,,h[ ,,to ,,s+ ,,me9e ,,gesangskun/ ,,by ,,lilli ,,lehmann ,illu/ration3 ,,madame ,,lilli ,,lehmann4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,g]man ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,aldri* ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aijb ,all rights res]v$ ,,copyright1 #aijb1 ,,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$ ,novemb]1 #aijb4 ,norwood ,press ,j4,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,norwood ,mass4 ,u4,s4,a4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 ?is e-text1 *>act]s ) macrons are prec$$ by an equal sign & enclos$ 9 brackets1 e4g41 a4 ,*>act]s ) breves are prec$$ by a "r p>5!sis & enclos$ 9 brackets1 e4g41 7e4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are prec$$ by a c>at1 e4g41 ,gretele4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,my ,,purpose #a ,,my ,,title ,,to ,,write ,,on ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,song #e ,,section ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,practice #aa ,,section ,,ii ,,( ,,! ,,brea? #ai ,,section ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,brea? ,,& ,,:irl+ ,,curr5ts #bg ,,section ,,iv ,,! ,,s+]',s ,,physiological ,,/udies #ce ,,section ,v ,,equaliz+ ,,! ,,voice2 ,,brea?2 ,,=m #de ,,section ,,vi ,,! ,,attack #fi ,,section ,,vii ,,nasal4 ,,nasal ,,s++ #gc ,,section ,,viii ,,s++ ,,t[>d ,,! ,,nose4 ,,head ,,voice #gh ,,section ,,ix ,,! ,,head ,,voice #hf ,,section ,x ,,s5sation ,,& ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,tongue #ii ,,section ,,xi ,,! ,,s5sations ,,( ,,! ,,palate #ajb ,,section ,,xii ,,! ,,s5sation ,,( ,,! ,,resonance ,,( ,,! ,,head ,,cavities #ajh ,,section ,,xiii ,,s++ ,,cov]$ #abc ,,section ,,xiv ,,on ,,vocal ,,regi/]s #acc ,,section ,,xv ,,developm5t ,,& ,,equalization #adb ,,section ,,xvi ,,:ite ,,voices #aed ,,section ,,xvii ,,!odor ,,wa*tel #aeh ,,section ,,xviii ,,! ,,highe/ ,,head ,,tones #afb ,,section ,,xix ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,compass ,,& ,,equalization ,,( ,,regi/]s #afi ,,section ,,xx ,,! ,,tremolo #agj ,,section ,,xxi ,,! ,,cure #agf ,,section ,,xxii ,,! ,,tongue #aha ,,section ,,xxiii ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,s++ #ahi ,,section ,,xxiv ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,m\? 7,,contraction ,,( ,,! ,,muscles ,,( ,,spee*7 #aib ,,section ,,xxv ,,connection ,,( ,,v[els #aif ,,section ,,xxvi ,,! ,,lips #bab ,,section ,,xxvii ,,! ,,v[el ,,s\nd ,,ah #bad ,,section ,,xxviii ,,italian ,,& ,,g]man #bai ,,section ,,xxix ,,auxili>y ,,v[els #bbf ,,section ,,xxx ,,resonant ,,consonants #bbi ,,section ,,xxxi ,,practical ,,ex]cises #bcb ,,section ,,xxxii ,,! ,,great ,,scale #bci ,,section ,,xxxiii ,,velocity #bde ,,section ,,xxxiv ,,trill #bea ,,section ,,xxxv ,,h[ ,,to ,,hold ,,"o',s ,,self ,,:5 ,,practis+ #bef ,,section ,,xxxvi ,,conc]n+ ,,expression #bfc ,,section ,,xxxvii ,,be=e ,,! ,,public #bfe ,,section ,,xxxviii ,,int]pretation #bgj ,,section ,,xxxix ,,9 ,,conclusion #bgi ,,note4--,a ,,good ,,rem$y ,,= ,,cat>rh ,,& ,,ho>s5ess #bha ,,my ,,purpose ,my purpose is to discuss simply1 intelligibly1 yet f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 ! s5sations kn[n to u 9 s++1 & exactly asc]ta9$ 9 my exp]i5ce1 by ! expressions s++ op51 cov]$1 d>k1 nasal1 9 ! head1 or 9 ! neck1 =w>d1 or back4 ,^! expressions correspond to our s5sations 9 s++2 b !y are un9telligible z long z ! causes ( ^? s5sations are unkn[n1 & ev]ybody has a diff]5t idea ( !m4 ,_m s+]s try _! :ole lives long to produce !m & nev] succe$4 ,?is happ5s because sci5ce und]/&s too little ( s++1 ! s+] too little ( sci5ce4 ,i mean t ! physiological explanations ( ! highly complicat$ processes ( s++ are n pla9ly en\gh put = ! s+]1 :o has to conc]n himself *iefly ) 8 s5sations 9 s++ & guide himself by !m4 ,sci5tific m5 are n at all agre$ z to ! exact functions ( ! sev]al organs2 ! humble/ s+] kn[s some?+ ab\t !m4 ,e s]i\s arti/ has a s9c]e desire to help o!rs rea* ! goal--! goal t[>d :i* all s+]s are /riv+3 to s+ well & beautifully4 ,! true art ( song has always be5 possess$ & w always be possess$ by su* individuals z are d[]$ by nature ) all t is ne$ful = x--t is1 heal?y vocal organs1 un9jur$ by vici\s habits ( spee*2 a good e>1 a tal5t = s++1 intellig5ce1 indu/ry1 & en]gy4 ,9 =m] times eight ye>s 7 devot$ to ! /udy ( s++--at ! ,prague ,cons]vatory1 = in/ance4 ,mo/ ( ! mi/akes & misund]/&+s ( ! pupil c\ld be discov]$ be=e he secur$ an engagem5t1 & ! tea*] c\ld sp5d s mu* "t 9 correct+ !m t ! pupil le>n$ to pass judgm5t on himself prop]ly4 ,b art to-day mu/ be pursu$ l ev]y?+ else1 by /eam4 ,arti/s are turn$ out 9 factories1 t is1 9 s-call$ cons]vatories1 or by tea*]s :o give lessons t5 or twelve h\rs a day4 ,9 two ye>s !y receive a c]tificate ( compet5ce1 or at lea/ ! diploma ( ! factory4 ,! latt]1 especially1 ,i consid] a crime1 t ! /ate %\ld prohibit4 ,all ! inflexibility & unskilfulness1 mi/akes & defici5cies1 :i* 7 =m]ly disclos$ dur+ a long c\rse ( /udy1 d n appe> n[1 "u ! factory sy/em1 until ! /ud5t's public c>e] has begun4 ,!re c be no "q ( correct+ !m1 = !re is no "t1 no tea*]1 no critic2 & ! executant has le>n$ no?+1 absolutely no?+1 :]eby he c\ld und]take to di/+ui% or correct !m4 ,! incompet5ce & lack ( tal5t :itewa%$ ov] by ! factory conc]n lose only too soon _! plausible brilliancy4 ,a failure 9 life is g5]ally ! sad end ( su* a factory product2 & to factory me?ods ! :ole art ( song is m & m giv5 ov] z a sacrifice4 ,i _c /& by & see ^! ?+s ) indiff]5ce4 ,my arti/ic consci5ce urges me to disclose all t ,i h le>n$ & t has become cle> to me 9 ! c\rse ( my c>e]1 = ! b5efit ( art2 & to give up my secrets1 :i* seem to be secrets only because /ud5ts s r>ely pursue ! pa? ( prop] /udy to its end4 ,if arti/s1 (t5 su* only 9 "n1 come to a realization ( _! defici5cies1 !y lack only too frequ5tly ! c\rage to ackn[l$ge !m to o!rs4 ,n until we arti/s all rea* ! po9t :5 we c take c\nsel ) ea* o!r ab\t our mi/akes & defici5cies1 & discuss ! means = ov]com+ !m1 putt+ our pride 9 our pockets1 w bad s++ & in>ti/ic ef=t be *eck$1 & our noble art ( s++ come into its rights aga94 ,,my ,,title ,,to ,,write ,,on ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,song ,r>ely are s _m desirable & necess>y antec$5ts unit$ z 9 my case4 ,! *ild ( two s+]s1 my "m be+ gift$ musically q out ( ! common1 & active = _m ye>s n only z a dramatic s+]1 b also z a h>p virtuoso1 ,i1 ) my si/] ,m>ie1 receiv$ a v c>eful musical education2 & lat] a notable c\rse ( in/ruction 9 s++ f h]4 ,f my fif? ye> on ,i li/5$ daily to s++ lessons2 f my n9? ye> ,i play$ accompanim5ts on ! pian(orte1 sang all ! miss+ p>ts1 9 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,g]man1 & ,bohemian2 got ?or\ghly famili> ) all ! op]as1 & v soon knew h[ to tell good s++ f bad4 ,our "m took c>e1 too1 t we %\ld he> all ! visit+ notabilities ( t "t 9 op]a z well z 9 conc]t2 & !re 7 _m ( !m e ye> at ! ,deuts*es ,l&e/heat] 9 ,prague4 ,%e h]self _h f\nd a rem>kable s++ tea*] 9 ! ,frank=t basso1 ,foeppel2 & kept h] voice noble1 beautiful1 "y1 & /rong to ! end ( h] life1--t is1 till h] sev5ty-sev5? ye>1--not)/&+ enorm\s dem&s ^u x & _m a bl[ ( fate4 ,%e c\ld diagnose a voice infallibly2 b requir$ a probation ( ?ree to f\r mon?s to te/ tal5t & p[] ( mak+ progress4 ,i h be5 on ! /age s9ce my eighte5? ye>2 t is1 = ?irty-f\r ye>s4 ,9 ,prague ,i took "p e day 9 op]as1 op]ettas1 plays1 & f>ces4 ,!reaft] 9 ,danzig ,i sang f eighte5 to tw5ty times a mon? 9 coloratura & s\brette p>ts2 also 9 ,leipzig1 & lat]1 fifte5 ye>s 9 ,b]l94 ,9 addition ,i sang 9 v _m oratorios & conc]ts1 & gave lessons n[ & !n4 ,z long z my "m liv$ %e 0 my sev]e/ critic1 nev] satisfi$4 ,f9ally ,i became su* = myself4 ,n[ fifte5 ye>s m h pass$1 ( :i* ,i sp5t eight v exact+ ones z a dramatic s+] 9 ,am]ica1 aft]w>d fulfill+ engagem5ts z a />1 9 all languages1 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,sw$54 ,my /udy ( s++1 nev]!less1 0 n relax$4 ,i kept x up m & m zeal\sly by myself1 le>n$ some?+ f ev]ybody1 le>n$ to he> myself & o!rs4 ,= _m ye>s ,i h be5 devot+ myself to ! important que/ions relat+ to s++1 & believe t ,i h f9ally f\nd :at ,i h be5 seek+4 ,x has be5 my endeavor to set d[n z cle>ly z possible all t ,i h le>n$ ?r\gh zeal\s1 consci5ti\s /udy by myself & ) o!rs1 & !reby to (f] to my colleagues some?+ t w br+ ord] into ! *aos ( _! me?ods ( s++2 some?+ bas$ on sci5ce z well z on s5sations 9 s++2 some?+ t w br+ expressions (t5 misund]/ood into cle> relation ) ! exact functions ( ! vocal organs4 ,9 :at ,i h j said ,i wi% to give a sket* ( my c>e] only to %[ :at my voice has endur$1 & :y1 not)/&+ ! enorm\s dem&s ,i h made ^u x1 x has la/$ s well4 ,"o :o has sung = a %ort "t1 & !n has lo/ 8 voice1 & = ?is reason becomes a s++ tea*]1 has nev] sung consci\sly2 x has simply be5 an accid5t1 & ?is accid5t w be repeat$1 = good or = ill1 9 8 pupils4 ,! tal5t 9 :i* all ! requirem5ts ( an arti/ are unit$ is v r>e4 ,real tal5t w get along1 ev5 ) an inf]ior tea*]1 9 "s way or ano!r2 :ile ! be/ tea*] _c produce tal5t :]e !re is none4 ,su* a tea*]1 h[ev]1 w n beguile p ) promises t _c be kept4 ,my *ief att5tion ,i devote to arti/s1 :om ,i c1 p]haps1 assi/ 9 _! difficult1 b glori\s1 pr(ession4 ,"o is nev] done ) le>n+2 & t is especially true ( s+]s4 ,i e>ne/ly hope t ,i may leave !m some?+1 9 my rese>*es1 exp]i5ces1 & /udies1 t w be ( use4 ,i reg>d x z my duty2 & ,i confide x to all :o are /riv+ e>ne/ly = improvem5t4 ,g,r,ue,n,e,w,a,l,d1 ,oct4 #ca1 #aijj4 ,,section ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,practice ,x is v important = all :o wi% to become arti/s to beg9 _! "w n ) practical ex]cises 9 s++1 b ) s]i\s practice 9 tone production1 9 brea?+ 9 & out1 9 ! functions ( ! lungs & palate1 9 cle> pronunciation ( all lett]s1 & ) spee* 9 g5]al4 ,!n x w\ld soon be easy to recognize tal5t or ! lack ( x4 ,_m w\ld op5 _! eyes 9 wond] ov] ! difficulties ( le>n+ to s+1 & ! prolet>iat ( s+]s w\ld gradually disappe>4 ,) !m w\ld g ! s++ cons]vatories & ! bad tea*]s :o1 = a liv+1 tea* ev]ybody t comes1 & promise to make ev]ybody a great arti/4 ,once :5 ,i 0 act+ z sub/itute = a tea*] 9 a cons]vatory1 ! be/ pupils ( ! in/itution 7 promis$ me1--^? :o ne$$ only ! f9i%+ t\*es4 ,b :51 aft] my fir/ lesson1 ,i w5t to ! director & compla9$ ( ! ignorance ( ! pupils1 my m\? 0 clos$ ) ^! words1 ,= ,heav5's sake1 don't say su* ?+s1 or we c\ld nev] keep our cons]vatory go+6 ,i _h en\gh1 & w5t4 ,! be/ way is = pupils to le>n prep>atory books by he>t1 & make draw+s4 ,9 ?is way !y w get ! be/ idea ( ! vocal organs1 & le>n _! functions by s5sation z soon z !y beg9 to s+4 ,! pupil %\ld be subject$ to /rict exam9ations4 ,9 :at does arti/ic s++ diff] f natural s++8 ,9 a cle> und]/&+ ( all ! organs conc]n$ 9 voice production1 & _! functions1 s+ly & toge!r2 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! s5sations 9 s++1 consci5ti\sly /udi$ & sci5tifically expla9$2 9 a gradually cultivat$ p[] ( contract+ & relax+ ! muscles ( ! vocal organs1 t p[] culm9at+ 9 ! ability to submit !m to sev]e ex]tions & keep !m "u control4 ,! prescrib$ tasks mu/ be ma/]$ s t !y c be done )\t ex]tion1 ) ! :ole he>t & s\l1 & ) complete und]/&+4 ,h[ is ?is to be atta9$8 ,?r\gh natural gifts1 among :i* ,i reckon ! possession ( s\nd organs & a well-favor$ body2 ?r\gh /udy guid$ by an excell5t tea*] :o c s+ well himself1--/udy t mu/ be kept up = at lea/ six ye>s1 )\t c\nt+ ! prelim9>y "w4 ,only s+]s =m$ on su* a basis1 aft] ye>s ( "w1 des]ve ! title ( arti/2 only su* h a "r to look =w>d to a la/+ future1 & only ^? equipp$ ) su* a k ought to tea*4 ,( :at consi/s arti/ic s++8 ,( a cle> und]/&+1 fir/ & =emo/1 ( brea?+1 9 & out2 ( an und]/&+ ( ! =m ?r\gh :i* ! brea? has to fl[1 prep>$ by a prop] position ( ! l>ynx1 ! tongue1 & ! palate4 ,( a k & und]/&+ ( ! functions ( ! muscles ( ! abdom5 & diaphragm1 :i* regulate ! brea? pressure2 !n1 ( ! *e/-muscle t5sion1 aga9/ :i* ! brea? is =c$1 & :5ce1 "u ! control ( ! s+]1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! vocal cords1 x beats aga9/ ! resonat+ surfaces & vibrates 9 ! cavities ( ! head4 ,( a highly cultivat$ skill & flexibility 9 adju/+ all ! vocal organs & 9 putt+ !m into m9utely graduat$ movem5ts1 )\t induc+ *anges ?r\gh ! pronunciation ( words or ! execution ( musical figures t %all be injuri\s to ! tonal beauty or ! arti/ic expression ( ! song4 ,( an imm5se muscul> p[] 9 ! brea?+ app>atus & all ! vocal organs1 ! /r5g!n+ ( :i* to endure su/a9$ ex]tion _c be begun too long 9 advance2 & ! ex]cis+ ( :i*1 z long z "o s+s 9 public1 mu/ nev] be remitt$ = a s+le day4 ,z beauty & /ability ( tone d n dep5d ^u excessive pressure ( ! brea?1 s ! muscul> p[] ( ! organs us$ 9 s++ does n dep5d on convulsive rigidity1 b 9 t snakelike p[] ( contract+ & loos5+1#a :i* a s+] mu/ consci\sly h "u p]fect control4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 physiology :5 ! muscles resume _! normal /ate1 !y are said to be relax$4 ,b z ,i wi% to avoid giv+ a false conception 9 our vocal s5sations1 ,i pref] to use ! ^w loos5+4 ,! /udy ne$$ = ?is occupies an entire lifetime2 n only because ! s+] mu/ p]fect himself m & m 9 ! roles ( 8 rep]tory--ev5 aft] he has be5 p]=m+ !m ye> 9 & ye> out1--b because he mu/ cont9ually /rive = progress1 sett+ himself tasks t require great] & great] ma/]y & /r5g?1 & !reby dem& fre% /udy4 ,he :o /&s /ill1 goes backw>d4 ,nev]!less1 !re are =tunately gift$ g5iuses 9 :om are already unit$ all ! qualities ne$$ to atta9 greatness & p]fection1 & ^: circum/ances 9 life are equally =tunate2 :o c rea* ! goal e>li]1 )\t devot+ _! :ole lives to x4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ,adel9a ,patti ev]y?+ 0 unit$1--! spl5did voice1 pair$ ) great tal5t = s++1 & ! long ov]sight ( h] /udies by h] di/+ui%$ tea*]1 ,/rakos*4 ,%e nev] sang roles t did n suit h] voice2 9 h] e>li] ye>s %e sang only arias & duets or s+le solos1 nev] tak+ "p 9 ensembles4 ,%e nev] sang ev5 h] limit$ rep]tory :5 %e 0 indispos$4 ,%e nev] att5d$ rehe>sals1 b came to ! !atre 9 ! ev5+ & sang triumphantly1 )\t ev] hav+ se5 ! p]sons :o sang & act$ ) h]4 ,%e sp>$ h]self rehe>sals :i*1 on ! day ( ! p]=mance1 or ! day be=e1 exhau/ all s+]s1 because ( ! excitem5t ( all k9ds att5d+ !m1 & :i* contribute nei!r to ! fre%ness ( ! voice nor to ! joy ( ! pr(ession4 ,al?\gh %e 0 a ,spani>d by bir? & an ,am]ican by e>ly adoption1 %e 01 s to speak1 ! greate/ ,italian s+] ( my "t4 ,all 0 absolutely good1 correct1 & flawless1 ! voice l a bell t y seem$ to he> long aft] its s++ _h ceas$4 ,yet %e c\ld give no explanation ( h] art1 & answ]$ all h] colleagues' que/ions conc]n+ x ) an ,ah1 je n'en sais ri56 ,%e possess$1 unconsci\sly1 z a gift ( nature1 a union ( all ^? qualities t all o!r s+]s mu/ atta9 & possess consci\sly4 ,h] vocal organs /ood 9 ! mo/ favorable relations to ea* o!r4 ,h] tal5t1 & h] rem>kably tra9$ e>1 ma9ta9$ control ov] ! beauty ( h] s++ & ( h] voice4 ,! =tunate circum/ances ( h] life pres]v$ h] f all injury4 ,! purity & flawlessness ( h] tone1 ! beautiful equalization ( h] :ole voice1 con/itut$ ! magic by :i* %e held h] li/5]s entranc$4 ,moreov]1 %e 0 beautiful & graci\s 9 appe>ance4 ,! acc5t ( great dramatic p[] %e did n possess2 yet ,i ascribe ?is m to h] intellectual indol5ce ?an to h] lack ( ability4 ,,section ,,ii ,,( ,,! ,,brea? ,! brea? becomes voice ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! w1 & ! in/rum5tality ( ! vocal organs4 ,to regulate ! brea?1 to prep>e a passage ( ! prop] =m ?r\gh :i* x %all fl[1 circulate1 develop itself1 & rea* ! necess>y resonat+ *amb]s1 mu/ be our *ief task4 ,conc]n+ ! brea? & mu* m besides !re is s mu* t is excell5t 9 ,osc> ,guttmann's ,gymna/ik d] ,/imme t ,i c d no bett] ?an to ref] to x & recomm5d x /rongly to ! att5tion ( all e>ne/ /ud5ts4 ,h[ d ,i brea!8 ,v %ort ( brea? by nature1 my "m _h to keep me z a little *ild almo/ sitt+ upright 9 b$4 ,aft] ,i _h outgr[n t & z a big girl c\ld run ar\nd & play well en\gh1 ,i /ill _h mu* tr\ble ) %ortness ( brea? 9 ! beg9n+ ( my s++ lessons4 ,= ye>s ,i practis$ brea?+ ex]cises e day )\t s++1 & /ill d s ) especial pleasure1 n[ t ev]y?+ t relates to ! brea? & ! voice has become cle> to me4 ,soon ,i _h got s f> t ,i c\ld hold a swell+ & dim9i%+ tone f fifte5 to eighte5 seconds4 ,i _h le>n$ ?is3 to draw 9 ! abdom5 & diaphragm1 raise ! *e/ & hold ! brea? 9 x by ! aid ( ! ribs2 9 lett+ out ! brea? gradually to relax ! body & to let ! *e/ fall sl[ly4 ,to d ev]y?+ ?or\ghly ,i d\btless exagg]at$ x all4 ,b s9ce = tw5ty-five ye>s ,i h brea!d 9 ?is way almo/ exclusively1 ) ! utmo/ c>e1 ,i h naturally atta9$ great dext]ity 9 x2 & my abdom9al & *e/ muscles & my diaphragm1 h be5 /r5g!n$ to a rem>kable degree4 ,yet ,i 0 n satisfi$4 ,a horn play] 9 ,b]l9 ) ! p[] ( hold+ a v long brea?1 once told me 9 answ] to a "q1 t he drew 9 8 abdom5 & diaphragm v /rongly1 b imm$iately relax$ 8 abdom5 aga9 z soon z he began to play4 ,i tri$ ! same ?+ ) ! be/ results4 ,q diff]5t1 & v naive1 0 ! answ] ,i once got f ?ree ,g]man or*e/ral horn play]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y look$ at me 9 entire bewild]m5t1 & appe>$ n to und]/& 9 ! lea/ my que/ions z to h[ !y brea!d4 ,two ( !m decl>$ t ! be/ way 0 n to ?9k ab\t x at all4 ,b :5 ,i ask$ if _! tea*]s _h nev] told !m h[ !y %\ld brea!1 ! ?ird answ]$1 aft] "s reflection1 ,oh1 yes6 & po9t$ 9 a g5]al way to 8 /oma*4 ,! fir/ two 7 "r1 9 s f> z too viol5t inhalation ( brea? is really undesirable1 because !reby too mu* air is drawn 94 ,b su* ignorance ( ! subject is di%e>t5+1 & speaks ill = ! cons]vatories 9 :i* ! play]s 7 tra9$1 ^: p]=mances naturally are likely to give art a black eye4 ,und\bt$ly ,i took 9 too mu* air 9 brea?+1 & !reby /iff5$ v>i\s organs1 depriv+ my muscles ( _! ela/icity4 ,yet1 ) all my c>e & prep>ation1 ,i (t51 :5 ,i _h n giv5 special ?\ght to x1 _h too little brea?1 r ?an too mu*4 ,i felt1 too1 aft] excessive inhalation1 z if ,i mu/ emit a c]ta9 am\nt ( air be=e ,i began to s+4 ,f9ally ,i ab&on$ all sup]flu\s draw+ 9 ( ! abdom5 & diaphragm1 inhal$ b little1 & began to pay special att5tion to emitt+ ! smalle/ possible am\nt ( brea?1 :i* ,i f\nd v s]viceable4 ,h[ d ,i brea! n[8 ,my diaphragm ,i sc>cely draw 9 consci\sly1 my abdom5 nev]2 ,i feel ! brea? fill my lungs1 & my upp] ribs exp&4 ,)\t rais+ my *e/ especially high1 ,i =ce ! brea? aga9/ x1 & hold x fa/ !re4 ,at ! same "t ,i raise my palate high & prev5t ! escape ( brea? ?r\gh ! nose4 ,! diaphragm b5ea? reacts aga9/ x1 & furni%es pressure f ! abdom54 ,*e/1 diaphragm1 ! clos$ epiglottis1 & ! rais$ palate all =m a supply *amb] = ! brea?4 ,only 9 ?is way is ! brea? "u ! control ( ! s+]1 ?r\gh ! pressure aga9/ ! *e/ t5sion muscles4 7,?is is v important47 ,f n[ on ! brea? mu/ be emitt$ f ! supply *amb] v sp>+ly1 b ) unceas+ uni=mity & /r5g?1 )\t once be+ held back1 to ! vocal cords1 :i* w fur!r regulate x z f> z possible4 ,! m directly ! brea? pressure is ex]t$ aga9/ ! *e/1--"o has ! feel+1 9 ?is1 ( s++ ! tone aga9/ ! *e/ :5ce x mu/ be press$ out1--! less brea? fl[s ?r\gh ! vocal cords1 & ! less1 consequ5tly1 are ^! ov]burd5$4 ,9 ?is way1 "u control1 9 ! passage =m$ = x above ! tongue by t organ1 x rea*es ! resonance *amb]s prep>$ = x by ! rais+ & l[]+ ( ! s(t palate1 & ^? 9 ! cavities ( ! head4 ,"h x =ms :irl+ curr5ts ( tone2 ^! n[ mu/ circulate un9t]rupt$ = z long z possible & fill all ! accessible resonat+ surfaces1 :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 an ela/ic /ate4 ,?is is necess>y to br+ ! tone to its p]fect purity4 ,n till ^! curr5ts h be5 suffici5tly us$ up & pass$ ?r\gh ! bell1 or cup-%ap$ resonat+ cavity1 ( ! m\? & lips1 may x be all[$ to /ream f ! m\? unimp$$4 ,yet ! s5sation mu/ be z if ! brea? 7 con/antly escap+ f ! m\?4 ,to obs]ve & keep "u control ^! _m functions1 s+ly or 9 conjunction1 =ms ! ceaseless delight ( ! nev] fail+ f\nta9 ( song /udy4 ,?us1 9 %ap+ ! passage = ! brea?1 ! l>ynx1 tongue1 & palate1 :i* c be plac$ at w1 are employ$4 ,! vocal cords1 :i* c be/ be imag9$ z inn] lips1 we h "u control nei!r z beg9n]s nor z arti/s4 ,we d n feel !m4 ,we fir/ become consci\s ( !m ?r\gh ! controll+ app>atus ( ! brea?1 :i* tea*es u to sp>e !m1 by emitt+ brea? ?r\gh !m 9 ! lea/ possible quantity & ( ev5 pressure1 :]eby a /eady tone c be produc$4 ,i ev5 ma9ta9 t all is won1 :5--z ,victor ,maurel says--we reg>d !m directly z ! brea? regulators1 & relieve !m ( all ov]work ?r\gh ! controll+ app>atus ( ! *e/-muscle t5sion4 ,?r\gh ! =m prep>$ by ! l>ynx1 tongue1 & palate1 we c direct ! brea?1 previ\sly "u control & regulation1 t[>d ! p>ticul> resonat+ surfaces on ! palate1 or 9 ! cavities ( ! head1 :i* are suitable to ea* tone4 ,?is rule rema9s ! same = all voices4 ,z soon z ! brea? leaves ! l>ynx1 x is divid$4 7,previ\sly1 9 inhalation1 a simil> ?+ happ5s2 b ?is does n conc]n u imm$iately1 & ,i pref] to direct ! s+]'s *ief att5tion to ! second occurr5ce47 ,"o "p may press t[>d ! palate1 ! o!r t[>d ! cavities ( ! head4 ,! division ( ! brea? occurs regul>ly1 f ! deepe/ bass to ! highe/ t5or or soprano1 /ep = /ep1 vibration = vibration1 )\t reg>d to sex or individuality4 ,only ! diff]+ size or /r5g? ( ! vocal organs ?r\gh :i* ! brea? fl[s1 ! brea?+ app>atus1 or ! skill ) :i* !y are us$1 are diff]5t 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,! seat ( ! brea?1 ! law ( its division1 z well z ! resonat+ surfaces1 are always ! same & are diff]5tiat$ at mo/ ?r\gh diff]5ce ( habit4 ,,section ,,iii ,,( ,,! ,,brea? ,,& ,,:irl+ ,,curr5ts 7,,s++ ,,=w>d7 ,! v]ie/ beg9n] kn[s t 9 ord] to use ! brea? to ! fulle/ advantage1 x mu/ rema9 v long diffus$ back 9 ! m\?4 ,a mi/ak5 idea ( s++ =w>d misleads mo/ to press x =w>d & ?us all[ x to be spe$ily dissipat$4 ,! column ( brea? com+ 9 an un9t]rupt$ /ream f ! l>ynx1 mu/1 z soon z x fl[s into ! =m prep>$ = x accord+ to ! requir$ tone1 by ! tongue & palate1 fill ?is =m1 so>+ ?r\gh all its corn]s1 ) its vibrations4 ,x makes :irl+ curr5ts1 :i* circulate 9 ! ela/ic =m surr\nd+ x1 & x mu/ rema9 !re till ! tone is high en\gh1 /rong en\gh1 & su/a9$ en\gh to satisfy ! judgm5t ( ! s+] z well z ! e> ( ! li/5]4 ,%\ld !re be lack+ ! lea/ elem5t ( pit*1 /r5g?1 or duration1 ! tone is imp]fect & does n meet ! requirem5t4 ,le>n+ & tea*+ to he> is ! fir/ task ( bo? pupil & tea*]4 ,"o is impossible )\t ! o!r4 ,x is ! mo/ difficult z well z ! mo/ grateful task1 & x is ! only way to rea* p]fection4 ,ev5 if ! pupil unconsci\sly %\ld produce a flawless tone1 x is ! tea*]'s duty to acqua9t him cle>ly ) ! causes ( x4 ,x is n en\gh to s+ well2 "o mu/ also "k h[ "o does x4 ,! tea*] mu/ tell ! pupil con/antly1 mak+ him describe cle>ly 8 s5sations 9 s++1 & und]/& fully ! physiological factors t cooep]ate to produce !m4 ,! s5sations 9 s++ mu/ co9cide ) m9e z "h describ$1 if !y are to be consid]$ z correct2 = m9e are bas$ logically on physiological causes & correspond precisely ) ! op]ation ( ^! causes4 ,moreov]1 all my pupils tell me--(t51 to be sure1 n till _m mon?s h pass$--h[ exact my explanations are2 h[ accurately1 on ! /r5g? ( !m1 !y h le>n$ to feel ! physiological processes4 ,!y h le>n$1 sl[ly1 to be sure1 to become consci\s ( _! errors & false impressions2 = x is v difficult to asc]ta9 su* mi/akes & false adju/m5ts ( ! organs4 ,false s5sations 9 s++ & disreg>d$ or false ideas ( physiological processes _c imm$iately be /amp$ out4 ,a long "t is ne$$ = ! m9d to be able to =m a cle> image ( ^? processes1 & n till !n c k & improvem5t be expect$4 ,! tea*] mu/ repeat$ly expla9 ! physiological processes1 ! pupil repeat$ly disclose e confusion & unc]ta9ty he feels1 until ! p]fect consci\sness ( 8 s5sations 9 s++ is irrevocably impress$ ^u 8 memory1 t is1 has become a habit4 ,among a hundr$ s+]s h>dly "o c be f\nd ^: s+le tones meet e requirem5t4 ,& among a ?\s& li/5]s1 ev5 among tea*]s1 & among arti/s1 h>dly "o he>s x4 ,i admit t su* p]fect tones sometimes1 g5]ally q unconsci\sly1 are he>d f "y s+]s1 & especially f beg9n]s1 & nev] fail to make an impression4 ,! tea*] he>s t !y are good1 s does ! public4 ,only a v few "k :y1 ev5 among s+]s1 because only a v few "k ! laws gov]n+ p]fect tone production4 ,_! tal5t1 _! e> p]*ance1 tell !m ! tru?2 b ! causes !y nei!r "k nor look =4 ,on su* unconsci\s s++ directors1 manag]s1 & ev5 conductors1 build mi/ak5ly _! greate/ hopes4 ,no "o he>s :at is lack+1 or :at w soon be lack+1 & all are surpris$ :5 exp]i5c$ s+]s prote/ aga9/ x4 ,!y become en?usia/ic1 prop]ly1 ov] beautiful voices1 b pursue q ! wrong pa? 9 tra9+ !m = great] tasks4 ,z soon z su* p]sons are obta9$1 !y are imm$iately bundl$ into all roles2 !y h h>dly "t to le>n "o role by he>t1 to say no?+ ( compreh5d+ x & work+ x up arti/ically4 ,! />s mu/ %9e imm$iately6 ,b ) :at res\rces8 ,) ! fre% voice alone8 ,:o is !re to tea* !m to use _! res\rces on ! /age8 ,:o to husb& !m = ! future8 ,! manag]8 ! director8 ,n at all4 ,:5 ! day comes t !y c no long] p]=m :at1 n !y !mselves1 b ! directors1 expect$ ( !m1 !y are put to "o side1 & if !y d n possess great en]gy & /r5g?1 (t5 entirely succumb4 ,!y c\ld n meet ! dem&s made ^u !m1 because !y did n "k h[ to use _! res\rces4 ,i %all be told t tones well sung1 ev5 unconsci\sly1 are en\gh4 ,b t is n true4 ,! lea/ unfavorable circum/ance1 ov]-ex]tion1 indisposition1 an unaccu/om$ situation1 any?+ c bl[ out ! unconsci\s "o's light1 or at lea/ make x flick] badly4 ,( any self-help1 :5 !re is ignorance ( all ! fundam5tals1 !re c be no "q4 ,any help is grasp$ at4 ,!n appe>s ! s-call$ 7b false7 individuality1 "u ^: mask s mu* t is bad pres5ts itself to art & be=e ! public4 ,?is is n rem>kable1 9 view ( ! complexity ( ! ph5om5a ( song4 ,few tea*]s conc]n !mselves ) ! fundam5tal /udies2 !y (t5 d n s+ at all !mselves1 or !y s+ q wrongly2 & consequ5tly c nei!r describe ! vocal s5sations nor te/ !m 9 o!rs4 ,!ory alone is ( no value :atev]4 ,) old s+]s ! case is (t5 q ! contr>y--s bo? seize :atev] help !y c lay hold (4 ,! brea?1 t vibrates aga9/ ! s(t palate1 :5 x is rais$1 or beh9d x 9 ! cavities ( ! head1 produces :irl+ curr5ts ?r\gh its cont9u\s /ream+ =? & its tw(old division4 ,^! curr5ts c circulate only 9 unbrok5 complet5ess ( =m4 ,! long] _! =m rema9s unimpair$1 & ! m economically ! cont9u\s brea? pressure is ma9ta9$1 ! less brea? d ^! curr5ts ne$1 ! less is emitt$ unus$ f ! m\?4 ,if an ela/ic =m is f\nd 9 ! m\? 9 :i* ! curr5ts c circulate unt\*$ by any pressure or undue contraction or expansion ( x1 ! brea? becomes practically unlimit$4 ,t is ! simple solution ( ! p>adox t )\t deep brea?+ "o may (t5 h mu* brea?1 &1 aft] elaborate prep>ations1 (t5 none at all2 because ! *ief att5tion is g5]ally direct$ to inhalation1 in/ead ( to ! ela/ic =m+ ( ! organs = ! brea?1 s\nd curr5ts1 & tone4 ,! "o ?+ ne$$ is ! k ( ! causes1 & ! necess>y skill 9 prep>+ ! =m1 avoid+ all pressure t c\ld injure x1 :e!r orig9at+ 9 ! l>ynx1 tongue1 or palate1 or 9 ! organs t furni% ! brea? pressure4 ,! s+]'s endeavors1 consequ5tly1 mu/ be direct$ to keep+ ! brea? z long z possible s\nd+ & vibrat+ n only =w>d b back 9 ! m\?1 s9ce ! resonance ( ! tone is spread ^u & above ! entire palate1 ext5ds f ! front tee? to ! wall ( ! ?roat4 ,he mu/ conc]n himself ) prep>+ = ! vibrations1 pliantly & ) mobility1 a p[]ful1 ela/ic1 almo/ float+ envelope1 :i* mu/ be fill$ entirely1 ) ! help ( a cont9u\s vocal mixture1--a mixture ( :i* ! compon5ts are indi/+ui%able4 ,,section ,,iv ,,! ,,s+]',s ,,physiological ,,/udies ,sci5ce has expla9$ all ! processes ( ! vocal organs 9 _! *ief functions1 & _m me?ods ( s++ h be5 bas$ ^u physiology1 physics1 & phonetics4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t sci5tific explanations are absolutely necess>y = ! s+]--z long z !y are conf9$ to ! s5sations 9 s++1 fo/] und]/&+ ( ! ph5om5on1 & summon up an intelligible picture4 ,?is is :at un9t]pret$ s5sations 9 s++ _c d2 ( :i* fact ! cle>e/ demon/ration is giv5 by ! expressions1 bright1 d>k1 nasal1 s++ =w>d1 etc41 t ,i began by m5tion+ & t are almo/ always falsely und]/ood4 ,!y are q mean+less )\t ! practical tea*+s ( ! s5sations ( su* s+]s z h direct$ _! att5tion to !m ) a k ( ! end 9 view1 & are compet5t to correlate !m ) ! facts ( sci5ce4 ,! s+] is usually worri$ by ! ^w physiology2 b only because he does n cle>ly und]/& ! limits ( its tea*+s4 ,! s+] ne$1 w1 & mu/1 "k a little ( x4 ,we le>n s mu* t is useless 9 ?is life1 :y n le>n t :i* is ( ! utmo/ s]vice to u8 ,:at1 9 brief1 does x mean8 ,p]fect consci\sness 9 mov+ ! vocal organs1 & ?r\gh ! aid ( ! e>1 9 plac+ !m at w 9 c]ta9 relations ) ea* o!r2 ! fact t ! s(t palate c be drawn up aga9/ ! h>d palate2 t ! tongue is able to take _m diff]5t positions1 & t ! l>ynx1 by ! assi/ance ( ! vocal s\nd oo1 takes a l[ position1 & by t ( ! v[el a a high "o2 t all muscles contract 9 activity & 9 normal inactivity are relax$2 t we mu/ /r5g!n !m by cont9u$ vocal gymna/ics s t !y may be able to su/a9 long-cont9u$ ex]tion2 & mu/ keep !m ela/ic & use !m s4 ,x includes also ! well-controll$ activity ( diaphragm1 *e/1 neck1 & face muscles4 ,?is is all t physiology means = ! vocal organs4 ,s9ce ^! ?+s all op]ate toge!r1 "o )\t ! o!rs c accompli% no?+2 if ! lea/ is lack+1 s++ is q impossible1 or is entirely bad4 ,illu/ration3 ,cavity ( ! =ehead1 high range4 ,nasal cavity1 middle range4 ,palatal resonance1 l[ range4 ,s(t palate laid back aga9/ ! wall ( ! ?roat 9 l[ tones1 l[]$ 9 high tones4 ,r$ l9es d5ote ! resonance4 ,physiology is conc]n$ also ) muscles1 n]ves1 s9ews1 ligam5ts1 & c>tilage1 all ( :i* are us$ 9 s++1 b all ( :i* we _c feel4 ,we _c ev5 feel ! vocal cords4 ,c]ta9ly mu* dep5ds = ! s+] ^u _! prop] condition2 & :e!r z voice produc]s or brea? regulators1 we all h good reason always to sp>e !m z mu* z possible1 & nev] to ov]burd5 !m4 ,?\gh we _c feel ! vocal cords1 we c1 nev]!less1 he>1 by obs]v+ :e!r ! tone is ev51--9 ! emission ( ! brea? "u control1--:e!r !y are p]=m+ _! functions prop]ly4 ,ov]burd5+ !m ?r\gh pressure1 or emitt+ ( ! brea? )\t control1 results 9 weak5+ !m4 ,! irritation ( sev]e c\gh+1 ?\ghtless talk+ or %\t+ imm$iately aft] s++ may also set up s]i\s conge/ion ( ! vocal cords1 :i* c be rem$i$ only ?r\gh sl[ gymna/ics ( ! tongue & l>yngeal muscles1 by ! pronunciation ( v[els 9 conjunction ) consonants4 ,inactivity ( ! vocal organs w n cure x1 or p]haps n till aft] ! lapse ( ye>s4 ,a good s+] c nev] lose 8 voice4 ,m5tal agitation or sev]e colds c = a "t deprive ! s+] ( ! use ( 8 vocal organs1 or s]i\sly impair !m4 ,only ^? :o h be5 s++ )\t consci\sly correct use ( _! organs c become di%e>t5$ ov] x2 ^? :o "k bett] w1 ) m or less difficulty1 cure !mselves1 & by ! use ( vocal gymna/ics br+ _! vocal organs into condition aga94 ,= ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 s+]s %\ld seek to acquire accurate k ( _! own organs1 z well z ( _! functions1 t !y may n let !mselves be burnt1 cut1 & caut]iz$ by unscrupul\s physicians4 ,leave ! l>ynx & all connect$ ) x alone2 /r5g!n ! organs by daily vocal gymna/ics & a heal?y1 sob] mode ( life2 bew>e ( cat*+ cold aft] s++2 d n sit & talk 9 re/aurants4 ,/ud5ts ( s++ %\ld use ! e>ly morn+ h\rs1 & fill _! days ) ! v>i\s bran*es ( _! /udy4 ,s+ e day only s mu*1 t on ! next day y c practise aga91 feel+ fre% & ready = "w1 z regul> /udy requires4 ,bett] "o h\r e day ?an t5 to-day & none tomorr[4 ,! public s+] %\ld also d 8 practis+ e>ly 9 ! day1 t he may h himself well 9 h& by ev5+4 ,h[ (t5 "o feels indispos$ 9 ! morn+6 ,any physical reason is suffici5t to make s++ difficult1 or ev5 impossible2 x ne$ n be connect$ necess>ily ) ! vocal organs2 9 fact1 ,i believe x v r>ely is4 ,= ?is reason1 9 two h\rs ev]y?+ may h *ang$4 ,i rememb] a *>m+ incid5t 9 ,new ,york4 ,alb]t ,niemann1 our h]oic t5or1 :o 0 to s+ ,loh5gr9 9 ! ev5+1 compla9$ to me 9 ! morn+ ( sev]e ho>s5ess4 ,to give up a role 9 ,am]ica co/s ! s+]1 z well z ! director1 mu* money4 ,my advice 0 to wait4 ,niemann4 ,:at d y d1 !n1 :5 y are ho>se8 ,i4 ,oh1 ,i practise & see :e!r x /ill tr\bles me4 ,niem4 ,inde$2 & :at d y practise8 ,i4 ,long1 sl[ scales4 ,niem4 ,ev5 if y are ho>se8 ,i4 ,yes2 if ,i want to s+1 or h to1 ,i try x4 ,niem4 ,well1 :at are !y8 ,%[ me4 ,! great scale1 ! infallible cure4 ,i %[$ !m to him2 he sang !m1 ) words ( abuse 9 ! meantime2 b gradually 8 ho>s5ess grew bett]4 ,he did n s5d ^w ( 8 inability to appe> 9 ! ev5+1 b sang1 & bett] ?an ev]1 ) enorm\s success4 ,i myself _h to s+ ,norma 9 ,vi5na "s ye>s ago1 & got up 9 ! morn+ q ho>se4 ,by n9e o'clock ,i tri$ my infallible rem$y1 b c\ld n s+ above ,a flat1 ?\gh 9 ! ev5+ ,i %\ld h to rea* high ,d flat & ,e flat4 ,i 0 on ! po9t ( giv+ up1 because ! case seem$ to me s desp]ate4 ,nev]!less1 ,i practis$ till elev5 o'clock1 half an h\r at a "t1 & notic$ t ,i 0 gradually gett+ bett]4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,i _h my ,d flat & ,e flat at my comm& & 0 9 brilliant =m4 ,p said !y _h seldom he>d me s+ s well4 ,i c\ld give numb]less in/ances1 all go+ to %[ t y nev] c tell e>ly 9 ! day h[ y are go+ to feel 9 ! ev5+4 ,i mu* pref]1 = in/ance1 n to feel s v well e>ly 9 ! day1 because x may easily happ5 t ! opposite may be ! case lat] on1 :i* is mu* less agreeable4 ,if y wi% to s+ only :5 y are 9 good =m1 y mu/ excuse y\rself n9ety-n9e times out ( a hundr$4 ,y mu/ le>n to "k y\r own vocal organs ?or\ghly & be able to s+2 mu/ d ev]y?+ t is calculat$ to keep y 9 good condition4 ,?is includes *iefly re/ = ! n]ves1 c>e ( ! body1 & gymna/ics ( ! voice1 t y may be able to defy all possible *ances4 ,be=e all1 nev] neglect to practise e morn+1 regul>ly1 prop] s++ ex]cises ?r\gh ! :ole compass ( ! voice4 ,d x ) pa9ful s]i\sness2 & nev] ?9k t vocal gymna/ics we>y ! s+]4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y br+ refre%m5t & p[] ( endurance to him :o w become ma/] ( 8 vocal organs4 ,,section ,v ,,equaliz+ ,,! ,,voice2 ,,brea?2 ,,=m ,?r\gh ! l[]+ ( ! pill>s ( ! fauces1 :i* is ! same z rais+ ! s(t palate1 ! outfl[+ brea? is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,i h sket*$ ! foll[+ repres5tation ( x3-- ,division ( ! brea?4 ,by rais+ ! pill>s ( ! fauces1 :i* closes (f ! ?roat f ! cavities ( ! head1 ! *e/ voice is produc$2 t is1 ! l[e/ range ( all k9ds ( voices4 ,?is occurs :5 ! ma9 /ream ( brea?1 spread+ ov] aga9/ ! high-ar*$ palate1 completely utilizes all its resonat+ surfaces4 ,?is is ! palatal resonance1 9 :i* !re is ! mo/ p[] 7,plate ,a74 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,r$ l9es d5ote division ( ! brea? 9 palatal resonance1 l[] range ( male & female voices4 ,:5 ! s(t palate is rais$ high beh9d ! nose1 ! pill>s ( ! fauces are l[]$1 & ?is frees ! way = ! ma9 /ream ( brea? to ! head cavities4 ,?is n[ is p\r$ out1 fill+ ! nose1 =ehead1 & head cavities4 ,?is makes ! head tone4 ,call$ head tone 9 wom51 falsetto 9 m51 x is ! highe/ range ( all classes ( voices1 ! resonance ( ! head cavities 7,plate ,c74 ,illu/ration3 ,c ,resonance ( ! cavity ( ! =ehead4 ,r$ l9es d5ote division ( ! brea? 9 ! resonance ( ! head cavity1 high range4 ,betwe5 ^! two extreme functions ( ! palate & brea?1 "o /ream ( brea? gives "s ( its =ce to ! o!r2 & :5 equally divid$ !y =m ! m$ium range ( all classes ( voices 7,plate ,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,b ,r$ l9es d5ote division ( ! brea? 9 ! middle range4 ,! s+] mu/ always h 9 8 m9d's eye a picture ( ?is divid$ /ream ( brea?4 ,z ,i h already said1 9 ! l[e/ tones ( all voices ! ma9 /ream ( brea? is project$ aga9/ ! palate2 ! pill>s ( ! fauces1 be+ /ret*$ to _! fulle/ ext5t1 & drawn back to ! wall ( ! ?roat1 all[ almo/ no brea? to rea* ! head cavities4 ,i say almo/ none1 =1 z a matt] ( fact1 a bran* /ream ( brea?1 h[ev] small1 mu/ be =c$ back1 beh9d & above ! pill>s1 fir/ into ! nose1 lat] into ! =ehead & ! cavities ( ! head4 ,?is =ms ! ov]tones 7head tones7 :i* mu/ vibrate ) all tones1 ev5 ! l[e/4 ,^! ov]tones lead ov] f ! pure/ *e/ tones1 sl[ly1 ) a con/antly *ang+ mixture ( bo? k9ds ( resonance1 fir/ to ! high tones ( bass & b>itone1 ! l[ tones ( t5or1 ! middle tones ( alto & soprano1 f9ally1 to ! pure/ head tones1 ! highe/ tones ( ! t5or-falsetto or soprano4 7,see ! plates47 ,! extremely delicate gradation ( ! scale ( increase ( ! resonance ( ! head cavities 9 asc5d+ passages1 & ( increase ( palatal resonance 9 desc5d+1 dep5ds ^u ! skill to make ! palate act ela/ically1 & to let ! brea?1 "u control ( ! abdom9al & *e/ pressure1 fl[ un9t]rupt$ly 9 a g5tle /ream into ! resonat+ *amb]s4 ,?r\gh ! previ\s prep>ation ( ! l>ynx & tongue1 x mu/ rea* its resonat+ surfaces z ?\gh pass+ ?r\gh a cyl9d]1 & mu/ circulate 9 ! =m previ\sly prep>$ = x1 prop] = ea* tone & v[el s\nd4 ,?is =m surr\nds x g5tly b firmly4 ,! supply ( air rema9s cont9u\sly ! same1 r increas+ ?an dim9i%+1 not)/&+ ! fact t ! quantity :i* ! abdom9al pressure has furni%$ ! vocal cords f ! supply *amb] is a v small "o4 ,t x may n h9d] fur!r progression1 ! =m mu/ rema9 ela/ic & s5sitive to ! mo/ delicate modification ( ! v[el s\nd4 ,if ! tone is to h life1 x mu/ always be able to con=m to any v[el s\nd4 ,! lea/ displacem5t ( ! =m or int]ruption ( ! brea? breaks up ! :irl+ curr5ts & vibrations1 & consequ5tly affects ! tone1 its vibrancy1 its /r5g?1 & its duration4 ,9 s++ a cont9u\s passage upw>d1 ! =m becomes high] & m pliant2 ! mo/ pliable place on ! palate is drawn upw>d4 7,see ,plate ,a47 ,:5 ,i s+ a s+le tone ,i c give x mu* m p[]1 mu* m palatal or nasal resonance1 ?an ,i c\ld give 9 a s]ies ( asc5d+ tones4 ,9 a musical figure ,i mu/ attack ! l[e/ note 9 su* a way t ,i c easily rea* ! highe/4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 give x mu* m head tone ?an ! s+le tone requires4 7,v important47 ,:5 advanc+ f>!r1 ,i h ! feel+ on ! palate1 above & beh9d ! nose1 t[>d ! cavities ( ! head1 ( a /rong b v ela/ic rubb] ball1 :i* ,i fill l a balloon ) my brea? /ream+ up f> back ( x4 ,& ?is fill+ keeps on 9 ev5 measure4 ,t is1 ! bran* /ream ( ! brea?1 :i* fl[s into ! head cavities1 mu/ be free to fl[ v /rongly )\t h9drance4 7,see ,plate ,b47 ,i c increase ! size ( ?is ball above1 to a pe> %ape1 z soon z ,i ?9k ( s++ high]2 &1 inde$1 ,i height5 ! =m be=e ,i g on f ! tone j sung1 mak+ x1 s to speak1 high] 9 t way1 & ?us keep ! =m1 t is1 ! propagation =m1 ready = ! next high] tone1 :i* ,i c n[ rea* easily1 z long z no int]ruption 9 ! /ream ( brea? aga9/ ! muc\s membrane c take place4 ,= ?is reason ! brea? mu/ nev] be held back1 b mu/ always be emitt$ 9 a m & m p[]ful /ream4 ,! high] ! tone1 ! m num]\s are ! vibrations1 ! m rapidly ! :irl+ curr5ts circulate1 & ! m un*angeable mu/ ! =m be4 ,cat>rh (t5 dries up ! muc\s membrane2 !n ! tones are incl9$ to break (f4 ,at su* times "o mu/ s+ ) peculi> circumspection1 & ) an especially p[]ful /ream ( brea? beh9d ! tone3 x is bett] to take brea? frequ5tly4 ,9 a desc5d+ scale or figure ,i mu/1 on ! contr>y1 pres]ve v c>efully ! =m tak5 = ! highe/ tone4 ,i mu/ n g high]1 nor yet1 "u any circum/ances1 l[]1 b mu/ imag9e t ,i rema9 at ! same pit*1 & mu/ sugge/ to myself t ,i am /rik+ ! same tone aga94 ,! =m may gradually be a little modifi$ at ! upp] end3 t is1 ! s(t palate is l[]$ v c>efully beh9d ! nose3 keep+ almo/ always to ! =m employ$ = ! highe/ tone1 s+ ! figure to its end1 t[>d ! nose1 ) ! help ( ! v[el oo4 7,?is auxili>y v[el oo means no?+ m ?an t ! l>ynx is sl[ly l[]$ 9 position47 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! resonance ( ! head cavities is dim9i%$1 t ( ! palate increas$2 = ! s(t palate s9ks1 & ! pill>s ( ! fauces are rais$ m & m4 ,yet ! head tone mu/ n be entirely free f palatal resonance4 ,bo? rema9 to ! la/ brea? unit$1 mutually support+ ea* o!r 9 asc5d+ & desc5d+ passages1 & alt]nately b inaudibly increas+ & dim9i%+4 ,^! ?+s g to make up ! =m3-- ,! rais+ & l[]+ ( ! s(t palate1 & ! correspond+ l[]+ & rais+ ( ! pill>s ( ! fauces4 ,! prop] position ( ! tongue3 ! tip re/s on ! l[] front tee?--m9e ev5 z l[ z ! roots ( ! tee?4 ,! back ( ! tongue mu/ /& high & free f ! ?roat1 ready = any movem5t4 ,a furr[ mu/ be =m$ 9 ! tongue1 :i* is lea/ prom95t 9 ! l[e/ tones1 & 9 direct head tones may ev5 completely disappe>4 ,z soon z ! tone dem&s ! palatal resonance1 ! furr[ mu/ be made prom95t & kept s4 ,9 my case x c always be se54 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important matt]s1 ^u :i* too mu* emphasis c h>dly be laid4 ,z soon z ! furr[ 9 ! tongue %[s itself1 ! tone mu/ s\nd "r2 = !n ! mass ( ! tongue is kept away f ! ?roat1 &1 s9ce its sides are rais$1 x is kept out ( ! way ( ! tone4 ,illu/ration3 ,side ( ! tongue kept high4 ,furr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9e d5otes3 ,s5sation 9 rais+ ! s(t palate = high notes4 ,s5sation ( ! =m 9 rapid upw>d passages4 ,division ( ! brea? favors ! resonance ( head cavities4 ,x lies flatte/ 9 ! l[e/ tones because ! l>ynx !n is 9 a v l[ position1 & ?us is out ( its way4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9e d5otes s5sation ( ! =m 9 sl[ progression ( tones4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9e d5otes s5sation = ! propagation =m4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is ! uncon/ra9$ position ( ! l>ynx1 :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$ )\t pressure ( ! ?roat muscles4 ,f x ! brea? mu/ /ream =? ev5ly & un9t]rupt$ly1 to fill ! =m prep>$ = x by ! tongue & palate & support$ by ! ?roat muscles4 ,?is support mu/ n1 h[ev]1 dep5d 9 ! lea/ ^u pressure1--= ! vibrat+ brea? mu/ float above1--b ^u ! greate/ ela/icity4 ,"o mu/ play ) ! muscles1 & be able to contract & relax !m at pleasure1 hav+ ?us p]fect ma/]y ov] !m4 ,= ?is incessant practice is requir$1 increas+ control ( ! brea? ?r\gh ! s5se ( he>+ & ! brea? pressure4 ,at fir/ a v /rong w p[] is ne$$ to hold ! muscles t5se )\t pressure2 t is1 to let ! tone1 z x 71 so> ?r\gh ! ?roat1 m\?1 or cavities ( ! head4 ,! /rong] ! improp] pressure 9 ! production ( ! tone1 ! m difficult x is to get rid (4 ,! result is simply1 9 o!r words1 a /ra94 ,! contraction ( ! muscles mu/ g only s f> t !y c be sl[ly relax$2 t is1 c return to _! normal position easily4 ,nev] mu/ ! neck be swell$ up1 or ! ve9s 9 x /& out4 ,e convulsive or pa9ful feel+ is wrong4 ,,section ,,vi ,,! ,,attack ,to attack a tone1 ! brea? mu/ be direct$ to a focal po9t on ! palate1 :i* lies "u ! critical po9t = ea* diff]5t tone2 ?is mu/ be done ) a c]ta9 decisiv5ess4 ,!re mu/1 h[ev]1 be no pressure on ?is place2 = ! ov]tones mu/ be able to so> above1 & s\nd )1 ! tone4 ,! palate has to furni%1 besides1 ! top cov] aga9/ :i* ! brea? /rikes1 also an extremely ela/ic floor = ! brea? s\nd+ above x aga9/ ! h>d palate or 9 ! nose4 ,?is brea?1 by =m+ ! ov]tones1 makes c]ta9 ! connection ) ! resonance ( ! head cavities4 ,9 ord] to br+ out ! color ( ! tone ! :irl+ curr5ts mu/ vivify all ! v[el s\nds t ent] into x1 & draw !m into _! circles ) an ev]-increas+1 so>+ tide ( s\nd4 ,! duration ( ! tone mu/ be assur$ by ! g5tle b un9t]rupt$ outp\r+ ( ! brea? beh9d x4 ,its /r5g? mu/ be ga9$ by ! brea? pressure & ! focal po9t on ! palate1 by ! complete utilization ( ! palatal resonance2 )\t1 h[ev]1 injur+ ! resonance ( ! head cavities4 7,see plate1 repres5t+ ! attack47 ,illu/ration3 ,s5sation ( pit*4 ,r$ l9e d5otes s5sation 9 ! attack4 ,,section ,,vii ,,nasal4 ,,nasal ,,s++ ,by rais+ ! back ( ! tongue t[>d ! s(t palate & l[]+ ! s(t palate t[>d ! tongue1 we produce nasal s\nd1 su* z is he>d 9 ! pronunciation ( ! ^w hang]1 = in/ance4 ,! air is !n expell$ *iefly ?r\gh ! nose4 ,! nasal s\nd c be mu* exagg]at$--some?+ t v r>ely happ5s2 x c be mu* neglect$--some?+ t v (t5 happ5s4 ,c]ta9 x is t x is n ne>ly en\gh avail$ (4 ,t is my own ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,we ,g]mans h only small opportunity to make ! acqua9tance ( ! nasal s\nd2 we "k x 9 only a few words3 ,engel1 lange1 mangel1 etc41--always :]e ng occurs be=e or aft] a v[el4 ,! ,fr5*1 on ! contr>y1 always s+ & speak nasally1 ) ! pill> ( ! fauces rais$ high1 & n seldom exagg]ate x4 ,on acc\nt ( ! r\nd+ up ( ! :ole s(t palate1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! p[] ( habit1 is cultivat$ especially by ! ,fr5* to an extraord9>y degree1 & :i* af=ds ! brea? an enorm\s space z a resonat+ surface to act ^u1 _! voices (t5 s\nd trem5d\s4 ,! t5or ,silva is a good example ( ?is4 ,su* voices h only ! "o drawback ( easily becom+ monoton\s4 ,at fir/ ! p[] ( ! organ a/oni%es u2 ! next "t we are disappo9t$--! tone color rema9s always ! same4 ,! tone (t5 ev5 deg5]ates into a holl[ quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote movem5t ( ! tongue & palate = ! nasal tone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 voices t are n suffici5tly nasal s\nd cle> & expressionless4 ,madame ,melba1 = in/ance1 ^: voice is cultivat$ to favor ! head tones1 & s\nds equally well 9 all its ranges1 app>5tly l[]s ! pill>s ( ! fauces too mu*1 & has h] *ief resonance 9 ! head cavities2 %e _c draw ^u ! palatal resonance = s+le acc5ts ( expression4 ,consequ5tly %e loses 9 vocal color4 ,?is proc$ure1 z soon z x becomes a habit1 results 9 monotony4 ,9 ! fir/ case some:at less1 9 ! second some:at m1 nasal resonance w\ld help to a great] v>iety ( effect4 ,!re are s+]s1 too1 :o pursue ! middle pa? ) consummate art4 ,?us ,madame ,sembri*1 9 rec5t ye>s1 appe>s to h devot$ v special /udy to nasal tones1 :]eby h] voice1 especially 9 ! middle regi/]1 has ga9$ greatly 9 w>m?4 ,to fix ! pupil's att5tion on ! nasal tone & ! ela/icity ( ! palate1 he %\ld (t5 be giv5 ex]cises ) ,fr5* words4 ,,section ,,viii ,,s++ ,,t[>d ,,! ,,nose4 ,,head ,,voice ,:5 ! peak ( ! s(te/ "p ( ! palate is plac$ =w>d t[>d ! nose1 in/ead ( be+ drawn up high beh9d ! nose1 z 9 ! head voice 7see plate1 head voice & nasal tone71 x =ms a k9d ( nasal production :i*1 z ,i h already said1 _c be /udi$ en\gh1 because x produces v noble tonal effects & extraord9>y connections4 ,x ought always to be employ$4 ,by x is effect$ ! connection ( tones ) ea* o!r1 f ! front tee? back to a po9t "u ! nose2 f ! l[] middle tones to ! head tones4 ,9 tru?1 all ! b5efit ( tonal connection dep5ds ^u ?is portion ( ! s(t palate2 t is1 ^u its consci\s employm5t4 ,?is is all t s+]s mean :5 !y speak ( nasal s++--really only s++ t[>d ! nose4 ,! s(t palate plac$ t[>d ! nose (f]s a resonat+ surface = ! tone4 ,! reason :y tea*]s tell _! pupils s little ( ?is is t _m s+]s are q ignorant ( :at nasal s++ means1 & are torm5t$ by ! idea ( s++ t[>d ! nose1 :5 by *ance !y he> some?+ ab\t x4 ,!y g5]ally reg>d ! voice z "o complete organ act+ by itself1 :i* is once = all :at x is4 ,:at c be made ( x ?r\gh k ( ! functions ( all ! cooep]at+ organs !y "k no?+ (4 ,bl9d voices are (t5 caus$ by ! exagg]at$ practice ( clos+ (f ! ?roat too tightly f ! head cavities2 t is1 draw+ ! pill>s ( ! fauces too f> t[>d ! wall ( ! ?roat4 ,! l>ge resonat+ *amb] ?us =m$ yields tones t are p[]ful close at h&1 b !y d n c>ry1 because !y are poor 9 ov]tones4 ,! mi/ake consi/s 9 ! practice ( /ret*+ ! pill>s too widely 9 ! high] vocal ranges1 also4 ,9 proportion z ! pill>s are ext5d$1 ! brea? spreads ov] ! entire palate1 in/ead ( be+ conc5trat$ on only "o po9t ( x1 & br++ at ! same "t ! resonance ( ! head cavities into play4 ,! s(t palate mu/ fir/ be drawn up to1 !n beh9d1 ! nose1 & ! attack ( ! high] tones be transf]r$ ?i!r4 ,! pill>s ( ! fauces mu/ necess>ily be relax$ by ?is action ( ! s(t palate4 ,!reby brea? is introduc$ into ! cavities ( ! head to =m ! ov]tones1 :i* contribute brilliancy & fre%ness to ! voice4 ,_m s+]s p]si/ 9 ! bad habit "h describ$1 z long z nature c endure x2 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 ev5 ) ! mo/ p[]ful physiques1 !y w beg9 to s+ noticeably flat2 ) less p[]ful1 ! fatal tremolo w make its appe>ance1 :i* results 9 ! ru9 ( s _m s+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote vocal s5sations ( soprano & t5or s+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! s+]'s nasal tone4 ,r$ l9e d5otes3 ,! s(t palate rais$ high 9 ! back1 = fur!r progression ) ! head tone4 ,vocal s5sation4 ,r$ l9e d5otes3 ,s(t palate drawn t[>d ! nose1 = a desc5d+ progression4 ,vocal s5sation4 ,,section ,,ix ,,! ,,head ,,voice ,! head tone signifies1 = all voices1 f ! deepe/ bass to ! highe/ soprano1--except+ = ! fact t x furni%es ! ov]tones = ea* s+le tone ( ! :ole vocal gamut1--y\?4 ,a voice )\t vibrancy is an old voice4 ,! magic ( y\?1 fre%ness1 is giv5 by ! ov]tones t s\nd ) e tone4 ,s to utilize ! head voice 7resonance ( ! head cavities7 t e tone %all be able to c>ry & %all rema9 high en\gh to rea* high] tones easily1 is a difficult art1 )\t :i*1 h[ev]1 ! s+] _c reckon ^u ! durability ( 8 voice4 ,(t5 employ$ unconsci\sly1 x is lo/ ?r\gh he$lessness1 mi/ak5 me?od1 or ignorance2 & x c h>dly ev] be rega9$1 or1 if at all1 only ?r\gh ! greate/ sacrifice ( "t1 tr\ble1 & pati5ce4 ,! pure head voice 7! ?ird regi/]7 is1 on acc\nt ( ! ?9ness t x has by nature1 ! neglect$ /ep-*ild ( almo/ all s+]s1 male & female2 its /ep-p>5ts1 9 ! wor/ significance ( ! ^w1 are mo/ s++ tea*]s1 male & female4 ,x is produc$ by ! complete l[]+ ( ! pill>s ( ! fauces1 :ile ! s(te/ po9t ( ! palate--beh9d ! nose--is ?r[n up v high1 seem+ly1 almo/ into ! head2 9 ! highe/ position1 z x 71 above ! head4 ,! re> ( ! tongue /&s high1 b is =m$ into a furr[1 9 ord] t ! mass ( ! tongue may n be 9 ! way1 ei!r 9 ! ?roat or 9 ! m\?4 ,9 ! v highe/ falsetto & head tones ! furr[ is pretty well fill$ out1 & !n no m brea? at all rea*es ! palatal resonance4 ,! l>ynx /&s high--m9e leans ov] to "o side4 7,see plates ( l>ynx47 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,normal position ( ! l>ynx4 ,b ,! position ( my l>ynx 9 ! high range4 ,! vocal cords1 :i* we _c feel1 n[ approa* v ne> ea* o!r4 ,! pupil %\ld n read ab\t !m until he has le>n$ to he> correctly4 ,i d n int5d to write a physiological "w1 b simply to attempt to exam9e c]ta9 infallible vocal s5sations ( ! s+]2 po9t out ways to cure evils1 & %[ h[ to ga9 a correct und]/&+ ( t :i* we lack4 ,up to a c]ta9 pit*1 ) t5ors z well z ) sopranos1 ! head tones %\ld be mix$ ) palatal resonance4 ,) t5ors ?is w be a matt] ( c\rse1 ?\gh ) !m ! *e/ tones are mu* abus$2 ) sopranos1 h[ev]1 a judici\s mixture may be recomm5d$ because m expression is requir$ 7s9ce ! influ5ce ( ,wagn] has become p>am\nt 9 int]pret+ ! mean+ ( a composition1 especially ( ! words7 ?an 9 ! brilliant fireworks ( =m] times4 ,! head voice1 too1 mu/ n be reg>d$ z a def9ite regi/] ( its own1 :i* is g5]ally produc$ 9 ! middle range ?r\gh too long a p]si/5ce 9 ! use ( ! palatal & nasal resonance4 ,if x is sudd5ly he>d alone1 aft] =c+ tones t h prec$$ x1 :i* is n possible "u o!r circum/ances1 x is ( c\rse noticeably ?91 & /&s out to its disadvantage--l e o!r %>ply def9$ regi/]--f ! middle tones4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! voice no regi/] %\ld exi/ or be creat$2 ! voice mu/ be made ev5 ?r\gh\t its entire range4 ,i d n mean by ?is t ,i %\ld s+ nei!r ) *e/ tones nor ) head tones4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! practis$ arti/ %\ld h at 8 comm& all mann] ( diff]5t means ( expression1 t he may be able to use 8 s+le tones1 accord+ to ! expression requir$1 ) widely div]se qualities ( resonance4 ,?is1 too1 mu/ be c>$ = 9 8 /udies4 ,b ^! /udies1 because !y mu/ fit ea* individual case1 accord+ to ! g5ius or tal5t ( ! individual1 c be imp>t$ & direct$ only by a good tea*]4 ,! head voice1 :5 its value is prop]ly appreciat$1 is ! mo/ valuable possession ( all s+]s1 male & female4 ,x %\ld n be treat$ z a ,c9d]ella1 or z a la/ resort1--z is (t5 done too late1 & s )\t results1 because too mu* "t is ne$$ to rega9 x1 :5 once lo/1--b %\ld be *]i%$ & cultivat$ z a gu>dian angel & guide1 l no o!r4 ,)\t its aid all voices lack brilliancy & c>ry+ p[]2 !y are l a head )\t a bra94 ,only by con/antly summon+ x to ! aid ( all o!r regi/]s is ! s+] able to keep 8 voice fre% & y\?ful4 ,only by a c>eful application ( x d we ga9 t p[] ( endurance :i* enables u to meet ! mo/ fatigu+ dem&s4 ,by x alone c we effect a complete equalization ( ! :ole compass ( all voices1 & ext5d t compass4 ,?is is ! great secret ( ^? s+]s :o keep _! voices "y till !y rea* an advanc$ age4 ,)\t x all voices ( :i* great ex]tions are dem&$ infallibly meet disa/]4 ,!re=e1 ! motto mu/ be always1 practice1 & aga91 practice1 to keep "o's p[]s un9jur$2 practice br+s fre%ness to ! voice1 /r5g!ns ! muscles1 & is1 = ! s+]1 f> m int]e/+ ?an any musical composition4 ,if 9 my explanations ,i frequ5tly repeat myself1 x is done n un9t5tionally1 b delib]ately1 because ( ! difficulty ( ! subject1 z well z ( ! sup]ficiality & neglig5ce ( s _m s+]s :o1 aft] once ha/ily glanc+ ?r\gh su* a treatise1--if !y consid] x wor? _! :ile at all to in=m !mselves on ! subject1--?9k !y h done en\gh ) x4 ,"o mu/ read cont9ually1 /udy con/antly by "o's self1 to ga9 ev5 a fa9t idea ( ! difficulty ( ! art ( s++1 ( manag+ ! voice1 & ev5 ( "o's own organs & mi/akes1 :i* are "o's second self4 ,! ph5om5on ( ! voice is an elaborate complication ( manifold functions :i* are unit$ 9 an extremely limit$ space1 to produce a s+le tone2 functions :i* c only be he>d1 sc>cely felt--inde$1 %\ld be felt z little z possible4 ,?us1 9 spite ( ourselves1 we c only come back aga9 to ! po9t f :i* we />t$1 z 9 an eddy1 repeat+ ! explanations ( ! s+le functions1 & relat+ !m to ea* o!r4 ,s9ce 9 s++ we s5se none ( ! v>i\s activities ( ! c>tilage1 muscles1 ligam5ts1 & t5dons t belong to ! vocal app>atus1 feel !m only 9 _! cooep]ation1 & c judge ( ! correctness ( _! work+s only ?r\gh ! e>1 x w\ld be absurd to ?9k ( !m :ile s++4 ,we are compell$1 9 spite ( sci5tific k1 to direct our att5tion :ile practis+1 to ! s5sations ( ! voice1 :i* are ! only ones we c become aw>e (1--s5sations :i* are conf9$ to ! v palpable functions ( ! organs ( brea?+1 ! position ( ! l>ynx1 ( ! tongue1 & ( ! palate1 & f9ally1 to ! s5sation ( ! resonance ( ! head cavities4 ,! p]fect tone results f ! comb9$ op]ations ( all ^! functions1 ! s5sations ( :i* ,i und]take to expla91 & ! control ( :i* ! e> alone c und]take4 ,?is is ! reason :y x is s important to le>n to he> "o's self1 & to s+ 9 su* a way t "o c always s he>4 ,ev5 9 ! greate/ /ress ( emotion ! p[] ( self-control mu/ nev] be lo/2 y mu/ nev] all[ y\rself to s+ 9 a slov5ly1 t is1 9 a he$less1 way1 or to exce$ y\r p[]s1 or ev5 to rea* _! extreme limit4 ,t w\ld be synonym\s ) r\ghness1 :i* %\ld be exclud$ f e art1 especially 9 ! art ( song4 ,! li/5] mu/ ga9 a pleas+ impression f e tone1 e expression ( ! s+]2 mu* m may be giv5 if desir$4 ,/r5g? mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) r\ghness2 & ! two mu/ n g h& 9 h& toge!r4 ,ph5om5al be+s may p]haps be p]mitt$ to g beyond ! /r5g? ( o!rs2 b to ! o!rs ?is mu/ rema9 =bidd54 ,x _c become a regul> practice1 & is be/ limit$ to ! s+le ph5om5on4 ,we %\ld o!rwise soon rea* ! po9t ( crude/ realism1 f :i* at be/ we are n f> remov$4 ,r\ghness w nev] atta9 arti/ic ju/ification1 n ev5 9 ! case ( ! greate/ individual s+]s1 because x is an (f5ce4 ,! public %\ld witness f int]pretative art only :at is good & noble on :i* to =m its ta/e2 !re %\ld be no?+ crude or commonplace put be=e x1 :i* x might consid] itself ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ z an example4 ,( ! brea? s5sation ,i h already spok5 at l5g?4 ,i mu/ add t x is (t5 v desirable 9 s++ to brea! ?r\gh ! nose ) ! m\? clos$2 al?\gh :5 ?is is done1 ! rais+ ( ! palate becomes less c]ta91 z x happ5s some:at lat] ?an :5 ! brea? is tak5 ) ! m\? op54 ,x has1 h[ev]1 ?is disadvantage1 t nei!r cold air nor du/ is drawn into ! l>ynx & air passages4 ,i take pleasure 9 do+ x v (t54 ,at all ev5ts1 ! s+] %\ld (t5 avail himself ( x4 ,we feel ! l>ynx :5 ! epiglottis spr+s up 7/roke ( ! glottis1 if ! tone is tak5 f bel[ upw>d74 ,we c judge :e!r ! epiglottis spr+s up quickly en\gh if ! brea? comes out 9 a full en\gh /ream to give ! tone ! necess>y resonance4 ,! l[ position ( ! l>ynx c easily be secur$ by pron\nc+ ! v[el oo2 ! high1 by pron\nc+ ! v[el a4 ,(t5 m]ely ?9k+ ( "o or ! o!r is en\gh to put ! l>ynx1 tongue1 & palate 9 ! "r relations to ea* o!r4 ,:5ev] ,i s+ 9 a high vocal range1 ,i c pla9ly feel ! l>ynx rise & take a diagonal position4 7,see plate47 ,! movem5t is1 ( c\rse1 v slight4 ,yet ,i h ! feel+ 9 my ?roat z if ev]y?+ 9 x 0 /ret*+4 ,i feel ! pliability ( my organs pla9ly z soon z ,i s+ high]4 ,,section ,x ,,s5sation ,,& ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,tongue ,we feel ! plac+ ( its tip aga9/ or b5ea? ! front tee?2 & place ! tip v l[1 s t x really curves ov] 9 front4 7,see plate47 ,its h9d] "p mu/ be drawn back t[>d ! palate1 9 ! pronunciation ( e lett]4 ,fur!rmore1 by look+ 9 ! mirror we c see t ! sides ( ! tongue are rais$ z soon z we wi% to =m a furr[ 9 x2 t is1 z we mu/ d to produce ! palatal resonance4 7,only 9 ! head tone--t is1 ! use ( ! resonance ( ! head cavities )\t ! add$ palatal resonance--has ! tongue no furr[2 x mu/1 h[ev]1 lie v high1 s9ce o!rwise its mass1 :5 x lies flat1 presses aga9/ ! l>ynx & produces p9*$ or o!rwise disagreeable tones47 ,! be/ way is to get ! mass ( ! tongue out ( ! way by =m+ ! furr[ 9 x4 ,9 high notes1 :5 ! l>ynx mu/ /& z high z possible1 ! back ( ! tongue also mu/ /& v high2 b s9ce !re is a limit to ?is1 we are (t5 compell$ to make ! l>ynx take a l[] position4 ,illu/ration3 ,correct4 ,incorrect4 ,! correct position ( ! tongue1 prep>atory to s++1 is ga9$ by say+ ! v[el s\nd a\1 z if ab\t to yawn4 ,! tongue mu/ n scrape ar\nd upw>d ) its tip4 ,z soon z ! tip has be5 employ$ 9 ! pronunciation ( ! consonants l1 n1 s1 t1 & z1 9 :i* its s]vice is v %ort & %>p1 x mu/ return to its =m] position1 & keep to x4 ,x is be/ to wat* ! movem5ts ( ! tongue 9 ! mirror until we h =m$ ! correct habit p]man5tly4 ,! m ela/ic ! tongue is 9 prep>+ ! =m = ! brea? to pass ?r\gh1 ! /ill] w x appe>1 ! /ill] w x feel to u4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 = a consid]able "t to wat* 9 a mirror all functions ( ! organs t c be se52 ! expression ( ! face1 ! position ( ! m\?1 & ! movem5t ( ! lips4 ,,section ,,xi ,,! ,,s5sations ,,( ,,! ,,palate ,! s5sations ( ! palate are be/ made cle> to u by rais+ ! s(te/ "p beh9d ! nose4 ,?is "p is situat$ v f> back4 ,try t\*+ x c>efully ) ! f+]4 ,?is little "p is ( immeasurable importance to ! s+]4 ,by rais+ x ! entire resonance ( ! head cavities is br\ght into play--consequ5tly ! head tones are produc$4 ,:5 x is rais$1 ! pill>s ( ! fauces are l[]$4 ,9 its normal position x all[s ! pill>s to be di/5d$ & to close ! head cavities (f f ! ?roat1 9 ord] to produce ! *e/ tones2 t is1 to p]mit ! brea? to make fulle/ use ( ! palatal resonance4 ,z soon z ! s(t palate is l[]$ "u ! nose1 x makes a po9t ( resonance = ! middle range ( voice1 by p]mitt+ ! ov]tones to res\nd at ! same "t 9 ! nose4 7,see plate1 middle range47 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote middle range ( soprano1 contralto1 & t5or4 ,9 ! ,g]man names ( ! notes1 h repres5ts b 9 ! ,engli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9e d5otes peak1 or s(te/ po9t ( ! palate4 ,?us ! palate p]=ms ! :ole "w s f> z conc]ns ! diff]5t resonances1 :i* c be unit$ & sep>at$ by x1 b mu/ always "w toge!r 9 close relation1 always b\nd toge!r 9 all tones1 9 all k9ds ( voices4 ,! l[e/ *e/ tones ( ! bass1 ! highe/ head tones ( ! soprano1 are ?us ! two poles betwe5 :i* ! entire gamut ( all voices c be =m$4 ,f ?is x c be p]ceiv$ t ) a c]ta9 degree ( skill & will+ness to "w1 e voice w be capable ( great ext5sion4 ,,section ,,xii ,,! ,,s5sation ,,( ,,! ,,resonance ,,( ,,! ,,head ,,cavities ,! s5sation ( ! resonance ( ! head cavities is p]ceiv$ *iefly by ^? :o are unaccu/om$ to us+ ! head tones4 ,! resonance aga9/ ! occipital walls ( ! head cavities :5 ! head tones are employ$1 at fir/ causes a v m>k$ irritation ( ! n]ves ( ! head & e>4 ,b ?is disappe>s z soon z ! s+] gets accu/om$ to x4 ,! head tones c be us$ & direct$ by ! brea? only ) a cle> head4 ,! lea/ depression su* z comes ) heada*es1 megrim1 or mood9ess may h ! wor/ effect1 or ev5 make _! use q impossible4 ,?is feel+ ( oppression is lo/ aft] regul>1 consci\s practice1 by :i* all unnecess>y & di/urb+ pressure is avoid$4 ,9 s++ v high head tones ,i h a feel+ z if !y lay high above ! head1 z if ,i 7 sett+ !m (f into ! air4 7,see plate47 ,"h1 too1 is ! explanation ( s++ 9 ! neck4 ,! brea?1 9 all high tones :i* are mu* mix$ ) head tones or use !m entirely1 passes v f> back1 directly f ! ?roat into ! cavities ( ! head1 & !reby1 & ?r\gh ! oblique position ( ! l>ynx1 gives rise to ! s5sations j describ$4 ,a s+] :o inhales & exhales c>efully1 t is1 ) k ( ! physiological processes1 w always h a c]ta9 feel+ ( pleasure1 an att5uation 9 ! ?roat z if x 7 /ret*+ itself upw>d4 ,! bulg+ out ( ve9s 9 ! neck1 t c s (t5 be se5 9 s+]s1 is z wrong z ! swell+ up ( ! neck1 looks v ugly1 & is n )\t dang] f conge/ion4 ,) rapid scales & trills "o has ! feel+ ( great firmness ( ! ?roat muscles1 z well z ( a c]ta9 /iffness ( ! l>ynx4 7,see ,trills47 ,an un/eady movem5t ( ! latt]1 ?is way & t1 w\ld be disadvantage\s to ! trill1 to rapid scales1 z well z to ! cantil5a4 ,= ?is reason1 because ! *ang+ movem5ts ( ! organs mu/ g on q imp]ceptibly & inaudibly1 x mu/ be m l a %ift+ ?an a movem5t4 ,9 rapid scales ! l[e/ tone mu/ be plac$ ) a view to ! production ( ! highe/1 & 9 desc5d+1 ! greate/ c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ t ! tone %all n tumble ov] ea* o!r s+le1 b %all produce ! s5sation ( closely connect$ s\nds1 ?r\gh be+ b\nd to ! high tone position & press$ t[>d ! nose4 ,9 ?is all ! p>ticipat+ vocal organs mu/ be able to keep up a muscul> contraction1 (t5 v rigid3 a ?+ t is to be a*iev$ only gradually ?r\gh long ye>s ( c>eful & regul> /udy4 ,excessive practice is ( no use 9 ?is--only regul> & intellig5t practice2 & success comes only 9 c\rse ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9e d5otes vocal s5sation ( soprano & t5or4 ,nev] %\ld ! muscul> contractions become convulsive & produce pressure :i* ! muscles _c endure = a long "t4 ,!y mu/ respond to all necess>y dem&s ^u _! /r5g?1 yet rema9 ela/ic 9 ord] t1 easily relax+ or aga9 contract+1 !y may promptly adapt !mselves to e nuance 9 tone & acc5t desir$ by ! s+]4 ,a s+] c become & cont9ue to be ma/] ( 8 voice & means ( expression only z long z he practises daily correct vocal gymna/ics4 ,9 ?is way alone c he obta9 unconditional ma/]y ov] 8 muscles1 &1 ?r\gh !m1 ( ! f9e/ controll+ app>atus1 ( ! beauty ( 8 voice1 z well z ( ! art ( song z a :ole4 ,tra9+ ! muscles ( ! vocal organs s t _! p[] to contract & relax to all desir$ degrees ( /r5g?1 ?r\gh\t ! entire gamut ( ! voice1 is always at comm&1 makes ! ma/] s+]4 ,z ,i h already said1 ! idea ( s++ =w>d leads v _m s+]s to =ce ! brea? f ! m\? )\t p]mitt+ x to make full use ( ! resonat+ surfaces t x ne$s1 yet x /reams =? f ! l>ynx really v f> back 9 ! ?roat1 & ! /raight] x rises 9 a column beh9d ! tongue1 ! bett] x is = ! tone4 ,! tongue mu/ furni% ! surr\nd+ =m = ?is1 = :i* reason x mu/ n lie flat 9 ! m\?4 7,see plate1 ! tongue47 ,! :irl+ curr5ts ( tone circl+ ar\nd _! focal po9t 7! attack7 f9d a cup-%ap$ resonat+ cavity :5 !y rea* ! front ( ! m\? & ! lips1 :i*1 ?r\gh _! extremely pot5t auxili>y movem5ts1 infuse life & color into ! tone & ! ^w4 ,( equal importance are ! unimp$$ activity ( ! :irl+ curr5ts ( s\nd & _! complete fill+ ( ! resonat+ spaces 9 ! back ( ! ?roat1 ! pill>s ( ! fauces1 & ! head cavities 9 :i* ! vocaliz$ brea? mu/ be kept so>+ above ! l>ynx & so>+ undi/urb$4 ,9 ! l[e/ range ( ! voice ! entire palate f ! front tee? to ! re> wall ( ! ?roat mu/ be ?us fill$4 7,see plate47 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote division ( ! brea? 9 ! palatal resonance3 l[] range ( male & female voices4 ,) high] tones ! palate is l[]$1 ! no/rils are inflat$1 & above ! h>d palate a passage is =m$ = ! ov]tones4 7,see plate47 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote division ( ! brea? 9 ! middle range & high] middle range4 ,?is air :i* so>s above mu/1 h[ev]1 n be 9 ! lea/ compress$2 ! high] ! tone1 ! less pressure %\ld !re be2 = "h1 too1 :irl+ curr5ts are =m$1 :i* mu/ be nei!r int]rupt$ nor de/roy$4 ,! brea? mu/ be c>ri$ along on ! wall ( ! ?roat )\t compression1 9 ord] to accompli% its "w4 7,see plate1 high tones47 ,illu/ration3 ,resonance ( ! cavity ( ! =ehead4 ,r$ l9es d5ote division ( ! brea? 9 ! resonance ( ! head cavities1 high range4 ,s++ =w>d1 !n1 does n mean press+ ! :ole ( ! brea? or ! tone =w>d1 b only "p ( x2 t is1 9 ! middle regi/]1 f9d+ a resonat+ focus 9 front1 caus$ by ! l[]+ ( ! front ( ! palate4 ,?is p]mits a free c\rse only to t "p ( ! brea? :i* is us$ up by ! :irl+ curr5ts 9 ! resonant ?roat =m1 & s]ves to propagate ! out] waves1 & c>ry !m f>!r ?r\gh space4 ,,section ,,xiii ,,s++ ,,cov]$ ,we s+ cov]$ z soon z ! s(t palate is l[]$ t[>d ! nose 7t is1 9 ! middle regi/]71 & ! resonance & attack are transf]r$ ?i!r s t ! brea? c fl[ ov] ! s(t palate ?r\gh ! nose4 ,?is special function ( ! palate1 too1 %\ld be c>efully prep>$ = 9 ! tones t prec$e x1 & m+l$ ) !m1 9 ord] n to be he>d s m>k$ly z x (t5 is4 ,9 m5's voices ?is is mu* m pla9ly audible ?an 9 wom5's2 b bo? turn x to acc\nt equally on diff]5t tones4 ,?is (t5 produces a new regi/] t %\ld n be produc$4 ,?is belongs to ! *apt] on regi/]s4 ,music illu/ration ,! tone is conc5trat$ on ! front ( ! palate in/ead ( be+ spread ov] all ( x--b ?is mu/ n be done too sudd5ly4 ,see illu/rations on pages #abg1 #abi1 #aca1 #acc4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote cov]$ tones = contralto & soprano4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote cov]$ tones = bass & b>itone4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote *ange ( attack4 7,soprano1 contralto1 & t5or47 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote *ange ( attack4 7,bass & b>itone47 ,,section ,,xiv ,,on ,,vocal ,,regi/]s ,:at is a vocal regi/]8 ,a s]ies ( tones sung 9 a c]ta9 way1 :i* are produc$ by a c]ta9 position ( ! vocal organs--l>ynx1 tongue1 & palate4 ,e voice includes ?ree regi/]s--*e/1 middle1 & head4 ,b all are n employ$ 9 e class ( voice4 ,two ( !m are (t5 f\nd connect$ to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 beg9n]s2 ! ?ird is usually mu* weak]1 or does n exi/ at all4 ,only v r>ely is a voice f\nd naturally equaliz$ ov] its :ole compass4 ,d regi/]s exi/ by nature8 ,no4 ,x may be said t !y are creat$ ?r\gh long ye>s ( speak+ 9 ! vocal range t is easie/ to ! p]son1 or 9 "o adopt$ by imitation1 :i* !n becomes a fix$ habit4 ,if ?is is c\pl$ ) a natural & prop] work+ ( ! muscles ( ! vocal organs1 x may become ! accu/om$ range1 /rong 9 comp>ison ) o!rs1 & =m a regi/] by itself4 ,?is fact w\ld naturally be appreciat$ only by s+]s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! muscles are wrongly employ$ 9 speak+1 n only ! range ( voice g5]ally us$1 b ! :ole voice z well1 may be made to s\nd badly4 ,s1 9 e voice1 "o or ano!r range may be /rong] or weak]2 & ?is is1 9 fact1 almo/ always ! case1 s9ce mank9d speaks & s+s 9 ! pit* easie/ or mo/ accu/om$1 )\t giv+ ?\ght to ! prop] position ( ! organs 9 relation to ea* o!r2 & p are r>ely made to pay att5tion z *ildr5 to speak+ cle>ly & 9 an agreeable voice4 ,9 ! mo/ =tunate in/ances ! range ?us practis$ rea*es limits on bo? sides1 n s mu* ^? ( ! p]son's p[]1 z ^? set by 8 lack ( skill1 or practice4 ,limitations are put on ! voice ?r\gh tak+ acc\nt only ( ! easie/ & mo/ accu/om$ ?+1 )\t inquir+ into ! pot5tialities ( ! organs or ! dem&s ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote a regi/] is =m$ :5 z _m tones z possible are =c$ ^u "o & ! same po9t ( resonance4 7,bass & b>itone47 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote a regi/] is =m$ :5 z _m tones z possible are =c$ ^u "o & ! same po9t ( resonance4 7,soprano1 contralto1 & t5or47 ,n[1 suppose su* a peculi>ity :i* includes1 let u say1 ?ree or f\r tones1 is ext5d$ to six or eight1 !n1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 9 ! wor/ cases1 a break is produc$ at ! outside limits4 ,9 ! mo/ favorable cases ! tones ly+ next beyond ^! limits are conspicu\sly weak & )\t p[] comp>$ ) ^? previ\sly =c$4 ,?is "o way ( s++ c be us$ no f>!r2 ano!r mu/ be tak5 up1 only1 p]haps1 to repeat f>!r ! incorrect proc$ure4 ,?ree su* limits or ways ( s++ c be f\nd & us$4 ,*e/1 middle1 & head voice1 all ?ree =m regi/]s :5 exagg]at$2 b !y %\ld be %ad$ (f & melt into ea* o!r4 ,! organs1 ?r\gh ! skilful tra9+ ( ! tea*]1 z well z by ! ex]cise ( ! pupil's tal5t & indu/ry1 mu/ be accu/om$ to tak+ su* positions t "o regi/] leads into ano!r imp]ceptibly4 ,9 ?is way beauty1 equality1 & increas$ compass ( ! voice w be made to enhance its usefulness4 ,:5 ! ?ree ways ( s++ are too widely diff]5t & too %>ply contra/$1 !y become sep>ate regi/]s4 ,^! are ev]y:]e accept$ z a matt] ( c\rse1 & = ye>s h be5 a t]ror 9 ! tea*+ ( s++1 t has done m ?an any?+ else to create a dreadful bewild]m5t among s+]s & tea*]s4 ,to eradicate x is probably hopeless4 ,yet1 ^! regi/]s are no?+ m ?an ?ree disconnect$ mann]s ( us+ ! vocal & resonat+ app>atus4 ,) all ! bad habits ( s+]s1 ) all ! complete ignorance ( cause & effect1 t prevail1 x is n surpris+ t "s pret5d to tell u t !re are two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or five regi/]s1 al?\gh z a matt] ( fact !re c be at mo/ ?ree 9 any voice4 ,x w be mu* m correct to call e tone ( e voice by ! "n ( a new additional regi/]1 = 9 ! end1 e tone w & mu/ be tak5 9 a diff]5t relation1 ) a diff]5t position ( ! organs1 al?\gh ! diff]5ce may be imp]ceptible1 if x is to h its prop] place 9 ! :ole4 ,p cl+ to ! appellations ( *e/1 middle1 & head regi/]1 conf\nd+ voice ) regi/]1 & mak+ a hopeless confusion1 f :i* only unit$ & v p[]ful =ces c succe$ 9 extricat+ !m4 ,z long z ! ^w regi/] is kept 9 use1 ! regi/]s w n disappe>4 ,& yet1 ! regi/] "q mu/ be swept away1 to give place to ano!r class ( ideas1 s\nd] views on ! "p ( tea*]s1 & a tru] conception on ! "p ( s+]s & pupils4 ,,section ,,xv ,,developm5t ,,& ,,equalization ,naturally1 a s+] c devote m /r5g? to ! developm5t ( "o or two connect$ ranges ( 8 voice ?an to a voice p]fectly equaliz$ 9 all its accessible ranges4 ,= ?is are requir$ _m ye>s ( ! mo/ pati5t /udy & obs]vation1 (t5 a long-cont9u$ or entire sacrifice ( "o or ! o!r limit ( a range = ! b5efit ( ! next-ly+ weak] "o2 ( ! head voice especially1 :i*1 if unmix$1 s\nds unev5 & ?9 9 comp>ison ) ! middle range1 until by means ( practis$ ela/icity ( ! organs & endurance ( ! ?roat muscles a positive equalization c take place4 ,voices :i* conta9 only "o or two regi/]s are call$ %ort voices1 = _! availability is z limit$ z !y are !mselves4 ,yet x mu/ be rememb]$ t all voices alike1 :e!r %ort or long1 ev5 ^? ( ! mo/ skilful s+]s1 :5 age comes on1 are apt to lose _! highe/ ranges1 if !y are n cont9ually practis$ ?r\gh\t _! entire compass ) ! subtle/ use ( ! head tones4 ,!nce x is to be conclud$ t a s+] ought always to ext5d ! compass ( 8 voice z f> z possible1 9 ord] to be c]ta9 ( possess+ ! compass t he ne$s4 ,on ! =mation ( ! organs dep5ds mu* ( ! "* ( ! voice4 ,!re are /rong1 weak1 deep1 & high voices by nature2 b e voice1 by means ( prop] /udy1 c atta9 a c]ta9 degree ( /r5g?1 flexibility1 & compass4 ,un=tunately1 /ubbornness ent]s l>gely into ?is "q1 & (t5 works 9 opposition to ! tea*]4 ,_m1 = in/ance1 wi% to be altos1 ei!r because !y are afraid ( ru9+ _! voices by work+ = a high] compass1 or because x is easi] = !m1 ev5 if _! voices are n altos at all4 ,n[adays op]as are no long] compos$ = p>ticul> s+]s & ! special *>act]i/ics ( _! voices4 ,compos]s & libretti/s express :at !y feel )\t reg>d to an alto s+] :o has no high ,c or a soprano :o has no l[ ,a flat or ,g4 ,b ! arti/ w always f9d :at he ne$s4 ,regi/]s exi/ 9 ! voices ( almo/ all s+]s1 b !y ought n to be he>d1 ought n1 inde$1 to exi/4 ,ev]y?+ %\ld be sung ) a mix$ voice 9 su* a way t no tone is =c$ at ! exp5se ( any o!r4 ,to avoid monotony ! s+] %\ld h at 8 disposal a weal? ( means ( expression 9 all ranges ( 8 voice4 7,see ! ,v>ieties ( ,attack & ,dynamic ,p[]47 ,be=e all else he %\ld h k ( ! advantages 9 ! resonance ( c]ta9 tones1 & ( _! connection ) ea* o!r4 ,! s\l mu/ provide ! color2 skill & k z to cause & effect1 managem5t ( ! brea?1 & p]fection ( ! ?roat =mation mu/ give ! p[] to produce e dynamic gradation & detail ( expression4 ,regi/]s are1 accord+ly1 produc$ :5 ! s+] =ces a s]ies ( tones1 g5]ally asc5d+1 ^u "o & ! same resonat+ po9t1 in/ead ( rememb]+ t 9 a progression ( tones no "o tone c be exactly l ano!r1 because ! position ( ! organs mu/ be diff]5t = ea*4 ,! palate mu/ rema9 ela/ic f ! front tee? to its h9dmo/ "p1 mobile & susceptible1 ?\gh imp]ceptibly1 to all *anges4 ,v mu* dep5ds on ! cont9u\s h>mony ( action ( ! s(t & h>d palate1 :i* mu/ always be 9 full evid5ce1 ! rais+ & ext5sion ( ! =m] produc+ *anges 9 ! tone4 ,if1 z (t5 happ5s :5 ! regi/]s are %>ply def9$1 tones fall into a cul de sac1 escape into ano!r regi/] is impossible1 )\t a jump1 :i* may lead to disa/]4 ,) e tone t ! s+] has to s+1 he mu/ always h ! feel+ t he c g high]1 & t ! attack = diff]5t tones mu/ n be =c$ ^u "o & ! same po9t4 ,! l>ynx mu/ n be sudd5ly press$ d[n nor j]k$ up1 except :5 ?is is desir$ z a special effect4 ,t is1 :5 "o wi%es to make a transition1 legato1 f a *e/ tone to a tone 9 ! middle or head regi/]1 z ! old ,italians us$ to d1 & z ,i1 too1 le>n$ to d1 ?us3-- ,music illu/ration ,9 ?is case ! *e/ tone is attack$ v nasal1 9 ord] t ! connection may rema9 to ! upp] note1 & ! l>ynx is sudd5ly j]k$ up to ! high tone4 ,?is 0 call$ break+ ! tone2 x 0 v mu* us$1 & gave f9e effects :5 x 0 well done4 ,i use x to-day1 especially 9 ,italian music1 :]e x belongs4 ,x is an exception to ! rule = imp]ceptible or inaudible *ange ( position ( ! organs1--t x %\ld n be made sudd5ly4 ,! scale proce$s f "o semitone to ano!r2 ea* is diff]5t2 ea*1 z y g on1 requires great] height1 :]e=e ! position ( ! organs _c rema9 ! same = sev]al diff]5t tones4 ,b1 z !re %\ld nev] be an abrupt *ange audible 9 ! way ( s++1 s %\ld !re nev] be an abrupt *ange felt 9 ! s5sations ( ! s+]'s ?roat4 ,e tone mu/ be imp]ceptibly prep>$ 9 an ela/ic *annel & mu/ produce an easy feel+ 9 ! s+]1 z well z an agreeable impression ^u ! li/5]4 ,! small peak indicat$ 9 ! illu/ration is enorm\sly ext5sible & c be %ift$ into inf9ite v>ieties ( position4 ,h[ev] unimportant its rais+ & l[]+ may appe>1 !y are nev]!less ( great importance = ! tone & ! s+]4 ,! focal po9t ( ! brea?1 t =ms simultane\sly ! attack & ! body ( ! tone1 by ! op]ation ( ! abdom9al brea? pressure aga9/ ! *e/1 is always firmly plac$ on1 b5ea?1 or beh9d ! nose4 ,)\t body ev5 ! f9e/ pianissimo has no significance4 ,! v highe/ unmix$ head tones are an exception1 & !y c express no?+4 ,!re c be no body expect$ 9 !m4 ,_! so>+ quality ( s\nd endures no pressure1 & consequ5tly gives no expression1 :i* is possible only ?r\gh an admixture ( palatal resonance4 ,_! only significance is ga9$ ?r\gh _! pure euphony4 ,all v[els1 too1 mu/ keep _! po9t ( resonance un9t]rupt$ly on ! palate4 ,all beauty 9 ! art ( song1 9 cantil5a z well z 9 all te*nique1 consi/s *iefly 9 un9t]rupt$ connection betwe5 ! tone & ! ^w1 9 ! flexible connection ( ! s(t palate ) ! h>d1 9 ! cont9ually ela/ic adju/m5t ( ! =m] to ! latt]4 ,?is means simply ! ela/ic =m1 :i* ! brea? mu/ fill 9 e corn] ( resonat+ surface )\t int]ruption1 z long z ! tone la/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9e d5otes s(te/ po9t on ! palate4 ,if ! s+] w control 8 tone1--& 9 practis+ he mu/ always d s1--he ne$s only to te/ x to see :e!r he c easily make x s(t] )\t p]ceptible *ange 9 ! position ( ! organs1 & c>ry x high] t[>d ! nose & ! cavities ( ! =ehead2 t is1 prep>e a =m = its cont9uation upw>d4 ,9 ?is way he c le>n h[ mu* height a tone ne$s )\t be+ too high1 & h[ mu* x (t5 lacks 9 height & duration to s\nd high en\gh4 ,9 ?is way rem>kable faults become evid5t6 ,! reason :y a tone s\nds too l[--! s-call$ transition tones f ! l[] to ! middle range & f ?is to ! high]1 come up = consid]ation *iefly--is t ! pill>s ( ! fauces are rais$ too high t[>d ! back1 prev5t+ ! head tones f s\nd+ at ! same "t2 or ! s(t palate is l[]$ too f> "u ! nose1 :i* results 9 press+ ! tone too long & too f> t[>d ! tee?4 ,?is fault is met ) 9 v _m s+]s1 9 all k9ds ( voices1 & 9 almo/ ! same places4 ,x comes only f an unyield+ ret5tion ( ! same resonat+ po9t = sev]al tones & a failure to br+ 9 ! resonance ( ! head cavities4 ,! propagation =m1 or cont9u+ =m1#b mu/ always be prep>$ consci\sly1 = )\t x arti/ic s++ is n to be ?\ght (4 ,footnote #b3 ,=tpflanzungs=m3 ! prep>ation made 9 ! vocal organs = tak+ ! next tone be=e leav+ ! "o "u production1 s t ! succe$+ tones %all all be ( l "* & quality4 ,! neglect ( ?is mo/ important pr9ciple usually results 9 ov]/ra9+ ! vocal cords & ?roat muscles4 ,?is is foll[$ fir/ by s++ flat1 & lat] by ! appe>ance ( ! hide\s tremolo 7see ,tremolo7 to :i* s _m s+]s fall victims4 ,! cause ( a tone's be+ too %>p is ! dwell+ too long on ! resonance ( ! head cavities1 :]e ! tone %\ld already h be5 mix$ ) palatal resonance4 ,) v "y voices ?is c easily happ51 & c also result f we>9ess1 :5 ! bodily /r5g? is n develop$ suffici5tly to endure ! fatigue ( practis+4 ,a v circumspect c\rse mu/ !n be foll[$4 ,,section ,,xvi ,,:ite ,,voices ,!re are also s+]s1 male & female1 :o use too mu* head tone ?r\gh _! entire compass2 su* voices are call$ :ite4 ,_! use ( ! palatal resonance be+ insuffici5t1 !y are n able to make a deep] impression1 because _! p[] ( expression is practically no?+4 ,frau ,w$ek9d & ,madame ,melba are in/ances ( ?is4 ,9 su* cases x w\ld be advisable to raise ! pill>s ( ! fauces a little high]1 & place ! l>ynx some:at l[]1 & to m+le judici\sly ) all ! o!r v[els1 ! v[el s\nd oo1 t requires a l[] position ( ! l>ynx4 ,! voices w\ld become w>m] & w\ld s\nd m expressive4 ,z soon z ! s+] is able to create easily & inaudibly on e tone ! correct propagation =m = ! next tone1 all que/ions z to regi/] mu/ disappe>4 ,he mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be drill$ on regi/]s2 sev]al tones mu/ n be =c$ on "o & ! same po9t4 ,e tone %\ld be put naturally into its own place2 %\ld receive ! pit*1 duration1 & /r5g? x ne$s = its p]fection4 ,& "o ma/] rules x all1--! e>6 ,! goal is1 un=tunately1 s seldom rea*$ because x c be rea*$ only ?r\gh ! mod]ation t comes f ma/]y2 &1 alas6 only true ma/]s practise x4 ,x may be accept$ z true t ! l[] ranges ( ! voice h ! greate/ /r5g?1 ! middle ranges ! greate/ p[] ( expression1 ! high] ! greate/ c>ry+ p[]4 ,! be/ mixture--all ?ree toge!r--may be develop$ to ! highe/ art by ! skill ( ! individual1 (t51 inde$1 only by a good e> = x4 ,:5ev] expression ( ! ^w's significance1 beauty ( ! vocal mat]ial1 & p]fection ( phras+ are f\nd unit$ 9 ! highe/ degree1 x is due ei!r to k or to a natural skill 9 ! innum]able ways ( fitt+ ! sung ^w to ! p>ticul> resonance--connections t are suitable to realize its significance1 & h5ce its _s4 ,!y are br\ght out by a /rong] incl9ation t[>d "o or ! o!r ( ! resonance surfaces1 )\t1 h[ev]1 injur+ ! connection or ! beauty ( ! musical phrase4 ,"h ae/hetic feel+ plays ! *ief "p1 = :atev] may be its p[] & its tru?fulness1 ! result mu/ always be beautiful1--t is1 re/ra9$ )9 prop] limits4 ,?is law1 too1 rema9s ! same = all voices4 ,x is a "q ( ! entire compass ( a voice tra9$ = arti/ic s++1 "o t is intru/$ ) ! greate/ ( tasks1 to int]pret works ( art t are no popul> songs1 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 human trag$ies4 ,mo/ male s+]s--t5ors especially--consid] x b5ea? !m1 g5]ally1 inde$1 unnatural or ridicul\s1 to use ! falsetto1 :i* is a "p ( all male voices1 z ! head tones are a "p ( all female voices4 ,!y d n und]/& h[ to make use ( its assi/ance1 because !y (t5 h no idea ( its exi/5ce1 or "k x only 9 its unmix$ purity--t is1 its ?9ne/ quality4 ,( its prop] application !y h n ! remote/ conception4 ,_! s++ is g5]ally 9 accordance ) _! ignorance4 ,! mixture is pres5t by nature 9 all k9ds ( voices1 b s+]s mu/ possess ! skill & k to employ x1 else ! natural advantage goes = no?+4 ,,section ,,xvii ,,!odor ,,wa*tel ,! mo/ p]fect s+] t ,i rememb] 9 my ,b]l9 exp]i5ce 0 ,!odor ,wa*tel 9 ?is respect1 t ) 8 voice ( r>e spl5dor1 he unit$ all t vocal art :i*1 z x seems1 is de/9$ q to disappe> f among u4 ,h[ beautiful 7 8 coloratura1 8 trills1--simply flawless6 ,phras+1 =ce1 fulness ( tone1 & beauty 7 p]fect1 musically )\t a blemi%4 ,if he did n g outside ! range ( ,arnold1 ,g4 ,br[n1 ,/radella1 ,vasco1 ! ,po/illion & ,lionel1 x 0 probably because he felt t he 0 n equal to int]pret+ ! ,wagn]ian _s4 ,9 ?is he 0 v wise4 ,z "o ( ! fir/ ( vocal arti/s1 ^: voice 0 sup]bly tra9$ & 0 pres]v$ to ! end ( 8 life1 ,i h _h to pay to ,wa*tel ! tribute ( ! mo/ complete admiration & recognition1 9 contra/ to _m o!rs :o ?\ght !mselves great] ?an he1 & yet 7 n wor?y to unloose ! lat*et ( 8 %oes4 ,rec5tly ! little ,italian t5or ,bonci has won my he>ty admiration = 8 spl5didly equaliz$ voice1 8 p]fect art1 & 8 k ( 8 res\rces2 & not)/&+ ! almo/ ludicr\s figure t he cut 9 s]i\s p>ts1 he elicit$ he>ty applause4 ,_c ,g]man t5ors1 too1 le>n to s+ well1 ev5 if !y d int]pret ,wagn]8 ,w !y n le>n1 = ! sake ( ?is v ma/]1 t x is _! duty n to use _! voices recklessly8 ,is x n disrespectful t[>d our greate/ ma/]s t !y always h to play hide & seek ) ! bel canto1 ! trill1 & coloratura8 ,n till "o has fully realiz$ ! difficulties ( ! art ( song1 does x really become ( value & significance4 ,n till !n are "o's eyes op5$ to ! duty ow$ n only to "o's self b to ! public4 ,! appreciation ( a difficulty makes /udy d\bly attractive2 ! labori\s asc5t ( a summit :i* no "o c conte/1 is ! atta9m5t ( a goal4 ,voices 9 :i* ! palatal resonance--& s1 p[]--is ! pr$om9at+ factor1 are ! h>de/ to manage & to pres]ve4 ,!y are g5]ally call$ *e/ voices4 ,uncommon p[] & fulness ( tone 9 ! middle ranges are extremely s$uctive4 ,only r>ely are p f\nd ) s5se en\gh to r5\nce su* an excess ( fulness 9 favor ( ! head tones1--t is1 ! lea/ risky range to exploit & pres]ve1--ev5 if ?is has to be done only tempor>ily4 ,copi\s vocal res\rces may ) impunity be br\ght be=e ! public & !reby submitt$ to /ra91 only aft] long & regul> /udy4 ,! pure head tone1 )\t admixture ( palatal resonance1 is feeble close at h&1 b p5etrat+ & ( a c>ry+ p[] equall$ by no o!r4 ,palatal resonance )\t admixture ( ! resonance ( ! head cavities 7head tones7 makes ! tone v p[]ful :5 he>d ne> by1 b )\t vibrancy = a l>ge auditorium4 ,?is is ! pro( ( h[ greatly e tone ne$s ! prop] admixture4 ,,section ,,xviii ,,! ,,highe/ ,,head ,,tones ,z we h already se51 !re is almo/ no limit to ! height t c be rea*$ by ! pure head tone )\t admixture ( palatal resonance4 ,v "y voices1 especially1 c rea* su* heights1 = )\t any /ra9 !y possess ! necess>y adaptability & skill 9 ! adju/m5t to ea* o!r ( ! l>ynx1 tongue1 & pill>s ( ! fauces4 ,a skill t re/s on ignorance ( ! true nature ( ! ph5om5on mu/ be call$ pure *ance1 & ?us its disappe>ance is z puzzl+ to tea*] & li/5] z its appe>ance _h be5 9 ! fir/ place4 ,h[ (t5 is x pair$ ) a total lack ( ability to produce any?+ b ! highe/ head tones6 ,z a g5]al rule su* voices h a v %ort lease ( life1 because _! possessors are exploit$ z wond]s1 be=e !y h any conception ( ! way to use !m1 ( tone1 "r s++1 & ( cause & effect 9 g5]al4 ,an errone\s pressure ( ! muscles1 a wrong movem5t ( ! tongue 7rais+ ! tip1 = in/ance1 ,illu/ration71 an attempt to increase ! /r5g? ( ! tone1--all ^! ?+s ext+ui% quickly & = all "t ! wond]-s+]'s little light4 ,we ,lehmann *ildr5 9 our y\? c\ld s+ to ! v highe/ pit*4 ,x 0 no?+ = my si/] ,m>ie to /rike ! #d-l9e e a hundr$ times 9 succession1 & trill on x = a long "t4 ,%e c\ld h sung 9 public at ! age ( sev54 ,b s9ce our voices1 ?r\gh ! circum/ances ( our life & surr\nd+s1 7 =c$ to e>ly ex]tions1 !y lo/ _! rem>kable high notes2 yet en\gh 0 left to s+ ! ,que5 ( ,night 79 ,moz>t's op]a ,die ,zaub]floete71 ) ! high f4 ,aft] ,i _h be5 compell$ to use my l[] & middle ranges mu* m1 9 ! /udy ( dramatic p>ts1 ,i omitt$ ! highe/ notes f my practice1 b c\ld n !n always h reli$ on !m4 ,n[ t ,i "k on :at x all dep5ds1 x is v easy = me to /rike high f1 n only 9 pass+1 b to comb9e x ) any tone ?r\gh ?ree octaves4 ,b ^u ! lea/ pressure by any organ1 ! head resonance loses its brilliancy2 t is1 ! brea? no long] /reams into ! places :]e x %\ld1 & c create no m :irl+ curr5ts ( s\nd to fill ! spaces4 ,b "o %\ld n suppose t ! head tones h no p[]4 ,:5 !y are prop]ly us$1 _! vibrancy is a sub/itute = any am\nt ( p[]4 ,z soon z ! head tones come into consid]ation1 "o %\ld nev] attempt to s+ an op5 ah1 because on ah ! tongue lies flatte/4 ,"o %\ld ?9k ( an a1 & 9 ! highe/ range ev5 an e2 %\ld mix ! a & e ) ! ah1 & !reby produce a position ( ! tongue & s(t palate t makes ! pa? cle> = ! introduction ( ! brea? into ! cavities ( ! head4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote vocal s5sation 9 ! highe/ head tones )\t mixture4 ,s+]s :o1 on ! o!r h&1 pron\nce a & e too %>ply1 ne$ only introduce an admixture ( oo2 !y !reby l[] ! position ( ! l>ynx1 & ?us give ! v[el & tone a d>k] color4 ,s9ce ! /ream ( brea? 9 ! highe/ tones produces curr5ts :irl+ ) great rapidity1 ! m rapidly ! high] ! tone is1 ! slighte/ pressure t may injure ! =m 9 :i* !y circulate may ru9 ! ev5ness ( ! tone1 its pit*1 p]haps ! tone itself4 ,ea* high tone mu/ so> g5tly1 l ! ov]tones4 ,! upp] limits ( a bass & b>itone voice are ,music illu/ration :]e1 consequ5tly1 ! tones mu/ be mix$4 ,pure head tones1 t is1 falsetto1 are nev] dem&$ high] ?an ?is4 ,i reg>d x1 h[ev]1 z absolutely necess>y = ! arti/ to give consid]ation to 8 falsetto1 t he may include x among 8 kn[n res\rces4 ,nei!r a bass nor a b>itone %\ld neglect to give x ! prop] att5tion1 & bo? %\ld le>n to use x z "o ( _! mo/ important auxili>y =ces4 ,) :at ma/]y did ,betz make use ( x2 h[ noble & beautiful 8 voice s\nd$ 9 all its ranges2 ( :at ev5 /r5g? x 01 & h[ infallibly fre%6 ,& let no "o believe t ,nature gave x to him ?us4 ,z a beg9n] 9 ,b]l9 he 0 q unsatisfactory4 ,he _h ! alt]native giv5 him ei!r to /udy ) great indu/ry or to seek ano!r engagem5t1 = 8 successor _h already be5 select$4 ,betz *ose to devote himself zeal\sly to /udy2 he began also to play ! 'cello2 he le>n$ to he>1 & f9ally rais$ himself to be "o ( our fir/ s+]s1 9 _m roles nev] to be =gott54 ,betz knew1 l myself1 _m ?+s t to-day are nei!r taught nor le>n$4 ,,section ,,xix ,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,compass ,,& ,,equalization ,,( ,,regi/]s ,! :ole secret ( bo? consi/s 9 ! prop] rais+ & l[]+ ( ! s(t palate1 & ! pill>s ( ! fauces connect$ ) x4 ,?is divides into two resonat+ divisions ! brea? com+ f ! s\rce ( supply1 & =c$ aga9/ ! *e/1 :]eby x is put "u control1 z x escapes vocaliz$ f ! l>ynx4 ,x consi/s also 9 ! s+]'s natural adaptability & skill1 9 s plac+ ! palate & resonance ( ! head cavities1 or keep+ !m 9 read9ess = e tone1 z ! pit*1 /r5g?1 & duration ( ! individual tones or s]ies ( connect$ tones1 ) _! propagation =m1 %all dem&4 ,,section ,,xx ,,! ,,tremolo ,big voices1 produc$ by l>ge1 /rong organs1 ?r\gh :i* ! brea? c fl[ 9 a broad1 p[]ful /ream1 are easily dispos$ to suff] f ! tremolo1 because ! outfl[ ( ! brea? aga9/ ! vocal cords occurs too imm$iately4 ,! brea? is s5t directly out f ! lungs & ! body1 in/ead ( be+ driv5 by ! abdom9al pressure =w>d aga9/ ! *e/ & ! controll+ app>atus4 ,n till ?is has be5 done1 %\ld x be admitt$1 9 ! smalle/ am\nts1 & "u control to ! vocal cords4 ,x does n pause1 b /reams ?r\gh !m )\t burd5+ !m1 ?\gh keep+ !m always m or less /ret*$1 9 :i* ! muscul> p[] ( contraction & relaxation assi/s4 ,/ream+ g5tly out f ! vocal cords1 x is n[ l$1 ) ! support ( ! tongue1 to its resonance *amb]s1 all ! corn]s ( :i* x fills up equally4 ,ev5 ! /ronge/ vocal cords _c = any l5g? ( "t /& ! uncontroll$ pressure ( ! brea?4 ,!y lose _! t5sion1 & ! result is ! tremolo4 ,9 inhal+1 ! *e/ %\ld be rais$ n at all or b v little4 7,= ?is reason ex]cises = ! expansion ( ! *e/ mu/ be practis$47 ,! pressure ( ! brea? aga9/ ! *e/ mu/ be ma9ta9$ z long z x is desir$ to su/a9 a tone or s+ a phrase4 ,z soon z ! pressure ( ! abdom5 & *e/ ceases1 ! tone & ! brea? are at an end4 ,n till t[>d ! v end ( ! brea?1 t is1 ( ! tone or ! phrase1 %\ld ! pressure be sl[ly relax$1 & ! *e/ sl[ly s9k4 ,:ile ,i am s++1 ,i mu/ press ! brea? aga9/ ! *e/ ev5ly1 = 9 ?is way alone c x be direct$ ev5ly aga9/ ! vocal cords1 :i* is ! *ief factor 9 a /eady tone & ! only possible & prop] use ( ! vocal cords4 ,! un9t]rupt$ control ( ! brea? pressure aga9/ ! *e/ gives to ! tone1 z soon z x has f\nd a focal po9t on ! rais$ palate at ! attack1 ! basis1 ! body1 :i* mu/ be ma9ta9$ ev5 9 ! s(te/ pianissimo4 ,control ( ! brea? %\ld nev] cease4 ,! tone %\ld nev] be made too /rong to be kept "u control1 nor too weak to be kept "u control4 ,?is %\ld be an inflexible rule = ! s+]4 ,i direct my :ole att5tion to ! pressure aga9/ ! *e/1 :i* =ms ! door ( ! supply *amb] ( brea?4 ,!nce ,i admit to ! vocal cords un9t]rupt$ly only j s mu* z ,i wi% to admit4 ,i mu/ n be /+y1 nor yet extravagant ) x4 ,besides giv+ /ead9ess1 ! pressure aga9/ ! *e/ 7! controll+ app>atus7 e/abli%es ! /r5g? & ! duration ( ! tone4 ,^u ! prop] control dep5ds ! l5g? ( ! brea?1 :i*1 )\t int]ruption1 rises f "h t[>d ! resonat+ *amb]s1 &1 expell$ into ! ela/ic =m ( ! resonat+ app>atus1 !re mu/ obey our w4 ,illu/ration3 ,vocal ,cords4 ,x c n[ be se5 h[ easily ! vocal cords c be injur$ by an uncontroll$ curr5t ( brea?1 if x is direct$ aga9/ !m 9 all its =ce4 ,"o ne$ only see a picture ( ! vocal cords to und]/& ! folly ( expos+ ^! delicate little b&s to ! explosive =ce ( ! brea?4 ,!y _c be protect$ too mu*2 & also1 !y _c be too c>efully ex]cis$4 ,!y mu/ be sp>$ all "w n prop]ly !irs2 ?is mu/ be put ^u ! *e/ t5sion muscles1 :i* 9 "t le>n to endure an out-&-out ?ump4 ,ev5 ! vibrato1 to :i* full voices are prone1 %\ld be nipp$ 9 ! bud1 = gradually ! tremolo1 & lat] ev5 worse1 is develop$ f x4 ,life c be infus$ into ! tone by means ( ! lips--t is1 9 a way t w d no h>m4 ,b ( t lat]4 ,vibrato is ! fir/ /age1 tremolo ! second2 a ?ird & la/1 & mu* m hopeless1 %[s itself 9 flat s++ on ! upp] middle tones ( ! regi/]4 ,ref]able 9 ! same way to ! ov]burd5+ ( ! vocal cords is ! excessive /ra9+ ( ! ?roat muscles1 :i*1 ?r\gh cont9ual con/riction1 lose _! p[] ( ela/ic contraction & relaxation because pit* & duration ( ! tone are ga9$ 9 an incorrect way1 by =c+4 ,nei!r %\ld be =c$2 pit* %\ld be m]ely ma9ta9$1 z x 71 so>+2 /r5g? %\ld n be ga9$ by a cramp$ compression ( ! ?roat muscles1 b by ! complete/ possible fill+ ) brea? ( ! brea?-=m & ! resonance *amb]s1 "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! controll+ app>atus4 ,neglect ( ! head tones 7ov]tones7 is paid = de>ly4 ,! m viol5t ex]tions are made to =ce !m1 & to keep !m1 ! worse are ! results4 ,= mo/ ( ! unhappy s+]s :o d ?is1 !re is b "o result3 ! voice is lo/4 ,h[ pitiful6 ,if ! fir/ & second /ages ( tremolo are difficult to rem$y1 because ! causes are r>ely und]/ood & ! prop] measures to take = _! removal /ill m r>ely1 ! repair ( ! la/ /age ( ! damage is no?+ less ?an a fight1 9 :i* only an unspeakable pati5ce c w9 ! victory4 ,,section ,,xxi ,,! ,,cure ,!re are no magic cures = ! s+]4 ,only sl[ly1 vibration ^u vibration1 c ! true pit* be won back4 ,9 ! ^w so>+ lies ! :ole idea ( ! "w4 ,no m may ! brea? be all[$ to fl[ uncontroll$ ?r\gh ! we>i$ vocal cords2 x mu/ be =c$ aga9/ ! *e/1 always1 z if x 7 to come directly out !nce4 ,! ?roat muscles mu/ lie fall[ until !y h lo/ ! habit ( cramp$ contraction2 until ! ov]tones aga9 so> z !y %\ld1 & are kept so>+ long1 ?\gh q piano4 ,at fir/ ?is seems q impossible1 & is inde$ v difficult1 dem&+ all ! pati5t's en]gy4 ,b x is possible1 & he _c avoid x1 = x is ! only way to a ?or\gh cure4 ,! pati5t has an extremely disagreeable p]iod to pass ?r\gh4 ,if he is indu/ri\s & c>eful1 he w soon f9d x impossible to s+ 9 8 old way2 b ! new way is = ! mo/ "p q unfamili> to him1 because 8 e> /ill he>s z x has previ\sly be5 accu/om$ to he>4 ,x may be t ye>s w pass be=e he c aga9 use ! muscles1 s long maltreat$4 ,b he %\ld n be dismay$ at ?is prospect4 ,if he c no long] use 8 voice 9 public z a s+]1 he c]ta9ly c z a tea*]--= a tea*] mu/ be able to s+ well4 ,h[ %\ld he describe to o!rs s5sations 9 s++ :i* he himself nev] felt8 ,is x n z if he und]took to tea* a language t he did n speak himself8 or an in/rum5t t he did n play himself8 ,:5 he himself does n he>1 h[ %all he tea* o!rs to he>8 ,! degree ( ! evil1 & ! pati5t's skill1 naturally h mu* to d ) ! rapidity ( ! cure4 ,b "o _c ?r[ (f a habit ( ye>s' /&+ l an old g>m5t2 & e new g>m5t1 too1 is uncom=table at fir/4 ,"o _c expect an imm$iate cure1 ei!r ( himself or ( o!rs4 ,if ! s+] und]takes x ) c\rage & en]gy1 he le>ns to use 8 voice ) consci\s und]/&+1 z %\ld h be5 done 9 ! beg9n+4 ,& he mu/ make up 8 m9d to x1 t ev5 aft] a good cure1 ! old habits w reappe>1 l corns 9 wet wea!r1 :5ev] he is n 9 good =m physically4 ,t %\ld n lead to disc\ragem5t2 p]si/5ce w br+ success4 ,z ,i h already said1 s+]s ) disabl$ voices l be/ to try magic cures2 & !re are tea*]s & pupils :o boa/ ( hav+ effect$ su* magic cures 9 a few weeks or h\rs4 ,( !m ,i give w>n+6 & equally1 ( unpr9cipl$ physicians :o daub ar\nd 9 ! l>ynx1 burn x1 cut x1 & make ev]y?+ worse in/ead ( bett]4 ,i _c compreh5d :y s+]s d n unite to br& su* p publicly & put an end to _! do+s once = all4 ,!re is no o!r rem$y ?an a sl[1 v c>eful /udy ( ! causes ( ! tr\ble1 :i* 9 almo/ all cases consi/ 9 lack ( control ( ! /ream ( brea? ?r\gh ! vocal cords1 & 9 disreg>d ( ! head tones1 t is1 ( ! ov]tones2 z well z 9 =c+ ! pit* & p[] ( ! tone ^u a wrong resonat+ po9t ( ! palate1 & 9 con/rict+ ! ?roat muscles4 ,9 ^! po9ts almo/ inv>iably are all mi/akes to be look$ =2 & 9 ! recognition ( !m ! prop] means = correct+ !m are already indicat$4 ,! cure is difficult & t$i\s4 ,x ne$s an endless pati5ce on ! "p ( ! suff]] z well z ( ! physician--t is1 ( ! pupil & ! s++ tea*] 7! only prop] physician = ?is disease7--because ! n]ves ( ! head are already suffici5tly un/rung ?r\gh ! consci\sness ( _! incapacity2 yet !y %\ld be able to act easily & )\t ef=t 9 produc+ ! head tones4 ,! repair+ ( a voice requires ! greate/ sympa!tic appreciation & circumspection on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 :o %\ld always inspire ! pupil ) c\rage2 & on ! "p ( ! pupil1 all 8 tranquillity1 n]v\s /r5g?1 & pati5ce1 9 ord] to rea* ! desir$ goal4 ,:]e !re is a w !re is a way6 ,,section ,,xxii ,,! ,,tongue ,s9ce x is ! function ( ! tongue to conduct ! column ( brea? above ! l>ynx to ! resonance *amb]s1 too mu* att5tion _c be giv5 to x & its position1 9 speak+ z well z 9 s++4 ,if x lies too high or too l[1 x may1 by con/rict+ ! brea?1 produce s]i\s *anges 9 ! tone1 mak+ x p9*$ or ev5 %utt+ x (f entirely4 ,x has an extremely delicate & difficult task to p]=m4 ,x mu/ be 9 su* a position z n to press ^u ! l>ynx4 ,tongue & l>ynx mu/ keep out ( ea* o!r's way1 al?\gh !y always "w 9 cooep]ation2 b "o mu/ n hamp] ! o!r1 & :5 "o c )draw no f>!r out ( ! way1 ! o!r mu/ take x ^u itself to d s4 ,= ?is reason ! back ( ! tongue mu/ be rais$ high1 ! l>ynx /& l[4 ,! tongue mu/ g5]ally =m a furr[4 ,) ! l[e/ tones x lies relatively flatte/1 ! tip always aga9/ & b5ea? ! front tee?1 s t x c rise 9 ! middle4 ,z soon z ! furr[ is =m$1 ! mass ( ! tongue is put out ( ! way1 s9ce x /&s high on bo? sides4 ,x is almo/ impossible to make draw+s ( ?is2 x c be/ be se5 9 ! mirror4 ,z soon z ! l>ynx is l[ en\gh & ! tongue set ela/ically aga9/ ! palate & drawn up beh9d 7see plate a71 ! furr[ is =m$ ( itself4 ,9 pron\nc+ ! v[el ah 7:i* mu/ always be mix$ ) oo & o71 x is a good idea to ?9k ( yawn+4 ,! furr[ mu/ be =m$ 9 ord] to all[ ! brea? to resonate aga9/ ! palate b5ea? ! nose1 especially 9 ! middle range2 t is1 :at a bass & a b>itone 7^: highe/ range is n n[ "u consid]ation7 w\ld call _! high range1 all o!r voices _! middle4 ,)\t ! furr[ 9 ! tongue1 no tone is p]fect 9 its resonance1 none c make full use ( x4 ,! only exception is ! v highe/ head & falsetto tones1 :i* are )\t any palatal resonance & h _! place solely 9 ! head cavities4 ,/rong & yet delicate1 x mu/ be able to fit any lett] ( ! alphabet2 t is1 help =m its s\nd4 ,x mu/ be ( ! greate/ s5sitiv5ess 9 adapt+ itself to e tonal vibration1 x mu/ assi/ e *ange ( tone & lett] z quick z a fla% & ) un]r+ accuracy2 )\t *ang+ its position too soon or rema9+ too long 9 x1 9 ! highe/ range x mu/ be able almo/ to speak out 9 ! air4 ,) all its /r5g? & firmness ?is furr[ mu/ be ( ! utmo/ s5sitiv5ess t[>d ! brea?1 :i*1 z ,i h (t5 said1 mu/ n be subject$ to ! lea/ pressure above ! l>ynx or 9 ! l>ynx itself4 ,pressure mu/ be limit$ to ! abdom9al & *e/ muscles2 & ?is might bett] be call$ /ress ?an pressure4 ,)\t h9drance ! column ( brea?1 at its upp] end l div]g+ rays ( light1 mu/ fill & exp& all ! muc\s membranes ) its vibrations equally1 diffuse itself ?r\gh ! resonance *amb]s & p5etrate ! cavities ( ! head4 ,:5 ! back ( ! tongue c rise no high]1 ! l>ynx mu/ be l[]$4 ,?is (t5 happ5s 9 ! highe/ ranges1 & "o ne$s only to m+le an oo 9 ! v[el to be sung1 :i* mu/1 h[ev]1 be s\nd$ n =w>d 9 ! m\? b beh9d ! nose4 ,:5 ! l>ynx mu/ /& v l[1 ! tongue naturally mu/ n be too high1 else x w\ld affect ! position ( ! l>ynx4 ,! mass ( ! tongue mu/ !n be dispos$ ( else:]e2 t is1 by ! =mation ( a furr[ 7see plate74 ,"o mu/ le>n to feel & he> x4 ,to keep ! l>ynx1 ! back ( ! tongue1 & ! palate always 9 read9ess to (f] mutual assi/ance1 mu/ become a habit4 ,i feel ! int]play ( tongue & l>ynx 9 my own case z %[n 9 ! plates4 ,z soon z we h ! tongue "u control1--t is1 h acquir$ ! habit ( =m+ a furr[1--we c use x confid5tly z a support = ! brea? & ! tone1 & = v[els4 ,on its incurv+ back x holds firmly ! v[els2 ) its tip1 _m ( ! consonants4 ,) all its ela/icity1 x mu/ be tra9$ to great /r5g? & endurance4 ,i1 = in/ance1 aft] e syllable1 at once j]k my tongue ) trem5d\s p[] back to its normal position 9 s++2 t is1 ) its tip bel[ ! front tee? & ! base rais$ ,illu/ration4 ,t goes on con/antly1 z quick z a fla%4 ,at ! same "t my l>ynx takes su* a position t ! tongue _c int]f]e ) x1 t is1 press ^u x4 ,by quickly rais+ ! tongue t[>d ! back1 x is tak5 out ( ! way ( ! l>ynx1 & ! mass ( ! tongue is cle>$ f ! ?roat4 ,9 ! middle range1 :]e ! tongue or ! l>ynx might be too high or too l[1 ! furr[1 :i* is ( s mu* importance1 is =m$1 9 ord] to lead ! vocaliz$ brea? fir/ aga9/ ! front ( ! palate b5ea? ! nose1 !n sl[ly along ! nose & beh9d x4 ,!n :5 ! highe/ po9t 7! peak1 :i* is extremely ext5sible7 is rea*$1 ! pill>s ( ! fauces are l[]$1 9 ord] to leave ! way = ! head tones to ! head cavities entirely free4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! sides ( ! tongue are rais$ high4 ,e tongue %\ld occupy only s mu* space z x c occupy )\t be+ a h9drance to ! tone4 ,! bad1 bad tongue6 "o is too ?ick1 ano!r too ?91 a ?ird too long1 a f\r? mu* too %ort4 ,ladies & g5tlem51 ^! are no?+ b ! excuses ( ! lazy6 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ l9es d5ote t ) ! inspiration ( brea?3 ,i1 ! diaphragm is s5sibly /ret*$ backw>d2 ,,ii1 enl>ges ! capacity ( ! *e/ by ! draw+ d[n ( its floor2 ,,iii1 & s =ms ! supply *amb] = ! brea?2 ,,iv1 indicates ! pressure ( ! brea? aga9/ ! *e/ t5sion muscles2 ,v1 ! attack4 ,,section ,,xxiii ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,s++ ,no "o c s+ prop]ly )\t fir/ prep>+ = x1 m5tally & physically1 ) all ! organs conc]n$ 9 ! production ( ! voice4 ,we h 9 ?is to p]=m ?ree functions1 simultane\sly3-- ,fir/1 to draw brea? quietly1 n too deeply2 to =ce ! brea? aga9/ ! *e/ & hold x !re firmly till ! upw>d & outw>d /ream+--t is1 s++--beg9s4 7,see plate1 ,! ,pa? ( ! ,brea?47 ,second1 to raise ! s(t palate at ! same "t t[>d ! nose1 s t ! brea? rema9s /ation>y until ! s++ beg9s4 ,?ird1 to j]k ! tongue backw>d at ! same "t1 its back be+ ?us rais$1 & ela/ic1 ready to meet all ! wi%es ( ! s+]1--t is1 ! ne$s ( ! l>ynx4 ,! l>ynx mu/ n be press$ ei!r too l[ or too high1 b mu/ "w freely4 ,! brea? is enabl$ to /ream =? f x l a column1 ^: =m is m\ld$ above ! l>ynx by ! base ( ! tongue4 ,:5 ^! ?ree functions h be5 p]=m$1 all is ready4 ,n[ ! pit* ( ! tone is to be consid]$1 z ! s++ beg9s4 ,! consummation 7,hoehepunkt7 ( ! tone1 above ! palate1 gives ! po9t ( attack itself1 "u ! palate4 ,n[ fur!r c>e mu/ be giv5 t ! po9t ( attack on ! palate--t is1 ! focal po9t ( ! brea?--be n subject$ to pressure1 & t ! entire supply ( brea? be n exp5d$ ^u ! palatal resonance4 ,= ?is ! palate mu/ rema9 ela/ic1 = x has a tw(old duty to p]=m4 ,x mu/ n only furni% resi/ance = ! focal po9t ( ! brea?1--except 9 ! v highe/ head tones1--ar\nd :i* x c be diffus$2 ! same resi/ance1 :i* /&s aga9/ ! /ream ( brea? f bel[1 mu/ also af=d a firm1 pliant1 & ela/ic floor = ! ov]tones1 :i*1 so>+ above ! palate1 %ift1 z is ne$$1 to or above ! h>d & s(t palate1 or are divid$ 9 ! nose1 =ehead1 & head cavities4 ,x c easily be se5 h[ any pressure 9 s++ c be dang]\s ev]y:]e1 & h[ c>eful ! s+] is =c$ to be to avoid su* mi/akes4 ,,section ,,xxiv ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,m\? 7,,contraction ,,( ,,! ,,muscles ,,( ,,spee*7 ,:at mu/ my s5sations be ) ! muscles ( spee*8 ,h[ %all ,i control !m8 ,! be/ position ( ! m\?1 ! means ( secur+ ! prop] use ( ! muscles ( spee* & ( ! vocal organs1 is e/abli%$ by pron\nc+ ! v[el a1 n too %>ply1 9 ! middle range ( ! voice1 & try+ to reta9 ! position ( ! muscles aft] ! s\nd has ceas$4 ,?is _c be done )\t a smil+ position ( ! m\?1 consequ5tly ) a /rong contraction ( ! muscles ( ! m\?1 tongue1 & ?roat1 :i* c be felt to be drawn up z f> z ! e>s4 ,9 do+ s ! tongue--z f> z ! tip--lies ( a pretty ne>ly ev5 height to ! back ,illu/ration1 ! s(t palate so>s )\t ar*+1 b r some:at depress$ ov] x4 ,9 pron\nc+ ! v[els a & e1 ! bright v[els1 ! full /ream ( ! brea?1 9 ! giv5 position1 c only p>tly pass betwe5 ! tongue & ! palate4 ,! o!r "p is =c$--unless ! l>ynx /&s too high & c *oke x (f--above ! palate into ! nasal cavities1 to seek its opportunity = resonance4 ,! pa? = a & e above ! palate is wor?y ( all att5tion z a place = ! ov]tones ( ! middle voice4 ,if ! s(t palate1 9 ! l[] middle tones1 is =c$ too f> t[>d ! h>d palate1 ! cov]$ tones are )\t vibrancy4 ,"o mu/ ne$s secure ! help ( ! nose especially1 :5 ! palate is sunk b5ea? ! nose1 by inflat+ ! no/rils & lett+ air /ream 9 & out ( !m4 ,i repeat ! w>n+1 n to =ce sev]al tones ^u ! same resonat+ po9t1 b to see t ^u ea* tone ! =m necess>y = succe$+ tones is prep>$4 ,neglect ( ?is w soon] or lat] be paid = de>ly4 ,not)/&+ ! /rong muscul> contraction t ! vocal organs mu/ und]go 9 pron\nc+ ! v[el a1 ! brea? mu/ be able to fl[ g5tly & )\t h9drance ?r\gh its =m1 9 ord] completely to fill up its resonance *amb]s4 ,aga91 & always1 att5tion mu/ be giv5 t 9 s++1 & 9 speak+ z well1 no?+ %all be cramp$ or held t5se1 except ! pressure ( ! brea? aga9/ ! *e/4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance to ma9ta9 ?is position = all v[els1 ) ! lea/ possible p]ceptible modifications4 ,h[ c ?is be done8 ,a & e are bright v[els1 mu/ be sung ) a pleasant1 almo/ smil+1 position ( ! m\?4 ,u & o1 on ! contr>y1 are d>k v[els1 = :i* ! lips mu/ be drawn into a sort ( sp\t4 ,look at ! position ( ! ?roat 9 ^! v[els3 7#a7 z !y are usually sung & spok52 7#b7 z ,i feel x1 9 s++1 z ,i s+ !m1 & z !y mu/ be sung & felt4 ,,section ,,xxv ,,connection ,,( ,,v[els ,h[ d ,i connect !m ) ea* o!r8 ,if ,i wi% to connect closely toge!r two v[els t lie ne> to or f> f ea* o!r1 ,i mu/ fir/ e/abli% ! muscul> contractions = a1 & introduce betwe5 ! two v[els1 :e!r !y lie ne> toge!r or f> ap>t1 a v well-def9$ y4 ,!n 7suppos+1 = in/ance1 t ,i want to connect a & e7 ,i mu/ jo9 ! a closely to ! y1 & ! y closely to ! e1 s t !re is n ! lea/ resonat+ space betwe5 ! two t is n fill$ dur+ ! *anges 9 ! position ( ! organs1 h[ev] c>efully ?is is und]tak54 ,!re mu/ be no empty space1 no useless escape ( brea?1 betwe5 any two ( ! s\nds4 ,illu/ration3 oo e o a ah oo o e y ah y a y ,illu/ration3 ,bad4 oo e o a ah ,good4 oo o e ah a ,illu/ration3 ,wrong4 oo e o a ah ,"r4 oo o e ah a ,at fir/ only two1 !n ?ree & f\r1 & !n all ! v[els 9 succession mu/ be s practis$3-- ,a-ye1 a-ye-yu1 a-ye-yoo-yue1 a-ye-yo-yue-yu-ye-yah4 ,b !re mu/ be nev] m ?an s mu* brea? at h& z is ne$$ to make ! v[el & ! tone p]fect4 ,! m closely ! v[els are connect$ ) ! help ( ! y1 ! less brea? is emitt$ f ! m\? unus$1 ! m intimate is ! connection ( tone1 & ! less noticeable are ! *anges ( ! position ( ! organs 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,:5 ,i pass f ya-ye to yoo1 ,i am compell$ to develop v /rongly ! muscul> contraction ( ! lips1 :i* are =m$ into a long project+ sp\t2 & ?is movem5t _c be suffici5tly exagg]at$4 ,) e new y ,i mu/ produce r5ew$ muscul> contractions ( ! vocal organs1 :i* gradually1 ?r\gh cont9u\s practice1 are tra9$ to become almo/ l ! f9e/1 mo/ pliable /eel1 ^u :i* ! fulle/ reliance may be plac$4 ,f yoo x is be/ to g to yue1 t lies /ill f>!r =w>d & requires ( ! lips an iron firmness2 !n to yo1 t\*+ slightly on ! e t lies above ! o2 !n return to ya1 & n till !n go+ to ye-ah1 :i* mu/ !n feel ?us3-- e oo-o ah-a y ,! y is tak5 "u ! ah1 t ! ^w may n slide "u2 = usually ! ?\ght ( ah relaxes all ! organs3 ! tongue lies flat1 ! l>ynx becomes un/eady1 is )\t def9ite position1 & ! palate is n ar*$ & is )\t firmness4 ,9 ?is way ah becomes ! mo/ colorless & empty v[el ( ! :ole li/4 ,) e *ange ( v[el1 or ( any o!r lett]1 !re are *anges 9 ! position ( ! organs1 s9ce tongue1 palate1 & l>ynx mu/ take diff]5t positions = diff]5t s\nds4 ,) a & e ! l>ynx /&s high]1 ! palate is sunk1 or 9 its normal position4 ,) oo1 o1 & ah ! l>ynx /&s l[1 ! palate is ar*$4 ,) a1 e1 & ah ! lips are drawn back4 ,) oo1 o1 ue1 & oe !y are ext5d$ f> =w>d4 ,! auxili>y s\nd y connects !m all ) ea* o!r1 s t ! transitions are made q imp]ceptibly4 ,s9ce x is pron\nc$ ) ! tongue drawn high aga9/ ! palate1 x prev5ts ! base ( ! tongue f fall+ d[n aga94 ,?is %\ld be practis$ v sl[ly1 t ! s5sations may be cle>ly disc]n$1 & t no vibration t gives ! v[el its pit* & duration may escape att5tion4 ,! muscul> contraction describ$ comprises ! *ief functions ( ! vocal organs1 & is z necess>y = s++ z ! brea? is = ! tone4 ,ye> 9 & ye> out e s+] & pupil mu/ practise x 9 daily ex]cises z mu* z possible1 on e tone ( ! vocal compass4 ,9 ! l[e/ z well z 9 ! highe/ range ! %>pness ( ! a is lo/1 z well z ! cle> def9ition ( all s+le v[els4 ,a %\ld be m+l$ ) oo1 ah1 & e4 ,9 ! highe/ range1 ! v[els are m]g$ 9 ea* o!r1 because !n ! pr9cipal ?+ is n ! v[el1 b ! high s\nd4 ,ev5 ! ?\ght ( a & e1 ! latt] especially1 raises ! pit* ( ! tone4 ,! explanation ( ?is is t a & e possess sympa!tic s\nds above ! palate t lead ! brea? to ! resonance ( ! head cavities4 ,= ?is reason t5ors (t51 9 high notes1 resort to ! device ( *ang+ words ) d>k v[els to words ) ! bright v[el e4 ,!y c\ld atta9 ! same end1 )\t *ang+ ! :ole ^w1 by simply ?9k+ ( an e4 ,illu/ration3 ,pron\nce 9 ,engli% a e ueoo oahe ,)\t ov]-ex]tion1 ! s+] c practise ! ex]cises giv5 above tw5ty times a day1 9 p]iods ( t5 to fifte5 m9utes ea*1 & w soon appreciate ! advantage ( ! muscul> /r5g!n+ !y give4 ,!y make ! voice fre%1 n we>y1 z d\btless _m w suppose4 ,:at1 !n1 c be expect$ ( an untra9$ organ8 ,no?+6 ,)\t daily vocal gymna/ics no p[] ( endurance 9 ! muscles c be ga9$4 ,!y mu/ be s /rong t a great op]atic role c be repeat$ t5 times 9 succession1 9 ord] t ! s+] may become able to endure ! /ra9 ( s++ 9 op]a h\ses1 9 great auditoriums1 & make himself he>d above a great or*e/ra1 )\t suff]+ = x4 ,:5 ,i1 = in/ance1 0 le>n+ ! "p ( ,isolde1 ,i c\ld )\t we>9ess s+ ! fir/ act alone six times 9 succession1 ) expression1 action1 & a full voice4 ,t 0 my practice ) all my roles4 ,aft] ,i _h rehe>s$ a role a ?\s& times 9 my own room1 ,i w\ld g into ! empty !atre & rehe>se s+le sc5es1 z well z ! :ole op]a1 = h\rs at a "t4 ,t gave me ! c]ta9ty ( be+ mi/ress ( my resonances d[n to ! la/ note2 & v (t5 ,i felt able to beg9 x all ov] aga94 ,s mu/ x be1 if "o wi%es to accompli% any?+ wor? :ile4 ,ano!r end also is atta9$ by ! same ex]cise1--! connection1 n only ( ! v[els1 b ( all lett]s1 syllables1 words1 & phrases4 ,by ?is ex]cise ! =m = ! brea?1 tone1 & ^w1 9 :i* all ! organs are adju/$ to ea* o!r ) p]fect ela/icity1 is gradually e/abli%$4 ,sl[ly b surely x assures greate/ endurance 9 all ! organs conc]n$ 9 speak+ & s++1 ! insep>able connection ( ! palatal resonance ) ! resonance ( ! head cavities4 ,9 ?is way is ga9$ p]fection 9 ! art ( s++1 :i* is bas$1 n on *ance1 b on k2 & ?is sl[ b sure way is ! only way to ga9 x4 ,by ! above-describ$ me?od all o!r alphabetical s\nds c be connect$1 & ex]cises c be inv5t$ to use ) x1 :i* are be/ adapt$ to correct ! mi/akes ( pupils1 at fir/ on "o1 !n /ep by /ep on two & ?ree connect$ tones1 etc4 ,at ! same "t x is necess>y to le>n to move ! tongue freely1 & ) ! utmo/ quickness1 by j]k+ x back1 aft] pron\nc+ consonants1 z quick z a fla%1 into ! position 9 :i* x conducts ! brea? to ! resonat+ *amb]s = ! v[els4 ,) all ^! movem5ts is connect$ ! p[] ( ela/ically contract+ & relax+ ! muscles4 ,,section ,,xxvi ,,! ,,lips ,( special importance = ! tone & ! ^w are ! movem5ts ( ! lips1 :i* are s widely diff]5t 9 ! bright & 9 ! d>k v[els4 ,^! movem5ts _c be too mu* exagg]at$ 9 practis+4 ,! same /r5g? & ela/icity to :i* we h to tra9 ! muscles ( ! ?roat & tongue mu/ be imp>t$ to ! lips1 :i* mu/ be z ( iron4 ,^u _! cooep]ation mu* ( ! life ( ! tone dep5ds1 & x c be us$ 9 _m %ad+s1 z soon z "o is able to ex]t _! p[] consci\sly & "u ! control ( ! w4 ,e v[el1 e ^w1 e tone1 c be color$ z by magic 9 all sorts ( ways by ! well-controll$ play ( ! lips2 c1 z x 71 be imbu$ ) life1 z ! lips op5 or close m or less 9 diff]5t positions4 ,! lips are ! f9al cup-%ap$ resonators ?r\gh :i* ! tone has to pass4 ,!y c ret>d x or let x escape1 c color x bright or d>k1 & ex]t a ceaseless & ev] v>y+ influ5ce ^u x long be=e x ceases & up to its v end4 ,no attempt %\ld be made to use ! play ( ! lips until complete ma/]y ( ! absolutely ev51 p]fect tone1 & ( ! muscul> p[]s1 has be5 acquir$4 ,! effect mu/ be produc$ z a result ( p[] & practice2 & %\ld n be practis$ z an effect p] se4 ,,section ,,xxvii ,,! ,,v[el-,,s\nd ,,ah ,!re is mu* discussion z to :e!r ah1 oo1 or "s o!r v[el is ! "o be/ adapt$ = g5]al practice4 ,9 =m] times practice 0 entirely on ! v[el-s\nd ah4 ,! old ,italians taught x2 my "m 0 tra9$ s1 & nev] all[$ h] pupils to use any o!r v[el dur+ ! fir/ mon?s ( _! in/ruction4 ,lat]1 to be sure1 e lett]1 e ^w1 0 practis$ & improv$ cont9ually1 till x 0 correct1 & _h impress$ itself ^u ! memory1 z well z ! e>1 ( ! pupil = all "t4 ,i expla9 ! matt] ?us3-- ,! s+]'s m\? %\ld always make an agreeable impression4 ,faces t are =ev] gr9n+ or %[+ fi% m\?s are disgu/+ & wrong4 ,! pleas+ expression ( ! m\? requires ! muscul> contractions t =m ! bright v[el ah4 ,mo/ p :o are n accu/om$ to us+ _! vocal resonance pron\nce ! ah q flat1 z if x 7 ! v[el-s\nd ly+ l[e/4 ,if x is pron\nc$ ) ! position ( ! m\? belong+ to ! bright v[els1 x has to seek its resonance1 9 speak+ z well z 9 s++1 9 ! same place z ! d>k v[els1 on ! high-ar*$ palate4 ,to p]mit ?is1 x mu/ be m+l$ ) oo4 ,! furr[s 9 ! tongue mu/ also be =m$1 j z ) oo & o1 only special att5tion mu/ be giv5 t ! back ( ! tongue does n fall1 b rema9s high1 z 9 pron\nc+ a4 ,9 ?is way ah comes to lie betwe5 oo-o'ah'ya1 & =ms at ! same "t ! connection betwe5 ! bright & ! d>k v[els1 & ! rev]se4 ,= ?is reason x 0 prop] t ah %\ld be pref]r$ z ! practice v[el1 z soon z x 0 plac$ prop]ly betwe5 ! two extremes1 & _h satisfi$ all dem&s4 ,i pref] to tea* x1 because its use makes all mi/akes mo/ cle>ly recognizable4 ,x is ! mo/ difficult v[el4 ,if x is well pron\nc$1 or sung1 x produces ! necess>y muscul> contractions ) a pleas+ expression ( ! m\?1 & makes c]ta9 a f9e tone color by its connection ) oo & o4 ,if ! ah is equally well =m$ 9 all ranges ( ! voice1 a *ief difficulty is ma/]$4 ,^? :o h be5 badly taught1 or h fall5 into bad ways1 %\ld practise ! vocal ex]cise ,i h giv5 above1 ) ya-ye-yah1 etc41 sl[ly1 li/5+ to !mselves c>efully4 ,good results _c fail2 x is an infallible means ( improvem5t4 ,italians :o s+ well nev] speak or s+ ! v[el s\nd ah o!rwise ?an mix$1 & only ! neglect ( ?is mixture c\ld h br\ght ab\t ! decad5ce ( ! ,italian tea*+ ( song4 ,9 ,g]many no att5tion is paid to x4 ,! ah1 z sung g5]ally by mo/ ,italians ( ! pres5t day1 q flat1 s\nds commonplace1 almo/ l an affront4 ,x c range itself1 t is connect itself1 ) no o!r v[el1 makes all vocal connection impossible1 evolves v ugly regi/]s2 &1 ly+ l[ 9 ! ?roat1 summons =? no palatal resonance4 ,! p[] ( contraction ( ! muscles ( spee* is insuffici5t1 & ?is insuffici5cy misleads ! s+] to con/rict ! ?roat muscles1 :i* are n tra9$ to ! endurance ( x2 !reby fur!r progress is made impossible4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! tone becomes flat at ! transitions4 ,! fatal tremolo is almo/ always ! result ( ?is mann] ( s++4 ,try to s+ a scale upw>d on ah1 plac+ ! tongue & muscles ( spee* at ! same "t on a1 & y w be surpris$ at ! agreeable effect4 ,ev5 ! ?\ght ( x alone is (t5 en\gh1 because ! tongue involunt>ily takes ! position ( its own accord4 ,i rememb] v well h[ ,mme4 ,desiree ,artot-,padilla1 :o _h a l[ mezzo-soprano voice1 us$ to toss (f great coloratura pieces1 beg9n+ on ! v[el-s\nd ah1 & !n go+ up & d[n on a1 ee1 aueoah4 ,at ! "t ,i c\ld n und]/& :y %e did x2 n[ ,i "k p]fectly1--because x 0 easi] = h]4 ,! brea? is impell$ aga9/ ! cavities ( ! head1 ! head tones are set into action4 ,beh9d ! a position !re mu/ be z mu* room provid$ z is ne$$ = all ! v[els1 ) su* modifications z ea* "o requires = itself4 ,! matt] ( *ief importance is ! position ( ! tongue 9 ! ?roat1 t x %all n be 9 ! way ( ! l>ynx1 :i* mu/ be able to move up & d[n1 ev5 ?\gh v slightly1 )\t h9drance4 ,all v[els mu/ be able to fl[ into ea* o!r2 ! s+] mu/ be able to pass f "o to ano!r )\t p]ceptible alt]ation1 & back aga94 ,,section ,,xxviii ,,italian ,,& ,,g]man ,h[ easy x is = ! ,italians1 :o h by nature1 ?r\gh ! *>act]i/ics ( _! native language1 all ^! ?+s :i* o!rs mu/ ga9 by long ye>s ( practice6 ,a s+le syllable (t5 unites ?ree v[els2 = in/ance1 tuoi 7tuoye71 miei 7myeaye71 muoja1 etc4 ,! ,italians m+le all _! v[els4 ,!y rub !m into & color !m ) ea* o!r4 ,?is includes a great portion ( ! art ( song1 :i* 9 e language1 ) due reg>d to its peculi> *>act]i/ics1 mu/ be le>n$ by practice4 ,to give only a s+le example ( ! difficulty ( ! ,g]man words1 ) ! ev]la/+ consonant end+s to ! syllables1 take ! recitative at ! entrance ( ,norma3-- ,w] laes/ hi] ,aufruhr/immen1 ,kriegsruf erto5en1 wollt ,ihr die ,goett] zw+en1 ,eurem ,wahnwitz zu froehnen8 ,w] wagt v]messen1 glei* d] ,prophetin d] ,zukunft ,na*t zu li*ten1 wollt ,ihr d] ,goett] ,plan vors*nell v]ni*ten8 ,ni*t ,m5s*5kraft ,ko5nen die ,wirren dieses ,l&es s*li*ten4 ,twelve end+s on n6 ,s$iziosi voci1 voci di gu]ra1 avvi ,transcrib]'s ,note3 correct$ avoi 9 orig9al *i alz> si att5ta presso all'ara del ,dio6 ,v'ha *i presume dett> responsi alla veg5te ,norma1 e di ,roma affrett> il fato arcano4 ,ei non dip5de1 no1 non dip5de da pot]e umano6 ,f ! ,italians we c le>n ! connection ( ! v[els1 f ! ,fr5* ! use ( ! nasal tone4 ,! ,g]mans surpass ! o!rs 9 _! p[] ( expressiv5ess4 ,b he :o w\ld h ! "r to call himself an arti/ mu/ unite all ^! ?+s2 ! bel canto1 t is1 beautiful--,i might say good--s++1 & all ! means ( expression :i* we cultivat$ p ne$ to int]pret ma/] works ( great m9ds1 %\ld af=d ! public ennobl+ pleasure4 ,a tone full ( life is to be produc$ only by ! skilful mixture ( ! v[els1 t is1 ! unceas+ lean+ ( "o ^u ! o!rs1 )\t1 h[ev]1 affect+ any ( its *>act]i/ics4 ,?is means1 9 reality1 only ! complete use ( ! resonance ( ! brea?1 s9ce ! mixture ( ! v[els c be obta9$ only ?r\gh ! ela/ic conjunction ( ! organs & ! v>y+ division ( ! /ream ( brea? t[>d ! palatal resonance1 or t ( ! cavities ( ! head1 or ! equalization ( ! two4 ,! l>ynx mu/ rise & desc5d unimp$$ by ! tongue1 s(t palate & pill>s ( ! fauces rise & s9k1 ! s(t palate always able m or less to press close to ! h>d4 ,/rong & ela/ic contractions imply v pliable & circumspect relaxation ( ! same4 ,i ?9k t ! feel+ ,i h ( ! ext5sion ( my ?roat comes f ! v p[]ful yet v ela/ic contraction ( my muscles1 :i*1 ?\gh feel+ always 9 a /ate ( relaxability1 appe> to me l flexible /eel1 ( :i* ,i c dem& ev]y?+1--because nev] too mu*1--& :i* ,i ex]cise daily4 ,ev5 9 ! entr'actes ( gr& op]as ,i g ?r\gh ) su* ex]cises2 = !y refre% in/ead ( exhau/+ me4 ,! uncon/ra9$ cooep]ation ( all ! organs1 z well z _! individual functions1 mu/ g on ela/ically )\t any pressure or cramp$ action4 ,_! int]play mu/ be p[]ful yet supple1 t ! brea? :i* produces ! tone may be diffus$ z x fl[s f "o to ano!r ( ! manifold & complicat$ organs 7su* z ! v5tricles ( ,morgagni71 support+ itself on o!rs1 be+ caught 9 /ill o!rs1 & f9d+ all 9 su* a /ate ( read9ess z is requir$ 9 ea* range = ea* tone4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be comb9$ 9 ! "r way z a matt] ( habit4 ,! voice is equaliz$ by ! prop] ramification ( ! brea? & ! prop] connection ( ! diff]5t resonances4 ,! tone is color$ by ! prop] mixture ( v[els2 oo1 o1 & ah dem&+ m palatal resonance & a l[] position ( ! l>ynx1 a & e m resonance ( ! head cavities & a high] position ( ! l>ynx4 ,) oo1 o1 ue1 & ah ! palate is ar*$ high] 7! tongue =m+ a furr[7 ?an ) a1 e1 & ue1 :]e ! tongue lies high & flat4 ,!re are s+]s :o place ! l>ynx too l[1 &1 ar*+ ! palate too high1 s+ too mu* t[>d oo4 ,su* voices s\nd v d>k1 p]haps ev5 holl[2 !y lack ! int]position ( ! a1--t is1 ! l>ynx is plac$ too l[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are o!rs :o press x upw>d too high2 _! a position is a p]man5t "o4 ,su* voices are m>k$ by a v bright1 %>p quality ( tone1 (t5 l a goat's bleat+4 ,bo? are alike wrong & disagreeable4 ,! prop] m$ium betwe5 !m mu/ be ga9$ by s5sitive tra9+ ( ! e>1 & a ta/e =m$ by ! tea*] ?r\gh examples drawn f 8 own s++ & t ( o!rs4 ,if we wi% to give a noble expression to ! tone & ! ^w1 we mu/ m+le its vocal s\nd1 if x is n s1 ) o or oo4 ,if we wi% to give ! ^w m]ely an agreeable expression1 we m+le x ) ah1 a1 & e4 ,t is1 we mu/ use all ! qualities ( tonal resonance1 & ?us produce colors :i* %all b5efit ! tone & !reby ! ^w & its expression4 ,?us a s+le tone may be tak5 or sung 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,9 e v>y+ connection1 consequ5tly1 ! s+] mu/ be able to *ange x accord+ to ! expression desir$4 ,b z soon z x is a "q ( a musical phrase1 9 :i* sev]al tones or words1 or tones alone1 are connect$1 ! law ( progression mu/ rema9 9 =ce2 expression mu/ be sacrific$1 p>tly at lea/1 to ! beauty ( ! musical passage4 ,if he is skilful en\gh1 ! s+] c imp>t a c]ta9 expression ( feel+ to ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial phrases & coloratura passages4 ,?us1 9 ! coloratura passages ( ,moz>t's arias1 ,i h always s\ght to ga9 expressiv5ess by cresc5di1 *oice ( significant po9ts = brea?+1 & break+ (f ( phrases4 ,i h be5 especially successful ) ?is 9 ! ,entfuehrung1 introduc+ a tone ( lam5t into ! fir/ aria1 a h]oic dignity into ! second1 ?r\gh ! coloratura passages4 ,)\t exagg]at+ petty details1 ! arti/ mu/ exploit all ! means ( expression t he is ju/ifi$ 9 us+4 ,,section ,,xxix ,,auxili>y ,,v[els ,l ! auxili>y v]bs w & h1 a1 e1 & oo are auxili>y v[els1 ( ^: aid we are con/antly compell$ to avail ourselves4 ,x w p]haps s\nd exagg]at$ :5 ,i pres5t an example ( ?is1 b z a matt] ( fact pronunciation is consummat$ 9 ?is way2 only1 x mu/ n become noticeable4 ,! me?od seems s+ul>1 b its object is to prev5t ! leav+ ( any empty resonance space1 & to obviate any int]ruptions t c\ld affect ! p]fection ( ! tone4 ,= example1 :5 ,i wi% to s+ ! ^w ,fraeule91 ,i mu/ fir/1 & be=e all else1 ?9k ( ! pit* ( ! tone1 be=e ,i attack ! f4 ,) ! f1 ! tone mu/ be !re already1 be=e ,i h pron\nc$ x2 to pass f ! f to ! r ,i mu/ summon to my aid ! auxili>y v[el oo1 9 ord] to prev5t ! =mation ( any unvocaliz$ int]/ices 9 ! s\nd4 ,! r mu/ n n[ drop (f1 b mu/ 9 turn be jo9$ to ! oo1 :ile ! tongue %\ld n drop d[n beh9d1 ,illu/ration b %\ld complete ! vibrations ?us1 ,illu/ration 9 a /raight l9e4 7,see plate47 ,illu/ration ,x is v int]e/+ to note h[ mu* a ^w c ga9 or lose 9 fulness & beauty ( tone4 ,)\t ! use ( auxili>y v[els no connection ( ! resonance 9 words c be effect$2 !re is !n no beautiful tone 9 s++1 only a k9d ( hack+4 ,s9ce x mu/ be q imp]ceptible1 ! use ( auxili>y v[els mu/ be v arti/ically manag$1 & is be/ practis$ 9 ! beg9n+ v sl[ly on s+le tones & words1 !n proce$+ ) great c>e to two tones1 two syllables1 & s on4 ,9 ?is way ! pupil le>ns to he>4 ,b he mu/ le>n to he> v sl[ly & = a long "t1 until !re is no failure ( vibration 9 ! tone & ^w1 & x is all s impress$ ^u 8 memory t x c nev] be lo/4 ,! auxili>y v[els mu/ always be pres5t1 b ! li/5] %\ld be able to he>1 f ! assi/ance ( ! oo1 only ! w>m? & nobility ( ! tone1 f ! a & e only ! c>ry+ p[] & brilliancy ( x4 ,,section ,,xxx ,,resonant ,,consonants ,k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 s1 & r at ! end ( a ^w or syllable mu/ be made resonant by jo9+ to ! end ( ! ^w or syllable a r audible 7e 7eh72 = in/ance1 ,w&ele1 ,gretele1 etc4 ,a ?+ t no "o tea*es any long]1 or kn[s or is able to d1 a ?+ t only ,betz & ,i knew1 & ) me w probably disappe> entirely1 is ! divid+ & end+ ( syllables t mu/ be effect$ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,x may h orig9at$ ) ! ,italian s*ool4 ,i 0 taught x especially ^u d\ble consonants4 ,:5 two come toge!r1 !y mu/ be divid$2 ! fir/1 z 9 ,him-mel1 be+ s\nd$ dull1 & )\t resonance1 ! syllable & tone be+ kept z nasal z possible1 ! lips clos$1 & a pause be+ made betwe5 ! two syllables2 n till !n is ! second syllable pron\nc$1 ) a new =mation ( ! second consonant4 ,& ?is is done1 n only 9 case ( a d\bl+ ( "o consonant1 b :5ev] two consonants come toge!r to close ! syllable2 = in/ance1 w9-t]1 dr+-en1 kl+-en1 b9d-en2 9 ^! ! nasal s\nd plays a specially important "p4 ,! t$i\sness ( s++ )\t prop] sep>ation ( ! syllables is n appreciat$ till x has be5 le>n$ h[ to divide ! consonants4 ,! nasal close ( itself br+s a new color into ! s++1 :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt2 & moreov]1 ! ^w is mu* m cle>ly intelligible1 especially 9 l>ge auditoriums1 :]e an appreciable l5g? ( "t is ne$$ = x to rea* ! li/5]4 ,by ! nasal close1 also1 an un9t]rupt$ connection is assur$ betwe5 ! consonant & ! tone1 ev5 if ! latt] has to cease1 app>5tly1 = an in/ant4 ,i tea* all my pupils ?us4 ,b s9ce mo/ ( !m consid] x some?+ unhe>d ( to be =c$ to pron\nce 9 ?is way1 !y v r>ely br+ x to ! arti/ic p]fection :i* alone c make x effective4 ,except f ,betz1 ,i h nev] he>d x f any "o4 ,aft] me no "o w tea* x any m4 ,i %all probably be ! la/ "o4 ,a pity6 ,,section ,,xxxi ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,! practical /udy ( s++ is be/ begun ) s+le su/a9$ tones1 & ) prep>ation on ! s\nd ( ah alone1 m+l$ ) o & oo4 ,a position z if "o 7 ab\t to yawn helps ! tongue to lie 9 ! "r place4 ,9 ord] n to we>y "y voices too mu*1 x is be/ to beg9 9 ! middle range1 go+ upw>d fir/1 by semitones1 & !n1 />t+ aga9 ) ! same tone1 go+ d[nw>d4 ,all o!r ex]cises beg9 9 ! l[] range & g upw>d4 ,! pupil mu/ fir/ be able to make a s+le tone good1 & judge x correctly1 be=e he %\ld be all[$ to proce$ to a second4 ,lat]1 s+le syllables or words c be us$ z ex]cises = ?is4 ,! position ( ! m\? & tongue mu/ be wat*$ 9 ! mirror4 ,! v[el ah mu/ be m+l$ ) o & oo1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! brea? is =c$ /rongly aga9/ ! *e/1 & felt attack+ "h & on ! palate at ! same "t4 ,beg9 piano1 make a long cresc5do1 & gradually return & end on a well-controll$ piano4 ,my feel+ at ! attack is z %[n 9 ! plate4 ,at ! same in/ant t ,i =ce ! brea? aga9/ ! *e/1 ,i place ! tone "u its highe/ po9t on ! palate1 & let ! ov]tones so> above ! palate--! two unit$ 9 "o ?\ght4 ,only 9 ! l[e/ range c ! ov]tones1 & 9 ! highe/ range ! und]tones 7resonance ( ! head cavities & ( ! palate71 be disp5s$ )4 ,) me ! ?roat nev] comes into consid]ation2 ,i feel absolutely no?+ ( x1 at mo/ only ! brea? g5tly /ream+ ?r\gh x4 ,a tone %\ld nev] be =c$2 nev] press ! brea? aga9/ ! resonat+ *amb]s1 b only aga9/ ! *e/2 & ,,nev] hold x back4 ,! organs %\ld n be cramp$1 b %\ld be all[$ to p]=m _! functions ela/ically4 ,! contraction ( ! muscles %\ld nev] exce$ _! p[] to relax4 ,a tone mu/ always be sung1 :e!r /rong or s(t1 ) an easy1 consci\s p[]4 ,fur!r1 be=e all ?+s1 s+ always ) due reg>d to ! pit*4 ,9 ?is way ! control ( ! e> is ex]cis$ ov] ! pit*1 /r5g?1 & duration ( ! tone1 & ov] ! s+]'s /r5g? & weakness1 ( :i* we are (t5 =c$ to make a virtue4 ,9 %ort1 "o le>ns to recognize & to produce a p]fect tone4 ,illu/ration3 ,attack4 ,r$ l9es d5ote t ) ! inspiration ( brea?3 ,i1 ! diaphragm is s5sibly /ret*$ backw>d2 ,,ii1 enl>ges ! capacity ( ! *e/ by ! draw+ d[n ( its floor2 ,,iii1 & s =ms ! supply *amb] = ! brea?2 ,,iv1 indicates ! pressure ( ! brea? aga9/ ! *e/ t5sion muscles2 ,v1 ! attack4 ,9 all ex]cises g z l[ & z high z ! voice w all[ )\t /ra9+1 & always make little pauses to re/ betwe5 !m1 ev5 if y are n tir$1 9 ord] to be all ! fre%] = ! next "o4 ,) a c]ta9 am\nt ( skill & /eady purpose ! voice increases its compass1 & takes ! prop] range1 easie/ to x by nature4 ,! pupil c see !n h[ greatly ! compass ( a voice c be ext5d$4 ,= amateurs x is n necess>y2 b x is = e "o :o practises ! pr(ession ( a s+] 9 public4 ,= a second ex]cise1 s+ connect$ly two half-tones1 sl[ly1 on "o or two v[els1 bridg+ !m ) ! auxili>y v[els & ! y z ! support ( ! tongue1 etc4 ,e tone mu/ seek its be/ results f all ! organs conc]n$ 9 its production2 mu/ possess p[]1 brilliancy1 & mell[ness 9 ord] to be able to produce1 be=e leav+ ea* tone1 ! propagation =m = ! next tone1 asc5d+ z well z desc5d+1 & make x c]ta94 ,no ex]cise %\ld be dropp$ till e vibration ( e tone has cle>ly approv$ itself to ! e>1 n only ( ! tea*]1 b also ( ! pupil1 z p]fect4 ,x takes a long "t to rea* ! full consci\sness ( a tone4 ,aft] x has pass$ ! lips x mu/ be diffus$ outside1 be=e x c come to ! consci\sness ( ! li/5] z well z to t ( ! s+] himself4 ,s practise s++ sl[ly & he>+ sl[ly4 ,,section ,,xxxii ,,! ,,great ,,scale ,?is is ! mo/ necess>y ex]cise = all k9ds ( voices4 ,x 0 taught to my "m2 %e taught x to all h] pupils & to u4 ,b ,i am probably ! only "o ( !m all :o practises x fai?fully6 ,i d n tru/ ! o!rs4 ,z a pupil "o mu/ practise x twice a day1 z a pr(essional s+] at lea/ once4 ,music illu/ration ,! brea? mu/ be well prep>$1 ! expiration /ill bett]1 = ! duration ( ^! five & f\r long tones is great] ?an w\ld be suppos$4 ,! fir/ tone mu/ be attack$ n too piano1 & sung only s /rongly z is necess>y to rea* ! next "o easily )\t fur!r cresc5do1 :ile ! propagation =m = ! next tone is produc$1 & ! brea? wisely husb&$ till ! end ( ! phrase4 ,! fir/ ( ea* ( ! phrases ends nasally 9 ! middle range1 ! second t[>d ! =ehead & ! cavities ( ! head4 ,! l[e/ tone mu/ already be prep>$ to favor ! resonance ( ! head cavities1 by ?9k+ ( a1 consequ5tly plac+ ! l>ynx high & ma9ta9+ ! resonat+ organs 9 a v supple & ela/ic /ate4 ,9 ! middle range1 ah is m+l$ p>ticul>ly ) oo1 t ! nose may be rea*$2 fur!r1 ! auxili>y v[el e is add$ to x1 :i* guides ! tone to ! head cavities4 ,9 desc5d+ ! attack mu/ be m conc5trat$1 z ! tone is sl[ly direct$ t[>d ! nose on oo or o1 to ! end ( ! figure4 ,:5 oo1 a1 & e are auxili>y v[els1 !y ne$ n be pla9ly pron\nc$4 7,!y =m an exception 9 ! diph?ongs1 ,trauuum1 ,leiiid1 ,lauuune1 ,feuy]1 etc47 ,z auxili>y v[els !y are only means to an end1 a bridge1 a connection f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,!y c be tak5 any:]e ) any o!r s\nd2 & !nce x may be se5 h[ ela/ic ! organs c be :5 !y are skilfully manag$4 ,! *ief object ( ! great scale is to secure ! pliant1 su/a9$ use ( ! brea?1 precision 9 ! prep>ation ( ! propagation =m1 ! prop] mixture ( ! v[els :i* aid 9 plac+ ! organs 9 ! "r position = ! tone1 to be *ang$ = e diff]5t tone1 al?\gh imp]ceptibly2 fur!r1 ! intellig5t use ( ! resonance ( ! palate & head cavities1 especially ! latt]1 ^: tones1 so>+ above ev]y?+ else1 =m ! connection ) ! nasal quality = ! :ole scale4 ,! scale mu/ be practis$ )\t too /r5u\s ex]tion1 b n )\t p[]1 gradually ext5d+ ov] ! entire compass ( ! voice2 & t is1 if x is to be p]fect1 ov] a compass ( two octaves4 ,^! two octaves w h be5 cov]$1 :51 advanc+ ! />t+-po9t by semitones1 ! scale has be5 c>ri$ up ?r\gh an entire octave4 ,s mu* e voice c f9ally accompli%1 ev5 if ! high notes mu/ be v feeble4 ,! great scale1 prop]ly elaborat$ 9 practice1 accompli%es wond]s3 x equalizes ! voice1 makes x flexible & noble1 gives /r5g? to all weak places1 op]ates to repair all faults & breaks t exi/1 & controls ! voice to ! v he>t4 ,no?+ escapes x4 ,by x ability z well z inability is br\ght to light--some?+ t is extremely unpleasant to ^? )\t ability4 ,9 my op9ion x is ! ideal ex]cise1 b ! mo/ difficult "o ,i "k4 ,by devot+ =ty m9utes to x e day1 a consci\sness ( c]ta9ty & /r5g? w be ga9$ t t5 h\rs a day ( any o!r ex]cise _c give4 ,?is %\ld be ! *ief te/ 9 all cons]vatories4 ,if ,i 7 at ! head ( "o1 ! pupils %\ld be all[$ = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s to s+ at ! exam9ations only difficult ex]cises1 l ?is great scale1 be=e !y %\ld be all[$ to ?9k ( s++ a song or an aria1 :i* ,i reg>d only z cloaks = incompet5cy4 ,= tea*+ me ?is scale--?is gu>dian angel ( ! voice--,i _c be ?ankful en\gh to my "m4 ,9 e>li] ye>s ,i us$ to l to express myself freely ab\t x4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,i imag9$ t x /ra9$ me4 ,my "m (t5 end$ h] w>n+s at my neglect ( x ) ! words1 ,y w be v sorry = x6 ,& ,i 0 v sorry = x4 ,at "o "t1 :5 ,i 0 ab\t to be subject$ to great ex]tions1 & did n practise x e day1 b ?\ght x 0 en\gh to s+ coloratura fireworks1 ,i soon became aw>e t my transition tones w\ld no long] endure ! /ra91 began easily to wav]1 or ?reat5$ ev5 to become too flat4 ,! realization ( x 0 t]rible6 ,x co/ me _m1 _m ye>s ( ! h>de/ & mo/ c>eful /udy2 & x f9ally br\ght me to realize ! necessity ( ex]cis+ ! vocal organs cont9ually1 & 9 ! prop] way1 if ,i wi%$ always to be able to rely on !m4 ,practice1 & especially ! practice ( ! great1 sl[ scale1 is ! only cure = all injuries1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ excell5t means ( =tification aga9/ all ov]-ex]tion4 ,i s+ x e day1 (t5 twice1 ev5 if ,i h to s+ "o ( ! greate/ roles 9 ! ev5+4 ,i c rely absolutely on its assi/ance4 ,if ,i _h imp>t$ no?+ else to my pupils b ! ability to s+ ?is "o great ex]cise well1 !y w\ld possess a capital fund ( k :i* mu/ infallibly br+ !m a ri* return on _! voices4 ,i (t5 take fifty m9utes to g ?r\gh x only once1 = ,i let no tone pass t is lack+ 9 any degree 9 pit*1 p[]1 & duration1 or 9 a s+le vibration ( ! propagation =m4 ,,section ,,xxxiii ,,velocity ,s+]s1 male & female1 :o are lack+ velocity & ! p[] ( trill+1 seem to me l horses )\t tails4 ,bo? ( ^! ?+s belong to ! art ( song1 & are insep>able f x4 ,x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! s+] has to use !m or n2 he mu/ be able to4 ,! tea*] :o nei!r tea*es nor c tea* !m to 8 pupils is a bad tea*]2 ! pupil :o1 not)/&+ ! urg5t w>n+s ( 8 tea*]1 neglects ! ex]cises t c help him to acquire !m1 & fails to p]fect himself 9 !m1 is a bungl]4 ,!re is no excuse = x b lack ( tal5t1 or laz9ess2 & nei!r has any place 9 ! high] walks ( art4 ,to give ! voice velocity1 practise fir/ sl[ly1 !n fa/] & fa/]1 figures ( five1 six1 sev51 & eight notes1 etc41 upw>d & d[nw>d4 ,if "o has well ma/]$ ! great1 sl[ scale1 ) ! nasal connection1 skill 9 s++ rapid passages w be develop$ q ( itself1 because !y bo? re/ on ! same f\ndation1 & )\t ! prelim9>y practice c nev] be und]/ood4 ,put ! palate into ! nasal position1 ! l>ynx ^u oe2 attack ! l[e/ tone ( ! figure ) ! ?\ght ( ! highe/2 =ce ! brea?1 z x /reams v vigor\sly =? f ! l>ynx1 t[>d ! nose1 b all[ ! head curr5t entire fre$om1 )\t entirely do+ away ) ! nasal quality2 & !n run up ! scale ) great firmness4 ,9 desc5d+1 keep ! =m ( ! highe/ tone1 ev5 if !re %\ld be eight to twelve tones 9 ! passage1 s t ! scale slides d[n1 n a pair ( /airs1 b a smoo? track1 ! highe/ tone af=d+1 z x 71 a gu>antee t on ! way !re %all be no imp$im5t or sudd5 drop4 ,! resonance =m1 kept firm & t5se1 mu/ adapt itself ) ! utmo/ fre$om to ! ?\ght ( e tone1 & ) x1 to ! brea?4 ,! pressure ( ! brea? aga9/ ! *e/ mu/ n be dim9i%$1 b mu/ be unceas+4 ,to me x is always z if ! pit* ( ! highe/ tone 7 already conta9$ 9 ! l[e/1 s /rongly conc5trat$ ^u ! :ole figure are my ?\ghts at ! attack ( a s+le tone4 ,by means ( ah-e-a1 l>ynx1 tongue1 & palatal position on ! l[e/ tone are 9 su* a position t ! vibrations ( brea? = ! highe/ tones are already f9d+ admission into ! head cavities1 & z f> z possible are 9 sympa!tic vibration !re4 ,! high] ! vocal figures g ! m brea? !y ne$1 ! less c ! brea? & ! organs be press$4 ,! high] !y are1 ! m brea? mu/ /ream =? f ! epiglottis2 !re=e ! a & ! ?\ght ( e1 :i* keep ! passages to ! head op54 ,b because !re is a limit to ! scope ( ! movem5t ( l>ynx & tongue1 & !y _c rise high] & high] ) a figure t (t5 rea*es to an imm5se height1 ! s+] mu/ resort to ! aid ( ! auxili>y v[el oo1 9 ord] to l[] ! l>ynx & s make room = ! brea?3 ,music illu/ration ,a run or any o!r figure mu/ nev] s\nd ?us3 ,music illu/ration b mu/ be nasally modifi$ above1 & ti$2 & because ! brea? mu/ fl[ out unceas+ly 9 a p[]ful /ream f ! vocal cords1 an h c only be put 9 b5ea?1 :i* makes u sure ( ?is p[]ful /ream+ out ( ! brea?1 & helps only ! bran* /ream ( brea? into ! cavities ( ! head4 ,(t5 s+]s hold ! brea?1 conc5trat$ on ! nasal =m1 firmly on ! l[e/ tone ( a figure1 &1 )\t int]rupt+ ?is nasal =m1 or ! head tones1 t is1 ! brea? vibrat+ 9 ! head cavities1 f9i% ! figure alone4 ,:5 ?is happ5s ! muscul> contractions ( ! ?roat1 tongue1 & palate are v /rong4 ,music illu/ration3 ,l'oiselet4 ,*op9-,vi>dat ,! turn1 too1 bas$ on ! consi/5t connection ( ! tonal figure ) ! nasal quality1--:i* is obta9$ by pron\nc+ ! oo t[>d ! nose1--& firmly held !re1 p]mits no int]ruption = an in/ant to ! v[el s\nd4 ,h[ (t5 h ,i he>d ! ha-ha-ha-haa1 etc41--a wret*$ tumbl+ d[n ( diff]5t tones1 in/ead ( a smoo? decoration ( ! cantil5a4 ,s+]s g5]ally disreg>d x1 because no "o c d x any m1 & yet ev5 to-day x is ( ! greate/ importance4 7,see ,tri/an und ,isolde47 ,! situation is q ! same 9 reg>d to ! appoggiatura4 ,9 ?is ! resonance is made nasal & ! flexibility ( ! l>ynx1--:i*1 )\t *ang+ ! resonance1 moves quickly up & d[n--accompli%es ! task alone4 ,"h1 too1 x c almo/ be imag9$ t ! ?\ght alone is en\gh1 = ! connection ( ! two tones _c be too close4 ,b ?is mu/ be practis$1 & done consci\sly4 ,music illu/ration3 ,adelaide1 by ,bee?ov5 ,a-b5d-lueft-*5 im z>-t5 ,lau-be flue-/]n ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,correct$ ,l'au-be 9 orig9al to ,lau-be ,,section ,,xxxiv ,,trill ,!re /ill rema9s ! trill1 :i* is be/ practis$ 9 ! beg9n+ z foll[s3-- ,music illu/ration ,! brea? is l$ v f> back aga9/ ! head cavities by ! a1 ! l>ynx kept z /iff z possible & plac$ high4 ,bo? tones are connect$ z closely1 z heavily z possible1 upw>d nasally1 d[nw>d on ! l>ynx1 = :i* ! y1 aga91 is admirably suit$4 ,!y mu/ be attack$ z high z possible1 & v /rongly4 ,! trill ex]cise mu/ be practis$ almo/ z a scream4 ,! upp] note mu/ always be /rongly acc5t$4 ,! ex]cise is practis$ ) an ev5 /r5g?1 )\t decresc5do to ! end2 ! brea? /reams out m & m /rongly1 un9t]rupt$ly to ! f9i%4 ,trill ex]cises mu/ be p]=m$ ) great en]gy1 on ! :ole compass ( ! voice4 ,!y =m an exception to ! rule 9 s f> t 9 !m m is giv5 to ! ?roat to d--always1 h[ev]1 "u ! control ( ! *e/--?an 9 o!r ex]cises4 ,t relates1 h[ev]1 to ! muscles4 ,! brea? vibrates above ! l>ynx1 b does n /ick 9 x1 consequ5tly ?is is n dang]\s4 ,! ex]cise is practis$ fir/ on two half1 !n on two :ole1 tones ( ! same key 7z giv5 above71 advanc+ by semitones1 twice a day on ! entire compass ( ! voice4 ,x is exhau/+ because x requires great en]gy2 b = ! same reason x gives /r5g?4 ,practise x fir/ z sl[ly & vigor\sly z ! /r5g? ( ! ?roat all[s1 !n fa/] & fa/]1 till "o day ! trill unexpect$ly appe>s4 ,) "s en]gy & indu/ry good results %\ld be rea*$ 9 f six to eight weeks1 & ! l>ynx %\ld take on ! habit ( p]=m+ its function by itself4 ,?is function gradually becomes a habit1 s t x seems z if only "o tone 7 attack$ & held1 & z if ! second tone simply vibrat$ ) x4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! l>ynx w h be5 s practis$ 9 ! m9ute upw>d & d[nw>d motion1 t ! s+] is aw>e only ( ! vibrations ( ! brea? t lie above x1 :ile he rema9s m9dful all ! "t only ( ! pit* ( ! upp] note4 ,"o has ! feel+ !n z ( s++ or hold+ only ! l[] tone 7:i* mu/ be plac$ v high71 :ile ! upp] "o vibrates ) x simply ?r\gh ! habitude ( ! acc5tuation4 ,! union ( ! two !n comes to ! s+]'s consci\sness z if he 7 s++ ! l[] note some:at too high1 halfway t[>d ! upp] "o4 ,?is is only an aural delusion1 produc$ by ! high vibrations4 ,b ! trill1 :5 fully ma/]$1 %\ld always be begun1 z 9 ! ex]cise1 on ! upp] note4 ,e voice mu/ ma/] ! trill1 aft] a p]iod1 long] or %ort]1 ( prop] practice4 ,/iff1 /rong voices ma/] x soon] ?an small1 weak ones4 ,i exp5d$ c]ta9ly t5 ye>s ^u improv+ x1 because z a "y girl ,i _h s v little /r5g?1 al?\gh my voice 0 v flexible 9 execut+ all sorts ( rapid passages4 ,to be able to use x any:]e1 ( c\rse1 requires a long "t & mu* practice4 ,= ?is reason x is a good plan to practise x on syllables ) diff]5t v[els1 su* z c all be support$ on a1 & on words1 z soon z ! und]/&+ ne$$ = ?is is 9 "s degree assur$4 ,if ! l>ynx has acquir$ ! habit prop]ly1 ! trill c be c>ri$ on into a piano & pianissimo & prolong$ almo/ )\t end ) cresc5di & decresc5di1 z ! old ,italians us$ to d1 & z all ,g]mans d :o h le>n$ any?+4 ,,section ,,xxxv ,,h[ ,,to ,,hold ,,"o',s ,,self ,,:5 ,,practis+ ,9 practis+ ! s+] %\ld always /&1 if possible1 be=e a l>ge mirror1 9 ord] to be able to wat* himself closely4 ,he %\ld /& upright1 quietly b n /iffly1 & avoid ev]y?+ t looks l re/lessness4 ,! h&s %\ld hang quietly1 or re/ lightly on some?+1 )\t tak+ "p 9 ! int]pretation ( ! expression4 ,! fir/ ?+ ne$$ is to br+ ! body "u control1 t is1 to rema9 quiet1 s t lat]1 9 s++1 ! s+] c d ev]y?+ int5tionally4 ,! pupil mu/ always /& 9 su* a way t ! tea*] c wat* 8 face1 z well z 8 :ole body4 ,cont9ual movem5ts ( ! f+]s1 h&s1 or feet are n p]missible4 ,! body mu/ s]ve ! s+]'s purposes freely & mu/ acquire no bad habits4 ,! s+]'s self-possession is reflect$ 9 a feel+ ( satisfaction on ! "p ( ! li/5]4 ,! quiet] ! s+] or arti/1 ! m significant is e expression he gives2 ! few] motions he makes1 ! m importance !y h4 ,s he c sc>cely be quiet en\gh4 ,only !re mu/ be a c]ta9 acc5t ( expression 9 ?is quietude1 :i* _c be repres5t$ by indiff]5ce4 ,! quietude ( ! arti/ is a reassurance = ! public1 = x c come only f ! c]ta9ty ( p[] & ! full comm& ( 8 task ?r\gh /udy & prep>ation & p]fect k ( ! "w to be pres5t$4 ,an arti/ ^: art is bas$ on p[] _c appe> o!r ?an self-possess$ & c]ta9 ( himself4 ,an evid5t uneas9ess is always in>ti/ic1 & h5ce does n belong :]e art is to be embodi$4 ,all dep5d5ce ^u tricks ( habit creates n]v\sness & lack ( flexibility4 ,!re=e ! s+] mu/ accu/om himself to quietude 9 practis+1 & make 8 w ma/] ( 8 :ole body1 t lat] he may h free comm& ( all 8 movem5ts & means ( expression4 ,! con/ant play+ ( s+le tones or *ords on ! piano by ! tea*] dur+ ! lesson is wrong1 & e pupil %\ld reque/ its discont9uance4 ,! tea*] c he> ! pupil1 b ! latt] _c he> himself1 :5 ?is is done2 & yet x is ( ! utmo/ importance t he %\ld le>n to he> himself4 ,i am almo/ driv5 di/ract$ :5 tea*]s br+ me _! pupils1 & drum on ! piano z if possess$ :ile !y s+4 ,pupils h ! same effect on me :5 !y sit & play a doz5 *ords to "o long note4 ,d !y sit 9 ! ev5+ :5 !y s+ 9 a conc]t8 ,d !y he> !mselves1 :5 !y d ?is8 ,un=tunately1 ,i _c he> !m4 ,poor pupils6 ,x is en\gh = a musical p]son to /rike a s+le note on ! piano :5 he practises alone1 or p]haps a common *ord1 aft] :i* ! body & h&s %\ld return to _! quiet natural position4 ,only 9 a /&+ po/ure c a free deep brea? be drawn1 & m9d & body be prop]ly prep>$ = ! ex]cise or ! song to foll[4 ,x is also well = pupils to =m s5t5ces ) ! prop] numb] ( syllables ^u :i* to s+ _! ex]cises1 s t ev5 su* ex]cises %all gradually ga9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( expressiv5ess4 ,?us ! ex]cises w =m pictures :i* mu/ be connect$ ) ! play ( ! features1 z well z ) an inn] feel+1 & ?us w n become desultory & s\lless & giv5 ov] to indiff]5ce4 ,( c\rse n till ! m]e tone itself is br\ght "u complete control1 & unc]ta9ty is no long] possible1 c ! horizon ( ! pupil be ?us wid5$ )\t dang]4 ,only :5 a sc5e requires t a vocal passage be sung kneel+ or sitt+ mu/ ! s+] practise x 9 8 room long be=e ! p]=mance & at all rehe>sals1 9 accordance ) dramatic requirem5ts ( ! situation4 ,o!rwise ! s+] %\ld always ,,/&4 ,we mu/ also look out = unaccu/om$ g>m5ts t may be requir$ on ! /age1 & rehe>se 9 !m2 = in/ance1 hat1 helmet1 hood1 cloak1 etc4 ,)\t becom+ accu/om$ to !m by practice1 ! s+] may easily make himself ridicul\s on ! /age4 ,h5ce comes ! absurdity ( a ,loh5gr9 :o _c s+ ) a helmet1 ano!r :o _c ) a %ield1 a ?ird :o _c ) gauntlets2 a ,w&]] :o _c ) ! big hat1 ano!r :o _c ) ! spe>1 a ,jose :o _c ) ! helmet1 etc4 ,all ^! ?+s mu/ be practis$ be=e a mirror until ! requirem5ts ( a "p or its co/ume become a habit4 ,to atta9 ?is1 ! s+] mu/ be completely ma/] ( 8 body & all 8 movem5ts4 ,x mu/ be precisely ! same ) ! voice4 ,! s+] mu/ be q indep5d5t ( bad habits 9 ord] consci\sly to exact f x :at ! prop] int]pretation ( ! "w to be p]=m$ requires4 ,he %\ld practise only s long z c be done )\t we>9ess4 ,aft] e ex]cise he %\ld take a re/1 to be fre% = ! next "o4 ,aft] ! great scale he %\ld re/ at lea/ t5 m9utes2 & ^! re/+ times mu/ be obs]v$ z long z "o s+s4 ,long-cont9u$ ex]tion %\ld n be exact$ ( ! voice at fir/2 ev5 if ! effects ( x are n imm$iately felt1 a damage is done 9 "s way4 ,9 ?is matt] pupils !mselves are *iefly at fault1 because !y _c get en\gh1 z long z !y take pleasure 9 x4 ,= ?is reason x is insane folly to try to s+ important roles on ! /age aft] "o or two ye>s ( /udy2 x may p]haps be endur$ = "o or two ye>s )\t evil results1 b x c nev] be c>ri$ on indef9itely4 ,ag5ts & manag]s commit a crime :5 !y dem& enorm\s ex]tions ( su* "y s+]s4 ,! rehe>sals1 :i* are held 9 abom9ably bad air1 ! late h\rs1 ! irregul> life t is occasion$ by rehe>sals1 ! /ra9 ( /&+ ar\nd = five or six h\rs 9 a !atre1--all ?is is n = untra9$ "y p]sons4 ,no woman ( less ?an tw5ty-f\r ye>s %\ld s+ s\brette p>ts1 none ( less ?an tw5ty-eight ye>s second p>ts1 & none ( less ?an ?irty-five ye>s dramatic p>ts2 t is e>ly en\gh4 ,by t "t prop] prep>ation c be made1 & 9 voice & p]son some?+ c be (f]$ wor? :ile4 ,& our frat]nity mu/ realize ?is soon] or lat]4 ,9 t way1 too1 !y w le>n m & be able to d m1 & few] s9s w be committ$ aga9/ ! art ( song by ! incompet5t4 ,,section ,,xxxvi ,,conc]n+ ,,expression ,:5 we wi% to /udy a role or a song1 we h fir/ to ma/] ! intellectual cont5t ( ! "w4 ,n till we h made ourselves a cle> picture ( ! :ole %\ld we proce$ to elaborate ! details1 ?r\gh :i*1 h[ev]1 ! impression ( ! :ole %\ld nev] be all[$ to suff]4 ,! complete picture %\ld always %9e out ?r\gh all4 ,if x is too mu* brok5 into details1 x becomes a ?+ ( %r$s & pat*es4 ,s petty accessories mu/ be avoid$1 t ! l>g] outl9e ( ! :ole picture %all n suff]4 ,! complete picture mu/ ev] claim ! *ief int]e/2 details %\ld n di/ract att5tion f x4 ,9 art1 subord9ation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole is an art ( itself4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be fitt$ to ! l>g] l9eam5ts t %\ld *>act]ize a ma/]piece4 ,a ^w is an idea2 & n only ! idea1 b h[ t idea 9 color & connection is relat$ to ! :ole1 mu/ be express$4 ,!re9 is ! fe>some magic t ,wagn] has ex]cis$ ^u me & ^u all o!rs1 t draws u to him & lets none escape its spell4 ,t is :y ! elaboration ( ,wagn]'s creations seems s mu* wor? :ile to ! arti/4 ,e elaboration ( a "w ( art dem&s ! sacrifice ( "s "p ( ! arti/'s ego1 = he mu/ m+le ! feel+s set be=e him = portrayal ) 8 own 9 8 int]pretation1 & ?us1 s to speak1 lay b>e 8 v self4 ,b s9ce we mu/ imp]sonate human be+s1 we may n sp>e ourselves1 b ?r[ ourselves into our task ) ! devotion ( all our p[]s4 ,,section ,,xxxvii ,,be=e ,,! ,,public ,9 ! wide rea*es ( ! !atre x is ne$ful to give an exagg]ation to ! expression1 :i* 9 ! conc]t hall1 :]e ! =ms ( society rule1 mu/ be entirely ab&on$4 ,& yet ! picture mu/ be pres5t$ by ! arti/ to ! public f ! v fir/ ^w1 ! v fir/ note2 ! mood mu/ be felt 9 advance4 ,?is dep5ds p>tly ^u ! be>+ ( ! s+] & ! expression ( c\nt5ance he has dur+ ! prelude1 :]eby int]e/ 9 :at is com+ is ar\s$ & is direct$ ^u ! music z well z ^u ! poem4 ,! picture is complete 9 itself2 ,i h only to vivify its colors dur+ ! p]=mance4 ,^u ! managem5t ( ! body1 ^u ! electric curr5t :i* %\ld fl[ betwe5 ! arti/ & ! public1--a curr5t t (t5 /reams =? at 8 v appe>ance1 b (t5 is n to be e/abli%$ at all1--dep5d ! gl[ & effectiv5ess ( ! color :i* we impress ^u our picture4 ,no arti/ %\ld be beguil$ by ?is into giv+ =? m ?an arti/ic propriety p]mits1 ei!r to enhance ! en?usiasm or to int5sify ! mood2 = ! electric connection _c be =c$4 ,(t5 a tranquilliz+ feel+ is v soon manife/ on bo? sides1 ! effect ( :i* is q z great1 ev5 ?\gh less /imulat+4 ,(t51 too1 a calm1 /ill und]/&+ betwe5 s+] & public ex]cises a fasc9ation ^u bo?1 t c only be atta9$ ?r\gh a complete devotion to ! task 9 h&1 & r5unciation ( any attempt to ga9 noisy applause4 ,to me x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r ! public goes frantic or li/5s quietly & reflectively1 = ,i give out only :at ,i h und]tak5 to4 ,if ,i h put my individuality1 my p[]s1 my love = ! "w1 into a role or a song t is applaud$ by ! public1 ,i decl9e all ?anks = x to myself p]sonally1 & consid] ! applause z belong+ to ! ma/] ^: "w ,i am int]pret+4 ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 mak+ him intelligible to ! public1 ! rew>d !re= is conta9$ 9 t fact itself1 & ,i ask = no?+ m4 ,( :at is impli$ 9 ! intellig5t int]pretation ( a "w ( art1 z to tal5t & /udy1 ! public has no conception4 ,only !y c und]/& x ^: lives h be5 devot$ to ! same ideals4 ,! la/+ und]/&+ ( su*1 or ev5 ( a "p ( ! public1 is wor? m ?an all ! /orm ( applause t is giv5 to s _m4 ,all ! applause 9 ! _w _c repay me = ! sacrifices ,i h made = art1 & no applause 9 ! _w is able to beguile me f ! dissatisfaction ,i feel ov] ! failure ( a s+le tone or attempt$ expression4 ,:at seems to me bad1 because ,i dem& ! greate/ ?+s ( myself1 is1 to be sure1 good en\gh = _m o!rs4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 n ( _! op9ion4 ,9 any matt] relat+ to art1 only ! be/ is good en\gh = any public4 ,if ! public is uncultivat$1 "o mu/ make x "k ! be/1 mu/ educate x1 mu/ tea* x to und]/& ! be/4 ,a naive und]/&+ is (t5 mo/ /rongly exhibit$ by ! uncultivat$--t is1 ! unspoil$--public1 & (t5 is wor? m ?an any cultivation4 ,! cultivat$ public %\ld be will+ to accept only ! be/2 x %\ld ru?lessly condemn ! bad & ! m$iocre4 ,x is ! arti/'s task1 ?r\gh (f]+ 8 be/ & mo/ c>efully prep>$ a*ievem5ts1 to educate ! public1 to ennoble x2 & he %\ld c>ry out 8 mission )\t be+ influ5c$ by bad /&>ds ( ta/e4 ,! public1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld consid] art1 n z a matt] ( fa%ion1 or z an opportunity to display its clo!s1 b %\ld feel x z a true & pr(\nd enjoym5t1 & d ev]y?+ to second ! arti/'s ef=ts4 ,arriv+ late at ! op]a or 9 ! conc]t hall is a k9d ( bad mann]s :i* _c be suffici5tly c5sur$4 ,9 ! same way1 go+ out be=e ! end1 at unfitt+ times1 & ! use ( fans 9 su* a way z to di/urb arti/s & ^? sitt+ ne>1 %\ld be avoid$ by cultivat$ p4 ,arti/s :o are conc5trat+ _! :ole nature ^u realiz+ an ideal1 :i* !y wi% to int]pret ) ! mo/ p]fect expression1 %\ld n be di/urb$ or disquiet$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 op]atic p]=mances1 & conc]ts especially1 %\ld be limit$ 9 duration & 9 ! numb] ( pieces pres5t$4 ,x is bett] to (f] ! public a s+le symphony or a %ort li/ ( songs or pian(orte pieces1 :i* x c li/5 to ) att5tion & really absorb1 ?an to provide two or ?ree h\rs ( difficult music t nei!r ! public c li/5 to ) suffici5t att5tion nor ! arti/ p]=m ) suffici5t conc5tration4 ,,section ,,xxxviii ,,int]pretation ,let u return to ! subject ( ,expression1 & exam9e a song2 = example1 ,d] ,nussbaum by ,s*umann4 ,! prevail+ mood ?r\gh x is "o ( quiet gayety1 consequ5tly "o dem&+ a pleasant expression ( c\nt5ance4 ,! song picture mu/ ru/le by u l a fairy /ory4 ,! picture %[s u ! fragrant nut tree putt+ =? its leaves 9 ! spr+2 "u x a maid5 lo/ 9 rev]ie1 :o f9ally falls asleep1 happy 9 h] ?\ghts4 ,all is y\? & fragrance1 a *>m+ little picture1 ^: colors mu/ h>monize4 ,none ( !m %\ld /& out f ! frame4 ,only "o s+le ^w rises above ! ru/l+ ( ! tree1 & ?is mu/ be br\ght pla9ly to ! he>+ ( ! li/5+ maid5--& h5ce1 also1 ( ! public--! second next ye>4 ,! :ole song f9ds its po9t 9 t "o ^w4 ,! nut tree be=e ! h\se puts =? its gre5 leaves & %$s its fragrance2 its blossoms are lov+ly embrac$ by ! s(t breezes1 :isp]+ to ea* o!r two by two1 & (f] _! heads to be kiss$1 nodd+ & b[+2 ! song mu/ be sung ) an equal fragrance1 ea* musical phrase 9 "o brea?3 t is1 ) six inaudible brea?+s1 )\t rit5uto4 ,!y :isp] ( a maid5 :o night & day is ?9k+1 %e kn[s n ( :at h]self4 ,betwe5 selb] & ni*t 0 a slight sep>ation ( ! words c be made1 by break+ (f ! r 9 selb] nasally2 & hold+ ! tone nasally1 )\t tak+ a fre% brea?1 attack+ ! ni*t anew4 ,9 ?is way an expression ( unc]ta9ty is l5t to ! words ni*t 04 ,b n[ all becomes q my/]i\s4 ,!y :isp]1 !y :isp]--"o mu/ b5d "o's ?\ghts to he> x2 :o c und]/& s s(t a song8 ,b n[ ,i he> pla9ly1 ev5 ?\gh x be v s(t--! :isp] ab\t ! bridegroom & ! next ye>1 & aga9 q significantly1 ! next ye>4 ,t is s full ( promise1 "o c sc>cely te> "o's self away f ! ?\ghts1 f ! ^w 9 :i* love is imp>t$1 & yet t1 too1 comes to an end6 ,n[ ,i am ! maid5 h]self :o li/5s1 smil+ 9 happ9ess1 to ! ru/l+ ( ! tree1 lean+ h] head aga9/ its trunk1 full ( long+ fancies z %e s9ks to sleep & to dream1 f :i* %e w\ld wi% nev] to awak54 ,felde9samkeit by ,brahms4 ,?is song int]prets ! exalt$ mood ( ! s\l ( ! man :o1 ly+ at re/ 9 ! long grass1 wat*es ! cl\ds float by1 & ^: be+ is made "o ) nature z he does s4 ,a :ole _w ( insects buzzes ab\t him1 ! air %imm]s 9 ! bright sunlight1 fl[]s %$ _! p]fume2 ev]y?+ ab\t him lives a murmur+ life 9 tones t seem to enhance ! peace ( nature1 f> f ! haunts ( m54 ,z tranquil z are ! cl\ds t pass by1 z peaceful z is ! mood ( nature1 z luxuri\s z are ! fl[]s t spread _! fragrance1 s tranquil & calm mu/ be ! brea?+ ( ! s+]1 :i* draws ! long phrases ( ! song ov] ! *ords ( ! accompanim5t1 & br+s be=e u 9 words & tones ! picture ( ! w>m peace ( summ] 9 nature1 & ! radiant be+ ( a man dissolv$ )9 x4 ,i m>k ! brea?+ places ) ,v4 ,i* liege /ill im ,noh5 gru55 ,gras ,v und s5de lange me95 ,blick ,v na* ob5 ,v & aga9 com=tably1 calmly na* ob54 ,von ,grill5 r+s ums*wa]mt ,v ohn' ,unt]lass ,v von ,himmelsblaeue wund]sam umwob5 ,v von ,himmelsblaeue ,v wund]sam umwob54 ,ea* tone1 ea* lett]1 is connect$ closely ) ! prec$+ & foll[+2 ! expression ( ! eyes & ( ! s\l %\ld be appropriate to t ( ! glorifi$ peace ( nature & ( ! s\l's happ9ess4 ,! la/ phrase %\ld so> t5d]ly1 saturat$ ) a w>m & s\lful color+4 ,die s*o55 weiss5 ,wolk5 zieh'n dah9 ,v dur*'s tiefe ,blau ,v1 ,i gaze at x = a mom5t wie s*o5e1 /ille ,traeume ,v los+ "o's self wie s*o5e /ille ,traeume4 ,v ,a feel+ ( dissolution takes away e ?\ght ( liv+ & be+4 ,mir i/ ,v als ob ,v i* la5g/ ,v ge/orb5 b96 ,! :ole be+ is dissolv$ 9 ! e!r2 ! end comes ) out/ret*$ w+s so>+ above ! e>?4 und ziehe selig mit ,v dur* ew'ge ,raeume ,v und ziehe selig mit ,v dur* ew'ge ,raeume4 ,dissolution ( ! s\l 9 ! univ]se mu/ s\nd =? f ! s+]'s tone4 ,! ,erlk+1 by ,s*ub]t4 ,= him :o is famili> ) our native leg5ds & tales1 ! will[s & ald]s 9 ! fields & by ! brooks are peopl$ ) hidd5 be+s1 fairies1 & wit*es4 ,!y /ret* out gho/ly arms1 z _! veils wave ov] _! loose hair1 !y b[1 c[]1 raise !mselves1 become z big z giants or z little z dw>fs4 ,!y seem to lie 9 wait = ! weak1 to fill !m ) fright4 ,! fa!r1 h[ev]1 :o rides ) 8 *ild ?r\gh ! night & ! w9d1 is a man1 no gho/2 & 8 fai?ful /e$1 t c>ries bo?1 no phantom4 ,! picture is pres5t$ to u vividly2 we c foll[ ! gr\p = long4 ,! feel+ is ( ha/e1 b n ( gho/l9ess4 ,! prelude %\ld consequ5tly s\nd simply fa/1 b n ov]drawn4 ,! fir/ phrases ( ! s+] %\ld be connect$ ) x z a pla9 n>rative4 ,sudd5ly ! *ild hugs ! fa!r m closely & buries 8 face 9 t]ror 9 8 bosom4 ,lov+ly ! fa!r b5ds ov] him2 quietly he asks him ! cause ( 8 fe>4 ,fright5$1 ! *ild looks to "o side1 & asks1 9 disconnect$ phrases1 :e!r 8 fa!r does n see ! ,erlk+1 ! ,erlk+ ) 8 cr[n & tra94 ,!y _h j ridd5 by a clump ( will[s4 ,/ill quietly1 ! fa!r expla9s smil+ly to 8 son t :at he saw 0 a bank ( fog hang+ ov] ! mead[4 ,b 9 ! boy's bra9 ! ,erlk+ has already rais$ 8 entic+ :isp]4#c ,! /ill1 small voice1 z ?\gh com+ f ano!r _w1 promises ! *ild gold5 raim5t1 fl[]s1 & games4 ,footnote #c3 ,! voice ( ! ,erlk+ is a cont9u\s1 s(t1 un9t]rupt$ /ream ( tone1 ^u :i* ! :isp]$ words are hung4 ,! ,erlk+ excites ! ?\ghts ( ! fev]-sick boy4 ,! ?ree enticem5ts mu/ be sung v rapidly1 )\t any int]ruption ( ! brea?4 ,! fir/ ,i s+ z f> z possible 9 "o brea? 7if ,i am n hamp]$ by ! accompani/71 or at mo/ 9 two2 ! second 9 two1 ! ?ird 9 ?ree2 & "h = ! fir/ "t ! words reizt & bran* i* ,gewalt em]ge f ! :isp]$ pianissimo4 ,fe>fully he asks 8 fa!r if he does n he> ! ,erlk+'s :isp]$ promises4 ,x is only ! dry leaves ru/l+ 9 ! w9d4 ,! fa!r quiets him1 & 8 voice is full ( firm & lov+ reassurance1 b he feels t 8 *ild is sick4 ,= b a few seconds all is /ill2 !n ! voice comes back aga94 ,9 a l[ :isp] s\nds & words are di/+ui%$4 ,erlk+ invites ! boy to play ) 8 daught]s1 :o %all dance ) him & rock him & s+ to him4 ,9 ! heat ( fev] ! boy implores 8 fa!r to look = ! ,erlk+'s daught]s4 ,! fa!r sees only an old gray will[2 b 8 voice is no long] calm4 ,anxiety = 8 sick *ild makes 8 manly tones break2 ! com=t+ words conta9 already a long+ = ! j\rney's end--quickly1 quickly1 mu/ he rea* x4 ,erlk+ has n[ completely fill$ ! fev]i% fancy ( ! *ild4 ,) ru?less p[] he possesses himself ( ! boy--all opposition is va9--! silv] cord is loos5$4 ,once m he cries out 9 fe> to 8 fa!r1 !n 8 eyes are clos$4 ,! man1 beside himself1 /ra9s e n]ve--8 own & 8 horse's2 8 ha/e is l a wild flight4 ,! j\rney's end is rea*$2 brea?less !y /op--b ! race 0 9 va94 ,a cold %udd] runs ?r\gh ev5 ! n>rator2 8 :ole be+ is /ra9$ & t5se1 he mu/ =ce 8 m\? to utt] ! la/ words4 ,,section ,,xxxix ,,9 ,,conclusion ,! class ( voice is dep5d5t ^u ! inborn *>act]i/ics ( ! vocal organs4 ,b ! developm5t ( ! voice & all else t app]ta9s to ! art ( song1 c1 provid+ tal5t is n lack+1 be le>n$ ?r\gh indu/ry & en]gy4 ,if e s+] _c become a fam\s arti/1 e s+] is at lea/ 9 duty b\nd to h le>n$ some?+ wor? :ile1 & to d 8 be/ accord+ to 8 p[]s1 z soon z he has to appe> be=e any public4 ,z an arti/1 he %\ld n af=d ?is public m]ely a *eap amusem5t1 b %\ld acqua9t x ) ! mo/ p]fect embodim5ts ( t art ^: sole task prop]ly is to ennoble ! ta/e ( mank9d1 & to be/[ happ9ess2 to raise x above ! mis]ies ( ?is workaday _w1 )draw x f !m1 to idealize ev5 ! hateful ?+s 9 human nature :i* x may h to repres5t1 )\t dep>t+ f tru?4 ,b :at is ! attitude ( arti/s t[>d ^! tasks8 ,,clevel&1 ,janu>y #aa1 #aijb4 ,,note ,a ,good ,rem$y = ,cat>rh & ,ho>s5ess ,p\r boil+ hot wat] into a sauc]1 & let a l>ge sponge suck x all up4 ,!n squeeze x firmly out aga94 ,hold ! sponge to ! nose & m\?1 & brea! alt]nately ?r\gh ! nose & m\?1 9 & out4 ,i s+ my ex]cises1 ! great scale1 passages1 etc41 & all ! v[els into x1 & s =ce ! hot /eam to act ^u ! lungs1 bron*ial tubes1 & especially on ! muc\s membranes1 :ile ,i am brea?+ 9 & out ?r\gh ! sponge4 ,aft] ?is has be5 kept up = t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 wa% ! face 9 cold wat]4 ,?is c be repeat$ f\r to six times a day4 ,! sponge %\ld n be full ( wat]1 b mu/ be q squeez$ out4 ,?is has help$ me greatly1 & ,i c recomm5d x highly4 ,x c d no injury because x is natural4 ,b aft] brea?+ 9 ! hot /eam1 d n g out imm$iately into ! cold air4