  ,music illu/ration3  #a4       
,hung-ee #b4 ,hung-oo #c4 ,hung-oh #d4  
,hung-aw #e4 ,hung-ah  etc4  ,music     
illu/ration3  #a4 ,hung-ee #b4 ,hung-oo 
#c4 ,hung-oh #d4 ,hung-aw #e4 ,hung-ah  
etc4  ,! ex]cises ?us f> giv5 h employ$ 
! five v[el s\nds f\nd mo/ helpful 9    
ga9+ a free resonance4 ,^! %\ld n[ be   
supplem5t$ by ! use ( all ! v[el s\nds4 
,x is obvi\s t unless ! s+] is at home )
 e v[el & on any pit* 9 8 vocal range   
p]fect pronunciation is impossible4 ,9  
,*apt] ,,ii a ,scale ( ,v[el ,s\nds is  
giv54 ,= conv5i5ce x is repeat$ "h3     
,illu/ration3  #a  nee #b  nit #c  net  
#d  nay #e  nair #f  nat #g  nigh #h    

,nah #g' not #f' naw #e' ner #d' nut #c'
 no #b' nook #a' noo4  ,hav+ s f> ma/]$ 
! previ\s ex]cises z to e/abli% a free  
head & nasal resonance1 take ! ,scale ( 
,v[el ,s\nds & apply x to ! n[ famili>  
ex]cises4  ,next1 z sugge/$ 9 ,ex]cise  
,x1 use z initial consonants 9          
connection ) ! ,v[el ,scale ! consonants
 b1 p1 m1 f1 v1 d1 k1 n1 t & l4  ,keep  
be=e y ! =mula t articulation %\ld seem 
to be done entirely ) & ?r\gh ! upp]    
lip2 i4e41 ! ?\ght %\ld be t ! words are
 project$ ?r\gh ! upp] lip4  ,:5 by     
practise ( ! ex]cises giv5 ! voice has  
be5 focus$ & resonance e/abli%$ )\t any 
in/rum5t1 scale ex]cises & simple       
vocalises may be tak5 up ) or )\t !     
piano4  ,9 practis+ scales />t ea* a    
semitone high] until ! easy limit ( !   
voice is rea*$1 & no f>!r4 ,ga9 w be m  
rapid by work+ to deliv] ! tones )9 !   
voice's normal compass4 ,!n :5          
occasional ef=t is made ! organs w be   
f\nd ready to deliv] ! highe/ pit* ( :i*
 ! voice is capable4  ,:5 suffici5t     

progress has be5 made 9 ma/]+ !         
execution ( scales & easy vocalises1 !  
pupil w be ready to beg9 ! /udy ( songs4
 ,if "o =egoes ! s++ ( songs dur+ ! few 
weeks occupi$ ) prim>y lessons1 results 
are obta9$ mu* m quickly4  ,:ile        
practis+ ex]cises or songs ! less !     
pian(orte is us$1 except to comp>e !    
pit*1 ! bett]4 ,su* practice increases !
 confid5ce ( ! p]=m]4 ,! in/rum5t       
prev5ts ! s+]'s li/5+ to ! tone he is   
produc+ & judg+ ( its effectiv5ess4     
,pupils ) high or v l[ voices may       
cont9ue _! practice high] or l[] z !    
voice is soprano1 or bass1 or contralto1
 b mu* practice on ! extremes ( ! voice 
is unadvisable4 ,if pure tones are      
produc$ 9 ! m$ium range ( ! voice !     
highe/ or l[e/ tones w be f\nd ready :5 
call$ =4 ,!re=e practise ! extremes ( ! 
voice only en\gh to "k ! limits ( !     
voice & to be assur$ ! tones are !re4   
,:5 ! s+] c p]=m ! prec$+ simple        
ex]cises & "k t ! tones are all focus$1 
or plac$ & deliv]$1 precisely alike1 he 

is ready to practise any scale1 d[n or  
up1 & to execute any musical ex]cise or 
song = :i* he is intellectually fitt$4  
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,?roat ,,/iffness   ,:at 
is ! mo/ frequ5t ob/acle to good s++1 ! 
difficulty ) :i* pupil & tea*] mo/      
cont5d8 ,?roat /iffness4 ,:at m ?an     
any?+ else m>s ! s++ ( ^? we he> 9      
draw+-rooms1 *ur*es1 & ! conc]t room8   
,?roat /iffness4  ,?is is ! vice t      
prev5ts true intonation1 robs ! voice ( 
its expressiv5ess1 limits its range1    
less5s its flexibility1 dim9i%es its    
volume1 & makes true resonance          
impossible4  ,?is great int]f]] n only  
less5s ! beauty ( any voice1 b directly 
affects ! organ itself4 ,! muscles ( !  
l>ynx are small & delicate1 & !         
adju/m5ts !y make 9 s++ are exce$+ly    
f9e4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! voice us] /iff5s 8   
?roat1 ^! delicate muscles 9 _!         
spontane\s ef=t to make ! prop]         
adju/m5ts are compell$ to contract ) m  
?an _! normal /r5g?4 ,e increase 9 ?roat
 /iffness dem&s a correspond+ increase 9

 muscle ef=t1 an ov]ex]tion t p]si/$ 9  
mu/ result 9 injury to ! organ itself4  
,su* misuse ( ! voice is b\nd to %[     
injuri\s results4 ,e ?roat speciali/    
kn[s ?is1 & an untold multitude ( ^? :o1
 beg9n+ ) promise1 h _h to give up s++ z
 a c>e]1 le>n x too late4  ,s+]s are s  
accu/om$ to ! s\nd ( _! own voices z to 
be usually q unconsci\s ( _! own ?roat  
/iffness1 ?\gh !y may recognize x 9 _!  
neighbor4  ,un=tunately ?roat /iffness  
by its v nature t5ds to aggravate       
itself1 to con/antly increase :ile !    
voice becomes less & less responsive to 
! s+]'s dem&s4  ,!re are a numb] (      
contribut+ causes to ?roat /iffness1 b !
 pr9cipal cause is ?roat consci\sness & 
misplac$ ef=t1 due l>gely to curr5t     
misconceptions reg>d+ ! voice4 ,a common
 notion is t we s+ ) ! ?roat1 :]eas we  
s+ ?r\gh x4 ,ak9 to ?is error is !      
notion1 z common z x is fallaci\s1 t =ce
 ( tone1 c>ry+ p[]1 orig9ates 9 ! l>ynx1
 :]eas ! initial tone due to ! vibration
 ( ! vocal cords is 9 itself            

comp>atively feeble4 ,z %[n at l5g? 9   
,*apt]s ,,vi & ,,vii1 volume ( tone1 its
 color & c>ry+ p[]1 is ac\/ically &     
vocally a matt] ( resonance4  ,_m !re   
are :o s+ by d9t ( %e] =ce & ignorance1 
b _! c>e]s are necess>ily %ort4 ,! too  
common vulg> /riv+ = p[] r ?an = beauty 
or purity ( tone induces unnatural ef=t 
& /ra9 t bo? directly & sympa!tically   
affect ! ?roat ) /iffness4  ,unnatural  
ef=t 9 brea?+1 ov]-ef=t 9 brea? control1
 z well z s++ )\t adequate brea?1 all   
induce t5sion t is reflect$ at once 9 ! 
s5sitive ?roat4  ,impati5ce ( results1  
,am]ican hurry1 beget unnatural ef=t &  
t5sion4 ,unclasp ! f+]s ( a rigid       
civilization f (f y\r ?roat4 ,! /ud5t ( 
! viol9 or ! piano soon le>ns t only by 
a long & pati5t prep>ation c he fit     
himself to ent]ta9 ev5 8 admir+ fri5ds4 
,! embryo s+]1 on ! contr>y1 expects )  
f> less exp5diture ( "t & ef=t to appe> 
9 public4  ,! human voice is a direct   
expression ( ! man himself2 x regi/]s   
spontane\sly 8 m5tal & emotional /ates1 

ev5 :5 he w\ld wi% !m hidd54 ,m5tal     
conditions t+$ ) impati5ce1 ) fe>1 or ) 
any?+ t begets t5sion ( any sort are    
reflect$ in/antly 9 ! voice1 robb+ x (  
its bett] qualities & induc+ /iffness 9 
! ?roat4  ,r$uc$ to its l[e/ t]ms voice 
culture to-day is a /ruggle ) ?roat     
/iffness4  ,! causes indicate ! rem$y4  
,=emo/1 !n1 is dropp+ all ?roat         
consci\sness1 all ?\ght ( ! ?roat1 all  
draw+ ( att5tion to x4 ,! l>ynx mu/ be  
left uncramp$1 unh9d]$ to d its "w 9    
free unconsci\sness1 :i* x w d if n     
di/urb$ by t5sion 9 its neighborhood1 or
 by misdirect$ ?\ght4  ,! /ream (       
consci\sness mu/ 9 s++ be direct$ to !  
brea?+ :i* is bel[ ! ?roat1 & to        
resonance & pronunciation :i* are above 
x4 ,^! functions are m or less          
consci\sly controll$ until at la/ ma/]y 
makes _! action automatic4  ,i w\ld once
 m emphasize ! fact t ! free use ( all !
 resonance *amb]s1 & ! recognition ( !  
great function ( resonance1 w d m ?an   
any?+ else to set ! voice free &        

emancipate ! s+] f all int]f]+ rigidity4
     ,,*apt] ,x  ,,"s ,,g5]al           
,,consid]ations   ,,! ,,natural ,,voice 
,pupils are con/antly urg$ to s+ & speak
 naturally1 because ! natural tone is   
correct4 ,?is is exce$+ly indef9ite4 ,x 
is natural = a *ild to imitate ! fir/   
s\nd x he>s1 :e!r x be correct or       
incorrect4 ,9 ei!r case ! *ild imitates 
x1 & = t *ild x becomes ! natural tone4 
,! *ild re>$ 9 ! wild]ness1 beyond !    
he>+ ( a human voice1 w imitate ! notes 
( ! :ip-poor-w1 ! *att] ( ! monkey1 & ! 
hoot ( ! owl1 & = him !y are natural    
tones4  ,to be natural is ! h>de/ lesson
 to le>n & x is only ! result (         
imitation or prolong$ discipl9e4        
,untra9$ naturalness is ! p]fection (   
awkw>dness4 ,! involunt>y functions (   
organic life are ! only ones naturally  
p]=m$ correctly4 ,nature's me?od (      
brea?+1 circulation1 & dige/ion c be    
dep5d$ ^u until dis>rang$ by subsequ5t  
conditions1 b unless prop] vocalization 
is e/abli%$ by imitation & discipl9e ?is

 function is sure to be corrupt$ by     
false examples4   ,,age ,,to ,,beg9     
,aft] ! *ild beg9s to talk1 ! soon] 8   
vocal education beg9s ! bett]4 ,ev5 at t
 e>ly age he c be made to und]/& ! m]its
 ( head vibrations & by simple ex]cises 
produce !m1 & once taught w nev] =get   
!m4 ,vocaliz+1 l e o!r art1 is mo/      
easily le>n$ by imitation1 & ! advantage
 ( ! e>ly ye>s1 :5 t faculty is mo/     
active1 %\ld n be lo/4 ,9 old5 times !  
importance ( ?is 0 fully realiz$4 ,m ?an
 ?ree c5turies ago1 old ,rog] ,as*am    
wrote3 ,all languages1 bo? le>n$ & "m   
tongues1 are begott5 & gott5 solely by  
imitation4 ,= z ye us$ to he> s ye le>n 
to speak4 ,if ye he> no o!r1 ye speak n 
y\rself2 & ( :om ye only he>1 ( !m ye   
only le>n4 ,n9ete5 c5turies ago         
,qu9tillian wrote3 ,be=e all let !      
nurses speak prop]ly4 ,! boy w he> !m   
fir/ & w try to %ape 8 words by imitat+ 
!m4  ,if ! "r way ( us+ ! voice is e>ly 
taught x w be a gu>d aga9/ ! contraction
 ( bad habits :i* c only be correct$    

lat] ) inf9ite tr\ble4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld  
be unwise to put a "y *ild "u cont9u$   
tra9+2 b ev5 9 ! k9d]g>t5 ! "r me?od (  
voice production c & %\ld be taught4    
,tea*]s ( k9d]g>t5 & prim>y s*ools %\ld 
be famili> ) ! pr9ciples ( voice tra9+ &
 be able to />t ! pupils at once on ! "r
 road4   ,,9 ,,public ,,s*ools  ,! soon]
 ?is bran* ( education is made a "p ( ! 
curriculum ( our common s*ools1 ! soon] 
%all we produce a race ( good speak]s & 
s+]s4  ,if1 dur+ ! pupil's s*ool life1  
prop] att5tion is paid to ^! prim>y     
pr9ciples & to correct articulation1 a  
l>ge majority ( /ud5ts w graduate f our 
common s*ools prep>$ to advance 9 ! art 
( elocution or ( s++ )\t be+ oblig$ fir/
 to unle>n a va/ am\nt ( error & to     
correct a long li/ ( bad habits4  ,if   
ea* day 9 ! public s*ools a few m9utes  
only are devot$ to ! subject by a tea*] 
:o und]/&s x & :o w call ! att5tion ( ! 
pupils to ! prop] applications ( !      
pr9ciples 9 _! daily recitations1 x w be
 f\nd amply suffici5t to develop &      

e/abli% a good speak+ & s++ voice4      
,,arti/ry  ,if arti/ry is to be atta9$1 
e organ mu/ be individually well tra9$4 
,yet1 dur+ p]=mance1 no "o "p %\ld be   
giv5 undue prom95ce4 ,! voice %\ld be ! 
product ( all ! organs equally well     
develop$4 ,cont9u$ practice w enable !  
p]=m] to correlate ! :ole--bl5d ! /r5g? 
( all 9 "o4  ,x goes )\t say+ t no "o 9 
s++ or speak+ %\ld appe> to be gov]n$ by
 a me?od4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages (          
education1 pupils %\ld be am5able to    
rules & me?ods1 b !y mu/ n expect to be 
acceptable p]=m]s until able to =get _! 
lessons & simply & unconsci\sly make use
 ( all ! advantages ( _! tra9+4 ,ev5 :5 
! education is f9i%$1 & ! prima donna   
has made h] successful debut1 cont9u$   
daily repetition ( prim>y ex]cises is   
necess>y to ma9ta9 excell5ce & insure ! 
progress t e p]=m] desires4 ,our be/    
s+]s to-day are z dilig5t /ud5ts ( !    
te*nique ( ! voice z are ! tyros /ruggl+
 ) ! fir/ elem5ts4   ,,life',s ,,p]iods 
,human life is divid$ into ?ree p]iods3 

fir/1 t ( ef=t to get an education2     
second1 ( ef=t to ma9ta9 x2 & ?ird1 (   
ef=t to resi/ ! natural decl9e :i* comes
 ) advanc+ ye>s4 ,! s+] & speak] mu/    
drill to develop ! voice1 mu/ drill to  
keep x 9 condition1 & mu/ drill to resi/
 ! encroa*m5ts ( s5ility4 ,et]nal       
vigilance is ! price ( vocal success4   
,,application ,,( ,,ess5tials  ,!       
application ( ! pr9ciples "h discuss$ w 
%[ t a musical voice is n ! product (   
my/]i\s sy/ems1 b a matt] ( sci5tific   
c]ta9ty4 ,! ess5tials are good brea?+1  
good focus+1 good resonance1 & good     
articulation4 ,^! f\r elem5ts are s     
int]dep5d5t t "o _c be p]fect$ )\t !    
o!r4 ,) ^! atta9$1 ! intellect1 !       
s5tim5t1 & ! emotion ( ! p]=m] w        
culm9ate 9 arti/ic excell5ce4   ,,repose
 ,,z ,a ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,vocal        
,,ex]cise  ,! n]v\sness or fe> :i*      
manife/s itself 9 con/ra9t & rigidity ( 
! muscles & sometimes 9 /age fright is a
 s]i\s h9drance to progress4 ,!         
effectual (fset to ?is pa9ful condition 

is repose4  ,! art ( induc+ a condition 
( repose c be readily acquir$ by any "o 
:o w c>efully & fai?fully d z foll[s3   
,place y\rself 9 an easy ly+ or l\ng+   
position 9 a quiet place1 ) fre% air4   
,physical repose prep>es = & invites    
m5tal repose4 ,n[ all[ ! m9d to "w c>e  
free at its own sweet w )\t any attempt 
to control x4 ,close ! eyes & brea!     
sl[ly1 g5tly1 & deeply1 ) /eady rhy?m4  
,9 two or ?ree m9utes a s5sation ( quiet
 re/ful repose w be exp]i5c$1 :i* may be
 cont9u$ = sev]al m9utes or may ev5 lead
 to a natural s\nd sleep4  ,?is result  
may n be atta9$ at ! fir/ or ! second   
trial1 b a few repetitions ( ! ex]cise w
 insure success 9 almo/ e case4 ,aft] ! 
art is atta9$ 9 ?is =mal way1 ability to
 induce ! same repose :5 sitt+ upright1 
or :ile /&+1 w be quickly develop$4     
,?is repose is ! fitt+ prep>ation = a   
lesson or a p]=mance & may be induc$    
dur+ ! progress ( ei!r1 to allay any    
trepidation incid5t to ! situation4 ,a  
ma/]y ( ?is simple art w make progress 9

 ! "w ( voice developm5t mu* m rapid1 & 
make atta9able a degree ( discipl9e t is
 impossible )\t x4 ,x w prove = ! beg9n]
 a sure prev5tion ( /age fright & a     
great relief to ! mo/ *ronic suff]] f   
?is malady4   ,,! ,,vibrato  ,! vibrato 
is a rhy?mic pulsation ( ! voice4 ,x (t5
 appe>s 9 untra9$ voices2 9 o!rs x      
appe>s dur+ ! process ( cultivation4 ,"s
 h ?\ght x ! p]fection ( sympa!tic      
quality2 o!rs e/eem x a fault4  ,!      
vibrato is caus$ by an undulat+ v>iation
 ( pit* or p[]1 (t5 bo?4 ,! voice does n
 hold /eadily & /rictly to ! pit*1 &    
accord+ to ! am\nt ( ! v>iation a       
correspond+ vibrato1 or tremolo1 is     
produc$4  ,! action ( /r+$ in/rum5ts    
illu/rates ?is /atem5t4 ,! f+] ( !      
viol9i/ vibrates on ! /r+ by rock+      
rapidly back & =? & ! vibrato is !      
result4  ,! same is true ( ! human      
in/rum5t4 ,by v>iation ( ! t5sion1 !    
vocal app>atus s5ds =? sev]al tones 9   
alt]nation1 ( a slightly diff]5t pit*1  
:i* toge!r produce ! effect4  ,?ree     

s\rces are ascrib$ = ! vibrato2 "o is a 
rapid1 spasmodic vibration ( !          
diaphragm1 caus+ v>iation ( brea?       
pressure2 ano!r is ! alt]nate t5sion &  
relaxation ( ! l>ynx & vocal cords2 a   
?ird is t commone/ ( faults--?roat      
/iffness4 ,ei!r cause is possible1 &    
v>iation 9 ! pit* or int5sity ( ! tone  
is ! result4 ,suffici5t inve/igations h 
n be5 made to make ! matt] c]ta91 b     
tremolo1 trembl+ ( ! vocal organs1 &    
muscul> /iffness1 or unnatural t5sion1  
seem to g toge!r4  ,x is q possible 9 ! 
e>ly /ages ( culture s to tra9 ! voice z
 to use ! vibrato or n at w1 b if n e>ly
 controll$ ?is1 l o!r bad habits1 ga9s !
 ma/]y4 ,excessive vibrato has spoil$ _m
 good voices4 ,x is n a fundam5tal      
quality ( ! voice4 ,a little vibrato may
 occasionally be desirable :5 prop]ly & 
skilfully us$2 m ?an ?is is to be %unn$ 
z a dang]\s vice4     ,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,! 
,,psy*ology ,,( ,,vocal ,,culture       
,m5tal conception prec$es execution4 ,! 
picture mu/ exi/ 9 ! arti/'s m9d be=e x 

c be drawn on ! canvas4 ,! ar*itect mu/ 
m5tally see ! maje/ic ca!dral 9 all its 
details be=e he c draw ! plans f :i* x c
 be built4 ,9 ! field ( physical        
activity no movem5t is made until ! m9d 
has gone be=e & prep>$ ! way4 ,a p]son's
 ability to d is 9 a great degree       
measur$ by 8 det]m9ation to d1 b sitt+ 9
 a rock+-*air & ?9k+ w nev] make an     
a?lete4 ,m5tal action is necess>y1 b    
only ?r\gh tra9$ muscul> action c !     
m5tal action mat]ialize 9 a f9i%$       
p]=mance4  ,s too ! m9d mu/ anticipate !
 action ( ! vocal organs1 b ! organs    
!mselves mu/ be l$ to int]pret ! m5tal  
concept until su* action becomes        
spontane\s4 ,action 9 turn quick5s !    
m5tal process1 & ! m5tal picture becomes
 m vivid4  ,note ) emphasis t ! m5tal   
concept prec$es ! action & gov]ns x4    
,!re=e1 in/ead ( produc+ tone by local  
ef=t1 by consci\s muscul> action ( any  
sort1 correctly ?9k ! tone1 correctly   
%ape & color x m5tally4 ,e vocal tone is
 a m5tal concept made audible4 ,! beg9n]

 & ! confirm$ bungl] alike fail 9 ?is   
prime ess5tial--!y d n make ?is m5tal   
picture ( tone be=e s++ x4 ,k9dr$ to ?is
 is defici5cy 9 he>+1 9 discrim9at+     
betwe5 good tone color & poor4 ,! /ud5t 
mu/ con/antly comp>e 8 tone z x is sung 
) ! picture 9 8 m9d4 ,tra9+ ! voice is  
!re=e l>gely a tra9+ ( m9d & e>1 a      
develop+ ( nicety 9 discrim9ation4 ,s++ 
is m5tal r ?an physical1 psy*ologic r   
?an physiologic4 ,?9k !re=e ( ! effect  
desir$ r ?an ( ! process4  ,9 consid]+ !
 details ( voice production analytically
 we are apt to =get t man1 not)/&+ 8    
complexity1 is a unit & acts z a unit4  
,back ( all & und]ly+ man's v>i$        
activity is ! psy*ical4 ,9 ! advanc$    
/ages ( ! art ( spee* & song ?is        
psy*ical elem5t is ( pre-em95t          
importance4  ,! speak] :o essays to give
 expression to 8 own ?\ghts mu/ h 8     
ideas %>ply def9$ & aflame 9 ord] to s  
utt] !m t !y w ar\se 8 he>]s to         
en?usiasm4 ,! speak] or s+] :o w\ld     
successfully int]pret ! ?\ghts ( o!rs   

mu/ fir/ make ^? ?\ghts 8 v own4 ,:5 ?is
 is atta9$1 !n ! voice1 action1 & ! :ole
 _s ( ! p]=m]1 respond+ to ! !me1 w     
beget a l responsiv5ess 9 8 audi5ce4    
,,! ,,s+] ,,beh9d ,,! ,,voice  ,books ^u
 books h be5 writt5 on voice tra9+1 & w 
cont9ue to be writt54 ,! prec$+ pages h 
be5 devot$ to ! fundam5tal subject (    
tone production1 b x is "t to sugge/ t  
back ( ! voice & ! song is ! s+] himself
 ) 8 complex p]sonality4 ,back ( !      
p]sonality is ! s\l itself1 =ev] seek+  
utt]ance ?r\gh its mask ( p]sonality4   
,all g5u9e impulse to s+ is f ! s\l 9   
its ne$ = expression4 ,?r\gh expression 
comes gr[? 9 s\l consci\sness & desire =
 great] & great] self-expression4  ,s++ 
is f> m ?an w9d & muscle1 =1 z          
,ffrangcon-,davies puts x1 ,! :ole      
spiritual sy/em1 _s1 m9d1 s5se1 s\l1    
toge!r ) ! :ole muscul> sy/em f feet to 
head1 w be 9 ! wise man's s++1 & ! :ole 
man w be 9 ! tone4  ,( all ! expressions
 ( ! human _s 9 art =m1 ! sublimat$     
spee* we call song is ! mo/ direct4 ,e  

o!r art requires "s mat]ial m$ium = its 
transmission1 & 9 music1 subtle/ ( all !
 arts1 in/rum5ts are ne$$1 except 9 s++ 
only4   ,,fre$om  ,9 song ! s+] himself 
is ! in/rum5t ( free & direct           
expression4 ,fre$om ( expression1       
complete utt]ance1 is prev5t$ only by ! 
s+] himself4 ,no "o h9d]s him1 no "o /&s
 9 ! way b himself4 ,! bus9ess ( ! tea*]
 is to set free t :i* is lat5t4 ,8 high 
call+ is by wise guidance to help ! s+] 
to get out ( 8 own way1 to cease /&+ 9  
front ( himself4 ,te*nical tra9+ is n   
all 9 all4 ,simple recognition ( !      
exi/5ce ( our p[]s is ne$$ ev5 m4       
,fre$om comes ?r\gh ! recognition &     
appropriation ( inh]5t p[]2 recognition 
comes fir/1 ! appropriation !n foll[s   
simply4 ,! novice does n "k 8 natural   
p[]1 8 bir?right1 & mu/ be help$ to f9d 
x1 *iefly1 h[ev]1 by help+ himself1 by  
cogniz+ & re-cogniz+ x4  ,no /ud5t ( !  
mo/ human ( all arts--s++--ne$ give up  
if he has burn+ )9 him ! song impulse1 !
 hung] to s+4 ,?is inn] impulse is by   

its /r5g? an evid5ce ( ! p[] to s+2 ! v 
hung] is a promise & a prophecy4        
,,det]r5ts  ,! det]r5ts to beautiful s++
 are physical 9 appe>ance1 b ^! are out]
 signs ( m5tal or emotional di/urbance4 
,normal poise1 :i* is /r5g?1 smil+ly    
expresses itself 9 curves1 9 tones (    
beauty4  ,m5tal discord results 9       
angul>ity1 rigidity1 h>%ness4           
,impati5ce produces fev]i%ness t makes  
vocal poise impossible2 & impati5ce     
induces ! mod]n vice ( =c+ ! tone4 ,gr[?
 is a factor = :i* hurri$ =c+ me?ods    
make no all[ance4  ,excess ( emotion )  
its loss ( balance affects ! brea?+ &   
play ( ! voice4  ,ex]tion1 try+ ef=t1   
in/ead ( easy1 happy activity induces   
hamp]+ rigidities4  ,int5sity1          
ov]-conc5tration1 or r false            
conc5tration1 emotional t5sion1 involves
 /ra91 & /ra9 is always wrong4          
,ov]-consci5ti\sness1 ) its fuss9ess    
ab\t petty detail1 & insi/5ce on        
non-ess5tials1 is a det]r5t f :i* !     
robu/ are free4 ,ov]-att5tion to !      

me*anics ( voice production is a k9dr$  
det]r5t4 ,bo? det]r5ts prev5t t prime   
*>act]i/ic ( expression--spontaneity4   
,anxiety is a great contractor ( muscle1
 a great /iff5]4 ,anxiety always =gets !
 p[] )91 & falsely says to ! song-hung]1
 ,y %all nev] be satisfi$4              
,self-repression is a great det]r5t t   
afflicts ! m s5sitive1 p>ticul>ly ^? (  
puritanic inh]itance4 ,x is a devitaliz]
 & a direct negative to expression1 :i* 
is vital1 is life4  ,all ( ^! det]r5ts  
are negative & may be ov]come by full]  
recognition ( ! inn] p[] t by its v     
nature mu/ p]petually seek positive     
expression4   ,,conclusion  ,9          
conclusion1 ! /ud5t c p]petually f9d    
enc\ragem5t 9 a numb] ( happy facts4    
,man is end[$ by nature1 except 9 r>e   
in/ances1 ) a p]fect vocal app>atus4 ,:5
 abnormal conditions are f\nd !y are    
usually 9 ! adult voice1 & are due      
solely to misuse4 ,9 o!r words defects  
are n inh]5t b acquir$ & c be remov$4   
,by nature ! human voice is beautiful1 =

 ! t5d5cy ( nature is always 9 !        
direction ( beauty4 ,:atev] is unlovely 
9 s++1 z 9 all else1 is unnatural4 ,true
 me?od is !re=e nev] artificial 9 its   
action1 b simple1 because ! natural is  
always simple4  ,f9ally1 no1 n f9ally1 b
 fir/ly & secondly & ?irdly &           
p]petually1 e /ud5t ( s++ & e tea*] ( x 
mu/ con/antly be> 9 m9d ! happy law3    
,,! ,,"r ,,way ,,is ,,always ,,an ,,easy
 ,,way     ,,books ,,consult$   ,,title 
,,au?or                   ,,publi%$  ,an
 ,essay on ! ,hi/ory & ,!ory ( ,music1 &
 ( ! ,qualities & ,capacity ( ! ,human  
,voice              ,isaac ,na?an       
,london1 #ahbc4  ,elem5ts ( ,vocal      
,sci5ce       ,ri*>d ,mack5zie ,bacon   
,london1 #ahbd4  ,or?ophony2 or !       
,cultivation ( ! ,voice 9 ,elocution    
,william ,russell          ,bo/on1      
#ahei4  ,vocal ,physiology              
,*>les ,alex4 ,guilmette  ,new ,york1   
#ahfj4  ,die ,lehre von d5              
,tonempf9dung5 als physiologis*e        
,grundlage fr die !orie d] ,musik       

,h4,l4,f4 ,helmholtz         ,brunswick1
 #ahfc4  ,! ,s5sations ( ,tone z a      
,physiological ,basis = ! ,!ory ( ,music
             ,h4,l4,f4 ,helmholtz       
7,translation ( above7                  
7,translat$ by ,a4,j4                   
,ellis7                   ,london1      
#ahge4  ,s\nd                           
,john ,tyndall             ,london1     
#ahfg4  ,pr9ciples ( ,elocution & ,voice
 ,culture                   ,b5j4 ,w4   
,atwell          ,provid5ce1 #ahfh4  ,! 
,voice1 ,its ,arti/ic ,production1      
,developm5t & ,pres]vation              
,george ,j4 ,lee            ,london1    
#ahgj4  ,! ,cultivation ( ! ,speak+     
,voice                  ,john ,pyke     
,hullah         ,ox=d1 #ahgj4  ,voice   
,build+                  ,horace ,r4    
,/reet]       ,bo/on1 #ahga4  ,pr9ciples
 ( ,elocution & ,voice ,culture         
,b5jam9 ,atwell          ,bo/on1 #ahgb4 
,h9ts = ,pronunciation 9 ,s++           
,georgiana ,weldon         ,london1     
#ahgb4  ,! ,voice 9 ,s++                

,emma ,seil]              ,philadelphia1
 #ahgb  ,! ,voice z an ,in/rum5t        
,ange ,a4 ,patt\           ,new ,york1  
#ahgh4  ,! ,vocal ,process              
,john ,h[>d              ,new ,york1    
#ahgh4  ,spee* 9 ,song                  
,alex&] ,j4 ,ellis       ,london1 #ahgh4
  ,voice & ,vocalization          ,wm4  
,p4 ,rob]t            ,london1 #ahgi4   
,! ,human ,voice & ,connect$ ,p>ts      
,joseph ,montgom]y ,f>r> ,london1 #ahha4
  ,! ,me*anism ( ! ,human ,voice        
,emil ,behnke              ,london1     
#ahhb4  ,gymna/ics ( ! ,voice           
,osk> ,guttmann           ,albany1      
#ahhb4  ,! ,art ( ,voice ,production )  
,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,me?ods (        
,correct ,brea?+               ,ange ,a4
 ,patt\           ,new ,york1 #ahhb4  ,!
 ,old ,italian ,s*ool ( ,s++            
,leo ,k(l]               ,albany1 #ahhb4
  ,! ,secrets ( ! ,voice 9 ,s++         
,emilio ,bel>i            ,new ,york1   
#ahhc4  ,deep ,brea?+                   
,sophia ,a4 ,ciccol9a      ,new ,york1  

#ahhc4  ,arti/ic ,voice 9 ,spee* & ,song
                        ,*>les ,lunn    
,london1 #ahhd4  ,voice1 ,song & ,spee* 
,l5nox ,br[ne & ,emil                   
,behnke                   ,london1      
#ahhd4  ,mod]n ,s++ ,me?ods1 ,_! ,use & 
,abuse             ,john ,frankl9       
,botume     ,bo/on1 #ahhe4  ,!          
,diaphragm & ,its ,functions            
,j4,m4,w4 ,kit*5           ,albany1     
#ahhe4  ,! ,voice f a ,practical ,/&po9t
                      ,edmund ,j4 ,mey] 
,new ,york1 #ahhf4  ,! ,hygi5e ( !      
,vocal ,organs                          
,morrell ,mack5zie1 ,m4,d4  ,london1    
#ahhf4  ,h[ to ,s+                      
,wm4 ,h5ry ,daniell        ,new ,york1  
#ahhg4  ,! ,art ( ,brea?+ z ! ,basis =  
,tone ,production   ,leo ,k(l]          
,new ,york1 #ahhg4  ,! ,voice4 ,h[ to   
,tra9 ,x                                
,edw>d ,b>rett ,w>man    ,bo/on1 #ahij4 
,sci5tific ,voice4 ,arti/ic ,s++ &      
,effective ,s++                         
,?omas ,*at]            ,london1 #ahij4 

,voice ,figures                   ,mrs4 
,m>g>et ,watts                          
,hughes                   ,london1      
#ahia4  ,! ,human ,voice2 ,its          
,cultivation                     ,w4,h4 
,griffi?s           ,london1 #ahib4  ,! 
,philosophy ( ,s++       ,cl>a ,ka?le5  
,rog]s    ,new ,york1 #ahic4  ,! ,:at & 
,h[ ( ,vocal ,culture                   
,f4 ,r[5a ,m$9i         ,new ,york1     
#ahic4  ,ex]cises 9 ,vocal ,te*nique    
,john ,frankl9 ,botume     ,bo/on1      
#ahid4  ,text-,book on ! ,natural ,use (
 ! ,voice                ,george ,e4    
,?orp &                                 
,william ,ni*oll          ,london1      
#ahie4  ,respiration = ,advanc$ ,s+]s   
,john ,frankl9 ,botume     ,bo/on1      
#ahig4  ,voice ,build+ & ,tone ,plac+   
,h5ry ,holbrook ,curtis1                
,m4,d4                     ,new ,york1  
#ahif4  ,tw5ty ,lessons on ! ,developm5t
 ( ! ,voice                             
,george ,e4 ,?orp          ,london1     
#ahif4  ,voxometric ,revelation 7,!     

,problem ,surr\nd+ ! ,production ( !    
,human ,voice ,f9ally ,discov]$7        
,alfr$ ,augu/us ,nor?    ,london1 #ahif4
  ,! ,art ( ,s++              ,wm4      
,%akespe>e          ,london &           
,bo/on1 #ahih4  ,! ,rightly-,produc$    
,voice                           ,edw>d 
,davidson ,palm]   ,london1 #ahih4  ,h[ 
to ,tra9 ,*ildr5's ,voices              
,t4 ,maskell ,h>dy         ,london1     
#ahii4  ,h[ to ,s+ 7,me9e ,gesangskun/7 
,lilli ,lehmann            ,new ,york1  
#aijb4  ,sci5tific ,tone ,production    
,m>y ,+les ,james        ,bo/on1 #aijc4 
,engli% ,diction = ,s+]s & ,speak]s     
,l\is ,ar?ur ,russell     ,bo/on1 #aije4
  ,! ,tra9+ ( ,boys' ,voices            
,cl>ke ,ellswor? ,johnson ,bo/on1 #aijf4
  ,voice ,production 9 ,s++ & ,speak+   
,wesley ,mills1 ,m4,d4                  
,philadelphia1 #aijf4  ,! ,art ( ! ,s+] 
,w4,j4 ,h5d]son           ,new ,york1   
#aijf4  ,! ,commonplaces ( ,vocal ,art  
,l\is ,ar?ur ,russell     ,bo/on1 #aijg4
  ,! ,s++ ( ! ,future       ,david      

,ffrangcon-,davies   ,london1 #aijh4  ,!
 ,art ( ,s++ & ,vocal ,declamation      
,sir ,*>les ,santley      ,london1      
#aijh4     ,,index   ,,abdom9al         
,,brea?+1 employ$ by ,m>tel1 #d1 #bf2   
lat]al1 #c4   7,see also ,*e/-abdom9al  
brea?+ &    ,lat]al abdom9al brea?+47   
,,ac\/ics1 #dc2   exp]im5ts 91 #df-dh2  
,pascal on1 #di4  ,,actor1 enunciation (
 !1 #ai2   importance ( deep brea?+ =1  
#ai4  ,,adam',s ,,apple1 ! male l>ynx1  
#i4  ,,age to beg9 /udy ( voice1 #gg4   
,,ah-s\nd1 n>r[ limits (1 #ah2   h[     
produc$1 #bb2   ,lilli ,lehmann on1 #ai2
   place (1 9 practice1 #eg4  ,,air     
,,cavities 7see ,s9uses74  ,,anxiety1 a 
det]r5t to beautiful s++1 #he4          
,,application ,,( ,,ess5tials1 #gi4     
,,appunn1 on pit* ( v[el s\nds1 #bj4    
,,articulation1 diff]+ op9ions conc]n+1 
#c2   relation (1 to resonance1 #ea2    
?r\gh upp] lip1 #gb4   7,see also       
,pronunciation47  ,,articulator1 #f4    
,,arti/ry1 #gi4  ,,as*am1 ,,rog]1 on    
voice culture ?r\gh imitation1 #gg4     

,,aw-s\nd1 lip position =1 #bb2   9     
ex]cises1 #ei1 etc4   ,,beauty ,,(      
,,tone1 a crit]ion ( correct vocal      
action1 #ef4  ,,bell1 on pit* ( v[el    
s\nds1 #bj4  ,,boo?1 ,,edw91 z a good   
speak]1 #af4  ,,boo?1 ,,junius ,,brutus1
 impairm5t ( 8 voice1 #ec4  ,,brea?     
,,control1 #bc-cb2   importance (1 9 bo?
 speak+ & s++1 #bc2   muscles (         
respiration 91 #bc2   ! diaphragm 91    
#bc2   muscles 91 #bd2   ! lungs 91 #be2
   inspiration1 #be2   expiration1 #be2 
correct me?od (1 #be2   a cure =        
n]v\sness1 #bg2   necessity ( ex]cises1 
#bg2   economy a factor 91 #cj2         
exagg]at$1 #cj2   initial use (1 #ca2   
ex]cises =1 #cc-cg2   ( ,f>9elli1 #cg4  
,,brea? ,,=ce1 initial use (1 #ca2      
res]ve1 #ca2   wa/$1 #ca4  ,,brea?      
,,ma/]y1 mean+ (1 #cb4  ,,brea?+1 art (1
 #c2   an amplification ( ! daily habit1
 #e2   def9$ z s++1 #bc2   correct1 #be1
 #bh2   n diff]+ 9 sex1 #bf2   vici\s   
habits (1 #bf2   controll+ deeply1 #bf2 
te/s (1 #bf2   nose v]sus m\?1 #bf2     

regul>ity (1 #bf2   9 obta9+ p[] &      
l>g5ess ( tone1 #bg2   = high tones1    
#bg2   relation (1 to n]v\sness1 #bg2   
rhy?mic1 #bg2   necessity ( ex]cises1   
#bg2   illu/rations (1 #bh1 #bi2        
ex]cises 91 #cc-cg2   economy 91 #cj2   
te/s 91 by ,pr(essor ,mills1 #cj2       
exagg]at$ control (1 #cj2   exhau/ion1  
#ca2   initial =ce 91 #ca2   res]ve p[] 
91 #ca2   ma/]y (1 #cb4   7,see also    
,abdom9al brea?+47  ,,bros*i1 ,,don     
,,c>lo1 brea? control (1 #cf4  ,,br[ne1 
,,dr4 ,,l5nox1 on ! l>yngoscope1 #c4    
,,br[ne & ,,behnke1 on nasal resonance1 
#ec4   ,,*e/1 expansion ( & resonance1  
#di4  ,,*e/-,,abdom9al ,,brea?+1 #be2   
illu/rat$ 9 sleep+ *ild1 #be2   te/s 91 
#bf2   illu/rat$1 #bh1 #bi4  ,,*e/      
,,tones1 =m] emphasis giv5 to1 #b2      
wrongly t]m$1 #e4  ,,clay1 ,,h5ry1 z a  
good speak]1 #af4  ,,clos$ ,,tones1 =m] 
emphasis giv5 to1 #b2   wrongly t]m$1   
#e4  ,,cry]1 ,,dr4 ,w4,h41 on ! frontal 
s9us1 #ab4  ,,culture ,,( ,,! ,,voice   
7see ,voice culture74   ,,deep ,,brea?+1

 importance (1 = ! actor1 #ai4   7,see  
also ,brea?+47  ,,det]r5ts ,,to         
,,beautiful ,,s++1 #hd1 #he4            
,,diaphragm1 9 brea?+1 #ai2   n a muscle
 ( expiration1 #bc2   describ$1 #bc1    
#bd2   9 inspiration1 #bd2   9          
expiration1 #bd2   illu/rat$1 #bd1 #bi4 
,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,s++ ,,& ,,speak+1 
#ag4   ,,e>1 function (1 9 tone         
production1 #eg2   tra9+ (1 #eg4        
,,ee-s\nd1 lip position =1 #bj2   9     
ex]cises1 #eg1 #ei1 etc4  ,,ef=t1       
,,t5se1 a det]r5t to beautiful s++1 #hd4
  ,,emotion1 effect on tone quality1 #g2
   excess (1 a det]r5t to beautiful s++1
 #hd4  ,,empirici/s1 :]e !y h fail$1 #d4
  ,,epiglottis1 #aj4  ,,ess5tials1      
application (1 #gi4  ,,e?moid ,,bone1   
#h4  ,,e?moidal ,,s9uses1 illu/rat$1 #g2
   function (1 #ab4  ,,ev]ett1 ,,edw>d1 
z a good speak]1 #af4  ,,ex]cises1      
,,brea?+3   necessity (1 #bg1 #cc2      
prelim9>y sugge/ions1 #cc1 #cd2         
attitude 9 tak+1 #cd2   ,i1 to %[ :at a 
deep brea? is1 #cd2   ,,ii1 sl[         

inhalation ) sudd5 expulsion1 #ce2      
,,iii1 sipp+ ! brea?1 ) quick           
exhalation1 #ce2   ,,iv1 = rib          
expansion1 #ce2   ,v1 sl[ inhalation )  
sl[ expiration1 #cf2   ,,vi1 rapid      
inspiration ) sl[ expiration1 #cf2      
,,vii1 ,f>9elli's great ex]cise1 #cf2   
,,viii1 ! cleans+ brea?1 #cg2   half    
brea?1 #cg4  ,,ex]cises1 ,,vocal3   ,i1 
to e/abli% nasal & head resonance1      
#eh-fa2   = speak]s1 #fj1 #fa2   ,,ii1  
to e/abli% head & nasal resonance1 #fa2 
,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v1 upp] resonance1 #fb-fd2
   ,,vi1 to enl>ge ! ?roat & ?us magnify
 ! tone1 #fd2   ,,vii1 = production ( ! 
v[el s\nds 9 prop] focus1 #fe2   ,,viii1
 to enl>ge ! ?roat & focus ! v[els1 #ff2
   ,,ix1 quick *ang+ notes )\t *ang+    
resonance1 #fg2   ,x1 = agility1 #fg1   
#fh2   ,,xi1 to develop ! use ( ! lips &
 "u jaw1 #fh1 #fi2   ,,xii1 = facility &
 quick v[el *ange1 #fi1 #gj2   ,,xiii1  
asc5d+ & desc5d+ scale1 #ga2   ,,xiv1 ! 
long scale1 #ga2   additional1 #gb1 #gc2
   repose z a prep>ation =1 #hj4        

,,expiration1 muscles (1 #bc1 #bd2   "u 
controll$ pressure1 #bd2   describ$1    
#be2   ! lungs 91 #be2   illu/rat$1 #bh1
 #bi4   ,,face1 tra9+ muscles (1 #ae4   
,,f>9elli1 brea? control (1 #cf4        
,,ffrangcon-,,davies1 on pronunciation1 
#ah2   on regi/]s1 #ci2   on function ( 
e> 9 voice tra9+1 #eg2   def9ition ( s++
 (1 #hc4  ,,focus+ ,,! ,,voice 7see     
,voice plac+74  ,,=bes-,,rob]tson1 on   
diction1 #ai4  ,,=mes1 ,,c>l1 voice (1 9
 decl9+ ye>s1 #d4  ,,fre$om ,,9 ,,s++1  
#hd4  ,,frontal ,,s9uses1 function (1   
#ab2   illu/ration (1 #g4   ,,g>cia1    
,,manuel1 inv5tor ( l>yngoscope1 #b2    
use ( l>yngoscope1 #b2   ,sir ,*>les    
,/anley on1 #c4  ,,g\nod1 on            
pronunciation1 #ai4   ,,half-,,brea?1   
,sembri* &1 #cg4  ,,h>d ,,palate1       
function (1 #ab4  ,,h>%ness1 an         
indication ( t5sion1 #ef4  ,,head       
,,cavities1 a resonator = ! voice1 #f2  
effect (1 on resonance1 #ab4  ,,head    
,,tones1 9 previ\s ye>s1 #b2   wrongly  
t]m$1 #e4  ,,helmholtz1 on pit* ( v[el  

s\nds1 #bj2   on ac\/ics1 #dc1 #di4     
,,h5d]son1 ,w4,j41 on pronunciation1    
#ah4  ,,high ,,tones1 brea? control     
necess>y =1 #bg4  ,,holmes1 ,,oliv]     
,,w5dell1 on ,edw>d ,ev]ett's voice1    
#af4  ,,hyoid ,,bone1 #h1 #aj4          
,i-s\nd1 describ$1 #ba4  ,,impati5ce1 a 
det]r5t to beautiful s++1 #hd4          
,,inspiration1 muscles (1 #bc1 #bd2     
process (1 describ$1 #be2   illu/rat$1  
#bh1 #bi4   7,see also ,brea? control & 
,brea?+47  ,,in/rum5t1 ,,musical1       
elem5ts (1 #dc1 #dd4  ,,int5sity1       
,,involv+ ,,/ra91 a det]r5t to beautiful
 s++1 #hd4   ,,k9d]g>t5 ,,tea*]s1       
in/ruction by1 #gh4  ,,ko5ig1 on pit* ( 
v[el s\nds1 #bj4   ,,l>yngoscope1 &     
regi/]s1 #b2   ,g>cia ! inv5tor (1 #b2  
usefulness (1 #b2   limitations (1 #c2  
disappo9t+ results (1 #ch2   n an       
in/rum5t = ! s+]1 #ea4  ,,l>ynx1 mov+1  
#c2   view$ ?r\gh ! l>yngoscope1 #c2    
illu/rat$1 #g2   description (1 #h1 #i2 
relation ( size (1 to pit*1 #i2         
automatic action (1 #ch2   n alone !    

vocal organ1 #ej2   reflex action (1    
#ea2   =ce ( tone does n orig9ate 91    
#ge2   mu/ be left uncramp$1 #ge4       
,,lat]al ,,abdom9al ,,brea?+1 #c1 #be1  
#bh4  ,,lehmann1 ,,madame ,,lilli1 on   
use ( ,ah1 #ai2   on regi/]s1 #ci2   on 
nasal resonance1 #ed4  ,,life',s        
,,p]iods1 #gi4  ,,l9d1 ,,j5ny1 effects (
 wrong me?ods on1 #d4  ,,lips1 9        
articulation1 #ad2   position (1 #bj-bb2
   illu/rat$1 #ba1 #bb4  ,,lungs1 a     
motor = ! voice1 #f2   illu/rat$1 #bd2  
describ$1 #be2   ov]cr[d+1 #ca4         
,,mack5zie1 ,,dr4 ,,morell1 on !        
l>yngoscope1 #c2   on s++ & speak+1 #ag4
  ,,macready1 ,,wm4 ,,*>les1 z a good   
speak]1 #af4  ,,m>tel1 voice (1 at      
sev5ty1 #d4  ,,maxill>y ,,s9uses1 #g1   
#h1 #ab4  ,,may1 ,,dr41 brea?+ te/s made
 by1 #bf4  ,,mck9ley1 ,m4,s41 on ,g>cia 
& ! l>yngoscope1 #b4  ,,m5tal ,,discord1
 a det]r5t to beautiful s++1 #hd4       
,,mey]1 ,,edmund ,j41 on resonance1 #dc4
  ,,mills1 ,,dr4 ,,wesley1 on brea?     
measure1 #cj2   on ease ( vocal action1 

#ef2   on ! function ( ! e> 9 tone      
production1 #eg4  ,,motor ,,( ,,!       
,,vocal ,,in/rum5t1 #f4  ,,m\?1 !ory (  
its function1 #a2   a resonator = !     
voice1 #f4  ,,muscles ,,( ,,respiration1
 #bc4  ,,music ,,tea*]s1 sci5tific1 #d2 
empirical1 #d4   ,,nasal ,,cavities1 z  
re9=c+ ag5ts 9 tone production1 #b2   a 
resonator = ! voice1 #f2   illu/rat$1   
#g2   =mation (1 #h2   vibrations 91 #h2
   effect on resonance1 #ab2   ,edw>d   
,ev]ett's use (1 #af2   z a resonator1  
#eb1 #ec2   ob/ruction (1 9 ,boo?1 #ec4 
,,nasal ,,resonance1 errone\s !ories    
conc]n+1 #a1 #b2   ,madame ,rud]sdorff  
recogniz$ effect (1 #b2   involv$ 9 head
 resonance1 #eb2   v]sus nasal tone     
quality1 #ec2   ,lilli ,lehmann on1 #ed2
   ,sembri*'s /udy (1 #ed2   importance 
(1 #ed4  ,,natural ,,voice1 :at is meant
 by1 #gg4  ,,n]v\sness1 a cure =1 #bg1  
#hj4  ,,no/rils1 relation (1 to tone    
quality1 #ad4   ,o-s\nd1 lip position =1
 #bj2   illu/rat$1 #ba2   9 ex]cises1   
#ei1 etc4  ,,oo-s\nd1 lip position =1   

#bj1 #ba2   9 ex]cises1 #ei1 etc4  ,,op5
 ,,tones1 #b1 #e4  ,,oral ,,surg]y1 #b4 
,,oratorio1 faulty diction 91 #ah4      
,,ov]-,,consci5ti\sness1 a det]r5t to   
beautiful s++1 #hd4  ,,ov]tones1 #de1   
#df4   ,,p]sonality1 effect on ! voice1 
#hc4  ,,ph>ynx1 function (1 #aj4        
,,phillips1 ,,adelaide1 voice (1 9      
decl9+ ye>s1 #d4  ,,pit* ,,( ,,tone1    
influ5ce ( resonance cavities on1 #ab1  
#ac4  ,,plac+ ,,! ,,voice 7see ,tone    
production74  ,,p[] ,,( ,,tone1 dep5d5t 
on resonant cavities & brea? control1   
#bg4  ,,pr9ciples ,,advocat$1 #e4       
,,pronunciation1 indiff]5ce ( ,am]ican  
s+]s to1 #ag2   ,w4,j4 ,h5d]son on1 #ah2
   *ange ( attitude t[>d1 #ah2          
importance (1 to s+]1 #ah2   relation (1
 to tone1 #ah2   ,ffrangcon-,davies on1 
#ah2   s+ words r ?an tones1 #ah2       
,lilli ,lehmann on1 #ai2   emotional p[]
 impossible )\t1 #ai2   ,g\nod on1 #ai2 
,=bes-,rob]tson on1 #ai2   upp] lip 91  
#ai2   effect ( smile on1 #ai4          
,,psy*ology ,,( ,,vocal ,,culture1      

#hb-he4  ,,pt]ygoid ,,muscles1 & ! "u   
jaw1 #aj4  ,,public ,,s*ools1 voice     
tra9+ 91 #gh4   ,,reeves1 ,,sims1 voice 
(1 #d4  ,,regi/]s1 #ch-db2   bl5d+ !1   
#b1 #da2   n a natural feature ( !      
voice1 #b2   fallacy ( !ory (1 #b2   a  
my?1 #e2   ! bte noire ( vocali/s1 #ch2 
def9$1 #ch2   ,cl>a ,ka?le5 ,rog]s on1  
#ch2   ,lilli ,lehmann on1 #ci2         
,ffrangcon-,davies on1 #ci2   ( ! organ1
 #dj2   ( voice & in/rum5ts comp>$1 #dj1
 #da2   an artificial creation1 #da1    
#db4  ,,repose1 ,,z ,a ,,prep>ation ,,= 
,,vocal ,,ex]cises1 #hj2   h[ to induce1
 #hj4  ,,resonance1 diff]+ op9ions      
conc]n+1 #c2   pr9ciple (1 #e2   nasal &
 head cavities 91 #ab2   influ5ce (     
resonance cavities on pit*1 #ab2   pit* 
( v[els 91 #bj2   & p[]1 #bg2   & brea? 
=ce1 #ca2   9 g5]al1 #dc-ej2            
developm5t ( sci5ce (1 #dc2   quality & 
p[] (1 #dd2   significance (1 #de2      
exp]im5ts to demon/rate1 #df-ej2        
induc$1 #dg2   sympa!tic1 #dg1 #dh2     
d5sity ( air &1 #dg2   volume & "* (    

tones dep5d5t on1 #di2   head & nasal1  
#ea-ee2   relation ( articulation to1   
#ea2   focus+ tone a matt] (1 #eb2      
effect ( its abs5ce1 #ed2   ex]cises to 
e/abli%1 #eh-gb4  ,,resonator ,,( ,,!   
,,voice1 #f4  ,,respiration 7see ,brea? 
control & ,brea?+74  ,,respiratory      
,,muscles1 a motor = ! voice1 #f2       
describ$1 #bc1 #bh2   action (1 #be2    
illu/rat$1 #bd1 #bi4  ,,rog]s1 ,,cl>a   
,,ka?le51 on regi/]s1 #ch4              
,,rud]sdorff1 ,,madame1 & nasal         
resonance1 #b4   ,,santley1 ,,sir       
,,*>les1 on ,g>cia & ! l>yngoscope1 #c4 
,,scale ,,( ,,v[el ,,s\nds1 #bj1 #gb4   
,,self-,,repression1 a det]r5t to       
beautiful s++1 #hd4  ,,sembri*1         
,,m>cella1 & ! half-brea?1 #cg2   use ( 
nasal resonance1 #ed4  ,,s++1 subtlety  
(1 #d2   ob/acles to1 #e1 #gd1 #hd2     
v]sus speak+1 #e1 #ag2   mission ( s+]1 
#ah2   def9$ z brea?+1 #bc2   age to    
beg91 #gg2   9 public s*ools1 #gh2   by 
me?od1 #gi2   vibrato 91 #hj2           
psy*ology (1 #hb-he2   sublimat$ spee*1 

#hc2   def9$ by ,ffrangcon-,davies1 #hc2
   fre$om 91 #hd2   det]r5ts to1 #hd4   
,,s9uses1 illu/rat$1 #g2   pairs (1 #h2 
function (1 #ab4  ,,smile1 ,,effect ,,(1
 on pronunciation1 #ai4  ,,s(t ,,palate1
 (fice (1 #aa1 #eb4  ,,speak+1 ob/acles 
to1 #e2   tones (1 id5tical ) s++ tones1
 #e2   diff]5ce f s++1 #ag2   expression
 91 #hc4  ,,speak+ ,,voice1 misund]/ood1
 #af2   connection ) s++ voice1 #af2    
h[ cultivat$1 #af2   id5tity ) s++      
voice1 #ag2   & pronunciation1 #ah1 #ai4
  ,,sph5oid ,,bone1 #h4  ,,sph5oidal    
,,s9uses1 illu/rat$1 #g2   pairs (1 #h2 
function (1 #ab4  ,,/age ,,elocution1   
criticism ( ,=bes-,rob]tson on1 #ai4    
,,tee?1 function (1 9 use ( voice1 #ab4 
,,?roat1 !ory ( s\nd 91 #a2   a         
resonator1 #f2   illu/rat$1 #g2         
relation to voice1 #h4   7,see ,l>ynx & 
,ph>ynx47  ,,?roat ,,/iffness1 mo/      
frequ5t ob/acle to good s++1 #gd2       
effect on l>ynx1 #gd2   difficulty 9    
recogniz+ "o's own1 #gd2   ?roat        
consci\sness a common cause (1 #gd2     

induc$ by lack ( brea? ma/]y1 #ge2      
,am]ican hurry begets1 #ge2   voice     
culture a /ruggle )1 #ge2   rem$ies =1  
#ge1 #gf4  ,,timbre ,,( ,,voice1 def9$ &
 expla9$1 #g1 #h4  ,,tone1 def9$1 #de2  
analyz$ #de2   exp]im5ts to det]m9e     
composition & resonance (1 #df-ej2      
focus+ (1 #eb2   vocal1 a m5tal concept1
 #hb2   :ole man 91 #hc4  ,,tone        
,,production1 l>gely a matt] (          
resonance1 #ef2   effect ( "r ?\ght on1 
#ef2   judg$ by naturalness & beauty (  
result1 #ef2   function ( ! e> 9 gov]n+1
 #eg2   cultivat+ normal1 #eg2          
ex]cises to aid 91 #eh-gc2   effect (   
?roat /iffness on1 #gd2   natural1 #gg2 
age to beg9 /udy (1 #gg4  ,,tone        
,,quality1 v>iety 91 #f2   effect (     
emotion ^u1 #g1 #ge1 #hd2   relation (  
pronunciation to1 #ah2   h[ to secure   
purity (1 #ah1 #ai2   exp]im5ts to      
det]m9e1 #df-ej2   & resonance1 #e1 #dd1
 #de1 #di1 #ej2   cause ( nasal1 #eb-ed2
   beauty or h>%ness (1 a crit]ion (    
judgm5t1 #ef1 #eg2   effect ( ?roat     

/iffness on1 #gd-gf2   dep5d5t on m9d & 
e>1 #hb2   relat$ to p]sonality ( s+]1  
#hc2   natural & unnatural1 #he4        
,,tongue1 z an articulator1 #f2         
illu/rat$1 #g2   connection ) l>ynx1 #i2
   position (1 9 speak+ & s++1 #ac2     
tongue consci\sness1 #ad4   ,,"u ,,jaw1 
#aj2   9 asc5d+ ! scale1 #aj4  ,,upp]   
,,lip1 9 pronunciation1 #ai2   9        
practis+1 #fh2   9 articulation1 #gb4   
,,uvula1 (fice (1 #aa4   ,,v5tricle ,,9 
,,! ,,l>ynx1 #h4  ,,vibrato1 #hj1 #ha4  
,,vibrator1 ( ! voice1 #f2   (          
in/rum5ts1 #dc4  ,,vitaliz+ ,,text ,,)  
,,tone1 ! s+]'s mission1 #ah4  ,,vocal  
,,cords1 vibrator = ! voice1 #f2   9 !  
l>ynx1 #h2   describ$1 #i2   n !        
pr9cipal cause ( tone1 #dd1 #de1 #di2   
necessity ( free action (1 #ea4  ,,vocal
 ,,in/rum5t1 discussion (1 #f-ae2       
beauty & complexity (1 #f2   ?ree       
elem5ts (1 #f1 #g2   illu/rat$1 #g2     
relation ( p>ts (1 #h2   l>ynx1 #h1 #i2 
vocal cords1 #i2   epiglottis1 #aj2     
ph>ynx1 #aj2   "u jaw1 #aj2   s(t       

palate1 #aa2   h>d palate & tee?1 #ab2  
nasal & head cavities1 #ab2   tongue1   
#ac2   lips1 #ad2   no/rils1 #ad2       
face1 #ae2   defects 91 #he4  ,,vocal   
,,tone1 an audible m5tal concept1 #hb4  
,,voice ,,culture1 op9ions conc]n+1 #b2 
wrong me?ods ( a g5]ation ago1 #c1 #d2  
_c be develop$ me*anically1 #d2         
pr9ciples advocat$1 #e2   ! "r way !    
easy way1 #e2   resonance an important  
factor (1 #e1 #dc1 #de1 #ej1 #eb1 #ed2  
%\ld beg9 9 *ildhood1 #gg2   le>n$ by   
imitation1 #gg2   ,rog] ,as*am on1 #gg1 
#gh2   9 public s*ools1 #gh2   arti/ry  
91 #gh1 #gi2   ?ree p]iods (1 #gi2      
application ( ess5tials (1 #gi2   repose
 z a prep>ation =1 #hj2   ! vibrato 91  
#hj2   psy*ology (1 #hb-he2   p]sonality
 91 #hc2   fre$om 91 #hd2   det]r5ts 91 
#hd1 #he4  ,,voice ,,plac+1 #ea1 #eb1   
#ef-gc4  ,,voice ,,timbre1 def9$1 #g1   
#h4  ,,v[el ,,s\nds1 #aa1 #ah1 #ai2     
s+]'s scale (1 #bj1 #gb2   ea* has its  
own pit*1 #bj2   lip position =1 #bj-bb2
   plac+ (1 #eb2   ex]cises = practice1 

#eh-gc4   ,,web/]1 ,,daniel1 z a good   
speak]1 #af4  ,,:eat/one1 on pit* ( v[el
 s\nds1 #bj4  ,,willis1 on pit* ( v[el  
s\nds1 #bj4     ,,! ,,music ,,/ud5ts    
,,libr>y   ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,music    
,,/ud5ts ,,libr>y  ,a s]ies (           
,educational ,text-books suit$ to !     
requirem5ts ( ! av]age /ud5t & cov]+ e  
ess5tial bran* ( musical in/ruction4    
,note3--,unless o!rwise specifi$1 books 
are b\nd 9 clo?4  ,,piano  ,burr[es'    
,piano ,prim]4 ,fr$]ic ,field ,bull>d1  
,editor4 ,an enl>g$ edition ) pron\nc+  
diction>y4                              
,pap]                 #ge ,a  ,e>s1     
,bra9 & ,f+]s4 ,h[>d ,wells4            
#a #be ,a  ,half ,h\r ,lessons 9 ,music4
 ,mrs4 ,h]mann ,kotzs*m>4 ,class "w =   
beg9n]s4 ,practical = tea*]s & mo!rs4   
,illus4                                 
#a #be ,a  ,int]pretation ( ,piano      
music4 ,m>y ,v5able4 ,/udies 9 ! mean+ (
 pr9t$ signs us$ 9 music1 & _! be>+ on !
 int]pretation ( /&>d works4            
#b #jj ,a  ,natural ,laws 9 ,piano      

,te*nic4 ,m>y ,wood ,*ase4 ,pres5ts !   
ess5tial laws ( a s\nd piano te*nic4    
#a #ej ,a  ,piano ,tea*+3 ,its          
,pr9ciples & ,problems4 ,cl>5ce ,g4     
,hamilton1 ,a4,m4 ,a practical book1    
writt5 by a practical man to meet       
practical ne$s4                         
#a #ej ,a  ,,organ  ,prim] ( ,organ     
,regi/ration4 ,gordon ,bal* ,nev94      
,num]\s illu/rations & a ,diction>y (   
,organ ,/ops4                           
#a #ej ,a  ,,viol9  ,h[ to ,ma/] !      
,viol94 ,pavel ,l4 ,bytovetzski4 ,a     
practical guide = /ud5ts & tea*]s4      
#a #be ,a  ,h[ to ,/udy ,kreutz]4       
,b5jam9 ,cutt]4 ,:at e viol9 tea*]      
discusses & illu/rates 9 ! lesson room4 
#a #be ,a  ,,voice  ,,abc ( ,music4     
,augu/e ,ma?ieu ,pans]on4 7,ed4 by      
,n4,c4 ,page47 ,a /&>d prim] (          
vocalization4                  #a #ej ,a
    d4                                  
,pap]                 #ij ,a            
,commonplaces ( ,vocal ,art4 ,l\is      
,ar?ur ,russell4 ,! pla9 tru?s ( vocal  

art pres5t$ 9 simple unte*nical         
language4                               
#a #be ,a  ,engli% ,diction = ,s+]s &   
,speak]s4 ,l\is ,ar?ur ,russell4 ,= all 
:o pret5d to ref9$ or arti/ic use ( !   
,engli% language4                       
#a #be ,a  ,fr5* ,diction = ,s+]s &     
,speak]s4 ,william ,h>kness ,arnold4 ,! 
elem5ts ( ,fr5* pronunciation are r$uc$ 
to a few fundam5tal pr9ciples1 readily  
ma/]$4                                  
#a #be ,a  ,head ,voice & ,o!r          
,problems4 ,d4,a4 ,clipp+]4             
#a #be ,a  ,,practical ,,talks ,,on     
,,s++  ,resonance 9 ,s++ & ,speak+4     
,?omas ,fillebr[n1 ,m4,d4 ,an exposition
 ( fundam5tals1 ) brea?+ & vocal        
ex]cises & illu/rations4           #a   
#ej ,a  ,tra9+ ( ,boys' ,voices4 ,claude
 ,ellswor? ,johnson4 ,a practical guide 
to ! correct plac+ ( boys' voices4      
#a #be ,a  ,twelve ,lessons 9 !         
,fundam5tals ( ,voice ,production4      
,ar?ur ,l4 ,man*e/]4 ,pres5ts cle>ly !  
fundam5tals illu/rat$ by ex]cises4      

#a #be ,a  ,,e> ,,tra9+1 ,,h>mony ,,&   
,,c\nt]po9t  ,e> ,tra9+ = ,tea*] &      
,pupil4 ,c4,a4 ,al*94 ,design$ to tea* !
 pupil to ?9k 9 tones1 & s to s+1 "n1   
write1 & play :at he he>s4              
#a #ej ,a  ,int]vals1 ,*ords1 & ,e>     
,tra9+4 ,jean ,p>kman ,br[n4 ,ex]cises &
 examples 9 rudim5t>y h>mony & e> tra9+ 
= use 9 conjunction ) piano /udy4       
#a #be ,a  ,h>mony4 ,sir ,john ,/a9]1   
,mus4 ,doc4 ,new edition ( a /&>d       
text-book :i* pres5ts ! pr9ciples (     
h>mony ) concis5ess & lucidity4         
#a #ej ,a    d4                         
,pap]                 #ij ,a  ,h>mony   
,simplifi$4 ,francis ,l4 ,york4 ,a      
practical text-book pres5t+ 9 a concise 
mann] ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( h>mony1 )
 non-ess5tials omitt$4                  
#a #ej ,a  ,manual ( ,h>mony4 ,ern/     
,fri$ri* ,ri*t]4 ,trans4 by ,j4,c4,d4   
,p>k]4 ,a practical guide to ! /udy (   
h>mony4                                 
#b #jj ,a  ,h>monic ,analysis4 ,b5jam9  
,cutt]4 ,tea*es "o to analyze ! h>monic 

/ructure ( bo? classic & mod]n music4   
#a #ej ,a  ,c\nt]po9t4 ,sir ,j4 ,fr$]ick
 ,bridge4 ,?is book has fre%ness &      
pla9ness comb9$ ) ?or\ghness1 & mu/     
comm5d itself to "y /ud5ts & tea*]s4    
#a #be ,a    d4                         
,pap]                 #ij ,a  ,c\nt]po9t
 ,simplifi$4 ,francis ,l4 ,york4 ,a     
concise text-book ( =mal c\nt]po9t4     
7,sequel to au?or's ,h>mony ,simplifi$74
                              #a #ej ,a 
,guide to ,musical ,composition4 ,h4    
,wohlfahrt4 ,tr4 by ,j4,s4 ,dwight4 ,on 
! inv5tion ( melodies1 _! trans=mation1 
developm5t & suitable accompanim5t4     
#a #be ,a  ,,=m1 ,,in/rum5tation ,,&    
,,ac\/ics  ,in/rum5tation4 ,eb5ez]      
,pr\t1 ,mus4 ,doc4 ,a valuable guide &  
assi/ant to /ud5ts :o wi% to ga9 a k ( !
 prop] bl5d+ ( or*e/ral in/rum5ts1 _!   
compass1 capabilities1 etc4             
#a #ej ,a    d4                         
,pap]                 #ij ,a  ,lessons 9
 ,music ,=m4 ,p]cy ,goets*ius1 ,mus4    
,doc4 ,a manual ( analysis ( all !      

/ructural factors & designs employ$ 9   
musical composition4                    
#a #ej ,a  ,musical ,=ms4 ,erne/ ,pau]4 
,! /ud5ts ( musical =m1 & especially ^? 
:o /udy composition1 w f9d ?is a v      
valuable & ?or\gh "w4                   
#a #ge ,a    d4                         
,pap]                 #ij ,a  ,s\nd &   
,its ,relation to ,music4 ,cl>5ce ,g4   
,hamilton1 ,a4,m4 ,a h&book ( ac\/ics z 
relat+ to music4 ,bas$ on ! late/       
discov]ies & exp]im5ts4                 
#a #ej ,a  ,,conduct+1 ,,hi/ory1 ,,music
 ,,appreciation ,,& ,,def9itions        
,ess5tials 9 ,conduct+4 ,k>l ,w4        
,gehrk5s1 ,a4,m4 ,on p]sonal            
requirem5ts1 te*nic ( ! baton1          
int]pretation1 rehe>s+1 program mak+1   
etc4                #a #ge ,a  ,outl9es 
( ,music ,hi/ory4 ,cl>5ce ,g4 ,hamilton1
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use & ! g5]al read]4 ,fully illu/rat$4  
#b #be ,a  ,music ,appreciation4 ,cl>5ce
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 lit]>y criticism1 ?is unique text-book 

is = ^? :o wi% to li/5 to music )       
quick5$ he>+ & real und]/&+4 ,) #bd     
portraits1 #bh diagrams & ov] #bjj music
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#b #ej ,a  ,music ,club ,programs ,f all
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v>i\s s*ools f all nations ) a ri* s]ies
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#b #jj ,a  ,"s ,ess5tials 9 ,musical    
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#a #be ,a     ,illu/ration  ,,!         
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s]ies has be5 plann$ to embrace all !   
ma/]pieces ( song & piano lit]ature2 to 
ga!r into sup]bly made volumes ( uni=m  
size & b9d+ ! be/ "w ( ! be/ compos]s1  
edit$ by m5 ( au?ority4 ,ea* volume is  
indep5d5t1 complete 9 itself1 & sold by 
itself4  ,pap]1 ,clo? ,back1 p] ,volume 
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,compositions4 ,edit$ by ,dr4 ,eb5ez]   
,pr\t4  ,ba* ,piano ,album  ,vol4 ,,ii4 
,l>g] ,compositions4 ,edit$ by ,dr4     
,eb5ez] ,pr\t4  ,bee?ov5 ,piano         
,compositions  ,vols4 ,i & ,,ii4 ,edit$ 
by ,eug5 ,d',alb]t4  ,brahms1 ,johannes 
,select$ ,piano ,compositions4 ,edit$ by
 ,rafael ,joseffy4  ,*op91 ,fr$]ic  ,=ty
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,hunek]4  ,*op91 ,fr$]ic  ,! ,great]    
,*op94 ,edit$ by ,james ,hunek]4        
,grieg1 ,edv>d  ,l>g] ,piano            
,compositions4 ,edit$ by ,b]?a ,feir+   
,tapp]4  ,grieg1 ,edv>d  ,piano ,lyrics 
& ,%ort] ,compositions4 ,edit$ by ,b]?a 
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,tw5ty ,piano ,compositions4 ,edit$ by  
,xav] ,s*>w5ka4  ,liszt1 ,franz  ,tw5ty 
,orig9al ,piano ,compositions4 ,edit$ by
 ,augu/ ,spanu?4  ,liszt1 ,franz  ,tw5ty
 ,piano ,transcriptions4 ,edit$ by      
,augu/ ,spanu?4  ,liszt1 ,franz  ,t5    
,hung>ian ,rhapsodies4 ,edit$ by ,augu/ 
,spanu? & ,john ,or?4  ,m5delssohn1     
,felix  ,?irty ,piano ,compositions4    

,edit$ by ,p]cy ,goets*ius1 ,mus4 ,doc4 
,) a ,preface by ,daniel ,gregory       
,mason4  ,moz>t1 ,wolfgang ,amadeus     
,tw5ty ,piano ,compositions4 ,edit$ by  
,c>l ,re9ecke4  ,s*ub]t1 ,franz         
,select$ ,piano ,compositions4 ,edit$ by
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,s*>w5ka4  ,wagn]1 ,ri*>d  ,selections f
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         99       99       99       99  
99  ,an?ology ( ,fr5* ,piano ,music     
,vol4 ,i4 ,e>ly ,compos]s4 ,vol4 ,,ii4  
,mod]n ,compos]s4 ,edit$ by ,isidor     
,philipp4  ,an?ology ( ,g]man ,piano    
,music  ,vol4 ,i4 ,e>ly ,compos]s4 ,vol4
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,moritz ,moszk[ski4  ,e>ly ,italian     
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,mod]n ,russian ,piano ,music  ,vols4 ,i
 & ,,ii4 ,edit$ by ,con/ant9 von        
,/]nb]g4  ,tw5ty-f\r ,negro ,melodies4  
,transcrib$ = ,piano by ,s4             
,col]idge-,taylor4  ,,song ,,volumes    
,brahms1 ,johannes  ,=ty ,songs4 ,high  

,voice4 ,l[ ,voice4 ,edit$ by ,james    
,hunek]4  ,franz1 ,rob]t  ,fifty ,songs4
 ,high ,voice4 ,l[ ,voice4 ,edit$ by    
,william ,fo/] ,ap?orp4  ,grieg1 ,edv>d 
,fifty ,songs4 ,high ,voice4 ,l[ ,voice4
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,george ,frid]ic  ,vol4 ,i4 ,songs &    
,airs4 ,high ,voice4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,songs 
& ,airs4 ,l[ ,voice4 ,edit$ by ,dr4     
,eb5ez] ,pr\t4  ,j5s51 ,adolf  ,=ty     
,songs4 ,high ,voice4 ,l[ ,voice4 ,edit$
 by ,william ,fo/] ,ap?orp4  ,liszt1    
,franz  ,?irty ,songs4 ,high ,voice4 ,l[
 ,voice4 ,edit$ by ,c>l ,armbru/]4      
,s*ub]t1 ,franz  ,fifty ,songs4 ,high   
,voice4 ,l[ ,voice4 ,edit$ by ,h5ry ,t4 
,f9ck4  ,s*umann1 ,rob]t  ,fifty ,songs4
 ,high ,voice4 ,l[ ,voice4 ,edit$ by    
,w4,j4 ,h5d]son4  ,/rauss1 ,ri*>d  ,=ty 
,songs4 ,high ,voice4 ,l[ ,voice4 ,edit$
 by ,james ,hunek]4  ,t*aikovsky1 ,p4,i4
  ,=ty ,songs4 ,high ,voice4 ,l[ ,voice4
 ,edit$ by ,james ,hunek]4  ,wagn]1     
,ri*>d  ,lyrics = ,soprano4 ,edit$ by   
,c>l ,armbru/]4  ,wagn]1 ,ri*>d  ,lyrics

 = ,t5or4 ,edit$ by ,c>l ,armbru/]4     
,wagn]1 ,ri*>d  ,lyrics = ,b>itone &    
,bass4 ,edit$ by ,c>l ,armbru/]4  ,wolf1
 ,hugo  ,fifty ,songs4 ,high ,voice4 ,l[
 ,voice4 ,edit$ by ,erne/ ,newman4      
,fifty ,ma/]songs  ,high ,voice4 ,l[    
,voice4 ,edit$ by ,h5ry ,t4 ,f9ck4      
,fifty ,%aksp]e ,songs  ,high ,voice4   
,l[ ,voice4 ,edit$ by ,*>les ,v9c5t1    
,mus4 ,doc4  ,mod]n ,fr5* ,songs  ,high 
,voice4 ,l[ ,voice4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,bemb]g to
 ,franck4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,georges to       
,widor4 ,edit$ by ,philip ,hale4  ,"o   
,hundr$ ,engli% ,folk-songs  ,m$ium     
,voice4 ,edit$ by ,cecil ,j4 ,%>p4  ,"o 
,hundr$ ,folk-,songs ( all ,nations4    
,m$ium ,voice4 ,edit$ by ,granville     
,bantock4  ,"o ,hundr$ ,songs by ,t5    
,ma/]s  ,high ,voice4 ,l[ ,voice4 ,edit$
 by ,h5ry ,t4 ,f9ck4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,s*ub]t1 
,s*umann1 ,franz1 ,rub9/e9 & ,j5s54     
,vol4 ,,ii4 ,brahms1 ,t*aikovsky1       
,grieg1 ,wolf & ,/rauss4  ,"o ,hundr$   
,songs ( ,engl&  ,high ,voice4 ,l[      
,voice4 ,edit$ by ,granville ,bantock4  

,sev5ty ,scotti% ,songs  ,high ,voice4  
,l[ ,voice4 ,edit$ by ,hel5 ,hopekirk4  
,sixty ,folk-songs ( ,france  ,m$ium    
,voice4 ,edit$ by ,juli5 ,ti]sot4       
,sixty ,iri% ,songs  ,high ,voice4 ,l[  
,voice4 ,edit$ by ,william ,arms ,fi%]4 
,sixty ,patriotic ,songs ( ,all ,nations
  ,m$ium ,voice4 ,edit$ by ,granville   
,bantock4  ,songs by ,?irty ,am]icans   
,high ,voice4 ,l[ ,voice4 ,edit$ by     
,rup]t ,hughes4  ,songs ,f ! ,op]as =   
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,songs ,f ! ,op]as = ,mezzo ,soprano    
,edit$ by ,h4,e4 ,krehbiel4  ,songs ,f !
 ,op]as = ,alto  ,edit$ by ,h4,e4       
,krehbiel4  ,songs ,f ! ,op]as = ,t5or  
,edit$ by ,h4,e4 ,krehbiel4  ,songs ,f !
 ,op]as = ,b>itone & ,bass  ,edit$ by   
,h4,e4 ,krehbiel4   ,o!r volumes are 9  
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p>ticul>s1 ) portraits ( ,editors1 &    
cont5ts ( volumes publi%$1 ,,free on    
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