,transcriber's ,note3 ,spelling and punctuation are as in the original1 including the consistently 8modern0 use of ,v and ,u4 ,italic capital ,v has two forms1 used interchangeably4 ,since italic capital ,u does not occur1 the rounded ,v-form has been transcribed as ,u4 ,latin quotations were given in italics2 the translation was usually printed with marginal quotation marks4 ,in this e-text1 ,latin passages are shown as block quotes 7indented7 without quotation marks1 while passages with marginal quotes are shown as block quotes with quotation marks4 ,the six ,sidenotes shown with an asterisk alongside their number were printed with an asterisk in the original text2 all other notes were unmarked4 ,references from the ,sidenotes are identified at the end of the text1 followed by a complete list of errata4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,sun with six orbits1 each with symbol3 ,mercurius1 ,venus1 ,ceres et ,proserpina1 ,mars1 ,jupiter1 ,saturnus ,sun utters3 ,ame omnes 8,ceres and ,proserpina0 orbit continuing below sun shows earth with orbiting moon4 ,text on earth orbit3 ,sua fovent2 ,vniuers ornant4 ,text on moon's orbit3 ,mutuo se illuminant ,,the ,,discovery ,,of ,a ,,world ,,in ,,the ,,moone4 or1 ,a ,,discovrse ,tending ,,to ,,prove that 'tis probable there may be another habitable ,world in that ,planet4 ,quid tibi inquis ista proderunt8 ,si nihil aliud1 hoc cert1 sciam omnia angusta esse4 ,,seneca4 ,prf4 ad #a4 ,lib4 ,n4 ,q4 ,decoration ,,london1 ,printed by ,e4 ,g4 for ,michael ,sparl and ,edward ,forrest1 #afch4 ,decoration ,perlegi hc novitatis graci typis mandari permitto4 ,mart4 #bi4 #afch4 ,,tho4 ,,weekes ,r4,p4 ,episc4 ,lond4 ,cap4 ,domest4 ,decoration ,to the ,reader4 ,if amongst thy leisure houres thou canst spare any for the perusall of this discourse1 and dost looke to finde somewhat in it which may serve for thy information and benefit3 let me then advise thee to come unto it with an equall minde1 not swayed by prejudice1 but indifferently resolved to assent unto that truth which upon deliberation shall seeme most probable unto thy reason1 and then ,i doubt not1 but either thou wilt agree with mee in this assertion1 or at least not thinke it to be as farre from truth1 as it is from common opinion4 ,two cautions there are which ,i would willingly admonish thee of in the beginning4 #a4 ,that thou shouldst not here looke to find any exact1 accurate ,treatise1 since this discourse was but the fruit of some lighter studies1 and those too hudled up in a short time1 being first thought of and finished in the space of some few weekes1 and therefore you cannot in reason expect1 that it should be so polished1 as perhaps1 the subject would require1 or the leisure of the ,author might have done it4 #b4 ,to remember that ,i promise onely probable arguments for the proofe of this opinion1 and therefore you must not looke that every consequence should be of an undeniable dependance1 or that the truth of each argument should be measured by its necessity4 ,i grant that some ,astronomicall appearances may possibly be solved otherwise then here they are4 ,but the thing ,i aime at is this1 that probably they may so be solved1 as ,i have here set them downe3 ,which1 if it be granted 7as ,i thinke it must7 then ,i doubt not1 but the indifferent reader will find some satisfaction in the maine thing that is to be proved4 ,many ancient ,philosophers of the better note1 have formerly defended this assertion1 which ,i have here laid downe1 and it were to be wished1 that some of us would more apply our endeavours unto the examination of these old opinions1 which though they have for a long time lien neglected by others1 yet in them may you finde many truths well worthy your paines and observation4 ,tis a false conceit1 for us to thinke1 that amongst the ancient variety and search of opinions1 the best hath still prevailed4 ,time 7saith the learned ,verulam7 seemes to be of the nature of a river or streame1 which carrieth downe to us that which is light1 or blowne up1 but sinketh that which is weighty and solid4 ,it is my desire that by the occasion of this discourse1 ,i may raise up some more active spirit to a search after other hidden and unknowne truthes4 ,since it must needes be a great impediment unto the growth of sciences1 for men still so to plod on upon beaten principles1 as to be afraid of entertaining any thing that may seeme to contradict them4 ,an unwillingnesse to take such things into examination1 is one of those errours of learning in these times observed by the judicious ,verulam4 ,questionlesse there are many secret truths1 which the ancients have passed over1 that are yet left to make some of our age famous for their discovery4 ,if by this occasion ,i may provoke any reader to an attempt of this nature1 ,i shall then thinke my selfe happy1 and this work successefull4 ,farewell4 ,decoration ,the ,first ,proposition1 by way of ,preface4 ,that the strangenesse of this opinion is no sufficient reason why it should be rejected1 because other certaine truths have beene formerly esteemed ridiculous1 and great absurdities entertayned by common consent4 ,there is an earnestnesse and hungering after novelty1 which doth still adhere unto all our natures1 and it is part of that primative image1 that wide extent and infinite capacity at first created in the heart of man1 for this since its depravation in ,adam perceiving it selfe altogether emptied of any good doth now catch after every new thing1 conceiving that possibly it may finde satisfaction among some of its fellow creatures4 ,but our enemy the divell 7who strives still to pervert our gifts1 and beate us with our owne weapons7 hath so contriv'd it1 that any truth doth now seeme distastefull for that very reason1 for which errour is entertain'd--,novelty1 for let but some upstart heresie be set abroach1 and presently there are some out of a curious humour2 others1 as if they watched an occasion of singularity1 will take it up for canonicall1 and make it part of their creede and profession2 whereas solitary truth cannot any where finde so ready entertainement2 but the same ,novelty which is esteemed the commendation of errour and makes that acceptable1 is counted the fault of truth1 and causes that to bee rejected4 ,how did the incredulous ,world gaze at ,columbus when hee promised to discover another part of the earth1 and he could not for a long time by his confidence1 or arguments1 induce any of the ,christian ,princes1 either to assent unto his opinion1 or goe to the charges of an experiment4 ,now if he who had such good grounds for his assertion1 could finde no better entertainement among the wiser sort1 and upper end of the ,world2 'tis not likely then that this opinion which ,i now deliver1 shall receive any thing from the men of these daies1 especially our vulgar wits1 but misbeliefe or derision4 ,it hath alwaies beene the unhappinesse of new truths in ,philosophy1 to be derided by those that are ignorant of the causes of things1 and reiected by others whose perversenesse ties them to the contrary opinion1 men whose envious pride will not allow any new thing for truth which they themselves were not the first inventors of4 ,so that ,i may iustly expect to be accused of a pragmaticall ignorance1 and bold ostentation1 especially since for this opinion ,xenophanes1 a man whose authority was able to adde some credit to his assertion could not escape the like censure from others4 ,for ,natales ,comes speaking of that ,philosopher1#a and this his opinion1 saith thus1 ,nonnulli ne nihil scisse videantur1 aliqua nova monstra in ,philosophi introducunt1 ut alicujus rei inventores fuisse appareant4 8,some there are who least they might seeme to know nothing1 will bring up monstrous absurdities in ,philosophy1 that so afterward they may bee famed for the invention of somewhat40 ,the same author doth also in another place accuse ,anaxagoras#b of folly for the same opinion1 ,est enim non ignobilis gradus stultiti1 vel si nescias quid dicas1 tamen velle de rebus propositis hanc vel illam partem stabilire4 8',tis none of the worst kindes of folly1 boldly to affirme one side or other1 when a man knows not what to say40 ,sidenote #a3 ,mytholog4 lib4 #c4 c4 #ag4 ,sidenote #b3 ,lib4 #g4 c4 #a4 ,if these men were thus censur'd1 ,i may iustly then expect to be derided by most1 and to be believed by few or none2 especially since this opinion seemes to carry in it so much strangenesse1 so much contradiction to the generall consent of others4 ,but how ever1 ,i am resolved that this shall not be any discouragement1 since ,i know that it is not the common opinion of others that can either adde or detract from the truth4 ,for1 #a4 ,other truths have beene formerly esteemed altogether as ridiculous as this can be4 #b4 ,grosse absurdities have beene entertained by generall opinion4 ,i shall give an instance of each1 that so ,i may the better prepare the ,reader to consider things without a prejudice1 when hee shall see that the common opposition against this which ,i affirme cannot any way derogate from its truth4 #a4 ,other truths have beene formerly accounted as ridiculous as this1 ,i shall specifie that of the ,antipodes1 which have beene denied and laught at by many wise men and great ,schollers1 such as were ,herodotus1 ,st4 ,austin1 ,lactantius1 the ,venerable ,bede1 ,lucretius the ,poet1 ,procopius1 and the voluminous ,abulensis with others4 ,herodotus counted it so horrible an absurdity1 that hee could not forbeare laughing to thinke of it4 1 1 4 ,greek3 ,gel de horn gs periodous grapsantas1 pollous d kai oudena noon echontas exgsamenon hoi keanon te rheonta graphousi1 perix tn te gn eousan kukloterea hs apo tornou4 8,i cannot choose but laugh1 7saith he7 to see so many men venture to describe the earths compasse1 relating those things that are without all sense1 as that the ,sea flowes about the ,world1 and that the earth it selfe is round as an ,orbe40 ,but this great ignorance is not so much to be admired in him1 as in those learneder men of later times1 when all sciences began to flourish in the ,world4 ,such was ,saint ,austin who censures that relation of the ,antipodes to be an incredible fable1#a and with him agrees the eloquent ,lactantius1#b quid illi qui esse contrarios vestigiis nostris ,antipodes putant8 num aliquid loquuntur8 aut est quispiam tam ineptus1 qui credat esse homines1 quorum vestigia sunt superiora qum capita8 aut ibi qu apud nos jacent inversa pendere8 fruges arbores deorsum versus crescere1 pluvias nives1 grandinem sursum versus cadere in terram8 miratur aliquis hortor pensiles inter septem mira narrari1 quum ,philosophi1 agros maria1 urbes montes pensiles faciunt8 c4 8,what 7saith he7 are they that thinke there are ,antipodes1 such as walke with their feet against ours8 doe they speake any likelyhood8 or is there any one so foolish as to believe that there are men whose heeles are higher than their heads8 that things which with us doe lie on the ground doe hang there8 that the ,plants and ,trees grow downewards1 that the haile1 and raine1 and snow fall upwards to the earth8 and doe wee admire the hanging ,orchards amongst the seven wonders1 whereas here the ,philosophers have made the ,field and ,seas1 the ,cities and ,mountaines hanging40 ,what shall wee thinke 7saith hee in ,plutarch7 that men doe clyng to that place like wormes1 or hang by their clawes as ,cats1 or if wee suppose a man a little beyond the ,center1 to bee digging with a spade8 is it likely 7as it must bee according to this opinion7 that the earth which hee loosened1 should of it selfe ascend upwards8 or else suppose two men with their middles about the center1 the feete of the one being placed where the head of the other is1 and so two other men crosse them1 yet all these men thus situated according to this opinion should stand upright1 and many other such grosse consequences would follow 7saith hee7 which a false imagination is not able to fancy as possible4 ,upon which considerations1 ,bede#c also denies the being of any ,antipodes1 ,neque enim ,antipodarum ullatenus est ,fabulis accommodandus assensus1 8,nor should wee any longer assent to the ,fable of ,antipodes40 ,so also ,lucretius the ,poet speaking of the same subject1 sayes3 ,sed vanus stolidis hc omnia finxerit error4#d ,sidenote #a3 ,de civit4 ,dei4 lib4 #af4 cap4 #i4 ,sidenote #b3 ,institut4 l4 #c4 c4 #bd4 ,sidenote #c3 ,de ratione temporum1 ,cap4 #cb4 ,sidenote #d3 ,de nat4 rerum1 lib4 #a4 ,that some idle fancy faigned these for fooles to believe4 ,of this opinion was ,procopius ,gazus1#a but he was perswaded to it by another kinde of reason2 for he thought that all the earth under us was sunke in the water1 according to the saying of the ,psalmist1#b ,hee hath founded the ,earth upon the ,seas1 and therefore hee accounted it not inhabited by any4 ,nay ,tostatus a man of later yeeres and generall learning doth also confidently deny that there are any such ,antipodes1 though the reason which hee urges for it bee not so absurde as the former1 for the ,apostles1 saith hee1#c travelled through the whole habitable world1 but they never passed the ,equinoctiall2 and if you answer that they are said to goe through all the earth1 because they went through all the knowne world1 hee replies1 that this is not sufficient1 since ,christ would have all men to be saved1 and come to the knowledge of his truth1#d and therefore 'tis requisite that they should have travelled thither also1 if there had been any inhabitants1 especially since he did expressely command them to goe and teach all nations1 and preach the ,gospell through the whole world1#e and therefore he thinkes that as there are no men1 so neither are there seas1 or rivers1 or any other conveniency for habitation3 'tis commonly related of one ,virgilius1 that he was excommunicated and condemned for a ,heretique by ,zachary ,bishop of ,rome1 because hee was not of the same opinion4 ,but ,baronius saies1#f it was because hee thought there was another habitable world within ours4 ,how ever1 you may well enough discerne in these examples how confident many of these great ,schollars were in so grosse an errour1 how unlikely1 what an incredible thing it seemed to them1 that there should be any ,antipodes1 and yet now this truth is as certaine and plaine1 as sense or demonstration can make it4 ,this then which ,i now deliver is not to be rejected2 though it may seeme to contradict the common opinion4 ,sidenote #a3 ,comment4 in #a4 ,cap4 ,gen4 ,sidenote #b3 ,psal4 #bd4 #b4 ,sidenote #c3 ,comment4 in #a4 ,genes4 ,sidenote #d3 #a ,tim4 #b4 #d4 ,sidenote #e3 ,mat4 #bh4 #ai ,sidenote #f3 ,annal4 ,eccles4 ,a4,d4 #gdh4 #b4 ,grosse absurdities have beene entertained by generall consent4 ,i might instance in many remarkeable examples1 but ,i will onely speake of the supposed labour of the ,moone in her eclipses1 because this is neerest to the chiefe matter in hand1 and was received as a common opinion amongst many of the ancients1 and therefore ,plutarch speaking of a ,lunary eclipse1 relates1 that at such times 'twas a custome amongst the ,romanes 7the most civill and learned people in the world7 to sound brasse ,instruments1 and hold great torches toward the heaven4 7 7 1#a for by this meanes they supposed the ,moone was much eased in her labours1 and therfore ,ovid calls such loud ,instruments the auxiliaries or helpes of the ,moone4#b ,cum frustra resonant ra auxiliaria ,lun4 and therefore the ,satyrist too describing a loud scold1 saies1 she was able to make noise enough to deliver the labouring ,moone4#c ,vna laboranti poterit succurrere ,lun4 ,sidenote #a3 ,in vita ,paul4 mil4 ,sidenote #b3 ,metam4 l4 #d4 ,sidenote #c3 ,iuven4 ,sat4 #f ,now the reason of all this their ceremonie1 was1 because they feared the world would fall asleepe1 when one of its eyes began to winke1 and therefore they would doe what they could by loud sounds to rouse it from its drowsinesse1 and keepe it awake by bright torches1 to bestow that light upon it which it began to lose4 ,some of them thought hereby to keepe the ,moone in her orbe1 whereas otherwise she would have fallen downe upon the earth1 and the world would have lost one of its lights1 for the credulous people believed1 that ,inchanters1 and ,witches could bring the ,moone downe1 which made ,virgil say1 ,cantus clo possunt deducere ,lunam4 ,and those ,wizards knowing the times of her eclipses1 would then threaten to shew their skill1 by pulling her out of her orbe4 ,so that when the silly multitude saw that she began to looke red1 they presently feared they should lose the benefit of her light1 and therefore made a great noise that she might not heare the sound of those ,charmes1 which would otherwise bring her downe1 and this is rendered for a reason of this custome by ,pliny and ,propertius3 ,cantus curru lunam deducere tentant1 ,et facerent1 si non ra repulsa sonent4#a ,sidenote #a3 ,nat4 hist4 lib4 #b4 c4 #ab4 ,plutarch gives another reason of it1 and he sayes1 'tis because they would hasten the ,moone out of the darke shade wherein shee was involv'd1 that so she might bring away the soules of those ,saints that inhabit within her1 which cry out by reason they are then deprived of their wonted happinesse1 and cannot heare the musicke of the ,spheares1 but are forced to behold the torments1 and wailing of those damned soules which are represented to them as they are tortured in the region of the aire1 but whether this or what ever else was the meaning of this superstition1 yet certainly 'twas a very ridiculous custome1 and bewrayed a great ignorance of those ancient times1 especially since it was not onely received by the vulgar1 such as were men of lesse note and learning1 but believed also1 by the more famous and wiser sort1 such as were those great ,poets1 ,stesichorus and ,pindar4 ,and not onely amongst the more sottish heathens1 who might account that ,planet to be one of their ,gods1 but the primitive ,christians also were in this kinde guilty2 which made ,s4 ,ambrose so tartly to rebuke those of his time1 when he said1 ,tum turbatur carminibus ,globus ,lun1 quando calicibus turbantur oculi4 8,when your heads are troubled with cups1 then you thinke the ,moone to be troubled with charmes40 ,and for this reason also did ,maximus a ,bishop1#a write a ,homily against it1 wherein hee shewed the absurditie of that foolish superstition4 ,i remember1 that ,ludovicus ,uives relates a more ridiculous story of a people that imprisoned an ,asse for drinking up the ,moone1 whose image appearing in the water was covered with a cloud1 as the ,asse was drinking1 for which the poore beast was afterward brought to the barre to receive a sentence according to his deserts1 where the grave ,senate being set to examine the matter1 one of the ,counsell 7perhaps wiser than the rest7 rises up1 and out of his deepe judgement1 thinkes it not fit that their ,towne should lose its ,moone1 but that rather the ,asse should be cut up1 and that taken out of him1 which sentence being approved by the rest of those ,politicians1 as the subtillest way for the conclusion of the matter was accordingly performed4 ,but whether this tale were true or no ,i will not question1 however there is absurdity enough in that former custome of the ancients1 that may confirme the truth to be proved1 and plainly declare the insufficiency of common opinion to adde true worth or estimation unto any thing4 ,so that from that which ,i have said may be gathered thus much4 ,sidenote #a3 ,turinens4 ,episc4 #a4 ,that a new truth may seeme absurd and impossible not onely to the vulgar1 but to those also who are otherwise wise men1 and excellent schollers2 and hence it will follow1 that every new thing which seemes to oppose common ,principles is not presently to be rejected1 but rather to be pry'd into with a diligent enquiry1 since there are many things which are yet hid from us1 and reserv'd for future discovery4 #b4 ,that it is not the commonnesse of an opinion that can priviledge it for a truth1 the wrong way is sometime a well beaten path1 whereas the right way 7especially to hidden truths7 may bee lesse trodden and more obscure4 ,true indeed1 the strangeness of this opinion will detract much from its credit2 but yet we should know that nothing is in its selfe strange1 since every naturall effect has an equall dependance upon its cause1 and with the like necessity doth follow from it1 so that 'tis our ignorance which makes things appeare so1 and hence it comes to passe that many more evident truths seeme incredible to such who know not the causes of things3 you may as soone perswade some ,country peasants that the ,moone is made of greene ,cheese 7as wee say7 as that 'tis bigger than his ,cart-wheele1 since both seeme equally to contradict his sight1 and hee has not reason enough to leade him farther than his senses4 ,nay1 suppose 7saith ,plutarch7 a ,philosopher should be educated in such a secret place1 where hee might not see either ,sea or ,river1 and afterwards should be brought out where one might shew him the great ,ocean telling him the quality of that water1 that it is blackish1 salt1 and not potable1 and yet there were many vast creatures of all formes living in it1 which make use of the water as wee doe of the aire1 questionlesse he would laugh at all this1 as being monstrous lies fables1 without any colour of truth4 ,just so will this truth which ,i now deliver appeare unto others2 because we never dreamt of any such matter as a world in the ,moone1 because the state of that place hath as yet been vailed from our knowledge1 therefore wee can scarcely assent to any such matter4 ,things are very hardly received which are altogether strange to our thoughts and our senses4 ,the soule may with lesse difficulty be brought to believe any absurdity1 when as it has formerly beene acquainted with some colours and probabilities for it1 but when a new1 and an unheard of truth shall come before it1 though it have good grounds and reasons1 yet the understanding is afraid of it as a stranger1 and dares not admit it into its beliefe without a great deale of reluctancy and tryall4 ,and besides things that are not manifested to the senses1 are not assented unto without some labour of mind1 some travaile and discourse of the understanding1 and many lazie soules had rather quietly repose themselves in an easie errour1 then take paines to search out the truth4 ,the strangenesse then of this opinion which ,i now deliver will be a great hinderance to its beliefe1 but this is not to be respected by reason it cannot bee helped4 ,i have stood the longer in the ,preface1 because that prejudice which the meere title of the booke may beget cannot easily be removed without a great deale of preparation1 and ,i could not tell otherwise how to rectifie the thoughts of the ,reader for an impartiall survey of the following discourse4 ,i must needs confesse1 though ,i had often thought with my selfe that it was possible there might be a world in the ,moone1 yet it seemed such an uncouth opinion that ,i never durst discover it1 for feare of being counted singular and ridiculous1 but afterward having read ,plutarch1 ,galilus1 ,keplar1 with some others1 and finding many of mine owne thoughts confirmed by such strong authority1 ,i then concluded that it was not onely possible there might bee1 but probable that there was another habitable world in that ,planet4 ,in the prosecuting of this assertion1 ,i shall first endeavour to cleare the way from such doubts as may hinder the speed or ease of farther progresse2 and because the suppositions imply'd in this opinion may seeme to contradict the principles of reason or faith1 it will be requisite that ,i first remove this scruple1 shewing the conformity of them to both these1 and proving those truths that may make way for the rest1 which ,i shall labour to performe in the second1 third1 fourth1 and fifth ,chapters1 and then proceede to confirme such ,propositions1 which doe more directly belong to the maine point in hand4 ,proposition #b4 ,that a plurality of worlds doth not contradict any principle of reason or faith4 ,tis reported of ,aristotle that when hee saw the bookes of ,moses he commended them for such a majesticke stile as might become a ,god1 but withall hee censured that manner of writing to be very unfitting for a ,philosopher because there was nothing proved in them1 but matters were delivered as if they would rather command than perswade beliefe4 ,and 'tis observed that hee sets downe nothing himselfe1 but he confirmes it by the strongest reasons that may be found1 there being scarce an argument of force for any subject in ,philosophy which may not bee picked out of his writings1 and therefore 'tis likely if there were in reason a necessity of one onely world1 that hee would have found out some such necessary proofe as might confirme it3 ,especially since hee labours for it so much in two whole ,chapters4 ,but now all the arguments which he himselfe urges in this subject1#a are very weake and farre enough from having in them any convincing power4 ,therefore 'tis likely that a plurality of worlds doth not contradict any principle of reason4 ,however1 ,i will set downe the two chiefe of his arguments from his owne workes1 and from them you may guesse the force of the other4 ,the #a4 is this1#b since every heavy body doth naturally tend downwards1 and every light body upwards1 what a hudling and confusion must there bee if there were two places for gravity and two places for lightnesse3 for it is probable that the ,earth of that other ,world would fall downe to this ,center1 and so mutually the aire and fire here ascend to those ,regions in the other1 which must needes much derogate from the providence of nature1 and cause a great disorder in his workes4 ,to this ,i answere1 that if you will consider the nature of gravity1 you will plainely see there is no ground to feare any such confusion1 for heavinesse is nothing else but such a quality as causes a propension in 'its subject to tend downewards towards its owne ,centre1 so that for some of that earth to come hither would not bee said a fall but an ascension1 since it moved from its owne place1 and this would bee impossible 7saith ,ruvio7 because against nature1#c and therefore no more to bee feared than the falling of the ,heavens4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de ,clo l4 #a4 c4 #h4 #i4 ,sidenote #b3 ,ibid4 ,sidenote #c3 ,de ,clo l4 #a4 c4 #i4 q4 #a4 ,another ,argument hee had from his master ,plato1#a that there is but one ,world1 because there is but one first mover1 ,god4#b ,sidenote #a3 ,metaphys4 l4 #ab4 c4 #h4 ,sidenote #b3 ,diog4 ,laert4 lib4 #c4 ,but here ,i may deny the consequence1 since a plurality of worlds doth not take away the unity of the first mover4 ,vt enim forma substantialis1 sic primum efficiens apparentem solummodo multiplicitatem induit per signatam materiam 7saith a ,countreyman of ours47#a ,as the substantiall forme1 so the efficient cause hath onely an appearing multiplicity from its particular matter4 ,you may see this point more largely handled1 and these ,arguments more fully answered by ,plutarch in his ,booke 7why ,oracles are silent7 and ,iacob ,carpentarius in his comment on ,alcinous4 ,sidenote #a3 ,nic4 ,hill4 de ,philosop4 ,epic4 partic4 #cgi4 ,but our opposites the ,interpreters themselves1 7who too often doe jurare in verba magistri7 will grant that there is not any strength in these consequences1 and certainely their such weake arguments could not convince that wise ,philosopher1 who in his other opinions was wont to bee swayed by the strength and power of reason3 wherefore ,i should rather thinke that he had some by-respect1 which made him first assent to this opinion1 and afterwards strive to prove it4 ,perhaps it was because hee feared to displease his scholler ,alexander1 of whom 'tis related#a that he wept to heare a disputation of another world1 since he had not then attained the ,monarchy of this1 his restlesse wide heart would have esteemed this ,globe of ,earth not big enough for him1 if there had beene another1 which made the ,satyrist say of him1 stuat inflix angusto limite mundi4#b 8,that he did vexe himselfe and sweate in his desires1 as being pend up in a narrow roome1 when hee was confin'd but to one world40 ,before he thought to seate himselfe next the ,gods1 but now when hee had done his best1 hee must be content with some equall1 or perhaps superiour ,kings4 ,sidenote #a3 ,plutarch4 de tranq4 anim4 ,sidenote #b3 ,iuvenal4 ,it may be1 that ,aristotle was moved to this opinion1 that hee might thereby take from ,alexander the occasion of this feare and discontent1 or else1 perhaps1 ,aristotle himselfe was as loth to hold the possibility of a world which he could not discover1 as ,alexander was to heare of one which he could not conquer4 ,tis likely that some such by-respect moved him to this opinion1 since the arguments he urges for it are confest by his zealous followers and commentators1 to be very sleight and frivolous1 and they themselves grant1 what ,i am now to prove1 that there is not any evidence in the light of naturall reason1 which can sufficiently manifest that there is but one world4 ,but however some may object1 would it not be inconvenient and dangerous to admit of such opinions that doe destroy those principles of ,aristotle1 which all the world hath so long followed8 ,this question is much controverted by the ,romish ,divines2 ,campanella hath writ a ,treatise#a in defence of it1 in whom you may see many things worth the reading and notice4 ,sidenote #a3 ,apologia pro ,galilo4 ,to it ,i answer1 that this position in ,philosophy1 doth not bring any inconvenience to the rest1 since tis not ,aristotle1 but truth that should be the rule of our opinions1 and if they be not both found together1 wee may say to him1 as hee said to his ,master ,plato1 1 ,greek3 amphoin gar ontoin philoin1 hosion protiman tn altheian4#a 8,though ,plato were his friend1 yet hee would rather adhere to truth than him40 ,sidenote #a3 ,ethic4 l4 #a4 c4 #f4 ,i must needs grant1 that wee are all much beholden to the industry of the ancient ,philosophers1 and more especially to ,aristotle1 for the greater part of our learning1 but yet tis not ingratitude to speake against him1 when hee opposeth truth2 for then many of the ,fathers would be very guilty1 especially ,iustin1 who hath writ a ,treatise purposely against him4 ,but suppose this opinion were false1 yet 'tis not against the faith1 and so it may serve for the better confirmation of that which is true2 the sparkes of errour1 being forc'd out by opposition1 as the sparkes of fire1 by the striking of the flint and steele4 ,but suppose too that it were hereticall1 and against the faith1 yet may it be admitted with the same priviledge as ,aristotle1 from whom many more dangerous opinions have proceeded3 as that the world is eternall1 that ,god cannot have while to looke after these inferiour things1 that after death there is no reward or punishment1 and such like blasphemies1 which strike directly at the fundamentalls of our ,religion4 ,so that it is justly to be wondred why some should be so superstitious in these daies1 as to sticke closer unto him1 than unto ,scripture1 as if his ,philosophy were the onely foundation of all divine truths4 ,upon these grounds both ,st4 ,uincentiusand ,senafinus de firmo 7as ,i have seene them quoted7 thinke that ,aristotle was the viol of ,gods wrath1 which was powred out upon the waters of ,wisedome by the third ,angel2#a ,but for my part1 ,i thinke the world is much beholden to ,aristotle for all its sciences4 ,but yet twere a shame for these later ages to rest our selves meerely upon the labours of our ,fore-fathers1 as if they had informed us of all things to be knowne1 and when wee are set upon their shoulders1 not to see further then they themselves did4 ',twere a superstitious1 a lazie opinion to thinke ,aristotles workes the bounds and limits of all humane invention1 beyond which there could be no possibility of reaching4 ,certainly there are yet many things left to discovery1 and it cannot be any inconvenience for us1 to maintaine a new truth1 or rectifie an ancient errour4 ,sidenote #a3 ,rev4 #af4 #d4 ,but the position 7say some7 is directly against ,scripture1 for #a4 ,moses tells us but of one world1 and his ,history of the creation had beene very imperfect if ,god had made another4 #b4 ,saint ,john speaking of ,gods workes1 saies he made the world1 in the singular number1 and therefore there is but one3#a 'tis the argument of ,aquinas1 and he thinks that none will oppose it1 but such who with ,democritus esteeme some blinde chance1 and not any wise providence to be the framer of all things4 ,sidenote #a3 ,part #a4 ,q4 #dg4 ,art4 #c4 #c4 ,the opinion of more worlds has in ancient time beene accounted a heresie1 and ,baronius affirmes that for this very reason1 ,virgilius was cast out of his ,bishopricke1 and excommunicated from the ,church4#a ,sidenote #a3 ,annal4 ,eccl4 ,a4,d4 #gdh4 #d4 ,a fourth argument there is urged by ,aquinas1 if there be more worlds than one1 then they must either be of the same1 or of a diverse nature1 but they are not of the same kinde1#a for this were needlesse1 and would argue an improvidence1 since one would have no more perfection than the other2 not of divers kinds1 for then one of them could not be called the world or universe1 since it did not containe universall perfection1 ,i have cited this argument1 because it is so much stood upon by ,iulius ,csar la ,galla1#b one that has purposely writ a ,treatise against this opinion which ,i now deliver1 but the ,dilemma is so blunt1 that it cannot cut on either side1 and the consequences so weake1 that ,i dare trust them without an answer2 ,and 7by the way7 you may see this ,author in that place1 where he endeavours to prove a necessity of one world1 doth leave the chiefe matter in hand1 and take much needlesse paines to dispute against ,democritus1 who thought that the world was made by the casuall concourse of atoms in a great vacuum4 ,it should seeme1 that either his cause1 or his skill was weake1 or else he would have ventured upon a stronger adversary4 ,these arguments which ,i have set downe1 are the chiefest which ,i have met with against this subject1 and yet the best of these hath not force enough to endanger the truth that ,i have delivered4 ,sidenote #a3 ,ibid4 ,sidenote #b3 ,de ,phnom4 in orbe lun4 ,unto the two first it may be answered1 that the negative authority of ,scripture is not prevalent in those things which are not the fundamentalls of ,religion4 ,but you'le reply1 though it doe not necessarily conclude1 yet 'tis probable if there had beene another world1 wee should have had some notice of it in ,scripture4 ,i answer1 'tis as probable that the ,scripture should have informed us of the ,planets they being very remarkable parts of the ,creation1 and yet neither ,moses nor ,job1 nor the ,psalmes 7the places most frequent in ,astronomicall observations7 mention any of them but the ,sunne and ,moone1 and moreover1 you must know1 that 'tis besides the scope of the ,holy ,ghost either in the new ,testament or in the old1 to reveale any thing unto us concerning the secrets of ,philosophy2 'tis not his intent in the new ,testament1 since we cannot conceive how it might any way belong either to the ,historicall exegeticall or propheticall parts of it3 nor is it his intent in the old ,testament1 as is well observed by our ,countrey-man ,master ,,wright4#a ,non ,mosis aut ,prophetarum institutum fuisse videtur ,mathematicas aliquas aut ,physicas subtilitates promulgare1 sed ad vulgi captum loquendi morem quemadmodum nutrices infantulis solent sese accommodare4 8',tis not the endeavour of ,moses or the ,prophets to discover any ,mathematicall or ,philosophicall subtilties1 but rather to accmodate themselves to vulgar capacities1 and ordinary speech1 as nurses are wont to use their infants40 ,true indeede1 ,moses is there to handle the history of the ,creation1 but 'tis observed that he does not any where meddle with such matters as were very hard to be apprehended1 for being to informe the common people as well as others1 he does it after a vulgar way1 as it is commonly noted1 declaring the originall chiefely of those things which were obvious to the sense1 and being silent of other things1 which then could not well be apprehended4 ,and therefore ,aquinas observes1#b that ,moses writes nothing of the aire1 because that being invisible1 the people knew not whether there were any such body or no4 ,and for this very reason ,saint ,austin also thinkes that there is nothing exprest concerning the creation of ,angels which notwithstanding are as remarkable parts of the creatures1 and as fit to be knowne as another world4 ,and therefore the ,holy ,ghost too uses such vulgar expressions which set things forth rather as they appeare1 then as they are1#c as when he calls the ,moone one of the greater lights whereas 'tis the least1 but one that wee can see in the whole heavens4 ,so afterwards speaking of the great raine which drowned the world1#d he saies1 the windowes of heaven were opened1 because it seemed to come with that violence1 as if it were1 poured out from windows in the ,firmament4#e ,so that the phrases which the ,holy ,ghost uses concerning these things are not to be understood in a literall sense2 but rather as vulgar expressions1 and this rule is set downe by ,saint ,austin1 where speaking concerning that in the ,psalme1 who stretched the earth upon the waters1#f hee notes1 that when the words of ,scripture shall seeme to contradict common sense or experience1 there are they to be understood in a qualified sense1 and not according to the letter4 ,and 'tis observed that for want of this rule1 some of the ancients have fastened strange absurdities upon the words of the ,scripture4 ,so ,saint ,ambrose esteemed it a heresie1 to thinke1 that the ,sunne and starres were not very hot1 as being against the words of ,scripture1#g ,psalm4 #ai4 #f4 where the ,psalmist sayes that there is nothing that is hid from the heate of the ,sunne4 ,so others there are that would prove the heavens not to be round1 out of that place1 ,psal4 #ajd4 #b4 ,hee stretcheth out the heavens like a curtaine4#h ,so ,procopius also was of opinion1 that the earth was founded upon the waters1 nay1 he made it part of his faith1 proving it out of ,psal4 #bd4 #b4 ,hee hath founded the earth upon the seas1 and established it upon the flouds4 ,these and such like absurdities have followed1 when men looke for the grounds of ,philosophie in the words of ,scripture4 ,so that from what hath beene said1 ,i may conclude that the silence of ,scripture concerning any other world is not sufficient argument to prove that there is none4 ,thus for the two first arguments4 ,sidenote #a3 ,in ,epist4 ad ,gilbert4 ,sidenote #b3 ,part #a4 ,q4 #fh4 ,art4 #c4 ,sidenote #c3 ,gen4 #a4 #af ,sidenote #d3 ,gen4 #aa4 ,sidenote #e3 ,sr4 ,w4 ,rawly c4 #g4 4 #f4 ,sidenote #f3 l4 #b4 in ,gen4 _/ ,psal4 #acf4 #f4 ,sidenote #g3 ,wisd4 #b4 #d4 #ag4 #e4 _/ ,ecclus4 #dc4 #c4 #d4 ,sidenote #h3 ,com4 in c4 #a4 ,gen4 ,unto the third1 ,i may answer1 that this very example is quoted by others1 to shew the ignorance of those primative times1 who did sometimes condemne what they did not understand1 and have often censur'd the lawfull undoubted parts of ,mathematiques for hereticall1 because they themselves could not perceive a reason of it1 and therefore their practise in this particular1 is no sufficient testimony against us4 ,but lastly ,i answer to all the above named objections1 that the terme ,world1 may be taken in a double sense1 more generally for the whole ,universe1 as it implies in it the elementary and thereall bodies1 the starres and the earth4 ,secondly1 more particularly for an inferiour ,world consisting of elements4 ,now the maine drift of all these arguments1 is to confute a plurality of worlds in the first sense1 and if there were any such1 it might1 perhaps1 seeme strange1 that ,moses1 or ,st4 ,john should either not know1 or not mention its creation4 ,and ,virgilius was condemned for this opinion1 because he held1 qud sit alius mundus sub terr1 aliusque ,sol ,luna1 7as ,baronius7 that within our globe of earth1 there was another world1 another ,sunne and ,moone1 and so he might seeme to exclude this from the number of the other creatures4 ,but now there is no such danger in this opinion1 which is here delivered1 since this world said to be in the ,moone1 whose creation is particularly exprest4 ,so that in the first sense ,i yeeld1 that there is but one world1 which is all that the arguments do prove1 but understand it in the second sense1 and so ,i affirme there may be more nor doe any of the above named objections prove the ctrary4 ,neither can this opinion derogate from the divine ,wisdome 7as ,aquinas thinkes7 but rather advance it1 shewing a compendium of providence1 that could make the same body a world1 and a ,moone2 a world for habitation1 and a ,moone for the use of others1 and the ornament of the whole frame of ,nature4 ,for as the members of the body serve not onely for the preservation of themselves1 but for the use and conveniency of the whole1 as the hand protects the head as well as saves it selfe1#a so is it in the parts of the ,universe1 where each one may serve1 as well for the conservation of that which is within it1 as the helpe of others without it4 ,sidenote #a3 ,cusanus de doct4 ignor4 l4 #b4 c4 #ab4 ,i have now in some measure1 shewed that a plurality of worlds does not contradict any principle of reason or place of ,scripture1 and so cleared the first part of that supposition which is applied in the opinion4 ,it may next be enquired2 whether 'tis possible there may be a globe of elements in that which we call the thereall parts of the ,universe2 for if this 7as it is according to the common opinion7 be priviledged from any change or corruption1 it will be in vaine then to imagine any element there1 and if we will have another world1 we must then seeke out some other place for its situation4 ,the third ,proposition therefore shall be this4 ,proposition #c4 ,that the heavens doe not consist of any such pure matter which can priviledge them from the like change and corruption1 as these inferiour bodies are liable unto4 ,it hath beene often questioned amongst the ancient ,fathers and ,philosophers1 what kind of matter that should be1 of which the heavens are framed1 whether or no of any fifth substance distinct from the foure elements1 as ,aristotle#a holds1 and with him some of the late ,schoolemen1 whose subtill braines could not be content to attribute to those vast glorious bodies1 but common materialls1 and therefore they themselves had rather take paines to preferre them to some extraordinary nature1 whereas notwithstanding1 all the arguments they could invent1 were not able to convince a necessity of any such matter1 as is confest by their owne#b99 side4 ,it were much to be desired1 thst these men had not in other cases1 as well as this1 multiplied things without necessity1 and as if there had not beene enough to be knowne in the secrets of nature1 have spun out new subjects from their owne braines to finde more worke for future ages1 ,i shall not mention their arguments1 since 'tis already confest1 that they are none of them of any necessary consequence1 and besides1 you may see them set downe in any of the bookes de ,clo4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de ,clo41 l4 #a4 cap4 #b4 ,sidenote #b993 ,colleg4 ,cannimb4 ,de ,clo4 l4 #a4 c4 #b4 q4 #f4 art4 #c4 ,but is it the generall consent of the ,fathers1 and the opinion of ,lombard1 that the heavens consist of the same matter with these sublunary bodies4 ,st4 ,ambrose is confident of it1 that hee esteemes the contrary a heresie4#a ,true indeed1 they differ much among themselves1 some thinking them to be made of fire1 others of water1 but herein they generally agree1 that they are all framed of some element or other4 ,for a better confirmation of this1 you may see ,ludovicus ,molina1 ,euseb4 ,nirembergius1 with divers others4#b ,the venerable ,bede thought the ,planets to consist of all the foure elements1 and 'tis likely that the other parts are of an aereous substance1#c as will be shewed afterward2 however1 ,i cannot now stand to recite the arguments for either1 ,i have onely urged these ,authorities to countervaile ,aristotle1 and the ,schoolemen1 and the better to make way for a proof of their corruptibility4 ,sidenote #a3 ,in ,hexam4 lib4 #d4 ,sidenote #b3 ,in opere #f4 dierum4 disput4 #e4 ,sidenote #c3 ,in lib4 de ,mundi constit4 ,the next thing then to be enquired after1 is1 whether they be of a corruptible nature1 #anot whether they can be destroyed by ,god1 for this ,scripture puts out of doubt4 ,sidenote #a3 #b ,pet4 #c4 #ab4 ,nor whether or no in a long time they would weare away and grow worse1 for from any such feare they have beene lately priviledged4#a ,but whether they are capable of such changes and vicissitudes1 as this inferiour world is liable unto4 ,sidenote #a3 ,by ,doctor ,hackwell ,apol4 ,the two chiefe opinions concerning this1 have both erred in some extremity1 the one side going so farre from the other1 that they have both gone beyond the right1 whilest ,aristotle hath opposed the truth1 as well as the ,stoicks4 ,some of the ,ancients have thought1 that the heavenly bodies have stood in need of nourishment from the elements1 by which they were continually fed1 and so had divers alterations by reason of their food1 this is fathered on ,heraclitus1#a followed by that great ,naturalist ,pliny1#b and in generall attributed to all the ,stoicks4 ,you may see ,seneca expressely to this purpose in these words1 ,ex illa alimenta omnibus animalibus1 omnibus satis1 omnibus stellis dividuntur1 hinc profertur quo sustineantur tot ,sydera tam exercitata1 tam avida1 per diem1 noctemque1 ut in opere1 ita in pastu4#c ,speaking of the earth1 he saies1 from thence it is1 that nourishment is divided to all the living creatures1 the ,plants and the ,starres1 hence were sustained so many constellations1 so laborious1 so greedy both day and night1 as well in their feeding as working4 ,thus also ,lucan sings1 ,necnon ,oceano pasci ,phbumque polumque credimus4 ,sidenote #a3 ,plutarch4 de plac4 philos4 l4 #b4 c4 #ag4 ,sidenote #b3 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #b4 c4 #i4 ,sidenote #c3 ,nat4 ,qust4 lib4 #b4 cap4 #e4 ,unto these ,ptolome#a also that learned ,egyptian seemed to agree1 when he affirmes that the body of the ,moone is moister1 and cooler than any of the other ,planets1 by reason of the earthly vapours that are exhaled unto it4 ,you see these ancients thought the ,heavens to be so farre from this imagined incorruptibility1 that rather like the weakest bodies they stood in need of some continuall nourishment without which they could not subsist4 ,sidenote #a3 ,io ,apost4 ,but ,aristotle and his followers were so farre from this1#a that they thought those glorious bodies could not containe within them any such principles1 as might make them lyable to the least change or corruption1 and their chiefe reason was1 because we could not in so long a space discerne any alteration amongst them2 but unto this ,i answer4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de clo4 l4 #a4 cap4 #c4 #a4 ,supposing we could not1 yet would it not hence follow#a that there were none1 as hee himselfe in effect doth confesse in another place2 for speaking concerning our knowledge of the ,heavens1 hee sayes 'tis very imperfect and difficult1 by reason of the vaste distance of those bodies from us1 and because the changes which may happen unto it1 are not either bigge enough or frequent enough to fall within the apprehension and observation of our senses2 no wonder then if hee himselfe bee deceived in his assertions concerning these particulars4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de ,clo4 l4 #b4 cap4 #c4 #b4 ,though we could not by our senses see such alterations1 yet our reason might perhaps sufficiently convince us of them4 ,nor can we well conceive how the ,sunne should reflect against the ,moone1 and yet not produce some alteration of heate4 ,diogenes the ,philosopher was hence perswaded that those scorching heates had burnt the ,moone into the forme of a ,pumice-stone4 #c4 ,i answer that there have been some alterations observed there2 witnesse those comets which have beene seene above the ,moone4 ,so that though ,aristotles consequence were sufficient1 when hee proved that the heavens were not corruptible1 because there have not any changes being observed in it1 yet this by the same reason must bee as prevalent1 that the ,heavens are corruptible1 because there have beene so many alterations observed there2 but of these together with a farther confirmation of this proposition1 ,i shall have occasion to speake afterwards2 ,in the meane space1 ,i will referre the ,reader to that worke of ,scheiner a late ,jesuit which hee titles his ,rosa ,vrsina1#a where hee may see this point concerning the corruptibility of the ,heavens largely handled and sufficiently confirmed4 ,sidenote #a3 lib4 #d4 p4 #b4 cy4#bd1 #ce4 ,there are some other things1 on which ,i might here take an occasion to enlarge my selfe1 but because they are directly handled by many others1 and doe not immediately belong to the chiefe matter in hand1 ,i shall therefore referre the ,reader to their authors1 and omit any large proofe of them my selfe1 as defining all possible brevity4 #a4 ,the first is this3 ,that there are no solid ,orbes4 ,if there be a habitable ,world in the ,moone 7which ,i now affirme7 it must follow1 that her ,orbe is not solid1 as ,aristotle supposed2 and if not her1 why any of the other8 ,i rather thinke that they are all of a fluid 7perhaps aereous7 substance4 ,saint ,ambrose1 and ,saint ,basil#a did endeavour to prove this out of that place in ,isay1#b where they are compared to smoake1 as they are both quoted by ,rhodiginus1 ,eusebius1 ,nierembergius#c doth likewise from that place confute the solidity and incorruptibility of the ,heavens1 and cites for the same interpretation the authority of ,eustachius of ,antioch2 and ,saint ,austin1#d ,i am sure seemes to assent unto this opinion1 though he does often in his other workes contradict it4 ,the testimony of other ,fathers to this purpose you may see in ,sixtus ,senensis4 l4 #e4 ,biblioth4 annot4 #ad4 but for your better satisfaction herein1 ,i shall referre you to the above named ,scheiner in his ,rosa ,ursina1#e in whom you may see both authorities and reason1 and very largely and distinctly set downe for this opinion1 for the better confirmation of which hee adjoynes also some authenticall ,epistles of ,fredericus ,csius ,lynceus a ,noble ,prince written to ,bellarmine1 containing divers reasons to the same purpose1 you may also see the same truth set downe by ,johannes ,pena in his preface to ,euclids ,opticks1 and ,christoph4 ,rothmannus1 both who thought the ,firmament to bee onely aire3 and though the noble ,tycho#f doe dispute against them1 yet he himselfe holds1 ,quod propius ad veritatis penetralia accedit hc opinio1 quam ,aristotelica vulgariter approbata1 qu clum pluribus realibus atque imperviis orbibus citra rem replevit4 8,that this opinion comes neerer to the truth than that common one of ,aristotle which hath to no purpose filled the heavens with such reall and impervious ,orbes40 ,sidenote #a3 ,isa4 #ea4 #f4 ,sidenote #b3 ,ant4 lect4 l4 #a4 c4 #d4 ,sidenote #c3 ,hist4 nat4 l4 #b4 c4 #aa4 #ac4 ,sidenote #d3 ,in lib4 sup4 ,gen4 ad lit4 ,sidenote #e3 lib4 #d4 p4 #aa1 #b4 c4 #g4 #bf1 #cj4 ,sidenote #f3 ,de stella4 #ae4 #gb4 l4 #f4 c4 #i4 #b4 ,there is no element of fire1 which must be held with this opinion here delivered2 for if wee suppose a world in the ,moone1 then it will follow1 that the spheare of fire1 either is not there where 'tis usually placed in the concavity of his ,orbe1 or else that there is no such thing at all1 which is most probable1 since there are not any such solid ,orbs1 that by their swift motion might heare and enkindle the adjoyning aire1 which is imagined to be the reason of that element4 ,concerning this see ,cardan1 ,iohannes ,pena that learned ,frenchman1 the noble ,tycho1 with divers others who have purposely handled this proposition4 #c4 ,i might adde a third1 viz4 that there is no ,musicke of the spheares1 for if they be not solid1 how can their motion cause any such sound as is conceived8 ,i doe the rather medle with this1 because ,plutarch speaks as if a man might very conveniently heare that harmony1 if he were an inhabitant in the ,moone4 ,but ,i guesse that hee said this out of incogitancy1 and did not well consider those necessary consequences which depended upon his opinion4 ,however the world would have no great losse in being deprived of this ,musicke1 unlesse at some times we had the priviledge to heare it3 ,then indeede ,philo the ,jew#a thinkes it would save us the charges of diet1 and we might live at an easie rate by feeding at the eare onely1 and receiving no other nourishment2 and for this very reason 7saies he7 was ,moses enabled to tarry forty daies and forty nights in the ,mount without eating any thing1 because he there heard the melody of the ,heavens1--,risum teneatis4 ,i know this ,musicke hath had great patrons both sacred and prophane authours1 such as ,ambrose1 ,bede1 ,boetius1 ,anselme1 ,plato1 ,cicero and others1 but because it is not now1 ,i thinke affirmed by any1 ,i shall not therefore bestow either paines or time in arguing against it4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de somniis4 ,it may suffice that ,i have onely named these three last1 and for the two more necessary1 have referred the ,reader to others for satisfaction4 ,i shall in the next place proceede to the nature of the ,moones body1 to know whether that be capable of any such conditions1 as may make it possible to be inhabited1 and what those qualities are wherein it more neerely agrees with our earth4 ,proposition #d4 ,that the ,moone is a solid1 compacted1 opacous body4 ,i shall not need to stand long in the proofe of this proposition1 since it is a truth already agreed on by the generall consent of the most and the best ,philosophers4 #a4 ,it is solid in opposition to fluid1 as is the ayre1 for how otherwise could it beare backe the light which it receives from the ,sunne8 ,but here it may be questioned1 whether or no the ,moone bestow her light upon us by the reflection of the ,sunne-beames from the superficies of her body1 or else by her owne illumination4 ,some there are who affirme this latter part4 ,so ,averroes1 ,clius ,rhodiginus1 ,iulius ,csar1 c4 and their reason is because this light is discerned in many places1#a whereas those bodies which give light by reflexion can there onely be perceived where the angle of reflexion is equall to the angle of incidence1 and this is onely in one place1 as in a looking-glasse those beames which are reflected from it cannot bee perceived in every place where you may see the glasse1 but onely there where your eye is placed on the same line whereon the beames are reflected4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de clo4 l4 #b4 com4 #di4 ,ant4 lection4 l4 #bj4 c4 #d4 ,de phnom4 lun4 c4 #aa4 ,but to this ,i answere1 that the argument will not hold of such bodies1 whose superficies is full of unequall parts and gibbosities as the ,moone is4 ,wherefore it is as well the more probable as the more common opinion1 that her light proceedes from both these causes1 from reflexion and illumination2 nor doth it herein differ from our earth1 since that also hath some light by illumination3 for how otherwise would the parts about us in a ,sunne-shine day appeare so bright1 when as all the rayes of reflexion cannot enter into our eye8 #b4 ,it is compact1 and not a spungie and porous substance4#a ,but this is denied by ,diogenes1 ,vitellio1 and ,reinoldus1 and some others1 who held the ,moone to bee of the same kind of nature as a ,pumice-stone1 and this1 say they1 is the reason why in the ,suns eclipses there appeares within her a duskish ruddy colour1 because the ,sunne-beames being refracted in passing through the pores of her body1 must necessarily be represented under such a colour4 ,sidenote #a3 ,plut4 de pla4 phil4 l4 #b4 c4 #ac4 ,opt4 l4 #d4 ,com4 ,purbac4 ,theo4 p4 #afd4 ,but ,i reply1 if this be the cause of her rednesse2 then why doth she not appeare under the same forme when she is about a sextile aspect1 and the darkned part of her body is discernable8 for then also doe the same rayes passe through her1 and therefore in all likelihood should produce the same effect1 and notwithstanding those beames are then diverted from us1 that they cannot enter into our eyes by a streight line1 yet must the colour still remaine visible in her body1#a and besides according to this opinion1 the spots would not alwaies be the same1 but divers1 as the various distance of the ,sunne requires4 ,againe1 if the ,sunne-beames did passe through her1 why then hath she not a taile as the ,comets8 why doth she appeare in such an exact round8 and not rather attended with a long flame1 since it is meerely this penetration of the ,sunne beames that is usually attributed to be the cause of beards in blazing starres4 ,sidenote #a3 ,scaliger exercit4 #hj4 #ac4 #c4 ,it is opacous1 not transparent or diaphanous like ,chrystall or glasse1#a as ,empedocles thought1 who held the ,moone to bee a globe of pure congealed aire1 like haile inclosed in a spheare of fire1 for then4 ,sidenote #a3 ,plut4 de fa4 lun4 #a4 ,why does shee not alwaies appeare in the full8 since the light is dispersed through all her body8 #b4 ,how can the interposition of her body so darken the ,sun1 or cause such great eclipses as have turned day into night1#a that have discovered the stars1 and frighted the birds with such a sudden darknesse1 that they fell downe upon the earth1 as it is related in divers ,histories8 ,and therefore ,herodotus telling of an ,eclipse which fell in ,xerxes time1 describes it thus3#b 4 ,the ,sunne leaving his wonted seate in the heavens1 vanished away3 all which argues such a great darknesse1 as could not have beene1 if her body had beene perspicuous4 ,yet some there are who interpret all these relations to bee hyperbolicall expressions1 and the noble ,tycho thinkes it naturally impossible1 that any eclipse should cause such darknesse1 because the body of the ,moone can never totally cover the ,sunne2 however1 in this he is singular1 all other ,astronomers 7if ,i may believe ,keplar7 being on the contrary opinion1 by reason the ,diameter of the ,moone does for the most part appeare bigger to us then the ,diameter of the ,sunne4 ,sidenote #a3 ,thucid4 ,livii4 ,plut4 de fa4 ,lun4 ,sidenote #b3 ,herodot4 l4 #g c4 #cg4 ,but here ,julius ,csar#a once more1 puts in to hinder our passage4 ,the ,moone 7saith he7 is not altogether opacous1 because 'tis still of the same nature with the ,heavens1 which are incapable of totall opacity3 and his reason is1 because perspicuity is an inseparable accident of those purer bodies1 and this hee thinkes must necessarily bee granted1 for hee stops there1 and proves no further2 but to this ,i shall deferre an answere1 till hee hath made up his argument4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de phnom4 ,lun4 c4 #aa4 ,we may frequently see1 that her body does so eclipse the ,sunne1 as our earth doth the ,moone2 since then the like interposition of them both1 doth produce the like effect1 they must necessarily be of the like natures1 that is a like opacous1 which is the thing to be shewed2 and this was the reason 7as the ,interpreters guesse7 why ,aristotle affirmed the ,moone to be of the earths nature1#a because of their agreement in opacity1 whereas all the other elements save that1 are in some measure perspicuous4 ,sidenote #a3 ,in lib4 de animalib4 ,but the greatest difference which may seeme to make our earth altogether unlike the ,moone1 is1 because the one is a bright body1 and hath light of its owne1 and the other a grosse dark body which cannot shine at all4 ',tis requisite therefore1 that in the next place ,i cleare this doubt1 and shew that the ,moone hath no more light of her owne than our earth4 ,proposition #e4 ,that the ,moone hath not any light of her owne4 ,twas the fancy of some of the ,jewes1 and more especially of ,rabbi ,simeon1 that the ,moone was nothing else but a contracted ,sunne1#a and that both those planets at their first creation were equall both in light and quantity1 for because ,god did then call them both great lights1 therefore they inferred1 that they must be both equall in bignesse4 ,but a while after 7as the tradition goes7 the ambitious ,moone put up her complaint to ,god against the ,sunne1 shewing1 that it was not fit there should be two such great lights in the heavens1 a ,monarchy would best become the place of order and harmony4 ,upon this ,god commanded her to contract her selfe into a narrower compasse1 but she being much discontented hereat1 replies1 ,what6 because ,i have spoken that which is reason and equity1 must ,i therefore be diminished8 ,this sentence could not chuse but much trouble her2 and for this reason was shee in much distresse and griefe for a long space1 but that her sorrow might be some way pacified1 ,god bid her be of good cheere1 because her priviledges and charet should be greater then the ,suns1 he should appeare in the day timeonely1 shee both in the day and night1 but her melancholy being not satisfied with this1 shee replyed againe1 that that alas was no benefit1 for in the day-time she should be either not seene1 or not noted4 ,wherefore1 ,god to comfort her up1 promised1 that his people the ,israelites should celebrate all their feasts and holy daies by a computation of her moneths1 but this being not able to content her1 shee has looked very melancholy ever since2 however shee hath still reserved much light of her owne4 ,sidenote #a3 ,tostatus in #a4 ,gen4 ,hieron4 de #e4 ,hide4 ,hebronia l4 #b4 c4 #d4 ,others there were1 that did thinke the ,moone to be a round globe1 the one halfe of whole body was of a bright substance1 the other halfe being darke1 and the divers conversions of those sides towards our eyes1 caused the variety of her appearances3 of this opinion was ,berosus1 as he is cited by ,vitruvius1#a and ,st4 ,austin#b thought it was probable enough1 but this fancy is almost equally absurd with the former1 and both of them sound rather like fables1 then philosophicall truths4 ,you may commonly see how this latter does contradict frequent and easie experience1 for 'tis observed1 that that spot which is perceived about her middle1 when she is in the increase1 may be discern'd in the same place when she is in the ful3 whence it must follow1 that the same part which was before darkened1 is after inlightened1 and that the one part is not alwaies darke1 and the other light of it selfe1 but enough of this1 ,i would be loth to make an enemy1 that ,i may afterwards overcome him1 or bestow time in proving that which is already granted4 ,i suppose now1 that neither of them hath any patrons1 and therefore need no confutation4 ,sidenote #a3 ,lib4 #i4 ,architectur4 ,sidenote #b3 in enarrat4 ,psalmorum4 ',tis agreed upon by all sides1 that this ,planet receives most of her light from the ,sunne1 but the chiefe controversie is1 whether or no she hath any of her owne8 ,the greater multitude affirme this4 ,cardan amongst the rest1 is very confident of it1 and he thinkes that if any of us were in the ,moone at the time of her greatest eclipse1#a ,lunam aspiceremus non secus ac innumeris cereis splendidissimis accensis1 atque in eas oculis defixis ccutiremus2 8wee should perceive so great a brightnesse of her owne1 that would blind us with the meere sight10 and when shee is enlightened by the ,sunne1 then no eagles eye if there were any there1 is able to looke upon her4 ,this ,cardan saies1 and hee doth but say it without bringing any proofe for its confirmation4 ,however1 ,i will set downe the arguments that are usually urged for this opinion1 and they are taken either from ,scripture or reason2 from ,scripture is urged that place1 #a ,cor4 #ae4 where it is said1 ,there is one glory of the ,sunne1 and another glory of the ,moone4 ,vlysses ,albergettus urges1 that in ,math4 #bd4 #bb4 1 ,the ,moone shall not give her light3 therefore 7saies he7 she hath some of her owne4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de ,subtil4 lib4 #c4 ,but to these wee may easily answer that the glory and light there spoken of1 may be said to be hers1 though it be derived1 as you may see in many other instances4 ,the arguments from reason are taken either #a4 ,from that light which is discerned in her1 when there is a totall eclipse of her owne body1 or of the ,sunne4 #b4 ,for the light which is discerned in the darker part of her body1 when she is but a little distant from the ,sunne4 #a4 ,for when there are any totall eclipses1 there appeares in her body a great rednesse1 and many times light enough to cause a remarkeable shade1 as common experience doth sufficiently manifest3 but this cannot come from the ,sunne1 since at such times either the earth1 or her owne body shades her from the ,sun-beames1 therefore it must proceede from her owne light4 #b4 ,two or three daies after the new ,moone1 wee may perceive light in her whole body1 whereas the rayes of the ,sun reflect but upon a small part of that which is visible1 therefore 'tis likely that there is some light of her owne4 ,in answering to these objections1 ,i shall first shew1 that this light cannot be her owne1 and then declare that which is the true reason of it4 ,that it is not her own1 appeares #a4 ,from the variety of it at divers times2 for 'tis commonly observed1 that sometimes 'tis of a brighter1 sometimes of a darker appearance1 now redder1 and at another time of a more duskish colour4 ,the observation of this variety in divers eclipses1 you may see set downe by ,keplar#a and many others1 but now this could not be if that light were her owne1 that being constantly the same1 and without any reason of such an alteration3 ,so that thus ,i may argue4 ,sidenote #a3 ,opt4 ,astron4 c4 #g4 num4 #c4 ,if there were any light proper to the ,moone1 then would that ,planet appeare brightest when she is eclipied in her ,perige1 being neerest to the earth1 and so consequently more obscure and duskish when she is in her ,apoge or farthest from it2 the reason is1 because the neerer any enlightened body comes to the sight1 by so much the more strong are the species and the better perceived4 ,this sequell is granted by some of our adversaries1 and they are the very words of noble ,tycho1#a ,si luna genuino gauderet lumine1 utique cum in umbra terr esset1 illud non amitteret1 sed e evidentis exereret1 omne enim lumen in tenebris1 plus splendet cum alio majore fulgore non prpeditur4 ,if the ,moone had any light of her owne1 then would she not lose it in the earths shadow1 but rather shine more clearely1 since every light appeares greater in the darke1 when it is not hindered by a more perspicuous brightnesse4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de nova stella lib4 #a4 c4 #aj4 ,but now the event falls out cleane contrary1 7as observation doth manifest1 and our opposites themselves doe grant7#a the ,moone appearing with a more reddish and cleare light when she is eclipsed being in her ,apoge or farthest distance1 and a more blackish yron colour when she is in her ,perige or neerest to us1 therefore shee hath not any light of her owne4 ,nor may we thinke that the earths shadow can cloud the proper light of the ,moone from appearing1 or take away any thing from her inherent brightnesse1 for this were to thinke a shadow to be a body1 an opinion altogether mis-becomming a ,philosopher1 as ,tycho grants in the fore-cited place1 ,nec umbra terr corporeum quid est1 aut densa aliqua substantia1 aut lun lumen obtenebrare possit1 atque id visui nostro prripere1 sed est qudam privatio luminis solaris1 ob interpositum opacum corpus terr4 ,nor is the earths shadow any corporall thing1 or thicke substance1 that it can cloud the ,moones brightnesse1 or take it away from our sight1 but it is a meere privation of the ,suns light1 by reason of the interposition of the earths opacous body4 ,sidenote #a3 ,reinhold comment4 in ,purb4 ,theor4 pag4 #afd4 #b4 ,if shee had any light of her owne then that would in it selfe be1 either such a ruddy brightnesse as appeares in the eclipses1 or else such a leaden duskish light as wee see in the darker parts of her body1 when shee is a little past the conjunction4 7,that it must be one of these may follow from the opposite arguments7 but it is neither of these1 therefore she hath none of her owne4 #a4 ',tis not such a ruddy light as appeares in eclipses1 for then why can wee not see the like rednesse1 when wee may discerne the obscurer parts of the ,moone8 ,you will say1 perhaps1 that then the neerenesse of that greater light1 takes away that appearance4 ,i reply1 this cannot be1 for then why does ,mars shine with his wonted rednesse1 when he is neere the ,moone8 or why cannot her greater brightnesse make him appeare white as the other ,planets8 nor can there be any reason given why that greater light should represent her body under a false colour4 #b4 ',tis not such a duskish leaden light1 as we see in the darker part of her body1 when shee is about a sextile ,aspect distant from the ,sunne1 for then why does shee appeare red in the eclipses1 since the more shade cannot choose such variety1 for 'tis the nature of darknesse by its opposition1 rather to make things appeare of a more white and cleare brightnesse then they are in themselves1 or if it be the shade1 yet those parts of the ,moone are then in the shade of her body1 and therefore in reason should have the like rednesse4 ,since then neither of these lights are hers1 it followes that she hath none of her owne4 ,nor is this a singular opinion1 but it hath had many learned patrons1 such was ,macrobius1#a who being for this quoted of ,rhodiginus1 he calls him vir reconditissim scienti1#b a man who knew more than ordinary ,philosophers1 thus commending the opinion in the credit of the ,authour4 ,to him assents the ,venerable ,bede1 upon whom the glosse hath this comparison4#c ,as the ,looking-glasse represents not any image within it selfe1 unlesse it receive some from without2 so the ,moone hath not any light1 but what is bestowed by the ,sun4 ,to these agreed ,albertus ,magnus1 ,scaliger1 ,mslin1 and more especially ,mulapertius1#d whose words are more pat to the purpose then others1 and therefore ,i shall set them downe as you may finde them in his ,preface to his ,treatise concerning the ,austriaca sydera2 ,luna1 ,venus1 ,mercurius1 terrestris humid sunt substanti ideoque de suo non lucere1 sicut nec terra4 ,the ,moone1 ,venus1 and ,mercurie 7saith he7 are of an earthly and moyst substance1 and therefore have no more light of their owne1 then the earth hath4 ,nay1 some there are who thinke that all the other ,starres doe receive that light1 whereby they appeare visible to us from the ,sunne1 so ,ptolomie1 ,isidore ,hispalensis1 ,albertus ,magnus and ,bede1 much more then must the ,moone shine with a borrowed light4#e ,sidenote #a3 ,somn4 ,scip4 l4 #a4 c4 #bj4 ,sidenote #b3 ,lect4 antiq4 l4 #a4 c4 #ae4 ,sidenote #c3 ,in lib4 de natur4 rerum4 ,sidenote #d3 ,de #dr4 ,covis4 ,q4 #d4 ,art4 #ba4 ,exercit4 #fb4 #a4 ,epitome4 ,astron4 lib4 #d4 p4 #b4 ,sidenote #e3 ,originum l4 #c4 c4 #fj4 ,de ,clo4 l4 #b4 ,de ratione tempor4 c4 #d4 ,but enough of this4 ,i have now sufficiently shewed what at the first ,i promised1 that this light is not proper to the ,moone4 ,it remaines in the next place1 that ,i tell you the true reason of it4 ,and here1 ,i thinke 'tis probable that the light which appeares in the ,moone at the eclipses is nothing else but the second species of the ,sunnes rayes which passe through the shadow unto her body3 and from a mixture of this second light with the shadow1 arises that rednesse which at such times appeares unto us4 ,i may call it ,lumen crepusculum1 the ,aurora of the ,moone1 or such a kinde of blushing light1 that the ,sunne causes when he is neere his rising1 when he bestowes some small light upon the thicker vapours4 ,thus wee see commonly the ,sunne being in the ,horizon1 and the reflexion growing weake1 how his beames make the waters appeare very red4 ,the ,moabites in ,iehorams time when they rose early in the morning1 and beheld the waters a farre off1 mistooke them for blood4#a ,et causa hujus est1 quia radius solaris in aurora contrahit quandam rubedinem1 propter vapores combustos manentes circa superficiem terr1 per quos radii transeunt1 ideo cum repercutiantur in aqua ad oculos nostros1 trahunt secum eundem ruborem1 faciunt apparere locum aquarum1 in quo est repercussio esse rubrum1 saith ,tostatus4#b ,the reason is1 because of his rayes1 which being in the lower vapours1 those doe convey an imperfect mixed light upon the waters4 ,thus the ,moone being in the earths shadow1 and the ,sunne beames which are round about it1 not being able to come directly unto her body1 yet some second raies there are1 which passing through the shadow1 make her appeare in that ruddy colour3 ,so that she must appeare brightest1 when shee is eclipsed1 being in her ,apoge1 of greatest distance from us1 because then the cone of the earths shadow is lesse1 and the refraction is made through a narrower medium4 ,so on the contrary1 she must be represented under a more darke and obscure forme when she is eclipsed1 being in her ,perige1 or neerest to the earth1 because then she is involved in a greater shadow1 or bigger part of the cone1 and so the refraction passing through a greater medium1 the light must needes be weaker which doth proceed from it4 ,if you aske now what the reason may be of that light which we discerne in the darker part of the new ,moone3 ,i answer1 'tis reflected from our earth which returnes as great a brightnesse to that ,planet1 as it receives from it4 ,this ,i shall have occasion to prove afterward4 ,sidenote #a3 #b ,king4 #c4 #bb4 ,sidenote #b3 #b4 ,qust4 in hoc cap4 ,i have now done with these propositions which were set downe to cleare the passage1 and confirme the suppositions implied in the opinion1 ,i shall in the next place proceed to a more direct treating of the chiefe matter in hand4 ,proposition #f4 ,that there is a world in the ,moone1 hath beene the direct opinion of many ancient1 with some moderne ,mathematicians1 and may probably be deduced from the tenents of others4 ,since this opinion may be suspected of singularity1 ,i shall therefore first confirme it by sufficient authority of divers authours1 both ancient and moderne1 that so ,i may the better cleare it from the prejudice either of an upstart fancy1 or an absolute errour4 ,this is by some attributed to ,orpheus1 one of the most ancient ,greeke ,poets1 who speaking of the ,moone1 saies thus1 1 1 1#a ,that it hath many mountaines and cities1 and houses in it4 ,to him assented ,xenophanes1 ,anaxagoras1 ,democritus1 and ,heraclitus1#b all who thought it to have firme solid ground1 like to our earth1#c containing in it many large fields1 champion grounds1 and divers inhabitants1 unto these agreed ,pythagoras1 who thought that our earth was but one of the ,planets which moved round about the ,sunne1#d 7as ,aristotle relates it of him7 and the ,pythagoreans in generall did affirme1 that the ,moone also was terrestriall1 that she was inhabited as this lower world4 ,that those living creatures plants which are in her1 exceed any of the like kind with us in the same proportion1 as their daies are longer than ours3 viz4 by #ae times4 ,this ,pythagoras#e was esteemed by all1 of a most divine wit1 as appeares especially by his valuation amongst the ,romans who being cmanded by the ,oracle to erect a statue to the wisest ,grecian1 the ,senate determined#f ,pythagoras to be meant1 preferring him in their judgements before the divine ,socrates1 whom their ,gods pronounc'd the wisest4 ,some think him a ,iew by birth1 but most agree that hee was much conversant amongst the learneder sort1 ,priests of that ,nation1 by whom he was informed of many secrets1 and perhaps1 this opinion1 which he vented afterwards in ,greece1 where he was much opposed by ,aristotle in some worded disputations1 but never confuted by any solid reason4 ,sidenote #a3 ,plut4 de plac4 phil4 l4 #b4 c4 #ac4 ,sidenote #b3 ,ibid4 c4 #be4 ,sidenote #c3 ,diog4 ,laert4 l4 #b4 l4 #i4 ,sidenote #d3 ,de ,clo4 l4 #b4 cap4 #ac4 ,sidenote #e3 ,plut4 ibid4 cap4 #cj4 ,sidenote #f3 ,plin4 ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #cd4 cap4 #f4 ,to this opinion of ,pythagoras did ,plato also assent1 when hee considered that there was the like eclipse made by the earth1 and this1 that it had no light of its owne1 that it was so full of spots4 ,and therefore wee may often reade in him and his followers1#a of an therea terra1 and lunares populi1 an thereall earth1 and inhabiters in the ,moone2 but afterwards this was mixed with many ridiculous fancies3 for some of them considering the mysteries implied in the number #c4 concluded that there must necessarily bee a ,trinity of worlds1 whereof the first is this of ours1 the second in the ,moone whose element of water is represented by the spheare of ,mercury1 the aire by ,uenus1 and the fire by the ,sunne4 ,and that the whole ,universe might the better end in earth as it began1 they have contrived it1 that ,mars shall be a spheare of the fire1 ,iupiter of aire1 ,saturne of water2 and above all these1 the ,elysian fields1 spacious and pleasant places appointed for the habitation of those unspotted soules1 that either never were imprisoned in1 or else now have freed themselves from any commerce with the body4 ,scaliger#b speaking of this ,platonicke fancie1 qu in tres trientes mundum quasi assem divisit1 thinks 'tis confutation enough1 to say1 'tis ,plato's4 ,however for the first part of this assertion1 it was assented unto by many others1 and by reason of the grossnesse and inequality of this planet1 'twas frequently called quasi terra clestis1 as being esteemed the sediment and more imperfect part of those purer bodies1 you may see this proved by ,plutarch1#c in that delightfull work which he properly made for the confirmition of this particular4 ,with him agreed ,alcinous#d and ,plotinus1 later ,writers4 ,unto these ,i might also adde the imperfect testimony of ,mahomet1 whose authority of grant can adde but little credit to this opinion1 because hee was an ignorant imposter1 but yet consider that originall1 from whence hee derived most of his knowledge1 and then1 perhaps1 his witnesse may carry with it some probablity4 ,he is commonly thought by birth to be an ,ismaelite1 being instructed by the ,jewes in the secrets of their ,philosophy1#e and perhaps1 learned this from those ,rabbies1 for in his ,alcaron1 hee talkes much of mountaines1 pleasant fields1 and cleare rivers in the heavens1 but because he was for the maine very unlearned1 he was not able to deliver any thing so distinctly as he was informed4#f ,the ,cardinall ,cusanus and ,iornandus ,bunus1 held a particular world in every ,starre1 and therefore one of them defining our earth1 he saies1 it is stella qudam nobilis1 qu lunam calorem influentiam habet aliam1 diversam ab omnibus aliis stellis2 a 8noble starre having a distinct light1 heat and influence from all the rest40 ,unto this ,nichol4 ,hill1 a country man of ours was inclined1 when he said ,astrea terr natura probabilis est3 8,that 'tis probable the earth hath a starry nature40#g ,sidenote #a3 ,plat4 de conviviis4 ,macrob4 ,somn4 ,scip4 lib4 #a4 ca4 #aa4 ,sidenote #b3 ,exercit4 #fb4 ,sidenote #c3 ,de facie ,lun4 ,sidenote #d3 ,instit4 ad discip4 ,plat4 ,cl4 ,rhodig4 l4 #a4 c4 #d4 ,sidenote #e3 ,azoara4 #eg4 #fe4 ,sidenote #f3 ,cusa4 de doct4 ign4 l4 #b4 cap4 #ab4 ,sidenote #g3 ,philos4 epicur4 part4 #dcd4 ,but the opinion which ,i have here delivered was more directly proved by ,mslin1 ,keplar1 and ,galilus1 each of them late writers1 and famous men for their singular skill in ,astronomy4#a ,as for those workes of ,mslin and ,keplar wherein they doe more expresly treate of this opinion1 ,i have not yet had the happinesse to see them4 ,however their opinions appeare plaine enough from their owne writings1 and the testimony of others concerning them4 ,but ,iulius ,csar1 whom ,i have above quoted1 speaking of their testimony whom ,i now cite for this opinion1#b viz4 ,keplar and ,galilus affirmes that to his knowledge they did but jest in those things which they write concerning this1 and as for any such world1 he assuredly knowes they never so much as dreamt of it4 ,but ,i had rather believe their owne words1 then his pretended knowledge4 ,sidenote #a3 ,in ,thesibus dissertatio cum ,nic4 ,hill4 ,nuncius ,sydereus4 ,sidenote #b3 ,de phnom4 lun4 c4 #d4 ',tis true indeed1 in many things they doe but trifle1 but for the maine scope of those discourses1 'tis as manifest they seriously meant it1 as any indifferent ,reader may easily discerne2 otherwise sure ,campanella 7a man as well acquainted with his opinion1 and perhaps his person as ,csar was7 would never have writ an apologie for him4 ,and besides 'tis very likely if it had beene but a jest1 ,galilus would never have suffered so much for it as afterwards he did4 ,but as for the knowledge which hee pretends1 you may guesse what it was by his confidence 7,i say not presumption7 in other assertions1 and his boldnesse#a in them may well derogate from his credit in this4 ,for speaking of ,ptolome's ,hypothesis he pronounces this verdict1 ,impossibile est excentricorum epicyclorum positio1 nec aliquis est ex ,mathematicis adeo stultus qui veram illam existimet4 8,the position of ,excentricks and ,epicycles is altogether impossible1 nor is there any ,mathematician such a foole as to thinke it true40 ,i should guesse hee could not have knowledge enough to maintaine any other ,hypothesis who was so ignorant in ,mathematicks1 as to deny that any good ,authour held this4 ,for ,i would faine know whether there were never any that thought the ,heavens to be solid bodies1 and that there were such kindes of motion as is by those feined ,orbes supplyed2 if so1 then ,csar la ,galla was much mistaken4 ,i thinke his assertions are equally true1 that ,galilus and ,keplar did not hold this1 and that there were none which ever held that other4 ,sidenote #a3 ,cap4 #g4 ,but in my following discourse ,i shall most insist on the observation of ,galilus1 the inventour of that famous perspective1 whereby we may discerne the heavens hard by us1 whereby those things which others have formerly guest at are manifested to the eye1 and plainely discovered beyond exception or doubt1 of which admirable invention1 these latter ages of the world may justly boast1 and for this expect to be celebrated by posterity4 ',tis related of ,eudoxus1 that hee wished himselfe burnt with ,phaeton1 so he might stand over the ,sunne to contemplate its nature2 had hee lived in these daies1 he might have enjoyed his wish at an easie rate1 and scaling the heavens by this glasse1 might plainely have discerned what hee so much desired4 ,keplar considering those strange discoveries which this perspective had made1 could not choose but cry out in a and rapture of admiration4 ,o multiscium quovis sceptro pretiosius perspicillum6 an qui te dextra tenet1 ille non dominus constituatur operum ,dei8 ,and ,johannes ,fabricius#a an elegant writer1 speaking of the same glasse1 and for this invention preferring our age before those former times of greater ignorance1 saies thus2 ,adeo sumus superiores veteribus1 ut quam illi carminis magici pronunciatu de missam representsse putantur nos non tantum innocenter demittamus1 sed etiam familiari quodam intuitu ejus quasi conditionem intueamur4 8,so much are wee above the ancients1 that whereas they were faine by their magical charms to represent the ,moones approach1 wee cannot onely bring her lower with a greater innocence1 but may also with a more familiar view behold her condition40 ,and because you shall have no occasion to question the truth of those experiments1 which ,i shal afterwards urge from it2 ,i will therefore set downe the testimony of an enemy1 and such a witnesse hath alwaies beene accounted prevalent3 you may see it in the abovenamed ,csar la ,galla1#b whose words are these3 ,mercurium caduceum gestantem1 clestia nunciare1 mortuorum animas ab inferis revacare sapiens finxit antiquitas4 ,galilum ver novum ,iovis interpretem ,telescopio caduco instructum ,sydera aperire1 veterum ,philosophorum manes ad superos revocare solers nostra tas videt admiratur4 ,wise antiquity fabled ,mercury carrying a rodde in his hand to relate newes from ,heaven1 and call backe the soules of the dead1 but it hath beene the happinesse of our industrious age to see and admire ,galilus the new ,embassadour of the ,gods furnished with his perspective to unfold the nature of the ,starres1 and awaken the ghosts of the ancient ,philosophers4 ,so worthily and highly did these men esteeme of this excellent invention4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de macula in sole obser4 ,sidenote #b3 ,de phnom4 c4 #a4 ,now if you would know what might be done by this glasse1 in the sight of such things as were neerer at hand1 the same ,authour will tell you1#a when hee sayes1 that by it those things which could scarce at all bee discerned by the eye at the distance of a mile and a halfe1 might plainely and distinctly bee perceived for #af ,italian miles1 and that as they were really in themselves1 without any transposition or falsifying at all4 ,so that what the ancient ,poets were faine to put in a fable1 our more happy age hath found out in a truth1 and we may discerne as farre with these eyes which ,galilus hath bestowed upon us1 as ,lynceus could with those which the ,poets attributed unto him4 ,but if you yet doubt whether all these observations were true1 the same ,authour may confirme you1#b when hee saies they were shewed1 ,non uni aut alteri1 sed quamplurimis1 neque gregariis hominibus1 sed prcipuis atque disciplinis omnibus1 necnon ,mathematicis opticis prceptis1 optim instructis sedul ac diligenti inspectione4 8,not to one or two1 but to very many1 and those not ordinary men1 but to those who were well vers'd in ,mathematickes and ,opticks1 and that not with a meere glance but with a sedulous and diligent inspection40 ,and least any scruple might remaine unanswered1 or you might thinke the men who beheld all this though they might be skilfull1 yet they came with credulous minds1 and so were more easie to be deluded4 ,he addes that it was shewed1#c vius qui ad experimenta hc contradicendi animo accesserant4 8,to such as were come with a great deale of prejudice1 and an intent of contradiction40 ,thus you may see the certainety of those experiments which were taken by this glasse4 ,i have spoken the more concerning it1 because ,i shall borrow many things in my farther discourse1 from those discoveries which were made by it4 ,sidenote #a3 ibid4 c4 #e4 ,sidenote #b3 ,cap4 #a4 ,sidenote #c3 ,cap4 #e4 ,i have now cited such ,authors both ancient and moderne1 who have directly maintained the same opinion4 ,i told you likewise in the proposition that it might probably be deduced from the tenent of others3 such were ,aristarchus1 ,philolaus and ,copernicus1 with many other later writers who assented to their hypothesis1 so ,ioach4 ,rlelicus1 ,david ,origanus1 ,lansbergius1 ,guil4 ,gilbert1 and 7if ,i may believe ,campanella#a7 ,innumeri alii ,angli ,galli4 ,very many others both ,english and ,french1 all who affirmed our ,earth to be one of the ,planets1 and the ,sunne to bee the ,centre of all1 about which the heavenly bodies did move1 and how horrid soever this may seeme at the first1 yet is it likely enough to be true1 nor is there any maxime or observation in ,opticks 7saith ,pena7 that can disprove it4 ,sidenote #a3 ,apologia pro ,galilo4 ,now if our earth were one of the ,planets 7as it is according to them7 then why may not another of the ,planets be an earth8 ,thus have ,i shewed you the truth of this proposition3 ,before ,i proceede farther1 'tis requisite that ,i informe the ,reader1 what method ,i shall follow in the proving of this chiefe assertion1 that there is a ,world in the ,moone4 ,the order by which ,i shall bee guided will be that which ,aristotle#a uses in his booke ,de mundo 7if that booke were his47 ,sidenote #a3 #a4 cap4 ad #ajm4 ,first1 of those chiefe parts which are in it2 not the elementary and thereall 7as he doth there7 since this doth not belong to the elementary controversie1 but of the ,sea and ,land1 c4 ,secondly1 1 of those things which are extrinsecall to it1 as the seasons1 meteors and inhabitants4 ,proposition #g4 ,that those spots and brighter parts which by our sight may be distinguished in the ,moone1 doe shew the difference betwixt the ,sea and ,land in that other ,world4 ,for the cleare proofe of this proposition1 ,i shall first reckon up and refute the opinions of others concerning the matter and forme of those spots1 and then shew the greater probability of this present assertion1 and how agreeable it is to that truth1 which is most commonly received2 as for the opinions of other concerning these1 they have beene very many1 ,i will only reckon up those which are common and remarkeable4 ,some there are that thinke those spots doe not arise from any deformity of the parts1 but a deceit of the eye1 which cannot at such a distance discerne an equall light in that planet1 but these do but onely say it1 and shew not any reason for the proofe of their opinion3 ,others think#a that there be some bodies betwixt the ,sunne and ,moone1 which keeping off the lights in some parts1 doe by their shadow produce these spots which wee there discerne4 ,sidenote #a3 ,so ,bede in d4 de ,mund4 constit4 ,others would have them to be the figure of the mountaines here below represented there as in a looking-glasse4 ,but none of those fancies can bee true1 because the spots are stil the same1 not varied according to the difference of places1 and besides1 ,cardan thinks it is impossible that any image should be conveyed so farre as there to be represented unto us at such a distance1#a but tis commonly related of ,pythagoras1 that he by writing1 what he pleased in a glasse1 by the reflexi of the same species1 would make those letters to appeare in the circle of the ,moone1 where they should be legible by any other1 who might at that time be some miles distant from him4#b99 ,agrippa affirmes this to be possible1 and the way of performing it not unknowne to himselfe1 with some others in his time4 ,it may be that our ,bishop did by the like meanes performe those strange conclusions which hee professes in his ,nuncius inanimatus1 where hee pretends that hee can informe his friends of what he pleases1 though they be an hundred miles distant1 forte etiam1 vel milliare millesimum1 they are his owne words1 and1 perhaps1 a thousand1 and all this in a minutes space1 or little more1 quicker than the ,sunne can move4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de subtil4 lib4 #c4 ,sidenote #b993 ,occulta ad ,philos4 l4 #a4 cap4 #f4 ,now1 what conveyance there should be for so speedy a passage1 ,i cannot conceive1 unlesse it be carried with the light1 then which wee know not any thing quicker2 but of this onely by the way2 however1 whether those images can be represented so or not1 yet certaine it is1 those spots are not such representations4 ,some thinke that when ,god had at first created too much earth to make a perfect globe1 not knowing well where to bestow the rest1 he placed it in the ,moone1 which ever since hath so darkened it in some parts1 but the impiety of this is sufficient confutation1 since it so much detracts from the divine power and wisedome4 ,the 99#a,stoicks held that planet to be mixed of fire and aire1 and in their opinion1 the variety of its composition1 caused her spots3 ,anaxagoras thought all the starres to be of an earthly nature1 mixed with some fire1 and as for the ,sunne1 hee affirmed it to be nothing else but a fiery stone2 for which later opinion1 the ,athenians sentenc'd him to death2#b those zealous ,idolaters counting it a great blasphemy1 to make their ,god a stone1 whereas not withstanding1 they were so senslesse in their adoration of ,idolls1 as to make a stone their ,god1 this ,anaxagoras affirmed the ,moone to be more terrestriall then the other1 but of a greater purity then any thing here below1 and the spots hee thought were nothing else1 but some cloudy parts1 intermingled with the light which belonged to that ,planet1 but ,i have above destroyed the supposition on which this fancy is grounded3 ,pliny#c thinkes they arise from some drossie stuffe1 mixed with that moysture which the ,moone attracts unto her selfe1 but hee was of their opinion1 who thought the starres were nourished by some earthly vapours1 which you may commonly see refuted in the ,commentators on the bookes1 de ,clo4 ,sidenote #a993 ,plut4 de placit4 phil4 l4 #b4 c4 #be4 ,sidenote #b3 ,iosephus l4 #b4 con4 ,app4 ,august4 de civit4 ,dei4 l4 #ah4 c4 #da4 ,sidenote #c3 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #b4 c4 #i4 ,vitellio and ,reinoldus#a affirme the spots to be the thicker parts of the ,moone1 into which the ,sunne cannot infuse much light1 and this 7say they7 is the reason1 why in the ,sunnes eclipses1 the spots and brighter parts are still in some measure distinguished1 because the ,sunne beames are not able so well to penetrate through those thicker1 as they may through the thinner parts of the ,planet4 ,of this opinion also was ,csar la ,galla1 whose words are these1#b 8,the ,moone doth there appeare clearest1 where shee is transpicuous1 not onely through the superficies1 but the substance also1 and there she seemes spotted1 where her body is most opacous40 ,the ground of this his assertion was1 because hee thought the ,moone did receive and bestow her light by illumination onely1 and not at all by reflexion1 but this1 together with the supposed penetration of the ,sunne beames1 and the perspicuity of the ,moones body ,i have above answered and refuted4 ,sidenote #a3 ,opt4 lib4 #i4 ,comment4 in ,purb4 pag4 #afd4 ,sidenote #b3 ,ex qua parte luna est transpicua non totum secundum superficiem1 sed etiam secundum substantiam1 eatenus clara1 ex qua autem parte opaca est1 eatenus obscura videtur4 ,de ,phnom4 cap4 #aa4 ,the more common and generall opinion#a is1 that the spots are the thinner parts of the ,moone1 which are lesse able to reflect the beames that they receive from the ,sunne1 and this is most agreeable to reason1 for if the starres are therefore brightest1 because they are thicker and more solid then their orbes1 then it will follow1 that those parts of the ,moone which have lesse light1 have also lesse thickenesse4 ,it was the providence of nature 7say some7 that so contrived that planet to have these spots within it1 for since that is neerest to those lower bodies which are so full of deformity1 'tis requisite that it should in some measure agree with them1 and as in this inferiour world the higher bodies are the most compleat1 so also in the heavens perfection is ascended unto by degrees1 and the ,moone being the lowest1 must be the least pure1 and therefore ,philo the ,jew#b interpreting ,iacobs dreame concerning the ladder1 doth in an allegory shew1 how that in the fabricke of the world1 all things grow perfecter as they grow higher1 and this is the reason 7saith hee7 why the ,moone doth not consist of any pure simple matter1 but is mixed with aire1 which shewes so darkely within her body4 ,sidenote #a3 ,albert4 mag4 de covis4 ,q4 #d4 ,art4 #ba4 ,colleg4 ,con4 ,sidenote #b3 ,de ,somniis4 ,but this cannot be a sufficient reason1 for though it were true that nature did frame every thing perfecter as it was higher1 yet is it as true1 that nature frames every thing fully perfect for that office to which shee intends it4 ,now1 had she intended the ,moone meerly to reflect the ,sunne beames and give light1 the spots then had not so much argued her providence1 as her unskilfulnesse and imperfection1#a as if in the haste of her worke shee could not tell how to make that body exactly fit1 for that office to which she appointed it4 ,sidenote #a3 ,scalig4 exercit4 #fb4 ,tis likely then that she had some other end which moved her to produce this variety1 and this in all probability was her intent to make it a fit body for habitation with the same conveniencies of sea and land1 as this inferiour world doth partake of4 ,for since the ,moone is such a vast1 such a solid and opacous body like our earth 7as was above proved7 why may it not be probable1 that those thinner and thicker parts appearing in her1 doe shew the difference betwixt the sea and land in that other world2 and ,galilus doubts not1 but that if our earth were visible at the same distance1 there would be the like appearance of it4 ,as for the forme of those spots1 some of the vulgar thinke they represent a man1 and the ,poets guesse 'tis the boy ,endimion1 whose company shee loves so well1 that shee carries him with her1 others will have it onely to be the face of a man as the ,moone is usually pictured1 but ,albertus thinkes rather1 that it represents a ,lyon with his taile towards the ,east1 and his head the ,west1 and #a99some others have thought it to be very much like a ,fox1 certainly 'tis as much like a ,lyon as that in the ,zodiake1 or as ,vrsa major is like a ,beare4 ,sidenote #a993 ,eusebius ,nioremb4 ,hist4 ,nat4 lib4 #h4 c4 #ae4 ,i should guesse that it represents one of these as well as another1 and any thing else as well as any of these1 since 'tis but a strong imagination1 which fancies such images as schoole-boyes usually doe in the markes of a wall1 whereas there is not any such similitude in the spots themselves1 which rather like our ,sea1 in respect of the land1 appeares under a rugged and confused figure1 and doth not represent any distinct image1 so that both in respect of the matter and the forme it may be probable enough1 that those spots and brighter parts may shew the distinction betwixt the ,sea and ,land in that other world4 ,proposition #h4 ,the spots represent the ,sea1 and the brighter parts the ,land4 ,when ,i first compared the nature of our earth and water with those appearances in the ,moone2 ,i concluded contrary to the proposition1 that the brighter parts represented the water1 and the spots the land2 of this opinion likewise was ,keplar at the first2 but my second thoughts1 and the reading of others1#a have now convinced me 7as after he was7 of the truth of that ,proposition which ,i have now set downe4 ,but before ,i come to the confirmation of it1 ,i shall mention those scruples which at first made mee doubt of the truth of this opinion4 ,sidenote #a3 ,opt4 ,astro4 c4 #f4 num4 #i4 ,dissert4 cum nuncio ,gal4 #a4 ,it may be objected1 'tis probable1 if there be any such sea and land as ours1 that it bears some proportion and similitude with ours3 but now this ,proposition takes away all likenesse betwixt them1 for whereas the superficies of our earth is but the third part of the whole surface in the globe1 two parts being overspread with the water 7as ,scaliger#a observes7 yet here according to this opinion1 the ,sea should be lesse then the ,land1 since there is not so much of the bespotted1 as ther is of the enlightened parts1 wherefore 'tis probable1 that either there is no such thing at all1 or else that the brighter parts are the ,sea4 ,sidenote #a3 ,exercit4 #ch4 #b4 ,the water1 by reason of the smoothnesse of its superficies1 seemes better able to reflect the ,sun beames then the earth1 which in most places is so full of ruggednesse of grasse and trees1 and such like impediments of reflection1 and besides1 cmon experience shewes1 that the water shines with a greater and more glorious brightnesse then the earth1 therefore it should seeme that the spots are the earth1 and the brighter parts the water4 ,but to the first it may be answered4 #a4 ,there is no great probability in this consequence1 that because 'tis so with us1 therefore it must be so with the parts of the ,moone1 for since there is such a difference betwixt them in divers other respects1 they may not1 perhaps1 agree in this4 #b4 ,that assertion of ,scaliger is not by all granted for a truth4 ,fromondus#a with others1 thinke1 that the superficies of the ,sea and ,land in so much of the world as is already discovered1 is equall1 and of the same extension4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de ,meteoris l4 #e4 c4 #a4 ,art4 #a4 #c4 ,the ,orbe of thicke and vaporous aire which encompasses the ,moone1 makes the brighter parts of that ,planet appeare bigger then in themselves they are2 as ,i shall shew afterwards4 ,to the second it may be answered1 that though the water be of a smooth superficies1 and so may seeme most fit to reverberate the light1 yet because 'tis of a perspicuous nature1 therefore the beames must sinke into it1 and cannot so strongly and clearely be reflected4 ,sicut in speculo ubi plumbum abrasum fuerit1 7saith ,cardan7 as in ,looking-glasses where part of the lead is raized off1 and nothing left behind to reverberate the image1 the species must there passe through and not backe againe2 so it is where the beames penetrate and sinke into the substance of the body1 there cannot be such an immediate and strong reflection as when they are beate backe from the superficies1 and therefore the ,sunne causes a greater heate by farre upon the ,land then upon the water4 ,now as for that experiment1 where 'tis said1 that the waters have a greater brightness then the ,land3 ,i answer1 'tis true onely there where they represent the image of the ,sunne or some bright cloud1 and not in other places1 as is very plaine by common observation4 ,so that notwithstanding those doubts1 yet this ,proposition may remaine true1 that the spots may be the ,sea1 and the brighter parts the ,land4 ,of this opinion was ,plutarch3 unto him assented ,keplar and ,galilus1 whose words are these1 ,si quis veterum ,pythagororum sententiam excuscitare velit1 lunam scilicet esse quasi tellurem alteram1 ejus pars lucidior terrenam superficiem1 obscurior ver aqueam magis congru reprsentet4 ,mihi autem dubium fuit numquam terrestris globi long conspecti1 atque a radiis solaribus perfusi1 terream superficiem clariorem1 obscuriorem ver aqueam sese in conspectum daturam4#a 8,if any man have a minde to renew the opinion of the ,pythagoreans1 that the ,moone is another earth1 then her brighter parts may fitly represent the earths superficies1 and the darker part the water3 and for my part1 ,i never doubted but that our earthly globe being shined upon by the ,sunne1 and beheld at a great distance1 the ,land would appeare brightest and the ,sea more obscurely40 ,sidenote #a3 ,de facie lun4 ,dissertatio4 ,nunc4 ,syd4 ,the reasons may be4 #a4 ,that which ,i urged about the foregoing ,chapter1 because the water is the thinner part1 and therefore must give the lesse light4 #b4 ,because observation tels us1 that the spotted parts are alwaies smooth and equall1 having every where an equality of light1 when once they are enlightened by the ,sunne1 whereas the brighter parts are full of rugged gibbosities and mountaines having many shades in them1 as ,i shall shew more at large afterwards4 ,that in this ,planet there must be ,seas1 ,campanella#a indeavours to prove out of ,scripture interpreting the waters above the ,firmament spoken of in ,genesis to be meant of the ,sea in this world4 ,for 7saith he7 'tis not likely that there are any such waters above the ,orbes to moderate that heate which they receive from their swift motion 7as some of the ,fathers thinke7 nor did ,moses meane the ,angells which may be called spirituall waters1 as ,origen and ,austin#b would have it1 for both these are rejected by the generall consent3 nor could he meane any waters in the second region1 as most ,commentators interpret it4 ,for first there is nothing but vapours1 which though they are afterwards turned into water1 yet while they remaine there1 they are onely the matter of that element1 which may as well be fire or earth1 or aire4 #b4 ,those vapors are not above the expansum1 but in it4 ,so that hee thinkes there is no other way to salve all1 but by making the ,planets severall worlds with ,sea ,land1 with such ,rivers and ,springs1 as wee have here below3 ,especially since ,esdras#c speakes of the springs above the ,firmament1 but ,i cannot agree with him in this1 nor doe ,i thinke that any such thing can be proved out of ,scripture4 ,sidenote #a3 ,apologia pro ,galilo4 ,sidenote #b3 ,confession4 l4 #ac4 c4 #cb4 ,sidenote #c3 #b ,esdr4 #d4 #g4 ,before ,i proceede to the next ,position1 ,i shall first answer some doubts which might be made against the generality of this truth1 whereby it may seeme impossible that there should be either ,sea or ,land in the ,moone2 for since she moves so swiftly as ,astronomers observe1 why then does there nothing fall from her1 or why doth shee not shake something out by the celerity of her revolution8 ,i answer1 you must know that the inclination of every heavie body1 to its proper ,center doth sufficiently tie it unto its place1 so that suppose any thing were separated1 yet must it necessarily returne againe1 and there is no more danger of their falling into our world then there is feare of our falling into the ,moone4 ,but yet there are many fabulous relations of such things as have dropped thence4 ,there is a tale of the ,nemean ,lyon that ,hercules slew1 which first rushing among the heards out of his unknowne den in the ,mountaine of ,cytheron in ,botia1 the credulous people thought he was sent from their ,goddesse the ,moone4 ,and if a whirle-winde did chance to snatch any thing up1 and afterwards raine it downe againe1 the ignorant multitude are apt to believe that it dropt from ,heaven4 ,thus ,avicenna relates the story of a ,calfe which fell downe in a storme1 the beholders thinking it a ,moone-calfe1 and that it fell thence4 ,so ,cardan travelling upon the ,apennine ,mountaines1 a sudden blast tooke off his hat1 which if it had beene carryed farre1 he thinkes the peasants who had perceived it to fall1 would have sworne it had rained hats4 ,after some such manner many of our prodigies come to passe1 and the people are willing to believe anything1 which they may relate to others as a very strange and wonderfull event4 ,i doubt not but the ,trojan ,palladium1 the ,romane ,minerva1 and our ,ladies ,church at ,loretto1 with many sacred reliques preserved by the ,papists might droppe from the ,moone as well as any of these4 ,but it may be againe objected1 suppose there were a bullet shot up in that world1 would not the ,moone runne away from it1 before it could fall downe1 since the motion of her body 7being every day round our earth7 is farre swifter than the other1 and so the bullet must be left behinde1 and at length fall downe to us8 ,to this ,i answer1 #a4 ,if a bullet could be shot so farre till it came to the circumference of those things which belong to our center1 then it would fall downe to us4 #b4 ,though there were some heavie body a great height in that ayer1 yet would the motion of its centre by an attractive vertue still hold it within its convenient distance1 so that whether their earth moved or stood still1 yet would the same violence cast a body from it equally farre4 ,that ,i may the plainer expresse my meaning1 ,i will set downe this ,diagramme4 ,illustration as described in text ,suppose this earth were ,a1 which was to move in the circle ,c1 ,d4 and let the bullet be supposed at ,b4 within its proper verge2 ,i say1 whether this earth did stand stil or move swiftly towards ,d1 yet the bullet would still keepe at the same distance by reason of that ,magneticke vertue of the center 7if ,i may so speake7 whereby all things within its spheare are attracted with it4 ,so that the violence to the bullet1 being nothing else but that whereby 'tis removed from its center1 therefore an equall violence can carry a body from its proper place1 but at an equall distance whether or no the center stand still or move4 ,the impartiall ,reader may finde sufficient satisfaction for this and such other arguments as may be urged against the motion of that earth in the writings of ,capernicus and his followers1 unto whom for brevities sake ,i will referre them4 ,proposition #i4 ,that there are high ,mountaines1 deepe vallies1 and spacious plains in the body of the ,moone4 ,though there are some who thinke ,mountaines to bee a deformity in the earth1 as if they were either beate up by the flood1 or else cast up like so many heaps of rubbish left at the creation1 yet if well considered1 they will be found as much to conduce to the beauty and conveniency of the universe as any of the other parts4 ,nature 7saith ,pliny#a7 purposely framed them for many excellent uses3 partly to tame the violence of greater ,rivers1 to strengthen certaine joynts within the veines and bowels of the earth1 to breake the force of the ,seas inundation1 and for the safety of the earths inhabitants1 whether beasts or men4 ,that they make much for the protection of beasts the ,psalmist#b testifies1 ,the highest hils are a refuge for the wilde ,goats1 and the rockes for ,conies4 ,the ,kingly ,prophet had learned the safety of these by his owne experience1 when he also was faine to make a mountaine his refuge from the fury of his ,master ,saul1 who persecuted him in the wildernesse4 ,sidenote #a3 ,nat4 hist4 l4 #cf4 c4 #a4 ,sidenote #b3 ,psal4 #ajd4 v4 #ah4 ,true indeed1 such places as these keepe their neighbours poore1 as beeing most barren1 but yet they preserve them safe1 as being most strong1 witnesse our unconquered ,wales and ,scotland1 whose greatest protection hath beene the naturall strength of their ,countrey1 so fortified with ,mountaines1 that these have alwaies been unto them sure retraites from the violence and oppression of others1 wherefore a good ,authour doth rightly call them natures bulwarkes cast up at ,god ,almighties owne charges1 the scornes and curbs of victorious armies1 which made the ,barbarians in ,curtius so confident of their owne safety1 when they were once retired to an inaccessible mountaine1 that when ,alexanders ,legate had brought them to a parley and perswading them to yeeld1 told them of his masters victories1 what ,seas and ,wildernesses hee had passed1 they replyed that all that might be1 but could ,alexander fly too8 ,over the ,seas he might have ships1 and over the land horses1 but hee must have wings before he could get up thither4 ,such safety did those barbarous nations conceive in the mountaines whereunto they were retyred1 certainely then such usefull parts were not the effect of mans sinne1 or produced by the ,worlds curse the flood1 but rather at the first created by the goodnesse and providence of the ,almighty4 ,so that if ,i intend to prove that the ,moone is such a habitable world as this is1 'tis requisite that ,i shew it to have the same conveniences of habitation as this hath1 and here if some ,rabbi or ,chymicke were to handle the point they would first prove it out of ,scripture1 from that place in ,moses his blessing1#a where hee speakes of the ancient mountaines and lasting hils1 ,deut4 #cc for having immediately before mentioned those blessings which should happen unto ,ioseph by the influence of the ,moone1 he does presently exegetically iterate th in blessing him with the chiefe things of the ancient ,mountaines and lasting hils2 you may also see the same expression used in ,iacobs blessing of ,ioseph4#b ,sidenote #a3 ,deut4 #cc4 #ae ,sidenote #b3 ,gen4 #di4 #bf ,but however we may deale pro or con in ,philosophy1 yet we must not jest with divine truths1 or bring ,scripture to patronize any fancy of our owne1 though1 perhaps1 it be truth4 ,for the better proofe of this proposition1 ,i might here cite the testimony of ,diodorus1 who thought the ,moone to bee full of rugged places1 vel ut terrestribus tumulis superciliosam1 but he erred much in some circumstances of this opinion1 especially where he saies1 there is an ,iland amongst the ,hyperboreans1 wherein those hils may to the eye bee plainely discovered1 and for this reason4 #a99;,clius calls him a fabulous ,writer1 but you may see more expresse authority for the proofe of this in the opinions of ,anaxagoras and ,democritus1#b who held that this ,planet was full of champion grounds1 mountains and vallies1 and this seemed likewise probable unto ,augustinus ,nifus1 whose words are these3 ,forsitan non est remotum dicere1 lun partes esse diversas1 veluti sunt partes terr1 quarum ali sunt vallos1 ali montos1 ex quarum differentia effici potest facies illa lun2 nec est rationi dissonum1 nam luna est corpus imperfect ,sphricum1 cum sit corpus ab ultimo clo elongatum1 ut supra dixit ,aristoteles4 8,perhaps1 it would not be amisse to say that the parts of the ,moone were divers1 as the parts of this earth1 whereof some are vallies1 and some mountaines1 from the difference of which1 some spots in the ,moone may proceed1 nor is this against reason1 for that ,planet cannot be perfectly sphericall1 since 'tis so remote a body from the first orbe1 as ,aristotle had said before40 ,you may see this truth assented unto by ,blancanus the ,jesuit1#c and by him confirmed with with divers reasons4 ,keplar hath observed in the ,moones eclipses1#d that the division of her enlightened part from the shaded1 was made by a crooked unequall line1 of which there cannot be any probable cause conceived1 unlesse it did arise from the ruggednesse of that planet1 for it cannot at all be produc'd from the shade of any mountains here upon earth1 because these would be so lessned before they could reach so high in a conicall shadow1 that they would not be at all sensible unto us 7as might easily be demonstrated7 nor can it be conceived what reason of this difference there should be in the ,sunne4 ,wherefore there being no other body that hath any thing to doe in eclipses1 we must necessarily conclude1 that it is caused by a variety of parts in the ,moone it selfe1 and what can there be but its gibbosities8 ,now if you should aske a reason why there should be such a similitude of these in that ,planet1 the same ,keplar shall jest you out an answere1 for supposing 7saith he7 those inhabitants are bigger than any of us in the same proportion1 as their daies are longer than ours1 viz4 by fifteen times it may bee for want of stones to erect such vast houses as were requisite for their bodies1 they are faine to digge great and round hollowes in the earth1 where they may both procure water for their thirst1 and turning about with the shade1 may avoid those great heats which otherwise they would be lyable unto2 or if you will give ,csar la ,galla leave to guesse in the same manner1 he would rather think that those thirsty nations cast up so many and so great heaps of earth in digging of their wine cellars1 but this onely by the way4 ,sidenote #a993 ,lect4 aut l4 #a4 c4 #ae4 ,plut4 de plac4 l4 #b4 c4 #be4 ,sidenote #b3 ,de clo4 l4 #b4 p4 #di4 ,sidenote #c3 ,de ,mundi fab4 pars #c4 c4 #d4 ,sidenote #d3 ,astron4 ,opt4 c4 #f4 num #i4 ,i shall next produce the eye-witnesse of ,galilus1#a on which ,i most of all depend for the proofe of this ,proposition1 when he beheld the new ,moone through his perspective1 it appeared to him under a rugged and spotted figure1 seeming to have the darker and enlightned parts divided by a tortuous line1 having some parcels of light at a good distance from the other1 and this difference is so remarkable1 that you may easily perceive it through one of those ordinary perspectives1 which are commonly sold amongst us1 but for your better apprehending of what ,i deliver1 ,i will set downe the ,figure as ,i find it in ,galilus3 ,sidenote #a3 ,nuncius ,sydereus4 ,illustration3 ,crescent ,moon ,suppose ,,abcd to represent the appearance of the ,moones body being in a sextile1 you may see some brighter parts separated at a pretty distance from the other1 which can bee nothing else but a reflexion of the ,sunne-beames upon some parts that are higher then the rest1 and those obscure gibbosities which stand out towards the enlightened parts must bee such hollow and deepe places whereto the rayes cannot reach1 but when the ,moone is got further off from the ,sunne1 and come to that fulnesse1 as this line ,,bd doth represent her under1 then doe these parts also receive an equall light1 excepting onely that difference which doth appeare betwixt their sea and land4 ,and if you do consider how any rugged body would appeare1 being enlightned1 you would easily conceive that it must necessarily seeme under some such gibbous unequall forme1 as the ,moone is here represented4 ,now for the infallibility of these appearances1 ,i shall referre the reader to that which hath beene said in the #fth ,proposition4 ,but ,csar la ,galla affirmes1 that all these appearances may consist with a plaine superficies1 if wee suppose the parts of the body to be some of them1 ,diaphanous1 and some opacous2 and if you object that the light which is conveyed to any diaphanous part in a plaine superficies must be by a continued line1 whereas here there appeare many brighter parts among the obscure at some distance from the rest4 ,to this he answers1 it may arise from some secret conveyances and channels within her body1 that doe consist of a more diaphanous matter which being covered over with an opacious superficies1 the light passing through them may breake out a great way off1 whereas the other parts betwixt may still remaine darke4 ,just as the ,river ,arethusa in ,sicile which runnes under ground for a great way1 and afterwards breakes out againe4 ,but because this is one of the chiefest fancies whereby hee thinkes hee hath fully answered the arguments of this opinion1 ,i will therefore set downe his answere in his owne words1 lest the ,reader might suspect more in them then ,i have expressed4#a ,non est impossibile ccos ductus diaphani perspicui corporis1 sed opac superficie protendi1 usque in diaphanam aliquam ex profundo in superficiem1 emergentem partem1 per quos ductus lumen longo postmodum interstitio erumpat1 c4 ,but ,i reply1 if the superficies betwixt these two enlightened parts remaine darke because of its opacity1 then would it alwaies be darke1 and the ,sunne could not make it partake of light more then it could of perspicuity3 ,but this contradicts all experience as you may see in ,galilus1 who affirmes that when the ,sunne comes nearer to his opposition1 then that which is betwixt them1 both is enlightned as well as either4 ,nay this opposes his owne eye-witnesse1 for he confesses himselfe that he saw this by the glasse4 ,he had said before that he came to see those strange sights discovered by ,galilus his glasse with an intent of contradiction1 and you may reade that confirmed in the weakenesse of this answere1 which rather bewrayes an obstinate then a perswaded will1 for otherwise sure hee would never have undertooke to have destroyed such certaine proofes with so groundlesse a fancy4 ,sidenote #a3 ,cap4 #aa4 ,but it may bee objected1 that 'tis almost impossible1 and altogether unlikely that in the ,moone thete should be any mountaines so high as those observations make them1 for doe but suppose according to the common principles1 that the ,moones diameter unto the ,earths is very neere to the proportion of #b4 to #g1 suppose withall that the ,earths diameter containes about #gjjj ,italian miles1 and the ,moones #bjjj 7as is commonly granted7 now ,galius hath observed that some parts have been enlightened when they were the twentieth part of the diameter distant from the common terme of illumination1 so that hence it must necessarily follow that there may bee some ,mountaines in the ,moone so high1 that they are able to cast a shadow a #ajj miles off4 ,an opinion that sounds like a prodigie or a fiction2 wherefore 'tis likely that either those appearances are caused by somewhat else besides mountaines1 or else those are fallible observations1 from whence may follow such improbable inconceiveable consequences4 ,but to this ,i answere3 #a4 ,you must consider the height of the ,mountaines is but very little1 if you compare them to the length of their shadowes4 ,sr4 ,walter ,rawleigh#a observes that the ,mount ,athos now called ,lacas casts its shadow #cjj furlongs1 which is above #cg miles1 and yet that ,mount is none of the highest1 nay ,solinus#b 7whom ,i should rather believe in this kinde7 affirmes that this ,mountaine gives his shadow quite over the ,sea1 from ,macedon to the ,ile of ,lemnos which is #gjj furlongs or #hd miles1 and yet according to the common reckoning it doth scarce reach #d miles upwards1 in its perpendicular height4 ,sidenote #a3 ,hist4 l4 #a4 c4 #g4 #aa4 ,sidenote #b3 ,poly4 histor4 c4 #ba4 #b4 ,i affirme that there are very high ,mountaines in the ,moone4 ,keplar and ,galilus thinke that they are higher than any which are upon our earth4 ,but ,i am not of their opinion in this1 because ,i suppose they goe upon a false ground whilst they conceive that the highest mountaine upon the earth is not above a mile perpendicular4 ,whereas 'tis the common opinion and found true enough by observation1 that ,olympus1 ,atlas1 ,taurus and ,enius1 with many others are much above this height4 ,tenariffa in the ,canary ,ilands is proved by computation to bee above #h miles perpendicular1 and about this height is the mount ,perjacaca in ,america4 ,sr4 ,walter ,rawleigh seemes to thinke1 that the highest of these is neere #cj miles upright3 nay ,aristotle#a speaking of ,caucasus in ,asia1 affirmes it to bee visible for #efj miles1 as some interpreters finde by computation1 from which it will follow1 that it was #gh miles perpendicularly high1 as you may see confirmed by ,jacobus ,mazonius1#b and out of him in ,blancanus the ,jesuite4#c ,but this deviates from the truth more in excesse then the other doth in defect4 ,however though these in the moone are not so high as some amongst us1 yet certaine it is they are of a great height1 and some of them at the least foure miles perpendicular4 ,this ,i shall prove from the observation of ,galilus1 whose glasse can shew this truth to the senses1 a proofe beyond exception and certaine that man must needs be of a most timerous faith who dares not believe his owne eye4 ,sidenote #a3 ,meteor4 l4 #a4 c4 #aa4 ,sidenote #b3 ,comparatio ,arist4 cum ,platone1 ,sect4 #c4 c4 #e4 ,sidenote #c3 ,exposi4 in loc4 ,math4 ,artis4 loc4 #adh4 ,by that perspective you may plainely discerne some enlightned parts 7which are the mountaines7 to be distant from the other about the twentieth part of the diameter4 ,from whence it will follow1 that those mountaines must necessarily be at the least foure ,italian miles in height4 ,illustration ,for let ,,bdef be the body of the moone1 ,,abc will be a ray or beame of the ,sunne1 which enlightens a mountaine at ,a and ,b is the point of contingency1 the distance betwixt ,a and ,b must bee supposed to be the twentieth part of the diameter which is an #ajj miles1 for so far are some enlightened parts severed from the common terme of illumination4 ,now the aggregate of the quadrate from ,a ,b a hundred1 and ,b ,g a #ajjj will bee #ajajjjj1 unto which the quadrate arising from ,a ,g must be equall according to the #dgth proposition in the first booke of elements4 ,therefore the whole line ,a ,g is somewhat more than #ajd1 and the distance betwixt ,h ,a must be above #d miles1 which was the thing to be proved4 ,but it may be againe objected1 if there be such rugged parts1 and so high mountaines1 why then cannot wee discerne them at this distance1 why doth the moone appeare unto us so exactly round1 and not rather as a wheele with teeth8 ,i answere1 by reason of too great a distance1 for if the whole body appeare to our eye so little1 then those parts which beare so small a proportion to the whole will not at all be sensible4 ,but it may be replied1 if there were any such remarkeable hils1 why does not the limbe of the moone appeare like a wheele with teeth to those who looke upon it through the great perspective on whose witnesse you so much depend8 or what reason is there that she appeares as exactly round through it as shee doth to the bare eye8 certainely then either there is no such thing as you imagine1 or else the glasse failes much in this discovery4 ,to this ,i shall answere out of ,galilus4 #a4 ,you must know that there is not meerely one ranke of mountaines about the edge of the moone1 but divers orders1 one mountaine behind another1 and so there is somewhat to hinder those void spaces which otherwise1 perhaps1 might appeare4 ,now where there be many hils1 the ground seemes even to a man that can see the tops of all4 ,thus when the sea rages1 and many vast waves are lifted up1 yet all may appeare plaine enough to one that stands at the shore4 ,so where there are so many hils1 the inequality will be lesse remarkable1 if it be discerned at a distance4 #b4 ,though there be mountains in that part which appeares unto us1 to be the limbe of the ,moone1 as well as in any other place1 yet the bright vapours hide their appearance3 for there is an orbe of thicke vaporous aire that doth immediatly compasse the body of the ,moone1 which though it have not so great opacity1 as to terminate the sight1 yet being once enlightened by the ,sunne1 it doth represent the body of the ,moone under a greater forme1 and hinders our sight from a distinct view of her true circumference4 ,but of this in the next ,chapter4 ,i have now sufficiently proved1 that there are hills in the ,moone1 and hence it may seeme likely that there is also a world1 for since providence hath some speciall end in all its workes1 certainly then these mountaines were not produced in vaine1 and what more probable meaning can wee conceive there should be1 than to make that place convenient for habitation4 ,proposition #aj4 ,that there is an ,atmo-sphra1 or an orbe of grosse vaporous aire1 immediately encompassing the body of the ,moone4 ,as that part of our aire which is neerest to the earth1 is of a thicker substance than the other1 by reason tis alwaies mixed with some vapours1 which are continually exhaled into it4 ,so is it equally requisite1 that if there be a world in the ,moone1 that the aire about that should be alike qualified with ours4 ,now1 that there is such an orbe of grosse aire1 was first of all 7for ought ,i can reade7 observed by ,meslin1 afterwards assented unto by ,keplar and ,galilus1#a and since by ,baptistae ,cisatus1 ,sheiner with others1 all of them confirming it by the same arguments which ,i shall onely cite1 and then leave this ,proposition4 ,sidenote #a3 ,vide ,euseb4 ,nierem4 de ,nat4 ,hist4 l4 #b4 c4 #aa4 #a4 ',tis observed1 that so much of the ,moone as is enlightened1 is alwaies part of a bigger circle then that which is darker4 ,their frequent experience hath proved this1 and an easie observation may quickely confirme it4 ,but now this cannot proceede from any other cause so probable1 as from this orbe of aire1 especially when we consider how that planet shining with a borrowed light1 doth not send forth any such rayes as may make her appearance bigger then her body4 #b4 ',tis observed in the ,solary eclipses1 that there is a great trepidation about the body of the ,moone1 from which we may likewise argue an ,atmo-sphra1 since we cannot well conceive what so probable a cause there should be of such an appearance as this1 ,quod radii ,solares vaporibus ,lunam ambientibus fuerint intercisi1#a that the ,sun beames were broken and refracted by the vapours that encompassed the ,moone4 ,sidenote #a3 ,scheiner4 ,ros4 ,vrs4 l4 #d4 pars #b4 c4 #bg4 #c4 ,i may adde the like argument taken from another observation which will be easily tried and granted4 ,when the ,sunne is eclipsed1 wee discerne the ,moone as shee is in her owne naturall bignesse1 but then she appeares somewhat lesse then when shee is in the full1 though she be in the same place of her supposed excentrick and epicycle1 and therefore ,tycho hath calculated a ,table for the ,diameter of the divers new ,moones4 ,but now there is no reason so probable to salve this appearance1 as to place an orbe of thicker aire1 neere the body of that ,planet1 which may be enlightened by the reflected beames1 and through which the direct raies may easily penetrate4 ,but some may object that this will not consist with that which was before delivered1 where ,i said1 that the thinnest parts had least light4 ,if this were true1 how comes it to passe then1 that this aire should be as bright as any of the other parts1 when as tis the thinnest of all8 ,i answer1 if the light be received by reflection1 then the thickest body hath most because it is best able to beare backe the raies1 but if the light be received by illumination#a 7especially if there be an opacous body behinde1 which may double the beames by reflexion7 as it is here1 then ,i deny not but a thinne body may retaine much light1 and perhaps1 some of those appearances which wee take for fiery comets1 are nothing else but a bright cloud enlightened1 so that probable it is1 there may be such aire without the ,moone1 and hence it comes to passe1 that the greater spots are onely visible towards her middle parts1 and none neere the circumference1 not but that there are some as well in those parts as else where1 but they are not there perceiveable1 by reason of those brighter vapours which hide them4 ,sidenote #a3 ,hist4 l4 #a4 c4 #g4 #aa4 ,proposition #aa4 ,that as their world is our ,moone1 so our world is their ,moone4 ,i have already handled the first thing that ,i promised according to the ,method which ,aristotle uses in his ,booke de ,mundo1 and shew'd you the necessary parts that belong to this world in the ,moone4 ,in the next place 'tis requisite that ,i proceed to those things which are extrinsecall unto it1 as the ,seasons1 the ,meteors1 and the ,inhabitants4 #a4 ,of the ,seasons2 ,and if there be such a world in the ,moone1 'tis requisite then that their seasons should be some way correspondent unto ours1 that they should have ,winter and ,summer1 night and day1 as wee have4 ,now that in this ,planet there is some similitude of ,winter and ,summer is affirmed by ,aristotle #a himselfe1 since there is one hemispheare that hath alwaies heate and light1 and the other that hath darknesse and cold4 ,true indeed1 their daies and yeeres are alwaies of one and the same length1 but tis so with us also under the ,poles1 and therefore that great difference is not sufficient to make it altogether unlike ours1 nor can we expect that every thing there should be in the same manner as it is here below1 as if nature had no way but one to bring about her purposes4 ,wee may easily see what great differences there are amongst us1 betwixt things of the same kinde4 ,some men 7say they7 #b there are1 who can live onely upon smells1 without eating any thing1 and the same ,plant1 saith ,besoldus1 hath sometimes contrary effects4 ,mandragora which growes in ,syria inflames the lust1 wheras ,mandragora which grows in other places doth coole the blood quench lust4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de gen4 animal4 l4 #d4 #ab4 ,sidenote #b3 ,plat4 de fac4 ,de natur populorum4 c4 #c4 ,now if with us there be such great difference betwixt things of the same kinde1 we have no reason then to thinke it necessary that both these worlds should be altogether alike1 but it may suffice if they bee correspondent in something onely1 however it may be questioned whether it doth not seeme to be against the wisedome of providence1 to make the night of so great a length1 when they have such a long time unfit for worke8 ,i answere no1 since tis so1 and more with us also under the poles2 and besides1 the generall length of their night is somewhat abated in the bignesse of their ,moone which is our earth4 ,for this returnes as great a light unto that ,planet1 as it receives from it4 ,but for the better proofe of this1 ,i shall first free the way from such opinions as might otherwise hinder the speede of a clearer progresse4 ,plutarch#a one of the chiefe patrons of this world in the ,moone1 doth directly contradict this proposition2 affirming1 that those who live there may discerne our world as the dregges and sediment of all other creatures1 appearing to them through clouds and foggy mists1 and that altogether devoid of light1 being base and unmoveable1 so that they might well imagine the darke place of damnation to be here situate1 and that they onely were the inhabiters of the world1 as being in the midst betwixt ,heaven and ,hell4 ,sidenote #a3 ,plut4 de fac4 lun4 ,to this ,i may answere1 'tis probable that ,plutarch spake this inconsiderately1 and without a reason1 which makes him likewise fall into another absurditie1 when he sayes our earth would appeare immoveable1 whereas questionlesse though it did not1 yet would it seeme to move1 and theirs to stand still1 as the ,land doth to a man in a ,shippe2 according to that of the ,poet3 ,provehimur portu1 terrque urbesque recedunt4 ,and ,i doubt not but that ingenuous ,authour would easily have recanted if hee had beene but acquainted with those experiences which men of latter times have found out1 for the confirmation of this truth4 #b4 ,unto him assents ,macrobius1 whose words are these2 ,terra accepto solis lumine clarescit1 tantummod1 non relucet4 8,the earth is by the ,sunne-beames made bright1 but not able to enlighten any thing so farre40 ,and his reason is1 because this being of a thicke and grosse matter1 the light is terminated in its superficies1 and cannot penetrate into the substance2 whereas the moone doth therefore seeme so bright to us1 because it receives the beames within it selfe4 ,but the weaknesse of this assertion1 may bee easily manifest by a common experience1 for polished steele 7whose opacity will not give any admittance to the rayes7 reflects a stronger heate then glasse1 and so consequently a greater light4 #c4 ',tis the generall consent of ,philosophers1 that the reflection of the ,sunne-beames from the earth doth not reach much above halfe a mile high1 where they terminate the first region1 so that to affirme they might ascend to the moone1 were to say1 there were but one region of aier1 which contradicts the proved and received opinion4 ,unto this it may be answered3 ,that it is indeed the common consent1 that the reflexion of the ,sunne-beames reach onely to the second region1 but yet some there are1 and those too ,philosophers of good note1 who thought otherwise4 ,thus ,plotinus is cited by ,clius1#a ,si concipias te in sublimi quopiam mundi loco1 unde oculis subjiciatur terr moles aquis circumfusa1 solis syderumque radiis illustrata1 non aliam profecto visam iri probabile est1 quam qualis modo visatur lunaris globi species4 8,if you did conceive your selfe to bee in some such high place1 where you might discerne the whole ,globe of the earth and water1 when it was enlightned by the ,sunnes rayes1 'tis probable it would then appeare to you in the same shape as the moone doth now unto us40 ,thus also ,carolus ,malapertius1 whose words are these1#b ,terra hc nostra si in luna constituti essemus1 splendida prorsus quasi non ignobilis planeta1 nobis appareret4 8,if wee were placed in the moone1 and from thence beheld this our earth1 it would appeare unto us very bright1 like one of the nobler ,planets40 ,unto these doth ,fromondus assent1 when he sayes1#c ,credo equidem quod si oculus quispiam in orbe lunari foret1 globum terr aqu instar ingentis syderis sole illustrem conspiceret4 8,i believe that this globe of earth and water would appeare like some great ,starre to any one1 who should looke upon it from the moone40 ,now this could not be1 nor could it shine so remarkably1 unlesse the beames of light1 were reflected from it4 ,and therefore the same ,fromondus expresly holds1 that the first region of ayre is there terminated1 where the heate caused by reflexion begins to languish1 whereas the beames themselves doe passe a great way further4 ,the chiefe argument which doth most plainely manifest this truth1 is taken from a common observation which may be easily tryed4 ,sidenote #a3 ,ant4 lect4 l4 #a4 c4 #d4 ,sidenote #b3 ,prfat4 ad ,austrica syd4 ,sidenote #c3 ,meteor4 l4 #a4 c4 #b4 ,art4 #b4 ,if you behold the ,moone a little before or after the conjunction1 when she is in a sextile with the ,sunne1 you may discerne not onely the part which is enlightned1 but the rest also to have in it a kind of a duskish light1 but if you chuse out such a scituation1 where some house or chimney 7being some #gj or #hj paces distant from you7 may hide from your eye the enlightned hornes1 you may then discerne a greater and more remarkeable shining in those parts unto which the ,sunne beames cannot reach2 nay there is so great a light1 that by the helpe of a good perspective you may discerne its spots4 ,inso much that ,blancanus the ,jesuite speaking of it sayes#a ,hc experientia ita me aliquando fefellit1 ut in hunc fulgorem casu ac repente incidens1 existimarim novo quodam miraculo tempore adolescentis lun factum esse plenilunium4 8,this experiment did once so deceive mee1 that happening upon the sight of this brightnesse upon a sudden1 ,i thought that by some new miracle the ,moone had beene got into her full a little after her change400 ,sidenote #a3 ,de mundi fab4 p4 #c4 c4 #c4 ,but now this light is not proper to the ,moone1 it doth not proceed from the rayes of the ,sunne which doth penetrate her body1 nor is it caused by any other of the ,planets and ,starres4 ,therefore it must necessarily follow1 that it comes from the earth4 ,the two first of these ,i have already proved1 and as for the last1 it is confidently affirmed by ,clius1#a ,quod si in disquisitionem evocet quia1 an lunari syderi lucem fnerent planet item alii1 asseveranter astruendum non fnerare4 8,if any should aske whether the other ,planets lend any light to the ,moone2 ,i answer they doe not40 ,true indeed1 the noble ,tycho#b discussing the reason of this light attributes it to the ,planet ,uenus1 and ,i grant that this may convey some light to the ,moone2 but that it is not the cause of this whereof wee now discourse1 is of itselfe sufficiently plaine1 because ,uenus is sometimes over the ,moone1 when as shee cannot convey any light to that part which is turned from her4 ,sidenote #a3 ,progym4 #a4 ,sidenote #b3 l4 #bj4 c4 #e4 ,it doth not proceede from the fixed starres1 for then it would retaine the same light in eclipses1 whereas the light at such times is more ruddy and dull4 ,then also the light of the ,moone would not be greater or lesser1 according to its distance from the edge of the earths shadow1 since it did at all times equally participate this light of the starres4 ,now because there is no other body in the whole ,universe1 save the earth1 it remaines that this light must necessarily be caused by that which with a just gratitude repaies to the ,moone1 such illumination as it receives from her4 ,and as loving friends equally participate of the same joy and griefe1 so doe these mutually partake of the same light from the ,sunne1 and the same darkenesse from the eclipses1 being also severally helped by one another in their greatest wants3 ,for when the ,moone is in conjunction with the ,sunne1 and her upper part receives all the light1 then her lower ,hemispheare 7which would otherwise be altogether darke7 is enlightened by the reflexion of the ,sunne beames from the earth4 ,when these two planets are in opposition1 then that part of the earth which could not receive any light from the ,sunne beames1 is most enlightened by the ,moone1 being then in her full2 and as she doth most illuminate the earth when the ,sunne beames cannot1 so the gratefull earth returnes to her as great1 nay greater light when shee most wants it2 so that alwaies that visible part of the ,moone which receives nothing from the ,sunne1 is enlightened by the earth1 as is proved by ,galilus1 with many more arguments1 in that ,treatise which he calls ,systema mundi4 ,true indeed1 when the ,moone comes to a quartile1 then you can neither discerne this light1 nor yet the darker part of her body1 but the reason is1 because of the exuperancy of the light in the other parts4 ,quippe illustratum medium speciem recipit valentiorem1#a the clearer brightnesse involves the weaker1 it being with the species of sight1 as it is with those of sound1 and as the greater noise drownes the lesse1 so the brighter object hides that which is more obscure4 ,but they doe alwaies in their mutuall vicissitudes participate of one anothers light2 so also doe they partake of the same defects and darknings1 for when our ,moone is eclipsed1 then is their ,sunne darkened1 and when our ,sunne is eclipsed1 then is their ,moone deprived of its light1 as you may see affirmed by ,mslin4#b ,quod si terram nobis ex alto liceret intueri1 quemadmodum deficientem lunam ex longinquo spectare possumus1 videremus tempore eclipsis solis terr aliquam partem lumine solis deficere1 eodem plan modo sicut ex opposito luna deficit1 8,if wee might behold this globe of earth at the same distance as we doe the ,moone in her defects1 wee might discerne some part of it darkened in the ,sunnes eclipses1 just so as the ,moone is in hers40 ,for as our ,moone is eclipsed by the interposition of our earth1 so is their ,moone eclipsed by the interposition of theirs4 ,the manner of this mutuall illumination betwixt these two you may plainly discerne in this ,figure following4 ,sidenote #a3 ,scal4 exerc4 #fb4 ,sidenote #b3 ,epit4 ,astro4 l4 #d4 part4 #b4 ,illustration as described in text3 sun1 crescent moon and gibbous earth ,where ,a represents the ,sun1 ,b the ,earth1 and ,c the ,moone2 ,now suppose the ,moone ,c to be in a sextile of increase1 when there is onely one small part of her body enlightened1 then the earth ,b will have such a part of its visible ,hemispheare darkened1 as is proportionable to that part of the ,moone which is enlightened2 and as for so much of the ,moone1 as the ,sun beames cannot reach unto1 it receives light from a proportionall part of the earth which shines upon it1 as you may plainly perceive by the ,figure4 ,you see then that agreement and similitude which there is betwixt our earth and the ,moone4 ,now the greatest difference which makes them unlike1 is this1 that the ,moone enlightens our earth round about1 whereas our earth gives light onely to that ,hemispheare of the ,moone which is visible unto us1 as may be certainly gathered from the constant appearance of the same spots1 which could not thus come to passe1 if the ,moone had such a diurnall motion about its own axis1 as perhaps our earth hath4 ,and though some suppose her to move in an epicycle1 yet this doth not so turne her body round1 that we may discerne both ,hemispheares1 for according to that hypothesis1 the motion of her eccentrick1 doth turne her face towards us1 as much as the other doth from us4 ,but now if any question what they doe for a ,moone who live in the upper part of her body8 ,i answer1 the solving of this is the most uncertaine and difficult thing that ,i know of concerning this whole matter4 ,but yet ,i will give you two probable conjectures4 #a4 ,perhaps1 the upper ,hemispheare of the ,moone doth receive a sufficient light from those planets about it1 and amongst these ,venus 7it may be7 bestowes a more especiall brightnesse1 since ,galilus hath plainly discerned that she suffers the same increase and decreases1 as the ,moone hath1 and 'tis probable that this may be perceived there without the help of a glasse1 because they are farre neerer it than wee4 ,when ,venus 7saith ,keplar7 lies downe in the ,perige or lower part of her supposed ,epicycle1 then is she in conjunction with her husband the ,sunne1 from whom after she hath departed for the space of ten moneths1 shee gets plenum uterum1 and is in the full4 ,but you'll reply1 though ,venus may bestow some light when she is over the ,moone1 and in conjunction1 yet being in opposition1 she is not visible to them1 and what shall they then doe for light8 ,i answer1 then they have none3 nor doth this make so great a difference betwixt those two ,hemispheares as there is with us1 betwixt the places under the poles1 and the line1 but if this bee not sufficient1 then ,i say in the second place that #b4 ,perhaps there may be some other enlightened body above the ,moone which we cannot discerne1 nor is this altogether improbable because there is almost the like observed in ,saturne1 who appeares through this glasse with two lesser bodies on each side1 which may supply the office of ,moones1 unto each hemispheare thus3 o ,o o ,so in this world also there may be some such body1 though wee cannot discerne it1 because the ,moone is alwaies in a streight line1 betwixt our eye and that4 ,nor is it altogether unlikely that there should bee more moones to one ,orbe1 because ,jupiter also is observed to have foure such bodies that move round about him4 ,but it may seeme a very difficult thing to conceive1 how so grosse and darke a body as our earth1 should yeeld such cleare light as proceedes from the ,moone1 and therefore the ,cardinall de ,cusa#a 7who thinkes every ,starre to be a severall world7 is of opinion that the light of the ,sunne is not able to make them appeare so bright1 but the reason of their shining is1 because wee behold them at a great distance through their regions of fire which doe set a shining lustre upon those bodies that of themselves are darke4 ,vnde si quis esset extra regionem ignis1 terra ista in circumferentia su regionis per medium ignis lucida stella appareret4 8,so that if man were beyond the region of fire1 this earth would appear through that as a bright ,starre40 ,but if this were the onely reason then would the ,moone bee freed from such increases and decreases as shee is now lyable unto4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de doct4 ig4 l4 #b4 c4 #ab4 ,keplar thinkes that our earth receives that light whereby it shines from the ,sunne1 but this 7saith he7 is not such an intended cleare brightnesse as the ,moone is capable of1 and therefore hee guesses1 that the earth there is of a more chokie soyle like the ,ile of ,creete1 and so is better able to reflect a stronger light1 whereas our earth must supply this intention with the quantity of its body1 but this ,i conceive to be a needlesse conjecture1 since our earth if all things were well considered1 will be found able enough to reflect as great a light4 ,for #a4 ,consider its opacity1 if you marke these sublunary things1 you shall perceive that amongst them1 those that are most perspicuous1 are not so well able to reverberate the ,sunne beames as the thicker bodies4 ,the rayes passe singly through a diaphanous matter1 but in an opacous substance they are doubled in their returne and multiplyed by reflexion4 ,now if the moone and the other ,planets can shine so clearely by beating backe the ,sunne beames1 why may not the earth also shine as well1 which agrees with them in the cause of this brightnesse their opacity8 #b4 ,consider what a cleare light wee may discerne reflected from the earth in the middest of ,summer1 and withall conceive how much greater that must bee which is under the line1 where the rayes are more directly and strongly reverberated4 #c4 ,consider the great distance at which wee behold the ,planets1 for this must needs adde much to their shining and therefore ,cusanus 7in the above cited place7 thinkes that if a man were in the ,sunne1 that ,planet would not appeare so bright to him1 as now it doth to us1 because then his eye could discerne but little1 whereas here wee may comprehend the beames as they are contracted in a narrow body4 ,keplar beholding the earth from a high mountaine when it was enlightned by the ,sunne confesses that it appeared unto him of an incredible brightnesse1 whereas then the reflected rayes entered into his sight obliquely2 but how much brighter would it have appeared if hee might in a direct line behold the whole globe of earth and these rayes gathered together8 ,so that if wee consider that great light which the earth receives from the ,sunne in the ,summer1 and then suppose wee were in the ,moone1 where wee might see the whole earth hanging in those vast spaces where there is nothing to terminate the sight1 but those beames which are there contracted into a little compasse2 ,i say1 if wee doe well consider this1 wee may easily conceive1 that our earth appeares as bright to those other inhabitants in the ,moone1 as theirs doth to us4 ,proposition #ab4 ,that tis probable there may bee such ,meteors belonging to that world in the ,moone1 as there are with us4 ,plutarch discussing this point affirmes that it is not necessary there should be the same meanes of growth and fructifying in both these worlds1 since nature might in her policy finde out more waies then one how to bring about the same effect4 ,but however he thinks its probable that the ,moone her selfe sendeth forth warme winds1 and by the swiftnesse of her motion there should breathe out a sweet and comfortable ayer1 pleasant dewes and gentle moysture1 which might serve for the refreshing and nourishment of the inhabitants and plants in that other world4 ,but since they have all things alike with us1 as sea and land1 and vaporous ayer encompassing both1 ,i should rather therefore thinke that nature there should use the same way of producing meteors as she doth with us 7and not by a motion as ,plutarch supposes7 because shee doth not love to vary from her usuall operations without some extraordinary impediment1 but still keepes her beaten path unlesse she be driven thence4 ,one argument whereby ,i shall manifest this truth1 may be taken from those new ,starres which have appeared in divers ages of the world1 and by their parallax have beene discerned to have been above the ,moone1 such as was that in ,cassiopeia1 that in ,sagittarius1 with many others betwixt the ,planets4 ,hipparchus in his time tooke especiall notice of such as these1#a and therefore fancied out such constellations in which to place the ,starres1 shewing how many there were in every asterisme1 that so afterwards posterity might know1 whether there were any new ,starre produced or any old one missing4 ,now the nature of these ,comets may probably manifest1 that in this other world there are other meteors also2 for these in all likelihood are nothing else but such evaporations caused by the ,sunne1 from the bodies of the ,planets4 ,i shall prove this by shewing the improbabilities and inconveniences of any other opinion4 ,sidenote #a3 ,plin4 nat4 hist4 l4 #b4 c4 #bf4 ,for the better pursuite of this 'tis in the first place requisite that ,i deale with our chiefe adversary1 ,csar la ,galla1 who doth most directly oppose that truth which is here to bee proved4 ,hee endeavouring to confirme the incorruptibility of the ,heavens1 and being there to satisfie the argument which is taken from these comets1 ,he answers it thus3 ,aut argumentum desumptum ex paralaxi non est efficax1 aut si est efficax1 eorum instrumentorum usum decipere1 vel ratione astri vel medii1 vel distanti1 aut ergo erat in suprema parte aeris1 aut si in clo1 tum forsan factum erat ex reflectione radiorum ,saturni ,jovis1 qui tunc in conjunctione fuerant4 8,either the argument from the paralax is not efficacious1 or if it be1 yet the use of the instruments might deceive either in regard of the starre or the medium1 or the distance1 and so this comet might be in the upper regions of the aire1 or if it were in the heavens1 there it might be produced by the reflexion of the rayes from ,saturne and ,jupiter1 who were then in conjunction40 ,you see what shifts hee is driven to1 how he runnes up and downe to many starting holes1 that hee may find some shelter1 and in stead of the strength of reason1 he answers with a multitude of words1 thinking 7as the ,proverbe is7 that hee may use haile1 when hee hath no thunder1 ,nihil turpius 7saith #a99,seneca7 dubio est incerto1 pedem modo referente1 modo producente4 8,what can there bee more unseemely in one that should be a faire disputant1 then to be now here1 now there1 and so uncertaine1 that one cannot tell where to find him40 ,he thinkes that there are not ,comets in the heavens1 because there may be many other reasons of such appearances1 but what he knowes not1 perhaps 7he saies7 that argument from the parallax is not sufficient1 or if it be1 then there may be some deceit in the observation4 ,to this ,i may safely say1 that hee may justly be accounted a weake ,mathematician who mistrusts the strength of this argument1 nor can hee know much in ,astronomy1 who understands not the parallax1 which is the foundation of that ,science1 and ,i am sure that hee is a timorous man1 who dares not believe the frequent experience of his senses1 or trust to a demonstration4 ,sidenote #a993 ,epist4 #ie4 ,true indeed1 ,i grant tis possible1 that the eye1 the medium1 and the distance may al deceive the beholder1 but ,i would have him shew which of all these was likely to cause an error in this observation8 ,meerely to say they might be deceived is no sufficient answer1 for by this ,i might confute the positions of all ,astronomers1 and affirme the starres are hard by us1 because 'tis possible they may be deceived in their observing that distance4 ,but ,i forbeare any further reply2 my opinion is of that ,treatise1 that either it was set forth purposely to tempt a confutation1 that hee might see the opinion of ,galilus confirmed by others1 or else it was invented with as much haste and negligence as it was printed1 there being in it almost as many faults as lines4 ,others thinke that these are not any new ,comets1 but some ancient starres that were there before1 which now shine with that unusuall brightnesse1 by reason of the interposition of such vapors which doe multiply their light1 and so the alteration will be here onely1 and not in the heavens4 ,thus ,aristotle thought the appearance of the milkie way was produced1 for he held that there were many little starres1 which by their influence did constantly attract such a vapour towards that place of heaven1 so that it alwaies appeared white4 ,now by the same reason may a brighter vapor be the cause of these appearances4 ,but how probable soever this opinion may seeme1 yet if well considered1 you shall finde it to be altogether absurd and impossible3 for1 #a4 ,these starres were never seene there before1 and tis not likely that a vapour being hard by us can so multiply that light which could not before be at all discerned4 #b4 ,this supposed vapour cannot be either contracted into a narrow compasse or dilated into a broad3 #a4 it could not be within a little space1 for then that starre would not appeare with the same multiplied light to those in other climates3 #b4 it cannot be a dilated vapour1 for then other starres which were discerned through the same vapour would seeme as bigg as that2 this argument is the same in effect with that of the paralax1 as you may see in this ,figure4 ,illustration ,suppose ,a ,b to be a ,hemispheare of one earth1 ,c ,d to be the upper part of the highest region1 in which there might be either a contracted vapour1 as ,g1 or else a dilated one1 as ,h ,i4 ,suppose ,e ,f likewise to represent halfe the heavens1 wherein was this appearing ,comet at ,k4 ,now ,i say1 that a contracted vapour1 as ,g1 could not cause this appearance1 because an inhabitant at ,m could not discerne the same starre with this brightnesse1 but perhaps another at ,l1 betwixt which the vapour is directly interposed4 ,nor could it be caused by a dilated vapour1 as ,h ,i1 because then all the starres that were discerned through it would be perceived with the same brightnesse4 ,tis necessary therefore that the cause of this appearance should be in the heavens4 ,and this is granted by the most and best ,astronomers4 ,but1 say some1 this doth not argue any naturall alteration in those purer bodies1 since tis probable that the concourse of many little vagabond starres by the union of their beames may cause so great a light4 ,of this opinion were ,anaxagoras and ,zeno amongst the ancient1 and ,baptista ,cisatus1 ,blancanus1 with others amongst our moderne ,astronomers4 ,for1 say they1 when there happens to be a concourse of some few starres1 then doe many other flie unto them from all the parts of heaven like so many ,bees unto their ,king4 ,but #a4 tis not likely that amongst those which wee count the fixed starres there should be any such uncertaine motions1 that they can wander from all parts of the heavens1 as if ,nature had neglected them1 or forgot to appoint them a determinate course4 #b4 ,if there be such a conflux of these1 as of ,bees to their ,king1 then what reason is there that they doe not still tarry with it1 that so the ,comet may not be dissolved8 ,but enough of this4 ,you may commonly see it confuted by many other arguments4 ,others there are1 who affirme these to be some new created stars1 produced by an extraordinary supernaturall power4 ,i answer1 true indeed1 tis possible they might be so1 but however tis not likely they were so1 since such appearances may be salved some other way1 wherefore to fly unto a miracle for such things1 were a great injury to nature1 and to derogate from her skill1 an indignitie much mis-becomming a man who professes himselfe to be a ,philosopher1 ,miraculum 7saith one7 est ignoranti ,asylum1 a miracle often serves for the receptacle of a lazy ignorance which any industrious ,spirit would be ashamed of1 it being but an idle way to shift off the labour of any further search4 ,but here's the misery of it1 wee first tie our selves unto ,aristotles ,principles1 and then conclude1 that nothing could contradict them but a miracle1 whereas 'twould be much better for the ,common-wealth of learning1 if we would ground our ,principles rather upon the frequent experiences of our owne1 then the bare authority of others4 ,some there are1 who thinke that these ,comets are nothing else1 but exhalations from our earth1 carried up into the higher parts of the ,heaven4 ,so ,peno1 ,rothmannus ,galilus1#a but this is not possible1 since by computation 'tis found that one of them is above #cjj times bigger than the whole ,globe of ,land and ,water4 ,others therefore have thought that they did proceed from the body of the ,sun1 and that that ,planet onely is ,cometarum officina1 unde tanquam emissarii exploratores emitterentur1 brevi ad solem redituri3 ,the shop or forge of ,comets from whence they were sent1 like so many spies1 that they might in some short space returne againe1 but this cannot be1 since if so much matter had proceeded from him alone1 it would have made a sensible diminution in his body4 ,the ,noble ,tycho therefore thinkes that they consist of some such fluider parts of the ,heaven1 as the milkie way is framed of1 which being condenst together1 yet not attaining to the consistency of a ,starre1 is in some space of time rarified againe into its wonted nature4 ,but this is not likely1 for if there had beene so great a condensation as to make them shine so bright1 and last so long1 they would then sensibly have moved downewards towards some center of gravity1 because whatsoever is condenst must necessarily grow heavier1 whereas these rather seemed to ascend higher1 as they lasted longer4 ,but some may object1 that a thing may be of the same weight1 when it is rarified1 as it had while it was condenst3 so metalls1 when they are melted1 and when they are cold3 so water also when it is frozen1 and when it is fluid1 doth not differ in respect of gravity4 ,but to these ,i answer3 ,first1 ,metalls are not rarified by melting1 but molified4 ,secondly1 waters are not properly condensed1 but congealed into a harder substance1 the parts being not contracted closer together1 but still possessing the same extension4 ,sidenote #a3 ,tycho ,progym4 l4 #a4 cap4 #i4 ,and beside1 what likely cause can we conceive of this condensation1 unlesse there be such qualities there1 as there are in our ayre1 and then why may not the ,planets have the like qualities1 as our earth8 and if so1 then 'tis more probable that they are made by the ordinary way of nature1 as they are with us1 and consist of exhalations from the bodies of the ,planets4 ,nor is this a singular opinion2 but it seemed most likely to ,camillus ,gloriosus1 ,th4 ,campanella1 ,fromondus1#a with some others4 ,but if you aske whither all these exhalations shall returne1 ,i answer1 every one into his owne ,planet3 if it be againe objected1#b that then there will be so many centers of gravity1 and each severall ,planet will be a distinct world2 ,i reply1 perhaps all of them are so except the ,sunne1 though ,cusanus thinkes there is one also1 and later times have discovered some lesser ,planets moving round about him4 ,but as for ,saturne1 he hath two ,moones on each side4 ,jupiter hath foure1 that incircle his body with their motion4 ,venus is observed to increase and decrease as the ,moone4 ,mars1 and all the rest1 derive their light from the ,sunne onely4 ,concerning ,mercury1 there hath beene little or no observation1 because for the most part1 he lies hid under the ,sunne beames1 and seldome appeares by himselfe4 ,so that if you consider their quantity1 their opacity1 or these other discoveries1 you shall finde it probable enough1 that each of them may be a severall world4 ,but this would be too much for to vent at the first3 the chiefe thing at which ,i now ayme in this discourse1 is to prove that there may be one in the ,moone4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de ,comet4 l4 #e4 c4 #d4 ,apolog4 ,meteor4 l4 #c4 c4 #b4 ,art4 #f4 ,sidenote #b3 ,iohan4 ,fabr4 ,carolus ,malaptius de ,heliocyc4 ,scheiner4 ,rosa ,vrsina4 ,it hath beene before confirmed that there was a spheare of thicke vaporous aire encompasing the ,moone1 as the first and second regions doe this earth4 ,i have now shewed1 that thence such exhalations may proceede as doe produce the ,comets3 now from hence it may probably follow1 that there may be wind also and raine1 with such other ,meteors as are common amongst us4 ,this consequence is so dependant1 that ,fromondus#a dares not deny it1 though hee would 7as hee confesses himselfe7 for if the ,sunne be able to exhale from them such fumes as may cause ,comets1 why not then such as may cause winds1 and why not such also as cause raine1 since ,i have above shewed1 that there is ,sea and ,land as with us4 ,now raine seemes to be more especially requisite for them1 since it may allay the heate and scorchings of the ,sunne1 when he is over their heads4 ,and nature hath thus provided for those in ,peru1 with the other inhabitants under the line4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de meteor4 l4 #c4 c4 #b4 ,art4 #f4 ,but if there be such great1 and frequent alterations in the ,heavens1 why cannot wee discerne them8 ,i answer3 #a4 ,there may be such1 and we not able to perceive them1 because of the weaknesse of our eye1 and the distance of those places from us1 they are the words of ,fienus1 as they are quoted by ,fromondus in the above cited place1 ,possunt maxim permutationes in clo fieri1 etiamsi a nobis non conspiciantur1 hoc visus nostri debilitas immensa cli distantia faciunt4 ,and unto him assents ,fromondus himselfe1 when a little after hee saies1 ,si in sphris planetarum degeremus1 plurima forsan clestium nebularum vellere toto there passim dispersa videremus1 quorum species jam evanescit nimia spatii intercapedine4 8,if we did live in the spheares of the ,planets1 wee might there1 perhaps1 discerne many great clouds dispersed through the whole ,heavens1 which are not now visible by reason of this great distance40 #b4 ,mslin and ,keplar affirme1 that they have seene some of these alterations4 ,the words of ,mslin are these 7as ,i finde them cited47#a ,in eclipsi ,lunari vespere ,dominic ,palmarum ,anni #afje1 in corpore ,lun versus ,boream1 nigricans qudam macula conspecta fuit1 obscurior ctero toto corpore1 quod candentis ferri figuram reprsentabat2 dixisses nubila in multam regionem extensa pluviis tempestuosis imbribus gravida1 cujusmodi ab excelsorum montium jugis in humiliora convallium loca videre non rar contingit4 8,in that lunary eclipse which happened in the even of ,palme-sunday1 in the yeere #afje1 there was a certaine blackish spot discerned in the ,northerly part of the ,moone1 being darker than any other part of her body1 and representing the colour of red hot yron2 you might conjecture that it was some dilated cloud1 being pregnant with showers1 for thus doe such lower clouds appeare from the tops of high mountaines40 ,sidenote #a3 ,disser4 #b4 cum nunc4 ,galil4 ,unto this ,i may adde another testimony of ,bapt4 ,cisatus1 as he is quoted by ,nierembergius1#a grounded upon an observation taken #bc4 yeeres after this of ,mslin1 and writ to this ,euseb4 ,nieremberg4 in a letter by that diligent and judicious ,astronomer4 ,the words of it runne thus3 ,et quidem in eclipsi nupra solari qu fuit ipso die natali ,christi1 observavi clar in luna soli supposita1 quidpiam quod valde probat id ipsum quod ,comet quoque macul solares urgent1 nempe clum non esse tenuitate variationibus aeris exemptum1 nam circa ,lunam adverti esse sphram seu orbem quendam vaporosum1 non secus atque circum terram1 adeoque sicut ex terra in aliquam usque sphram vapores exhalationes expirant1 ita quoque ex luna4 8,in that late solary eclipse which happened on ,christmas day1 when the ,moone was just under the ,sunne1 ,i plainly discerned that in her which may clearely confirme what the ,comets and ,sunne spots doe seeme to prove1 viz4 that the heavens are not solid1 nor freed from those changes which our aire is liable unto1 for about the ,moone ,i perceived such an orbe of vaporous aire1 as that is which doth encompasse our earth1 and as vapours and exhalations1 are raised from our earth into this aire1 so are they also from the ,moone40 ,sidenote #a3 ,hist4 ,nat4 l4 #b4 c4 #aa4 ,you see what probable grounds and plaine testimonies have brought for the confirmation of this ,proposition3 many other things in this behalfe might be spoken1 which for brevity sake ,i now omit1 and passe unto the next4 ,proposition #ac4 ,that tis probable there may be inhabitants in this other ,world1 but of what kinde they are is uncertaine4 ,i have already handled the ,seasons and ,meteors belonging to this new ,world3 'tis requisite that in the next place ,i should come unto the third thing which ,i promised1 and to say somewhat of the inhabitants1 concerning whom there might be many difficult questions raised1 as whether that place be more inconvenient for habitation then our ,world 7as ,keplar thinkes7 whether they are the seed of ,adam1 whether they are there in a blessed estate1 or else what meanes there may be for their salvation1 with many other such uncertaine enquiries1 which ,i shall willingly omit1 leaving it to their examination1 who have more leisure and learning for the search of such particulars4 ,being for mine own part content only to set downe such notes belonging unto these which have observed in other ,writers4 ,cum tota illa regio nobis ignota sit1 remanent inhabitores illi ignoti penitus1 7saith ,cusanus7#a since we know not the regions of that place1 wee must be altogether ignorant of the inhabitants4 ,there hath not yet beene any such discovery concerning these1 upon which wee may build a certainty1 or good probability3 well may wee guesse at them1 and that too very doubtfully1 but we can know nothing1 for if we doe hardly guesse aright at things which be upon earth1 if with labour wee doe finde the things that are at hand1 #b;how then can wee search out those things that are in ,heaven8 ,what a little is that which wee know8 in respect of those many matters contained within this great ,universe1 this whole globe of earth and water8 though it seeme to us to be of a large extent1 yet it beares not so great a proportion unto the whole frame of ,nature1 as a small sand doth unto it2 and what can such little creatures as wee discerne1 who are tied to this point of earth8 or what can they in the ,moone know of us8 ,if wee understand any thing 7saith ,esdras#c7 'tis nothing but that which is upon the earth1 and hee that dwelleth above in the ,heavens1 may onely understand the things that are above in the heighth of the heavens4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de doct4 ign4 l4 #b4 c4 #ab4 ,sidenote #b3 ,wisd4 #i4 #af4 ,sidenote #c3 #b ,esd4 #d4 #bb4 ,so that 'twere a very needelesse thing for us1 to search after any particulars1 however1 wee may guesse in the generall1 that there are some inhabitans in that ,planet3 for why else did ,providence furnish that place with all such conveniences of habitation as have beene above declared8 ,but you will say1 perhaps1 is there not too great and intollerable a heate1 since the ,sunne is in their ,zinith every moneth1 and doth tarry their so long before hee leaves it8 ,i answer1 #a4 ,this may1 perhaps1 be remedied 7as it is under the line7 by the frequencie of mid-day showers1 which may cloud their ,sunne1 and coole their earth3 #b4 ,the equality of their nights doth much temper the scorching of the day1 and the extreme cold that comes from the one1 require some space before it can be dispelled by the other1 so that the heate spending a great while before it can have the victory1 hath not afterwards much time to rage in4 ,wherfore notwithstanding this1 yet that place may remaine habitable4 ,and this was the opinion of the ,cardinal de ,cusa1 when speaking of this ,planet1 he saies1#a ,hic locus ,mundi est habitatio hominum animalium atque vegetabilium4 8,this part of the world is inhabited by men and beasts1 and ,plantes40 ,to him assented ,campanella1 but hee cannot determine whether there were men1 or rather some other kinde of creatures4 ,if they were men1 then he thinkes they could not be infected with ,adams sinne2 yet1 perhaps1 they had some of their owne1 which might make them liable to the same misery with us1 out of which1 perhaps1 they were delivered by the same means as we1 the death of ,christ1 and thus he thinkes that place of the ,ephesians may be interpreted1 where the ,apostle saies1#b ,god gathered all things together in ,christ1 both which are in earth1 and which are in the heavens3 ,so also that of the same ,apostle to the ,colossians1 where hee saies1#c that it pleased the ,father to reconcile all things unto himselfe by ,christ1 whether they be things in earth1 or things in heaven4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de doct4 ign4 l4 #b4 c4 #ab4 ,sidenote #b3 ,eph4 #a4 #aj4 ,sidenote #c3 ,col4 #a4 #bj4 ,but ,i dare not jest with ,divine truthes1 or apply these places according as fancy directs4 ,as ,i thinke this opinion doth not any where contradict ,scripture1 so ,i thinke likewise1 that it cannot be proved from it1 wherefore ,campanella's second conjecture may be more probable1 that the inhabitants of that world1 are not men as wee are1 but some other kinde of creatures which beare some proportion and likenesse to our natures1 and ,cusanus too thinkes they differ from us in many respects2 ,i will set downe his words as they may bee found in the abovecited place1 ,suspicamus in regione solis magis esse solares1 claros illuminatos intellectuares habitatores1 spiritu aliores etiam quam in lun1 ubi magis lunatici1 in terra1 magis materiales1 grossi1 ut illi intellectualis natur solares sint multum in actu parum in potentia2 terreni vero magis in potentia1 parum in actu1 lunares in medio fluctuantes4 ,hoc quidem opinamur ex influentia ignili solis aquatica simul aeria lun1 gravedine materiali terr1 consimiliter de aliis stellarum regionibus suspicantes1 nullam habitatoribus carre1 quasi tot sint partes particulares mundiales omnius universi1 quot sunt stell quarum non est numerus1 nisi apud eum qui omnia in numero creavit4 8,wee may conjecture 7saith he7 the inhabiters of the ,sunne are like to the nature of that ,planet1 more cleare and bright1 more intellectuall and spirituall than those in the ,moone where they are neerer to the nature of that duller ,planet1 and those of the earth being more grosse and materiall than either1 so that these intellectuall natures in the ,sun1 are more forme than matter1 those in the earth more matter than forme1 and those in the ,moone betwixt both4 ,this wee may guesse from the fiery influence of the ,sunne1 the watery and aereous influence of the ,moone1 as also the matereall heavinesse of the earth4 ,in some such manner likewise is it with the regions of the other ,starres1 for wee conjecture that none of them are without inhabitants1 but that there are so many particular worlds and parts of this one universe1 as there are ,stars which are innumerable1 unlesse it bee to him who created all things in number40 ,for he held that the stars were not all in one equall ,orbe as we commonly suppose1 but that some were farre higher than others which made them appeare lesse and that many others were so farre above any of these1 that they were altogether invisible unto us4 ,an opinion 7which as ,i conceive7 hath not any great probability for it1 nor certainty against it4 ,the ,priest of ,saturne relating to ,plutarch 7as he faignes it7 the nature of the ,selenites1 told him they were of divers dispositions1 some desiring to live in the lower parts of the ,moone1 where they might looke downewards upon us1 while others were more surely mounted aloft1 all of them shining like the rayes of the ,sun1 and as being victorious are crowned with garlands made with the wings of ,eustathia or ,constancie4 ,it hath beene the opinion amongst some of the ,ancients1 that their ,heavens and ,elysian fields were in the ,moone where the aire is most quiet and pure4 ,thus ,socrates1 thus ,plato1#a with his followers1 did esteeme this to bee the place where those purer soules inhabit1 who are freed from the ,sepulchre1 and contagion of the body4 ,and by the ,fable of ,ceres1 continually wandring in search of her daughter ,proserpina1 is meant nothing else but the longing desire of men1 who live upon ,ceres earth1 to attaine a place in ,proserpina1 the ,moone or ,heaven4 ,sidenote #a3 ,nat4 ,com4 lib4 #c4 c4 #ai4 ,plutarch also seemes to assent unto this1 but hee thinkes moreover1 that there are two places of happinesse answerable to those two parts which hee fancies to remaine of a man when hee is dead1 the soule and the understanding2 the soule he thinkes is made of the ,moone1 and as our bodies doe so proceede from the dust of this earth1 that they shall returne to it hereafter1 so our soules were generated out of that ,planet1 and shall bee resolved into it againe1 whereas the understanding shall ascend unto the ,sunne1 out of which it was made where it shall possesse an eternity of well being1 and farre greater happinesse than that which is enjoyed in the ,moone4 ,so that when a man dies1 if his soule bee much polluted1 then must it wander up and downe in the middle regions of the aire where hell is1 and there suffer unspeakable torments for those sinnes whereof it is guilty4 ,whereas the soules of better men1 when they have in some space of time beene purged from that impurity which they did derive from the body1 then doe they returne into the ,moone1 where they are possest with such a joy1 as those men feele who professe holy misteries1 from which place 7saith he7 some are sent downe to have the superintendance of ,oracles1 being diligent either in the preservation of the good1 either from or in all perils1 and the prevention or punishment of all wicked actions1 but if in these imployments they mis-behave themselves1 then are they againe to be imprisoned in a body1 otherwise they remaine in the ,moone till their body be resolved into it1 the understanding being cleared from all impediments1 ascends to the ,sunne which is its proper place4 ,but this requires a diverse space of time according to the diverse affections of the soule4 ,as for those who have beene retired and honest1 addicting themselves to a studious and quiet life1 these are quickly preferred to a higher happinesse4 ,but as for such who have busied themselves in many broyles1 or have beene vehement in the prosecution of any lust1 as the ambitious1 the amorous1 the wrathfull man1 these still retaine the glimpses and dreames of such things as they have performed in their bodies1 which makes them either altogether unfit to remaine there where they are1 or else keepes them long ere they can put off their soules4 ,thus you see ,plutarchs opinion concerning the inhabitants and neighbours of the ,moone1 which 7according to the manner of the ,academickes7 hee delivers in a third person2 you see he makes that ,planet an inferiour kind of heaven1 and though hee differ in many circumstances1 yet doth hee describe it to be some such place1 as wee suppose ,paradise to be4 ,you see likewise his opinion concerning the place of damned spirits1 that it is in the middle region of the aire1 and in neither of these is hee singular1 but some more late and ,orthodox ,writers have agreed with him4 ,as for the place of hell1 many thinke it may be in the aire as well as any where else4 ,true indeed1 ,saint ,austin affirmes that this place cannot bee discovered2#a ,but others there are who can shew the situation of it out of ,scripture2 ,some holding it to bee in some other world without this1 because our ,saviour calls it 1 outward darkenesse4#b ,but the most will have it placed towards the ,center of our earth1 because 'tis said1#c ,christ descended into the lower parts of the earth1 and some of these are so confident1 that this is its situation1 that they can describe you its bignes also1 and of what capacity it is4 ,francis ,ribera in his ,comment on the ,revelations1 speaking of those words1 where 'tis said1#d that the blood went out of the ,wine-presse1 even unto the horses bridles by the space of one thousand and sixe hundred furlongs1 interprets them to bee meant of ,hell1 and that that number expresses the diameter of its concavity1 which is #bjj ,italian miles2 but ,lessius thinkes that this opinion gives them too much roome in hell1#e and therefore hee guesses that 'tis not so wide2 for 7saith hee7 the diameter of one league being cubically multiplied1 will make a spheare capable of #hjjjjj millions of damned bodies1 allowing to each sixe foote in the square1 whereas 7saies hee7 'tis certaine that there shall not be one hundred thousand millions in all that shall bee damned4 ,you see the bold ,iesuit was carefull that every one should have but roome enough in hell1 and by the strangenesse of the conjecture1 you may guesse that he had rather bee absurd1 than seeme either uncharitable or ignorant4 ,i remember there is a relation in ,pliny1 how that ,dionisiodorus a ,mathematician1 being dead1 did send a letter from his place to some of his friends upon earth1 to certifie them what distance there was betwixt the center and superficies3 hee might have done well to have prevented this controversie1 and enformed them the utmost capacity of that place4 ,however1 certaine it is1 that that number cannot bee knowne1 and probable it is1 that the place is not yet determined1 but that hell is there where there is any tormented soule1 which may bee in the regions of the aire as well as in the center2 but of this onely occasionally1 and by reason of ,plutarchs opinion concerning those that are round about the ,moone2 as for the ,moone it selfe1 hee esteemes it to bee a lower kinde of ,heaven1 and therefore in another place hee cals it a terrestriall starre1#f and an ,olympian or celestiall earth answerable1 as ,i conceive1 to the paradise of the ,schoolemen1 and that ,paradise was either in or neere the ,moone1 is the opinion of some later ,writers1 who derived it 7in all likelihood7 from the assertion of ,plato1 and perhaps1 this of ,plutarch4 ,tostatus#g laies this opinion upon ,isioder4 ,hispalensis1 and the venerable ,bede2 and ,pererius#h fathers it upon ,strabus and ,rabanus his ,master4 ,some would have it to bee situated in such a place as could not be discovered1 which causes the penman of ,esdras to make it a harder matter to know the outgoings of ,paradise1 then to weigh the weight of the fire1 or measure the blasts of wind1 or call againe a day that is past4#i ,but notwithstanding this1 there bee some others who thinke that it is on the top of some high mountaine under the line1 and these interpreted the torrid ,zone to be the flaming ,sword whereby ,paradise was guarded4 ',tis the consent of divers others1 who agree in this1 that ,paradise is situated in some high and eminent place4#aj ,so ,tostatus3 ,est etiam ,paradisus situ altissima1 supra omnem terr altitudinem1 8,paradise is situated in some high place above the earth03 and therefore in his ,cment upon the #di4 of ,genesis1 hee understands the blessing of ,iacob concerning the everlasting hills to bee meant of ,paradise1 and the blessing it selfe to bee nothing else but a promise of ,christs comming1 by whose passion the gates of ,paradise should bee opened4 ,unto him assented ,rupertus1 ,scotus1 and most of the other ,schoolemen1 as ,i find them cited by ,pererius1#aa and out of him in ,sr4 ,w4 ,rawleigh4 ,their reason was this3 because in probability this place was not overflowed by the flood1 since there were no sinners there which might draw that curse upon it4 ,nay ,tostatus thinkes that the body of ,enoch was kept there1 and some of the ,fathers1 as ,tertullian and ,austin have affirmed1 that the blessed soules were reserved in that place till the day of judgement1 and therefore 'tis likely that it was not overflowed by the flood2 and besides1 since all men should have went naked if ,adam had not fell1 'tis requisite therefore that it should be situated in some such place where it might bee priviledged from the extremities of heat and cold4 ,but now this could not bee 7they thought7 so conveniently in any lower1 as it might in some higher aire4 ,for these and such like considerations have so many affirmed that ,paradise was in a high elevated place1 which some have conceived could bee no where but in the ,moone3 ,for it could not be in the top of any mountaine1 nor can we thinke of any other body separated from this earth which can bee a more convenient place for habitation than this ,planet1 therefore they concluded that it was there4 ,sidenote #a3 ,de civit4 ,dei4 lib4 #bb4 ca4 #af4 ,sidenote #b3 ,mat4 #be4 #cj ,sidenote #c3 ,eph4 #d4 #i4 ,sidenote #d3 ,rev4 #ad4 #bj4 ,sidenote #e3 ,de ,morib4 div4 l4 #ac4 c4 #bd4 ,sidenote #f3 ,cur silent oracula4 ,sidenote #g3 ,s4 ,w4 ,raw4 lib4 #a4 cap4 #c4 #g4 ,sidenote #h3 in ,gen4 ,sidenote #i3 #b ,esd4 #d4 #g4 ,sidenote #aj3 ,in ,genes4 ,sidenote #aa3 ,comment4 in #b4 ,gen4 v4 #h4 lib #a4 cap4 #c4 #f #g4 ,it could not bee on the top of any mountaine4 #a4 ,because wee have expresse ,scripture1 that the highest of them was overflowed4#a ,sidenote #a3 ,gen4 #g4 #ai4 #b4 ,because it must bee of a greater extension1 and not some small patch of ground1 since 'tis likely all men should have lived there1 if ,adam had not fell4 ,but for a satisfaction of these arguments1 together with a farther discourse of ,paradise1 ,i shall referre you to those who have written purposely upon this subject4 ,being content for my owne part to have spoken so much of it1 as may conduce to shew the opinion of others concerning the inhabitants of the ,moone1 ,i dare not my selfe affirme any thing of these ,selenites1 because ,i know not any ground whereon to build any probable opinion4 ,but ,i thinke that future ages will discover more2 and our posterity1 perhaps1 may invent some meanes for our better acquaintance with these inhabitants4 ',tis the method of providence not presently to shew us all1 but to lead us along from the knowledge of one thing to another4 ',twas a great while ere the ,planets were distinguished from the fixed ,stars1 and sometime after that ere the morning and evening starre were found to bee the same1 and in greater space ,i doubt not but this also1 and farre greater mysteries will bee discovered4 ,in the first ages of the world the ,islanders either thought themselves to be the onely dwellers upon the earth1 or else if there were any other1 yet they could not possibly conceive how they might have any commerce with them1 being severed by the deepe and broad ,sea1 but the after-times found out the invention of ships1 in which notwithstanding none but some bold daring men durst venture1 there being few so resolute as to commit themselves unto the vaste ,ocean1 and yet now how easie a thing is this1 even to a timorous cowardly nature8 ,so1 perhaps1 there may be some other meanes invented for a conveyance to the ,moone1 and though it may seeme a terrible and impossible thing ever to passe through the vaste spaces of the aire1 yet no question there would bee some men who durst venture this as well as the other4 ,true indeed1 ,i cannot conceive any possible meanes for the like discovery of this conjecture1 since there can bee no sailing to the ,moone1 unlesse that were true which the ,poets doe but feigne1 that shee made her bed in the ,sea4 ,we have not now any ,drake or ,columbus to undertake this voyage1 or any ,ddalus to invent a conveyance through the aire4 ,however1 ,i doubt not but that time who is still the father of new truths1 and hath revealed unto us many things which our ,ancestours were ignorant of1 will also manifest to our posterity1 that which wee now desire1 but cannot know4 ,veniet tempus 7saith ,seneca#a7 quo ista qu nunc latent1 in lucem1 dies extrahet1 longioris vi diligentia4 ,time will come when the indeavours of after-ages shall bring such things to light1 as now lie hid in obscurity4 ,arts are not yet come to their ,solstice1 but the industry of future times assisted with the labours of their forefathers1 may reach unto that height which wee could not attaine to4 ,ueniet tempus quo posteri nostri nos tam aperta nescisse mirentur4 ,as wee now wonder at the blindnesse of our ,ancestors1 who were not able to discerne such things as seeme plaine and obvious unto us4 ,so will our posterity admire our ignorance in as perspicuous matters4 ,keplar doubts not1 but that as soone as the art of flying is found out1 some of their ,nation will make one of the first colonies that shall inhabite that other world4 ,but ,i leave this and the like conjectures to the fancie of the reader2 ,desiring now to finish this ,discourse1 wherein ,i have in some measure proved what at the first ,i promised1 a world in the ,moone4 ,however1 ,i am not so resolute in this1 that ,i thinke tis necessary there must be one1 but my opinion is that 'tis possible there may be1 and tis probable there is another habitable world in that ,planet4 ,and this was that ,i undertooke to prove4 ,in the pursuit whereof1 if ,i have shewed much weaknesse or indiscretion2 ,i shall willingly submit my selfe to the reason and censure of the more judicious4 ,sidenote #a3 ,nat4 ,qust4 l4 #g4 c4 #be4 ,decoration ,the ,propositions that are proved in this ,discourse4 ,proposition #a4 ,that the strangenesse of this opinion is no sufficient reason why it should be rejected1 because other certaine truths have beene formerly esteemed ridiculous1 and great absurdities entertayned by common consent4 ,by way of ,preface4 ,prop4 #b4 ,that a plurality of worlds doth not contradict any principle of reason or faith4 ,prop4 #c4 ,that the heavens doe not consist of any such pure matter which can priviledge them from the like change and corruption1 as these inferiour bodies are liable unto4 ,prop4 #d4 ,that the ,moone is a solid1 compacted opacous body4 ,prop4 #e4 ,that the ,moone hath not any light of her owne4 ,prop4 #f4 ,that there is a world in the ,moone1 hath beene the direct opinion of many ancient1 with some moderne ,mathematicians1 and may probably be deduced from the tenents of others4 ,prop4 #g4 ,that those spots and brighter parts which by our sight may be distinguished in the ,moone1 doe shew the difference betwixt the ,sea and ,land in that other world4 ,prop4 #h4 ,that the spots represent the ,sea1 and the brighter parts the ,land4 ,prop4 #i4 ,that there are high ,mountaines1 deepe vallies1 and spacious plaines in the body of the ,moone4 ,prop4 #aj4 ,that there is an ,atmo-sphra1 or an orbe of grosse vaporous aire1 immediately encompassing the body of the ,moone4 ,prop4 #aa4 ,that as their world is our ,moone1 so our world is their ,moone4 ,prop4 #ab4 ,that tis probable there may bee such ,meteors belonging to that world in the ,moone1 as there are with us4 ,prop4 #ac4 ,that tis probable there may be inhabitants in this other ,world1 but of what kinde they are is uncertaine4 ,,finis4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,additional ,notes and ,errata ,works and ,authors ,cited in ,sidenotes3 ,this is not intended to be a comprehensive list4 ,a few sources could not be identified2 others are so well-known1 they did not need to be marked4 ,the following spellings and name forms are used consistently3 ,austin ,augustine ,blancanus the ,jesuit7e7 ,josephus ,blancanus1 ,giuseppe ,biancani ,caelius ,lodovicus ,caelius ,rhodiginus ,tycho ,tycho ,brahe ,nicholas ,hill 8a country man of ours04 ,hill the early atomist1 not ,hill 7,montanus1 van de ,bergh7 the printer4 ,keplar ,kepler 7,johannes7 ,julius ,caesar ,csar la ,galla1 ,giulio ,cesare ,la ,galla1 ,lagalla ,mslin ,maestlin 7,michael7 ,rawleigh1 ,rawly ,raleigh 7,sir ,walter7 ,verulam ,francis ,bacon 7#ast ,baron ,verulam7 ,note also 8sydera0 for 8sidera04 ,albertus ,magnus3 ,de quattuor coaequaevis ----3 ,de caelo et mundo ,aristotle3 ,de ,caelo ,bede3 ,de ratione temporum ,christopher ,besoldus3 ,de ,natura ,populorum ejusque variatione1 et de ,linguarum ortu atque immutatione 7#afcb7 ,josephus ,blancanus 7,giuseppe ,biancani73 ,sphaera mundi 7,full ,title3 ,sphaera ,mundi seu ,cosmographia4 ,demonstrativa1 ac facili ,methodo tradita3 ,in qua totius ,mundi fabrica1 una cum novis1 ,tychonis1 ,kepleri1 ,galilaei1 aliorumque2 ,astronomorum adinventis continetur7 ----3 ,aristotelis loca mathematica ex universes ipsius operibus collecta et explicata ,tycho 7,brahe73 ,astronomiae instauratae progymnasmata ,th4 7,tommaso7 ,campanella3 ,apologia pro ,galileo 7#afbb7 ,collegium ,conimbricenses 7,jesuits of ,coimbra ,university73 ,commentarii ,collegii ,conimbricensis ,societatis ,jesu in quattuor libros physicorum ,aristotelis de ,coelo 7#aeib7 ,cardinal de ,cusa1 ,cusanus 7,nicholas of ,cusa_/,kues1 ,nicolaus ,cryffts73 ,de ,docta ,ignorantia ,johannes ,fabricius3 ,de ,maculis in ,sole ,observatis1 et ,apparente earum cum ,sole ,conversione ,narratio 7#afaa7 ,text not identified by name4 ,libertus ,fromondus 7,libert ,froidmont73 ,meteorologicorum libri sex 7#afbg7 ,galileo3 ,nuncius ,sidereus ,camillus ,gloriosus 7,giovanni ,camillo ,glorioso73 ,de ,cometis dissertatio astronomico-physica 7#afbd7 ,isidore3 ,originum ,johannes ,kepler3 ,dissertatio cum ,nuncio ,sidereo ,the name 8,galileo0 7or 8,galilei07 is sometimes included in the title1 as 8,diss4 cum ,nunc4 ,syd4 ,galil40 ----3 ,epitome astronomiae ,copernicanae ----3 ,astronomiae ,pars ,optica ,julius ,caesar 7,giulio ,cesare ,la ,galla73 ,de ,phenomenis in ,orbe ,lunae 7#afab7 ,leonard ,lessius3 ,de perfectionibus moribusque divinis 7#afbj7 ,this work is often cited as 8,de ,moribus02 other early mentions are found in ,tristram ,shandy and ,the ,anatomy of ,melancholy4 ,mslin 7,michael ,maestlin73 ,epitome ,astronomiae 7#afaj7 ,carolus ,malapertus1 ,malapertius 7,charles ,malapert73 ,austriaca sidera heliocyclia astronomicis hypothesibus illigata 7#afcc7 ,jacobus ,mazonius 7,jacopo ,mazzoni73 ,in universam ,platonis et ,aristotelis philosophiam praeludia sive de ,comparatione ,platonis et ,aristotelis ,johannes ,eusebius 7,juan ,eusebio7 ,nieremberg3 ,historia ,naturae 7#afce7 ,augustinus ,nifus 7,niphus1 ,agostino ,nifo7 ,quoted text not identified by name4 ,benedictus ,pererius 7,benito ,pereira73 ,commentariorum et disputationum in ,genesim tomi quattuor 7#aeia-ii7 ,plutarch3 ,de facie in orbe lunae ----3 ,de tranquillitate animi ,erasmus ,reinhold3 ,commentary 7#aedb1 #aeec7 on ,georg ,purbach's ,theoricae novae planetarum ,caelius ,lodovicus ,caelius ,rhodiginus 7,lodovico _/ ,luigi ,ricchieri73 ,lectionum antiquarum libri triginta ,ruvio 7,antonio ,rubio73 ,commentary on ,aristotle's ,de ,caelo 7,julius ,caesar7 ,scaliger3 ,exotericae exercitationes ad ,hieronymum ,cardanum ,christoph ,scheiner3 ,rosa ,ursina sive ,sol ex ,admirando ,facularum ,macularum suarum ,phoenomeno varius ,tostatus 7,alonso ,tostado73 ,in ,genesis 99 99 99 99 99 ,errors and ,anomalies3 ,all but one occurrence of -que is written with a ligature4 ,they have been expanded for this e-text4 though they have for a long time lien neglected so in original3 8lain08 text reads 2 last vowel in unclear both ,st4 ,uincentiusand ,senafinus 8,senafinus0 could not be identified1 but cannot be ,serafinus ,aristotle was the viol of ,gods wrath spelling 8viol0 as in original the world is much beholden to ,aristotle for all its sciences text reads 8it sciences0 if there be more worlds than one text reads 8more words0 ,sidenote ,ecclus4 #dc4 #c4 #d4 so in original3 8,eccles408 ,sidenote to 8,ptolome0 ,io ,apost4 reading unclear1 text not identified3 8,io408 ,sidenote to 8,rosa ,vrsina0 lib4 #d4 p4 #b4 cy4 #bd1 #ce4 unclear3 8ty40 or error for 8cp408 ,hebronia l4 #b4 c4 #d4 text unclear3 8,hebraeoma08 and more especially ,malapertius text reads 8,mulapertius0 but never confuted by any solid reason text reads 8coufuted0 ,sidenote 444 dissertatio _/ cum ,nic4 ,hill4 444 so in original3 error for 8dissertatio cum ,nuncius ,sidereus0 7by ,kepler78 vius qui ad experimenta hc contradicendi animo accesserant so in original it might probably be deduced text reads 8de deduced0 so ,ioach4 ,rlelicus so in original3 8,rheticus08 ,others think#a that there be some bodies text reads 8that there some bodies0 ,sidenote ,so ,bede in d4 de ,mund4 constit4 single letter illegible3 could be 8fi0 or 80 ,sidenote ,eusebius ,nioremb4 ,hist4 ,nat4 so in original3 8,nieremberg0 sententiam exsuscitare velit text reads 8excuscitare0 that earth in the writings of ,capernicus and his followers spelling as in original ,sidenote ,lect4 ant4 l4 #a4 c4 #ae4 text reads 8,lect4 aut l4 #a0 ,nay this opposes his owne eye-witnesse text reads 8owne-eye-witnesse0 that in the ,moone there should be any mountaines text reads 8thete0 ,olympus1 ,atlas1 ,taurus and ,enius text unclear2 may be 8,emus03 for ,mt4 ,aenus8 the #dgth proposition in the first booke of elements4 ,therefore the whole line ,a ,g is somewhat more than #ajd 8the #dgth proposition0 is better known as the ,pythagorean theorem4 8#ajd0 is presumably an error for 8#ajjd02 the correct figure is almost #ajje ,sidenote ,plat4 de fac4 so in original3 8,plutarch08 ,sidenote ,prfat4 ad ,austrica syd4 so in original3 8,austriaca0 ,sidenote to ,clius ,progym4 #a4 ,sidenote to ,tycho l4 #bj4 c4 #e4 notes may be reversed3 ,tycho ,brahe wrote a 8,progymnasmata0 because of the exuperancy of the light in the other parts so in original3 8exsuperancy0 because they are farre neerer it than wee text unclear a more chokie soyle like the ,ile of ,creete spelling as in original3 8chalky0 in his time tooke especiall notice text reads 8looke0 but catchword has 8tooke0 such appearances may be salved some other way so in original ,sidenote ,carolus ,malaptius de ,heliocyc4 so in original3 ,malapert7i7us #b4 ,mslin and ,keplar affirme1 that they have seene some of these alterations4 ,the words of ,mslin are these 7as ,i finde them cited47 ,sidenote ,disser4 #b4 cum nunc4 ,galil4 sidenote is attached to ,mslin quote1 but work named is by ,kepler there are some inhabitants in that ,planet text reads 8inhabitans0 ,the equality of their nights doth much temper the scorching of the day1 and the extreme cold that comes from the one1 require some space wording as in original ,this part of the world is inhabited by men and beasts1 and ,plantes4 text reads 8,planets0 intellectuares habitatores so in original3 8intellectuales08 ex influentia ignili solis adjective 8ignilis0 may have been invented by author cited but ,lessius thinkes that this opinion gives them too much roome text reads 8opi_/on0 at line break hee cals it a terrestriall starre text reads 8terrestraill0 ,pererius fathers it upon ,strabus and ,rabanus text reads 8fathers is0 ,punctuation3 the ,cities and ,mountaines hanging40 ,what shall wee thinke marginal quotes continue through line beginning 8shall wee0 a propension in its subject text reads 8'its0 with leading apostrophe ,but the position 7say some7 is directly against ,scripture opening parenthesis missing ,scripturequ clum pluribus realibus atque 8atque0 written out 7all other -que occurrences use ligature7 more directly proved by ,mslin1 ,keplar1 and ,galilus no comma after 8,mslin0 it seemed most _/ likely to ,camillus ,gloriosus1 ,th4 ,campanella text has period 7full stop7 for comma too much for to vent at the first3 the chiefe thing text reads 8at the first4 the0 the words of ,fienus1 as they are quoted by ,fromondus in the above cited place1 ,possunt maxim 444 text has 8444 cited place7 ,possunt 4440 could also be3 the words of ,fienus 7as they are quoted by ,fromondus in the above cited place7 ,possunt maxim vespere ,dominic ,palmarum ,anni #afje1 in corpore ,lun text reads 8,anni #afje4 in corpore0 ,and this was the opinion of the ,cardinal de ,cusa text reads 8de cusa0 but to lead us along from the knowledge of one thing to another 8a_/long0 printed at line break without hyphen ,printer's ,errors3 ,invisible letters or punctuation marks1 supplied from context1 are shown in braces4 #b4 ,grosse absurdities have beene entertained ,sidenote ,plutarch4 de tranq4 anim4 ,sidenote ,lib4 #i4 ,architectur4 ,sidenote ,reinhold comment4 in ,purb4 ,theor4 pag4 #afd4 ,sidenote ,in lib4 de natur4 rerum4 ,sidenote ,de #dr4 ,covis4444 ,exercit4 #fb4 ,sidenote ,plut4 de plac4 phil4 l4 #b4 c4 #ac4 ,sidenote ,ex qua parte luna est transpicua non totum secundum superficiem1 ,sidenote ,albert4 mag4 de covis4 ,q4 #d4 ,art4 #ba4 ,sidenote ,scalig4 exercit4 #fb4 some others have thought it to be very much like a ,fox ,mihi autem dubium fuit numquam 444 sese in conspectum daturam ,but it may be againe objected yet would the motion of its centre by an attractive vertue still hold it within its convenient distance1 so that whether their earth moved 8within03 8i0 missing1 8t0 invisible ,you may see this truth assented unto by ,blancanus the ,jesuit and if you object that the light which is conveyed for he confesses himselfe that he saw this by the glasse4 our earth appeares as bright 99 99 99 99 99 ,pagination3 ,pages #agg-aib 7printed as #age-aij7 are all one error3 ,the eight pages printed on one side of the sheet forming signature ,n were misnumbered by -#b4 #aah1 #abj read #ah1 #bj #abc reads #aac #aff reads #ff #agg1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aib read #age1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #aij #bji reads #ajg #baj1 #baa read #bjh1 #bji #bab1 #bac1 #bad no printed number #bae reads #fc