,,d>w9 ,,& ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,,essays ,,9 ,,commemoration ,,( ,,! ,,c5t5>y ,,( ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,*>les ,,d>w9 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,fiftie? ,,anniv]s>y ,,( ,,! ,,publication ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species ,by ,a4,c4 ,sew>d ,my success z a man ( sci5ce1 :atev] ?is may h am\nt$ to1 has be5 det]m9$1 z f> z ,i c judge1 by complex & div]sifi$ m5tal qualities & conditions4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ important h be5--! love ( sci5ce--unb\nd$ pati5ce 9 long reflect+ ov] any subject--indu/ry 9 obs]v+ & collect+ facts--& a fair %>e ( inv5tion z well z ( common s5se4 ,) su* mod]ate abilities z ,i possess1 x is truly surpris+ t ,i %\ld h influ5c$ to a consid]able ext5t ! belief ( sci5tific m5 on "s important po9ts4 ,autobiography 7#ahha72 ,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,vol4 #a4 page #ajg4 ,,preface ,at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1 ! ,syndics ( ! ,univ]sity ,press decid$ 9 ,m>*1 #aijh1 to arrange = ! publication ( a s]ies ( ,essays 9 commemoration ( ! ,c5t5>y ( ! bir? ( ,*>les ,d>w9 & ( ! ,fiftie? anniv]s>y ( ! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,! prelim9>y arrangem5ts 7 made by a committee consi/+ ( ! foll[+ repres5tatives ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,philosophical ,society & ( ! ,press ,syndicate3 ,dr ,h4,k4 ,&]son1 ,pr(4 ,bateson1 ,mr ,francis ,d>w91 ,dr ,hobson1 ,dr ,m>r1 ,pr(4 ,s$gwick1 ,mr ,david ,%>p1 ,mr ,%ipley1 ,pr(4 ,sorley1 ,pr(4 ,sew>d4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! prep>ation ( ! volume1 ! orig9al s*eme & li/ ( au?ors h be5 modifi$3 a few ( ^? invit$ to contribute essays 71 = v>i\s reasons1 unable to d s1 & "s alt]ations h be5 made 9 ! titles ( articles4 ,= ! selection ( au?ors & = ! *oice ( subjects1 ! committee are ma9ly responsible1 b = su* %>e ( ! "w 9 ! prep>ation ( ! volume z usually falls to ! lot ( an editor ,i accept full responsibility4 ,au?ors 7 ask$ to address !mselves prim>ily to ! educat$ layman r ?an to ! exp]t4 ,x 0 hop$ t ! publication ( ! essays w\ld s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( illu/rat+ ! f>-rea*+ influ5ce ( ,d>w9's "w on ! progress ( k & ! pres5t attitude ( orig9al inve/igators & ?9k]s t[>ds ! views embodi$ 9 ,d>w9's works4 ,9 reg>d to ! int]pretation ( a passage 9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species quot$ by ,hugo de ,vries1 x seem$ advisable to add an editorial footnote2 b1 ) ?is exception1 ,i h n felt x necess>y to record any op9ion on views /at$ 9 ! essays4 ,9 read+ ! essays 9 pro( ,i h avail$ myself freely ( ! will+ assi/ance ( sev]al ,cambridge fri5ds1 among :om ,i wi% m especially to ?ank ,mr ,francis ,d>w9 = ! active int]e/ he has tak5 9 ! prep>ation ( ! volume4 ,mrs ,j4,a4 ,?omson k9dly und]took ! translation ( ! essays by ,pr(4 ,weismann & ,pr(4 ,s*walbe2 ,mrs ,james ,w>d 0 good en\gh to assi/ me by translat+ ,pr(4 ,b\gle's article on ,sociology1 & to ,mr ,mc,cabe ,i am indebt$ = ! translation ( ! essay by ,pr(4 ,haeckel4 ,= ! translation ( ! botanical articles by ,pr(4 ,goebel1 ,pr(4 ,klebs & ,pr(4 ,/rasburg]1 ,i am responsible2 9 ! revision ( ! translation ( ,pr(4 ,/rasburg]'s essay ,madame ,err]a ( ,brussels r5d]$ valuable help4 ,mr ,wright1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,press ,syndicate1 & ,mr ,wall]1 ! ,assi/ant ,secret>y1 h cordially coop]at$ ) me 9 my editorial "w2 nor c ,i omit to ?ank ! read]s ( ! ,univ]sity ,press = keep+ wat*ful eyes on my %ortcom+s 9 ! correction ( pro(s4 ,! two portraits ( ,d>w9 are reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,messrs ,maull & ,fox & ,messrs ,elliott & ,fry4 ,! photogravure ( ! /udy at ,d[n is reproduc$ f an et*+ by ,mr ,axel ,haig1 l5t by ,mr ,francis ,d>w92 ! col\r$ plate illu/rat+ ,pr(4 ,weismann's essay 0 orig9ally publi%$ by him 9 8 ,vortrage ub] ,desc5d5z!orie :i* aft]w>ds appe>$ 7#aijd7 9 ,engli% "u ! title ,! ,evolution ,!ory4 ,copies ( ?is plate 7 suppli$ by ,messrs ,fis*] ( ,j5a4 ,! ,syndics ( ! ,univ]sity ,press h agre$1 9 ! ev5t ( ?is volume be+ a f9ancial success1 to h& ov] ! pr(its to a ,univ]sity fund = ! end[m5t ( biological rese>*4 ,x is cle>ly impossible to express adequately 9 a s+le volume ( ,essays ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9's contributions to k on ! subsequ5t progress ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,z ,huxley said 9 #ahhe3 ,:atev] be ! ultimate v]dict ( po/]ity ^u ?is or t op9ion :i* ,mr ,d>w9 has prop\nd$2 :atev] adumbrations or anticipations ( 8 doctr9es may be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( 8 pr$ecessors2 ! broad fact rema9s t1 s9ce ! publication & by reason ( ! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species ! fundam5tal conceptions & ! aims ( ! /ud5ts ( liv+ ,nature h be5 completely *ang$444 ,b ! impulse ?us giv5 to sci5tific ?\ght rapidly spread beyond ! ord9>ily recognis$ limits ( ,biology4 ,psy*ology1 ,e?ics1 ,cosmology 7 /irr$ to _! f\ndations1 & ',! ,orig9 ( ,species' prov$ itself to be ! fix$ po9t :i* ! g5]al doctr9e ne$$ 9 ord] to move ! _w4 ,9 ! contributions to ?is ,memorial ,volume1 "s ( ! au?ors h m especially conc]n$ !mselves ) ! results a*iev$ by ,d>w9's own "w1 :ile o!rs pass 9 review ! progress ( rese>* on l9es :i*1 ?\gh unkn[n or b little foll[$ 9 8 day1 are ! direct outcome ( 8 "w4 ,! div]g5ce ( views among biologi/s 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( species & z to ! mo/ promis+ directions 9 :i* to seek = tru? is illu/rat$ by ! diff]5t op9ions ( contributors4 ,:e!r ,d>w9's views on ! modus op]&i ( evolution>y =ces receive fur!r confirmation 9 ! future1 or :e!r !y are mat]ially modifi$1 9 no way affects ! tru? ( ! /atem5t t1 by employ+ 8 life 9 add+ a little to ,natural ,sci5ce1 he revolutionis$ ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,d>w9 wrote 9 #ahgb to ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace3 ,h[ gr& is ! onw>d ru% ( sci5ce3 x is en\gh to console u = ! _m errors :i* we h committ$1 & = our ef=ts be+ ov]laid & =gott5 9 ! mass ( new facts & new views :i* are daily turn+ up4 ,9 ! onw>d ru%1 x is easy = /ud5ts conv9c$ ( ! correctness ( _! own views & equally conv9c$ ( ! falsity ( ^? ( _! fell[-work]s to =get ! lessons ( ,d>w9's life4 ,9 8 autobiographical sket*1 he tells u1 ,i h /eadily endeav\r$ to keep my m9d free s z to give up any hypo!sis1 h[ev] mu* belov$444z soon z facts are %[n to be oppos$ to x4 ,writ+ to ,mr ,j4 ,scott1 he says1 ,x is a gold5 rule1 :i* ,i try to foll[1 to put e fact :i* is oppos$ to "o's preconceiv$ op9ion 9 ! /ronge/ light4 ,absolute accuracy is ! h>de/ m]it to atta91 & ! highe/ m]it4 ,any deviation is ru94 ,he act$ /rictly 9 accordance ) 8 det]m9ation express$ 9 a lett] to ,lyell 9 #ahdd1 ,i %all keep out ( controv]sy1 & j give my own facts4 ,z 0 said ( ano!r son ( ,cambridge1 ,sir ,george ,/okes1 ,he w\ld no m h ?\ght ( disput+ ab\t priority1 or ! au?or%ip ( an idea1 ?an ( writ+ a report = a company promot]4 ,d>w9's life af=ds a /rik+ confirmation ( ! tru? ( ,hazlitt's aphorism1 ,:]e ! pursuit ( tru? has be5 ! habitual /udy ( any man's life1 ! love ( tru? w be 8 rul+ passion4 ,great z 0 ! intellect ( ,d>w91 8 "*1 z ,huxley wrote1 0 ev5 nobl] ?an 8 intellect4 ,a4,c4 ,,sew>d4 ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge1 ,m>* #bj1 #aiji4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,introductory ,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,editor f ,,sir ,,joseph ,,dalton ,,hook]1 ,o4,m4 ,,ii4 ,,d>w9',s ,,pr$ecessors3 ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?omson1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,selection ,,!ory3 ,,augu/ ,,weismann1 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,freiburg 7,bad574 ,,iv4 ,,v>iation3 ,,hugo ,,de ,,vries1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,am/]dam4 ,v4 ,,h]$ity ,,& ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,lights3 ,w4 ,,bateson1 ,pr(essor ( ,biology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,m9ute ,,/ructure ,,( ,,cells ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,h]$ity3 ,,edu>d ,,/rasburg]1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,desc5t ,,( ,,man3 ,g4 ,,s*walbe1 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/rassburg4 ,,viii4 ,,*>les ,,d>w9 ,,z ,,an ,,an?ropologi/3 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel1 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,,ix4 ,,"s ,,primitive ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man3 ,j4,g4 ,,fraz]1 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,x4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,d>w9 ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,animal ,,embryology3 ,a4 ,,s$gwick1 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology & ,comp>ative ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,palaeontological ,,record4 ,i4 ,,animals3 ,w4,b4 ,,scott1 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,pr9ceton4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,palaeontological ,,record4 ,,ii4 ,,plants3 ,d4,h4 ,,scott1 ,presid5t ( ! ,l9nean ,society ( ,london4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,environm5t ,,on ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,plants3 ,,georg ,,klebs1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,,xiv4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,environm5t ,,on ,,animals3 ,,jacques ,,loeb1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,,xv4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,col\r ,,9 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,life3 ,e4,b4 ,,p\lton1 ,hope ,pr(essor ( ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,,xvi4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,plants3 ,,sir ,,william ,,?iselton-,,dy]4 ,,xvii4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,animals3 ,,hans ,,gad[1 ,/rickl& ,curator & ,lectur] on ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,xviii4 ,,d>w9 ,,& ,,geology3 ,j4,w4 ,,judd4 ,,xix4 ,,d>w9',s ,,"w ,,on ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,plants3 ,,francis ,,d>w94 ,,xx4 ,,! ,,biology ,,( ,,fl[]s3 ,k4 ,,goebel1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,muni*4 ,,xxi4 ,,m5tal ,,factors ,,9 ,,evolution3 ,c4 ,,lloyd ,,morgan1 ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,bri/ol4 ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,evolution ,,on ,,mod]n ,,philosophy3 ,h4 ,,h(fd+1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,,xxiii4 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,sociology3 ,c4 ,,b\gle1 ,pr(essor ( ,social ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,t\l\se1 & ,deputy-,pr(essor at ! ,sorbonne1 ,p>is4 ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,d>w9 ,,^u ,,religi\s ,,?\ght3 ,,rev4 ,p4,n4 ,,waggett4 ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,d>w9ism ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,religions3 ,,jane ,,ell5 ,,h>rison1 ,/aff-,lectur] & sometime ,fell[ ( ,newnham ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,xxvi4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,language3 ,p4 ,,giles1 ,read] 9 ,comp>ative ,philology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,xxvii4 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,hi/ory3 ,j4,b4 ,,bury1 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,d\ble ,,/>s3 ,,sir ,,george ,,d>w91 ,plumian ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy & ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,matt]3 ,w4,c4,d4 ,,:e?am1 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,,index4 ,,dates ,,( ,,! ,,publication ,( ,,*>les ,,d>w9',s ,,books ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,ev5ts ,,9 ,,8 ,,life #ahji3 ,*>les ,d>w9 born at ,%rewsbury1 ,febru>y #ab4 #ahag3 ,at #h #a_/b ye>s old ,i w5t to ,mr ,case's s*ool4 7,a day-s*ool at ,%rewsbury kept by ! ,rev ,g4 ,case1 ,m9i/] ( ! ,unit>ian ,*apel47 #ahah3 ,i 0 at s*ool at ,%rewsbury "u a great s*ol>1 ,dr ,butl]2 ,i le>nt absolutely no?+1 except by amus+ myself by read+ & exp]im5t+ 9 ,*emi/ry4 #ahbe3 ,z ,i 0 do+ no good at s*ool1 my fa!r wisely took me away at a r e>li] age ?an usual1 & s5t me 7,oct4 #ahbe7 to ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ) my bro!r1 :]e ,i /ay$ = two ye>s4 #ahbh3 ,began resid5ce at ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,i w5t to ,cambridge e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahbh1 & soon became acqua9t$ ) ,pr(essor ,h5sl[444,no?+ c\ld be m simple1 cordial & unpret5d+ ?an ! enc\ragem5t :i* he af=d$ to all "y naturali/s4 ,dur+ ! ?ree ye>s :i* ,i sp5t at ,cambridge my "t 0 wa/$1 z f> z ! academical /udies 7 conc]n$1 z completely z at ,ed9burgh & at s*ool4 ,9 ord] to pass ! ,b4,a4 ,exam9ation1 x 0444necess>y to get up ,paley's ',evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1' & 8 ',moral ,philosophy'444 ,! c>eful /udy ( ^! works1 )\t attempt+ to le>n any "p by rote1 0 ! only "p ( ! academical c\rse :i*4440 ( ! lea/ use to me 9 ! education ( my m9d4 #ahca3 ,pass$ ! exam9ation = ! ,b4,a4 degree 9 ,janu>y & kept ! foll[+ t]ms4 ,i ga9$ a good place among ! oi polloi or cr[d ( m5 :o d n g 9 = hon\rs4 ,i am v busy1444& see a great deal ( ,h5sl[1 :om ,i d n "k :e!r ,i love or respect mo/4 ,dec4 #bg4 ,sail$ f ,engl& on our circumnavigation1 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle1 a b>que ( #bce tons c>ry+ #f guns1 "u ,capt4 ,fitz,roy4 ,!re is inde$ a tide 9 ! affairs ( m54 #ahcf3 ,oct4 #d4 ,rea*$ ,%rewsbury aft] abs5ce ( #e ye>s & #b days4 ,y _c imag9e h[ glori\sly delightful my fir/ visit 0 at home2 x 0 wor? ! bani%m5t4 ,dec4 #ac4 ,w5t to live at ,cambridge 7,fitzwilliam ,/reet74 ,! only evil ,i f\nd 9 ,cambridge 0 its be+ too pleasant4 #ahcg3 ,on my return home 79 ! ',beagle'7 9 ! autumn ( #ahcf ,i imm$iately began to prep>e my j\rnal = publication1 & !n saw h[ _m facts indicat$ ! common desc5t ( species444 ,9 ,july 7#ahcg7 ,i op5$ my fir/ note-book = facts 9 relation to ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ab\t :i* ,i _h long reflect$1 & nev] ceas$ work+ = ! next tw5ty ye>s444 ,_h be5 greatly /ruck f ab\t ! mon? ( previ\s ,m>* on "* ( ,s\? ,am]ican fossils1 & species on ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago4 ,^! facts 7especially latt]71 orig9 ( all my views4 ,on ,m>* #g1 #ahcg ,i took lodg+s 9 7#cf7 ,great ,m>lbor\gh ,/reet 9 ,london1 & rema9$ !re = ne>ly two ye>s1 until ,i 0 m>ri$4 #ahch3 ,9 ,octob]1 t is fifte5 mon?s aft] ,i _h begun my sy/ematic enquiry1 ,i happ5$ to read = amusem5t ',mal?us on ,population1' & be+ well prep>$ to appreciate ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* ev]y:]e goes on f long-cont9u$ obs]vation ( ! habits ( animals & plants1 x at once /ruck me t "u ^! circum/ances fav\rable v>iations w\ld t5d to be pres]v$1 & unfav\rable ones to be de/roy$4 ,! result ( ?is w\ld be ! =mation ( new species4 ,"h !n ,i _h at la/ got a !ory by :i* to "w2 b ,i 0 s anxi\s to avoid prejudice1 t ,i det]m9$ n = "s "t to write ev5 ! briefe/ sket* ( x4 #ahci3 ,m>ri$ at ,ma] 7,/af=d%ire7 to 8 fir/ c\s9 ,emma ,w$gwood1 daught] ( ,josiah ,w$gwood4 ,i m>vel at my good =tune t %e1 s inf9itely my sup]ior 9 e s+le moral quality1 cons5t$ to be my wife4 ,%e has be5 my wise advis] & *e]ful com=t] ?r\gh\t life1 :i* )\t h] w\ld h be5 dur+ a v long p]iod a mis]able "o f ill-heal?4 ,%e has e>n$ ! love ( e s\l ne> h] 7,autobiography74 ,dec4 #ca4 ,ent]$ #ab ,upp] ,g[] /reet 7n[ #aaj ,g[] /reet1 ,london74 ,!re nev] 0 s good a h\se = me1 & ,i dev\tly tru/ y 78 future wife7 w approve ( x equally4 ,! little g>d5 is wor? its weight 9 gold4 ,publi%$ ,j\rnal & ,rese>*es1 be+ ,vol4 ,,iii4 ( ! ,n>rative ( ! ,survey+ ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ',adv5ture' & ',beagle'444 ,publication ( ! ,zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ',beagle'1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,mammalia1 by ,g4,r4 ,wat]h\se1 ) a ,notice ( _! habits & ranges1 by ,*>les ,d>w94 #ahdj3 ,contribut$ ,geological ,introduction to ,"p ,i4 7,fossil ,mammalia7 ( ! ,zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ',beagle' by ,ri*>d ,ow54 #ahdb3 ,9 ,june #ahdb ,i fir/ all[$ myself ! satisfaction ( writ+ a v brief ab/ract ( my 7species7 !ory 9 p5cil 9 #ce pages2 & ?is 0 enl>g$ dur+ ! summ] ( #ahdd into "o ( #bcj pages1 :i* ,i _h fairly copi$ out & /ill 7#ahgf7 possess4 7,! fir/ draft ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 edit$ by ,mr ,francis ,d>w91 w be publi%$ ?is ye> 7#aiji7 by ! ,syndics ( ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press47 ,sept4 #ad4 ,settl$ at ! village ( ,d[n 9 ,k5t4 ,i ?9k ,i 0 nev] 9 a m p]fectly quiet c\ntry4 ,publication ( ,! ,/ructure & ,di/ribution ( ,coral ,reefs2 be+ ,"p ,i4 ( ! ,geology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle4 #ahdd3 ,publication ( ,geological ,obs]vations on ! ,volcanic ,isl&s visit$ dur+ ! ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ',beagle'2 be+ ,"p ,,ii4 ( ! ,geology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ',beagle'4 ,i ?9k mu* m highly ( my book on ,volcanic ,isl&s s9ce ,mr ,judd1 by f> ! be/ judge on ! subject 9 ,engl&1 has1 z ,i he>1 le>nt mu* f x4 7,autobiography1 #ahgf47 #ahde3 ,publication ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es z a sep>ate book4 #ahdf3 ,publication ( ,geological ,obs]vations on ,s\? ,am]ica2 be+ ,"p ,,iii4 ( ! ,geology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ',beagle'4 #ahea3 ,publication ( a ,monograph ( ! ,fossil ,lepadidae & ( a ,monograph ( ! sub-class ,cirrip$ia4 ,i fe> ! /udy ( ! ,cirrip$ia w ev] rema9 ':olly unappli$1' & yet ,i feel t su* /udy is bett] ?an ca/le-build+4 #ahed3 ,publication ( ,monographs ( ! ,balanidae & ,v]rucidae4 ,i work$ /eadily on ?is subject =444eight ye>s1 & ultimately publi%$ two ?ick volumes1 describ+ all ! kn[n liv+ species1 & two ?9 qu>tos on ! ext9ct species444 ,my "w 0 ( consid]able use to me1 :5 ,i _h to discuss 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species ! pr9ciples ( a natural classification4 ,nev]!less1 ,i d\bt :e!r ! "w 0 wor? ! consumption ( s mu* "t4 ,f ,septemb] #ahed ,i devot$ my :ole "t to arrang+ my huge pile ( notes1 to obs]v+1 & to exp]im5t+ 9 relation to ! transmutation ( species4 #ahef3 ,e>ly 9 #ahef ,lyell advis$ me to write out my views pretty fully1 & ,i began at once to d s on a scale ?ree or f\r times z ext5sive z t :i* 0 aft]w>ds foll[$ 9 my ',orig9 ( ,species'4 #aheh3 ,jo9t pap] by ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace ,on ! ,t5d5cy ( ,species to =m ,v>ieties2 & on ! p]petuation ( ,v>ieties & ,species by ,natural ,means ( ,selection1 communicat$ to ! ,l9nean ,society by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,sir ,joseph ,hook]4 ,i 0 at fir/ v unwill+ to cons5t 7to ! communication ( 8 ,,ms4 to ! ,society7 z ,i ?\ght ,mr ,wallace might consid] my do+ s unju/ifiable1 = ,i did n !n "k h[ g5]\s & noble 0 8 disposition4 ,july #bj to ,aug4 #ab at ,s&[n 7,isle ( ,wight7 began ab/ract ( ,species book4 #ahei3 ,nov4 #bd4 ,publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#abej copies74 ,oh1 good heav5s1 ! relief to my head & body to bani% ! :ole subject f my m9d6444 ,b1 alas1 h[ frequ5t1 h[ almo/ univ]sal x is 9 an au?or to p]suade himself ( ! tru? ( 8 own dogmas4 ,my only hope is t ,i c]ta9ly see _m difficulties ( gigantic /ature4 #ahfj3 ,publication ( ! second edition ( ! ,orig9 7#cjjj copies74 ,publication ( a ,naturali/'s ,voyage4 #ahfa3 ,publication ( ! ?ird edition ( ! ,orig9 7#bjjj copies74 ,i am go+ to write a little book444 on ,or*ids1 & to-day ,i hate !m worse ?an ev]y?+4 #ahfb3 ,publication ( ! book ,on ! v>i\s contrivances by :i* ,or*ids are f]tilis$ by ,insects4 #ahfe3 ,read pap] be=e ! ,l9nean ,society ,on ! ,movem5ts & ,habits ( ,climb+ plants4 7,publi%$ z a book 9 #ahge47 #ahff3 ,publication ( ! f\r? edition ( ! ,orig9 7#abej copies74 #ahfh3 ,i h s5t ! ,,ms4 ( my big book1 & horridly1 disgu/+ly big x w be1 to ! pr9t]s4 ,publication ( ! ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication4 ,ab\t my book1 ,i w give y 7,sir ,joseph ,hook]7 a bit ( advice4 ,skip ! :ole ( ,vol4 ,i1 except ! la/ *apt]1 7& t ne$ only be skimm$71 & skip l>gely 9 ! #bnd volume2 & !n y w say x is a v good book4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! "w ,i give my well-abus$ hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis4 ,an unv]ifi$ hypo!sis is ( little or no value2 b if anyone %\ld h]eaft] be l$ to make obs]vations by :i* "s su* hypo!sis c\ld be e/abli%$1 ,i %all h done good s]vice1 z an a/oni%+ numb] ( isolat$ facts c be ?us connect$ toge!r & r5d]$ intelligible4 #ahfi3 ,publication ( ! fif? edition ( ! ,orig94 #ahga3 ,publication ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,al?\gh 9 ! ',orig9 ( ,species' ! d]ivation ( any p>ticul> species is nev] discuss$1 yet ,i ?\ght x be/1 9 ord] t no hon\rable man %\ld accuse me ( conceal+ my views1 to add t by ! "w 'light w\ld be ?r[n on ! orig9 ( man & 8 hi/ory'4 #ahgb3 ,publication ( ! six? edition ( ! ,orig94 ,publication ( ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals4 #ahgd3 ,publication ( ! second edition ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,! new edition ( ! ,desc5t has turn$ out an awful job4 ,x took me t5 days m]ely to glance ov] lett]s & reviews ) criticisms & new facts4 ,x is a devil ( a job4 ,publication ( ! second edition ( ,! ,/ructure & ,di/ribution ( ,coral ,reefs4 #ahge3 ,publication ( ,insectivor\s ,plants4 ,i beg9 to ?9k t e "o :o publi%es a book is a fool4 ,publication ( ! second edition ( ,v>iation 9 ,animals & ,plants4 ,publication ( ,! ,movem5ts & ,habits ( ,climb+ ,plants z a sep>ate book4 #ahgf3 ,wrote ,autobiographical ,sket* 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,*ap ,,ii474 ,publication ( ,! ,effects ( ,cross & ,self f]tilisation4 ,i n[ 7#ahha7 believe1 h[ev]1444t ,i ought to h insi/$ m /rongly ?an ,i did on ! _m adaptations = self-f]tilisation4 ,publication ( ! second edition ( ,obs]vations on ,volcanic ,isl&s4 #ahgg3 ,publication ( ,! ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,fl[]s on ,plants ( ! same species4 ,i d n suppose t ,i %all publi% any m books444 ,i _c endure be+ idle1 b heav5 kn[s :e!r ,i am capable ( any m good "w4 ,publication ( ! second edition ( ! ,or*id book4 #ahgh3 ,publication ( ! second edition ( ,! ,effects ( ,cross & ,self f]tilisation4 #ahgi3 ,publication ( an ,engli% translation ( ,ern/ ,krause's ,erasmus ,d>w91 ) a notice by ,*>les ,d>w94 ,i am ,,extremely glad t y approve ( ! little ',life' ( our ,gr&fa!r1 = ,i h be5 rep5t+ t ,i ev] und]took x1 z ! "w 0 q beyond my te!r4 7,to ,mr ,francis ,galton1 ,nov4 #ad1 #ahgi47 #ahhj3 ,publication ( ,! ,p[] ( ,movem5t 9 ,plants4 ,x has always pleas$ me to exalt plants 9 ! scale ( organis$ be+s4 ,publication ( ! second edition ( ,! ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,fl[]s4 #ahha3 ,wrote a cont9uation ( ! ,autobiography4 ,publication ( ,! ,=mation ( ,vegetable ,m\ld1 ?r\gh ! ,action ( ,worms4 ,x is ! completion ( a %ort pap] read be=e ! ,geological ,society m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 & has reviv$ old geological ?\ghts444 ,z f> z ,i c judge x w be a curi\s little book4 #ahhb3 ,*>les ,d>w9 di$ at ,d[n1 ,april #ai1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,april #bf1 9 ! nor? aisle ( ! ,nave a few feet f ! grave ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,z = myself1 ,i believe t ,i h act$ rightly 9 /eadily foll[+ & devot+ my life to ,sci5ce4 ,i feel no remorse f hav+ committ$ any great s91 b h (t5 & (t5 regrett$ t ,i h n done m direct good to my fell[ creatures4 ,! quotations 9 ! above ,epitome are tak5 f ! ,autobiography & publi%$ ,lett]s3-- ,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 includ+ an ,autobiographical ,*apt]4 ,edit$ by 8 son1 ,francis ,d>w91 #c ,vols41 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,*>les ,d>w93 ,8 life told 9 an ,autobiographical ,*apt]1 & 9 a select$ s]ies ( 8 publi%$ ,lett]s4 ,edit$ by 8 son1 ,francis ,d>w91 ,london1 #aijb4 ,m ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w94 ,a record ( 8 "w 9 a s]ies ( hi!rto unpubli%$ ,lett]s4 ,edit$ by ,francis ,d>w9 & ,a4,c4 ,sew>d1 #b ,vols41 ,london1 #aijc4 ,i4 ,,introductory ,,lett] ,f ,sir ,joseph ,dalton ,hook]1 ,o4,m41 ,g4,c4,s4,i41 ,c4,b41 ,m4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,etc4 ,! ,camp1 ne> ,sunn+dale1 ,janu>y #ae1 #aiji4 ,de> ,pr(essor ,sew>d1 ,! publication ( a ,s]ies ( ,essays 9 ,commemoration ( ! c5tury ( ! bir? ( ,*>les ,d>w9 & ( ! fiftie? anniv]s>y ( ! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species is assur$ly welcome & is a subject ( congratulation to all /ud5ts ( ,sci5ce4 ,^! ,essays on ! progress ( ,sci5ce & ,philosophy z affect$ by ,d>w9's lab\rs h be5 writt5 by m5 kn[n = _! ability to discuss ! problems :i* he s successfully work$ to solve4 ,!y _c b prove to be ( endur+ value1 :e!r = ! in=mation ( ! g5]al read] or z guides to inve/igators occupi$ ) problems simil> to ^? :i* engag$ ! att5tion ( ,d>w94 ,! essayi/s h be5 =tunate 9 hav+ = ref]5ce ! five publi%$ volumes ( ,*>les ,d>w9's ,life & ,correspond5ce4 ,= !re is set =? 9 8 own words ! inception 9 8 m9d ( ! problems1 geological1 zoological & botanical1 hypo!tical & !oretical1 :i* he set himself to solve & ! /eps by :i* he proce$$ to inve/igate !m ) ! view ( correlat+ ! ph5om5a ( life ) ! evolution ( liv+ ?+s4 ,9 8 lett]s he express$ himself 9 language s lucid & s little bur!n$ ) te*nical t]ms t !y may be reg>d$ z models = ^? :o 7 ask$ to address !mselves prim>ily to ! educat$ read] r ?an to ! exp]t4 ,i may add t by no "o c ! p]usal ( ! ,essays be m vividly appreciat$ ?an by ! writ] ( ^! l9es4 ,x 0 my privilege = =ty ye>s to possess ! intimate fri5d%ip ( ,*>les ,d>w9 & to be 8 companion dur+ _m ( 8 work+ h\rs 9 ,/udy1 ,laboratory1 & ,g>d54 ,i 0 ! recipi5t ( lett]s f him1 relat+ ma9ly to ! progress ( 8 rese>*es1 ! copies ( :i* 7! orig9als are n[ 9 ! possession ( 8 family7 cov] upw>ds ( a ?\s& pages ( foolscap1 ea* page conta9+1 on an av]age1 ?ree hundr$ words4 ,t ! editor%ip ( ^! ,essays has be5 entru/$ to a ,cambridge ,pr(essor ( ,botany mu/ be gratify+ to all conc]n$ 9 _! production & 9 _! p]usal1 recall+ z x does ! fact t ,*>les ,d>w9's in/ructor 9 sci5tific me?ods 0 8 lifelong fri5d ! late ,rev4 ,j4,s4 ,h5sl[ at t "t ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,x 0 ow+ to 8 recomm5dation t 8 pupil 0 appo9t$ ,naturali/ to ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle1 a s]vice :i* ,d>w9 himself reg>d$ z m>k+ ! dawn ( 8 sci5tific c>e]4 ,v s9c]ely y\rs1 ,j4,d4 ,,hook]4 ,,ii4 ,,d>w9',s ,,pr$ecessors4 ,by ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson4 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 ,9 seek+ to discov] ,d>w9's relation to 8 pr$ecessors x is useful to di/+ui% ! v>i\s s]vices :i* he r5d]$ to ! !ory ( organic evolution4 7,i7 ,z ev]yone kn[s1 ! g5]al idea ( ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t is t ! plants & animals ( ! pres5t-day are ! l9eal desc5dants ( ance/ors on ! :ole some:at simpl]1 t ^! aga9 are desc5d$ f yet simpl] =ms1 & s on backw>ds t[>ds ! lit]al ,protozoa & ,protophyta ab\t :i* we un=tunately "k no?+4 ,n[ no "o supposes t ,d>w9 orig9at$ ?is idea1 :i* 9 rudim5t at lea/ is z old z ,ari/otle4 ,:at ,d>w9 did 0 to make x curr5t intellectual co94 ,he gave x a =m t comm5d$ itself to ! sci5tific & public intellig5ce ( ! day1 & he won wide-spread conviction by %[+ ) consummate skill t x 0 an effective =mula to "w )1 a key :i* no lock refus$4 ,9 a s*ol>ly1 critical1 & pre-em95tly fair-m9d$ way1 admitt+ difficulties & remov+ !m1 =esee+ objections & =e/all+ !m1 he %[$ t ! doctr9e ( desc5t suppli$ a modal int]pretation ( h[ our pres5t-day fauna & flora h come to be4 7,,ii7 ,9 ! second place1 ,d>w9 appli$ ! evolution-idea to p>ticul> problems1 su* z ! desc5t ( man1 & %[$ :at a p[]ful organon x is1 introduc+ ord] into masses ( uncorrelat$ facts1 int]pret+ enigmas bo? ( /ructure & function1 bo? bodily & m5tal1 &1 be/ ( all1 /imulat+ & guid+ fur!r inve/igation4 ,b "h aga9 x _c be claim$ t ,d>w9 0 orig9al4 ,! problem ( ! desc5t or asc5t ( man1 & o!r p>ticul> cases ( evolution1 _h attract$ n a few naturali/s be=e ,d>w9's day1 ?\gh no "o 7except ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 ! psy*ological doma9 7#ahee77 _h come ne> him 9 precision & ?or\ghness ( inquiry4 7,,iii7 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ,d>w9 contribut$ l>gely to a k ( ! factors 9 ! evolution-process1 especially by 8 analysis ( :at occurs 9 ! case ( dome/ic animals & cultivat$ plants1 & by 8 elaboration ( ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 :i* ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace indep5d5tly /at$ at ! same "t1 & ( :i* !re _h be5 a few previ\s sugge/ions ( a m or less vague description4 ,x 0 "h t ,d>w9's orig9ality 0 greate/1 = he reveal$ to naturali/s ! _m diff]5t =ms--(t5 v subtle--:i* natural selection takes1 & ) ! insight ( a discipl9$ sci5tific imag9ation he realis$ :at a mighty eng9e ( progress x has be5 & is4 7,,iv7 ,z an epo*-m>k+ contribution1 n only to ,aetiology b to ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! wide/ s5se1 we rank ! picture :i* ,d>w9 gave to ! _w ( ! web ( life1 t is to say1 ( ! int]-relations & l9kages 9 ,nature4 ,= ! ,biology ( ! individual--if t be n a contradiction 9 t]ms--no idea is m fundam5tal ?an t ( ! correlation ( organs1 b ,d>w9's mo/ *>act]i/ic contribution 0 n less fundam5tal1--x 0 ! idea ( ! correlation ( organisms4 ,?is1 aga91 0 n novel2 we f9d x 9 ! works ( naturali/ l ,*ri/ian ,conrad ,spr5gel1 ,gilb]t ,:ite1 & ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 b ! realisation ( its full import 0 di/9ctively ,d>w9ian4 ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,! ,,g5]al ,,idea ,,( ,,organic ,,evolution4 ,:ile x is true1 z ,pr(4 ,h4,f4 ,osborn puts x1 t ',be=e & aft] ,d>w9' w always be ! ante et po/ urbem conditam ( biological hi/ory1 x is also true t ! g5]al idea ( organic evolution is v anci5t4 ,9 8 admirable sket* ,f ! ,greeks to ,d>w9 7,columbia ,univ]sity ,biological ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,new ,york & ,london1 #ahid4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge our great indebtness to ?is f9e piece ( "w471 ,pr(4 ,osborn has %[n t sev]al ( ! anci5t philosoph]s look$ ^u ,nature z a gradual developm5t & z /ill 9 process ( *ange4 ,9 ! sugge/ions ( ,emp$ocles1 to take ! be/ in/ance1 !re 7 f\r sp>ks ( tru?1--fir/1 t ! developm5t ( life 0 a gradual process2 second1 t plants 7 evolv$ be=e animals2 ?ird1 t imp]fect =ms 7 gradually replac$ 7n succe$$7 by p]fect =ms2 f\r?1 t ! natural cause ( ! production ( p]fect =ms 0 ! ext9ction ( ! imp]fect4 7,op4 cit4 page #da47 ,b ! fundam5tal idea ( "o /age giv+ orig9 to ano!r 0 abs5t4 ,z ! blue ,aegean teem$ ) treasures ( beauty & ?rew _m ^u its %ores1 s did ,nature produce l a f]tile arti/ :at _h to be reject$ z well z :at 0 able to survive1 b ! idea ( "o species em]g+ out ( ano!r 0 n yet conceiv$4 ,ari/otle's views ( ,nature 7,see ,g4,j4 ,romanes1 ,ari/otle z a ,naturali/1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,vol4 ,,lix4 page #bge1 #ahia2 ,g4 ,p\*et ,la ,biologie ,ari/otelique1 ,p>is1 #ahhe2 ,e4 ,zell]1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,philosophy1 ,london1 #ahha1 & ,ueb] die grie*is*5 ,vorgang] ,d>w9's1 ,abh&l4 ,b]l9 ,akad4 #ahgh1 pages #aaa-abd47 seem to h be5 m def9itely evolutioni/ ?an ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors1 9 ?is s5se1 at lea/1 t he recognis$ n only an asc5d+ scale1 b a g5etic s]ies f polyp to man & an age-long movem5t t[>ds p]fection4 ,x is due to ! resi/ance ( matt] to =m t ,nature c only rise by degrees f l[] to high] types4 ,nature produces ^? ?+s :i*1 be+ cont9ually mov$ by a c]ta9 pr9ciple conta9$ 9 !mselves1 arrive at a c]ta9 end4 ,to disc]n ! outcrop ( evolution-doctr9e 9 ! long int]val betwe5 ,ari/otle & ,bacon seems to be v difficult1 & "s ( ! in/ances t h be5 cit$ /rike "o z =c$4 ,epicurus & ,lucretius1 (t5 call$ poets ( evolution1 bo? pictur$ animals z aris+ directly out ( ! e>?1 v mu* z ,milton's lion long aft]w>ds paw$ its way out4 ,ev5 :5 we come to ,bruno :o wrote t to ! s\nd ( ! h>p ( ! ,univ]sal ,apollo 7! ,_w ,_s71 ! l[] organisms are call$ by /ages to high]1 & ! l[] /ages are connect$ by int]m$iate =ms ) ! high]1 !re is great room1 z ,pr(4 ,osborn po9ts out 7op4 cit4 page #ha471 = diff]5ce ( op9ion z to h[ f> he 0 an evolutioni/ 9 our s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! awak5+ ( natural sci5ce 9 ! sixte5? c5tury br\ght ! possibility ( a concrete evolution !ory ne>]1 & 9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury we f9d evid5ces ( a new _s--9 ! embryology ( ,h>vey & ! classifications ( ,ray4 ,besides sob] naturali/s !re 7 speculative dream]s 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies :o _h at lea/ got beyond /atic =mulae1 b1 z ,pr(essor ,osborn po9ts out 7op4 cit4 page #hg471 x is a v /rik+ fact1 t ! basis ( our mod]n me?ods ( /udy+ ! ,evolution problem 0 e/abli%$ n by ! e>ly naturali/s nor by ! speculative writ]s1 b by ! ,philosoph]s4 ,he ref]s to ,bacon1 ,desc>tes1 ,leibnitz1 ,hume1 ,kant1 ,less+1 ,h]d]1 & ,s*ell+4 ,!y alone 7 ^u ! ma9 track ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,x is evid5t t !y 7 grop+ 9 ! d>k = a work+ !ory ( ! ,evolution ( life1 & x is rem>kable t !y cle>ly p]ceiv$ f ! outset t ! po9t to :i* obs]vation %\ld be direct$ 0 n ! pa/ b ! pres5t mutability ( species1 & fur!r1 t ?is mutability 0 simply ! v>iation ( individuals on an ext5d$ scale4 ,bacon seems to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ to ?9k def9itely ab\t ! mutability ( species1 & he 0 f> ahead ( 8 age 9 8 sugge/ion ( :at we n[ call a ,/ation ( ,exp]im5tal ,evolution4 ,leibnitz discusses 9 s _m words h[ ! species ( animals may be *ang$ & h[ int]m$iate species may once h l9k$ ^? t n[ seem discont9u\s4 ,all natural ord]s ( be+s pres5t b a s+le *a9444 ,all advances by degrees 9 ,nature1 & no?+ by leaps4 ,simil> evolutioni/ /atem5ts are to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ! o!r philosoph]s1 to :om ,pr(4 ,osborn ref]s1 :o 71 inde$1 m sci5tific ?an ! naturali/s ( _! day4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! g5]al idea ( organic evolution--t ! pres5t is ! *ild ( ! pa/--is 9 great "p j ! idea ( human hi/ory project$ ^u ! natural _w1 diff]5tiat$ by ! qualification t ! cont9u\s ,becom+ has be5 wr\ght out by =ces inh]5t 9 ! organisms !mselves & 9 _! environm5t4 ,a ref]5ce to ,kant 7,see ,brock1 ,die ,/ellung ,kant's zur ,desz5d5z!orie1 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl4 ,,viii4 #ahhi1 pages #fda-fdh4 ,fritz ,s*ultze1 ,kant und ,d>w91 ,j5a1 #ahge47 %\ld come 9 hi/orical ord] aft] ,buffon1 ) ^: writ+s he 0 acqua9t$1 b he seems1 along ) ,h]d] & ,s*ell+1 to be be/ reg>d$ z ! culm9ation ( ! evolutioni/ philosoph]s--( ^? at lea/ :o int]e/$ !mselves 9 sci5tific problems4 ,9 a fam\s passage he speaks ( ! agreem5t ( s _m k9ds ( animals 9 a c]ta9 common plan ( /ructure444 an analogy ( =ms :i* /r5g!ns ! supposition t !y h an actual blood-relation%ip1 due to d]ivation f a common p>5t4 ,he speaks ( ! great ,family ( creatures1 = z a ,family we mu/ conceive x1 if ! above-m5tion$ cont9u\s & connect$ relation%ip has a real f\ndation4 ,pr(4 ,osborn alludes to ! sci5tific caution :i* l$ ,kant1 biology be+ :at x 01 to refuse to ent]ta9 ! hope t a ,newton may "o day arise ev5 to make ! production ( a blade ( grass compreh5sible1 accord+ to natural laws orda9$ by no int5tion4 ,z ,pr(4 ,haeckel f9ely obs]ves1 ,d>w9 rose up z ,kant's ,newton4 7,mr ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace writes3 ,we claim = ,d>w9 t he is ! ,newton ( natural hi/ory1 & t1 j s surely z t ! discov]y & demon/ration by ,newton ( ! law ( gravitation e/abli%$ ord] 9 place ( *aos & laid a sure f\ndation = all future /udy ( ! />ry heav5s1 s surely has ,d>w91 by 8 discov]y ( ! law ( natural selection & 8 demon/ration ( ! great pr9ciple ( ! pres]vation ( useful v>iations 9 ! /ruggle = life1 n only ?r[n a flood ( light on ! process ( developm5t ( ! :ole organic _w1 b also e/abli%$ a firm f\ndation = all future /udy ( nature4 7,d>w9ism1 ,london1 #ahhi1 page #i74 ,see also ,pr(4 ,k>l ,pe>son's ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce 7#bnd edition71 ,london1 #aijj1 page #cb4 ,see ,osborn1 op4 cit4 ,page #ajj477 ,! sci5tific r5aissance br\ght a weal? ( fre% impressions & "s fre$om f ! tyranny ( tradition1 & ! tw(old /imulus /irr$ ! speculative activity ( a great v>iety ( m5 f old ,claude ,duret ( ,m\l9s1 ( ^: weird trans=mism 7#afji7 ,dr ,h5ry de ,v>igny 7,exp]im5tal ,evolution4 ,london1 #ahib4 ,*ap4 #a4 page #ad47 gives u a glimpse1 to ,lor5z ,ok5 7#agii-ahea7 ^: writ+s are su* mixtures ( s5se & nons5se t "s reg>d him z a f>-see+ prophet & o!rs z a fatu\s foll[] ( intellectual w-o'-!-wisps4 ,simil>ly1 = ,de ,maillet1 ,maup]tuis1 ,did]ot1 ,bonnet1 & o!rs1 we mu/ agree ) ,pr(essor ,osborn t !y 7 n actually 9 ! ma9 ,evolution movem5t4 ,"s h be5 includ$ 9 ! roll ( hon\r on v sl5d] evid5ce1 ,rob9et = in/ance1 ^: evolutionism seems to u extremely dubi\s4 7,see ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson1 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,life4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,*ap4 ,,xvi4 ,evolution ( ,evolution ,!ory47 ,! fir/ naturali/ to give a broad & concrete expression to ! evolutioni/ doctr9e ( desc5t 0 ,buffon 7#agjg-aghh71 b x is int]e/+ to recall ! fact t 8 contempor>y ,l9naeus 7#agjg-aggh71 protagoni/ ( ! c\nt]-doctr9e ( ! fixity ( species 7,see ,c>us ,/]ne 7,erne/ ,krause71 ,die allgeme9e ,weltans*auung 9 ihr] hi/oris*5 ,entwickelung4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhi4 ,*apt] entitl$ ,be/&igkeit od] ,v]&]li*keit d] ,naturwes5471 w5t ! l5g? ( admitt+ 79 #agfb7 t new species might arise by int]cross+4 ,buffon's position among ! pione]s ( ! evolution-doctr9e is weak5$ by 8 habit ( vacillat+ betwe5 8 own conclusions & ! or?odoxy ( ! ,sorbonne1 b !re is no d\bt t he _h a firm grasp ( ! g5]al idea ( l'en*a9em5t des etres4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 7#agca-ahjb71 probably influ5c$ by ,buffon1 0 ano!r firm evolutioni/1 & ! outl9e ( 8 argum5t 9 ! ,zoonomia 7,zoonomia1 or ! ,laws ( ,organic ,life1 #b vols4 ,london1 #agid2 ,osborn op4 cit4 page #ade47 might s]ve 9 "p at lea/ to-day4 ,:5 we revolve 9 our m9ds ! metamorphoses ( animals1 z f ! tadpole to ! frog2 secondly1 ! *anges produc$ by artificial cultivation1 z 9 ! bre$s ( horses1 dogs1 & %eep2 ?irdly1 ! *anges produc$ by conditions ( climate & ( season1 z 9 ! %eep ( w>m climates be+ cov]$ ) hair in/ead ( wool1 & ! h>es & p>tridges ( nor!rn climates becom+ :ite 9 w9t]3 :51 fur!r1 we obs]ve ! *anges ( /ructure produc$ by habit1 z se5 especially 9 m5 ( diff]5t occupations2 or ! *anges produc$ by artificial mutilation & pr5atal influ5ces1 z 9 ! cross+ ( species & production ( mon/]s2 f\r?1 :5 we obs]ve ! ess5tial unity ( plan 9 all w>m-blood$ animals1--we are l$ to conclude t !y h be5 alike produc$ f a simil> liv+ filam5t444 ,f ?us m$itat+ ^u ! m9ute portion ( "t 9 :i* _m ( ! above *anges h be5 produc$1 w\ld x be too bold to imag9e1 9 ! great l5g? ( "t s9ce ! e>? began to exi/1 p]haps millions ( ye>s be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 t all w>m-blood$ animals h aris5 f "o liv+ filam5t8444 ,?is idea ( ! gradual g5]ation ( all ?+s seems to h be5 z famili> to ! anci5t philosoph]s z to ! mod]n ones1 & to h giv5 rise to ! beautiful hi]oglyphic figure ( ! proton oon1 or fir/ great egg1 produc$ by night1 t is1 ^: orig9 is involv$ 9 obscurity1 & animat$ by ,eros1 t is1 by ,div9e ,love2 f :5ce proce$$ all ?+s :i* exi/4 ,lam>ck 7#agdd-ahbi7 seems to h become an evolutioni/ indep5d5tly ( ,erasmus ,d>w9's influ5ce1 ?\gh ! p>allelism betwe5 !m is /rik+4 ,he probably ow$ some?+ to ,buffon1 b he develop$ 8 !ory along a diff]5t l9e4 ,:atev] view be held 9 reg>d to t !ory !re is no d\bt t ,lam>ck 0 a ?or\gh-go+ evolutioni/4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel speaks ( ! ,philosophie ,zoologique z ! fir/ connect$ & ?or\ghly logical exposition ( ! !ory ( desc5t4 7,see ,alpheus ,s4 ,pack>d1 ,lam>ck1 ! ,f\nd] ( ,evolution1 ,8 ,life & ,"w1 ) ,translations ( 8 writ+s on ,organic ,evolution4 ,london1 #aija47 ,besides ! ?ree old ma/]s1 z we may call !m1 ,buffon1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck1 !re 7 o!r q conv9c$ pre-,d>w9ian evolutioni/s4 ,! hi/orian ( ! !ory ( desc5t mu/ take acc\nt ( ,treviranus ^: ,biology or ,philosophy ( ,animate ,nature is full ( evolution>y sugge/ions2 ( ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,/ ,hilaire1 :o 9 #ahcj1 be=e ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 f\ght ) ,cuvi]1 ! fell[-work] ( 8 y\?1 an intellectual duel on ! "q ( desc5t2 ( ,goe!1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( morphology & ! greate/ poet ( ,evolution--:o1 9 8 eighty-fir/ ye>1 he>d ! tid+s ( ,ge(froy ,/ ,hilaire's defeat ) an int]e/ :i* transc5d$ ! political anxieties ( ! "t2 & ( _m o!rs :o _h ga9$ ) m or less confid5ce & cle>ness a new outlook on ,nature4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,d>w9 ref]s to ?irty-f\r m or less evolutioni/ au?ors 9 8 ,hi/orical ,sket*1 & ! li/ might be add$ to4 ,especially :5 we come ne> to #aheh d ! numb]s increase1 & "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable1 z also mo/ indep5d5t *ampions ( ! evolution-idea be=e t date 0 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o n only m>%all$ ! argum5ts 9 a v =cible way 9 #aheb1 b appli$ ! =mula 9 detail 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 9 #ahee4 7,see ,edw>d ,clodd1 ,pione]s ( ,evolution1 ,london1 page #afa1 #ahig47 ,x is "r & prop] t we %\ld %ake ourselves free f all creationi/ appreciations ( ,d>w91 & t we %\ld recognise ! s]vices ( pre-,d>w9ian evolutioni/s :o help$ to make ! "t ripe1 yet "o _c help feel+ t ! citation ( !m is apt to sugge/ two fallacies4 ,x may sugge/ t ,d>w9 simply ent]$ into ! lab\rs ( 8 pr$ecessors1 :]eas1 z a matt] ( fact1 he knew v little ab\t !m till aft] he _h be5 = ye>s at "w4 ,to write1 z ,samuel ,butl] did1 ,buffon plant$1 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck wat]$1 b x 0 ,mr ,d>w9 :o said ',t fruit is ripe1' & %ook x into 8 lap444 seems to u a q mislead+ v]sion ( ! facts ( ! case4 ,! second fallacy :i* ! hi/orical citation is a little apt to sugge/ is t ! filiation ( ideas is a simple problem4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! hi/ory ( an idea1 l ! p$igree ( an organism1 is (t5 v intricate1 & ! evolution ( ! evolution-idea is b\nd up ) ! :ole progress ( ! _w4 ,?us 9 ord] to int]pret ,d>w9's cle> =mulation ( ! idea ( organic evolution & 8 conv9c+ pres5tation ( x1 we h to d m ?an g back to 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 su* z ,buffon1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck2 we h to inquire into ! acceptance ( evolution>y conceptions 9 reg>d to o!r ord]s ( facts1 su* z ! e>? & ! sol> sy/em 7,see ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,g5etic ,view ( ,nature 9 ,j4,t4 ,m]z's ,hi/ory ( ,european ,?\ght 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,vol4 #b1 ,ed9burgh & ,london1 #aijc472 we h to realise h[ ! gr[+ success ( sci5tific int]pretation along o!r l9es gave confid5ce to ^? :o refus$ to admit t !re 0 any doma9 f :i* sci5ce c\ld be exclud$ z a trespass]2 we h to take acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( philosophical ?\ght1 & ev5 ( !ological & religi\s movem5ts2 we %\ld also1 if we are wise en\gh1 consid] social *anges4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ ab&on ! idea t we c und]/& ! hi/ory ( any sci5ce z su*1 )\t ref]5ce to contempor>y evolution 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( activity4 ,:ile !re 7 _m evolutioni/s be=e ,d>w91 few ( !m 7 exp]t naturali/s & few 7 kn[n outside a small circle2 :at 0 ( mu* m importance 0 t ! g5etic view ( nature 0 ins9uat+ itself 9 reg>d to o!r ?an biological ord]s ( facts1 "h a little & !re a little1 & t ! sci5tific _s _h rip5$ s9ce ! days :5 ,cuvi] laugh$ ,lam>ck out ( c\rt4 ,h[ 0 x t ,d>w9 succe$$ :]e o!rs _h fail$8 ,because1 9 ! fir/ place1 he _h cle> visions--p5sees de la jeunesse1 executees p> l'age mur--:i* a ,univ]sity curriculum _h n made impossible1 :i* ! ,beagle voyage made vivid1 :i* an unrivall$ ,briti% dogg$ness made real--visions ( ! web ( life1 ( ! f\nta9 ( *ange )9 ! organism1 ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & its w9n[+1 & ( ! spread+ g5ealogical tree4 ,because1 9 ! second place1 he put s mu* grit into ! v]ification ( 8 visions1 putt+ !m to ! pro( 9 an argum5t :i* is ( its k9d--direct demon/ration be+ out ( ! "q--q unequall$4 ,because1 9 ! ?ird place1 he broke d[n ! opposition :i* ! mo/ sci5tific _h felt to ! s$uctive modal =mula ( evolution by br++ =w>d a m plausible !ory ( ! process ?an _h be5 previ\sly sugge/$4 ,nor c "o =get1 s9ce que/ions ( ?is magnitude are human & n m]ely academic1 t he wrote s t all m5 c\ld und]/&4 ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,evolution4 ,x is admitt$ by all :o are acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( biology t ! g5]al idea ( organic evolution z express$ 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t 0 q famili> to ,d>w9's gr&fa!r1 & to o!rs be=e & aft] him1 z we h briefly indicat$4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t "s ( ^! pione]s ( evolutionism did m ?an apply ! evolution-idea z a modal =mula ( becom+1 !y began to inquire into ! factors 9 ! process4 ,?us !re 7 pre-,d>w9ian !ories ( evolution1 & to ^! we mu/ n[ briefly ref]4 7,see ,pr(4 ,w4,a4 ,locy's ,biology & its ,mak]s4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,organic ,evolution47 ,9 all biological ?9k+ we h to "w ) ! categories ,organism--,function--,environm5t1 & !ories ( evolution may be classifi$ 9 relation to ^!4 ,to "s x has always seem$ t ! fundam5tal fact is ! liv+ organism1--a creative ag5t1 a /riv+ w1 a *angeful ,proteus1 select+ its environm5t1 adju/+ itself to x1 self-diff]5tiat+ & self-adaptive4 ,! necessity ( recognis+ ! importance ( ! organism is admitt$ by all ,d>w9ians :o />t ) inborn v>iations1 b x is op5 to "q :e!r ! :ole tru? ( :at we might call ! ,goe?ian position is exhau/$ 9 ! po/ulate ( inh]5t v>iability4 ,to o!rs x has always seem$ t ! emphasis %\ld be laid on ,function1--on use & disuse1 on do+ & n do+4 ,practice makes p]fect2 c'e/ a =ce de =g] qu'on devi5t =g]on4 ,?is is "o ( ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,lam>ckism2 to "s ext5t x met ) ,d>w9's approval2 & x f9ds _m support]s to-day4 ,"o ( ! able/ ( ^!--,mr ,francis ,d>w9--has rec5tly giv5 /rong reasons = comb9+ a mod]nis$ ,lam>ckism ) :at we usually reg>d z s\nd ,d>w9ism4 7,presid5tial ,address to ! ,briti% ,association meet+ at ,dubl9 9 #aijh47 ,to o!rs x has always seem$ t ! emphasis %\ld be laid on ! ,environm5t1 :i* wakes ! organism to action1 prompts x to *ange1 makes d9ts ^u x1 m\lds x1 prunes x1 & f9ally1 p]haps1 kills x4 ,x is aga9 impossible to d\bt t !re is tru? 9 ?is view1 = ev5 if environm5tally induc$ modifications be n transmissible1 environm5tally induc$ v>iations are2 & ev5 if ! direct influ5ce ( ! environm5t be less important ?an _m en?usia/ic support]s ( ?is view--may we call !m ,buffonians--?9k1 !re rema9s ! indirect influ5ce :i* ,d>w9ians 9 "p rely on1--! elim9ative process4 ,ev5 if ! extreme view be held t ! only =m ( discrim9ate elim9ation t c\nts is int]-organismal competition1 ?is might be includ$ "u ! rubric ( ! animate environm5t4 ,9 _m passages ,buffon 7,see 9 p>ticul> ,samuel ,butl]1 ,evolution ,old & ,new1 ,london1 #ahgi2 ,j4,l4 de ,lanessan1 ,buffon et ,d>w91 ,revue ,sci5tifique1 ,,xliii4 pages #che-cia1 #dbe-dcb1 #ahhi47 def9itely sugge/$ t environm5tal influ5ces--especially ( climate & food--7 directly productive ( *anges 9 organisms1 b he did n discuss ! "q ( ! transmissibility ( ! modifications s induc$1 & x is difficult to ga!r f 8 inconsi/5t writ+s :at ext5t ( trans=mation he really believ$ 94 ,pr(4 ,osborn says ( ,buffon3 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! elim9ation ( ! lea/-p]fect$ species1 ! conte/ betwe5 ! fecundity ( c]ta9 species & _! con/ant de/ruction1 are all cle>ly express$ 9 v>i\s passages4 ,he quotes two ( ^! 7op4 cit4 page #acf473 ,le c\rs ord9aire de la nature vivante1 e/ en g5]al t\j\rs con/ant1 t\j\rs le meme2 son m\vem5t1 t\j\rs reguli]1 r\le sur deux po9ts inebranlables3 l'un1 la fecondite sans bornes donnee a t\tes les especes2 l'autre1 les ob/acles sans nombre qui r$uis5t cette fecondite a une mesure det]m9ee et ne laiss5t en t\t temps qu'a peu pres la meme quantite d'individus de *aque espece444 ,les especes les mo9s p>faites1 les plus delicates1 les plus pesantes1 les mo9s agissantes1 les mo9s armees1 etc41 ont deja disp>u ou disp>aitront4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 7,see ,ern/ ,krause & ,*>les ,d>w91 ,erasmus ,d>w91 ,london1 #ahgi47 _h a firm grip ( ! idea ( ! gradual =mation & improvem5t ( ! ,animal _w1 & he _h 8 !ory ( ! process4 ,no s5t5ce is m *>act]i/ic ?an ?is3 ,all animals und]go trans=mations :i* are 9 "p produc$ by _! own ex]tions1 9 response to pleasures & pa9s1 & _m ( ^! acquir$ =ms or prop5sities are transmitt$ to _! po/]ity4 ,?is is ,lam>ckism be=e ,lam>ck1 z 8 gr&son po9t$ out4 ,8 c5tral idea is t wants /imulate ef=ts & t ^! result 9 improvem5ts1 :i* subsequ5t g5]ations make bett] /ill4 ,he realis$ some?+ ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ev5 po9t$ out t ?is advantage\sly *ecks ! rapid multiplication4 ,z ,dr ,krause po9ts out1 ,d>w9 j misses ! connection betwe5 ?is /ruggle & ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 7,osborn op4 cit4 page #adb47 ,lam>ck 7#agdd-ahbi7 7,see ,e4 ,p]ri] ,la ,philosophie ,zoologique avant ,d>w91 ,p>is1 #ahhd2 ,a4 de ,quatrefages1 ,d>w9 et ses ,precurseurs ,francais1 ,p>is1 #ahgj2 ,pack>d op4 cit42 also ,claus1 ,lam>ck als ,begrund] d] ,desc5d5zlehre1 ,wi51 #ahhh2 ,haeckel1 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ,engli% translation ,london1 #ahgi2 ,lang ,zur ,*>akt]i/ik d] ,=s*ungswege von ,lam>ck und ,d>w91 ,j5a1 #ahhi47 seems to h ?\ght out 8 !ory ( evolution )\t any k ( ,erasmus ,d>w9's :i* x closely resembl$4 ,! c5tral idea ( 8 !ory 0 ! cumulative inh]itance ( functional modifications4 ,*anges 9 environm5t br+ ab\t *anges 9 ! habits ( animals4 ,*anges 9 _! wants necess>ily br+ ab\t p>allel *anges 9 _! habits4 ,if new wants become con/ant or v la/+1 !y =m new habits1 ! new habits involve ! use ( new p>ts1 or a diff]5t use ( old p>ts1 :i* results f9ally 9 ! production ( new organs & ! modification ( old ones4 ,he diff]$ f ,buffon 9 n atta*+ importance1 z f> z animals are conc]n$1 to ! direct influ5ce ( ! environm5t1 = environm5t c effect no direct *ange :atev] ^u ! organisation ( animals1 b 9 reg>d to plants he agre$ ) ,buffon t ext]nal conditions directly m\ld$ !m4 ,treviranus 7#aggf-ahcg7 7,see ,huxley's article ,evolution 9 ,biology1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica 7#i? edit471 #ahgh1 pages #gdd-gea1 & ,sully's article1 ,evolution 9 ,philosophy1 ibid4 pages #gea-ggb471 :om ,huxley rank$ beside ,lam>ck1 0 on ! :ole ,buffonian1 atta*+ *ief importance to ! influ5ce ( a *angeful environm5t bo? 9 modify+ & 9 elim9at+1 b he 0 also ,goe?ian1 = in/ance 9 8 idea t species l individuals pass ?r\gh p]iods ( gr[?1 full bloom1 & decl9e4 ,?us1 x is n only ! great cata/rophes ( ,nature :i* h caus$ ext9ction1 b ! completion ( cycles ( exi/5ce1 out ( :i* new cycles h begun4 ,a *>act]i/ic s5t5ce is quot$ by ,pr(4 ,osborn3 ,9 e liv+ be+ !re exi/s a capability ( an endless v>iety ( =m-assumption2 ea* possesses ! p[] to adapt its organisation to ! *anges ( ! out] _w1 & x is ?is p[]1 put into action by ! *ange ( ! univ]se1 t has rais$ ! simple zoophytes ( ! primitive _w to cont9ually high] /ages ( organisation1 & has introduc$ a c\ntless v>iety ( species into animate ,nature4 ,goe! 7#agdi-ahcb7 7,see ,haeckel1 ,die ,naturans*auung von ,d>w91 ,goe! und ,lam>ck1 ,j5a1 #ahhb471 :o knew ,buffon's "w b n ,lam>ck's1 is peculi>ly int]e/+ z "o ( ! fir/ to use ! evolution-idea z a guid+ hypo!sis1 e4g4 9 ! int]pretation ( ve/igial /ructures 9 man1 & to realise t organisms express an attempt to make a compromise betwe5 specific in]tia & individual *ange4 ,he gave ! f9e/ expression t sci5ce has yet kn[n--if x has kn[n x--( ! k]nel-idea ( :at is call$ ba?mism1 ! idea ( an inh]5t gr[?-=ce--& at ! same "t he held t ! way ( life p[]fully reacts ^u all =m & t ! ord]ly gr[? ( =m yields to *ange f ext]nally act+ causes4 ,besides ,buffon1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 ,lam>ck1 ,treviranus1 & ,goe!1 !re 7 o!r pione]s ( evolution1 ^: views h be5 (t5 discuss$ & apprais$4 ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,sa9t-,hilaire 7#aggb-ahdd71 ^: "w ,goe! s mu* admir$1 0 on ! :ole ,buffonian1 emphasis+ ! direct action ( ! *angeful milieu4 ,species v>y ) _! environm5t1 & exi/+ species h desc5d$ by modification f e>li] & some:at simpl] species4 ,he _h a glimpse ( ! selection idea1 & believ$ 9 mutations or sudd5 leaps--induc$ 9 ! embryonic condition by ext]nal influ5ces4 ,! complete hi/ory ( evolution-!ories w include _m in/ances ( guesses at tru? :i* 7 aft]w>ds sub/antiat$1 ?us ! geograph] von ,bu* 7#aggc-ahec7 detect$ ! importance ( ! ,isolation factor on :i* ,wagn]1 ,romanes1 ,gulick & o!rs h laid great /ress1 b we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) recall+ "o o!r pione]1 ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation 7#ahdd71 a "w :i* pass$ ?r\gh t5 editions 9 n9e ye>s & c]ta9ly help$ to h>r[ ! soil = ,d>w9's s[+4 ,z ,d>w9 said1 x did excell5t s]vice 9 ?is c\ntry 9 call+ att5tion to ! subject1 9 remov+ prejudice1 & 9 ?us prep>+ ! gr\nd = ! reception ( analog\s views4 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page xvii47 ,its au?or1 ,rob]t ,*amb]s 7#ahjb-ahga7 0 9 "p a ,buffonian--ma9ta9+ t environm5t m\ld$ organisms adaptively1 & 9 "p a ,goe?ian--believ+ 9 an inh]5t progressive impulse :i* lift$ organisms f "o grade ( organisation to ano!r4 ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,natural ,,selection4 ,! only ?9k] to :om ,d>w9 0 directly indebt$1 s f> z ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection is conc]n$1 0 ,mal?us1 & we may once m quote ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! ,autobiography3 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahch1 t is1 fifte5 mon?s aft] ,i _h begun my sy/ematic enquiry1 ,i happ5$ to read = amusem5t ',mal?us on ,population'1 & be+ well prep>$ to appreciate ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* ev]y:]e goes on f long-cont9u$ obs]vation ( ! habits ( animals & plants1 x at once /ruck me t "u ^! circum/ances fav\rable v>iations w\ld t5d to be pres]v$1 & unfav\rable ones to be de/roy$4 ,! result ( ?is w\ld be ! =mation ( new species4 7,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,vol4 #a4 page #hc4 ,london1 #ahhg47 ,al?\gh ,mal?us gives no adumbration ( ! idea ( ,natural ,selection 9 8 exposition ( ! elim9ative processes :i* g on 9 mank9d1 ! sugge/ive value ( 8 essay is und5iable1 z is /rik+ly borne out by ! fact t x gave to ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace also ! long-s\ght clue to ! effective ag5t 9 ! evolution ( organic species4 7,a4,r4 ,wallace1 ,my ,life1 ,a ,record ( ,ev5ts & ,op9ions1 ,london1 #aije1 ,vol4 #a4 page #bcb47 ,"o day 9 ,t]nate :5 he 0 re/+ betwe5 fits ( fev]1 some?+ br\ght to 8 recollection ! "w ( ,mal?us :i* he _h read twelve ye>s be=e4 ,i ?\ght ( 8 cle> exposition ( '! positive *ecks to increase'--disease1 accid5ts1 w>1 & fam9e--:i* keep d[n ! population ( savage races to s mu* l[] an av]age ?an t ( m civiliz$ peoples4 ,x !n occurr$ to me t ^! causes or _! equival5ts are cont9ually act+ 9 ! case ( animals also2 & z animals usually bre$ mu* m rapidly ?an does mank9d1 ! de/ruction e ye> f ^! causes mu/ be enorm\s 9 ord] to keep d[n ! numb]s ( ea* species1 s9ce !y evid5tly d n increase regul>ly f ye> to ye>1 z o!rwise ! _w w\ld long ago h be5 d5sely cr[d$ ) ^? t bre$ mo/ quickly4 ,vaguely ?9k+ ov] ! enorm\s & con/ant de/ruction :i* ?is impli$1 x occurr$ to me to ask ! "q1 ,:y d "s die & "s live8 ,& ! answ] 0 cle>ly1 t on ! :ole ! be/ fitt$ live4 ,f ! effects ( disease ! mo/ heal?y escap$2 f enemies ! /ronge/1 ! swifte/1 or ! mo/ cunn+2 f fam9e ! be/ hunt]s or ^? ) ! be/ dige/ion2 & s on4 ,!n x sudd5ly fla%$ ^u me t ?is self-act+ process w\ld necess>ily ,,improve ,,! ,,race1 because 9 e g5]ation ! inf]ior w\ld inevitably be kill$ (f & ! sup]ior w\ld rema9--t is1 ,,! ,,fitte/ ,,w\ld ,,survive4 7,ibid4 ,vol4 #a4 page #cfa47 ,we ne$ n apologise = ?is long quotation1 x is a tribute to ,d>w9's magnanim\s colleague1 ! ,ne/or ( ! evolutioni/ camp1--& x probably indicates ! l9e ( ?\ght :i* ,d>w9 himself foll[$4 ,x is int]e/+ also to recall ! fact t 9 #aheb1 :5 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] wrote 8 fam\s ,lead] article on ,! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis 9 :i* he argu$ p[]fully = ! !sis t ! :ole animate _w is ! result ( an age-long process ( natural trans=mation1 he wrote = ,! ,we/m9/] ,review ano!r important essay1 ,a ,!ory ( ,population d$uc$ f ! ,g5]al ,law ( ,animal ,f]tility1 t[>ds ! close ( :i* he came )9 an ace ( recognis+ t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 0 a factor 9 organic evolution4 ,at a "t :5 pressure ( population 0 practically int]e/+ m5's m9ds1 ,d>w91 ,wallace1 & ,sp5c] 7 be+ indep5d5tly l$ f a social problem to a biological !ory4 ,!re c\ld be no bett] illu/ration1 z ,pr(4 ,patrick ,g$des has po9t$ out1 ( ! ,comtian !sis t sci5ce is a social ph5om5on4 ,!re=e1 z f> m important ?an any fur!r f]ret+ out ( vague h9ts ( ,natural ,selection 9 books :i* ,d>w9 nev] read1 we w\ld indicate by a quotation ! view t ! c5tral idea 9 ,d>w9ism is correlat$ ) contempor>y social evolution4 ,! sub/itution ( ,d>w9 = ,paley z ! *ief int]pret] ( ! ord] ( nature is curr5tly reg>d$ z ! displacem5t ( an an?ropomorphic view by a purely sci5tific "o3 a little reflection1 h[ev]1 w %[ t :at has actually happ5$ has be5 m]ely ! replacem5t ( ! an?ropomorphism ( ! eighte5? c5tury by t ( ! n9ete5?4 ,= ! place vacat$ by ,paley's !ological & metaphysical explanation has simply be5 occupi$ by t sugge/$ to ,d>w9 & ,wallace by ,mal?us 9 t]ms ( ! preval5t sev]ity ( indu/rial competition1 & ^? ph5om5a ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* ! light ( contempor>y economic !ory has enabl$ u to disc]n1 h ?us come to be tempor>ily exalt$ into a complete explanation ( organic progress4 7,p4 ,g$des1 article ,biology1 ,*amb]s's ,encyclopa$ia47 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! idea sugge/$ by ,mal?us 0 develop$ by ,d>w9 into a biological !ory :i* 0 !n pa9/ak+ly v]ifi$ by be+ us$ z an int]pretative =mula1 & t ! validity ( a !ory s e/abli%$ is n affect$ by :at sugge/$ x1 b ! practical "q :i* ?is l9e ( ?\ght raises 9 ! m9d is ?is3 if ,biology did ?us borr[ ) su* spl5did results f social !ory1 :y %\ld we n m delib]ately repeat ! exp]im5t8 ,d>w9 0 *>act]i/ically frank & g5]\s 9 admitt+ t ! pr9ciple ( ,natural ,selection _h be5 indep5d5tly recognis$ by ,dr ,w4,c4 ,wells 9 #ahac & by ,mr ,patrick ,mat!w 9 #ahca1 b he _h no k ( ^! anticipations :5 he publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,wells1 ^: ,essay on ,dew is /ill rememb]$1 read 9 #ahac be=e ! ,royal ,society a %ort pap] entitl$ ,an acc\nt ( a ,:ite ,female1 "p ( ^: sk9 resembles t ( a ,negro 7publi%$ 9 #ahah74 ,9 ?is communication1 z ,d>w9 said1 he obs]ves1 fir/ly1 t all animals t5d to v>y 9 "s degree1 &1 secondly1 t agriculturi/s improve _! dome/icat$ animals by selection2 & !n1 he adds1 b :at is done 9 ?is latt] case 'by art1 seems to be done ) equal efficacy1 ?\gh m sl[ly1 by nature1 9 ! =mation ( v>ieties ( mank9d1 fitt$ = ! c\ntry :i* !y inhabit4' 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition7 page xv47 ,?us ,wells _h ! cle> idea ( survival dep5d5t ^u a fav\rable v>iation1 b he makes no m use ( ! idea & applies x only to man4 ,!re is n 9 ! pap] ! lea/ h9t t ! au?or ev] ?\ght ( g5]alis+ ! rem>kable s5t5ce quot$ above4 ,( ,mr ,patrick ,mat!w1 :o buri$ 8 treasure 9 an app5dix to a "w on ,naval ,timb] & ,arboriculture1 ,d>w9 said t he cle>ly saw ! full =ce ( ! pr9ciple ( natural selection4 ,9 #ahfj ,d>w9 wrote--v *>act]i/ically--ab\t ?is to ,lyell3 ,mr ,patrick ,mat!w publi%es a long extract f 8 "w on ,naval ,timb] & ,arboriculture1 publi%$ 9 #ahca1 9 :i* he briefly b completely anticipates ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,i h ord]$ ! book1 z "s passages are r obscure1 b x is c]ta9ly1 ,i ?9k1 a complete b n develop$ anticipation4 ,erasmus always said t surely ?is w\ld be %[n to be ! case "s day4 ,anyh[1 "o may be excus$ 9 n hav+ discov]$ ! fact 9 a "w on ,naval ,timb]4 7,life & ,lett]s ,,ii4 page #cja47 ,de ,quatrefages & ,de ,v>igny h ma9ta9$ t ! botani/ ,naud9 /at$ ! !ory ( evolution by natural selection 9 #aheb4 ,he expla9s v cle>ly ! process ( artificial selection1 & says t 9 ! g>d5 we are foll[+ ,nature's me?od4 ,we d n ?9k t ,nature has made h] species 9 a diff]5t fa%ion f t 9 :i* we proce$ ourselves 9 ord] to make our v>iations4 ,b1 z ,d>w9 said1 he does n %[ h[ selection acts "u nature4 ,simil>ly x mu/ be not$ 9 reg>d to sev]al pre-,d>w9ian pictures ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 7su* z ,h]d]'s1 :o wrote 9 #agij ,all is 9 /ruggle444 ea* "o = himself & s on71 t a recognition ( ?is is only ! fir/ /ep 9 ,d>w9ism4 ,pr(s4 ,e4 ,p]ri] & ,h4,f4 ,osborn h call$ att5tion to a rem>kable anticipation ( ! selection-idea :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! speculations ( ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,/ ,hilaire 7#ahbe-ahbh7 on ! evolution ( mod]n ,crocodilians f ! anci5t ,teleosaurs4 ,*ang+ environm5t induc$ *anges 9 ! respiratory sy/em & f>-rea*+ consequ5ces foll[$4 ,! atmosph]e1 act+ ^u ! pulmon>y cells1 br+s ab\t modifications :i* are fav\rable or de/ructive 7'fune/es'72 ^! are inh]it$1 & !y influ5ce all ! re/ ( ! organisation ( ! animal because if ^! modifications lead to injuri\s effects1 ! animals :i* exhibit !m p]i% & are replac$ by o!rs ( a some:at diff]5t =m1 a =m *ang$ s z to be adapt$ to 7a la conv5ance7 ! new environm5t4 ,pr(4 ,e4,b4 ,p\lton 7,sci5ce ,progress1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahig4 ,a ,rem>kable ,anticipation ( ,mod]n ,views on ,evolution4 ,see also ,*ap4 ,,vi4 9 ,essays on ,evolution1 ,ox=d1 #aijh47 has %[n t ! an?ropologi/ ,james ,c[les ,pri*>d 7#aghf-ahdh7 mu/ be includ$1 ev5 9 spite ( himself1 among ! precursors ( ,d>w94 ,9 "s passages ( ! second edition ( 8 ,rese>*es into ! ,physical ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d 7#ahbf71 he c]ta9ly talks evolution & anticipates ,pr(4 ,weismann 9 d5y+ ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 sadly self-contradictory & 8 evolutionism weak5s 9 subsequ5t editions--! only ones t ,d>w9 saw4 ,pr(4 ,p\lton f9ds 9 ,pri*>d's "w a recognition ( ! op]ation ( ,natural ,selection4 ,aft] enquir+ h[ x is t '^! v>ieties are develop$ & pres]v$ 9 connection ) p>ticul> climates & diff]5ces ( local situation1' he gives ! foll[+ v significant answ]3 ',"o cause :i* t5ds to ma9ta9 ?is relation is obvi\s4 ,individuals & families1 & ev5 :ole colonies1 p]i% & disappe> 9 climates = :i* !y are1 by peculi>ity ( con/itution1 n adapt$4 ,( ?is fact pro(s h be5 already m5tion$4' ,mr ,francis ,d>w9 & ,pr(4 ,a4,c4 ,sew>d discuss ,pri*>d's anticipations 9 ,m ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,vol4 ,i4 page #dc1 & come to ! conclusion t ! evolution>y passages are entirely neutralis$ by o!rs ( an opposite tr5d4 ,!re is ! same difficulty ) ,buffon4 ,h9ts ( ! idea ( ,natural ,selection h be5 detect$ else:]e4 ,james ,watt 7,see ,pr(4 ,patrick ,g$des's article ,v>iation & ,selection1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica 7#i? edition7 #ahhh471 = in/ance1 has be5 report$ z "o ( ! anticipators 7#ahea74 ,b we ne$ n prolong ! inquiry fur!r1 s9ce ,d>w9 did n "k ( any anticipations until aft] he _h publi%$ ! immortal "w ( #ahei1 & s9ce none ( ^? :o got hold ( ! idea made any use ( x4 ,:at ,d>w9 did 0 to foll[ ! clue :i* ,mal?us gave him1 to realise1 fir/ by g5ius & aft]w>ds by pati5ce1 h[ ! complex & subtle /ruggle = exi/5ce works out a natural selection ( ^? organisms :i* v>y 9 ! direction ( fitt] adaptation to ! conditions ( _! life4 ,s mu* success att5d$ 8 application ( ! ,selection-=mula t = a "t he reg>d$ ,natural ,selection z almo/ ! sole factor 9 evolution1 v>iations be+ pre-suppos$2 gradually1 h[ev]1 he came to recognise t !re 0 "s validity 9 ! factors :i* _h be5 emphasiz$ by ,lam>ck & by ,buffon1 & 9 8 well-kn[n summ+ up 9 ! six? edition ( ! ,orig9 he says ( ! trans=mation ( species3 ,?is has be5 effect$ *iefly ?r\gh ! natural selection ( num]\s successive1 slight1 fav\rable v>iations2 aid$ 9 an important mann] by ! inh]it$ effects ( ! use & disuse ( p>ts2 & 9 an unimportant mann]1 t is1 9 relation to adaptive /ructures1 :e!r pa/ or pres5t1 by ! direct action ( ext]nal conditions1 & by v>iations :i* seem to u 9 our ignorance to arise spontane\sly4 ,to sum up3 ! idea ( organic evolution1 old] ?an ,ari/otle1 sl[ly develop$ f ! /age ( sugge/ion to ! /age ( v]ification1 & ! fir/ conv9c+ v]ification 0 ,d>w9's2 f be+ an a priori anticipation x has become an int]pretation ( nature1 & ,d>w9 is /ill ! *ief int]pret]2 f be+ a modal int]pretation x has advanc$ to ! rank ( a causal !ory1 ! mo/ conv9c+ "p ( :i* m5 w nev] cease to call ,d>w9ism4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,selection ,,!ory1 ,by ,augu/ ,weismann4 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,freiburg 7,bad574 ,i4 ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,selection4 ,_m & div]se 7 ! discov]ies made by ,*>les ,d>w9 9 ! c\rse ( a long & /r5u\s life1 b none ( !m has _h s f>-rea*+ an influ5ce on ! sci5ce & ?\ght ( 8 "t z ! !ory ( selection4 ,i d n believe t ! !ory ( evolution w\ld h made its way s easily & s quickly aft] ,d>w9 took up ! cudgels 9 fav\r ( x1 if he _h n be5 able to support x by a pr9ciple :i* 0 capable ( solv+1 9 a simple mann]1 ! greate/ riddle t liv+ nature pres5ts to u1--,i mean ! purposiv5ess ( e liv+ =m relative to ! conditions ( its life & its m>vell\sly exact adaptation to ^!4 ,ev]yone kn[s t ,d>w9 0 n alone 9 discov]+ ! pr9ciple ( selection1 & t ! same idea occurr$ simultane\sly & indep5d5tly to ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace4 ,at ! memorable meet+ ( ! ,l9nean ,society on #a/ ,july1 #aheh1 two pap]s 7 read 7communicat$ by ,lyell & ,hook]7 bo? sett+ =? ! same idea ( selection4 ,"o 0 writt5 by ,*>les ,d>w9 9 ,k5t1 ! o!r by ,alfr$ ,wallace 9 ,t]nate1 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,x 0 a spl5did pro( ( ! magnanimity ( ^! two inve/igators1 t !y ?us1 9 all fri5dl9ess & )\t envy1 unit$ 9 lay+ _! ideas be=e a sci5tific tribunal3 _! names w always %9e side by side z two ( ! brighte/ />s 9 ! sci5tific sky4 ,b x is ) ,*>les ,d>w9 t ,i am "h *iefly conc]n$1 s9ce ?is pap] is int5d$ to aid 9 ! commemoration ( ! hundr$? anniv]s>y ( 8 bir?4 ,! idea ( selection set =? by ! two naturali/s 0 at ! "t absolutely new1 b x 0 also s simple t ,huxley c\ld say ( x lat]1 ,h[ extremely /upid n to h ?\ght ( t4 ,z ,d>w9 0 l$ to ! g5]al doctr9e ( desc5t1 n ?r\gh ! lab\rs ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury1 b by 8 own obs]vations1 s x 0 9 reg>d to ! pr9ciple ( selection4 ,he 0 /ruck by ! innum]able cases ( adaptation1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( ! woodpeck]s & tree-frogs to climb+1 or ! hooks & fea!r-l app5dages ( se$s1 :i* aid 9 ! di/ribution ( plants1 & he said to himself t an explanation ( adaptations 0 ! fir/ ?+ to be s\ght = 9 attempt+ to =mulate a !ory ( evolution4 ,b s9ce adaptations po9t to ,,*anges :i* h be5 und]gone by ! ance/ral =ms ( exi/+ species1 x is necess>y1 fir/ ( all1 to inquire h[ f> species 9 g5]al are ,,v>iable4 ,?us ,d>w9's att5tion 0 direct$ 9 ! fir/ place to ! ph5om5on ( v>iability1 & ! use man has made ( ?is1 f v e>ly times1 9 ! bre$+ ( 8 dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants4 ,he inquir$ c>efully h[ bre$]s set to "w1 :5 !y wi%$ to modify ! /ructure & appe>ance ( a species to _! own ends1 & x 0 soon cle> to him t ,,selection ,,= ,,bre$+ ,,purposes play$ ! *ief "p4 ,b h[ 0 x possible t su* processes %\ld occur 9 free nature8 ,:o is "h ! bre$]1 mak+ ! selection1 *oos+ out "o individual to br+ =? (fspr+ & reject+ o!rs8 ,t 0 ! problem t = a long "t rema9$ a riddle to him4 ,d>w9 himself relates h[ illum9ation sudd5ly came to him4 ,he _h be5 read+1 = 8 own pleasure1 ,mal?us' book on ,population1 &1 z he _h long kn[n f num]\s obs]vations1 t e species gives rise to _m m desc5dants ?an ev] atta9 to maturity1 & t1 !re=e1 ! great] numb] ( ! desc5dants ( a species p]i% )\t reproduc+1 ! idea came to him t ! decision z to :i* memb] ( a species 0 to p]i%1 & :i* 0 to atta9 to maturity & reproduction might n be a matt] ( *ance1 b might be det]m9$ by ! con/itution ( ! individuals !mselves1 accord+ z !y 7 m or less fitt$ = survival4 ,) ?is idea ! f\ndation ( ! !ory ( selection 0 laid4 ,9 ,,artificial ,,selection ! bre$] *ooses out = pair+ only su* individuals z possess ! "* desir$ by him 9 a some:at high] degree ?an ! re/ ( ! race4 ,"s ( ! desc5dants inh]it ?is "*1 (t5 9 a /ill high] degree1 & if ?is me?od be pursu$ ?r\gh\t sev]al g5]ations1 ! race is trans=m$ 9 respect ( t p>ticul> "*4 ,,natural ,,selection dep5ds on ! same ?ree factors z ,,artificial ,,selection3 on ,,v>iability1 ,,inh]itance1 & ,,selection ,,= ,,bre$+1 b ?is la/ is "h c>ri$ out n by a bre$] b by :at ,d>w9 call$ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,?is la/ factor is "o ( ! special features ( ! ,d>w9ian conception ( nature4 ,t !re are c>nivor\s animals :i* take heavy toll 9 e g5]ation ( ! prog5y ( ! animals on :i* !y prey1 & t !re are h]bivores :i* decimate ! plants 9 e g5]ation _h long be5 kn[n1 b x is only s9ce ,d>w9's "t t suffici5t att5tion has be5 paid to ! facts t1 9 addition to ?is regul> de/ruction1 !re exi/s betwe5 ! memb]s ( a species a ke5 competition = space & food1 :i* limits multiplication1 & t num]\s individuals ( ea* species p]i% because ( unfav\rable climatic conditions4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :i* ,d>w9 reg>d$ z tak+ ! place ( ! human bre$] 9 free nature1 is n a direct /ruggle betwe5 c>nivores & _! prey1 b is ! assum$ competition = survival betwe5 individuals ,,( ,,! ,,same species1 ( :i*1 on an av]age1 only ^? survive to reproduce :i* h ! greate/ p[] ( resi/ance1 :ile ! o!rs1 less fav\rably con/itut$1 p]i% e>ly4 ,?is /ruggle is s ke51 t1 )9 a limit$ area1 :]e ! conditions ( life h long rema9$ un*ang$1 ( e species1 :atev] be ! degree ( f]tility1 only two1 ,,on ,,an ,,av]age1 ( ! desc5dants ( ea* pair survive2 ! o!rs succumb ei!r to enemies1 or to disadvantages ( climate1 or to accid5t4 ,a high degree ( f]tility is ?us n an indication ( ! special success ( a species1 b ( ! num]\s dang]s t h att5d$ its evolution4 ,( ! six "y br\ght =? by a pair ( elephants 9 ! c\rse ( _! lives only two survive 9 a giv5 area2 simil>ly1 ( ! millions ( eggs :i* two ?read-worms leave beh9d !m only two survive4 ,x is ?us possible to e/imate ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 a species by its ratio ( elim9ation1 or1 s9ce ?is _c be done directly1 by its f]tility4 ,al?\gh a great numb] ( ! desc5dants ( ea* g5]ation fall victims to accid5t1 among ^? t rema9 x is /ill ! great] or less] fitness ( ! organism t det]m9es ! selection = bre$+ purposes1 & x w\ld be incompreh5sible if1 9 ?is competition1 x 7 n ultimately1 t is1 on an av]age1 ! be/ equipp$ :i* survive1 9 ! s5se ( liv+ long en\gh to reproduce4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( natural selection is ,,! ,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,be/ ,,= ,,reproduction1 :e!r ! be/ ref]s to ! :ole con/itution1 to "o or m p>ts ( ! organism1 or to "o or m /ages ( developm5t4 ,e organ1 e "p1 e "* ( an animal1 f]tility & intellig5ce includ$1 mu/ be improv$ 9 ?is mann]1 & be gradually br\ght up 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations to its highe/ atta9able /ate ( p]fection4 ,& n only may improvem5t ( p>ts be br\ght ab\t 9 ?is way1 b new p>ts & organs may arise1 s9ce1 ?r\gh ! sl[ & m9ute /eps ( individual or fluctuat+ v>iations1 a "p may be add$ "h or dropp$ out !re1 & ?us some?+ new is produc$4 ,! pr9ciple ( selection solv$ ! riddle z to h[ :at 0 purposive c\ld conceivably be br\ght ab\t )\t ! int]v5tion ( a direct+ p[]1 ! riddle :i* animate nature pres5ts to our intellig5ce at e turn1 & 9 face ( :i* ! m9d ( a ,kant c\ld f9d no way out1 = he reg>d$ a solution ( x z n to be hop$ =4 ,=1 ev5 if we 7 to assume an evolution>y =ce t is cont9ually trans=m+ ! mo/ primitive & ! simple/ =ms ( life into ev] high] =ms1 & ! homog5eity ( primitive times into ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! pres5t1 we %\ld /ill be unable to inf] f ?is alone h[ ea* ( ! numb]less =ms adapt$ to p>ticul> conditions ( life %\ld h appe>$ ,,precisely ,,at ,,! ,,"r ,,mom5t ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>? to :i* _! adaptations 7 appropriate1 & precisely at ! prop] place 9 :i* all ! conditions ( life to :i* !y 7 adapt$ occurr$3 ! humm+-birds at ! same "t z ! fl[]s2 ! tri*9a at ! same "t z ! pig2 ! b>k-col\r$ mo? at ! same "t z ! oak1 & ! wasp-l mo? at ! same "t z ! wasp :i* protects x4 ,)\t processes ( selection we %\ld be oblig$ to assume a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony aft] ! fam\s ,leibnitzian model1 by means ( :i* ! clock ( ! evolution ( organisms is s regulat$ z to /rike 9 exact syn*ronism ) t ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>?6 ,all =ms ( life are /rictly adapt$ to ! conditions ( _! life1 & c p]si/ "u ^! conditions alone4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be an intr9sic connection betwe5 ! conditions & ! /ructural adaptations ( ! organism1 &1 ,,s9ce ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life ,,_c ,,be ,,det]m9$ ,,by ,,! ,,animal ,,itself1 ,,! ,,adaptations ,,mu/ ,,be ,,call$ ,,=? ,,by ,,! ,,conditions4 ,! selection !ory tea*es u h[ ?is is conceivable1 s9ce x enables u to und]/& t !re is a cont9ual production ( :at is non-purposive z well z ( :at is purposive1 b ! purposive alone survives1 :ile ! non-purposive p]i%es 9 ! v act ( aris+4 ,?is is ! old wisdom taught long ago by ,emp$ocles4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,lam>ckian ,,pr9ciple4 ,lam>ck1 z is well kn[n1 =mulat$ a def9ite !ory ( evolution at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 exactly fifty ye>s be=e ! ,d>w9-,wallace pr9ciple ( selection 0 giv5 to ! _w4 ,?is brilliant inve/igator also endeav\r$ to support 8 !ory by demon/rat+ =ces :i* might h br\ght ab\t ! trans=mations ( ! organic _w 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages4 ,9 addition to o!r factors1 he laid special emphasis on ! increas$ or dim9i%$ use ( ! p>ts ( ! body1 assum+ t ! /r5g!n+ or weak5+ :i* takes place f ?is cause dur+ ! individual life1 c\ld be h&$ on to ! (fspr+1 & ?us int5sifi$ & rais$ to ! rank ( a specific "*4 ,d>w9 also reg>d$ ?is ,,lam>ckian ,,pr9ciple1 z x is n[ g5]ally call$1 z a factor 9 evolution1 b he 0 n fully conv9c$ ( ! transmissibility ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,z ,i h "h to deal only ) ! !ory ( selection1 ,i ne$ n discuss ! ,lam>ckian hypo!sis1 b ,i mu/ express my op9ion t !re is room = mu* d\bt z to ! coop]ation ( ?is pr9ciple 9 evolution4 ,n only is x difficult to imag9e h[ ! transmission ( functional modifications c\ld take place1 b1 up to ! pres5t "t1 not)/&+ ! endeav\rs ( _m excell5t inve/igators1 n a s+le actual pro( ( su* inh]itance has be5 br\ght =w>d4 ,semon's exp]im5ts on plants are1 accord+ to ! botani/ ,pfeff]1 n to be reli$ on1 & ev5 ! rec5t1 beautiful exp]im5ts made by ,dr ,kamm]] on salam&]s1 _c1 z ,i hope to %[ else:]e1 be reg>d$ z pro(1 if only because !y d n deal at all ) functional modifications1 t is1 ) modifications br\ght ab\t by use1 & x is to ^! ,,alone t ! ,lam>ckian pr9ciple ref]s4 ,,iii4 ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,selection4 7a7 ,saltatory evolution4 ,! ,d>w9ian doctr9e ( evolution dep5ds ess5tially on ,,! ,,cumulative ,,augm5tation ( m9ute v>iations 9 ! direction ( utility4 ,b c su* m9ute v>iations1 :i* are und\bt$ly cont9ually appe>+ among ! individuals ( ! same species1 possess any selection-value2 c !y det]m9e :i* individuals are to survive1 & :i* are to succumb2 c !y be increas$ by natural selection till !y atta9 to ! highe/ developm5t ( a purposive v>iation8 ,to _m ?is seems s improbable t !y h urg$ a !ory ( evolution by leaps f species to species4 ,kollik]1 9 #ahgb1 comp>$ ! evolution ( species ) ! processes :i* we c obs]ve 9 ! individual life 9 cases ( alt]nation ( g5]ations4 ,b a polyp only gives rise to a m$usa because x has itself aris5 f "o1 & !re c be no "q ( a m$usa ev] hav+ aris5 sudd5ly & de novo f a polyp-bud1 if only because bo? =ms are adapt$ 9 _! /ructure z a :ole1 & 9 e detail to ! conditions ( _! life4 ,a sudd5 orig91 9 a natural way1 ( num]\s adaptations is inconceivable4 ,ev5 ! deg5]ation ( a m$usoid f a free-swimm+ animal to a m]e brood-sac 7gonophore7 is n sudd5 & saltatory1 b occurs by imp]ceptible modifications ?r\gh\t hundr$s ( ye>s1 z we c le>n f ! num]\s /ages ( ! process ( deg5]ation p]si/+ at ! same "t 9 diff]5t species4 ,if1 !n1 ! deg5]ation to a simple brood-sac takes place only by v sl[ transitions1 ea* /age ( :i* may la/ = c5turies1 h[ c\ld ! mu* m complex ,,asc5d+ evolution possibly h tak5 place by sudd5 leaps8 ,i reg>d ?is argum5t z capable ( fur!r ext5sion1 = :]ev] 9 nature we come ^u deg5]ation1 x is tak+ place by m9ute /eps & ) a sl[ness t makes x n directly p]ceptible1 & ,i believe t ?is 9 itself ju/ifies u 9 conclud+ t ,,! ,,same ,,mu/ ,,be ,,true ,,( ,,asc5d+ evolution4 ,b 9 ! latt] case ! goal c seldom be di/9ctly recognis$ :ile 9 cases ( deg5]ation ! />t+-po9t ( ! process c (t5 be inf]r$1 because sev]al ne>ly relat$ species may repres5t diff]5t /ages4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ,bateson 9 p>ticul> has *ampion$ ! idea ( saltatory1 or s-call$ discont9u\s evolution1 & has collect$ a numb] ( cases 9 :i* m or less m>k$ v>iations h sudd5ly appe>$4 ,^! are tak5 = ! mo/ "p f among dome/icat$ animals :i* h be5 br$ & cross$ = a long "t1 & x is h>dly to be wond]$ at t _! mu* mix$ & mu* influ5c$ g]m-plasm %\ld1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 give rise to rem>kable ph5om5a1 (t5 inde$ produc+ =ms :i* are /rongly sugge/ive ( mon/rosities1 & :i* w\ld und\bt$ly n survive 9 free nature1 unprotect$ by man4 ,i %\ld reg>d su* cases z due to an int5sifi$ g]m9al selection--?\gh ?is is to anticipate a little--& f ?is po9t ( view x _c be d5i$ t !y h a special int]e/4 ,b !y seem to me to h no significance z f> z ! trans=mation ( species is conc]n$1 if only because ( ! extreme r>ity ( _! occurr5ce4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m v>iations :i* h appe>$ 9 a sudd5 & saltatory mann]1 & "s ( ^! ,d>w9 po9t$ out & discuss$ 9 detail3 ! copp] bee*1 ! weep+ trees1 ! oak ) f]n-l leaves1 c]ta9 g>d5-fl[]s1 etc4 ,b none ( !m h p]si/$ 9 free nature1 or evolv$ into p]man5t types4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]ev] endur+ types h aris51 we f9d traces ( a gradual orig9 by successive /ages1 ev5 if1 at fir/ sight1 _! orig9 may appe> to h be5 sudd54 ,?is is ! case ) ,,seasonal ,,dimorphism1 ! fir/ kn[n cases ( :i* exhibit$ m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! two g5]ations1 ! w9t] & ! summ] brood4 ,take = in/ance ! mu* discuss$ & /udi$ =m ,vanessa 7,aras*nia7 levana-prorsa4 ,"h ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two =ms are s great & s app>5tly disconnect$1 t "o might almo/ believe x to be a sudd5 mutation1 7 x n t old transition-/ages c be call$ =? by p>ticul> temp]atures1 & we "k o!r butt]flies1 z = in/ance our ,g>d5 ,:ites1 9 :i* ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two g5]ations are n ne>ly s m>k$2 inde$1 !y are s little app>5t t !y are sc>cely likely to be notic$ except by exp]ts4 ,?us "h aga9 !re are small initial /eps1 "s ( :i*1 inde$1 mu/ be reg>d$ z adaptations1 su* z ! gre5-spr9kl$ or lightly t9t$ "u-surface :i* gives !m a deceptive resemblance to p>sley or to ,c>dam9e leaves4 ,ev5 if saltatory v>iations d occur1 we _c assume t ^! ,,h ,,ev] ,,l$ ,,to ,,=ms ,,:i* ,,are ,,capable ,,( ,,survival ,,"u ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,wild ,,life4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t 9 plants :i* h sudd5ly v>i$ ! p[] ( p]si/5ce is dim9i%$4 ,kors*9ksky attributes to !m weaknesses ( organisation 9 g5]al2 !y bloom late1 rip5 few ( _! se$s1 & %[ great s5sitiv5ess to cold4 ,^! are n ! *>act]s :i* make = success 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,we mu/ briefly ref] "h to ! views--mu* discuss$ 9 ! la/ decade--( ,h4 de ,vries1 :o believes t ! roots ( trans=mation mu/ be s\ght = 9 ,,saltatory ,,v>iations ,,aris+ ,,f ,,int]nal ,,causes1 & di/+ui%es su* ,,mutations1 z he has call$ !m1 f ord9>y individual v>iations1 9 t !y bre$ true1 t is1 ) /rict inbre$+ !y are h&$ on pure to ! next g5]ation4 ,i h else:]e endeav\r$ to po9t out ! weaknesses ( ?is !ory 7,vortrage ub] ,desc5d5z!orie1 ,j5a1 #aijd1 ,,ii4 #bfi4 ,engli% ,translation ,london1 #aijd1 ,,ii4 page #cag471 & ,i am ! less incl9$ to return to x "h t x n[ appe>s 7,see ,p\lton1 ,essays on ,evolution1 ,ox=d1 #aijh1 pages xix-xxii47 t ! f>-rea*+ conclusions drawn by de ,vries f 8 obs]vations on ! ,ev5+ ,primrose1 ,o5o!ra lam>ckiana1 re/ ^u a v insecure f\ndation4 ,! plant f :i* de ,vries saw num]\s species--8 mutations--arise 0 n1 z he assum$1 a ,,wild ,,species t _h be5 introduc$ to ,europe f ,am]ica1 b 0 probably a hybrid =m :i* 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes 9 ,p>is1 & :i* does n appe> to exi/ any:]e 9 ,am]ica z a wild species4 ,?is gives a sev]e %ock to ! ,mutation !ory1 = ! o!r ,,actually ,,wild species ) :i* de ,vries exp]im5t$ %[$ no mutations b yield$ only negative results4 ,?us we come to ! conclusion t ,d>w9 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 pages #agf et seq47 0 "r 9 reg>d+ trans=mations z tak+ place by m9ute /eps1 :i*1 if useful1 are augm5t$ 9 ! c\rse ( innum]able g5]ations1 because _! possessors m frequ5tly survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 7b7 ,,selection-,,value ,,( ,,! ,,initial ,,/eps4 ,is x possible t ! significant deviations :i* we "k z individual v>iations c =m ! beg9n+ ( a process ( selection8 ,c !y decide :i* is to p]i% & :i* to survive8 ,to use a phrase ( ,romanes1 c !y h ,,selection-,,value8 ,d>w9 himself answ]$ ?is "q1 & br\ght toge!r _m excell5t examples to %[ t diff]5ces1 app>5tly insignificant because v small1 might be ( decisive importance = ! life ( ! possessor4 ,b x is by no means en\gh to br+ =w>d cases ( ?is k9d1 = ! "q is n m]ely :e!r f9i%$ adaptations h selection-value1 b :e!r ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ^!1 & :e!r ! small1 ,i might almo/ say m9imal increm5ts1 :i* h l$ up f ^! beg9n+s to ! p]fect adaptation1 h also _h selection-value4 ,to ?is "q ev5 "o :o1 l myself1 has be5 = _m ye>s a conv9c$ adh]5t ( ! !ory ( selection1 c only reply3 ,,we ,,mu/ ,,assume ,,s1 ,,b ,,we ,,_c ,,prove ,,x ,,9 ,,any ,,case4 ,x is n ^u demon/rative evid5ce t we rely :5 we *ampion ! doctr9e ( selection z a sci5tific tru?2 we base our argum5t on q o!r gr\nds4 ,und\bt$ly !re are _m app>5tly insignificant features1 :i* c nev]!less be %[n to be adaptations--= in/ance1 ! ?ickness ( ! bas9-%ap$ %ell ( ! limpets t live among ! break]s on ! %ore4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ?ickness ( ^! %ells1 comb9$ ) _! flat =m1 protects ! animals f ! =ce ( ! waves break+ ^u !m1--b h[ h !y become s ?ick8 ,:at proportion ( ?ickness 0 suffici5t to decide t ( two v>iants ( a limpet "o %\ld survive1 ! o!r be elim9at$8 ,we c say no?+ m ?an t we inf] f ! pres5t /ate ( ! %ell1 t x mu/ h v>i$ 9 reg>d to diff]5ces 9 %ell-?ickness1 & t ^! diff]5ces mu/ h _h selection-value1--no pro( !re=e1 b an assumption :i* we mu/ %[ to be conv9c+4 ,= a long "t ! m>vell\sly complex ,,radiate & ,,lattice-,,"w skeletons ( ,radiol>ians 7 reg>d$ z a m]e outfl[ ( ,nature's inf9ite weal? ( =m1 z an in/ance ( a purely morphological "* ) no biological significance4 ,b rec5t inve/igations h %[n t ^!1 too1 h an adaptive significance 7,hack]74 ,! same ?+ has be5 %[n by ,s*utt 9 reg>d to ! l[ly unicellul> plants1 ! ,p]id9eae1 :i* ab\nd alike on ! surface ( ! ocean & 9 its dep?s4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! long skeletal processes :i* gr[ out f ^! organisms h significance n m]ely z a support+ skeleton1 b also z an ext5sion ( ! sup]ficial area1 :i* increases ! contact ) ! wat]-p>ticles1 & prev5ts ! float+ organisms f s9k+4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ t ! processes are consid]ably %ort] 9 ! cold] lay]s ( ! ocean1 & t !y may be twelve times z long 7,*un1 ,reise d] ,valdivia1 ,leipzig1 #aijd47 9 ! w>m] lay]s1 ?us correspond+ to ! great] or small] am\nt ( friction :i* takes place 9 ! d5s] & less d5se lay]s ( ! wat]4 ,! ,p]id9eae ( ! w>m] ocean lay]s h ?us become long-ray$1 ^? ( ! cold] lay]s %ort-ray$1 n ?r\gh ! direct effect ( friction on ! protoplasm1 b ?r\gh processes ( selection1 :i* fav\r$ ! long] rays 9 w>m wat]1 s9ce !y kept ! organism afloat1 :ile ^? ) %ort rays sank & 7 elim9at$4 ,if we put ! "q z to selection-value 9 ?is case1 & ask h[ great ! v>iations 9 ! l5g? ( processes mu/ be 9 ord] to possess selection-value2 :at c we answ] except t ^! v>iations mu/ h be5 m9imal1 & yet suffici5t to prev5t too rapid s9k+ & consequ5t elim9ation8 ,yet ?is v case w\ld give ! ideal opportunity = a ma!matical calculation ( ! m9imal selection-value1 al?\gh ( c\rse x is n feasible f lack ( data to c>ry out ! actual calculation4 ,b ev5 9 organisms ( m ?an microscopic size !re mu/ frequ5tly be m9ute1 ev5 microscopic diff]5ces :i* set go+ ! process ( selection1 & regulate its progress to ! highe/ possible p]fection4 ,_m tropical trees possess ?ick1 lea!ry leaves1 z a protection aga9/ ! =ce ( ! tropical ra9 drops4 ,! ,,direct influ5ce ( ! ra9 _c be ! cause ( ?is p[] ( resi/ance1 = ! leaves1 :ile !y 7 /ill ?91 w\ld simply h be5 torn to pieces4 ,_! t\ghness mu/ !re=e be ref]r$ to selection1 :i* w\ld fav\r ! trees ) slightly ?ick] leaves1 ?\gh we _c calculate ) any exactness h[ great ! fir/ /ages ( increase 9 ?ickness mu/ h be54 ,our hypo!sis receives fur!r support f ! fact t1 9 _m su* trees1 ! leaves are drawn out into a beak-l prolongation 7,/ahl & ,hab]l&t7 :i* facilitates ! rapid fall+ (f ( ! ra9 wat]1 & also f ! fact t ! leaves1 :ile !y are /ill "y1 hang limply d[n 9 bun*es :i* (f] ! lea/ possible resi/ance to ! ra94 ,?us !re are "h ?ree adaptations :i* c only be int]pret$ z due to selection4 ,! initial /ages ( ^! adaptations mu/ und\bt$ly h _h selection-value4 ,b ev5 9 reg>d to ?is case we are reason+ 9 a circle1 n giv+ pro(s1 & no "o :o does n wi% to believe 9 ! selection-value ( ! initial /ages c be =c$ to d s4 ,among ! _m pieces ( presumptive evid5ce a p>ticul>ly weighty "o seems to me to be ,,! ,,smallness ,,( ,,! ,,/eps ,,( ,,progress :i* we c obs]ve 9 c]ta9 cases1 z = in/ance 9 leaf-imitation among butt]flies1 & 9 mimicry g5]ally4 ,! resemblance to a leaf1 = in/ance ( a p>ticul> ,kallima1 seems to u s close z to be deceptive1 & yet we f9d 9 ano!r individual1 or x may be 9 _m o!rs1 a spot add$ :i* increases ! resemblance1 & :i* c\ld n h become fix$ unless ! increas$ deceptiv5ess s produc$ _h frequ5tly l$ to ! ov]look+ ( its mu* p]secut$ possessor4 ,b if we take ! selection-value ( ! initial /ages = grant$1 we are confront$ ) ! fur!r "q :i* ,i myself =mulat$ _m ye>s ago3 ,h[ does x happ5 ,,t ,,! ,,necess>y ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,a ,,useful ,,v>iation ,,are ,,always ,,pres5t8 ,h[ c\ld insects :i* live ^u or among gre5 leaves become all gre51 :ile ^? t live on b>k become br[n8 ,h[ h ! des]t animals become yell[ & ! ,arctic animals :ite8 ,:y 7 ! necess>y v>iations always pres5t8 ,h[ c\ld ! gre5 locu/ lay br[n eggs1 or ! privet cat]pill> develop :ite & lilac-col\r$ l9es on its gre5 sk98 ,x is ( no use answ]+ to ?is t ! "q is wrongly =mulat$ 7,plate1 ,selektionspr9zip u4 ,probleme d] ,artbildung 7#crd edition71 ,leipzig1 #aijh47 & t x is ! conv]se t is true2 t ! process ( selection takes place 9 accordance ) ! v>iations t pres5t !mselves4 ,?is proposition is und5iably true1 b s also is ano!r1 :i* app>5tly negatives x3 ! v>iation requir$ has 9 ! majority ( cases actually pres5t$ itself4 ,selection _c solve ?is contradiction2 x does n call =? ! useful v>iation1 b simply works ^u x4 ,! ultimate reason :y "o & ! same insect %\ld occur 9 gre5 & 9 br[n1 z (t5 happ5s 9 cat]pill>s & locu/s1 lies 9 ! fact t v>iations t[>ds br[n pres5t$ !mselves1 & s also did v>iations t[>ds gre53 ,,! ,,k]nel ,,( ,,! ,,riddle ,,lies ,,9 ,,! ,,v>y+1 & = ! pres5t we c only say1 t small v>iations 9 diff]5t directions pres5t !mselves 9 e species4 ,o!rwise s _m diff]5t k9ds ( v>iations c\ld n h aris54 ,i h endeav\r$ to expla9 ?is rem>kable fact by means ( ! intimate processes t mu/ take place )9 ! g]m-plasm1 & ,i %all return to ! problem :5 deal+ ) g]m9al selection4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 to make /ill great] dem&s on v>iation1 = x is n en\gh t ! necess>y v>iation %\ld occur 9 isolat$ individuals1 because 9 t case !re w\ld be small prospect ( its be+ pres]v$1 not)/&+ its utility4 ,d>w9 at fir/ believ$1 t ev5 s+le v>iations might lead to trans=mation ( ! species1 b lat] he became conv9c$ t ?is 0 impossible1 at lea/ )\t ! coop]ation ( o!r factors1 su* z isolation & sexual selection4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,,gre5 ,,cat]pill>s ,,) ,,bright ,,longitud9al ,,/ripes1 num]\s individuals exhibit+ ?is useful v>iation mu/ h be5 produc$ to />t )4 ,9 all high]1 t is1 multicellul> organisms1 ! g]m-sub/ance is ! s\rce ( all transmissible v>iations1 & ?is g]m-plasm is n a simple sub/ance b is made up ( _m prim>y con/itu5ts4 ,! "q c !re=e be m precisely /at$ ?us3 ,h[ does x come ab\t t 9 s _m cases ! useful v>iations pres5t !mselves 9 numb]s j :]e !y are requir$1 ! :ite oblique l9es 9 ! leaf-cat]pill> on ! "u surface ( ! body1 ! accompany+ col\r$ /ripes j above !m8 ,&1 fur!r1 h[ has x come ab\t t 9 grass cat]pill>s1 n oblique b longitud9al /ripes1 :i* are m effective = concealm5t among grass & plants1 h be5 evolv$8 ,& f9ally1 h[ is x t ! same ,hawk-mo? cat]pill>s1 :i* to-day %[ oblique /ripes1 possess$ longitud9al /ripes 9 ,t]ti>y times8 ,we c read ?is fact f ! hi/ory ( _! developm5t1 & ,i h be=e attempt$ to %[ ! biological significance ( ?is *ange ( col\r4 7,/udi5 zur ,desc5d5z-,!orie ,,ii41 ,die ,en/ehung d] ,zei*nung bei d5 ,s*mett]l+s-raup51 ,leipzig1 #ahgf47 ,= ! pres5t ,i ne$ only draw ! conclusion t "o & ! same cat]pill> may exhibit ! initial /ages ( bo?1 & t x dep5ds on ! mann] 9 :i* ^! m>k+ elem5ts are ,,int5sifi$ & ,,comb9$ by natural selection :e!r :iti% longitud9al or oblique /ripes %\ld result4 ,9 ?is case !n ! useful v>iations 7 actually always !re1 & we see t 9 ! same gr\p ( ,lepidopt]a1 e4g4 species ( ,sph+idae1 evolution has occurr$ 9 bo? directions accord+ to :e!r ! =m liv$ among grass or on broad leaves ) oblique lat]al ve9s1 & we c obs]ve ev5 n[ t ! species ) oblique /ripes h longitud9al /ripes :5 "y1 t is to say1 :ile ! /ripes h no biological significance4 ,! :ite places 9 ! sk9 :i* gave rise1 probably fir/ z small spots1 to ?is protective m>k+ c\ld be comb9$ 9 "o way or ano!r accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! species4 ,!y mu/ !re=e ei!r h possess$ selection-value f ! fir/1 or1 if ?is 0 n ! case at _! e>lie/ occurr5ce1 !re mu/ h be5 ,,"s ,,o!r ,,factors :i* rais$ !m to ! po9t ( selection-value4 ,i %all return to ?is 9 discuss+ g]m9al selection4 ,b ! case may be foll[$ /ill f>!r1 & leads u to ! same alt]native on a /ill m secure basis4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i obs]v$ 9 cat]pill>s ( ,sm]9?us populi 7! popl> hawk-mo?71 :i* also possess :ite oblique /ripes1 t c]ta9 individuals %[$ ,,r$ ,,spots above ^! /ripes2 ^! spots occurr$ only on c]ta9 segm5ts1 & nev] fl[$ toge!r to =m cont9u\s /ripes4 ,9 ano!r species 7,sm]9?us tiliae7 simil> blood-r$ spots unite to =m a l9e-l col\r$ seam 9 ! la/ /age ( l>val life1 :ile 9 ,s4 ocellata ru/-r$ spots appe> 9 individual cat]pill>s1 b m r>ely ?an 9 ,s4 ,populi1 & !y %[ no t5d5cy to fl[ toge!r4 ,?us we h "h ! orig9 ( a new "*1 aris+ f small beg9n+s1 at lea/ 9 ,s4 tiliae1 9 :i* species ! col\r$ /ripes are a normal specific "*4 ,9 ! o!r species1 ,s4 populi & ,s4 ocellata1 we f9d ! beg9n+s ( ! same v>iation1 9 "o m r>ely ?an 9 ! o!r1 & we c imag9e t1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 9 ^! two species1 col\r$ l9es ov] ! oblique /ripes w arise4 ,9 any case ^! spots are ! elem5ts ( v>iation1 out ( :i* col\r$ l9es ,,may be evolv$1 if !y are comb9$ 9 ?is direction ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( natural selection4 ,9 ,s4 populi ! spots are (t5 small1 b sometimes x seems z ?\gh sev]al _h unit$ to =m l>ge spots4 ,:e!r a process ( selection 9 ?is direction w arise 9 ,s4 populi & ,s4 ocellata1 or :e!r x is n[ go+ on _c be det]m9$1 s9ce we _c tell 9 advance :at biological value ! m>k+ might h = ^! two species4 ,x is conceivable t ! spots may h no selection-value z f> z ^! species are conc]n$1 & may !re=e disappe> aga9 9 ! c\rse ( phylog5y1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 t !y may be *ang$ 9 ano!r direction1 = in/ance t[>ds imitation ( ! ru/-r$ fungoid pat*es on popl> & will[ leaves4 ,9 any case we may reg>d ! smalle/ spots z ! initial /ages ( v>iation1 ! l>g] z a cumulative summation ( ^!4 ,!re=e ei!r ^! initial /ages mu/ already possess selection-value1 or1 z ,i said be=e3 ,,!re ,,mu/ ,,be ,,"s ,,o!r ,,reason ,,= ,,_! ,,cumulative ,,summation4 ,i %\ld l to give "o m example1 9 :i* we c inf]1 ?\gh we _c directly obs]ve1 ! initial /ages4 ,all ! ,holo?urians or sea-cucumb]s h 9 ! sk9 calc>e\s bodies ( diff]5t =ms1 usually ?ick & irregul>1 :i* make ! sk9 t\gh & resi/ant4 ,9 a small gr\p ( !m--! species ( ,synapta--! calc>e\s bodies occur 9 ! =m ( delicate an*ors ( microscopic size4 ,up till #ahig ^! an*ors1 l _m o!r delicate microscopic /ructures1 7 reg>d$ z curiosities1 z natural m>vels4 ,b a ,sw$i% obs]v]1 ,oe/]gr51 has rec5tly %[n t !y h a biological significance3 !y s]ve ! footless ,synapta z auxili>y organs ( locomotion1 s9ce1 :5 ! body swells up 9 ! act ( creep+1 !y press firmly ) _! tips1 :i* are emb$d$ 9 ! sk91 aga9/ ! sub/ratum on :i* ! animal creeps1 & ?us prev5t slipp+ backw>ds4 ,9 o!r ,holo?urians ?is slipp+ is made impossible by ! fix+ ( ! tube-feet4 ,! an*ors act automatically1 s9k+ _! tips t[>ds ! gr\nd :5 ! correspond+ "p ( ! body ?ick5s1 & return+ to ! orig9al position at an angle ( #de degrees to ! upp] surface :5 ! "p becomes ?9 aga94 ,! arms ( ! an*or d n lie 9 ! same plane z ! %aft1 & ?us ! curve ( ! arms =ms ! out]mo/ "p ( ! an*or1 & (f]s no fur!r resi/ance to ! glid+ ( ! animal4 ,e detail ( ! an*or1 ! curv$ portion1 ! little tee? at ! head1 ! arms1 etc41 c be int]pret$ 9 ! mo/ beautiful way1 above all ! =m ( ! an*or itself1 = ! two arms prev5t x f sway+ r\nd to ! side4 ,! position ( ! an*ors1 too1 is def9ite & significant2 !y lie obliquely to ! longitud9al axis ( ! animal1 & !re=e !y act alike :e!r ! animal is creep+ backw>ds or =w>ds4 ,moreov]1 ! tips w\ld pi]ce ?r\gh ! sk9 if ! an*ors lay 9 ! longitud9al direction4 ,synapta burr[s 9 ! s&2 x fir/ pu%es 9 ! ?9 ant]ior end1 & ?ick5s ?is aga91 ?us enl>g+ ! hole1 !n ! ant]ior t5tacles displace m s&1 ! body is work$ 9 a little f>!r1 & ! process beg9s anew4 ,9 ! fir/ act ! an*ors are passive1 b !y beg9 to take an active %>e 9 ! =w>d movem5t :5 ! body is contract$ aga94 ,frequ5tly ! animal reta9s only ! po/]ior end buri$ 9 ! s&1 & !n ! an*ors keep x 9 position1 & make rapid )drawal possible4 ,?us we h 9 ^! app>5tly r&om =ms ( ! calc>e\s bodies1 complex adaptations 9 :i* e little detail z to direction1 curve1 & po9t+ is exactly det]m9$4 ,t !y h selection-value 9 _! pres5t p]fect$ =m is beyond all d\bt1 s9ce ! animals are enabl$ by means ( !m to bore rapidly into ! gr\nd & s to escape f enemies4 ,we d n "k :at ! initial /ages 71 b we _c d\bt t ! little improvem5ts1 :i* occurr$ z v>iations ( ! orig9ally simple slimy bodies ( ! ,holo?urians1 7 pres]v$ because !y already possess$ selection-value = ! ,synaptidae4 ,= su* m9ute microscopic /ructures ^: =m is s delicately adapt$ to ! role !y h to play 9 ! life ( ! animal1 _c h aris5 sudd5ly & z a :ole1 & e new v>iation ( ! an*or1 t is1 9 ! direction ( ! developm5t ( ! two arms1 & e curv+ ( ! %aft :i* prev5t$ ! tips f project+ at ! wrong "t1 9 %ort1 e little adaptation 9 ! modell+ ( ! an*or mu/ h possess$ selection-value4 ,& t su* m9ute *anges ( =m fall )9 ! sph]e ( fluctuat+ v>iations1 t is to say1 ,,t ,,!y ,,occur is beyond all d\bt4 ,9 _m ( ! ,synaptidae ! an*ors are replac$ by calc>e\s rods b5t 9 ! =m ( an ,s1 :i* are said to act 9 ! same way4 ,o!rs1 su* z ^? ( ! g5us ,ankyrod]ma1 h an*ors :i* project consid]ably beyond ! sk91 &1 accord+ to ,oe/]gr51 s]ve to cat* plant-p>ticles & o!r sub/ances & s mask ! animal4 ,?us we see t 9 ! ,synaptidae ! ?ick & irregul> calc>e\s bodies ( ! ,holo?urians h be5 modifi$ & trans=m$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 adaptation to ! footlessness ( ^! animals1 & to ! peculi> conditions ( _! life1 & we mu/ conclude t ! e>li] /ages ( ^! *anges pres5t$ !mselves to ! processes ( selection 9 ! =m ( microscopic v>iations4 ,= x is z impossible to ?9k ( any orig9 o!r ?an ?r\gh selection 9 ?is case z 9 ! case ( ! t\ghness1 & ! drip-tips ( tropical leaves4 ,& z ^! la/ c\ld n h be5 produc$ directly by ! beat+ ( ! heavy ra9-drops ^u !m1 s ! calc>e\s an*ors ( ,synapta _c h be5 produc$ directly by ! friction ( ! s& & mud at ! bottom ( ! sea1 &1 s9ce !y are p>ts ^: function is ,,passive ! ,lam>ckian factor ( use & disuse does n come into "q4 ,! conclusion is unavoidable1 t ! microscopically small v>iations ( ! calc>e\s bodies 9 ! ance/ral =ms h be5 int5sifi$ & accumulat$ 9 a p>ticul> direction1 till !y h l$ to ! =mation ( ! an*or4 ,:e!r ?is has tak5 place by ! action ( natural selection alone1 or :e!r ! laws ( v>iation & ! intimate processes )9 ! g]m-plasm h coop]at$ w become cle> 9 ! discussion ( g]m9al selection4 ,?is :ole process ( adaptation has obvi\sly tak5 place )9 ! "t t has elaps$ s9ce ?is gr\p ( sea-cucumb]s lo/ _! tube-feet1 ^? *>act]i/ic organs ( locomotion :i* occur 9 no gr\p except ! ,e*9od]ms1 & yet h totally disappe>$ 9 ! ,synaptidae4 ,& aft] all :at w\ld animals t live 9 s& & mud d ) tube-feet8 7c7 ,,coadaptation4 ,d>w9 po9t$ out t "o ( ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 artificial & natural selection lies 9 ! fact t ! =m] c modify only a few *>act]s1 usually only "o at a "t1 :ile ,nature pres]ves 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce all ! v>iations ( a species1 at ! same "t & 9 a purely me*anical way1 if !y possess selection-value4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ?\gh himself an adh]5t ( ! !ory ( selection1 decl>$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9eties t 9 8 op9ion ! range ( ?is pr9ciple 0 greatly ov]-e/imat$1 if ! great *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 s _m organisms 9 ! c\rse ( ages are to be int]pret$ z due to ?is process ( selection alone1 s9ce no trans=mation ( any importance c be evolv$ by itself2 x is always accompani$ by a ho/ ( second>y *anges4 ,he gives ! famili> example ( ! ,giant ,/ag ( ! ,iri% peat1 ! enorm\s antl]s ( :i* requir$ n only a mu* /rong] skull cap1 b also great] /r5g? ( ! s9ews1 muscles1 n]ves & bones ( ! :ole ant]ior half ( ! animal1 if _! mass 0 n to weigh d[n ! animal altoge!r4 ,x is inconceivable1 he says1 t s _m processes ( selection %\ld take place ,,simultane\sly1 & we are !re=e =c$ to fall back on ! ,lam>ckian factor ( ! use & disuse ( functional p>ts4 ,& h[1 he asks1 c\ld natural selection foll[ two opposite directions ( evolution 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body at ! same "t1 z = in/ance 9 ! case ( ! kang>oo1 9 :i* ! =elegs mu/ h become %ort]1 :ile ! h9d legs & ! tail 7 becom+ long] & /rong]8 ,sp5c]'s ma9 object 0 to sub/antiate ! validity ( ! ,lam>ckian pr9ciple1 ! coop]ation ( :i* ) selection _h be5 d\bt$ by _m4 ,& x does seem z ?\gh ?is pr9ciple1 if x op]ates 9 nature at all1 (f]s a ready & simple explanation ( all su* second>y v>iations4 ,n only muscles1 b n]ves1 bones1 s9ews1 9 %ort all tissues :i* function actively1 increase 9 /r5g? 9 proportion z !y are us$1 & conv]sely !y decrease :5 ! claims on !m dim9i%4 ,all ! p>ts1 !re=e1 :i* dep5d on ! "p t v>i$ fir/1 z = in/ance ! enl>g$ antl]s ( ! ,iri% ,elk1 mu/ h be5 increas$ or decreas$ 9 /r5g?1 9 exact proportion to ! claims made ^u !m1--j z is actually ! case4 ,b beautiful z ?is explanation w\ld be1 ,i reg>d x z unt5able1 because x assumes ! ,,transmissibility ,,( ,,functional ,,modifications 7s-call$ acquir$ *>act]s71 & ?is is n only undemon/rable1 b is sc>cely !oretically conceivable1 = ! second>y v>iations :i* accompany or foll[ ! fir/ z correlative v>iations1 occur also 9 cases 9 :i* ! animals conc]n$ are /]ile & ,,!re=e ,,_c ,,transmit ,,any?+ ,,to ,,_! ,,desc5dants4 ,?is is true ( ,,work] ,,bees1 & p>ticul>ly ( ,,ants1 & ,i %all "h give a brief survey ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! problem z x appe>s to me4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on bo? sides ( ?is "q s9ce ! publi%$ controv]sy on ! subject 9 ! n9eties betwe5 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & myself4 ,i %\ld l to return to ! matt] 9 detail1 if ! space at my disposal p]mitt$1 because x seems to me t ! argum5ts ,i advanc$ at t "t are equally cog5t to-day1 not)/&+ all ! objections t h s9ce be5 urg$ aga9/ !m4 ,moreov]1 ! matt] is by no means "o ( subord9ate int]e/2 x is ! v k]nel ( ! :ole "q ( ! reality & value ( ! pr9ciple ( selection4 ,= if selection alone does n suffice to expla9 ,,h>moni\s ,,adaptation z ,i h call$ ,sp5c]'s ,,coadaptation1 & if we require to call 9 ! aid ( ! ,lam>ckian factor x w\ld be que/ionable :e!r selection c\ld expla9 any adaptations :atev]4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case--( work] bees--! ,lam>ckian factor may be exclud$ altoge!r1 = x c be demon/rat$ t "h at any rate ! effects ( use & disuse _c be transmitt$4 ,b if x be ask$ :y we are unwill+ to admit ! coop]ation ( ! ,d>w9ian factor ( selection & ! ,lam>ckian factor1 s9ce ?is w\ld af=d u an easy & satisfactory explanation ( ! ph5om5a1 ,i answ]3 ,,because ,,! ,,lam>ckian ,,pr9ciple ,,is ,,fallaci\s1 ,,& ,,because ,,by ,,accept+ ,,x ,,we ,,close ,,! ,,way ,,t[>ds ,,deep] ,,insight4 ,x is n a _s ( combativ5ess or a desire = self-v9dication t induces me to take ! field once m aga9/ ! ,lam>ckian pr9ciple1 x is ! conviction t ! progress ( our k is be+ ob/ruct$ by ! acceptance ( ?is fallaci\s pr9ciple1 s9ce ! facile explanation x app>5tly af=ds prev5ts our seek+ aft] a tru] explanation & a deep] analysis4 ,! work]s 9 ! v>i\s species ( ants are /]ile1 t is to say1 !y take no regul> "p 9 ! reproduction ( ! species1 al?\gh individuals among !m may occasionally lay eggs4 ,9 addition to ?is !y h lo/ ! w+s1 & ! receptaculum sem9is1 & _! comp\nd eyes h deg5]at$ to a few facets4 ,h[ c\ld ?is la/ *ange h come ab\t ?r\gh disuse1 s9ce ! eyes ( work]s are expos$ to light 9 ! same way z are ^? ( ! sexual insects & ?us 9 ?is p>ticul> case are n liable to disuse at all8 ,! same is true ( ! receptaculum sem9is1 :i* c only h be5 disus$ z f> z its gl&ul> portion & its /alk are conc]n$1 & also ( ! w+s1 ! n]ves tra*eae & epid]mal cells ( :i* c\ld n cease to function until ! :ole w+ _h deg5]at$1 = ! *it9\s skeleton ( ! w+ does n function at all 9 ! active s5se4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! work]s 9 all species h und]gone modifications 9 a positive direction1 z1 = in/ance1 ! great] developm5t ( bra94 ,9 _m species l>ge work]s h evolv$1--! s-call$ ,,soldi]s1 ) enorm\s jaws & tee?1 :i* def5d ! colony1--& 9 o!rs !re are ,,small work]s :i* h tak5 ov] o!r special functions1 su* z ! re>+ ( ! "y ,aphides4 ,?is k9d ( division ( ! work]s into two ca/es occurs among sev]al tropical species ( ants1 b x is also pres5t 9 ! ,italian species1 ,colobopsis truncata4 ,beautifully z ! size ( ! jaws c\ld be expla9$ z due to ! increas$ use made ( !m by ! soldi]s1 or ! enl>g$ bra9 z due to ! m5tal activities ( ! work]s1 ! fact ( ! inf]tility ( ^! =ms is an insurm\ntable ob/acle to accept+ su* an explanation4 ,nei!r jaws nor bra9 c h be5 evolv$ on ! ,lam>ckian pr9ciple4 ,! problem ( coadaptation is no easi] 9 ! case ( ! ant ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,giant ,/ag4 ,d>w9 himself gave a pretty illu/ration to %[ h[ impos+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( work]s 9 "o species w\ld seem if we translat$ x into human t]ms4 ,9 reg>d to ! ,driv] ants 7,anomma7 we mu/ picture to ourselves a piece ( "w1 = in/ance ! build+ ( a h\se1 be+ c>ri$ on by two k9ds ( work]s1 ( :i* "o gr\p 0 five feet f\r in*es high1 ! o!r sixte5 feet high4 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #bcb47 ,al?\gh ! ant is a small animal z comp>$ ) man or ) ! ,iri% ,elk1 ! soldi] ) its relatively enorm\s jaws is h>dly less heavily burd5$ ?an ! ,elk ) its antl]s1 & 9 ! ant's case1 too1 a /r5g!n+ ( ! skeleton1 ( ! muscles1 ! n]ves ( ! head1 & ( ! legs mu/ h tak5 place p>allel ) ! enl>gem5t ( ! jaws4 ,,h>moni\s ,,adaptation 7coadaptation7 has "h be5 active 9 a high degree1 & yet ^! soldi]s are /]ile6 ,!re ?us rema9s no?+ = x b to ref] all _! adaptations1 positive & negative alike1 to processes ( selection :i* h tak5 place 9 ! rudim5ts ( ! work]s )9 ! egg & sp]m-cells ( _! p>5ts4 ,!re is no way out ( ! difficulty except ! "o ,d>w9 po9t$ out4 ,he himself did n f9d ! solution ( ! riddle at once4 ,at fir/ he believ$ t ! case ( ! work]s among social insects pres5t$ ! mo/ s]i\s special difficulty 9 ! way ( 8 !ory ( natural selection2 & x 0 only aft] x _h become cle> to him1 t x 0 n ! /]ile insects !mselves b _! p>5ts t 7 select$1 accord+ z !y produc$ m or less well adapt$ work]s1 t he 0 able to ref] to ?is v case ( ! conditions among ants ,,9 ,,ord] ,,to ,,%[ ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,natural ,,selection 7,orig9 ( ,species1 page #bcc2 see also edition #a1 page #bdb474 ,he expla9s 8 view by a simple b int]e/+ illu/ration4 ,g>d5]s h produc$1 by means ( long cont9u$ artificial selection1 a v>iety ( ,/ock1 :i* be>s entirely d\ble1 & !re=e inf]tile fl[]s 7,ibid4 page #bcj474 ,nev]!less ! v>iety cont9ues to be reproduc$ f se$1 because 9 addition to ! d\ble & inf]tile fl[]s1 ! se$s always produce a c]ta9 numb] ( s+le1 f]tile blossoms1 & ^! are us$ to reproduce ! d\ble v>iety4 ,^! s+le & f]tile plants correspond to ! males & females ( an ant-colony1 ! inf]tile plants1 :i* are regul>ly produc$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 to ! neut] work]s ( ! colony4 ,?is illu/ration is entirely apt1 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases consi/+ 9 ! fact t ! v>iation 9 ! fl[] is n a useful1 b a disadvantage\s "o1 :i* c only be pres]v$ by artificial selection on ! "p ( ! g>d5]1 :ile ! trans=mations t h tak5 place p>allel ) ! /]ility ( ! ants are useful1 s9ce !y procure = ! colony an advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & !y are !re=e pres]v$ by natural selection4 ,ev5 ! /]ility itself 9 ?is case is n disadvantage\s1 s9ce ! f]tility ( ! true females has at ! same "t consid]ably increas$4 ,we may !re=e reg>d ! /]ile =ms ( ants1 :i* h gradually be5 adapt$ 9 sev]al directions to v>y+ functions1 ,,z ,a ,,c]ta9 ,,pro( t selection really takes place 9 ! g]m-cells ( ! fa!rs & mo!rs ( ! work]s1 & t ,,special ,,complexes ,,( ,,primordia 7,,ids7 are pres5t 9 ! work]s & 9 ! males & females1 & ^! complexes conta9 ! primordia ( ! individual p>ts 7,,det]m9ants74 ,b s9ce all liv+ entities v>y1 ! det]m9ants mu/ also v>y1 n[ 9 a fav\rable1 n[ 9 an unfav\rable direction4 ,if a female produces eggs1 :i* conta9 fav\rably v>y+ det]m9ants 9 ! work]-ids1 !n ^! eggs w give rise to work]s modifi$ 9 ! fav\rable direction1 & if ?is happ5s ) _m females1 ! colony conc]n$ w conta9 a bett] k9d ( work] ?an o!r colonies4 ,i digress "h 9 ord] to give an acc\nt ( ! intimate processes1 :i*1 accord+ to my view1 take place )9 ! g]m-plasm1 & :i* ,i h call$ ,,g]m9al ,,selection4 ,^! processes are ( importance s9ce !y =m ! roots ( v>iation1 :i* 9 its turn is ! root ( natural selection4 ,i _c "h d m ?an give a brief outl9e ( ! !ory 9 ord] to %[ h[ ! ,d>w9-,wallace !ory ( selection has ga9$ support f x4 ,) o!rs1 ,i reg>d ! m9imal am\nt ( sub/ance :i* is conta9$ )9 ! nucleus ( ! g]m-cells1 9 ! =m ( rods1 b&s1 or granules1 z ! ,,g]m-,,sub/ance or ,,g]m-,,plasm1 & ,i call ! individual granules ,,ids4 ,!re is always a multiplicity ( su* ids pres5t 9 ! nucleus1 ei!r occurr+ individually1 or unit$ 9 ! =m ( rods or b&s 7*romosomes74 ,ea* id conta9s ! prim>y con/itu5ts ( a ,,:ole individual1 s t sev]al ids are conc]n$ 9 ! developm5t ( a new individual4 ,9 e be+ ( complex /ructure ?\s&s ( prim>y con/itu5ts mu/ g to make up a s+le id2 ^! ,i call ,,det]m9ants1 & ,i mean by ?is "n v small individual p>ticles1 f> bel[ ! limits ( microscopic visibility1 vital units :i* fe$1 gr[1 & multiply by division4 ,^! det]m9ants control ! p>ts ( ! develop+ embryo1--9 :at mann] ne$ n "h conc]n u4 ,! det]m9ants diff] among !mselves1 ^? ( a muscle are diff]5tly con/itut$ f ^? ( a n]ve-cell or a gl&ul> cell1 etc41 & e det]m9ant is 9 its turn made up ( m9ute vital units1 :i* ,i call ,,biophors1 or ! be>]s ( life4 ,accord+ to my view1 ^! det]m9ants n only assimilate1 l e o!r liv+ unit1 b !y ,,v>y 9 ! c\rse ( _! gr[?1 z e liv+ unit does2 !y may v>y qualitatively if ! elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$ v>y1 !y may gr[ & divide m or less rapidly1 & _! v>iations give rise to ,,correspond+ v>iations ( ! organ1 cell1 or cell-gr\p :i* !y det]m9e4 ,t !y are und]go+ ceaseless fluctuations 9 reg>d to size & quality seems to me ! inevitable consequ5ce ( _! unequal nutrition2 = al?\gh ! g]m-cell z a :ole usually receives suffici5t nutrim5t1 m9ute fluctuations 9 ! am\nt c>ri$ to diff]5t p>ts )9 ! g]m-plasm _c fail to occur4 ,n[1 if a det]m9ant1 = in/ance ( a s5sory cell1 receives = a consid]able "t m abundant nutrim5t ?an be=e1 x w gr[ m rapidly--become bigg]1 & divide m quickly1 &1 lat]1 :5 ! id conc]n$ develops into an embryo1 ?is s5sory cell w become /rong] ?an 9 ! p>5ts1 possibly ev5 twice z /rong4 ,?is is an in/ance ( a ,,h]$it>y ,,individual ,,v>iation1 aris+ f ! g]m4 ,! nutritive /ream :i*1 accord+ to our hypo!sis1 fav\rs ! det]m9ant ,n by *ance1 t is1 = reasons unkn[n to u1 may rema9 /rong = a consid]able "t1 or may decrease aga92 b ev5 9 ! latt] case x is conceivable t ! asc5d+ movem5t ( ! det]m9ant may cont9ue1 because ! /r5g!n$ det]m9ant n[ ,,actively n\ri%es itself m abundantly1--t is to say1 x attracts ! nutrim5t to itself1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t )draws x f its fell[-det]m9ants4 ,9 ?is way1 x may--z x seems to me--get into ,,p]man5t ,,upw>d ,,movem5t1 ,,& ,,atta9 ,a ,,degree ,,( ,,/r5g? ,,f ,,:i* ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,fall+ ,,back4 ,!n positive or negative selection sets 91 fav\r+ ! v>iations :i* are advantage\s1 sett+ aside ^? :i* are disadvantage\s4 ,9 a simil> mann] a ,,d[nw>d v>iation ( ! det]m9ants may take place1 if its progress be />t$ by a dim9i%$ fl[ ( nutrim5t4 ,! det]m9ants :i* are weak5$ by ?is dim9i%$ fl[ w h less aff9ity = attract+ nutrim5t because ( _! dim9i%$ /r5g?1 & !y w assimilate m feebly & gr[ m sl[ly1 unless *ance /reams ( nutrim5t help !m to recov] !mselves4 ,b1 z w pres5tly be %[n1 a *ange ( direction _c take place at ,,e /age ( ! deg5]ative process4 ,if a c]ta9 critical /age ( d[nw>d progress be pass$1 ev5 fav\rable conditions ( food-supply w no long] suffice p]man5tly to *ange ! direction ( ! v>iation4 ,only two cases are conceivable2 if ! det]m9ant corresponds to a ,,useful organ1 only its removal c br+ back ! g]m-plasm to its =m] level2 !re=e p]sonal selection removes ! id 9 "q1 ) its det]m9ants1 f ! g]m-plasm1 by caus+ ! elim9ation ( ! individual 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b !re is ano!r conceivable case2 ! det]m9ants conc]n$ may be ^? ( an organ :i* has become ,,useless1 & !y w !n cont9ue unob/ruct$1 b ) exce$+ sl[ness1 along ! d[nw>d pa?1 until ! organ becomes ve/igial1 & f9ally disappe>s altoge!r4 ,! fluctuations ( ! det]m9ants hi!r & ?i!r may ?us be trans=m$ into a la/+ asc5d+ or desc5d+ movem5t2 & ,,?is ,,is ,,! ,,crucial ,,po9t ,,( ,,^! ,,g]m9al ,,processes4 ,?is is n a fanta/ic assumption2 we c read x 9 ! fact ( ! deg5]ation ( disus$ p>ts4 ,,useless ,,organs ,,are ,,! ,,only ,,ones ,,:i* ,,are ,,n ,,help$ ,,to ,,asc5d ,,aga9 ,,by ,,p]sonal ,,selection1 ,,& ,,!re=e ,,9 ,,_! ,,case ,,alone ,,c ,,we ,,=m ,,any ,,idea ,,( ,,h[ ,,! ,,prim>y ,,con/itu5ts ,,behave1 ,,:5 ,,!y ,,are ,,subject ,,solely ,,to ,,intra-,,g]m9al ,,=ces4 ,! :ole det]m9ant sy/em ( an id1 z ,i conceive x1 is 9 a /ate ( cont9ual fluctuation upw>ds & d[nw>ds4 ,9 mo/ cases ! fluctuations w c\nt]act "o ano!r1 because ! passive /reams ( nutrim5t soon *ange1 b 9 _m cases ! limit f :i* a return is possible w be pass$1 & !n ! det]m9ants conc]n$ w cont9ue to v>y 9 ! same direction1 till !y atta9 positive or negative selection-value4 ,at ?is /age p]sonal selection int]v5es & sets aside ! v>iation if x is disadvantage\s1 or fav\rs--t is to say1 pres]ves--x if x is advantage\s4 ,only ,,! ,,det]m9ant ,,( ,a ,,useless ,,organ ,,is ,,un9flu5c$ ,,by ,,p]sonal ,,selection1 &1 z exp]i5ce %[s1 x s9ks d[nw>ds2 t is1 ! organ t corresponds to x deg5]ates v sl[ly b un9t]rupt$ly till1 aft] :at mu/ obvi\sly be an imm5se /ret* ( "t1 x disappe>s f ! g]m-plasm altoge!r4 ,?us we f9d 9 ! fact ( ! deg5]ation ( disus$ p>ts ! pro( t n all ! fluctuations ( a det]m9ant return to equilibrium aga91 b t1 :5 ! movem5t has atta9$ to a c]ta9 /r5g?1 x cont9ues ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,direction4 ,we h entire c]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ?is z f> z ! d[nw>d progress is conc]n$1 & we mu/ assume x also 9 reg>d to asc5d+ v>iations1 z ! ph5om5a ( artificial selection c]ta9ly ju/ify u 9 do+4 ,if ! ,japanese bre$]s 7 able to l5g!n ! tail fea!rs ( ! cock to six feet1 x c only h be5 because ! det]m9ants ( ! tail-fea!rs 9 ! g]m-plasm _h already /ruck out a pa? ( asc5d+ v>iation1 & ?is movem5t 0 tak5 advantage ( by ! bre$]1 :o cont9ually select$ = reproduction ! individuals 9 :i* ! asc5d+ v>iation 0 mo/ m>k$4 ,= all bre$+ dep5ds ^u ! unconsci\s selection ( g]m9al v>iations4 ,( c\rse ^! g]m9al processes _c be prov$ ma!matically1 s9ce we _c actually see ! play ( =ces ( ! passive fluctuations & _! causes4 ,we _c say h[ great ^! fluctuations are1 & h[ quickly or sl[ly1 h[ regul>ly or irregul>ly !y *ange4 ,nor d we "k h[ f> a det]m9ant mu/ be /r5g!n$ by ! passive fl[ ( ! nutritive /ream if x is to be beyond ! dang] ( unfav\rable v>iations1 or h[ f> x mu/ be weak5$ passively be=e x loses ! p[] ( recov]+ itself by its own /r5g?4 ,x is no m possible to br+ =w>d actual pro(s 9 ?is case ?an x 0 9 reg>d to ! selection-value ( ! initial /ages ( an adaptation4 ,b if we consid] t all h]itable v>iations mu/ h _! roots 9 ! g]m-plasm1 & fur!r1 t :5 p]sonal selection does n int]v5e1 t is to say1 9 ! case ( p>ts :i* h become useless1 a deg5]ation ( ! "p1 & !re=e also ( its det]m9ant mu/ inevitably take place2 !n we mu/ conclude t processes su* z ,i h assum$ are runn+ _! c\rse )9 ! g]m-plasm1 & we c d ?is ) z mu* c]ta9ty z we 7 able to inf]1 f ! ph5om5a ( adaptation1 ! selection-value ( _! initial /ages4 ,! fact ( ! deg5]ation ( disus$ p>ts seems to me to af=d irrefutable pro( t ! fluctuations )9 ! g]m-plasm ,,are ,,! ,,real ,,root ,,( ,,all ,,h]$it>y ,,v>iation1 & ! prelim9>y condition = ! occurr5ce ( ! ,d>w9-,wallace factor ( selection4 ,g]m9al selection supplies ! /ones out ( :i* p]sonal selection builds h] temples & palaces3 ,,adaptations4 ,! importance = ! !ory ( ! process ( deg5]ation ( disus$ p>ts _c be ov]-e/imat$1 especially :5 x occurs 9 /]ile animal =ms1 :]e we are free f ! d\bt z to ! alleg$ ,,lam>ckian ,,factor :i* is apt to confuse our ideas 9 reg>d to o!r cases4 ,if we reg>d ! v>iation ( ! _m det]m9ants conc]n$ 9 ! trans=mation ( ! female into ! /]ile work] z hav+ come ab\t ?r\gh ! gradual trans=mation ( ! ids into work]-ids1 we %all see t ! g]m-plasm ( ! sexual ants mu/ conta9 ?ree k9ds ( ids1 male1 female1 & work] ids1 or if ! work]s h div]g$ into soldi]s & ne/-build]s1 !n f\r k9ds4 ,we und]/& t ! work]-ids arose because _! det]m9ants /ruck out a useful pa? ( v>iation1 :e!r upw>d or d[nw>d1 & t !y cont9u$ 9 ?is pa? until ! highe/ atta9able degree ( utility ( ! p>ts det]m9$ 0 rea*$4 ,b 9 addition to ! organs ( positive or negative selection-value1 !re 7 "s :i* 7 indiff]5t z f> z ! success & especially ! functional capacity ( ! work]s 0 conc]n$3 w+s1 ov>ian tubes1 receptaculum sem9is1 a numb] ( ! facets ( ! eye1 p]haps ev5 ! :ole eye4 ,z to ! ov>ian tubes x is possible t _! deg5]ation 0 an advantage = ! work]s1 9 sav+ en]gy1 & if s selection w\ld fav\r ! deg5]ation2 b h[ c\ld ! pres5ce ( eyes dim9i% ! usefulness ( ! work]s to ! colony8 or ! m9ute receptaculum sem9is1 or ev5 ! w+s8 ,^! p>ts h !re=e deg5]at$ ,,because ,,!y ,,7 ,,( ,,no ,,fur!r ,,value ,,to ,,! ,,insect4 ,b if selection did n influ5ce ! sett+ aside ( ^! p>ts because !y 7 nei!r ( advantage nor ( disadvantage to ! species1 !n ! ,d>w9ian factor ( selection is "h confront$ ) a puzzle :i* x _c solve alone1 b :i* at once becomes cle> :5 g]m9al selection is add$4 ,= ! det]m9ants ( organs t h no fur!r value = ! organism1 mu/1 z we h already expla9$1 emb>k on a gradual c\rse ( retrograde developm5t4 ,9 ants ! deg5]ation has gone s f> t !re are no w+-rudim5ts pres5t 9 ,,any species1 z is ! case ) s _m butt]flies1 flies1 & locu/s1 b 9 ! l>vae ! imag9al discs ( ! w+s are /ill laid d[n4 ,) reg>d to ! ov>ies1 deg5]ation has rea*$ diff]5t levels 9 diff]5t species ( ants1 z has be5 %[n by ! rese>*es ( my =m] pupil1 ,elizabe? ,bick=d4 ,9 _m species !re are twelve ov>ian tubes1 & !y decrease f t numb] to "o2 inde$1 9 "o species no ov>ian tube at all is pres5t4 ,s mu* at lea/ is c]ta9 f :at has be5 said1 t 9 ?is case ,,ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! fluctuations ( ! elem5ts ( ! g]m-plasm4 ,g]m9al selection1 "h z else:]e1 pres5ts ! v>iations ( ! det]m9ants1 & p]sonal selection fav\rs or rejects ^!1 or1--if x be a "q ( organs :i* h become useless1--x does n come into play at all1 & all[s ! desc5d+ v>iation free c\rse4 ,x is obvi\s t ev5 ! problem ( ,,coadaptation ,,9 ,,/]ile ,,animals c ?us be satisfactorily expla9$4 ,if ! det]m9ants are oscillat+ upw>ds & d[nw>ds 9 cont9ual fluctuation1 & v>y+ m pron\nc$ly n[ 9 "o direction n[ 9 ! o!r1 useful v>iations ( e det]m9ant w cont9ually pres5t !mselves anew1 & may1 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 be comb9$ ) "o ano!r 9 v>i\s ways4 ,b !re is "o "* ( ! det]m9ants t greatly facilitates ?is complex process ( selection1 t1 aft] a c]ta9 limit has be5 rea*$1 !y g on v>y+ 9 ! same direction4 ,f ?is x foll[s t developm5t along a pa? once /ruck out may proce$ )\t ! cont9ual int]v5tion ( p]sonal selection4 ,?is factor only op]ates1 s to speak1 at ! beg9n+1 :5 x selects ! det]m9ants :i* are v>y+ 9 ! "r direction1 & aga9 at ! end1 :5 x is necess>y to put a *eck ^u fur!r v>iation4 ,9 addition to ?is1 enorm\sly long p]iods h be5 available = all ^! adaptations1 z ! v gradual transition /ages betwe5 females & work]s 9 _m species pla9ly %[1 & ?us ?is process ( trans=mation loses ! m>vell\s & my/]i\s "* t seem$ at ! fir/ glance to inve/ x1 & takes rank1 )\t any /ra9+1 among ! o!r processes ( selection4 ,x seems to me t1 f ! facts t /]ile animal =ms c adapt !mselves to new vital functions1 _! sup]flu\s p>ts deg5]ate1 & ! p>ts m us$ adapt !mselves 9 an asc5d+ direction1 ^? less us$ 9 a desc5d+ direction1 we mu/ draw ! conclusion t h>moni\s adaptation "h comes ab\t ,,)\t ,,! ,,coop]ation ,,( ,,! ,,lam>ckian ,,pr9ciple4 ,?is conclusion once e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 we h no reason to ref] ! ?\s&s ( cases ( h>moni\s adaptation1 :i* occur 9 exactly ! same way among o!r animals or plants1 to a pr9ciple1 ! ,,active ,,int]v5tion ,,( ,,:i* ,,9 ,,! ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,species ,,is ,,n[h]e ,,prov$4 ,,we ,,d ,,n ,,require ,,x ,,to ,,expla9 ,,! ,,facts1 ,,& ,,!re=e ,,we ,,mu/ ,,n ,,assume ,,x4 ,! fact ( coadaptation1 :i* 0 suppos$ to furni% ! /ronge/ argum5t aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( selection1 9 reality yields ! cle>e/ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( x4 ,we ,,mu/ assume x1 ,,because ,,no ,,o!r ,,possibility ,,( ,,explanation ,,is ,,op5 ,,to ,,u1 ,,& ,,because ,,^! ,,adaptations ,,actually ,,exi/1 ,,t ,,is ,,to ,,say1 ,,h ,,really ,,tak5 ,,place4 ,) ?is conviction ,i attempt$1 z f> back z #ahid1 :5 ! idea ( g]m9al selection _h n yet occurr$ to me1 to make h>moni\s adaptation 7coadaptation7 m easily intelligible 9 "s way or o!r1 & s ,i 0 l$ to ! idea1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly exp\nd$ 9 detail by ,baldw91 & ,lloyd ,morgan1 & also by ,osborn1 & ,gulick z ,,organic ,,selection4 ,x seem$ to me t x 0 n necess>y t all ! g]m9al v>iations requir$ = second>y v>iations %\ld h occurr$ ,,simultane\sly1 s9ce1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! /ag1 ! bones1 muscles1 s9ews1 & n]ves w\ld be incit$ by ! increas+ heav9ess ( ! antl]s to great] activity 9 ,,! ,,individual ,,life1 & s w\ld be /r5g!n$4 ,! antl]s c only h increas$ 9 size by v sl[ degrees1 s t ! muscles & bones may h be5 able to keep pace ) _! gr[? 9 ! individual life1 until ! requisite g]m9al v>iations pres5t$ !mselves4 ,9 ?is way a di%>mony betwe5 ! increas+ weight ( ! antl]s & ! p>ts :i* support & move !m w\ld be avoid$1 s9ce "t w\ld be giv5 = ! appropriate g]m9al v>iations to occur1 & s to set ago+ ! ,,h]$it>y v>iation ( ! muscles1 s9ews1 & bones4 7,! ,effect ( ,ext]nal ,influ5ces ^u ,developm5t1 ,romanes ,lecture1 ,ox=d1 #ahid47 ,i /ill reg>d ?is idea z correct1 b ,i attribute less importance to organic selection ?an ,i did at t "t1 9 s f> t ,i d n believe t x ,,alone c\ld effect complex h>moni\s adaptations4 ,g]m9al selection n[ seems to me to play ! *ief "p 9 br++ ab\t su* adaptations4 ,some?+ ! same is true ( ! pr9ciple ,i h call$ ,panmixia4 ,z ,i became m & m conv9c$1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 t ! ,,lam>ckian ,,pr9ciple ought n to be call$ 9 to expla9 ! dw9dl+ ( disus$ p>ts1 ,i believ$ t ?is process might be simply expla9$ z due to ! cessation ( ! cons]vative effect ( natural selection4 ,i said to myself t1 f ! mom5t 9 :i* a "p ceases to be ( use1 natural selection )draws its h& f x1 & !n x mu/ inevitably fall f ! height ( its adaptiv5ess1 because inf]ior v>iants w\ld h z good a *ance ( p]si/+ z bett] ones1 s9ce all grades ( fitness ( ! "p 9 "q w\ld be m+l$ ) "o ano!r indiscrim9ately4 ,?is is und\bt$ly true1 z ,romanes po9t$ out t5 ye>s be=e ,i did1 & ?is m+l+ ( ! bad ) ! good probably does br+ ab\t a det]ioration ( ! "p conc]n$4 ,b x _c acc\nt = ! /eady dim9ution1 :i* always occurs :5 a "p is 9 process ( becom+ rudim5t>y1 & :i* goes on until x ultimately disappe>s altoge!r4 ,! process ( dw9dl+ _c !re=e be expla9$ z due to panmixia alone2 we c only f9d a suffici5t explanation 9 g]m9al selection4 ,,iv4 ,,d]ivatives ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,selection4 ,! impetus 9 all directions giv5 by ,d>w9 ?r\gh 8 !ory ( selection has be5 an immeasurable "o1 & its influ5ce is /ill felt4 ,x falls )9 ! prov9ce ( ! hi/orian ( sci5ce to enum]ate all ! ideas :i*1 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 grew out ( ,d>w9's !ories1 9 ! endeav\r to p5etrate m deeply into ! problem ( ! evolution ( ! organic _w4 ,)9 ! n>r[ limits to :i* ?is pap] is re/rict$1 ,i _c attempt to discuss any ( ^!4 ,v4 ,,argum5ts ,,= ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,! ,,processes ,,( ,,selection4 7a7 ,,sexual ,,selection4 ,sexual selection goes h& 9 h& ) natural selection4 ,f ! v fir/ ,i h reg>d$ sexual selection z af=d+ an extremely important & int]e/+ corroboration ( natural selection1 b1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 x is precisely aga9/ ?is !ory t an adv]se judgm5t has be5 pron\nc$ 9 s _m qu>t]s1 & x is only q rec5tly1 & probably 9 proportion z ! weal? ( facts 9 pro( ( x p5etrates into a wid] circle1 t we seem to be approa*+ a m g5]al recognition ( ?is side ( ! problem ( adaptation4 ,?us ,d>w9's words 9 8 preface to ! second edition 7#ahgd7 ( 8 book1 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man & ,sexual ,selection1 are be+ ju/ifi$3 ,my conviction z to ! op]ation ( natural selection rema9s un%ak51 & fur!r1 ,if naturali/s 7 to become m famili> ) ! idea ( sexual selection1 x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be accept$ to a mu* great] ext5t1 & already x is fully & fav\rably accept$ by _m compet5t judges4 ,d>w9 0 able to speak ?us because he 0 already acqua9t$ ) an imm5se mass ( facts1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 yield ov]:elm+ evid5ce ( ! validity ( ! pr9ciple ( sexual selection4 ,,natural ,,selection *ooses out = reproduction ! individuals t are be/ equipp$ = ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & x does s at e /age ( developm5t2 x ?us improves ! species 9 all its /ages & =ms4 ,,sexual ,,selection op]ates only on individuals t are already capable ( reproduction1 & does s only 9 relation to ! atta9m5t ( reproduction4 ,x arises f ! rivalry ( "o sex1 usually ! male1 = ! possession ( ! o!r1 usually ! female4 ,its influ5ce c !re=e only ,,directly affect "o sex1 9 t x equips x bett] = atta9+ possession ( ! o!r4 ,b ! effect may ext5d indirectly to ! female sex1 & ?us ! :ole species may be modifi$1 )\t1 h[ev]1 becom+ any m capable ( resi/ance 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 = sexual selection only gives rise to adaptations :i* are likely to give _! possessor ! victory ov] rivals 9 ! /ruggle = possession ( ! female1 & :i* are !re=e peculi> to ! woo+ sex3 ! manifold second>y sexual *>act]s4 ,! div]sity ( ^! *>act]s is s great t ,i _c "h attempt to give any?+ approa*+ a complete treatm5t ( !m1 b ,i %\ld l to give a suffici5t numb] ( examples to make ! pr9ciple itself1 9 its v>i\s modes ( expression1 q cle>4 ,"o ( ! *ief prelim9>y po/ulates ( sexual selection is ! unequal numb] ( individuals 9 ! two sexes1 = if e male imm$iately f9ds 8 mate !re c be no competition = ! possession ( ! female4 ,d>w9 has %[n t1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! inequality betwe5 ! sexes is due simply to ! fact t !re are m males ?an females1 & !re=e ! males mu/ take "s pa9s to secure a mate4 ,b ! inequality does n always dep5d on ! num]ical prepond]ance ( ! males1 x is (t5 due to polygamy2 =1 if "o male claims sev]al females1 ! numb] ( females 9 proportion to ! re/ ( ! males w be r$uc$4 ,s9ce x is almo/ always ! males t are ! woo]s1 we mu/ expect to f9d ! occurr5ce ( second>y sexual *>act]s *iefly among !m1 & to f9d x especially frequ5t 9 polygam\s species4 ,& ?is is actually ! case4 ,if we 7 to try to guess--)\t kn[+ ! facts--:at means ! male animals make use ( to ov]come _! rivals 9 ! /ruggle = ! possession ( ! female1 we might "n _m k9ds ( means1 b x w\ld be difficult to sugge/ any :i* is n actually employ$ 9 "s animal gr\p or o!r4 ,i beg9 ) ! m]e diff]5ce 9 /r5g?1 ?r\gh :i* ! male ( _m animals is s %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! female1 z1 = in/ance1 ! lion1 walrus1 sea-elephant1 & o!rs4 ,among ^! ! males fight viol5tly = ! possession ( ! female1 :o falls to ! victor 9 ! combat4 ,9 ?is simple case no "o c d\bt ! op]ation ( selection1 & !re is j z little room = d\bt z to ! selection-value ( ! initial /ages ( ! v>iation4 ,diff]5ces 9 bodily /r5g? are app>5t ev5 among human be+s1 al?\gh 9 _! case ! /ruggle = ! possession ( ! female is no long] decid$ by bodily /r5g? alone4 ,combats betwe5 male animals are (t5 viol5t & ob/9ate1 & ! employm5t ( ! natural weapons ( ! species 9 ?is way has l$ to p]fect+ ( ^!1 e4g4 ! tusks ( ! bo>1 ! antl]s ( ! /ag1 & ! enorm\s1 antl]-l jaws ( ! /ag-beetle4 ,"h aga9 x is impossible to d\bt t v>iations 9 ^! organs pres5t$ !mselves1 & t ^! 7 consid]able en\gh to be decisive 9 combat1 & s to lead to ! improvem5t ( ! weapon4 ,among _m animals1 h[ev]1 ! females at fir/ )draw f ! males2 !y are coy1 & h to be s\ght out1 & sometimes held by =ce4 ,?is track+ & grasp+ ( ! females by ! males has giv5 rise to _m diff]5t *>act]s 9 ! latt]1 z1 = in/ance1 ! l>g] eyes ( ! male bee1 & especially ( ! males ( ! ,ephem]ids 7,may-flies71 "s species ( :i* %[1 9 addition to ! usual comp\nd eyes1 l>ge1 s-call$ turban-eyes1 s t ! :ole head is cov]$ ) see+ surfaces4 ,9 ^! species ! females are v greatly 9 ! m9ority 7#a-ajj71 & x is easy to und]/& t a ke5 competition = !m mu/ take place1 & t1 :5 ! insects ( bo? sexes are float+ freely 9 ! air1 an unusually wide range ( vision w c>ry ) x a decid$ advantage4 ,"h aga9 ! actual adaptations are 9 accordance ) ! prelim9>y po/ulates ( ! !ory4 ,we d n "k ! /ages ?r\gh :i* ! eye has pass$ to its pres5t p]fect$ /ate1 b1 s9ce ! numb] ( simple eyes 7facets7 has become v mu* great] 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female1 we may assume t _! increase is due to a gradual duplication ( ! det]m9ants ( ! ommatidium 9 ! g]m-plasm1 z ,i h already indicat$ 9 reg>d to s5se-organs 9 g5]al4 ,9 ?is case1 aga91 ! selection-value ( ! initial /ages h>dly admits ( d\bt2 bett] vision ,,directly secures reproduction4 ,9 _m cases ,,! ,,organ ,,( ,,smell %[s a simil> improvem5t4 ,_m l[] ,cru/aceans 7,daphnidae7 h bett] develop$ organs ( smell 9 ! male sex4 ,! diff]5ce is (t5 slight & am\nts only to "o or two olfactory filam5ts1 b c]ta9 species %[ a diff]5ce ( ne>ly a hundr$ ( ^! filam5ts 7,leptodora74 ,! same ?+ occurs among insects4 ,we mu/ briefly consid] ! clasp+ or grasp+ organs :i* h develop$ 9 ! males among _m l[] ,cru/aceans1 b "h natural selection plays its "p along ) sexual selection1 = ! union ( ! sexes is an indisp5sable condition = ! ma9t5ance ( ! species1 & z ,d>w9 himself po9t$ out1 9 _m cases ! two =ms ( selection m]ge into ea* o!r4 ,?is fact has always seem$ to me to be a pro( ( natural selection1 =1 9 reg>d to sexual selection1 x is q obvi\s t ! victory ( ! be/-equipp$ c\ld h br\ght ab\t ! improvem5t only ( ! organs conc]n$1 ! factors 9 ! /ruggle1 su* z ! eye & ! olfactory organ4 ,we come n[ to ! ,,excitants2 t is1 to ! gr\p ( sexual *>act]s ^: orig9 ?r\gh processes ( selection has be5 mo/ frequ5tly call$ 9 "q4 ,we may cite ! ,,love-,,calls produc$ by _m male insects1 su* z crickets & cicadas4 ,^! c\ld only h aris5 9 animal gr\ps 9 :i* ! female did n rapidly flee f ! male1 b 0 incl9$ to accept 8 woo+ f ! fir/4 ,?us1 notes l ! *irp+ ( ! male cricket s]ve to entice ! females4 ,at fir/ !y 7 m]ely ! signal :i* %[$ ! pres5ce ( a male 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & ! female 0 gradually entic$ ne>] & ne>] by ! cont9u$ *irp+4 ,! male t c\ld make himself he>d to ! greate/ di/ance w\ld obta9 ! l>ge/ foll[+1 & w\ld transmit ! beg9n+s1 &1 lat]1 ! improvem5t ( 8 voice to ! greate/ numb] ( desc5dants4 ,b sexual excitem5t 9 ! female became associat$ ) ! he>+ ( ! love-call1 & !n ! s\nd-produc+ organ ( ! male began to improve1 until x atta9$ to ! emission ( ! long-drawn-out s(t notes ( ! mole-cricket or ! ma5ad-l cry ( ! cicadas4 ,i _c "h foll[ ! process ( developm5t 9 detail1 b w call att5tion to ! fact t ! orig9al purpose ( ! voice1 ! ann\nc+ ( ! male's pres5ce1 became subsidi>y1 & ! excit+ ( ! female became ! *ief goal to be aim$ at4 ,! l\de/ s+]s awak5$ ! /ronge/ excitem5t1 & ! improvem5t result$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,i conceive ( ! orig9 ( bird-song 9 a some:at simil> mann]1 fir/ z a means ( entic+1 !n ( excit+ ! female4 ,"o m k9d ( second>y sexual "* mu/ "h be m5tion$3 ! od\r :i* emanates f s _m animals at ! bre$+ season4 ,x is possible t ?is od\r also s]v$ at fir/ m]ely to give notice ( ! pres5ce ( individuals ( ! o!r sex1 b x soon became an excitant1 & z ! individuals :i* caus$ ! greate/ degree ( excitem5t 7 pref]r$1 x rea*$ z high a pit* ( p]fection z 0 possible to x4 ,i %all conf9e myself "h to ! comp>atively rec5tly discov]$ fragrance ( butt]flies4 ,s9ce ,fritz ,mull] f\nd out t c]ta9 ,brazilian butt]flies gave (f fragrance l a fl[]1 we h become acqua9t$ ) _m su* cases1 & we n[ "k t 9 all l&s1 n only _m diurnal ,lepidopt]a b nocturnal ones also give (f a delicate od\r1 :i* is agreeable ev5 to man4 ,! e!real oil to :i* ?is fragrance is due is secret$ by ! sk9-cells1 usually ( ! w+1 z ,i %[$ soon aft] ! discov]y ( ! ,,sc5t-,,scales4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! males2 ! females h no ,,special sc5t-scales recognisable z su* by _! =m1 b !y mu/1 nev]!less1 give (f an extremely delicate fragrance1 al?\gh our imp]fect organ ( smell _c p]ceive x1 = ! males become aw>e ( ! pres5ce ( a female1 ev5 at night1 f a long di/ance (f1 & ga!r r\nd h]4 ,we may !re=e conclude1 t bo? sexes h long giv5 =? a v delicate p]fume1 :i* ann\nc$ _! pres5ce to o!rs ( ! same species1 & t 9 _m species 7,,n ,,9 ,,all7 ^! small beg9n+s became1 9 ! males1 p>ticul>ly /rong sc5t-scales ( *>act]i/ic =m 7lute1 bru%1 or lyre-%ap$74 ,at fir/ ^! scales 7 scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! w+1 b gradually !y conc5trat$ !mselves1 & =m$ broad1 velvety b&s1 or /rong1 prom95t bru%es1 & !y atta9$ _! highe/ pit* ( evolution :5 !y became enclos$ )9 pits or folds ( ! sk91 :i* c\ld be op5$ to let ! delici\s fragrance /ream =? sudd5ly t[>ds ! female4 ,?us 9 ?is case also we see t *>act]s1 ! orig9al use ( :i* 0 to br+ ! sexes toge!r1 & s to ma9ta9 ! species1 h be5 evolv$ 9 ! males into means = excit+ ! female4 ,& we c h>dly d\bt1 t ! females are mo/ readily entic$ to yield to ! butt]fly t s5ds out ! /ronge/ fragrance1--t is to say1 t excites !m to ! highe/ degree4 ,x is a pity t our organs ( smell are n f9e en\gh to exam9e ! fragrance ( male ,lepidopt]a 9 g5]al1 & to comp>e x ) o!r p]fumes :i* attract ^! insects4 7,see ,p\lton1 ,essays on ,evolution1 #aijh1 pages #caf1 #cag47 ,z f> z we c p]ceive !m !y resemble ! fragrance ( fl[]s1 b !re are ,lepidopt]a ^: sc5t sugge/s musk4 ,a smell ( musk is also giv5 (f by sev]al plants3 x is a sexual excitant 9 ! musk-de]1 ! musk-%eep1 & ! crocodile4 ,z f> z we "k1 !n1 x is p]fumes simil> to ^? ( fl[]s t ! male ,lepidopt]a give (f 9 ord] to entice _! mates1 & ?is is a fur!r indication t animals1 l plants1 c to a l>ge ext5t meet ! claims made ^u !m by life1 & produce ! adaptations :i* are mo/ purposive1--a fur!r pro(1 too1 ( my proposition t ! useful v>iations1 s to speak1 are ,,always ,,!re4 ,! fl[]s develop$ ! p]fumes :i* entice _! visitors1 & ! male ,lepidopt]a develop$ ! p]fumes :i* entice & excite _! mates4 ,!re are _m pretty little problems to be solv$ 9 ?is connection1 = !re are insects1 su* z "s flies1 t are attract$ by smells :i* are unpleasant to u1 l ^? f decay+ fle% & c>rion4 ,b !re are also c]ta9 fl[]s1 "s or*ids = in/ance1 :i* give =? no v agreeable od\r1 b "o :i* is to u repulsive & disgu/+2 & we %\ld !re=e expect t ! males ( su* insects w\ld give (f a smell unpleasant to u1 b !re is no case kn[n to me 9 :i* ?is has be5 demon/rat$4 ,9 cases su* z we h discuss$1 x is obvi\s t !re is no possible explanation except ?r\gh selection4 ,?is br+s u to ! la/ k9d ( second>y sexual *>act]s1 & ! "o 9 reg>d to :i* d\bt has be5 mo/ frequ5tly express$1--decorative col\rs & decorative =ms1 ! brilliant plumage ( ! male pheasant1 ! humm+-birds1 & ! bird ( ,p>adise1 z well z ! bright col\rs ( _m species ( butt]fly1 f ! beautiful blue ( our little ,lyca5idae to ! magnific5t azure ( ! l>ge ,morph9ae ( ,brazil4 ,9 a great _m cases1 ?\gh n by any means 9 all1 ! male butt]flies are m beautiful ?an ! females1 & 9 ! ,tropics 9 p>ticul> !y %9e & gl[ 9 ! mo/ sup]b col\rs4 ,i really see no reason :y we %\ld d\bt ! p[] ( sexual selection1 & ,i myself /& :olly on ,d>w9's side4 ,ev5 ?\gh we c]ta9ly _c assume t ! females ex]cise a consci\s *oice ( ! h&some/ mate1 & delib]ate l ! judges 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice ov] ! p]fections ( _! woo]s1 we h no reason to d\bt t di/9ctive =ms 7decorative fea!rs7 & col\rs h a p>ticul>ly excit+ effect ^u ! female1 j z c]ta9 od\rs h among animals ( s _m diff]5t gr\ps1 includ+ ! butt]flies4 ,! d\bts :i* exi/$ = a consid]able "t1 z a result ( fallaci\s exp]im5ts1 z to :e!r ! col\rs ( fl[]s really _h any influ5ce 9 attract+ butt]flies h n[ be5 set at re/ ?r\gh a s]ies ( m c>eful inve/igations2 we n[ "k t ! col\rs ( fl[]s are !re on acc\nt ( ! butt]flies1 z ,spr5gel fir/ %[$1 & t ! blossoms ( ,phan]ogams are select$ 9 relation to !m1 z ,d>w9 po9t$ out4 ,c]ta9ly x is n possible to br+ =w>d any conv9c+ pro( ( ! orig9 ( decorative col\rs ?r\gh sexual selection1 b !re are _m weighty argum5ts 9 fav\r ( x1 & ^! =m a body ( presumptive evid5ce s /rong t x almo/ am\nts to c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! analogy ) o!r second>y sexual *>act]s4 ,if ! song ( birds & ! *irp+ ( ! cricket h be5 evolv$ ?r\gh sexual selection1 if ! p5etrat+ od\rs ( male animals1--! crocodile1 ! musk-de]1 ! beav]1 ! c>nivores1 &1 f9ally1 ! fl[]-l fragrances ( ! butt]flies h be5 evolv$ to _! pres5t pit* 9 ?is way1 :y %\ld decorative col\rs h aris5 9 "s o!r way8 ,:y %\ld ! eye be less s5sitive to ,,specifically ,,male col\rs & o!r ,,visible signs ,,entic+ ,,to ,,! ,,female1 ?an ! olfactory s5se to specifically male od\rs1 or ! s5se ( he>+ to specifically male s\nds8 ,moreov]1 ! decorative fea!rs ( birds are almo/ always spread out & display$ be=e ! female dur+ c\rt%ip4 ,i h else:]e 7,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,london1 #aijd1 ,i4 page #bai47 po9t$ out t decorative col\r+ & sweet-sc5t$ness may replace "o ano!r 9 ,lepidopt]a z well z 9 fl[]s1 = j z "s mode/ly col\r$ fl[]s 7mignonette & violet7 h (t5 a /rong p]fume1 :ile /rik+ly col\r$ ones are sometimes q devoid ( fragrance1 s we f9d t ! mo/ beautiful & gaily-col\r$ ( our native ,lepidopt]a1 ! species ( ,vanessa1 h no sc5t-scales1 :ile ^! are (t5 m>k$ly develop$ 9 grey nocturnal ,lepidopt]a4 ,bo? attractions may1 h[ev]1 be comb9$ 9 butt]flies1 j z 9 fl[]s4 ,( c\rse1 we _c expla9 :y bo? means ( attraction %\ld exi/ 9 "o g5us1 & only "o ( !m 9 ano!r1 s9ce we d n "k ! m9ute/ details ( ! conditions ( life ( ! g5]a conc]n$4 ,b f ! sporadic di/ribution ( sc5t-scales 9 ,lepidopt]a1 & f _! occurr5ce or abs5ce 9 ne>ly relat$ species1 we may conclude t fragrance is a relatively ,,mod]n acquirem5t1 m rec5t ?an brilliant col\r+4 ,"o ?+ 9 p>ticul> t /amps decorative col\r+ z a product ( selection is ,,its ,,gradual ,,int5sification by ! addition ( new spots1 :i* we c q well obs]ve1 because 9 _m cases ! col\rs h be5 fir/ acquir$ by ! males1 & lat] transmitt$ to ! females by inh]itance4 ,! sc5t-scales are nev] ?us transmitt$1 probably = ! same reason t ! decorative col\rs ( _m birds are (t5 n transmitt$ to ! females3 because ) ^! !y w\ld be expos$ to too great elim9ation by enemies4 ,wallace 0 ! fir/ to po9t out t 9 species ) conceal$ ne/s ! beautiful fea!rs ( ! male occurr$ 9 ! female also1 z 9 ! p>rots1 = in/ance1 b ?is is n ! case 9 species :i* brood on an expos$ ne/4 ,9 ! p>rots "o c (t5 obs]ve t ! g5]al brilliant col\r+ ( ! male is f\nd 9 ! female1 b t c]ta9 spots ( col\r are abs5t1 & ^! h probably be5 acquir$ comp>atively rec5tly by ! male & h n yet be5 transmitt$ to ! female4 ,isolation ( ! gr\p ( individuals :i* is 9 process ( v>y+ is und\bt$ly ( great value 9 sexual selection1 = ev5 a solit>y conspicu\s v>iation w become dom9ant mu* soon] 9 a small isolat$ colony1 ?an among a l>ge numb] ( memb]s ( a species4 ,anyone :o agrees ) me 9 d]iv+ v>iations f g]m9al selection w reg>d t process z an ess5tial aid t[>ds expla9+ ! selection ( di/9ctive c\rt%ip-*>act]s1 su* z col\r$ spots1 decorative fea!rs1 horny outgr[?s 9 birds & reptiles1 combs1 fea!r-tufts1 & ! l1 s9ce ! beg9n+s ( ^! w\ld be pres5t$ ) relative frequ5cy 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! det]m9ants )9 ! g]m-plasm4 ,! process ( transmission ( decorative fea!rs to ! female results1 z ,d>w9 po9t$ out & illu/rat$ by int]e/+ examples1 9 ! ,,col\r-,,trans=mation ,,( ,a ,,:ole ,,species1 & ?is process1 z ! phyletically old] col\r+ ( "y birds %[s1 mu/1 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 h repeat$ itself sev]al times 9 a l9e ( desc5t4 ,if we survey ! weal? ( ph5om5a pres5t$ to u by second>y sexual *>act]s1 we c h>dly fail to be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple ( sexual selection4 ,& c]ta9ly no "o :o has accept$ natural selection %\ld reject sexual selection1 =1 n only d ! two processes re/ ^u ! same basis1 b !y m]ge into "o ano!r1 s t x is (t5 impossible to say h[ mu* ( a p>ticul> "* dep5ds on "o & h[ mu* on ! o!r =m ( selection4 7b7 ,,natural ,,selection4 ,an actual pro( ( ! !ory ( sexual selection is out ( ! "q1 if only because we _c tell :5 a v>iation atta9s to selection-value4 ,x is c]ta9 t a delicate s5se ( smell is ( value to ! male mo? 9 8 se>* = ! female1 b :e!r ! possession ( "o additional olfactory hair1 or ( t51 or ( tw5ty additional hairs leads to ! success ( its possessor we are unable to tell4 ,& we are grop+ ev5 m 9 ! d>k :5 we discuss ! excitem5t caus$ 9 ! female by agreeable p]fumes1 or by /rik+ & beautiful col\rs4 ,t ^! d make an impression is beyond d\bt2 b we c only assume t slight int5sifications ( !m give any advantage1 & we ,,mu/ assume ?is ,,s9ce ,,o!rwise ,,second>y ,,sexual ,,*>act]s ,,rema9 ,,inexplicable4 ,! same ?+ is true 9 reg>d to natural selection4 ,x is n possible to br+ =w>d any actual pro( ( ! selection-value ( ! initial /ages1 & ! /ages 9 ! increase ( v>iations1 z has be5 already %[n4 ,b ! selection-value ( a f9i%$ adaptation c 9 _m cases be /ati/ically det]m9$4 ,cesnola & ,p\lton h made valuable exp]im5ts 9 ?is direction4 ,! =m] atta*$ =ty-five individuals ( ! gre51 & sixty-five ( ! br[n v>iety ( ! pray+ mantis 7,mantis religiosa71 by a silk ?read to plants1 & wat*$ !m = sev5te5 days4 ,! insects :i* 7 on a surface ( a col\r simil> to _! own rema9$ uneat51 :ile tw5ty-five gre5 insects on br[n p>ts ( plants _h all disappe>$ 9 elev5 days4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,p\lton & ,s&]s 7,report ( ! ,briti% ,association 7,bri/ol1 #ahih71 ,london1 #ahii1 pages #ijf-iji47 7 made ) #fjj pupae ( ,vanessa urticae1 ! tortoise-%ell butt]fly4 ,! pupae 7 artificially atta*$ to nettles1 tree-trunks1 f5ces1 walls1 & to ! gr\nd1 "s at ,ox=d1 "s at ,/ ,hel5s 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a mon? #ic p] c5t ( ! pupae at ,ox=d 7 kill$1 *iefly by small birds1 :ile at ,/ ,hel5s #fh p] c5t p]i%$4 ,! exp]im5ts %[$ v cle>ly t ! col\r & "* ( ! surface on :i* ! pupa re/s--& ?us its own conspicu\sness--are ( ! greate/ importance4 ,at ,ox=d only ! f\r pupae :i* 7 fa/5$ to nettles em]g$2 all ! re/--on b>k1 /ones & ! l--p]i%$4 ,at ,/ ,hel5s ! elim9ation 0 z foll[s3 on f5ces :]e ! pupae 7 conspicu\s1 #ib p] c5t2 on b>k1 #ff p] c5t2 on walls1 #ed p] c5t2 & among nettles1 #eg p] c5t4 ,^! int]e/+ exp]im5ts confirm our views z to protective coloration1 & %[ fur!r1 ,,t ,,! ,,ratio ,,( ,,elim9ation ,,9 ,,! ,,species ,,is ,a ,,v ,,high ,,"o1 ,,& ,,t ,,!re=e ,,selection ,,mu/ ,,be ,,v ,,ke54 ,we may say t ! process ( selection foll[s z a logical necessity f ! fulfilm5t ( ! ?ree prelim9>y po/ulates ( ! !ory3 v>iability1 h]$ity1 & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ) its enorm\s ratio ( elim9ation 9 all species4 ,to ?is we mu/ add a f\r? factor1 ! ,,int5sification ( v>iations :i* ,d>w9 e/abli%$ z a fact1 & :i* we are n[ able to acc\nt = !oretically on ! basis ( g]m9al selection4 ,x may be object$ t !re is consid]able unc]ta9ty ab\t ?is ,,logical pro(1 because ( our inability to demon/rate ! selection-value ( ! initial /ages & ! individual /ages ( increase4 ,we h !re=e to fall back on ,,presumptive ,,evid5ce4 ,?is is to be f\nd 9 ,,! ,,int]pretative ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,!ory4 ,let u consid] ?is po9t 9 great] detail4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is necess>y to emphasise :at is (t5 ov]look$1 namely1 t ! !ory n only expla9s ! ,,trans=mations ( species1 x also expla9s ,,_! ,,rema9+ ,,! ,,same2 9 addition to ! pr9ciple ( v>y+1 x conta9s )9 itself t ( ,,p]si/+4 ,x is "p ( ! ess5ce ( selection1 t x n only causes a "p to ,,v>y till x has rea*$ its highe/ pit* ( adaptation1 b t x ,,ma9ta9s ,,x ,,at ,,?is ,,pit*4 ,,?is ,,cons]v+ ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,natural ,,selection is ( great importance1 & 0 e>ly recognis$ by ,d>w92 x foll[s naturally f ! pr9ciple ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,we und]/& f ?is h[ x is t a species :i* has become fully adapt$ to c]ta9 conditions ( life ceases to v>y1 b rema9s con/ant1 z long z ! conditions ( life ,,= ,,x rema9 un*ang$1 :e!r ?is be = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 or = :ole geological epo*s4 ,b ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( ! p[] ( ! pr9ciple ( selection lies 9 ! innum]able multitude ( ph5om5a :i* _c be expla9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,to ?is category belong all /ructures :i* are only ,,passively ( advantage to ! organism1 because none ( ^! c h aris5 by ! alleg$ ,,lam>ckian ,,pr9ciple4 ,^! h be5 s (t5 discuss$ t we ne$ d no m ?an indicate !m "h4 ,until q rec5tly ! sympa!tic coloration ( animals--= in/ance1 ! :it5ess ( ,arctic animals--0 ref]r$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to ! ,,direct influ5ce ( ext]nal factors1 b ! facts c be/ be expla9$ by ref]r+ !m to ! processes ( selection1 = !n x is unnecess>y to make ! gratuit\s assumption t _m species are s5sitive to ! /imulus ( cold & t o!rs are n4 ,! great majority ( ,arctic l&-animals1 mammals & birds1 are :ite1 & ?is proves t !y 7 all able to pres5t ! v>iation :i* 0 mo/ useful = !m4 ,! sable is br[n1 b x lives 9 trees1 :]e ! br[n col\r+ protects & conceals x m effectively4 ,! musk-%eep 7,ovibos mos*atus7 is also br[n1 & contra/s %>ply ) ! ice & sn[1 b x is protect$ f bea/s ( prey by its greg>i\s habit1 & !re=e x is ( advantage to be visible f z great a di/ance z possible4 ,t s _m species h be5 able to give rise to :ite v>ieties does n dep5d on a special s5sitiv5ess ( ! sk9 to ! influ5ce ( cold1 b to ! fact t ,mammals & ,birds h a g5]al t5d5cy to v>y t[>ds :ite4 ,ev5 ) u1 _m birds--/>l+s1 blackbirds1 swall[s1 etc4--occasionally produce :ite individuals1 b ! :ite v>iety does n p]si/1 because x readily falls a victim to ! c>nivores4 ,?is is true ( :ite fawns1 foxes1 de]1 etc4 ,! :it5ess1 !re=e1 arises f int]nal causes1 & only p]si/s :5 x is useful4 ,a great _m animals liv+ 9 a ,,gre5 ,,environm5t h become clo!d 9 gre51 especially insects1 cat]pill>s1 & ,mantidae1 bo? p]secut$ & p]secutors4 ,t x is n ! direct effect ( ! environm5t :i* calls =? ! gre5 col\r is %[n by ! _m k9ds ( cat]pill> :i* re/ on leaves & fe$ on !m1 b are nev]!less br[n4 ,^! fe$ by night & betake !mselves ?r\gh ! day to ! trunk ( ! tree1 & hide 9 ! furr[s ( ! b>k4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 conclude f ?is t !y 7 ,,unable to v>y t[>ds gre51 = !re are ,arctic animals :i* are :ite only 9 w9t] & br[n 9 summ] 7,alp9e h>e1 & ! pt>migan ( ! ,alps71 & !re are also gre5 leaf-insects :i* rema9 gre5 only :ile !y are "y & difficult to see on ! leaf1 b :i* become br[n aga9 9 ! la/ /age ( l>val life1 :5 !y h outgr[n ! leaf4 ,!y !n conceal !mselves by day1 sometimes only among )]$ leaves on ! gr\nd1 sometimes 9 ! e>? itself4 ,x is int]e/+ t 9 "o g5us1 ,*a]ocampa1 "o species is br[n 9 ! la/ /age ( l>val life1 ano!r becomes br[n e>li]1 & 9 _m species ! la/ /age is n :olly br[n1 a "p rema9+ gre54 ,:e!r ?is is a case ( a d\ble adaptation1 or :e!r ! gre5 is be+ gradually cr[d$ out by ! br[n1 ! fact rema9s t ! same species1 ev5 ! same individual1 c exhibit bo? v>iations4 ,! case is ! same ) _m ( ! leaf-l ,or?opt]a1 z1 = in/ance1 ! pray+ mantis 7,mantis religiosa7 :i* we h already m5tion$4 ,b ! be/ pro(s are furni%$ by ^? (t5-cit$ cases 9 :i* ! insect be>s a deceptive resemblance to ano!r object4 ,we n[ "k _m su* cases1 su* z ! num]\s imitations ( gre5 or )]$ leaves1 :i* are br\ght ab\t 9 ! mo/ div]se ways1 sometimes by m]e v>iations 9 ! =m ( ! insect & 9 its col\r1 sometimes by an elaborate m>k+1 l t :i* occurs 9 ! ,indian leaf-butt]flies1 ,kallima ina*is4 ,9 ! s+le butt]fly-g5us ,anaea1 9 ! woods ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 !re are ab\t a hundr$ species :i* are all gaily col\r$ on ! upp] surface1 & on ! rev]se side exhibit ! mo/ delicate imitation ( ! col\r+ & patt]n ( a leaf1 g5]ally )\t any indication ( ! leaf-ribs1 b extremely deceptive nev]!less4 ,anyone :o has se5 only "o su* butt]fly may d\bt :e!r _m ( ! insignificant details ( ! m>k+ c really be ( advantage to ! insect4 ,su* details are = in/ance ! app>5t holes & splits 9 ! app>5tly dry or half-rott5 leaf1 :i* are usually due to ! fact t ! scales are abs5t on a circul> or oval pat* s t ! col\rless w+-membrane lies b>e1 & "o c look ?r\gh ! spot z ?r\gh a w9d[4 ,:e!r ! bird :i* is seek+ or pursu+ ! butt]flies takes ^! holes = dewdrops1 or = ! "w ( a dev\r+ insect1 does n affect ! "q2 ! mirror-l spot und\bt$ly increases ! g5]al deceptiv5ess1 = ! same ?+ occurs 9 _m leaf-butt]flies1 ?\gh n 9 all1 & 9 "s cases x is replac$ 9 q a peculi> mann]4 ,9 "o species ( ,anaea 7,a4 div9a71 ! re/+ butt]fly looks exactly l a leaf out ( ! out] edge ( :i* a l>ge semicircul> piece has be5 eat51 possibly by a cat]pill>2 b if we look m closely x is obvi\s t !re is no "p ( ! w+ abs5t1 & t ! semicircul> piece is ( a cle>1 pale yell[ col\r1 :ile ! re/ ( ! w+ is ( a /rongly contra/$ d>k br[n4 ,b ! deceptive resemblance may be caus$ 9 q a diff]5t mann]4 ,i h (t5 speculat$ z to :at advantage ! brilliant :ite ,c c\ld give to ! o!rwise dusky-col\r$ ,comma butt]fly 7,grapta ,c4 album74 ,p\lton's rec5t obs]vations 7,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc41 ,london1 ,may #f1 #aijc47 h %[n t ?is repres5ts ! imitation ( a crack su* z is (t5 se5 9 dry leaves1 & is v conspicu\s because ! light %9es ?r\gh x4 ,! utility obvi\sly lies 9 pres5t+ to ! bird ! v famili> picture ( a brok5 leaf ) a cle> %9+ slit1 & we may conclude1 f ! imitation ( su* small details1 t ! birds are v %>p obs]v]s & t ! smalle/ deviation f ! usual arre/s _! att5tion & incites !m to clos] inve/igation4 ,x is obvi\s t su* detail$--we might almo/ say su* subtle--deceptive resemblances c\ld only h come ab\t 9 ! c\rse ( long ages ?r\gh ! acquirem5t f "t to "t ( some?+ new :i* height5$ ! already exi/+ resemblance4 ,9 face ( facts l ^! !re c be no "q ( *ance1 & no "o has succe$$ s f> 9 f9d+ any o!r explanation to replace t by selection4 ,= ! re/1 ! app>5t leaves are by no means p]fect copies ( a leaf2 _m ( !m only repres5t ! torn or brok5 piece1 or ! half or two-?irds ( a leaf1 b !n ! leaves !mselves frequ5tly d n pres5t !mselves to ! eye z a :ole1 b p>tially conceal$ among o!r leaves4 ,ev5 ^? butt]flies :i*1 l ! species ( ,kallima & ,anaea1 repres5t ! :ole ( a leaf ) /alk1 ribs1 apex1 & ! :ole bread?1 are n actual copies :i* w\ld satisfy a botani/2 !re is (t5 mu* want+4 ,9 ,kallima ! lat]al ribs ( ! leaf are nev] all includ$ 9 ! m>k+s2 !re are only two or ?ree on ! left side & at mo/ f\r or five on ! "r1 & 9 _m individuals ^! are r obscure1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are comp>atively di/9ct4 ,?is furni%es u ) fre% evid5ce 9 fav\r ( _! orig9 ?r\gh processes ( selection1 = a botanically p]fect picture c\ld n arise 9 ?is way2 !re c\ld only be a fix+ ( su* details z height5$ ! deceptive resemblance4 ,our po/ulate ( orig9 ?r\gh selection also enables u to und]/& :y ! leaf-imitation is on ! l[] surface ( ! w+ 9 ! diurnal ,lepidopt]a1 & on ! upp] surface 9 ! nocturnal =ms1 correspond+ to ! attitude ( ! w+s 9 ! re/+ position ( ! two gr\ps4 ,! /ronge/ ( all pro(s ( ! !ory1 h[ev]1 is af=d$ by cases ( true mimicry1 ^? adaptations discov]$ by ,bates 9 #ahfa1 consi/+ 9 ! imitation ( "o species by ano!r1 :i* becomes m & m l its model4 ,! model is always a species t enjoys "s special protection f enemies1 :e!r because x is unpleasant to ta/e1 or because x is 9 "s way dang]\s4 ,x is *iefly among insects & especially among butt]flies t we f9d ! greate/ numb] ( su* cases4 ,sev]al ( ^! h be5 m9utely /udi$1 & e detail has be5 inve/igat$1 s t x is difficult to und]/& h[ !re c /ill be disbelief 9 reg>d to !m4 ,if ! _m & exact obs]vations :i* h be5 c>efully collect$ & critically discuss$1 = in/ance by ,p\lton 7,essays on ,evolution1 #ahhi-aijg1 ,ox=d1 #aijh1 passim1 e4g4 page #bfi47 7 ?or\ghly /udi$1 ! argum5ts :i* are /ill frequ5tly urg$ aga9/ mimicry w\ld be f\nd unt5able2 we c h>dly hope to f9d m conv9c+ pro( ( ! actuality ( ! processes ( selection ?an ^! cases put into our h&s4 ,! prelim9>y po/ulates ( ! !ory ( mimicry h be5 disput$1 = in/ance1 t diurnal butt]flies are p]secut$ & eat5 by birds1 b obs]vations specially direct$ t[>ds ?is po9t 9 ,india1 ,africa1 ,am]ica & ,europe h plac$ x beyond all d\bt4 ,if x 7 necess>y ,i c\ld myself furni% an acc\nt ( my own obs]vations on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! same way x has be5 e/abli%$ by exp]im5t & obs]vation 9 ! field t 9 all ! great regions ( di/ribution !re are butt]flies :i* are reject$ by birds & liz>ds1 _! *ief enemies1 on acc\nt ( _! unpleasant smell or ta/e4 ,^! butt]flies are usually gaily & conspicu\sly col\r$ & ?us--z ,wallace fir/ int]pret$ x--are furni%$ ) an easily recognisable sign3 a sign ( unpalatabl5ess or ,,w>n+ ,,col\rs4 ,if !y 7 n ?us recognisable easily & f a di/ance1 !y w\ld frequ5tly be peck$ at by birds1 & !n reject$ because ( _! unpleasant ta/e2 b z x is1 ! insect-eat]s recognise !m at once z unpalatable booty & ignore !m4 ,su* ,,immune 7,! expression does n ref] to all ! enemies ( ?is butt]fly2 aga9/ i*neumon-flies1 = in/ance1 _! unpleasant smell usually gives no protection47 species1 :]ev] !y occur1 are imitat$ by o!r palatable species1 :i* ?us acquire a c]ta9 degree ( protection4 ,x is true t ?is explanation ( ! bright1 conspicu\s col\rs is only a hypo!sis1 b its f\ndations1--unpalatabl5ess1 & ! liability ( o!r butt]flies to be eat51--are c]ta91 & its consequ5ces--! exi/5ce ( mimetic palatable =ms--confirm x 9 ! mo/ conv9c+ mann]4 ,( ! _m cases n[ kn[n ,i select "o1 :i* is especially rem>kable1 & :i* has be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$1 ,papilio d>danus 7m]ope71 a l>ge1 beautiful1 diurnal butt]fly :i* ranges f ,abyss9ia ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,africa to ! s\? coa/ ( ,cape ,colony4 ,! males ( ?is =m are ev]y:]e ,,almo/ ! same 9 col\r & 9 =m ( w+s1 save = a few v>iations 9 ! sp>se black m>k+s on ! pale yell[ gr\nd4 ,b ! females occur 9 sev]al q diff]5t =ms & col\r+s1 & "o ( ^! only1 ! ,abyss9ian =m1 is l ! male1 :ile ! o!r ?ree or f\r are ,,mimetic1 t is to say1 !y copy a butt]fly ( q a diff]5t family ! ,danaids1 :i* are among ! ,,immune =ms4 ,9 ea* region ! females h ?us copi$ two or ?ree diff]5t immune species4 ,!re is mu* t is int]e/+ to be said 9 reg>d to ^! species1 b x w\ld be out ( keep+ ) ! g5]al t5or ( ?is pap] to give details ( ?is v complicat$ case ( polymorphism 9 ,p4 d>danus4 ,anyone :o is int]e/$ 9 ! matt] w f9d a full & exact /atem5t ( ! case 9 z f> z we "k x1 9 ,p\lton's ,essays on ,evolution 7pages #cgc-cge74 7,pr(essor ,p\lton has correct$ "s wrong descriptions :i* ,i _h un=tunately ov]look$ 9 ! ,plates ( my book ,vortrage ub] ,desc5d5z!orie1 & :i* ref] to ,papilio d>danus 7m]ope74 ,^! mi/akes are ( no importance z f> z & und]/&+ ( ! mimicry-!ory is conc]n$1 b ,i hope %ortly to be able to correct !m 9 a lat] edition47 ,i ne$ only add t ?ree diff]5t mimetic female =ms h be5 re>$ f ! eggs ( a s+le female 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! resemblance ( ^! =ms to _! immune models goes s f> t ev5 ! details ( ! ,,local =ms ( ! models are copi$ by ! mimetic species4 ,x rema9s to be said t 9 ,madagasc> a butt]fly1 ,papilio m]iones1 occurs1 ( :i* bo? sexes are v simil> 9 =m & m>k+s to ! non-mimetic male ( ,p4 d>danus1 s t x probably repres5ts ! ance/or ( ?is latt] species4 ,9 face ( su* facts z ^! e attempt at ano!r explanation mu/ fail4 ,simil>ly all ! o!r details ( ! case fulfil ! prelim9>y po/ulates ( selection1 & leave no room = any o!r int]pretation4 ,t ! males d n take on ! protective col\r+ is easily expla9$1 because !y are 9 g5]al m num]\s1 & ! females are m important = ! pres]vation ( ! species1 & mu/ also live long] 9 ord] to deposit _! eggs4 ,we f9d ! same /ate ( ?+s 9 _m o!r species1 & 9 "o case 7,elymnias undul>is7 9 :i* ! male is also mimetically col\r$1 x copies q a diff]5tly col\r$ immune species f ! model foll[$ by ! female4 ,?is is q intelligible :5 we consid] t if !re 7 ,,too ,,_m false immune types1 ! birds w\ld soon discov] t !re 7 palatable individuals among ^? ) unpalatable w>n+ col\rs4 ,h5ce ! imitation ( diff]5t immune species by ,papilio d>danus6 ,i regret t lack ( space prev5ts my br++ =w>d m examples ( mimicry & discuss+ !m fully4 ,b f ! case ( ,papilio d>danus alone !re is mu* to be le>nt :i* is ( ! highe/ importance = our und]/&+ ( trans=mations4 ,x %[s u *iefly :at ,i once call$1 some:at /rongly p]haps1 ,,! ,,omnipot5ce ,,( ,,natural ,,selection 9 answ] to an oppon5t :o _h spok5 ( its inadequacy4 ,we "h see t "o & ! same species is capable ( produc+ f\r or five diff]5t patt]ns ( col\r+ & m>k+2 ?us ! col\r+ & m>k+ are n1 z has (t5 be5 suppos$1 a necess>y outcome ( ! specific nature ( ! species1 b a true adaptation1 :i* _c arise z a direct effect ( climatic conditions1 b solely ?r\gh :at ,i may call ! sort+ out ( ! v>iations produc$ by ! species1 accord+ to _! utility4 ,t cat]pill>s may be ei!r gre5 or br[n is already some?+ m ?an c\ld h be5 expect$ accord+ to ! old conception ( species1 b t "o & ! same butt]fly %\ld be n[ pale yell[1 ) black2 n[ r$ ) black & pure :ite2 n[ deep black ) l>ge1 pure :ite spots2 & aga9 black ) a l>ge o*re\s-yell[ spot1 & _m small :ite & yell[ spots2 t 9 "o sub-species x may be tail$ l ! ance/ral =m1 & 9 ano!r tailless l its ,danaid model1--all ?is %[s a f>-rea*+ capacity = v>iation & adaptation t wide nev] h expect$ if we did n see ! facts be=e u4 ,h[ x is possible t ! prim>y col\r-v>iations %\ld ?us be int5sifi$ & comb9$ rema9s a puzzle ev5 n[2 we are rem9d$ ( ! mod]n ?ree-col\r pr9t+1--p]haps simil> comb9ations ( ! prim>y col\rs take place 9 ?is case2 9 any case ! direction ( ^! prim>y v>iations is det]m9$ by ! arti/ :om we "k z natural selection1 = !re is no o!r conceivable way 9 :i* ! model c\ld affect ! butt]fly t is becom+ m & m l x4 ,! same climate surr\nds all f\r =ms ( female2 !y are subject to ! same conditions ( nutrition4 ,moreov]1 ,papilio d>danus is by no means ! only species ( butt]fly :i* exhibits diff]5t k9ds ( col\r-patt]n on its w+s4 ,_m species ( ! ,asiatic g5us ,elymnias h on ! upp] surface a v good imitation ( an immune ,euploe9e 7,dana9ae71 (t5 ) a /eel-blue gr\nd-col\r1 :ile ! "u surface is well conceal$ :5 ! butt]fly is at re/1--?us !re are two k9ds ( protective coloration ea* ) a diff]5t mean+6 ,! same ?+ may be obs]v$ 9 _m non-mimetic butt]flies1 = in/ance 9 all our species ( ,vanessa1 9 :i* ! "u side %[s a grey-br[n or br[ni%-black protective coloration1 b we d n yet "k ) c]ta9ty :at may be ! biological significance ( ! gaily col\r$ upp] surface4 ,9 g5]al x may be said t mimetic butt]flies are comp>atively r>e species1 b !re are exceptions1 = in/ance ,lim5itis ar*ippus 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ( :i* ! immune model 7,danaida plexippus7 also occurs 9 enorm\s numb]s4 ,9 ano!r mimicry-category ! imitators are (t5 m num]\s ?an ! models1 namely 9 ! case ( ! imitation ( ,,dang]\s ,,insects by h>mless species4 ,bees & wasps are dread$ = _! /+1 & !y are copi$ by h>mless flies ( ! g5]a ,eri/alis & ,syrphus1 & ^! mimics (t5 occur 9 sw>ms ab\t fl[]+ plants )\t damage to !mselves or to _! models2 !y are fe>$ & are !re=e left unmole/$4 ,9 reg>d also to ! ,,fai?fulness ,,( ,,! ,,copy ! facts are q 9 h>mony ) ! !ory1 accord+ to :i* ! resemblance mu/ h aris5 & increas$ ,,by ,,degrees4 ,we c recognise ?is 9 _m cases1 = ev5 n[ ! mimetic species %[ v ,,v>y+ ,,degrees ,,( ,,resemblance to _! immune model4 ,if we comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! _m diff]5t imitators ( ,danaida *rysippus we f9d t1 ) _! br[ni%-yell[ gr\nd-col\r1 & ! position & size1 & m or less %>p limitation ( _! cle> m>g9al spots1 !y h rea*$ v diff]5t degrees ( ne>ness to _! model4 ,or comp>e ! female ( ,elymnias undul>is ) its model ,danaida g5utia2 !re is a g5]al resemblance1 b ! m>k+ ( ! ,danaida is v r\ghly imitat$ 9 ,elymnias4 ,ano!r fact t be>s out ! !ory ( mimicry is1 t ev5 :5 ! resemblance 9 col\r-patt]n is v great1 ! ,,w+-,,v5ation1 :i* is s con/ant1 & s important 9 det]m9+ ! sy/ematic position ( butt]flies1 is nev] affect$ by ! v>iation4 ,! pursu]s ( ! butt]fly h no "t to tr\ble ab\t entomological intricacies4 ,i mu/ n pass ov] a discov]y ( ,p\lton's :i* is ( great !oretical importance--t mimetic butt]flies may rea* ! same effect by v diff]5t means4 7,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,london 7,zool471 ,vol4 ,,xxvi4 #ahih1 pages #eih-fjb47 ,?us ! glass-l transp>5cy ( ! w+ ( a c]ta9 ,i?omi9e 7,me?ona7 & its ,pi]9e mimic 7,dismorphia orise7 dep5ds on a dim9ution 9 ! size ( ! scales2 9 ! ,dana9e g5us ,ituna x is due to ! fewness ( ! scales1 & 9 a ?ird imitator1 a mo? 7,ca/nia l9us v>4 heliconoides7 ! glass-l appe>ance ( ! w+ is due nei!r to dim9ution nor to abs5ce ( scales1 b to _! absolute col\rlessness & transp>5cy1 & to ! fact t !y /& upright4 ,9 ano!r mo? mimic 7,an?omyza7 ! arrangem5t ( ! transp>5t scales is normal4 ,?us x is n "s unkn[n ext]nal influ5ce t has br\ght ab\t ! transp>5cy ( ! w+ 9 ^! five =ms1 z has sometimes be5 suppos$4 ,nor is x a hypo!tical ,,int]nal evolution>y t5d5cy1 = all ?ree v>y 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,! cause ( ?is agreem5t c only lie 9 selection1 :i* pres]ves & int5sifies 9 ea* species ! fav\rable v>iations t pres5t !mselves4 ,! great fai?fulness ( ! copy is a/oni%+ 9 ^! cases1 = x is n ,,! ,,:ole w+ :i* is transp>5t2 c]ta9 m>k+s are black 9 col\r1 & ^! contra/ %>ply ) ! glass-l gr\nd4 ,x is obvi\s t ! pursu]s ( ^! butt]flies mu/ be v %>p-sight$1 = o!rwise ! agreem5t betwe5 ! species c\ld nev] h be5 pu%$ s f>4 ,! less ! enemies see & obs]ve1 ! m defective mu/ ! imitation be1 & if !y _h be5 bl9d1 no visible resemblance betwe5 ! species :i* requir$ protection c\ld ev] h aris54 ,a seem+ly irreconcilable contradiction to ! mimicry !ory is pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ cases1 :i* 7 kn[n to ,bates1 :o1 h[ev]1 nev] succe$$ 9 br++ !m into l9e ) ! pr9ciple ( mimicry4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica !re are1 z we h already said1 _m mimics ( ! immune ,i?omi9ae 7or z ,bates call$ !m ,heliconidae74 ,among ^! !re occur n m]ely species :i* are edible1 & ?us require ! protection ( a disguise1 b o!rs :i* are reject$ on acc\nt ( _! unpalatabl5ess4 ,h[ c\ld ! ,i?omi9e dress h develop$ 9 _! case1 & ( :at use is x1 s9ce ! species w\ld 9 any case be immune8 ,9 ,ea/]n ,brazil1 = in/ance1 !re are f\r butt]flies1 :i* be> a mo/ confus+ resemblance to "o ano!r 9 col\r1 m>k+1 & =m ( w+1 & all f\r are unpalatable to birds4 ,!y belong to f\r diff]5t g5]a & ?ree sub-families1 & we h to inquire3 ,:5ce came ?is resemblance & :at end does x s]ve8 ,= a long "t no satisfactory answ] c\ld be f\nd1 b ,fritz ,mull] 7,9 ,kosmos1 #ahgi1 page #ajj471 sev5te5 ye>s aft] ,bates1 (f]$ a solution to ! riddle1 :5 he po9t$ out t "y birds c\ld n h an in/9ctive k ( ! unpalatabl5ess ( ! ,i?omi9es1 b mu/ le>n by exp]i5ce :i* species 7 edible & :i* in$ible4 ,?us ea* "y bird mu/ h ta/$ at lea/ "o individual ( ea* in$ible species & discov]$ its unpalatability1 be=e x le>nt to avoid1 & ?us to sp>e ! species4 ,b if ! f\r species resemble ea* o!r v closely ! bird w reg>d !m all z ( ! same k9d1 & avoid !m all4 ,?us !re develop$ a process ( selection :i* result$ 9 ! survival ( ! ,i?omi9e-l individuals1 & 9 s great an increase ( resemblance betwe5 ! f\r species1 t !y are difficult to di/+ui% "o f ano!r ev5 9 a collection4 ,! advantage = ! f\r species1 liv+ side by side z !y d e4g4 9 ,bahia1 lies 9 ! fact t only "o individual f ! ,,mimicry-,,r+ 7in$ible association7 ne$ be ta/$ by a "y bird1 in/ead ( at lea/ f\r individuals1 z w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,z ! numb] ( "y birds is great1 ?is makes a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! ratio ( elim9ation4 ,^! int]e/+ mimicry-r+s 7tru/s71 :i* h mu* significance = ! !ory1 h be5 ! subject ( num]\s & c>eful inve/igations1 & at lea/ _! ess5tial features are n[ fully e/abli%$4 ,mull] took = grant$1 )\t mak+ any inve/igations1 t "y birds only le>n by exp]i5ce to di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( victims4 ,b ,lloyd ,morgan's 7,habit & ,in/9ct1 ,london1 #ahif47 exp]im5ts ) "y birds prov$ t ?is is really ! case1 & at ! same "t furni%$ an additional argum5t aga9/ ! ,,lam>ckian ,,pr9ciple4 ,9 addition to ! mimicry-r+s fir/ obs]v$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 o!rs h be5 describ$ f ,tropical ,india by ,moore1 & by ,p\lton & ,dixey f ,africa1 & we may expect to le>n _m m int]e/+ facts 9 ?is connection4 ,"h aga9 ! prelim9>y po/ulates ( ! !ory are satisfi$4 ,& h[ mu* m t w\ld lead to ! same conclusion might be add$6 ,z 9 ! case ( mimicry _m species h come to resemble "o ano!r ?r\gh processes ( selection1 s we "k :ole classes ( ph5om5a 9 :i* plants & animals h become adapt$ to "o ano!r1 & h ?us be5 modifi$ to a consid]able degree4 ,i ref] p>ticul>ly to ! relation betwe5 fl[]s & insects2 b z !re is an article on ,! ,biology ( ,fl[]s 9 ?is volume1 ,i ne$ n discuss ! subject1 b w conf9e myself to po9t+ out ! significance ( ^! rem>kable cases = ! !ory ( selection4 ,d>w9 has %[n t ! orig9ally inconspicu\s blossoms ( ! phan]ogams 7 trans=m$ into fl[]s ?r\gh ! visits ( insects1 & t1 conv]sely1 sev]al l>ge ord]s ( insects h be5 gradually modifi$ by _! association ) fl[]s1 especially z reg>ds ! p>ts ( _! body actively conc]n$4 ,bees & butt]flies 9 p>ticul> h become :at !y are ?r\gh _! relation to fl[]s4 ,9 ?is case aga9 all t is app>5tly contradictory to ! !ory c1 on clos] inve/igation1 be beautifully int]pret$ 9 corroboration ( x4 ,selection c give rise only to :at is ( use to ! organism actually conc]n$1 nev] to :at is ( use to "s o!r organism1 & we mu/ !re=e expect to f9d t 9 fl[]s only *>act]s ( use to ,,!mselves h aris51 nev] *>act]s :i* are ( use to insects only1 & conv]sely t 9 ! insects *>act]s useful to !m & n m]ely to ! plants w\ld h orig9at$4 ,= a long "t x seem$ z if an exception to ?is rule exi/$ 9 ! case ( ! f]tilisation ( ! yucca blossoms by a little mo?1 ,pronuba yuccasella4 ,?is little mo? has a sickle-%ap$ app5dage to its m\?-p>ts :i* occurs 9 no o!r ,lepidopt]on1 & :i* is us$ = pu%+ ! yell[ poll5 into ! op5+ ( ! pi/il1 ?us f]tilis+ ! fl[]4 ,?us x appe>s z if a new /ructure1 :i* is useful only to ! plant1 has aris5 9 ! insect4 ,b ! difficulty is solv$ z soon z we le>n t ! mo? lays its eggs 9 ! fruit-buds ( ! ,yucca1 & t ! l>vae1 :5 !y em]ge1 fe$ on ! develop+ se$s4 ,9 effect+ ! f]tilisation ( ! fl[] ! mo? is at ! same "t mak+ provision = its own (fspr+1 s9ce x is only aft] f]tilisation t ! se$s beg9 to develop4 ,!re is ?us no?+ to prev5t our ref]r+ ?is /ructural adaptation 9 ,pronuba yuccasella to processes ( selection1 :i* h gradually trans=m$ ! maxill>y palps ( ! female into ! sickle-%ap$ in/rum5t = collect+ ! poll51 & :i* h at ! same "t develop$ 9 ! insect ! in/9ct to press ! poll5 into ! pi/il4 ,9 ?is doma91 !n1 ! !ory ( selection f9ds no?+ b corroboration1 & x w\ld be impossible to sub/itute = x any o!r explanation1 :i*1 n[ t ! facts are s well kn[n1 c\ld be reg>d$ z a s]i\s rival to x4 ,t selection is a factor1 & a v p[]ful factor 9 ! evolution ( organisms1 c no long] be d\bt$4 ,ev5 al?\gh we _c br+ =w>d =mal pro(s ( x ,,9 ,,detail1 _c calculate def9itely ! size ( ! v>iations :i* pres5t !mselves1 & _! selection-value1 _c1 9 %ort1 r$uce ! :ole process to a ma!matical =mula1 yet we mu/ assume selection1 because x is ! only possible explanation applicable to :ole classes ( ph5om5a1 & because1 on ! o!r h&1 x is made up ( factors :i* we "k c be prov$ actually to exi/1 & :i*1 ,,if !y exi/1 mu/ ( logical necessity coop]ate 9 ! mann] requir$ by ! !ory4 ,,we ,,mu/ ,,accept ,,x ,,because ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,( ,,evolution ,,& ,,adaptation ,,mu/ ,,h ,a ,,natural ,,basis1 ,,& ,,because ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,only ,,possible ,,explanation ,,( ,,!m4 7,?is has be5 discuss$ 9 _m ( my e>li] works4 ,see = in/ance ,! ,all-,suffici5cy ( ,natural ,selection1 a reply to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,london1 #ahic47 ,_m p are will+ to admit t selection expla9s adaptations1 b !y ma9ta9 t only a "p ( ! ph5om5a are ?us expla9$1 because ev]y?+ does n dep5d ^u adaptation4 ,!y reg>d adaptation z1 s to speak1 a special ef=t on ! "p ( ,nature1 :i* %e keeps 9 read9ess to meet p>ticul>ly difficult claims ( ! ext]nal _w on organisms4 ,b if we look at ! matt] m c>efully we %all f9d t adaptations are by no means exceptional1 b t !y are pres5t ev]y:]e 9 su* enorm\s numb]s1 t x w\ld be difficult 9 reg>d to any /ructure :atev]1 to prove t adaptation _h ,,n play$ a "p 9 its evolution4 ,h[ (t5 has ! s5seless objection be5 urg$ aga9/ selection t x c create no?+1 x c only reject4 ,x is true t x _c create ei!r ! liv+ sub/ance or ! v>iations ( x2 bo? mu/ be giv54 ,b 9 reject+ "o ?+ x pres]ves ano!r1 int5sifies x1 comb9es x1 & 9 ?is way ,,creates :at is new4 ,,ev]y?+ 9 organisms dep5ds on adaptation2 t is to say1 ev]y?+ mu/ be admitt$ ?r\gh ! n>r[ door ( selection1 o!rwise x c take no "p 9 ! build+ up ( ! :ole4 ,b1 x is ask$1 :at ( ! direct effect ( ext]nal conditions1 temp]ature1 nutrition1 climate & ! l8 ,und\bt$ly ^! c give rise to v>iations1 b !y too mu/ pass ?r\gh ! door ( selection1 & if !y _c d ?is !y are reject$1 elim9at$ f ! con/itution ( ! species4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be object$ t su* ext]nal influ5ces are (t5 ( a compell+ p[]1 & t e animal ,,mu/ submit to !m1 & t ?us selection has no *oice & c nei!r select nor reject4 ,!re may be su* cases2 let u assume = in/ance t ! effect ( ! cold ( ! ,arctic regions 0 to make all ! mammals become black2 ! result w\ld be t !y w\ld all be elim9at$ by selection1 & t no mammals w\ld be able to live !re at all4 ,b 9 mo/ cases a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( animals resi/s ^! /rong influ5ces1 & ?us selection secures a foo?old on :i* to "w1 elim9at+ ! unfav\rable v>iation1 & e/abli%+ a useful col\r+1 consi/5t ) :at is requir$ = ! ma9t5ance ( ! species4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u adaptation6 ,we h spok5 mu* ( adaptation 9 col\r+1 9 connection ) ! examples br\ght into prom95ce by ,d>w91 because ^! are conspicu\s1 easily v]ifi$1 & at ! same "t conv9c+ = ! !ory ( selection4 ,b is x only des]t & pol> animals ^: col\r+ is det]m9$ ?r\gh adaptation8 ,or ! leaf-butt]flies1 & ! mimetic species1 or ! t]rify+ m>k+s1 & w>n+-col\rs & a ?\s& o!r k9ds ( sympa!tic col\r+8 ,x is1 inde$1 nev] ! col\r+ alone :i* makes up ! adaptation2 ! /ructure ( ! animal plays a "p1 (t5 a v ess5tial "p1 9 ! protective disguise1 & ?us ,,_m v>iations may coop]ate t[>ds ,,"o common end4 ,& x is to be not$ t x is by no means only ext]nal p>ts t are *ang$2 int]nal p>ts are ,,always modifi$ at ! same "t--= in/ance1 ! delicate elem5ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em on :i* dep5d ! ,,in/9ct ( ! insect to hold its w+s1 :5 at re/1 9 a p]fectly def9ite position1 :i*1 9 ! leaf-butt]fly1 has ! effect ( br++ ! two pieces on :i* ! m>k+ occurs on ! ant]ior & po/]ior w+ into ! same direction1 & ?us display+ z a :ole ! f9e curve ( ! midrib on ! seem+ leaf4 ,b ! w+-hold+ in/9ct is n regulat$ 9 ! same way 9 all leaf-butt]flies2 ev5 our indig5\s species ( ,vanessa1 ) _! protective gr\nd-col\r+1 h q a di/9ctive way ( hold+ _! w+s s t ! great] "p ( ! ant]ior w+ is cov]$ by ! po/]ior :5 ! butt]fly is at re/4 ,b ! protective col\r+ appe>s on ! po/]ior w+ & on ! tip ( ! ant]ior1 ,,to ,,precisely ,,! ,,di/ance ,,to ,,:i* ,,x ,,is ,,left ,,uncov]$4 ,?is occurs1 z ,/&fuss has %[n1 9 diff]5t degree 9 our two mo/ ne>ly alli$ species1 ! uncov]$ portion be+ small] 9 ,v4 urticae ?an 9 ,v4 poly*loros4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 mo/ leaf-butt]flies1 ! hold+ ( ! w+ 0 probably ! prim>y "*2 only aft] t 0 ?or\ghly e/abli%$ did ! protective m>k+ develop4 ,9 any case1 ! in/9ctive mann] ( hold+ ! w+s is associat$ ) ! protective col\r+1 & mu/ rema9 z x is if ! latt] is to be effective4 ,h[ greatly in/9cts may *ange1 t is to say1 may be adapt$1 is %[n by ! case ( ! ,noctuid %>k mo?1 ,xyl9a vetu/a4 ,?is =m be>s a mo/ deceptive resemblance to a piece ( rott5 wood1 & ! appe>ance is greatly increas$ by ! modification ( ! innate impulse to flight common to s _m animals1 :i* has "h be5 trans=m$ into an almo/ contr>y in/9ct4 ,?is mo? does n fly away f dang]1 b feigns dea?1 t is1 x draws ant5nae1 legs & w+s close to ! body1 & rema9s p]fectly motionless4 ,x may be t\*$1 pick$ up1 & ?r[n d[n aga91 & /ill x does n move4 ,?is rem>kable in/9ct mu/ surely h develop$ simultane\sly ) ! wood-col\r+2 at all ev5ts1 bo? coop]at+ v>iations are n[ pres5t1 & prove t bo? ! ext]nal & ! mo/ m9ute int]nal /ructure h und]gone a process ( adaptation4 ,! case is ! same ) all /ructural v>iations ( animal p>ts1 :i* are n absolutely insignificant4 ,:5 ! insects acquir$ w+s !y mu/ also h acquir$ ! me*anism ) :i* to move !m--! musculature1 & ! n]v\s app>atus necess>y = its automatic regulation4 ,all in/9cts dep5d ^u comp\nd reflex me*anisms & are j z indisp5sable z ! p>ts !y h to set 9 motion1 & all may h aris5 ?r\gh processes ( selection if ! reasons :i* ,i h else:]e giv5 = ?is view are correct4 7,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,london1 #aijd1 page #add47 ,?us !re is no lack ( adaptations )9 ! organism1 & p>ticul>ly 9 its mo/ important & complicat$ p>ts1 s t we may say t !re is no actively functional organ t has n und]gone a process ( adaptation relative to its function & ! requirem5ts ( ! organism4 ,n only is e gl& /ructurally adapt$1 d[n to ! v m9ute/ hi/ological details1 to its function1 b ! function is equally m9utely adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! body4 ,e cell 9 ! muc\s l9+ ( ! inte/9e is exactly regulat$ 9 its relation to ! diff]5t nutritive sub/ances1 & behaves 9 q a diff]5t way t[>ds ! fats1 & t[>ds nitrog5\s sub/ances1 or peptones4 ,i h else:]e call$ att5tion to ! _m adaptations ( ! :ale to ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 & h po9t$ out--:at has long be5 kn[n1 b is n univ]sally admitt$1 ev5 n[--t 9 x a great numb] ( important organs h be5 trans=m$ 9 adaptation to ! peculi> conditions ( aquatic life1 al?\gh ! ance/ors ( ! :ale mu/ h liv$1 l o!r hair-cov]$ mammals1 on l&4 ,i cit$ a numb] ( ^! trans=mations--! fi%-l =m ( ! body1 ! hairlessness ( ! sk91 ! trans=mation ( ! =e-limbs to f9s1 ! disappe>ance ( ! h9d-limbs & ! developm5t ( a tail f91 ! lay] ( blubb] "u ! sk91 :i* af=ds ! protection f cold necess>y to a w>m-blood$ animal1 ! disappe>ance ( ! e>-muscles & ! auditory passages1 ! displacem5t ( ! ext]nal n>es to ! =ehead = ! great] security ( ! brea?+-hole dur+ ! brief appe>ance at ! surface1 & c]ta9 rem>kable *anges 9 ! respiratory & circulatory organs :i* enable ! animal to rema9 = a long "t "u wat]4 ,i might h add$ _m m1 = ! li/ ( adaptations 9 ! :ale to aquatic life is by no means exhau/$2 !y are f\nd 9 ! hi/ological /ructure & 9 ! m9ute/ comb9ations 9 ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,= x is obvi\s t a tail-f9 mu/ be us$ 9 q a diff]5t way f a tail1 :i* s]ves z a fly-bru% 9 ho($ animals1 or z an aid to spr++ 9 ! kang>oo or z a climb+ organ2 x w require q diff]5t reflex-me*anisms & n]ve-comb9ations 9 ! motor c5tres4 ,i us$ ?is example 9 ord] to %[ h[ unnecess>y x is to assume a special int]nal evolution>y p[] = ! phylog5esis ( species1 = ?is :ole ord] ( :ales is1 s to speak1 ,,made ,,up ,,( ,,adaptations2 x deviates 9 _m ess5tial respects f ! usual mammalian type1 & all ! deviations are adaptations to aquatic life4 ,b if precisely ! mo/ ess5tial features ( ! organisation ?us dep5d ^u adaptation1 :at is left = a phyletic =ce to d1 s9ce x is ^! ess5tial features ( ! /ructure x w\ld h to det]m9e8 ,!re are few p n[ :o believe 9 a phyletic evolution>y p[]1 :i* is n made up ( ! =ces kn[n to u--adaptation & h]$ity--b ! conviction t ,,e "p ( an organism dep5ds ^u adaptation has n yet ga9$ a firm foot+4 ,nev]!less1 ,i mu/ cont9ue to reg>d ?is conception z ! correct "o1 z ,i h long done4 ,i may be p]mitt$ "o m example4 ,! fea!r ( a bird is a m>vell\s /ructure1 & no "o w d5y t z a :ole x dep5ds ^u adaptation4 ,b :at "p ( x ,,does ,,n dep5d ^u adaptation8 ,! holl[ quill1 ! %aft ) its h>d1 ?91 light cortex1 & ! spongy sub/ance )9 x1 its squ>e section comp>$ ) ! r\nd section ( ! quill1 ! flat b>bs1 _! %ort1 hook$ b>bules :i*1 9 ! flight-fea!rs1 hook into "o ano!r ) j suffici5t firmness to resi/ ! pressure ( ! air at ea* w+-beat1 ! lightness & firmness ( ! :ole app>atus1 ! ela/icity ( ! vane1 & s on4 ,& yet all ?is belongs to an organ :i* is only passively functional1 & !re=e c h no?+ to d ) ! ,,lam>ckian ,,pr9ciple4 ,nor c ! fea!r h aris5 ?r\gh "s magical effect ( temp]ature1 moi/ure1 electricity1 or specific nutrition1 & ?us selection is aga9 our only an*or ( safety4 ,b--x w be object$--! sub/ance ( :i* ! fea!r consi/s1 ?is peculi> k9d ( horny sub/ance1 did n fir/ arise ?r\gh selection 9 ! c\rse ( ! evolution ( ! birds1 = x =m$ ! cov]+ ( ! scales ( _! reptilian ance/ors4 ,x is q true t a simil> sub/ance cov]$ ! scales ( ! ,reptiles1 b :y %\ld x n h aris5 among !m ?r\gh selection8 ,or 9 :at o!r way c\ld x h aris51 s9ce scales are also passively useful p>ts8 ,x is true t if we are only to call adaptation :at has be5 acquir$ by ! species we happ5 to be consid]+1 !re w\ld rema9 a great deal t c\ld n be ref]r$ to selection2 b we are po/ulat+ an evolution :i* has /ret*$ back ?r\gh aeons1 & 9 ! c\rse ( :i* innum]able adaptations took place1 :i* _h n m]ely ephem]al p]si/5ce 9 a g5us1 a family or a class1 b :i* 0 cont9u$ into :ole ,phyla ( animals1 ) cont9ual fre% adaptations to ! special conditions ( ea* species1 family1 or class1 yet ) p]si/5ce ( ! fundam5tal elem5ts4 ,?us ! fea!r1 once acquir$1 p]si/$ 9 all birds1 & ! v]tebral column1 once ga9$ by adaptation 9 ! l[e/ =ms1 has p]si/$ 9 all ! ,v]tebrates1 f ,amphioxus upw>ds1 al?\gh ) con/ant readaptation to ! conditions ( ea* p>ticul> gr\p4 ,?us ev]y?+ we c see 9 animals is adaptation1 :e!r ( to-day1 or ( ye/]day1 or ( ages long gone by2 e k9d ( cell1 :e!r gl&ul>1 muscul>1 n]v\s1 epid]mic1 or skeletal1 is adapt$ to absolutely def9ite & specific functions1 & e organ :i* is compos$ ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( cells conta9s !m 9 ! prop] proportions1 & 9 ! p>ticul> arrangem5t :i* be/ s]ves ! function ( ! organ2 x is ?us adapt$ to its function4 ,all p>ts ( ! organism are tun$ to "o ano!r1 t is1 ,,!y ,,are ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,"o ,,ano!r1 & 9 ! same way ,,! ,,organism ,,z ,a ,,:ole ,,is ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,its ,,life1 ,,& ,,x ,,is ,,s ,,at ,,e ,,/age ,,( ,,its ,,evolution4 ,b all adaptations ,,c be ref]r$ to selection2 ! only po9t t rema9s d\btful is :e!r !y all ,,mu/ be ref]r$ to x4 ,h[ev] t may be1 :e!r ! ,,lam>ckian ,,pr9ciple is a factor t has coop]at$ ) selection 9 evolution1 or :e!r x is altoge!r fallaci\s1 ! fact rema9s1 t selection is ! cause ( a great "p ( ! phyletic evolution ( organisms on our e>?4 ,^? :o agree ) me 9 reject+ ! ,,lam>ckian ,,pr9ciple w reg>d selection z ! only ,,guid+ factor 9 evolution1 :i* creates :at is new out ( ! transmissible v>iations1 by ord]+ & arrang+ ^!1 select+ !m 9 relation to _! numb] & size1 z ! ar*itect does 8 build+-/ones s t a p>ticul> /yle mu/ result4 7,v>iation "u ,dome/ication1 #ahge ,,ii4 pages #dbf1 #dbg47 ,b ! build+-/ones !mselves1 ! v>iations1 h _! basis 9 ! influ5ces :i* cause v>iation 9 ^? vital units :i* are h&$ on f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 :e!r1 tak5 toge!r !y =m ! ,,:ole organism1 z 9 ,bact]ia & o!r l[ =ms ( life1 or only a g]m-sub/ance1 z 9 unicellul> & multicellul> organisms4 7,! ,au?or & ,editor are indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,p\lton = k9dly assi/+ 9 ! revision ( ! pro( ( ?is ,essay47 ,,iv4 ,,v>iation4 ,by ,,hugo ,,de ,,vries4 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,am/]dam4 ,i4 ,,diff]5t ,,k9ds ,,( ,,v>iability4 ,be=e ,d>w91 little 0 kn[n conc]n+ ! ph5om5a ( v>iability4 ,! fact1 t h>dly two leaves on a tree 7 exactly ! same1 c\ld n escape obs]vation3 small deviations ( ! same k9d 7 met ) ev]y:]e1 among individuals z well z among ! organs ( ! same plant4 ,l>g] ab]rations1 spok5 ( z mon/rosities1 7 = a long "t reg>d$ z ly+ outside ! range ( ord9>y ph5om5a4 ,a special bran* ( inquiry1 t ( ,t]atology1 0 devot$ to !m1 b x con/itut$ a sci5ce by itself1 sometimes connect$ ) morphology1 b hav+ sc>cely any be>+ on ! processes ( evolution & h]$ity4 ,d>w9 0 ! fir/ to take a broad survey ( ! :ole range ( v>iations 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,8 !ory ( ,natural ,selection is bas$ on ! fact ( v>iability4 ,9 ord] t ?is f\ndation %\ld be z /rong z possible he collect$ all ! facts1 scatt]$ 9 ! lit]ature ( 8 "t1 & tri$ to arrange !m 9 a sci5tific way4 ,he succe$$ 9 %[+ t v>iations may be gr\p$ along a l9e ( almo/ cont9u\s gradations1 beg9n+ ) simple diff]5ces 9 size & end+ ) mon/rosities4 ,he 0 /ruck by ! fact t1 z a rule1 ! small] ! deviations1 ! m frequ5tly !y appe>1 v abrupt breaks 9 *>act]s be+ ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,among ^! num]\s degrees ( v>iability ,d>w9 0 always on ! look out = ^? :i* might1 ) ! greate/ probability1 be consid]$ z af=d+ mat]ial = natural selection to act ^u 9 ! developm5t ( new species4 ,nei!r ( ! extremes compli$ ) 8 conceptions4 ,he (t5 po9t$ out1 t !re are a good _m small fluctuations1 :i* 9 ?is respect mu/ be absolutely useless4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he /rongly combat$ ! belief1 t great *anges w\ld be necess>y to expla9 ! orig9 ( species4 ,"s au?ors _h prop\nd$ ! idea t highly adapt$ organs1 e4g4 ! w+s ( a bird1 c\ld n h be5 develop$ 9 any o!r way ?an by a comp>atively sudd5 modification ( a well def9$ & important k9d4 ,su* a conception w\ld all[ ( great breaks or discont9uity 9 ! evolution ( highly diff]5tiat$ animals & plants1 %ort5+ ! "t = ! evolution ( ! :ole organic k+dom & gett+ ov] num]\s difficulties inh]5t 9 ! !ory ( sl[ & gradual progress4 ,x w\ld1 moreov]1 acc\nt = ! g5etic relation ( ! l>g] gr\ps ( bo? animals & plants4 ,x w\ld1 9 a ^w1 und\bt$ly af=d an easy means ( simplify+ ! problem ( desc5t ) modification4 ,d>w91 h[ev]1 consid]$ su* hypo!ses z h>dly belong+ to ! doma9 ( sci5ce2 !y belong1 he said1 to ! realm ( miracles4 ,t species h a capacity = *ange is admitt$ by all evolutioni/s2 b !re is no ne$ to invoke modifications o!r ?an ^? repres5t$ by ord9>y v>iability4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 artificial selection ?is t5d5cy to v>y has giv5 rise to num]\s di/9ct races1 & !re is no reason = d5y+ t x c d ! same 9 nature1 by ! aid ( natural selection4 ,on bo? l9es an advance may be expect$ ) equal probability4 ,8 ma9 argum5t1 h[ev]1 is t ! mo/ /rik+ & mo/ highly adapt$ modifications may be acquir$ by successive v>iations4 ,ea* ( ^! may be slight1 & !y may affect diff]5t organs1 gradually adapt+ !m to ! same purpose4 ,! direction ( ! adaptations w be det]m9$ by ! ne$s 9 ! /ruggle = life1 & natural selection w simply exclude all su* *anges z occur on opposite or deviat+ l9es4 ,9 ?is way1 x is n v>iability itself :i* is call$ ^u to expla9 beautiful adaptations1 b x is q suffici5t to suppose t natural selection has op]at$ dur+ long p]iods 9 ! same way4 ,ev5tually1 all ! acquir$ *>act]s1 be+ transmitt$ toge!r1 w\ld appe> to u1 z if !y _h all be5 simultane\sly develop$4 ,correlations mu/ play a l>ge "p 9 su* special evolutions3 :5 "o "p is modifi$1 s w be o!r p>ts4 ,! di/ribution ( n\ri%m5t w come 9 z "o ( ! causes1 ! reactions ( diff]5t organs to ! same ext]nal influ5ces z ano!r4 ,b no d\bt ! m effective cause is t ( ! int]nal correlations1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are /ill b dimly und]/ood4 ,d>w9 repeat$ly laid great /ress on ?is view1 al?\gh a def9ite pro( ( its correctness c\ld n be giv5 9 8 "t4 ,su* pro( requires ! direct obs]vation ( a mutation1 & x %\ld be /at$ "h t ev5 ! fir/ obs]vations made 9 ?is direction h cle>ly confirm$ ,d>w9's ideas4 ,! new ev5+ primroses :i* h sprung 9 my g>d5 f ! old =m ( ,o5o!ra ,lam>ckiana1 & :i* h evid5tly be5 d]iv$ f x1 9 ea* case1 by a s+le mutation1 d n diff] f _! p>5t species 9 "o "* only1 b 9 almo/ all _! organs & qualities4 ,o5o!ra gigas1 = example1 has /\t] /ems & d5s] foliage2 ! leaves are l>g] & broad]2 its ?ick fl[]-buds produce gigantic fl[]s1 b only small fruits ) l>ge se$s4 ,correlative *anges ( ?is k9d are se5 9 all my new =ms1 & !y l5d support to ! view t 9 ! gradual developm5t ( highly adapt$ /ructures1 analog\s correlations may h play$ a l>ge "p4 ,!y easily expla9 l>ge deviations f an orig9al type1 )\t requir+ ! assumption ( too _m /eps4 ,mon/rosities1 z _! "n implies1 are widely diff]5t 9 "* f natural species2 !y _c1 !re=e1 be adduc$ z evid5ce 9 ! inve/igation ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,!re is no d\bt t !y may h mu* 9 common z reg>ds _! mann] ( orig91 & t ! orig9 ( species1 once und]/ood1 may lead to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! mon/rosities4 ,b ! rev]se is n true1 at lea/ n z reg>ds ! ma9 l9es ( developm5t4 ,"h1 x is cle>1 mon/rosities _c h play$ a "p ( any significance4 ,rev]sions1 or atavi/ic *anges1 w\ld seem to give a bett] support to ! !ory ( desc5t ?r\gh modifications4 ,^! h be5 ( p>am\nt importance on _m l9es ( evolution ( ! animal z well z ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x is (t5 assum$ t monocotyl$ons are desc5d$ f "s l[] gr\p ( dicotyl$ons1 probably alli$ to t :i* includes ! butt]cup family4 ,on ?is view ! monocotyl$ons mu/ be assum$ to h lo/ ! cambium & all its influ5ce on second>y gr[?1 ! diff]5tiation ( ! fl[] into calyx & corolla1 ! second cotyl$on or se$-leaf & sev]al o!r *>act]s4 ,losses ( *>act]s su* z ^! may h be5 ! result ( abrupt *anges1 b ?is does n prove t ! *>act]s !mselves h be5 produc$ ) equal sudd5ness4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,d>w9 %[s v conv9c+ly t a modification may well be develop$ by a s]ies ( /eps1 & aft]w>ds sudd5ly disappe>4 ,_m mon/rosities1 su* z ^? repres5t$ by twi/$ /ems1 furni% direct pro(s 9 support ( ?is view1 s9ce !y are produc$ by ! loss ( "o "* & ?is loss implies second>y *anges 9 a l>ge numb] ( o!r organs & qualities4 ,d>w9 criticises 9 detail ! hypo!sis ( great & abrupt *anges & comes to ! conclusion t x does n give ev5 a %ad[ ( an explanation ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,x is z improbable z x is unnecess>y4 ,sports & spontane\s v>iations mu/ n[ be consid]$4 ,x is well kn[n t !y h produc$ a l>ge numb] ( f9e horticultural v>ieties4 ,! cut-leav$ maple & _m o!r trees & %rubs ) split leaves are kn[n to h be5 produc$ at a s+le /ep2 ?is is true 9 ! case ( ! s+le-leaf /rawb]ry plant & ( ! lac9iate v>iety ( ! great] cel&9e3 _m :ite fl[]s1 :ite or yell[ b]ries & num]\s o!r =ms _h a simil> orig94 ,b *anges su* z ^! d n come "u ! head ( adaptations1 z !y consi/ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! loss ( "s quality or organ belong+ to ! species f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,d>w9 ?9ks x impossible to attribute to ?is cause ! innum]able /ructures1 :i* are s well adapt$ to ! habits ( life ( ea* species4 ,at ! pres5t "t we %\ld say t su* adaptations require progressive modifications1 :i* are additions to ! /ock ( qualities already possess$ by ! ance/ors1 & _c1 !re=e1 be expla9$ on ! gr\nd ( a suppos$ analogy ) sports1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p ( a retrogressive nature4 ,exclud+ all ^! m or less sudd5 *anges1 !re rema9s a long s]ies ( gradations ( v>iability1 b all ( ^! are n assum$ by ,d>w9 to be equally fit = ! production ( new species4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he disreg>ds all m]e tempor>y v>iations1 su* z size1 alb9ism1 etc42 fur!r1 he po9ts out t v _m species h almo/ c]ta9ly be5 produc$ by /eps1 n great]1 & probably n v mu* small]1 ?an ^? sep>at+ closely relat$ v>ieties4 ,= v>ieties are only small species4 ,next comes ! "q ( polymorphic species3 _! occurr5ce seems to h be5 a s\rce ( mu* d\bt & difficulty 9 ,d>w9's m9d1 al?\gh at pres5t x =ms "o ( ! ma9 supports ( ! prevail+ explanation ( ! orig9 ( new species4 ,d>w9 simply /ates t ?is k9d ( v>iability seems to be ( a peculi> nature2 s9ce polymorphic species are n[ 9 a /able condition _! occurr5ce gives no clue z to ! mode ( orig9 ( new species4 ,polymorphic species are ! expression ( ! result ( previ\s v>iability act+ on a l>ge scale2 b !y n[ simply consi/ ( m or less num]\s elem5t>y species1 :i*1 z f> z we "k1 d n at pres5t exhibit a l>g] degree ( v>iability ?an any o!r m uni=m species4 ,! v]nal :itl[-grass 7,draba v]na7 & ! wild pansy are ! be/ kn[n examples2 bo? h spread ov] almo/ ! :ole ( ,europe & are split up into hundr$s ( elem5t>y =ms4 ,^! sub-species %[ no signs ( any extraord9>y degree ( v>iability1 :5 cultivat$ "u conditions necess>y = ! exclusion ( int]-cross+4 ,hook] has %[n1 9 ! case ( "s f]ns di/ribut$ ov] /ill wid] areas1 t ! ext9ction ( "s ( ! int]m$iate =ms 9 su* gr\ps w\ld suffice to ju/ify ! elevation ( ! rema9+ types to ! rank ( di/9ct species4 ,polymorphic species may n[ be reg>d$ z ! l9k :i* unites ord9>y v>iability ) ! hi/orical production ( species4 ,b x does n appe> t !y _h ?is significance = ,d>w92 &1 9 fact1 !y exhibit no ph5om5a :i* c\ld expla9 ! processes by :i* "o species has be5 d]iv$ f ano!r4 ,by ?us n>r[+ ! limits ( ! species-produc+ v>iability ,d>w9 0 l$ to reg>d small deviations z ! s\rce f :i* natural selection d]ives mat]ial ^u :i* to act4 ,b ev5 ^! are n all ( ! same type1 & ,d>w9 0 well aw>e ( ! fact4 ,x %\ld "h be po9t$ out t 9 ord] to be select$1 a *ange mu/ fir/ h be5 produc$4 ,?is proposition1 :i* n[ seems self-evid5t1 has1 h[ev]1 be5 a s\rce ( mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion among ,d>w9's foll[]s4 ,! op9ion t natural selection produces *anges 9 useful directions has prevail$ = a long "t4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 assum$ t natural selection1 by ! simple means ( s+l+ out1 c\ld induce small & useful *anges to increase & to rea* any desir$ degree ( deviation f ! orig9al type4 ,9 my op9ion ?is view 0 nev] actually held by ,d>w94 ,x is 9 contradiction ) ! ackn[l$g$ aim ( all 8 "w1--! explanation ( ! orig9 ( species by means ( natural =ces & ph5om5a only4 ,natural selection acts z a sieve2 x does n s+le out ! be/ v>iations1 b x simply de/roys ! l>g] numb] ( ^? :i* are1 f "s cause or ano!r1 unfit = _! pres5t environm5t4 ,9 ?is way x keeps ! /ra9s up to ! requir$ /&>d1 &1 9 special circum/ances1 may ev5 improve !m4 ,return+ to ! v>iations :i* af=d ! mat]ial = ! siev+-action ( natural selection1 we may di/+ui% two ma9 k9ds4 ,x is true t ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! 0 n cle> at ! "t ( ,d>w91 & t he 0 unable to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 !m4 ,nev]!less1 9 _m cases1 he 0 able to sep>ate !m1 & he (t5 discuss$ ! "q :i* ( ! two w\ld be ! real s\rce ( ! diff]5tiation ( species4 ,c]ta9 v>iations con/antly occur1 especially su* z are connect$ ) size1 weight1 col\r1 etc4 ,!y are usually too small = natural selection to act ^u1 hav+ h>dly any influ5ce 9 ! /ruggle = life3 o!rs are m r>e1 occurr+ only f "t to "t1 p]haps once or twice 9 a c5tury1 p]haps ev5 only once 9 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,moreov]1 ^! are ( ano!r type1 n simply affect+ size1 numb] or weight1 b br++ ab\t some?+ new1 :i* may be useful or n4 ,:5ev] ! v>iation is useful natural selection w take hold ( x & pres]ve x2 9 o!r cases ! v>iation may ei!r p]si/ or disappe>4 ,9 8 criticism ( miscellane\s objections br\ght =w>d aga9/ ! !ory ( natural selection aft] ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,d>w9 /at$ 8 view on ?is po9t v cle>ly3--,! doctr9e ( natural selection or ! survival ( ! fitte/1 :i* implies t :5 v>iations or individual diff]5ces ( a b5eficial nature happ5 to arise1 ^! w be pres]v$4 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #afi1 #ahhb47 ,9 ?is s5t5ce ! words ,,happ5 ,,to ,,arise appe> to me ( prom95t significance4 ,!y are evid5tly due to ! same g5]al conception :i* prevail$ 9 ,d>w9's ,pang5esis hypo!sis4 7,cf4 de ,vries1 ,intracellul>e ,pang5esis1 page #gc1 ,j5a1 #ahhi1 & ,die ,mutation/heorie1 ,i4 page #fc4 ,leipzig1 #aija47 ,a di/9ction is indicat$ betwe5 ord9>y fluctuations :i* are always pres5t1 & su* v>iations z happ5 to arise f "t to "t4 77,i ?9k x "r to po9t out t ! int]pretation ( ?is passage f ! ,orig9 by ,pr(essor de ,vries is n accept$ z correct ei!r by ,mr ,francis ,d>w9 or by myself4 ,we d n believe t ,d>w9 int5d$ to draw any di/9ction betwe5 ,,two ,,types ( v>iation2 ! words :5 v>iations or individual diff]5ces ( a b5eficial nature happ5 to arise are n 9 our op9ion meant to imply a di/9ction betwe5 ord9>y fluctuations & v>iations :i* happ5 to arise1 b we believe t or is "h us$ 9 ! s5se ( ,,alias4 ,) ! p]mission ( ,pr(essor de ,vries1 ! foll[+ extract is quot$ f a lett] 9 :i* he repli$ to ! objection rais$ to 8 read+ ( ! passage 9 "q3 ,z to y\r rem>ks on ! passage on page #f1 ,i agree t x is n[ impossible to see cle>ly h[ f> ,d>w9 w5t 9 8 di/9ction ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( v>iability4 ,di/9ctions 7 only dimly guess$ at by him4 ,b 9 our endeav\r to arrive at a true conception ( 8 view ,i ?9k t ! *apt] on ,pang5esis %\ld be our lead+ guide1 & t we %\ld try to int]pret ! m difficult passages by t *apt]4 ,a c>eful & (t5 repeat$ /udy ( ! ,pang5esis hypo!sis has conv9c$ me t ,d>w91 :5 he wrote t *apt]1 0 well aw>e t ord9>y v>iability has no?+ to d ) evolution1 b t o!r k9ds ( v>iation 7 necess>y4 ,9 "s *apt]s he comes ne>] to a cle> di/9ction ?an 9 o!rs4 ,to my m9d ! expression 'happ5 to arise' is ! %>pe/ indication ( 8 incl9+ 9 ?is direction4 ,i am q conv9c$ t num]\s expressions 9 8 book become mu* cle>] :5 look$ at 9 ?is way4 ,! /atem5t 9 ?is passage t ,d>w9 0 well aw>e t ord9>y v>iability has no?+ to d ) evolution1 b t o!r k9ds ( v>iation 7 necess>y is contradict$ by _m passages 9 ! ,orig94 ,a4,c4,s477 ,! latt] af=d ! mat]ial = natural selection to act ^u on ! broad l9es ( organic developm5t1 b ! fir/ d n4 ,=tuit\s v>iations are ! species-produc+ k9d1 :i* ! !ory requires2 cont9u\s fluctuations con/itute1 9 ?is respect1 a useless type4 ,( late1 ! /udy ( v>iability has return$ to ! recognition ( ?is di/9ction4 ,d>w9's v>iations1 :i* f "t to "t happ5 to arise1 are ,,mutations1 ! opposite type be+ commonly design$ fluctuations4 ,a l>ge mass ( facts1 collect$ dur+ ! la/ few decades1 has confirm$ ?is view1 :i* 9 ,d>w9's "t c\ld only be express$ ) mu* res]ve1 & ev]yone kn[s t ,d>w9 0 always v c>eful 9 /atem5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,f ! same *apt] ,i may "h cite ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,?us z ,i am incl9$ to believe1 morphological diff]5ces1444 su* z ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves1 ! divisions ( ! fl[] or ( ! ov>ium1 ! position ( ! ovules1 etc4--fir/ appe>$ 9 _m cases z fluctuat+ v>iations1 :i* soon] or lat] became con/ant ?r\gh ! nature ( ! organism & ( ! surr\nd+ conditions444 b ,,n ,,?r\gh ,,natural ,,selection 7,! italics are m9e 7,h4 de ,v47472 = z ^! morphological *>act]s d n affect ! welf>e ( ! species1 any slight deviation 9 !m c\ld n h be5 gov]n$ or accumulat$ ?r\gh ?is latt] ag5cy4 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #agf47 ,we ?us see t 9 ,d>w9's op9ion1 all small v>iations _h n ! same importance4 ,9 fav\rable circum/ances "s c\ld become con/ant1 b o!rs c\ld n4 ,s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ edition ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species fluctuat+ v>iability has be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ by ,quetelet4 ,he discov]$ ! law1 :i* gov]ns all ph5om5a ( organic life fall+ "u ?is head4 ,x is a v simple law1 & /ates t individual v>iations foll[ ! laws ( probability4 ,he prov$ x1 9 ! fir/ place1 = ! size ( ! human body1 us+ ! measurem5ts publi%$ = ,belgian recruits2 he !n ext5d$ x to v>i\s o!r measurem5ts ( p>ts ( ! body1 & f9ally conclud$ t x mu/ be ( univ]sal validity = all organic be+s4 ,x mu/ hold true = all *>act]s 9 man1 physical z well z intellectual & moral qualities2 x mu/ hold true = ! plant k+dom z well z = ! animal k+dom2 9 %ort1 x mu/ include ! :ole liv+ _w4 ,quetelet's law may be mo/ easily /udi$ 9 ^? cases :]e ! v>iability relates to measure1 numb] & weight1 & a va/ numb] ( facts h s9ce confirm$ its exactness & its validity = all k9ds ( organisms1 organs & qualities4 ,b if we exam9e x m closely1 we f9d t x includes j ^? m9ute v>iations1 :i*1 z ,d>w9 repeat$ly po9t$ out1 h (t5 no significance = ! orig9 ( species4 ,9 ! ph5om5a1 describ$ by ,quetelet's law no?+ happ5s to arise2 all is gov]n$ by ! common law1 :i* /ates t small deviations f ! mean type are frequ5t1 b t l>g] ab]rations are r>e1 ! r>] z !y are l>g]4 ,any degree ( v>iation w be f\nd to occur1 if only ! numb] ( individuals /udi$ is l>ge en\gh3 x is ev5 possible to calculate be=e h&1 h[ _m specim5s mu/ be comp>$ 9 ord] to f9d a previ\sly fix$ degree ( deviation4 ,! v>iations1 :i* f "t to "t happ5 to appe>1 are evid5tly n gov]n$ by ?is law4 ,!y _c1 z yet1 be produc$ at w3 no s[+s ( ?\s&s or ev5 ( millions ( plants w induce !m1 al?\gh by su* means ! *ance ( _! occurr+ w obvi\sly be increas$4 ,b !y are kn[n to occur1 & to occur sudd5ly & abruptly4 ,!y h be5 obs]v$ especially 9 horticulture1 :]e !y are rang$ 9 ! l>ge & ill-def9$ gr\p call$ sports4 ,kors*9sky has collect$ all ! evid5ce :i* horticultural lit]ature af=ds on ?is po9t4 7,s4 ,kors*9sky1 ,het]og5esis und ,evolution1 ,flora1 ,vol4 ,,lxxxix4 pages #bdj-cfc1 #aija47 ,sev]al cases ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( a horticultural novelty h be5 record$3 ?is has always happ5$ 9 ! same way2 x appe>$ sudd5ly & unexpect$ly )\t any def9ite relation to previ\sly exi/+ v>iability4 ,dw>f types are "o ( ! commone/ & mo/ fav\rite v>ieties ( fl[]+ plants2 !y are n orig9at$ by a repeat$ selection ( ! smalle/ specim5s1 b appe> at once1 )\t int]m$iates & )\t any previ\s indication4 ,9 _m in/ances !y are only ab\t half ! height ( ! orig9al type1 ?us con/itut+ obvi\s novelties4 ,s x is 9 o!r cases describ$ by ,kors*9sky3 ^! sports or mutations are n[ recognis$ to be ! ma9 s\rce ( v>ieties ( horticultural plants4 ,z already /at$1 ,i d n pret5d t ! production ( horticultural novelties is ! prototype ( ! orig9 ( new species 9 nature4 ,i assume t !y are1 z a rule1 d]iv$ f ! p>5t species by ! loss ( "s organ or quality1 :]eas ! ma9 l9es ( ! evolution ( ! animal & vegetable k+dom are ( c\rse det]m9$ by progressive *anges4 ,d>w9 himself has (t5 po9t$ out ?is diff]5ce4 ,b ! saltatory orig9 ( horticultural novelties is z yet ! simple/ p>allel = natural mutations1 s9ce x relates to =ms & ph5om5a1 be/ kn[n to ! g5]al /ud5t ( evolution4 ,! po9t :i* ,i wi% to insi/ ^u is ?is4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 small & ev] pres5t fluctuations & r>e & m sudd5 v>iations 0 cle> to ,d>w91 al?\gh ! facts kn[n at 8 "t 7 too meagre to enable a %>p l9e to be drawn betwe5 ^! two great classes ( v>iability4 ,s9ce ,d>w9's "t evid5ce1 :i* proves ! correctness ( 8 view1 has accumulat$ ) increas+ rapidity4 ,fluctuations con/itute "o type2 !y are nev] abs5t & foll[ ! law ( *ance1 b !y d n af=d ! mat]ial f :i* to build new species4 ,mutations1 on ! o!r h&1 only happ5 to occur f "t to "t4 ,!y d n necess>ily produce great] *anges ?an fluctuations1 b su* z may become1 or r are f _! v nature1 con/ant4 ,x is ?is con/ancy :i* is ! m>k ( specific *>act]s1 & on ?is basis e new specific "* may be assum$ to h aris5 by mutation4 ,"s au?ors h tri$ to %[ t ! !ory ( mutation is oppos$ to ,d>w9's views4 ,b ?is is errone\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is 9 fulle/ h>mony ) ! great pr9ciple laid d[n by ,d>w94 ,9 ord] to be act$ ^u by t complex ( environm5tal =ces1 :i* ,d>w9 has call$ natural selection1 ! *anges mu/ obvi\sly fir/ be !re4 ,! mann] 9 :i* !y are produc$ is ( second>y importance & has h>dly any be>+ on ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification4 7,life & ,lett]s ,,ii4 #abe47 ,a critical survey ( all ! facts ( v>iability ( plants 9 nature z well z "u cultivation has l$ me to ! conviction1 t ,d>w9 0 "r 9 /at+ t ^? r>e b5eficial v>iations1 :i* f "t to "t happ5 to arise1--! n[ s-call$ mutations--are ! real s\rce ( progress 9 ! :ole realm ( ! organic _w4 ,,ii4 ,,ext]nal ,,& ,,int]nal ,,causes ,,( ,,v>iability4 ,all ph5om5a ( animal & plant life are gov]n$ by two sets ( causes2 "o ( ^! is ext]nal1 ! o!r int]nal4 ,z a rule ! int]nal causes det]m9e ! nature ( a ph5om5on--:at an organism c d & :at x _c d4 ,! ext]nal causes1 on ! o!r h&1 decide :5 a c]ta9 v>iation w occur1 & to :at ext5t its features may be develop$4 ,z a v cle> & :olly typical in/ance ,i cite ! cocks-combs 7,celosia74 ,?is race is di/+ui%$ f alli$ =ms by its faculty ( produc+ ! well-kn[n broad & mu* twi/$ combs4 ,e s+le individual possesses ?is p[]1 b all individuals d n exhibit x 9 its mo/ complete =m4 ,9 "s cases ?is faculty may n be exhibit$ at ! top ( ! ma9 /em1 al?\gh develop$ 9 lat]al bran*es3 9 o!rs x beg9s too late = full developm5t4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u n\ri%m5t & cultivation1 b almo/ always ! horticulturi/ has to s+le out ! be/ individuals & to reject ^? :i* d n come up to ! /&>d4 ,! int]nal causes are ( a hi/orical nature4 ,! ext]nal ones may be def9$ z n\ri%m5t & environm5t4 ,9 "s cases nutrition is ! ma9 factor1 z1 = in/ance1 9 fluctuat+ v>iability1 b 9 natural selection environm5t usually plays ! l>g] "p4 ,! int]nal or hi/orical causes are con/ant dur+ ! life-"t ( a species1 us+ ! t]m species 9 its mo/ limit$ s5se1 z designat+ ! s-call$ elem5t>y species or ! units out ( :i* ! ord9>y species are built up4 ,^! hi/orical causes are simply ! specific *>act]s1 s9ce 9 ! orig9 ( a species "o or m ( ^! mu/ h be5 *ang$1 ?us produc+ ! *>act]s ( ! new type4 ,^! *anges mu/1 ( c\rse1 also be due p>tly to int]nal & p>tly to ext]nal causes4 ,9 contra/ to ^! *anges ( ! int]nal causes1 ! ord9>y v>iability :i* is exhibit$ dur+ ! life-"t ( a species is call$ fluctuat+ v>iability4 ,! "n mutations or mutat+ v>iability is !n giv5 to ! *anges 9 ! specific *>act]s4 ,x is desirable to consid] ^! two ma9 divisions ( v>iability sep>ately4 ,9 ! case ( fluctuations ! int]nal causes1 z well z ! ext]nal ones1 are (t5 app>5t4 ,! specific *>act]s may be designat$ z ! mean ab\t :i* ! obs]v$ =ms v>y4 ,almo/ e "* may be develop$ to a great] or a less degree1 b ! v>iations ( ! s+le *>act]s produc+ a small deviation f ! mean are usually ! commone/4 ,! limits ( ^! fluctuations may be call$ wide or n>r[1 accord+ to ! way we look at !m1 b 9 num]\s cases ! extreme on ! fav\r$ side h>dly surpasses d\ble ! value ( t on ! o!r side4 ,! degree ( ?is developm5t1 = e individual & = e organ1 is dep5d5t ma9ly on nutrition4 ,bett] n\ri%m5t or an increas$ supply ( food produces a high] developm5t2 only x is n always easy to det]m9e :i* direction is ! full] & :i* is ! poor] "o4 ,! diff]5ces among individuals gr[n f diff]5t se$s are describ$ z examples ( individual v>iability1 b ^? :i* may be obs]v$ on ! same plant1 or on cutt+s1 bulbs or roots d]iv$ f "o individual are ref]r$ to z cases ( p>tial v>iability4 ,p>tial v>iability1 !re=e1 det]m9es ! diff]5ces among ! fl[]s1 fruits1 leaves or bran*es ( "o individual3 9 ! ma91 x foll[s ! same laws z individual v>iability1 b ! position ( a bran* on a plant also det]m9es its /r5g?1 & ! "p x may take 9 ! n\ri%m5t ( ! :ole4 ,composite fl[]s & umbels !re=e h1 z a rule1 few] rays on weak bran*es ?an on ! /rong ma9 ones4 ,! numb] ( c>pels 9 ! fruits ( poppies becomes v small on ! weak lat]al bran*es1 :i* are produc$ t[>ds ! autumn1 z well z on cr[d$1 & !re=e on weak5$ individuals4 ,d\ble fl[]s foll[ ! same rule1 & num]\s o!r in/ances c\ld easily be adduc$4 ,mutat+ v>iability occurs along ?ree ma9 l9es4 ,ei!r a "* may disappe>1 or1 z we n[ say1 become lat5t2 or a lat5t "* may reappe>1 reproduc+ !reby a "* :i* 0 once prom95t 9 m or less remote ance/ors4 ,! ?ird & mo/ int]e/+ case is t ( ! production ( q new *>act]s :i* nev] exi/$ 9 ! ance/ors4 ,^u ?is progressive mutability ! ma9 developm5t ( ! animal & vegetable k+dom evid5tly dep5ds4 ,9 contra/ to ?is1 ! two o!r cases are call$ retrogressive & degressive mutability4 ,9 nature retrogressive mutability plays a l>ge "p2 9 agriculture & 9 horticulture x gives rise to num]\s v>ieties1 :i* h 9 ! pa/ be5 pres]v$1 ei!r on acc\nt ( _! usefulness or beauty1 or simply z fancy-types4 ,9 fact ! possession ( numb]s ( v>ieties may be consid]$ z ! ma9 "* ( dome/icat$ animals & cultivat$ plants4 ,9 ! case ( retrogressive & degressive mutability ! int]nal cause is at once app>5t1 = x is ?is :i* causes ! disappe>ance or reappe>ance ( "s "*4 ,) progressive mutations ! case is n s simple1 s9ce ! new "* mu/ fir/ be produc$ & !n display$4 ,^! two processes are !oretically diff]5t1 b !y may occur toge!r or aft] long int]vals4 ,! production ( ! new "* ,i call premutation1 & ! display+ mutation4 ,bo? ( c\rse mu/ h _! ext]nal z well z _! int]nal causes1 z ,i h repeat$ly po9t$ out 9 my "w on ! ,mutation ,!ory4 7,die ,mutation/heorie1 #b vols41 ,leipzig1 #aija47 ,x is probable t nutrition plays z important a "p among ! ext]nal causes ( mutability z x does among ^? ( fluctuat+ v>iability4 ,obs]vations 9 support ( ?is view1 h[ev]1 are too scanty to all[ ( a def9ite judgm5t4 ,d>w9 assum$ an accumulative influ5ce ( ext]nal causes 9 ! case ( ! production ( new v>ieties or species4 ,! accumulation might be limit$ to ! life-"t ( a s+le individual1 or embrace t ( two or m g5]ations4 ,9 ! end a degree ( in/ability 9 ! equilibrium ( "o or m *>act]s might be atta9$1 great en\gh = a "* to give way "u a small %ock produc$ by *ang$ conditions ( life4 ,! "* w\ld !n be ?r[n ov] f ! old /ate ( equilibrium into a new "o4 ,*>act]s :i* happ5 to be 9 ?is /ate ( un/able equilibrium are call$ mutable4 ,!y may be ei!r lat5t or active1 be+ 9 ! =m] case d]iv$ f old active ones or produc$ z new ones 7by ! process1 designat$ premutation74 ,!y may be inh]it$ 9 ?is mutable condition dur+ a long s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,i h %[n t 9 ! case ( ! ev5+ primrose ( ,lam>ck ?is /ate ( mutability mu/ h exi/$ = at lea/ half a c5tury1 = ?is species 0 introduc$ f ,texas into ,engl& ab\t ! ye> #ahfj1 & s9ce !n all ! /ra9s d]iv$ f its fir/ di/ribution ov] ! sev]al c\ntries ( ,europe %[ ! same ph5om5a 9 produc+ new =ms4 ,! production ( ! dw>f ev5+ primrose1 or ,o5o!ra nanella1 is assum$ to be due to "o ( ! factors1 :i* det]m9es ! tall /ature ( ! p>5t =m1 becom+ lat5t2 ?is w\ld1 !re=e1 af=d an example ( retrogressive mutation4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r types ( my new mutants1 on ! o!r h&1 seem to be due to progressive mutability4 ,! ext]nal causes ( ?is curi\s p]iod ( mutability are z yet :olly unkn[n & c h>dly be guess$ at1 s9ce ! orig9 ( ! ,o5o!ra ,lam>ckiana is veil$ 9 my/]y4 ,! se$s1 introduc$ into ,engl& ab\t #ahfj1 7 said to h come f ,texas1 b :e!r f wild or f cultivat$ plants we d n "k4 ,nor has ! species be5 record$ z hav+ be5 obs]v$ 9 ! wild condition4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no?+ peculi>4 ,! ,european types ( ,o5o!ra bi5nis & ,o4 muricata are 9 ! same condition4 ,! fir/ is said to h be5 introduc$ f ,virg9ia1 & ! second f ,canada1 b bo? probably f plants cultivat$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ^! c\ntries4 ,:e!r ! same elem5t>y species are /ill gr[+ on ^? spots is unkn[n1 ma9ly because ! diff]5t sub-species ( ! species m5tion$ h n be5 sy/ematically /udi$ & di/+ui%$4 ,! orig9 ( new species1 :i* is 9 "p ! effect ( mutability1 is1 h[ev]1 due ma9ly to natural selection4 ,mutability provides ! new *>act]s & new elem5t>y species4 ,natural selection1 on ! o!r h&1 decides :at is to live & :at to die4 ,mutability seems to be free1 & n re/rict$ to previ\sly det]m9$ l9es4 ,selection1 h[ev]1 may take place along ! same ma9 l9es 9 ! c\rse ( long geological epo*s1 ?us direct+ ! developm5t ( l>ge bran*es ( ! animal & vegetable k+dom4 ,9 natural selection x is evid5t t nutrition & environm5t are ! ma9 factors4 ,b x is probable t1 :ile nutrition may be "o ( ! ma9 causes ( mutability1 environm5t may play ! *ief "p 9 ! decisions ascrib$ to natural selection4 ,relations to neighb\r+ plants & to injuri\s or useful animals1 h be5 consid]$ ! mo/ important det]m9+ factors ev] s9ce ! "t :5 ,d>w9 po9t$ out _! prevail+ influ5ce4 ,f ?is discussion ( ! ma9 causes ( v>iability we may d]ive ! proposition t ! /udy ( e ph5om5on 9 ! field ( h]$ity1 ( v>iability1 & ( ! orig9 ( new species w h to be consid]$ f two /&po9ts2 on "o h& we h ! int]nal causes1 on ! o!r ! ext]nal ones4 ,sometimes ! fir/ are m easily detect$1 9 o!r cases ! latt] are m accessible to inve/igation4 ,b ! complete elucidation ( any ph5om5on ( life mu/ always comb9e ! /udy ( ! influ5ce ( int]nal ) t ( ext]nal causes4 ,,iii4 ,,polymorphic ,,v>iability ,,9 ,,c]eals4 ,"o ( ! propositions ( ,d>w9's !ory ( ! /ruggle = life ma9ta9s t ! l>ge/ am\nt ( life c be support$ on any area1 by great div]sification or div]g5ce 9 ! /ructure & con/itution ( its inhabitants4 ,e mead[ & e =e/ af=ds a pro( ( ?is !sis4 ,! num]ical proportion ( ! diff]5t species ( ! flora is always *ang+ accord+ to ext]nal influ5ces4 ,?us1 9 a giv5 mead[1 "s species w fl[] abundantly 9 "o ye> & !n almo/ disappe>1 until1 aft] a s]ies ( ye>s1 circum/ances all[ !m aga9 to multiply rapidly4 ,o!r species1 :i* h tak5 _! places1 w !n become r>e4 ,x foll[s f ?is pr9ciple1 t not)/&+ ! con/antly *ang+ conditions1 a suitable selection f ! con/itu5ts ( a mead[ w ensure a cont9u$ high production4 ,b1 al?\gh ! pr9ciple is q cle>1 artificial selection has1 z yet1 done v little t[>ds rea*+ a really high /&>d4 ,! same holds good = c]eals4 ,9 ord9>y circum/ances a field w give a great] yield1 if ! crop gr[n consi/s ( a numb] ( suffici5tly diff]+ types4 ,h5ce x happ5s t almo/ all old] v>ieties ( :eat are mixtures ( m or less div]g+ =ms4 ,9 ! same v>iety ! num]ical composition w v>y f ye> to ye>1 & 9 oats ?is may1 9 bad ye>s1 g s f> z to de/roy m ?an half ( ! h>ve/1 ! w9d-oats 7,av5a fatua71 :i* scatt] _! gra9 to ! w9ds z soon z x rip5s1 increas+ s rapidly t !y assume ! dom9ant place4 ,a sev]e w9t]1 a cold spr+ & o!r extreme conditions ( life w de/roy "o =m m completely ?an ano!r1 & x is evid5t t great *anges 9 ! num]ical composition ( ! mixture may ?us be br\ght ab\t4 ,?is mix$ condition ( ! common v>ieties ( c]eals 0 well kn[n to ,d>w94 ,= him x con/itut$ "o ( ! _m types ( v>iability4 ,x is ( t peculi> nature to :i*1 9 describ+ o!r gr\ps1 he applies ! t]m polymorphy4 ,x does n imply t ! s+le con/itu5ts ( ! v>ieties are at pres5t really *ang+ _! *>act]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x does n exclude ! possibility ( su* *anges4 ,x simply /ates t obs]vation %[s ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t =ms2 h[ ^! h orig9at$ is a "q :i* x does n deal )4 ,9 8 well-kn[n discussion ( ! v>iability ( c]eals1 ,d>w9 is ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! "q1 :e!r "u cultivation !y h und]gone great *anges or only small ones4 ,! decision ultimately dep5ds on ! "q1 h[ _m =ms h orig9ally be5 tak5 into cultivation4 ,assum+ five or six initial species1 ! v>iability mu/ be assum$ to h be5 v l>ge1 b on ! assumption t !re 7 betwe5 t5 & fifte5 types1 ! necess>y range ( v>iability is obvi\sly mu* small]4 ,b 9 reg>d to ?is po9t1 we are ( c\rse entirely )\t hi/orical data4 ,few ( ! v>ieties ( :eat %[ conspicu\s diff]5ces1 al?\gh _! numb] is great4 ,if we comp>e ! diff]5tiat+ *>act]s ( ! small] types ( c]eals ) ^? ( ord9>y wild species1 ev5 )9 ! same g5us or family1 !y are obvi\sly mu* less m>k$4 ,all ^! small *>act]s1 h[ev]1 are /rictly inh]it$1 & ?is fact makes x v probable t ! less obvi\s con/itu5ts ( ! mixtures 9 ord9>y fields mu/ be con/ant & pure z long z !y d n int]cross4 ,natural cross+ is 9 mo/ c]eals a ph5om5on ( r>e occurr5ce1 common en\gh to admit ( ! production ( all possible hybrid comb9ations1 b requir+ ! lapse ( a long s]ies ( ye>s to rea* its full effect4 ,d>w9 laid great /ress on ?is high am\nt ( v>iability 9 ! plants ( ! same v>iety1 & illu/rat$ x by ! exp]i5ce ( ,colonel ,le ,c\teur 7,on ! ,v>ieties1 ,prop]ties1 & ,classification ( ,:eat1 ,j]sey1 #ahcg47 on 8 f>m on ! isle ( ,j]sey1 :o cultivat$ upw>ds ( #aej v>ieties ( :eat1 :i* he claim$ 7 z pure z ^? ( any o!r agriculturali/4 ,b ,pr(essor ,la ,gasca ( ,madrid1 :o visit$ him1 drew att5tion to ab]rant e>s1 & po9t$ out1 t "s ( !m might be bett] yield]s ?an ! majority ( plants 9 ! crop1 :il/ o!rs might be poor types4 ,!nce he conclud$ t ! isolation ( ! bett] ones might be a means ( increas+ 8 crops4 ,le ,c\teur seems to h consid]$ ! con/ancy ( su* small] types aft] isolation z absolutely probable1 s9ce he did n ev5 discuss ! possibility ( _! be+ v>iable or ( _! yield+ a *angeable or mix$ prog5y4 ,?is curi\s fact proves t he consid]$ ! types1 discov]$ 9 8 fields by ,la ,gasca to be ( ! same k9d z 8 o!r v>ieties1 :i* until t "t he _h reli$ ^u z be+ pure & uni=m4 ,?us we see1 t = him1 ! v>iability ( c]eals 0 :at we n[ call polymorphy4 ,he look$ ?r\gh 8 fields = useful ab]rations1 & collect$ tw5ty-?ree new types ( :eat4 ,he 01 moreov]1 cle> ab\t "o po9t1 :i*1 on be+ r$iscov]$ aft] half a c5tury1 has become ! />t+-po9t = ! new ,sw$i% pr9ciple ( select+ agricultural plants4 ,x 0 ! pr9ciple ( s+le-e> s[+1 in/ead ( mix+ ! gra9s ( all ! select$ e>s toge!r4 ,by s[+ ea* e> on a sep>ate plot he int5d$ n only to multiply !m1 b also to comp>e _! value4 ,?is comp>ison ultimately l$ him to ! *oice ( "s few valuable sorts1 "o ( :i*1 ! ,bellevue de ,talav]a1 /ill holds its place among ! prom95t sorts ( :eat cultivat$ 9 ,france4 ,?is v>iety seems to be really a uni=m type1 a quality v useful "u fav\rable conditions ( cultivation1 b :i* seems to h de/roy$ its capacity = fur!r improvem5t by selection4 ,! pr9ciple ( s+le-e> s[+1 ) a view to obta9 pure & uni=m /ra9s )\t fur!r selection1 has1 until a few ye>s ago1 be5 almo/ entirely lo/ sight (4 ,only a v few agriculturi/s h appli$ x3 among ^! are ,patrick ,%irreff 7,die ,v]bess]ung d] ,getreide-,art51 translat$ by ,r4 ,hesse1 ,halle1 #ahhj47 9 ,scotl& & ,willet ,m4 ,hays 7,:eat1 v>ieties1 bre$+1 cultivation1 ,univ4 ,m9nesota1 ,agricultural ,exp]im5tal ,/ation1 ,bull4 no4 #fb1 #ahii47 9 ,m9nesota4 ,patrick ,%irreff obs]v$ ! fact1 t 9 l>ge fields ( c]eals1 s+le plants may f "t to "t be f\nd ) l>g] e>s1 :i* ju/ify ! expectation ( a f> great] yield4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s he isolat$ 9 ?is way two v>ieties ( :eat & two ( oats4 ,he simply multipli$ !m z fa/ z possible1 )\t any selection1 & put !m on ! m>ket4 ,hays 0 /ruck by ! fact t ! yield ( :eat 9 ,m9nesota 0 f> b5ea? t 9 ! neighb\r+ ,/ates4 ,! local v>ieties 7 ,fife & ,blue ,/em4 ,!y gave him1 on inspection1 "s bett] specim5s1 ph5om5al yield]s z he call$ !m4 ,^! 7 simply isolat$ & propagat$1 &1 aft] comp>ison ) ! p>5t-v>iety & ) "s o!r select$ /ra9s ( less value1 7 judg$ to be ( suffici5t importance to be te/$ by cultivation all ov] ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota4 ,!y h s9ce almo/ supplant$ ! orig9al types1 at lea/ 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 ) ! result t ! total yield ( :eat 9 ,m9nesota is said to h be5 increas$ by ab\t a million doll>s ye>ly4 ,def9ite progress 9 ! me?od ( s+le-e> s[+ has1 h[ev]1 be5 made only rec5tly4 ,x _h be5 =e%ad[$ by ,patrick ,%irreff1 :o aft] ! production ( ! f\r v>ieties already m5tion$1 tri$ to c>ry out 8 "w on a l>g] scale1 by includ+ num]\s m9or deviations f ! ma9 type4 ,he f\nd by do+ s t ! *ances ( obta9+ a bett] =m 7 suffici5tly increas$ to ju/ify ! trial4 ,b x 0 ,nilsson :o discov]$ ! almo/ inexhau/ible polymorphy ( c]eals & o!r agricultural crops & made x ! />t+-po9t = a new & entirely tru/wor?y me?od ( ! highe/ utility4 ,by ?is means he has produc$ dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s a numb] ( new & valuable races1 :i* h already supplant$ ! old types on num]\s f>ms 9 ,sw$5 & :i* are n[ be+ introduc$ on a l>ge scale into ,g]many & o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,x is n[ tw5ty ye>s s9ce ! /ation at ,sval( 0 f\nd$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( its "w1 embrac+ ab\t five ye>s1 selection 0 practis$ on ! pr9ciple :i* 0 !n g5]ally us$ 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ord] to improve a race a sample ( ! be/ e>s 0 c>efully select$ f ! be/ fields ( ! v>iety4 ,^! e>s 7 consid]$ z repres5tatives ( ! type "u cultivation1 & x 0 assum$ t by s[+ _! gra9s on a small plot a family c\ld be obta9$1 :i* c\ld aft]w>ds be improv$ by a cont9u\s selection4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! collect$ e>s 7 ei!r n obs]v$ or disreg>d$4 ,at ,sval( ?is me?od ( selection 0 practis$ on a f> l>g] scale ?an on any ,g]man f>m1 & ! result 01 broadly speak+1 ! same4 ,?is may be /at$ 9 ! foll[+ words3 improvem5t 9 a few cases1 failure 9 all ! o!rs4 ,"s few v>ieties c\ld be improv$ & yield$ excell5t new types1 "s ( :i* h s9ce be5 introduc$ into ,sw$i% agriculture & are n[ prom95t races 9 ! s\!rn & middle p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,b ! /ation _h def9ite aims1 & among !m 0 ! improvem5t ( ! ,*evali] b>ley4 ,?is1 9 ,middle ,sw$51 is a f9e brew]'s b>ley1 b liable to failure dur+ unfav\rable summ]s on acc\nt ( its sl5d] /ems4 ,x 0 select$ ) a view ( giv+ x /iff] /ems1 b 9 spite ( all ! c>e & "w be/[$ ^u x no satisfactory result 0 obta9$4 ,?is exp]i5ce1 comb9$ ) a numb] ( analog\s failures1 c\ld n fail to ?r[ d\bt ^u ! :ole me?od4 ,x 0 evid5t t good results 7 only exceptions1 & t 9 mo/ cases ! pr9ciple 0 n "o t c\ld be reli$ ^u4 ,! exceptions might be due to unkn[n causes1 & n to ! validity ( ! me?od2 x became !re=e ( mu* m int]e/ to se>* = ! causes ?an to cont9ue ! "w along ^! l9es4 ,9 ! ye> #ahib a numb] ( diff]5t v>ieties ( c]eals 7 cultivat$ on a l>ge scale & a selection 0 aga9 made f !m4 ,ab\t two hundr$ samples ( e>s 7 *os51 ea* app>5tly con/itut+ a diff]5t type4 ,_! se$s 7 s[n on sep>ate plots & manur$ & treat$ z mu* z possible 9 ! same mann]4 ,! plots 7 small & arrang$ 9 r[s s z to facilitate ! comp>ison ( alli$ types4 ,dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( gr[? & dur+ ! rip5+ ( ! e>s ! plots 7 c>efully /udi$ & comp>$3 !y 7 h>ve/$ sep>ately2 e>s & k]nels 7 c\nt$ & weigh$1 & notes 7 made conc]n+ lay]+1 ru/ & o!r c]eal pe/s4 ,! result ( ?is exp]im5t 01 9 ! ma91 no di/9ct improvem5t4 ,nilsson 0 especially /ruck by ! fact t ! plots1 :i* %\ld repres5t di/9ct types1 7 f> f uni=m4 ,_m ( !m 7 z multi=m z ! fields f :i* ! p>5t-e>s 7 tak54 ,o!rs %[$ v>iability 9 a less degree1 b 9 almo/ all ( !m x 0 cle> t a pure race _h n be5 obta9$4 ,! exp]im5t 0 a fair "o1 inasmu* z x demon/rat$ ! polymorphic v>iability ( c]eals beyond all d\bt & 9 a degree hi!rto unsuspect$2 b f ! /&po9t ( ! selectioni/ x 0 a failure4 ,=tunately !re 71 h[ev]1 "o or two exceptions4 ,a few lots %[$ a p]fect uni=mity 9 reg>d to all ! /alks & e>s3 ^! 7 small families4 ,?is fact sugge/$ ! idea t ea* might h be5 d]iv$ f a s+le e>4 ,dur+ ! selection 9 ! previ\s summ]1 ,nilsson _h tri$ to f9d z _m e>s z possible ( ea* new type :i* he recognis$ 9 8 fields4 ,b ! v>iability ( 8 crops 0 s great1 t he 0 r>ely able to include m ?an two or ?ree e>s 9 ! same gr\p1 &1 9 a few cases1 he f\nd only "o repres5tative ( ! suppos$ type4 ,x might1 !re=e1 be possible t ^? small uni=m plots 7 ! direct prog5y ( e>s1 ! gra9s ( :i* _h n be5 mix$ ) ^? f o!r e>s be=e s[+4 ,exact records _h1 ( c\rse1 be5 kept ( ! *os5 samples1 & ! numb] ( e>s _h be5 not$ 9 ea* case4 ,x 01 !re=e1 possible to answ] ! "q & x 0 f\nd t ^? plots alone 7 uni=m on :i* ! k]nels ( "o s+le e> only _h be5 s[n4 ,nilsson conclud$ t ! mixture ( two or m e>s 9 a s+le s[+ might be ! cause ( ! lack ( uni=mity 9 ! prog5y4 ,app>5tly simil> e>s might be diff]5t 9 _! prog5y4 ,once discov]$1 ?is fact 0 elevat$ to ! rank ( a lead+ pr9ciple & te/$ on z l>ge a scale z possible4 ,! fields 7 aga9 c>efully inve/igat$ & e s+le e>1 :i* %[$ a di/9ct div]g5ce f ! ma9 type 9 "o "* or ano!r1 0 select$4 ,a ?\s& samples 7 *os51 b ?is "t ea* sample consi/$ ( "o e> only4 ,next ye>1 ! result correspond$ to ! expectation4 ,uni=mity prevail$ almo/ ev]y:]e2 only a few lots %[$ a discrepancy1 :i* might be ascrib$ to ! accid5tal selection ( hybrid e>s4 ,x 0 n[ cle> t ! prog5y ( s+le e>s 01 z a rule1 pure1 :]eas t ( mix$ e>s 0 impure4 ,! s+le-e> selection or s+le-e> s[+1 :i* _h fall5 into discr$it 9 ,g]many & else:]e 9 ,europe1 0 r$iscov]$4 ,x prov$ to be ! only tru/wor?y pr9ciple ( selection4 ,once isolat$1 su* s+le-p>5t races are con/ant f se$ & rema9 true to _! type4 ,no fur!r selection is ne$$2 !y h simply to be multipli$ & _! real value te/$4 ,patrick ,%irreff1 9 8 e>ly exp]im5ts1 ,le ,c\teur1 ,hays & o!rs _h obs]v$ ! r>e occurr5ce ( exceptionally good yield]s & ! value ( _! isolation to ! agriculturi/4 ,! possibility ( error 9 ! *oice ( su* /rik+ specim5s & ! necessity ( judg+ _! value by _! prog5y 7 also kn[n to ^! inve/igators1 b !y _h n ! slighte/ idea ( all ! possibilities sugge/$ by _! pr9ciple4 ,nilsson1 :o is a botani/ z well z an agriculturi/1 discov]$ t1 besides ^! exceptionably good yield]s1 e v>iety ( a c]eal consi/s ( hundr$s ( diff]5t types1 :i* f9d ! be/ conditions = success :5 gr[n toge!r1 b :i*1 aft] isolation1 prove to be con/ant4 ,_! pref]5ce = mix$ gr[? is s def9ite1 t once isolat$1 _! claims on manure & treatm5t are f\nd to be mu* high] ?an ^? ( ! orig9al mix$ v>iety4 ,moreov]1 ! greate/ c>e is necess>y to enable !m to reta9 _! purity1 & z soon z !y are left to !mselves !y beg9 to det]iorate ?r\gh accid5tal crosses & admixtures & rapidly return to ! mix$ condition4 ,rev]t+ n[ to ,d>w9's discussion ( ! v>iability ( c]eals1 we may conclude t subsequ5t inve/igation has prov$ x to be exactly ( ! k9d :i* he describes4 ,! only diff]5ce is t 9 reality x rea*es a degree1 q unexpect$ by ,d>w9 & 8 contempor>ies4 ,b x is polymorphic v>iability 9 ! /ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w4 ,h[ ! s+le con/itu5ts ( a v>iety orig9ate we d n see4 ,we may assume1 & !re c h>dly be a d\bt ab\t ! tru? ( ! assumption1 t a new "*1 once produc$1 w sl[ly b surely be comb9$ ?r\gh accid5tal crosses ) a l>ge numb] ( previ\sly exi/+ types1 & s w t5d to d\ble ! numb] ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! v>iety4 ,b :e!r x fir/ appe>s sudd5ly or :e!r x is only sl[ly evolv$ we _c det]m9e4 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be impossible to obs]ve ei!r process 9 su* a mixture4 ,only cultures ( pure races1 ( s+le-p>5t races z we h call$ !m1 c af=d an opportunity = ?is k9d ( obs]vation4 ,9 ! fields ( ,sval( new & unexpect$ qualities h rec5tly be5 se51 f "t to "t1 to appe> sudd5ly4 ,^! *>act]s are z di/9ct z ! old] ones & appe> to be con/ant f ! mom5t ( _! orig94 ,d>w9 has repeat$ly insi/$ t man does n cause v>iability4 ,he simply selects ! v>iations giv5 to him by ! h& ( nature4 ,he may repeat ?is process 9 ord] to accumulate diff]5t new *>act]s 9 ! same family1 ?us produc+ v>ieties ( a high] ord]4 ,?is process ( accumulation w\ld1 if cont9u$ = a long] "t1 lead to ! augm5tation ( ! slight diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( v>ieties into ! great] diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( species & g5]a4 ,x is 9 ?is way t horticultural & agricultural exp]i5ce contribute to ! problem ( ! conv]sion ( v>ieties into species1 & to ! explanation ( ! admirable adaptations ( ea* organism to its complex conditions ( life4 ,9 ! long run new =ms1 di/+ui%$ f _! allies by q a numb] ( new *>act]s1 w\ld1 by ! ext]m9ation ( ! old] int]m$iates1 become di/9ct species4 ,?us we see t ! !ory ( ! orig9 ( species by means ( natural selection is q indep5d5t ( ! "q1 h[ ! v>iations to be select$ arise4 ,!y may arise sl[ly1 f simple fluctuations1 or sudd5ly1 by mutations2 9 bo? cases natural selection w take hold ( !m1 w multiply !m if !y are b5eficial1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t accumulate !m1 s z to produce t great div]sity ( organic life1 :i* we s highly admire4 ,d>w9 has left ! decision ( ?is difficult & obvi\sly subord9ate po9t to 8 foll[]s4 ,b 9 8 ,pang5esis hypo!sis he has giv5 u ! clue = a close /udy & ultimate elucidation ( ! subject "u discussion4 ,v4 ,,h]$ity ,,& ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,lights4 ,by ,w4 ,bateson1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,pr(essor ( ,biology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,d>w9's "w has ! prop]ty ( greatness 9 t x may be admir$ f m aspects ?an "o4 ,= "s ! p]ception ( ! pr9ciple ( ,natural ,selection /&s out z 8 mo/ wond]ful a*ievem5t to :i* all ! re/ is subord9ate4 ,o!rs1 among :om ,i w\ld range myself1 look up to him r z ! fir/ :o pla9ly di/+ui%$1 collect$1 & compreh5sively /udi$ t new class ( evid5ce f :i* h]eaft] a true und]/&+ ( ! process ( ,evolution may be develop$4 ,we ea* pref] our own /&po9t ( admiration2 b ,i ?9k t x w be 9 _! wid] aspect t 8 lab\rs w mo/ comm& ! v5]ation ( po/]ity4 ,a treatise writt5 to advance k may be read 9 two moods4 ,! read] may keep 8 m9d passive1 will+ m]ely to receive ! impress ( ! writ]'s ?\ght2 or he may read ) 8 att5tion /ra9$ & al]t1 ask+ at e in/ant h[ ! new k c be us$ 9 a fur!r advance1 wat*+ cont9ually = fre% foo?olds by :i* to climb high] /ill4 ,( ,%elley x has be5 said t he 0 a poet = poets3 s ,d>w9 0 a naturali/ = naturali/s4 ,x is :5 8 writ+s are us$ 9 ! critical & m exact+ _s ) :i* we te/ ! outfit = our own ent]prise t we le>n _! full value & /r5g?4 ,:e!r we glance back & comp>e 8 p]=mance ) ! ef=ts ( 8 pr$ecessors1 or look =w>d along ! c\rse :i* mod]n rese>* is disclos+1 we %all hon\r mo/ 9 him n ! r\nd$ m]it ( f9ite accompli%m5t1 b ! creative p[] by :i* he inaugurat$ a l9e ( discov]y endless 9 v>iety & ext5sion4 ,let u attempt ?us to see 8 "w 9 true p]spective betwe5 ! pa/ f :i* x grew1 & ! pres5t :i* is its consequ5ce4 ,d>w9 attack$ ! problem ( ,evolution by ref]5ce to facts ( ?ree classes3 ,v>iation2 ,h]$ity2 ,natural ,selection4 ,8 "w 0 n z ! laity suppose1 a sudd5 & unh]ald$ revelation1 b ! fir/ fruit ( a long & hi!rto b>r5 controv]sy4 ,! occurr5ce ( v>iation f type1 & ! h]$it>y transmission ( su* v>iation _h ( c\rse be5 long famili> to practical m51 & inf]5ces z to ! possible be>+ ( ^? ph5om5a on ! nature ( specific diff]5ce _h be5 f "t to "t drawn by naturali/s4 ,maup]tuis1 = example1 wrote ,ce qui n\s re/e a exam9]1 c'e/ comm5t d'un seul individu1 il a pu naitre tant d'especes si diff]5tes4 ,& aga9 ,la ,nature conti5t le fonds de t\tes ces v>ietes3 mais le has>d ou l'art les mett5t en oeuvre4 ,c'e/ a9si que ceux dont l'indu/rie s'applique a satisfaire le g\t des curieux1 sont1 p\r a9si dire1 creatures d'especes n\velles4 7,v5us ,physique1 cont5ant deux ,diss]tations1 l'une sur l'orig9e des ,hommes et des ,animaux3 ,et l'autre sur l'orig9e des ,noirs ,la ,haye1 #agdf1 pages #abd & #abi4 ,= an introduction to ! writ+s ( ,maup]tuis ,i am indebt$ to an article by ,pr(essor ,lovejoy 9 ,popul> ,sci4 ,mon?ly1 #aijb47 ,su* passages1 ( :i* _m 7?\gh few s emphatic7 c be f\nd 9 eighte5? c5tury writ]s1 indicate a true p]ception ( ! mode ( ,evolution4 ,! speculations h9t$ at by ,buffon 7,= ! fulle/ acc\nt ( ! views ( ^! pione]s ( ,evolution1 see ! works ( ,samuel ,butl]1 especially ,evolution1 ,old & ,new 7#bnd edition7 #ahhb4 ,butl]'s claims on behalf ( ,buffon h met ) "s acceptance2 b aft] read+ :at ,butl] has said1 & a consid]able "p ( ,buffon's own works1 ! ^w h9t$ seems to me a suffici5tly correct description ( ! "p he play$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ! *apt] on ! ,ass1 :i* conta9s "s ( 8 evolution>y passages1 !re is a ref]5ce to plusieurs idees tres-elevees sur la g5]ation conta9$ 9 ! ,lett]s ( ,maup]tuis471 develop$ by ,erasmus ,d>w91 & indep5d5tly proclaim$ above all by ,lam>ck1 gave to ! doctr9e ( desc5t a wide r5[n4 ,! uni=mit>ian tea*+ :i* ,lyell d$uc$ f geological obs]vation _h ga9$ acceptance4 ,! facts ( geographical di/ribution 7,see especially ,w4 ,lawr5ce1 ,lectures on ,physiology1 ,london1 #ahbc1 pages #bac f47 _h be5 %[n to be obvi\sly inconsi/5t ) ! ,mosaic leg5d4 ,pri*>d1 & ,lawr5ce1 foll[+ ! example ( ,blum5ba*1 _h successfully demon/rat$ t ! races ( ,man c\ld be reg>d$ z diff]5t =ms ( "o species1 contr>y to ! op9ion up till !n receiv$4 ,^! treatises all beg91 x is true1 ) a pr(\nd obeisance to ! sons ( ,noah1 b t p]=m$1 !y cont9ue on /rictly mod]n l9es4 ,! "q ( ! mutability ( species 0 ?us prom95tly rais$4 ,^? :o rate ,lam>ck no high] ?an did ,huxley 9 8 contemptu\s phrase bucc9ator tantum1 w sc>cely d5y t ! s\nd ( ! trumpet _h c>ri$ f>1 or t its note 0 cle>4 ,if !n !re 7 few :o _h already turn$ to evolution ) positive conviction1 all sci5tific m5 mu/ at lea/ h kn[n t su* views _h be5 promulgat$2 & _m mu/1 z ,huxley says1 h tak5 up 8 own position ( critical expectancy4 7,see ! *apt] contribut$ to ! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w9 ,,ii4 page #aie4 ,i d n cle>ly und]/& ! s5se 9 :i* ,d>w9 wrote 7,autobiography1 ibid4 ,i4 page #hg73 ,x has sometimes be5 said t ! success ( ! ,orig9 prov$ 't ! subject 0 9 ! air1' or 't m5's m9ds 7 prep>$ = x4' ,i d n ?9k t ?is is /rictly true1 = ,i occasionally s\nd$ n a few naturali/s1 & nev] happ5$ to come across a s+le "o :o seem$ to d\bt ab\t ! p]man5ce ( species4 ,?is exp]i5ce may p]haps h be5 an accid5t due to ,d>w9's isolation4 ,! lit]ature ( ! p]iod ab\nds ) indications ( critical expectancy4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ expression ( t feel+ is giv5 9 ! *>m+ acc\nt ( ! ,e>ly ,days ( ,d>w9ism by ,alfr$ ,newton1 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e1 ,,lvii4 #ahhh1 page #bda4 ,he tells h[ 9 #aheh :5 sp5d+ a dre>y summ] 9 ,icel&1 he & 8 fri5d1 ! orni?ologi/ ,john ,wolley1 9 default ( active occupation1 sp5t _! days 9 discussion4 ,bo? ( u tak+ a ke5 int]e/ 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 x 0 b reasonable t a "q1 :i* 9 ^? days 0 always com+ up :]ev] two or m naturali/s 7 ga!r$ toge!r1 %\ld be cont9ually recurr+4 ,t "q 01 ',:at is a species8' & connect$ !re) 0 ! o!r "q1 ',h[ did a species beg98'444 ,n[ we 7 ( c\rse fairly well acqua9t$ ) :at _h be5 publi%$ on ^! subjects4 ,he !n enum]ates "s ( ^! publications1 m5tion+ among o!rs ,t4 ,v]non ,wolla/on's ,v>iation ( ,species--a "w :i* has 9 my op9ion nev] be5 adequately appreciat$4 ,he proce$s3 ,( c\rse we nev] arriv$ at any?+ l a solution ( ^! problems1 g5]al or special1 b we felt v /rongly t a solution ought to be f\nd1 & t quickly1 if ! /udy ( ,botany & ,zoology 0 to make any great advance4 ,he !n describes h[ on 8 return home he receiv$ ! fam\s numb] ( ! ,l9nean ,j\rnal on a c]ta9 ev5+4 ,i sat up late t night to read x2 & nev] %all ,i =get ! impression x made ^u me4 ,h]e9 0 conta9$ a p]fectly simple solution ( all ! difficulties :i* _h be5 tr\bl+ me = mon?s pa/444 ,i w5t to b$ satisfi$ t a solution _h be5 f\nd47 ,:y1 !n1 0 x1 t ,d>w9 succe$$ :]e ! re/ _h fail$8 ,! cause ( t success 0 two-fold4 ,fir/1 & obvi\sly1 9 ! pr9ciple ( ,natural ,selection he _h a sugge/ion :i* w\ld "w4 ,x might n g ! :ole way1 b x 0 true z f> z x w5t4 ,evolution c\ld ?us 9 great measure be fairly repres5t$ z a consequ5ce ( demon/rable processes4 ,d>w9 seldom endang]s ! me*anism he devis$ by putt+ on x /ra9s mu* great] ?an x c be>4 ,he at lea/ 0 "u no illusion z to ! omnipot5ce ( ,selection2 & he introduces none ( ! =c$ plead+ :i* 9 rec5t ye>s has ?reat5$ to discr$it t pr9ciple4 ,= example1 9 ! late/ text ( ! ,orig9 7,orig91 7#f? edition 7#ahhb71 page #dba477 we f9d him say+3 ,b z my conclusions h lately be5 mu* misrepres5t$1 & x has be5 /at$ t ,i attribute ! modification ( species exclusively to natural selection1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to rem>k t 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 & subsequ5tly1 ,i plac$ 9 a mo/ conspicu\s position--namely1 at ! close ( ! ,introduction--! foll[+ words3 ',i am conv9c$ t natural selection has be5 ! ma9 b n ! exclusive means ( modification4' ,b ap>t f ! inv5tion ( ?is reasonable hypo!sis1 :i* may well1 z ,huxley e/imat$1 be ! guide ( biological & psy*ological speculation = ! next ?ree or f\r g5]ations1 ,d>w9 made a m significant & imp]i%able contribution4 ,n = a few g5]ations1 b ?r\gh all ages he %\ld be rememb]$ z ! fir/ :o %[$ cle>ly t ! problems ( ,h]$ity & ,v>iation are soluble by obs]vation1 & laid d[n ! c\rse by :i* we mu/ proce$ to _! solution4 7,:atev] be our e/imate ( ! importance ( ,natural ,selection1 9 ?is we all agree4 ,samuel ,butl]1 ! mo/ brilliant1 & by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,d>w9's oppon5ts--^: works are at l5g? em]g+ f oblivion--9 8 ,preface 7#ahhb7 to ! #bnd edition ( ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 repeats 8 e>li] expression ( homage to "o :om he _h come to reg>d z an enemy3 ,to ! end ( "t1 if ! "q be ask$1 ',:o taught p to believe 9 ,evolution8' ! answ] mu/ be t x 0 ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,?is is true1 & x is h>d to see :at palm ( high] praise c be aw>d$ to any philosoph]47 ,! mom5t ( inspiration did n come ) ! read+ ( ,mal?us1 b ) ! op5+ ( ! fir/ note-book on ,transmutation ( ,species4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,i4 pages #bgf & #hc47 ,evolution is a process ( ,v>iation & ,h]$ity4 ,! old] writ]s1 ?\gh !y _h "s vague idea t x mu/ be s1 did n /udy ,v>iation & ,h]$ity4 ,d>w9 did1 & s begat n a !ory1 b a sci5ce4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is is true1 ! sci5tific _w is only beg9n+ to realise4 ,s little 0 ! fact appreciat$ 9 ,d>w9's own "t t ! success ( 8 writ+s 0 foll[$ by an almo/ total cessation ( "w 9 t special field4 ,( ! causes :i* l$ to ?is rem>kable consequ5ce ,i h spok5 else:]e4 ,!y proce$$ f circum/ances peculi> to ! "t2 b :atev] ! causes !re is no d\bt t ?is /atem5t ( ! result is hi/orically exact1 & ^? :o make x _! bus9ess to collect facts elucidat+ ! physiology ( ,h]$ity & ,v>iation are well aw>e t !y w f9d little to rew>d _! que/ 9 ! lead+ sci5tific ,j\rnals ( ! ,d>w9ian epo*4 ,9 ^? ?irty ye>s ! orig9al /ock ( evid5ce curr5t & 9 circulation ev5 und]w5t a process ( attrition4 ,z 9 ! /ory ( ! ,ea/]n sage :o fir/ wrote ! collect$ le>n+ ( ! univ]se = 8 sons 9 a ?\s& volumes1 & by successive compression & burn+ r$uc$ !m to "o1 & f ?is by fur!r burn+ di/ill$ ! s+le ejaculation ( ! ,fai?1 ,!re is no god b ,god & ,moham$ is ! ,prophet ( ,god1 :i* 0 all 8 matur] wisdom deem$ ess5tial3--s 9 ! books ( t p]iod d we f9d ! corpus ( g5etic k dw9dle to a few pr]ogative in/ances1 & ^! at la/ to ! brief =mula ( an unque/ion$ cre$4 ,& yet 9 all else t conc]ns biological sci5ce ?is p]iod 01 9 v tru?1 our ,gold5 ,age1 :5 ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>? 0 explor$ z nev] be=e2 morphology & embryology 7 exhau/ively ransack$2 ! physiology ( plants & animals began to rival *emi/ry & physics 9 precision ( me?od & 9 ! rapidity ( its advances2 & ! f\ndations ( pa?ology 7 laid4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is imm5se activity else:]e ! neglect :i* befel ! special physiology ( ,desc5t1 or ,g5etics z we n[ call x1 is a/oni%+4 ,?is may ( c\rse be int]pret$ z mean+ t ! fav\r$ /udies seem$ to promise a quick] return = ef=t1 b x w\ld be m true to say t ^? :o *ose ^! o!r pursuits did s )\t mak+ any su* comp>ison2 = ! idea t ! physiology ( ,h]$ity & ,v>iation 0 a coh]5t sci5ce1 (f]+ possibilities ( extraord9>y discov]y1 0 n pres5t to _! m9ds at all4 ,9 a ^w1 ! exi/5ce ( su* a sci5ce 0 well nigh =gott54 ,x is true t 9 ancill>y p]iodicals1 z = example ^? t treat ( entomology or horticulture1 or 9 ! writ+s ( ! already isolat$ sy/emati/s 7,?is isolation ( ! sy/emati/s is ! "o mo/ melan*oly sequela ( ,d>w9ism4 ,x seems an irony t we %\ld read 9 ! p]oration to ! ,orig9 t :5 ! ,d>w9ian view is accept$ ,sy/emati/s w be able to pursue _! lab\rs z at pres5t2 b !y w n be incessantly haunt$ by ! %ad[y d\bt :e!r ?is or t =m be a true species4 ,?is1 ,i feel sure1 & ,i speak aft] exp]i5ce1 w be no slight relief4 ,! endless disputes :e!r or n "s fifty species ( ,briti% brambles are good species w cease4 ,orig91 #f? edition 7#ahhb71 page #dbe4 ,true !y h ceas$ to attract ! att5tion ( ^? :o lead op9ion1 b anyone :o w turn to ! lit]ature ( sy/ematics w f9d t !y h n ceas$ 9 any o!r s5se4 ,%\ld !re n be some?+ disquiet+ 9 ! fact t among ! work]s :o come mo/ into contact ) specific diff]5ces1 are to be f\nd ! only m5 :o h fail$ to be p]suad$ ( ! unreality ( ^? diff]5ces871 obs]vations ) ?is special be>+ 7 f "t to "t relat$1 b ! class ( fact on :i* ,d>w9 built 8 conceptions ( ,h]$ity & ,v>iation 0 n se5 9 ! highways ( biology4 ,x =m$ no "p ( ! (ficial curriculum ( biological /ud5ts1 & f\nd no place among ! subjects :i* _! tea*]s 7 inve/igat+4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod nev]!less "o di/9ct advance 0 made1 t ) :i* ,weismann's "n is prom95tly connect$4 ,9 ,d>w9's g5etic s*eme ! h]$it>y transmission ( p>5tal exp]i5ce & its consequ5ces play$ a consid]able role4 ,exactly h[ great t role 0 suppos$ to be1 he ) 8 habitual caution refra9$ f specify+1 = ! suffici5t reason t he did n "k4 ,nev]!less mu* ( ! process ( ,evolution1 especially t by :i* organs h become deg5]ate & rudim5t>y1 0 c]ta9ly attribut$ by ,d>w9 to su* inh]itance1 ?\gh s9ce belief 9 ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s fell into disrepute1 ! fact has be5 a good deal ov]look$4 ,! ,orig9 )\t use & disuse w\ld be a mat]ially diff]5t book4 ,a c]ta9 vacillation is disc]nible 9 ,d>w9's utt]ances on ?is "q1 & ! fact gave to ! a/ute ,butl] an opportunity = 8 mo/ tell+ attack4 ,! discussion :i* be/ illu/rates ! g5etic views ( ! p]iod arose 9 reg>d to ! production ( ! rudim5t>y condition ( ! w+s ( _m beetles 9 ! ,madeira gr\p ( isl&s1 & by comp>+ passages f ! ,orig9 7#f? edition pages #aji & #dja4 ,see ,butl]1 ,essays on ,life1 ,art1 & ,sci5ce1 page #bfe1 repr9t$ #aijh1 & ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 *apt] ,,xxii4 7#bnd edition71 #ahhb47 ,butl] convicts ,d>w9 ( say+ fir/ t ?is condition 0 9 ! ma9 ! result ( ,selection1 ) disuse aid+1 & 9 ano!r place t ! ma9 cause ( deg5]ation 0 disuse1 b t ,selection _h aid$4 ,to ,d>w9 h[ev] ,i ?9k ! po9t w\ld h seem$ "o ( dialectics m]ely4 ,to him ! "o p>am\nt purpose 0 to %[ t someh[ an ,evolution by means ( ,v>iation & ,h]$ity might h br\ght ab\t ! facts obs]v$1 & :e!r !y _h come to pass 9 ! "o way or ! o!r 0 a matt] ( subord9ate conc]n4 ,to u mod]ns ! "q at issue has a dim9i%$ significance4 ,= ov] all su* debates a *ange has be5 br\ght by ,weismann's *all5ge = evid5ce t use & disuse h any transmitt$ effects at all4 ,hi!rto ! transmission ( _m acquir$ *>act]i/ics _h seem$ to mo/ naturali/s s obvi\s z n to call = demon/ration4 7,w4 ,lawr5ce 0 "o ( ! few :o consi/5tly ma9ta9$ ! contr>y op9ion4 ,pri*>d1 :o previ\sly _h express$ himself 9 ! same s5se1 does n1 ,i believe repeat ^! views 9 8 lat] writ+s1 & !re are signs t he came to believe 9 ! transmission ( acquir$ habits4 ,see ,lawr5ce1 ,lect4 ,physiol4 #ahbc1 pages #dcf-dcg1 #ddg ,pri*>d1 ,ed94 ,inaug4 ,disp4 #ahjh 7n se5 by me71 quot$ ibid4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,man1 #ahdc1 pages #cd f47 ,weismann's dem& = facts 9 support ( ! ma9 proposition reveal$ at once t none hav+ real cog5cy c\ld be produc$4 ,! "t-hon\r$ examples 7 easily %[n to be capable ( diff]5t explanations4 ,a few c]ta9ly rema9 :i* _c be s summ>ily dismiss$1 b--?\gh x is manife/ly impossible "h to d ju/ice to su* a subject--,i ?9k no "o w dispute t ^! residual & d\btful ph5om5a1 :atev] be _! true nature1 are n ( a k9d to help u mu* 9 ! int]pretation ( any ( ^? complex cases ( adaptation :i* on ! hypo!sis ( unguid$ ,natural ,selection are especially difficult to und]/&4 ,use & disuse 7 invok$ expressly to help u ov] ^! h>d places2 b :atev] *anges c be induc$ 9 (fspr+ by direct treatm5t ( ! p>5ts1 !y are n ( a k9d to enc\rage hope ( real assi/ance f t qu>t]4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t ?r\gh ! collapse ( ?is second l9e ( argum5t ! ,selection hypo!sis has _h to take an increas$ & p]il\s burd54 ,v>i\s ways ( meet+ ! difficulty h be5 propos$1 b ^! mo/ly resolve !mselves into improbable attempts to exp& or magnify ! p[]s ( ,natural ,selection4 ,weismann's int]pellation1 ?\gh negative 9 purpose1 has _h a la/+ & b5eficial effect1 = ?r\gh 8 ?or\gh demolition ( ! old loose & di/ract+ notions ( inh]it$ exp]i5ce1 ! gr\nd has be5 cle>$ = ! con/ruction ( a true k ( h]$ity bas$ on exp]im5tal fact4 ,9 ano!r way he made a contribution ( a m positive "*1 = 8 elaborate speculations z to ! g5etic mean+ ( cytological appe>ances h l$ to a m9ute inve/igation ( ! visible ph5om5a occurr+ 9 ^? divisions by :i* g]m-cells arise4 ,?\gh ! p>ticul> views he advocat$ h v l>gely prov$ incompatible ) ! obs]v$ facts ( h]$ity1 yet we mu/ ackn[l$ge t x 0 *iefly ?r\gh ! /imulus ( ,weismann's ideas t ^? advances 9 cytology 7 made2 & ?\gh ! doctr9e ( ! cont9uity ( g]m-plasm _c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! =m orig9ally prop\nd$1 x is 9 ! ma9 true & illum9at+4 7,x is int]e/+ to see h[ ne>ly ,butl] 0 l$ by natural p5etration1 & f absolutely opposite conclusions1 back to ?is und]ly+ tru?3 ,s t ea* ovum :5 impregnate %\ld be consid]$ n z desc5d$ f its ance/ors1 b z be+ a cont9uation ( ! p]sonality ( e ovum 9 ! *a9 ( its ance/ry1 :i* e ovum ,,x ,,actually ,,is q z truly z ! octog5>ian ,,is ! same id5tity ) ! ovum f :i* he has be5 develop$4 ,?is process _c /op %ort ( ! primordial cell1 :i* aga9 w probably turn out to be b a brief re/+-place4 ,we !re=e prove ea* "o ( u to ,,be ,,actually ! primordial cell :i* nev] di$ nor dies1 b has diff]5tiat$ itself into ! life ( ! _w1 all liv+ be+s :atev]1 be+ "o ) x & memb]s "o ( ano!r1 ,life & ,habit1 #ahgh1 page #hf47 ,nev]!less 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k we are /ill z a rule q unable to connect cytological appe>ances ) any g5etic consequ5ce & save 9 "o respect 7obvi\sly ( extreme importance--to be spok5 ( lat]7 ! two sets ( ph5om5a might1 = all we c see1 be entirely di/9ct4 ,i _c avoid atta*+ importance to ?is want ( connection betwe5 ! nucle> ph5om5a & ! features ( bodily organisation4 ,all attempts to inve/igate ,h]$ity by cytological means lie "u ! disadvantage t x is ! nucle> *anges :i* c alone be effectively obs]v$4 ,important z !y mu/ surely be1 ,i h nev] be5 p]suad$ t ! re/ ( ! cell c\nts = no?+4 ,:at we "k ( ! behavi\r & v>iability ( *romosomes seems 9 my op9ion q incompatible ) ! belief t !y alone gov]n =m1 & are ! sole ag5ts responsible 9 h]$ity4 7,?is view is no d\bt contr>y to ! receiv$ op9ion4 ,i am h[ev] int]e/$ to see x lately ma9ta9$ by ,dries* 7,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ! ,organism1 ,london1 #aijg1 page #bcc71 & f ! rec5t obs]vations ( ,godlewski x has receiv$ di/9ct exp]im5tal support47 ,if1 !n1 progress 0 to be made 9 ,g5etics1 "w ( a diff]5t k9d 0 requir$4 ,to le>n ! laws ( ,h]$ity & ,v>iation !re is no o!r way ?an t :i* ,d>w9 himself foll[$1 ! direct exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,a beg9n+ c\ld be made by collect+ =tuit\s obs]vations ( ?is class1 :i* h (t5 ?r[n a sugge/ive light1 b su* evid5ce c be at be/ b sup]ficial & "s m p5etrat+ in/rum5t ( rese>* is requir$4 ,?is c only be provid$ by actual exp]im5ts 9 bre$+4 ,! tru? ( ^! g5]al consid]ations 0 becom+ gradually cle> to _m ( u :5 9 #aijj ,m5del's "w 0 r$iscov]$4 ,segregation1 a ph5om5on ( ! utmo/ novelty1 0 ?us reveal$4 ,f t mom5t n only 9 ! problem ( ! orig9 ( species1 b 9 all ! great problems ( biology a new era began4 ,s unexpect$ 0 ! discov]y t _m naturali/s 7 conv9c$ x 0 untrue1 & at once proclaim$ ,m5del's conclusions z ei!r altoge!r mi/ak51 or if true1 ( v limit$ application4 ,_m fanta/ic notions ab\t ! work+s ( ,h]$ity _h be5 ass]t$ z g5]al pr9ciples be=e3 ?is 0 probably only ano!r fancy ( ! same class4 ,nev]!less ^? :o _h a prelim9>y acqua9tance ) ! facts ( ,v>iation 7 n :olly unprep>$ = "s su* revelation4 ,! ess5tial d$uction f ! discov]y ( segregation 0 t ! *>act]s ( liv+ ?+s are dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( def9ite elem5ts or factors1 :i* are treat$ z units 9 ! processes ( ,h]$ity4 ,^! factors c ?us be recomb9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!y act sometimes sep>ately1 & sometimes !y int]act 9 conjunction ) ea* o!r1 produc+ _! v>i\s effects4 ,all ?is indicates a def9it5ess & specific ord] 9 h]$ity1 & !re=e 9 v>iation4 ,?is ord] _c by ! nature ( ! case be dep5d5t on ,natural ,selection = its exi/5ce1 b mu/ be a consequ5ce ( ! fundam5tal *emical & physical nature ( liv+ ?+s4 ,! /udy ( ,v>iation _h f ! fir/ %[n t an ord]l9ess ( ?is k9d 0 pres5t4 ,! bodies & ! prop]ties ( liv+ ?+s are cosmic1 n *aotic4 ,no matt] h[ l[ 9 ! scale we g1 nev] d we f9d ! slighte/ h9t ( a dim9ution 9 t all-p]vad+ ord]l9ess1 nor c we conceive an organism exi/+ = a mom5t 9 any o!r /ate4 ,moreov] n only does ?is ord] prevail 9 normal =ms1 b aga9 & aga9 x is to be se5 9 newly-sprung v>ieties1 :i* by g5]al cons5t _c h be5 subject$ to a prolong$ ,selection4 ,! discov]y ( ,m5delian elem5ts admirably co9cid$ ) & at once gave a rationale ( ^! facts4 ,g5etic ,v>iation is !n prim>ily ! consequ5ce ( additions to1 or omissions f1 ! /ock ( elem5ts :i* ! species conta9s4 ,! fur!r inve/igation ( ! species-problem mu/ ?us proce$ by ! analytical me?od :i* bre$+ exp]im5ts provide4 ,9 ! n9e ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ,m5del's clue became g5]ally kn[n1 progress has be5 rapid4 ,we n[ und]/& ! process by :i* a polymorphic race ma9ta9s its polymorphism4 ,:5 a family consi/s ( dissimil> memb]s1 giv5 ! num]ical proportions 9 :i* ^! memb]s are occurr+1 we c repres5t _! composition symbolically & /ate :at types c be transmitt$ by ! v>i\s memb]s4 ,! difficulty ( ! swamp+ effects ( int]cross+ is practically at an end4 ,ev5 ! fam\s puzzle ( sex-limit$ inh]itance is solv$1 at all ev5ts 9 its m regul> manife/ations1 & we "k n[ h[ x is br\ght ab\t t ! normal si/]s ( a col\r-bl9d man c transmit ! col\r-bl9dness :ile 8 normal bro!rs _c transmit x4 ,we are /ill only on ! fr+e ( ! inquiry4 ,x c be se5 ext5d+ & ramify+ 9 _m directions4 ,to enum]ate ^! "h w\ld be impossible4 ,a :ole new range ( possibilities is be+ br\ght into view by /udy ( ! int]relations betwe5 ! simple factors4 ,by foll[+ up ! evid5ce z to segregation1 indications h be5 obta9$ :i* c only be int]pret$ z mean+ t :5 _m factors are be+ simultane\sly r$i/ribut$ among ! g]m-cells1 c]ta9 ( !m ex]t :at mu/ be describ$ z a repulsion ^u o!r factors4 ,we _c surmise :i!r ?is discov]y may lead4 ,9 ! new light all ! old problems we> a fre% aspect4 ,^u ! "q ( ! nature ( ,sex1 = example1 ! be>+ ( ,m5delian evid5ce is close4 ,else:]e ,i h %[n t f sev]al sets ( p>allel exp]im5ts ! conclusion is almo/ =c$ ^u u t1 9 ! types inve/igat$1 ( ! two sexes ! female is to be reg>d$ z het]ozyg\s 9 sex1 conta9+ "o unpair$ dom9ant elem5t1 :ile ! male is simil>ly homozyg\s 9 ! abs5ce ( t elem5t4 7,9 o!r words1 ! ova are ea* ,,ei!r female1 ,,or male 7i4e4 non-female71 b ! sp]ms are all non-female47 ,x is n a little rem>kable t on ?is po9t--:i* is ! only "o :]e obs]vations ( ! nucle> processes ( gameto-g5esis h yet be5 br\ght into relation ) ! visible *>act]i/ics ( ! organisms !mselves--!re %\ld be diametrical opposition betwe5 ! results ( bre$+ exp]im5ts & ^? d]iv$ f cytology4 ,^? :o h foll[$ ! rese>*es ( ! ,am]ican s*ool w be aw>e t1 aft] x _h be5 f\nd 9 c]ta9 insects t ! sp]matozoa 7 ( two k9ds accord+ z !y conta9$ or did n conta9 ! accessory *romosome1 ,e4,b4 ,wilson succe$$ 9 prov+ t ! sp]ms possess+ ?is accessory body 7 de/9$ to =m ,,females on f]tilisation1 :ile sp]ms )\t x =m males1 ! eggs be+ app>5tly indiff]5t4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ ( all ?is s]ies ( obs]vations is t lately made by ,t4,h4 ,morgan 7,morgan1 ,proc4 ,soc4 ,exp4 ,biol4 ,m$4 ,v4 #aijh1 & von ,baehr1 ,zool4 ,anz4 ,,xxxii4 page #ejg1 #aijh471 s9ce confirm$ by von ,baehr1 t 9 a ,phyllox]an two k9ds ( sp]matids are =m$1 respectively ) & )\t an accessory 79 ?is case1 ,,d\ble7 *romosome4 ,( ^!1 only ^? possess+ ! accessory body become functional sp]matozoa1 ! o!rs deg5]at+4 ,we h ?us an elucidation ( ! puzzl+ fact t 9 ^! =ms f]tilisation results 9 ! =mation ( ,,females only4 ,h[ ! males are =m$--= ( c\rse males are ev5tually produc$ by ! p>!nog5etic females--we d n "k4 ,if ! accessory body is really to be reg>d$ z be>+ ! factor = femal5ess1 !n 9 ,m5delian t]ms female is ,,dd & male is ,,dr4 ,! eggs are indiff]5t & ! sp]matozoa are ea* male1 ,,or female4 ,b accord+ to ! evid5ce d]iv$ f a /udy ( ! sex-limit$ desc5t ( c]ta9 features 9 o!r animals ! conclusion seems equally cle> t 9 !m female mu/ be reg>d$ z ,,dr & male z ,,rr4 ,! eggs are ?us ea* ei!r male or female & ! sp]matozoa are indiff]5t4 ,h[ ?is contradictory evid5ce is to be reconcil$ we d n yet "k4 ,! bre$+ "w conc]ns f[ls1 can>ies1 & ! ,currant mo? 7,abraxas grossul>iata74 ,! accessory *romosome has be5 n[ obs]v$ 9 mo/ ( ! great divisions ( insects 7,z ,wilson has prov$1 ! unpair$ body is n a univ]sal feature ev5 9 ^? ord]s 9 :i* x has be5 obs]v$4 ,ne>ly alli$ types may diff]4 ,9 "s x is altoge!r unpair$4 ,9 o!rs x is pair$ ) a body ( mu* small] size1 & by selection ( v>i\s types all gradations c be demon/rat$ rang+ to ! condition 9 :i* ! memb]s ( ! pair are indi/+ui%able f ea* o!r471 except1 z x happ5s1 ,lepidopt]a4 ,at fir/ sight x seems difficult to suppose t a feature app>5tly s fundam5tal z sex %\ld be diff]5tly con/itut$ 9 diff]5t animals1 b t seems at pres5t ! lea/ improbable inf]5ce4 ,i m5tion ^! two gr\ps ( facts z illu/rat+ ! nature & me?ods ( mod]n g5etic "w4 ,we mu/ proce$ by m9ute & specific analytical inve/igation4 ,:]ev] we look we f9d traces ( ! op]ation ( precise & specific rules4 ,9 ! light ( pres5t k x is evid5t t be=e we c attack ! ,species-problem ) any hope ( success !re are va/ arre>s to be made up4 ,he w\ld be a bold man :o w\ld n[ ass]t t !re 0 no s5se 9 :i* ! t]m ,species might n h a /rict & concrete mean+ 9 contradi/9ction to ! t]m ,v>iety4 ,we h be5 taught to reg>d ! diff]5ce betwe5 species & v>iety z "o ( degree4 ,i ?9k x unlikely t ?is conclusion w be> ! te/ ( fur!r rese>*4 ,to ,d>w9 ! "q1 ,:at is a v>iation8 pres5t$ no difficulties4 ,any diff]5ce betwe5 p>5t & (fspr+ 0 a v>iation4 ,n[ we h to be m precise4 ,fir/ we mu/1 z de ,vries has %[n1 di/+ui% real1 g5etic1 v>iation f ,,fluctuational v>iations1 due to environm5tal & o!r accid5ts1 :i* _c be transmitt$4 ,hav+ exclud$ ^! s\rces ( error ! v>iations obs]v$ mu/ be express$ 9 t]ms ( ! factors to :i* !y are due be=e _! significance c be und]/ood4 ,= example1 numb]s ( ! v>iations se5 "u dome/ication1 & n a few witness$ 9 nature1 are simply ! consequ5ce ( "s +r$i5t be+ 9 an unkn[n way omitt$ f ! composition ( ! v>y+ individual4 ,! v>iation may on ! contr>y be due to ! addition ( "s new elem5t1 b to prove t x is s is by no means an easy matt]4 ,casual obs]vation is useless1 = ?\gh ^! latt] v>iations w always be dom9ants1 yet _m dom9ant *>act]i/ics may arise f ano!r cause1 namely ! meet+ ( complem5t>y factors1 & special /udy ( ea* case 9 two g5]ations at lea/ is ne$$ be=e ^! two ph5om5a c be di/+ui%$4 ,:5 su* consid]ations are fully appreciat$ x w be realis$ t m$leys ( mo/ dissimil> occurr5ces are all confus$ toge!r "u ! t]m ,v>iation4 ,"o ( ! fir/ objects ( g5etic analysis is to dis5tangle ?is mass ( confusion4 ,to ^? :o h made no /udy ( h]$ity x sometimes appe>s t ! "q ( ! effect ( conditions 9 caus+ v>iation is "o :i* we %\ld imm$iately inve/igate1 b a little ?\ght w %[ t be=e any critical inquiry into su* possibilities c be attempt$1 a k ( ! work+ ( h]$ity "u conditions z f> z possible uni=m mu/ be obta9$4 ,at ! "t :5 ,d>w9 0 writ+1 if a plant br\ght into cultivation gave (f an alb9o v>iety1 su* an ev5t 0 )\t hesitation ascrib$ to ! *ange ( life4 ,n[ we see t alb9o ,,gametes1 g]ms1 t is to say1 :i* are de/itute ( ! pigm5t-=m+ factor1 may h be5 orig9ally produc$ by individuals /&+ an indef9ite numb] ( g5]ations back 9 ! ance/ry ( ! actual alb9o1 & x is inde$ almo/ c]ta9 t ! v>iation to :i* ! appe>ance ( ! alb9o is due _c h tak5 place 9 a g5]ation lat] ?an t ( ! gr&p>5ts4 ,x is true t :5 a new ,,dom9ant appe>s we %\ld feel great] confid5ce t we 7 witness+ ! orig9al v>iation1 b su* ev5ts are ( extreme r>ity1 & no su* case has come "u ! notice ( an exp]im5t] 9 mod]n times1 z f> z ,i am aw>e4 ,t !y mu/ h appe>$ is cle> en\gh4 ,no?+ correspond+ to ! ,br[n-brea/$ ,game f[l is kn[n wild1 yet t col\r is a mo/ def9ite dom9ant1 & at "s mom5t s9ce ,gallus bankiva 0 dome/icat$1 ! elem5t on :i* t special col\r dep5ds mu/ h at lea/ once be5 =m$ 9 ! g]m-cell ( a f[l2 b we ne$ h>d] evid5ce ?an any :i* has yet be5 produc$ be=e we c decl>e t ?is novelty came ?r\gh ov]-fe$+1 or *ange ( climate1 or any o!r di/urbance consequ5t on dome/ication4 ,:5 we reflect on ! intricacies ( g5etic problems z we mu/ n[ conceive !m !re come mom5ts :5 we feel almo/ ?ankful t ! ,m5delian pr9ciples 7 unkn[n to ,d>w94 ,! "t call$ = a bold pron\ncem5t1 & he made x1 to our la/+ pr(it & delight4 ,) full] k we pass once m into a p]iod ( cauti\s expectation & res]ve4 ,9 e ardu\s ent]prise x is pleasant] to look back at difficulties ov]come ?an =w>d to ^? :i* /ill seem insurm\ntable1 b 9 ! next /age !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by disguis+ ! fact t ! attributes ( liv+ ?+s are n :at we us$ to suppose4 ,if !y are m complex 9 ! s5se t ! prop]ties !y display are ?r\gh\t s regul> 7,i h 9 view1 = example1 ! m>vell\s & specific ph5om5a ( reg5]ation1 & ^? discov]$ by ! /ud5ts ( ,entwicklungsme*anik4 ,! circum/ances ( its occurr5ce "h preclude any sugge/ion t ?is regul>ity has be5 br\ght ab\t by ! work+s ( ,selection4 ,! attempts ?us to repres5t ! ph5om5a h result$ 9 m]e p>odies ( sci5tific reason+47 t ! ,selection ( m9ute r&om v>iations is an unacceptable acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( _! div]sity1 yet by virtue ( t v regul>ity ! problem is limit$ 9 scope & ?us simplifi$4 ,to beg9 )1 we mu/ relegate ,selection to its prop] place4 ,selection p]mits ! viable to cont9ue & decides t ! non-viable %all p]i%2 j z ! temp]ature ( our atmosph]e decides t no liquid c>bon %all be f\nd on ! face ( ! e>?3 b we d n suppose t ! =m ( ! diamond has be5 gradually a*iev$ by a process ( ,selection4 ,s aga91 z ! c\rse ( desc5t bran*es 9 ! successive g5]ations1 ,selection det]m9es along :i* bran* ,evolution %all proce$1 b x does n decide :at novelties t bran* %all br+ =?4 ,la ,nature conti5t le fonds de t\tes ces v>ietes1 mais le haz>d ou l'art les mett5t en oeuvre1 z ,maup]tuis mo/ truly said4 ,n till k ( ! g5etic prop]ties ( organisms has atta9$ to f> great] complet5ess c evolution>y speculations h m ?an a sugge/ive value4 ,by g5etic exp]im5t1 cytology & physiological *emi/ry aid+1 we may hope to acquire su* k4 ,9 #ahgb ,na?usius wrote 7,vortrage ub] ,viehzu*t und ,rass5]k5ntniss1 page #abj1 ,b]l91 #ahgb473 ,das ,gesetz d] ,v]]bung i/ no* ni*t erkannt2 d] ,apfel i/ no* ni*t vom ,baum d] ,erk5ntniss gefall51 wel*]1 d] ,sage na*1 ,newton auf d5 re*t5 ,weg zur ,ergrundung d] ,gravitationsgesetze fuhrte4 ,we _c pret5d t ! words are n /ill true1 b 9 ,m5delian analysis ! se$s ( t apple-tree at la/ are s[n4 ,if we 7 ask$ :at discov]y w\ld d mo/ to =w>d our inquiry1 :at "o bit ( k w\ld m ?an any o!r illum9ate ! problem1 ,i ?9k we may give ! answ] )\t hesitation4 ,! greate/ advance t we c =esee w be made :5 x is f\nd possible to connect ! geometrical ph5om5a ( developm5t ) ! *emical4 ,! geometrical symmetry ( liv+ ?+s is ! key to a k ( _! regul>ity1 & ! =ces :i* cause x4 ,9 ! symmetry ( ! divid+ cell ! basis ( t resemblance we call ,h]$ity is conta9$4 ,to imitate ! morphological ph5om5a ( life we h to devise a sy/em :i* c divide4 ,x mu/ be able to divide1 & to segm5t z--grossly--a vibrat+ plate or rod does1 or z an icicle c d z x becomes ribb$ 9 a cont9u\s /ream ( wat]2 b ) ?is di/9ction1 t ! di/ribution ( *emical diff]5ces & prop]ties mu/ simultane\sly be decid$ & dispos$ 9 ord]ly relation to ! patt]n ( ! segm5tation4 ,ev5 if a model :i* w\ld d ?is c\ld be con/ruct$ x might prove to be a useful beg9n+4 ,?is may be look+ too f> ahead4 ,if we _h to *oose "s "o piece ( m proximate k :i* we w\ld m especially l to acquire1 ,i suppose we %\ld ask = ! secret ( int]racial /]ility4 ,no?+ has yet be5 discov]$ to remove ! grave difficulty1 by :i* ,huxley 9 p>ticul> 0 s mu* oppress$1 t among ! _m v>ieties produc$ "u dome/ication--:i* we all reg>d z analog\s to ! species se5 9 nature--no cle> case ( int]racial /]ility has be5 demon/rat$4 ,! ph5om5on is probably ! only "o to :i* ! dome/icat$ products seem to af=d no p>allel4 ,no solution ( ! difficulty c be (f]$ :i* has positive value1 b x is p]haps wor? consid]+ ! facts 9 ! light ( mod]n ideas4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t we are n discuss+ incompatibility ( two species to produce (fspr+ 7a totally di/9ct ph5om5on71 b ! /]ility ( ! (fspr+ :i* _m ( !m d produce4 ,:5 two species1 bo? p]fectly f]tile sev]ally1 produce on cross+ a /]ile prog5y1 !re is a presumption t ! /]ility is due to ! developm5t 9 ! hybrid ( "s sub/ance :i* c only be =m$ by ! meet+ ( two complem5t>y factors4 ,t "s su* acc\nt is correct 9 ess5ce may be inf]r$ f ! well-kn[n obs]vation t if ! hybrid is n totally /]ile b only p>tially s1 & ?us is able to =m "s good g]m-cells :i* develop into new individuals1 ! /]ility ( ^! daught]-individuals is s5sibly r$uc$ or may be entirely abs5t4 ,! f]tility once re-e/abli%$1 ! /]ility does n return 9 ! lat] prog5y1 a fact /rongly sugge/ive ( segregation4 ,n[ if ! /]ility ( ! cross-br$ be really ! consequ5ce ( ! meet+ ( two complem5t>y factors1 we see t ! ph5om5on c\ld only be produc$ among ! div]g5t (fspr+ ( "o species by ! acquisition ( at lea/ ,,two new factors2 = if ! acquisition ( a s+le factor caus$ /]ility ! l9e w\ld !n end4 ,moreov] ea* factor mu/ be sep>ately acquir$ by di/9ct individuals1 = if bo? 7 pres5t toge!r1 ! possessors w\ld by hypo!sis be /]ile4 ,& 9 ord] to imitate ! case ( species ea* ( ^! factors mu/ be acquir$ by di/9ct bre$s4 ,! factors ne$ n1 & probably w\ld n1 produce any o!r p]ceptible effects2 !y might1 l ! col\r-factors pres5t 9 :ite fl[]s1 make no diff]5ce 9 ! =m or o!r *>act]s4 ,n till ! cross 0 actually made betwe5 ! two complem5t>y individuals w\ld ei!r factor come into play1 & ! effects ev5 !n might be unobs]v$ until an attempt 0 made to bre$ f ! cross-br$4 ,next1 if ! factors responsible = /]ility 7 acquir$1 !y w\ld 9 all probability be peculi> to c]ta9 individuals & w\ld n readily be di/ribut$ to ! :ole bre$4 ,any memb] ( ! bre$ also into :i* ,,bo? ! factors 7 introduc$ w\ld drop out ( ! p$igree by virtue ( its /]ility4 ,h5ce ! evid5ce t ! v>i\s dome/icat$ bre$s say ( dogs or f[ls c :5 mat$ toge!r produce f]tile (fspr+1 is beside ! m>k4 ,! real "q is1 ,d !y ev] produce /]ile (fspr+8 ,i ?9k ! evid5ce is cle>ly t sometimes !y d1 (t5] p]haps ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,^! sugge/ions are q am5able to exp]im5tal te/s4 ,! mo/ obvi\s way to beg9 is to get a pair ( p>5ts :i* are kn[n to h _h any /]ile (fspr+1 & to f9d ! proportions 9 :i* ^! /]iles 7 produc$4 ,if1 z ,i anticipate1 ^! proportions are f\nd to be def9ite1 ! re/ is simple4 ,9 pass+1 c]ta9 o!r consid]ations may be ref]r$ to4 ,fir/1 t !re are obs]vations fav\r+ ! view t ! production ( totally /]ile cross-br$s is seldom a univ]sal prop]ty ( two species1 & t x may be a matt] ( individuals1 :i* is j :at on ! view "h propos$ w\ld be expect$4 ,moreov]1 z we all "k n[1 ?\gh incompatibility may be dep5d5t to "s ext5t on ! degree to :i* ! species are dissimil>1 no su* pr9ciple c be demon/rat$ to det]m9e /]ility or f]tility 9 g5]al4 ,= example1 ?\gh all our ,f9*es c bre$ toge!r1 ! hybrids are all /]ile4 ,( ,ducks "s species c bre$ toge!r )\t produc+ ! slighte/ /]ility2 o!rs h totally /]ile (fspr+1 & s on4 ,! hybrids betwe5 sev]al g5]a ( ,or*ids are p]fectly f]tile on ! female side1 & "s on ! male side also1 b ! hybrids produc$ betwe5 ! ,turnip 7,brassica napus7 & ! ,sw$e 7,brassica campe/ris71 :i*1 accord+ to our e/imates ( aff9ity %\ld be ne>ly alli$ =ms1 are totally /]ile4 7,see ,sutton1 ,a4,w41 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,,xxxviii4 page #cda1 #aijh47 ,la/ly1 x may be recall$ t 9 /]ility we are almo/ c]ta9ly consid]+ a m]i/ic ph5om5on4 ,,failure ,,to ,,divide is1 we may feel fairly sure1 ! imm$iate cause ( ! /]ility4 ,n[1 ?\gh we "k v little ab\t ! h]$ity ( m]i/ic diff]5ces1 all t we d "k po9ts to ! conclusion t ! less-divid$ is dom9ant to ! m-divid$1 & we are ?us ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t !re are factors :i* c arre/ or prev5t cell-division4 ,my conjecture !re=e is t 9 ! case ( /]ility ( cross-br$s we see ! effect produc$ by a complem5t>y pair ( su* factors4 ,?is & _m simil> problems are n[ op5 to our analysis4 ,! "q is sometimes ask$1 ,d ! new lights on ,v>iation & ,h]$ity make ! process ( ,evolution easi] to und]/&8 ,on ! :ole ! answ] may be giv5 t !y d4 ,!re is "s appe>ance ( loss ( simplicity1 b ! ga9 is real4 ,z 0 said above1 ! "t is n ripe = ! discussion ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,) fai? 9 ,evolution un%ak5--if inde$ ! ^w fai? c be us$ 9 application to t :i* is c]ta9--we look on ! mann] & causation ( adapt$ diff]5tiation z /ill :olly my/]i\s4 ,z ,samuel ,butl] s truly said3 ,to me x seems t ! ',orig9 ( ,v>iation1' :atev] x is1 is ! only true ',orig9 ( ,species' 7,life & ,habit1 ,london1 page #bfc1 #ahgh471 & ( t ,orig9 n "o ( u kn[s any?+4 ,b giv5 ,v>iation--& x is giv53 assum+ fur!r t ! v>iations are n guid$ into pa?s ( adaptation--& bo? to ! ,d>w9ian & to ! mod]n s*ool ?is hypo!sis appe>s to be s\nd if unprov5--an evolution ( species proce$+ by def9ite /eps is m1 r ?an less1 easy to imag9e ?an an evolution proce$+ by ! accumulation ( indef9ite & ins5sible /eps4 ,^? :o h lo/ !mselves 9 contemplat+ ! miracles ( ,adaptation 7:e!r real or spuri\s7 h n unnaturally fix$ _! hopes r on ! indef9ite ?an on ! def9ite *anges4 ,! reasons are obvi\s4 ,by sugge/+ t ! /eps ?r\gh :i* an adaptative me*anism arose 7 indef9ite & ins5sible1 all fur!r tr\ble is sp>$4 ,:ile x c\ld be said t species arise by an ins5sible & imp]ceptible process ( v>iation1 !re 0 cle>ly no use 9 tir+ ourselves by try+ to p]ceive t process4 ,?is lab\r-sav+ c\nsel f\nd great fav\r4 ,all t _h to be done to develop evolution-!ory 0 to discov] ! good 9 ev]y?+1 a task :i*1 9 ! complete abs5ce ( any control or te/ :]eby to *eck ! tru? ( ! discov]y1 is n v on]\s4 ,! doctr9e que t\t e/ au mieux 0 !re=e prea*$ ) fre% vig\r1 & examples ( t illum9at+ pr9ciple 7 discov]$ ) a facility t ,pangloss himself might h envi$1 till at la/ ev5 ! spectators we>i$ ( su* dazzl+ p]=mances4 ,b 9 all s]i\sness1 :y %\ld indef9ite & unlimit$ v>iation h be5 reg>d$ z a m probable acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,adaptation8 ,only1 ,i ?9k1 because ! ob/acle 0 %ift$ "o plane back1 & s look$ r less prom95t4 ,! abundance ( ,adaptation1 we all grant1 is an imm5se1 almo/ an unsurpassable difficulty 9 all non-,lam>ckian views ( ,evolution2 b if ! /eps by :i* t adaptation arose 7 =tuit\s1 to imag9e !m ins5sible is assur$ly no help4 ,9 "o mo/ important respect inde$1 z has (t5 be5 obs]v$1 x is a multiplication ( tr\bles4 ,= ! small] ! /eps1 ! less c\ld ,natural ,selection act ^u !m4 ,def9ite v>iations--& ( ! occurr5ce ( def9ite v>iations 9 abundance we h n[ ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(--h at lea/ ! obvi\s m]it t !y c make & (t5 d make a real diff]5ce 9 ! *ances ( life4 ,!re is ano!r aspect ( ! ,adaptation problem to :i* ,i c only allude v briefly4 ,may n our pres5t ideas ( ! univ]sality & precision ( ,adaptation be greatly exagg]at$8 ,! fit ( organism to its environm5t is n aft] all s v close--a proposition unwelcome p]haps1 b "o :i* c\ld be illu/rat$ by v copi\s evid5ce4 ,natural ,selection is /]n1 b %e has h] tol]ant moods4 ,we h n[ mo/ c]ta9 & irrefragable pro( t mu* def9it5ess exi/s 9 liv+ ?+s ap>t f ,selection1 & also mu* t may v well h be5 pres]v$ & s 9 a s5se con/itut$ by ,selection4 ,"h ! matt] is likely to re/4 ,!re is a passage 9 ! six? edition ( ! ,orig9 :i* has ,i ?9k be5 ov]look$4 ,on page #gj ,d>w9 says ,! tuft ( hair on ! brea/ ( ! wild turkey-cock _c be ( any use1 & x is d\btful :e!r x c be ornam5tal 9 ! eyes ( ! female bird4 ,?is tuft ( hair is a mo/ def9ite & unusual /ructure1 & ,i am afraid t ! rem>k t x _c be ( any use may h be5 made inadv]t5tly2 b x may h be5 int5d$1 = 9 ! fir/ edition ! usual qualification 0 giv5 & mu/ !re=e h be5 delib]ately excis$4 ,anyh[ ,i %\ld l to ?9k t ,d>w9 did ?r[ ov] t tuft ( hair1 & t he felt relief :5 he _h done s4 ,:e!r h[ev] we h 8 great au?ority = su* a c\rse or n1 ,i feel q sure t we %all be rightly int]pret+ ! facts ( nature if we cease to expect to f9d purposefulness :]ev] we meet ) def9ite /ructures or patt]ns4 ,su* ?+s are1 z (t5 z n1 ,i suspect r ( ! nature ( tool-m>ks1 m]e incid5ts ( manufacture1 b5efit+ _! possessor n m ?an ! wire-m>ks 9 a %eet ( pap]1 or ! ribb+ on ! bottom ( an ori5tal plate r5d]s ^? objects m attractive 9 our eyes4 ,if ,v>iation may be 9 any way def9ite1 ! "q once m arises1 may x n be def9ite 9 direction8 ,! belief t x is has _h _m support]s1 f ,lam>ck onw>ds1 :o held t x 0 guid$ by ne$1 & o!rs :o1 l ,nageli1 :ile lay+ no emphasis on ne$1 yet 7 conv9c$ t !re 0 guidance ( "s k9d4 ,! latt] view "u ! "n ( ,or?og5esis1 devis$ ,i believe by ,eim]1 at ! pres5t day comm5ds itself to "s naturali/s4 ,! objection to su* a sugge/ion is ( c\rse t no fragm5t ( real evid5ce c be produc$ 9 its support4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) ! exp]im5tal pro( t v>iation consi/s l>gely 9 ! unpack+ & repack+ ( an orig9al complexity1 x is n s c]ta9 z we might l to ?9k t ! ord] ( ^! ev5ts is n pre-det]m9$4 ,= in/ance ! orig9al pack may h be5 made 9 su* a way t at ! n? division ( ! g]m-cells ( a ,sweet ,pea a col\r-factor might be dropp$1 & t at ! n plus n prime division ! hood$ v>iety be giv5 (f1 & s on4 ,i see no gr\nd :atev] = hold+ su* a view1 b 9 fairness ! possibility %\ld n be =gott51 & 9 ! light ( mod]n rese>* x sc>cely looks s absurdly improbable z be=e4 ,no "o c survey ! "w ( rec5t ye>s )\t p]ceiv+ t evolution>y or?odoxy develop$ too fa/1 & t a great deal has got to come d[n2 b ?is satisfaction at lea/ rema9s1 t 9 ! exp]im5tal me?ods :i* ,m5del inaugurat$1 we h means ( rea*+ c]ta9ty 9 reg>d to ! physiology ( ,h]$ity & ,v>iation ^u :i* a m la/+ /ructure may be built4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,m9ute ,,/ructure ,,( ,,cells ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,h]$ity4 ,by ,edu>d ,/rasburg]4 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn4 ,s9ce #ahge an unexpect$ insight has be5 ga9$ into ! int]nal /ructure ( cells4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ! results ( inve/igations 9 ?is bran* ( ,sci5ce are conv9c$ t any mod]n !ory ( h]$ity mu/ re/ on a basis ( cytology & _c be at v>iance ) cytological facts4 ,_m hi/ological discov]ies1 bo? su* z h be5 prov$ correct & o!rs :i* may be accept$ z probably well f\nd$1 h acquir$ a fundam5tal importance f ! po9t ( view ( ! problems ( h]$ity4 ,my aim is to describe ! pres5t position ( our k ( ,cytology4 ,! acc\nt mu/ be conf9$ to ess5tials & _c deal ) f>-rea*+ & controv]sial que/ions4 ,9 cases :]e diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s1 ,i adopt my own view = :i* ,i hold myself responsible4 ,i hope to succe$ 9 mak+ myself intelligible ev5 )\t ! aid ( illu/rations3 9 ord] to convey to ! un9itiat$ an adequate idea ( ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ! life ( a cell1 a great] numb] ( figures w\ld be requir$ ?an c\ld be includ$ )9 ! scope ( ?is article4 ,s long z ! mo/ em95t inve/igators 7,z = example ! illu/ri\s ,wilhelm ,h(mei/] 9 8 ,lehre von d] ,pflanz5zelle 7#ahfg747 believ$ t ! nucleus ( a cell 0 de/roy$ 9 ! c\rse ( ea* division & t ! nuclei ( ! daught]-cells 7 produc$ de novo1 !ories ( h]$ity 7 able to disp5se ) ! nucleus4 ,if !y s\ght1 z did ,*>les ,d>w91 :o %[$ a correct grasp ( ! problem 9 ! enunciation ( 8 ,pang5esis hypo!sis1 = hi/ological connect+ l9ks1 _! hypo!ses1 or at lea/ ! be/ ( !m1 _h ref]5ce to ! cell z a :ole4 ,x 0 kn[n to ,d>w9 t ! cell multipli$ by division & 0 d]iv$ f a simil> pre-exi/+ cell4 ,t[>ds #ahgj x 0 fir/ demon/rat$ t cell-nuclei d n arise de novo1 b are inv>iably ! result ( division ( pre-exi/+ nuclei4 ,bett] me?ods ( inve/igation r5d]$ possible a deep] insight into ! ph5om5a accompany+ cell & nucle> divisions & at ! same "t disclos$ ! exi/5ce ( rem>kable /ructures4 ,! "w ( ,o4 ,buts*li1 ,o4 ,h]twig1 ,w4 ,flemm+ ,h4 ,fol & ( ! au?or ( ?is article 7,= fur!r ref]5ce to lit]ature1 see my article on ,die ,ontog5ie d] ,zelle seit #ahge1 9 ! ,progressus ,rei ,botanicae1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #a1 ,j5a1 #aijg471 h furni%$ conclusive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ^! facts4 ,x 0 f\nd t :5 ! reticul> framework ( a nucleus prep>es to divide1 x sep>ates into s+le segm5ts4 ,^! !n become ?ick] & d5s]1 tak+ up ) avidity c]ta9 /a9s1 :i* are us$ z aids to inve/igation1 & f9ally =m long] or %ort]1 v>i\sly b5t1 rodlets ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,9 ^! organs :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! special prop]ty ( absorb+ c]ta9 /a9s1 7 /yl$ ,*romosomes 7,by ,w4 ,waldey] 9 #ahhh471 !re may usually be recognis$ a sep>ation into ?ick] & ?9n] discs2 ! =m] are (t5 t]m$ ,*romom]es4 7,discov]$ by ,w4 ,pfitzn] 9 #ahhj47 ,9 ! c\rse ( division ( ! nucleus1 ! s+le r[s ( *romom]es 9 ! *romosomes are d\bl$ & ?is produces a b&-l flatt5+ & leads to ! longitud9al splitt+ by :i* ea* *romosome is divid$ into two exactly equal halves4 ,! nucle> membrane !n disappe>s & fibrill> cell-plasma or cytoplasm invades ! nucle> area4 ,9 animal cells ^! fibrillae 9 ! cytoplasm c5tre on def9ite bodies 7,_! exi/5ce & _! multiplication by fission 7 demon/rat$ by ,e4 van ,b5$5 & ,?4 ,bov]i 9 #ahhg471 :i* x is cu/om>y to speak ( z ,c5trosomes4 ,radiat+ l9es 9 ! adjac5t cell-plasma sugge/ t ^! bodies con/itute c5tres ( =ce4 ,! cells ( ! high] plants d n possess su* individualis$ c5tres2 !y h probably disappe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( phylog5etic developm5t3 9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 9 ! nucle> division-figures ! fibrillae ( ! cell-plasma are se5 to radiate f two opposite poles4 ,9 bo? animal & plant cells a fibrill> bipol> sp9dle is =m$1 ! fibrillae ( :i* grasp ! longitud9ally divid$ *romosomes f two opposite sides & arrange !m on ! equatorial plane ( ! sp9dle z ! s-call$ nucle> or equatorial plate4 ,ea* half-*romosome is connect$ ) "o ( ! sp9dle poles only & is !n drawn t[>ds t pole4 7,^! important facts1 suspect$ by ,w4 ,flemm+ 9 #ahhb1 7 demon/rat$ by ,e4 ,heus]1 ,l4 ,guign>d1 ,e4 van ,b5$51 ,m4 ,nussbaum1 & ,c4 ,rabl47 ,! =mation ( ! daught]-nuclei is !n effect$4 ,! *anges :i* ! daught]-*romosomes und]go 9 ! process ( produc+ ! daught]-nuclei repeat 9 ! rev]se ord] ! *anges :i* !y w5t ?r\gh 9 ! c\rse ( _! progressive diff]5tiation f ! "m-nucleus4 ,! division ( ! cell-body is complet$ midway betwe5 ! two daught]-nuclei4 ,9 animal cells1 :i* possess no *emically diff]5tiat$ membrane1 sep>ation is effect$ by simple con/riction1 :ile 9 ! case ( plant cells provid$ ) a def9ite wall1 ! process beg9s ) ! =mation ( a cytoplasmic sep>at+ lay]4 ,! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! division ( ! nucleus %[ beyond d\bt t an exact halv+ ( its sub/ance is ( ! greate/ importance4 7,fir/ %[n by ,w4 ,r\x 9 #ahhc47 ,comp>$ ) ! me?od ( division ( ! nucleus1 t ( ! cytoplasm appe>s to be v simple4 ,?is l$ to ! conception t ! cell-nucleus mu/ be ! *ief if n ! sole c>ri] ( h]$it>y *>act]s 9 ! organism4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! detail$ inve/igation ( f]tilisation ph5om5a imm$iately foll[$ rese>*es into ! nucleus4 ,! fundam5tal discov]y ( ! union ( two nuclei 9 ! sexual act 0 !n made 7,by ,o4 ,h]twig 9 #ahge47 & ?is af=d$ a new support = ! correct conception ( ! nucle> functions4 ,! m9ute /udy ( ! behavi\r ( ! o!r con/itu5ts ( sexual cells dur+ f]tilisation l$ to ! result1 t ! nucleus alone is conc]n$ ) h&+ on h]$it>y *>act]s 7,?is 0 done by ,o4 ,h]twig & ! au?or ( ?is essay simultane\sly 9 #ahhd47 f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,especially important1 f ! po9t ( view ( ?is conclusion1 is ! /udy ( f]tilisation 9 ,angiosp]ms 7,fl[]+ plants72 9 ^! plants ! male sexual cells lose _! cell-body 9 ! poll5-tube & ! nucleus only--! sp]m-nucleus--rea*es ! egg4 ,! cytoplasm ( ! male sexual cell is !re=e n necess>y to ensure a transf]5ce ( h]$it>y *>act]s f p>5ts to (fspr+4 ,i lay /ress on ! case ( ! ,angiosp]ms because rese>*es rec5tly repeat$ ) ! help ( ! late/ me?ods fail$ to obta9 diff]5t results4 ,z reg>ds ! desc5dants ( angiosp]m\s plants1 ! same laws ( h]$ity hold good z = o!r sexually diff]5tiat$ organisms2 we may1 !re=e1 ext5d to ! latt] :at ! ,angiosp]ms s cle>ly tea* u4 ,! next advance 9 ! hi!rto rapid progress 9 our k ( nucle> division 0 delay$1 because x 0 n at once recognis$ t !re are two absolutely diff]5t me?ods ( nucle> division4 ,all su* nucle> divisions 7 unit$ "u ! head ( indirect or mitotic divisions2 ^! 7 also spok5 ( z k>yo-k9eses1 & 7 di/+ui%$ f ! direct or amitotic divisions :i* are *>act]is$ by a simple con/riction ( ! nucle> body4 ,s long z ! two k9ds ( indirect nucle> division 7 n cle>ly di/+ui%$1 _! correct int]pretation 0 impossible4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ aft] long & labori\s rese>*1 :i* has rec5tly be5 c>ri$ out & ) results :i* %\ld1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ z provisional4 ,soon aft] ! new /udy ( ! nucleus began1 inve/igators 7 /ruck by ! fact t ! c\rse ( nucle> division 9 ! "m-cells1 or m correctly 9 ! gr&mo!r-cells1 ( spores1 poll5-gra9s1 & embryo-sacs ( ! m highly organis$ plants & 9 ! sp]matozoids & eggs ( ! high] animals1 exhibits simil> ph5om5a1 di/9ct f ^? :i* occur 9 ! somatic cells4 ,9 ! nuclei ( all ^? cells :i* we may gr\p toge!r z gonotokonts 7,at ! sugge/ion ( ,j4,p4 ,lotsy 9 #aijd47 7i4e4 cells conc]n$ 9 reproduction7 !re are few] *romosomes ?an 9 ! adjac5t body-cells 7somatic cells74 ,x 0 notic$ also t !re is a peculi>ity *>act]i/ic ( ! gonotokonts1 namely ! occurr5ce ( two nucle> divisions rapidly succe$+ "o ano!r4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds recognis$ t 9 ! fir/ /age ( nucle> division 9 ! gonotokonts ! *romosomes unite 9 pairs3 x is ^! *romosome-pairs1 & n ! two longitud9al halves ( s+le *romosomes1 :i* =m ! nucle> plate 9 ! equatorial plane ( ! nucle> sp9dle4 ,x has be5 propos$ to call ^! pairs gem9i4 7,j4,e4,s4 ,moore & ,a4,l4 ,embleton1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,vol4 ,,lxxvii4 page #eee1 #aijf2 ,v4 ,gregoire1 #aijg47 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is division ! sp9dle-fibrillae atta* !mselves to ! gem9i1 i4e4 to entire *romosomes & direct !m to ! po9ts :]e ! new daught]-nuclei are =m$1 t is to ^? positions t[>ds :i* ! longitud9al halves ( ! *romosomes travel 9 ord9>y nucle> divisions4 ,x is cle> t 9 ?is way ! numb] ( *romosomes :i* ! daught]-nuclei conta91 z ! result ( ! fir/ /age 9 division 9 ! gonotokonts1 w be r$uc$ by "o half1 :ile 9 ord9>y divisions ! numb] ( *romosomes always rema9s ! same4 ,! fir/ /age 9 ! division ( ! nucleus 9 ! gonotokonts has !re=e be5 t]m$ ! r$uction division4 7,9 #ahhg ,w4 ,flemm+ t]m$ ?is ! het]otypic =m ( nucle> division47 ,?is /age 9 division det]m9es ! conditions = ! second division :i* rapidly ensues4 ,ea* ( ! pair$ *romosomes ( ! "m-nucleus has already1 z 9 an ord9>y nucle> division1 complet$ ! longitud9al fission1 b 9 ?is case x is n succe$$ by ! imm$iate sep>ation ( ! longitud9al halves & _! allotm5t to diff]5t nuclei4 ,ea* *romosome1 !re=e1 takes its two longitud9al halves into ! same daught]-nucleus4 ,?us1 9 ea* daught]-nucleus ! longitud9al halves ( ! *romosomes are pres5t ready = ! next /age 9 ! division2 !y only require to be arrang$ 9 ! nucle> plate & !n di/ribut$ among ! gr&daught]-nuclei4 ,?is me?od ( division1 :i* takes place ) *romosomes already split1 & :i* h only to provide = ! di/ribution ( _! longitud9al halves to ! next nucle> g5]ation1 has be5 call$ homotypic nucle> division4 7,! "n 0 propos$ by ,w4 ,flemm+ 9 #ahhg2 ! nature ( ?is type ( division 01 h[ev]1 n expla9$ until lat]47 ,r$uction division & homotypic nucle> division are includ$ toge!r "u ! t]m allotypic nucle> division & are di/+ui%$ f ! ord9>y or typical nucle> division4 ,! "n ,meiosis 7,by ,j4 ,bretl& ,f>m] & ,j4,e4,s4 ,moore 9 #aije47 has also be5 propos$ = ^! two allotypic nucle> divisions4 ,! typical divisions are (t5 spok5 ( z somatic4 ,obs]v]s :o 7 actively engag$ 9 ?is bran* ( rec5t hi/ological rese>* soon notic$ t ! *romosomes ( a giv5 organism are diff]5tiat$ 9 def9ite numb]s f ! nucle> network 9 ! c\rse ( division4 ,?is is especially /rik+ 9 ! gonotokonts1 b x applies also to ! somatic tissues4 ,9 ! latt]1 "o usually f9ds twice z _m *romosomes z 9 ! gonotokonts4 ,?us ! conclusion 0 gradually rea*$ t ! d\bl+ ( *romosomes1 :i* necess>ily accompanies f]tilisation1 is ma9ta9$ 9 ! product ( f]tilisation1 to be aga9 r$uc$ to "o half 9 ! gonotokonts at ! /age ( r$uction-division4 ,?is enabl$ u to =m a conception z to ! ess5ce ( true alt]nation ( g5]ations1 9 :i* g5]ations conta9+ s+le & d\ble *romosomes alt]nate ) "o ano!r4 ,! s+le-*romosome g5]ation1 :i* ,i w call ! ,,haploid1 mu/ h be5 ! primitive g5]ation 9 all organisms2 x might also p]si/ z ! only g5]ation4 ,e sexual diff]5tiation 9 organisms1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( phylog5etic developm5t1 0 foll[$ by f]tilisation & !re=e by ! creation ( a diploid or d\ble-*romosome product4 ,s long z ! g]m9ation ( ! product ( f]tilisation1 ! zygote1 began ) a r$uc+ process1 a special ,,diploid g5]ation 0 n repres5t$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 appe>$ lat] z a product ( ! fur!r evolution ( ! zygote1 & ! r$uction division 0 correspond+ly po/pon$4 ,9 animals1 z 9 plants1 ! diploid g5]ation atta9$ ! high] developm5t & gradually assum$ ! dom9ant position4 ,! haploid g5]ation suff]$ a proportional r$uction1 until x f9ally ceas$ to h an indep5d5t exi/5ce & became re/rict$ to ! role ( produc+ ! sexual products )9 ! body ( ! diploid g5]ation4 ,^? :o d n possess ! necess>y special k are unable to realise :at rema9s ( ! fir/ haploid g5]ation 9 a phan]ogamic plant or 9 a v]tebrate animal4 ,9 ,angiosp]ms ?is is actually repres5t$ only by ! %ort developm5tal /ages :i* ext5d f ! poll5 "m-cells to ! sp]m-nucleus ( ! poll5-tube1 & f ! embryo-sac "m-cell to ! egg & ! endosp]m tissue4 ,! embryo-sac rema9s enclos$ 9 ! diploid ovule1 & )9 ?is f ! f]tilis$ egg is =m$ ! embryo :i* introduces ! new diploid g5]ation4 ,on ! full developm5t ( ! diploid embryo ( ! next g5]ation1 ! diploid ovule ( ! prec$+ diploid g5]ation is sep>at$ f ! latt] z a ripe se$4 ,! un9itiat$ sees 9 ! m highly organis$ plants only a succession ( diploid g5]ations4 ,simil>ly all ! high] animals appe> to u z indep5d5t organisms ) diploid nuclei only4 ,! haploid g5]ation is conf9$ 9 !m to ! cells produc$ z ! result ( ! r$uction division ( ! gonotokonts2 ! developm5t ( ^! is complet$ ) ! homotypic /age ( division :i* succe$s ! r$uction division & produces ! sexual products4 ,! con/ancy ( ! numb]s 9 :i* ! *romosomes sep>ate !mselves f ! nucle> network dur+ division gave rise to ! conception t1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 *romosomes possess individuality4 ,inde$ ! mo/ c>eful inve/igations 7,p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,v4 ,gregoire & 8 pupils47 h %[n t ! segm5ts ( ! nucle> network1 :i* sep>ate f "o ano!r & cond5se s z to produce *romosomes = a new division1 correspond to ! segm5ts produc$ f ! *romosomes ( ! prec$+ division4 ,! behavi\r ( su* nuclei z possess *romosomes ( unequal size af=ds confirmatory evid5ce ( ! p]man5ce ( individual *romosomes 9 correspond+ sections ( an app>5tly uni=m nucle> network4 ,moreov] at ea* /age 9 division *romosomes ) ! same diff]5ces 9 size reappe>4 ,o!r cases are kn[n 9 :i* ?ick] portions occur 9 ! sub/ance ( ! re/+ nucleus1 & ^! agree 9 numb] ) ! *romosomes4 ,9 ?is network1 !re=e1 ! individual *romosomes mu/ h reta9$ _! orig9al position4 ,b ! *romosomes _c be reg>d$ z ! ultimate h]$it>y units 9 ! nuclei1 z _! numb] is too small4 ,moreov]1 relat$ species n infrequ5tly %[ a diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( _! *romosomes1 :]eas ! numb] ( h]$it>y units mu/ approximately agree4 ,we ?us picture to ourselves ! c>ri]s ( h]$it>y *>act]s z enclos$ 9 ! *romosomes2 ! transmitt$ fix$ numb] ( *romosomes is = u only ! visible expression ( ! conception t ! numb] ( h]$it>y units :i* ! *romosomes c>ry mu/ be also con/ant4 ,! ultimate h]$it>y units may1 l ! *romosomes !mselves1 reta9 a def9ite position 9 ! re/+ nucleus4 ,fur!r1 x may be assum$ t dur+ ! sep>ation ( ! *romosomes f "o ano!r & dur+ _! assumption ( ! rod-l =m1 ! h]$it>y units become aggregat$ 9 ! *romom]es & t ^! are *>act]is$ by a con/ant ord] ( succession4 ,! h]$it>y units !n gr[1 divide into two & are uni=mly di/ribut$ by ! fission ( ! *romosomes betwe5 _! longitud9al halves4 ,z ! contraction & rod-l sep>ation ( ! *romosomes s]ve to isnure ! transmission ( all h]$it>y units 9 ! products ( division ( a nucleus1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! reticul> di/5sion ( ea* *romosome 9 ! s-call$ re/+ nucleus may effect a sep>ation ( ! c>ri]s ( h]$it>y units f ea* o!r & facilitate ! specific activity ( ea* ( !m4 ,9 ! /ages prelim9>y to _! division1 ! *romosomes become d5s] & take up a sub/ance :i* increases _! /a9+ capacity2 ?is is call$ *romat94 ,?is sub/ance collects 9 ! *romom]es & may =m ! nutritive mat]ial = ! c>ri]s ( h]$it>y units :i* we n[ believe to be enclos$ 9 !m4 ,! *romat9 _c itself be ! h]$it>y sub/ance1 z x aft]w>ds leaves ! *romosomes1 & ! am\nt ( x is subject to consid]able v>iation 9 ! nucleus1 accord+ to its /age ( developm5t4 ,conjo9tly ) ! mat]ials :i* take "p 9 ! =mation ( ! nucle> sp9dle & o!r processes 9 ! cell1 ! *romat9 accumulates 9 ! re/+ nucleus to =m ! nucleoli4 ,naturally connect$ ) ! conclusion t ! nuclei are ! c>ri]s ( h]$it>y *>act]s 9 ! organism1 is ! "q :e!r enucleate organisms c also exi/4 ,phylog5etic consid]ations give an affirmative answ] to ?is "q4 ,! diff]5tiation into nucleus & cytoplasm repres5ts a division ( lab\r 9 ! protopla/4 ,a /udy ( organisms :i* belong to ! l[e/ class ( ! organic _w tea*es u h[ ?is 0 accompli%$4 ,in/ead ( well-def9$ nuclei1 scatt]$ granules h be5 describ$ 9 ! protoplasm ( sev]al ( ^! organisms 7,bact]ia1 ,cyanophyceae1 ,protozoa471 *>act]is$ by ! same reactions z nucle> mat]ial1 provid$ also ) a nucle> network1 b )\t a limit+ membrane4 7,?is is ! result ( ! "w ( ,r4 ,h]twig & ( ! mo/ rec5tly publi%$ inve/igations47 ,?us ! c>ri]s ( h]$it>y *>act]s may orig9ally h be5 di/ribut$ 9 ! common protoplasm1 aft]w>ds com+ toge!r & ev5tually assum+ a def9ite =m z special organs ( ! cell4 ,x may be also assum$ t 9 ! protoplasm & 9 ! primitive types ( nucleus1 ! c>ri]s ( ! same h]$it>y unit 7 repres5t$ 9 consid]able quantity2 !y became gradually diff]5tiat$ to an ext5t comm5surate ) newly acquir$ *>act]s4 ,x 0 also necess>y t1 9 proportion z ?is happ5$1 ! me*anism ( nucle> division mu/ be ref9$4 ,at fir/ processes resembl+ a simple con/riction w\ld suffice to provide = ! di/ribution ( all h]$it>y units to ea* ( ! products ( division1 b ev5tually 9 bo? organic k+doms nucle> division1 :i* alone insur$ ! qualitative id5tity ( ! products ( division1 became a m m>k$ feature 9 ! c\rse ( cell-multiplication4 ,:]e direct nucle> division occurs by con/riction 9 ! high] organisms1 x does n result 9 ! halv+ ( h]$it>y units4 ,s f> z my obs]vations g1 direct nucle> division occurs 9 ! m highly organis$ plants only 9 cells :i* h lo/ _! specific functions4 ,su* cells are no long] capable ( specific reproduction4 ,an int]e/+ case 9 ?is connection is af=d$ by ! int]nodal cells ( ! ,*>aceae1 :i* possess only vegetative functions4 ,^! cells gr[ vigor\sly & _! cytoplasm increases1 _! gr[? be+ accompani$ by a correspond+ly direct multiplication ( ! nuclei4 ,!y s]ve *iefly to n\ri% ! plant1 b1 unlike ! o!r cells1 !y are incapable ( produc+ any (fspr+4 ,?is is a v in/ructive case1 because x cle>ly %[s t ! nuclei are n only c>ri]s ( h]$it>y *>act]s1 b t !y also play a def9ite "p 9 ! metabolism ( ! protopla/s4 ,att5tion 0 drawn to ! fact t dur+ ! r$uc+ division ( nuclei :i* conta9 *romosomes ( unequal size1 gem9i are con/antly produc$ by ! pair+ ( *romosomes ( ! same size4 ,?is l$ to ! conclusion t ! pair+ *romosomes are homolog\s1 & t "o comes f ! fa!r1 ! o!r f ! "m4 7,fir/ /at$ by ,t4,h4 ,montgom]y 9 #aija & by ,w4,s4 ,sutton 9 #aijb47 ,?is evid5tly applies also to ! pair+ ( *romosomes 9 ^? r$uction-divisions 9 :i* diff]5ces 9 size d n enable u to di/+ui% ! individual *romosomes4 ,9 ?is case also ea* pair w\ld be =m$ by two homolog\s *romosomes1 ! "o ( pat]nal1 ! o!r ( mat]nal orig94 ,:5 ! sep>ation ( ^! *romosomes & _! di/ribution to bo? daught]-nuclei occur a *romosome ( ea* k9d is provid$ = ea* ( ^! nuclei4 ,x w\ld seem t ! compon5ts ( ea* pair might pass to ei!r pole ( ! nucle> sp9dle1 s t ! pat]nal & mat]nal *romosomes w\ld be di/ribut$ 9 v>y+ proportion betwe5 ! daught]-nuclei2 & x is n impossible t "o daught]-nucleus might occasionally conta9 pat]nal *romosomes only & its si/]-nucleus exclusively mat]nal *romosomes4 ,! fact t 9 nuclei conta9+ *romosomes ( v>i\s sizes1 ! *romosomes :i* pair toge!r 9 r$uction-division are always ( equal size1 con/itutes a fur!r & m important pro( ( _! qualitative diff]5ce4 ,?is is support$ also by +5i\s exp]im5ts :i* l$ to an unequal di/ribution ( *romosomes 9 ! products ( division ( a sea-ur*9's egg1 ) ! result t a diff]5ce 0 induc$ 9 _! fur!r developm5t4 7,demon/rat$ by ,?4 ,bov]i 9 #aijb47 ,! rec5tly discov]$ fact t 9 diploid nuclei ! *romosomes are arrang$ 9 pairs af=ds additional evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! unequal value ( ! *romosomes4 ,?is is /ill m /rik+ 9 ! case ( *romosomes ( diff]5t sizes4 ,x has be5 %[n t 9 ! fir/ division-figure 9 ! nucleus ( ! f]tilis$ egg ! *romosomes ( correspond+ size =m pairs4 ,!y appe> ) ?is arrangem5t 9 all subsequ5t nucle> divisions 9 ! diploid g5]ation4 ,! longitud9al fissions ( ! *romosomes provide = ! unalt]$ pres]vation ( ?is condition4 ,9 ! r$uction nucleus ( ! gonotokonts ! homolog\s *romosomes be+ ne> toge!r ne$ n seek out "o ano!r2 !y are ready to =m gem9i4 ,! next /age is _! sep>ation to ! haploid daught]-nuclei1 :i* h result$ f ! r$uction process4 ,peculi> ph5om5a 9 ! r$uction nucleus accompany ! =mation ( gem9i 9 bo? organic k+doms4 7,?is has be5 %[n m p>ticul>ly by ! "w ( ,l4 ,guign>d1 ,m4 ,motti]1 ,j4,b4 ,f>m]1 ,c4,b4 ,wilson1 ,v4 ,hack] & m rec5tly by ,v4 ,gregoire & 8 pupil ,c4,a4 ,all51 by ! rese>*es conduct$ 9 ! ,bonn ,botanical ,in/itute1 & by ,a4 & ,k4,e4 ,s*re9]47 ,probably = ! purpose ( ent]+ into mo/ intimate relation1 ! pairs are /ret*$ to long ?reads 9 :i* ! *romom]es come to lie opposite "o ano!r4 7,c4,a4 ,all51 ,a4 & ,k4,e4 ,s*re9]1 & ,/rasburg]47 ,x seems probable t ^! are homolog\s *romom]es1 & t ! pairs aft]w>ds unite = a %ort "t1 s t an ex*ange ( h]$it>y units is r5d]$ possible4 7,h4 de ,vries & ,/rasburg]47 ,?is _c be actually se51 b c]ta9 facts ( h]$ity po9t to ! conclusion t ?is occurs4 ,x foll[s f ^! ph5om5a t any ex*ange :i* may be effect$ mu/ be "o ( homolog\s c>ri]s ( h]$it>y units only4 ,^! units cont9ue to =m ex*angeable segm5ts aft] !y h und]gone unequal *anges2 !y !n con/itute allelotropic pairs4 ,we may ?us calculate :at sum ( possible comb9ations ! ex*ange ( homolog\s h]$it>y units betwe5 ! pair+ *romosomes provides = be=e ! r$uction division & ! subsequ5t di/ribution ( pat]nal & mat]nal *romosomes 9 ! haploid daught]-nuclei4 ,^! nuclei !n transmit _! *>act]s to ! sexual cells1 ! conjugation ( :i* 9 f]tilization aga9 produces ! mo/ v>i$ comb9ations4 7,a4 ,weismann gave ! impulse to ^! ideas 9 8 !ory on ,amphimixis47 ,9 ?is way all ! coop]ations :i* ! c>ri]s ( h]$it>y *>act]s are capable ( 9 a species are produc$2 ?is mu/ give x an appreciable advantage 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,! admir]s ( ,*>les ,d>w9 mu/ deeply regret t he did n live to see ! results a*iev$ by ! new ,cytology4 ,:at s]vice w\ld !y h be5 to him 9 ! pres5tation ( 8 hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis2 :at an outlook into ! future w\ld !y h giv5 to 8 active m9d6 ,! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis re/s on ! conception t all inh]itable prop]ties are repres5t$ 9 ! cells by small invisible p>ticles or gemmules & t ^! gemmules increase by division4 ,cytology began to develop on new l9es "s ye>s aft] ! publication 9 #ahfh ( ,*>les ,d>w9's ,provisional hypo!sis ( ,pang5esis 7,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ,london1 #ahfh1 ,*apt] ,,xxvii471 & :5 he di$ 9 #ahhb x 0 /ill 9 its infancy4 ,d>w9 w\ld h soon sugge/$ ! sub/itution ( ! nuclei = 8 gemmules4 ,at lea/ ! great majority ( pres5t-day inve/igators 9 ! doma9 ( cytology h be5 l$ to ! conclusion t ! nucleus is ! c>ri] ( h]$it>y *>act]s1 & !y also believe t h]$it>y *>act]s are repres5t$ 9 ! nucleus z di/9ct units4 ,su* w\ld be ,d>w9's gemmules1 :i* 9 con=mity ) ! "n ( 8 hypo!sis may be call$ pang5s 7,s call$ by ,h4 de ,vries 9 #ahhi473 ^! pang5s multiply by division4 ,all rec5tly adopt$ views may be ?us l9k$ on to ?is "p ( ,d>w9's hypo!sis4 ,x is o!rwise ) ,d>w9's conception to :i* ,pang5esis owes its "n1 namely ! view t all cells cont9ually give (f gemmules1 :i* migrate to o!r places 9 ! organism1 :]e !y unite to =m reproductive cells4 ,:5 ,d>w9 =esaw ?is possibility1 ! cont9uity ( ! g]m9al sub/ance 0 /ill unkn[n 7,demon/rat$ by ,nussbaum 9 #ahhj1 by ,sa*s 9 #ahhb1 & by ,weismann 9 #ahhe471 a fact :i* excludes a transf]5ce ( gemmules4 ,b ev5 ,*>les ,d>w9's g5ius 0 conf9$ )9 f9ite b\nd>ies by ! /ate ( sci5ce 9 8 day4 ,x is n my prov9ce to deal ) o!r !ories ( developm5t :i* foll[$ f ,d>w9's ,pang5esis1 or to discuss _! hi/ological probabilities4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 affirm t ,*>les ,d>w9's idea t invisible gemmules are ! c>ri]s ( h]$it>y *>act]s & t !y multiply by division has be5 remov$ f ! position ( a provisional hypo!sis to t ( a well-f\nd$ !ory4 ,x is support$ by hi/ology1 & ! results ( exp]im5tal "w 9 h]$ity1 :i* are n[ assum+ extraord9>y prom95ce1 are 9 close agreem5t ) x4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,desc5t ,,( ,,man4 ,by ,g4 ,s*walbe4 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/rassburg4 ,! problem ( ! orig9 ( ! human race1 ( ! desc5t ( man1 is rank$ by ,huxley 9 8 epo*-mak+ book ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 z ! deepe/ ) :i* biology has to conc]n itself1 ! "q ( que/ions1--! problem :i* und]lies all o!rs4 ,9 ! same brilliant & lucid exposition1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahfc1 soon aft] ! publication ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,huxley /at$ 8 own views 9 reg>d to ?is great problem4 ,he tells u h[ ! idea ( a natural desc5t ( man gradually grew up 9 8 m9d1 x 0 especially ! ass]tions ( ,ow5 9 reg>d to ! total diff]5ce betwe5 ! human & ! simian bra9 t call$ =? /rong diss5t f ! great anatomi/ ,huxley1 & he easily succe$$ 9 %[+ t ,ow5's suppos$ diff]5ces _h no real exi/5ce2 he ev5 e/abli%$1 on ! basis ( 8 own anatomical inve/igations1 ! proposition t ! anatomical diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,m>moset & ! ,*impanzee are mu* great] ?an ^? betwe5 ! ,*impanzee & ,man4 ,b :y d we ?us introduce ! /udy ( ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 :i* is to occupy u "h1 by insi/+ on ! fact t ,huxley _h tak5 ! field 9 def5ce ( ! desc5t ( man 9 #ahfc1 :ile ,d>w9's book on ! subject did n appe> till #ahga8 ,x is 9 ord] t we may cle>ly und]/& h[ x happ5$ t f ?is "t onw>ds ,d>w9 & ,huxley foll[$ ! same great aim 9 ! mo/ intimate association4 ,huxley & ,d>w9 work+ at ! same ,problema maximum6 ,huxley fi]y1 impetu\s1 eag] = battle1 contemptu\s ( ! resi/ance ( a dull _w1 or en]getically triumph+ ov] x4 ,d>w9 calm1 weigh+ e problem sl[ly1 lett+ x mature ?or\ghly1--n a fight]1 yet hav+ ! great] & m la/+ influ5ce by virtue ( 8 imm5se mass ( critically sift$ pro(s4 ,d>w9's fri5d1 ,huxley1 0 ! fir/ to d him ju/ice1 to und]/& 8 nature1 & to f9d 9 x ! reason :y ! detail$ & c>efully consid]$ book on ! desc5t ( man made its appe>ance s late4 ,huxley1 always g5]\s1 nev] ?\ght ( claim+ priority = himself4 ,9 en?usia/ic language he tells h[ ,d>w9's immortal "w1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 fir/ %$ light = him on ! problem ( ! desc5t ( man2 ! recognition ( a v]a causa 9 ! trans=mation ( species illum9at$ 8 ?\ghts z ) a fla%4 ,he 0 n[ cont5t to leave :at p]plex$ him1 :at he c\ld n yet solve1 z he says himself1 9 ! mighty h&s ( ,d>w94 ,happy 9 ! bu/le ( /rife aga9/ old & deep-root$ prejudices1 aga9/ intol]ance & sup]/ition1 he wield$ 8 %>p weapons on ,d>w9's behalf2 we>+ ,d>w9's arm\r he joy\sly ov]?rew adv]s>y aft] adv]s>y4 ,d>w9 spoke ( ,huxley z 8 g5]al ag5t4 7,life & ,lett]s ( ,?omas ,h5ry ,huxley1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #aga1 ,london1 #aijj47 ,huxley says ( himself ,i am ,d>w9's bulldog4 7,ibid4 page #cfc47 ,?us ,huxley op5ly ackn[l$g$ t x 0 ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species t fir/ set ! problem ( ! desc5t ( man 9 its true light1 t made ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! human race a press+ "o4 ,t ?is 0 ! logical consequ5ce ( 8 book ,d>w9 himself _h long felt4 ,he _h be5 reproa*$ ) int5tionally %irk+ ! application ( 8 !ory to ,man4 ,let u he> :at he says on ?is po9t 9 8 autobiography3 ,z soon z ,i _h become1 9 ! ye> #ahcg or #ahch1 conv9c$ t species 7 mutable productions1 ,i c\ld n avoid ! belief t man mu/ come "u ! same law4 ,accord+ly ,i collect$ notes on ! subject = my own satisfaction1 & n = a long "t ) any int5tion ( publi%+4 ,al?\gh 9 ! ',orig9 ( ,species' ! d]ivation ( any p>ticul> species is nev] discuss$1 yet ,i ?\ght x be/1 9 ord] ,,t ,,no ,,hon\rable ,,man ,,%\ld ,,accuse ,,me ,,( ,,conceal+ ,,my ,,views 7,no italics 9 orig9al471 to add t by ! "w 'light w\ld be ?r[n on ! orig9 ( man & 8 hi/ory4' ,x w\ld h be5 useless & injuri\s to ! success ( ! book to h p>ad$1 )\t giv+ any evid5ce1 my conviction ) respect to 8 orig94 7,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,vol4 #a4 page #ic47 ,9 a lett] writt5 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfj1 to ! ,rev4 ,l4 ,blomefield1 ,d>w9 expresses himself 9 simil> t]ms4 ,) respect to man1 ,i am v f> f wi%+ to obtrude my belief2 b ,i ?\ght x di%one/ to q conceal my op9ion4 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bfc47 ,! brief allusion 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species is s f> f prom95t & s incid5tal t x 0 excusable to assume t ,d>w9 _h n t\*$ ^u ! desc5t ( man 9 ?is "w4 ,x 0 solely ! desire to h 8 mass ( evid5ce suffici5tly complete1 solely ,d>w9's great *>act]i/ic ( nev] publi%+ till he _h c>efully weigh$ all aspects ( 8 subject = ye>s1 solely1 9 %ort1 8 mo/ fa/idi\s sci5tific consci5ce t re/ra9$ him f *all5g+ ! _w 9 #ahei ) a book 9 :i* ! !ory ( ! desc5t ( man 0 fully set =?4 ,?ree ye>s1 frequ5tly int]rupt$ by ill-heal?1 7 ne$$ = ! actual writ+ ( ! book 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #id473 ! fir/ edition1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahga1 0 foll[$ 9 #ahgd by a mu* improv$ second edition1 ! prep>ation ( :i* he v reluctantly und]took4 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 page #age47 ,?is1 briefly1 is ! hi/ory ( ! "w1 :i*1 ) ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 m>ks an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( biological sci5ces--! "w ) :i* ! cauti\s1 peace-lov+ inve/igator v5tur$ =? f 8 contemplative life into ! ar5a ( /rife & unre/1 & laid himself op5 to all ! annoyances t deep-root$ belief & prejudice1 & ! prevail+ t5d5cy ( sci5tific ?\ght at ! "t c\ld devise4 ,d>w9 did n take ?is /ep lightly4 ,( great int]e/ 9 ?is connection is a lett] writt5 to ,wallace on ,dec4 #bb1 #aheg 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #aji471 9 :i* he says ,y ask :e!r ,i %all discuss 'man4' ,i ?9k ,i %all avoid ! :ole subject1 z s surr\nd$ ) prejudices2 ?\gh ,i fully admit t x is ! highe/ & mo/ int]e/+ problem = ! naturali/4 ,b 8 consci5ti\sness compell$ him to /ate briefly 8 op9ion on ! subject 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species 9 #ahei4 ,nev]!less he did n escape reproa*es = hav+ be5 s retic5t4 ,?is is unmi/akably app>5t f a lett] to ,fritz ,mull] dat$ ,febru>y #bb 7#ahfi871 9 :i* he says3 ,i am ?9k+ ( writ+ a little essay on ! ,orig9 ( ,mank9d1 z ,i h be5 taunt$ ) conceal+ my op9ions4 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 page #aab47 ,x might be ?\ght t ,d>w9 behav$ ?us hesitat+ly1 & 0 s sl[ 9 decid+ on ! full publication ( 8 collect$ mat]ial 9 reg>d to ! desc5t ( man1 because he _h religi\s difficulties to ov]come4 ,b ?is 0 n ! case1 z we c see f 8 admirable confession ( fai?1 ! publication ( :i* we owe to 8 son ,francis4 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,i4 pages #cjd-cag47 ,:oev] wi%es really to und]/& ! l(ty "* ( ?is great man %\ld read ^! immortal l9es 9 :i* he unfolds to u 9 simple & /raight=w>d words ! developm5t ( 8 conception ( ! univ]se4 ,he describes h[1 ?\gh he 0 /ill q or?odox dur+ 8 voyage r\nd ! _w on bo>d ! ,beagle1 he came gradually to see1 %ortly aft]w>ds 7#ahcf-ahci7 t ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 no m to be tru/$ ?an ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,h9doos2 ! miracles by :i* ,*ri/ianity is support$1 ! discrepancies betwe5 ! acc\nts 9 ! diff]5t ,gospels1 gradually l$ him to disbelieve 9 ,*ri/ianity z a div9e revelation4 ,?us1 he writes 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 #a4 page #cji471 disbelief crept ov] me at a v sl[ rate1 b 0 at la/ complete4 ,! rate 0 s sl[ t ,i felt no di/ress4 ,b ,d>w9 0 too mode/ to presume to g beyond ! limits laid d[n by sci5ce4 ,he want$ no?+ m ?an to be able to g1 freely & unhamp]$ by belief 9 au?ority or 9 ! ,bible1 z f> z human k c\ld lead him4 ,we le>n ?is f ! conclud+ words ( 8 *apt] on religion3 ,! my/]y ( ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s is insoluble by u2 & ,i = "o mu/ be cont5t to rema9 an ,agno/ic4 7,loc4 cit4 page #cac47 ,d>w9 0 always v unwill+ to give publicity to 8 views 9 reg>d to religion4 ,9 a lett] to ,asa ,gray on ,may #bb1 #ahfj 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #caj471 he decl>es t x is always pa9ful to him to h to ent] into discussion ( religi\s problems4 ,he _h1 he said1 no int5tion ( writ+ a!i/ically4 ,f9ally1 let u cite "o *>act]i/ic s5t5ce f a lett] f ,d>w9 to ,c4 ,ridley 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 page4 #bcf4 7,c4 ,ridley1 ,mr ,francis ,d>w9 po9ts out to me1 %\ld be ,h4,n4 ,ridley4 ,a4,c4,s477 7,nov4 #bh1 #ahgh47 ,a cl]gyman1 ,dr ,pusey1 _h ass]t$ t ,d>w9 _h writt5 ! ,orig9 ( ,species ) "s relation to !ology4 ,d>w9 writes emphatically1 ,_m ye>s ago1 :5 ,i 0 collect+ facts = ! ',orig9'1 my belief 9 :at is call$ a p]sonal ,god 0 z firm z t ( ,dr ,pusey himself1 & z to ! et]nity ( matt] ,i nev] tr\bl$ myself ab\t su* insoluble que/ions4 ,! expression _m ye>s ago ref]s to ! "t ( 8 voyage r\nd ! _w1 z has already be5 po9t$ out4 ,d>w9 means by ?is utt]ance t ! views :i* _h gradually develop$ 9 8 m9d 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( species 7 q compatible ) ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*4 ,if we consid] all ^! utt]ances ( ,d>w9 9 reg>d to religion & to 8 outlook on life 7,weltans*auung71 we %all see at lea/ s mu*1 t religi\s reflection c\ld 9 no way h influ5c$ him 9 reg>d to ! writ+ & publi%+ ( 8 book on ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,d>w9 _h e>ly won = himself fre$om ( ?\ght1 & to ?is fre$om he rema9$ true to ! end ( 8 life1 un9flu5c$ by ! cu/oms & op9ions ( ! _w ar\nd him4 ,d>w9 0 ?us inw>dly =tifi$ & arm$ aga9/ ! ho/ ( calumnies1 accusations1 & attacks call$ =? by ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 & to an ev5 great] ext5t by ! appe>ance ( ! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,b 9 8 def5ce he c\ld rely on ! aid ( a b& ( di/+ui%$ auxili>ies ( ! r>e/ ability4 ,8 fai?ful conf$]ate1 ,huxley1 0 jo9$ by ! botani/ ,hook]1 &1 aft] long] resi/ance1 by ! fam\s geologi/ ,lyell1 ^: conv]sion af=d$ ,d>w9 peculi> satisfaction4 ,all ?ree took ! field ) en?usiasm 9 def5ce ( ! natural desc5t ( man4 ,f ,wallace1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh he %>$ ) him ! idea ( natural selection1 ,d>w9 got no support 9 ?is matt]4 ,wallace express$ himself 9 a /range mann]4 ,he admitt$ ev]y?+ 9 reg>d to ! morphological desc5t ( man1 b ma9ta9$1 9 a my/ic way1 t some?+ else1 some?+ ( a spiritual nature mu/ h be5 add$ to :at man inh]it$ f 8 animal ance/ors4 ,d>w91 ^: e/eem = ,wallace 0 extraord9>ily high1 c\ld n und]/& h[ he c\ld give utt]ance to su* a my/ical view 9 reg>d to man2 ! idea seem$ to him s incr$ibly /range t he ?\ght "s "o else mu/ h add$ ^! s5t5ces to ,wallace's pap]4 ,ev5 n[ !re are ?9k]s :o1 l ,wallace1 %r9k f apply+ to man ! ultimate consequ5ces ( ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,! idea t man is d]iv$ f ape-l =ms is to !m unpleasant & humiliat+4 ,s f> ,i h be5 depict+ ! developm5t ( ,d>w9's "w on ! desc5t ( man4 ,9 :at foll[s ,i %all endeav\r to give a cond5s$ survey ( ! cont5ts ( ! book4 ,x mu/ at once be said t ! cont5ts ( ,d>w9's "w fall into two p>ts1 deal+ ) entirely diff]5t subjects4 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man includes a v detail$ inve/igation 9 reg>d to second>y sexual *>act]s 9 ! animal s]ies1 & on ?is inve/igation ,d>w9 f\nd$ a new !ory1 t ( sexual selection4 ,) a/oni%+ pati5ce he ga!r$ toge!r an imm5se mass ( mat]ial1 & %[$1 9 reg>d to ,ar?ropods & ,v]tebrates1 ! wide di/ribution ( second>y *>act]s1 :i* develop almo/ exclusively 9 ! male1 & :i* enable him1 on ! "o h&1 to get ! bett] ( 8 rivals 9 ! /ruggle = ! female by ! great] p]fection ( 8 weapons1 & on ! o!r h&1 to (f] great] allurem5ts to ! female ?r\gh ! high] developm5t ( decorative *>act]s1 ( song1 or ( sc5t-produc+ gl&s4 ,! be/ equipp$ males w ?us cr[d out ! less well-equipp$ 9 ! matt] ( reproduction1 & ?us ! relevant *>act]s w be increas$ & p]fect$ ?r\gh sexual selection4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a necess>y assumption t ^! second>y sexual *>act]s may be transmitt$ to ! female1 al?\gh p]haps 9 rudim5t>y =m4 ,z we h said1 ?is !ory ( sexual selection takes up a great deal ( space 9 ,d>w9's book1 & x ne$ only be consid]$ "h 9 s f> z ,d>w9 appli$ x to ! desc5t ( man4 ,to ?is latt] problem ! :ole ( ,"p ,i is devot$1 :ile ,"p ,,iii conta9s a discussion ( sexual selection 9 relation to man1 & a g5]al summ>y4 ,"p ,,ii treats ( sexual selection 9 g5]al1 & may be disreg>d$ 9 our pres5t /udy4 ,moreov]1 _m int]e/+ details mu/ necess>ily be pass$ ov] 9 :at foll[s1 = want ( space4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,desc5t ( ,man beg9s ) an enum]ation ( ! pro(s ( ! animal desc5t ( man tak5 f ! /ructure ( ! human body4 ,d>w9 *iefly emphasises ! fact t ! human body consi/s ( ! same organs & ( ! same tissues z ^? ( ! o!r mammals2 he %[s also t man is subject to ! same diseases & torm5t$ by ! same p>asites z ! apes4 ,he fur!r dwells on ! g5]al agreem5t exhibit$ by "y1 embryonic =ms1 & he illu/rates ?is by two figures plac$ "o above ! o!r1 "o repres5t+ a human embryo1 aft] ,eak]1 ! o!r a dog embryo1 aft] ,bis*(f4 7,desc5t ( ,man 7,popul> ,edition1 #aija71 fig4 #a1 page #ad47 ,d>w9 f9ds fur!r pro(s ( ! animal orig9 ( man 9 ! r$uc$ /ructures1 9 !mselves extremely v>iable1 :i* are ei!r absolutely useless to _! possessors1 or ( s little use t !y c\ld nev] h develop$ "u exi/+ conditions4 ,( su* ve/iges he enum]ates3 ! defective developm5t ( ! panniculus c>nosus 7muscle ( ! sk97 s widely di/ribut$ among mammals1 ! e>-muscles1 ! occasional p]si/5ce ( ! animal e>-po9t 9 man1 ! rudim5t>y nictitat+ membrane 7plica semilun>is7 9 ! human eye1 ! slight developm5t ( ! organ ( smell1 ! g5]al hair9ess ( ! human body1 ! frequ5tly defective developm5t or entire abs5ce ( ! ?ird mol> 7! wisdom too?71 ! v]mi=m app5dix1 ! occasional reappe>ance ( a bony canal 7=am5 supracondyloideum7 at ! l[] end ( ! hum]us1 ! rudim5t>y tail ( man 7! s-call$ taillessness71 & s on4 ,( ^! rudim5t>y /ructures ! occasional occurr5ce ( ! animal e>-po9t 9 man is mo/ fully discuss$4 ,d>w9's att5tion 0 call$ to ?is int]e/+ /ructure by ! sculptor ,wooln]4 ,he figures su* a case obs]v$ 9 man1 & also ! head ( an alleg$ orang-foetus1 ! photograph ( :i* he receiv$ f ,nits*e4 ,d>w9's int]pretation ( ,wooln]'s case z hav+ aris5 ?r\gh a fold+ ov] ( ! free edge ( a po9t$ e> has be5 fully borne out by my inve/igations on ! ext]nal e>4 7,g4 ,s*walbe1 ,das ,d>w9's*e ,spitzohr beim m5s*li*5 ,embryo1 ,anatom4 ,anzeig]1 #ahhi1 pages #agf-ahi1 & o!r pap]s47 ,9 p>ticul>1 x 0 e/abli%$ by ^! inve/igations t ! human foetus1 ab\t ! middle ( its embryonic life1 possesses a po9t$ e> some:at simil> to t ( ! monkey g5us ,macacus4 ,"o ( ,d>w9's /atem5ts 9 reg>d to ! head ( ! orang-foetus mu/ be correct$4 ,a ,,l>ge e> ) a po9t is %[n 9 ! photograph 7,desc5t ( ,man1 fig4#c1 page #bd471 b x c easily be demon/rat$--& ,d5ik] has already po9t$ ?is out--t ! figure is n t ( an orang-foetus at all1 = t =m has mu* small] e>s ) no po9t2 nor c x be a gibbon-foetus1 z ,d5ik] supposes1 = ! gibbon e> is also )\t a po9t4 ,i myself reg>d x z t ( a ,macacus-embryo4 ,b ?is mi/ake1 :i* is due to ,nits*e1 9 no way affects ! fact recognis$ by ,d>w91 t e>-=ms %[+ ! po9t *>act]i/ic ( ! animal e> occur 9 man ) extraord9>y frequ5cy4 ,f9ally1 !re is a discussion ( ^? rudim5t>y /ructures :i* occur only 9 ,,"o sex1 su* z ! rudim5t>y mamm>y gl&s 9 ! male1 ! vesicula pro/atica1 :i* corresponds to ! ut]us ( ! female1 & o!rs4 ,all ^! facts tell 9 fav\r ( ! common desc5t ( man & all o!r v]tebrates4 ,! conclusion ( ?is section is *>act]i/ic3 ,,x ,,is ,,only ,,our ,,natural ,,prejudice1 ,,& ,,t ,,arrogance ,,:i* ,,made ,,our ,,=efa!rs ,,decl>e ,,t ,,!y ,,7 ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,demi-,,gods1 ,,:i* ,,leads ,,u ,,to ,,demur ,,to ,,?is ,,conclusion4 ,,b ,,! ,,"t ,,w ,,be=e ,,long ,,come1 ,,:5 ,,x ,,w ,,be ,,?\ght ,,wond]ful ,,t ,,naturali/s1 ,,:o ,,7 ,,well ,,acqua9t$ ,,) ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,/ructure ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,man1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,mammals1 ,,%\ld ,,h ,,believ$ ,,t ,,ea* ,,0 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,a ,,sep>ate ,,act ,,( ,,creation4 7,ibid4 page #cf47 ,9 ! second *apt] !re is a m detail$ discussion1 aga9 bas$ ^u an extraord9>y weal? ( facts1 ( ! problem z to ! mann] 9 :i*1 & ! causes ?r\gh :i*1 man evolv$ f a l[] =m4 ,precisely ! same causes are "h sugge/$ = ! orig9 ( man1 z = ! orig9 ( species 9 g5]al4 ,v>iability1 :i* is a necess>y assumption 9 reg>d to all trans=mations1 occurs 9 man to a high degree4 ,moreov]1 ! rapid multiplication ( ! human race creates conditions :i* necessitate an en]getic /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ?us af=d scope = ! int]v5tion ( natural selection4 ,( ! ex]cise ( ,,artificial selection 9 ! human race1 !re is no?+ to be said1 unless we cite su* cases z ! gr5adi]s ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,i1 or ! population ( anci5t ,sp>ta4 ,9 ! passages already ref]r$ to & 9 ^? :i* foll[1 ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s1 ^u :i* ,d>w9 does n dwell1 is tak5 = grant$4 ,9 man1 direct effects ( *ang$ conditions c be demon/rat$ 7= in/ance 9 reg>d to bodily size71 & !re are also pro(s ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ on 8 physical con/itution by increas$ use or disuse4 ,ref]5ce is "h made to ! fact1 e/abli%$ by ,=bes1 t ! ,que*ua-,indians ( ! high plateaus ( ,p]u %[ a /rik+ developm5t ( lungs & ?orax1 z a result ( liv+ con/antly at high altitudes4 ,su* special =ms ( v>iation z arre/s ( developm5t 7microcephalism7 & rev]sion to l[] =ms are next discuss$4 ,d>w9 himself felt 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #ed47 t ^! subjects are s ne>ly relat$ to ! cases m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 t _m ( !m might z well h be5 dealt ) !re4 ,x seems to me t x w\ld h be5 bett] s1 = ! citation ( additional in/ances ( rev]sion at ?is place r di/urbs ! logical sequ5ce ( 8 ideas z to ! conditions :i* h br\ght ab\t ! evolution ( man f l[] =ms4 ,! in/ances ( rev]sion "h discuss$ are microcephalism1 :i* ,d>w9 wrongly int]pret$ z atavi/ic1 sup]num]>y mammae1 sup]num]>y digits1 bicornuate ut]us1 ! developm5t ( abnormal muscles1 & s on4 ,brief m5tion is also made ( correlative v>iations obs]v$ 9 man4 ,d>w9 next discusses ! "q z to ! mann] 9 :i* man atta9$ to ! erect position f ! /ate ( a climb+ quadrup$4 ,"h aga9 he puts ! influ5ce ( ,natural ,selection 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,! imm$iate prog5itors ( man _h to ma9ta9 a /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 :i* success 0 to ! m intellig5t1 & to ^? ) social in/9cts4 ,! h& ( ^! climb+ ance/ors1 :i* _h little skill & s]v$ ma9ly = locomotion1 c\ld only und]go fur!r developm5t :5 "s e>ly memb] ( ! ,primate s]ies came to live m on ! gr\nd & less among trees4 ,a bip$al exi/5ce ?us became possible1 & ) x ! lib]ation ( ! h& f locomotion1 & ! "o-sid$ developm5t ( ! human foot4 ,! upright position br\ght ab\t correlat$ v>iations 9 ! bodily /ructure2 ) ! free use ( ! h& x became possible to manufacture weapons & to use !m2 & ?is aga9 result$ 9 a deg5]ation ( ! p[]ful can9e tee? & ! jaws1 :i* 7 !n no long] necess>y = def5ce4 ,above all1 h[ev]1 ! intellig5ce imm$iately increas$1 & ) x skull & bra94 ,! nak$ness ( man1 & ! abs5ce ( a tail 7rudim5t>9ess ( ! tail v]tebrae7 are next discuss$4 ,d>w9 is incl9$ to attribute ! nak$ness ( man1 n to ! action ( natural selection on ance/ors :o orig9ally inhabit$ a tropical l&1 b to sexual selection1 :i*1 = ae/hetic reasons1 br\ght ab\t ! loss ( ! hairy cov]+ 9 man1 or prim>ily 9 woman4 ,an int]e/+ discussion ( ! loss ( ! tail1 :i*1 h[ev]1 man %>es ) ! an?ropoid apes1 "s o!r monkeys & lemurs1 =ms ! conclusion ( ! almo/ sup]abundant mat]ial :i* ,d>w9 work$ up 9 ! second *apt]4 ,8 object 0 to %[ t "s ( ! mo/ di/9ctive human *>act]s are 9 all probability directly or indirectly due to natural selection4 ,) *>act]i/ic mode/y he adds 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #ib473 ,h5ce1 if ,i h err$ 9 giv+ to natural selection great p[]1 :i* ,i am v f> f admitt+1 or 9 hav+ exagg]at$ its p[]1 :i* is 9 itself probable1 ,i h at lea/1 z ,i hope1 done good s]vice 9 aid+ to ov]?r[ ! dogma ( sep>ate creations4 ,at ! end ( ! *apt] he t\*es ^u ! objection z to man's helpless & def5celess condition4 ,aga9/ ?is he urges 8 intellig5ce & social in/9cts4 ,! two foll[+ *apt]s conta9 a detail$ discussion ( ! objections drawn f ! suppos$ great diff]5ces betwe5 ! m5tal p[]s ( m5 & animals4 ,d>w9 at once admits t ! diff]5ces are enorm\s1 b n t any fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two c be f\nd4 ,v *>act]i/ic ( him is ! foll[+ passage3 ,9 :at mann] ! m5tal p[]s 7 fir/ develop$ 9 ! l[e/ organisms1 is z hopeless an enquiry z h[ life itself fir/ orig9at$4 ,^! are problems = ! di/ant future1 if !y are ev] to be solv$ by man4 7,ibid4 page #ajj47 ,aft] "s brief obs]vations on in/9ct & intellig5ce1 ,d>w9 br+s =w>d evid5ce to %[ t ! great] numb] ( ! emotional /ates1 su* z pleasure & pa91 happ9ess & mis]y1 love & hate are common to man & ! high] animals4 ,he goes on to give v>i\s examples %[+ t wond] & curiosity1 imitation1 att5tion1 memory & imag9ation 7dreams ( animals71 c also be obs]v$ 9 ! high] mammals1 especially 9 apes4 ,9 reg>d ev5 to reason !re are no %>ply def9$ limits4 ,a c]ta9 faculty ( delib]ation is *>act]i/ic ( "s animals1 & ! m ?or\ghly we "k an animal ! m intellig5ce we are incl9$ to cr$it x )4 ,examples are br\ght =w>d ( ! intellig5t & delib]ate actions ( apes1 dogs & elephants4 ,b al?\gh no %>ply def9$ diff]5ces exi/ betwe5 man & animals1 !re is1 nev]!less1 a s]ies ( o!r m5tal p[]s :i* are *>act]i/ics usually reg>d$ z absolutely peculi> to man4 ,"s ( ^! *>act]i/ics are exam9$ 9 detail1 & x is %[n t ! argum5ts drawn f !m are n conclusive4 ,man alone is said to be capable ( progressive improvem5t2 b aga9/ ?is mu/ be plac$ z some?+ analog\s 9 animals1 ! fact t !y le>n cunn+ & caution ?r\gh long cont9u$ p]secution4 ,ev5 ! use ( tools is n 9 itself peculi> to man 7monkeys use /icks1 /ones & twigs71 b man alone fa%ions & uses implem5ts ,,design$ ,,= ,a ,,special ,,purpose4 ,9 ?is connection ! rem>ks tak5 f ,lubbock 9 reg>d to ! orig9 & gradual developm5t ( ! e>lie/ fl9t implem5ts w be read ) int]e/2 ^! are simil> to ! obs]vations on mod]n eoli?s1 & _! be>+ on ! developm5t ( ! /one-indu/ry4 ,x is int]e/+ to le>n f a lett] to ,hook] 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #afa1 ,june #bb1 #ahei471 t ,d>w9 himself at fir/ d\bt$ :e!r ! /one implem5ts discov]$ by ,b\*] de ,p]!s 7 really ( ! nature ( tools4 ,) ! rel5tless c&\r z to himself :i* *>act]is$ him1 he writes f\r ye>s lat] 9 a lett] to ,lyell 9 reg>d to ?is view ( ,b\*] de ,p]!s' discov]ies3 ,i "k some?+ ab\t 8 errors1 & look$ at 8 book _m ye>s ago1 & am a%am$ to ?9k t ,i conclud$ ! :ole 0 rubbi%6 ,yet he has done = man some?+ l :at ,agassiz did = glaci]s4 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 page #ae1 ,m>* #ag1 #ahfc47 ,to return to ,d>w9's fur!r comp>isons betwe5 ! high] m5tal p[]s ( man & animals4 ,he takes mu* ( ! =ce f ! argum5t t man alone is capable ( ab/raction & self-consci\sness by 8 own obs]vations on dogs4 ,"o ( ! ma9 diff]5ces betwe5 man & animals1 spee*1 receives detail$ treatm5t4 ,he po9ts out t v>i\s animals 7birds1 monkeys1 dogs7 h a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t s\nds = diff]5t emotions1 t1 fur!r1 man produces 9 common ) animals a :ole s]ies ( in>ticulate cries comb9$ ) ge/ures1 & t dogs le>n to und]/& :ole s5t5ces ( human spee*4 ,9 reg>d to human language1 ,d>w9 expresses a view contr>y to t held by ,max ,mull] 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #acb473 ,i _c d\bt t language owes its orig9 to ! imitation & modification ( v>i\s natural s\nds1 ! voices ( o!r animals1 & man's own in/9ctive cries1 aid$ by signs & ge/ures4 ,! developm5t ( actual language presupposes a high] degree ( intellig5ce ?an is f\nd 9 any k9d ( ape4 ,d>w9 rem>ks on ?is po9t 7,ibid4 pages #acf1 #acg473 ,! fact ( ! high] apes n us+ _! vocal organs = spee* no d\bt dep5ds on _! intellig5ce n hav+ be5 suffici5tly advanc$4 ,! s5se ( beauty1 too1 has be5 alleg$ to be peculi> to man4 ,9 refutation ( ?is ass]tion ,d>w9 po9ts to ! decorative col\rs ( birds1 :i* are us$ = display4 ,& to ! la/ objection1 t man alone has religion1 t he alone has a belief 9 ,god1 x is answ]$ t num]\s races h exi/$1 & /ill exi/1 :o h no idea ( "o or m gods1 & :o h no words 9 _! languages to express su* an idea4 7,ibid4 page #adc47 ,! result ( ! inve/igations record$ 9 ?is *apt] is to %[ t1 great z ! diff]5ce 9 m5tal p[]s betwe5 man & ! high] animals may be1 x is und\bt$ly only a diff]5ce ( degree & n ( k9d4 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #aic47 ,9 ! f\r? *apt] ,d>w9 deals ) ! ,,moral ,,s5se or ,,consci5ce1 :i* is ! mo/ important ( all diff]5ces betwe5 man & animals4 ,x is a result ( social in/9cts1 :i* lead to sympa?y = o!r memb]s ( ! same society1 to non-egoi/ic actions = ! good ( o!rs4 ,d>w9 %[s t social t5d5cies are f\nd among _m animals1 & t among ^! love & k9-sympa?y exi/1 & he gives examples ( animals 7especially dogs7 :i* may exhibit *>act]s t we %\ld call moral 9 man 7e4g4 dis9t]e/$ self-sacrifice = ! sake ( o!rs74 ,! e>ly ape-l prog5itors ( ! human race 7 und\bt$ly social4 ,) ! increase ( intellig5ce ! moral s5se develops f>!r2 ) ! acquisition ( spee* public op9ion arises1 & f9ally1 moral s5se becomes habit4 ,! re/ ( ,d>w9's detail$ discussions on moral philosophy may be pass$ ov]4 ,! fif? *apt] may be v briefly summ>is$4 ,9 x ,d>w9 %[s t ! intellectual & moral faculties are p]fect$ ?r\gh natural selection4 ,he inquires h[ x c come ab\t t a tribe at a l[ level ( evolution atta9s to a high]1 al?\gh ! be/ & brave/ among !m (t5 pay = _! fidelity & c\rage ) _! lives )\t leav+ any desc5dants4 ,9 ?is case x is ! s5tim5t ( glory1 praise & blame1 ! admiration ( o!rs1 :i* br+ ab\t ! increase ( ! bett] memb]s ( ! tribe4 ,prop]ty1 fix$ dwell+s1 & ! association ( families into a community are also indisp5sable requirem5ts = civilisation4 ,9 ! long] second section ( ! fif? *apt] ,d>w9 acts ma9ly z record]4 ,on ! basis ( num]\s inve/igations1 especially ^? ( ,greg1 ,wallace1 & ,galton1 he inquires h[ f> ! influ5ce ( natural selection c be demon/rat$ 9 reg>d to civilis$ nations4 ,9 ! f9al section1 :i* deals ) ! pro(s t all civilis$ nations 7 once b>b>ians1 ,d>w9 aga9 uses ! results ga9$ by o!r inve/igators1 su* z ,lubbock & ,tylor4 ,!re are two sets ( facts :i* prove ! proposition 9 "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we f9d traces ( a =m] l[] /ate 9 ! cu/oms & beliefs ( all civilis$ nations1 & 9 ! second place1 !re are pro(s to %[ t savage races are indep5d5tly able to raise !mselves a few /eps 9 ! scale ( civilisation1 & t !y h ?us rais$ !mselves4 ,9 ! six? *apt] ( ! "w1 ,morphology comes into ! =egr\nd once m4 ,d>w9 fir/ goes back1 h[ev]1 to ! argum5t bas$ on ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! m5tal p[]s ( ! highe/ animals & ^? ( man4 ,t ?is is only quantitative1 n qualitative1 he has already %[n4 ,v in/ructive 9 ?is connection is ! ref]5ce to ! enorm\s diff]5ce 9 m5tal p[]s 9 ano!r class4 ,no "o w\ld draw f ! fact t ! co*9eal insect 7,coccus7 & ! ant exhibit enorm\s diff]5ces 9 _! m5tal p[]s1 ! conclusion t ! ant %\ld !re=e be reg>d$ z some?+ q di/9ct1 & )drawn f ! class ( insects altoge!r4 ,d>w9 next attempts to e/abli% ! ,,specific g5ealogical tree ( man1 & c>efully weighs ! diff]5ces & resemblances betwe5 ! diff]5t families ( ! ,primates4 ,! erect position ( man is an adaptive "*1 j z are ! v>i\s *>act]s ref]able to aquatic life 9 ! seals1 :i*1 not)/&+ ^!1 are rank$ z a m]e family ( ! ,c>nivores4 ,! foll[+ utt]ance is v *>act]i/ic ( ,d>w9 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #bca473 ,if man _h n be5 8 own classifi]1 he w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( f\nd+ a sep>ate ord] = 8 own reception4 ,9 num]\s *>act]s n m5tion$ 9 sy/ematic works1 9 ! features ( ! face1 9 ! =m ( ! nose1 9 ! /ructure ( ! ext]nal e>1 man resembles ! apes4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! hair 9 man has also mu* 9 common ) ! apes2 z also ! occurr5ce ( hair on ! =ehead ( ! human embryo1 ! be>d1 ! conv]g5ce ( ! hair ( ! upp] & "u arm t[>ds ! elb[1 :i* occurs n only 9 ! an?ropoid apes1 b also 9 "s ,am]ican monkeys4 ,d>w9 "h adopts ,wallace's explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! asc5d+ direction ( ! hair 9 ! =e>m ( ! orang1--t x has aris5 ?r\gh ! habit ( hold+ ! h&s ov] ! head 9 ra94 ,b ?is explanation _c be ma9ta9$ :5 we consid] t ?is disposition ( ! hair is widely di/ribut$ among ! mo/ diff]5t mammals1 be+ f\nd 9 ! dog1 9 ! slo?1 & 9 _m ( ! l[] monkeys4 ,aft] fur!r c>eful analysis ( ! anatomical *>act]s ,d>w9 rea*es ! conclusion t ! ,new ,_w monkeys 7,platyrrh9e7 may be exclud$ f ! g5ealogical tree altoge!r1 b t man is an (f%oot f ! ,old ,_w monkeys 7,cat>rh9e7 ^: prog5itors exi/$ z f> back z ! ,mioc5e p]iod4 ,among ^! ,old ,_w monkeys ! =ms to :i* man %[s ! greate/ resemblance are ! an?ropoid apes1 :i*1 l him1 possess nei!r tail nor is*ial callosities4 ,! platyrrh9e & cat>rh9e monkeys h _! primitive ance/or among ext9ct =ms ( ! ,lemuridae4 ,d>w9 also t\*es on ! "q ( ! orig9al home ( ! human race & supposes t x may h be5 9 ,africa1 because x is !re t man's ne>e/ relatives1 ! gorilla & ! *impanzee1 are f\nd4 ,b he reg>ds speculation on ?is po9t z useless4 ,x is rem>kable t1 9 ?is connection1 ,d>w9 reg>ds ! loss ( ! hair-cov]+ 9 man z hav+ "s relation to a w>m climate1 :ile else:]e he is incl9$ to make sexual selection responsible = x4 ,d>w9 recognises ! great gap betwe5 man & 8 ne>e/ relatives1 b simil> gaps exi/ at o!r p>ts ( ! mammalian g5ealogical tree3 ! alli$ =ms h become ext9ct4 ,aft] ! ext]m9ation ( ! l[] races ( mank9d1 on ! "o h&1 & ( ! an?ropoid apes on ! o!r1 :i* w und\bt$ly take place1 ! gulf w be great] ?an ev]1 s9ce ! baboons w !n b\nd x on ! "o side1 & ! :ite races on ! o!r4 ,little weight ne$ be atta*$ to ! lack ( fossil rema9s to fill up ?is gap1 s9ce ! discov]y ( ^! dep5ds ^u *ance4 ,! la/ "p ( ! *apt] is devot$ to a discussion ( ! e>li] /ages 9 ! g5ealogy ( man4 ,"h ,d>w9 accepts 9 ! ma9 ! g5ealogical tree1 :i* _h meantime be5 publi%$ by ,haeckel1 :o traces ! p$igree back ?r\gh ,monotremes1 ,reptiles1 ,amphibians1 & ,fi%es1 to ,amphioxus4 ,!n foll[s an attempt to recon/ruct1 f ! atavi/ic *>act]s1 a picture ( our primitive ance/or :o 0 und\bt$ly an arboreal animal4 ,! occurr5ce ( rudim5ts ( p>ts 9 "o sex :i* only come to full developm5t 9 ! o!r is next discuss$4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s ,d>w9 reg>ds z d]iv$ f an orig9al h]maphroditism4 ,9 reg>d to ! mamm>y gl&s ( ! male he does n accept ! !ory t !y are ve/igial1 b consid]s !m r z n fully develop$4 ,! la/ *apt] ( ,"p ,i deals ) ! "q :e!r ! diff]5t races ( man are to be reg>d$ z diff]5t species1 or z sub-species ( a race ( monophyletic orig94 ,! /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! races are fir/ emphasis$1 & ! "q ( ! f]tility or inf]tility ( hybrids is discuss$4 ,t f]tility is ! m usual is %[n by ! excessive f]tility ( ! hybrid population ( ,brazil4 ,?is1 & ! great v>iability ( ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ! diff]5t races1 z well z ! fact t all grades ( transition /ages are f\nd betwe5 ^!1 :ile consid]able g5]al agreem5t exi/s1 tell 9 fav\r ( ! unity ( ! races & lead to ! conclusion t !y all _h a common primitive ance/or4 ,d>w9 !re=e classifies all ! diff]5t races z sub-species ( ,,"o ,,& ,,! ,,same ,,species4 ,!n foll[s an int]e/+ inquiry into ! reasons = ! ext9ction ( human races4 ,he recognises z ! ultimate reason ! injuri\s effects ( a *ange ( ! conditions ( life1 :i* may br+ ab\t an increase 9 infantile mortality1 & a dim9i%$ f]tility4 ,x is precisely ! reproductive sy/em1 among animals also1 :i* is mo/ susceptible to *anges 9 ! environm5t4 ,! f9al section ( ?is *apt] deals ) ! =mation ( ! races ( mank9d4 ,d>w9 discusses ! "q h[ f> ! direct effect ( diff]5t conditions ( life1 or ! inh]it$ effects ( increas$ use or disuse may h br\ght ab\t ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! diff]5t races4 ,ev5 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! col\r ( ! sk9 he rejects ! transmitt$ effects ( an orig9al diff]5ce ( climate z an explanation4 ,9 s do+ he is foll[+ 8 t5d5cy to exclude ,lam>ckian explanations z f> z possible4 ,b "h he makes gratuit\s difficulties f :i*1 s9ce natural selection fails1 !re is no escape except by br++ 9 ! pr9ciple ( sexual selection1 to :i*1 he reg>d$ x z possible1 sk9-col\r+1 arrangem5t ( hair1 & =m ( features might be trac$4 ,b ) 8 *>act]i/ic consci5ti\sness he gu>ds himself ?us3 ,i d n int5d to ass]t t sexual selection w acc\nt = all ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! races4 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #cjh47 ,i may be p]mitt$ a rem>k z to ,d>w9's attitude t[>ds ,lam>ck4 ,:ile1 at an e>li] /age1 :5 he 0 engag$ 9 ! prelim9>y lab\rs = 8 immortal "w1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,d>w9 expresses himself v =cibly aga9/ ! views ( ,lam>ck1 speak+ ( ,lam>ckian nons5se1 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bc471 & ( ,lam>ck's absurd1 ?\gh clev] "w 7,loc4 cit4 page #ci47 & expressly decl>+1 ,i attribute v little to ! direct action ( climate1 etc4 7,loc4 cit4 7#ahef71 page #hb47 yet 9 lat] life he became m & m conv9c$ ( ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions4 ,9 #ahgf1 t is1 two ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! second edition ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 he writes ) 8 usual c&id hone/y3 ,9 my op9ion ! greate/ error :i* ,i h committ$1 has be5 n all[+ suffici5t weight to ! direct action ( ! environm5t1 i4e4 food1 climate1 etc4 indep5d5tly ( natural selection4 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 page #aei47 ,x is c]ta9 f ?is *ange ( op9ion t1 if he _h be5 able to make up 8 m9d to issue a ?ird edition ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 he w\ld h ascrib$ a mu* great] influ5ce to ! effect ( ext]nal conditions 9 expla9+ ! diff]5t *>act]s ( ! races ( man ?an he did 9 ! second edition4 ,he w\ld also und\bt$ly h attribut$ less influ5ce to sexual selection z a factor 9 ! orig9 ( ! diff]5t bodily *>act]i/ics1 if inde$ he w\ld n h exclud$ x altoge!r4 ,9 ,"p ,,iii ( ! ,desc5t two additional *apt]s are devot$ to ! discussion ( sexual selection 9 relation to man4 ,^! may be v briefly ref]r$ to4 ,d>w9 "h seeks to %[ t sexual selection has be5 op]ative on man & 8 primitive prog5itor4 ,space fails me to foll[ out 8 int]e/+ argum5ts4 ,i c only m5tion t he is incl9$ to trace back hairlessness1 ! developm5t ( ! be>d 9 man1 & ! *>act]i/ic col\r ( ! diff]5t human races to sexual selection4 ,s9ce b>5ess ( ! sk9 c\ld be no advantage1 b r a disadvantage1 ?is "* _c h be5 br\ght ab\t by natural selection4 ,d>w9 also reject$ a direct influ5ce ( climate z a cause ( ! orig9 ( ! sk9-col\r4 ,i h already express$ ! op9ion1 bas$ on ! developm5t ( 8 views z %[n 9 8 lett]s1 t 9 a ?ird edition ,d>w9 w\ld probably h laid m /ress on ! influ5ce ( ext]nal environm5t4 ,he himself feels t !re are gaps 9 8 pro(s "h1 & says 9 self-criticism3 ,! views "h advanc$1 on ! "p :i* sexual selection has play$ 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 want sci5tific precision4 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #ibd47 ,i ne$ "h only po9t out t x is impossible to expla9 ! graduat$ /ages ( sk9-col\r by sexual selection1 s9ce x w\ld h produc$ races %>ply def9$ by _! col\r & n unit$ to o!r races by transition /ages1 & ?is1 x is well kn[n1 is n ! case4 ,moreov]1 ! fact e/abli%$ by me 7,die ,hautf>be des ,m5s*51 ,mitteilung5 d] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,wi51 ,vol4 ,,xxxiv4 pages #cca-ceb471 t 9 all races ! v5tral side ( ! trunk is pal] ?an ! dorsal side1 & ! inn] surface ( ! extremities pal] ?an ! out] side1 _c be expla9$ by sexual selection 9 ! ,d>w9ian s5se4 ,) ?is ,i conclude my brief survey ( ! ri* cont5ts ( ,d>w9's book4 ,i may be p]mitt$ to conclude by quot+ ! magnific5t f9al words ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man3 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 ackn[l$ge1 z x seems to me1 t man1 ) all 8 noble qualities1 ) sympa?y :i* feels = ! mo/ debas$1 ) b5evol5ce :i* ext5ds n only to o!r m5 b to ! humble/ liv+ creature1 ) 8 god-l intellect :i* has p5etrat$ into ! movem5ts & con/itution ( ! sol> sy/em--) all ^! exalt$ p[]s--,man /ill be>s 9 8 bodily frame ! indelible /amp ( 8 l[ly orig94 7,ibid4 page #idg47 ,:at has be5 ! fate ( ,d>w9's doctr9es s9ce 8 great a*ievem5t8 ,h[ h !y be5 receiv$ & foll[$ up by ! sci5tific & lay _w8 ,& :at d ! successors ( ! mighty h]o & g5ius ?9k n[ 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! human race8 ,at ! pres5t "t we are incomp>ably m fav\rably plac$ ?an ,d>w9 0 = answ]+ ?is "q ( all que/ions4 ,we h at our comm& an incomp>ably great] weal? ( mat]ial ?an he _h at 8 disposal4 ,& we are m =tunate ?an he 9 ?is respect1 t we n[ "k transition-=ms :i* help to fill up ! gap1 /ill great1 betwe5 ! l[e/ human races & ! highe/ apes4 ,let u consid] = a little ! m ess5tial additions to our k s9ce ! publication ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,s9ce t "t our k ( animal embryos has increas$ enorm\sly4 ,:ile ,d>w9 0 oblig$ to cont5t himself ) comp>+ a human embryo ) t ( a dog1 !re are n[ available ! y\nge/ embryos ( monkeys ( all possible gr\ps 7,orang1 ,gibbon1 ,semnopi!cus1 ,macacus71 ?anks to ,sel5ka's mo/ successful t\r 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies 9 se>* ( su* mat]ial4 ,we c n[ comp>e correspond+ /ages ( ! l[] monkeys & ( ! ,an?ropoid apes ) human embryos1 & conv9ce ourselves ( _! great resemblance to "o ano!r1 ?us /r5g!n+ enorm\sly ! arm\r prep>$ by ,d>w9 9 def5ce ( 8 view on man's ne>e/ relatives4 ,x may be said t ,sel5ka's mat]ial fils up ! blanks 9 ,d>w9's array ( pro(s 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]4 ,! deep5+ ( our k ( comp>ative anatomy also gives u mu* sur] f\ndations ?an ^? on :i* ,d>w9 0 oblig$ to build4 ,j ( late !re h be5 _m work]s 9 ! doma9 ( ! anatomy ( apes & lemurs1 & _! inve/igations ext5d to ! mo/ diff]5t organs4 ,our k ( fossil apes & lemurs has also become mu* wid] & m exact s9ce ,d>w9's "t3 ! fossil lemurs h be5 especially work$ up by ,cope1 ,=sy? ,major1 ,amegh9o1 & o!rs4 ,d>w9 knew v little ab\t fossil monkeys4 ,he m5tions two or ?ree an?ropoid apes z occurr+ 9 ! ,mioc5e ( ,europe 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #bdj471 b only names ,dryopi!cus1 ! l>ge/ =m f ! ,mioc5e ( ,france4 ,x 0 errone\sly suppos$ t ?is =m 0 relat$ to ,hylobates4 ,we n[ "k n only a =m t actually /&s ne> to ! gibbon 7,pliopi!cus71 & rema9s ( o!r an?ropoids 7,pliohylobates & ! fossil *impanzee1 ,palaeopi!cus71 b also sev]al l[] cat>rh9e monkeys1 ( :i* ,mesopi!cus1 a =m ne>ly relat$ to ! mod]n ,sacr$ ,monkeys 7a species ( ,semnopi!cus7 & f\nd 9 /rata ( ! ,mioc5e p]iod 9 ,greece1 is ! mo/ important4 ,q rec5tly1 too1 ,amegh9o's inve/igations h made u acqua9t$ ) fossil monkeys f ,s\? ,am]ica 7,an?ropops1 ,homunculus71 :i*1 accord+ to _! discov]]1 are to be reg>d$ z 9 ! l9e ( human desc5t4 ,:at ,d>w9 miss$ mo/ ( all--int]m$iate =ms betwe5 apes & man--has be5 rec5tly furni%$4 7,e4 ,dubois1 z is well kn[n1 discov]$ 9 #ahic1 ne> ,tr9il 9 ,java1 9 ! alluvial deposits ( ! riv] ,b5gawan1 an important =m repres5t$ by a skull-cap1 "s mol>s1 & a femur4 ,8 op9ion--mu* disput$ z x has be5--t 9 ?is =m1 :i* he nam$ ,pi!can?ropus1 he has f\nd a long-desir$ transition-=m is %>$ by ! pres5t writ]4 ,& al?\gh ! geological age ( ^! fossils1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dubois1 belong to ! upp]mo/ ,t]ti>y s]ies1 ! ,plioc5e1 has rec5tly be5 fix$ at a lat] date 7! old] ,diluvium771 ! ,,morphological ,,value ( ^! int]e/+ rema9s1 t is1 ! int]m$iate position ( ,pi!can?ropus1 /ill holds good4 ,volz says ) ju/ice 7,das geologis*e ,alt] d] ,pi!can?ropus-,s*i*t5 bei ,tr9il1 ,o/-,java4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4,m9]alogie4 ,fe/b&1 #aijg471 t ev5 if ,pi!can?ropus is n ,,! miss+ l9k1 x is und\bt$ly ,a miss+ l9k4 ,z on ! "o h& !re has be5 f\nd 9 ,pi!can?ropus a =m :i*1 ?\gh int]m$iate betwe5 apes & man1 is nev]!less m closely alli$ to ! apes1 s on ! o!r h&1 mu* progress has be5 made s9ce ,d>w9's day 9 ! discov]y & description ( ! old] human rema9s4 ,s9ce ! fam\s ro( ( a skull & ! bones ( ! extremities belong+ to x 7 f\nd 9 #ahef 9 ! ,ne&]tal ne> ,dusseldorf1 ! mo/ v>i$ judgm5ts h be5 express$ 9 reg>d to ! significance ( ! rema9s & ( ! skull 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man !re is only a pass+ allusion to !m 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #hb47 9 connection ) ! discussion ( ! skull-capacity1 al?\gh ! inve/igations ( ,s*aaffhaus51 ,k+1 & ,huxley 7 !n kn[n4 ,i believe ,i h %[n1 9 a s]ies ( pap]s1 t ! skull 9 "q belongs to a =m diff]5t f any ( ! races ( man n[ liv+1 &1 ) ,k+ & ,cope1 ,i reg>d x z at lea/ a diff]5t species f liv+ man1 & h !re=e designat$ x ,homo primig5ius4 ,! =m unque/ionably belongs to ! old] ,diluvium1 & 9 ! lat] ,diluvium human =ms already appe>1 :i* agree 9 all ess5tial po9ts ) exi/+ human races4 ,z f> back z #ahhf ! value ( ! ,ne&]tal skull 0 greatly enhanc$ by ,fraipont's discov]y ( two skulls & skeletons f ,spy 9 ,belgium4 ,^! are excell5tly describ$ by _! discov]] 7,la race huma9e de ,ne&]?al ou de ,can/att en ,belgique4 ,ar*4 de ,biologie1 ,,vii4 #ahhg471 & are reg>d$ z belong+ to ! same gr\p ( =ms z ! ,ne&]tal rema9s4 ,9 #ahii & ! foll[+ ye>s came ! discov]y by ,gorjanovic-,kramb]g] ( diff]5t skeletal p>ts ( at lea/ t5 individuals 9 a cave ne> ,krap9a 9 ,croatia4 7,gorjanovic-,kramb]g] ,d] diluviale ,m5s* von ,krap9a 9 ,kroati51 #aijf47 ,x is 9 p>ticul> ! =m ( ! l[] jaw :i* is diff]5t f t ( all rec5t races ( man1 & :i* cle>ly indicates ! l[ly position ( ,homo primig5ius1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! long-kn[n skull f ,gibralt>1 :i* ,i 7,/udi5 zur ,vorges*i*te des ,m5s*51 #aijf1 pages #aed ff47 h ref]r$ to ,homo primig5ius1 & :i* has lately be5 exam9$ 9 detail by ,sollas 7,on ! cranial & facial *>act]s ( ! ,ne&]tal ,race4 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,london1 vol4 #aii1 #aijh1 page #bha471 has made u acqua9t$ ) ! surpris+ %ape ( ! eye-orbit1 ( ! nose1 & ( ! :ole upp] "p ( ! face4 ,isolat$ l[] jaws f\nd at ,la ,naulette 9 ,belgium1 & at ,mal>naud 9 ,france1 increase our mat]ial :i* is n[ z abundant z c\ld be desir$4 ,! mo/ rec5t discov]y ( all is t ( a skull dug up 9 ,augu/ ( ?is ye> 7#aijh7 by ,klaats* & ,haus] 9 ! l[] grotto ( ! ,le ,m\/i] 9 ,s\!rn ,france1 b ?is skull has n yet be5 fully describ$4 ,?us ,homo primig5ius mu/ also be reg>d$ z occupy+ a position 9 ! gap exi/+ betwe5 ! highe/ apes & ! l[e/ human races1 ,pi!can?ropus1 /&+ 9 ! l[] "p ( x1 & ,homo primig5ius 9 ! high]1 ne> man4 ,9 ord] to prev5t misund]/&+1 ,i %\ld l "h to emphasise t 9 arrang+ ?is /ructural s]ies--an?ropoid apes1 ,pi!can?ropus1 ,homo primig5ius1 ,homo sapi5s--,i h no int5tion ( e/abli%+ x z a direct g5ealogical s]ies4 ,i %all h some?+ to say 9 reg>d to ! g5etic relations ( ^! =ms1 "o to ano!r1 :5 discuss+ ! diff]5t !ories ( desc5t curr5t at ! pres5t day4 77,s9ce ?is essay 0 writt5 ,s*oet5sack has discov]$ ne> ,heidelb]g & briefly describ$ an exce$+ly int]e/+ l[] jaw f rocks betwe5 ! ,plioc5e & ,diluvial b$s4 ,?is exhibits int]e/+ diff]5ces f ! =ms ( l[] jaw ( ,homo primig5ius4 7,s*oet5sack ,d] ,unt]kief] des ,homo heidelb]g5sis4 ,leipzig1 #aijh47 ,g4,s477 ,9 q a diff]5t doma9 f t ( morphological relation%ip1 namely 9 ! physiological /udy ( ! blood1 results h rec5tly be5 ga9$ :i* are ( ! highe/ importance to ! doctr9e ( desc5t4 ,uhl5hu?1 ,nuttall1 & o!rs h e/abli%$ ! fact t ! blood-s]um ( a rabbit :i* has previ\sly _h human blood inject$ into x1 =ms a precipitate ) human blood4 ,?is biological reaction 0 tri$ ) a great v>iety ( mammalian species1 & x 0 f\nd t ^? f> remov$ f man gave no precipitate "u ^! conditions4 ,b z 9 o!r cases among mammals all ne>ly relat$ =ms yield an almo/ equally m>k$ precipitate1 s ! s]um ( a rabbit treat$ ) human blood & !n add$ to ! blood ( an an?ropoid ape gives ,,almo/ z m>k$ a precipitate z 9 human blood2 ! reaction to ! blood ( ! l[] ,ea/]n monkeys is weak]1 t to ! ,we/]n monkeys weak] /ill2 inde$ 9 ?is la/ case !re is only a slight cl\d+ aft] a consid]able "t & no actual precipitate4 ,! blood ( ! ,lemuridae 7,nuttall7 gives no reaction or an extremely weak "o1 t ( ! o!r mammals none :atev]4 ,we h 9 ?is n only a pro( ( ! lit]al blood-relation%ip betwe5 man & apes1 b ! degree ( relation%ip ) ! diff]5t ma9 gr\ps ( apes c be det]m9$ beyond possibility ( mi/ake4 ,f9ally1 x mu/ be briefly m5tion$ t 9 reg>d to rema9s ( human h&icraft also1 ! mat]ial at our disposal has greatly increas$ ( late ye>s1 t1 z a result ( ?is1 ! op9ions ( ar*aeologi/s h und]gone _m *anges1 & t1 9 p>ticul>1 _! views 9 reg>d to ! age ( ! human race h be5 greatly influ5c$4 ,!re is a t5d5cy at ! pres5t "t to ref] ! orig9 ( man back to ,t]ti>y times4 ,x is true t no rema9s ( ,t]ti>y man h be5 f\nd1 b fl9ts h be5 discov]$ :i*1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( mo/ inve/igators1 be> traces ei!r ( use1 or ( v primitive workman%ip4 ,s9ce ,rutot's "t1 foll[+ ,mortillet's example1 inve/igators h call$ ^! eoli?s1 & !y h be5 trac$ back by ,v]worn to ! ,mioc5e ( ! ,auv]gne1 & by ,rutot ev5 to ! upp] ,oligoc5e4 ,al?\gh ^! eoli?s are ev5 n[adays ! subject ( _m diff]5t views1 ! preoccupation ) !m has kept ! problem ( ! age ( ! human race cont9ually be=e u4 ,geology1 too1 has made great progress s9ce ! days ( ,d>w9 & ,lyell1 & has endeav\r$ ) satisfactory results to arrange ! human rema9s ( ! ,diluvial p]iod 9 *ronological ord] 7,p5ck74 ,i d n int5d to ent] ^u ! "q ( ! primitive home ( ! human race2 s9ce ! space at my disposal w n all[ ( my t\*+ ev5 v briefly ^u all ! dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! problem ( ! desc5t ( man4 ,h[ ,d>w9 w\ld h rejoic$ ov] ea* ( ! discov]ies "h briefly outl9$6 ,:at use he w\ld h made ( ! new & preci\s mat]ial1 :i* w\ld h prev5t$ ! disc\ragem5t f :i* he suff]$ :5 prep>+ ! second edition ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man6 ,b x 0 n grant$ to him to see ?is progress t[>ds fill+ up ! gaps 9 8 edifice ( :i* he 0 s pa9fully consci\s4 ,he did1 h[ev]1 h ! satisfaction ( see+ 8 ideas /eadily ga9+ gr\nd1 not)/&+ mu* ho/ility & deep-root$ prejudice4 ,ev5 9 ! ye>s betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species & ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,desc5t1 ! idea ( a natural desc5t ( man1 :i* 0 only briefly indicat$ 9 ! "w ( #ahei1 _h be5 eag]ly welcom$ 9 "s qu>t]s4 ,x has be5 already po9t$ out h[ brilliantly ,huxley contribut$ to ! def5ce & diffusion ( ,d>w9's doctr9es1 & h[ 9 ,man's ,place 9 ,nature he has giv5 u a classic "w z a f\ndation = ! doctr9e ( ! desc5t ( man4 ,z ,huxley 0 ,d>w9's *ampion 9 ,engl&1 s 9 ,g]many ,c>l ,vogt1 9 p>ticul>1 made himself ma/] ( ! ,d>w9ian ideas4 ,b above all x 0 ,haeckel :o1 9 en]gy1 eag]ness = battle1 & k may be plac$ side by side ) ,huxley1 :o took ov] ! lead]%ip 9 ! controv]sy ov] ! new conception ( ! univ]se4 ,z f> back z #ahff1 9 8 ,g5]elle ,morphologie1 he _h inquir$ m9utely into ! "q ( ! desc5t ( man1 & n cont5t ) urg+ m]ely ! g5]al !ory ( desc5t f l[] animal =ms1 he drew up = ! fir/ "t g5ealogical trees %[+ ! close relation%ips ( ! diff]5t animal gr\ps2 ! la/ ( ^! illu/rat$ ! relation%ips ( ,mammals1 & among !m ( all gr\ps ( ! ,primates1 includ+ man4 ,x 0 ,haeckel's g5ealogical trees t =m$ ! basis ( ! special discussion ( ! relation%ips ( man1 9 ! six? *apt] ( ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,9 ! la/ section ( ?is essay ,i %all return to ,haeckel's conception ( ! special desc5t ( man1 ! ma9 features ( :i* he /ill upholds1 & rightly s4 ,haeckel has contribut$ m ?an any "o else to ! spread ( ! ,d>w9ian doctr9e4 ,i c only all[ myself a few words z to ! spread ( ! !ory ( ! natural desc5t ( man 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,p>isian an?ropological s*ool1 f\nd$ & guid$ by ! g5ius ( ,broca1 took up ! idea ( ! desc5t ( man1 & made _m notable contributions to x 7,broca1 ,man\vri]1 ,mah\deau1 ,d5ik] & o!rs74 ,9 ,engl& itself ,d>w9's "w did n die4 ,huxley took c>e ( t1 = he1 ) 8 l(ty & unprejudic$ m9d1 dom9at$ & inspir$ ,engli% biology until 8 dea? on ,june #bi1 #ahie4 ,he _h ! satisfaction %ortly be=e 8 dea? ( le>n+ ( ,dubois' discov]y1 :i* he illu/rat$ by a humor\s sket*4 7,life & ,lett]s ( ,?omas ,h5ry ,huxley1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #cid47 ,b !re are /ill _m foll[]s 9 ,d>w9's foot/eps 9 ,engl&4 ,keane has work$ at ! special g5ealogical tree ( ! ,primates2 ,kei? has inquir$ :i* ( ! an?ropoid apes has ! greate/ numb] ( *>act]s 9 common ) man2 ,morris conc]ns himself ) ! evolution ( man 9 g5]al1 especially ) 8 acquisition ( ! erect position4 ,! rec5t discov]ies ( ,pi!can?ropus & ,homo primig5ius are be+ vigor\sly discuss$2 b ! pres5t writ] is n 9 a position to =m an op9ion ( ! ext5t to :i* ! idea ( desc5t has p5etrat$ ?r\gh\t ,engl& g5]ally4 ,9 ,italy indep5d5t "w 9 ! doma9 ( ! desc5t ( man is be+ produc$1 especially by ,morselli2 ) him are associat$1 9 ! inve/igation ( relat$ problems1 ,s]gi & ,giuffrida-,rugg]i4 ,f ! ranks ( ,am]ican inve/igators we may s+le out 9 p>ticul> ! em95t geologi/ ,cope1 :o *ampion$ ) mu* decision ! idea ( ! specific diff]5ce ( ,homo ne&]tal5sis 7primig5ius7 & ma9ta9$ a m direct desc5t ( man f ! fossil ,lemuridae4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica too1 9 ,arg5t9a1 new life is /irr+ 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce4 ,amegh9o 9 ,bu5os ,ayres has awak5$ ! fossil primates ( ! ,pampas =mation to new life2 he ev5 believes t 9 ,tetrapro?omo1 repres5t$ by a femur1 he has discov]$ a direct ance/or ( man4 ,lehmann-,nits*e is work+ at ! o!r side ( ! gulf betwe5 apes & m51 & he describes a rem>kable fir/ c]vical v]tebra 7atlas7 f ,monte ,h]moso z belong+ to a =m :i* may be> ! same relation to ,homo sapi5s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica z ,homo primig5ius does 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,aft] a m9ute inve/igation he e/abli%es a human species ,homo neogaeus1 :ile ,amegh9o ascribes ?is atlas v]tebra to 8 ,tetrapro?omo4 ,?us ?r\gh\t ! :ole sci5tific _w !re is aris+ a new life1 an eag] endeav\r to get ne>] to ,huxley's problema maximum1 to p5etrate m deeply into ! orig9 ( ! human race4 ,!re are to-day v few exp]ts 9 anatomy & zoology :o d5y ! animal desc5t ( man 9 g5]al4 ,religi\s consid]ations1 old prejudices1 ! reluctance to accept man1 :o s f> surpasses m5tally all o!r creatures1 z desc5d$ f s\lless animals1 prev5t a few inve/igators f giv+ full adh]5ce to ! doctr9e4 ,b !re are v few ( ^! :o /ill po/ulate a special act ( creation = man4 ,al?\gh ! majority ( exp]ts 9 anatomy & zoology accept unconditionally ! desc5t ( man f l[] =ms1 !re is mu* div]sity ( op9ion among !m 9 reg>d to ! special l9e ( desc5t4 ,9 try+ to e/abli% any special hypo!sis ( desc5t1 :e!r by ! graphic me?od ( draw+ up g5ealogical trees or o!rwise1 let u always be> 9 m9d ,d>w9's words 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #bbi47 & use !m z a critical guid+ l9e3 ,z we h no record ( ! l9es ( desc5t1 ! p$igree c be discov]$ only by obs]v+ ! degrees ( resemblance betwe5 ! be+s :i* are to be class$4 ,d>w9 c>ries ?is fur!r by /at+ t resemblances 9 sev]al unimportant /ructures1 9 useless & rudim5t>y organs1 or n n[ functionally active1 or 9 an embryological condition1 are by f> ! mo/ s]viceable = classification4 7,loc4 cit47 ,x has also to be rememb]$ t ,,num]\s sep>ate po9ts ( agreem5t are ( mu* great] importance ?an ! am\nt ( simil>ity or dissimil>ity 9 a few po9ts4 ,! hypo!ses z to desc5t curr5t at ! pres5t day may be divid$ into two ma9 gr\ps4 ,! fir/ gr\p seeks = ! roots ( ! human race n among any ( ! families ( ! apes--! anatomically ne>e/ =ms--nor among _! v simil> b less specialis$ ance/ral =ms1 ! fossil repres5tatives ( :i* we c "k only 9 "p1 b1 sett+ ! monkeys on "o side1 x seeks = !m l[] d[n among ! fossil ,eoc5e ,pseudo-lemuridae or ,lemuridae 7,cope71 or ev5 among ! primitive p5tadactyl\s ,eoc5e =ms1 :i* may ei!r h l$ directly to ! evolution ( man 7,adl(f71 or h giv5 rise to an ance/ral =m common to apes & m5 7,klaats* 7,klaats* 9 8 la/ publications speaks 9 ! ma9 only ( an ance/ral =m common to m5 & an?ropoid apes471 ,giuffrida-,rugg]i74 ,! common ance/ral =m1 f :i* man & apes are ?us suppos$ to h aris5 indep5d5tly1 may expla9 ! num]\s resemblances :i* actually exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,t is to say1 all ! *>act]s ^u :i* ! great /ructural resemblance betwe5 apes & man dep5ds mu/ h be5 pres5t 9 _! common ance/or4 ,let u take an example ( su* a common "*4 ,! bony ext]nal e>-passage is 9 g5]al z highly develop$ 9 ! l[] ,ea/]n monkeys & ! an?ropoid apes z 9 man4 ,?is "* mu/1 !re=e1 h already be5 pres5t 9 ! common primitive =m4 ,9 t case x is n easy to und]/& :y ! ,we/]n monkeys h n also inh]it$ ! "*1 in/ead ( possess+ only a tympanic r+4 ,b x becomes m intelligible if we assume t =ms ) a primitive tympanic r+ 7 ! orig9al type1 & t f ^! 7 evolv$1 on ! "o h&1 ! exi/+ ,new ,_w monkeys ) p]si/5t tympanic r+1 & on ! o!r an ance/ral =m common to ! l[] ,old ,_w monkeys1 ! an?ropoid apes & man4 ,= man %>es ) ^! ! "* 9 "q1 & x is also "o ( ! unimportant *>act]s requir$ by ,d>w94 ,?us we h two div]g5t l9es aris+ f ! ance/ral =m1 ! ,we/]n monkeys 7,platyrrh9e7 on ! "o h&1 & an ance/ral =m common to ! l[] ,ea/]n monkeys1 ! an?ropoid apes1 & man1 on ! o!r4 ,b consid]ations simil> to ^? :i* %[$ x to be impossible t man %\ld h develop$ f an ance/or common to him & ! monkeys1 yet outside ( & p>allel ) ^!1 may be urg$ also aga9/ ! likelihood ( a p>allel evolution ( ! l[] ,ea/]n monkeys1 ! an?ropoid apes1 & man4 ,! an?ropoid apes h 9 common ) man _m *>act]s :i* are n pres5t 9 ! l[] ,old ,_w monkeys4 ,^! *>act]s mu/ !re=e h be5 pres5t 9 ! ance/ral =m common to ! ?ree gr\ps4 ,b "h1 aga91 x is difficult to und]/& :y ! l[] ,ea/]n monkeys %\ld n also h inh]it$ ^! *>act]s4 ,z ?is is n ! case1 !re rema9s no alt]native b to assume div]g5t evolution f an indiff]5t =m4 ,! l[] ,ea/]n monkeys are c>ry+ on ! evolution 9 "o direction--,i might almo/ say t[>ds a bl9d alley--:ile an?ropoids & m5 h /ruck out a progressive pa?1 at fir/ 9 common1 :i* expla9s ! _m po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 !m1 )\t reg>d+ man z d]iv$ directly f ! an?ropoids4 ,_! _m /rik+ po9ts ( agreem5t indicate a common desc5t1 & _c be expla9$ z ph5om5a ( conv]g5ce4 ,i believe ,i h %[n 9 ! above sket* t a !ory :i* d]ives man directly f l[] =ms )\t reg>d+ apes z transition-types leads ad absurdum4 ,! close /ructural relation%ip betwe5 man & monkeys c only be und]/ood if bo? are br\ght into ! same l9e ( evolution4 ,to trace man's l9e ( desc5t directly back to ! old ,eoc5e mammals1 alongside (1 b ) no relation to ^! v simil> =ms1 is to ab&on ! me?od ( exact comp>ison1 :i*1 z ,d>w9 rightly recognis$1 alone ju/ifies u 9 draw+ up g5ealogical trees on ! basis ( resemblances & diff]5ces4 ,! f>!r d[n we g ! m does ! gr\nd slip f b5ea? our feet4 ,ev5 ! ,lemuridae %[ v num]\s div]g5t conditions1 mu* m s ! ,eoc5e mammals 7,creodonta1 ,condyl>?ra71 ! *ief resemblance ( :i* to man consi/s 9 ! possession ( p5tadactyl\s h&s & feet6 ,?us ! f>!r c\rse ( ! l9e ( desc5t disappe>s 9 ! d>kness ( ! ance/ry ( ! mammals4 ,) j z mu* reason we might pass by ! ,v]tebrates altoge!r1 & g back to ! l[] ,inv]tebrates1 b 9 t case x w\ld be mu* easi] to say t man has aris5 indep5d5tly1 & has evolv$1 )\t relation to any animals1 f ! l[e/ primitive =m to 8 pres5t isolat$ & dom9ant position4 ,b ?is w\ld be to d5y all value to classification1 :i* mu/ aft] all be ! ultimate basis ( a g5ealogical tree4 ,we c1 z ,d>w9 rightly obs]v$1 only inf] ! l9e ( desc5t f ! degree ( resemblance betwe5 s+le =ms4 ,if we reg>d man z directly d]iv$ f primitive =ms v f> back1 we h no way ( expla9+ ! _m po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 him & ! monkeys 9 g5]al1 & ! an?ropoid apes 9 p>ticul>4 ,^! mu/ rema9 an inexplicable m>vel4 ,i h ?us1 ,i tru/1 %[n t ! fir/ class ( special !ories ( desc5t1 :i* assumes t man has develop$1 p>allel ) ! monkeys1 b )\t relation to !m1 f v l[ primitive =ms _c be upheld1 because x fails to take into acc\nt ! close /ructural aff9ity ( man & monkeys4 ,i _c b reg>d ?is hypo!sis z lam5tably retrograde1 = x makes impossible any application ( ! facts t h be5 discov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! anatomical & embryological /udy ( man & monkeys1 & inde$ prejudges inve/igations ( t class z po9tless4 ,! :ole me?od is p]v]t$2 an unju/ifiable !ory ( desc5t is fir/ =mulat$ ) ! aid ( ! imag9ation1 & !n we are ask$ to decl>e t all /ructural relations betwe5 man & monkeys1 & betwe5 ! diff]5t gr\ps ( ! latt]1 are valueless1--! fact be+ t !y are ! only true basis on :i* a g5ealogical tree c be con/ruct$4 ,s mu* = ?is mo/ mod]n me?od ( classification1 :i* has probably f\nd adh]5ts because x w\ld deliv] u f ! relation%ip to apes :i* _m p s mu* dislike4 ,9 contra/ to x we h ! second class ( special hypo!ses ( desc5t1 :i* keeps /rictly to ! ne>e/ /ructural relation%ips4 ,?is is ! only basis t ju/ifies ! draw+ up ( a special hypo!sis ( desc5t4 ,if ?is fundam5tal proposition be recognis$1 x w be admitt$ t ! doctr9e ( special desc5t upheld by ,haeckel1 & set =? 9 ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man1 is /ill valid to-day4 ,9 ! g5ealogical tree1 man's place is q close to ! an?ropoid apes2 ^! aga9 h z _! ne>e/ relatives ! l[] ,old ,_w monkeys1 & _! prog5itors mu/ be s\ght among ! less diff]5tiat$ ,platyrrh9e monkeys1 ^: mo/ important *>act]s h be5 h&$ on to ! pres5t day ,new ,_w monkeys4 ,h[ ! diff]5t g5]a are to be arrang$ )9 ! g5]al s*eme indicat$ dep5ds 9 ! ma9 on ! classificatory value attribut$ to individual *>act]s4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 reg>d to ,pi!can?ropus1 :i* ,i consid] z ! root ( a bran* :i* has sprung f ! an?ropoid ape root & has l$ up to man2 ! latt] ,i h designat$ ! family ( ! ,hom9idae4 ,= ! re/1 !re are1 z we h said1 v>i\s possible ways ( con/ruct+ ! n>r[] g5ealogy )9 ! limits ( ?is bran* includ+ m5 & apes1 & ^! me?ods w probably cont9ue to *ange ) ! accumulation ( new facts4 ,haeckel himself has modifi$ 8 g5ealogical tree ( ! ,primates 9 c]ta9 details s9ce ! publication ( 8 ,g5]elle ,morphologie 9 #ahff1 b its g5]al basis rema9s ! same4 7,haeckel's late/ g5ealogical tree is to be f\nd 9 8 mo/ rec5t "w1 ,uns]e ,ahn5reihe4 ,j5a1 #aijh47 ,all ! special g5ealogical trees drawn up on ! l9es laid d[n by ,haeckel & ,d>w9--& t ( ,dubois may be specially m5tion$--are bas$1 9 g5]al1 on ! close relation%ip ( monkeys & m51 al?\gh !y may v>y 9 detail4 ,v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 =mulat$ on ^! l9es1 ) special ref]5ce to ! evolution ( man4 ,pi!can?ropus is reg>d$ by "s au?orities z ! direct ance/or ( man1 by o!rs z a side-track failure 9 ! attempt at ! evolution ( man4 ,! problem ( ! monophyletic or polyphyletic orig9 ( ! human race has also be5 mu* discuss$4 ,s]gi 7,s]gi ,g4 ,europa1 #aijh47 incl9es t[>ds ! assumption ( a polyphyletic orig9 ( ! ?ree ma9 races ( man1 ! ,african primitive =m ( :i* has giv5 rise also to ! gorilla & *impanzee1 ! ,asiatic to ! ,orang1 ! ,gibbon1 & ,pi!can?ropus4 ,kollmann reg>ds exi/+ human races z d]iv$ f small primitive races 7pigmies71 & consid]s t ,homo primig5ius mu/ h aris5 9 a second>y & deg5]ative mann]4 ,b ?is is n ! place1 nor h ,i ! space to criticise ! v>i\s special !ories ( desc5t4 ,"o1 h[ev]1 mu/ receive p>ticul> notice4 ,accord+ to ,amegh9o1 ! ,s\? ,am]ican monkeys 7,pi!culites7 f ! olde/ ,t]ti>y ( ! ,pampas are ! =ms f :i* h aris5 ! exi/+ ,am]ican monkeys on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r1 ! ext9ct ,s\? ,am]ican ,homunculidae1 :i* are also small =ms4 ,f ^! la/1 an?ropoid apes & man h1 he believes1 be5 evolv$4 ,among ! prog5itors ( man1 ,amegh9o reckons ! =m discov]$ by him 7,tetrapro?omo71 f :i* a ,s\? ,am]ican primitive man1 ,homo pampaeus1 might be directly evolv$1 :ile on ! o!r h& all ! l[] ,old ,_w monkeys may h aris5 f old] fossil ,s\? ,am]ican =ms 7,cl5ialitidae71 ! di/ribution ( :i* may be expla9$ by ! bridge =m]ly exi/+ betwe5 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,africa1 z may be ! d]ivation ( all exi/+ human races f ,homo pampaeus4 7,see ,amegh9o's late/ pap]1 ,notas prelim9>es sobre el ,tetrapro?omo arg5t9us1 etc4 ,anales del ,museo nacional de ,bu5os ,aires1 ,,xvi4 pages #ajg-bdb1 #aijg47 ,! fossil =ms discov]$ by ,amegh9o des]ve ! mo/ m9ute inve/igation1 z does also ! fossil man f ,s\? ,am]ica ( :i* ,lehmann-,nits*e 7,n\velles re*]*es sur la =mation pampe5ne et l'homme fossile de la ,republique ,arg5t9e4 ,rivi/a del ,museo de la ,plata1 ,t4 ,,xiv4 pages #aic-dhh47 has made a ?or\gh /udy4 ,x is obvi\s t1 not)/&+ ! necessity = fitt+ man's l9e ( desc5t into ! g5ealogical tree ( ! ,primates1 especially ! apes1 op9ions 9 reg>d to x diff] greatly 9 detail4 ,?is c\ld n be o!rwise1 s9ce ! diff]5t ,primate =ms1 especially ! fossil =ms1 are /ill f> f be+ exhau/ively kn[n4 ,b "o ?+ rema9s c]ta91--! idea ( ! close relation%ip betwe5 man & monkeys set =? 9 ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,only ^? :o d5y ! _m po9ts ( agreem5t1 ! sole basis ( classification1 & ?us ( a natural g5ealogical tree1 c look ^u ! position ( ,d>w9 & ,haeckel z antiquat$1 or z /&+ on an insuffici5t f\ndation4 ,= su* a g5ealogical tree is no?+ m ?an a summ>is$ repres5tation ( :at is kn[n 9 reg>d to ! degree ( resemblance betwe5 ! diff]5t =ms4 ,d>w9's "w 9 reg>d to ! desc5t ( man has n be5 surpass$2 ! m we imm]se ourselves 9 ! /udy ( ! /ructural relation%ips betwe5 apes & man1 ! m is our pa? illum9$ by ! cle> light radiat+ f him1 & ?r\gh 8 calm & delib]ate inve/igation1 bas$ on a mass ( mat]ial 9 ! accumulation ( :i* he has nev] _h an equal4 ,d>w9's fame w be b\nd up = all "t ) ! unprejudic$ inve/igation ( ! "q ( all que/ions1 ! desc5t ( ! human race4 ,,viii4 ,,*>les ,,d>w9 ,,z ,,an ,,an?ropologi/4 ,by ,ern/ ,haeckel4 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,! great advance t an?ropology has made 9 ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is due 9 ! fir/ place1 to ,d>w9's discov]y ( ! orig9 ( man4 ,no o!r problem 9 ! :ole field ( rese>* is s mom5t\s z t ( ,man's place 9 nature1 :i* 0 ju/ly describ$ by ,huxley 7#ahfc7 z ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all que/ions4 ,yet ! sci5tific solution ( ?is problem 0 impossible until ! !ory ( desc5t _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,x is n[ a hundr$ ye>s s9ce ! great ,fr5* biologi/ ,jean ,lam>ck publi%$ 8 ,philosophie ,zoologique4 ,by a rem>kable co9cid5ce ! ye> 9 :i* t "w 0 issu$1 #ahji1 0 ! ye> ( ! bir? ( 8 mo/ di/+ui%$ successor1 ,*>les ,d>w94 ,lam>ck _h already recognis$ t ! desc5t ( man f a s]ies ( o!r ,v]tebrates--t is1 f a s]ies ( ,ape-l ,primates--0 ess5tially involv$ 9 ! g5]al !ory ( trans=mation :i* he _h erect$ on a broad inductive basis2 & he _h suffici5t p5etration to detect ! ag5cies t _h be5 at "w 9 ! evolution ( ! erect biman\s man f ! arboreal & quadruman\s ape4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 few empirical argum5ts to advance 9 support ( 8 hypo!sis1 & x c\ld n be e/abli%$ until ! fur!r developm5t ( ! biological sci5ces--! f\nd+ ( comp>ative embryology by ,ba] 7#ahbh7 & ( ! cell-!ory by ,s*leid5 & ,s*wann 7#ahch71 ! advance ( physiology "u ,johannes ,mull] 7#ahcc71 & ! enorm\s progress ( palaeontology & comp>ative anatomy betwe5 #ahbj & #ahfj--provid$ ?is necess>y f\ndation4 ,d>w9 0 ! fir/ to coord9ate ! ample results ( ^! l9es ( rese>*4 ,) no less compreh5siv5ess ?an discrim9ation he consolidat$ !m z a basis ( a modifi$ !ory ( desc5t1 & associat$ ) !m 8 own !ory ( natural selection1 :i* we take to be di/9ctive ( ,d>w9ism 9 ! /rict] s5se4 ,! illum9at+ tru? ( ^! cumulative argum5ts 0 s great 9 e bran* ( biology t1 9 spite ( ! mo/ vehem5t opposition1 ! battle 0 won )9 a s+le decade1 & ,d>w9 secur$ ! g5]al admiration & recognition t _h be5 d5i$ to 8 =]unn]1 ,lam>ck1 up to ! h\r ( 8 dea? 7#ahbi74 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 we consid] ! mom5t\s influ5ce t ,d>w9ism has _h 9 an?ropology1 we %all f9d x useful to glance at its hi/ory 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ half c5tury1 & notice ! v>i\s !ories t h contribut$ to its advance4 ,! fir/ attempt to give ext5sive expression to ! re=m ( biology by ,d>w9's "w w be f\nd 9 my ,g5]elle ,morphologie 7#ahff7 7,g5]elle ,morphologie d] ,organism51 #b vols41 ,b]l91 #ahff47 :i* 0 foll[$ by a m popul> treatm5t ( ! subject 9 my ,naturli*e ,s*opfungsges*i*te 7#ahfh7 7,engli% translation2 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ,london1 #ahgf471 a compilation f ! e>li] "w4 ,9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,g5]elle ,morphologie ,i endeav\r$ to %[ ! great importance ( evolution 9 settl+ ! fundam5tal que/ions ( biological philosophy1 especially 9 reg>d to comp>ative anatomy4 ,9 ! second volume ,i dealt broadly ) ! pr9ciple ( evolution1 di/+ui%+ ontog5y & phylog5y z its two coord9ate ma9 bran*es1 & associat+ ! two 9 ! ,biog5etic ,law4 ,! ,law may be =mulat$ ?us3 ,ontog5y 7embryology or ! developm5t ( ! individual7 is a concise & compress$ recapitulation ( phylog5y 7! palaeontological or g5ealogical s]ies7 condition$ by laws ( h]$ity & adaptation4 ,! ,sy/ematic introduction to g5]al evolution1 ) :i* ! second volume ( ! ,g5]elle ,morphologie op5s1 0 ! fir/ attempt to draw up a natural sy/em ( organisms 79 h>mony ) ! pr9ciples ( ,lam>ck & ,d>w97 9 ! =m ( a hypo!tical p$igree1 & 0 provisionally set =? 9 eight g5ealogical tables4 ,9 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( ! ,g5]elle ,morphologie--a "p ( :i* has be5 republi%$1 )\t any alt]ation1 aft] a lapse ( =ty ye>s--,i made a critical /udy ( ,lam>ck's !ory ( desc5t & ( ,d>w9's !ory ( selection1 & endeav\r$ to br+ ! complex ph5om5a ( h]$ity & adaptation "u def9ite laws = ! fir/ "t4 ,h]$ity ,i divid$ into cons]vative & progressive3 adaptation into indirect 7or pot5tial7 & direct 7or actual74 ,i !n f\nd x possible to give "s explanation ( ! correlation ( ! two physiological functions 9 ! /ruggle = life 7selection71 & to indicate ! important laws ( div]g5ce 7or diff]5tiation7 & complexity 7or division ( lab\r71 :i* are ! direct & inevitable outcome ( selection4 ,f9ally1 ,i m>k$ (f dy/eleology z ! sci5ce ( ! aimless 7ve/igial1 abortive1 atrophi$1 & useless7 organs & p>ts ( ! body4 ,9 all ?is ,i work$ f a /rictly moni/ic /&po9t1 & s\ght to expla9 all biological ph5om5a on ! me*anical & naturali/ic l9es t _h long be5 recognis$ 9 ! /udy ( inorganic nature4 ,!n 7#ahff71 z n[1 be+ conv9c$ ( ! unity ( nature1 ! fundam5tal id5tity ( ! ag5cies at "w 9 ! inorganic & ! organic worlds1 ,i disc>d$ vitalism1 teleology1 & all hypo!ses ( a my/ic "*4 ,x 0 cle> f ! fir/ t x 0 ess5tial1 9 ! moni/ic conception ( evolution1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! laws ( cons]vative & progressive h]$ity4 ,cons]vative h]$ity ma9ta9s f g5]ation to g5]ation ! endur+ *>act]s ( ! species4 ,ea* organism transmits to its desc5dants a "p ( ! morphological & physiological qualities t x has receiv$ f its p>5ts & ance/ors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 progressive h]$ity br+s new *>act]s to ! species--*>act]s t 7 n f\nd 9 prec$+ g5]ations4 ,ea* organism may transmit to its (fspr+ a "p ( ! morphological & physiological features t x has itself acquir$1 by adaptation1 9 ! c\rse ( its individual c>e]1 ?r\gh ! use or disuse ( p>ticul> organs1 ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 climate1 nutrition1 etc4 ,at t "t ,i gave ! "n ( progressive h]$ity to ?is inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 z a %ort & conv5i5t expression1 b h s9ce *ang$ ! t]m to trans=mative h]$ity 7z di/+ui%$ f cons]vative74 ,?is t]m is pref]able1 z inh]it$ regressive modifications 7deg5]ation1 retrograde metamorphisis1 etc47 come "u ! same head4 ,trans=mative h]$ity--or ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s--is "o ( ! mo/ important pr9ciples 9 evolution>y sci5ce4 ,unless we admit x mo/ ( ! facts ( comp>ative anatomy & physiology are inexplicable4 ,t 0 ! conviction ( ,d>w9 no less ?an ( ,lam>ck1 ( ,sp5c] z well z ,vir*[1 ( ,huxley z well z ,geg5baur1 inde$ ( ! great majority ( speculative biologi/s4 ,?is fundam5tal pr9ciple 0 = ! fir/ "t call$ 9 "q & assail$ 9 #ahhe by ,augu/ ,weismann ( ,freiburg1 ! em95t zoologi/ to :om ! !ory ( evolution owes a great deal ( valuable support1 & :o has atta9$ di/9ction by 8 ext5sion ( ! !ory ( selection4 ,9 explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity he introduc$ a new !ory1 ! !ory ( ! cont9uity ( ! g]m-plasm4 ,accord+ to him ! liv+ sub/ance 9 all organisms consi/s ( two q di/9ct k9ds ( plasm1 somatic & g]m9al4 ,! p]man5t g]m-plasm1 or ! active sub/ance ( ! two g]m-cells 7egg-cell & sp]m-cell71 passes un*ang$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( g5]ations1 & is n affect$ by environm5tal influ5ces4 ,! environm5t modifies only ! soma-plasm1 ! organs & tissues ( ! body4 ,! modifications t ^! p>ts und]go ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! environm5t or _! own activity 7use & habit71 d n affect ! g]m-plasm1 & _c !re=e be transmitt$4 ,?is !ory ( ! cont9uity ( ! g]m-plasm has be5 exp\nd$ by ,weismann dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-f\r ye>s 9 a numb] ( able volumes1 & is reg>d$ by _m biologi/s1 su* z ,mr ,francis ,galton1 ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson 7:o has rec5tly made a ?or\ghgo+ def5ce ( x 9 8 important "w ,h]$ity 7,london1 #aijh4771 z ! mo/ /rik+ advance 9 evolution>y sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !ory has be5 reject$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,sir ,w4 ,turn]1 ,geg5baur1 ,kollik]1 ,h]twig1 & _m o!rs4 ,= my "p ,i h1 ) all respect = ! di/+ui%$ ,d>w9ian1 conte/$ ! !ory f ! fir/1 because its :ole f\ndation seems to me errone\s1 & its d$uctions d n seem to be 9 accord ) ! ma9 facts ( comp>ative morphology & physiology4 ,weismann's !ory 9 its entirety is a f9ely conceiv$ molecul> hypo!sis1 b x is devoid ( empirical basis4 ,! notion ( ! absolute & p]man5t indep5d5ce ( ! g]m-plasm1 z di/+ui%$ f ! soma-plasm1 is purely speculative2 z is also ! !ory ( g]m9al selection4 ,! det]m9ants1 ids1 & idants1 are purely hypo!tical elem5ts4 ,! exp]im5ts t h be5 devis$ to demon/rate _! exi/5ce really prove no?+4 ,x seems to me q improp] to describe ?is hypo!tical /ructure z ,neod>w9ism4 ,d>w9 0 j z conv9c$ z ,lam>ck ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s & its great importance 9 ! s*eme ( evolution4 ,i _h ! good =tune to visit ,d>w9 at ,d[n ?ree times & discuss ) him ! ma9 pr9ciples ( 8 sy/em1 & on ea* occasion we 7 fully agre$ z to ! incalculable importance ( :at ,i call trans=mative inh]itance4 ,x is only prop] to po9t out t ,weismann's !ory ( ! g]m-plasm is 9 express contradiction to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck4 ,nor is x m acceptable 9 :at "o may call its ultrad>w9ism--! idea t ! !ory ( selection expla9s ev]y?+ 9 ! evolution ( ! organic _w4 ,?is belief 9 ! omnipot5ce ( natural selection 0 n %>$ by ,d>w9 himself4 ,assur$ly1 ,i reg>d x z ( ! utmo/ value1 z ! process ( natural selection ?r\gh ! /ruggle = life af=ds an explanation ( ! me*anical orig9 ( ! adapt$ organisation4 ,x solves ! great problem3 h[ c\ld ! f9ely adapt$ /ructure ( ! animal or plant body be =m$ unless x 0 built on a preconceiv$ plan8 ,x ?us enables u to disp5se ) ! teleology ( ! metaphysician & ! duali/1 & to set aside ! old my?ological & poetic leg5ds ( creation4 ,! idea _h occurr$ 9 vague =m to ! great ,emp$ocles #bjjj ye>s be=e ! "t ( ,d>w91 b x 0 res]v$ = mod]n rese>* to give x ample expression4 ,nev]!less1 natural selection does n ( itself give ! solution ( all our evolution>y problems4 ,x has to be tak5 9 conjunction ) ! trans=mism ( ,lam>ck1 ) :i* x is 9 complete h>mony4 ,! monum5tal greatness ( ,*>les ,d>w91 :o surpasses e o!r /ud5t ( sci5ce 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury by ! l(t9ess ( 8 moni/ic conception ( nature & ! progressive influ5ce ( 8 ideas1 is p]haps be/ se5 9 ! fact t n "o ( 8 _m successors has succe$$ 9 modify+ 8 !ory ( desc5t 9 any ess5tial po9t or 9 discov]+ an entirely new /&po9t 9 ! int]pretation ( ! organic _w4 ,nei!r ,nageli nor ,weismann1 nei!r ,de ,vries nor ,r\x1 has done ?is4 ,nageli1 9 8 ,me*anis*-,physiologis*e ,!orie d] ,ab/ammungslehre 7,muni*1 #ahhd471 :i* is to a great ext5t 9 agreem5t ) ,weismann1 con/ruct$ a !ory ( ! idioplasm1 t repres5ts x 7l ! g]m-plasm7 z develop+ cont9u\sly 9 a def9ite direction f int]nal causes4 ,b 8 int]nal pr9ciple ( progress is at ! bottom j z teleological z ! vital =ce ( ! ,vitali/s1 & ! micell> /ructure ( ! idioplasm is j z hypo!tical z ! dom9ant /ructure ( ! g]m-plasm4 ,9 #ahhi ,moritz ,wagn] s\ght to expla9 ! orig9 ( species by migration & isolation1 & on t basis con/ruct$ a special migration-!ory4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n out ( h>mony ) ! !ory ( selection4 ,x m]ely elevates "o s+le factor 9 ! !ory to a pr$om9ant position4 ,isolation is only a special case ( selection1 z ,i _h po9t$ out 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( my ,natural hi/ory ( creation4 ,! mutation-!ory ( ,de ,vries 7,die ,mutation/heorie1 ,leipzig1 #aijc471 t w\ld expla9 ! orig9 ( species by sudd5 & saltatory v>iations r ?an by gradual modification1 is reg>d$ by _m botani/s z a great /ep 9 advance1 b x is g5]ally reject$ by zoologi/s4 ,x af=ds no explanation ( ! facts ( adaptation1 & has no causal value4 ,mu* m important ?an ^! !ories is t ( ,wilhelm ,r\x 7,d] ,kampf d] ,!ile im ,organismus1 ,leipzig1 #ahha47 ( ! /ruggle ( p>ts )9 ! organism1 a supplem5tation ( ! !ory ( me*anical adaptation4 ,he expla9s ! functional aut(ormation ( ! purposive /ructure by a comb9ation ( ,d>w9's pr9ciple ( selection ) ,lam>ck's idea ( trans=mative h]$ity1 & applies ! two 9 conjunction to ! facts ( hi/ology4 ,he lays /ress on ! significance ( functional adaptation1 :i* ,i _h describ$ 9 #ahff1 "u ! head ( cumulative adaptation1 z ! mo/ important factor 9 evolution4 ,po9t+ out its influ5ce 9 ! cell-life ( ! tissues1 he puts cellul> selection above p]sonal selection1 & %[s h[ ! f9e/ conceivable adaptations 9 ! /ructure ( ! tissue may be br\ght ab\t q me*anically1 )\t preconceiv$ plan4 ,?is me*anical teleology is a valuable ext5sion ( ,d>w9's moni/ic pr9ciple ( selection to ! :ole field ( cellul> physiology & hi/ology1 & is :olly de/ructive ( duali/ic vitalism4 ,! mo/ important advance t evolution has made s9ce ,d>w9 & ! mo/ valuable amplification ( 8 !ory ( selection is1 9 my op9ion1 ! "w ( ,ri*>d ,semon3 ,die ,mneme als erhalt5des ,pr9zip im ,we*sel des organis*5 ,ges*eh5s 7,leipzig1 #aijd474 ,he (f]s a psy*ological explanation ( ! facts ( h]$ity by r$uc+ !m to a process ( 7unconsci\s7 memory4 ,! physiologi/ ,ewald ,h]+ _h %[n 9 #ahgj t memory mu/ be reg>d$ z a g5]al function ( organic matt]1 & t we are q unable to expla9 ! *ief vital ph5om5a1 especially ^? ( reproduction & inh]itance1 unless we admit ?is unconsci\s memory4 ,9 my essay ,die ,p]ig5esis d] ,pla/idule 7,b]l91 #ahgf47 ,i elaborat$ ?is f>-rea*+ idea1 & appli$ ! physical pr9ciple ( transmitt$ motion to ! pla/idules1 or active molecules ( plasm4 ,i conclud$ t h]$ity is ! memory ( ! pla/idules1 & v>iability _! p[] ( compreh5sion4 ,?is provisional attempt to give a me*anical explanation ( ! elem5t>y processes ( evolution ,i aft]w>ds ext5d$ by %[+ t s5sitiv5ess is 7z ,c>l ,nageli1 ,ern/ ,ma*1 & ,albre*t ,rau express x7 a g5]al quality ( matt]4 ,?is =m ( panpsy*ism f9ds its simple/ expression 9 ! tr9ity ( sub/ance4 ,to ! two fundam5tal attributes t ,sp9oza ascrib$ to sub/ance--,ext5sion 7matt] z occupy+ space7 & ,cogitation 7en]gy1 =ce7--we n[ add ! ?ird fundam5tal quality ( ,psy*oma 7s5sitiv5ess1 s\l74 ,i fur!r elaborat$ ?is tr9it>ian conception ( sub/ance 9 ! n9ete5? *apt] ( my ,die ,leb5swund] 7#aijd7 7,wond]s ( ,life1 ,london1 #aijd471 & x seems to me well calculat$ to af=d a moni/ic solution ( _m ( ! anti!ses ( philosophy4 ,?is important ,mneme-!ory ( ,semon & ! lum9\s physiological exp]im5ts & obs]vations associat$ ) x n only ?r[ consid]able light on trans=mative inh]itance1 b provide a s\nd physiological f\ndation = ! biog5etic law4 ,i _h endeav\r$ to %[ 9 #ahgd1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( my ,an?ropog5ie 7,engli% translation2 ,! ,evolution ( ,man1 #b volumes1 ,london1 #ahgi & #aije471 t ?is fundam5tal law ( organic evolution holds good g5]ally1 & t !re is ev]y:]e a direct causal connection betwe5 ontog5y & phylog5y4 ,phylog5esis is ! me*anical cause ( ontog5esis2 9 o!r words1 ,! evolution ( ! /em or race is--9 accordance ) ! laws ( h]$ity & adaptation--! real cause ( all ! *anges t appe>1 9 a cond5s$ =m1 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual organism f ! ovum1 9 ei!r ! embryo or ! l>va4 ,x is n[ fifty ye>s s9ce ,*>les ,d>w9 po9t$ out1 9 ! ?irte5? *apt] ( 8 epo*-mak+ ,orig9 ( ,species1 ! fundam5tal importance ( embryology 9 connection ) 8 !ory ( desc5t3 ,! lead+ facts 9 embryology1 :i* are second to none 9 importance1 are expla9$ on ! pr9ciple ( v>iations 9 ! _m desc5dants f "s "o anci5t prog5itor1 hav+ appe>$ at a n v e>ly p]iod ( life1 & hav+ be5 inh]it$ at a correspond+ p]iod4 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #cif47 ,he !n %[s t ! /rik+ resemblance ( ! embryos & l>vae ( closely relat$ animals1 :i* 9 ! mature /age belong to widely diff]5t species & g5]a1 c only be expla9$ by _! desc5t f a common prog5itor4 ,fritz ,mull] made a clos] /udy ( ^! important ph5om5a 9 ! in/ructive in/ance ( ! ,cru/acean l>va1 z giv5 9 8 able "w ,fur ,d>w9 7#ahfd74 7,engli% translation2 ,facts & ,argum5ts = ,d>w91 ,london1 #ahfi47 ,i !n1 9 #ahgb1 ext5d$ ! range s z to include all animals 7) ! exception ( ! unicellul> ,protozoa7 & %[$1 by means ( ! !ory ( ! ,ga/raea1 t all multicellul>1 tissue-=m+ animals--all ! ,metazoa--develop 9 ess5tially ! same way f ! prim>y g]m-lay]s4 ,i conceiv$ ! embryonic =m1 9 :i* ! :ole /ructure consi/s ( only two lay]s ( cells1 & is kn[n z ! ga/rula1 to be ! ontog5etic recapitulation1 ma9ta9$ by t5aci\s h]$ity1 ( a primitive common prog5itor ( all ! ,metazoa1 ! ,ga/raea4 ,at a lat] date 7#ahie7 ,monticelli discov]$ t ?is conjectural ance/ral =m is /ill pres]v$ 9 c]ta9 primitive ,coel5t]ata--,pemmatodiscus1 ,kun/l]ia1 & ! ne>ly-relat$ ,or?onectida4 ,! g5]al application ( ! biog5etic law to all classes ( animals & plants has be5 prov$ 9 my ,sy/ematis*e ,phylog5ie4 7#c volumes1 ,b]l91 #ahid-if47 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 frequ5tly *all5g$1 bo? by botani/s & zoologi/s1 *iefly ow+ to ! fact t _m h fail$ to di/+ui% its two ess5tial elem5ts1 pal+5esis & c5og5esis4 ,z e>ly z #ahgd ,i _h emphasis$1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( my ,evolution ( ,man1 ! importance ( discrim9at+ c>efully betwe5 ^! two sets ( ph5om5a3 ,9 ! evolution>y appreciation ( ! facts ( embryology we mu/ take p>ticul> c>e to di/+ui% %>ply & cle>ly betwe5 ! prim>y1 pal+5etic evolution>y processes & ! second>y1 c5og5etic processes4 ,! pal+5etic ph5om5a1 or embryonic ,,recapitulations1 are due to h]$ity1 to ! transmission ( *>act]s f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,!y enable u to draw direct inf]5ces 9 reg>d to correspond+ /ructures 9 ! developm5t ( ! species 7e4g4 ! *orda or ! bran*ial ar*es 9 all v]tebrate embryos74 ,! c5og5etic ph5om5a1 on ! o!r h&1 or ! embryonic ,,v>iations1 _c be trac$ to inh]itance f a mature ance/or1 b are due to ! adaptation ( ! embryo or ! l>va to c]ta9 conditions ( its individual developm5t 7e4g4 ! amnion1 ! allantois1 & ! vitell9e art]ies 9 ! embryos ( ! high] v]tebrates74 ,^! c5og5etic ph5om5a are lat] additions2 we mu/ n inf] f !m t !re 7 correspond+ processes 9 ! ance/ral hi/ory1 & h5ce !y are apt to mislead4 ,! fundam5tal importance ( ^! facts ( comp>ative anatomy1 atavism1 & ! rudim5t>y organs1 0 po9t$ out by ,d>w9 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 classic "w1 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex 7#ahga74 7,desc5t ( ,man 7,popul> ,edition71 page #ibg47 ,9 ! ,g5]al summ>y & conclusion 7*apt] ,,xxi47 he 0 able to say1 ) p]fect ju/ice3 ,he :o is n cont5t to look1 l a savage1 at ! ph5om5a ( nature z disconnect$1 _c any long] believe t man is ! "w ( a sep>ate act ( creation4 ,he w be =c$ to admit t ! close resemblance ( ! embryo ( man to t1 = in/ance1 ( a dog--! con/ruction ( 8 skull1 limbs1 & :ole frame on ! same plan ) t ( o!r mammals1 indep5d5tly ( ! uses to :i* ! p>ts may be put--! occasional reappe>ance ( v>i\s /ructures1 = in/ance ( sev]al muscles1 :i* man does n normally possess1 b :i* are common to ! ,quadrumana--& a cr[d ( analog\s facts--all po9t 9 ! pla9e/ mann] to ! conclusion t man is ! co-desc5dant ) o!r mammals ( a common prog5itor4 ,^! few l9es ( ,d>w9's h a great] sci5tific value ?an hundr$s ( ^? s-call$ an?ropological treatises1 :i* give detail$ descriptions ( s+le organs1 or ma!matical tables ) s]ies ( numb]s & :at are claim$ to be exact analyses1 b are devoid ( synoptic conclusions & a philosophical _s4 ,*>les ,d>w9 is n g5]ally recognis$ z a great an?ropologi/1 nor does ! s*ool ( mod]n an?ropologi/s reg>d him z a lead+ au?ority4 ,9 ,g]many1 especially1 ! great majority ( ! memb]s ( ! an?ropological societies took up an attitude ( ho/ility to him f ! v beg9n+ ( ! controv]sy 9 #ahfj4 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man 0 n m]ely reject$1 b ev5 ! discussion ( x 0 =bidd5 on ! gr\nd t x 0 unsci5tific4 ,! c5tre ( ?is invet]ate ho/ility = ?irty ye>s--especially aft] #ahgg--0 ,rudolph ,vir*[ ( ,b]l91 ! lead+ inve/igator 9 pa?ological anatomy1 :o did s mu* = ! re=m ( m$ic9e by 8 e/abli%m5t ( cellul> pa?ology 9 #aheh4 ,z a prom95t repres5tative ( exact or descriptive an?ropology1 & lack+ a broad equipm5t 9 comp>ative anatomy & ontog5y1 he 0 unable to accept ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,9 e>li] ye>s1 & especially dur+ 8 spl5did p]iod ( activity at ,wurzburg 7#ahdh-ahef71 he _h be5 a consi/5t free-?9k]1 & _h 9 a numb] ( able articles 7collect$ 9 8 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung57 7,gesammelte ,abh&lung5 zur wiss5s*aftli*5 ,m$iz91 ,b]l91 #ahef47 upheld ! unity ( human nature1 ! insep>ability ( body & _s4 ,9 lat] ye>s at ,b]l91 :]e he 0 m occupi$ ) political "w & sociology 7especially aft] #ahff71 he ab&on$ ! positive moni/ic position = "o ( agno/icism & scepticism1 & made concessions to ! duali/ic dogma ( a spiritual _w ap>t f ! mat]ial frame4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a ,sci5tific ,congress at ,muni* 9 #ahgg ! conflict ( ^! anti!tic views ( nature came into %>p relief4 ,at ?is memorable ,congress ,i _h und]tak5 to deliv] ! fir/ address 7,septemb] #ah?7 on ! subject ( ,mod]n evolution 9 relation to ! :ole ( sci5ce4 ,i ma9ta9$ t ,d>w9's !ory n only solv$ ! great problem ( ! orig9 ( species1 b t its implications1 especially 9 reg>d to ! nature ( man1 ?rew consid]able light on ! :ole ( sci5ce1 & on an?ropology 9 p>ticul>4 ,! discov]y ( ! real orig9 ( man by evolution f a long s]ies ( mammal ance/ors ?rew light on 8 place 9 nature 9 e aspect1 z ,huxley _h already %[n 9 8 excell5t lectures ( #ahfc4 ,j z all ! organs & tissues ( ! human body _h orig9at$ f ^? ( ! ne>e/ relat$ mammals1 c]ta9 ape-l =ms1 s we 7 b\nd to conclude t 8 m5tal qualities also _h be5 d]iv$ f ^? ( 8 ext9ct primate ance/or4 ,?is moni/ic view ( ! orig9 & nature ( man1 :i* is n[ admitt$ by ne>ly all :o h ! requisite acqua9tance ) biology1 & approa* ! subject )\t prejudice1 enc\nt]$ a %>p opposition at t "t4 ,! opposition f\nd its /ronge/ expression 9 an address t ,vir*[ deliv]$ at ,muni* f\r days aft]w>ds 7,septemb] #bbnd71 on ,! fre$om ( sci5ce 9 ! mod]n ,/ate4 ,he spoke ( ! !ory ( evolution z an unprov$ hypo!sis1 & decl>$ t x ought n to be taught 9 ! s*ools1 because x 0 dang]\s to ! ,/ate4 ,we mu/ n1 he said1 tea* t man has desc5d$ f ! ape or any o!r animal4 ,:5 ,d>w91 usually s l5i5t 9 8 judgm5t1 read ! ,engli% translation ( ,vir*['s spee*1 he express$ 8 disapproval 9 /rong t]ms4 ,b ! great au?ority t ,vir*[ _h--an au?ority well f\nd$ 9 pa?ology & sociology--& 8 pre/ige z ,presid5t ( ! ,g]man ,an?ropological ,society1 _h ! effect ( prev5t+ any memb] ( ! ,society f rais+ s]i\s opposition to him = ?irty ye>s4 ,numb]s ( j\rnals & treatises repeat$ 8 dogmatic /atem5t3 ,x is q c]ta9 t man has desc5d$ nei!r f ! ape nor f any o!r animal4 ,9 ?is he p]si/$ till 8 dea? 9 #aijb4 ,s9ce t "t ! :ole position ( ,g]man an?ropology has *ang$4 ,! "q is no long] :e!r man 0 creat$ by a di/9ct sup]natural act or evolv$ f o!r mammals1 b to :i* l9e ( ! animal hi]>*y we mu/ look = ! actual s]ies ( ance/ors4 ,! int]e/$ read] w f9d an acc\nt ( ?is battle ( ,muni* 7#ahgg7 9 my ?ree ,b]l9 lectures 7,april1 #aije7 7,d] ,kampf um die ,entwickelungs-,g$ank54 7,engli% translation2 ,la/ ,words on ,evolution1 ,london1 #aijf477 ,! ma9 po9ts 9 our g5ealogical tree 7 cle>ly recognis$ by ,d>w9 9 ! six? *apt] ( ! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,l[ly organis$ fi%es1 l ! lancelet 7,amphioxus71 are desc5d$ f l[] inv]tebrates resembl+ ! l>vae ( an exi/+ ,tunicate 7,app5dicul>ia74 ,f ^! primitive fi%es 7 evolv$ high] fi%es ( ! ganoid type & o!rs ( ! type ( ,lepidosir5 7,dipneu/a74 ,x is a v small /ep f ^! to ! ,amphibia3 ,9 ! class ( mammals ! /eps are n difficult to conceive :i* l$ f ! anci5t ,monotremata to ! anci5t ,m>supials2 & f ^! to ! e>ly prog5itors ( ! plac5tal mammals4 ,we may ?us asc5d to ! ,lemuridae2 & ! int]val is n v wide f ^! to ! ,simiadae4 ,! ,simiadae !n bran*$ (f into two great /ems1 ! ,new ,_w & ,old ,_w monkeys2 & f ! latt]1 at a remote p]iod1 ,man1 ! wond] & glory ( ! ,univ]se1 proce$$4 7,desc5t ( ,man 7,popul> ,edition71 page #bee47 ,9 ^! few l9es ,d>w9 cle>ly indicat$ ! way 9 :i* we 7 to conceive our ance/ral s]ies )9 ! v]tebrates4 ,x is fully confirm$ by all ! argum5ts ( comp>ative anatomy & embryology1 ( palaeontology & physiology2 & all ! rese>* ( ! subsequ5t =ty ye>s has gone to e/abli% x4 ,! deep int]e/ 9 geology :i* ,d>w9 ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t 8 life & 8 complete k ( palaeontology enabl$ him to grasp ! fundam5tal importance ( ! palaeontological record m cle>ly ?an an?ropologi/s & zoologi/s usually d4 ,!re has be5 mu* debate 9 subsequ5t decades :e!r ,d>w9 himself ma9ta9$ t man 0 desc5d$ f ! ape1 & _m writ]s h s\ght to d5y x4 ,b ! l9es ,i h quot$ v]batim f ! conclusion ( ! six? *apt] ( ! ,desc5t ( ,man 7#ahga7 leave no d\bt t he 0 z firmly conv9c$ ( x z 0 8 great precursor ,jean ,lam>ck 9 #ahji4 ,moreov]1 ,d>w9 adds1 ) p>ticul> explicitness1 9 ! g5]al summ>y & conclusion 7*apt] ,,xxi47 ( t /&>d "w 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #icj473 ,by consid]+ ! embryological /ructure ( man--! homologies :i* he pres5ts ) ! l[] animals1--! rudim5ts :i* he reta9s1--& ! rev]sions to :i* he is liable1 we c p>tly recall 9 imag9ation ! =m] condition ( our e>ly prog5itors2 & c approximately place !m 9 _! prop] place 9 ! zoological s]ies4 ,we ?us le>n t man is desc5d$ f a hairy1 tail$ quadrup$1 probably arboreal 9 its habits1 & an inhabitant ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,?is creature1 if its :ole /ructure _h be5 exam9$ by a naturali/1 w\ld h be5 class$ among/ ! ,quadrumana1 z surely z ! /ill m anci5t prog5itor ( ! ,old & ,new ,_w monkeys4 ,^! cle> & def9ite l9es leave no d\bt t ,d>w9--s critical & cauti\s 9 reg>d to important conclusions--0 q z firmly conv9c$ ( ! desc5t ( man f ! apes 7! ,cat>rh9ae1 9 p>ticul>7 z ,lam>ck 0 9 #ahji & ,huxley 9 #ahfc4 ,x is to be not$ p>ticul>ly t1 9 ^! & o!r obs]vations on ! subject1 ,d>w9 decid$ly assumes ! monophyletic orig9 ( ! mammals1 includ+ man4 ,x is my own conviction t ?is is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,a numb] ( difficult que/ions 9 reg>d to ! developm5t ( man1 9 respect ( anatomy1 physiology1 psy*ology1 & embryology1 are easily settl$ if we d n m]ely ext5d our progonotaxis to our ne>e/ relatives1 ! an?ropoid apes & ! tail$ monkeys f :i* ^! h desc5d$1 b g fur!r back & f9d an ance/or 9 ! gr\p ( ! ,lemuridae1 & /ill fur!r back to ! ,m>supials & ,monotremata4 ,! ess5tial id5tity ( all ! ,mammals 9 po9t ( anatomical /ructure & embryonic developm5t--9 spite ( _! a/oni%+ diff]5ces 9 ext]nal appe>ance & habits ( life--is s palpably significant t mod]n zoologi/s are agre$ 9 ! hypo!sis t !y h all sprung f a common root1 & t ?is root may be s\ght 9 ! e>li] ,palaeozoic ,amphibia4 ,! fundam5tal importance ( ?is comp>ative morphology ( ! ,mammals1 z a s\nd basis ( sci5tific an?ropology1 0 recognis$ j be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ,lam>ck fir/ emphasis$ 7#agid7 ! division ( ! animal k+dom into ,v]tebrates & ,inv]tebrates4 ,ev5 ?irte5 ye>s e>li] 7#agha71 :5 ,goe! made a close /udy ( ! mammal skeleton 9 ! ,anatomical ,in/itute at ,j5a1 he 0 int5sely int]e/$ to f9d t ! composition ( ! skull 0 ! same 9 man z 9 ! o!r mammals4 ,8 discov]y ( ! os int]maxill>e 9 man 7#aghd71 :i* 0 contradict$ by mo/ ( ! anatomi/s ( ! "t1 & 8 +5i\s v]tebral !ory ( ! skull1 7 ! spl5did fruit ( 8 morphological /udies4 ,!y rem9d u h[ ,g]many's greate/ philosoph] & poet 0 = _m ye>s ard5tly absorb$ 9 ! comp>ative anatomy ( man & ! mammals1 & h[ he div9$ t _! wond]ful id5tity 9 /ructure 0 no m]e sup]ficial resemblance1 b po9t$ to a deep int]nal connection4 ,9 my ,g5]elle ,morphologie 7#ahff71 9 :i* ,i publi%$ ! fir/ attempts to con/ruct phylog5etic trees1 ,i h giv5 a numb] ( rem>kable !ses ( ,goe!1 :i* may be call$ phyletic prophecies4 ,!y ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ him z a precursor ( ,d>w94 ,9 ! ensu+ =ty ye>s ,i h made _m consci5ti\s ef=ts to p5etrate fur!r along t l9e ( an?ropological rese>* t 0 op5$ up by ,goe!1 ,lam>ck1 & ,d>w94 ,i h br\ght toge!r ! _m valuable results t h con/antly be5 rea*$ 9 comp>ative anatomy1 physiology1 ontog5y1 & palaeontology1 & ma9ta9$ ! ef=t to re=m ! classification ( animals & plants 9 an evolution>y s5se4 ,! fir/ r\gh drafts ( p$igrees t 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,g5]elle ,morphologie h be5 improv$ "t aft] "t 9 ! t5 editions ( my ,naturali*e ,s*opfungsges*i*te 7#ahfh-aijb74 7,engli% translation2 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ,london1 #ahgf47 ,a s\nd] basis = my phyletic hypo!ses1 d]iv$ f a discrim9at+ comb9ation ( ! ?ree great records--morphology1 ontog5y1 & palaeontology--0 provid$ 9 ! ?ree volumes ( my ,sy/ematis*e ,phylog5ie 7,b]l91 #ahid-if47 7#ahid ,proti/s & ,plants1 #ahie ,v]tebrates1 #ahif ,inv]tebrates74 ,9 my ,an?ropog5ie 7,leipzig1 #ahgd1 #e? edition #aije4 ,engli% translation2 ,! ,evolution ( ,man1 ,london1 #aije47 ,i endeav\r$ to employ all ! kn[n facts ( comp>ative ontog5y 7embryology7 = ! purpose ( complet+ my s*eme ( human phylog5y 7evolution74 ,i attempt$ to sket* ! hi/orical developm5t ( ea* organ ( ! body1 beg9n+ ) ! mo/ elem5t>y /ructures 9 ! g]m-lay]s ( ! ,ga/raea4 ,at ! same "t ,i drew up a correct$ /atem5t ( ! mo/ important /eps 9 ! l9e ( our ance/ral s]ies4 ,at ! f\r? ,int]national ,congress ( ,zoology at ,cambridge 7,augu/ #bf?1 #ahih7 ,i deliv]$ an address on ,our pres5t k ( ! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 enri*$ ) _m valuable notes & additions1 by my fri5d & pupil 9 e>li] days ,dr ,hans ,gad[ 7,cambridge71 & publi%$ "u ! title3 ,! ,la/ ,l9k2 our pres5t k ( ! ,desc5t ( ,man4 7,london1 #ahih47 ,! det]m9ation ( ! *ief animal =ms t occur 9 ! l9e ( our ance/ry is !re re/rict$ to ?irty types1 & ^! are di/ribut$ 9 six ma9 gr\ps4 ,! fir/ half ( ?is ,progonotaxis hom9is1 :i* has no support f fossil evid5ce1 comprises ?ree gr\ps3 7i7 ,proti/a 7unicellul> organisms1 #a-e3 7ii7 ,inv]tebrate ,metazoa 7,coel5t]ia #f-h1 ,v]malia #i-aa73 7iii7 ,monorrh9e ,v]tebrates 7,acrania #ab-ac1 ,cyclo/oma #ad-ae74 ,! second half1 :i* is bas$ on fossil records1 also comprises ?ree gr\ps3 7iv7 ,palaeozoic cold-blood$ ,craniota 7,fi%es #af-ah1 ,amphibia #ai1 ,reptiles #bj3 7v7 ,mesozoic ,mammals 7,monotrema #ba1 ,m>supialia #bb1 ,mallo!ria #bc73 7vi7 ,c5ozoic ,primates 7,lemuridae #bd-be1 ,tail$ ,apes #bf-bg1 ,an?ropomorpha #bh-cj74 ,an improv$ & enl>g$ edition ( ?is hypo!tic ,progonotaxis hom9is 0 publi%$ 9 #aijh1 9 my essay ,uns]e ,ahn5reihe4 7,fe/s*rift zur #cej-;jahrig5 ,jubelfei] d] ,?ur+] ,univ]sitat ,j5a4 ,j5a1 #aijh47 ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 fur!r+1 9 "s degree1 by ^! an?ropological works1 ! solution ( ! great problem ( ,man's place 9 nature1 & p>ticul>ly 9 help+ to trace ! def9ite /ages 9 our ance/ral s]ies1 ,i owe ! success1 n m]ely to ! va/ progress t biology has made 9 ! la/ half c5tury1 b l>gely to ! lum9\s example ( ! great inve/igators :o h appli$ !mselves to ! problem1 ) s mu* assiduity & g5ius1 = a c5tury & a qu>t]--,i mean ,goe! & ,lam>ck1 ,geg5baur & ,huxley1 b1 above all1 ,*>les ,d>w94 ,x 0 ! great g5ius ( ,d>w9 t fir/ br\ght toge!r ! scatt]$ mat]ial ( biology & %ap$ x into t symmetrical temple ( sci5tific k1 ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,x 0 ,d>w9 :o put ! cr[n on ! edifice by 8 !ory ( natural selection4 ,n until ?is broad inductive law 0 firmly e/abli%$ 0 x possible to v9dicate ! special conclusion1 ! desc5t ( man f a s]ies ( o!r ,v]tebrates4 ,by 8 illum9at+ discov]y ,d>w9 did m = an?ropology ?an ?\s&s ( ^? writ]s1 :o are m specifically titl$ an?ropologi/s1 h done by _! te*nical treatises4 ,we may1 inde$1 say t x is n m]ely z an exact obs]v] & +5i\s exp]im5t]1 b z a di/+ui%$ an?ropologi/ & f>-see+ ?9k]1 t ,d>w9 takes 8 place among ! greate/ m5 ( sci5ce ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to appreciate fully ! immortal m]it ( ,d>w9 9 connection ) an?ropology1 we mu/ rememb] t n only did 8 *ief "w1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 :i* op5$ up a new era 9 natural hi/ory 9 #ahei1 su/a9 ! mo/ virul5t & widespread opposition = a l5g?y p]iod1 b ev5 ?irty ye>s lat]1 :5 its pr9ciples 7 g5]ally recognis$ & adopt$1 ! application ( !m to man 0 en]getically conte/$ by _m high sci5tific au?orities4 ,ev5 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace1 :o discov]$ ! pr9ciple ( natural selection indep5d5tly 9 #aheh1 did n conc$e t x 0 applicable to ! high] m5tal & moral qualities ( man4 ,dr ,wallace /ill holds a spirituali/ & duali/ view ( ! nature ( man1 cont5d+ t he is compos$ ( a mat]ial frame 7desc5d$ f ! apes7 & an immortal immat]ial s\l 7infus$ by a high] p[]74 ,?is dual conception1 moreov]1 is /ill pr$om9ant 9 ! wide circles ( mod]n !ology & metaphysics1 & has ! g5]al & influ5tial adh]5ce ( ! m cons]vative classes ( society4 ,9 /rict contradiction to ?is my/ical dualism1 :i* is g5]ally connect$ ) teleology & vitalism1 ,d>w9 always ma9ta9$ ! complete unity ( human nature1 & %[$ conv9c+ly t ! psy*ological side ( man 0 develop$1 9 ! same way z ! body1 f ! less advanc$ s\l ( ! an?ropoid ape1 &1 at a /ill m remote p]iod1 f ! c]ebral functions ( ! old] v]tebrates4 ,! eigh? *apt] ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 :i* is devot$ to in/9ct1 conta9s weighty evid5ce t ! in/9cts ( animals are subject1 l all o!r vital processes1 to ! g5]al laws ( hi/oric developm5t4 ,! special in/9cts ( p>ticul> species 7 =m$ by adaptation1 & ! modifications ?us acquir$ 7 h&$ on to po/]ity by h]$ity2 9 _! =mation & pres]vation natural selection plays ! same "p z 9 ! trans=mation ( e o!r physiological function4 ,! high] moral qualities ( civilis$ man h be5 d]iv$ f ! l[] m5tal functions ( ! uncultivat$ b>b>ians & savages1 & ^! 9 turn f ! social in/9cts ( ! mammals4 ,?is natural & moni/ic psy*ology ( ,d>w9's 0 aft]w>ds m fully develop$ by 8 fri5d ,george ,romanes 9 8 excell5t works ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals & ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,man4 7,london1 #ahhe2 #ahhh47 ,_m valuable & mo/ int]e/+ contributions to ?is moni/ic psy*ology ( man 7 made by ,d>w9 9 8 f9e "w on ,! ,desc5t ( ,man & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex1 & aga9 9 8 supplem5t>y "w1 ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals4 ,to und]/& ! hi/orical developm5t ( ,d>w9's an?ropology "o mu/ read 8 life & ! introduction to ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,f ! mom5t t he 0 conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple ( desc5t--t is to say1 f 8 ?irtie? ye>1 9 #ahch--;he recognis$ cle>ly t man c\ld n be exclud$ f its range4 ,he recognis$ z a logical necessity ! important conclusion t man is ! co-desc5dant ) o!r species ( "s anci5t1 l[]1 & ext9ct =m4 ,= _m ye>s he ga!r$ notes & argum5ts 9 support ( ?is !sis1 & = ! purpose ( %[+ ! probable l9e ( man's ance/ry4 ,b 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#ahei7 he re/rict$ himself to ! s+le l9e1 t by ?is "w light w\ld be ?r[n on ! orig9 ( man & 8 hi/ory4 ,9 ! fifty ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce t "t ! sci5ce ( ! orig9 & nature ( man has made a/oni%+ progress1 & we are n[ fairly agre$ 9 a moni/ic conception ( nature t reg>ds ! :ole univ]se1 includ+ man1 z a wond]ful unity1 gov]n$ by unalt]able & et]nal laws4 ,9 my philosophical book ,die ,weltratsel 7#ahii7 7,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se1 ,london1 #aijj47 & 9 ! supplem5t>y volume ,die ,leb5swund] 7#aijd7 ,! ,wond]s ( ,life1 ,london1 7#aijd471 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t ?is pure monism is securely e/abli%$1 & t ! admission ( ! all-p[]ful rule ( ! same pr9ciple ( evolution ?r\gh\t ! univ]se compels u to =mulate a s+le supreme law--! all-embrac+ ,law ( ,sub/ance1 or ! unit$ laws ( ! con/ancy ( matt] & ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,we %\ld nev] h rea*$ ?is supreme g5]al conception if ,*>les ,d>w9--a moni/ic philosoph] 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w--_h n prep>$ ! way by 8 !ory ( desc5t by natural selection1 & cr[n$ ! great "w ( 8 life by ! association ( ?is !ory ) a naturali/ic an?ropology4 ,,ix4 ,,"s ,,primitive ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,man4 ,by ,j4,g4 ,,fraz]4 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,on a bright day 9 late autumn a good _m ye>s ago ,i _h asc5d$ ! hill ( ,panopeus 9 ,phocis to exam9e ! anci5t ,greek =tifications :i* cre/ its br[4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 b ! wea!r 0 v hot2 & :5 my "w among ! ru9s 0 done1 ,i 0 glad to re/ "u ! %ade ( a clump ( f9e holly-oaks1 to inhale ! sweet refre%+ p]fume ( ! wild ?yme :i* sc5t$ all ! air1 & to enjoy ! di/ant prospects1 ri* 9 natural beauty1 ri* too 9 memories ( ! leg5d>y & hi/oric pa/4 ,to ! s\? ! f9ely-cut peak ( ,helicon pe]$ ov] ! l[ int]v5+ hills4 ,9 ! we/ loom$ ! mighty mass ( ,p>nassus1 its middle slopes d>k5$ by p9e-woods l %ad[s ( cl\ds brood+ on ! m\nta9-side2 :ile at its skirts ne/l$ ! ivy-mantl$ walls ( ,daulis ov]hang+ ! deep gl51 ^: romantic beauty accords s well ) ! loves & sorr[s ( ,procne & ,philomela1 :i* ,greek tradition associat$ ) ! spot4 ,nor?w>ds1 across ! broad pla9 to :i* ! hill ( ,panopeus desc5ds1 /eep & b>e1 ! eye re/$ on ! gap 9 ! hills ?r\gh :i* ! ,cephissus w9ds 8 tortu\s way to fl[ "u grey will[s1 at ! foot ( b>r5 /ony hills1 till 8 turbid wat]s lose !mselves1 no long] 9 ! va/ re$y swamps ( ! n[ vani%$ ,copaic ,lake1 b 9 ! d>kness ( a cav]n 9 ! lime/one rock4 ,ea/w>d1 cl++ to ! slopes ( ! bleak range ( :i* ! hill ( ,panopeus =ms "p1 7 ! ru9s ( ,*a]onea1 ! bir?place ( ,plut>*2 & out !re 9 ! pla9 0 f\ght ! disa/r\s battle :i* laid ,greece at ! feet ( ,mac$onia4 ,!re1 too1 9 a lat] age ,ea/ & ,we/ met 9 deadly conflict1 :5 ! ,roman armies "u ,sulla defeat$ ! ,asiatic ho/s ( ,mi?ridates4 ,su* 0 ! l&scape spread out be=e me on "o ( ^? f>ewell autumn days ( almo/ pa!tic spl5d\r1 :5 ! dep>t+ summ] seems to l+] fondly1 z if lo? to resign to w9t] ! en*ant$ m\nta9s ( ,greece4 ,next day ! sc5e _h *ang$3 summ] 0 gone4 ,a grey ,novemb] mi/ hung l[ on ! hills :i* only ye/]day _h %one respl5d5t 9 ! sun1 & "u its melan*oly curta9 ! dead flat ( ! ,*a]onean pla91 a wide treeless expanse %ut 9 by desolate slopes1 wore an aspect ( *illy sadness befitt+ ! battlefield :]e a nation's fre$om 0 lo/4 ,b cr[d$ z ! prospect f ,panopeus is ) memories ( ! pa/1 ! place itself1 n[ s /ill & des]t$1 0 once ! sc5e ( an ev5t ev5 m anci5t & memorable1 if ,greek /ory-tell]s c be tru/$4 ,= "h1 !y say1 ! sage ,prome!us creat$ our fir/ p>5ts by fa%ion+ !m1 l a pott]1 out ( clay4 7,pausanias ,x4 #d4d4 ,comp>e ,apollodorus1 ,biblio!ca1 ,i4 #g4 #a2 ,ovid1 ,metamorph4 ,i4 #hb sq42 ,juv5al1 ,sat4 ,,xiv4 #ce4 ,accord+ to ano!r v]sion ( ! tale1 ?is creation ( mank9d took place n at ,panopeus1 b at ,iconium 9 ,lycaonia4 ,aft] ! orig9al race ( mank9d _h be5 de/roy$ 9 ! great flood ( ,deucalion1 ! ,greek ,noah1 ,zeus comm&$ ,prome!us & ,a!na to create m5 afre% by m\ld+ images out ( clay1 brea?+ ! w9ds into !m1 & mak+ !m live4 ,see ,etymologicum ,magnum1 s4v4 ',ikonion1 pages #dgj sq4 ,x is said t ,prome!us fa%ion$ ! animals z well z m51 giv+ to ea* k9d ( bea/ its prop] nature4 ,see ,philemon1 quot$ by ,/obaeus1 ,florilegium ,,ii4 #bg4 ,! creation ( man by ,prome!us is figur$ on anci5t works ( art4 ,see ,j4 ,t\ta91 ,etudes de ,my?ologie et d',hi/oire des ,religions ,antiques 7,p>is1 #aiji71 page #aij4 ,accord+ to ,hesiod 7,works & ,days1 #fj sqq47 x 0 ,hephae/us :o at ! bidd+ ( ,zeus m\ld$ ! fir/ woman out ( moi/ e>?47 ,! v spot :]e he did s c /ill be se54 ,x is a =lorn little gl5 or r holl[ beh9d ! hill ( ,panopeus1 bel[ ! ru9$ b /ill /ately walls & t[]s :i* cr[n ! grey rocks ( ! summit4 ,! gl51 :5 ,i visit$ x t hot day aft] ! long dr\ght ( summ]1 0 q dry2 no wat] trickl$ d[n its bu%y sides1 b 9 ! bottom ,i f\nd a r$di% crumbl+ e>?1 a relic p]haps ( ! clay out ( :i* ! pott] ,prome!us m\ld$ ! ,greek ,adam & ,eve4 ,9 a volume d$icat$ to ! hon\r ( "o :o has done m ?an any o!r 9 mod]n times to %ape ! ideas ( mank9d z to _! orig9 x may n be out ( place to recall ?is crude ,greek notion ( ! creation ( ! human race1 & to comp>e or contra/ x ) o!r rudim5t>y speculations ( primitive peoples on ! same subject1 if only = ! sake ( m>k+ ! int]val :i* divides ! *ildhood f ! maturity ( sci5ce4 ,! simple notion t ! fir/ man & woman 7 modell$ out ( clay by a god or o!r sup]human be+ is f\nd 9 ! traditions ( _m peoples4 ,?is is ! ,hebrew belief record$ 9 ,g5esis3 ,! ,"l ,god =m$ man ( ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils ! brea? ( life2 & man became a liv+ s\l4 7,g5esis ii4#g47 ,to ! ,hebrews ?is d]ivation ( our species sugge/$ itself all ! m naturally because 9 _! language ! ^w = gr\nd 7adamah7 is 9 =m ! fem99e ( ! ^w = man 7adam74 7,s4,r4 ,driv] & ,w4,h4,b5nett1 9 _! comm5t>ies on ,g5esis ii4 #g47 ,f v>i\s allusions 9 ,babylonian lit]ature x w\ld seem t ! ,babylonians also conceiv$ man to h be5 m\ld$ out ( clay4 7,h4 ,zimm]n1 9 ,e4 ,s*rad]'s ,die ,keil9s*rift5 und das ,alte ,te/am5t #c 7,b]l91 #aijb71 page #ejf47 ,accord+ to ,b]osus1 ! ,babylonian prie/ ^: acc\nt ( creation has be5 pres]v$ 9 a ,greek v]sion1 ! god ,bel cut (f 8 own head1 & ! o!r gods caught ! fl[+ blood1 mix$ x ) e>?1 & fa%ion$ m5 out ( ! bloody pa/e2 & t1 !y said1 is :y m5 are s wise1 because _! mortal clay is temp]$ ) div9e blood4 7,eusebius1 ,*ronicon1 ed4 ,a4 ,s*o5e1 ,vol4 ,i4 7,b]l91 #ahge71 col4 #af47 ,9 ,egyptian my?ology ,khn\m\1 ! ,fa!r ( ! gods1 is said to h m\ld$ m5 out ( clay4 7,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t ,classique1 ,i4 7,p>is1 #ahie71 page #abh47 ,we _c d\bt t su* crude conceptions ( ! orig9 ( our race 7 h&$ d[n to ! civilis$ peoples ( antiquity by _! savage or b>b>\s =efa!rs4 ,c]ta9ly /ories ( ! same sort are kn[n to be curr5t among savages & b>b>ians4 ,?us ! ,au/ralian blacks 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,melb\rne said t ,pund-jel1 ! creator1 cut ?ree l>ge %eets ( b>k ) 8 big knife4 ,on "o ( ^! he plac$ "s clay & work$ x up ) 8 knife into a prop] consi/5ce4 ,he !n laid a portion ( ! clay on "o ( ! o!r pieces ( b>k & %ap$ x into a human =m2 fir/ he made ! feet1 !n ! legs1 !n ! trunk1 ! arms1 & ! head4 ,?us he made a clay man on ea* ( ! two pieces ( b>k2 & be+ well pleas$ ) !m he danc$ r\nd !m = joy4 ,next he took /r+y b>k f ! ,eucalyptus tree1 made hair ( x1 & /uck x on ! heads ( 8 clay m54 ,!n he look$ at !m aga91 0 pleas$ ) 8 "w1 & aga9 danc$ r\nd !m = joy4 ,he !n lay d[n on !m1 blew 8 brea? h>d into _! m\?s1 _! noses1 & _! navels2 & pres5tly !y /irr$1 spoke1 & rose up z full-gr[n m54 7,r4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria 7,melb\rne1 #ahgh71 ,i4 #dbd4 ,?is & _m ( ! foll[+ leg5ds ( creation h be5 already cit$ by me 9 a note on ,pausanias ,x4 #d4 #d 7,pausanias's ,description ( ,greece1 translat$ ) a ,comm5t>y 7,london1 #ahih71 ,vol ,v4 pages #bbj sq4747 ,! ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal& say t ,tiki made man aft] 8 own image4 ,he took r$ clay1 knead$ x1 l ! ,babylonian ,bel1 ) 8 own blood1 fa%ion$ x 9 human =m1 & gave ! image brea?4 ,z he _h made man 9 8 own lik5ess he call$ him ,tiki-ahua or ,tiki's lik5ess4 7,r4 ,taylor ,te ,ika ,a ,maui1 or ,new ,zeal& & its ,inhabitants1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahgj71 page #aag4 ,comp>e ,e4 ,%ortl&1 ,maori ,religion & ,my?ology 7,london1 #ahhb71 pages #ba sq47 ,a v g5]ally receiv$ tradition 9 ,tahiti 0 t ! fir/ human pair 0 made by ,ta>oa1 ! *ief god4 ,!y say t aft] he _h =m$ ! _w he creat$ man out ( r$ e>?1 :i* 0 also ! food ( mank9d until bread-fruit 0 produc$4 ,fur!r1 "s say t "o day ,ta>oa call$ = ! man by "n1 & :5 he came he made him fall asleep4 ,z he slept1 ! creator took out "o ( 8 bones 7ivi7 & made a woman ( x1 :om he gave to ! man to be 8 wife1 & ! pair became ! prog5itors ( mank9d4 ,?is n>rative 0 tak5 d[n f ! lips ( ! natives 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! mission to ,tahiti4 ,! mission>y :o records x obs]ves3 ,?is always appe>$ to me a m]e recital ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( creation1 :i* !y _h he>d f "s ,european1 & ,i nev] plac$ any reliance on x1 al?\gh !y h repeat$ly told me x 0 a tradition among !m be=e any =eign] arriv$4 ,"s h also /at$ t ! woman's "n 0 ,ivi1 :i* w\ld be by !m pron\nc$ z if writt5 ,eve4 ,ivi is an aborig9al ^w1 & n only signifies a bone1 b also a wid[1 & a victim sla9 9 w>4 ,not)/&+ ! ass]tion ( ! natives1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ,ivi1 or ,eve1 is ! only aborig9al "p ( ! /ory1 z f> z x respects ! "m ( ! human race4 7,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahcb71 ,i4 #aaj sq4 ,ivi or iwi is ! regul> ^w = bone 9 ! v>i\s ,polynesian languages4 ,see ,e4 ,trege>1 ,! ,maori-,polynesian ,comp>ative ,diction>y 7,well+ton1 ,new ,zeal&1 #ahia71 page #aji47 ,h[ev]1 ! same tradition has be5 record$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,polynesia besides ,tahiti4 ,?us ! natives ( ,faka(o or ,b[dit* ,isl& say t ! fir/ man 0 produc$ out ( a /one4 ,aft] a "t he be?\ght him ( mak+ a woman4 ,s he ga!r$ e>? & m\ld$ ! figure ( a woman out ( x1 & hav+ done s he took a rib out ( 8 left side & ?ru/ x into ! e>!n figure1 :i* !reupon />t$ up a live woman4 ,he call$ h] ,ivi 7,eevee7 or rib & took h] to wife1 & ! :ole human race sprang f ?is pair4 7,g4 ,turn]1 ,samoa 7,london1 #ahhd71 pages #bfg sq47 ,! ,maoris also are report$ to believe t ! fir/ woman 0 made out ( ! fir/ man's ribs4 7,j4,l4 ,ni*olas1 ,n>rative ( a ,voyage to ,new ,zeal& 7,london1 #ahag71 ,i4 #ei1 :o writes & to add /ill m to ?is /range co9cid5ce1 ! g5]al t]m = bone is ',hevee'47 ,?is wide diffusion ( ! /ory 9 ,polynesia raises a d\bt :e!r x is m]ely1 z ,ellis ?\ght1 a repetition ( ! ,biblical n>rative le>n$ f ,europeans4 ,9 ,nui1 or ,ne!rl& ,isl&1 x 0 ! god ,aulialia :o made e>!n models ( a man & woman1 rais$ !m up1 & made !m live4 ,he call$ ! man ,tepapa & ! woman ,tetata4 7,g4 ,turn]1 ,samoa1 pages #cjj sq47 ,9 ! ,pelew ,isl&s !y say t a bro!r & si/] made m5 out ( clay knead$ ) ! blood ( v>i\s animals1 & t ! *>act]s ( ^! fir/ m5 & ( _! desc5dants 7 det]m9$ by ! *>act]s ( ! animals ^: blood _h be5 knead$ ) ! primordial clay2 = in/ance1 m5 :o h rat's blood 9 !m are ?ieves1 m5 :o h s]p5t's blood 9 !m are sneaks1 & m5 :o h cock's blood 9 !m are brave4 7,j4 ,kub>y1 ,die ,religion d] ,pelau]1 9 ,a4 ,ba/ian's ,all]lei aus ,volks- und ,m5s*5kunde 7,b]l91 #ahhh71 ,i4 #c1 #ef47 ,accord+ to a ,melanesian leg5d1 told 9 ,mota1 "o ( ! ,banks ,isl&s1 ! h]o ,qat m\ld$ m5 ( clay1 ! r$ clay f ! m>%y riv]-side at ,vanua ,lava4 ,at fir/ he made m5 & pigs j alike1 b 8 bro!rs remon/rat$ ) him1 s he beat d[n ! pigs to g on all f\rs & made m5 walk upright4 ,qat fa%ion$ ! fir/ woman out ( supple twigs1 & :5 %e smil$ he knew %e 0 a liv+ woman4 7,r4,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians 7,ox=d1 #ahia71 page #aeh47 ,a some:at diff]5t v]sion ( ! ,melanesian /ory is told at ,lakona1 9 ,santa ,m>ia4 ,!re !y say t ,qat & ano!r _s 7vui7 call$ ,m>awa bo? made m54 ,qat made !m out ( ! wood ( draca5a-trees4 ,six days he work$ at !m1 c>v+ _! limbs & fitt+ !m toge!r4 ,!n he all[$ !m six days to come to life4 ,?ree days he hid !m away1 & ?ree days m he work$ to make !m live4 ,he set !m up & danc$ to !m & beat 8 drum1 & little by little !y /irr$1 till at la/ !y c\ld /& all by !mselves4 ,!n ,qat divid$ !m into pairs & call$ ea* pair husb& & wife4 ,m>awa also made m5 out ( a tree1 b x 0 a diff]5t tree1 ! tavisoviso4 ,he likewise work$ at !m six days1 beat 8 drum1 & made !m live1 j z ,qat did4 ,b :5 he saw !m move1 he dug a pit & buri$ !m 9 x = six days1 & !n1 :5 he scrap$ away ! e>? to see :at !y 7 do+1 he f\nd !m all rott5 & /9k+4 ,t 0 ! orig9 ( dea?4 7,r4,h4 ,codr+ton op4 cit41 pages #aeg sq47 ,! inhabitants ( ,noo-,hoo-roa1 9 ! ,kei ,isl&s say t _! ance/ors 7 fa%ion$ out ( clay by ! supreme god1 ,dooadl]a1 :o brea!d life into ! clay figures4 7,c4,m4 ,pleyte1 ,e?nographis*e ,bes*rijv+ d] ,kei-,eil&51 ,tijds*rift van het ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie ,x4 7#ahic71 page #efd47 ,! aborig9es ( ,m9ahassa1 9 ! nor? ( ,celebes1 say t two be+s call$ ,wailan ,wangko & ,wangi 7 alone on an isl&1 on :i* grew a cocoa-nut tree4 ,said ,wailan ,wangko to ,wangi1 ,rema9 on e>? :ile ,i climb up ! tree4 ,said ,wangi to ,wailan ,wangko1 ,good4 ,b !n a ?\ght occurr$ to ,wangi & he climb$ up ! tree to ask ,wailan ,wangko :y he1 ,wangi1 %\ld rema9 d[n !re all alone4 ,said ,wailan ,wangko to ,wangi1 ,return & take e>? & make two images1 a man & a woman4 ,wangi did s1 & bo? images 7 m5 :o c\ld move b c\ld n speak4 ,s ,wangi climb$ up ! tree to ask ,wailan ,wangko1 ,h[ n[8 ,! two images are made1 b !y _c speak4 ,said ,wailan ,wangko to ,wangi1 ,take ?is g+] & g & bl[ x on ! skulls & ! e>s ( ^! two images1 t !y may be able to speak2 call ! man ,adam & ! woman ,ewa4 7,n4 ,graafl& ,de ,m9ahassa 7,rott]dam1 #ahfi71 ,i4 pages #if sq47 ,9 ?is n>rative ! names ( ! man & woman betray ,european influ5ce1 b ! re/ ( ! /ory may be aborig9al4 ,! ,dyaks ( ,sak>ran 9 ,briti% ,borneo say t ! fir/ man 0 made by two l>ge birds4 ,at fir/ !y tri$ to make m5 out ( trees1 b 9 va94 ,!n !y hew$ !m out ( rocks1 b ! figures c\ld n speak4 ,!n !y m\ld$ a man out ( damp e>? & infus$ into 8 ve9s ! r$ gum ( ! kumpang-tree4 ,aft] t !y call$ to him & he answ]$2 !y cut him & blood fl[$ f 8 w\nds4 7,horsburgh1 quot$ by ,h4 ,l+ ,ro?1 ,! ,natives ( ,s>awak & ( ,briti% ,nor? ,borneo 7,london1 #ahif71 ,i4 pages #bii sq4 ,comp>e ,! ,"l ,bi%op ( ,labuan1 ,on ! ,wild ,tribes ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,coa/ ( ,borneo1 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,,ii4 7#ahfc71 page #bg47 ,! ,kumis ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india relat$ to ,capta9 ,lew91 ! ,deputy ,commission] ( ,hill ,tracts1 ! foll[+ tradition ( ! creation ( man4 ,god made ! _w & ! trees & ! creep+ ?+s fir/1 & aft] t he set to "w to make "o man & "o woman1 =m+ _! bodies ( clay2 b ea* night1 on ! completion ( 8 "w1 !re came a great snake1 :i*1 :ile ,god 0 sleep+1 dev\r$ ! two images4 ,?is happ5$ twice or ?rice1 & ,god 0 at 8 wit's end1 = he _h to "w all day1 & c\ld n f9i% ! pair 9 less ?an twelve h\rs2 besides1 if he did n sleep1 he w\ld be no good1 said ,capta9 ,lew9's in=mant4 ,if he 7 n oblig$ to sleep1 !re w\ld be no dea?1 nor w\ld mank9d be afflict$ ) illness4 ,x is :5 he re/s t ! snake c>ries u (f to ?is day4 ,well1 he 0 at 8 wit's end1 s at la/ he got up e>ly "o morn+ & fir/ made a dog & put life into x1 & t night1 :5 he _h f9i%$ ! images1 he set ! dog to wat* !m1 & :5 ! snake came1 ! dog b>k$ & fright5$ x away4 ,?is is ! reason at ?is day t :5 a man is dy+ ! dogs beg9 to h[l2 b ,i suppose ,god sleeps heavily n[-a-days1 or ! snake is bold]1 = m5 die all ! same4 7,capt4 ,t4,h4 ,lew91 ,wild ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,india 7,london1 #ahgj71 pages #bbd-bf47 ,! ,khasis ( ,assam tell a simil> tale4 7,a4 ,ba/ian1 ,volk]/amme am ,brahmaputra und v]w&ts*aftli*e ,na*b>n 7,b]l91 #ahhc71 page #h2 ,major ,p4,r4,t4 ,gurdon1 ,! ,khasis 7,london1 #aijg71 page #ajf47 ,! ,ewe-speak+ tribes ( ,togo-l&1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ?9k t ,god /ill makes m5 out ( clay4 ,:5 a little ( ! wat] ) :i* he moi/5s ! clay rema9s ov]1 he p\rs x on ! gr\nd & out ( t he makes ! bad & disob$i5t p4 ,:5 he wi%es to make a good man he makes him out ( good clay2 b :5 he wi%es to make a bad man1 he employs only bad clay = ! purpose4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god fa%ion$ a man & set him on ! e>?2 aft] t he fa%ion$ a woman4 ,! two look$ at ea* o!r & began to laugh1 :]eupon ,god s5t !m into ! _w4 7,j4 ,spie?1 ,die ,ewe-,/amme1 ,mat]ial zur ,kunde des ,ewe-,volkes 9 ,deuts*-,togo 7,b]l91 #aijf71 pages #hbh1 #hdj47 ,! ,innuit or ,esquimaux ( ,po9t ,b>r[1 9 ,alaska1 tell ( a "t :5 !re 0 no man 9 ! l&1 till a _s nam$ a se lu1 :o resid$ at ,po9t ,b>r[1 made a clay man1 set him up on ! %ore to dry1 brea!d into him & gave him life4 7,report ( ! ,int]national ,exp$ition to ,po9t ,b>r[ 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhe71 page #dg47 ,o!r ,esquimaux ( ,alaska relate h[ ! ,rav5 made ! fir/ woman out ( clay to be a companion to ! fir/ man2 he fa/5$ wat]-grass to ! back ( ! head to be hair1 flapp$ 8 w+s ov] ! clay figure1 & x arose1 a beautiful "y woman4 7,e4,w4 ,nelson1 ,! ,eskimo ab\t ,b]+ ,/rait1 ,eighte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology1 ,"p ,i4 7,wa%+ton1 #ahii71 page #ded47 ,! ,acag*emem ,indians ( ,cali=nia said t a p[]ful be+ call$ ,*9ig*9i* creat$ man out ( clay :i* he f\nd on ! banks ( a lake2 male & female creat$ he !m1 & ! ,indians ( ! pres5t day are _! desc5dants4 7,fri> ,g]onimo ,boscana1 ,*9ig*9i*1 app5d$ to 7,a4 ,rob9son's7 ,life 9 ,cali=nia 7,new ,york1 #ahdf71 page #bdg47 ,a prie/ ( ! ,nat*ez ,indians 9 ,l\isiana told ,du ,pratz t ,god _h knead$ "s clay1 su* z t :i* pott]s use & _h made x into a little man2 & t aft] exam9+ x1 & f9d+ x well =m$1 he blew up 8 "w1 & =?) t little man _h life1 grew1 act$1 walk$1 & f\nd himself a man p]fectly well %ap$4 ,z to ! mode 9 :i* ! fir/ woman 0 creat$1 ! prie/ _h no in=mation1 b ?\ght %e 0 probably made 9 ! same way z ! fir/ man2 s ,du ,pratz correct$ 8 imp]fect notions by ref]5ce to ,scripture4 7,m4 ,le ,page ,du ,pratz1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,l\isiana 7,london1 #aggd71 page #ccj47 ,! ,mi*oacans ( ,mexico said t ! great god ,tucapa*a fir/ made man & woman out ( clay1 b t :5 ! c\ple w5t to ba! 9 a riv] !y absorb$ s mu* wat] t ! clay ( :i* !y 7 compos$ all fell to pieces4 ,!n ! creator w5t to "w aga9 & m\ld$ !m afre% out ( a%es1 & aft] t he essay$ a ?ird "t & made !m ( metal4 ,?is la/ attempt succe$$4 ,! metal man & woman ba!d 9 ! riv] )\t fall+ to pieces1 & by _! union !y became ! prog5itors ( mank9d4 7,a4 de ,h]r]a1 ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! va/ ,cont95t & ,isl&s ( ,am]ica1 translat$ into ,engli% by ,capt4 ,j4 ,/ev5s 7,london1 #agbe1 #agbf71 ,,iii4 #bed2 ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ,hi/oire des ,nations ,civilisees du ,mexique et de l',am]ique-,c5trale 7,p>is1 #aheg--ahei71 ,,iii4 #hj sq2 comp>e id4 ,i4 #ed sq47 ,accord+ to a leg5d ( ! ,p]uvian ,indians1 :i* 0 told to a ,spani% prie/ 9 ,cuzco ab\t half a c5tury aft] ! conque/1 x 0 9 ,tiahuanaco t man 0 fir/ creat$1 or at lea/ 0 creat$ afre% aft] ! deluge4 ,!re 79 ,tiahuanaco71 s runs ! leg5d1 ! ,creator began to raise up ! p & nations t are 9 t region1 mak+ "o ( ea* nation ( clay1 & pa9t+ ! dresses t ea* "o 0 to we>2 ^? t 7 to we> _! hair1 ) hair1 & ^? t 7 to be %orn1 ) hair cut4 ,& to ea* nation 0 giv5 ! language1 t 0 to be spok51 & ! songs to be sung1 & ! se$s & food t !y 7 to s[4 ,:5 ! ,creator _h f9i%$ pa9t+ & mak+ ! said nations & figures ( clay1 he gave life & s\l to ea* "o1 z well m5 z wom51 & ord]$ t !y %\ld pass "u ! e>?4 ,!nce ea* nation came up 9 ! places to :i* he ord]$ !m to g4 7,e4,j4 ,payne1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,_w call$ ,am]ica1 ,i4 7,ox=d1 #ahib71 page #dfb47 ,^! examples suffice to prove t ! !ory ( ! creation ( man out ( du/ or clay has be5 curr5t among savages 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,b x is by no means ! only explanation :i* ! savage philosoph] has giv5 ( ! beg9n+s ( human life on e>?4 ,/ruck by ! resemblances :i* may be trac$ betwe5 himself & ! bea/s1 he has (t5 suppos$1 l ,d>w9 himself1 t mank9d has be5 develop$ out ( l[] =ms ( animal life4 ,= ! simple savage has none ( t high notion ( ! transc5dant dignity ( man :i* makes s _m sup]ior p]sons %r9k ) horror f ! sugge/ion t !y are di/ant c\s9s ( ! brutes4 ,he on ! contr>y is n too pr\d to own 8 humble relations2 inde$ 8 difficulty (t5 is to p]ceive ! di/9ction betwe5 him & !m4 ,que/ion$ by a mission>y1 a ,bu%man ( m ?an av]age intellig5ce c\ld n /ate any diff]5ce betwe5 a man & a brute--he did n "k b a buffalo might %oot ) b[s & arr[s z well z man1 if x _h !m4 7,rev]5d ,john ,campbell1 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa 7,london1 #ahbb1 ,,ii4 page #cd47 ,:5 ! ,russians fir/ l&$ on "o ( ! ,alaskan isl&s1 ! natives took !m = cuttle-fi% on acc\nt ( ! buttons on _! clo!s4 7,i4 ,petr(f1 ,report on ! ,population1 ,indu/ries1 & ,res\rces ( ,alaska1 page #ade47 ,! ,giliaks ( ! ,amoor ?9k t ! outw>d =m & size ( an animal are only app>5t2 9 sub/ance e bea/ is a real man1 j l a ,giliak himself1 only end[$ ) an intellig5ce & /r5g?1 :i* (t5 surpass ^? ( m]e ord9>y human be+s4 7,l4 ,/]nb]g1 ,die ,religion d] ,giljak51 ,ar*iv fur ,religionswiss5s*aft1 ,,viii4 7#aije71 page #bdh47 ,! ,borororos1 an ,indian tribe ( ,brazil1 w h x t !y are p>rots ( a gorge\s r$ plumage :i* live 9 _! native =e/s4 ,accord+ly !y treat ! birds z _! fell[-tribesm51 keep+ !m 9 captivity1 refus+ to eat _! fle%1 & m\rn+ = !m :5 !y die4 7,k4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvolk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s 7,b]l91 #ahid71 pages #ceb sq41 #eab477 ,?is s5se ( ! close relation%ip ( man to ! l[] creation is ! ess5ce ( totemism1 t curi\s sy/em ( sup]/ition :i* unites by a my/ic bond a gr\p ( human k9sfolk to a species ( animals or plants4 ,:]e t sy/em exi/s 9 full =ce1 ! memb]s ( a totem clan id5tify !mselves ) _! totem animals 9 a way & to an ext5t :i* we f9d x h>d ev5 to imag9e4 ,= example1 m5 ( ! ,cass[>y clan 9 ,mabuiag ?9k t cass[>ies are m5 or ne>ly s4 ,cass[>y1 he all same z relation1 he belong same family1 is ! acc\nt !y give ( _! relation%ip ) ! long-legg$ bird4 ,conv]sely !y hold t !y !mselves are cass[>ies = all practical purposes4 ,!y pride !mselves on hav+ long ?9 legs l a cass[>y4 ,?is reflection af=ds !m peculi> satisfaction :5 !y g out to fight1 or to run away1 z ! case may be2 = at su* times a ,cass[>y man w say to himself1 ,my leg is long & ?91 ,i c run & n feel tir$2 my legs w g quickly & ! grass w n entangle !m4 ,memb]s ( ! ,cass[>y clan are reput$ to be pugnaci\s1 because ! cass[>y is a bird ( v unc]ta9 temp] & c kick ) extreme viol5ce4 7,a4,c4 ,haddon1 ,! ,e?nography ( ! ,we/]n ,tribe ( ,torres ,/raits1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,,xix4 7#ahij71 page #cic2 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 ,v4 7,cambridge1 #aijd71 pages #aff1 #ahd47 ,s among ! ,ojibways m5 ( ! ,be> clan are reput$ to be surly & pugnaci\s l be>s1 & m5 ( ! ,crane clan to h cle> r++ voices l cranes4 7,w4,w4 ,w>r51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ojibways1 ,collections ( ! ,m9nesota ,hi/orical ,society1 ,v4 7,sa9t ,paul1 ,m9n4 #ahhe71 pages #dg1 #di47 ,h5ce ! savage w (t5 speak ( 8 totem animal z 8 fa!r or 8 bro!r1 & w nei!r kill x himself nor all[ o!rs to d s1 if he c help x4 ,= example1 if somebody 7 to kill a bird 9 ! pres5ce ( a native ,au/ralian :o _h ! bird = 8 totem1 ! black might say1 ,:at = y kill t fell[8 t my fa!r6 or ,t bro!r belong+ to me y h kill$2 :y did y d x8 7,e4 ,palm]1 ,notes on "s ,au/ralian ,tribes1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,,xiii4 7#ahhd71 page #cjj47 ,be*uanas ( ! ,porcup9e clan are greatly afflict$ if anybody hurts or kills a porcup9e 9 _! pres5ce4 ,!y say1 ,!y h kill$ our bro!r1 our ma/]1 "o ( ourselves1 him :om we s+ (2 & s say+ !y pi\sly ga!r ! quills ( _! murd]$ bro!r1 spit on !m1 & rub _! eyebr[s ) !m4 ,!y ?9k !y w\ld die if !y t\*$ its fle%4 ,9 l mann] ,be*uanas ( ! ,crocodile clan call ! crocodile "o ( !mselves1 _! ma/]1 _! bro!r2 & !y m>k ! e>s ( _! cattle ) a long slit l a crocodile's m\? by way ( a family cre/4 ,simil>ly ,be*uanas ( ! ,lion clan w\ld n1 l ! memb]s ( o!r clans1 p>take ( lion's fle%2 = h[1 say !y1 c\ld !y eat _! gr&fa!r8 ,if !y are =c$ 9 self-def5ce to kill a lion1 !y d s ) great regret & rub _! eyes c>efully ) its sk91 fe>+ to lose _! sight if !y neglect$ ?is precaution4 7,t4 ,arb\sset et ,f4 ,daumas1 ,relation d'un ,voyage d',exploration au ,nord-,e/ de la ,colonie du ,cap de ,bonne-,esp]ance 7,p>is1 #ahdb71 pages #cdi sq41 #dbb-bd47 ,a ,m&+o port] has be5 kn[n to (f] ! :ole ( 8 mon?'s pay to save ! life ( a py?on1 because ! py?on 0 8 totem & he !re=e reg>d$ ! reptile z 8 relation2 he ?\ght t if he all[$ ! creature to be kill$1 ! :ole ( 8 own family w\ld p]i%1 probably ?r\gh ! v5geance to be tak5 by ! reptile k9sfolk ( ! murd]$ s]p5t4 7,m4 le ,docteur ,tauta91 ,notes sur les ,croyances et ,pratiques ,religieuses des ,banmanas1 ,revue d',e?nographie1 ,,iii4 7#ahhe71 pages #cif sq42 ,a4 ,rancon1 ,dans la ,haute-,gambie1 ,voyage d',exploration ,sci5tifique 7,p>is1 #ahid71 page #dde47 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ! savage goes fur!r & id5tifies ! rev]$ animal n m]ely ) a k9sman b ) himself2 he imag9es t "o ( 8 own m or less num]\s s\ls1 or at all ev5ts t a vital "p ( himself1 is 9 ! bea/1 s t if x is kill$ he mu/ die4 ,?us1 ! ,balong tribe ( ! ,cam]oons1 9 ,we/ ,africa1 ?9k t e man has sev]al s\ls1 ( :i* "o is lodg$ 9 an elephant1 a wild bo>1 a leop>d1 or :at n4 ,:5 any "o comes home1 feels ill1 & says1 ,i %all soon die1 & is z good z 8 ^w1 8 fri5ds are ( op9ion t "o ( 8 s\ls has be5 %ot by a hunt] 9 a wild bo> or a leop>d1 = example1 & t t is ! real cause ( 8 dea?4 7,j4 ,kell]1 ,ueb] das ,l& und ,volk d] ,balong1 ,deuts*es ,kolonialblatt1 #a ,octob]1 #ahie1 page #dhd47 ,a ,ca?olic mission>y1 sleep+ 9 ! hut ( a *ief ( ! ,fan negroes1 awoke 9 ! middle ( ! night to see a huge black s]p5t ( ! mo/ dang]\s sort 9 ! act ( d>t+ at him4 ,he 0 ab\t to %oot x :5 ! *ief /opp$ him1 say+1 ,9 kill+ t s]p5t1 x is me t y w\ld h kill$4 ,fe> no?+1 ! s]p5t is my elangela4 7,fa!r ,trilles1 ,*ez les ,fang1 leurs ,moeurs1 leur ,langue1 leur ,religion1 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 ,,xxx4 7#ahih71 page #cbb47 ,at ,calab> !re us$ to be "s ye>s ago a huge old crocodile :i* 0 well kn[n to conta9 ! _s ( a *ief :o resid$ 9 ! fle% at ,duke ,t[n4 ,sport+ ,vice-,consuls1 ) a reckless disreg>d ( human life1 f "t to "t made det]m9$ attempts to injure ! animal1 & once a peculi>ly active (fic] succe$$ 9 hitt+ x4 ,! *ief 0 imm$iately laid up ) a w\nd 9 8 leg4 ,he ,,said t a dog _h bitt5 him1 b few p p]haps 7 deceiv$ by s flimsy a pretext4 7,miss ,m>y ,h4 ,k+sley1 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa 7,london1 #ahig71 pages #ech sq4 ,z to ! ext]nal or bu% s\ls ( human be+s1 :i* 9 ?is "p ( ,africa are suppos$ to be lodg$ 9 ! bodies ( animals1 see ,miss ,m>y ,h4 ,k+sley op4 cit4 pages #dei-dfa2 ,r4 ,h5%aw1 ,notes on ! ,efik belief 9 'bu% s\l'1 ,man1 ,,vi47#aijf71 pages #aba sq42 ,j4 ,p>k9son1 ,notes on ! ,asaba p 7,ibos7 ( ! ,nig]1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,,xxxvi4 7#aijf71 pages #cad sq47 ,once :5 ,mr ,p>tridge's canoe-m5 7 ab\t to cat* fi% ne> an ,assiga t[n 9 ,s\!rn ,nig]ia1 ! natives ( ! t[n object$1 say+1 ,our s\ls live 9 ^? fi%1 & if y kill !m we %all die4 7,*>les ,p>tridge1 ,cross ,riv] ,natives 7,london1 #aije71 pages #bbe sq47 ,on ano!r occasion1 9 ! same region1 an ,engli%man %ot a hippopotamus ne> a native village4 ,! same night a woman di$ 9 ! village1 & h] fri5ds dem&$ & obta9$ f ! m>ksman five p\nds z comp5sation = ! murd] ( ! woman1 ^: s\l or second self _h be5 9 t hippopotamus4 7,c4,h4 ,rob9son1 ,hausal& 7,london1 #ahif71 pages #cf sq47 ,simil>ly at ,ndolo1 9 ! ,congo region1 we he> ( a *ief ^: life 0 b\nd up ) a hippopotamus1 b he prud5tly suff]$ no "o to fire at ! animal4 7,notes ,analytiques sur les ,collections ,e?nographiques du ,musee du ,congo1 ,i4 7,brussels1 #aijb-jf71 page #aej47 ,among/ p :o ?us fail to p]ceive any %>p l9e ( di/9ction betwe5 bea/s & m5 x is n surpris+ to meet ) ! belief t human be+s are directly desc5d$ f animals4 ,su* a belief is (t5 f\nd among totemic tribes :o imag9e t _! ance/ors sprang f _! totemic animals or plants2 b x is by no means conf9$ to !m4 ,?us1 to take in/ances1 "s ( ! ,cali=nian ,indians1 9 ^: my?ology ! coyote or prairie-wolf is a lead+ p]sonage1 ?9k t !y are desc5d$ f coyotes4 ,at fir/ !y walk$ on all f\rs2 !n !y began to h "s memb]s ( ! human body1 "o f+]1 "o toe1 "o eye1 "o e>1 & s on2 !n !y got two f+]s1 two toes1 two eyes1 two e>s1 & s =?2 till at la/1 progress+ f p]iod to p]iod1 !y became p]fect human be+s4 ,! loss ( _! tails1 :i* !y /ill deplore1 0 produc$ by ! habit ( sitt+ upright4 7,h4,r4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,,iv4 7,philadelphia1 #ahef71 pages #bbd sq42 comp>e id4 ,v4 page #bag4 ,! desc5t ( "s1 n all1 ,indians f coyotes is m5tion$ also by ,fri> ,boscana1 9 7,a4 ,rob9son's7 ,life 9 ,cali=nia 7,new ,york1 #ahdf71 page #bii47 ,simil>ly ,d>w9 ?\ght t ! tail has disappe>$ 9 man & ! an?ropomorph\s apes1 ow+ to ! t]m9al portion hav+ be5 injur$ by friction dur+ a long lapse ( "t2 ! basal & emb$d$ portion hav+ be5 r$uc$ & modifi$1 s z to become suitable to ! erect or semi-erect position4 7,*>les ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahgi71 page #fj47 ,! ,turtle clam ( ! ,iroquois ?9k t !y are desc5d$ f real mud turtles :i* us$ to live 9 a pool4 ,"o hot summ] ! pool dri$ up1 & ! mud turtles set out to f9d ano!r4 ,a v fat turtle1 waddl+ aft] ! re/ 9 ! heat1 0 mu* incommod$ by ! weight ( 8 %ell1 till by a great ef=t he heav$ x (f altoge!r4 ,aft] t he gradually develop$ into a man & became ! prog5itor ( ! ,turtle clan4 7,e4,a4 ,smi?1 ,my?s ( ! ,iroquois1 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhc71 page #gg47 ,! ,crawfi% b& ( ! ,*octaws are 9 l mann] desc5d$ f real crawfi%1 :i* us$ to live "u gr\nd1 only com+ up occasionally ?r\gh ! mud to ! surface4 ,once a p>ty ( ,*octaws smok$ !m out1 taught !m ! ,*octaw language1 taught !m to walk on two legs1 made !m cut (f _! toe nails & pluck ! hair f _! bodies1 aft] :i* !y adopt$ !m into ! tribe4 ,b ! re/ ( _! k9dr$1 ! crawfi%1 are crawfi% "u gr\nd to ?is day4 7,geo4 ,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians #d 7,london1 #ahdd71 ,,ii4 page #abh47 ,! ,osage ,indians univ]sally believ$ t !y 7 desc5d$ f a male snail & a female beav]4 ,a flood swept ! snail d[n to ! ,miss\ri & left him high & dry on ! bank1 :]e ! sun rip5$ him into a man4 ,he met & m>ri$ a beav] maid1 & f ! pair ! tribe ( ! ,osages is desc5d$4 ,= a long "t ^! ,indians reta9$ a pi\s rev]5ce = _! animal ance/ors & refra9$ f hunt+ beav]s1 because 9 kill+ a beav] !y kill$ a bro!r ( ! ,osages4 ,b :5 :ite m5 came among !m & (f]$ high prices = beav] sk9s1 ! ,osages yield$ to ! temptation & took ! lives ( _! furry bre?r54 7,lewis & ,cl>ke1 ,travels to ! ,s\rce ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] 7,london1 #ahae71 ,i4 #ab 7,vol4 ,i4 pages #dd sq4 ( ! ,london repr9t1 #aije747 ,! ,c>p clan ( ! ,ootawak ,indians are desc5d$ f ! eggs ( a c>p :i* _h be5 deposit$ by ! fi% on ! banks ( a /ream & w>m$ by ! sun4 7,lettres ,edifiantes et ,curieuses1 ,n\velle ,edition1 ,,vi4 7,p>is1 #agha71 page #aga47 ,! ,crane clan ( ! ,ojibways are sprung orig9ally f a pair ( cranes1 :i* aft] long w&]+s settl$ on ! rapids at ! outlet ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 :]e !y 7 *ang$ by ! ,great ,_s into a man & woman4 7,l4,h4 ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society 7,london1 #ahgg71 page #ahj47 ,! memb]s ( two ,omaha clans 7 orig9ally buffaloes & liv$1 oddly en\gh1 "u wat]1 :i* !y spla%$ ab\t1 mak+ x muddy4 ,& at dea? all ! memb]s ( ^! clans w5t back to _! ance/ors ! buffaloes4 ,s :5 "o ( !m lay ady+1 8 fri5ds us$ to wrap him up 9 a buffalo sk9 ) ! hair outside & say to him1 ,y came hi!r f ! animals & y are go+ back ?i!r4 ,d n face ?is way aga94 ,:5 y g1 cont9ue walk+4 7,j4 ,ow5 ,dorsey1 ,omaha ,sociology1 ,?ird ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhd71 pages #bbi1 #bcc47 ,! ,haida ,indians ( ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s believe t long ago ! rav51 :o is ! *ief figure 9 ! my?ology ( ,nor?-,we/ ,am]ica1 took a cockle f ! bea* & m>ri$ x2 ! cockle gave bir? to a female *ild1 :om ! rav5 took to wife1 & f _! union ! ,indians 7 produc$4 7,g4,m4 ,dawson1 ,report on ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s 7,montreal1 #ahhj71 pages #adi;,b sq4 7,geological ,survey ( ,canada72 ,f4 ,poole1 ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 page #acf47 ,! ,delaw>e ,indians call$ ! rattle-snake _! gr&fa!r & w\ld on no acc\nt de/roy "o ( ^! reptiles1 believ+ t 7 !y to d s ! :ole race ( rattle-snakes w\ld rise up & bite !m4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! :ite man1 h[ev]1 _! respect = _! gr&fa!r ! rattle-snake gradually di$ away1 till at la/ !y kill$ him )\t compunction or c]emony :5ev] !y met him4 ,! writ] :o records ! old cu/om obs]ves t he _h (t5 reflect$ on ! curi\s connection :i* appe>s to subsi/ 9 ! m9d ( an ,indian betwe5 man & ! brute creation2 all animat$ nature1 says he1 9 :atev] degree1 is 9 _! eyes a great :ole1 f :i* !y h n yet v5tur$ to sep>ate !mselves4 7,rev4 ,john ,heckeweld]1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,mann]s1 & ,cu/oms1 ( ! ,indian ,nations1 :o once inhabit$ ,p5nsylvania & ! ,neighb\r+ ,/ates1 ,transactions ( ! ,hi/orical & ,lit]>y ,committee ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,i4 7,philadelphia1 #ahai71 pages #bde1 #bdg1 #bdh47 ,"s ( ! ,indians ( ,p]u boa/$ ( be+ desc5d$ f ! puma or ,am]ican lion2 h5ce !y ador$ ! lion z a god & appe>$ at fe/ivals l ,h]cules dress$ 9 ! sk9s ( lions ) ! heads ( ! bea/s fix$ ov] _! own4 ,o!rs claim$ to be sprung f condors & attir$ !mselves 9 great black & :ite w+s1 l t enorm\s bird4 7,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,royal ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,yncas1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #cbc1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #aef 7,m>kham's translation747 ,! ,wanika ( ,ea/ ,africa look ^u ! hya5a z "o ( _! ance/ors or z associat$ 9 "s way ) _! orig9 & de/9y4 ,! dea? ( a hya5a is m\rn$ by ! :ole p1 & ! greate/ fun]al c]emonies :i* !y p]=m are p]=m$ = ?is brute4 ,! wake held ov] a *ief is z no?+ comp>$ to ! wake held ov] a hya5a2 "o tribe only m\rns ! dea? ( its *ief1 b all ! tribes unite to celebrate ! obsequies ( a hya5a4 7,*>les ,new1 ,life1 ,w&]+s1 & ,lab\rs 9 ,ea/]n ,africa 7,london1 #ahgc7 page #abb47 ,"s ,malagasy families claim to be desc5d$ f ! babacoote 7,li*anotus brevicaudatus71 a l>ge lemur ( grave appe>ance & /aid demean\r1 :i* lives 9 ! dep? ( ! =e/4 ,:5 !y f9d "o ( ^! creatures dead1 8 human desc5dants bury x solemnly1 digg+ a grave = x1 wrapp+ x 9 a %r\d1 & weep+ & lam5t+ ov] its c>case4 ,a doctor :o _h %ot a babacoote 0 accus$ by ! inhabitants ( a ,betsimis>aka village ( hav+ kill$ "o ( _! gr&fa!rs 9 ! =e/1 & to appease _! indignation he _h to promise n to sk9 ! animal 9 ! village b 9 a solit>y place :]e nobody c\ld see him4 7,fa!r ,ab9al1 ,croyances fabuleuses des ,malga*es1 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 ,,xii4 7#ahhj71 page #ebf2 ,g4,h4 ,smi?1 ,"s ,betsimis>aka sup]/itions1 ,! ,antanan>ivo ,annual & ,madagasc> ,magaz9e1 ,no4 #aj 7,antanan>ivo1 #ahhf71 page #bci2 ,h4,w4 ,little1 ,madagasc>1 its ,hi/ory & ,p 7,london1 #ahhd71 pages #cba sq2 ,a4 van ,g5nep1 ,tab\ et ,totemisme a ,madagasc> 7,p>is1 #aijd71 pages #bad sqq47 ,_m ( ! ,betsimis>aka believe t ! curi\s nocturnal animal call$ ! aye-aye 7,*eiromys madagasc>i5sis7 is ! embodim5t ( _! =efa!rs1 & h5ce w n t\* x1 mu* less d x an injury4 ,x is said t :5 "o is discov]$ dead 9 ! =e/1 ^! p make a tomb = x & bury x ) all ! =ms ( a fun]al4 ,!y ?9k t if !y attempt to entrap x1 !y w surely die 9 consequ5ce4 7,g4,a4 ,%aw1 ,! ,aye-aye1 ,antanan>ivo ,annual & ,madagasc> ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7,antanan>ivo1 #ahif71 pages #bja1 #bjc 7,repr9t ( ! ,second f\r ,numb]s74 ,comp>e ,a4 van ,g5nep1 ,tab\ et ,totemisme a ,madagasc>1 pages #bbc sq47 ,"s ,malagasy tribes believe !mselves desc5d$ f crocodiles & accord+ly !y deem ! =midable reptiles _! bro!rs4 ,if "o ( ^! scaly bro!rs s f> =gets ! ties ( k9%ip z to dev\r a man1 ! *ief ( ! tribe1 or 9 8 abs5ce an old man famili> ) ! tribal cu/oms1 repairs at ! head ( ! p to ! edge ( ! wat]1 & summons ! family ( ! culprit to deliv] him up to ! arm ( ju/ice4 ,a hook is !n bait$ & ca/ into ! riv] or lake4 ,next day ! guilty bro!r or "o ( 8 family is dragg$ a%ore1 =mally tri$1 s5t5c$ to dea?1 & execut$4 ,! claims ( ju/ice be+ ?us satisfi$1 ! dead animal is lam5t$ & buri$ l a k9sman2 a m\nd is rais$ ov] 8 grave & a /one m>ks ! place ( 8 head4 7,fa!r ,ab9al1 ,croyances fabuleuses des ,malga*es1 ,les ,missions ,ca?oliques1 ,,xii4 7#ahhj71 page #ebg2 ,a4 van ,g5nep1 ,tab\ et ,totemisme a ,madagasc>1 pages #bha sq47 ,among/ ! ,t%i-speak+ tribes ( ! ,gold ,coa/ 9 ,we/ ,africa ! ,horse-mack]el family traces its desc5t f a real horse-mack]el :om an ance/or ( !irs once took to wife4 ,%e liv$ ) him happily 9 human %ape on %ore till "o day a second wife1 :om ! man _h m>ri$1 cruelly taunt$ h] ) be+ no?+ b a fi%4 ,t hurt h] s mu* t bidd+ h] husb& f>ewell %e return$ to h] old home 9 ! sea1 ) h] y\nge/ *ild 9 h] arms1 & nev] came back aga94 ,b ev] s9ce ! ,horse-mack]el p h refra9$ f eat+ horse-mack]els1 because ! lo/ wife & "m 0 a fi% ( t sort4 7,a4,b4 ,ellis1 ,! ,t%i-speak+ ,peoples ( ! ,gold ,coa/ ( ,we/ ,africa 7,london1 #ahhg71 pages #bjh-aa4 ,a simil> tale is told by ano!r fi% family :o ab/a9 f eat+ ! fi% 7appei7 f :i* !y take _! "n 7,a4,b4 ,ellis op4 cit4 pages #baa sq4747 ,"s ( ! ,l& ,dyaks ( ,borneo tell a simil> tale to expla9 a simil> cu/om4 ,!re is a fi% :i* is tak5 9 _! riv]s call$ a putt91 :i* !y w\ld on no acc\nt t\*1 "u ! idea t if !y did !y w\ld be eat+ _! relations4 ,! tradition respect+ x is1 t a solit>y old man w5t out fi%+ & caught a putt91 :i* he dragg$ out ( ! wat] & laid d[n 9 8 boat4 ,on turn+ r\nd1 he f\nd x _h *ang$ into a v pretty little girl4 ,conceiv+ ! idea %e w\ld make1 :at he _h long wi%$ =1 a *>m+ wife = 8 son1 he took h] home & educat$ h] until %e 0 fit to be m>ri$4 ,%e cons5t$ to be ! son's wife caution+ h] husb& to use h] well4 ,"s "t aft] _! m>riage1 h[ev]1 be+ out ( temp]1 he /ruck h]1 :5 %e scream$1 & ru%$ away into ! wat]2 b n )\t leav+ beh9d h] a beautiful daught]1 :o became aft]w>ds ! "m ( ! race4 7,! ,"l ,bi%op ( ,labuan1 ,on ! ,wild ,tribes ( ! ,nor?-,we/ ,coa/ ( ,borneo1 ,transactions ( ! ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,new ,s]ies ,,ii4 7,london1 #ahfc71 pages #bf sq4 ,su* /ories con=m to a well-kn[n type :i* may be call$ ! ,swan-,maid5 type ( /ory1 or ,beauty & ! ,bea/1 or ,cupid & ,psy*e4 ,! occurr5ce ( /ories ( ?is type among totemic peoples1 su* z ! ,t%i-speak+ negroes ( ! ,gold ,coa/1 :o tell !m to expla9 _! totemic taboos1 sugge/s t all su* tales may h orig9at$ 9 totemism4 ,i %all deal ) ?is "q else:]e47 ,memb]s ( a clan 9 ,m&ail+1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,sumatra1 ass]t t !y are desc5d$ f a tig]1 & at ! pres5t day1 :5 a tig] is %ot1 ! wom5 ( ! clan are b\nd to (f] betel to ! dead bea/4 ,:5 memb]s ( ?is clan come ^u ! tracks ( a tig]1 !y mu/1 z a m>k ( homage1 enclose !m ) ?ree little /icks4 ,fur!r1 x is believ$ t ! tig] w n attack or lac]ate 8 k9sm51 ! memb]s ( ! clan4 7,h4 ,ris1 ,de ,ond]afdeel+ ,kle9 ,m&ail+ ,oeloe en ,pahantan en h>e ,bevolk+ met uitzond]+ van de ,oeloes1 ,bijdrag5 tot de ,tall- ,l&- en ,volk5kunde van ,n$]lans*-,indie1 ,,xlvi4 7#ahif71 page #dgc47 ,! ,battas ( ,c5tral ,sumatra are divid$ into a numb] ( clans :i* h = _! totems :ite buffaloes1 goats1 wild turtle-doves1 dogs1 cats1 apes1 tig]s1 & s =?2 & "o ( ! explanations :i* !y give ( _! totems is t ^! creatures 7 _! ance/ors1 & t _! own s\ls aft] dea? c transmigrate into ! animals4 7,j4,b4 ,neumann1 ,het ,pane en ,bila-/roomgebi$ op het eil& ,sumatra1 ,tijds*rift van het ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 ,,iii4 ,afdeel+1 ,me] uitgebreide ,artikel51 ,no4 #b 7,am/]dam1 #ahhf71 pages #caa sq42 id4 ib4 ,twe$e ,s]ie1 ,,iv4 ,afdeel+1 ,me] uitgebreide ,artikel51 ,no4 #a 7,am/]dam1 #ahhg71 pages #h sq47 ,9 ,amboyna & ! neighb\r+ isl&s ! inhabitants ( "s villages av] t !y are desc5d$ f trees1 su* z ! ,capell5ia moluccana1 :i* _h be5 f]tilis$ by ! ,p&ion ,haliaetus4 ,o!rs claim to be sprung f pigs1 octopuses1 crocodiles1 %>ks1 & eels4 ,p w n burn ! wood ( ! trees f :i* !y trace _! desc5t1 nor eat ! fle% ( ! animals :i* !y reg>d z _! ance/ors4 ,sicknesses ( all sorts are believ$ to result f disreg>d+ ^! taboos4 7,j4,g4,f4 ,ri$el1 ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua 7,! ,hague1 #ahhf71 pages #cb1 #fa2 ,g4,w4,w4,c4 ,b>on van ,hoevell1 ,ambon en me] bepaaldelijk de ,oelias]s 7,dordre*t1 #ahge71 page #aeb47 ,simil>ly 9 ,c]am p]sons :o ?9k !y are desc5d$ f crocodiles1 s]p5ts1 iguanas1 & %>ks w n eat ! fle% ( ^! animals4 7,j4,g4,f4 ,ri$el op4 cit4 page #abb47 ,_m o!r peoples ( ! ,molucca ,isl&s ent]ta9 simil> beliefs & obs]ve simil> taboos4 7,j4,g4,f4 ,ri$el ,de sluik- en kroe%>ige rass5 tuss*5 ,selebes en ,papua 7,! ,hague1 #ahhf71 pages #bec1 #ccd1 #cda1 #cdh1 #dab1 #dad1 #dcb47 ,aga91 9 ,ponape1 "o ( ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 ,! diff]5t families suppose !mselves to /& 9 a c]ta9 relation to animals1 & especially to fi%es1 & believe 9 _! desc5t f !m4 ,!y actually "n ^! animals 'mo!rs'2 ! creatures are sacr$ to ! family & may n be injur$4 ,great dances1 accompani$ ) ! (f]+ ( pray]s1 are p]=m$ 9 _! hon\r4 ,any p]son :o kill$ su* an animal w\ld expose himself to contempt & puni%m5t1 c]ta9ly also to ! v5geance ( ! insult$ deity4 ,bl9dness is commonly suppos$ to be ! consequ5ce ( su* a sacrilege4 7,dr ,hahl1 ,mit!ilung5 ub] ,sitt5 und re*tli*e ,v]haltnisse auf ,ponape1 ,e?nologis*es ,notizblatt1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,heft #b 7,b]l91 #aija71 page #aj47 ,"s ( ! aborig9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia believe t _! ance/ors 7 swans1 ducks1 or v>i\s o!r species ( wat]-f[l be=e !y 7 trans=m$ into m54 7,capta9 ,g4 ,grey1 ,a ,vocabul>y ( ! ,dialects ( ,s\? ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,second ,edition 7,london1 #ahdj71 pages #bi1 #cg1 #fa1 #fc1 #ff1 #ga47 ,! ,di]i tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :o are divid$ into totemic clans1 expla9 _! orig9 by ! foll[+ leg5d4 ,!y say t 9 ! beg9n+ ! e>? op5$ 9 ! mid/ ( ,p]igundi ,lake1 & ! totems 7murdus or madas7 came troop+ out "o aft] ! o!r4 ,out came ! cr[1 & ! %ell p>akeet1 & ! emu1 & all ! re/4 ,be+ z yet imp]fectly =m$ & )\t memb]s or organs ( s5se1 !y laid !mselves d[n on ! s&hills :i* surr\nd$ ! lake !n j z !y d n[4 ,x 0 a bright day & ! totems lay bask+ 9 ! sun%9e1 till at la/1 refre%$ & invigorat$ by x1 !y /ood up z human be+s & disp]s$ 9 all directions4 ,t is :y p ( ! same totem are n[ scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,y may /ill see ! isl& 9 ! lake out ( :i* ! totems came troop+ long ago4 7,a4,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 pages #dgf1 #ggi sq47 ,ano!r ,di]i leg5d relates h[ ,p>al9a1 "o ( ! ,mura-,muras or my?ical pr$ecessors ( ! ,di]i1 p]fect$ mank9d4 ,he 0 out hunt+ kang>oos1 :5 he saw f\r incomplete be+s c[]+ toge!r4 ,s he w5t up to !m1 smoo!d _! bodies1 /ret*$ out _! limbs1 slit up _! f+]s & toes1 =m$ _! m\?s1 noses1 & eyes1 /uck e>s on !m1 & blew into _! e>s 9 ord] t !y might he>4 ,hav+ p]fect$ _! organs & s produc$ mank9d out ( ^! rudim5t>y be+s1 he w5t ab\t mak+ m5 ev]y:]e4 7,a4,w4 ,h[itt op4 cit41 pages #dgf1 #ghj sq47 ,yet ano!r ,di]i tradition sets =? h[ ! ,mura-,mura produc$ ! race ( man out ( a species ( small black liz>ds1 :i* may /ill be met ) "u dry b>k4 ,to d ?is he divid$ ! feet ( ! liz>ds into f+]s & toes1 &1 apply+ 8 =ef+] to ! middle ( _! faces1 creat$ a nose2 likewise he gave !m human eyes1 m\?s & e>s4 ,he next set "o ( !m upright1 b x fell d[n aga9 because ( its tail2 s he cut (f its tail & ! liz>d !n walk$ on its h9d legs4 ,t is ! orig9 ( mank9d4 7,s4 ,gason1 ,! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie tribe ( ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\? ,au/ralia 7,adelaide1 #ahgi71 page #bfj4 ,?is writ] fell into ! mi/ake ( reg>d+ ! ,mura-,mura 7,mooramoora7 z a ,good-,_s in/ead ( z "o ( ! my?ical b m or less human pr$ecessors ( ! ,di]i 9 ! c\ntry4 ,see ,a4,w4 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 pages #dge sqq47 ,! ,arunta tribe ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia simil>ly tell h[ 9 ! beg9n+ mank9d 0 develop$ out ( v>i\s rudim5t>y =ms ( animal life4 ,!y say t 9 ^? days two be+s call$ ,ungambikula1 t is1 out ( no?+1 or self-exi/+1 dwelt 9 ! we/]n sky4 ,f _! l(ty abode !y c\ld see1 f> away to ! ea/1 a numb] ( inap]twa creatures1 t is1 rudim5t>y human be+s or incomplete m51 :om x 0 _! mission to make into real m5 & wom54 ,= at t "t !re 7 no real m5 & wom52 ! rudim5t>y creatures 7inap]twa7 7 ( v>i\s %apes & dwelt 9 gr\ps along ! %ore ( ! salt wat] :i* cov]$ ! c\ntry4 ,^! embryos1 z we may call !m1 _h no di/9ct limbs or organs ( sight1 he>+1 & smell2 !y did n eat food1 & !y pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( human be+s all d\bl$ up into a r\nd$ mass1 9 :i* only ! outl9e ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body c\ld be vaguely p]ceiv$4 ,com+ d[n f _! home 9 ! we/]n sky1 arm$ ) great /one knives1 ! ,ungambikula took hold ( ! embryos1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,fir/ ( all !y releas$ ! arms f ! bodies1 !n mak+ f\r clefts at ! end ( ea* arm !y fa%ion$ h&s & f+]s2 aft]w>ds legs1 feet1 & toes 7 add$ 9 ! same way4 ,! figure c\ld n[ /&2 a nose 0 !n m\ld$ & ! no/rils bor$ ) ! f+]s4 ,a cut ) ! knife made ! m\?1 :i* 0 pull$ op5 sev]al times to r5d] x flexible4 ,a slit on ea* side ( ! face sep>at$ ! upp] & l[] eye-lids1 disclos+ ! eyes1 :i* already exi/$ beh9d !m2 & a few /rokes m complet$ ! body4 ,?us out ( ! rudim5t>y creatures 7 =m$ m5 & wom54 ,^! rudim5t>y creatures or embryos1 we are told1 7 9 reality /ages 9 ! trans=mation ( v>i\s animals & plants into human be+s1 & ?us !y 7 naturally1 :5 made into human be+s1 intimately associat$ ) ! p>ticul> animal or plant1 z ! case may be1 ( :i* !y 7 ! trans=mations--9 o!r words1 ea* individual ( necessity belong$ to a totem1 ! "n ( :i* 0 ( c\rse t ( ! animal or plant ( :i* he or %e 0 a trans=mation4 ,h[ev]1 x is n said t all ! totemic clans ( ! ,arunta 7 ?us develop$2 no su* tradition1 = example1 is told to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! important ,wit*etty ,grub clan4 ,! clans :i* are positively kn[n1 or at lea/ said1 to h orig9at$ out ( embryos 9 ! way describ$ are ! ,plum ,tree1 ! ,grass ,se$1 ! ,l>ge ,liz>d1 ! ,small ,liz>d1 ! ,alex&ra ,p>akeet1 & ! ,small ,rat clans4 ,:5 ! ,ungambikula _h ?us fa%ion$ p ( ^! totems1 !y circumcis$ !m all1 except ! ,plum ,tree m51 by means ( a fire-/ick4 ,aft] t1 hav+ done ! "w ( creation or evolution1 ! ,ungambikula turn$ !mselves into little liz>ds :i* be> a "n mean+ snapp]s-up ( flies4 7,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4,j4 ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #ahii71 pages #chh sq42 comp>e id41 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia 7,london1 #aijd71 page #aej47 ,?is ,arunta tradition ( ! orig9 ( man1 z ,messrs ,sp5c] & ,gill51 :o h record$ x1 ju/ly obs]ve1 is ( consid]able int]e/2 x is 9 ! fir/ place evid5tly a crude attempt to describe ! orig9 ( human be+s out ( non-human creatures :o 7 ( v>i\s =ms2 "s ( !m 7 repres5tatives ( animals1 o!rs ( plants1 b 9 all cases !y are to be reg>d$ z int]m$iate /ages 9 ! transition ( an animal or plant ance/or into a human individual :o bore its "n z t ( 8 or h] totem4 7,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4,j4 ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pages #cia sq47 ,9 a s5se ^! speculations ( ! ,arunta on _! own orig9 may be said to comb9e ! !ory ( creation ) ! !ory ( evolution2 = :ile !y repres5t m5 z develop$ out ( mu* simpl] =ms ( life1 !y at ! same "t assume t ?is developm5t 0 effect$ by ! ag5cy ( two p[]ful be+s1 :om s f> we may call creators4 ,x is well kn[n t at a f> high] /age ( culture a crude =m ( ! evolution>y hypo!sis 0 prop\nd$ by ! ,greek philosoph] ,emp$ocles4 ,he imag9$ t %apeless lumps ( e>? & wat]1 ?r[n up by ! subt]ranean fires1 develop$ into mon/r\s animals1 bulls ) ! heads ( m51 m5 ) ! heads ( bulls1 & s =?2 till at la/1 ^! hybrid =ms be+ gradually elim9at$1 ! v>i\s exi/+ species ( animals & m5 7 evolv$4 7,e4 ,zell]1 ,die ,philosophie d] ,grie*51 ,i4#d 7,leipsic1 #ahgf71 pages #gah sq42 ,h4 ,ritt] et ,l4 ,prell]1 ,hi/oria ,philosophiae ,graecae et ,romanae ex fontium locis contexta #e1 pages #ajb sq4 ,h4 ,diels1 ,die ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik] #b1 ,i4 7,b]l91 #aijf71 pages #aij sqq4 ,comp>e ,lucretius ,de r]um natura1 ,v4 #hcg sqq47 ,! !ory ( ! civilis$ ,greek ( ,sicily may be set beside ! simil> !ory ( ! savage ,arunta ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,bo? repres5t grop+s ( ! human m9d 9 ! d>k abyss ( ! pa/2 bo? 7 9 a measure grotesque anticipations ( ! mod]n !ory ( evolution4 ,9 ?is essay ,i h made no attempt to illu/rate all ! _m v>i\s & div]g5t views :i* primitive man has tak5 ( 8 own orig94 ,i h conf9$ myself to collect+ examples ( two radically diff]5t views1 :i* may be di/+ui%$ z ! !ory ( creation & ! !ory ( evolution4 ,accord+ to ! "o1 man 0 fa%ion$ 9 8 exi/+ %ape by a god or o!r p[]ful be+2 accord+ to ! o!r he 0 evolv$ by a natural process out ( l[] =ms ( animal life4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ^! two !ories /ill divide ! civilis$ _w betwe5 !m4 ,! p>tisans ( ea* c appeal 9 support ( _! view to a l>ge cons5sus ( op9ion2 & if tru? 7 to be decid$ by weigh+ ! "o cons5sus aga9/ ! o!r1 ) ,g5esis 9 ! "o scale & ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 9 ! o!r1 x might p]haps be f\nd1 :5 ! scales 7 f9ally trimm$1 t ! balance hung v ev5 betwe5 creation & evolution4 ,x4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,d>w9 ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,animal ,,embryology4 ,by ,a4 ,s$gwick1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology & ,comp>ative ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species u%]$ 9 a new era 9 ! /udy ( ,embryology4 ,:]eas1 be=e ! ye> #ahei ! facts ( anatomy & developm5t 7 loosely held toge!r by ! !ory ( types1 :i* ow$ its orig9 to ! great anatomi/s ( ! prec$+ g5]ation1 to ,cuvi]1 ,l4 ,agassiz1 ,j4 ,mull]1 & ,r4 ,ow51 !y 7 n[ comb9$ toge!r into "o organic :ole by ! !ory ( desc5t & by ! hypo!sis ( recapitulation :i* 0 d$uc$ f t !ory4 ,! view 7,fir/ cle>ly enunciat$ by ,fritz ,mull] 9 8 well-kn[n "w1 ,fur ,d>w91 ,leipzig1 #ahfd2 7,engli% ,edition1 ,facts = ,d>w91 #ahfi747 t a k ( embryonic & l>val hi/ories w\ld lay b>e ! secrets ( race-hi/ory & enable ! c\rse ( evolution to be trac$1 & s lead to ! discov]y ( ! natural sy/em ( classification1 gave a p[]ful /imulus to morphological /udy 9 g5]al & to embryological inve/igation 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 ,d>w9's words3 ,embryology rises greatly 9 int]e/1 :5 we look at ! embryo z a picture1 m or less obscur$1 ( ! prog5itor1 ei!r 9 its adult or l>val /ate1 ( all ! memb]s ( ! same great class4 7,orig9 7#f? edition71 page #cif47 ,9 ! p]iod "u consid]ation ! output ( embryological "w has be5 enorm\s4 ,no gr\p ( ! animal k+dom has escap$ exhau/ive exam9ation & no ef=t has be5 sp>$ to obta9 ! embryos ( isolat$ & out ( ! way =ms1 ! developm5t ( :i* might h an important be>+ ^u que/ions ( phylog5y & classification4 ,m>9e zoological /ations h be5 e/abli%$1 exp$itions h be5 s5t to di/ant c\ntries1 & ! me?ods ( inve/igation h be5 greatly improv$4 ,! result ( ?is activity has be5 t ! ma9 features ( ! developm5tal hi/ory ( all ! mo/ important animals are n[ kn[n & ! curiosity z to developm5tal processes1 s greatly excit$ by ! promulgation ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 has to a consid]able ext5t be5 satisfi$4 ,to :at ext5t h ! results ( ?is va/ activity fulfill$ ! expectations ( ! work]s :o h a*iev$ !m8 ,! ,d>w9 c5t5>y is a fitt+ mom5t at :i* to take /ock ( our position4 ,9 ?is inquiry we %all leave out ( consid]ation ! imm5se & int5sely int]e/+ additions to our k ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,^! may be said to con/itute a capital fund ^u :i* philosoph]s1 poets & m5 ( sci5ce w draw = _m g5]ations4 ,! int]e/ ( ,natural ,hi/ory exi/$ long be=e ,d>w9ian evolution 0 ?\ght ( & w endure )\t any ref]5ce to philosophic speculations4 ,%e is a mi/ress 9 ^: face are beauties & 9 ^: arms are delights else:]e unatta9able4 ,%e is & always has be5 pursu$ = h] own sake )\t any ref]5ce to philosophy1 sci5ce1 or utility4 ,d>w9's own views ( ! be>+ ( ! facts ( embryology ^u que/ions ( wide sci5tific int]e/ are p]fectly cle>4 ,he writes 7,orig9 7#f? edition71 page #cie473 ,on ! o!r h& x is highly probable t ) _m animals ! embryonic or l>val /ages %[ u1 m or less completely1 ! condition ( ! prog5itor ( ! :ole gr\p 9 its adult /ate4 ,9 ! great class ( ! ,cru/acea1 =ms wond]fully di/9ct f ea* o!r1 namely1 suctorial p>asites1 cirrip$es1 entomo/raca1 & ev5 ! malaco/raca1 appe> at fir/ z l>vae "u ! nauplius-=m2 & z ^! l>vae live & fe$ 9 ! op5 sea1 & are n adapt$ = any peculi> habits ( life1 & f o!r reasons assign$ by ,fritz ,mull]1 x is probable t at "s v remote p]iod an indep5d5t adult animal1 resembl+ ! ,nauplius1 exi/$1 & subsequ5tly produc$1 along sev]al div]g5t l9es ( desc5t1 ! above-nam$ great ,cru/acean gr\ps4 ,s aga9 x is probable1 f :at we "k ( ! embryos ( mammals1 birds1 fi%es1 & reptiles1 t ^! animals are ! modifi$ desc5dants ( "s anci5t prog5itor1 :i* 0 furni%$ 9 its adult /ate ) bran*iae1 a swim-bladd]1 f\r f9-l limbs1 & a long tail1 all fitt$ = an aquatic life4 ,z all ! organic be+s1 ext9ct & rec5t1 :i* h ev] liv$1 c be arrang$ )9 a few great classes2 & z all )9 ea* class h1 accord+ to our !ory1 be5 connect$ toge!r by f9e gradations1 ! be/1 &1 if our collections 7 ne>ly p]fect1 ! only possible arrangem5t1 w\ld be g5ealogical2 desc5t be+ ! hidd5 bond ( connexion :i* naturali/s h be5 seek+ "u ! t]m ( ! ,natural ,sy/em4 ,on ?is view we c und]/& h[ x is t1 9 ! eyes ( mo/ naturali/s1 ! /ructure ( ! embryo is ev5 m important = classification ?an t ( ! adult4 ,9 two or m gr\ps ( animals1 h[ev] mu* !y may diff] f ea* o!r 9 /ructure & habits 9 _! adult condition1 if !y pass ?r\gh closely simil> embryonic /ages1 we may feel assur$ t !y all are desc5d$ f "o p>5t-=m1 & are !re=e closely relat$4 ,?us1 community 9 embryonic /ructure reveals community ( desc5t2 b dissimil>ity 9 embryonic developm5t does n prove discommunity ( desc5t1 = 9 "o ( two gr\ps ! developm5tal /ages may h be5 suppress$1 or may h be5 s greatly modifi$ ?r\gh adaptation to new habits ( life1 z to be no long] recognisable4 ,ev5 9 gr\ps1 9 :i* ! adults h be5 modifi$ to an extreme degree1 community ( orig9 is (t5 reveal$ by ! /ructure ( ! l>vae2 we h se51 = in/ance1 t cirrip$es1 ?\gh ext]nally s l %ell-fi%1 are at once kn[n by _! l>vae to belong to ! great class ( cru/aceans4 ,z ! embryo (t5 %[s u m or less pla9ly ! /ructure ( ! less modifi$ & anci5t prog5itor ( ! gr\p1 we c see :y anci5t & ext9ct =ms s (t5 resemble 9 _! adult /ate ! embryos ( exi/+ species ( ! same class4 ,agassiz believes ?is to be a univ]sal law ( nature2 & we may hope h]eaft] to see ! law prov$ true4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be prov$ true only 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! anci5t /ate ( ! prog5itor ( ! gr\p has n be5 :olly oblit]at$1 ei!r by successive v>iations hav+ sup]v5$ at a v e>ly p]iod ( gr[?1 or by su* v>iations hav+ be5 inh]it$ at an e>li] /age ?an t at :i* !y fir/ appe>$4 ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d1 t ! law may be true1 b yet1 ow+ to ! geological record n ext5d+ f> en\gh back 9 "t1 may rema9 = a long p]iod1 or = ev]1 incapable ( demon/ration4 ,! law w n /rictly hold good 9 ^? cases 9 :i* an anci5t =m became adapt$ 9 its l>val /ate to "s special l9e ( life1 & transmitt$ ! same l>val /ate to a :ole gr\p ( desc5dants2 = su* l>vae w n resemble any /ill m anci5t =m 9 its adult /ate4 ,z ?is passage %[s1 ,d>w9 held t embryology 0 ( int]e/ because ( ! light x seems to ?r[ ^u ance/ral hi/ory 7phylog5y7 & because ( ! help x w\ld give 9 enabl+ u to arrive at a natural sy/em ( classification4 ,) reg>d to ! latt] po9t1 he quotes ) approval ! op9ion t ! /ructure ( ! embryo is ev5 m important = classification ?an t ( ! adult4 ,:at ju/ification is !re = ?is view8 ,! phase ( life *os5 = ! ord9>y anatomical & physiological /udies1 namely1 ! adult phase1 is m]ely "o ( ! l>ge numb] ( /ages ( /ructure ?r\gh :i* ! organism passes4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ^! are includ$ 9 :at is specially call$ ! developm5tal or 7if we include l>vae ) embryos7 embryonic p]iod1 = ! developm5tal *anges are m num]\s & take place ) great] rapidity at ! beg9n+ ( life ?an 9 its lat] p]iods4 ,z ea* ( ^! /ages is equal 9 value1 = our pres5t purpose1 to ! adult phase1 x cle>ly foll[s t if !re is any?+ 9 ! view t ! anatomical /udy ( organisms is ( importance 9 det]m9+ _! mutual relations1 ! /udy ( ! organism 9 its v>i\s embryonic 7& l>val7 /ages mu/ h a great] importance ?an ! /udy ( ! s+le & arbitr>ily select$ /age ( life call$ ! adult4 ,b a deep] reason ?an ?is has be5 assign$ = ! importance ( embryology 9 classification4 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 & is impli$ by ,d>w9 9 ! passage quot$1 t ! ance/ral hi/ory is repeat$ 9 a cond5s$ =m 9 ! embryonic1 & t a /udy ( ! latt] enables u to =m a picture ( ! /ages ( /ructure ?r\gh :i* ! organism has pass$ 9 its evolution4 ,x enables u on ?is view to recon/ruct ! p$igrees ( animals & s to =m a g5ealogical tree :i* %all be ! true expression ( _! natural relations4 ,! real "q :i* we h to consid] is to :at ext5t ! embryological /udies ( ! la/ #ej ye>s h confirm$ or r5d]$ probable ?is !ory ( recapitulation4 ,9 ! fir/ place x mu/ be not$ t ! recapitulation !ory is itself a d$uction f ! !ory ( evolution4 ,! facts ( embryology1 p>ticul>ly ( v]tebrate embryology1 & ( l>val hi/ory receive1 x is argu$1 an explanation on ! view t ! successive /ages ( developm5t are1 on ! :ole1 records ( adult /ages ( /ructure :i* ! species has pass$ ?r\gh 9 its evolution4 ,:e!r ?is /atem5t w be> a critical v]bal exam9ation ,i w n n[ pause to inquire1 = x is m important to det]m9e :e!r any indep5d5t facts c be alleg$ 9 fav\r ( ! !ory4 ,if x c\ld be %[n1 z 0 /at$ to be ! case by ,l4 ,agassiz1 t anci5t & ext9ct =ms ( life pres5t features ( /ructure n[ only f\nd 9 embryos1 we %\ld h a body ( facts ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! pres5t discussion4 ,b z ,huxley 7,see ,huxley's ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 ,london1 #ahih1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #cjc3 ,!re is no real p>allel betwe5 ! successive =ms assum$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! life ( ! individual at pres5t1 & ^? :i* h appe>$ at diff]5t epo*s 9 ! pa/4 ,see also 8 ,address to ! ,geological ,society ( ,london 7#ahfb7 ',on ! ,palaeontological ,evid5ce ( ,evolution'1 ibid4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #eab47 has %[n & z ! :ole c\rse ( palaeontological & embryological inve/igation has demon/rat$1 no su* /atem5t c be made4 ,! ext9ct =ms ( life are v simil> to ^? n[ exi/+ & !re is no?+ specially embryonic ab\t !m4 ,s t ! facts1 z we "k !m1 l5d no support to !ory4 ,b !re is ano!r class ( facts :i* h be5 alleg$ 9 fav\r ( ! !ory1 viz4 ! facts :i* h be5 includ$ 9 ! g5]alisation kn[n z ! ,law ( v4 ,ba]4 ,! law ass]ts t embryos ( diff]5t species ( animals ( ! same gr\p are m alike ?an ! adults & t1 ! y\ng] ! embryo1 ! great] are ! resemblances4 ,if ?is law c\ld be e/abli%$ x w\ld und\bt$ly be a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! recapitulation explanation ( ! facts ( embryology4 ,b its tru? has be5 s]i\sly disput$4 ,if x 7 true we %\ld expect to f9d t ! embryos ( closely simil> species w\ld be indi/+ui%able f "o ano!r1 b ?is is notori\sly n ! case4 ,x is m difficult to meet ! ass]tion :5 x is made 9 ! =m giv5 above1 = "h we are deal+ ) matt]s ( op9ion4 ,= in/ance1 no "o w\ld d5y t ! embryo ( a dogfi% is diff]5t f ! embryo ( a rabbit1 b !re is room = diff]5ce ( op9ion :5 x is ass]t$ t ! diff]5ce is less ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 an adult dogfi% & an adult rabbit4 ,x w\ld be p]fectly true to say t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! embryos conc]n o!r organs m ?an d ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! adults1 b :o is prep>$ to affirm t ! pres5ce ( a cephalic coelom & ( cranial segm5ts1 ( ext]nal gills1 ( six gill slits1 ( ! kidney tubes op5+ into ! muscle-plate coelom1 ( an enorm\s yolk-sac1 ( a neur5t]ic canal1 & ! abs5ce ( any trace ( an amnion1 ( an allantois & ( a primitive /reak are n morphological facts ( z high an import z ^? impli$ by ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! adults8 ,! g5]alisation und\bt$ly _h its orig9 9 ! fact t !re is :at may be call$ a family resemblance betwe5 embryos & l>vae1 b ?is resemblance1 :i* is by no means exact1 is l>gely sup]ficial & does n ext5d to anatomical detail4 ,x is useless to say1 z ,weismann has /at$ 7,! ,evolution ,!ory1 by ,a4 ,weismann1 ,engli% ,translation1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #agf1 ,london1 #aijd471 t x _c be disput$ t ! rudim5ts ve/iges 8 translator means ( gill-ar*es & gill-clefts1 :i* are peculi> to "o /age ( human ontog5y1 give u e gr\nd = conclud+ t we possess$ fi%-l ance/ors4 ,! "q at issue is3 did ! ph>yngeal ar*es & clefts ( mammalian embryos ev] dis*>ge a bran*ial function 9 an adult ance/or ( ! mammalia8 ,we _c !re=e1 )\t begg+ ! "q at issue 9 ! grosse/ mann]1 apply to !m ! t]ms gill-ar*es & gill-clefts4 ,t !y are homolog\s ) ! gill-ar*es & gill-clefts ( fi%es is true2 b !re is no evid5ce to %[ t !y ev] dis*>g$ a bran*ial function4 ,until su* evid5ce is =?com+1 x is beside ! po9t to say t x _c be disput$ t !y are evid5ce ( a pisc9e ance/ry4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be admitt$ t "o outcome ( ! progress ( embryological & palaeontological rese>* = ! la/ #ej ye>s is negative4 ,! recapitulation !ory orig9at$ z a d$uction f ! evolution !ory & z a d$uction x /ill rema9s4 ,let u be=e leav+ ! subject apply ano!r te/4 ,if ! evolution !ory & ! recapitulation !ory are bo? true1 h[ is x t liv+ birds are n only )\t tee? b h no rudim5ts ( tee? at any /age ( _! exi/5ce8 ,h[ is x t ! miss+ digits 9 birds & mammals1 ! miss+ or r$uc$ limb ( snakes & :ales1 ! r$uc$ m&ibulo-hyoid cleft ( elasmobran* fi%es are n pres5t or relatively m highly develop$ 9 ! embryo ?an 9 ! adult8 ,h[ is x t :5 a m>k$ v>iation1 su* z an extra digit1 or a r$uc$ limb1 or an extra segm5t1 makes its appe>ance1 x is n conf9$ to ! adult b c be se5 all ?r\gh ! developm5t8 ,all ! cle> evid5ce we c get t5ds to %[ t m>k$ v>iations1 :e!r ( r$uction or increase1 ( organs are manife/ dur+ ! :ole ( ! developm5t ( ! organ & d n m]ely affect ! adult4 ,& on reflection we see t x c\ld h>dly be o!rwise4 ,all su* evid5ce is di/9ctly at v>iance ) ! !ory ( recapitulation1 at lea/ z appli$ to embryos4 ,9 ! case ( l>vae ( c\rse ! case w be diff]5t1 = 9 !m ! organs are functional1 & r$uction 9 ! adult w n be accompani$ by r$uction 9 ! l>va unless a *ange 9 ! conditions ( life ( ! l>va enables x to occur4 ,if aft] #ej ye>s ( rese>* & close exam9ation ( ! facts ( embryology ! recapitulation !ory is /ill )\t satisfactory pro(1 x seems desirable to take a wid] sweep & to inquire :e!r ! facts ( embryology _c be includ$ 9 a l>g] category4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out by ,huxley1 developm5t & life are co-ext5sive1 & x is impossible to po9t to any p]iod 9 ! life ( an organism :5 ! developm5tal *anges cease4 ,x is true t ^! *anges take place m rapidly at ! comm5cem5t ( life1 b !y are nev] :olly abs5t1 & ^? :i* occur 9 ! lat] or s-call$ adult /ages ( life d n diff] 9 _! ess5ce1 h[ev] mu* !y may diff] 9 _! degree1 f ^? :i* occur dur+ ! embryonic & l>val p]iods4 ,?is consid]ation at once br+s ! *anges ( ! embryonic p]iod into ! same category z ^? ( ! adult & sugge/s t an explanation :i* w acc\nt = ! "o w acc\nt = ! o!r4 ,:at !n is ! problem we are deal+ )8 ,surely x is ?is3 ,:y does an organism z soon z x is e/abli%$ at ! f]tilisation ( ! ovum ent] ^u a cycle ( trans=mations :i* nev] cease until dea? puts an end to !m8 ,9 o!r words :at is ! mean+ ( t cycle ( *anges :i* all organisms pres5t 9 a great] or less degree & :i* con/itute ! v ess5ce ( life8 ,x is impossible to give an answ] to ?is "q s long z we rema9 )9 ! prec9cts ( ,biology--& x is n my pres5t purpose to p5etrate beyond ^? prec9cts into ! realms ( philosophy4 ,we h to d ) an ultimate biological fact1 ) a fundam5tal prop]ty ( liv+ matt]1 :i* gov]ns & includes all its o!r prop]ties4 ,h[ may ?is prop]ty be /at$8 ,?us3 x is a prop]ty ( liv+ matt] to react 9 a rem>kable way to ext]nal =ces )\t und]go+ de/ruction4 ,! life-cycle1 ( :i* ! embryonic & l>val p]iods are a "p1 consi/s ( ! ord]ly int]action betwe5 ! organism & its environm5t4 ,! action ( ! environm5t produces c]ta9 morphological *anges 9 ! organism4 ,^! *anges enable ! organism to come into relation ) new ext]nal =ces1 to move into :at is practically a new environm5t1 :i* 9 its turn produces fur!r /ructural *anges 9 ! organism4 ,^! 9 _! turn enable1 inde$ necessitate1 ! organism to move aga9 into a new environm5t1 & s ! process cont9ues until ! /ructural *anges are ( su* a nature t ! organism is unable to adapt itself to ! environm5t 9 :i* x f9ds itself4 ,! ess5tial condition ( success 9 ?is process is t ! organism %\ld always %ift into ! environm5t to :i* its new /ructure is suit$--any failure 9 ?is lead+ to ! impairm5t ( ! organism4 ,9 mo/ cases ! %ift+ ( ! environm5t is a v gradual process 7:e!r consi/+ 9 ! v slight & gradual alt]ation 9 ! relation ( ! embryo z a :ole to ! egg-%ell or ut]9e wall1 or 9 ! relations ( its p>ts to ea* o!r1 or 9 ! successive phases ( adult life71 & ! morphological *anges 9 connection ) ea* /ep ( x are b slight4 ,b 9 "s cases jumps are made su* z we f9d 9 ! ph5om5a kn[n z hat*+1 bir?1 & metamorphosis4 ,?is prop]ty ( react+ to ! environm5t )\t und]go+ de/ruction is1 z has be5 /at$1 a fundam5tal prop]ty ( organisms4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( any matt]1 to :i* ! t]m liv+ c\ld be appli$1 be+ )\t x4 ,& ) ?is prop]ty ( react+ to ! environm5t goes ! fur!r prop]ty ( und]go+ a *ange :i* alt]s ! relation ( ! organism to ! old environm5t & places x 9 a new environm5t4 ,if ?is reason+ is correct1 x necess>ily foll[s t ?is prop]ty mu/ h be5 possess$ by liv+ matt] at its fir/ appe>ance on ! e>?4 ,9 o!r words liv+ matt] mu/ always h pres5t$ a life-cycle1 & ! "q arises :at k9d ( modification has t cycle und]gone8 ,has x increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 duration & complexity s9ce organisms fir/ appe>$ on ! e>?8 ,! curr5t view is t ! cycle 0 at fir/ v %ort & t x has increas$ 9 l5g? by ! evolution>y creation ( new adult phases1 t ^! new phases are 9 addition to ^? already exi/+ & t ea* ( !m z x appe>s takes ov] f ! prec$+ adult phase ! functional condition ( ! reproductive organs4 ,accord+ to ! same view ! old adult phases are n oblit]at$ b p]si/ 9 a m or less modifi$ =m z l>val /ages4 ,x is fur!r suppos$ t z ! life-hi/ory l5g!ns at "o end by ! addition ( new adult phases1 x is %ort5$ at ! o!r by ! abbreviation ( embryonic developm5t & by ! absorption ( "s ( ! e>ly l>val /ages into ! embryonic p]iod2 b on ! :ole ! l5g!n+ process has exce$$ t ( %ort5+1 s t ! :ole life-hi/ory has1 ) ! progress ( evolution1 become long] & m complicat$4 ,n[ !re c be no d\bt t ! life-hi/ory ( organisms has be5 %ort5$ 9 ! way above sugge/$1 = cases are kn[n 9 :i* ?is c practically be se5 to occur at ! pres5t day4 ,b ! process ( l5g!n+ by ! creation ( new /ages at ! o!r end ( ! life-cycle is m difficult to conceive & moreov] !re is no evid5ce = its hav+ occurr$4 ,?is1 inde$1 may h occurr$1 z is sugge/$ bel[1 b ! evid5ce we h seems to indicate t evolution>y modification has proce$$ by ,,alt]+ & n by ,,sup]s$+3 t is to say t ea* /age 9 ! life-hi/ory1 z we see x to-day1 has proce$$ f a correspond+ /age 9 a =m] era by ! modification ( t /age & n by ! creation ( a new "o4 ,let me1 at ! risk ( repetition1 expla9 my mean+ m fully by tak+ a concrete illu/ration4 ,! m&ibulo-hyoid cleft 7spiracle7 ( ! elasmobran* fi%es1 ! lat]al digits ( ! pig's foot1 ! h9d-limbs ( :ales1 ! enl>g$ digit ( ! o/ri*'s foot are suppos$ to be organs :i* h be5 rec5tly modifi$4 ,?is modification is n conf9$ to ! f9al adult /age ( ! life-hi/ory b *>act]ises !m ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( _! developm5t4 ,a /age ) a r$uc$ spiracle does n proce$ 9 developm5t f a prec$+ /age 9 :i* ! spiracle %[s no r$uction3 x is r$uc$ at its fir/ appe>ance4 ,! same /atem5t may be made ( organs :i* h entirely disappe>$ 9 ! adult1 su* z bird's tee? & snake's =e-limbs3 ! adult /age 9 :i* !y h disappe>$ is n prec$$ by embryonic /ages 9 :i* ! tee? & limbs or rudim5ts ( !m are pres5t4 ,9 fact ! evid5ce indicates t adult v>iations ( any "p are accompani$ by prec$5t v>iations 9 ! same direction 9 ! embryo4 ,! evid5ce seems to %[1 n t a /age is add$ on at ! end ( ! life-hi/ory1 b only t "s ( ! /ages 9 ! life-hi/ory are modifi$4 ,inde$1 on ! wid] view ( developm5t tak5 9 ?is essay1 a view :i* makes x co9cid5t ) life1 "o w\ld n expect (t5 to f9d1 ev5 if new /ages are add$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution1 t !y are add$ at ! end ( ! s]ies :5 ! organism has pass$ ?r\gh its reproductive p]iod4 ,x is possible ( c\rse t new /ages h be5 int]calat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! life-hi/ory1 ?\gh x is difficult to see h[ ?is has occurr$4 ,x is mu* m likely1 if we may judge f available evid5ce1 t e /age has _h its c\nt]p>t 9 ! ance/ral =m f :i* x has be5 d]iv$ by desc5t ) modification4 ,j z ! adult phase ( ! liv+ =m diff]s1 ow+ to evolution>y modification1 f ! adult phase ( ! ance/or f :i* x has proce$$1 s ea* l>val phase w diff] = ! same reason f ! correspond+ l>val phase 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! ance/or4 ,inasmu* z ! organism is v>iable at e /age ( its indep5d5t exi/5ce & is expos$ to ! action ( natural selection !re is no reason :y x %\ld escape modification at any /age4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ^! consid]ations x w\ld seem to foll[ t at ! dawn ( life ! life-cycle mu/ h be51 ei!r 9 posse or 9 esse1 at lea/ z long z x is at ! pres5t "t1 & t ! peculi>ity ( pass+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( /ages 9 :i* new *>act]s are successively evolv$ is a primordial quality ( liv+ matt]4 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 x is necess>y to t\* ^u ano!r aspect ( x4 ,:at are ^! v>iations 9 /ructure :i* succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! life-hi/ory ( an organism8 ,i am consci\s t ,i am "h on ! ?re%old ( a *amb] :i* conta9s ! clue to "s ( our difficulties1 & t ,i _c ent] x4 ,look$ at f "o po9t ( view !y belong to ! class ( g5etic v>iations1 :i* dep5d ^u ! /ructure or con/itution ( ! protoplasm2 b in/ead ( appe>+ 9 diff]5t zygotes 7,a zygote is a f]tilis$ ovum1 i4e4 a new organism result+ f ! fusion ( an ovum & a sp]matozoon471 !y are pres5t 9 ! same zygote ?\gh at diff]5t times 9 its life-hi/ory4 ,!y are ( ! same ord] z ! mutational v>iations ( ! mod]n biologi/ ^u :i* ! appe>ance ( a new "* dep5ds4 ,:at is a g5etic or mutational v>iation8 ,x is a g5etic "* :i* 0 n pres5t 9 ei!r ( ! p>5ts4 ,b ^! gr[? v>iations 7 pres5t 9 ! p>5ts1 & 9 ?is !y diff] f mutational v>iations4 ,b :at are g5etic *>act]s8 ,!y are *>act]s :i* mu/ appe> if any developm5t occurs4 ,!y are usually contra/$ ) acquir$ *>act]s1 us+ ! expression acquir$ "* 9 ! ,lam>ckian s5se4 ,b /rictly speak+ !y ,,are acquir$ *>act]s1 = ! zygote at fir/ has none ( ! *>act]s :i* x subsequ5tly acquires1 b only ! p[] ( acquir+ !m 9 response to ! action ( ! environm5t4 ,b ! *>act]s s acquir$ are n :at we te*nically und]/& & :at ,lam>ck meant by acquir$ *>act]s4 ,!y are g5etic *>act]s1 z def9$ above4 ,:at !n are ,lam>ck's acquir$ *>act]s8 ,!y are v>iations 9 g5etic *>act]s caus$ 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 two k9ds ( v>iation 9 g5etic *>act]s dep5d+ on ! mode ( causation4 ,fir/ly1 !re are ^? v>iations consequ5t ^u a v>iation 9 ! con/itution ( ! protoplasm ( a p>ticul> zygote1 & indep5d5t ( ! environm5t 9 :i* ! organism develops1 save 9 s f> z ?is simply calls !m =?3 ^! are ! s-call$ g5etic or mutational v>iations4 ,secondly1 !re are ^? v>iations :i* occur 9 zygotes ( simil> g]m9al con/itution & :i* are caus$ solely by diff]5ces 9 ! environm5t to :i* ! individuals are respectively expos$3 ^! are ! acquir$ *>act]s ( ,lam>ck & ( au?ors g5]ally4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is d\ble s5se 9 :i* ! t]m acquir$ *>act]s may be us$1 great confusion may & does occur4 ,if ! protoplasm be comp>$ to a ma*9e1 & ! ext]nal conditions to ! h& t works ! ma*9e1 !n x may be said t1 z ! ma*9e c only "w 9 "o way1 x c only produce "o k9d ( result 7g5etic "*71 b ! p>ticul> =m or quality 7,lam>ckian acquir$ "*7 ( ! result w dep5d ^u ! h& t works ! ma*9e 7environm5t71 j z ! quality ( ! s\nd produc$ by a fiddle dep5ds entirely ^u ! h& :i* plays ^u x4 ,x w\ld be improp] to apply ! t]m mutation to ^? g5etic *>act]s :i* are n new *>act]s or new v>iants ( old *>act]s1 b su* g5etic *>act]s are ( ! same nature z ^? *>act]s to :i* ! t]m mutation has be5 appli$4 ,x may be notic$ 9 pass+ t x is v que/ionable if ! mod]n biologi/ has act$ 9 ! real int]e/s ( sci5ce 9 apply+ ! t]m mutation 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he has appli$ x4 ,! g5etic *>act]s ( organisms come f "o ( two s\rces3 ei!r !y are old *>act]s & are due to ! action ( :at we call inh]itance or !y are new & are due to :at we call v>iation4 ,if ! t]m mutation is appli$ to ! actual alt]ation ( ! ma*9]y ( ! protoplasm1 no objection c be felt to its use2 b if x be appli$1 z x is1 to ! product ( ! action ( ! alt]$ ma*9e1 viz4 to ! new g5etic "*1 x leads to confusion4 ,inh]itance is ! p]si/5ce ( ! /ructure ( ! ma*9e2 *>act]s are ! products ( ! work+ ( ! ma*9e2 v>iation 9 g5etic *>act]s is due to ! alt]ation 7mutation7 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ma*9]y1 :ile v>iation 9 acquir$ *>act]s 7,lam>ckian7 is due to diff]5ces 9 ! mode ( work+ ! ma*9]y4 ,! ma*9]y :5 x />ts 79 ! new zygote7 has ! p[] ( gr9d+ out c]ta9 results1 :i* we call ! *>act]s ( ! organism4 ,^! appe> at successive int]vals ( "t1 & ! ord]ly manife/ation ( !m is :at we call ! life-hi/ory ( ! organism4 ,?is br+s u back to ! "q ) :i* we />t$ ?is discussion1 viz4 :at is ! relation ( ^! v>iations 9 /ructure1 :i* successively appe> 9 an organism & con/itute its life-hi/ory1 to ! mutational v>iations :i* appe> 9 diff]5t organisms ( ! same brood or species4 ,! "q is br\ght home to u :5 we ask :at is a bud-sport1 su* z a nect>9e appe>+ on a pea*-tree8 ,f "o po9t ( view1 x is simply a mutation appe>+ 9 asexual reproduction2 f ano!r x is "o ( ^! successional *>act]s 7gr[? v>iations7 :i* con/itute ! life-hi/ory ( ! zygote1 = x appe>s 9 ! same zygote :i* fir/ produces a pea*4 ,"h our analogy ( a ma*9e :i* only works 9 "o way seems to fail u1 = ^! bud-sports d n appe> 9 all p>ts ( ! organism1 only 9 c]ta9 buds or p>ts ( x1 s t "o "p ( ! zygotic ma*9e w\ld appe> to "w diff]5tly to ano!r4 ,to discuss ?is "q fur!r w\ld take u too f> f our subject4 ,suffice x to say t we _c answ] x1 any m ?an we c ?is fur!r "q ( burn+ int]e/ at ! pres5t day1 viz4 to :at ext5t & 9 :at mann] is ! ma*9e itself alt]$ by ! p>ticul> way 9 :i* x is work$4 ,9 connection ) ?is "q we c only submit "o consid]ation3 ! zygotic ma*9e c1 by its nature1 only "w once1 s t any alt]ation 9 x c only be asc]ta9$ by /udy+ ! replicas ( x :i* are produc$ 9 ! reproductive organs4 ,x is a peculi>ity t ! result :i* we call ! rip5+ ( ! g5]ative organs ne>ly always appe>s among ! f9al products ( ! action ( ! zygotic ma*9e4 ,x is rem>kable t ?is %\ld be ! case4 ,:at is ! reason ( x8 ,! late appe>ance ( functional reproductive organs is almo/ a univ]sal law1 & ! explanation ( x is sugge/$ by express+ ! law 9 ano!r way1 viz4 t ! ma*9e is almo/ always s con/itut$ t x ceases to "w effici5tly soon aft] ! reproductive organs h suffici5tly dis*>g$ _! function4 ,:y ?is %\ld occur we _c expla93 x is an ultimate fact ( nature1 & _c be includ$ 9 any wid] category4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! reproductive organs c act may be %ort z 9 ephem]ids or long z 9 man & trees1 & !re is no reason to suppose t _! action damages ! vital ma*9]y1 ?\gh sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( annual plants 7,mets*nik(f71 x may incid5tally d s2 b1 long or %ort1 ! cessation ( _! actions is always a prelude to ! end4 ,:5 !y & _! action are impair$1 ! organism ceases to react ) precision to ! environm5t1 & ! organism z a :ole und]goes retrogressive *anges4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out above t !re is reason to believe t at ! dawn ( life ! life-cycle 01 ,,ei!r ,,9 ,,esse ,,or ,,9 ,,posse1 at lea/ z long z x is at ! pres5t "t4 ,! qualification impli$ by ! words 9 italics is necess>y1 = x is cle>ly possible t ! ext]nal conditions !n exi/+ 7 n suitable = ! production ( all ! /ages ( ! pot5tial life-hi/ory1 & t :at we call organic evolution has consi/$ 9 a gradual evolution ( new environm5ts to :i* ! organism's innate capacity ( *ange has enabl$ x to adapt itself4 ,we h w>rant = ?is possibility 9 ! case ( ! ,axolotl & 9 o!r simil> cases ( neot5y4 ,& ^! cases fur!r br+ home to u ! fact1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 t ! full developm5t ( ! functional reproductive organs is ne>ly always associat$ ) ! f9al /ages ( ! life-hi/ory4 ,on ?is view ( ! succession ( *>act]s 9 ! life-hi/ory ( organisms1 h[ %all we expla9 ! und\bt$ fact t ! developm5t ( buds h>dly ev] pres5ts any ph5om5a correspond+ to ! embryonic & l>val *anges8 ,! reason is cle>ly ?is1 t budd+ usually occurs aft] ! embryonic /age is pa/2 :5 ! *>act]s ( embryonic life h be5 work$ out by ! ma*9e4 ,:5 x takes place at an e>ly /age 9 embryonic life1 z x does 9 cases ( s-call$ embryonic fission1 ! product %[s1 ei!r p>tly or entirely1 ph5om5a simil> to ^? ( embryonic developm5t4 ,! only case kn[n to me 9 :i* budd+ by ! adult is accompani$ by morphological features simil> to ^? display$ by embryos is furni%$ by ! budd+ ( ! m$usi=m spore-sacs ( hydrozoon polyps4 ,b ?is case is exceptional1 = "h we h to d ) an attempt1 :i* fails1 to =m a free-swimm+ organism1 ! m$usa2 & ! ve/iges :i* appe> 9 ! buds are ! umbrella-cavity1 m>g9al t5tacles1 circul> canal1 etc41 ( ! m$usa arre/$ 9 developm5t4 ,b ! "q /ill rema9s1 are !re no cases 9 :i*1 z impli$ by ! recapitulation !ory1 v>iations 9 any organ are conf9$ to ! p]iod 9 :i* ! organ is functional & d n affect x 9 ! embryonic /ages8 ,! tee? ( ! :alebone :ales may be cit$ z a case 9 :i* ?is is said to occur2 b "h ! tee? are only imp]fectly develop$ 9 ! embryo & are soon absorb$4 ,!y h be5 affect$ by ! *ange :i* has produc$ _! disappe>ance 9 ! adult1 b n to complete ext9ction4 ,nor are !y n[ likely to be ext+ui%$1 = hav+ become exclusively embryonic !y are l>gely protect$ f ! action ( natural selection4 ,?is consid]ation br+s up a mo/ important aspect ( ! "q1 s f> z disappe>+ organs are conc]n$4 ,e organ is laid d[n at a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ! embryo & und]goes a c]ta9 c\rse ( gr[? until x obta9s full functional developm5t4 ,:5 = any cause r$uction beg9s1 x is affect$ at all /ages ( its gr[?1 unless x has functional importance 9 ! l>va1 & 9 "s cases its life is %ort5$ at "o or bo? ends4 ,9 cases1 z 9 t ( ! :ale's tee?1 9 :i* x entirely disappe>s 9 ! adult1 ! latt] "p ( its life is cut (f2 9 o!rs1 ! beg9n+ ( its life may be def]r$4 ,?is happ5s1 = in/ance1 ) ! spiracle ( _m ,elasmobran*s1 :i* makes its appe>ance aft] ! hyobran*ial cleft1 n be=e x z x %\ld d1 be+ ant]ior to x 9 position1 & z x does 9 ! ,amniota 9 :i* x %[s no r$uction 9 size z comp>$ ) ! o!r ph>yngeal clefts4 ,9 ^? ,elasmobran*s 9 :i* x is abs5t 9 ! adult b pres5t 9 ! embryo 7e4g4 ,c>*>ias7 its life is %ort5$ at bo? ends4 ,_m m in/ances ( organs1 ( :i* ! beg9n+ & end h be5 cut (f1 might be m5tion$2 e4g4 ! muscle-plate coelom ( ,aves1 ! primitive /reak & ! neur5t]ic canal ( amniote bla/od]ms4 ,9 yet o!r cases 9 :i* ! r$uc$ organ is almo/ on ! v]ge ( disappe>ance1 x may appe> = a mom5t & disappe> m ?an once 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is /rik+ ph5om5on ,i may m5tion ! neur5t]ic canal ( av9e embryos1 & ! ant]ior neuropore ( ,ascidians4 ,la/ly ! r$uc$ organ may disappe> 9 ! develop+ /ages be=e x does s 9 ! adult4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is may be m5tion$ ! m&ibul> palp ( ^? ,cru/acea ) zoaea l>vae4 ,?is /ructure disappe>s 9 ! l>va only to reappe> 9 a r$uc$ =m 9 lat] /ages4 ,9 all ^! cases we are deal+ ) an organ :i*1 we imag9e1 atta9$ a full] functional developm5t at "s previ\s /age 9 race-hi/ory1 b 9 mo/ ( !m we h no pro( t x did s4 ,x may be1 & ! possibility mu/ n be lo/ sight (1 t ^! organs nev] 7 any?+ else ?an functionless & t ?\gh !y h be5 got rid ( 9 ! adult by elim9ation 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 !y h be5 able to p]si/ 9 embryonic /ages :i* are protect$ f ! full action ( natural selection4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t liv+ matt] at its fir/ appe>ance diff]$ f non-liv+ matt] 9 possess+ only prop]ties conducive to its well-be+ & prolong$ exi/5ce4 ,no "o ?9ks t ! prop]ties ( ! v>i\s =ms ( inorganic matt] are all /rictly relat$ to ext]nal conditions4 ,( :at use to ! diamond is its high specific gravity & high refrangibility1 & to gold ( its yell[ col\r & great weight8 ,^! sub/ances cont9ue to exi/ 9 virtue ( o!r prop]ties ?an ^!4 ,x is impossible to suppose t ! prop]ties ( liv+ matt] at its fir/ appe>ance 7 all useful to x1 = ev5 n[ aft] aeons ( elim9ation we f9d t x possesses _m useless organs & t _m ( its relations to ! ext]nal _w are capable ( consid]able improvem5t4 ,9 writ+ ?is essay ,i h purposely refra9$ f tak+ a def9ite position ) reg>d to ! problems t\*$4 ,my desire has be5 to write a *apt] %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9's "w s f> z ,embryology is conc]n$1 & ! v>i\s po9ts :i* come up = consid]ation 9 discuss+ 8 views4 ,d>w9 0 ! la/ man :o w\ld h claim$ f9ality = any ( 8 doctr9es1 b he might fairly h claim$ to h set go+ a process ( intellectual f]m5tation :i* is /ill v f> f completion4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,palaeontological ,,record4 ,by ,w4,b4 ,scott4 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,pr9ceton1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,i4 ,,animals4 ,to no bran* ( sci5ce did ! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species prove to be a m vivify+ & trans=m+ influ5ce ?an to ,palaeontology4 ,?is sci5ce _h suff]$1 & to "s ext5t1 /ill suff]s f its r anomal\s position betwe5 geology & biology1 ea* ( :i* makes claim to its t]ritory1 & x 0 held 9 /rict bondage to ! ,l9nean & ,cuvi]ian dogma t species 7 immutable entities4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 reason to ma9ta9 t ?is /rict bondage to a dogma n[ ab&on$1 0 n )\t its good side1 & s]v$ ! purpose ( keep+ ! infant sci5ce 9 lead+-/r+s until x 0 able to walk alone1 & prev5t+ a flood ( premature g5]alisations & speculations4 ,z ,zittel has said3 ,two directions 7 f ! fir/ app>5t 9 palaeontological rese>*--a /ratigraphical & a biological4 ,/ratigraph]s wi%$ f palaeontology ma9ly confirmation reg>d+ ! true ord] or relative age ( zones ( rock-deposits 9 ! field4 ,biologi/s _h1 !oretically at lea/1 ! m g5u9e int]e/ 9 fossil organisms z individual =ms ( life4 7,zittel1 ,hi/ory ( ,geology & ,palaeontology1 page #cfc1 ,london1 #aija47 ,! geological or /ratigraphical direction ( ! sci5ce 0 giv5 by ! "w ( ,william ,smi?1 ! fa!r ( hi/orical geology1 9 ! clos+ decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,smi? 0 ! fir/ to make a sy/ematic use ( fossils 9 det]m9+ ! ord] ( succession ( ! rocks :i* make up ! accessible cru/ ( ! e>?1 & ?is use has cont9u$1 )\t ess5tial *ange1 to ! pres5t day4 ,x is true t ! !ory ( evolution has greatly modifi$ our conceptions conc]n+ ! introduction ( new species & ! mann] 9 :i* palaeontological data are to be int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( /ratigraphy1 b1 broadly speak+1 ! me?od rema9s fundam5tally ! same z t introduc$ by ,smi?4 ,! biological direction ( palaeontology 0 due to ,cuvi] & 8 associates1 :o fir/ %[$ t fossils 7 n m]ely v>ieties ( exi/+ organisms1 b belong$ to ext9ct species & g5]a1 an altoge!r revolution>y conception1 :i* />tl$ ! sci5tific _w4 ,cuvi] made c>eful /udies1 especially ( fossil v]tebrates1 f ! /&po9t ( zoology & 0 ?us ! f\nd] ( palaeontology z a biological sci5ce4 ,8 great "w on ,ossem5ts ,fossiles 7,p>is1 #ahba7 has nev] be5 surpass$ z a ma/]piece ( ! comp>ative me?od ( anatomical inve/igation1 & has furni%$ to ! palaeontologi/ ! indisp5sable implem5ts ( rese>*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,cuvi]'s !oretical views reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ! e>? & its successive faunas & floras are su* z no "o believes to-day4 ,he held t ! e>? _h be5 repeat$ly deva/at$ by great cataclysms1 :i* de/roy$ e liv+ ?+1 necessitat+ an entirely new creation1 ?us reg>d+ ! geological p]iods z %>ply dem>cat$ & /rictly contemporane\s = ! :ole e>?1 & ea* species ( animal & plant z conf9$ to a s+le p]iod4 ,cuvi]'s imm5se au?ority & 8 comm&+ p]sonality dom9at$ sci5tific ?\ght = m ?an a g5]ation & m>k$ out ! l9e :i* ! developm5t ( palaeontology 0 to foll[4 ,! "w 0 en?usia/ically tak5 up by _m v able m5 9 ! v>i\s ,european c\ntries & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b1 controll$ z x 0 by ! belief 9 ! fixity ( species1 x rema9$ almo/ entirely descriptive & consi/$ 9 ! description & classification ( ! diff]5t gr\ps ( fossil organisms4 ,z already intimat$1 ?is n>r[ness ( view _h its comp5sations1 = x def]r$ g5]alisations until "s adequate f\ndations = ^! _h be5 laid4 ,dom9ant z x 01 ,cuvi]'s au?ority 0 sl[ly und]m9$ by ! progress ( k & ! way 0 prep>$ = ! introduction ( m rational conceptions4 ,! !ory ( ,cata/rophism 0 attack$ by sev]al geologi/s1 mo/ effectively by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o greatly amplifi$ ! pr9ciples enunciat$ by ,hutton & ,playfair 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 & inaugurat$ a new era 9 geology4 ,lyell's uni=mit>ian views ( ! e>?'s hi/ory & ( ! ag5cies :i* _h wr\ght its *anges1 _h und\bt$ effect 9 educat+ m5's m9ds = ! acceptance ( ess5tially simil> views reg>d+ ! organic _w4 ,9 palaeontology too ! doctr9e ( ! immutability ( species1 ?\gh vehem5tly ma9ta9$ & reass]t$1 0 gradually weak5+4 ,9 review+ long s]ies ( fossils1 relations 7 obs]v$ :i* po9t$ to g5etic connections & yet 7 int]pret$ z purely ideal4 ,agassiz1 = example1 :o nev] accept$ ! evolution>y !ory1 drew att5tion to facts :i* c\ld be satisfactorily int]pret$ only 9 t]ms ( t !ory4 ,among ! fossils he indicat$ progressive1 syn!tic1 prophetic1 & embryonic types1 & po9t$ out ! p>allelism :i* obta9s betwe5 ! geological succession ( anci5t animals & ! ontog5etic developm5t ( rec5t =ms4 ,9 ,d>w9's words3 ,?is view accords admirably well ) our !ory4 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #caj47 ,( simil> import 7 ,ow5's views on g5]alis$ types & ar*etypes4 ,! appe>ance ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 9 #ahei revolutionis$ all ! biological sci5ces4 ,f ! v nature ( ! case1 ,d>w9 0 compell$ to give c>eful consid]ation to ! palaeontological evid5ce2 inde$1 x 0 ! palaeontology & mod]n di/ribution ( animals 9 ,s\? ,am]ica :i* fir/ l$ him to reflect ^u ! great problem4 ,9 8 own words3 ,i _h be5 deeply impress$ by discov]+ 9 ! ,pampean =mation great fossil animals cov]$ ) arm\r l t on ! exi/+ armadillos2 secondly1 by ! mann] 9 :i* closely alli$ animals replace "o ano!r 9 proce$+ s\?w>d ov] ! ,cont95t2 & ?irdly1 by ! ,s\? ,am]ican "* ( mo/ ( ! productions ( ! ,galapagos ar*ipelago1 & m especially by ! mann] 9 :i* !y diff] slightly on ea* isl& ( ! gr\p4 7,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,i4 page #hb47 ,9 ! fam\s t5? & elev5? *apt]s ( ! ,orig91 ! palaeontological evid5ce is exam9$ at l5g? & ! imp]fection ( ! geological record is /rongly emphasis$4 ,! conclusion is rea*$1 t1 9 view ( ?is extreme imp]fection1 palaeontology c\ld n reasonably be expect$ to yield complete & conv9c+ pro( ( ! evolution>y !ory4 ,i look at ! geological record z a hi/ory ( ! _w imp]fectly kept1 & writt5 9 a *ang+ dialect2 ( ?is hi/ory we possess ! la/ volume alone1 relat+ only to two or ?ree c\ntries4 ,( ?is volume1 only "h & !re a %ort *apt] has be5 pres]v$2 & ( ea* page1 only "h & !re a few l9es4 7,orig9 ( ,species1 page #bhi47 ,yet1 aside f ^! inevitable difficulties1 he concludes1 t ! o!r great lead+ facts 9 palaeontology agree admirably ) ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification ?r\gh v>iation & natural selection4 7,ibid4 page #cac47 ,d>w9's !ory gave an entirely new significance & importance to palaeontology4 ,cuvi]'s conception ( ! sci5ce _h be5 a limit$1 ?\gh a l(ty "o4 ,h[ glori\s x w\ld be if we c\ld arrange ! organis$ products ( ! univ]se 9 _! *ronological ord]6444 ,! *ronological succession ( organis$ =ms1 ! exact det]m9ation ( ^? types :i* appe>$ fir/1 ! simultane\s orig9 ( c]ta9 species & _! gradual decay1 w\ld p]haps tea* u z mu* ab\t ! my/]ies ( organisation z we c possibly le>n ?r\gh exp]im5ts ) liv+ organisms4 7,zittel op4 cit4 page #adj47 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 r ! expression ( a hope = ! di/ant future ?an an acc\nt ( :at 0 atta9able1 & 9 practice ! sci5ce rema9$ almo/ purely descriptive1 until ,d>w9 gave x a new /&po9t1 new problems & an altoge!r fre% int]e/ & *>m4 ,! revolution ?us accompli%$ is comp>able only to t produc$ by ! ,cop]nican a/ronomy4 ,f ! fir/ x 0 obvi\s t "o ( ! mo/ se>*+ te/s ( ! evolution>y !ory w\ld be giv5 by ! advance ( palaeontological discov]y4 ,h[ev] imp]fect ! geological record might be1 its asc]ta9$ facts w\ld necess>ily be consi/5t1 "u any reasonable int]pretation1 ) ! dem&s ( a true !ory2 o!rwise ! !ory w\ld ev5tually be ov]:elm$ by ! mass ( irreconcilable data4 ,a v great /imulus 0 ?us giv5 to geological inve/igation & to ! exploration ( new l&s4 ,9 ! la/ =ty ye>s1 ! exam9ation ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ( ,africa & ,asia has br\ght to light _m *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( life1 :i* are a/oni%+ly full & complete4 ,! flood ( new mat]ial cont9ues to accumulate at su* a rate t x is impossible to keep abrea/ ( x1 & ! v weal? ( ! collections is a s\rce ( difficulty & emb>rassm5t4 ,9 mod]n palaeontology phylog5etic que/ions & problems occupy a =emo/ place &1 z a result ( ! lab\rs ( _m em95t inve/igators 9 _m l&s1 x may be said t ?is sci5ce has prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ solid supports ( ,d>w9's !ory4 ,true1 !re are v _m unsolv$ problems1 & ! disc\rag$ work] is (t5 tempt$ to believe t ! fossils raise m que/ions ?an !y answ]4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole tr5d ( ! evid5ce is s /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! evolution>y doctr9e1 t no o!r int]pretation seems at all rational4 ,to pres5t any adequate acc\nt ( ! palaeontological record f ! evolution>y /&po9t1 w\ld require a l>ge volume & a s+ul>ly unequal1 brok5 & disjo9t$ hi/ory x w\ld be4 ,"h ! record is scanty1 int]rupt$1 ev5 un9telligible1 :ile !re x is cr[d$ ) emb>rass+ weal? ( mat]ial1 b too (t5 ^! full *apt]s are sep>at$ by su* /ret*es ( unrecord$ "t1 t x is difficult to connect !m4 ,x w be m pr(itable to pres5t a few illu/rative examples ?an to attempt an outl9e ( ! :ole hi/ory4 ,at ! outset1 ! read] %\ld be caution$ n to expect too mu*1 = ! task ( det]m9+ phylog5ies fairly bri/les ) difficulties & enc\nt]s _m unansw]$ que/ions4 ,ev5 :5 ! evid5ce seems to be z copi\s & z complete z c\ld be wi%$1 diff]5t obs]v]s w put diff]5t int]pretations ^u x1 z 9 ! notori\s case ( ! ,/e9heim %ells4 7,9 ! ,mioc5e b$s ( ,/e9heim1 ,wurtemb]g1 occur c\ntless fre%-wat] %ells1 :i* %[ num]\s l9es ( modification1 b ^! h be5 v diff]5tly int]pret$ by diff]5t writ]s47 ,! ludicr\s discrepances :i* (t5 appe> betwe5 ! phylog5etic trees ( v>i\s writ]s h ca/ an undue discr$it ^u ! sci5ce & h l$ _m zoologi/s to ignore palaeontology altoge!r z unwor?y ( s]i\s att5tion4 ,"o pr9cipal cause ( ^! discrepant & (t5 contradictory results is our ignorance conc]n+ ! exact modes ( developm5tal *ange4 ,:at "o writ] po/ulates z almo/ axiomatic1 ano!r w reject z impossible & absurd4 ,few w be f\nd to agree z to h[ f> a giv5 resemblance is (fset by a giv5 unlik5ess1 & s long z ! "q is "o ( weigh+ evid5ce & balanc+ probabilities1 complete h>mony is n to be look$ =4 ,^! =midable difficulties confront u ev5 9 attempt+ to "w out f abundant mat]ial a brief *apt] 9 ! phylog5etic hi/ory ( "s small & cle>ly limit$ gr\p1 & !y become disproportionately great]1 :5 we ext5d our view ov] va/ p]iods ( "t & und]take to det]m9e ! mutual relation%ips ( classes & types4 ,if ! evid5ce 7 complete & available1 we %\ld h>dly be able to unravel its inf9ite complexity1 or to f9d a clue ?r\gh ! mazes ( ! labyr9?4 ,our ideas ( ! c\rse ( desc5t mu/ ( necessity be diagrammatic4 7,d4,h4 ,scott1 ,/udies 9 ,fossil ,botany1 page #ebd4 ,london1 #aijj47 ,"s ( ! mo/ complete & conv9c+ examples ( desc5t ) modification are to be f\nd among ! mammals1 & n[h]e m abundantly ?an 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e ! s]ies ( cont95tal =mations1 runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole ,t]ti>y p]iod1 is rem>kably full4 ,mo/ ( ^! =mations conta9 a m>vell\s weal? ( mammalian rema9s & 9 an unusual /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! olde/ ,eoc5e 7,paleoc5e7 has yield$ a mammalian fauna :i* is /ill ( prevail+ly ,mesozoic "*1 & conta9s b few =ms :i* c be reg>d$ z ance/ral to ^? ( lat] times4 ,! succe$+ fauna ( ! l[] ,eoc5e prop] 7,wasat* /age7 is radically diff]5t &1 :ile a few =ms cont9ue ov] f ! ,paleoc5e1 ! majority are evid5tly rec5t immigrants f "s region n yet id5tifi$4 ,f ! ,wasat* onw>d1 ! developm5t ( _m phyla may be trac$ 9 almo/ unbrok5 cont9uity1 ?\gh f "t to "t ! record is some:at obscur$ by migrations f ! ,old ,_w & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 x is easy to di/+ui% betwe5 ! immigrant & ! indig5\s elem5ts ( ! fauna4 ,f _! greg>i\s habits & individual abundance1 ! hi/ory ( _m ho($ animals is pres]v$ ) especial cle>ness4 ,s well kn[n z to h become a commonplace1 is ! phylog5y ( ! horses1 :i*1 contr>y to all t w\ld h be5 expect$1 ran ! great] "p ( its c\rse 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,s f> z x has yet be5 trac$1 ! l9e beg9s 9 ! l[] ,eoc5e ) ! g5us ,eohippus1 a little creature n mu* l>g] ?an a cat1 :i* has a %ort neck1 relatively %ort limbs1 & 9 p>ticul>1 %ort feet1 ) f\r functional digits & a spl9t-l rudim5t 9 ! =e-foot1 ?ree functional digits & a rudim5t 9 ! h9d-foot4 ,! =e>m bones 7ulna & radius7 are complete & sep>ate1 z are also ! bones ( ! l[] leg 7fibula & tibia74 ,! skull has a %ort face1 ) ! orbit1 or eye-socket1 incompletely enclos$ ) bone1 & ! bra9-case is sl5d] & ( small capacity4 ,! tee? are %ort-cr[n$1 ! incisors )\t m>k1 or enamel pit1 on ! cutt+ edge2 ! premol>s are all small] & simpl] ?an ! mol>s4 ,! patt]n ( ! upp] mol>s is s entirely diff]5t f t se5 9 ! mod]n horses t1 )\t ! int]m$iate connect+ /eps1 no "o w\ld h v5tur$ to d]ive ! lat] f ! e>li] plan4 ,?is patt]n is quadritub]cul>1 ) f\r pr9cipal1 conical cusps arrang$ 9 two transv]se pairs1 =m+ a squ>e1 & two m9ute cuspules betwe5 ea* transv]se pair1 a too? :i* is mu* m pig-l ?an horse-l4 ,9 ! l[] mol>s ! cusps h already unit$ to =m two cresc5ts1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 =m+ a patt]n :i* is extremely common 9 ! e>ly repres5tatives ( _m diff]5t families1 bo? ( ! ,p]issodactyla & ! ,artiodactyla4 ,9 spite ( ! manifold diff]5ces 9 all p>ts ( ! skeleton betwe5 ,eohippus & ! rec5t horses1 ! =m] has /amp$ ^u x an equ9e "* :i* is unmi/akable1 ?\gh x c h>dly be express$ 9 words4 ,ea* "o ( ! diff]5t ,eoc5e & ,oligoc5e horizons has its *>act]i/ic g5us ( horses1 %[+ a sl[1 /eady progress 9 a def9ite direction1 all p>ts ( ! /ructure p>ticipat+ 9 ! advance4 ,x is n necess>y to foll[ ea* ( ^! successive /eps ( *ange1 b x %\ld be emphasis$ t ! *anges are gradual & un9t]rupt$4 ,! g5us ,mesohippus1 ( ! middle ,oligoc5e1 may be select$ z a k9d ( half-way /age 9 ! long progression4 ,comp>+ ,mesohippus ) ,eohippus1 we obs]ve t ! =m] is mu* l>g]1 "s species atta9+ ! size ( a %eep1 & has a relatively long] neck1 long] limbs & mu* m elongate feet1 :i* are tridactyl1 & ! middle toe is s enl>g$ t x be>s mo/ ( ! weight1 :ile ! lat]al digits are v mu* m sl5d]4 ,! =e-arm bones h begun to co-ossify & ! ulna is greatly r$uc$1 :ile ! fibula1 ?\gh /ill complete1 is h>dly m ?an a ?read ( bone4 ,! skull has a long] face & a ne>ly enclos$ orbit1 & ! bra9-case is full] & m capaci\s1 ! int]nal ca/ ( :i* %[s t ! bra9 0 ri*ly convolut$4 ,! tee? are /ill v %ort-cr[n$1 b ! upp] incisors pla9ly %[ ! beg9n+ ( ! m>k2 ! premol>s h assum$ ! mol> =m1 & ! upp] mol>s1 ?\gh pla9ly d]iv$ f ^? ( ,eohippus1 h made a long /ride t[>d ! horse patt]n1 9 t ! sep>ate cusps h unit$ to =m a cont9u\s out] wall & two transv]se cre/s4 ,9 ! l[] ,mioc5e ! int]e/+ g5us ,desmatippus %[s a fur!r advance 9 ! developm5t ( ! tee?1 :i* are beg9n+ to assume ! long-cr[n$ %ape1 delay+ ! =mation ( roots2 a ?9 lay] ( cem5t cov]s ! cr[ns1 & ! transv]se cre/s ( ! upp] gr9d+ tee? display an incipi5t degree ( _! mod]n complexity4 ,?is too?-patt]n is /rictly int]m$iate betwe5 ! rec5t type & ! anci5t type se5 9 ,mesohippus & its pr$ecessors4 ,! upp] ,mioc5e g5]a1 ,protohippus & ,hipp>ion are1 to all int5ts & purposes1 mod]n 9 "*1 b _! small] size1 tridactyl feet & some:at %ort]-cr[n$ tee? are rem9isc5ces ( _! ance/ry4 ,f "t to "t1 :5 a l&-connection betwe5 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,eurasia 0 e/abli%$1 "s ( ! successive equ9e g5]a migrat$ to ! ,old ,_w1 b !y d n seem to h ga9$ a p]man5t foot+ !re until ! end ( ! ,mioc5e or beg9n+ ( ! ,plioc5e1 ev5tually div]sify+ into ! horses1 asses1 & zebras ( ,africa1 ,asia & ,europe4 ,at ab\t ! same p]iod1 ! family ext5d$ its range to ,s\? ,am]ica & !re gave rise to a numb] ( species & g5]a1 "s ( !m extremely peculi>4 ,= "s unkn[n reason1 all ! horse tribe _h become ext9ct 9 ! we/]n hemisph]e be=e ! ,european discov]y1 b n until aft] ! native race ( man _h peopl$ ! cont95ts4 ,9 addition to ! ma9 /em ( equ9e desc5t1 briefly consid]$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs1 sev]al side-bran*es 7 giv5 (f at successive levels ( ! /em4 ,mo/ ( ^! bran*es 7 %ort-liv$1 b "s ( !m fl\ri%$ = a consid]able p]iod & ramifi$ into _m species4 ,app>5tly relat$ to ! horses & d]iv$ f ! same root-/ock is ! family ( ! ,palaeo!res1 conf9$ to ! ,eoc5e & ,oligoc5e ( ,europe1 dy+ out )\t desc5dants4 ,9 ! e>li] attempts to "w out ! hi/ory ( ! horses1 z 9 ! fam\s essay ( ,k[alevsky 7,sur l',an*i!rium aurelian5se ,cuv4 et sur l'hi/oire paleontologique des ,*evaux1 ,mem4 de l',acad4 ,imp4 des ,sc4 de ,/ ,pet]sb\rg1 ,,xx4 no4 #e1 #ahgc471 ! ,palaeo!res 7 plac$ 9 ! direct l9e1 because ! numb] ( adequately kn[n ,eoc5e mammals 0 !n s small1 t ,cuvi]'s types 7 =c$ into v>i\s incongru\s positions1 to s]ve z ance/ors = unrelat$ s]ies4 ,! ,am]ican family ( ! ,titano!res may also be di/antly relat$ to ! horses1 b pass$ ?r\gh an entirely diff]5t c\rse ( developm5t4 ,f ! l[] ,eoc5e to ! l[] sub-/age ( ! middle ,oligoc5e ! s]ies is complete1 beg9n+ ) small & r lightly built animals4 ,gradually ! /ature & massiv5ess increase1 a transv]se pair ( nasal horns make _! appe>ance &1 z ^! increase 9 size1 ! can9e tusks & incisors dim9i% correspond+ly4 ,already 9 ! olde/ kn[n g5us ! numb] ( digits _h be5 r$uc$ to f\r 9 ! =e-foot & ?ree 9 ! h9d1 b !re ! r$uction /ops1 = ! increas+ body-weight made necess>y ! developm5t ( broad & heavy feet4 ,! f9al memb]s ( ! s]ies comprise only l>ge1 almo/ elephant9e animals1 ) imm5sely develop$ & v v>i\s nasal horns1 huge & massive heads1 & altoge!r a grotesque appe>ance4 ,! gr[? ( ! bra9 did n at all keep pace ) ! increase ( ! head & body1 & ! ludicr\sly small bra9 may w h be5 "o ( ! factors :i* det]m9$ ! />tl+ly sudd5 disappe>ance & ext9ction ( ! gr\p4 ,less completely kn[n1 b ( unusual int]e/1 is ! g5ealogy ( ! rh9oc]os family1 :i* probably1 ?\gh n c]ta9ly1 0 likewise ( ,am]ican orig94 ,! gr\p 9 ,nor? ,am]ica at lea/1 compris$ ?ree divisions1 or sub-families1 ( v diff]5t proportions1 appe>ance & habits1 repres5t+ ?ree div]g5t l9es f ! same /em4 ,?\gh ! relation%ip betwe5 ! ?ree l9es seems h>dly op5 to "q1 yet ! =m ance/ral to all ( !m has n yet be5 id5tifi$4 ,?is is because ( our /ill v incomplete k ( sev]al p]issodactyl g5]a ( ! ,eoc5e1 any "o ( :i* may ev5tually prove to be ! ance/or s\ght =4 ,! fir/ sub-family is ! entirely ext9ct gr\p ( ,hyracodonts1 :i* may be trac$ 9 successive modifications ?r\gh ! upp] ,eoc5e1 l[] & middle ,oligoc5e1 !n disappe>+ altoge!r4 ,z yet1 ! hyracodonts h be5 f\nd only 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! la/ g5us ( ! s]ies1 ,hyracodon1 0 a cursorial animal4 ,v briefly /at$1 ! modifications consi/ 9 a gradual increase 9 size1 ) great] sl5d]ness ( proportions1 accompani$ by elongation ( ! neck1 limbs1 & feet1 :i* become tridactyl & v n>r[4 ,! gr9d+ tee? h assum$ ! rh9oc]os-l patt]n & ! premol>s resemble ! mol>s 9 =m2 on ! o!r h&1 ! front tee?1 incisors & can9es1 h become v small & are useless z weapons4 ,z ! animal _h no horns1 x 0 q def5celess & mu/ h f\nd its safety 9 its swift runn+1 = ,hyracodon displays _m sup]ficial resemblances to ! contempor>y ,oligoc5e horses1 & 0 evid5tly adapt$ = spe$4 ,x may well h be5 ! competition ( ! horses :i* l$ to ! ext9ction ( ^! cursorial rh9oc]oses4 ,! second sub-family1 t ( ! ,amynodonts1 foll[$ a totally diff]5t c\rse ( developm5t1 becom+ %ort-legg$ & %ort-foot$1 massive animals1 ! proportions ( :i* sugge/ aquatic habits2 !y reta9$ f\r digits 9 ! front foot4 ,! animal 0 well provid$ ) weapons 9 ! l>ge can9e tusks1 b 0 )\t horns4 ,"s memb]s ( ?is gr\p ext5d$ _! range to ! ,old ,_w1 b !y all di$ out 9 ! middle ,oligoc5e1 leav+ no successors4 ,! sub-family ( ! true rh9oc]oses _c yet be c]ta9ly trac$ f>!r back ?an to ! base ( ! middle ,oligoc5e1 ?\gh "s fragm5t>y rema9s f\nd 9 ! l[] ,oligoc5e are probably also ref]able to x4 ,! mo/ anci5t & mo/ primitive memb] ( ?is s]ies yet discov]$1 ! g5us ,trigonias1 is unmi/akably a rh9oc]os1 yet mu* less massive1 hav+ m ! proportions ( a tapir2 x _h f\r toes 9 ! front foot1 ?ree 9 ! h9d1 & _h a full complem5t ( tee?1 except = ! l[] can9es1 ?\gh ! upp] can9es are ab\t to disappe>1 & ! peculi> modification ( ! incisors1 *>act]i/ic ( ! true rh9oc]oses1 is already app>5t2 ! skull is hornless4 ,repres5tatives ( ?is sub-family cont9ue ?r\gh ! ,oligoc5e & ,mioc5e ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 becom+ r>e & localis$ 9 ! ,plioc5e & !n disappe>+ altoge!r4 ,9 ! ,old ,_w1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! l9e appe>$ almo/ z e>ly z x did 9 ,am]ica1 ?is gr\p und]w5t a great expansion & ramification1 giv+ rise n only to ! ,asiatic & ,african =ms1 b also to sev]al ext9ct s]ies4 ,turn+ n[ to ! ,artiodactyla1 we f9d /ill ano!r gr\p ( mammals1 t ( ! camels & llamas1 :i* has long vani%$ f ,nor? ,am]ica1 yet took its rise & ran ! great] "p ( its c\rse 9 t cont95t4 ,f ! l[] ,eoc5e onw>d ! hi/ory ( ?is s]ies is sub/antially complete1 ?\gh mu* rema9s to be le>n$ conc]n+ ! e>li] memb]s ( ! family4 ,! /ory is v l t ( ! horses1 to :i* 9 _m respects x runs curi\sly p>allel4 ,beg9n+ ) v small1 five-to$ animals1 we obs]ve 9 ! successive g5]a a gradual trans=mation 9 all p>ts ( ! skeleton1 an elongation ( ! neck1 limbs & feet1 a r$uction ( ! digits f five to two1 & ev5tually ! coalesc5ce ( ! rema9+ two digits into a cannon-bone4 ,! gr9d+ tee?1 by equally gradual /eps1 take on ! rum9ant patt]n4 ,9 ! upp] ,mioc5e ! l9e divides into ! two bran*es ( ! camels & llamas1 ! =m] migrat+ to ,eurasia & ! latt] to ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?\gh repres5tatives ( bo? l9es p]si/$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica until a v late p]iod4 ,int]e/+ side-bran*es ( ?is l9e h also be5 f\nd1 "o ( :i* end$ 9 ! upp] ,mioc5e 9 animals :i* _h almo/ ! proportions ( ! giraffes & mu/ h resembl$ !m 9 appe>ance4 ,! ,am]ican ,t]ti>y has yield$ sev]al o!r gr\ps ( rum9ant-l animals1 "s ( :i* =m beautifully complete evolution>y s]ies1 b space =bids m ?an ?is pass+ m5tion ( !m4 ,x 0 9 ,europe t ! ,artiodactyla _h _! pr9cipal developm5t1 & ! upp] ,eoc5e1 ,oligoc5e & ,mioc5e are cr[d$ ) su* an ov]:elm+ numb] & v>iety ( =ms t x is h>dly possible to m>%al !m 9 ord]ly array & det]m9e _! mutual relation%ips4 ,yet 9 ?is *aotic exub]ance ( life1 c]ta9 important facts /& out cle>ly1 among ^! none is ( great] int]e/ & importance ?an ! g5ealogy ( ! true ,rum9ants1 or ,pecora1 :i* may be trac$ f ! upp] ,eoc5e onw>d4 ,! /eps ( modification & *ange are v simil> to ^? ?r\gh :i* ! camel phylum pass$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 b x is in/ructive to note t1 despite _! _m resemblances1 ! two s]ies c be connect$ only 9 _! f> di/ant beg9n+s4 ,! pecoran /ock became va/ly m exp&$ & div]sifi$ ?an did ! camel l9e & 0 evid5tly m pla/ic & adaptable1 spread+ ev5tually ov] all ! cont95ts except ,au/ralia1 & =m+ to-day "o ( ! dom9ant types ( mammals1 :ile ! camels are on ! decl9e & n f> f ext9ction4 ,! ,pecora successively ramifi$ into ! de]1 antelopes1 %eep1 goats & ox51 & did n rea* ,nor? ,am]ica till ! ,mioc5e1 :5 !y 7 already f> advanc$ 9 specialisation4 ,to ?is invasion ( ! ,pecora1 or true rum9ants1 x seems probable t ! decl9e & ev5tual disappe>ance ( ! camels is to be ascrib$4 ,rec5t discov]ies 9 ,egypt h ?r[n mu* light ^u a problem :i* long baffl$ ! palaeontologi/1 namely1 ! orig9 ( ! elephants4 7,c4,w4 ,&rews1 ,on ! ,evolution ( ! ,proboscidea1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,vol4 #aif1 #aijd1 page #ii47 ,e>ly repres5tatives ( ?is ord]1 ,ma/odons1 _h appe>$ almo/ simultane\sly 79 ! geological s5se ( t ^w7 9 ! upp] ,mioc5e ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 b 9 nei!r cont95t 0 any m anci5t type kn[n :i* c\ld plausibly be reg>d$ z ance/ral to !m4 ,evid5tly1 ^! problematical animals _h rea*$ ! nor!rn cont95ts by migrat+ f "s o!r region1 b no "o c\ld say :]e t region lay4 ,! ,eoc5e & ,oligoc5e b$s ( ! ,fay\m %[ u t ! region s\ght = is ,africa1 & t ! elephants =m j su* a s]ies ( gradual modifications z we h f\nd among o!r ho($ animals4 ,! lat] /eps ( ! trans=mation1 by :i* ! ma/odons lo/ _! l[] tusks1 & _! relatively small & simple gr9d+ tee? acquir$ ! great size & highly complex /ructure ( ! true elephants1 may be foll[$ 9 ! upp]mo/ ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e fossils ( ,india & s\!rn ,europe4 ,egypt has also ( late furni%$ "s v welcome mat]ial :i* contributes to ! solution ( ano!r unsolv$ problem :i* _h q elud$ rese>*1 ! orig9 ( ! :ales4 ,! too!d-:ales may be trac$ back 9 sev]al m or less p>allel l9es z f> z ! l[] ,mioc5e1 b _! pr$ecessors 9 ! ,oligoc5e are /ill s incompletely kn[n t safe conclusions c h>dly be drawn f !m4 ,9 ! middle ,eoc5e ( ,egypt1 h[ev]1 has be5 f\nd a small1 :ale-l animal 7,protocetus71 :i* %[s :at ! ance/ral too!d-:ale 0 l1 & at ! same "t seems to connect ^! ?or\ghly m>9e mammals ) l&-animals4 ,?\gh already entirely adapt$ to an aquatic mode ( life1 ! tee?1 skull & backbone ( ,protocetus display s _m diff]5ces f ^? ( ! lat] :ales & s _m approximations to ^? ( primitive1 c>nivor\s l&-mammals1 z1 9 a l>ge degree1 to bridge ov] ! gap betwe5 ! two gr\ps4 ,?us "o ( ! mo/ puzzl+ ( palaeontological que/ions is 9 a fair way to receive a satisfactory answ]4 ,! orig9 ( ! :alebone-:ales & _! relations to ! too!d-:ales _c yet be det]m9$1 s9ce ! necess>y fossils h n be5 discov]$4 ,among ! c>nivor\s mammals1 phylog5etic s]ies are n s cle> & di/9ct z among ! ho($ animals1 *iefly because ! c>nivores are individually mu* less abundant1 & well-pres]v$ skeletons are among ! prizes ( ! collector4 ,nev]!less1 mu* has already be5 le>n$ conc]n+ ! mutual relations ( ! c>nivor\s families1 & sev]al phylog5etic s]ies1 notably t ( ! dogs1 are q complete4 ,x has be5 made extremely probable t ! primitive dogs ( ! ,eoc5e repres5t ! c5tral /ock1 f :i* ne>ly or q all ! o!r families bran*$ (f1 ?\gh ! orig9 & desc5t ( ! cats h n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t ! =ego+ acc\nt ( mammalian desc5t is m]ely a selection ( a few repres5tative cases & might be almo/ indef9itely ext5d$4 ,no?+ has be5 said1 = example1 ( ! wond]ful museum ( anci5t mammalian life :i* is entomb$ 9 ! rocks ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 especially ( ,patagonia1 & :i* op5s a _w s entirely diff]5t f t ( ! nor!rn cont95ts1 yet exemplify+ ! same laws ( desc5t ) modification4 ,v beautiful phylog5etic s]ies h already be5 e/abli%$ among ^! mo/ int]e/+ & m>vell\sly pres]v$ fossils1 b lack ( space =bids a consid]ation ( !m4 ,! orig9 ( ! mammalia1 z a class1 (f]s a problem ( :i* palaeontology c z yet pres5t no def9itive solution4 ,_m morphologi/s reg>d ! e>ly amphibia z ! ance/ral gr\p f :i* ! mammals 7 d]iv$1 :ile mo/ palaeontologi/s believe t ! mammals are desc5d$ f ! reptiles4 ,! mo/ anci5t kn[n mammals1 ^? f ! upp] ,triassic ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 are s extremely r>e & s v imp]fectly kn[n1 t !y give little help 9 det]m9+ ! desc5t ( ! class1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 reptilian ord]s ( ! ,p]mian p]iod1 especially well repres5t$ 9 ,s\? ,africa1 display s _m & su* close approximations to mammalian /ructure1 z /rongly to sugge/ a g5etic relation%ip4 ,x is difficult to believe t all ^? lik5esses %\ld h be5 indep5d5tly acquir$ & are )\t phylog5etic significance4 ,birds are comp>atively r>e z fossils & we %\ld !re=e look 9 va9 among !m = any su* long & closely knit s]ies z ! mammals display 9 abundance4 ,nev]!less1 a few extremely =tunate discov]ies h made x practically c]ta9 t birds are desc5d$ f reptiles1 ( :i* !y repres5t a highly specialis$ bran*4 ,! mo/ anci5t repres5tative ( ?is class is ! extraord9>y g5us ,ar*aeopt]yx f ! upp] ,jurassic ( ,bav>ia1 :i*1 ?\gh an unmi/akable bird1 reta9s s _m reptilian /ructures & *>act]i/ics z to make its d]ivation pla94 ,n to l+] ov] anatomical m9utiae1 x may suffice to m5tion ! abs5ce ( a horny beak1 :i* is replac$ by num]\s true tee?1 & ! long liz>d-l tail1 :i* is made up ( num]\s di/9ct v]tebrae1 ea* ) a pair ( quill-l fea!rs atta*$ to x4 ,birds ) tee? are also f\nd 9 ! ,cretace\s1 ?\gh 9 mo/ o!r respects ! birds ( t p]iod _h atta9$ a sub/antially mod]n /ructure4 ,conc]n+ ! int]relations ( ! v>i\s ord]s & families ( birds1 palaeontology has z yet little to tell u4 ,! life ( ! ,mesozoic era 0 *>act]is$ by an a/oni%+ numb] & v>iety ( reptiles1 :i* 7 adapt$ to e mode ( life1 & dom9at$ ! air1 ! sea & ! l&1 & _m ( :i* 7 ( colossal proportions4 ,ow+ to ! conditions ( pres]vation :i* obta9$ dur+ ! ,mesozoic p]iod1 ! hi/ory ( ! reptiles is a brok5 & int]rupt$ "o1 s t we c make out _m %ort s]ies1 r ?an any "o ( consid]able l5g?4 ,:ile ! relations ( sev]al reptilian ord]s c be satisfactorily det]m9$1 o!rs /ill baffle u entirely1 mak+ _! fir/ kn[n appe>ance 9 a fully diff]5tiat$ /ate4 ,we c trace ! desc5t ( ! sea-dragons1 ! ,i*?yosaurs & ,plesiosaurs1 f t]re/rial ance/ors1 b ! mo/ anci5t turtles yet discov]$ %[ u no clos] approximation to any o!r ord] ?an d ! rec5t turtles2 & ! olde/ kn[n ,pt]osaurs1 ! fly+ dragons ( ! ,jurassic1 are already fully diff]5tiat$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no gr\nd = disc\ragem5t 9 ?is1 = ! progress ( discov]y has be5 s rapid ( late ye>s1 & our k ( ,mesozoic life has increas$ ) su* leaps & b\nds1 t !re is e reason to expect a solution ( _m ( ! out/&+ problems 9 ! ne> future4 ,pass+ ov] ! l[] v]tebrates1 = lack ( space to give !m any adequate consid]ation1 we may briefly take up ! record ( inv]tebrate life4 ,f ! ov]:elm+ mass ( mat]ial x is difficult to make a repres5tative selection & ev5 m difficult to /ate ! facts intelligibly )\t ! use ( unduly te*nical language & )\t ! aid ( illu/rations4 ,sev]al gr\ps ( ! ,mollusca1 or %ell-fi%1 yield v full & conv9c+ evid5ce ( _! desc5t f e>li] & simpl] =ms1 & ( ^! none is ( great] int]e/ ?an ! ,ammonites1 an ext9ct ord] ( ! cephalopoda4 ,! ne>e/ liv+ ally ( ! ammonites is ! pe>ly nautilus1 ! o!r exi/+ cephalopods1 su* z ! squids1 cuttle-fi%1 octopus1 etc41 are mu* m di/antly relat$4 ,l ! nautilus1 ! ammonites all possess a coil$ & *amb]$ %ell1 b _! especial *>act]i/ic is ! complexity ( ! sutures4 ,by sutures is meant ! edges ( ! transv]se p>titions1 or septa1 :]e ^! jo9 ! %ell-wall1 & _! complexity 9 ! fully develop$ g5]a is extraord9>y1 =m+ patt]ns l ! mo/ elaborate oak-leaf embroid]y1 :ile 9 ! nautiloids ! sutures =m simple curves4 ,9 ! rocks ( ! ,mesozoic era1 :]ev] conditions ( pres]vation are fav\rable1 ^! beautiful %ells are /or$ 9 c\ntless multitudes1 ( an incr$ible v>iety ( =m1 size & ornam5tation1 z is %[n by ! fact t ne>ly #ejjj species h already be5 describ$4 ,! ammonites are p>ticul>ly well adapt$ = phylog5etic /udies1 because1 by remov+ ! successive :orls ( ! coil$ %ell1 ! individual developm5t may be foll[$ back 9 inv]se ord]1 to ! microscopic protocon*1 or embryonic %ell1 :i* lies conceal$ 9 ! middle ( ! coil4 ,?us ! valuable aid ( embryology is obta9$ 9 det]m9+ relation%ips4 ,! desc5t ( ! ammonites1 tak5 z a gr\p1 is simple & cle>2 !y arose z a bran* ( ! nautiloids 9 ! l[] ,devonian1 ! %ells kn[n z goniatites hav+ zigzag1 angulat$ sutures4 ,late 9 ! succe$+ ,c>bonif]\s p]iod appe> %ells ) a truly ammonoid complexity ( sutures1 & 9 ! ,p]mian _! numb] & v>iety cause !m to =m a /rik+ elem5t ( ! m>9e faunas4 ,x is 9 ! ,mesozoic era1 h[ev]1 t ^! %ells atta9 _! full developm5t2 increas+ enorm\sly 9 ! ,triassic1 !y culm9ate 9 ! ,jurassic 9 ! numb] ( families1 g5]a & species1 9 ! complexity ( ! sutures1 & 9 ! v>iety ( %ell-ornam5tation4 ,a sl[ decl9e beg9s 9 ! ,cretace\s1 end+ 9 ! complete ext9ction ( ! :ole gr\p at ! end ( t p]iod4 ,z a f9al phase 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ammonites1 !re appe> _m s-call$ abnormal g5]a1 9 :i* ! %ell is irregul>ly coil$1 or m or less uncoil$1 9 "s =ms becom+ actually /raight4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t "s ( ^! g5]a are n natural gr\ps1 b are polyphyletic1 i4e4 are ea* d]iv$ f sev]al di/9ct ance/ral g5]a1 :i* h und]gone a simil> k9d ( deg5]ation4 ,9 ! huge assembly ( ammonites x is n yet possible to arrange all ! =ms 9 a truly natural classification1 :i* %all express ! v>i\s int]relations ( ! g5]a1 yet sev]al beautiful s]ies h already be5 det]m9$4 ,9 ^! s]ies ! individual developm5t ( ! lat] g5]al %[s transitory /ages :i* are p]man5t 9 antec$5t g5]a4 ,to give a m]e catalogue ( names )\t figures w\ld n make ^! s]ies m intelligible4 ,! ,bra*iopoda1 or lamp-%ells1 are a phylum ( :i* comp>atively few survive to ! pres5t day2 _! %ells h a sup]ficial lik5ess to ^? ( ! bivalv$ ,mollusca1 b are n homolog\s ) ! latt]1 & ! phylum is really v di/9ct f ! molluscs4 ,:ile greatly r$uc$ n[1 ^! animals 7 incr$ibly abundant ?r\gh\t ! ,palaeozoic era1 great masses ( lime/one be+ (t5 compos$ almo/ exclusively ( _! %ells1 & _! v>iety is 9 keep+ ) _! individual abundance4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ammonites1 ! problem is to arrange ?is great multitude ( =ms 9 an ord]ly array t %all express ! ramifications ( ! gr\p accord+ to a g5etic sy/em4 ,= _m bra*iopods1 bo? rec5t & fossil1 ! individual developm5t1 or ontog5y1 has be5 work$ out & has prov$ to be ( great assi/ance 9 ! problems ( classification & phylog5y4 ,already v enc\rag+ progress has be5 made 9 ! solution ( ^! problems4 ,all bra*iopods =m fir/ a t9y1 embryonic %ell1 call$ ! protegulum1 :i* is believ$ to repres5t ! ance/ral =m ( ! :ole gr\p1 & 9 ! m advanc$ g5]a ! developm5tal /ages cle>ly indicate ! ance/ral g5]a ( ! s]ies1 ! succession ( adult =ms 9 "t correspond+ to ! ord] ( ! ontog5etic /ages4 ,! trans=mation ( ! delicate calc>e\s supports ( ! arms1 (t5 exquisitely pres]v$1 are extremely int]e/+4 ,_m ( ! ,palaeozoic g5]a _h ^! supports coil$ l a pair ( spiral spr+s1 & x has be5 %[n t ^! g5]a 7 d]iv$ f types 9 :i* ! supports 7 simply %elly loops4 ,! long ext9ct class ( cru/acea kn[n z ! ,trilobites are likewise v fav\rable subjects = phylog5etic /udies4 ,s f> z ! kn[n record c in=m u1 ! trilobites are exclusively ,palaeozoic 9 di/ribution1 b _! c\rse mu/ h begun long be=e t era1 z is %[n by ! numb] ( di/9ct types among ! g5]a ( ! l[] ,cambrian4 ,! gr\p rea*$ ! acme ( abundance & relative importance 9 ! ,cambrian & ,ordovician2 !n foll[$ a long1 sl[ decl9e1 end+ 9 complete & f9al disappe>ance be=e ! end ( ! ,p]mian4 ,! newly-hat*$ & t9y trilobite l>va1 kn[n z ! protaspis1 is v ne> to ! primitive l>val =m ( all ! cru/acea4 ,by ! aid ( ! correlat$ ontog5etic /ages & ! succession ( ! adult =ms 9 ! rocks1 _m phylog5etic s]ies h be5 e/abli%$ & a basis = ! natural arrangem5t ( ! :ole class has be5 laid4 ,v in/ructive s]ies may also be obs]v$ among ! ,e*9od]ms &1 :at is v r>e1 we are able 9 ?is sub-k+dom to demon/rate ! d]ivation ( "o class f ano!r4 ,inde$1 !re is mu* reason to believe t ! ext9ct class ,cy/idea ( ! ,cambrian is ! ance/ral gr\p1 f :i* all ! o!r ,e*9od]ms1 />-fi%es1 brittle-/>s1 sea-ur*9s1 fea!r-/>s1 etc41 are desc5d$4 ,! =ego+ sket* ( ! palaeontological record is1 ( necessity1 extremely meagre1 & does n repres5t ev5 an outl9e ( ! evid5ce1 b m]ely a few illu/rative examples1 select$ almo/ at r&om f an imm5se body ( mat]ial4 ,h[ev]1 x w p]haps suffice to %[ t ! geological record is n s hopelessly incomplete z ,d>w9 believ$ x to be4 ,s9ce ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 0 writt51 our k ( t record has be5 enorm\sly ext5d$ & we n[ possess1 no complete volumes1 x is true1 b "s rem>kably full & illum9at+ *apt]s4 ,! ma9 significance ( ! :ole lies 9 ! fact1 t ,,j ,,9 ,,proportion ,,to ,,! ,,complet5ess ,,( ,,! ,,record ,,is ,,! ,,unequivocal ,,"* ,,( ,,its ,,te/imony ,,to ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,! ,,evolution>y ,,!ory4 ,! te/ ( a true1 z di/+ui%$ f a false1 !ory is ! mann] 9 :i* newly discov]$ & unanticipat$ facts arrange !mselves "u x4 ,no m /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is c be f\nd ?an 9 ! contra/$ fates ( ,cuvi]'s !ory & ( t ( ,d>w94 ,ev5 be=e ,cuvi]'s dea? 8 views _h be5 und]m9$ & ! progress ( discov]y soon laid !m 9 irrep>able ru91 :ile ! activity ( half-a-c5tury 9 _m diff]5t l9es ( inquiry has e/abli%$ ! !ory ( evolution ^u a f\ndation ( ev] gr[+ solidity4 ,x is ,d>w9's imp]i%able glory t he prescrib$ ! l9es along :i* all ! biological sci5ces 7 to advance to conque/s n dream$ ( :5 he wrote4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,palaeontological ,,record4 ,by ,d4,h4 ,scott1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,presid5t ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,,ii4 ,,plants4 ,!re are sev]al po9ts ( view f :i* ! subject ( ! pres5t essay may be reg>d$4 ,we may consid] ! fossil record ( plants 9 its be>+3 ,i4 on ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ( ,evolution2 ,,ii4 on ,phylog5y1 or ! c\rse ( ,evolution2 ,,iii4 on ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,! rem>ks :i* foll[1 illu/rat+ c]ta9 aspects only ( an ext5sive subject1 may conv5i5tly be gr\p$ "u ^! ?ree head+s4 ,i4 ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,evolution4 ,:5 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 0 writt51 x 0 necess>y to %[ t ! ,geological ,record 0 fav\rable to1 or at lea/ consi/5t )1 ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t4 ,! po9t is argu$1 closely & fully1 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,on ! ,imp]fection ( ! ,geological ,record1 & ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,on ! ,geological ,succession ( ,organic ,be+s2 !re is1 h[ev]1 little ab\t plants 9 ^! *apt]s4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! tru? ( ,evolution is no long] s]i\sly disput$1 ?\gh !re are writ]s1 l ,re9ke1 :o insi/1 & rightly s1 t ! doctr9e is /ill only a belief1 r ?an an e/abli%$ fact ( sci5ce4 7,j4 ,re9ke1 ,kritis*e ,ab/ammungslehre1 ,wiesn]-,fe/s*rift1 page #aa1 ,vi5na1 #aijh47 ,evid5tly1 !n1 h[ev] little ! ,!ory ( ,desc5t may be que/ion$ 9 our own day1 x is desirable to assure ourselves h[ ! case /&s1 & 9 p>ticul> h[ f> ! evid5ce f fossil plants has gr[n /rong] ) "t4 ,z reg>ds direct evid5ce = ! d]ivation ( "o species f ano!r1 !re has probably be5 little advance s9ce ,d>w9 wrote1 at lea/ s we mu/ inf] f ! emphasis laid on ! discont9uity ( successive fossil species by great sy/ematic au?orities l ,gr&',eury & ,zeill] 9 _! mo/ rec5t writ+s4 ,we mu/ ei!r adopt ! mutationi/ views ( ^? au?ors 7ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ section ( ?is essay7 or mu/ /ill rely on ,d>w9's explanation ( ! abs5ce ( num]\s int]m$iate v>ieties4 ,! attempts :i* h be5 made to trace1 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks1 ! evolution ( rec5t species1 _c1 ow+ to ! imp]fect "* ( ! evid5ce1 be reg>d$ z :olly satisfactory4 ,:5 we come to gr\ps ( a some:at high] ord] we h an int]e/+ hi/ory ( ! evolution ( a rec5t family 9 ! "w1 n yet complet$1 ( ,kid/on & ,gwynne-,vaughan on ! fossil ,osmundaceae4 7,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 ,vol4 #de1 ,"p ,,iii4 #aijg1 ,vol4 #df1 ,"p ,,ii4 #aijh1 ,vol4 #df1 ,"p ,,iii4 #aiji47 ,! au?ors are able1 ma9ly on anatomical evid5ce1 to trace back ?is n[ limit$ gr\p ( ,f]ns1 ?r\gh ! ,t]ti>y & ,mesozoic to ! ,p]mian1 & to %[1 ) great probability1 h[ _! /ructure has be5 d]iv$ f t ( e>ly ,palaeozoic types4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,g9kgoaceae1 n[ repres5t$ only by ! isolat$ maid5hair tree1 sc>cely kn[n 9 a wild /ate1 (f]s ano!r /rik+ example ( a family :i* c be trac$ ) c]ta9ty to ! old] ,mesozoic & p]haps fur!r back /ill4 7,see ,sew>d & ,g[an1 ,! ,maid5hair ,tree 7,g+ko biloba71 ,annals ( ,botany1 ,vol4 ,,xiv4 #aijj1 page #aji2 also ,a4 ,spre*] ,le ,g9kgo biloba1 ,l41 ,g5eva1 #aijg47 ,on ! wid] "q ( ! d]ivation ( ! great gr\ps ( plants1 a v consid]able advance has be5 made1 &1 s f> z ! high] plants are conc]n$1 we are n[ able to =m a f> bett] conception ?an be=e ( ! probable c\rse ( evolution4 ,?is is a matt] ( phylog5y1 & ! facts w be consid]$ "u t head2 our imm$iate po9t is t ! new k ( ! relations betwe5 ! classes ( plants 9 "q mat]ially /r5g!ns ! case = ! !ory ( desc5t4 ,! discov]ies ( ! la/ few ye>s ?r[ light especially on ! relation ( ! ,angiosp]ms to ! ,gymnosp]ms1 on t ( ! ,se$-plants g5]ally to ! ,f]ns1 & on ! int]relations betwe5 ! v>i\s classes ( ! high] ,cryptogams4 ,t ! fossil record has n done /ill m = ,evolution is due to ! fact t x beg9s too late--a po9t on :i* ,d>w9 laid /ress 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #bhf47 & :i* has m rec5tly be5 elaborat$ by ,p\lton4 7,essays on ,evolution1 pages #df et seq41 ,ox=d1 #aijh47 ,an imm5se proportion ( ! :ole evolution>y hi/ory lies beh9d ! l[e/ fossilif]\s rocks1 & ! case is worse = plants ?an = animals1 z ! record = ! =m] beg9s1 = all practical purposes1 mu* high] up 9 ! rocks4 ,x may be well "h to call att5tion to a "q1 (t5 ov]look$1 :i* has lately be5 reviv$ by ,re9ke4 7,re9ke1 loc4 cit4 page #ac47 ,z all admit1 we "k no?+ ( ! orig9 ( life2 consequ5tly1 = all we c tell1 x is z probable t life began1 on ?is planet1 ) _m liv+ ?+s1 z ) "o4 ,if ! fir/ organic be+s 7 _m1 !y may h be5 het]og5e\s1 or at lea/ expos$ to diff]5t conditions1 f _! orig92 9 ei!r case !re w\ld h be5 a numb] ( di/9ct s]ies f ! beg9n+1 & if s we %\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t all organisms are relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,!re may conceivably be sev]al ( ! orig9al l9es ( desc5t /ill surviv+1 or repres5t$ among ext9ct =ms--to rev]se ! rem>k ( a di/+ui%$ botani/1 !re may be sev]al ,vegetable ,k+doms6 ,h[ev] improbable ?is may s\nd1 ! possibility is "o to be borne 9 m9d4 ,t all ,,vascul> plants really belong to "o /ock seems c]ta91 & "h ! palaeontological record has mat]ially /r5g!n$ ! case = a monophyletic hi/ory4 ,! ,bryophyta are n likely to be absolutely di/9ct1 = _! sexual organs1 & ! /omata ( ! ,mosses /rongly sugge/ community ( desc5t ) ! high] plants2 if ?is be s x no d\bt e/abli%es a c]ta9 presumption 9 fav\r ( a common orig9 = plants g5]ally1 = ! gap betwe5 ,mosses & ,f]ns has be5 reg>d$ z ! wide/ 9 ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 ,! direct evid5ce ( consangu9ity is h[ev] mu* weak] :5 we come to ! ,algae1 & x is conceivable 7ev5 if improbable7 t ! high] plants may h _h a di/9ct ance/ry 7n[ :olly lo/7 f ! beg9n+4 ,! "q _h be5 rais$ 9 ,d>w9's "t1 & he ref]r$ to x 9 ^! words3 ,no d\bt x is possible1 z ,mr ,g4,h4 ,lewes has urg$1 t at ! fir/ comm5cem5t ( life _m diff]5t =ms 7 evolv$2 b if s1 we may conclude t only a v few h left modifi$ desc5dants4 7,orig9 ( ,species1 page #dbe47 ,?is "q1 ?\gh x des]ves att5tion1 does n imm$iately affect ! subject ( ! palaeontological record ( plants1 = !re c be no reasonable d\bt z to ! int]relation%ip ( ^? gr\ps on :i* ! record at pres5t ?r[s light4 ,! pa/ hi/ory ( plants by no means %[s a regul> progression f ! simple to ! complex1 b (t5 ! contr>y4 ,?is app>5t anomaly is due to two causes4 #a4 ,! palaeobotanical record is ess5tially ! /ory ( ! successive asc5dancy ( a s]ies ( dom9ant families1 ea* ( :i* atta9$ its maximum1 9 organisation z well z 9 ext5t1 & !n sank into comp>ative obscurity1 giv+ place to o!r families1 :i* "u new conditions 7 bett] able to take a lead+ place4 ,z ea* family ran its d[nw>d c\rse1 ei!r its memb]s und]w5t an actual r$uction 9 /ructure z !y became relegat$ to h]bace\s or p]haps aquatic life 7?is may h happ5$ ) ! ,horsetails & ) ,isoetes if d]iv$ f ,lepidod5dreae71 or ! high] bran*es ( ! family 7 cr[d$ out altoge!r & only ! poor relations 7 able to ma9ta9 _! position by evad+ ! competition ( ! asc5dant races2 ?is is also illu/rat$ by ! hi/ory ( ! ,lycopod phylum4 ,9 ei!r case !re w\ld result a l[]+ ( ! type ( organisation )9 ! gr\p4 #b4 ,! c\rse ( real progress is (t5 f ! complex to ! simple4 ,if1 z we %all f9d "s gr\nds = believ+1 ! ,angiosp]ms came f a type ) a fl[] resembl+ 9 its complexity t ( ,mesozoic ,cycads1 almo/ ! :ole evolution ( ! fl[] 9 ! highe/ plants has be5 a process ( r$uction4 ,! /am51 9 p>ticul>1 has und\bt$ly become extremely simplifi$ dur+ evolution2 9 ! mo/ primitive kn[n se$-plants x 0 a highly comp\nd leaf or p9na2 its r$uction has gone on 9 ! ,conif]s & mod]n ,cycads1 z well z 9 ! ,angiosp]ms1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t ways & to a v>y+ ext5t4 ,! se$ (f]s ano!r /rik+ example2 ! ,palaeozoic se$s 7if we leave ! se$-l organs ( c]ta9 ,lycopods out ( consid]ation7 7 always1 s f> z we "k1 highly complex /ructures1 ) an elaborate vascul> sy/em1 a poll5-*amb]1 & (t5 a mu*-diff]5tiat$ te/a4 ,9 ! pres5t day su* se$s exi/ only 9 a few ,gymnosp]ms :i* reta9 _! anci5t *>act]s--9 all ! high] ,sp]mophytes ! /ructure is v mu* simplifi$1 & ?is holds good ev5 9 ! ,conif]ae1 :]e !re is no c\nt]vail+ complication ( ov>y & /igma4 ,r$uction1 9 fact1 is n always1 or ev5 g5]ally1 ! same ?+ z deg5]ation4 ,simplification ( p>ts is "o ( ! mo/ usual means ( advance = ! organism z a :ole4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! high] plants are microphyll\s 9 comp>ison ) ! highly megaphyll\s f]n-l =ms f :i* !y appe> to h be5 d]iv$4 ,d>w9 treat$ ! g5]al "q ( advance 9 organisation ) mu* caution1 say+3 ,! geological record444 does n ext5d f> en\gh back1 to %[ ) unmi/akeable cle>ness t )9 ! kn[n hi/ory ( ! _w organisation has l>gely advanc$4 7,orig9 ( ,species1 page #cjh47 ,fur!r on 7,ibid4 page #cji47 he gives two /&>ds by :i* advance may be measur$3 ,we ought n solely to comp>e ! highe/ memb]s ( a class at any two p]iods444 b we ought to comp>e all ! memb]s1 high & l[1 at ! two p]iods4 ,judg$ by ei!r /&>d ! ,horsetails & ,club ,mosses ( ! ,c>bonif]\s 7 high] ?an ^? ( our own day1 & ! same is true ( ! ,mesozoic ,cycads4 ,!re is a g5]al advance 9 ! succession ( classes1 b n )9 ea* class4 ,d>w9's argum5t t ! inhabitants ( ! _w at ea* successive p]iod 9 its hi/ory h beat5 _! pr$ecessors 9 ! race = life1 & are1 9 s f>1 high] 9 ! scale 7,orig9 ( ,species1 page #cae47 is unansw]able1 b we mu/ rememb] t high] 9 ! scale only means bett] adapt$ to ! exi/+ conditions4 ,d>w9 po9ts out 7,ibid4 page #bgi47 t species h rema9$ un*ang$ = long p]iods1 probably long] ?an ! p]iods ( modification1 & only und]w5t *ange :5 ! conditions ( _! life 7 alt]$4 ,high] organisation1 judg$ by ! te/ ( success1 is ?us purely relative to ! *ang+ conditions1 a fact ( :i* we h a /rik+ illu/ration 9 ! sudd5 incom+ ( ! ,angiosp]ms ) all _! wond]ful floral adaptations to f]tilisation by ! high] families ( ,insects4 ,,ii4 ,,phylog5y4 ,! "q ( phylog5y is really insep>able f t ( ! tru? ( ! doctr9e ( evolution1 = we _c h hi/orical evid5ce t evolution has actually tak5 place )\t at ! same "t hav+ evid5ce ( ! c\rse x has foll[$4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! progress hi!rto made has be5 r 9 ! way ( jo9+ up ! great classes ( plants ?an 9 trac+ ! desc5t ( p>ticul> species or g5]a ( ! rec5t flora4 ,!re appe>s to be a diff]5ce 9 ?is respect f ! ,animal record1 :i* tells u s mu* ab\t ! desc5t ( liv+ species1 su* z ! elephant or ! horse4 ,! reason = ?is diff]5ce is no d\bt to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! lat] "p ( ! palaeontological record is ! mo/ satisfactory 9 ! case ( animals & ! lea/ s 9 ! case ( plants4 ,! ,t]ti>y plant-rema9s1 9 ! great majority ( in/ances1 are impressions ( leaves1 ! conclusions to be drawn f :i* are highly prec>i\s2 until ! :ole subject ( ,angiosp]m\s palaeobotany has be5 re9ve/igat$1 x w\ld be ra% to v5ture on any /atem5ts z to ! desc5t ( ! families ( ,dicotyl$ons or ,monocotyl$ons4 ,our att5tion w be conc5trat$ on ! foll[+ que/ions1 all relat+ to ! phylog5y ( ma9 gr\ps ( plants3 i4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,angiosp]ms4 ii4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,se$-plants4 iii4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! diff]5t classes ( ! ,high] ,cryptogamia4 i4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,angiosp]ms4 ,! fir/ ( ^! que/ions has long be5 ! great crux ( botanical phylog5y1 & until q rec5tly no light _h be5 ?r[n ^u ! difficulty4 ,! ,angiosp]ms are ! ,fl[]+ ,plants1 p> excell5ce1 & =m1 beyond comp>ison1 ! dom9ant sub-k+dom 9 ! flora ( our own age1 includ+1 ap>t f a few ,conif]s & ,f]ns1 all ! mo/ famili> plants ( our fields & g>d5s1 & practically all plants ( s]vice to man4 ,all rec5t "w has t5d$ to sep>ate ! ,angiosp]ms m widely f ! o!r se$-plants n[ liv+1 ! ,gymnosp]ms4 ,va/ z is ! range ( organisation pres5t$ by ! great mod]n sub-k+dom1 embrac+ =ms adapt$ to e environm5t1 !re is yet a m>k$ uni=mity 9 c]ta9 po9ts ( /ructure1 z 9 ! developm5t ( ! embryo-sac & its cont5ts1 ! poll9ation ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( a /igma1 ! /range ph5om5on ( d\ble f]tilisation 7,"o sp]m f]tilis+ ! egg1 :ile ! o!r unites ) ! embryo-sac nucleus1 itself ! product ( a nucle> fusion1 to give rise to a nutritive tissue1 ! endosp]m471 ! /ructure ( ! /am5s1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! fl[]4 ,all ^! po9ts are common to ,monocotyl$ons & ,dicotyl$ons1 & sep>ate ! ,angiosp]ms collectively f all o!r plants4 ,9 geological hi/ory ! ,angiosp]ms fir/ appe> 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s1 & by ,upp] ,cretace\s times _h already swamp$ all o!r vegetation & seiz$ ! dom9ant position :i* !y /ill hold4 ,?us !y are isolat$ /ructurally f ! re/ ( ! ,vegetable ,k+dom1 :ile hi/orically !y sudd5ly appe>1 almo/ 9 full =ce1 & app>5tly )\t int]m$i>ies ) o!r gr\ps4 ,to quote ,d>w9's vigor\s words3 ,! rapid developm5t1 z f> z we c judge1 ( all ! high] plants )9 rec5t geological times is an abom9able my/]y4 7,m ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bj1 lett] to ,j4,d4 ,hook]1 #ahgi47 ,a c\ple ( ye>s lat] he made a bold sugge/ion 7:i* he only call$ an idle ?\ght7 to meet ?is difficulty4 ,he says3 ,i h be5 s a/oni%$ at ! app>5tly sudd5 com+ 9 ( ! high] phan]ogams1 t ,i h sometimes fanci$ t developm5t might h sl[ly gone on = an imm5se p]iod 9 "s isolat$ cont95t or l>ge isl&1 p]haps ne> ! ,s\? ,pole4 7,ibid1 page #bf1 lett] to ,hook]1 #ahha47 ,?is idea ( an ,angiosp]m\s invasion f "s lo/ s\!rn l& has sometimes be5 reviv$ s9ce1 b has n1 s f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 be5 support$ by evid5ce4 ,light on ! problem has come f a diff]5t direction4 ,! imm5se developm5t ( plants ) ! habit ( ,cycads1 dur+ ! ,mesozoic ,p]iod up to ! ,l[] ,cretace\s1 has long be5 kn[n4 ,! exi/+ ,ord] ,cycadaceae is a small family1 ) #i g5]a & p]haps #ajj species1 occurr+ 9 ! tropical & sub-tropical zones ( bo? ! ,old & ,new ,_w1 b n[h]e =m+ a dom9ant feature 9 ! vegetation4 ,"s few atta9 ! /ature ( small trees1 :ile 9 ! majority ! /em is %ort1 ?\gh (t5 liv+ to a great age4 ,! l>ge p9nate or r>ely bip9nate leaves give ! ,cycads a sup]ficial resemblance 9 habit to ,palms4 ,rec5t ,cycads are dioeci\s2 ?r\gh\t ! family ! male fructification is 9 ! =m ( a cone1 ea* scale ( ! cone repres5t+ a /am51 & be>+ on its l[] surface num]\s poll5-sacs1 gr\p$ 9 sori l ! sporangia ( ,f]ns4 ,9 all ! g5]a1 except ,cycas itself1 ! female fructifications are likewise cones1 ea* c>pel be>+ two ovules on its m>g94 ,9 ,cycas1 h[ev]1 no female cone is produc$1 b ! leaf-l c>pels1 be>+ f two to six ovules ea*1 are borne directly on ! ma9 /em ( ! plant 9 rosettes alt]nat+ ) ^? ( ! ord9>y leaves--! mo/ primitive arrangem5t kn[n 9 any liv+ se$-plant4 ,! :ole ,ord] is relatively primitive1 z %[n mo/ /rik+ly 9 its cryptogamic mode ( f]tilisation1 by means ( sp]matozoids1 :i* x %>es ) ! maid5hair tree alone1 among rec5t se$-plants4 ,9 all ! old] ,mesozoic rocks1 f ! ,trias to ! ,l[] ,cretace\s1 plants ( ! ,cycad class 7,cycadophyta1 to use ,na?or/'s compreh5sive "n7 are extraord9>ily abundant 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 9 fact !y 7 almo/ z prom95t 9 ! flora ( ^? ages z ! ,dicotyl$ons are 9 t ( our own day4 ,9 habit & to a great ext5t 9 anatomy1 ! ,mesozoic ,cycadophyta = ! mo/ "p mu* resemble ! rec5t ,cycadaceae4 ,b1 /range to say1 x is only 9 ! r>e/ cases t ! fructification has prov$ to be ( ! simple type *>act]i/ic ( ! rec5t family2 ! va/ majority ( ! abundant f]tile specim5s yield$ by ! ,mesozoic rocks possess a type ( reproductive app>atus f> m elaborate ?an any?+ kn[n 9 ,cycadaceae or o!r ,gymnosp]ms4 ,! pr$om9ant ,mesozoic family1 *>act]is$ by ?is advanc$ reproductive organisation1 is kn[n z ! ,b5nettiteae2 9 habit ^! plants resembl$ ! m /unt$ ,cycads ( ! rec5t flora1 b diff]$ f !m 9 ! pres5ce ( num]\s lat]al fructifications1 l l>ge buds1 borne on ! /em among ! cr[d$ bases ( ! leaves4 ,! organisation ( ^! fructifications 0 fir/ work$ out on ,european specim5s by ,c>ru!rs1 ,solms-,lauba*1 ,ligni] & o!rs1 b ^! obs]v]s _h only m or less ripe fruits to deal )2 ! complete /ructure ( ! fl[] has only be5 elucidat$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s by ! rese>*es ( ,wiel& on ! magnific5t ,am]ican mat]ial1 d]iv$ f ! ,upp] ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s b$s ( ,m>yl&1 ,dakota & ,wyom+4 7,g4,r4 ,wiel&1 ,am]ican ,fossil ,cycads1 ,c>negie ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijf47 ,! ^w fl[] is us$ delib]ately1 = reasons :i* w be app>5t f ! foll[+ brief description1 bas$ on ,wiel&'s obs]vations4 ,! fructification is atta*$ to ! /em by a ?ick /alk1 :i*1 9 its upp] "p1 be>s a l>ge numb] ( spirally arrang$ bracts1 =m+ collectively a k9d ( p]ian? & completely enclos+ ! ess5tial organs ( reproduction4 ,! latt] consi/ ( a :orl ( /am5s1 ( extremely elaborate /ructure1 surr\nd+ a c5tral cone or receptacle be>+ num]\s ovules4 ,! /am5s resemble ! f]tile fronds ( a f]n2 !y are ( a comp\nd1 p9nate =m1 & be> v l>ge numb]s ( poll5-sacs1 ea* ( :i* is itself a comp\nd /ructure consi/+ ( a numb] ( comp>tm5ts 9 :i* ! poll5 0 =m$4 ,9 _! l[] "p ! /am5s are fus$ toge!r by _! /alks1 l ! monadelph\s /am5s ( a mall[4 ,! num]\s ovules borne on ! c5tral receptacle are /alk$1 & are int]mix$ ) /]ile scales2 ! latt] are exp&$ at _! out] ends1 :i* are unit$ to =m a k9d ( p]ic>p or ov>y-wall1 only int]rupt$ by ! protrud+ micropyles ( ! ovules4 ,!re is ?us an approa* to ! clos$ pi/il ( an ,angiosp]m1 b x is evid5t t ! ovules receiv$ ! poll5 directly4 ,! :ole fructification is ( l>ge size2 9 ! case ( ,cycadeoidea dacot5sis1 "o ( ! species inve/igat$ by ,wiel&1 ! total l5g?1 9 ! bud condition1 is ab\t #ab cm41 half ( :i* belongs to ! p$uncle4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! organs is manife/ly ! same z 9 a typical ,angiosp]m\s fl[]1 ) a c5tral pi/il1 a surr\nd+ :orl ( /am5s & an envelop+ p]ian?2 !re is1 z we h se51 "s approa* to ! clos$ ov>y ( an ,angiosp]m2 ano!r po9t1 fir/ discov]$ ne>ly #bj ye>s ago by ,solms-,lauba* 9 8 inve/igation ( a ,briti% species1 is t ! se$ 0 practically exalbum9\s1 its cavity be+ fill$ by ! l>ge1 dicotyl$on\s embryo1 :]eas 9 all kn[n ,gymnosp]ms a l>ge "p ( ! sac is occupi$ by a nutritive tissue1 ! pro?allus or endosp]m2 "h also we h a condition only met ) else:]e among ! high] ,fl[]+ ,plants4 ,tak+ all ! *>act]s into acc\nt1 ! indications ( aff9ity betwe5 ! ,mesozoic ,cycadophyta & ! ,angiosp]ms appe> extremely significant1 z 0 recognis$ by ,wiel& :5 he fir/ discov]$ ! h]maphrodite nature ( ! ,b5nettitean fl[]4 ,! ,angiosp]m ) :i* he specially comp>$ ! fossil type 0 ! ,tulip tree 7,liriod5dron7 & c]ta9ly !re is a rem>kable analogy ) ! ,magnoliace\s fl[]s1 & ) ^? ( relat$ ord]s su* z ,ranunculaceae & ! ,wat]-lilies4 ,x _c1 ( c\rse1 be ma9ta9$ t ! ,b5nettiteae1 or any o!r ,mesozoic ,cycadophyta at pres5t kn[n1 7 on ! direct l9e ( desc5t ( ! ,angiosp]ms1 = !re are "s important po9ts ( diff]5ce1 z1 = example1 9 ! great complexity ( ! /am5s1 & 9 ! fact t ! ov>y-wall or p]ic>p 0 n =m$ by ! c>pels !mselves1 b by ! accompany+ /]ile scale-leaves4 ,botani/s1 s9ce ! discov]y ( ! bisexual fl[]s ( ! ,b5nettiteae1 h express$ diff]5t views z to ! ne>ness ( _! relation to ! high] ,fl[]+ ,plants1 b ! po9ts ( agreem5t are s _m t x is difficult to resi/ ! conviction t a real relation exi/s1 & t ! ance/ry ( ! ,angiosp]ms1 s long %r\d$ 9 complete obscurity1 is to be s\ght among ! great plexus ( ,cycad-l plants :i* dom9at$ ! flora ( ! _w 9 ,mesozoic times4 7,on ?is subject see1 9 addition to ,wiel&'s great "w above cit$1 ,f4,w4 ,oliv]1 ,pt]idosp]ms & ,angiosp]ms1 ,new ,phytologi/1 ,vol4 ,v4 #aijf2 ,d4,h4 ,scott1 ,! ,fl[]+ ,plants ( ! ,mesozoic ,age 9 ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,discov]ies1 ,j\rnal ,r4 ,microscop4 ,soc4 #aijg1 & especially ,e4,a4,n4 ,arb] & ,j4 ,p>k91 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,angiosp]ms1 ,j\rnal ,l9n4 ,soc4 7,bot47 ,vol4 ,,xxxviii4 page #bi1 #aijg47 ,! great complexity ( ! ,b5nettitean fl[]1 ! e>lie/ kn[n fructification to :i* ! ^w fl[] c be appli$ )\t =c+ ! s5se1 r5d]s x probable1 z ,wiel& & o!rs h po9t$ out1 t ! evolution ( ! fl[] 9 ,angiosp]ms has consi/$ ess5tially 9 a process ( r$uction1 & t ! simple/ =ms ( fl[] are n to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ primitive4 ,! old] morphologi/s g5]ally took ! view t su* simple fl[]s 7 to be expla9$ z r$uctions f a m p]fect type1 & ?is op9ion1 ?\gh ab&on$ by _m lat] writ]s1 appe>s likely to be true :5 we consid] ! elaboration ( floral /ructure atta9$ among ! ,mesozoic ,cycadophyta1 :i* prec$$ ! ,angiosp]ms 9 evolution4 ,if1 z n[ seems probable1 ! ,angiosp]ms 7 d]iv$ f ance/ors alli$ to ! ,cycads1 x w\ld naturally foll[ t ! ,dicotyl$ons 7 fir/ evolv$1 = _! /ructure has mo/ 9 common ) t ( ! ,cycadophyta4 ,we %\ld !n h to reg>d ! ,monocotyl$ons z a side-l9e1 div]g+ probably at a v e>ly /age f ! ma9 dicotyl$on\s /ock1 a view :i* _m botani/s h ma9ta9$1 ( late1 on o!r gr\nds4 7,see especially ,e!l ,s>gant1 ,! ,recon/ruction ( a ,race ( ,primitive ,angiosp]ms1 ,annals ( ,botany1 ,vol4 ,,xxii4 page #aba1 #aijh47 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 z ! palaeontological record %[s1 ! ,monocotyl$ons 7 little if at all lat] 9 _! appe>ance ?an ! ,dicotyl$ons1 ?\gh always subord9ate 9 numb]s4 ,! typical & beautifully pres]v$ ,palm-wood f ,cretace\s rocks is /rik+ evid5ce ( ! e>ly evolution ( a *>act]i/ic monocotyl$on\s family4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! :ole "q ( ! evolution ( ,monocotyl$ons rema9s to be solv$4 ,accept+1 provisionally1 ! !ory ( ! cycadophytic orig9 ( ,angiosp]ms1 x is int]e/+ to see to :at fur!r conclusions we are l$4 ,! ,b5nettiteae1 at any rate1 7 /ill at ! gymnosp]m\s level z reg>ds _! poll9ation1 = ! expos$ micropyles ( ! ovules 7 9 a position to receive ! poll5 directly1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a /igma4 ,x is ?us indicat$ t ! ,angiosp]ms sprang f a gymnosp]m\s s\rce1 & t ! two great phyla ( ,se$-plants h n be5 di/9ct f ! fir/1 ?\gh no d\bt ! great majority ( kn[n ,gymnosp]ms1 especially ! ,conif]ae1 repres5t bran*-l9es ( _! own4 ,! /am5s ( ! ,b5nettiteae are arrang$ precisely z 9 an angiosp]m\s fl[]1 b 9 =m & /ructure !y are l ! f]tile fronds ( a ,f]n1 9 fact ! comp\nd poll5-sacs1 or synangia z !y are te*nically call$1 almo/ exactly agree ) ! spore-sacs ( a p>ticul> family ( ,f]ns--! ,m>attiaceae1 a limit$ gr\p1 n[ ma9ly tropical1 :i* 0 probably m prom95t 9 ! lat] ,palaeozoic times ?an at pres5t4 ,! scaly hairs1 or ram5ta1 :i* clo! e "p ( ! plant1 are also l ^? ( ,f]ns4 ,x is n likely t ! *>act]s 9 :i* ! ,b5nettiteae resemble ! ,f]ns came to !m directly f ance/ors belong+ to t class2 an ext5sive gr\p ( ,se$-plants1 ! ,pt]idosp]meae1 exi/$ 9 ,palaeozoic times & be> evid5t m>ks ( aff9ity ) ! ,f]n phylum4 ,! f]n-l *>act]s s rem>kably p]si/5t 9 ! highly organis$ ,cycadophyta ( ! ,mesozoic 7 9 all likelihood d]iv$ ?r\gh ! ,pt]idosp]ms1 plants :i* %[ an unmi/akable approa* to ! cycadophytic type4 ,! family ,b5nettiteae ?us pres5ts an extraord9>y association ( *>act]s1 exhibit+1 side by side1 features :i* belong to ! ,angiosp]ms1 ! ,gymnosp]ms & ! ,f]ns4 ii4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,se$-,,plants4 ,! g5]al relation ( ! gymnosp]m\s ,se$-plants to ! ,high] ,cryptogamia 0 cle>$ up1 indep5d5tly ( fossil evid5ce1 by ! brilliant rese>*es ( ,h(mei/]1 dat+ f ! middle ( ! pa/ c5tury4 7,w4 ,h(mei/]1 ,on ! ,g]m9ation1 ,developm5t & ,fructification ( ! ,high] ,cryptogamia1 ,ray ,society1 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,! orig9al ,g]man treatise appe>$ 9 #ahea47 ,he %[$ t ! embryo-sac ( ! ,conif]ae may be look$ ^u z a spore rema9+ enclos$ 9 its sporangium2 ! pro?allium :i* x =ms does n come to ! light4 7,ibid4 page #dch47 ,he ?us det]m9$ ! homologies on ! female side4 ,recognis+1 z "s previ\s obs]v]s _h already done1 t ! microspores ( ^? ,cryptogams 9 :i* two k9ds ( spore are develop$1 are equival5t to ! poll5-gra9s ( ! high] plants1 he fur!r po9t$ out t f]tilisation 9 ! ,rhizoc>peae & ,selag9ellae takes place by free sp]matozoa1 & 9 ! ,conif]ae by a poll5-tube1 9 ! int]ior ( :i* sp]matozoa are probably =m$--a rem>kable in/ance ( presci5ce1 = ?\gh sp]matozoids h n be5 f\nd 9 ! ,conif]s prop]1 !y 7 demon/rat$ 9 ! alli$ gr\ps ,cycadaceae & ,g9kgo1 9 #ahif1 by ! ,japanese botani/s ,ik5o & ,hirase4 ,a new l9k 0 ?us e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,gymnosp]ms & ! ,cryptogams4 ,x rema9$ unc]ta91 h[ev]1 f :i* l9e ( ,cryptogams ! gymnosp]m\s ,se$-plants _h sprung4 ,! great po9t ( morphological comp>ison 0 ! pres5ce ( two k9ds ( spore1 & ?is 0 kn[n to occur 9 ! rec5t ,lycopods & ,wat]-f]ns 7,rhizoc>peae7 & 0 also f\nd 9 fossil repres5tatives ( ! ?ird phylum1 t ( ! ,horsetails4 ,z a matt] ( fact all ! ?ree great ,cryptogamic classes h f\nd *ampions to ma9ta9 _! claim to ! ance/ry ( ! ,se$-plants1 & 9 e case fossil evid5ce 0 call$ 94 ,= a long "t ! ,lycopods 7 ! fav\rites1 :ile ! ,f]ns f\nd ! lea/ support4 ,! writ] rememb]s1 h[ev]1 9 ! ye> #ahha1 he>+ ! late ,pr(4 ,sa*s ma9ta91 9 a lecture to 8 class1 t ! desc5t ( ! ,cycads c\ld be trac$1 n m]ely f ,f]ns1 b f a def9ite family ( ,f]ns1 ! ,m>attiaceae1 a view :i*1 ?\gh 9 a some:at crude =m1 anticipat$ m mod]n ideas4 ,williamson appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to recognise ! pres5ce1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s flora1 ( plants comb9+ ! *>act]s ( ,f]ns & ,cycads4 7,see especially 8 ,organisation ( ! ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,coal-,measures1 ,"p ,,xiii4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 #ahhg ,b4 page #bii47 ,?is conclusion 0 fir/ rea*$ 9 ! case ( ! g5]a ,het]angium & ,lyg9od5dron1 plants1 :i* ) a :olly f]n-l habit1 7 f\nd to unite an anatomical /ructure hold+ ! balance betwe5 t ( ,f]ns & ,cycads1 ,het]angium incl9+ m to ! =m] & ,lyg9od5dron to ! latt]4 ,lat] rese>*es plac$ ,williamson's orig9al sugge/ion on a firm] basis1 & cle>ly prov$ ! int]m$iate nature ( ^! g5]a1 & ( a numb] ( o!rs1 s f> z _! vegetative organs 7 conc]n$4 ,?is /age 9 our k 0 m>k$ by ! in/itution ( ! class ,cycad(ilices by ,potonie 9 #ahig4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 0 kn[n ( ! organs ( reproduction ( ! ,cycad(ilices1 until ,f4,w4 ,oliv]1 9 #aijc1 id5tifi$ a fossil se$1 ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi1 z belong+ to ,lyg9od5dron1 ! id5tification dep5d+1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 on ! recognition ( an id5tical =m ( gl&1 ( v *>act]i/ic /ructure1 on ! vegetative organs ( ,lyg9od5dron & on ! cupule envelop+ ! se$4 ,?is evid5ce 0 support$ by ! discov]y ( a close anatomical agreem5t 9 o!r respects1 z well z by con/ant association betwe5 ! se$ & ! plant4 7,f4,w4 ,oliv] & ,d4,h4 ,scott1 ,on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,palaeozoic ,se$1 ,lag5o/oma ,lomaxi1 etc4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,vol4 #aig ,b4 #aijd47 ,! /ructure ( ! se$ ( ,lyg9od5dron1 prov$ to be ( ! same g5]al type z t ( ! ,cycads1 z %[n especially by ! pres5ce ( a poll5-*amb] or special cavity = ! reception ( ! poll5-gra9s1 an organ only kn[n 9 ! ,cycads & ,g9kgo among rec5t plants4 ,)9 a few mon?s aft] ! discov]y ( ! se$ ( ,lyg9od5dron1 ,kid/on f\nd ! l>ge1 nut-l se$ ( a ,neuropt]is1 ano!r f]n-l ,c>bonif]\s plant1 9 actual connection ) ! p9nules ( ! frond1 & s9ce !n se$s h be5 obs]v$ on ! frond 9 species ( ,aneimites & ,pecopt]is1 & a va/ body ( evid5ce1 direct or indirect1 has accumulat$1 %[+ t a l>ge proportion ( ! ,palaeozoic plants =m]ly class$ z ,f]ns 7 9 reality reproduc$ by se$s ( ! same type z ^? ( rec5t ,cycadaceae4 7,a summ>y ( ! evid5ce w be f\nd 9 ! writ]'s article ,on ! pres5t position ( ,palaeozoic ,botany1 ,progressus ,rei ,botanicae1 #aijg1 page #aci1 & ,/udies 9 ,fossil ,botany1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7#bnd edition7 ,london1 #aiji47 ,at ! same "t1 ! anatomical /ructure1 :]e x is op5 to inve/igation1 confirms ! sugge/ion giv5 by ! habit1 & %[s t ^! e>ly se$-be>+ plants _h a real aff9ity ) ,f]ns4 ,?is conclusion receiv$ /rong corroboration :5 ,kid/on1 9 #aije1 discov]$ ! male organs ( ,lyg9od5dron1 & %[$ t !y 7 id5tical ) a fructification ( ! g5us ,crosso!ca1 hi!rto reg>d$ z belong+ to ,m>attiace\s ,f]ns4 7,kid/on1 ,on ! ,microsporangia ( ! ,pt]idosp]meae1 etc4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,vol4 #aih1 ,b4 #aijf47 ,! g5]al conclusion :i* foll[s f ! v>i\s obs]vations allud$ to1 is t 9 ,palaeozoic times !re 0 a great body ( plants 7includ+1 z x appe>s1 a l>ge majority ( ! fossils previ\sly reg>d$ z ,f]ns7 :i* _h atta9$ ! rank ( ,sp]mophyta1 be>+ se$s ( a ,cycadean type on fronds sc>cely diff]+ f ! vegetative foliage1 & 9 o!r respects1 namely anatomy1 habit & ! /ructure ( ! poll5-be>+ organs1 reta9+ _m ( ! *>act]s ( ,f]ns4 ,f ?is ext5sive class ( plants1 to :i* ! "n ,pt]idosp]meae has be5 giv51 x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! abundant ,cycadophyta1 ( ! succe$+ ,mesozoic p]iod1 7 d]iv$4 ,?is conclusion is ( f>-rea*+ significance1 = we h already f\nd reason to ?9k t ! ,angiosp]ms !mselves sprang1 9 lat] times1 f ! ,cycadophytic /ock2 x ?us appe>s t ! ,f]n-phylum1 tak5 9 a broad s5se1 ultimately repres5ts ! s\rce f :i* ! ma9 l9e ( desc5t ( ! ,phan]ogams took its rise4 ,x mu/ fur!r be borne 9 m9d t 9 ! ,palaeozoic p]iod !re exi/$ ano!r gr\p ( se$-be>+ plants1 ! ,cordaiteae1 f> m advanc$ ?an ! ,pt]idosp]meae1 & 9 _m respects approa*+ ! ,conif]ae1 :i* !mselves beg9 to appe> 9 ! late/ ,palaeozoic rocks4 ,! ,cordaiteae1 :ile :olly diff]5t 9 habit f ! contempor>y f]n-l ,se$-plants1 %[ unmi/akable signs ( a common orig9 ) !m4 ,n only is !re a :ole s]ies ( =ms connect+ ! anatomical /ructure ( ! ,cordaiteae ) t ( ! ,lyg9od5dreae among ,pt]idosp]ms1 b a /ill m important po9t is t ! se$s ( ! ,cordaiteae1 :i* h long be5 kn[n1 are ( ! same ,cycadean type z ^? ( ! ,pt]idosp]ms1 s t x is n always possible1 z yet1 to discrim9ate betwe5 ! se$s ( ! two gr\ps4 ,^! facts indicate t ! same f]n-l /ock :i* gave rise to ! ,cycadophyta & ?r\gh !m1 z appe>s probable1 to ! ,angiosp]ms1 0 also ! s\rce ( ! ,cordaiteae1 :i* 9 _! turn %[ manife/ aff9ity ) "s at lea/ ( ! ,conif]ae4 ,unless ! latt] are an artificial gr\p1 a view :i* does n comm5d itself to ! writ]1 x w\ld appe> probable t ! ,gymnosp]ms g5]ally1 z well z ! ,angiosp]ms1 7 d]iv$ f an anci5t race ( ,cryptogams1 mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! ,f]ns4 7,"s botani/s1 h[ev]1 believe t ! ,conif]ae1 or "s ( !m1 are probably m ne>ly relat$ to ! ,lycopods4 ,see ,sew>d & ,=d1 ,! ,arauc>ieae1 ,rec5t & ,ext9ct1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,vol4 #aih ,b4 #aijf47 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t ! small gymnosp]m\s gr\p ,gnetales 7includ+ ! extraord9>y ,we/ ,african plant ,welwits*ia7 :i* 7 =m]ly reg>d$ by "s au?orities z ak9 to ! ,equisetales1 h rec5tly be5 ref]r$1 on bett] gr\nds1 to a common orig9 ) ! ,angiosp]ms1 f ! ,mesozoic ,cycadophyta4 ,! t5d5cy1 !re=e1 ( mod]n "w on ! palaeontological record ( ! ,se$-plants has be5 to exalt ! importance ( ! ,f]n-phylum1 :i*1 on pres5t evid5ce1 appe>s to be t f :i* ! great majority1 possibly ! :ole1 ( ! ,sp]mophyta h be5 d]iv$4 ,"o ^w ( caution1 h[ev]1 is necess>y4 ,! ,se$-plants are ( enorm\s antiquity2 bo? ! ,pt]idosp]ms & ! m highly organis$ family ,cordaiteae1 g back z f> 9 geological hi/ory 7namely to ! ,devonian7 z ! ,f]ns !mselves or any o!r ,vascul> ,cryptogams4 ,x mu/ !re=e be und]/ood t 9 speak+ ( ! d]ivation ( ! ,sp]mophyta f ! ,f]n-phylum1 we ref] to t phylum at a v e>ly /age1 probably e>li] ?an ! mo/ anci5t p]iod to :i* our record ( l&-plants ext5ds4 ,! aff9ity betwe5 ! olde/ ,se$-plants & ! ,f]ns1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 seems e/abli%$1 b ! common /ock f :i* !y actually arose is /ill unkn[n2 ?\gh no d\bt ne>] to ! ,f]ns ?an to any o!r gr\p1 x mu/ h diff]$ widely f ! ,f]ns z we n[ "k !m1 or p]haps ev5 f any :i* ! fossil record has yet reveal$ to u4 iii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,high] ,,cryptogamia4 ,! ,sub-k+dom ( ! high] ,spore-plants1 ! ,cryptogamia possess+ a vascul> sy/em1 0 m prom95t 9 e>ly geological p]iods ?an at pres5t4 ,x is true t ! dom9ance ( ! ,pt]idophyta 9 ,palaeozoic times has be5 mu* exagg]at$ ow+ to ! assumption t ev]y?+ :i* look$ l a ,f]n really 0 a ,f]n4 ,b1 all[+ = ! fact1 n[ e/abli%$1 t mo/ ( ! ,palaeozoic f]n-l plants 7 already ,sp]mophyta1 !re rema9s a va/ mass ( ,cryptogamic =ms ( t p]iod1 & ! famili> /atem5t t !y =m$ ! ma9 con/itu5t ( ! ,coal-=e/s /ill holds good4 ,! ?ree classes1 ,f]ns 7,filicales71 ,horsetails 7,equisetales7 & ,club-mosses 7,lycopodiales71 "u :i* we n[ gr\p ! ,vascul> ,cryptogams1 all ext5d back 9 geological hi/ory z f> z we h any record ( ! flora ( ! l&2 9 ! ,palaeozoic1 h[ev]1 a f\r? class1 ! ,sph5ophyllales1 0 pres5t4 ,z reg>ds ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,f]ns1 :i* are ( special int]e/ f _! relation to ! ,se$-plants1 x is impossible to speak q positively1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( discrim9at+ betwe5 true fossil ,f]ns & ! ,pt]idosp]ms :i* s closely simulat$ !m4 ,! difficulty especially affects ! "q ( ! position ( ,m>attiace\s ,f]ns 9 ! ,palaeozoic ,floras4 ,?is family1 n[ s re/rict$1 0 until rec5tly believ$ to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ important gr\ps ( ,palaeozoic plants1 especially dur+ lat] ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian times4 ,evid5ce bo? f anatomy & f sporangial *>act]s appe>$ to e/abli% ?is conclusion4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 d\bts h aris51 ow+ to ! discov]y t "s suppos$ memb]s ( ! ,m>attiaceae bore se$s1 & t a =m ( fructification previ\sly ref]r$ to t family 7,crosso!ca7 0 really ! poll5-be>+ app>atus ( a ,pt]idosp]m 7,lyg9od5dron74 ,! "q pres5ts mu* difficulty2 ?\gh x seems c]ta9 t our ideas ( ! ext5t ( ! family 9 ,palaeozoic times w h to be re/rict$1 !re is /ill a decid$ balance ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! view t a consid]able body ( ,m>attiace\s ,f]ns actually exi/$4 ,! plants 9 "q 7 ( l>ge size 7(t5 arboresc5t7 & highly organis$--!y repres5t1 9 fact1 "o ( ! highe/ developm5ts ( ! ,f]n-/ock1 r ?an a primitive type ( ! class4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 9 ! ,palaeozoic p]iod1 a consid]able gr\p ( comp>atively simple ,f]ns 7= :i* ,arb] has propos$ ! collective "n ,prim(ilices72 ! be/ kn[n ( ^! are ref]r$ to ! family ,botryopt]ideae1 consi/+ ( plants ( small or mod]ate dim5sions1 )1 on ! :ole1 a simple anatomical /ructure1 9 c]ta9 cases actually simpl] ?an t ( any rec5t ,f]ns4 ,on ! o!r h& ! sporangia ( ^! plants 7 usually borne on special f]tile fronds1 a m>k ( r high diff]5tiation4 ,?is gr\p goes back to ! ,devonian & includes "s ( ! e>lie/ types ( ,f]n ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,x is probable t ! ,prim(ilices 7?\gh n ! p>ticul> family ,botryopt]ideae7 repres5t ! /ock f :i* ! v>i\s families ( mod]n ,f]ns1 already develop$ 9 ! ,mesozoic p]iod1 may h sprung4 ,none ( ! e>ly ,f]ns %[ any cle> approa* to o!r classes ( ,vascul> ,cryptogams2 s f> z ! fossil record af=ds any evid5ce1 ,f]ns h always be5 plants ) relatively l>ge & usually comp\nd leaves4 ,!re is no indication ( _! d]ivation f a microphyll\s ance/ry1 ?\gh1 z we %all see1 !re is "s slight evid5ce = ! conv]se hypo!sis4 ,:atev] ! orig9 ( ! ,f]ns may h be5 x is hidd5 9 ! old] rocks4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 held t c]ta9 o!r ,cryptogamic phyla _h a common orig9 ) ! ,f]ns4 ,! ,equisetales are at pres5t a well-def9$ gr\p2 ev5 9 ! ri* ,palaeozoic floras ! habit1 anatomy & reproductive *>act]s usually r5d] ! memb]s ( ?is class unmi/akable1 9 spite ( ! great developm5t & /ature :i* !y !n atta9$4 ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to f9d t 9 ! olde/ kn[n repres5tatives ( ! ,equisetales ! leaves 7 highly develop$ & di*otom\sly divid$1 ?us diff]+ greatly f ! m]e scale-leaves ( ! rec5t ,horsetails1 or ev5 f ! simple l9e> leaves ( ! lat] ,calamites4 ,! e>ly memb]s ( ! class1 9 _! =k$ leaves1 & 9 anatomical *>act]s1 %[ an approximation to ! ,sph5ophyllales1 :i* are *iefly repres5t$ by ! l>ge g5us ,sph5ophyllum1 rang+ ?r\gh ! ,palaeozoic f ! ,middle ,devonian onw>ds4 ,^! 7 plants ) r sl5d]1 ribb$ /ems1 be>+ :orls ( w$ge-%ap$ or deeply =k$ leaves1 six be+ ! typical numb] 9 ea* :orl4 ,f _! weak habit x has be5 conjectur$1 ) mu* probability1 t !y may h be5 climb+ plants1 l ! scrambl+ ,b$/raws ( our h$g][s4 ,! anatomy ( ! /em is simple & root-l2 ! cones are rem>kable = ! fact t ea* scale or sporophyll is a d\ble /ructure1 consi/+ ( a l[]1 usually /]ile lobe & "o or m upp] lobes be>+ ! sporangia2 9 "o species bo? p>ts ( ! sporophyll 7 f]tile4 ,sph5ophyllum 0 evid5tly mu* specialis$2 ! only o!r kn[n g5us is bas$ on an isolat$ cone1 ,*eiro/robus1 ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s age1 ) an extraord9>ily complex /ructure4 ,9 ?is g5us especially1 b also 9 ! entire gr\p1 !re is an evid5t relation to ! ,equisetales2 h5ce x is ( great int]e/ t ,na?or/ has describ$1 f ! ,devonian ( ,be> ,isl& 9 ! ,arctic regions1 a new g5us ,pseudobornia1 consi/+ ( l>ge plants1 rem>kable = _! highly comp\nd leaves :i*1 :5 f\nd deta*$1 7 tak5 = ! fronds ( a ,f]n4 ,! :orl$ arrangem5t ( ! leaves1 & ! habit ( ! plant1 sugge/ aff9ities ei!r ) ! ,equisetales or ! ,sph5ophyllales2 ,na?or/ makes ! g5us ! type ( a new class1 ! ,pseudoborniales4 7,a4,g4 ,na?or/1 ,zur ,ob]devonis*5 ,flora d] ,b>5-,insel1 ,kongl4 ,sv5ska ,vet5skaps-,akademi5s ,h&l+> ,bd4 #cf1 ,no4 #c1 ,/ockholm1 #aijb47 ,! available data1 ?\gh /ill v fragm5t>y1 c]ta9ly sugge/ t bo? ,equisetales & ,sph5ophyllales may h sprung f a common /ock hav+ c]ta9 f]n-l *>act]s4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,sph5ophylls1 & especially ! peculi> g5us ,*eiro/robus1 h 9 _! anatomy a good deal 9 common ) ! ,lycopods1 & ( late ye>s !y h be5 reg>d$ z ! d]ivatives ( a /ock common to t class & ! ,equisetales4 ,at any rate ! *>act]s ( ! ,sph5ophyllales & ( ! new gr\p ,pseudoborniales sugge/ ! exi/5ce1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 ( a syn!tic race ( plants1 comb9+ ! *>act]s ( v>i\s phyla ( ! ,vascul> ,cryptogams4 ,x may fur!r be m5tion$ t ! ,psilotaceae1 an isolat$ epiphytic family hi!rto ref]r$ to ! ,lycopods1 h be5 reg>d$ by sev]al rec5t au?ors z ! la/ survivors ( ! ,sph5ophyllales1 :i* !y resemble bo? 9 _! anatomy & 9 ! position ( _! sporangia4 ,! ,lycopods1 s f> z _! e>ly hi/ory is kn[n1 are rem>kable r = _! high developm5t 9 ,palaeozoic times ?an = any indications ( a m primitive ance/ry4 ,9 ! rec5t ,flora1 two ( ! f\r liv+ g5]a 7,exclud+ ,psilotaceae47 7,selag9ella & ,isoetes7 h spores ( two k9ds1 :ile ! o!r two 7,lycopodium & ,phylloglossum7 are homospor\s4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 no c]ta9 in/ance ( a homospor\s ,palaeozoic ,lycopod has yet be5 discov]$1 ?\gh well-pres]v$ fructifications are num]\s4 ,:]ev] ! facts h be5 def9itely asc]ta9$1 we f9d two k9ds ( spore1 diff]5tiat$ q z %>ply z 9 any liv+ memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,"s ( ! ,palaeozoic ,lycopods1 9 fact1 w5t fur!r1 & produc$ bodies ( ! nature ( se$s1 "s ( :i* 7 actually reg>d$1 = _m ye>s1 z ! se$s ( ,gymnosp]ms4 ,?is specially advanc$ =m ( fructification goes back at lea/ z f> z ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 :ile ! olde/ kn[n g5us ( ,lycopods1 ,bo?rod5dron1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,devonian1 ?\gh n se$-be>+1 0 typically het]ospor\s1 if we may judge f ! ,coal-measure species4 ,no d\bt homospor\s ,lycopods exi/$1 b ! great preval5ce ( ! high] mode ( reproduction 9 days :i* to u appe> anci5t1 %[s h[ long a c\rse ( evolution mu/ h already be5 pass$ ?r\gh be=e ! olde/ kn[n memb]s ( ! gr\p came into be+4 ,! o!r *>act]s ( ! ,palaeozoic ,lycopods tell ! same tale2 mo/ ( !m atta9$ ! /ature ( trees1 ) a correspond+ elaboration ( anatomical /ructure1 & ev5 ! h]bace\s =ms %[ no special simplicity4 ,x appe>s f rec5t "w t h]bace\s ,lycopods1 indi/+ui%able f our rec5t ,selag9ellas1 already exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,coal-measures1 :ile "o h]bace\s =m 7,miadesmia7 is kn[n to h borne se$s4 ,! utmo/ t c be said = primitiv5ess ( "* 9 ,palaeozoic ,lycopods is t ! anatomy ( ! /em1 9 its prim>y gr\nd-plan1 z di/+ui%$ f its second>y gr[?1 0 simpl] ?an t ( mo/ ,lycopodiums & ,selag9ellas at ! pres5t day4 ,!re are also "s peculi>ities 9 ! und]gr\nd organs 7,/igm>ia7 :i* sugge/ ! possibility ( a some:at imp]fect diff]5tiation betwe5 root & /em1 b precisely p>allel difficulties are met ) 9 ! case ( ! liv+ ,selag9ellas1 & 9 "s degree 9 species ( ,lycopodium4 ,9 spite ( _! high developm5t 9 pa/ ages ! ,lycopods1 rec5t & fossil1 con/itute1 on ! :ole1 a homog5e\s gr\p1 & !re is little at pres5t to connect !m ) o!r phyla4 ,anatomically "s relation to ! ,sph5ophylls is indicat$1 & p]haps ! rec5t ,psilotaceae give "s support to ?is connection1 = :ile _! ne>e/ alliance appe>s to be ) ! ,sph5ophylls1 !y approa* ! ,lycopods 9 anatomy1 habit1 & mode ( bran*+4 ,! typically microphyll\s "* ( ! ,lycopods1 & ! simple relation betwe5 sporangium & sporophyll :i* obta9s ?r\gh\t ! class1 h l$ v>i\s botani/s to reg>d !m z ! mo/ primitive phylum ( ! ,vascul> ,cryptogams4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! fossil record to disprove ?is view1 b nei!r is !re any?+ to support x1 = ?is class s f> z we "k is no m anci5t ?an ! megaphyll\s ,cryptogams1 & its e>lie/ repres5tatives %[ no special simplicity4 ,if ! indications ( aff9ity ) ,sph5ophylls are ( any value ! ,lycopods are op5 to suspicion ( r$uction f a megaphyll\s ance/ry1 b !re is no direct palaeontological evid5ce = su* a hi/ory4 ,! g5]al conclusions to :i* we are l$ by a consid]ation ( ! fossil record ( ! ,vascul> ,cryptogams are /ill v hypo!tical1 b may be provisionally /at$ z foll[s3 ,! ,f]ns g back to ! e>lie/ kn[n p]iod4 ,9 ,mesozoic times practically all ! exi/+ families _h appe>$2 9 ! ,palaeozoic ! class 0 less ext5sive ?an =m]ly believ$1 a majority ( ! suppos$ ,f]ns ( t age hav+ prov$ to be se$-be>+ plants4 ,! olde/ au!ntic repres5tatives ( ! ,f]ns 7 megaphyll\s plants1 broadly speak+1 ( ! same type z ^? ( lat] epo*s1 ?\gh diff]+ mu* 9 detail4 ,z f> back z ! record ext5ds !y %[ no sign ( becom+ m]g$ ) o!r phyla 9 any syn!tic gr\p4 ,! ,equisetales likewise h a long hi/ory1 & manife/ly atta9$ _! greate/ developm5t 9 ,palaeozoic times4 ,_! olde/ =ms %[ an approa* to ! ext9ct class ,sph5ophyllales1 :i* connects !m to "s ext5t1 by anatomical *>act]s1 ) ! ,lycopods4 ,at ! same "t ! olde/ ,equisetales %[ a some:at megaphyll\s "*1 :i* 0 m m>k$ 9 ! ,devonian ,pseudoborniales4 ,"s remote aff9ity ) ! ,f]ns 7:i* has also be5 upheld on o!r gr\nds7 may ?us be indicat$4 ,x is possible t 9 ! ,sph5ophyllales we may h ! mu*-modifi$ repres5tatives ( a v anci5t syn!tic gr\p4 ,! ,lycopods likewise atta9$ _! maximum 9 ! ,palaeozoic1 & %[1 on ! :ole1 a great] elaboration ( /ructure 9 _! e>ly =ms ?an at any lat] p]iod1 :ile at ! same "t ma9ta9+ a consid]able degree ( uni=mity 9 morphological *>act]s ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory4 ,! ,sph5ophyllales are ! only o!r class ) :i* !y %[ any relation2 if su* a connection exi/$1 ! common po9t ( orig9 mu/ lie exce$+ly f> back4 ,! fossil record1 z at pres5t kn[n1 _c1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ?r[ any direct light on :at is p]haps ! mo/ disput$ "q 9 ! morphology ( plants--! orig9 ( ! alt]nat+ g5]ations ( ! high] ,cryptogams & ! ,sp]mophyta4 ,at ! e>lie/ p]iod to :i* t]re/rial plants h be5 trac$ back all ! gr\ps ( ,vascul> ,cryptogams 7 9 a highly advanc$ /age ( evolution1 :ile innum]able ,se$-plants--presumably ! desc5dants ( ,cryptogamic ance/ors--7 already fl\ri%+4 ,on ! o!r h& we "k practically no?+ ( ,palaeozoic ,bryophyta1 & ! evid5ce ev5 = _! exi/5ce at t p]iod _c be t]m$ conclusive4 ,:ile !re are ?us no palaeontological gr\nds = ! hypo!sis t ! ,vascul> plants came ( a ,bryophytic /ock1 ! "q ( _! actual orig9 rema9s unsolv$4 ,,iii4 ,,natural ,,selection4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ ! palaeontological record ( plants 9 relation to ,evolution4 ,! "q rema9s1 :e!r ! record ?r[s any light on ! !ory ( :i* ,d>w9 & ,wallace 7 ! au?ors--t ( ,natural ,selection4 ,! subject is cle>ly "o :i* mu/ be inve/igat$ by o!r me?ods ?an ^? ( ! palaeontologi/2 /ill !re are c]ta9 important po9ts involv$1 on :i* ! palaeontological record appe>s to be>4 ,"o ( ^! po9ts is ! suppos$ di/9ction betwe5 morphological & adaptive *>act]s1 on :i* ,nageli1 9 p>ticul>1 laid s mu* /ress4 ,! "q is a difficult "o2 x 0 discuss$ by ,d>w9 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 pages #agj-agf471 :o1 :ile %[+ t ! app>5t di/9ction is 9 "p to be expla9$ by our imp]fect k ( function1 recognis$ ! exi/5ce ( important morphological *>act]s :i* are n adaptations4 ,! foll[+ passage expresses 8 conclusion4 ,?us1 z ,i am incl9$ to believe1 morphological diff]5ces1 :i* we consid] z important--su* z ! arrangem5t ( ! leaves1 ! divisions ( ! fl[] or ( ! ov>ium1 ! position ( ! ovules1 etc4--fir/ appe>$ 9 _m cases z fluctuat+ v>iations1 :i* soon] or lat] became con/ant ?r\gh ! nature ( ! organism & ( ! surr\nd+ conditions1 z well z ?r\gh ! int]-cross+ ( di/9ct individuals1 b n ?r\gh natural selection2 = z ^! morphological *>act]s d n affect ! welf>e ( ! species1 any slight deviations 9 !m c\ld n h be5 gov]n$ or accumulat$ ?r\gh ?is latt] ag5cy4 7,ibid4 page #agf47 ,?is is a suffici5tly lib]al concession2 ,nageli1 h[ev]1 w5t mu* fur!r :5 he said3 ,i d n "k among plants a morphological modification :i* c be expla9$ on utilit>ian pr9ciples4 7,see ,m ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #cge 7footnote747 ,if ?is 7 true ! field ( ,natural ,selection w\ld be s s]i\sly re/rict$1 z to leave ! !ory only a v limit$ importance4 ,x c be %[n1 z ! writ] believes1 t _m typical morphological *>act]s1 on :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 great classes ( plants is bas$1 7 adaptive 9 orig91 & ev5 t _! con/ancy is due to _! functional importance4 ,only "o or two cases w be m5tion$1 :]e ! fossil evid5ce affects ! "q4 ,! poll5-tube is "o ( ! mo/ important morphological *>act]s ( ! ,sp]mophyta z n[ exi/+--9 fact ! "n ,siphonogama is us$ by ,engl] 9 8 classification1 z express+ a peculi>ly con/ant "* ( ! ,se$-plants4 ,yet ! poll5-tube is a manife/ adaptation1 foll[+ on ! adoption ( ! se$-habit1 & s]v+ fir/ to br+ ! sp]matozoids ) great] precision to _! goal1 & ultimately to relieve !m ( ! necessity = indep5d5t movem5t4 ,! poll5-tube is con/ant because x has prov$ to be indisp5sable4 ,9 ! ,palaeozoic ,se$-plants !re are a numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* ! poll5-gra9s1 conta9$ 9 ! poll5-*amb] ( a se$1 are s beautifully pres]v$ t ! pres5ce ( a gr\p ( cells )9 ! gra9 c be demon/rat$2 sometimes we c ev5 see h[ ! cell-walls broke d[n to emit ! sp]ms1 & q lately x is said t ! sp]ms !mselves h be5 recognis$4 7,f4,w4 ,oliv]1 ,on ,physo/oma elegans1 an ar*aic type ( se$ f ! ,palaeozoic ,rocks1 ,annals ( ,botany1 ,janu>y1 #aiji4 ,see also ! e>li] pap]s !re cit$47 ,9 no case1 h[ev]1 is !re z yet any satisfactory evid5ce = ! =mation ( a poll5-tube2 x is probable t 9 ^! e>ly ,se$-plants ! poll5-gra9s rema9$ at ab\t ! evolution>y level ( ! microspores 9 ,pilul>ia or ,selag9ella1 & dis*>g$ _! sp]matozoids directly1 leav+ !m to f9d _! own way to ! female cells4 ,x ?us appe>s t !re 7 once ,sp]mophyta )\t poll5-tubes4 ,! poll5-tube me?od ultimately prevail$1 becom+ a con/ant morphological "*1 = no o!r reason ?an because1 "u ! new conditions1 x provid$ a m p]fect me*anism = ! accompli%m5t ( ! act ( f]tilisation4 ,we h /ill1 9 ! ,cycads & ,g9kgo1 ! transitional case1 :]e ! tube rema9s %ort1 s]ves ma9ly z an an*or & wat]-res]voir1 b yet is able1 by its slight gr[?1 to give ! sp]matozoids a lift 9 ! "r direction4 ,9 o!r ,se$-plants ! sp]ms are m]e pass5g]s1 c>ri$ all ! way by ! poll5-tube2 ?is fact has alone r5d]$ ! ,angiosp]m\s me?od ( f]tilisation ?r\gh a /igma possible4 ,we may next take ! se$ itself--! v type ( a morphological "*4 ,our fossil record does n g f> en\gh back to tell u ! orig9 ( ! se$ 9 ! ,cycadophyta & ,pt]idosp]ms 7! ma9 l9e ( its developm5t7 b "s int]e/+ sidelights may be obta9$ f ! ,lycopod phylum4 ,9 two ,palaeozoic g5]a1 z we h se51 se$-l organs are kn[n to h be5 develop$1 resembl+ true se$s 9 ! pres5ce ( an integum5t & ( a s+le functional embryo-sac1 z well z 9 "s o!r po9ts4 ,we w call ^! organs se$s = ! sake ( %ortness4 ,9 "o g5us 7,lepidoc>pon7 ! se$s 7 borne on a cone indi/+ui%able f t ( ! ord9>y cryptogamic ,lepidod5dreae1 ! typical ,lycopods ( ! p]iod1 :ile ! se$ itself reta9$ mu* ( ! detail$ /ructure ( ! sporangium ( t family4 ,9 ! second g5us1 ,miadesmia1 ! se$-be>+ plant 0 h]bace\s1 & mu* l a rec5t ,selag9ella4 7,see ,m>g>et ,b5son1 ,miadesmia membranacea1 a new ,palaeozoic ,lycopod ) a se$-l /ructure1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,royal ,soc4 ,vol4 #aii1 ,b4 #aijh47 ,! se$s ( ! two g5]a are diff]5tly con/ruct$1 & evid5tly _h an indep5d5t orig94 ,"h1 !n1 we h se$s aris+ casually1 z x 71 at diff]5t po9ts among plants :i* o!rwise reta9 all ! *>act]s ( _! cryptogamic fell[s2 ! se$ is n yet a morphological "* ( importance4 ,to suppose t 9 ^! isolat$ cases ! se$ sprang into be+ 9 ob$i5ce to a ,law ( ,advance 7,v]vollkommungspr9cip71 f :i* o!r contempor>y ,lycopods 7 exempt1 involves u 9 unnecess>y my/icism4 ,on ! o!r h& x is n difficult to see h[ ^! se$s may h aris51 z adaptive /ructures1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,natural ,selection4 ,! se$-l /ructure af=d$ protection to ! pro?allus1 & may h enabl$ ! embryo to be laun*$ on ! _w 9 great] security4 ,!re 0 fur!r1 z we may suppose1 a ga9 9 c]ta9ty ( f]tilisation4 ,z ! writ] has po9t$ out else:]e1 ! *ances aga9/ ! necess>y association ( ! small male ) ! l>ge female spores mu/ h be5 enorm\sly great :5 ! cones 7 borne high up on tall trees4 ,! same difficulty may h exi/$ 9 ! case ( ! h]bace\s ,miadesmia1 if1 z ,miss ,b5son conjectures1 x 0 an epiphyte4 ,"o way ( solv+ ! problem 0 = poll9ation to take place :ile ! megaspore 0 /ill on ! p>5t plant1 & ?is is j :at ! =mation ( an ovule or se$ 0 likely to secure4 ,! se$s ( ! ,pt]idosp]ms1 unlike ^? ( ! ,lycopod /ock1 h n yet be5 f\nd 9 /atu nasc5di--9 all kn[n cases !y 7 already highly develop$ organs & f> remov$ f ! cryptogamic sporangium4 ,b 9 two respects we f9d t ^! se$s1 or "s ( !m1 _h n yet realis$ _! possibilities4 ,9 ! se$ ( ,lyg9od5dron & o!r cases ! micropyle1 or orifice ( ! integum5t1 0 n ! passage ?r\gh :i* ! poll5 ent]$2 ! op5 neck ( ! poll5-*amb] protrud$ ?r\gh ! micropyle & itself receiv$ ! poll54 ,we h met ) an analog\s case1 at a m advanc$ /age ( evolution1 9 ! ,b5nettiteae1 :]e ! wall ( ! gynaecium1 ?\gh o!rwise clos$1 did n provide a /igma to cat* ! poll51 b all[$ ! micropyles ( ! ovules to protrude & receive ! poll5 9 ! old gymnosp]m\s fa%ion4 ,! integum5t 9 ! "o case & ! pi/il 9 ! o!r _h n yet assum$ all ! functions to :i* ! organ ultimately became adapt$4 ,aga91 no ,palaeozoic se$ has yet be5 f\nd to conta9 an embryo1 ?\gh ! pres]vation is (t5 good en\gh = x to h be5 recognis$ if pres5t4 ,x is probable t ! nurs+ ( ! embryo _h n yet come to be "o ( ! functions ( ! se$1 & t ! :ole embryonic developm5t 0 relegat$ to ! g]m9ation /age4 ,9 ^! two po9ts1 ! reception ( ! poll5 by ! micropyle & ! nurs+ ( ! embryo1 x appe>s t _m ,palaeozoic se$s 7 imp]fect1 z comp>$ ) ! typical se$s ( lat] times4 ,z evolution w5t on1 "o function 0 sup]add$ on ano!r1 & x appe>s impossible to resi/ ! conclusion t ! :ole diff]5tiation ( ! se$ 0 a process ( adaptation1 & consequ5tly gov]n$ by ,natural ,selection1 j z mu* z ! specialisation ( ! ro/ellum 9 an ,or*id1 or ( ! pappus 9 a ,composite4 ,did space all[1 o!r examples might be add$4 ,we may v5ture to ma9ta9 t ! glimpses :i* ! fossil record all[s u into e>ly /ages 9 ! evolution ( organs n[ ( high sy/ematic importance1 by no means ju/ify ! belief 9 any ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 morphological & adaptive *>act]s4 ,ano!r po9t1 closely connect$ ) ,d>w9's !ory1 on :i* ! fossil hi/ory ( plants has be5 suppos$ to h "s be>+1 is ! "q ( ,mutation1 z oppos$ to indef9ite v>iation4 ,arb] & ,p>k91 9 _! int]e/+ memoir on ! ,orig9 ( ,angiosp]ms1 h sugge/$ call+ 9 ,mutation to expla9 ! app>5tly sudd5 transition f ! cycadean to ! angiosp]m\s type ( foliage1 9 late ,mesozoic times1 ?\gh !y express !mselves ) mu* caution1 & po9t out a di/9ct dang] t ,mutation may become ! la/ resort ( ! phylog5etically de/itute6 ,! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* palaeobotani/s1 ,gr&',eury 7,c4 ,gr&',eury1 ,sur les mutations de quelques ,plantes fossiles du ,t]ra9 h\ill]4 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,,cxlii4 page #be1 #aijf47 & ,zeill] 7,r4 ,zeill] ,les ,vegetaux fossiles et leurs ,en*a9em5ts1 ,revue du ,mois1 ,,iii4 ,febru>y1 #aijg471 are ( op9ion1 to quote ! words ( ! latt] writ]1 t ! facts ( fossil ,botany are 9 agreem5t ) ! sudd5 appe>ance ( new =ms1 diff]+ by m>k$ *>act]s f ^? t h giv5 !m bir?2 he adds t ^! results give m amplitude to ?is idea ( ,mutation1 ext5d+ x to gr\ps ( a high] ord]1 & ev5 reveal+ ! exi/5ce ( discont9u\s s]ies betwe5 ! successive t]ms ( :i* we yet recognise bonds ( filiation4 7,loc4 cit4 page #bc47 ,if ,zeill]'s op9ion %\ld be confirm$1 x w\ld no d\bt be a s]i\s bl[ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,z ,d>w9 said3 ,"u a sci5tific po9t ( view1 & z lead+ to fur!r inve/igation1 b little advantage is ga9$ by believ+ t new =ms are sudd5ly develop$ 9 an inexplicable mann] f old & widely diff]5t =ms1 ov] ! old belief 9 ! creation ( species f ! du/ ( ! e>?4 7,orig9 ( ,species1 page #dbd47 ,x mo/ h[ev] be po9t$ out1 t su* mutations z ,zeill]1 & to "s ext5t ,arb] & ,p>k91 appe> to h 9 view1 bridg+ ! gulf betwe5 diff]5t ,ord]s & ,classes1 be> no relation to any mutations :i* h be5 actually obs]v$1 su* z ! comp>atively small *anges1 ( sub-specific value1 describ$ by ,de ,vries 9 ! type-case ( ,o5o!ra ,lam>ckiana4 ,! results ( palaeobotanical rese>* h und\bt$ly t5d$ to fill up gaps 9 ! ,natural ,sy/em ( plants--t _m su* gaps /ill p]si/ is n surpris+2 _! pres5ce may well s]ve z an inc5tive to fur!r rese>* b does n1 z x seems to ! writ]1 ju/ify ! assumption ( *anges 9 ! pa/1 :olly )\t analogy among liv+ organisms4 ,z reg>ds ! succession ( species1 !re are no great] au?orities ?an ,gr&',eury & ,zeill]1 & great weight mu/ be atta*$ to _! op9ion t ! evid5ce f cont9u\s deposits fav\rs a some:at sudd5 *ange f "o specific =m to ano!r4 ,at ! same "t x w be well to be> 9 m9d t ! subject ( ! abs5ce ( num]\s int]m$iate v>ieties 9 any s+le =mation 0 fully discuss$ by ,d>w94 7,orig9 ( ,species1 pages #bge-bhb1 & page #cab472 ! explanation :i* he gave may g a long way to acc\nt = ! facts :i* rec5t writ]s h reg>d$ z fav\r+ ! !ory ( saltatory mutation4 ,! rapid sket* giv5 9 ! pres5t essay c d no m ?an call att5tion to a few sali5t po9ts1 9 :i* ! palaeontological records ( plants has an evid5t be>+ on ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,at ! pres5t day ! :ole subject ( palaeobotany is a /udy 9 evolution1 & d]ives its *ief inspiration f ! ideas ( ,d>w9 & ,wallace4 ,9 return x contributes some?+ to ! v]ification ( _! tea*+2 ! rec5t progress ( ! subject1 9 spite ( ! imm5se difficulties :i* /ill rema91 has add$ fre% =ce to ,d>w9's /atem5t t ! great lead+ facts 9 palaeontology agree admirably ) ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification ?r\gh v>iation & natural selection4 7,ibid4 page #cac47 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,environm5t ,,on ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,plants4 ,by ,georg ,klebs1 ,,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,! dep5d5ce ( plants on _! environm5t became ! object ( sci5tific rese>* :5 ! ph5om5a ( life 7 fir/ inve/igat$ & physiology took its place z a special bran* ( sci5ce4 ,?is occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! eighte5? c5tury z ! result ( ! pione] "w ( ,hales1 ,duhamel1 ,+5h\sz1 ,s5ebi] & o!rs4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! second half1 physiology exp]i5c$ an unprec$5t$ developm5t 9 t x began to conc]n itself ) ! exp]im5tal /udy ( nutrition & gr[?1 & ) ! ph5om5a associat$ ) /imulus & movem5t2 on ! o!r h&1 physiology neglect$ ph5om5a connect$ ) ! production ( =m1 a dep>tm5t ( k :i* 0 ! prov9ce ( morphology1 a purely descriptive sci5ce4 ,x 0 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury t ! gr[? ( comp>ative morphology & ! /udy ( phases ( developm5t rea*$ _! highe/ po9t4 ,! =ms ( plants appe>$ to be ! expression ( _! inscrutable inn] nature2 ! /ages pass$ ?r\gh 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual 7 reg>d$ z ! outcome ( purely int]nal & hidd5 laws4 ,! feasibility ( exp]im5tal inquiry seem$ !re=e remote4 ,mean:ile1 ! recognition ( ! great importance ( su* a causal morphology em]g$ f ! rese>*es ( ! physiologi/s ( t "t1 m especially f ^? ( ,h(mei/] 7,h(mei/]1 ,allgeme9e ,morphologie1 ,leipzig1 #ahfh1 page #egi471 & aft]w>ds f ! "w ( ,sa*s4 7,sa*s1 ,/(f und ,=m d] ,pflanz5organe1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahhj2 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ahhb4 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung5 ub] ,pflanz5-,physiologie1 ,,ii4 ,leipzig1 #ahic47 ,h(mei/]1 9 speak+ ( ?is l9e ( inquiry1 describ$ x z ! mo/ press+ & imm$iate aim ( ! inve/igator to discov] to :at ext5t ext]nal =ces act+ on ! organism are ( importance 9 det]m9+ its =m4 ,?is advance 0 ! outcome ( ! influ5ce ( t pot5t =ce 9 biology :i* 0 creat$ by ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species 7#ahei74 ,! significance ( ! spl5did conception ( ! trans=mation ( species 0 fir/ recognis$ & discuss$ by ,lam>ck 7#ahji72 z an explanation ( trans=mation he at once seiz$ ^u ! idea--an intelligible view--t ! ext]nal _w is ! det]m9+ factor4 ,lam>ck 7,lam>ck1 ,philosophie zoologique1 pages #bbc-bbg4 ,p>is1 #ahji47 endeav\r$1 m especially1 to demon/rate f ! behavi\r ( plants t *anges 9 environm5t induce *ange 9 =m :i* ev5tually leads to ! production ( new species4 ,9 ! case ( animals1 ,lam>ck adopt$ ! teleological view t alt]ations 9 ! environm5t fir/ lead to alt]ations 9 ! ne$s ( ! organisms1 :i*1 z ! result ( a k9d ( consci\s ef=t ( w1 induce useful modifications & ev5 ! developm5t ( new organs4 ,8 "w has n ex]cis$ any influ5ce on ! progress ( sci5ce3 ,d>w9 himself confess$ 9 reg>d to ,lam>ck's "w--,i got n a fact or idea f x4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bae47 ,on a mass ( incomp>ably ri*] & m ess5tial data ,d>w9 bas$ 8 view ( ! desc5t ( organisms & ga9$ = x g5]al acceptance2 z an explanation ( modification he elaborat$ ! +5i\sly conceiv$ selection !ory4 ,! "q ( special int]e/ 9 ?is connection1 namely :at is ! importance ( ! influ5ce ( ! environm5t1 ,d>w9 always answ]$ ) "s hesitation & caution1 inde$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( indecision4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple und]ly+ 8 !ory is t ( g5]al v>iability z a :ole1 ! nature & ext5t ( :i*1 especially 9 cultivat$ organisms1 are fully dealt ) 9 8 well-kn[n book4 7,d>w91 ,! v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u dome/ication1 #b vols41 edition #a1 #ahfh2 edition #b1 #ahge2 popul> edition #aije47 ,9 reg>d to ! "q z to ! cause ( v>iability ,d>w9 adopts a consi/5tly me*anical view4 ,he says3 ,^! sev]al consid]ations alone r5d] x probable t v>iability ( e k9d is directly or indirectly caus$ by *ang$ conditions ( life4 ,or1 to put ! case "u ano!r po9t ( view1 if x 7 possible to expose all ! individuals ( a species dur+ _m g5]ations to absolutely uni=m conditions ( life1 !re w\ld be no v>iability4 7,! v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants 7#bnd edition71 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bdb47 ,d>w9 did n draw fur!r conclusions f ?is g5]al pr9ciple4 ,v>iations produc$ 9 organisms by ! environm5t are di/+ui%$ by ,d>w9 z ! def9ite & ! indef9ite4 7,ibid4 ,,ii4 page #bfj4 ,see also ,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #f47 ,! fir/ occur :5 all or ne>ly all ! (fspr+ ( an individual expos$ to c]ta9 conditions dur+ sev]al g5]ations are modifi$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,indef9ite v>iation is mu* m g5]al & a m important factor 9 ! production ( new species2 z a result ( ?is1 s+le individuals are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by slight diff]5ces1 fir/ 9 "o !n 9 ano!r "*4 ,!re may also occur1 ?\gh ?is is v r>e1 m m>k$ modifications1 v>iations :i* seem to u 9 our ignorance to arise spontane\sly4 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #dba47 ,! selection !ory dem&s ! fur!r po/ulate t su* *anges1 :e!r extremely slight or /rongly m>k$1 are inh]it$4 ,d>w9 0 no ne>] to an exp]im5tal pro( ( ?is assumption ?an to ! discov]y ( ! actual cause ( v>iability4 ,x 0 n until ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life t ,d>w9 0 occupi$ ) ! p]plex+ problem444 :at causes almo/ e cultivat$ plant to v>y 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 page #cdb473 he began to make exp]im5ts on ! influ5ce ( ! soil1 b ^! 7 soon giv5 up4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! viol5t controv]sy :i* 0 ! outcome ( ,d>w9's "w ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 8 tea*+ 7 n advanc$ by any decisive obs]vations4 ,among ! support]s & oppon5ts1 ,nageli 7,nageli1 ,!orie d] ,ab/ammungslehre1 ,muni*1 #ahhd2 cf4 ,*apt] ,,iii47 0 "o ( ! few :o s\ght to obta9 pro(s by exp]im5tal me?ods4 ,8 ext5sive cultural exp]im5ts ) alp9e ,hi]acia l$ him to =m ! op9ion t ! *anges :i* are induc$ by an alt]ation 9 ! food-supply1 9 climate or 9 habitat1 are n inh]it$ & are !re=e ( no importance f ! po9t ( view ( ! production ( species4 ,& yet ,nageli did attribute an important influ5ce to ! ext]nal _w2 he believ$ t adaptations ( plants arise z reactions to cont9u\s /imuli1 :i* supply a ne$ & are !re=e useful4 ,^! op9ions1 :i* recall ! teleological aspect ( ,lam>ckism1 are entirely unsupport$ by pro(4 ,:ile o!r f>-rea*+ attempts at an explanation ( ! !ory ( desc5t 7 =mulat$ bo? 9 ,nageli's "t & aft]w>ds1 "s 9 support (1 o!rs 9 opposition to ,d>w91 ! necessity ( inve/igat+1 f diff]5t /&po9ts1 ! und]ly+ causes1 v>iability & h]$ity1 0 m & m realis$4 ,to ?is category belong ! /ati/ical inve/igations und]tak5 by ,quetelet & ,galton1 ! rese>*es into hybridisation1 to :i* an impetus 0 giv5 by ! re-discov]y ( ! ,m5delian law ( segregation1 z also by ! culture exp]im5ts on mutat+ species foll[+ ! "w ( de ,vries1 & la/ly ! consid]ation ( ! "q h[ f> v>iation & h]$ity are gov]n$ by ext]nal influ5ces4 ,^! latt] problems1 :i* are conc]n$ 9 g5]al ) ! causes ( =m-production & =m-modification1 may be treat$ 9 a %ort summ>y :i* falls "u two heads1 "o hav+ ref]5ce to ! conditions ( =m-production 9 s+le species1 ! o!r be+ conc]n$ ) ! conditions gov]n+ ! trans=mation ( species4 ,i4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,conditions ,,on ,,=m-,,production ,,9 ,,s+le ,,species4 ,! memb]s ( plants1 :i* we express by ! t]ms /em1 leaf1 fl[]1 etc4 are capable ( modification )9 c]ta9 limits2 s9ce ,lam>ck's "t ?is p[] ( modification has be5 br\ght m or less into relation ) ! environm5t4 ,we are conc]n$ n only ) ! "q ( exp]im5tal demon/ration ( ?is relation%ip1 b1 m g5]ally1 ) an exam9ation ( ! orig9 ( =ms1 ! sequ5ces ( /ages 9 developm5t t are gov]n$ by recognisable causes4 ,we h to consid] ! g5]al problem2 to /udy ! conditions ( all typical z well z ( atypic =ms1 9 o!r words1 to f\nd a physiology ( =m4 ,if we survey ! endless v>iety ( plant-=ms & consid] ! highly complex & /ill little kn[n processes 9 ! int]ior ( cells1 & if we rememb] t ! :ole ( ?is bran* ( inve/igation came into exi/5ce only a few decades ago1 we are able to grasp ! fact t a satisfactory explanation ( ! factors det]m9+ =m _c be discov]$ all at once4 ,! goal is /ill f> away4 ,we are n conc]n$ n[ ) ! controv]sial "q1 :e!r1 on ! :ole1 ! fundam5tal processes 9 ! developm5t ( =m c be recognis$ by physiological means4 ,a belief 9 ! possibility ( ?is c 9 any case d no h>m4 ,:at we may & mu/ attempt is ?is--to discov] po9ts ( attack on "o side or ano!r1 :i* may enable u by means ( exp]im5tal me?ods to come into clos] t\* ) ^! elusive & difficult problems4 ,:ile we are =c$ to admit t !re is at pres5t mu* t is insoluble !re rema9s an inexhau/ible supply ( problems capable ( solution4 ,! object ( our inve/igations is ! species2 b z reg>ds ! "q1 :at is a species1 sci5ce ( to-day takes up a position diff]5t f t ( ,d>w94 ,= him x 0 ! ,l9nean species :i* illu/rates v>iation3 we n[ "k1 ?anks to ! "w ( ,jordan1 de ,b>y1 & p>ticul>ly to t ( de ,vries 7de ,vries1 ,die ,mutation/heorie1 ,leipzig1 #aija1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #cc471 t ! ,l9nean species consi/s ( a l>ge or small numb] ( entities1 elem5t>y species4 ,9 exp]im5tal inve/igation x is ess5tial t obs]vations be made on a pure species1 or1 z ,johanns5 7,johanns51 ,ueb] ,erbli*keit 9 ,population5 und re95 ,l9i51 ,j5a1 #aijc47 says1 on a pure l9e4 ,:at has long be5 recognis$ z necess>y 9 ! inve/igation ( fungi1 bact]ia & algae mu/ also be insi/$ on 9 ! case ( fl[]+ plants2 we mu/ />t ) a s+le individual :i* is reproduc$ vegetatively or by /rict self-f]tilisation4 ,9 dioeci\s plants we mu/ aim at ! reproduction ( bro!rs & si/]s4 ,we may at ! outset take x = grant$ t a pure species rema9s ! same "u simil> ext]nal conditions2 x v>ies z ^! v>y4 ,,x ,,is ,,*>act]i/ic ,,( ,a ,,species ,,t ,,x ,,always ,,exhibits ,a ,,con/ant ,,relation ,,to ,a ,,p>ticul> ,,environm5t4 ,9 ! case ( two diff]5t species1 e4g4 ! hay & an?rax bacilli or two v>ieties ( ,campanula ) blue & :ite fl[]s respectively1 a simil> environm5t produces a con/ant diff]5ce4 ,! cause ( ?is is a my/]y4 ,accord+ to ! mod]n /&po9t1 ! liv+ cell is a complex *emico-physical sy/em :i* is reg>d$ z a dynamical sy/em ( equilibrium1 a conception sugge/$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & :i* has acquir$ a con/antly increas+ importance 9 ! light ( mod]n developm5ts 9 physical *emi/ry4 ,! v>i\s *emical comp\nds1 proteids1 c>bohydrates1 fats1 ! :ole s]ies ( diff]5t f]m5ts1 etc4 occur 9 ! cell 9 a def9ite physical arrangem5t4 ,! two sy/ems ( two species mu/ z a matt] ( fact possess a con/ant diff]5ce1 :i* x is necess>y to def9e by a special t]m4 ,we say1 !re=e1 t ! ,,specific ,,/ructure is diff]5t4 ,by way ( illu/rat+ ?is provisionally1 we may assume t ! proteids ( ! two species possess a con/ant *emical diff]5ce4 ,?is conception ( specific /ructure is specially important 9 its be>+ on a fur!r treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,9 ! orig9al cell1 ev5tually also 9 e cell ( a plant1 ! *>act]s :i* aft]w>ds become app>5t mu/ exi/ some:]e2 !y are integral p>ts ( ! capabilities or pot5tialities ( specific /ructure4 ,?us n only ! *>act]s :i* are exhibit$ "u ord9>y conditions 9 nature1 b also _m o!rs :i* become app>5t only "u special conditions 7,9 ?is connection ,i leave out ( acc\nt1 z be=e1 ! idea ( mat]ial c>ri]s ( h]$ity :i* s9ce ! publication ( ,d>w9's ,pang5esis hypo!sis has be5 frequ5tly sugge/$4 ,see my rem>ks 9 ,v>iation5 d] ,blut51 ,pr+%eim's ,jahrb4 ,wiss4 ,bot4 #aije1 page #bih2 also ,detto1 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl4 #aijg1 page #ha1 ,die ,erkl>b>keit d] ,ontog5ese dur* mat]ielle ,anlag5471 are to be includ$ z su* pot5tialities 9 cells2 ! conception ( specific /ructure includes ! ,,:ole ,,( ,,! ,,pot5tialities ,,( ,a ,,species2 specific /ructure comprises t :i* we mu/ always assume )\t be+ able to expla9 x4 ,a relatively simple sub/ance1 su* z oxalate ( lime1 is kn[n "u a great numb] ( diff]5t cry/all9e =ms belong+ to diff]5t sy/ems 7,comp>e ,kohl's "w on ,anatomis*-phys4 ,unt]su*ung5 ub] ,kalksalze1 etc4 ,m>burg1 #ahhi472 ^! may occur z s+le cry/als1 concretions or z conc5tric spha]ites4 ,! p[] to assume ?is v>iety ( =m is 9 "s way inh]5t 9 ! molecul> /ructure1 ?\gh we _c1 ev5 9 ?is case1 expla9 ! necess>y connection betwe5 /ructure & cry/all9e =m4 ,^! pot5tialities c only become op]ative "u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions2 _! /imulation into activity dep5ds on ! degree ( conc5tration ( ! v>i\s solutions1 on ! nature ( ! p>ticul> calcium salt1 on ! acid or alkal9e reactions4 ,broadly speak+1 ! plant cell behaves 9 a simil> way4 ,! manife/ation ( ea* =m1 :i* is inh]5t z a pot5tiality 9 ! specific /ructure1 is ultimately to be ref]r$ to ext]nal conditions4 ,an insight into ?is connection is1 h[ev]1 r5d]$ exce$+ly difficult1 (t5 q impossible1 because ! environm5t nev] directly calls into action ! pot5tialities4 ,its influ5ce is ex]t$ on :at we may call ! inn] _w ( ! organism1 ! importance ( :i* increases ) ! degree ( diff]5tiation4 ,! production ( =m 9 e plant dep5ds ^u processes 9 ! int]ior ( ! cells1 & ! nature ( ^! det]m9es :i* among ! possible *>act]s is to be br\ght to light4 ,9 no s+le case are we acqua9t$ ) ! int]nal process responsible = ! production ( a p>ticul> =m4 ,all possible factors may play a "p1 su* z osmotic pressure1 p]meability ( ! protoplasm1 ! degree ( conc5tration ( ! v>i\s *emical sub/ances1 etc42 all ^! factors %\ld be includ$ 9 ! category ( ,,int]nal ,,conditions4 ,?is inn] _w appe>s ! m hidd5 f our k5 because x is always repres5t$ by a c]ta9 def9ite /ate1 :e!r we are deal+ ) a s+le cell or ) a small gr\p ( cells4 ,^! h be5 produc$ f pre-exi/+ cells & !y 9 turn f o!rs2 ! problem is con/antly pu%$ back ?r\gh a succession ( g5]ations until x becomes id5tifi$ ) t ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,a way1 h[ev]1 is op5$ = inve/igation2 exp]i5ce tea*es u t ?is inn] _w is n a con/ant factor3 on ! contr>y1 x appe>s to be v v>iable4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ,,v>iable ,,int]nal on ,,v>iable ,,ext]nal conditions gives u ! key ) :i* rese>* may op5 ! door4 ,9 ! l[] plants ?is dep5d5ce is at once app>5t1 ea* cell is directly subject to ext]nal influ5ces4 ,9 ! high] plants ) _! diff]5t organs1 ^! influ5ces 7 transmitt$ to cells 9 c\rse ( developm5t along exce$+ly complex l9es4 ,9 ! case ( ! gr[+-po9t ( a bud1 :i* is capable ( produc+ a complete plant1 direct influ5ces play a mu* less important "p ?an ^? ex]t$ ?r\gh o!r organs1 p>ticul>ly ?r\gh ! roots & leaves1 :i* are ess5tial 9 nutrition4 ,^! correlations1 z we may call !m1 are ( ! greate/ importance z aids to an und]/&+ ( =m-production4 ,:5 a bud is produc$ on a p>ticul> "p ( a plant1 x und]goes def9ite int]nal modifications induc$ by ! influ5ce ( o!r organs1 ! activity ( :i* is gov]n$ by ! environm5t1 & z ! result ( ?is x develops along a c]ta9 direction2 x may1 = example1 become a fl[]4 ,! p>ticul> direction ( developm5t is det]m9$ be=e ! rudim5t is diff]5tiat$ & is ex]t$ s /rongly t fur!r developm5t ensues )\t int]ruption1 ev5 ?\gh ! ext]nal conditions v>y consid]ably & ex]t a positively inimical influ5ce3 ?is produces ! impression t developm5t proce$s entirely indep5d5tly ( ! out] _w4 ,! widespread belief t su* indep5d5ce exi/s is v premature & at all ev5ts unprov54 ,! /ate ( ! "y rudim5t is ! outcome ( previ\s influ5ces ( ! ext]nal _w communicat$ ?r\gh o!r organs4 ,exp]im5ts %[ t 9 c]ta9 cases1 if ! effici5cy ( roots & leaves z organs conc]n$ ) nutrition is int]f]$ )1 ! production ( fl[]s is affect$1 & _! *>act]s1 :i* are normally v con/ant1 und]go f>-rea*+ modifications4 ,to f9d ! "r mom5t at :i* to make ! necess>y alt]ation 9 ! environm5t is inde$ difficult & 9 _m cases n yet possible4 ,?is is especially ! case ) f]tilis$ eggs1 :i* 9 a high] degree ?an buds h acquir$1 ?r\gh p>5tal influ5ces1 an app>5tly fix$ int]nal organisation1 & ?is seems to h pre-det]m9$ _! developm5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 highly probable t x w be possible1 by influ5c+ ! p>5ts1 to alt] ! int]nal organisation & to swit* (f developm5t on to o!r l9es4 ,hav+ made ^! g5]al obs]vations ,i w n[ cite a few ( ! _m facts at our disposal1 9 ord] to illu/rate ! me?ods & aim ( ! exp]im5tal me?ods ( rese>*4 ,z a matt] ( conv5i5ce ,i w deal sep>ately ) modification ( developm5t & ) modification ( s+le organs4 ,i4 ,,effect ,,( ,,environm5t ,,^u ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,developm5t4 ,e plant1 :e!r an alga or a fl[]+ plant passes1 "u natural conditions1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( developm5tal /ages *>act]i/ic ( ea* species1 & ^! consi/ 9 a regul> sequ5ce ( def9ite =ms4 ,x is impossible to =m an op9ion f m]e obs]vation & description z to :at inn] *anges are ess5tial = ! production ( ! sev]al =ms4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to influ5ce ! inn] factors by kn[n ext]nal conditions 9 su* a way t ! individual /ages 9 developm5t are sep>ately controll$ & ! ord] ( _! sequ5ce det]m9$ at w by exp]im5tal treatm5t4 ,su* control ov] ! c\rse ( developm5t may be ga9$ ) special c]ta9ty 9 ! case ( ! l[] organisms4 ,) ^! x is practicable to control ! pr9cipal conditions ( cultivation & to v>y !m 9 v>i\s ways4 ,by ?is means x has be5 demon/rat$ t ea* developm5tal /age dep5ds ^u special ext]nal conditions1 & 9 cases :]e our k is suffici5t1 a p>ticul> /age may be obta9$ at w4 ,9 ! ,gre5 ,algae 7,see ,klebs1 ,die ,b$+ung d] ,=tpflanzung444 1 ,j5a1 #ahif2 also ,jahrb4 fur ,wiss4 ,bot4 #ahih & #aijj2 ,probleme d] ,entwickelung1 ,,iii4 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl4 #aijd1 page #deb471 z 9 ! case ( ,fungi1 we may classify ! /ages ( developm5t into purely vegetative gr[? 7gr[?1 cell-division1 bran*+71 asexual reproduction 7=mation ( zoospores1 conidia7 & sexual processes 7=mation ( male & female sexual organs74 ,by modify+ ! ext]nal conditions x is possible to induce algae or fungi 7,vau*]ia1 ,saprolegnia7 to gr[ cont9u\sly = sev]al ye>s or1 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 to die aft] an enorm\s production ( asexual or sexual cells4 ,9 "s in/ances ev5 an almo/ complete /oppage ( gr[? may be caus$1 reproductive cells be+ sc>cely =m$ be=e ! organism is aga9 compell$ to resort to reproduction4 ,?us ! sequ5ce ( ! diff]5t /ages 9 developm5t c be modifi$ z we may desire4 ,! result ( a m ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! det]m9+ conditions appe>s to produce at fir/ sight a confus$ impression ( all sorts ( possibilities4 ,ev5 closely alli$ species exhibit diff]5ces 9 reg>d to ! connection betwe5 _! developm5t & ext]nal conditions4 ,x is especially notewor?y t ! same =m 9 developm5t may be produc$ z ! result ( v diff]5t alt]ations 9 ! environm5t4 ,at ! same "t we c und\bt$ly detect a c]ta9 unity 9 ! multiplicity ( ! individual ph5om5a4 ,if we comp>e ! factors ess5tial = ! diff]5t /ages 9 developm5t1 we see t ! "q always resolves itself into "o ( modification ( simil> conditions common to all life-processes4 ,we %\ld r h inf]r$ t !re exi/ specific ext]nal /imuli = ea* developm5tal /age1 = in/ance1 c]ta9 *emical ag5cies4 ,exp]im5ts hi!rto made support ! conclusion t ,,quantitative alt]ations 9 ! g5]al conditions ( life produce diff]5t types ( developm5t4 ,an alga or a fungus gr[s s long z all ! conditions ( nutrition rema9 at a c]ta9 optimum = gr[?4 ,9 ord] to br+ ab\t asexual reproduction1 e4g4 ! =mation ( zoospores1 x is sometimes necess>y to increase ! degree ( int5sity ( ext]nal factors2 sometimes1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! mu/ be r$uc$ 9 int5sity4 ,9 ! case ( _m algae a decrease 9 light-int5sity or 9 ! am\nt ( salts 9 ! culture solution1 or 9 ! temp]ature1 induces asexual reproduction1 :ile 9 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 an increase 9 reg>d to ea* ( ^! factors is requir$ to produce ! same result4 ,?is holds good = ! quantitative v>iations :i* induce sexual reproduction 9 algae4 ,! controll+ factor is f\nd to be a r$uction 9 ! supply ( nutritive salts & ! exposure ( ! plants to prolong$ illum9ation or1 bett] /ill1 an increase 9 ! int5sity ( ! light1 ! effici5cy ( illum9ation dep5d+ on ! consequ5t =mation ( organic sub/ances su* z c>bohydrates4 ,! quantitative alt]ations ( ext]nal conditions may be spok5 ( z releas+ /imuli4 ,!y produce1 9 ! complex equilibrium ( ! cell1 quantitative modifications 9 ! arrangem5t & di/ribution ( mass1 by means ( :i* o!r *emical processes are at once set 9 motion1 & f9ally a new condition ( equilibrium is atta9$4 ,b ! commonly express$ view t ! environm5t c z a rule act only z a releas+ ag5t is incorrect1 because x ov]looks an ess5tial po9t4 ,! p[] ( a cell to receive /imuli is only acquir$ z ! result ( previ\s nutrition1 :i* has produc$ a def9ite condition ( conc5tration ( diff]5t sub/ances4 ,quantities are 9 ?is case ! det]m9+ factors4 ,! di/ribution ( quantities is especially important 9 ! sexual reproduction ( algae1 = :i* a vigor\s production ( ! mat]ials =m$ dur+ c>bon-assimilation appe>s to be ess5tial4 ,9 ! ,fl[]+ plants1 on ! o!r h&1 = reasons already m5tion$1 ! :ole problem is m complicat$4 ,inve/igations on *anges 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t ( f]tilis$ eggs h hi!rto be5 unsuccessful2 ! difficulty ( influ5c+ egg-cells deeply imm]s$ 9 tissue con/itutes a s]i\s ob/acle4 ,o!r p>ts ( plants are1 h[ev]1 conv5i5t objects ( exp]im5t2 e4g4 ! gr[+ apices ( buds :i* s]ve z cutt+s = reproductive purposes1 or buds on tub]s1 runn]s1 rhizomes1 etc4 ,a gr[+ apex consi/s ( cells capable ( division 9 :i*1 z 9 egg-cells1 a complete s]ies ( lat5t possibilities ( developm5t is embodi$4 ,:i* ( ^! possibilities becomes effective dep5ds ^u ! action ( ! out] _w transmitt$ by organs conc]n$ ) nutrition4 ,( ! diff]5t /ages :i* a fl[]+ plant passes ?r\gh 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t we w deal only ) "o 9 ord] to %[ t1 9 spite ( its great complexity1 ! problem is1 9 ess5tials1 equally op5 to attack 9 ! high] plants & 9 ! simple/ organisms4 ,! mo/ important /age 9 ! life ( a fl[]+ plant is ! transition f purely vegetative gr[? to sexual reproduction--t is1 ! production ( fl[]s4 ,9 c]ta9 cases x c be demon/rat$ t !re is no int]nal cause1 dep5d5t simply on ! specific /ructure1 :i* compels a plant to produce its fl[]s aft] a def9ite p]iod ( vegetative gr[?4 7,klebs1 ,willkurli*e ,entwickelungs&]ung51 ,j5a #aijc2 see also ,probleme d] ,entwickelung1 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,c5tralbl4 #aijd47 ,"o extreme case1 t ( exceptionally e>ly fl[]+1 has be5 obs]v$ 9 nature & m (t5 9 cultivation4 ,a numb] ( plants "u c]ta9 conditions are able to fl[] soon aft] g]m9ation4 7,cf4 num]\s records ( ?is k9d by ,diels1 ,jug5d=m5 und ,blut51 ,b]l91 #aijf47 ,?is %ort5+ ( ! p]iod ( developm5t is exhibit$ 9 ! mo/ /rik+ =m 9 trees1 z 9 ! oak 7,mobius1 ,beitrage zur ,lehre von d] ,=tpflanzung1 ,j5a1 #ahig1 page #hi471 fl[]+ se$l+s ( :i* h be5 obs]v$ f "o to ?ree ye>s old1 :]eas normally ! tree does n fl[] until x is sixty or eighty ye>s old4 ,ano!r extreme case is repres5t$ by prolong$ vegetative gr[? lead+ to ! complete suppression ( fl[]-production4 ,?is result may be obta9$ ) sev]al plants1 su* z ,gle*oma1 ! sug> beet1 ,digitalis1 & o!rs1 if !y are kept dur+ ! w9t] 9 a w>m1 damp atmosph]e1 & 9 ri* soil2 9 ! foll[+ spr+ or summ] !y fail to fl[]4 7,klebs1 ,willkurli*e ,a5d]ung51 etc4 ,j5a1 #aijc1 page #acj47 ,!oretically1 h[ev]1 exp]im5ts are ( great] importance 9 :i* ! production ( fl[]s is inhibit$ by v fav\rable conditions ( nutrition 7,klebs1 ,ueb] kun/li*e ,metamorphos51 ,/uttg>t1 #aijf1 page #aae7 7,abh4 ,naturf4 ,ges4 ,halle1 ,,xxv47 occurr+ at ! normal fl[]+ p]iod4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( plants ( ,semp]vivum sev]al ye>s old1 :i*1 z is %[n by control exp]im5ts on precisely simil> plants1 are on ! po9t ( fl[]+1 fl[]+ is r5d]$ impossible if !y are =c$ to v vigor\s gr[? by an abundant supply ( wat] & salts 9 ! spr+4 ,fl[]+1 h[ev]1 occurs1 if su* plants are cultivat$ 9 relatively dry s&y soil & 9 ! pres5ce ( /rong light4 ,c>eful rese>*es into ! conditions ( gr[? h l$1 9 ! cases ,semp]vivum1 to ! foll[+ results3 7#a7 ,) a /rong light & vigor\s c>bon-assimilation a consid]ably increas$ supply ( wat] & nutritive salts produces active vegetative gr[?4 7#b7 ,) a vigor\s c>bon-assimilation 9 /rong light1 & a decrease 9 ! supply ( wat] & salts active fl[]-production is induc$4 7#c7 ,if an av]age supply ( wat] & salts is giv5 bo? processes are possible2 ! int5sity ( c>bon-assimilation det]m9es :i* ( ! two is manife/$4 ,a dim9ution 9 ! production ( organic sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly ( c>bohydrates1 induces vegetative gr[?4 ,?is c be effect$ by culture 9 feeble light or 9 light depriv$ ( ! yell[-r$ rays3 on ! o!r h&1 fl[]-production foll[s an increase 9 light-int5sity4 ,^! results are ess5tially 9 agreem5t ) well-kn[n obs]vations on cultivat$ plants1 accord+ to :i*1 ! application ( mu* moi/ure1 aft] a pl5tiful supply ( manure compos$ ( inorganic salts1 h9d]s ! fl[]-production ( _m vegetables1 :ile a decrease 9 ! supply ( wat] & salts fav\rs fl[]+4 ii4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,environm5t ,,on ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,s+le ,,organs4 7,a consid]able numb] ( obs]vations be>+ on ?is "q are giv5 by ,goebel 9 8 ,exp]im5telle ,morphologie d] ,pflanz51 ,leipzig1 #aijh4 ,x is n possible to deal "h ) ! alt]ation 9 anatomical /ructure2 cf4 ,ku/]1 ,pa?ologis*e ,pflanz5anatomie1 ,j5a1 #aijc47 ,if we look closely into ! developm5t ( a fl[]+ plant1 we notice t 9 a giv5 species diff]5tly =m$ organs occur 9 def9ite positions4 ,9 a potato plant col\rless runn]s are =m$ f ! base ( ! ma9 /em :i* gr[ und]gr\nd & produce tub]s at _! tips3 f a high] level foliage %oots arise ne>] ! apex4 ,ext]nal appe>ances sugge/ t bo? ! place ( orig9 & ! =m ( ^! organs 7 pr$et]m9$ 9 ! egg-cell or 9 ! tub]4 ,b x 0 %[n exp]im5tally by ! well-kn[n inve/igator ,knight 7,knight1 ,selection f ! ,physiological & ,horticultural ,pap]s1 ,london1 #ahda47 t tub]s may be develop$ on ! a]ial /em 9 place ( foliage %oots4 ,^! obs]vations 7 consid]ably ext5d$ by ,vo*t+4 7,vo*t+1 ,ueb] die ,bildung d] ,knoll51 ,cassel1 #ahhg2 see also ,bot4 ,zeit4 #aijb1 #hg47 ,9 "o k9d ( potato1 g]m9at+ tub]s 7 induc$ to =m foliage %oots "u ! influ5ce ( a high] temp]ature2 at a l[] temp]ature !y =m$ tub]-be>+ %oots4 ,_m o!r examples ( ! conv]sion ( foliage-%oots into runn]s & rhizomes1 or vice v]sa1 h be5 describ$ by ,goebel & o!rs4 ,z 9 ! asexual reproduction ( algae quantitative alt]ation 9 ! am\nt ( moi/ure1 light1 temp]ature1 etc4 det]m9es :e!r ?is or t =m ( %oot is produc$4 ,if ! primordia ( ^! organs are expos$ to alt]$ conditions ( nutrition at a suffici5tly e>ly /age a complete sub/itution ( "o organ = ano!r is effect$4 ,if ! rudim5t has rea*$ a c]ta9 /age 9 developm5t be=e x is expos$ to ^! influ5ces1 extraord9>y int]m$iate =ms are obta9$1 be>+ ! *>act]s ( bo? organs4 ,! /udy ( reg5]ation foll[+ injury is ( great] importance z reg>ds ! problem ( ! developm5t & place ( orig9 ( organs4 7,ref]5ce may be made to ! full summ>y ( results giv5 by ,goebel 9 8 ,exp]im5telle ,morphologie1 ,leipzig & ,b]l91 #aijh1 ,section ,,iv47 ,only 9 relatively v r>e cases is !re a complete re-=mation ( ! injur$ organ itself1 z e4g4 9 ! gr[+-apex4 ,mu* m commonly injury leads to ! developm5t ( complem5t>y =mations1 x may be ! rejuv5esc5ce ( a hi!rto dormant rudim5t1 or x may be ! =mation ( su* ab initio4 ,9 all organs1 /ems1 roots1 leaves1 z well z infloresc5ces1 ?is k9d ( reg5]ation1 :i* occurs 9 a great v>iety ( ways accord+ to ! species1 may be obs]v$ on deta*$ pieces ( ! plant4 ,cases are also kn[n1 su*1 = example1 z ! leaves ( _m plants :i* readily =m roots b n %oots1 :]e a complete reg5]ation does n occur4 ,! widely spread p[] ( react+ to w\nd+ af=ds a v valuable means ( induc+ a fre% developm5t ( buds & roots on places :]e !y d n occur 9 normal circum/ances4 ,injury creates special conditions1 b little is kn[n z yet 9 reg>d to alt]ations directly produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,:]e ! injury consi/s 9 ! sep>ation ( an organ f its normal connections1 ! factors conc]n$ are m compreh5sible4 ,a deta*$ leaf1 e4g41 is at once cut (f f a supply ( wat] & salts1 & is depriv$ ( ! means ( gett+ rid ( organic sub/ances :i* x produces2 ! result is a consid]able alt]ation 9 ! degree ( conc5tration4 ,no exp]im5tal inve/igation on ^! l9es has yet be5 made4 ,our ignorance has (t5 l$ to ! view t we are deal+ ) a =ce ^: specific quality is ! re/itution ( ! p>ts lo/ by op]ation2 ! pro(1 !re=e1 t 9 c]ta9 cases a simil> production ( new roots or buds may be induc$ )\t previ\s injury & simply by a *ange 9 ext]nal conditions assumes an importance4 7,klebs1 ,willkurli*e ,entwickelung1 page #ajj2 also1 ,probleme d] ,entwickelung1 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl4 #aijd1 page #faj47 ,a specially /rik+ ph5om5on ( reg5]ation1 exhibit$ also by un9jur$ plants1 is af=d$ by pol>ity1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,vo*t+4 7,see ! classic "w ( ,vo*t+1 ,ueb] ,organbildung im ,pflanz5rei*1 ,i4 ,bonn1 #ahhh2 also ,bot4 ,zeit4 #aijf1 page #aja2 cf4 ,goebel1 ,exp]im5telle ,morphologie1 ,leipzig & ,b]l91 #aijh1 ,section ,v1 ,pol>itat47 ,x is f\nd1 = example1 t roots are =m$ f ! base ( a deta*$ piece ( /em & %oots f ! apex4 ,)9 ! limits ( ?is essay x is impossible to g into ?is difficult "q2 x is1 h[ev]1 important f ! po9t ( view ( our g5]al survey to emphasise ! fact t ! physiological di/9ctions betwe5 base & apex ( pieces ( /em are only ( a quantitative k9d1 t is1 !y consi/ 9 ! inhibition ( c]ta9 ph5om5a or 9 fav\r+ !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact roots may be produc$ f ! apices ( will[s & cutt+s ( o!r plants2 ! di/9ction is ?us oblit]at$ "u ! influ5ce ( environm5t4 ,! fix$ pol>ity ( cutt+s f full gr[n /ems _c be de/roy$2 x is ! expression ( previ\s developm5t4 ,vo*t+ speaks ( pol>ity z a fix$ inh]it$ "*4 ,?is is an unconv9c+ conclusion1 z no?+ c be d$uc$ f our pres5t k z to ! causes :i* l$ up to pol>ity4 ,we "k t ! f]tilis$ egg1 l ! embryo1 is fix$ at "o end by :i* x hangs freely 9 ! embryo-sac & aft]w>ds 9 ! endosp]m4 ,f ! fir/1 !re=e1 ! two ends h diff]5t natures1 & ^! are reveal$ 9 ! diff]5tiation into root-apex & /em-apex4 ,a def9ite direction 9 ! fl[ ( food-sub/ances is correlat$ ) ?is arrangem5t1 & ?is ev5tually leads to a pol>ity 9 ! tissues4 ,?is view requires exp]im5tal pro(1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! egg-cells ( fl[]+ plants h>dly appe>s possible2 b x d]ives consid]able support f ! fact t 9 h]bace\s plants1 e4g4 ,semp]vivum 7,klebs1 ,v>iation5 d] ,blut51 ,jahrb4 ,wiss4 ,bot4 #aije1 page #bfj471 rosettes or fl[]-%oots are =m$ 9 response to ext]nal conditions at ! base1 9 ! middle1 or at ! apex ( ! /em1 s t pol>ity z x occurs "u normal conditions _c be ! result ( unalt]able h]$it>y factors4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! l[] plants %\ld furni% decisive evid5ce on ?is "q1 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,/ahl1 ,w9kl]1 ,kniep1 & o!rs indicate ! "r me?od ( attack+ ! problem4 ,! relation ( leaf-=m to environm5t has (t5 be5 inve/igat$ & is well kn[n4 ,! leaves ( bog & wat] plants 7,cf4,goebel1 loc4 cit4 *apt] ,,ii42 also ,gluck1 ,unt]su*ung5 ub] ,wass]- und ,sumpfgewa*se1 ,j5a1 ,vols4 ,i4-,,ii4 #aije-jf47 af=d ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( modifications3 accord+ z !y are gr[n 9 wat]1 moi/ or dry air1 ! =m ( ! species *>act]i/ic ( ! p>ticul> habitat is produc$1 s9ce ! /ems are also modifi$4 ,to ! same gr\p ( ph5om5a belongs ! modification ( ! =ms ( leaves & /ems 9 plants on transplantation f ! pla9s to ! m\nta9s 7,bonni]1 ,re*]*es sur l',anatomie exp]im5tale des ,vegetaux1 ,corbeil1 #ahie47 or vice v]sa4 ,su* v>iations are by no means isolat$ examples4 ,all plants exhibit a def9ite alt]ation 9 =m z ! result ( prolong$ cultivation 9 moi/ or dry air1 9 /rong or feeble light1 or 9 d>kness1 or 9 salt solutions ( diff]5t composition & /r5g?4 ,e individual :i* is expos$ to def9ite comb9ations ( ext]nal factors exhibits ev5tually ! same type ( modification4 ,?is is ! type ( v>iation :i* ,d>w9 t]m$ def9ite4 ,x is easy to realise t indef9ite or fluctuat+ v>iations belong ess5tially to ! same class ( ph5om5a2 bo? are reactions to *anges 9 environm5t4 ,9 ! production ( individual v>iations two diff]5t influ5ces und\bt$ly coop]ate4 ,"o set ( v>iations is caus$ by diff]5t ext]nal conditions1 dur+ ! production1 ei!r ( sexual cells or ( vegetative primordia2 ano!r set is ! result ( v>y+ ext]nal conditions dur+ ! developm5t ( ! embryo into an adult plant4 ,! two sets ( influ5ces _c z yet be %>ply diff]5tiat$4 ,if1 = purposes ( vegetative reproduction1 we select pieces ( ! same p>5t-plant ( a pure species1 ! second type ( v>iation pr$om9ates4 ,individual fluctuations dep5d ess5tially 9 su* cases on small v>iations 9 environm5t dur+ developm5t4 ,^! relations mu/ be borne 9 m9d if we wi% to und]/& ! results ( /ati/ical me?ods4 ,s9ce ! "w ( ,quetelet1 ,galton1 & o!rs ! /ati/ical exam9ation ( individual diff]5ces 9 animals & plants has become a special sci5ce1 :i* is prim>ily bas$ on ! consid]ation t ! application ( ! !ory ( probability r5d]s possible ma!matical /atem5t & control ( ! results4 ,! facts %[ t any "*1 size ( leaf1 l5g? ( /em1 ! numb] ( memb]s 9 a fl[]1 etc4 d n v>y haphaz>d b 9 a v regul> mann]4 ,9 mo/ cases x is f\nd t !re is a value :i* occurs mo/ commonly1 ! av]age or m$ium value1 f :i* ! l>g] & small] deviations1 ! s-call$ plus & m9us v>iations fall away 9 a cont9u\s s]ies & end 9 a limit+ value4 ,9 ! simpl] cases a fall+ (f occurs equally on bo? sides ( ! curve2 ! curve con/ruct$ f su* data agrees v closely ) ! ,gaussian curve ( error4 ,9 m complicat$ cases irregul> curves ( diff]5t k9ds are obta9$ :i* may be calculat$ on c]ta9 suppositions4 ,! regul> fluctuations ab\t a mean accord+ to ! rule ( probability is (t5 attribut$ to "s law und]ly+ v>iability4 7de ,vries1 ,mutation/heorie1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #ce1 ,leipzig1 #aija47 ,b !re is no su* law :i* compels a plant to v>y 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,e exp]im5tal inve/igation %[s1 z we h already rem>k$1 t ! fluctuation ( *>act]s dep5ds on fluctuation 9 ! ext]nal factors4 ,! applicability ( ! me?od ( probability foll[s f ! fact t ! num]\s individuals ( a species are influ5c$ by a limit$ numb] ( v>iable conditions4 7,klebs1 ,willkurl4 ,ent4 ,j5a1 #aijc1 page #ada47 ,z ea* ( ^! conditions includes )9 c]ta9 limits all possible values & exhibits all possible comb9ations1 x foll[s t1 accord+ to ! rules ( probability1 !re mu/ be a mean value1 ab\t :i* ! l>g] & small] deviations are di/ribut$4 ,any "* w be f\nd to h ! mean value :i* corresponds ) t comb9ation ( det]m9+ factors :i* occurs mo/ frequ5tly4 ,deviations t[>ds plus & m9us values w be correspond+ly produc$ by r>] conditions4 ,a conclusion ( fundam5tal importance may be drawn f ?is conception1 :i* is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 support$ by exp]im5tal inve/igation4 7,klebs1 ,/udi5 ub] ,v>iation1 ,ar*4 fur ,entw4 #aijg47 ,!re is no normal curve = a p>ticul> ,,"*1 !re is only a curve = ! v>y+ comb9ations ( conditions occurr+ 9 nature or "u cultivation4 ,"u o!r conditions entirely diff]5t curves may be obta9$ ) o!r v>iants z a mean value4 ,if1 = example1 "u ord9>y conditions ! numb] #aj is ! mo/ frequ5t v>iant = ! /am5s ( ,s$um spectabile1 9 special circum/ances 7r$ light7 ?is is replac$ by ! numb] #e4 ,! m accurately we "k ! conditions = a p>ticul> =m or numb]1 & are able to reproduce x by exp]im5t1 ! ne>] we are to a*iev+ our aim ( r5d]+ a p>ticul> v>iation impossible or ( mak+ x dom9ant4 ,9 addition to ! individual v>iations ( a species1 m pron\nc$ fluctuations occur relatively r>ely & sporadically :i* are spok5 ( z s+le v>iations1 or if specially /rik+ z abnormalities or mon/rosities4 ,^! =ms h long attract$ ! att5tion ( morphologi/s2 a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations ( ?is k9d are giv5 9 ! h&books ( ,ma/]s 7,ma/]s1 ,vegetable ,t]atology1 ,london1 #ahfi47 & ,p5zig 7,p5zig1 ,pflanz5-,t]atologie1 ,vols ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,g5ua1 #ahij-id47 ,^! v>iations1 :i* us$ to be reg>d$ z curiosities1 h n[ assum$ consid]able importance 9 connection ) ! causes ( =m-developm5t4 ,!y also possess special int]e/ 9 relation to ! "q ( h]$ity1 a subject :i* does n at pres5t conc]n u1 z su* deviations f normal developm5t und\bt$ly arise z individual v>iations induc$ by ! influ5ce ( environm5t4 ,abnormal developm5ts ( all k9ds 9 /ems1 leaves1 & fl[]s1 may be produc$ by p>asites1 insects1 or fungi4 ,!y may also be induc$ by injury1 z ,bl>+hem 7,bl>+hem1 ,mutation et traumatismes1 ,p>is1 #aijg47 has m p>ticul>ly demon/rat$1 :i*1 by cutt+ away ! lead+ %oots ( bran*es 9 an e>ly /age ( developm5t1 caus$ fasciation1 torsion1 anomal\s fl[]s1 etc4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,bl>+hem po9t to ! probability t di/urbances 9 ! conditions ( food-supply consequ5t on injury are ! cause ( ! production ( mon/rosities4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! case 9 my exp]im5ts ) species ( ,semp]vivum 7,klebs1 ,kun/li*e ,metamorphos51 ,/uttg>t1 #aijf472 individuals1 :i* at fir/ =m$ normal fl[]s1 produc$ a great v>iety ( abnormalities z ! result ( *anges 9 nutrition1 we may call to m9d ! fact t ! =mation ( infloresc5ces occurs normally :5 a vigor\s production ( organic comp\nds1 su* z />*1 sug>1 etc4 foll[s a dim9ution 9 ! supply ( m9]al salts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! developm5t ( infloresc5ces is entirely suppress$ if1 at a suitable mom5t be=e ! actual f\ndations h be5 laid1 wat] & m9]al salts are suppli$ to ! roots4 ,if1 dur+ ! week :5 ! infloresc5ce has j be5 laid d[n & is gr[+ v sl[ly1 ! supply ( wat] & salts is increas$1 ! int]nal conditions ( ! cells are ess5tially *ang$4 ,at a lat] /age1 aft] ! elongation ( ! infloresc5ce1 rosettes ( leaves are produc$ in/ead ( fl[]s1 & /ructures int]m$iate betwe5 ! two k9ds ( organs2 a numb] ( peculi> plant-=ms are ?us obta9$ 7,cf4 ,lotsy1 ,vorlesung5 ub] ,desz5d5z!ori51 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pl4 #c1 ,j5a1 #aijh47 ,abnormalities 9 ! greate/ v>iety are produc$ 9 fl[]s by v>y+ ! "t at :i* ! /imulus is appli$1 & by ! coop]ation ( o!r factors su* z temp]ature1 d>kness1 etc4 ,9 numb] & arrangem5t ! sev]al floral memb]s v>y )9 wide limits2 sepals1 petals1 /am5s1 & c>pels are alt]$ 9 =m & col\r1 a trans=mation ( /am5s to c>pels & f c>pels to /am5s occurs 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,! majority ( ! deviations obs]v$ _h n previ\sly be5 se5 ei!r "u natural conditions or 9 cultivation2 !y 7 fir/ br\ght to light ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ext]nal factors4 ,su* trans=mations ( fl[]s become app>5t at a "t1 :i* is sep>at$ by ab\t two mon?s f ! p]iod at :i* ! p>ticul> cause began to act4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no close connection betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! modifications & ! ext]nal conditions :i* prevail at ! mom5t4 ,:5 we are ignorant ( ! causes :i* are op]ative s long be=e ! results are se51 we ga9 ! impression t su* v>iations z occur are spontane\s or autonom\s expressions ( ! inn] nature ( ! plant4 ,x is mu* m likely t1 z 9 ,semp]vivum1 !y 7 orig9ally produc$ by an ext]nal /imulus :i* _h previ\sly rea*$ ! sexual cells or ! "y embryo4 ,9 any case abnormalities ( ?is k9d appe> to be ( a special type z comp>$ ) ord9>y fluctuat+ v>iations4 ,d>w9 po9t$ out ?is diff]5ce2 ,bateson 7,bateson1 ,mat]ials = ! /udy ( ,v>iation1 ,london1 #ahid1 page #e47 has attempt$ to make ! di/9ction %>p]1 at ! same "t emphasis+ its importance 9 h]$ity4 ,bateson applies ! t]m ,,cont9u\s to small v>iations connect$ ) "o ano!r by transitional /ages1 :ile ^? :i* are m /rik+ & *>act]is$ f ! fir/ by a c]ta9 complet5ess1 he names ,,discont9u\s4 ,he drew att5tion to a great difficulty :i* /&s 9 ! way ( ,lam>ck's hypo!sis1 z also ( ,d>w9's view4 ,accord+ to bo? !ories1 specific div]sity ( =m is consequ5t ^u div]sity ( environm5t1 & div]sity ( environm5t is ?us ! ultimate measure ( div]sity ( specific =m4 ,"h !n we meet ! difficulty t div]se environm5ts (t5 %ade into ea* o!r ins5sibly & =m a cont9u\s s]ies1 :]eas ! ,specific ,=ms ( life :i* are subject to !m on ! :ole =m a ,discont9u\s ,s]ies4 ,?is difficulty is1 h[ev]1 n ( fundam5tal importance z well au!nticat$ facts h be5 adduc$ %[+ t by alt]ation ( ! environm5t discont9u\s v>iations1 su* z alt]ations 9 ! numb] & =m ( memb]s ( a fl[]1 may be produc$4 ,we c z yet no m expla9 h[ ?is happ5s ?an we c expla9 ! exi/5ce ( cont9u\s v>iations4 ,we c only ass]t t bo? k9ds ( v>iation arise 9 response to quantitative alt]ations 9 ext]nal conditions4 ,! "q z to :i* k9d ( v>iation is produc$ dep5ds on ! great] or less degree ( alt]ation2 x is correlat$ ) ! /ate ( ! p>ticul> cells at ! mom5t4 ,9 ?is %ort sket* x is only possible to deal sup]ficially ) a small "p ( ! subject4 ,x has be5 cle>ly %[n t 9 view ( ! g5]al dep5d5ce ( developm5t on ! factors ( ! environm5t a numb] ( problems are ready = exp]im5tal treatm5t4 ,"o mu/1 h[ev]1 n =get t ! sci5ce ( ! physiology ( =m has n progress$ beyond its initial /ages4 ,j n[ our fir/ duty is to demon/rate ! dep5d5ce on ext]nal factors 9 z _m =ms ( plants z possible1 9 ord] to obta9 a m ?or\gh control ( all ! diff]5t plant-=ms4 ,! problem is n only to produce at w 7& indep5d5tly ( _! normal mode ( life7 =ms :i* occur 9 nature1 b also to /imulate into op]ation pot5tialities :i* necess>ily lie dormant "u ! conditions :i* prevail 9 nature4 ,! con/itution ( a species is mu* ri*] 9 possibilities ( developm5t ?an w\ld appe> to be ! case "u normal conditions4 ,x rema9s = man to /imulate into activity all ! pot5tialities4 ,b ! control ( plant-=m is only a prelim9>y /ep--! f\ndation /ones on :i* to erect a coh]5t sci5tific /ructure4 ,we mu/ discov] :at are ! int]nal processes 9 ! cell produc$ by ext]nal factors1 :i* z a necess>y consequ5ce result 9 ! appe>ance ( a def9ite =m4 ,we are "h br\ght into contact ) ! mo/ obscure problem ( life4 ,progress c only be made p>i passu ) progress 9 physics & *emi/ry1 & ) ! gr[? ( our k ( nutrition1 gr[?1 etc4 ,let u take "o ( ! simple/ cases--an alt]ation 9 =m4 ,a cyl9drical cell ( ! alga ,/igeoclonium assumes1 z ,liv+/one 7,liv+/one1 ,on ! nature ( ! /imulus :i* causes ! *ange ( =m1 etc4 ,botanical ,gazette1 ,,xxx4 #aijj2 also ,,xxxii4 #aija47 has %[n1 a sph]ical =m :5 ! osmotic pressure ( ! culture fluid is increas$2 or a spore ( ,mucor1 :i*1 9 a sug> solution gr[s into a bran*$ filam5t1 9 ! pres5ce ( a small quantity ( acid 7hydrog5 ions7 becomes a comp>atively l>ge sph]e4 7,ritt]1 ,ueb] ,kugelhefe1 etc4 ,b]4 bot4 ,gesell4 ,b]l91 ,,xxv4 page #bee1 #aijg47 ,9 bo? cases !re has und\bt$ly be5 an alt]ation 9 ! osmotic pressure ( ! cell-sap1 b ?is does n suffice to expla9 ! alt]ation 9 =m1 s9ce ! unkn[n alt]ations1 :i* are induc$ 9 ! protoplasm1 mu/ 9 _! turn influ5ce ! cell-membrane4 ,9 ! case ( ! v mu* m complex alt]ations 9 =m1 su* z we enc\nt] 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t ( plants1 !re d n appe> to be any clues :i* lead u to a deep] insight into ! ph5om5a4 ,nev]!less we cont9ue ! attempt1 seek+ ) ! help ( any available hypo!sis = po9ts ( attack1 :i* may enable u to acquire a m complete ma/]y ( physiological me?ods4 ,to quote a s+le example2 ,i may put ! "q1 :at int]nal *anges produce a transition f vegetative gr[? to sexual reproduction8 ,! facts1 :i* are z cle>ly e/abli%$ f ! l[] z = ! high] plants1 tea* u t quantitative alt]ation 9 ! environm5t produces su* a transition4 ,?is sugge/s ! conclusion t quantitative int]nal *anges 9 ! cells1 & ) !m di/urbances 9 ! degree ( conc5tration1 are induc$1 ?r\gh :i* ! *emical reactions are l$ 9 ! direction ( sexual reproduction4 ,an increase 9 ! production ( organic sub/ances 9 ! pres5ce ( light1 *iefly ( ! c>bohydrates1 ) a simultane\s decrease 9 ! am\nt ( inorganic salts & wat]1 are ! cause ( ! di/urbance & at ! same "t ( ! alt]ation 9 ! direction ( developm5t4 ,possibly inde$ m9]al salts z su* are n 9 "q1 b only 9 ! =m ( o!r organic comb9ations1 p>ticul>ly proteid mat]ial1 s t we are conc]n$ ) an alt]ation 9 ! relation ( ! c>bohydrates & proteids4 ,! difficulties ( su* rese>*es are v great because ! me?ods are n yet suffici5tly exact to demon/rate ! frequ5tly small quantitative diff]5ces 9 *emical composition4 ,que/ions relat+ to ! enzymes1 :i* are ( ! greate/ importance 9 all ^! life-processes1 are especially complicat$4 ,9 any case x is ! necess>y result ( su* an hypo!sis t we mu/ employ *emical me?ods ( inve/igation 9 deal+ ) problems connect$ ) ! physiology ( =m4 ,,ii4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,environm5t ,,on ,,! ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,species4 ,! /udy ( ! physiology ( =m-developm5t 9 a pure species has already yield$ results & makes sl[ b sure progress4 ,! physiology ( ! possibility ( ! trans=mation ( "o species into ano!r is bas$1 z yet1 r on pi\s hope ?an on accompli%$ fact4 ,f ! fir/ x appe>$ to be hopeless to inve/igate physiologically ! orig9 ( ,l9nean species & at ! same "t t ( ! natural sy/em1 an aim :i* ,d>w9 _h be=e him 9 8 endur+ "w4 ,! hi/orical sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 ( :i* an organism is ! expression1 c only be treat$ hypo!tically ) ! help ( facts suppli$ by comp>ative morphology1 ! hi/ory ( developm5t1 geographical di/ribution1 & palaeontology4 7,see ,lotsy1 ,vorlesung5 7,j5a1 ,i4 #aijf1 ,,ii4 #aijh71 = summ>y ( ! facts47 ,a glance at ! controv]sy :i* is go+ on today 9 reg>d to diff]5t hypo!ses %[s t ! same mat]ial may lead diff]5t inve/igators to =m entirely diff]5t op9ions4 ,our ultimate aim is to f9d a solution ( ! problem z to ! cause ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,inde$ su* attempts are n[ be+ made3 !y are ju/ifi$ by ! fact t "u cultivation new & p]man5t /ra9s are produc$2 ! fundam5tal importance ( ?is 0 fir/ grasp$ by ,d>w94 ,new po9ts ( view 9 reg>d to ^! l9es ( inquiry h be5 adopt$ by ,h4 de ,vries :o has succe$$ 9 obta9+ f ,o5o!ra ,lam>ckiana a numb] ( con/ant elem5t>y species4 ,ev5 if x is demon/rat$ t he 0 simply deal+ ) ! complex splitt+ up ( a hybrid 7,bateson1 ,reports to ! ,evolution ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,london1 #aijb2 cf4 also ,lotsy1 ,vorlesung51 ,vol4 ,i4 page #bcd471 ! facts adduc$ 9 no s5se lose _! v great value4 ,we mu/ look at ! problem 9 its simple/ =m2 we f9d x 9 e case :]e a new race diff]s ess5tially f ! orig9al type 9 a s+le "* only2 = example1 9 ! col\r ( ! fl[]s or 9 ! petalody ( ! /am5s 7d\bl+ ( fl[]s74 ,9 ?is connection we mu/ keep 9 view ! fact t e visible "* 9 a plant is ! resultant ( ! coop]ation ( specific /ructure1 ) its v>i\s pot5tialities1 & ! influ5ce ( ! environm5t4 ,we "k1 t 9 a pure species all *>act]s v>y1 t a blue-fl[]+ ,campanula or a r$ ,semp]vivum c be conv]t$ by exp]im5t into :ite-fl[]+ =ms1 t a trans=mation ( /am5s into petals may be caus$ by fungi or by ! influ5ce ( *ang$ conditions ( nutrition1 or t plants 9 dry & poor soil become dw>f$4 ,b s f> z ! exp]im5ts ju/ify a conclusion1 x w\ld appe> t su* alt]ations are n inh]it$ by ! (fspr+4 ,l all o!r v>iations !y appe> only s long z special conditions prevail 9 ! surr\nd+s4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! case is q diff]5t z reg>ds ! :ite-fl[]+1 d\ble or dw>f races1 because ^! reta9 _! *>act]s :5 cultivat$ "u practically id5tical conditions1 & side by side ) ! blue1 s+le-fl[]+ or tall races4 ,! problem may !re=e be /at$ ?us3 h[ c a "*1 :i* appe>s 9 ! "o case only "u ! /rictly limit$ conditions ( ! exp]im5t1 9 o!r cases become app>5t "u ! v mu* wid] conditions ( ord9>y cultivation8 ,if a "* appe>s1 9 ^! circum/ances1 9 ! case ( all individuals1 we !n speak ( con/ant races4 ,9 su* simple cases ! ess5tial po9t is n ! creation ( a new "* b r an ,,alt]ation ,,( ,,?is ,,"* ,,9 ,,accordance ,,) ,,! ,,environm5t4 ,9 ! examples m5tion$ ! modifi$ "* 9 ! simple v>ieties 7or a numb] ( *>act]s 9 elem5t>y species7 appe>s m or less sudd5ly & is con/ant 9 ! above s5se4 ,! result is :at de ,vries has t]m$ a ,mutation4 ,9 ?is connection we mu/ be> 9 m9d ! fact t no diff]5ce1 recognisable ext]nally1 ne$ exi/ betwe5 individual v>iation & mutation4 ,ev5 ! mo/ m9ute quantitative diff]5ce betwe5 two plants may be ( specific value if x is pres]v$ "u simil> ext]nal conditions dur+ _m successive g5]ations4 ,we d n "k h[ ?is happ5s4 ,we may /ate ! problem 9 o!r t]ms2 by say+ t ! specific /ructure mu/ be alt]$4 ,x is possible1 to "s ext5t1 to expla9 ?is sudd5 alt]ation1 if we reg>d x z a *emical alt]ation ( /ructure ei!r 9 ! specific qualities ( ! proteids or ( ! unkn[n c>ri]s ( life4 ,9 ! case ( _m organic comp\nds _! morphological *>act]s 7! physical condition1 cry/all9e =m1 etc47 are at once *ang$ by alt]ation ( atomic relations or by incorporation ( new radicals4 7,= in/ance e?yl*loride 7,c#b;,h#e;,cl7 is a gas at #ba deg ,c41 e?yl5e*loride 7,c#b;,h#d;,cl#b7 a fluid boil+ at #hd deg ,c41 beta tri*lore?ane 7,c#b;,h#c;,cl#c7 a fluid boil+ at #aac deg ,c41 p]*lore?ane 7,c#b;,cl#f7 a cry/all9e sub/ance4 ,klebs1 7,willkurli*e ,entwickelungs&]ung5 page #aeh47 ,mu* m important1 h[ev]1 w\ld be an answ] to ! "q1 :e!r an individual v>iation c be conv]t$ exp]im5tally into an inh]it$ "*--a mutation 9 de ,vries's s5se4 ,9 all circum/ances we may recognise z a guid+ pr9ciple ! assumption adopt$ by ,lam>ck1 ,d>w91 & _m o!rs1 t ! inh]itance ( any "o "*1 or 9 m g5]al t]ms1 ! trans=mation ( "o species into ano!r1 is1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 to be ref]r$ to a *ange 9 ! environm5t4 ,f a causal-me*anical po9t ( view x is n a priori conceivable t "o species c ev] become *ang$ into ano!r s long z ext]nal conditions rema9 con/ant4 ,! inn] /ructure ( a species mu/ be ess5tially alt]$ by ext]nal influ5ces4 ,two me?ods ( exp]im5tal rese>* may be adopt$1 ! effect ( cross+ di/9ct species &1 secondly1 ! effect ( def9ite factors ( ! environm5t4 ,! subject ( hybridisation is dealt ) 9 ano!r "p ( ?is essay4 ,x is en\gh to ref] "h to ! mo/ important fact1 t z ! result ( comb9ations ( *>act]s ( diff]5t species new & con/ant =ms are produc$4 ,fur!r1 ,ts*]mack1 ,bateson & o!rs h demon/rat$ ! possibility t hi!rto unkn[n inh]itable *>act]s may be produc$ by hybridisation4 ,! o!r me?od ( produc+ con/ant races by ! influ5ce ( special ext]nal conditions has (t5 be5 employ$4 ,! sporeless races ( ,bact]ia & ,yea/s 7,cf4 ,detto1 ,die ,!orie d] direkt5 ,anpassung444 1 pages #ih et seq41 ,j5a1 #aijd2 see also ,lotsy1 ,vorlesung51 ,,ii4 pages #fcf et seq41 :]e o!r simil> cases are describ$47 are well kn[n1 9 :i* an int]nal alt]ation ( ! cells is induc$ by ! influ5ce ( poison or high] temp]ature1 s t ! p[] ( produc+ spores ev5 "u normal conditions appe>s to be lo/4 ,a simil> /ate ( ?+s is f\nd 9 "s races :i* "u c]ta9 def9ite conditions lose _! col\r or _! virul5ce4 ,among ! phan]ogams ! inve/igations ( ,s*ubl] on c]eals af=d p>allel cases1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( a nor!rn climate produces individuals :i* rip5 _! se$s e>ly2 ^! se$s produce plants :i* se$ e>ly 9 s\!rn c\ntries4 ,analog\s results 7 obta9$ by ,ciesl> 9 8 exp]im5ts2 se$s ( conif]s f ! ,alps :5 plant$ 9 ! pla9s produc$ plants ( sl[ gr[? & small diamet]4 ,all ^! obs]vations are ( consid]able int]e/ !oretically2 !y %[ t ! action ( environm5t c]ta9ly induces su* int]nal *anges1 & t ^! are transmitt$ to ! next g5]ation4 ,b z reg>ds ! ma9 "q1 :e!r con/ant races may be obta9$ by ?is means1 ! exp]im5ts _c z yet supply a def9ite answ]4 ,9 phan]ogams1 ! influ5ce v soon dies out 9 succe$+ g5]ations2 9 ! case ( bact]ia1 9 :i* x is only a "q ( ! loss ( a "* x is relatively easy = ?is to reappe>4 ,x is n impossible1 t 9 all su* cases !re is a mat]ial hang+-on ( c]ta9 int]nal conditions1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! modification ( ! "* p]si/s = a "t 9 ! desc5dants1 al?\gh ! orig9al ext]nal conditions are no long] pres5t4 ,?us a sl[ dy+-out ( ! effect ( a /imulus 0 se5 9 my exp]im5ts on ,v]onica *ama$rys4 7,klebs1 ,kun/li*e ,metamorphos51 ,/uttg>t1 #aijf1 page #acb47 ,dur+ ! cultivation ( an artificially modifi$ infloresc5ce ,i obta9$ a race %[+ modifications 9 diff]5t directions1 among :i* twi/+ 0 especially conspicu\s4 ,?is plant1 h[ev]1 does n behave z ! twi/$ race ( ,dipsacus isolat$ by de ,vries 7de ,vries1 ,mutation/heorie1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,leipzig1 #aijc1 page #egc471 :i* produc$ ea* ye> a def9ite p]c5tage ( twi/$ individuals4 ,9 ! vegetative reproduction ( ?is ,v]onica ! torsion appe>$ 9 ! fir/1 also 9 ! second & ?ird ye>1 b ) dim9i%+ int5sity4 ,9 spite ( good cultivation ?is "* has app>5tly n[ disappe>$2 x disappe>$ /ill m quickly 9 se$l+s4 ,9 ano!r "* ( ! same ,v]onica *ama$rys ! influ5ce ( ! environm5t 0 /rong]4 ,! trans=mation ( ! infloresc5ces to foliage-%oots =m$ ! />t+-po9t2 x occurr$ only "u n>r[ly def9$ conditions1 namely on cultivation z a cutt+ 9 moi/ air & on removal ( all o!r leaf-buds4 ,9 ! majority 7#g_/aj7 ( ! plants obta9$ f ! trans=m$ %oots1 ! modification appe>$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> )\t any int]f]5ce4 ,( ! ?ree plants :i* 7 "u obs]vation sev]al ye>s ! fir/ lo/ ! "* 9 a %ort "t1 :ile ! two o!rs /ill reta9 x1 aft] vegetative propagation1 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,! same "* occurs also 9 "s ( ! se$l+s2 b any?+ approa*+ a con/ant race has n be5 produc$4 ,ano!r means ( produc+ new races has be5 attempt$ by ,bl>+hem4 7,bl>+hem1 ,mutation et ,traumatisme1 ,p>is1 #aijg47 ,on remov+ at an e>ly /age ! ma9 %oots ( diff]5t plants he obs]v$ v>i\s abnormalities 9 ! newly =m$ basal %oots4 ,f ! se$s ( su* plants he obta9$ races1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( :i* exhibit$ ^! abnormalities4 ,/>t+ f a male ,maize plant ) a fasciat$ infloresc5ce1 on :i* a proportion ( ! fl[]s _h become male1 a new race 0 br$ 9 :i* h]maphrodite fl[]s 7 frequ5tly produc$4 ,9 ! same way ,bl>+hem obta9$1 among o!r simil> results1 a race ( b>ley ) bran*$ e>s4 ,^! races1 h[ev]1 behav$ 9 ess5tials l ^? :i* h be5 demon/rat$ by de ,vries to be incon/ant1 e4g4 ,trifolium prat5se qu9quefolium & o!rs4 ,! abnormality appe>s 9 a proportion ( ! individuals & only "u v special conditions4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ too t ,bl>+hem work$ ) old cultivat$ plants1 :i* f ! fir/ _h be5 dispos$ to split into a great v>iety ( races4 ,x is possible1 b difficult to prove1 t injury contribut$ to ?is result4 ,a ?ird me?od has be5 adopt$ by ,mac,dougal 7,mac,dougal1 ,h]$ity & ,orig9 ( species1 ,moni/1 #aijf2 ,report ( dep>tm5t ( botanical rese>*1 ,fif? ,ye>-book ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton1 page #aai1 #aijg47 :o inject$ /rong 7#aj p]c5t7 sug> solution or weak solutions ( calcium nitrate & z9c sulphate into "y c>pels ( diff]5t plants4 ,f ! se$s ( a plant ( ,raimannia odorata ! c>pels ( :i* _h be5 ?us treat$ he obta9$ sev]al plants di/+ui%$ f ! p>5t-=ms by ! abs5ce ( hairs & by di/9ct =ms ( leaves4 ,fur!r exam9ation %[$ t he _h "h to d ) a new elem5t>y species4 ,mac,dougal also obta9$ a m or less di/9ct mutant ( ,o5o!ra bi5nis4 ,we _c z yet =m an op9ion z to h[ f> ! effect is due to ! w\nd or to ! injection ( fluid z su*1 or to its *emical prop]ties4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n s ess5tial z to decide :e!r ! mutant /&s 9 any relation to ! influ5ce ( ext]nal factors4 ,x is at any rate v important t ?is k9d ( inve/igation %\ld be c>ri$ fur!r4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t new & inh]it$ races 7 obta9$ by ,mac,dougal's me?od1 x w\ld be safe to conclude t ! same end might be ga9$ by alt]+ ! conditions ( ! food-/uff conduct$ to ! sexual cells4 ,new races or elem5t>y species1 h[ev]1 arise )\t w\nd+ or injection4 ,?is at once raises ! mu* discuss$ "q1 h[ f> g>d5-cultivation has l$ to ! creation ( new races8 ,contr>y to ! op9ion express$ by ,d>w9 & o!rs1 de ,vries 7,mutation/heorie1 ,vol4 ,i4 pages #dab et seq47 tri$ to %[ t g>d5-races h be5 produc$ only f spontane\s types :i* occur 9 a wild /ate or f sub-races1 :i* ! bre$] has accid5tally discov]$ b n orig9at$4 ,9 a small numb] ( cases only has de ,vries adduc$ def9ite pro(4 ,on ! o!r side we h ! "w ( ,kors*9sky 7,kors*9sky1 ,het]og5esis und ,evolution1 ,flora1 #aija47 :i* %[s t :ole s]ies ( g>d5-races h made _! appe>ance only aft] ye>s ( cultivation4 ,9 ! majority ( races we are entirely ignorant ( _! orig94 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a fact t if a plant is remov$ f natural conditions into cultivation1 a well-m>k$ v>iation occurs4 ,! well-kn[n plant-bre$] ,l4 de ,vilmor9 7,l4 de ,vilmor91 ,notices sur l'amelioration des plantes1 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 page #cf471 speak+ f 8 own exp]i5ce1 /ates t a plant is induc$ to affol]1 t is to exhibit all possible v>iations f :i* ! bre$] may make a fur!r selection only aft] cultivation = sev]al g5]ations4 ,! effect ( cultivation 0 p>ticul>ly /rik+ 9 ,v]onica *ama$rys 7,klebs1 ,kun/li*e ,metamorphos51 ,/uttg>t1 #aijf1 page #aeb47 :i*1 9 spite ( its wide di/ribution 9 nature1 v>ies v little4 ,aft] a few ye>s ( cultivation ?is good & con/ant species becomes highly v>iable4 ,! specim5s on :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made 7 ?ree modifi$ infloresc5ce cutt+s1 ! p>5t-plants ( :i* c]ta9ly exhibit$ no /rik+ abnormalities4 ,9 a %ort "t _m hi!rto lat5t pot5tialities became app>5t1 s t *>act]s1 nev] previ\sly obs]v$1 or at lea/ v r>ely1 7 exhibit$1 su* z scatt]$ leaf-arrangem5t1 torsion1 t]m9al or bran*$ infloresc5ces1 ! conv]sion ( ! infloresc5ce into foliage-%oots1 e conceivable alt]ation 9 ! col\r ( fl[]s1 ! assumption ( a gre5 col\r by p>ts ( ! fl[]s1 ! prolif]ation ( fl[]s4 ,all ?is po9ts to "s di/urbance 9 ! species result+ f me?ods ( cultivation4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 n yet be5 possible to produce con/ant races ) any "o ( ^! modifi$ *>act]s4 ,b v>iations appe>$ among ! se$l+s1 "s ( :i*1 e4g4 yell[ v>iegation1 7 n inh]itable1 :ile o!rs h prov$ con/ant4 ,?is holds good1 s f> z we "k at pres5t1 = a small rose-col\r$ =m :i* is to be reckon$ z a mutation4 ,?us ! prospect ( produc+ new races by cultivation appe>s to be full ( promise4 ,s long z ! view is held t good n\ri%m5t1 i4e4 a pl5tiful supply ( wat] & salts1 con/itutes ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( g>d5-cultivation1 we c h>dly conceive t new mutations c be ?us produc$4 ,b p]haps ! view "h put =w>d 9 reg>d to ! production ( =m ?r[s new light on ?is puzzl+ problem4 ,good manur+ is 9 ! highe/ degree fav\rable to vegetative gr[?1 b is 9 no way equally fav\rable to ! =mation ( fl[]s4 ,! con/antly repeat$ expression1 good or fav\rable n\ri%m5t1 is n only vague b mislead+1 because circum/ances fav\rable to gr[? diff] f ^? :i* promote reproduction2 = ! production ( e =m !re are c]ta9 fav\rable conditions ( n\ri%m5t1 :i* may be def9$ = ea* species4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t1 )9 def9ite & (t5 v wide limits1 x does n dep5d ^u ! ,,absolute ,,am\nt ( ! v>i\s food sub/ances1 b ^u _! respective degrees ( conc5tration4 ,z we h already /at$1 ! production ( fl[]s foll[s a relative increase 9 ! am\nt ( c>bohydrates =m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( light1 z comp>$ ) ! inorganic salts on :i* ! =mation ( album9\s sub/ances dep5ds4 7,klebs1 ,kun/li*e ,metamorphos51 page #aag47 ,! v>i\s modifications ( fl[]s are due to ! fact t a relatively too /rong solution ( salts is suppli$ to ! rudim5ts ( ^! organs4 ,z a g5]al rule e plant =m dep5ds ^u a c]ta9 relation betwe5 ! diff]5t *emical sub/ances 9 ! cells & is modifi$ by an alt]ation ( t relation4 ,dur+ long cultivation "u conditions :i* v>y 9 v diff]5t degrees1 su* z moi/ure1 ! am\nt ( salts1 light int5sity1 temp]ature1 oxyg51 x is possible t sudd5 & special di/urbances 9 ! relations ( ! cell sub/ances h a directive influ5ce on ! inn] organisation ( ! sexual cells1 s t n only incon/ant b also con/ant v>ieties w be =m$4 ,def9ite pro( 9 support ( ?is view has n yet be5 furni%$1 & we mu/ admit t ! "q z to ! cause ( h]$ity rema9s1 fundam5tally1 z f> f solution z x 0 9 ,d>w9's "t4 ,z ! result ( ! "w ( _m inve/igators1 p>ticul>ly de ,vries1 ! problem is con/antly becom+ cle>] & m def9ite4 ,! p5etration into ?is mo/ difficult & !re=e mo/ int]e/+ problem ( life & ! creation by exp]im5t ( new races or elem5t>y species are no long] beyond ! region ( possibility4 ,,xiv4 ,,exp]im5tal ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,environm5t ,,on ,,animals4 ,by ,jacques ,loeb1 ,m4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,i4 ,,introductory ,,rem>ks4 ,:at ! biologi/ calls ! natural environm5t ( an animal is f a physical po9t ( view a r rigid comb9ation ( def9ite =ces4 ,x is obvi\s t by a purposeful & sy/ematic v>iation ( ^! & by ! application ( o!r =ces 9 ! laboratory1 results mu/ be obta9able :i* d n appe> 9 ! natural environm5t4 ,?is is ! reason+ und]ly+ ! mod]n developm5t ( ! /udy ( ! effects ( environm5t ^u animal life4 ,x 0 p]haps n ! lea/ important ( ,d>w9's s]vices to sci5ce t ! boldness ( 8 conceptions gave to ! exp]im5tal biologi/ c\rage to ent] ^u ! attempt ( controll+ at w ! life-ph5om5a ( animals1 & ( br++ ab\t effects :i* _c be expect$ 9 ,nature4 ,! sy/ematic physico-*emical analysis ( ! effect ( outside =ces ^u ! =m & reactions ( animals is also our only means ( unravell+ ! me*anism ( h]$ity beyond ! scope ( ! ,m5delian law4 ,! mann] 9 :i* a g]m-cell c =ce ^u ! adult c]ta9 *>act]s w n be und]/ood until we succe$ 9 v>y+ & controll+ h]$it>y *>act]i/ics2 & ?is c only be accompli%$ on ! basis ( a sy/ematic /udy ( ! effects ( *emical & physical =ces ^u liv+ matt]4 ,ow+ to limitation ( space ?is sket* is necess>ily v incomplete1 & x mu/ n be inf]r$ t /udies :i* are n m5tion$ "h 7 consid]$ to be ( m9or importance4 ,all ! writ] c\ld hope to d 0 to br+ toge!r a few in/ances ( ! exp]im5tal analysis ( ! effect ( environm5t1 :i* indicate ! nature & ext5t ( our control ov] life-ph5om5a & :i* also h "s relation to ! "w ( ,d>w94 ,9 ! selection ( ^! in/ances pref]5ce is giv5 to ^? problems :i* are n too te*nical = ! g5]al read]4 ,! =ces1 ! influ5ce ( :i* we %all discuss1 are 9 succession *emical ag5cies1 temp]ature1 light1 & gravitation4 ,we %all also treat sep>ately ! effect ( ^! =ces ^u =m & in/9ctive reactions4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,*emical ,,ag5cies4 7a7 ,,het]og5e\s ,,hybridisation4 ,x 0 held until rec5tly t hybridisation is n possible except betwe5 closely relat$ species & t ev5 among ^! a successful hybridisation _c always be c\nt$ ^u4 ,?is view 0 well support$ by exp]i5ce4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 well kn[n t ! majority ( m>9e animals lay _! unf]tilis$ eggs 9 ! ocean & t ! males %$ _! sp]m also into ! sea-wat]4 ,! num]ical excess ( ! sp]matozoa ov] ! ova 9 ! sea-wat] is ! only gu>antee t ! eggs are f]tilis$1 = ! sp]matozoa are c>ri$ to ! eggs by *ance & are n attract$ by ! latt]4 ,?is /atem5t is ! result ( num]\s exp]im5ts by v>i\s au?ors1 & is contr>y to common belief4 ,z a rule all or ! majority ( individuals ( a species 9 a giv5 region spawn on ! same day1 & :5 ?is occurs ! sea-wat] con/itutes a v]itable susp5sion ( sp]m4 ,x has be5 %[n by exp]im5t t 9 fre% sea-wat] ! sp]m may live & reta9 its f]tilis+ p[] = sev]al days4 ,x is ?us unavoidable t at c]ta9 p]iods m ?an "o k9d ( sp]matozoon is susp5d$ 9 ! sea-wat] & x is a matt] ( surprise t ! mo/ het]og5e\s hybridisations d n con/antly occur4 ,! reason = ?is becomes obvi\s if we br+ toge!r mature eggs & equally mature & active sp]m ( a diff]5t family4 ,:5 ?is is done no egg is1 z a rule1 f]tilis$4 ,! eggs ( a sea-ur*9 c be f]tilis$ by sp]m ( _! own species1 or1 ?\gh 9 small] numb]s1 by ! sp]m ( o!r species ( sea-ur*9s1 b n by ! sp]m ( o!r gr\ps ( e*9od]ms1 e4g4 />fi%1 brittle-/>s1 holo?urians or cr9oids1 & /ill less by ! sp]m ( m di/ant gr\ps ( animals4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion seem$ to be t ! sp]matozoon mu/ ent] ! egg ?r\gh a n>r[ op5+ or canal1 ! s-call$ micropyle1 & t ! micropyle all[$ only ! sp]matozoa ( ! same or ( a closely relat$ species to ent] ! egg4 ,x seem$ to ! writ] t ! cause ( ?is limitation ( hybridisation might be ( ano!r k9d & t by a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! sea-wat] x might be possible to br+ ab\t het]og5\s hybridisations1 :i* 9 normal sea-wat] are impossible4 ,?is assumption prov$ correct4 ,sea-wat] has a fa9tly alkal9e reaction 79 t]ms ( ! physical *emi/ its conc5tration ( hydroxyl ions is ab\t 7#aj to ! p[] m9us six7,n at ,pacific ,grove1 ,cali=nia1 & ab\t 7#aj to ! p[] m9us #e7,n at ,woods ,hole1 ,massa*usetts74 ,if we slightly raise ! alkal9ity ( ! sea-wat] by add+ to x a small b def9ite quantity ( sodium hydroxide or "s o!r alkali1 ! eggs ( ! sea-ur*9 c be f]tilis$ ) ! sp]m ( widely diff]5t gr\ps ( animals1 possibly ) ! sp]m ( any m>9e animal :i* %$s x into ! ocean4 ,9 #aijc x 0 %[n t if we add f ab\t #j4e to #j4h cubic c5timetre ,n_/#aj sodium hydroxide to #ej cubic c5timetres ( sea-wat]1 ! eggs ( ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus 7a sea-ur*9 :i* is f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia7 c be f]tilis$ 9 l>ge quantities by ! sp]m ( v>i\s k9ds ( />fi%1 brittle-/>s & holo?urians2 :ile 9 normal sea-wat] or ) less sodium hydroxide n a s+le egg ( ! same female c\ld be f]tilis$ ) ! />fi% sp]m :i* prov$ effective 9 ! hyp]-alkal9e sea-wat]4 ,! sp]m ( ! v>i\s =ms ( />fi% 0 n equally effective = ^! hybridisations2 ! sp]m ( ,a/]ias o*racea & ,a4 capitata gave ! be/ results1 s9ce x 0 possible to f]tilise #ej p] c5t or m ( ! sea-ur*9 eggs1 :ile ! sp]m ( ,pycnopodia & ,a/]9a f]tilis$ only #b p] c5t ( ! same eggs4 ,godlewski us$ ! same me?od = ! hybridisation ( ! sea-ur*9 eggs ) ! sp]m ( a cr9oid 7,ant$on rosacea74 ,kupelwies] aft]w>ds obta9$ results :i* seem$ to indicate ! possibility ( f]tilis+ ! eggs ( ,/rongyloc5trotus ) ! sp]m ( a mollusc 7,mytilus47 ,rec5tly1 ! writ] succe$$ 9 f]tilis+ ! eggs ( ,/rongyloc5trotus franciscanus ) ! sp]m ( a mollusc--,*loro/oma4 ,?is result c\ld only be obta9$ 9 sea-wat] ! alkal9ity ( :i* _h be5 increas$ 7?r\gh ! addition ( #j4h cubic c5timetre ,n_/#aj sodium hydroxide to #ej cubic c5timetres ( sea-wat]74 ,we ?us see t by increas+ ! alkal9ity ( ! sea-wat] x is possible to effect het]og5e\s hybridisations :i* are at pres5t impossible 9 ! natural environm5t ( ^! animals4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conceivable t 9 =m] p]iods ( ! e>?'s hi/ory su* het]og5e\s hybridisations 7 possible4 ,x is kn[n t 9 solutions l sea-wat] ! degree ( alkal9ity mu/ increase :5 ! am\nt ( c>bon-dioxide 9 ! atmosph]e is dim9i%$4 ,if x be true1 z ,arrh5ius assumes1 t ! ,ice age 0 caus$ or prec$$ by a dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( c>bon-dioxide 9 ! air1 su* a dim9ution mu/ also h result$ 9 an increase ( ! alkal9ity ( ! sea-wat]1 & "o result ( su* an increase mu/ h be5 to r5d] possible het]og5e\s hybridisations 9 ! ocean :i* 9 ! pres5t /ate ( alkal9ity are practically exclud$4 ,b grant$ t su* hybridisations 7 possible1 w\ld !y h influ5c$ ! "* ( ! fauna8 ,9 o!r words1 are ! hybrids betwe5 sea-ur*9 & />fi%1 or bett] /ill1 betwe5 sea-ur*9 & mollusc1 capable ( developm5t1 & if s1 :at is _! "*8 ,! fir/ exp]im5t made x appe> d\btful :e!r ^! het]og5e\s hybrids c\ld live4 ,! sea-ur*9 eggs :i* 7 f]tilis$ 9 ! laboratory by ! sp]matozoa ( ! />fi%1 z a rule1 di$ e>li] ?an ^? ( ! pure bre$s4 ,b m rec5t results indicate t ?is 0 due m]ely to defici5cies 9 ! te*nique ( ! e>li] exp]im5ts4 ,! writ] has rec5tly obta9$ hybrid l>vae betwe5 ! sea-ur*9 egg & ! sp]m ( a mollusc 7,*loro/oma7 :i*1 9 ! laboratory1 develop$ z well & liv$ z long z ! pure bre$s ( ! sea-ur*91 & !re 0 no?+ to indicate any diff]5ce 9 ! vitality ( ! two bre$s4 ,s f> z ! "q ( h]$ity is conc]n$1 all ! exp]im5ts on het]og5e\s hybridisation ( ! egg ( ! sea-ur*9 ) ! sp]m ( />fi%1 brittle-/>s1 cr9oids & molluscs1 h l$ to ! same result1 namely1 t ! l>vae h purely mat]nal *>act]i/ics & diff] 9 no way f ! pure bre$ ( ! =m f :i* ! egg is tak54 ,by way ( illu/ration x may be said t ! l>vae ( ! sea-ur*9 rea* on ! ?ird day or e>li] 7accord+ to species & temp]ature7 ! s-call$ pluteus /age1 9 :i* !y possess a typical skeleton2 :ile nei!r ! l>vae ( ! />fi% nor ^? ( ! mollusc =m a skeleton at ! correspond+ /age4 ,x 01 !re=e1 a matt] ( "s int]e/ to f9d out :e!r or n ! l>vae produc$ by ! f]tilisation ( ! sea-ur*9 egg ) ! sp]m ( />fi% or mollusc w\ld =m ! normal & typical pluteus skeleton4 ,?is 0 inv>iably ! case 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,godlewski1 ,kupelwies]1 ,hag$oorn1 & ! writ]4 ,^! hybrid l>vae 7 exclusively mat]nal 9 "*4 ,x might be argu$ t 9 ! case ( het]og5e\s hybridisation ! sp]m-nucleus does n fuse ) ! egg-nucleus1 & t1 !re=e1 ! sp]matozoon _c transmit its h]$it>y sub/ances to ! l>vae4 ,b ^! objections are refut$ by ,godlewski's exp]im5ts1 9 :i* he %[$ def9itely t if ! egg ( ! sea-ur*9 is f]tilis$ ) ! sp]m ( a cr9oid ! fusion ( ! egg-nucleus & sp]m-nucleus takes place 9 ! normal way4 ,x rema9s = fur!r exp]im5ts to decide :at ! "* ( ! adult hybrids w\ld be4 7b74 ,,artificial ,,p>!nog5esis4 ,possibly 9 no o!r field ( ,biology has our ability to control life-ph5om5a by outside conditions be5 prov$ to su* an ext5t z 9 ! doma9 ( f]tilisation4 ,! read] kn[s t ! eggs ( ! ov]:elm+ majority ( animals _c develop unless a sp]matozoon ent]s !m4 ,9 ?is case a liv+ ag5cy is ! cause ( developm5t & ! problem arises :e!r x is possible to accompli% ! same result ?r\gh ! application ( well-kn[n physico-*emical ag5cies4 ,?is is1 inde$1 true1 & dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s liv+ l>vae h be5 produc$ by *emical ag5cies f ! unf]tilis$ eggs ( sea-ur*9s1 />fi%1 holo?urians & a numb] ( annelids & molluscs2 9 fact ?is holds true 9 reg>d to ! eggs ( practically all =ms ( animals ) :i* su* exp]im5ts h be5 tri$ long en\gh4 ,9 ea* =m ! me?od ( proc$ure is some:at diff]5t & a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts is (t5 requir$ be=e ! successful me?od is f\nd4 ,! facts ( ,artificial ,p>!nog5esis1 z ! *emical f]tilisation ( ! egg is call$1 h1 p]haps1 "s be>+ on ! problem ( evolution4 ,if we wi% to =m a m5tal image ( ! process ( evolution we h to reckon ) ! possibility t p>!nog5etic propagation may h prec$$ sexual reproduction4 ,?is sugge/s also ! possibility t at t p]iod outside =ces may h suppli$ ! conditions = ! developm5t ( ! egg :i* at pres5t ! sp]matozoon has to supply4 ,= ?is1 if = no o!r reason1 a brief consid]ation ( ! means ( artificial p>!nog5esis may be ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( evolution4 ,x seem$ necess>y 9 ^! exp]im5ts to imitate z completely z possible by *emical ag5cies ! effects ( ! sp]matozoon ^u ! egg4 ,:5 a sp]matozoon ent]s ! egg ( a sea-ur*9 or c]ta9 />fi% or annelids1 ! imm$iate effect is a *>act]i/ic *ange ( ! surface ( ! egg1 namely ! =mation ( ! s-call$ membrane ( f]tilisation4 ,! writ] f\nd t we c produce ?is membrane 9 ! unf]tilis$ egg by c]ta9 acids1 especially ! monobasic acids ( ! fatty s]ies1 e4g4 =mic1 acetic1 propionic1 butyric1 etc4 ,c>bon-dioxide is also v effici5t 9 ?is direction4 ,x 0 also f\nd t ! high] acids are m effici5t ?an ! l[] ones1 & x is possible t ! sp]matozoon induces membrane-=mation by c>ry+ into ! egg a high] fatty acid1 namely oleic acid or "o ( its salts or e/]s4 ,! physico-*emical process :i* und]lies ! =mation ( ! membrane seems to be ! cause ( ! developm5t ( ! egg4 ,9 all cases 9 :i* ! unf]tilis$ egg has be5 treat$ 9 su* a way z to cause x to =m a membrane x beg9s to develop4 ,= ! eggs ( c]ta9 animals membrane-=mation is all t is requir$ to induce a complete developm5t ( ! unf]tilis$ egg1 e4g4 9 ! />fi% & c]ta9 annelids4 ,= ! eggs ( o!r animals a second treatm5t is necess>y1 presumably to ov]come "s ( ! injuri\s effects ( acid treatm5t4 ,?us ! unf]tilis$ eggs ( ! sea-ur*9 ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus ( ! ,cali=nian coa/ beg9 to develop :5 membrane-=mation has be5 induc$ by treatm5t ) a fatty acid1 e4g4 butyric acid2 b ! developm5t soon ceases & ! eggs p]i% 9 ! e>ly /ages ( segm5tation1 or aft] ! fir/ nucle> division4 ,b if we treat ! same eggs1 aft] membrane-=mation1 = f #ce to #ee m9utes 7at #ae deg ,c47 ) sea-wat] ! conc5tration 7osmotic pressure7 ( :i* has be5 rais$ ?r\gh ! addition ( a def9ite am\nt ( "s salt or sug>1 ! eggs w segm5t & develop normally1 :5 transf]r$ back to normal sea-wat]4 ,if c>e is tak51 practically all ! eggs c be caus$ to develop into plutei1 ! majority ( :i* may be p]fectly normal & may live z long z l>vae produc$ f eggs f]tilis$ ) sp]m4 ,x is obvi\s t ! sea-ur*9 egg is injur$ 9 ! process ( membrane-=mation & t ! subsequ5t treatm5t ) a hyp]tonic solution only acts z a rem$y4 ,! nature ( ?is injury became cle> :5 x 0 discov]$ t all ! ag5cies :i* cause haemolysis1 i4e4 ! de/ruction ( ! r$ blood corpuscles1 also cause membrane-=mation 9 unf]tilis$ eggs1 e4g4 fatty acids or e!r1 alcohols or *lor(orm1 etc41 or sapon91 solan91 digital91 bile salts & alkali4 ,x ?us happ5s t ! ph5om5a ( artificial p>!nog5esis are l9k$ toge!r ) ! ph5om5a ( haemolysis :i* at pres5t play s important a role 9 ! /udy ( immunity4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 cytolysis 7or haemolysis7 & f]tilisation seems to be ?is1 t ! latt] is caus$ by a sup]ficial or slight cytolysis ( ! egg1 :ile if ! cytolytic ag5cies h "t to act on ! :ole egg ! latt] is completely de/roy$4 ,if we put unf]tilis$ eggs ( a sea-ur*9 into sea-wat] :i* conta9s a trace ( sapon9 we notice t1 aft] a few m9utes1 all ! eggs =m ! typical membrane ( f]tilisation4 ,if ! eggs are !n tak5 out ( ! sapon9 solution1 fre$ f all traces ( sapon9 by repeat$ wa%+ 9 normal sea-wat]1 & transf]r$ to ! hyp]tonic sea-wat] = f #ce to #ee m9utes1 !y develop into l>vae4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are left 9 ! sea-wat] conta9+ ! sapon9 !y und]go1 a few m9utes aft] membrane-=mation1 ! dis9tegration kn[n 9 pa?ology z ,,cytolysis4 ,membrane-=mation is1 !re=e1 caus$ by a sup]ficial or incomplete cytolysis4 ,! writ] believes t ! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! egg ) hyp]tonic sea-wat] is ne$$ only to ov]come ! de/ructive effects ( ?is p>tial cytolysis4 ,! full reasons = ?is belief _c be giv5 9 a %ort essay4 ,_m pa?ologi/s assume t haemolysis or cytolysis is due to a liquefaction ( c]ta9 fatty or fat-l comp\nds1 ! s-call$ lipoids1 9 ! cell4 ,if ?is view is correct1 x w\ld be necess>y to ascribe ! f]tilisation ( ! egg to ! same process4 ,! analogy betwe5 haemolysis & f]tilisation ?r[s1 possibly1 "s light on a curi\s obs]vation4 ,x is well kn[n t ! blood corpuscles1 z a rule1 und]go cytolysis if inject$ into ! blood ( an animal :i* belongs to a diff]5t family4 ,! writ] f\nd la/ ye> t ! blood ( mammals1 e4g4 ! rabbit1 pig1 & cattle1 causes ! egg ( ,/rongyloc5trotus to =m a typical f]tilisation-membrane4 ,if su* eggs are aft]w>ds treat$ = a %ort p]iod ) hyp]tonic sea-wat] !y develop into normal l>vae 7plutei74 ,"s sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! blood causes1 presumably1 a sup]ficial cytolysis ( ! egg & ?us />ts its developm5t4 ,we c also cause ! developm5t ( ! sea-ur*9 egg )\t membrane-=mation4 ,! e>ly exp]im5ts ( ! writ] 7 done 9 ?is way & _m exp]im5t]s /ill use su* me?ods4 ,x is probable t 9 ?is case ! me*anism ( f]tilisation is ess5tially ! same z 9 ! case :]e ! membrane-=mation is br\ght ab\t1 ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t ! cytolytic effect is less :5 no f]tilisation-membrane is =m$4 ,?is inf]5ce is corroborat$ by obs]vations on ! f]tilisation ( ! sea-ur*9 egg ) ox blood4 ,x v frequ5tly happ5s t n all ( ! eggs =m membranes 9 ?is process4 ,^? eggs :i* =m membranes beg9 to develop1 b p]i% if !y are n treat$ ) hyp]tonic sea-wat]4 ,"s ( ! o!r eggs1 h[ev]1 :i* d n =m membranes1 develop directly into normal l>vae )\t any treatm5t ) hyp]tonic sea-wat]1 provid$ !y are expos$ to ! blood = only a few m9utes4 ,presumably "s blood ent]s ! eggs & causes ! cytolytic effects 9 a less degree ?an is necess>y = membrane-=mation1 b 9 a suffici5t degree to cause _! developm5t4 ,! slightness ( ! cytolytic effect all[s ! egg to develop )\t treatm5t ) hyp]tonic sea-wat]4 ,s9ce ! entrance ( ! sp]matozoon causes t degree ( cytolysis :i* leads to membrane-=mation1 x is probable t1 9 addition to ! cytolytic or membrane-=m+ sub/ance 7presumably a high] fatty acid71 x c>ries ano!r sub/ance into ! egg :i* c\nt]acts ! delet]i\s cytolytic effects und]ly+ membrane-=mation4 ,! "q may be rais$ :e!r ! l>vae produc$ by artificial p>!nog5esis c rea* ! mature /age4 ,?is "q may be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 s9ce ,delage has succe$$ 9 rais+ sev]al p>!nog5etic sea-ur*9 l>vae beyond ! metamorphosis into ! adult /age & s9ce 9 all ! exp]im5ts made by ! writ] ! p>!nog5etic plutei liv$ z long z ! plutei produc$ f f]tilis$ eggs4 7c74 ,,on ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,tw9s ,,f ,,"o ,,egg ,,?r\gh ,a ,,*ange ,,9 ,,! ,,*emical ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,sea-,,wat]4 ,! read] is probably famili> ) ! fact t !re exi/ two diff]5t types ( human tw9s4 ,9 ! "o type ! tw9s diff] z mu* z two *ildr5 ( ! same p>5ts born at diff]5t p]iods2 !y may or may n h ! same sex4 ,9 ! second type ! tw9s h inv>iably ! same sex & resemble ea* o!r mo/ closely4 ,tw9s ( ! latt] type are produc$ f ! same egg1 :ile tw9s ( ! =m] type are produc$ f two diff]5t eggs4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,dries* & o!rs h taught u t tw9s orig9ate f "o egg 9 ?is mann]1 namely1 t ! fir/ two cells into :i* ! egg divides aft] f]tilisation become sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,?is sep>ation c be br\ght ab\t by a *ange 9 ! *emical con/itution ( ! sea-wat]4 ,h]b/ obs]v$ t if ! f]tilis$ eggs ( ! sea-ur*9 are put into sea-wat] :i* is fre$ f calcium1 ! cells into :i* ! egg divides h a t5d5cy to fall ap>t4 ,dries* aft]w>ds notic$ t eggs ( ! sea-ur*9 treat$ ) sea-wat] :i* is free f lime h a t5d5cy to give rise to tw9s4 ,! writ] has rec5tly f\nd t tw9s c be produc$ n only by ! abs5ce ( lime1 b also ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( sodium or ( potassium2 9 o!r words1 ?r\gh ! abs5ce ( "o or two ( ! ?ree important metals 9 ! sea-wat]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a second condition1 namely1 t ! solution us$ = ! production ( tw9s mu/ h a neutral or at lea/ n an alkal9e reaction4 ,! proc$ure = ! production ( tw9s 9 ! sea-ur*9 egg consi/s simply 9 ?is3--! eggs are f]tilis$ z usual 9 normal sea-wat] & !n1 aft] repeat$ wa%+ 9 a neutral solution ( sodium *loride 7( ! conc5tration ( ! sea-wat]71 are plac$ 9 a neutral mixture ( potassium *loride & calcium *loride1 or ( sodium *loride & potassium *loride1 or ( sodium *loride & calcium *loride1 or ( sodium *loride & magnesium *loride4 ,! eggs mu/ rema9 9 ?is solution until half an h\r or an h\r aft] !y h rea*$ ! two-cell /age4 ,!y are !n transf]r$ into normal sea-wat] & all[$ to develop4 ,f #ej to #ij p] c5t ( ! eggs ( ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus treat$ 9 ?is mann] may develop into tw9s4 ,^! tw9s may rema9 sep>ate or gr[ p>tially toge!r & =m d\ble mon/]s1 or heal toge!r s completely t only slight or ev5 no imp]fections indicate t ! individual />t$ its c>e] z a pair ( tw9s4 ,x is also possible to control ! t5d5cy ( su* tw9s to gr[ toge!r by a *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! sea-wat]4 ,if we use z a tw9-produc+ solution a mixture ( sodium1 magnesium & potassium *lorides 79 ! proportion 9 :i* ^! salts exi/ 9 ! sea-wat]7 ! t5d5cy ( ! tw9s to gr[ toge!r is mu* m pron\nc$ ?an if we use simply a mixture ( sodium *loride & magnesium *loride4 ,! me*anism ( ! orig9 ( tw9s1 z ! result ( alt]+ ! composition ( ! sea-wat]1 is reveal$ by obs]vation ( ! fir/ segm5tation ( ! egg 9 ^! solutions4 ,?is cell-division is modifi$ 9 a way :i* leads to a sep>ation ( ! fir/ two cells4 ,if ! egg is aft]w>ds transf]r$ back into normal sea-wat]1 ea* ( ^! two cells develops into an indep5d5t embryo4 ,s9ce normal sea-wat] conta9s all ?ree metals1 sodium1 calcium1 & potassium1 & s9ce x has besides an alkal9e reaction1 we p]ceive ! reason :y tw9s are n normally produc$ f "o egg4 ,^! exp]im5ts sugge/ ! possibility ( a *emical cause = ! orig9 ( tw9s f "o egg or ( d\ble mon/rosities 9 mammals4 ,if1 = "s reason1 ! liquids :i* surr\nd ! human egg a %ort "t be=e & aft] ! fir/ cell-division are slightly acid1 & at ! same "t lack+ 9 "o ( ! ?ree important metals1 ! conditions = ! sep>ation ( ! fir/ two cells & ! =mation ( id5tical tw9s are provid$4 ,9 conclusion x may be po9t$ out t ! rev]se result1 namely1 ! fusion ( normally d\ble organs1 c also be br\ght ab\t exp]im5tally ?r\gh a *ange 9 ! *emical con/itution ( ! sea-wat]4 ,/ock>d succe$$ 9 caus+ ! eyes ( fi% embryos 7,fundulus het]oclitus7 to fuse into a s+le cyclopean eye ?r\gh ! addition ( magnesium *loride to ! sea-wat]4 ,:5 he add$ ab\t #f grams ( magnesium *loride to #ajj cubic c5timetres ( sea-wat] & plac$ ! f]tilis$ eggs 9 ! mixture1 ab\t #ej p] c5t ( ! eggs gave rise to "o-ey$ embryos4 ,:5 ! embryos 7 /udi$ ! "o-ey$ condition 0 f\nd to result f ! union or fusion ( ! 'anlag5' ( ! two eyes4 ,cases 7 obs]v$ :i* %[$ v>i\s degrees 9 ?is fusion2 x appe>$ z ?\gh ! optic vessels 7 =m$ too f> =w>d & v5tral1 s t _! ant]o-v5tro-m$ian surfaces fus$4 ,?is produces "o l>ge optic cup1 :i* 9 all cases gives m or less evid5ce ( its d\ble nature4 7,/ock>d1 ,ar*iv f4 ,entwickelungsme*anik1 ,vol4 #bc1 page #bdi1 #aijg47 ,we h conf9$ ourselves to a discussion ( r simple effects ( ! *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! sea-wat] ^u developm5t4 ,x is a priori obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t an unlimit$ numb] ( pa?ological v>iations might be produc$ by a v>iation 9 ! conc5tration & con/itution ( ! sea-wat]1 & exp]i5ce confirms ?is /atem5t4 ,z an example we may m5tion ! abnormalities obs]v$ by ,h]b/ 9 ! developm5t ( sea-ur*9s ?r\gh ! addition ( li?ium to sea-wat]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z yet impossible to connect 9 a rational way ! effects produc$ 9 ?is & simil> cases ) ! cause :i* produc$ !m2 & x is also impossible to def9e 9 a simple way ! "* ( ! *ange produc$4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,temp]ature4 7a7 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,^u ,,! ,,d5sity ,,( ,,pelagic ,,organisms ,,& ,,! ,,duration ,,( ,,life4 ,x has (t5 be5 notic$ by explor]s :o h _h a *ance to comp>e ! faunas 9 diff]5t climates t 9 pol> seas su* species z ?rive at all 9 ^? regions occur1 z a rule1 9 mu* great] d5sity ?an !y d 9 ! mod]ate or w>m] regions ( ! ocean4 ,?is ref]s to ^? memb]s ( ! fauna :i* live at or ne> ! surface1 s9ce !y alone l5d !mselves to a /ati/ical comp>ison4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,valdivia exp$ition1 ,*un 7,*un1 ,aus d5 ,tief5 des ,weltme]es1 page #bbe1 ,j5a1 #aijc47 calls especial att5tion to ?is quantitative diff]5ce 9 ! surface fauna & flora ( diff]5t regions4 ,9 ! icy wat] ( ! ,ant>ctic1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is bel[ #j deg ,c41 we f9d an a/oni%+ly ri* animal & plant life4 ,! same condition ) :i* we are famili> 9 ! ,arctic seas is repeat$ "h1 namely1 t ! quantity ( plankton mat]ial exce$s t ( ! temp]ate & w>m seas4 ,& aga91 9 reg>d to ! pelagic fauna 9 ! region ( ! ,k]guel5 ,isl&s1 he /ates3 ,! ocean is alive ) transp>5t jelly fi%1 ,ct5ophores 7,bol9a & ,callianira7 & ( ,siphonophore colonies ( ! g5us ,agalma4 ,! p>adoxical "* ( ?is g5]al obs]vation lies 9 ! fact t a l[ temp]ature ret>ds developm5t1 & h5ce %\ld be expect$ to h ! opposite effect f t m5tion$ by ,*un4 ,rec5t inve/igations h l$ to ! result t life-ph5om5a are affect$ by temp]ature 9 ! same s5se z ! velocity ( *emical reactions4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt] van't ,h(f _h %[n t a decrease 9 temp]ature by #aj degrees r$uces _! velocity to "o half or less1 & ! same has be5 f\nd = ! influ5ce ( temp]ature on ! velocity ( physiological processes4 ,?us ,snyd] & ,t4,b4 ,rob]tson f\nd t ! rate ( he>tbeat 9 ! tortoise & 9 ,daphnia is r$uc$ to ab\t "o-half if ! temp]ature is l[]$ #aj deg ,c41 & ,maxwell1 ,kei? ,lucas1 & ,snyd] f\nd ! same influ5ce ( temp]ature = ! rate ) :i* an impulse travels 9 ! n]ve4 ,pet] obs]v$ t ! rate ( developm5t 9 a sea-ur*9's egg is r$uc$ to less ?an "o-half if ! temp]ature 7)9 c]ta9 limits7 is r$uc$ by #aj degrees4 ,! same effect ( temp]ature ^u ! rate ( developm5t holds = ! egg ( ! frog1 z ,coh5 & ,pet] calculat$ f ! exp]im5ts ( ,o4 ,h]twig4 ,! writ] f\nd ! same temp]ature-coeffici5t = ! rate ( maturation ( ! egg ( a mollusc 7,lottia74 ,all ^! facts prove t ! velocity ( developm5t ( animal life 9 ,arctic regions1 :]e ! temp]ature is ne> ! freez+ po9t ( wat]1 mu/ be f two to ?ree times small] ?an 9 regions :]e ! temp]ature ( ! ocean is ab\t #aj deg ,c4 & f f\r to n9e times small] ?an 9 seas ! temp]ature ( :i* is ab\t #bj deg ,c4 ,x is1 !re=e1 exactly ! rev]se ( :at we %\ld expect :5 au?ors /ate t ! d5sity ( organisms at or ne> ! surface ( ! ocean 9 pol> regions is great] ?an 9 m temp]ate regions4 ,! writ] believes t ?is p>adox f9ds its explanation 9 exp]im5ts :i* he has rec5tly made on ! influ5ce ( temp]ature on ! duration ( life ( cold-blood$ m>9e animals4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 made on ! f]tilis$ & unf]tilis$ eggs ( ! sea-ur*91 & yield$ ! result t = ! l[]+ ( temp]ature by #a deg ,c4 ! duration ( life 0 ab\t d\bl$4 ,l[]+ ! temp]ature by #aj degrees !re=e prolongs ! life ( ! organism #b to ! p[] #aj1 i4e4 ov] a ?\s& times1 & a l[]+ by #bj degrees prolongs x ab\t "o million times4 ,s9ce ?is prolongation ( life is f> 9 excess ( ! ret>dation ( developm5t ?r\gh a l[]+ ( temp]ature1 x is obvi\s t1 9 spite ( ! ret>dation ( developm5t 9 ,arctic seas1 animal life mu/ be d5s] !re ?an 9 temp]ate or tropical seas4 ,! excessive increase ( ! duration ( life at ! poles w necessitate ! simultane\s exi/5ce ( m successive g5]ations ( ! same species 9 ^! regions ?an 9 ! temp]ate or tropical regions4 ,! writ] is incl9$ to believe t ^! results h "s be>+ ^u a problem :i* plays an important role 9 !ories ( evolution1 namely1 ! cause ( natural dea?4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ! processes ( diff]5tiation & developm5t lead also to ! natural dea? ( ! individual4 ,if we express ?is 9 *emical t]ms x means t ! *emical processes :i* und]lie developm5t also det]m9e natural dea?4 ,physical *emi/ry has taught u to id5tify two *emical processes ev5 if only c]ta9 ( _! features are kn[n4 ,"o ( ^! means ( id5tification is ! temp]ature coeffici5t4 ,:5 two *emical processes are id5tical1 _! velocity mu/ be r$uc$ by ! same am\nt if ! temp]ature is l[]$ to ! same ext5t4 ,! temp]ature coeffici5t = ! duration ( life ( cold-blood$ organisms seems1 h[ev]1 to diff] enorm\sly f ! temp]ature coeffici5t = _! rate ( developm5t4 ,= a diff]5ce 9 temp]ature ( #aj deg ,c4 ! duration ( life is alt]$ five hundr$ times z mu* z ! rate ( developm5t2 &1 = a *ange ( #bj deg ,c41 x is alt]$ m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& times z mu*4 ,f ?is we may conclude t1 at lea/ = ! sea-ur*9 eggs & embryo1 ! *emical processes :i* det]m9e natural dea? are c]ta9ly n id5tical ) ! processes :i* und]lie _! developm5t4 ,t4,b4 ,rob]tson has also arriv$ at ! conclusion1 = q diff]5t reasons1 t ! process ( s5ile decay is ess5tially diff]5t f t ( gr[? & developm5t4 7b7 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,butt]flies ,,produc$ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,temp]ature4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,dorfmei/]1 ,weismann1 ,m]rifield1 ,/&fuss1 & ,fis*]1 on seasonal dimorphism & ! ab]ration ( col\r 9 butt]flies h s (t5 be5 discuss$ 9 biological lit]ature t a %ort ref]5ce to !m w suffice4 ,by seasonal dimorphism is meant ! fact t species may appe> at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye> 9 a some:at diff]5t =m or col\r4 ,vanessa prorsa is ! summ] =m1 ,vanessa levana ! w9t] =m ( ! same species4 ,by keep+ ! pupae ( ,vanessa prorsa sev]al weeks at a temp]ature ( f #j deg to #a deg ,weismann succe$$ 9 obta9+ f ! summ] *rysalids specim5s :i* resembl$ ! w9t] v>iety1 ,vanessa levana4 ,if we wi% to get a cle> und]/&+ ( ! causes ( v>iation 9 ! col\r & patt]n ( butt]flies1 we mu/ direct our att5tion to ! exp]im5ts ( ,fis*]1 :o work$ ) m extreme temp]atures ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 & f\nd t almo/ id5tical ab]rations ( col\r c\ld be produc$ by bo? extremely high & extremely l[ temp]atures4 ,?is c be cle>ly se5 f ! foll[+ tabulat$ results ( 8 obs]vations4 ,at ! head ( ea* column ! read] f9ds ! temp]ature to :i* ,fis*] submitt$ ! pupae1 & 9 ! v]tical column bel[ are f\nd ! v>ieties t 7 produc$4 ,9 ! v]tical column ,a are giv5 ! normal =ms3 7,temp]atures 9 deg ,c47 #j to -#bj #j to #aj ,a4 #ce to #cg #cf to #da #db to #df 7,normal =ms7 i*nusoides pol>is urticae i*nusa pol>is i*nusoides 7nigrita7 7nigrita7 antigone fis*]i io - fis*]i antigone 7ioka/e7 7ioka/e7 te/udo dixeyi poly*loros ery?romelas dixeyi te/udo hygiaea artemis antiopa epione artemis hygiaea elymi wiskotti c>dui - wiskotti elymi klym5e m]rifieldi atalanta - m]rifieldi klym5e weismanni porima prorsa - porima weismanni ,! read] w notice t ! ab]rations produc$ at a v l[ temp]ature 7f #j to -#bj deg ,c47 are absolutely id5tical ) ! ab]rations produc$ by expos+ ! pupae to extremely high temp]atures 7#db to #df deg ,c474 ,moreov] ! ab]rations produc$ by a mod]ately l[ temp]ature 7f #j to #aj deg ,c47 are id5tical ) ! ab]rations produc$ by a mod]ately high temp]ature 7#cf to #da deg ,c47 ,f ^! obs]vations ,fis*] concludes t x is errone\s to speak ( a specific effect ( high & ( l[ temp]atures1 b t !re mu/ be a common cause = ! ab]ration f\nd at ! high z well z at ! l[ temp]ature limits4 ,?is cause he seems to f9d 9 ! inhibit+ effects ( extreme temp]atures ^u developm5t4 ,if we try to analyse su* results z ,fis*]'s f a physico-*emical po9t ( view1 we mu/ realise t :at we call life consi/s ( a s]ies ( *emical reactions1 :i* are connect$ 9 a cat5>y way2 inasmu* z "o reaction or gr\p ( reactions 7a7 7e4g4 hydrolyses7 causes or furni%es ! mat]ial = a second reaction or gr\p ( reactions 7b7 7e4g4 oxydations74 ,we "k t ! temp]ature coeffici5t = physiological processes v>ies slightly at v>i\s p>ts ( ! scale2 z a rule x is high] ne> #j & l[] ne> #cj deg4 ,b we "k also t ! temp]ature coeffici5ts d n v>y equally f ! v>i\s physiological processes4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to be expect$ t ! temp]ature coeffici5ts = ! gr\p ( reactions ( ! type 7a7 w n be id5tical ?r\gh ! :ole scale ) ! temp]ature coeffici5ts = ! reactions ( ! type 7b74 ,if !re=e a c]ta9 sub/ance is =m$ at ! normal temp]ature ( ! animal 9 su* quantities z are ne$$ = ! cat5>y reaction 7b71 x is n to be expect$ t ?is same p]fect balance w be ma9ta9$ = extremely high or extremely l[ temp]atures2 x is m probable t "o gr\p ( reactions w exce$ ! o!r & ?us produce ab]rant *emical effects1 :i* may und]lie ! col\r ab]rations obs]v$ by ,fis*] & o!r exp]im5t]s4 ,x is important to notice t ,fis*] 0 also able to produce ab]rations ?r\gh ! application ( n>cotics4 ,wolfgang ,o/wald has produc$ exp]im5tally1 ?r\gh v>iation ( temp]ature1 dimorphism ( =m 9 ,daphnia4 ,lack ( space precludes an acc\nt ( ^! important exp]im5ts1 z ( s _m o!rs4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,light4 ,at ! pres5t day nobody s]i\sly que/ions ! /atem5t t ! action ( light ^u organisms is prim>ily "o ( a *emical "*4 ,:ile ?is *emical action is ( ! utmo/ importance = organisms1 ! nutrition ( :i* dep5ds ^u ! action ( *lorophyll1 x becomes ( less importance = organisms devoid ( *lorophyll4 ,nev]!less1 we f9d animals 9 :i* ! =mation ( organs by reg5]ation is n possible unless !y are expos$ to light4 ,an obs]vation made by ! writ] on ! reg5]ation ( polyps 9 a hydroid1 ,eud5drium racemosum1 at ,woods ,hole1 may be m5tion$ z an in/ance ( ?is4 ,if ! /em ( ?is hydroid1 :i* is usually cov]$ ) polyps1 is put into an aqu>ium ! polyps soon fall (f4 ,if ! /ems are kept 9 an aqu>ium :]e light /rikes !m dur+ ! day1 a reg5]ation ( num]\s polyps takes place 9 a few days4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! /ems ( ,eud5drium are kept p]man5tly 9 ! d>k1 no polyps are =m$ ev5 aft] an int]val ( "s weeks2 b !y are =m$ 9 a few days aft] ! same /ems h be5 transf]r$ f ! d>k to ! light4 ,diffus$ daylight suffices = ?is effect4 ,goldf>b1 :o repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts1 /ates t an exposure ( comp>atively %ort duration is suffici5t = ?is effect1 x is possible t ! light fav\rs ! =mation ( sub/ances :i* are a pr]equisite = ! orig9 ( polyps & _! gr[?4 ,( mu* great] significance ?an ?is obs]vation are ! facts :i* %[ t a l>ge numb] ( animals assume1 to "s ext5t1 ! col\r ( ! gr\nd on :i* !y are plac$4 ,p\*et f\nd ?r\gh exp]im5ts ^u cru/aceans & fi% t ?is influ5ce ( ! gr\nd on ! col\r ( animals is produc$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! eyes4 ,if ! eyes are remov$ or ! animals made bl9d 9 ano!r way ^! ph5om5a cease4 ,! second g5]al fact f\nd by ,p\*et 0 t ! v>iation 9 ! col\r ( ! animal is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh an action ( ! n]ves on ! pigm5t-cells ( ! sk92 ! n]ve-action be+ induc$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! eye4 ,! me*anism & ! conditions = ! *ange 9 col\ration 7 made cle> ?r\gh ! beautiful inve/igations ( ,keeble & ,gamble1 on ! col\r-*ange 9 cru/aceans4 ,accord+ to ^! au?ors ! pigm5t-cells c1 z a rule1 be consid]$ z consi/+ ( a c5tral body f :i* a sy/em ( m or less complicat$ ramifications or processes spreads out 9 all directions4 ,z a rule1 ! c5tre ( ! cell conta9s "o or m diff]5t pigm5ts :i* "u ! influ5ce ( n]ves c spread out sep>ately or toge!r into ! ramifications4 ,^! ph5om5a ( spread+ & retraction ( ! pigm5ts into or f ! ramifications ( ! pigm5t-cells =m on ! :ole ! basis = ! col\r *anges "u ! influ5ce ( environm5t4 ,?us ,keeble & ,gamble obs]v$ t ,macromysis flexuosa appe>s transp>5t & col\rless or grey on s&y gr\nd4 ,on a d>k gr\nd _! col\r becomes d>k]4 ,^! animals h two pigm5ts 9 _! *romatophores1 a br[n pigm5t & a :iti% or yell[ pigm5t2 ! =m] is mu* m pl5tiful ?an ! latt]4 ,:5 ! animal appe>s transp>5t all ! pigm5t is conta9$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! cells1 :ile ! ramifications are free f pigm5t4 ,:5 ! animal appe>s br[n bo? pigm5ts are spread out into ! ramifications4 ,9 ! condition ( maximal spread+ ! animals appe> black4 ,?is is a comp>atively simple case4 ,mu* m complicat$ conditions 7 f\nd by ,keeble & ,gamble 9 o!r cru/aceans1 e4g4 9 ,hippolyte cran*ii1 b ! influ5ce ( ! surr\nd+s ^u ! col\ration ( ?is =m 0 also satisfactorily analys$ by ^! au?ors4 ,:ile _m animals %[ transitory *anges 9 col\r "u ! influ5ce ( _! surr\nd+s1 9 a few cases p]man5t *anges c be produc$4 ,! be/ examples ( ?is are ^? :i* 7 obs]v$ by ,p\lton 9 ! *rysalids ( v>i\s butt]flies1 especially ! small tortoise-%ell4 ,^! exp]im5ts are s well kn[n t a %ort ref]5ce to !m w suffice4 ,p\lton 7,p\lton1 ,e4,b41 ,col\rs ( ,animals 7,! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies71 ,london1 #ahij1 page #aba47 f\nd t 9 gilt or :ite surr\nd+s ! pupae became light col\r$ & !re 0 (t5 an imm5se developm5t ( ! gold5 spots1 s t 9 _m cases ! :ole surface ( ! pupae glitt]$ ) an app>5t metallic lu/re4 ,s rem>kable 0 ! appe>ance t a physici/ to :om ,i %[$ ! *rysalids1 sugge/$ t ,i _h play$ a trick & _h cov]$ !m ) goldleaf4 ,:5 black surr\nd+s 7 us$ ! pupae 7 z a rule extremely d>k1 ) only ! smalle/ trace1 & (t5 no trace at all1 ( ! gold5 spots :i* are s conspicu\s 9 ! light] =m4 ,! susceptibility ( ! animal to ?is influ5ce ( its surr\nd+s 0 f\nd to be greate/ dur+ a def9ite p]iod :5 ! cat]pill> und]goes ! metamorphosis into ! *rysalis /age4 ,z f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 no physico-*emical explanation1 except possibly ,wi5]'s sugge/ion ( col\r-photography by me*anical col\r adaptation1 has ev] be5 (f]$ = ! results ( ! type ( ^? obs]v$ by ,p\lton4 ,v4 ,,effects ,,( ,,gravitation4 7a7 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,egg ,,( ,,! ,,frog4 ,gravitation c only indirectly affect life-ph5om5a2 namely1 :5 we h 9 a cell two diff]5t non-miscible liquids 7or a liquid & a solid7 ( diff]5t specific gravity1 s t a *ange 9 ! position ( ! cell or ! organ may give results :i* c be trac$ to a *ange 9 ! position ( ! two sub/ances4 ,?is is v nicely illu/rat$ by ! frog's egg1 :i* has two lay]s ( v visc\s protoplasm "o ( :i* is black & "o :ite4 ,! d>k "o occupies normally ! upp] position 9 ! egg & may !re=e be assum$ to possess a small] specific gravity ?an ! :ite sub/ance4 ,:5 ! egg is turn$ ) ! :ite pole upw>ds a t5d5cy ( ! :ite protoplasm to fl[ d[n aga9 manife/s itself4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible to prev5t or ret>d ?is rotation ( ! highly visc\s protoplasm1 by compress+ ! eggs betwe5 horizontal glass plates4 ,su* compression exp]im5ts may lead to r int]e/+ results1 z ,o4 ,s*ultze fir/ po9t$ out4 ,pflueg] _h already %[n t ! fir/ plane ( division 9 a f]tilis$ frog's egg is v]tical & ,r\x e/abli%$ ! fact t ! fir/ plane ( division is id5tical ) ! plane ( symmetry ( ! lat] embryo4 ,s*ultze f\nd t if ! frog's egg is turn$ upside d[n at ! "t ( its fir/ division & kept 9 ?is abnormal position1 ?r\gh compression betwe5 two glass plates = ab\t #bj h\rs1 a small numb] ( eggs may give rise to tw9s4 ,x is possible1 9 ?is case1 t ! t5d5cy ( ! black "p ( ! egg to rotate upw>ds along ! surface ( ! egg leads to a sep>ation ( its fir/ cells1 su* a sep>ation lead+ to ! =mation ( tw9s4 ,t4,h4 ,morgan made an int]e/+ additional obs]vation4 ,he de/roy$ "o half ( ! egg aft] ! fir/ segm5tation & f\nd t ! half :i* rema9$ alive gave rise to only "o half ( an embryo1 ?us confirm+ an old] obs]vation ( ,r\x4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,morgan put ! egg upside d[n aft] ! de/ruction ( "o ( ! fir/ two cells1 & compress$ ! eggs betwe5 two glass plates1 ! surviv+ half ( ! egg gave rise to a p]fect embryo ( half size 7& n to a half embryo ( normal size z be=e47 ,obvi\sly 9 ?is case ! t5d5cy ( ! protoplasm to fl[ back to its normal position 0 p>tially successful & l$ to a p>tial or complete sep>ation ( ! liv+ f ! dead half2 :]eby ! =m] 0 enabl$ to =m a :ole embryo1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 possess$ only half ! size ( an embryo orig9at+ f a :ole egg4 7b7 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,hydroids4 ,a /rik+ influ5ce ( gravitation c be obs]v$ 9 a hydroid1 ,ant5nul>ia ant5n9a1 f ! bay ( ,naples4 ,?is hydroid consi/s ( a long /raight ma9 /em :i* gr[s v]tically upw>ds & :i* has at regul> int]vals v f9e & %ort bri/le-l lat]al bran*es1 on ! upp] side ( :i* ! polyps gr[4 ,! ma9 /em is negatively geotropic1 i4e4 its apex cont9ues to gr[ v]tically upw>ds :5 we put x obliquely into ! aqu>ium1 :ile ! roots gr[ v]tically d[nw>ds4 ,! writ] obs]v$ t :5 ! /em is put horizontally into ! wat] ! %ort lat]al bran*es on ! l[] side give rise to an altoge!r diff]5t k9d ( organ1 namely1 to roots1 & ^! roots gr[ indef9itely 9 l5g? & atta* !mselves to solid bodies2 :ile if ! /em _h rema9$ 9 its normal position no fur!r gr[? w\ld h occurr$ 9 ! lat]al bran*es4 ,f ! upp] side ( ! horizontal /em new /ems gr[ out1 mo/ly directly f ! orig9al /em1 occasionally also f ! %ort lat]al bran*es4 ,x is ?us possible to =ce ^u ?is hydroid an arrangem5t ( organs :i* is altoge!r diff]5t f ! h]$it>y arrangem5t4 ,! writ] _h call$ ! *ange 9 ! h]$it>y arrangem5t ( organs or ! trans=mation ( organs by ext]nal =ces ,,het]omorphosis4 ,we _c n[ g any fur!r into ?is subject1 :i* %\ld1 h[ev]1 prove ( int]e/ 9 relation to ! problem ( h]$ity4 ,if x is correct to apply inf]5ces drawn f ! obs]vation on ! frog's egg to ! behavi\r ( ,ant5nul>ia1 "o might conclude t ! cells ( ,ant5nul>ia also conta9 non-miscible sub/ances ( diff]5t specific gravity1 & t :]ev] ! specifically light] sub/ance comes 9 contact ) ! sea-wat] 7or gets ne> ! surface ( ! cell7 ! gr[? ( a /em is fav\r$2 :ile contact ) ! sea-wat] ( ! specifically heavi] ( ! sub/ances1 w fav\r ! =mation ( roots4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,exp]im5tal ,,control ,,( ,,animal ,,in/9cts4 7a7 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,heliotropic ,,reactions ,,9 ,,animals4 ,s9ce ! in/9ctive reactions ( animals are z h]$it>y z _! morphological "*1 a discussion ( exp]im5ts on ! physico-*emical "* ( ! in/9ctive reactions ( animals %\ld n be entirely omitt$ f ?is sket*4 ,x is obvi\s t su* exp]im5ts mu/ beg9 ) ! simple/ type ( in/9cts1 if !y are expect$ to lead to any results2 & x is also obvi\s t only su* animals mu/ be select$ = ?is purpose1 ! reactions ( :i* are n complicat$ by associative memory1 or1 z x may pref]ably be t]m$1 associative hy/]esis4 ,! simple/ type ( in/9cts is repres5t$ by ! purposeful motions ( animals to or f a s\rce ( en]gy1 e4g4 light2 & x is ) "s ( ^! t we int5d to deal "h4 ,:5 we expose w+$ aphides 7aft] !y h fl[n away f ! plant71 or "y cat]pill>s ( ,por!sia *rysorrhoea 7:5 !y are ar\s$ f _! w9t] sleep7 or m>9e or fre%wat] copepods & _m o!r animals1 to diffus$ daylight fall+ 9 f a w9d[1 we notice a t5d5cy among ^! animals to move t[>ds ! s\rce ( light4 ,if ! animals are naturally s5sitive1 or if !y are r5d]$ s5sitive ?r\gh ! ag5cies :i* we %all m5tion lat]1 & if ! light is /rong en\gh1 !y move t[>ds ! s\rce ( light 9 z /raight a l9e z ! imp]fections & peculi>ities ( _! locomotor app>atus w p]mit4 ,x is also obvi\s t we are "h deal+ ) a =c$ reaction 9 :i* ! animals h no m *oice 9 ! direction ( _! motion ?an h ! iron fil+s 9 _! arrangem5t 9 a magnetic field4 ,?is c be prov$ v nicely 9 ! case ( />v+ cat]pill>s ( ,por!sia4 ,! writ] put su* cat]pill>s into a glass tube ! axis ( :i* 0 at "r angles to ! plane ( ! w9d[3 ! cat]pill>s w5t to ! w9d[ side ( ! tube & rema9$ !re1 ev5 if leaves ( _! food-plant 7 put into ! tube directly beh9d !m4 ,"u su* conditions ! animals actually di$ f />vation1 ! light prev5t+ !m f turn+ to ! food1 :i* !y eag]ly ate :5 ! light all[$ !m to d s4 ,"o _c say t ^! animals1 :i* we call positively helioptropic1 are attract$ by ! light1 s9ce x c be %[n t !y g t[>ds ! s\rce ( ! light ev5 if 9 s do+ !y move f places ( a high] to places ( a l[] degree ( illum9ation4 ,! writ] has advanc$ ! foll[+ !ory ( ^! in/9ctive reactions4 ,animals ( ! type ( ^? m5tion$ are automatically ori5tat$ by ! light 9 su* a way t symmetrical elem5ts ( _! ret9a 7or sk97 are /ruck by ! rays ( light at ! same angle4 ,9 ?is case ! int5sity ( light is ! same = bo? ret9ae or symmetrical p>ts ( ! sk94 ,?is automatic ori5tation is det]m9$ by two factors1 fir/ a peculi> photo-s5sitiv5ess ( ! ret9a 7or sk971 & second a peculi> n]v\s connection betwe5 ! ret9a & ! muscul> app>atus4 ,9 symmetrically built heliotropic animals 9 :i* ! symmetrical muscles p>ticipate equally 9 locomotion1 ! symmetrical muscles "w ) equal en]gy z long z ! photo-*emical processes 9 bo? eyes are id5tical4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o eye is /ruck by /rong] light ?an ! o!r1 ! symmetrical muscles w "w unequally & 9 positively heliotropic animals ^? muscles w "w ) great] en]gy :i* br+ ! plane ( symmetry back into ! direction ( ! rays ( light & ! head t[>ds ! s\rce ( light4 ,z soon z bo? eyes are /ruck by ! rays ( light at ! same angle1 !re is no m reason = ! animal to deviate f ?is direction & x w move 9 a /raight l9e4 ,all ?is holds good on ! supposition t ! animals are expos$ to only "o s\rce ( light & are v s5sitive to light4 ,additional pro( = ! correctness ( ?is !ory 0 furni%$ ?r\gh ! exp]im5ts ( ,g4,h4 ,p>k] & ,s4,j4 ,holmes4 ,! =m] work$ on a butt]fly1 ,vanessa antiope1 ! latt] on o!r ar?ropods4 ,all ! animals 7 9 a m>k$ degree positively heliotropic4 ,^! au?ors f\nd t if "o cornea is black5$ 9 su* an animal1 x moves cont9ually 9 a circle :5 x is expos$ to a s\rce ( light1 & 9 ^! motions ! eye :i* is n cov]$ ) pa9t is direct$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,! animal behaves1 !re=e1 z if ! d>k5$ eye 7 9 ! %ade4 7b7 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,positive ,,heliotropism ,,by ,,acids ,,& ,,o!r ,,means ,,& ,,! ,,p]iodic ,,dep?-,,migrations ,,( ,,pelagic ,,animals4 ,:5 we obs]ve a d5se mass ( copepods collect$ f a fre%wat] pond1 we notice t "s h a t5d5cy to g to ! light :ile o!rs g 9 ! opposite direction & _m1 if n ! majority1 are indiff]5t to light4 ,x is an easy matt] to make ! negatively heliotropic or ! indiff]5t copepods almo/ in/antly positively heliotropic by add+ a small b def9ite am\nt ( c>bon-dioxide 9 ! =m ( c>bonat$ wat] to ! wat] 9 :i* ! animals are conta9$4 ,if ! animals are conta9$ 9 #ej cubic c5timetres ( wat] x suffices to add f ?ree to six cubic c5timetres ( c>bonat$ wat] to make all ! copepods en]getically positively heliotropic4 ,?is heliotropism la/s ab\t half an h\r 7probably until all ! c>bon-dioxide has aga9 diffus$ into ! air47 ,simil> results may be obta9$ ) any o!r acid4 ,! same exp]im5ts may be made ) ano!r fre%wat] cru/acean1 namely ,daphnia1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t x is z a rule necess>y to l[] ! temp]ature ( ! wat] also4 ,if ! wat] conta9+ ! ,daphniae is cool$ & at ! same "t c>bon-dioxide add$1 ! animals :i* 7 be=e indiff]5t to light n[ become mo/ /rik+ly positively heliotropic4 ,m>9e copepods c be made positively heliotropic by ! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature alone1 or by a sudd5 increase 9 ! conc5tration ( ! sea-wat]4 ,^! data h a be>+ ^u ! dep?-migrations ( pelagic animals1 z 0 po9t$ out ye>s ago by ,!o4 ,t4 ,groom & ! writ]4 ,x is well kn[n t _m animals liv+ ne> ! surface ( ! ocean or fre%wat] lakes1 h a t5d5cy to migrate upw>ds t[>ds ev5+ & d[nw>ds 9 ! morn+ & dur+ ! day4 ,^! p]iodic motions are det]m9$ to a l>ge ext5t1 if n exclusively1 by ! heliotropism ( ^! animals4 ,s9ce ! consumption ( c>bon-dioxide by ! gre5 plants ceases t[>ds ev5+1 ! t5sion ( ?is gas 9 ! wat] mu/ rise & ?is mu/ h ! effect ( induc+ positive heliotropism or increas+ its int5sity4 ,at ! same "t ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ne> ! surface is l[]$ & ?is also increases ! positive heliotropism 9 ! organisms4 ,! fa9t light f ! sky is suffici5t to cause animals :i* are 9 a high degree positively heliotropic to move v]tically upw>ds t[>ds ! light1 z exp]im5ts ) su* pelagic animals1 e4g4 copepods1 h %[n4 ,:51 9 ! morn+1 ! absorption ( c>bon-dioxide by ! gre5 algae beg9s aga9 & ! temp]ature ( ! wat] rises1 ! animals lose _! positive heliotropism1 & sl[ly s9k d[n or become negatively heliotropic & migrate actively d[nw>ds4 ,^! exp]im5ts h also a be>+ ^u ! problem ( ! inh]itance ( in/9cts4 ,! "* :i* is transmitt$ 9 ?is case is n ! t5d5cy to migrate p]iodically upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 b ! positive heliotropism4 ,! t5d5cy to migrate is ! outcome ( ! fact t p]iodically v>y+ ext]nal conditions induce a p]iodic *ange 9 ! s5se & int5sity ( ! heliotropism ( ^! animals4 ,x is ( c\rse immat]ial = ! result1 :e!r ! c>bon-dioxide or any o!r acid diffuse into ! animal f ! outside or :e!r !y are produc$ inside 9 ! tissue cells ( ! animals4 ,dav5port & ,cannon f\nd t ,daphniae1 :i* at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t1 react sluggi%ly to light react mu* m quickly aft] !y h be5 made to g to ! light a few times4 ,! writ] is incl9$ to attribute ?is result to ! effect ( acids1 e4g4 c>bon-dioxide1 produc$ 9 ! animals !mselves 9 consequ5ce ( _! motion4 ,a simil> effect ( ! acids 0 %[n by ,a4,d4 ,wall] 9 ! case ( ! response ( n]ve to /imuli4 ,! writ] obs]v$ _m ye>s ago t w+$ male & female ants are positively helioptropic & t _! heliotropic s5sitiv5ess increases & rea*es its maximum t[>ds ! p]iod ( nuptial flight4 ,s9ce ! work]s %[ no heliotropism x looks z if an int]nal secretion f ! sexual gl&s 7 ! cause ( _! heliotropic s5sitiv5ess4 ,v4 ,kellogg has obs]v$ t bees also become int5sely positively heliotropic at ! p]iod ( _! w$d+ flight1 9 fact s mu* s t by lett+ light fall into ! obs]vation hive f above1 ! bees are prev5t$ f leav+ ! hive ?r\gh ! exit at ! l[] end4 ,we notice also ! rev]se ph5om5on1 namely1 t *emical *anges produc$ 9 ! animal de/roy its heliotropism4 ,! cat]pill>s ( ,por!sia *rysorrhoea are v /rongly positively heliotropic :5 !y are fir/ ar\s$ f _! w9t] sleep4 ,?is heliotropic s5sitiv5ess la/s only z long z !y are n f$4 ,if !y are kept p]man5tly )\t food !y rema9 p]man5tly positively heliotropic until !y die f />vation4 ,x is to be inf]r$ t z soon z ^! animals take up food1 a sub/ance or sub/ances are =m$ 9 _! bodies :i* dim9i% or annihilate _! heliotropic s5sitiv5ess4 ,! heliotropism ( animals is id5tical ) ! heliotropism ( plants4 ,! writ] has %[n t ! exp]im5ts on ! effect ( acids on ! heliotropism ( copepods c be repeat$ ) ! same result 9 ,volvox4 ,x is !re=e errone\s to try to expla9 ^! heliotropic reactions ( animals on ! basis ( peculi>ities 7e4g4 vision7 :i* are n f\nd 9 plants4 ,we may briefly discuss ! "q ( ! transmission ?r\gh ! sex cells ( su* in/9cts z are bas$ ^u heliotropism4 ,?is problem r$uces itself simply to t ( ! me?od :]eby ! gametes transmit heliotropism to ! l>vae or to ! adult4 ,! writ] has express$ ! idea t all t is necess>y = ?is transmission is ! pres5ce 9 ! eyes 7or 9 ! sk97 ( ! animal ( a photo-s5sitive sub/ance4 ,= ! transmission ( ?is ! gametes ne$ n conta9 any?+ m ?an a catalys] or f]m5t = ! syn!sis ( ! photo-s5sitive sub/ance 9 ! body ( ! animal4 ,:at has be5 said 9 reg>d to animal heliotropism might1 if space p]mitt$1 be ext5d$1 mutatis mut&is1 to geotropism & /]eotropism4 7c7 ,,! ,,tropic ,,reactions ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,tissue-,,cells ,,& ,,! ,,morphog5etic ,,effects ,,( ,,^! ,,reactions4 ,s9ce plant-cells %[ heliotropic reactions id5tical ) ^? ( animals1 x is n surpris+ t c]ta9 tissue-cells also %[ reactions :i* belong to ! class ( tropisms4 ,^! reactions ( tissue-cells are ( special int]e/ by reason ( _! be>+ ^u ! inh]itance ( morphological *>act]s4 ,an example ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! tig]-l m>k+ ( ! yolk-sac ( ! embryo ( ,fundulus & 9 ! m>k+ ( ! "y fi% itself4 ,! writ] f\nd t ! =m] is entirely1 & ! latt] at lea/ 9 "p1 due to ! creep+ ( ! *romatophores ^u ! blood-vessels4 ,! *romatophores are at fir/ scatt]$ irregul>ly ov] ! yolk-sac & %[ _! *>act]i/ic ramifications4 ,!re is at t "t no def9ite relation betwe5 blood-vessels & *romatophores4 ,z soon z a ramification ( a *romatophore comes 9 contact ) a blood-vessel ! :ole mass ( ! *romatophore creeps gradually on ! blood-vessel & =ms a complete %ea? ar\nd ! vessel1 until f9ally all ! *romatophores =m a %ea? ar\nd ! vessels & no m pigm5t cells are f\nd 9 ! me%es betwe5 ! vessels4 ,nobody :o has n actually wat*$ ! process ( ! creep+ ( ! *romatophores ^u ! blood-vessels w\ld anticipate t ! tig]-l col\ration ( ! yolk-sac 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! developm5t 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ?is way4 ,simil> facts c be obs]v$ 9 reg>d to ! fir/ m>k+ ( ! embryo itself4 ,! writ] is incl9$ to believe t we are "h deal+ ) a case ( *emotropism1 & t ! oxyg5 ( ! blood may be ! cause ( ! spread+ ( ! *romatophores ar\nd ! blood-vessels4 ,c]ta9 obs]vations seem to indicate ! possibility t 9 ! adult ! *romatophores h1 9 "s =ms at lea/1 a m rigid /ructure & are prev5t$ f act+ 9 ! way indicat$4 ,x seems to ! writ] t su* obs]vations z ^? made on ,fundulus might simplify ! problem ( ! h]$it>y transmission ( c]ta9 m>k+s4 ,dries* has f\nd t a tropism und]lies ! arrangem5t ( ! skeleton 9 ! pluteus l>vae ( ! sea-ur*94 ,! position ( ?is skeleton is pr$et]m9$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! mes5*yme cells1 & ,dries* has %[n t ^! cells migrate actively to ! place ( _! de/9ation1 possibly l$ !re "u ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 *emical sub/ances4 ,:5 ,dries* scatt]$ ^! cells me*anically be=e _! migration1 !y nev]!less rea*$ _! de/9ation4 ,9 ! develop+ eggs ( insects ! nuclei1 toge!r ) "s cytoplasm1 migrate to ! p]iph]y ( ! egg4 ,h]b/ po9t$ out t ?is might be a case ( *emotropism1 caus$ by ! oxyg5 surr\nd+ ! egg4 ,! writ] has express$ ! op9ion t ! =mation ( ! bla/ula may be caus$ g5]ally by a tropic reaction ( ! bla/om]es1 ! latt] be+ =c$ by an outside influ5ce to creep to ! surface ( ! egg4 ,^! examples may suffice to indicate t ! arrangem5t ( def9ite gr\ps ( cells & ! morphological effects result+ !refrom may be det]m9$ by =ces ly+ outside ! cells4 ,s9ce ^! =ces are ubiquit\s & con/ant x appe>s z if we 7 deal+ exclusively ) ! influ5ce ( a gamete2 :ile 9 reality all t x is necess>y = ! gamete to transmit is a c]ta9 =m ( irritability4 7d7 ,,factors ,,:i* ,,det]m9e ,,place ,,& ,,"t ,,= ,,! ,,deposition ,,( ,,eggs4 ,= ! pres]vation ( species ! in/9ct ( animals to lay _! eggs 9 places 9 :i* ! "y l>vae f9d _! food & c develop is ( p>am\nt importance4 ,a simple example ( ?is in/9ct is ! fact t ! common fly lays its eggs on putrid mat]ial :i* s]ves z food = ! "y l>vae4 ,:5 a piece ( meat & ( fat ( ! same animal are plac$ side by side1 ! fly w deposit its eggs ^u ! meat on :i* ! l>vae c gr[1 & n ^u ! fat1 on :i* !y w\ld />ve4 ,"h we are deal+ ) ! effect ( a volatile nitrog5\s sub/ance :i* reflexly causes ! p]i/altic motions = ! lay+ ( ! egg 9 ! female fly4 ,kamm]] has inve/igat$ ! conditions = ! lay+ ( eggs 9 two =ms ( salam&]s1 e4g4 ,salam&ra atra & ,s4 maculosa4 ,9 bo? =ms ! eggs are f]tilis$ 9 ! body & beg9 to develop 9 ! ut]us4 ,s9ce !re is room only = a few l>vae 9 ! ut]us1 a l>ge numb] ( eggs p]i% & ?is numb] is ! great] ! long] ! p]iod ( ge/ation4 ,x ?us happ5s t :5 ! animals reta9 _! eggs a long "t1 v few "y ones are born2 & ^! are 9 a r advanc$ /age ( developm5t1 ow+ to ! long "t :i* elaps$ s9ce !y 7 f]tilis$4 ,:5 ! animal lays its eggs comp>atively soon aft] copulation1 _m eggs 7f #ab to #gb7 are produc$ & ! l>vae are ( c\rse 9 an e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,9 ! e>ly /age ! l>vae possess gills & c !re=e live 9 wat]1 :ile 9 lat] /ages !y h no gills & brea! ?r\gh _! lungs4 ,kamm]] %[$ t bo? =ms ( ,salam&ra c be induc$ to lay _! eggs e>ly or late1 accord+ to ! physical conditions surr\nd+ !m4 ,if !y are kept 9 wat] or 9 proximity to wat] & 9 a moi/ atmosph]e !y h a t5d5cy to lay _! eggs e>li] & a comp>atively high temp]ature enhances ! t5d5cy to %ort5 ! p]iod ( ge/ation4 ,if ! salam&]s are kept 9 comp>ative dryness !y %[ a t5d5cy to lay _! eggs r late & a l[ temp]ature enhances ?is t5d5cy4 ,s9ce ,salam&ra atra is f\nd 9 r dry alp9e regions ) a relatively l[ temp]ature & ,salam&ra maculosa 9 l[] regions ) pl5ty ( wat] & a high] temp]ature1 ! fact t ,s4 atra be>s "y :i* are already develop$ & beyond ! /age ( aquatic life1 :ile ,s4 maculosa be>s "y ones 9 an e>li] /age1 has be5 t]m$ adaptation4 ,kamm]]'s exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 %[ t we are deal+ ) ! direct effects ( def9ite outside =ces4 ,:ile we may speak ( adaptation :5 all or "s ( ! v>iables :i* det]m9e a reaction are unkn[n1 x is obvi\sly 9 ! int]e/ ( fur!r sci5tific progress to connect cause & effect directly :5ev] our k all[s u to d s4 ,,vii4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,! discov]y ( ,de ,vries1 t new species may arise by mutation & ! wide if n univ]sal applicability ( ,m5del's ,law to ph5om5a ( h]$ity1 z %[n especially by ,bateson & 8 pupils1 mu/1 = ! "t be+1 if n p]man5tly1 s]ve z a basis = !ories ( evolution4 ,^! discov]ies place be=e ! exp]im5tal biologi/ ! def9ite task ( produc+ mutations by physico-*emical means4 ,x is true t c]ta9 au?ors claim to h succe$$ 9 ?is1 b ! writ] wi%es to apologise to ^! au?ors = 8 inability to conv9ce himself ( ! validity ( _! claims at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,he ?9ks t only cont9u$ bre$+ ( ^! app>5t mutants ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations c af=d conv9c+ evid5ce t we are "h deal+ ) mutants r ?an ) m]ely pa?ological v>iations4 ,:at 0 said 9 reg>d to ! production ( new species by physico-*emical means may be repeat$ ) /ill m ju/ification 9 reg>d to ! second problem ( trans=mation1 namely ! mak+ ( liv+ f inanimate matt]4 ,! purely morphological imitations ( bact]ia or cells :i* physici/s h n[ & !n proclaim$ z artificially produc$ liv+ be+s2 or ! plays on words by :i*1 e4g4 ! reg5]ation ( brok5 cry/als & ! reg5]ation ( lo/ limbs by a cru/acean 7 decl>$ id5tical1 w n appeal to ! biologi/4 ,we "k t gr[? & developm5t 9 animals & plants are det]m9$ by def9ite al?\gh complicat$ s]ies ( cat5>y *emical reactions1 :i* result 9 ! syn!sis ( a ,,def9ite comp\nd or gr\p ( comp\nds1 namely1 ,,nucle9s4 ,! nucle9s h ! peculi>ity ( act+ z f]m5ts or enzymes = _! own syn!sis4 ,?us a giv5 type ( nucleus w cont9ue to syn!sise o!r nucle9 ( its own k9d4 ,?is det]m9es ! cont9uity ( a species2 s9ce ea* species has1 probably1 its own specific nucle9 or nucle> mat]ial4 ,b x also %[s u t :oev] claims to h succe$$ 9 mak+ liv+ matt] f inanimate w h to prove t he has succe$$ 9 produc+ nucle9 mat]ial :i* acts z a f]m5t = its own syn!sis & ?us reproduces itself4 ,nobody has ?us f> succe$$ 9 ?is1 al?\gh no?+ w>rants u 9 tak+ x = grant$ t ?is task is beyond ! p[] ( sci5ce4 ,,xv4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,col\r ,,9 ,,! ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,life4 ,by ,e4,b4 ,p\lton4 ,hope ,pr(essor ( ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,,introduction4 ,! foll[+ pages h be5 writt5 almo/ entirely f ! hi/orical /&-po9t4 ,_! pr9cipal object has be5 to give "s acc\nt ( ! impressions produc$ on ! m9d ( ,d>w9 & 8 great compe] ,wallace by v>i\s difficult problems sugge/$ by ! col\rs ( liv+ nature4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! brief summ>y ( ,d>w9's ?\ghts & op9ions on ! subject 9 any way complete1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to say aga9 mu* t has (t5 be5 said be=e4 ,no attempt has be5 made to display z a :ole ! va/ contribution ( ,wallace2 b c]ta9 ( its features are incid5tally reveal$ 9 passages quot$ f ,d>w9's lett]s4 ,x is assum$ t ! read] is famili> ) ! well-kn[n !ories ( ,protective ,resemblance1 ,w>n+ ,col\rs1 & ,mimicry bo? ,batesian & ,mull]ian4 ,x w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s to expla9 ^! on ! pres5t occasion2 = a f> m detail$ acc\nt ?an c\ld h be5 attempt$ 9 ^! pages has rec5tly appe>$4 7,p\lton1 ,essays on ,evolution ,ox=d1 #aijh1 pages #bic-chb47 ,among ! old] records ,i h made a po9t ( br++ toge!r ! pr9cipal obs]vations scatt]$ ?r\gh ! note-books & collections ( ,w4,j4 ,bur*ell4 ,^! h nev] hi!rto f\nd a place 9 any memoir deal+ ) ! significance ( ! col\rs ( animals4 ,,incid5tal ,,col\rs4 ,d>w9 fully recognis$ t ! col\rs ( liv+ be+s are n necess>ily ( value z col\rs1 b t !y may be an incid5tal result ( *emical or physical /ructure4 ,?us he wrote to ,t4 ,meehan1 ,oct4 #i1 #ahgd3 ,i am glad t y are att5d+ to ! col\rs ( dioeci\s fl[]s2 b x is well to rememb] t _! col\rs may be z unimportant to !m z ^? ( a gall1 or1 inde$1 z ! col\r ( an ame?y/ or ruby is to ^! gems4 7,m ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,vol4 ,i4 pages #ced1 #cee4 ,see also ! admirable acc\nt ( incid5tal col\rs 9 ,desc5t ( ,man 7#bnd edition71 #ahgd1 pages #bfa1 #bfb47 ,incid5tal col\rs rema9 z available assets ( ! organism ready to be turn$ to acc\nt by natural selection4 ,x is a probable speculation t all pigm5t>y col\rs 7 orig9ally incid5tal2 b n[ & = imm5se p]iods ( "t ! visible t9ts ( animals h be5 modifi$ & arrang$ s z to assi/ 9 ! /ruggle ) o!r organisms or 9 c\rt%ip4 ,! dom9ant col\r+ ( plants1 on ! o!r h&1 is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! p>am\nt physiological activity ( *lorophyll4 ,9 exceptional in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! %apes & visible col\rs ( plants may be modifi$ 9 ord] to promote concealm5t4 ,,teleology ,,& ,,adaptation4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,biology :i* =ms ! subject ( ?is essay1 ! adaptation ( means to an end is probably m evid5t ?an 9 any o!r2 & x is !re=e ( int]e/ to comp>e1 9 a brief introductory section1 ! old] ) ! new] teleological views4 ,! di/9ctive feature ( ,natural ,selection z contra/$ ) o!r attempts to expla9 ! process ( ,evolution is ! "p play$ by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,all naturali/s 9 all ages mu/ h kn[n some?+ ( ! op]ations ( ,nature r$ 9 too? & claw2 b x 0 left = ?is great !ory to sugge/ t va/ ext]m9ation is a necess>y condition ( progress1 & ev5 ( ma9ta9+ ! gr\nd already ga9$4 ,realis+ t fitness is ! outcome ( ?is fi]ce /ruggle1 ?us turn$ to acc\nt = ! fir/ "t1 we are sometimes l$ to associate ! recognition ( adaptation itself too exclusively ) ,natural ,selection4 ,adaptation _h be5 /udi$ ) ! w>me/ en?usiasm ne>ly =ty ye>s be=e ?is great !ory 0 giv5 to ! sci5tific _w1 & x is difficult n[ to realise ! impetus :i* ! works ( ,paley gave to ! /udy ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,t !y did inspire ! naturali/s ( ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury is cle>ly %[n 9 ! foll[+ passages4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbd ! ,a%molean ,museum at ,ox=d 0 intru/$ to ! c>e ( ,j4,s4 ,duncan ( ,new ,college4 ,he 0 succe$$ 9 ?is (fice by 8 bro!r1 ,p4,b4 ,duncan1 ( ! same ,college1 au?or ( a ,hi/ory ( ! ,museum1 :i* %[s v cle>ly ! influ5ce ( ,paley ^u ! /udy ( nature1 & ! dom9ant position giv5 to 8 tea*+s3 ,happily at ?is "t 7#ahbd7 a ta/e = ! /udy ( natural hi/ory _h be5 excit$ 9 ! ,univ]sity by ,dr ,paley's v int]e/+ "w on ,natural ,!ology1 & ! v popul> lectures ( ,dr ,kidd on ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 & ,dr ,buckl& on ,geology4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,museum ! illu/ration ( ,paley's "w 0 giv5 ! =emo/ place by ,j4,s4 ,duncan3 ,! fir/ division proposes to famili>ize ! eye to ^? relations ( all natural objects :i* =m ! basis ( argum5t 9 ,dr ,paley's ,natural ,!ology2 to induce a m5tal habit ( associat+ ! view ( natural ph5om5a ) ! conviction t !y are ! m$ia ( ,div9e manife/ation2 & by su* association to give prop] dignity to e bran* ( natural sci5ce4 7,f ,hi/ory & ,arrangem5t ( ! ,a%molean ,museum by ,p4,b4 ,duncan3 see pages vi1 vii ( ,a ,catalogue ( ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,ox=d1 #ahcf47 ,! great naturali/1 ,w4,j4 ,bur*ell1 9 8 classical "w %[s ! same recognition ( adaptation 9 nature at a /ill e>li] date4 ,^u ! subject ( collections he wrote 7,travels 9 ! ,int]ior ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 ,london1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahbb1 page #eje4 ,! ref]5ces to ,bur*ell's obs]vations 9 ! pres5t essay are adapt$ f ! au?or's article 9 ,report ( ! ,briti% & ,s\? ,african ,associations1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 pages #eg-aaj473 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ^! *>ms 7! pleasures ( ,nature7 are produc$ by ! m]e discov]y ( new objects3 x is ! h>mony ) :i* !y h be5 adapt$ by ! ,creator to ea* o!r1 & to ! situations 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 :i* delights ! obs]v] 9 c\ntries :]e ,art has n yet introduc$ h] discords4 ,! rema9d] ( ! passage is s admirable t ,i v5ture to quote x3 ,to him :o is satisfi$ ) amass+ collections ( curi\s objects1 simply = ! pleasure ( possess+ !m1 su* objects c af=d1 at be/1 b a *ildi% gratification1 fa9t & fleet+2 :ile he :o ext5ds 8 view beyond ! n>r[ field ( nom5clature1 beholds a b\ndless expanse1 ! explor+ ( :i* is wor?y ( ! philosoph]1 & ( ! be/ tal5ts ( a reasonable be+4 ,on ,septemb] #ad1 #ahaa1 ,bur*ell 0 at ,z& ,valley 7,vlei71 or ,s& ,pool1 a few miles s\?-we/ ( ! site ( ,prieska1 on ! ,orange ,riv]4 ,"h he f\nd a ,mesembryan!mum 7,m4 turb9i=me1 n[ ,m4 truncatum7 & also a ,gryllus 7,acridian71 closely resembl+ ! pebbles ) :i* _! locality 0 /rewn4 ,he says ( bo? ( ^!1 ,! int5tion ( ,nature1 9 ^! in/ances1 seems to h be5 ! same z :5 %e gave to ! ,*ameleon ! p[] ( accommodat+ its color1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 to t ( ! object ne>e/ to x1 9 ord] to comp5sate = ! defici5cy ( its locomotive p[]s4 ,by _! =m & col\r1 ?is insect may pass unobs]v$ by ^? birds1 :i* o!rwise w\ld soon extirpate a species s little able to elude its pursu]s1 & ?is juicy little ,mesembryan!mum may g5]ally escape ! notice ( cattle & wild animals4 7,loc4 cit4 pages #caj1 #caa4 ,see ,sir ,william ,?iselton-,dy] ,morphological ,notes1 ,,xi42 ,protective ,adaptations1 ,i42 ,annals ( ,botany1 ,vol4 ,,xx4 page #abd4 ,9 plates ,,vii41 ,,viii4 & ,,ix4 accompany+ ?is article ! au?or repres5ts ! species obs]v$ by ,bur*ell1 toge!r ) o!rs 9 :i* analog\s adaptations exi/4 ,he writes3 ,bur*ell 0 cle>ly on ! track on :i* ,d>w9 rea*$ ! goal4 ,b ! "t _h n come = emancipation f ! old teleology4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 9 no respect detracts f ! m]it or value ( 8 "w4 ,=1 z ,huxley has po9t$ out 7,life & ,lett]s ( ,?omas ,h5ry ,huxley1 ,london1 #aijj1 ,i4 page #deg71 ! facts ( ! old teleology are imm$iately transf]able to ,d>w9ism1 :i* simply supplies !m ) a natural 9 place ( a sup]natural explanation47 ,bur*ell "h seems to miss1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! mean+ ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! quiesc5ce ( ! ,acridian & its cryptic col\r+4 ,quiesc5ce is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! protective resemblance to a /one--probably ev5 m indisp5sable ?an ! details ( ! =m & col\r+4 ,al?\gh ,bur*ell appe>s to ov]look ?is po9t he fully recognis$ ! community betwe5 protection by concealm5t & m aggressive modes ( def5ce2 =1 9 ! passage ( :i* a "p is quot$ above1 he specially ref]s to "s e>li] rem>ks on page #bbf ( 8 ,vol4 ,i4 ,we "h f9d t ev5 :5 ! ox5 7 re/+ by ! ,juk rivi] 7,yoke riv]71 on ,july #ai1 #ahaa1 ,bur*ell obs]v$ ,g]anium sp9osum1 ) a fle%y /em & l>ge :ite fl[]s4442 & a succul5t species ( ,pel>gonium444 s def5d$ by ! old panicles1 gr[n to h>d woody ?orns1 t no cattle c\ld br[ze ^u x4 ,he goes on to say1 ,9 ?is arid c\ntry1 :]e e juicy vegetable w\ld soon be eat5 up by ! wild animals1 ! ,great ,creat+ ,p[]1 ) all-provid5t wisdom1 has giv5 to su* plants ei!r an acrid or poison\s juice1 or %>p ?orns1 to pres]ve ! species f annihilation444 ,all ^! modes ( def5ce1 especially adapt$ to a des]t environm5t1 h s9ce be5 g5]ally recognis$1 & x is v int]e/+ to place beside ,bur*ell's /atem5t ! foll[+ passage f a lett] writt5 by ,d>w91 ,aug4 #g1 #ahfh1 to ,g4,h4 ,lewes2 ,t ,natural ,selection w\ld t5d to produce ! mo/ =midable ?orns w be admitt$ by e "o :o has obs]v$ ! di/ribution 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,africa 7vide ,liv+/one7 ( ?orn-be>+ plants1 = !y always appe> :]e ! bu%es gr[ isolat$ & are expos$ to ! attacks ( mammals4 ,ev5 9 ,engl& x has be5 notic$ t all sp9e-be>+ & /+-be>+ plants are palatable to quadrup$s1 :5 ! ?orns are cru%$4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #cjh47 ,,adaptation ,,& ,,natural ,,selection4 ,i h pref]r$ to %[ ! influ5ce ( ! old] teleology ^u ,natural ,hi/ory by quotations f a s+le great & insuffici5tly appreciat$ naturali/4 ,x might h be5 se5 equally well 9 ! pages ( ,kirby & ,sp5ce & ^? ( _m o!r writ]s4 ,if ! old] naturali/s :o ?\ght & spoke ) ,bur*ell ( ! int5tion ( ,nature & ! adaptation ( be+s to ea* o!r1 & to ! situations 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 c\ld h conceiv$ ! possibility ( evolution1 !y mu/ h be5 l$1 z ,d>w9 01 by ! same consid]ations to ,natural ,selection4 ,?is 0 impossible = !m1 because ! philosophy :i* !y foll[$ contemplat$ ! ph5om5a ( adaptation z "p ( a /atic immutable sy/em4 ,d>w91 conv9c$ t ! sy/em is dynamic & mutable1 0 prev5t$ by ^! v ph5om5a f accept+ any?+ %ort ( ! cr[n+ int]pretation (f]$ by ,natural ,selection4 7,i _h always be5 mu* /ruck by su* adaptations 7e4g4 woodpeck] & tree-frog = climb+1 se$s = disp]sal71 & until ^! c\ld be expla9$ x seem$ to me almo/ useless to endeav\r to prove by indirect evid5ce t species h be5 modifi$4 ,autobiography 9 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,vol4 ,i4 page #hb4 ,! same ?\ght is repeat$ aga9 & aga9 9 ,d>w9's lett]s to 8 fri5ds4 ,x is =cibly urg$ 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,orig9 7#ahei71 page #c47 ,& ! bir? ( ,d>w9's unalt]able conviction t adaptation is ( dom9ant importance 9 ! organic _w1--a conviction confirm$ & ev] aga9 confirm$ by 8 exp]i5ce z a naturali/--may probably be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( ! great !ologian4 ,?us ,d>w91 speak+ ( 8 ,und]graduate days1 tells u 9 8 ,autobiography t ! logic ( ,paley's ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity & ,moral ,philosophy gave him z mu* delight z did ,euclid4 ,! c>eful /udy ( ^! works1 )\t attempt+ to le>n any "p by rote1 0 ! only "p ( ! academical c\rse :i*1 z ,i !n felt & z ,i /ill believe1 0 ( ! lea/ use to me 9 ! education ( my m9d4 ,i did n at t "t tr\ble myself ab\t ,paley's premises2 & tak+ ^! on tru/1 ,i 0 *>m$ & conv9c$ by ! long l9e ( argum5tation4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #dg47 ,:5 ,d>w9 came to write ! ,orig9 he quot$ 9 relation to ,natural ,selection "o ( ,paley's conclusions4 ,no organ w be =m$1 z ,paley has rem>k$1 = ! purpose ( caus+ pa9 or = do+ an injury to its possessor4 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#a/ edition7 #ahei1 page #bja47 ,! /udy ( adaptation always _h = ,d>w91 z x has = _m1 a peculi> *>m4 ,8 words1 writt5 ,nov4 #bh1 #ahhj1 to ,sir ,w4 ,?iselton-,dy]1 are by no means inapplicable to-day3 ,_m ( ! ,g]mans are v contemptu\s ab\t mak+ out use ( organs2 b !y may sne] ! s\ls out ( _! bodies1 & ,i = "o %all ?9k x ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( natural hi/ory4 7,m ,lett]s ,,ii4 page #dbh47 ,,protective ,,& ,,aggressive ,,resemblance3 ,,procryptic ,,& ,,anticryptic ,,col\r+4 ,col\r+ = ! purpose ( concealm5t is sometimes includ$ "u ! head ,mimicry1 a classification adopt$ by ,h4,w4 ,bates 9 8 classical pap]4 ,su* an arrangem5t is inconv5i5t1 & ,i h foll[$ ,wallace 9 keep+ ! two categories di/9ct4 ,! visible col\rs ( animals are f> m commonly adapt$ = ,protective ,resemblance ?an = any o!r purpose4 ,! concealm5t ( animals by _! col\rs1 %apes & attitudes1 mu/ h be5 well kn[n f ! p]iod at :i* human be+s fir/ began to take an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ,nature4 ,an int]e/+ e>ly record is t ( ,samuel ,felton1 :o 7,dec4 #b1 #agfc7 figur$ & gave "s acc\nt ( an ,acridian 7,phyllotettix7 f ,jamaica4 ,( ?is insect he says ,,! ,,?orax is l a leaf t is rais$ p]p5dicul>ly f ! body4 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,liv4 ,tab4 ,,vi4 page #ee47 ,bo? ,protective & ,aggressive ,resemblances 7 appreciat$ & cle>ly expla9$ by ,erasmus ,d>w9 9 #agid3 ,! col\rs ( _m animals seem adapt$ to _! purposes ( conceal+ !mselves ei!r to avoid dang]1 or to spr+ ^u _! prey4 7,zoonomia1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #eji1 ,london1 #agid47 ,protective ,resemblance ( a v m>k$ & beautiful k9d is f\nd 9 c]ta9 plants1 inhabitants ( des]t areas4 ,examples obs]v$ by ,bur*ell almo/ exactly a hundr$ ye>s ago h already be5 m5tion$4 ,9 addition to ! resemblance to /ones ,bur*ell obs]v$1 al?\gh he did n publi% ! fact1 a ,s\? ,african plant conceal$ by its lik5ess to ! dung ( birds4 7,sir ,william ,?iselton-,dy] has sugge/$ ! same me?od ( concealm5t 7,annals ( ,botany1 ,vol4 ,,xx4 page #abc74 ,ref]r+ to ,anacamps]os papyracea1 figur$ on plate ,,ix41 ! au?or says ( its adaptive resemblance3 ,at ! risk ( sugge/+ "o p]haps some:at f>-fet*$1 ,i mu/ confess t ! aspect ( ! plant always calls to my m9d ! dejecta ( "s bird1 & ! m s ow+ to ! :it5+ ( ! bran*es t[>ds ! tips 7loc4 cit4 page #abf74 ,! /ud5t ( insects1 :o is s famili> ) ?is v =m ( protective resemblance 9 l>vae1 & ev5 p]fect insects1 w n be incl9$ to consid] ! sugge/ion f>-fet*$47 ,! obs]vation is record$ 9 "o ( ! manuscript j\rnals kept by ! great explor] dur+ 8 j\rney4 ,i owe ! opportunity ( /udy+ x to ! k9dness ( ,mr ,francis ,a4 ,bur*ell ( ! ,rhodes ,univ]sity ,college1 ,graham/[n4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is giv5 "u ! date ,july #e1 #ahab1 :5 ,bur*ell 0 at ! ,makkw>9 ,riv]1 ab\t half-way betwe5 ! ,kuruman ,riv] & ,litakun ! old capital ( ! ,ba*ap9s 7,be*uanas73 ,i f\nd a curi\s little ,crassula 7n 9 fl[]7 s sn[ :ite1 t ,i %\ld nev] has 7h7 di/+ui%$ x f ! :ite lime/ones444 ,x 0 an in* high & a little bran*y1444 & 0 at fir/ mi/ak5 = ! dung ( birds ( ! pass]9e ord]4 ,i h (t5 _h occasion to rem>k t 9 /ony place7s7 !re gr[ _m small succul5t plants & ab\nd insects 7*iefly ,grylli7 :i* h exactly ! same col\r z ! gr\nd & mu/ = ev] escape obs]vation unless a p]son sit on ! gr\nd & obs]ve v att5tively4 ,! cryptic resemblances ( animals impress$ ,d>w9 & ,wallace 9 v diff]5t degrees1 probably 9 "p due to ! fact t ,wallace's tropical exp]i5ces 7 s l>gely d]iv$ f ! insect _w1 9 "p to ! importance assign$ by ,d>w9 to ,sexual ,selection a subject :i* _h always greatly int]e/$ me1 z he says 9 8 ,autobiography1 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #id47 ,!re is no ref]5ce to ,cryptic ,resemblance 9 ,d>w9's section ( ! ,jo9t ,essay1 al?\gh he gives an excell5t %ort acc\nt ( ,sexual ,selection 7see page #bie74 ,wallace's section on ! o!r h& conta9s ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,ev5 ! peculi> col\rs ( _m animals1 especially insects1 s closely resembl+ ! soil or ! leaves or ! trunks on :i* !y habitually reside1 are expla9$ on ! same pr9ciple2 = ?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( ages v>ieties ( _m t9ts may h occurr$1 ,,yet ,,^? ,,races ,,hav+ ,,col\rs ,,be/ ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,concealm5t ,,f ,,_! ,,enemies ,,w\ld ,,inevitably ,,survive ,,! ,,longe/4 7,j\rn4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #ahei1 page #fa4 ,! italics are ,wallace's47 ,x w\ld occupy too mu* space to attempt any discussion ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! views ( ^! two naturali/s1 b x is cle> t ,d>w91 al?\gh fully believ+ 9 ! effici5cy ( protective resemblance & reply+ to ,/ ,george ,miv>t's cont5tion t ,natural ,selection 0 incompet5t to produce x 7,orig9 7#f? edition7 ,london1 #ahgb1 pages #aha1 #ahb2 see also page #ff471 nev] entirely agre$ ) ,wallace's e/imate ( its importance4 ,?us ! foll[+ extract f a lett] to ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 ,may #ba1 #ahfh1 ref]s to ,wallace3 ,i f9d ,i mu/ 7& ,i always di/ru/ myself :5 ,i diff] f him7 sep>ate r widely f him all ab\t birds' ne/s & protection2 he is rid+ t hobby to dea?4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #cjd47 ,x is cle> f ! acc\nt giv5 9 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 7,london1 #ahgd1 pages #deb-deh4 ,see also ,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 pages #abc-abe1 & ,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 pages #ei-fc1 #gb-gd1 #gf-gh1 #hd-ij1 #ib1 #ic471 t ! div]g5ce 0 due to ! fact t ,d>w9 ascrib$ m importance to ,sexual ,selection ?an did ,wallace1 & ,wallace m importance to ,protective ,resemblance ?an ,d>w94 ,?us ,d>w9 wrote to ,wallace1 ,oct4 #ab & #ac1 #ahfg3 ,by ! way1 ,i _c b ?9k t y pu% protection too f> 9 "s cases1 z ) ! /ripes on ! tig]4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #bhc47 ,"h too ,d>w9 0 pref]r+ ! explanation (f]$ by ,sexual ,selection 7,desc5t ( ,man 7#bnd edition7 #ahgd1 pages #ede1 #edf471 a pref]5ce :i*1 consid]+ ! relation ( ! col\r+ ( ! lion & tig] to _! respective environm5ts1 few naturali/s w be f\nd to %>e4 ,x is also %[n t ,d>w9 contemplat$ ! possibility ( cryptic col\rs su* z ^? ( ,patagonian animals be+ due to sexual selection influ5c$ by ! aspect ( surr\nd+ nature4 ,ne>ly a ye> lat] ,d>w9 9 8 lett] ( ,may #e1 #ahfh81 express$ 8 agreem5t ) ,wallace's views3 ,expect t ,i %\ld put sexual selection z an equal1 or p]haps z ev5 a m important ag5t 9 giv+ col\r ?an ,natural ,selection = protection4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 pages #gg1 #gh47 ,! conclusion express$ 9 ! above quot$ passage is oppos$ by ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ,protective ,resemblance 9 ! immature /ages ( animals1 especially insects4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t ,d>w9 ascrib$ an unimportant role to ,cryptic ,resemblances1 & z obs]vations accumulat$ he came to recognise _! effici5cy 9 fre% gr\ps ( ! animal k+dom4 ,?us he wrote to ,wallace1 ,may #e1 #ahfg3 ,haeckel has rec5tly well %[n t ! transp>5cy & abs5ce ( col\r 9 ! l[] oceanic animals1 belong+ to ! mo/ diff]5t classes1 may be well acc\nt$ = on ! pr9ciple ( protection4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #fb4 ,see also ,desc5t ( ,man1 page #bfa47 ,d>w9 also admitt$ ! ju/ice ( ,pr(essor ,e4,s4 ,morse's cont5tion t ! %ells ( molluscs are (t5 adaptively col\r$4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #ie47 ,b he look$ ^u cryptic col\r+ & also mimicry z m especially ,wallace's dep>tm5ts1 & s5t to him & to ,pr(essor ,meldola obs]vations & notes be>+ ^u ^! subjects4 ,?us ! foll[+ lett] giv5 to me by ,dr ,a4,r4 ,wallace & n[1 by k9d p]mission1 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t1 accompani$ a photograph ( ! *rysalis ( ,papilio s>p$on *or$on1 ,feld41 susp5d$ f a leaf ( its food-plant3 ,july #i?1 ,d[n1 ,beck5ham1 ,k5t4 ,my ,de> ,wallace1 ,dr ,g4 ,krefft has s5t me ! enclos$ f ,sydney4 ,a nurs]yman saw a cat]pill> fe$+ on a plant & cov]$ ! :ole up1 b :5 he se>*$ = ! cocoon 7pupa71 0 long be=e he c\ld f9d x1 s good 0 its imitation 9 col\r & =m to ! leaf to :i* x 0 atta*$4 ,i hope t ! _w goes well ) y4 ,d n tr\ble y\rself by ackn[l$g+ ?is4 ,ev] y\rs ,*4 ,d>w94 ,ano!r deeply int]e/+ lett] ( ,d>w9's be>+ ^u protective resemblance1 has only rec5tly be5 %[n to me by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,e4,b4 ,wilson1 ! great ,am]ican ,cytologi/4 ,) 8 k9d cons5t & t ( ,mr ,francis ,d>w91 ?is lett]1 writt5 f\r mon?s be=e ,d>w9's dea? on ,april #ai1 #ahhb1 is reproduc$ "h 7,! lett] is address$3 ,edmund ,b4 ,wilson1 ,esq41 ,assi/ant 9 ,biology1 ,john ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,baltimore ,md1 ,u4 ,/ates473 ,decemb] #ba1 #ahha4 ,de> ,sir1 ,i ?ank y mu* = hav+ tak5 s mu* tr\ble 9 describ+ fully y\r int]e/+ & curi\s case ( mimickry4 ,i am 9 ! habit ( look+ ?r\gh _m sci5tific ,j\rnals1 & ?\gh my memory is n[ n ne>ly s good z x 01 ,i feel pretty sure t no su* case z y\rs has be5 describ$ 7among/ ! nudibran*7 molluscs4 ,y p]haps "k ! case ( a fi% alli$ to ,hippocampus1 7describ$ "s ye>s ago by ,dr ,gun!r 9 ,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,socy47 :i* cl+s by its tail to sea-we$s1 & is cov]$ ) wav+ filam5ts s z itself to look l a piece ( ! same sea-we$4 ,! p>allelism betwe5 y\r & ,dr ,gun!r's case makes bo? ( !m ! m int]e/+2 consid]+ h[ f> a fi% & a mollusc /& ap>t4 ,x w\ld be difficult = anyone to expla9 su* cases by ! direct action ( ! environm5t4--,i am glad t y int5d to make fur!r obs]vations on ?is mollusc1 & ,i hope t y w give a figure & if possible a col\r$ figure4 ,) all good wi%es f an old bro!r naturali/1 ,i rema91 ,de> ,sir1 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,*>les ,d>w94 ,pr(essor ,e4,b4 ,wilson has k9dly giv5 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! circum/ances "u :i* he _h writt5 to ,d>w93 ,! case to :i* ,d>w9's lett] ref]s is t ( ! nudibran* mollusc ,scyllaea1 :i* lives on ! float+ ,s>gassum & %[s a really a/oni%+ resemblance to ! plant1 hav+ leaf-%ap$ processes v closely simil> to ! fronds ( ! sea-we$ bo? 9 %ape & 9 col\r4 ,! concealm5t ( ! animal may be judg$ f ! fact t we f\nd ! animal q by accid5t on a piece ( ,s>gassum t _h be5 9 a glass j> 9 ! laboratory = "s "t & _h be5 closely exam9$ 9 ! se>* = hydroids & ! l )\t disclos+ ! pres5ce ^u x ( two l>ge specim5s ( ! ,scyllaea 7! animal1 z ,i recall x1 is ab\t two in*es long74 ,x 0 fir/ detect$ by its movem5ts alone1 by someone 7,i ?9k a casual visitor to ! laboratory7 :o 0 look+ closely at ! ,s>gassum & exclaim$ ',:y1 ! sea-we$ is mov+ its leaves'6 ,we f\nd ! example 9 ! summ] ( #ahhj or #ahha at ,beau=t1 ,n4,c41 :]e ! ,johns ,hopk9s laboratory 0 locat$ = ! "t be+4 ,x mu/ h be5 se5 by _m o!rs1 be=e or s9ce4 ,i wrote & s5t to ,d>w9 a %ort description ( ! case at ! sugge/ion ( ,brooks1 ) :om ,i 0 at ! "t a /ud5t4 ,i 01 ( c\rse1 entirely unkn[n to ,d>w9 7or to anyone else7 & to me ! pr9cipal int]e/ ( ,d>w9's lett] is ! evid5ce t x gives ( 8 extraord9>y k9dness & fri5dl9ess t[>ds an obscure y\ng/] :o _h ( c\rse absolutely no claim ^u 8 "t or att5tion4 ,! little incid5t made an indelible impression ^u my memory & taught me a lesson t 0 wor? le>n+4 ,,v>iable ,,protective ,,resemblance4 ,! wond]ful p[] ( rapid col\r adju/m5t possess$ by ! cuttle-fi% 0 obs]v$ by ,d>w9 9 #ahcb at ,/ ,jago1 ,cape de ,v]d ,isl&s1 ! fir/ place visit$ dur+ ! voyage ( ! ,beagle4 ,f ,rio he wrote to ,h5sl[1 giv+ ! foll[+ acc\nt ( 8 obs]vations1 ,may #ah1 #ahcb3 ,i took sev]al specim5s ( an ,octopus :i* possess$ a mo/ m>vell\s p[] ( *ang+ its col\rs1 equall+ any *ameleon1 & evid5tly accommodat+ ! *anges to ! col\r ( ! gr\nd :i* x pass$ ov]4 ,yell[i% gre51 d>k br[n1 & r$1 7 ! prevail+ col\rs2 ?is fact appe>s to be new1 z f> z ,i c f9d out4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,i4 pages #bce1 #bcf4 ,see also ,d>w9's ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1 #ahgf1 pages #f-h1 :]e a f> m detail$ acc\nt is giv5 toge!r ) a ref]5ce to ,encycl4 ( ,anat4 & ,physiol47 ,d>w9 0 well aw>e ( ! p[] ( individual col\r adju/m5t1 n[ kn[n to be possess$ by l>ge numb]s ( lepidopt]\s pupae & l>vae4 ,an excell5t example 0 br\ght to 8 notice by ,c4,v4 ,riley 7,m ,lett]s ,,ii1 pages #che1 #chf471 :ile ! mo/ /rik+ ( ! e>ly results obta9$ ) ! pupae ( butt]flies--^? ( ,mrs ,m4,e4 ,b>b] ^u ,papilio nireus--0 communicat$ by him to ! ,entomological ,society ( ,london4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,lond4 #ahgd1 page #eai4 ,see also ,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #djc47 ,x is also necess>y to direct att5tion to ,c4,w4 ,beebe's 7,zoologica3 ,n4,y4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #a1 ,sept4 #be1 #aijg3 ,geographic v>iation 9 birds ) especial ref]5ce to ! effects ( humidity47 rec5t discov]y t ! pigm5tation ( ! plumage ( c]ta9 birds is increas$ by conf9em5t 9 a sup]humid atmosph]e4 ,9 ,sc>dafella inca1 on :i* ! mo/ complete s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 made1 ! *anges took place only at ! m\lts1 :e!r normal & annual or artificially induc$ at %ort] p]iods4 ,!re 0 a correspond+ increase 9 ! *oroidal pigm5t ( ! eye4 ,at a c]ta9 advanc$ /age ( fea!r pigm5tation a brilliant iridesc5t bronze or gre5 t9t made its appe>ance on ^? areas :]e iridesc5ce mo/ (t5 occurs 9 alli$ g5]a4 ,?us 9 birds no less ?an 9 insects1 *>act]s previ\sly reg>d$ z ( taxonomic value1 c be evok$ or )held by ! =ces ( ! environm5t4 ,,w>n+ ,,or ,,aposematic ,,col\rs4 ,f ,d>w9's description ( ! col\rs & habits x is evid5t t he obs]v$1 9 #ahcc1 an excell5t example ( w>n+ col\r+ 9 a little ,s\? ,am]ican toad 7,phryniscus nigricans74 ,he describ$ x 9 a lett] to ,h5sl[1 writt5 f ,monte ,video1 ,nov4 #bd1 #ahcb3 ,z = "o little toad1 ,i hope x may be new1 t x may be *ri/5$ 'diabolicus4' ,milton mu/ allude to ?is v individual :5 he talks ( 'squat l a toad'2 its col\rs are by ,w]n] 7,nom5clature ( ,col\rs1 #ahba7 ink black1 v]milion r$ & buff orange4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #ab47 ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es 7#ahgf1 page #ig47 its col\rs are describ$ z foll[s3 ,if we imag9e1 fir/1 t x _h be5 /eep$ 9 ! blacke/ ink1 & !n1 :5 dry1 all[$ to crawl ov] a bo>d1 fre%ly pa9t$ ) ! brighte/ v]milion1 s z to col\r ! soles ( its feet & p>ts ( its /oma*1 a good idea ( its appe>ance w be ga9$4 ,in/ead ( be+ nocturnal 9 its habits1 z o!r toads are1 & liv+ 9 damp obscure recesses1 x crawls dur+ ! heat ( ! day ab\t ! dry s&-hillocks & arid pla9s1444 ,! appe>ance & habits recall ,t4 ,belt's well-kn[n description ( ! conspicu\s little ,nic>aguan frog :i* he f\nd to be di/a/eful to a duck4 7,! ,naturali/ 9 ,nic>agua 7#bnd edition7 ,london1 #ahhh1 page #cba47 ,! recognition ( ! ,w>n+ ,col\rs ( cat]pill>s is due 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ,d>w91 :o1 reflect+ on ,sexual ,selection1 0 puzzl$ by ! spl5did col\rs ( sexually immature organisms4 ,he appli$ to ,wallace :o has an innate g5ius = solv+ difficulties4 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #cbe4 ,on ?is & ! foll[+ page an excell5t acc\nt ( ! discov]y w be f\nd1 z well z 9 ,wallace's ,natural ,selection1 ,london1 #ahge1 pages #aag-abb47 ,d>w9's orig9al lett] exi/s 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 pages #ic1 #id471 & 9 x we are told t he _h tak5 ! advice giv5 by ,bates3 ,y _h bett] ask ,wallace4 ,aft] "s consid]ation ,wallace repli$ t he believ$ ! col\rs ( conspicu\s cat]pill>s & p]fect insects 7 a w>n+ ( di/a/efulness & t su* =ms w\ld be refus$ by birds4 ,d>w9's reply 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 pages #id1 #ie47 is extremely int]e/+ bo? = its en?usiasm at ! brilliancy ( ! hypo!sis & its caution 9 acceptance )\t full confirmation3 ,bates 0 q "r2 y are ! man to apply to 9 a difficulty4 ,i nev] he>d any?+ m +5i\s ?an y\r sugge/ion1 & ,i hope y may be able to prove x true4 ,t is a spl5did fact ab\t ! :ite mo?s 7,a s+le :ite mo? :i* 0 reject$ by "y turkeys1 :ile o!r mo?s 7 gre$ily dev\r$3 ,natural ,selection1 #ahge1 page #gh472 x w>ms "o's v blood to see a !ory ?us almo/ prov$ to be true4 ,two ye>s lat] ! hypo!sis 0 prov$ to hold = cat]pill>s ( _m k9ds by ,j4 ,j5n] ,weir & ,a4,g4 ,butl]1 ^: obs]vations h s9ce be5 abundantly confirm$ by _m naturali/s4 ,d>w9 wrote to ,weir1 ,may #ac1 #ahfi3 ,y\r v]ification ( ,wallace's sugge/ion seems to me to am\nt to q a discov]y4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #ga 7footnote747 ,,recognition ,,or ,,episematic ,,*>act]s4 ,?is pr9ciple does n appe> to h be5 9 any way =ese5 by ,d>w91 al?\gh he draws special att5tion to sev]al elem5ts ( patt]n :i* w\ld n[ be int]pret$ by _m naturali/s z epismes4 ,he believ$ t ! m>k+s 9 "q int]f]$ ) ! cryptic effect1 & came to ! conclusion t1 ev5 :5 common to bo? sexes1 !y are ! result ( sexual selection prim>ily appli$ to ! male4 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #edd47 ,! mo/ famili> ( all recognition *>act]s 0 c>efully expla9$ by him1 al?\gh "h too expla9$ z an ornam5tal feature n[ equally transmitt$ to bo? sexes3 ,! h>e on h] =m is a famili> in/ance ( concealm5t ?r\gh col\r2 yet ?is pr9ciple p>tly fails 9 a closely-alli$ species1 ! rabbit1 = :5 runn+ to its burr[1 x is made conspicu\s to ! sportsman1 & no d\bt to all bea/s ( prey1 by its upturn$ :ite tail4 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #edb47 ,! analog\s episematic use ( ! bright col\rs ( fl[]s to attract insects = effect+ cross-f]tilisation & ( fruits to attract v]tebrates = effect+ disp]sal is v cle>ly expla9$ 9 ! ,orig94 7,edition #ahgb1 page #afa4 ,= a good example ( ,d>w9's caution 9 deal+ ) exceptions see ! allusion to brightly col\r$ fruit 9 ,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #cdh47 ,x is n1 at ?is po9t1 necess>y to treat sematic *>act]s at any great] l5g?4 ,!y w =m ! subject ( a l>ge "p ( ! foll[+ section1 :]e ! models ( ,batesian 7,pseudaposematic7 mimicry are consid]$ z well z ! ,mull]ian 7,synaposematic7 comb9ations ( ,w>n+ ,col\rs4 ,,mimicry1--,,batesian ,,or ,,pseudaposematic1 ,,mull]ian ,,or ,,synaposematic4 ,! exi/5ce ( sup]ficial resemblances betwe5 animals ( v>i\s degrees ( aff9ity mu/ h be5 obs]v$ = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,among ! e>ly examples1 ! be/ kn[n to me h be5 f\nd 9 ! manuscript note-books & collections ( ,w4,j4 ,bur*ell1 ! great travell] 9 ,africa 7#ahaj-ae7 & ,brazil 7#ahbe-cj74 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( 8 records on ?is subject are br\ght toge!r 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,conspicu\s among well-def5d$ insects are ! d>k /eely or iridesc5t gre5i% blue fossorial wasps or s&-wasps1 ,sphex & ! alli$ g5]a4 ,_m ,longicorn beetles mimic ^! 9 col\r1 sl5d] %ape ( body & limbs1 rapid movem5ts1 & ! read9ess ) :i* !y take to flight4 ,on ,dec4 #ba1 #ahab1 ,bur*ell captur$ "o su* beetle 7,promeces viridis7 at ,kosi ,f\nta9 on ! j\rney f ! s\rce ( ! ,kuruman ,riv] to ,kla>wat]4 ,x is correctly plac$ among ! ,longicorns 9 8 catalogue1 b opposite to its numb] is ! comm5t ,sphex6 totus purpureus4 ,9 our own c\ntry ! black-&-yell[ col\r+ ( _m /++ insects1 especially ! ord9>y wasps1 af=ds p]haps ! commone/ model = mimicry4 ,x is reproduc$ ) m or less accuracy on mo?s1 flies & beetles4 ,among ! latt] x is aga9 a ,longicorn :i* (f]s "o ( ! be/-kn[n1 al?\gh by no means "o ( ! mo/ p]fect1 examples4 ,! appe>ance ( ! well-kn[n wasp-beetle 7,clytus arietis7 9 ! liv+ /ate is suffici5tly sugge/ive to prev5t ! great majority ( p f t\*+ x4 ,9 ,bur*ell's ,brazilian collection !re is a ne>ly alli$ species 7,neoclytus curvatus7 :i* appe>s to be some:at less wasp-l ?an ! ,briti% beetle4 ,! specim5 be>s ! numb] #aahh1 & ! date ,m>* #bg1 #ahbg1 :5 ,bur*ell 0 collect+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,san ,paulo4 ,turn+ to ! correspond+ numb] 9 ! ,brazilian note-book we f9d ?is record3 ,x runs rapidly l an i*neumon or wasp1 ( :i* x has ! appe>ance4 ,! =midable1 well-def5d$ ants are z freely mimick$ by o!r insects z ! s&-wasps1 ord9>y wasps & bees4 ,?us on ,febru>y #ag1 #aija1 ,guy ,a4,k4 ,m>%all captur$1 ne> ,salisbury1 ,ma%onal&1 ?ree simil> species ( ants 7,hym5opt]a7 ) a bug 7,hemipt]a7 & a ,locu/id 7,or?opt]a71 ! two latt] mimick+ ! =m]4 ,all ! insects1 sev5 9 numb]1 7 caught on a s+le plant1 a small bu%y vet*4 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,lond4 #aijb1 page #ece1 plate ,,xix4 figs4 #ec-ei47 ,?is is an int]e/+ rec5t example f ,s\? ,africa1 & l>ge numb]s ( o!rs might be add$--! obs]vations ( _m naturali/s 9 _m l&s2 b ne>ly all ( !m kn[n s9ce t g5]al awak5+ ( int]e/ 9 ! subject :i* 0 inspir$ by ! great hypo!ses ( ,h4,w4 ,bates & ,fritz ,mull]4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ,bur*ell _h m ?an once record$ ! mimetic resemblance to ants4 ,an extremely ant-l bug 7! l>va ( a species ( ,alydus7 9 8 ,brazilian collection is labell$ #aada1 ) ! date ,decemb] #h1 #ahbf1 :5 ,bur*ell 0 at ! ,rio das ,p$ras1 ,cubatao1 ne> ,santos4 ,9 ! note-book ! record is z foll[s3 #aada ,cimex4 ,i collect$ ?is = a ,=mica4 ,"s ( ! *ief mimics ( ants are ! active little hunt+ spid]s belong+ to ! family ,attidae4 ,examples h be5 br\ght =w>d dur+ _m rec5t ye>s1 especially by my fri5ds ,dr & ,mrs ,peckham1 ( ,milwaukee1 ! great au?orities on ?is gr\p ( ,araneae4 ,"h too we f9d an obs]vation ( ! mimetic resemblance record$ by ,bur*ell1 & "o :i* adds 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ mann] to our k ( ! subject4 ,a fragm5t1 all t is n[ left1 ( an ,attid spid]1 captur$ on ,june #cj1 #ahbh1 at ,goyaz1 ,brazil1 be>s ! foll[+ note1 9 ?is case on ! specim5 & n 9 ! note-book3 ,black444 runs & seems l an ant ) l>ge ext5d$ jaws4 ,my fri5d ,mr ,r4,i4 ,pocock1 to :om ,i h submitt$ ! specim51 tells me t x is n "o ( ! gr\p ( species hi!rto reg>d$ z ant-l1 & he adds1 ,x is mo/ int]e/+ t ,bur*ell %\ld h notic$ ! resemblance to an ant 9 its movem5ts4 ,?is sugge/s t ! p]fect imitation 9 %ape1 z well z 9 movem5t1 se5 9 _m species 0 />t$ 9 =ms ( an appropriate size & col\r by ! mimicry ( movem5t alone4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ,bur*ell is ! only naturali/ :o has obs]v$ an example :i* /ill exhibits ?is ance/ral /age 9 ! evolution ( mimetic lik5ess4 ,foll[+ ! tea*+s ( 8 day1 ,bur*ell 0 driv5 to believe t x 0 "p ( ! fix$ & inexorable s*eme ( ?+s t ^! /range sup]ficial resemblances exi/$4 ,?us1 :5 he f\nd o!r examples ( ,hemipt]\s mimics1 includ+ "o 7,luteva macroph?alma7 ) exactly ! mann]s ( a ,mantis1 he add$ ! s5t5ce1 ,9 ! g5us ,cimex 7,l9n47 are to be f\nd ! outw>d resemblances ( insects ( _m o!r g5]a & ord]s 7,febru>y #ae1 #ahbi74 ,( ano!r ,brazilian bug1 :i* is n to be f\nd 9 8 collection1 & _c !re=e be precisely id5tifi$1 he wrote3 ,cimex444 ,nature seems to h int5d$ x to imitate a ,sphex1 bo? 9 col\r & ! rapid palpitat+ & movem5t ( ! ant5nae 7,novemb] #ae1 #ahbf74 ,at ! same "t x is impossible n to feel ! conviction t ,bur*ell felt ! advantage ( a lik5ess to /++ insects & to aggressive ants1 j z he recognis$ ! b5efits conf]r$ on des]t plants by sp9es & by concealm5t4 ,su* an int]pretation ( mimicry 0 p]fectly consi/5t ) ! !ological doctr9es ( 8 day4 7,see ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 ,an ,introduction to ,entomology 7#a/ edition71 ,london1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #ahag1 page #bbc47 ,! la/ note ,i h select$ f ,bur*ell's manuscript ref]s to "o ( ! *ief mimics ( ! highly protect$ ,lycid beetles4 ,! :ole assemblage ( ,african insects ) a ,lycoid col\r+ =ms a mo/ important comb9ation & "o :i* has an int]e/+ be>+ ^u ! !ories ( ,bates & ,fritz ,mull]4 ,?is mo/ wond]ful set ( mimetic =ms1 describ$ 9 #aijb by ,guy ,a4,k4 ,m>%all1 is compos$ ( fl[]-haunt+ beetles belong+ to ! family ,lycidae1 & ! het]og5e\s gr\p ( v>i$ insects :i* mimic _! conspicu\s & simple s*eme ( col\r+4 ,! ,lycid beetles1 =m+ ! c5tre or models ( ! :ole company1 are orange-br[n 9 front = ab\t two-?irds ( ! expos$ surface1 black beh9d = ! rema9+ ?ird4 ,!y are und\bt$ly protect$ by qualities :i* make !m excessively unpalatable to ! bulk ( insect-eat+ animals4 ,"s exp]im5tal pro( ( ?is has be5 obta9$ by ,mr ,guy ,m>%all4 ,:at are ! =ms :i* surr\nd !m8 ,accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ,bates !y w\ld be1 at any rate ma9ly1 palatable h>d-press$ insects :i* only hold _! own 9 ! /ruggle = life by a fraudul5t imitation ( ! trade-m>k ( ! successful & p[]ful ,lycidae4 ,accord+ to ,fritz ,mull]'s hypo!sis we %\ld expect t ! mimick]s w\ld be highly protect$1 successful & abundant species1 :i* 7metaphorically speak+7 h f\nd x to _! advantage to possess an adv]tisem5t1 a dang]-signal1 9 common ) ea* o!r1 & 9 common ) ! beetles 9 ! c5tre ( ! gr\p4 ,h[ f> does ! con/itution ( ?is wond]ful comb9ation--! l>ge/ & mo/ complicat$ z yet kn[n 9 all ! _w--convey to u ! idea ( mimicry work+ along ! l9es suppos$ by ,bates or ^? sugge/$ by ,mull]8 ,figures #a to #eb ( ,mr ,m>%all's col\r$ plate 7,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,lond4 #aijb1 plate ,,xviii4 ,see also page #eag1 :]e ! gr\p is analys$47 repres5t a set ( =ty-two or =ty-?ree species or =ms ( insects captur$ 9 ,ma%onal&1 & all except two 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,salisbury4 ,! comb9ation includes six species ( ,lycidae2 n9e beetles ( five gr\ps all specially protect$ by nause\s qualities1 ,telephoridae1 ,melyridae1 ,phytophaga1 ,lagriidae1 ,can?>idae2 six ,longicorn beetles2 "o ,coprid beetle2 eight /++ ,hym5opt]a2 ?ree or f\r p>asitic ,hym5opt]a 7,braconidae1 a gr\p mu* mimick$ & %[n by "s exp]im5ts to be di/a/eful72 five bugs 7,hemipt]a1 a l>gely unpalatable gr\p72 ?ree mo?s 7,arctiidae & ,zyga5idae1 di/a/eful families72 "o fly4 ,9 fact ! :ole comb9ation1 except p]haps "o ,phytophag\s1 "o ,coprid & ! ,longicorn beetles1 & ! fly1 fall "u ! hypo!sis ( ,mull] & n "u t ( ,bates4 ,& x is v d\btful :e!r ^! exceptions w be su/a9$3 inde$ ! suspicion ( unpalatability already besets ! ,longicorns & is always on ! heels1--,i %\ld say ! h9d t>si--( a ,phytophag\s beetle4 ,?is mo/ rem>kable gr\p :i* illu/rates s well ! problem ( mimicry & ! alt]native hypo!ses propos$ = its solution1 01 z ,i h said1 fir/ describ$ 9 #aijb4 ,among ! mo/ p]fect ( ! mimetic resemblances 9 x is t betwe5 ! ,longicorn beetle1 ,amphidesmus analis1 & ! ,lycidae4 ,x 0 ) ! utmo/ a/oni%m5t & pleasure t ,i f\nd ?is v resemblance _h almo/ c]ta9ly be5 obs]v$ by ,bur*ell4 ,a specim5 ( ! ,amphidesmus exi/s 9 8 collection & x be>s #fea4 ,turn+ to ! same numb] 9 ! ,african ,catalogue we f9d t ! beetle is correctly plac$ among ! ,longicorns1 t x 0 captur$ at ,uit5hage on ,nov4 #ah1 #ahac1 & t x 0 f\nd associat$ ) ,lycid beetles 9 fl[]s 7consocians cum ,lycis #gh-hg 9 floribus74 ,look+ up ,nos4 #gh-hg 9 ! collection & catalogue1 ?ree species ( ,lycidae are f\nd1 all captur$ on ,nov4 #ah1 #ahac1 at ,uit5hage4 ,bur*ell recognis$ ! wide diff]5ce 9 aff9ity1 %[n by ! di/ance betwe5 ! respective numb]s2 = 8 catalogue is arrang$ to repres5t relation%ips4 ,he obs]v$1 :at /ud5ts ( mimicry are only j beg9n+ to note & record1 ! co9cid5ce betwe5 model & mimic 9 "t & space & 9 habits4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t he obs]v$ ! close sup]ficial lik5ess al?\gh he does n 9 ?is case expressly allude to x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ among ! e>ly obs]vations ( sup]ficial resemblance betwe5 =ms remote 9 ! scale ( classification 0 made by ,d>w9 himself1 z describ$ 9 ! foll[+ passage f 8 lett] to ,h5sl[1 writt5 f ,monte ,video1 ,aug4 #ae1 #ahcb3 ,among/ ! l[] animals no?+ has s mu* int]e/$ me z f9d+ two species ( elegantly col\r$ true ,plan>ia inhabit+ ! dewy =e/6 ,! false relation !y be> to snails is ! mo/ extraord9>y ?+ ( ! k9d ,i h ev] se54 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #i47 ,_m ye>s lat]1 9 #ahfg1 he wrote to ,fritz ,mull] sugge/+ t ! resemblance ( a sob]ly col\r$ ,briti% ,plan>ian to a slug might be due to mimicry4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #ga47 ,! mo/ int]e/+ copy ( ,bates's classical memoir on ,mimicry 7,contributions to an ,insect ,fauna ( ! ,amazon ,valley4 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,xxiii4 #ahfb1 page #die471 read be=e ! ,l9nean ,society 9 #ahfa1 is t giv5 by him to ! man :o has done mo/ to support & ext5d ! !ory4 ,my k9d fri5d has giv5 t copy to me2 x be>s ! inscription3 ,mr ,a4,r4 ,wallace f 8 old travell+ companion ! ,au?or4 ,only a ye> & a half aft] ! publication ( ! ,orig91 we f9d t ,d>w9 wrote to ,bates on ! subject :i* 0 to provide su* /rik+ evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ,natural ,selection3 ,i am glad to he> t y h specially att5d$ to 'mimetic' analogies--a mo/ curi\s subject2 ,i hope y publi% on x4 ,i h = a long "t wi%$ to "k :e!r :at ,dr ,coll+wood ass]ts is true--t ! mo/ /rik+ cases g5]ally occur betwe5 insects inhabit+ ! same c\ntry4 7,! lett] is dat$ ,april #d1 #ahfa4 ,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #ahc47 ,! next lett]1 writt5 ab\t six mon?s lat]1 reveals ! rem>kable fact t ! illu/ri\s naturali/ :o _h anticipat$ ,edw>d ,=bes 9 ! explanation ( arctic =ms on alp9e heights 7,i 0 =e/all$ 9 only "o important po9t1 :i* my vanity has always made me regret1 namely1 ! explanation by means ( ! ,glacial p]iod ( ! pres5ce ( ! same species ( plants & ( "s few animals on di/ant m\nta9 summits & 9 ! arctic regions4 ,?is view pleas$ me s mu* t ,i wrote x out 9 ext5so1 & ,i believe t x 0 read by ,hook] "s ye>s be=e ,e4 ,=bes publi%$ 8 celebrat$ memoir on ! subject4 ,9 ! v few po9ts 9 :i* we diff]$1 ,i /ill ?9k t ,i 0 9 ! "r4 ,i h nev]1 ( c\rse1 allud$ 9 pr9t to my hav+ indep5d5tly work$ out ?is view4 ,autobiography1 ,life & ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #hh471 _h also anticipat$ ,h4,w4 ,bates 9 ! !ory ( ,mimicry3 ,:at a capital pap] y\rs w be on mimetic resemblances6 ,y w make q a new subject ( x4 ,i _h ?\ght ( su* cases z a difficulty2 & once1 :5 correspond+ ) ,dr ,coll+wood1 ,i ?\ght ( y\r explanation2 b ,i drove x f my m9d1 = ,i felt t ,i _h n k to judge "o way or ! o!r4 7,! lett] is dat$ ,sept4 #be1 #ahfa3 ,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #aig47 ,bates read 8 pap] be=e ! ,l9nean ,society1 ,nov4 #ba1 #ahfa1 & ,d>w9's impressions on he>+ x 7 convey$ 9 a lett] to ! au?or dat$ ,dec4 #c3 ,"u a g5]al po9t ( view1 ,i am q conv9c$ 7,hook] & ,huxley took ! same view "s mon?s ago7 t a philosophic view ( nature c solely be driv5 into naturali/s by treat+ special subjects z y h done4 ,"u a special po9t ( view1 ,i ?9k y h solv$ "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ problems :i* c\ld be giv5 to solve4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #cgh47 ,! memoir appe>$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & aft] read+ x ,d>w9 wrote z foll[s1 ,nov4 #bj1 #ahfb3 444 ,9 my op9ion x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & admirable pap]s ,i ev] read 9 my life444 ,i am rejoic$ t ,i pass$ ov] ! :ole subject 9 ! ,orig91 = ,i %\ld h made a preci\s mess ( x4 ,y h mo/ cle>ly /at$ & solv$ a wond]ful problem444 ,y\r pap] is too good to be l>gely appreciat$ by ! mob ( naturali/s )\t s\ls2 b1 rely on x1 t x w h ,,la/+ value1 & ,i cordially congratulate y on y\r fir/ great "w4 ,y w f9d1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 t ,wallace w fully appreciate x4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 pages #cia-cic47 ,f\r days lat]1 ,nov4 #bd1 ,d>w9 wrote to ,hook] on ! same subject3 ,i h n[ f9i%$ 8 pap]444' x seems to me admirable4 ,to my m9d ! act ( segregation ( v>ieties into species 0 nev] s pla9ly br\ght =w>d1 & !re are heaps ( capital miscellane\s obs]vations4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #bad47 ,d>w9 0 "h ref]r+ to ! t5d5cy ( simil> v>ieties ( ! same species to pair toge!r1 & on ,nov4 #be he wrote to ,bates ask+ = full] in=mation on ?is subject4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #bae4 ,see also p>ts ( ,d>w9's lett] to ,bates 9 ,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #cib47 ,if ,bates's op9ion 7 well f\nd$1 sexual selection w\ld be> a mo/ important "p 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( su* species4 7,see ,p\lton1 ,essays on ,evolution1 #aijh1 pages #fe1 #he-hh47 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t ! evid5ce is z yet q insuffici5t to e/abli% ?is conclusion4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ,d>w9 at once fix$ on ! "p ( ,bates's memoir :i* seem$ to be> ^u sexual selection4 ,a review ( ,bates's !ory ( ,mimicry 0 contribut$ by ,d>w9 to ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,review 7,new ,s]4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #ahfc1 page #bai47 & an acc\nt ( x is to be f\nd 9 ! ,orig9 7,edition #ahgb1 pages #cge-cgh47 & 9 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 7,edition #ahgd1 pages #cbc-cbe47 ,d>w9 cont9ually writes ( ! value ( hypo!sis z ! inspiration ( inquiry4 ,we f9d an example 9 8 lett] to ,bates1 ,nov4 #bb1 #ahfj3 ,i h an old belief t a good obs]v] really means a good !ori/1 & ,i fully expect to f9d y\r obs]vations mo/ valuable4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #agf47 ,d>w9's lett] ref]s to _m problems ^u :i* ,bates _h !oris$ & obs]v$1 b z reg>ds ,mimicry itself ! hypo!sis 0 ?\ght out aft] ! return ( ! lett] f ! ,amazons1 :5 he no long] _h ! opportunity ( te/+ x by ! obs]vation ( liv+ ,nature4 ,x is by no means improbable t1 _h he be5 able to apply ?is te/1 ,bates w\ld h recognis$ t 8 division ( butt]fly resemblances into two classes1--"o due to ! !ory ( mimicry1 ! o!r to ! influ5ce ( local conditions1--c\ld n be su/a9$4 ,fritz ,mull]'s contributions to ! problem ( ,mimicry 7 all made 9 ,s4,e4 ,brazil1 & numb]s ( !m 7 communicat$1 ) o!r obs]vations on natural hi/ory1 to ,d>w91 & by him s5t to ,pr(essor ,r4 ,meldola :o publi%$ _m ( ! facts4 ,d>w9's lett]s to ,meldola 7,p\lton1 ,*>les ,d>w9 & ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection1 ,london1 #ahif1 pages #aii-bah47 conta9 abundant pro(s ( 8 int]e/ 9 ,mull]'s "w ^u ,mimicry4 ,"o deeply int]e/+ lett] 7,loc4 cit4 pages #bja1 #bjb47 dat$ ,jan4 #bc1 #ahgb1 proves t ,fritz ,mull] be=e he orig9at$ ! !ory ( ,common ,w>n+ ,col\rs 7,synaposematic ,resemblance or ,mull]ian ,mimicry71 :i* w ev] be associat$ ) 8 "n1 _h conceiv$ ! idea ( ! production ( mimetic lik5ess by sexual selection4 ,d>w9's lett] to ,meldola %[s t he 0 by no means incl9$ to dismiss ! sugge/ion z wor?less1 al?\gh he consid]$ x d>+4 ,y w also see 9 ?is lett] a /range speculation1 :i* ,i %\ld n d>e to publi%1 ab\t ! appreciation ( c]ta9 col\rs be+ develop$ 9 ^? species :i* frequ5tly behold o!r =ms simil>ly ornam5t$4 ,i d n feel at all sure t ?is view is z incr$ible z x may at fir/ appe>4 ,simil> ideas h pass$ ?r\gh my m9d :5 consid]+ ! dull col\rs ( all ! organisms :i* inhabit dull-col\r$ regions1 su* z ,patagonia & ! ,galapagos ,is4 ,a little lat]1 on ,april #e1 he wrote to ,pr(essor ,augu/ ,weismann on ! same subject3 ,x may be suspect$ t ev5 ! habit ( view+ diff]5tly col\r$ surr\nd+ objects w\ld influ5ce _! ta/e1 & ,fritz ,mull] ev5 goes s f> z to believe t ! sight ( gaudy butt]flies might influ5ce ! ta/e ( di/9ct species4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #aeg47 ,?is rem>kable sugge/ion af=ds int]e/+ evid5ce t ,f4 ,mull] 0 n satisfi$ ) ! suffici5cy ( ,bates's !ory4 ,nor is ?is surpris+ :5 we ?9k ( ! numb]s ( abundant conspicu\s butt]flies :i* he saw exhibit+ mimetic lik5esses4 ,! common in/ances 9 8 locality1 & inde$ ev]y:]e 9 tropical ,am]ica1 7 any?+ b ! h>d-press$ /ruggl+ =ms assum$ by ! !ory ( ,bates4 ,!y belong$ to ! gr\ps :i* 7 !mselves mimick$ by o!r butt]flies4 ,fritz ,mull]'s sugge/ion also %[s t he did n accept ,bates's alt]native explanation ( a sup]ficial lik5ess betwe5 models !mselves1 bas$ on "s unkn[n influ5ce ( local physico-*emical =ces4 ,at ! same "t ,mull]'s own sugge/ion 0 subject to ?is app>5tly fatal objection1 t ! sexual selection he invok$ w\ld t5d to produce resemblances 9 ! males r ?an ! females1 :ile x is well kn[n t :5 ! sexes diff] ! females are almo/ inv>iably m p]fectly mimetic ?an ! males & 9 a high proportion ( cases are mimetic :ile ! males are non-mimetic4 ,! difficulty 0 met sev]al ye>s lat] by ,fritz ,mull]'s well-kn[n !ory1 publi%$ 9 #ahgi 7,kosmos1 ,may #ahgi1 page #ajj471 & imm$iately translat$ by ,meldola & br\ght be=e ! ,entomological ,society4 7,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,lond4 #ahgi1 page xx47 ,d>w9's lett] to ,meldola dat$ ,june #f1 #ahgi1 %[s t ! fir/ introduction ( ?is new & mo/ sugge/ive hypo!sis into ?is c\ntry 0 due to ! direct influ5ce ( ,d>w9 himself1 :o br\ght x be=e ! notice ( ! "o man :o 0 likely to appreciate x at its true value & to f9d ! means = its pres5tation to ,engli% naturali/s4 7,*>les ,d>w9 & ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection1 page #bad47 ,( ! hypo!sis itself ,d>w9 wrote ,f4 ,mull]'s view ( ! mutual protection 0 q new to me4 7,ibid4 page #bac47 ,! hypo!sis ( ,mull]ian mimicry 0 at fir/ /rongly oppos$4 ,bates himself c\ld nev] make up 8 m9d to accept x4 ,z ! ,fell[s 7 walk+ out ( ! meet+ at :i* ,pr(essor ,meldola expla9$ ! hypo!sis1 an em95t entomologi/1 n[ deceas$1 0 he>d to say to ,bates3 ,x's a case ( save me f my fri5ds6 ,! new ideas enc\nt]$ & /ill enc\nt] to a great ext5t ! difficulty t ! !ory ( ,bates _h s completely p5etrat$ ! lit]ature ( natural hi/ory4 ,! pres5t writ] has obs]v$ t naturali/s :o h n ?or\ghly absorb$ ! old] hypo!sis are usually f> m impress$ by ! new] "o ?an are ^? ^: allegiance has already be5 r5d]$4 ,! acceptance ( ,natural ,selection itself 0 at fir/ h9d]$ by simil> causes1 z ,d>w9 cle>ly recognis$3 ,if y argue ab\t ! non-acceptance ( ,natural ,selection1 x seems to me a v /rik+ fact t ! ,newtonian !ory ( gravitation1 :i* seems to e "o n[ s c]ta9 & pla91 0 reject$ by a man s extraord9>ily able z ,leibnitz4 ,! tru? w n p5etrate a preoccupi$ m9d4 7,to ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,july #bh1 #ahfh1 ,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #cje4 ,see also ! lett] to ,a4,r4 ,wallace1 ,april #cj1 #ahfh1 9 ,m ,lett]s ,,ii4 page #gg1 l9es #f-h f top47 ,!re are _m naturali/s1 especially /ud5ts ( insects1 :o appe> to ent]ta9 an invet]ate ho/ility to any !ory ( mimicry4 ,"s ( !m are eag] inve/igators 9 ! fasc9at+ field ( geographical di/ribution1 s ess5tial = ! /udy ( ,mimicry itself4 ,! *anges ( patt]n und]gone by a species ( ,erebia z we foll[ x ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! m\nta9 ranges ( ,europe is inde$ a mo/ int]e/+ inquiry1 b n m s ?an ! diff]5ces betwe5 e4g4 ! ,acraea john/oni ( ,s4,e4 ,rhodesia & ( ,kilimanj>o4 ,a naturali/ :o is int]e/$ by ! ,erebia %\ld be equally int]e/$ by ! ,acraea2 & s he w\ld be if ! /ud5t ( mimicry did n also record t ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% ! nor!rn f ! s\!rn individuals ( ! ,african species correspond ) ! pres5ce1 9 ! nor? b n 9 ! s\?1 ( c]ta9 entirely diff]5t butt]flies4 ,t ?is additional in=mation %\ld s greatly weak51 9 c]ta9 m9ds1 ! appeal ( a fav\rite /udy1 is a psy*ological problem ( no little int]e/4 ,?is curi\s antagonism is ,i believe conf9$ to a few /ud5ts ( insects4 ,^? naturali/s :o1 /&+ r f>!r (f1 are able to see ! be>+s ( ! subject m cle>ly1 w usually admit ! g5]al support yield$ by an ev]-gr[+ mass ( obs]vations to ! !ories ( ,mimicry prop\nd$ by ,h4,w4 ,bates & ,fritz ,mull]4 ,9 l mann] natural selection itself 0 9 ! e>ly days (t5 be/ und]/ood & mo/ readily accept$ by ^? :o 7 n naturali/s4 ,?us ,d>w9 wrote to ,d4,t4 ,an/$1 ,oct4 #bg1 #ahfj3 ,i am (t5 9 despair 9 mak+ ! g5]ality ( ,,naturali/s ev5 compreh5d me4 ,intellig5t m5 :o are n naturali/s & h n a bigot$ idea ( ! t]m species1 %[ m cle>ness ( m9d4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #age47 ,ev5 be=e ! ,orig9 appe>$ ,d>w9 anticipat$ ! fir/ results ^u ! m9d ( naturali/s4 ,he wrote to ,asa ,gray1 ,dec4 #ba1 #ahei3 ,i h made up my m9d to be well abus$2 b ,i ?9k x ( importance t my notions %\ld be read by intellig5t m51 accu/om$ to sci5tific argum5t1 ?\gh ,,n naturali/s4 ,x may seem absurd1 b ,i ?9k su* m5 w drag aft] !m ^? naturali/s :o h too firmly fix$ 9 _! heads t a species is an entity4 7,life & ,lett]s ,,ii4 page #bde47 ,mimicry 0 n only "o ( ! fir/ great dep>tm5ts ( zoological k to be /udi$ "u ! inspiration ( natural ,selection1 x is /ill & w always rema9 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & important ( subjects 9 relation to ?is !ory z well z to evolution4 ,9 mimicry we inve/igate ! effect ( environm5t 9 its simple/ =m3 we trace ! effects ( ! patt]n ( a s+le species ^u t ( ano!r f> remov$ f x 9 ! scale ( classification4 ,:5 !re is reason to believe t ! model is an invad] f ano!r region & has only rec5tly become an elem5t 9 ! environm5t ( ! species native to its second home1 ! problem ga9s a special int]e/ & fasc9ation4 ,al?\gh we are *iefly deal+ ) ! fleet+ & *angeable elem5t ( col\r we expect to f9d & we d f9d evid5ce ( a comp>atively rapid evolution4 ,! invasion ( a fre% model is = c]ta9 species an unusually sudd5 *ange 9 ! =ces ( ! environm5t & 9 "s in/ances we h gr\nds = ! belief t ! mimetic response has n be5 long delay$4 ,,mimicry ,,& ,,sex4 ,ev] s9ce ,wallace's classical memoir on mimicry 9 ! ,malayan ,swall[tail butt]flies1 ^? naturali/s :o h writt5 on ! subject h foll[$ 8 int]pretation ( ! m>k$ preval5ce ( mimetic resemblance 9 ! female sex z comp>$ ) ! male4 ,!y h believ$ ) ,wallace t ! great] dang]s ( ! female1 ) sl[] flight & (t5 alight+ = oviposition1 h be5 9 "p met by ! high developm5t ( ?is special mode ( protection4 ,! fact _c be d\bt$4 ,x is extremely common = a non-mimetic male to be accompani$ by a beautifully mimetic female & (t5 by two or ?ree diff]5t =ms ( female1 ea* mimick+ a diff]5t model4 ,! male ( a polymorphic mimetic female is1 9 fact1 usually non-mimetic 7e4g4 ,papilio d>danus m]ope71 or if a mimic 7e4g4 ! ,nymphal9e g5us ,euripus71 resembles a v diff]5t model4 ,on ! o!r h& a non-mimetic female accompani$ by a mimetic male is excessively r>e4 ,an example is af=d$ by ! ,ori5tal ,nymphal9e1 ,ce?osia1 9 :i* ! males ( "s species are r\gh mimics ( ! br[n ,dana9es4 ,9 "s ( ! orb-weav+ spid]s ! males mimic ants1 :ile ! mu* l>g] females are non-mimetic4 ,:5 bo? sexes mimic1 x is v common 9 butt]flies & is also kn[n 9 mo?s1 = ! females to be bett] & (t5 f> bett] mimics ?an ! males4 ,al?\gh /ill believ+ t ,wallace's hypo!sis 9 l>ge "p acc\nts = ! facts briefly summ>is$ above1 ! pres5t writ] has rec5tly be5 l$ to d\bt :e!r x (f]s a complete explanation4 ,mimicry 9 ! male1 ev5 ?\gh less b5eficial to ! species ?an mimicry 9 ! female1 w\ld /ill surely be advantage\s4 ,:y !n is x s (t5 entirely re/rict$ to ! female8 ,:ile ! attempt to f9d an answ] to ?is "q 0 haunt+ me1 ,i re-read a lett] writt5 by ,d>w9 to ,wallace1 ,april #ae1 #ahfh1 conta9+ ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,:5 female butt]flies are m brilliant ?an _! males y believe t !y h 9 mo/ cases1 or 9 all cases1 be5 r5d]$ brilliant s z to mimic "s o!r species1 & ?us escape dang]4 ,b c y acc\nt = ! males n hav+ be5 r5d]$ equally brilliant & equally protect$8 ,al?\gh x may be mo/ = ! welf>e ( ! species t ! female %\ld be protect$1 yet x w\ld be "s advantage1 c]ta9ly no disadvantage1 = ! un=tunate male to enjoy an equal immunity f dang]4 ,= my "p1 ,i %\ld say t ! female alone _h happ5$ to v>y 9 ! "r mann]1 & t ! b5eficial v>iations _h be5 transmitt$ to ! same sex alone4 ,believ+ 9 ?is1 ,i c see no improbability 7b f analogy ( dome/ic animals a /rong probability7 t v>iations lead+ to beauty mu/ (t5 h occurr$ 9 ! males alone1 & be5 transmitt$ to t sex alone4 ,?us ,i %\ld acc\nt 9 _m cases = ! great] beauty ( ! male ov] ! female1 )\t ! ne$ ( ! protective pr9ciple4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 pages #gc1 #gd4 ,on ! same subject--! gay-col\r$ females ( ,pi]is 7,p]rhybris 7,mylo?ris7 pyrrha ( ,brazil71 ,d>w9 wrote to ,wallace1 ,may #e1 #ahfh1 z foll[s3 ,i believe ,i q foll[ y 9 believ+ t ! col\rs are :olly due to mimicry2 & ,i fur!r believe t ! male is n brilliant f n hav+ receiv$ ?r\gh inh]itance col\r f ! female1 & f n himself hav+ v>i$2 9 %ort1 t he has n be5 influ5c$ by selection4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! male ( ?is species does exhibit a mimetic patt]n on ! "u surface4 ,m ,lett]s ,,ii4 page #gh47 ,! consid]ation ( ! facts ( mimicry ?us l$ ,d>w9 to ! conclusion t ! female happ5s to v>y 9 ! "r mann] m commonly ?an ! male1 :ile ! second>y sexual *>act]s ( males support$ ! conviction t f "s unkn[n cause su* *>act]s 7viz4 new *>act]s aris+ 9 "o sex & transmitt$ to x alone7 app>5tly appe> (t5] 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female4 7,lett] f ,d>w9 to ,wallace1 ,may #e1 #ahfg1 ,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 ,page #fa47 ,comp>+ ^! conflict+ argum5ts we are l$ to believe t ! fir/ is ! /rong]4 ,mimicry 9 ! male w\ld be no disadvantage b an advantage1 & :5 x appe>s w\ld be & is tak5 advantage ( by selection4 ,! second>y sexual *>act]s ( males w\ld be no advantage b a disadvantage to females1 &1 z ,wallace ?9ks1 are )held f ?is sex by selection4 ,x is inde$ possible t mimicry has be5 h9d]$ & (t5 prev5t$ f pass+ to ! males by sexual selection4 ,we "k t ,d>w9 0 mu* impress$ 7,desc5t ( ,man1 page #cbe47 by ,?omas ,belt's d>+ & brilliant sugge/ion t ! :ite pat*es :i* exi/1 al?\gh ord9>ily conceal$1 on ! w+s ( mimetic males ( c]ta9 ,pi]9ae 7,dismorphia71 h be5 pres]v$ by pref]5tial mat+4 ,he suppos$ ?is result to h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! females exhibit+ a deep-seat$ pref]5ce = males t display$ ! *ief ance/ral col\r1 inh]it$ f p]iods be=e any mimetic patt]n _h be5 evolv$ 9 ! species4 ,b x has always appe>$ to me t ,belt's deeply int]e/+ sugge/ion requires mu* solid evid5ce & repeat$ confirmation be=e x c be accept$ z a valid int]pretation ( ! facts4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 at any rate ( insects & especially ( ,lepidopt]a1 x is probable t ! female is m apt to v>y ?an ! male & t an important elem5t 9 ! int]pretation ( preval5t female mimicry is provid$ by ?is fact4 ,9 ord] adequately to discuss ! "q ( mimicry & sex x w\ld be necess>y to analyse ! :ole ( ! facts1 s f> z !y are kn[n 9 butt]flies4 ,on ! pres5t occasion x is only possible to /ate ! inf]5ces :i* h be5 drawn f g5]al impressions1--inf]5ces :i* x is believ$ w be su/a9$ by future inquiry4 7#a7 ,mimicry may occasionally arise 9 "o sex because ! diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% x f ! o!r sex happ5 to be su* z to af=d a />t+-po9t = ! resemblance4 ,"h ! male is at no disadvantage z comp>$ ) ! female1 & ! r>ity ( mimicry 9 ! male alone 7e4g4 ,ce?osia7 is evid5ce t ! great pr$om9ance ( female mimicry is n to be ?us expla9$4 7#b7 ,! t5d5cy ( ! female to dimorphism & polymorphism has be5 ( great importance 9 det]m9+ ?is pr$om9ance4 ,?us if ! female appe> 9 two diff]5t =ms & ! male 9 only "o x w be twice z probable t %e w happ5 to possess a suffici5t f\ndation = ! evolution ( mimicry4 7#c7 ,! appe>ance ( melanic or p>tially melanic =ms 9 ! female has be5 ( v great s]vice1 provid+ z x does a *ange ( gr\nd-col\r4 ,?us ! mimicry ( ! black g5]ally r$-m>k$ ,am]ican ,ari/olo*ia swall[tails 7,ph>macophagus7 by ! females ( ,papilio swall[tails 0 probably begun 9 ?is way4 7#d7 ,x is probably incorrect to assume ) ,haase t mimicry always arose 9 ! female & 0 lat] acquir$ by ! male4 ,bo? sexes ( ! ?ird section ( swall[tails 7,cosmodesmus7 mimic ,ph>macophagus 9 ,am]ica1 f> m p]fectly ?an d ! females ( ,papilio4 ,b ?is is n due to ,cosmodesmus pres5t+ u ) a lat] /age ( hi/ory begun 9 ,papilio2 = 9 ,africa ,cosmodesmus is /ill mimetic 7( ,dana9ae7 9 bo? sexes al?\gh ! resemblances atta9$ are imp]fect1 :ile _m ,african species ( ,papilio h non-mimetic males ) beautifully mimetic females4 ,! explanation is probably to be s\ght 9 ! fact t ! females ( ,papilio are m v>iable & m (t5 t5d to become dimorphic ?an ^? ( ,cosmodesmus1 :ile ! latt] gr\p has m (t5 happ5$ to possess a suffici5t f\ndation = ! orig9 ( ! resemblance 9 patt]ns :i*1 f ! />t1 7 common to male & female4 7#e7 ,9 v v>iable species ) sexes alike1 mimicry c be rapidly evolv$ 9 bo? sexes out ( v small beg9n+s4 ,?us ! r$di% m>ks :i* are common 9 _m individuals ( ,lim5itis ar!mis 7 almo/ c]ta9ly ! />t+-po9t = ! evolution ( ! beautifully mimetic ,l4 ar*ippus4 ,nev]!less 9 su* cases1 al?\gh !re is no reason to suspect any great] v>iability1 ! female is commonly a some:at bett] mimic ?an ! male & (t5 a v mu* bett] mimic4 ,wallace's pr9ciple seems "h to supply ! obvi\s int]pretation4 7#f7 ,:5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! patt]ns ( ! model & presum$ ance/or ( ! mimic is v great1 ! female is (t5 alone mimetic2 :5 ! diff]5ce is comp>atively small1 bo? sexes are commonly mimetic4 ,! ,nymphal9e g5us ,hypolimnas is a good example4 ,9 ,hypolimnas itself ! females mimic ,dana9ae ) patt]ns v diff]5t f ^? pres]v$ by ! non-mimetic males3 9 ! sub-g5us ,euralia1 bo? sexes resemble ! black & :ite ,e?iopian ,dana9es ) patt]ns n v dissimil> f t :i* we inf] to h exi/$ 9 ! non-mimetic ance/or4 7#g7 ,al?\gh a melanic =m or o!r l>ge v>iation may be ( ! utmo/ importance 9 facilitat+ ! />t ( a mimetic lik5ess1 x is impossible to expla9 ! evolution ( any detail$ resemblance 9 ?is mann]4 ,& ev5 ! l>ge col\r v>iation itself may well be ! expression ( a m9ute & cont9u\s *ange 9 ! *emical & physical con/itution ( pigm5ts4 ,,sexual ,,selection 7,,epigamic ,,*>act]s74 ,we d n "k ! date at :i* ! idea ( ,sexual ,selection arose 9 ,d>w9's m9d1 b x 0 probably n _m ye>s aft] ! sudd5 fla% ( insight :i*1 9 ,octob] #ahch1 gave to him ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,an excell5t acc\nt ( ,sexual ,selection occupies ! conclud+ p>agraph ( ,"p ,i4 ( ,d>w9's ,section ( ! ,jo9t ,essay on ,natural ,selection1 read ,july #a/1 #aheh1 be=e ! ,l9nean ,society4 7,j\rn4 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #ahei1 page #ej47 ,! pr9ciples are s cle>ly & suffici5tly /at$ 9 ^! brief s5t5ces t x is appropriate to quote ! :ole3 ,besides ?is natural means ( selection1 by :i* ^? individuals are pres]v$1 :e!r 9 _! egg1 or l>val1 or mature /ate1 :i* are be/ adapt$ to ! place !y fill 9 nature1 !re is a second ag5cy at "w 9 mo/ unisexual animals1 t5d+ to produce ! same effect1 namely1 ! /ruggle ( ! males = ! females4 ,^! /ruggles are g5]ally decid$ by ! law ( battle1 b 9 ! case ( birds1 app>5tly1 by ! *>ms ( _! song1 by _! beauty or _! p[] ( c\rt%ip1 z 9 ! danc+ rock-?ru% ( ,guiana4 ,! mo/ vigor\s & heal?y males1 imply+ p]fect adaptation1 mu/ g5]ally ga9 ! victory 9 _! conte/s4 ,?is k9d ( selection1 h[ev]1 is less rigor\s ?an ! o!r2 x does n require ! dea? ( ! less successful1 b gives to !m few] desc5dants4 ,! /ruggle falls1 moreov]1 at a "t ( ye> :5 food is g5]ally abundant1 & p]haps ! effect *iefly produc$ w\ld be ! modification ( ! second>y sexual *>act]s1 :i* are n relat$ to ! p[] ( obta9+ food1 or to def5ce f enemies1 b to fight+ ) or rivall+ o!r males4 ,! result ( ?is /ruggle among/ ! males may be comp>$ 9 "s respects to t produc$ by ^? agriculturi/s :o pay less att5tion to ! c>eful selection ( all _! "y animals1 & m to ! occasional use ( a *oice mate4 ,a full exposition ( ,sexual ,selection appe>$ 9 ! ,! ,desc5t ( ,man 9 #ahga1 & 9 ! greatly augm5t$ second edition1 9 #ahgd4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t ! two subjects1 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex1 seem to fuse some:at imp]fectly into ! s+le "w ( :i* !y =m ! title4 ,! reason = _! association is cle>ly %[n 9 a lett] to ,wallace1 dat$ ,may #bh1 #ahfd3 444 ,i suspect t a sort ( sexual selection has be5 ! mo/ p[]ful means ( *ang+ ! races ( man4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #cc47 ,d>w91 z we "k f 8 ,autobiography 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #id471 0 always greatly int]e/$ 9 ?is hypo!sis1 & x has be5 %[n 9 ! prec$+ pages t he 0 incl9$ to look fav\rably ^u x z an int]pretation ( _m appe>ances usually expla9$ by ,natural ,selection4 ,h5ce ,sexual ,selection1 incid5tally discuss$ 9 o!r sections ( ! pres5t essay1 ne$ n be consid]$ at any l5g?1 9 ! section specially allott$ to x4 ,al?\gh s int]e/$ 9 ! subject & not)/&+ 8 conviction t ! hypo!sis 0 s\nd1 ,d>w9 0 q aw>e t x 0 probably ! mo/ vuln]able "p ( ! ,orig94 ,?us he wrote to ,h4,w4 ,bates1 ,april #d1 #ahfa3 ,if ,i _h to cut up myself 9 a review ,i w\ld h 7worri$87 & quizz$ sexual selection2 !re=e1 ?\gh ,i am fully conv9c$ t x is l>gely true1 y may imag9e h[ pleas$ ,i am at :at y say on y\r belief4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #ahc47 ,! exi/5ce ( s\nd-produc+ organs 9 ! males ( insects 01 ,d>w9 consid]$1 ! /ronge/ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! op]ation ( sexual selection 9 ?is gr\p4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 pages #id1 #ach47 ,su* a conclusion has receiv$ /rong support 9 rec5t ye>s by ! num]\s c>eful obs]vations ( ,dr ,f4,a4 ,dixey 7,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,lond4 #aijd1 page lvi2 #aije1 pages xxxvii1 liv2 #aijf1 page ii47 & ,dr ,g4,b4 ,long/aff 7,proc4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,lond4 #aije1 page xxxv2 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,lond4 #aije1 page #acf2 #aijh1 page #fjg47 on ! sc5ts ( male butt]flies4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ^! naturali/s abundantly confirms & ext5ds ! acc\nt giv5 by ,fritz ,mull] 7,j54 ,zeit4 ,vol4 ,,xi4 #ahgg1 page #ii2 ,trans4 ,ent4 ,soc4 ,lond4 #ahgh1 page #baa47 ( ! sc5ts ( c]ta9 ,brazilian butt]flies4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! app>5tly epigamic sc5ts ( male butt]flies %\ld be pleas+ to man :ile ! app>5tly aposematic sc5ts 9 bo? sexes ( species ) w>n+ col\rs %\ld be displeas+ to him4 ,b ! =m] is f> m surpris+ ?an ! latt]4 ,x is n p]haps a/oni%+ t a sc5t :i* is ex hypo!si unpleasant to an insect-eat+ ,v]tebrate %\ld be displeas+ to ! human s5se2 b x is c]ta9ly wond]ful t an od\r :i* is ex hypo!si agreeable to a female butt]fly %\ld also be agreeable to man4 ,entirely new light ^u ! seasonal appe>ance ( epigamic *>act]s is %$ by ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,c4,w4 ,beebe 7,! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,vol4 ,,xlii4 ,no4 #dic1 ,jan4 #aijh1 page #cd471 :o caus$ ! sc>let tanag] 7,piranga ery?romelas7 & ! bobol9k 7,doli*onyx oryzivorus7 to reta9 _! bre$+ plumage ?r\gh ! :ole ye> by means ( fatt5+ food1 dim illum9ation1 & r$uc$ activity4 ,gradual re/oration to ! light & ! addition ( meal-worms to ! diet inv>iably br\ght back ! spr+ song1 ev5 9 ! middle ( w9t]4 ,a sudd5 alt]ation ( temp]ature1 ei!r high] or l[]1 caus$ ! birds ne>ly to /op fe$+1 & "o tanag] lo/ weight rapidly & 9 two weeks m\lt$ into ! olive-gre5 w9t] plumage4 ,aft] a ye>1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! normal bre$+ season1 individual tanag]s & bobol9ks 7 gradually br\ght "u normal conditions & activities1 & 9 e case m\lt$ f nuptial plumage to nuptial plumage4 ,! dull col\rs ( ! w9t] season _h be5 skipp$4 ,! au?or ju/ly claims to h e/abli%$ t ! sequ5ce ( plumage 9 ^! birds is n 9 any way pr$e/9$ ?r\gh inh]itance4441 b t x may be int]rupt$ by c]ta9 factors 9 ! environm5tal complex4 ,,xvi4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,plants4 ,by ,sir ,william ,?iselton-,dy]1 ,k4,c4,m4,g41 ,c4,i4,e4 ,sc4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species plac$ ! /udy ( ,botanical ,geography on an entirely new basis4 ,x is only necess>y to /udy ! monum5tal ,geographie ,botanique raisonnee ( ,alphonse ,de ,c&olle1 publi%$ f\r ye>s e>li] 7#ahee71 to realise h[ pr(\nd & f>-rea*+ 0 ! *ange4 ,aft] a ma/]ly & exhau/ive discussion ( all available data ,de ,c&olle 9 8 f9al conclusions c\ld only arrive at a deadlock4 ,x is suffici5t to quote a few s5t5ces3-- ,l'op9ion de ,lam>ck e/ auj\rd'hui ab&onee p> t\s les naturali/es qui ont etudie sagem5t les modifications possibles des etres organises444 ,et si l'on s'ec>te des exag]ations de ,lam>ck1 si l'on suppose un premi] type de *aque g5re1 de *aque famille t\t au mo9s1 on se tr\ve encore a l'eg>d de l'orig9e de ces types en pres5ce de la gr&e "q de la creation4 ,le seul p>ti a pr5dre e/ donc d'envisag] les etres organises comme exi/ant depuis c]ta9es epoques1 avec leurs qualites p>ticuli]es4 7,vol4 ,,ii4 page #aajg47 ,review+ ! position f\rte5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,b5?am rem>k$3--,^! views1 g5]ally receiv$ by ! great majority ( naturali/s at ! "t ,de ,c&olle wrote1 & /ill ma9ta9$ by a few1 mu/1 if adh]$ to1 *eck all fur!r enquiry into any connection ( facts ) causes1 & he add$1 !re is little d\bt b t if ,de ,c&olle 7 to revise 8 "w1 he w\ld foll[ ! example ( s _m o!r em95t naturali/s1 &444 insi/ t ! pres5t geographical di/ribution ( plants 0 9 mo/ in/ances a d]ivative "o1 alt]$ f a v diff]5t =m] di/ribution4 7,pres4 ,addr4 7#ahfi7 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 #ahfh-fi1 page lxviii47 ,writ+ to ,asa ,gray 9 #ahef1 ,d>w9 gave a brief prelim9>y acc\nt ( 8 ideas z to ! orig9 ( species1 & said t geographical di/ribution mu/ be "o ( ! te/s ( _! validity4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #gh47 ,:at is ( supreme int]e/ is t x 0 also _! />t+-po9t4 ,he tells u3--,:5 ,i visit$1 dur+ ! voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle1 ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1444 ,i fanci$ myself br\ght ne> to ! v act ( creation4 ,i (t5 ask$ myself h[ ^! _m peculi> animals & plants _h be5 produc$3 ! simple/ answ] seem$ to be t ! inhabitants ( ! sev]al isl&s _h desc5d$ f ea* o!r1 und]go+ modification 9 ! c\rse ( _! desc5t4 7,! ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants 7#bnd edition71 #ahij1 ,i4 pages #i1 #aj47 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ !n1 t 9 writ+ 9 #ahde to ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 he speaks ( t gr& subject1 t almo/ key/one ( ! laws ( creation1 ,geographical ,di/ribution4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #ccf47 ,yet ,de ,c&olle 01 z ,b5?am saw1 unconsci\sly feel+ 8 way1 l ,lyell1 t[>ds evolution1 )\t be+ able to grasp x4 ,!y bo? /rove to expla9 ph5om5a by means ( ag5cies :i* !y saw actually at "w4 ,if ,de ,c&olle gave up ! ultimate problem z insoluble3--,la creation ou premi]e =mation des etres organises e*appe1 p> sa nature et p> son anci5nete1 a nos moy5s d'obs]vation 7,loc4 cit4 page #aajf471 he /eadily endeav\r$ to m9imise its scope4 ,at lea/ half ( 8 great "w is devot$ to ! rese>*es by :i* he extricat$ himself f a belief 9 species hav+ _h a multiple orig91 ! view :i* _h be5 held by successive naturali/s f ,gmel9 to ,agassiz4 ,to acc\nt = ! obvi\s fact t species con/antly occupy dissev]$ areas1 ,de ,c&olle made a m9ute /udy ( _! means ( transport4 ,?is 0 f\nd to dispose ( ! va/ majority ( cases1 & ! rema9d] he acc\nt$ = by geographical *ange4 7,loc4 cit4 page #aaaf47 ,b ,d>w9 /r5u\sly object$ to invok+ geographical *ange z a solution ( e difficulty4 ,he _h app>5tly long satisfi$ himself z to ! p]man5ce ( cont95ts & great oceans4 ,dana1 he tells u 01 ,i believe1 ! fir/ man :o ma9ta9$ ?is 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #bdg4 ,dana says3--,! cont95ts & oceans _h _! g5]al outl9e or =m def9$ 9 e>lie/ "t1 ,manual ( ,geology1 revis$ edition4 ,philadelphia1 #ahfi1 page #gcb4 ,i h no access to an e>li] edition471 b he _h himself probably arriv$ at x indep5d5tly4 ,mod]n physical rese>* t5ds to confirm x4 ,! e>?'s c5tre ( gravity1 z po9t$ out by ,pratt f ! exi/5ce ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 does n co9cide ) its c5tre ( figure1 & x has be5 conjectur$ t ! ,pacific ,ocean dates its orig9 f ! sep>ation ( ! moon f ! e>?4 ,! conjecture appe>s to be unnecess>y4 ,love %[s t ! =ce t keeps ! ,pacific ,ocean on "o side ( ! e>? is gravity1 direct$ m t[>ds ! c5tre ( gravity ?an ! c5tre ( ! figure4 7,report ( ! #gg? ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 7,leice/]1 #aijg71 ,london1 #aijh1 page #dca47 ,i c only summ>ise ! conclusions ( a te*nical b ma/]ly discussion4 ,! broad g5]al features ( ! di/ribution ( cont95t & ocean c be reg>d$ z ! consequ5ces ( simple causes ( a dynamical "*1 & f9ally1 ,z reg>ds ! cont\r ( ! great ocean bas9s1 we seem to be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! e>? is approximately an oblate sph]oid1 b m ne>ly an ellipsoid ) ?ree unequal axes1 hav+ its surface furr[$ accord+ to ! =mula = a c]ta9 sph]ical h>monic ( ! ?ird degree 7,ibid4 page #dcf471 & he %[s t ?is furr[$ surface mu/ be produc$ if ! d5sity is great] 9 "o hemisph]oid ?an 9 ! o!r1 s t ! position ( ! c5tre ( gravity is ecc5tric4 7,ibid4 page #dca47 ,su* a modell+ ( ! e>?'s surface c only be ref]r$ to a primitive p]iod ( pla/icity4 ,if ! furr[s acc\nt = ! great ocean bas9s1 ! disposition ( ! cont95ts seems equally to foll[4 ,sir ,george ,d>w9 has po9t$ out t !y necess>ily arise f a suppos$ primitive viscosity or pla/icity ( ! e>?'s mass4 ,= dur+ ?is c\rse ( evolution ! e>?'s mass mu/ h suff]$ a screw+ motion1 s t ! pol> regions h travell$ a little f we/ to ea/ relatively to ! equator4 ,?is af=ds a possible explanation ( ! nor? & s\? tr5d ( our great cont95ts4 7,encycl4 ,brit4 7#i? edition71 ,vol4 ,,xxiii4 ,tides1 page #cgi47 ,x w\ld be trespass+ on ! prov9ce ( ! geologi/ to pursue ! subject at any l5g?4 ,b z ,wallace 7,isl& ,life 7#bnd edition71 #ahie1 page #ajc471 :o has admirably v9dicat$ ,d>w9's position1 po9ts out1 ! "q ( ! p]man5ce ( our cont95ts444 lies at ! root ( all our inquiries into ! great *anges ( ! e>? & its inhabitants4 ,b he proce$s3 ,! v same evid5ce :i* has be5 adduc$ to prove ! ,,g5]al /ability & p]man5ce ( our cont95tal areas also goes to prove t !y h be5 subject$ to wond]ful & repeat$ *anges 9 ,,detail4 7,loc4 cit4 page #aja47 ,d>w9 ( c\rse w\ld h admitt$ ?is1 = ) a happy expression he insi/$ to ,lyell 7#ahef7 t ! skeletons1 at lea/1 ( our cont95ts are anci5t4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #ace47 ,x is impossible n to admire ! c\rage & t5acity ) :i* he c>ri$ on ! conflict s+le-h&$4 ,b he fail$ to conv9ce ,lyell4 ,= we /ill f9d him ma9ta9+ 9 ! la/ edition ( ! ,pr9ciples3 ,cont95ts !re=e1 al?\gh p]man5t = :ole geological epo*s1 %ift _! positions entirely 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 7,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 7#aa? edition71 ,london1 #ahgb1 ,i4 page #beh47 ,evid5ce1 h[ev]1 /eadily accumulates 9 ,d>w9's support4 ,8 position /ill rema9s inexpugnable t x is n p]missible to invoke geographical *ange to expla9 difficulties 9 di/ribution )\t valid geological & physical support4 ,writ+ to ,mell>d ,reade1 :o 9 #ahgh _h said1 ,:ile believ+ t ! ocean-dep?s are ( enorm\s age1 x is impossible to reject o!r evid5ces t !y h once be5 l&1 he po9t$ out ! /atem5t f ! ',*all5g]' t all s$im5t is deposit$ )9 "o or two hundr$ miles f ! %ores4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #adf47 ,! foll[+ ye> ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie 7,geographical ,evolution1 ,proc4 ,r4 ,geogr4 ,soc4 #ahgi1 page #dbg47 in=m$ ! ,royal ,geographical ,society t ,no "p ( ! results obta9$ by ! ',*all5g]' exp$ition has a pr(\nd] int]e/ = geologi/s & geograph]s ?an ! pro( :i* !y furni% t ! floor ( ! ocean bas9s has no real analogy among ! s$im5t>y =mations :i* =m mo/ ( ! framework ( ! l&4 ,nor has ,d>w9's e>li] argum5t ev] be5 upset4 ,! fact :i* ,i po9t$ out _m ye>s ago1 t all oceanic isl&s are volcanic 7except ,/ ,paul's1 & n[ t is view$ by "s z ! nucleus ( an anci5t volcano71 seem to me a /rong argum5t t no cont95t ev] occupi$ ! great oceans4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #adf47 ,dr ,guppy1 :o devot$ sev]al ye>s to geological & botanical inve/igations 9 ! ,pacific1 f\nd himself =c$ to simil> conclusions4 ,x may be at once obs]v$1 he says1 t my belief 9 ! g5]al pr9ciple t isl&s h always be5 isl&s has n be5 %ak51 & he entirely rejects ! hypo!sis ( a ,pacific cont95t4 ,he comes back1 9 full view ( ! problems on ! spot1 to ! position f :i*1 z has be5 se51 ,d>w9 />t$3 ,if ! di/ribution ( a p>ticul> gr\p ( plants or animals does n seem to accord ) ! pres5t arrangem5t ( ! l&1 x is by f> ! safe/ plan1 ev5 aft] exhau/+ all likely modes ( explanation1 n to invoke ! int]v5tion ( geographical *anges2 & ,i sc>cely ?9k t our k ( any "o gr\p ( organisms is ev] suffici5tly precise to ju/ify a rec\rse to hypo!tical alt]ations 9 ! pres5t relations ( l& & sea4 7,obs]vations ( a ,naturali/ 9 ! ,pacific betwe5 #ahif & #ahii1 ,london1 #aijc1 ,i4 page #chj47 ,wallace cl9*es ! matt] :5 he f9ds almo/ ! :ole ( ! va/ areas ( ! ,atlantic1 ,pacific1 ,indian1 & ,s\!rn ,oceans1 )\t a solit>y relic ( ! great isl&s or cont95ts suppos$ to h sunk b5ea? _! waves4 7,isl& ,life1 page #aje47 ,writ+ to ,wallace 7#ahgf71 ,d>w9 w>mly approves ! =m]'s prote/ aga9/ s9k+ imag9>y cont95ts 9 a q reckless mann]1 z 0 /at$ by ,=bes1 foll[$1 alas1 by ,hook]1 & c>icatur$ by ,wolla/on & 7,&rew7 ,murray4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #bcj47 ,! transport "q ?us became ( enorm\sly enhanc$ importance4 ,we ne$ n be surpris$ !n at 8 writ+ to ,lyell 9 #ahef3--;,i _c avoid ?9k+ t ,=bes's ',atlantis' 0 an ill-s]vice to sci5ce1 z *eck+ a close /udy ( means ( dissem9ation 7,ibid4 ,,ii4 page #gh471 & ,d>w9 sp>$ no pa9s to ext5d our k ( !m4 ,he implores ,hook]1 t5 ye>s lat]1 to admit h[ little is kn[n on ! subject1 & summ>ises ) "s satisfaction :at he _h himself a*iev$3--,rememb] h[ rec5tly y & o!rs ?\ght t salt wat] w\ld soon kill se$s444 ,rememb] t no "o knew t se$s w\ld rema9 = _m h\rs 9 ! crops ( birds & reta9 _! vitality2 t fi% eat se$s1 & t :5 ! fi% are dev\r$ by birds ! se$s c g]m9ate1 etc4 ,rememb] t e ye> _m birds are bl[n to ,madeira & to ! ,b]mudas4 ,rememb] t du/ is bl[n #ajjj miles across ! ,atlantic4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #dhc47 ,x has always be5 ! fa%ion to m9imise ,d>w9's conclusions1 & ^! h n escap$ objection4 ,! advocatus diaboli has a useful function 9 sci5ce4 ,b 9 attack+ ,d>w9 8 brief is g5]ally f\nd to be f\nd$ on a sl5d] basis ( facts4 ,?us ,w+e & ,knud ,&]s5 h exam9$ _m ?\s&s ( migratory birds & f\nd t _! crops & /oma*s 7 always empty4 ,!y nev] obs]v$ any se$s adh]+ to ! fea!rs1 beaks or feet ( ! birds4 7,r4,f4 ,s*>ff1 ,european ,animals1 page #fd1 ,london1 #aijg47 ,! mo/ consid]able inve/igation ( ! problem ( ,plant ,disp]sal s9ce ,d>w9 is t ( ,guppy4 ,he gives a /rik+ illu/ration ( h[ easily an obs]v] may be l$ into error by rely+ on negative evid5ce4 ,:5 ,ek/am publi%$1 9 #ahie1 ! results ( 8 obs]vations on ! plants ( ,nova ,zembla1 he obs]v$ t he possess$ no data to %[ :e!r swimm+ & wad+ birds f$ on b]ries2 & he atta*$ all importance to disp]sal by w9ds4 ,on subsequ5tly visit+ ,spitzb]g5 he mu/ h be5 at fir/ incl9$1 !re=e1 to ! op9ion ( ,na?or/1 :o1 hav+ f\nd only a solit>y species ( bird 7a sn[-sp>r[7 9 t region1 naturally conclud$ t birds _h be5 ( no importance z ag5ts 9 ! plant-/ock+4 ,h[ev]1 ,ek/am's opportunities 7 great]1 & he tells u t 9 ! craws ( six specim5s ( ,lagopus hyp]boreus %ot 9 ,spitzb]g5 9 ,augu/ he f\nd repres5t$ almo/ #be p] c5t4 ( ! usual phan]ogamic flora ( t region 9 ! =m ( fruits1 se$s1 bulbils1 fl[]-buds1 leaf-buds1 etc444 ,! result ( ,ek/am's obs]vations 9 ,spitzb]g5 0 to lead him to atta* a v consid]able importance 9 plant disp]sal to ! ag5cy ( birds2 & :5 9 explanation ( ! ,sc&9avian elem5ts 9 ! ,spitzb]g5 flora he _h to *oose betwe5 a =m] l& connection & ! ag5cy ( birds1 he pref]r$ ! bird4 7,guppy1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 pages #eaa1 #eab47 ,d>w9 object$ to cont95tal ext5sions on geological gr\nds1 b he also object$ to ,lyell t !y d n acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a ( di/ribution on isl&s 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #gg471 su* = example z ! abs5ce ( ,acacias & ,banksias 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,he agre$ ) ,de ,c&olle t x is poor "w putt+ toge!r ! m]ely ,,possible means ( di/ribution4 ,b he also agre$ ) him t !y 7 ! only practicable door ( escape f multiple orig9s4 ,if !y w\ld n "w !n e "o :o believes 9 s+le c5tres w h to admit cont95tal ext5sions 7,ibid4 ,,ii4 page #hb471 & t he reg>d$ z a m]e c\nsel ( despair3--to make cont95ts1 z easily z a cook does pancakes4 7,ibid4 ,,ii4 page #gd47 ,! "q ( multiple orig9s h[ev] pres5t$ itself 9 ano!r %ape :]e ! solution 0 mu* m difficult4 ,! problem1 z /at$ by ,d>w91 is ?is3--,! id5tity ( _m plants & animals1 on m\nta9-summits1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by hundr$s ( miles ( l[l&s444 )\t ! app>5t possibility ( _! hav+ migrat$ f "o po9t to ! o!r4 ,he cont9ues1 ev5 z long ago z #agdg1 su* facts l$ ,gmel9 to conclude t ! same species mu/ h be5 indep5d5tly creat$ at sev]al di/9ct po9ts2 & we might h rema9$ 9 ?is same belief1 _h n ,agassiz & o!rs call$ vivid att5tion to ! ,glacial p]iod1 :i* af=ds444 a simple explanation ( ! facts4 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition7 page #ccj47 ,! simple explanation 0 sub/antially giv5 by ,e4 ,=bes 9 #ahdf4 ,x is sc>cely too mu* to say t x belongs to ! same class ( f]tile & f>-rea*+ ideas z natural selection itself4 ,x is an extraord9>y in/ance1 if "o 7 want$ at all1 ( ,d>w9's magnanimity & int5se mode/y t ?\gh he _h arriv$ at ! !ory himself1 he acquiesc$ 9 ,=bes receiv+ ! well-m]it$ cr$it4 ,i h nev]1 he says1 ( c\rse allud$ 9 pr9t to my hav+ indep5d5tly work$ out ?is view4 ,b he w\ld h be5 m ?an human if he _h n add$3--,i 0 =e/all$ 9444 "o important po9t1 :i* my vanity has always made me regret4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #hh47 ,d>w91 h[ev]1 by apply+ ! !ory to trans-tropical migration1 w5t f> beyond ,=bes4 ,! fir/ enunciation to ?is is app>5tly conta9$ 9 a lett] to ,asa ,gray 9 #aheh4 ,! :ole is too long to quote1 b ! pi? is conta9$ 9 "o p>agraph4 ,!re is a consid]able body ( geological evid5ce t dur+ ! ,glacial epo* ! :ole _w 0 cold]2 ,i inf]r$ t1444 f erratic b\ld] ph5om5a c>efully obs]v$ by me on bo? ! ea/ & we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,n[ ,i am s bold z to believe t at ! height ( ! ,glacial epo*1 ,,& ,,:5 ,,all ,,tropical ,,productions ,,mu/ ,,h ,,be5 ,,consid]ably ,,di/ress$1 sev]al temp]ate =ms sl[ly travell$ into ! he>t ( ! ,tropics1 & ev5 rea*$ ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 & "s few s\!rn =ms p5etrat$ 9 a rev]se direction nor?w>d4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #acf47 ,"h aga9 x is cle> t ?\gh he cr$its ,agassiz ) hav+ call$ vivid att5tion to ! ,glacial p]iod1 he _h himself mu* e>li] grasp$ ! idea ( p]iods ( refrig]ation4 ,putt+ aside ! fact1 :i* has only be5 made kn[n to u s9ce ,d>w9's dea?1 t he _h anticipat$ ,=bes1 x is cle> t he gave ! !ory a g5]ality ( :i* ! latt] _h no conception4 ,?is is po9t$ out by ,hook] 9 8 classical pap] ,on ! ,di/ribution ( ,arctic ,plants 7#ahfj74 ,! !ory ( a s\!rn migration ( nor!rn types be+ due to ! cold epo*s prec$+ & dur+ ! glacial1 orig9at$1 ,i believe1 ) ! late ,edw>d ,=bes2 ! ext5d$ "o1 ( ! trans-tropical migration1 is ,mr ,d>w9's4 7,l9n4 ,trans4 ,,xxiii4 page #bec4 ,! attempt appe>s to h be5 made to claim = ,he] priority 9 :at ,i may t]m = %ort ! arctic-alp9e !ory 7,s*>ff1 ,european ,animals1 page #abh74 ,i f9d no sugge/ion ( 8 hav+ hit ^u x 9 8 correspond5ce ) ,d>w9 or ,hook]4 ,nor am ,i aw>e ( any ref]5ce to 8 hav+ done s 9 8 lat] publications4 ,i am indebt$ to 8 biograph]1 ,pr(essor ,s*rot]1 ( ,zuri*1 = an exam9ation ( 8 e>li] pap]s ) an equally negative result47 ,assum+ t local races h d]iv$ f a common ance/or1 ,hook]'s great pap] plac$ ! fact ( ! migration on an impregnable basis4 ,&1 z he po9t$ out1 ,d>w9 has %[n t su* an explanation meets ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! re/riction ( s _m ,am]ican & ,asiatic arctic types to _! own peculi> longitud9al zones1 & = :at is a f> great] difficulty1 ! repres5tation ( ! same arctic g5]a by mo/ closely alli$ species 9 diff]5t longitudes4 ,! facts ( botanical geography 7 vital to ,d>w9's argum5t4 ,he _h to %[ t !y admitt$ ( explanation )\t assum+ multiple orig9s = species1 :i* w\ld be fatal to ! !ory ( ,desc5t4 ,he _h !re=e to /r5g!n & ext5d ,de ,c&olle's "w z to means ( transport4 ,he refus$ to supplem5t !m by hypo!tical geographical *anges = :i* !re 0 no indep5d5t evid5ce3 ?is 0 simply to attempt to expla9 ignotum p] ignotius4 ,he f\nd a real &1 z x has turn$ out1 a f>-rea*+ solution 9 climatic *ange due to cosmical causes :i* compell$ ! migration ( species z a condition ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! logical =ce ( ! argum5t consi/s 9 disp5s+ ) any viol5t assumption1 & 9 %[+ t ! pr9ciple ( desc5t is adequate to expla9 ! asc]ta9$ facts4 ,x does n1 ,i ?9k1 detract f ! m]it ( ,d>w9's conclusions t ! t5d5cy ( mod]n rese>* has be5 to %[ t ! effects ( ! ,glacial p]iod 7 less simple1 m localis$ & less g5]al ?an he p]haps suppos$4 ,he admitt$ t equatorial refrig]ation444 mu/ h be5 small4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #agg47 ,x may prove possible to disp5se ) x altoge!r4 ,"o _c b regret t z he wrote to ,bates3--! sket* 9 ! ',orig9' gives a v meagre acc\nt ( my full] ,,ms4 essay on ?is subject4 7,loc4 cit47 ,wallace fully accept$ ! effect ( ! ,glacial epo* 9 br++ ab\t ! pres5t di/ribution ( ,alp9e & ,arctic plants 9 ! ,,nor!rn ,,hemisph]e1 b reject$ ! l[]+ ( ! temp]ature ( ! tropical regions dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod 9 ord] to acc\nt = _! pres5ce 9 ! ,,s\!rn hemisph]e4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #be 7footnote #a747 ,! div]g5ce h[ev] does n lie v deep4 ,wallace atta*es m importance to ord9>y means ( transport4 ,if plants c pass 9 consid]able numb]s & v>iety ov] wide seas & oceans1 x mu/ be yet m easy = !m to trav]se cont9u\s areas ( l&1 :]ev] m\nta9-*a9s (f] suitable /ations4 7,isl& ,life 7#bnd edition71 ,london1 #ahie1 page #eab47 ,& he argues t su* p]iodical *anges ( climate1 ( :i* ! ,glacial p]iod may be tak5 z a type1 w\ld facilitate if n /imulate ! process4 7,loc4 cit4 page #eah47 ,x is int]e/+ to rem>k t ,d>w9 drew f ! facts ( plant di/ribution "o ( 8 mo/ +5i\s argum5ts 9 support ( ?is !ory4 7,see ,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #dbd47 ,he tells u1 ,i 0 l$ to anticipate t ! species ( ! l>g] g5]a 9 ea* c\ntry w\ld (t5] pres5t v>ieties1 ?an ! species ( ! small] g5]a4 7,orig91 page #dd47 ,he argues :]e1 if we may use ! expression1 ! manufactory ( species has be5 active1 we ought g5]ally to f9d ! manufactory /ill 9 action4 7,ibid4 page #de47 ,?is prov$ to be ! case4 ,b ! lab\r impos$ ^u him 9 ! /udy 0 imm5se4 ,he tabulat$ local floras belt+ ! :ole nor!rn hemisph]e 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #ajg471 besides volum9\s works su* z ,de ,c&olle's ,prodromus4 ,! results sc>cely fill a c\ple ( pages4 ,?is is a good illu/ration ( ! enorm\s pa9s :i* he took to base any /atem5t on a secure f\ndation ( evid5ce1 & = ?is ! _w1 till ! publication ( 8 lett]s1 c\ld n d him ju/ice4 ,he 0 a great admir] ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ^: prodigality ( orig9al ?\ght a/oni%$ him4 ,b1 he says1 ! reflection con/antly recurr$ to me t ea* sugge/ion1 to be ( real value to s]vice1 w\ld require ye>s ( "w4 7,ibid4 ,,ii4 page #bce47 ,at la/ ! gr\nd 0 cle>$ & we are l$ to ! f9al conclusion4 ,if ! difficulties be n insup]able 9 admitt+ t 9 ! long c\rse ( "t all ! individuals ( ! same species belong+ to ! same g5us1 h proce$$ f "s "o s\rce2 !n all ! gr& lead+ facts ( geographical di/ribution are explicable on ! !ory ( migration1 toge!r ) subsequ5t modification & ! multiplication ( new =ms4 7,orig91 page #cfj47 ,9 ?is s+le s5t5ce ,d>w9 has /at$ a !ory :i*1 z 8 son ,f4 ,d>w9 has said ) ju/ice1 has revolutioniz$ botanical geography4 7,! ,botanical ,"w ( ,d>w91 ,ann4 ,bot4 #ahii1 page xi47 ,x expla9s h[ physical b>ri]s sep>ate & =m botanical regions2 h[ alli$ species become conc5trat$ 9 ! same areas2 h[1 "u simil> physical conditions1 plants may be ess5tially dissimil>1 %[+ t desc5t & n ! surr\nd+s is ! controll+ factor2 h[ insul> floras h acquir$ _! peculi>ities2 9 %ort h[ ! mo/ v>i\s & app>5tly uncorrelat$ problems fall easily & inevitably into l9e4 ,! argum5t f plant di/ribution 0 9 fact irresi/ible4 ,a pro(1 if "o 7 want$1 0 ! imm$iate conv]sion ( :at ,hook] call$ ! /]n ke5 intellect 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #acd47 ( ,b5?am1 by g5]al cons5t ! lead+ botanical sy/emati/ at ! "t4 ,x is a /rik+ hi/orical fact t a pap] ( 8 own _h be5 set d[n = read+ at ! ,l9nean ,society on ! same day z ,d>w9's1 b _h to give way4 ,9 ?is he advocat$ ! fixity ( species4 ,he )drew x aft] he>+ ,d>w9's4 ,we c h>dly realise n[ ! mom5t\s effect on ! sci5tific ?\ght ( ! day ( ! ann\ncem5t ( ! new !ory4 ,ye>s aft]w>ds 7#ahhb7 ,b5?am1 not)/&+ 8 habitual re/ra9t1 c\ld n write ( x )\t emotion4 ,i 0 =c$1 h[ev] reluctantly1 to give up my long-*]i%$ convictions1 ! results ( mu* lab\r & /udy4 ,! revelation came )\t prep>ation4 ,d>w91 he wrote1 nev] made any communications to me 9 relation to 8 views & lab\rs4 ,b1 he adds1 ,i444 fully adopt$ 8 !ories & conclusions1 not)/&+ ! sev]e pa9 & disappo9tm5t !y at fir/ occasion$ me4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #bid47 ,sci5tific hi/ory c h few incid5ts m wor?y4 ,i d n "k :at is mo/ /rik+ 9 ! /ory1 ! pa?os or ! moral dignity ( ,b5?am's attitude4 ,d>w9 necess>ily re/rict$ himself 9 ! ,orig9 to e/abli%+ ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! facts ( di/ribution1 z a "p ( 8 l>g] argum5t1 )\t attempt+ to illu/rate !m 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,?is he appe>s to h contemplat$ do+ 9 a sep>ate "w4 ,b writ+ to ,hook] 9 #ahfh he said3--,i %all to ! day ( my dea? keep up my full int]e/ 9 ,geographical ,di/ribution1 b ,i d\bt :e!r ,i %all ev] h /r5g? to come 9 any full] detail ?an 9 ! ,orig9 to ?is gr& subject4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #g47 ,?is mu/ be always a matt] = regret4 ,b we may ga!r "s indication ( 8 lat] speculations f ! lett]s1 ! c>eful publication ( :i* by ,f4 ,d>w9 has r5d]$ a s]vice to sci5ce1 ! value ( :i* x is difficult to exagg]ate4 ,!y admit u to ! work%op1 :]e we see a great !ory1 z x 71 9 ! mak+4 ,! lat] ideas t !y conta9 7 n x is true public prop]ty at ! "t4 ,b !y 7 communicat$ to ! lead+ biologi/s ( ! day & indirectly h _h a l>ge influ5ce4 ,if ,d>w9 laid ! f\ndation1 ! pres5t fabric ( ,botanical ,geography mu/ be cr$it$ to ,hook]4 ,x 0 a happy p>tn]%ip4 ,! f>-see+1 g5]alis+ p[] ( ! "o 0 suppli$ ) data & *eck$ 9 conclusions by ! va/ detail$ k ( ! o!r4 ,x may be p]mitt$ to quote ,d>w9's g5]\s ackn[l$gm5t :5 writ+ ! ,orig93--,i nev] did pick any "o's pocket1 b :il/ writ+ my pres5t *apt] ,i keep on feel+ 7ev5 :5 diff]+ mo/ f y7 j z if ,i 7 /eal+ f y1 s mu* d ,i owe to y\r writ+s & conv]sation1 s mu* m ?an m]e ackn[l$gem5ts %[4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #adh 7footnote747 ,f\rte5 ye>s be=e he _h writt5 to ,hook]3 ,i "k ,i %all live to see y ! fir/ au?ority 9 ,europe on444 ,geographical ,di/ribution4 7,ibid4 ,i4 page #ccf47 ,we owe x to ,hook] t no "o n[ und]takes ! flora ( a c\ntry )\t indicat+ ! range ( ! species x conta9s4 ,b5?am tells u3 ,aft] ,de ,c&olle1 indep5d5tly ( ! great works ( ,d>w9444 ! fir/ important addition to ! sci5ce ( geographical botany 0 t made by ,hook] 9 8 ,introductory ,essay to ! ,flora ( ,tasmania1 :i*1 ?\gh contemporane\s only ) ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 0 drawn up ) a g5]al k ( 8 fri5d's obs]vations & views4 7,pres4 ,addr4 7#ahfi71 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 #ahfh-fi1 page lxxiv47 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ?is & ! great memoir on ! ,di/ribution ( ,arctic ,plants 7 only less epo*-mak+ ?an ! ,orig9 itself1 & mu/ h suppli$ a p[]ful support to ! g5]al !ory ( organic evolution4 ,d>w9 always ass]t$ 8 entire ignorance ( ,botany4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #djj47 ,b ?is 0 only "p ( 8 con/ant half-humor\s self-depreciation4 ,he _h be5 a pupil ( ,h5sl[1 & x is evid5t t he _h a good work+ k ( sy/ematic botany4 ,he c\ld f9d 8 way ab\t 9 ! lit]ature & always cites ! names ( plants ) scrupul\s accuracy4 ,x 0 because he felt ! want ( su* a "w = 8 own rese>*es t he urg$ ! prep>ation ( ! ,index ,kew5sis1 & und]took to defray ! exp5se4 ,x has be5 ?\ght s+ul> t he %\ld h be5 elect$ a correspondant ( ! ,academie des ,sci5ces 9 ! section ( ,botany1 b x is n surpris+ t 8 "w 9 ,geographical ,botany made ! botani/s anxi\s to claim him4 ,8 he>t w5t ) !m4 ,x has always pleas$ me1 he tells u1 to exalt plants 9 ! scale ( organis$ be+s4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #ih47 ,& he decl>es t he f9ds any proposition m easily te/$ 9 botanical works 7,ibid4 ,,ii4 page #ii47 ?an 9 zoological4 ,9 ! ,introductory ,essay ,hook] dwelt on ! cont9u\s curr5t ( vegetation f ,sc&9avia to ,tasmania 7,introductory ,essay to ! ,flora ( ,tasmania1 ,london1 #ahei4 ,repr9t$ f ! ,botany ( ! ,ant>ctic ,exp$ition1 ,"p ,,iii41 ,flora ( ,tasmania1 ,vol ,i4 page ciii471 b f9ds little evid5ce ( "o 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w1 ,arctic1 ,sc&9avian1 & ,nor? ,am]ican g5]a & species are cont9u\sly ext5d$ f ! nor? to ! s\? temp]ate & ev5 ,ant>ctic zones2 b sc>cely "o ,ant>ctic species1 or ev5 g5us advances nor? beyond ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 7page civ474 ,hook] consid]$ t ?is negativ$ ! idea t ! ,s\!rn & ,nor!rn ,floras h _h common orig9 )9 comp>atively mod]n geological epo*s4 7,loc4 cit47 ,?is is no d\bt a correct conclusion4 ,b x is difficult to expla9 on ,d>w9's view alone1 ( alt]nat+ cold 9 ! two hemisph]es1 ! prepond]ant migration f ! nor? to ! s\?4 ,he sugge/s1 !re=e1 t x is due to ! great] ext5t ( l& 9 ! nor? & to ! nor!rn =ms444 hav+444 be5 advanc$ ?r\gh natural selection & competition to a high] /age ( p]fection or dom9at+ p[]4 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #cdj2 cf4 also ,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #adb47 ,! pres5t /ate ( ! ,flora ( ,new ,zeal& af=ds a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! correctness ( ?is view4 ,x is poor 9 species1 numb]+ only "s #adjj1 ( :i* ?ree-f\r?s are endemic4 ,!y seem h[ev] q unable to resi/ ! invasion ( new com]s & already #fjj species ( =eign orig9 h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ !mselves4 ,if we accept ! g5]al configuration ( ! e>?'s surface z p]man5t a cont9u\s & progressive disp]sal ( species f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 i4e4 s\?w>ds1 seems inevitable4 ,if an obs]v] 7 plac$ above a po9t 9 ,/ ,george's ,*annel f :i* "o half ( ! globe 0 visible he w\ld see ! greate/ possible quantity ( l& spread out 9 a sort ( /ellate figure4 ,! m>itime supremacy ( ! ,engli% race has p]haps fl[$ f ! c5tral position ( its home4 ,t su* a disposition w\ld facilitate a c5trifugal migration ( l& organisms is at any rate obvi\s1 & fluctuat+ conditions ( climate op]at+ f ! pole w\ld supply an effective means ( propulsion4 ,z ^! became m rigor\s animals at any rate w\ld move s\?w>ds to escape !m4 ,x w\ld be equally ! case ) plants if no insup]able ob/acle int]pos$4 ,?is implies a mobility 9 plants1 not)/&+ :at we "k ( means ( transport :i* is at fir/ sight p>adoxical4 ,b5?am has /at$ ?is 9 a /rik+ way3 ,fix$ & immovable z is ! individual plant1 !re is no class 9 :i* ! race is end[$ ) great] facilities = ! wide/ disp]sion444 ,plants ca/ away _! (fspr+ 9 a dormant /ate1 ready to be c>ri$ to any di/ance by ^? ext]nal ag5cies :i* we may deem =tuit\s1 b )\t :i* _m a race might p]i% f ! exhau/ion ( ! limit$ spot ( soil 9 :i* x is root$4 7,pres4 ,addr47#ahfi71 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 #ahfh-fi1 pages lxvi1 lxvii47 ,i h quot$ ?is passage f ,b5?am because x emphasises a po9t :i* ,d>w9 = 8 purpose did n f9d x necess>y to dwell ^u1 ?\gh he no d\bt assum$ x4 ,disp]sal to a di/ance is1 s to speak1 an accid5tal incid5t 9 ! life ( a species4 ,lepidium ,draba1 a native ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,europe1 owes its preval5ce 9 ! ,isle ( ,?anet to ! disa/r\s ,wal*]5 exp$ition2 ! /raw-/uff+ ( ! mattresses ( ! fev]-/rick5 soldi]s :o 7 l&$ !re 0 us$ by a f>m] = manure4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] 7,royal ,in/itution ,lecture1 ,april #ab1 #ahgh47 tells u t l&+ on ,"l ,auckl&'s ,isl&1 :i* 0 un9habit$1 ! fir/ evid5ce ,i met ) ( its hav+ be5 previ\sly visit$ by man 0 ! ,engli% *ickwe$2 & ?is ,i trac$ to a m\nd t m>k$ ! grave ( a ,briti% sailor1 & t 0 cov]$ ) ! plant1 d\btless ! (fspr+ ( se$ t _h adh]$ to ! spade or mattock ) :i* ! grave _h be5 dug4 ,"s migration f ! spot :]e ! individuals ( a species h g]m9at$ is an ess5tial provision aga9/ ext9ction4 ,_! desc5dants o!rwise w\ld be liable to suppression by m vigor\s competitors4 ,b !y w\ld ev5tually be ext+ui%$ inevitably1 z po9t$ out by ,b5?am1 by ! exhau/ion ( at any rate "s "o necess>y con/itu5t ( ! soil4 ,gilb]t %[$ by actual analysis t ! production ( a fairy r+ is simply due to ! us+ up by ! fungi ( ! available nitrog5 9 ! enclos$ area :i* cont9ually enl>ges z !y seek a fre% supply on ! outside m>g94 ,anyone :o cultivates a g>d5 c easily v]ify ! fact t e plant has "s adaptation = v>y+ degrees ( se$-disp]sal4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t sl[ b p]si/5t t]re/rial migration has play$ an enorm\s "p 9 br++ ab\t exi/+ plant-di/ribution1 or t climatic *anges w\ld int5sify ! effect because !y w\ld =ce ! ab&onm5t ( a =m] area & ! occupation ( a new "o4 ,we are compell$ to admit t z an incid5t ( ! ,glacial p]iod a :ole flora may h mov$ d[n & up a m\nta9 side1 :ile only "s ( its con/itu5t species w\ld be able to take advantage ( means ( long-di/ance transport4 ,i h dwelt on ! importance ( :at ,i may call %ort-di/ance disp]sal z a necess>y condition ( plant life1 because ,i ?9k x sugge/s ! solution ( a difficulty :i* leads ,guppy to a conclusion ) :i* ,i am unable to agree4 ,b ! "w :i* he has done tak5 z a :ole appe>s to me s admirable t ,i d s ) ! utmo/ respect4 ,he po9ts out1 z ,b5?am _h already done1 t long-di/ance disp]sal is =tuit\s4 ,& be+ s x _c h be5 provid$ = by previ\s adaptation4 ,he says 7,guppy1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 page #ii473 ,x is n conceivable t an organism c be adapt$ to conditions outside its environm5t4 ,to ?is we mu/ agree2 b1 x may be ask$1 d ! g5]al means ( plant disp]sal violate s obvi\s a pr9ciple8 ,he proce$s3 ,! great v>iety ( ! modes ( disp]sal ( se$s is 9 itself an indication t ! disp]s+ ag5cies avail !mselves 9 a hap-haz>d fa%ion ( *>act]s & capacities t h be5 develop$ 9 o!r connections4 7,loc4 cit4 page #ajb47 ,_! utility 9 ^! respects is an accid5t 9 ! plant's life4 7,loc4 cit4 page #ajj47 ,he attributes ?is utility to a det]m9+ ag5cy1 an influ5ce :i* con/antly reappe>s 9 v>i\s %apes 9 ! lit]ature ( ,evolution & is ultra-sci5tific 9 ! s5se t x b>s ! way to ! se>* = mat]ial causes4 ,he goes s f> z to d\bt :e!r fle%y fruits are an adaptation = ! disp]sal ( _! conta9$ se$s4 7,loc4 cit4 page #ajb47 ,writ+ z ,i am f a hillside :i* is cov]$ by haw?orn bu%es s[n by birds1 ,i confess ,i c feel little d\bt on ! subject myself4 ,! ess5tial fact :i* ,guppy br+s out is t long-di/ance unlike %ort-di/ance disp]sal is n univ]sal & purposeful1 b selective & 9 t s5se accid5tal4 ,b x is n difficult to see h[ "u fav\r+ conditions "o mu/ m]ge into ! o!r4 ,guppy has rais$ "o novel po9t :i* c only be briefly ref]r$ to b :i* is ( extreme int]e/4 ,!re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t fl[]s & insects h mutually react$ ^u "o ano!r 9 _! evolution4 ,guppy sugge/s t some?+ ( ! same k9d may be true ( birds4 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) ! quotation ( a s+le s5t5ce4 ,) ! secul> dry+ ( ! globe & ! consequ5t diff]5tiation ( climate is to be connect$ ! susp5sion to a great ext5t ( ! ag5cy ( birds z plant disp]s]s 9 lat] ages1 n only 9 ! ,pacific ,isl&s b all ov] ! tropics4 ,! *anges ( climate1 birds & plants h gone on toge!r1 ! range ( ! bird be+ controll$ by ! climate1 & ! di/ribution ( ! plant be+ l>gely dep5d5t on ! bird4 7,loc4cit4 ,,ii4 page #bba47 ,d>w9 0 cle>ly prep>$ to g fur!r ?an ,hook] 9 acc\nt+ = ! s\!rn flora by disp]sion f ! nor?4 ,?us he says3 ,we mu/1 ,i suppose1 admit t e y>d ( l& has be5 successively cov]$ ) a bee*-=e/ betwe5 ! ,caucasus & ,japan4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #i47 ,hook] acc\nt$ = ! dissev]$ condition ( ! s\!rn flora by geographical *ange1 b ?is ,d>w9 c\ld n admit4 ,he sugge/$ to ,hook] t ! ,au/ralian & ,cape floras might h _h a po9t ( connection ?r\gh ,abyss9ia 7,ibid4 ,i4 page #ddg471 an idea :i* 0 promptly snuff$ out4 ,simil>ly he rem>k$ to ,b5?am 7#ahfi73 ,i suppose y ?9k t ! ,re/iaceae1 ,proteaceae1 etc41 etc4 once ext5d$ ov] ! :ole _w1 leav+ fragm5ts 9 ! s\?4 7,ibid4 ,i4 page #chj47 ,ev5tually he conjectur$ t !re mu/ h be5 a ,t]ti>y ,ant>ctic cont95t1 f :i* v>i\s =ms radiat$ to ! s\!rn extremities ( our pres5t cont95ts4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #bca47 ,b *>act]i/ically he c\ld n admit any l& connections & tru/$ to float+ ice = transport+ se$4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #aaf47 ,i am f> f say+ t ?is !ory is n des]v+ ( s]i\s att5tion1 ?\gh !re seems to be no positive evid5ce to support x1 & x imm$iately raises ! difficulty h[ did su* a cont95t come to be /ock$8 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 agree ) ,hook] t ! common orig9 ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn floras mu/ be ref]r$ to a remote pa/4 ,t ,d>w9 _h ?is 9 8 m9d at ! "t ( ! publication ( ! ,orig9 is cle> f a lett] to ,hook]4 ,! view :i* ,i %\ld h look$ at z p]haps mo/ probable 7?\gh x h>dly diff]s f y\rs7 is t ! :ole _w dur+ ! ,second>y ages 0 inhabit$ by m>supials1 arauc>ias 7,mem4--,fossil wood ( ?is nature 9 ,s\? ,am]ica71 ,banksia1 etc42 & t ^! 7 supplant$ & ext]m9at$ 9 ! great] area ( ! nor?1 b 7 left alive 9 ! s\?4 7,ibid4 ,i4 page #dec47 ,rememb]+ t ,arauc>ia1 unlike ,banksia1 belongs to ! e>li] ,jurassic n to ! angiosp]m\s flora1 ?is view is a g]m9al idea ( ! wide/ g5]ality4 ,! extraord9>y conge/ion 9 species ( ! p59sulas ( ! ,old ,_w po9ts to ! long-cont9u$ action ( a migration s\?w>ds4 ,ea* is 9 fact a cul-de-sac into :i* !y h p\r$ & f :i* !re is no escape4 ,on ! o!r h& ! high degree ( specialisation 9 ! s\!rn floras & ! little p[] ! species possess ( hold+ _! own 9 competition or 9 adaptation to new conditions po9t to long-cont9u$ isolation4 ,an isl&444 w prev5t free immigration & competition1 h5ce a great] numb] ( anci5t =ms w survive4 7,ibid4 ,i4 page #dha47 ,b v>iability is itself subject to v>iation4 ,! nemesis ( a high degree ( protect$ specialisation is ! loss ( adaptability4 7,see ,lyell1 ,! ,geological ,evid5ces ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man1 ,london1 #ahfc1 page #ddf47 ,x is probable t _m elem5ts ( ! s\!rn flora are doom$3 !re is1 = example1 reason to ?9k t ! s+ul> ,/apelieae ( ,s4 ,africa are a disappe>+ gr\p4 ,! tree ,lobelias :i* l+] 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,c5tral ,africa1 9 ,tropical ,am]ica & 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s h ! aspect ( extreme antiquity4 ,i may add a fur!r /rik+ illu/ration f ,pr(essor ,sew>d3 ,! tall1 graceful fronds ( ,matonia pect9ata1 =m+ m9iature =e/s on ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,ophir & o!r di/ricts 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula 9 association ) ,dipt]is conjugata & ,dipt]is lobbiana1 repres5t a phase ( ,mesozoic life :i* survives ',l a dim picture ( ! dr[n$ pa/4' 7,report ( ! #gcrd ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,assoc4 7,s\?port1 #aijc71 ,london1 #aijd1 page #hdd47 ,! ,maton9eae are f]ns ) an unusually complex vascul> sy/em & 7 abundant 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! ,mesozoic era4 ,x 0 =tunate = sci5ce t ,wallace took up ! task :i* 8 colleague _h ab&on$4 ,writ+ to him on ! publication ( 8 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals ,d>w9 said3 ,i feel sure t y h laid a broad & safe f\ndation = all future "w on ,di/ribution4 ,h[ int]e/+ x w be to see h]eaft] plants treat$ 9 /rict relation to y\r views4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #ab47 ,?is hope 0 fulfill$ 9 ,isl& ,life4 ,i may quote a passage f x :i* admirably summ>ises ! contra/ betwe5 ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn floras4 ,in/ead ( ! enorm\s nor!rn area1 9 :i* highly organis$ & dom9ant gr\ps ( plants h be5 develop$ gift$ ) great colonis+ & aggressive p[]s1 we h 9 ! s\? ?ree comp>atively small & deta*$ areas1 9 :i* ri* floras h be5 develop$ ) ,,special adaptations to soil1 climate1 & organic environm5t1 b comp>atively impot5t & inf]ior beyond _! own doma94 7,wallace1 ,isl& ,life1 pages #ebg1 #ebh47 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ! summ>y ,i h attempt$ to give ( ! hi/ory ( ! subject1 ef=ts h be5 conc5trat$ on br++ into relation ! temp]ate floras ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es1 b no acc\nt has be5 tak5 ( ! ri* tropical vegetation :i* belts ! _w & little to acc\nt = ! orig9al />t+-po9t ( exi/+ vegetation g5]ally4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ on ! "o h& t our detail$ k ( ! floras ( ! tropics is /ill v incomplete & f> inf]ior to t ( temp]ate regions2 on ! o!r h& palaeontological discov]ies h put ! problem 9 an entirely new light4 ,well might ,d>w91 writ+ to ,he] 9 #ahge1 say3 ,_m z h be5 ! wond]ful discov]ies 9 ,geology dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 ,i ?9k none h exce$$ 9 int]e/ y\r results ) respect to ! plants :i* =m]ly exi/$ 9 ! arctic regions4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #bdj47 ,z e>ly z #ahdh ,debey _h describ$ f ! ,upp] ,cretace\s rocks ( ,aix-la-,*apelle ,fl[]+ plants ( z high a degree ( developm5t z ^? n[ exi/+4 ,! fact 0 comm5t$ ^u by ,hook] 7,introd4 ,essay to ! ,flora ( ,tasmania1 page xx471 b its full significance seems to h be5 sc>cely appreciat$4 ,= x impli$ n m]ely t _! evolution mu/ h tak5 place b ! f\ndations ( exi/+ di/ribution mu/ h be5 laid 9 a prec$+ age4 ,we n[ "k f ! discov]ies ( ! la/ fifty ye>s t ! rema9s ( ! ,neocomian flora occur ov] an area ext5d+ ?r\gh #cj deg ( latitude4 ,! conclusion is irresi/ible t )9 ?is 0 its c5tre ( di/ribution & probably ( orig94 ,d>w9 0 imm5sely impress$ ) ! outbur/ on ! _w ( a fully fl$g$ angiosp]m\s vegetation4 ,he w>mly approv$ ! brilliant !ory ( ,saporta t ?is happ5$ z soon 7z7 fl[]-frequ5t+ insects 7 develop$ & fav\r$ int]cross+4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 page #ba47 ,writ+ to him 9 #ahgg he says3 ,y\r idea t dicotyl$on\s plants 7 n develop$ 9 =ce until suck+ insects _h be5 evolv$ seems to me a spl5did "o4 ,i am surpris$ t ! idea nev] occurr$ to me1 b ?is is always ! case :5 "o fir/ he>s a new & simple explanation ( "s my/]i\s ph5om5on4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #bhe4 ,sub/antially ! same idea _h occurr$ e>li] to ,f4,w4,a4 ,miquel4 ,rem>k+ t suck+ insects 7,hau/ellata7444 p]=m 9 nature ! important duty ( ma9ta9+ ! exi/5ce ( ! vegetable k+dom1 at lea/ z f> z ! high] ord]s are conc]n$1 he po9ts our t ! appe>ance 9 great numb]s ( hau/ellate insects occurs at & aft] ! ,cretace\s epo*1 :5 ! plants ) poll5 & clos$ c>pels 7,angiosp]ms7 are f\nd1 & acquire little by little ! prepond]ance 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,ar*ives ,ne]l&aises1 ,,iii4 7#ahfh74 ,engli% translation 9 ,j\rn4 ( ,bot4 #ahfi1 page #aja47 ,ev5 ) ?is help ! abruptness /ill rema9s an almo/ insoluble problem1 ?\gh a =eca/ ( floral /ructure is n[ recognis$ 9 "s ,jurassic & ,l[] ,cretace\s plants4 ,b ! gap betwe5 ?is & ! /ructural complexity & div]sity ( angiosp]ms is enorm\s4 ,d>w9 ?\ght t ! evolution might h be5 accompli%$ dur+ a p]iod ( prolong$ isolation4 ,writ+ to ,hook] 7#ahha7 he says3 ,no?+ is m extraord9>y 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,vegetable ,k+dom1 z x seems to me1 ?an ! ,,app>5tly v sudd5 or abrupt developm5t ( ! high] plants4 ,i h sometimes speculat$ :e!r !re did n exi/ some:]e dur+ long ages an extremely isolat$ cont95t1 p]haps ne> ! ,s\? ,pole4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #bdh47 ,! pres5t tr5d ( evid5ce is1 h[ev]1 all 9 fav\r ( a nor!rn orig9 = fl[]+ plants1 & we c only appeal to ! imp]fection ( ! geological record z a la/ res\rce to extricate u f ! difficulty ( trac+ ! process4 ,b ,d>w9's in/9ct t at "s "t or o!r ! s\!rn hemisph]e _h play$ an important "p 9 ! evolution ( ! vegetable k+dom did n mislead him4 ,no?+ probably w\ld h giv5 him great] satisfaction ?an ! ma/]ly summ>y 9 :i* ,sew>d has br\ght toge!r ! evid5ce = ! orig9 ( ! ,glossopt]is flora 9 ,gondwana l&4 ,a va/ cont95tal area1 ( :i* remnants are pres]v$ 9 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica444 ,a tract ( enorm\s ext5t occupy+ an area1 "p ( :i* has s9ce giv5 place to a s\!rn ocean1 :ile deta*$ masses p]si/ z portions ( m mod]n cont95ts1 :i* h enabl$ u to read 9 _! fossil plants & ice-scrat*$ b\ld]s ! records ( a lo/ cont95t1 9 :i* ! ,mesozoic vegetation ( ! nor!rn cont95t _h its bir?4 7,encycl4 ,brit4 7#aj? edition #aijb71 ,vol4 ,,xxxi4 7,palaeobotany2 ,mesozoic71 page #dbb47 ,d>w9 w\ld probably h demurr$ on physical gr\nds to ! ext5t ( ! cont95t1 & pref]r$ to acc\nt = ! transoceanic di/ribution ( its flora by ! same means :i* mu/ h accompli%$ x on l&4 ,x mu/ 9 fairness be add$ t ,guppy's lat] views give "s support to ! conjectural exi/5ce ( ! lo/ cont95t4 ,! di/ribution ( ! g5us ,damm>a 7,aga?is7 l$ him to modify 8 e>li] conclusions4 ,he tells u3--,9 my volume on ! geology ( ,vanua ,levu x 0 %[n t ! ,t]ti>y p]iod 0 an age ( subm]g5ce 9 ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 & a disbelief 9 any previ\s cont95tal condition 0 express$4 ,my lat] view is m 9 accordance ) t ( ,wi*mann1 :o1 on geological gr\nds1 cont5d$ t ! isl&s ( ! ,we/]n ,pacific 7 9 a cont95tal condition dur+ ! ,palaeozoic & ,mesozoic p]iods1 & t _! subm]g5ce & subsequ5t em]g5ce took place 9 ,t]ti>y times4 7,guppy1 op4 cit4 ,,ii4 page #cjd47 ,! weight ( ! geological evid5ce ,i am unable to scrut9ise4 ,b ?\gh ,i mu/ admit ! possibility ( "s unconsci\s bias 9 my own m9d on ! subject1 ,i am impress$ ) ! fact t ! kn[n di/ribution ( ! ,glossopt]is flora 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e is precisely p>allel$ by t ( ,proteaceae & ,re/iaceae 9 x at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is n unreasonable to suppose t bo? ph5om5a1 s simil>1 may admit ( ! same explanation4 ,i confess x w\ld n surprise me if fre% discov]ies 9 ! di/ribution ( ! ,glossopt]is flora 7 to po9t to ! possibility ( its also hav+ migrat$ s\?w>ds f a c5tre ( orig9 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,d>w91 h[ev]1 rema9$ sceptical ab\t ! travell+ ( plants f ! nor? ,,except ,,dur+ ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,p]iod4 ,b he add$1 su* speculations seem to me h>dly sci5tific1 see+ h[ little we "k ( ! old floras4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #bdg47 ,t 9 lat] geological times ! s\? has be5 ! grave ( ! weak5$ (fspr+ ( ! aggressive nor? c h>dly be d\bt$4 ,b if we look to ! ,glossopt]is flora = ! ance/ry ( ,angiosp]ms dur+ ! ,second>y p]iod1 ,d>w9's prevision might be ju/ifi$1 ?\gh he has giv5 u no clue z to h[ he arriv$ at x4 ,x may be true t te*nically ,d>w9 0 n a botani/4 ,b 9 two pages ( ! ,orig9 he has giv5 u a ma/]ly explanation ( ! relation%ip1 ) v little id5tity1 betwe5 ! productions ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe4 7,pages #ccc1 #ccd47 ,he %[$ t ?is c\ld be acc\nt$ = by _! migration s\?w>ds f a common area1 & he told ,wallace t he d\bt$ mu* :e!r ! n[ call$ ,palae>ctic & ,ne>tic regions ought to be sep>at$4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #bcj47 ,catk9-be>+ decidu\s trees _h long be5 se5 to ju/ify ,d>w9's d\bt3 oaks1 *e/nuts1 bee*es1 hazels1 hornbeams1 bir*es1 ald]s1 will[s & popl>s are common bo? to ! ,old & ,new ,_w4 ,newton f\nd t ! sep>ate regions c\ld n be su/a9$ = birds1 & he is n[ usually foll[$ 9 unit+ !m z ! ,hol>tic4 ,"o feels incl9$ to say 9 read+ ! two pages1 z ,"l ,kelv9 did to a correspond5t :o ask$ = "s fur!r developm5t ( "o ( 8 pap]s1 ,x is all !re4 ,we h only to apply ! pr9ciple to previ\s geological ages to und]/& :y ! flora ( ! ,s\!rn ,unit$ ,/ates pres]ves a ,cretace\s facies4 ,apply+ x /ill fur!r we c und]/& :y1 :5 ! nor!rn hemisph]e gradually cool$ ?r\gh ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 ! plants ( ! ,eoc5e sugge/ a comp>ison ( ! climate & =e/s ) ^? ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ,tropical ,am]ica4 7,clem5t ,reid1 ,encycl4 ,brit4 7#aj? edition71 ,vol4 ,,xxxi4 7,palaeobotany2 ,t]ti>y71 page #dce47 ,writ+ to ,asa ,gray 9 #ahef ) respect to ! ,unit$ ,/ates flora1 ,d>w9 said t no?+ has surpris$ me m ?an ! great] g5]ic & specific aff9ity ) ,ea/ ,asia ?an ) ,we/ ,am]ica4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #dcd47 ,! rec5t discov]ies ( a ,tulip tree & a ,sassafras 9 ,*9a af=d fre% illu/rations4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,asa ,gray f\nd ! explanation 9 bo? areas be+ c5tres ( pres]vation ( ! ,cretace\s flora f a common orig94 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! pap] 9 :i* ?is 0 enunciat$ at once e/abli%$ 8 reputation4 ,9 ,europe ! latitud9al range ( ! great m\nta9 *a9s gave ! ,mioc5e flora no *ance ( escape dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod1 & ! ,m$it]ranean appe>s to h equally int]cept$ ! fl[ ( alp9e plants to ! ,atlas4 7,john ,ball 9 ,app5dix ,g1 page #dch1 9 ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r 9 ,morocco & ! ,great ,atlas1 ,j4,d4 ,hook] & ,j4 ,ball1 ,london1 #ahgh47 ,9 ,s\!rn ,europe ! myrtle1 ! laurel1 ! fig & ! dw>f-palm are ! sole repres5tatives ( z _m great tropical families4 ,ano!r great tropical family1 ! ,gesn]aceae has left s+le repres5tatives f ! ,pyr5ees to ! ,balkans2 & 9 ! =m] a dim9utive yam /ill l+]s4 ,^! are only illu/rations ( ! evid5ce :i* con/antly accumulates & :i* f9ds no rational explanation except t :i* ,d>w9 has giv5 to x4 ,! !ory ( s\?w>d migration is ! key to ! int]pretation ( ! geographical di/ribution ( plants4 ,x d]iv$ enorm\s support f ! rese>*es ( ,he] & has n[ become an accept$ commonplace4 ,saporta 9 #ahhh describ$ ! vegetable k+dom z emigrant p\r suivre une direction det]m9ee et m>*] du nord au sud1 a la re*]*e de regions et de /ations plus favorables1 mieux appropriees aux adaptations acquises1 a meme que la temp]ature t]re/re p]d ses conditions premi]es4 7,orig9e ,paleontologique des arbres1 ,p>is1 #ahhh1 page #bh47 ,if1 z is s (t5 ! case1 ! !ory n[ seems to be a priori inevitable1 ! hi/orian ( sci5ce w n omit to record t ! fir/ g]m sprang f ! bra9 ( ,d>w94 ,9 attempt+ ?is sket* ( ,d>w9's influ5ce on ,geographical ,di/ribution1 ,i h f\nd x impossible to treat x f an ext]nal po9t ( view4 ,8 int]e/ 9 x 0 unflagg+2 all ,i c\ld say became necess>ily a record ( t int]e/ & c\ld n be deta*$ f x4 ,he 0 9 m or less intimate t\* ) ev]yone :o 0 work+ at x4 ,9 read+ ! lett]s we move among/ great names4 ,) an extraord9>y *>m ( p]suasive correspond5ce he 0 con/antly sugge/+1 criticis+ & /imulat+4 ,x is h>dly an exagg]ation to say t f ! quiet ( 8 /udy at ,d[n he 0 f\nd+ & direct+ a wide-_w s*ool4 ,,po/scriptum4 ,s9ce ?is essay 0 put 9 type ,dr ,ern/'s /rik+ acc\nt ( ! ,new ,flora ( ! ,volcanic ,isl& ( ,krakatau 7,cambridge1 #aiji47 has rea*$ me4 ,all botani/s mu/ feel a debt ( gratitude to ,pr(4 ,sew>d = 8 admirable translation ( a memoir :i* 9 its orig9al =m is practically unprocurable & to ! lib]ality ( ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press = its publication4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages ,i h trac$ ! labori\s rese>* by :i* ! me?ods ( ,plant ,disp]sal 7 e/abli%$ by ,d>w94 ,9 ! isl& ( ,krakatau nature has suppli$ a crucial exp]im5t :i*1 if x _h occurr$ e>li]1 w\ld h at once secur$ conviction ( _! effici5cy4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago e trace ( organic life 9 ! isl& 0 de/roy$ & buri$ "u a ?ick cov]+ ( gl[+ /ones4 ,n[1 x is aga9 cov]$ ) a mantle ( gre51 ! gr[? be+ 9 places s luxuriant t x is necess>y to cut "o's way labori\sly ?r\gh ! vegetation4 7,op4 cit4 page #d47 ,ern/ traces m9utely h[ ?is has be5 br\ght ab\t by ! comb9$ action ( w9d1 birds & sea curr5ts1 z means ( transport4 ,! process w cont9ue1 & he concludes3--,at la/ aft] a long int]val ! vegetation on ! desolat$ isl& w aga9 acquire t weal? ( v>iety & luxuriance :i* we see 9 ! fulle/ developm5t :i* ,nature has rea*$ 9 ! primaeval =e/ 9 ! tropics4 7,op4 cit4 page #gb47 ,! possibility ( su* a result reveal$ itself to ! insight ( ,d>w9 ) little enc\ragem5t or support f contempor>y op9ion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts e/abli%$ by ,ern/ is t ?is has n be5 accompli%$ by ! transport ( se$s alone4 ,tree /ems & bran*es play$ an important "p 9 ! colonisation ( ,krakatau by plants & animals4 ,l>ge piles ( float+ trees1 /ems1 bran*es & bamboos are met ) ev]y:]e on ! bea* above high-wat] m>k & (t5 c>ri$ a consid]able di/ance inl&4 ,"s ( ! animals on ! isl&1 su* z ! fat ,iguana 7,v>anus salvator7 :i* suns itself 9 ! b$s ( /reams1 may h travell$ on float+ wood1 possibly also ! ance/ors ( ! num]\s ants1 b c]ta9ly plants4 7,op4 cit4 page #ef47 ,d>w9 actually _h a prevision ( ?is4 ,writ+ to ,hook] he says3--,w\ld x n be a prodigy if an un/ock$ isl& did n 9 ! c\rse ( ages receive coloni/s f coa/s :5ce ! curr5ts fl[1 trees are drift$ & birds are driv5 by gales8 7,m ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #dhc47 ,& t5 ye>s e>li]3--,i mu/ believe 9 !444 :ole plant or bran* be+ wa%$ into ! sea2 ) floods & slips & e>?quakes2 ?is mu/ cont9ually be happ5+4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii4 pages #ef1 #eg47 ,if we give to cont9ually a cosmic measure1 c ! fact be d\bt$8 ,all ?is1 9 ! light ( our pres5t k1 is too obvi\s to u to admit ( discussion4 ,b x seems to me no?+ less ?an pa!tic to see h[ 9 ! tee? ( ! obsession z to cont95tal ext5sion1 ,d>w9 f\ght s+le-h&$ = :at we n[ "k to be ! tru?4 ,guppy's he>t fail$ him :5 he _h to deal ) ! isolat$ case ( ,aga?is :i* alone seem$ inexplicable by kn[n means ( transport4 ,b :5 we rememb] t x is a relic ( ! pre-,angiosp]m\s flora1 & is ( ,arauc>ian ance/ry1 x _c be said t ! impossibility1 9 s prolong$ a hi/ory1 ( ! bodily transf]5ce ( cone-be>+ bran*es or ev5 ( trees1 compels u z a la/ resort to fall back on cont95tal ext5sion to acc\nt = its exi/+ di/ribution4 ,:5 ,d>w9 0 9 ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1 he tells u t he fanci$ himself br\ght ne> to ! v act ( creation4 ,he saw h[ new species might arise f a common /ock4 ,krakatau %[s u an e>li] /age & h[ by simple ag5cies1 cont9ually at "w1 t /ock might be suppli$4 ,x also %[s u h[ ! mix$ & casual elem5ts ( a new colony ent] into competition = ! gr\nd & become mutually adju/$4 ,! /udy ( ,plant ,di/ribution f a ,d>w9ian /&po9t has op5$ up a new field ( rese>* 9 ,ecology4 ,! means ( transport supply ! mat]ials = a flora1 b _! ultimate fate dep5ds on _! equipm5t = ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! :ole subject c no long] be reg>d$ z a m]e /ati/ical inquiry :i* has seem$ d\btless to _m ( some:at arid int]e/4 ,! fate ( e elem5t ( ! e>?'s vegetation has soon] or lat] dep5d$ on its ability to travel & to hold its own "u new conditions4 ,& ! means by :i* x has secur$ success is an ea* case a biological problem :i* dem&s & w rew>d ! mo/ att5tive /udy4 ,?is is ! lesson :i* ,d>w9 has bequea!d to u4 ,x is summ$ up 9 ! conclud+ p>agraph ( ! ,orig9 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #dbi473--;,x is int]e/+ to contemplate a tangl$ bank1 clo!d ) _m plants ( _m k9ds1 ) birds s++ on ! bu%es1 ) v>i\s insects flitt+ ab\t1 & ) worms crawl+ ?r\gh ! damp e>?1 & to reflect t ^! elaborately con/ruct$ =ms1 s diff]5t f ea* o!r1 & dep5d5t ^u ea* o!r 9 s complex a mann]1 h all be5 produc$ by laws act+ ar\nd u4 ,,xvii4 ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,animals4 ,by ,hans ,gad[1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,/rickl& ,curator & ,lectur] on ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,! fir/ g5]al ideas ab\t geographical di/ribution may be f\nd 9 "s ( ! brilliant speculations conta9$ 9 ,buffon's ,hi/oire ,naturelle4 ,! fir/ special treatise on ! subject 0 h[ev] writt5 9 #aggg by ,e4,a4,w4 ,zimm]mann1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,sci5ce at ,brunswick1 ^: l>ge volume1 ,specim5 ,zoologiae ,geographicae ,quadrup$um4441 deals 9 a /ati/ical way ) ! mammals2 important features ( ! l>ge accompany+ map ( ! _w are ! ranges ( m\nta9s & ! names ( hundr$s ( g5]a indicat+ _! geographical range4 ,9 a second "w he laid special /ress on dome/icat$ animals ) ref]5ce to ! spread+ ( ! v>i\s races ( ,mank9d4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> appe>$ ! ,philosophia ,entomologica by ,j4,c4 ,fabricius1 :o 0 ! fir/ to divide ! _w into eight regions4 ,9 #ahjc ,g4,r4 ,treviranus 7,biologie od] ,philosophie d] leb5d5 ,natur1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,gott+51 #ahjc47 devot$ a long *apt] ( 8 great "w on ,biologie to a philosophical & coh]5t treatm5t ( ! di/ribution ( ! :ole animal k+dom4 ,rem>kable progress 0 made 9 #ahaj by ,f4 ,ti$emann 7,anatomie und ,naturges*i*te d] ,vogel4 ,heidelb]g1 #ahaj47 ( ,heidelb]g4 ,few1 if any1 ( ! _m subsequ5t ,orni?ologi/s seem to h appreciat$1 or kn[n (1 ! +5i\s way 9 :i* ,ti$emann m>%all$ 8 /ati/ics 9 ord] to arrive at g5]al conclusions4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 long li/s ( birds arrang$ 9 accordance ) _! occurr5ce 9 "o or m cont95ts3 by correlat+ ! di/ribution ( ! birds ) _! food he concludes t ! c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ ,indian flora h no vegetable fe$]s 9 common ) ,am]ica1 & t x is probably due to ! great peculi>ity ( ! ,african flora t ,africa has few phytophag\s k9ds 9 common ) o!r c\ntries1 :il/ zoophag\s birds h a f> m indep5d5t1 (t5 cosmopolitan1 di/ribution4 ,!re are also rem>kable *apt]s on ! influ5ce ( environm5t1 di/ribution1 & migration1 ^u ! /ructure ( ! ,birds6 ,9 %ort1 ?is anatomi/ dealt ) "s ( ! fundam5tal causes ( di/ribution4 ,:il/ ,ti$emann re/rict$ himself to ,birds1 ,a4 ,desm\l9s 9 #ahbb wrote a %ort b mo/ sugge/ive pap] on ! ,v]tebrata1 omitt+ ! birds2 he combat$ ! view rec5tly propos$ by ! entomologi/ ,latreille t temp]ature 0 ! ma9 factor 9 di/ribution4 ,"s ( 8 t5 ma9 conclusions %[ a peculi> mixture ( evolution>y ideas c\pl$ ) ! conception ( ! /ability ( species3 :il/ ea* species mu/ h />t$ f b "o creative c5tre1 !re may be sev]al analog\s c5tres ( creation s f> z g5]a & families are conc]n$4 ,c\ntries ) diff]5t faunas1 b ly+ )9 ! same climatic zones1 are pro( ( ! effective & p]man5t exi/5ce ( b>ri]s prev5t+ an ex*ange betwe5 ! orig9al creative c5tres4 ,! fir/ book deal+ ) ! geography & classification ( ! :ole animal k+dom 0 writt5 by ,w4 ,swa9son 7,a ,treatise on ! ,geography & ,classification ( ,animals1 ,l>dn]'s ,cab9et ,cyclopa$ia ,london1 #ahce47 9 #ahce4 ,he saw 9 ! five races ( ,man ! clue to ! mapp+ ( ! _w into z _m true zoological divisions1 & he reconcil$ ! five cont95ts ) 8 my/ical qu9>y circles4 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology %\ld h m>k$ a new epo*1 s9ce 9 8 ,elem5ts he treats ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! globe & ! di/ribution ( animals 9 "t1 & 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( _! di/ribution 9 space 9 connection ) ! actual *anges und]gone by ! surface ( ! _w4 ,b z ! sub-title ( 8 great "w ,mod]n *anges ( ! ,e>? & its inhabitants indicates1 he re/rict$ himself to comp>atively m9or *anges1 &1 emphatically believ+ 9 ! p]man5cy ( ! great oceans1 8 num]\s & c>eful int]pretations ( ! effect ( ! geological *anges ^u ! disp]sal ( animals did aft] all advance ! problem b little4 ,hi!rto ! m>9e faunas _h be5 neglect$4 ,?is 0 rem$i$ by ,e4 ,=bes1 :o e/abli%$ n9e homozoic zones1 bas$ ma9ly on ! /udy ( ! mollusca1 ! det]m9+ factors be+ to a great ext5t ! iso!rms ( ! sea1 :il/ ! #be prov9ces 7 giv5 by ! configuration ( ! l&4 ,he 0 foll[$ by ,j4,d4 ,dana1 :o1 tak+ pr9cipally ! ,cru/acea z a basis1 & z lead+ factors ! mean temp]atures ( ! colde/ & ( ! w>me/ mon?s1 e/abli%$ five latitud9al zones4 ,by us+ ^! z divisors into an ,am]ican1 ,afro-,european1 ,ori5tal1 ,arctic & ,ant>ctic realm1 mo/ ( :i* 7 limit$ by an ea/]n & we/]n l&-b\nd>y1 he arriv$ at ab\t ?reescore prov9ces4 ,9 #ahec appe>$ ,l4,k4 ,s*m>da's 7,die geographis*e ,v]breitung d] ,?i]e1 ,wi51 #ahec47 two volumes1 embrac+ ! :ole subject4 ,v>i\s c5tres ( creation be+1 accord+ to him1 /ill traceable1 he =m$ ! hypo!sis t ^! c5tres 7 orig9ally isl&s1 :i* lat] became enl>g$ & jo9$ toge!r to =m ! great cont95ts1 s t ! orig9al faunas c\ld ov]lap & mix :il/ /ill rema9+ pure at _! respective c5tres4 ,aft] devot+ _m *apt]s to ! possible physical causes & modes ( disp]sal1 he divid$ ! l& into #ba realms :i* he %ortly *>act]ises1 e4g4 ,au/ralia z ! only c\ntry inhabit$ by m>supials1 monotremes & meliphag\s birds4 ,t5 ma9 m>9e divisions 7 diagnos$ 9 a simil> way4 ,al?\gh "s ( ^! realms 7 n badly select$ f ! po9t ( view ( be+ applicable to m ?an "o class ( animals1 !y 7 obvi\sly too num]\s = g5]al purposes1 & ?is drawback 0 ov]come1 9 #aheg1 by ,p4,l4 ,sclat]4 7,on ! g5]al ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ! memb]s ( ! class ,aves1 ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 7,zoology ,,ii4 #aheh1 pages #acj-ade477 ,/>t+ ) ! idea1 t ea* species mu/ h be5 creat$ )9 & ov] ! geographical area1 :i* x n[ occupies1 he conclud$ t ! mo/ natural prim>y ontological divisions ( ! ,e>?'s surface 7 ^? six regions1 :i* s9ce _! adoption by ,wallace 9 8 epo*-mak+ "w1 h become classical4 ,broadly speak+1 ^! six regions are equival5t to ! great masses ( l&2 !y are conv5i5t t]ms = geographical facts1 especially s9ce ! ,palae>ctic region expresses ! unity ( ,europe ) ! bulk ( ,asia4 ,sclat] fur!r brigad$ ! regions ( ! ,old ,_w z ,palaeogaea & ! two ,am]icas z ,neogaea1 a fundam5tal mi/ake1 ju/ifiable to a c]ta9 ext5t only s9ce he bas$ 8 regions ma9ly ^u ! pres5t di/ribution ( ! ,pass]9e birds4 ,un=tunately ^! six regions are n ( equal value4 ,! ,indian c\ntries & ! ,e?iopian region 7,africa s\? ( ! ,sah>a7 are obvi\sly no?+ b ! tropical1 s\!rn cont9uations or app5dages ( "o great] complex4 ,fur!r1 ! great ea/]n mass ( l& is s intimately connect$ ) ,nor? ,am]ica t ?is cont95t has mu* m 9 common ) ,europe & ,asia ?an ) ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,!re=e1 in/ead ( divid+ ! _w longitud9ally z ,sclat] _h done1 ,huxley1 9 #ahfh 7,on ! classification & di/ribution ( ! ,alectoromorphae & ,het]omorphae1 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 #ahfh1 page #bid471 gave weighty reasons = divid+ x transv]sely4 ,accord+ly he e/abli%$ two prim>y divisions1 ,arctogaea or ! ,nor? _w 9 a wid] s5se1 compris+ ,sclat]'s ,indian1 ,african1 ,palae>ctic & ,ne>tic regions2 & ,notogaea1 ! ,s\!rn _w1 :i* he divid$ into 7#a7 ,au/ro-,columbia 7an un=tunate sub/itute = ! neotropical region71 7#b7 ,au/ralasia1 & 7#c7 ,new ,zeal&1 ! numb] ( big regions ?us be+ r$uc$ to ?ree b = ! sep>ation ( ,new ,zeal& ^u r negative *>act]s4 ,sclat] 0 ! fir/ to accept ^! f\r great regions & %[$1 9 #ahgd 7,! geographical di/ribution ( ,mammals1 ,man*e/] ,sci5ce ,lectures1 #ahgd471 t !y 7 well borne out by ! pres5t di/ribution ( ! ,mammals4 ,al?\gh applicable to v>i\s o!r gr\ps ( animals1 = in/ance to ! tailless ,amphibia & to ,birds 7,huxley himself _h be5 l$ to f\nd 8 two fundam5tal divisions on ! di/ribution ( ! ,gall9ace\s birds71 ! comb9ation ( ,s\? ,am]ica ) ,au/ralia 0 gradually f\nd to be too sweep+ a measure4 ,! obvi\s & satisfactory solution 0 provid$ by ,w4,t4 ,blan=d 7,anniv]s>y address 7,geological ,society1 #ahhi71 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #ahhi-ij1 page #fg2 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,,xlvi #ahij471 :o 9 #ahij recognis$ ?ree ma9 divisions1 namely ,au/ralian1 ,s\? ,am]ican1 & ! re/1 = :i* ! already exi/+ t]ms 7al?\gh us$ p>tly 9 a new s5se1 z propos$ by an anonym\s writ] 9 ,natural ,sci5ce1 ,,iii4 page #bhi7 ,notogaea1 ,neogaea & ,arctogaea h be5 gladly accept$ by a numb] ( ,engli% writ]s4 ,aft] ?is hi/orical survey ( ! se>* = l>g] & l>ge/ or fundam5tal c5tres ( animal creation1 :i* result$ 9 ! mapp+ ( ! _w into zoological regions & realms ( aft] all d\btful value1 we h to return to ! ye> #aheh4 ,! elev5? & twelf? *apt]s ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#ahei71 deal+ ) ,geographical ,di/ribution1 are bas$ ^u a great am\nt ( obs]vation1 exp]im5t & read+4 ,z ,d>w9's ma9 problem 0 ! orig9 ( species1 nature's way ( mak+ species by gradual *anges f o!rs previ\sly exi/+1 he _h to dispose ( ! view1 held univ]sally1 ( ! indep5d5t creation ( ea* species & at ! same "t to insi/ ^u a s+le c5tre ( creation = ea* species2 & 9 ord] to emphasise 8 ma9 po9t1 ! !ory ( desc5t1 he _h to disall[ conv]g5t1 or z !y 7 !n call$1 analog\s =ms4 ,to appreciate ! difficulty ( 8 position we h to take ! /&po9t ( fifty ye>s ago1 :5 ! immutability ( ! species 0 an axiom & ea* 0 suppos$ to h be5 creat$ )9 or ov] ! geographical area :i* x n[ occupies4 ,if he once admitt$ t a species c\ld arise f _m individuals in/ead ( f "o pair1 !re 0 no way ( %utt+ ! door aga9/ ! possibility t ^! individuals may h be5 s num]\s t !y occupi$ a v l>ge di/rict1 ev5 s l>ge t x _h become z discont9u\s z ! di/ribution ( _m a species actually is4 ,su* a concession w\ld at once be tak5 z an admission ( multiple1 indep5d5t1 orig9 in/ead ( desc5t 9 ,d>w9's s5se4 ,= ! s-call$ multiple1 indep5d5tly repeat$ creation ( species z an explanation ( _! v wide & (t5 q discont9u\s di/ribution1 he sub/itut$ colonisation f ! ne>e/ & readie/ s\rce toge!r ) subsequ5t modification & bett] adaptation to _! new home4 ,he 0 ! fir/ s]i\sly to call att5tion to ! _m accid5tal means1 :i* m prop]ly %\ld be call$ occasional means ( di/ribution1 especially to oceanic isl&s4 ,8 specific1 ev5 individual1 c5tres ( creation made migrations all ! m necess>y1 b _! ext5t 0 sadly baulk$ by ! prevail+ dogma ( ! p]man5cy ( ! oceans4 ,any numb] ( small *anges 7_m isl&s hav+ exi/$ z halt+ places1 ( :i* n a wreck n[ rema9s 7,! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#a/ edition71 page #cif4747 7 conc$$ freely1 b few1 if any1 great en\gh to p]mit migration ( truly t]re/rial creatures4 ,! only means ( gett+ across ! gaps 0 by ! pr9ciple ( ! flotsam & jetsam1 a !ory :i* ,d>w9 took ov] f ,lyell & fur!r elaborat$ s z to make x applicable to _m k9ds ( plants & animals1 b sadly defici5t1 (t5 grotesque1 9 ! case ( mo/ t]re/rial creatures4 ,ano!r v f]tile s\rce 0 ,d>w9's /rong insi/5ce ^u ! great influ5ce :i* ! la/ glacial epo* mu/ h _h ^u ! di/ribution ( animals & plants4 ,:y 0 ! migration ( nor!rn creatures s\?w>ds ( f>-rea*+ & mo/ significant importance8 ,m nor!rn]s h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 s\!rn l&s ?an vice v]sa1 because !re is su* a great mass ( l& 9 ! nor? & great] cont95ts imply great] int5sity ( selection4 ,! productions ( real isl&s h ev]y:]e l>gely yield$ to cont95tal =ms4 7,ibid4 page #chj47444 ,! ,alp9e =ms h almo/ ev]y:]e l>gely yield$ to ! m dom9ant =ms g5]at$ 9 ! l>g] areas & m effici5t work%ops ( ! ,nor?4 ,let u n[ pass 9 rapid survey ! influ5ce ( ! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species ^u ! /udy ( ,geographical ,di/ribution 9 its wid] s5se4 ,hi!rto ! foll[+ ?\ght ran ?r\gh ! m9ds ( mo/ writ]s3 ,:]ev] we exam9e two or m widely sep>at$ c\ntries _! respective faunas are v diff]5t1 b :]e two faunas c come into contact ) ea* o!r1 !y int]m+le4 ,consequ5tly ^! faunas repres5t c5tres ( creation1 :5ce ! compon5t creatures h spread p]iph]ally s f> z exi/+ b\nd>ies all[$ !m to d s4 ,?is is ( c\rse ! fundam5tal idea ( regions4 ,!re is n "o ( ! num]\s writ]s :o consid]$ ! possibility t ^! int]m$iate belts might repres5t n a mixture ( species b transitional =ms1 ! result ( *anges und]gone by ! mo/ p]iph]al migrants 9 adaptation to _! new surr\nd+s4 ,! usual /&po9t 0 also t ( ,pu*]an 7,note sur l'equateur zoologique1 ,rev4 et ,mag4 de ,zoologie1 #ahee2 also sev]al o!r pap]s1 ibid4 #ahfe1 #ahff1 & #ahfg47 9 #ahee4 ,b :at a *ange )9 ! next t5 ye>s6 ,pu*]an expla9s ! agreem5t 9 coloration betwe5 ! des]t & its fauna z une h>monie po/-etablie2 ! ,sah>a1 =m]ly a m>9e bas91 0 peopl$ by immigrants f ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 & ^! new animals adapt$ !mselves to ! new environm5t4 ,he also discusses1 among o!r simil> que/ions1 ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama ) reg>d to its hav+ once be5 a /rait4 ,f ! same au?or may be quot$ ! foll[+ passage z a /rong pro( ( ! new influ5ce3 ,by ! radiation ( ! contemporane\s faunas1 ea* f "o c5tre1 :5ce z ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w successively 7 =m$ & became habitable1 !y spread & became modifi$ accord+ to ! local physical conditions4 ,! multiple orig9 ( ea* species z advocat$ by ,sclat] & ,murray1 al?\gh giv+ ! species a broad] basis1 suff]$ f ! same difficulties4 ,!re 0 only "o alt]native to ! old or?odox view ( indep5d5t creation1 namely ! bold acceptance ( l&-connections to an ext5t = :i* geological & palaeontological sci5ce 0 n yet ripe4 ,^? :o %rank f ei!r view1 gave up ! problem z my/]i\s & beyond ! human intellect4 ,?is 0 ! express$ op9ion ( m5 l ,swa9son1 ,lyell & ,humboldt4 ,only ,d>w9 _h ! c\rage to say t ! problem 0 n insoluble4 ,if we admit t 9 ! long c\rse ( "t ! individuals ( ! same species1 & likewise ( alli$ species1 h proce$$ f "s "o s\rce2 !n ,i ?9k all ! gr& lead+ facts ( geographical di/ribution are explicable on ! !ory ( migration444 toge!r ) subsequ5t modification & ! multiplication ( new =ms4 ,we c ?us und]/& h[ x is t 9 "s c\ntries ! inhabitants are l9k$ to ! ext9ct be+s :i* =m]ly inhabit$ ! same cont95t4 ,we c see :y two areas1 hav+ ne>ly ! same physical conditions1 %\ld (t5 be inhabit$ by v diff]5t =ms ( life1444 & we c see :y 9 two areas1 h[ev] di/ant f ea* o!r1 !re %\ld be a correlation1 9 ! pres5ce ( id5tical species444 & ( di/9ct b repres5tative species4 7,! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#a/ edition71 pages #djh1 #dji47 ,d>w9's reluctance to assume great geological *anges1 su* z a l&-connection ( ,europe ) ,nor? ,am]ica1 is easily expla9$ by ! fact t he re/rict$ himself to ! di/ribution ( ! pres5t & comp>atively rec5t species4 ,i d n believe t x w ev] be prov$ t )9 ! rec5t p]iod cont95ts :i* are n[ q sep>ate1 h be5 cont9u\sly1 or almo/ cont9u\sly1 unit$ ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! _m exi/+ oceanic isl&s4 7,ibid4 page #ceg47 ,aga91 believ+444 t our cont95ts h long rema9$ 9 ne>ly ! same relative position1 ?\gh subject$ to l>ge1 b p>tial oscillations ( level1 t means to say )9 ! p]iod ( exi/+ species1 or )9 ! rec5t p]iod4 7,ibid4 page4 #cgj47 ,! difficulty 0 to a great ext5t "o ( 8 own mak+4 ,:il/ almo/ ev]ybody else believ$ 9 ! immutability ( ! species1 :i* implies an enorm\s age1 logically s9ce ! dawn ( creation1 to him ! actually exi/+ species z ! late/ results ( evolution1 7 necess>ily some?+ v new1 s "y t only ! v late/ ( ! geological epo*s c\ld h affect$ !m4 ,x has s9ce come to our k t a great numb] ( t]re/rial rec5t species1 ev5 ^? ( ! high] classes ( ,v]tebrates1 date mu* f>!r back ?an _h be5 ?\ght possible4 ,_m ( !m rea* well into ! ,mioc5e1 a "t s9ce :i* ! _w seems to h assum$ ! ma9 outl9es ( ! pres5t cont95ts4 ,9 ! ye> #ahff appe>$ ,a4 ,murray's "w on ! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,mammals1 a book :i* has p]haps receiv$ less recognition ?an x des]ves4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! g5]al introductory que/ions m>ks a consid]able advance ( our problem1 al?\gh1 & p>tly because1 he did n entirely agree ) ,d>w9's views z laid d[n 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 :i* aft] all 0 ! great impulse giv5 to ,murray's "w4 ,l ,=bes he did n %r9k f assum+ enorm\s *anges 9 ! configuration ( ! cont95ts & oceans because ! !ory ( desc5t1 ) its necess>y po/ulate ( great migrations1 requir$ !m4 ,he /at$1 = in/ance1 t a ,mioc5e ,atlantis suffici5tly expla9s ! common di/ribution ( animals & plants 9 ,europe & ,am]ica up to ! glacial epo*4 ,& next he consid]s h[1 & by :at *anges1 ! rehabilitation & di/ribution ( ^! l&s !mselves 7 effect$ subsequ5t to t p]iod4 ,fur!r1 he des]ves cr$it = hav+ cle>$ up a misund]/&+ ( ! idea ( specific c5tres ( creation4 ,:il/ = in/ance ,s*m>da assum$ )\t hesitation t ! same species1 if occurr+ at places sep>at$ by great di/ances1 or app>5tly insurm\ntable b>ri]s1 _h be5 !re creat$ indep5d5tly 7multiple c5tres71 ,lyell & ,d>w9 held t ea* species _h only "o s+le c5tre1 & ) ?is view mo/ ( u agree1 b _! />t+ po9t 0 to !m repres5t$ by "o individual1 or r "o s+le pair4 ,accord+ to ,murray1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is c5tre ( a species is =m$ by all ! individuals ( a species1 all ( :i* equally und]go ^? *anges :i* new conditions may impose ^u !m4 ,9 ?is respect a new species has a multiple orig91 b ?is 9 a s5se v diff]5t f t :i* 0 upheld by ,l4 ,agassiz4 ,z ,murray himself puts x3 ,to my multiple orig91 communication & direct d]ivation is ess5tial4 ,! species is comp\nd$ ( _m influ5ces br\ght toge!r ?r\gh _m individuals1 & di/ill$ by ,nature into "o species2 &1 be+ once e/abli%$ x may roam & spread :]ev] x f9ds ! conditions ( life n mat]ially diff]5t f ^? ( its orig9al c5tre4 7,murray1 ,! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,mammals1 page #ad4 ,london1 #ahff47 ,?is decl>ation fairly agrees ) m mod]n views1 & x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! application ( ! s+le-c5tre pr9ciple to ! g5]a1 families & l>g] gr\ps 9 ! se>* = desc5t inevitably leads to "o creative c5tre = ! :ole animal k+dom1 a condition z unw>rantable z ! my? ( ,adam & ,eve be+ ! fir/ repres5tatives ( ,mank9d4 ,x looks z if x _h requir$ almo/ t5 ye>s = ,! ,orig9 ( ,species to %[ its full effect1 s9ce ! ye> #ahfh m>ks ! publication ( ,haeckel's ,naturli*e ,s*oepfungsges*i*te 9 addition to o!r great works4 ,! t]ms ,oecology 7! relation ( organisms to _! environm5t7 & ,*orology 7_! di/ribution 9 space7 _h be5 giv5 u 9 8 ,g5]elle ,morphologie 9 #ahff4 ,! f\rte5? *apt] ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,creation is devot$ to ! di/ribution ( organisms1 _! *orology1 ) ! emphatic ass]tion t n until ,d>w9 c *orology be spok5 ( z a sep>ate sci5ce1 s9ce he suppli$ ! act+ causes = ! elucidation ( ! hi!rto accumulat$ mass ( facts4 ,a map 7a hypo!tical sket*7 %[s ! monophyletic orig9 & ! r\tes ( di/ribution ( ,man4 ,natural ,selection may be all-mighty1 all-suffici5t1 b x requires "t1 s mu* t ! c\ntless aeons requir$ = ! evolution ( ! pres5t fauna 7 soon felt to be "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s drawbacks ( ! !ory4 ,!re=e e help to ease & %ort5 ?is process %\ld h be5 welcom$4 ,9 #ahfh ,m4 ,wagn] 7,! fir/ to =mulate cle>ly ! fundam5tal idea ( a !ory ( migration & its importance 9 ! orig9 ( new species 0 ,l4 von ,bu*1 :o 9 8 ,physikalis*e ,bes*reibung d] ,can>is*5 ,inseln1 writt5 9 #ahbe1 wrote z foll[s3 ,^u ! cont95ts ! individuals ( ! g5]a by spread+ f>1 =m1 ?r\gh diff]5ces ( ! locality1 food & soil1 v>ieties :i* f9ally become con/ant z new species1 s9ce ow+ to ! di/ances !y c\ld nev] be cross$ ) o!r v>ieties & ?us be br\ght back to ! ma9 type4 ,next !y may aga91 p]haps ^u diff]5t roads1 return to ! old home :]e !y f9d ! old type likewise *ang$1 bo? hav+ become s diff]5t t !y c int]bre$ no long]4 ,n s ^u isl&s1 :]e ! individuals %ut up 9 n>r[ valleys or )9 n>r[ di/ricts1 c always meet "o ano!r & !reby de/roy e new attempt t[>ds ! fix+ ( a new v>iety4 ,cle>ly von ,bu* expla9s "h :y isl& types rema9 fix$1 & :y ^! types !mselves h become s diff]5t f _! cont95tal cong5]s4--,actually von ,bu* is aw>e ( a mo/ important po9t1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! process ( developm5t :i* exi/s betwe5 a new species b1 :i* is ! result ( an ance/ral species a hav+ itself *ang$ into b & !reby vani%$ itself1 & a new species c :i* arose ?r\gh sep>ation out ( ! same ance/ral a1 :i* itself p]si/s z su* unalt]$4 ,von ,bu*'s prophetic view seems to h escap$ ,lyell's & ev5 ,wagn]'s notice47 came to ! rescue ) 8 ,d>w9's*e ,!orie und das ,migrations-,gesetz d] ,organism54 7,leipzig1 #ahfh47 ,he %[s t migration1 i4e4 *ange ( locality1 implies new environm5tal conditions 7nev] m9d :e!r ^! be new /imuli to v>iation1 or only act+ z _! selectors or c5sors71 & moreov] secures sep>ation f ! orig9al /ock & ?us elim9ates or less5s ! reaction>y dang]s ( panmixia4 ,d>w9 accept$ ,wagn]'s !ory z advantage\s4 ,?r\gh ! heat$ polemics ( ! m ard5t selectioni/s ,wagn]'s !ory came to gr[ into an alt]native in/ead ( a help to ! !ory ( selectional evolution4 ,sep>ation is n[ rightly consid]$ a mo/ important factor by mod]n /ud5ts ( geographical di/ribution4 ,= ! same ye>1 #ahfh1 we h to m5tion ,huxley1 ^: ,arctogaea & ,notogaea are no?+ less ?an ! recon/ruct$ ma9 masses ( l& ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod4 ,beyond d\bt ! configuration ( l& at t remote p]iod has left recognisable traces 9 ! pres5t cont95ts1 b :e!r !y c acc\nt = ! di/ribution ( su* a mu* lat] gr\p z ! ,gall9ace\s birds is m ?an que/ionable4 ,9 any case he took = 8 text a l>ge natural gr\p ( birds1 cosmopolitan z a :ole1 b ) a /rik+ di/ribution4 ,! ,p]i/]opodes1 or pigeon-foot$ division1 are re/rict$ to ! ,au/ralian & ,neotropical regions1 9 di/9ction to ! ,alectoropodes 7) ! hallux ins]t$ at a level above ! front toes7 :i* inhabit ! :ole ( ! ,arctogaea1 only a few memb]s hav+ spread into ! ,s\? ,_w4 ,fur!r1 z ,asia alone has its ,pheasants & allies1 s is ,africa *>act]is$ by its ,gu9ea-f[ls & relations1 ,am]ica has ! ,turkey z an endemic g5us1 & ! ,gr\se tribe 9 a wid] s5se has its c5tre 9 ! hol>ctic region3 a spl5did object lesson ( desc5t1 _w-wide spread+ & subsequ5t diff]5tiation4 ,huxley1 by ! way1 0 ! fir/--at lea/ 9 private talk--to /ate t x w be = ! morphologi/1 ! well-tra9$ anatomi/1 to give ! ca/+ vote 9 que/ions ( geographical di/ribution1 s9ce he alone c det]m9e :e!r we h to deal ) homolog\s1 or analog\s1 conv]g5t1 repres5tative =ms4 ,x seems late to introduce ,wallace's "n 9 #ahgf1 ! ye> ( ! publication ( 8 /&>d "w4 7,! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals1 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahgf47 ,we _c d bett] ?an quote ! au?or's own words1 express+ ! hope t 8 book %\ld be> a simil> relation to ! elev5? & twelf? *apt]s ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species z ,d>w9's ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication does to ! fir/ *apt] ( t "w1 & to add t he has amply succe$$4 ,plead+ = a few prim>y c5tres he accepts ,sclat]'s six regions & does n foll[ ,huxley's c\rage\s *anges :i* ,sclat] himself _h accept$ 9 #ahgd4 ,hold+ ! view ( ! p]man5ce ( ! oceans he acc\nts = ! colonisation ( outly+ isl&s by fur!r elaborat+ ! views ( ,lyell & ,d>w91 especially 9 8 fasc9at+ ,isl& ,life1 ) rem>kable *apt]s on ! ,ice ,age1 ,climate & ,"t & o!r fundam5tal factors4 ,8 me?od ( arriv+ at ! degree ( relation%ip ( ! faunas ( ! v>i\s regions is em95tly /ati/ical4 ,long li/s ( g5]a det]m9e by _! numb]s ! aff9ity & h5ce ! s\rce ( colonisation4 ,9 ord] to make sure ( 8 mat]ial he p]=m$ ! labori\s task ( evolv+ a new classification ( ! ho/ ( ,pass]9e birds4 ,?is /ati/ical me?od has be5 foll[$ by _m au?ors1 :o1 rely+ m ^u quantity ?an quality1 h obscur$ ! fact t ! key to ! pres5t di/ribution lies 9 ! pa/ *anges ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,h[ev]1 ) ,wallace beg9s ! mod]n /udy ( ! geographical di/ribution ( animals & ! sudd5 int]e/ tak5 9 ?is subject by an ev] wid5+ circle ( en?usia/s f> beyond ! pr(essional bro!rhood4 ,a consid]able lit]ature has s9ce gr[n up1 almo/ bewild]+ 9 its range1 div]sity ( aims & /yle ( proc$ure4 ,x is a *aos1 ) _m pa?s lead+ into ! maze1 b z yet v few take u to a position comm&+ a view ( ! :ole intricate t]ra9 ) its imp5etrable tangle & pitfalls4 ,"o l9e ( rese>*1 n initiat$ b greatly influ5c$ by ,wallace's works1 became s prom95t z to almo/ con/itute a p]iod :i* may be *>act]is$ z t ( ! se>* by speciali/s = ei!r ! ju/ification or ! am5d+ ( 8 regions4 ,z class aft] class ( animals 0 br\ght up to reveal ! secret ( ! true regions1 "s au?ors saw 9 _! diff]5t results no?+ b ! fault9ess ( previ\sly e/abli%$ regions2 o!rs look$ ^u ev5tual agreem5ts z _! f9al corroboration1 especially :5 = in/ance su* div]se gr\ps z mammals & scorpions c\ld1 ) "s +5uity1 be made to h>monise4 ,b ! obvi\s result ( all ^! ef=ts 0 ! gr[+ k t almo/ e class seem$ to foll[ pr9ciples ( its own4 ,! regions talli$ nei!r 9 ext5t nor 9 numb]s1 al?\gh mo/ ( !m gravitat$ m & m t[>ds ?ree c5tres1 namely ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,/ill zoologi/s p]si/$ 9 ! se>*1 & ! v>i\s modes & capabilities ( disp]sal ( ! respective gr\ps 7 ?\ght suffici5t explanation ( ! div]g5t results 9 try+ to br+ ! mapp+ ( ! _w "u "o s*eme4 ,contempor>y lit]ature is full ( devices = ! me*anical disp]sal ( animals4 ,m>9e curr5ts1 w>m & cold1 7 fav\r$ all ! m s9ce !y %[$ ! probable orig9al homes ( ! creatures 9 "q4 ,if ^! c\ld n /& sea-wat]1 !y float$ ^u logs or iceb]gs1 or !y 7 bl[n across by /orms2 fi%es 7 lift$ ov] b>ri]s by wat]sp\ts1 & !re is on record ev5 an hypo!tical l& tortoise1 full ( eggs1 :i* colonis$ an oceanic isl& aft] a p]il\s sea voyage ^u a tree trunk4 ,accid5ts w happ51 & beyond d\bt _m freaks ( discont9u\s di/ribution h to be acc\nt$ = by "s su* means4 ,b :il/ suffici5t = ! scanty settl]s ( true oceanic isl&s1 !y _c be held s]i\sly to acc\nt = ! ri* fauna ( a l>ge cont95t1 ov] :i* palaeontology %[s u t ! immigrants h pass$ l waves4 ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 flotsam & jetsam4 ,a curr5t is an ext5sion ( ! same m$ium & ! animals 9 x may suff] no *ange dur+ ev5 a long voyage1 s9ce !y may be br\ght f "o litoral to ano!r :]e !y w /ill be 9 ! same or b slightly alt]$ environm5t4 ,b ! jetsam is 9 ! position ( a pass5g] :o has be5 c>ri$ (f by ! wrong tra94 ,almo/ e ye> "s ,am]ican l& birds arrive at our we/]n coa/s & none ( !m h ga9$ a p]man5t foot+ al?\gh su* visits mu/ h tak5 place s9ce prehi/oric times4 ,x 0 !re=e argu$ t only ^? gr\ps ( animals %\ld be us$ = locat+ & def9+ regions :i* 7 absolutely b\nd to ! soil4 ,?is me?od likewise gave results n reconcilable ) ea* o!r1 ev5 :5 ! di/ribution ( fossils 0 tak5 into acc\nt1 b x po9t$ to ! absolute necessity ( se>*+ = =m] l&-connections reg>dless ( _! ext5t & ! pres5t dep?s to :i* !y may h sunk4 ,t ! key to ! pres5t di/ribution lies 9 ! pa/ _h be5 felt long ago1 b at la/ x 0 appreciat$ t ! v>i\s classes ( animals & plants h appe>$ 9 successive geological epo*s & also at _m places remote f ea* o!r4 ,! key to ! di/ribution ( any gr\p lies 9 ! configuration ( l& & wat] ( t epo* 9 :i* x made its fir/ appe>ance4 ,al?\gh ?is s\nds l a platitude1 x has frequ5tly be5 ignor$4 ,if1 = argum5t's sake1 ,amphibia 7 evolv$ some:]e ^u ! great s\!rn l&-mass ( ,c>bonif]\s times 7suppos$ by "s to h /ret*$ f ,s\? ,am]ica across ,africa to ,au/ralia71 ! di/ribution ( ?is develop+ class mu/ h proce$$ ^u l9es altoge!r diff]5t f t ( ! mammals :i* dat$ p]haps f l[] ,triassic times1 :5 ! old s\? cont95tal belt 0 already brok5 up4 ,! broad l9es ( ?is di/ribution c\ld nev] co9cide ) t ( ! o!r1 old] class1 no matt] :e!r ! orig9al mammalian c5tre 0 9 ! ,afro-,indian1 ,au/ralian1 or ,brazilian portion4 ,if all ! v>i\s gr\ps ( animals _h come into exi/5ce at ! same "t & at ! same place1 !n x w\ld be possible1 ) suffici5t geological data1 to con/ruct a map %[+ ! g5]alis$ results applicable to ! :ole animal k+dom4 ,b ! premises are wrong4 ,:atev] regions we may seek to e/abli% applicable to all classes1 we are necess>ily mix+ up sev]al pr9ciples1 namely geological1 hi/orical1 i4e4 evolution>y1 ) pres5t day /ati/ical facts4 ,we might z well attempt "o comp\nd picture repres5t+ a *ick's gr[? into an adult bird & a *ild's gr[? into manhood4 ,9 %ort !re are no g5]al regions1 n ev5 = ea* class sep>ately1 unless ?is class be "o :i* is conf9$ to a comp>atively %ort geological p]iod4 ,mo/ ( ! great classes h f> too long a hi/ory & h evolv$ _m successive ma9 gr\ps4 ,let u take ! mammals4 ,m>supials live n[ 9 ,au/ralia & 9 bo? ,am]icas1 because !y already exi/$ 9 ,mesozoic times2 ,ungulata exi/$ at "o "t or o!r all ov] ! _w except 9 ,au/ralia1 because !y are po/-,cretace\s2 ,insectivores1 al?\gh z old z any ,plac5talia1 are cosmopolitan except+ ,s\? ,am]ica & ,au/ralia2 ,/ags & ,be>s1 z examples ( comp>atively rec5t ,arctogaeans1 are f\nd ev]y:]e ) ! exception ( ,e?iopia & ,au/ralia4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps tea*es a valuable hi/orical lesson1 b :5 ^! are comb9$ into ! e/abli%m5t ( a few mammalian realms1 !y mean no?+ b /ati/ical majorities4 ,if !re is "o at all1 ,au/ralia is su* a realm back$ aga9/ ! re/ ( ! _w1 b z c]ta9ly x is n a mammalian creative c5tre6 ,well !n1 if ! idea ( g5]ally applicable regions is a m>e's ne/1 z 0 ! se>* = ! ,holy ,grail1 :at is ! object ( ! /udy ( geographical di/ribution8 ,x is no?+ less ?an ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( life 9 space & "t 9 ! wide/ s5se4 ,! attempt to acc\nt = ! pres5t di/ribution ( any gr\p ( organisms involves ! aid ( e bran* ( sci5ce4 ,x bids fair to become a hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,x />t$ 9 a mild1 /ati/ical way1 re/rict+ itself to ! pres5t fauna & flora & to ! pres5t configuration ( l& & wat]4 ,next came ,oceanography conc]n$ ) ! dep?s ( ! seas1 _! curr5ts & temp]atures2 !n enquiries into climatic *anges1 culm9at+ 9 irreconcilable a/ronomical hypo!ses z to glacial epo*s2 !ories ab\t *anges ( ! level ( ! seas1 ma9ly f ! po9t ( view ( ! physici/ & a/ronom]4 ,!n came m & m to ! front ! importance ( ! geological record1 h& 9 h& ) ! palaeontological data & ! se>* = ! natural aff9ities1 ! g5etic sy/em ( ! organisms4 ,n[ & !n x almo/ seems z if ! biologi/s _h done _! %>e by supply+ ! problems & t ! physici/s & geologi/s w\ld settle !m1 b 9 reality x is n s4 ,! biologi/s n only set ! problems1 !y alone c *eck ! (f]$ solutions4 ,! m]e fact ( palms hav+ fl\ri%$ 9 ,mioc5e ,spitzb]g5 l$ to an hypo!tical %ift+ ( ! axis ( ! _w r ?an to ! assumption1 by way ( explanation1 t ! palms !mselves might h *ang$ _! nature4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable aids 9 geological rese>*1 (t5 ! only means = recon/ruct+ ! face ( ! e>? 9 by-gone p]iods1 is af=d$ by fossils1 b only ! morphologi/ c pron\nce z to _! tru/wor?9ess z witnesses1 because ( ! dang] ( mi/ak+ analog\s = homolog\s =ms4 ,?is difficulty applies equally to liv+ gr\ps1 & x is s important t a few in/ances may n be amiss4 ,!re is und5iable simil>ity betwe5 ! faunas ( ,madagasc> & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?is 0 support$ by ! ,c5tetidae & ,d5drobatidae1 two entire families1 z also by o!r facts4 ,! value ( ! ,insectivores1 ,sol5odon 9 ,cuba1 ,c5tetes 9 ,madagasc>1 has be5 mu* less5$ by _! recognition z an extremely anci5t gr\p & z a case ( conv]g5ce1 b if !y are no long] put into ! same family1 ?is am5dm5t is really to a great ext5t due to _! widely discont9u\s di/ribution4 ,! only sy/ematic diff]5ce ( ! ,d5drobatidae f ! ,ranidae is ! abs5ce ( tee?1 morphologically a v unimportant "*1 & x is n[ agre$1 on ! /r5g? ( _! di/ribution1 t ^! little arboreal1 conspicu\sly col\r$ frogs1 ,d5drobates 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,mantella 9 ,madagasc>1 d n =m a natural gr\p1 al?\gh a ?ird g5us1 ,c>dioglossa 9 ,we/ ,africa1 seems also to belong to !m4 ,if ^! creatures liv$ all on ! same cont95t1 we %\ld unhesitat+ly look ^u !m z =m+ a well-def9$1 natural little gr\p4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,aglossa1 ) _! ?ree v div]g5t g5]a1 namely ,pipa 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,x5opus & ,hym5o*irus 9 ,africa1 are s well *>act]is$ z "o anci5t gr\p t we use _! di/ribution unhesitat+ly z a h9t ( a =m] connection betwe5 ! two cont95ts4 ,we are inde$ argu+ 9 vici\s circles4 ,! ,ratitae z su* are absolutely wor?less s9ce !y are a mo/ het]og5e\s assembly1 & !re are untold gr\ps1 ( ! artificiality ( :i* _m a zoo-geograph] _h n ! slighte/ suspicion :5 he took 8 /ati/ical mat]ial1 ! g5]a & families1 f "s sy/ematic catalogues or simil> li/s4 ,a lam5table in/ance is t ( c]ta9 flightless ,rails1 rec5tly ext9ct or sub-fossil1 on ! isalnds ( ,mauritius1 ,rodriguez & ,*a?am4 ,be+ flightless !y h be5 us$ 9 support ( a =m] huge ,ant>ctic cont95t1 in/ead ( rul+ !m out ( c\rt z ,rails :i*1 ea* 9 its isl&1 h lo/ ! p[] ( flight1 a process :i* mu/ h tak5 place s rec5tly t x is difficult1 ^u morphological gr\nds1 to ju/ify _! sep>ation into ,aphanapt]yx 9 ,mauritius1 ,ery?roma*us 9 ,rodriguez & ,diaphorapt]yx on ,*a?am ,isl&4 ,morphologically !y may well =m b "o g5us1 s9ce !y h sprung f ! same /ock & h develop$ ^u ! same l9es2 !y are !re=e monog5etic3 b s9ce we "k t !y h become :at !y are indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r 7n[ unlike any o!r ,rails71 !y are polyg5etic & !re=e c\ld n =m "o g5us 9 ! old ,d>w9ian s5se4 ,fur!r1 !y are n a case ( conv]g5ce1 s9ce _! ance/ry is n div]g5t b leads into ! same /ratum4 ,,! ,,recon/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,geography ,,( ,,successive ,,epo*s4 ,a promis+ me?od is ! /udy by ! speciali/ ( a l>ge1 widely di/ribut$ gr\p ( animals f an evolution>y po9t ( view4 ,good examples ( ?is me?od are af=d$ by ,a4,e4 ,ortmann's 7,! geographical di/ribution ( ,fre%wat] ,decapods & its be>+ ^u anci5t geography1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,vol4 #da1 #aijb47 exhau/ive pap] & by ,a4,w4 ,grabau's ,phylog5y ( ,fusus & its ,allies 7,smi?sonian ,misc4 ,coll4 #dd1 #aijd47 ,aft] _m important gr\ps ( animals h be5 treat$ 9 ?is way--z yet sp>+ly attempt$--! results z to hypo!tical l&-connections etc4 are sure to be corrective & supplem5t>y1 & _! problems w be solv$1 s9ce !y are n imag9>y4 ,! same problems are attack$1 9 ! rev]se way1 by />t+ ) ! :ole fauna ( a c\ntry & !nce1 s to speak1 lett+ ! rese>* radiate4 ,"s gr\ps w be consid]$ z auto*?on\s1 o!rs z immigrants1 & ! directions foll[$ by !m w be inquir$ into2 ! se>* may lead f> & 9 v>i\s directions1 & by comp>ison ( results1 by mak+ comp\nd maps1 c]ta9 r\tes w assume def9ite %ape1 & if !y lead across /raits & seas !y are w>rants to se>* = l&-connections 9 ! pa/4 7,a fair sample ( ?is me?od is ,c4,h4 ,eig5mann's ,! ,fre%wat] ,fi%es ( ,s\? & ,middle ,am]ica1 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 #fh1 #aijf47 ,!re are n[ n a few maps purport+ to %[ ! outl9es ( l& & wat] at v>i\s epo*s4 ,_m ( ^! attempts d n tally ) ea* o!r1 ow+ to ! lam5table defici5cies ( geological & fossil data1 b ! bold] ! hypo!tical outl9es are drawn1 ! bett]1 & ?is is pref]able to ! ins]tion ( bays & simil> detail :i* give su* maps a fallaci\s look ( c]ta9ty :]e none exi/s4 ,moreov] x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 :5 we draw a broad cont95tal belt across an ocean1 ?is belt ne$ nev] h exi/$ 9 its entirety at any "o "t4 ,! features ( disp]sal1 int5d$ to be expla9$ by x1 w\ld be accompli%$ j z well by an unkn[n numb] ( isl&s :i* h jo9$ into l>g] complexes :ile else:]e !y subsid$ aga93 l pontoon-bridges :i* may be op5$ any:]e1 or l a s]ies ( sup]impos$ dissolv+ views ( l& & sea-scapes4 ,h5ce ! recon/ruct$ maps ( ,europe1 ! only cont95t tol]ably kn[n1 %[ a consid]able numb] ( isl&s 9 puzzl+ *anges1 :ile else:]e1 e4g4 9 ,asia1 we h to be satisfi$ ) sweep+ g5]alisations4 ,at pres5t ab\t half-a-doz5 big connections are engag+ our att5tion1 leav+ z comp>atively settl$ ! ext5t & ! duration ( su* m9or bridges z t betwe5 ,africa & ,madagasc>1 ,tasmania & ,au/ralia1 ! ,antilles & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,europe & ,nor? ,africa4 7,n a few ( ^? :o are fasc9at$ by1 & satisfi$ )1 ! /ati/ical aspect ( di/ribution /ill h a /rong dislike to ! use ( bridges if ^! lead ov] deep seas1 & !y get ov] pres5t discont9u\s occurr5ces by a =m] univ]sal or sub-univ]sal di/ribution ( _! gr\ps47 ,?is is inde$ an easy me?od ( cutt+ ! knot1 b 9 reality !y %unt ! "q only a /age or two back1 nev] tr\bl+ to expla9 h[ _! gr\ps manag$ to atta9 to t sub-univ]sal range2 or d !y /ill suppose t ! :ole _w 0 orig9ally "o p>adise :]e ev]y?+ liv$ side by side1 until s9 & /rife & glacial epo*s left no?+ b scatt]$ survivors8 ,! p]man5ce ( ! great ocean-bas9s _h become a dogma s9ce x 0 f\nd t a univ]sal elevation ( ! l& to ! ext5t ( #ajj fa?oms w\ld produce b little *anges1 & :5 x 0 %[n t ev5 ! #ajjj fa?om-l9e foll[$ ! great masses ( l& r closely1 & /ill leav+ ! great bas9s 7al?\gh transgression ( ! sea to ! same ext5t w\ld *ange ! map ( ! _w beyond recognition71 by g5]al cons5t "o mile 0 all[$ z ! utmo/ speculative limit ( subsid5ce4 ,naturally two or ?ree miles1 ! av]age dep? ( ! oceans1 seems enorm\s1 & yet su* a diff]5ce 9 level is z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! size ( ! ,e>?4 ,on a clay model globe t5 feet 9 diamet] an ocean b$ ?ree miles deep w\ld sc>cely be detect$1 & ! highe/ m\nta9s w\ld be small] ?an ! unavoidable gra9s 9 ! glaz$ surface ( our model4 ,!re are b few c\ntries :i* h n be subm]g$ at "s "t or o!r4 ,,connection ,,( ,,s\? ,,ea/]n ,,asia ,,) ,,au/ralia4 ,neumayr's ,s9o-,au/ralian cont95t dur+ mid-,mesozoic times 0 probably a mu* *ang+ ,ar*ipelago1 ) f9al sep>ations subsequ5t to ! ,cretace\s p]iod4 ,h5ce=? ,au/ralasia 0 left to its own fate1 b = a possible connection ) ! ant>ctic cont95t4 ,,africa1 ,,madagasc>1 ,,india4 ,! ,lemuria ( ,sclat] & ,haeckel _c h be5 m ?an a broad bridge 9 ,jurassic times2 :e!r x 0 ev] available = ! ,lemurs !mselves mu/ dep5d ^u ! "t ( its duration1 ! m rec5t ! bett]1 b x is difficult to %[ t x la/$ into ! ,mioc5e4 ,,africa ,,& ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,s9ce ! opposite coa/s %[ an entire abs5ce ( m>9e fossils & deposits dur+ ! ,mesozoic p]iod1 :il/ fur!r nor? & s\? su* are kn[n to exi/ & are mo/ly id5tical on ei!r side1 ,neumayr sugge/$ ! exi/5ce ( a great ,afro-,son ,am]ican mass ( l& dur+ ! ,jurassic epo*4 ,su* l& is almo/ a necessity & is support$ by _m facts2 x w\ld easily expla9 ! di/ribution ( num]\s gr\ps ( t]re/rial creatures4 ,moreov] to ! nor? ( ?is hypo!tical l&1 some:]e across f ! ,antilles & ,guiana to ,nor? ,africa & ,s\? ,we/]n ,europe1 exi/$ an almo/ id5tical fauna ( ,corals & ,molluscs1 indicat+ ei!r a coa/-l9e or a s]ies ( isl&s int]rupt$ by %all[ seas1 j z "o w\ld expect if1 & :51 a ,brazil-,e?iopian mass ( l& 7 break+ up4 ,la/ly f ,c5tral ,am]ica to ! ,m$it]ranean /ret*es "o ( ! ,t]ti>y tectonic l9es ( ! geologi/s4 ,"h also ! great "q is h[ long ?is cont95t la/$4 ,app>5tly ! ,s\? ,atlantic began to encroa* f ! s\? s t by ! lat] ,cretace\s epo* ! l& 0 r$uc$ to a comp>atively n>r[ ,brazil-,we/ ,africa1 remnants ( :i* p]si/$ c]ta9ly into ! e>ly ,t]ti>y1 until ! ,s\? ,atlantic jo9$ across ! equator ) ! ,atlantic portion ( ! ,!tys1 leav+ :at rema9$ ( ,s\? ,am]ica isolat$ f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,,ant>ctic ,,connections4 ,patagonia & ,arg5t9a seem to h jo9$ ,ant>tica dur+ ! ,cretace\s epo*1 & ?is ,s\? ,georgian bridge _h brok5 d[n aga9 by mid-,t]ti>y times :5 ,s\? ,am]ica became consolidat$4 ,! ,ant>ctic cont95t1 presum+ t x exi/$1 seems also to h be5 jo9$1 by way ( ,tasmania1 ) ,au/ralia1 also dur+ ! ,cretace\s epo*1 & x is assum$ t ! great ,au/ralia-,ant>ctic-,patagonian l& 0 sev]$ fir/ to ! s\? ( ,tasmania & !n at ! ,s\? ,georgian bridge4 ,no connection1 & ?is is important1 is indicat$ betwe5 ,ant>ctica & ei!r ,africa or ,madagasc>4 ,s f> we h foll[$ :at may be call$ ! vicissitudes ( ! great ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s ,gondwana l& 9 its fulle/ imag9>y ext5t1 an enorm\s equatorial & s\? temp]ate belt f ,s\? ,am]ica to ,africa1 ,s\? ,india & ,au/ralia1 :i* seems to h provid$ ! f\ndation ( ! pres5t ,s\!rn cont95ts1 two ( :i* tempor>ily jo9$ ,ant>ctica1 ( :i* h[ev] we "k no?+ except t x exi/s n[4 ,let u next consid] ! ,arctic & p]i>ctic l&s4 ,un=tunately v little is kn[n ab\t ! region )9 ! arctic circle4 ,if x 0 all l&1 or m likely great *ang+ ar*ipelagoes1 fauni/ic ex*ange betwe5 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,europe & ,sib]ia w\ld pres5t no difficulties1 b !re is "o connection :i* engages mu* att5tion1 namely a l& :]e n[ lies ! ,nor? temp]ate & ,nor!rn "p ( ! ,atlantic ocean4 ,h[ f> s\? did x ev] ext5d & :at is ! late/ date ( a direct practicable communication1 say f ,nor? ,we/]n ,europe to ,gre5l&8 ,connections1 p]haps (t5 int]rupt$1 e4g4 betwe5 ,gre5l& & ,labrador1 at ano!r "t betwe5 ,gre5l& & ,sc&9avia1 seem to h exi/$ at lea/ s9ce ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,if !y exi/$ also 9 late ,cretace\s & 9 ,t]ti>y times1 !y w\ld ( c\rse easily expla9 ex*anges :i* we "k to h repeat$ly tak5 place betwe5 ,am]ica & ,europe1 b !y are n prov$ !reby1 s9ce mo/ ( ^! ex*anges c almo/ z easily h occurr$ across ! pol> regions1 & o!rs /ill m easily by repeat$ junction ( ,sib]ia ) ,alaska4 ,let u n[ describe a hypo!tical case bas$ on ! supposition ( connect+ bridges4 ,n to "w 9 a circle1 we select an important gr\p :i* has n s]v$ z a basis = ! recon/ruction ( bridges2 & x mu/ be a gr\p :i* we feel ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ to be old en\gh to h avail$ itself ( anci5t l&-connections4 ,! occurr5ce ( "o species ( ,p]ipatus 9 ! :ole ( ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania & ,new ,zeal& 7! latt] be+ jo9$ to ,au/ralia by way ( ,new ,brita9 9 ,cretace\s times b n lat]7 puts ! g5us back into ?is epo*1 no unsatisfactory assumption to ! morphologi/4 ,! app>5t abs5ce ( ,p]ipatus 9 ,madagasc> indicates t x did n come f ! ea/ into ,africa1 t x 0 nei!r ,afro-,indian1 nor ,afro-,au/ralian2 nor c x h />t$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,we !re=e assume z its creative c5tre ,au/ralia or ,malaya 9 ! ,cretace\s epo*1 :5ce its occurr5ce 9 ,sumatra1 ,malay ,p59sula1 ,new ,brita91 ,new ,zeal& & ,au/ralia is easily expla9$4 ,!n ext5sion across ,ant>ctica to ,patagonia & ,*ile1 :5ce x c\ld spread into ! re/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica z ?is became consolidat$ 9 e>ly ,t]ti>y times4 ,= gett+ to ! ,antilles & into ,mexico x w\ld h to wait until ! ,mioc5e1 b long be=e t "t x c\ld arrive 9 ,africa1 !re surviv+ z a ,congolese & a ,cape species4 ,?is /ory is unsupport$ by a s+le fossil4 ,p]ipatus may h be5 sub-univ]sal all ov] great] ,gondwana l& 9 ,c>bonif]\s times1 & !n its abs5ce f ,madagasc> w\ld be difficult to expla91 b ! migrations sugge/$ above am\nt to little consid]+ t ! di/ance f ,tasmania to ,s\? ,am]ica c\ld be cov]$ 9 f> less "t ?an t repres5t$ by ! :ole ( ! ,eoc5e epo* alone4 ,!re is yet ano!r field1 ess5tially ! doma9 ( geographical di/ribution1 ! cultivation ( :i* promises fair to ?r[ mu* light ^u ,nature's way ( mak+ species4 ,?is is ! /udy ( ! organisms ) reg>d to _! environm5t4 ,in/ead ( reveal+ p$igrees or ( %[+ h[ & :5 ! creatures got to a c]ta9 locality1 x inve/igates h[ !y behav$ to meet ! ev] *ang+ conditions ( _! habitats4 ,!re is a facies1 *>act]i/ic (1 & (t5 peculi> to1 ! fauna ( tropical moi/ =e/s1 ano!r ( des]ts1 ( high m\nta9s1 ( und]gr\nd life & s =?2 ^! same facies are /amp$ ^u :ole associations ( animals & plants1 al?\gh ^! may be--& 9 widely sep>at$ c\ntries g5]ally are--drawn f totally diff]5t families ( _! respective ord]s4 ,x does n g to ! root ( ! matt] to say t ^! facies h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! ext]m9ation ( all ! o!rs :i* did n happ5 to fit into _! p>ticul> environm5t4 ,"o might almo/ say t tropical moi/ =e/s mu/ h arboreal frogs & t ^! are made out ( :atev] suitable mat]ial happ5$ to be available2 9 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica ,hylidae1 9 ,africa ,ranidae1 s9ce !re ,hylas are abs5t4 ,! des]ts mu/ h liz>ds capable ( /&+ ! gl>e1 ! great *anges ( temp]ature1 ( runn+ ov] or burr[+ into ! loose s&4 ,:5 z 9 ,am]ica ,iguanids are available1 "s ( ^! are ?us modifi$1 :ile 9 ,africa & ,asia ! ,agamids are drawn ^u4 ,bo? 9 ! ,dam>a & 9 ! ,transcaspian des]ts1 a ,gecko has be5 turn$ into a runn] ^u s&6 ,we _c assume t at v>i\s epo*s des]ts1 & at o!rs moi/ =e/s 7 cont9u\s all ov] ! _w4 ,! diff]5t facies & associations 7 develop$ at v>i\s times & places4 ,are we to suppose t1 :]ev] tropical =e/s came into exi/5ce1 among/ ! /ock ( humivag\s liz>ds 7 always "s :i* pres5t$ ^? nasc5t v>iations :i* made !m keep /ep ) ! simil>ly nasc5t =e/s1 ! ov]:elm+ re/ be+ elim9at$8 ,?is pr9ciple w\ld imply t ! same /ratum ( liz>ds always _h v>iations ready to fit any *ang$ environm5t1 =e/s & des]ts1 rocks & swamps4 ,! /udy ( ,ecology indicates a diff]5t proc$ure1 a great1 almo/ b\ndless pla/icity ( ! organism1 n 9 ! s5se ( an exub]ant m\ld+ =ce1 b ( a read9ess to be m\ld$1 & ( ?is ! v>iations are ! visible outcome4 ,9 mo/ cases id5tical facies are produc$ by het]og5e\s conv]g5ces & ^! may seem to be b sup]ficial1 affect+ only :at "s au?ors are pleas$ to call ! physiological *>act]s2 b environm5t presumably affects fir/ ^? p>ts by :i* ! organism comes into contact ) x mo/ directly1 & if ! int]nal /ructures rema9 un*ang$1 x is n because ^! are less easily modifi$ b because !y are n directly affect$4 ,:5 !y are affect$1 !y too *ange deeply en\gh4 ,t ! pla/icity %\ld react s quickly--inde$ ?is v quickness seems to h initiat$ our mi/ak+ ! v>iations call$ =? = some?+ p]=m$--& to ! po9t1 is itself ! outcome ( ! long tra9+ :i* protoplasm has und]gone s9ce its creation4 ,9 ,nature's work%op he does n succe$ :o has ready an ars5al ( tools = e conceivable em]g5cy1 b he :o c make a tool at ! spur ( ! mom5t4 ,! ordeal ( ! practical te/ is ,*>les ,d>w9's glori\s conception ( ,natural ,selection4 ,,xviii4 ,,d>w9 ,,& ,,geology4 ,by ,j4,w4 ,judd1 ,c4,b41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,mr ,francis ,d>w9 has relat$ h[ 8 fa!r occasionally came up f ,d[n to sp5d a few days ) 8 bro!r ,erasmus 9 ,london1 &1 aft] 8 bro!r's dea?1 ) 8 daught]1 ,mrs ,lit*field4 ,on ^! occasions1 x 0 8 habit to arrange meet+s ) ,huxley1 to talk ov] zoological que/ions1 ) ,hook]1 to discuss botanical problems1 & ) ,lyell to hold conv]sations on geology4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,lyell1 ,d>w91 kn[+ my close intimacy ) 8 fri5d dur+ 8 lat] ye>s1 us$ to ask me to meet him :5 he came to t[n1 & talk geology4 ,! talks took place sometimes at ,j]myn ,/reet ,museum1 at o!r times 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 b m frequ5tly1 aft] hav+ lun* ) him1 at 8 bro!r's or 8 daught]'s h\se4 ,on sev]al occasions1 h[ev]1 ,i _h ! pleasure ( visit+ him at ,d[n4 ,9 ! po/script ( a lett] 7( ,april #ae1 #ahhj7 arrang+ "o ( ^! visits1 he writes3 ,s9ce poor1 de> ,lyell's dea?1 ,i r>ely h ! pleasure ( geological talk ) anyone47 ,9 "o ( ! v int]e/+ conv]sations :i* ,i _h ) ,*>les ,d>w9 dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s ( 8 life1 he ask$ me 9 a v po9t$ mann] if ,i 7 able to recall ! circum/ances1 accid5tal or o!rwise1 :i* _h l$ me to devote myself to geological /udies4 ,he in=m$ me t he 0 mak+ simil> inquiries ( o!r fri5ds1 & ,i ga!r$ f :at he said t he contemplat$ at t "t a /udy ( ! causes produc+ ,,sci5tific ,,bias 9 individual m9ds4 ,i h no means ( kn[+ h[ f> ?is project ev] assum$ any?+ l concrete =m1 b c]ta9 x is t ,d>w9 himself (t5 indulg$ 9 ! processes ( m5tal introspection & analysis2 & he has ?us =tunately left u--9 8 fragm5ts ( autobiography & 9 8 correspond5ce--! mat]ials f :i* may be recon/ruct$ a fairly complete hi/ory ( 8 own m5tal developm5t4 ,!re are two p]fectly di/9ct inquiries :i* we h to und]take 9 connection ) ! developm5t ( ,d>w9's ideas on ! subject ( evolution3 ,,fir/4 ,h[1 :51 & "u :at conditions 0 ,d>w9 l$ to a conviction t species 7 n immutable1 b 7 d]iv$ f pre-exi/+ =ms8 ,,secondly4 ,by :at l9es ( reason+ & rese>* 0 he br\ght to reg>d natural selection z a v]a causa 9 ! process ( evolution8 ,x is ! fir/ ( ^! inquiries :i* specially int]e/s ! geologi/2 ?\gh geology und\bt$ly play$ a "p--& by no means an insignificant "p--9 respect to ! second inquiry4 ,:51 inde$1 ! hi/ory comes to be writt5 ( t great revolution ( ?\ght 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 by :i* ! doctr9e ( evolution1 f be+ ! dream ( poets & vision>ies1 gradually grew to be ! accept$ cre$ ( naturali/s1 ! p>am\nt influ5ce ex]t$ by ! infant sci5ce ( geology--& especially t result+ f ! publication ( ,lyell's epo*-mak+ "w1 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology--_c fail to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! lead+ factors4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 8 ,autobiography be>s te/imony to ! effect produc$ on 8 m9d by ! rec5tly publi%$ ,pr9ciples1 :51 at ! age ( tw5ty1 he _h already begun to speculate on ! subject ( evolution 7,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,autobiography1 ,london1 #aijd1 ,vol4 ,i4 pages #age-agg472 & ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace is sc>cely less emphatic conc]n+ ! "p play$ by ,lyell's tea*+ 9 8 sci5tific education4 7,see ,my ,life2 a record ( ,ev5ts & ,op9ions1 ,london1 #aije1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #cee1 etc4 ,also 8 review ( ,lyell's ,pr9ciples 9 ,qu>t]ly ,review 7,vol4 #abf71 #ahfi1 pages #cei-cid4 ,see also ,! ,d>w9-,wallace ,celebration by ! ,l9nean ,society 7#aiji71 page #aah47 ,huxley wrote 9 #ahhg ,i owe m ?an ,i c tell to ! c>eful /udy ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 9 my "y days4 7,sci5ce & ,pseudo ,sci5ce2 ,collect$ ,essays1 ,london1 #aijb1 ,vol4 ,v4 page #aja47 ,z = ,*>les ,d>w91 he nev] tir$--ei!r 9 8 publi%$ writ+s1 8 private correspond5ce or 8 mo/ intimate conv]sations--( ascrib+ ! awak5+ ( 8 en?usiasm & ! direction ( 8 en]gies t[>ds ! elucidation ( ! problem ( developm5t to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology & ! p]sonal influ5ce ( its au?or4 ,huxley has well express$ :at ! au?or ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species s con/antly insi/$ ^u1 9 ! /atem5ts ,d>w9's greate/ "w is ! outcome ( ! unfl9*+ application to ,biology ( ! lead+ idea & ! me?od appli$ 9 ! ,pr9ciples to ,geology 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,xliv4 7#ahhh71 page viii42 ,collect$ ,essays ,,ii4 page #bfh1 #aijb471 & ,lyell1 = o!rs1 z = myself1 0 ! *ief ag5t 9 smoo?+ ! road = ,d>w94 7,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w9 ,,ii4 page #aij47 ,we propose !re=e to consid]1 fir/1 :at ,d>w9 ow$ to geology & its cultivators1 & 9 ! second place h[ he 0 able 9 ! end s fully to pay a great debt :i* he nev] fail$ to ackn[l$ge4 ,?anks to ! invaluable mat]ials conta9$ 9 ! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w9 7#c vols47 publi%$ by ,mr ,francis ,d>w9 9 #ahhg2 & to ,m ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w9 7#b vols47 issu$ by ! same au?or1 9 conjunction ) ,pr(essor ,a4,c4 ,sew>d1 9 #aijc1 we are p]mitt$ to foll[ ! v>i\s movem5ts 9 ,d>w9's m9d1 & are able to record ! /ory almo/ entirely 9 8 own words4 7,! fir/ ( ^! works is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ pages by ! lett]s ,l4,l42 ! second by ,m4,l47 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! geologi/1 ,d>w9's life naturally divides itself into f\r p]iods4 ,9 ! fir/1 cov]+ tw5ty-two ye>s1 v>i\s influ5ces 7 at "w militat+1 n[ = & n[ aga9/1 8 adoption ( a geological c>e]2 9 ! second p]iod--! five memorable ye>s ( ! voyage ( ! ,beagle--! ard5t sportsman ) "s natural-hi/ory ta/es1 gradually became ! mo/ en?usia/ic & enlight5$ ( geologi/s2 9 ! ?ird p]iod1 la/+ t5 ye>s1 ! valuable geological recruit devot$ ne>ly all 8 en]gies & "t to geological /udy & discussion & to prep>+ = publication ! num]\s obs]vations made by him dur+ ! voyage2 ! f\r? p]iod1 :i* cov]s ! latt] half ( 8 life1 f\nd ,d>w9 gradually drawn m & m f geological to biological /udies1 ?\gh always reta9+ ! deepe/ int]e/ 9 ! progress & =tunes ( 8 old love4 ,b geologi/s gladly recognise ! fact t ,d>w9 immeasurably bett] s]v$ _! sci5ce by ?is biological "w1 ?an he c\ld possibly h done by conf9+ himself to purely geological que/ions4 ,f 8 e>lie/ *ildhood1 ,d>w9 0 a collector1 ?\gh up to ! "t :51 at eight ye>s ( age1 he w5t to a prep>atory s*ool1 seals1 franks & simil> trifles appe> to h be5 ! only objects ( 8 que/4 ,b a /one1 :i* "o ( 8 s*oolfell[s at t "t gave to him1 seems to h attract$ 8 att5tion & set him seek+ = pebbles & m9]als2 z ! result ( ?is newly acquir$ ta/e1 he says 7writ+ 9 #ahch7 ,i di/9ctly recollect ! desire ,i _h ( be+ able to "k some?+ ab\t e pebble 9 front ( ! hall door--x 0 my e>lie/ & only geological aspiration at t "t4 7,m4,l4 ,i4 page #c47 ,he fur!r suspects t :ile at ,mr ,case's s*ool ,i d n rememb] any m5tal pursuits except ^? ( collect+ /ones1 etc444 ,i 0 born a naturali/4 7,m4,l4 ,i4 page #d47 ,! c\rt-y>d 9 front ( ! hall door at ! ,m\nt ,h\se1 ,d>w9's bir?place & ! home ( 8 *ildhood1 is surr\nd$ by b$s or rock]ies on :i* lie a numb] ( pebbles4 ,"s ( ^! pebbles 79 q rec5t times z ,i am in=m$7 h be5 collect$ to =m a cobbl$ space 9 front ( ! gate 9 ! out] wall1 :i* fronts ! hall door2 & a simil> cobbl$ area1 !re is reason to believe1 may h exi/$ 9 ,d>w9's *ildhood be=e ! door itself4 ,! pebbles1 :i* 7 obta9$ f a neighb\r+ gravel-pit1 be+ d]iv$ f ! glacial drift1 exhibit v /rik+ diff]5ces 9 col\r & =m4 ,x 0 probably ?is circum/ance :i* awak5$ 9 ! *ild 8 love ( obs]vation & speculation4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t aspirations ( ! k9d %\ld h aris5 9 ! m9d ( a *ild ( #i or #aj6 ,:5 he w5t to ,%rewsbury ,s*ool1 he relates ,i cont9u$ collect+ m9]als ) mu* zeal1 b q unsci5tifically1--all t ,i c>$ ab\t 0 a new-,,nam$ m9]al1 & ,i h>dly attempt$ to classify !m4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #cd47 ,!re has /ood f v e>ly times 9 ,d>w9's native t[n ( ,%rewsbury1 a v notable b\ld] :i* has probably m>k$ a b\nd>y & is kn[n z ! ,bell-/one--giv+ its "n to a h\se & /reet4 ,d>w9 tells u 9 8 ,autobiography t :ile he 0 at ,%rewsbury ,s*ool at ! age ( #ac or #ad an old ,mr ,cotton 9 ,%rop%ire1 :o knew a good deal ab\t rocks po9t$ out to me 444 ! 'bell-/one'2 he told me t !re 0 no rock ( ! same k9d ne>] ?an ,cumb]l& or ,scotl&1 & he solemnly assur$ me t ! _w w\ld come to an end be=e anyone w\ld be able to expla9 h[ ?is /one came :]e x n[ lay6 ,d>w9 adds ,?is produc$ a deep impression on me1 & ,i m$itat$ ov] ?is wond]ful /one4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #da47 ,! bell-/one has n[1 ow+ to ! necessities ( build+1 be5 remov$ a %ort di/ance f its orig9al site1 & is c>efully pres]v$ )9 ! walls ( a bank4 ,x is a block ( irregul> %ape #c feet long & #b feet wide1 & ab\t #a foot ?ick1 weigh+ probably n less ?an "o-?ird ( a ton4 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ! directors ( ! ,national ,prov9cial ,bank ( ,engl&1 ,i h be5 able to make a m9ute exam9ation ( x1 & ,pr(essors ,bonney & ,watts1 ) ,mr ,h>k] & ,mr ,fe>nsides h giv5 me _! valuable assi/ance4 ,! rock is a mu* alt]$ &esite & 0 probably d]iv$ f ! ,ar5ig di/rict 9 ,nor? ,wales1 or possibly f a po9t ne>] ! ,wel% ,bord]4 7,i am greatly indebt$ to ! ,manag]s ( ! ,bank at ,%rewsbury = k9d assi/ance 9 ! exam9ation ( ?is int]e/+ memorial3 & ,mr ,h4,t4 ,b$does1 ! ,curator ( ! ,%rewsbury ,museum1 has giv5 me "s ar*aeological in=mation conc]n+ ! /one4 ,mr ,ri*>d ,cotton 0 a good local naturali/1 a ,fell[ bo? ( ! ,geological & ,l9nean ,societies2 & to ! (fic]s ( ^! societies ,i am indebt$ = in=mation conc]n+ him4 ,he di$ 9 #ahci1 & al?\gh he does n appe> to h publi%$ any sci5tific pap]s1 he did f> m = sci5ce by influ5c+ ! c>e] ( ! s*ool boy67 ,x 0 ( c\rse br\ght to :]e ,%rewsbury n[ /&s by ! ag5cy ( a glaci]--z ,d>w9 aft]w>ds le>nt4 ,we c well believe f ! p]usal ( ^! rem9isc5ces t1 at ?is "t1 ,d>w9's m9d 01 z he himself says1 prep>$ = a philosophical treatm5t ( ! subject ( ,geology4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #da47 ,:5 at ! age ( #af1 h[ev]1 he 0 ent]$ z a m$ical /ud5t at ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 he n only did n get any enc\ragem5t ( 8 sci5tific ta/es1 b 0 positively repell$ by ! ord9>y in/ruction giv5 !re4 ,dr ,hope's lectures on ,*emi/ry1 x is true1 int]e/$ ! boy1 :o ) 8 bro!r ,erasmus _h made a laboratory 9 ! toolh\se1 & 0 nicknam$ ,gas by 8 s*oolfell[s1 :ile und]go+ solemn & public reprim& f ,dr ,butl] at ,%rewsbury ,s*ool = ?us wa/+ 8 "t4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #ce47 ,b mo/ ( ! o!r ,ed9burgh lectures 7 intol]ably dull1 z dull z ! pr(essors !mselves1 some?+ fe>ful to rememb]4 ,9 aft] life ! memory ( ^! lectures 0 l a nightm>e to him4 ,he speaks 9 #ahdj ( ,jameson's lectures z some?+ ,i444 = my s9s exp]i5c$6 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #cdj47 ,d>w9 especially signalises ^! lectures on ,geology & ,zoology1 :i* he att5d$ 9 8 second ye>1 z be+ wor/ ( all incr$ibly dull4 ,! sole effect !y produc$ on me 0 ! det]m9ation nev] s long z ,i liv$ to read a book on ,geology1 or 9 any way to /udy ! sci5ce6 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #da47 ,! mis=tune 0 t ,ed9burgh at t "t _h become ! cockpit 9 :i* ! b>r5 conflict betwe5 ,neptunism & ,plutonism 0 be+ wag$ ) bl9d fury & !ological bitt]ness4 ,jameson & 8 pupils1 on ! "o h&1 & ! fri5ds & disciples ( ,hutton1 on ! o!r1 w5t to ! wilde/ extremes 9 oppos+ ea* o!r's peculi> t5ets4 ,d>w9 tells u t he actually he>d ,jameson 9 a field lecture at ,salisbury ,craigs1 disc\rs+ on a trap-dyke1 ) amygdaloidal m>g9s & ! /rata indurat$ on ea* side1 ) volcanic rocks all ar\nd u1 say t x 0 a fissure fill$ ) s$im5t f above1 add+ ) a sne] t !re 7 m5 :o ma9ta9$ t x _h be5 inject$ f b5ea? 9 a molt5 condition4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 pages #da-db47 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ?is lecture1 add$ ,d>w91 ,i d n wond] t ,i det]m9$ nev] to att5d to ,geology4 7,?is 0 writt5 9 #ahgf & ,d>w9 _h 9 ! summ] ( #ahci revisit$ & c>efully /udi$ ! locality 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bij47 ,x is probable t mo/ ( ,jameson's tea*+ 0 ( ! same controv]sial & unillum9at+ "* z ?is field-lecture at ,salisbury ,craigs4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 :ile at ,ed9burgh1 ,d>w9 mu/ h become acqua9t$ ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,huttonian ,s*ool4 ,?\gh s "y1 he mix$ freely ) ! sci5tific society ( ! city1 ,macgillivray1 ,grant1 ,leon>d ,horn]1 ,cold/ream1 ,a9swor? & o!rs be+ among 8 acqua9tances1 :ile he att5d$ & ev5 read pap]s at ! local sci5tific societies4 ,x is to be fe>$1 h[ev]1 t :at ,d>w9 w\ld he> mo/ (1 z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,huttonian tea*+1 w\ld be ass]tions t *alk-fl9ts 7 intrusions ( molt5 silica1 t fossil wood & o!r petrifactions _h be5 impregnat$ ) fus$ mat]ials1 t heat--b nev] wat]--0 always ! ag5t by :i* ! induration & cry/allisation ( rock-mat]ials 7ev5 silice\s conglom]ate1 lime/one & rock-salt7 _h be5 effect$6 ,^! extravagant anti-,w]n]ian views ! "y /ud5t might well reg>d z n "o :it less absurd & repellant ?an ! doctr9e ( ! aque\s precipitation ( basalt4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,d>w91 ev5 if he ev] he>d ( !m1 0 9 any way impress$1 9 8 e>ly c>e]1 by ! sugge/ive passages 9 ,hutton & ,playfair1 to :i* ,lyell aft]w>ds call$ att5tion1 & :i* =e%ad[$ ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ,uni=mit>ianism4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,i believe t ! influ5ce ( ,hutton & ,playfair 9 ! developm5t ( a philosophical !ory ( geology has be5 v greatly exagg]at$ by lat] writ]s on ! subject4 ,j z ,wells & ,mat!w anticipat$ ! views ( ,d>w9 on ,natural ,selection1 b )\t produc+ any real influ5ce on ! c\rse ( biological ?\ght1 s ,hutton & ,playfair adumbrat$ doctr9es :i* only became ! basis ( vivify+ !ory 9 ! h&s ( ,lyell4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace has v ju/ly rem>k$ t :5 ,lyell wrote ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ! doctr9es ( ,hutton & ,playfair1 s mu* 9 advance ( _! age1 seem$ to be utt]ly =gott54 7,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,vol4 ,,cxxvi4 7#ahfi71 page #cfc47 ,9 pro( ( ?is x is only necess>y to po9t to ! works ( ! great ma/]s ( ,engli% geology1 :o prec$$ ,lyell1 9 :i* ! works ( ,hutton & 8 foll[]s are sc>cely ev] m5tion$4 ,?is is true ev5 ( ! ,rese>*es 9 ,!oretical ,geology & ! o!r works ( ! sagaci\s ,de la ,be*e4 7,( ! /r5g? & p]si/5ce ( ! prejudice felt aga9/ ,lyell's views by 8 contempor>ies1 ,i _h a /rik+ illu/ration "s little "t aft] ,lyell's dea?4 ,"o ( ! old geologi/s :o 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! c5tury _h done really good "w 9 connection ) ! ,geological ,society express$ a hope t ,i 0 n "o ( ^? :o _h be5 c>ri$ away by poor ,lyell's fads4 ,my surprise 0 inde$ great :5 fur!r conv]sation %[$ me t ! :ole ( ! ,pr9ciples 7 includ$ 9 ! fads67 ,d>w9 himself possess$ a copy ( ,playfair's ,illu/rations ( ! ,huttonian ,!ory1 & occasionally quotes x2 b ,i h met ) only "o ref]5ce to ,hutton1 & t a some:at enigmatical "o1 9 all ,d>w9's writ+s4 ,9 a lett] to ,lyell 9 #ahda1 :5 8 m9d 0 mu* ex]cis$ conc]n+ glacial que/ions1 he says ,:at a gr& new feature all ?is ice "w is 9 ,geology6 ,h[ old ,hutton w\ld h />$6 7,m4,l4 ,,ii4 page #adi47 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! influ5ces br\ght to be> on 8 m9d dur+ 8 two ye>s' resid5ce 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,d>w91 :o _h ent]$ t ,univ]sity ) /rong geological aspirations1 left x & proce$$ to ,cambridge ) a pron\nc$ di/a/e = ! :ole subject4 ,! result ( ?is 0 t1 dur+ 8 c>e] z an "u-graduate1 he neglect$ all ! opportunities = geological /udy4 ,dur+ t important p]iod ( life1 :5 he 0 betwe5 eighte5 & tw5ty ye>s ( age1 ,d>w9 sp5t 8 "t 9 rid+1 %oot+ & beetle-hunt+1 pursuits :i* 7 und\bt$ly an admirable prep>ation = 8 future "w z an explor]2 b 9 none ( 8 lett]s ( ?is p]iod does he ev5 m5tion geology4 ,he says1 h[ev]1 ,i 0 s sick5$ ) lectures at ,ed9burgh t ,i did n ev5 att5d ,s$gwick's eloqu5t & int]e/+ lectures4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #dh47 ,x 0 only aft] pass+ 8 exam9ation1 & :5 he w5t up to sp5d two extra t]ms at ,cambridge1 t geology aga9 began to attract 8 att5tion4 ,! read+ ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el's ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy1 & ( ,humboldt's ,p]sonal ,n>rative1 a copy ( :i* la/ _h be5 giv5 to him by 8 good fri5d & m5tor ,h5sl[1 r\s$ 8 dormant en?usiasm = sci5ce1 & awak5$ 9 8 m9d a passionate desire = travel4 ,& x 0 f ,h5sl[1 :om he _h accompani$ 9 8 excursions1 b )\t imbib+ any m>k$ ta/e1 at t "t1 = botany1 t ! advice came to ?9k ( & to beg9 ! /udy ( geology4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #ef47 ,?is 0 9 #ahca1 & 9 ! summ] vacation ( t ye> we f9d him back aga9 at ,%rewsbury work+ l a tig] at geology & endeav\r+ to make a map & section ( ,%rop%ire--"w :i* he says 0 n z easy z ,i expect$4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #ahi47 ,no bett] field = geological /udies c\ld possibly be f\nd ?an ,d>w9's native c\nty4 ,writ+ to ,h5sl[ at ?is "t1 & ref]r+ to a =m ( ! in/rum5t devis$ by 8 fri5d1 ,d>w9 says3 ,i am v glad to say ,i ?9k ! cl9omet] w answ] admirably4 ,i put all ! tables 9 my b$room at e conceivable angle & direction4 ,i w v5ture to say t ,i h measur$ !m z accurately z any geologi/ go+ c\ld d4 ,b he adds3 ,i h be5 work+ at s _m ?+s t ,i h n got on mu* ) geology4 ,i suspect ! fir/ exp$ition ,i take1 cl9omet] & hamm] 9 h&1 w s5d me back v little wis] & a good deal m puzzl$ ?an :5 ,i />t$4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #ahi47 ,valuable aid 01 h[ev]1 at h&1 = at ?is "t ,s$gwick1 to :om ,d>w9 _h be5 introduc$ by ! ev]-helpful ,h5sl[1 0 mak+ "o ( 8 exp$itions into ,wales1 & cons5t$ to accept ! "y /ud5t z 8 companion dur+ ! geological t\r4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #ef47 ,we f9d ,d>w9 look+ =w>d to ?is privilege ) ! ke5e/ int]e/4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #ahi47 ,:5 at ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ 7#ahca71 ,s$gwick arriv$ at 8 fa!r's h\se 9 ,%rewsbury1 :]e he sp5t a night1 ,d>w9 began to receive 8 fir/ & only in/ruction z a field-geologi/4 ,! j\rney !y took toge!r l$ !m ?r\gh ,llangoll51 ,conway1 ,bangor1 & ,capel ,curig1 at :i* latt] place !y p>t$ aft] sp5d+ _m h\rs 9 exam9+ ! rocks at ,cwm ,idwal ) extreme c>e1 seek+ = fossils b )\t success4 ,s$gwick's mode ( in/ruction 0 admirable--he f "t to "t s5t ! pupil (f on a l9e p>allel to 8 own1 tell+ me to br+ back specim5s ( ! rocks & to m>k ! /ratification on a map4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #eg47 ,on 8 return to ,%rewsbury1 ,d>w9 wrote to ,h5sl[1 ,my trip ) ,s$gwick answ]$ mo/ p]fectly1 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #aie471 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he wrote aga9 f ,s\? ,am]ica to ! same fri5d1 ,tell ,pr(essor ,s$gwick he does n "k h[ mu* ,i am indebt$ to him = ! ,wel% exp$ition2 x has giv5 me an int]e/ 9 ,geology :i* ,i w\ld n give up = any consid]ation4 ,i d n ?9k ,i ev] sp5t a m delightful ?ree weeks ?an p\nd+ ! nor?-we/ m\nta9s4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 pages #bcg-h47 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose t at ?is "t ,d>w9 _h acquir$ any?+ l ! affection = geological /udy1 :i* he aft]w>ds develop$4 ,aft] p>t+ ) ,s$gwick1 he walk$ 9 a /raight l9e by compass & map across ! m\nta9s to ,b>m\? to visit a read+ p>ty !re1 b tak+ c>e to return to ,%rop%ire be=e ,septemb] #a/1 9 ord] to be ready = ! %oot+4 ,= z he c&idly tells u1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght myself mad to give up ! fir/ days ( p>tridge-%oot+ = geology or any o!r sci5ce6 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #eh47 ,any regret we may be dispos$ to feel t ,d>w9 did n use 8 opportunities at ,ed9burgh & ,cambridge to obta9 sy/ematic & practical in/ruction 9 m9]alogy & geology1 w be mitigat$1 h[ev]1 :5 we reflect on ! dang] :i* he w\ld run ( be+ indoctr9at$ ) ! crude cata/rophic views ( geology1 :i* 7 at t "t preval5t 9 all ! c5tres ( le>n+4 ,writ+ to ,h5sl[ 9 ! summ] ( #ahca1 ,d>w9 says ,z yet ,i h only indulg$ 9 hypo!ses1 b !y are su* p[]ful ones t ,i suppose1 if !y 7 put into action b = "o day1 ! _w w\ld come to an end4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #ahi47 ,may we n read 9 ?is passage an indication t ! self-taught geologi/ _h1 ev5 at ?is e>ly /age1 begun to feel a di/ru/ = ! preval5t cata/rophism1 & t 8 m9d 0 becom+ a field 9 :i* ! se$s :i* ,lyell 0 aft]w>ds to s[ w\ld fall on good gr\nd8 ,! second p]iod ( ,d>w9's geological c>e]--! five ye>s sp5t by him on bo>d ! ,beagle--0 ! "o 9 :i* by f> ! mo/ important /age 9 8 m5tal developm5t 0 accompli%$4 ,he left ,engl& a heal?y1 vigor\s & en?usia/ic collector2 he return$ five ye>s lat] ) unique exp]i5ces1 ! g]ms ( great ideas1 & a k :i* plac$ him at once 9 ! =emo/ ranks ( ! geologi/s ( t day4 ,huxley has well said t ,d>w9 f\nd on bo>d ! ,beagle t :i* nei!r ! p$agogues ( ,%rewsbury1 nor ! pr(essoriate ( ,ed9burgh1 nor ! tutors ( ,cambridge _h manag$ to give him4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,xliv4 7#ahhh71 page ,,ix47 ,d>w9 himself wrote1 ref]r+ to ! date at :i* ! voyage 0 expect$ to beg93 ,my second life w !n comm5ce1 & x %all be z a bir?day = ! re/ ( my life4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bad472 & look+ back on ! voyage aft] =ty ye>s1 he wrote2 ,! voyage ( ! ',beagle' has be5 by f> ! mo/ important ev5t 9 my life1 & has det]m9$ my :ole c>e]2444 ,i h always felt t ,i owe to ! voyage ! fir/ real tra9+ or education ( my m9d2 ,i 0 l$ to att5d closely to sev]al bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 & ?us my p[]s ( obs]vation 7 improv$1 ?\gh !y 7 always fairly develop$4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #fa47 ,ref]r+ to ^! g5]al /udies 9 natural hi/ory1 h[ev]1 ,d>w9 adds a v significant rem>k3 ,! inve/igation ( ! geology ( ! places visit$ 0 f> m important1 z reason+ "h comes into play4 ,on fir/ exam9+ a new di/rict no?+ c appe> m hopeless ?an ! *aos ( rocks2 b by record+ ! /ratification & nature ( ! rocks & fossils at _m po9ts1 always reason+ & pr$ict+ :at w be f\nd else:]e1 light soon beg9s to dawn on ! di/rict1 & ! /ructure ( ! :ole becomes m or less intelligible4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #fb47 ,! fam\s voyage began amid d\bts1 disc\ragem5ts & disappo9tm5ts4 ,fe>ful ( he>t-disease1 sad at p>t+ f home & fri5ds1 depress$ by sea-sickness1 ! "y explor]1 aft] be+ twice driv5 back by baffl+ w9ds1 rea*$ ! great object ( 8 ambition1 ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe1 only to f9d t1 ow+ to qu>ant9e regulations1 l&+ 0 out ( ! "q4 ,b soon ?is inauspici\s op5+ ( ! voyage 0 =gott54 ,h5sl[ _h advis$ 8 pupil to take ) him ! fir/ volume ( ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 !n j publi%$--b caution$ him 7z ne>ly all ! lead]s 9 geological sci5ce at t day w\ld c]ta9ly h done7 on no acc\nt to accept ! views !re9 advocat$4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #gc47 ,x is probable t ! days ( wait+1 discom=t & sea-sickness at ! beg9n+ ( ! voyage 7 reliev$ by ! read+ ( ?is volume4 ,= he says t :5 he l&$1 ?ree weeks aft] sett+ sail f ,plym\?1 9 ,/ ,jago1 ! l>ge/ ( ! ,cape de ,v]de ,isl&s1 ! volume _h already be5 /udi$ att5tively2 & ! book 0 ( ! highe/ s]vice to me 9 _m ways444 ,8 fir/ orig9al geological "w1 he decl>es1 %[$ me cle>ly ! wond]ful sup]iority ( ,lyell's mann] ( treat+ geology1 comp>$ ) t ( any o!r au?or1 ^: works ,i _h ) me or ev] aft]w>ds read4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #fb47 ,at ,/ ,jago ,d>w9 fir/ exp]i5c$ ! joy ( mak+ new discov]ies1 & 8 delight 0 unb\nd$4 ,writ+ to 8 fa!r he says1 ,geologis+ 9 a volcanic c\ntry is mo/ delightful2 besides ! int]e/ atta*$ to itself1 x leads y into mo/ beautiful & retir$ spots4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bbh47 ,to ,h5sl[ he wrote ( ,/ ,jago3 ,"h we sp5t ?ree mo/ delightful weeks444 ,/ ,jago is s+ul>ly b>r51 & produces few plants or insects1 s t my hamm] 0 my usual companion1 & 9 its company mo/ delightful h\rs ,i sp5t4 ,! geology 0 pre-em95tly int]e/+1 & ,i believe q new2 !re are "s facts on a l>ge scale ( uprais$ coa/ 7:i* is an excell5t epo* = all ! volcanic rocks to date f71 t w\ld int]e/ ,mr ,lyell4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bce47 ,aft] m ?an =ty ye>s ! memory ( ?is1 8 fir/ geological "w1 seems z fre% z ev]1 & he wrote 9 #ahgf1 ,! geology ( ,/ ,jago is v /rik+1 yet simple3 a /ream ( lava =m]ly fl[$ ov] ! b$ ( ! sea1 =m$ ( triturat$ rec5t %ells & corals1 :i* x has bak$ into a h>d :ite rock4 ,s9ce !n ! :ole isl& has be5 upheav$4 ,b ! l9e ( :ite rock reveal$ to me a new & important fact1 namely1 t !re _h be5 aft]w>ds subsid5ce r\nd ! crat]s1 :i* _h s9ce be5 9 action1 & _h p\r$ =? lava4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #fe47 ,x 0 at ?is "t1 probably1 t ,d>w9 made 8 fir/ attempt at draw+ a sket*-map & section to illu/rate ! obs]vations he _h made 7see 8 ,volcanic ,isl&s1 pages #a & #i74 ,8 fir/ important geological discov]y1 t ( ! subsid5ce ( /rata ar\nd volcanic v5ts 7:i* has s9ce be5 confirm$ by ,mr ,heaphy 9 ,new ,zeal& & o!r au?ors7 awak5$ an int5se en?usiasm1 & he writes3 ,x !n fir/ dawn$ on me t ,i might p]haps write a book on ! geology ( ! v>i\s c\ntries visit$1 & ?is made me ?rill ) delight4 ,t 0 a memorable h\r to me1 & h[ di/9ctly ,i c call to m9d ! l[ cliff ( lava b5ea? :i* ,i re/$1 ) ! sun gl>+ hot1 a few /range des]t plants gr[+ ne>1 & ) liv+ corals 9 ! tidal pools at my feet4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #ff47 ,b x 0 :5 ! ,beagle1 aft] t\*+ at ,/ ,paul's rock & ,tri/an d',acunha 7= a suffici5t "t only to collect specim5s71 rea*$ ! %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 t ,d>w9's real "w began2 & he 0 able1 :ile ! m>9e surveys 7 9 progress1 to make _m ext5sive j\rneys on l&4 ,8 lett]s at ?is "t %[ t geology _h become 8 *ief delight1 & su* exclamations z ,geology c>ries ! day1 ,i f9d 9 ,geology a nev] fail+ int]e/1 etc4 ab\nd 9 8 correspond5ce4 ,d>w9's "t 0 divid$ betwe5 ! /udy ( ! great deposits ( r$ mud--! ,pampean =mation--) its int]e/+ fossil bones & %ells af=d+ pro(s ( sl[ & con/ant movem5ts ( ! l&1 & ! und]ly+ masses ( metamorphic & plutonic rocks4 ,writ+ to ,h5sl[ 9 ,m>*1 #ahcd1 he says3 ,i am q *>m$ ) ,geology1 b1 l ! wise animal betwe5 two bundles ( hay1 ,i d n "k :i* to l be/2 ! old cry/all9e gr\ps ( rocks1 or ! s(t] & fossilif]\s b$s4 ,:5 puzzl+ ab\t /ratification1 etc41 ,i feel incl9$ to cry 'a fig = y\r big oy/]s1 & y\r bigg] mega!riums4' ,b !n :5 digg+ out "s f9e bones1 ,i wond] h[ any man c tire 8 arms ) hamm]+ granite4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bdi47 ,we are told by ,d>w9 t he lov$ to reason ab\t & attempt to pr$ict ! nature ( ! rocks 9 ea* new di/rict be=e he arriv$ at x4 ,?is love ( guess+ z to ! geology ( a di/rict he 0 ab\t to visit is amus+ly express$ by him 9 a lett] 7( ,may1 #ahcb7 to 8 c\s9 & old college-fri5d1 ,fox4 ,aft] allud+ to ! beetles he _h be5 collect+--a ta/e 8 fri5d _h 9 common ) himself--he writes ( geology t ,x is l ! pleasure ( gambl+4 ,speculat+ on fir/ arriv+1 :at ! rocks may be1 ,i (t5 m5tally cry out #c to #a t]ti>y aga9/ primitive2 b ! latt] h hi!rto won all ! bets4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bcc47 ,n ! lea/ important ( ! educational results ( ! voyage to ,d>w9 0 ! acquirem5t by him ( ^? habits ( indu/ry & me?od :i* enabl$ him 9 aft] life to accompli% s mu*--9 spite ( con/ant failures ( heal?4 ,f ! outset1 he daily und]took & resolutely accompli%$1 9 spite ( sea-sickness & o!r di/ractions1 f\r important tasks4 ,9 ! fir/ place he regul>ly wrote up ! pages ( 8 ,j\rnal1 9 :i*1 pay+ great att5tion to lit]>y /yle & composition1 he record$ only matt]s t w\ld be ( g5]al int]e/1 su* z rem>ks on sc5]y & vegetation1 on ! peculi>ities & habits ( animals1 & on ! *>act]s1 avocations & political in/itutions ( ! v>i\s races ( m5 ) :om he 0 br\ght 9 contact4 ,x 0 ! fre%ness ( ^! obs]vations t gave 8 ,n>rative s mu* *>m4 ,only 9 ^? cases 9 :i* 8 ideas _h become fully cry/allis$1 did he attempt to deal ) sci5tific matt]s 9 ?is j\rnal4 ,8 second task 0 to write 9 volum9\s note-books facts conc]n+ animals & plants1 collect$ on sea or l&1 :i* c\ld n be well made out f specim5s pres]v$ 9 _s2 b he tells u t1 ow+ to want ( skill 9 dissect+ & draw+1 mu* ( ! "t sp5t 9 ?is "w 0 entirely ?r[n away1 a great pile ( ,,ms4 :i* ,i made dur+ ! voyage has prov$ almo/ useless4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #fb47 ,huxley confirm$ ?is judgm5t on 8 biological "w1 decl>+ t all 8 zeal & indu/ry result$1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 a va/ accumulation ( useless manuscript4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,xliv4 7#ahhh71 page ,,ix47 ,d>w9's ?ird task 0 ( a v diff]5t "* & ( inf9itely great] value4 ,x consi/$ 9 writ+ notes ( 8 j\rneys on l&--! notes be+ devot$ to ! geology ( ! di/ricts visit$ by him4 ,^! =m$ ! basis1 n only ( a numb] ( geological pap]s publi%$ on 8 return1 b also ( ! ?ree important volumes =m+ ,! ,geology ( ! voyage ( ! ',beagle'4 ,on ,july #bd?1 #ahcd1 :5 little m ?an half ( ! voyage _h be5 complet$1 ,d>w9 wrote to ,h5sl[1 ,my notes are becom+ bulky4 ,i h ab\t #fjj small qu>to pages full2 ab\t half ( ?is is ,geology4 7,m4,l4 ,i4 page #ad47 ,! la/1 & c]ta9ly n ! lea/ important ( all 8 duties1 consi/$ 9 numb]+1 catalogu+1 & pack+ 8 specim5s = despat* to ,h5sl[1 :o _h und]tak5 ! c>e ( !m4 ,9 8 lett]s he (t5 expresses ! greate/ solicitude le/ ! value ( ^! specim5s %\ld be impair$ by ! removal ( ! numb]s correspond+ to 8 manuscript li/s4 ,sci5ce owes mu* to ,h5sl['s pati5t c>e ( ! collections s5t to him by ,d>w94 ,! latt] wrote 9 ,h5sl['s biography1 ,dur+ ! five ye>s' voyage1 he regul>ly correspond$ ) me & guid$ my ef=ts2 he receiv$1 op5$1 & took c>e ( all ! specim5s s5t home 9 _m l>ge boxes4 7,life ( ,h5sl[1 by ,l4 ,j5yns 7,blomefield71 ,london1 #ahfb1 page #ec47 ,d>w9's geological specim5s are n[ v appropriately lodg$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 ,cambridge1 8 orig9al ,catalogue ) subsequ5t annotations be+ pres]v$ ) !m4 ,f an exam9ation ( ^! catalogues & specim5s we are able to =m a fair notion ( ! "w done by ,d>w9 9 8 little cab9 9 ! ,beagle1 9 ! int]vals betwe5 8 l& j\rneys4 ,besides writ+ up 8 notes1 x is evid5t t he 0 able to accompli% a consid]able am\nt ( /udy ( 8 specim5s1 be=e !y 7 pack$ up = despat* to ,h5sl[4 ,besides h&-magnifi]s & a microscope1 ,d>w9 _h an equipm5t = bl[pipe-analysis1 a contact-goniomet] & magnet2 & ^! 7 9 con/ant use by him4 ,8 small libr>y ( ref]5ce 7n[ includ$ 9 ! ,collection ( books plac$ by ,mr ,f4 ,d>w9 9 ! ,botany ,s*ool at ,cambridge 7,catalogue ( ! ,libr>y ( ,*>les ,d>w9 n[ 9 ! ,botany ,s*ool1 ,cambridge4 ,compil$ by ,h4,w4 ,ru!r=d2 ) an introduction by ,francis ,d>w94 ,cambridge1 #aijh477 appe>s to h be5 admirably select$1 & 9 all probability conta9$ 79 addition to a good _m works relat+ to ,s\? ,am]ica7 a fair numb] ( excell5t books ( ref]5ce4 ,among ^? relat+ to m9]alogy1 he possess$ ! manuals ( ,phillips1 ,alex&] ,brongni>t1 ,beudant1 von ,kobell & ,jameson3 all ! ,cri/allographie ( ,bro*ant de ,vill]s &1 = bl[pipe "w1 ,dr ,*ildr5's translation ( ! book ( ,b]zelius on ! subject4 ,9 addition to ^!1 he _h ,h5ry's ,exp]im5tal ,*emi/ry & ,ure's ,diction>y 7( ,*emi/ry74 ,a "w1 he evid5tly (t5 employ$1 0 ,p4 ,syme's book on ,w]n]'s ,nom5clature ( ,col\rs2 :ile1 = ,petrology1 he us$ ,maccullo*'s ,geological ,classification ( ,rocks4 ,h[ dilig5tly & well he employ$ 8 in/rum5ts & books is %[n by ! valuable obs]vations record$ 9 ! annotat$ ,catalogues drawn up on bo>d %ip4 ,^! catalogues h on ! "r-h& pages numb]s & descriptions ( ! specim5s1 & on ! opposite pages notes on ! specim5s--! result ( exp]im5ts made at ! "t & writt5 9 a v small h&4 ,( ! subsequ5tly made p5cil notes1 ,i %all h to speak lat]4 7,i am greatly indebt$ to my fri5d ,mr ,a4 ,h>k]1 ,f4,r4,s41 = 8 assi/ance 9 exam9+ ^! specim5s & catalogues4 ,he has also arrang$ ! specim5s 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum1 s z to make ref]5ce to !m easy4 ,! specim5s f ,asc5sion & a few o!rs are h[ev] 9 ! ,museum at ,j]myn ,/reet47 ,x is a "q ( great int]e/ to det]m9e ! p]iod & ! occasion ( ,d>w9's fir/ awak5+ to ! great problem ( ! transmutation ( species4 ,he tells u himself t 8 gr&fa!r's ,zoonomia _h be5 read by him b )\t produc+ any effect1 & t 8 fri5d ,grant's rhapsodies on ,lam>ck & 8 views on evolution only gave rise to a/oni%m5t4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #ch47 ,huxley1 :o _h probably nev] se5 ! privately pr9t$ volume ( lett]s to ,h5sl[1 express$ ! op9ion t ,d>w9 c\ld n h p]ceiv$ ! important be>+ ( 8 discov]y ( bones 9 ! ,pampean ,=mation1 until !y _h be5 /udi$ 9 ,engl&1 & _! analogies pron\nc$ ^u by compet5t comp>ative anatomi/s4 ,& ?is seem$ to be confirm$ by ,d>w9's own entry 9 8 pocket-book = #ahcg1 ,9 ,july op5$ fir/ notebook on ,transmutation ( ,species4 ,_h be5 greatly /ruck f ab\t ! mon? ( previ\s ,m>* on "* ( ,s\? ,am]ican fossils444 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bgf47 ,! second volume ( ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 0 publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcb1 & ,d>w9's copy 7l t ( ! o!r two volumes1 9 a sadly dilapidat$ condition f con/ant use7 has 9 x ! inscription1 ,*>les ,d>w91 ,monte ,video4 ,nov4 #ahcb4 ,z ev]yone kn[s1 ,d>w9 9 d$icat+ ! second edition ( 8 ,j\rnal ( ! ,voyage to ,lyell decl>$1 ! *ief "p ( :atev] sci5tific m]it ?is j\rnal & ! o!r works ( ! au?or may possess1 has be5 d]iv$ f /udy+ ! well-kn[n & admirable ',pr9ciples ( ,geology'4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is second volume ( ! ,pr9ciples1 ,lyell insi/s on ! importance ( ! species "q to ! geologi/1 b goes on to po9t out ! difficulty ( accept+ ! only s]i\s attempt at a transmutation !ory :i* _h up to t "t appe>$--t ( ,lam>ck4 ,9 subsequ5t *apt]s he discusses ! que/ions ( ! modification & v>iability ( species1 ( hybridity1 & ( ! geographical di/ribution ( plants & animals4 ,he !n gives vivid pictures ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ev] go+ on betwe5 v>i\s species1 & ( ! causes :i* lead to _! ext9ction--n by ov]:elm+ cata/rophes1 b by ! sil5t & almo/ unobs]v$ action ( natural causes4 ,?is leads him to consid] !ories ) reg>d to ! introduction ( new species1 &1 reject+ ! fanciful notions ( c5tres or foci ( creation1 he argues /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! view1 z mo/ reconcileable ) obs]v$ facts1 t ea* species may h _h its orig9 9 a s+le pair1 or individual1 :]e an individual 0 suffici5t1 & species may h be5 creat$ 9 succession at su* times & 9 su* places z to enable !m to multiply & endure = an appo9t$ p]iod1 & occupy an appo9t$ space on ! globe4 7,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 7#a/ edition #ahcb71 page #abd4 ,we n[ "k1 z has be5 s well po9t$ out by ,huxley1 t ,lyell1 z e>ly z #ahbg1 0 prep>$ to accept ! doctr9e ( ! transmutation ( species4 ,9 t ye> he wrote to ,mantell1 ,:at *anges species may really und]go6 ,h[ impossible w x be to di/+ui% & lay d[n a l9e1 beyond :i* "s ( ! s-call$ ext9ct species may h nev] pass$ into rec5t ones 7,lyell's ,life & ,lett]s ,vol4 ,i4 page #afh74 ,to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 9 #ahcf1 he wrote1 ,9 reg>d to ! orig9ation ( new species1 ,i am v glad to f9d t y ?9k x probable t x may be c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( int]m$iate causes4 ,i left ?is r to be inf]r$1 n ?9k+ x wor? :ile to (f5d a c]ta9 class ( p]sons by embody+ 9 words :at w\ld only be a speculation 7,ibid4 page #dfg74 ,he express$ ! same views to ,:ewell 9 #ahcg 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #e471 & to ,s$gwick 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #cf7 to :om he says1 ( ! !ory1 t ! creation ( new species is go+ on at ! pres5t day--,i really ent]ta9 x1 b ,i h /udi\sly avoid$ lay+ ! doctr9e d[n dogmatically z capable ( pro( 7see ,huxley 9 ,l4,l4 ,,ii4 pages #aij-aie477 ,aft] po9t+ out h[ impossible x w\ld be = a naturali/ to prove t a newly ,,discov]$ species 0 really newly ,,creat$ 7,mr ,f4 ,d>w9 has po9t$ out t 8 fa!r 7l ,lyell7 (t5 us$ ! t]m ,creation 9 speak+ ( ! orig9 ( new species 7,l4,l4 ,,ii4 *apt] #a4771 ,lyell argu$ t no satisfactory evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,way 9 :i* ^! new =ms 7 creat$1 _h z yet be5 discov]$1 b t he ent]ta9$ ! hope ( a possible solution ( ! problem be+ f\nd 9 ! /udy ( ! geological record4 ,x is n difficult1 9 read+ ^! *apt]s ( ,lyell's great "w1 to realise :at an effect !y w\ld h on ! m9d ( ,d>w91 z new facts 7 collect$ & fre% obs]vations conc]n+ ext9ct & rec5t =ms 7 made 9 8 travels4 ,we are n surpris$ to f9d him writ+ home1 ,i am become a zeal\s disciple ( ,mr ,lyell's views1 z kn[n 9 8 admirable book4 ,geologis+ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,i am tempt$ to c>ry p>ts to a great] ext5t ev5 ?an he does4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bfc47 ,lyell's anticipation t ! /udy ( ! geological record might af=d a clue to ! discov]y ( h[ new species orig9ate 0 rem>kably fulfill$1 )9 a few mon?s1 by ,d>w9's discov]y ( fossil bones 9 ! r$ ,pampean mud4 ,x is v true t1 z ,huxley rem>k$1 ,d>w9's k ( comp>ative anatomy mu/ h be51 at t "t1 slight2 b t he recognis$ ! rem>kable resemblances betwe5 ! ext9ct & exi/+ mammals ( ,s\? ,am]ica is prov$ beyond all "q by a passage 9 8 lett] to ,h5sl[1 writt5 ,novemb] #bd?1 #ahcb3 ,i h be5 v lucky ) fossil bones2 ,i h fragm5ts ( at lea/ six di/9ct animals444 ,i f\nd a l>ge surface ( osse\s polygonal plates444 ,imm$iately ,i saw !m ,i ?\ght !y mu/ belong to an enorm\s armadillo1 liv+ species ( :i* g5us are s abundant "h1 & he goes on to say t he has ! l[] jaw ( "s l>ge animal :i*1 f ! mol> tee?1 ,i %\ld ?9k belong$ to ! ,ed5tata4 7,m4,l4 ,i4 pages #aa1 #ab4 ,see ,extracts ( ,lett]s address$ to ,pr(4 ,h5sl[ by ,c4 ,d>w9 7#ahce71 page #g47 ,hav+ f\nd ?is important clue1 ,d>w9 foll[$ x up ) *>act]i/ic p]sev]ance4 ,9 8 que/ = m fossil bones he 0 indefatigable4 ,mr ,francis ,d>w9 tells u1 ,i h (t5 he>d him speak ( ! despair ) :i* he _h to break (f ! project+ extremity ( a huge1 p>tly excavat$ bone1 :5 ! boat wait+ = him w\ld wait no long]4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bgf 7footnote747 ,writ+ to ,haeckel 9 #ahfd1 ,d>w9 says3 ,i %all nev] =get my a/oni%m5t :5 ,i dug out a gigantic piece ( arm\r1 l t ( ! liv+ armadillo4 7,haeckel1 ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #acd1 ,london1 #ahgf47 ,9 a lett] to ,h5sl[ 9 #ahcd ,d>w9 says3 ,i h j got sc5t ( "s fossil bones444 :at !y may be ,i d n "k1 b if gold or gallop+ w get !m !y %all be m9e4 7,m4,l4 ,i4 page #ae47 ,d>w9 also %[$ 8 s5se ( ! importance ( ! discov]y ( ^! bones by 8 solicitude ab\t _! safe arrival & cu/ody4 ,f ! ,falkl& ,isles 7,m>*1 #ahcd71 he writes to ,h5sl[3 ,i h be5 al>m$ by y\r expression 'clean+ all ! bones' z ,i am afraid ! pr9t$ numb]s w be lo/3 ! reason ,i am s anxi\s !y %\ld n be1 is1 t a "p 7 f\nd 9 a gravel ) rec5t %ells1 b o!rs 9 a v diff]5t b$4 ,n[ ) ^! latt] !re 7 bones ( an ,ag\ti1 a g5us ( animals1 ,i believe1 peculi> to ,am]ica1 & x w\ld be curi\s to prove t "s "o ( ! g5us co-exi/$ ) ! ,mega!rium3 su* & _m o!r po9ts dep5d on ! numb]s be+ c>efully pres]v$4 7,extracts f ,lett]s etc41 pages #ac-ad47 ,9 ! ab/ract ( ! notes read to ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahce1 we read3 ,9 ! gravel ( ,patagonia he 7,d>w97 also f\nd _m bones ( ! ,mega!rium & ( five or six o!r species ( quadrup$s1 among :i* he has detect$ ! bones ( a species ( ,ag\ti4 ,he also met ) sev]al examples ( ! polygonal plates1 etc4 7,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pages #baa-bab47 ,d>w9's own recollections entirely be> out ! conclusion t he fully recognis$1 ,,:ile ,,9 ,,s\? ,,am]ica1 ! wond]ful significance ( ! resemblances betwe5 ! ext9ct & rec5t mammalian faunas4 ,he wrote 9 8 ,autobiography3 ,dur+ ! voyage ( ! ',beagle' ,i _h be5 deeply impress$ by discov]+ 9 ! ,pampean =mation great fossil animals cov]$ ) arm\r l t on ! exi/+ armadillos4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #hb47 ,! impression made on ,d>w9's m9d by ! discov]y ( ^! fossil bones1 0 d\btless deep5$ z1 9 8 progress s\?w>d f ,brazil to ,patagonia1 he f\nd simil> species ( ,ed5tate animals ev]y:]e replac+ "o ano!r among ! liv+ =ms1 :ile1 :5ev] fossils occurr$1 !y also 7 se5 to belong to ! same rem>kable gr\p ( animals4 7,:ile ,d>w9 0 mak+ ^! obs]vations 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 a simil> g5]alisation to t at :i* he arriv$ 0 be+ rea*$1 q indep5d5tly & almo/ simultane\sly1 ) respect to ! fossil & rec5t mammals ( ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! ye> #ahca1 ,clift gave to ,jameson a li/ ( bones occurr+ 9 ! caves & breccias ( ,au/ralia1 & 9 publi%+ ?is li/ ! latt] ref]r$ to ! fact t ! =ms belong$ to m>supials1 simil> to ^? ( ! exi/+ ,au/ralian fauna4 ,b he also /at$ t1 z a skull _h be5 id5tifi$ 7d\btless errone\sly7 z hav+ belong$ to a hippopotamus1 o!r mammals ?an m>supials mu/ h spread ov] ! isl& 9 late ,t]ti>y times4 ,x is n necess>y to po9t out t ?is pap] 0 q unkn[n to ,d>w9 :ile 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,lyell fir/ notic$ x 9 ! ?ird edition ( 8 ,pr9ciples1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,may1 #ahcd 7see ,ed9b4 ,new ,phil4 ,j\rn4 ,vol4 ,x4 7#ahca71 pages #cid-f1 & ,lyell's ,pr9ciples 7#crd edition71 ,vol4 ,,iii4 page #dba74 ,d>w9 ref]r$ to ?is discov]y 9 #ahci 7see 8 ,j\rnal1 page #baj477 ,t ! passage 9 ,d>w9's pocket-book = #ahcg c only ref] to an ,,awak5+ ( ,d>w9's int]e/ 9 ! subject--probably result+ f a sight ( ! bones :5 !y 7 be+ unpack$--,i ?9k !re _c be ! smalle/ d\bt2 ,,& ,,we ,,may ,,!re=e ,,confid5tly ,,fix ,,^u ,,novemb]1 #ahcb1 ,,z ,,! ,,date ,,at ,,:i* ,,d>w9 ,,comm5c$ ,,t ,,long ,,s]ies ,,( ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,reason+s ,,:i* ,,ev5tually ,,culm9at$ ,,9 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species4 ,equally c]ta9 is x1 t x 0 8 geological "w t l$ ,d>w9 into ^? pa?s ( rese>* :i* 9 ! end conduct$ him to 8 great discov]ies4 ,i q agree ) ! view express$ by ,mr ,f4 ,d>w9 & ,pr(essor ,sew>d1 t ,d>w91 l ,lyell1 ?\ght x 'almo/ useless' to try to prove ! tru? ( evolution until ! cause ( *ange 0 discov]$ 7,m4,l4 ,i4 page #ch471 & t possibly he may at times h vacillat$ 9 8 op9ions1 b ,i believe !re is evid5ce t1 f ! date m5tion$1 ! species "q 0 always m or less pres5t 9 ,d>w9's m9d4 7,al?\gh we admit ) ,huxley t ,d>w9's tra9+ 9 comp>ative anatomy 0 v small1 yet x may be rememb]$ t he 0 a m$ical /ud5t = two ye>s1 &1 if he hat$ ! lectures1 he enjoy$ ! society ( naturali/s4 ,he _h ) him 9 ! little ,beagle libr>y a fair numb] ( zoological books1 includ+ works on ,o/eology by ,cuvi]1 ,desm>e/ & ,lesson1 z well z two ,fr5* ,encyclopa$ias ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,z a sportsman1 he w\ld obta9 specim5s ( rec5t mammals 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & w\ld ?us h opportunities ( /udy+ _! tee? & g5]al anatomy4 ,ke5 obs]v]1 z he und\bt$ly 01 we ne$ n !n be surpris$ t he 0 able to make out ! resemblances betwe5 ! rec5t & fossil =ms47 ,x is cle> t1 z "t w5t on1 ,d>w9 became m & m absorb$ 9 8 geological "w4 ,"o v significant fact 0 t ! once ard5t sportsman1 :5 he f\nd t %oot+ ! necess>y game & zoological specim5s int]f]$ ) 8 "w ) ! hamm]1 gave up 8 gun to 8 s]vant4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #fc47 ,!re is cle> evid5ce t ,d>w9 gradually became aw>e h[ futile 7 8 attempts to add to zoological k by dissection & draw+1 :ile he felt ev] increas+ satisfaction ) 8 geological "w4 ,! voyage =tunately ext5d$ to a mu* long] p]iod 7five ye>s7 ?an ! two orig9ally int5d$1 b aft] be+ abs5t ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 ,d>w9 wrote to 8 si/] 9 ,novemb]1 #ahcd1 ,hurrah6 hurrah6 x is fix$ t ! ',beagle' %all n g "o mile s\? ( ,cape ,tres ,montes 7ab\t #bjj miles s\? ( ,*iloe71 & f t po9t to ,valp>aiso w be f9i%$ 9 ab\t five mon?s4 ,we %all exam9e ! ,*onos ,ar*ipelago1 entirely unkn[n1 & ! curi\s inl& sea beh9d ,*iloe4 ,= me x is glori\s4 ,cape ,tres ,montes is ! mo/ s\!rn po9t :]e !re is mu* geological int]e/1 z !re ! mod]n b$s end4 ,! ,capta9 !n talks ( cross+ ! ,pacific2 b ,i ?9k we %all p]suade him to f9i% ! coa/ ( ,p]u1 :]e ! climate is delightful1 ! c\ntry hide\sly /]ile1 b ab\nd+ ) ! highe/ int]e/ to ! geologi/444 ,i h long be5 griev$ & mo/ sorry at ! int]m9able l5g? ( ! voyage 7?\gh ,i nev] w\ld h quitt$ x7444 ,i c\ld n make up my m9d to return4 ,i c\ld n give up all ! geological ca/les 9 ! air ,i _h be5 build+ up = ! la/ two ye>s4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 pages #beg-eh47 ,9 ,april1 #ahce1 he wrote to ano!r si/]3 ,i return$ a week ago f my excursion across ! ,&es to ,m5doza4 ,s9ce leav+ ,engl& ,i h nev] made s successful a j\rney444 h[ deeply ,i h enjoy$ x2 x 0 some?+ m ?an enjoym5t2 ,i _c express ! delight :i* ,i felt at su* a fam\s w9d+-up ( all my geology 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,i lit]ally c\ld h>dly sleep at nights = ?9k+ ov] my day's "w4 ,! sc5]y 0 s new1 & s maje/ic2 ev]y?+ at an elevation ( #ab1jjj feet be>s s diff]5t an aspect f t 9 ! l[] c\ntry444 ,to a geologi/1 also1 !re are su* manife/ pro(s ( excessive viol5ce2 ! /rata ( ! highe/ p9nacles are toss$ ab\t l ! cru/ ( a brok5 pie4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 pages #bei-fj47 ,d>w9 anticipat$ ) int5se pleasure 8 visit to ! ,galapagos ,isl&s4 ,on ,july #ab?1 #ahce1 he wrote to ,h5sl[3 ,9 a few days' "t ! ,beagle w sail = ! ,galapagos ,isl&s4 ,i look =w>d ) joy & int]e/ to ?is1 bo? z be+ some:at ne>] to ,engl& & = ! sake ( hav+ a good look at an active volcano4 ,al?\gh we h se5 lava 9 abundance1 ,i h nev] yet beheld ! crat]4 7,m4,l4 ,i4 page #bf47 ,he c\ld little anticipate1 z he wrote ^! l9es1 ! important aid 9 ! solution ( ! species "q t w\ld ev] aft] make 8 visit to ! ,galapagos ,isl&s s memorable4 ,9 #ahcb1 z we h se51 ! great discov]y ( ! relations ( liv+ to ext9ct mammals 9 ! same area _h dawn$ ^u 8 m9d2 9 #ahce he 0 to f9d a second key = op5+ up ! great my/]y1 by recognis+ ! v>iations ( simil> types 9 adjo9+ isl&s among ! ,galapagos4 ,! f9al *apt] 9 ! second volume ( ! ,pr9ciples _h ar\s$ 9 ,d>w9's m9d a desire to /udy coral-reefs1 :i* 0 gratifi$ dur+ 8 voyage across ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans4 ,8 !ory on ! subject 0 sugge/$ ab\t ! end ( #ahcd or ! beg9n+ ( #ahce1 z he himself tells u1 be=e he _h se5 a coral-reef1 & result$ f 8 "w dur+ two ye>s 9 :i* he _h be5 incessantly att5d+ to ! effects on ! %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica ( ! int]mitt5t elevation ( ! l&1 toge!r ) d5udation & ! deposition ( s$im5t4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #gj47 ,on arriv+ at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 9 ,july1 #ahcf1 ,d>w9 0 greatly gratifi$ by he>+ t ,s$gwick _h spok5 to 8 fa!r 9 high t]ms ( praise conc]n+ ! "w done by him 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,ref]r+ to ! news f home1 :5 he rea*$ ,bahia once m1 on ! return voyage 7,augu/1 #ahcf71 he says3 ,! des]t1 volcanic rocks1 & wild sea ( ,asc5sion444 sudd5ly wore a pleas+ aspect1 & ,i set to "w ) a good-w at my old "w ( ,geology4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bfe47 ,writ+ fifty ye>s lat]1 he says3 ,i clamb]$ ov] ! m\nta9s ( ,asc5sion ) a b\nd+ /ep & made ! volcanic rocks res\nd "u my geological hamm]6 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #ff47 ,t 8 det]m9ation 0 n[ fix$ to devote 8 own lab\rs to ! task ( work+ out ! geological results ( ! voyage1 & t he 0 prep>$ to leave to m practis$ h&s ! /udy ( 8 biological collections1 is cle> f ! lett]s he s5t home at ?is "t4 ,f ,/ ,hel5a he wrote to ,h5sl[ ask+ t he w\ld propose him z a ,fell[ ( ! ,geological ,society2 & 8 ,c]tificate1 9 ,h5sl['s h&writ+1 is dat$ ,septemb] #h?1 #ahcf1 be+ sign$ f p]sonal k by ,h5sl[ & ,s$gwick4 ,he 0 propos$ on ,novemb] #bnd & elect$ ,novemb] #cj?1 be+ =mally admitt$ to ! ,society by ,lyell1 :o 0 !n ,presid5t1 on ,janu>y #d?1 #ahcg1 on :i* date he also read 8 fir/ pap]4 ,d>w9 did n become a ,fell[ ( ! ,l9nean ,society till eighte5 ye>s lat] 79 #ahed74 ,an e/imate ( ! value & importance ( ,d>w9's geological discov]ies dur+ ! voyage ( ! ,beagle c be/ be made :5 consid]+ ! v>i\s memoirs & books 9 :i* ! au?or describ$ !m4 ,he 0 too cauti\s to all[ himself to write 8 fir/ impressions 9 8 ,j\rnal1 & wisely wait$ till he c\ld /udy 8 specim5s "u bett] conditions & ) help f o!rs on 8 return4 ,! extracts publi%$ f 8 correspond5ce ) ,h5sl[ & o!rs1 :ile he 0 /ill abroad1 %[$1 nev]!less1 h[ great 0 ! mass ( obs]vation1 h[ sugge/ive & pregnant ) results 7 ! reason+s ( ! "y geologi/4 ,two sets ( ^! extracts f ,d>w9's lett]s to ,h5sl[ 7 pr9t$ :ile he 0 /ill abroad4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! s]ies ( ,geological ,notes made dur+ a survey ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ! ye>s #ahcb1 #ahcc1 #ahcd & #ahce1 ) an acc\nt ( a transv]se section ( ! ,cordill]as ( ! ,&es betwe5 ,valp>aiso & ,m5doza4 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 :o read ^! notes to ! ,geological ,society on ,novemb] #ah?1 #ahce1 /at$ t !y 7 extract$ f a s]ies ( lett]s 7address$ to ,pr(essor ,h5sl[71 conta9+ a great mass ( in=mation connect$ ) almo/ e bran* ( natural hi/ory1 & t he 7,s$gwick7 _h made a selection ( ! rem>ks :i* he ?\ght w\ld be m especially int]e/+ to ! ,geological ,society4 ,an ab/ract ( ?ree pages 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pages #baj-ab471 b s unkn[n 0 ! au?or at ?is "t t he 0 describ$ z ,f4 ,d>w91 ,esq41 ( ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge6 ,almo/ simultane\sly 7on ,novemb] #af?1 #ahce7 a second set ( extracts f ^! lett]s--?is "t ( a g5]al "*--7 read to ! ,philosophical ,society at ,cambridge1 & ^! excit$ s mu* int]e/ t !y 7 privately pr9t$ 9 pamphlet =m = circulation among ! memb]s4 ,_m exp$itions & sci5tific missions h be5 despat*$ to v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w s9ce ! return ( ! ,beagle 9 #ahcf1 b x is d\btful :e!r any1 ev5 ! mo/ ri*ly end[$ ( !m1 has br\ght back su* /ores ( new in=mation & fre% discov]ies z did t little t5-gun brig--c]ta9ly no cab9 or laboratory 0 ! bir?-place ( ideas ( su* fruitful "* z 0 t n>r[ end ( a *>t-room1 :]e ! solit>y naturali/ c\ld climb into 8 hammock & indulge 9 m$itation4 ,! ?ird & mo/ active portion ( ,d>w9's c>e] z a geologi/ 0 ! p]iod :i* foll[$ 8 return to ,engl& at ! end ( #ahcf4 ,8 imm$iate admission to ! ,geological ,society1 at ! beg9n+ ( #ahcg1 co9cid$ ) an important crisis 9 ! hi/ory ( geological sci5ce4 ,! b& ( en?usia/s :o ne>ly ?irty ye>s be=e _h inaugurat$ ! ,geological ,society--we>y ( ! fruitless conflicts betwe5 ,neptuni/s & ,plutoni/s--_h det]m9$ to es*ew !ory & conf9e _! lab\rs to ! collection ( facts1 _! publications to ! c>eful record ( obs]vations4 ,gre5\gh1 ! actual f\nd] ( ! ,society1 0 an ard5t ,w]n]ian1 & ne>ly all 8 fell[-work]s _h come1 m or less directly1 "u ! ,w]n]ian tea*+4 ,maccullo* alone gave valuable support to ! ,huttonian doctr9es1 s f> z !y relat$ to ! influ5ce ( igne\s activity--b ! mo/ important portion ( ! n[ celebrat$ ,!ory ( ! ,e>?--t deal+ ) ! compet5cy ( exi/+ ag5cies to acc\nt = *anges 9 pa/ geological times--0 ignor$ by all alike4 ,maccullo*'s influ5ce on ! developm5t ( geology1 :i* might h _h f>-rea*+ effects1 0 to a great ext5t neutralis$ by 8 peculi>ities ( m9d & temp]2 &1 aft] a /ormy & tr\bl\s c>e]1 he retir$ f ! society 9 #ahcb4 ,9 all ! writ+s ( ! great pione]s 9 ,engli% geology1 ,hutton & 8 spl5did g5]alisation are sc>cely ev] ref]r$ to4 ,! great doctr9es ( ,uni=mit>ianism1 :i* he _h =e%ad[$1 7 completely ignor$1 & only 8 extravagances ( anti-,w]n]ianism seem to h be5 rememb]$4 ,:5 betwe5 #ahcj & #ahcb1 ,lyell1 tak+ up ! almo/ =gott5 ideas ( ,hutton1 von ,h(f & ,prevo/1 publi%$ t bold *all5ge to ! ,cata/rophi/s--! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology--he 0 met ) ! /ronge/ opposition1 n only f ! outside _w1 :i* 0 amus$ by 8 absurdities & %ock$ by 8 impiety--b n less f 8 fell[-work]s & fri5ds 9 ! ,geological ,society4 ,= ,lyell's num]\s orig9al obs]vations1 & 8 dilig5t collection ( facts 8 contempor>ies _h no?+ b admiration1 & !y *e]fully admitt$ him to ! highe/ (fices 9 ! society1 b !y met 8 reason+s on geological !ory ) vehem5t opposition & 8 conclusions ) coldness & contempt4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a v /rik+ p>allelism betwe5 ! reception ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology by ,lyell's contempor>ies & ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,orig9 ( ,species 0 met a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]1 z is s vividly describ$ by ,huxley4 7,l4,l4 ,,ii4 pages #agi-bjd47 ,among ,lyell's fell[-geologi/s1 two only--,g4 ,p\lett ,scrope & ,john ,h]s*el 7,bo? ,lyell & ,d>w9 fully realis$ ! value ( ! support ( ^! two fri5ds4 ,scrope 9 8 appreciative reviews ( ! ,pr9ciples ju/ly po9t$ out :at 0 ! weake/ po9t1 ! inadequate recognition ( sub-a]ial z comp>$ ) m>9e d5udation4 ,d>w9 also admitt$ t ,scrope _h to a great ext5t =e/all$ him 9 8 !ory ( ,foliation4 ,h]s*el f ! fir/ insi/$ t ! lead+ idea ( ! ,pr9ciples mu/ be appli$ to organic z well z to inorganic nature & mu/ expla9 ! appe>ance ( new species 7see ,lyell's ,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #dfg74 ,d>w9 tells u t ,h]s*el's ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,natural ,philosophy ) ,humboldt's ,p]sonal ,n>rative /irr$ up 9 me a burn+ zeal 9 8 und]graduate days4 ,i once he>d ,lyell exclaim ) f]v\r ,if ev] !re 0 a heav5-born g5ius x 0 ,john ,h]s*el67--decl>$ !mselves f ! fir/ 8 /rong support]s4 ,scrope 9 two lum9\s articles 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review did = ,lyell :at ,huxley accompli%$ = ,d>w9 9 8 fam\s review 9 ! ,times2 b ,scrope un=tunately 0 at t "t imm]s$ 9 ! /ormy sea ( politics1 & devot$ 8 great p[]s ( exposition to ! prep>ation ( fugitive pamphlets4 ,h]s*el1 l ,scrope1 0 unable to support ,lyell at ! ,geological ,society1 ow+ to 8 abs5ce on ! important a/ronomical mission to ! ,cape4 ,x ?us came ab\t t1 9 ! frequ5t conflicts ( op9ion )9 ! walls ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,lyell _h to be> ! brunt ( battle = ,uni=mit>ianism q alone1 & x is to be fe>$ t he f\nd himself sadly ov]mat*$ :5 oppos$ by ! eloqu5ce ( ,s$gwick1 ! s>casm ( ,buckl&1 & ! dead weight ( incr$ulity on ! "p ( ,gre5\gh1 ,conybe>e1 ,mur*ison & o!r memb]s ( ! b& ( pione] work]s4 ,z "t w5t on !re is evid5ce t ! opposition ( ,de la ,be*e & ,:ewell some:at relax$2 ! brilliant ,paddy ,fitton 7z 8 fri5ds call$ him7 0 sometimes f\nd 9 alliance ) ,lyell1 b 0 *>act]i/ically apt to turn 8 weapon1 z occasion s]v$1 on fri5d or foe alike2 ! amiable ,john ,phillips sat ^u ! f5ce4 ,only :5 a new g5]ation arose--includ+ ,jukes1 ,ramsay1 ,=bes & ,hook]--did ,lyell f9d 8 tea*+s receiv$ ) any?+ l fav\r4 ,we c well und]/&1 !n1 h[ ,lyell w\ld welcome su* a recruit z "y ,d>w9--a man :o _h decl>$ himself m ,lyellian ?an ,lyell1 & :o br\ght to 8 support facts & obs]vations glean$ f s wide a field4 ,! fir/ meet+ ( ,lyell & ,d>w9 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! two m54 ,d>w9 at once expla9$ to ,lyell t1 ) respect to ! orig9 ( coral-reefs1 he _h arriv$ at views directly oppos$ to ^? publi%$ by 8 ma/]4 ,to give up 8 own !ory1 co/ ,lyell1 z he told ,h]s*el1 a pang at fir/1 b he 0 at once conv9c$ ( ! immeasurable sup]iority ( ,d>w9's !ory4 ,i h he>d memb]s ( ,lyell's family tell ( ! /ate ( wild excitem5t & su/a9$ en?usiasm1 :i* la/$ = days ) ,lyell aft] ?is int]view1 & 8 lett]s to ,h]s*el1 ,:ewell & o!rs %[ 8 pleasure at ! new light ?r[n ^u ! subject & 8 impati5ce to h ! matt] laid be=e ! ,geological ,society4 ,writ+ =ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,d>w91 speak+ ( ! "t ( ! return ( ! ,beagle1 says3 ,i saw a great deal ( ,lyell4 ,"o ( 8 *ief *>act]i/ics 0 8 sympa?y ) ! "w ( o!rs1 & ,i 0 z mu* a/oni%$ z delight$ at ! int]e/ :i* he %[$ :51 on my return to ,engl&1 ,i expla9$ to him my views on coral-reefs4 ,?is enc\rag$ me greatly1 & 8 advice & example _h mu* influ5ce on me4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #fh47 ,d>w9 fur!r /ates t he saw m ( ,lyell at ?is "t ?an ( any o!r sci5tific man1 & at 8 reque/ s5t 8 fir/ communication to ! ,geological ,society4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #fg47 ,mr ,lonsdale 7! able curator ( ! ,geological ,society71 ,d>w9 wrote to ,h5sl[1 ) :om ,i _h mu* int]e/+ conv]sation1 gave me a mo/ cordial reception1 & he adds1 ,if ,i 0 n mu* m incl9$ = geology ?an ! o!r bran*es ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,i am sure ,mr ,lyell's & ,lonsdale's k9dness ought to fix me4 ,y _c conceive any?+ m ?or\ghly good-natur$ ?an ! he>t-&-s\l mann] 9 :i* he put himself 9 my place & ?\ght :at w\ld be be/ to d4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bge47 ,)9 a few days ( ,d>w9's arrival 9 ,london we f9d ,lyell writ+ to ,ow5 z foll[s3 ,mrs ,lyell & ,i expect a few fri5ds "h on ,saturday next1 #bi? 7,octob]71 to an e>ly tea p>ty at eight o'clock1 & x w give u great pleasure if y c jo9 x4 ,among o!rs y w meet ,mr ,*>les ,d>w91 :om ,i believe y h se51 j return$ f ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e he has lab\r$ = zoologi/s z well z = hamm]-be>]s4 ,i h also ask$ y\r fri5d ,brod]ip4 7,! ,life ( ,ri*>d ,ow51 ,london1 #ahid1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #ajb47 ,x w\ld probably be on ?is occasion t ! s]vices ( ,ow5 7 secur$ = ! "w on ! fossil bones s5t home by ,d>w94 ,on ,novemb] #bnd1 we f9d ,lyell introduc+ ,d>w9 z 8 gue/ at ! ,geological ,society ,club2 on ,decemb] #ad?1 ,lyell & ,/okes propos$ ,d>w9 z a memb] ( ! ,club2 betwe5 t date & ,may #crd ( ! foll[+ ye>1 :5 8 election to ! ,club took place1 he 0 sev]al times d9+ z a gue/4 ,on ,janu>y #d?1 #ahcg1 z we h already se51 ,d>w9 0 =mally admitt$ to ! ,geological ,society1 & on ! same ev5+ he read 8 fir/ pap] 7,i h already po9t$ out t ! notes read at ! ,geological ,society on ,nov4 #ah1 #ahce 7 extracts made by ,s$gwick f lett]s s5t to ,h5sl[1 & n a pap] s5t home = publication by ,d>w947 be=e ! ,society1 ,obs]vations ( pro(s ( rec5t elevation on ! coa/ ( ,*ili1 made dur+ ! ,survey ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle1 comm&$ by ,capta9 ,fitz,roy1 ,r4,n4 ,by ,c4 ,d>w91 ,f4,g4,s4 ,?is pap] 0 prec$$ by "o on ! same subject by ,mr ,a4 ,caldcleugh1 & ! read+ ( a lett] & o!r communications f ! ,=eign ,(fice also relat+ to ! e>?quakes 9 ,*ili4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,geological ,society on ,febru>y #a/1 ,d>w9 0 nom9at$ z a memb] ( ! new ,c\ncil1 & he 0 elect$ on ,febru>y #ag?4 ,! meet+ ( ! ,geological ,society on ,april #ai? 0 devot$ to ! read+ by ,ow5 ( 8 pap] on ,toxodon1 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! fossil mammals f\nd by ,d>w9 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 & at ! next meet+1 on ,may #crd1 ,d>w9 himself read ,a ,sket* ( ! ,deposits conta9+ ext9ct ,mammalia 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,plata4 ,! next foll[+ meet+1 on ,may #ag?1 0 devot$ to ,d>w9's ,coral-reef pap]1 entitl$ ,on c]ta9 areas ( elevation & subsid5ce 9 ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans1 z d$uc$ f ! /udy ( ,coral ,=mations4 ,nei!r ( ^! ?ree e>ly pap]s ( ,d>w9 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society1 b ! m9utes ( ! ,c\ncil %[ t !y 7 )drawn by ! au?or by p]mission ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,d>w9's activity dur+ ?is session l$ to "s r al>m+ effects ^u 8 heal?1 & he 0 induc$ to take a holiday 9 ,/af=d%ire & ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,he 0 n idle1 h[ev]1 = a rem>k ( 8 uncle1 ,mr ,w$gwood1 l$ him to make ^? int]e/+ obs]vations on ! "w done by e>?worms1 t result$ 9 8 prep>+ a %ort memoir on ! subject1 & ?is pap]1 ,on ! ,=mation ( ,m\ld1 0 read at ! ,society on ,novemb] #a/1 #ahcg1 be+ ! fir/ ( ,d>w9's pap]s publi%$ 9 full2 x appe>$ 9 ,vol4 ,v4 ( ! ,geological ,transactions1 pages #eje-eaj4 ,dur+ ?is session1 ,d>w9 att5d$ ne>ly all ! ,c\ncil meet+s1 & took su* an active "p 9 ! "w ( ! ,society t x is n surpris+ to f9d t he 0 n[ reque/$ to accept ! position ( ,secret>y4 ,aft] "s hesitation1 9 :i* he urg$ 8 inexp]i5ce & want ( k ( =eign languages1 he cons5t$ to accept ! appo9tm5t4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bhe47 ,at ! anniv]s>y meet+ on ,febru>y #af?1 #ahch1 ! ,wolla/on ,m$al 0 giv5 to ,ow5 9 recognition ( 8 s]vices 9 describ+ ! fossil mammals s5t home by ,d>w94 ,9 8 address1 ! ,presid5t1 ,pr(essor ,:ewell1 dwelt at l5g? on ! great value ( ! pap]s :i* ,d>w9 _h laid be=e ! ,society dur+ ! prec$+ session4 ,on ,m>* #g?1 ,d>w9 read be=e ! ,society ! mo/ important p]haps ( all 8 geological pap]s1 ,on ! ,connexion ( c]ta9 ,volcanic ,ph5om5a 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & on ! ,=mation ( ,m\nta9-,*a9s & ,volcanoes z ! effect ( ,cont95tal ,elevations4 ,9 ?is pap] he boldly attack$ ! t5ets ( ! ,cata/rophi/s4 ,x is evid5t t ,d>w9 at ?is "t1 tak+ advantage ( ! tempor>y improvem5t 9 8 heal?1 0 ?r[+ himself into ! brea* ( ,uni=mit>ianism ) ! greate/ ard\r4 ,lyell wrote to ,s$gwick on ,april #ba/1 #ahcg1 ,d>w9 is a glori\s addition to any society ( geologi/s1 & is work+ h>d & mak+ way1 bo? 9 8 book & 9 our discussions4 7,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ! ,rev]5d ,adam ,s$gwick1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #dhd1 ,cambridge1 #ahij47 ,we h un=tunately few records ( ! animat$ debates :i* took place at ?is "t betwe5 ! old & new s*ools ( geologi/s4 ,i h (t5 he>d ,lyell tell h[ ,lockh>t w\ld br+ d[n a p>ty ( fri5ds f ! ,a!naeum ,club to ,som]set ,h\se on ,geological nights1 n1 z he c>efully expla9$1 t he c>$ = geology1 b because he lik$ to :ile ! fell[s fight4 ,b x =tunately happ5s t a few days aft] ?is la/ ( ,d>w9's great field-days1 at ! ,geological ,society1 ,lyell1 9 a fri5dly lett] to 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,leon>d ,horn]1 wrote a v lively acc\nt ( ! proce$+s :ile 8 impressions 7 /ill fre%2 & ?is gives u an excell5t idea ( ! "* ( ^! discussions4 ,nei!r ,s$gwick nor ,buckl& 7 pres5t on ?is occasion1 b we c imag9e h[ !y w\ld h *a/is$ _! two err+ pupils--m 9 sorr[ ?an 9 ang]--_h !y be5 !re4 ,gre5\gh1 too1 0 abs5t--possibly unwill+ to c\nt5ance ev5 by 8 pres5ce su* outrage\s doctr9es4 ,d>w91 aft] describ+ ! great e>?quakes :i* he _h exp]i5c$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! evid5ce ( _! connection ) volcanic outbur/s1 proce$$ to %[ t e>?quakes orig9at$ 9 fractures1 gradually =m$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 & 7 accompani$ by movem5ts ( ! l& on ei!r side ( ! fracture4 ,9 conclusion he boldly advanc$ ! view t cont95tal elevations1 & ! action ( volcanoes1 are ph5om5a n[ 9 progress1 caus$ by "s great b sl[ *ange 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?2 &1 !re=e1 t x might be anticipat$1 t ! =mation ( m\nta9 *a9s is likewise 9 progress3 & at a rate :i* may be judg$ ( by ei!r actions1 b mo/ cle>ly by ! gr[? ( volcanoes4 7,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pages #fed-fj47 ,lyell's acc\nt 7,life1 ,lett]s & ,j\rnals ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,b>t41 edit$ by 8 si/]-9-law1 ,mrs ,lyell1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pages #dj1 #da 7,lett] to ,leon>d ,horn]1 #ahch71 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahha47 ( ! discussion 0 z foll[s3 ,9 support ( my h]etical notions1 ,d>w9 op5$ ^u ,de la ,be*e1 ,phillips & o!rs 8 :ole batt]y ( ! e>?quakes & volcanoes ( ! ,&es1 & argu$ t spaces at lea/ a ?\s& miles long 7 simultane\sly subject to e>?quakes & volcanic eruptions1 & t ! elevation ( ! ,pampas1 ,patagonia1 etc41 all dep5d$ on a common cause2 also t ! great] ! contortions ( /rata 9 a m\nta9 *a91 ! small] mu/ h be5 ea* sep>ate & individual movem5t ( t long s]ies :i* 0 necess>y to upheave ! *a94 ,_h !y be5 m viol5t1 he cont5d$ t ! subt]rane\s fluid matt] w\ld h gu%$ out & ov]fl[$1 & ! /rata w\ld h be5 bl[n up & annihilat$4 7,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is ) :at ,d>w9 wrote to ,h5sl[ sev5 ye>s e>li]47 ,he !re=e introduces a cool+ ( "o small und]gr\nd injection1 & !n ! pump+ 9 ( o!r lava1 or porphyry1 or granite1 into ! previ\sly consolidat$ & fir/-=m$ mass ( igne\s rock4 7,ideas some:at simil> to ?is sugge/ion h rec5tly be5 reviv$ by ,dr ,see 7,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,xlvii4 #aijh1 page #bfb4747 ,:5 he _h done 8 description ( ! reit]at$ /rokes ( 8 volcanic pump1 ,de la ,be*e gave u a long oration ab\t ! impossibility ( /rata ( ! ,alps1 etc41 rema9+ flexible = su* a "t z !y mu/ h done1 if !y 7 to be tilt$1 convolut$1 or ov]turn$ by gradual small %oves4 ,he nev]1 h[ev]1 expla9$ 8 !ory ( orig9al flexibility1 & !re=e ,i am z unable z ev] to compreh5d :y flexiblility is a quality s limit$ 9 "t4 ,phillips !n got up & pron\nc$ a panegyric ^u ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 & al?\gh he /ill diff]$1 ?\ght ! actual cause doctr9e _h be5 s well put1 t x _h advanc$ ! sci5ce & =m$ a date or era1 & t = c5turies ! two opposite doctr9es w\ld divide geologi/s1 "s cont5d+ = great] pri/9e =ces1 o!rs satisfi$1 l ,lyell & ,d>w91 ) ! same int5sity z nature n[ employs4 ,fitton quizz$ ,phillips a little = ! w>m? ( 8 eulogy1 say+ t he 7,fitton7 & o!rs1 :o _h ,mr ,lyell always ) !m1 7 9 ! habit ( admir+ & qu>rell+ ) him e day1 z "o might d ) a si/] or c\s91 :om "o w\ld only kiss & embrace f]v5tly aft] a long abs5ce4 ,?is seem$ to be ,mr ,phillips' case1 com+ up occasionally f ! prov9ces4 ,fitton !n f9i%$ ?is droll]y by *>g+ me ) n hav+ done ju/ice to ,hutton1 :o he said 0 = gradual elevation4 ,i repli$1 t mo/ ( ! critics _h attack$ me = ov]rat+ ,hutton1 & t ,playfair und]/ood him z ,i did4 ,:ewell conclud$ by consid]+ ,hopk9s' ma!matical calculations1 to :i* ,d>w9 _h (t5 ref]r$4 ,he also said t we ought n to try & make out :at ,hutton w\ld h taught & ?\ght1 if he _h kn[n ! facts :i* we n[ "k4 ,x may be necess>y to po9t out1 9 explanation ( ! above n>rative1 t :ile x 0 p]fectly cle> f ,hutton's r obscure & involv$ writ+s t he advocat$ sl[ & gradual *ange on ! e>?'s surface1 8 frequ5t ref]5ces to viol5t action & e>?quakes l$ _m--includ+ ,playfair1 ,lyell & ,:ewell--to believe t he held ! *anges go+ on 9 ! e>?'s int]ior to be ( a cata/rophic nature4 ,fitton1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9$ t ,hutton 0 consi/5tly uni=mit>ian4 ,be=e ! idea ( ! actual fl[+ ( solid bodies "u int5se pressure _h be5 grasp$ by geologi/s1 ,de la ,be*e1 l ,playfair be=e him1 ma9ta9$ t ! b5d+ & fold+ ( rocks mu/ h be5 effect$ be=e _! complete consolidation4 ,9 conclud+ 8 acc\nt ( ?is memorable discussion1 ,lyell adds3 ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) ! diff]5t tone 9 :i* my gradual causes 0 treat$ by all1 ev5 includ+ ,de la ,be*e1 f t :i* !y exp]i5c$ 9 ! same room f\r ye>s ago1 :5 ,buckl&1 ,de la ,be*e7871 ,s$gwick1 ,:ewell1 & "s o!rs treat$ !m ) z mu* ridicule z 0 consi/5t ) polit5ess 9 my pres5ce4 ,?is important pap] 01 9 spite ( its !oretical "*1 publi%$ 9 full 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society 7,s]4 #b1 ,vol4 ,v4 pages #fja-fcj74 ,x did n h[ev] appe> till #ahdj1 & possibly "s *anges may h be5 made 9 x dur+ ! long int]val betwe5 read+ & pr9t+4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahci1 ,d>w9 cont9u$ 8 regul> att5dance at ! ,c\ncil meet+s1 b !re is no record ( any discussions 9 :i* he may h tak5 "p1 & he contribut$ no pap]s himself to ! ,society4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( #ahdj1 he 0 re-elect$ = ! ?ird "t z ,secret>y1 b ! results ( fail+ heal? are indicat$ by ! circum/ance t1 only at "o meet+ e>ly 9 ! session1 0 he able to att5d ! ,c\ncil4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! next session 7,feb4 #ahda7 ,bunbury succe$$ him z ,secret>y1 ,d>w9 /ill rema9+ on ! ,c\ncil4 ,x may be reg>d$ z a /rik+ indication ( ! e/eem 9 :i* he 0 held by 8 fell[ geologi/s1 t ,d>w9 rema9$ on ! ,c\ncil = #ad consecutive ye>s d[n to #ahdi1 ?\gh 8 att5dances 7 9 "s ye>s v few4 ,9 #ahdc & #ahdd he 0 a ,vice-presid5t1 b aft] 8 retirem5t at ! beg9n+ ( #ahej1 he nev] aga9 accept$ re-nom9ation4 ,he cont9u$1 h[ev]1 to contribute pap]s to ! ,society1 z we %all see1 d[n to ! end ( #ahfb4 ,al?\gh ,d>w9 e>ly became a memb] ( ! ,geological ,d9+ ,club1 x is to be fe>$ t he sc>cely f\nd himself 9 a cong5ial atmosph]e at ^? some:at hil>i\s ga!r+s1 :]e ! h>dy wield]s ( ! hamm] n only drank port--& pl5ty ( x--b w\nd up _! meal ) a mixture ( ,scot* ale & soda wat]1 a dr9k :i*1 z rem9isc5t ( ! field1 0 reg>d$ z especially appropriate to geologi/s4 ,ev5 aft] ! meet+s1 :i* foll[$ ! d9n]s1 !y reassembl$ = supp]s1 at :i* geological da9ties1 l pt]odactyle pie figur$ 9 ! bill ( f>e1 & f9es ( bump]s 7 inflict$ on ^? :o talk$ ! ologies4 ,aft] be+ pres5t at a fair numb] ( meet+s 9 #ahcg & #ahch1 ,d>w9's att5dances at ! ,club fell (f to two 9 #ahci1 & by #ahda he _h ceas$ to be a memb]4 ,9 a lett] to ,lyell on ,dec4 #bnd1 #ahda1 ,leon>d ,horn] wrote t ! day be=e ,at ! ,c\ncil1 ,i _h ! satisfaction ( see+ ,d>w9 aga9 9 8 place & look+ well4 ,he tri$ ! la/ ev5+ meet+1 b f\nd x too mu*1 b ,i hope be=e ! end ( ! season he w f9d himself equal to t also4 ,i hail ,d>w9's recov]y z a va/ ga9 to sci5ce4 ,d>w9's probably la/ att5dance1 ?is "t z a gue/1 0 9 #ahea1 :5 ,horn] aga9 wrote to ,lyell1 ,*>les ,d>w9 0 at ! ,geological ,society's ,club ye/]day1 :]e he _h n be5 = t5 ye>s--rem>kably well1 & gr[n q /\t4 7,memoirs ( ,leon>d ,horn] 7privately pr9t$71 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pages #ci & #aie47 ,x may be int]e/+ to note t at ! some:at less lively d9+ ,club--! ,philosophical--9 ! f\nd+ ( :i* 8 fri5ds ,lyell & ,hook] _h tak5 s active a "p1 ,d>w9 f\nd himself m at home1 & he 0 a frequ5t att5dant--9 spite ( 8 resid5ce be+ at ,d[n--f #ahec to #ahfd4 ,he ev5 made contributions on sci5tific que/ions aft] ^! d9n]s4 ,9 a lett] to ,hook] he /ates t he 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! re=ms ( ! ,royal ,society1 :i* ! ,club 0 f\nd$ to promote4 ,he says also t he _h arrang$ to come to t[n e ,club day & !n my head1 ,i ?9k1 w all[ me on an av]age to g to e o!r meet+4 ,b x is griev\s h[ (t5 any *ange knocks me up4 7,l4,l4 ,,ii4 pages #db1 #dc47 ,( ! ye>s #ahcg & #ahch ,d>w9 himself says !y 7 ! mo/ active ones :i* ,i ev] sp5t1 ?\gh ,i 0 occasionally unwell1 & s lo/ "s "t444 ,i also w5t a little into society4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 pages #fg1 #fh47 ,b ( ! f\r ye>s f #ahci to #ahdb he has to confess sadly ,i did less sci5tific "w1 ?\gh ,i work$ z h>d z ,i c\ld1 ?an dur+ any o!r equal l5g? ( "t 9 my life4 ,?is 0 ow+ to frequ5tly recurr+ unwellness1 & to "o long & s]i\s illness4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #fi47 ,d>w9's "w at ! ,geological ,society did n by any means engage ! :ole ( 8 en]gies1 dur+ ! active ye>s #ahcg & #ahch4 ,9 ,june ( ! latt] ye>1 leav+ t[n 9 some:at bad heal?1 he f\nd himself at ,ed9burgh aga91 & engag$ 9 exam9+ ! ,salisbury ,craigs1 9 a v diff]5t _s to t excit$ by ,jameson's disc\rse4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bij47 ,proce$+ to ! ,highl&s he !n _h eight days ( h>d "w at ! fam\s ,p>allel ,roads ( ,gl5 ,roy1 be+ fav\r$ ) glori\s wea!r4 ,he says ( ! writ+ ( ! pap] on ! subject--! only memoir contribut$ by ,d>w9 to ! ,royal ,society1 to :i* he _h be5 rec5tly elect$--t x 0 "o ( ! mo/ difficult & in/ructive tasks ,i 0 ev] engag$ on4 ,! pap] ext5ds to #dj qu>to pages & is illu/rat$ by two plates4 ,?\gh x is full ( ! records ( c>eful obs]vation & acute reason+1 yet ! !ory ( m>9e bea*es :i* he prop\nd$ 01 z he c&idly admitt$ 9 aft] ye>s 7,m4,l4 ,,ii page #ahh471 altoge!r wrong4 ,! alt]native lake-!ory he f\nd himself unable to accept at ! "t1 = he c\ld n und]/& h[ b>ri]s c\ld be =m$ at successive levels across ! valleys2 & until ! foll[+ ye>1 :5 ! exi/5ce ( great glaci]s 9 ! di/rict 0 prov$ by ! rese>*es ( ,agassiz1 ,buckl& & o!rs1 ! difficulty appe>$ to him an insup]able "o4 ,al?\gh ,d>w9 said ( ?is pap] 9 aft] ye>s t x 0 a great failure & ,i am a%am$ ( x--yet he reta9$ 8 int]e/ 9 ! "q ev] aft]w>ds1 & he says my error has be5 a good lesson to me nev] to tru/ 9 sci5ce to ! pr9ciple ( exclusion4 7,m4,l4 ,,ii4 pages #aga-ic47 ,al?\gh ,d>w9 _h n realis$ 9 #ahch t l>ge p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s _h be5 occupi$ by great glaci]s1 he _h by no means fail$ :ile 9 ,s\? ,am]ica to recognise ! importance ( ice-action4 ,8 obs]vations1 z record$ 9 8 ,j\rnal1 on glaci]s com+ d[n to ! sea-level1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 a latitude correspond+ to a mu* l[] "o ?an t ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 pr(\ndly int]e/$ geologi/s2 & ! same "w conta9s _m valuable notes on ! b\ld]s & un/ratifi$ b$s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica 9 :i* !y 7 includ$4 ,b 9 #ahdj ,agassiz read 8 />tl+ pap] on ! evid5ce ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( glaci]s 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by ,buckl&'s memoir on ! same subject4 ,on ,april #ad1 #ahda1 ,d>w9 contribut$ to ! ,geological ,society 8 important pap] ,on ! ,di/ribution ( ,erratic ,b\ld]s & ! ,contemporane\s ,un/ratifi$ ,deposits ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 a pap] full ( sugge/iv5ess = ^? /udy+ ! glacial deposits ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions 9 #ahdb4 ,! description ( traces ( glacial action 9 ,nor? ,wales1 by ,buckl&1 appe>s to h greatly excit$ ! int]e/ ( ,d>w94 ,) ,s$gwick he _h1 9 #ahca1 work$ at ! /ratigraphy ( t di/rict1 b nei!r ( !m _h notic$ ! v int]e/+ surface features4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #eh47 ,d>w9 0 able to make a j\rney to ,nor? ,wales 9 ,june1 #ahdb 7alas6 x 0 8 la/ ef=t 9 field-geology7 & z a result he publi%$ 8 mo/ able & conv9c+ pap] on ! subject 9 ! ,septemb] numb] ( ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = #ahdb4 ,?us ! my/]y ( ! bell-/one 0 at la/ solv$ & ,d>w91 writ+ _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 said ,i felt ! ke5e/ delight :5 ,i fir/ read ( ! action ( iceb]gs 9 transport+ b\ld]s1 & ,i glori$ 9 ! progress ( ,geology4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #da47 ,to ! ,geographical ,j\rnal he _h s5t 9 #ahci a note ,on a ,rock se5 on an ,iceb]g 9 #af deg ,s4 ,latitude4 ,= ! subject ( ice-action1 inde$1 ,d>w9 reta9$ ! greate/ int]e/ to ! end ( 8 life4 7,m4,l4 ,,ii4 pages #adh-ga47 ,9 #ahdf1 ,d>w9 read two pap]s to ! ,geological ,society ,on ! du/ :i* falls on vessels 9 ! ,atlantic1 & ,on ! ,geology ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s2 9 #ahdh he contribut$ a note on ! transport ( b\ld]s f l[] to high] levels2 & 9 #ahfb ano!r note on ! ?ickness ( ! ,pampean =mation1 z %[n by rec5t bor+s at ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,briti% ,fossil ,lepadidae read 9 #ahej1 0 )drawn by him4 ,at ! end ( #ahcf ,d>w9 _h settl$ himself 9 lodg+s 9 ,fitzwilliam ,/reet1 ,cambridge1 & devot$ ?ree mon?s to ! "w ( unpack+ 8 specim5s & /udy+ 8 collection ( rocks4 ,! p5cill$ notes on ! ,manuscript ,catalogue 9 ! ,s$gwick ,museum enable u to realise 8 mode ( "w1 & ! dilig5ce ) :i* x 0 c>ri$ on4 ,! lett]s ,m & ,h1 indicate ! assi/ance he receiv$ f "t to "t f ,pr(essor ,mill]1 ! cry/allograph]1 & f 8 fri5d ,h5sl[4 ,mill] n only measur$ _m ( ! cry/als submitt$ to him1 b evid5tly taught ,d>w9 to use ! reflect+ goniomet] himself ) consid]able success4 ,! book ( measurem5ts 9 :i* ! records 7 kept1 appe>s to h be5 lo/1 b ! p5cill$ notes 9 ! catalogue %[ h[ ?or\ghly ! "w 0 done4 ,! lett] ,r atta*$ to "s ( ! numb]s 9 ! catalogue evid5tly ref]s to ! fact t !y 7 submitt$ to ,mr ,tr5ham ,reeks 7:o analys$ "s ( 8 specim5s7 at ! ,geological ,survey qu>t]s 9 ,craig's ,c\rt4 ,?is 0 at a lat] date :5 ,d>w9 0 writ+ ! ,volcanic ,isl&s & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x 0 ab\t ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #ahcg1 t ,d>w9 complet$ ?is "w ^u 8 rocks1 & also ! unpack+ & di/ribution ( 8 fossil bones & o!r specim5s4 ,we h se5 t ,novemb]1 #ahcb1 mu/ c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z ! date :5 he ,,fir/ realis$ ! important fact t ! fossil mammals ( ! ,pampean =mation 7 all closely relat$ to ! exi/+ =ms 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 :ile ,octob]1 #ahce1 01 z und\bt$ly1 ! date :5 ! /udy ( ! birds & o!r =ms ( life 9 ! sev]al isl&s ( ! ,galapagos ,isl&s gave him 8 ,,second impulse t[>ds ab&on+ ! preval5t view ( ! immutability ( species4 ,:5 !n 9 8 pocket-book = #ahcg ,d>w9 wrote ! (t5 quot$ passage3 ,9 ,july op5$ fir/ note-book on ,transmutation ( ,species4 ,_h be5 greatly /ruck f ab\t ! mon? ( previ\s ,m>* on "* ( ,s\? ,am]ican fossils1 & species on ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago4 ,^! facts 7especially latt]71 orig9 ( all my views 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bgf471 x is cle> t he mu/ ref]1 n to 8 fir/ inception ( ! idea ( evolution1 b to ! flood ( recollections1 ! reawak5+ ( 8 int]e/ 9 ! subject1 :i* c\ld n fail to result f ! sight ( 8 specim5s & ! ref]5ce to 8 notes4 ,except dur+ ! summ] vacation1 :5 he 0 visit+ 8 fa!r & uncle1 & ) ! latt] mak+ 8 fir/ obs]vations ^u ! "w ( e>?worms1 ,d>w9 0 busy ) 8 arrangem5ts = ! publication ( ! five volumes ( ! ,zoology ( ! ',beagle' & 9 gett+ ! necess>y f9ancial aid f ! gov]nm5t = ! prep>ation ( ! plates4 ,he 0 at ! same "t prep>+ 8 ,j\rnal = publication4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahcg to #ahdc1 ,d>w9 work$ int]mitt5tly on ! volumes ( ,zoology1 all ( :i* he edit$1 :ile he wrote introductions to ^? by ,ow5 & ,wat]h\se & suppli$ notes to ! o!rs4 ,al?\gh ,d>w9 says ( 8 ,j\rnal t ! prep>ation ( ! book 0 n h>d "w1 z my ,,ms4 ,j\rnal _h be5 writt5 ) c>e4 ,yet f ! "t t he settl$ at #cf1 ,great ,m>lbor\gh ,/reet 9 ,m>*1 #ahcg1 to ! foll[+ ,novemb] he 0 occupi$ ) ?is book4 ,he tells u t ! acc\nt ( 8 sci5tific obs]vations 0 add$ at ?is "t4 ,! "w 0 n publi%$ till ,m>*1 #ahci1 :5 x appe>$ z ! ?ird volume ( ! ,n>rative ( ! ,survey+ ,voyages ( ,h4,m4 ,%ips ',adv5ture' & ',beagle' betwe5 ! ye>s #ahbf & #ahcf4 ,! book 0 probably a long "t 9 ! press1 = !re are no less ?an #bj pages ( add5da 9 small pr9t4 ,ev5 9 ?is1 its fir/ =m1 ! "w is rem>kable = its fre%ness & *>m1 & excit$ a great am\nt ( att5tion & int]e/4 ,9 addition to matt]s treat$ ( 9 great] detail 9 8 o!r works1 !re are _m geological notes ( extreme value 9 ?is volume1 su* z 8 acc\nt ( lightn+ tubes1 ( ! organisms f\nd 9 du/1 & ( ! obsidian bombs ( ,au/ralia4 ,hav+ ?us got out ( h& a numb] ( prelim9>y duties1 ,d>w9 0 ready to set to "w ^u ! ?ree volumes :i* 7 design$ by him to con/itute ,! ,geology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ',beagle'4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 to be on ,! ,/ructure & ,di/ribution ( ,coral-reefs4 ,he comm5c$ ! writ+ ( ! book on ,octob] #e1 #ahch1 & ! la/ pro( 0 correct$ on ,may #f1 #ahdb4 ,all[+ = ! frequ5t int]ruptions ?r\gh illness1 ,d>w9 e/imat$ t x co/ him tw5ty mon?s ( h>d "w4 ,d>w9 has relat$ h[ 8 !ory ( ,coral-reefs :i* 0 begun 9 a m d$uctive _s ?an any ( 8 o!r "w1 = 9 #ahcd or #ahce x 0 ?\ght out on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 be=e ,i _h se5 a true coral-reef4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #gj47 ,! f9al *apt] 9 ,lyell's second volume ( ! ,pr9ciples 0 devot$ to ! subject ( ,coral-reefs1 & a !ory 0 sugge/$ to acc\nt = ! peculi> ph5om5a ( atolls4 ,d>w9 at once saw ! difficulty ( accept+ ! view t ! num]\s & div]se atolls all repres5t subm]g$ volcanic crat]s4 ,8 own "w _h = two ye>s be5 devot$ to ! evid5ce ( l& movem5ts ov] great areas 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ?us he 0 l$ to ann\nce 8 !ory ( subsid5ce to acc\nt = b>ri] & encircl+ reefs z well z atolls4 ,=tunately1 dur+ 8 voyage across ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans1 9 8 visit to ,au/ralia & 8 twelve days' h>d "w at ,keel+ ,isl&1 he _h opportunities = putt+ 8 !ory to ! te/ ( obs]vation4 ,on 8 return to ,engl&1 ,d>w9 appe>s to h be5 greatly surpris$ at ! am\nt ( int]e/ t 8 new !ory excit$4 ,urg$ by ,lyell1 he read to ! ,geological ,society a pap] on ! subject1 z we h se51 ) z little delay z possible1 b ?is pap] 0 )drawn by p]mission ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,an ab/ract ( ?ree pages h[ev] appe>$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society4 7,vol4 ,,ii4 pages #eeb-eed 7,may #ca1 #ahcg747 ,a full acc\nt ( ! obs]vations & ! !ory 0 giv5 9 ! ,j\rnal 7#ahci7 9 ! #dj pages devot$ to ,keel+ ,isl& 9 p>ticul> & to ,coral =mations g5]ally4 7,j\rnal 7#a/ edition71 pages #dci-fi47 ,x w be readily und]/ood :at an am\nt ( lab\r ! book on ,coral reefs co/ ,d>w9 :5 we reflect on ! numb] ( *>ts1 sail+ directions1 n>ratives ( voyages & o!r works :i*1 ) ! fri5dly assi/ance ( ! au?orities at ! ,admiralty1 he _h to consult be=e he c\ld draw up 8 sket* ( ! nature & di/ribution ( ! reefs1 & ?is 0 necess>y be=e ! !ory1 9 all its important be>+s1 c\ld be cle>ly enunciat$4 ,v pleas+ is x to read h[ ,d>w91 al?\gh arriv+ at a diff]5t conclusion to ,lyell1 %[s1 by quot+ a v sugge/ive passage 9 ! ,pr9ciples 7#a/ edition ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bif471 h[ ! latt] only j miss$ ! true solution4 ,?is passage is cit$1 bo? 9 ! ,j\rnal & ! volume on ,coral-reefs4 ,lyell1 z we h se51 receiv$ ! new !ory n m]ely ungrudg+ly1 b ) ! utmo/ en?usiasm4 ,9 #ahdi ,d>w9 0 gratifi$ by receiv+ ! support ( ,dana1 aft] 8 prolong$ inve/igation 9 connection ) ! ,u4,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition 7,m4,l4 ,,ii4 pages #bbf-h471 & 9 #ahgd he prep>$ a second edition ( 8 book1 9 :i* "s objections :i* _h be5 rais$ to ! !ory 7 answ]$4 ,a ?ird edition1 edit$ by ,pr(essor ,bonney1 appe>$ 9 #ahhj1 & a f\r? 7a repr9t ( ! fir/ edition1 ) introduction by myself7 9 #ahij4 ,al?\gh ,pr(essor ,semp]1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,pelew ,isl&s1 _h sugge/$ difficulties 9 ! acceptance ( ,d>w9's !ory1 x 0 n till aft] ! return ( ! ,*all5g] exp$ition 9 #ahge t a rival !ory 0 prop\nd$1 & some:at heat$ discussions 7 rais$ z to ! respective m]its ( ! two !ories4 ,:ile geologi/s h1 ne>ly )\t exception1 /rongly support$ ,d>w9's views1 ! notes ( diss5t h come almo/ entirely f zoologi/s4 ,at ! height ( ! controv]sy unf\nd$ *>ges ( unfairness 7 made aga9/ ,d>w9's support]s & ! au?orities ( ! ,geological ,society1 b ?is unpleasant subject has be5 dispos$ (1 once = all1 by ,huxley4 7,essays ^u "s ,controv]t$ ,que/ions1 ,london1 #ahib1 pages #cad-cbh & #fbc-fbe47 ,d>w9's f9al & v *>act]i/ic utt]ance on ! coral-reef controv]sy is f\nd 9 a lett] :i* he wrote to ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,agassiz1 ,may #e?1 #ahha3 less ?an a ye> be=e 8 dea?3 ,if ,i am wrong1 ! soon] ,i am knock$ on ! head & annihilat$ s mu* ! bett]4 ,x /ill seems to me a m>vell\s ?+ t !re %\ld n h be5 mu*1 & long-cont9u$1 subsid5ce 9 ! b$s ( ! great oceans4 ,i wi% t "s d\bly ri* millionaire w\ld take x into 8 head to h bor+s made 9 "s ( ! ,pacific & ,indian atolls1 & br+ home cores = slic+ f a dep? ( #ejj or #fjj feet4 7,l4,l4 ,,iii4 page #ahd47 ,?\gh ! d\bly ri* millionaire has n be5 =?com+1 ! en]gy1 9 ,engl&1 ( ,pr(essor ,sollas1 & 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ( ,pr(essor ,&]son ,/u>t s]v$ to set on foot a project1 :i*1 aid$ at fir/ by ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 & aft]w>ds tak5 up jo9tly by ! ,royal ,society1 ! ,new ,s\? ,wales ,gov]nm5t1 & ! ,admiralty1 has l$ to ! mo/ def9ite & conclusive results4 ,! ,committee appo9t$ by ! ,royal ,society to c>ry out ! und]tak+ includ$ repres5tatives ( all ! views t _h be5 put =w>d on ! subject4 ,! place = ! exp]im5t 01 ) ! cons5t ( e memb] ( ! ,committee1 select$ by ! late ,admiral ,sir ,w4,j4 ,:>ton--:o 0 n himself an adh]5t ( ,d>w9's views--& no "o has v5tur$ to sugge/ t 8 selection1 ! spl5did atoll ( ,funafuti1 0 n a mo/ judici\s "o4 ,by ! pluck & p]sev]ance ( ,pr(essor ,sollas 9 ! prelim9>y exp$ition1 & ( ,pr(essor ,t4 ,edgewor? ,david & 8 pupils1 9 subsequ5t inve/igations ( ! isl&1 ! r difficult piece ( "w 0 br\ght to a highly satisfactory conclusion4 ,! ,new ,s\? ,wales ,gov]nm5t l5t bor+ app>atus & workm51 & ! ,admiralty c>ri$ ! exp$ition to its de/9ation 9 a survey+ %ip :i*1 "u ,capta9 7n[ ,admiral7 ,a4 ,mo/yn ,field1 made ! mo/ complete survey ( ! atoll & its surr\nd+ seas t has ev] be5 und]tak5 9 ! case ( a coral =mation4 ,aft] "s failures & _m int]ruptions1 ! bor+ 0 c>ri$ to ! dep? ( #aaad feet1 & ! cores obta9$ 7 s5t to ,engl&4 ,"h ! exam9ation ( ! mat]ials 0 =tunately und]tak5 by a zoologi/ ( ! highe/ repute1 ,dr ,g4,j4 ,h9de--:o has a wide exp]i5ce 9 ! /udy ( organisms by sections--& he 0 aid$ at all po9ts by speciali/s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory & by o!r naturali/s4 ,nor 7 ! *emical & o!r problems neglect$4 ,! v]dict arriv$ at1 aft] ?is mo/ exhau/ive /udy ( a s]ies ( cores obta9$ f dep?s twice z great z t ?\ght necess>y by ,d>w91 0 z foll[s3--,! :ole ( ! cores are f\nd to be built up ( ^? organisms :i* are se5 =m+ coral-reefs ne> ! surface ( ! ocean--_m ( !m evid5tly 9 situ2 & n ! slighte/ indication c\ld be detect$1 by *emical or microscopic means1 :i* sugge/$ ! proximity ( non-calc>e\s rocks1 ev5 9 ! l[e/ portions br\ght up4 ,b ?is 0 n all4 ,pr(essor ,david succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! aid ( a v skilful eng9e] f ,au/ralia1 :ile ! ,admiralty all[$ ,comm&] ,f4,c4,d4 ,/urdee to take a survey+ %ip into ! lagoon = fur!r inve/igations4 ,by v +5i\s me?ods1 & ) great p]sev]ance1 two bor+s 7 put d[n 9 ! mid/ ( ! lagoon to ! dep? ( ne>ly #bjj feet4 ,! bottom ( ! lagoon1 at ! dep? ( #aja #a_/b feet f sea-level1 0 f\nd to be cov]$ ) rema9s ( ! calc>e\s1 gre5 sea-we$ ,halim$a1 m+l$ ) _m =am9if]a2 b at a dep? ( #afc feet f ! surface ( ! lagoon ! bor+ tools enc\nt]$ great masses ( coral1 :i* 7 prov$ f ! fragm5ts br\ght up to belong to species t live )9 ,,at ,,mo/ #abj feet f ! surface ( ! ocean1 z admitt$ by all zoologi/s4 7,! ,atoll ( ,funafuti2 ,report ( ! ,coral ,reef ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,london1 #aijd47 ,d>w9's !ory1 z is well kn[n1 is bas$ on ! fact t ! temp]ature ( ! ocean at any consid]able dep? does n p]mit ( ! exi/5ce & luxuriant gr[? ( ! organisms t =m ! reefs4 ,he himself e/imat$ ?is limit ( dep? to be f #abj to #acj feet2 ,dana1 z an extreme1 #aej feet2 :ile ! rec5t v prolong$ & successful inve/igations ( ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,agassiz 9 ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans lead him also to assign a limit+ dep? ( #aej feet2 ! ,,effective1 ,,reef-,,=m+ ,,corals1 h[ev]1 fl\ri%+ at a mu* small] dep?4 ,mr ,/anley ,g>d9] gives = ! mo/ important reef-=m+ corals dep?s betwe5 #cj & #ij feet1 :ile a few are f\nd z l[ z #abj feet or ev5 #ahj feet4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! v]dict ( ,funafuti is cle>ly & unmi/akeably 9 fav\r ( ,d>w9's !ory4 ,x is true t "s zoologi/s f9d a difficulty 9 realis+ a sl[ s9k+ ( p>ts ( ! ocean floor1 & h sugge/$ new & alt]native explanations3 b geologi/s g5]ally1 accept+ ! pro(s ( sl[ upheaval 9 "s areas--z %[n by ! admirable rese>*es ( ,alex&] ,agassiz--consid] t x is absolutely necess>y to admit t ?is elevation is balanc$ by subsid5ce 9 o!r areas4 ,if atolls & b>ri]-reefs did n exi/ we %\ld inde$ be at a great loss to frame a !ory to acc\nt = _! abs5ce4 ,aft] f9i%+ 8 book on ,coral-reefs1 ,d>w9 made 8 summ] excursion to ,nor? ,wales1 & prep>$ 8 important memoir on ! glaci]s ( t di/rict3 b by ,octob] 7#ahdb7 we f9d him fairly settl$ at "w ^u ! second volume ( 8 ,geology ( ! ',beagle'--,geological ,obs]vations on ! ,volcanic ,isl&s1 visit$ dur+ ! ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ',beagle'4 ,! :ole ( ! ye> #ahdc 0 devot$ to ?is "w1 b he tells 8 fri5d ,fox t he c\ld manage only a c\ple ( h\rs p] day1 & t n v regul>ly4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #cba47 ,d>w9's "w on ! v>i\s volcanic isl&s exam9$ by him _h giv5 him ! mo/ int5se pleasure1 b ! "w ( writ+ ! book by ! aid ( 8 notes & specim5s he f\nd uphill "w1 especially z he fe>$ ! book w\ld n be read1 ev5 by geologi/s4 7,loc4 cit47 ,z a matt] ( fact ! "w is full ( ! mo/ int]e/+ obs]vations & valuable sugge/ions1 & ! ?ree editions 7or repr9ts7 :i* h appe>$ h prov$ a mo/ valuable addition to geological lit]ature4 ,x is n necess>y to ref] to ! novel & (t5 v /rik+ discov]ies describ$ 9 ?is well-kn[n "w4 ,! subsid5ce b5ea? volcanic v5ts1 ! enorm\s d5udation ( volcanic cones r$uc+ !m to basal wrecks1 ! effects ( solfat>ric action & ! =mation ( v>i\s m9]als 9 ! cavities ( rocks--all ( ^! subjects f9d admirable illu/ration f 8 graphic descriptions4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important discussions 9 ?is volume is t deal+ ) ! lam9ation ( lavas z especially well se5 9 ! rocks ( ,asc5sion4 ,l ,scrope1 ,d>w9 recognis$ ! close analogy betwe5 ! /ructure ( ^! rocks & ^? ( metamorphic orig9--a subject :i* he foll[$ out 9 ! volume ,geological ,obs]vations on ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,( c\rse 9 ^! days1 s9ce ! application ( ! microscope to ! /udy ( rocks 9 ?9 sections1 ,d>w9's nom5clature & descriptions ( ! petrological *>act]s ( ! lavas appe> to u some:at crude4 ,b x happ5$ t ! ,*all5g] visit$ mo/ ( ! volcanic isl&s describ$ by ,d>w91 & ! specim5s br\ght home 7 exam9$ by ! em95t petrologi/ ,pr(essor ,r5>d4 ,r5>d 0 s /ruck ) ! "w done by ,d>w91 "u disadvantage\s conditions1 t he und]took a translation ( ,d>w9's "w into ,fr5*1 & ,i _c bett] indicate ! mann] 9 :i* ! book is reg>d$ by geologi/s ?an by quot+ a passage f ,r5>d's preface4 ,ref]r+ to 8 own "w 9 /udy+ ! rocks br\ght home by ! ,*all5g] 7,r5>d's descriptions ( ^! rocks are conta9$ 9 ! ,*all5g] ,reports4 ,mr ,h>k] is supplem5t+ ^! descriptions by a s]ies ( petrological memoirs on ,d>w9's specim5s1 ! fir/ ( :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,geological ,magaz9e = ,m>*1 #aijg471 he says3 ,je dus1 en me livrant a ces re*]*es1 suivre ligne p> ligne les div]s *apitres des ,obs]vations geologiques consacrees aux iles de l',atlantique1 oblige que j'etais de comp>] d'une mani]e suivie les resultats auxquels j'etais conduit avec ceux de ,d>w91 qui s]vai5t de controle a mes con/atations4 ,je ne t>dai pas a epr\v] une vive admiration p\r ce *]*eur qui1 sans autre app>eil que la l\pe1 sans autre reaction que quelques essais pyrogno/iques1 plus r>em5t quelques mesures au goniometre1 p>v5ait a disc]n] la nature des agregats m9]alogiques les plue complexes et les plus v>ies4 ,ce c\p d'oeil qui savait embrass] de si va/es horizons1 p5etre ici pr(ondem5t t\s les details li?ologiques4 ,avec quelle surete et quelle exactitude la /ructure et la composition des ro*es ne sont'elles pas det]m9ees1 l'origne de ces masses m9]ales d$uite et confirmee p> l'etude comp>ee des manife/ations volcaniques d'autres regions2 avec quelle sci5ce les relations entre les faits qu'il dec\vre et ceux signales ailleurs p> ses devanci]s ne sont'elles pas etablies1 et comme voici ebranlees les hypo!ses regnantes1 admises sans preuves1 celles1 p> exemple1 des crat]es de s\levem5t et de la diff]5ciation radicale des ph5om5es plutoniques et volcaniques6 ,ce qui a*eve de donn] a ce livre un incomp>able m]ite1 ce sont les idees n\velles qui s'y tr\v5t en g]me et jetees la comme au has>d a9si qu'un sup]flu d'abondance intellectuelle inepuisable4 7,obs]vations ,geologiques sur les ,iles ,volcaniques444 1 ,p>is1 #aijb1 pages vi41 vii47 ,:ile engag$ 9 8 /udy ( b&$ lavas1 ,d>w9 0 /ruck ) ! analogy ( _! /ructure ) t ( glaci] ice1 & a note on ! subject1 9 ! =m ( a lett] address$ to ,pr(essor ,j4,d4 ,=bes1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 7,vol4 ,,ii4 7#ahdd-e71 pages #ag1 #ah47 ,f ,april1 #ahcb1 to ,septemb]1 #ahce1 ,d>w9 _h be5 occupi$ 9 exam9+ ! coa/ or mak+ inl& j\rneys 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,?us :ile eighte5 mon?s 7 devot$1 at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! voyage to ! /udy ( volcanic isl&s & coral-reefs1 no less ?an ?ree & a half ye>s 7 giv5 to ,s\? ,am]ican geology4 ,! heavy task ( deal+ ) ! notes & specim5s accumulat$ dur+ t long p]iod 0 left by ,d>w9 to ! la/4 ,f9i%+ ! ,volcanic ,isl&s on ,febru>y #ad?1 #ahdd1 he1 9 ,july ( ! same ye>1 comm5c$ ! prep>ation ( two important works :i* engag$ him till ne> ! end ( ! ye> #ahdf4 ,! fir/ 0 8 ,geological ,obs]vations on ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! second a reca/ ( 8 ,j\rnal1 publi%$ "u ! %ort title ( ,a ,naturali/'s ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w4 ,! fir/ ( ^! works conta9s an imm5se am\nt ( in=mation collect$ by ! au?or "u great difficulties & n unfrequ5tly at consid]able risk to life & heal?4 ,no soon] _h ,d>w9 l&$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ?an two sets ( ph5om5a p[]fully arre/$ 8 att5tion4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! occurr5ce ( great masses ( r$ mud conta9+ bones & %ells1 :i* af=d$ /rik+ evid5ce t ! :ole cont95t _h %>$ 9 a s]ies ( sl[ & gradual b (t5 int]rupt$ movem5ts4 ,! second relat$ to ! great masses ( cry/all9e rocks :i*1 und]ly+ ! muds1 cov] s great a "p ( ! cont95t4 ,d>w91 almo/ z soon z he l&$1 0 /ruck by ! circum/ance t ! direction1 z %[n by 8 compass1 ( ! prom95t features ( ^! great cry/all9e rock-masses--_! cleavage1 ma/]-jo9ts1 foliation & pegmatite ve9s--0 ! same z ! ori5tation describ$ by ,humboldt 7^: works he _h s c>efully /udi$7 on ! we/ ( ! same great cont95t4 ,! fir/ five *apt]s ( ! book on ,s\? ,am]ica 7 devot$ to =mations ( rec5t date & to ! evid5ce collect$ on ! ea/ & we/ coa/s ( ! cont95t 9 reg>d to ^? gr& e>?-movem5ts1 "s ( :i* c\ld be %[n to h be5 accompani$ by e>?quake-%ocks4 ,! fossil bones1 :i* _h giv5 him ! fir/ h9t conc]n+ ! mutability ( species1 _h by ?is "t be5 /udi$ & describ$ by comp>ative anatomi/s1 & ,d>w9 0 able to elaborate mu* m fully ! important conclusion t ! exi/+ fauna ( ,s\? ,am]ica has a close analogy ) t ( ! p]iod imm$iately prec$+ our own4 ,! rema9+ ?ree *apt]s ( ! book dealt ) ! metamorphic & plutonic rocks1 & 9 !m ,d>w9 ann\nc$ 8 important conclusions conc]n+ ! relations ( cleavage & foliation1 & on ! close analogy ( ! latt] /ructure ) ! b&+ f\nd 9 rock-masses ( igne\s orig94 ,) respect to ! fir/ ( ^! conclusions1 he receiv$ ! p[]ful support ( ,daniel ,%>pe1 :o 9 ! ye>s #aheb & #ahed publi%$ two pap]s on ! /ructure ( ! ,scotti% ,highl&s1 supply+ /rik+ confirmation ( ! correctness ( ,d>w9's views4 ,al?\gh ,d>w9's & ,%>pe's conclusions 7 conte/$ by ,mur*ison & o!r geologi/s1 !y are n[ univ]sally accept$4 ,9 8 !ory conc]n+ ! orig9 ( foliation1 ,d>w9 _h be5 to "s ext5t anticipat$ by ,scrope1 b he suppli$ _m facts & illu/rations lead+ to ! gradual acceptance ( a doctr9e :i*1 :5 fir/ enunciat$1 0 treat$ ) neglect1 if n ) contempt4 ,! :ole ( ?is volume on ,s\? ,am]ican geology is cr[d$ ) ! records ( pati5t obs]vations & sugge/ions ( ! greate/ value2 b1 z ,d>w9 himself saw1 x 0 a book = ! work+ geologi/ & cavi>e to ! g5]al4 ,its au?or1 inde$1 frequ5tly express$ 8 s5se ( ! dryness ( ! book2 he ev5 says ,i long hesitat$ :e!r ,i w\ld publi% x or n1 & he wrote to ,leon>d ,horn] ,i am a/oni%$ t y %\ld h _h ! c\rage to g "r ?r\gh my book4 7,m4,l4 ,,ii4 page #bba47 ,=tunately ! second book1 on :i* ,d>w9 0 engag$ at ?is "t1 0 ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,8 ,j\rnal1 almo/ z he _h writt5 x on bo>d %ip1 ) facts & obs]vations fre% 9 8 m9d1 _h be5 publi%$ 9 #ahci & attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,9 #ahde1 he says1 ,i took mu* pa9s 9 correct+ a new edition1 & ! "w :i* 0 comm5c$ 9 ,april1 #ahde1 0 n f9i%$ till ,augu/ ( t ye>4 ,! volume conta9s a hi/ory ( ! voyage ) a sket* ( ^? obs]vations 9 ,natural ,hi/ory & ,geology1 :i* ,i ?9k w possess "s int]e/ = ! g5]al read]4 ,x is n necess>y to speak ( ! m]its ( ?is sci5tific classic4 ,x became a great fav\rite ) ! g5]al public--hav+ pass$ ?r\gh _m editions--x 01 moreov]1 translat$ into a numb] ( diff]5t languages4 ,d>w9 0 mu* gratifi$ by ^! evid5ces ( popul>ity1 & naively rem>ks 9 8 ,autobiography1 ,! success ( ?is my fir/ lit]>y *ild tickles my vanity m ?an t ( any ( my o!r books 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #hj47--;& ?is 0 writt5 aft] ! ,orig9 ( ,species _h become fam\s6 ,9 ,d>w9's lett]s !re are _m evid5ces t 8 lab\rs dur+ ^! t5 ye>s devot$ to ! work+ out ( ! geological results ( ! voyage (t5 made _m dem&s on 8 pati5ce & indomitable c\rage4 ,mo/ geologi/s h exp]i5ce ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! pleasures felt :5 wield+ ! hamm] 9 ! field1 & ! dull] lab\r ( ply+ ! p5 9 ! /udy4 ,b 9 ,d>w9's case1 innum]able int]ruptions f sickness & o!r causes1 & ! (t-def]r$ hope ( rea*+ ! end ( 8 task 7 n ! only causes op]at+ to make ! "w irksome4 ,! great project1 :i* 0 de/9$ to become ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( 8 life1 0 n[ gradually assum+ m def9ite %ape1 & absorb+ m ( 8 "t & en]gies4 ,nev]!less1 dur+ all ?is p]iod1 ,d>w9 s f> reg>d$ 8 geological pursuits z 8 ,,prop] "w1 t att5tion to o!r matt]s 0 always spok5 ( by him z indulg+ 9 idl5ess4 ,if at ! end ( ?is p]iod ! _w _h su/a9$ ! great mis=tune ( los+ ,d>w9 by dea? be=e ! age ( =ty--& sev]al times t ev5t seem$ only too probable--he might h be5 rememb]$ only z a v able geologi/ ( mo/ advanc$ views1 & a travell] :o _h writt5 a sci5tific n>rative ( m ?an ord9>y excell5ce6 ,! completion ( ! ,geology ( ! ',beagle' & ! prep>ation ( a revis$ n>rative ( ! voyage m>k ! t]m9ation ( t p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s ( ,d>w9's life dur+ :i* geological /udies 7 8 pr9cipal occupation4 ,h5ce=?1 ?\gh 8 int]e/ 9 geological que/ions rema9$ ev] ke51 biological problems engag$ m & m ( 8 att5tion to ! p>tial exclusion ( geology4 ,! eight ye>s f ,octob]1 #ahdf1 to ,octob]1 #ahed1 7 ma9ly devot$ to ! prep>ation ( 8 two important monographs on ! rec5t & fossil ,cirrip$ia4 ,ap>t f ! value ( 8 description ( ! fossil =ms1 ?is "w ( ,d>w9's _h an important influ5ce on ! progress ( geological sci5ce4 ,up to t "t a practice _h prevail$ = ! /ud5t ( a p>ticul> geological =mation to take up ! description ( ! plant & animal rema9s 9 x--(t5 )\t hav+ any?+ m ?an a rudim5t>y k ( ! liv+ =ms correspond+ to !m4 ,d>w9 9 8 monograph gave a v admirable illu/ration ( ! enorm\s advantage to be ga9$--alike = biology & geology--by und]tak+ ! /udy ( ! liv+ & fossil =ms ( a natural gr\p ( organisms 9 connection ) "o ano!r4 ,( ! advantage ( ^! eight ye>s ( "w to ,d>w9 himself1 9 prep>+ = ! great task ly+ be=e him1 ,huxley has express$ a v /rong op9ion inde$4 7,l4,l4 ,,ii4 pages #bdg-dh47 ,b dur+ ^! eight ye>s ( species "w1 ,d>w9 f\nd opportunities = n a few excursions into ! field ( geology4 ,he occasionally att5d$ ! ,geological ,society1 &1 z we h already se51 read sev]al pap]s !re dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,8 fri5d1 ,dr ,hook]1 !n act+ z botani/ to ! ,geological ,survey1 0 engag$ 9 /udy+ ! ,c>bonif]\s flora1 & _m discussions on ,palaezoic plants & on ! orig9 ( coal took place at ?is p]iod4 ,on ?is la/ subject he felt ! deepe/ int]e/ & told ,hook]1 ,i %all nev] re/ easy 9 ,d[n *ur*y>d )\t ! problem be solv$ by "s "o be=e ,i die4 7,m4,l4 ,i4 pages #fc1 #fd47 ,z at all times1 conv]sations & lett]s ) ,lyell on e bran* ( geological sci5ce cont9u$ ) unabat$ vig\r1 & 9 spite ( ! absorb+ "* ( ! "w on ! ,cirrip$es1 "t 0 f\nd = all4 ,9 #ahdi 8 fri5d ,h]s*el induc$ him to supply a *apt] ( =ty pages on ,geology to ! ,admiralty ,manual ( ,sci5tific ,inquiry :i* he 0 edit+4 ,?is is ,d>w9's s+le contribution to books ( an educational k9d4 ,x is rem>kable = its cle>ness & simplicity & att5tion to m9ute details4 ,x may be read by ! /ud5t ( ,d>w9's life ) mu* int]e/1 = ! directions he gives to an explor] are )\t d\bt ^? :i* he1 z a self-taught geologi/1 prov$ to be s]viceable dur+ 8 life on ! ,beagle4 ,on ! completion ( ! ,cirrip$e volumes1 9 #ahed1 ,d>w9 0 able to grapple ) ! imm5se pile ( ,,ms4 notes :i* he _h accumulat$ on ! species "q4 ,! fir/ sket* ( #ce pages 7#ahdb71 _h be5 enl>g$ 9 #ahdd into "o ( #bcj pages 7,! fir/ draft ( ! ,orig9 is be+ prep>$ = ,press by ,mr ,francis ,d>w9 & w be publi%$ by ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press ?is ye> 7#aiji74 ,a4,c4,s472 b 9 #ahef 0 comm5c$ ! "w 7nev] to be complet$7 :i* 0 design$ on a scale ?ree or f\r times m ext5sive ?an t on :i* ! ,orig9 ( ,species 0 9 ! end writt54 ,9 draw+ up ^? two ma/]ly *apt]s ( ! ,orig91 ,on ! ,imp]fection ( ! ,geological ,record1 & ,on ! ,geological ,succession ( ,organic ,be+s1 ,d>w9 _h ne$ ( all ! exp]i5ce & k he _h be5 ga!r+ dur+ ?irty ye>s1 ! fir/ half ( :i* _h be5 almo/ :olly devot$ to geological /udy4 ,! mo/ enlight5$ geologi/s ( ! day f\nd mu* t 0 new1 & /ill m t 0 />tl+ f ! mann] ( its pres5tation1 9 ^! wond]ful essays4 ,( ,d>w9's own s5se ( ! importance ( ! geological evid5ce 9 any pres5tation ( 8 !ory a /rik+ pro( w be f\nd 9 a passage ( ! t\*+ lett] to 8 wife1 enjo9+ ! publication ( 8 sket* ( #ahdd4 ,9 case ( my sudd5 dea?1 he wrote1 444 ! editor mu/ be a geologi/ z well z a naturali/4 7,l4,l4 ,,ii4 pages #af1 #ag47 ,9 spite ( ! num]\s & valuable palaeontological discov]ies made s9ce ! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ! importance ( ! fir/ ( ^! two geological *apt]s is z great z ev]4 ,x /ill rema9s true t ,^? :o believe t ! geological record is 9 any degree p]fect1 w at once reject ! !ory--z inde$ !y mu/ reject any !ory ( evolution4 ,! /rik+ passage ) :i* ,d>w9 concludes ?is *apt]--9 :i* he comp>es ! record ( ! rocks to ! mu* mutilat$ volumes ( a human hi/ory--rema9s z apt an illu/ration z x did :5 fir/ writt54 ,& ! second geological *apt]1 on ! ,succession ( ,organic ,be+s--?\gh x has be5 /r5g!n$ 9 a ?\s& ways1 by ! discov]ies conc]n+ ! p$igrees ( ! horse1 ! elephant & _m o!r ab]rant types1 ?\gh new light has be5 ?r[n ev5 on ! orig9 ( great gr\ps l ! mammals1 & ! gymnosp]ms1 ?\gh n a few fre% l9ks h be5 discov]$ 9 ! *a9s ( evid5ce1 conc]n+ ! ord] ( appe>ance ( new =ms ( life--we w\ld n wi% to h re-writt54 ,only ! same l9e ( argum5t c\ld be adopt$1 ?\gh ) innum]able fre% illu/rations4 ,^? :o reject ! reason+s ( ?is *apt]1 nei!r w\ld !y be p]suad$ if a long & complete succession ( ance/ral =ms c\ld rise f ! dead & pass 9 procession be=e !m4 ,among ! geological discussions1 :i* s frequ5tly occupi$ ,d>w9's att5tion dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life1 !re 0 "o conc]n+ :i* 8 attitude seem$ some:at rem>kable--,i allude to 8 views on ! p]man5ce ( ,cont95ts & ,ocean-bas9s4 ,9 a lett] to ,mr ,mell>d ,reade1 writt5 at ! end ( #ahhj1 he wrote3 ,on ! :ole1 ,i lean to ! side t ! cont95ts h s9ce ,cambrian times occupi$ approximately _! pres5t positions4 ,b1 z ,i h said1 ! "q seems a difficult "o1 & ! m x is discuss$ ! bett]4 7,m4,l4 ,,ii4 page #adg47 ,s9ce ?is 0 writt51 ! important contribution to ! subject by ! late ,dr ,w4,t4 ,blan=d 7himself1 l ,d>w91 a naturali/ & geologi/7 has appe>$ 9 an address to ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahij2 & _m discov]ies1 l t ( ,dr ,wooln\gh 9 ,fiji1 h l$ to consid]able qualifications ( ! g5]alisation t all ! isl&s 9 ! great ocean are :olly ( volcanic or coral orig94 ,i rememb] once express+ surprise to ,d>w9 t1 aft] ! views :i* he _h orig9at$ conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( areas ( elevation & o!rs ( subsid5ce 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & 9 face ( ! admitt$ difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! di/ribution ( c]ta9 t]re/rial animals & plants1 if ! l& & sea areas _h be5 p]man5t 9 position1 he /ill ma9ta9$ t !ory4 ,look+ at me ) a :imsical smile1 he said3 ,i h se5 _m ( my old fri5ds make fools ( !mselves1 by putt+ =w>d new !oretical views or revis+ old ones1 ,,aft] ,,!y ,,7 ,,sixty ,,ye>s ,,( ,,age2 s1 long ago1 ,i det]m9$ t on rea*+ t age ,i w\ld write no?+ m ( a speculative "*4 ,?\gh ,d>w9's lett]s & conv]sations on geology dur+ ^! lat] ye>s 7 ! *ief manife/ations ( ! int]e/ he pres]v$ 9 8 old love1 z he cont9u$ to call x1 yet 9 ! sunset ( t active life a gleam ( ! old en?usiasm = geology broke =? once m4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,d>w9's inability to occupy himself ) field-"w prov$ an insup]able difficulty to any attempt on 8 "p to resume active geological rese>*4 ,b1 z is %[n by ! s]ies ( *>m+ volumes on plant-life1 ,d>w9 _h f\nd comp5sation 9 mak+ pati5t & p]sev]+ exp]im5t take ! place ( ent]pris+ & exact obs]vation2 & !re 0 "o direction 9 :i* he c\ld indulge ! old love by employm5t ( ! new faculty4 ,we h se5 t ! e>lie/ memoir writt5 by ,d>w91 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 full1 0 a pap] ,on ! ,=mation ( ,m\ld :i* 0 read at ! ,geological ,society on ,novemb] #a/1 #ahcg1 b did n appe> 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,society till #ahdj1 :]e x occupi$ f\r & a half qu>to pages1 includ+ "s supplem5t>y matt]1 obta9$ lat]1 & a woodcut4 ,?is little pap] 0 conf9$ to obs]vations made 9 8 uncle's fields 9 ,/af=d%ire1 :]e burnt clay1 c9d]s1 & s& 7 f\nd to be buri$ "u a lay] ( black e>?1 evid5tly br\ght f bel[ by e>?worms1 & to a recital ( simil> facts f ,scotl& obta9$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,lyell4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,d>w9's "w on ?is "q af=ds a /rik+ example ( ! t5acity ( purpose ) :i* he cont9u$ 8 enquiries on any subject t int]e/$ him4 ,9 #ahdb1 z soon z he 0 settl$ at ,d[n1 he began a s]ies ( obs]vations on a foot-pa? & 9 8 fields1 t cont9u$ ) int]missions dur+ 8 :ole life1 & he ext5d$ 8 enquiries f "t to "t to ! neighb\r+ p>ks ( ,knole & ,holwood4 ,9 #ahdd we f9d him mak+ a communication to ! ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle on ! subject4 ,ab\t #ahgj1 8 att5tion to ! "q 0 /imulat$ by ! circum/ance t 8 niece 7,miss ,l4 ,w$gwood7 und]took to collect & weigh ! worm-ca/s ?r[n up1 dur+ a :ole ye>1 on measur$ squ>es select$ = ! purpose1 at ,lei? ,hill ,place4 ,he also obta9$ in=mation f ,pr(essor ,ramsay conc]n+ obs]vations made by him on a pavem5t ne> 8 h\se 9 #ahga4 ,d>w9 at ?is "t began to realise ! great importance ( ! action ( worms to ! ar*aeologi/4 ,at an e>li] date he appe>s to h obta9$ "s in=mation conc]n+ articles f\nd buri$ on ! battle-field ( ,%rewsbury1 & ! old ,roman t[n ( ,uriconium1 ne> 8 e>ly home2 betwe5 #ahga & #ahgh ,mr 7aft]w>ds ,"l7 ,f>r] c>ri$ on a s]ies ( inve/igations at ! ,roman ,villa discov]$ on 8 l& at ,ab+]2 ,d>w9's son ,william exam9$ = 8 fa!r ! evid5ce at ,beaulieu ,abbey1 ,brad+1 ,/oneh5ge & o!r localities 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 home2 8 sons ,francis & ,horace 7 enli/$ to make simil> enquiries at ,*ideock & ,sil*e/]2 :ile ,francis ,galton contribut$ facts notic$ 9 8 walks 9 ,hyde ,p>k4 ,by correspond5ce ) ,fritz ,mull] & ,dr ,ern/1 ,d>w9 obta9$ in=mation conc]n+ ! worm-ca/s f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 f ,dr ,kreft ^? ( ,au/ralia2 & f ,mr ,scott & ,dr 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,george7 ,k+1 ^? ( ,india2 ! la/-nam$ correspond5t also suppli$ him ) mu* valuable in=mation obta9$ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe4 ,help too 0 obta9$ f ! memoirs on ,e>?worms publi%$ by ,p]ri] 9 #ahgd & van ,h5s5 9 #ahgg1 :ile ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] suppli$ important facts ) reg>d to _! anatomy4 ,:5 !re=e ! s]ies ( int]e/+ monographs on plant-life _h be5 complet$1 ,d>w9 set to "w 9 br++ ! in=mation t he _h gradually accumulat$ dur+ =ty-f\r ye>s to be> on ! subject ( 8 e>ly pap]4 ,he also utilis$ ! skill & +5uity he _h acquir$ 9 botanical "w to aid 9 ! elucidation ( _m ( ! difficulties t pres5t$ !mselves4 ,i well rememb] a visit :i* ,i paid to ,d[n at ?is p]iod4 ,at ! side ( ! little /udy /ood fl[]-pots conta9+ e>? ) worms1 &1 )\t int]rupt+ our conv]sation1 ,d>w9 w\ld f "t to "t lift ! glass plate cov]+ a pot to wat* :at 0 go+ on4 ,occasionally1 ) a humor\s smile1 he w\ld murmur some?+ ab\t a book 9 ano!r room1 & slip away2 return+ %ortly1 )\t ! book b ) unmi/akeable signs ( hav+ visit$ ! snuff-j> outside4 ,aft] work+ ab\t a ye> at ! worms1 he 0 able at ! end ( #ahha to publi% ! *>m+ little book--,! ,=mation ( ,vegetable ,m\ld ?r\gh ! ,action ( ,worms1 ) ,obs]vations on _! ,habits4 ,?is 0 ! la/ ( 8 books1 & its reception by review]s & ! public alike af=d$ ! pati5t old work] no little gratification4 ,d>w9's sci5tific c>e]1 :i* _h begun ) geological rese>*1 mo/ appropriately end$ ) a return to x4 ,x has be5 impossible to sket* ! orig9 & influ5ce ( ,d>w9's geological "w )\t1 at almo/ e /ep1 ref]r+ to ! "p play$ by ,lyell & ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,haeckel1 9 ! *apt]s on ,lyell & ,d>w9 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 & ,huxley 9 8 /rik+ essay ,on ! ,reception ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species 7,l4,l4 ,,ii4 pages #agi-bjd47 h bo? /rongly insi/$ on ! fact t ! ,orig9 ( ,d>w9 0 a necess>y coroll>y to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,lyell4 ,x is true t1 9 an e>li] essay1 ,huxley _h spok5 ( ! doctr9e ( ,uni=mit>ianism z be+1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 oppos$ to t ( ,evolution 7,huxley's ,address to ! ,geological ,society1 #ahfi4 ,collect$ ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,viii4 page #cje1 ,london1 #ahif472 b 9 8 lat] ye>s he took up a v diff]5t & m logical position1 & ma9ta9$ t ,consi/5t uni=mit>ianism po/ulates evolution z mu* 9 ! organic z 9 ! inorganic _w4 ,! orig9 ( a new species by o!r ?an ord9>y ag5cies w\ld be a va/ly great] 'cata/rophe' ?an any ( ^? :i* ,lyell success fully elim9at$ f sob] geological speculation4 7,l4,l4 ,,ii4 page #aij47 ,huxley's admiration = ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 & 8 conviction ( ! greatness ( ! revolution ( ?\ght br\ght ab\t by ,lyell1 0 almo/ z m>k$ z 9 ! case ( ,d>w9 himself4 7,see 8 ,essay on ,sci5ce & ,pseudo ,sci5ce4 ,collect$ ,essays1 ,vol4 ,v4 page #ij1 ,london1 #aijb47 ,he felt1 h[ev]1 z _m o!rs h done1 t 9 "o respect ! v success ( ,lyell's ma/]piece has be5 ! reason :y its orig9ality & influ5ce h n be5 s fully recognis$ z !y des]v$ to be4 ,writt5 z ! book 0 be=e its au?or _h arriv$ at ! age ( ?irty1 no less ?an elev5 editions ( ! ,pr9ciples 7 call$ = 9 8 lifetime4 ,) ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e1 ,lyell1 devot+ all 8 "t & en]gies to ! task ( collect+ & sift+ all evid5ce be>+ on ! subjects ( 8 "w1 revis$ & re-revis$ x2 & z 9 ea* edition1 elim9ations1 modifications1 corrections1 & additions 7 made1 ! book1 :ile x increas$ 9 value z a /oreh\se ( facts1 lo/ mu* ( its fre%ness1 vig\r & *>m z a piece ( connect$ reason+4 ,d>w9 und\bt$ly realis$ ?is :5 he wrote conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples1 ! fir/ edition1 my old true love1 :i* ,i nev] des]t$ = ! lat] editions4 7,m4,l4 ,,ii4 page #bbb47 ,huxley once told me t :51 9 lat] life1 he read ! fir/ edition1 he 0 bo? surpris$ & delight$1 feel+ z if x 7 a new book to him4 7,i h be=e me a lett] :i* illu/rates ?is feel+ on ,huxley's "p4 ,he _h lam5t$ to me t he did n possess a copy ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,pr9ciples1 :51 %ortly aft]w>ds1 ,i pick$ up a dilapidat$ copy on a book/all2 ?is ,i _h b\nd & s5t to my old tea*] & colleague4 ,8 reply is *>act]i/ic3 ,octob] #h1 #ahhd4 ,my ,de> ,judd1 ,y c\ld n h made me a m agreeable pres5t ?an ! copy ( ! fir/ edition ( ,lyell1 :i* ,i f9d on my table4 ,i h nev] be5 able to meet ) ! book1 & y\r copy is1 z ! old woman said ( h] ,bible1 ! be/ ( books 9 ! be/ ( b9d+s4 ,ev] y\rs s9c]ely1 ,t4,h4 ,huxley4 7,i _c refra9 f relat+ an incid5t :i* v /rik+ly exemplifies ! affection = "o ano!r felt by ,lyell & ,huxley4 ,9 8 la/ illness1 :5 conf9$ to 8 b$1 ,lyell he>d t ,huxley 0 to lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution on ! ,results ( ! ',*all5g]' exp$ition3 he begg$ me to att5d ! lecture & br+ him an acc\nt ( x4 ,happ5+ to m5tion ?is to ,huxley1 he at once und]took to g to ,lyell 9 my place1 & he did s on ! morn+ foll[+ 8 lecture4 ,i %all nev] =get ! look ( gratitude on ! face ( ! invalid :5 he told me1 %ortly aft]w>ds1 h[ ,huxley _h sat by 8 b$side & repeat$ ! :ole lecture to him47 ,d>w9's g5]\s nature seems (t5 to h made him exp]i5ce a fe> le/ he %\ld d less ?an ju/ice to 8 de> old ma/]1 & to ! influ5ce t ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology _h 9 m\ld+ 8 m9d4 ,9 #ahde he wrote to ,lyell1 ,i h long wi%$1 n s mu* = y\r sake1 z = my own feel+s ( hone/y1 to ackn[l$ge m pla9ly ?an by m]e ref]5ce1 h[ mu* ,i geologically owe y4 ,^? au?ors1 h[ev]1 :o l y1 educate p's m9ds z well z tea* !m special facts1 c nev]1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 h full ju/ice done !m except by po/]ity1 = ! m9d ?us ins5sibly improv$ c h>dly p]ceive its own upw>d asc5t4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 pages #ccg-h47 ,9 ano!r lett]1 to ,leon>d ,horn]1 he says3 ,i always feel z if my books came half out ( ,lyell's bra91 & t ,i nev] ackn[l$ge ?is suffici5tly4 7,m4,l4 ,,ii4 page #aag47 ,d>w9's own mo/ fav\rite book1 ! ,n>rative ( ! ,voyage1 0 d$icat$ to ,lyell 9 gl[+ t]ms2 & 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species he wrote ( ,lyell's gr& "w on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 :i* ! future hi/orian w recognise z hav+ produc$ a revolution 9 ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,:at glori\s good t "w has done he f]v5tly exclaims on ano!r occasion4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #cdb47 ,to ! v end ( 8 life1 z all :o 7 9 ! habit ( talk+ ) ,d>w9 c te/ify1 ?is s5se ( 8 indebt$ness to ,lyell rema9$ ) him4 ,9 8 ,autobiography1 writt5 9 #ahgf1 ! ye> aft] ,lyell's dea?1 he spoke 9 ! w>me/ t]ms ( ! value to him ( ! ,pr9ciples :ile on ! voyage & ( ! aid af=d$ to him by ,lyell on 8 return to ,engl&4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #fb47 ,b ! ye> be=e 8 own dea?1 ,d>w9 felt con/ra9$ to return to ! subject & to place on record a f9al appreciation--"o z hon\rable to ! writ] z x is to 8 lo/ fri5d3 ,i saw m ( ,lyell ?an ( any o!r man1 bo? be=e & aft] my m>riage4 ,8 m9d 0 *>act]is$1 z x appe>$ to me1 by cle>ness1 caution1 s\nd judgm5t1 & a good deal ( orig9ality4 ,:5 ,i made any rem>k to him on ,geology1 he nev] re/$ until he saw ! :ole case cle>ly1 & (t5 made me see x m cle>ly ?an ,i _h done be=e4 ,he w\ld advance all possible objections to my sugge/ion1 & ev5 aft] ^! 7 exhau/$ w\ld rema9 long dubi\s4 ,a second *>act]i/ic 0 8 he>ty sympa?y ) ! "w ( o!r sci5tific m5444 ,8 delight 9 sci5ce 0 ard5t1 & he felt ! ke5e/ int]e/ 9 ! future progress ( mank9d4 ,he 0 v k9d-he>t$444 ,8 c&\r 0 highly rem>kable4 ,he exhibit$ ?is by becom+ a conv]t to ! ,desc5t !ory1 ?\gh he _h ga9$ mu* fame by oppos+ ,lam>ck's views1 & ?is aft] he _h gr[n old4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,geology ,,is ,,enorm\sly ,,indebt$ ,,to ,,lyell--,,m ,,s1 ,,z ,i ,,believe1 ,,?an ,,to ,,any ,,o!r ,,man ,,:o ,,ev] ,,liv$4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 pages #ga-b 7! italics are m9e477 ,^? :o knew ,lyell intimately w recognise ! tru? ( ! portrait drawn by 8 de>e/ fri5d1 & ,i believe t po/]ity w endorse ,d>w9's delib]ate v]dict conc]n+ ! value ( 8 lab\rs4 ,x 0 my own good =tune1 to be br\ght into close contact ) ^! two great m5 dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( _! life1 & ,i may p]haps be p]mitt$ to put on record ! impressions made ^u me dur+ fri5dly int]c\rse ) bo?4 ,9 "s respects1 !re 0 an extraord9>y resemblance 9 _! modes & habits ( ?\ght1 betwe5 ,lyell & ,d>w92 & ?is lik5ess 0 also se5 9 _! mode/y1 _! def]5ce to ! op9ion ( y\ng] m51 _! en?usiasm = sci5ce1 _! fre$om f petty jeal\sies & _! righte\s indignation = :at 0 mean & unwor?y 9 o!rs4 ,b yet !re 0 a diff]5ce4 ,bo? ,lyell & ,d>w9 7 cauti\s1 b p]haps ,lyell c>ri$ 8 caution to ! v]ge ( timidity4 ,i ?9k ,d>w9 possess$1 & ,lyell lack$1 :at ,i c only describe by ! !ological t]m1 fai?--! sub/ance ( ?+s hop$ =1 ! evid5ce ( ?+s n se54 ,bo? _h be5 con/ra9$ to feel t ! immutability ( species c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,bo?1 too1 recognis$ ! fact t x w\ld be useless to proclaim ?is conviction1 unless prep>$ ) a satisfactory alt]native to :at ,huxley call$ ! ,miltonic hypo!sis4 ,b ,d>w9's conviction 0 s f> vital & op]ative t x su/a9$ him :ile work+ unceas+ly = tw5ty-two ye>s 9 collect+ evid5ce be>+ on ! "q1 till at la/ he 0 9 ! position ( be+ able to ju/ify t conviction to o!rs4 ,& yet ,lyell's attitude--& t ( ,hook]1 :i* 0 v simil>--prov$ ( ine/imable s]vice to sci5ce1 z ,d>w9 (t5 ackn[l$g$4 ,"o ( ! greate/ m]its ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species is t s _m difficulties & objections are anticipat$ & fairly met2 & ?is 0 to a great ext5t ! result ( ! p]si/5t & v c&id--if always fri5dly--criticism ( ,lyell & ,hook]4 ,i ?9k ! div]g5ce ( m5tal attitude 9 ,lyell & ,d>w9 mu/ be attribut$ to a diff]5ce 9 temp]am5t1 ! evid5ce ( :i* sometimes appe>s 9 a v /rik+ mann] 9 _! correspond5ce4 ,?us 9 #ahch1 :ile !y 7 9 ! ?ick ( ! fight ) ! ,cata/rophi/s ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,lyell wrote *>act]i/ically3 ,i really f9d1 :5 br++ up my ,prelim9>y ,essays 9 ,pr9ciples to ! sci5ce ( ! pres5t day1 s f> z ,i "k x1 t ! great outl9e1 & ev5 mo/ ( ! details1 /& s un9jur$1 & 9 _m cases !y are s mu* /r5g!n$ by new discov]ies1 especially by y\rs1 t we may beg9 to hope t ! great pr9ciples !re insi/$ on w /& ! te/ ( new discov]ies4 7,lyell's ,life1 ,lett]s & ,j\rnals1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #dd47 ,to :i* ! m y\?ful & impetu\s ,d>w9 replies3 ,,beg9 ,,to ,,hope3 :y ! ,,possibility ( a d\bt has nev] cross$ my m9d = _m a day4 ,?is may be v unphilosophical1 b my geological salvation is /ak$ on x444 x makes me q indignant t y %\ld talk ( ,,hop+4 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #bif47 ,x 0 n only ,d>w9's geological salvation t 0 at /ake1 :5 he surr5d]$ himself to 8 en?usiasm = an idea4 ,to 8 firm fai? 9 ! doctr9e ( cont9uity we owe ! ,orig9 ( ,species2 & :ile ,d>w9 became ! ,paul ( evolution1 ,lyell long rema9$ ! d\bt+ ,?omas4 ,_m mu/ h felt l ,h4,c4 ,watson :5 he wrote3 ,h[ c\ld ,sir ,c4 ,lyell444 = ?irty ye>s read1 write1 & ?9k1 on ! subject ( species ,,& ,,_! ,,succession1 & yet con/antly look d[n ! wrong road6 7,l4,l4 ,,ii4 page #bbg47 ,huxley attribut$ ?is hesitation ( ,lyell to 8 pr(\nd antipa?y to ! doctr9e ( ! pi!coid orig9 ( man4 7,l4,l4 ,,ii4 page #aic47 ,)\t d5y+ t ?is _h consid]able influ5ce 7& ^? :o knew ,lyell & 8 great devotion to 8 wife & h] memory1 are aw>e t he & %e felt mu* /rong] convictions conc]n+ su* subjects z ! immortality ( ! s\l ?an ,d>w9 0 able to confess to7 yet ,i ?9k ,d>w9 _h div9$ ! real *>act]i/ics ( 8 fri5d's m9d1 :5 he wrote3 ,he w\ld advance all possible objections444 ,,& ,,ev5 ,,aft] ,,^! ,,7 ,,exhau/$1 ,,w\ld ,,rema9 ,,long ,,dubi\s4 ,v t\*+ inde$ 0 ! fri5d%ip ma9ta9$ to ! end betwe5 ^! two lead]s ( ?\ght--free z _! int]c\rse 0 f any smalle/ trace ( self-seek+ or jeal\sy4 ,:5 9 #ahgd ,i sp5t "s "t ) ,lyell 9 8 ,=f>%ire home1 a communication f ,d>w9 0 always an ev5t :i* made a r$-lett] day1 z ,lyell us$ to say2 & he gave me _m indications 9 8 conv]sation ( h[ /rongly he reli$ ^u ! op9ion ( ,d>w9--m inde$ ?an on ! judgm5t ( any o!r man--?is confid5ce n be+ conf9$ to que/ions ( sci5ce1 b ext5d+ to ^? ( morals1 politics1 & religion4 ,i h he>d ^? :o knew ,lyell only slightly1 speak ( 8 mann]s z cold & res]v$4 ,8 complete absorption 9 8 sci5tific "w1 c\pl$ ) extreme %ort-sight$ness1 almo/ 9 ! end am\nt+ to bl9dness1 may h p]mitt$ ^? hav+ b a casual acqua9tance ) him to accept su* a view4 ,b ^? privileg$ to "k him intimately recognis$ ! nobl5ess ( 8 "* & c realise ! ju/ice & =ce ( ,hook]'s words :5 he he>d ( 8 dea?3 ,my lov$1 my be/ fri5d1 = well nigh =ty ye>s ( my life4 ,! mo/ g5]\s %>] ( my own & my family's hopes1 joys & sorr[s1 ^: affection = me 0 truly t ( a fa!r & bro!r comb9$4 ,b ! /ronge/ ( all te/imonies to ! gr&eur ( ,lyell's "* is ! lifelong devotion to him ( su* a man z ,d>w94 ,be=e ! two met1 we f9d ,d>w9 con/antly writ+ ( facts & obs]vations t he ?9ks w int]e/ ,mr ,lyell2 & :5 !y came toge!r ! mutual e/eem rapidly rip5$ into ! w>me/ affection4 ,bo? hav+ ! advantage ( a mod]ate indep5d5ce1 p]mitt+ ( an entire devotion ( _! lives to sci5tific rese>*1 !y _h mu* 9 common1 & ! eld] man--:o _h already a*iev$ bo? sci5tific & lit]>y di/9ction--0 able to give good advice & fri5dly help to ! y\ng] "o4 ,! w>m? ( _! fri5d%ip comes out v /rik+ly 9 _! correspond5ce4 ,:5 ,d>w9 fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( writ+ a book on ! species "q1 soon aft] 8 return f ! voyage1 x 0 by foll[+ ! example ( ,lyell 9 ,geology t he hop$ to succe$ 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #hc472 :5 9 #ahdd1 ,d>w9 _h f9i%$ 8 fir/ sket* ( ! "w1 &1 fe>+ t 8 life might n be sp>$ to complete 8 great und]tak+1 committ$ ! c>e ( x 9 a t\*+ lett] to 8 wife1 x 0 8 fri5d ,lyell :om he nam$ z h] advis] & ! possible editor ( ! book 7,l4,l4 ,,ii4 pages #ag-ah472 x 0 ,lyell :o1 9 #ahef1 induc$ ,d>w9 to lay ! f\ndations ( a treatise 7,l4,l4 ,i4 page #hd47 = :i* ! au?or himself select$ ! ,pr9ciples z 8 model2 & :5 ! dilemma arose f ! receipt ( ,wallace's essay1 x 0 to ,lyell jo9tly ) ,hook] t ,d>w9 turn$1 n 9 va91 = advice & help4 ,dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life1 ,i nev] he>d ,d>w9 allude to 8 lo/ fri5d--& he did s v (t5--)\t c\pl+ 8 "n ) "s t]m ( affection4 ,= a brief p]iod1 x is true1 ,lyell's excessive caution :5 ! ,orig9 0 publi%$1 seem$ to try ev5 ! pati5ce ( ,d>w92 b :5 ! ma/] 0 at la/ able to decl>e himself fully conv9c$1 he 0 ! occasion ( m rejoic+ on ! "p ( ,d>w91 ?an any o!r conv]t to 8 views4 ,! latt] 0 nev] tir$ ( talk+ ( ,lyell's magnanimity & ass]t$ t1 ,to h ma9ta9$ 9 ! position ( a ma/]1 "o side ( a "q = ?irty ye>s1 & !n delib]ately give x up1 is a fact to :i* ,i mu* d\bt :e!r ! records ( sci5ce (f] a p>allel4 7,l4,l4 ,,ii4 pages #bbi-cj47 ,( ,d>w9 himself1 ,i c safely affirm t ,i nev] knew anyone :o _h met him1 ev5 = ! briefe/ p]iod1 :o 0 n *>m$ by 8 p]sonality4 ,:o c\ld =get ! he>ty h&-grip at meet+1 ! g5tle & l+]+ pressure ( ! palm at p>t+1 & above all t w9n+ smile :i* trans=m$ 8 c\nt5ance--s z to make portraits1 & ev5 photographs1 seem ev] aft]w>ds unsatisfy+6 ,look+ back1 "o is inde$ tempt$ to =get ! pr(\ndness ( ! philosoph]1 9 recollection ( ! loveabl5ess ( ! man4 ,,xix4 ,,d>w9',s ,,"w ,,on ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,( ,,plants4 ,by ,francis ,d>w91 ,honor>y ,fell[ ( ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,my fa!r's int]e/ 9 plants 0 ( two k9ds1 :i* may be r\ghly di/+ui%$ z ,,evolution>y & ,,physiological4 ,?us 9 8 purely evolution>y "w1 = in/ance 9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species & 9 8 book on ,v>iation "u ,dome/ication1 plants z well z animals s]v$ z mat]ial = 8 g5]alisations4 ,he 0 l>gely dep5d5t on ! "w ( o!rs = ! facts us$ 9 ! evolution>y "w1 & despis$ himself = belong+ to ! bless$ gang ( compil]s4 ,& he correspond+ly rejoic$ 9 ! employm5t ( 8 wond]ful p[] ( obs]vation 9 ! physiological problems :i* occupi$ s mu* ( 8 lat] life4 ,b inasmu* z he felt evolution to be 8 life's "w1 he reg>d$ himself z some?+ ( an idl] 9 obs]v+ climb+ plants1 insectivor\s plants1 or*ids1 etc4 ,9 ?is physiological "w he 0 to a l>ge ext5t urg$ on by 8 passionate desire to und]/& ! ma*9]y ( all liv+ ?+s4 ,b ?\gh x is true t he work$ at physiological problems 9 ! naturali/'s _s ( curiosity1 yet !re 0 always pres5t to him ! be>+ ( 8 facts on ! problem ( evolution4 ,8 int]e/s1 physiological & evolution>y1 7 inde$ s int]wov5 t !y _c be %>ply sep>at$4 ,?us 8 orig9al int]e/ 9 ! f]tilisation ( fl[]s 0 evolution>y4 ,i 0 l$ 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,i4 page #ij471 he says1 to att5d to ! cross-f]tilisation ( fl[]s by ! aid ( insects1 f hav+ come to ! conclusion 9 my speculations on ! orig9 ( species1 t cross+ play$ an important "p 9 keep+ specific =ms con/ant4 ,9 ! same way ! value ( 8 exp]im5tal "w on het]o/yl$ plants cry/alis$ out 9 8 m9d into ! conclusion t ! product ( illegitimate unions are equival5t to hybrids--a conclusion ( ! greate/ int]e/ f an evolution>y po9t ( view4 ,& aga9 8 "w ,cross & ,self ,f]tilisation may be cond5s$ to a po9t ( view ( great importance 9 ref]5ce to ! mean+ & orig9 ( sexual reproduction4 7,see ,pr(essor ,goebel's article 9 ! pres5t volume47 ,! :ole ( 8 physiological "w may be look$ at z an illu/ration ( ! pot5cy ( 8 !ory z an in/rum5t = ! ext5sion ( ! realm ( natural k4 7,huxley 9 ,d>w9's ,life & ,lett]s4 ,,ii4 page #bjd47 ,8 doctr9e ( natural selection gave1 z is well kn[n1 an impulse to ! inve/igation ( ! use ( organs--& ?us creat$ ! great s*ool ( :at is kn[n 9 ,g]many z ,biology--a dep>tm5t ( sci5ce = :i* no ,engli% ^w exi/s except ! r vague t]m ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,?is 0 especially ! case 9 floral biology1 & x is int]e/+ to see ) :at hesitation he at fir/ express$ ! value ( 8 book on ,or*ids 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #bed471 ,x w p]haps s]ve to illu/rate h[ ,natural ,hi/ory may be work$ "u ! belief ( ! modification ( species 7#ahfa74 ,& 9 #ahfb he speaks 7,loc4 cit47 m def9itely ( ! relation ( 8 "w to natural selection3 ,i c %[ ! mean+ ( "s ( ! app>5tly mean+less ridges 7&7 horns2 :o w n[ v5ture to say t ?is or t /ructure is useless8 ,x is ! fa%ion n[ to m9imise ! value ( ?is class ( "w1 & we ev5 f9d x said by a mod]n writ] t to inquire into ! ends subs]v$ by organs is n a sci5tific problem4 ,^? :o take ?is view surely =get t ! /ructure ( all liv+ ?+s is1 z a :ole1 adaptive1 & t a k ( h[ ! pres5t =ms come to be :at !y are includes a k ( :y !y surviv$4 ,!y =get t ! ,,summation ( v>iations on :i* div]g5ce dep5ds is "u ! rule ( ! environm5t consid]$ z a selective =ce4 ,!y =get t ! sci5tific /udy ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( organisms is only possible ?r\gh a k ( ! ma*9]y ( ! units4 ,& t1 !re=e1 ! inve/igation ( su* widely int]e/+ subjects z ext9ction & di/ribution mu/ include a k ( function4 ,x is only ^? :o foll[ ?is l9e ( "w :o get to see ! importance ( m9ute po9ts ( /ructure & und]/& z my fa!r did ev5 9 #ahdb1 z %[n 9 8 sket* ( ! ,orig9 7,n[ be+ prep>$ = publication471 t e gra9 ( s& c\nts = some?+ 9 ! balance4 ,mu* t is confid5tly /at$ ab\t ! uselessness ( diff]5t organs w\ld nev] h be5 writt5 if ! naturali/ _s 7 common] n[adays4 ,?is _s is /rik+ly %[n 9 my fa!r's "w on ! movem5ts ( plants4 ,! circum/ance t botani/s _h n1 z a class1 realis$ ! int]e/ ( ! subject acc\nts = ! fact t he 0 able to ga!r su* a ri* h>ve/ ( results f su* a famili> object z a tw9+ plant4 ,! subject _h be5 inve/igat$ by ,h4 von ,mohl1 ,palm1 & ,dutro*et1 b !y fail$ n only to ma/] ! problem b 7:i* "h conc]ns u7 to give ! absorb+ int]e/ ( ,d>w9's book to :at !y discov]$4 ,8 "w on climb+ plants 0 8 fir/ su/a9$ piece ( "w on ! physiology ( movem5t1 & he rem>ks 9 #ahfd3 ,?is has be5 new sort ( "w = me4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #cae4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 made a beg9n+ on ! movem5ts ( ,dros]a47 ,he goes on to rem>k ) some?+ ( surprise1 ,i h be5 pleas$ to f9d :at a capital guide = obs]vations a full conviction ( ! *ange ( species is4 ,x 0 ?is po9t ( view t enabl$ him to develop a broad conception ( ! p[] ( climb+ z an adaptation by means ( :i* plants are enabl$ to rea* ! light4 ,in/ead ( be+ compell$ to con/ruct a /em ( suffici5t /r5g? to /& alone1 !y succe$ 9 ! /ruggle by mak+ use ( o!r plants z supports4 ,he %[$ t ! great class ( t5dril- & root-climb]s :i* d n dep5d on tw9+ r\nd a pole1 l a sc>let-runn]1 b on atta*+ !mselves z !y gr[ upw>ds1 effect an economy4 ,?us a ,phaseolus has to manufacture a /em ?ree feet 9 l5g? to rea* a height ( two feet above ! gr\nd1 :]eas a pea :i* _h asc5d$ to ! same height by ! aid ( its t5drils1 0 b little long] ?an ! height rea*$4 7,climb+ ,plants 7#bnd edition #ahge71 page #aic47 ,?us he 0 l$ on to ! belief t ,,tw9+ is ! m anci5t =m ( climb+1 & t t5dril-climb]s h be5 develop$ f tw9]s4 ,9 accordance ) ?is view we f9d ,,leaf-,,climb]s1 :i* may be look$ on z incipi5t t5dril-be>]s1 occurr+ 9 ! same g5]a ) simple tw9]s4 7,loc4 cit4 page #aie47 ,he call$ att5tion to ! case ( ,maur&ia semp]flor5s 9 :i* ! "y fl[]-/alks revolve spontane\sly & are s5sitive to a t\*1 b nei!r ( ^! qualities is ( any p]ceptible value to ! species4 ,?is =c$ him to believe t 9 o!r "y plants ! rudim5ts ( ! faculty ne$$ = tw9+ w\ld be f\nd--a prophecy :i* he made good 9 8 ,p[] ( ,movem5t _m ye>s lat]4 ,9 ,climb+ ,plants he did little m ?an po9t out ! rem>kable fact t ! habit ( climb+ is widely scatt]$ ?r\gh ! vegetable k+dom4 ,?us climb]s are to be f\nd 9 #ce out ( ! #ei ,phan]ogamic ,alliances ( ,l9dley1 s t ! conclusion is =c$ on our m9ds t ! capacity ( revolv+ 7,if a tw9+ plant1 e4g4 a hop1 is obs]v$ be=e x has begun to asc5d a pole1 x w be notic$ t1 ow+ to ! curvature ( ! /em1 ! tip is n v]tical b hangs ov] 9 a r\ghly horizontal position4 ,if su* a %oot is wat*$ x w be f\nd t if1 = in/ance1 x po9ts to ! nor? at a giv5 h\r1 x w be f\nd aft] a %ort int]val po9t+ nor?-ea/1 !n ea/1 & aft] ab\t two h\rs x w once m be look+ nor?w>d4 ,! curvature ( ! /em dep5ds on "o side gr[+ quick] ?an ! opposite side1 & ! revolv+ movem5t1 i4e4 circumnutation1 dep5ds on ! region ( quicke/ gr[? creep+ gradually r\nd ! /em f s\? ?r\gh we/ to s\? aga94 ,o!r plants1 e4g4 ,phaseolus1 revolve 9 ! opposite direction471 on :i* mo/ climb]s dep5d1 is inh]5t1 ?\gh undevelop$1 9 almo/ e plant 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 7,climb+ ,plants1 page #bje47 ,9 ! ,orig9 7,edition ,i4 page #dbg1 ,edition ,,vi4 page #cgd47 ,d>w9 speaks ( ! app>5t p>adox1 t ! v same *>act]s are analogical :5 "o class or ord] is comp>$ ) ano!r1 b give true aff9ities :5 ! memb]s ( ! same class or ord] are comp>$ "o ) ano!r4 ,9 ?is way we might p]haps say t ! climb+ ( an ivy & a hop are analogical2 ! resemblance dep5d+ on ! adaptive result r ?an on community ( blood2 :]eas ! relation betwe5 a leaf-climb] & a true t5dril-be>] reveals desc5t4 ,?is p>ticul> resemblance 0 "o 9 :i* my fa!r took especial delight4 ,he has describ$ an int]e/+ case occurr+ 9 ! ,fum>iaceae4 7,climb+ ,plants1 page #aie47 ,! t]m9al leaflets ( ! leaf-climb+ ,fum>ia (fic9alis are n small] ?an ! o!r leaflets2 ^? ( ! leaf-climb+ ,adlumia cirrhosa are greatly r$uc$2 ^? ( ,corydalis claviculata 7a plant :i* may be indiff]5tly call$ a leaf-climb] or a t5dril-be>]7 are ei!r r$uc$ to microscopical dim5sions or h _! blades :olly abort$1 s t ?is plant is actually 9 a /ate ( transition2 & f9ally 9 ! ,dic5tra ! t5drils are p]fectly *>act]iz$4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! quality :i*1 broadly speak+1 =ms ! basis ( ! climb+ habit 7namely revolv+ nutation1 o!rwise kn[n z circumnutation7 subs]ves two di/9ct ends4 ,"o ( ^! is ! f9d+ ( a support1 & ?is is common to tw9]s & t5drils4 ,"h ! value ends z f> z t5dril-climb]s are conc]n$1 b 9 tw9]s ,d>w9 believ$ t ! act ( climb+ r\nd a support is a cont9uation ( ! revolv+ movem5t 7circumnutation74 ,if we imag9e a man sw++ a rope r\nd 8 head & if we suppose ! rope to /rike a v]tical po/1 ! free end w tw9e r\nd x4 ,?is may s]ve z a r\gh model ( tw9+ z expla9$ 9 ! ,movem5ts & ,habits ( ,climb+ ,plants4 ,x is on ^! po9ts--! nature ( revolv+ nutation & ! me*anism ( tw9+--t mod]n physiologi/s diff] f ,d>w94 7,see ! discussion 9 ,pfeff]'s ,! ,physiology ( ,plants ,eng4 ,tr4 7,ox=d1 #aijf71 ,,iii4 page #cd1 :]e ! lit]ature is giv54 ,also ,jo/1 ,vorlesung5 ub] ,pflanz5physiologie1 page #efb1 ,j5a1 #aijd47 ,_! criticism orig9at$ 9 obs]vations made on a revolv+ %oot :i* is remov$ f ! action ( gravity by keep+ ! plant sl[ly rotat+ ab\t a horizontal axis by means ( ! in/rum5t kn[n z a kl9o/at4 ,"u ^! conditions circumnutation becomes irregul> or ceases altoge!r4 ,:5 ! same exp]im5t is made ) a plant :i* has tw9$ spirally up a /ick1 ! process ( climb+ is *eck$ & ! la/ few turns become loos5$ or actually untwi/$4 ,f ?is x has be5 argu$ t ,d>w9 0 wrong 9 8 description ( circumnutation z an automatic *ange 9 ! region ( quicke/ gr[?4 ,:5 ! free end ( a revolv+ %oot po9ts t[>ds ! nor? !re is no d\bt t ! s\? side has be5 elongat+ m ?an ! nor?2 aft] a "t x is pla9 f ! %oot hang+ ov] to ! ea/ t ! we/ side ( ! plant has gr[n mo/1 & s on4 ,?is rhy?mic *ange ( ! position ( ! region ( greate/ gr[? ,d>w9 ascribes to an unkn[n int]nal regulat+ p[]4 ,"s mod]n physiologi/s1 h[ev]1 attempt to expla9 ! revolv+ movem5t z due to a p>ticul> =m ( s5sitiv5ess to gravitation :i* x is n necess>y to discuss 9 detail 9 ?is place4 ,x is suffici5t = my purpose to po9t out t ,d>w9's explanation ( circumnutation is n univ]sally accept$4 ,p]sonally ,i believe t circumnutation is automatic--is prim>ily due to int]nal /imuli4 ,x is h[ev] 9 "s way connect$ ) gravitational s5sitiv5ess1 s9ce ! movem5t normally occurs r\nd a v]tical l9e4 ,x is n unnatural t1 :5 ! plant has no ext]nal /imulus by :i* ! v]tical c be recognis$1 ! revolv+ movem5t %\ld be upset4 ,v mu* ! same may be said ( ! act ( tw9+1 namely t mo/ physiologi/s refuse to accept ,d>w9's view 7above ref]r$ to7 t tw9+ is ! direct result ( circumnutation4 ,ev]yone mu/ all[ t ! two ph5om5a are 9 "s way connect$1 s9ce a plant :i* circumnutates clockwise1 i4e4 ) ! sun1 tw9es 9 ! same direction1 & vice v]sa4 ,x mu/ also be grant$ t geotropism has a be>+ on ! problem1 s9ce all plants tw9e upw>ds1 & _c tw9e along a horizontal support4 ,b h[ ^! two factors are comb9$1 & :e!r any 7& if s :at7 o!r factors contribute1 we _c say4 ,if we give up ,d>w9's explanation1 we mu/ at ! same "t say ) ,pfeff] t ! causes ( tw9+ are444 unkn[n4 7,! ,physiology ( ,plants1 ,eng4 ,tr4 7,ox=d1 #aijf71 ,,iii4 page #cg47 ,let u leave ?is difficult "q & consid] "s o!r po9ts made out 9 ! progress ( ! "w on climb+ plants4 ,"o result ( :at he call$ 8 niggl+ 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #cab47 "w on t5drils 0 ! discov]y ( ! delicacy ( _! s5se ( t\*1 & ! rapidity ( _! movem5t4 ,?us 9 a passion-fl[] t5dril1 a bit ( plat9um wire weigh+ #a4b mg4 produc$ curvature 7,climb+ ,plants1 page #aga471 z did a loop ( cotton weigh+ #b mg4 ,pfeff] 7,unt]su*ung5 a4d4 ,bot4 ,in/4 z4 ,tub+51 ,bd4 ,i4 #ahha-he1 page #ejf471 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly f\nd mu* great] s5sitiv5ess3 ?us ! t5dril ( ,sicyos angulatus react$ to #j4jjjbe mg41 b ?is only occurr$ :5 ! delicate rid] ( cottonwool fibre 0 di/urb$ by ! w9d4 ,! same au?or exp&$ & expla9$ 9 a mo/ int]e/+ way ! mean+ ( ,d>w9's obs]vation t t5drils are n /imulat$ to movem5t by drops ( wat] re/+ on !m4 ,pfeff] %[$ t ,,dirty wat] conta9+ m9ute p>ticles ( clay 9 susp5sion acts z a /imulus4 ,he also %[$ t gelat9e acts l pure wat]2 if a smoo? glass rod is coat$ ) a #aj p] c5t solution ( gelat9e & is !n appli$ to a t5dril1 no movem5t occurs 9 spite ( ! fact t ! gelat9e is solid :5 cold4 ,pfeff] 7,physiology1 ,eng4 ,tr4 ,,iii4 page #eb4 ,pfeff] has po9t$ out ! resemblance betwe5 ! contact irritability ( plants & ! human s5se ( t\*4 ,our sk9 is n s5sitive to uni=m pressure su* z is produc$ :5 ! f+] is dipp$ into m]cury 7,tub+5 ,unt]su*ung51 ,i4 page #ejd47 g5]alises ! result 9 ! /atem5t t ! t5dril has a special =m ( irritability & only reacts to diff]5ces ( pressure or v>iations ( pressure 9 contigu\s444 regions4 ,d>w9 0 especially int]e/$ 9 su* cases ( specialis$ irritability4 ,= in/ance 9 ,may1 #ahfd1 he wrote to ,asa ,gray 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #cad47 describ+ ! t5drils ( ,bignonia capreolata1 :i* abhor a simple /ick1 d n mu* reli% r\gh b>k1 b delight 9 wool or moss4 ,he receiv$1 f ,gray1 in=mation z to ! natural habitat ( ! species1 & f9ally conclud$ t ! t5drils are specially adapt$ to climb trees clo!d ) li*5s1 mosses1 or o!r su* productions4 7,climb+ ,plants1 page #ajb47 ,t5drils 7 n ! only in/ance discov]$ by ,d>w9 ( delicacy ( t\* 9 plants4 ,9 #ahfj he _h already begun to obs]ve ,sundew 7,dros]a71 & 0 full ( a/oni%m5t at its behavi\r4 ,he wrote to ,sir ,joseph ,hook] 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #cai473 ,i h be5 work+ l a madman at ,dros]a4 ,"h is a fact = y :i* is c]ta9 z y /& :]e y are1 ?\gh y won't believe x1 t a bit ( hair #a_/ghjjj ( "o gra9 9 weight plac$ on gl&1 w cause ,,"o ( ! gl&-be>+ hairs ( ,dros]a to curve inw>ds4 ,"h aga9 ,pfeff] 7,pfeff] 9 ,unt]su*ung5 a4 d4 ,bot4 ,in/4 z4 ,tub+51 ,i4 page #dia47 has1 z 9 s _m cases1 add$ important facts to my fa!r's obs]vations4 ,he %[$ t if ! leaf ( ,dros]a is entirely fre$ f su* vibrations z w\ld rea* x if obs]v$ on an ord9>y table1 x does n react to small weights1 s t 9 fact x 0 ! vibration ( ! m9ute fragm5t ( hair on ! gl& t produc$ movem5t4 ,we may fancifully see an adaptation to ! capture ( insects--to ! danc+ ( a gnat's foot on ! s5sitive surface4 ,d>w9 0 fond ( tell+ h[ :5 he demon/rat$ ! s5sitiv5ess ( ,dros]a to ,mr ,huxley & 7,i ?9k7 to ,sir ,john ,burdon ,s&]son1 he c\ld p]ceive 79 spite ( _! c\rtesy7 t !y ?\ght ! :ole ?+ a delusion4 ,& ! /ory end$ ) 8 triumph :5 ,mr ,huxley cri$ out1 ,x ,,is mov+4 ,d>w9's "w on t5drils has l$ to "s int]e/+ inve/igations on ! me*anisms by :i* plants p]ceive /imuli4 ,?us ,pfeff] 7,tub+5 ,unt]su*ung5 ,i4 page #ebd47 %[$ t c]ta9 epid]mic cells occurr+ 9 t5drils are probably organs ( t\*4 ,9 ^! cells ! protoplasm burr[s z x 7 into cavities 9 ! ?ickness ( ! ext]nal cell-walls & ?us comes close to ! surface1 be+ sep>at$ f an object t\*+ ! t5dril m]ely by a v ?9 lay] ( cell-wall sub/ance4 ,hab]l&t 7,physiologis*e ,pflanz5anatomie1 ,edition ,,iii4 ,leipzig1 #aijd4 ,s9nesorgane im ,pflanz5rei*1 ,leipzig1 #aija1 & o!r publications47 has greatly ext5d$ our k ( vegetable /ructure 9 relation to me*anical /imulation4 ,he def9es a s5se-organ z a contrivance by :i* ! ,,de=mation or =cible *ange ( =m 9 ! protoplasm--on :i* me*anical /imulation dep5ds--is r5d]$ rapid & consid]able 9 amplitude 7,s9nesorgane1 page #aj74 ,he has %[n t 9 c]ta9 papillose & bri/le-l contrivances1 plants possess su* s5se-organs2 & moreov] t ^! contrivances %[ a rem>kable simil>ity to correspond+ s5se-organs 9 animals4 ,hab]l&t & ,nemec 7,b]4 d4 ,deuts*5 bot4 ,gesells*aft1 ,,xviii4 #aijj4 ,see ,f4 ,d>w91 ,presid5tial ,address to ,section ,k1 ,briti% ,association1 #aijd47 publi%$ indep5d5tly & simultane\sly a !ory ( ! me*anism by :i* plants are ori5tat$ 9 relation to gravitation4 ,& "h aga9 we f9d an arrangem5t id5tical 9 pr9ciple ) t by :i* c]ta9 animals recognise ! v]tical1 namely ! pressure ( free p>ticles on ! irritable wall ( a cavity4 ,9 ! high] plants1 ,nemec & ,hab]l&t believe t special loose & freely movable />*-gra9s play ! "p ( ! otoli?s or /atoli?s ( ! cru/acea1 :ile ! protoplasm l9+ ! cells 9 :i* !y are conta9$ corresponds to ! s5sitive membrane l9+ ! otocy/ ( ! animal4 ,:at is ( special int]e/ 9 our pres5t connection is t accord+ to ?is +5i\s !ory 7,! orig9al conception 0 due to ,noll 7,het]og5e ,induction1 ,leipzig1 #ahib71 b 8 view diff]$ 9 ess5tial po9ts f ^? "h giv547 ! s5se ( v]ticality 9 a plant is a =m ( contact-irritability4 ,! v]tical position is di/+ui%$ f ! horizontal by ! fact t1 9 ! latt] case1 ! loose />*-gra9s re/ on ! lat]al walls ( ! cells in/ead ( on ! t]m9al walls z occurs 9 ! normal upright position4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! /atoli? !ory is /ill sub judice2 p]sonally ,i _c d\bt t x is 9 ! ma9 a satisfactory explanation ( ! facts4 ,) reg>d to ! ,,rapidity ( ! reaction ( t5drils1 ,d>w9 records 7,climb+ ,plants1 page #aee4 ,o!rs h obs]v$ movem5t aft] ab\t #f47 t a ,passion-,fl[] t5dril mov$ di/9ctly )9 #be seconds ( /imulation4 ,x 0 ?is fact1 m ?an any o!r1 t made him d\bt ! curr5t explanation1 viz4 t ! movem5t is due to unequal gr[? on ! two sides ( ! t5dril4 ,! int]e/+ "w ( ,fitt+ 7,pr+%eim's ,jahrb4 ,,xxxviii4 #aijc1 page #ede47 has %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! prim>y cause is n 7z ,d>w9 suppos$7 contraction on ! concave1 b an a/oni%+ly rapid increase 9 gr[?-rate on ! convex side4 ,on ! la/ page ( ,climb+ ,plants ,d>w9 wrote3 ,x has (t5 be5 vaguely ass]t$ t plants are di/+ui%$ f animals by n hav+ ! p[] ( movem5t4 ,x %\ld r be said t plants acquire & display ?is p[] only :5 x is ( "s advantage to !m4 ,he gradually came to realise ! vividness & v>iety ( vegetable life1 & t a plant l an animal has capacities ( behav+ 9 diff]5t ways "u diff]5t circum/ances1 9 a mann] t may be comp>$ to ! in/9ctive movem5ts ( animals4 ,?is po9t ( view is express$ 9 well-kn[n passages 9 ! ,p[] ( ,movem5t4 7,! ,p[] ( ,movem5t 9 ,plants1 #ahhj1 pages #ega-c47 ,x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! resemblance betwe5 !444 movem5ts ( plants & _m ( ! actions p]=m$ unconsci\sly by ! l[] animals4 ,& aga91 ,x is h>dly an exagg]ation to say t ! tip ( ! radicle444 hav+ ! p[] ( direct+ ! movem5ts ( ! adjo9+ p>ts1 acts l ! bra9 ( "o ( ! l[] animals2 ! bra9 be+ seat$ )9 ! ant]ior end ( ! body1 receiv+ impressions f ! s5se-organs1 & direct+ ! sev]al movem5ts4 ,! conception ( a region ( p]ception di/9ct f a region ( movem5t is p]haps ! mo/ fruitful outcome ( 8 "w on ! movem5ts ( plants4 ,b _m ye>s be=e its publication1 viz4 9 #ahfa1 he _h made out ! wond]ful fact t 9 ! ,or*id ,catasetum 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #bfh47 ! project+ organs or ant5nae are s5sitive to a t\*1 & transmit an influ5ce = m ?an "o in* ,,in/antane\sly1 :i* leads to ! explosion or viol5t ejection ( ! poll9ia4 ,& z we h already se5 a simil> transmission ( a /imulus 0 discov]$ by him 9 ,sundew 9 #ahfj1 s t 9 #ahfb he c\ld write to ,hook] 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #cba473 ,i _c avoid ! conclusion1 t ,dros]a possesses matt] at lea/ 9 "s degree analog\s 9 con/itution & function to n]v\s matt]4 ,i propose 9 :at foll[s to give "s acc\nt ( ! obs]vations on ! transmission ( /imuli giv5 9 ! ,p[] ( ,movem5t4 ,x is impossible )9 ! space at my comm& to give any?+ l a complete acc\nt ( ! matt]1 & ,i mu/ necess>ily omit all m5tion ( mu* int]e/+ "w4 ,"o well-kn[n exp]im5t consi/$ 9 putt+ opaque caps on ! tips ( se$l+ grasses 7e4g4 oat & can>y-grass7 & !n expos+ !m to light f "o side4 ,! diff]5ce1 9 ! am\nt ( curvature t[>ds ! light1 betwe5 ! bl9d$ & unbl9d$ specim5s1 0 s great t x 0 conclud$ t ! light-s5sitiv5ess resid$ exclusively 9 ! tip4 ,! exp]im5t und\bt$ly proves t ! s5sitiv5ess is mu* great] 9 ! tip ?an else:]e1 & t !re is a transmission ( /imulus f ! tip to ! region ( curvature4 ,b ,ro!rt 7,ro!rt1 ,cohn's ,beitrage1 ,,vii4 #ahid47 has conclusively prov$ t ! basal "p :]e ! curvature occurs is also ,,directly s5sitive to light4 ,he has %[n1 h[ev]1 t 9 o!r grasses 7,set>ia1 ,panicum7 ! cotyl$on is ! only "p :i* is s5sitive1 :ile ! hypocotyl1 :]e ! movem5t occurs1 is n directly s5sitive4 ,x 0 h[ev] ! "q ( ! localisation ( ! gravitational s5se 9 ! tip ( ! se$l+ root or radicle t ar\s$ mo/ att5tion1 & x 0 on ?is "q t a controv]sy arose :i* has cont9u$ to ! pres5t day4 ,! exp]im5t on :i* ,d>w9's conclusion 0 bas$ consi/$ simply 9 cutt+ (f ! tip1 & !n comp>+ ! behavi\r ( roots s treat$ ) t ( normal specim5s4 ,an un9jur$ root :5 plac$ horizontally rega9s ! v]tical by means ( a %>p d[nw>d curve2 n s a decapitat$ root :i* cont9ues to gr[ m or less horizontally4 ,x 0 argu$ t ?is dep5ds on ! loss ( an organ specialis$ = ! p]ception ( gravity1 & resid+ 9 ! tip ( ! root2 & ! exp]im5t 7toge!r ) c]ta9 important v>iants7 0 claim$ z evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( su* an organ4 ,x 0 at once object$ t ! amputation ( ! tip might *eck curvature by int]f]+ ) longitud9al gr[?1 on ! di/ribution ( :i* curvature dep5ds4 ,?is objection 0 met by %[+ t an injury1 e4g4 splitt+ ! root longitud9ally 7,see ,f4 ,d>w91 ,l9nean ,soc4 ,j\rnal 7,bot74 ,,xix4 #ahhb1 page #bah471 :i* does n remove ! tip1 b s]i\sly *ecks gr[?1 does n prev5t geotropism4 ,?is 0 ( "s int]e/ 9 ano!r & m g5]al way1 9 %[+ t curvature & longitud9al gr[? mu/ be plac$ 9 diff]5t categories z reg>ds ! conditions on :i* !y dep5d4 ,ano!r objection ( a mu* m s]i\s k9d 0 t ! amputation ( ! tip acts z a %ock4 ,x 0 %[n by ,ro!rt 7,see 8 excell5t summ>y ( ! subject 9 ,flora #ahid 7,erganzungsb&71 page #aii47 t ! removal ( a small "p ( ! cotyl$on ( ,set>ia prev5ts ! plant curv+ t[>ds ! light1 & "h !re is no "q ( remov+ ! s5se-organ s9ce ! great] "p ( ! s5sitive cotyl$on is intact4 ,9 view ( ?is result x 0 impossible to rely on ! amputations p]=m$ on roots z above describ$4 ,at ?is juncture a new & brilliant me?od orig9at$ 9 ,pfeff]'s laboratory4 7,see ,pfeff]1 ,annals ( ,botany1 ,,viii4 #ahid1 page #cag1 & ,czapek1 ,pr+%eim's ,jahrb4 ,,xxvii4 #ahie1 page #bdc47 ,pfeff] & ,czapek %[$ t x is possible to b5d ! root ( a lup9e s t1 = in/ance1 ! suppos$ s5se-organ at ! tip is v]tical :ile ! motile region is horizontal4 ,if ! motile region is directly s5sitive to gravity ! root ought to curve d[nw>ds1 b ?is did n occur3 on ! contr>y x cont9u$ to gr[ horizontally4 ,?is is precisely :at %\ld happ5 if ,d>w9's !ory is ! "r "o3 = if ! tip is kept v]tical1 ! s5se-organ is 9 its normal position & receives no /imulus f gravitation1 & !re=e c obvi\sly transmit none to ! region ( curvature4 ,un=tunately ?is me?od did n conv9ce ! botanical _w because "s ( ^? :o repeat$ ,czapek's exp]im5t fail$ to get 8 results4 ,czapek 7,b]i*te d4 ,deuts*4 bot4 ,ges4 ,,xv4 #ahig1 page #eaf1 & num]\s subsequ5t pap]s4 ,engli% read]s %\ld consult ,czapek 9 ! ,annals ( ,botany1 ,,xix4 #aije1 page #ge47 has devis$ ano!r int]e/+ me?od :i* ?r[s light on ! problem4 ,he %[s t roots1 :i* h be5 plac$ 9 a horizontal position & h !re=e be5 geotropically /imulat$1 c be di/+ui%$ by a *emical te/ f v]tical1 i4e4 un/imulat$ roots4 ,! *emical *ange 9 ! root c be detect$ be=e any curvature has occurr$ & mu/ !re=e be a symptom ( /imulation1 n ( movem5t4 ,x is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to f9d t ! *ange 9 ! root1 on :i* ,czapek's te/ dep5ds1 takes place 9 ! tip1 i4e4 9 ! region :i* ,d>w9 held to be ! c5tre = gravitational s5sitiv5ess4 ,9 #ahii ,i devis$ a me?od 7,f4 ,d>w91 ,annals ( ,botany1 ,,xiii4 #ahii1 page #efg47 by :i* ,i s\ght to prove t ! cotyl$on ( ,set>ia is n only ! organ = light-p]ception1 b also = gravitation4 ,if a se$l+ is support$ horizontally by pu%+ ! apical "p 7cotyl$on7 into a horizontal tube1 ! cotyl$on w1 accord+ to my supposition1 be /imulat$ gravitationally & a /imulus w be transmitt$ to ! basal "p ( ! /em 7hypocotyl7 caus+ x to b5d4 ,b ?is curvature m]ely raises ! basal end ( ! se$l+1 ! s5sitive cotyl$on rema9s horizontal1 imprison$ 9 its tube2 x w !re=e be cont9ually /imulat$ & w cont9ue to transmit influ5ces to ! b5d+ region1 :i* %\ld !re=e curl up into a helix or corkscrew-l =m1--& ?is is precisely :at occurr$4 ,i h ref]r$ to ?is "w pr9cipally because ! same me?od 0 appli$ to roots by ,mass>t 7,mass>t1 ,mem4 ,c\ronnes ,acad4 ,r4 ,belg4 ,,lxii4 #aijb47 & myself 7,f4 ,d>w91 ,l9nean ,soc4 ,j\rn4 ,,xxxv4 #aijb1 page #bff47 ) a simil> ?\gh less /rik+ result4 ,al?\gh ^! rese>*es confirm$ ,d>w9's "w on roots1 mu* /ress _c be laid on !m z !re are sev]al objections to !m1 & !y are n easily repeat$4 ,! me?od :i*--z f> z we c judge at pres5t--seems likely to solve ! problem ( ! root-tip is mo/ +5i\s & is due to ,picc>d4 7,pr+%eim's ,jahrb4 ,,xl4 #aijd1 page #id47 ,&rew ,knight's celebrat$ exp]im5t %[$ t roots react to c5trifugal =ce precisely z !y d to gravity4 ,s t if a bean root is fix$ to a :eel revolv+ rapidly on a horizontal axis1 x t5ds to curve away f ! c5tre 9 ! l9e ( a radius ( ! :eel4 ,9 ord9>y demon/rations ( ,knight's exp]im5t ! se$ is g5]ally fix$ s t ! root is at "r angles to a radius1 & z f> z conv5i5t f ! c5tre ( rotation4 ,picc>d's exp]im5t is arrang$ diff]5tly4 7,a se$ is depict$ bel[ a horizontal dott$ l9e ,,aa1 project+ a root upw>ds47 ,! root is oblique to ! axis ( rotation1 & ! extreme tip projects beyond t axis4 ,l9e ,,aa repres5ts ! axis ( rotation1 ,t is ! tip ( ! root j above ! l9e ,,aa1 & ,b is ! region j bel[ l9e ,,aa 9 :i* curvature takes place4 ,if ! motile region ,b is directly s5sitive to gravitation 7& is ! only "p :i* is s5sitive7 ! root w curve 7d[n & away f ! v]tical7 away f ! axis ( rotation1 j z 9 ,knight's exp]im5t4 ,b if ! tip ,t is alone s5sitive to gravitation ! result w be exactly rev]s$1 ! /imulus orig9at+ 9 ,t & convey$ to ,b w produce curvature 7up t[>ds ! v]tical74 ,we may ?9k ( ! l9e ,,aa z a plane divid+ two worlds4 ,9 ! l[] "o gravity is ( ! e>?ly type & is %[n by bodies fall+ & roots curv+ d[nw>ds3 9 ! upp] _w bodies fall upw>ds & roots curve 9 ! same direction4 ,! se$l+ is 9 ! l[] _w1 b its tip conta9+ ! suppos$ s5se-organ is 9 ! /range _w :]e roots curve upw>ds4 ,by obs]v+ :e!r ! root b5ds up or d[n we c decide :e!r ! impulse to b5d orig9ates 9 ! tip or 9 ! motile region4 ,picc>d's results %[$ t bo? curvatures occurr$ & he conclud$ t ! s5sitive region is n conf9$ to ! tip4 7,czapek 7,pr+%eim's ,jahrb4 ,,xxxv4 #aijj1 page #cfb7 _h previ\sly giv5 reasons = believ+ t1 9 ! root1 !re is no %>p l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! regions ( p]ception & movem5t47 ,hab]l&t 7,pr+%eim's ,jahrb4 ,,xlv4 #aijh1 page #ege47 has rec5tly repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) ! advantage ( bett] app>atus & m exp]i5ce 9 deal+ ) plants1 & has f\nd z ,picc>d did t bo? ! tip & ! curv+ region are s5sitive to gravity1 b ) ! important addition t ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! tip is mu* great] ?an t ( ! motile region4 ,! case is 9 fact simil> to t ( ! oat & can>y-grass4 ,9 bo? in/ances my fa!r & ,i 7 wrong 9 assum+ t ! s5sitiv5ess is conf9$ to ! tip1 yet !re is a conc5tration ( irritability 9 t region & transmission ( /imulus is z true = geotropism z x is = heliotropism4 ,?us aft] ne>ly ?irty ye>s ! controv]sy ( ! root-tip has app>5tly end$ some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( ! qu>rels at ! ,ra9b[ 9 ,silas ,m>n]--y're bo? "r & y're bo? wrong4 ,b ! bra9-function ( ! root-tip at :i* em95t p laugh$ 9 e>ly days turns out to be an important "p ( ! tru?4 7,by us+ ,picc>d's me?od ,i h succe$$ 9 %[+ t ! gravitational s5sitiv5ess ( ! cotyl$on ( ,sorghum is c]ta9ly mu* great] ?an ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! hypocotyl--if inde$ any su* s5sitiv5ess exi/s4 ,see ,wiesn]'s ,fe/s*rift1 ,vi5na1 #aijh47 ,ano!r obs]vation ( ,d>w9's has giv5 rise to mu* controv]sy4 7,p[] ( ,movem5t1 page #acc47 ,if a m9ute piece ( c>d is fix$ obliquely to ! tip ( a root "s influ5ce is transmitt$ to ! region ( curvature & ! root b5ds away f ! side to :i* ! c>d 0 atta*$4 ,x 0 ?\ght at ! "t t ?is prov$ ! root-tip to be s5sitive to contact1 b ?is is n necess>ily ! case4 ,x seems possible t ! curvature is a reaction to ! injury caus$ by ! alcoholic solution ( %ellac ) :i* ! c>ds 7 cem5t$ to ! tip4 ,?is agrees ) ! fact giv5 9 ! ,p[] ( ,movem5t t injur+ ! root-tip on "o side1 by cutt+ or burn+ x1 induc$ a simil> curvature4 ,on ! o!r h& x 0 %[n t curvature c\ld be produc$ 9 roots by cem5t+ c>ds1 n to ! nak$ surface ( ! root-tip1 b to pieces ( gold-beat]s sk9 appli$ to ! root2 gold-beat]s sk9 be+ by itself almo/ )\t effect4 ,b x mu/ be all[$ t1 z reg>ds t\*1 x is n cle> h[ ! addition ( %ellac & c>d c increase ! degree ( contact4 ,!re is h[ev] "s evid5ce t v close contact f a solid body1 su* z a curv$ fragm5t ( glass1 produces curvature3 & ?is may conceivably be ! explanation ( ! effect ( gold-beat]s sk9 cov]$ ) %ellac4 ,b on ! :ole x is p]haps saf] to classify ! %ellac exp]im5ts ) ! results ( und\bt$ injury r ?an ) ^? ( contact4 ,ano!r subject on :i* a good deal ( lab\r 0 exp5d$ is ! sleep ( leaves1 or z ,d>w9 call$ x _! ,,nyctitropic movem5t4 ,he %[$ = ! fir/ "t h[ widely spread ?is ph5om5on is1 & attempt$ to give an explanation ( ! use to ! plant ( ! p[] ( sleep+4 ,8 !ory 0 t by becom+ m or less v]tical at night ! leaves escape ! *ill+ effect ( radiation4 ,our me?od ( te/+ ?is view 0 to fix "s ( ! leaves ( a sleep+ plant s t !y rema9$ horizontal at night & !re=e fully expos$ to radiation1 :ile _! fell[s 7 p>tly protect$ by assum+ ! nocturnal position4 ,! exp]im5ts %[$ cle>ly t ! horizontal leaves 7 m injur$ ?an ! sleep+1 i4e4 m or less v]tical1 ones4 ,x may be object$ t ! dang] f cold is v slight 9 w>m c\ntries :]e sleep+ plants ab\nd4 ,b x is q possible t a l[]+ ( ! temp]ature :i* produces no visible injury may nev]!less be hurtful by *eck+ ! nutritive processes 7e4g4 translocation ( c>bohydrates71 :i* g on at night4 ,/ahl 7,bot4 ,zeitung1 #ahig1 page #ha47 h[ev] has +5i\sly sugge/$ t ! exposure ( ! leaves to radiation is n ,,directly hurtful because x l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! leaf1 b ,,indirectly because x leads to ! deposition ( dew on ! leaf-surface4 ,he gives reasons = believ+ t dew-cov]$ leaves are unable to transpire effici5tly1 & t ! absorption ( m9]al food-mat]ial is correspond+ly *eck$4 ,/ahl's !ory is 9 no way de/ructive ( ,d>w9's1 & x is possible t nyctitropic leaves are adapt$ to avoid ! indirect z well z ! direct results ( cool+ by radiation4 ,9 :at has be5 said ,i h attempt$ to give an idea ( "s ( ! discov]ies br\ght be=e ! _w 9 ! ,p[] ( ,movem5t 7,9 #ahha ,pr(essor ,wiesn] publi%$ 8 ,das ,bewegungsv]mog5 d] ,pflanz51 a book devot$ to ! criticism ( ,! ,p[] ( ,movem5t 9 ,plants4 ,a lett] to ,wiesn]1 publi%$ 9 ,life & ,lett]s1 ,,iii4 page #ccf1 %[s ,d>w9's w>m appreciation ( 8 critic's "w1 & ( ! _s 9 :i* x is writt547 & ( ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! problems4 ,we mu/ n[ pass on to a consid]ation ( ! c5tral !sis ( ! book1--! relation ( circumnutation to ! adaptive curvatures ( plants4 ,d>w9's view is pla9ly /at$ on pages #c-d ( ! ,p[] ( ,movem5t4 ,speak+ ( circumnutation he says1 ,9 ?is univ]sally pres5t movem5t we h ! basis or gr\ndwork = ! acquirem5t1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! plant1 ( ! mo/ div]sifi$ movem5ts4 ,he !n po9ts out t curvatures su* z ^? t[>ds ! light or t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>? c be %[n to be exagg]ations ( circumnutation 9 ! giv5 directions4 ,he f9ally po9ts out t ! difficulty ( conceiv+ h[ ! capacities ( b5d+ 9 def9ite directions 7 acquir$ is dim9i%$ by 8 conception4 ,we "k t !re is always movem5t 9 progress1 & its amplitude1 or direction1 or bo?1 h only to be modifi$ = ! good ( ! plant 9 relation ) int]nal or ext]nal /imuli4 ,x may at once be all[$ t ! view "h giv5 has n be5 accept$ by physiologi/s4 ,! b>e fact t circumnutation is a g5]al prop]ty ( plants 7o!r ?an climb+ species7 is n g5]ally reject$4 ,b ! botanical _w is no ne>] to believ+ 9 ! !ory ( reaction built on x4 ,if we comp>e ! movem5ts ( plants ) ^? ( ! l[] animals we f9d a c]ta9 resemblance betwe5 ! two4 ,accord+ to ,j5n+s 7,h4,s4 ,j5n+s1 ,! ,behavior ( ! ,l[] ,animals4 ,columbia ,u4 ,press1 ,n4,y4 #aijf47 a ,p>amoecium con/antly t5ds to sw]ve t[>ds ! aboral side ( its body ow+ to c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! set & p[] ( its cilia4 ,b ! t5d5cy to swim 9 a circle1 ?us produc$1 is neutralis$ by ! rotation ( ! creature ab\t its longitud9al axis4 ,?us ! direction ( ! sw]ves ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,pa? ( ! organism is always *ang+1 ) ! result t ! creature moves 9 :at approximates to a /raight l9e1 be+ h[ev] actually a spiral ab\t ! g5]al l9e ( progress4 ,?is me?od ( motion is /rik+ly l ! circumnutation ( a plant1 ! apex ( :i* also describes a spiral ab\t ! g5]al l9e ( gr[?4 ,a root$ plant obvi\sly _c rotate on its axis1 b ! regul> s]ies ( curvatures ( :i* its gr[? consi/s correspond to ! ab]rations ( ,p>amoecium di/ribut$ regul>ly ab\t its c\rse by means ( rotation4 7,9 my address to ! ,biological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,c>diff 7#ahia7 ,i h attempt$ to %[ ! connection betwe5 circumnutation & ,,rectipetality1 i4e4 ! innate capacity ( gr[+ 9 a /raight l9e47 ,j z a plant *anges its direction ( gr[? by an exagg]ation ( "o ( ! curvature-elem5ts ( :i* circumnutation consi/s1 s does a ,p>amoecium *ange its c\rse by ! acc5tuation ( "o ( ! deviations ( :i* its pa? is built4 ,j5n+s has %[n t ! infusoria1 etc41 react to /imuli by :at is kn[n z ! me?od ( trial4 ,if an organism swims into a region :]e ! temp]ature is too high or :]e an injuri\s sub/ance is pres5t1 x *anges its c\rse4 ,x !n moves =w>d aga91 & if x is =tunate en\gh to escape ! influ5ce1 x cont9ues to swim 9 ! giv5 direction4 ,if h[ev] its *ange ( direction leads x fur!r into ! heat$ or poison\s region x repeats ! movem5t until x em]ges f its difficulties4 ,j5n+s f9ds 9 ! movem5ts ( ! l[] organisms an analogue ) :at is kn[n z pa9 9 consci\s organisms4 ,!re is c]ta9ly ?is mu* resemblance t a numb] ( q diff]5t sub-injuri\s ag5cies produce 9 ! l[] organisms a =m ( reaction by ! help ( :i* !y1 9 a p>tly =tuit\s way1 escape f ! ?reat5+ elem5t 9 _! environm5t4 ,! high] animals are /imulat$ 9 a p>allel mann] to vague & orig9ally purposeless movem5ts1 "o ( :i* removes ! discom=t "u :i* !y suff]1 & ! organism f9ally le>ns to p]=m ! appropriate movem5t )\t go+ ?r\gh ! t5tative s]ies ( actions4 ,i am tempt$ to recognise 9 circumnutation a simil> gr\ndwork ( t5tative movem5ts out ( :i* ! adaptive ones 7 orig9ally select$ by a process rudely repres5tative ( le>n+ by exp]i5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 simpl] to conf9e ourselves to ! assumption t ^? plants h surviv$ :i* h acquir$ ?r\gh unkn[n causes ! p[] ( react+ 9 appropriate ways to ! ext]nal /imuli ( light1 gravity1 etc4 ,x is q possible to conceive ?is occurr+ 9 plants :i* h no p[] ( circumnutat+--&1 z already po9t$ out1 physiologi/s d z a fact neglect circumnutation z a factor 9 ! evolution ( movem5ts4 ,:atev] may be ! fate ( ,d>w9's !ory ( circumnutation !re is no d\bt t ! rese>* he c>ri$ out 9 support (1 & by ! light (1 ?is hypo!sis has _h a p[]ful influ5ce 9 guid+ ! mod]n !ories ( ! behavi\r ( plants4 ,pfeff] 7,! ,physiology ( ,plants1 ,eng4 ,tr4 ,,iii4 page #aa471 :o m ?an any "o man has impress$ on ! _w a rational view ( ! reactions ( plants1 has ackn[l$g$ 9 g5]\s words ! great value ( ,d>w9's "w 9 ! same direction4 ,! old] view 0 t1 = in/ance1 curvature t[>ds ! light is ! direct me*anical result ( ! diff]5ce ( illum9ation on ! light$ & %ad$ surfaces ( ! plant4 ,?is has be5 prov$ to be an incorrect explanation ( ! fact1 & ,d>w9 by 8 "w on ! transmission ( /imuli has greatly contribut$ to ! curr5t belief t /imuli act indirectly4 ,?us we n[ believe t 9 a root & a /em ! me*anism = ! p]ception ( gravitation is id5tical1 b ! result+ movem5ts are diff]5t because ! motor-irritabilities are dissimil> 9 ! two cases4 ,we mu/ come back1 9 fact1 to ,d>w9's comp>ison ( plants to animals4 ,9 bo? !re is p]ceptive ma*9]y by :i* !y are made delicately alive to _! environm5t1 9 bo? ! exi/+ survivors are ^? ^: int]nal con/itution has enabl$ !m to respond 9 a b5eficial way to ! di/urbance orig9at+ 9 _! s5se-organs4 ,,xx4 ,,! ,,biology ,,( ,,fl[]s4 ,by ,k4 ,goebel1 ,ph4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,muni*4 ,!re is sc>cely any subject to :i* ,d>w9 devot$ s mu* "t & "w z to 8 rese>*es into ! biology ( fl[]s1 or1 9 o!r words1 to ! consid]ation ( ! "q to :at ext5t ! /ructural & physiological *>act]s ( fl[]s are correlat$ ) _! function ( produc+ fruits & se$s4 ,we "k f 8 own words :at fasc9ation ^! /udies possess$ = him4 ,we repeat$ly f9d1 = example1 9 8 lett]s expressions su* z ?is3--,no?+ 9 my life has ev] int]e/$ me m ?an ! f]tilisation ( su* plants z ,primula & ,ly?rum1 or aga9 ,anacamptis or ,li/]a4 7,m ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #dai47 ,expressions ( ?is k9d com+ f a man ^: !ories ex]t$ an epo*-mak+ influ5ce1 w\ld be un9telligible if 8 rese>*es into ! biology ( fl[]s _h be5 conc]n$ only ) records ( isolat$ facts1 h[ev] int]e/+ ^! might be4 ,we may at once take x = grant$ t ! inve/igations 7 und]tak5 ) ! view ( foll[+ up important problems ( g5]al int]e/1 problems :i* are briefly dealt ) 9 ?is essay4 ,d>w9 publi%$ ! results ( 8 rese>*es 9 sev]al pap]s & 9 ?ree l>g] works1 7i7 ,on ! v>i\s contrivances by :i* ,briti% & ,=eign ,or*ids are f]tilis$ by insects 7,fir/ edition1 ,london1 #ahfb2 second edition1 #ahgg2 popul> edition1 #aijd47 7ii7 ,! effects ( ,cross & ,self f]tilisation 9 ! vegetable k+dom 7,fir/ edition1 #ahgf2 second edition1 #ahgh74 7iii7 ,! diff]5t =ms ( ,fl[]s on plants ( ! same species 7,fir/ edition1 #ahgg2 second edition1 #ahhj74 ,al?\gh ! influ5ce ( 8 "w is consid]$ lat]1 we may "h po9t out t x 0 almo/ )\t a p>allel2 n only does x include a mass ( purely sci5tific obs]vations1 b x awak5$ int]e/ 9 v wide circles1 z is %[n by ! fact t we f9d ! results ( ,d>w9's inve/igations 9 floral biology univ]sally quot$ 9 s*ool books2 !y are ev5 will+ly accept$ by ^? :o1 z reg>ds o!r que/ions1 are oppos$ to ,d>w9's views4 ,! works :i* we h m5tion$ are1 h[ev]1 n only ( special int]e/ because ( ! facts !y contribute1 b because ( ! ,,mann] 9 :i* ! facts are express$4 ,a sup]ficial read] seek+ m]ely = cat*-words w1 = in/ance1 probably f9d ! book on cross & self-f]tilisation r dry because ( ! num]\s details :i* x conta9s3 x is1 inde$1 n easy to compress into a few words ! g5]al conclusions ( ?is volume4 ,b on clos] exam9ation1 we _c be suffici5tly grateful to ! au?or = ! exactness & objectivity ) :i* he enables u to p>ticipate 9 ! s*eme ( 8 rese>*es4 ,he nev] tries to p]suade u1 b only to conv9ce u t 8 conclusions are bas$ on facts2 he always gives prom95ce to su* facts z appe> to be 9 opposition to 8 op9ions1--a feature ( 8 "w 9 accordance ) a maxim :i* he laid d[n3--,x is a gold5 rule1 :i* ,i try to foll[1 to put e fact :i* is oppos$ to "o's preconceiv$ op9ion 9 ! /ronge/ light4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #cbd47 ,! result ( ?is me?od ( pres5tation is t ! works m5tion$ above repres5t a collection ( mo/ valuable docum5ts ev5 = ^? :o feel impell$ to draw f ! data o!r conclusions ?an ^? ( ! au?or4 ,ea* inve/igation is ! outcome ( a def9ite "q1 a preconceiv$ op9ion1 :i* is ei!r support$ by ! facts or mu/ be ab&on$4 ,h[ odd x is t anyone %\ld n see t all obs]vation mu/ be = or aga9/ "s view if x is to be ( any s]vice6 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,i4 page #aie47 ,! po9ts ( view :i* ,d>w9 _h be=e him 7 pr9cipally ! foll[+4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! pro( t a l>ge numb] ( ! peculi>ities 9 ! /ructure ( fl[]s are n useless1 b ( ! greate/ significance 9 poll9ation mu/ be ( consid]able importance = ! int]pretation ( adaptations2 ,! use ( ea* trifl+ detail ( /ructure is f> f a b>r5 se>* to ^? :o believe 9 natural selection4 7,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids 7#a/ edition71 page #cea2 7#bnd edition #aijd7 page #bhf47 ,fur!r1 if ^! /ructural relations are %[n to be useful1 !y may h be5 acquir$ because f ! _m v>iations :i* h occurr$ along diff]5t l9es1 ^? h be5 pres]v$ by natural selection :i* are b5eficial to ! organism "u ! complex & ev]-v>y+ conditions ( life4 7,ibid4 page #cea47 ,b 9 ! case ( fl[]s !re is n only ! "q ( adaptation to f]tilisation to be consid]$4 ,d>w91 inde$1 soon =m$ ! op9ion :i* he has express$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce1--,f my own obs]vations on plants1 guid$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! exp]i5ce ( ! bre$]s ( animals1 ,i became conv9c$ _m ye>s ago t x is a g5]al law ( nature t fl[]s are adapt$ to be cross$1 at lea/ occasionally1 by poll5 f a di/9ct plant4 7,cross & ,self f]tilisation 7#a/ edition71 page #f47 ,! exp]i5ce ( animal bre$]s po9t$ to ! conclusion t cont9ual 9-bre$+ is injuri\s4 ,if ?is is correct1 x raises ! "q :e!r ! same conclusion holds = plants4 ,z mo/ fl[]s are h]maphrodite1 plants af=d mu* m fav\rable mat]ial ?an animals = an exp]im5tal solution ( ! "q1 :at results foll[ f ! union ( ne>ly relat$ sexual cells z comp>$ ) ^? obta9$ by ! introduction ( new blood4 ,! answ] to ?is "q mu/1 moreov]1 possess ! greate/ significance = ! correct und]/&+ ( sexual reproduction 9 g5]al4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! problems :i* ,d>w9 _h be=e him 9 8 rese>*es into ! biology ( fl[]s 7 ( ! greate/ importance1 & at ! same "t t ! po9t ( view f :i* he attack$ ! problems 0 ess5tially a teleological "o4 ,we may next inquire 9 :at condition he f\nd ! biology ( fl[]s at ! "t ( 8 fir/ rese>*es1 :i* 7 und]tak5 ab\t ! ye> #ahch4 ,9 8 autobiography he writes1--,dur+ ! summ] ( #ahci1 &1 ,i believe1 dur+ ! previ\s summ]1 ,i 0 l$ to att5d to ! cross-f]tilisation ( fl[]s by ! aid ( insects1 f hav+ come to ! conclusion 9 my speculations on ! orig9 ( species1 t cross+ play$ an important "p 9 keep+ specific =ms con/ant4 7,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,vol4 ,i4 page #ij1 ,london1 #ahhh47 ,9 #ahda he became acqua9t$ ) ,spr5gel's "w3 8 rese>*es into ! biology ( fl[]s 7 ?us cont9u$ = ab\t =ty ye>s4 ,x is obvi\s t !re c\ld only be a biology ( fl[]s aft] x _h be5 demon/rat$ t ! =mation ( se$s & fruit 9 ! fl[] is dep5d5t on poll9ation & subsequ5t f]tilisation4 ,?is pro( 0 suppli$ at ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury by ,r4,j4 ,cam]>ius 7#affe-agba74 ,he %[$ t normally se$s & fruits are develop$ only :5 ! poll5 rea*es ! /igma4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is happ5s 0 fir/ ?or\ghly inve/igat$ by ,j4,g4 ,kolreut] 7#agcc-ahjf 7,kolreut]1 ,vorlaufige ,na*ri*t von e9ig5 das ,ges*le*t d] ,planz5 betreff5d5 ,v]su*5 und ,beoba*tung51 ,leipzig1 #agfa2 ) ?ree supplem5ts1 #agfc-ff4 ,also1 ,mem4 de l'acad4 ,/ ,pet]sb\rg1 ,vol4 ,,xv4 #ahji4771 ! same obs]v] to :om we owe ! e>lie/ exp]im5ts 9 hybridisation ( real sci5tific int]e/4 ,kolreut] m5tion$ t poll5 may be c>ri$ f "o fl[] to ano!r p>tly by w9d & p>tly by insects4 ,b he held ! view1 & t 01 inde$1 ! natural assumption1 t self-f]tilisation usually occurs 9 a fl[]1 9 o!r words t ! poll5 ( a fl[] rea*es ! /igma ( ! same fl[]4 ,he demon/rat$1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 cases 9 :i* cross-poll9ation occurs1 t is 9 :i* ! poll5 ( ano!r fl[] ( ! same species is convey$ to ! /igma4 ,he 0 famili> ) ! ph5om5on1 exhibit$ by num]\s fl[]s1 to :i* ,spr5gel aft]w>ds appli$ ! t]m ,di*ogamy1 express+ ! fact t ! an!rs & /igmas ( a fl[] (t5 rip5 at diff]5t times1 a peculi>ity :i* is n[ recognis$ z "o ( ! commone/ means ( ensur+ cross-poll9ation4 ,) f> great] ?or\ghness & ) a/oni%+ p[] ( obs]vation ,c4,k4 ,spr5gel 7#agej-ahaf7 inve/igat$ ! conditions ( poll9ation ( fl[]s4 ,d>w9 0 introduc$ by t em95t botani/ ,rob]t ,br[n to ,spr5gel's !n b little appreciat$ "w1--,das entdeckte ,geheimniss d] ,natur im ,bau und 9 d] ,befru*tung d] ,blum5 7,b]l91 #agic72 ?is is by no means ! lea/ s]vice to ,botany r5d]$ by ,rob]t ,br[n4 ,spr5gel proce$$ f a naive teleological po9t ( view4 ,he firmly believ$ t ! wise ,au?or ( nature _h n creat$ a s+le hair )\t a def9ite purpose4 ,he succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ a numb] ( beautiful adaptations 9 fl[]s = ensur+ poll9ation2 b 8 "w ex]cis$ b little influ5ce on 8 contempor>ies & inde$ = a long "t aft] 8 dea?4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ,d>w9 t ,spr5gel's "w fir/ a*iev$ a well des]v$ ?\gh belat$ fame4 ,ev5 su* botani/s z conc]n$ !mselves ) rese>*es into ! biology ( fl[]s appe> to h =m]ly atta*$ mu* less value to ,spr5gel's "w ?an x has receiv$ s9ce ,d>w9's "t4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is we may quote ,c4,f4 ,g>tn] ^: "n is rightly held 9 ! highe/ e/eem z t ( "o ( ! mo/ em95t hybridologi/s4 ,9 8 "w ,v]su*e und ,beoba*tung5 ud] die ,befru*tungsorgane d] vollkomm5]5 ,gewa*se und ub] die naturli*e und kun/li*e ,befru*tung dur* d5 eig55 ,poll5 he also deals ) fl[]-poll9ation4 ,he recognis$ ! action ( ! w9d1 b he believ$1 9 spite ( ! fact t he bo? knew & quot$ ,kolreut] & ,spr5gel1 t :ile insects assi/ poll9ation1 !y d s only occasionally1 & he held t insects are responsible = ! conveyance ( poll52 ?or\gh inve/igations w\ld %[ t a v small proportion ( ! plants includ$ 9 ?is category require ?is assi/ance 9 _! native habitat4 7,g>tn]1 ,v]su*] und ,beoba*tung5444 1 page #cce1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahdd47 ,9 ! majority ( plants self-poll9ation occurs4 ,see+ t ev5 inve/igators :o _h work$ = sev]al decades at f]tilisation-ph5om5a _h n advanc$ ! biology ( fl[]s beyond ! initial /age1 we _c be surpris$ t o!r botani/s foll[$ to ev5 a less ext5t ! l9es laid d[n by ,kolreut] & ,spr5gel4 ,?is 0 9 "p ! result ( ,spr5gel's sup]natural teleology & 9 "p due to ! fact t 8 book appe>$ at a "t :5 o!r l9es ( inquiry ex]t$ a dom9at+ influ5ce4 ,at ! h&s ( ,l9naeus sy/ematic botany rea*$ a vigor\s developm5t1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! anatomy & physiology ( plants grew f small beg9n+s to a fl\ri%+ bran* ( sci5ce4 ,^? :o conc]n$ !mselves ) fl[]s endeav\r$ to inve/igate _! developm5t & /ructure or ! mo/ m9ute ph5om5a connect$ ) f]tilisation & ! =mation ( ! embryo4 ,no room 0 left = ! ext5sion ( ! biology ( fl[]s on ! l9es m>k$ out by ,kolreut] & ,spr5gel4 ,d>w9 0 ! fir/ to give new life & a deep] significance to ?is subject1 *iefly because he took z 8 />t+-po9t ! above-m5tion$ problems1 ! importance ( :i* is at once admitt$ by all naturali/s4 ,! fur!r developm5t ( floral biology by ,d>w9 is 9 ! fir/ place closely connect$ ) ! book on ! f]tilisation ( ,or*ids4 ,x is notewor?y t ! title includes ! s5t5ce1--& on ! good effects ( int]cross+4 ,! purpose ( ! book is cle>ly /at$ 9 ! introduction3--,! object ( ! foll[+ "w is to %[ t ! contrivances by :i* ,or*ids are f]tilis$1 are z v>i$ & almo/ z p]fect z any ( ! mo/ beautiful adaptations 9 ! animal k+dom2 &1 secondly1 to %[ t ^! contrivances h = _! ma9 object ! f]tilisation ( ea* fl[] by ! poll5 ( ano!r fl[]4 7,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids1 page #a47 ,or*ids con/itut$ a p>ticul>ly suitable family = su* rese>*es4 ,_! fl[]s exhibit a /rik+ weal? ( =ms2 ! "q1 !re=e1 :e!r ! great v>iety 9 floral /ructure be>s any relation to f]tilisation 7,9 ! old] botanical lit]ature ! ^w f]tilisation is usually employ$ 9 cases :]e ,,poll9ation is really 9 "q3 z ,d>w9 us$ x 9 ?is s5se x is s us$ "h47 mu/ 9 ?is case possess special int]e/4 ,d>w9 succe$$ 9 %[+ t 9 mo/ ( ! or*ids exam9$ self-f]tilisation is ei!r an impossibility1 or1 "u natural conditions1 occurs only exceptionally4 ,on ! o!r h& ^! plants pres5t a s]ies ( extraord9>ily beautiful & rem>kable adaptations :i* ensure ! transf]5ce ( poll5 by insects f "o fl[] to ano!r4 ,x is impossible to describe adequately 9 a few words ! weal? ( facts conta9$ 9 ! ,or*id book4 ,a few examples may1 h[ev]1 be quot$ 9 illu/ration ( ! delicacy ( ! obs]vations & ( ! p]spicuity employ$ 9 int]pret+ ! facts4 ,! majority ( or*ids diff] f o!r se$ plants 7) ! exception ( ! ,asclepiads7 9 hav+ no du/-l poll54 ,! poll51 or m correctly1 ! poll5-tetrads1 rema9 fa/5$ toge!r z club-%ap$ poll9ia usually borne on a sl5d] p$icel4 ,at ! base ( ! p$icel is a small viscid disc by :i* ! poll9ium is atta*$ to ! head or proboscis ( "o ( ! insects :i* visit ! fl[]4 ,d>w9 demon/rat$ t 9 ,or*is & o!r fl[]s ! p$icel ( ! poll9ium1 aft] its removal f ! an!r1 und]goes a curv+ movem5t4 ,if ! poll9ium 0 orig9ally v]tical1 aft] a "t x assum$ a horizontal position4 ,9 ! latt] position1 if ! insect visit$ ano!r fl[]1 ! poll9ium w\ld exactly hit ! /icky /igmatic surface & ?us effect f]tilisation4 ,! relation betwe5 ! behavi\r ( ! viscid disc & ! secretion ( nect> by ! fl[] is especially rem>kable4 ,! fl[]s possess a spur :i* 9 "s species 7e4g4 ,gymnad5ia conopsea1 ,platan!ra bifolia1 etc47 conta9s honey 7nect>71 :i* s]ves z an attractive bait = insects1 b 9 o!rs 7e4g4 our native species ( ,or*is7 ! spur is empty4 ,d>w9 held ! op9ion1 confirm$ by lat] inve/igations1 t 9 ! case ( fl[]s )\t honey ! insects mu/ p5etrate ! wall ( ! nect>less spurs 9 ord] to obta9 a nect>-l sub/ance4 ,! gl&s behave diff]5tly 9 ! nect>-be>+ & 9 ! nect>less fl[]s4 ,9 ! =m] !y are s /icky t !y at once adh]e to ! body ( ! insect2 9 ! nect>less fl[]s firm adh]5ce only occurs aft] ! viscid disc has h>d5$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 adaptively ( value t ! insects %\ld be deta9$ long] 9 ! nect>less fl[]s 7by hav+ to bore into ! spur71--?an 9 fl[]s 9 :i* ! nect> is freely expos$4 ,if ?is relation1 on ! "o h&1 betwe5 ! viscid matt] requir+ "s little "t to set h>d1 & ! nect> be+ s lodg$ t mo?s are delay$ 9 gett+ x2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 betwe5 ! viscid matt] be+ at fir/ z viscid z ev] x w become1 & ! nect> ly+ all ready = rapid suction1 be accid5tal1 x is a =tunate accid5t = ! plant4 ,if n accid5tal1 & ,i _c believe x to be accid5tal1 :at a s+ul> case ( adaptation6 7,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids 7#a/ edition71 page #ec47 ,among exotic or*ids ,catasetum is p>ticul>ly rem>kable4 ,"o & ! same species be>s diff]5t =ms ( fl[]s4 ,! species kn[n z ,catasetum trid5tatum has poll9ia ) v l>ge viscid discs2 on t\*+ "o ( ! two filam5ts 7ant5nae7 :i* occur on ! gyno/emium ( ! fl[] ! poll9ia are %ot out to a fairly long di/ance 7z f> z #a metre7 & 9 su* mann] t !y alight on ! back ( ! insect1 :]e !y are held4 ,! ant5nae h1 moreov]1 acquir$ an importance1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! physiology ( /imulation1 z /imulus-p]ceiv+ organs4 ,d>w9 _h %[n t x is only a t\* on ! ant5nae t causes ! explosion1 :ile contact1 bl[s1 w\nd+1 etc4 on o!r places produce no effect4 ,?is =m ( fl[] prov$ to be ! male4 ,! second =m1 =m]ly reg>d$ z a di/9ct species & nam$ ,mona*an?us viridis1 is %[n to be ! female fl[]4 ,! an!rs h only rudim5t>y poll9ia & d n op52 !re are no ant5nae1 b on ! o!r h& num]\s se$s are produc$4 ,ano!r type ( fl[]1 kn[n z ,myan?us b>batus1 0 reg>d$ by ,d>w9 z a ?ird =m3 ?is 0 aft]w>ds recognis$ by ,rolfe 7,rolfe1 ,r4,a4 ,on ! sexual =ms ( ,catasetum ) special ref]5ce to ! rese>*es ( ,d>w9 & o!rs1 ,j\rn4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,xxvii4 7,botany71 #ahia1 pages #bjf-bbe47 z ! male fl[] ( ano!r species1 ,catasetum b>batum ,l9k1 an id5tification 9 accordance ) ! discov]y made by ,crug] 9 ,tr9idad t x always rema9s /]ile4 ,d>w9 _h notic$ t ! fl[]s ( ,catasetum d n secrete nect>1 & he conjectur$ t 9 place ( x ! insects gnaw a tissue 9 ! cavity ( ! labellum :i* has a slightly sweet1 pleasant & nutriti\s ta/e4 ,?is conjecture z well z o!r conclusions drawn by ,d>w9 f ,catasetum h be5 confirm$ by ,crug]--assur$ly ! be/ pro( ( ! acum5 ) :i* ! wond]ful floral /ructure ( ?is mo/ rem>kable ( ! ,or*ids 0 int]pretat$ f> f its native habitat4 ,z is %[n by :at we h said ab\t ,catasetum1 o!r problems 9 addition to ^? conc]n$ ) f]tilisation are dealt ) 9 ! ,or*id book4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 reg>d to fl[] morphology4 ,! scope ( fl[] morphology _c be m cle>ly & bett] express$ ?an by ^! words3 ,he w see h[ curi\sly a fl[] may be m\ld$ out ( _m sep>ate organs--h[ p]fect ! cohesion ( primordially di/9ct p>ts may become1--h[ organs may be us$ = purposes widely diff]5t f _! prop] function1--h[ o!r organs may be entirely suppress$1 or leave m]e useless emblems ( _! =m] exi/5ce4 7,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids1 page #bhi47 ,9 attempt+1 f ?is po9t ( view1 to ref] ! floral /ructure ( or*ids to _! orig9al =m1 ,d>w9 employ$ a mu* m ?or\gh me?od ?an t ( ,rob]t ,br[n & o!rs4 ,! result ( ?is 0 ! production ( a consid]able lit]ature1 especially 9 ,france1 along ! l9es sugge/$ by ,d>w9's "w4 ,?is is ! s-call$ anatomical me?od1 :i* seeks to draw conclusions z to ! morphology ( ! fl[] f ! c\rse ( ! vascul> bundles 9 ! sev]al p>ts4 7,he wrote 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 444 ! de/9y ( ! :ole human race is z no?+ to ! c\rse ( vessels ( or*ids 7,m ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bge47 ,al?\gh ! int]pretation ( ! or*id fl[] giv5 by ,d>w9 has n prov$ satisfactory 9 "o p>ticul> po9t--! composition ( ! labellum--! g5]al results h receiv$ univ]sal ass5t1 namely t all ,or*ids owe :at !y h 9 common to desc5t f "s monocotyl$on\s plant1 :i*1 l s _m o!r plants ( ! same division1 possess$ fifte5 organs arrang$ alt]nately ?ree )9 ?ree 9 five :orls4 7,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids 7#a/ edition71 page #cjg47 ,! alt]ations :i* _! orig9al =m has und]gone h p]si/$ s f> z !y 7 f\nd to be ( use4 ,we see also t ! rem>kable adaptations ( :i* we h giv5 "s examples are direct$ t[>ds cross-f]tilisation4 ,9 only a few ( ! or*ids inve/igat$ by ,d>w9--o!r simil> cases h s9ce be5 describ$--0 self-f]tilisation f\nd to occur regul>ly or usually4 ,! =m] is ! case 9 ! ,bee ,ophrys 7,ophrys apif]a71 ! me*anism ( :i* greatly surpris$ ,d>w94 ,he once rem>k$ to a fri5d t "o ( ! ?+s t made him wi% to live a few ?\s& ye>s 0 8 desire to see ! ext9ction ( ! ,bee ,ophrys1 an end to :i* he believ$ its self-f]tilis+ habit 0 lead+4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 page #bgf 7footnote747 ,b1 he wrote1 ! safe/ conclusion1 z x seems to me1 is1 t "u c]ta9 unkn[n circum/ances1 & p]haps at v long int]vals ( "t1 "o individual ( ! ,bee ,ophrys is cross$ by ano!r4 7,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids page #ga47 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 we rememb] h[ mu* m sure self-f]tilisation w\ld be ?an cross-f]tilisation1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 if we call to m9d ! num]\s contrivances = cross-f]tilisation1 ! conclusion is naturally rea*$ t x is an a/oni%+ fact t self-f]tilisation %\ld n h be5 an habitual occurr5ce4 ,x app>5tly demon/rates to u t !re mu/ be some?+ injuri\s 9 ! process4 ,nature ?us tells u1 9 ! mo/ emphatic mann]1 t %e abhors p]petual self-f]tilisation444 ,= may we n fur!r inf] z probable1 9 accordance ) ! belief ( ! va/ majority ( ! bre$]s ( our dome/ic productions1 t m>riage betwe5 ne> relations is likewise 9 "s way injuri\s1 t "s unkn[n great good is d]iv$ f ! union ( individuals :i* h be5 kept di/9ct = _m g5]ations8 7,ibid41 page #cei47 ,?is view 0 support$ by obs]vations on plants ( o!r families1 e4g4 ,papilionaceae2 x c\ld1 h[ev]1 9 ! abs5ce ( exp]im5tal pro(1 be reg>d$ only z a work+ hypo!sis4 ,all adaptations to cross-poll9ation might also be ( use simply because !y made poll9ation possible :5 = any reason self-poll9ation _h become difficult or impossible4 ,cross-poll9ation w\ld1 !re=e1 be ( use1 n z su*1 b m]ely z a means ( poll9ation 9 g5]al2 x w\ld to "s ext5t s]ve z a rem$y = a me?od unsuitable 9 itself1 su* z a modification /&+ 9 ! way ( self-poll9ation1 & on ! o!r h& z a means ( increas+ ! *ance ( poll9ation 9 ! case ( fl[]s 9 :i* self-poll9ation 0 possible1 b :i* might1 9 accid5tal circum/ances1 be prev5t$4 ,x 01 !re=e1 v important to obta9 exp]im5tal pro( ( ! conclusion to :i* ,d>w9 0 l$ by ! belief ( ! majority ( bre$]s & by ! evid5ce ( ! widespread occurr5ce ( cross-poll9ation & ( ! rem>kable adaptations !reto4 ,?is 0 suppli$ by ! rese>*es :i* are describ$ 9 ! two o!r works nam$ above4 ,! rese>*es on :i* ! conclusions re/ _h1 9 "p at lea/1 be5 previ\sly publi%$ 9 sep>ate pap]s3 ?is is ! case z reg>ds ! het]o/yl$ plants4 ,! discov]ies :i* ,d>w9 made 9 ! c\rse ( 8 inve/igations ( ^! plants belong to ! mo/ brilliant 9 biological sci5ce4 ,! case ( ,primula is n[ well kn[n4 ,c4,k4 ,spr5gel & o!rs 7 famili> ) ! rem>kable fact t diff]5t individuals ( ! ,european species ( ,primula be> diff]5tly con/ruct$ fl[]s2 "s plants possess fl[]s 9 :i* ! /yles project beyond ! /am5s atta*$ to ! corolla-tube 7long-/yl$ =m71 :ile 9 o!rs ! /am5s are ins]t$ above ! /igma :i* is borne on a %ort /yle 7%ort-/yl$ =m74 ,x has be5 %[n by ,breit5ba* t bo? =ms ( fl[] may occur on ! same plant1 ?\gh ?is happ5s v r>ely4 ,an analog\s case is occasionally met ) 9 hybrids1 :i* be> fl[]s ( diff]5t col\r on ! same plant 7e4g4 ,dian?us c>yophyllus74 ,d>w9 %[$ t ! ext]nal diff]5ces are correlat$ ) o!rs 9 ! /ructure ( ! /igma & 9 ! nature ( ! poll54 ,! long-/yl$ fl[]s h a sph]ical /igma provid$ ) l>ge /igmatic papillae2 ! poll5 gra9s are oblong & small] ?an ^? ( ! %ort-/yl$ fl[]s4 ,! numb] ( ! se$s produc$ is small] & ! ovules l>g]1 probably also few] 9 numb]4 ,! %ort-/yl$ fl[]s h a smoo? compress$ /igma & a corolla ( some:at diff]5t =m2 !y produce a great] numb] ( se$s4 ,^! diff]5t =ms ( fl[]s 7 reg>d$ z m]ely a case ( v>iation1 until ,d>w9 %[$ t ^! het]o/yl$ plants are adapt$ = reciprocal f]tilisation2 s t ! two or ?ree =ms1 ?\gh all are h]maphrodites1 are relat$ to "o ano!r almo/ l ! males & females ( ord9>y unisexual animals4 7,=ms ( ,fl[]s 7#a/ edition71 page #b47 ,we h "h an example ( h]maphrodite fl[]s :i* are sexually diff]5t4 ,!re are ess5tial diff]5ces 9 ! mann] 9 :i* f]tilisation occurs4 ,?is may be effect$ 9 f\r diff]5t ways2 !re are two legitimate & two illegitimate types ( f]tilisation4 ,! f]tilisation is legitimate if poll5 f ! long-/yl$ fl[]s rea*es ! /igma ( ! %ort-/yl$ =m or if poll5 ( ! %ort-/yl$ fl[]s is br\ght to ! /igma ( ! long-/yl$ fl[]1 t is ! organs ( ! same l5g? ( ! two diff]5t k9ds ( fl[] react on "o ano!r4 ,illegitimate f]tilisation is repres5t$ by ! two k9ds ( self-f]tilisation1 also by cross-f]tilisation1 9 :i* ! poll5 ( ! long-/yl$ =m rea*es ! /igma ( ! same type ( fl[] &1 simil>ly1 by cross-poll9ation 9 ! case ( ! %ort-/yl$ fl[]s4 ,! applicability ( ! t]ms legitimate & illegitimate dep5ds1 on ! "o h&1 ^u ! fact t insects :i* visit ! diff]5t =ms ( fl[]s poll9ate !m 9 ! mann] sugge/$2 ! poll5 ( ! %ort-/yl$ fl[]s adh]e to t "p ( ! insect's body :i* t\*es ! /igma ( ! long-/yl$ fl[] & vice v]sa4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is bas$ also on ! fact t exp]im5t %[s t artificial poll9ation produces a v diff]5t result accord+ z ?is is legitimate or illegitimate2 only ! legitimate union ensures complete f]tility1 ! plants ?us produc$ be+ /rong] ?an ^? :i* are produc$ illegitimately4 ,if we take #ajj z ! numb] ( fl[]s :i* produce se$s z ! result ( legitimate f]tilisation1 we obta9 ! foll[+ numb]s f illegitimate f]tilisation3 ,primula (fic9alis 7,p4 v]is7 7,c[slip7444 #fi ,primula elatior 7,oxlip744444444444444444444 #bg ,primula acaulis 7,p4 vulg>is7 7,primrose7444 #fj ,fur!r1 ! plants produc$ by ! illegitimate me?od ( f]tilisation %[$1 e4g4 9 ,p4 (fic9alis1 a decrease 9 f]tility 9 lat] g5]ations1 /]ile poll5 & 9 ! op5 a feebl] gr[?4 7,"u v fav\rable conditions 79 a gre5h\se7 ! f]tility ( ! plants ( ! f\r? g5]ation increases--a po9t1 :i* 9 view ( v>i\s !oretical que/ions1 des]ves fur!r inve/igation47 ,!y behave 9 fact precisely 9 ! same way z hybrids betwe5 species ( diff]5t g5]a4 ,?is result is important1 = we ?us le>n t ! difficulty 9 sexually unit+ two organic =ms & ! /]ility ( _! (fspr+1 af=d no sure crit]ion ( s-call$ specific di/9ctness 7,=ms ( ,fl[]s1 page #bdb73 ! relative or absolute /]ility ( ! illegitimate unions & t ( _! illegitimate desc5dants dep5d exclusively on ! nature ( ! sexual elem5ts & on _! inability to comb9e 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,?is functional diff]5ce ( sexual cells is *>act]i/ic ( ! behavi\r ( hybrids z ( ! illegitimate unions ( het]o/yl$ plants4 ,! agreem5t becomes ev5 clos] if we reg>d ! ,primula plants be>+ diff]5t =ms ( fl[]s n z belong+ to a sy/ematic entity or species1 b z includ+ sev]al elem5t>y species4 ,! legitimately produc$ plants are ?us true hybrids 7,:5 ,d>w9 wrote 9 ref]5ce to ! diff]5t =ms ( het]o/yl$ plants1 :i* all belong to ! same species z c]ta9ly z d ! two sexes ( ! same species 7,cross & ,self f]tilisation1 page #dff71 he adopt$ ! t]m species 9 a compreh5sive s5se4 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,bateson & ,gregory 7,on ! inh]itance ( ,het]o/ylism 9 ,primula2 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,s]4 ,b1 ,vol4 ,,lxxvi4 #aije1 page #eha7 appe> to me also to support ! view t ! results ( illegitimate cross+ ( het]o/yl$ ,primulas correspond ) ^? ( hybridisation4 ,! fact t legitimate poll5 effects f]tilisation1 ev5 if illegitimate poll5 rea*es ! /igma a %ort "t previ\sly1 also po9ts to ?is conclusion4 ,self-poll9ation 9 ! case ( ! %ort-/yl$ =m1 = example1 is n exclud$4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ! num]ical proportion ( ! two =ms obta9$ 9 ! op5 rema9s approximately ! same z :5 ! poll9ation 0 exclusively legitimate1 presumably because legitimate poll5 is prepot5t471 ) :i* _! behavi\r 9 o!r respects1 z ,d>w9 %[$1 pres5ts s close an agreem5t4 ,?is view receives support also f ! fact t desc5dants ( a fl[] f]tilis$ illegitimately by poll5 f ano!r plant ) ! same =m ( fl[] belong1 ) few exceptions1 to ! same type z t ( _! p>5ts4 ,! two =ms ( fl[]1 h[ev]1 behave diff]5tly 9 ?is respect4 ,among #afb se$l+s ( ! long-/yl$ illegitimately poll9at$ plants ( ,primula (fic9alis1 includ+ five g5]ations1 !re 7 #aef long-/yl$ & only six %ort-/yl$ =ms1 :ile z ! result ( legitimate f]tilisation ne>ly half ( ! (fspr+ 7 long-/yl$ & half %ort-/yl$4 ,! %ort-/yl$ illegitimately poll9at$ =m gave five long-/yl$ & n9e %ort-/yl$2 ! cause ( ?is diff]5ce requires fur!r explanation4 ,! significance ( het]o/yly1 :e!r or n we n[ reg>d x z an arrangem5t = ! normal production ( hybrids1 is compreh5sively express$ by ,d>w93 ,we may feel sure t plants h be5 r5d]$ het]o/yl$ to ensure cross-f]tilisation1 = we n[ "k t a cross betwe5 ! di/9ct individuals ( ! same species is highly important = ! vig\r & f]tility ( ! (fspr+4 7,=ms ( ,fl[]s1 page #beh47 ,if we rememb] h[ important ! int]pretation ( het]o/yly has become 9 all g5]al problems z1 = example1 ^? connect$ ) ! conditions ( ! =mation ( hybrids1 a fact :i* 0 =m]ly ov]look$1 we c appreciate h[ ,d>w9 0 able to say 9 8 autobiography3 ,i d n ?9k any?+ 9 my sci5tific life has giv5 me s mu* satisfaction z mak+ out ! mean+ ( ! /ructure ( ^! plants4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #ia47 ,! rem>kable conditions repres5t$ 9 plants ) ?ree k9ds ( fl[]s1 su* z ,ly?rum & ,oxalis1 agree 9 ess5tials ) ^? 9 ,primula4 ,^! _c be consid]$ 9 detail "h2 x ne$ only be not$ t ! inve/igation ( ^! cases 0 /ill m labori\s4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% ! relative f]tility ( ! diff]5t unions 9 ,ly?rum salic>ia #bbc diff]5t f]tilisations 7 made1 ea* fl[] be+ depriv$ ( its male organs & !n du/$ ) ! appropriate poll54 ,9 ! book conta9+ ! acc\nt ( het]o/yl$ plants o!r species are dealt ) :i*1 9 addition to fl[]s op5+ normally 7*asmogam\s71 also possess fl[]s :i* rema9 clos$ b are capable ( produc+ fruit4 ,^! clei/ogam\s fl[]s af=d a /rik+ example ( habitual self-poll9ation1 & ,h4 von ,mohl drew special att5tion to !m z su* %ortly aft] ! appe>ance ( ,d>w9's ,or*id book4 ,if x 7 only a "q ( produc+ se$ 9 ! simple/ way1 clei/ogam\s fl[]s w\ld be ! mo/ conv5i5tly con/ruct$4 ,! corolla & frequ5tly o!r p>ts ( ! fl[] are r$uc$2 ! developm5t ( ! se$ may1 !re=e1 be accompli%$ ) a small] exp5diture ( build+ mat]ial ?an 9 *asmogam\s fl[]s2 !re is also no loss ( poll51 & ?us a small] am\nt suffices = f]tilisation4 ,almo/ all ^! plants1 z ,d>w9 po9t$ out1 h also *asmogam\s fl[]s :i* r5d] cross-f]tilisation possible4 ,8 view t clei/ogam\s fl[]s are d]iv$ f orig9ally *asmogam\s fl[]s has be5 confirm$ by m rec5t rese>*es4 ,conditions ( nutrition 9 ! broad] s5se are ! factors :i* det]m9e :e!r *asmogam\s or clei/ogam\s fl[]s are produc$1 assum+1 ( c\rse1 t ! plants 9 "q h ! p[] ( develop+ bo? =ms ( fl[]4 ,! =m] may fail to appe> = "s "t1 b are ev5tually develop$ "u fav\rable conditions ( n\ri%m5t4 ,! belief ( _m au?ors t !re are plants ) only clei/ogam\s fl[]s _c !re=e be accept$ z au?oritative )\t ?or\gh exp]im5tal pro(1 z we are conc]n$ ) extra-european plants = :i* x is (t5 difficult to provide appropriate conditions 9 cultivation4 ,d>w9 sees 9 clei/ogam\s fl[]s an adaptation to a good supply ( se$s ) a small exp5diture ( mat]ial1 :ile *asmogam\s fl[]s ( ! same species are usually cross-f]tilis$ & _! (fspr+ w ?us be invigorat$1 z we may inf] f a wide-spread analogy4 7,=ms ( ,fl[]s 7#a/ edition71 page #cda47 ,direct pro( 9 support ( ?is has hi!rto be5 suppli$ 9 a few cases only2 we %all (t5 f9d t ! example set by ,d>w9 9 solv+ su* problems z ^! by labori\s exp]im5t has un=tunately be5 little imitat$4 ,ano!r *apt] ( ?is book treats ( ! di/ribution ( ! sexes 9 polygam\s1 dioeci\s1 & gyno-dioeci\s plants 7! la/ t]m1 n[ 9 common use1 we owe to ,d>w974 ,x conta9s a numb] ( important facts & discussions & has inspir$ ! exp]im5tal rese>*es ( ,corr5s & o!rs4 ,! mo/ important ( ,d>w9's "w on floral biology is1 h[ev]1 t on cross & self-f]tilisation1 *iefly because x /ates ! results ( exp]im5tal inve/igations ext5d+ ov] _m ye>s4 ,only su* exp]im5ts1 z we h po9t$ out1 c\ld det]m9e :e!r cross-f]tilisation is 9 itself b5eficial1 & self-f]tilisation on ! o!r h& injuri\s2 a conclusion :i* a m]ely comp>ative exam9ation ( poll9ation-me*anisms r5d]s 9 ! highe/ degree probable4 ,lat] floral biologi/s h un=tunately almo/ entirely conf9$ !mselves to obs]vations on floral me*anisms4 ,b !re is little m to be ga9$ by ?is k9d ( "w ?an an assumption long ago made by ,c4,k4 ,spr5gel t v _m fl[]s h ! sexes sep>ate & probably at lea/ z _m h]maphrodite fl[]s are di*ogam\s2 x w\ld ?us appe> t ,nature 0 unwill+ t any fl[] %\ld be f]tilis$ by its own poll54 ,x 0 an accid5tal obs]vation :i* inspir$ ,d>w9's exp]im5ts on ! effect ( cross & self-f]tilisation4 ,plants ( ,l9>ia vulg>is 7 gr[n 9 two adjac5t b$s2 9 ! "o 7 plants produc$ by cross-f]tilisation1 t is1 f se$s obta9$ aft] f]tilisation by poll5 ( ano!r plant ( ! same species2 9 ! o!r grew plants produc$ by self-f]tilisation1 t is f se$ produc$ z ! result ( poll9ation ( ! same fl[]4 ,! fir/ 7 obvi\sly sup]ior to ! latt]4 ,d>w9 0 surpris$ by ?is obs]vation1 z he _h expect$ a prejudicial influ5ce ( self-f]tilisation to manife/ itself aft] a s]ies ( g5]ations3 ,i always suppos$ until lately t no evil effects w\ld be visible until aft] sev]al g5]ations ( self-f]tilisation1 b n[ ,i see t "o g5]ation sometimes suffices & ! exi/5ce ( dimorphic plants & all ! wond]ful contrivances ( or*ids are q intelligible to me4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #cgc47 ,! obs]vations on ,l9>ia & ! inve/igations ( ! results ( legitimate & illegitimate f]tilisation 9 het]o/yl$ plants 7 app>5tly ! beg9n+ ( a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts4 ,^! 7 conc]n$ ) plants ( diff]5t families & l$ to results :i* are ( fundam5tal importance = a true explanation ( sexual reproduction4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 s arrang$ t plants 7 %ield$ f insect-visits by a net4 ,"s fl[]s 7 !n poll9at$ ) _! own poll51 o!rs ) poll5 f ano!r plant ( ! same species4 ,! se$s 7 g]m9at$ on moi/ s&2 two se$l+s ( ! same age1 "o f a cross & ! o!r f a self-f]tilis$ fl[]1 7 select$ & plant$ on opposite sides ( ! same pot4 ,!y grew !re=e "u id5tical ext]nal conditions2 x 0 ?us possible to comp>e _! peculi>ities su* z height1 weight1 fruit+ capacity1 etc4 ,9 o!r cases ! se$l+s 7 plac$ ne> to "o ano!r 9 ! op5 & 9 ?is way _! capacity ( resi/+ unfav\rable ext]nal conditions 0 te/$4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 9 "s cases cont9u$ to ! t5? g5]ation & ! fl[]s 7 cross$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ?is book also repres5ts an enorm\s am\nt ( mo/ c>eful & pati5t orig9al "w4 ,! g5]al result obta9$ is t plants produc$ z ! result ( cross-f]tilisation are sup]ior1 9 ! majority ( cases1 to ^? produc$ z ! result ( self-f]tilisation1 9 height1 resi/ance to ext]nal injuri\s influ5ces1 & 9 se$-production4 ,ipomoea purpurea may be quot$ z an example4 ,if we express ! result ( cross-f]tilisation by #ajj1 we obta9 ! foll[+ numb]s = ! f]tilis$ plants4 ,g5]ation4 ,height4 ,numb] ( se$s4 #a #ajj3 #gf #ajj3 #fd #b #ajj3 #gi - #c #ajj3 #fh #ajj3 #id #d #ajj3 #hf #ajj3 #id #e #ajj3 #ge #ajj3 #hi #f #ajj3 #gb - #g #ajj3 #ha - #h #ajj3 #he - #i #ajj3 #gi #ajj3 #bf 7,numb] ( capsules7 #aj #ajj3 #ed - ,tak+ ! av]age1 ! ratio z reg>ds gr[? is #ajj3gg4 ,! consid]able sup]iority ( ! cross$ plants is app>5t 9 ! fir/ g5]ation & is n increas$ 9 ! foll[+ g5]ations2 b !re is "s fluctuation ab\t ! av]age ratio4 ,! numb]s repres5t+ ! f]tility ( cross$ & self-f]tilis$ plants are m difficult to comp>e ) accuracy2 ! sup]iority ( ! cross$ plants is *iefly expla9$ by ! fact t !y produce a mu* l>g] numb] ( capsules1 n because !re are on ! av]age m se$s 9 ea* capsule4 ,! ratio ( ! capsules 01 e4g4 9 ! ?ird g5]ation1 #ajj3ch1 t ( ! se$s 9 ! capsules #ajj3id4 ,x is also especially notewor?y t 9 ! self-f]tilis$ plants ! an!rs 7 small] & conta9$ a small] am\nt ( poll51 & 9 ! eigh? g5]ation ! r$uc$ f]tility %[$ itself 9 a =m :i* is (t5 f\nd 9 hybrids1 t is ! fir/ fl[]s 7 /]ile4 7,complete /]ility 0 n f\nd 9 any ( ! plants inve/igat$ by ,d>w94 ,o!rs appe> to be m s5sitive2 ,clu] f\nd ,zea ,mais almo/ /]ile aft] ?ree g5]ations ( self-f]tilisation4 7,cf4 ,fruwir?1 ,die ,zu*tung d] ,l&wirts*aftli*5 ,kulturpflanz51 ,b]l91 #aijd1 ,,ii4 page #f477 ,! sup]iority ( cross$ individuals is n exhibit$ 9 ! same way 9 all plants4 ,= example 9 ,es*s*olzia cali=nica ! cross$ se$l+s d n exce$ ! self-f]tilis$ 9 height & vig\r1 b ! cross+ consid]ably increases ! plant's capacity = fl[]-production1 & ! se$l+s f su* a "m-plant are m f]tile4 ,! conception impli$ by ! t]m cross+ requires a clos] analysis4 ,z 9 ! majority ( plants1 a l>ge numb] ( fl[]s are 9 bloom at ! same "t on "o & ! same plant1 x foll[s t insects visit+ ! fl[]s (t5 c>ry poll5 f "o fl[] to ano!r ( ! same /ock4 ,has ?is me?od1 :i* is spok5 ( z ,geitonogamy1 ! same influ5ce z cross+ ) poll5 f ano!r plant8 ,! results ( ,d>w9's exp]im5ts ) diff]5t plants 7,ipomoea purpurea1 ,digitalis purpurea1 ,mimulus luteus1 ,pel>gonium1 ,origanum7 7 n 9 complete agreem5t2 b on ! :ole !y po9t$ to ! conclusion t ,geitonogamy %[s no sup]iority ov] self-f]tilisation 7,autogamy74 7,simil>ly cross+ 9 ! case ( fl[]s ( ,pel>gonium zonale1 :i* belong to plants rais$ f cutt+s f ! same p>5t1 %[s no sup]iority ov] self-f]tilisation47 ,d>w91 h[ev]1 consid]$ x possible t ?is may sometimes be ! case4 ,! sexual elem5ts 9 ! fl[]s on ! same plant c r>ely h be5 diff]5tiat$1 ?\gh ?is is possible1 z fl[]-buds are 9 "o s5se di/9ct individuals1 sometimes v>y+ & diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 /ructure or con/itution4 7,cross & ,self f]tilisation 7#a/ edition71 page #ddd47 ,z reg>ds ! importance ( ?is "q f ! po9t ( view ( ! significance ( cross-f]tilisation 9 g5]al1 x may be not$ t lat] obs]v]s h def9itely discov]$ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! results ( autogamy & geitonogamy4 ,gilley & ,fruwir? f\nd t 9 ,brassica ,napus1 ! l5g? & weight ( ! fruits z also ! total weight ( ! se$s 9 a s+le fruit 7 less 9 ! case ( autogamy ?an 9 geitonogamy4 ,) ,s9apis alba a bett] crop ( se$s 0 obta9$ aft] geitonogamy1 & 9 ! ,sug> ,beet ! av]age weight ( a fruit 9 ! case ( a self-f]tilis$ plant 0 #j4jji gr41 f geitonogamy #j4jab gr41 & on cross-f]tilisation #j4jac gr4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! results ( geitonogamy %[ t ! fav\rable effects ( cross-f]tilisation d n dep5d simply on ! fact t ! poll5 ( "o fl[] is convey$ to ! /igma ( ano!r4 ,b ! plants :i* are cross$ mu/ 9 "s way be diff]5t4 ,if plants ( ,ipomoea purpurea 7& ,mimulus luteus7 :i* h be5 self-f]tilis$ = sev5 g5]ations & gr[n "u ! same conditions ( cultivation are cross$ toge!r1 ! plants s cross$ w\ld n be sup]ior to ! self-f]tilis$2 on ! o!r h& cross+ ) a fre% /ock at once proves v advantage\s4 ,! fav\rable effect ( cross+ is only app>5t1 !re=e1 if ! p>5t plants are gr[n "u diff]5t conditions or if !y belong to diff]5t v>ieties4 ,x is really wond]ful :at an effect poll5 f a di/9ct se$l+ plant1 :i* has be5 expos$ to diff]5t conditions ( life1 has on ! (fspr+ 9 comp>ison ) poll5 f ! same fl[] or f a di/9ct individual1 b :i* has be5 long subject$ to ! same conditions4 ,! subject be>s on ! v pr9ciple ( life1 :i* seems almo/ to require *anges 9 ! conditions4 7,m ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #djf47 ,! f]tility--measur$ by ! numb] or weight ( ! se$s produc$ by an equal numb] ( plants--notic$ "u diff]5t conditions ( f]tilisation may be quot$ 9 illu/ration4 ,on cross+ ,on cross+ ,on self- ) a fre% plants ( ! f]tilisation /ock same /ock ,mimuleus luteus 7,fir/ & n9? g5]ation7 #ajj #d #c ,es*s*olzia cali=nica 7second g5]ation7 #ajj #de #dj ,dian?us c>yophyllus 7?ird & f\r? g5]ation7 #ajj #de #cc ,petunia violacea #ajj #ed #df ,cross+ "u v simil> conditions %[s1 !re=e1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sexual cells is small] & ?us ! result ( cross+ is only slightly sup]ior to t giv5 by self-f]tilisation4 ,is1 !n1 ! fav\rable result ( cross+ ) a =eign /ock to be attribut$ to ! fact t ?is belongs to ano!r sy/ematic entity or to ! fact t ! plants1 ?\gh belong+ to ! same entity 7 expos$ to diff]5t conditions8 ,?is is a po9t on :i* fur!r rese>*es mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 especially s9ce ! analysis ( ! sy/ematic entities has be5 mu* m ?or\gh ?an =m]ly4 7,9 ! case ( g>d5 plants1 z ,d>w9 to a l>ge ext5t claim$1 x is n easy to say :e!r two individuals really belong to ! same v>iety1 z !y are usually ( hybrid orig94 ,9 "s in/ances 7,petunia1 ,ib]is7 ! fre% /ock employ$ by ,d>w9 possess$ fl[]s diff]+ 9 col\r f ^? ( ! plant cross$ ) x47 ,we "k t mo/ ( ,l9neaus's species are comp\nd species1 frequ5tly consi/+ ( a v l>ge numb] ( small] or elem5t>y species =m]ly includ$ "u ! compreh5sive t]m v>ieties4 ,hybridisation has 9 mo/ cases affect$ our g>d5 & cultivat$ plants s t !y d n repres5t pure species b a mixture ( species4 ,b ?is consid]ation has no ess5tial be>+ on ,d>w9's po9t ( view1 accord+ to :i* ! nature ( ! sexual cells is influ5c$ by ext]nal conditions4 ,ev5 individuals gr[+ close to "o ano!r are only app>5tly expos$ to id5tical conditions4 ,_! sexual cells may !re=e be diff]5tly influ5c$ & ?us give fav\rable results on cross+1 z ! b5efits :i* s g5]ally foll[ f a cross betwe5 two plants app>5tly dep5d on ! two diff]+ some:at 9 con/itution or "*4 ,z a matt] ( fact we are famili> ) a l>ge numb] ( cases 9 :i* ! condition ( ! reproductive organs is influ5c$ by ext]nal conditions4 ,d>w9 has himself demon/rat$ ?is = self-/]ile plants1 t is plants 9 :i* self-f]tilisation produces no result4 ,?is self-/]ility is affect$ by climatic conditions3 ?us 9 ,brazil ,es*s*olzia cali=nica is absolutely /]ile to ! poll5 ( its own fl[]s2 ! desc5dants ( ,brazilian plants 9 ,d>w9's cultures 7 p>tially self-f]tile 9 "o g5]ation & 9 a second g5]ation /ill m s4 ,if "o has any d\bt 9 ?is case :e!r x is a "q ( ! condition ( ! /yle & /igma1 :i* possibly prev5ts ! entrance ( ! poll5-tube or ev5 its developm5t1 r ?an t ( ! actual sexual cells1 9 o!r cases !re is no d\bt t an influ5ce is ex]t$ on ! latt]4 ,janczewski 7,janczewski1 ,sur les an!res /]iles des ,groseilli]s1 ,bull4 de l'acad4 des sci5ces de ,cracovie1 ,june1 #aijh47 has rec5tly %[n t species ( ,ribes cultivat$ "u unnatural conditions frequ5tly produce a mix$ 7i4e4 p>tly useless7 or completely /]ile poll51 precisely z happ5s ) hybrids4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 sub/antial reasons = ! conclusion t conditions ( life ex]t an influ5ce on ! sexual cells4 ,?us ! proposition t ! b5efit f cross-f]tilisation dep5ds on ! plants :i* are cross$ hav+ be5 subject$ dur+ previ\s g5]ations to some:at diff]5t conditions1 or to _! hav+ v>i$ f "s unkn[n cause z if !y _h be5 ?us subject$1 is securely =tifi$ on all sides4 7,cross & ,self f]tilisation 7#a/ edition71 page #ddd47 ,we ?us obta9 an insight into ! significance ( sexuality4 ,if an occasional & slight alt]ation 9 ! conditions "u :i* plants & animals live is b5eficial 7,reasons = ?is are giv5 by ,d>w9 9 ,v>iation "u ,dome/ication 7#bnd edition71 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #abg471 cross+ betwe5 organisms :i* h be5 expos$ to diff]5t conditions becomes /ill m advantage\s4 ,! entire con/itution is 9 ?is way influ5c$ f ! beg9n+1 at a "t :5 ! :ole organisation is 9 a highly pla/ic /ate4 ,! total life-en]gy1 s to speak1 is increas$1 a ga9 :i* is n produc$ by asexual reproduction or by ! union ( sexual cells ( plants :i* h liv$ "u ! same or only slightly diff]5t conditions4 ,all ! wond]ful arrangem5ts = cross-f]tilisation n[ appe> to be useful adaptations4 ,d>w9 01 h[ev]1 f> f giv+ undue prom95ce to ?is po9t ( view1 ?\gh ?is has be5 to "s ext5t done by o!rs4 ,he p>ticul>ly emphasis$ ! foll[+ consid]ation3--,b we %\ld always keep 9 m9d t two some:at oppos$ ends h to be ga9$2 ! fir/ & m important "o be+ ! production ( se$s by any means1 & ! second1 cross-f]tilisation4 7,cross & ,self f]tilisation 7#a/ edition71 page #cga47 ,j z 9 "s or*ids & clei/ogamic fl[]s self-poll9ation regul>ly occurs1 s x may also occur 9 o!r cases4 ,d>w9 %[$ t ,pisum sativum & ,la?yrus odoratus belong to plants 9 :i* self-poll9ation is regul>ly effect$1 & t ?is acc\nts = ! con/ancy ( c]ta9 sorts ( ^! plants1 :ile a v>iety ( =m is produc$ by cross+4 ,inde$ among 8 culture plants 7 "s :i* d]iv$ no b5efit f cross+4 ,?us 9 ! six? self-f]tilis$ g5]ation ( 8 ,ipomoea cultures ! ,h]o made its appe>ance1 a =m slightly exce$+ its cross$ companion 9 height2 ?is 0 9 ! highe/ degree self-f]tile & h&$ on its *>act]i/ics to bo? *ildr5 & gr&*ildr54 ,simil> =ms 7 f\nd 9 ,mimulus luteus & ,nicotiana 7,9 ,pisum sativum also ! cross+ ( two individuals ( ! same v>iety produc$ no advantage2 ,d>w9 attribut$ ?is to ! fact t ! plants _h = sev]al g5]ations be5 self-f]tilis$ & 9 ea* g5]ation cultivat$ "u almo/ ! same conditions4 ,ts*]mak 7,ueb] kun/li*e ,kreuzung an ,pisum sativum7 aft]w>ds record$ ! same result2 b he f\nd on cross+ diff]5t v>ieties t usually !re 0 no sup]iority z reg>ds height ov] ! products ( self-f]tilisation1 :ile ,d>w9 f\nd a great] height repres5t$ by ! ratios #ajj3ge & #ajj3fj471 types :i*1 aft] self-f]tilisation1 h an enhanc$ p[] ( se$-production & ( atta9+ a great] height ?an ! plants ( ! correspond+ g5]ation :i* are cross$ toge!r & self-f]tilis$ & gr[n "u ! same conditions4 ,"s obs]vations made on o!r plants lead me to suspect t self-f]tilisation is 9 "s respects b5eficial2 al?\gh ! b5efit ?us d]iv$ is z a rule v small comp>$ ) t f a cross ) a di/9ct plant4 7,cross & ,self f]tilisation1 page #cej47 ,we are z ignorant ( ! reason :y plants behave diff]5tly :5 cross$ & self-f]tilis$ z we are 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ! diff]5tiation ( ! sexual cells1 :i* det]m9es :e!r a union ( ! sexual cells w prove fav\rable or unfav\rable4 ,x is impossible to discuss ! diff]5t results ( cross-f]tilisation2 "o po9t mu/1 h[ev]1 be emphasis$1 because ,d>w9 atta*$ consid]able importance to x4 ,x is inevitable t poll5 ( diff]5t k9ds mu/ rea* ! /igma4 ,x 0 kn[n t poll5 ( ! same species is dom9ant ov] ! poll5 ( ano!r species1 t1 9 o!r words1 x is prepot5t4 ,ev5 if ! poll5 ( ! same species rea*es ! /igma r lat] ?an t ( ano!r species1 ! latt] does n effect f]tilisation4 ,d>w9 %[$ t ! f]tilis+ p[] ( ! poll5 ( ano!r v>iety or ( ano!r individual is great] ?an t ( ! plant's own poll54 7,cross & ,self f]tilisation1 page #cia47 ,?is has be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( ,mimulus luteus 7= ! fix$ :ite-fl[]+ v>iety7 & ,ib]is umbellata ) poll5 ( ano!r v>iety1 & obs]vations on cultivat$ plants1 su* z cabbage1 hors]adi%1 etc4 gave simil> results4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 especially rem>kable t poll5 ( ano!r individual ( ! same v>iety may be prepot5t ov] ! plant's own poll54 ,?is results f ! sup]iority ( plants cross$ 9 ?is mann] ov] self-f]tilis$ plants4 ,sc>cely any result f my exp]im5ts has surpris$ me s mu* z ?is ( ! prepot5cy ( poll5 f a di/9ct individual ov] ea* plant's own poll51 z prov$ by ! great] con/itutional vig\r ( ! cross$ se$l+s4 7,ibid4 page #cig47 ,simil>ly1 9 self-f]tile plants ! fl[]s ( :i* h n be5 depriv$ ( ! male organs1 poll5 br\ght to ! /igma by ! w9d or by insects f ano!r plant effects f]tilisation1 ev5 if ! plant's own poll5 has rea*$ ! /igma some:at e>li]4 ,h ! results ( 8 exp]im5tal inve/igations modifi$ ! po9t ( view f :i* ,d>w9 ent]$ on 8 rese>*es1 or n8 ,9 ! fir/ place ! "q is1 :e!r or n ! op9ion express$ 9 ! ,or*id book t !re is ,some?+ injuri\s connect$ ) self-f]tilisation1 has be5 confirm$4 ,we c1 at all ev5ts1 affirm t ,d>w9 adh]$ 9 ess5tials to 8 orig9al position2 b self-f]tilisation aft]w>ds assum$ a great] importance ?an x =m]ly possess$4 ,d>w9 emphasis$ ! fact t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! self-f]tilis$ & cross$ plants rais$ by me _c be attribut$ to ! sup]iority ( ! cross$1 b to ! inf]iority ( ! self-f]tilis$ se$l+s1 due to ! injuri\s effects ( self-f]tilisation4 7,ibid4 page #dcg47 ,b he _h no d\bt t 9 fav\rable circum/ances self-f]tilis$ plants 7 able to p]si/ = sev]al g5]ations )\t cross+4 ,an occasional cross+ appe>s to be useful b n indisp5sable 9 all cases2 its sporadic occurr5ce 9 plants 9 :i* self-poll9ation habitually occurs is n exclud$4 ,self-f]tilisation is = ! mo/ "p relatively & n absolutely injuri\s & always bett] ?an no f]tilisation4 ,nature abhors p]petual self-f]tilisation 7,x is incorrect to say1 z a writ] has lately said1 t ! aphorism express$ by ,d>w9 9 #ahei & #ahfb1 ,nature abhors p]petual self-f]tilisation1 is n repeat$ 9 8 lat] works4 ,! s5t5ce is repeat$ 9 ,cross & ,self f]tilisation 7page #h71 ) ! addition1 ,if ! ^w p]petual _h be5 omitt$1 ! aphorism w\ld h be5 false4 ,z x /&s1 ,i believe t x is true1 ?\gh p]haps r too /rongly express$47 is1 h[ev]1 a pregnant expression ( ! fact t cross-f]tilisation is exce$+ly widespread & has be5 %[n 9 ! majority ( cases to be b5eficial1 & t 9 ^? plants 9 :i* we f9d self-poll9ation regul>ly occurr+ cross-poll9ation may occasionally take place4 ,an attempt has be5 made to express 9 brief ! ma9 results ( ,d>w9's "w on ! biology ( fl[]s4 ,we h se5 t 8 object 0 to elucidate important g5]al que/ions1 p>ticul>ly ! "q ( ! significance ( sexual reproduction4 ,x rema9s to consid] :at influ5ce 8 "w has _h on botanical sci5ce4 ,t ?is influ5ce has be5 v consid]able1 is %[n by a glance at ! lit]ature on ! biology ( fl[]s publi%$ s9ce ,d>w9 wrote4 ,be=e ! book on or*ids 0 publi%$ !re 0 no?+ b ! old & almo/ =gott5 works ( ,kolreut] & ,spr5gel ) ! exception ( a few scatt]$ ref]5ces4 ,d>w9's inve/igations gave ! fir/ /imulus to ! developm5t ( an ext5sive lit]ature on floral biology4 ,9 ,knu?'s ,h&bu* d] ,blut5biologie 7,h&book ( ,fl[] ,poll9ation1 ,ox=d1 #aijf7 z _m z #cgib pap]s on ?is subject are enum]at$ z hav+ be5 publi%$ be=e ,janu>y #a1 #aijd4 ,^! describe n only ! diff]5t me*anisms ( fl[]s1 b deal also ) a s]ies ( rem>kable adaptations 9 ! poll9at+ insects4 ,z a f]tilis+ ra9 quickly calls into exi/5ce ! mo/ v>i$ assortm5t ( plants on a b>r5 /eppe1 s activity n[ reigns 9 a field :i* m5 =m]ly left des]t$4 ,?is developm5t ( ! biology ( fl[]s is ( importance n only on !oretical gr\nds b also f a practical po9t ( view4 ,! rational bre$+ ( plants is possible only if ! fl[]-biology ( ! plants 9 "q 7i4e4 ! "q ( ! possibility ( self-poll9ation1 self-/]ility1 etc47 is accurately kn[n4 ,& x is also ess5tial = plant-bre$]s t !y %\ld h ! p[] ( fix+ ea* fleet+ v>iety ( col\r1 if !y w f]tilise ! fl[]s ( ! desir$ k9d ) _! own poll5 = half-a-doz5 g5]ations1 & gr[ ! se$l+s "u ! same conditions4 7,cross & ,self f]tilisation 7#a/ edition71 page #dfj47 ,b ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on floral biology 0 n conf9$ to ! developm5t ( ?is bran* ( ,botany4 ,d>w9's activity 9 ?is doma9 has br\ght ab\t 7z ,asa ,gray correctly po9t$ out7 ! revival ( teleology 9 ,botany & ,zoology4 ,attempts 7 n[ made to det]m9e1 n only 9 ! case ( fl[]s b also 9 vegetative organs1 9 :at relation ! =m & function ( organs /& to "o ano!r & to :at ext5t _! morphological *>act]s exhibit adaptation to environm5t4 ,a bran* ( ,botany1 :i* has s9ce be5 call$ ,ecology 7n a v happy t]m7 has be5 /imulat$ to vigor\s gr[? by floral biology4 ,:ile ! influ5ce ( ! "w on ! biology ( fl[]s 0 extraord9>ily great1 x c\ld n fail to elicit op9ions at v>iance ) ,d>w9's conclusions4 ,! opposition 0 bas$ p>tly on reasons valueless z c\nt]>gum5ts1 p>tly on problems :i* h /ill to be solv$2 to "s ext5t also on t t5d5cy aga9/ teleological conceptions :i* has rec5tly become curr5t4 ,?is oppos+ tr5d ( ?\ght is due to ! fact t _m biologi/s are cont5t ) teleological explanations1 unsupport$ by pro(2 x is also closely connect$ ) ! fact t _m au?ors e/imate ! importance ( natural selection less highly ?an ,d>w9 did4 ,we may describe ! objections :i* are bas$ on ! widespread occurr5ce ( self-f]tilisation & geitonogamy z ( little importance4 ,d>w9 did n d5y ! occurr5ce ( self-f]tilisation1 ev5 = a long s]ies ( g5]ations2 8 law /ates only t ,nature abhors ,,p]petual self-f]tilisation4 7,x is impossible 7z has be5 attempt$7 to express ,d>w9's po9t ( view 9 a s+le s5t5ce1 su* z ,h4 ,mull]'s /atem5t ( ! ,knight-,d>w9 law4 ,! conditions ( life 9 organisms are s v>i\s & complex t laws1 su* z are =mulat$ 9 physics & *emi/ry1 c h>dly be conceiv$47 ,an exception to ?is rule w\ld !re=e occur only 9 ! case ( plants 9 :i* ! possibility ( cross-poll9ation is exclud$4 ,"s ( ! plants ) clei/ogam\s fl[]s might af=d examples ( su* cases4 ,we h already se51 h[ev]1 t su* a case has n z yet be5 %[n to occur4 ,burck believ$ t he _h f\nd an in/ance 9 c]ta9 tropical plants 7,anonaceae1 ,myrmecodia7 ( ! complete exclusion ( cross-f]tilisation4 ,! fl[]s ( ^! plants1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1--9 contra/ to ! clei/ogam\s fl[]s--! corolla is well develop$1 rema9 clos$ & fruit is produc$4 ,loew 7,e4 ,loew1 ,bem]kung5 zu ,burck444 1 ,biolog4 ,c5tralbl4 ,,xxvi4 7#aijf747 has %[n t cases occur 9 :i* cross-f]tilisation may be effect$ ev5 9 ^! clei/opetal\s fl[]s3 humm+ birds visit ! p]man5tly clos$ fl[]s ( c]ta9 species ( ,nidul>ium & transport ! poll54 ,! fact t ! =mation ( hybrids may occur z ! result ( ?is %[s t poll9ation may be accompli%$4 ,! exi/5ce ( plants = :i* self-poll9ation is ( great] importance ?an x is = o!rs is by no means contradictory to ,d>w9's view4 ,self-f]tilisation is1 = example1 ( great] importance = annuals ?an = p]5nials z )\t x se$s might fail to be produc$4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( annual plants ) small inconspicu\s fl[]s 9 :i* self-f]tilisation usually occurs1 su* z ,s5ecio vulg>is1 ,capsella bursa-pa/oris & ,/ell>ia m$ia1 ,a4 ,bateson 7,anna ,bateson1 ,! effects ( cross-f]tilisation on inconspicu\s fl[]s1 ,annals ( ,botany1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahhh1 page #bee47 f\nd t cross-f]tilisation gave a b5eficial result1 al?\gh only 9 a slight degree4 ,if ! fav\rable effects ( sexual reproduction1 accord+ to ,d>w9's view1 are correlat$ ) *ange ( environm5t1 x is q possible t ?is is ( less importance 9 plants :i* die aft] rip5+ _! se$s 7hapaxan?ic7 & :i* 9 any case con/antly *ange _! situation4 ,objections :i* are bas$ on ! pro( ( ! preval5ce ( self-f]tilisation are n1 !re=e1 p]t95t4 ,at fir/ sight ano!r po9t ( view1 :i* has be5 m rec5tly urg$1 appe>s to h m weight4 ,w4 ,burck 7,burck1 ,d>w9's ,kreuzeungsgesetz444 1 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl4 ,,xxviii4 #aijh1 page #agg47 has express$ ! op9ion t ! b5eficial results ( cross-f]tilisation demon/rat$ by ,d>w9 conc]n only hybrid plants4 ,^! alone become weak] by self-poll9ation2 :ile pure species d]ive no advantage f cross+ & no disadvantage f self-f]tilisation4 ,x is c]ta9 t "s ( ! plants us$ by ,d>w9 7 ( hybrid orig94 7,x is que/ionable if ?is 0 always ! case47 ,?is is evid5t f 8 /atem5ts1 :i* are models ( cle>ness & precision2 he says t 8 ,ipomoea plants 7 probably ! (fspr+ ( a cross4 7,cross & ,self f]tilisation 7#a/ edition71 page #ee47 ,! fix$ =ms ( ?is plant1 su* z ,h]o1 :i* 0 produc$ by self-f]tilisation1 & a =m ( ,mimulus ) :ite fl[]s spott$ ) r$ probably result$ f splitt+ ( ! hybrids4 ,x is true t ! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 self-poll9ation1 e4g4 9 ,ipomoea1 agree ) ^? :i* are (t5 notic$ 9 hybrids2 ,d>w9 himself drew att5tion to ?is4 ,let u next call to m9d "s ( ! peculi>ities connect$ ) hybridisation4 ,we "k t hybrids are (t5 *>act]iz$ by _! l>ge size1 rapidity ( gr[?1 e>li] production ( fl[]s1 weal? ( fl[]-production & a long] life2 hybrids1 if cross$ ) "o ( ! two p>5t =ms1 are usually m f]tile ?an :5 !y are cross$ toge!r or ) ano!r hybrid4 ,b ! *>act]s :i* hybrids exhibit on self-f]tilisation are r v>iable4 ,! foll[+ in/ance may be quot$ f ,g>tn]3 ,!re are _m hybrids :i* reta9 ! self-f]tility ( ! fir/ g5]ation dur+ ! second & lat] g5]ations1 b v (t5 9 a less degree2 a consid]able numb]1 h[ev]1 become /]ile4 ,b ! hybrid v>ieties may be m f]tile 9 ! second g5]ation ?an 9 ! fir/1 & 9 "s hybrids ! f]tility ) _! own poll5 increases 9 ! second1 ?ird1 & foll[+ g5]ations4 7,k4,f4 ,g>tn]1 ,v]su*e ub] die ,ba/>d]zeugung1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahdi1 page #adi47 ,z yet x is impossible to lay d[n rules ( g5]al application = ! self-f]tility ( hybrids4 ,t ! b5eficial influ5ce ( cross+ ) a fre% /ock re/s on ! same gr\nd--a union ( sexual cells possess+ some:at diff]5t *>act]s--z ! fact t _m hybrids are di/+ui%$ by great] luxuriance1 weal? ( fl[]s1 etc4 corresponds entirely ) ,d>w9's conclusions4 ,x seems to me to foll[ cle>ly f 8 inve/igations t !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 cross-f]tilisation & hybridisation4 ,! het]o/yl$ plants are normally dep5d5t on a process correspond+ to hybridisation4 ,! view t specifically di/9ct species c\ld at be/ produce /]ile hybrids 0 always oppos$ by ,d>w94 ,b if ! good results ( cross+ 7 ,,exclusively dep5d5t on ! fact t we are conc]n$ ) hybrids1 !re mu/ !n be a demon/ration ( two di/9ct ?+s4 ,fir/1 t cross+ ) a fre% /ock belong+ to ! same sy/ematic entity or to ! same hybrid1 b cultivat$ = a consid]able "t "u diff]5t conditions1 %[s no sup]iority ov] self-f]tilisation1 & t 9 pure species cross+ gives no bett] results ?an self-poll9ation4 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 we %\ld be bett] able to und]/& :y 9 "o plant cross+ is advantage\s :ile 9 o!rs1 su* z ,d>w9's ,h]o & ! =ms ( ,mimulus & ,nicotiana no advantage is ga9$2 ^! w\ld !n be pure species4 ,b su* a pro( has n be5 suppli$2 ! inf]5ce drawn f clei/ogam\s & clei/opetal\s plants is n support$ by evid5ce1 & ! exp]im5ts on geitonogamy & on ! advantage ( cross-f]tilisation 9 species :i* are usually self-f]tilis$ are oppos$ to ?is view4 ,!re are /ill b few rese>*es on ?is po9t2 ,d>w9 f\nd t 9 ,ononis m9utissima1 :i* produces clei/ogam\s z well z self-f]tile *asmogam\s fl[]s1 ! cross$ & self-f]tilis$ capsules produc$ se$ 9 ! proportion ( #ajj3fe & t ! av]age bore ! proportion #ajj3hf4 ,facts previ\sly m5tion$ are also applicable to ?is case4 ,fur!r1 x is c]ta9 t ! self-/]ility exhibit$ by _m plants has no?+ to d ) hybridisation4 ,betwe5 self-/]ility & r$uc$ f]tility z ! result ( self-f]tilisation !re is probably no fundam5tal diff]5ce4 ,x is c]ta9 t s difficult a problem z t ( ! significance ( sexual reproduction requires mu* m inve/igation4 ,d>w9 0 any?+ b dogmatic & always ready to alt] an op9ion :5 x 0 n bas$ on def9ite pro(3 he wrote1 ,b ! veil ( secrecy is z yet f> f lift$2 nor w x be1 until we c say :y x is b5eficial t ! sexual elem5ts %\ld be diff]5tiat$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & :y1 if ! diff]5tiation be c>ri$ /ill fur!r1 injury foll[s4 ,he has also %[n u ! way along :i* to foll[ up ?is problem2 x is t ( c>efully plann$ & exact exp]im5tal rese>*4 ,x may be t ev5tually _m ?+s w be view$ 9 a diff]5t light1 b ,d>w9's inve/igations w always =m ! f\ndation ( ,floral ,biology on :i* ! future may cont9ue to build4 ,,xxi4 ,,m5tal ,,factors ,,9 ,,evolution4 ,by ,c4 ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,9 develop+ 8 conception ( organic evolution ,*>les ,d>w9 0 ( necessity br\ght into contact ) "s ( ! problems ( m5tal evolution4 ,9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species he devot$ a *apt] to ! div]sities ( in/9ct & ( ! o!r m5tal faculties 9 animals ( ! same class4 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #bje47 ,:5 he pass$ to ! detail$ consid]ation ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 x 0 "p ( 8 object to %[ t !re is no fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! high] mammals 9 _! m5tal faculties4 7,desc5t ( ,man 7#bnd edition #ahhh71 ,vol4 ,i4 page #ii2 ,popul> edition page #ii47 ,if no organic be+ except+ man1 he said1 _h possess$ any m5tal p[]1 or if 8 p[]s _h be5 ( a :olly diff]5t nature f ^? ( ! l[] animals1 !n we %\ld nev] h be5 able to conv9ce ourselves t our high faculties _h be5 gradually develop$4 7,ibid4 page #ii47 ,9 8 discussion ( ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions x 0 important = 8 purpose fully to recognise t actions readily become associat$ ) o!r actions & ) v>i\s /ates ( ! m9d4 7,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 7#bnd edition71 page #cb47 ,8 hypo!sis ( sexual selection is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! ex]cise ( *oice on ! "p ( ! female & h] pref]5ce = n only ! m attractive b at ! same "t ! m vigor\s & victori\s males4 7,desc5t ( ,man1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #dce47 ,m5tal processes & physiological processes 7 = ,d>w9 closely correlat$2 & he accept$ ! conclusion t ! n]v\s sy/em n only regulates mo/ ( ! exi/+ functions ( ! body1 b has indirectly influ5c$ ! progressive developm5t ( v>i\s bodily /ructures & ( c]ta9 m5tal qualities4 7,ibid4 pages #dcg1 #dch47 ,?r\gh\t 8 treatm5t1 m5tal evolution 0 = ,d>w9 incid5tal to & contributory to organic evolution4 ,= specialis$ rese>* 9 comp>ative & g5etic psy*ology1 z an indep5d5t field ( inve/igation1 he _h nei!r ! "t nor ! requisite tra9+4 ,none ! less 8 writ+s & ! _s ( 8 "w h ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce on ?is dep>tm5t ( evolution>y ?\ght4 ,&1 = ^? :o foll[ ,d>w9's lead1 m5tal evolution is /ill 9 a measure subs]vi5t to organic evolution4 ,m5tal processes are ! accompanim5ts or concomitants ( ! functional activity ( specially diff]5tiat$ p>ts ( ! organism4 ,!y are 9 "s way dep5d5t on physiological & physical conditions4 ,b ?\gh !y are n physical 9 _! nature1 & ?\gh x is difficult or impossible to conceive t !y are physical 9 _! orig91 !y are1 = ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s1 factors 9 ! evolution>y process 9 its physical or organic aspect4 ,by ! physiologi/ )9 8 special & well-def9$ univ]se ( disc\rse !y may be prop]ly reg>d$ z epiph5om5a2 b by ! naturali/ 9 8 m ca?olic survey ( nature !y _c be s reg>d$1 & 7 n s reg>d$ by ,d>w94 ,intellig5ce has contribut$ to evolution ( :i* x is 9 a s5se a product4 ,! facts ( obs]vation or ( inf]5ce :i* ,d>w9 accept$ are ^!3 ,consci\s exp]i5ce accompanies "s ( ! modes ( animal behavi\r2 x is concomitant ) c]ta9 physiological processes2 ^! processes are ! outcome ( developm5t 9 ! individual & evolution 9 ! race2 ! accompany+ m5tal processes und]go a l developm5t4 ,into ! subtle philosophical que/ions :i* arise out ( ! naive acceptance ( su* a cre$ x 0 n ,d>w9's prov9ce to ent]2 ,i h no?+ to d1 he said 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #bje471 ) ! orig9 ( ! m5tal p[]s1 any m ?an ,i h ) t ( life itself4 ,he dealt ) ! natural hi/ory ( organisms1 includ+ n only _! /ructure b _! modes ( behavi\r2 ) ! natural hi/ory ( ! /ates ( consci\sness :i* accompany "s ( _! actions2 & ) ! relation ( behavi\r to exp]i5ce4 ,we w endeav\r to foll[ ,d>w9 9 8 mode/y & c&\r 9 mak+ no pret5ce to give ultimate explanations4 ,b we mu/ note "o ( ! implications ( ?is self-d5y+ ord9ance ( sci5ce4 ,developm5t & evolution imply cont9uity4 ,= ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s ! cont9uity is organic ?r\gh physical h]$ity4 ,ap>t f speculative hypo!sis1 legitimate en\gh 9 its prop] place b "h out ( c\rt1 we "k no?+ ( cont9uity ( m5tal evolution z su*3 consci\sness appe>s afre% 9 ea* succe$+ g5]ation4 ,h5ce x is t = ^? :o foll[ ,d>w9's lead1 m5tal evolution is & mu/ ev] be1 )9 8 univ]se ( disc\rse1 subs]vi5t to organic evolution4 ,only 9 s f> z consci\s exp]i5ce1 or its neural correlate1 effects "s *anges 9 organic /ructure c x influ5ce ! c\rse ( h]$ity2 & conv]sely only 9 s f> z *anges 9 organic /ructure are transmitt$ ?r\gh h]$ity1 is m5tal evolution r5d]$ possible4 ,su* is ! logical outcome ( ,d>w9's tea*+4 ,^? :o abide by ! c>d9al results ( ?is tea*+ are b\nd to reg>d all behavi\r z ! expression ( ! functional activities ( ! liv+ tissues ( ! organism1 & all consci\s exp]i5ce z correlat$ ) su* activities4 ,= ! purposes ( sci5tific treatm5t1 m5tal processes are "o mode ( expression ( ! same *anges ( :i* ! physiological processes accompany+ behavi\r are ano!r mode ( expression4 ,?is is simply accept$ z a fact :i* o!rs may seek to expla94 ,! behavi\r itself is ! adaptive application ( ! en]gies ( ! organism2 x is call$ =? by "s =m ( pres5tation or /imulation br\ght to be> on ! organism by ! environm5t4 ,?is pres5tation is always an individual or p]sonal matt]4 ,b 9 ord] t ! organism may be fitt$ to respond to ! pres5tation ( ! environm5t x mu/ h und]gone 9 "s way a suitable prep>ation4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( evolution ?is prep>ation is prim>ily racial & is transmitt$ ?r\gh h]$ity4 ,d>w9's ma9 !sis 0 t ! me?od ( prep>ation is pr$om9antly by natural selection4 ,subord9ate to racial prep>ation1 & always dep5d5t !reon1 is individual or p]sonal prep>ation ?r\gh "s k9d ( acquisition2 ( :i* ! guidance ( behavi\r ?r\gh individually won exp]i5ce is a typical example4 ,we "h introduce ! m5tal factor because ! facts seem to ju/ify ! inf]5ce4 ,?us !re are "s modes ( behavi\r :i* are :olly & solely dep5d5t ^u inh]it$ racial prep>ation2 !re are o!r modes ( behavi\r :i* are also dep5d5t1 9 "p at lea/1 on individual prep>ation4 ,9 ! =m] case ! behavi\r is adaptive on ! fir/ occurr5ce ( ! appropriate pres5tation2 9 ! latt] case accommodation to circum/ances is only rea*$ aft] a great] or less am\nt ( acquir$ organic modification ( /ructure1 (t5 accompani$ 7z we assume7 9 ! high] animals by acquir$ exp]i5ce4 ,logically & biologically ! two classes ( behavi\r are cle>ly di/+ui%able3 b ! analysis ( complex cases ( behavi\r :]e ! two factors coop]ate1 is difficult & requires c>eful & critical /udy ( life-hi/ory4 ,! f\ndations ( ! m5tal life are laid 9 ! consci\s exp]i5ce t accompanies ^? modes ( behavi\r1 dep5d5t entirely on racial prep>ation1 :i* may broadly be describ$ z in/9ctive4 ,9 ! eigh? *apt] ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species ,d>w9 says 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #bje471 ,i w n attempt any def9ition ( in/9ct444 ,e "o und]/&s :at is meant1 :5 x is said t in/9ct impels ! cuckoo to migrate & to lay h] eggs 9 o!r birds' ne/s4 ,an action1 :i* we ourselves require exp]i5ce to enable u to p]=m1 :5 p]=m$ by an animal1 m especially by a v "y "o1 )\t exp]i5ce1 & :5 p]=m$ by _m individuals 9 ! same way1 )\t _! kn[+ = :at purpose x is p]=m$1 is usually said to be in/9ctive4 ,& 9 ! summ>y at ! close ( ! *apt] he says 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #bcc471 ,i h endeav\r$ briefly to %[ t ! m5tal qualities ( our dome/ic animals v>y1 & t ! v>iations are inh]it$4 ,/ill m briefly ,i h attempt$ to %[ t in/9cts v>y slightly 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,no "o w dispute t in/9cts are ( ! highe/ importance to ea* animal4 ,!re=e !re is no real difficulty1 "u *ang+ conditions ( life1 9 natural selection accumulat+ to any ext5t slight modifications ( in/9ct :i* are 9 any way useful4 ,9 _m cases habit or use & disuse h probably come into play4 ,into ! details ( ,d>w9's treatm5t !re is nei!r space nor ne$ to ent]4 ,!re are "s ambigu\s passages2 b x may be said t = him1 z = 8 foll[]s to-day1 in/9ctive behavi\r is :olly ! result ( racial prep>ation transmitt$ ?r\gh organic h]$ity4 ,= ! p]=mance ( ! in/9ctive act no individual prep>ation "u ! guidance ( p]sonal exp]i5ce is necess>y4 ,x is true t ,d>w9 quotes ) approval ,hub]'s say+ t a little dose ( judgm5t or reason (t5 comes into play1 ev5 ) animals l[ 9 ! scale ( nature4 7,ibid4 page #bje47 ,b we may fairly int]pret 8 mean+ to be t 9 behavi\r1 :i* is commonly call$ in/9ctive1 "s elem5t ( intellig5t guidance is (t5 comb9$4 ,if ?is be conc$$ ! /rictly in/9ctive p]=mance 7or "p ( ! p]=mance7 is ! outcome ( h]$ity & due to ! direct transmission ( p>5tal or ance/ral aptitudes4 ,h5ce ! in/9ctive response z su* dep5ds entirely on h[ ! n]v\s me*anism has be5 built up ?r\gh h]$ity2 :ile intellig5t behavi\r1 or ! intellig5t factor 9 behavi\r1 dep5ds also on h[ ! n]v\s me*anism has be5 modifi$ & m\ld$ by use dur+ its developm5t & concurr5tly ) ! gr[? ( individual exp]i5ce 9 ! cu/om>y situations ( daily life4 ,( c\rse x is ess5tial to ! ,d>w9ian !sis t :at ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/] has t]m$ educability1 n less ?an in/9ct1 is h]$it>y4 ,b x is also ess5tial to ! und]/&+ ( ?is !sis t ! diff]5tiae ( ! h]$it>y factors %\ld be cle>ly grasp$4 ,= ,d>w9 !re 7 two modes ( racial prep>ation1 7#a7 natural selection1 & 7#b7 ! e/abli%m5t ( individually acquir$ habit4 ,he %[$ t in/9cts are subject to h]$it>y v>iation2 he saw t in/9cts are also subject to modification ?r\gh acquisition 9 ! c\rse ( individual life4 ,he believ$ t n only ! v>iations b also1 to "s ext5t1 ! modifications are inh]it$4 ,he !re=e held t "s in/9cts 7! great] numb]7 are due to natural selection b t o!rs 7less num]\s7 are due1 or p>tly due1 to ! inh]itance ( acquir$ habits4 ,! latt] involve ,lam>ckian inh]itance1 :i* ( late ye>s has be5 ! c5tre ( s mu* controv]sy4 ,x is notewor?y h[ev] t ,d>w9 laid especial emphasis on ! fact t _m ( ! mo/ typical & also ! mo/ complex in/9cts--^? ( neut] insects--d n admit ( su* an int]pretation4 ,i am surpris$1 he says 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #bcc471 t no "o has hi!rto advanc$ ?is demon/rative case ( neut] insects1 aga9/ ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit1 z advanc$ by ,lam>ck4 ,none ! less ,d>w9 admitt$ ?is doctr9e z supplem5t>y to t :i* 0 m di/9ctively 8 own--= example 9 ! case ( ! in/9cts ( dome/icat$ animals4 ,/ill1 ev5 9 su* cases1 x may be d\bt$1 he says 7,ibid4 pages #baj1 #baa471 :e!r any "o w\ld h ?\ght ( tra9+ a dog to po9t1 _h n "s "o dog naturally %[n a t5d5cy 9 ?is l9e444 s t habit & "s degree ( selection h probably concurr$ 9 civilis+ by inh]itance our dogs4 ,b 9 ! int]pretation ( ! in/9cts ( dome/icat$ animals1 a m rec5tly sugge/$ hypo!sis1 t ( organic selection 7,indep5d5tly sugge/$1 on some:at diff]5t l9es1 by ,pr(s4 ,j4 ,m>k ,baldw91 ,h5ry ,f4 ,osborn & ! writ]471 may be helpful4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis any intellig5t modification ( behavi\r :i* is subject to selection is probably co9cid5t 9 direction ) an inh]it$ t5d5cy to behave 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,h5ce 9 su* behavi\r !re are two factors3 7#a7 an incipi5t v>iation 9 ! l9e ( su* behavi\r1 & 7#b7 an acquir$ modification by :i* ! behavi\r is c>ri$ fur!r along ! same l9e4 ,"u natural selection ^? organisms 9 :i* ! two factors coop]ate are likely to survive4 ,"u artificial selection !y are delib]ately *os5 out f among ! re/4 ,organic selection has be5 t]m$ a compromise betwe5 ! m /rictly ,d>w9ian & ! ,lam>ckian pr9ciples ( int]pretation4 ,b x is n 9 any s5se a compromise4 ,! pr9ciple ( int]pretation ( t :i* is in/9ctive & h]$it>y is :olly ,d>w9ian4 ,x is true t "s ( ! facts ( obs]vation reli$ ^u by ,lam>ckians are introduc$4 ,= ,lam>ckians h[ev] ! modifications :i* are admitt$ly factors 9 survival1 are reg>d$ z ! p>5ts ( inh]it$ v>iations2 = believ]s 9 organic selection !y are only ! fo/] p>5ts or nurses4 ,x is because organic selection is ! direct outcome ( & a natural ext5sion ( ,d>w9's c>d9al !sis t "s ref]5ce to x "h is ju/ifiable4 ,! matt] may be put ) ! utmo/ brevity z foll[s4 7#a7 ,v>iations 7,v7 occur1 "s ( :i* are 9 ! direction ( increas$ adaptation 771 o!rs 9 ! direction ( decreas$ adaptation 7-74 7#b7 ,acquir$ modifications 7,m7 also occur4 ,"s ( ^! are 9 ! direction ( increas$ accommodation to circum/ances 771 :ile o!rs are 9 ! direction ( dim9i%$ accommodation 7-74 ,f\r major comb9ations are 7a7 ,v ) ,m1 7b7 ,v ) - ,m1 7c7 - ,v ) ,m1 7d7 - ,v ) - ,m4 ,( ^! 7d7 mu/ inevitably be elim9at$ :ile 7a7 are select$4 ,! pr$om9ant survival ( 7a7 entails ! survival ( ! adaptive v>iations :i* are inh]it$4 ,! contributory acquisitions 7,m7 are n inh]it$2 b !y are none ! less factors 9 det]m9+ ! survival ( ! co9cid5t v>iations4 ,x is surely abundantly cle> t ?is is ,d>w9ism & has no t9cture ( ,lam>ck's ess5tial pr9ciple1 ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,:e!r ,d>w9 himself w\ld h accept$ ?is int]pretation ( "s at lea/ ( ! evid5ce put =w>d by ,lam>ckians is un=tunately a matt] ( conjecture4 ,! fact rema9s t 9 8 int]pretation ( in/9ct & 9 alli$ que/ions he accept$ ! inh]itance ( individually acquir$ modifications ( behavi\r & /ructure4 ,d>w9 0 *iefly conc]n$ ) in/9ct f ! biological r ?an f ! psy*ological po9t ( view4 ,inde$ x mu/ be confess$ t1 f ! latt] /&po9t1 8 conception ( in/9ct z a m5tal faculty :i* impels an animal to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 actions1 sc>cely af=ds a satisfactory basis = g5etic treatm5t4 ,to c>ry out ! _s ( ,d>w9's tea*+ x is necess>y to l9k m closely biological & psy*ological evolution4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds ?is is to int]pret ! ph5om5a ( in/9ctive behavi\r 9 t]ms ( /imulation & response4 ,x may be well to take a p>ticul> case4 ,swimm+ on ! "p ( a duckl+ is1 f ! biological po9t ( view1 a typical example ( in/9ctive behavi\r4 ,g5tly l[] a rec5tly hat*$ bird into wat]3 coord9at$ movem5ts ( ! limbs foll[ 9 rhy?mical sequ5ce4 ,! behavi\r is new to ! individual ?\gh x is no d\bt closely relat$ to t ( walk+1 :i* is no less in/9ctive4 ,!re is a gr\p ( /imuli af=d$ by ! pres5tation :i* results f p>tial imm]sion3 ^u ?is !re foll[s z a complex response an application ( ! functional activities 9 swimm+2 ! sequ5ce ( adaptive application on ! appropriate pres5tation is det]m9$ by racial prep>ation4 ,we "k1 x is true1 b little ( ! physiological details ( :at takes place 9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em2 b 9 broad outl9e ! nature ( ! organic me*anism & ! mann] ( its function+ may at lea/ be provisionally conjectur$ 9 ! pres5t /ate ( physiological k4 ,simil>ly 9 ! case ( ! peck+ ( newly-hat*$ *icks2 !re is a visual pres5tation1 !re is probably a coop]at+ gr\p ( /imuli f ! alim5t>y tract 9 ne$ ( food1 !re is an adaptive application ( ! activities 9 a def9ite mode ( behavi\r4 ,l data are af=d$ 9 a great numb] ( cases ( in/9ctive proc$ure1 sometimes occurr+ v e>ly 9 life1 n infrequ5tly def]r$ until ! organism is m fully develop$1 b all ( !m dep5d5t ^u racial prep>ation4 ,no d\bt !re is "s range ( v>iation 9 ! behavi\r1 j su* v>iation z ! !ory ( natural selection dem&s4 ,b !re c be no "q t ! high] animals inh]it a bodily organisation & a n]v\s sy/em1 ! functional work+ ( :i* gives rise to ^? inh]it$ modes ( behavi\r :i* are t]m$ in/9ctive4 ,x is to be not$ t ! t]m in/9ctive is "h employ$ 9 ! adjectival =m z a descriptive head+ "u :i* may be gr\p$ _m & v>i\s modes ( behavi\r due to racial prep>ation4 ,we speak ( ^! z inh]it$2 b 9 /rictness :at is transmitt$ ?r\gh h]$ity is ! complex ( anatomical & physiological conditions "u :i*1 9 appropriate circum/ances1 ! organism s behaves4 ,s f> ! t]m in/9ctive has a re/rict$ biological connotation 9 t]ms ( behavi\r4 ,b ! connect+ l9k betwe5 biological evolution & psy*ological evolution is to be s\ght1--z ,d>w9 fully realis$1--9 ! ph5om5a ( in/9ct1 broadly consid]$4 ,! t]m in/9ctive has also a psy*ological connotation4 ,:at is t connotation8 ,let u take ! case ( ! swimm+ duckl+ or ! peck+ *ick1 & fix our att5tion on ! fir/ in/9ctive p]=mance4 ,grant t j z !re is1 /rictly speak+1 no inh]it$ behavi\r1 b only ! conditions :i* r5d] su* behavi\r "u appropriate circum/ances possible2 s too !re is no inh]it$ exp]i5ce1 b only ! conditions :i* r5d] su* exp]i5ce possible2 !n ! c]ebral conditions 9 bo? cases are ! same4 ,! biological behavi\r-complex1 includ+ ! total /imulation & ! total response ) ! int]v5+ or resultant processes 9 ! s5sorium1 is accompani$ by an exp]i5ce-complex includ+ ! initial /imulation-consci\sness & result+ response-consci\sness4 ,9 ! exp]i5ce-complex are compris$ data :i* 9 psy*ological analysis are gr\p$ "u ! head+s ( cognition1 affective tone & conation4 ,b ! complex is probably exp]i5c$ z an unanalys$ :ole4 ,if !n we use ! t]m in/9ctive s z to comprise all cong5ital modes ( behavi\r :i* contribute to exp]i5ce1 we are 9 a position to grasp ! view t ! net result 9 consci\sness con/itutes :at we may t]m ! prim>y tissue ( exp]i5ce4 ,to ! developm5t ( ?is exp]i5ce ea* in/9ctive act contributes4 ,! nature & mann] ( organisation ( ?is prim>y tissue ( exp]i5ce are dep5d5t on inh]it$ biological aptitudes2 b !y are f ! outset onw>ds subject to second>y developm5t dep5d5t on acquir$ aptitudes4 ,biological values are supplem5t$ by psy*ological values 9 t]ms ( satisfaction or ! rev]se4 ,9 our /udy ( in/9ct we h to select "s p>ticul> phase ( animal behavi\r & isolate x s f> z is possible f ! life ( :i* x is a "p4 ,b ! animal is a go+ conc]n1 re/lessly active 9 _m ways4 ,_m in/9ctive p]=mances1 z ,d>w9 po9t$ out 7,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition71 page #bjf471 are s]ial 9 _! nature4 ,b ! :ole ( active life is a s]ial & coord9at$ bus9ess4 ,! p>ticul> in/9ctive p]=mance is only an episode 9 a life-hi/ory1 & e mode ( behavi\r is m or less closely correlat$ ) o!r modes4 ,?is coord9ation ( behavi\r is accompani$ by a correlation ( ! modes ( prim>y exp]i5ce4 ,we may classify ! in/9ctive modes ( behavi\r & _! accompany+ modes ( in/9ctive exp]i5ce "u z _m heads z may be conv5i5t = our purposes ( int]pretation1 & label !m in/9cts ( self-pres]vation1 ( pugnacity1 ( acquisition1 ! reproductive in/9cts1 ! p>5tal in/9cts1 & s =?4 ,an in/9ct1 9 ?is s5se ( ! t]m 7= example ! p>5tal in/9ct71 may be describ$ z a specialis$ "p ( ! prim>y tissue ( exp]i5ce diff]5tiat$ 9 relation to "s def9ite biological end4 ,"u su* an in/9ct w fall a l>ge numb] ( p>ticul> & (t5 well-def9$ modes ( behavi\r1 ea* ) its own peculi> mode ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is no d\bt exce$+ly difficult z a matt] ( obs]vation & ( inf]5ce securely bas$ !reon to di/+ui% :at is prim>y f :at is 9 "p due to second>y acquisition--a fact :i* ,d>w9 fully appreciat$4 ,animals are educable 9 diff]5t degrees2 b :]e !y are educable !y beg9 to pr(it by exp]i5ce f ! fir/4 ,only1 !re=e1 on ! occasion ( ! fir/ in/9ctive act ( a giv5 type c ! exp]i5ce ga9$ be weigh$ z ,,:olly prim>y2 all subsequ5t p]=mance is liable to be 9 "s degree1 sometimes m1 sometimes less1 modifi$ by ! acquir$ disposition :i* ! initial behavi\r eng5d]s4 ,b ! e>ly /ages ( acquisition are always along ! l9es pr$et]m9$ by in/9ctive diff]5tiation4 ,x is ! task ( comp>ative psy*ology to di/+ui% ! prim>y tissue ( exp]i5ce f its second>y & acquir$ modifications4 ,we _c foll[ up ! matt] 9 fur!r detail4 ,x mu/ "h suffice to sugge/ t ?is conception ( in/9ct z a prim>y =m ( exp]i5ce l5ds itself bett] to natural hi/ory treatm5t ?an ,d>w9's conception ( an impell+ =ce1 & t x is 9 l9e ) ! ma9 tr5d ( ,d>w9's ?\ght4 ,9 a *>act]i/ic "w1--*>act]i/ic 9 weal? ( detail1 9 clos5ess & fidelity ( obs]vation1 9 bread? ( outlook1 9 c&\r & mode/y1--,d>w9 dealt ) ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals4 ,sir ,*>les ,bell 9 8 ,anatomy ( ,expression _h cont5d$ t _m ( man's facial muscles _h be5 specially creat$ = ! sole purpose ( be+ in/rum5tal 9 ! expression ( 8 emotions4 ,d>w9 claim$ t a natural explanation1 consi/5t ) ! doctr9e ( evolution1 c\ld 9 _m cases be giv5 & w\ld 9 o!r cases be af=d$ by an ext5sion ( ! pr9ciples he advocat$4 ,no d\bt1 he said 7,expression ( ! ,emotions1 page #ac4 ,! passage is "h some:at cond5s$471 z long z man & all o!r animals are view$ z indep5d5t creations1 an effectual /op is put to our natural desire to inve/igate z f> z possible ! causes ( ,expression4 ,by ?is doctr9e1 any?+ & ev]y?+ c be equally well expla9$444 ,) mank9d1 "s expressions444 c h>dly be und]/ood1 except on ! belief t man once exi/$ 9 a mu* l[] & animal-l condition4 ,! community ( c]ta9 expressions 9 di/9ct ?\gh alli$ species444 is r5d]$ some:at m intelligible1 if we believe 9 _! desc5t f a common prog5itor4 ,he :o admits on g5]al gr\nds t ! /ructure & habits ( all animals h be5 gradually evolv$1 w look at ! :ole subject ( ,expression 9 a new & int]e/+ light4 ,d>w9 reli$ on ?ree pr9ciples ( explanation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! pr9ciples is1 t movem5ts :i* are s]viceable 9 gratify+ "s desire1 or 9 reliev+ "s s5sation1 if (t5 repeat$1 become s habitual t !y are p]=m$1 :e!r or n ( any s]vice1 :5ev] ! same desire or s5sation is felt1 ev5 9 a v weak degree4 7,ibid4 page #cfh47 ,! modes ( expression :i* fall "u ?is head h become in/9ctive ?r\gh ! h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ habit4 ,z f> z we c judge1 only a few expressive movem5ts are le>nt by ea* individual2 t is1 7 consci\sly & volunt>ily p]=m$ dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( life = "s def9ite object1 or 9 imitation ( o!rs1 & !n became habitual4 ,! f> great] numb] ( ! movem5ts ( expression1 & all ! m important ones1 are innate or inh]it$2 & su* _c be said to dep5d on ! w ( ! individual4 ,nev]!less1 all ^? includ$ "u our fir/ pr9ciple 7 at fir/ volunt>ily p]=m$ = a def9ite object1--namely1 to escape "s dang]1 to relieve "s di/ress1 or to gratify "s desire4 7,ibid4 pages #cgc1 #cgd47 ,our second pr9ciple is t ( anti!sis4 ,! habit ( volunt>ily p]=m+ opposite movem5ts "u opposite impulses has become firmly e/abli%$ 9 u by ! practice ( our :ole lives4 ,h5ce1 if c]ta9 actions h be5 regul>ly p]=m$1 9 accordance ) our fir/ pr9ciple1 "u a c]ta9 frame ( m9d1 !re w be a /rong & involunt>y t5d5cy to ! p]=mance ( directly opposite actions1 :e!r or n ^! are ( any use1 "u ! excitem5t ( an opposite frame ( m9d4 7,expression ( ! ,emotions1 page #cfh47 ,?is pr9ciple ( anti!sis has n be5 widely accept$4 ,nor is ,d>w9's own position easy to grasp4 ,our ?ird pr9ciple1 he says 7,ibid4 page #cfi471 is ! direct action ( ! excit$ n]v\s sy/em on ! body1 indep5d5tly ( ! w1 & indep5d5tly1 9 l>ge "p1 ( habit4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t n]ve-=ce is g5]at$ & set free :5ev] ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em is excit$4 ,! direction :i* ?is n]ve-=ce foll[s is necess>ily det]m9$ by ! l9es ( connection betwe5 ! n]ve-cells1 ) ea* o!r & ) v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,lack ( space prev5ts our foll[+ up ! details ( ,d>w9's treatm5t ( expression4 ,:e!r we accept or d n accept 8 ?ree pr9ciples ( explanation we mu/ reg>d 8 "w z a ma/]piece ( descriptive analysis1 pack$ full ( obs]vations possess+ la/+ value4 ,= a fur!r developm5t ( ! subject x is ess5tial t ! in/9ctive factors 9 expression %\ld be m fully di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* are individually acquir$--a difficult task--& t ! in/9ctive factors %\ld be r$iscuss$ 9 ! light ( mod]n doctr9es ( h]$ity1 ) a view to det]m9+ :e!r ,lam>ckian inh]itance1 on :i* ,d>w9 s l>gely reli$1 is necess>y = an int]pretation ( ! facts4 ,! :ole subject z ,d>w9 realis$ is v complex4 ,ev5 ! t]m expression has a c]ta9 am\nt ( ambiguity4 ,:5 ! emotion is 9 full flood ! animal fights1 flees1 or fa9ts4 ,is ?is full-tide effect to be reg>d$ z expression2 or are we to re/rict ! t]m to ! premonitory or residual effects--! b>$ can9e :5 ! fight+ mood is be+ r\s$1 ! ruffl$ fur :5 rem9isc5t repres5tations ( ! object induc+ ang] cross ! m9d8 ,broadly consid]$ bo? %\ld be includ$4 ,! activity ( premonitory expression z a means ( communication 0 recognis$ by ,d>w92 he might1 p]haps1 h emphasis$ x m /rongly 9 deal+ ) ! l[] animals4 ,man s l>gely relies on a special means ( communication1 t ( language1 t he sometimes fails to realise t = animals ) _! ke5 p[]s ( p]ception1 & dep5d5t z !y are on su* means ( communication1 ! m /rictly biological means ( expression are full ( subtle sugge/iv5ess4 ,_m modes ( expression1 o!rwise useless1 are signs ( behavi\r t may be anticipat$1--signs :i* /imulate ! appropriate attitude ( response4 ,?is w\ld n1 h[ev]1 s]ve to acc\nt = ! utility ( ! organic accompanim5ts--he>t-affection1 respiratory *anges1 vaso-motor effects & s =?1 toge!r ) height5$ muscul> tone1--on all ( :i* ,d>w9 lays /ress 7,expression ( ! ,emotions1 pages #fe ff47 "u 8 ?ird pr9ciple4 ,! biological value ( all ?is is1 h[ev]1 ( great importance1 ?\gh ,d>w9 0 h>dly 9 a position to take x fully into acc\nt4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! in/9ctive & h]$it>y factors ( emotional expression we may ask :e!r ,d>w9's ?ird pr9ciple does n alone suffice z an explanation4 ,:e!r we admit or reject ,lam>ckian inh]itance x w\ld appe> t all h]$it>y expression mu/ be due to pre-e/abli%$ connections )9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em & to a transmitt$ provision = coord9at$ response "u ! appropriate /imulation4 ,if ?is be s1 ,d>w9's fir/ & second pr9ciples are subord9ate & ancill>y to ! ?ird1 an expression1 s f> z x is in/9ctive or h]$it>y1 be+ ! direct result ( ! con/itution ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,d>w9 accept$ ! emotions !mselves z h]$it>y or acquir$ /ates ( m9d & devot$ 8 att5tion to _! expression4 ,b ^! emotions !mselves are g5etic products & z su* dep5d5t on organic conditions4 ,x rema9$1 !re=e1 = psy*ologi/s :o accept$ evolution & s\ght to build on biological f\ndations to trace ! g5esis ( ^! modes ( animal & human exp]i5ce4 ,! subject has be5 indep5d5tly develop$ by ,pr(essors ,lange & ,james 7,cf4 ,william ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,*ap4 ,,xxv1 ,london1 #ahij472 & "s modification ( _! view is reg>d$ by _m evolutioni/s z af=d+ ! be/ explanation ( ! facts4 ,we mu/ fix our att5tion on ! l[] emotions1 su* z ang] or fe>1 & on _! fir/ occurr5ce 9 ! life ( ! individual organism4 ,x is a matt] ( obs]vation t if a gr\p ( "y birds :i* h be5 hat*$ 9 an incubator are fright5$ by an appropriate pres5tation1 auditory or visual1 !y in/9ctively respond 9 special ways4 ,if we speak ( ?is response z ! expression1 we f9d t !re are _m factors4 ,!re are c]ta9 visible modes ( behavi\r1 cr\*+ at once1 scatt]+ & !n cr\*+1 rema9+ motionless1 ! brac$ muscles su/a9+ an attitude ( arre/1 & s =?4 ,!re are also c]ta9 visc]al or organic effects1 su* z affections ( ! he>t & respiration4 ,^! c be readily obs]v$ by tak+ ! "y bird 9 ! h&4 ,o!r effects _c be readily obs]v$2 vaso-motor *anges1 affections ( ! alim5t>y canal1 ! sk9 & s =?4 ,n[ ! ess5ce ( ! ,james-,lange view1 z appli$ to ^! cong5ital effects1 is t ?\gh we are ju/ifi$ 9 speak+ ( !m z effects ( ! /imulation1 we are n ju/ifi$1 )\t fur!r evid5ce1 9 speak+ ( !m z effects ( ! emotional /ate4 ,may x n r be t ! emotion z a prim>y mode ( exp]i5ce is ! concomitant ( ! net result ( ! organic situation--! initial pres5tation1 ! in/9ctive mode ( behavi\r1 ! visc]al di/urbances8 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation ! prim>y tissue ( exp]i5ce ( ! emotional ord]1 felt z an unanalys$ complex1 is g5]at$ by ! /imulation ( ! s5sorium by aff]5t or incom+ physiological impulses f ! special s5ses1 f ! organs conc]n$ 9 ! responsive behavi\r1 f ! visc]a & vaso-motor sy/em4 ,"s psy*ologi/s1 h[ev]1 cont5d t ! emotional exp]i5ce is g5]at$ 9 ! s5sorium prior to1 & n subsequ5t to1 ! behavi\r-response & ! visc]al di/urbances4 ,x is a direct & n an indirect outcome ( ! pres5tation to ! special s5ses4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to br+ into ! close/ possible relation1 or ev5 to id5tify1 in/9ct & emotion 9 _! prim>y g5esis4 ,! c5tral core ( all su* int]pretations is t in/9ctive behavi\r & exp]i5ce1 its emotional accompanim5ts1 & its expression1 are b diff]5t aspects ( ! outcome ( ! same organic occurr5ces4 ,su* emotions are1 !re=e1 only a di/+ui%able aspect ( ! prim>y tissue ( exp]i5ce & exhibit a l diff]5tiation4 ,"h aga9 a biological f\ndation is laid = a psy*ological doctr9e ( ! m5tal developm5t ( ! individual4 ,! intimate relation betwe5 emotion z a psy*ological mode ( exp]i5ce & expression z a gr\p ( organic conditions has an important be>+ on biological int]pretation4 ,! emotion1 z ! psy*ological accompanim5t ( ord]ly di/urbances 9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em pr(\ndly influ5ces behavi\r & (t5 r5d]s x m vigor\s & m effective4 ,! utility ( ! emotions 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce c1 !re=e1 sc>cely be ov]-e/imat$4 ,j z ke5ness ( p]ception has survival-value2 j z x is obvi\sly subject to v>iation2 j z x mu/ be enhanc$ "u natural selection1 :e!r individually acquir$ increm5ts are inh]it$ or n2 & j z its value lies n only 9 ?is or t special p]ceptive act b 9 its importance = life z a :ole2 s ! vigor\s effectiv5ess ( activity has survival-value2 x is subject to v>iation2 x mu/ be enhanc$ "u natural selection2 & its importance lies n only 9 p>ticul> modes ( behavi\r b 9 its value = life z a :ole4 ,if emotion & its expression z a cong5ital end[m5t are b diff]5t aspects ( ! same biological occurr5ce2 & if ?is is a p[]ful supplem5t to vig\r effectiv5ess & p]si/5cy ( behavi\r1 x mu/ on ,d>w9's pr9ciples be subject to natural selection4 ,if we include "u ! expression ( ! emotions n only ! premonitory symptoms ( ! initial phases ( ! organic & m5tal /ate1 n only ! signs or conditions ( half-tide emotion1 b ! full-tide manife/ation ( an emotion :i* dom9ates ! situation1 we are naturally l$ on to ! consid]ation ( _m ( ! ph5om5a :i* are discuss$ "u ! head ( sexual selection4 ,! subject is difficult & complex1 & x 0 treat$ by ,d>w9 ) all ! /r5g? he c\ld summon to ! task4 ,x c only be dealt ) "h f a special po9t ( view--t :i* may s]ve to illu/rate ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 m5tal factors on ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,f ?is po9t ( view too mu* /ress c sc>cely be laid on ! dom9ance ( emotion dur+ ! p]iod ( c\rt%ip & pair+ 9 ! m highly organis$ animals4 ,x is a p]iod ( maximum vig\r1 maximum activity1 &1 correlat$ ) special modes ( behavi\r & special organic & visc]al accompanim5ts1 a p]iod also ( maximum emotional excitem5t4 ,! combats ( males1 _! dances & a]ial evolutions1 _! elaborate behavi\r & display1 or ! flood ( song 9 birds1 are emotional expressions :i* are at any rate co9cid5t 9 "t ) sexual p]iodicity4 ,f ! combat ( ! males !re foll[s on ,d>w9's pr9ciples ! elim9ation ( ^? :i* are defici5t 9 bodily vig\r1 defici5t 9 special /ructures1 (f5sive or protective1 :i* contribute to success1 defici5t 9 ! emotional supplem5t ( :i* p]si/5t & :ole-he>t$ fight+ is ! expression1 & defici5t 9 al]tness & skill :i* are ! outcome ( ! psy*ological developm5t ( ! p[]s ( p]ception4 ,few biologi/s "q t we h "h a mode ( selection ( mu* importance1 ?\gh its influ5ce on psy*ological evolution (t5 fails to receive its due emphasis4 ,mr ,wallace 7,d>w9ism1 pages #bhb1 #bhc1 ,london1 #ahhi47 reg>ds x z a =m ( natural selection2 to x1 he says1 we mu/ impute ! developm5t ( ! exceptional /r5g?1 size1 & activity ( ! male1 toge!r ) ! possession ( special (f5sive & def5sive weapons1 & ( all o!r *>act]s :i* arise f ! developm5t ( ^! or are correlat$ ) !m4 ,s f> !re is little disagreem5t among ! foll[]s ( ,d>w9--= ,mr ,wallace1 ) f9e magnanimity1 has always pref]r$ to be rank$ z su*1 not)/&+ 8 "r1 on :i* a small] man w\ld h con/antly insi/$1 to ! claim ( indep5d5t orig9ator ( ! doctr9e ( natural selection4 ,s f> ) reg>d to sexual selection ,d>w9 & ,mr ,wallace are agre$2 s f> & no f>!r4 ,= ,d>w91 says ,mr ,wallace 7,ibid4 page #bhc471 has ext5d$ ! pr9ciple into a totally diff]5t field ( action1 :i* has none ( t "* ( con/ancy & ( inevitable result t atta*es to natural selection1 includ+ male rivalry2 = by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! ph5om5a1 :i* he endeav\rs to expla9 by ! direct action ( sexual selection1 c only be s expla9$ on ! hypo!sis t ! imm$iate ag5cy is female *oice or pref]5ce4 ,x is to ?is t he imputes ! orig9 ( all second>y sexual *>act]s o!r ?an weapons ( (f5ce & def5ce444 ,9 ?is ext5sion ( sexual selection to include ! action ( female *oice or pref]5ce1 & 9 ! attempt to give to t *oice su* wide-rea*+ effects1 ,i am unable to foll[ him m ?an a v little way4 ,into ! details ( ,mr ,wallace's criticisms x is impossible to ent] "h4 ,we _c discuss ei!r ! mode ( orig9 ( ! v>iations 9 /ructure :i* h r5d]$ second>y sexual *>act]s possible or ! modes ( selection o!r ?an sexual :i* h r5d]$ !m1 )9 n>r[ limits1 specifically con/ant4 ,m5delism & mutation !ories may h some?+ to say on ! subject :5 ^! !ories h be5 m fully correlat$ ) ! basal pr9ciples ( selection4 ,x is notewor?y t ,mr ,wallace says 7,d>w9ism1 pages #bhc1 #bhd473 ,besides ! acquisition ( weapons by ! male = ! purpose ( fight+ ) o!r males1 !re are "s o!r sexual *>act]s :i* may h be5 produc$ by natural selection4 ,su* are ! v>i\s s\nds & od\rs :i* are peculi> to ! male1 & :i* s]ve z a call to ! female or z an indication ( 8 pres5ce4 ,^! are evid5tly a valuable addition to ! means ( recognition ( ! two sexes1 & are a fur!r indication t ! pair+ season has arriv$2 & ! production1 int5sification1 & diff]5tiation ( ^! s\nds & od\rs are cle>ly )9 ! p[] ( natural selection4 ,! same rem>k w apply to ! peculi> calls ( birds1 & ev5 to ! s++ ( ! males4 ,:y ! same rem>k %\ld n apply to _! col\rs & adornm5ts is n obvi\s4 ,:at is obvi\s is t means ( recognition & indication t ! pair+ season has arriv$ are dep5d5t on ! p]ceptive p[]s ( ! female :o recognises & = :om ! indication has mean+4 ,! hypo!sis ( female pref]5ce1 /ripp$ ( ! ae/hetic surplusage :i* is psy*ologically bo? unnecess>y & unprov51 is really only diff]5t 9 degree f t :i* ,mr ,wallace admits 9 pr9ciple :5 he says t x is probable t ! female is pleas$ or excit$ by ! display4 ,let u = our pres5t purpose leave on "o side & reg>d z sub judice ! "q :e!r ! specific details ( second>y sexual *>act]s are ! outcome ( female *oice4 ,= u ! "q is :e!r c]ta9 psy*ological accompanim5ts ( ! pair+ situation h influ5c$ ! c\rse ( evolution & :e!r ^! psy*ological accompanim5ts are !mselves ! outcome ( evolution4 ,z a matt] ( obs]vation1 specially diff]5tiat$ modes ( behavi\r1 (t5 v elaborate1 frequ5tly requir+ highly develop$ skill1 & app>5tly highly *>g$ ) emotional tone1 are ! precursors ( pair+4 ,!y are g5]ally conf9$ to ! males1 ^: fi]ce combats dur+ ! p]iod ( sexual activity are "p ( ! emotional manife/ation4 ,x is inconceivable t !y h no biological mean+2 & x is difficult to conceive t !y h any o!r biological end ?an to evoke 9 ! g5]ally m passive female ! pair+ impulse4 ,!y are bas$ on in/9ctive f\ndations +ra9$ 9 ! n]v\s con/itution ?r\gh natural 7or may we n say sexual87 selection 9 virtue ( _! pr(\nd utility4 ,!y are call$ into play by a specialis$ pres5tation su* z ! sight or ! sc5t ( ! female at1 or a little 9 advance (1 a critical p]iod ( ! physiological rhy?m4 ,!re is no necessity t ! male %\ld h any k ( ! end to :i* 8 /r5u\s activity leads up4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! female !re is an elaborate application ( all ! en]gies ( behavi\r1 j because ages ( racial prep>ation h made him biologically & emotionally :at he is--a functionally sexual male t mu/ dance or s+ or g ?r\gh h]$it>y movem5ts ( display1 :5 ! appropriate /imulation comes4 ,( c\rse aft] ! fir/ successful c\rt%ip 8 future behavi\r w be 9 "s degree modifi$ by 8 previ\s exp]i5ce4 ,no d\bt dur+ 8 fir/ c\rt%ip he is ga9+ ! prim>y data ( a peculi>ly ri* exp]i5ce1 in/9ctive & emotional4 ,b ! biological f\ndations ( ! behavi\r ( c\rt%ip are laid 9 ! h]$it>y coord9ations4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 "s cases1 n inde$ 9 all1 b p]haps especially 9 ^? cases 9 :i* second>y sexual behavi\r is mo/ highly evolv$1--correlative ) ! ard\r ( ! male is a c]ta9 am\nt ( reluctance 9 ! female4 ,! pair+ act on h] "p only takes place aft] prolong$ /imulation1 = af=d+ :i* ! behavi\r ( male c\rt%ip is ! requisite pres5tation4 ,! mo/ vigor\s1 defiant & mettlesome male is pref]r$ j because he alone af=ds a contributory /imulation adequate to evoke ! pair+ impulse ) its att5dant emotional tone4 ,x is true t ?is places female pref]5ce or *oice on a mu* l[] psy*ological plane ?an ,d>w9 9 "s passages seems to contemplate :]e1 = example1 he says t ! female appreciates ! display ( ! male & places to h] cr$it a ta/e = ! beautiful4 ,b ,d>w9 himself di/9ctly /ates 7,desc5t ( ,man 7#bnd edition71 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pages #acf1 #acg2 7,popul> edition71 pages #fdb1 #fdc47 t x is n probable t %e consci\sly delib]ates2 b %e is mo/ excit$ or attract$ by ! mo/ beautiful1 or melodi\s1 or gallant males4 ,! view "h put =w>d1 :i* has be5 develop$ by ,pr(4 ,groos 7,! ,play ( ,animals1 page #bdd1 ,london1 #ahih471 !re=e seems to h ,d>w9's own sanction4 ,! ph5om5a are n only biological2 !re are psy*ological elem5ts z well4 ,"o c h>dly suppose t ! female is unconsci\s ( ! male's pres5ce2 ! f9al yield+ mu/ surely be accompani$ by height5$ emotional tone4 ,:e!r we call x *oice or n is m]ely a matt] ( def9ition ( t]ms4 ,! behavi\r is 9 "p det]m9$ by supplem5t>y psy*ological values4 ,pr(4 ,groos reg>ds ! coyness ( females z a mo/ effici5t means ( prev5t+ ! too e>ly & too frequ5t yield+ to ! sexual impulse4 7,ibid4 page #bhc47 ,be t z x may1 x is1 9 any case1 if we grant ! facts1 a means ?r\gh :i* male sexual behavi\r ) all its biological & psy*ological implications1 is rais$ to a level o!rwise p]haps unatta9able by natural means1 :ile 9 ! female x af=ds opportunities = ! developm5t 9 ! individual & evolution 9 ! race ( :at we may foll[ ,d>w9 9 call+ appreciation1 if we empty ?is ^w ( ! ae/hetic implications :i* h ga!r$ r\nd x 9 ! m5tal life ( man4 ,reg>d$ f ?is /&po9t sexual selection1 broadly consid]$1 has probably be5 ( great importance4 ,! psy*ological accompanim5ts ( ! pair+ situation h pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! c\rse ( biological evolution & are !mselves ! outcome ( t evolution4 ,d>w9 makes only pass+ ref]5ce to ^? modes ( behavi\r 9 animals :i* g by ! "n ( play4 ,no?+1 he says 7,desc5t ( ,man1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #fj2 7,popul> edition71 page #eff471 is m common ?an = animals to take pleasure 9 practis+ :atev] in/9ct !y foll[ at o!r times = "s real good4 ,?is is "o ( ! v num]\s cases 9 :i* a h9t ( ! ma/] has s]v$ to /imulate rese>* 9 8 disciples4 ,x 0 left to ,pr(4 ,groos to develop ?is subject on evolution>y l9es & to elaborate 9 a ma/]ly mann] ,d>w9's sugge/ion4 ,! utility ( play1 he says 7,! ,play ( ,animals1 page #gf471 is incalculable4 ,?is utility consi/s 9 ! practice & ex]cise x af=ds = "s ( ! m important duties ( life1--t is to say1 = ! p]=mance ( activities :i* w 9 adult life be ess5tial to survival4 ,he urges 7,ibid4 page #ge47 t ! play ( "y animals has its orig9 9 ! fact t c]ta9 v important in/9cts appe> at a "t :5 ! animal does n s]i\sly ne$ !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 que/ionable :e!r any in/9cts appe> at a "t :5 !y are n ne$$4 ,& x is que/ionable :e!r ! in/9ctive & emotional attitude ( ! play-fight1 to take "o example1 c be id5tifi$ ) ^? :i* accompany fight+ 9 e>ne/1 ?\gh no d\bt !y are closely relat$ & h "s common factors4 ,x is probable t play1 z prep>atory behavi\r1 diff]s 9 biological detail 7z x almo/ c]ta9ly does 9 emotional attributes7 f ! e>ne/ ( aft]-life & t x has be5 evolv$ ?r\gh diff]5tiation & integration ( ! prim>y tissue ( exp]i5ce1 z a prep>ation ?r\gh :i* c]ta9 ess5tial modes ( skill may be acquir$--^? animals 9 :i* ! prep>atory play-prop5sity 0 n inh]it$ 9 due =ce & requisite am\nt be+ subsequ5tly elim9at$ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 any case !re is little "q t ,pr(4 ,groos is "r 9 bas+ ! play-prop5sity on in/9ctive f\ndations4 7,! ,play ( ,animals page #bd47 ,none ! less1 z he cont5ds1 ! ess5tial biological value ( play is t x is a means ( tra9+ ! educable n]ve-tissue1 ( develop+ t "p ( ! bra9 :i* is modifi$ by exp]i5ce & :i* ?us acquires new *>act]s1 ( elaborat+ ! second>y tissue ( exp]i5ce on ! pr$et]m9$ l9es ( in/9ctive diff]5tiation & ?us fur!r+ ! psy*ological activities :i* are includ$ "u ! compreh5sive t]m intellig5t4 ,9 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man ,d>w9 dealt at "s l5g? ) intellig5ce & ! high] m5tal faculties4 7,desc5t ( ,man 7#a/ edition71 ,*apt]s ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,v2 7#bnd edition71 ,*apt]s ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,v47 ,8 object1 he says1 is to %[ t !re is no fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! high] mammals 9 _! m5tal faculties2 t ^! faculties are v>iable & ! v>iations t5d to be inh]it$2 & t "u natural selection b5eficial v>iations ( all k9ds w h be5 pres]v$ & injuri\s ones elim9at$4 ,d>w9 0 too good an obs]v] & too hone/ a man to m9imise ! enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! level ( m5tal atta9m5t ( civilis$ man & t rea*$ by any animal4 ,8 cont5tion 0 t ! diff]5ce1 great z x is1 is "o ( degree & n ( k9d4 ,he realis$ t1 9 ! developm5t ( ! m5tal faculties ( man1 new factors 9 evolution h sup]v5$--factors :i* play b a subord9ate & subsidi>y "p 9 animal intellig5ce4 ,int]communication by means ( language1 approbation & blame1 & all t arises out ( reflective ?\ght1 are b =e%ad[$ 9 ! m5tal life ( animals4 ,/ill he cont5ds t ^! may be expla9$ on ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,he urges 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,i4 pages #gj1 #ga2 7,popul> edition71 pages #gj1 #ga47 t man is v>iable 9 body & m9d2 & t ! v>iations are induc$1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 by ! same g5]al causes1 & obey ! same g5]al laws1 z ) ! l[] animals4 ,he correlates m5tal developm5t ) ! evolution ( ! bra94 7,ibid4 page #ha47 ,z ! v>i\s m5tal faculties gradually develop$ !mselves1 ! bra9 w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly become l>g]4 ,no "o1 ,i presume1 d\bts t ! l>ge proportion :i* ! size ( man's bra9 be>s to 8 body1 comp>$ to ! same proportion 9 ! gorilla or orang1 is closely connect$ ) 8 high] m5tal p[]s4 ,) respect to ! l[] animals1 he says 7,desc5t ( ,man 7,popul> edition71 page #hb471 ,m4,e4 ,l>tet 7,comptes ,r5dus des ,sci5ces1 ,june #a1 #ahfh471 by comp>+ ! crania ( t]ti>y & rec5t mammals belong+ to ! same gr\ps1 has come to ! rem>kable conclusion t ! bra9 is g5]ally l>g] & ! convolutions are m complex 9 ! m rec5t =m4 ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/] has s\ght to express 9 ! simple/ t]ms ! implications ( ! increase 9 size ( ! c]ebrum4 ,9 :at1 he asks1 does ! advantage ( a l>g] c]ebral mass consi/8 ,man1 he replies is born ) few] ready-made tricks ( ! n]ve-c5tres--^! p]=mances ( an inh]it$ n]v\s me*anism s (t5 call$ by ! ill-def9$ t]m 'in/9cts'--?an are ! monkeys or any o!r animal4 ,correlat$ ) ! abs5ce ( inh]it$ ready-made me*anism1 man has a great] capacity ( develop+ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 individual gr[? simil> n]v\s me*anisms 7simil> to b n id5tical ) ^? ( 'in/9ct'7 ?an any o!r animal444 ,! p[] ( be+ educat$--'educability' z we may t]m x--is :at man possesses 9 excess z comp>$ ) ! apes4 ,i ?9k we are ju/ifi$ 9 =m+ ! hypo!sis t x is ?is 'educability' :i* is ! correlative ( ! increas$ size ( ! c]ebrum4 ,!re has be5 natural selection ( ! m educable animals1 = ! "* :i* we describe z 'educability' c be transmitt$1 x is a cong5ital "*4 ,b ! ,,results ( education c ,,n be transmitt$4 ,9 ea* g5]ation !y h to be acquir$ afre%1 & ) increas$ 'educability' !y are m readily acquir$ & a l>g] v>iety ( !m444 ,! fact is t !re is no community betwe5 ! me*anisms ( in/9ct & ! me*anisms ( intellig5ce1 & t ! latt] are lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( ! bra9 ?an ! =m] & c only develop 9 proportion z ! =m] become feeble & defective4 7,nature1 ,vol4 ,,lxi4 pages #fbd1 #fbe 7#aijj747 ,9 ?is /atem5t we h a good example ( ! fur!r developm5t ( views :i* ,d>w9 =e%ad[$ b did n ?or\ghly "w out4 ,x /ates ! biological case cle>ly & t]sely4 ,pla/icity ( behavi\r 9 special accommodation to special circum/ances is ( survival value2 x dep5ds ^u acquir$ *>act]s2 x is correlat$ ) increase 9 size & complexity ( ! c]ebrum2 "u natural selection !re=e ! l>g] & m complex c]ebrum z ! organ ( pla/ic behavi\r has be5 ! outcome ( natural selection4 ,we h ?us ! biological f\ndations = a fur!r developm5t ( g5etic psy*ology4 ,!re are div]sities ( op9ion1 z ,d>w9 %[$1 ) reg>d to ! range ( in/9ct 9 man & ! high] animals z contra/$ ) l[] types4 ,d>w9 himself said 7,desc5t ( ,man1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #ajj47 t ,man1 p]haps1 has some:at few] in/9cts ?an ^? possess$ by ! animals :i* come next to him 9 ! s]ies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,james says 7,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bhi47 t man is probably ! animal ) mo/ in/9cts4 ,! true position is t man & ! high] animals h few] complete & self-suffic+ in/9cts ?an ^? :i* /& l[] 9 ! scale ( m5tal evolution1 b t !y h an equally l>ge or p]haps l>g] mass ( in/9ctive raw mat]ial :i* may furni% ! /uff to be elaborat$ by intellig5t processes4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 a great] abundance ( ! prim>y tissue ( exp]i5ce to be refa%ion$ & integrat$ by second>y modification2 !re is probably ! same diff]5tiation 9 relation to ! det]m9+ biological ends1 b !re is at ! outset less diff]5tiation ( ! p>ticul> & specific modes ( behavi\r4 ,! specialis$ in/9ctive p]=mances & _! concomitant exp]i5ce-complexes are at ! outset m indef9ite4 ,only ?r\gh acquir$ connections1 correlat$ ) exp]i5ce1 d !y become def9itely organis$4 ,! full work+-out ( ! delicate & subtle relation%ip ( in/9ct & educability--t is1 ( ! h]$it>y & ! acquir$ factors 9 ! m5tal life--is ! task :i* lies be=e g5etic & comp>ative psy*ology4 ,!y int]act ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( life1 & _! int]actions are v complex4 ,no "o c read ! *apt]s ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man :i* ,d>w9 devotes to a consid]ation ( ! m5tal *>act]s ( man & animals )\t notic+1 on ! "o h&1 h[ s$ul\s he is 9 8 se>* = h]$it>y f\ndations1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ fully he realises ! importance ( acquir$ habits ( m9d4 ,! fact t educability itself has innate t5d5cies--is 9 fact a p>tially diff]5tiat$ educability--r5d]s ! unravell+ ( ! factors ( m5tal progress all ! m difficult4 ,9 8 comp>ison ( ! m5tal p[]s ( m5 & animals x 0 ess5tial t ,d>w9 %\ld lay /ress on po9ts ( simil>ity r ?an on po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,seek+ to e/abli% a doctr9e ( evolution1 ) its basal concept ( cont9uity ( process & community ( "*1 he 0 b\nd to r5d] cle> & to emphasise ! cont5tion t ! diff]5ce 9 m9d betwe5 man & ! high] animals1 great z x is1 is "o ( degree & n ( k9d4 ,to ?is end ,d>w9 n only record$ a l>ge numb] ( valuable obs]vations ( 8 own1 & collect$ a consid]able body ( in=mation f reliable s\rces1 he pres5t$ ! :ole subject 9 a new light & %[$ t a natural hi/ory ( m9d might be writt5 & t ?is me?od ( /udy (f]$ a wide & ri* field = inve/igation4 ,( c\rse ^? :o reg>d$ ! /udy ( m9d only z a bran* ( metaphysics smil$ at ! philosophical ineptitude ( ! m]e man ( sci5ce4 ,b ! inve/igation1 on natural hi/ory l9es1 has be5 prosecut$ ) a l>ge measure ( success4 ,mu* inde$ /ill rema9s to be done2 = special tra9+ is requir$1 & ! work]s are /ill few4 ,promise = ! future is h[ev] af=d$ by ! fact t inve/igation is prosecut$ on exp]im5tal l9es & t some?+ l organis$ me?ods ( rese>* are tak+ =m4 ,!re is n[ b little reliance on casual obs]vations record$ by ^? :o h n und]gone ! necess>y discipl9e 9 ^! me?ods4 ,!re is also "s *ange ( emphasis 9 =mulat+ conclusions4 ,n[ t ! g5]al evolution>y !sis is fully & freely accept$ by ^? :o c>ry on su* rese>*es1 m /ress is laid on ! diff]5tiation ( ! /ages ( evolution>y advance ?an on ! fact ( _! und]ly+ community ( nature4 ,! conceptual intellig5ce :i* is especially *>act]i/ic ( ! high] m5tal proc$ure ( man is m firmly di/+ui%$ f ! p]ceptual intellig5ce :i* he %>es ) ! l[] animals--di/+ui%$ n[ z a high] product ( evolution1 no long] z diff]+ 9 orig9 or diff]5t 9 k9d4 ,"s progress has be5 made1 on ! "o h& 9 r5d]+ an acc\nt ( intellig5t pr(it+ by exp]i5ce "u ! guidance ( pleasure & pa9 9 ! p]ceptual field1 on l9es pr$et]m9$ by in/9ctive diff]5tiation = biological ends1 & on ! o!r h& 9 elucidat+ ! me?od ( conceptual ?\ght employ$1 = example1 by ! inve/igator himself 9 int]pret+ ! p]ceptual exp]i5ce ( ! l[] animals4 ,?us !re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to realise m fully t !re are two ord]s ( educability--fir/ an educability ( ! p]ceptual intellig5ce bas$ on ! biological f\ndation ( in/9ct1 & secondly an educability ( ! conceptual intellig5ce :i* refa%ions & re>ranges ! data af=d$ by previ\s inh]itance & acquisition4 ,x is 9 relation to ?is second & high] ord] ( educability t ! c]ebrum ( man %[s s l>ge an increase ( mass & a yet l>g] increase ( effective surface ?r\gh its ri* convolutions4 ,x is ?r\gh educability ( ?is ord] t ! human *ild is br\ght intellectually & affectively into t\* ) ! ideal con/ructions by means ( :i* man has endeav\r$1 ) m or less success1 to rea* an int]pretation ( nature1 & to guide ! c\rse ( ! fur!r evolution ( 8 race--ideal con/ructions :i* =m "p ( man's environm5t4 ,x =m$ no "p ( ,d>w9's purpose to consid]1 save 9 broad outl9e1 ! me?ods1 or to discuss 9 any fulness ( detail ! results ( ! process by :i* a diff]5tiation ( ! m5tal faculties ( man f ^? ( ! l[] animals has be5 br\ght ab\t--a diff]5tiation ! exi/5ce ( :i* he aga9 & aga9 ackn[l$ges4 ,8 purpose 0 r to %[ t1 not)/&+ ?is diff]5tiation1 !re is basal community 9 k9d4 ,?is mu/ be rememb]$ 9 consid]+ 8 treatm5t ( ! biological f\ndations on :i* man's sy/ems ( e?ics are built4 ,he def9itely /at$ t he approa*$ ! subject exclusively f ! side ( natural hi/ory4 7,desc5t ( ,man1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #adi47 ,8 g5]al conclusion is t ! moral s5se is fundam5tally id5tical ) ! social in/9cts1 :i* h be5 develop$ = ! good ( ! community2 & he sugge/s t ! concept :i* ?us enables u to int]pret ! biological gr\nd-plan ( morals also enables u to frame a rational ideal ( ! moral end4 ,z ! social in/9cts1 he says 7,ibid4 page #ahe471 bo? ( man & ! l[] animals h no d\bt be5 develop$ by ne>ly ! same /eps1 x w\ld be advisable1 if f\nd practicable1 to use ! same def9ition 9 bo? cases1 & to take z ! /&>d ( morality1 ! g5]al good or welf>e ( ! community1 r ?an ! g5]al happ9ess4 ,b ! k9d ( community = ! good ( :i* ! social in/9cts ( animals & primitive m5 7 biologically develop$ may be diff]5t f t :i* is ! product ( civilisation1 z ,d>w9 no d\bt realis$4 ,d>w9's cont5tion 0 t consci5ce is a social in/9ct & has be5 evolv$ because x is useful to ! tribe 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce aga9/ o!r tribes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,j4,s4 ,mill urg$ t ! moral feel+s are n innate b acquir$1 & ,ba9 held ! same view1 believ+ t ! moral s5se is acquir$ by ea* individual dur+ 8 life-"t4 ,d>w91 :o notes 7,ibid4 page #aej 7footnote747 _! op9ion ) 8 usual c&\r1 adds t on ! g5]al !ory ( evolution ?is is at lea/ extremely improbable4 ,x is impossible to ent] into ! "q "h3 mu* turns on ! exact connotation ( ! t]ms consci5ce & moral s5se1 & on ! mean+ we atta* to ! /atem5t t ! moral s5se is fundam5tally id5tical ) ! social in/9cts4 ,presumably ! majority ( ^? :o approa* ! subjects discuss$ 9 ! ?ird1 f\r? & fif? *apt]s ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man 9 ! full conviction t m5tal ph5om5a1 n less ?an organic ph5om5a1 h a natural g5esis1 w\ld1 )\t hesitation1 admit t ! intellectual & moral sy/ems ( civilis$ man are ideal con/ructions1 ! products ( conceptual ?\ght1 & t z su* !y are1 9 _! develop$ =m1 acquir$4 ,! moral s5tim5ts are ! emotional analogues ( highly develop$ concepts4 ,?is does n h[ev] imply t !y are outside ! range ( natural hi/ory treatm5t4 ,ev5 ?\gh x may be desirable to diff]5tiate ! moral conduct ( m5 f ! social behavi\r ( animals 7to :i* "s su* t]m z pre-moral or quasi-moral may be appli$71 /ill ! fact rema9s t1 z ,d>w9 %[$1 !re is abundant evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( su* social behavi\r--social behavi\r :i*1 ev5 grant$ t x is 9 l>ge "p intellig5tly acquir$1 & is itself s f> a product ( educability1 is ( survival value4 ,x makes = t integration )\t :i* no social gr\p c\ld hold toge!r & escape elim9ation4 ,fur!rmore1 ev5 if we grant t su* behavi\r is intellig5tly acquir$1 t is to say arises ?r\gh ! modification ( h]$it>y in/9cts & emotions1 ! fact rema9s t only ?r\gh ^! in/9ctive & emotional data is af=d$ ! prim>y tissue ( ! exp]i5ce :i* is susceptible ( su* modification4 ,d>w9 s\ght to %[1 & succe$$ 9 %[+1 t = ! intellectual & moral life !re are in/9ctive f\ndations :i* a biological treatm5t alone c disclose4 ,x is true t he did n 9 all cases analytically di/+ui% ! f\ndations f ! sup]/ructure4 ,ev5 to-day we are sc>cely 9 a position to d s adequately4 ,b 8 treatm5t 0 ( great value 9 giv+ an impetus to fur!r rese>*4 ,?is value inde$ c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$4 ,& :5 ! natural hi/ory ( ! m5tal op]ations %all h be5 writt51 ! c>d9al fact w /& =?1 t ! in/9ctive & emotional f\ndations are ! outcome ( biological evolution & h be5 +ra9$ 9 ! race ?r\gh natural selection4 ,we %all m cle>ly realise t educability itself is a product ( natural selection1 ?\gh ! specific results acquir$ ?r\gh c]ebral modifications are n transmitt$ ?r\gh h]$ity4 ,x w1 p]haps1 also be realis$ t ! in/9ctive f\ndations ( social behavi\r are1 = u1 some:at out ( date & h und]gone b little *ange ?r\gh\t ! progress ( civilisation1 because natural selection has long s9ce ceas$ to be ! dom9ant factor 9 human progress4 ,! hi/ory ( human progress has be5 ma9ly ! hi/ory ( man's high] educability1 ! products ( :i* he has project$ on to 8 environm5t4 ,?is educability rema9s on ! av]age :at x 0 a doz5 g5]ations ago2 b ! ?\ght-wov5 tape/ry ( 8 surr\nd+s is refa%ion$ & improv$ by ea* succe$+ g5]ation4 ,few m5 h 9 great] measure enri*$ ! ?\ght-environm5t ) :i* x is ! aim ( education to br+ educable human be+s into vital contact1 ?an has ,*>les ,d>w94 ,8 special field ( "w 0 ! wide prov9ce ( biology2 b he did mu* to help u realise t m5tal factors h contribut$ to organic evolution & t 9 man1 ! highe/ product ( ,evolution1 !y h rea*$ a position ( unque/ion$ supremacy4 ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,evolution ,,on ,,mod]n ,,philosophy4 ,by ,h4 ,h(fd+4 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 ,i4 ,x is difficult to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 philosophy & natural sci5ce4 ,! naturali/ :o introduces a new pr9ciple1 or demon/rates a fact :i* ?r[s a new light on exi/5ce1 n only r5d]s an important s]vice to philosophy b is himself a philosoph] 9 ! broad] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! aim ( philosophy 9 ! /rict] s5se is to atta9 po9ts ( view f :i* ! fundam5tal ph5om5a & ! pr9ciples ( ! special sci5ces c be se5 9 _! relative importance & connection4 ,b philosophy 9 ?is /rict] s5se has always be5 influ5c$ by philosophy 9 ! broad] s5se4 ,greek philosophy came "u ! influ5ce ( logic & ma!matics1 mod]n philosophy "u ! influ5ce ( natural sci5ce4 ,! "n ( ,*>les ,d>w9 /&s ) ^? ( ,galileo1 ,newton1 & ,rob]t ,may]--names :i* d5ote new problems & great alt]ations 9 our conception ( ! univ]se4 ,fir/ ( all we mu/ lay /ress on ,d>w9's own p]sonality4 ,8 deep love ( tru?1 8 indefatigable inquiry1 8 wide horizon1 & 8 /eady self-criticism make him a sci5tific model1 ev5 if 8 results & !ories %\ld ev5tually come to possess ma9ly an hi/orical int]e/4 ,9 ! intellectual doma9 ! prim>y object is to rea* high summits f :i* wide surveys are possible1 to rea* !m toil+ hone/ly upw>ds by way ( exp]i5ce1 & !n n to turn dizzy :5 a summit is ga9$4 ,d>w9ians h sometimes turn$ dizzy1 b ,d>w9 nev]4 ,he saw f ! fir/ ! great importance ( 8 hypo!sis1 n only because ( its solution ( ! old problem z to ! value ( ! concept ( species1 n only because ( ! gr& picture ( natural evolution :i* x unrolls1 b also because ( ! life & inspiration its me?od w\ld imp>t to ! /udy ( comp>ative anatomy1 ( in/9ct & ( h]$ity1 & f9ally because ( ! influ5ce x w\ld ex]t on ! :ole conception ( exi/5ce4 ,he wrote 9 8 note-book 9 ! ye> #ahcg3 ,my !ory w\ld give ze/ to rec5t & fossil comp>ative anatomy2 x w\ld lead to ! /udy ( in/9ct1 h]$ity1 & m9d-h]$ity1 :ole 7(7 metaphysics4 7,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,vol4 ,i4 page #h47 ,we c di/+ui% f\r ma9 po9ts 9 :i* ,d>w9's inve/igations possess philosophical importance4 ,! evolution hypo!sis is mu* old] ?an ,d>w92 x is1 inde$1 "o ( ! olde/ guess+s ( human ?\ght4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 put =w>d by ,did]ot & ,lamettrie & sugge/$ by ,kant 7#aghf74 ,z we %all see lat]1 x 0 held also by sev]al philosoph]s 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 8 preface to ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,d>w9 m5tions ! naturali/s :o 7 8 =]unn]s4 ,b he has set =? ! hypo!sis ( evolution 9 s en]getic & ?or\gh a mann] t x p]=ce attracts ! att5tion ( all ?\ghtful m5 9 a mu* high] degree ?an x did be=e ! publication ( ! ,orig94 ,& fur!r1 ! importance ( 8 tea*+ re/s on ! fact t he1 mu* m ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 ev5 ?an ,lam>ck1 s\ght a f\ndation = 8 hypo!sis 9 def9ite facts4 ,mod]n sci5ce began by dem&+--) ,kepl] & ,newton--evid5ce ( v]ae causae2 ?is dem& ,d>w9 indu/ri\sly set himself to satisfy--h5ce ! weal? ( mat]ial :i* he collect$ by 8 obs]vations & 8 exp]im5ts4 ,he n only reviv$ an old hypo!sis1 b he saw ! necessity ( v]ify+ x by facts4 ,:e!r ! special cause on :i* he f\nd$ ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( species--,natural ,selection--is suffici5t1 is n[ a subject ( discussion4 ,he himself _h "s d\bt 9 reg>d to ?is "q1 & ! criticisms :i* are direct$ aga9/ 8 hypo!sis hit ,d>w9ism r ?an ,d>w94 ,9 8 indefatigable se>* = empirical evid5ce he is a model ev5 = 8 antagoni/s3 he has compell$ !m to approa* ! problems ( life along o!r l9es ?an ^? :i* 7 =m]ly foll[$4 ,:e!r ! special cause to :i* ,d>w9 appeal$ is suffici5t or n1 at lea/ to x is probably due ! great] "p ( ! influ5ce :i* he has ex]t$ on ! g5]al tr5d ( ?\ght4 ,/ruggle = exi/5ce & natural selection are pr9ciples :i* h be5 appli$1 m or less1 9 e dep>tm5t ( ?\ght4 ,rec5t rese>*1 x is true1 has discov]$ great] empirical discont9uity--leaps1 mutations--:]eas ,d>w9 believ$ 9 ! importance ( small v>iations sl[ly accumulat$4 ,x has also be5 %[n by ! exp]im5tal me?od1 :i* 9 rec5t biological "w has succe$$ ,d>w9's m hi/orical me?od1 t types once con/itut$ possess great p]man5ce1 ! fluctuations be+ re/rict$ )9 cle>ly def9$ b\nd>ies4 ,! problem has become m precise1 bo? z to v>iation & z to h]$ity4 ,! inn] conditions ( life h 9 bo? respects %[n a great] indep5d5ce ?an ,d>w9 _h suppos$ 9 8 !ory1 ?\gh he always admitt$ t ! cause ( v>iation 0 to him a great enigma1 a mo/ p]plex+ problem1 & t ! /ruggle = life c\ld only occur :]e v>iation exi/$4 ,b1 at any rate1 x 0 ( ! greate/ importance t ,d>w9 gave a liv+ impression ( ! /ruggle = life :i* is ev]y:]e go+ on1 & to :i* ev5 ! highe/ =ms ( exi/5ce mu/ be am5able4 ,! philosophical importance ( ^! ideas does n /& or fall ) ! answ] to ! "q1 :e!r natural selection is a suffici5t explanation ( ! orig9 ( species or n3 x has an indep5d5t1 positive value = ev]yone :o w obs]ve life & reality ) an unbiass$ m9d4 ,9 acc5tuat+ ! /ruggle = life ,d>w9 /&s z a *>act]i/ically ,engli% ?9k]3 he cont9ues a tra9 ( ideas :i* ,hobbes & ,mal?us _h already begun4 ,moreov] 9 8 critical views z to ! conception ( species he _h ,engli% =]unn]s2 9 ! middle ages ,occam & ,duns ,scotus1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,b]keley & ,hume4 ,9 8 moral philosophy1 z we %all see lat]1 he is an adh]5t ( ! s*ool :i* is repres5t$ by ,hut*eson1 ,hume & ,adam ,smi?4 ,because he is no philosoph] 9 ! /rict] s5se ( ! t]m1 x is ( great int]e/ to see t 8 attitude ( m9d is t ( ! great ?9k]s ( 8 nation4 ,9 consid]+ ,d>w9's influ5ce on philosophy we w beg9 ) an exam9ation ( ! attitude ( philosophy to ! conception ( evolution at ! "t :5 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species appe>$4 ,we w !n exam9e ! effects :i* ! !ory ( evolution1 & especially ! idea ( ! /ruggle = life1 has _h1 & naturally mu/ h1 on ! discussion ( philosophical problems4 ,,ii4 ,:5 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species appe>$ fifty ye>s ago ,romantic speculation1 ,s*ell+'s & ,hegel's philosophy1 /ill reign$ on ! cont95t1 :ile 9 ,engl& ,positivism1 ! philosophy ( ,comte & ,/u>t ,mill1 repres5t$ ! mo/ important tr5d ( ?\ght4 ,g]man speculation _h mu* to say on evolution1 x ev5 pret5d$ to be a philosophy ( evolution4 ,b !n ! ^w evolution 0 to be tak5 9 an ideal1 n 9 a real1 s5se4 ,to speculative ?\ght ! =ms & types ( nature =m$ a sy/em ( ideas1 )9 :i* any =m c\ld lead u by cont9u\s transitions to any o!r4 ,x 0 a classificatory sy/em :i* 0 reg>d$ z a div9e _w ( ?\ght or images1 )9 :i* metamorphoses c\ld g on--a condition comp>able ) t 9 ! m9d ( ! poet :5 "o image foll[s ano!r ) imp]ceptible *anges4 ,goe!'s ideas ( evolution1 z express$ 9 8 ,metamorphos5 d] ,pflanz5 und d] ,?i]e1 belong to ?is category2 x is1 !re=e1 incorrect to call him a =]unn] ( ,d>w94 ,s*ell+ & ,hegel held ! same idea2 ,hegel expressly reject$ ! conception ( a real evolution 9 "t z co>se & mat]iali/ic4 ,nature1 he says1 is to be consid]$ z a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,/ages1 ! "o necess>ily aris+ f ! o!r1 & be+ ! ne>e/ tru? ( t f :i* x proce$s2 b n 9 su* a way t ! "o is ,,naturally g5]at$ by ! o!r2 on ! contr>y 7_! connection lies7 9 ! inn] idea :i* is ! gr\nd ( nature4 ,! ,,metamorphosis c be ascrib$ only to ! notion z su*1 because x alone is evolution444 ,x has be5 a clumsy idea 9 ! old] z well z 9 ! new] philosophy ( nature1 to reg>d ! trans=mation & ! transition f "o natural =m & sph]e to a high] z an outw>d & actual production4 7,encyclopa$ie d] philosophis*5 ,wiss5s*aft5 7#d? edition71 ,b]l91 #ahde1 p>agraph #bdi47 ,! only "o ( ! philosoph]s ( ,romanticism :o believ$ 9 a real1 hi/orical evolution1 a real production ( new species1 0 ,ok54 7,lehrbu* d] ,naturphilosophie1 ,j5a1 #ahji47 ,dani% philosoph]s1 su* z ,tres*[ 7#ahab7 & ,sibb]n 7#ahdf71 h also broa*$ ! idea ( an hi/orical evolution ( all liv+ be+s f ! l[e/ to ! highe/4 ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy has a m reali/ic "* ?an t ( ,s*ell+'s & ,hegel's1 8 diametrical opposites1 ?\gh he also belongs to ! romantic s*ool ( ?\ght4 ,8 philosophical & psy*ological views 7 greatly influ5c$ by ,fr5* naturali/s & philosoph]s1 especially by ,cabanis & ,lam>ck4 ,he praises ! ev] memorable ,lam>ck1 because he laid s mu* /ress on ! w to live4 ,b he repudiates z a wond]ful error ! idea t ! organs ( animals %\ld h rea*$ _! pres5t p]fection ?r\gh a developm5t 9 "t1 dur+ ! c\rse ( innum]able g5]ations4 ,x 01 he said1 a consequ5ce ( ! l[ /&>d ( contempor>y ,fr5* philosophy1 t ,lam>ck came to ! idea ( ! con/ruction ( liv+ be+s 9 "t ?r\gh succession6 7,ueb] d5 ,will5 9 d] ,natur 7#bnd edition71 ,frankfurt a4 ,m41 #ahed1 pages #da-dc47 ,! positivi/ic /ream ( ?\ght 0 n m 9 fav\r ( a real evolution ?an 0 ! ,romantic s*ool4 ,its aim 0 to adh]e to positive facts3 x look$ ) suspicion on f>-rea*+ speculation4 ,comte laid great /ress on ! discont9uity f\nd betwe5 ! diff]5t k+doms ( nature1 z well z )9 ea* s+le k+dom4 ,z he reg>d$ z unsci5tific e attempt to r$uce ! numb] ( physical =ces1 s he reject$ entirely ! hypo!sis ( ,lam>ck conc]n+ ! evolution ( species2 ! idea ( species w\ld 9 8 eyes absolutely lose its importance if a transition f species to species "u ! influ5ce ( conditions ( life 7 admitt$4 ,8 disciples 7,littre1 ,rob97 cont9u$ to direct aga9/ ,d>w9 ! polemics :i* _! ma/] _h employ$ aga9/ ,lam>ck4 ,/u>t ,mill1 :o1 9 ! !ory ( k1 repres5t$ ! empirical or positivi/ic movem5t 9 philosophy--l 8 ,engli% =]unn]s f ,locke to ,hume--f\nd$ 8 !ory ( k & morals on ! exp]i5ce ( ! s+le individual4 ,he sympa?is$ ) ! !ory ( ! orig9al lik5ess ( all individuals & d]iv$ _! diff]5ces1 on :i* he practically & !oretically laid mu* /ress1 f ! influ5ce bo? ( exp]i5ce & education1 &1 g5]ally1 ( physical & social causes4 ,he admitt$ an individual evolution1 &1 9 ! human species1 an evolution bas$ on social progress2 b no physiological evolution ( species4 ,he 0 afraid t ! hypo!sis ( h]$ity w\ld c>ry u back to ! old !ory ( innate ideas4 ,d>w9 0 m empirical ?an ,comte & ,mill2 exp]i5ce disclos$ to him a deep] cont9uity ?an !y c\ld f9d2 clos] ?an be=e ! nature & fate ( ! s+le individual 7 %[n to be int]wov5 9 ! great web b9d+ ! life ( ! species ) nature z a :ole4 ,& ! cont9uity :i* s _m ideali/ic philosoph]s c\ld f9d only 9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 he %[$ to be pres5t 9 ! _w ( reality4 ,,iii4 ,d>w9's en]getic r5ewal ( ! old idea ( evolution _h its *ief importance 9 /r5g!n+ ! conviction ( ?is real cont9uity 9 ! _w1 ( cont9uity 9 ! s]ies ( =m & ev5ts4 ,x 0 a great support = all ^? :o 7 prep>$ to base _! conception ( life on sci5tific gr\nds4 ,toge!r ) ! rec5tly discov]$ law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 x help$ to produce ! great reali/ic movem5t :i* *>act]ises ! la/ ?ird ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,aft] ! decl9e ( ! ,romantic movem5t p wi%$ to h firm] gr\nd "u _! feet & reality n[ ass]t$ itself 9 a m emphatic mann] ?an 9 ! p]iod ( ,romanticism4 ,x 0 easy = ,hegel to proclaim t ! real 0 ! rational1 & t ! rational 0 ! real3 reality itself exi/$ = him only 9 ! int]pretation ( ideal reason1 & if !re 0 any?+ :i* c\ld n be m]g$ 9 ! high] unity ( ?\ght1 !n x 0 only an example ( ! impot5ce ( nature to hold to ! idea4 ,b n[ concepts are to be f\nd$ on nature & n on any sy/em ( categories too confid5tly d$uc$ a priori4 ,! new devotion to nature _h its recomp5se 9 itself1 because ! new po9ts ( view made u see t nature c\ld inde$ hold to ideas1 ?\gh p]haps n to ^? :i* we _h cogitat$ be=eh&4 ,a mo/ important "q = philosoph]s to answ] 0 :e!r ! new views 7 compatible ) an ideali/ic conception ( life & exi/5ce4 ,"s proclaim$ t we h n[ no ne$ ( any philosophy beyond ! pr9ciples ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy & ! pr9ciple ( natural evolution3 exi/5ce %\ld & c\ld be def9itely & completely expla9$ by ! laws ( mat]ial nature4 ,b abl] ?9k]s saw t ! ?+ 0 n s simple4 ,!y 7 prep>$ to give ! new views _! j place & to exam9e :at alt]ations ! old views mu/ und]go 9 ord] to be br\ght into h>mony ) ! new data4 ,! reali/ic "* ( ,d>w9's !ory 0 %[n n only 9 ! idea ( natural cont9uity1 b also1 & n lea/1 9 ! idea ( ! cause :]eby organic life advances /ep by /ep4 ,?is idea--! idea ( ! /ruggle = life--impli$ t no?+ c\ld p]si/1 if x _h no p[] to ma9ta9 itself "u ! giv5 conditions4 ,inn] value alone does n decide4 ,idealism 0 "h put to its h>de/ trial4 ,9 cont9u\s evolution x c\ld p]haps /ill f9d an analogy to ! inn] evolution ( ideas 9 ! m9d2 b 9 ! dem& = p[] 9 ord] to /ruggle ) outw>d conditions ,realism seem$ to ann\nce itself 9 its mo/ brutal =m4 ,e =m ( ,idealism _h to ask itself s]i\sly h[ x 0 go+ to /ruggle = life ) ?is new ,realism4 ,we w n[ give a %ort acc\nt ( ! position :i* lead+ ?9k]s 9 diff]5t c\ntries h tak5 up 9 reg>d to ?is "q4 ,i4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 0 ! philosoph] ^: m9d 0 be/ prep>$ by 8 own previ\s ?9k+ to admit ! !ory ( ,d>w9 to a place 9 8 conception ( ! _w4 ,8 criticism ( ! argum5ts :i* _h be5 put =w>d aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( ,lam>ck1 %[$ t ,sp5c]1 z a "y man1 0 an adh]5t to ! evolution idea4 ,9 8 ,social ,/atics 7#ahej7 he appli$ ?is idea to human life & moral civilisation4 ,9 #aheb he wrote an essay on ,! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis1 9 :i* he def9itely /at$ 8 belief t ! diff]5tiation ( species1 l ! diff]5tiation )9 a s+le organism1 0 ! result ( developm5t4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,psy*ology 7#ahee7 he took a /ep :i* put him 9 opposition to ! old] ,engli% s*ool 7f ,locke to ,mill73 he ackn[l$g$ innate ideas s f> z to admit ! t5d5cy ( acquir$ habits to be inh]it$ 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 s t ! nature & functions ( ! individual are only to be und]/ood ?r\gh its connection ) ! life ( ! species4 ,9 #aheg1 9 8 essay on ,progress1 he prop\nd$ ! law ( diff]5tiation z a g5]al law ( evolution1 v]ifi$ by examples f all regions ( exp]i5ce1 ! evolution ( species be+ only "o ( ^! examples4 ,on ! effect :i* ! appe>ance ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species _h on 8 m9d he writes 9 8 ,autobiography3 ,up to t "t444 ,i held t ! sole cause ( organic evolution is ! inh]itance ( functionally-produc$ modifications4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species made x cle> to me t ,i 0 wrong1 & t ! l>g] "p ( ! facts _c be due to any su* cause444 ,to h ! !ory ( organic evolution ju/ifi$ 0 ( c\rse to get fur!r support = t !ory ( evolution at l>ge ) :i*444 all my conceptions 7 b\nd up4 7,sp5c]1 ,autobiography1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #ej1 ,london1 #aijd47 ,in/ead ( ! metaphorical expression natural selection1 ,sp5c] introduc$ ! t]m survival ( ! fitte/1 :i* f\nd fav\r ) ,d>w9 z well z ) ,wallace4 ,9 work+ out 8 ideas ( evolution1 ,sp5c] f\nd t diff]5tiation 0 n ! only =m ( evolution4 ,9 its simple/ =m evolution is ma9ly a conc5tration1 previ\sly scatt]$ elem5ts be+ integrat$ & los+ indep5d5t movem5t4 ,diff]5tiation is only =?com+ :5 m9or :oles arise )9 a great] :ole4 ,& ! highe/ =m ( evolution is rea*$ :5 !re is a h>mony betwe5 conc5tration & diff]5tiation1 a h>mony :i* ,sp5c] calls equilibration & :i* he def9es z a mov+ equilibrium4 ,at ! same "t ?is def9ition enables him to illu/rate ! expression survival ( ! fitte/4 ,e liv+ organism exhibits su* a mov+ equilibrium--a balanc$ set ( functions con/itut+ its life2 & ! ov]?r[ ( ?is balanc$ set ( functions or mov+ equilibrium is :at we call dea?4 ,"s individuals 9 a species are s con/itut$ t _! mov+ equilibria are less easily ov]?r[n ?an ^? ( o!r individuals2 & ^! are ! fitte/ :i* survive1 or1 9 ,mr ,d>w9's language1 !y are ! select :i* nature pres]ves4 7,ibid4 page #ajj47 ,n only 9 ! doma9 ( organic life1 b 9 all doma9s1 ! summit ( evolution is1 accord+ to ,sp5c]1 *>act]is$ by su* a h>mony--by a mov+ equilibrium4 ,sp5c]'s analysis ( ! concept ( evolution1 bas$ on a great v>iety ( examples1 has made ?is concept cle>] & m def9ite ?an be=e4 ,x conta9s ! ?ree elem5ts2 integration1 diff]5tiation & equilibration4 ,x is true t a concept :i* is to be valid = all doma9s ( exp]i5ce mu/ h an ab/ract "*1 & betwe5 ! sev]al doma9s !re is1 /rictly speak+1 only a relation ( analogy4 ,s !re is only analogy betwe5 psy*ical & physical evolution4 ,b ?is is no s]i\s objection1 because g5]al concepts d n express m ?an analogies betwe5 ! ph5om5a :i* !y repres5t4 ,sp5c] takes 8 lead+ t]ms f ! mat]ial _w 9 def9+ evolution 79 ! simple/ =m7 z integration ( matt] & dissipation ( movem5t2 b z he--n always q consi/5tly 7,cf4 my lett] to him1 #ahgf1 n[ pr9t$ 9 ,duncan's ,life & ,lett]s ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 page #agh1 ,london1 #aijh47--;assum$ a correspond5ce ( m9d & matt]1 he c\ld v well give ^! t]ms an indirect importance = psy*ical evolution4 ,sp5c] has always1 9 my op9ion ) full "r1 repudiat$ ! ascription ( mat]ialism4 ,he is no m a mat]iali/ ?an ,sp9oza4 ,9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 7p>agraph #fc7 he express$ himself v cle>ly3 ,?\gh x seems easi] to translate s-call$ matt] into s-call$ _s1 ?an to translate s-call$ _s into s-call$ matt]--:i* latt] is inde$ :olly impossible--yet no translation c c>ry u beyond our symbols4 ,^! words lead u naturally to a gr\p ( ?9k]s ^: />t+-po9t 0 psy*ical evolution4 ,b we h /ill "o aspect ( ,sp5c]'s philosophy to m5tion4 ,sp5c] f\nd$ 8 laws ( evolution on an inductive basis1 b he 0 conv9c$ t !y c\ld be d$uc$ f ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,su* a d$uction is1 p]haps1 possible = ! m elem5t>y =ms ( evolution1 integration & diff]5tiation2 b x is n possible = ! highe/ =m1 ! equilibration1 :i* is a h>mony ( integration & diff]5tiation4 ,sp5c] c no m d$uce ! necessity = ! ev5tual appe>ance ( mov+ equilibria ( h>moni\s totalities ?an ,hegel c\ld gu>antee ! high] unities 9 :i* all contradictions %\ld be reconcil$4 ,9 ,sp5c]'s h&s ! !ory ( evolution acquir$ a m decid$ly optimi/ic "* ?an 9 ,d>w9's2 b ,i %all deal lat] ) ! relation ( ,d>w9's hypo!sis to ! opposition ( optimism & pessimism4 ,,ii4 ,:ile ! />t+-po9t ( ,sp5c] 0 biological or cosmological1 psy*ical evolution be+ conceiv$ z 9 analogy ) physical1 a gr\p ( em95t ?9k]s--9 ,g]many ,wundt1 9 ,france ,f\illee1 9 ,italy ,ardigo--took1 ea* 9 8 own mann]1 _! />t+-po9t 9 psy*ical evolution z an orig9al fact & z a type ( all evolution1 ! hypo!sis ( ,d>w9 com+ 9 z a corroboration & z a special example4 ,!y ma9ta9 ! cont9uity ( evolution2 !y f9d ?is "* mo/ prom95t 9 psy*ical evolution1 & ?is is = !m a motive to dem& a correspond+ cont9uity 9 ! mat]ial1 especially 9 ! organic doma94 ,to ,wundt & ,f\illee ! concept ( w is prom95t4 ,!y see ! type ( all evolution 9 ! trans=mation ( ! life ( w f bl9d impulse to consci\s *oice2 ! !ories ( ,lam>ck & ,d>w9 are us$ to support ! view t !re is 9 nature a t5d5cy to evolution 9 /eady reciprocity ) ext]nal conditions4 ,! /ruggle = life is "h only a second>y fact4 ,its app>5t prom95ce is expla9$ by ! circum/ance t ! influ5ce ( ext]nal conditions is easily made out1 :ile inn] conditions c be v]ifi$ only ?r\gh _! effects4 ,= ,ardigo ! evolution ( ?\ght 0 ! />t+-po9t & ! type3 9 ! evolution ( a sci5tific hypo!sis we see a progress f ! indef9ite 7indi/9to7 to ! def9ite 7di/9to71 & ?is is a *>act]i/ic ( all evolution1 z ,ardigo has po9t$ out 9 a s]ies ( works4 ,! opposition betwe5 indi/9to & di/9to corresponds to ,sp5c]'s opposition betwe5 homog5eity & het]og5eity4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( diff]5ces ( species f m simple =ms is a special example ( ! g5]al law ( evolution4 ,9 ! views ( ,wundt & ,f\illee we f9d ! fundam5tal idea ( idealism3 psy*ical ph5om5a z expressions ( ! inn]mo/ nature ( exi/5ce4 ,!y diff] f ! old] ,idealism 9 ! great /ress :i* !y lay on evolution z a real1 hi/orical process :i* is go+ on ?r\gh /eady conflict ) ext]nal conditions4 ,! ,romantic dread ( reality is brok54 ,x is beyond d\bt t ,d>w9's emphasis on ! /ruggle = life z a necess>y condition ( evolution has be5 a v important factor 9 c>ry+ philosophy back to reality f ! heav5 ( pure ideas4 ,! philosophy ( ,ardigo1 on ! o!r side1 appe>s m z a cont9uation & deep5+ ( positivism1 ?\gh ! ,italian ?9k] arriv$ at 8 po9t ( view indep5d5tly ( ,fr5*-,engli% positivism4 ,! idea ( cont9u\s evolution is "h ma9ta9$ 9 opposition to ,comte's & ,mill's philosophy ( discont9uity4 ,f ,wundt & ,f\illee ,ardigo diff]s 9 conceiv+ psy*ical evolution n z an imm$iate revelation ( ! inn]mo/ nature ( exi/5ce1 b only z a s+le1 ?\gh ! mo/ accessible example1 ( evolution4 ,,iii4 ,to ! ,fr5* philosoph]s ,b\tr\x & ,b]gson1 evolution prop] is cont9u\s & qualitative1 :ile out] exp]i5ce & physical sci5ce give u fragm5ts only1 sporadic processes & me*anical comb9ations4 ,to ,b]gson1 9 8 rec5t "w ,l',evolution ,creatrice1 evolution consi/s 9 an elan de vie :i* to our fragm5t>y obs]vation & analytic reflexion appe>s z brok5 into a manifold ( elem5ts & processes4 ,! concept ( matt] 9 its sci5tific =m is ! result ( ?is break+ asund]1 ess5tial = all sci5tific reflexion4 ,9 ^! conceptions ! /ronge/ opposition betwe5 inn] & out] conditions ( evolution is express$3 9 ! doma9 ( int]nal conditions spontane\s developm5t ( qualitative =ms--9 ! doma9 ( ext]nal conditions discont9uity & me*anical comb9ation4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! !ory ( evolution has influ5c$ philosophy 9 a v>iety ( =ms4 ,x has made ideali/ic ?9k]s revise _! relation to ! real _w2 x has l$ positivi/ic ?9k]s to f9d a clos] connection betwe5 ! facts on :i* !y bas$ _! views2 x has made u all op5 our eyes = new possibilities to arise ?r\gh ! prima facie inexplicable spontane\s v>iations :i* are ! condition ( all evolution4 ,?is la/ po9t is "o ( peculi> int]e/4 ,deep] ?an speculative philosophy & me*anical sci5ce saw 9 ! days ( _! triumph1 we cat* sight ( new /reams1 ^: s\rces & laws we h /ill to discov]4 ,mo/ %>ply does ?is appe> 9 ! !ory ( mutation1 :i* is only a /rong] acc5tuation ( a ma9 po9t 9 ,d>w9ism4 ,x is int]e/+ to see t an analog\s problem comes into ! =egr\nd 9 physics ?r\gh ! discov]y ( radioactive ph5om5a1 & 9 psy*ology ?r\gh ! assumption ( psy*ical new =mations 7z held by ,b\tr\x1 ,william ,james & ,b]gson74 ,f ?is side1 ,d>w9's ideas1 z well z ! analog\s ideas 9 o!r doma9s1 incite u to r5ew$ exam9ation ( our fir/ pr9ciples1 _! rationality & _! value4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 !ory ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce *all5ges u to exam9e ! conditions & discuss ! outlook z to ! p]si/5ce ( human life & society & ( ! values t belong to !m4 ,x is n en\gh to hope 7or fe>87 ! ris+ ( new =ms2 we h also to inve/igate ! possibility ( uphold+ ! =ms & ideals :i* h hi!rto be5 ! bases ( human life4 ,d>w9 has "h giv5 8 age ! mo/ e>ne/ & mo/ impressive lesson4 ,?is side ( ,d>w9's !ory is ( peculi> int]e/ to "s special philosophical problems to :i* ,i n[ pass4 ,,iv4 ,among philosophical problems ! problem ( k has 9 ! la/ c5tury occupi$ a =emo/ place4 ,x is natural1 !n1 to ask h[ ,d>w9 & ! hypo!sis ^: mo/ em95t repres5tative he is1 /& to ?is problem4 ,d>w9 />t$ an hypo!sis4 ,b e hypo!sis is won by inf]5ce f c]ta9 presuppositions1 & e inf]5ce is bas$ on ! g5]al pr9ciples ( human ?\ght4 ,! evolution hypo!sis presupposes1 !n1 human ?\ght & its pr9ciples4 ,& n only ! ab/ract logical pr9ciples are ?us presuppos$4 ,! evolution hypo!sis purports to be n only a =mal arrangem5t ( ph5om5a1 b to express also ! law ( a real process4 ,x supposes1 !n1 t ! real data--all t 9 our k :i* we d n produce ourselves1 b :i* we 9 ! ma9 simply receive--are subject$ to laws :i* are at lea/ analog\s to ! logical relations ( our ?\ghts2 9 o!r words1 x assumes ! validity ( ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,if organic species c\ld arise )\t cause !re w\ld be no use 9 fram+ hypo!ses4 ,only if we assume ! pr9ciple ( causality1 is !re a problem to solve4 ,?\gh ,d>w9ism has _h a great influ5ce on philosophy consid]$ z a /riv+ aft] a sci5tific view ( ! _w1 yet "h is a po9t ( view--! epi/emological--:]e philosophy is n only indep5d5t b rea*es beyond any result ( natural sci5ce4 ,p]haps x w be said3 ! p[]s & functions ( organic be+s only p]si/ 7p]haps also only arise7 :5 !y correspond suffici5tly to ! conditions "u :i* ! /ruggle ( life is to g on4 ,human ?\ght itself is1 !n1 a v>iation 7or a mutation7 :i* has be5 able to p]si/ & to survive4 ,is n1 !n1 ! problem ( k solv$ by ! evolution hypo!sis8 ,sp5c] _h giv5 an affirmative answ] to ?is "q be=e ! appe>ance ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,= ! individual1 he said1 !re is an a priori1 orig9al1 basis 7or ,anlage7 = all m5tal life2 b 9 ! species all p[]s h develop$ 9 reciprocity ) ext]nal conditions4 ,k is "h consid]$ f ! practical po9t ( view1 z a weapon 9 ! /ruggle = life1 z an organon :i* has be5 cont9u\sly 9 use = g5]ations4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! economic or pragmatic epi/emology1 z develop$ by ,av5>ius & ,ma* 9 ,g]many1 & by ,james 9 ,am]ica1 po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,sci5ce1 x is said1 only ma9ta9s ^? pr9ciples & presuppositions :i* are necess>y to ! simple/ & cle>e/ ori5tation 9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,all assumptions :i* _c be appli$ to exp]i5ce & to practical "w1 w successively be elim9at$4 ,9 ^! views a /rik+ & important application is made ( ! idea ( /ruggle = life to ! developm5t ( human ?\ght4 ,?\ght mu/1 z all o!r ?+s 9 ! _w1 /ruggle = life4 ,b ?is :ole consid]ation belongs to psy*ology1 n to ! !ory ( k 7epi/emology71 :i* is conc]n$ only ) ! validity ( k1 n ) its hi/orical orig94 ,e hypo!sis to expla9 ! orig9 ( k mu/ submit to cross-exam9ation by ! !ory ( k1 because x works ) ! fundam5tal =ms & pr9ciples ( human ?\ght4 ,we _c g fur!r back ?an ^! =ms & pr9ciples1 :i* x is ! aim ( epi/emology to asc]ta9 & = :i* no fur!r reason c be giv54 7,! pres5t writ]1 _m ye>s ago1 9 8 ,psy*ology 7,cop5hag51 #ahhb2 ,engli% translation ,london1 #ahia71 criticis$ ! evolutioni/ic treatm5t ( ! problem ( k f ! ,kantian po9t ( view47 ,b !re is ano!r side ( ! problem :i* is1 p]haps1 ( m importance & :i* epi/emology g5]ally ov]looks4 ,if new v>iations c arise1 n only 9 organic b p]haps also 9 inorganic nature1 new tasks are plac$ be=e ! human m9d4 ,! "q is1 !n1 if x has =ms 9 :i* !re is room = ! new matt]8 ,we are "h t\*+ a possibility :i* ! great ma/] ( epi/emology did n br+ to light4 ,kant suppos$ confid5tly t no o!r matt] ( k c\ld /ream =? f ! d>k s\rce :i* he call$ ! ?+-9-itself1 ?an su* z c\ld be syn!sis$ 9 our exi/+ =ms ( k4 ,he m5tions ! possibility ( o!r =ms ?an ! human1 & w>ns u aga9/ ! dogmatic assumption t ! human conception ( exi/5ce %\ld be absolutely adequate4 ,b he seems to be q sure t ! ?+-9-itself works con/antly1 & consequ5tly always gives u only :at our p[]s c ma/]4 ,?is assumption 0 a consequ5ce ( ,kant's rationali/ic t5d5cy1 b "o = :i* no w>rant c be giv54 ,evolutionism & sy/ematism are oppos+ t5d5cies :i* c nev] be absolutely h>monis$ "o ) ! o!r4 ,evolution may at any "t break "s =m :i* ! sy/em-mong] reg>ds z f9ally e/abli%$4 ,d>w9 himself felt a great diff]5ce 9 look+ at v>iation z an evolutioni/ & z a sy/emati/4 ,:5 he 0 work+ at 8 evolution !ory1 he 0 v glad to f9d v>iations2 b !y 7 a h9drance to him :5 he work$ z a sy/emati/1 9 prep>+ 8 "w on ,cirrip$ia4 ,he says 9 a lett]3 ,i _h ?\ght ! same p>ts ( ! same species m resemble 7?an !y d anyh[ 9 ,cirrip$ia7 objects ca/ 9 ! same m\ld4 ,sy/ematic "w w\ld be easy 7 x n = ?is conf\nd$ v>iation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is pleasant to me z a speculati/1 ?\gh odi\s to me z a sy/emati/4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #cg47 ,he c\ld inde$ be angry ) v>iations ev5 z an evolutioni/2 b !n only because he c\ld n expla9 !m1 n because he c\ld n classify !m4 ,if1 z ,i mu/ ?9k1 ext]nal conditions produce little ,,direct effect1 :at ! devil det]m9es ea* p>ticul> v>iation8 7,ibid4 page #bcb47 ,:at ,d>w9 exp]i5c$ 9 8 p>ticul> doma9 holds good ( all k4 ,all k is sy/ematic1 9 s f> z x /rives to put ph5om5a 9 q def9ite relations1 "o to ano!r4 ,b ! sy/ematisation c nev] be complete4 ,& "h ,d>w9 has contribut$ mu* to wid5 ! _w = u4 ,he has %[n u =ces & t5d5cies 9 nature :i* make absolute sy/ems impossible1 at ! same "t t !y give u new objects & problems4 ,!re is /ill a place = :at ,less+ call$ ! unceas+ /riv+ aft] tru?1 :ile absolute tru? 79 ! s5se ( a clos$ sy/em7 is unatta9able s long z life & exp]i5ce are go+ on4 ,!re is "h a special rem>k to be made4 ,z we h se5 above1 rec5t rese>* has %[n t natural selection or /ruggle = life is no explanation ( v>iations4 ,hugo de ,vries di/+ui%es betwe5 p>tial & embryonal v>iations1 or betwe5 v>iations & mutations1 only ! la/-nam$ be+ h]itable1 & !re=e ( importance = ! orig9 ( new species4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( v>iations is n only ( int]e/ = ! problem ( ! orig9 ( species2 x has also a m g5]al int]e/4 ,an individual does n lose its importance = k1 because its qualities are n h]itable4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 high] be+s at lea/1 individual peculi>ities w become m & m indep5d5t objects ( int]e/4 ,k takes acc\nt ( ! biographies n only ( species1 b also ( individuals3 x seeks to f9d ! law ( developm5t ( ! s+le individual4 7,! new sci5ce ( ,ecology occupies an int]m$iate position betwe5 ! biography ( species & ! biography ( individuals4 ,comp>e ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1 ,/ ,l\is1 ,vol4 ,v4 #aijf 7! ,reports ( ,drude & ,rob9son7 & ! "w ( my colleague ,e4 ,w>m+47 ,z ,leibniz said long ago1 individuality consi/s 9 ! law ( ! *anges ( a be+4 ,la loi du *angem5t fait l'individualite de *aque sub/ance4 ,"h is a _w :i* is almo/ new = sci5ce1 :i* till n[ has ma9ly occupi$ itself ) g5]al laws & =ms4 ,b ^! are ultimately only means to und]/& ! individual ph5om5a1 9 ^: nature & hi/ory a manifold ( laws & =ms always coop]ate4 ,! importance ( ?is rem>k w appe> 9 ! sequel4 ,v4 ,to _m p ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( natural selection or /ruggle = exi/5ce seem$ to *ange ! :ole conception ( life1 & p>ticul>ly all ! conditions on :i* ! validity ( e?ical ideas dep5ds4 ,if only t has p]si/5ce :i* c be adapt$ to a giv5 condition1 :at w !n be ! fate ( our ideals1 ( our /&>ds ( good & evil8 ,bl9d =ce seems to reign1 & ! only ?+ t c\nts seems to be ! mo/ he$less use ( p[]4 ,d>w9ism1 x 0 said1 has proclaim$ brutality4 ,no o!r diff]5ce seems p]man5t save t betwe5 ! s\nd1 p[]ful & happy on ! "o side1 ! sick1 feeble & unhappy on ! o!r2 & e attempt to alleviate ?is diff]5ce seems to lead to g5]al en]vation4 ,"s ( ^? :o int]pret$ ,d>w9ism 9 ?is mann] felt an ae/hetic delight 9 contemplat+ ! he$lessness & en]gy ( ! great /ruggle = exi/5ce & anticipat$ ! realisation ( a high] human type z ! outcome ( x3 s ,nietzs*e & 8 foll[]s4 ,o!rs recognis+ ! same consequ5ces 9 ,d>w9ism reg>d$ ^! z "o ( ! /ronge/ objections aga9/ x2 s ,duhr+ & ,kropotk9 79 8 e>li] works74 ,?is int]pretation ( ,d>w9ism 0 frequ5t 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! two ma9 works ( ,d>w9--,! ,orig9 ( ,species & ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,b ev5 dur+ ?is int]val x 0 evid5t to an att5tive read] t ,d>w9 himself did n f\nd 8 /&>d ( good & evil on ! features ( ! life ( nature he _h emphasis$ s /rongly4 ,he did n ju/ify ! ways along :i* nature rea*$ its ends2 he only po9t$ !m out4 ,! real 0 n to him1 z to ,hegel1 "o ) ! rational4 ,d>w9 has1 inde$1 by 8 :ole conception ( nature1 r5d]$ a great s]vice to e?ics 9 mak+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! life ( nature & ! e?ical life appe> 9 s /rong a light4 ,! e?ical problem c\ld n[ be /at$ 9 a %>p] =m ?an be=e4 ,b ?is 0 n ! fir/ "t t ! idea ( ! /ruggle = life 0 put 9 relation to ! e?ical problem4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,?omas ,hobbes gave ! fir/ impulse to ! :ole mod]n discussion ( e?ical pr9ciples 9 8 !ory ( bellum omnium contra omnes4 ,m51 he taught1 are 9 ! /ate ( nature enemies "o ( ano!r1 & !y live ei!r 9 fright or 9 ! glory ( p[]4 ,b x 0 n ! op9ion ( ,hobbes t ?is made e?ics impossible4 ,on ! contr>y1 he f\nd a /&>d = virtue & vice 9 ! fact t "s qualities & actions h a t5d5cy to br+ u out ( ! /ate ( w> & to secure peace1 :ile o!r qualities h a contr>y t5d5cy4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ev5 ,immanuel ,kant's ideal e?ics _h--s f> z c be se5--a simil> orig94 ,%ortly be=e ! f\ndation ( 8 def9itive e?ics1 ,kant wrote 8 ,idee zu e9] allgeme95 ,weltges*i*te 7#aghd71 :]e--9 a way :i* rem9ds u ( ,hobbes1 & is prophetic ( ,d>w9--he describes ! =w>d-driv+ p[] ( /ruggle 9 ! human _w4 ,x is "h z ) ! /ruggle ( ! trees = light & air1 ?r\gh :i* !y compete ) "o ano!r 9 height4 ,anxiety ab\t w> c only be allay$ by an ord9ance :i* gives ev]yone 8 full lib]ty "u ackn[l$gm5t ( ! equal lib]ty ( o!rs4 ,& su* ord9ance & ackn[l$gm5t are also attributes ( ! cont5t ( ! moral law1 z ,kant proclaim$ x 9 ! ye> aft] ! publication ( 8 essay 7#aghe7 7,cf4 my ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy 7,engli% translation ,london1 #aijj71 ,i4 pages #gf-gi47 ,kant really came to 8 e?ics by ! way ( evolution1 ?\gh he aft]w>ds disav[$ x4 ,simil>ly ! same l9e ( ?\ght may be trac$ 9 ,hegel ?\gh x has be5 disguis$ 9 ! =m ( speculative dialectics4 7,h]rs*aft und ,kne*ts*aft1 ,phanom5ologie des ,gei/es1 ,,iv4 ,a41 ,leid51 #aijg47 ,& 9 ,s*op5hau]'s !ory ( ! bl9d w to live & its abrogation by ! e?ical feel+1 :i* is f\nd$ on univ]sal sympa?y1 we h a m individuali/ic =m ( ! same idea4 ,x 01 !n1 n entirely a =eign po9t ( view :i* ,d>w9 introduc$ into e?ical ?\ght1 ev5 if we take no acc\nt ( ! poetical "* ( ! ^w /ruggle & ( ! m direct adaptation1 ?r\gh ! use & non-use ( p[]1 :i* ,d>w9 also emphasis$4 ,9 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man he has devot$ a special *apt] 7,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,*4 iii47 to a discussion ( ! orig9 ( ! e?ical consci\sness4 ,! *>act]i/ic expression ( ?is consci\sness he f\nd1 j z ,kant did1 9 ! idea ( ought2 x 0 ! orig9 ( ?is new idea :i* %\ld be expla9$4 ,8 hypo!sis 0 t ! e?ical ought has its orig9 9 ! social & p>5tal in/9cts1 :i*1 z well z o!r in/9cts 7e4g4 ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation71 lie deep] ?an pleasure & pa94 ,9 _m species1 n lea/ 9 ! human species1 ^! in/9cts are fo/]$ by natural selection2 & :5 ! p[]s ( memory & comp>ison are develop$1 s t s+le acts c be valu$ accord+ to ! claims ( ! deep social in/9ct1 !n consci\sness ( duty & remorse are possible4 ,bl9d in/9ct has develop$ to consci\s e?ical w4 ,z already /at$1 ,d>w91 z a moral philosoph] belongs to ! s*ool t 0 f\nd$ by ,%aftesbury1 & 0 aft]w>ds repres5t$ by ,hut*eson1 ,hume1 ,adam ,smi?1 ,comte & ,sp5c]4 ,8 m]it is1 fir/1 t he has giv5 ?is t5d5cy ( ?\ght a biological f\ndation1 & t he has /amp$ on x a d\ghty "* 9 %[+ t e?ical ideas & s5tim5ts1 rightly conceiv$1 are =ces :i* are at "w 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,!re are /ill _m que/ions to solve4 ,n only does ! e?ical developm5t )9 ! human species conta9 features /ill unexpla9$ 7,! works ( ,we/]m>ck & ,hobh\se ?r[ new light on _m ( ^! features472 b we are confront$ by ! great problem :e!r aft] all a g5etic hi/orical !ory c be ( decisive importance "h4 ,to e consequ5t e?ical consci\sness !re is a /&>d ( value1 a primordial value :i* det]m9es ! s+le e?ical judgm5ts z _! la/ presupposition1 & ! rightness ( ?is basis1 ! value ( ?is value c z little be discuss$ z ! rationality ( our logical pr9ciples4 ,!re is "h reveal$ a possibility ( e?ical scepticism :i* evolutioni/ic e?ics 7z well z intuitive or rationali/ic e?ics7 has ov]look$4 ,no demon/ration c %[ t ! results ( ! e?ical developm5t are def9itive & univ]sal4 ,we meet "h aga9 ) ! important opposition ( sy/ematisation & evolution4 ,!re w1 ,i ?9k1 always be an op5 "q "h1 ?\gh comp>ative e?ics1 ( :i* we h s f> only ! fir/ attempts1 c d mu* to ?r[ light on x4 ,x w\ld c>ry u too f> to discuss all ! philosophical works on e?ics1 :i* h be5 influ5c$ directly or indirectly by evolutionism4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 "h ref] to ! book ( ,c4,m4 ,williams1 ,a ,review ( ! ,sy/ems ( ,e?ics f\nd$ on ! ,!ory ( ,evolution 7,new ,york & ,london1 #ahic471 9 :i*1 besides ,d>w91 ! foll[+ au?ors are review$3 ,wallace1 ,haeckel1 ,sp5c]1 ,fiske1 ,rolph1 ,b>ratt1 ,/eph51 ,c>n]i1 ,h(fd+1 ,gizycki1 ,alex&]1 ,ree4 ,z works :i* criticise evolutioni/ic e?ics f an intuitive po9t ( view & 9 an in/ructive way1 may be cit$3 ,guyau ,la morale anglaise contempora9e 7,p>is1 #ahgi471 & ,sorley1 ,e?ics ( ,naturalism4 ,i w only m5tion "s int]e/+ contributions to e?ical discussion :i* c be f\nd 9 ,d>w9ism besides ! idea ( /ruggle = life4 ,! att5tion :i* ,d>w9 has direct$ to v>iations has op5$ our eyes to ! diff]5ces 9 human nature z well z 9 nature g5]ally4 ,!re is "h a fact ( great importance = e?ical ?\ght1 no matt] f :at ultimate premiss x />ts4 ,only f a v ab/ract po9t ( view c diff]5t individuals be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! mo/ em95t e?ical ?9k]s1 m5 su* z ,j]emy ,b5?am & ,immanuel ,kant1 :o discuss$ e?ical que/ions f v opposite /&po9ts1 agre$ 9 reg>d+ all m5 z equal 9 respect ( e?ical end[m5t4 ,9 reg>d to ,b5?am1 ,leslie ,/eph5 rem>ks3 ,he is det]m9$ to be ?or\ghly empirical1 to take m5 z he f\nd !m4 ,b 8 utilit>ianism suppos$ t m5's views ( happ9ess & utility 7 uni=m & cle>1 & t all t 0 want$ 0 to %[ !m ! means by :i* _! ends c\ld be rea*$4 7,engli% lit]ature & society 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,london1 #aijd1 page #ahg47 ,& ,kant suppos$ t e man w\ld f9d ! categorical imp]ative 9 8 consci\sness1 :5 he came to sob] reflexion1 & t all w\ld h ! same qualifications to foll[ x4 ,b if cont9ual v>iations1 great or small1 are go+ on 9 human nature1 x is ! duty ( e?ics to make all[ance = !m1 bo? 9 mak+ claims1 & 9 valu+ :at is done4 ,a new set ( e?ical problems h _! orig9 "h4 7,cf4 my pap]1 ,! law ( relativity 9 ,e?ics1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahia1 pages #cg-fb47 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ,/u>t ,mill's book ,on ,lib]ty appe>$ 9 ! same ye> z ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,?\gh ,mill agre$ ) ,b5?am ab\t ! orig9al equality ( all m5's end[m5ts1 he reg>d$ individual diff]5ces z a necess>y result ( physical & social influ5ces1 & he claim$ t free play %all be all[$ to diff]5ces ( "* s f> z is possible )\t injury to o!r m54 ,x is a condition ( individual & social progress t a man's mode ( action %\ld be det]m9$ by 8 own "* & n by tradition & cu/om1 nor by ab/ract rules4 ,?is view 0 to be corroborat$ by ! !ory ( ,d>w94 ,b "h we h rea*$ a po9t ( view f :i* ! criticism1 :i* 9 rec5t ye>s has (t5 be5 direct$ aga9/ ,d>w9--t small v>iations are ( no importance 9 ! /ruggle = life--is ( no weight4 ,f an e?ical /&po9t1 & p>ticul>ly f ! e?ical /&po9t ( ,d>w9 himself1 x is a duty to fo/] individual diff]5ces t c be valuable1 ev5 ?\gh !y c nei!r be ( s]vice = physical pres]vation nor be physically inh]it$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 v>iation & mutation is "h )\t importance4 ,x is q natural t biologi/s %\ld be p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 su* v>iations z c be inh]it$ & produce new species4 ,b 9 ! human _w !re is n only a physical1 b also a m5tal & social h]$ity4 ,:5 an ideal human "* has tak5 =m1 !n !re is %ap$ a type1 :i* ?r\gh imitation & influ5ce c become an important factor 9 subsequ5t developm5t1 ev5 if x _c =m a species 9 ! biological s5se ( ! ^w4 ,spiritually /rong m5 (t5 succumb 9 ! physical /ruggle = life2 b !y c nev]!less be victori\s ?r\gh ! typical influ5ce !y ex]t1 p]haps on v di/ant g5]ations1 if ! remembrance ( !m is kept alive1 be x 9 leg5d>y or 9 hi/orical =m4 ,_! v failure c %[ t a type has tak5 =m :i* is ma9ta9$ at all risks1 a /&>d ( life :i* is adh]$ to 9 spite ( ! /ronge/ opposition4 ,! "q to be or n to be c be put f v diff]5t levels ( be+3 x has too (t5 be5 consid]$ a consequ5ce ( ,d>w9ism t ?is "q is only to be put f ! l[e/ level4 ,:5 a /age is rea*$1 :]e ideal 7e?ical1 intellectual1 ae/hetic7 int]e/s are conc]n$1 ! /ruggle = life is a /ruggle = ! pres]vation ( ?is /age4 ,! giv+ up ( a high] /&>d ( life is a sort ( dea?2 = !re is n only a physical1 !re is also a spiritual1 dea?4 ,,vi4 ,! ,socratic "* ( ,d>w9's m9d appe>s 9 8 w>9ess 9 draw+ ! la/ consequ5ces ( 8 doctr9e1 9 contra/ bo? ) ! audaci\s !ories ( s _m ( 8 foll[]s & ) ! consequ5ces :i* 8 antagoni/s 7 busy 9 draw+4 ,?\gh he1 z we h se51 saw f ! beg9n+ t 8 hypo!sis w\ld occasion a :ole ( metaphysics1 he 0 himself v res]v$ z to ! ultimate que/ions1 & 8 answ]s to su* que/ions 7 extort$ f him4 ,z to ! "q ( optimism & pessimism1 ,d>w9 held t ?\gh pa9 & suff]+ 7 v (t5 ! ways by :i* animals 7 l$ to pursue t c\rse ( action :i* is mo/ b5eficial to ! species1 yet pleasurable feel+s 7 ! mo/ habitual guides4 ,we see ?is 9 ! pleasure f ex]tion1 ev5 occasionally f great ex]tion ( ! body or m9d1 9 ! pleasure ( our daily meals1 & especially 9 ! pleasure d]iv$ f sociability1 & f lov+ our families4 ,b !re 0 to him s mu* suff]+ 9 ! _w t x 0 a /rong argum5t aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t ,fir/ ,cause4 7,life & ,lett]s ,vol4 ,i4 page #caj47 ,x seems to me t ,d>w9 0 n s cle> on ano!r "q1 t ( ! relation betwe5 improvem5t & adaptation4 ,he wrote to ,lyell3 ,:5 y contra/ natural selection & 'improvem5t1' y seem always to ov]look444 t e /ep 9 ! natural selection ( ea* species implies improvem5t 9 t species ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,its ,,condition ,,( ,,life444 ,improvem5t implies1 ,i suppose1 ,,ea* ,,=m ,,obta9+ ,,_m ,,p>ts ,,or ,,organs1 all excell5tly adapt$ = _! functions4 ,all ?is1 he adds1 seems to me q compatible ) c]ta9 =ms fitt$ = simple conditions1 rema9+ unalt]$1 or be+ degrad$4 7,ibid4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #agg47 ,b ! great "q is1 if ! conditions ( life w 9 ! long run fav\r improvem5t 9 ! s5se ( diff]5tiation 7or h>mony ( diff]5tiation & integration74 ,_m be+s are be/ adapt$ to _! conditions ( life if !y h few organs & few necessities4 ,pessimism w\ld n only be ! consequ5ce1 if suff]+ outweigh$ happ9ess1 b also if ! mo/ elem5t>y =ms ( happ9ess 7 pr$om9ant1 or if !re 7 a t5d5cy to r$uce ! /&>d ( life to ! simple/ possible1 ! cont5tm5t ( in]tia or /able equilibrium4 ,!re are animals :i* are v highly diff]5tiat$ & active 9 _! "y /ate1 b lat] lose _! complex organisation & conc5trate !mselves on ! "o function ( nutrition4 ,9 ! human _w analogies to ?is sort ( adaptation are n want+4 ,"y ideali/s v (t5 end z old ,phili/9es4 ,adaptation & progress are n ! same4 ,ano!r "q ( great importance 9 respect to human evolution is1 :e!r !re w be always a possibility = ! exi/5ce ( an impulse to progress1 an impulse to make great claims on life1 to be active & to alt] ! conditions ( life in/ead ( adapt+ to !m 9 a passive mann]4 ,_m p d n develop because !y h too few necessities1 & because !y h no p[] to imag9e o!r conditions ( life ?an ^? "u :i* !y live4 ,9 8 rem>ks on ! pleasure f ex]tion ,d>w9 has a po9t ( contact ) ! practical idealism ( =m] times--) ! ideas ( ,less+ & ,goe!1 ( ,condorcet & ,fi*te4 ,! cont9ual /riv+ :i* 0 ! condition ( salvation to ,fau/'s s\l1 is also ! condition ( salvation to mank9d4 ,!re is a holy fire :i* we ought to keep burn+1 if adaptation is really to be improvem5t4 ,if1 z ,i h tri$ to %[ 9 my ,philosophy ( ,religion1 ! inn]mo/ core ( all religion is fai? 9 ! p]si/5ce ( value 9 ! _w1 & if ! highe/ values express !mselves 9 ! cry ,excelsior6 !n ! capital po9t is1 t ?is cry %\ld always be he>d & foll[$4 ,we h "h a coroll>y ( ! !ory ( evolution 9 its application to human life4 ,d>w9 decl>$ himself an agno/ic1 n only because he c\ld n h>monise ! l>ge am\nt ( suff]+ 9 ! _w ) ! idea ( a ,god z its fir/ cause1 b also because he 0 aw>e t if we admit a fir/ cause1 ! m9d /ill craves to "k :5ce x came & h[ x arose4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #cjf47 ,he saw1 z ,kant _h se5 be=e him & express$ 9 8 ,kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1 t we _c accept ei!r ( ! only two possibilities :i* we are able to conceive3 *ance 7or brute =ce7 & design4 ,nei!r me*anism nor teleology c give an absolute answ] to ultimate que/ions4 ,! univ]se1 & especially ! organic life 9 x1 c nei!r be expla9$ z a m]e comb9ation ( absolute elem5ts nor z ! effect ( a con/ruct+ ?\ght4 ,d>w9 conclud$1 z ,kant1 & be=e him ,sp9oza1 t ! oppositions & di/9ctions :i* our exp]i5ce pres5ts1 _c safely be reg>d$ z valid = exi/5ce 9 itself4 ,&1 ) ,kant & ,fi*te1 he f\nd 8 /ronghold 9 ! conviction t man has some?+ to d1 ev5 if he _c solve all enigmas4 ,! safe/ conclusion seems to me t ! :ole subject is beyond ! scope ( man's intellect2 b man c d 8 duty4 7,ibid4 page #cjg47 ,is ?is ! la/ ^w ( human ?\ght8 ,does n ! possibility1 t man c d 8 duty1 suppose t ! conditions ( life all[ ( cont9u\s e?ical /riv+1 s t !re is a c]ta9 h>mony betwe5 cosmic ord] & human ideals8 ,d>w9 himself has %[n h[ ! consci\sness ( duty c arise z a natural result ( evolution4 ,moreov] !re are l9es ( evolution :i* h _! end 9 e?ical idealism1 9 a k+dom ( values1 :i* mu/ /ruggle = life z all ?+s 9 ! _w mu/ d1 b a k+dom :i* has its firm f\ndation 9 reality4 ,,xxiii4 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,sociology4 ,by ,c4 ,b\gle4 ,pr(essor ( ,social ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,t\l\se & ,deputy-,pr(essor at ! ,sorbonne1 ,p>is4 ,h[ has our conception ( social ph5om5a1 & ( _! hi/ory1 be5 affect$ by ,d>w9's conception ( ,nature & ! laws ( its trans=mations8 ,to :at ext5t & 9 :at p>ticul> respects h ! discov]ies & hypo!ses ( ! au?or ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species aid$ ! ef=ts ( ^? :o h s\ght to con/ruct a sci5ce ( society8 ,to su* a "q x is c]ta9ly n easy to give any brief or precise answ]4 ,we f9d traces ( ,d>w9ism almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,sociological sy/ems diff]+ widely f ea* o!r h laid claim to its au?ority2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 its influ5ce has (t5 made itself felt only 9 comb9ation ) o!r influ5ces4 ,! ,d>w9ian ?read is work$ into a hundr$ patt]ns along ) o!r ?reads4 ,to deal ) ! problem1 we mu/1 x seems1 fir/ ( all di/+ui% ! m g5]al conclusions 9 reg>d to ! evolution ( liv+ be+s1 :i* are ! outcome ( ,d>w9ism1 f ! p>ticul> explanations x (f]s ( ! ways & means by :i* t evolution is effect$4 ,t is to say1 we mu/1 z f> z possible1 e/imate sep>ately ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9 z an evolutioni/ & ,d>w9 z a selectioni/4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury1 said ,c\rnot1 has witness$ a mighty ef=t to re9tegr] l'homme dans la nature4 ,f div]s qu>t]s !re has be5 a me?odical reaction aga9/ ! p]si/5t dualism ( ! ,c>tesian tradition1 :i* 0 itself ! unconsci\s heir ( ! ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,ev5 ! philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 mat]iali/ic z 7 = ! mo/ "p ! t5d5cies ( its lead]s1 seem$ to rev]e man z a be+ ap>t1 conc]n+ :om laws might be =mulat$ a priori4 ,to br+ him d[n f 8 p$e/al !re 0 ne$$ ! m>k$ pr$om9ance ( positive rese>*es :]e9 no acc\nt 0 tak5 ( ! pride ( man4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,d>w9 has done mu* to famili>ise u ) ?is attitude4 ,take = in/ance ! fir/ "p ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man3 x is an accumulation ( typical facts1 all t5d+ to dim9i% ! di/ance betwe5 u & our bro!rs1 ! l[] animals4 ,"o might say t ! naturali/ _h "h tak5 z 8 motto1 ,:osoev] %all exalt himself %all be abas$2 & he t %all humble himself %all be exalt$4 ,homolog\s /ructures1 ! survival 9 man ( c]ta9 organs ( animals1 ! rudim5ts 9 ! animal ( c]ta9 human faculties1 a multitude ( facts ( ?is sort1 l$ ,d>w9 to ! conclusion t !re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t ! k+ ( ! univ]se is exempt f univ]sal laws4 ,?us belief 9 ! imp]ium 9 imp]io has be51 z x 71 :ittl$ away by ! progress ( ! naturali/ic _s1 itself cont9ually /r5g!n$ by ! conque/s ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,! t5d5cy may1 inde$1 drag ! social sci5ces into ov]/ra9$ analogies1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! assimilation ( societies to organisms4 ,b x w1 at lea/1 h _h ! m]it ( help+ sociology to %ake (f ! pre-conception t ! gr\ps =m$ by m5 are artificial1 & t hi/ory is completely at ! m]cy ( *ance4 ,"s ye>s be=e ! appe>ance ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,augu/e ,comte _h po9t$ out ! importance1 z reg>ds ! unification ( positive k1 ( ! conviction t ! social _w1 ! la/ refuge ( spiritualism1 is itself subject to det]m99ism4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! movem5t ( ?\ght :i* ,d>w9's discov]ies promot$ contribut$ to ! spread ( ?is conviction1 by break+ d[n ! traditional b>ri] :i* cut man (f f ,nature4 ,b ,nature1 accord+ to mod]n naturali/s1 is no immutable ?+3 x is r p]petual movem5t1 cont9ual progression4 ,_! discov]ies batt] a brea* directly into ! ,ari/otelian notion ( species2 !y refuse to see 9 ! animal _w a collection ( immutable types1 di/9ct f all et]nity1 & correspond+1 z ,cuvi] said1 to s _m p>ticul> ?\ghts ( ! ,creator4 ,d>w9 especially congratulat$ himself ^u hav+ be5 able to deal ?is doctr9e ! c\p de grace3 immutability is1 he says1 8 *ief enemy2 & he is conc]n$ to %[--!re9 foll[+ up ,lyell's "w--t ev]y?+ 9 ! organic _w1 z 9 ! inorganic1 is expla9$ by ins5sible b incessant trans=mations4 ,nature makes no leaps--,nature kn[s no gaps3 ^! two dicta =m1 z x 71 ! two l&m>ks betwe5 :i* ,d>w9's idea ( trans=mation is work$ out4 ,t is to say1 ! developm5t ( ,d>w9ism is calculat$ to fur!r ! application ( ! philosophy ( ,becom+ to ! /udy ( human in/itutions4 ,! progress ( ! natural sci5ces ?us br+s unexpect$ re9=cem5ts to ! revolution :i* ! progress ( hi/orical discipl9e _h begun4 ,! fir/ attempt to con/itute an actual sci5ce ( social ph5om5a--t1 namely1 ( ! economi/s--_h result$ 9 laws :i* 7 call$ natural1 & :i* 7 believ$ to be et]nal & univ]sal1 valid = all times & all places4 ,b ?is p]petuality1 bro!r1 z ,knies said1 ( ! immutability ( ! old zoology1 did n long hold out aga9/ ! ev] swell+ tide ( ! hi/orical movem5t4 ,k ( ! trans=mations t _h tak5 place 9 language1 ( ! e>ly phases ( ! family1 ( religion1 ( prop]ty1 _h all fav\r$ ! revival ( ! ,h]aclitean view3 panta rei4 ,z to ! categories ( political economy1 x 0 soon to be recognis$1 z by ,lassalle1 t !y too are only hi/orical4 ,! philosophy ( hi/ory1 moreov]1 gave expression "u v>i\s =ms to ! same t5d5cy4 ,hegel decl>es t all t is real is rational1 b at ! same "t he %[s t all t is real is ephem]al1 & t = hi/ory !re is no?+ fix$ b5ea? ! sun4 ,x is ?is s5se ( univ]sal evolution t ,d>w9 came ) fre% au?ority to enl>ge4 ,x 0 9 ! "n ( biological facts !mselves t he taught u to see only sl[ metamorphoses 9 ! hi/ory ( in/itutions1 & to be always on ! outlook = survivals side by side ) rudim5t>y =ms4 ,anyone :o reads ,primitive ,culture1 by ,tylor1--a writ] closely connect$ ) ,d>w9--w be able to e/imate ! s]vices :i* ^! c>d9al ideas 7 to r5d] to ! social sci5ces :5 ! age ( comp>ative rese>* _h succe$$ to t ( a priori con/ruction4 ,let u note1 moreov]1 t ! philosophy ( ,becom+ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,d>w9ian biology became1 z x 71 filt]$3 x got rid ( ^? traces ( f9alism1 :i*1 "u diff]5t =ms1 x _h pres]v$ ?r\gh all ! sy/ems ( ,g]man ,romanticism4 ,ev5 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 x has be5 plausibly argu$1 "o c detect some?+ ( t sort ( my/ic confid5ce 9 =ces spontane\sly direct+ life1 :i* =ms ! v ess5ce ( ^? sy/ems4 ,b ,d>w9's obs]vations 7 precisely calculat$ to r5d] su* an hypo!sis futile4 ,at fir/ p may h fail$ to see ?is2 & we call to m9d ! pond]\s s>casms ( ,fl\r5s :5 he object$ to ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection t x attribut$ to nature a p[] ( free *oice4 ,nature end[$ ) w6 ,t 0 ! f9al error ( la/ c5tury2 b ! n9ete5? no long] deals 9 p]sonifications4 7,p4 ,fl\r5s1 ,exam5 du ,livre de ,m4 ,d>w9 sur l',orig9e des ,especes1 page #ec1 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 ,see also ,huxley1 ,criticisms on ! ',orig9 ( ,species'1 ,collect$ ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 page #ajb1 ,london1 #aijb47 ,9 fact ,d>w9 himself put 8 read]s on _! gu>d aga9/ ! metaphors he 0 oblig$ to use4 ,! processes by :i* he expla9s ! survival ( ! fitte/ are f> f af=d+ any indication ( ! design ( "s transc5d5t bre$]4 ,nor1 if we look closely1 d !y ev5 imply imman5t ef=t 9 ! animal2 ! sort+ out c be br\ght ab\t me*anically1 simply by ! action ( ! environm5t4 ,9 ?is connection ,huxley c\ld ) good reason ma9ta9 t ,d>w9's orig9ality consi/$ 9 %[+ h[ h>monies :i* hi!rto _h be5 tak5 to imply ! ag5cy ( intellig5ce & w c\ld be expla9$ )\t any su* int]v5tion4 ,s1 :5 lat] on1 objective sociology decl>es t1 ev5 :5 social ph5om5a are 9 "q1 all f9ali/ preconceptions mu/ be di/ru/$ if a sci5ce is to be con/itut$1 x is to ,d>w9 t its ?anks are due2 he _h long be5 cle>+ pa?s = x :i* lay well away f ! old famili> road trodd5 by s _m !ories ( evolution4 ,?is anti-f9ali/ doctr9e1 :5 fully work$ out1 01 moreov]1 calculat$ to aid 9 ! ne$ful dissociation ( two notions3 t ( evolution & t ( progress4 ,9 application to society ^! _h long be5 conf\nd$2 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! g5]al idea seem$ to be t only "o type ( evolution 0 "h possible4 ,d we n detect su* a view 9 ,comte's sociology1 & p]haps ev5 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s8 ,:oev]1 inde$1 assumes an end = evolution is naturally incl9$ to ?9k t only "o road leads to t end4 ,b ^? ^: m9ds ! ,d>w9ian !ory has enlight5$ are aw>e t ! trans=mations ( liv+ be+s dep5d prim>ily ^u _! conditions1 & t x is ^! conditions :i* are ! ag5ts ( selection f among individual v>iations4 ,h5ce1 x imm$iately foll[s t trans=mations are n necess>ily improvem5ts4 ,"h1 ,d>w9's ?\ght hesitat$4 ,logically 8 !ory proves1 z ,ray ,lanke/] po9t$ out1 t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce may h z its outcome deg5]ation z well z amelioration3 evolution may be regressive z well z progressive4 ,!n1 too--& ?is is especially to be borne 9 m9d--ea* species takes its good :]e x f9ds x1 seeks its own pa? & survives z be/ x c4 ,apply ?is notion to society & y arrive at ! !ory ( multil9e> evolution4 ,div]g5cies w no long] surprise y4 ,y w be =ew>n$ n to apply to all civilisations ! same measure ( progress1 & y w recognise t types ( evolution may diff] j z social species !mselves diff]4 ,h we n "h "o ( ! conceptions :i* m>k (f sociology prop] f ! old philosophy ( hi/ory8 ,b if we are to e/imate ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9ism ^u sociological conceptions1 we mu/ n dwell only ^u ! way 9 :i* ,d>w9 impress$ ! g5]al notion ( evolution ^u ! m9ds ( ?9k]s4 ,we mu/ g into details4 ,we mu/ consid] ! influ5ce ( ! p>ticul> !ories by :i* he expla9$ ! me*anism ( ?is evolution4 ,! "n ( ! au?or ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species has be5 especially atta*$1 z ev]yone kn[s1 to ! doctr9es ( natural selection & ( /ruggle = exi/5ce1 complet$ by ! notion ( individual v>iation4 ,^! doctr9es 7 turn$ to acc\nt by v diff]5t s*ools ( social philosophy4 ,pessimi/ic & optimi/ic1 ari/ocratic & democratic1 individuali/ic & sociali/ic sy/ems 7 to w> ) ea* o!r = ye>s by ca/+ scraps ( ,d>w9ism at ea* o!r's heads4 ,x 0 ! spectacle ( human contrivance t sugge/$ to ,d>w9 8 conception ( natural selection4 ,x 0 9 /udy+ ! me?ods ( pigeon bre$]s t he div9$ ! processes by :i* nature1 9 ! abs5ce ( design1 obta9s analog\s results 9 ! diff]5tiation ( types4 ,z soon z ! importance ( artificial selection 9 ! trans=mation ( species ( animals 0 und]/ood1 reflection naturally turn$ to ! human species1 & ! "q arose1 ,h[ f> d m5 obs]ve1 9 connection ) !mselves1 ^? laws ( :i* !y make practical application 9 ! case ( animals8 ,"h we come ^u "o ( ! ideas :i* guid$ ! rese>*es ( ,galton1 ,d>w9's c\s94 ,! au?or ( ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty & its ,developm5t 7,inquiries into ,human ,faculty1 pages #a1 #b1 #c sq41 ,london1 #ahhc471 has (t5 express$ 8 surprise t1 consid]+ all ! precautions tak51 = example1 9 ! bre$+ ( horses1 none :atev] are tak5 9 ! bre$+ ( ! human species4 ,x seems to be =gott5 t ! species suff]s :5 ! fitte/ are n able to p]petuate _! type4 ,rit*ie1 9 8 ,d>w9ism & ,politics 7,d>w9ism & ,politics pages #i1 #bb1 ,london1 #ahhi47 rem9ds u ( ,d>w9's rem>k t ! in/itution ( ! pe]age might be def5d$ on ! gr\nd t pe]s1 ow+ to ! pre/ige !y enjoy1 are enabl$ to select z wives ! mo/ beautiful & *>m+ wom5 out ( ! l[] ranks4 7,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,,ii4 page #che47 ,b1 says ,galton1 x is z (t5 z n heiresses t !y pick out1 & bir? /ati/ics seem to %[ t ^! are ei!r less robu/ or less fecund ?an o!rs4 ,! tru? is t consid]ations cont9ue to preside ov] m>riage :i* are entirely =eign to ! improvem5t ( type1 mu* z ?is is a condition ( g5]al progress4 ,h5ce ! importance ( complet+ ,od9's & ,de ,c&olle's /ati/ics :i* are design$ to %[ h[ *>act]s are incorporat$ 9 organisms1 h[ !y are transmitt$1 h[ lo/1 & accord+ to :at law eug5ic elem5ts dep>t f ! mean or return to x4 ,b ?9k]s d n always cont5t !mselves ) und]tak+ m]ely ! m9ute rese>*es :i* ! idea ( ,selection sugge/s4 ,!y are eag] to def5d ?is or t !sis4 ,9 ! "n ( ?is idea c]ta9 social an?ropologi/s h reca/ ! conception ( ! process ( civilisation1 & h affirm$ t ,social ,selection g5]ally works aga9/ ! tr5d ( ,natural ,selection4 ,va*] de ,lap\ge--foll[+ up an obs]vation by ,broca on ! po9t--enum]ates ! v>i\s in/itutions1 or cu/oms1 su* z ! celibacy ( prie/s & milit>y conscription1 :i* cause elim9ation or /]ilisation ( ! be>]s ( c]ta9 sup]ior qualities1 intellectual or physical4 ,9 a m g5]al way he attacks ! democratic movem5t1 a movem5t1 z ,p4 ,b\rget says1 :i* is anti-physical & contr>y to ! natural laws ( progress2 ?\gh x has be5 inspir$ by ! dreams ( t mo/ vision>y ( all c5turies1 ! eighte5?4 7,v4 de ,lap\ge1 ,les ,selections sociales1 page #bei1 ,p>is1 #ahif47 ,! ,equality :i* levels d[n & mixes 7ju/ly condemn$1 he holds1 by ! ,comte de ,gob9eau71 prev5ts ! ari/ocracy ( ! blond doli*ocephales f hold+ ! position & play+ ! "p :i*1 9 ! int]e/s ( all1 %\ld belong to !m4 ,otto ,ammon1 9 8 ,natural ,selection 9 ,man1 & 9 ,! ,social ,ord] & its ,natural ,bases 7,die naturli*e ,auslese beim ,m5s*51 ,j5a1 #ahic2 ,die ,gesells*aftsordnung und ihre naturli*5 ,grundlag54 ,entwurf e9] ,sozialan?ropologie1 ,j5a1 #ahif471 def5d$ analog\s doctr9es 9 ,g]many2 sett+ ! curve repres5t+ frequ5cy ( tal5t ov] aga9/ t ( income1 he attempt$ to %[ t all democratic measures :i* aim at promot+ ! rise 9 ! social scale ( ! tal5t$ are useless1 if n dang]\s2 t !y only increase ! panmixia1 to ! great detrim5t ( ! species & ( society4 ,among ! ari/ocratic !ories :i* ,d>w9ism has ?us inspir$ we mu/ reckon t ( ,nietzs*e4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 ord] to complete 8 philosophy he add$ biological /udies to 8 philological2 & m ?an once 9 8 rem>ks ^u ! ,wille zur ,ma*t he def9itely alludes to ,d>w92 ?\gh x mu/ be confess$ t x is g5]ally 9 ord] to proclaim ! 9 suffici5cy ( ! processes by :i* ,d>w9 seeks to expla9 ! g5esis ( species4 ,nev]!less1 ,nietzs*e's m9d is completely possess$ by an ideal ( ,selection4 ,he1 too1 has a horror ( panmixia4 ,! naturali/s' conception ( ! fitte/ is jo9$ by him to t ( ! h]o ( romance to furni% a basis = 8 doctr9e ( ! ,sup]man4 ,let u ha/5 to add1 moreov]1 t at ! v mom5t :5 support 0 be+ s\ght 9 ! !ory ( ,selection = ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ari/ocratic doctr9e1 ^? same =ms 7 be+ batt]$ d[n on ano!r side by means ( t v !ory4 ,att5tion 0 drawn to ! fact t by virtue ( ! laws :i* ,d>w9 himself _h discov]$ isolation leads to etiolation4 ,!re is a risk t ! privilege :i* )draws ! privileg$ elem5ts ( ,society f competition w cause !m to deg5]ate4 ,9 fact1 ,jacoby 9 8 ,/udies 9 ,selection1 9 connexion ) ,h]$ity 9 ,man1 7,etudes sur la ,selection dans ses rapports avec l'h]$ite *ez l'homme1 ,p>is1 page #dha1 #ahha471 concludes t /]ility1 m5tal debility1 premature dea? &1 f9ally1 ! ext9ction ( ! /ock 7 n specially & exclusively ! fate ( sov]eign dyna/ies2 all privileg$ classes1 all families 9 exclusively elevat$ positions %>e ! fate ( reign+ families1 al?\gh 9 a m9or degree & 9 direct proportion to ! l(t9ess ( _! social /&+4 ,f ! mass ( human be+s spr+ individuals1 families1 races1 :i* t5d to raise !mselves above ! common level2 pa9fully !y climb ! rugg$ heights1 atta9 ! summits ( p[]1 ( weal?1 ( intellig5ce1 ( tal5t1 & !n1 no soon] are !y !re ?an !y topple d[n & disappe> 9 gulfs ( m5tal & physical deg5]acy4 ,! demographical rese>*es ( ,hans5 7,die drei ,bevolk]ungs/uf51 ,muni*1 #ahhi47 7foll[+ up & complet+ ,dumont's7 t5d$1 inde$1 to %[ t urban z well z feudal ari/ocracies1 burgh] classes z well z noble ca/es1 7 liable to become effete4 ,h5ce x might well be conclud$ t ! democratic movem5t1 op]at+ z x does to break d[n class b>ri]s1 0 promot+ in/ead ( imp$+ human selection4 ,s we see t1 accord+ to ! po9t ( view1 v diff]5t conclusions h be5 drawn f ! application ( ! ,d>w9ian idea ( ,selection to human society4 ,d>w9's o!r c5tral idea1 closely b\nd up ) ?is1 t1 namely1 ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce also has be5 div]sely utilis$4 ,b discussion has *iefly c5t]$ ^u its signification4 ,& :ile "s endeav\r to ext5d its application to ev]y?+1 we f9d o!rs try+ to limit its range4 ,! conception ( a /ruggle = exi/5ce has 9 ! pres5t day be5 tak5 up into ! social sci5ces f natural sci5ce1 & adopt$4 ,b orig9ally x desc5d$ f social sci5ce to natural4 ,d>w9's law is1 z he himself said1 only ,mal?us' law g5]alis$ & ext5d$ to ! animal _w3 a gr[+ disproportion betwe5 ! supply ( food & ! numb] ( ! liv+ is ! fatal ord] :5ce arises ! necessity ( univ]sal /ruggle1 a /ruggle :i*1 to ! great advantage ( ! species1 all[s only ! be/ equipp$ individuals to survive4 ,nature is reg>d$ by ,huxley z an imm5se ar5a :]e all liv+ be+s are gladiators4 7,evolution & ,e?ics1 page #bjj2 ,collect$ ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 ,london1 #ahid47 ,su* a g5]alisation 0 well adapt$ to fe$ ! /ream ( pessimi/ic ?\ght2 & x furni%$ to ! apologi/s ( w>1 9 p>ticul>1 new argum5ts1 weight$ ) all ! au?ority :i* 9 ^! days atta*es to sci5tific deliv]ances4 ,if p no long] say1 z ,bonald did1 & ,moltke aft] him1 t w> is a provid5tial fact1 !y yet lay /ress on ! po9t t x is a natural fact4 ,to ! peace p>ty ,dragomirov's objection is urg$ t its attempts are contr>y to ! fundam5tal laws ( nature1 & t no sea wall c hold aga9/ break]s t come ) su* ga!r$ =ce4 ,b 9 yet ano!r qu>t] ,d>w9ism 0 repres5t$ z oppos$ to philan?ropic int]v5tion4 ,! def5d]s ( ! or?odox political economy f\nd 9 x support = _! t5ets4 ,s9ce 9 ! organic _w univ]sal /ruggle is ! condition ( progress1 x seem$ obvi\s t free competition mu/ be all[$ to reign un*eck$ 9 ! economic _w4 ,attempts to curb x 7 9 ! highe/ degree imprud5t4 ,! _s ( ,lib]alism "h seem$ 9 con=mity ) ! tr5d ( nature3 9 ?is respect1 at lea/1 contempor>y naturalism1 (fspr+ ( ! discov]ies ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 br\ght re9=cem5ts to ! individuali/ doctr9e1 begott5 ( ! speculations ( ! eighte5?3 b only1 x appe>$1 to turn mank9d away = ev] f humanit>ian dreams4 ,w\ld ^? :om su* conclusions repell$ be cont5t to oppose to nature's imp]atives only ! prote/s ( ! he>t8 ,!re 7 "s :o decl>$1 l ,bruneti]e1 t ! laws 9 "q1 valid ?\gh !y might be = ! animal k+dom1 7 n applicable to ! human4 ,& s a return 0 made to ! classic dualism4 ,?is inde$ seems to be ! l9e t ,huxley took1 :51 = in/ance1 he oppos$ to ! cosmic process an e?ical process :i* 0 its rev]se4 ,b ! numb] ( ?9k]s :om ?is anti!sis does n satisfy gr[s daily4 ,al?\gh ! pessimism :i* claims au?orisation f ,d>w9's doctr9es is repugnant to !m1 !y /ill are unable to accept ! dualism :i* leaves a gulf betwe5 man & nature4 ,& _! endeav\r is to l9k ! two by %[+ t :ile ,d>w9's laws obta9 9 bo? k+doms1 ! conditions ( _! application are n ! same3 _! =ms1 &1 consequ5tly1 _! results1 v>y ) ! v>y+ m$iums 9 :i* ! /ruggle ( liv+ be+s takes place1 ) ! means ^! be+s h at disposal1 ) ! ends ev5 :i* !y propose to !mselves4 ,"h we h ! explanation ( ! fact t among det]m9$ oppon5ts ( w> p>tisans ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce c be f\nd3 !re are disciples ( ,d>w9 9 ! peace p>ty4 ,novic[1 = example1 admits ! combat univ]sel ( :i* ,le ,dantec 7,les ,luttes entre ,societies huma9es et leurs phases successives1 ,p>is1 #ahic17 speaks2 b he rem>ks t at diff]5t /ages ( evolution1 at diff]5t /ages ( life ! same weapons are n necess>ily employ$4 ,/ruggles ( brute =ce1 arm$ h& to h& conflicts1 may h be5 a necessity 9 ! e>ly phases ( human societies4 ,n[adays1 al?\gh competition may rema9 inevitable & indisp5sable1 x c assume mild] =ms4 ,economic rivalries1 /ruggles betwe5 intellectual influ5ces1 suffice to /imulate progress3 ! processes :i* ^! admit are1 9 ! actual /ate ( civilisation1 ! only ones :i* atta9 _! end )\t wa/e1 ! only ones logical4 ,f "o end to ! o!r ( ! ladd] ( life1 /ruggle is ! ord] ( ! day2 b m & m z ! high] rungs are rea*$1 x takes on *>act]s :i* are proportionately m humane4 ,reflections ( ?is k9d p]mit ! introduction into ! economic ord] ( limitations to ! doctr9e ( laiss] faire1 laiss] pass]4 ,?is appeals1 x is said1 to ! example ( nature :]e creatures1 left to !mselves1 /ruggle )\t truce & )\t m]cy2 b ! fact is =gott5 t ^u indu/rial battlefields ! conditions are diff]5t4 ,! competitors "h are n left simply to _! natural en]gies3 !y are v>i\sly h&icapp$4 ,a ri* /ore ( artificial res\rces exi/s 9 :i* "s p>ticipate & o!rs d n4 ,! sides !n are unequal2 & z a consequ5ce ! result ( ! /ruggle is falsifi$4 ,9 ! animal _w1 said ,de ,laveleye 7,le socialisme contempora91 page #chd 7#f? edition71 ,p>is1 #ahia471 criticis+ ,sp5c]1 ! fate ( ea* creature is det]m9$ by its individual qualities2 :]eas 9 civilis$ societies a man may obta9 ! highe/ position & ! mo/ beautiful wife because he is ri* & well-born1 al?\gh he may be ugly1 idle or improvid5t2 & !n x is he :o w p]petuate ! species4 ,! weal?y man1 ill con/itut$1 incapable1 sickly1 enjoys 8 ri*es & e/abli%es 8 /ock "u ! protection ( ! laws4 ,haycraft 9 ,engl& & ,j5ts* 9 ,g]many h /rongly emphasis$ ^! anomalies1 :i* nev]!less are ! rule4 ,t is to say t ev5 f a ,d>w9ian po9t ( view all social re=ms c readily be ju/ifi$ :i* aim at dim9i%+1 z ,wallace said1 inequalities at ! />t4 ,b we c g fur!r /ill4 ,:5ce comes ! idea t all measures inspir$ by ! s5tim5t ( solid>ity are contr>y to ,nature's tr5d8 ,obs]ve h] c>efully1 & %e w n give lessons only 9 individualism4 ,side by side ) ! /ruggle = exi/5ce d we n f9d 9 op]ation :at ,lanessan calls association = exi/5ce4 ,long ago1 ,esp9as _h drawn att5tion to societies ( animals1 tempor>y or p]man5t1 & to ! k9d ( morality t arose 9 !m4 ,s9ce !n1 naturali/s h (t5 insi/$ ^u ! importance ( v>i\s =ms ( symbiosis4 ,kropotk9 9 ,mutual ,aid has *os5 to enum]ate _m examples ( altruism furni%$ by animals to mank9d4 ,g$des & ,?omson w5t s f> z to ma9ta9 t ,ea* ( ! great] /eps ( progress is 9 fact associat$ ) an increas$ measure ( subord9ation ( individual competition to reproductive or social ends1 & ( int]specific competition to co-op]ative association4 7,g$des & ,?omson1 ,! ,evolution ( ,sex1 page #caa1 ,london1 #ahhi47 ,exp]i5ce %[s1 accord+ to ,g$des1 t ! types :i* are fitte/ to surm\nt great ob/acles are n s mu* ^? :o engage 9 ! fi]ce/ competitive /ruggle = exi/5ce1 z ^? :o contrive to temp] x4 ,f all ^! obs]vations !re result$1 along ) a limitation ( ,d>w9ian pessimism1 "s enc\ragem5t = ! aspirations ( ! collectivi/s4 ,& ,d>w9 himself w\ld1 d\btless1 h subscrib$ to ^! rectifications4 ,he nev] insi/$1 l 8 rival1 ,wallace1 ^u ! necessity ( ! solit>y /ruggle ( creatures 9 a /ate ( nature1 ea* = himself & aga9/ all4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 he po9t$ out ! s]viceabl5ess ( ! social in/9cts1 & corroborat$ ,bagehot's /atem5ts :5 ! latt]1 apply+ laws ( physics to politics1 %[$ ! great advantage societies d]iv$ f int]c\rse & communion4 ,aga91 ! !ory ( sexual evolution :i* makes ! evolution ( types dep5d increas+ly ^u pref]5ces1 judgm5ts1 m5tal factors1 surely (f]s some?+ to qualify :at seems h>d & brutal 9 ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,b1 z (t5 happ5s ) disciples1 ! ,d>w9ians _h out-,d>w9$ ,d>w94 ,! extravagancies ( social ,d>w9ism provok$ a useful reaction2 & ?us p 7 l$ to seek1 ev5 9 ! animal k+dom1 = facts ( solid>ity :i* w\ld s]ve to ju/ify humane ef=t4 ,on q ano!r l9e1 h[ev]1 an attempt has be5 made to connect sociali/ t5d5cies ) ,d>w9ian pr9ciples4 ,m>x & ,d>w9 h be5 confront$2 & writ]s h und]tak5 to %[ t ! "w ( ! ,g]man philosoph] fell readily into l9e ) t ( ! ,engli% naturali/ & 0 a developm5t ( x4 ,su* has be5 ! endeav\r ( ,f]ri 9 ,italy & ( ,woltmann 9 ,g]many1 n to m5tion o!rs4 ,! f\nd]s ( sci5tific socialism _h1 moreov]1 !mselves ?\ght ( ?is reconciliation4 ,!y make m ?an "o allusion to ,d>w9 9 works :i* appe>$ aft] #ahei4 ,& sometimes !y use 8 !ory to def9e by contra/ _! own ideal4 ,!y rem>k t ! capitali/ sy/em1 by giv+ free c\rse to individual competition1 ends inde$ 9 a bellum omnium contra omnes2 & !y make x cle> t ,d>w9ism1 ?us und]/ood1 is z repugnant to !m z to ,duhr+4 ,b x is at ! sci5tific & n at ! moral po9t ( view t !y place !mselves :5 !y connect _! economic hi/ory ) ,d>w9's "w4 ,?anks to ?is unify+ hypo!sis1 !y claim to h con/ruct$--z ,m>x does 9 8 preface to ,das ,kapital--a v]itable natural hi/ory ( social evolution4 ,engels speaks 9 praise ( 8 fri5d ,m>x z hav+ discov]$ ! true ma9spr+ ( hi/ory hidd5 "u ! veil ( idealism & s5tim5talism1 & z hav+ proclaim$ 9 ! primum viv]e ! inevitabl5ess ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,m>x himself1 9 ,das ,kapital1 indicat$ ano!r analogy :5 he dwelt ^u ! importance ( a g5]al te*nology = ! explanation ( ?is psy*ology3--a hi/ory ( tools :i* w\ld be to social organs :at ,d>w9ism is to ! organs ( animal species4 ,& ! v importance !y atta* to tools1 to app>atus1 to ma*9es1 abundantly proves t nei!r ,m>x nor ,engels 7 likely to =get ! special *>act]s :i* m>k (f ! human _w f ! animal4 ,! =m] always rema9s to a great ext5t an artificial _w4 ,inv5tions *ange ! face ( its in/itutions4 ,new modes ( production revolutionise n only modes ( gov]nm5t1 b modes ev5 ( collective ?\ght4 ,!re=e x is t ! evolution ( society is controll$ by laws special to x1 ( :i* ! spectacle ( nature (f]s no sugge/ion4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ?is special sph]e1 x c /ill be urg$ t ! evolution ( ! mat]ial conditions ( society is 9 accord ) ,d>w9's !ory1 x is because ! influ5ce ( ! me?ods ( production is itself to be expla9$ by ! incessant /rife ( ! v>i\s classes ) ea* o!r4 ,s t 9 ! end ,m>x1 l ,d>w91 f9ds ! s\rce ( all progress 9 /ruggle4 ,bo? are gr&sons ( ,h]aclitus3--polemos pat] panton4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 9 ^! days1 t ! doctr9e ( revolution>y socialism is contra/$ z rude & heal?y ) :at may seem to be ! en]vat+ t5d5cy ( solid>i/ philan?ropy3 ! apologi/s ( ! doctr9e !n pride !mselves above all ^u _! fai?fulness to ,d>w9ian pr9ciples4 ,s f> we h be5 ma9ly conc]n$ to %[ ! use t social philosophies h made ( ! ,d>w9ian laws = practical purposes3 9 ord] to ori5tate society t[>ds _! ideals ea* s*ool tries to %[ t ! au?ority ( natural sci5ce is on its side4 ,b ev5 9 ! mo/ objective ( !ories1 ^? :i* sy/ematically make ab/raction ( all political t5d5cies 9 ord] to /udy ! social reality 9 itself1 traces ( ,d>w9ism are readily to be f\nd4 ,let u take = example ,durkheim's !ory ( ,division ( ,lab\r 7,de la ,division du ,travail social1 ,p>is1 #ahic47 ,! conclusions he d]ives f x are t :5ev] pr(essional specialisation causes multiplication ( di/9ct bran*es ( activity1 we get organic solid>ity--imply+ diff]5ces--sub/itut$ = me*anical solid>ity1 bas$ ^u lik5esses4 ,! umbilical cord1 z ,m>x said1 :i* connects ! individual consci\sness ) ! collective consci\sness is cut4 ,! p]sonality becomes m & m emancipat$4 ,b on :at does ?is ph5om5on1 s big ) consequ5ces1 itself dep5d8 ,! au?or goes to social morphology = ! answ]3 x is1 he says1 ! gr[+ d5sity ( population :i* br+s ) x ?is increas+ diff]5tiation ( activities4 ,b1 aga91 :y8 ,because ! great] d5sity1 9 ?ru/+ m5 up aga9/ ea* o!r1 augm5ts ! int5sity ( _! competition = ! means ( exi/5ce2 & = ! problems :i* society ?us has to face diff]5tiation ( functions pres5ts itself z ! g5tle/ solution4 ,"h "o sees t ! writ] borr[s directly f ,d>w94 ,competition is at its maximum betwe5 simil>s1 ,d>w9 _h decl>$2 diff]5t species1 n lay+ claim to ! same food1 c\ld m easily coexi/4 ,"h lay ! explanation ( ! fact t ^u ! same oak hundr$s ( diff]5t insects might be f\nd4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! same applies to society4 ,he :o f9ds "s unadopt$ speciality possesses a means ( 8 own = gett+ a liv+4 ,x is by ?is division ( _! manifold tasks t m5 contrive n to cru% ea* o!r4 ,"h we obvi\sly h a ,d>w9ian law s]v+ z int]m$i>y 9 ! explanation ( t progress ( division ( lab\r :i* itself expla9s s mu* 9 ! social evolution4 ,& we might take ano!r example1 at ! o!r end ( ! s]ies ( sociological sy/ems4 ,g4 ,t>de is a sociologi/ ) ! mo/ pron\nc$ anti-naturali/ic views4 ,he has attempt$ to %[ t all application ( ! laws ( natural sci5ce to society is mislead+4 ,9 8 ,opposition ,univ]selle he has directly combatt$ all =ms ( sociological ,d>w9ism4 ,accord+ to him ! idea t ! evolution ( society c be trac$ on ! same plan z ! evolution ( species is *im]ical4 ,social evolution is at ! m]cy ( all k9ds ( inv5tions1 :i* by virtue ( ! laws ( imitation modify1 ?r\gh individual to individual1 ?r\gh neighb\rhood to neighb\rhood1 ! g5]al /ate ( ^? beliefs & desires :i* are ! only quantities ^: v>iation matt]s to ! sociologi/4 ,b1 x may be rejo9$1 t h[ev] psy*ical ! =ces may be1 !y are none ! less subject to ,d>w9ian laws4 ,!y compete ) ea* o!r2 !y /ruggle = ! ma/]y ( m9ds4 ,betwe5 types ( ideas1 z betwe5 organic =ms1 selection op]ates4 ,& ?\gh x may be t ^! types are u%]$ into ! ar5a by unexpect$ discov]ies1 we yet recognise 9 ! psy*ological accid5ts1 :i* ,t>de places at ! base ( ev]y?+1 ne> relatives ( ^? small accid5tal v>iations ^u :i* ,d>w9 builds4 ,?us1 accept+ ,t>de's own repres5tations1 x is q possible to express 9 ,d>w9ian t]ms1 ) ! necess>y transpositions1 "o ( ! mo/ ideali/ic sociologies t h ev] be5 con/ruct$4 ,^! few examples suffice4 ,!y enable u to e/imate ! ext5t ( ! field ( influ5ce ( ,d>w9ism4 ,x affects sociology n only ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( its advocates b ?r\gh t ( its oppon5ts4 ,! que/ion+s to :i* x has giv5 rise h prov$ no less fruitful ?an ! solutions x has sugge/$4 ,9 %ort1 few doctr9es1 9 ! hi/ory ( social philosophy1 w h produc$ on _! passage a f9] outcrop ( ideas4 ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,d>w9 ,,^u ,,religi\s ,,?\ght4 ,by ,p4,n4 ,waggett1 ,m4,a41 ,s4,s4,j4,e4 ,i4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is fir/ to po9t out c]ta9 elem5ts ( ! ,d>w9ian influ5ce ^u ,religi\s ?\ght1 & !n to %[ reason = ! conclusion t x has be51 f a ,*ri/ian po9t ( view1 satisfactory4 ,i %all n proce$ fur!r to urge t ! ,*ri/ian apologetic 9 relation to biology has be5 successful4 ,a v>iety ( op9ions may be held on ?is "q1 )\t di/urb+ ! conclusion t ! movem5ts ( readju/m5t h be5 b5eficial to ^? :o rema9 ,*ri/ians1 & ?is by mak+ !m m ,*ri/ian & n only m lib]al4 ,! !ologians may sometimes h retreat$1 b !re has be5 an advance ( !ology4 ,i "k t ?is acc\nt incurs ! *>ge ( optimism4 ,x is n ! wor/ t c\ld be made4 ,! influ5ce has be5 limit$ 9 p]sonal range1 unequal1 ev5 div]g5t1 9 op]ation1 & accompani$ by ! appe>ance ( wa/e & mis*iev\s products4 ,! e/imate :i* foll[s requires = due balance a full developm5t ( _m qualify+ consid]ations4 ,= ?is ,i lack space1 b ,i mu/ at lea/ di/+ui% my view f ! popul> "o t our difficulties ab\t religion & natural sci5ce h come to an end4 ,conc]n+ ! old] que/ions ab\t orig9s--! orig9 ( ! _w1 ( species1 ( man1 ( reason1 consci5ce1 religion--a l>ge measure ( und]/&+ has be5 rea*$ by "s ?\ghtful m54 ,b mean:ile new que/ions h aris51 que/ions ab\t conduct1 reg>d+ bo? ! reality ( morals & ! rule ( "r action = individuals & societies4 ,& ^! problems1 /ill f> f solution1 may also be trac$ to ! influ5ce ( ,d>w94 ,= !y arise f ! r5ew$ att5tion to h]$ity1 br\ght ab\t by ! se>* = ! causes ( v>iation1 )\t :i* ! /udy ( ! selection ( v>iations has no suffici5t basis4 ,ev5 ! exi/+ und]/&+ ab\t orig9s is v f> f univ]sal4 ,on ^! po9ts !re 7 always ?\ghtful m5 :o d5i$ ! necessity ( conflict1 & !re are /ill ?\ghtful m5 :o d5y ! possibility ( a truce4 ,x mu/ fur!r be rememb]$ t ! e>li] discussion n[1 z ,i hope to %[1 produc+ fav\rable results1 creat$ also = a "t grave damage1 n only 9 ! di/urbance ( fai? & ! loss ( m5--a loss n repair$ by a *ange 9 ! curr5ts ( debate--b 9 :at ,i believe to be a /ill m s]i\s respect4 ,i mean ! introduction ( a habit ( facile & unte/$ hypo!sis 9 religi\s z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( ?\ght4 ,d>w9 is n responsible = ?is1 b he is 9 "p ! cause ( x4 ,great ideas are dang]\s gue/s 9 n>r[ m9ds2 & ?us x has happ5$ t ,d>w9--! mo/ pati5t ( sci5tific work]s1 9 :om hypo!sis wait$ ^u rese>*1 or if x provisionally out/epp$ x did s only ) ! mo/ scrupul\sly c>eful ackn[l$gm5t--has l$ small] & less consci5ti\s m5 9 natural sci5ce1 9 hi/ory1 & 9 !ology to an ov]-eag] confid5ce 9 probable conjecture & a loose grip ^u ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is n too mu* to say t 9 _m qu>t]s ! age ( mat]ialism 0 ! lea/ matt]-(-fact age conceivable1 & ! age ( sci5ce ! age :i* %[$ lea/ ( ! pati5t temp] ( inquiry4 ,i h indicat$1 z %ortly z ,i c\ld1 "s losses & dang]s :i* 9 a balanc$ acc\nt ( ,d>w9's influ5ce w\ld be discuss$ at l5g?4 ,"o o!r loss mu/ be m5tion$4 ,x is a defect 9 our ?\ght :i*1 9 "s qu>t]s1 has by itself almo/ cancell$ all ! advantages secur$4 ,i mean ! exagg]at$ emphasis on uni=mity or cont9uity2 ! unwill+ness to re/ any "p ( fai? or ( our practical expectation ^u any?+ t f any po9t ( view c be call$ exceptional4 ,! high degree ( success rea*$ by naturali/s 9 trac+1 or reasonably conjectur+1 ! small beg9n+s ( great diff]5ces1 has l$ ! inconsid]ate to believe t any?+ may 9 "t become any?+ else4 ,x is true t ?is exagg]ation ( ! belief 9 uni=mity has produc$ 9 turn its own p]il\s reaction4 ,f refus+ to believe :atev] c be call$ exceptional1 "s h come to believe :atev] c be call$ wond]ful4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ! discont9u\s or highly v>i\s "* ( exp]i5ce receiv$ = _m ye>s too little delib]ate att5tion4 ,! conception ( uni=mity :i* is a necessity ( sci5tific description has be5 tak5 = ! sub/ance ( hi/ory4 ,we h accept$ a po/ulate ( sci5tific me?od z if x 7 a conclusion ( sci5tific demon/ration4 ,9 ! "n ( a g5]alisation :i*1 h[ev] j on ! l9es ( a p>ticul> me?od1 is ! prize ( a difficult exploit ( reflexion1 we h disc>d$ ! direct impressions ( exp]i5ce2 or1 p]haps x is m true to say1 we h us$ = ! criticism ( alleg$ exp]i5ces a doctr9e ( uni=mity :i* is only valid 9 ! region ( ab/ract sci5ce4 ,= e sci5ce dep5ds = its advance ^u limitation ( att5tion1 ^u ! selection out ( ! :ole cont5t ( consci\sness ( t "p or aspect :i* is measurable by ! me?od ( ! sci5ce4 ,accord+ly !re is a sci5ce ( life :i* rightly displays ! unity und]ly+ all its manife/ations4 ,b !re is ano!r view ( life1 equally valid1 & practically sometimes m important1 :i* recognises ! imm$iate & la/+ effect ( crisis1 diff]5ce1 & revolution4 ,our ard\r = ! demon/ration ( uni=mity ( process & ( m9ute cont9u\s *ange ne$s to be balanc$ by a recognition ( ! cata/rophic elem5t 9 exp]i5ce1 & also by a recognition ( ! exceptional significance = u ( ev5ts :i* may be p]fectly regul> f an imp]sonal po9t ( view4 ,an exorbitant jeal\sy ( miracle1 revelation1 & ultimate moral di/9ctions has be5 import$ f evolution>y sci5ce into religi\s ?\ght4 ,& x has be5 a damag+ influ5ce1 because x has tak5 m5's att5tion f facts1 & fix$ !m ^u !ories4 ,,ii4 ,) ?is ackn[l$gm5t ( important drawbacks1 requir+ _m words = _! prop] description1 ,i proce$ to indicate c]ta9 results ( ,d>w9's doctr9e :i* ,i believe to be 9 ! long run :olly b5eficial to ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,^! are3 ,! enc\ragem5t 9 !ology ( t evolution>y me?od ( obs]vation & /udy1 :i* has %ap$ all mod]n rese>*3 ,! recoil ( ,*ri/ian apologetics t[>ds ! gr\nd ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 a recoil produc$ by ! pressure ( sci5tific criticism ^u o!r supports ( fai?3 ,! re/atem5t1 or ! recov]y ( anci5t =ms ( /atem5t1 ( ! doctr9es ( ,creation & ( div9e ,design 9 ,nature1 consequ5t ^u ! discussion ( evolution & ( natural selection z its guid+ factor4 7#a7 ,! fir/ ( ^! is q possibly ! mo/ important ( all4 ,x 0 well def9$ 9 a notable pap] read by ,dr ,gore1 n[ ,bi%op ( ,birm+ham1 to ! ,*ur* ,congress at ,%rewsbury 9 #ahif4 ,we h le>nt a new caution bo? 9 ascrib+ & 9 d5y+ significance to items ( evid5ce1 9 utt]ance or 9 ev5t4 ,!re has be51 z 9 art1 a /udy ( values1 :i* secures p]spective & solidity 9 our repres5tation ( facts4 ,on ! "o h&1 a giv5 utt]ance or ev5t _c be drawn into evid5ce z if all items 7 ( equal consequ5ce1 l sov]eigns 9 a bag4 ,! "q :5ce & :i!r mu/ be ask$1 & ! p>ticul> ?+ measur$ z "p ( a s]ies4 ,?us measur$ x is n less truly important1 b x may be important 9 a l[] degree4 ,on ! o!r h&1 & = exactly ! same reason1 no?+ t is real is unimportant4 ,! failures are n m]e mi/akes4 ,we see !m1 9 ,/ ,augu/9e's words1 z s*ol>'s faults :i* m5 praise 9 hope ( fruit4 ,we _c safely trace ! orig9 ( ! evolutioni/ic me?od to ! influ5ce ( natural sci5ce4 ,! view is t5able t !ology l$ ! way4 ,probably ?is is a case ( alt]nate & reciprocal debt4 ,q c]ta9ly ! evolutioni/ me?od 9 !ology1 9 ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 & 9 ! e/imate ( scripture1 has receiv$ va/ re9=cem5t f biology1 9 :i* evolution has be5 ! ev] pres5t & ev] victori\s conception4 7#b7 ,! second effect nam$ is ! new will+ness ( ,*ri/ian ?9k]s to take def9ite acc\nt ( religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,?is is relat$ to ,d>w9 ?r\gh ! g5]al pressure ^u religi\s fai? ( sci5tific criticism4 ,! great advance ( our k ( organisms has be5 an important elem5t 9 ! g5]al advance ( sci5ce4 ,x has act$1 by ! v>i$ requirem5ts ( ! !ory ( organisms1 ^u all o!r bran*es ( natural inquiry1 & x held = a long "t t lead+ place 9 public att5tion :i* is n[ occupi$ by speculative physics4 ,consequ5tly x contribut$ l>gely to our pres5t e/imation ( sci5ce z ! supreme judge 9 all matt]s ( inquiry 7,f4,r4 ,t5nant3 ,! ,be+ ( ,god 9 ! light ( ,physical ,sci5ce1 9 ,essays on "s !ological que/ions ( ! day4 ,london1 #aije471 to ! suppos$ de/ruction ( my/]y & ! disp>agem5t ( metaphysic :i* m>k$ ! la/ age1 z well z to ! j recomm5dation ( sci5tific me?od 9 bran*es ( le>n+ :]e ! direct acquisitions ( natural sci5ce _h no place4 ,besides ?is1 ! new application ( ! idea ( law & me*anical regul>ity to ! organic _w seem$ to rob fai? ( a k9d ( refuge4 ,! romantics _h1 z ,b]!lot 7,evolutionisme et ,platonisme1 pages #de1 #df1 #dg4 ,p>is1 #aijh47 %[s1 appeal$ to life to r$ress ! judgm5ts drawn f me*anism4 ,n[1 9 ,sp5c]1 evolution gave u a vitali/ me*anic or me*anical vitalism1 & ! appeal seem$ cut (f4 ,we may return to ?is po9t lat] :5 we consid] evolution2 at pres5t ,i only endeav\r to indicate t g5]al pressure ( sci5tific criticism :i* drove m5 ( fai? to seek ! gr\nds ( reassurance 9 a sci5ce ( _! own2 9 a me?od ( exp]im5t1 ( obs]vation1 ( hypo!sis *eck$ by kn[n facts4 ,x is impossible = me to d m ?an glance across ! ?re%old ( ?is subject4 ,b x is necess>y to say t ! me?od is 9 an elem5t>y /age ( revival4 ,! impos+ success t belongs to natural sci5ce is abs5t3 we fall %ort ( ! un*all5geable unanimity ( ! ,biologi/s on fundam5tals4 ,! exp]im5tal me?od ) its sure repetitions _c be appli$ to our subject-matt]4 ,b we h some?+ l ! obs]vational me?od ( palaeontology & geographical di/ribution2 & 9 biology !re are /ill m5 :o ?9k t ! l>ge exam9ation ( v>ieties by way ( geography & ! se>* ( /rata is z truly sci5tific1 uses z g5u9ely ! logical me?od ( diff]5ce1 & is z fruitful 9 sure conclusions z ! quasi-*emical analysis ( ,m5delian laboratory "w1 ( :i* la/ ,i desire to express my humble admiration4 ,religion also has its obs]vational "w 9 ! l>g] & possibly m ardu\s mann]4 ,b ! sci5tific "w 9 religion makes its way ?r\gh difficulties & dang]s4 ,we are f> f hav+ f\nd ! =mula ( its comb9ation ) ! hi/orical elem5ts ( our apologetic4 ,x is expos$1 !re=e1 to a damag+ fire n only f unspirituali/ psy*ology & pa?ology b also f ! side ( s*ola/ic dogma4 ,x is h>d to admit on equal t]ms a p>tn] to ! old undivid$ rule ( books & le>n+4 ,) ,*>les ,lamb1 we cry 9 "s di/ress1 mu/ k come to me1 if x come at all1 by "s awkw>d exp]im5t ( intuition1 & no long] by ?is famili> process ( read+8 7,essays ( ,elia1 ,new ,ye>'s ,eve1 page #da2 ,a+]'s edition4 ,london1 #ahii47 & we are answ]$ t ! old process has an imp]i%able value1 only we h n yet made cle> its connection ) o!r contributions4 ,& all ! "w is "y1 liable to be drawn into unpr(itable excursions1 side-track$ by self-deceit & pret5ce2 & x fatally attracts1 l ! old] my/icism1 ! curiosity & ! expository p[]s ( ^? lea/ 9 sympa?y ) x1 ready writ]s :o1 ) all ! air ( ext5d$ rese>*1 h be5 cont5t ) n>r[ gr\nds = induction4 ,!re is a dang]1 besides1 :i* accompanies ev5 ! mo/ g5u9e "w ( ?is sci5ce & mu/ be provid$ aga9/ by all its s]i\s /ud5ts4 ,i mean ! dang] ( unbalanc$ introspection bo? = individuals & = societies2 ( a preoccupation comp>able to our mod]n social preoccupation ) bodily heal?2 ( reflection ^u m5tal /ates n accompani$ by ex]cise & gr[? ( ! m5tal p[]s2 ! dang] ( contemplat+ w & neglect+ "w1 ( analys+ conviction & n criticis+ evid5ce4 ,/ill1 9 spite ( dang]s & mi/akes1 ! "w rema9s full ( hopeful indications1 &1 9 ! be/ examples 7,su* an example is giv5 9 ,b>on ,f4 von ,hugel's rec5tly f9i%$ book1 ! result ( ?irty ye>s' rese>*3 ,! ,my/ical ,elem5t ( ,religion1 z /udi$ 9 ,sa9t ,ca!r9e ( ,g5oa & h] ,fri5ds4 ,london1 #aijh471 x is truly sci5tific 9 its det]m9ation to "k ! v tru?1 to tell :at we ?9k1 n :at we ?9k we ought to ?9k4 7,g4 ,tyrrell1 9 ,m$iaevalism1 has a *apt] :i* is full ( ! important ,,moral elem5t 9 a sci5tific attitude4 ,! only infallible gu>dian ( tru? is ! _s ( tru?fulness4 ,m$iaevalism page #ahb1 ,london1 #aijh471 truly sci5tific 9 its employm5t ( hypo!sis & v]ification1 & 9 gr[+ conviction ( ! reality ( its subject-matt] ?r\gh ! repeat$ victories ( a ma/]y :i* advances1 l sci5ce1 9 ! ,baconian road ( ob$i5ce4 ,x is reasonable to hope t progress 9 ?is respect w be m rapid & sure :5 religi\s /udy enli/s m m5 affect$ by sci5tific desire & end[$ ) sci5tific capacity4 ,! class ( inve/igat+ m9ds is a small "o1 possibly ev5 small] ?an t ( reflect+ m9ds4 ,v few p]sons at any p]iod are able to f9d out any?+ :atev]4 ,!re are few obs]v]s1 few discov]]s1 few :o ev5 wi% to discov] tru?4 ,9 h[ _m societies ! problems ( philology :i* face e p]son :o speaks ,engli% are left unattempt$6 ,& if ! inquir+ or ! successfully inquir+ class ( m9ds is small1 mu* small]1 ( c\rse1 is ! class ( ^? possess+ ! sci5tific aptitude 9 an em95t degree4 ,dur+ ! la/ age ?is mo/ di/+ui%$ class 0 to a v great ext5t absorb$ 9 ! /udy ( ph5om5a1 a /udy :i* _h fall5 into arre>s4 ,= we /ood possess$1 9 rudim5t1 ( means ( obs]vation1 means = travell+ & acquisition1 qualify+ m5 = a l>g] k ?an _h yet be5 attempt$4 ,^! 7 n[ to be direct$ ) new accuracy & ard\r ^u ! fabric & behavi\r ( ! _w ( s5se4 ,our debt to ! great ma/]s 9 physical sci5ce :o ov]took & almo/ out-/ripp$ ! task _c be measur$2 &1 "u ! hon\rable lead]%ip ( ,rusk91 we may all well d p5ance if we h fail$ 9 ! respect due to _! great p[]s ( ?\ght1 or 9 ! admiration due to ! f> scope ( _! discov]y4 7,que5 ( ! ,air1 ,preface1 page vii4 ,london1 #aijf47 ,) :at miracul\s m5tal en]gy & div9e good =tune--z ,romans said ( _! soldi]s--did our m5 ( curiosity face ! app>5tly imp5etrable my/]ies ( nature6 ,& h[ natural x 0 t imm5se accessions ( k1 unrelat$ to ! spiritual facts ( life1 %\ld discr$it ,*ri/ian fai?1 by ! app>5t sup]iority ( ! new "w to ! feeble & unprogressive k ( ,*ri/ian believ]s6 ,! day is com+ :5 m5 ( ?is m5tal "* & rank1 ( ?is curiosity1 ?is en]gy & ?is good =tune 9 inve/igation1 w be employ$ 9 op5+ my/]ies ( a spiritual nature4 ,!y w sil5ce ) ma/]ful witness ! ov]-confid5t d5ials ( naturalism4 ,!y w be 9 dang] ( ! widespread recognition :i* ?irty ye>s ago accompani$ e utt]ance ( ,huxley1 ,tyndall1 ,sp5c]4 ,!y w contribute1 9 spite ( adulation1 to ! advance ( sob] religi\s & moral sci5ce4 ,& ?is result w be due to ,d>w91 fir/ because by rais+ ! dignity ( natural sci5ce1 he enc\rag$ ! developm5t ( ! sci5tific m9d2 secondly because he gave to religi\s /ud5ts ! example ( pati5t & ard5t inve/igation2 & ?irdly because by ! pressure ( naturali/ic criticism ! religi\s h be5 driv5 to asc]ta9 ! causes ( _! own convictions1 a "w 9 :i* !y 7 n )\t ! sympa?y ( m5 ( sci5ce4 7,! sci5tific rank ( its writ] ju/ifies ! ins]tion ( ! foll[+ lett] f ! late ,sir ,john ,burdon-,s&]son to me4 ,9 ! lecture ref]r$ to ,i _h describ$ ! me?ods ( ,pr(essor ,moseley 9 tea*+ ,biology z af=d+ a sugge/ion ( ! sci5tific treatm5t ( religion47 ,ox=d1 ,april #cj1 #aijb4 ,de> ,sir1 ,i feel t ,i mu/ express to y my ?anks = ! disc\rse :i* ,i _h ! pleasure ( li/5+ to ye/]day aft]noon4 ,i d n mean to say t ,i 0 able to foll[ all t y said z to ! id5tity ( ,me?od 9 ! two fields ( ,sci5ce & ,religion1 b ,i recognise t ! my/icism ( :i* y spoke gives u ! only way by :i* ! two fields c be br\ght into relation4 ,among mu* t 0 memorable1 no?+ int]e/$ me m ?an :at y said ( ,moseley4 ,no "o1 ,i am sure1 knew bett] ?an y ! value ( 8 tea*+ & 9 :at t value consi/$4 ,y\rs fai?fully ,j4 ,burdon-,s&]son4 #ca-b47 ,9 leav+ ! subject ( sci5tific religi\s inquiry1 ,i w only add t ,i d n believe x receives any important help--& c]ta9ly x suff]s incid5tally mu* damag+ int]ruption--f ! /udy ( abnormal manife/ations or abnormal conditions ( p]sonality4 7#c7 ,bo? ( ! above effects seem to me ( high1 p]haps ! v highe/1 importance to fai? & to ?\ght4 ,b1 "u ! ?ird head1 ,i "n two :i* are m directly traceable to ! p]sonal "w ( ,d>w91 & m def9itely *>act]i/ic ( ! age 9 :i* 8 influ5ce 0 p>am\nt3 viz4 ! influ5ce ( ! two conceptions ( evolution & natural selection ^u ! doctr9e ( creation & ( design respectively4 ,x is impossible "h1 ?\gh x is necess>y = a complete sket* ( ! matt]1 to di/+ui% ! diff]5t elem5ts & *annels ( ?is ,d>w9ian influ5ce2 9 ,d>w9's own writ+s1 9 ! vigor\s polemic ( ,huxley1 & /rangely en\gh1 b v actually = popul> ?\ght1 9 ! tea*+ ( ! def9itely anti-,d>w9ian evolutioni/ ,sp5c]4 ,"u ! head ( ! directly & purely ,d>w9ian elem5ts ,i %\ld class z preem95t ! "w ( ,wallace & ( ,bates2 = no two sets ( facts h done m to fix 9 ord9>y intellig5t m9ds a belief 9 organic evolution & 9 natural selection z its guid+ factor ?an ! facts ( geographical di/ribution & ( protective col\r & mimicry4 ,! facts ( geology 7 difficult to grasp & ! public & !ologians he>d m (t5 ( ! imp]fection ?an ( ! ext5t ( ! geological record4 ,! witness ( embryology1 dep5d+ to a great ext5t ^u microscopic "w1 0 & is beyond ! appreciation ( p]sons occupi$ 9 fields ( "w o!r ?an biology4 ,,iii4 ,f ! influ5ce 9 religion ( sci5tific modes ( ?\ght we pass to ! influ5ce ( p>ticul> biological conceptions4 ,! =m] effect comes by way ( analogy1 example1 enc\ragem5t & *all5ge2 inspir+ or provok+ k9dr$ or simil> modes ( ?\ght 9 ! field ( !ology2 ! latt] by a collision ( op9ions ^u matt]s ( fact or conjecture :i* seem to conc]n bo? sci5ce & religion4 ,9 ! case ( ,d>w9ism ! /ory ( ?is collision is famili>1 & falls "u ! heads ( evolution & natural selection1 ! doctr9e ( desc5t ) modification1 & ! doctr9e ( its guidance or det]m9ation by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce betwe5 relat$ v>ieties4 ,^! doctr9es1 ?\gh associat$ & int]dep5d5t1 & 9 popul> ?\ght n only comb9$ b confus$1 mu/ be consid]$ sep>ately4 ,x is true t ! anci5t doctr9e ( ,evolution1 9 spite ( ! +5uity & ard\r ( ,lam>ck1 rema9$ a dream tantalis+ ! intellectual ambition ( naturali/s1 until ! day :5 ,d>w9 made x conceivable by sugge/+ ! ma*9]y ( its guidance4 ,&1 fur!r1 ! idea ( natural selection has s effectively op5$ ! door ( rese>* & /imulat$ obs]vation 9 a score ( pr9cipal directions t1 ev5 if ! ,d>w9ian explanation became "o day mu* less conv9c+ ?an1 9 spite ( rec5t criticism1 x n[ is1 yet its pass+1 suppos+ x to pass1 w\ld leave ! doctr9e ( ,evolution immeasurably & p]man5tly /r5g!n$4 ,= 9 ! int]e/s ( ! !ory ( selection1 ,fur ,d>w91 z ,mull] wrote1 facts h be5 collect$ :i* rema9 9 any case evid5ce ( ! reality ( desc5t ) modification4 ,b /ill1 ?\gh ?us unit$ 9 ! mod]n hi/ory ( convictions1 ?\gh unit$ & confus$ 9 ! collision ( biological & traditional op9ion1 yet evolution & natural selection mu/ be sep>at$ 9 !ological no less ?an 9 biological e/imation4 ,evolution seem$ inconsi/5t ) ,creation2 natural selection ) ,provid5ce & ,div9e design4 ,discussion 0 ma9ta9$ ab\t ^! po9ts = _m ye>s & ) mu* d>k heat4 ,x rang$ ov] _m p>ticul> topics & engag$ m9ds diff]5t 9 tone1 9 quality1 & 9 accompli%m5t4 ,!re 0 at mo/ times a degree ( misconception4 ,"s naturali/s attribut$ to !ologians 9 g5]al a pov]ty ( ?\ght :i* belong$ really to m5 ( a p>ticul> temp] or tra9+4 ,! timid !ism disc]n$ 9 ,d>w9 by s cauti\s a !ologian z ,liddon 7,h4,p4 ,liddon1 ,! ,recov]y ( ,s4 ,?omas2 a s]mon prea*$ 9 ,/ ,paul's1 ,london1 on ,april #bcrd1 #ahhb 7! ,sunday aft] ,d>w9's dea?747 0 suppos$ by _m biologi/s to be ! necess>y f\ndation ( an hone/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 really m *>act]i/ic ( dev\t ,,naturali/s l ,philip ,h5ry ,gosse1 ?an ( religi\s believ]s z su*4 7,dr ,pusey 7,unsci5ce n ,sci5ce adv]se to ,fai? #ahgh7 writes3 ,! que/ions z to 'species1' ( :at v>iations ! animal _w is capable1 :e!r ! species be m or few]1 :e!r accid5tal v>iations may become h]$it>y444 & ! l1 naturally fall "u ! prov9ce ( sci5ce4 ,9 all ^! que/ions ,mr ,d>w9's c>eful obs]vations ga9$ = him a des]v$ approbation & confid5ce47 ,! /udy ( !ologians m consid]able & ev5 m typically cons]vative ?an ,liddon does n confirm ! description ( religi\s intol]ance giv5 9 good fai?1 b 9 s]i\s ignorance1 by a disputant s acute1 s obs]vant & s c&id z ,huxley4 ,some?+ hid f ea* o!r's k ! devot$ pilgrims 9 two great ways ( ?\ght4 ,! tru? may be1 t naturali/s took _! view ( :at creation 0 f ,*ri/ian m5 ( sci5ce :o naturally look$ 9 _! own special /udies = ! supports & illu/rations ( _! religi\s belief4 ,( almo/ e labori\s /ud5t x may be said ,hic ab arte sua non recessit4 ,& bo? ! believ+ & ! d5y+ naturali/s1 conf9+ habitual att5tion to a "p ( exp]i5ce1 are apt to affirm & d5y ) tr5*ant vig\r & some?+ ( a n>r[ cle>ness ,qui respiciunt ad pauca1 de facili pronunciant4 7,ari/otle1 9 ,bacon1 quot$ by ,newman 9 8 ,idea ( a ,univ]sity1 page #gh4 ,london1 #ahgc47 ,newman says ( "s secul> tea*]s t !y p]suade ! _w ( :at is false by urg+ ^u x :at is true4 ,( "s e>ly oppon5ts ( ,d>w9 x might be said by a c&id fri5d t1 9 all s9c]ity ( devotion to tru?1 !y tri$ to p]suade ! _w ( :at is true by urg+ ^u x :at is false4 ,if naturali/s took _! v]sion ( or?odoxy f amateurs 9 !ology1 "s cons]vative ,*ri/ians1 in/ead ( le>n+ :at evolution meant to its regul> expon5ts1 took _! view ( x f celebrat$ p]sons1 n ( ! front rank 9 !ology or 9 ?\ght1 b eag] to take acc\nt ( public movem5ts & able to arre/ public att5tion4 ,clev]ness & eloqu5ce on bo? sides c]ta9ly _h _! %>e 9 produc+ ! v great & g5]al di/urbance ( m5's m9ds 9 ! e>ly days ( ,d>w9ian tea*+4 ,b by f> ! great] "p ( t di/urbance 0 due to ! practical novelty & ! pr(\nd importance ( ! tea*+ itself1 & to ! fact t ! controv]sy ab\t evolution quickly became mu* m public ?an any controv]sy ( equal s]i\sness _h be5 = _m g5]ations4 ,we mu/ n ?9k lightly ( t great di/urbance because x has1 9 "s real s5se1 done its "w1 & because x is impossible 9 days ( m coolness & light1 to recov] a full s5se ( its v real difficulties4 ,^? :o w\ld "k !m bett] %\ld add to ! calm records ( ,d>w9 7,life & ,lett]s & ,m ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w947 & to ! /ory ( ,huxley's impassion$ *ampion%ip1 all t !y c le>n ( ,george ,romanes4 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,london1 #ahif4 ,?\ghts on ,religion1 ,london1 #ahie4 ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism1 ,london1 #ahgh47 ,= 8 life 0 absorb$ 9 ?is v /ruggle & reproduc$ its /ages4 ,x began 9 a c]ta9 assur$ simplicity ( biblical int]pretation2 x w5t on1 ?r\gh ! glories & adv5tures ( a palad9 9 ,d>w9's tra91 to ! d>kness & dismay ( a man :o saw all 8 mo/ *]i%$ beliefs r5d]$1 z he ?\ght1 incr$ible4 7,nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( man has s t]rific a calamity befall5 ! race z t :i* all :o look may n[ 7viz4 9 consequ5ce ( ! sci5tific victory ( ,d>w97 behold advanc+ z a deluge1 black ) de/ruction1 resi/less 9 might1 uproot+ our mo/ *]i%$ hopes1 engulph+ our mo/ preci\s cre$1 & bury+ our highe/ life 9 m9dless de/ruction4--,a ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism1 page #ea47 ,he liv$ to f9d ! fre] fai? = :i* process & purpose are n irreconcilable1 b necess>y to "o ano!r4 ,8 developm5t1 sci5tific1 intellectual & moral1 0 itself ( high significance2 & its record is ( unique value to our own g5]ation1 s ne> ! age ( t d\bt & yet s f> f x2 c]ta9ly /ill mu* 9 ne$ ( ! caution & c\rage by :i* pa/ endurance prep>es m5 = new em]g5cies4 ,we h little en\gh reason to be sure t 9 ! discussions await+ u we %all d z well z our pr$ecessors 9 !irs4 ,rememb]+ _! endurance ( m5tal pa91 _! ard\r 9 m5tal lab\r1 ! h]oic temp] & ! high s9c]ity ( controv]siali/s on ei!r side1 we may well speak ( our fa!rs 9 su* words ( mode/y & self-judgm5t z ,drayton us$ :5 he sang ! victors ( ,ag9c\rt4 ,! progress ( biblical /udy1 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,introduction & ,exegesis1 result+ 9 ! recov]y ( a po9t ( view anci5tly tol]at$ if n preval5t1 has alt]$ "s ( ! conditions ( t discussion4 ,9 ! ye>s ne> #aheh1 ! witness ( ,scripture 0 adduc$ bo? by ,*ri/ian advocates & _! critics z if unmi/akeably irreconcilable ) ,evolution4 ,huxley 7,sci5ce & ,*ri/ian ,tradition4 ,london1 #aijd47 f\nd ! pa? ( ! blameless naturali/ ev]y:]e block$ by ,moses3 ! believ] 9 revelation 0 g5]ally held to be =c$ to a *oice betwe5 reveal$ cosmogony & ! sci5tific acc\nt ( orig9s4 ,x is n cle> h[ f> ! *ange 9 ,biblical int]pretation is due to natural sci5ce1 & h[ f> to ! vital movem5ts ( !ological /udy :i* h be5 q indep5d5t ( ! controv]sy ab\t species4 ,x belongs to a g5]al r5ewal ( ,*ri/ian movem5t1 ! recov]y ( a h]itage4 ,special ,creation--really a biological r ?an a !ological conception1--seems 9 its rigid =m to h be5 a rec5t elem5t ev5 9 ,engli% biblical or?odoxy4 ,! ,middle ,ages _h no suspicion t religi\s fai? =bad inquiry into ! natural orig9ation ( ! diff]5t =ms ( life4 ,b>?olomaeus ,anglicus1 an ,engli% ,franciscan ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 0 a mutationi/ 9 8 way1 z ,ari/otle1 ! ,philosoph] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s*oolm51 _h be5 9 84 ,s late z ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z we le>n n only f e>ly proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 b f a writ] s homely & s regul>ly pi\s z ,walton1 ! v>iation ( species & spontane\s g5]ations _h no !ological be>+1 except z in/ances ( t v>i\s wond] ( ! _w :i* 9 dev\t m9ds is food = devotion4 ,x 0 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t ! h>d] /atem5t took %ape4 ,some?+ 9 ! precis5ess ( t age1 its exaltation ( law1 its cold passion = a /able & measur$ univ]se1 its cold d5ial1 its cold affirmation ( ! p[] ( ,god1 a ,god ( ice1 is ! occasion ( t rigidity ( religi\s ?\ght ab\t ! liv+ _w :i* ,d>w9 by accid5t *all5g$1 or r by "o ( ^? movem5ts ( g5ius :i*1 ,goe! 7,no productiv5ess ( ! highe/ k9d444 is 9 ! p[] ( anyone4--,conv]sations ( ,goe! ) ,eck]mann & ,soret4 ,london1 #ahej47 decl>es1 are elevat$ above all e>?ly control4 ,if religi\s ?\ght 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 0 aim$ at a fix$ & ne>ly f9ite _w ( _s1 x foll[$ 9 all ^! respects ! secul> & critical lead4 7,la philosophie re=matrice du ,x,v,i,i,ie siecle 7,b]!lot1 ,evolutionisme et ,platonisme1 ,p>is1 #aijh1 page #de47 ram5ait la nature et la societe a des mecanismes que la p5see refle*ie peut concevoir et recompos]4 ,9 fact1 religion 9 a me*anical age is condemn$ if x takes any b a me*anical tone4 ,butl]'s ?\ght 0 too mov+1 too vital1 too evolution>y1 = ! sceptics ( 8 "t4 ,9 a rationali/1 encyclopa$ic p]iod1 religion also mu/ give h>d outl9e to its facts1 x mu/ be able to display its secret to any s5sible man 9 ! language us$ by all s5sible m54 ,milton's prophetic g5ius furni%$ ! eighte5? c5tury1 out ( ! dep? ( ! passionate age be=e x1 ) ! !ological tone x 0 to ne$4 ,9 spite ( ! au/]e magnific5ce ( 8 devotion1 he gives to small] s\ls a dang]\s lead4 ,! rigidity ( ,scripture exegesis belong$ to ?is /ately b imp]fectly s5sitive mode ( ?\ght4 ,x pass$ away ) ! influ5ce ( ! old] rationali/s ^: precise d5ials mat*$ ! precise & limit$ affirmations ( ! /atic or?odoxy4 ,i %all1 !n1 leave ! specially biblical aspect ( ! debate--int]e/+ z x is & ev5 useful1 z 9 ,huxley's correspond5ce ) ! ,duke ( ,argyll & o!rs 9 #ahib 7,times1 #ahib1 passim47--9 ord] to consid] )\t complication ! p]man5t elem5ts ( ,*ri/ian ?\ght br\ght into "q by ! tea*+ ( evolution4 ,su* p]man5t elem5ts are ! doctr9e ( ,god z ,creator ( ! univ]se1 & ! doctr9e ( man z spiritual & unique4 ,^u bo? ! doctr9e ( evolution seem$ to fall ) cru%+ =ce4 ,) reg>d to ,man ,i leave out1 ackn[l$g+ a grave omission1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,fall & ( ,s94 ,& ,i d s because ^! h n yet1 z ,i believe1 be5 adequately treat$3 "h ! fruitful reaction to ! /imulus ( evolution is yet to come4 ,! doctr9e ( s91 inde$1 falls pr9cipally )9 ! scope ( t discussion :i* has foll[$ or displac$ ! ,d>w9ian2 & )\t x ! ,fall _c be usefully consid]$4 ,= ! "q ab\t ! ,fall is a "q n m]ely ( orig9s1 b ( ! int]pretation ( moral facts ^: moral reality mu/ fir/ be e/abli%$4 ,i conf9e myself !re=e to ,creation & ! dignity ( man4 ,! mean+ ( evolution1 9 ! mo/ g5]al t]ms1 is t ! diff]5tiation ( =ms is n ess5tially sep>ate f _! behavi\r & use2 t if ^! are )9 ! scope ( /udy1 t is also2 t ! _w has tak5 ! =m we see by movem5ts n unlike ^? we n[ see 9 progress2 t :at may be call$ proximate orig9s are cont9u\s 9 ! way ( =ce & matt]1 cont9u\s 9 ! way ( life1 ) actual occurr5ces & actual *>act]i/ics4 ,all ?is has no revolution>y be>+ ^u ! "q ( ultimate orig9s4 ,! :ole is a /atem5t ab\t process4 ,x says no?+ to metaphysicians ab\t cause4 ,x simply br+s )9 ! scope ( obs]vation or conjecture t s]ies ( *anges :i* has giv5 _! special *>act]s to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w we see4 ,9 p>ticul>1 evolution>y sci5ce aspires to ! discov]y ( ! process or ord] ( ! appe>ance ( life itself3 if x 7 to a*ieve its aim x c\ld say no?+ ( ! cause ( ?is or inde$ ( ! mo/ famili> occurr5ces4 ,we %\ld h become spectators or conv9c$ hi/orians ( an ev5t :i*1 9 respect ( its cause & ultimate mean+1 w\ld be /ill imp5etrable4 ,) reg>d to ! orig9 ( species1 suppos+ life already e/abli%$1 biological sci5ce has ! well f\nd$ hopes & ! measure ( success ) :i* we are all famili>4 ,all ?is has1 x w\ld seem1 little *ance ( collision ) a consi/5t !ism1 a doctr9e :i* has its own difficulties unconnect$ ) any p>ticul> view ( ord] or process4 ,b :5 x 0 /at$ t species _h aris5 by processes ?r\gh :i* new species 7 /ill be+ made1 evolutionism came into collision ) a /atem5t1 traditionally religi\s1 t species 7 =m$ & fix$ once = all & long ago4 ,:at is ! !ological import ( su* a /atem5t :5 x is reg>d$ z ess5tial to belief 9 ,god8 ,simply t ,god's activity1 ) respect to ! =mation ( liv+ creatures1 ceas$ at "s po9t 9 pa/ "t4 ,god re/$ is made ! t\*/one ( or?odoxy4 ,& :51 "u ! pressure ( ! evid5ces1 we f\nd ourselves oblig$ to ackn[l$ge & ass]t ! pres5t & p]si/5t p[] ( ,god1 9 ! ma9t5ance & 9 ! cont9u$ =mation ( types1 :at happ5$ 0 ! abolition ( a "t-limit4 ,we 7 =c$ only to a bold] claim1 to a !i/ic language less halt+1 m consi/5t1 m ?or\gh 9 its own l9e1 z well z bett] qualifi$ to assimilate & modify su* s*emes z ,von ,h>tmann's philosophy ( ! unconsci\s--a philosophy1 by ! way1 q intol]ant ( a m]ely me*anical evolution4 7,see ,von ,h>tmann's ,wahrheit und ,irr?um 9 ,d>w9ismus4 ,b]l91 #ahge47 ,"h 0 n ! retr5*m5t ( an extravagant ass]tion1 b ! expansion ( "o :i* 0 falt]+ & inadequate4 ,! traditional /atem5t did n ne$ p>+ d[n s z to pass ! me%es ( a new & exact+ criticism4 ,x 0 itself a net meant to surr\nd & enclose exp]i5ce2 & we mu/ increase its size & close its me% to hold newly disclos$ facts ( life4 ,! _w1 :i* _h seem$ a fix$ picture or model1 ga9$ fir/ p]spective & !n solidity & movem5t4 ,we _h a glimpse ( organic ,,hi/ory2 & ,*ri/ian ?\ght became m liv+ & m assur$ z x met ! l>g] view ( life4 ,h[ev] unsatisfactory ! new attitude might be to our critics1 to ,*ri/ians ! re=m 0 positive4 ,:at 0 disc>d$ 0 a limitation1 a negation4 ,! movem5t 0 ess5tially cons]vative1 ev5 actually recon/ructive4 ,= ! language disus$ 0 a language inconsi/5t ) ! def9itions ( or?odoxy2 x set b\nds to ! inf9ite1 & by implication )drew f ! creative rule all su* processes z c\ld be br\ght )9 ! descriptions ( rese>*4 ,x ascrib$ fixity & f9ality to t creature 9 :i* an apo/le taught u to recognise ! bir?-/ruggles ( an unexhau/$ progress4 ,x t5d$ to bani% my/]y f ! _w we see1 & to conf9e x to a remote fir/ age4 ,9 ! re=m$1 ! re/or$1 language ( religion1 ,creation became aga9 n a l9k 9 a rational s]ies to complete a circle ( ! sci5ces1 b ! my/]i\s & p]man5t relation betwe5 ! inf9ite & ! f9ite1 betwe5 ! mov+ *anges we "k 9 "p1 & ! ,p[]1 aft] ! fa%ion ( t obs]vation1 unkn[n1 :i* is itself unmov$ all motion's s\rce4 7,hymn ( ! ,*ur*-- ,r]um ,deus t5ax vigor1 ,immotus 9 te p]man5s47 ,) reg>d to man x is h>dly necess>y1 ev5 7 x possible1 to illu/rate ! application ( ?is bold] fai?4 ,:5 ! record ( 8 high extraction fell "u dispute1 we 7 driv5 to a contemplation ( ! :ole ( 8 life1 r ?an ( a "p & t "p out ( sight4 ,we rememb]$ aga91 out ( ,ari/otle1 t ! result ( a process int]prets its beg9n+s4 ,we 7 oblig$ to read ! title ( su* dignity z we may claim1 9 results & /ill m 9 aspirations4 ,"s m5 /ill measure ! value ( great pres5t facts 9 life--reason & virtue & sacrifice--by :at a self-disp>ag$ reason c collect ( ! mean] rudim5ts ( ^! noble gifts4 ,mr ,balf\r has admirably display$ ! discrepancy1 9 ?is view1 betwe5 ! alleg$ orig9 & ! alleg$ au?ority ( reason4 ,su* an argum5t ought to be us$ n to discr$it ! confid5t reason1 b to illum9ate & dignify its d>k beg9n+s1 & to %[ t at e /ep 9 ! long c\rse ( gr[? a ,p[] 0 at "w :i* is n includ$ 9 any t]m or 9 all ! t]ms ( ! s]ies4 ,i submit t ! m m5 "k ( actual ,*ri/ian tea*+1 its fidelity to ! pa/1 & its s9c]ity 9 face ( discov]y1 ! m c]ta9ly !y w judge t ! /imulus ( ! doctr9e ( evolution has produc$ 9 ! long run vig\r z well z flexibility 9 ! doctr9e ( ,creation & ( man4 ,i pass f ,evolution 9 g5]al to ,natural ,selection4 ,! "* 9 religi\s language :i* ,i h = %ort call$ me*anical 0 n abs5t 9 ! argum5t f design z /at$ be=e ,d>w94 ,x seem$ to h ref]5ce to a _w conceiv$ z fix$4 ,x po9t$1 n to ! pla/ic capacity & en]gy ( liv+ matt]1 b to ! fix$ adaptation ( ?is & t organ to an un*ang+ place or function4 ,mr ,hobh\se has giv5 u ! valuable phrase a ni*e ( organic opportunity4 ,su* a phrase w\ld h borne a diff]5t s5se 9 non-evolution>y ?\ght4 ,9 t ?\ght1 ! opportunity 0 an opportunity = ! ,creative ,p[]1 & ,design appe>$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! organism to fit ! ni*e4 ,! idea ( ! ni*e & its occupant gr[+ toge!r f simpl] to m complex mutual adju/m5t 0 unwelcome to ?is teleology4 ,if ! adaptation 0 trac$ to ! influ5ce1 ?r\gh competition1 ( ! environm5t1 ! old teleology lo/ an illu/ration & a pro(4 ,= ! cog5cy ( ! pro( 9 e in/ance dep5d$ ^u ! abs5ce ( explanation4 ,:]e ! process ( adaptation 0 disc]n$1 ! evid5ce ( ,purpose or ,design 0 weak4 ,x 0 /rong only :5 ! natural antec$5ts 7 n discov]$1 /ronge/ :5 !y c\ld be decl>$ undiscov]able4 ,paley's fav\rite ^w is ,contrivance2 & = him contrivance is mo/ c]ta9 :]e production is mo/ obscure4 ,he po9ts out ! physiological advantage ( ! valvulae conniv5tes to man1 & ! advantage = teleology ( ! fact t !y _c h be5 =m$ by action & pressure4 ,:at is n due to pressure may be attribut$ to design1 & :5 a me*anical process m subtle ?an pressure 0 sugge/$1 ! case = design 0 s f> weak5$4 ,! cumulative pro( f ! multitude ( in/ances began to disappe> :51 9 selection1 a natural sequ5ce 0 sugge/$ 9 :i* all ! adaptations might be rea*$ by ! motive p[] ( life1 & especially :51 z 9 ,d>w9's tea*+1 !re 0 full recognition ( ! reactions ( life to ! /imulus ( circum/ance4 ,! organism fits ! ni*e1 said ! teleologi/1 because ! ,creator =m$ x s z to fit4 ,! organism fits ! ni*e1 said ! naturali/1 because unless x fitt$ x c\ld n exi/4 ,x 0 fitt$ to survive1 said ! !ologian4 ,x survives because x fits1 said ! selectioni/4 ,! two =ms ( /atem5t are n incompatible2 b ! new /atem5t1 by provision ( an ideally univ]sal explanation ( process1 0 ho/ile to a doctr9e ( purpose :i* reli$ ^u evid5ces always exceptional h[ev] num]\s4 ,sci5ce p]si/5tly presses on to f9d ! univ]sal ma*9]y ( adaptation 9 ?is planet2 & :e!r ?is be f\nd 9 selection1 or 9 direct-effect1 or 9 vital reactions result+ 9 l>ge *anges1 or 9 a comb9ation ( ^! & o!r factors1 x mu/ always be oppos$ to ! conception ( a ,div9e ,p[] "h & !re b n ev]y:]e active4 ,= sci5ce1 ! ,div9e mu/ be con/ant1 op]ative ev]y:]e & 9 e quality & p[]1 9 environm5t & 9 organism1 9 /imulus & 9 reaction1 9 v>iation & 9 /ruggle1 9 h]$it>y equilibrium1 & 9 ! un/able /ate ( species2 equally pres5t on bo? sides ( e /ra91 9 all pressures & 9 all resi/ances1 9 %ort 9 ! g5]al wond] ( life & ! _w4 ,& ?is is exactly :at ! ,div9e ,p[] mu/ be = religi\s fai?4 ,! po9t ,i wi% once m to make is t ! necess>y readju/m5t ( teleology1 s z to make x dep5d ^u ! contemplation ( ! :ole in/ead ( a "p1 is advantage\s q z mu* to !ology z to sci5ce4 ,= ! old] view fail$ 9 c\rage4 ,"h aga9 our !ism 0 n suffici5tly !i/ic4 ,:]e results seem$ inevitable1 x d>$ n claim !m z ,god-giv54 ,9 ! argum5t f ,design x spoke n ( ,god 9 ! s5se ( !ology1 b ( a ,contriv]1 imm5sely1 n inf9itely wise & good1 work+ )9 a _w1 ! sc5e1 r ?an ! ev] dep5d5t outcome1 ( ,8 ,wisdom2 work+ 9 su* em]g5cies & opportunities z occurr$1 by =ces n altoge!r )9 ,8 control1 t[>ds an end beyond ,himself4 ,x gave u1 in/ead ( ! awful rev]5ce due to ! ,cause ( all sub/ance & =m1 all love & wisdom1 a dang]\sly deta*$ appreciation ( an +5uity & b5evol5ce m]itori\s 9 aim & (t5 surpris+ly successful 9 contrivance4 ,! old teleology 0 m useful to sci5ce ?an to religion1 & ! design-naturali/s ought to be gratefully rememb]$ by ,biologi/s4 ,_! se>* = evid5ces l$ !m to an eag] /udy ( adaptations & ( m9ute =ms1 a /udy su* z we h n[ an inc5tive to 9 ! !ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,"o h>dly meets ) ! same ard\r 9 microscopical rese>* until we come to mod]n work]s4 ,b ! argum5t f ,design 0 nev] ( great importance to fai?4 ,/ill1 to rid x ( ?is "* 0 wor? all ! /ress & anxiety ( ! gallant old w>4 ,if ,d>w9 _h done no?+ else = u1 we are to-day deeply 9 8 debt = ?is4 ,! _w is n less v5]able to u n[1 n less eloqu5t ( ! caus+ m9d1 r mu* m eloqu5t & sacr$4 ,b our wond] is n t ! und]jaw ( ! sw9e works "u ! gr\nd or 9 any or all ( ^? p>ticul> adaptations :i* ,paley collect$ ) s mu* skill1 b t a purpose transc5d+1 ?\gh resembl+1 our own purposes1 is ev]y:]e manife/2 t :at we live 9 is a :ole1 mutually su/a9+1 ev5tful & beautiful1 :]e ! dead =ces fe$ ! en]gies ( life1 & life su/a9s a /rang] exi/5ce1 able 9 "s real measure to contemplate ! :ole1 ( :i*1 me*anically consid]$1 x is a m9or product & a r>e +r$i5t4 ,"h1 aga91 ! *ange 0 altoge!r positive4 ,x 0 n ! escape ( a vessel 9 a /orm ) loss ( sp>s & rigg+1 n a %ort5+ ( sail to save ! ma/s & make a port ( refuge4 ,x 0 r ! em]g5ce f n>r[ *annels to an op5 sea4 ,we _h propell$ ! great %ip1 f9d+ pur*ase "h & !re = sl[ & unc]ta9 movem5t4 ,n[1 9 deep wat]1 we spread l>ge canvas to a fav\r+ breeze4 ,! scatt]$ traces ( design might be =gott5 or oblit]at$4 ,b ! broad impression ( ,ord] became pla9] :5 se5 at due di/ance & 9 suffici5t range ( effect1 & ! evid5ce ( love & wisdom 9 ! univ]se c\ld be tru/$ m securely = ! loss ( ! p>ticul> calculation ( _! ma*9]y4 ,_m o!r topics ( fai? are affect$ by mod]n biology4 ,9 "s ( ^! we h le>nt at pres5t only a wise caution1 a wise unc]ta9ty4 ,we /& be=e ! newly unfold$ spectacle ( suff]+1 sil5c$2 ) fai? n sci5tifically reassur$ b /ill hold+ fa/ c]ta9 o!r clues ( conviction4 ,9 _m important topics we are at a loss4 ,b 9 o!rs1 & among !m ^? ,i h m5tion$1 we h pass$ beyond ?is negative /ate & f9d fai? positively /r5g!n$ & m fully express$4 ,we h ga9$ also a language & a habit ( ?\ght m fit = ! great & d>k problems t rema91 less liable to damag+ conflicts1 equipp$ = m rapid assimilation ( k4 ,& by ?is *ange biology itself is a ga9]4 ,=1 reliev$ ( fruitless enc\nt]s ) popul> religion1 x may advance ) sur] aim along ! pa? ( really sci5tific life-/udy :i* 0 reop5$ = mod]n m5 by ! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,*>les ,d>w9 regrett$ t1 9 foll[+ sci5ce1 he _h n done m direct good 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 page #cei47 to 8 fell[-creatures4 ,he has1 9 fact1 r5d]$ sub/antial s]vice to int]e/s b\nd up ) ! daily conduct & hopes ( common m52 = 8 "w has l$ to improvem5ts 9 ! prea*+ ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,d>w9ism ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,religions4 ,by ,jane ,ell5 ,h>rison4 ,hon4 ,d4,litt4 7,durham71 ,hon4 ,,ll4,d4 7,ab]de571 ,/aff ,lectur] & sometime ,fell[ ( ,newnham ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,correspond+ memb] ( ! ,g]man ,ar*aeological ,in/itute4 ,! title ( my pap] might well h be5 ! creation by ,d>w9ism ( ! sci5tific /udy ( ,religions1 b t ,i fe>$ to m> my tribute to a great "n by any %ad[ ( exagg]ation4 ,be=e ! publication ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species & ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 isolat$ ?9k]s1 notably ,hume & ,h]d]1 _h conjectur$ t ! or?odox beliefs ( _! own day 7 developm5ts f ! crud] sup]/itions ( ! pa/4 ,^! 7 h[ev] only p>ticul> speculations ( individual sceptics4 ,religion 0 n yet g5]ally reg>d$ z a prop] subject = sci5tific /udy1 ) facts to be collect$ & !ories to be d$uc$4 ,a ,congress ( ,religions su* z t rec5tly held at ,ox=d w\ld h sav\r$ ( impiety4 ,9 ! brief space allott$ me ,i c attempt only two ?+s2 fir/1 & v briefly1 ,i %all try to indicate ! normal attitude t[>ds religion 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury2 second1 & 9 m detail1 ,i %all try to make cle> :at is ! outlook ( advanc$ ?9k]s to-day4 7,to be accurate ,i ought to add 9 ,europe4 ,i advis$ly omit f consid]ation ! :ole imm5se field ( ,ori5tal my/icism1 because x has rema9$ practically unt\*$ by ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9ism47 ,f ?is second inquiry x w1 ,i hope1 be abundantly manife/ t x is ! doctr9e ( evolution t has made ?is outlook possible & ev5 necess>y4 ,! ultimate & un*all5g$ presupposition ( ! old view 0 t religion 0 a ,,doctr9e1 a body ( suppos$ tru?s4 ,x 0 9 fact :at we %\ld n[ call ,!ology1 & :at ! anci5ts call$ ,my?ology4 ,ritual 0 sc>cely consid]$ at all1 &1 :5 consid]$1 x 0 held to be a =m 9 :i* beliefs1 already def9$ & fix$ z dogma1 f\nd a natural mode ( expression4 ,?is1 x w be lat] %[n1 is a pr(\nd error or r a mo/ mislead+ half-tru?4 ,cre$s1 doctr9es1 !ology & ! l are only a "p1 & at fir/ ! lea/ important "p1 ( religion4 ,fur!r1 & ! fact is important1 ?is ,,dogma1 ?us suppos$ to be ! ess5tial cont5t ( ! true religion1 0 a teleological s*eme complete & unalt]able1 :i* _h be5 reveal$ to man once & = all by a highly an?ropomorphic ,god1 ^: exi/5ce 0 assum$4 ,! duty ( man t[>ds ?is revelation 0 to accept its doctr9es & obey its precepts4 ,! notion t ?is revelation _h gr[n bit by bit out ( man's consci\sness & t 8 bus9ess 0 to bett] x w\ld h seem$ rank blasphemy4 ,religion1 s conceiv$1 left no place = developm5t4 ,! ,tru? might be le>nt1 b nev] critically exam9$2 be+ ?us av[$ly complete & f9al1 x 0 doom$ to /agnation4 ,! details ( ?is suppos$ revelation seem almo/ too naive = enum]ation4 ,z ,hume obs]v$1 popul> !ology has a positive appetite = absurdity4 ,x is suffici5t to recall t revelation includ$ su* items z ! ,creation 7,x is int]e/+ to note t ! v ^w ,creator has n[adays almo/ pass$ into ! region ( my?ology4 ,in/ead we h ,l',evolution ,creatrice47 ( ! _w out ( no?+ 9 six days2 ! mak+ ( ,eve f "o ( ,adam's ribs2 ! ,temptation by a talk+ snake2 ! confusion ( tongues at ! t[] ( ,babel2 ! doctr9e ( ,orig9al ,s92 a s*eme ( salvation :i* dem&$ ! ,virg9 ,bir?1 ,vic>i\s ,atonem5t1 & ! ,resurrection ( ! mat]ial body4 ,! s*eme 0 unfold$ 9 an infallible ,book1 or1 = "o section ( ,*ri/ians1 gu>d$ by ! tradition ( an infallible ,*ur*1 & on ! acceptance or refusal ( ?is s*eme dep5d$ an et]nity ( weal or woe4 ,!re is n "o ( ^! doctr9es t has n n[ be5 reca/1 s(t5$ d[n1 my/icis$1 allegoris$ into some?+ m con=mable ) mod]n ?9k+4 ,x is h>d = ! pres5t g5]ation1 unless _! bre$+ has be5 s+ul>ly ar*aic1 to realise t ^! amaz+ doctr9es 7 lit]ally held & believ$ to con/itute ! v ess5ce ( religion2 to d\bt !m 0 a moral del9qu5cy4 ,x _h n1 h[ev]1 escap$ ! notice ( travell]s & mission>ies t savages c>ri$ on "s sort ( practices t seem$ to be religi\s1 & believ$ 9 "s sort ( spirits or demons4 ,h5ce1 beyond ! conf9es illum9at$ by reveal$ tru?1 a vague region 0 assign$ to ,,natural ,religion4 ,! orig9al revelation _h be5 kept intact only by "o *os5 p1 ! ,jews1 by !m to be h&$ on to ,*ri/ianity4 ,outside ! bord]s ( ?is ,go%5 ! _w _h sunk into ! d>kness ( ,egypt4 ,:]e analogies betwe5 savage cults & ! ,*ri/ian religions 7 obs]v$1 !y 7 expla9$ z degradations2 ! hea!n _h someh[ wilfully lo/ ! light4 ,our bus9ess 0 n to /udy b1 exclusively1 to conv]t !m1 to root out sup]/ition & c>ry ! tor* ( revelation to ,s\ls 9 hea!n d>kness ly+4 ,to u n[adays x is a commonplace ( an?ropological rese>* t we mu/ seek = ! beg9n+s ( religion 9 ! religions ( primitive peoples1 b 9 ! la/ c5tury ! or?odox m9d 0 conv9c$ t x possess$ a complete & lum9\s ready-made revelation2 ! /udy ( :at 0 held to be a m]e degradation seem$ idle & sup]flu\s4 ,b1 x may be ask$1 if1 to ! or?odox1 reveal$ religion 0 sacrosanct & savage religion a ?+ b5ea? consid]ation1 :y did n ! sceptics %[ a m lib]al _s1 & pursue to _! logical issue ! conjectures !y _h individually haz>d$8 ,! reason is simple & significant4 ,! sceptics too _h n work$ free f ! presupposition t ! ess5ce ( religion is dogma4 ,_! intellectualism1 expressive ( ! :ole eighte5? c5tury1 0 probably 9 ,engl& /r5g!n$ by ! ,prote/ant doctr9e ( an infallible ,book4 ,hume und\bt$ly confus$ religion ) dogmatic !ology4 ,! att5tion ( or?odox & sceptics alike 0 focuss$ on ! tru? or falsity ( c]ta9 propositions4 ,only a few m9ds ( r>e quality 7 able dimly to conceive t religion might be a necess>y /ep 9 ! evolution ( human ?\ght4 ,x is n a little int]e/+ to note t ,d>w91 :o 0 lead] & intellectual k+ ( 8 g5]ation1 0 also 9 ?is matt] to "s ext5t its *ild4 ,8 attitude t[>ds religion is /at$ cle>ly1 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ( ! ,life & ,lett]s4 7,vol4 ,i4 page #cjd4 ,= ,d>w9's religi\s views see also ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahga1 ,vol4 ,i4 page #fe2 #bnd edition4 ,vol4 ,i4 page #adb47 ,on bo>d ! ,beagle he 0 simply or?odox & 0 laugh$ at by sev]al ( ! (fic]s = quot+ ! ,bible z an unansw]able au?ority on "s po9t ( morality4 ,by #ahci he _h come to see t ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 no m to be tru/$ ?an ! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9doos4 ,next w5t ! belief 9 miracles1 & next ,paley's argum5t f design broke d[n be=e ! law ( natural selection2 ! suff]+ s manife/ 9 nature is se5 to be compatible r ) ,natural ,selection ?an ) ! goodness & omnipot5ce ( ,god4 ,d>w9 felt to ! full all ! ignorance t lay hidd5 "u speci\s phrases l ! plan ( creation & ,unity ( design4 ,f9ally1 he tells u ! my/]y ( ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s is insoluble by u2 & ,i = "o mu/ be cont5t to rema9 an ,agno/ic4 ,! ^w ,agno/ic is significant n only ( ! humility ( ! man himself b also ( ! attitude ( 8 age4 ,religion1 x is cle>1 is /ill conceiv$ z some?+ to be ,,kn[n1 a matt] ( true or false ,,op9ion4 ,or?odox religion 0 to ,d>w9 a s]ies ( errone\s hypo!ses to be bit by bit disc>d$ :5 %[n to be unt5able4 ,! ,,acts ( religion :i* may result f su* convictions1 i4e4 devotion 9 all its =ms1 pray]1 praise1 sacram5ts1 are left unm5tion$4 ,x is cle> t !y are n1 z n[ to u1 sociological survivals ( great int]e/ & importance1 b r matt]s too private1 too p]sonal1 = discussion4 ,huxley1 writ+ 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review 7#ahga471 says1 ,9 a doz5 ye>s ,! ,orig9 ( ,species has work$ z complete a revolution 9 biological sci5ce z ! ,pr9cipia did 9 a/ronomy4 ,x has done s because1 9 ! words ( ,helmholtz1 x conta9$ an ess5tially new creative ?\ght1 t ( ! cont9uity ( life1 ! abs5ce ( breaks4 ,9 ! two mo/ cons]vative subjects1 ,religion & ,classics1 ?is creative f]m5t 0 sl[ inde$ to "w4 ,d>w9 himself felt /rongly t a man %\ld n publi% on a subject to :i* he has n giv5 special & cont9u\s ?\ght1 & h5ce wrote little on religion & ) manife/ reluctance1 ?\gh1 z already se51 9 answ] to p]t9aci\s inquiry he gave an outl9e ( 8 own views4 ,b none ! less he =esaw t 8 doctr9e mu/ h1 = ! hi/ory ( man's m5tal evolution1 issues wid] ?an ^? ) :i* he 0 prep>$ p]sonally to deal4 ,he writes1 9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 7#f? edition1 page #dbh471 ,9 ! future ,i see op5 fields = f> m important rese>*es4 ,psy*ology w be securely bas$ on ! f\ndation already well laid by ,mr ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 t ( ! necess>y acquirem5t ( ea* m5tal p[] & capacity by gradation4 ,n[h]e1 x is true1 does ,d>w9 def9itely say t he reg>d$ religion z a set ( ph5om5a1 ! developm5t ( :i* may be /udi$ f ! psy*ological /&po9t4 ,r we inf] f 8 ,,piety--9 ! beautiful ,roman s5se--t[>ds tradition & association1 t religion 0 to him 9 "s way sacrosanct4 ,b x is delightful to see h[ 8 he>t w5t out t[>ds ! new me?od 9 religi\s /udy :i* he _h himself1 if half-unconsci\sly1 inaugurat$4 ,writ+ 9 #ahga to ,dr ,tylor1 on ! publication ( 8 ,primitive ,culture1 he says 7,life & ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 page #aea471 ,x is wond]ful h[ y trace animism f ! l[] races up ! religi\s belief ( ! highe/ races4 ,x w make me = ! future look at religion--a belief 9 ! s\l1 etc4--f a new po9t ( view4 ,psy*ology 0 h5ce=? to be bas$ on ! necess>y acquirem5t ( ea* m5tal capacity by gradation4 ,) ^! memorable words ! door closes on ! old & op5s on ! new horizon4 ,! m5tal focus h5ce=? is n on ! ma9ta9+ or refut+ ( an or?odoxy b on ! g5esis & evolution ( a capacity1 n on p]fection b on process4 ,cont9u\s evolution leaves no gap = revelation sudd5 & complete4 ,we h h5ce=? to ask1 n :5 0 religion reveal$ or :at 0 ! revelation1 b h[ did religi\s ph5om5a arise & develop4 ,= an answ] to ?is we turn ) new & rev]5t eyes to /udy ! hea!n 9 8 bl9dness & ! *ild born 9 s94 ,we /ill inde$ s5d out mission>ies to conv]t ! hea!n1 b "h at lea/ 9 ,cambridge be=e !y />t !y att5d lectures on an?ropology & comp>ative religion4 ,! decad5ce !ory is dead & %\ld be buri$4 ,! /udy ( primitive religions !n has be5 made possible & ev5 inevitable by ! !ory ( ,evolution4 ,we h n[ to ask :at new facts & !ories h result$ f t /udy4 ,?is br+s u to our second po9t1 ! advanc$ outlook on religion to-day4 ,! view ,i am ab\t to /ate is no m]e p]sonal op9ion ( my own4 ,to my pres5t /&po9t ,i h be5 l$ by ! inve/igations ( su* ma/]s z ,drs ,wundt1 ,lehmann1 ,preuss1 ,b]gson1 ,beck & 9 our own c\ntry ,drs ,tylor & ,fraz]4 7,i c only "n "h ! books t h specially influ5c$ my own views4 ,!y are ,w4 ,wundt1 ,volk]psy*ologie1 ,leipzig1 #aijj1 ,p4 ,beck1 ,die ,na*ahmung1 ,leipzig1 #aijd1 & ,erk5ntnis/heorie des primitiv5 ,d5k5s 9 ,zeits*rift f4 ,philos4 und ,philos4 ,kritik1 #aijc1 page #agb1 & #aijd1 page #i4 ,h5ri ,b]gson1 ,l',evolution ,creatrice & ,mati]e et ,memoire1 #aijh1 ,k4 ,?4 ,preuss1 v>i\s articles publi%$ 9 ! ,globus 7see page #ejg1 note #a71 & 9 ! ,ar*iv4 f4 ,religionswiss5s*aft1 & = ! subject ( magic1 ,,mm4 ,hub]t et ,mauss1 ,!orie g5]ale de la ,magie1 9 ,l',annee ,sociologique1 ,,vii47 ,religion always conta9s two factors4 ,fir/1 a !oretical factor1 :at a man ,,?9ks ab\t ! unse5--8 !ology1 or1 if we pref] s to call x1 8 my?ology4 ,second1 :at he ,,does 9 relation to ?is unse5--8 ritual4 ,^! factors r>ely if ev] occur 9 complete sep>ation2 !y are bl5d$ 9 v v>y+ proportions4 ,religion we h se5 0 9 ! la/ c5tury reg>d$ ma9ly 9 its !oretical aspect z a doctr9e4 ,greek religion = example meant to mo/ educat$ p]sons ,greek my?ology4 ,yet ev5 a cursory exam9ation %[s t nei!r ,greek nor ,roman _h any cre$ or dogma1 any h>d & fa/ =mulation ( belief4 ,9 ! ,greek ,my/]ies 7,see my ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 page #aee1 ,cambridge1 #aijc47 only we f9d :at we %\ld call a ,confiteor2 & ?is is n a confession ( fai?1 b an av[al ( rites p]=m$4 ,:5 ! religion ( primitive peoples came to be exam9$ x 0 spe$ily se5 t ?\gh vague beliefs necess>ily ab\nd1 def9ite cre$s are practically non-exi/5t4 ,ritual is dom9ant & imp]ative4 ,?is pr$om9ance & priority ( ritual ov] def9ite cre$ 0 fir/ =c$ ^u our notice by ! /udy ( savages1 b x promptly & happily jo9$ h&s ) mod]n psy*ology4 ,popul> belief says1 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i act2 mod]n sci5tific psy*ology says1 ,i act 7or r1 ,r,eact to outside /imulus71 & s ,i come to ?9k4 ,?us !re is set go+ a recurr5t s]ies3 act & ?\ght become 9 _! turn /imuli to fre% acts & ?\ghts4 ,9 exam9+ religion z envisag$ to-day x w\ld !re=e be m correct to beg9 ) ! practice ( religion1 i4e4 ritual1 & !n pass to its !ory1 !ology or my?ology4 ,b x w be m conv5i5t to adopt ! rev]se me?od4 ,! !oretical cont5t ( religion is to ^? ( u :o are ,prote/ants f> m famili> & we %all ?us proce$ f ! kn[n to ! comp>atively unkn[n4 ,i %all avoid all attempt at rigid def9ition4 ,! problem be=e ! mod]n inve/igator is1 n to det]m9e ! ess5ce & def9ition ( religion b to inquire h[ religi\s ph5om5a1 religi\s ideas & practices arose4 ,n[ ! !oretical cont5t ( religion1 ! doma9 ( !ology or my?ology1 is broadly famili> to all4 ,x is ! _w ( ! unse51 ! sup]s5su\s2 x is ! _w ( :at we call ! s\l & ! suppos$ objects ( ! s\l's p]ception1 sprites1 demons1 gho/s & gods4 ,h[ did ?is _w gr[ up8 ,we turn to our savages4 ,intellig5t mission>ies ( bygone days us$ to ply savages ) que/ions su* z ^!3 ,_h !y any belief 9 ,god8 ,did !y believe 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l8 ,tak+ _! own cle>-cut conceptions1 discrim9at$ by a develop$ t]m9ology1 ^! mission>ies tri$ to translate !m into languages t _h nei!r ! words nor ! ?\ghts1 only a vague1 in*oate1 tangl$ sub/ratum1 out ( :i* ^! ?\ghts & words lat] diff]5tiat$ !mselves4 ,let u exam9e ?is sub/ratum4 ,n[adays we popul>ly di/+ui% betwe5 objective & subjective2 & fur!r1 we reg>d ! two worlds z 9 "s s5se oppos$4 ,to ! objective _w we commonly attribute "s reality indep5d5t ( consci\sness1 :ile we ?9k ( ! subjective z dep5d5t = its exi/5ce on ! m9d4 ,! objective _w consi/s ( p]ceptible ?+s1 or ( ! ultimate con/itu5ts to :i* matt] is r$uc$ by physical speculation4 ,! subjective _w is ! _w ( beliefs1 halluc9ations1 dreams1 ab/ract ideas1 imag9ations & ! l4 ,psy*ology ( c\rse kn[s t ! objective & subjective worlds are int]dep5d5t1 inextricably int]tw9$1 b = practical purposes ! di/9ction is conv5i5t4 ,b primitive man has n yet drawn ! di/9ction betwe5 objective & subjective4 ,nay1 m1 x is =eign to almo/ ! :ole ( anci5t philosophy4 ,plato's ,ideas 7,i owe ?is psy*ological analysis ( ! elem5ts ( ! primitive sup]s5su\s _w ma9ly to ,dr ,beck1 ,erk5ntnis/heorie des primitiv5 ,d5k5s1 see page #dih1 note #a471 8 ,goodness1 ,tru?1 ,beauty1 8 class-names1 horse1 table1 are x is true demat]ialis$ z f> z possible1 b !y h outside exi/5ce1 ap>t f ! m9d ( ! ?9k]1 !y h 9 "s %ad[y way spatial ext5sion4 ,yet anci5t philosophies & primitive man alike ne$$ & possess$ = practical purposes a di/9ction :i* s]v$ z well z our subjective & objective4 ,to ! primitive savage all 8 ?\ghts1 e object ( :i* he 0 consci\s1 :e!r by p]ception or conception1 _h reality1 t is1 x _h exi/5ce outside himself1 b x might h reality ( v>i\s k9ds or diff]5t degrees4 ,x is n h>d to see h[ ?is w\ld happ54 ,a man's s5ses may mislead him4 ,he sees ! reflection ( a bird 9 a pond4 ,to 8 eyes x is a real bird4 ,he t\*es x1 ,,he ,,puts ,,x ,,to ,,! ,,t\*1 & to 8 t\* x is n a bird at all4 ,x is real !n1 b surely n q s real z a bird t y c t\*4 ,aga91 he sees smoke4 ,x is real to 8 eyes4 ,he tries to grasp x1 x vani%es4 ,! w9d t\*es him1 b he _c see x1 :i* makes him feel uncanny4 ,! mo/ real ?+ is t :i* affects mo/ s5ses & especially :at affects ! s5se ( t\*4 ,app>5tly t\* is ! deepe/ d[n1 mo/ primitive1 ( s5ses4 ,! re/ are specialisations & complications4 ,primitive man has no =mal rubric optical delusion1 b he le>ns practically to di/+ui% betwe5 ?+s t affect only "o s5se & ?+s t affect two or m--if he did n he w\ld n survive4 ,b bo? classes ( ?+s are real to him4 ,p]cipi e/ esse4 ,s f>1 primitive man has made a real obs]vation2 !re are ?+s t appeal to "o s5se only4 ,b v soon creeps 9 confusion fraught ) disa/]4 ,he passes naturally en\gh1 be+ economical ( any m5tal ef=t1 f :at he really sees b _c feel to :at he ?9ks he sees1 & gives to x ! same second>y reality4 ,he has dreams1 visions1 halluc9ations1 nightm>es4 ,he dreams t an enemy is beat+ him1 & he wakes rubb+ 8 head4 ,!n fur!r he rememb]s ?+s2 t is1 = him1 he sees !m4 ,a great *ief di$ ! o!r day & !y buri$ him1 b he sees him /ill 9 8 m9d1 sees him 9 8 w>-pa9t1 spl5did1 victori\s4 ,s ! image ( ! pa/ goes toge!r ) 8 dreams & visions to ! mak+ ( ?is o!r less real1 b /ill real _w1 8 o!r-_w ( ! sup]s5su\s1 ! sup]natural1 a _w1 ! outside exi/5ce ( :i*1 indep5d5t ( himself1 he nev] que/ions4 ,&1 naturally en\gh1 ! future jo9s ! pa/ 9 ?is sup]s5su\s _w4 ,he c hope1 he c imag9e1 he c prophesy4 ,& aga9 ! images ( 8 hope are real2 he sees !m ) t m9d's eye :i* z yet he has n di/+ui%$ f 8 bodily eye4 ,& s ! sup]s5su\s _w gr[s & gr[s big ) ! invisible pres5t1 & big also ) ! pa/ & ! future1 cr[d$ ) ! gho/s ( ! dead & %ad[$ ) oracles & port5ts4 ,x is ?is sup]s5su\s1 sup]natural _w :i* is ! et]nity1 ! o!r-_w1 ( primitive religion1 n an endlessness ( "t1 b a /ate remov$ f full s5su\s reality1 a _w 9 :i* any?+ & ev]y?+ may happ51 a _w peopl$ by demonic ance/ors & liable to a spl5did vagu5ess1 to a once ^u a "t-ness d5i$ to ! pres5t4 ,x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t p :o "k t ! _w n[adays obeys fix$ laws h no difficulty 9 believ+ t six ?\s& ye>s ago man 0 made direct f a lump ( clay1 & woman 0 made f "o ( man's sup]flu\s ribs4 ,! fa%ion+ ( ! sup]s5su\s _w comes out v cle>ly 9 primitive man's views ab\t ! s\l & life aft] dea?4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] not$ long ago ! influ5ce ( dreams 9 =m+ a belief 9 immortality1 b be+ v rational himself1 he ext5d$ to primitive man a q ali5 quality ( rationality4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] argu$ t :5 a savage has a dream he seeks to acc\nt = x1 & 9 s do+ inv5ts a _s _w4 ,! mi/ake "h lies 9 ! seeks to acc\nt = x4 7,primitive man1 z ,dr ,beck obs]ves1 is n impell$ by an ,erk5ntnis/rieb4 ,dr ,beck says he has c\nt$ upw>ds ( #cj ( ^! my?ological ,triebe 7t5d5cies7 ) :i* primitive man has be5 end[$47 ,man is at fir/ too busy ,,liv+ to h any "t = dis9t]e/$ ,,?9k+4 ,he dreams a dream & x is real = him4 ,he does n seek to acc\nt = x any m ?an = 8 h&s & feet4 ,he _c di/+ui% betwe5 a ,c,o,nception & a ,p,e,rception1 t is all4 ,he rememb]s 8 ance/ors or !y appe> to him 9 a dream2 !re=e !y are alive /ill1 b only z a rule to ab\t ! ?ird g5]ation4 ,!n he rememb]s !m no m & !y cease to be4 ,next z reg>ds 8 own s\l4 ,he feels some?+ )9 him1 8 life-p[]1 8 w to live1 8 p[] to act1 8 p]sonality--:atev] we l to call x4 ,he _c t\* ?is ?+ t is himself1 b x is real4 ,8 fri5d too is alive & "o day he is dead2 he _c move1 he _c act4 ,well1 some?+ has gone t 0 8 fri5d's self4 ,he has /opp$ brea?+4 ,0 x 8 brea?8 or he is ble$+2 is x 8 blood8 ,?is life-p[] ,,is some?+2 does x live 9 8 he>t or 8 lungs or 8 midriff8 ,he did n see x g2 p]haps x is l w9d1 an anima1 a ,gei/1 a gho/4 ,b aga9 x comes back 9 a dream1 only look+ %ad[y2 x is n ! man's life1 x is a ?9 copy ( ! man2 x is an image 7eidolon74 ,x is l t %ift+ di/ort$ ?+ t dogs ! liv+ man's foot/eps 9 ! sun%9e2 x is a %ade 7skia74 7,! two conceptions ( ! s\l1 z a life-ess5ce1 insep>able f ! body1 & z a sep>able phantom seem to occur 9 mo/ primitive sy/ems4 ,!y are di/9ct conceptions b are inextricably bl5d$ 9 savage ?\ght4 ,! two notions ,korp]seele & ,psy*e h be5 v fully discuss$ 9 ,wundt's ,volk]psy*ologie ,,ii4 pages #a-adb1 ,leipzig1 #aijj47 ,gho/s & sprites1 ance/or wor%ip1 ! s\l1 oracles1 prophecy2 all ^! elem5ts ( ! primitive sup]s5su\s _w we will+ly admit to be ! prop] mat]ial ( religion2 b o!r elem5ts are m surpris+2 su* are class-names1 ab/ract ideas1 numb]s1 geometrical figures4 ,we d n n[adays ?9k ( ^! z ( religi\s cont5t1 b to primitive m5 !y 7 all "p ( ! furniture ( 8 sup]natural _w4 ,) respect to class-names1 ,dr ,tylor 7,primitive ,culture1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 page #bde 7#d? edition71 #aijc47 has %[n h[ in/ructive are ! fir/ attempts ( ! savage to get at ! idea ( a class4 ,?+s 9 :i* simil>ity is obs]v$1 ?+s inde$ :i* c be relat$ at all are to ! savage ,,k9dr$4 ,a species is a family or a numb] ( individuals ) a common god to look aft] !m4 ,su* = example is ! ,f9n doctr9e ( ! haltia4 ,e object has its haltia1 b ! haltiat 7 n ti$ to ! individual1 !y int]e/$ !mselves 9 e memb] ( ! species4 ,ea* /one _h its haltia1 b t haltia 0 int]e/$ 9 o!r /ones2 ! individuals disappe>$1 ! haltia rema9$4 ,nor 0 x only class-names t belong$ to ! sup]s5su\s _w4 ,a man's own prop]-"n is a sort ( spiritual ess5ce ( him1 a k9d ( s\l to be c>efully conceal$4 ,by pron\nc+ a "n y br+ ! ?+ itself into be+4 ,:5 ,elohim w\ld create ,day he call$ out to ! ,light ',day1' & to ! ,d>kness he call$ out ',night'2 ! great magician pron\nc$ ! magic ,names & ! ,?+s came into be+4 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w is lit]ally true1 & ?is reflects ! fact t our ,,conceptual _w comes into be+ by ! m5tal process ( nam+4 7,= a full discussion ( ?is po9t see ,beck1 ,na*ahmung page #da1 ,die ,spra*e47 ,9 old times p w5t fur!r2 !y ?\ght t by nam+ ev5ts !y c\ld br+ !m to be1 & cu/om ev5 to-day keeps up ! invet]ate magical habit ( wi%+ p ,good ,morn+ & a ,happy ,*ri/mas4 ,numb]1 too1 is "p ( ! sup]s5su\s _w t is ?or\ghly religi\s4 ,we c see & t\* sev5 apples1 b sev5 itself1 t wond]ful ?+ t %ifts f object to object1 giv+ x its ,s,e,v,e,nness1 t liv+ ?+1 = x begets itself anew 9 multiplication--surely sev5 is a fit d5iz5 ( ! upp]-_w4 ,orig9ally all numb]s dwelt !re1 & a c]ta9 sup]s5su\s sanctity /ill cl+s to sev5 & ?ree4 ,we /ill say ,holy1 ,holy1 ,holy1 & 9 "s my/ic way feel ! holi]4 ,! s\l & ! sup]s5su\s _w get ?9n] & ?9n]1 r>] & m r>ifi$1 b !y always trail beh9d !m cl\ds ( smoke & vap\r f ! _w ( s5se & space :5ce !y h come4 ,x is difficult = u ev5 n[adays to use ! ^w s\l )\t laps+ into a s5su\s my?ology4 ,! ,c>tesians' %>p di/9ction betwe5 res ext5sa non cogitans & res cogitans non extansa is remote4 ,s f> !n man1 ?r\gh ! processes ( 8 ?9k+1 has provid$ himself ) a sup]s5su\s _w1 ! _w ( s5se-delusion1 ( smoke & cl\d1 ( dream & phantom1 ( imag9ation1 ( "n & numb] & image4 ,! natural c\rse w\ld n[ seem to be t ?is sup]s5su\s _w %\ld develop into ! religi\s _w z we "k x1 t out ( a vague animism ) gho/s ( ance/ors1 demons1 & ! l1 !re %\ld develop 9 due ord] mom5t>y gods 7,aug5blicks-,gott]71 tribal gods1 poly!ism1 & f9ally a pure mono!ism4 ,?is c\rse ( developm5t is usually assum$1 b x is n ,i ?9k q :at really happ5s4 ,! sup]s5su\s _w z we h got x s f> is too !oretic to be complete mat]ial ( religion4 ,x is inde$ only "o factor1 or r x is z x 7 a lifeless body t waits = a liv+ _s to possess & in=m x4 ,_h ! !oretic factor rema9$ un9=m$ x w\ld ev5tually h sep>at$ (f into its con/itu5t elem5ts ( error & tru?1 ! error dy+ d[n z a belat$ metaphysic1 ! tru? develop+ into a correct & sci5tific psy*ology ( ! subjective4 ,b man has ritual z well z my?ology2 t is1 he feels & acts z well z ?9ks2 nay m he probably feels & acts long be=e he def9itely ?9ks4 ,?is contradicts all our preconceiv$ notions ( !ology4 ,man1 we imag9e1 believes 9 a god or gods & !n wor%ips4 ,! real ord] seems to be t1 9 a s5se pres5tly to be expla9$1 he wor%ips1 he feels & acts1 & out ( 8 feel+ & action1 project$ into 8 confus$ ?9k+1 he develops a god4 ,we pass !re=e to our second factor 9 religion3--ritual4 ,! ^w ritual br+s to our mod]n m9ds ! notion ( a *ur* ) a prie/hood & organis$ s]vices4 ,in/9ctively we ?9k ( a congregation meet+ to confess s9s1 to receive absolution1 to pray1 to praise1 to li/5 to s]mons1 & possibly to p>take ( sacram5ts4 ,7 we to exam9e ^! fully develop$ ph5om5a we %\ld h>dly get fur!r 9 ! analysis ( our religi\s conceptions ?an ! notion ( a highly an?ropomorphic god approa*$ by purely human me?ods ( p]sonal entreaty & adulation4 ,fur!r1 :5 we fir/ come to ! /udy ( primitive religions we expect a priori to f9d ! same elem5ts1 ?\gh 9 a rud] =m4 ,we expect to see ,! hea!n 9 8 bl9dness b[ d[n to wood & /one1 b ! facts t actually confront u are />tl+ly dissimil>4 ,b[+ d[n to wood & /one is an occupation t exi/s ma9ly 9 ! m9ds ( hymn-writ]s4 ,! real savage is m actively engag$4 ,in/ead ( ask+ a god to d :at he wants done1 he does x or tries to d x himself2 in/ead ( pray]s he utt]s spells4 ,9 a ^w he is busy practis+ magic1 & above all he is /r5u\sly engag$ 9 danc+ magical dances4 ,:5 ! savage wants ra9 or w9d or sun%9e1 he does n g to *ur*2 he summons 8 tribe & !y dance a ra9-dance or w9d-dance or sun-dance4 ,:5 a savage goes to w> we mu/ n picture 8 wife on h] knees at home pray+ = ! abs5t2 in/ead we mu/ picture h] danc+ ! :ole night long2 n = m]e joy ( he>t or to pass ! we>y h\rs2 %e is danc+ 8 w>-dance to br+ him victory4 ,magic is n[adays condemn$ alike by sci5ce & by religion2 x is bo? useless & impi\s4 ,x is obsolete1 & only practis$ by malign sorc]]s 9 obscure holes & corn]s4 ,und\bt$ly magic is nei!r religion nor sci5ce1 b 9 all probability x is ! spiritual protoplasm f :i* religion & sci5ce ultimately diff]5tiat$4 ,z su* ! doctr9e ( evolution bids u scan x closely4 ,magic may be malign & private2 n[adays x is apt to be bo?4 ,b 9 e>ly days magic 0 z mu* = good z = evil2 x 0 publicly practis$ = ! common weal4 ,! gi/ ( magic comes out mo/ cle>ly 9 magical dances4 ,we ?9k ( danc+ z a light =m ( recreation1 practis$ by ! "y f %e] joie de vivre & unsuitable = ! mature4 ,b among ! ,t>ahum>es 7,c>l ,lumholtz1 ,unkn[n ,mexico1 page #ccj1 ,london1 #aijc47 9 ,mexico ! ^w = danc+1 nolavoa1 means to "w4 ,old m5 w reproa* "y m5 say+ ,:y d y n g to "w8 mean+ :y d y n dance in/ead ( only look+ on4 ,! *ief religi\s s9 ( :i* ! ,t>ahum>e is consci\s is t he has n danc$ en\gh & n made en\gh tesv9o1 8 c]eal intoxicant4 ,danc+ !n is to ! savage ,,work+1 ,,do+1 & ! dance is 9 its orig9 an imitation or p]haps r an int5sification ( processes ( "w4 7,k>l ,bu*]1 ,arbeit und ,rhy?mus1 ,leipzig 7#crd edition71 #aijb1 passim47 ,repetition1 regul> & frequ5t1 con/itutes rhy?m & rhy?m height5s ! s5se ( w p[] 9 action4 ,rhy?mical action may ev51 z se5 9 ! dances ( ,d]vi%es1 produce a condition ( ec/asy4 ,ec/asy among primitive peoples is a condition mu* valu$2 x is (t51 ?\gh n always1 enhanc$ by ! use ( intoxicants4 ,psy*ologically ! savage />ts f ! s5se ( 8 own w p[]1 he /imulates x by e means at 8 comm&4 ,feel+ 8 w /rongly & kn[+ no?+ ( natural law he recognises no limits to 8 own p[]2 he feels himself a magician1 a god2 he does n pray1 he ,,wills4 ,moreov] he wills collectively 7,! subject ( collective halluc9ation z an elem5t 9 magic has be5 fully work$ out by ,,mm4 ,hub]t & ,mauss4 ,!orie g5]ale de la ,magie1 ,9 ,l',annee ,sociologique1 #aijb--c1 page #adj471 re9=c$ by ! w & action ( 8 :ole tribe4 ,truly ( him x may be said ,la vie deborde l'intellig5ce1 l'intellig5ce c'e/ un retrecissem5t4 7,h5ri ,b]gson1 ,l',evolution ,creatrice1 page #ej47 ,! magical ext5sion & height5+ ( p]sonality come out v cle>ly 9 :at are r un=tunately kn[n z ,,mimetic dances4 ,animal dances occur v frequ5tly among primitive peoples4 ,! danc]s dress up z birds1 bea/s1 or fi%es1 & reproduce ! *>act]i/ic movem5ts & habits ( ! animals imp]sonat$4 7,s *>act]i/ic is ?is imp]sonation 9 magical danc+ t among ! ,mexicans ! ^w = magic1 navali1 means disguise4 ,k4 ,?4 ,preuss1 ,ar*iv f4 ,religionswiss5s*aft1 #aijf1 page #ig47 ,a v common animal dance is ! frog-dance4 ,:5 x ra9s ! frogs croak4 ,if y desire ra9 y dress up l a frog & croak & jump4 ,we ?9k ( su* a p]=mance z a consci\s imitation4 ,! man1 we ?9k1 is m or less ,,l a frog4 ,t is n h[ primitive man ?9ks2 inde$1 he sc>cely ?9ks at all2 :at ,,he wants done ! frog c d by croak+ & jump+1 s he croaks & jumps &1 = all he c1 ,,becomes a frog4 ,l'intellig5ce animale ,,j\e sans d\te les repres5tations plutot qu'elle ne les p5se4 7,b]gson1 ,l',evolution ,creatrice1 page #bje47 ,we %all be/ und]/& ?is primitive /ate ( m9d if we /udy ! *ild born 9 s94 ,if a *ild is play+ at lions he does n ,,imitate a lion1 i4e4 he does n consci\sly try to be a ?+ m or less l a lion1 he ,,becomes "o4 ,8 reaction1 8 t]ror1 is ! same z if ! real lion 7 !re4 ,x is ?is *ildlike p[] ( utt] imp]sonation1 ( ,,be+ ! ?+ we act or ev5 see act$1 ?is ext5sion & int5sification ( our own p]sonality t lives deep d[n 9 all ( u & is ! v seat & secret ( our joy 9 ! drama4 ,a *ild's m9d is inde$ ?r\gh\t ! be/ clue to ! und]/&+ ( savage magic4 ,a "y & vital *ild kn[s no limit to 8 own w1 & x is ! only reality to him4 ,x is n t he wants at ! outset to fight o!r wills1 b t !y simply d n exi/ = him4 ,l ! arti/ he goes =? to ! "w ( creation1 glori\sly alone4 ,8 attitude t[>ds o!r recalcitrant wills is !y simply mu/4 ,let ev5 a gr[n man be intoxicat$1 be 9 love1 or subject to an int5se excitem5t1 ! limitations ( p]sonality aga9 fall away4 ,l ! omnipot5t *ild he is aga9 a god1 & to him all ?+s are possible4 ,only :5 he is old & we>y does he cease to comm& fate4 ,! ,iroquois 7,hewitt1 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,,iv4 ,i4 page #cb1 #aijb1 ,n4,s47 ( ,nor? ,am]ica h a ^w1 or5da1 ! mean+ ( :i* is easi] to describe ?an to def9e1 b x seems to express ! v s\l ( magic4 ,?is or5da is y\r p[] to d ?+s1 y\r =ce1 sometimes almo/ y\r p]sonality4 ,a man :o hunts well has mu* & good or5da2 ! %y bird :o escapes 8 sn>es has a f9e or5da4 ,! or5da ( ! rabbit controls ! sn[ & fixes ! dep? to :i* x w fall4 ,:5 a /orm is brew+ ! magician is said to be mak+ its or5da4 ,:5 y y\rself are 9 a rage1 great is y\r or5da4 ,! notes ( birds are utt]ances ( _! or5da4 ,:5 ! maize is rip5+1 ! ,iroquois "k x is ! sun's heat t rip5s x1 b !y "k m2 x is ! cigala makes ! sun to %9e & he does x by *irp+1 by utt]+ 8 or5da4 ,?is or5da is sometimes v l ! ,greek ?umos1 y\r bodily life1 y\r vig\r1 y\r passion1 y\r p[]1 ! virtue t is 9 y to feel & d4 ,?is notion ( or5da1 a sort ( pan-vitalism1 is m fluid ?an animism1 & probably prec$es x4 ,x is ! projection ( man's inn] exp]i5ce1 vague & unanalys$1 into ! out] _w4 ,! mana ( ! ,melanesians 7,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pages #aah1 #aai1 #aib1 ,ox=d1 #ahia47 is some:at m specialis$--all m5 d n possess mana--b sub/antially x is ! same idea4 ,mana is n only a =ce1 x is also an action1 a quality1 a /ate1 at once a sub/antive1 an adjective1 & a v]b4 ,x is v closely neighb\r$ by ! idea ( sanctity4 ,?+s t h mana are tabu4 ,l or5da x manife/s itself 9 noises1 b specially my/]i\s ones1 x is mana t is ru/l+ 9 ! trees4 ,mana is highly contagi\s1 x c pass f a holy /one to a man or ev5 to 8 %ad[ if x cross ! /one4 ,all ,melanesian religion1 ,dr ,codr+ton says1 consi/s 9 gett+ mana = oneself or gett+ x us$ = "o's b5efit4 7,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 page #abj1 ,ox=d1 #ahia47 ,specially in/ructive is a ^w 9 use among ! ,omaka 7,see ,pr(4 ,haddon1 ,magic & ,feti%ism1 page #fj1 ,london1 #aijf4 ,dr ,vi]k&t 7,globus1 ,july1 #aijg1 page #da7 ?9ks t ,f]nzaub] is a lat] developm5t f ,nahzaub]471 wazh9-dh$he1 directive en]gy1 to s5d4 ,?is ^w means r\ghly :at we %\ld call telepa?y1 s5d+ out y\r ?\ght or w-p[] to influ5ce ano!r & affect 8 action4 ,"h we seem to get light on :at has always be5 a puzzle1 ! belief 9 magic ex]cis$ at a di/ance4 ,= ! savage w1 di/ance is practically non-exi/5t1 8 int5se desire feels itself z non-spatial4 7,?is notion ( mana1 or5da1 wazh9-dh$he & ! l lives on among civilis$ peoples 9 su* words z ! ,v$ic brahman 9 ! neut]1 famili> to u 9 its mascul9e =m ,brahman4 ,! neut]1 brahman1 means magic p[] ( a rite1 a rite itself1 =mula1 *>m1 also fir/ pr9ciple1 ess5ce ( ! univ]se4 ,x is own c\s9 to ! ,greek dunamis & phusis4 ,see ,,mm4 ,hub]t et ,mauss1 ,!orie g5]ale de la ,magie1 page #aag1 9 ,l',annee ,sociologique1 ,,vii47 ,?r\gh ! exam9ation ( primitive ritual we h at la/ got at "o tangible1 sub/antial factor 9 religion1 a real live exp]i5ce1 ! s5se1 t is1 ( w1 desire1 p[] actually exp]i5c$ 9 p]son by ! individual1 & by him project$1 ext5d$ into ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,at ?is /age x may fairly be ask$1 ?\gh ! "q _c ) any c]ta9ty be answ]$1 at :at po9t 9 ! evolution ( man does ?is religi\s exp]i5ce come 98 ,s long z an organism reacts imm$iately to outside /imulus1 ) a c]ta9ty & con=mity t is almo/ *emical1 !re is1 x w\ld seem1 no place1 no possibility = magical exp]i5ce4 ,b :5 ! g]m appe>s ( an intellect t c =esee an end n imm$iately realis$1 or r :5 a desire arises t we feel & recognise z n satisfi$1 !n comes 9 ! s5se ( w & ! impulse magically to int5sify t w4 ,! animal x w\ld seem is pres]v$ by in/9ct f draw+ into 8 horizon ?+s :i* d n imm$iately subs]ve ! cons]vation ( 8 species4 ,b ! mom5t man's life-p[] began to make on ! outside _w dem&s n imm$iately & inevitably realis$ 9 action 7,i owe ?is obs]vation to ,dr ,k4 ,?4 ,preuss4 ,he writes 7,ar*iv f4 ,relig4 #aijf1 page #ih71 ,die ,betonung des ,will5s 9 d5 ,zaub]akt5 i/ d] ri*tige ,k]n4 ,9 d] ,tat muss d] ,m5s* d5 ,will5 hab51 si* selb/ und se9] ,umgebung besond]e ,fahigkeit5 zuzus*reib51 und d5 ,will5 hat er1 sobald se9 ,v]/& ihn befahigt1 ,,e9e ,,ub] ,,d5 ,,in/9kt ,,h9ausgeh5 ,,d] ,,fursorge fur si* zu zeig54 ,,s ,,lange ,,ihn ,,d] ,,in/9kt ,,alle9 ,,leitet1 ,,konn5 ,,zaub]h&lung5 ,,ni*t ,,en/eh54 ,= m detail$ analysis ( ! orig9 ( magic1 see ,dr ,preuss ,ursprung d] ,religion und ,kun/1 ,globus1 ,,lxxxvi4 & ,,lxxxvii471 !n a door 0 op5$ to magic1 & 9 ! tra9 ( magic foll[$ errors innum]able1 b also religion1 philosophy1 sci5ce & art4 ,! _w ( mana1 or5da1 brahman is a _w ( feel+1 desir+1 will+1 act+4 ,:at elem5t ( ?9k+ !re may be 9 x is n yet diff]5tiat$ out4 ,b we h already se5 t a sup]s5su\s _w ( ?\ght grew up v e>ly 9 answ] to o!r ne$s1 a _w ( s5se-illusions1 %ad[s1 dreams1 s\ls1 gho/s1 ance/ors1 names1 numb]s1 images1 a _w only want+ z x 7 ! impulse ( mana to live z a religion4 ,:i* ( ! two worlds1 ! _w ( ?9k+ or ! _w ( do+1 develop$ fir/ x is probably idle to inquire4 7,if ext]nal /imuli leave on organisms a trace or record su* z is kn[n z an ,engram1 ?is physical basis ( memory & h5ce ( ?\ght is almo/ co9cid5t ) reaction ( ! mo/ elem5t>y k9d4 ,see ,mr ,francis ,d>w9's ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,briti% ,association1 ,dubl91 #aijh1 page #h1 & aga9 ,b]gson places memory at ! v root ( consci\s exi/5ce1 see ,l',evolution ,creatrice1 page #ah1 le fond meme de notre exi/5ce consci5te e/ memoire1 c'e/ a dire prolongation du passee dans le pres5t1 & aga9 la duree mord dans le temps et y laisse l'enpre9t de son d5t1 & aga91 l',evolution implique une cont9uation reelle du passee p> le pres5t47 ,x is m important to ask1 ,:y d ^! two worlds jo98 ,because1 x w\ld seem1 mana1 ! egomaniac or megalomaniac elem5t1 _c get satisfi$ ) real ?+s1 & !re=e goes eag]ly out to a false _w1 ! sup]s5su\s o!r-_w ^: gr[? we h sket*$4 ,?is junction ( ! two is fact1 n fancy4 ,among all primitive peoples dead m51 gho/s1 spirits ( all k9ds1 become ! *os5 vehicle ( mana4 ,ev5 to ?is day x is sometimes urg$ t religion1 i4e4 belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 is true because x satisfies ! deepe/ crav+ ( human nature4 ,! two worlds1 ( mana & magic on ! "o h&1 ( gho/s & o!r-_w on ! o!r1 comb9e s easily because !y h ! same laws1 or r ! same comp>ative abs5ce ( law4 ,z 9 ! _w ( dreams & gho/s1 s 9 ! _w ( mana1 space & "t (f] no ob/acles2 ) magic all ?+s are possible4 ,9 ! "o _w :at y imag9e is real2 9 ! o!r :at y desire is ipso facto accompli%$4 ,bo? worlds are egoc5tric1 megalomaniac1 fill$ to ! full ) unbridl$ human w & desire4 ,we are all ( u born 9 s91 9 t s9 :i* is to sci5ce ! sev5? & deadlie/1 an?ropomorphism1 we are egoc5tric1 ego-projective4 ,h5ce necess>ily we make our gods 9 our own image4 ,an?ropomorphism is (t5 spok5 ( 9 books on religion & my?ology z if x 7 a la/ climax1 a spl5did f9al a*ievem5t 9 religi\s ?\ght4 ,fir/1 we are told1 we h ! lifeless object z god 7feti*ism71 !n ! plant or animal 7phytomorphism1 !riomorphism71 & la/ ,god is inc>nate 9 ! human =m div9e4 ,?is way ( putt+ ?+s is mislead+4 ,an?ropomorphism lies at ! v beg9n+ ( our consci\sness4 ,man's fir/ a*ievem5t 9 ?\ght is to realise t !re is any?+ at all n himself1 any object to 8 subject4 ,:5 he has a*iev$ h[ev] dimly ?is di/9ction1 /ill = long1 = v long he c only ?9k ( ^? o!r ?+s 9 t]ms ( himself2 plants & animals are p ) ways ( _! own1 /rong] or weak] ?an himself b to all int5ts & purposes human4 ,aga9 ! *ild helps u to und]/& our own primitive selves4 ,to *ildr5 animals are always p4 ,y promise to take a *ild = a drive4 ,! *ild comes up beam+ ) a furry be> 9 h] arms4 ,y say ! be> _c g4 ,! *ild bur/s into te>s4 ,y ?9k x is because ! *ild _c endure to be sep>at$ f a toy4 ,x is no su* ?+4 ,x is ! intol]able hurt done to ! be>'s human he>t--a hurt n to be heal$ by any pr(f] ( buns4 ,he want$ to g1 b he 0 a %y1 pr\d be>1 & he w\ld n say s4 ,! relation ( magic to religion has be5 mu* disput$4 ,accord+ to "o s*ool religion develops out ( magic1 accord+ to ano!r1 ?\gh !y ultimately bl5d1 !y are at ! outset diametrically oppos$1 magic be+ a sort ( rudim5t>y & mi/ak5 sci5ce 7,?is view held by ,dr ,fraz] is fully set =? 9 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh 7#bnd edition71 pages #gc-gi1 ,london1 #aijj4 ,x is criticis$ by ,mr ,r4,r4 ,m>ett 9 ,f ,spell to ,pray]1 ,folk-,lore ,,xi4 #aijj1 page #acb1 also v fully by ,,mm4 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,!orie g5]ale de la ,magie1 9 ,l',annee ,sociologique1 ,,vii4 page #a1 ) ,mr ,m>ett's view & ) t ( ,,mm4 ,hub]t & ,mauss ,i am 9 sub/antial agreem5t471 religion hav+ to d f ! outset ) spirits4 ,b1 sett+ controv]sy aside1 at ! pres5t /age ( our inquiry _! relation becomes1 ,i ?9k1 fairly cle>4 ,magic is1 if my view 7,?is view z expla9$ above is1 ,i believe1 my own mo/ s]i\s contribution to ! subject4 ,9 ?9k+ x out ,i 0 mu* help$ by ,pr(4 ,gilb]t ,murray47 be correct1 ! active elem5t :i* in=ms a sup]s5su\s _w fa%ion$ to meet o!r ne$s4 ,?is bl5d ( !ory & practice x is conv5i5t to call religion4 ,9 practice ! transition f magic to religion1 f ,spell to ,pray]1 has always be5 f\nd easy4 ,s long z mana rema9s imp]sonal y ord] x ab\t2 :5 x is p]sonifi$ & bulks to ! %ape ( an ov]gr[n man1 y drop ! imp]ative & cr+e be=e x4 ,my w be done is magic1 ,?y ,w be done is ! la/ ^w 9 religion4 ,! moral discipl9e involv$ 9 ! second is mom5t\s1 ! intellectual advance n /rik+4 ,i h spok5 ( magical ritual z ?\gh x 7 ! in=m+ life-_s )\t :i* religion 0 left z an empty %ell4 ,yet ! ^w ritual does n1 z normally us$1 convey to our m9ds ?is notion ( int5se vitalism4 ,r we associate ritual ) some?+ cut & dri$1 a matt] ( prescrib$ =m & monoton\s repetition4 ,! association is correct2 ritual t5ds to become less & less in=m$ by ! life-impulse1 m & m ext]nalis$4 ,dr ,beck 7,die ,na*ahmung und ihre ,b$eutung fur ,psy*ologie und ,volk]kunde1 ,leipzig1 #aijd47 9 8 brilliant monograph on ,imitation has laid /ress on ! almo/ b\ndless influ5ce ( ! imitation ( "o man by ano!r 9 ! evolution ( civilisation4 ,imitation is "o ( ! *ief spurs to action4 ,imitation begets cu/om1 cu/om begets sanctity4 ,at fir/ all cu/om is sacr$4 ,to ! savage x is z mu* a religi\s duty to tattoo himself z to sacrifice to 8 gods4 ,b c]ta9 cu/oms naturally survive1 because !y are really useful2 !y actually h good effects1 & s ne$ no social sanction4 ,o!rs are really useless2 b man is too cons]vative & imitative to ab&on !m4 ,^! become ritual4 ,cu/om is cauti\s1 b la vie e/ aleatoire4 7,b]gson1 op4 cit4 page #adc47 ,dr ,beck's rem>ks on ritual are ,i ?9k pr(\ndly true & sugge/ive1 b ) ?is res]vation--!y are true ( ritual only :5 un9=m$ by p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! v elem5ts 9 ritual on :i* ,dr ,beck lays su* /ress1 imitation1 repetition1 uni=mity & social collectivity1 h be5 f\nd by ! exp]i5ce ( all "t to h a tw(old influ5ce--!y inhibit ! intellect1 !y /imulate & sugge/ emotion1 ec/asy1 trance4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome kn[s :at %e is ab\t :5 %e prescribes ! tell+ ( ! ros>y4 ,my/]y-cults & sacram5ts1 ! l9eal desc5dants ( magic1 all conta9 rites *>g$ ) sugge/ion1 ) symbols1 ) ge/ures1 ) half-und]/ood =mul>ies1 ) all ! app>atus ( appeal to emotion & w--! m un9telligible !y are ! bett] !y s]ve _! purpose ( inhibit+ ?\ght4 ,?us ritual dead5s ! intellect & /imulates w1 desire1 emotion4 ,les op]ations magiques444 sont le resultat d'une sci5ce et d'une habitude qui exalt5t la volonte huma9e au-dessus de ses limites habituelles4 7,eliphas ,levi1 ,dogme et ,rituel de la haute ,magie1 ,,ii4 page #cb1 ,p>is1 #ahfa1 & ,a def5ce ( ,magic1 by ,evelyn ,und]hill1 ,=tnightly ,review1 #aijg47 ,x is ?is p]sonal ,,exp]i5ce1 ?is exaltation1 ?is s5se ( imm$iate1 non-intellectual revelation1 ( my/ical on5ess ) all ?+s1 t aga9 & aga9 rehabilitates a ritual o!rwise moribund4 ,to resume4 ,! outcome ( our exam9ation ( ,,orig9es seems to be t religi\s ph5om5a result f two delusive processes--a delusion ( ! non-critical intellect1 a delusion ( ! ov]-confid5t w4 ,is religion !n entirely a delusion8 ,i ?9k n4 7,i am deeply consci\s t :at ,i say "h is a m]ely p]sonal op9ion or s5tim5t1 unsupport$ & p]haps unsupportable by reason1 & v possibly q wor?less1 b = fe> ( misund]/&+ ,i pref] to /ate x47 ,e dogma religion has hi!rto produc$ is probably false1 b = all t ! religi\s or my/ical _s may be ! only way ( appreh5d+ "s ?+s & ^! ( enorm\s importance4 ,x may also be t ! cont5ts ( ?is my/ical appreh5sion _c be put into language )\t be+ falsifi$ & mis/at$1 t !y h r to be felt & liv$ ?an utt]$ & intellectually analys$1 & ?us d n prop]ly fall "u ! category ( true or false1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ^! words are appli$ to propositions2 yet !y may be some?+ = :i* true is our ne>e/ exi/+ ^w & are (t51 if n necess>y at lea/ highly advantage\s to life4 ,t is :y man ?r\gh a s]ies ( m or less grossly an?ropomorphic my?ologies & !ologies ) _! concomitant rituals tries to re/ate !m4 ,meantime we ne$ n despair4 ,s]i\s psy*ology is yet "y & has only j jo9$ h&s ) physiology4 ,religi\s /ud5ts are /ill hamp]$ by m$iaevalisms su* z ,body & ,s\l1 & by ! p]haps sc>cely less my?ological segregations ( ,intellect1 ,emotion1 ,w4 ,b new facts 7,see ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 ,london1 passim1 & especially ,vols4 ,,vii4-,,xv4 ,= a valuable collection ( ! ph5om5a ( my/icism1 see ,william ,james1 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 ,ed9burgh1 #aija-b47 are accumulat+1 facts ab\t ! =mation & flux ( p]sonality1 & ! relations betwe5 ! consci\s & ! sub-consci\s4 ,any mom5t "s great imag9ation may leap out into ! d>k1 t\* ! secret places ( life1 lay b>e ! c>d9al my/]y ( ! m>riage ( ! spatial ) ! non-spatial4 ,x is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 t[>ds ! appreh5sion ( su* my/]ies1 n by reason only1 b by man's :ole p]sonality1 t ! religi\s _s 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution ?r\gh anci5t magic & mod]n my/icism is ev] bl9dly yet p]si/5tly mov+4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is by ?9k+ ( religion 9 ! light ( evolution1 n z a revelation giv51 n z a realite faite b z a process1 & x is s only1 ,i ?9k1 t we atta9 to a _s ( real pati5ce & tol]ance4 ,we h ourselves p]haps le>nt labori\sly some?+ ( ! work+ ( natural law1 some?+ ( ! limitations ( our human w1 & we h !re=e r5\nc$ ! practice ( magic4 ,yet we are bidd5 by ^? 9 high places to pray ,sanctify ?is wat] to ! my/ical wa%+ away ( s94 ,my/ical 9 ?is connection spells magical1 & we h no place = a god-magician3 ! pray] is to u unmean+1 irrev]5t4 ,or aga91 aft] mu* toil we h ceas$1 or hope we h ceas$1 to ?9k an?ropomorphically4 ,yet we are invit$ to (f] =mal ?anks to ,god = a meal ( fle% ^: sanctity is ! la/ survival ( t sacrifice ( bulls & goats he has r5\nc$4 ,su* a ritual confuses our intellect & fails to /ir our emotion4 ,b to o!rs ?is ritual1 magical or an?ropomorphic z x is1 is *>g$ ) emotional impulse1 & o!rs1 a /ill l>g] numb]1 ?9k t !y act by reason :5 really !y are hypnotis$ by sugge/ion & tradition2 _! fa!rs did ?is or t & at all co/s !y mu/ d x4 ,x 0 good t primitive man 9 8 y\? %\ld be> ! yoke ( cons]vative cu/om2 f ea* man's neck t yoke w fall1 :5 & because he has outgr[n x4 ,sci5ce tea*es u to await t mom5t ) h] own inw>d & abid+ pati5ce4 ,su* a pati5ce1 su* a g5tl5ess we may well seek to practise 9 ! _s & 9 ! memory ( ,d>w94 ,,xxvi4 ,,evolution ,,& ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,language4 ,by ,p4 ,giles1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 7,ab]de571 ,read] 9 ,comp>ative ,philology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,9 no /udy has ! hi/orical me?od _h a m salut>y influ5ce ?an 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,language4 ,ev5 ! e>lie/ records %[ t ! mean+ ( ! names ( p]sons1 places1 & common objects 0 !n1 z x has always be5 s9ce1 a matt] ( int]e/ to mank9d4 ,& 9 e age ! common man has reg>d$ himself z compet5t )\t special tra9+ to expla9 by inspection 7if "o may use a ma!matical phrase7 ! mean+ ( any words t attract$ 8 att5tion4 ,out ( ?is amateur etymologis+ has sprung a great am\nt ( false hi/ory1 a k9d ( hi/orical my?ology inv5t$ to expla9 famili> names4 ,a s+le example w illu/rate ! t5d5cy4 ,accord+ to ! local leg5d ! ance/or ( ! ,e>l ( ,erroll--a husb&man :o /ay$ ! flight ( 8 c\ntrym5 9 ! battle ( ,lunc>ty & won ! victory ov] ! ,danes by ! help ( ! yoke ( 8 ox5--exhau/$ ) ! fray utt]$ ! exclamation ,ho* heigh6 ,! grateful k+ ab\t to ennoble ! victori\s pl\ghman at once repli$3 ,ho* heigh6 said ye ,& ,hay %all ye be4 ,! ,norman orig9 ( ! "n ,hay is well-kn[n1 & ! battle ( ,lunc>ty long prec$$ ! appe>ance ( ,normans 9 ,scotl&1 b ! leg5d nev]!less p]si/s4 ,?\gh ! e>lie/ ,european treatise on philological que/ions :i* is n[ extant--! ,cratylus ( ,plato1--z might be expect$ f its au?or%ip1 conta9s "s acute ?9k+ & "s %rewd guesses1 yet ! "w z a :ole is infant9e 9 its h&l+ ( language1 & x has be5 d\bt$ :e!r ,plato 0 m ?an half s]i\s 9 "s ( ! sugge/ions :i* he puts =w>d4 7,= an acc\nt ( ! ,cratylus ) ref]5ces to o!r lit]ature see ,s&ys' ,hi/ory ( ,classical ,s*ol>%ip1 ,i4 page #ib ff41 ,cambridge1 #aijc47 ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,romans ?+s 7 worse ev5 ?an !y _h be5 9 ! h&s ( ,plato & 8 ,greek successors4 ,! lack ( success on ! "p ( ,v>ro & lat] ,roman writ]s may h be5 p>tly due to ! fact t1 f ! etymological po9t ( view1 ,lat9 is a mu* m difficult language ?an ,greek2 x is by no means s closely connect$ ) ,greek z ! anci5ts imag9$1 & !y _h no k ( ! ,celtic languages f :i*1 on "s sides at lea/1 mu* great] light on ! hi/ory ( ! ,lat9 language might h be5 obta9$4 ,roman civilisation 0 a late developm5t comp>$ ) ,greek1 & its records dat+ e>li] ?an #cjj ,b4,c4--a p]iod :5 ! be/ ( ,greek lit]ature 0 already 9 exi/5ce--are v few & scanty4 ,v>ro x is true 0 mu* m ( an antiqu>y ?an ,plato1 b 8 extant works seem to %[ t he 0 r a dungeon ( le>n+ ?an an orig9al ?9k]4 ,a sci5tific k ( language c be obta9$ only by comp>ison ( diff]5t languages ( ! same family & ! contra/+ ( _! *>act]i/ics ) ^? ( ano!r family or o!r families4 ,x nev] occurr$ to ! ,greeks t any =eign language 0 wor?y ( s]i\s /udy4 ,h]odotus & o!r travell]s & antiqu>ies inde$ pick$ up individual words f v>i\s languages1 ei!r z be+ necess>y 9 communication ) ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntries :]e !y soj\rn$1 or because ( "s po9t :i* int]e/$ !m p]sonally4 ,plato & o!rs notic$ ! simil>ity ( "s ,phrygian words to ,greek1 b no sy/ematic comp>ison seems ev] to h be5 in/itut$4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! treatm5t ( language 0 9 a s5se m hi/orical4 ,! ,middle ,ages />t$ ) ! hypo!sis1 d]iv$ f ! book ( ,g5esis1 t 9 ! e>ly _w all m5 7 ( "o language & ( "o spee*4 ,?\gh on ! same au?ority !y believ$ t ! pla9 ( ,%9> has se5 t confusion ( tongues :5ce sprang all ! languages ^u e>?1 !y seem to h consid]$ t ! words ( ea* sep>ate language 7 nev]!less d]iv$ f ?is orig9al tongue4 ,& z ,hebrew 0 ! language ( ! ,*os5 ,p1 x 0 naturally assum$ t ?is orig9al tongue 0 ,hebrew4 ,h5ce we f9d ,dante decl>+ 9 8 treatise on ! ,vulg> ,tongue 7,dante de ,vulg>i ,eloquio1 ,i4 #d47 t ! fir/ ^w man utt]$ 9 ,p>adise mu/ h be5 ,el1 ! ,hebrew "n ( 8 ,mak]1 :ile z a result ( ! fall ( ,adam1 ! fir/ utt]ance ( e *ild n[ born into ?is _w ( s9 & mis]y is heu1 ,alas6 ,aft] ! spl5didly engrav$ bronze plates conta9+1 z we n[ "k1 ritual regulations = c]ta9 cults1 7 discov]$ 9 #addd at ! t[n ( ,gubbio1 9 ,umbria1 !y 7 decl>$1 by "s au?orities1 to be writt5 9 excell5t ,hebrew4 ,! /udy ( !m has be5 ! fasc9ation & ! despair ( _m a philologi/4 ,?anks to ! devot$ lab\rs ( num]\s s*ol>s1 ma9ly 9 ! la/ sixty ye>s1 ! g5]al drift ( ^! inscriptions is n[ kn[n4 ,!y are ! only important records ( ! anci5t ,umbrian language1 :i* 0 relat$ closely to t ( ! ,samnites &1 ?\gh n s closely1 to t ( ! ,romans on ! o!r side ( ! ,ap5n9es4 ,yet less ?an tw5ty ye>s ago a book 0 publi%$ 9 ,g]many1 :i* boa/s itself ! home ( ,comp>ative ,philology1 :]e9 ! ,g]man orig9 ( ! ,umbrian language 0 no less solemnly demon/rat$ ?an _h be5 its ,celtic orig9 by ,sir ,william ,be?am 9 #ahdb4 ,x is good t ! /udy ( language %\ld be hi/orical1 b ! fir/ requisite is t ! hi/ory %\ld be s\nd4 ,h[ little _h be5 le>nt ( ! true hi/ory ( language a c5tury ago may be se5 f a little book by ,/eph5 ,we/on fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahjb & sev]al times repr9t$1 :]e accid5tal assonance is consid]$ suffici5t to e/abli% connection4 ,is !re n a ^w bad 9 ,engli% & a ^w bad 9 ,p]sian :i* mean ! same ?+8 ,cle>ly !re=e ,p]sian & ,engli% mu/ be connect$4 ,! conclusion is true1 b x is drawn f errone\s premises4 ,z /at$1 ?is id5tity has no m value ?an ! simil> assonance betwe5 ! ,engli% cov] & ! ,hebrew koph>1 :]e ! hi/ory ( cov] z com+ ?r\gh ,fr5* f a ,lat9 co-op]ire 0 ev5 9 #ahjb well-kn[n to _m4 ,to ?is day1 9 spite ( rec5t elaborate attempts 7,mo/ rec5tly 9 ,h4 ,moll]'s ,semitis* und ,indog]manis*1 ,er/] ,teil1 ,kop5hag51 #aijg47 to e/abli% connection betwe5 ! ,indo-,g]manic & ! ,semitic families ( languages1 !re is no satisfactory evid5ce ( su* relation betwe5 ^! families4 ,?is is n to d5y ! possibility ( su* a connection at a v e>ly p]iod2 x is m]ely to say t ?r\gh ! lapse ( long ages all tru/wor?y record ( su* relation%ip1 if x ev] exi/$1 has be51 s f> z pres5t k ext5ds1 oblit]at$4 ,b :ile ,/eph5 ,we/on 0 publi%+1 ) mu* public approval1 8 collection ( amus+ simil>ities betwe5 languages--simil>ities :i* prov$ no?+--! key to ! hi/orical /udy ( at lea/ "o family ( languages _h already be5 f\nd by a le>n$ ,engli%man 9 a di/ant l&4 ,9 #aghc ,sir ,william ,jones _h be5 s5t out z a judge 9 ! supreme c\rt ( judicature 9 ,b5gal4 ,:ile /ill a "y man at ,ox=d he 0 not$ z a l+ui/2 8 reputation z a ,p]sian s*ol> _h prec$$ him to ! ,ea/4 ,9 ! int]vals ( 8 pr(essional duties he made a c>eful /udy ( ! language :i* 0 held sacr$ by ! natives ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* he 0 liv+4 ,he 0 ma9ly in/rum5tal 9 e/abli%+ a society = ! inve/igation ( language & relat$ subjects4 ,he 0 himself ! fir/ presid5t ( ! society1 & 9 ! ?ird anniv]s>y disc\rse deliv]$ on ,febru>y #b1 #aghf1 he made ! foll[+ obs]vations3 ,! ,sanscrit language1 :atev] be its antiquity1 is ( a wond]ful /ructure2 m p]fect ?an ! ,,greek1 m copi\s ?an ! ,,lat91 & m exquisitely ref9$ ?an ei!r1 yet be>+ to bo? ( !m a /rong] aff9ity1 bo? 9 ! roots ( v]bs & 9 ! =ms ( gramm>1 ?an c\ld possibly h be5 produc$ by accid5t2 s /rong inde$1 t no philolog] c\ld exam9e !m all ?ree1 )\t believ+ !m to h sprung f "s common s\rce1 :i*1 p]haps1 no long] exi/s3 !re is a simil> reason1 ?\gh n q s =cible1 = suppos+ t bo? ! ,go?ick & ! ,celtick1 ?\gh bl5d$ ) a v diff]5t idiom1 _h ! same orig9 ) ! ,sanscrit2 & ! old ,p]sian might be add$ to ! same family1 if ?is 0 ! place = discuss+ any "q conc]n+ ! antiquities ( ,p]sia4 7,asiatic ,rese>*es1 ,i4 page #dbb1 ,works ( ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 ,i4 page #bf1 ,london1 #agii47 ,no su* epo*-mak+ discov]y 0 probably ev] ann\nc$ ) less fl\ri% ( trumpets4 ,?\gh ,sir ,william ,jones liv$ = eight ye>s m & deliv]$ o!r anniv]s>y disc\rses1 he add$ no?+ ( importance to ?is utt]ance4 ,he _h nei!r ! "t nor ! heal? t 0 ne$$ = ! prosecution ( s ardu\s an und]tak+4 ,b ! good se$ did n fall ^u /ony gr\nd4 ,! news 0 spe$ily convey$ to ,europe4 ,by a happy *ance1 ! sudd5 r5ewal ( w> betwe5 ,france & ,engl& 9 #ahjc gave ,fri$ri* ,s*legel ! opportunity ( le>n+ ,sanscrit f ,alex&] ,hamilton1 an ,engli%man :o1 l _m o!rs1 0 conf9$ 9 ,p>is dur+ ! long /ruggle ) ,napoleon4 ,! influ5ce ( ,s*legel 0 n altoge!r = good 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is rese>*1 b he 0 inspir+4 ,n ^u him b ^u ,franz ,bopp1 a /ruggl+ ,g]man /ud5t :o sp5t "s "t 9 ,p>is & ,london a doz5 ye>s lat]1 fell ! mantle ( ,sir ,william ,jones4 ,9 ,bopp's ,comp>ative ,gramm> ( ! ,indo-,g]manic languages :i* appe>$ 9 #ahcc1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago1 ! f\ndations ( ,comp>ative ,philology 7 laid4 ,s9ce t day ! lit]ature ( ! subject has gr[n till x is almo/1 if n altoge!r1 beyond ! p[] ( any s+le man to cope ) x4 ,b long z ! disc\rse may be1 x is b ! elaboration ( ! text t ,sir ,william ,jones suppli$4 ,) ! publication ( ,bopp's ,comp>ative ,gramm> ! hi/orical /udy ( language 0 put ^u a /able foot+4 ,ne$less to say mu* rema9$ to be done1 mu* /ill rema9s to be done4 ,m ?an once !re has be5 dang] ( ! /udy foll[+ errone\s pa?s4 ,its t]m9ology & its po9t ( view h 9 "s degree *ang$4 ,b no?+ c %ake ! tru? ( ! /atem5t t ! ,indo-,g]manic languages con/itute 9 !mselves a family sprung f ! same s\rce1 m>k$ by ! same *>act]i/ics1 & diff]5tiat$ f all o!r languages by =mation1 by vocabul>y1 & by syntax4 ,! hi/orical me?od 0 appli$ to language long be=e x rea*$ biology4 ,ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e ,*>les ,d>w9 0 born1 ,sir ,william ,jones _h made ! fir/ sugge/ion ( a comp>ative /udy ( languages4 ,bopp's ,comp>ative ,gramm> began to be publi%$ n9e ye>s be=e ! fir/ draft ( ,d>w9's treatise on ! ,orig9 ( ,species 0 put on pap] 9 #ahdb4 ,x is n !re=e on ! hi/ory ( ,comp>ative ,philology 9 g5]al t ! ideas ( ,d>w9 h _h mo/ influ5ce4 ,un=tunately1 z ,j[ett has said 9 ! introduction to 8 translation ( ,plato's ,republic1 mo/ m5 live 9 a corn]4 ,! specialisation ( k has _m advantages1 b x has also disadvantages1 none worse p]haps ?an t x t5ds to n>r[ ! speciali/'s horizon & to make x m difficult = "o work] to foll[ ! advances t are be+ made by work]s 9 o!r dep>tm5ts4 ,no long] is x possible z 9 e>li] days = an intellectual prophet to survey f a ,pisgah height all ! ,promis$ ,l&4 ,& ! case ( l+ui/ic rese>* has be5 specially h>d4 ,?is /udy has1 if ! metaphor may be all[$1 a v ext5d$ fronti]4 ,on "o side x t\*es ! doma9 ( lit]ature1 on o!r sides x is cont]m9\s ) hi/ory1 ) e?nology & an?ropology1 ) physiology 9 s f> z language is ! production ( ! bra9 & tissues ( a liv+ be+1 ) physics 9 que/ions ( pit* & /ress acc5t1 ) m5tal sci5ce 9 s f> z ! pr9ciples ( simil>ity1 contra/1 & contiguity affect ! =ms & ! mean+s ( words ?r\gh association ( ideas4 ,! t]ritory ( l+ui/ic /udy is imm5se1 & x has mu* to supply :i* might be useful to ! neighb\rs :o bord] on t t]ritory4 ,b !y h n reg>d$ h] ev5 ) t int]e/ :i* is call$ b5evol5t because x is n actively malefic5t4 ,z ,horne ,tooke rem>k$ a c5tury ago1 ,locke _h f\nd a :ole philosophy 9 language4 ,:at h ! philosoph]s done = language s9ce8 ,! disciples ( ,kant & ( ,wilhelm von ,humboldt suppli$ h] pl5tifully ) ! s\r grapes ( metaphysics2 o!rwise h] neighb\rs h left h] sev]ely alone save = an occasional ,ausflug1 on :i* x 0 cle> !y _h sadly lo/ _! be>+s4 ,"s articles 9 ,psy*ological ,j\rnals1 ,wundt's great "w on ,volk]psy*ologie 7,er/] ,b&3 ,die ,spra*e1 ,leipzig1 #aijj4 ,new edition1 #aijd4 ,?is "w has be5 f]tile 9 produc+ bo? oppon5ts & support]s4 ,delbruck1 ,grundfrag5 d] ,spra*=s*ung1 ,/rassburg1 #aija1 ) a rejo9d] by ,wundt1 ,spra*ges*i*te & ,spra*psy*ologie1 ,leipzig1 #aija2 ,l4 ,sutt]l91 ,das ,wes5 d] ,spra*gebilde1 ,heidelb]g1 #aijb2 von ,rozwad[ski1 ,wortbildung und ,wortb$eutung1 ,heidelb]g1 #aijd2 ,o4 ,dittri*1 ,grundzuge d] ,spra*psy*ologie1 ,halle1 #aijd1 ,*4 ,a4 ,se*ehaye1 ,programme et me?odes de la l+ui/ique !orique1 ,p>is1 #aijh471 & ,mau?n]'s brilliantly writt5 ,beitrage zu e9] ,kritik d] ,spra*e 7,9 ?ree p>ts3 7i7 ,spra*e und ,psy*ologie1 7ii7 ,zur ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 bo? ,/uttg>t #aija1 7iii7 ,zur ,grammatic und ,logik 7) index to all ?ree volumes71 ,/uttg>t & ,b]l91 #aijb47 give "s reason to hope t1 on "o side at lea/1 ! future may be bett] ?an ! pa/4 ,:]e ,*>les ,d>w9's special /udies came 9 contact ) ! ,sci5ce ( ,language 0 ov] ! problem ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( language4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve t1 :]e s _m fields ( l+ui/ic rese>* h /ill to be reclaim$--_m z yet c h>dly be said to be mapp$ out1--! lea/ accessible field ( all--t ( ! ,orig9 ( ,language--has nev] want$ assidu\s till]s4 ,un=tunately x is a field beyond mo/ o!rs :]e x may be said t ,wild+ oats & luckless d>nel gr[4 ,if ,comp>ative ,philology is to "w to purpose "h1 x mu/ be on results d]iv$ f c>eful /udy ( individual languages & gr\ps ( languages4 ,b z yet ! gr\p :i* ,sir ,william ,jones fir/ mapp$ out & :i* ,bopp organis$ is ! only "o :]e mu* has be5 a*iev$4 ,inve/igation ( ! ,semitic gr\p1 9 "s respects ( no less mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( civilisation & religion1 :]e p]haps ! lab\r ( comp>ison is n s difficult1 z ! languages diff] less among !mselves1 has = "s reason /rangely lagg$ beh9d4 ,"s ye>s ago 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,philology ,paul ,haupt po9t$ out t if advance 0 to be made1 x mu/ be made accord+ to ! pr9ciples :i* _h guid$ ! inve/igation ( ! ,indo-,g]manic languages to success1 & at la/ a ,comp>ative ,gramm> ( an elaborate k9d is 9 progress also = ! ,semitic languages4 7,brockelmann1 ,v]glei*5de ,grammatik d] semitis*5 ,spra*51 ,b]l91 #aijg ff4 ,brockelmann & ,zimm]n _h e>li] produc$ two small h&-books4 ,! only l>ge "w 0 ,william ,wright's ,lectures on ! ,comp>ative ,gramm> ( ! ,semitic ,languages1 ,cambridge1 #ahij47 ,= ! great gr\p :i* includes ,f9ni%1 ,hung>ian1 ,turki% & _m languages ( nor!rn ,asia1 a beg9n+1 b only a beg9n+ has be5 made4 ,x may be presum$ f ! great discov]ies :i* are 9 progress 9 ,turke/an t pres5tly mu* m w be a*iev$ 9 ?is field4 ,b = a c]ta9 utt]ance to be giv5 by ,comp>ative ,philology on ! "q ( ! orig9 ( language x is necess>y t n m]ely = ^! languages b also = ^? 9 o!r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 ! facts %\ld be collect$1 sift$ & tabulat$4 ,engl& rules an empire :i* conta9s a great] v>iety ( languages by f> ?an 7 ev] held "u "o sway be=e4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india is engag$ 9 produc+1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,dr ,gri]son1 a l+ui/ic survey ( ,india1 a rem>kable und]tak+ &1 s f> z x has gone1 a rem>kable a*ievem5t4 ,is x too mu* to ask t1 ) ! support ( ! self-gov]n+ colonies1 a simil> survey %\ld be und]tak5 = ! :ole ( ! ,briti% ,empire8 ,not)/&+ ! great numb] ( books t h be5 writt5 on ! orig9 ( language 9 ! la/ ?ree & tw5ty c5turies1 ! results ( ! inve/igation :i* c be describ$ z c]ta9 are v meagre4 ,! "q orig9ally rais$ 0 :e!r language came into be+ !sei or phusei1 by conv5tion or by nature4 ,! fir/ alt]native1 9 its balde/ =m at lea/1 has pass$ f out ! field ( controv]sy4 ,no "o n[ claims t names 7 giv5 to liv+ ?+s or objects or activities by =mal agreem5t among ! memb]s ( an e>ly community1 or t ! fir/ fa!r ( mank9d pass$ 9 review e liv+ ?+ & gave x its "n4 ,ev5 if ! record ( ,adam's action 7 to be tak5 lit]ally !re w\ld /ill rema9 ! "q1 :5ce _h he ?is p[]8 ,did he develop x himself or 0 x a miracul\s gift ) :i* he 0 end[$ at 8 creation8 ,if ! latt]1 !n z ,wundt says 7,volk]psy*ologie1 ,i4 #b1 page #ehe471 ! miracle ( language is subsum$ 9 ! miracle ( creation4 ,if ,adam develop$ language ( himself1 we are c>ri$ ov] to ! alt]native orig9 ( phusei4 ,on ?is hypo!sis we mu/ assume t ! natural gr[? :i* mod]n !ories ( developm5t reg>d z ! pa9ful progress ( multitud9\s g5]ations 0 contract$ into ! exp]i5ce ( a s+le individual4 ,b ev5 if ! orig9 ( language is admitt$ to be ,,natural !re may /ill be mu* v>iety ( signification atta*$ to ! ^w3 ,,nature1 l mo/ words :i* are us$ by philosoph]s1 has accumulat$ _m mean+s1 & z rese>* into ! natural _w proce$s1 is accumulat+ m4 ,=ty ye>s ago an animat$ controv]sy rag$ among ! support]s ( ! !ories :i* 7 nam$ = %ort ! b[-w[1 ! pooh-pooh & ! d+-dong !ories ( ! orig9 ( language4 ,! ?ird1 :i* 0 ! lea/ t5aci\s ( life1 0 made kn[n to ! ,engli%-speak+ _w by ! late ,pr(essor ,max ,mull] :o1 h[ev]1 :5 que/ion$1 repudiat$ x z 8 own belief4 7,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 ,london1 #ahhg1 page #baa47 ,x 0 tak5 by him f ,heyse's lectures on language :i* 7 publi%$ po/hum\sly by ,/e9?al4 ,put %ortly ! !ory is t ev]y?+ :i* is /ruck1 r+s4 ,ea* sub/ance has its peculi> r+4 ,we c tell ! m or less p]fect /ructure ( metals by _! vibrations1 by ! answ] :i* !y give4 ,gold r+s diff]5tly f t91 wood r+s diff]5tly f /one2 & diff]5t s\nds are produc$ accord+ to ! nature ( ea* p]cussion4 ,x may be ! same ) man1 ! mo/ highly organis$ ( nature's "w4 7,max ,mull] z above1 translat+ f ,heyse47 ,max ,mull]'s repudiation ( ?is !ory 01 h[ev]1 n v :ole-he>t$ = he proce$s lat] 9 ! same argum5t3 ,heyse's !ory1 :i* ,i nei!r adopt$ nor reject$1 b :i*1 z w be se51 is by no means incompatible ) t :i* = _m ye>s has be5 ga9+ on me1 & :i* ( late has be5 s cle>ly =mulat$ by ,pr(essor ,noire1 has be5 assail$ ) ridicule & torn to pieces1 (t5 by p]sons :o did n ev5 suspect h[ mu* tru? 0 hidd5 beh9d its p>adoxical appe>ance4 ,we are /ill v f> f be+ able to id5tify roots ) n]v\s vibrations1 b if x %\ld appe> h]eaft] t s5su\s vibrations supply at lea/ ! raw mat]ial ( roots1 x is q possible t ! !ory1 propos$ by ,ok5 & ,heyse1 w reta9 its place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s attempts at solv+ ! problem ( ! orig9 ( language1 :5 o!r !ories1 :i* 9 our own days 7 receiv$ ) popul> applause1 w be completely =gott54 7,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 page #bab47 ,l a good deal else t has be5 writt5 on ! orig9 ( language1 ?is /atem5t p]haps is n likely to be altoge!r cle> to ! pla9 man1 :o may feel t ev5 ! raw mat]ial ( roots is "s di/ance remov$ f n]v\s vibrations1 ?\gh obvi\sly )\t ! exi/5ce ( aff]5t & eff]5t n]ves articulate spee* w\ld be impossible4 ,b ,heyse's !ory und\bt$ly 0 t e ?\ght or idea :i* occurr$ to ! m9d ( man = ! fir/ "t _h its own special phonetic expression1 & t ?is responsive faculty1 :5 its object 0 ?us fulfill$1 became ext9ct4 ,ap>t f ! philosophical "q :e!r ! m9d acts )\t ext]nal /imulus1 into :i* x is n necess>y to ent] "h1 x is cle> t ?is !ory c nei!r be prov$ nor disprov$1 because x po/ulates t ?is faculty exi/$ only :5 language fir/ began1 & lat] altoge!r disappe>$4 ,z we h already se51 x is impossible = u to "k :at happ5$ at ! fir/ beg9n+s ( language1 because we h no in=mation f any p]iod ev5 approximately s remote2 nor are we likely to atta9 x4 ,ev5 9 _! e>lie/ /ages ! great families ( language :i* possess a hi/ory ext5d+ ov] _m c5turies--! ,indo-,g]manic & ! ,semitic--h v little 9 common4 ,) ! exception ( ,*9ese1 ! languages :i* are app>5tly ( a simpl] or m primitive =mation h ei!r a hi/ory :i*1 comp>$ ) t ( ! families m5tion$1 is v %ort1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ! va/ majority1 h no hi/ory beyond ! "t ext5d+ only ov] a few ye>s or1 at mo/1 a few c5turies :5 !y h be5 obs]v$ by compet5t s*ol>s ( ,european orig94 ,b1 if we may judge by ! hi/ory ( geology & o!r /udies1 x is well to be cauti\s 9 assum+ = ! fir/ /ages ( developm5t =ces :i* d n op]ate 9 ! lat]1 unless we h direct evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce4 ,x is unnecess>y "h to ent] into a prolong$ discussion ( ! o!r views *ri/5$ by ,max ,mull]1 n )\t en]getic prote/ f _! support]s1 ! b[-w[ & pooh-pooh !ories ( language4 ,suffice x to say t ! =m] recognises z a s\rce ( language ! imitation ( ! s\nds made by animals1 ! fall ( bodies into wat] or on to solid sub/ances & ! l1 :ile ! latt]1 also call$ ! int]jectional !ory1 looks to ! natural ejaculations produc$ by p>ticul> =ms ( ef=t = ! fir/ beg9n+s ( spee*4 ,x w\ld be futile to d5y t "s words 9 mo/ languages come f imitation1 & t o!rs1 probably few] 9 numb]1 c be trac$ to ejaculations4 ,b if ei!r ( ^! s\rces alone or bo? 9 comb9ation gave rise to primitive spee*1 x cle>ly mu/ h be5 a simple =m ( language & v limit$ 9 am\nt4 ,!re is no reason to ?9k t x 0 o!rwise4 ,presumably 9 its e>lie/ /ages language only indicat$ ! mo/ elem5t>y ideas1 dem&s = food or ! gratification ( o!r appetites1 indications ( dang]1 useful animals & plants4 ,"s ( ^!1 su* z animals or indications ( dang]1 c\ld (t5 be easily repres5t$ by imitative s\nds3 ! ne$ = food & ! l c\ld be indicat$ by ge/ure & natural cries4 ,bo? s\rces are v]ae causae2 to !m ,noire1 support$ by ,max ,mull]1 has add$ ano!r :i* has sometimes be5 call$ ! ,yo-heave-ho !ory4 ,noire cont5ds t ! real crux 9 ! e>ly /ages ( language is = primitive man to make o!r primitive m5 und]/& :at he means4 ,! vocal signs :i* comm5d !mselves to "o may n h occurr$ to ano!r1 & may !re=e be un9telligible4 ,x may be admitt$ t ?is difficulty exi/s1 b x is n insup]able4 ,! old /ory ( ! ,european 9 ,*9a :o1 sitt+ d[n to a meal & be+ d\btful :at ! meat 9 ! di% might be1 address$ an int]rogative ,quack-quack8 to ! wait] & 0 promptly answ]$ by ,b[-w[1 illu/rates a simple situation :]e mutual und]/&+ 0 easy4 ,b obvi\sly _m situations w\ld be m complex ?an ?is1 & to grapple ) !m ,noire has introduc$ 8 !ory ( communal action4 ,x 0 common ef=t direct$ to a common object1 x 0 ! mo/ primitive 7uralte/e7 lab\r ( our ance/ors1 f :i* sprang language & ! life ( reason4 7,noire ,d] ,ursprung d] ,spra*e1 page #cca1 ,ma9z1 #ahgg47 ,z illu/rations ( su* common ef=t he cites battle cries1 ! rescue ( a %ip runn+ on %ore 7a situation n likely to occur v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( man71 & o!rs4 ,l ,max ,mull] he holds t language is ! utt]ance & ! organ ( ?\ght = mank9d1 ! "o *>act]i/ic :i* sep>ates man f ! brute4 ,9 common action ! ^w 0 fir/ produc$2 = long x 0 insep>ably connect$ ) action2 ?r\gh long-cont9u$ connection x gradually became ! firm1 intelligible symbol ( action1 & !n 9 its developm5t indicat$ also ?+s ( ! ext]nal _w 9 s f> z ! action affect$ !m & f9ally ! s\nd began to ent] into a connexion ) !m also4 7,op4 cit4 page #cci47 ,9 s f> z ?is !ory recognises language z a social in/itution x is und\bt$ly correct4 ,d>w9 "s ye>s be=e ,noire _h po9t$ to ! same social orig9 ( language 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( 8 "w on ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions 9 ,man & ,animals4 ,naturali/s h rem>k$1 ,i believe ) tru?1 t social animals1 f habitually us+ _! vocal organs z a means ( int]communication1 use !m on o!r occasions mu* m freely ?an o!r animals444 ,! pr9ciple1 also1 ( association1 :i* is s widely ext5d$ 9 its p[]1 has likewise play$ its "p4 ,h5ce x all[s t ! voice1 f hav+ be5 employ$ z a s]viceable aid "u c]ta9 conditions1 induc+ pleasure1 pa91 rage1 etc41 is commonly us$ :5ev] ! same s5sations or emotions are excit$1 "u q diff]5t conditions1 or 9 a less] degree4 7,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions1 page #hd 7,popul> ,edition1 #aijd74 ,d>w9's own views on language :i* are set =? mo/ fully 9 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man 7page #aca ff4 7,popul> ,edition1 #aijf747 are *>act]is$ by great mode/y & caution4 ,he did n pr(ess to be a philologi/ & ! facts are naturally tak5 f ! be/ kn[n works ( ! day 7#ahga74 ,9 ! notes add$ to ! second edition he rem>ks on ,max ,mull]'s d5ial ( ?\ght )\t words1 :at a /range def9ition mu/ "h be giv5 to ! ^w ?\ght6 7,op4 cit4 page #ace1 footnote #fc47 ,he naturally f9ds ! orig9 ( language 9 ! imitation & modification ( v>i\s natural s\nds1 ! voices ( o!r animals1 & man's own in/9ctive cries aid$ by signs & ge/ures 7op4 cit4 page #acb47444 ,z ! voice 0 us$ m & m1 ! vocal organs w\ld h be5 /r5g!n$ & p]fect$ ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( ! inh]it$ effects ( use2 & ?is w\ld h react$ on ! p[] ( spee*4 7,op4 cit4 page #acc47 ,on man's own in/9ctive cries1 he has m to say 9 ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions4 7,page #ic 7,popul> ,edition1 #aijd7 & else:]e47 ,^! rem>ks h be5 utilis$ by ,pr(4 ,jesp]s5 ( ,cop5hag5 9 prop\nd+ an +5i\s !ory ( 8 own to ! effect t spee* develops out ( s++4 7,progress 9 ,language1 page #cfa1 ,london1 #ahid47 ,= _m ye>s & 9 _m books ,max ,mull] argu$ aga9/ ,d>w9's views on evolution on ! "o gr\nd t ?\ght is impossible )\t spee*2 consequ5tly z spee* is conf9$ to ! human race1 !re is a gulf :i* _c be bridg$ betwe5 man & all o!r creatures4 7,"s int]e/+ comm5ts on ! !ory w be f\nd 9 a lecture on ,?\ght & ,language 9 ,samuel ,butl]'s ,essays on ,life1 ,art & ,sci5ce1 ,london1 #aijh47 ,on ! title-page ( 8 ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght he put ! two s5t5ces ,no ,reason )\t ,language3 ,no ,language )\t ,reason4 ,x may be readily admitt$ t ! second dictum is true1 t no language prop]ly s-call$ c exi/ )\t reason4 ,v>i\s birds c le>n to repeat words or s5t5ces us$ by _! ma/]s or mi/resses4 ,9 mo/ cases probably ! birds d n atta* _! prop] mean+ to ! words !y h le>nt2 !y repeat !m 9 season & out ( season1 sometimes app>5tly = _! own amusem5t1 g5]ally 9 ! expectation1 rais$ by pa/ exp]i5ce1 ( be+ rew>d$ = _! pr(ici5cy4 ,b ev5 "h x is difficult to prove a univ]sal negative1 & mo/ possessors ( su* pets w\ld repudiate indignantly ! /atem5t t ! bird did n und]/& :at 0 said to x1 & w\ld also cont5d t 9 _m cases ! words :i* x us$ 7 employ$ 9 _! ord9>y mean+4 ,! fir/ dictum seems to be inconsi/5t ) fact4 ,! case ( deaf mutes1 su* z ,laura ,bridgeman1 :o became well educat$1 or ! /ill m extraord9>y case ( ,hel5 ,kell]1 deaf1 dumb1 & bl9d1 :o 9 spite ( ^! disadvantages has le>nt n only to reason b to reason bett] ?an ! av]age ( p]sons possess$ ( all _! s5ses1 goes to %[ t language & reason are n necess>ily always 9 comb9ation4 ,reason is b ! consci\s adaptation ( means to ends1 & s def9$ is a faculty :i* _c be d5i$ to _m ( ! l[] animals4 ,9 ^! days :5 s _m books on ,animal ,intellig5ce are issu$ f ! press1 x seems unnecess>y to lab\r ! po9t4 ,yet none ( ^! animals1 except by p>rot-imitation1 makes use ( spee*1 because man alone possesses 9 a suffici5t degree ( developm5t ! c5tres ( n]v\s en]gy :i* are requir$ = ! work+ ( articulation 9 spee*4 ,on ?is subject mu* inve/igation 0 c>ri$ on dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ,d>w9's life & mu* m 9 ! p]iod s9ce 8 dea?4 ,z e>ly z #ahfa ,broca1 foll[+ up obs]vations made by e>li] ,fr5* writ]s1 locat$ ! c5tre ( articulate spee* 9 ! ?ird left frontal convolution ( ! bra94 ,9 #ahgf he m def9itely fix$ ! organ ( spee* 9 ! po/]ior two-fif?s ( ! ?ird frontal convolution 7,macnam>a1 ,human ,spee*1 page #aig1 ,london1 #aijh471 bo? sides & n m]ely ! left be+ conc]n$ 9 spee* production4 ,ow+ h[ev] to ! great] use by mo/ human be+s ( ! "r side ( ! body1 ! left side ( ! bra91 :i* is ! motor c5tre = ! "r side ( ! body1 is m highly develop$ ?an its "r side1 :i* moves ! left side ( ! body4 ,! inve/igations ( ,pr(essors ,f]ri]1 ,%]r+ton & ,grunbaum h /ill m precisely def9$ ! relations betwe5 bra9 areas & c]ta9 gr\ps ( muscles4 ,"o =m ( aphasia is ! result ( injury to or disease 9 ! ?ird frontal convolution because ! motor c5tre is no long] equal to ! task ( sett+ ! necess>y muscles 9 motion4 ,9 ! bra9 ( idiots :o are unable to speak1 ! c5tre = spee* is n develop$4 7,op4 cit4 page #bbf47 ,9 ! an?ropoid apes ! bra9 is simil>ly defective1 ?\gh x has be5 demon/rat$ by ,pr(essors ,cunn+ham & ,m>*& t !re is a t5d5cy1 especially 9 ! gorilla's bra91 = ! ?ird frontal convolution to assume ! human =m444 ,b if !y possess$ a c5tre = spee*1 ^? p>ts ( ! hemisph]es ( _! bra9s :i* =m ! me*anism by :i* intellig5ce is elaborat$ are s ill-develop$1 z comp>$ ) ! re/ ( _! bodies1 t we c n conceive1 ev5 ) m p]fect frontal convolutions1 t ^! animals c\ld =mulate ideas expressible 9 intellig5t spee*4 7,op4 cit4 page #bbc47 ,:ile ,max ,mull]'s !ory is ,%elley's ,he gave man spee*1 & spee* creat$ ?\ght1 ,:i* is ! measure ( ! univ]se 7,prome!us ,unb\nd ,,ii4 #d471 x seems m probable t ! developm5t 0 j ! opposite--t ! developm5t ( new activities orig9at$ new ?\ghts :i* requir$ new symbols to express !m1 symbols :i* may at fir/ h be51 ev5 to a great] ext5t ?an ) "s ( ! l[] races at pres5t1 sign language z mu* z articulation4 ,:5 once ! faculty ( articulation 0 develop$1 :i*1 ?\gh we _c trace ! process1 0 probably a v gradual gr[?1 !re is no reason to suppose t words develop$ 9 any o!r way !n !y d at pres5t4 ,an errone\s notion ( ! developm5t ( language has become widely spread ?r\gh ! adoption ( ! metaphorical t]m roots = ! irr$ucible elem5ts ( human spee*4 ,m5 nev] talk$ 9 roots2 !y talk$ 9 words4 ,_m words ( k9dr$ mean+ h a "p 9 common1 & a root is no?+ b t common "p /ripp$ ( all additions4 ,9 "s cases x is obvi\s t "o ^w is d]iv$ f ano!r by ! addition ( a fre% elem5t2 9 o!r cases x is impossible to say :i* ( two k9dr$ words is ! m primitive4 ,a root is m]ely a conv5i5t t]m = an ab/raction4 ,! simple/ ^w may be call$ a root1 b x is nev]!less a ^w4 ,h[ are new words add$ to a language 9 ! pres5t day8 ,"s communities1 l ! ,g]mans1 pref] to con/ruct new words = new ideas out ( ! old mat]ial exi/+ 9 ! language2 o!rs1 l ! ,engli%1 pref] to g to ! anci5t languages ( ,greece & ,rome = t]ms to express new ideas4 ,! same *emical elem5t is describ$ 9 ! two languages z s\r /uff 7,sau]/(f7 & z oxyg54 ,bo? t]ms mean ! same ?+ etymologically z well z 9 fact4 ,on behalf ( ! ,g]man me?od1 x may be cont5d$ t ! new idea is m closely atta*$ to already exi/+ ideas1 by be+ express$ 9 elem5ts ( ! language :i* are intelligible ev5 to ! meane/ capacity4 ,= ! ,engli% practice x may be argu$ t1 if we co9 a new ^w :i* means "o ?+1 & "o ?+ only1 ! idea :i* x expresses is m cle>ly def9$ ?an if x 7 express$ 9 popul>ly intelligible elem5ts l s\r /uff4 ,if ! etymological value ( words 7 always pres5t 9 ! m9ds ( _! us]s1 oxyg5 w\ld und\bt$ly h an advantage ov] s\r /uff z a te*nical t]m4 ,b ! t5d5cy 9 language is to put two words ( ?is k9d :i* express b "o idea "u a s+le acc5t1 & :5 ?is has tak5 place1 no "o b ! /ud5t ( language any long] obs]ves :at ! elem5ts really mean4 ,:5 ! ord9>y man talks ( a blackbird x is c]ta9ly n pres5t to 8 consci\sness t he is talk+ ( a black bird1 unless = "s reason conv]sation has be5 dwell+ ^u ! col\r r ?an o!r *>act]i/ics ( ! species4 ,b1 x may be said1 words l oxyg5 are introduc$ by le>n$ m51 & d n repres5t ! action ( ! man 9 ! /reet1 :o1 aft] all1 is ! au?or ( mo/ additions to ! /ock ( human language4 ,we may g back !re=e "s f\r c5turies to a p]iod1 :5 sci5tific /udy 0 only 9 its infancy1 & see :at process 0 foll[$4 ,) ! discov]y ( ,am]ica new products nev] se5 be=e rea*$ ,europe1 & ^! requir$ names4 ,?ree ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic 7 tobacco1 ! potato1 & ! turkey4 ,h[ did ^! come to be s nam$8 ,! fir/ p to import ^! products into ,europe 7 naturally ! ,spani% discov]]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! words--tobacco--appe>s 9 =ms :i* diff] only slightly 9 ! languages ( all civilis$ c\ntries3 ,spani% tabaco1 ,italian tabacco1 ,fr5* tabac1 ,dut* & ,g]man tabak1 ,sw$i% tobak1 etc4 ,! ^w 9 ! native dialect ( ,hayti is said to h be5 tabaco1 b to h meant n ! plant 7,accord+ to ,william ,b>clay1 ,nep5!s1 or ! ,virtue ( ,tobacco1 ,ed9burgh1 #afad1 ! c\ntrey :i* ,god ha? hon\r$ & bless$ ) ?is happie & holy h]be do? call x 9 _! native language ',petum'47 b ! pipe 9 :i* x 0 smok$4 ,x ?us illu/rates a frequ5t feature ( borr[+--t ! ^w is n borr[$ 9 its prop] signification1 b 9 "s s5se closely alli$ !reto1 :i* a =eign]1 und]/&+ ! language ) difficulty1 might readily mi/ake = ! real mean+4 ,?us ! ,h9du practice ( burn+ a wife ^u ! fun]al pyre ( h] husb& is call$ 9 ,engli% suttee1 ?is ^w be+ 9 fact b ! phonetic spell+ ( ! ,sanskrit sati1 a virtu\s woman1 & pass+ into its ,engli% mean+ because =m]ly ! practice ( self-immolation by a wife 0 reg>d$ z ! highe/ virtue4 ,! "n ( ! potato exhibits great] v>iety4 ,! ,engli% "n 0 borr[$ f ! ,spani% patata1 :i* 0 itself borr[$ f a native ^w = ! yam 9 ! dialect ( ,hayti4 ,! potato appe>$ e>ly 9 ,italy1 = ! m>9]s ( ,g5oa actively foll[$ ! foot/eps ( _! c\ntryman ,columbus 9 explor+ ,am]ica4 ,9 ,italian g5]ally ! =m patata has surviv$4 ,! tub]s1 h[ev]1 also sugge/$ a resemblance to truffles1 s t ! ,italian ^w t>tufolo1 a dim9utive ( ! ,italian modification ( ! ,lat9 t]rae tub] 0 appli$ to !m4 ,9 ! language ( ! ,rhaetian ,alps ?is ^w appe>s z t>tufel4 ,f !re x seems to h pass$ into ,g]many :]e potatoes 7 n cultivat$ ext5sively till ! eighte5? c5tury1 & t>tufel has 9 lat] times ?r\gh "s popul> etymology be5 metamorphos$ into ,k>t(fel4 ,9 ,france ! %ape ( ! tub]s sugge/$ ! "n ( e>?-apple 7pomme de t]re71 a "n also adopt$ 9 ,dut* 7a>d-appel71 :ile dialectically 9 ,g]man a =m ,grumbire appe>s1 :i* is a corruption ( ,grund-birne1 gr\nd pe>4 7,kluge ,etymologis*es ,wort]bu* d] deuts*5 ,spra*e 7,/rassburg71 s4v4 ,k>t(fel47 ,"h half ! languages h adopt$ ! orig9al ,am]ican ^w = an alli$ plant1 :ile o!rs h adopt$ a "n orig9at+ 9 "s m or less fanciful resemblance discov]$ 9 ! tub]s2 ! ,g]mans alone 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 fail+ to see any mean+ 9 _! borr[$ "n1 h modifi$ x almo/ beyond recognition4 ,to ?is ,engli% supplies an exact p>allel 9 p>snep :i*1 ?\gh repres5t+ ! ,lat9 pa/9aca ?r\gh ! ,old ,fr5* pa/5aque1 0 fir/ assimilat$ 9 ! la/ syllable to ! nep ( turnep 7pasneppe 9 ,elizabe?an ,engli%71 & lat] _h an r introduc$ into ! fir/ syllable1 app>5tly on ! analogy ( p>sley4 ,! turkey on ! o!r h& seems nev] to be f\nd ) its orig9al ,am]ican "n4 ,9 ,engl&1 z ! "n implies1 ! turkey cock 0 reg>d$ z hav+ come f ! l& ( ! ,turks4 ,! bird no d\bt spread ov] ,europe f ! ,italian seaports4 ,! mi/ake1 !re=e1 0 n unnatural1 see+ t ^! t[ns conduct$ a great trade ) ! ,levant1 :ile ! fact t ,am]ica :5 fir/ discov]$ 0 id5tifi$ ) ,india help$ to increase ! confusion4 ,?us 9 ,fr5* ! coq d',inde 0 abbreviat$ to d',inde mu* z turkey cock 0 to turkey2 ! next /age 0 to id5tify d9de z a fem99e ^w & create a new d9don on ! analogy ( *apon z ! mascul9e4 ,9 ,italian ! "n gallo d',india besides survives1 :ile 9 ,g]man ! "n ,tru?ahn seems to be d]iv$ onomatopoetically f ! bird's cry1 ?\gh a dialectic ,calecutis*] ,hahn specifies errone\sly an orig9 = ! bird f ! ,indian ,calicut4 ,9 ! ,spani% pavo1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a curi\s confusion ) ! peacock4 ,?us 9 ^! names = objects ( common k1 ! introduction ( :i* into ,europe c be dat$ ) tol]able def9it5ess1 we see ev9c$ ! me?ods by :i* 9 remot] ages objects 7 nam$4 ,! words 7 borr[$ f ! community :5ce came ! new object1 or ! real or fanci$ resemblance to "s kn[n object gave ! "n1 or aga9 popul> etymology might conv]t ! unkn[n t]m into some?+ t at lea/ approa*$ 9 s\nd a well-kn[n ^w4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species _h n long be5 publi%$ :5 ! p>allelism ( developm5t 9 natural species & 9 languages /ruck inve/igators4 ,at ! "t1 "o ( ! =emo/ ,g]man philologi/s 0 ,augu/ ,s*lei*]1 ,pr(essor at ,j5a4 ,he 0 himself ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ! natural sci5ces1 & among/ 8 colleagues 0 ,ern/ ,haeckel1 ! protagoni/ 9 ,g]many ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,h[ ! new ideas /ruck ,s*lei*] may be se5 f ! foll[+ s5t5ces by 8 colleague ,haeckel4 ,spee* is a physiological function ( ! human organism1 & has be5 develop$ simultane\sly ) its organs1 ! l>ynx & tongue1 & ) ! functions ( ! bra94 ,h5ce x w be q natural to f9d 9 ! evolution & classification ( languages ! same features z 9 ! evolution & classification ( organic species4 ,! v>i\s gr\ps ( languages t are di/+ui%$ 9 philology z primitive1 fundam5tal1 p>5t1 & daught] languages1 dialects1 etc41 correspond entirely 9 _! developm5t to ! diff]5t categories :i* we classify 9 zoology & botany z /ems1 classes1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 species & v>ieties4 ,! relation ( ^! gr\ps1 p>tly coord9ate & p>tly subord9ate1 9 ! g5]al s*eme is j ! same 9 bo? cases2 & ! evolution foll[s ! same l9es 9 bo?4 7,haeckel1 ,! ,evolution ( ,man1 page #dhe1 ,london1 #aije4 ,?is repres5ts ,s*lei*]'s own words3 ,0 die ,natur=s*] als ,gattung bezei*n5 wurd51 heis/ bei d5 ,glottik]n ,spra*/amm1 au* ,spra*sippe2 nah] v]w&te ,gattung5 bezei*n5 sie wohl au* als ,spra*famili5 e9] ,sippe od] e9es ,spra*/ammes444 ,die ,art5 e9] ,gattung n5n5 wir ,spra*5 e9es ,/ammes2 die ,unt]>t5 e9] ,art s9d bei uns die ,dialekte od] ,mund>t5 e9] ,spra*e2 d5 ,v>ietat5 und ,spiel>t5 entspre*5 die ,unt]mund>t5 od] ,neb5mund>t5 und endli* d5 e9zeln5 ,individu5 die ,spre*weise d] e9zeln5 die ,spra*5 r$5d5 ,m5s*54 ,die ,d>w9is*e ,!orie und die ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 ,weim>1 #ahfc1 page #ab f4 ,d>w9 makes a m cauti\s /atem5t ab\t ! classification ( languages 9 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 page #egh1 7,popul> ,edition1 #aijj747 ,^! views 7 set =? 9 an op5 lett] address$ to ,haeckel 9 #ahfc by ,s*lei*] entitl$1 ,! ,d>w9ian !ory & ! sci5ce ( language4 ,un=tunately ,s*lei*]'s views w5t a good deal f>!r ?an is indicat$ 9 ! extract giv5 above4 ,he app5d$ to ! pamphlet a g5ealogical tree ( ! ,indo-,g]manic languages :i*1 ?\gh to a l>ge ext5t confirm$ by lat] rese>*1 by ! di*otomy ( ea* bran* into two o!r bran*es1 l$ ! unw>y read] to suppose _! phylog5y 7to use ,pr(essor ,haeckel's t]m7 0 m regul> ?an our evid5ce w>rants4 ,)\t qualification ,s*lei*] decl>$ languages to be natural organisms :i* orig9at$ uncondition$ by ! human w1 develop$ accord+ to def9ite laws1 gr[ old & die2 !y also are *>act]is$ by t s]ies ( ph5om5a :i* we designate by ! t]m ',life4' ,consequ5tly ,glottic1 ! sci5ce ( language1 is a natural sci5ce2 its me?od is 9 g5]al ! same z t ( ! o!r natural sci5ces4 7,die ,d>w9is*e ,!orie1 page #f f47 ,9 accordance ) ?is view he decl>$ 7op4 cit4 page #bc47 t ! root 9 language might be comp>$ ) ! simple cell 9 physiology1 ! l+ui/ic simple cell or root be+ z yet n diff]5tiat$ into special organs = ! function ( n\n1 v]b1 etc4 ,9 ?is probably all rec5t philologi/s admit t ,s*lei*] w5t too f>4 ,"o ( ! mo/ f]tile !ories 9 ! mod]n sci5ce ( language orig9at$ ) him1 & 0 fur!r develop$ by 8 pupil1 ,augu/ ,leski5 7,die ,decl9ation im ,slavis*-litanis*5 und ,g]manis*51 ,leipzig1 #ahgf2 ,o/h(f & ,brugmann1 ,morphologis*e ,unt]su*ung51 ,i4 7,introduction71 #ahgh4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( ?is s*ool 7 =mulat$ 7#ahhj7 9 a full] =m 9 ,h4 ,paul's ,pr9zipi5 d] ,spra*ges*i*te1 ,halle 7#crd edition1 #ahih74 ,paul & ,wundt 79 8 ,volk]psy*ologie7 deal l>gely ) ! same matt]1 b beg9 _! inve/igations f diff]5t po9ts ( view1 ,paul be+ a philologi/ ) lean+s to philosophy & ,wundt a philosoph] int]e/$ 9 language471 & by ,leski5's colleagues & fri5ds1 ,brugmann & ,o/h(f4 ,?is 0 ! pr9ciple t phonetic laws h no exceptions4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is g5]alisation mu* great] precision 9 etymology 0 insi/$ ^u1 & a new & rem>kably active p]iod 9 ! /udy ( language began4 ,/at$ broadly 9 ! fa%ion giv5 above ! pr9ciple is n true4 ,a m accurate /atem5t w\ld be t an orig9al s\nd is repres5t$ 9 a giv5 dialect at a giv5 "t & 9 a giv5 environm5t only 9 "o way2 provid$ t ! developm5t ( ! orig9al s\nd into its repres5tation 9 ! giv5 dialect has n be5 influ5c$ by ! work+ ( analogy4 ,x is ?is proviso t is mo/ important = ! *>act]isation ( ! sci5ce ( language4 ,z ,i h said else:]e1 x is at ?is po9t t ?is sci5ce p>ts company ) ! natural sci5ces4 ,if ! *emi/ comp\nds two pure simple elem5ts1 !re c be b "o result1 & no p[] ( ! *emi/ c prev5t x4 ,b ! m9ds ( m5 d act ^u ! s\nds :i* !y produce4 ,! result is t1 :5 ?is happ5s1 ! phonetic law :i* w\ld h act$ 9 ! case is /opp$1 & ?is p>ticul> =m ent]s on ! same c\rse ( developm5t z o!r =ms to :i* x does n belong4 7,p4 ,giles1 ,%ort ,manual ( ,comp>ative ,philology1 #bnd edition1 page #eg1 ,london1 #aija47 ,s*lei*] 0 wrong 9 def9+ a language to be an organism 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a liv+ be+ is an organism4 ,reg>d$ physiologically1 language is a function or pot5tiality ( c]ta9 human organs2 reg>d$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! community x is ( ! nature ( an in/itution4 7,?is view ( language is work$ out at "s l5g? by ,pr(4 ,w4,d4 ,:itney 9 an article 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review = #ahge1 page #gac ff4 ,?is article =ms "p ( a controv]sy ) ,max ,mull]1 :i* is p>tly conc]n$ ) ,d>w9's views on language4 ,he criticises ,s*lei*]'s views sev]ely 9 8 ,ori5tal & ,l+ui/ic ,/udies1 page #bih ff41 ,new ,york1 #ahgc4 ,9 ?is volume w be f\nd criticisms ( v>i\s o!r views m5tion$ 9 ?is essay47 ,m ?an mo/ influ5ces x conduces to ! b9d+ toge!r ( ! elem5ts t =m a /ate4 ,t geographical or o!r causes may effectively c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( id5tity ( language is obvi\s4 ,"o ne$ only read ! hi/ory ( anci5t ,greece1 or obs]ve ! exi/+ political sep>ation ( ,g]many & ,au/ria1 ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,b h[ev] analog\s to an organism1 language is n an organism4 ,9 a less degree ,s*lei*]1 by def9+ languages z su*1 committ$ ! same mi/ake :i* ,blunts*li made reg>d+ ! ,/ate1 & :i* l$ him to decl>e t ! ,/ate is by nature mascul9e & ! ,*ur* fem99e4 7,blunts*li1 ,!ory ( ! ,/ate1 page #bd1 ,second ,engli% ,edition1 ,ox=d1 #ahib47 ,! views ( ,s*lei*] 7 to "s ext5t injuri\s to ! prop] me?ods ( l+ui/ic /udy4 ,b ?is mis=tune 0 mu* m ?an fully comp5sat$ by ! inspiration :i* 8 ideas1 collect$ & modifi$ by 8 disciples1 _h ^u ! sci5ce4 ,9 spite ( ! diff]5ce :i* ! psy*ological elem5t repres5t$ by analogy makes betwe5 ! sci5ce ( language & ! natural sci5ces1 we are entitl$ to say ( x z ,s*lei*] said ( ,d>w9's !ory ( ! orig9 ( species1 x dep5ds ^u obs]vation1 & is ess5tially an attempt at a hi/ory ( developm5t4 ,o!r que/ions !re are 9 connection ) language & evolution :i* require inve/igation--! survival ( "o among/ sev]al compet+ words 7e4g4 :y ,g]man keeps only z a high poetic ^w ross1 :i* is id5tical 9 orig9 ) ! ,engli% "w-a-day horse1 & replaces x by pf]d1 ^: cong5] ! ,engli% palfrey is almo/ conf9$ to poetry & romance71 ! p]si/5ce ( evolution till x becomes revolution 9 languages l ,engli% or ,p]sian :i* h practically ceas$ to be inflectional languages1 & _m o!r problems4 ,into ^! ,d>w9 did n ent]1 & !y require a full] inve/igation ?an is possible )9 ! limits ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,,xxvii4 ,,d>w9ism ,,& ,,hi/ory4 ,by ,j4,b4 ,bury1 ,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 #a4 ,evolution1 & ! pr9ciples associat$ ) ! ,d>w9ian !ory1 c\ld n fail to ex]t a consid]able influ5ce on ! /udies connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( civilis$ man4 ,! speculations :i* are kn[n z philosophy ( hi/ory1 z well z ! sci5ces ( an?ropology1 e?nography1 & sociology 7sci5ces :i* ?\gh !y /& on _! own feet are = ! hi/orian auxili>y71 h be5 deeply affect$ by ^! pr9ciples4 ,hi/oriograph]s1 inde$1 h ) few exceptions made little attempt to apply !m2 b ! gr[? ( hi/orical /udy 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 det]m9$ & *>act]is$ by ! same g5]al pr9ciple :i* has und]la9 ! simultane\s developm5ts ( ! /udy ( nature1 namely ! ,,g5etic idea4 ,! hi/orical conception ( nature1 :i* has produc$ ! hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! /ory ( ! e>?1 ! g5ealogies ( telluric organisms1 & has revolutionis$ natural sci5ce1 belongs to ! same ord] ( ?\ght z ! conception ( human hi/ory z a cont9u\s1 g5etic1 causal process--a conception :i* has revolutionis$ hi/orical rese>* & made x sci5tific4 ,be=e proce$+ to consid] ! application ( evolutional pr9ciples1 x w be p]t95t to notice ! rise ( ?is new view4 #b4 ,) ! ,greeks & ,romans hi/ory _h be5 ei!r a descriptive record or _h be5 writt5 9 practical int]e/s4 ,! mo/ em95t ( ! anci5t hi/orians 7 pragmatical2 t is1 !y reg>d$ hi/ory z an in/ructress 9 /atesman%ip1 or 9 ! art ( w>1 or 9 morals4 ,_! records rea*$ back su* a %ort way1 _! exp]i5ce 0 s brief1 t !y nev] atta9$ to ! conception ( cont9u\s process1 or realis$ ! significance ( "t2 & !y nev] view$ ! hi/ory ( human societies z a ph5om5on to be inve/igat$ = its own sake4 ,9 ! middle ages !re 0 /ill less *ance ( ! em]g5ce ( ! ideas ( progress & developm5t4 ,su* notions 7 exclud$ by ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ! dom9ant religion :i* b\nd$ & b\nd m5's m9ds4 ,z ! c\rse ( hi/ory 0 held to be det]m9$ f h\r to h\r by ! arbitr>y w ( an extra-cosmic p]son1 !re c\ld be no self-conta9$ causal developm5t1 only a disp5sation impos$ f )\t4 ,& z x 0 believ$ t ! _w 0 )9 no great di/ance f ! end ( ?is disp5sation1 !re 0 no motive to take mu* int]e/ 9 und]/&+ ! temporal1 :i* 0 to be only tempor>y4 ,! intellectual movem5ts ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies prep>$ ! way = a new conception1 b x did n em]ge imm$iately4 ,! hi/orians ( ! ,r5aissance p]iod simply rev]t$ to ! anci5t pragmatical view4 ,= ,ma*iavelli1 exactly z = ,?ucydides & ,polybius1 ! use ( /udy+ hi/ory 0 in/ruction 9 ! art ( politics4 ,! ,r5aissance itself 0 ! appe>ance ( a new culture1 diff]5t f any?+ t _h gone be=e2 b at ! "t m5 7 n consci\s ( ?is2 !y saw cle>ly t ! traditions ( classical antiquity _h be5 lo/ = a long p]iod1 & !y 7 seek+ to revive !m1 b o!rwise !y did n p]ceive t ! _w _h mov$1 & t _! own _s1 culture1 & conditions 7 entirely unlike ^? ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 h>dly till ! sev5te5? c5tury t ! pres5ce ( a new age1 z diff]5t f ! middle ages z f ! ages ( ,greece & ,rome1 0 fully realis$4 ,x 0 !n t ! triple division ( anci5t1 m$ieval1 & mod]n 0 fir/ appli$ to ! hi/ory ( we/]n civilisation4 ,:atev] objections may be urg$ aga9/ ?is division1 :i* has n[ become almo/ a category ( ?\ght1 x m>ks a mo/ significant advance 9 man's view ( 8 own pa/4 ,he has become consci\s ( ! imm5se *anges 9 civilisation :i* h come ab\t sl[ly 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & hi/ory confronts him ) a new aspect4 ,he has to expla9 h[ ^? *anges h be5 produc$1 h[ ! trans=mations 7 effect$4 ,! appe>ance ( ?is problem 0 almo/ simultane\s ) ! rise ( rationalism1 & ! great hi/orians & ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 su* z ,montesquieu1 ,voltaire1 ,gibbon1 attempt$ to expla9 ! movem5t ( civilisation by purely natural causes4 ,^! brilliant writ]s prep>$ ! way = ! g5etic hi/ory ( ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,b 9 ! _s ( ! ,aufkl>ung1 t eighte5?-c5tury ,enlight5m5t to :i* !y belong$1 !y 7 conc]n$ to judge all ph5om5a be=e ! tribunal ( reason2 & ! apo!osis ( reason t5d$ to fo/] a c]ta9 sup]ior a priori attitude1 :i* 0 n fav\rable to objective treatm5t & 0 incompatible ) a hi/orical s5se4 ,moreov] ! traditions ( pragmatical hi/oriography _h by no means disappe>$4 #c4 ,9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! mean+ ( g5etic hi/ory 0 fully realis$4 ,g5etic p]haps is z good a ^w z c be f\nd = ! conception :i* 9 ?is c5tury 0 appli$ to s _m bran*es ( k 9 ! sph]es bo? ( nature & ( m9d4 ,x does n commit u to ! doctr9e prop] ( evolution1 nor yet to any teleological hypo!sis su* z is impli$ 9 progress4 ,= hi/ory x meant t ! pres5t condition ( ! human race is simply & /rictly ! result ( a causal s]ies 7or set ( causal s]ies7--a cont9u\s succession ( *anges1 :]e ea* /ate arises causally out ( ! prec$+2 & t ! bus9ess ( hi/orians is to trace ?is g5etic process1 to expla9 ea* *ange1 & ultimately to grasp ! complete developm5t ( ! life ( humanity4 ,?ree influ5tial writ]s1 :o appe>$ at ?is /age & help$ to initiate a new p]iod ( rese>*1 may specially be m5tion$4 ,ranke 9 #ahbd def9itely repudiat$ ! pragmatical view :i* ascribes to hi/ory ! duties ( an in/ructress1 & ) no less decision r5\nc$ ! function1 assum$ by ! hi/orians ( ! ,aufkl>ung1 to judge ! pa/2 x 0 8 bus9ess1 he said1 m]ely to %[ h[ ?+s really happ5$4 ,niebuhr 0 already work+ 9 ! same _s & did m ?an any o!r writ] to e/abli% ! pr9ciple t hi/orical transactions mu/ be relat$ to ! ideas & conditions ( _! age4 ,savigny ab\t ! same "t f\nd$ ! hi/orical s*ool ( law4 ,he s\ght to %[ t law 0 n ! creation ( an enlight5$ w1 b grew out ( cu/om & 0 develop$ by a s]ies ( adaptations & rejections1 ?us apply+ ! conception ( evolution4 ,he help$ to diffuse ! notion t all ! in/itutions ( a society or a notion are z closely int]connect$ z ! p>ts ( a liv+ organism4 #d4 ,! conception ( ! hi/ory ( man z a causal developm5t meant ! elevation ( hi/orical inquiry to ! dignity ( a sci5ce4 ,j z ! /udy ( bees _c become sci5tific s long z ! /ud5t's int]e/ 9 !m is only to procure honey or to d]ive moral lessons f ! lab\rs ( ! little busy bee1 s ! hi/ory ( human societies _c become ! object ( pure sci5tific inve/igation s long z man e/imates its value 9 pragmatical scales4 ,nor c x become a sci5ce until x is conceiv$ z ly+ entirely )9 a sph]e 9 :i* ! law ( cause & effect has unres]v$ & unre/rict$ dom9ion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 once hi/ory is envisag$ z a causal process1 :i* conta9s )9 itself ! explanation ( ! developm5t ( man f 8 primitive /ate to ! po9t :i* he has rea*$1 su* a process necess>ily becomes ! object ( sci5tific inve/igation & ! int]e/ 9 x is sci5tific curiosity4 ,at ! same "t1 ! in/rum5ts 7 %>p5$ & ref9$4 ,"h ,wolf1 a philologi/ ) hi/orical in/9ct1 0 a pione]4 ,8 ,prolegom5a to ,hom] 7#agie7 ann\nc$ new modes ( attack4 ,hi/orical inve/igation 0 soon trans=m$ by ! elaboration ( new me?ods4 #e4 ,progress involves a judgm5t ( value1 :i* is n involv$ 9 ! conception ( hi/ory z a g5etic process4 ,x is also an idea di/9ct f t ( evolution4 ,nev]!less x is closely relat$ to ! ideas :i* revolutionis$ hi/ory at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury2 x swam into m5's k5 simultane\sly2 & x help$ effectively to e/abli% ! notion ( hi/ory z a cont9u\s process & to emphasise ! significance ( "t4 ,pass+ ov] e>li] anticipations1 ,i may po9t to a ,disc\rs ( ,turgot 7#agej71 :]e hi/ory is pres5t$ z a process 9 :i* ! total mass ( ! human race m>*es cont9ually ?\gh sometimes sl[ly to an ev] increas+ p]fection4 ,t is a cle> /atem5t ( ! conception :i* ,turgot's fri5d ,condorcet elaborat$ 9 ! fam\s "w1 publi%$ 9 #agie1 ,esquisse d'un tableau hi/orique des progres de l'esprit huma94 ,?is "w fir/ treat$ ) explicit fulness ! idea to :i* a lead+ role 0 to fall 9 ! ideology ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,condorcet's book reflects ! triumphs ( ! ,ti]s etat1 ^: gr[+ importance _h also inspir$ ,turgot2 x 0 ! political *anges 9 ! eighte5? c5tury :i* l$ to ! doctr9e1 emphatically =mulat$ by ,condorcet1 t ! masses are ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! hi/orical process4 ,i dwell on ?is because1 ?\gh ,condorcet _h no idea ( evolution1 ! pre-dom9ant importance ( ! masses 0 ! assumption :i* made x possible to apply evolutional pr9ciples to hi/ory4 ,& x enabl$ ,condorcet himself to ma9ta9 t ! hi/ory ( civilisation1 a progress /ill f> f be+ complete1 0 a developm5t condition$ by g5]al laws4 #f4 ,! assimilation ( society to an organism1 :i* 0 a gov]n+ notion 9 ! s*ool ( ,savigny1 & ! conception ( progress1 comb9$ to produce ! idea ( an organic developm5t1 9 :i* ! hi/orian has to det]m9e ! c5tral pr9ciple or lead+ "*4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! apo!osis ( democracy 9 ,tocqueville's ,democratie en ,am]ique1 :]e ! !ory is ma9ta9$ t ! gradual & progressive developm5t ( equality is at once ! pa/ & ! future ( ! hi/ory ( m54 ,! same two pr9ciples are comb9$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,sp5c] 7:o held t society is an organism1 ?\gh he also contemplat$ its be+ :at he calls a sup]-organic aggregate7 7,a society pres5ts sugge/ive analogies ) an organism1 b x c]ta9ly is n an organism1 & sociologi/s :o draw inf]5ces f ! assumption ( its organic nature mu/ fall into error4 ,a vital organism & a society are radically di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! individual compon5ts ( ! =m]1 namely ! cells1 are morphologically z well z functionally diff]5tiat$1 :]eas ! individuals :i* compose a society are morphologically homog5e\s & only functionally diff]5tiat$4 ,! resemblances & ! diff]5ces are work$ out 9 ,e4 de ,majewski's /rik+ book ,la ,sci5ce de la ,civilisation1 ,p>is1 #aijh471 t social evolution is a progressive *ange f milit>ism to indu/rialism4 #g4 ! idea ( developm5t assum$ ano!r =m 9 ! speculations ( ,g]man idealism4 ,hegel conceiv$ ! successive p]iods ( hi/ory z correspond+ to ! asc5d+ phases or ideas 9 ! self-evolution ( 8 ,absolute ,be+4 ,8 ,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory 7 publi%$ 9 #ahcg aft] 8 dea?4 ,8 philosophy _h a consid]able effect1 direct & indirect1 on ! treatm5t ( hi/ory by hi/orians1 & al?\gh he 0 sup]ficial & unsci5tific himself 9 deal+ ) hi/orical ph5om5a1 he contribut$ mu* t[>ds mak+ ! idea ( hi/orical developm5t famili>4 ,ranke 0 influ5c$1 if n by ,hegel himself1 at lea/ by ! ,ideali/ic philosophies ( :i* ,hegel's 0 ! greate/4 ,he 0 incl9$ to conceive ! /ages 9 ! process ( hi/ory z m>k$ by inc>nations1 z x 71 ( ideas1 & sometimes speaks z if ! ideas 7 indep5d5t =ces1 ) h&s & feet4 ,b :ile ,hegel det]m9$ 8 ideas by a priori logic1 ,ranke obta9$ 8 by induction--by a /rict inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a2 s t he 0 sci5tific 9 8 me?od & "w1 & 0 influ5c$ by ,hegelian prepossessions only 9 ! k9d ( significance :i* he 0 dispos$ to ascribe to 8 results4 ,x is to be not$ t ! !ory ( ,hegel impli$ a judgm5t ( value2 ! movem5t 0 a progress t[>ds p]fection4 #h4 ,9 ,france1 ,comte approa*$ ! subject f a diff]5t side1 & ex]cis$1 outside ,g]many1 a f> wid] influ5ce ?an ,hegel4 ,! #d? volume ( 8 ,c\rs de philosophie positive1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahci1 creat$ sociology & treat$ hi/ory z a "p ( ?is new sci5ce1 namely z social dynamics4 ,comte s\ght ! key = unfold+ hi/orical developm5t1 9 :at he call$ ! social-psy*ological po9t ( view1 & he work$ out ! two ideas :i* _h be5 enunciat$ by ,condorcet3 t ! hi/orian's att5tion %\ld be direct$ n1 z hi!rto1 pr9cipally to em95t individuals1 b to ! collective behavi\r ( ! masses1 z be+ ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! process2 & t1 z 9 nature1 s 9 hi/ory1 !re are g5]al laws1 necess>y & con/ant1 :i* condition ! developm5t4 ,! two po9ts are intimately connect$1 = x is only :5 ! masses are mov$ into ! =egr\nd t regul>ity1 uni=mity1 & law c be conceiv$ z applicable4 ,to det]m9e ! social-psy*ological laws :i* h controll$ ! developm5t is1 accord+ to ,comte1 ! task ( sociologi/s & hi/orians4 #i4 ,! hypo!sis ( g5]al laws op]ative 9 hi/ory 0 c>ri$ fur!r 9 a book :i* appe>$ 9 ,engl& tw5ty ye>s lat] & ex]cis$ an influ5ce 9 ,europe f> beyond its intr9sic m]it1 ,buckle's ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,engl& 7#aheg-fa74 ,buckle ow$ mu* to ,comte1 & foll[$ him1 or r outdid him1 9 reg>d+ intellect z ! mo/ important factor condition+ ! upw>d developm5t ( man1 s t progress1 accord+ to him1 consi/$ 9 ! victory ( ! intellectual ov] ! moral laws4 #aj4 ,! t5d5cy ( ,comte & ,buckle to assimilate hi/ory to ! sci5ces ( nature by r$uc+ x to g5]al laws1 d]iv$ /imulus & plausibility f ! vi/a (f]$ by ! /udy ( /ati/ics1 9 :i* ! ,belgian ,quetelet1 ^: book ,sur l'homme appe>$ 9 #ahce1 disc]n$ endless possibilities4 ,! a/oni%+ uni=mities :i* /ati/ical inquiry disclos$ l$ to ! belief t x 0 only a "q ( collect+ a suffici5t am\nt ( /ati/ical mat]ial1 to enable u to pr$ict h[ a giv5 social gr\p w act 9 a p>ticul> case4 ,b\rdeau1 a disciple ( ?is s*ool1 looks =w>d to ! "t :5 hi/orical sci5ce w become entirely quantitative4 ,! actions ( prom95t individuals1 :i* are g5]ally consid]$ to h alt]$ or det]m9$ ! c\rse ( ?+s1 are obvi\sly n am5able to /ati/ical computation or explicable by g5]al laws4 ,?9k]s l ,buckle s\ght to m9imise _! importance or expla9 !m away4 #aa4 ,^! indications may suffice to %[ t ! new ef=ts to int]pret hi/ory :i* m>k$ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 gov]n$ by conceptions closely relat$ to ^? :i* 7 curr5t 9 ! field ( natural sci5ce & :i* result$ 9 ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,! g5etic pr9ciple1 progressive developm5t1 g5]al laws1 ! significance ( "t1 ! conception ( society z an organic aggregate1 ! metaphysical !ory ( hi/ory z ! self-evolution ( _s1--all ^! ideas %[ t hi/orical inquiry _h be5 advanc+ indep5d5tly on some:at p>allel l9es to ! sci5ces ( nature4 ,x 0 necess>y to br+ ?is out 9 ord] to appreciate ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9ism4 #ab4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! doz5 ye>s :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! appe>ances ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 7obs]ve t ! fir/ volume ( ,buckle's "w 0 publi%$ j two ye>s be=e7 & ( ,! ,desc5t ( ,man 7#ahga71 ! hypo!sis ( ,lam>ck t man is ! co-desc5dant ) o!r species ( "s l[] ext9ct =m 0 admitt$ to h be5 rais$ to ! rank ( an e/abli%$ fact by mo/ ?9k]s ^: bra9s 7 n work+ "u ! con/ra9t ( !ological au?ority4 ,"o important effect ( ! discov]y ( ?is fact 7,i am n speak+ n[ ( ! ,d>w9ian explanation7 0 to assign to hi/ory a def9ite place 9 ! coord9at$ :ole ( k1 & relate x m closely to o!r sci5ces4 ,x _h inde$ a def9$ logical place 9 sy/ems su* z ,hegel's & ,comte's2 b ,d>w9ism c]tifi$ its /&+ conv9c+ly & )\t m ado4 ,! prevail+ doctr9e t man 0 creat$ ex abrupto _h plac$ hi/ory 9 an isolat$ position1 disconnect$ ) ! sci5ces ( nature4 ,an?ropology1 :i* deals ) ! animal an?ropos1 n[ comes into l9e ) zoology1 & br+s x into relation ) hi/ory4 7,x is to be obs]v$ t hi/ory is n only diff]5t 9 scope b7 n coext5sive ) an?ropology ,,9 ,,"t4 ,= x deals only ) ! developm5t ( man 9 societies1 :]eas an?ropology includes 9 its def9ition ! proto-an?ropic p]iod :5 an?ropos 0 /ill non-social1 :e!r he liv$ 9 h]ds l ! *impanzee1 or alone l ! male ourang-outang4 7,x has be5 well %[n by ,majewski t congregations--h]ds1 flocks1 packs1 etc4--( animals are n ,,societies2 ! *>act]i/ic ( a society is diff]5tiation ( function4 ,bee hives1 ant hills1 may be call$ quasi-societies2 b 9 _! case ! classes :i* p]=m di/9ct functions are morphologically diff]5t47 ,man's condition at ! pres5t day is ! result ( a s]ies ( trans=mations1 go+ back to ! mo/ primitive phase ( society1 :i* is ! ideal 7unatta9able7 beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,b t beg9n+ _h em]g$ )\t any brea* ( cont9uity f a developm5t :i* c>ries u back to a quadrimane ance/or1 /ill fur!r back 7accord+ to ,d>w9's conjecture7 to a m>9e animal ( ! ascidian type1 & !n ?r\gh remot] p]iods to ! l[e/ =m ( organism4 ,x is ess5tial 9 ?is !ory t ?\gh l9ks h be5 lo/ !re 0 no break 9 ! gradual developm5t2 & ?is conception ( a cont9u\s progress 9 ! evolution ( life1 result+ 9 ! appe>ance ( uncivilis$ ,an?ropos1 help$ to re9=ce1 & increase a belief 91 ! conception ( ! hi/ory ( civilis$ ,an?ropos z itself also a cont9u\s progressive developm5t4 #ac4 ,?us ! diffusion ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ! orig9 ( man1 by emphasis+ ! idea ( cont9uity & break+ d[n ! b>ri]s betwe5 ! human & animal k+doms1 has _h an important effect 9 e/abli%+ ! position ( hi/ory among ! sci5ces :i* deal ) telluric developm5t4 ,! p]spective ( hi/ory is m]g$ 9 a l>g] p]spective ( developm5t4 ,z "o ( ! objects ( biology is to f9d ! exact /eps 9 ! g5ealogy ( man f ! l[e/ organic =m1 s ! scope ( hi/ory is to det]m9e ! /ages 9 ! unique causal s]ies f ! mo/ rudim5t>y to ! pres5t /ate ( human civilisation4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! int]e/ 9 hi/orical rese>* impli$ by ?is conception ne$ n be t ( ,comte4 ,9 ! ,positive ,philosophy hi/ory is "p ( sociology2 ! int]e/ 9 x is to discov] ! sociological laws4 ,9 ! view ( :i* ,i h j spok51 hi/ory is p]mitt$ to be an end 9 itself2 ! recon/ruction ( ! g5etic process is an indep5d5t int]e/4 ,= ! purpose ( ! recon/ruction1 sociology1 z well z physical geography1 biology1 psy*ology1 is necess>y2 ! sociologi/ & ! hi/orian play into ea* o!r's h&s2 b ! object ( ! =m] is to e/abli% g5]alisations2 ! aim ( ! latt] is to trace 9 detail a s+ul> causal sequ5ce4 #ad4 ,! success ( ! evolutional !ory help$ to discr$it ! assumption or at lea/ ! invocation ( transc5d5t causes4 ,philosophically ( c\rse x is compatible ) !ism1 b hi/orians h = ! mo/ "p desi/$ f invok+ ! naive conception ( a god 9 hi/ory to expla9 hi/orical movem5ts4 ,a hi/orian may be a !i/2 b1 s f> z 8 "w is conc]n$1 ?is p>ticul> belief is otiose4 ,o!rwise inde$ 7z 0 rem>k$ above7 hi/ory c\ld n be a sci5ce2 = ) a deus ex ma*9a :o c be br\ght on ! /age to solve difficulties sci5tific treatm5t is a f>ce4 ,! transc5d5t elem5t _h appe>$ 9 a m subtle =m ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,g]man philosophy4 ,i notic$ h[ ,ranke is prone to ref] to ideas z if !y 7 transc5d5t exi/5ces manife/+ !mselves 9 ! successive movem5ts ( hi/ory4 ,x is intelligible to speak ( c]ta9 ideas z controll+1 9 a giv5 p]iod1--= in/ance1 ! idea ( nationality2 b f ! sci5tific po9t ( view1 su* ideas h no exi/5ce outside ! m9ds ( individuals & are purely psy*ical =ces2 & a hi/orical idea1 if x does n exi/ 9 ?is =m1 is m]ely a way ( express+ a syn!sis ( ! hi/orian himself4 #ae4 ,f ! m g5]al influ5ce ( ,d>w9ism on ! place ( hi/ory 9 ! sy/em ( human k1 we may turn to ! influ5ce ( ! pr9ciples & me?ods by :i* ,d>w9 expla9$ developm5t4 ,x _h be5 recognis$ ev5 by anci5t writ]s 7su* z ,ari/otle & ,polybius7 t physical circum/ances 7geography1 climate7 7 factors condition+ ! "* & hi/ory ( a race or society4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,bod9 emphasis$ ^! factors1 & _m subsequ5t writ]s took !m into acc\nt4 ,! inve/igations ( ,d>w91 :i* br\ght !m into ! =egr\nd1 naturally promot$ attempts to discov] 9 !m ! *ief key to ! gr[? ( civilisation4 ,comte _h expressly d5\nc$ ! notion t ! biological me?ods ( ,lam>ck c\ld be appli$ to social man4 ,buckle _h tak5 acc\nt ( natural influ5ces1 b _h relegat$ !m to a second>y plane1 comp>$ ) psy*ological factors4 ,b ! ,d>w9ian !ory made x tempt+ to expla9 ! developm5t ( civilisation 9 t]ms ( adaptation to environm5t1 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 natural selection1 survival ( ! fitte/1 etc4 7,rec5tly ,o4 ,seeck has appli$ ^! pr9ciples to ! decl9e ( ,graeco-,roman civilisation 9 8 ,unt]gang d] antik5 ,welt1 #b volumes1 ,b]l91 #ahie1 #aija47 ,! op]ation ( ^! pr9ciples _c be d5i$4 ,man is /ill an animal1 subject to zoological z well z me*anical laws4 ,! d>k influ5ce ( h]$ity cont9ues to be effective2 & psy*ical developm5t _h begun 9 l[] organic =ms1--p]haps ) life itself4 ,! organic & ! social /ruggles = exi/5ce are manife/ations ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,environm5t & climatic influ5ce mu/ be call$ 9 to expla9 n only ! diff]5tiation ( ! great racial sections ( humanity1 b also ! v>ieties )9 ^! sub-species &1 x may be1 ! assimilation ( di/9ct v>ieties4 ,ritt]'s ,an?ropogeography has op5$ a useful l9e ( rese>*4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x is urg$ t1 9 expla9+ ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 ^! pr9ciples d n take u v f>1 & t x is *iefly = ! primitive ultra-prehi/oric p]iod t !y c acc\nt = human developm5t4 ,x may be said t1 s f> z conc]ns ! actions & movem5ts ( m5 :i* are ! subject ( record$ hi/ory1 physical environm5t has ceas$ to act me*anically1 & 9 ord] to affect _! actions mu/ affect _! wills fir/2 & t ?is psy*ical "* ( ! causal relations sub/antially alt]s ! problem4 ,! developm5t ( human societies1 x may be argu$1 d]ives a completely new "* f ! dom9ance ( ! consci\s psy*ical elem5t1 creat+ z x does new conditions 7inv5tions1 social in/itutions1 etc47 :i* limit & c\nt]act ! op]ation ( natural selection1 & control & modify ! influ5ce ( physical environm5t4 ,mo/ ?9k]s agree n[ t ! *ief clews to ! gr[? ( civilisation mu/ be s\ght 9 ! psy*ological sph]e4 ,imitation1 = in/ance1 is a pr9ciple :i* is probably m significant = ! explanation ( human developm5t ?an natural selection4 ,d>w9 himself 0 consci\s t 8 pr9ciples _h only a v re/rict$ application 9 ?is sph]e1 z is evid5t f 8 cauti\s & t5tative rem>ks 9 ! #e? *apt] ( 8 ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,he appli$ natural selection to ! gr[? ( ! intellectual faculties & ( ! fundam5tal social in/9cts1 & also to ! diff]5tiation ( ! great races or sub-species 7,caucasian1 ,african1 etc47 :i* diff] 9 an?ropological "*4 7,d>w9ian =mulae may be sugge/ive by way ( analogy4 ,= in/ance1 x is *>act]i/ic ( social advance t a multitude ( inv5tions1 s*emes & plans are fram$ :i* are nev] c>ri$ out1 simil> to1 or design$ = ! same end z1 an inv5tion or plan :i* is actually adopt$ because x has *anc$ to suit bett] ! p>ticul> conditions ( ! h\r 7j z ! works accompli%$ by an individual /atesman1 arti/ or savant are usually only a residue ( ! num]\s projects conceiv$ by 8 bra974 ,?is process 9 :i* s mu* abortive production occurs is analog\s to elim9ation by natural selection47 #af4 ,b if x is admitt$ t ! gov]n+ factors :i* conc]n ! /ud5t ( social developm5t are ( ! psy*ical ord]1 ! prelim9>y success ( natural sci5ce 9 expla9+ organic evolution by g5]al pr9ciples enc\rag$ sociologi/s to hope t social evolution c\ld be expla9$ on g5]al pr9ciples also4 ,! idea ( ,condorcet1 ,buckle1 & o!rs1 t hi/ory c\ld be assimilat$ to ! natural sci5ces 0 p[]fully re9=c$1 & ! notion t ! actual hi/orical process1 & e social movem5t involv$ 9 x1 c be acc\nt$ = by sociological g5]alisations1 s-call$ laws1 is /ill ent]ta9$ by _m1 9 "o =m or ano!r4 ,diss5ti5ts f ?is view d n d5y t ! g5]alisations at :i* ! sociologi/ arrives by ! comp>ative me?od1 by ! analysis ( social factors1 & by psy*ological d$uction may be an aid to ! hi/orian2 b !y d5y t su* uni=mities are laws or conta9 an explanation ( ! ph5om5a4 ,!y c po9t to ! elem5t ( *ance co9cid5ce4 ,?is elem5t mu/ h play$ a "p 9 ! ev5ts ( organic evolution1 b x has probably 9 a l>g] measure help$ to det]m9e ev5ts 9 social evolution4 ,! collision ( two unconnect$ sequ5ces may be fraught ) great results4 ,! sudd5 dea? ( a lead] or a m>riage )\t issue1 to take simple cases1 has aga9 & aga9 l$ to p]man5t political consequ5ces4 ,m emphasis is laid on ! decisive actions ( individuals1 :i* _c be r$uc$ "u g5]alisations & :i* deflect ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,if ! significance ( ! individual w _h be5 exagg]at$ to ! neglect ( ! collective activity ( ! social aggregate be=e ,condorcet1 8 doctr9e t5d$ to elim9ate z unimportant ! roles ( prom95t m51 & by means ( ?is elim9ation x 0 possible to f\nd sociology4 ,b x may be urg$ t x is pat5t on ! face ( hi/ory t its c\rse has con/antly be5 %ap$ & modifi$ by ! wills ( individuals 7,we c ignore "h ! metaphysical "q ( freewill & det]m9ism4 ,= ! "* ( ! individual's bra9 dep5ds 9 any case on ante-natal accid5ts & co9cid5ces1 & s x may be said t ! role ( individuals ultimately dep5ds on *ance1--! accid5tal co9cid5ce ( indep5d5t sequ5ces471 :i* are by no means always ! expression ( ! collective w2 & t ! appe>ance ( su* p]sonalities at ! giv5 mom5ts is n a necess>y outcome ( ! conditions & _c be d$uc$4 ,nor is !re any pro( t1 if su* & su* an individual _h n be5 born1 "s "o else w\ld h aris5 to d :at he did4 ,9 "s cases !re is no reason to ?9k t :at happ5$ ne$ ev] h come to pass4 ,9 o!r cases1 x seems evid5t t ! actual *ange 0 inevitable1 b 9 default ( ! man :o initiat$ & guid$ x1 x might h be5 po/pon$1 &1 po/pon$ or n1 might h borne a diff]5t ca*et4 ,i may illu/rate by an in/ance :i* has j come "u my notice4 ,mod]n pa9t+ 0 f\nd$ by ,giotto1 & ! ,italian exp$ition ( ,*>les ,,viii1 ne> ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 introduc$ into ,france ! fa%ion ( imitat+ ,italian pa9t]s4 ,b = ,giotto & ,*>les ,,viii1 ,fr5* pa9t+ might h be5 v diff]5t4 ,x may be said t if ,giotto _h n appe>$1 "s o!r great initiator w\ld h play$ a role analog\s to 81 & t )\t ,*>les ,,viii !re w\ld h be5 ! comm]ce ) ,italy1 :i* 9 ! long run w\ld h suffic$ to place ,france 9 relation ) ,italian arti/s4 ,b ! equival5t ( ,giotto might h be5 def]r$ = a c5tury & probably w\ld h be5 diff]5t2 & comm]cial relations w\ld h requir$ ages to produce ! rayonnem5t imitatif ( ,italian art 9 ,france1 :i* ! exp$ition ( ! royal adv5tur] provok$ 9 a few ye>s4 7,i h tak5 ?is example f ,g4 ,t>de's ,la logique sociale #b 7page #djc71 ,p>is1 #aijd1 :]e x is us$ = q a diff]5t purpose47 ,in/ances furni%$ by political hi/ory are simply endless4 ,c we conjecture h[ ev5ts w\ld h mov$ if ! son ( ,philip ( ,mac$on _h be5 an incompet5t8 ,! aggressive action ( ,prussia :i* a/oni%$ ,europe 9 #agdj det]m9$ ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,g]many2 b t action 0 any?+ b inevitable2 x dep5d$ entirely on ! p]sonality ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,h5ce x may be argu$ t ! action ( individual wills is a det]m9+ & di/urb+ factor1 too significant & effective to all[ hi/ory to be grasp$ by sociological =mulae4 ,! types & g5]al =ms ( developm5t :i* ! sociologi/ attempts to dis5gage c only assi/ ! hi/orian 9 und]/&+ ! actual c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,x is 9 ! special doma9s ( economic hi/ory & ,culturges*i*te :i* h come to ! front 9 mod]n times t g5]alisation is mo/ fruitful1 b ev5 9 ^! x may be cont5d$ t x furni%es only p>tial explanations4 #ag4 ,! tru? is t ,d>w9ism itself (f]s ! be/ illu/ration ( ! insuffici5cy ( g5]al laws to acc\nt = hi/orical developm5t4 ,! "p play$ by co9cid5ce1 & ! "p play$ by individuals--limit$ by1 & relat$ to1 g5]al social conditions--r5d] x impossible to d$uce ! c\rse ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( man or to pr$ict ! future4 ,b x is j ! same ) organic developm5t4 ,d>w9 7or any o!r zoologi/7 c\ld n d$uce ! actual c\rse ( evolution f g5]al pr9ciples4 ,giv5 an organism & its environm5t1 he c\ld n %[ t x mu/ evolve into a m complex organism ( a def9ite pre-det]m9$ type2 kn[+ :at x has evolv$ into1 he c\ld attempt to discov] & assign ! det]m9+ causes4 ,g5]al pr9ciples d n acc\nt = a p>ticul> sequ5ce2 !y embody necess>y conditions2 b !re is a *apt] ( accid5ts too4 ,x is ! same 9 ! case ( hi/ory4 #ah4 ,among ! evolutional attempts to subsume ! c\rse ( hi/ory "u g5]al syn!ses1 p]haps ! mo/ important is t ( ,lampre*t1 ^: kulturhi/oris*e ,me?ode1 :i* he has d$uc$ f & appli$ to ,g]man hi/ory1 exhibits ! 7indirect7 influ5ce ( ! ,comti/ s*ool4 ,x is bas$ ^u psy*ology1 :i*1 9 8 view1 holds among ! sci5ces ( m9d 7,gei/eswiss5s*aft57 ! same place 7t ( a ,grundwiss5s*aft7 :i* me*anics holds among ! sci5ces ( nature4 ,hi/ory1 by ! same comp>ison1 corresponds to biology1 &1 accord+ to him1 x c only become sci5tific if x is r$uc$ to g5]al concepts 7,begriffe74 ,hi/orical movem5ts & ev5ts are ( a psy*ical "*1 & ,lampre*t conceives a giv5 phase ( civilisation z a collective psy*ical condition 7seelis*] ,gesamtzu/&7 controll+ ! p]iod1 a diapason :i* p5etrates all psy*ical ph5om5a & !reby all hi/orical ev5ts ( ! "t4 7,die kulturhi/oris*e ,me?ode1 ,b]l91 #aijj1 page #bf47 ,he has work$ out a s]ies ( su* phases1 ages ( *ang+ psy*ical diapason1 9 8 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te ) ! aim ( %[+ t all ! feel+s & actions ( ea* age c be expla9$ by ! diapason2 & has attempt$ to prove t ^! diapasons are exhibit$ 9 o!r social developm5ts1 & are consequ5tly n s+ul> b typical4 ,he ma9ta9s fur!r t ^! ages succe$ ea* o!r 9 a def9ite ord]2 ! pr9ciple be+ t ! collective psy*ical developm5t beg9s ) ! homog5eity ( all ! individual memb]s ( a society &1 ?r\gh height5$ psy*ical activity1 advances 9 ! =m ( a cont9ually increas+ diff]5tiation ( ! individuals 7?is is ak9 to ! ,sp5c]ian =mula74 ,?is process1 evolv+ psy*ical fre$om f psy*ical con/ra9t1 exhibits a s]ies ( psy*ical ph5om5a :i* def9e successive p]iods ( civilisation4 ,! process dep5ds on two simple pr9ciples1 t no idea c disappe> )\t leav+ beh9d x an effect or influ5ce1 & t all psy*ical life1 :e!r 9 a p]son or a society1 means *ange1 ! acquisition ( new m5tal cont5ts4 ,x foll[s t ! new h to come to t]ms ) ! old1 & ?is leads to a syn!sis :i* det]m9es ! "* ( a new age4 ,h5ce ! ages ( civilisation are def9$ z ! highe/ concepts = subsum+ )\t exception all psy*ical ph5om5a ( ! developm5t ( human societies1 t is1 ( all hi/orical ev5ts4 7,ibid4 pages #bh1 #bi47 ,lampre*t d$uces ! idea ( a special hi/orical sci5ce1 :i* might be call$ hi/orical e?nology1 deal+ ) ! ages ( civilisation1 & be>+ ! same relation to 7descriptive or n>rative7 hi/ory z e?nology to e?nography4 ,su* a sci5ce obvi\sly corresponds to ,comte's social dynamics1 & ! comp>ative me?od1 on :i* ,comte laid s mu* emphasis1 is ! pr9cipal in/rum5t ( ,lampre*t4 #ai4 ,i h dwelt on ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,lampre*t1 because !y are n yet widely kn[n 9 ,engl&1 & because 8 sy/em is ! able/ product ( ! sociological s*ool ( hi/orians4 ,x c>ries ! m weight z its au?or himself is a hi/orical speciali/1 & 8 hi/orical syn!ses des]ve ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation4 ,b !re is mu* 9 ! process ( developm5t :i* on su* assumptions is n expla9$1 especially ! initiative ( individuals4 ,hi/orical developm5t does n proce$ 9 a "r l9e1 )\t ! *oice ( div]g+4 ,aga9 & aga91 sev]al roads are op5 to x1 ( :i* x *ooses "o--:y8 ,on ,lampre*t's me?od1 we may be able to assign ! conditions :i* limit ! psy*ical activity ( m5 at a p>ticul> /age ( evolution1 b )9 ^? limits ! individual has s _m options1 su* a wide room = mov+1 t ! def9ition ( ^? conditions1 ! psy*ical diapasons1 is only "p ( ! explanation ( ! p>ticul> developm5t4 ,! heel ( ,a*illes 9 all hi/orical speculations ( ?is class has be5 ! role ( ! individual4 ,! increas+ prom95ce ( economic hi/ory has t5d$ to enc\rage ! view t hi/ory c be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( g5]al concepts or types4 ,m>x & 8 s*ool bas$ _! !ory ( human developm5t on ! conditions ( production1 by :i*1 accord+ to !m1 all social movem5ts & hi/orical *anges are entirely controll$4 ,! lead+ "p :i* economic factors play 9 ,lampre*t's sy/em is significant1 illu/rat+ ! fact t economic *anges admit mo/ readily ?is k9d ( treatm5t1 because !y h be5 less subject to direction or int]f]5ce by individual pione]s4 ,p]haps x may be ?\ght t ! conception ( ,,social ,,environm5t 7ess5tially psy*ical71 on :i* ,lampre*t's psy*ical diapasons dep5d1 is ! mo/ valuable & f]tile conception t ! hi/orian owes to ! sugge/ion ( ! sci5ce ( biology--! conception ( all p>ticul> hi/orical actions & movem5ts z 7#a7 relat$ to & condition$ by ! social environm5t1 & 7#b7 gradually br++ ab\t a trans=mation ( t environm5t4 ,b no giv5 trans=mation c be prov$ to be necess>y 7pre-det]m9$74 ,& types ( developm5t d n repres5t laws2 _! mean+ & value lie 9 ! help !y may give to ! hi/orian1 9 inve/igat+ a c]ta9 p]iod ( civilisation1 to enable him to discov] ! int]relations among ! div]se features :i* x pres5ts4 ,!y are1 z "s "o has said1 an in/rum5t ( heuretic me?od4 #bj4 ,! m5 engag$ 9 special hi/orical rese>*es--:i* h be5 pursu$ unremitt+ly = a c5tury pa/1 accord+ to sci5tific me?ods ( inve/igat+ evid5ce 7initiat$ by ,wolf1 ,niebuhr1 ,ranke7--h = ! mo/ "p work$ on ! assumptions ( g5etic hi/ory or at lea/ foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ^? :o fully grasp$ ! g5etic po9t ( view4 ,b _! aim has be5 to collect & sift evid5ce1 & det]m9e p>ticul> facts2 comp>atively few h giv5 s]i\s ?\ght to ! l9es ( rese>* & ! speculations :i* h be5 consid]$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,!y h be5 reasonably %y ( compromis+ _! "w by apply+ !ories :i* are /ill mu* debat$ & immature4 ,b hi/oriography _c p]man5tly evade ! que/ions rais$ by ^! !ories4 ,"o may v5ture to say t no hi/orical *ange or trans=mation w be fully und]/ood until x is expla9$ h[ social environm5t act$ on ! individual compon5ts ( ! society 7bo? imm$iately & by h]$ity71 & h[ ! individuals react$ ^u _! environm5t4 ,! problem is psy*ical1 b x is analog\s to ! ma9 problem ( ! biologi/4 ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,d\ble ,,/>s4 ,by ,sir ,george ,d>w91 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,plumian ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy & ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,9 ord9>y spee* a sy/em ( any sort is said to be /able :5 x _c be upset easily1 b ! mean+ atta*$ to ! ^w is usually some:at vague4 ,x is h>dly surpris+ t ?is %\ld be ! case1 :5 x is only )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 & pr9cipally ?r\gh ! inve/igations ( ,m4 ,po9c>e1 t ! conception ( /ability has1 ev5 = physici/s1 assum$ a def9it5ess & cle>ness 9 :i* x 0 previ\sly lack+4 ,! laws :i* gov]n /ability hold good 9 regions ( ! greate/ div]sity2 !y apply to ! motion ( planets r\nd ! sun1 to ! int]nal arrangem5t ( ^? m9ute corpuscles ( :i* ea* *emical atom is con/ruct$1 & to ! =ms ( cele/ial bodies4 ,9 ! pres5t essay ,i %all attempt to consid] ! laws ( /ability z relat+ to ! la/ case1 & %all discuss ! succession ( %apes :i* may be assum$ by cele/ial bodies 9 ! c\rse ( _! evolution4 ,i believe fur!r t homolog\s conceptions are applicable 9 ! consid]ation ( ! transmutations ( ! v>i\s =ms ( animal & ( vegetable life & 9 o!r regions ( ?\ght4 ,ev5 if "s ( my read]s %\ld ?9k t :at ,i %all say on ?is head is fanciful1 yet at lea/ ! exposition w s]ve to illu/rate ! mean+ to be atta*$ to ! laws ( /ability 9 ! physical univ]se4 ,i propose1 !re=e1 to beg9 ?is essay by a sket* ( ! pr9ciples ( /ability z !y are n[ =mulat$ by physici/s4 ,i4 ,if a slight impulse be imp>t$ to a sy/em 9 equilibrium "o ( two consequ5ces mu/ ensue2 ei!r small oscillations ( ! sy/em w be />t$1 or ! di/urbance w increase )\t limit & ! arrangem5t ( ! sy/em w be completely *ang$4 ,?us a /ick may be 9 equilibrium ei!r :5 x hangs f a peg or :5 x is balanc$ on its po9t4 ,if 9 ! fir/ case ! /ick is t\*$ x w sw+ to & fro1 b 9 ! second case x w topple ov]4 ,! fir/ position is a /able "o1 ! second is un/able4 ,b ?is case is too simple to illu/rate all t is impli$ by /ability1 & we mu/ consid] cases ( /able & ( un/able motion4 ,imag9e a satellite & its planet1 & consid] ea* ( !m to be ( indef9itely small size1 9 fact p>ticles2 !n ! satellite revolves r\nd its planet 9 an ellipse4 ,a small di/urbance imp>t$ to ! satellite w only *ange ! ellipse to a small am\nt1 & s ! motion is said to be /able4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! di/urbance 7 to make ! satellite dep>t f its initial elliptic orbit 9 ev] wid5+ circuits1 ! motion w\ld be un/able4 ,?is case af=ds an example ( /able motion1 b ,i h adduc$ x pr9cipally ) ! object ( illu/rat+ ano!r po9t n imm$iately connect$ ) /ability1 b important to a prop] compreh5sion ( ! !ory ( /ability4 ,! motion ( a satellite ab\t its planet is "o ( revolution or rotation4 ,:5 ! satellite moves 9 an ellipse ( any giv5 degree ( ecc5tricity1 !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( rotation 9 ! sy/em1 te*nically call$ rotational mom5tum1 & x is always ! same at e "p ( ! orbit4 7,mom5t ( mom5tum or rotational mom5tum is measur$ by ! mom5tum ( ! satellite multipli$ by ! p]p5dicul> f ! planet on to ! direction ( ! pa? ( ! satellite at any in/ant47 ,n[ if we consid] all ! possible elliptic orbits ( a satellite ab\t its planet :i* h ! same am\nt ( rotational mom5tum1 we f9d t ! major axis ( ! ellipse describ$ w be diff]5t accord+ to ! am\nt ( flatt5+ 7or ! ecc5tricity7 ( ! ellipse describ$4 ,a figure titl$ ,a 'family' ( elliptic orbits ) con/ant rotational mom5tum 7,fig4 #a7 illu/rates = a giv5 planet & satellite all su* orbits ) con/ant rotational mom5tum1 & ) all ! major axes 9 ! same direction4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re is a cont9u\s trans=mation f "o orbit to ! next1 & t ! :ole =ms a consecutive gr\p1 call$ by ma!maticians a family ( orbits4 ,9 ?is case ! rotational mom5tum is con/ant & ! position ( any orbit 9 ! family is det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! major axis ( ! ellipse2 ! classification is accord+ to ! major axis1 b x might h be5 made accord+ to any?+ else :i* w\ld cause ! orbit to be exactly det]m9ate4 ,i %all come lat] to ! classification ( all possible =ms ( ideal liquid />s1 :i* h ! same am\nt ( rotational mom5tum1 & ! classification w !n be made accord+ to _! d5sities1 b ! idea ( ord]ly arrangem5t 9 a family is j ! same4 ,we ?us arrive at ! conception ( a def9ite type ( motion1 ) a con/ant am\nt ( rotational mom5tum1 & a classification ( all memb]s ( ! family1 =m$ by all possible motions ( t type1 accord+ to ! value ( "s measurable quantity 7?is w h]eaft] be d5sity7 :i* det]m9es ! motion exactly4 ,9 ! p>ticul> case ( ! elliptic motion us$ = illu/ration ! motion 0 /able1 b o!r cases ( motion might be adduc$ 9 :i* ! motion w\ld be un/able1 & x w\ld be f\nd t classification 9 a family & specification by "s measurable quantity w\ld be equally applicable4 ,a complex me*anical sy/em may be capable ( motion 9 sev]al di/9ct modes or types1 & ! motions correspond+ to ea* su* type may be arrang$ z be=e 9 families4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity ,i w suppose t only two types are possible1 s t !re w only be two families2 & ! rotational mom5tum is to be con/ant4 ,! two types ( motion w h c]ta9 features 9 common :i* we d5ote 9 a sort ( %or?& by ! lett] ,a4 ,simil>ly ! two types may be describ$ z ,a a & ,a b1 s t a & b d5ote ! specific diff]5ces :i* discrim9ate ! families f "o ano!r4 ,n[ foll[+ 9 imag9ation ! family ( ! type ,a a1 let u beg9 ) ! case :]e ! specific diff]5ce a is well m>k$4 ,z we ca/ our eyes along ! s]ies =m+ ! family1 we f9d ! diff]5ce a becom+ less conspicu\s4 ,x gradually dw9dles until x disappe>s2 beyond ?is po9t x ei!r becomes rev]s$1 or else ! type has ceas$ to be a possible "o4 ,9 our %or?& we h />t$ ) ,a a1 & h wat*$ ! *>act]i/ic a dw9dl+ to z]o4 ,:5 x vani%es we h rea*$ a type :i* may be specifi$ z ,a2 beyond ?is po9t ! type w\ld be ,a - a or w\ld be impossible4 ,foll[+ ! ,a b type 9 ! same way1 b is at fir/ well m>k$1 x dw9dles to z]o1 & f9ally may become negative4 ,h5ce 9 %or?& ?is second family may be describ$ z ,a b1444 ,a1444 ,a - b4 ,9 ea* family !re is "o s+le memb] :i* is indi/+ui%able f a memb] ( ! o!r family2 x is call$ by ,po9c>e a =m ( bifurcation4 ,x is ?is conception ( a =m ( bifurcation :i* =ms ! important consid]ation 9 problems deal+ ) ! =ms ( liquid or gase\s bodies 9 rotation4 ,b to return to ! g5]al "q1--?us f> ! /ability ( ^! families has n be5 consid]$1 & x is ! /ability :i* r5d]s ?is way ( look+ at ! matt] s valuable4 ,x may be prov$ t if be=e ! po9t ( bifurcation ! type ,a a 0 /able1 !n ,a b mu/ h be5 un/able4 ,fur!r z a & b ea* dim9i% ,a a becomes less pron\nc$ly /able1 & ,a b less un/able4 ,on rea*+ ! po9t ( bifurcation ,a a has j ceas$ to be /able1 or :at am\nts to ! same ?+ is j becom+ un/able1 & ! conv]se is true ( ! ,a b family4 ,aft] pass+ ! po9t ( bifurcation ,a a has become def9itely un/able & ,a b has become /able4 ,h5ce ! po9t ( bifurcation is also a po9t ( ex*ange ( /abilities betwe5 ! two types4 7,9 ord] n to complicate unnecess>ily ?is explanation ( a g5]al pr9ciple ,i h n /at$ fully all ! cases t may occur4 ,?us3 fir/ly1 aft] bifurcation ,a a may be an impossible type & ,a a w !n /op at ?is po9t2 or secondly1 ,a b may h be5 an impossible type be=e bifurcation1 & w only beg9 to be a real "o aft] x2 or ?irdly1 bo? ,a a & ,a b may be impossible aft] ! po9t ( bifurcation1 9 :i* case !y coalesce & disappe>4 ,?is la/ case %[s t types arise & disappe> 9 pairs1 & t on appe>ance or be=e disappe>ance "o mu/ be /able & ! o!r un/able47 ,9 nature x is ( c\rse only ! /able types ( motion :i* c p]si/ = m ?an a %ort "t4 ,?us ! task ( ! physical evolutioni/ is to det]m9e ! =ms ( bifurcation1 at :i* he mu/1 z x 71 *ange c>riages 9 ! evolution>y j\rney s z always to foll[ ! /able r\te4 ,he mu/ besides be able to indicate "s natural process :i* %all correspond 9 effect to ! ideal arrangem5t ( ! sev]al types ( motion 9 families ) gradually *ang+ specific diff]5ces4 ,al?\gh1 z we %all see h]eaft]1 x may frequ5tly or ev5 g5]ally be impossible to specify ) exactness ! =ms ( bifurcation 9 ! process ( evolution1 yet ! conception is "o ( fundam5tal importance4 ,! ideas involv$ 9 ?is sket* are no d\bt some:at recondite1 b ,i hope to r5d] !m cle>] to ! non-ma!matical read] by homolog\s consid]ations 9 o!r fields ( ?\ght 7,i consid]$ ?is subject 9 my ,presid5tial address to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #aije1 ,report ( ! #ge? ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,assoc4 7,s4 ,africa1 #aije71 ,london1 #aijf1 page #c4 ,"s review]s treat$ my speculations z fanciful1 b z ,i believe t ?is 0 due g5]ally to misappreh5sion1 & z ,i hold t homolog\s consid]ations z to /ability & in/ability are really applicable to evolution ( all sorts1 ,i h ?\ght x well to return to ! subject 9 ! pres5t pap]471 & ,i %all pass on !nce to illu/rations :i* w tea* u some?+ ( ! evolution ( /ell> sy/ems4 ,/ates or gov]nm5ts are organis$ s*emes ( action among/ gr\ps ( m51 & !y belong to v>i\s types to :i* g5]ic names1 su* z autocracy1 ari/ocracy or democracy1 are some:at loosely appli$4 ,a def9ite type ( gov]nm5t corresponds to "o ( our types ( motion1 & :ile reta9+ its type x und]goes a sl[ *ange z ! civilisation & "* ( ! p *ange1 & z ! relation%ip ( ! nation to o!r nations *anges4 ,9 ! language us$ be=e1 ! gov]nm5t belongs to a family1 & z "t advances we proce$ ?r\gh ! successive memb]s ( ! family4 ,a gov]nm5t possesses a c]ta9 degree ( /ability--h>dly measurable 9 numb]s h[ev]--to resi/ dis9tegrat+ influ5ces su* z may arise f w>s1 fam9es1 & int]nal diss5sions4 ,?is /ability gradually rises to a maximum & gradually decl9es4 ,! degree ( /ability at any epo* w dep5d on ! fitness ( "s lead+ feature ( ! gov]nm5t to suit ! sl[ly alt]+ circum/ances1 & t feature corresponds to ! *>act]i/ic d5ot$ by a 9 ! physical problem4 ,a "t at l5g? arrives :5 ! /ability vani%es1 & ! slighte/ %ock w ov]turn ! gov]nm5t4 ,at ?is /age we h rea*$ ! crisis ( a po9t ( bifurcation1 & !re w !n be "s circum/ance1 app>5tly q insignificant & almo/ unnotic$1 :i* is su* z to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( an>*y4 ,?is circum/ance or condition is :at we typifi$ z b4 ,insignificant al?\gh x may seem1 x has />t$ ! gov]nm5t on a new c>e] ( /ability by imp>t+ to x a new type4 ,x gr[s 9 importance1 ! =m ( gov]nm5t becomes obvi\sly diff]5t1 & its /ability increases4 ,!n 9 its turn ?is newly acquir$ /ability decl9es1 & we pass on to a new crisis or revolution4 ,!re is ?us a s]ies ( po9ts ( bifurcation 9 hi/ory at :i* ! cont9uity ( political hi/ory is ma9ta9$ by means ( *anges 9 ! type ( gov]nm5t4 ,^! ideas seem1 to me at lea/1 to give a true acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( /ates1 & ,i cont5d t x is no m]e fanciful analogy b a true homology1 :5 9 bo? realms ( ?\ght--! physical & ! political--we p]ceive ! exi/5ce ( =ms ( bifurcation & ( ex*anges ( /ability4 ,fur!r ?an ?is1 ,i w\ld ask :e!r ! same tra9 ( ideas does n also apply to ! evolution ( animals8 ,a species is well adapt$ to its environm5t :5 ! individual c )/& ! %ocks ( fam9e or ! attacks & competition ( o!r animals2 x !n possesses a high degree ( /ability4 ,mo/ ( ! casual v>iations ( individuals are indiff]5t1 = !y d n tell mu* ei!r = or aga9/ success 9 life2 !y are small oscillations :i* leave ! type un*ang$4 ,z circum/ances *ange1 ! /ability ( ! species may gradually dw9dle ?r\gh ! insuffici5cy ( "s def9ite quality1 on :i* 9 e>li] times no su* insi/5t dem&s 7 made4 ,! individual animals w !n t5d to fail 9 ! /ruggle = life1 ! numb]s w dw9dle & ext9ction may ensue4 ,b x may be t "s new v>iation1 at fir/ ( insignificant importance1 may j s]ve to turn ! scale4 ,a new type may be =m$ 9 :i* ! v>iation 9 "q is pres]v$ & augm5t$2 its /ability may increase & 9 "t a new species may be produc$4 ,at ! risk ( condemnation z a w&]] beyond my prov9ce into ! region ( biological evolution1 ,i w\ld say t ?is view accords ) :at ,i und]/& to be ! views ( "s naturali/s1 :o recognise ! exi/5ce ( critical p]iods 9 biological hi/ory at :i* ext9ction occurs or :i* =m ! />t+-po9t = ! =mation ( new species4 ,ought we n !n to expect t long p]iods w elapse dur+ :i* a type ( animal w rema9 almo/ con/ant1 foll[$ by o!r p]iods1 enorm\sly long no d\bt z measur$ 9 ! life ( man1 ( acute /ruggle = exi/5ce :5 ! type w *ange m rapidly8 ,?is at lea/ is ! view sugge/$ by ! !ory ( /ability 9 ! physical univ]se4 7,i make no claim to ext5sive read+ on ?is subject1 b ref] ! read] = example to a pap] by ,pr(essor ,a4,a4,w4 ,hubre*t on ,de ,vries's !ory ( ,mutations1 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,july #aijd1 especially to page #bac47 ,& n[ ,i propose to apply ^! ideas ( /ability to ! !ory ( /ell> evolution1 & f9ally to illu/rate !m by c]ta9 rec5t obs]vations ( a v rem>kable "*4 ,/>s & planets are =m$ ( mat]ials :i* yield to ! enorm\s =ces call$ into play by gravity & rotation4 ,?is is obvi\sly true if !y are gase\s or fluid1 & ev5 solid matt] becomes pla/ic "u suffici5tly great /resses4 ,no?+ approa*+ a complete /udy ( ! equilibrium ( a het]og5e\s /> has yet be5 f\nd possible1 & we are driv5 to consid] only bodies ( simpl] con/ruction4 ,i %all beg9 !re=e by expla9+ :at is kn[n ab\t ! %apes :i* may be assum$ by a mass ( incompressible liquid ( uni=m d5sity "u ! influ5ces ( gravity & ( rotation4 ,su* a liquid mass may be reg>d$ z an ideal />1 :i* resembles a real /> 9 ! fact t x is =m$ ( gravitat+ & rotat+ matt]1 & because its %ape results f ! =ces to :i* x is subject4 ,x is unlike a /> 9 t x possesses ! attributes ( incompressibility & ( uni=m d5sity4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! real & ! ideal is d\btless great1 yet ! simil>ity is great en\gh to all[ u to ext5d _m ( ! conclusions z to ideal liquid />s to ! conditions :i* mu/ hold good 9 reality4 ,?us ) ! object ( obta9+ "s insight into actuality1 x is ju/ifiable to discuss an av[$ly ideal problem at "s l5g?4 ,! attraction ( gravity alone t5ds to make a mass ( liquid assume ! %ape ( a sph]e1 & ! effects ( rotation1 summ>is$ "u ! "n ( c5trifugal =ce1 are su* t ! liquid seeks to spread itself outw>ds f ! axis ( rotation4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t x is unnecess>y to take any acc\nt ( ! size ( ! mass ( liquid "u consid]ation1 because ! %ape assum$ is exactly ! same :e!r ! mass be small or l>ge1 & ?is r5d]s ! /atem5t ( results mu* easi] ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,a mass ( liquid at re/ w obvi\sly assume ! %ape ( a sph]e1 "u ! influ5ce ( gravitation1 & x is a /able =m1 because any oscillation ( ! liquid :i* might be />t$ w\ld gradually die away "u ! influ5ce ( friction1 h[ev] small4 ,if n[ we imp>t to ! :ole mass ( liquid a small spe$ ( rotation ab\t "s axis1 :i* may be call$ ! pol> axis1 9 su* a way t !re are no int]nal curr5ts & s t x sp9s 9 ! same way z if x 7 solid1 ! %ape w become slightly flatt5$ l an orange4 ,al?\gh ! e>? & ! o!r planets are n homog5e\s !y behave 9 ! same way1 & are flatt5$ at ! poles & protub]ant at ! equator4 ,?is %ape may !re=e conv5i5tly be describ$ z planet>y4 ,if ! planet>y body be slightly de=m$ ! =ces ( re/itution are slightly less ?an !y 7 = ! sph]e2 ! %ape is /able b some:at less s ?an ! sph]e4 ,we h !n a planet>y sph]oid1 rotat+ sl[ly1 slightly flatt5$ at ! poles1 ) a high degree ( /ability1 & possess+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( rotational mom5tum4 ,let u suppose ?is ideal liquid /> to be some:]e 9 /ell> space f> remov$ f all o!r bodies2 !n x is subject to no ext]nal =ces1 & any *ange :i* ensues mu/ come f inside4 ,n[ ! am\nt ( rotational mom5tum exi/+ 9 a sy/em 9 motion c nei!r be creat$ nor de/roy$ by any int]nal causes1 & !re=e1 :atev] happ5s1 ! am\nt ( rotational mom5tum possess$ by ! /> mu/ rema9 absolutely con/ant4 ,a real /> radiates heat1 & z x cools x %r9ks4 ,let u suppose !n t our ideal /> also radiates & %r9ks1 b let ! process proce$ s sl[ly t any int]nal curr5ts g5]at$ 9 ! liquid by ! cool+ are annull$ s quickly by fluid friction z to be insignificant2 fur!r let ! liquid always rema9 at any in/ant incompressible & homog5e\s4 ,all t we are conc]n$ ) is t1 z "t passes1 ! liquid /> %r9ks1 rotates 9 "o piece z if x 7 solid1 & rema9s incompressible & homog5e\s4 ,! condition is ( c\rse artificial1 b x repres5ts ! actual processes ( nature z well z may be1 consi/5tly ) ! po/ulat$ incompressibility & homog5eity4 7,ma!maticians are accu/om$ to reg>d ! d5sity z con/ant & ! rotational mom5tum z increas+4 ,b ! way ( look+ at ! matt]1 :i* ,i h adopt$1 is easi] ( compreh5sion1 & x comes to ! same 9 ! end47 ,! %r9kage ( a con/ant mass ( matt] involves an increase ( its d5sity1 & we h !re=e to trace ! *anges :i* sup]v5e z ! /> %r9ks1 & z ! liquid ( :i* x is compos$ increases 9 d5sity4 ,! %r9kage w1 9 ord9>y p>lance1 br+ ! weights ne>] to ! axis ( rotation4 ,h5ce 9 ord] to keep up ! rotational mom5tum1 :i* z we h se5 mu/ rema9 con/ant1 ! mass mu/ rotate quick]4 ,! great] spe$ ( rotation augm5ts ! importance ( c5trifugal =ce comp>$ ) t ( gravity1 & z ! flatt5+ ( ! planet>y sph]oid 0 due to c5trifugal =ce1 t flatt5+ is increas$2 9 o!r words ! ellipticity ( ! planet>y sph]oid increases4 ,z ! %r9kage & correspond+ increase ( d5sity proce$1 ! planet>y sph]oid becomes m & m elliptic1 & ! succession ( =ms con/itutes a family classifi$ accord+ to ! d5sity ( ! liquid4 ,! specific m>k ( ?is family is ! flatt5+ or ellipticity4 ,n[ consid] ! /ability ( ! sy/em1 we h se5 t ! sph]oid ) a sl[ rotation1 :i* =ms our />t+-po9t1 0 slightly less /able ?an ! sph]e1 & z we proce$ ?r\gh ! family ( ev] flatt] ellipsoids ! /ability cont9ues to dim9i%4 ,at l5g? :5 x has assum$ ! %ape %[n 9 a figure titl$ ,planet>y sph]oid j becom+ un/able 7,fig4 #b47 :]e ! equatorial & pol> axes are proportional to ! numb]s #ajjj & #ehc1 ! /ability has j disappe>$4 ,accord+ to ! g5]al pr9ciple expla9$ above ?is is a =m ( bifurcation1 & corresponds to ! =m d5ot$ ,a4 ,! specific diff]5ce a ( ?is family mu/ be reg>d$ z ! excess ( ! ellipticity ( ?is figure above t ( all ! e>li] ones1 beg9n+ ) ! slightly flatt5$ planet>y sph]oid4 ,accord+ly ! specific diff]5ce a ( ! family has gradually dim9i%$ f ! beg9n+ & vani%es at ?is /age4 ,accord+ to ,po9c>e's pr9ciple ! vani%+ ( ! /ability s]ves u ) notice t we h rea*$ a figure ( bifurcation1 & x becomes necess>y to inquire :at is ! nature ( ! specific diff]5ce ( ! new family ( figures :i* mu/ be coalesc5t ) ! old "o at ?is /age4 ,?is diff]5ce is f\nd to reside 9 ! fact t ! equator1 :i* 9 ! planet>y family has hi!rto be5 circul> 9 section1 t5ds to become elliptic4 ,hi!rto ! rotational mom5tum has be5 kept up to its con/ant value p>tly by great] spe$ ( rotation & p>tly by a symmetrical bulg+ ( ! equator4 ,b n[ :ile ! spe$ ( rotation /ill increases 7,! ma!matician famili> ) ,jacobi's ellipsoid w f9d t ?is is correct1 al?\gh 9 ! usual mode ( exposition1 allud$ to above 9 a footnote1 ! spe$ dim9i%es471 ! equator t5ds to bulge outw>ds at two diametrically opposite po9ts & to be flatt5$ midway betwe5 ^! protub]ances4 ,! specific diff]5ce 9 ! new family1 d5ot$ 9 ! g5]al sket* by b1 is ?is ellipticity ( ! equator4 ,if we _h trac$ ! planet>y figures ) circul> equators beyond ?is /age ,a1 we %\ld h f\nd !m to h become un/able1 & ! /ability has be5 %unt$ (f along ! ,a b family ( =ms ) elliptic equators4 ,?is new s]ies ( figures1 g5]ally nam$ aft] ! great ma!matician ,jacobi1 is at fir/ only j /able1 b z ! d5sity increases ! /ability increases1 rea*es a maximum & !n decl9es4 ,z ?is goes on ! equator ( ^! ,jacobian figures becomes m & m elliptic1 s t ! %ape is consid]ably elongat$ 9 a direction at "r angles to ! axis ( rotation4 ,at l5g? :5 ! longe/ axis ( ! ?ree has become ab\t ?ree times z long z ! %orte/ 7,! ?ree axes ( ! ellipsoid are !n proportional to #ajjj1 #dcb1 #cdc471 ! /ability ( ?is family ( figures vani%es1 & we h rea*$ a new =m ( bifurcation & mu/ look = a new type ( figure along :i* ! /able developm5t w presumably ext5d4 ,two sections ( ?is critical ,jacobian figure1 :i* is a figure ( bifurcation1 are %[n by ! dott$ l9es 9 a figure titl$ ,! 'pe>-%ap$ figure' & ! ,jocobian figure f :i* x is d]iv$ 7,fig4 #c47 compris+ two figures1 "o above ! o!r3 ! upp] figure is ! equatorial section at "r angles to ! axis ( rotation1 ! l[] figure is a section ?r\gh ! axis4 ,n[ ,po9c>e has prov$ t ! new type ( figure is to be d]iv$ f ! figure ( bifurcation by caus+ "o ( ! ends to be prolong$ into a sn\t & by blunt5+ ! o!r end4 ,! sn\t =ms a sort ( /alk1 & betwe5 ! /alk & ! axis ( rotation ! surface is some:at flatt5$4 ,^! are ! *>act]i/ics ( a pe>1 & ! figure has !re=e be5 call$ ! pe>-%ap$ figure ( equilibrium4 ,! firm l9e %[s ?is new type ( figure1 :il/1 z already expla9$1 ! dott$ l9e %[s ! =m ( bifurcation f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,! specific m>k ( ?is new family is ! protrusion ( ! /alk toge!r ) ! o!r correspond+ small] diff]5ces4 ,if we d5ote ?is diff]5ce by c1 :ile ,a b d5otes ! ,jacobian figure ( bifurcation f :i* x is d]iv$1 ! new family may be call$ ,a b c1 & c is z]o initially4 ,accord+ to my calculations ?is s]ies ( figures is /able 7,m4 ,liap\n(f cont5ds t = con/ant d5sity ! new s]ies ( figures1 :i* ,m4 ,po9c>e discov]$1 has less rotational mom5tum ?an t ( ! figure ( bifurcation4 ,if he is correct1 ! figure ( bifurcation is a limit ( /able figures1 & none c exi/ ) /ability = great] rotational mom5tum4 ,my own "w seems to indicate t ! opposite is true1 &1 not)/&+ ,m4 ,liap\n(f's des]v$ly great au?ority1 ,i v5ture to /ate ! conclusions 9 accordance ) my own "w471 b ,i d n "k at :at /age ( its developm5t x becomes un/able4 ,pr(essor ,jeans has solv$ a problem :i* is ( int]e/ z ?r[+ light on ! future developm5t ( ! pe>-%ap$ figure1 al?\gh x is ( a /ill m ideal "* ?an ! "o :i* has be5 discuss$4 ,he imag9es an ,,inf9itely long circul> cyl9d] ( liquid to be 9 rotation ab\t its c5tral axis4 ,! exi/5ce is virtually po/ulat$ ( a demon :o is always occupi$ 9 keep+ ! axis ( ! cyl9d] /raight1 s t ,jeans has only to conc]n himself ) ! /ability ( ! =m ( ! section ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* z ,i h said is a circle ) ! axis ( rotation at ! c5tre4 ,he !n supposes ! liquid =m+ ! cyl9d] to %r9k 9 diamet]1 j z we h done1 & f9ds t ! spe$ ( rotation mu/ increase s z to keep up ! con/ancy ( ! rotational mom5tum4 ,! circul>ity ( section is at fir/ /able1 b z ! %r9kage proce$s ! /ability dim9i%es & at l5g? vani%es4 ,?is /age 9 ! process is a =m ( bifurcation1 & ! /ability passes ov] to a new s]ies consi/+ ( cyl9d]s :i* are elliptic 9 section4 ,! circul> cyl9d]s are exactly analog\s ) our planet>y sph]oids1 & ! elliptic ones ) ! ,jacobian ellipsoids4 ,) fur!r %r9kage ! elliptic cyl9d]s become un/able1 a new =m ( bifurcation is rea*$1 & ! /ability passes ov] to a s]ies ( cyl9d]s ^: section is pe>-%ap$4 ,?us f> ! analogy is complete betwe5 our problem & ,jeans's1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] simplicity ( ! conditions1 he is able to c>ry 8 inve/igation fur!r4 ,he f9ds t ! /alk end ( ! pe>-l section cont9ues to protrude m & m1 & ! flatt5+ betwe5 x & ! axis ( rotation becomes a con/riction4 ,f9ally ! neck breaks & a satellite cyl9d] is born4 ,jeans's figure = an advanc$ /age ( developm5t is %[n 9 a figure titl$ ,section ( a rotat+ cyl9d] ( liquid 7,fig4 #d471 b 8 calculations d n enable him actually to draw ! /ate ( affairs aft] ! rupture ( ! neck4 ,!re are c]ta9 difficulties 9 admitt+ ! exact p>allelism betwe5 ?is problem & ours1 & ?us ! f9al developm5t ( our pe>-%ap$ figure & ! end ( its /ability 9 a =m ( bifurcation rema9 hidd5 f our view1 b ! successive *anges z f> z !y h be5 def9itely trac$ are v sugge/ive 9 ! /udy ( /ell> evolution4 ,attempts h be5 made to attack ?is problem f ! o!r end4 ,if we beg9 ) a liquid satellite revolv+ ab\t a liquid planet & proce$ backw>ds 9 "t1 we mu/ make ! two masses exp& s t _! d5sity w be dim9i%$4 ,v>i\s figures h be5 drawn exhibit+ ! %apes ( two masses until _! surfaces approa* close to "o ano!r & ev5 until !y j coalesce1 b ! discussion ( _! /ability is n easy4 ,at pres5t x w\ld seem to be impossible to rea* coalesc5ce by any s]ies ( /able trans=mations1 & if ?is is s ,pr(essor ,jeans's inve/igation has ceas$ to be truly analog\s to our problem at "s undet]m9$ /age4 ,h[ev] ?is may be ?is l9e ( rese>* ?r[s an in/ructive light on :at we may expect to f9d 9 ! evolution ( real /ell> sy/ems4 ,9 ! second "p ( ?is pap] ,i %all po9t out ! be>+ :i* ?is inve/igation ( ! evolution ( an ideal liquid /> may h on ! g5esis ( d\ble />s4 ,,ii4 ,!re are 9 ! heav5s _m />s :i* %9e ) a v>iable brilliancy4 ,among/ ^! !re is a class :i* exhibits special peculi>ities2 ! memb]s ( ?is class are g5]ally kn[n z ,algol ,v>iables1 because ! v>iability ( ! /> ,beta ,p]sei or ,algol 0 ! fir/ ( su* cases to attract ! att5tion ( a/ronom]s1 & because x is p]haps /ill ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! :ole class4 ,b ! circum/ances :i* l$ to ?is discov]y 7 s extraord9>y t x seems wor? :ile to pause a mom5t be=e ent]+ on ! subject4 ,john ,goodricke1 a deaf-mute1 0 born 9 #agfd2 he 0 gr&son & heir ( ,sir ,john ,goodricke ( ,rib/on ,hall1 ,york%ire4 ,9 ,novemb] #aghb1 he not$ t ! brilliancy ( ,algol wax$ & wan$ 7,x is said t ,georg ,palitz*1 a f>m] ( ,prohlis ne> ,dresd51 _h ab\t #ageh already not$ ! v>iability ( ,algol ) ! nak$ eye4 ,j\rn4 ,brit4 ,a/ron4 ,assoc4 ,vol4 ,,xv4 7#aijd-e71 page #bjc471 & devot$ himself to obs]v+ x on e f9e night f ! #bh? ,decemb] #aghb to ! #ab? ,may #aghc4 ,he communicat$ 8 obs]vations to ! ,royal ,society1 & sugge/$ t ! v>iation 9 brilliancy 0 due to p]iodic eclipses by a d>k companion />1 a !ory n[ univ]sally accept$ z correct4 ,! ,royal ,society recognis$ ! importance ( ! discov]y by aw>d+ to ,goodricke1 !n only #ai ye>s ( age1 _! highe/ hon\r1 ! ,copley m$al4 ,8 lat] obs]vations ( ,beta ,lyrae & ( ,delta ,cephei 7 almo/ z rem>kable z ^? ( ,algol1 b un=tunately a c>e] ( su* extraord9>y promise 0 cut %ort by dea?1 only a =tnight aft] 8 election to ! ,royal ,society4 7,dict4 ( ,national ,biography2 article ,goodricke 7,john74 ,! article is by ,miss ,agnes ,cl]ke4 ,x is /range t %e did n !n seem to be aw>e t he 0 a deaf-mute1 b %e notes ! fact 9 h] ,problems ( ,a/rophysics1 page #ccg1 ,london1 #aijc47 ,x 0 n until #ahhi t ,goodricke's !ory 0 v]ifi$1 :5 x 0 prov$ by ,vogel t ! /> 0 mov+ 9 an orbit1 & 9 su* a mann] t x 0 only possible to expla9 ! rise & fall 9 ! lum9osity by ! p>tial eclipse ( a bright /> by a d>k companion4 ,! :ole mass ( ! sy/em ( ,algol is f\nd to be half z great aga9 z t ( our sun1 yet ! two bodies complete _! orbit 9 ! %ort p]iod ( #b;d #bj;h #dhm #ees4 ,! light rema9s con/ant dur+ ea* p]iod1 except = #i;h #bjm :5 x exhibits a consid]able fall 9 brightness 7,cl]ke1 ,problems ( ,a/rophysics page #cjb & *apt] ,,xviii472 ! curve :i* repres5ts ! v>iation 9 ! light is %[n 9 a figure titl$ ,! light-curve & sy/em ( ,beta ,lyrae 7,fig4 #g474 ,! spectroscope has enabl$ a/ronom]s to prove t _m />s1 al?\gh app>5tly s+le1 really consi/ ( two />s circl+ ar\nd "o ano!r 7,if a s\rce ( light is approa*+ ) a great velocity ! waves ( light are cr[d$ toge!r1 & conv]sely !y are spac$ out :5 ! s\rce is rec$+4 ,?us motion 9 ! l9e ( sight virtually produces an inf9itesimal *ange ( col\r4 ,! position ( c]ta9 d>k l9es 9 ! spectrum af=ds an exce$+ly accurate measurem5t ( col\r4 ,?us displacem5ts ( ^! spectral l9es enables u to measure ! velocity ( ! s\rce ( light t[>ds or away f ! obs]v]472 !y are kn[n z spectroscopic b9>ies4 ,campbell ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory believes t ab\t "o /> 9 six is a b9>y 7,a/rophysical ,j\rn4 ,vol4 ,,xiii4 page #hi1 #aija4 ,see also ,a4 ,rob]ts1 ,nature1 ,sept4 #ab1 #aija1 page #dfh472 ?us !re mu/ be _m ?\s& su* />s )9 ! rea* ( our spectroscopes4 ,! ori5tation ( ! planes ( ! orbits ( b9>y />s appe>s to be q arbitr>y1 & 9 g5]al ! /> does n v>y 9 brightness4 ,among/ all su* orbits !re mu/ be "s ^: planes pass ne>ly ?r\gh ! sun1 & 9 ^! cases ! eclipse ( "o ( ! />s by ! o!r becomes inevitable1 & 9 ea* circuit !re w occur two eclipses ( unequal int5sities4 ,x is easy to see t 9 ! majority ( su* cases ! two compon5ts mu/ move v close to "o ano!r4 ,! co9cid5ce betwe5 ! spectroscopic & ! photometric evid5ce p]mits u to feel complete confid5ce 9 ! !ory ( eclipses4 ,:5 !n we f9d a /> ) a light-curve ( p]fect regul>ity & ) a *>act]i/ics ( t ( ,algol1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 ext5d+ ! !ory ( eclipses to x1 al?\gh x may be too fa9t to p]mit ( adequate spectroscopic exam9ation4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! !ory secures a consid]able multiplication ( ! examples available = obs]vation1 & "s #cj h already be5 discov]$4 ,dr ,alex&] ,rob]ts1 ( ,lov$ale 9 ,cape ,colony1 truly rem>ks t ! /udy ( ,algol v>iables br+s u to ! v ?re%old ( ! "q ( /ell> evolution4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 ,,xxiv4 ,"p ,,ii4 7#aijb71 page #gc47 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ,i propose to expla9 9 "s detail ! conclusion to :i* he & "s o!r obs]v]s h be5 l$4 ,al?\gh ^! v>iable />s are m]e po9ts ( light1 x has be5 prov$ by means ( ! spectroscope t ! law ( gravitation holds good 9 ! remote/ regions ( /ell> space1 & fur!r x seems n[ to h become possible ev5 to exam9e ! %apes ( />s by indirect me?ods1 & ?us to beg9 ! /udy ( _! evolution4 ,! *a9 ( reason+ :i* ,i %all expla9 mu/ ( necessity be op5 to criticism1 yet ! explanation ( ! facts by ! !ory is s p]fect t x is n easy to resi/ ! conviction t we are travell+ along ! pa? ( tru?4 ,! brightness ( a /> is specifi$ by :at is call$ its magnitude4 ,! av]age brightness ( all ! />s :i* c j be se5 ) ! nak$ eye def9es ! six? magnitude4 ,a /> :i* only gives two-fif?s z mu* light is said to be ( ! sev5? magnitude2 :ile "o :i* gives #b #a_/b times z mu* light is ( ! fif? magnitude1 & successive multiplications or divisions by #b #a_/b def9e ! l[] or high] magnitudes4 ,negative magnitudes h cle>ly to be contemplat$2 ?us ,sirius is ( magnitude m9us #a4d1 & ! sun is ( magnitude m9us #bf4 ,! def9ition ( magnitude is also ext5d$ to fractions2 = example1 ! lights giv5 by two c&les :i* are plac$ at #ajj feet & #ajj feet #f in*es f ! obs]v] diff] 9 brightness by "o-hundr$? ( a magnitude4 ,a great deal ( ?\ght has be5 devot$ to ! measurem5t ( ! brightness ( />s1 b ,i w only describe "o ( ! me?ods us$1 t ( ! great a/ronom] ,argel&]4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! /> "u obs]vation "s half doz5 /&>d />s are select$ ( kn[n inv>iable magnitudes1 "s be+ bright] & "s fa9t] ?an ! /> to be measur$2 s t ^! />s af=d a visible scale ( brightness4 ,suppose we numb] !m 9 ord] ( increas+ brightness f #a to #f2 !n ! obs]v] e/imates t on a giv5 night 8 /> falls betwe5 />s #b & #c1 on ! next night1 say betwe5 #c & #d1 & !n aga9 p]haps x may return to betwe5 #b & #c1 & s =?4 ,) practice he le>ns to evaluate ! brightness d[n to small fractions ( a magnitude1 ev5 a hundr$? "p ( a magnitude is n q negligible4 ,= example1 9 obs]v+ ! /> ,,rr ,c5tauri five />s 7 9 g5]al us$ = comp>ison by ,dr ,rob]ts1 & 9 c\rse ( ?ree mon?s he secur$ !reby #cjj complete obs]vations4 ,:5 ! p]iod ( ! cycle _h be5 asc]ta9$ exactly1 ^! #cjj values 7 r$uc$ to mean values :i* app]ta9$ to c]ta9 mean places 9 ! cycle1 & a mean light-curve 0 obta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,figures titl$ ,light curve ( ,,rr ,c5tauri 7,fig4 #e7 & ,! light-curve & sy/em ( ,beta ,lyrae 7,fig4 #g7 %[ examples ( light curves4 ,i %all n[ foll[ out ! results ( ! obs]vation ( ,,rr ,c5tauri n only because x af=ds ! easie/ way ( expla9+ ^! inve/igations1 b also because x is "o ( ! />s :i* furni%es ! mo/ /rik+ results 9 connection ) ! object ( ?is essay4 7,see ,mon?ly notices ,r4,a4,s4 ,vol4 #fc1 #aijc1 page #ebg47 ,?is /> has a mean magnitude ( ab\t #g #a_/b1 & x is !re=e invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,its p]iod ( v>iability is #ad;h #cbm #ajs4#gf1 ! la/ ref9em5t ( precision be+ ( c\rse only atta9$ 9 ! f9al /ages ( r$uction4 ,tw5ty-n9e mean values ( ! magnitude 7 det]m9$1 & !y 7 ne>ly equally spac$ ov] ! :ole cycle ( *anges4 ,! black dots 9 ,fig4 #e exhibit ! mean values det]m9$ by ,dr ,rob]ts4 ,! la/ ?ree dots on ! extreme "r are m]ely ! same z ! fir/ ?ree on ! extreme left1 & are repeat$ to %[ h[ ! next cycle w\ld beg94 ,! smoo? dott$ curve w be expla9$ h]eaft]1 b1 by ref]5ce to ! scale ( magnitudes on ! m>g9s ( ! figure1 x may be us$ to note t ! dots might be br\ght into a p]fectly smoo? curve by %ift+ "s few ( ! dots by ab\t a hundr$? ( a magnitude4 ,?is light-curve pres5ts ^? *>act]i/ics :i* are due to successive eclipses1 b ! exact =m ( ! curve mu/ dep5d on ! nature ( ! two mutually eclips+ />s4 ,if we are to int]pret ! curve ) all possible complet5ess1 x is necess>y to make c]ta9 assumptions z to ! />s4 ,x is assum$ !n t ! />s are equally bright all ov] _! disks1 & secondly t !y are n surr\nd$ by an ext5sive absorptive atmosph]e4 ,?is la/ appe>s to me to be ! mo/ dang]\s assumption involv$ 9 ! :ole !ory4 ,mak+ ^! assumptions1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd t if ea* ( ! eclips+ />s 7 sph]ical x w\ld n be possible to g5]ate su* a curve ) ! close/ accuracy4 ,! two />s are c]ta9ly close toge!r1 & x is obvi\s t 9 su* a case ! tidal =ces ex]cis$ by ea* on ! o!r mu/ be su* z to elongate ! figure ( ea* t[>ds ! o!r4 ,accord+ly x is reasonable to adopt ! hypo!sis t ! sy/em consi/s ( a pair ( elongat$ ellipsoids1 ) _! longe/ axes po9t$ t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,no supposition is adopt$ a priori z to ! ratio ( ! two masses1 or z to _! relative size or brightness1 & ! orbit may h any degree ( ecc5tricity4 ,^! la/ are all to be det]m9$ f ! nature ( ! light-curve4 ,9 ! case ( ,,rr ,c5tauri1 h[ev]1 ,dr ,rob]ts f9ds ! conditions are be/ satisfi$ by suppos+ ! orbit to be circul>1 & ! sizes & masses ( ! compon5ts to be equal1 :ile _! lum9osities are to "o ano!r 9 ! ratio ( #d to #c4 ,z to _! %apes he f9ds !m to be s mu* elongat$ t !y ov]lap1 z exhibit$ 9 8 figure titl$ ,! %ape ( ! /> ,,rr ,c5tauri 7,fig4 #f474 ,! dott$ curve %[s a =m ( equilibrium ( rotat+ liquid z comput$ by me "s ye>s be=e1 & x 0 add$ = ! sake ( comp>ison4 ,on turn+ back to ,fig4 #e ! read] w see 9 ! smoo? dott$ curve ! light v>iation :i* w\ld be exhibit$ by su* a b9>y sy/em z ?is4 ,! curve is ! result ( computation & x is impossible n to be /ruck by ! clos5ess ( ! co9cid5ce ) ! s]ies ( black dots :i* d5ote ! obs]vations4 ,x is virtually c]ta9 t ,,rr ,c5tauri is a case ( an eclips+ b9>y sy/em1 & t ! two />s are close toge!r4 ,x is n ( c\rse prov$ t ! figures ( ! />s are ellipsoids1 b gravitation mu/ de=m !m into a pair ( elongat$ bodies1 &1 on ! assumptions t !y are n envelop$ 9 an absorptive atmosph]e & t !y are ellipsoidal1 _! %apes mu/ be z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,?is light-curve gives an excell5t illu/ration ( :at we h reason to believe to be a /age 9 ! evolution ( />s1 :5 a s+le /> is proce$+ to sep>ate into a b9>y "o4 ,z ! /> is fa9t1 !re is z yet no direct spectroscopic evid5ce ( orbital motion4 ,let u turn !re=e to ! case ( ano!r />1 namely ,v ,puppis1 9 :i* su* evid5ce does already exi/4 ,i give an acc\nt ( x1 because x pres5ts a peculi>ly int]e/+ confirmation ( ! correctness ( ! !ory4 ,9 #ahie ,pick]+ ann\nc$ 9 ! ,h>v>d ,circul> ,no4 #ad t ! spectroscopic obs]vations at ,arequipa prov$ ,v ,puppis to be a d\ble /> ) a p]iod ( #c;d #b;h #dfm4 ,n[ :5 ,rob]ts discuss$ its light-curve he f\nd t ! p]iod 0 #a;d #aj;h #edm #bgs1 & on acc\nt ( ?is s]i\s discrepancy he effect$ ! r$uction only on ! simple assumption t ! two />s 7 sph]ical1 & ?us obta9$ a fairly good repres5tation ( ! light-curve4 ,x appe>$ t ! orbit 0 circul> & t ! two sph]es 7 n q 9 contact4 ,obvi\sly if ! />s _h be5 assum$ to be ellipsoids !y w\ld h be5 f\nd to ov]lap1 z 0 ! case = ,,rr ,c5tauri4 7,a/rophysical ,j\rn4 ,vol4 ,,xiii4 7#aija71 page #agg47 ,! matt] re/$ ?us = "s mon?s until ! spectroscopic evid5ce 0 re-exam9$ by ,miss ,cannon on behalf ( ,pr(essor ,pick]+1 & we f9d 9 ! notes on page #agg ( ,vol4 ,,xxviii4 ( ! ,annals ( ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory ! foll[+3 ,a4,g4,c4 #ajecd4 ,?is />1 :i* is ! ,algol v>iable ,v ,puppis1 has be5 f\nd to be a spectroscopic b9>y4 ,! p]iod #a;d4#ded 7i4e4 #a;d #aj;h #edm7 satisfies ! obs]vations ( ! *anges 9 light1 & ( ! v>y+ sep>ation ( ! l9es ( ! spectrum4 ,! spectrum has be5 exam9$ on #fa plates1 on #bc ( :i* ! l9es are d\ble4 ,?us we h valuable evid5ce 9 confirmation ( ! correctness ( ! conclusions drawn f ! light-curve4 ,9 ! circum/ances1 h[ev]1 ,i h n ?\ght x wor? :ile to reproduce ,dr ,rob]ts's provisional figure4 ,i n[ turn to ! conclusions drawn a few ye>s previ\sly by ano!r obs]v]1 :]e we %all f9d ! compon5t />s n q 9 contact4 ,?is is ! /> ,beta ,lyrae :i* 0 obs]v$ by ,goodricke1 ,argel&]1 ,belopolsky1 ,s*ur1 ,m>kwick & by _m o!rs4 ,! spectroscopic me?od has be5 successfully appli$ 9 ?is case1 & ! compon5t />s are prov$ to move 9 an orbit ab\t "o ano!r4 ,9 #ahig1 ,mr4 ,g4,w4 ,my]s appli$ ! !ory ( eclipses to ! light-curve1 on ! hypo!sis t ! />s are elongat$ ellipsoids1 & he obta9$ ! int]e/+ results exhibit$ 9 ,fig4 #g4 7,a/rophysical ,j\rn4 ,vol4 ,,vii4 7#ahih71 page #a47 ,! p]iod ( ,beta ,lyrae is relatively long1 be+ #ab;d #ba;h #dgm1 ! orbit is s5sibly ecc5tric1 & ! two sph]oids are n s mu* elongat$ z 0 ! case ) ,,rr ,c5tauri4 ,! mass ( ! sy/em is enorm\s1 "o ( ! two />s be+ #aj times & ! o!r #ba times z heavy z our sun4 ,fur!r illu/rations ( ?is subject might be giv51 b en\gh has be5 said to expla9 ! nature ( ! conclusions :i* h be5 drawn f ?is class ( obs]vation4 ,9 my acc\nt ( ^! rem>kable sy/ems ! consid]ation ( "o v important conclusion has be5 purposely def]r$4 ,s9ce ! light-curve is explicable by eclipses1 x foll[s t ! sizes ( ! two />s are det]m9able relatively to ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,! p]iod ( _! orbital motion is kn[n1 be+ id5tical ) ! complete p]iod ( ! v>iability ( _! light1 & an easy application ( ,kepl]'s law ( p]iodic times enables u to compute ! sum ( ! masses ( ! two />s divid$ by ! cube ( ! di/ance betwe5 _! c5tres4 ,n[ ! sizes ( ! bodies be+ kn[n1 ! mean d5sity ( ! :ole sy/em may be calculat$4 ,9 e case t d5sity has be5 f\nd to be mu* less ?an ! sun's1 & inde$ ! av]age ( a numb] ( mean d5sities :i* h be5 det]m9$ only am\nts to "o-eigh? ( t ( ! sun4 ,9 "s cases ! d5sity is extremely small1 & 9 no case is x q s great z half ! sol> d5sity4 ,x w\ld be absurd to suppose t ^! />s c be uni=m 9 d5sity ?r\gh\t1 & f all t is kn[n ( cele/ial bodies x is probable t !y are gase\s 9 _! ext]nal p>ts ) great cond5sation t[>ds _! c5tres4 ,?is conclusion is confirm$ by argum5ts drawn f ! !ory ( rotat+ masses ( liquid4 7,see ,j4,h4 ,jeans1 ,on ! d5sity ( ,algol v>iables1 ,a/rophysical ,j\rn4 ,vol4 ,,xxii4 7#aije71 page #ig47 ,al?\gh1 z already expla9$1 a good deal is kn[n ab\t ! %apes & ! /ability ( figures consi/+ ( homog5e\s incompressible liquid 9 rotation1 yet comp>atively little has hi!rto be5 discov]$ ab\t ! equilibrium ( rotat+ gase\s />s4 ,! figures calculat$ = homog5e\s liquid c obvi\sly only be tak5 to af=d a g5]al indication ( ! k9d ( figure :i* we might expect to f9d 9 ! /ell> univ]se4 ,?us ! dott$ curve 9 ,fig4 #e1 :i* exhibits "o ( ! figures :i* ,i calculat$1 has "s int]e/ :5 plac$ alongside ! figures ( ! />s 9 ,,rr ,c5tauri1 z comput$ f ! obs]vations1 b x mu/ n be accept$ z ! calculat$ =m ( su* a sy/em4 ,i h moreov] prov$ m rec5tly t su* a figure ( homog5e\s liquid is un/able4 ,not)/&+ ?is in/ability x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! analog\s figure = compressible fluid is also un/able1 z w be po9t$ out m fully h]eaft]4 ,pr(essor ,jeans has discuss$ 9 a pap] ( great ability ! difficult problems (f]$ by ! conditions ( equilibrium & ( /ability ( a sph]ical nebula4 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4,s4 ,vol4 ,,cxcix4 ,a 7#aijb71 page #a4 ,see also ,a4 ,rob]ts1 ,s4 ,african ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci4 ,vol4 ,i4 7#aijc71 page #f47 ,9 a lat] pap] 7,a/rophysical ,j\rn4 ,vol4 ,,xxii4 7#aije71 page #ig471 9 contra/+ ! conditions :i* mu/ gov]n ! fission ( a /> into two p>ts :5 ! /> is gase\s & compressible ) ! correspond+ conditions 9 ! case ( incompressible liquid1 he po9ts out t = a gase\s /> 7! ag5cy :i* effects ! sep>ation w no long] be rotation alone2 gravitation also w t5d t[>ds sep>ation444 ,f num]ical results obta9$ 9 ! v>i\s pap]s ( my own1444 ,i h be5 l$ to ! conclusion t a gravitational in/ability ( ! k9d describ$ mu/ be reg>d$ z ! prim>y ag5t at "w 9 ! actual evolution ( ! univ]se1 ,laplace's rotation play+ only ! second>y "p ( sep>at+ ! prim>y & satellite aft] ! bir? ( ! satellite47 ,x is desirable to add a ^w 9 explanation ( ! expression gravitational in/ability 9 ?is passage4 ,x means t :5 ! conc5tration ( a gase\s nebula 7)\t rotation7 has proce$$ to a c]ta9 /age1 ! arrangem5t 9 sph]ical lay]s ( equal d5sity becomes un/able1 & a =m ( bifurcation has be5 rea*$4 ,= fur!r conc5tration conc5tric sph]ical lay]s become un/able1 & ! new /able =m involves a conc5tration ab\t two c5tres4 ,! fir/ sign ( ?is *ange is t ! sph]ical lay]s cease to be q conc5tric & !n ! lay]s ( equal d5sity beg9 to assume a some:at pe>-%ap$ =m analog\s to t :i* we f\nd to occur "u rotation = an incompressible liquid4 ,accord+ly x appe>s t :ile a sph]e ( liquid is /able a sph]e ( gas may become un/able4 ,?us ! conditions ( /ability are diff]5t 9 ^! two simple cases1 & x is likely t :ile c]ta9 =ms ( rotat+ liquid are un/able ! analog\s =ms = gas may be /able4 ,?is furni%es a reason :y x is wor? :ile to consid] ! un/able =ms ( rotat+ liquid4 ,!re c ,i ?9k be little d\bt b t ,jeans is "r 9 look+ to gravitational in/ability z ! prim>y cause ( fission1 b :5 we consid] t a b9>y sy/em1 ) a mass l>g] ?an ! sun's1 is f\nd to rotate 9 a few h\rs1 !re seems reason to look to rotation z a contributory cause sc>cely less important ?an ! prim>y "o4 ,) ! pres5t ext5t ( our k x is only possible to recon/ruct ! processes ( ! evolution ( />s by means ( inf]5ces drawn f sev]al s\rces4 ,we h fir/ to rely on ! g5]al pr9ciples ( /ability1 accord+ to :i* we are to look = a s]ies ( families ( =ms1 ea* t]m9at+ 9 an un/able =m1 :i* itself becomes ! />t+-po9t ( ! next family ( /able =ms4 ,secondly we h z a guide ! analogy ( ! successive *anges 9 ! evolution ( ideal liquid />s2 & ?irdly we already possess "s sl5d] k z to ! equilibrium ( gase\s />s4 ,f ^! data x is possible to build up 9 outl9e ! probable hi/ory ( b9>y />s4 ,orig9ally ! /> mu/ h be5 s+le1 x mu/ h be5 widely diffus$1 & mu/ h be5 end[$ ) a sl[ rotation4 ,9 ?is condition ! /rata ( equal d5sity mu/ h be5 ( ! planet>y =m4 ,z x cool$ & contract$ ! symmetry r\nd ! axis ( rotation mu/ h become un/able1 ?r\gh ! effects ( gravitation1 assi/$ p]haps by ! increas+ spe$ ( rotation4 7,i le>n f ,pr(essor ,jeans t he n[ 7,decemb] #aijh7 believes t he c prove t "s small am\nt ( rotation is necess>y to induce in/ability 9 ! symmetrical arrangem5t47 ,! /rata ( equal d5sity mu/ !n become some:at pe>-%ap$1 & aft]w>ds l an h\r-glass1 ) ! con/riction m pron\nc$ 9 ! int]nal ?an 9 ! ext]nal /rata4 ,! con/rictions ( ! successive /rata !n beg9 to rupture f ! inside progressively outw>ds1 & :5 at l5g? all are ruptur$ we h ! tw9 />s portray$ by ,rob]ts & by o!rs4 ,z we h se51 ! /udy ( ! =ms ( equilibrium ( rotat+ liquid is almo/ complete1 & ,jeans has made a good beg9n+ 9 ! inve/igation ( ! equilibrium ( gase\s />s1 b mu* m rema9s to be discov]$4 ,! field = ! ma!matician is a wide "o1 & 9 proportion z ! v ardu\s exploration ( t field is atta9$ s w our k ( ! processes ( cosmical evolution increase4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( obs]vation1 improv$ me?ods 9 ! use ( ! spectroscope & increase ( accuracy 9 photometry w c]ta9ly lead to a great increase 9 our k )9 ! next few ye>s4 ,probably ! obs]vational advance w be m rapid ?an t ( !ory1 = we "k h[ extraord9>y has be5 ! success atta9$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 & ! !ory is "o ( extreme difficulty2 b ! two ought to proce$ toge!r h& 9 h&4 ,human life is too %ort to p]mit u to wat* ! leisurely proc$ure ( cosmical evolution1 b ! cele/ial museum conta9s s _m exhibits t x may become possible1 by ! aid ( !ory1 to piece toge!r bit by bit ! processes ?r\gh :i* />s pass 9 ! c\rse ( _! evolution4 ,9 ! sket* :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to give ( ?is fasc9at+ subject1 ,i h l$ my read] to ! v conf9es ( our pres5t k4 ,x is n mu* m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury s9ce ?is class ( obs]vation has claim$ ! close att5tion ( a/ronom]s2 some?+ consid]able has be5 discov]$ already & !re seems sc>cely a disc]nible limit to :at w be kn[n 9 ?is field a c5tury f n[4 ,"s ( ! results :i* ,i h set =? may !n be %[n to be false1 b x seems pr(\ndly improbable t we are be+ l$ a/ray by a ,w-(-!-,wisp4 ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,matt]4 ,by ,w4,c4,d4 ,:e?am1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,! idea ( evolution 9 ! organic _w1 made intelligible by ! "w ( ,*>les ,d>w91 has little 9 common ) ! rec5t conception ( *ange 9 c]ta9 types ( matt]4 ,! discov]y t a process ( dis9tegration may take place 9 "s at lea/ ( ! *emical atoms1 previ\sly believ$ to be inde/ructible & unalt]able1 has modifi$ our view ( ! physical univ]se1 ev5 z ,d>w9's s*eme ( ! mode ( evolution *ang$ ! tr5d ( ?\ght conc]n+ ! organic _w4 ,bo? conceptions h 9 common ! idea ( *ange ?r\gh\t ext5d$ realms ( space & "t1 &1 !re=e1 x is p]haps n unfitt+ t "s acc\nt ( ! mo/ rec5t physical discov]ies %\ld be includ$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,! e>lie/ conception ( ! evolution ( matt] is f\nd 9 ! speculation ( ! ,greeks4 ,leucippus & ,democritus imag9$ un*ang+ et]nal atoms1 ,h]acleitus held t all ?+s 7 9 a cont9ual /ate ( flux--,panta rei4 ,b no "o 9 ! ,anci5t ,_w--no "o till q mod]n times--c\ld appreciate ! /r5g? ( ! position :i* ! !ory ( ! evolution ( matt] mu/ c>ry be=e x w9s ! day4 ,vague speculation1 ev5 by ! acute m9ds ( philosoph]s1 is ( little use 9 physical sci5ce be=e exp]im5tal facts are available4 ,! true problems at issue _c ev5 be =mulat$1 mu* less solv$1 till ! humble task ( ! obs]v] & exp]im5t] has giv5 u a k ( ! ph5om5a to be expla9$4 ,x 0 only ?r\gh ! atomic !ory1 at fir/ app>5tly diametrically oppos$ to x1 t ! conception ( evolution 9 ! physical _w 0 to ga9 an e/abli%$ place4 ,= a c5tury ! atomic !ory1 :5 put into a mod]n =m by ,dalton1 l$ f>!r & f>!r away f ! idea ( *ange 9 matt]4 ,! *emical elem5ts seem$ q unalt]able1 & ! atoms1 ( :i* ea* elem5t 9 mod]n view is compos$1 bore to ,cl]k ,maxwell1 writ+ ab\t #ahgj1 ! /amp ( manufactur$ articles exactly simil> 9 k9d1 un*ang+1 et]nal4 ,nev]!less ?r\gh\t ^! ye>s1 on ! :ole s unfav\rable to its exi/5ce1 !re p]si/$ ! idea ( a common orig9 ( ! di/9ct k9ds ( matt] kn[n to *emi/s4 ,inde$1 ?is idea ( unity 9 sub/ance 9 nature seems to accord ) "s innate desire or intimate /ructure ( ! human m9d4 ,z ,mr ,ar?ur ,balf\r well puts x1 ,!re is no a priori reason t ,i "k ( = expect+ t ! mat]ial _w %\ld be a modification ( a s+le m$ium1 r ?an a composite /ructure built out ( sixty or sev5ty elem5t>y sub/ances1 et]nal & et]nally diff]5t4 ,:y !n %\ld we feel cont5t ) ! fir/ hypo!sis & n ) ! second8 ,yet s x is4 ,m5 ( sci5ce h always be5 re/ive "u ! multiplication ( entities4 ,!y h eag]ly wat*$ = any sign t ! diff]5t *emical elem5ts own a common orig91 & are all comp\nd$ out ( "s primordial sub/ance4 ,nor1 = my "p1 d ,i ?9k t su* in/9cts %\ld be ignor$444 t !y exi/ is c]ta92 t !y modify ! indiff]5t imp>tiality ( pure empiricism c h>dly be d5i$4 7,report ( ! #gd? ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 7,presid5tial ,address1 ,cambridge #aijd71 page #i1 ,london1 #aije47 ,:5 ,dalton's atomic !ory _h be5 9 exi/5ce "s half c5tury1 x 0 not$ t c]ta9 num]ical relations held good betwe5 ! atomic weights ( elem5ts *emically simil> to "o ano!r4 ,?us ! weight 7#hh7 ( an atom ( /rontium comp>$ ) t ( hydrog5 z unity1 is ab\t ! mean ( ^? ( calcium 7#dj7 & b>ium 7#acg74 ,su* relations1 9 ?is & o!r *emical gr\ps1 7 illu/rat$ by ,beguy] de ,*anc\rtois 9 #ahfb by ! con/ruction ( a spiral diagram 9 :i* ! atomic weights are plac$ 9 ord] r\nd a cyl9d] & elem5ts *emically simil> are f\nd to fall on v]tical l9es4 ,newl&s seems to h be5 ! fir/ to see ! significance ( su* a diagram4 ,9 8 law ( octaves1 =mulat$ 9 #ahfd1 he advanc$ ! hypo!sis t1 if arrang$ 9 ord] ( ris+ atomic weight1 ! elem5ts fell into gr\ps1 s t ea* eigh? elem5t 0 *emically simil>4 ,/at$ ?us1 ! law 0 too def9ite2 no room 0 left = newly-discov]$ elem5ts1 & "s dissimil> elem5ts 7 p]=ce gr\p$ toge!r4 ,b 9 #ahfi ,m5deleeff develop$ ,newl&'s hypo!sis 9 a =m t attract$ at once g5]al att5tion4 ,plac+ ! elem5ts 9 ord] ( ris+ atomic weight1 b leav+ a gap :]e necess>y to br+ simil> elem5ts into v]tical columns1 he obta9$ a p]iodic table ) natural vacancies to be fill$ z new elem5ts 7 discov]$1 & ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( flexibility at ! ends ( ! horizontal l9es4 ,f ! position ( ! vacancies1 ! g5]al *emical & physical prop]ties ( undiscov]$ elem5ts c\ld be pr$ict$1 & ! success ( su* pr$ictions gave a /rik+ pro( ( ! usefulness ( ,m5deleeff's g5]alisation4 ,:5 ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( ! elem5ts 7 kn[n to be p]iodic functions ( _! atomic weights1 ! idea ( a common orig9 & common sub/ance became mu* m cr$ible4 ,diff]5ces 9 atomic weight & diff]5ces 9 prop]ties alike might reasonably be expla9$ by ! diff]5ces 9 ! am\nt ( ! primordial sub/ance pres5t 9 ! v>i\s atoms2 an atom ( oxyg5 be+ suppos$ to be compos$ ( sixte5 times z mu* /uff z ! atom ( hydrog51 b to be made ( ! same ultimate mat]ial4 ,speculations ab\t ! mode ( orig9 ( ! elem5ts n[ began to appe>1 & put on a c]ta9 air ( reality4 ,( ^! speculations p]haps ! mo/ detail$ 0 t ( ,crookes1 :o imag9$ an initial *aos ( a primordial m$ium he nam$ protyle1 & a process ( p]iodic *ange 9 :i* ! *emical elem5ts successively 7 precipitat$4 ,f ano!r side too1 sugge/ions 7 put =w>d by ,sir ,norman ,locky] & o!rs t ! diff]5ces 9 spectra obs]v$ 9 diff]5t classes ( />s1 & produc$ by diff]5t conditions 9 ! laboratory1 7 to be expla9$ by *anges 9 ! /ructure ( ! vibrat+ atoms4 ,! next /ep 9 advance gave a !oretical basis = ! idea ( a common /ructure ( matt]1 & 0 tak5 9 an unexpect$ direction4 ,cl]k ,maxwell's electromagnetic !ory ( light1 accept$ 9 ,engl&1 0 driv5 home to cont95tal m9ds by ! confirmatory exp]im5ts ( ,h]tz1 :o 9 #ahhh detect$ & measur$ ! electromagnetic waves t ,maxwell _h describ$ tw5ty ye>s e>li]4 ,b1 if light be an electromagnetic ph5om5on1 ! light waves radiat$ by hot bodies mu/ take _! orig9 9 ! vibrations ( electric sy/ems4 ,h5ce )9 ! atoms mu/ exi/ electric *>ges capable ( vibration4 ,on ^! l9es ,lor5tz & ,l>mor h develop$ an electronic !ory ( matt]1 :i* is imag9$ 9 its ess5ce to be a conglom]ate ( electric *>ges1 ) electro-magnetic in]tia to expla9 me*anical in]tia4 7,l>mor1 ,ae!r & ,matt]1 ,cambridge1 #aijj47 ,! movem5t ( electric *>ges w\ld be affect$ by a magnetic field1 & h5ce ! discov]y by ,zeeman t ! spectral l9es ( sodium 7 d\bl$ by a /rong magnetic =ce gave confirmatory evid5ce to ! !ory ( electrons4 ,!n came ,j4,j4 ,?omson's great discov]y ( m9ute p>ticles1 mu* small] ?an any *emical atom1 =m+ a common con/itu5t ( _m diff]5t k9ds ( matt]4 7,?omson1 ,conduction ( ,electricity ?r\gh ,gases 7#bnd edition71 ,cambridge1 #aijf47 ,if an electric dis*>ge be pass$ betwe5 metallic t]m9als ?r\gh a glass vessel conta9+ air at v l[ pressure1 x is f\nd t rectil9e> rays1 kn[n z ca?ode rays1 proce$ f ! surface ( ! ca?ode or negative t]m9al4 ,:]e ^! rays /rike solid objects1 !y give rise to ! ,rontg5 rays n[ s well kn[n2 b x is ) ! ca?ode rays !mselves t we are conc]n$4 ,:5 !y /rike an insulat$ conductor1 !y imp>t to x a negative *>ge1 & ,?omson f\nd t !y 7 deflect$ f _! pa? bo? by magnetic & electric =ces 9 ! direction 9 :i* negatively electrifi$ p>ticles w\ld be deflect$4 ,ca?ode rays !n 7 accept$ z flights ( negatively *>g$ p>ticles1 mov+ ) high velocities4 ,! electric & magnetic deflections give two indep5d5t measurem5ts :i* may be made on a ca?ode ray1 & bo? ! deflections involve !oretically ?ree unkn[n quantities1 ! mass ( ! p>ticles1 _! electric *>ge & _! velocity4 ,!re is /rong cumulative evid5ce t all su* p>ticles possess ! same *>ge1 :i* is id5tical ) t associat$ ) a unival5t atom 9 electrolytic liquids4 ,! numb] ( unkn[n quantities 0 ?us r$uc$ to two--! mass & ! velocity4 ,! measurem5t ( ! magnetic & electric deflections gave two indep5d5t relations betwe5 ! unkn[ns1 :i* c\ld !re=e be det]m9$4 ,! velocities ( ! ca?ode ray p>ticles 7 f\nd to v>y r\nd a value ab\t "o-t5? t ( light1 b ! mass 0 f\nd always to be ! same )9 ! limits ( error1 :atev] ! nature ( ! t]m9als1 ( ! residual gas 9 ! vessel1 & ( ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! mass ( a ca?ode ray p>ticle1 or corpuscle1 z ,?omson1 adopt+ ,newton's "n1 call$ x1 is ab\t ! eight-hundr$? "p ( ! mass ( a hydrog5 atom4 ,^! corpuscles1 f\nd 9 s _m diff]5t k9ds ( sub/ance1 are inevitably reg>d$ z a common con/itu5t ( matt]4 ,!y are associat$ ea* ) a unit ( negative electricity4 ,n[ electricity 9 motion possesses electromagnetic en]gy1 & produces effects l ^? ( me*anical in]tia4 ,9 o!r words1 an electric *>ge possesses mass1 & !re is evid5ce to %[ t ! effective mass ( a corpuscle increases z its velocity approa*es t ( light 9 ! way x w\ld d if all its mass 7 electromagnetic4 ,we are l$ !re=e to reg>d ! corpuscle f "o aspect z a disembodi$ *>ge ( electricity1 & to id5tify x ) ! electron ( ,lor5tz & ,l>mor4 ,?us1 on ?is !ory1 matt] & electricity are id5tifi$2 & a great simplification ( our conception ( ! physical /ructure ( ,nature is rea*$4 ,moreov]1 f our pres5t po9t ( view1 a common basis = matt] sugge/s or implies a common orig91 & a process ( developm5t possibly intelligible to our m9ds4 ,! idea ( ! evolution ( matt] becomes mu* m probable4 ,! "q ( ! nature & physical mean+ ( a corpuscle or electron rema9s = consid]ation4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( a univ]sal lum9if]\s ae!r1 ,l>mor has sugge/$ a c5tre ( ae!real /ra9 a place :]e ! cont9uity ( ! m$ium has be5 brok5 & cem5t$ toge!r aga9 7to use a crude b effective image7 )\t accurately fitt+ ! p>ts1 s t !re is a residual /ra9 all r\nd ! place4 7,l>mor1 loc4 cit47 ,?us he expla9s 9 quasi-me*anical t]ms ! prop]ties ( an electron4 ,b :e!r we rema9 cont5t = ! "t ) our id5tification ( matt] & electricity1 or attempt to express bo? ( !m 9 t]ms ( hypo!tical ae!r1 we h made a great /ep 9 advance on ! view t matt] is made up ( *emical atoms fundam5tally di/9ct & et]nally isolat$4 ,su* 0 ! position :5 ! ph5om5a ( radio-activity ?rew a new light on ! problem1 &1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 gave def9ite exp]im5tal evid5ce ( ! transmutation ( matt] f "o *emical elem5t to ano!r4 ,9 #ahif ,h4 ,becqu]el discov]$ t comp\nds ( ! metal uranium cont9ually emitt$ rays capable ( p5etrat+ opaque scre5s & affect+ photographic plates4 ,l ca?ode & ,rontg5 rays1 ! rays f uranium make ! air ?r\gh :i* !y pass a conductor ( electricity1 & ?is prop]ty gives ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( detect+ ! rays & ( measur+ _! int5sity4 ,an electroscope may be made ( a /rip ( gold-leaf atta*$ to an insulat$ brass plate & conf9$ 9 a brass vessel ) glass w9d[s4 ,:5 ! gold-leaf is electrifi$1 x is repell$ f ! simil>ly electrifi$ brass plate1 & ! angle at :i* x /&s out measures ! electrification4 ,su* a sy/em1 if well insulat$1 holds its *>ge = h\rs1 ! leakage ( electricity ?r\gh ! air be+ v sl[4 ,b1 if radio-active radiation rea* ! air )91 ! gold-leaf falls1 & ! rate ( its fall1 z wat*$ ?r\gh a microscope ) a scale 9 ! eye-piece1 measures ! int5sity ( ! radiation4 ,) "s =m ( ?is simple in/rum5t1 or ) ! m complicat$ quadrant electromet]1 mo/ radio-active measurem5ts h be5 made4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t ! activity ( uranium comp\nds 0 proportional to ! am\nt ( uranium pres5t 9 !m4 ,?us radio-activity is an atomic prop]ty dep5d5t on ! am\nt ( an elem5t & indep5d5t ( its /ate ( *emical comb9ation4 ,9 a se>* = radio-activity 9 diff]5t m9]als1 ,m4 & ,mme ,curie f\nd a great] effect 9 pit*-bl5de ?an its cont5ts ( uranium w>rant$1 &1 l$ by ! radio-active prop]ty alone1 !y succe$$1 by a long s]ies ( *emical sep>ations1 9 isolat+ comp\nds ( a new & int5sely radio-active sub/ance :i* !y nam$ radium4 ,radium resembles b>ium 9 its *emical prop]ties1 & is precipitat$ ) b>ium 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( *emical analysis4 ,x is sep>at$ by a prolong$ c\rse ( successive cry/allisation1 ! *loride ( radium be+ less soluble ?an t ( b>ium1 & !re=e soon] sep>at$ f an evaporat+ solution4 ,:5 isolat$1 radium *loride has a composition1 :i*1 on ! assumption t "o atom ( metal comb9es ) two ( *lor9e z 9 b>ium *loride1 indicates t ! relative weight ( ! atom ( radium is ab\t #bbe4 ,z ?us prep>$1 radium is a well-m>k$ *emical elem5t1 =m+ a s]ies ( comp\nds analog\s to ^? ( b>ium & %[+ a *>act]i/ic l9e spectrum4 ,b1 unlike mo/ o!r *emical elem5ts1 x is int5sely radio-active1 & produces effects "s two million times great] ?an ^? ( uranium4 ,9 #ahii ,e4 ,ru!r=d1 !n ( ,montreal1 discov]$ t ! radiation f uranium1 ?orium & radium 0 complex4 7,ru!r=d1 ,radio-activity 7#bnd edition71 ,cambridge1 #aije47 ,?ree types ( rays 7 soon di/+ui%$4 ,! fir/1 nam$ by ,ru!r=d alpha-rays1 are absorb$ by ?9 metal foil or a few c5timetres ( air4 ,:5 exam9$ by measurem5ts ( ! deflections caus$ by magnetic & electric fields1 ! alpha-rays are f\nd to behave z w\ld positively electrifi$ p>ticles ( ! magnitude ( helium atoms possess+ a d\ble ionic *>ge & travell+ ) a velocity ab\t "o-t5? t ( light4 ,! second or beta type ( radiation is mu* m p5etrat+4 ,x w pass ?r\gh a consid]able ?ickness ( metallic foil1 or _m c5timetres ( air1 & /ill affect photographic plates or dis*>ge electroscopes4 ,magnetic & electric =ces deflect beta-rays mu* m ?an alpha-rays1 indicat+ t1 al?\gh ! spe$ is great]1 approa*+ 9 "s cases )9 five p] c5t4 t ( light1 ! mass is v mu* less4 ,! beta-rays mu/ be /reams ( p>ticles1 id5tical ) ^? ( ca?ode rays1 possess+ ! m9ute mass ( ,j4,j4 ,?omson's corpuscle1 "s eight-hundr$? "p ( t ( a hydrog5 atom4 ,a ?ird or gamma type ( radiation 0 also detect$4 ,m p5etrat+ ev5 ?an beta-rays1 ! gamma-rays h nev] be5 deflect$ by any magnetic or electric =ce yet appli$4 ,l ,rontg5 rays1 x is probable t gamma-rays are wave-pulses 9 ! lum9if]\s ae!r1 ?\gh ! possibility ( expla9+ !m z flights ( non-electrifi$ p>ticles is be=e ! m9ds ( "s physici/s4 ,/ill ano!r k9d ( radiation has be5 discov]$ m rec5tly by ,?omson1 :o has f\nd t 9 high vacua1 rays become app>5t :i* are absorb$ at once by air at any ord9>y pressure4 ,! emission ( all ^! diff]5t types ( radiation involves a cont9ual dra9 ( en]gy f ! radio-active body4 ,:5 ,m4 & ,mme ,curie _h prep>$ z mu* z a gramme ( radium *loride1 ! en]gy ( ! radiation became app>5t z an evolution ( heat4 ,! radium salt itself1 & ! case conta9+ x1 absorb$ ! major "p ( ! radiation1 & 7 ?us ma9ta9$ at a temp]ature measurably high] ?an t ( ! surr\nd+s4 ,! rate ( !rmal evolution 0 su* t x appe>$ t "o gramme ( pure radium mu/ emit ab\t #ajj gramme-calories ( heat 9 an h\r4 ,?is obs]vation1 naturally z x foll[s f ! ph5om5a previ\sly discov]$1 fir/ call$ att5tion to ! "q ( ! s\rce ( ! en]gy :i* ma9ta9s indef9itely & )\t app>5t dim9ution ! wond]ful /ream ( radiation proce$+ f a radio-active sub/ance4 ,9 ! solution ( ?is problem lies ! po9t ( ! pres5t essay4 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! evid5ce :i* be>s on ! "q we mu/ n[ describe two o!r s]ies ( ph5om5a4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! int5sity ( ! radiation f a radio-active body is indep5d5t ( ! ext]nal conditions ( temp]ature1 pressure1 etc4 :i* modify s pr(\ndly almo/ all o!r physical & *emical processes4 ,exposure to ! extreme cold ( liquid air1 or to ! great heat ( a furnace1 leaves ! radio-activity ( a sub/ance un*ang$1 app>5t exceptions to ?is /atem5t hav+ be5 trac$ to second>y causes4 ,!n1 x is f\nd t radio-activity is always accompani$ by "s *emical *ange2 a new sub/ance always appe>s z ! p>5t sub/ance emits ^! radiations4 ,?us by *emical reactions x is possible to sep>ate f uranium & ?orium m9ute quantities ( radio-active mat]ials to :i* ! names ( uranium-,x & ?orium-,x h be5 giv54 ,^! bodies behave diff]5tly f _! p>5ts uranium & ?orium1 & %[ all ! signs ( di/9ct *emical individuality4 ,!y are /rongly radio-active1 :ile1 aft] ! sep>ation1 ! p>5ts uranium & ?orium are f\nd to h lo/ "s ( _! radio-activity4 ,if ! ,x-sub/ances be kept1 _! radio-activity decays1 :ile t ( ! uranium or ?orium f :i* !y 7 obta9$ gradually rises to ! initial value x _h be=e ! sep>ation4 ,at any mom5t1 ! sum ( ! radio-activity is con/ant1 ! activity lo/ by ! product be+ equal to t ga9$ by ! p>5t sub/ance4 ,^! ph5om5a are expla9$ if we suppose t ! ,x-product is sl[ly produc$ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! p>5t1 & decays at a con/ant rate4 ,uranium1 z usually se51 conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( uranium-,x1 & its radio-activity consi/s ( two p>ts--t ( ! uranium itself1 & t ( ! ,x product4 ,:5 ! latt] is sep>at$ by means ( its *emical reactions1 its radio-activity is sep>at$ also1 & ! rates ( decay & recov]y may be exam9$4 ,radium & ?orium1 b n uranium1 give rise to radio-active gases :i* h be5 call$ emanations4 ,ru!r=d has %[n t _! radio-activity1 l t ( ! ,x products1 suff]s decay1 :ile ! walls ( ! vessel 9 :i* ! emanation is conf9$1 become !mselves radio-active4 ,if wa%$ ) c]ta9 acids1 h[ev]1 ! walls lose _! activity1 :i* is transf]r$ to ! acid1 & c be deposit$ by evaporation f x on to a solid surface4 ,"h aga9 x is cle> t ! emanation gives rise to a radio-active sub/ance :i* cl+s to ! walls ( ! vessel1 & is soluble 9 c]ta9 liquids1 b n 9 o!rs4 ,we %all return to ?is po9t1 & trace f>!r ! hi/ory ( ! radio-active matt]4 ,at pres5t we wi% to emphasise ! fact t1 z 9 o!r cases1 ! radio-activity ( ! emanation is accompani$ by ! appe>ance ( a new k9d ( sub/ance ) di/9ct *emical prop]ties4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to consid] z a :ole ! evid5ce on ! "q ( ! s\rce ( radio-active en]gy4 7#a7 ,radio-activity is accompani$ by ! appe>ance ( new *emical sub/ances4 ,! en]gy lib]at$ is !re=e probably due to ! associat$ *emical *ange4 7#b7 ,! activity ( a s]ies ( comp\nds is f\nd to accompany ! pres5ce ( a radio-active elem5t1 ! activity ( ea* comp\nd dep5ds only on ! cont5ts ( ! elem5t1 & is indep5d5t ( ! nature ( its comb9ation4 ,?us radio-activity is a prop]ty ( ! elem5t1 & is n affect$ by its /ate ( isolation or *emical comb9ation4 7#c7 ,! radio-activity ( a simple transi5t product decays 9 a geometrical progression1 ! loss p] second be+ proportional to ! mass ( sub/ance /ill left at ! mom5t1 & indep5d5t ( its /ate ( conc5tration or dilution4 ,?is type ( reaction is well kn[n 9 *emi/ry to m>k a mono-molecul> *ange1 :]e ea* molecule is dissociat$ or alt]$ 9 /ructure indep5d5tly4 ,if two or m molecules 7 conc]n$ simultane\sly1 ! rate ( reaction w\ld dep5d on ! ne>ness ( ! molecules to ea* o!r1 t is1 to ! conc5tration ( ! mat]ial4 7#d7 ,! am\nt ( en]gy lib]at$ by ! *ange ( a giv5 mass ( mat]ial f> transc5ds ! am\nt set free by any kn[n ord9>y *emical action4 ,! activity ( radium decays s sl[ly t x w\ld n s9k to half its initial value 9 less ?an "s two ?\s& ye>s1 & yet "o gramme ( radium emits ab\t #ajj calories ( heat dur+ ea* h\r ( its exi/5ce4 ,! en]gy ( radio-activity is due to *emical *ange1 b cle>ly to no *emical *ange hi!rto famili> to sci5ce4 ,x is an atomic prop]ty1 *>act]i/ic ( a giv5 elem5t1 & ! atoms und]go ! *ange individually1 n by means ( int]action among ea* o!r4 ,! conclusion is irresi/ible t we are deal+ ) a fundam5tal *ange 9 ! /ructure ( ! individual atoms1 :i*1 "o by "o1 are dissociat+ into simpl] p>ts4 ,we are wat*+ ! dis9tegration ( ! atoms ( ! *emi/1 hi!rto believ$ inde/ructible & et]nal1 & measur+ ! lib]ation ( "s ( ! long-suspect$ /ore ( int]nal atomic en]gy4 ,we h /umbl$ on ! transmutation dream$ by ! al*emi/1 & discov]$ ! process ( a v]itable evolution ( matt]4 ,! transmutation !ory ( radio-activity 0 =mulat$ by ,ru!r=d 7,ru!r=d1 ,radio-activity 7#bnd edition71 ,cambridge1 #aije1 page #cjg47 & ,soddy 9 #aijc4 ,by its light1 all rec5t "w on ! subject has be5 guid$2 x has /ood ! supreme te/ ( a hypo!sis1 & %[n p[] to sugge/ new inve/igations & to co-ord9ate & expla9 !m1 :5 c>ri$ out4 ,we h summ>is$ ! evid5ce :i* l$ to ! conception ( ! !ory2 we h n[ to consid] ! progress :i* has be5 made 9 trac+ ! successive dis9tegration ( radio-active atoms4 ,soon aft] ! /atem5t ( ! transmutation !ory1 a /rik+ v]ification ( "o ( its consequ5ces appe>$4 ,! measurem5t ( ! magnetic & electric deflection ( ! alpha-rays sugge/$ to ,ru!r=d ! idea t ! /ream ( projectiles ( :i* !y consi/$ 0 a flight ( helium atoms4 ,ramsay & ,soddy1 conf9+ a m9ute bubble ( radium emanation 9 a f9e glass tube1 7 able to wat* ! developm5t ( ! helium spectrum z1 day by day1 ! emanation decay$4 ,by isolat+ a v n>r[ p5cil ( alpha-rays1 & wat*+ ?r\gh a microscope _! impact on a fluoresc5t scre51 ,ru!r=d has lately c\nt$ ! individual alpha-projectiles1 & confirm$ 8 orig9al conclusion t _! mass correspond$ to t ( helium atoms & _! *>ge to d\ble t on a unival5t atom4 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,a1 page #ada1 #aijh47 ,/ill m rec5tly1 he has collect$ ! alpha-p>ticles %ot ?r\gh an extremely ?9 wall ( glass1 & demon/rat$ by direct spectroscopic evid5ce ! pres5ce ( helium4 7,phil4 ,mag4 ,febru>y #aiji47 ,b ! mo/ ?or\gh inve/igation ( a radio-active p$igree is f\nd 9 ,ru!r=d's classical rese>*es on ! successive dis9tegration products ( radium1 9 ord] to foll[ ! evid5ce on :i* 8 results are f\nd$1 we mu/ describe m fully ! process ( decay ( ! activity ( a simple radio-active sub/ance4 ,! decay ( activity ( ! body kn[n z uranium-,x is %[n 9 a fall+ curve 7,fig4 #a474 ,x w be se5 t1 9 ea* successive #bb days1 ! activity falls to half ! value x possess$ at ! beg9n+4 ,?is *ange 9 a geometrical progression is *>act]i/ic ( simple radio-active processes1 & c be express$ ma!matically by a simple expon5tial =mula4 ,z we h said above1 solid bodies expos$ to ! emanations ( radium or ?orium become coat$ ) a radio-active deposit4 ,! rate ( decay ( ?is activity dep5ds on ! "t ( exposure to ! emanation1 & does n always %[ ! usual simple type ( curve4 ,?us ! activity ( a rod expos$ to radium emanation = #a m9ute decays 9 accordance ) a curve 7,fig4 #b7 :i* repres5ts ! activity z measur$ by ! alpha-rays4 ,if ! electroscope be scre5$ f ! alpha-rays1 x is f\nd t ! activity ( ! rod 9 beta- an gamma-rays increases = "s #ce m9utes & !n dim9i%es 7,fig4 #c474 ,^! complicat$ relations h be5 expla9$ satisfactorily & completely by ,ru!r=d on ! hypo!sis ( successive *anges ( ! radio-active matt] into "o new body aft] ano!r4 7,ru!r=d1 ,radio-activity 7#bnd edition71 ,cambridge1 #aije1 page #cgi47 ,! exp]im5tal curve repres5ts ! resultant activity ( all ! matt] pres5t at a giv5 mom5t1 & ! process ( dis5tangl+ ! compon5t effects consi/s 9 f9d+ a numb] ( curves1 :i* express ! rise & fall ( activity ( ea* k9d ( matt] z x is produc$ & decays1 &1 fitt$ toge!r1 give ! curve ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,o!r me?ods ( inve/igation also are op54 ,!y h enabl$ ,ru!r=d to complete ! life-hi/ory ( radium & its products1 & to cle> up d\btful po9ts left by ! analysis ( ! curves4 ,by ! removal ( ! emanation1 ! activity ( radium itself has be5 %[n to consi/ solely ( alpha-rays4 ,?is removal c be effect$ by pass+ air ?r\gh ! solution ( a radium salt4 ,! emanation comes away1 & ! activity ( ! deposit :i* x leaves beh9d decays rapidly to a small fraction ( its initial value4 ,aga91 "s ( ! active deposits ( ! emanation are m volatile ?an o!rs1 & c be sep>at$ f !m by ! ag5cy ( heat4 ,f su* evid5ce ,ru!r=d has trac$ a long s]ies ( dis9tegration products ( radium1 all b ! fir/ ( :i* exi/ 9 mu* too m9ute quantities to be detect$ o!rwise ?an by _! radio-activities4 ,moreov]1 two ( ^! products are n !mselves appreciably radio-active1 ?\gh !y are born f radio-active p>5ts1 & give rise to a s]ies ( radio-active desc5dants4 ,_! pres5ce is inf]r$ f su* evid5ce z ! rise ( beta & gamma radio-activity 9 ! solid newly deposit$ by ! emanation2 ?is rise measur+ ! gr[? ( ! fir/ radio-active (fspr+ ( "o ( ! non-active bodies4 ,"s ( ! radium products give out alpha-rays only1 "o beta- & gamma-rays1 :ile "o yields all ?ree types ( radiation4 ,! p$igree ( ! radium family may be express$ 9 ! foll[+ table1 ! "t not$ 9 ! second column be+ ! "t requir$ = a giv5 quantity to be half trans=m$ into its next d]ivative4 ,"t ( half ,radio- ,prop]ties decay activity ,radium ,ab\t #bfjj ye>s alpha rays ,elem5t *emically analog\s to b>ium4 ,emanation #c4h days alpha rays ,*emically in]t gas2 cond5ses at -#aej deg ,c4 ,radium-,a #c m9utes alpha rays ,behaves z a solid deposit$ on surfaces2 conc5trat$ on a negative electrode4 ,radium-,b #ba m9utes no rays ,soluble 9 /rong acids2 volatile at a :ite heat2 m volatile ?an ,a or ,c4 ,radium-,c #bh m9utes alpha1 beta1 ,soluble 9 /rong acids2 less gamma rays volatile ?an ,b4 ,radium-,d ab\t #dj ye>s no rays ,soluble 9 /rong acids2 volatile bel[ #ajjj deg ,c4 ,radium-,e #f days beta1 gamma ,non-volatile at #ajjj deg ,c4 rays ,radium-,f #adc days alpha rays ,volatile at #ajjj deg ,c4 ,deposit$ f solution on a bismu? plate4 ,( ^! products1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c con/itute t "p ( ! active deposit ( ! emanation :i* suff]s rapid decay & ne>ly disappe>s 9 a few h\rs4 ,radium-,d1 cont9ually produc+ its %ort-liv$ desc5dants ,e & ,f1 rema9s = ye>s on surfaces once expos$ to ! emanation1 & makes delicate radio-active rese>*es impossible 9 laboratories :i* h be5 contam9at$ by an escape ( radium emanation4 ,a some:at simil> p$igree has be5 made out 9 ! case ( ?orium4 ,"h ?orium-,x is int]pos$ betwe5 ?orium & its %ort-liv$ emanation1 :i* decays to half its initial quantity 9 #ed seconds4 ,two active deposits1 ?orium ,a & ,b1 arise successively f ! emanation4 ,9 uranium1 we h ! "o obvi\s d]ivative uranium-,x1 & ! "q rema9s :e!r ?is "o desc5t c be connect$ ) any o!r individual or family4 ,uranium is long-liv$1 & emits only alpha-rays4 ,uranium-,x decays to half value 9 #bb days1 giv+ out beta- & gamma-rays4 ,s9ce our evid5ce goes to %[ t radio-activity is g5]ally accompani$ by ! production ( new elem5ts1 x is natural to se>* = ! sub/ance ( uranium-,x 9 o!r =ms1 & p]haps "u o!r names1 r ?an to surr5d] imm$iately our belief 9 ! cons]vation ( matt]4 ,) ?is idea 9 m9d we see at once ! significance ( ! con/itution ( uranium m9]als4 ,=m$ 9 ! remote antiquity ( pa/ geological ages1 ^! m9]als mu/ become /ore-h\ses ( all ! products ( uranium except ^? :i* may h escap$ z gases or possibly liquids4 ,ev5 gases may be expect$ to "s ext5t to be reta9$ by occlusion4 ,among ! cont5ts ( uranium m9]als1 !n1 we may look = ! desc5dants ( ! p>5t uranium4 ,if ! desc5dants are p]man5t or m long-liv$ ?an uranium1 !y w accumulate cont9ually4 ,if !y are %ort-liv$1 !y w accumulate at a /eady rate till en\gh is =m$ = ! quantity dis9tegrat+ to be equal to ! quantity develop$4 ,a /ate ( mobile equilibrium w !n be rea*$1 & ! am\nt ( ! product w rema9 con/ant4 ,?is con/ant am\nt ( sub/ance w dep5d only on ! am\nt ( uranium :i* is its s\rce1 &1 = diff]5t m9]als1 if all ! product is reta9$1 ! quantity ( ! product w be proportional to ! quantity ( uranium4 ,9 a s]ies ( analyses ( uranium m9]als1 !re=e1 we ought to be able to pick out its m %ort-liv$ desc5dants by seek+ = in/ances ( su* proportionality4 ,n[ radium itself is a con/itu5t ( uranium m9]als1 & two s]ies ( exp]im5ts by ,r4,j4 ,/rutt & ,b4,b4 ,boltwood h %[n t ! cont5t ( radium1 z measur$ by ! radio-activity ( ! emanation1 is directly proportional to ! cont5t ( uranium4 7,/rutt1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,a1 ,febru>y #aije2 ,boltwood1 ,phil4 ,mag4 ,april1 #aije47 ,9 ,boltwood's inve/igation1 "s tw5ty m9]als1 ) am\nts ( uranium v>y+ f t 9 a specim5 ( uran9ite ) #gd4fe p] c5t41 to t 9 a monazite ) #j4cj p] c5t41 gave a ratio ( uranium to radium1 con/ant )9 ab\t "o "p 9 t54 ,! conclusion is irresi/ible t radium is a desc5dant ( uranium1 ?\gh :e!r uranium is its p>5t or a m remote ance/or requires fur!r inve/igation by ! radio-active g5ealogi/4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( direct p>5tage1 x is easy to calculate t ! am\nt ( radium produc$ 9 a mon? by a kilogramme ( a uranium salt w\ld be en\gh to be detect$ easily by ! radio-activity ( its emanation4 ,! inve/igation has be5 attempt$ by sev]al obs]v]s1 & ! results1 especially ^? ( a c>eful exp]im5t ( ,boltwood1 %[ t f purifi$ uranium salts ! gr[? ( radium1 if appreciable at all1 is mu* less ?an w\ld be f\nd if ! radium 0 ! fir/ product ( *ange ( ! uranium4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to look = "o or m int]m$iate sub/ances4 ,:ile work+ 9 #ahii ) ! uranium residues us$ by ,m4 & ,mme ,curie = ! prep>ation ( radium1 ,debi]ne discov]$ & p>tially sep>at$ ano!r radio-active elem5t :i* he call$ act9ium4 ,x gives rise to an int]m$iate product act9ium-,x1 :i* yields an emanation ) ! %ort half-life ( #c4i seconds4 ,! emanation deposits two successive dis9tegration products act9ium-,a & act9ium-,b4 ,evid5ce gradually accumulat$ t ! am\nts ( act9ium 9 radio-active m9]als 71 r\ghly at any rate1 proportional to ! am\nts ( uranium4 ,?is result po9t$ to a l9eal connection betwe5 !m1 & l$ ,boltwood to und]take a direct attack on ! problem4 ,sep>at+ a quantity ( act9ium f a kilogramme ( ore1 ,boltwood obs]v$ a gr[? ( #h4e x 7#aj to ! p[] -#i7 gramme ( radium 9 #aic days1 agree+ ) t indicat$ by !ory )9 ! limits ( exp]im5tal error4 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,decemb]1 #aijf47 ,we may !re=e ins]t provisionally act9ium & its s]ies ( d]ivatives betwe5 uranium & radium 9 ! radio-active p$igree4 ,turn+ to ! o!r end ( ! radium s]ies we are l$ to ask :at becomes ( radium-,f :5 9 turn x dis9tegrates8 ,:at is ! f9al non-active product ( ! s]ies ( *anges we h trac$ f uranium ?r\gh act9ium & radium8 ,"o su* product has be5 indicat$ above4 ,! alpha-ray p>ticles appe> to possess ! mass ( helium atoms1 & ! gr[? ( helium has be5 detect$ by its spectrum 9 a tube ( radium emanation4 ,moreov]1 helium is f\nd occlud$ 9 mo/ if n all radio-active m9]als 9 am\nt :i* approa*es1 b nev] exce$s1 ! quantity sugge/$ by !ory4 ,we may safely reg>d su* helium z =m$ by ! accumulation ( alpha-ray p>ticles giv5 out by successive radio-active *anges4 ,9 consid]+ ! nature ( ! residue left aft] ! expulsion ( ! five alpha-p>ticles1 & ! consequ5t passage ( radium to radium-,f we are fac$ by ! fact t lead is a g5]al con/itu5t ( uranium m9]als4 ,five alpha-p>ticles1 ea* ( atomic weight #d1 tak5 f ! atomic weight 7ab\t #bbe7 ( radium gives #bje--;a numb] agree+ fairly well ) ! #bjg ( lead4 ,s9ce lead is m p]man5t ?an uranium1 x mu/ /eadily accumulate1 no radio-active equilibrium w be rea*$1 & ! am\nt ( lead w dep5d on ! age ( ! m9]al z well z on ! quantity ( uranium pres5t 9 x4 ,9 prim>y m9]als f ! same locality1 ,boltwood has %[n t ! cont5ts ( lead are proportional to ! am\nts ( uranium1 :ile1 accept+ ?is !ory1 ! age ( m9]als ) a giv5 cont5t ( uranium may be calculat$ f ! am\nt ( lead !y conta94 ,! results v>y f #djj to #bjjj million ye>s4 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,octob]1 #aije1 & ,febru>y1 #aijg47 ,we c n[ exhibit 9 tabul> =m ! amaz+ p$igree ( radio-active *ange %[n by ?is "o family ( elem5ts4 ,an imm$iate desc5t is indicat$ by 1 :ile "o :i* may ei!r be imm$iate or involve an int]m$iate /ep is %[n by4444 ,no place is f\nd 9 ?is p$igree = ?orium & its d]ivatives4 ,!y seem to =m a sep>ate & indep5d5t radio-active family4 ,atomic ,weight ,"t ( half ,radio-,activity decay ,uranium #bch4e alpha ,uranium-,x 8 #bb days beta1 gamma 444 ,act9ium 8 8 no rays ,act9ium-,x 8 #aj4b days alpha 7beta1 gamma7 ,act9ium ,emanation 8 #c4i seconds alpha ,act9ium-,a 8 #ce4g m9utes no rays ,act9ium-,b 8 #b4ae m9utes alpha1 beta1 gamma 444 ,radium #bbe ab\t #bfjj ye>s alpha ,radium ,emanation 8 #c4h days alpha ,radium-,a 8 #c m9utes alpha ,radium-,b 8 #ba m9utes no rays ,radium-,c 8 #bh m9utes alpha1 beta1 gamma ,radium-,d 8 ab\t #dj ye>s no rays ,radium-,e 8 #f days beta 7gamma7 ,radium-,f 8 #adc days alpha 444 ,lead #bjg 8 no rays ,z soon z ! transmutation !ory ( radio-activity 0 accept$1 x became natural to speculate ab\t ! intimate /ructure ( ! radio-active atoms1 & ! mode 9 :i* !y broke up ) ! lib]ation ( "s ( _! /ore ( int]nal en]gy4 ,h[ c\ld we imag9e an atomic /ructure :i* w\ld p]si/ un*ang$ = long p]iods ( "t1 & yet ev5tually spontane\sly explode1 z "h an atom & !re an atom rea*$ a condition ( in/ability8 ,! atomic !ory ( corpuscles or electrons =tunately 0 ready to be appli$ to ?is new problem4 ,( ! result+ speculations ! mo/ detail$ & sugge/ive is t ( ,j4,j4 ,?omson4 7,phil4 ,mag4 ,m>*1 #aijd47 ,?omson reg>ds ! atom z compos$ ( a numb] ( mutually repell+ negative corpuscles or electrons held toge!r by "s c5tral attractive =ce :i* he repres5ts by suppos+ !m imm]s$ 9 a uni=m sph]e ( positive electricity4 ,"u ! action ( ! two =ces1 ! electrons space !mselves 9 symmetrical patt]ns1 :i* dep5d on ! numb] ( electrons4 ,?ree place !mselves at ! corn] ( an equilat]al triangle1 f\r at ^? ( a squ>e1 & five =m a p5tagon4 ,) six1 h[ev]1 ! s+le r+ becomes un/able1 "o corpuscle moves to ! middle & five lie r\nd x4 ,b if we imag9e ! sy/em rapidly to rotate1 ! c5trifugal =ce w\ld enable ! six corpuscles to rema9 9 a s+le r+4 ,?us int]nal k9etic en]gy w\ld ma9ta9 a configuration :i* w\ld become un/able z ! en]gy dra9$ away4 ,n[ 9 a sy/em ( electrons1 electromagnetic radiation w\ld result 9 a loss ( en]gy1 & at "o po9t ( in/ability we might well h a sudd5 spontane\s r$i/ribution ( ! con/itu5ts1 tak+ place ) an explosive viol5ce1 & accompani$ by ! ejection ( a corpuscle z a beta-ray1 or ( a l>ge fragm5t ( ! atom z an alpha-ray4 ,! discov]y ( ! new prop]ty ( radio-activity 9 a small numb] ( *emical elem5ts l$ physici/s to ask :e!r ! prop]ty might n be f\nd 9 o!r elem5ts1 ?\gh 9 a mu* less /rik+ =m4 ,are ord9>y mat]ials slightly radio-active8 ,does ! feeble electric conductivity always obs]v$ 9 ! air conta9$ )9 ! walls ( an electroscope dep5d on ioniz+ radiations f ! mat]ial ( ! walls !mselves8 ,! "q is v difficult1 ow+ to ! wide di/ribution ( slight traces ( radium4 ,contact ) radium emanation results 9 a deposit ( ! fatal radium-,d1 :i* 9 #dj ye>s is b half remov$4 ,is ! natural leak ( a brass electroscope due to an intr9sic radio-activity ( brass1 or to traces ( a radio-active impurity on its surface8 ,long & labori\s rese>*es h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! exi/5ce ( slight intr9sic radio-activity 9 a few metals su* z potassium1 & h left ! wid] problem /ill unsolv$4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t1 ev5 if ord9>y elem5ts are n radio-active1 !y may /ill be und]go+ spontane\s dis9tegration4 ,! detection ( ray-less *anges by ,ru!r=d1 :5 ^? *anges are int]pos$ betwe5 two radio-active trans=mations :i* c be foll[$1 %[ t spontane\s transmutation is possible )\t measureable radio-activity4 ,&1 inde$1 any !ory ( dis9tegration1 su* z ,?omson's corpuscul> hypo!sis1 w\ld sugge/ t atomic re>rangem5ts are ( mu* m g5]al occurr5ce ?an w\ld be app>5t to "o :o c\ld obs]ve !m only by ! effect ( ! projectiles1 :i*1 9 special cases1 ow+ to "s peculi>ity ( atomic configuration1 happ5$ to be %ot out ) ! enorm\s velocity ne$$ to ionize ! surr\nd+ gas4 ,no evid5ce = su* ray-less *anges 9 ord9>y elem5ts is yet kn[n1 p]haps none may ev] be obta9$2 b ! possibility %\ld n be =gott54 ,9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 ! process ( atomic dis9tegration reveal$ to u by ! new sci5ce ( radio-activity c h>dly be call$ evolution4 ,9 ea* case radio-active *ange involves ! break+ up ( a heavi]1 m complex atom into light] & simpl] fragm5ts4 ,are we to reg>d ?is process z *>act]i/ic ( ! t5d5cies 9 accord ) :i* ! univ]se has rea*$ its pres5t /ate1 & is pass+ to its unkn[n future8 ,or h we *anc$ ^u an eddy 9 a backwat]1 oppos$ to ! ma9 /ream ( advance8 ,9 ! *aos f :i* ! pres5t univ]se develop$1 0 matt] compos$ ( l>ge highly complex atoms1 :i* h =m$ ! simpl] elem5ts by radio-active or ray-less dis9tegration8 ,or did ! primaeval sub/ance consi/ ( isolat$ electrons1 :i* h sl[ly come toge!r to =m ! elem5ts1 & yet h left "h & !re an anomaly su* z t illu/rat$ by ! un/able family ( uranium & radium1 or by "s su* c\rse are return+ to _! /ate ( primaeval simplicity8 ,,index4 ,abraxas grossul>iata4 ,acquir$ *>act]s1 transmission (4 ,acraea john/oni4 ,adaptation4 ,adl(f4 ,adlumia cirrhosa4 ,agassiz1 ,a4 ,agassiz1 ,l4 ,alex&]4 ,all51 ,c4,a4 ,alt]nation ( g5]ations4 ,amegh9o4 ,ammon1 ,o41 ,works (4 ,ammonites1 ,desc5t (4 ,amphidesmus analis4 ,anaea div9a4 ,&rews1 ,c4,w4 ,angiosp]ms1 evolution (4 ,anglicus1 ,b>?olomaeus4 ,ankyrod]ma4 ,anomma4 ,ant$on rosacea4 ,ant5nul>ia ant5n9a4 ,an?ropops4 ,ants1 modifications (4 ,arb]1 ,e4,a4,n41--& ,j4 ,p>k91 on ! orig9 ( ,angiosp]ms4 ,ar*aeopt]yx4 ,arctic regions1 velocity ( developm5t ( life 94 ,ardigo4 ,argel&]4 ,argyll1 ,huxley & ! ,duke (4 ,ari/otle4 ,arrh5ius4 ,a/]ias1 ,loeb on hybridisation (4 ,autogamy4 ,av5a fatua4 ,av5>ius4 ,bacon1 on mutability ( species4 ,baehr1 von1 on ,cytology4 ,ba]1 law ( von4 ,ba94 ,baldw91 ,j4,m4 ,balf\r1 ,a4,j4 ,ball1 ,j4 ,b>b]1 ,mrs ,m4,e41 on ,papilio nireus4 ,b>clay1 ,w4 ,b>ratt4 ,b>y1 de4 ,bates1 ,h4,w41 on ,mimicry4--,lett]s f ,d>w9 to4--else:]e4 ,bateson1 ,a4 ,,bateson1 ,w41 on ,h]$ity & ,v>iation 9 ,mod]n lights4--on discont9u\s evolution4--on hybridisation4 ,bateson1 ,w4 & ,r4,p4 ,gregory4 ,ba?mism4 ,be*e1 de la4 ,beck1 ,p4 ,becqu]el1 ,h4 ,beebe1 ,c4,w41 on ! plumage ( birds4--on sexual selection4 ,beguy] de ,*anc\rtois4 ,bell's 7,sir ,*>les7 ,anatomy ( ,expression4 ,belopolsky4 ,belt1 ,t41 on ,mimicry4 ,b5$51 ,e4 van4 ,b5son1 ,m4 ,b5?am1 ,g41 on ,d>w9's species-!ory4--on geographical di/ribution4 ,b5?am1 ,j]emy4 ,b]gson1 ,h4 ,b]keley4 ,b]!lot4 ,be?am1 ,sir ,w4 ,bick=d1 ,e41 exp]im5ts on deg5]ation by4 ,bignonia capreolata4 ,biophores4 ,birds1 geological hi/ory (4 ,blan=d1 ,w4,t4 ,bl>+hem1 on w\nd+4 ,blum5ba*4 ,bod94 ,boltwood1 ,b4,b4 ,bonald1 on w>4 ,bonnet4 ,bonney1 ,t4,g4 ,bonni]1 ,g4 ,bopp1 ,f41 on language4 ,,b\gle ,c41 on ,d>w9ism & ,sociology4 ,b\rdeau4 ,b\rget1 ,p4 ,b\tr\x4 ,bov]i1 ,t4 ,bra*iopods1 hi/ory (4 ,brassica1 hybrids (4 ,brassica ,napus4 ,broca4 ,brock1 on ,kant4 ,br[n1 ,rob]t4 ,brugmann & ,o/h(f4 ,brugmann4 ,bruneti]e4 ,bruno1 on ,evolution4 ,bu*1 von4 ,bu*]1 ,k4 ,buckl&4 ,buckle4 ,buffon4 ,bur*ell1 ,w4,j4 ,burck1 ,w4 ,burdon-,s&]son1 ,j41 lett] f4 ,,bury1 ,j4,b41 on ,d>w9ism & ,hi/ory4 ,butl]1 ,a4,g4 ,butl]1 ,samuel4 ,buts*li1 ,o4 ,butt]flies1 mimicry 94--sexual *>act]s 94 ,cabanis4 ,campbell4 ,camels1 geological hi/ory (4 ,cam]>ius1 ,r4,j4 ,c&olle1 ,a4 de4 ,cannon & ,dav5port1 exp]im5ts on ,daphniae by4 ,capsella bursapa/oris4 ,c>n]i4 ,ca/nia l9us4 ,catasetum b>batum4 ,catasetum trid5tatum4 ,cat]pill>s1 v>iation 94 ,celosia1 v>iability (4 ,c]eals1 v>iability 94 ,cesnola1 exp]im5ts on ,mantis by4 ,*a]ocampa1 col\r+ (4 ,*amb]s1 ,r41 ,! ,ve/iges ( ,creation by4 ,*romosomes & ,*romom]es4 ,*un4 ,ciesl>1 exp]im5ts by4 ,circumnutation1 ,d>w9 on4 ,claus4 ,clei/ogamy4 ,cl]ke1 ,miss ,a4 ,clodd1 ,e4 ,clu]4 ,clytus arietis4 ,coadaptation4 ,codr+ton4 ,coh5 & ,pet]4 ,coll+wood4 ,colobopsis truncata4 ,col\r1 ,e4,b4 ,p\lton on ,! ,value 9 ! ,/ruggle = life (4--influ5ce & temp]ature on *anges 94--9 relation to ,sexual ,selection4 ,col\rs1 incid5tal4--w>n+4 ,comte1 ,a4 ,condorcet4 ,cope4 ,coral reefs1 ,d>w9's "w on4 ,correlation ( organisms1 ,d>w9's idea ( !4 ,correlation ( p>ts4 ,corydalis claviculata4 ,c\rnot4 ,c\teur1 ,col4 ,le4 ,crooks1 ,sir ,william4 ,crug]1 on ,or*ids4 ,cunn+ham & ,m>*&1 on ! bra94 ,curie1 ,m4 & ,mme4 ,cuvi]4 ,cycadeoidea dacot5sis4 ,cycads1 geological hi/ory (4 ,cy/idea1 an anci5t gr\p4 ,cytology & h]$ity4 ,cytolysis & f]tilisation4 ,czapek4 ,dalton's atomic !ory4 ,dana1 ,j4,d41 on m>9e faunas4 ,danaida *rysippus4 ,danaida g5utia4 ,danaida plexippus4 ,dante4 ,dantec1 ,le1 ,d>w91 ,*>les1 z an ,an?ropologi/4--on ants4--& ! ,beagle ,voyage4--on ! ,biology ( ,fl[]s4--z a ,botani/4--8 influ5ce on ,botany4--& ,s4 ,butl]4--at ,cambridge4--on ,cirrip$ia4--on climb+ plants4--on col\r4--on coral reefs4--on ! ,desc5t ( ,man4--8 "w on ,dros]a4--at ,ed9burgh4--8 influ5ce on ,animal ,embryology4--on ,geographical ,di/ribution4--8 "w on ,e>?worms4--evolutioni/ au?ors ref]r$ to 9 ! ,orig9 by4--& ,e4 ,=bes4--on ! geological record4--& ,geology4--8 e>ly love = geology4--8 connection ) ! ,geological ,society ( ,london4--& ,haeckel4--& ,h5sl[4--& ,hi/ory4--& ,hook]4--& ,huxley4--on ice-action4--on igne\s rocks4--on ,lam>ck4--on ,language4--8 ,sci5tific ,libr>y4--& ! ,l9nean ,society4--& ,lyell4--& ,mal?us4--on ,patrick ,mat!w4--on m5tal evolution4--on ,mimicry4--a ,moni/ic ,philosoph]4--on ! movem5ts ( plants4--on ,natural ,selection4--a ,naturali/ = ,naturali/s4--on ,paley4 ,d>w91 ,*>les1 8 ,pang5esis hypo!sis4--on ! p]man5ce ( cont95ts4--8 p]sonality4--8 influ5ce on ,philosophy4--pr$ecessors (4--8 views on religion1 etc4--8 influ5ce on religi\s ?\ght4--8 influ5ce on ! /udy ( religions4--8 me?ods ( rese>*4--& ,s$gwick4--on ,sexual ,selection4--! fir/ g]m ( 8 species !ory4--on ,h4 ,sp5c]4--causes ( 8 success4--on ,v>iation4--on ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation4--on volcanic isl&s4--& ,wallace4--lett] to ,wallace f4--lett] to ,e4,b4 ,wilson f4 ,d>w91 ,e41 on ! col\r ( animals4--,*>les ,d>w9's ref]5ce to4--on evolution4 ,,d>w91 ,f41 on ,d>w9's "w on ! ,movem5ts ( ,plants4--on ,d>w9 z a botani/4--obs]vations on ,e>?worms by4--on ,lam>ckism4--on ,memory4--on ,pri*>d's ,anticipations4--v>i\s4 ,,d>w91 ,,sir ,g41 on ,! ,g5esis ( ,d\ble ,/>s4--on ! e>?'s mass4 ,d>w91 ,h4 ,d>w91 ,w4 ,d>w9ism1 ,sociology1 ,evolution &4 ,dav5port & ,cannon1 exp]im5ts on ,daphniae by4 ,david1 ,t4,e41 8 "w on ,funafuti4 ,dea?1 cause ( natural4 ,debey1 on ,cretace\s plants4 ,debi]ne4 ,deg5]ation4 ,delage1 exp]im5ts on p>!nog5esis by4 ,delbruck4 ,democritus4 ,d5ik]4 ,desc>tes4 ,desc5t1 hi/ory ( doctr9e (4 ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,g4 ,s*walbe on ,!4--,d>w9 on ,sexual ,selection 9 ,!4--rejection 9 ,g]many ( ,!4 ,desmatippus4 ,desm\l9s1 ,a41 on ,geographical ,di/ribution4 ,detto4 ,developm5t1 effect ( environm5t on4 ,dian?us c>yophyllus4 ,did]ot4 ,digitalis purpurea4 ,dimorphism1 seasonal4 ,dismorphia a/ynome4 ,dismorphia orise4 ,di/ribution1 ,h4 ,gad[ on ,geographical4--,sir ,w4 ,?iselton-,dy] on4 ,dittrick1 ,o4 ,dixey1 ,f4,a41 on ! sc5t ( ,butt]flies4 ,doli*onyx oryzivorus4 ,dorfmei/]4 ,d[n1 ,d>w9 at4 ,draba v]na4 ,dragomirov4 ,dries*1 exp]im5ts by4--else:]e4 ,dros]a1 ,d>w9's "w on4 ,dryopi!cus4 ,dubois1 ,e41 on ,pi!can?ropus4 ,duhr+4 ,duhamel4 ,duncan1 ,j4,s4 ,duncan1 ,p4,b4 ,duns ,scotus4 ,duret1 ,c4 ,durkheim1 on division ( lab\r4 ,dutro*et4 ,e*9od]ms1 ance/ry (4 ,ecology4 ,eim]4 ,ek/am4 ,elephants1 geological hi/ory (4 ,elymnias phegea4 ,e4 undul>is4 ,embleton1 ,a4,l4 ,embryology1 ,a4 ,s$gwick on ! influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on4 ,embryology1 z a clue to ,phylog5y4--! ,orig9 ( ,species &4 ,emp$ocles4 ,engles4 ,environm5t1 action (4--,klebs on ! influ5ce on plants (4--,loeb on exp]im5tal /udy 9 relation to4 ,eohippus4 ,epicurus1 a poet ( ,evolution4 ,eri/alis4 ,ern/4 ,ern/1 ,a41 on ! ,flora ( ,krakatau4 ,es*s*olzia cali=nica4 ,esp9as4 ,eud5drium racemosum4 ,evolution1 9 relation to ,a/ronomy4--& creation4--conception (4--discont9u\s4--exp]im5tal4--factors (4--fossil plants z evid5ce (4--& language4--( matt]1 ,w4,c4,d4 ,:e?am on4--m5tal4--,lloyd ,morgan on m5tal factors 94--,d>w9ism & ,social4--,saltatory4--,h]b]t ,sp5c] on4--,uni=mit>ian4--,philosoph]s & mod]n me?ods ( /udy+4 ,expression ( ! ,emotions4 ,fabricius1 ,j4,c41 on geographical di/ribution4 ,f>m]1 ,j4,b4 ,f>r]1 ,"l4 ,fe>nsides1 ,w4,g4 ,felton1 ,s41 on protective resemblance4 ,f]ri4 ,f]ri]1 8 "w on ! bra94 ,f]tilisation1 exp]im5tal "w on animal-4 ,f]tilisation ( ,fl[]s4 ,fi*te4 ,field1 ,admiral ,a4,m4 ,fis*]1 exp]im5ts on ,butt]flies by4 ,fitt+4 ,flemm+1 ,w4 ,fl\r5s4 ,fl[]+ plants1 ance/ry (4 ,fl[]s1 ,k4 ,goebel on ! ,biology (4 ,fl[]s & ,insects4 ,fl[]s1 relation ( ext]nal influ5ces to ! production (4 ,fol1 ,h4 ,=bes1 ,e4--& ,c4 ,d>w94 ,=d1 ,s4,o4 & ,a4,c4 ,sew>d1 on ! ,arauc>ieae4 ,fossil ,animals1 ,w4,b4 ,scott on _! be>+ on evolution4 ,fossil ,plants1 ,d4,h4 ,scott on _! be>+ on evolution4 ,f\illee4 ,fraipont1 on skulls f ,spy4 ,,fraz]1 ,j4,g41 on ,"s ,primitive ,!ories ( ! ,orig9 ( ,man4--v>i\s4 ,fruwir?4 ,fum>ia (fic9alis4 ,funafuti1 coral atoll (4 ,fundulus4 ,f4 het]oclitus4 ,,gad[1 ,h41 on ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals4--else:]e4 ,g>tn]1 ,k4,f4 ,gallus bankiva4 ,galton1 ,f4 ,gamble1 ,f4,w4 & ,f4,w4 ,keeble4 ,gasca1 ,la4 ,g$des1 ,p4 ,g$des1 ,p4 & ,a4,w4 ,?omson4 ,geg5bau]4 ,geikie1 ,sir ,a4 ,geitonogamy4 ,g5etics4 ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals4--( ,plants4--influ5ce ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,species on4--,wallace's contribution to4 ,geography ( =m] p]iods1 recon/ruction (4 ,geology1 ,d>w9 &4 ,g]anium sp9osum4 ,g]m-plasm1 cont9uity (4--,weismann on4 ,g]m9al ,selection4 ,gibbon4 ,gilb]t4 ,,giles1 ,p41 on ,evolution & ! ,sci5ce ( ,language4 ,giuffrida-,rugg]i4 ,giotto4 ,gizycki4 ,glossopt]is ,flora4 ,gmel94 ,godlewski1 on hybridisation4 ,,goebel1 ,k41 on ,! ,biology ( ,fl[]s4--8 "w on ,morphology4 ,goe! & ,evolution4--on ! relation betwe5 ,man & ,mammals4--else:]e4 ,goldf>b4 ,gondwana ,l&4 ,goodricke1 ,j4 ,gore1 ,dr4 ,gorjanovic-,kramb]g]4 ,gosse1 ,p4,h4 ,grabau1 ,a4,w41 on ,fusus4 ,gr&',eury1 ,f4,c41 on fossil plants4 ,grapta ,c4 album4 ,gravitation1 effect on life-ph5om5a (4 ,gray1 ,asa4 ,gregoire1 ,v4 ,groom1 ,t4,t41 on heliotropism4 ,groos4 ,grunbaum1 on ! bra94 ,guign>d1 ,l4 ,gulick4 ,guppy1 on plant-di/ribution4 ,guyau4 ,gwynne-,vaughan1 ,d4,t41 on ,osmundaceae4 ,gymnad5ia conopsea4 ,hab]l&t1 ,g4 ,haddon1 ,a4,c4 ,,haeckel1 ,e41 on ,*>les ,d>w9 z an ,an?ropologi/4--on ,col\r4--& ,d>w94--on ! ,desc5t ( ,man4--contributions to ,evolution by4 ,haeckel1 ,e41 on ,lam>ck4--on ,language4--a lead] 9 ! ,d>w9ian controv]sy4--on ,lyell's influ5ce on ,d>w94--v>i\s4 ,hack]4 ,hag$oorn1 on hybridisation4 ,hales1 ,s4 ,hans54 ,h>k]1 ,a4 ,,h>rison1 ,j4,e41 on ,! ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9ism on ! ,/udy ( ,religions4 ,h>tmann1 von4 ,h>vey4 ,haupt1 ,p41 on ,language4 ,haycraft4 ,hays1 ,w4,m4 ,hegel4 ,heliconius n>caea4 ,heliotropism 9 animals4 ,h5sl[1 ,rev4 ,j4,s4 & ,d>w94 ,h5s51 ,van4 ,h]b/1 8 exp]im5ts on sea ur*9s4 ,h]acleitus4 ,h]d]4 ,h]$ity & ,cytology4--,haeckel on4--& ,v>iation4--v>i\s4 ,h]+1 ,e41 on ,memory4 ,h]s*el1 ,j4 ,h]twig1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 ,o4 ,h]tz4 ,het]omorphosis4 ,het]o/ylism4 ,heus]1 ,e4 ,hewitt4 ,heyse's !ory ( language4 ,h9de1 ,g4,j41 8 "w on ,funafuti4 ,hipp>ion4 ,hippolyte cran*ii4 ,hirase4 ,hi/ory1 ,d>w9 &4 ,hobbes1 ,t4 ,hobh\se4 ,,h(fd+1 ,h41 on ,! ,influ5ce ( ! ,conception ( ,evolution on ,mod]n ,philosophy4 ,h(mei/]1 ,w4 ,holmes1 ,s4,j41 on ,ar?ropods4 ,holo?urians1 calc>e\s bodies 9 sk9 (4 ,homo heidelb]g5sis4 ,homo ne&]tal5sis4 ,homo pampaeus4 ,homo primig5ius4 ,homunculus4 ,hook]1 ,sir ,j4,d41 & ,d>w94--on ,di/ribution ( ,plants4--on ,f]ns4--,lett] to ! ,editor f4 ,horn]1 ,l4 ,horse1 ,geological hi/ory ( !4 ,hub]4 ,hub]t & ,mauss4 ,hubre*t1 ,a4,r4,w4 ,hugel1 ,f4 von4 ,humboldt1 ,a4 von4 ,humboldt1 ,w4 von4 ,hume4 ,hut*eson4 ,hutton4 ,huxley1 ,t4,h41 & ,d>w94--& ! ,duke ( ,argyll4--on ,embryology4--on ,geographical ,di/ribution4--on ,lam>ck4--,lett] to ,j4,w4 ,judd f4--on ,lyell4--on ,man4--on ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4--on ,selection4--on ,teleology4--on transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4--v>i\s4 ,hybridisation4 ,hybrids1 ,/]ility (4 ,hyracodon4 ,ib]is umbellata4 ,ik5o4 ,imp]fection ( ! ,geological ,record4 ,+5h\sz1 on plant physiology4 ,inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,insects & ,fl[]s4 ,in/9ct4 ,in/9cts1 exp]im5tal control ( animal4 ,ipomaea purpurea4 ,iri% ,elk1 an example ( co-adaptation4 ,jacobian figures4 ,jacoby1 ,/udies 9 ,selection by4 ,james1 ,w4 ,janczewski4 ,jeans1 ,j4,h4 ,j5n+s1 ,h4,s41 on ,p>amoecium4 ,j5ts*4 ,jesp]s51 ,pr(41 ,!ory (4 ,johanns51 on ,species4 ,jones1 ,sir ,william1 on ,language4 ,jordan4 ,,judd1 ,j4,w41 on ,d>w9 & ,geology4 ,kallima1 protective col\r+ (4 ,kallima ina*is4 ,kamm]]'s exp]im5ts on ,salam&]s4 ,kant1 ,i4 ,keane1 on ! ,primates4 ,keeble1 ,f4,w4 & ,f4,w4 ,gamble1 on ,col\r-*ange4 ,kei?1 on ,an?ropoid ,apes4 ,kellogg1 ,v41 on heliotropism4 ,kepl]4 ,k]guel5 ,isl&4 ,kidd4 ,kid/on1 ,r41 on fossil plants4 ,killmann1 on orig9 ( human races4 ,k+1 ,sir ,george4 ,klaats*1 on ,ance/ry ( ,man4 ,klaats* & ,haus]4 ,,klebs1 ,g41 on ,! influ5ce ( ,environm5t on ! =ms ( plants4 ,kniep4 ,knies4 ,knight1 ,a41 exp]im5ts on plants by4--on ,geotropism4 ,knight-,d>w9 law4 ,knu?4 ,kollik]1 8 views on ,evolution4 ,kolreut]1 ,j4,g4 ,kohl4 ,kors*9sky4 ,k[alevsky1 on fossil horses4 ,krakatau1 ,ern/ on ! ,flora (4 ,krause1 ,e4 ,kreft1 ,dr4 ,kropotk94 ,kupelwies]1 on hybridisation4 ,lagopus hyp]boreus4 ,lam>ck1 8 division ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4--,d>w9's op9ion (4--on ,evolution4--on ,man4--v>i\s4 ,lam>ckian pr9ciple4 ,lamb1 ,c4 ,lamettrie4 ,lampre*t4 ,lanessan1 ,j4,l4 de4 ,lang4 ,lange4 ,language1 ,d>w9 on4--,evolution & ! ,sci5ce (4--v>i\s4 ,lanke/]1 ,sir ,e4 ,ray1 on deg5]ation4--on educability4--on ! g]m-plasm !ory4--else:]e4 ,lap\ge1 ,va*] de4 ,l>mor1 ,j4 ,l>tet1 ,m4,e4 ,lassalle4 ,la?yrus odoratus4 ,lavelaye1 de4 ,lawr5ce1 ,w4 ,lehmann4 ,lehmann-,nits*e4 ,leibnitz4 ,lepidium ,draba4 ,lepidopt]a1 v>iation 94 ,leski51 ,a41 on language4 ,less+4 ,leucippus4 ,levi1 ,e4 ,lewes1 ,g4,h4 ,lew91 ,capt4 ,liap\n(f4 ,liddon1 ,h4,p4 ,light1 effect on organisms (4 ,lim5itis ar*ippus4--ar!mis4 ,l9naeus4 ,liv+/one1 on plant-=ms4 ,llamas1 geological hi/ory (4 ,locky]1 ,sir ,n4 ,locy1 ,w4,a4 ,,loeb1 ,j41 on ,! ,exp]im5tal ,/udy ( ! influ5ce ( environm5t on ,animals4 ,loew1 ,e4 ,long/aff1 ,g4,b41 on ! ,sc5ts ( ,butt]flies4 ,lor5tz4 ,lotsy1 ,j4,p4 ,love1 ,a4,e4,w4 ,lovejoy4 ,lubbock4 ,lucas1 ,k4 ,lucretius1 a poet ( ,evolution4 ,lumholtz1 ,c4 ,luteva macroph?alma4 ,lycorea halia4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 & ,d>w94--! influ5ce (4--on geographical di/ribution4--on ,! ,orig9 ( ,species4--on ! p]man5ce ( ,ocean-bas9s4--publication ( ! ,pr9ciples by4--! uni=mit>ian tea*+ (4 ,ly?rum salic>ia4 ,macacus1 e> (4 ,mac,dougal1 on w\nd+4 ,ma*1 ,e4 ,macromytis flexuosa1 col\r-*ange 94 ,magic & religion4 ,mah\deau4 ,maillet1 de4 ,majewski4 ,mal?us1 8 influ5ce on ,d>w94--v>i\s4 ,mammalia1 hi/ory (4 ,man1 ,desc5t (4--,j4,g4 ,fraz] on "s primitive !ories ( ! orig9 (4--m5tal & moral qualities ( animals &4--pre-,d>w9ian views on ! ,desc5t (4--religi\s views ( primitive4--,t]ti>y fl9ts work$ by4 ,man1 ,g4 ,s*walbe on ,d>w9's ,desc5t (4 ,man\vri]4 ,mantis religiosa1 col\r exp]im5ts on4 ,m>ett1 ,r4,r4 ,m>kwick4 ,m>%all1 ,g4,a4,k4 ,m>x4 ,mass>t4 ,ma/]s1 ,m4 ,matonia pect9ata4 ,mat!w1 ,p41 & ,natural ,selection4 ,maup]tuis4 ,maur&ia semp]flor5s4 ,mauss & ,h]b]t4 ,mau?n]4 ,maxwell4 ,maxwell1 ,cl]k4 ,may]1 ,r4 ,me*anitis lysimnia4 ,meehan1 ,t4 ,meldola1 ,r41 ,lett]s f ,d>w9 to4 ,mel9aea e?ra4 ,m5del4 ,m5deleeff4 ,m]rifield4 ,m]z1 ,j4,t4 ,mesembryan!mum truncatum4 ,mesohippus4 ,mesopi!cus4 ,mets*nik(f4 ,mill1 ,j4,s4 ,mimicry4--,h4,w4 ,bates on4--,f4 ,mull] on4 ,mimulus luteus4 ,miquel1 ,f4,w4,a4 ,mobius4 ,mohl1 ,h4 von4 ,moltke1 on w>4 ,mona*an?us viridis4 ,monkeys1 fossil4 ,montesquieu4 ,montgom]y1 ,t4,h4 ,mon/rosoties4 ,monticelli4 ,moore1 ,j4,e4,s4 ,,morgan1 ,c4 ,,lloyd1 on ,m5tal ,factors 9 ,evolution4--on ,organic ,selection4 ,morgan1 ,t4,h4 ,morse1 ,e4,s41 on col\r4 ,morselli4 ,mortillet4 ,moseley4 ,motti]1 ,m4 ,mull]1 ,fritz1 ,fur ,d>w9 by4--on ,mimicry4 ,mull]1 ,fritz4 ,mull]1 ,j4 ,mull]1 ,max1 on language4 ,murray1 ,a41 on geographical di/ribution4 ,murray1 ,g4 ,mutability4 ,mutation4 ,myan?us b>batus4 ,my]s1 ,g4,w41 on ,eclipses4 ,nageli4 ,na?or/1 ,a4,g4 ,na?usius4 ,natural ,selection1 & adaptation4--,d>w9's views on4--,d>w9 & ,wallace on4--& design4--& educability4--,fossil plants 9 relation to4--& human developm5t4--& ,mimicry4--& ,mutability4--v>i\s4 ,naud94 ,ne&]tal skulls4 ,nemec4 ,neoclytus curvatus4 ,neod>w9ism4 ,neumayr1 ,m4 ,newton1 ,a4 ,newton1 ,i4 ,niebuhr4 ,nietzs*e4 ,nilsson1 on c]eals4 ,nits*e4 ,noire4 ,noll4 ,novic[4 ,nucle> division4 ,nussbaum1 ,m4 ,nuttall1 ,g4,h4,f4 ,occam4 ,od94 ,oecology1 see ,ecology4 ,o5o!ra bi5nis4 ,o5o!ra gigas4 ,o5o!ra ,lam>ckiana4 ,o5o!ra muricata4 ,o5o!ra nanella4 ,oe/]gr51 on ,holo?urians4 ,ok51 ,l4 ,oliv]1 ,f4,w41 on ,palaeozoic ,se$s4 ,ononis m9utissima4 ,ophyrs apif]a4 ,or*ids1 ,d>w9's "w on ! f]tilisation (4 ,organic ,selection4 ,orig9 ( ,species1 fir/ draft ( !4--geological *apt] 9 !4 ,or?og5esis4 ,ortmann1 ,a4,e4 ,osborn1 ,h4,f4--,f ! ,greeks to ,d>w9 by4 ,o/h(f & ,brugmann4 ,o/wald1 ,w4 ,ovibos mos*atus4 ,ow51 ,sir ,ri*>d4 ,ox=d1 ,a%molean ,museum at4 ,pack>d1 ,a4,s4 ,palaeontological ,record1 ,d4,h4 ,scott on !4--,w4,b4 ,scott on !4 ,palaeopi!cus4 ,paley4 ,palitz*1 ,g4 ,palm4 ,pang5esis4 ,panmixia1 ,weismann's pr9ciple (4 ,papilio d>danus4 ,papilio m]iones4 ,papilio m]ope4 ,papilio nireus4 ,p>amoecium1 ,j5n+s on4 ,p>k]1 ,g4,h41 on ,butt]flies4 ,p>k91 ,j4 & ,e4,a4,n4 ,arb]1 on ! orig9 ( ,angiosp]ms4 ,p>!nog5esis1 artificial4 ,paul1 ,h4 & ,wundt4 ,pe>son1 ,k4 ,peckham1 ,dr & ,mrs1 on ! ,attidae4 ,p5ck4 ,p5zig4 ,p]ipatus1 di/ribution (4 ,p]id9eae4 ,p]man5ce ( cont95ts4 ,p]ri]1 ,e4 ,p]rhybris pyrrha4 ,p]!s1 ,b4 de4 ,pet]1 on sea ur*9's eggs4 ,petunia violacea4 ,pfeff]1 ,w4 ,pfitzn]1 ,w4 ,pflueg]4 ,phillips4 ,philosophy1 influ5ce ( ! conception ( evolution on mod]n4 ,phryniscus nigricans4 ,phylog5y1 embryology z a clue to4--,palaeontological evid5ce on4 ,physiology ( plants1 developm5t (4 ,picc>d1 on ,geotropism4 ,pick]+1 spectroscopic obs]vations by4 ,piranga ery?romelas4 ,pisum sativum4 ,pi!can?ropus4 ,pi!culites4 ,planema epaea4 ,plants1 ,d>w9's "w on ! movem5ts (4--geographical di/ribution (4--,palaeontological record ( fossil4 ,platan!ra bifolia4 ,plate4 ,plato4 ,playfair4 ,pliopi!cus4 ,pocock1 ,r4,i4 ,po9c>e4 ,pol>ity1 ,vo*t+ on4 ,polymorphic species4--v>iability 9 c]eals4 ,polypodium incanum4 ,por!sia *rysorrhoea4 ,potonie1 ,r4 ,p\*et1 ,g4 ,,p\lton1 ,e4,b41 on ,! ,value ( ,col\r 9 ! ,/ruggle = ,life4--exp]im5ts on ,butt]flies by4--on ,j4,c4 ,pri*>d4--on ,mimicry4--v>i\s4 ,pratt4 ,pratz1 du4 ,premutation4 ,preuss1 ,k4 ,?4 ,pri*>d1 ,j4,c4 ,primula1 het]o/ylism 94 ,primula acaulis4 ,primula elatior4 ,primula (fic9alis4 ,promeces viridis4 ,pronuba yuccasella4 ,protective resemblance4 ,protocetus4 ,protohippus4 ,psy*ology4 ,pt]idophytes1 hi/ory (4 ,pt]idosp]meae4 ,pu*]an4 ,pusey4 ,quatrefages1 ,a4 de4 ,quetelet1 /ati/ical inve/igations by4 ,rabl1 ,c4 ,radio-activity4 ,radiol>ians4 ,raimannia odorata4 ,ramsay1 ,sir ,w4 & ,soddy4 ,ranke4 ,rau1 ,a4 ,ray1 ,j4 ,reade1 ,mell>d4 ,recapitulation1 ! !ory (4 ,r$uction4 ,reg5]ation4 ,reid1 ,c4 ,re9ke4 ,religion1 ,d>w9's attitude t[>ds4--,d>w9's influ5ce on ! /udy (4--& ,magic4 ,religi\s ?\ght1 ,d>w9's influ5ce on4 ,r5>d1 on ,d>w9's "w on volcanic isl&s4 ,reproduction1 effect ( environm5t on4 ,reptiles1 hi/ory (4 ,rev]sion4 ,rh9oc]os1 ! hi/ory ( !4 ,ridley1 ,h4,n4 ,riley1 ,c4,v4 ,rit*ie4 ,ritual4 ,rob]ts1 ,a4 ,rob]tson1 ,t4,b4 ,rob9et4 ,rolfe1 ,r4,a4 ,rolph4 ,romanes1 ,g4,j4 ,ro!rt4 ,r\x4 ,rozwad[ski1 von4 ,rusk94 ,ru!r=d1 ,e4 ,rutot4 ,sa*s1 ,j4 ,/ ,hilaire1 ,e4,g4 de4 ,salam&ra atra4 ,salam&ra maculosa4 ,saltatory ,evolution1 7see also ,mutations74 ,s&]s1 exp]im5ts on ,vanessa by4 ,saporta1 on ! ,evolution ( ,angiosp]ms4 ,s>gant1 ,e!l1 on ! ,evolution ( ,angiosp]ms4 ,savigny4 ,sc>dafella inca4 ,sc5t1 9 relation to ,sexual ,selection4 ,s*>ff1 ,r4,f4 ,s*ell+4 ,s*legel4 ,s*lei*]1 ,a41 on language4 ,s*leid5 & ,s*wann1 ,cell-!ory (4 ,s*m>da1 ,l4,k41 on geographical di/ribution4 ,s*oet5sack1 on ,homo heidelb]g5sis4 ,s*re9]1 ,k4,e4 ,s*ubl]1 on c]eals4 ,s*ultze1 ,o41 exp]im5ts on ,frogs4 ,s*ur4 ,s*utt4 ,,s*walbe1 ,g41 on ,! ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,sclat]1 ,p4,l41 on geographical di/ribution4 ,,scott1 ,d4,h41 on ,! ,palaeontological ,record 7,plants74--else:]e4 ,,scott1 ,w4,b41 on ,! ,palaeontological ,record 7,animals74 ,scrope4 ,scyllaea4 ,se*ehaye1 ,c4,a4 ,,s$gwick1 ,a41 on ,! ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 on ,animal ,embryology4 ,s$gwick1 ,a41 ,d>w9's ,geological ,exp$ition )4 ,seeck1 ,o4 ,se$-plants1 orig9 (4 ,segregation4 ,selection1 artificial4--g]m9al4 ,selection1 natural 7see ,natural ,selection74--organic4--sexual4--social & natural4--v>i\s4 ,sel5ka4 ,semnopi!cus4 ,semon1 ,r4 ,semp]4 ,s5ebi]4 ,s5ecio vulg>is4 ,s]gi4 ,sew>d1 ,a4,c4--& ,s4,o4 ,=d4--& ,j4 ,g[an4 ,sex1 rec5t inve/igations on4 ,%>pe1 ,d4 ,%]r+ton1 ,c4,s4 ,%irreff1 ,p4 ,%rewsbury1 ,d>w9's recollections (4 ,sibb]n4 ,s9apis alba4 ,sm]9?us ocellata4 ,sm]9?us populi4 ,sm]9?us tiliae4 ,smi?1 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,w4 ,snyd]4 ,sociology1 ,d>w9ism &4--,hi/ory &4 ,soddy4 ,sollas1 ,w4,j4 ,sorley1 ,w4,r4 ,species1 ,d>w9's e>ly "w on transmutation (4--geographical di/ribution & orig9 (4--immutability (4--influ5ce on environm5t on4--,lam>ck on4--multiple orig9 (4--! nature ( a4--polymorphic4--production by physico-*emical means (4--& v>ieties4--de ,vries's "w on4 ,sp5c]1 ,h41 on evolution4--on ,lyell's ,pr9ciples4--on ! nature ( ! liv+ cell4--on primitive man4--on ! !ory ( ,selection4--on ,sociology4 ,sp5c]1 ,h41 on ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4--on ,weismann4--v>i\s4 ,sph+idae1 v>iation 94 ,sp9oza4 ,sports4 ,spr5gel1 ,c4,k4 ,/ability1 pr9ciple (4 ,/ahl4 ,/&fuss4 ,/>s1 evolution ( d\ble4 ,/ell>ia m$ia4 ,/eph51 ,l4 ,/]ility 9 hybrids4 ,/]ne1 ,c4 ,/ock>d1 8 exp]im5ts on fi% embryos4 ,,/rasburb]1 ,e41 on ,! ,m9ute ,/ructure ( ,cells 9 relation to ,h]$ity4 ,/rongyloc5trotus franciscanus4 ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus4 ,/ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,/rutt1 ,r4,j4 ,/u>t1 ,a4 ,/urdee1 ,f4,c4,d4 ,sutt]l91 ,l4 ,sully4 ,sutton1 ,a4,w4 ,sutton1 ,w4,s4 ,sval(1 agricultural /ation (4 ,swa9son1 ,w4 ,synapta1 calc>e\s bodies 9 sk9 (4 ,s4 lappa4 ,syrphus4 ,t>de1 ,g4 ,teleology & adaptation4 ,t5nant1 ,f4,r4 ,t]atology4 ,tetrapro?omo4 ,,?iselton-,,dy]1 ,,sir ,,william1 on ,geographical di/ribution ( ,plants4--on ,bur*ell4--on protective resemblance4--else:]e4 ,,?omson1 ,j4,a41 on ,d>w9's ,pr$ecessors4--else:]e4--& ,p4 ,g$des4 ,?omson1 ,sir ,j4,j4 ,!ology1 ,d>w9 &4 ,ti$emann1 ,f4 ,tooke1 ,horne4 ,totemism4 ,tres*[4 ,treviranus4 ,trifolium prat5se qu9quefolium4 ,trigonias4 ,trilobites1 phylog5y (4 ,ts*]mack4 ,turgot4 ,turn]1 ,sir ,w4 ,tw9s1 artificial production (4 ,tylor4 ,tyndall1 ,w4 ,tyrrell1 ,g4 ,uhl5hu?1 on blood reactions4 ,und]hill1 ,e4 ,use & disuse4 ,vanessa4 ,vanessa antiope4 ,vanessa levana4 ,vanessa poly*loros4 ,vanessa urticae4 ,van 't ,h(f4 ,v>anus ,salvator4 ,v>iability1 ,d>w9's att5tion direct$ to4--,w4 ,bateson on4--& cultivation4--causes (4--polymorphic4 ,v>iation1 cont9u\s & discont9u\s4--,d>w9's views z an evolutioni/1 & z a sy/emati/1 on4--def9ite & indef9ite4--environm5t &4--& h]$ity4--z se5 9 ! life-hi/ory ( an organism4--m9ute4--mutability &4--9 relation to species4--,h4 de ,vries on4 ,v>igny1 ,h4 de4 ,v>ro1 on language4 ,v]onica *ama$rys4 ,v]worn4 ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 ,d>w9 on ,!4 ,vi]k&t4 ,vilmor91 ,l4 de4 ,vir*[1 8 opposition to ,d>w94 ,vir*[1 on ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,vo*t+4 ,vogt1 ,c4 ,voltaire4 ,volvox4 ,,vries1 ,h4 de1 on ,v>iation--! ,mutation !ory (4 ,,waggett1 ,,rev4 ,p4,n41 on ,! ,influ5ce ( ,d>w9 ^u religi\s ?\ght4 ,wagn]4 ,waldey]1 ,w4 ,wallace1 ,a4,r41 on ,malayan ,butt]flies4--on ,col\r4--& ,d>w94--on ! ,desc5t ( ,man4--on di/ribution4--on ,mal?us4--on ,natural ,selection4--on ! p]man5ce ( cont95ts4--on social re=ms4--on ,sexual ,selection4 ,wall]1 ,a4,d4 ,walton4 ,watson1 ,h4,c4 ,watson1 ,s4 ,watt1 ,j41 & ,natural ,selection4 ,watts1 ,w4,w4 ,w$gwood1 ,l4 ,weir1 ,j4,j4 ,,weismann1 ,a41 on ,! ,selection ,!ory4--on ,amphimixis4 ,weismann1 ,a41 8 g]m-plasm !ory4--on ontog5y4--& ,pri*>d4--& ,sp5c]4--on ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4--v>i\s4 ,wells1 ,w4,c41 & ,natural ,selection4 ,we/on1 ,s41 on language4 ,,:e?am1 ,w4,c4,d41 on ,! ,evolution ( ,matt]4 ,:ewell4 ,:ite1 ,g4 ,wi*mann4 ,wiel&1 ,g4,r41 on fossil ,cycads4 ,wiesn]1 on ,d>w9's "w on plant movem5ts4 ,williams1 ,c4,m4 ,williamson1 ,w4,c4 ,wilson1 ,e4,b41 on cytology4--lett] f ,d>w9 to4 ,wolf4 ,wolla/on's1 ,t4,v4 ,v>iation ( ,species4 ,woltmann4 ,wooln]4 ,wundt1 on language4 ,xyl9a vetu/a4 ,yucca1 f]tilisation (4 ,zeill]1 ,r41 on ,fossil ,plants4 ,zell]1 ,e4 ,zimm]mann1 ,e4,a4,w4 ,zittel1 on palaeontological rese>*4 ,zoonomia1 ,erasmus ,d>w9's4