,,( ,a ,,locomotive ,,eng9e999999       
,transcrib$ f ! #ahda edition by ,david 
,price1 ccx#jgdpglaf4org                
,,practical ,,rules ,,= ,,! ,,managem5t 
,,( ,a ,,locomotive ,,eng9e3  ,,9 ,,!   
,,/ation1 ,,on ,,! ,,road1 ,,& ,,9      
,,cases ,,( ,,accid5t4                  
,,by                           ,,*>les  
,,hutton ,,gregory1                     
,,civil ,,eng9e]4          ,,preface4   
,! sub/ance ( ! foll[+ pages 0 writt5   
sev]al mon?s s9ce1  & subsequ5tly s5t to
 ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 :]e x 
0  read 9 ab/ract on ! #af? ( ,febru>y 9
 ! pres5t session4    ,:ile our ,eng9e]+
 ,lit]ature conta9s sev]al valuable     
,treatises on  ! ,!ory & ,con/ruction ( 
! ,locomotive ,eng9e1 x has1 z yet1     
produc$ no "w illu/rat+ its ,use4  ,?is 
circum/ance1 add$ to !  recomm5dation ( 
sev]al compet5t au?orities1 has induc$ !
 writ]  to apply to ! ,c\ncil ( !       
,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s =         
p]mission to lay be=e ! public ^!       
,practical ,rules = !  ,managem5t ( a   

,locomotive ,eng9e1 drawn up f          
individual exp]i5ce1  9 ! hope t !y may 
be acceptable1 at a p]iod :5 any subject
  connect$ ) ! effici5cy & safety (     
,railway travell+ is  des]v$ly engag+   
att5tion4    ,at ! end ( ! ,pap] w be   
f\nd "s ,regulations = ! fir/  appo9tm5t
 ( ,eng9e-m51 adopt$ by ! ,directors ( !
 ,london &  ,croydon ,railway1 & fram$  
by ! writ] 9 8 (ficial capacity z  _!   
,resid5t ,eng9e]4  ,also1 a ,table (    
,railway ,velocities1 indicat$  by ! "t 
occupi$ 9 pass+ ov] giv5 di/ances1 :i*  
he has  frequ5tly f\nd to save him !    
tr\ble ( calculation1 & :i* he  hopes   
may be simil>ly useful to o!rs4         
,,*>les ,,hutton ,,gregory4    ,london1 
,m>*1 #ahda4          ,,practical       
,,rules1 c4      ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,a 
,,locomotive ,,eng9e ,,9 ,,! ,,/ation4  
,! c>eful exam9ation ( a ,locomotive    
,eng9e :5 9 ! ,/ation1 &  its judici\s  
managem5t :ile runn+1 are ess5tial to ! 
full  p]=mance ( its duty1 & to ensure !
 safety ( ! pass5g]s by  ! tra94        

,:ile an ,eng9e is /opp+ at ! ,/ation   
be=e a trip1 ! fire %\ld  be prop]ly    
kept up1--! tubes cle> at bo? ends1--& !
 fire-b>s  pick$ free f cl9k]s3 !       
regulator %\ld be clos$ &  lock$1--!    
t5d]-break screw$ d[n tight1--!         
rev]s+-lev] fix$  9 ! middle position1 s
 t ! slides may be out ( ge>1--! cocks  
( ! oil-vessels & fe$-pipes turn$ (f1--&
 ! /eam bl[+ (f  f ! safety-valve at a  
pressure ( #ce lbs4 p] squ>e in*2 if    
bl[+ (f 9 any excess1 ! wa/e /eam may be
 turn$ into !  ,t5d]-ci/]n to heat !    
wat]1 & ! door ( ! smoke-box may be     
op5$ to *eck ! fire1 b x %\ld be fa/5$  
up aga9 #aj or #ae  m9utes be=e ! "t (  
/>t+4    ,be=e an ,eng9e />ts ) a tra91 
! att5tion ( ! ,eng9e-man  %\ld fir/ be 
direct$ to its be+ 9 complete work+     
ord]2 )  ?is view he %\ld g b5ea? !     
,eng9e1 & c>efully exam9e !  work+ ge> 9
 detail4    ,! connect+-rod is a v      
important "p1 & m liable p]haps ?an  any
 o!r to fail = want ( prop] exam9ation4 
,! cott]s mu/ be  secure1 & 9 case !    

brasses h too mu* play !y mu/ be tight5$
  up2 obs]v+1 h[ev]1 t brasses %\ld nev]
 be set s h>d z to  cause friction4  ,if
 !re are set-screws at ! side ( !       
cott]s1 !y  %\ld be tight1 & all cott]s 
%\ld h a split-p9 at ! bottom  = great] 
security4  ,! cott]s :i* fa/5 !         
pi/on-rods to !  cross-heads %\ld be    
firm 9 _! place1 z well z ! set-screws1 
keys1 or o!r connections1 by :i* !      
fe$-pump pi/ons are secur$ to  !        
pi/on-rod4    ,! brasses ( ! inn] fram+ 
:i* c>ry ! inside be>+s ( !  crank$ axle
 mu/ be exam9$1 & any consid]able play  
prev5t$ by  screw+ !m up if necess>y4   
,! :eels ought to be accurately squ>e  &
 firm on _! axles1 & ! keys driv5 up    
tight4  ,all ! p9s1  bolts1 c41 by :i* !
 slide-valve ge> is connect$1 !         
lift+-l9ks1 & ! sl+s ( ! slide-sp9dles1 
mu/ be secure 9  _! prop] places2 !     
spann]s ought to be fa/ on ! lift+ &    
weigh-b>s1 & ! /uds on ! spann]s ( !    
weigh-b>s %\ld be  p>ticul>ly notic$1 z1
 if loose1 !y may be %ak5 (f on ! road  

& cause ! /oppage ( ! ,eng9e4  ,a simil>
 exam9ation mu/ be  ext5d$ to ! h&-ge>1 
if !re be any2 & ! bolts :i* fa/5  !    
plumm]-blocks ( ! weigh-b>s1 c41 mu/ be 
screw$ up if !y are  loose4    ,! /raps 
( ! ecc5trics %\ld "w ) suffici5t       
fre$om1 & !  ecc5trics mu/ be firm 9 _! 
"r position on ! axle1 or !  ,eng9e w   
beat unev5ly3 if any escape ( /eam has  
be5 obs]v$ 9  ! /uff+-boxes ( !         
pi/on-rod & slide-valve sp9dle1 or (    
wat]  f ! jo9ts ( ! fe$-pumps &         
suction-pipes1 !y mu/ be screw$  up2 &  
any dirt t may h collect$ ne> any ( !   
be>+s or  connections mu/ be c>efully   
wip$ (f ) cotton wa/e4    ,! inspection 
b5ea? ! ,eng9e be+ complete1 !          
,eng9e-man %\ld  exam9e ! ends ( ! tubes
 ( ! boil]1 & if !re %\ld be  leakage to
 any s]i\s ext5t1 x w\ld be prud5t to   
drive 9 a plug at  ea* end ( ! defective
 tube4  ,a small quantity ( ,russian    
tall[  %\ld occasionally be introduc$   
into ! /eam-*e/s & cyl9d]s1 to  grease !
 slides & pi/ons4  ,?is is done1 ei!r by

 cocks on !  outside ( ! smoke-box or 9 
! cyl9d] cov]s1 or ?r\gh holes  secur$  
by plugs1 9 ! /eam-*e/ cov]s4  ,! a%es  
%\ld be empti$  out ( ! smoke-box1 & !  
small a%-door c>efully secur$4          
,occasionally ! gauge %\ld be appli$ to 
! :eels1 & ! ,eng9e  %\ld nev] be all[$ 
to run :5 !y are f\nd to be at all      
incorrect  or out ( ! squ>e4    ,if !re 
are oil-vessels at ! side ( ! ,eng9e )  
pipes to !  pi/ons1 be>+s1 c41 !        
,eng9e-man mu/ see t !y are fill$1 &  ! 
cotton wicks 9 ! top ( ! pipes1 & hang+ 
ov] into ! oil2  t ! grease-boxes ( !   
axle-be>+s are fill$2 & ! p9s1  l9ks1   
c41 ( ! spr+s "r & s\nd4  ,! draw-b>    
connect+ !  ,eng9e & ,t5d] mu/ be       
secure1 & ! safety-*a9s atta*$4    ,!   
,t5d] mu/ be repl5i%$ ) coke & wat]4    
,an ,eng9e-man %\ld  nev] run ) an      
,eng9e )\t kn[+ :at /ock ( bo? ! ,t5d]  
w c>ry4  ,x is impossible to lay d[n any
 g5]al rule = !  quantity ( wat]        
evaporat$ & ! coke consum$ p] mile ) !  
same  ,eng9e1 z ! am\nt dep5ds entirely 

on ! ext5t ( duty p]=m$4  ,! /ock ( coke
 is usually ne>ly twice z mu* z t (     
wat]1--!  wat] :i* mo/ ,t5d]s conta9 is 
ord9>ily suffici5t = runn+ #cj  miles ) 
c]ta9ty2 b :5 ! gradi5ts are /eep1 !    
load heavy1  & /oppages frequ5t1        
additional wat] may be (t5] requir$2 &  
on  ! o!r h&1 ) light duty1 an ,eng9e   
may sometimes run fur!r  )\t any        
/oppage4  ,! inconv5i5ce atta*$ to !    
necessity (  frequ5t /oppages1 & !      
exp5se ( ma9ta9+ a l>ge numb] ( coke  & 
wat] /ations1 h lately induc$ !         
manufacture ( a l>g] class  ( ,t5d] on  
six :eels1 :i*1 f sup]ior capacity1 w   
admit ( a  mu* long] run4    ,aft] a    
little practice1 ! exam9ation describ$  
above occupies a v  %ort "t3 x ought to 
be complet$1 & ! ,eng9e 9 its position  
at  ! head ( ! tra91 at lea/ five m9utes
 be=e ! h\r ( />t+1  :5 oil mu/ be      
copi\sly suppli$ by ! small oil+-c1 to !
  oil-cups ( ! guides1 connect+-rods1   
c41 & to all rubb+ p>ts  n f$ by !      
oil+-pipes2 ! cocks ( ! l>ge oil-vessels

 mu/ be  op5$1 & ! safety-valve screw$  
d[n to ! work+ pressure1 say #de  lbs4  
p] squ>e in*4    ,x w\ld ensure a c>eful
 inspection1 if1 be=e any tra9 />ts1 !  
,eng9e-man 7 requir$ to deliv] to !     
,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,/ation  a c]tificate t 
he has exam9$ 8 ,eng9e1 & f9ds x 9 good 
work+ ord]4    ,sev]al articles %\ld be 
con/antly c>ri$ on ! ,t5d]1 z ei!r  be+ 
frequ5tly requir$ 9 ! work+ ( ! ,eng9e1 
or occasionally  9 cases ( d]angem5t or 
accid5t4  ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z a     
li/3    ,"o l>ge c ( oil1 & "o or two   
small oil+-cans & an  oil+-tube1 a box (
 ,russian tall[1 a quantity ( cotton    
wa/e1 hemp1  & gask51 a h&-bru%1 keys   
fitt$ to all ! pr9cipal bolts1 "o  l>ge 
& "o small monkey-wr5*1 rods = cle>+ !  
tubes & fire1  an arr[-head$ pok]1 a    
%ovel1 & a rake4    ,a numb] ( iron or  
wood5 plugs1 an iron plug-hold]1 & a #g 
lb4 maul1  two cold *isels1 a hamm] & a 
file1 sp>e wa%]s1 & duplicates (  !     
pr9cipal bolts1 nuts1 p9s1 cott]s1 c41 a
 quantity ( ?ick &  ?9 cord1 & "s t>r$  

l9e1 a fire-bucket1 two long cr[-b>s1 a 
sp>e c\pl+-*a91 ) %ackle & hook         
complete1 sev]al wood5  w$ges1 ab\t #b  
feet long1 #d or #e in*es wide & #c     
in*es ?ick1 &1 if  runn+ long j\rneys1  
two sp>e ball-clacks1 & a screw-jack4   
,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,a ,,locomotive     
,,eng9e ,,on ,,! ,,road4      ,9 !      
managem5t ( a ,locomotive ,eng9e1 _m    
un=ese5 circum/ances  may occur1 requir+
 ! use ( t discretion :i* exp]i5ce alone
  c conf]1 & :i* x w\ld be almo/        
impossible to comprise 9 !  p>ticul>    
in/ructions conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1   
:i*1 h[ev]1  ! writ] believes to conta9 
all ! lead+ pr9ciples (  ,eng9e-driv+4  
,on receiv+ ! signal to />t1 !          
,eng9e-man %\ld only slightly  op5 !    
regulator1 & let ! tra9 run = sev]al    
y>ds1 be=e he  op5s x1 by sl[ degrees1  
to ! full ext5t4  ,! object ( ?us giv+  
a slight ap]ture to ! regulator 9 />t+1 
is to avoid any j]k to  ! c>riages1 by  
:i* pass5g]s might be annoy$1 or ev5 !  
c\pl+-irons brok52 to prev5t ! slipp+ ( 

! driv+-:eels1  f _! adhesion be+       
unequal to ! in]tia ( ! tra91 :5 !  full
 p[] ( ! ,eng9e is sudd5ly us$2 &       
because fully op5+ !  regulator at />t+ 
g5]ally causes ! ,eng9e to prime        
consid]ably1 f ! quantity ( wat] cond5s$
 9 ! cyl9d]s &  /eam-passages :ile !    
,eng9e 0 /&+4  ,:5 prim+ occurs at      
/>t+1 ! dis*>ge-cocks ( ! cyl9d]s %\ld  
be op5$ to remove  ! wat]4  ,on leav+ ! 
/ation1 & frequ5tly on ! road1 !        
,eng9e-man %\ld wat* ! tra9 beh9d him1  
to see t x is all "r  & its motion      
regul>4    ,! ,eng9e-man %\ld n[ be /&+ 
on ! foot-bo>d ( ! ,eng9e1  :i* he ought
 nev] to leave1 unless ! ma*9]y is out (
 ord]1 :5  he may leave ! ,/ok] 9 8     
place2 he %\ld z mu* z possible be 9    
su* a position z to comm&1 )\t mov+ f 8 
place1 !  rev]s+-lev]1 ! :i/le1 & !     
regulator1 ^! be+ ! p>ts  :i* he is mo/ 
frequ5tly oblig$ to use at ! %orte/     
notice2 8  h& %\ld be ^u ! regulator1   
:i*1 :5 he has arriv$ at a good  spe$1  
he w gradually ease (f1 s z to economise

 /eam )\t  ret>d+ ! tra93 8 eye %\ld be 
con/antly direct$ to ! rails  9 front ( 
him1 t he may be imm$iately aw>e ( any  
ob/ruction1 &  at ! same "t 8 full      
att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! ma9ta9+ a     
suffici5cy ( /eam at an equable         
pressure2 ?is is to be done by us+  !   
requisite c>e 9 ! mann] & "t ( supply+  
wat] &  fuel4    ,wat] is suppli$ by    
op5+ ! cocks 9 ! fe$-pipes1 :i* all[ !  
pumps to act2 & ! height ( wat] 9 !     
boil] is commonly %[n by  a glass       
gauge-tube1 & by ?ree gauge-cocks at !  
side1 :i* %\ld be  op5$ f "t to "t1     
7especially :5 /opp+17 z !y af=d a  m   
correct indication ( ! quantity ( wat] &
 /eam ?an !  gauge-tube4    ,"o pump1 if
 con/antly at "w1 w\ld1 9 mo/ ,eng9es1  
supply z mu*1  or r m wat] ?an is       
requir$ by ! ,eng9e z equival5t to !    
/eam consum$2 s t by turn+ on or (f ei!r
 or bo? pumps1 !  ,eng9e-man has ! p[] (
 regulat+ ! height ( ! wat] 9 !  boil]  
at discretion4    ,x may be laid d[n z  
an inv>iable rule1 t wat] alone %\ld    

always  bl[ (f f ! bottom cock 7:i* is f
 #a in* to #a4e in* above !  top ( !    
fire-box71 9 ord] t !re may be en\gh    
wat] ov] !  fire-box & tubes to prev5t  
_! burn+2 & few ,eng9es w c>ry  _! wat] 
mu* above ! top cock )\t prim+1 s t !   
height  ( ! wat] may be made to range   
betwe5 ^! two po9ts1 accord+ z  m or    
less /eam is requir$4    ,! wat] is     
high] :5 ! ,eng9e is runn+ ?an :5 /opp+3
 a good  work+ height = x 9 mo/ ,eng9es 
is :5 wat] bl[s (f f !  middle cock :ile
 runn+1 & wat] & /eam :5 /opp+3 an      
,eng9e-man is sometimes oblig$ to run ! 
wat] r l[]1 if he has  heavy "w2 b x is 
always bett] to keep ! level ( ! wat] z 
high z possible4    ,x is obs]v$ t :5   
any v>iation takes place 9 ! pressure ( 
!  /eam1 a correspond+ *ange occurs 9 ! 
level ( ! wat]1--t  :5 ! pressure ( !   
/eam rises or falls1 ! height ( ! wat]  
rises or falls simultane\sly4  ,p>tly = 
?is reason1 & p>tly to  all[ ! m rapid  
g5]ation ( /eam1 ! fe$-pumps are n      
g5]ally all[$ to act :5 ! ,eng9e />ts3 a

 k ( ?is fact  also %[s ! necessity ( ! 
wat] be+ above ! ord9>y level1  be=e a  
decrease is all[$ 9 ! pressure ( ! /eam4
    ,:5 ! ,eng9e is highe/ on an incl9$ 
plane1 r a great] height  ( wat] mu/ be 
kept ov] ! fire-box ?an on a level1 9   
ord] t  ! *imney ends ( ! tubes may be  
well cov]$4    ,! mo/ fav\rable "t =    
all[+ ! fe$-pumps to act1 is :5 !  /eam 
is bl[+ (f ) =ce f ! safety-valve1 & !  
fire  /rong2 & ! lea/ fav\rable "t is :5
 ! /eam & fire are l[3  inde$ !         
,eng9e-man %\ld manage t x may nev] be  
necess>y 9 !  latt] case1 z ! addition (
 wat] rapidly l[]s ! /eam4    ,9 ord] to
 "k ! =ce ( ! /eam1 "o h& may           
occasionally lift  or depress = a mom5t 
! lev] ( ! safety-valve1 accord+ z !    
/eam is "u or ov] ! work+ pressure2 & a 
little practice w  soon enable a p]son  
to judge ! ext5t ( excess or defici5cy4 
,bo? fe$-pumps %\ld n comm5ce work+ at !
 same "t4    ,! wat] %\ld nev] be all[$ 
to run l[ be=e arriv+ at any "p  ( !    
road :]e consid]able p[] is requir$1 z  

/eam is produc$  m rapidly :5 bo? pumps 
are turn$ (f1--a measure :i* is         
imprud5t unless ! wat] is high4    ,:5 !
 fe$ is turn$ on1 ! ,eng9e-man %\ld try 
! pet-cock to  see :e!r ! pump is act+  
freely3 ! wat] ?r[n f x %\ld be  9      
=cible int]mitt5t jets2 w>m wat] ) a    
little /eam w  frequ5tly escape f x at  
fir/2 if ?is %\ld cont9ue1 x may be     
conclud$ t ! upp] clack does n act2 & if
 ! wat] is 9 a  cont9u\s /ream )\t      
pulsations1 ! l[] clack is out ( ord]4  
,9 ei!r case x w n be prud5t to tru/ too
 mu* to ! faulty  pump1 b ! evil may    
frequ5tly be rem$i$ by work+ ! pump a   
%ort  "t ) ! pet-cock op51 or alt]nately
 turn$ on & (f4    ,coke is put on !    
fire by ! ,/ok]1 at ! ord] ( !          
,eng9e-man1  :o %\ld hold ! *a9 ( !     
fire-door 9 8 h&1 & op5 x =  z %ort a "t
 z possible1 :ile ! ,/ok] ?r[s on ea*   
%ovelful (  coke3 ! %ovel %\ld be well  
fill$1 & ! coke di/ribut$ equally  ov] !
 fire4    ,9 mo/ ,eng9es1 ! fuel ne$ n  
be high] ?an ! bottom ( !  fire-door2 & 

if all[$ to fall m ?an #f or #h in*es   
bel[ x1 x  mu/ n be expect$ t ! pressure
 ( ! /eam w be ma9ta9$1  if ! ,eng9e has
 a load4    ,! supply ( fuel %\ld be    
regul>1 & s arrang$ t ! fire may  h     
burn$ up well by ! "t ! /eam is mo/     
requir$4  ,z !  addition ( fuel causes a
 tempor>y r$uction ( ! =ce ( ! fire1    
coke %\ld n be laid on imm$iately be=e  
arriv+ at an incl9$  plane or any "p ( !
 road :]e mu* p[] is requir$2 b :5      
asc5d+ an incl9e1 coke %\ld be gradually
 add$ :5 ! ,eng9e  beg9s to beat        
heavily1--! draught is !n p[]ful1 & a   
regul>  supply ( fuel requir$ to keep up
 ! fire4    ,9 o!r circum/ances1 provid$
 ! fire is l[ en\gh to require fuel1  ! 
be/ "t to put on coke is :5 ! wat] is   
suffici5tly high to  turn (f !          
fe$-pumps1 ! /eam slightly bl[+ (f1 & ! 
,eng9e  travell+ at a good spe$4    ,no 
def9ite in/ructions c be giv5 = !       
frequ5cy ) :i* coke  mu/ be laid on !   
fire1 z x v>ies accord+ to ! duty to be 
done1  & ! wat] consequ5tly to be       

evaporat$3 9 cases ( heavy duty &  bad  
gradi5ts1 x may at times be necess>y ev5
 at z %ort an int]val  z #b miles2 "u   
contr>y circum/ances an ,eng9e may      
sometimes run z  mu* z #ae miles )\t    
add+ fre% coke4    ,! fire %\ld be all[$
 to run r l[ be=e arriv+ at ! top  ( an 
incl9$ plane d[n :i* ! /eam w n be us$3 
on beg9n+  to desc5d ! plane1 fuel %\ld 
be put on ! fire1 :i* w burn up  by ! "t
 ! tra9 rea*es ! bottom ( ! plane4      
,if x is wi%$ to keep up ! /eam1 x is   
bett] n to supply wat]  & fuel at ! same
 "t4    ,:ile runn+1 ! ,/ok] %\ld       
occasionally pick ! a%es f !  tubes to  
cle> ! draught4    ,by obs]v+ ! above   
rules = ! supply ( wat] & coke1 an      
effici5t pressure & quantity ( /eam w be
 produc$1 :i* x mu/  be ! /udy ( !      
,eng9e-man to economise4  ,) ?is view ! 
regulator %\ld nev] be kept too f>      
op52--z soon z ! tra9 has  acquir$ !    
velocity wi%$1 ! ap]ture may be         
consid]ably r$uc$  )\t dim9i%+ ! spe$4  
,z any dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( /eam  us$  

causes a correspond+ dim9ution 9 !      
quantity ( coke consum$1  ! skill ( !   
,eng9e-man %\ld be unceas+ly direct$ to 
!  r$uction ( s heavy an item ( ,railway
 exp5diture4    ,if !re %\ld be1 at any 
"t1 an unnecess>y quantity & =ce (      
/eam1 x is readily r$uc$ by op5+ !      
fire-door1 & by turn+ on  ! fe$-pumps2  
if !re %\ld be too little1 ! ,eng9e-man 
mu/ be  cont5t to run sl[ly = a %ort "t1
 keep ! regulator only p>tially  op51 & 
put on a gradual supply ( coke4    ,:5 !
 wat] 9 ! boil] is high1 _m ,eng9es beg9
 to prime1  especially aft] runn+ =     
sev]al days4  ,:5 ?is occurs1 !  ap]ture
 ( ! regulator %\ld be dim9i%$1 & !     
fire-door & !  dis*>ge cocks ( ! cyl9d]s
 op5$3 if ! height ( ! wat] w  all[ x1 !
 bl[-(f cock ( ! boil] may be op5$ = a  
%ort "t  to c>ry (f ! s$im5t1 :i* w be  
f\nd advantage\s4    ,! ,eng9e-man %\ld 
frequ5tly look to ! work+ ge>1 to see t 
x  is 9 prop] ord]1 & to rectify any    
defici5cy at ! next ,/ation4    ,on ne>+
 a ,/ation :]e x is int5d$ to /op1 !    

regulator %\ld  be gradually eas$ (f at 
ab\t five-eigh?s ( a mile f ! ,/ation1  
s t ! tra9 may be m "u control1 & :5 f a
 qu>t] to  half a mile di/ant1 accord+  
to ! velocity & weight ( ! tra91  ! /eam
 %\ld be completely %ut (f1 & ! tra9    
br\ght to re/ by  ! breaks4  ,9 approa*+
 t]m9al ,/ations ! /eam %\ld be %ut  (f 
at a great] di/ance ?an at ! int]m$iate 
,/ations1 to prev5t  ! possibility (    
ov]runn+ ! m>k f ! failure ( breaks4  ,x
  mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! breaks act mu* 
less effici5tly 9 wet or  fro/y wea!r1  
:5 x becomes necess>y to %ut (f ! /eam  
fur!r  f ! ,/ations4  ,! use ( !        
rev]s+-lev] ought1 z mu* z  possible1 to
 be avoid$3 x may sometimes be plac$ 9 !
 middle  position 79 :i* ! valves d n   
act71 b x %\ld nev] be  completely      
rev]s$ unless absolutely necess>y = !   
/oppage ( !  tra94    ,at ! int]m$iate  
,/ations1 ! ,/ok] %\ld frequ5tly oil all
 !  be>+s n suppli$ by ! l>ge           
oil-vessels1 & fill ! oil-cups (  !     
connect+-rods1 slides1 c41 & if any ( ! 

be>+s1 brasses1  c41 are hot1 !y %\ld be
 m copi\sly oil$1 & eas$ if  necess>y4  
,he %\ld also exam9e all ! work+ ge>    
cursorily to see  if x is 9 a complete  
/ate2 p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be giv5 to 
!  axle-be>+s1 & especially ^? ( !      
crank$ axle1 :i* sometimes  become s hot
 by runn+ z to require cool+ by ?r[+ on 
wat]4    ,9 case ( ! driv+ :eels slipp+ 
mu* 9 />t+ f a ,/ation1  ! op5+ ( !     
regulator %\ld be r$uc$1 & only         
gradually op5$  z ! :eel bites2 ! ,/ok] 
is sometimes oblig$ to scatt] a%es1  s&1
 c41 be=e ! :eels3 "s ,eng9es are n[    
furni%$ ) hopp]s  9 front1 op5$ by a    
h&le f ! foot-bo>d1 by means ( :i* s&   
may be dropp$ on ! rails 9 front ( !    
driv+ :eels4    ,if slipp+ is obs]v$ to 
an unusual ext5t1 x may be inf]r$ t  !re
 is n suffici5t weight on ! driv+ :eels1
 & ! spr+s  ought to be tight5$ by      
screw+ up ! nuts ( ! be>+ bolts3 or  :]e
 ! fram+ is hung to ! spr+s by pla9     
l9ks1 ! spr+ p9s  mu/ be l5g!n$ ! next  
"t ! ,eng9e is 9 ! repair+ %ops4  ,a    

defici5cy ( weight on ! front or h9d    
:eels is indicat$ by !  pit*+ ( !       
,eng9e1 & %\ld be rem$i$ 9 a simil>     
mann]4    ,! regulator %\ld be gradually
 & completely clos$1 :5 ! ,eng9e  or    
tra9 pit*es or rocks viol5tly1--9 pass+ 
a s]ies ( po9ts &  cross+s1--9 v %>p    
curves1 especially if d\ble1--9 r\gh    
p>ts  ( ! p]man5t way1--& 9 desc5d+     
planes ^: incl9ation is  suffici5t to   
c>ry ! tra9 d[n1 )\t /eam1 at a velocity
 ( #cj  miles p] h\r4  ,9 desc5d+ su* an
 incl9$ plane1 if x %\ld be  f\nd t !   
velocity is great] ?an #cj miles p] h\r1
 x %\ld be  r$uc$ by g5tly apply+ !     
break4    ,on e ,railway !re is a       
prescrib$ limit to ! pressure ( !  /eam1
 & no circum/ance %\ld induce !         
,eng9e-man to use /eam at a  high]      
pressure1 or 9 any case to weight !     
lev]1 or hold x d[n =  m ?an a mom5t4   
,:5 !re are two safety-valves1 t :i* is 
out  ( rea* may be set at ! limit (     
pressure1 & ! valve next !  foot-bo>d "s
 p\nds l[]4  ,x is an advantage to h a  

/op plac$  bel[ ! lev] ( ! safety-valve 
on ! screw ( ! spr+ balance1  to prev5t 
its be+ inadv]t5tly screw$ d[n to m ?an 
! work+  pressure4    ,! /eam :i/le is  
obvi\sly int5d$ to give notice ( dang]3 
on ?is  acc\nt its use is =bidd5 on "s  
,railways1 except+ on occasions (       
extreme em]g5cy2 b ! v>iety ( modulation
 ( :i* x is  susceptible has 9 o!rs     
induc$ its adoption z a frequ5t w>n+4   
,:5 ! latt] is ! case1 x has be5 f\nd a 
safe measure to s\nd  ! :i/le directly !
 /eam has be5 %ut (f previ\sly to /opp+ 
at a ,/ation1 & to give two %ort :i/les 
! mom5t be=e />t+1  to w>n p>ties ( !   
approa* & dep>ture ( ! tra94  ,:5 ?is   
sy/em is practis$1 ! ,eng9e-man %\ld n  
turn on ! full p[] (  ! :i/le1 b res]ve 
x exclusively = cases ( dang]4    ,:5   
ne> ! end ( ! trip v little fire is     
want$1 & bo?  fe$-pumps %\ld be turn$ on
 = a %ort di/ance be=e arriv+ at  !     
,/ation1 unless ! ,eng9e is to />t aga9 
imm$iately4  ,if x is  int5d$ to rema9  
at ! ,/ation ab\t an h\r1 ! wat] %\ld be

  consid]ably above ! middle cock 7:5 ! 
,eng9e is /&+71 :i*  w be effect$ by    
keep+ on bo? fe$-pumps f a half to      
?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile4  ,! safety-valve  
%\ld1 at ! same "t1 be  eas$ (f to #ce  
lbs4    ,if ! tra9 is br\ght into !     
,/ation by a t[-rope1 great c>e mu/  be 
tak5 to /ret* ! rope gradually by a     
g5tle advance ( ! ,eng9e1  :i* mu/ be   
/opp$ at a signal f ! t[-rope man4    ,x
 w\ld be prud5t to conduct ! exam9ation 
describ$ at !  comm5cem5t1 directly !   
,eng9e arrives at ! ,/ation1 9 ord] to  
leave "t = any repair :i* may be        
requir$4    ,:5 an ,eng9e is runn+ ! la/
 trip = ! day1 no fuel ne$ be put  on = 
! la/ #aj1 #ae1 or #bj miles1 accord+ z 
! duty is heavy or  light2 inde$1 ! fire
 may be ne>ly run out by ! "t ! ,eng9e  
/ops1 if ! gradi5ts1 c41 are fav\rable4 
,= a consid]able  di/ance be=e /opp+ bo?
 pumps %\ld be at "w1 s t ! wat]  9 !   
boil] may be at or above ! top cock :5 !
 ,eng9e /ops1 &  ! safety-valve %\ld be 
eas$ (f to #be lbs4 p] squ>e in*4    ,on

 /opp+ ov] ! pit1 ! fire is drawn by    
op5+ ! fire-door1  introduc+ !          
arr[-head$ pok] ?r\gh ! fire-b>s1 &     
pull+ up  two or ?ree ( !m f ! bottom ( 
! furnace1 by :i* room w  be all[$ = !  
re/ to be sep>at$1 & ! fire fall ?r\gh  
into  ! a%-pan1 f :i* x is rak$ out by !
 ,/ok]4  ,! practice (  bl[+ (f all !   
wat] f a boil] by ! pressure ( ! /eam   
%\ld nev] be all[$1 )\t an express ord] 
f ! ,sup]9t5d5t  ( ,locomotives1 :5 !   
boil] is unusually full ( mud2 z1 if    
frequ5tly practis$1 x w s]i\sly injure !
 fire-box & tubes4        ,,!           
,,managem5t ,,( ,a ,,locomotive ,,eng9e 
,,9 ,,cases ,,( ,,accid5t4      ,an     
,eng9e is liable to sev]al accid5ts :ile
 runn+1 & x is  important t ! ,eng9e-man
 %\ld "k h[ to act promptly "u !        
circum/ances4  ,9 ! foll[+ li/ sev]al   
cases are enum]at$1 )  ! p>ticul> /eps  
to be tak5 9 ea*4    #a4  ,! bur/+ ( a  
tube4--,! ,eng9e-man %\ld /op ! ,eng9e1 
&  drive a plug into ea* end ( ! tube4  
,x frequ5tly happ5s t !  wat] & /eam bl[

 out ) s mu* =ce1 t x is impossible ev5 
to discov] ! defective tube3 by runn+ ! 
,eng9e = a %ort  di/ance ) bo? pumps    
act+1 ! pressure ( ! /eam w p]haps  be  
suffici5tly r$uc$ to enable ! ,eng9e-man
 to "w ) safety2 b  if ! escape ( wat] &
 /eam is /ill too great to d s1 he mu/  
run  8 ,eng9e & tra91 if possible1 (f ! 
ma9 l9e into a sid+1 &  draw ! fire1 to 
prev5t its injur+ ! fire-box & tubes3 :5
 !  wat] has run out d[n to ! level ( ! 
defective tube1 x may be  easily plugg$1
 & a fre% fire laid & light$4  ,a tube w
  frequ5tly leak to a consid]able ext5t 
)\t absolutely requir+ !  /oppage ( !   
tra92 b 9 ?is case great c>e is necess>y
 n to  use mu* /eam1 or urge ! fire too 
f>4    ,! bur/+ ( a tube or o!r causes w
 sometimes lead to ! lagg+  or cas+ ( ! 
boil] cat*+ fire1 :i* %\ld be ext+ui%$  
by  ?r[+ on wat] f ! ,t5d]-ci/]n 9 a    
fire-bucket1 or f !  wat] crane at a    
,/ation4    #b4  ,! fail+ ( "o ( ! fe$  
pumps4--,9 ?is case ! adequate  supply (
 wat] may1 ) c>e1 be ma9ta9$ by "o pump 

only4  ,!  supply ( coke mu/ be regul>1 
& n 9 l>ge quantities2 & !  /eam mu/ be 
economis$1 or ! wat] may run l[4  ,!    
pump %\ld be  repair$ z soon z possible2
 ?is may frequ5tly be done 9 ! int]val  
betwe5 two trips4    #c4  ,! break+ ( a 
spr+4--,?is is an accid5t :i* does n    
necess>ily involve ! /oppage ( ! tra92 b
 z work+ ! ,eng9e  9 su* a /ate causes  
an unequal /ra91 x %\ld run v g5tly ov] 
r\gh p>ts ( ! road2 & if ! d]angem5t is 
consid]able1 &  _c be repair$ at !      
,/ations1 ! ,eng9e %\ld cease runn+ z   
soon z possible4    #d4  ,! break+ ( a  
connect+-rod1 or its disconnection by ! 
loss ( cott]s1 fracture ( ! /raps1 c4   
,?is accid5t1 or any  disconnection :i* 
all[s ! pi/on to be driv5 f end to end (
 !  cyl9d] )\t re/ra9t1 causes exp5sive 
damage to ! cyl9d]s &  cov]s2 & !       
connect+-rod1 if loose1 w s]i\sly injure
 !  small] ge>1 or may ev5 ?r[ ! ,eng9e 
(f ! road4  ,! ,eng9e  %\ld !re=e be    
in/antly /opp$1 & if possible !         
connection  re/or$2 if t _c be done1 !  

connect+-rod mu/ be tak5 (f1  & if on a 
level or a desc5d+ gradi5t1 ! tra9 may  
sometimes be  drawn by a s+le cyl9d]3 to
 d s1 ! slide-valve sp9dle ( !          
defective cyl9d] mu/ be deta*$ f ! valve
 ge>1 by unscrew+  ! nuts1 & sett+ !    
slide at ! middle ( its /roke s z to    
cov] bo? ports4    ,if x %\ld be f\nd   
impracticable to move ! tra91 ! ,eng9e  
might  run on alone = assi/ance2 b 9 any
 case :]e ! ,eng9e is oblig$  to rema9  
/ation>y1 ! fire mu/ be drawn directly !
 wat] is d[n  to ! bottom cock4    #e4  
,! fracture or disconnection ( !        
ecc5trics1 or any ( !  slide-valve      
ge>4--,9 ,eng9es )\t h&-ge>1 if !       
connection  _c be re/or$1 ! attempt may 
be made1 z 9 ! previ\s in/ance1  to "w )
 "o cyl9d]4  ,:5 ! slide-valve ge> is   
disabl$1  ,eng9es ) h&-ge> possess an   
advantage :i* o!rs want1 9 be+  able to 
be work$ by h&1 :5 a s+le cyl9d] w\ld be
 unequal to !  duty1 f n be+ able to    
move ! crank ov] ! c5tres at />t+4      
#f4  ,! fracture ( ! /rap :i* holds !   

slide-valve1 r5d]s  unavailable ! cyl9d]
 on t side :]e x occurs1 )\t affect+  ! 
o!r side4  ,! slide %\ld be deta*$ &    
plac$ 9 ! middle (  its /roke1 & !      
attempt made to "w ) "o cyl9d]4    #g4  
,! disconnection ( a pi/on1 by !        
fracture ( ei!r cott]1 is  sometimes    
caus$ by %utt+ (f ! /eam too sudd5ly :5 
! ,eng9e  is travell+ fa/ ) a heavy     
load4  ,9 ?is case also ! slide %\ld  be
 deta*$ & set 9 ! middle position1 & !  
pi/on-rod unc\pl$  f ! connect+-rod1 :i*
 %\ld be remov$ to prev5t its damag+  ! 
small ge>4    #h4  ,! break+ ( an axle1 
9 a f\r-:eel$ ,eng9e is an accid5t  :i* 
is almo/ ( necessity att5d$ ) ! ov]turn 
( ! ,eng9e4  ,9 a six-:eel$ ,eng9e x    
requires ! /oppage ( ! tra9 until       
assi/ance arrives4    #i4  ,! ,eng9e    
runn+ (f ! rails4  ,) an ,eng9e-man :o  
drives  c>efully1 wat*+ well ! position 
( ! swit*es1 & ! signals  giv5 him1 &   
/opp+ :5 he sees any dang] att5d+ 8     
fur!r  c\rse1 ?is is an accid5t ( v r>e 
occurr5ce4  ,if ! ,eng9e  %\ld run (f on

 h>d gr\nd & ne> ! rails1 x may         
sometimes be  lift$ on aga9 at once1 by 
screw-jacks1 cr[-b>s1 & long sways2 b   
if on s(t gr\nd or f> f ! rails1 ! fire 
mu/ be drawn1 &  in/ant att5tion giv5 to
 prev5t its s9k+ deep into ! gr\nd4     
,! ,eng9e %\ld fir/ be sep>at$ f !      
,t5d]1 :i*1 be+ a  light] weight1 may be
 pu%$ out ( ! way1 & leave m room =     
op]at+ on ! ,eng9e2 ?is1 if x has fall5 
ov] on its side1 %\ld  be lift$ z       
quickly z may be into a v]tical         
position2 to d s1 a  pur*ase %\ld be    
obta9$ "u ! fram+ on ! l[e/ side1 9 two 
places if possible2 two long & t\gh     
sways %\ld be br\ght to be> on  ^!      
po9ts1 & sev]al m5 plac$ to weigh ^u    
ea*2 & z !  ,eng9e is gradually lift$ by
 ! sways1 e movem5t %\ld be  foll[$ up &
 support$ by screw-jacks b$d$ on timb]  
block+4  ,:5  ! ,eng9e has be5 lift$    
upright1 x %\ld be firmly support$ by   
timb]s plac$ z /an*ions "u ! fram+2 !   
e>? may !n be  cauti\sly remov$ f "u !  
:eels1 & a l5g? ( rail  introduc$1 tak+ 

c>e to b$ x z securely z possible on !  
block+s previ\sly laid d[n1 )\t di/urb+ 
!m3 ! same process  %\ld be repeat$ on !
 o!r side1 & cross sleep]s driv5 9 "u   
bo? rails to secure ! f\ndation4  ,z    
soon z ! ,eng9e is 9 a  v]tical position
 & rails ins]t$ "u ! :eels1 a tempor>y  
railway may be laid d[n 9 cont9uation1 &
 ! ,eng9e aga9 drawn on  ! ma9 l9e4  ,x 
w mu* facilitate ! rais+ ( ! ,eng9e if !
  wat] is drawn away out ( ! boil] z    
soon z x is suffici5tly cool4           
99 99 99 99 99    ,9 all cases ( accid5t
 involv+ /oppage on ! ma9 l9e1 x is (  !
 highe/ importance t "s p]son %\ld      
imm$iately be s5t back  ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s
 ( a mile along ! road1 to give ! prop] 
signal  ( ob/ruction1 & prev5t any      
foll[+ tra9 f runn+ 9  unexpect$ly4     
99 99 99 99 99    ,! mo/ ess5tial       
p]sonal qualifications ( an ,eng9e-man  
are1 sobriety  & /ead9ess1 activity1    
pres5ce ( m9d1 & unceas+ wat*fulness2  &
 :]ev] ^! are comb9$ ) an accurate k ( !
  con/ruction ( a ,locomotive ,eng9e & !

 pr9ciples ( its managem5t1  !y t5d 9 no
 small degree t[>ds r5d]+ ,railways1 :at
 !y  prop]ly are1 ! safe/ z well z ! mo/
 agreeable mode (  travell+4            
,,regulations ,,= ,,! ,,fir/ ,,appo9tm5t
 ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e-,,man1 ,,adopt$ ,,by  
,,!  ,,directors ,,( ,,! ,,london ,,&   
,,croydon ,,railway4      #ahdj4    #a4 
,! c&idate mu/ n be "u tw5ty-"o ye>s (  
age1 & mu/  produce a c]tificate ( a    
s\nd con/itution & /eady habits4    #b4 
,he mu/ be able to read & write1 &1 if  
possible1 und]/& !  rudim5tal pr9ciples 
( me*anics4    #c4  ,x w be a great     
recomm5dation if he has s]v$ 8 "t to any
  me*anical art1 especially z a ,fitt] (
 ,locomotive ,eng9es2 &1 if  possible1  
he %\ld produce te/imonials /at+ 8      
qualifications z  su*4    #d4  ,if !    
c&idate has be5 a ,fitt] or a /ation>y  
,eng9e-man1 he  mu/1 = sev]al mon?s at  
lea/1 h be5 a ,/ok] on a ,locomotive    
,eng9e1 "u ! direction ( a /eady &      
compet5t ,eng9e-man2 &  be=e 8          
appo9tm5t1 he %\ld produce a te/imonial 

f !  ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,locomotives1 or at  
lea/ f ! ,eng9e-man "u :om  he has s]v$1
 /at+ full confid5ce 9 8 acqua9tance ) !
  con/ruction ( an ,eng9e & ! pr9ciples 
( its managem5t4    #e4  ,if ! c&idate  
has n be5 a ,fitt] or a /ation>y        
,eng9e-man1 he  mu/ h s]v$ z a ,/ok] =  
at lea/ two ye>s1 & produce !           
te/imonials nam$ 9 ! prec$+ rules4      
#f4  ,if requir$ by ! ,bo>d (           
,directors1 = great] security1 !        
c&idate mu/ und]go an exam9ation f _!   
,eng9e]1 ,sup]9t5d5t  ( ,locomotives1 or
 o!r compet5t p]son1 z to 8 k ( an      
,eng9e & its managem5t1 & ! g5]al result
 ( ?is exam9ation  mu/ be committ$ to   
pap]1 sign$ by ! exam9]1 & pres5t$ to ! 
,bo>d4    #g4  ,! ,eng9e] or ,sup]9t5d5t
 ( ,locomotives ( ! ,railway to :i*  !  
c&idate is desir\s ( be+ appo9t$1 %all  
sign a c]tificate  /at+ t he has conv]s$
 ) him1 has se5 him drive1 & has        
confid5ce 9 8 /ead9ess & ability4    #h4
  ,be=e be+ all[$ to take ! entire *>ge 
( an ,eng9e &  tra91 ! c&idate mu/ drive

 = sev]al days "u ! direction (  an     
exp]i5c$ ,eng9e-man1 :o mu/ be on 8     
,eng9e1 & c]tify to 8  ability4    #i4  
,all c]tificates & te/imonials mu/ be   
deposit$ ) !  ,secret>y ( ! ,company1 :o
 w re/ore !m to ! own] on 8  leav+ _!   
s]vice4          ,a ,,table ,,(         
,,velocities4             ,"t occupi$ 9 
,"t occupi$ 9              ,velocity    
,travell+ "o eight   ,travell+ qu>t] (  
( a mile                 a mile         
#g4e                      #ae           
#fj4j            #h                     
#af                       #ef4b         
#h4e                      #ag           
#eb4i            #i                     
#ah                       #ej4j         
#i4e                      #ai           
#dg4d            #aj                    
#bj                       #de4j         
#aj4e                     #ba           
#db4i            #aa                    
#bb                       #dj4i         
#aa4e                     #bc           
#ci4a            #ab                    

#bd                       #cg4e         
#ab4e                     #be           
#cf4j            #ac                    
#bf                       #cd4f         
#ac4e                     #bg           
#cc4c            #ad                    
#bh                       #cb4a         
#ad4e                     #bi           
#ca4j            #ae                    
#cj                       #cj4j         
#ae4e                     #ca           
#bi4j            #af                    
#cb                       #bh4a         
#af4e                     #cc           
#bg4c            #ag                    
#cd                       #bf4e         
#ag4e                     #ce           
#be4g            #ah                    
#cf                       #be4j         
#ah4e                     #cg           
#bd4c            #ai                    
#ch                       #bc4g         
#ai4e                     #ci           
#bc4a            #bj                    
#dj                       #bb4e         

#bj4e                     #da           
#ba4i            #ba                    
#db                       #ba4d         
#ba4e                     #dc           
#bj4i            #bb                    
#dd                       #bj4d         
#bb4e                     #de           
#bj4j            #bc                    
#df                       #ai4f         
#bc4e                     #dg           
#ai4a            #bd                    
#dh                       #ah4g         
#bd4e                     #di           
#ah4d            #be                    
#ej                       #ah4j         
#be4e                     #ea           
#ag4g            #bf                    
#eb                       #ag4c         
#bf4e                     #ec           
#ag4j            #bg                    
#ed                       #af4g         
#bh                      #ef            
#af4j            #bi                    
#eh                       #ae4e         
#cj                      #fj            

#ae4j            #ca                    
#fb                       #ad4e         
#cb                      #fd            
#ad4a            #cc                    
#ff                       #ac4f         
#cd                      #fh            
#ac4b            #ce                    
#gj                       #ab4h         
#cf                      #gb            
#ab4e            #cg                    
#gd                       #ab4b         
#ch                      #gf            
#aa4h            #ci                    
#gh                       #aa4e         
#dj                      #hj            
#aa4be            #da                   
#hb                       #aa4j         
#db                      #hd            
#aj4g            #dc                    
#hf                       #aj4e         
#dd                      #hh            
#aj4b            #de                    
#ij                       #aj4j